,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,workman%ip ,illu/ration ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,workman%ip ,,& ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,by ,,?or/e9 ,,vebl5 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,leisure ,,class0 ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiad ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,m>*1 #aiad4 ,illu/ration ,,to ,b ,k ,n ,,preface ,! foll[+ essay attempts an analysis ( su* correlation z is visible betwe5 indu/rial use & wont & ^? o!r in/itutional facts t g to make up any giv5 phase ( civilisation4 ,x is assum$ t 9 ! gr[? ( culture1 z 9 its curr5t ma9t5ance1 ! facts ( te*nological use & wont are fundam5tal & def9itive1 9 ! s5se t !y und]lie & condition ! scope & me?od ( civilisation 9 o!r ?an ! te*nological respect1 b n 9 su* a s5se z to preclude or ov]look ! degree 9 :i* ^! o!r conv5tions ( any giv5 civilisation 9 _! turn react on ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,! analysis proce$s on ! mat]iali/ic assumptions ( mod]n sci5ce1 b )\t prejudice to ! und]ly+ "q z to ! ult]ior compet5cy ( ?is mat]iali/ic conception consid]$ z a metaphysical t5et4 ,! inquiry simply accepts ^! me*ani/ic assumptions ( mat]ial sci5ce = ! purpose 9 h&1 s9ce ^! af=d ! curr5tly acceptable t]ms ( solution = any sci5tific problem ( ! k9d 9 ! pres5t /ate ( preconceptions on ?is head4 ,z %\ld appe> f its slight bulk1 ! essay is ( ! nature ( a cursory survey r ?an an exhau/ive inquiry ) full docum5tation4 ,! few ref]5ces giv5 & ! au?orities cit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t are accord+ly n to be tak5 z an inclusive pres5tation ( ! mat]ials on :i* ! inquiry re/s4 ,x w also be rem>k$ t :]e au?oritative docum5ts are cit$ ! citation is g5]al & ext5sive r ?an specific & detail$4 ,:]ev] detail$ ref]5ces are giv5 !y w be f\nd to be> on specific facts br\ght into ! argum5t by way ( illu/rative detail4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,contam9ation ,,( ,,in/9cts ,,9 ,,primitive ,,te*nology #ch ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,savage ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts #ajc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,te*nology ,,( ,,! ,,pr$atory ,,culture #ach ,,*apt] ,v ,,own]%ip ,,& ,,! ,,competitive ,,sy/em #ahg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,h&icraft #bca ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,indu/ry #bii ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,workman%ip ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,= mank9d z = ! o!r high] animals1 ! life ( ! species is condition$ by ! complem5t ( in/9ctive proclivities & tropismatic aptitudes ) :i* ! species is typically end[$4 ,n only is ! cont9u$ life ( ! race dep5d5t on ! adequacy ( its in/9ctive proclivities 9 ?is way1 b ! r\t9e & details ( its life are also1 9 ! la/ resort1 det]m9$ by ^! in/9cts4 ,^! are ! prime mov]s 9 human behavi\r1 z 9 ! behavi\r ( all ^? animals t %[ self-direction or discretion4 ,human activity1 9 s f> z x c be spok5 ( z conduct1 c nev] exce$ ! scope ( ^! in/9ctive dispositions1 by initiative ( :i* man takes action4 ,no?+ falls )9 ! human s*eme ( ?+s desirable to be done except :at answ]s to ^! native proclivities ( man4 ,^! native proclivities alone make any?+ wor? :ile1 & out ( _! work+ em]ge n only ! purpose & effici5cy ( life1 b its sub/antial pleasures & pa9s z well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,latt]ly ! words 8in/9ct0 & 8in/9ctive0 are no long] well se5 among /ud5ts ( ^? biological sci5ces :]e !y once _h a great vogue4 ,/ud5ts :o occupy !mselves ) ! psy*ology ( animal behavi\r are cauti\sly avoid+ ^! expressions1 & 9 ?is caution !y are d\btless well advis$4 ,= su* use ! ^w appe>s no long] to be s]viceable z a te*nical t]m4 ,x has lo/ ! requisite %>p def9ition & consi/5cy ( connotation1 app>5tly ?r\gh dis9tegration "u a m se>*+ analysis ?an ! ph5om5a compris$ "u ?is concept _h previ\sly be5 subject$ to4 ,9 ^! biological sci5ces int]e/ is c5t]+ n on ! "q ( :at activities may be set d[n to innate prop5sity or pr$isposition at l>ge1 b r on ! det]m9ation ( ! irr$ucible psy*ological--&1 inde$1 physiological--elem5ts t g to make up animal behavi\r4 ,= ?is purpose 8in/9ct0 is a concept ( too lax & %ifty a def9ition to meet ! dem&s ( exact biological sci5ce4 ,= ! sci5ces t deal ) ! psy*ology ( human conduct a simil>ly se>*+ analysis ( ! elem5t>y facts ( behavi\r is d\btless simil>ly desirable2 & "u su* clos] scrut9y ( ^! facts x w d\btless appe> t "h1 too1 ! broad t]m 8in/9ct0 is ( too unprecise a "* to s]ve ! ne$s ( an exhau/ive psy*ological analysis4 ,b ! ne$s ( an inquiry into ! nature & causes ( ! gr[? ( in/itutions are n precisely ! same z ^? ( su* an exhau/ive psy*ological analysis4 ,a g5etic inquiry into in/itutions w address itself to ! gr[? ( habits & conv5tions1 z condition$ by ! mat]ial environm5t & by ! innate & p]si/5t prop5sities ( human nature2 & = ^! prop5sities1 z !y take effect 9 ! give & take ( cultural gr[?1 no bett] designation ?an ! "t-worn 8in/9ct0 is available4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t inquiries & speculations x is sc>cely to be que/ion$ t ea* ( ^! di/+ui%able prop5sities may be analys$ into simpl] con/itu5t elem5ts1 ( a quasi-tropismatic or physiological nature2#a b 9 ! light ( e-day exp]i5ce & common notoriety x is at ! same "t n to be que/ion$ t ^! simple & irr$ucible psy*ological elem5ts ( human behavi\r fall into composite functional gr\ps1 & s make up specific & det]m9ate prop5sities1 proclivities1 aptitudes t are1 )9 ! purview ( ! social sci5ces1 to be h&l$ z irr$ucible traits ( human nature4 ,inde$1 x w\ld appe> t x is 9 ! p>ticul> gr\p+ & concat5ation ( ^! ultimate psy*ological elem5ts into *>act]i/ic l9es ( int]e/ & prop5sity t ! nature ( man is f9ally to be di/+ui%$ f t ( ! l[] animals4 ,^! v>i\s native proclivities t are s class$ toge!r z 8in/9cts0 h ! *>act]i/ic 9 common t !y all & sev]al1 m or less imp]atively1 propose an objective end ( endeav\r4 ,on ! o!r h& :at di/+ui%es "o in/9ct f ano!r is t ea* sets up a *>act]i/ic purpose1 aim1 or object to be atta9$1 diff]5t f ! objective end ( any o!r in/9ct4 ,in/9ctive action is teleological1 consci\sly s1 & ! teleological scope & aim ( ea* in/9ctive prop5sity diff]s *>act]i/ically f all ! re/4 ,! sev]al in/9cts are teleological categories1 & are1 9 colloquial usage1 di/+ui%$ & class$ on ! gr\nd ( _! teleological cont5t4 ,z ! t]m is "h us$1 !re=e1 & inde$ z x is curr5tly und]/ood1 ! in/9cts are to be def9$ or describ$ nei!r 9 me*anical t]ms ( ^? anatomical or physiological aptitudes t causally und]lie !m or t come into action 9 ! function+ ( any giv5 in/9ct1 nor 9 t]ms ( ! movem5ts ( ori5tation or taxis involv$ 9 ! function+ ( ea*4 ,! di/9ctive feature by ! m>k ( :i* any giv5 in/9ct is id5tifi$ is to be f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> "* ( ! purpose to :i* x drives4#b 8,in/9ct10 z contra-di/+ui%$ f tropismatic action1 involves consci\sness & adaptation to an end aim$ at4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n h]eby int5d$ to set up or to prescribe a def9ition ( 8in/9ct0 at l>ge1 b only to indicate z closely z may be :at s5se is atta*$ to ! t]m z "h us$4 ,at ! same "t x is believ$ t ?is def9ition ( ! concept does viol5ce nei!r to colloquial usage nor to ! usage ( su* /ud5ts z h employ$ ! t]m 9 sci5tific discussion1 p>ticul>ly 9 discussion ( ! in/9ctive proclivities ( mank9d4 ,b x is n to be ov]look$ t ?is def9ition ( ! t]m may be f\nd inapplicable1 or at lea/ ( d\btful s]vice1 :5 appli$ to ^? simpl] & m imm$iate impulses t are sometimes by tradition spok5 ( z 8in/9ctive10 ev5 9 human behavi\r1--impulses t might ) bett] effect be designat$ 8tropismatic40 ,9 animal behavi\r1 = in/ance1 z well z 9 su* direct & imm$iate impulsive human action z is fairly to be class$ ) animal behavi\r1 x is (t5 a matt] ( "s p]plexity to draw a l9e betwe5 tropismatic activity & in/9ct4 ,notori\sly1 ! activities commonly recognis$ z in/9ctive diff] widely among !mselves 9 respect ( ! degree ( directness or imm$iacy ) :i* ! giv5 response to /imulus takes place4 ,!y range 9 ?is respect all ! way f su* reactions z are d\btfully to be di/+ui%$ f simple reflex action on ! "o h&1 to su* z are d\btfully recognis$ z in/9ctive because ( ! ext5t to :i* reflection & delib]ation ent] into _! execution on ! o!r h&4 ,by ins5sible gradation ! l[] 7less complex & delib]ate7 in/9ctive activities m]ge into ! class ( unmi/akable tropismatic s5sibilities1 )\t its be+ practicable to det]m9e by any secure te/ :]e ! "o category %\ld be decl>$ to end & ! o!r to beg94#c ,su* quasi-tropismatic activities may be rat$ z purposeful by an obs]v]1 9 ! s5se t !y are se5 to fur!r ! life ( ! individual ag5t or ( ! species1 :ile !re is no consci\sness ( purpose on ! "p ( ! ag5t "u obs]vation2 :]eas 8in/9ct10 9 ! n>r[] & special s5se to :i* x seems desirable to re/rict ! t]m = pres5t use1 d5otes ! consci\s pursuit ( an objective end :i* ! in/9ct 9 "q makes wor? :ile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ends ( life1 !n1 ! purposes to be a*iev$1 are assign$ by man's in/9ctive proclivities2 b ! ways & means ( accompli%+ ^? ?+s :i* ! in/9ctive proclivities s make wor? :ile are a matt] ( intellig5ce4 ,x is a di/9ctive m>k ( mank9d t ! work+-out ( ! in/9ctive proclivities ( ! race is guid$ by intellig5ce to a degree n approa*$ by ! o!r animals4 ,b ! dep5d5ce ( ! race on its end[m5t ( in/9cts is no less absolute = ?is int]v5tion ( intellig5ce2 s9ce x is only by ! prompt+ ( in/9ct t reflection & delib]ation come to be s employ$1 & s9ce in/9ct also gov]ns ! scope & me?od ( intellig5ce 9 all ?is employm5t ( x4 ,m5 take ?\ght1 b ! human _s1 t is to say ! racial end[m5t ( in/9ctive proclivities1 decides :at !y %all take ?\ght (1 & h[ & to :at effect4 ,yet ! dep5d5ce ( ! s*eme ( life on ! complem5t ( in/9ctive proclivities h]eby becomes less imm$iate1 s9ce a m or less ext5d$ logic ( ways & means comes to int]v5e betwe5 ! in/9ctively giv5 end & its realisation2 & ! l9es ( relation betwe5 any giv5 in/9ctive proclivity & any p>ticul> feature ( human conduct are by s mu* ! m devi\s & r\ndab\t & ! m difficult to trace4 ,! high] ! degree ( intellig5ce & ! l>g] ! available body ( k curr5t 9 any giv5 community1 ! m ext5sive & elaborate w be ! logic ( ways & means int]pos$ betwe5 ^! impulses & _! realisation1 & ! m multif>i\s & complicat$ w be ! app>atus ( exp$i5ts & res\rces employ$ to compass ^? ends t are in/9ctively wor? :ile4 ,?is app>atus ( ways & means available = ! pursuit ( :atev] may be wor? seek+ is1 sub/antially all1 a matt] ( tradition out ( ! pa/1 a legacy ( habits ( ?\ght accumulat$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ g5]ations4 ,s t ! mann]1 & 9 a great degree ! measure1 9 :i* ! in/9ctive ends ( life are work$ out "u any giv5 cultural situation is some:at closely condition$ by ^! elem5ts ( habit1 :i* s fall into %ape z an accept$ s*eme ( life4 ,! in/9ctive proclivities are ess5tially simple & look directly to ! atta9m5t ( "s concrete objective end2 b 9 detail ! ends s s\ght are _m & div]se1 & ! ways & means by :i* !y may be s\ght are simil>ly div]se & v>i\s1 involv+ endless rec\rse to exp$i5ts1 adaptations1 & concessive adju/m5t betwe5 sev]al proclivities t are all suffici5tly urg5t4 ,"u ! discipl9e ( habituation ?is logic & app>atus ( ways & means falls into conv5tional l9es1 acquires ! consi/5cy ( cu/om & prescription1 & s takes on an in/itutional "* & =ce4 ,! accu/om$ ways ( do+ & ?9k+ n only become an habitual matt] ( c\rse1 easy & obvi\s1 b !y come likewise to be sanction$ by social conv5tion1 & s become "r & prop] & give rise to pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,by use & wont !y are incorporat$ into ! curr5t s*eme ( common s5se4 ,a elem5ts ( ! approv$ s*eme ( conduct & pursuit ^! conv5tional ways & means take _! place z proximate ends ( endeav\r4 ,:5ce1 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( unremitt+ habituation1 z ! att5tion is habitually focuss$ on ^! proximate ends1 !y occupy ! int]e/ to su* an ext5t z commonly to ?r[ _! own ult]ior purpose into ! backgr\nd & (t5 let x be lo/ sight (2 z may happ51 = in/ance1 9 ! acquisition & use ( money4 ,x foll[s t 9 mu* ( human conduct ^! proximate ends alone are pres5t 9 consci\sness z ! object ( int]e/ & ! goal ( endeav\r1 & c]ta9 conv5tionally accept$ ways & means come to be set up z def9itive pr9ciples ( :at is "r & good2 :ile ! ult]ior purpose ( x all is only call$ to m9d occasionally1 if at all1 z an aft]?\ght1 by an ef=t ( reflection4#d 99 99 99 99 99 ,among psy*ologi/s :o h busi$ !mselves ) ^! que/ions !re has hi!rto be5 no l>ge measure ( agreem5t z to ! numb] ( specific in/9ctive proclivities t s are native to man2 nor is !re any agreem5t z to ! precise functional range & cont5t ascrib$ to ea*4 ,9 a loose way x is app>5tly tak5 = grant$ t ^! in/9cts are to be conceiv$ z discrete & specific elem5ts 9 human nature1 ea* work+ out its own det]m9ate functional cont5t )\t greatly bl5d+ ) or be+ div]t$ by ! work+ ( its neighb\rs 9 t spiritual complex into :i* !y all ent] z con/itu5t elem5ts4#e ,= ! purposes ( an exhau/ive psy*ological analysis x is d\btless exp$i5t to make ! mo/ ( su* discret5ess z is obs]vable among ! in/9ctive proclivities4 ,b = an inquiry into ! scope & me?od ( _! work+-out 9 ! gr[? ( in/itutions x is p]haps ev5 m to ! purpose to take note ( h[ & ) :at effect ! sev]al in/9ctive proclivities cross1 bl5d1 ov]lap1 neutralise or ren=ce "o ano!r4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ g5etic view ( ^! ph5om5a ?r[s ! in/9ctive proclivities into close relation ) ! tropismatic s5sibilities & br+s !m1 9 ! physiological respect1 into ! same g5]al class ) ! latt]4#f ,if tak5 uncritically & 9 g5]al t]ms ?is view w\ld seem to c>ry ! implication t ! in/9cts %\ld be discrete & discont9u\s among !mselves some:at aft] ! same fa%ion z ! tropismatic s5sibilities ) :i* !y are 9 great measure b\nd up2 b on clos] scrut9y su* a g5etic !ory ( ! in/9cts does n appe> to en=ce ! view t !y are to be conceiv$ z effectually discont9u\s or mutually exclusive1 ?\gh x may also n involve ! contr>y1--t !y make a cont9u\s or ambigu\sly segm5t$ body ( spiritual elem5ts4 ,! recognis$ tropisms /& out1 to all appe>ance1 z %>ply def9$ physiological traits1 transmissible by inh]itance intact & unmodifi$1 sep>able & unbl5d$1 9 a mann] sugge/ively l ! 8unit *>act]s0 spok5 ( 9 latt] day !ories ( h]$ity4#g ,:ile ! in/9ctive s5sibilities may n be expla9$ z d]ivatives ( ! tropisms1 !re is en\gh ( simil>ity 9 ! work+ ( ! two to sugge/ t ! two classes ( ph5om5a mu/ bo? be acc\nt$ = on some:at simil> physiological gr\nds4 ,! simple & m n>r[ly def9$ in/9ctive dispositions1 :i* h mu* ( ! appe>ance ( imm$iate reflex n]v\s action & automatically def9$ response1 l5d !mselves passably to su* an int]pretation1--z1 = example1 ! greg>i\s in/9ct1 or ! in/9ct ( repulsion ) its accompany+ emotion ( disgu/4 ,su* z ^! are %>$ by mank9d ) ! o!r high] animals on a fairly ev5 foot+2 & ^! are relatively simple1 imm$iate1 & n easily sophi/icat$ or (fset by habit4 ,^! seem pat5tly to be ( mu* ! same nature z ! tropismatic s5sibilities2 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! simpl] in/9ctive dispositions ! *>act]i/ic quasi-tropismatic s5sibility di/9ctive ( ea* appe>s to be complicat$ ) obscure /imulations ( ! n]ve c5tres aris+ out ( ! function+ ( "o or ano!r ( ! visc]a4 ,& :at is true ( ! simpl] in/9cts 9 ?is respect %\ld apply to ! vagu] & m complex in/9cts also1 b ) a l>g] all[ance = a m ext5sive complication ( visc]al & organic /imuli4 ,:e!r ^! subconsci\s /imulations ( ! n]ve c5tres ?r\gh ! function+ ( ! visc]a are to be conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( tropismatic reaction is a difficult "q :i* has _h little att5tion hi!rto4 ,b 9 any case1 :atev] ! exp]t /ud5ts ( ^! ph5om5a may h to say ( ?is matt]1 ! visc]al or organic /imuli engag$ 9 any "o ( ! in/9ctive s5sibilities are app>5tly always m ?an "o & are usually some:at complex4 ,inde$1 :ile x seems sup]ficially an easy matt] to ref] any "o ( ! simple in/9cts directly to "s c]ta9 "o ( ! visc]a z ! ma9 or prim>y s\rce f :i* its appropriate /imulation comes to ! n]ve c5tres1 x is by no means easy to decide :at "o or m ( ! visc]a1 or ( ! o!r organs t are n commonly class$ z visc]a1 w h no "p 9 ! matt]4 ,x results t1 on physiological gr\nds1 ! common run ( human in/9cts are n to be conceiv$ z sev]ally discrete & elem5t>y proclivities4 ,! same physiological processes ent] 9 "s measure1 ?\gh 9 v>y+ proportions1 into ! function+ ( ea*4 ,9 in/9ctive action ! individual acts z a :ole1 & 9 ! conduct :i* em]ges "u ! driv+ =ce ( ^! in/9ctive dispositions ! "p :i* ea* sev]al in/9ct plays is a matt] ( m or less1 n ( exclusive direction4 ,!y mu/ !re=e incont95tly t\*1 bl5d1 ov]lap & int]f]e1 & c n be conceiv$ z act+ ea* & sev]al 9 %e] isolation & indep5d5ce ( "o ano!r4 ,! relations ( give & take among ! sev]al in/9ctive dispositions1 !re=e--( inosculation1 8contam9ation0 & cross purposes--are presumably slight] & ( less consequ5ce = ! simpl] & m app>5tly tropismatic impulses :ile on ! o!r h& ! less specific & vagu] in/9ctive pr$ispositions1 su* z ! p>5tal b5t or ! proclivity to con/ruction or acquisition1 w be s compreh5sively & intricately b\nd 9 a web ( correlation & int]-dep5d5ce--w s unremitt+ly contam9ate1 (fset or =tify "o ano!r1 & h ea* s l>ge & yet s %ift+ a m>g9 ( common gr\nd ) all ! re/--t h>d & fa/ l9es ( dem>cation c sc>cely be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,! be/ t c practically be _h 9 ! way ( a secure def9ition w be a descriptive *>act]isation ( ea* di/+ui%able prop5sity1 toge!r ) an indication ( ! m sali5t & consequ5tial ramifications by :i* ea* contam9ates or is contam9at$ by ! work+ ( o!r prop5sities t g to make up t complex ( in/9ctive dispositions t con/itutes ! spiritual nature ( ! race4 ,s t ! s*emes ( def9ition t h hi!rto be5 work$ out are 9 great "p to be tak5 z arrangem5ts ( conv5i5ce1 s]viceable app>atus = pres5t use1 r ?an di/9ctions en=c$ at all po9ts by an equally %>p sub/antial discret5ess ( ! facts4#h ,?is fact1 t 9 "s measure ! sev]al in/9cts spr+ f a common gr\nd ( s5ti5t life1 t !y ea* engage ! individual z a :ole1 has s]i\s consequ5ces 9 ! doma9 ( habit1 & !re=e x c\nts = mu* 9 ! gr[? ( civilisation & 9 ! ev]yday conduct ( affairs4 ,! physiological app>atus engag$ 9 ! function+ ( any giv5 in/9ct ent]s 9 "p1 ?\gh 9 v>y+ measure1 into ! work+ ( "s or ( any o!r in/9ct2 :]eby1 ev5 on physiological gr\nds alone1 ! habituation t t\*es ! function+ ( any giv5 in/9ct mu/1 9 a less degree b p]vasively1 affect ! habitual conduct ( ! same ag5t :5 driv5 by any o!r in/9ct4 ,s t on ?is view ! scope ( habit1 9 s f> z x be>s on ! in/9ctive activities1 is necess>ily wid] ?an ! p>ticul> concrete l9e ( conduct to :i* ! habituation 9 "q is due4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! in/9cts are h]$it>y traits4 ,9 ! curr5t !ories ( h]$ity !y w\ld presumably be c\nt$ z second>y *>act]i/ics ( ! species1 z be+ 9 a s5se by-products ( ! physiological activities t give ! species its specific "*2 s9ce ^! !ories 9 ! la/ resort run 9 physiological t]ms4 ,s ! in/9ctive dispositions w\ld sc>cely be acc\nt$ unit *>act]s1 9 ! ,m5delian s5se1 b w\ld r c\nt z spiritual traits em]g+ f a c]ta9 concurr5ce ( physiological unit *>act]s & v>y+ some:at accord+ to v>iations 9 ! complem5t ( unit *>act]s to :i* ! species or ! individual may owe 8 con/itution4 ,h5ce w\ld arise v>iations ( individuality among ! memb]s ( ! race1 re/+ 9 "s su* mann] z has j be5 sugge/$ on ! v>y+ end[m5t ( in/9cts1 & runn+ back ?r\gh ^! f9ally to recondite diff]5ces ( physiological function4 ,"s su* acc\nt ( ! in/9ctive dispositions & _! relation to ! physical individual seems necess>y z a means ( appreh5d+ !m & _! "w )\t assum+ a %e] break betwe5 ! physical & ! immat]ial ph5om5a ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*>act]i/ic ( ! race is a degree ( vagu5ess or g5]ality1 an abs5ce ( automatically det]m9ate response1 a lack ( concrete ev5tuality z x might be call$1 9 ! common run ( human in/9cts4 ,?is vague & %ifty "* ( ! in/9cts1 or p]haps r ( ! habitual response to _! incitem5t1 is to be tak5 9 connection ) ! bread? & v>iability ( _! physiological gr\nd z spok5 ( above4 ,= ! long-t]m success ( ! race x is manife/ly ( ! highe/ value1 s9ce x leaves a wide & facile m>g9 ( exp]im5tation1 habituation1 inv5tion & accommodation op5 to ! s5se ( workman%ip4 ,at ! same "t & by ! same circum/ance ! scope & range ( conv5tionalisation & sophi/ication are simil>ly flexible1 wide & consequ5tial4 ,no d\bt ! sev]al racial /ocks diff] v appreciably 9 ?is respect4 ,! complem5t ( in/9ctive dispositions1 compris+ "u t t]m bo? ! native prop5sity & its appropriate s5tim5t1 makes up :at w\ld be call$ ! 8spiritual nature0 ( man--(t5 spok5 ( m simply z 8human nature40 ,)\t all[+ x to imply any?+ l a dualism or di*otomy betwe5 mat]ial & immat]ial ph5om5a1 ! t]m 8spiritual0 may conv5i5tly be s us$ 9 its colloquial s5se4 ,s employ$ x commits ! discussion to no attitude on ! "q ( man's s+le or dual con/itution1 b simply uses ! conv5tional expression to designate t complem5t ( functions :i* x has by curr5t usage be5 employ$ to designate4 ,! human complem5t ( in/9cts fluctuates f "o individual to ano!r 9 an app>5tly endless div]sity1 v>y+ bo? 9 ! relative =ce ( ! sev]al in/9ctive proclivities & 9 ! s*eme ( co-ord9ation1 coalesc5ce or int]f]5ce t prevails among !m4 ,?is div]sity ( native "* is noticeable among all peoples1 ?\gh "s ( ! peoples ( ! l[] cultures %[ a notable approa* to uni=mity ( type1 bo? physical & spiritual4 ,! div]sity is p>ticul>ly m>k$ among ! civilis$ peoples1 & p]haps 9 a peculi> degree among ! peoples ( ,europe & h] colonies4 ,! extreme div]sity ( native "*1 bo? physical & spiritual1 noticeable 9 ^! communities is 9 all probability due to _! be+ made up ( a mixture ( racial /ocks4 ,9 po9t ( p$igree1 all individuals 9 ! peoples ( ! ,we/]n culture are hybrids1 & ! great] numb] ( individuals are a mixture ( m ?an two racial /ocks4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ! sev]al transmissible traits t g to make up ! racial type ent] into ! composition ( ^! hybrid individuals w accord+ly v>y endlessly4 ,! numb] ( possible p]mutations w !re=e be extremely l>ge2 s t ! result+ range ( v>iation 9 ! hybrids t s result f ! cross+ ( ^! diff]5t racial /ocks w be suffici5tly l>ge1 ev5 :5 x plays )9 su* limits z to leave ! g5]ic human type intact4 ,f "t to "t ! v>iation may ev5 exce$ ^! limits ( human normality & give a v>iant 9 :i* ! relative emphasis on ! sev]al con/itu5t in/9ctive elem5ts is di/ribut$ aft] a s*eme s f> f ! g5]ically human type z to ?r[ ! giv5 v>iant out ( t\* ) ! common run ( humanity & m>k him z ( uns\nd m9d or z diss]viceable = ! purposes ( ! community 9 :i* he occurs1 or ev5 z diss]viceable = life 9 any society4 ,yet1 ev5 ?r\gh ^! hybrid populations !re runs a g5]ically human type ( spiritual end[m5t1 preval5t z a g5]al av]age ( human nature ?r\gh\t1 & suitable to ! cont9u$ life ( mank9d 9 society4 ,diss]viceably wide dep>tures f ?is g5]ically human & s]viceable type ( spiritual end[m5t w t5d con/antly to be selectively elim9at$ f ! race1 ev5 :]e ! v>iation arises f hybridism4 ,! l w hold true 9 a m radical fa%ion z appli$ to v>iants t may arise ?r\gh a ,m5delian mutation4 ,s t ! num]\s racial types n[ exi/+ repres5t only su* mutants z lie )9 ! limits ( tol]ance impos$ by ! situation "u :i* any giv5 mutant type has em]g$ & surviv$4 ,a surviv+ mutant type is necess>ily suit$ m or less closely to ! circum/ances "u :i* x em]g$ & fir/ made good its survival1 & x is presumably less suit$ to any o!r situation4 ,) a *ange 9 ! situation1 !re=e1 su* z may come ) ! migration ( a giv5 racial /ock f "o habitat to ano!r1 or ) an equival5t %ift+ gr[? ( culture or *ange ( climate1 ! requirem5ts ( survival are likely to *ange4 ,inde$1 s grave are ! alt]ations t may 9 ?is way sup]v5e 9 ! curr5t requirem5ts = survival1 t any giv5 racial /ock may dw9dle & decay = no o!r reason ?an t ! gr[? ( its culture has come to subject ! /ock to me?ods ( life widely diff]5t f ^? "u :i* its type ( man orig9at$ & made good its fitness to survive4 ,s1 9 ! mixture ( races t make up ! population ( ! ,we/]n nations a competitive /ruggle = survival has app>5tly always be5 go+ on among ! sev]al racial /ocks t ent] into ! hybrid mass1 ) v>y+ =tunes accord+ z ! %ift+ cultural dem&s & opportunities h fav\r$ n[ "o1 n[ ano!r type ( man4 ,^! cultural conditions ( survival 9 ! racial /ruggle = exi/5ce h v>i$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 & ) grave consequ5ces = ! life-hi/ory ( ! race & ( its culture2 & !y are p]haps *ang+ m sub/antially & rapidly 9 ! imm$iate pres5t ?an at any previ\s "t )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,s t1 = in/ance1 ! cont9u$ biological success ( any giv5 "o ( ^! /ocks 9 ! ,european racial mixture has )9 a mod]ate p]iod ( "t %ift$ f ! gr\nd ( fight+ capacity1 & ev5 9 a measure f ! gr\nd ( climatic fitness1 to t ( spiritual fitness to survive "u ! conditions impos$ by a new cultural situation1 by a s*eme ( in/itutions t is ins5sibly b incessantly *ang+ z x runs4#i ,^! unremitt+ *anges & adaptations t g =w>d 9 ! s*eme ( in/itutions1 legal & cu/om>y1 unremitt+ly induce new habits ( "w & ( ?\ght 9 ! community1 & s !y cont9ually in/il new pr9ciples ( conduct2 ) ! outcome t ! same range ( in/9ctive dispositions innate 9 ! population w "w out to a diff]5t effect z reg>ds ! dem&s ( race survival4 ,to all appe>ance1 :at c\nts fir/ 9 ?is connection t[>d ! selective survival ( ! sev]al ,european racial /ocks is _! relative fitness to meet ! mat]ial requirem5ts ( life1--_! economic fitness to live "u ! new cultural limitations & ) ! new tra9+ :i* ?is alt]$ cultural situation gives4 ,b ! =tunes ( ! ,we/]n civilisation z a cultural s*eme1 ap>t f ! biological survival or success ( any giv5 racial con/itu5t 9 ! ,we/]n peoples1 is likewise b\nd up ) ! viability ( ,european mank9d "u ^! in/itutional *anges1 & dep5d5t on ! spiritual fitness ( inh]it$ human nature successfully & endur+ly to c>ry on ! alt]$ s*eme ( life s impos$ on ^! peoples by ! gr[? ( _! own culture4 ,su* limitations impos$ on cultural gr[? by native proclivities ill suit$ to civilis$ life are suffici5tly visible 9 sev]al directions & 9 all ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is kn[n ( h]$ity goes to say t ! v>i\s racial types ( man are /able2 s t dur+ ! life-hi/ory ( any giv5 racial /ock1 x is held1 no h]itable modification ( its typical make-up1 :e!r spiritual or physical1 is to be look$ =4 ,! typical human end[m5t ( in/9cts1 z well z ! typical make-up ( ! race 9 ! physical respect1 has accord+ to ?is curr5t view be5 transmitt$ intact f ! beg9n+ ( humanity1 t is to say f :atev] po9t 9 ! mutational developm5t ( ! race x is se5 fit to date humanity1--except s f> z subsequ5t mutations h giv5 rise to new racial /ocks1 to & by :i* ?is human end[m5t ( native proclivities has be5 transmitt$ 9 a typically modifi$ =m4 ,on ! o!r h& ! habitual elem5ts ( human life *ange unremitt+ly & cumulatively1 result+ 9 a cont9u$ prolif]\s gr[? ( in/itutions4 ,*anges 9 ! in/itutional /ructure are cont9ually tak+ place 9 response to ! alt]$ discipl9e ( life "u *ang+ cultural conditions1 b human nature rema9s specifically ! same4 ,! ways & means1 mat]ial & immat]ial1 by :i* ! native proclivities "w out _! ends1 !re=e1 are =ev] 9 process ( *ange1 be+ condition$ by ! *anges cumulatively go+ =w>d 9 ! in/itutional fabric ( habitual elem5ts t gov]ns ! s*eme ( life4 ,b !re is no w>rant = assum+ t ea* or any ( ^! successive *anges 9 ! s*eme ( in/itutions af=ds successively readi]1 sur] or m facile ways & means = ! in/9ctive proclivities to "w out _! ends1 or t ! phase ( habituation 9 =ce at any giv5 po9t 9 ?is sequ5ce ( *ange is m suitable to ! untr\bl$ function+ ( ^! in/9cts ?an any phase t has gone be=e4 ,inde$1 ! presumption is ! o!r way4 ,on gr\nds ( selective survival x is reasonably to be presum$ t any giv5 racial type t has endur$ ! te/ ( selective elim9ation1 includ+ ! complem5t ( in/9ctive dispositions by virtue ( :i* x has endur$ ! te/1 w on its fir/ em]g5ce h be5 passably suit$ to ! circum/ances1 mat]ial & cultural1 "u :i* ! type em]g$ z a mutant & made good its survival2 & 9 s f> z ! subsequ5t gr[? ( in/itutions has alt]$ ! available scope & me?od ( in/9ctive action x is !re=e to be presum$ t any su* subsequ5t *ange 9 ! s*eme ( in/itutions w 9 "s degree h9d] or div]t ! free play ( its in/9ctive proclivities & w !reby h9d] ! direct & unsophi/icat$ work+-out ( ! in/9ctive dispositions native to ?is giv5 racial type4 ,:at is kn[n ( ! e>li] phases ( culture 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! exi/+ races & peoples goes to say t ! initial phase 9 ! life ( any giv5 racial type1 ! phase ( culture :i* prevail$ 9 its environm5t :5 x em]g$1 & "u :i* ! /ock fir/ prov$ its fitness to survive1 0 presumably "s =m ( savag]y4 ,!re=e ! fitness ( any giv5 type ( human nature = life aft] ! mann] & "u ! conditions impos$ by any lat] phase 9 ! gr[? ( culture is a matt] ( less & less secure presumption ! f>!r ! sequ5ce ( in/itutional *ange has dep>t$ f t =m ( savag]y :i* m>k$ ! initial /age 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! giv5 racial /ock4 ,also1 presumably1 ?\gh by no means assur$ly1 ! y\ng] /ocks1 ^? :i* h em]g$ f lat] mutations ( type1 h !re=e initially fall5 into & made good _! survival "u ! conditions ( a relatively advanc$ phase ( savag]y1--^! y\ng] races %\ld !re=e con=m ) great] facility & bett] effect to ! requirem5ts impos$ by a /ill f>!r advance 9 t cumulative complication ( in/itutions & intricacy ( ways & means t is involv$ 9 cultural gr[?4 ,! old] or m primitive /ocks1 ^? :i* arose out ( e>li] mutations ( type & made good _! survival "u a m elem5t>y s*eme ( savage culture1 are presumably less capable ( adaptation to an advanc$ cultural s*eme4 ,b at ! same "t x is on ! same gr\nds to be expect$ t 9 all races & peoples !re %\ld always p]si/ an in]adicable s5tim5tal disposition to take back to some?+ l t s*eme ( savag]y = :i* _! p>ticul> type ( human nature once prov$ its fitness dur+ ! initial phase ( its life-hi/ory4 ,?is seems to be :at is commonly int5d$ 9 ! cry1 8,back to ,nature60 ,! old] kn[n racial /ocks1 ! (fspr+ ( e>li] mutational dep>tures f ! initially g5]ic human type1 w h be5 selectively adapt$ to m ar*aic =ms ( savag]y1 & ^! %[ an appreciably m refractory p5*ant = elem5t>y savage modes ( life1 & con=m to ! dem&s & opportunities ( a 8high]0 civilisation only ) a relatively slight facility1 am\nt+ 9 extreme cases to a practical unfitness = civilis$ life4 ,h5ce ! 8,:ite ,man's burd50 & ! _m p]plexities ( ! mission>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"u ! ,m5delian !ories ( h]$ity "s qualification ( ^! broad g5]alisations is call$ =4 ,z has already be5 not$ above1 ! peoples ( ,europe1 ea* & sev]al1 are hybrid mixtures made up ( sev]al racial /ocks4 ,! l is true 9 "s degree ( mo/ ( ! peoples outside ( ,europe2 p>ticul>ly ( ! m important & bett] kn[n nationalities4 ,^! v>i\s peoples %[ m or less di/9ct & recognisable national types ( physique--or p]haps r ( physiognomy--& temp]am5t1 & ! l9es ( diff]5tiation betwe5 ^! national types incont95tly trav]se ! l9es t divide ! racial /ocks4 ,at ! same "t ^! national types h "s degree ( p]man5ce2 s mu* s t !y are colloquially spok5 ( z types ( race4 ,:ile no mod]n an?ropologi/ w\ld confuse nationality ) race1 x is n to be ov]look$ t ^! national hybrid types are frequ5tly s m>k$ & *>act]i/ic z to simulate racial *>act]s & p]plex ! /ud5t ( race :o is int5t on id5tify+ ! racial /ocks out ( :i* any "o ( ^! hybrid populations has be5 comp\nd$4 ,presumably ^! national & local types ( physiognomy & temp]am5t are to be rat$ z hybrid types t h be5 fix$ by selective bre$+1 & = an explanation ( ?is ph5om5on rec\rse is to be tak5 to ! latt]day !ories ( h]$ity4 ,to any /ud5t famili> ) ! simpl] ph5om5a ( hybridism x w be evid5t t "u ! ,m5delian rules ( hybridisation ! numb] ( biologically successful--viable--hybrid =ms aris+ f any cross betwe5 two or m =ms may div]ge v widely f "o ano!r & f ei!r ( ! p>5t types4 ,! v>iation mu/ be extreme bo? 9 ! numb] ( hybrid types s con/ruct$ & 9 ! range ov] :i* ! v>iation ext5ds1--mu* great] 9 bo? respects ?an ! range ( fluctuat+ 7non-typical7 v>iations obta9able "u any circum/ances 9 a pure-br$ race1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! remot] filial g5]ations4 ,x is also well kn[n1 by exp]im5t1 t by selective bre$+ f among su* hybrid =ms x is possible to con/ruct a composite type t w bre$ true 9 respect ( ! *>act]s ^u :i* ! selection is direct$1 & t su* a 8pure l9e0 may be ma9ta9$ indef9itely1 9 spite ( its hybrid orig91 s long z x is n cross$ back on "o or o!r ( ! p>5t /ocks1 or on a hybrid /ock t is n pure-br$ 9 respect ( ! select$ *>act]s4 ,s1 if ! conditions ( life 9 any community consi/5tly fav\r a giv5 type ( hybrid1 :e!r ! fav\r+ conditions are ( a cultural or ( a mat]ial nature1 some?+ ( a selective tr5d w take effect 9 su* a community & set t[>d a hybrid type :i* %all meet ^! conditions4 ,! result w be ! e/abli%m5t ( a composite pure l9e %[+ ! advantage\s traits ( physique & temp]am5t1 comb9$ ) a v>y+ complem5t ( o!r *>act]s t h no su* selective value4 ,traits t h no selective value 9 ! giv5 case w occur ) =tuit\s fre$om1 comb9+ 9 uncon/ra9$ div]sity ) ! selectively decisive traits1 & s w m>k ! hybrid d]ivation ( ?is provisionally e/abli%$ composite pure l9e4 ,) cont9u$ int]cross+ )9 itself any giv5 population ( su* hybrid orig9 z ! ,european peoples1 w\ld t5d cumulatively to bre$ true to su* a selectively fav\rable hybrid type1 r ?an to any "o ( ! ultimate racial types repres5t$ by ! p>5t /ocks out ( :i* ! hybrid population is ultimately made up4 ,s w\ld em]ge a national or local type1 :i* w\ld %[ ! selectively decisive traits ) a great degree ( consi/5cy b w\ld v>y indef9itely 9 respect ( ! selectively idle traits compris$ 9 ! composite h]$ity ( ! population4 ,su* a composite pure l9e w\ld be provisionally /able only2 x %\ld break d[n :5 cross$ back on ei!r ( ! p>5t /ocks4 ,?is 8provisionally /able composite pure l9e0 %\ld disappe> :5 cross$ on pure-br$ individuals ( "o or o!r ( ! p>5t /ocks f :i* x is drawn1--pure-br$ 9 respect ( ! allelomorphic *>act]s :i* give ! hybrid type its typical traits4 ,b :atev] ! degree ( /ability possess$ by ^! hybrid national or local types1 ! outcome = ! pres5t purpose is mu* ! same2 ! hybrid populations af=d a great] scope & range ( v>iation 9 _! human nature ?an c\ld be _h )9 ! limits ( any pure-br$ race4 ,yet1 = all ! multif>i\s div]sity ( racial & national types1 e>ly & late1 & = all ! wide div]g5ce ( hybrid v>iants1 !re is no difficulty ab\t recognis+ a g5]ical human type ( spiritual end[m5t1 j z ! zologi/s h no difficulty 9 ref]r+ ! v>i\s races ( mank9d to a s+le species on ! gr\nd ( _! physical *>act]s4 ,! di/ribution ( emphasis among ! sev]al in/9ctive dispositions may v>y appreciably f "o race to ano!r1 b ! complem5t ( in/9cts native to ! sev]al races is aft] all ( mu* ! same k9d1 compris+ sub/antially ! same ends4 ,tak5 simply 9 _! fir/ incid5ce1 ! racial v>iations ( human nature are commonly n consid]able2 b a slight bias ( ?is k9d1 di/9ctive ( any giv5 race1 may come to h decisive weight :5 x works out cumulatively ?r\gh a sy/em ( in/itutions1 = su* a sy/em embodies ! cumulative sophi/ications ( untold g5]ations dur+ :i* ! life ( ! community has be5 dom9at$ by ! same slight bias4#aj ,racial diff]5ces 9 respect ( ^! h]$it>y spiritual traits c\nt = mu* 9 ! outcome1 because 9 ! la/ resort any race is at ! m]cy ( its in/9cts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( cultural gr[? mo/ ( ^? civilisations or peoples t h _h a long hi/ory h f "t to "t be5 br\ght up aga9/ an imp]ative call to revise _! s*eme ( in/itutions 9 ! light ( _! native in/9cts1 on pa9 ( collapse or decay2 & !y h *os5 v>i\sly1 & = ! mo/ "p bl9dly1 to live or n to live1 accord+ z _! in/9ctive bias has driv5 !m4 ,9 ! cases :]e x has happ5$ t ^? in/9cts :i* make directly = ! mat]ial welf>e ( ! community1 su* z ! p>5tal b5t & ! s5se ( workman%ip1 h be5 pres5t 9 su* pot5t =ce1 or :]e ! in/itutional elem5ts at v>iance ) ! cont9u$ life-int]e/s ( ! community or ! civilisation 9 "q h be5 9 a suffici5tly infirm /ate1 !re ! bonds ( cu/om1 prescription1 pr9ciples1 prec$5t1 h be5 brok5--or loos5$ or %ift$ s z to let ! curr5t ( life & cultural gr[? g on1 ) or )\t sub/antial ret>dation4 ,b hi/ory records m frequ5t & m spectacul> in/ances ( ! triumph ( imbecile in/itutions ov] life & culture ?an ( peoples :o h by =ce ( in/9ctive insight sav$ !mselves alive out ( a desp]ately prec>i\s in/itutional situation1 su*1 = in/ance1 z n[ faces ! peoples ( ,*ri/5dom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*ief among ^? in/9ctive dispositions t conduce directly to ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! race1 & !re=e to its biological success1 is p]haps ! in/9ctive bias "h spok5 ( z ! s5se ( workman%ip4 ,! only o!r in/9ctive factor ( human nature t c\ld ) any likelihood dispute ?is primacy w\ld be ! p>5tal b5t4 ,inde$1 ! two h mu* 9 common4 ,!y sp5d !mselves on mu* ! same concrete objective ends1 & ! mutual fur!rance ( ea* by ! o!r is inde$ s broad & intimate z (t5 to leave x a matt] ( extreme difficulty to draw a l9e betwe5 !m4 ,any discussion ( ei!r1 !re=e1 mu/ unavoidably draw ! o!r into ! inquiry to a great] or less ext5t1 & a *>act]isation ( ! "o w involve "s deal+ ) ! o!r4 ,z ! expression is "h und]/ood1 ! 8,p>5tal ,b5t0 is an in/9ctive disposition ( mu* l>g] scope ?an a m]e proclivity to ! a*ievem5t ( *ildr54#aa ,?is latt] is d\btless to be tak5 z a l>ge & p]haps z a prim>y elem5t 9 ! practical work+ ( ! p>5tal solicitude2 al?\gh1 ev5 s1 x is 9 no degree to be confus$ ) ! quasi-tropismatic impulse to ! procreation ( (fspr+4 ,! p>5tal solicitude 9 mank9d has a mu* wid] be>+ ?an simply ! welf>e ( "o's own *ildr54 ,?is wid] be>+ is p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 ^? l[] cultures :]e ! s*eme ( consangu9ity & inh]itance is n drawn on ! same close family l9es z among civilis$ peoples1 b x is also to be se5 9 good vig\r 9 any civilis$ community4 ,s1 = in/ance1 :at ! phrase-mak]s h call$ 8race-suicide0 meets ! in/9ctive & unsolicit$ reprobation ( all m51 ev5 ( ^? :o w\ld n conceivably g ! l5g? ( contribut+ 9 _! own p]son to ! incom+ g5]ation4 ,s also1 virtually all ?\ghtful p]sons1--t is to say all p]sons :o hold an op9ion 9 ^! premises1--w agree t x is a despicably inhuman ?+ = ! curr5t g5]ation wilfully to make ! way ( life h>d] = ! next g5]ation1 :e!r ?r\gh neglect ( due provision = _! subsi/5ce & prop] tra9+ or ?r\gh wa/+ _! h]itage ( res\rces & opportunity by improvid5t gre$ & indol5ce4 ,provid5ce is a virtue only s f> z its aim is provision = po/]ity4 ,x is difficult or impossible to say h[ f> ! curr5t solicitude = ! welf>e ( ! race at l>ge is to be cr$it$ to ! p>5tal b5t1 b x is beyond "q t ?is in/9ctive disposition has a l>ge "p 9 ! s5tim5tal conc]n ent]ta9$ by ne>ly all p]sons = ! life & com=t ( ! community at l>ge1 & p>ticul>ly = ! community's future welf>e4 ,d\btless ?is p>5tal b5t 9 its wid] be>+ greatly ren=ces t s5tim5tal approval ( economy & effici5cy = ! common good & disapproval ( wa/eful & useless liv+ t prevails s g5]ally ?r\gh\t bo? ! highe/ & ! l[e/ cultures1 unless x %\ld r be said t ?is animus = economy & effici5cy is a simple expression ( ! p>5tal disposition itself4 ,x might on ! o!r h& be ma9ta9$ t su* an animus ( economy is an ess5tial function ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 :i* w\ld !n be held to be /rongly su/a9$ at1 ?is po9t by a p>5tal solicitude = ! common good4 ,9 mak+ use ( ! expression1 8in/9ct ( workman%ip0 or 8s5se ( workman%ip10 x is n "h int5d$ to assume or to argue t ! proclivity s designat$ is 9 ! psy*ological respect a simple or irr$ucible elem5t2 /ill less1 ( c\rse1 is !re any int5tion to allege t x is to be trac$ back 9 ! physiological respect to "s "o isolable tropismatic s5sibility or "s s+le enzymotic or visc]al /imulus4 ,all t is matt] = ! att5tion ( ^? :om x may conc]n4 ,! expression may z well be tak5 to signify a concurr5ce ( sev]al in/9ctive aptitudes1 ea* ( :i* might or might n prove simple or irr$ucible :5 subject$ to psy*ological or physiological analysis4 ,= ! pres5t inquiry x is en\gh to note t 9 human behavi\r ?is disposition is effective 9 su* consi/5t1 ubiquit\s & resili5t fa%ion t /ud5ts ( human culture w h to c\nt ) x z "o ( ! integral h]$it>y traits ( mank9d4#ab ,z has already appe>$1 nei!r ?is nor any o!r in/9ctive disposition works out its functional cont5t 9 isolation f ! in/9ctive end[m5t at l>ge4 ,! in/9cts1 all & sev]al1 ?\gh p]haps 9 v>y+ degrees1 are s intimately engag$ 9 a play ( give & take t ! "w ( any "o has its consequ5ces = all ! re/1 ?\gh presumably n = all equally4 ,x is ?is endless#ac complication & contam9ation ( in/9ctive elem5ts 9 human conduct1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! p]vad+ & cumulative effects ( habit 9 ?is doma91 t makes mo/ ( ! difficulty & mu* ( ! int]e/ atta*+ to ?is l9e ( inquiry4 ,!re are few l9es ( in/9ctive proclivity t are n cross$ & col\r$ by "s ramification ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip4 ,no d\bt1 response to ! direct call ( su* half-tropismatic1 half-in/9ctive impulses z hung]1 ang]1 or ! prompt+s ( sex1 is little if at all tr\bl$ ) any s5tim5tal suffusion ( workman%ip2 b 9 ! m complex & delib]ate activities1 p>ticul>ly :]e habit ex]ts an appreciable effect1 ! impulse & s5tim5t ( workman%ip comes 9 = a l>ge %>e 9 ! outcome4 ,s mu* s1 inde$1 t1 = in/ance1 9 ! arts1 :]e ! s5se ( beauty is ! prime mov]1 habitual att5tion to te*nique w (t5 put ! orig9al1 & only o/5sible1 motive 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,s1 aga91 9 ! life ( religi\s fai? & obs]vance x may happ5 n[ & aga9 t !ological niceties & ritual elaboration w successfully1 & 9 great measure satisfactorily1 sub/itute !mselves = spiritual communion2 :ile 9 ! c\rts ( law a t5aci\s foll[+ out ( legal te*nicalities w n infrequ5tly defeat ! ends ( ju/ice4 ,z ! expression is "h und]/ood1 all in/9ctive action is intellig5t 9 "s degree2 ?\gh ! degree 9 :i* intellig5ce is engag$ may v>y widely f "o in/9ctive disposition to ano!r1 & x may ev5 fall into an extremely automatic %ape 9 ! case ( "s ( ! simpl] in/9cts1 ^: functional cont5t is ( a pat5tly physiological "*4 ,su* approa* to automatism is ev5 m evid5t 9 "s ( ! l[] animals1 :]e1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( "s insects1 ! response to ! appropriate /imuli is s f> uni=m & me*anically det]m9ate z to leave x d\btful :e!r ! behavi\r ( ! animal might n be/ be con/ru$ z tropismatic action simply4#ad ,su* tropismatic directness ( in/9ctive response is less *>act]i/ic ( man ev5 9 ! case ( ! simpl] in/9ctive proclivities2 & ! indirection :i* s *>act]ises in/9ctive action 9 g5]al1 & ! high] in/9cts ( man 9 p>ticul>1 & :i* m>ks (f ! in/9ctive dispositions f ! tropisms1 is ! indirection ( intellig5ce4 ,x ent]s m l>gely 9 ! dis*>ge ( "s proclivities ?an ( o!rs2 b all in/9ctive action is intellig5t 9 "s degree4 ,?is is :at m>ks x (f f ! tropisms & takes x out ( ! category ( automatism4#ae ,h5ce all in/9ctive action is teleological4 ,x involves hold+ to a purpose4 ,x aims to a*ieve "s end & involves "s degree ( intellig5t faculty to compass ! in/9ctively giv5 purpose1 "u surveillance ( ! in/9ctive proclivity t prompts ! action4 ,& x is 9 ?is surveillance & direction ( ! intellectual processes to ! appo9t$ end t ! in/9ctive dispositions control & condition human conduct2 & 9 ?is "w ( direction ! sev]al in/9ctive proclivities may come to conflict & (fset1 or to concur & ren=ce1 "o ano!r's action4 ,! position ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip 9 ?is complex ( teleological activities is some:at peculi>1 9 t its functional cont5t is s]viceability = ! ends ( life1 :atev] ^! ends may be2 :]eas ^! ends to be subs]v$ are1 at lea/ 9 ! ma91 appo9t$ & made wor? :ile by ! v>i\s o!r in/9ctive dispositions4 ,s t ?is in/9ct may 9 "s s5se be said to be auxili>y to all ! re/1 to be conc]n$ ) ! ways & means ( life r ?an ) any "o giv5 ult]ior end4 ,x has ess5tially to d ) proximate r ?an ult]ior ends4 ,yet workman%ip is none ! less an object ( att5tion & s5tim5t 9 its own "r4 ,effici5t use ( ! means at h& & adequate managem5t ( ! res\rces available = ! purposes ( life is itself an end ( endeav\r1 & accompli%m5t ( ?is k9d is a s\rce ( gratification4 ,all in/9ctive action is intellig5t & teleological4 ,! g5]ality ( in/9ctive dispositions prompt simply to ! direct & unambigu\s atta9m5t ( _! specific ends1 & 9 8 deal+s "u _! imm$iate guidance ! ag5t goes z directly z may be to ! end s\ght1--he is occupi$ ) ! objective end1 n ) ! *oice ( means to ! end s\ght2 :]eas "u ! impulse ( workman%ip ! ag5t's int]e/ & endeav\r are tak5 up ) ! contriv+ ( ways & means to ! end s\ght4 ,! po9t ( contra/ may be unfamili>1 & an illu/ration may be p]t95t4 ,s1 9 ! in/9ct ( pugnacity & its att5dant s5tim5t ( ang]#af ! prim>y impulse is d\btless to a direct frontal attack1 assault & batt]y pure & simple2 & ! m highly *>g$ ! ag5t is ) ! combative impulse1 & ! high] ! pit* ( animation to :i* he has be5 wr\ght up1 ! less is he incl9$ or able to take ?\ght ( h[ he may %rewdly br+ me*anical devices to be> on ! object ( 8 s5tim5t & compass 8 end ) ! l>ge/ result p] unit ( =ce exp5d$4 ,x is only ! well-tra9$ fight] t w take )\t reflection to workmanlike ways & means at su* a juncture2 & 9 case ( extreme exasp]ation & urg5cy ev5 su* a "o1 x is said1 may =get 8 workman%ip 9 ! premises & ?r[ himself into ! middle ( ?+s in/ead ( resort+ to ! indirections & lev]ages to :i* 8 workmanlike tra9+ 9 ! art ( fight+ has habituat$ him4 ,s1 aga91 ! imm$iate prompt+s ( ! p>5tal b5t urge to direct p]sonal int]v5tion & s]vice 9 behalf ( ! object ( solicitude4 ,9 p]sons highly gift$ 9 ?is respect ! impulse ass]ts itself to succ\r ! helpless ) "o's own h&s1 to d = !m 9 "o's own p]son n :at might on reflection approve itself z ! mo/ exp$i5t l9e ( conduct 9 ! premises1 b :at w ?r[ ! ag5t mo/ p]sonally into action 9 ! case4 ,notori\sly1 x is easi] to move well-mean+ p to unreflect+ *>ity on an imm$iate & concrete appeal ?an x is to secure a sagaci\s1 well su/a9$ & well organis$ conc]t ( endeav\r = ! amelioration ( ! lot ( ! un=tunate4 ,inde$1 ref9em5ts ( workmanlike calculation ( causes & effects 9 su* a case are in/9ctively felt to be out ( t\* ) ! _s ( ! ?+4 ,!y are di/a/eful2 n only are !y n "p & p>cel ( ! functional cont5t ( ! g5]\s impulse1 b an undue injection ( ^! elem5ts ( workman%ip into ! case may ev5 induce a revulsion ( feel+ & defeat its own int5tion4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 on ! o!r h&1 occupies ! int]e/ ) practical exp$i5ts1 ways & means1 devices & contrivances ( effici5cy & economy1 pr(ici5cy1 creative "w & te*nological ma/]y ( facts4 ,mu* ( ! functional cont5t ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip is a proclivity = tak+ pa9s4 ,! be/ or mo/ f9i%$ outcome ( ?is disposition is n _h "u /ress ( great excitem5t or "u extreme urg5cy f any ( ! in/9ctive prop5sities ) :i* its "w is associat$ or ^: ends x s]ves4 ,x %[s at its be/1 bo? 9 ! individual workman's te*nological effici5cy & 9 ! gr[? ( te*nological pr(ici5cy & insight 9 ! community at l>ge1 "u circum/ances ( mod]ate exig5ce1 :]e !re is "w 9 h& & m ( x 9 sight1 s9ce x is initially a disposition to d ! next ?+ & d x z well z may be2 :]eas :5 int]e/ falls (f unduly ?r\gh failure ( provocation f ! in/9ctive dispositions t af=d an end to :i* to "w1 ! /imulus to workman%ip is likely to fail1 & ! outcome is z likely to be an endless fabrication ( mean+less details & mu* ado ab\t no?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 seasons ( great /ress1 :5 ! call to any "o or m ( ! in/9ctive l9es ( conduct is urg5t beyond measure1 !re is likely to result a crudity ( te*nique & pres5tly a loss ( pr(ici5cy & te*nological ma/]y4 ,x is1 fur!r1 p]t95t to note 9 ?is connection t ! in/9ct ( workman%ip w commonly n run to passionate excesses2 t x does n1 "u pressure1 t5aci\sly hold its place z a ma9 int]e/ 9 competition ) ! o!r1 m elem5tal in/9ctive proclivities2 b t x r yields gr\nd some:at readily1 suff]s repression & falls into abeyance1 only to reass]t itself :5 ! pressure ( o!r1 urg5t int]e/s is reliev$4 ,:at 0 said above z to ! p>am\nt significance ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip = ! life ( ! race w ( c\rse suff] no abatem5t 9 s recognis+ its *>act]i/ically temp]ate urg5cy4 ,! grave importance t atta*es to x is a matt] ( its ubiquit\s subs]vi5ce to ! ends ( life1 & n a matt] ( vehem5ce4 ,! s5se ( workman%ip is also peculi>ly subject to bias4 ,x does n commonly1 or normally1 "w to an indep5d5t1 creative end ( its own1 b is r conc]n$ ) ! ways & means :]eby in/9ctively giv5 purposes are to be accompli%$4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 z "o or ano!r ( ! in/9ctive dispositions is pr$om9ant 9 ! community's s*eme ( life or 9 ! individual's e-day int]e/1 ! habitual tr5d ( ! s5se ( workman%ip w be b5t to "o or ano!r l9e ( pr(ici5cy & te*nological ma/]y4 ,by cumulative habituation a bias ( ?is "* may come to h v sub/antial consequ5ces = ! range & scope ( te*nological k1 ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 & = ! rate & direction ( gr[? 9 workmanlike ideals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*anges are go+ =w>d con/antly & incont95tly 9 ! in/itutional app>atus1 ! habitual s*eme ( rules & pr9ciples t regulate ! community's life1 & n lea/ 9 ! te*nological ways & means by :i* ! life ( ! race & its /ate ( culture are ma9ta9$2 b *anges come r>ely--9 effect n at all--9 ! end[m5t ( in/9cts :]eby mank9d is enabl$ to employ ^! means & to live "u ! in/itutions :i* its habits ( life h cumulatively creat$4 ,9 ! case ( hybrid populations1 su* z ! peoples ( ,*ri/5dom1 "s appreciable adaptation ( ?is spiritual end[m5t to meet ! *ang+ requirem5ts ( civilisation may be c\nt$ on1 ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( composite pure l9es ( a hybrid type m ne>ly answ]+ to ! lat] phases ( culture ?an any "o ( ! orig9al racial types out ( :i* ! hybrid population is made up4 ,b 9 s sl[-bre$+ a species z man1 & ) *anges 9 ! conditions ( life go+ =w>d at a visibly rapid pace1 ! *ance ( an adequate adaptation ( hybrid human nature to new conditions seems d\btful at ! be/4 ,x is also to be not$ t ! vague "* ( _m ( ! human in/9cts1 & _! consequ5t pliability "u habituation1 af=ds an appreciable m>g9 ( adaptation )9 :i* human nature may adju/ itself to new conditions ( life4 ,b aft] all has be5 said x rema9s true t ! m>g9 )9 :i* ! in/9ctive nature ( ! race c be effectively adapt$ to *ang+ circum/ances is relatively n>r[--n>r[ z contra/$ ) ! range ( v>iation 9 in/itutions--& ! limits ( su* adaptation are some:at rigid4 ,z ! matt] /&s1 ! race is requir$ to meet *ang+ conditions ( life to :i* its relatively un*ang+ end[m5t ( in/9cts is presumably n :olly adapt$1 & to meet ^! conditions by ! use ( te*nological ways & means widely diff]5t f ^? t 7 at ! disposal ( ! race f ! outset4 ,9 ! initial phases ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! race1 or ( any giv5 racial /ock1 ! exig5cies to :i* its spiritual 7in/9ctive7 nature 0 selectively requir$ to con=m 7 ^? ( ! savage culture1 z has be5 indicat$ above1--presumably 9 all cases a some:at 8l[0 or elem5t>y =m ( savag]y4 ,?is savage mode ( life1 :i* 01 & is1 9 a s5se1 native to man1 w\ld be *>act]is$ by a consid]able gr\p solid>ity )9 a relatively small gr\p1 liv+ v ne> ! soil1 & unremitt+ly dep5d5t = _! daily life on ! workmanlike effici5cy ( all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,! prime requisite = survival "u ^! conditions w\ld be a prop5sity unselfi%ly & imp]sonally to make ! mo/ ( ! mat]ial means at h& & a p5*ant = turn+ all res\rces ( k & mat]ial to acc\nt to su/a9 ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,at ! outset1 !re=e1 z x fir/ comes into ! life-hi/ory ( any "o or all ( ! racial /ocks ) :i* mod]n inquiry conc]ns itself1 ?is in/9ctive disposition w h borne directly on workmanlike effici5cy 9 ! simple & obvi\s s5se ( ! ^w4 ,by virtue ( ! /ability ( ! racial type1 su* is /ill its "*1 prim>ily & sub/antially1 ap>t f its sophi/ication by habit & tradition4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip br\ght ! life ( mank9d f ! brute to ! human plane1 & 9 all ! lat] gr[? ( culture x has nev] ceas$ to p]vade ! works ( man4 ,b ! ext5sive complication ( circum/ances & ! alt]$ outlook ( succe$+ g5]ations1 br\ght on by ! gr[? ( in/itutions & ! accumulation ( k1 h l$ to an ext5sion ( its scope & ( its canons & logic to activities & conjunctures t h little traceable be>+ on ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,contam9ation ,,( ,,in/9cts ,,9 ,,primitive ,,te*nology ,all in/9ctive behavi\r is subject to developm5t & h5ce to modification by habit4#ag ,su* impulsive action z is 9 no degree intellig5t1 & s suff]s no adaptation ?r\gh habitual use1 is n prop]ly to be call$ in/9ctive2 x is r to be class$ z tropismatic4 ,9 human conduct ! effects ( habit 9 ?is respect are p>ticul>ly f>-rea*+4 ,9 man ! in/9cts appo9t less ( a det]m9ate sequ5ce ( action1 & s leave a m op5 field = adaptation ( behavi\r to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,:5 in/9ct enjo9s little else ?an ! end ( endeav\r1 leav+ ! sequ5ce ( acts by :i* ?is end is to be approa*$ some:at a matt] ( op5 alt]natives1 ! %>e ( reflection1 discretion & delib]ate adaptation w be correspond+ly l>ge4 ,! range & div]sity ( habituation is also correspond+ly enl>g$4 ,9 man1 too1 by ! same fact1 habit takes on m ( a cumulative "*1 9 t ! habitual acquirem5ts ( ! race are h&$ on f "o g5]ation to ! next1 by tradition1 tra9+1 education1 or :atev] g5]al t]m may be/ designate t discipl9e ( habituation by :i* ! "y acquire :at ! old h le>n$4 ,by simil> means ! l elem5ts ( habitual conduct are c>ri$ ov] f "o community or "o culture to ano!r1 lead+ to fur!r complications4 ,cumulatively1 !re=e1 habit creates usages1 cu/oms1 conv5tions1 preconceptions1 composite pr9ciples ( conduct t run back only indirectly to ! native pr$ispositions ( ! race1 b t may affect ! work+-out ( any giv5 l9e ( endeav\r 9 mu* ! same way z if ^! habitual elem5ts 7 ( ! nature ( a native bias4 ,along ) ?is body ( d]ivative /&>ds & canons ( conduct1 & h&$ on by ! same discipl9e ( habituation1 goes a cumulative body ( k1 made up 9 "p ( matt]-(-fact acqua9tance ) ph5om5a & 9 great] "p ( conv5tional wisdom embody+ c]ta9 acquir$ pr$ilections & preconceptions curr5t 9 ! community4 ,workman%ip proce$s on ! accumulat$ k s receiv$ & curr5t1 & turns x to acc\nt 9 deal+ ) ! mat]ial means ( life4 ,:atev] passes curr5t 9 ?is way z k ( facts is turn$ to acc\nt z f> z may be1 & s x is work$ into a cu/om>y s*eme ( ways & means1 a sy/em ( te*nology1 into :i* new elem5ts ( in=mation or acqua9tance ) ! nature & use ( ?+s are incorporat$1 assimilat$ z !y come4 ,! s*eme ( te*nology s work$ out & c>ri$ along 9 ! r\t9e ( gett+ a liv+ w be s]viceable = curr5t use & h a sub/antial value = a fur!r advance 9 te*nological effici5cy some:at 9 proportion z ! k s embodi$ 9 te*nological practice is effectually ( ! nature ( matt]-(-fact4 ,mu* ( ! in=mation d]iv$ f exp]i5ce 9 indu/ry is likely to be ( ?is matt]-(-fact nature2 b mu* ( ! k made use ( = ! te*nological purpose is also ( ! nature ( conv5tion1 inf]5ce & au!ntic op9ion1 arriv$ at on q o!r gr\nds ?an workmanlike exp]i5ce4 ,?is ali5 body ( in=mation1 or pseudo-in=mation1 goes into ! gr& total ( human k q z freely z any matt] ( fact1 & x is !re=e also necess>ily tak5 up & assimilat$ 9 t te*nological equipm5t ( k & pr(ici5cy by use ( :i* ! "w 9 h& is to be done4 ,b ! exp]i5ce :i* yields ?is useful & pseudo-useful k is got "u ! impulsion & guidance ( "o & ano!r ( ! in/9cts ) :i* man is end[$1 & takes ! %ape & color giv5 x by ! in/9ctive bias 9 ^: s]vice x is acquir$4 ,at ! same "t1 :atev] its d]ivation1 ! k acquir$ goes into ! aggregate ( in=mation drawn on = ! ways & means ( workman%ip4 ,!re=e ! habits =m$ 9 any l9e ( exp]i5ce1 "u ! guidance ( any giv5 in/9ctive disposition1 w h _! effect on ! conduct & aims ( ! workman 9 all 8 "w & play2 s t progress 9 te*nological matt]s is by no means an outcome ( ! s5se ( workman%ip alone4 ,x foll[s t 9 all _! work+ ! human in/9cts are 9 ?is way incessantly subject to mutual 8contam9ation10 :]eby ! work+ ( any "o is incid5tally affect$ by ! bias & proclivities inh]5t 9 all ! re/2 & 9 s f> z ^! curr5t habits & cu/oms 9 ?is way come to ren=ce ! pr$ispositions compris$ "u any "o in/9ct or any giv5 gr\p ( in/9cts1 ! bias s acc5tuat$ comes to p]vade ! habits ( ?\ght ( all ! memb]s ( ! community & gives a correspond+ obliquity to ! te*nological gr\ndwork ( ! community4 ,s1 = in/ance1 addiction to magical1 sup]/iti\s or religi\s conceptions w necess>ily h its effect on ! conceptions & logic employ$ 9 te*nological !ory & practice1 & w impair its effici5cy by t mu*4 ,a p mu* giv5 to punctilios ( rank & respect ( p]sons w 9 "s degree c>ry ^! habitual pr$ilections ov] into ! field ( workman%ip & w all[ consid]ations ( au!nticity1 ( p]sonal weight & consequ5ce1 to decide que/ions ( te*nological exp$i5cy2 s t ideas :i* h none b a putative effici5cy may 9 ?is way come 9 = a l>ge %>e 9 ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,a p ^: culture has = any reason tak5 on a pron\nc$ co]cive 7pr$atory7 "*1 ) rigor\s class di/9ctions1 an arbitr>y gov]nm5tal control1 =midable gods & an au?oritative prie/hood1 w h its indu/rial organisation & its indu/rial arts fa%ion$ to meet ! dem&s & ! logic ( ^! in/itutions4 ,su* an in/itutional situation ex]ts a great & p]vasive con/ra9t on ! te*nological s*eme 9 :i* workman%ip takes effect "u its rule1 bo? directly by prescrib+ ! ?+s to d & ! "t1 place & circum/ance ( do+ !m1 & indirectly ?r\gh ! habits ( ?\ght induc$ 9 ! work+ population liv+ "u its rule4 ,innovation1 ! utilisation ( newly acquir$ te*nological insight1 is greatly h9d]$ by su* in/itutional requirem5ts t are en=c$ by o!r impulses ?an ! s5se ( workman%ip4 ,9 ! kn[n l[] cultures su* in/itutional complications z might be expect$ greatly to h9d] or deflect ! s5se ( workman%ip are commonly nei!r l>ge1 rigor\s nor obvi\s4 ,some?+ ( ! k9d !re app>5tly always is1 9 ! way1 = in/ance1 ( ! cu/om>y pr]ogatives & p]quisites ( ! old] m51 z well z _! tutel>y ov]sight ( ! y\ng] g5]ation & ( ! common int]e/s ( ! gr\p4#ah ,:5 ?is rule ( s5iority is elaborat$ into su* set =ms z ! m5's 7secret7 societies1 ) exact+ initiatory c]emonies & class tabus1#ai its effect on workday life is (t5 v consid]able1 ev5 ?\gh ! community may %[ little t c fairly be class$ z autocracy1 *iefta9%ip1 or ev5 ari/ocratic gov]nm5t4 ,9 _m or all ( ^! nave & e>ly developm5ts ( au?ority1 & p]haps especially 9 ^? cultures :]e ! control takes ?is in*oate =m ( a cu/om>y 8g]ontocracy10#bj its imm$iate effect is t an abid+ s5se ( au!nticity comes to p]vade ! r\t9e ( daily life1 su* z effectually to ob/ruct all innovation1 :e!r 9 ! ways & means ( "w or 9 ! conduct ( life m at l>ge4 ,control by a g]ontocracy appe>s to rea* its be/ developm5t & to run ) ! fulle/ consi/5cy & effect 9 communities :]e an appreciable degree ( pr$atory exploit is habitual1 & ! inf]5ce is ready1 & at lea/ plausible1 t ?is in/itution is sub/antially ( a pr$atory orig91 t ! pr9ciples 7habits ( ?\ght7 on :i* x re/s are an outgr[? ( pugnacity1 self-aggr&isem5t & fe>4 ,"u fav\r+ conditions ( friction & jeal\sy betwe5 gr\ps ^! prop5sities w settle into in/itutional habits ( au?ority & def]5ce1 & s long z ! resultant ex]cise ( control is ve/$ by cu/om 9 ! class ( eld]s ! direct consequ5ce is a m>k$ abatem5t ( initiative ?r\gh\t ! community & a consequ5t appe>ance ( cons]vatism & /agnation 9 its te*nological s*eme z well z 9 ! cu/om>y usages "u ^: guidance ! community lives4#ba ,s ^! in/9ctive prop5sities :i* h no prim>y significance 9 ! way ( workman%ip may come to c\nt v mat]ially 9 %ap+ ! gr\p's te*nological equipm5t ( ideas & 9 deflect+ ! s5se ( workman%ip f ! nave pursuit ( mat]ial effici5cy4 ,! rule ( ! eld]s appe>s to h be5 extremely preval5t 9 ! e>li] phases ( culture4 ,s mu* s t x may ev5 be set d[n z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic trait ( ! upp] savag]y & ( ! l[] b>b>ism2 :e!r x takes ! elaborately in/itutionalis$ =m ( a settl$ g]ontocracy1 z among ! ,au/ralian blacks1 ) %>ply def9$ class divisions & p]quisites & a consi/5t subjection ( wom5 & *ildr52 or ! loos] cu/om>y rule ( ! ,eld]s1 ) a degree ( def]5ce & circumspection on ! "p ( ! y\ng] g5]ation & an unc]ta9 conv5tional inf]iority ( wom5 & *ildr51 z se5 among ! pagans ( ! ,malay p59sula1#bb ! ,eskimo ( ! ,arctic seabo>d1#bc ! ,m9copies ( ! ,&amans1#bd or1 on a some:at high] level1 ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ! ,am]ican ,s\?-we/4#be ,illu/rative in/ances ( su* an in*oate organisation ( au?ority are v widely di/ribut$1 b ! communities t foll[ su* a nave s*eme ( life are commonly nei!r l>ge1 p[]ful1 weal?y1 nor mu* 9 ! public eye4 ,! presumption is t ! s5se ( au!nticity :i* p]vades ^! & simil> cultures1 am\nt+ to a degree ( tabu on innovation1 has _h mu* to d ) ! notably sl[ advance ( te*nology among savage peoples4 ,su* appe>s presumably to h be5 ! preval5t run ( ! facts ?r\gh\t ! /one age 9 all qu>t]s ( ! ,e>?4 ,x is n altoge!r pla9 j :at are ! innate pr$ispositions *iefly involv$ 9 ?is primitive social control :i* at its untr\bl$ be/ develops into a 8g]ontocracy40 ,!re c app>5tly be little "q b t its prime motive =ce is ! p>5tal b5t1 express+ itself 9 a nave impulsive surveillance ( ! common int]e/s ( ! gr\p & a tutelage ( ! incom+ g5]ation4 ,b "h z 9 o!r social relations ! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts unavoidably come into play2 s t 7a7 ! tutelage ( ! eld]s takes some?+ ( an au?oritative tone & bl5ds self-aggr&isem5t ) _! quasi-p>5tal solicitude1 giv+ an in/itutional outcome :i* makes ! "y g5]ation subs]vi5t to ! eld]s1 o/5sibly = ! mutual & collective good ( bo? p>ties to ! relation2 7b7 if pr$atory or w>like exploit 9 any degree becomes habitual to ! community ! s5tim5t ( self-aggr&isem5t gets ! upp] h&1 & subs]vi5ce to ! able-bodi$ eld]s becomes ! dom9ant note 9 ?is relation ( tutelage1 & _! p>5tal int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! incom+ g5]ation 9 a correspond+ degree goes into abeyance "u ! pressure ( ! appropriate s5tim5ts ( pugnacity & self-seek+1 giv+ rise to a co]cive rgime ( a m or less ru?less "*2 7c7 correlatively1 along ) unwe>y+ insi/5ce on _! own pr]ogatives & collective discretion1 on ! "p ( ! eld]s1 !re goes1 on ! "p ( ! community at l>ge1 a correspond+ly habitual acceptance ( _! f9d+s & ! prec$5ts !y h e/abli%$1 result+ 9 a univ]sal addiction to ! broad pr9ciples ( unmitigat$ au!nticity1 ) no p[] any:]e capable ( break+ across ! accumulat$ prec$5ts & tabus4 ,ev5 ! rul+ class ( eld]s1 be+ an unwieldy delib]ative body or executive committee1 is held by p>liam5t>y in]tia1 z well z by a circumspect reg>d = _! prescriptive rights1 to a due obs]vance ( ! cu/om>y law4 ,! =ce ( prec$5t is notori\sly /rong on ! l[] levels ( culture4 ,"u ! rule ( ! eld]s def]5ce to prec$5t gr[s into an invet]ate habit 9 ! "y1 & :5 pres5tly ^! come to take _! turn z discretion>y eld]s ! habit ( def]5ce to ! prec$5ts e/abli%$ by ^? :o h gone be=e /ill b9ds !m1 & ! life & ?\ght ( ! community nev] escape ! dead h& ( ! p>5t4 ,:5 work$ out into an in/itution ( control 9 ?is way1 & cross$ ) ! o!r in/9ctive prop5sities t g to make gov]nm5tal au?ority1 x is app>5tly unavoidable t ! p>5tal b5t %\ld suff] ?is curi\s inv]sion4 ,9 ! simple/ & unsophi/icat$ t]ms1 its functional cont5t appe>s to be an unselfi% solicitude = ! well-be+ ( ! incom+ g5]ation--a bias = ! highe/ effici5cy & fulle/ volume ( life 9 ! gr\p1 ) a p>ticul> drift to ! future2 s t1 "u its rule1 contr>y to ! dictum ( ! economic !ori/s1 future goods are pref]r$ to pres5t goods#bf & ! filial g5]ation is giv5 ! pref]5ce ov] ! p>5tal g5]ation 9 all t t\*es _! mat]ial welf>e4 ,b :]e ! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts1 self-complac5cy & self-abasem5t1 come l>gely into play1 z !y are b\nd to d 9 any culture t p>takes appreciably ( a pr$atory or co]cive "*1 ! pr]ogatives ( ! rul+ class & ! pr9ciples ( au!ntic usage become canons ( tru? & "r liv+ & pres5tly take prec$5ce ( workmanlike effici5cy & ! fulness ( life ( ! gr\p4 ,x results t conv5tional te/s ( validity pres5tly accumulate & increas+ly deflect & ob/ruct ! nave pursuit ( workmanlike effici5cy1 9 l>ge "p by obscur+ ^? matt]s ( fact t l5d !mselves to te*nological insight4 ,b l o!r innate pr$ispositions ! p>5tal b5t cont9ually reass]ts itself 9 its native & untaught "*1 z an ev] resili5t solicitude = ! welf>e ( ! "y & ! prospective =tunes ( ! gr\p4 ,z su* x con/antly comes 9 to ren=ce ! in/9ct ( workman%ip & su/a9 int]e/ 9 ! direct pursuit ( effici5cy 9 ! ways & means ( life4 ,s closely 9 t\* & s concurr5t are ! p>5tal b5t & ! s5se ( workman%ip 9 ?is que/ ( effici5cy t x is commonly difficult to guess :i* ( ! two proclivities is to be cr$it$ ) ! l>g] or ! lead+ "p 9 any giv5 l9e ( conduct2 al?\gh tak5 by & l>ge ! two are aft] all fairly di/9ct 9 respect ( _! functional cont5t4 ,?is ?or\gh & f>-go+ concurr5ce ( ! two may p]haps be tak5 to mean t ! in/9ct ( workman%ip is 9 ! ma9 a prop5sity to "w out ! ends :i* ! p>5tal b5t makes wor? :ile4 ,x seems to be ^! two pr$ispositions 9 conjunction t h ex]cis$ ! l>ge/ & mo/ consi/5t control ov] t gr[? ( cu/om & conv5tional pr9ciples t has /&>dis$ ! life ( mank9d 9 society & s giv5 rise to a sy/em ( in/itutions4 ,?is control be>s selectively on ! :ole range ( in/itutions creat$ by habitual response to ! call ( ! o!r in/9cts & has ! effect ( a 8common-s5se0 surveillance :i* prev5ts ! s*eme ( life f runn+ into an insuff]able tangle ( grotesque extravagances4 ,t _! surveillance has n always be5 decisive ne$ sc>cely be specifically call$ to m9d2 human culture 9 all ages pres5ts too _m imbecile usages & pr9ciples ( conduct to let anyone ov]look ! fact t diss]viceable in/itutions easily arise & cont9ue to hold _! place 9 spite ( ! disapproval ( native common s5se4 ,! selective control ex]cis$ ov] cu/om & usage by ^! in/9cts ( s]viceability is nei!r too close nor too insi/5t4 ,wide1 ev5 extravagant1 dep>tures f ! simple dictates ( ?is native common s5se occur ev5 )9 ! n>r[ range ( ! dome/ic & m9or civil in/itutions1 :]e ^! two common-s5se pr$ispositions %\ld concur to create a prescriptive usage look+ directly to ! cont9uation & welf>e ( ! race4 ,consid]ations1 or p]haps r conv5tional preconceptions1 runn+ on o!r gr\nds1 z1 = in/ance1 on gr\nds ( sup]/ition or religion1 ( propriety & g5tility1 ( pecuni>y or political exp$i5cy1 h come 9 = a l>ge %>e 9 ord]+ ! in/itutions ( family & neighb\rhood life4 ,yet d\btless x is ! p>5tal b5t & ! s5se ( workman%ip 9 concurr5ce t h be5 ! prim>y & p]si/5t factors 9 7selectively7 %ap+ ! h\sehold organisation among all peoples1 h[ev] great may h be5 ! =ce ( o!r factors1 in/9ctive & habitual1 t h gone to div]sify ! v>iegat$ outcome4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t s long z ! p>5tal solicitude & ! s5se ( workman%ip d n lead m5 to take ?\ght & correct ! o!rwise ungu>d$ drift ( ?+s1 ! gr[? ( in/itutions--usage1 cu/oms1 canons ( conduct1 pr9ciples ( "r & propriety1 ! c\rse ( cumulative habituation z x goes =w>d "u ! driv+ =ce ( ! sev]al in/9cts native to man1--w commonly run at cross purposes ) s]viceability & ! s5se ( workman%ip4#bg ,t su* %\ld be ! case lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 z w readily appe> on reflection4 ,"u giv5 circum/ances & "u ! impulsion ( a giv5 in/9ctive prop5sity a giv5 l9e ( behavi\r becomes habitual & s is in/all$ by use & wont z a pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,! pr9ciple or canon ( conduct s ga9$ takes its place among ! habitual v]ities ( life 9 ! community & is h&$ on by tradition4 ,"u fur!r impulsion ( ! same & o!r in/9ctive prop5sities1 & "u alt]$ circum/ances1 conduct 9 o!r1 unrelat$ l9es w be ref]r$ to ?is receiv$ pr9ciple z a b5*-m>k by :i* its goodness is apprais$ & to :i* all conduct is accommodat$1 giv+ a result :i* is relat$ to ! exig5cies ( ! case only at ! second remove & by *annels ( habit :i* h only a conv5tional relevancy to ! case4 ,! f>!r ?is mann] ( cross+ & graft+ ( habitual elem5ts proce$s 9 ! elaboration ( pr9ciples & usage1 ! l>g] w be ! mass & ! grav] w be ! complication ( mat]ially irrelevant consid]ations pres5t 9 any giv5 l9e ( conduct1 ! m ext5sive & fanta/ic w be ! fabric ( conv5tionalities :i* come to condition ! response to any "o ( ! innate human prop5sities1 & ! m 8irrelevant1 incompet5t & imp]t95t0 w be ! l9e ( conduct prescrib$ by use & wont4 ,except by rec\rse to ! s5se ( workman%ip !re is no evad+ ?is complication ( ineptitudes & irrelevancies1 & su* rec\rse is n easily _h4 ,= ! bias ( settl$ habit goes to su/a9 ! in/itutional fabric ( receiv$ sophi/ications1 & ^! sophi/ications are b\nd 9 su* a network ( give & take t a di/urbance ( ! fabric at any po9t w involve m or less ( a d]angem5t ?r\gh\t4 ,?is body ( habitual pr9ciples & preconceptions is at ! same "t ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* exp]i5ce receives ^? elem5ts ( in=mation & insight on :i* workman%ip is able to draw 9 contriv+ ways & means & turn+ !m to acc\nt = ! uses ( life4 ,& ! conv5tional v]ities c\nt 9 ?is connexion almo/ :olly z ob/ructions to workmanlike effici5cy4 ,worldly wisdom1 insight into ! proprieties & exp$i5cies ( human int]c\rse1 ! s*eme ( tabus1 consangu9ities1 & magical efficacies1 yields v little t c effectually be turn$ to acc\nt = te*nological ends4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ by habituation "u ! /ress ( ^! o!r proclivities & _! d]ivative pr9ciples is necess>ily made use ( 9 workman%ip1 & s ent]s into ! texture ( ! te*nological sy/em1 b a l>ge "p ( x is ( v d\btful value = ! purpose4 ,mu* ( ?is exp]i5ce runs at cross purposes ) workman%ip1 n only 9 t ! putative in=mation :i* ?is exp]i5ce br+s home to m5 has none b a putative s]viceability1 b also 9 t ! habit ( m9d induc$ by its discipl9e obscures t insight into matt] ( fact t is indisp5sable to workmanlike effici5cy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! mo/ ob/ructive d]angem5t t besets workman%ip is :at may be call$ ! self-contam9ation ( ! s5se ( workman%ip itself4 ,?is applies 9 a peculi> degree to ! e>li] or m elem5t>y phases ( culture1 b x holds true only ) less5+ =ce ?r\gh\t ! lat] gr[? ( civilisation4 ,! h9drance to te*nological effici5cy f ?is s\rce w (t5 rise to l>ge proportions ev5 9 advanc$ communities1 p>ticul>ly :]e magical1 religi\s or o!r an?ropomorphic habits ( ?\ght are preval5t4 ,! difficulty has be5 spok5 ( z an?ropomorphism1 or animism1--:i* is only a m ar*aic an?ropomorphism4 ,! ess5tial trait ( an?ropomorphic conceptions1 s f> z be>s on ! pres5t argum5t1 is t conduct1 m or less fully aft] ! human fa%ion ( conduct1 is imput$ to ext]nal objects2 :e!r ^! ext]nal objects are facts ( obs]vation or creatures ( my?ological fancy4 ,su* an?ropomorphism commonly means an int]pretation ( ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( workman%ip1 ?\gh x may also involve mu* m ?an ?is1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! high] rea*es ( my?-mak+4 ,b ! simpl] an?ropomorphic or animi/ic beliefs t p]vade m5's e-day ?9k+ commonly am\nt to little if any?+ m ?an ! nave imputation ( a workmanlike prop5sity 9 ! obs]v$ facts4 ,ext]nal objects are believ$ to d ?+s2 or r x is believ$ t !y are se5 to d ?+s4 ,! reason ( ?is imputation ( conduct to ext]nal ?+s is simple1 obvi\s1 & intimate 9 all m5's appreh5sion2 s mu* s1 inde$1 z n readily to p]mit its be+ se5 9 p]spective & appreciat$ at any?+ l its effectual =ce4 ,all facts ( obs]vation are necess>ily se5 9 ! light ( ! obs]v]'s habits ( ?\ght1 & ! mo/ intimate & invet]ate ( 8 habits ( ?\ght is ! exp]i5ce ( 8 own initiative & endeav\rs4 ,x is to ?is 8app]ception mass0 t objects ( app]ception are f9ally ref]r$1 & x is 9 t]ms ( ?is exp]i5ce t _! measure is f9ally tak54 ,no psy*ological ph5om5on is m famili> ?an ?is ubiquit\s 8p]sonal equation0 9 m5's appreh5sion ( :atev] facts come )9 _! obs]vation4 ,! s5se ( workman%ip is l all human in/9cts 9 ! respect t :5 ! occasion (f]s1 ! ag5t mov$ by its impulse n only runs ?r\gh a sequ5ce ( actions suitable to ! in/9ctive end1 b he is also giv5 to dwell+1 m or less s5tim5tally1 on ! objects & activities ab\t :i* 8 att5tion is engag$ by ! prompt+s ( ?is in/9ctive prop5sity4 ,9 s f> z he is mov$ by ! in/9ct ( workman%ip man contemplates ! objects ) :i* he comes 9 contact f ! po9t ( view ( _! relevancy to ult]ior results1 _! aptitude = tak+ effect 9 a consequ5tial outcome4 ,habitual occupation ) workmanlike conceptions1--& 9 ! l[] cultures all m5 & wom5 are habitually s occupi$1 s9ce !re is no consid]able class or season n engag$ 9 ! que/ ( a livelihood1--?is occupation ) workmanlike int]e/s1 leav+ ! att5tion al]t 9 ! direction t[>ds workmanlike ph5om5a1 c>ries ) x habitual ?9k+ 9 ! t]ms 9 :i* ! logic ( workman%ip runs4 ,! facts ( obs]vation are conceiv$ z facts ( workman%ip1 & ! logic ( workman%ip becomes ! logic ( ev5ts4 ,_! appreh5sion 9 ^! t]ms is easy1 s9ce x draws into action ! faculties ( app]ception & reflection t are already al]t & facile ?r\gh habitual use1 & x assimilates ! facts 9 an app]ceptive sy/em ( relation%ips t is likewise ready & satisfactory1 conv9c+ ?r\gh habitual s]vice & by native proclivity to ?is l9e ( sy/ematisation4 ,by in/9ct & habit obs]v$ ph5om5a are appreh5d$ f ?is 7teleological7 po9t ( view1 & !y are con/ru$1 by way ( sy/ematisation1 9 t]ms ( su* an in/9ctive pursuit ( "s workmanlike end4 ,9 latt]day psy*ological j>gon1 human k is ( a 8pragmatic0 "*4 ,z all m5 habitually act "u ! guidance ( in/9cts1 & !re=e by =ce ( s5tim5t in/9ctively look to "s end 9 all activity1 s ! objects ) :i* ! primitive workman has to d are also conceiv$ z act+ "u impulse ( an in/9ctive k9d2 & a b5t1 a teleological or pragmatic nature1 is 9 "s degree imput$ to !m & comes z a matt] ( c\rse to be accept$ z a con/itu5t elem5t 9 _! appreh5d$ make-up4 ,a putative pragmatic b5t innate 9 ext]nal ?+s comes 9 ?is way to pass curr5t z obs]v$ matt] ( fact4 ,by =ce ( ! s5se ( workman%ip ext]nal objects are 9 great "p app]ceiv$ 9 respect ( :at !y w d2 & _! mo/ sub/antial *>act]i/ic !re=e1 _! intimate individual nature1 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ z individual entities1 is t !y w d ?+s4 ,9 ! workmanlike appreh5sion ( !m ! nature ( ?+s is tw(old3 7a7 :at c be done ) !m z raw mat]ial = use "u ! creative h& ( ! workman :o makes ?+s1 & 7b7 :at !y w d z entities act+ 9 _! own "r & work+ out _! own ends4 ,! =m] is matt] ( fact1 ! latt] matt] ( imputation2 b bo? alike1 & 9 ! nave appreh5sion ( uncritical m5 bo? equally1 are facts ( obs]vation & elem5ts ( objective k4 ,! two are1 ( c\rse1 ( v unequal value = ! purposes ( workman%ip4 ,x %\ld seem1 at lea/ on fir/ contact ) ! di/9ction1 t ! =m] category alone c h effectually conduc$ or contribut$ to workmanlike effici5cy1 & s x %\ld be ! only sub/antial factor 9 ! gr[? ( te*nological insight & pr(ici5cy3 :ile ! latt] category ( k %\ld presumably h always be5 an unmitigat$ h9drance to effective "w & to te*nological advance4 ,b su* does n appe> on clos] scrut9y to h be5 ! case 9 ! pa/3 :e!r su* %e] discrim9ation aga9/ ! te*nological s]viceability ( all ^! putative facts w\ld hold good 9 latt]day civilisation is a "q :i* may p]haps be/ be left to ! p>ties 9 int]e/ 9 8pragmatic0 & !ological controv]sy4 ,^! two categories ( k1 or ( cognosc5da1 are incongru\s1 ( c\rse1 & !y seem incompatible :5 appli$ to ! same ph5om5a1 ! same ext]nal objects4 ,b su* incongruity does n di/urb anyone :o is at all cont5t to take facts at _! face value1--= bo? ways ( appreh5d+ ! facts are equally giv5 9 ! face value ( ! facts appreh5d$4 ,& on ! kn[n l[] levels ( culture x appe>s t 9 ! workman's appreh5sion ( ! facts ) :i* he has to d !re is no evid5t /ra9 due to ?is tw(old nature & tw(old int]pretation ( ! objects ( k4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! ,pueblo pott] 7woman7 may 7putatively7 be aw>e ( c]ta9 inh]5t1 quasi-spiritual1 pragmatic qualities1 claims & proclivities p]sonal to ! clay b$s f :i* h] raw mat]ial is drawn3 diff]5t clay b$s h1 no d\bt1 a some:at diff]5t quasi-p]sonality1 :i* has1 among o!r ?+s1 to d ) ! goodness ( ! raw mat]ial !y af=d4 ,ev5 ! clay 9 h& w h its pragmatic peculi>ities & idiosyncracies :i* are duly to be respect$2 &1 notably1 ! f9i%$ pot is an entity ) a life-hi/ory ( its own & ) temp]am5t1 =tunes & fatalities t make up ! sub/ance ( good & evil 9 its _w4#bh ,b all t does n p]ceptibly affect ! te*nology ( ! ,pueblo pott]'s art1 beyond c>ry+ a sequ5ce ( c]emonial obs]vance t may run along by ! side ( ! te*nological process2 nor does x manife/ly affect ! workmanlike use ( ! pot dur+ its lifetime1 except t ! pragmatic nature ( ! giv5 pot w decide1 on gr\nds ( c]emonial compet5cy1 to :at use x may be put4#bi ,matt] ( fact & matt] ( imputation run along side by side 9 inextricable contact b ) slight app>5t mutual int]f]5ce across ! l9e4 ,! pott] digs h] clay z be/ %e has le>n$ h[1 & x is a matt] ( workmanlike effici5cy1 9 :i* empirical k ( ! me*anical qualities ( ! mat]ial is v effici5tly comb9$ ) ! pott]'s tra9$ pr(ici5cy 9 ! discretion>y use ( h] tools2 ! tools1 ( c\rse1 also h _! 7putative7 temp]am5tal idiosyncracies1 b !y are employ$ 9 h] h&s 9 uncritical con=mity ) su* matt]-(-fact laws ( physics z %e has le>n$4 ,! clay is wa%$1 knead$ & temp]$ ) ! same circumspect reg>d to ! opaque facts kn[n ab\t clay ?r\gh long h&l+ ( x4 ,:at & h[ mu* temp]+ mat]ial may be/ be us$1 & h[ x is to be work$ 91 may all h a recondite explanation 9 ! subtl] imput$ traits ( ! clay2 a c]ta9 clay may h a putative quasi-spiritual aff9ity = c]ta9 temp]+ mat]ial2 b ! "w ( selection & mix+ is c>ri$ out ) a wat*ful reg>d to ! me*anical "* ( ! mat]ials & )\t d\bt t ! giv5 mat]ials w respond 9 def9ite1 empirically asc]ta9$ ways to ! pressure br\ght on !m by ! pott]'s h&s1 & )\t que/ion+ ! matt] ( fact t su* & s mu* ( manipulation w mix su* & s mu* ( temp]+ mat]ial ) ! giv5 lot ( clay4 ,! clay is 8z wax 9 h] h&s20 :at comes ( x is ! product ( h] insight & pr(ici5cy4 ,/ill ! pragmatic nature ( all ^! mat]ials view$ z di/9ct entities is nev] to be d5i$1 & 9 ^? respects 9 :i* %e does n creatively design1 manipulate & con/ruct ! "w ( h] h&s1 its putative self-suffici5cy ( exi/5ce1 mean+ & prop5sity goes on its own recognisances un%orn & inali5able4 ,te*nological effici5cy re/s on matt]-(-fact k1 z contra/$ ) k ( ! traits imput$ to ext]nal objects 9 mak+ acqua9tance ) !m4 ,!re=e e sub/antial advance 9 te*nological ma/]y necess>ily adds some?+ to ?is body ( opaque fact1 & ) e su* advance proportionably less ( ! behavi\r ( inanimate ?+s w come to be con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( an imput$ workmanlike or teleological b5t4 ,at ! same "t ! imputation ( a teleological mean+ or workmanlike b5t to ! ext]nal facts t are made use ( is likely to take a m circumspect1 +5i\s & idealis$ =m4 ,"u ! circum/ances t condition an increas+ te*nological ma/]y !re is an ev]-gr[+ necessity to avoid conflict betwe5 ! imput$ traits ( ext]nal objects & ^? facts ( _! behavi\r t are con/antly 9 evid5ce 9 _! te*nological use4 ,9 s f>1 !re=e1 z a simple & imm$iate imputation ( workmanlike self-direction is se5 manife/ly to trav]se ! facts ( daily use its place w be suppli$ by m %ad[y an?ropomorphic ag5cies t are assum$ to c>ry on _! life & "w 9 "s degree ( deta*m5t f ! mat]ial objects 9 "q1 & to ^! an?ropomorphic ag5cies :i* s lie obscurely 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! obs]v$ facts w be assign$ a l>g] & l>g] %>e ( ! requir$ initiative & self-direction4 ,= s ali5 to mank9d1 ) its in/9ctive s5se ( workman%ip1 is ! mutilation ( brute creation into m]e opaque matt]-(-fact1 & s indefeasibly does ! 8consci\sness ( k9d0 ass]t itself1 t ea* successive r5unciation ( su* an imput$ bias ( workman%ip 9 concrete objects is s\ght to be r$eem$ by pu%+ ! imputation f>!r into ! backgr\nd ( obs]v$ ph5om5a & runn+ _! putative workmanlike bias 9 m consummately an?ropomorphic t]ms4 ,s an animi/ic conception#cj ( ?+s comes pres5tly to supplem5t1 & 9 "p supplant1 ! m nave & imm$iate imputation ( workman%ip1 lead+ up to f>!r & m elaborate my?-mak+2 until 9 ! c\rse ( elaboration & ref9em5t !re may em]ge a mono!i/ic & provid5tial ,creator seat$ 9 an inf9itely remote b ubiquit\s space ( f\r dim5sions4 ,?is imputation ( bias & initiative has d\btless lo/ gr\nd among civilis$ communities1 z contra/$ ) ! matt]-(-fact appreh5sion ( ?+s1 s t :]e x once 0 ! ma9 body ( k x n[ is believ$ to live & move only )9 t m>g9 ( ?+s n yet ov]tak5 by matt]-(-fact in=mation1--at lea/ s x is held 9 ! va+lori\s scepticism ( ! ,we/]n culture4 ,meantime x is to be not$ t ! proclivity to impute a workmanlike bias to ext]nal facts has n be5 lo/1 nor has x become inop]ative ev5 among ! adepts ( ,occid5tal scepticism4 ,on ! "o h& x /ill enables ! mod]n sci5ti/ to g5]alise 8 obs]vations 9 t]ms ( causation1#ca & on ! o!r h& x has pres]v$ ! life ( ,god ! ,fa!r unto ?is day4 ,x is z ! creative workman1 ! ,great ,artific]1 t he has tak5 8 la/ /& aga9/ ! p[]s ( spiritual twilight4 ,out ( ! simpl] workday famili>ity ) ! raw mat]ials & processes employ$ 9 indu/ry1 9 ! l[] cultures1 !re em]ges no sy/em ( k av[$ z su*2 al?\gh 9 all kn[n in/ances ( su* l[] cultures ! indu/rial arts h tak5 on a sy/ematic "*1 su* z (t5 to give rise to def9ite1 ext5sive & elaborate te*nological processes z well z to manual & o!r te*nological tra9+2 bo? ( :i* w necess>ily involve some?+ l an elem5t>y !ory ( me*anics sy/ematis$ on gr\nds ( matt]-(-fact1 z well z a practical r\t9e ( empirical ways & means4 ,9 ! l[] cultures ! gr[? ( ?is body ( opaque facts & ( its sy/ematic coh]5ce is simply ! habitual gr[? ( te*nological proc$ure4 ,consid]$ z a k ( ?+s x is prosy & unattractive2 x does n greatly appeal to m5's curiosity1 be+ sc>cely int]e/+ 9 itself1 b only = ! use to be made ( x4 ,its facts are n light$ up ) t spiritual fire ( pragmatic initiative & prop5sity :i* animates ! same ph5om5a :5 se5 9 ! light ( an imput$ workmanlike behavi\r & s con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( conduct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ph5om5a are int]pret$ an?ropomorphically !y are indu$ ) a 8human int]e/10 su* z w draw ! att5tion ( all m5 9 all ages1 z witness ! worldwide p5*ant = my?-mak+4 ,su* animi/ic imputation ( end & endeav\r to ! facts ( obs]vation w 9 no case cov] ! :ole ( m5's appreh5sion ( ! facts4 ,x is a matt] ( imputation1 n ( direct obs]vation2 & !re is always a fr+e ( opaque matt]-(-fact b\nd up ) ev5 ! mo/ animi/ically conceiv$ object4 ,su* is unavoidably ! case4 ,! animi/ic conception imputes to its subject a workmanlike prop5sity to d ?+s1 & su* an imputation necess>ily implies t1 z ag5t1 ! object 9 "q engages 9 some?+ l a te*nological process1 a workmanlike manipulation :]e9 he has 8 w ) ! raw mat]ials ^u :i* 8 workmanlike =ce & pr(ici5cy sp5ds itself4 ,workman%ip involves raw mat]ial1 & 9 ! respect 9 :i* ?is raw mat]ial is passively %ap$ to 8 purposes by ! workman's manipulation x is n conceiv$ to be actively seek+ its own ends on its own initiative4 ,s t by =ce ( ! logic ( workman%ip ! imputation ( a workmanlike 7animi/ic7 prop5sity to brute facts1 itself involves ! assumption ( crude inanimate matt] z a correlate ( ! putative workmanlike ag5t4 ,! an?ropomorphic fancy ( ! primitive workman1 !re=e1 c nev] c>ry ! teleological int]pretation ( ph5om5a to su* a f9ality b t !re w always 9 8 appreh5sion be an in]t residue ( matt]-(-fact left ov]4 ,! mat]ial facts nev] cease to be1 )9 reasonable limits1 raw mat]ial2 ?\gh ! limits may be some:at vague & %ift+4 ,& ?is residue ( crude matt]-(-fact gr[s & ga!rs consi/5cy ) exp]i5ce & always rema9s ready to ! h& ( ! workman = :at x is wor?1 unmagnifi$ & unbeautifi$ by an?ropomorphic int]pretation4 ,! animi/ic1 or bett] ! an?ropomorphic1 elem5ts s compris$ by imputation 9 ! common-s5se appreh5sion ( ?+s w pass 9 ! ma9 = facts ( obs]vation4 ,) ! curr5t ( "t & exp]i5ce ?is may "u fav\rable conditions gr[ into a develop$ animi/ic sy/em & come to ! dignity ( my?1 & ultimately ( !ology4 ,b z x plays its "p 9 ! crud] uses ( te*nology its common & mo/ ob/ructive =m is ! in*oate animism or an?ropomorphic bias spok5 ( above4 ,9 its be>+ on te*nological effici5cy1 x commonly vitiates ! available facts 9 a great] or less degree4 ,matt]-(-fact k alone w s]ve ! uses ( workman%ip1 s9ce workman%ip is effective only 9 s f> z its outcome is matt]-(-fact "w4 ,any high] & m subtle pot5cies f\nd 9 or imput$ to ! facts ab\t :i* ! artific] is engag$ c only s]ve to div]t & defeat 8 ef=ts1 9 t !y lead him into me?ods & exp$i5ts t h only a putative effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ob/ructive =ce ( ! an?ropomorphic int]pretation ( ph5om5a is by no means ! same 9 all l9es ( activity4 ,! difficulty1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] days1 seems to be greate/ along ^? l9es ( craft :]e ! workman has to d ) ! me*anical1 inanimate =ces--! simple/ 9 po9t ( brute concret5ess & ! lea/ am5able to a consi/5t int]pretation 9 animi/ic t]ms4 ,:ile man is conv5tionally di/+ui%$ f brute creation z a 8tool-us+ animal10 8 e>ly progress 9 ! devis+ & use ( effici5t tools1 tak+ ! ^w 9 its native s5se1 seems to h gone =w>d v sl[ly1 bo? absolutely & z contra/$ ) ^? l9es ( workman%ip 9 :i* he c\ld c>ry 8 po9t by manual dext]ity unaid$ by cunn+ly devis$ implem5ts & me*anical contrivances2#cb & /ill m /rik+ is ! contra/ betwe5 ! incr$ibly sl[ & bl9dfold advance ( ! savage culture %[n 9 ! sequ5ce ( ^? typical /one implem5ts :i* s]ve conv5tionally z l&-m>ks ( ! e>ly te*nology1 on ! "o h&1 & ! concomitant a*ievem5ts ( ! same /one-age peoples 9 ! dome/ication & use ( plants & animals on ! o!r h&4 ,no man c (f] a confid5t conjecture z to h[ long a "t & :at a volume ( exp]i5ce 0 tak5 up 9 ! gr[? ( te*nological insight & pr(ici5cy up to ! po9t :5 ! neoli?ic p]iod beg9s 9 ,european prehi/ory4 ,9 po9t ( duration x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to c\nt x up r\ghly 9 units ( geologic "t1 :]e a ?\s& ye>s are z a day4 ,attempts to r$uce x to su* units z c5turies or mill5nia h hi!rto n come to any?+ appreciable4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( in=mation on ?is head x is d\btless a safe conjecture t ! int]val betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! human era & ! close ( paloli?ic "t1 say 9 ,europe or )9 ! cultural sequ5ce 9 :i* ,europe belongs1 is to be tak5 z "s multiple ( ! int]val t has elaps$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! neoli?ic culture 9 ,europe to ! pres5t2#cc & ! neoli?ic p]iod itself 0 9 its turn no d\bt ( long] duration ?an ! hi/ory ( ,europe s9ce ! bronze fir/ came 94#cd ,! s]ies ( /one implem5ts recov]$ f paloli?ic deposits %[ ! utmo/ rea* ( paloli?ic te*nology on its me*anical side1 9 ! way ( workmanlike ma/]y ( brute matt] simply2 = ^! implem5ts are ! tools ( ! tool-mak]s ( t te*nological era4 ,!y indicate ! ultimate t]ms ( ! te*nological situation on ! me*anical side1 = ! craftsman work+ 9 m p]i%able mat]ials c\ld g no f>!r ?an ^! prim>y elem5ts ( ! te*nological equipm5t w\ld c>ry him4 ,! /rict limitation impos$ on ! te*nology ( any culture1 on its me*anical side1 by ! 8/ate ( ! indu/rial arts0 9 respect ( ! prim>y tools & mat]ials available1 :e!r availability is a "q ( k or ( mat]ial environm5t1 is illu/rat$1 = in/ance1 by ! case ( ! ,eskimo1 ! ,nor?-we/ ,coa/ ,indians1 or "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cultures1 p]haps especially 9 t ( ! ,eskimo1 te*nological ma/]y _h be5 c>ri$ z f> z ! circum/ances ( ! case w\ld p]mit1 & 9 ea* case ! decisive circum/ances t limit ! scope & range ( workman%ip are ! "* ( ! prim>y tools ( ! tool-mak] & ! limits ( 8 k ( ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! mat]ials at 8 disposal = su* use4 ,! ,eskimo culture1 = in/ance1 is complete aft] its k9d1 work$ out to ! la/ degree ( workmanlike ma/]y possible ) ! ,eskimo's k ( ^? mat]ials on :i* he dep5d$ = 8 prim>y tools & on :i* he 0 able to draw = ! raw mat]ials ( 8 indu/ry4 ,at ! same "t ! ,eskimo %[s h[ consid]able a sup]/ructure ( ! second>y me*anic arts may be erect$ on a scant gr\ndwork ( ! prim>y me*anical res\rces4#ce ,9 ! light ( su* a famili> in/ance z ! ,eskimo or ! ,polynesian culture x is evid5t t v mu* mu/ be all[$1 9 ! case1 e4 g41 ( ! ,european /one age1 = "w 9 p]i%able mat]ials t h disappe>$2 b aft] all all[ance ( ?is k9d1 ! %[+ = paloli?ic man is n rem>kable1 consid]+ ! ample "t all[$ him1 & consid]+ also t1 9 ,europe at lea/1 he 0 by native gift n[ise inf]ior to "s ( ! racial elem5ts t /ill survive 9 ! exi/+ population & t are n notori\sly ill furni%$ ei!r 9 ! physical or ! intellectual respect4 ,& :at is true ( paloli?ic times z reg>ds ! native "* ( ?is population is true 9 a m pron\nc$ degree = lat] prehi/oric times4#cf ,! v mod]ate pace ( ! te*nological advance 9 e>ly times 9 ! me*anic arts /&s out m /rik+ly :5 x is contra/$ ) :at 0 accompli%$ 9 ^? arts1 or r 9 ^? occupations1 t h to d imm$iately ) liv+ matt]4 ,"s ( ! crop plants1 = in/ance1 & pres5tly "s ( ! dome/ic animals1 make _! appe>ance 9 ,d5m>k late 9 ! p]iod ( ! kit*5 midd5s2 :i* falls 9 ! e>ly /one age ( ! ,dani% *ronology1 t is to say 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! neoli?ic p]iod z c\nt$ 9 t]ms ( ! ,european *ronology at l>ge4 ,^!1 !n1 are improv$ bre$s ( plants & animals1 v appreciably diff]5t f _! wild ance/ors1 argu+ n only a %rewd insight & consi/5t managem5t 9 ! bre$+ ( ^! dome/icat$ races b also a long cont9u$ & intellig5t use ( ^! items ( te*nological equipm5t1 dur+ :i* ! nature & uses ( ! plants & animals tak5 into dome/ication mu/ h be5 suffici5tly und]/ood & tak5 advantage (1 at ! same "t t a workmanlike selection & propagation ( fav\rable v>iations 0 c>ri$ out4 ,"s slight reflection on :at is impli$ 9 ! successful ma9t5ance1 use & improvem5t ( sev]al races ( crop plants & dome/ic animals w ?r[ t side ( ! mat]ial a*ievem5ts ( ! kit*5-midd5 peoples into suffici5tly high contra/ ) _! *ipp$ fl9t implem5ts & ! degree ( me*anical insight & pr(ici5cy :i* ^! implem5ts indicate4 ,to ?is ,dani% illu/rative case x may ( c\rse be object$1 & ) "s app>5t reason1 t ^! plants & animals :i* beg9 to come 9 evid5ce 9 a /ate ( dome/ication 9 ! kit*5 midd5s1 & :i* pres5tly af=d$ ! *ief means ( life to ! lat] /one-age population1 7 introduc$ 9 a dome/ic /ate f outside2 & t ?is te*nological ga9 0 ! product ( ano!r & high] culture ?an t into :i* !y 7 ?us intrud$4 ,! objection w h :at =ce x may2 ! facts are no d\bt sub/antially z set =?4 ,h[ev]1 ! dome/ication & use ( ^! races ( plants & animals embodi$ no less consid]able a workmanlike ma/]y ( its te*nological problem :]ev] x 0 work$ out1 :e!r 9 ,d5m>k--z is at lea/ highly improbable--or 9 ,turke/an1 z may well h be5 ! case4 ,& ! successful introduction ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ among ! kit*5-midd5 peoples f a high] culture1 )\t ! concomitant introduction ( a correspond+ ga9 9 ! me*anic arts f ! same s\rce1 leaves ! =ce ( ! argum5t ab\t z x w\ld be 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is objection4 ,! comp>ative difficulty ( acquir+ ! me*anic arts1 z comp>$ ) ! arts ( husb&ry1 w\ld appe> 9 mu* ! same light :e!r x 7 %[n 9 ! relatively sl[ acquirem5t ( ^! arts ?r\gh a home gr[? ( te*nological ma/]y or 9 ! relatively t>dy & inept borr[+ ( !m f outside4 ,s f> z be>s on ! pres5t "q1 mu* ! same habits ( m9d take effect 9 ! acquirem5t ( su* a te*nological ga9 :e!r x takes place by home gr[? or by borr[+ f )\t4 ,9 ei!r case ! po9t is t ! peoples ( ! kit*5-midd5s appe> to h be5 less able to le>n ! use ( s]viceable me*anical exp$i5ts ?an to acquire ! te*nology ( tillage & cattle-bre$+4 ,! appe>ance ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ 78mix$ f>m+07 at ?is p]iod ( ,dani% prehi/ory1 )\t ! concomitant appe>ance ( any?+ l a simil> te*nological ga9 9 ! me*anic arts1 argues ei!r 7a7 t 9 ! culture f :i* husb&ry 0 ultimately borr[$ & 9 :i* ! dome/ication 0 a*iev$ !re 0 no simil>ly sub/antial ga9 made 9 ! me*anic arts at ! same "t1 s t ?is culture f :i* ! crop plants & animals orig9ally came into ! ,nor? ( ,europe _h no correspond+ me*anical ga9 to (f] along ) husb&ry2 or 7b7 t ! kit*5-midd5 peoples1 & ! o!r peoples ?r\gh ^: h&s ! arts ( husb&ry pass$ on _! way to ! ,nor?1 7 unable to pr(it 9 a l degree by :at 0 (f]$ !m 9 ! prim>y me*anic arts4 ,! kn[n evid5ce seems to say t ! visible ret>dation 9 ! me*anic arts1 z comp>$ ) husb&ry1 9 prehi/oric ,d5m>k 0 due p>tly to ! "o1 p>tly to ! o!r ( ^! difficulties4 ,to avoid confusion & misconception x may be p]t95t to recall t1 tak5 absolutely1 ! rate & magnitude ( advance 9 ! prim>y me*anic arts 9 ,d5m>k at ?is "t 0 v consid]able2 s mu* s inde$ t ! visible absolute ga9 9 ?is respect has s pr(\ndly t\*$ ! imag9ation ( ! /ud5ts ( t culture z to let !m ov]look ! disp>ity1 9 po9t ( ! rate ( ga91 betwe5 ! me*anic arts & husb&ry4 ,9 ! same connection x is also to be rem>k$ t ! entire neoli?ic culture ( ! kit*5-midd5s1 z well z _! husb&ry1 0 introduc$ f outside ( ,europe1 hav+ be5 work$ out 9 its e>ly rudim5ts be=e ! kit*5-midd5 peoples rea*$ ! ,baltic seabo>d4 ,at ! same "t ! raw mat]ials = ! me*anic arts ( ! neoli?ic culture 7 available to ! kit*5-midd5 te*nologi/ 9 abundant quantity & unsurpass$ quality2 :ile ! raw mat]ial ( husb&ry1 ! crop plants & dome/ic animals1 7 exotics4 ,fur!r1 9 po9t ( race1 & !re=e presumably 9 po9t ( native end[m5t1 ! peoples ( ! ,baltic seabo>d at t "t 7 sub/antially ! same mixture ( /ocks t has 9 mod]n times c>ri$ ! te*nology ( ! me*anic arts 9 we/]n ,europe & its colonies to a pit* ( ma/]y nev] approa*$ be=e or else:]e4 ,& ! ret>dation 9 ! me*anic arts z contra/$ ) husb&ry is no great]1 probably less1 9 neoli?ic ,d5m>k ?an 9 any o!r culture on ! same g5]al level ( effici5cy4 ,:]ev] ! move may h be5 made1 9 "o or 9 sev]al places1 & :atev] may h be5 ! p>ticul> circum/ances att5d+ ! dome/ication & e>ly use ( crop plants & animals1 ! case sums up to ab\t ! same result4 ,?r\gh long ages ( "w & play m5 7p]haps prim>ily wom57 le>n$ ! difficult & delicate crafts ( husb&ry & c>ri$ _! ma/]y ( ^! pursuits to su* a degree ( pr(ici5cy1 & foll[$ out ! lead giv5 by ^! call+s ) su* effect1 t by ! 7geologic7 date ( e>ly neoli?ic times 9 ,europe virtually all ! species ( dome/icable animals 9 ?ree cont95ts _h be5 br\ght 9 & _h be5 br$ into improv$ races4#cg ,at ! same "t ! lead+ crop plants ( ! old _w1 ^? on ^: yield ! life ( ! ,we/]n peoples dep5ds today1 _h be5 br\ght "u cultivation1 improv$ & specialis$ ) su* effect t all ! advance t has be5 made 9 ^! respects s9ce ! e>ly neoli?ic p]iod is greatly less ?an :at _h be5 accompli%$ up to t "t4 ,by e>ly neoli?ic times z c\nt$ 9 ,we/ ,europe1 or by ! e>ly bronze age z c\nt$ 9 we/]n ,asia1 ! lead+ dome/ic animals _h be5 di/ribut$1 9 dome/icat$ & improv$ bre$s1 ?r\gh\t c5tral & we/]n ,asia & ! inhabit$ regions ( ,europe & ,nor? ,africa4 ,! l is true = ! ma9 crop plants t n[ fe$ ! occid5tal peoples1 except t ^!1 9 dome/icat$ & specialis$ bre$s1 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ?is entire cultural region at an appreciably e>li] date1--e>li] by "s ?\s&s ( ye>s4#ch ,9 late mod]n times !re h be5 add$ to ! civilis$ _w's complem5t ( crop plants a v l>ge & important cont+5t ^: dome/ication & developm5t 0 work$ out 9 ,am]ica & ! regions ( ! ,pacific2 ?\gh mo/ ( ^! belong 9 ! l[ latitudes & are on t acc\nt less available to ! ,we/]n culture ?an :at has come d[n f ! prehi/oric cultures ( ! old _w4 ,^! are also ! "w ( ! /one age1 9 l>ge "p no d\bt dat+ back to paloli?ic times4 ,am]ica1 ) ! ,polynesian & ,indonesian cultural regions1 %[s ! correlation & ! sy/ematic discrepancy 9 "t betwe5 ! rate1 range & magnitude ( ! advance 9 tillage on ! "o h& & ( ! prim>y me*anic arts on ! o!r h&4 ,:5 ?is culture 0 int]rupt$ x _h1 9 ! me*anical respect1 rea*$ an advanc$ neoli?ic phase at its be/2 b its a*ievem5ts 9 ! crop plants are p]haps to be rat$ z unsurpass$ by all t has be5 done else:]e 9 all "t4#ci ,9 ! prim>y me*anic arts ?is cultural region _h 9 ! same "t rea*$ a /age ( p]fection comp>able at its be/ ) pre-dyna/ic ,egypt1 or neoli?ic ,d5m>k1 or pre-,m9oan ,crete4 ,! really great advance a*iev$ 0 9 ! selection1 improvem5t1 use & cultivation ( ! crop plants2 & n 9 any appreciable degree ev5 9 ! me*anical appliances employ$ 9 ! cultivation & consumption ( ^! crops2 ?\gh some?+ consid]able is to be not$ 9 ?is latt] respect 9 su* inv5tions z ! m&ioca squeez] & ! metate2 & great ?+s 7 done 9 ! way ( irrigation & road build+4#dj ,b ! contra/1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! metate & ! contrivances = mak+ pap] bread on ! "o side1 & ! te*nologically consummate corn-plant 7maize7 on ! o!r1 %\ld be decisive = ! po9t "h 9 "q4 ,! me*anic appliances ( corn cultivation _h n advanc$ beyond ! digg+ /ick1 a rude hoe & a rudim5t>y spade1 ?\gh "h z well z 9 o!r simil> connections ! local use ( well-devis$ irrigation works1 t]rac$ fields1#da & gran]ies is n to be ov]look$2 b ! corn itself _h be5 br\ght f its grass-l ance/ral =m to ! maize ( ! pres5t corn crop4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,am]ican crop plants ! maize "u selective cultivation _h be5 c>ri$ s f> f its wild =m z no long] to /& a *ance ( survival 9 ! wild /ate1 & inde$ s f> t x is /ill a matt] ( controv]sy :at its wild ance/or may h be54 ,p]haps ! races ( ?is ,am]ican-,polynesian region are gift$ ) "s special degree ( spiritual 7in/9ctive7 fitness = plant-bre$+4 ,!y seem to be end[$ ) a p>ticul> proclivity = sympa!tically id5tify+ !mselves ) & pati5tly wait+ ^u ! c\rse ( natural ph5om5a1 p]haps especially ! ph5om5a ( animate nature1 :i* nev] seem ali5 or incompreh5sible to ! ,indian4 ,su* at lea/ is ! consi/5t sugge/ion c>ri$ by _! my?s1 leg5ds & symbolism4 ,! typical ,am]ican cosmogony is a tissue ( leg5ds ( fecundity & gr[?1 ev5 m ?an appe>s to hold true ( primitive cosmogonies else:]e4#db ,& yet "s caution 9 accept+ su* a g5]alisation is necess>y 9 view1 = in/ance1 ( ! my?ological output along simil> l9es on ! ,m$it]ranean seabo>d 9 e>ly times4 ,by native gift ! ,indian is a 8nature-fak]10 giv5 to unlimit$ an?ropomorphism4 ,me*anical1 matt]-(-fact appreciation ( ext]nal & mat]ial ph5om5a seems to be 9 a peculi> degree difficult1 irrelevant & incongru\s ) ! g5ius ( ! race4 ,b ev5 if x %\ld seem t ?is race1 or gr\p ( races1 is peculi>ly giv5 to su* sympa!tic int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( human in/9ct1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! typical racial /ocks ( ! old _w 9 ?is respect is aft] all a diff]5ce 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,! l proclivity is 9 good evid5ce ?r\gh\t1 :]ev] any race ( m5 h endeav\r$ to put _! acqua9tance ) natural ph5om5a into sy/ematic =m4 ,! bond ( comb9ation 9 ! mak+ ( sy/ems1 :e!r cosmologic1 my?ic1 philosophic or sci5tific1 has be5 "s putative human trait or traits4 ,x may be t 9 _! appreciation ( facts & _! mak+ ( sy/ems ! ,am]ican races h by "s peculi> native gift be5 incl9$ to an int]pretation 9 t]ms ( f]tility1 gr[?1 nurture & life-cycles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any pr$isposition freely to accept & use ! deliv]ances ( s5sible p]ception on _! own recognisances simply1 9 ! t]ms 9 :i* !y come1 & to connect !m up 9 a sy/em ( k 9 _! own t]ms1 )\t imputation ( a spiritual 7an?ropomorphic7 sub/ratum1--= ! purposes ( workman%ip su* a pr$isposition %\ld be ( ! fir/ importance = effective "w 9 ! me*anic arts2 & a /rong in/9ctive bias to ! contr>y %\ld be correspond+ly p]nici\s4 ,any in/9ctive bias to col\r1 di/ort & d]ange ! facts by imput+ elem5ts ( human nature w unavoidably act to h9d] & deflect ! ag5t f an effectual pursuit ( me*anical design4 ,b ! l is n true 9 ! same degree z reg>ds m5's deal+s ) animate nature4 ,an?ropomorphic int]pretation is m at home & less diss]viceable "h4 ,) less s]i\s d]angem5t 9 ! objective results1 plants & animals may be con/ru$ to h a consci\s purpose 9 life & to pursue _! ends some:at aft] ! human fa%ion2 witness ! facility ) :i* ! /ory-tell]s rec\nt plausible episodes 7feign$ or real7 f ! life ( animals & plants1 & ! read9ess ) :i* su* tales get a he>+4 ,read]s & he>]s f9d no great difficulty1 if any1 9 giv+ make-believe cr$5ce to ! tales s long z !y rec\nt only su* adv5tures z are physically possible to ! animals ( :i* 7:om87 !y are told2 ! he>]s are always ready to g ) ! /ory-tell] d[n ?is highway ( make-believe into ! subhuman fairy l&4 ,me*anical ph5om5a1 happ5+s 9 ! me*anic arts1 *>act]i/ics ( ! exi/5ce ( inanimate objects & ! *anges :i* !y und]go1 l5d !mselves ) mu* less happy effect to ! an?ropomorphic /ory-tell]'s make-believe4 ,episodes f ! feign$ life-hi/ory ( tools1 ma*9es & raw mat]ials are n drawn on ) any?+ l ! same frequ5cy1 nor d ! tales t rec\nt !m meet ) ! same untir+ att5tion4 ,!re is always an unreality ab\t !m :i* ev5 ! mo/ robu/ make-believe c ov]come only = a %ort & d\btful int]val4 ,witness ! relative b>r5ness ( primitive folk-tales on ?is inanimate side1 z comp>$ ) ! exub]ance ( ! my?s & leg5ds t int]pret ! life ( plants & animals2 & :]e inanimate ph5om5a are drawn into ! net ( p]sonation x happ5s almo/ unavoidably t a feign$ p]son is ?r[n into ! =egr\nd ( ! tale plausibly to take ! "p ( be>]1 controll] or intrigant 9 ! episodes relat$4#dc ,ev5 m to ! same purpose1 z %[+ ! same insidi\s facility ( an?ropomorphic int]pretation1 are ! bona-fide con/ructions ( sci5ti/s & pseudo-sci5ti/s runn+ on ! imputation ( purpose & delib]ation to expla9 ! behavi\r ( animals4 ,inde$1 at ! wor/1 & /ill 9 good fai?1 x may g s f> z to impute "s sort ( quasi-consci\s /riv+ on ! "p ( plants4#dd ,z good & temp]ate an in/ance z may be _h ( su* an?ropomorphic imputation ( workmanlike gifts is af=d$1 = in/ance1 by ! "w ( ,romanes on ! behavi\r ( animals4#de ,x goes to %[ h[ v plausibly "s ( ! l[] animals may be cr$it$ ) ^! spiritual aptitudes & h[ f> & well ! imputation may be made to s]ve ! sci5ti/'s end4 ,s plausible1 inde$1 is ?is an?ropomorphism z to dis>m ev5 ! scepticism ( ! tra9$ sceptic4 ,x w also appe> 9 ! lat] c\rse ( ?is inquiry t an?ropomorphism1 & especially ! imputation ( workman%ip1 has borne a mu* great] "p 9 ! "w ( ! sci5ti/s ?an ! memb]s ( t craft w\ld l to av[2 s t ! sci5tific use ( ! an?ropomorphic fancy is by no means a unique di/9ction ( ,romanes & ! l>ge gr\p or s*ool ( biologi/s ( :i* 8 "w is typical2 nor does ! pres5ce ( ?is bias 9 _! "w by any means /rip x ( sci5tific value4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x seems to t\* ! sub/ance ( _! objective results mu* less s]i\sly ?an might be appreh5d$4 ,! mod]n sci5ti/'s wat*w>d is scepticism & caution2 & :at he may be l$ to d concessively1 9 spite ( himself1 by too broad a consci\sness ( k9d1 ! savage does joy\sly & ) conviction4 ,8 measure ( :at he sees ab\t him is himself1 & 8 appreh5sion ( :at takes place is a compreh5sion ( h[ su* ?+s w\ld be done 9 ! c\rse ( human conduct if !y 7 physically possible to man4 ,! man 7m (t5 p]haps ! woman7 :o busies himself ) ! beg9n+s ( plant & animal-bre$+ w sympa!tically put himself 9 t\* ) _! incl9ations & aptitudes ) a degree ( intimacy & assurance nev] approa*$ by ! foll[]s ( ,romanes4 ,x is = him to use common s5se & fall 9 ) ! drift & idiosyncracies ( ^! o!rs :o are1 my/]i\sly1 d5i$ ! gift ( spee*4 ,by ! unambigu\s lead+ ( ! an?ropomorphic fancy he puts himself 9 ! place ( 8 w>d1 8 animal or vegetable fri5d & c\s91 & c s le>n some?+ ( :at is go+ on 9 ! putative vegetable or animal m9d1 ?r\gh pati5t obs]vation ( :at comes to light 9 response to 8 att5tions 9 ! c\rse ( 8 jo9t life ) !m4 ,! plant or animal manife/ly does ?+s1 & ! "q foll[s1 ,:y d ^! spee*less o!rs d ^? ?+s :i* !y are se5 to d8--?+s :i* (t5 d n lie )9 ! range ( ?+s desirable to be accompli%$1 humanly speak+4 ,manife/ly ^! non-human o!rs seek o!r ends & seek !m 9 o!r ways ?an man4 ,"s ( ! objective results :i* x lies 9 _! nature to accompli% 9 s work+ out _! s*eme ( life are useful to _! human c\s9s2 & x /&s to reason t :5 !y are dealt k9dly )1 :5 man takes pa9s to fur!r _! ends 9 life1 !y w take ?\ght & respond some:at 9 k9d4 ,to turn ! proposition ab\t1 ^? ?+s :i* m5 f9d1 by trial & error1 to br+ a good & k9dly return f ! spee*less o!rs are manife/ly well receiv$ by !m & mu/ obvi\sly be ( a k9d to fall 9 ) _! b5t & m9i/] to _! incl9ations2 & prud5ce & fell[-feel+ comb9e to lead m5 f>!r along ! way s indicat$ at ea* move 9 ! propiti\s direction4 ,to ! unsophi/icat$--& ev5 to ! sophi/icat$ sceptic--x is manife/ t animate objects d ?+s4 ,:at !y aim to d1 z well z ! logic ( _! conduct 9 c>ry+ out _! designs1 are n precisely ! same z 9 ! case ( man4 ,b by /ay+ by & le>n+ :at !y are b5t on do+1 & obs]v+ h[ !y g ab\t x1 any peculi>ity 9 ! nature ( _! ne$s1 spiritual & physical1 & 9 _! mann] ( approa*+ _! ends1 may be le>n$ & assimilat$2 & _! life-"w c be fur!r$ & amplifi$ by judici\sly m9i/]+ to _! asc]ta9$ ne$s & mak+ ! way smoo? = !m 9 :at !y und]take1 s long z _! und]tak+s are su* z man is int]e/$ 9 br++ to a successful issue4 ,( c\rse !y "w t[>d ends t are good 9 _! sight1 ?\gh n always su* z m5 w\ld seek2 b t is _! affair & is n to be pri$ into beyond ! b\nds ( a dec5t neighb\rly int]e/4 ,& !y "w by me?ods 9 "s degree o!r1 (t5 wis]1 ?an ^? ( m51 & ^! x is man's place to le>n if he w\ld pr(it by _! companion%ip4 ,mu* ( ! s*eme ( life ( ^! spee*less o!rs is a s*eme ( fecundity1 gr[? & nurture1 & all ^! matt]s are natural to wom5 r ?an to m52 & s 9 ! e>ly /ages ( culture ! consci\sness ( k9d & congruity has made x pla9 to all ! p>ties 9 int]e/ t ! c>e ( crops & animals belongs 9 ! fitness ( ?+s to wom54 ,inde$ !re is su* a spiritual 7magical7 community betwe5 wom5 & ! fecundity ( animate ?+s t any intrusion ( ! m5 9 ! affairs ( gr[? & f]tility may by =ce ( contra/ come to be view$ ) ! livelie/ appreh5sion4 ,s9ce ! life ( plants & animals is prim>ily ( a spiritual nature1 s9ce ! initiative & tr5d ( vegetable & animal life is ( ?is "*1 x foll[s t "s sort ( propiti\s spiritual contact & communion %\ld be ma9ta9$ betwe5 mank9d & t _w ( f]tility & gr[? 9 :i* ^! animate ?+s live & move4 ,s a l9e ( communication1 ( a spiritual k9d1 is kept op5 ) ! realm ( ! spee*less ones by means ( a sign-language sy/ematis$ into ritual1 & by a symbolism ( amity ren=c$ ) gifts & pr(essions ( good-w4 ,h5ce a gr[? ( occult mean+s & c]emonial proc$ure1 to :i* ! argum5t w h to return pres5tly4#df ,by ?is indirect1 animi/ic & magical1 l9e ( approa* ! matt]-(-fact requirem5ts ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ c be det]m9$ & fulfill$ 9 a v passable fa%ion1 giv5 only ! necess>y "t & tranquillity4 ,"t is by common cons5t all[$ ! /one-age culture 9 abundant measure2 & common cons5t is com+1 ?r\gh "o consid]ation & ano!r1 to admit t ! requisite conditions ( peace & quiet indu/ry are also a *>act]i/ic feature ( t e>ly "t4 ,! fact1 broad & pr(\nd1 t ! kn[n crop plants & animals 7 = ! mo/ "p dome/icat$ 9 t "t is p]haps 9 itself ! mo/ p]suasive argum5t = ! preval5ce ( peaceful conditions among ^? peoples1 :oev] !y may h be51 to ^: ef=ts1 or r to ^: r\t9e ( g5ial sup]/ition1 ?is dome/ication is to be cr$it$4 ,?is dome/ication & use ( plants & animals 0 ( c\rse n a m]e bl9dfold div]sion4 ,"h z ev] ! in/9ct ( workman%ip 0 pres5t ) its prompt+ to make ! mo/ ( :at comes to h&2 & ! te*nology ( husb&ry1 l ! te*nology ( any o!r indu/rial ent]prise1 has be5 ! outcome ( m5's abid+ p5*ant = mak+ ?+s useful4 ,! peculi> advantage ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ ov] ! prim>y me*anic arts1 t by :i* ! =m] arts ga9$ & kept _! lead1 seems to h be5 ! simple circum/ance t ! prop5sity ( workmanlike m5 to impute a workmanlike 7teleological7 nature to ph5om5a does n leave ! result+ k ( ^! ph5om5a s wide ( ! m>k 9 ! case ( animate nature z 9 t ( brute matt]4 ,x w probably n d to say t ! an?ropomorphic imputation has be5 directly s]viceable to ! te*nological end 9 ! case ( tillage & cattle-bre$+2 x is r t ! disadvantage or diss]viceability ( su* an int]pretation ( facts has be5 great] 9 ! me*anic arts 9 e>ly times4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 ?r\gh ! s5tim5tal prop5sity to impute workmanlike qualities & conduct to ext]nal facts1 has defeat$ itself m effectually 9 ! me*anic arts4 ,& z 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 "u fav\rable local conditions1 ! habitual imputation ( teleological capacities has 9 "s measure fall5 into disuse1 ! me*anic arts h ga9$2 & e su* ga9 has 9 its turn1 z conditions p]mitt$1 act$ cumulatively t[>d ! discr$it & disuse ( ! teleological me?od ( k1 & !re=e t[>d an accel]ation ( te*nological ga9 9 ?is field4 ,! inanimate factors :i* e>ly man has to turn to acc\nt z a condition prec$5t to any appreciable advance 9 ! indu/rial arts1 outside ( husb&ry & ( ! use ( fruits & fibres associat$ ) x1 d n l5d !mselves to an effectual approximation f ! an?ropomorphic side4 ,fl9t & simil> m9]als are refractory1 !y h no spiritual nature & no s*eme or cycle ( life t c be int]pret$ 9 "s passable fa%ion z ! outcome ( in/9ctive prop5sities & workmanlike managem5t4 ,an?ropomorphic insight does n p5etrate into ! secret ways ( brute matt]1 = all ! reasonable concession to idiosyncracies1 to recondite conceits1 occult means & devi\s me?ods1 ) :i* unsophi/icat$ man /&s ready to meet !m4 ,he c see z f> into a mill/one z anyone along t l9e2 b t is n f> en\gh to be ( any use1 & he is deb>r$ by 8 workmanlike common s5se f sy/ematically look+ into ! matt] along any o!r l9e4 ,x is only ! bl9dfold1 unsy/ematic accretions ( opaque fact com+ 91 disjo9t$ & unsympa!tic1 f ! inhuman side ( 8 te*nological exp]i5ce t c help him out "h4 ,& exp]i5ce ( t k9d c come ^u him only inadv]t5tly1 = he has no basis on :i* to sy/ematise ^! facts z !y come1 & s he has no means ( intellig5tly seek+ !m4 ,8 intellig5t endeav\rs to get at ! nature ( ?+s w p]=ce g on ! mass ( k :i* 8 intellig5ce has already compreh5d$1 :i* is a k ( human conduct4 ,an?ropomorphism is almo/ :olly ob/ructive 9 ?is field ( brute matt]1 & 9 e>ly times1 be=e mu* 9 ! way ( accumulat$ matt]-(-fact k _h =c$ itself ^u m51 ! prop5sity to a teleological int]pretation seems to h be5 ne>ly decisive aga9/ te*nological progress 9 ! prim>y & indisp5sable me*anic arts4 ,& 9 lat] phases ( culture1 :]e an?ropomorphic int]pretations ( workman%ip h be5 work$ out into a r\nd$ sy/em ( magic & religion1 !y h at times br\ght ! te*nological advance to a full /op1 p>ticul>ly on ! me*anical side1 & h ev5 l$ to ! cancelm5t ( ga9s t %\ld h seem$ secure4 ,x is likewise a notable fact t1 z already intimat$ above1 my? & leg5d h f\nd ?is brute matt] z refractory 9 _! s]vice z ! in/9ct ( workman%ip has f\nd x 9 ! g5esis ( te*nology2 & = ! good reason t ! same human p5*ant = teleological insight & elaboration has rul$ 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,inanimate matt] & ! ph5om5a 9 :i* inanimate matt] manife/s its nature & =ce h1 ( c\rse1 tak5 a l>ge place 9 folk-lore2 b ! folk-lore1 :e!r my?1 leg5d or magic1 9 :i* inanimate matt] is conceiv$ z speak+ 9 its own "r & work+ out its own spiritual cont5t is relatively v scant4 ,9 magic x commonly plays a "p z an in/rum5tality only1 & inde$ z an in/rum5t :i* owes its magical efficacy to "s efficaci\s circum/ance ext]nal to x4 ,x has mo/ frequ5tly an induc$ r ?an intr9sic efficacy1 be+ ! vehicle :]eby ! work] ( magic mat]ialises & conveys 8 design to its execution4 ,x is susceptible ( magical use1 r ?an creative ( magical effects4#dg ,no d\bt ?is *>act]isation ( ! magical (fices ( in]t matt] applies to e>ly & primitive times & situations r ?an to ! high-wr\ght lat] sy/ems ( occult sci5ce & al*emical lore t are built on "s appreciable k ( metallurgy & *emical reactions4 ,s likewise e>ly my? & leg5d h _h to take rec\rse to ! int]v5tion ( p]sonal1 or at lea/ animate ag5ts1 to make headway 9 ! doma9 ( brute matt]1 :i* figures commonly z means 9 ! h&s ( manlike ag5ts ( "s sort1 r ?an z a self-direct+ ag5t ) initiative & a natural b5t ( its own4 ,! ph5om5a ( inanimate nature are likely to be ?r[n into ! h&s ( su* putative ag5ts1 :o are !n conceiv$ to control !m & turn !m to acc\nt = ult]ior ends n giv5 9 ! native "* ( ! inanimate objects !mselves4#dh ,ev5 s exceptionally available a range ( ph5om5a z ^? ( fire h n escap$ ?is +lori\s ev5tuality4 ,9 ! my?ical leg5ds ( fire x w be f\nd t ! fire & all its works come into ! plot ( ! /ory only z second>y elem5ts1 & ! int]e/ c5tres ab\t ! =tunes ( "s manlike ag5cy to ^: initiative & exploits all ! ph5om5a ( fire are ref]r$ z _! cause or occasion4#di ,! leg5ds ( fire h commonly become leg5ds ( a fire-br+]1 etc41#ej & h come to turn ab\t ! plots & c\nt]plots ( an?ropomorphic bea/s & div9ities :o are conceiv$ to h wre/l$ =1 ) & ab\t ! use ( fire4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 z an illu/ration f ! side ( te*nology1 to %[ h[ matt]s /ood 9 ?is connection ?r\gh ! be/ days ( an?ropomorphism1 fire _h be5 9 daily & indisp5sable use ?r\gh an indef9ite s]ies ( mill5nia be=e m51 9 ! e>ly mod]n times ( ,occid5tal civilisation1 le>n$ ! use ( a *imney4 ,& all t h9d]$ ! discov]y ( ?is simple me*anical exp$i5t seems to h be5 ! fatal prop5sity ( m5 to impute a teleological nature & workmanlike design to ?is ph5om5on ) :i* no truce or work+ arrangem5t c be negotiat$ 9 spiritual t]ms4#ea 99 99 99 99 99 ,a d\bt may plausibly sugge/ itself z to ! compet5cy ( su* an explanation ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,x w\ld seem sc>cely to lie 9 ! nature ( an in/9ct ( workman%ip to enli/ ! workman 9 ! acquisition ( k :i* he _c use1 & guide him 9 elaborat+ x into a sy/em :i* w defeat 8 own ends2 to build up ob/ructions to its own work+1 & yet 9 ! long run to ov]come !m4 ,9 "p ?is discrepancy 9 ! outcome arises f ! fact t ! s5se ( workman%ip af=ds a norm ( sy/ematisation = ! facts t come into k4 ,?is leads to some?+ l a dramatisation ( ! facts1 :]eby !y fall into "s sort ( a sequ5ce ( conduct among !mselves1 become p]sonalis$1 are conceiv$ z gift$ ) discrim9ation1 incl9ations1 pref]5ces & initiative2 & 9 s f> z ! facts are conceiv$ to be involv$ 9 immat]ial or hyp]physical relations ( ?is "* !y _c effectually be made use ( = ! purposes ( te*nology4 ,all conceptions t exce$ ! scope ( mat]ial fact are useless = te*nology1 & 9 s f> z su* conceptions are intrud$ into ! body ( in=mation drawn on by ! workman !y become ob/ructive4 ,b 9 good "p ! discrepancies ( ! outcome are due to complications ) an in/9ctive curiosity1 ! pres5ce ( :i* has tacitly be5 assum$ ?r\gh\t ! argum5t1--an 8idle0 curiosity by =ce ( :i* m51 m or less insi/5tly1 want to "k ?+s1 :5 grav] int]e/s d n engross _! att5tion4 ,comp>atively little has be5 made ( ?is in/9ctive prop5sity by ! /ud5ts ( culture1 ?\gh ! fact ( its pres5ce 9 human nature is broadly recognis$ by psy*ologi/s1#eb & ! l p5*ant comes 9 evid5ce among ! l[] animals1 z appe>s 9 _m inve/igations ( animal behavi\r4#ec ,inde$1 x has be5 tak5 some:at lightly1 9 a g5]al way1 z be+ a g5ial infirmity ( human nature r ?an a creative factor 9 civilisation4 ,& ! reason ( its be+ dealt ) 9 s slight a mann] is probably to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! in/9ct itself4 ,) ! in/9ct ( workman%ip x %>es t "* ( pliancy & tractability common 9 "s degree to ! :ole range ( in/9cts1 & especially *>act]i/ic ( ^? in/9ctive pr$ispositions t di/+ui% human nature f ! simpl] & m refractory spiritual end[m5t ( ! l[] animals4 ,l ! o!r in/9ctive prop5sities1 x is to be presum$1 ! idle curiosity takes effect only )9 ! b\nds ( t metabolic m>g9 ( surplus en]gy t comes 9 evid5ce 9 all animal life1 b t appe>s 9 l>g] proportions 9 ! 8high]0 animals & 9 a peculi>ly obtrusive mann] 9 ! life ( man4 ,x seems to be only aft] ! dem&s ( ! simpl]1 m imm$iately organic functions1 su* z nutrition1 gr[? & reproduction1 h be5 met 9 "s passably suffici5t measure t ?is vagu] range ( in/9cts :i* con/itutes ! spiritual pr$ispositions ( man c effectually draw on ! en]gies ( ! organism & s c g into effect 9 :at is recognis$ z human conduct4 ,! wid] ! m>g9 ( disposable en]gy1 !re=e1 ! m freely %\ld ! *>act]i/ically human pr$ispositions ass]t _! sway1 & ! m ne>ly ?is metabolic m>g9 is dra9$ by ! elem5tal ne$s ( ! organism ! less *ance %\ld !re be t conduct w be guid$ by :at may prop]ly be call$ ! spiritual ne$s ( man4 ,x is accord+ly *>act]i/ic ( ?is :ole range ( vagu] & less automatically det]m9ate pr$ispositions t !y transi5tly yield some:at easily to ! pressure ( circum/ances4 ,?is is em95tly true ( ! idle curiosity1 z x is also true 9 a some:at comp>able degree ( ! s5se ( workman%ip4 ,b ^! in/9cts at ! same "t1 & p]haps by ! same fact1 h also ! o!r concomitant & *>act]i/ically human trait ( a ubiquit\s resili5cy :5ev] & 9 s f> z !re is no?+ to h9d]4 ,_! /ay+ p[] is1 9 a way1 v great1 ?\gh _! driv+ =ce is nei!r massive nor intractable4 ,s t ev5 ?\gh ! idle curiosity1 l ! s5se ( workman%ip1 may be mom5t>ily ?ru/ aside by m urg5t int]e/s1 yet its long-t]m effects 9 human culture are v consid]able4 ,m5 w commonly make easy t]ms ) _! curiosity :5 !re is a call to action "u ! spur ( a m elem5tal ne$1 & ev5 :5 circum/ances appe> to be fav\rable to its untr\bl$ function+ a su/a9$ & consi/5t response to its incitem5t is by no means an assur$ consequ5ce4 ,! common man does n eag]ly pursue ! que/ ( ! idle curiosity1 & nei!r its guidance nor its aw>d ( fact is m&atory on him4#ed ,sporadic individuals :o are end[$ ) ?is sup]]ogatory gift l>gely 9 excess ( ! common run1 or :o yield to its enticem5ts ) v exceptional ab&on1 are acc\nt$ dream]s1 or 9 extreme cases _! m s5sible neighb\rs may ev5 rate !m z ( uns\nd m9d4 ,b ! long-t]m consequ5ces ( ! common run ( curiosity1 help$ out by su* sporadic individuals 9 :om ! idle curiosity runs at a high] t5sion1 c\nts up f9ally1 because cumulatively1 into ! mo/ sub/antial cultural a*ievem5t ( ! race1--its sy/ematis$ k & quasi-k ( ?+s4 ,?is in/9ctive curiosity1 !n1 comes 9 n[ & aga9 s]viceably to accel]ate ! ga9 9 te*nological insight by br++ 9 mat]ial in=mation t may be turn$ to acc\nt1 z well z by p]si/5tly di/urb+ ! habitual body ( k on :i* workman%ip draws4 ,human curiosity is d\btless an 8idle0 prop5sity1 9 ! s5se t no utilit>ian aim ent]s 9 its habitual ex]cise2 b ! mat]ial in=mation :i* is by ?is means drawn into ! ag5t's available k may none ! less come to s]ve ! ends ( workman%ip4 ,a good %>e ( ! facts tak5 cognisance ( "u ! spur ( curiosity is ( no effect = workman%ip or = te*nological insight1 & t any ( x %\ld be f\nd s]viceable is sub/antially a =tuit\s circum/ance4 ,?is "* ( 8idl5ess10 ! abs5ce ( a utilit>ian aim or utilit>ian s5tim5t 9 ! impulse ( curiosity1 is d\btless a great "p ( ! reason = its hav+ receiv$ su* scant & r slight+ treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! psy*ologi/s & ( ! /ud5ts ( civilisation alike4 ,( ! mat]ial s (f]$ z k1 or fact1 workman%ip makes use ( :atev] is available4 ,9 ways already indicat$ ?is utilisation ( asc]ta9$ 8facts0 is bo? fur!r$ & h9d]$ by ! fact t ! in=mation :i* comes to h& ?r\gh ! re/less curiosity ( man is r$uc$ to sy/ematic %ape1 = ! mo/ "p or :olly1 "u canons ( workman%ip4 ,= ! l>ge g5]ality ( human k ?is w mean t ! raw mat]ial ( obs]v$ fact is selectively work$ ov]1 connect$ up & accumulat$ on l9es ( a putative teleological ord] ( ?+s1 ca/ 9 some?+ l a dramatic =m4 ,f :i* x foll[s t ! k s ga9$ is held & c>ri$ ov] f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 a =m :i* l5ds itself ) facility to a workmanlike manipulation2 x is already dige/$ = assimilation 9 a s*eme ( teleology t in/9ctively comm5ds itself to ! workmanlike s5se ( fitness4 ,b x also foll[s t 9 s f> z ! p]sonalis$1 teleological1 or dramatic ord] s imput$ to ! facts does n1 by *ance1 fai?fully reflect ! causal relations subsi/+ among ^! facts1 ! utilisation ( !m z te*nological elem5ts w am\nt to a borr[+ ( tr\ble4 ,s t ! concurr5ce ( curiosity & workman%ip 9 ! assimilation ( facts 9 ?is way may1 & 9 e>ly culture mu/1 result 9 a ret>dation ( ! te*nological advance1 z contra/$ ) :at might conceivably h be5 ! outcome ( ?is "w ( ! idle curiosity if x _h n be5 cong5itally contam9at$ ) ! s5se ( workman%ip & !reby l5t itself to conceptions ( magical efficacy r ?an to me*anical effici5cy4#ee 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fur!r be>+ ( ! p>5tal b5t on ! e>ly gr[? ( te*nology also m]its att5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,?is in/9ct & ! s5tim5ts t arise out ( its prompt+s w h _h wide & free play 9 e>ly times1 :5 ! common good ( ! gr\p 0 /ill p]=ce ! *ief economic int]e/ 9 ! habitual view ( all its memb]s4 ,x w h _h an imm$iate effect on ! r\t9e ( life & "w1 presumably f> beyond :at is to be look$ = at any lat] /age4 ,9 ! "t :5 pecuni>y competition _h n yet become an in/itution1 gr\nd$ 9 ! own]%ip ( goods 9 sev]alty & on _! competitive consumption1 ! prompt+s ( ?is in/9ct w h be5 m insi/5t & w h met ) a m ungu>d$ response ?an lat] on1 aft] ^! in/itutional *anges h tak5 effect4 ,a manife/ & invet]ate di/a/e ( wa/e1 9 great "p traceable on analysis to ?is in/9ct1 /ill p]si/5tly comes 9 evid5ce 9 all communities1 al?\gh x is greatly disguis$ & di/ort$ by ! pr9ciples ( conspicu\s wa/e#ef among all ^? peoples t h adopt$ private own]%ip ( goods2 & s]viceability to ! common good likewise nev] ceases to comm& at lea/ a g5ial1 speculative approval f ! common run ( m51 ?\gh ?is1 too1 may (t5 take "s grotesque or nugatory =m due to preconceptions ( a pecuni>y k9d4 ,?is bias = s]viceability & aga9/ wa/e falls 9 directly ) ! prompt+s ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 s t ^! two in/9ctive pr$ispositions w ren=ce "o ano!r 9 conduc+ to an imp]sonally economical use ( mat]ials & res\rces z well z to ! full use ( workmanlike capacities1 & to an endless tak+ ( pa9s4 ,"s ref]5ce has also be5 made already to ! te*nological value ( ^? k9dly1 8humane0 s5tim5ts t are b\nd up ) ! p>5tal b5t1--if !y may n r be said sub/antially to con/itute ! p>5tal b5t4 ,x is ( c\rse 9 ! non-me*anical arts ( plant & animal bre$+ t ^! humane ext5sions ( ! p>5tal in/9ct h _! *ief if n _! only indu/rial value1 bo? 9 fur!r+ ! day's "w & 9 contribut+ to ! advance ( te*nology4 ,9 ! prim>y me*anic arts1 e4 g41 an affectionate disposition ( ?is k9d t[>d ! inanimate appliances ) :i* _! "w is occupi$ does no d\bt /ill1 z ev]1 to "s ext5t animate ! workm5 z well z ^? :o may h ! remot] ov]sight ( ! "w4 ,b ! "p play$ by su* humane s5tim5ts is aft] all relatively slight 9 m5's deal+s ) brute matt]1 nor d !y inv>iably conduce to exp$iti\s "w or to a h>d-head$ insight into ! me*anics ( ^? ?+s ) :i* ?is "w has to d4 ,9 fact su* t5d] emotions s plac$ may some:at easily become a s\rce ( mis*ief1 9 a mann] simil> to ! mis*iev\s te*nological consequ5ces ( an?ropomorphism already spok5 (4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! be>+ ( ! p>5tal b5t on ! arts ( tillage & cattle-bre$+4 ,"h its prompt+s are almo/ :olly s]viceable to te*nological ga9 z well z to assidu\s workman%ip4 ,! k9dly s5tim5ts intr9sic to ! p>5tal b5t are admirably 9 place 9 ! c>e ( plants & animals1 & _! good effects 9 s giv+ a propiti\s turn to ! te*nology ( e>ly tillage & cattle-bre$+ are only re-en=c$ by ! p>5tal & workmanlike incl9ation to husb& res\rces & make ! mo/ ( :at comes to h&4 ,! p>ticul> turn giv5 to ! an?ropomorphic bias by ?is l9e ( preconceptions also is r fav\rable ?an o!rwise to a work+ insight into ! requirem5ts ( ! art4 ,& x has _h c]ta9 specific consequ5ces = ! e>ly te*nology ( husb&ry1 z well z = ! e>ly culture 9 :i* husb&ry 0 ! *ief mat]ial factor1 su* z to call = a m circum/antial acc\nt4 ,"u ! canons ( workman%ip a teleological animus--an in/9ctive or 8spiritual0 nature--is imput$ to ! plants & animals br\ght into dome/ication4 ,! art ( husb&ry proce$s on ! appreh5d$ ne$s & proclivities s imput$1 & ! te*nology ( ! craft !re=e takes ! =m ( a 8t5dance0 design$ to fur!r ^! quasi-animi/ically conceiv$ be+s 9 :atev] ends !y h at he>t by virtue ( _! natural b5t1 & to s direct ?is t5dance ^u !m z w conduce to %ap+ _! s*eme ( life 9 ways advantage\s to man4 ,l o!r s5ti5t be+s1 z is kn[n to %rewd & unsophi/icat$ man1 !y h spiritual ne$s z well z mat]ial ne$s1 & !y are putatively to be influ5c$ by ! attitude ( _! human c\s9s t[>ds !m & _! conduct1 int]e/s1 & adv5tures4 ,fur!r1 _! life & com=t are manife/ly condition$ by ! run ( ! seasons & ( ! wea!r2 v>i\s inclem5cies are disc\rag+ & discom=t+ to !m1 z to mank9d1 & o!r vicissitudes ( ra9 & %9e & tempe/ are ( ! grave/ consequ5ce to !m = good or ill4 ,"u ^! delicate circum/ances x is incumb5t on ! keep]s ( crops & flocks to walk circumspectly & cultivate ! good-w n only ( _! crops & flocks b also ( ! natural ph5om5a t c\nt = s mu* 9 ! life ( ! crops & flocks4 ,^! natural ph5om5a are ( c\rse also conceiv$ an?ropomorphically1 9 ! s5se t !y too are se5 to foll[ _! natural b5t & d :at !y w1--or p]haps m commonly :at ! p]sonal ag5ts w1 9 ^: keep+ ^! natural ph5om5a are conceiv$ to lie2 = unsophi/icat$ man has no o!r available t]ms 9 :i* to conceive !m & _! behavi\r ?an ! t]ms ( initiative1 design & endeav\r imm$iately giv5 9 8 own consci\s action4 ,n[1 z has already be5 said1 ! s*eme ( life ( ! crops & flocks is1 at lea/ 9 ! ma91 & p>ticul>ly 9 s f> z x vitally & always int]e/s _! keep]s1 a s*eme ( fecundity1 f]tility & gr[?4 ,b ^! matt]s1 visibly & by consci\s s5tim5t1 p]ta9 9 a peculi>ly intimate s5se to ! wom54 ,!y are matt]s 9 :i* ! sympa!tic insight & fell[-feel+ ( womank9d %\ld 9 ! nature ( ?+s come v felicit\sly to fur!r ! propiti\s c\rse ( ?+s4 ,besides :i* ! life ( ! wom5 falls 9 ^! same l9es ( fecundity1 nurture & gr[?1 s t _! association & att5dance on ! flocks & crops %\ld fur!r ! propiti\s c\rse ( ?+s also by ! subtl] means ( sympa!tic sugge/ion4 ,!re is a magical congruity ( great =ce z betwe5 womank9d & ! propagation ( gr[+ ?+s4 ,& ^! subtl] ways ( influ5c+ ev5ts are especially to ! po9t 9 all contact ) ^! non-human s5ti5t be+s1 s9ce !y are spee*less & mu/ !re=e 9 ! ma9 be l$ by liv+ example r ?an by precept & expo/ulation4 ,&1 aga91 be+ s5ti5t1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( mank9d1 x is n to be believ$ t !y h n ! gift visibly common to mank9d & _m animals1 ( foll[+ _! lead] by =ce ( sympa!tic imitation4 ,x may n be easy to say h[ f> ?is in/9ctive impulse ( imitation1 necess>ily cr$it$ to all ph5om5a to :i* an?ropomorphic traits are imput$1 is to be acc\nt$ ! gr\nd ( all sympa!tic magic2 b x is at lea/ to be accept$ z suffici5t to acc\nt = mu* ( :at is done to induce f]tility 9 flocks & crops4 ,s t on _m acc\nts x is evid5t t 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! c>e ( flocks & crops is ! wom5's affair1 & x foll[s t all int]c\rse ) ! flocks & crops 9 ! e>ly days _h be/ be conduct$ by ! wom51 :o alone may be presum$ intuitively to appreh5d :at is timely1 due & p]missible 9 ^! premises4 ,x is all ! m evid5t t communion ) ^! wordless o!rs %\ld fall to ! wom51 s9ce ! l wordless communion ) _! own "y is p]haps ! mo/ notable & engag+ trait ( _! own mo!rhood4 ,! p>5tal b5t also ?r[s a /ress ( s5tim5t on ?is simple & obvi\s phase ( mo!rhood1 su* z has made x 9 all m5's appreh5sion ! type ( all k9dly & unselfi% t5dance2 at ! same "t ?is ubiquit\s p>5tal in/9ct t5ds con/antly to place mo!rhood 9 ! =egr\nd 9 all t conc]ns ! common good1 9 z mu* z all t is wor? :ile1 humanly speak+1 has its beg9n+ "h4 ,9 t e>ly phase ( culture 9 :i* ! beg9n+s ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ 7 made & 9 :i* ! common good ( ! gr\p 0 /ill ! *ief daily int]e/ ab\t :i* m5's solicitude & =e?\ght are habitually engag$1 mo!rhood w always h be5 ! c5tral fact 9 ! s*eme ( human ?+s4 ,s t 9 ?is cultural phase ! p>5tal b5t & ! s5se ( workman%ip w h work$ toge!r to br+ ! wom5 into ! *ief place 9 ! te*nological s*eme2 & ! s5se ( imitative propriety1 z well z ! recognis$ con/ra9+ =ce ex]cis$ by example & mimetic repres5tation ?r\gh ! impulse ( imitation1 w h guid$ workman%ip %rewdly to play up womank9d & mo!rhood 9 an ev]-gr[+ s*eme ( magical obs]vances design$ to fur!r ! natural increase ( flocks & crops4 ,:]e an?ropomorphic imputation runs free & ) conviction1 su* obs]vances1 design$ to act sympa!tically on ! natural c\rse ( ph5om5a1 unavoidably become an integral feature ( ! te*nological s*eme1 no less indisp5sable & putatively no less efficaci\s to ?is end ?an ! me*anical op]ations ) :i* ^! obs]vances are associat$4 ,!re is no practicable l9e ( division to be drawn betwe5 sympa!tic magic & an?ropomorphic te*nology2 & 9 ! kn[n cultures ( ?is e>ly type x is = ! mo/ "p an op5 "q :e!r ! magical obs]vances are to be acc\nt$ an adjunct to :at we w\ld recognise z ! te*nological r\t9e ( ! art1 or conv]sely4 ,! two are n commonly held ap>t z di/9ct categories1 & bo? are efficaci\s & indisp5sable2 & 9 bo? ! felt efficacy runs on mu* ! same gr\nds ( imput$ an?ropomorphic traits4#eg ,on gr\nds ( magical-te*nological exp$i5cy1 !n1 z well z by =ce ( ! s5se ( intr9sic propriety1 wom5 come to take ! lead+ rle 9 ! indu/rial community ( ! e>ly "t1 & ! community's mat]ial int]e/s come to c5tre ab\t !m & _! relation to ! natural products ( ! fields2 & s9ce ?is int]e/ be>s imm$iately on ! fecundity ( ! flocks & crops1 x is p>ticul>ly 9 _! "* ( mo!rhood t ! wom5 come mo/ vitally into ! case4 ,! natural produce on :i* ! life ( ! gr\p dep5ds1 !re=e1 w app]ta9 to ! wom51 9 "s intimate s5se ( congruity1 s t 9 ! fitness ( ?+s ?is produce w prop]ly come to ! good ( ! community ?r\gh _! h&s & w logically be disp5s$ some:at at _! discretion4 ,s great is ! rea* ( ?is logic ( congruity t 9 ! kn[n cultures :i* %[ mu* rem9isc5ce ( ?is e>ly te*nological phase x is commonly possible to detect "s remnant ( su* discretion>y control ( ! natural produce by ! wom54 ,& mod]n /ud5ts1 imbu$ ) mod]n preconceptions ( own]%ip & pr$ace\s ma/]y1 h ev5 f\nd !mselves con/ra9$ by ?is evid5ce to discov] a sy/em ( matri>*y & mat]nal own]%ip 9 ^! usages t ant$ate ! in/itution ( own]%ip4 ,conceivably1 ! usages gr[+ out ( ?is pref]5tial position ( wom5 9 ! te*nology & ritual ( e>ly husb&ry w1 n[ & aga91 by ! uni=m drift ( habituation h atta9$ su* a degree ( consi/5cy1 be5 wr\ght into s rigid a =m ( in/itutions1 z to h be5 c>ri$ ov] into a lat] phase ( culture 9 :i* ! own]%ip ( goods is ( ! ess5ce ( ! s*eme2 & 9 su* case ^! usages may !n h come to be recon/ru$ 9 t]ms ( own]%ip1 to ! effect t ! own]%ip ( agricultural products ve/s ( "r 9 ! woman1 ! "m ( ! h\sehold4 ,b if ! magical-te*nological fitness & efficacy ( wom5 has l$ to ! gr[? ( in/itutions ve/+ ! disposal ( ! produce 9 ! wom51 9 a m or less discretion>y way1 ! l effect has be5 ev5 m pron\nc$1 compreh5sive & la/+ z reg>ds ! immat]ial developm5ts ( ! case4 ,) great uni=mity ! evid5ce f ! e>li] peaceable agricultural civilisations runs to ! effect t ! primitive ritual ( husb&ry1 *iefly ( a magical "*1 is 9 ! h&s ( ! wom5 & is made up ( obs]vances presum$ to be p>ticul>ly consonant ) ! ph5om5a ( mo!rhood4#eh ,& pres5tly1 :5 ! m elaborate phases ( ^! magical rites ( husb&ry come1 by fur!r sup]9duction ( an?ropomorphism1 to gr[ into religi\s obs]vances & my?ological t5ets1 ! great] daimones & div9ities t em]ge 9 ! %uffle are wom51 & aga9 x is ! mo!rhood ( wom5 t is 9 evid5ce4 ,! deities1 great & small1 are prevail+ly females2 & ! great ones among !m seem inv>iably to h set out ) be+ mo!rs4 ,9 ! creation ( female & mat]nal div9ities ! p>5tal in/9ct has d\btless greatly re-en=c$ ! drift ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip 9 ! same direction4 ,! female deities h two ma9 attributes or *>act]i/ics because ( :i* !y came to hold _! high place2 !y are goddesses ( f]tility 9 "o way or ano!r1 & !y are mo!rs ( ! p4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to hold ^! two concomitant attributions ap>t1 z _m if n mo/ ( ! great deities claim prec$5ce on bo? gr\nds4 ,b ! l[] ord]s ( female div9ities 9 ! matri>*al s*eme ( ?+s div9e w mu* m commonly specialise 9 f]tility ( crops ?an 9 mat]nity ( ! p4 ,! numb] ( div9ities t h ma9ly or solely to d ) f]tility is great] ?an t ( ^? :i* figure z mo!rs ( ! p1 ei!r locally or g5]ally4 ,& p]haps 9 ! majority ( cases !re is "s sugge/ive evid5ce t ! great female deities h prim>ily be5 goddesses ( f]tility hav+ to d ) ! gr[? ( crops--&1 usually 9 ! second place1 ( animals--r ?an prim>ily mo!rs ( ! tribe2#ei :i* w\ld sugge/ t _! g5esis & "* is due to ! canons ( ! s5se ( workman%ip m ?an to ! p>5tal b5t1 al?\gh ! latt] seems to h _h its "p 9 %ap+ _m ( !m if n all4 ,! female div9ities belong *>act]i/ically to ! e>ly or simpl] agricultural civilisation1 & :at has be5 said goes to argue t !y re/ on te*nological gr\nds 9 ! ma92 inde$1 9 _! g5esis & e>ly gr[?1 !y are 9 good "p ( ! nature ( te*nological exp$i5ts4 ,!y are at home ) ! female te*nology ( e>ly tillage especially1 & p]haps only 9 ! second place d !y s]ve ! magical & religi\s ne$s ( peoples giv5 ma9ly to bre$+ flocks & h]ds2 al?\gh x is to be not$ t mo/ ( ! great] kn[n goddesses ( ! anci5t ,we/]n _w1 z well z _m ( ! m9or ones1 are also f\nd to be closely relat$ to v>i\s ( ! dome/ic animals4 ,9 ,am]ica & ! ,f> ,ea/1 ( c\rse1 any connection ) ! dome/ication ( animals w\ld appe> improbable4 ,) a *ange ( base1 f ?is e>ly husb&ry to a civilisation 9 :i* ! ma9 habitual int]e/ is ( ano!r k9d1 & 9 :i* ! habitual outlook ( m5 is less closely limit$ by ! same an?ropomorphic conceptions ( nurture & gr[?1 ! goddesses beg9 to lose _! pref]5tial claim on m5's reg>d & fall into place z adjuncts or consorts ( male div9ities design$ on o!r l9es & built out ( diff]5t mat]ials & s]v+ new ends4#fj ,b ! hegemony ( ! "m goddesses has unque/ionably be5 v wide-rea*+ & v endur+1 z x %\ld be to answ] to ! ext5t 9 "t & space ( ! civilisation ( tillage z well z to its p>am\nt importance 9 ! life ( mank9d1 & z x is %[n to h be5 by ! ar*ological & e?nological evid5ce4 ,a fur!r concomitant v>iation 9 ! cultural s*eme1 associat$ ) & presumably traceable to ! same te*nological gr\nd1 is mat]nal desc5t1 ! c\nt+ ( relation%ip prim>ily or solely 9 ! female l9e4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! evid5ce on ?is head x w\ld probably be too broad a proposition to say t ! c\nt+ ( relation%ip by ! "m's side is due :olly to preconceptions aris+ out ( ! te*nology ( f]tility & gr[? & t x s is remotely a creature ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip2 b x is at lea/ equally probable t t anci5t conceit mu/ be ab&on$ accord+ to :i* ! sy/em ( mat]nal desc5t arises out ( an habitual d\bt ( pat]nity4 ,! m]e obvi\s congruity ( ! cognatic sy/em z contra/$ ) ! agnatic1 has presumably _h z mu* to d ) ! matt] z any?+1 & "u ! rule ( ! primitive te*nology ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ ?is obvi\s congruity ( ! cognate relation%ip w h be5 v mat]ially re-en=c$ by ! curr5t preconceptions reg>d+ ! pref]5tial importance ( ! female l9e = ! welf>e ( ! h\sehold & ! community4 ,& s long z t te*nological era la/$1 & until ! m /r5u\s culture ( pr$ation & co]cion came on & ?rew ! male elem5t 9 ! community into ! place ( fir/ consequ5ce1 mat]nal desc5t z well z ! "m goddess appe> to h held _! own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w h be5 notic$ t ?r\gh all ?is argum5t runs ! presumption t ! culture :i* includ$ ! beg9n+s & e>ly gr[? ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ 0 sub/antially a peaceable culture4 ,?is presumption is some:at at v>iance ) ! traditional view1 p>ticul>ly ) ! position tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse by e>li] /ud5ts ( e?nology 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,/ill x is probably n subject to v s]i\s "q today4 ,z ! evid5ce has accumulat$ x has gr[n increas+ly manife/ t ! anci5t assumption ( a primitive /ate ( nature aft] ! s*ool ( ,hobbes _c be accept$4 ,! evid5ce f contempor>y s\rces1 z to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is respect among savages & _m ( ! l[] b>b>ians1 po9ts r to peace ?an to w> z ! habitual situation1 al?\gh ?is evid5ce is by no means unequivocal2 besides :i*1 ! evid5ce f ^! contempor>y l[] cultures be>s only equivocally on ! po9t ( fir/ int]e/ "h1--viz41 ! antec$5ts ( ! ,we/]n civilisation4 ,:at is m to ! po9t1 ?\gh h>d] to get at 9 any def9itive way1 is ! prehi/ory ( ?is civilisation4 ,"h ! inquiry w p]=ce g on survivals & rem9isc5ces & on ! implications ( kn[n facts ( antiquity z well z ( c]ta9 features /ill extant 9 ! curr5t cultural s*eme4 ,x seems antec$5tly improbable t ! dome/ication ( ! crop plants & animals c\ld h be5 effect$ at all except among peoples lead+ a passably peaceable1 & pres5tly a s$5t>y life4 ,& ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = :at 0 a*iev$ 9 remote antiquity 9 ?is respect speaks = ! preval5ce ( 7passably7 peaceable conditions ov] int]vals ( "t & space t ov]pass all conv5i5t b\nds ( *ronology & localisation4 ,evid5ce ( mat]nal desc5t1 mat]nal religi\s practices & mat]nal discretion 9 ! disposal ( goods meet ! inquiry 9 ev] increas+ =ce z soon z x beg9s to p5etrate back ( ! conv5tionally accept$ dawn ( hi/ory2 & survivals & rem9isc5ces ( su* in/itutions appe> "h & !re )9 ! hi/orical p]iod ) increas+ frequ5cy ! m pa9/ak+ ! inquiry becomes4 ,& t in/itutions ( ?is "* require a peaceable situation = _! g5esis z well z = _! survival is n only antec$5tly probable on gr\nds ( congruity1 b x is evid5c$ by ! way 9 :i* !y incont95tly decay & pres5tly disappe> :]ev] ! cultural situation takes on a pr$atory "* or develops a l>ge-scale civilisation1 ) a co]cive gov]nm5t1 diff]5tiation ( classes--especially 9 ! pecuni>y respect--w>like ideals & ambitions1 & a consid]able accumulation ( weal?4 ,"s fur!r discussion ( ?is e>ly peaceable situation w necess>ily come up 9 connection ) ! te*nological gr\nds ( its disappe>ance at ! transition to t pr$atory culture :i* has displac$ x 9 all cases :]e an appreciably advanc$ phase ( civilisation has be5 rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,savage ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,te*nological k is ( ! nature ( a common /ock1 held & c>ri$ =w>d collectively by ! community1 :i* is 9 ?is relation to be conceiv$ z a go+ conc]n4 ,! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts is a fact ( gr\p life1 n ( individual or private initiative or innovation4 ,x is an affair ( ! collectivity1 n a creative a*ievem5t ( individuals work+ self-suffici5tly 9 sev]alty or 9 isolation4 ,9 ! ma91 ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts is always a h]itage out ( ! pa/2 x is always 9 process ( *ange1 p]haps1 b ! sub/antial body ( x is k t has come d[n f e>li] g5]ations4 ,new elem5ts ( insight & pr(ici5cy are cont9ually be+ add$ & work$ into ?is common /ock by ! exp]i5ce & initiative ( ! curr5t g5]ation1 b su* novel elem5ts are always & ev]y:]e slight & inconsequ5tial 9 comp>ison ) ! body ( te*nology t has be5 c>ri$ ov] f ! pa/4 ,ea* successive move 9 advance1 e new wr9kle ( novelty1 improvem5t1 inv5tion1 adaptation1 e fur!r detail ( workmanlike innovation1 is ( c\rse made by individuals & comes out ( individual exp]i5ce & initiative1 s9ce ! g5]ations ( mank9d live only 9 individuals4 ,b ea* move s made is necess>ily made by individuals imm]s$ 9 ! community & expos$ to ! discipl9e ( gr\p life z x runs 9 ! community1 s9ce all life is necess>ily gr\p life4 ,! ph5om5a ( human life occur only 9 ?is =m4 ,x is only z an outcome ( ?is discipl9e t comes ) ! r\t9e ( gr\p life1 & by help ( ! commonplace k diffus$ ?r\gh ! community1 t any ( its memb]s are enabl$ to make any new move t may 9 ?is way be traceable to _! individual initiative4 ,any new te*nological dep>ture necess>ily takes its rise 9 ! workmanlike endeav\rs ( giv5 individuals1 b x c d s only by =ce ( _! famili>ity ) ! body ( k :i* ! gr\p already has 9 h&4 ,a new dep>ture is always & necess>ily an improvem5t on or alt]ation 9 t /ate ( ! indu/rial arts t is already 9 ! keep+ ( ! gr\p at l>ge2 & e exp$i5t or innovation1 great or small1 t s is hit ^u goes into effect by go+ into ! common /ock ( te*nological res\rces c>ri$ by ! gr\p4 ,x c take effect only 9 ?is way4 ,su* gr\p solid>ity is a necessity ( ! case1 bo? = ! acquirem5t & use ( ?is immat]ial equipm5t t is spok5 ( z ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts & = its cu/ody & transmission f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,)9 ?is common /ock ( te*nology "s special bran* or l9e ( pr(ici5cy1 be>+ on "s special craft or trade1 may be held 9 a degree ( isolation by "s ca/e-l gr\p )9 ! community1 limit$ by consangu9ity1 initiation1 & ! l1 & s x may be held some:at out ( ! common /ock & transmitt$ 9 "s degree ( segregation4 ,9 ! l[] cultures ! elem5ts ( te*nology t are s engross$ by a fraction ( ! community & held out ( ! common /ock are mo/ commonly ( a magical or c]emonial nature1 r ?an effective elem5ts ( workman%ip2 s9ce any su* matt]s ( ritual obs]vance l5d !mselves ) great] facility to exclusive use & transmission )9 l9es ( class limitation ?an d ! matt]-(-fact devices ( actual workman%ip4 ,9 ! l[] cultures ! exclusive tra9+ & in=mation s held & transmitt$ 9 segregation by v>i\s secret organisations appe> 9 ! ma9 to be ( ?is magical or c]emonial "*2#fa al?\gh !re is no reason to d\bt t ?is te*nological make-believe is tak5 q s]i\sly & c\nts z a sub/antial asset 9 ! appreh5sion ( its possessors4 ,9 a m advanc$ /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 :]e own]%ip & ! specialisation ( indu/ry h _h _! effect1 trade secrets1 pat5t & copyrights are (t5 ( sub/antial value1 & ^! are held 9 segregation f ! common /ock ( te*nology4 ,b x is evid5t )\t argum5t t facts ( ?is class are aft] all ( no grave or endur+ consequ5ce 9 comp>ison ) ! great commonplace body ( k & skill curr5t 9 ! community4 ,at ! same "t1 any su* segregat$ l9e ( te*nological ga9 & transmission1 if x has any appreciable significance = ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts & is n :olly made up ( ritual obs]vances1 leans s greatly on ! te*nological equipm5t at l>ge t its isolation is at ! mo/ p>tial & "o-sid$2 x takes effect only by ! free use ( ! g5]al body ( k :i* is n s engross$1 & x has also 9 all cases be5 acquir$ & elaborat$ only by ! free use ( t commonplace k t is held 9 no man's exclusive possession4 ,su* is m p>ticul>ly ! case 9 all b ^? late/ phases ( ! indu/rial developm5t 9 :i* ! volume ( ! te*nology & ! consequ5t specialisation ( occupations h be5 c>ri$ v f>4 ,9 ! e>li]1 or r 9 all b ! late phases ( culture & te*nology1 ?is immat]ial equipm5t at l>ge is accessible to all memb]s ( ! community z a matt] ( c\rse ?r\gh ! unavoidable discipl9e t comes ) ! workday r\t9e ( gett+ along4 ,few1 if any1 c avoid acquir+ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! indu/rial s*eme by use ( :i* ! community lives1 al?\gh !y ne$ n ea* ga9 any degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 all ! manual op]ations or indu/rial processes 9 :i* ?is te*nological s*eme goes into effect1 & few c avoid be+ s tra9$ into ! logic ( ! curr5t s*eme t _! habitual ?9k+ w 9 all ^! be>+s run )9 ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce embodi$ 9 ?is g5]al s*eme4 ,all h free access to ?is common /ock ( immat]ial equipm5t1 b 9 all kn[n cultures !re is also f\nd "s degree ( special tra9+ & "s appreciable specialisation ( k & occupations2 :i* is c>ri$ =w>d by exp]t workm5 ^: peculi> & exceptional pr(ici5cy is conf9$ to "s "o or a few di/9ct l9es ( craft4 ,& 9 all1 or at lea/ 9 all b ! l[e/ kn[n cultures1 ! available evid5ce goes to say t ?is jo9t /ock ( te*nological ma/]y c be ma9ta9$ & c>ri$ =w>d only by way ( "s su* specialisation ( tra9+ & diff]5tiation ( employm5ts4 ,no "o is compet5t to acquire su* ma/]y ( all ! l9es ( indu/ry includ$ 9 ! g5]al s*eme z w\ld enable him 7or h]7 to transmit ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts to succe$+ g5]ations unimpair$ at all po9ts4 ,"s degree ( specialisation !re always is1 ev5 :]e !re appe>s to be no urg5t te*nological ne$ ( x4 ,! circum/ances ( _! life diff] suffici5tly = diff]5t individuals1 s t a c]ta9 individuation 9 workman%ip w result f commonplace exp]i5ce1 ev5 ap>t f any delib]ate specialisation ( occupations4 ,& ) any consid]able increase 9 ! size ( ! gr\p a m or less delib]ate specialisation ( occupations w also set 94 ,individuals :o are 9 ?is way occupi$ :olly or ma9ly ) "s "o p>ticul> l9e ( "w w c>ry pr(ici5cy 9 ?is l9e to a high] pit* ?an ! g5]ality ( workm5 & w br+ out details ( te*nological proc$ure t may nev] fully become ! common possession ( ! gr\p at l>ge1 t may n 9 all details become "p ( ! commonplace te*nological in=mation curr5t 9 ! community4 ,!re seems1 9 fact1 nev] to h be5 a "t :5 ! indu/rial s*eme 0 s slight & n>r[ t all memb]s ( ! community c\ld ma/] x 9 ! greate/ feasible degree ( pr(ici5cy at e po9t4 ,b at ! same "t x holds true = all ! m ar*aic phases ( ! developm5t t all memb]s ( ! community appe> always to h _h a compreh5sive & passably exhau/ive acqua9tance ) ! te*nique ( all indu/ries practis$ 9 _! "t4 ,?is necess>y specialisation & detail tra9+ has l>ge consequ5ces = ! gr[? ( te*nology z well z = its cu/ody & transmission4 ,x foll[s t a l>ge & widely div]sifi$ indu/rial s*eme is impossible except 9 a community ( "s size1--l>ge en\gh to support a numb] & v>iety ( special occupations4 ,9 effect1 sub/antial ga9s 9 indu/rial insight & pr(ici5cy c app>5tly be work$ out only ?r\gh su* close & su/a9$ att5tion to a giv5 l9e ( "w z c be giv5 only )9 ! l9es ( a specialis$ occupation4 ,at ! same "t ! indu/rial community mu/ comprise a full complem5t ( su* specialis$ occupations1 & mu/ also be b\nd toge!r 9 a sy/em ( communication suffici5tly close & facile to all[ ! te*nological cont5ts ( all ^! occupations to be readily assimilat$ into a sy/ematic :ole4 ,! indu/rial sy/em s work$ out ne$ n be ( ! same ext5t z any "o local gr\p ( ! p :o get _! liv+ by its use2 b x seems to be requir$ t if sev]al local gr\ps are effectively to be compris$ 9 a s+le indu/rial sy/em conditions ( peace mu/ prevail among !m4 ,community ( language seems also to be ne>ly necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( su* a sy/em4 ,:]e ! v>i\s local gr\ps are on ho/ile t]ms1 ea* w t5d to h an indu/rial sy/em ( its own1 ) a te*nological "* some:at di/9ct f its neighb\rs4#fb ,if ! degree ( isolation is pron\nc$1 s t traffic & communication d n run freely betwe5 gr\ps1 ! size ( ! local gr\p w limit ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts some:at rigidly2 & on ! o!r h& a m>k$ advance 9 ! indu/rial arts1 su* z ! dome/ication ( crop plants or animals or ! introduction ( metals1 is likely to br+ ab\t su* a r$i/ribution ( population & indu/ry z to increase ! effective size ( ! community4#fc ,among ! peoples on ! l[] levels ( culture !re prevails commonly a consid]able degree ( isolation1 or ev5 ( e/rangem5t4 ,9 a great degree ea* community is ?r[n on its own res\rces1 & "u ^! circum/ances ! size ( ! community may become a matt] ( decisive importance = ! indu/rial arts4 ,:]e a s]i\s decl9e 9 ! numb]s ( any ( ^! savage or b>b>\s peoples is record$ x is also commonly not$ t !y h suff]$ a concomitant decay 9 _! te*nological k & workman%ip4#fd ,9 view ( ^! consid]ations x is probably safe to say t "u settl$ conditions any community is1 commonly1 no l>g] ?an is requir$ to keep up & c>ry =w>d ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts z x runs4 ,! kn[n evid5ce appe>s to w>rant ! g5]alisation t ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts is limit$ by ! size ( ! indu/rial community1 & t :5ev] a giv5 community is brok5 up or suff]s a s]i\s dim9ution ( numb]s its te*nological h]itage w det]iorate & dw9dle ev5 ?\gh x may app>5tly h be5 meagre en\gh be=e4 ,! consid]ations recit$ above are matt]s ( commonplace obs]vation & might fairly be tak5 = grant$ )\t argum5t4 ,b s mu* ( curr5t & rec5t !oretical speculation proce$s on tacit assumptions at v>iance ) ^! commonplaces t x seems p]t95t to recall !m1 p>ticul>ly s9ce !y w come 9 z premises 9 lat] passages ( ! inquiry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,giv5 ! mat]ial environm5t1 ! rate & "* ( ! te*nological ga9s made 9 any community w dep5d on ! initiative & application ( its memb]s1 9 s f> z ! gr[? ( in/itutions has n s]i\sly div]t$ ! g5ius ( ! race f its natural b5t2 x w dep5d imm$iately & obvi\sly on individual tal5t = workman%ip--on ! workmanlike b5t & capacity ( ! individual memb]s ( ! community4 ,!re=e any diff]5ce ( native end[m5t 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! sev]al races w %[ itself 9 ! "* ( _! te*nological a*ievem5ts z well z 9 ! rate ( ga94 ,races diff] among !mselves 9 ?is matt]1 bo? z to ! k9d & z to ! degree ( te*nological pr(ici5cy ( :i* !y are capable4#fe ,x is p]haps z ne$less to insi/ on ?is spiritual diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s racial /ocks z x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e ! specific diff]5ces t are kn[n to exi/1 or to exhibit !m conv9c+ly 9 detail4 ,to "s su* gr\nd mu* ( ! di/9ctive "* ( diff]5t peoples is no d\bt to be assign$1 ?\gh mu* also may z well be traceable to local peculi>ities ( environm5t & ( in/itutional circum/ances4 ,some?+ ( ! k9d1 a specific diff]5ce 9 ! g5ius ( ! p1 is by common cons5t assign$1 = in/ance1 9 explanation ( ! p]vasive diff]5ce 9 te*nology & workman%ip betwe5 ! ,we/]n culture & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! l diff]5ce 9 8g5ius0 is /ill m conv9c+ly %[n :]e diff]5t races h long be5 liv+ ne> "o ano!r "u settl$ cultural conditions4#ff ,x %\ld be not$ 9 ! same connection t hybrid peoples1 su* z ^? ( ,europe or ( ,japan1 :]e some:at widely di/9ct racial /ocks are m+l$1 %\ld af=d a great v>iety & wide individual v>iation ( native gifts1 9 workman%ip z 9 o!r respects4 ,hybrid /ocks1 inde$1 h a wid] range ( usual v>iability ?an ! comb9$ extreme limits ( ! racial types t ent] into ! composition ( ! hybrid4 ,s t a great v>iety1 ev5 ab]ration & ecc5tricity1 ( native gifts is to be look$ = 9 su* cases1 & ?is wide range ( v>iation 9 workmanlike initiative %\ld %[ itself 9 ! te*nology ( any su* peoples4 ,yet !re may /ill prevail a /rik+ly det]m9ate diff]5ce betwe5 any two su* hybrid populations1 bo? 9 ! *>act]i/ic features ( _! te*nology & 9 _! r\t9e workman%ip2 z is illu/rat$ 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ,japan & ! ,we/]n nations4 ,^! racial diff]5ces 9 po9t ( end[m5t may be slight 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b z !y "w cumulatively _! ult]ior effect may /ill be v m>k$2 & !y may result 9 m>k$ diff]5ces n only 9 respect ( ! "* ( ! te*nological situation at a giv5 po9t ( "t b also 9 ! rate ( advance & ! direction tak5 by ! te*nological advance4 ,s 9 ! case ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 z contra/$ ) ! ,occid5tal peoples1 ! g5ius ( ! races engag$ has prevail+ly tak5 ! direction ( pr(ici5cy 9 h&icraft1 r ?an t some:at crude b effici5t rec\rse to me*anical exp$i5ts :i* *iefly di/+ui%es ! te*nology ( ! ,we/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ability ( racial types makes x possible to /udy ! innate *>act]s ( ! exi/+ population "u less complex & confus+ circum/ances ?an ^? ( ! cultural situation 9 :i* ?is population is n[ f\nd4 ,by go+ back into ! e>li] phases ( ! ,we/]n culture ! scrut9y ( ! liv+ population ( ,europe & its colonies c1 9 effect1 be pu%$ back 9 a fragm5t>y way ov] an int]val ( "s ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,su* acqua9tance z may 9 ?is way be ga9$ ) ! spiritual make-up ( ! peoples ( ! ,we/]n culture at any po9t 9 its pa/ hi/ory & prehi/ory %\ld be> imm$iately & )\t s]i\s abatem5t on ! native "* ( ! g5]ation 9 ^: h&s ! =tunes ( t culture n[ re/2 provid$ only t ! inquiry assures itself ( ! racial cont9uity1 racial id5tity1 ( ^! peoples ?r\gh ?is p]iod ( "t4 ,?is "q ( race id5tity is no long] a matt] ( s]i\s debate s f> z conc]ns ! peoples ( nor!rn & we/]n ,europe1 )9 ! effective b\nds ( ! ,occid5tal civilisation & z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! neoli?ic p]iod4 ,assur$ly !re is debate & unc]ta9ty z to local details ( racial mixture 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ?is cultural area at "s po9t 9 pa/ "t1 b ^! unc]ta9ties ( detail are n ( su* a nature or su* magnitude z to vitiate ! data = an inquiry into ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! races conc]n$4 ,by & l>ge1 ! mixture ( races 9 nor? ,europe has app>5tly n v>i$ greatly s9ce e>ly neoli?ic times1 & ! *anges t h tak5 place are kn[n ) "s confid5ce1 9 ! ma94 ,mu* ! same holds true = ! ,m$it]ranean seabo>d1 al?\gh ! *anges 9 t region appe> to h be5 m consid]able & are p]haps less readily traceable4 ,= nor!rn & we/]n ,europe tak5 toge!r1 9 spite ( consid]able local fluctuations1 ! v>iations 9 ! g5]al racial composition ( ! peoples has1 on ! :ole1 n be5 ext5sive or extremely s]i\s s9ce ! latt] "p ( ! /one age4 ,! ?ree great racial /ocks#fg ( ,we/]n civilisation h app>5tly %>$ _! jo9t dom9ance 9 ?is culture among !mselves s9ce ab\t ! "t :5 ! use ( bronze fir/ came into ,europe1 :i* %\ld be be=e ! close ( ! /one age4 ,& ^! ?ree /ocks are n greatly ali5 to "o ano!r2 two ( !m1 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! blond1 be+ app>5tly some:at closely relat$ 9 po9t ( desc5t & !re=e presumably 9 po9t ( spiritual make-up4 ,x is ) less confid5ce t any /ud5t ( ^! mod]n cultures c te/ 8 case by evid5ce drawn f exi/+ or hi/orical communities liv+ on ! savage or l[] b>b>ian plane & n closely relat$1 racially1 to ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! discrepancies 9 su* a case are ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,! racial type1 & !re=e ! spiritual 7in/9ctive7 make-up ( ^! ali5 savages or b>b>ians1 is n ! same z t ( ! mod]n ,europeans2 h5ce ! culture work$ out "u ! control ( _! some:at diff]5t end[m5t ( in/9cts %\ld come to a diff]5t result1 p>ticul>ly s9ce any su* racial discrepancy 9 ! matt] ( in/9cts %\ld be expect$ to "w cumulatively to a diff]5t cultural outcome4 ,^! ali5 communities ( ! l[] cultures c !re=e n be accept$ (f-h& z repres5t+ an e>li] phase ( ,occid5tal civilisation4 ,?is infirmity atta*es to any rec\rse to an exi/+ savage or b>b>ian community = object-lessons to illu/rate ! work+ ( ,european human nature 9 simil>ly primitive circum/ances1 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! community 9 "q may be remote f ! ,europeans 9 po9t ( racial type2 :i* r$uces itself to a difficult "q z to ! po9t 9 ! family-tree ( ! races ( man f :i* ! two contra/$ races h div]g$1 & ( ! numb]1 "*1 & magnitude ( ! racial mutations t may h int]v5$ betwe5 ! presum$ po9t ( div]g5ce & ! exi/+ racial types s contra/$4 7b7 ,x is commonly said1 & x is presumably true en\gh1 t all kn[n communities on ! l[] levels ( culture are f> f a /ate ( primitive savag]y2 t !y are n to be tak5 z g5u9ely ar*aic1 b are ! result ei!r ( a comp>atively late rev]sion1 "u special circum/ances1 f a pa/ high] /age1 or !y are peoples :i* h und]gone s protract$ an exp]i5ce 9 savag]y t _! pres5t /ate is "o ( extreme sophi/ification 9 all 8! bea/ly devices ( ! hea!n10 r ?an sub/antially an e>ly or ar*aic type ( culture1 su* z w\ld h m>k$ a transi5t /age 9 ! developm5t ( ^? peoples t h atta9$ civilis$ life4 ,no d\bt !re is "s sub/ance to ^! objections1 b !y conta9 r a modicum ( tru? ?an an inclusive pres5tation ( ! facts relevant to ! case4 ,z to 7a71 ! races ( man are1 aft] all1 m alike ?an unlike1 & ! evid5ce drawn f ! exp]i5ce ( any "o racial /ock or mixture is n to be disreg>d$ z hav+ no significance = ! probable c\rse ( ?+s exp]i5c$ by any o!r racial /ock dur+ a correspond+ int]val 9 its life-hi/ory4 ,yet !re is d\btless a wide & debatable m>g9 ( error to be all[$ = 9 ! use ( all evid5ce ( ?is class4 ,z to 7b71 by virtue ( ! /ability ( racial types ! populations ( exi/+ communities ( ! l[] cultures %\ld be today :at !y 7 at ! outset1 9 respect ( ! mo/ sub/antial factor 9 _! pres5t situation1 _! spiritual 7in/9ctive7 make-up2 & ?is unalt]$ complem5t ( in/9cts %\ld1 "u simil> circum/ances & ) a mod]ate all[ance ( "t1 "w out sub/antially ! same g5]al run ( cultural results :e!r ! result+ phase ( culture 7 rea*$ by approa* f a ne> & untr\bl$ beg9n+ or by regression f a 8high] plane40 ,s t ! exi/+ communities ( savages or l[] b>b>ians %\ld pres5t a passably compet5t object lesson 9 ar*aic savag]y & b>b>ism :e!r _! pa/ has be5 high]1 l[]1 or simply m ( ! same4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 assumes ! /ability ( racial types4 ,b s9ce1 tacitly1 t assumption is habitually made by e?nologi/s1 all t calls = apology or explanation "h is ! av[al ( x4 ,! great] proportion ( e?nological g5]alisations on ?is range ( que/ions w\ld be q impot5t )\t t assumption z _! major premise4 ,:at has n commonly be5 assum$ or admitt$1 except by subconsci\s implication1 is ! necess>y coroll>y t ^! /able types ) :i* e?nologi/s & an?ropologi/s busy !mselves mu/ h aris5 by mutation f previ\sly exi/+ types1 r ?an by a long cont9u$ & div]g5t accumulation ( ins5sible v>iations4 ,a result ( av[+ su* a view ( ! g5esis ( races w be t ! v>i\s races _c be reg>d$ z be+ all ( ! same date & racial maturity1 or ( ! same significance = any discussion be>+ on ! high] cultures4 ,! races engag$ 9 ! ,we/]n culture w presumably be f\nd to be ( relatively late date1 z hav+ aris5 out ( relatively late mutational dep>tures1 z rat$ 9 t]ms ( ! aggregate life-hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,presumably also _m ( ! o!r races w be f\nd to be some:at widely out ( t\* ) ! memb]s ( ?is ,occid5tal aggregation ( racial /ocks2 "s m1 o!rs less remotely relat$ to !m1 accord+ z _! mutational p$igree may be f\nd to indicate4 ,an advantage d]ivable f su* an av[al ( ! /ability ( types1 z aga9/ its cov]t assumption & ov]t disav[al1 is t x enables ! /ud5t to look = ! beg9n+1 9 "t & space1 ( any giv5 racial /ock ) :i* 8 inquiry is conc]n$1 & to h&le x z a unit ?r\gh\t its life-hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 all probability ea* ( ! lead+ racial /ocks ( ,europe began its life-hi/ory on :at w\ld curr5tly be acc\nt$ a l[ level ( savag]y4 ,& yet ?is phase ( savag]y1 :atev] x may h be5 l1 w h be5 remov$ f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( human culture by a long s]ies ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,t su* 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ! ,european blond is sc>cely to be que/ion$2#fh & x is at lea/ highly probable t ! o!r /ocks n[ associat$ ) ! blond1 ?\gh probably old]1 mu/ also h come into be+ relatively late 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! species4 ,vague z ?is dat+ may be1 x signifies t ! initial phase 9 ! life-hi/ory ( at lea/ "o1 & presumably ( all1 ( ! lead+ races ( ,europe falls 9 a savage culture ( a relatively advanc$ k9d z comp>$ ) ! rude/ human beg9n+s4 ,!re=e :5 ^! /ocks began life1 & s 7 requir$ to make good _! survival1 ! selective conditions impos$ on !m1 & to :i* !y 7 requir$ to con=m on pa9 ( ext9ction1 7 ! conditions ( a savage culture :i* _h already made "s appreciable advance 9 ! arts ( life4 ,!y _h n to meet brute nature 9 ! helpless nak$ness ( ^? remote ance/ors 9 :om humanity fir/ began4 ,mutationally speak+1 ! /ock 0 born to ! use ( tools & to ! facile ma/]y ( a relatively advanc$ te*nology4 ,& conv]sely x is a fair inf]5ce t ^! /ocks t h peopl$ ,europe w\ld h be5 unfit to survive if !y _h come into ! _w be=e "s appreciable advance 9 te*nology _h be5 made4 ,t is to say1 ^! /ocks c\ld n by native gift h be5 fit = a wild life1 9 ! unqualifi$ s5se ( ! t]m2 nor h !y ev] liv$ a life ( nature 9 any su* s5se4 ,!y came into ! savage _w aft] ! race _h liv$ ?r\gh _m ?\s& ye>s ( te*nological exp]i5ce & 7presumably7 _m successive mutational alt]ations ( racial type1 & !y 7 fitt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! savage _w into :i* !y came r ?an ^? ( any e>li] phase ( savag]y4 ,! y\nge/ ( !m1 ! late/ mutant1 em]g$ 9 e>ly neoli?ic times1 & s9ce he em95tly made good 8 fitness to survive "u ^? conditions he presumably em]g$ ) su* an end[m5t ( traits1 physical & spiritual1 z ^? conditions call$ =2 & also presumably ) no appreciable burd5 ( aptitudes1 prop5sities1 in/9cts1 capacities t w\ld be diss]viceable1 or p]haps ev5 t w\ld be :olly uns]viceable1 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,& s9ce ! o!r racial elem5ts ( ! ,european population1 at lea/ ! two ma9 ones1 d n diff] at all radically f ! blond 9 _! native capacities1 x is likewise to be presum$ t !y also em]g$ f a mutation "u circum/ances ( culture1 & especially ( te*nology1 n radically diff]5t 9 degree f ^? t fir/ surr\nd$ ! blond4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! ?ree racial /ocks is mu* m evid5t 9 _! physical traits ?an 9 _! in/9ctive gifts or _! intellectual capacity2 & yet ! simil>ity ( ! ?ree is s great & di/9ctive ev5 on ! physical side t an?ropologi/s are incl9$ to class ! ?ree toge!r z all & sev]al di/9ctively typical ( a 8:ite0 or 8caucasic0 race1 to :i* !y are held collectively to belong4 ,some?+ to ! l effect seems to hold true = ! di/9ctive gr\ps ( racial /ocks t h made ! *>act]i/ic civilisations ( ! ,f> ,ea/ on ! "o h& & ( s\!rn ,asia on ! o!r h&2 & some?+ simil> might1 aga91 be said = ! gr\p ( /ocks t 7 conc]n$ 9 ! anci5t civilisations ( ,am]ica4 ,x may be p]t95t to add t1 except = a long antec$5t gr[? ( te*nology1 t is to say a long cont9u$ cumulative exp]i5ce 9 workman%ip1 ) ! resultant accumulat$ k ( ! ways & means ( life1 none ( ! *>act]i/ic races ( ,europe c\ld h surviv$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^! antec$5t te*nological ga9s1 toge!r ) ! associat$ gr[? ( in/itutions1 su* mutants1 ) _! *>act]i/ic gifts & limitations1 mu/ h p]i%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on t level ( savag]y on :i* ^! ,european /ocks began1 & to :i* ! sev]al ,european racial types ) _! typical end[m5t ( in/9cts are presumably adapt$1 m5 appe> to h liv$ a fairly peaceable1 ?\gh by no means an indol5t life2 9 relatively small gr\ps or communities2 )\t any ( ! m useful dome/ic animals1 ?\gh probably ) "s dome/ic plants2 & busi$ ) gett+ _! liv+ by daily "w4 ,s9ce !y surviv$ "u ! conditions (f]$ !m x is to be presum$ t ^! m5 & wom51 say ( ! e>ly neoli?ic "t1 took in/9ctively & k9dly to ^? activities & mutual relations t w\ld fur!r ! life ( ! gr\p2 & t1 on ! :ole1 !y took less k9dly & in/9ctively to su* activities z w\ld br+ damage & discom=t on _! neighb\rs & !mselves4#fi ,any racial type ( :i* ?is _h n be5 true1 "u ! conditions kn[n !n to h prevail$ 9 _! habitat1 mu/ h pres5tly disappe>$ f ! face ( ! l&1 & ! lat] advance ( ! ,we/]n culture w\ld n h kn[n _! bre$4 ,"s o!r racial type1 temp]am5tally s con/itut$ z bett] to meet ^! requirem5ts ( survival "u neoli?ic conditions1 w\ld h tak5 _! place & w\ld h left _! own (fspr+ to populate ! region4#gj ,:at is kn[n ( ! conditions ( life 9 e>ly neoli?ic times#ga indicates t ! fir/ requisite ( competitive survival 0 a m or less close att5tion to ! bus9ess 9 h&1 ! provid+ ( subsi/5ce = ! gr\p & ! re>+ ( (fspr+--a clos] att5tion1 = in/ance1 ?an 0 giv5 to ?is bus9ess by ^? o!r rival /ocks :om ! successful ones displac$2 all ( :i* ?r[s into ! =egr\nd z indisp5sable native traits ( ! successful race ! p>5tal b5t & ! s5se ( workman%ip1 r ?an ^? in/9ctive traits t make = di/urbance ( ! peace4#gb ,b ?r\gh x all ! sugge/ion ins9uates itself t ! late/1 or y\nge/1 ( ! ?ree ma9 ,european /ocks1 ! blond1 has m r ?an less ( ! pugnaci\s & pr$atory temp] ?an ! o!r two1 & t ?is /ock made its way to ! front 9 spite (1 if n by =ce ( ^! traits4 ,! advantage ( ! blond z a fight] seems to h be5 due 9 "p to an adv5tur\s & pugnaci\s temp]1 b also 9 "p to a sup]ior physique1--sup]ior = ! purpose ( fight+ h& to h& or ) ! implem5ts *iefly us$ 9 w>f>e & piracy d[n to a date )9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! same physical traits ( mass1 /ature & katabolism w likewise h be5 ( great advantage 9 ! que/ ( a livelihood "u ! conditions t prevail$ 9 ! ,nor?-sea region1 ! habitat ( ! doli*o-blond1 9 ! /one age4 ,some?+ to ! same effect is true ( ! spiritual traits :i* are said to *>act]ise ! blond1--a c]ta9 canny tem]ity & unre/4#gc ,s t ! po9t is left some:at 9 d\bt2 ! traits :i* pres5tly made ! nor!rn blond ! mo/ =midable di/urb] ( ! peace ( ,europe & kept him s = _m c5turies may at ! outset h be5 *iefly conducive to ! survival ( ! type by _! s]viceability = indu/rial purposes "u ! peculi> circum/ances ( climate & topography 9 :i* ! race fir/ came up & made good its survival4 ,9 mod]n speculations on ! orig9s ( culture & ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d x has until rec5tly be5 usual to assume1 uncritically1 t human communities h f ! outset ( ! race be5 entangl$ 9 an inextricable web ( mutual ho/ilities & beset ) an all-p]vad+ s5tim5t ( fe>2 t ! 8/ate ( nature0 0 a /ate ( blood & w\nds1 express+ itself 9 univ]sal malevol5ce & suspicion4 ,latt]ly1 /ud5ts ( primitive culture1 & m especially ^? engag$ at fir/ h& 9 field "w1 :o come 9 contact ) peoples ( ! l[] culture1 h be5 com+ to realise t ! facts d n greatly support su* a presumption1 & t a community :i* has to make its own liv+ by ! help ( a rudim5t>y te*nological equipm5t c n af=d to be habitually occupi$ ) annoy+ its neighb\rs1 p>ticul>ly s long z its neighb\rs h n accumulat$ a /ore ( portable weal? :i* w make raid+ wor? :ile4 ,no d\bt1 _m savage & b>b>ian peoples live 9 a /ate ( conv5tional feud or habitual1 ev5 if int]mitt5t1 w> & pr$ation1 )\t sub/antial inducem5t 9 ! way ( booty4 ,b su* communities commonly are ei!r s plac$ t an easy livelihood af=ds !m a mat]ial basis = foll[+ aft] ^! high] ?+s out ( m]e fancy2#gd or !y are peoples liv+ prec>i\sly h&-to-m\? & fight+ = _! lives1 9 great "p f a fanci$ impossibility ( com+ to t]ms ) _! ali5 & unnaturally cruel neighb\rs4#ge ,communities ( ! latt] class are (t5 liv+ 9 a /ate ( squalor & discom=t1 ) a population f> %ort ( :at _! environm5t w\ld be/ support ev5 ) _! ineffici5t indu/rial organisation & equipm5t1 & _! te*nology is usually ill-suit$ to a settl$ life & unpromis+ = any possible advance to a high] culture4 ,!re is no urg5t reason = assum+ t ! races :i* h made _! way to a great] te*nological effici5cy1 ) settl$ life & a l>ge population1 mu/ h come up f ?is p>ticul> phase ( civilisation z _! />t+ po9t1 or t su* a culture %\ld h be5 fav\rable to ! survival & increase ( ! lead+ racial /ocks ( ,europe1 s9ce x does n appe> to be especially fav\rable to ! success ( ! communities kn[n to be n[ liv+ aft] t fa%ion4#gf ,! preconception t e>ly culture mu/ h be5 w>like has n yet disappe>$ ev5 among /ud5ts ( ^! ph5om5a1 ?\gh x is los+ _! respect2 b a d]ivative ( x /ill has mu* curr5cy1 to ! effect t all savage peoples1 z also ! peoples ( ! l[] b>b>ism1 live 9 a /ate ( univ]sal & unremitt+ fe>1 p>ticul>ly fe> ( ! unkn[n4 ,?is *ronic fe> is presum$ to %[ itself *iefly 9 religion & o!r sup]/iti\s practices1 :]e x is held to expla9 _m ?+s t are o!rwise obscure4 ,!re is n a little evid5ce f extant savage communities look+ 9 ?is direction1 & m f ! l[] b>b>ian cultures t are *>act]i/ically w>like4#gg ,:]ev] ?is animus is f\nd its effect is to wa/e ef=t & div]t x to religi\s & magical practices & s to h9d] ! free unfold+ ( workman%ip by enjo9+ a cumb]some r\t9e ( ritual & by w>n+ ! te*nologi/ (f =bidd5 gr\nd4 ,b x is d\btless a ha/y g5]alisation to c>ry all ?is ov] uncritically & make x apply to all peoples ( ! l[] culture1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,x is kn[n n to be true ( _m exi/+ communities1#gh & ! evid5ce ( x 9 "s anci5t cultures is v dubi\s4 ,su* a *>act]isation ( ! neoli?ic culture ( ,europe1 :e!r nor?-,european or gean1 f9ds no appreciable support 9 ! ar*ological evid5ce4 ,^! two regions are ! mo/ significant = ! neoli?ic p]iod 9 ,europe1 & ! mat]ial f bo? is relatively v poor 9 weapons1 z contra/$ ) tools1 on ! "o h&1 & !re is at ! same "t little or no?+ to indicate ! preval5ce ( sup]/iti\s practices bas$ on fe>4 ,inde$1 ! mat]ial is surpris+ly poor 9 elem5ts ( any k9d t c safely be set d[n to ! acc\nt ( religion or magic1 :e!r z inspir$ by fe> or by m g5ial s5tim5ts4 ,x is "o ( ! puzzles t beset any /ud5t :o insi/s on f9d+ ev]y:]e a c]ta9 normal c\rse ( cultural sequ5ce1 :i* %\ld 9 ! e>ly times include1 among o!r ?+s1 a fe>some religion1 a wide fabric ( magical practices1 & an irrepressible crav+ = manslaught]4 ,& :51 pres5tly1 some?+ ( a symbolism & app>atus ( sup]/ition comes into view1 9 ! late neoli?ic & bronze ages1 ! common run ( x is by no means sugge/ive ( sup]/iti\s fe> & religi\s atrocities4 ,! mo/ common & *>act]i/ic objects ( ?is class are c]ta9 figur9es & c]ta9 symbolical elem5ts sugge/ive ( fecundity1 su* z might be look$ = 9 a peaceable1 s$5t>y1 agricultural culture on a small scale4#gi ,a culture virtually )\t weapons1 ^: gods are mo!rs & ^: religi\s obs]vances are a ritual ( fecundity1 c sc>cely be a culture ( dread & ( d]r+-d4 ,) ! fight+ b>b>ians1 on ! o!r h&1 male deities commonly take ! fir/ rank1 & _! ritual symbolises ! ma/]y ( ! god & ! s]vitude ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t bo? ( weapons & ( cult objects f> ! great] numb] t 7 once 9 use w h disappe>$1 s9ce mo/ ( ! implem5ts & ut5sils ( /one-age cultures are1 notori\sly1 made ( wood or simil> p]i%able mat]ials4#hj ,s t ! f9ds give no complete s]ies ( ! appliances 9 use 9 _! "t2 :ole s]ies ( objects t 7 ( fir/-rate importance 9 t culture hav+ probably disappe>$ )\t leav+ a trace4 ,b :at is true 9 ?is respect ( weapons & cult objects %\ld be equally true ( tools1 or ne>ly s4 ,s t ! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! available mat]ial w\ld be t ! e>ly neoli?ic culture ( nor? ,europe1 ! gean1 & o!r explor$ localities presum$ to belong 9 ! same racial & cultural complex1 mu/ h be5 ( a prevail+ly peaceable complexion4 ,) ! advance 9 te*nology & 9 ! elaboration & abundance ( objects t comes into sight progressively ?r\gh ! lat] neoli?ic p]iod1 d[n to its close1 ?is disproportion betwe5 tools & weapons 7& cult objects7 gr[s m impressive & m surpris+4 ,hi!rto ?is disproportion has be5 m 9 evid5ce 9 ! ,sc&9avian f9ds ?an 9 ! o!r relat$ fields ( /one-age culture1 unless an exception %\ld be made 9 fav\r ( ! late neoli?ic sites explor$ at ,anau4#ha ,b ?is ar*ological outcome1 sett+ (f ! ,baltic /one age z peculi>ly scant ( weapons & peculi>ly ri* 9 tools1 may be provisional only1 & may be due to ! m exhau/ive exploration ( ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries & ! uncommonly abundant mat]ial f t region4 ,9 ! lat] 7ma9ly ,sc&9avian7 neoli?ic mat]ial1 :]e ! weapons are to be c\nt$ by doz5s ! tools are to be c\nt$ by hundr$s1 accord+ to a s*eme ( classification 9 :i* ev]y?+ t c be con/ru$ z a weapon is s class$1 & !re are _m m hundr$s ( ! "o class ?an !re are doz5s ( ! o!r4#hb ,z ne> z c be made out1 cult objects are simil>ly infrequ5t among ^! mat]ials ev5 aft] "s appreciable "w 9 pott]y comes 9 evid5ce4 ,:at has j be5 said is aft] all ( a negative "*4 ,x says t no?+ l a w>like1 pr$atory1 or fe>some orig9 c be prov5 f ! ar*ological mat]ial = ! neoli?ic culture ( ^? racial /ocks t h c\nt$ = mo/ 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ,europe4 ,! presumption rais$ by ?is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is fairly /rong4 ,& consid]ations ( ! mat]ial circum/ances 9 :i* ?is e>ly culture 0 plac$1 z well z ( ! spiritual traits *>act]i/ically requir$ by ^! circum/ances & %[n by ! races 9 "q1 po9t to a simil> conclusion4 ,! proclivity to unreason+ fe> t is visible 9 ! sup]/iti\s practices ( s _m savage communities & c\nts = s mu* 9 ! r\t9e ( _! daily life1#hc is to all appe>ance n s consid]able an elem5t 9 ! make-up ( ! *ief ,european /ocks4 ,p]haps x ent]s 9 a less degree 9 ! spiritual nature ( ! ,european blond ?an 9 t ( any o!r race2 t race--or its hybrid (fspr+--has at any rate prov$ less am5able to religi\s control ?an any o!r1 & has also %[n less hesitation 9 ! face ( unkn[n cont+5cies4 ,& ! circum/ances ( ! presum$ initial phase ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is race w\ld appe> n to h fav\r$ a spiritual 7in/9ctive7 type l>gely biass$ by an al]t & p[]ful s5tim5t ( unreason+ fe>4 ,s also an aggressive humanit>ian s5tim5t is z well at home 9 ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! nor?-,european peoples z 9 any o!r1 su* z sorts ill ) a native pr$atory animus4 ,if x be assum$1 z seems probable1 t ! situation :i* selectively te/$ ! fitness ( ?is /ock to survive 0 t ( ! e>ly po/-glacial "t1 :5 its habitat 9 ,europe 0 sl[ly be+ cle>$ ( ! ice-%eet1 x w\ld appe> antec$5tly probable t ! new 7mutant7 type1 :i* made good its survival 9 foll[+ up ! retreat+ fr+e ( ! ice-%eet & populat+ ! l& s made available1 w n h be5 a p peculi>ly giv5 to fe> or to pr$ation4 ,a great facility ( ?is k9d1 ) its concomitants ( caution1 cons]vatism1 suspicion & cruelty1 w\ld n be s]viceable = a race s plac$4#hd 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev5 if x 7 a possible und]tak+ x w\ld n be mu* to ! pres5t purpose to trace out 9 detail ! _m sl[ & fumbl+ moves by :i* any giv5 race or p1 9 ,europe or else:]e1 h work$ out ! te*nological p>ticul>s t h l$ f ! beg9n+s d[n ?r\gh ! primitive & lat] gr[? ( culture4 ,su* a "w belongs to ! e?nologi/s & ar*ologi/s2 & x is summ$ up 9 ! proposition t m5 h appli$ common s5se1 m or less hesitat+ly & ) m or less refractory limitations1 to ! facts ) :i* !y h _h to deal2 t !y h accumulat$ a k ( te*nological exp$i5ts & processes f g5]ation to g5]ation1 always go+ on :at _h already be5 a*iev$ 9 ways & means1 & gradually disc>d+ or los+ su* elem5ts ( ! gr[+ te*nological s*eme z seem$ no long] to be wor? :ile1#he & c>ry+ along a good _m elem5ts t 7 ( no mat]ial effect b 7 impos$ by ! logic ( ! s*eme or ( its und]ly+ pr9ciples 7habits ( ?\ght74 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! e>ly te*nological developm5t 9 ,europe1 s f> z x is g5etically connect$ ) ! lat] ,we/]n civilisation1 ! culture ( ! ,baltic region af=ds z good & illu/rative an object lesson z may be _h2 its c\rse is relatively well kn[n1 simple & unbrok54 ,paloli?ic times d n c\nt 9 ?is developm5t1 z ! neoli?ic culture beg9s ) a new break 9 ,europe4 ,x is kn[n1 !n1 t by e>ly neoli?ic times on ! n>r[ ,sc&9avian wat]s m5 _h le>n$ to make & use c]ta9 rude /one & bone implem5ts f\nd 9 ! kit*5-midd5s 7refuse heaps1 %ell-m\nds ( ,d5m>k71 t !y _h ways & appliances 7! nature ( :i* is n kn[n7 = collect+ c]ta9 %ellfi% & = cat*+ su* game & fi% z _! habitat af=d$1 & t !y pres5tly1 if n f ! outset1 _h acquir$ ! use ( c]ta9 crop plants & _h le>n$ to make pott]y ( a crude k9d4 ,f ?is z a po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! p]iod ( ! kit*5-midd5s ! /one implem5ts 7 pres5tly improv$ & multipli$1 ! me?ods ( work+ ! mat]ial 7fl9t7 & ( us+ ! products ( ! fl9t indu/ry 7 gradually improv$ & ext5d$1 until 9 ! long c\rse ( "t ! utmo/ t has any:]e be5 a*iev$ 9 t class ( indu/ry 0 rea*$4 ,dome/ic animals began to be add$ to ! equipm5t relatively e>ly1#hf ?\gh at a long int]val f ! neoli?ic beg9n+s z c\nt$ 9 absolute "t4 ,improvem5t & ext5sion 9 all l9es ( /one-work+ & wood-work+ indu/ry w5t =w>d3 except t /one-dress+ & masonry are typically abs5t1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! ext5sive use ( woodwork in/ead4#hg ,along ) ?is advance 9 ! me*anic arts goes a gr[+ d5sity ( population & a wide ext5sion ( tillage2 until1 at ! com+ ( bronze1 ! evid5ce %[s t ^! communities 7 popul\s1 prosp]\s1 & highly skill$ 9 ^? indu/rial arts t lay )9 _! te*nological range4 ,ap>t f ! pott]y1 :i* may h "s m]it z an art product1 !re is v little left to %[ :at may h be5 _! pr(ici5cy 9 ! decorative arts1 or :at 0 _! social organisation or _! religi\s life4 ,! evid5ces ( w>like ent]prise & religi\s practices are surpris+ly scanty1 be+ *iefly ! d\btful evid5ce ( _m & some:at elaborate tombs4 ,f ! tombs 7m\nds & b>r[s7 & _! di/ribution some?+ may be inf]r$ z to ! social organisation2 & ! evid5ce on ?is head seems to indicate a widespread agricultural population1 liv+ 7probably7 9 small communities1 )\t mu* c5tralis$ or au?oritative control1 b ) "s appreciable class diff]5ces 9 ! di/ribution ( weal? 9 ! lat] phases ( ! p]iod4 ,) int]ruptions1 m or less s]i\s1 f "t to "t1 & ) increas+ evid5ce ( a p5*ant = w>like or pr$atory ent]prise on ! "o h& & ( class di/9ctions on ! o!r h&1 mu* ! same /ory runs on ?r\gh ! ages ( bronze & e>ly iron4 ,evid5ces ( borr[+ f outside1 ma9ly ! borr[+ ( decorative te*nique & te*nological elem5ts1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ?is developm5t f v e>ly times1 %[+ t !re 0 always "s int]c\rse1 p]haps con/ant int]c\rse1 ) o!r peoples m or less di/ant4 ,s t 9 "t1 by ! beg9n+ ( ! bronze age1 !re is evid5ce ( settl$ trade relations ) peoples z remote z ! ,m$it]ranean seabo>d4 ,9 _m ( its details ?is prehi/oric culture %[s some?+ ( ! same facility 9 ! use ( me*anical exp$i5ts z has come s notably =w>d aga9 9 ! late developm5t ( ! indu/rial arts ( we/]n ,europe4 ,x is 9 its me*anical effici5cy t ! te*nology ( ! latt]day ,we/]n culture /&s out prem95t1 & x is simil>ly its easy comm& ( ! me*anical factors ) :i* x deals t *iefly di/+ui%es ! prehi/oric te*nology ( ,nor? ,europe4 ,9 o!r respects ! prehi/oric mat]ial f ?is region does n argue a high level ( civilisation4 ,!re are no ornate or /up5d\s /ructures2 :at !re is ( ! k9d is m\nds & b>r[s ( mod]ately great size & us+ only undress$ /one :]e any is us$1 b mak+ a me*anically effective use ( ?is4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no?+ f ! /one age 9 ! way ( edifices1 fabrics or decorative "w t is to be class$1 9 po9t ( excell5ce 9 design or execution1 ) ! poli%$-fl9t woodwork+ axe or *isel ( t "t4 ,f ! bronze age at its be/ !re is mu* excell5t bronze "w ( great m]it bo? 9 workman%ip & 9 decorative effect2 b ! arti/ic m]it ( ?is "w 7f ! middle & e>ly half ( ! bronze age7 lies almo/ :olly 9 its workmanlike execution & 9 ! fre$om & adequacy ) :i* v simple me*anical elem5ts ( decoration are employ$4 ,x is an art :i* appeals to ! s5se ( beauty *iefly ?r\gh ! s5se ( workman%ip1 %[n bo? 9 ! *oice ( mat]ials & decorative elem5ts & 9 ! use made ( !m4 ,:5 ?is art aspires to m ambiti\s decorative effects or to repres5tation ( life =ms1 or inde$ to any repres5tation t has n be5 conv5tionalis$ almo/ pa/ recognition1 z x does 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ! bronze age1 ! result is t x c be comm5d$ = its workman%ip alone1 & s f> z reg>ds arti/ic effect x is ma9ly missp5t workman%ip4#hh ,! same workmanlike insight & facility comes 9 evid5ce 9 ! matt] ( borr[+1 already spok5 (4 ,borr[+ goes on ?r\gh\t ?is prehi/oric culture1 & ! borr[$ elem5ts are assimilat$ ) su* despat* & effect z to make !m seem home-br$ almo/ f ! />t4 ,x is a borr[+ ( te*nological elem5ts1 :i* are r>ely employ$ except 9 full & compet5t adaptation to ! uses to :i* !y are turn$2 s mu* s t ! ar*ologi/s f9d x exceptionally difficult to trace ! borr[$ elem5ts to specific s\rces1 9 spite ( ! great volume & frequ5cy ( ?is borr[+4 ,!re is a fur!r & obscur] aspect to ?is facile borr[+4 ,9 ! cultures :]e ! te*nological & decorative elem5ts are fir/ inv5t$1 or acquir$ at fir/-h& by sl[ habituation1 !re w 9 ! nature ( ! case come 9 ) !m into ! s*eme ( te*nology or ( art m or less1 b presumably a good deal1 ( extrane\s or extr9sic by-products ( _! acquirem5t1 9 ! way ( magical or symbolic efficacy imput$ & adh]+ to !m 9 ! habits ( ?\ght ( _! mak]s & us]s4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d has already be5 set out 9 "s detail z reg>ds ! dome/ication & e>ly use ( ! crop plants & animals2 & ! l is curr5tly held to be true1 p]haps 9 a high] degree1 = ! beg9n+s ( art1 bo? repres5tative & decorative1 by ! latt]day /ud5ts ( t subject2 ! beg9n+s ( art be+ held to h be5 magical & symbolic 9 ! ma91 s f> z reg>ds ! prime motives to its inception & its initial pr9ciples4#hi ,9 ! orig9ation & indig5\s work+-out ( any giv5 te*nological factor1 e4 g41 su* z ! use ( ! crop plants or ! dome/ic animals1 elem5ts ( imput$ an?ropomorphism are likely to be compris$ 9 ! habitual appreh5sion ( ! nature ( ^! factors1 & s f9d lodgm5t 9 ! te*nological r\t9e t has to d ) !m2 ! result be+1 *iefly1 a limitation on _! uses & on ! ways & means by :i* !y are utilis$1 toge!r ) a m>g9 ( lo/ motion 9 ! way ( magical & religi\s obs]vances presum$ to be intr9sic to ! due work+ ( su* factors4 ,! ritual connect$ ) tillage & cattle-bre$+ %[s ?is magical side ( a home-br$ te*nology p]haps z felicit\sly z any?+2 b simil> ph5om5a are by no means infrequ5t 9 ! me*anic arts1 & 9 ! f9e arts ^! pr9ciples ( symbolism & ! l are commonly pres5t 9 su* =ce z to af=d gr\nd = di/+ui%+ "o s*ool or epo* ( art f ano!r4 ,n[1 :5 any giv5 te*nological or decorative elem5t crosses ! fronti] betwe5 "o culture & ano!r1 9 ! c\rse ( borr[+1 x is likely to happ5 t x w come into ! new culture /ripp$ ( mo/ or all ( its an?ropomorphic or spiritual virtues & limitations1 m p>ticul>ly1 ( c\rse1 if ! cultural fronti] 9 "q is at ! same "t a l+ui/ic fronti]2 s9ce ! borr[+ is likely to be made f motives ( workmanlike exp$i5cy1 & ! putative spiritual attributes ( ! facts involv$ are n obvi\s to m5 :o h n be5 tra9$ to impute !m4 ,! *ief exception to su* a rule w\ld be any borr[+ t takes effect on religi\s gr\nds1 9 :i* case1 ( c\rse1 ! magical or symbolic efficacy ( ! borr[$ elem5ts are ! sub/ance t is s\ght 9 ! borr[+4 ,h]e91 presumably1 lies mu* ( ! di/9ctive "* ( ! nor?-,european prehi/oric culture1 :i* 0 9 an em95t degree built up out ( borr[$ elem5ts1 s f> z conc]ns bo? its te*nology & its art4 ,& to ?is free & volum9\s borr[+ may likewise be due ! app>5t pov]ty ( ?is e>ly culture 9 religi\s or magical elem5ts4 ,a fur!r effect foll[s4 ,! borr[+ be+ 7relatively7 un5cumb]$ ) ritual re/rictions & magical exactions atta*$ to _! employm5t1 !y w\ld fall into ! s*eme ( ?+s z m]e matt]-(-fact1 to be h&l$ ) ! same fre$om & unh9d]$ sagacity ) :i* a workman makes use ( 8 own h&s1 & c\ld1 )\t res]vation1 be turn$ to any use = :i* !y 7 me*anically suit$4 ,some?+ ( symbolism & sup]/ition might1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ ov] 9 ! borr[+1 & some?+ m w\ld unavoidably be br$ into ! borr[$ elem5ts 9 ! c\rse ( _! use2 b ! free />t w\ld always c\nt = some?+ 9 ! outcome1 bo? z reg>ds ! rate ( progress made 9 ! exploitation ( ! exp$i5ts acquir$ by borr[+ & 9 ! "* ( ! te*nological sy/em at l>ge into :i* !y _h be5 introduc$4 ,bo? ! relative fre$om f magical re/ra9t & ! gr[? ( home-made an?ropomorphic imputations may easily be detect$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is nor!rn culture & 9 its outcome 9 mod]n times4 ,cattle1 = in/ance1 are a borr[$ te*nological fact 9 ! ,baltic & ,nor?-,sea region1 b sup]/iti\s practices seem nev] to h atta*$ to cattle-bre$+ 9 t region 9 su* volume & rigor\s exaction z may be f\nd ne>] ! orig9al home ( ! dome/icat$ species2 & yet ! volume ( folk-lore1 mo/ly ( a g5ial & relatively unob/ructive "*1 t has 9 lat] times gr[n up ab\t ! c>e ( cattle 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries is by no means inconsid]able4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,te*nology ,,( ,,! ,,pr$atory ,,culture ,! s*eme ( te*nological insight & pr(ici5cy curr5t 9 any giv5 culture is manife/ly a product ( gr\p life & is held z a common /ock1 & z manife/ly ! individual workman is helpless )\t access to x4 ,x is none too broad to say t he is a workman only because & s f> z he effectually %>es 9 ?is common /ock ( te*nological equipm5t4 ,he may be gift$ 9 a special degree ) workmanlike aptitudes1 may by nature be /\t or dextr\s or ke5-sight$ or quick-witt$ or sagaci\s or indu/ri\s beyond 8 fell[s2 b ) all ^! gifts1 s long z he has assimilat$ none ( ?is common /ock ( workmanlike k he rema9s simply an admirable p>cel ( human raw mat]ial2 he is ( no effect 9 indu/ry4 ,) su* special gifts or ) special tra9+ bas$ on ?is common /ock an individual may /& out among 8 fell[s z a workman ( exceptional m]it & value1 & )\t ! common run ( workmanlike aptitudes he may come to no?+ wor? :ile z a workman ev5 ) ! l>ge/ opportunities & mo/ s$ul\s tra9+4 ,x is ! two toge!r t make ! work+ =ce ( ! community2 & 9 bo? respects1 bo? 9 8 inh]it$ & 9 8 acquir$ traits1 ! individual is a product ( gr\p life4 ,us+ ! t]m 9 a suffici5tly free s5se1 p$igree is no less & no m requisite to ! workman's effectual equipm5t ?an ! common /ock ( te*nological ma/]y :i* ! community (f]s him4 ,b 8 p$igree is a gr\p p$igree1 j z 8 te*nology is a gr\p te*nology4 ,z is sometimes said to ! same effect1 ! individual is a creature ( h]$ity & circum/ances4 ,& h]$ity is always gr\p h]$ity1#ij p]haps peculi>ly s 9 ! human species4 ,! prompt+s ( invidi\s self-respect commonly lead m5 to evade or d5y some?+ ( ! bread? ( _! inh]itance 9 respect ( human nature4 8,i am n z ! publican yond]10 :e!r ,i h ! grace to ?ank ,god = ?is invidi\s di/9ction or m simply *>ge x to ! acc\nt ( my reputable ance/ors 9 ! male l9e4 ,) a *ange ( v5ue by :i* ! cause is tak5 out ( ! jurisdiction ( int]e/$ p>ties1 its complexion *anges4 ,s evid5t is ! fact ( gr\p h]$ity 9 ! l[] animals1 = in/ance1 t biologi/s h no incl9ation to d5y its p]vad+ =ce1 ap>t f any conceivably p>!nog5etic l9es ( desc5t1--&1 to ! inconv5i5ce ( ! eug5ic ph>isee1 p>!nog5etic desc5t nev] runs 9 ! male l9e1 besides be+ ( extremely r>e occurr5ce 9 ! human species4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse ! ,d>w9ian biologi/s h ! habit ( appeal+ to gr\p h]$ity z ! ma9 factor 9 ! /ability ( species1 & !y are v curi\s ab\t ! special circum/ances ( any giv5 case 9 :i* x may appe> n to be fully op]ative3 & !y h1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 look$ hopefully to =tuit\s isolation ( p>ticul> l9es ( desc5t z a possible factor 9 ! diff]5tiation & fixation ( specific types1 be+ at a loss to acc\nt = su* diff]5tiation or fixation s long z no insup]able me*anical ob/acle /&s 9 ! way ( p]si/5t cross+4 ,! l =ce ( gr\p h]$ity is visible 9 ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( race4 ,! h]$ity ( any giv5 race ( mank9d is always suffici5tly homog5e\s to all[ all its individuals to be class$ "u ! race4 ,& :5 an individual comes to light 9 a fairly pure-br$ community :o %[s physical traits t v>y obvi\sly f ! common racial type ( ! community1 ! "q :i* sugge/s itself to ! an?ropologi/s is n1 ,h[ does ?is individual diff] f o!rs ( ! same bre$8 b1 ,:at is ! ali5 /ra91 & h[ has x come 98 ,& :at is true ( ! physical *>act]s ( ! race 9 ?is respect is only less obvi\sly true ( its spiritual traits4 ,9 a culture :]e all individuals are hybrids1 9 po9t ( p$igree1 z is ! case ) all ! lead+ peoples ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! ways ( ?is gr\p h]$ity are p>ticul>ly devi\s1 & ! =tunes ( ! individual 9 ?is respect are 9 a peculi> degree expos$ to ! caprice ( ,m5delian cont+5cies2 s t 8 make-up1 physical & spiritual1 is1 humanly speak+1 9 ! ma9 a *apt] ( accid5ts4 ,:]e ea* individual draws = 8 h]$it>y traits on a wide ance/ry ( un/able hybrids1 z all civilis$ m5 d1 8 *ances are always ^? ( ! common lot1 ) "s slight antec$5t probability ( 8 resembl+ ! ne>] ones among 8 v>iegat$ ance/ry4 ,b he has also & ev]y:]e 9 ?is hybrid panmixis an excell5t *ance ( be+ allott$ some?+ m acc5tuat$1 = good or ill1 9 ! way ( h]$it>y traits ?an any?+ %[n by 8 v>i$ assortm5t ( ance/ors4 ,x commonly happ5s 9 su* a hybrid community t 9 ! new cross+ ( hybrids t takes place at e m>riage1 "s new idiosyncracy1 slight or consid]able1 comes to light 9 ! (fspr+1 beyond any?+ visible 9 ! p>5ts or ! remot] p$igree2 = 9 ! cross+ ( :at may be call$ multiple-hybrid p>5ts1 complem5t>y *>act]s t may h be5 dormant or recessive 9 ! p>5ts w come 9 f bo? sides1 comb9e1 re-en=ce "o ano!r1 & cumulatively give an unlook$-= result4 ,s t 9 a hybrid community ! =tunes ( all individuals are some:at prec>i\s 9 respect ( h]$ity4 ,su* are ! conditions :i* h prevail$ among ! peoples ( ,europe s9ce ! fir/ beg9n+s ( t culture t has l$ up to ! ,we/]n civilisation z kn[n to hi/ory4 ,9 ^! circum/ances any individual1 !re=e1 owes to ! gr\p n only 8 %>e ( t c]ta9 typical complem5t ( traits t *>act]ise ! common run1 b usually some?+ m ?an is com+ to him 9 ! way ( individual qualities & infirmities if he is 9 any way di/+ui%able f ! common run1 z well z a bl9d *ance ( transmitt+ almo/ any traits t he is n possess$ (4#ia ,9 ! l[] cultures1 :]e ! division ( lab\r is slight & ! div]sity ( occupations is ma9ly su* z m>ks ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ! common /ock ( te*nological k & pr(ici5cy is n s ext5sive or s recondite b t ! common man may compass x 9 "s fa%ion1 & 9 its ess5tials x is accessible to all memb]s ( ! community by common notoriety1 & ! tra9+ requir$ by ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts comes to ev]yone z a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! r\t9e ( daily life4 ,! necess>y mat]ial equipm5t ( tools & appliances is slight & ! acquisition ( x is a simple matt] t also arranges itself z an incid5t 9 ! r\t9e ( daily life4 ,giv5 ! common run ( aptitude = ! indu/rial pursuits incumb5t on ! memb]s ( su* a community1 ! mat]ial equipm5t ne$ful to f9d a livelihood or to put =? ! ord9>y productive ef=t & turn out ! ord9>y indu/rial output c be compass$ )\t /ra9 by any individual 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w z he goes along4 ,! mat]ial equipm5t1 ! tools1 implem5ts1 contrivances necess>y & conducive to productive indu/ry1 is incid5tal to ! day's "w2 9 mu* ! same way b 9 a m unqualifi$ degree ?an ! l is true z to ! te*nological k & skill requir$ to make use ( ?is equipm5t4#ib ,z det]m9$ by ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts 9 su* a culture1 ! memb]s ( ! community co-op]ate 9 mu* ( _! "w1 to ! common ga9 & to no "o's detrim5t1 s9ce !re is sub/antially no individual1 or private1 ga9 to be s\ght4 ,!re is sub/antially no b>t]+ or hir+1 ?\gh !re is a recognis$ obligation 9 all memb]s to l5d a h&2 & !re is ( c\rse no price1 z !re is no prop]ty & no own]%ip1 = ! suffici5t reason t ! habits ( life "u ^! circum/ances d n provoke su* a habit ( ?\ght4 ,d\btless1 x is a matt] ( c\rse t articles ( use & adornm5t p]ta9 to _! mak]s or us]s 9 an intimate & p]sonal way2 :i* w come to be con/ru$ into own]%ip :5 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! community an occasion = su* a concept z own]%ip arises & p]si/s 9 suffici5t =ce to %ape ! curr5t habits ( ?\ght to t effect4 ,!re is also m or less ( reciprocal s]vice & assi/ance1 ) a suffici5t s5se ( mutuality to e/abli% a cu/om>y s*eme ( claims & obligations 9 t respect4 ,s also x is true t su* a community holds c]ta9 l&s & cu/om>y usufructs & t any trespass on ^! cu/om>y hold+s is res5t$4 ,b x w\ld be a vici\s misappreh5sion to read ideas & rights ( own]%ip into ^! practices1 al?\gh :]e civilis$ m5 h come to deal ) in/ances ( ! k9d !y h commonly be5 unable to put any o!r con/ruction on ! cu/oms gov]n+ ! case2 = ! reason t civilis$ m5's relations ) ^! peoples ( ! l[] culture h be5 ( a pecuni>y k9d & = a pecuni>y purpose1 & !y h br\ght no o!r ?an pecuni>y conceptions f home4#ic ,!re be+ little 9 h& wor? own+ & little purpose to be s]v$ by its own]%ip1 ! habits ( ?\ght :i* g to make ! in/itution ( own]%ip & prop]ty rights h n tak5 %ape4 ,! slight facts :i* w\ld l5d !mselves to own]%ip are n ( suffici5t magnitude or urg5cy to call ! in/itution into effect & are bett] h&l$ "u cu/oms :i* d n yet take cognisance ( prop]ty rights4 ,naturally1 9 su* a cultural situation !re is no appreciable accumulation ( weal? & no inducem5t to x2 ! ne>e/ approa* be+ an accumulation ( tr9kets & p]sonal belong+s1 among :i* %\ld1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 be includ$ c]ta9 weapons & p]haps tools4#id ,^! ?+s belong to _! own] or be>] 9 mu* ! same s5se z 8 "n1 :i* 0 n held on t5ure ( own]%ip or z a pecuni>y asset be=e ! use ( trade-m>ks & m]*antable good-w4 ,! workman--m typically p]haps ! workwoman--9 su* a culture1 z inde$ 9 any o!r1 is a 8productive ag5t0 9 ! mann] & degree det]m9$ by ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,:at is obvi\s 9 ?is respect "h holds only less visibly = any o!r1 m complicat$ & te*nologically full-*>g$ cultural situation1 su* z has come on ) ! gr[? ( population & weal? among ! m advanc$ peoples4 ,he or %e1 or r !y--= !re is sub/antially no indu/ry c>ri$ on 9 /rict sev]alty 9 ^! communities--are productive factors or indu/rial ag5ts1 9 ! s5se t !y w on occasion turn out a surplus above _! necess>y curr5t consumption1 only because & s f> z ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts enables !m to d s4 ,z workman1 lab\r]1 produc]1 breadw9n]1 ! individual is a creature ( ! te*nological s*eme2 :i* 9 turn is a creation ( ! gr\p life ( ! community4 ,ap>t f ! common /ock ( k & tra9+ ! individual memb]s ( ! community h no indu/rial effect4 ,inde$1 except by grace ( ?is common te*nological equipm5t no individual & no family gr\p 9 any ( ! kn[n communities ( mank9d c\ld support _! own life2 = 9 ! long c\rse ( mank9d's life-hi/ory1 s9ce ! human plane 0 fir/ rea*$1 ! e>ly mutants :i* 7 fit to survive 9 a f]9e /ate )\t tools & )\t te*nology h selectively disappe>$1 z be+ unfit to survive "u ! conditions ( dome/icity impos$ by s highly develop$ a /ate ( ! indu/rial arts z any ( ! savage cultures n[ extant4#ie ,! ,homo ,jav5sis & 8 l are gone1 because !re is te*nologically no place = !m betwe5 ! an?ropoids to ! "o side & ! extant types ( man on ! o!r4 ,& nev] s9ce ! brave days :5 ,homo ,jav5sis took up ! 8:ite man's burd50 = ! bett] regulation ( 8 an?ropoid neighb\rs has ! te*nological s*eme admitt$ ( any individual's c>ry+ on 8 life 9 sev]alty4 ,s t indu/rial effici5cy1 :e!r ( an individual workman or ( ! community at l>ge1 is a function ( ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4#if ,! simple & obvi\s indu/rial sy/em ( ?is ar*aic plan leaves ! individuals1 or r ! dome/ic gr\ps1 t make up ! community1 economically indep5d5t ( "o ano!r & ( ! community at l>ge1 except t !y dep5d on ! common te*nological /ock = ! immat]ial equipm5t by means ( :i* to get _! liv+4 ,?is is ( c\rse n felt by !m z a relation ( dep5d5ce2 ?\gh !re seems commonly to be "s s5se ( indebt$ness on "p ( ! "y1 & ( responsibility on "p ( ! old] g5]ation1 = ! prop] transmission ( ! recognis$ elem5ts ( te*nological pr(ici5cy4 ,x is impossible to say j at :at po9t 9 ! gr[? & complication ( te*nology ?is simple indu/rial s*eme w beg9 to give way to new exig5cies & give occasion to a new s*eme ( in/itutions gov]n+ ! economic relations ( m52 su* t ! m5's p[]s & functions 9 ! indu/rial community come to be decid$ on o!r gr\nds ?an workmanlike aptitude & special tra9+4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s !re c be no h>d & fa/ limit to ?is phase ( indu/rial organisation4 ,its disappe>ance or sup]session 9 any culture appe>s always to h be5 br\ght on by ! gr[? ( prop]ty1 b ! in/itution ( prop]ty ne$ by no means come 9 abruptly at any det]m9ate juncture 9 ! sequ5ce ( te*nological developm5t4 ,s t ?is ar*aic phase ( culture 9 :i* indu/ry is organis$ on ! gr\nd ( workman%ip alone may come v ext5sively to ov]lap & bl5d ) ! succe$+ phase 9 :i* prop]ty relations *iefly decide ! details ( ! indu/rial organisation1--z is %[n 9 v>y+ detail by ! kn[n l[] cultures4 ,! =ces :i* may br+ ab\t su* a transition are (t5 complex & recondite1 & !y are seldom j ! same 9 any giv5 two in/ances4 ,nei!r ! mat]ial situation nor ! human raw mat]ial involv$ are precisely ! same 9 all or sev]al in/ances1 & !re is no co]cively normal c\rse ( ?+s t w con/ra9 ! gr[? ( in/itutions to take a p>ticul> typical =m or to foll[ a p>ticul> typical sequ5ce 9 all cases4 ,yet1 9 a g5]al way su* a sup]session ( free workman%ip by a pecuni>y control ( indu/ry appe>s to h be5 necess>ily involv$ 9 any consid]able gr[? ( culture4 ,inde$1 at lea/ 9 ! economic respect1 x appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ univ]sal & mo/ radical mutation :i* human culture has und]gone 9 its advance f savag]y to civilisation2 & ! causes ( x %\ld be ( a simil>ly univ]sal & intr9sic "*4 ,x may be tak5 z a g5]alisation gr\nd$ 9 ! in/9ctive end[m5t ( mank9d t ! human s5se ( workman%ip w unavoidably g on turn+ to acc\nt :at !re is 9 h& ( te*nological k1 & s w 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by ins5sible ga9s p]haps1 gradually *ange ! te*nological s*eme1 & !re=e also ! s*eme ( cu/om>y canons ( conduct answ]+ to x2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ov]ma/]+ circum/ances ?is sequ5ce ( *ange mu/1 9 a g5]al way1 set 9 ! direction ( great te*nological ma/]y4 ,some?+ 9 ! way ( an 8advance0 9 workmanlike ma/]y is to be look$ =1 9 ! abs5ce ( inexorable limitations ( environm5t4 ,! limitations may be set by ! mat]ial circum/ances or by circum/ances ( ! in/itutional situation1 b on ! l[] levels ( culture ! insurm\ntable ob/acles to su* an advance appe> to h be5 ^? impos$ by ! mat]ial circum/ances2 al?\gh in/itutional factors h d\btless greatly ret>d$ ! advance 9 mo/ cases1 & may well h defeat$ x 9 _m4 ,9 "s ( ! kn[n l[] cultures su* an impassable conjuncture 9 ! affairs ( te*nology has app>5tly be5 rea*$ n[ & aga91 result+ 9 a 8/ation>y /ate0 ( ! indu/rial arts & ( social arrangem5ts1 economic & o!rwise4 ,su* an in/ance ( 8arre/$ developm5t0 is af=d$ by ! ,eskimo1 :o h to all appe>ance rea*$ ! b\nds ( te*nological ma/]y possible 9 ! mat]ial circum/ances 9 :i* !y h be5 plac$ & ) ! te*nological antec$5ts :i* !y h _h to g on4 ,at ! o!r extreme ( ! ,am]ican cont95t ! ,fuegians & ,patagonians may simil>ly h rea*$ at lea/ a provisional limit ( ! same nature2 ?\gh su* a /atem5t is less secure 9 _! case1 ow+ to ! scant & fragm5t>y "* ( ! available evid5ce4 ,s also ! ,bu%m51 ! ,a9u1 v>i\s repres5tative communities ( ! ,negrito & p]haps ( ! ,dravidian /ocks1 appe> to h rea*$ a provisional limit--b>r+ int]v5tion f )\t4 ,9 ^! latt] in/ances ! decisive ob/acles1 if !y are to be accept$ z su*1 seem to lie 9 ! human-nature ( ! case r ?an 9 ! mat]ial circum/ances4 ,9 ^! latt] in/ances ! s5se ( workman%ip1 ?\gh visibly al]t & active1 appe>s to h be5 inadequate to c>ry out ! te*nological s*eme into fur!r new ramifications = want ( ! requisite intellectual aptitudes1--a failure ( aptitudes n 9 degree b 9 k9d4 ,! mann] 9 :i* increas+ te*nological ma/]y has l$ ov] f ! savage plan ( free workman%ip to ! b>b>ian sy/em ( indu/ry "u pecuni>y control is p]haps a haz>d\s topic ( speculation2 b ! kn[n facts ( primitive culture appe> to admit at lea/ a few g5]al propositions ( a broad & provisional "*4 ,x seems reasonably safe to say t ! ar*aic savage plan ( free workman%ip w commonly h p]si/$ ?r\gh ! paloli?ic p]iod ( te*nology1 & inde$ some:at beyond ! transition to ! neoli?ic4 ,?is is fairly borne out by ! contempor>y evid5ce f savage cultures4 ,9 ! prehi/ory ( ! nor?-,european culture !re is also reason to assume t ! beg9n+s ( a pecuni>y control fall 9 ! e>ly half ( ! neoli?ic p]iod4#ig ,!re seems to be no %>ply def9able po9t 9 ! te*nological advance t c be said ( itself to br+ on ?is revolution>y *ange 9 ! in/itutions gov]n+ economic life4 ,x appe>s to be loosely correlat$ ) te*nological improvem5t1 s t x sets 9 :5 a suffici5t gr\nd = x is af=d$ by ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 b :at con/itutes a suffici5t gr\nd c app>5tly n be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! indu/rial arts alone4 ,among ! e>ly consequ5ces ( an advance 9 te*nology beyond ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts s*ematically indicat$ above1 & co9cid+ r\ghly ) ! paloli?ic /age1 is on ! "o h& an appreciable resort to 8indirect me?ods ( production01 involv+ a sy/ematic cultivation ( ! soil1 dome/ication ( plants & animals2 or an appreciable equipm5t ( indu/rial appliances1 su* z w 9 ei!r case require a delib]ate exp5diture ( lab\r & w give ! hold]s ( ! equipm5t some?+ m ?an a mom5t>y advantage 9 ! que/ ( a livelihood4 ,on ! o!r h& x leads also to an accumulation ( weal? beyond ! curr5t necess>ies ( subsi/5ce & beyond t slight p>cel ( p]sonal effects t h no value to anyone b _! savage be>]4 ,h]eby ! te*nological basis = a pecuni>y control ( indu/ry is giv51 9 t ! 8r\ndab\t process ( production0 yields an income above ! subsi/5ce ( ! workm5 engag$ 9 x1 & ! mat]ial equipm5t ( appliances 7crops1 fruit-trees1 live /ock1 me*anical contrivances7 b9ds ?is r\ndab\t process ( indu/ry to a m or less det]m9ate place & r\t9e1 su* z to make surveillance & control possible4 ,s f> z ! workman "u ! new phase ( te*nology is dep5d5t = 8 liv+ on ! app>atus & ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( ! 8r\ndab\t process0 8 "w may be controll$ & ! surplus yield$ by 8 indu/ry may be turn$ to acc\nt2 x becomes wor? :ile to own ! mat]ial means ( indu/ry1 & own]%ip ( ! mat]ial means 9 su* a situation c>ries ) x ! usufruct ( ! community's immat]ial equipm5t ( te*nological pr(ici5cy4 ,! sub/antial fact ^u :i* ! /rategy ( own]%ip conv]ges is ?is usufruct ( ! indu/rial arts1 & ! tangible items ( prop]ty to :i* ! claims ( own]%ip come to atta* w accord+ly v>y f "t to "t1 accord+ z ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts w be/ af=d an effectual exploitation ( ?is usufruct ?r\gh ! t5ure ( "o or ano!r ( ! mat]ial items requisite to ! pursuit ( indu/ry4 ,! *ief subject ( own]%ip may accord+ly be ! cultivat$ trees1 z 9 "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s2 or ! tillable l&1 z happ5s 9 _m ( ! agricultural communities2 or fi% weirs & _! location1 z on "s ( ! salmon /reams ( ! ,am]ican nor?-we/ coa/2 or dome/ic animals1 z is typical ( ! pa/oral culture2 or x may be ! p]sons ( ! workm51 z happ5s "u div]s circum/ances bo? 9 pa/oral & 9 agricultural communities2 or1 ) an advance 9 te*nology ( su* a nature z to place ! me*anical appliances ( indu/ry 9 a peculi>ly advantage\s position = engross+ ! r\ndab\t processes ( production1 z 9 ! latt]day ma*9e indu/ry1 ^! me*anical appliances may become ! typical category ( indu/rial weal? & s come to be acc\nt$ 8productive goods0 9 "s em95t s5se4 ,! in/itutional *ange by :i* a pecuni>y regulation ( indu/ry comes into effect may take "o =m or ano!r1 b its outcome has commonly be5 "s =m ( own]%ip ( tangible goods4 ,p>ticul>ly has t be5 ! outcome 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t t has l$ on to ^? great pecuni>y cultures ( :i* ,occid5tal civilisation is ! mo/ p]fect example4 ,b j 9 :at =m ! move w be made1 if at all1 f free workman%ip to pecuni>y indu/ry & own]%ip1 is 9 good "p a "q ( :at ! mat]ial situation ( ! community w p]mit4 ,9 "s in/ances ! circum/ances h app>5tly n p]mitt$ ! move to be made at all4 ,! ,eskimo culture is p]haps an extreme case ( ?is k9d4 ,! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts among !m has app>5tly gone appreciably beyond ! te*nological juncture indicat$ above z critical 9 ?is respect4 ,x involves a consid]able specialisation & accumulation ( appliances1 su* z boats1 sl$s1 dogs1 h>ness1 v>i\s special =ms ( nets1 h>poons & spe>s1 & an elaborate l9e ( m9or app>atus necess>y to ! day's "w & embody+ a m9utely /&>dis$ te*nique4 ,at ! same "t ^! articles ( use1 toge!r ) _! h\sehold & p]sonal effects1 repres5t some?+ appreciable 9 ! way ( portable weal?4 ,yet 9 _! economic 7pecuni>y & indu/rial71 dome/ic1 social1 or religi\s in/itutions ! ,eskimo h sub/antially n gone beyond ! po9t ( cu/om>y regulation commonly associat$ ) ! simpl]1 h&-to-m\? /ate ( ! indu/rial arts typical ( ! paloli?ic savage culture4 ,& ?is ar*aic ,eskimo culture1 ) its highly elaborat$ te*nology1 is app>5tly ( untold antiquity2 x is ev5 believ$ by compet5t /ud5ts ( antiquity to h /ood ov] )\t s]i\s advance or decl9e s9ce ,european paloli?ic times--a p]iod ( n less ?an t5 ?\s& ye>s4#ih ,! causes condition+ ?is 8backw>d0 type ( culture among ! ,eskimo1 c\pl$ ) a relatively advanc$ & extremely complete te*nological sy/em1 are presum$ to lie 9 _! mat]ial surr\nd+s2 :i* on ! "o h& d n p]mit a conge/ion ( p )9 a small area or enable ! organisation & control ( a compact community ( any consid]able size2 :ile on ! o!r h& !y exact a l>ge degree ( co-op]ation & common int]e/1 on pa9 ( extreme h>d%ip if n ( ext9ction4 ,m p]plex+ at fir/ sight is ! case ( su* s$5t>y agricultural communities z ! ,pueblo ,indians1 :o h also n advanc$ v mat]ially beyond ! simpl] cultural s*eme ( savage life1 & h n tak5 s]i\sly to a sy/em ( prop]ty & a pecuni>y control ( indu/ry1 9 spite ( _! hav+ a*iev$ a v consid]able advance 9 ! indu/rial arts1 p>ticul>ly 9 agriculture1 su* z w\ld appe> to entitle !m to some?+ 8high]0 ?an t /ate ( peaceable1 non-co]cive social organisation1 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd on _! fir/ contact ) civilis$ m51 ) mat]nal desc5t & "m-goddesses1 & )\t mu* prop]ty rights1 accumulat$ weal? or pecuni>y di/9ction ( classes4 ,aga9 an explanation is probably to be s\ght 9 special circum/ances ( environm5t1 p]haps re-en=c$ by peculi>ities ( ! racial end[m5t2 ?\gh ! latt] po9t seems d\btful1 s9ce bo? l+ui/ically & an?ropometrically ! ,pueblos are f\nd to belong to two or ?ree di/9ct /ocks1 at ! same "t t _! culture is notably uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,pueblo region1 bo? on ! te*nological & on ! in/itutional side4 ,! peculi> mat]ial circum/ances t appe> to h condition$ ! ,pueblo culture are 7a7 a habitat :i* fav\rs agricultural settlem5t only at isolat$ & widely sep>at$ spots1 7b7 sites = habitation 7on deta*$ mesas or on o!r difficult hills or 9 isolat$ valleys or canyons7 easily secur$ aga9/ aggression f )\t & n af=d+ notable diff]5tial advantages or admitt+ segregation ( ! population )9 ! pueblo1 7c7 ! abs5ce ( bea/s ( burd51 su* z h enabl$ ! inhabitants ( analog\s regions ( ! old _w effectually to cov] long di/ances & make raid+ a lucrative1 or at lea/ an attractive ent]prise4 ,^!1 & o!r peculi> in/ances ( :at may p]haps be call$ cultural ret>dation1 indicate by way ( exception :at may h be5 ! rul+ causes t h gov]n$ 9 ! advance to a high] culture "u m ord9>y circum/ances1--by 8ord9>y0 be+ int5d$ su* circum/ances z h app>5tly l$ to a diff]5t &1 x w\ld be held1 a m normal result 9 ! old _w1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( ! ,we/]n civilisation4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 x %\ld seem1 su* an advance 9 ! indu/rial arts z w result 9 an accumulation ( weal?1 a consid]able & effici5t indu/rial equipm5t1 or 9 a sy/ematic & p]man5t cultivation ( ! soil or an ext5sive bre$+ ( h]ds or flocks1 w also br+ on own]%ip & prop]ty rights be>+ on ^! valuable goods1 or on ! workm51 or on ! l& employ$ 9 _! production4 ,:at has seem$ ! mo/ natural & obvi\s beg9n+s ( prop]ty rights1 9 ! view ( ^? economi/s :o h tak5 an int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 is ! /or+ up ( valuables by su* ( ! anci5t workm5 z 7 enabl$1 by effici5cy1 dilig5ce or =tuit\s ga9s1 to produce some:at m ?an _! curr5t consumption4 ,!re are difficulties1 ?\gh p]haps n insup]able1 9 ! way ( su* a g5esis ( prop]ty rights & pecuni>y diff]5tiation )9 any giv5 community4 ,! temp] ( ! p br$ 9 ! ways ( ! simpl] plan ( h&-to-m\? & common int]e/ does n readily b5d itself to su* an in/itutional innovation1 ev5 ?\gh ! self-reg>d+ impulses ( p>ticul> memb]s ( ! community may set 9 su* a direction z w\ld give ! alleg$ result4#ii ,!re are o!r & m natural ways ( rea*+ ! same results1 ways m consonant ) t ar*aic s*eme ( usages on :i* ! new in/itution ( prop]ty is to be graft$4 7a7 ,9 ! kn[n cultures ( ?is simpl] plan !re are usually1 or at lea/ frequ5tly1 pres5t a class ( magicians 7%amans1 m$ic9e m51 angekut71 an in*oate prie/ly class1 :o get _! liv+ 9 "p 8by _! wits10 half p>asitically1 by "s sort ( ti! levi$ on _! fell[ memb]s = sup]natural m9i/rations & exploits ( fai? t are wor? z mu* z !y w br+4#ajj ,z ! indu/rial effici5cy ( ! community increases ) ! te*nological ga91 & an increas+ disposable output is at h&1 x %\ld naturally foll[1 human nature be+ :at x is1 t ! s]vices ( ! prie/s or magicians %\ld suff] an advance 9 value & s enable ! prie/s to lay some?+ by1 to acquire a special claim to c]ta9 p>cels ( l& or cultivat$ trees or crops or fir/-fruits or lab\r to be p]=m$ by _! p>i%ion]s4 ,!re is no limit to ! value ( su* m9i/rations except ! limit ( tol]ance1 8:at ! traffic w be>40 ,& mu* may be done 9 ?is way1 :i* is 9 close t\* ) ! accu/om$ ways ( life among kn[n savages & l[] b>b>ians4 ,to ! ext5t to :i* su* a move is successful x w alt] ! economic situation ( ! community by mak+ ! lay memb]s1 9 s f>1 subject to ! prie/ly class1 & w ga!r weal? & p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s2 s introduc+ a relation ( ma/] & s]vant1 toge!r ) class diff]5ces 9 weal?1 ! practice ( exclusive own]%ip1 & pecuni>y obligations4 7b7 ,) an accumulation ( weal?1 :e!r 9 portable =m or 9 ! =m ( plantations & tillage1 !re comes ! inducem5t to aggression1 pr$ation1 by :atev] "n x may be kn[n4 ,su* aggression is an easy matt] 9 ! common run ( l[] cultures1 s9ce relations are habitually /ra9$ betwe5 ^! savage & b>b>ian communities4 ,!re is commonly a /ate ( e/rangem5t betwe5 !m am\nt+ to con/ructive feud1 ?\gh ! feud is apt to lie dormant "u a modus viv5di s long z !re is no adequate inducem5t to op5 ho/ilities1 9 ! way ( booty4 ,giv5 a suffici5tly weal?y enemy :o is suffici5tly ill prep>$ = ho/ilities to af=d a fight+ *ance ( tak+ ov] ?is weal? by way ( booty or tribute1 ) no obvi\s *ance ( due reprisals1 & ! op5+ ( ho/ilities w commonly arrange itself4 ,! communities mutually conc]n$ s pass f ! m or less prec>i\s peaceful cu/oms & animus common to ! indig5t l[] cultures1 to a m or less habitual attitude ( pr$atory exploit4 ,) ! adv5t ( w>f>e comes ! w> *ief1 into ^: h&s au?ority & pecuni>y emolum5ts ga!r some:at 9 proportion z w>like exploits & ideals become habitual 9 ! community4#aja ,m or less ( loot falls into ! h&s ( ! victors 9 any raid4 ,! loot may be goods1 cattle if any1 or m51 wom5 & *ildr52 any or all ( :i* may become 7private7 prop]ty & be accumulat$ 9 suffici5t mass to make a diff]5ce betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,captives may fall into "s =m ( s]vitude1 & 9 an agricultural community may easily become ! *ief item ( weal?4 ,at ! same "t an entire community may be r$uc$ to s]vitude1 s fall+ into ! possession ( an abs5tee own] 7ma/]71 or "u resid5t ma/]s com+ 9 f ! victori\s enemy4 ,9 any or all ( ^! ways ! in/itution ( own]%ip is likely to arise s soon z !re is provocation = x1 & 9 all cases x is a consequ5ce ( an appreciable advance 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,yet 9 a numb] ( record$ cases a suffici5t advance 9 te*nology does n appe> to h be5 foll[$ by s prompt an introduction ( own]%ip1 at lea/ n 9 ! fully develop$ =m1 z ! surface facts w\ld seem to h call$ =4 ,cu/om 9 ! l[] cultures is extremely t5aci\s1 & :at might seem an excessive all[ance ( "t appe>s to be ne$$ = s radical an innovation 9 ! habitual s*eme ( ?+s z is involv$ 9 ! in/allation ( rights ( own]%ip4 ,!re are cases ( a fairly advanc$ b>b>ian culture1 ) suffici5tly co]cive gov]nm5t control1 an au?oritative prie/hood1 & well-m>k$ class di/9ctions :i* hold good bo? 9 economic & social relations1 & yet :]e ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 own]%ip & ma/]y is n drawn 9 any unambigu\s fa%ion--:]e x is p]haps z accurate a /atem5t z ! case p]mits1 to say t ?is di/9ction has n yet be5 made1 & s w\ld1 if appli$1 m>k a diff]5ce t does n yet exi/4#ajb ,s long z ov]t pr$atory conditions cont9ue to rule ! case1--e4 g41 s long z ! community 9 "q cont9ues1 9 a s5se1 "u m>tial law1 89 a /ate ( seige10 :]e ! hold]s ( ! economic advantage hold x on a t5ure ( pr[ess or by way ( delegat$ p[] & pr]ogative f a sup]ior ( w>like antec$5ts & dyna/ic "r1--s long ! rights ( own]%ip are n likely to be well diff]5tiat$ f ^? ( ma/]y4 ,mu* ! same *>act]isation ( su* a /ate ( ?+s is convey$ 9 ! curr5t phrase t 8! rights ( p]son & prop]ty are n secure40 ,! v wide preval5ce 9 ! b>b>ian cultures ( "s su* /ate ( ?+s argues t ! g5esis ( prop]ty rights is likely to h be5 some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! common run1 ?\gh x does n 9 o!r cases preclude a diff]5t & m peaceable developm5t out ( workmanlike or prie/ly economies4 ,b ev5 if x %\ld be f\nd1 :5 ! matt] has be5 sift$1 t ! g5esis ( own]%ip is ( ! latt] k9d1 x w\ld also 9 all probability be f\nd t among ! peoples ^: in/itutional gr[? has a s]i\s g5etic be>+ on ! ,we/]n culture ! hold+ ( prop]ty has1 late or e>ly1 pass$ ?r\gh a phase ( pr$atory t5ure 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 own]%ip & ma/]y has s f> fall5 into abeyance z to h _h b a slight effect on ! fur!r developm5t4 ,:]e1 z appe>s frequ5tly to h be5 ! case bo? 9 ,europe & else:]e1 ! k+%ip & temporal p[] has aris5 out ( ! prie/ly (fice & spiritual p[]--or p]haps bett] :]e ! in*oate k+%ip 0 9 its orig9s *iefly ( a prie/ly complexion1 ) a gradual %ift+ ( k+ly p[] & pr]ogative to a temporal basis1#ajc--!re ! transition f a creation ( prop]ty & ma/]y rights by prie/ly economies 7fraud87 to a t5ure ( weal? & au?ority by royal pr]ogative 7=ce87 w h s bl5d$ ! two me?ods ( g5esis z to leave ! attempt at a h>d fa/ discrim9ation betwe5 !m some:at idle4 ,b :atev] may be conceiv$ to h be5 ! g5esis ( own]%ip1 ! in/itution is commonly f\nd1 9 ! b>b>ian culture1 to be temp]$ ) a l>ge infusion ( pr$atory concepts1 ( /atus1 pr]ogative1 diff]5tial respect ( p]sons & economic classes1 & a correspond+ diff]5tial respect ( occupations4 ,:e!r prop]ty provokes to pr$ation or pr$ation initiates own]%ip1 ! situation t results 9 e>ly phases ( ! pecuni>y culture is mu* ! same2 & ! causal relation 9 :i* ?is situation /&s to ! advance 9 workman%ip is also mu* ! same4 ,?is relation betwe5 workman%ip & ! pecuni>y culture br\ght on ) ! adv5t ( own]%ip is a tw(old "o1 or1 p]haps bett]1 x is a relation ( mutual give & take4 ,! increase 9 indu/rial effici5cy due to a suffici5t advance 9 ! indu/rial arts gives rise to ! own]%ip ( prop]ty & to pecuni>y appreciations ( m5 & ?+s1 occupations & products1 habits1 cu/oms1 usages1 obs]vances1 s]vices & goods4 ,at ! same "t1 s9ce pr$ation & w>like exploit are intimately associat$ ) ! facts ( own]%ip ?r\gh its e>ly hi/ory 7p]haps ?r\gh\t its hi/ory71 !re results a m>k$ acc5tuation ( ! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts2 ) ! economically important consequ5ce t self-int]e/ displaces ! common good 9 m5's ideals & aspirations4 ,! animus entail$ by pr$atory exploit is "o ( self-int]e/1 a seek+ ( "o's own advantage at ! co/ ( ! enemy1 :i* frequ5tly1 9 ! poetically ideal case1 takes su* an extreme =m z to pref] ! enemy's loss to "o's own ga94 ,& 9 ! emulation :i* ! pr$atory life & its di/9ctions ( weal? introduce into ! community1 ! end ( endeav\r is likely to become ! diff]5tial advantage ( ! individual z aga9/ 8 neighb\rs r ?an ! undiff]5tiat$ advantage ( ! gr\p z a :ole1 9 contra/ ) ali5 or ho/ile gr\ps4 ,! memb]s ( ! community come to "w ea* = 8 own int]e/ 9 sev]alty1 r ?an = an undivid$ int]e/ 9 ! common lot4 ,su* s5tim5t ( gr\p solid>ity z !re may rema9 falls also into ! invidi\s & emulative =m2 :]eby ! fight+ patriot becomes ! type & exempl> ( ! public spirit$ citiz51 ^: ideal !n is to foll[ 8 lead] & humble ! pride ( ^? :om ! *ances ( cont5tion h ?r[n 9 ) ! o!r side ( ! game4 ,! s5tim5t ( common int]e/1 itself 9 good "p a diffuse work+-out ( ! p>5tal in/9ct1 comes at ! be/ to conv]ge on ! glory ( ! flag in/ead ( ! fulness ( life ( ! community at l>ge1 or m commonly x comes to be c5tr$ 9 loyalty1 t is to say 9 subs]vi5ce1 to ! common w>-*ief & 8 dyna/ic successors4 ,9 ! %ift+ ( activities1 ideals & aims s br\ght 9 ) ! adv5t ( weal? & own]%ip1 ! "p ( ! prie/s & _! div9ities is n to be ov]look$1 = h]e9 lies "o ( ! great] cultural ga9s br\ght on by ! te*nological advance at ?is juncture4 ,! m>g9 ( s]vice & produce available = consumption 9 ! cult increases1 & by easy consequ5ce ! spiritual pre/ige & ! temporal p[] & pr]ogatives ( ! prie/hood gr[ great]4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! gods ( ! victors is ext5d$2 ?r\gh ! vic>i\s p[] ( ! prie/s1 ov] ! subject peoples1 & z ! temporal dom9ion is enl>g$ & an increas+ measure ( co]cion is employ$ 9 controll+ ^! dom9ions1 s also 9 ! affairs ( ! gods & _! prie/s !re is an accession ( p[] & dignity4 ,x commonly happ5s :]e pr$atory ent]prise comes to be habitual & successful t ! temporal p[] t5ds to c5tre 9 an autocratic & arbitr>y rul]2 & 9 ?is z 9 s mu* else1 spiritual affairs are likely to take _! complexion f ! temporal1 result+ 9 a /rong drift t[>d an autocratic mono!ism1 :i* 9 ! f9i%$ case comes to a climax 9 an omnipot5t1 omnisci5t deity ( v exalt$ dignity & v exact+ temp]4 ,= ! habits ( ?\ght en=c$ 9 ! affairs ( daily life are c>ri$ ov] into m5's s5se ( :at is "r & good 9 ! life ( ! gods z well4 ,if !re is any *oice among ! gods "u ^: auspices a p has successfully ent]$ on a c>e] ( pr$ation1 s t "s ( ! gods h m ( a reputation = rapacity & inhumanity ?an o!rs1 ! mo/ atroci\s among !m is likely1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to become ! w>-god ( ! conqu]+ ho/1 & s ev5tually to be exalt$ to ! suz]a9ty among ! gods1 & ev5 9 "t to become ! "o & only incumb5t ( ! div9e cz>dom4 ,%\ld x happ5 t a relatively humane1 tol]ant & tractable deity comes 9 = exaltation to ! div9e suz]a9ty1 z well may be if su* a "o has already a good prior claim /&+ ov] f ! m peaceable pa/1 he w readily acquire ! due pr9cely arrogance & irresponsibility t ve/s ! typical heav5ly k+4 ,x may be add$ t z a matt] ( c\rse no degree ( imput$ inhumanity 9 ! mo/ high ,god w /& 9 ! way ( a god-fe>+ & a/ute prie/hood volubly ascrib+ to him all ! good qualities t %\ld grace an eld]ly patri>*al g5tleman ( ! old s*ool2 s t ev5 8 mo/ infam\s atrocities become ineffably m]itori\s & are disp5s$ ( 8 m]cy4#ajd ,) ! t]rors ( a jeal\s & almighty ,god beh9d !m1 & ) fai? 9 _! own mission & sagacity 9 its adm9i/ration1 ! prie/hood are 9 a position to make ! affairs ( ! heav5ly k+ c\nt = mu* 9 ! affairs ( m52 m p>ticul>ly s9ce ?is spiritual p[] ent]s into work+ arrangem5ts ) ! temporal p[]2 s t 9 ! outcome ^! in/itutions :i* 9 _! orig9s h gr[n out ( a prec>i\s m>g9 ( product above subsi/5ce come to possess !mselves ( ! output at l>ge & leave a prec>i\s m>g9 ( subsi/5ce to ! community at l>ge4#aje ,^! fur!r matt]s ( 8natural law 9 ! spiritual _w0 are n 9 !mselves ( direct int]e/ to ! pres5t inquiry1 & !y are also matt]s ( some:at t$i\s commonplace4 ,yet ?is run ( ?+s has grave consequ5ces 9 ! fur!r work+-out ( ! te*nological situation z well z 9 ! c\rse ( mat]ial welf>e = ! community on :om x is incumb5t to turn ! te*nological k to acc\nt1 to cons]ve or improve & transmit x1 & = ?is reason x has seem$ necess>y summ>ily to recall ^? g5]al features ( ! cultural s*eme t are inh]5tly associat$ ) ! e>li] pecuni>y culture1--! full-bl[n b>b>ian culture4 ,& x seems p]t95t also to add some?+ fur!r 9 ! same connection be=e leav+ ?is aspect ( ! case4 ,x is necess>y to h>k back to :at 0 said 9 an e>li] *apt]1 ( ! relations ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ to ! in/9ct ( workman%ip & ! c\rse ( te*nological advance4 ,bo? ! te*nological & ! in/itutional be>+ ( cattle-bre$+ is p>ticul>ly notable 9 ?is connection4 ,z already spok5 ( 9 :at has gone be=e1 cattle-bre$+ has ! te*nological peculi>ity t x may be successfully ent]$ on & c>ri$ =w>d ) a l>g] admixture ( an?ropomorphic concepts ?an ! me*anic arts1 or ev5 ?an ! dome/ication & c>e ( ! crop plants4 ,x is p]haps n to be admitt$ t ! p5*ant ( e>ly man to take an an?ropomorphic view ( ! l[] animals & impute to !m ! common traits ( human nature has directly conduc$ to _! successful dome/ication1 b x %\ld be )9 ! m>k to say t ?is p5*ant may h be5 prim>ily responsible = ! c\rse ( conduct t l$ to ! dome/ication ( animals1#ajf & t x has app>5tly nev] be5 a s]i\s drawback to any pa/oral culture4 ,n[1 weal? 9 flocks & h]ds is peculi> n only 9 be+ em95tly portable1 ev5 to ! ext5t t 9 ! usual c\rse ( ?is indu/ry x is necess>y = a pa/oral community to migrate1 or to g ov] an ext5d$ it9]>y ) ! *ang+ seasons1 b x has also ! peculi> quality ( multiply+ spontane\sly1 giv5 only a degree ( surveillance & a suffici5t range ( pa/ure l&s4 ,x foll[s t cattle are easy & tempt+ to acquire by pr$ation1 w accumulate ?r\gh natural increase )\t notable ex]tion on ! "p ( _! own]s1 & w multiply beyond ! be>+ capacity ( any disposable range4 ,h5ce a pa/oral p1 or a p giv5 9 great "p to pa/oral pursuits1 w some:at readily take to a pr$atory life2 w h to be organis$ = def5ce 7& (f5ce7 aga9/ raids or encroa*m5ts f its neighb\rs engag$ 9 ! same pursuits2 w f9d itself %ort ( range l&s ?r\gh ! natural increase ( its flocks or h]ds1 & s w ev5 involunt>ily be br\ght into feud ) neighb\r+ h]dsm5 ?r\gh mutual trespass4 ,fur!r1 ! "w ( h]d+1 on ! scale impos$ by ! op5 cont95tal cattle & %eep ranges1 is man's "w1 z is also ! incid5tal fight+1 raid+1 & cattle-lift+4 ,! effects ( ^! te*nological conditions on ! g5]al culture ( a pa/oral p are su* z are set =? 9 _! mo/ fav\rable light 9 ! e>ly hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or su* conditions z may be f\nd today on ! great cattle ranges ( we/ & nor?-c5tral ,asia4 ,! community falls necess>ily into a patri>*al rgime2 ) consid]able conc5tration ( weal? 9 individual h&s2 great disp>ity 9 weal? & social /&+1 commonly involv+ bo? *attel slav]y & s]fdom2 a fight+ organisation "u patri>*al-despotic lead]%ip1 :i* s]ves bo? = civil1 political & religi\s purposes2 dome/ic in/itutions ( ! same ca/1 involv+ a degree ( subjection ( wom5 & *ildr5 & commonly polygamy = ! patri>*al upp] or rul+ class2 a religi\s sy/em ( a mono!i/ic or mon>*ical complexion & drawn on l9es ( patri>*al despotism2 ) ! prie/ly (fice ve/$ 9 ! patri>*al head ( ! community 7! elde/ male ( ! elde/ male l9e7 if ! gr\p is small en\gh to admit ! adm9i/ration ( bo? ! temporal & spiritual p[] at ! h&s ( "o man--z ,israel at ! "t ( ! e>li] soj\rn 9 ,canaan--or ve/$ 9 a specialis$ prie/hood if ! gr\p is ( great size--z ,israel on _! return to ,pale/9e4 ,su* a culture is manife/ly fit to succe$ bo? 9 av[$ly pr$atory ent]prise & 9 pecuni>y ent]prise ( a m peaceable sort1 s long z range l&s are at its disposal or s long z x c f9d a suffici5tly l>ge & compact agricultural community to r$uce to s]vitude1 or s long z x c f9d ways & means ( comm]cial ent]prise :ile /ill occupy+ a position def5sible aga9/ all com]s4 ,its population is organis$ = (f5ce & def5ce & tra9$ 9 ! habits ( subord9ation necess>y to any successful w>1 & ! patri>*al au?ority & pecuni>y ideals inbr$ 9 !m give !m facility 9 co-op]ation aga9/ ali5s1 z well z ! due temp] = successful b>ga9+4 ,su* a culture has ! elem5ts ( national /r5g? & solid>ity1 giv5 only "s adequate means ( subsi/5ce :ile /ill reta9+ its militant patri>*al organisation4 ,n lea/ among its elem5ts ( national /r5g? is its religion1 :i* fo/]s ! national pride ( a p *os5 by ! ,mo/ ,high1 at ! same "t t x tra9s ! population 9 habits ( subord9ation & loyalty1 z well z 9 pati5t submission to exactions4 ,b x is ess5tially a p>asitic culture1 despotic1 &1 ) due tra9+1 highly sup]/iti\s or religi\s4 ,:at a p ( ^! antec$5ts is capable ( is %[n by ! ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,m$es1 ,p]sians1 ! ,h9du invad]s ( ,india1 ! ,hyksos invad]s ( ,egypt1 & 9 ano!r l9e by ,israel & ! ,phnicians1 & 9 a less] degree by ! ,huns1 ,mongols1 ,tat>s1 ,arabs & ,turks4 ,x is f peoples ( ?is culture t ! great religions ( ! old _w h come1 ne> or remote1 b x is n easy to f9d any sub/antial contribution to human culture drawn indubitably f ?is s\rce ap>t f religi\s cre$1 cult & poetry4 ,! dome/ication ( animals1 = in/ance1 is n due to !m2 ) ! possible exception ( ! horse & ! dog1 t "w _h to be done 9 peaceable1 s$5t>y communities1 f :om ! pa/oral nomads w h tak5 ov] ! /ock & ! indu/ry & c>ri$ x out on a scale & ) cultural consequ5ces :i* d n foll[ f cattle-bre$+ "u s$5t>y conditions4 ,_! religion1 on ! o!r h&1 seems 9 no case to h be5 c>ri$ up to ! consummate /age ( despotic mono!ism dur+ ! nomadic-pa/oral phase ( _! exp]i5ce1 b to h be5 work$ out to a f9i%$ product pres5tly aft] !y _h engag$ on a c>e] ( conque/ & _h "s protract$ exp]i5ce ( w>f>e & despotism on a relatively l>ge scale4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! great civilisations ) pa/oral antec$5ts appe>s to run some:at uni=mly to ! effect t !y collaps$ z soon z !y _h eat5 _! ho/ into a collapse4 ,! incid5ts along ! way betwe5 _! beg9n+ 9 conque/ & _! collapse 9 exhau/ion are commonly no m edify+ & ( no m la/+ significance to human culture ?an ^? :i* h simil>ly m>k$ ! c\rse ( ! ,turk4 ,^! great mon>*ies 7 organis$ by & = an intrusive dyna/y & rul+ class1 ( pa/oral antec$5ts1 & !y drew _! subsi/5ce & _! means ( oppression f a subjugat$ agricultural population4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is fur!r elaboration ( a pr$atory civilisation1 ! in/itutions prop] to a l>ge scale & to a p[]ful despotism & nobility re/+ on a s]vile p1 7 develop$ into a f9i%$ sy/em2 9 :i* ! f9al arbit] is always irresponsible =ce & 9 :i* ! all-p]vad+ social relation is p]sonal subs]vi5ce & p]sonal au?ority4 ,! me*anic arts make little if any progress "u su* a discipl9e ( p]sonalities1 ev5 ! arts ( w>1 & !re is little if any evid5ce ( s5sible ga9 9 any bran* ( husb&ry4 ,!re 7 great palaces & cities built by slave lab\r & corve1 embody+ untold mis]y 9 conspicu\sly wa/eful & ta/eless %[1 & great mon>*s ^: boa/ x 0 t !y 7 ea* & sev]al ! be/ fri5d or ne>e/ relative ( "s irresponsible & supreme god1 & ^: de>e/ claim to pre-em95ce 0 t !y 8walk$ on ! faces ( ! black-head race40 ,se5 9 p]spective & rat$ 9 any t]ms t h a workmanlike significance1 ^! /up5d\s dyna/ic fabrics are z insignificant z !y are l>ge1 & none ( !m is wor? ! lea/ ( ! fussy little communities t came 9 "t to make up ! ,hell5ic _w & its petty squabbles4 ,9 _! g5]al traits ^! v>i\s civilisations f\nd$ 79 conque/7 by ! pa/oral peoples are ( ! same "* z is ! pecuni>y culture z f\nd else:]e1 b !y h c]ta9 special features :i* set !m (f some:at 9 a class by !mselves4 ,!y are pr$atory 9 a peculi>ly ov]t & acc5tuat$ degree1 s t _! in/itutions fo/] ! invidi\s s5tim5ts1 ! self-reg>d+ animus ( s]vility & ( arrogance1 beyond :at commonly happ5s 9 ! pecuni>y culture at l>ge2 & !y c>ry a l>ge cont5t ( peculi>ly high-wr\ght religi\s sup]/itions & fe> ( ! sup]natural1 :i* likewise works out f & into an animus ( s]vility & arrogance4 ,9 ^! cultures x is true1 ev5 beyond ! great significance :i* ! proposition has 9 ! b>b>ian culture else:]e1 t ! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,! discipl9e ( life 9 su* a culture1 !re=e1 is consi/5tly unfav\rable to any te*nological ga92 ! in/9ct ( workman%ip is con/antly dom9at$ by preval5t habits ( ?\ght t are worse ?an useless = any te*nological purpose4 ,mu* ! same1 ( c\rse1 is true = any civilisation f\nd$ on p]sonal gov]nm5t ( ! co]cive k9d1 :atev] may be ! remot] antec$5ts ( ! dyna/ic & rul+ classes2 b ^! o!r cultures h n ! same secure & anci5t patri>*al f\ndation1 ready to h&1 & s !y are con/ra9$ to build _! in/itutions ( co]cion1 dome/ic1 civil1 political & milit>y1 m sl[ly & ) a m d\btful outcome2 nor does _! religi\s sy/em s readily "w out 9 a mon>*ical !ology ) an omnipot5t sov]eign & 9 all-p]vad+ fe> ( ,god4 ,a home-br$ despotism 9 an agricultural community t has set out ) mat]nal desc5t1 a matri>*al clan sy/em1 & "m goddesses1 is hamp]$ bo? on ! temporal & ! spiritual side by anci5t & inbr$ usage & preconceptions t c be effectually ov]come only 9 ! long c\rse ( "t4 ,! civilisations ( ,asia-,m9or & ! gean region1 & ev5 ( ,egypt & ,rome1 h[ev] mu* ( pa/oral & patri>*al elem5ts may h be5 infus$ into !m 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 %[ _! %ortcom+s 9 ?is respect to ! la/2 p]haps 9 _! religions m ?an 9 any o!r "o cultural trait1 s9ce religion is aft] all an epig5etic feature & foll[s r ?an leads 9 ! unfold+ ( ! cultural s*eme4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ^! great civilisations dom9at$ by pa/oral antec$5ts h no grave significance = ! mod]n culture1 except z drawbacks1 & none at all = mod]n te*nology or = t matt]-(-fact k on :i* mod]n te*nology runs4 ,! ,we/]n peoples1 ^: cultural pa/ is ( m imm$iate int]e/1 h also _h _! w>like exp]i5ce1 late & e>ly1 b x seems nev] to h rea*$ ! consummate outcome to be se5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,nei!r z reg>ds ! scale on :i* dyna/ic organisation has be5 c>ri$ out nor z reg>ds ! ?or\ghness ) :i* _! in/itutions h be5 p]meat$ by pr$atory preconceptions h ! ,we/]n peoples 9 _! e>li] hi/ory approa*$ ! /&>d ( ! ori5tal despotisms4 ,ev5 n[1 x may be rem>k$1 advocates ( w> & armam5ts commonly speak 7d\btless dis+5u\sly7 = ! pr$atory rgime z be+ a necessity ( def5ce r ?an some?+ to be desir$ on its own m]its4 ,n t ! pr$atory rgime has n be5 a suffici5tly grave fact 9 ! hi/ory ( occid5tal civilisation2 to take su* a view ( hi/ory "o w\ld h to ov]look ! ,roman ,empire1 ! b>b>ian invasions1 ! feudal sy/em1 ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 ! ,era ( /atemak+1 & ! exi/+ arm$ neutrality ( ! p[]s2 b ^! h1 all b ! la/1 prov$ to be episodes on a gr& scale r ?an su* an hi/orical f9ality z any "o ( ! successive mon>*ies 9 ! ,mesopotamian-,*aldan c\ntry1--! te/ be+ t occid5tal civilisation has n di$ ( any "o ( ^! maladies1 ?\gh x has come ?r\gh m ?an "o critical p]iod4 ,we/]n civilisation has gone ?r\gh ^! eras ( acc5tuat$ pr$ation & has at all times %[n an appreciable admixture ( pr$atory conceptions 9 its s*eme ( in/itutions & ideals1 9 its dome/ic in/itutions & its public affairs1 9 its art & religion1 b x is aft] all )9 ! m>k to say t1 at lea/ s9ce ! close ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic t sets (f ?is civilisation 9 contradi/9ction f any def9itively pr$atory phase ( ! pecuni>y culture1 has be5 a p]t9aci\s pursuit ( ! arts ( peace1 to :i* ^? peoples t h l$ 9 ?is civilisation h ev] return$ at e respite4 ,= an appreciation ( ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! s5se ( workman%ip & ! discipl9e ( habituation 9 ! mod]n culture1 !re=e1 ! ph5om5a ( peaceful own]%ip are ( great]1 or at lea/ ( m vivid int]e/ ?an ^? ( ! pr$atory phase ( ! pecuni>y culture4 ,mod]n civilisation1 & inde$ all hi/ory = t matt]1 lies )9 ! pecuni>y culture z a :ole2 b ! ,we/]n culture ( mod]n times belongs1 p]haps some:at prec>i\sly1 to ! second>y or peaceable phase ( ?is pecuni>y culture1 r ?an to t pr$atory phase ) :i* ! pecuni>y s*eme ( life began some:]e 9 ! l[] b>b>ism1 & t has repeat$ly clos$ its life cycle 9 ! collapse ( "o & ano!r ( ! great dyna/ic empires ( ! old _w4 ,z 9 ! pr$atory phase1 s also 9 ! peaceable pecuni>y culture1 ! dom9ant note is giv5 by ! self-reg>d+ impulses2 & ! s5se ( workman%ip is !re=e *>act]i/ically h$g$ ab\t & guid$ by ! in/itutional exig5cies & preconceptions incid5t to life "u ! circum/ances impos$ by own]%ip1--9 a situation :]e ! economic int]e/1 ! int]e/ 9 ^? mat]ial means ( life ) :i* workman%ip has to deal1 conv]ges on prop]ty rights4 ,own]%ip is self-reg>d+1 ( c\rse1 & ! rights ( own]%ip are ( a p]sonal1 invidi\s1 diff]5tial1 emulative nature2 al?\gh 9 ! peaceable phase ( ! civilisation ( own]%ip1 =ce & fraud are1 9 !ory1 b>r$ out ( ! game ( acquisition1--:]e9 ?is diff]s f ! pr$atory phase prop]4 ,an obvi\s consequ5ce foll[+ imm$iately on ! em]g5ce ( own]%ip 9 any community is an increas$ application to "w4 ,?is has be5 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse 9 !oretical speculations & is borne out by ! obs]vation ( peoples among :om trade relations h be5 introduc$ 9 rec5t times4 ,an imm$iate result is great] dilig5ce1 accompani$ app>5tly 9 all cases1 if ! reports ( obs]v]s are to be accept$1 by an increase 9 cont5tion1 di/ru/ & *ican]y#ajg & an increas+ly wa/eful consumption ( goods4 ,! dilig5ce s fo/]$ by emulative self-int]e/ is direct$ to ! acquisition ( prop]ty1 9 great "p to ! acquisition ( m ?an is possess$ by ^? o!rs ) :om ! invidi\s comp>ison 9 own]%ip is made2 & "u ! spur ( own]%ip simply1 x is only second>ily1 z a means to ! emulative end ( acquisition1 t productive "w1 & !re=e workman%ip 9 its nave s5se1 comes into ! case at all4 ,own]%ip conduces to dilig5ce 9 acquisition & !re=e indirectly to dilig5ce 9 "w1 if no m exp$iti\s means ( acquir+ weal? c be devis$4 ,9 its fir/ incid5ce ! inc5tive to dilig5ce af=d$ by own]%ip is a proposition 9 bus9ess n 9 workman%ip4 ,its effects on workman%ip1 indu/ry & te*nology1 !re=e1 are necess>ily some:at unc]ta9 & unev54 ,app>5tly f ! />t !re is "s appreciable resort to fraudul5t ?rift1 to ! production ( spuri\s or inf]ior goods4#ajh ,?is ( c\rse v pres5tly is correct$ 9 ! increas$ a/ut5ess & vigilance ex]cis$ 9 m5's deal+s ) "o ano!r1 :]eby an appreciable portion ( en]gy goes to defeat ^! artifices ( dis+5u\s worldly wisdom4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! pecuni>y inc5tive to "w takes ! direction ( mak+ ! mo/ ( ! means at h&1 consid]$ z means ( pecuni>y ga9 r ?an z means ( s]viceability1 & t x conduces !re=e to ! fulle/ 7pecuni>y7 exploitation ( ! /&>d accept$ ways & means ( indu/ry r ?an to ! improvem5t ( ^! ways & means beyond ! conjuncture at h&4 ,fur!r1 ?\gh ?is is also some:at ( a t$i\s commonplace1 s9ce ! only au!ntic end ( "w "u ! pecuni>y disp5sation is ! acquisition ( weal?2 s9ce ! possession ( weal? 9 s f> exempts its possessor f productive "w2 & s9ce su* exemption is a m>k ( weal? & !re=e ( sup]iority ov] ^? :o h no?+ & !re=e mu/ "w2 x foll[s t addiction to "w becomes a m>k ( inf]iority & !re=e discr$itable4 ,:]eby "w becomes di/a/eful to all m5 in/ruct$ 9 ! proprieties ( ! pecuni>y culture2 & x has ev5 become s irksome to m5 tra9$ 9 ! punctilios ( ! s]vile1 pr$atory1 phase ( ?is culture t x 0 once cr$ibly proclaim$ by a %rewd prie/hood z ! mo/ calamit\s curse laid on mank9d by a v9dictive ,god4 ,also1 s9ce weal? af=ds means = a free consumption ( goods1 ! conspicu\s consumption ( goods becomes a m>k ( pecuni>y excell5ce1 & s x becomes an elem5t ( respectability 9 any pecuni>y culture1 & pres5tly becomes a m]itori\s act & ev5 a requirem5t ( pecuni>y dec5cy4 ,! outcome is conspicu\s wa/efulness ( consumption1 ! limits ( :i*1 if any1 h app>5tly n be5 approa*$ hi!rto4#aji ,! be>+s ( ?is pecuni>y culture on workman%ip & te*nology are wide & div]se4 ,mo/ imm$iate & p]haps mo/ notable is ! conv5tional dise/eem ( lab\r spok5 ( above1 :i* seems to foll[ z a necess>y consequ5ce f ! in/itution ( own]%ip 9 all cases :]e di/9ctions ( weal? are at all consid]able or :]e prop]ty rights are associat$ ) facts ( ma/]y & pre/ige4 ,! pecuni>y disrepute ( lab\r acts to disc\rage indu/ry1 b ?is may be (fset1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by ! inc5tive giv5 to emulation by ! good repute atta*+ to acquisition4 ,! wa/eful exp5diture ( goods & s]vices enjo9$ by ! pecuni>y canons ( conspicu\s consumption gives an economically unt[>d direction to indu/ry1 at ! same "t t x greatly increases ! h>d%ips & curtails ! am5ities ( life4 ,s also1 e/rangem5t & di/ru/ betwe5 p]sons1 classes & nations necess>ily p]vades ?is cultural era1 due to ! incessant gnaw+ ( incompatible pecuni>y int]e/s2 & ?is /ate ( affairs appreciably l[]s ! aggregate effici5cy ( human indu/ry & sets up bootless ob/acles to be ov]come & irrelevant asp]ities to be put up )4 ,^! & ! l consequ5ces ( pecuni>y emulation are simple1 direct & obvi\s2 b ! discipl9e ( ! pecuni>y culture be>s on workman%ip also 9 a m subtle way1 indirect & less evid5t at fir/ sight4 ,! discipl9e ( daily life imp>ts its own b5t to ! s5se ( workman%ip ?r\gh habituation ( ! workman to t s*eme & logic ( ?+s t rules ?is pecuni>y culture4 ,! outcome z conc]ns indu/ry is some:at equivocal2 ! discipl9e ( self-seek+ at "s po9ts fav\rs workman%ip & at o!rs n4 ,at "o p]iod or phase ( ! pecuni>y culture1 g5]ally speak+ an e>ly or crude phase1 ! b5t s giv5 to workman%ip & te*nology seems necess>ily to be conducive to ineffici5cy2 at ano!r 7lat] or matur]7 phase ! contr>y is likely to be true4 ,! pecuni>y discipl9e ( invidi\s emulation takes effect on ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts *iefly & mo/ p]vasively ?r\gh ! bias :i* x gives to ! k on :i* workman%ip proce$s4 ,x may be call$ to m9d t ! body ( k 7facts7 turn$ to acc\nt 9 workman%ip1 ! facts made use ( 9 devis+ te*nological processes & appliances1 are ( ! nature ( habits ( ?\ght4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly applicable to ^? 7tactical7 pr9ciples "u ^: control ! in=mation 9 h& is con/ru$ & connect$ up into a sy/em ( uses1 ag5cies & in/rum5talities4 ,^! habits ( ?\ght1 elem5ts ( k1 items ( in=mation1 accept$ facts1 pr9ciples ( reality1 9 "p repres5t ! me*anical behavi\r ( objects1 ! brute nature ( brute matt]1 & 9 "p !y /& = qualities1 aptitudes & proclivities imput$ to ext]nal objects & _! behavi\r & s infus$ into ! facts & ! g5]alisations bas$ on !m4 ,! s5se ( workman%ip has mu* to d ) ?is imputation ( traits to ! ph5om5a ( obs]vation1 p]haps m ?an any o!r ( ! proclivities native to man4 ,! traits s imput$ to ! facts are 9 ! ma9 su* z w be consonant ) ! s5se ( workman%ip & w l5d !mselves to a concat5ation 9 its t]ms4 ,b ?is infusion ( traits into ! facts ( obs]vation1 :e!r x takes effect at ! in/ance ( ! s5se ( workman%ip1 or conceivably on impulse n to be id5tifi$ ) ?is in/9ct1 is a logical process & is c>ri$ out by an intellig5ce ^: logical processes h 9 all cases be5 pr(\ndly biass$ by habituation4 ,s t ! habits ( life ( ! individual1 & !re=e ( ! community made up ( su* individuals1 w p]vasively & unremitt+ly b5d ?is "w ( imputation ) ! set ( _! own curr5t1 & w accord+ly involve incom+ elem5ts ( k 9 a putative sy/em ( relations consi/5t ) ^! habits ( life4 ,?is compreh5sive s*eme ( habitual appreh5sions & appreciations is :at is call$ ! 8g5ius10 _s1 or "* ( any giv5 culture4 ,9 all ?is range ( habitual preconceptions t\*+ ! nature ( ?+s !re prevails a degree ( solid>ity1 ( mutual support & re-en=cem5t among ! sev]al l9es ( habitual activity compris$ 9 ! curr5t s*eme ( life2 s t a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic tone or bias runs ?r\gh ! :ole1--9 s f> z ! cultural situation has atta9$ t degree ( maturity or assimilation t w all[ x to be spok5 ( z a di/9ctive :ole1 /&+ out z a det]m9ate & coh]5t phase 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! race4 ,to ?is bias ( scope & me?od 9 ! curr5t s*eme ( life1 intellectual & s5tim5tal1 any new elem5t or item mu/ be assimilat$ if x is n to be reject$ z ali5 & unreal or to fall ?r\gh by neglect4 ,all ?is be>s on ! scope & me?od ( k1 & !re=e on ! facts made use ( 9 ! indu/rial arts1 j z x be>s on any o!r feature ( human life t is ( ! nature ( habit4 ,& ! imm$iate "q is z to ! bias or drift ( ! pecuni>y culture z x affects ! appreh5sion ( facts s]viceable = te*nological ends4 ,?is pecuni>y bias or b5t may be describ$ z invidi\s1 p]sonal1 emulative1 look+ to diff]5tial values 9 respect ( p]sonal =ce or competitive success1 look+ to gradations 9 respect ( comp>ative pot5cy1 validity1 au!nticity1 propriety1 reputability1 dec5cy4 ,! canons ( pecuni>y repute preclude ! well-to-d1 :o h leisure = su* ?+s1 f inquir+ n>r[ly into ! facts ( te*nology1 s9ce ^! ?+s are b5ea? _! dignity1 conv5tionally di/a/eful2 famili>ity ) su* matt]s c n ) propriety be av[$1 nor c !y )\t (f5ce & humiliation be canvass$ at all intimately among ! bett] class4 ,at ! same "t pecuni>y competition1 :5 c>ri$ to its ideal pit*1 works ! l[] indu/rial classes to exhau/ion & all[s !m no appreciable leisure or en]gy = indulg+ any possible curiosity ( ?is k9d on _! "p4 ,! habitual 7ideal7 frame ( m9d is t ( invidi\s self-int]e/ on ! "o h&1 due to ! imp]ative & ubiquit\s ne$ ( ga9 9 weal? or 9 rank1 & on ! o!r h& class discrim9ation due to ! ubiquit\s preval5ce ( di/9ctions 9 pr]ogatives & au!ntic /&+4 ,! discipl9e ( ! pecuni>y religions1 or ( ! religi\s t5ets & obs]vances prop] to ! pecuni>y culture1 runs to a simil> effect2 m decisively s 9 ! e>li]1 or di/9ctively pr$atory1 phases ( ?is culture ?an 9 ! peaceable or comm]cial phase4 ,! vulg> facts ( indu/ry are b5ea? ! dignity ( a feudali/ic deity or ( 8 prie/hood2 at ! same "t t ! ov]ma/]+ ne$ ( /&+ well 9 ! graces ( an all-p[]ful1 exact+ & irresponsible ,god ?r[s a deep] %ad[ ( ignobility ov] ! mat]ial side ( life1 & makes any workmanlike preoccupation ) indu/rial effici5cy presumptively s9ful z well z indecor\s4 ,! pecuni>y culture is n s+ul> 9 ?is matt]4 ,always & ev]y:]e ! acquirem5t ( k is a matt] ( obs]vation guid$ & fill$ out by ! imputation ( qualities1 relations & aptitudes to ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,)\t ?is putative cont5t ( active pres5ce & pot5cy ! ph5om5a w\ld lack reality2 !y c\ld n be assimilat$ 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s human4 ,x is only a commonplace ( ! logic ( app]ception t ! sub/antial traits ( objective facts are a figm5t ( ! bra94 ,"u ! discipl9e ( ?is pecuni>y phase ( culture ! requisite imputation ( "* to facts runs1 z ev]1 9 an?ropomorphic t]ms2 b x is an an?ropomorphism :i* by habit con=ms to ! pr$atory-pecuni>y s*eme ( preconceptions1 su* z ! r\t9e ( life has made ready & conv9c+ to m5 liv+ "u ! discipl9e ( emulation1 invidi\s di/9ctions & au!ntic pecuni>y decorum4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is n 9 ! an?ropomorphism ( nave workman%ip t ! putative reality ( facts is to be s\ght1 b 9 _! con=mity to ! conv5tionally def9itive preconceptions ( invidi\s m]it1 au!ntic excell5ce1 =ce ( "*1 ma/]y1 complaisance1 congruity ) ! run ( ! e/abli%$ in/itutional values & ! ord9ances ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! canons ( reality1 "u :i* s5se impressions are r$uc$ to objective fact & s become available = use1 & "u :i*1 aga91 facts are put 9 practice & turn$ to te*nological acc\nt1 are ! same canons ( invidi\s di/9ction t rule 9 ! _w ( prop]ty & among m5 occupi$ ) pr$atory & pecuni>y prec$5ce4 ,9 effect m5 & ?+s come to be rat$ 9 t]ms ( :at !y 7putatively7 are--_! intr9sic "*--r ?an 9 t]ms ( :at !y 7empirically7 w d4 ,)\t pursu+ ! "q f>!r at ?is po9t1 x %\ld be evid5t t ! bias ( ! pecuni>y culture mu/ on ! :ole act ) p]vasive =ce s to b5d m5's k ( ! ?+s ) :i* !y h to d z to less5 its s]viceability = te*nological ends4 ,! result is a deflection f matt]-(-fact to matt] ( imputation1 & ! imputation is ( ! p]sonal "* "h spok5 (4 ,! dom9ant note appe>s to be a diff]5tial rat+ 9 respect ( aggressive self-ass]tion1 :e!r 9 human or non-human ag5ts4 ,!ological preconceptions are commonly /rong 9 ! pecuni>y culture1 & "u _! rule ?is diff]5tial rat+ developes into a s*eme ( grad$ p[]s & efficacies ve/$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ext]nal nature by delegation f an ov]rul+ p]sonal au?ority4 ,su* a b5t is necess>ily prejudicial to workman%ip1 & x may seem t ! ubiquit\s repressive =ce ( ?is metaphysics ( au?ority & au!nticity %\ld s]ve ! same diss]viceable end = workman%ip z ! m g5ial & diffuse an?ropomorphism ( ! l[] cultures1 b ) m decisive effect s9ce x runs 9 a m compet5tly organis$1 compact & prescriptive fa%ion4 ,:]e ! pecuni>y culture has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh consi/5tly on ! pr$atory plan1 )\t be+ div]t$ to t comm]cial phase curr5t 9 ! latt]day ,we/]n civilisation1 ! conclusion ( ! matt] has be5 decay ( ! indu/rial arts & effectual dissipation ( t sy/em ( matt]-(-fact k on :i* te*nological effici5cy re/s4 ,9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! pr$atory phase prop] has ev5tually giv5 place to a comm]cial phase ( ! same pecuni>y culture1 ! g5]al run ( ev5ts 9 ?is be>+ has be5 a decl9e ( k1 te*nology & workman%ip1 runn+ on s long z ! pr$atory 7co]cive7 rule prevail$ unbrok51 b foll[$ pres5tly by a sl[ recov]y & advance 9 te*nological effici5cy & sci5tific insight2 some:at 9 proportion z ! comm]cialisation ( ?is culture has ga9$ gr\nd1 & !re=e correlat$ also 9 a g5]al way ) ! decl9e ( religi\s fe>4 ,?is run ( ev5ts may tempt to ! inf]5ce t :ile ! pr$atory phase prop] ( ?is pecuni>y civilisation is inimical to matt]-(-fact k & to te*nological insight1 ! rule ( comm]cial ideas & ideals *>act]i/ic ( its subsequ5t peaceable phase acts to propagate ^! mat]ial elem5ts ( culture4 ,b :at has already appe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry into t /ill e>li] cultural phase t w5t be=e ! co]cive & invidi\s rgime ( pr$ation sugge/s t ! case is n s simple nor s flatt]+ to our latt]day self-complac5cy4 ,! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts ( arrogance & abasem5t1 out ( ^: free habitual ex]cise ! pecuni>y culture1 ) its in/itutions ( pr]ogative & diff]5tial advantage1 has be5 built up1 are n ! spiritual s\rce f :i* su* an outcome is to be look$ =4 ,^! s5tim5ts & ! in/9ctive proclivities ( :i* ^! s5tim5ts are ! emotional expression are presum$ to h rema9$ un*ang$ 9 =ce & "* ?r\gh t long c\rse ( cumulative habituation t has giv5 !m _! asc5d5cy 9 ! in/itutions ( ! pecuni>y culture1 & ( _! own motion !y w yield n[ results ( ! same k9d z ev]4 ,b ! l is true also = ^? o!r in/9cts out ( ^: work+ came ! e>li] ga9s made 9 k & workman%ip "u ! savage culture1 be=e ! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts und]ly+ ! pecuni>y culture took ! upp] h&4 ,! p>5tal b5t & ! in/9cts ( workman%ip & ( curiosity w h be5 ov]borne by cumulative habituation to ! rule ( ! self-reg>d+ proclivities t triumph$ 9 ! culture ( pr$ation1 & ^: dom9ion has subsequ5tly suff]$ "s impairm5t 9 ! lat] sub/itution ( prop]ty rights = t5ure by pr[ess1 b ^! in/9cts t make = workman%ip rema9 z intr9sic to human nature z ! o!rs4 ,:at is to be said = ! curr5t comm]cial s*eme ( life1 !re=e1 appe>s to be t x is only less inimical to ! function+ ( ^? in/9ctive prop5sities t s]ve ! common int]e/4 ,h5ce1 gradually1 ^! in/9cts & ! non-invidi\s int]e/s :i* !y eng5d] h be5 com+ effectually into be>+ aga9 z fa/ z ! /]n repression ( !m ex]cis$ by ! full-*>g$ pr$atory s*eme ( life has weak5$ into a less & less effectual inhibition1 "u ! discipl9e ( compromise & mitigat$ self-aggr&isem5t embodi$ 9 ! rights ( prop]ty4 ,t au!ntication ( own]%ip out ( :i* ! sacr$ rights ( prop]ty h app>5tly gr[n may well h aris5 z a sort ( mutual insurance among own]s z aga9/ ! disaffection ( ! dispossess$2 :i* w\ld pres5tly give rise to a s5tim5t ( solid>ity )9 ! class ( own]s1 w\ld acquire prescriptive =ce ?r\gh habitual en=cem5t1 become a matt] ( cu/om>y "r to be consi/5tly respect$ "u ! in/itutional =ms ( prop]ty1 & ev5tuate 9 t highly moralis$ expression ( self-aggr&isem5t :i* x is today4 ,b ) ! putt+-away ( fancy-free pr$ation1 z be+ a conv5tionally disall[$ means ( self-aggr&isem5t1 s5tim5ts ( equity & solid>ity w\ld pres5tly come 9--p]haps at ! outset by way ( dis+5u\s make-believe--& s ! way w\ld be made easi] "u ! %elt] ( ?is range ( conceptions = a rehabilitation ( ! primordial p>5tal in/9ct & its p5*ant = ! common good4 ,& :5 own]%ip has once be5 in/itutionalis$ 9 ?is imp]sonal & quasi-dispassionate =m x w l5d b a decreas+ly urg5t bias to ! cultural s*eme 9 ! direction ( diff]5tial respect ( p]sons & a diff]5tial rat+ ( natural ph5om5a 9 respect ( ! occult pot5cies & efficacies imput$ to !m4 ,z ! in/itutional gr\nd has %ift$ f free-swung pr$ation to a progressively m cov]t rgime ( self-aggr&isem5t & diff]5tial ga91 ! in/9ct ( workman%ip has progressively f\nd fre] range & readi] access to its raw mat]ial4 ,! diff]5tial good repute ( weal? & rank has ( c\rse cont9u$ to be ( mu* ! same nature 9 ! lat] 7comm]cial7 /ages ( ! pecuni>y culture z 9 ! e>li] 7pr$atory7 /ages4 ,an ari/ocratic 7or s]vile7 s*eme ( life mu/ necess>ily run 9 invidi\s t]ms1 s9ce t is ! :ole mean+ ( ! ph5om5on2 & re/+ z any su* s*eme does on pecuni>y di/9ctions1 :e!r direct or ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y t]m ( pr$atory exploit1 x w necess>ily involve ! coroll>y t weal? & exemption f "w 7otium cum dignitate7 is hon\rable & t pov]ty & "w is di%on\rable4 ,b ) ! progressive comm]cialisation ( ga9 & own]%ip x also comes to pass t peaceable application to ! bus9ess 9 h& may h mu* to d ) ! acquirem5t ( a reputable /&+2 & s long z "w is ( a visibly pecuni>y k9d & is sagaci\sly & visibly direct$ to ! acquisition ( weal?1 ! disrepute intr9sically atta*+ to x is greatly (fset by its m]itori\s purpose4 ,s mu* s1 inde$1 t !re has ev5 gr[n up some?+ ( a class feel+1 among ! class :o h come by _! weal? ?r\gh indu/ry & %rewd deal+1 to ! effect t peaceable dilig5ce & ?rift are m]itori\s traits4 ,?is is 8middle-class0 s5tim5t ( c\rse4 ,! ari/ocratic contempt = ! tradesman & all 8 works has n suff]$ s]i\s mitigation ?r\gh all ?is gr[? ( new me?ods ( reputability4 ,! ?ree conv5tionally recognis$ classes1 upp]1 middle1 & l[]1 are all & sev]al pecuni>y categories2 ! upp] be+ typically t 7ari/ocratic7 class :i* is possess$ ( weal? )\t hav+ work$ or b>ga9$ = x2 :ile ! middle class h come by _! hold+s ?r\gh "s =m ( comm]cial 7bus9ess7 traffic2 & ! l[] class gets :at x has by workman%ip4 ,x is a gradation ( 7a7 pr$ation1 7b7 bus9ess1 7c7 indu/ry2 ! =m] be+ diss]viceable & ga9ful1 ! second ga9ful1 & ! ?ird s]viceable4 ,& no mod]n civilis$ man is s innoc5t ( ! canons ( reputability z n to recognise (f-h& t ! fir/ category is m]itori\s & ! la/ discr$itable1 :atev] 8 individual prejudices may lead him to ?9k ( ! second4 ,ari/ocracy )\t une>n$ weal?1 or )\t pr$atory antec$5ts1 is a misnom]4 ,:5 an ari/ocratic class loses its pecuni>y advantage x becomes que/ionable4 ,a pov]ty-/rick5 ari/ocrat is a 8decay$ g5tleman20 & 8! nobility ( lab\r0 is a dis+5u\s figure ( spee*4 ,! transition f ! orig9al pr$atory phase ( ! pecuni>y culture to ! succe$+ comm]cial phase signifies ! em]g5ce ( a middle class 9 su* =ce z pres5tly to reca/ ! work+ arrangem5ts ( ! cultural s*eme & make peaceable bus9ess 7ga9ful traffic7 ! rul+ int]e/ ( ! community4 ,) ! same movem5t em]ges a situation :i* is progressively m fav\rable to ! intellectual animus requir$ = workman%ip & an advance 9 te*nology4 ,! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts advances1 & ) its advance ! accumulation ( weal? is accel]at$1 ! ga9fulness ( bus9ess traffic increases1 & ! middle 7bus9ess7 class gr[s along ) x4 ,x is 9 ! consci\s int]e/ ( ?is class to fur!r ! ga9fulness ( indu/ry1 & z ?is end is correlat$ ) ! productiv5ess ( indu/ry x is also1 ?\gh less directly1 correlat$ ) improvem5ts 9 te*nology4 ,) ! transition f a navely pr$atory s*eme to a comm]cial "o1 ! 8competitive sy/em0 takes ! place ( ! co]cive me?ods previ\sly employ$1 & pecuni>y ga9 becomes ! inc5tive to indu/ry4 ,at lea/ sup]ficially1 or ephem]ally1 ! workman's income "u ?is pecuni>y rgime is 9 "s proportion to 8 product4 ,h5ce !re results a volunt>y application to /eady "w & an incl9ation to f9d & to employ improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods & appliances ( indu/ry4 ,at ! same "t comm]cial conceptions come progressively to supplant conceptions ( /atus & p]sonal consequ5ce z ! prim>y & mo/ famili> among ! habits ( ?\ght entail$ by ! r\t9e ( daily life4 ,?is w be true especially = ! common man1 z contra/$ ) ! ari/ocratic classes1 al?\gh x is n to be ov]look$ t ! /&>ds ( propriety impos$ on ! community by ! bett] classes w h a consid]ably corrective effect on ! frame ( m9d ( ! common man 9 ?is respect z 9 o!rs1 & s w act to ma9ta9 an effective curr5cy ( pr$atory ideals & preconceptions aft] ! economic situation at l>ge has tak5 on a good deal ( a comm]cial complexion4 ,! acc\ntancy ( price & own]%ip ?r[s p]sonal pre/ige & consequ5ce notably less into ! =egr\nd ?an does ! rat+ 9 t]ms ( pr[ess & g5tle bir? t *>act]ises ! pr$atory s*eme ( life4 ,& 9 proportion z su* pecuni>y acc\ntancy comes to p]vade m5's relations1 correspond+ly imp]sonal t]ms ( rat+ & appreciation w make _! way also ?r\gh\t m5's habitual appreh5sion ( ext]nal facts1 giv+ ! :ole an increas+ly imp]sonal complexion4 ,s f> z ?is effect is _h1 ! facts ( obs]vation w l5d !mselves ) correspond+ly increas$ facility & effect to ! purposes ( te*nology4 ,s t ! comm]cial phase ( culture %\ld be fav\rable to advance 9 ! indu/rial arts1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! imm$iate incid5ce ( its discipl9e4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,own]%ip ,,& ,,! ,,competitive ,,sy/em ,i4 ,peaceable ,own]%ip ,! pecuni>y sy/em ( social organisation t s results has grave & la/+ consequ5ces = ! welf>e ( society4 ,x br+s class div]g5ce ( mat]ial int]e/s1 class pr]ogative & diff]5tial h>d%ip1 & an acc5tuat$ class disp>ity 9 ! consumption ( goods1 involv+ a v ext5sive resort to ! conspicu\s wa/e ( goods & s]vices z an evid5ce ( weal?4 ,^! consequ5ces ( ! pecuni>y economy may be int]e/+ en\gh 9 !mselves1 ev5 to ! !oretician1 b !y ne$ n be pursu$ "h except 9 s f> z !y h an appreciable be>+ on ! community's workmanlike effici5cy & ! fur!r developm5t ( te*nology4#aaj ,b ! m direct & imm$iate te*nological consequ5ces ( ?is move f a pr$atory to a peaceable or quasi-peaceable economic sy/em are also suffici5tly grave--p>tly fav\rable to workman%ip & p>tly o!rwise--& ^! x is necess>y = ! purposes ( ?is inquiry to foll[ up 9 "s detail4 ,! int]e/ & att5tion ( ! two typical pecuni>y classes betwe5 :om ! affairs ( indu/ry n[ come to lie1 pres5tly "p company & ent] on a c\rse ( progressive diff]5tiation along two div]g5t l9es4 ,! workm51 lab\r]s1 op]atives1 te*nologi/s1--:atev] t]m may be/ designate t g5]al category ( human mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! community's te*nological pr(ici5cy functions directly to an indu/rial effect1--^! h to d ) ! "w1 :]eby !y get _! livelihood1 & _! int]e/ z well z ! discipl9e ( _! workday life conv]ges1 9 effect on a te*nologically compet5t appreh5sion ( mat]ial facts4 ,9 ?is respect ! free workm5 "u ?is peaceable rgime ( prop]ty are v diff]5tly plac$ f ! s]vile workman ( ! pr$atory rgime ( ma/]y & s]vitude4 ,! latt] has little if any int]e/ 9 ! effici5cy ( ! indu/rial processes 9 :i* he is engag$1 less s ! m widely 8 /atus diff]s f t ( ! free workman4 ,8 case is analog\s to t ( ! t5ant at w1 :o has no?+ to ga9 f p]man5t improvem5t ( ! l& :i* he cultivates4 ,:]eas ! free workman is1 at lea/ imm$iately & transi5tly1 & p>ticul>ly 9 8 own curr5t appreh5sion ( ! matt]1 q intimately dep5d5t on 8 own te*nological pr(ici5cy & vitally int]e/$ 9 any available te*nological exp$i5t t promises to height5 8 effici5cy4 ,su* is p>ticul>ly ! case dur+ ! e>li] phases ( ! rgime ( peaceable own]%ip1 s long z ! free workman is 9 ! typical case work+ at 8 own discretion & disposes ( 8 own product 9 a limit$ m>ket4 ,& su* cont9ues to be ! case1 on ! :ole1 "u ! wage sy/em s long z ! l>ge-scale production & inve/m5t h n put an end to ! employ]'s intimate sup]vision ( 8 employs4 ,inde$1 "u ! driv+ exig5cies ( ! competitive wage sy/em ! workm5 are some:at /r5u\sly held to su* a workmanlike appreh5sion ( ?+s1 ev5 ?\gh !y may no long] h ! same intimate conc]n 9 _! own curr5t effici5cy z 9 ! e>li] days ( h&icraft4 ,! sev]e pressure ( competitive wages & l>ge organisation1 x might well be ?\ght1 %\ld logically (fset ! slight] attraction :i* "w z su* has = ! hir$ workman z contra/$ ) ! man occupi$ ) 8 own "w4 ,! effect ( ?is rgime ( free lab\r %\ld logically be1 z x app>5tly has 9 great "p be51 a close & progressively se>*+ rec\rse to ! logic ( matt]-(-fact 9 all ! workm5's habitual ?9k+1 & 9 all _! outlook on matt]s ( int]e/1 :e!r 9 indu/ry or 9 ! o!r conc]ns ( life t may conceivably be ( m capital int]e/4 ,on ! o!r h& ! own]s "u ?is rgime ( peaceable own]%ip h to d ) ! pecuni>y managem5t1 ! ga9ful manipulation ( prop]ty4 ,9 ! transitional beg9n+s ( ?is sy/em ( peaceable own]%ip & free workm5 ! own]s are 9 ! typical case own]s ( l& or simil> natural res\rces2 b 9 due c\rse ( "t !re arises a class ( own]s hold+ prop]ty 9 ! mat]ial equipm5t ( indu/ry & d]iv+ _! ga9s & livelihood f a bus9esslike managem5t ( ?is prop]ty1 at ! same "t t ! l&lords also fall into m bus9esslike relations ) _! t5ants on ! "o h& & ) ! indu/rial community t supplies _! wants on ! o!r h&4 ,^! own]s1 inve/ors1 ma/]s1 employ]s1 und]tak]s1 bus9essm51 h to d ) ! negotiation ( advantage\s b>ga9s2 x is by b>ga9+ t _! discretion>y control ( prop]ty takes effect1 & 9 "o way or ano!r _! att5tion c5tres on ! que/ ( pr(its4 ,! tra9+ af=d$ by ^! occupations & requisite to _! effectual pursuit runs 9 t]ms ( pecuni>y managem5t & insight1 pecuni>y ga91 price1 price-co/1 price-pr(it & price-loss2 & ^! m5 are held to an ev] m exact+ rec\rse to ! logic ( ! price sy/em1 & s are tra9$ to ! appreh5sion ( m5 & ?+s 9 t]ms :i* c\nt t[>d a ga9ful m>g9 on inve/m5ts & bus9ess und]tak+s2 t is to say 9 t]ms ( ! self-reg>d+ prop5sities & s5tim5ts compris$ 9 human nature1 & p]haps especially 9 t]ms ( human infirmity4 ,?is la/ po9t 9 ! *>act]isation may seem unw>rant$1 & may ev5 /rike unreflect+ p]sons z d]ogatory4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n s int5d$2 & any degree ( reflection w br+ out its simple be>+ on ! facts ( bus9ess4 ,z is well & obvi\sly kn[n1 ! sole end ( bus9ess z su* is pecuni>y ga91 ga9 9 t]ms ( price4 ,x ne$ n be held1 z has sometimes be5 argu$1 t "o bus9essman's ga9 is necess>ily ano!r's loss2 al?\gh t pr9ciple 0 once tak5 = grant$1 z ! f\ndation ( ! ,m]cantili/ policies ( ,europe1 & is /ill act$ on uncritically by ! g5]ality ( /atesm54 ,b x is at any rate true1 because x is conta9$ 9 ! t]ms employ$1 t a successful bus9ess negotiation is m successful 9 proportion z ! p>ty ( ! second "p is less compet5t to take c>e ( 8 own pecuni>y int]e/1 :e!r ?r\gh native or acquir$ incapacity = pecuni>y discretion or f pecuni>y inability to /& out = su* t]ms z he o!rwise might conceivably exact4 ,a %rewd bus9essman c1 notori\sly1 negotiate advantage\s t]ms ) an inexp]i5c$ m9or or a necessit\s cu/om] or employ4 ,pecuni>y ga9 is a diff]5tial ga9 & bus9ess is a negotiation ( su* diff]5tial ga9s2 n necess>ily a diff]5tial ( "o bus9essman z aga9/ or at ! co/ ( ano!r2 b m commonly1 & m typical ( ! competitive sy/em1 x is a diff]5tial z betwe5 ! bus9essman's outlay & 8 returns1--t is to say1 z betwe5 ! bus9essman & ! unbus9esslike g5]ality ( p]sons ) :om directly or indirectly he deals z cu/om]s1 employs1 & ! l4 ,= ! purposes ( su* a negotiation ( diff]5tials ! weakness ( "o p>ty 79 ! pecuni>y respect7 is z mu* to ! po9t z ! /r5g? ( ! o!r1--! two be+ sub/antially ! same fact4 ,! discipl9e ( ! bus9ess occupations %\ld accord+ly run to ! habitual rat+ ( m51 ?+s & affairs 9 t]ms ( emulative human nature & ( precaution>y wisdom 9 respect ( pecuni>y exp$i5cy4 ,in/ead ( workmanlike or te*nological insight1 ?is discipl9e conduces to worldly wisdom4#aaa ,b ! disp>ity betwe5 ! discipl9e ( ! bus9ess occupations & t ( indu/ry is by no means s %e] z ?is contra/ 9 _! ma9 *>act]i/ics w\ld imply1 nor d ! m5 engag$ 9 ^! two div]g5t l9es ( "w diff] s widely 9 _! habitual outlook on affairs or _! insight into facts4 ,su* is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! e>li] & simpl] phases ( ! rgime1 be=e ! specialisation ( occupations _h gone s f> z to divide ! work+ community 9 any consi/5t fa%ion into ! two contra/$ classes ( bus9essm5 on ! "o side & workm5 on ! o!r4 ,z ?is mod]n rgime ( peaceable own]%ip & pecuni>y organisation has advanc$ & its peculi> features ( organisation & workman%ip h rea*$ a %>p] def9ition1 ! division betwe5 ! two contra/$ k9ds ( endeav\r--bus9ess & workman%ip--has gr[n wid] & ! disp>ity 9 ! di/9ctive range ( habits eng5d]$ by ea* has gr[n m m>k$4 ,s t some?+ ( a m>k$ & p]vad+ contra/ %\ld logically be f\nd betwe5 ! habitual attitude tak5 by memb]s ( ! bus9ess community on ! "o h& & t ( ! body ( workm5 on ! o!r h&2 & ?is contra/ %\ld1 logically1 g on increas+ ) ea* successive move 9 advance along ?is l9e ( specialisation ( occupations & 8division ( lab\r40 ,"s su* result has app>5tly foll[$2 b nei!r has ! specialisation be5 complete & consi/5t1 nor has ! result+ diff]5tiation 9 respect ( _! intellectual & spiritual attitude set ! two contra/$ classes ( p]sons ap>t 9 s def9itive a fa%ion z a fir/ & elem5t>y consid]ation ( ! causes at "w might lead "o to inf]4 ,bus9essm5 h to d ) indu/ry2 m or less remotely p]haps1 b (t5 at ne> h&1 = x is out ( indu/ry t _! bus9ess ga9s come2 & !y are also subject to ! r\t9e ( liv+ impos$ by ! use ( ! p>ticul> range ( indu/rial appliances & processes available = t use4 ,! workm5 on ! o!r h& h also to d ) pecuni>y matt]s1 = !y are =ev] 9 contact ) ! m>ket 9 "o way & ano!r1 & x is 9 pecuni>y t]ms t ! livelihood comes to !m = :i* !y are set to "w4 ,& bo? bus9essm5 & workm5 ent] on _! two div]g5t l9es ( tra9+ ) mu* ! same end[m5t ( prop5sities & aptitudes4 ,yet x appe>s t ! tra9+ 9 pecuni>y wisdom t makes up ! c>e] ( ! typical bus9essman is aft] all ( little avail 9 ! way ( te*nological insight or effici5cy1 z witness ! ubiquit\s mismanagem5t ( indu/ry at ! h&s ( bus9essm5 :o are1 presumably1 do+ _! be/ to enhance ! effici5cy ( ! indu/ries "u _! control ) a view to ! l>ge/ net ga9 f ! output4#aab ,if ! 8effici5cy eng9e]s0 are to be cr$it$1 x is probably )9 ! m>k to say t ! net aggregate ga9s f indu/ry fall %ort ( :at !y might be by "s fifty p] c5t1 ow+ to ! tra9$ inability ( ! bus9essm5 9 control to appreciate & give effect to ! visible te*nological requirem5ts ( ! indu/ries f :i* !y draw _! ga9s4 ,to appreciate ! k9d & degree ( ?is commonplace mismanagem5t ( indu/ry x is only necess>y to contra/ ! facility1 circumspection1 %rewd /rategy & close economy %[n by ^! same bus9essm5 9 ! organisation & managem5t ( _! pecuni>y1 fiscal & monet>y op]ations1 z aga9/ ! wa/e ( "t1 lab\r & mat]ials t ab\nds 9 ! indu/ries "u _! control4 ,b = ! workm5 likewise1 _! daily "w & _! insight into its requirem5ts & possibilities are1 by m ?an half1 a 8bus9ess proposition10 a proposition 9 ! pecuni>y calculus ( h[ to get ! mo/ 9 price = ! lea/ return 9 weight & tale4 ,^! v>i\s consid]ations1 tak5 crudely 9 _! fir/ incid5ce1 w\ld seem to preclude any te*nological advance "u ?is quasi-peaceable rgime ( bus9ess4 ,bus9ess pr9ciples & pecuni>y di/9ctions rule ! famili> r\t9e ( life1 & ev5 ! common welf>e is conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( price1 & s ( diff]5tial advantage2 & "u su* a sy/em !re %\ld app>5tly be little *ance ( ! dispassionate pursuit ( su* a non-invidi\s int]e/ z t ( workman%ip4 ,! prime mov] 9 ?is cultural s*eme appe>s to be invidi\s self-aggr&isem5t1 )\t fe> or fav\r2 & its goal appe>s to be ! conspicu\s wa/e ( goods & s]vices4 ,yet 9 po9t ( fact ! te*nological advance "u ^! mod]n conditions has be5 l>g] & m rapid ?an 9 any o!r cultural situation4 ,!re=e ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! mod]n ga9s 9 te*nology h be5 made w m]it some:at m detail$ att5tion2 z also ! cultural consequ5ces t h foll[$ f ?is te*nological advance or be5 condition$ by x4 ,& at ! risk ( "s t$i\s repetition x seems p]t95t summ>ily to recall ^! peculi> circum/ances t h condition$ ! mod]n culture & h presumably %ap$ its te*nological output4 ,by & l>ge ?is mod]n te*nological era runs its c\rse )9 ! fronti]s ( ,occid5tal civilisation1 & 9 ! p]iod subsequ5t to ! feudal age4 ,r\ghly1 its c5tre ( diffusion is ! region ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & its placem5t 9 po9t ( "t is 9 t p]iod ( comp>ative peace spok5 ( z 8mod]n times40 ,su* ( ! peoples compris$ )9 ?is ,we/]n culture z h cont9u$ to be actively occupi$ ) fight+ dur+ ?is mod]n p]iod h _h no creative %>e 9 ?is te*nological era1 & inde$ !y h _h little %>e ( any k9d4 ,! broad c5tre ( diffusion ( ?is te*nology co9cides 9 a curi\s way ) t ( ! s+ul>ly compet5t & s+ul>ly matt]-(-fact neoli?ic culture ( nor!rn ,europe2 & ! racial elem5ts t h be5 engag$ 9 ?is mod]n te*nological advance are /ill sub/antially ! same1 & mix$ 9 sub/antially ! same proportions1 z dur+ t prehi/oric te*nological era ( ! l[] b>b>ism or ! high] savag]y4 ,?is implies1 ( c\rse1 t ! spiritual 7in/9ctive7 end[m5t ( ! peoples t h made ! mod]n te*nological era is /ill sub/antially ! same z 0 t ( _! =ebe>s ( ! ,dani% /one age4 ,! peoples t h tak5 ! lead 9 ?is cultural gr[?1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! te*nological advance1 h nev] liv$ "u a full gr[n & consi/5tly work$ out patri>*al sy/em1 nor h !y1 !re=e1 ev] fully assimilat$ t peculi>ly p]sonal & arbitr>ily au?oritative s*eme ( an?ropomorphic beliefs t commonly goes ) ! patri>*al sy/em4 ,9 ! e>li] phases ( _! cultural exp]i5ce1 & until rec5tly1 !y h liv$ 9 small communities1 "u m or less ( local self-gov]nm5t1 & h 9 great "p %[n "s degree ( religi\s scepticism & insubord9ation4 ,!y h _h "s exp]i5ce ( ! sea & ( t imp]sonal run ( ph5om5a :i* ! sea (f]s2 :i* call on ^? :o h to d ) ! sea = pati5t obs]vation ( h[ su* imp]sonal =ces "w1 & :i* con/ra9 !m to le>n by trial & error h[ ^! =ces may be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,latt]ly1 9 ! days ( _! mo/ pron\nc$ te*nological advance1 ^! peoples h _h exp]i5ce ( an economic & indu/rial sy/em organis$ on an unexampl$ scale1 su* z to con/itute a v wide & inclusive indu/rial community )9 :i* int]c\rse has be5 increas+ly easy & effective4 ,^! circum/ances h det]m9$ ! range ( _! habituation 9 its l>g] features2 & ^! peoples h come "u ! discipl9e ( ?is situation ) a spiritual end[m5t app>5tly diff]+ 9 "s degree f :at any o!r gr\p ( peoples has ev] br\ght to a simil> task4 ,h[ mu* ( ! outcome1 cultural & te*nological1 is to be set d[n navely & directly to a peculi> temp]am5tal b5t 9 ?is human raw mat]ial w\ld be haz>d\s to conjecture4 ,some?+ seems fairly to be cr$it$ to t score4 ,! p>ticul> mixture ( hybrids t goes to make up ^! peoples1 & 9 :i* ! doli*o-blond ent]s m or less ubiquit\sly1 appe>s to lack a c]ta9 degree ( subtlety1 su* z seems native to _m o!r peoples t h creat$ civilisations ( a diff]5t complexion1--a subtlety t %[s itself 9 a read9ess = intrigue & f>sight$ appreciation ( ! spr+s ( human nature1 & :i* (t5 %[s itself also 9 high-wr\ght & /up5d\s con/ructions ( an?ropomorphic my? & !ology1 religion & magic1 z well z 9 su* l>ge & f]tile sy/ems ( creative art z w commonly accompany ^! an?ropomorphic creations4 ,^? peoples t are infus$ ) an appreciable blond admixture h on ! o!r h&1 n commonly excell$ 9 ! f>!r rea*es ( ! spiritual life1 p>ticul>ly n 9 ! ref9em5ts ( a su/a9$ & f9i%$ an?ropomorphism4 ,_! be/ effici5cy has r run to ^? bull-head$ de$s ( =ce & ^? me*anic arts t t\* closely on ! doma9 ( ! inorganic =ces4 ,( su* a "* is also ?is mod]n te*nological era4 ,x is 9 ! me*anic arts deal+ ) brute matt] t ! mod]n te*nology holds ov] all else1 9 matt]-(-fact insight1 9 ! navet ( ! que/ions ) :i* its adepts se>* ! facts ( obs]vation1 & 9 ! crudity 7an?ropomorphically speak+7 ( ! answ]s ) :i* !y are cont5t to g back to _! "w4 ,outside ( ! me*anic arts ?is te*nology mu/ be rat$ l[] ?an second be/4 ,9 subtlety ( craftsmanlike insight & contrivance or 9 delicacy ( manipulation & adroit use ( man's physical aptitudes ! peoples ( ?is ,we/]n culture are n n[ & nev] h be5 equal to ! be/4 ,su* a *>act]isation ( ! mod]n te*nology may seem too broad & too s*ematic1--t x ov]looks features ( ! case t are suffici5tly l>ge & di/9ctive to call = _! recognition ev5 9 ! mo/ g5]al *>act]isation4 ,s1 e4 g41 9 ! light ( :at has be5 not$ above 9 speak+ ( ! dome/ication ( ! crop plants & animals1 ! "q may well sugge/ itself3 ,is n ! pat5t success ( ^! mod]n indu/rial peoples 9 ! use & improvem5t ( crops & cattle to be accept$ z evid5ce ( a g5ial an?ropomorphic b5t1 ( ! same k9d & degree z took effect 9 ! orig9al dome/ication ( plants & animals8 ,= "s two hundr$ ye>s pa/1 x is true1 v sub/antial advances h be5 made 9 tillage & bre$+1 & ?is is at ! same "t ! peculi> doma9 9 :i* ! an?ropomorphic savages ( ! /one age once a*iev$ ^? ?+s :i* h made civilisation physically possible2 b ! mod]n ga9s made 9 ^! l9es h1 9 ! ma9 if n altoge!r1 be5 te*nologically ( ! same me*ani/ic "* z ! re/ ( ! mod]n advance 9 ! indu/rial arts1 ) little help or h9drance due to any su* an?ropomorphic bias z guid$ ! savage anci5ts4 ,x is r by virtue ( _! hav+ come compet5tly to appreh5d ^! facts ( animate nature 9 sub/antially inanimate t]ms1 me*ani/ic & *emical t]ms1 t ! mod]n te*nological adepts 9 tillage & cattle-bre$+ h successfully c>ri$ ?is l9e ( workman%ip =w>d at a rate & ) an effect n approa*$ be=e4 ,! live/ock exp]t is sob]ly le>n+ by trial & error :at to attempt & h[ to g ab\t x 9 8 bre$+ exp]im5ts1 & he deals z call\sly z any me*anical eng9e] ) ! *emi/ry ( /ock foods & ! use & abuse ( f]m5ts1 g]ms & enzymes4 ,! soil speciali/ talks1 ?9ks & acts 9 t]ms ( salts1 acids1 alkalies1 /ratifications1 #bjj-me% sift+s1 & nitrog5-fix+ organisms4 ,! crop-plant exp]t looks to h&made cross-f]tilisation & to ! ,m5delian calculus ( hybridisation1 ) no m imputation ( an?ropomorphic traits ?an ! metallurgi/ :o analyses fuels & fluxes1 mixes ores1 & ) goggl$ eye scrut9ises ! %ift+ t9ts ( ! inc&esc5t gases 9 ! op5 he>?4 ,x is f su* facts s con/ru$ t mod]n te*nology is made up1 & x is by su* *annels t ! s5se ( workman%ip has gone to ! mak+ ( x4 ,s ! "q recurs1 ,h[ has x come ab\t t ?is pecuni>y culture--) its in/itutions drawn 9 t]ms ( diff]5tial advantage & mov$ by s5tim5ts t conv]ge on emulative ga9 & ! invidi\sly conspicu\s wa/e ( goods--has yet fur!r$ ! gr[? ( su* a te*nology1 ev5 p]missively8 ,9 its direct incid5ce1 ! discipl9e ( ?is pecuni>y culture is d\btless inimical to any advance 9 workmanlike insight or any matt]-(-fact appreh5sion & use ( objective ph5om5a4 ,x is a civilisation ^: sub/antial core is ( a subjective k9d1 9 ! n>r[ly subjective1 p]sonal1 individuali/ic s5se giv5 by ! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts ( emul\s rivalry4#aac ,b :5 all is said x is aft] all a peaceable culture1 on ! :ole2 & inde$ ! rules ( ! bus9ess game ( pr(it & loss1 =feit & seque/ration1 require x to be s4 ,x has at lea/ t mu*1 & p]haps mu* else1 9 common ) ! great te*nological era ( ! nor?-,european neoli?ic age4 ,! discipl9e to :i* its peoples are subject may be exact+ en\gh1 & its exactions may run to worldly wisdom r ?an to matt]-(-fact2 b its invidi\s di/9ctions run 9 t]ms ( price1 t is to say 9 t]ms ( an objective1 imp]sonal money unit1 9 ! la/ resort a metallic weight2 & ! traffic ( daily life "u ?is price sy/em af=ds an unremitt+ ex]cise 9 ! exact sci5ce ( mak+ *ange1 l>ge & small4 ,ev5 ! daydreams ( ! pecuni>y day-dream] take %ape z a calculus ( pr(it & loss comput$ 9 /&>d units ( an imp]sonal magnitude1 ev5 ?\gh ! magnitude ( ^! /&>d units may on analysis prove to be ( a l>gely putative "*4 ,! imputation "u ! price sy/em is ( an imp]sonal k9d4 ,9 ! curr5t appreh5sion ( ! pecuni>y devotee ^! magnitudes are :olly objective1 s t 9 effect ! tra9+ t comes ( busy+ himself ) !m is aft] all a tra9+ 9 ! accurate appreciation ( brute fact4 ,at ! same "t1 ! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 be+ n an acquir$ trait1 has n be5 got rid ( by disuse2 & :5 ! occasion (f]s1 "u ! relatively tranquil conditions ( ?is peaceable or quasi-peaceable pecuni>y rgime1 ! anci5t proclivity ass]ts itself 9 its anci5t =ce1 uneag] & a/h5ic p]haps1 b p]vasive & resili5t4 ,& :5 ?is in/9ct works out ?r\gh ! ,botic g5ius ( ! nor?-,european hybrid !re is a good *ance t ! outcome ( su* obs]vation & reflection w fall into t]ms ( matt]-(-fact1 ( su* close-%orn navet1 inde$1 z to af=d v passable mat]ial = ! mat]ial sci5ces & ! ma*9e te*nology4 ,s also1 ! anci5t & "t-worn civil in/itutions ( ! nor?-,european peoples h app>5tly n be5 ( ! high-wr\ght invidi\s "* t comes ( long & /r5u\s tra9+ 9 ! practices & ideals ( ! patri>*al sy/em2 nor are _! prevail+ religi\s conceits extremely dra/ic1 !atrical or c]emoni\s1 z comp>$ ) :at is to be f\nd 9 ! cults ( ! great dyna/ic civilisations ( ! ,ea/4 ,on ! :ole1 x is only ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages t ^! peoples h be5 subject to ! rigor\s s]vile discipl9e t *>act]ises a dyna/ic despotism1 secul> or religi\s2 & mu* ( ! anci5t1 pagan & prehi/oric preconceptions on civil & religi\s matt]s appe> to h /ood ov] 9 ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! common p ev5 ?r\gh t int]val ( subm]g5ce "u ari/ocratic & patri>*al rule4 ,9 ! same connection x may be rem>k$ t ! blond-hybrid peoples ( ,*ri/5dom 7 ! la/ to accept ! patri>*al my?ology ( ! ,semites & h also be5 ! fir/ & readie/ to %uffle out ( x 9 ! sequel2 :i* sugge/s ! inf]5ce t !y h nev] fully assimilat$ its _s2 p]haps = lack ( a suffici5tly /rict & protract$ discipl9e 9 its ways & ideals1 p]haps = lack ( a suitable temp]am5tal gr\nd4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a curi\sly p]vasive concomitance1 9 po9t ( "t1 place1 & race1 betwe5 ! mod]n ma*9e te*nology1 ! mat]ial sci5ces1 religi\s scepticism1 & t _s ( insubord9ation t makes ! sub/ance ( :at are call$ free or popul> in/itutions4 ,on none ( ^! heads is ! concomitance s close or consi/5t z to w>rant ! conclusion t race & topography alone h made ?is mod]n cultural outcome4 ,! exceptions & side issues are too broad & too num]\s = t2 b x is aft] all a concomitance ( su* bread? & scope t x c also n be ov]look$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! c\rse ( mutations t has br\ght on ?is mod]n te*nological episode may be conceiv$ to h run some:at 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,= lack ( suffici5t tra9+ 9 pr$atory habits ( ?\ght 7z %[n1 e4 g41 9 ! incomplete patri>*alism ( ! nor?-,europeans7 ! pr$atory culture fail$ to rea* :at may be call$ a normal maturity 9 ! feudal sy/em ( ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/1 :]e ! blond admixture is /rong]2 by 8normal0 be+ "h int5d$ t sequ5ce ( gr[?1 in/itutionalisation1 & decay %[n typically by ! great dyna/ic civilisations erect$ by ,semitic invad]s 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! full-*>g$ pr$atory culture1 9 its e>li] phases1 !re appe> typically to be pres5t two some:at div]g5t economic pr9ciples 7habits ( ?\ght7 bo? ( :i* h some?+ ( an in/itutional =ce3 7a7 ,! w>rant ( seizure by pr[ess1#aad :i* commonly comes to ve/ 9 ! dyna/ic head 9 case a despotic /ate is e/abli%$2 & 7b7 ! prescriptive t5ure ( :atev] "o has acquir$4 ,^! two in/itutional factors are at v>iance1 & accord+ z "o or ! o!r ( ! two f9ally takes prec$5ce & rules out or ma/]s its rival po/ulate1 ! pr$atory culture cont9ues on l9es ( co]cive exploitation1 z 9 ^! ,asiatic mon>*ies2 or x passes into ! quasi-peaceable phase m>k$ by secure prescriptive t5ure ( prop]ty & a settl$ nobility1 & pres5tly into a comm]cialis$ indu/rial situation4 ,ei!r l9e ( developm5t may1 ( c\rse1 be brok5 (f )\t hav+ rea*$ a consummation4 ,)9 ! region ( ! ,we/]n ,civilisation1 bo? 9 nor? ,europe & repeat$ly 9 ! gean1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts has fall5 out 9 ! l9e ( ! latt] alt]native2 ! gr[? ( in/itutions has %ift$ f ! foot+ ( pr[ess to t ( prescriptive own]%ip4 ,s soon z ?is %ift has securely be5 made1 ! developm5t ( trade1 indu/ry & a te*nological sy/em has come into ! =egr\nd1 & ^! habitual int]e/s h !n react$ on ! "* ( ! in/itutions 9 =ce1 !reby accel]at+ ! gr[? ( conditions fav\rable to _! own fur!r advance4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no m>k$ po9t ( conjuncture 9 ! cultural sequ5ce at :i* ?is transition may def9itely be said to h be5 effect$1 b 9 a g5]al way x may be held t ! po9t ( transition has be5 pass$ s soon z ! curr5t political & economic speculations uncritically give prec$5ce to ! 8commonweal0 z aga9/ ! fiscal int]e/s ( ! cr[n or ! 8/ate10 :]eby ! cr[n & its (fic]s come1 9 !ory & public pron\ncem5t1 to be rat$ z gu>dians ( ! community's mat]ial welf>e r ?an autocratic exploit]s ( ! community's productive capacity4 ,r\ghly f ! same p]iod !re w duly set 9 some?+ ( an accel]ation 9 rate ( improvem5t 9 ! /ate ( ! me*anic arts4 ,?is movem5t seems pla9ly to come on ! initiative ( ! l[] or indu/rial classes & to be c>ri$ by _! g5ius1 r ?an by t ( ! rul+ classes1 :e!r secul> or spiritual4 ,x %[s itself1 typically1 9 a gr[? ( h&icraft & petty trade4 ,s ! s5se ( workman%ip & its associat$ s5tim5ts aga9 come1 by ins5sible degrees1 to take ! fir/ place among ! factors t det]m9e ! run ( habituation & !re=e ! "* ( ! result+ culture1--s mak+ ! transition f b>b>ism to civilisation1 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! t]m2 :i* is accord+ly to be *>act]is$1 9 contra/ ) ! pr$atory b>b>ian culture1 z a qualifi$ or mitigat$ 7sophi/icat$7 return to ! _s ( savag]y1 or at lea/ z a spiritual rev]sion look+ 9 t direction1 ?\gh by no means abruptly rea*+ ! savage plane4 ,! new phase has ?is 9 common ) ! typical savage culture t workman%ip r ?an pr[ess aga9 becomes ! *ief or prim>y norm ( habituation1 & !re=e ( ! gr[? ( in/itutions2 & t !re results1 !re=e1 a peaceable b5t 9 ! ideals & endeav\rs ( ! community4 ,b x is workman%ip comb9$ & comp\nd$ ) own]%ip2 t is to say workman%ip c\pl$ ) an invidi\s emulation & consequ5tly ) a sy/em ( in/itutions embody+ a range ( prescriptive diff]5tial b5efits4 ,,ii4 ,! ,competitive ,sy/em ,dom9at$ by ! tradition h&$ d[n f ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 curr5t economic !ory has habitually made mu* ( accumulat$ goods z ! prime requisite ( indu/ry4 ,9 indu/rial ent]prise z x 0 !n c>ri$ on ! prevail+ unit ( organisation 0 ! private firm1 ) p>tn]%ip conc]ns mak+ up a second>y & less commonplace elem5t 9 ! bus9ess community4 ,ord9>ily & typically ^! private firms & p>tn]%ips own$ a c]ta9 mat]ial equipm5t employ$ 9 indu/ry1 & !y took ! initiative 9 indu/rial ent]prise on ! gr\nd ( ?is own]%ip2 hir+ ! workm51 buy+ mat]ials & supplies1 & sell+ ! products ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,cr$it relations1 su* z g to ! creation & conduct ( a mod]n corporation1 7 /ill ( second>y consequ5ce1 be+ resort$ to r z an exp$i5t 9 em]g5cies ?an z ! initial move & ! sub/antial gr\nd ( bus9ess organisation2 ! measure ( ! conc]n's magnitude & consequ5ce 0 /ill 7typically7 its un5cumb]$ own]%ip ( ! mat]ial equipm5t1 ! size ( ! plant & ! numb]s ( its hir$ workm54 ,x foll[s by easy consequ5ce t 9 ! practical bus9ess conceptions ( t "t ! equipm5t ( mat]ial means1 :i* embodies ! conc]n's assets & af=ds ! gr\nd ( its initiative & its rat+ 9 ! bus9ess community1 %\ld commonly be rat$ z ! prime mov] 9 indu/ry & ! *ief productive factor4 ,s1 also1 ! !oretical speculation t drew on t bus9ess traffic = its work+ concepts came unavoidably to accept ^! tangible assets1 ! community's mat]ial equipm5t1--implem5ts1 live/ock1 raw mat]ials1 means ( subsi/5ce1--z ! prime ag5cy 9 ! community's economic life4 ,z is true = ! work+ conceptions & pr9ciples ( indu/rial bus9ess1 s also 9 ! !oretical =mulations ( ! economi/s1 ! community's immat]ial equipm5t ( te*nological pr(ici5cy is tak5 = grant$ z a circum/ance ( ! environm5t condition+ ! community's economic life1--! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts & ! curr5t workmanlike aptitudes & effici5cy4 ,z ! phrase runs1 8giv5 ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts40 ,?is is good1 homely1 traditional common s5se2 x reflects ! habitual practical run ( affairs 9 ! indu/rial community ( t rec5t pa/4 ,su* 0 ! attitude ( practical m5 t[>d indu/rial matt]s at ! "t :5 ! curr5t economic situation took its rise4 ,b su* a conception is no long] s true to ! practical exig5cies ( ! imm$iate pres5t1 nor d ! m5 ( affairs today habitually see ^! matt]s 9 j ?is light2 al?\gh ! pr9ciples ( ! law t gov]n indu/rial ent]prise /ill cont9ue to embody ^! "t-worn conceptions1 to :i* ! economi/s also cont9ue to yield allegiance4 ,l o!r elem5ts ( habitual k ?is conception ( ?+s is drawn f pa/ exp]i5ce--*iefly f a pa/ n too remote = ready compreh5sion--& x c>ries ov] ! frame ( m9d out ( :i* x arose4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ! ma*9e indu/ry1 !n1--say1 9 ! clos+ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1--! conduct ( indu/rial affairs 0 9 ! h&s ( bus9ess m5 :o own$ ! mat]ial equipm5t & :o direct$ ! use ( ?is equipm5t & turn$ x to acc\nt = _! own ga91 on ! prescriptive gr\nd ( su* own]%ip4 ,discretion & initiative ve/$ 9 ! capitali/-employ]1 :o at t "t1 7typically7 comb9$ own]%ip ( ! plant ) a some:at imm$iate sup]vision & control ( ! indu/rial processes4 ,! directive control ( indu/ry1 cov]+ bo? ! volume & ! "* ( ! processes & output1 0 9 ! typical case directly b\nd up ) ! own]%ip ( ! mat]ial equipm5t z su*1--z tangible assets1 n z corporation /ock-hold+s4 ,s9ce !n *anges h come ov] ! bus9ess situation1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh an ext5sive rec\rse to cr$it1 su* t ?is "t-worn conception w no long] answ] ! run ( curr5t bus9ess practice1 p>ticul>ly n z t\*es t l>ge-scale ent]prise t n[ rules indu/rial affairs & t is curr5tly accept$ z ! type ( mod]n bus9ess ent]prise4 ,among ! assumptions ( a hundr$ ye>s ago 0 ! premise1 self-evid5t to t g5]ation ( ?\ghtful m51 t ! phase ( comm]cialis$ economic life !n prevail+ 0 ! immutably normal ord] ( ?+s4 ,& ! assumptions surr\nd+ t preconception 7 good & compet5t = a =mulation ( economic !ory t takes su* an in/itutional situation = grant$ & assumes x to be un*ang+1 or to be a t]m9us ad quem4 ,b = any?+ l a g5etic acc\nt ( economic life1 e>ly or late1 capitali/ic or o!rwise1 su* assumptions & ! !oretical propositions & analyses t foll[ f !m are defective 9 t !y take = grant$ :at requires to be acc\nt$ =4 ,!oretical speculation t presupposes ! 7some:at old-fa%ion$7 in/itutions =m]ly gov]n+ own]%ip & bus9ess traffic1 & assumes !m to h ! immutable "* & indefeasible =ce de facto :i* is assign$ !m de jure1 & t likewise assumes z immutable a pass+ phase 9 ! 8/ate ( ! indu/rial arts10 may s]ve passably = a !ory ( h[ bus9ess affairs %\ld prop]ly arrange !mselves to fit ! conditions s assum$2 & su*1 inde$1 has commonly be5 ! "* ( !oretical =mulations t\*+ indu/ry & bus9ess4 ,& z %\ld fairly be expect$1 9 ! speculations ( ! economi/s1 ^! !oretical =mulations h also commonly be5 accompani$ by a p>allel l9e ( rem$ial advice design$ to %[ :at prev5tive measures %\ld be appli$ to prev5t ! run ( bus9ess practice f do+ viol5ce to ^! assum$ conditions t are held to be immutably normal & indefeasibly "r4 ,n[1 s9ce 9 ! receiv$ !ories ! accumulat$ 8productive goods0 are conceiv$ to be ! mo/ consequ5tial factor 9 indu/ry1 & !re=e 9 ! community's mat]ial welf>e & 9 ! =tunes ( individuals1 x logically foll[s t ! discretion>y own]%ip ( !m has come to be acc\nt$ ! mo/ important relation 9 :i* m5 may /& to ! production ( weal? & to ! community's livelihood2 & ! pecuni>y transactions :]eby ?is own]%ip is arrang$1 manipulat$ & r$i/ribut$ are held to be indu/rially ! mo/ productive ( all human activities4 ,x is only dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury t ?is doctr9e ( pecuni>y productivity has be5 work$ out into f9i%$ %ape & has f\nd secure lodgm5t 9 ! sy/ematic /ructure ( economic !ory--9 ! curr5t !ory ( 8! ,function ( ! ,entrepr5eur20#aae b x is also only dur+ ?is p]iod t bus9ess ent]prise 7pecuni>y managem5t7 has come to dom9ate ! economic situation 9 a sub/antially unmitigat$ degree1 s t ! mat]ial =tunes ( ! community h come to dep5d on ^! pecuni>y negotiations into :i* its 8capta9s ( indu/ry0 ent] = _! own ga94#aaf ,9 ! s5se t no o!r l9e ( activity /&s 9 any?+ l an equally decisive relation ( initiative or discretion to ! indu/rial process1 or be>s ) a l weight on ! mat]ial welf>e ( ! community1 ^! bus9ess negotiations 9 own]%ip are unque/ionably ! prime factor 9 mod]n indu/ry4 ,b t su* is ! case is due to ! peculi> in/itutions ( mod]n times & to ! peculi> curr5t /ate ( ! indu/rial arts2 & ! =m] ( ^! peculi> circum/ances is condition$ by ! latt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n practicable to assign a h>d & fa/ date f :i* ?is mod]n era began1 ) its peculi> s*eme ( economic life & ! economic conceptions t *>act]ise x4 ,! date w v>y f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 & ev5 f "o indu/rial class to ano!r )9 ! same c\ntry4 ,b x c be said t hi/orically ! mod]n era beg9s ) ! rise ( h&icraft2 x is along ! l9e ( gr[? m>k$ out by ! developm5t ( h&icraft t ! mod]n te*nology has em]g$1 toge!r ) t indu/rial organisation & ^? pecuni>y conceptions ( economic effici5cy & s]viceability t h gradually come to _! curr5t /ate ( maturity on ! gr\nd af=d$ by ?is te*nology4 ,:at hi/orically lies back ( ! era ( h&icraft is n ( a piece ) ! economic situation ( mod]n times2 nor is x *>act]i/ic ( ! ,we/]n civilisation1 z contra/$ ) ! agricultural & pr$atory civilisations ( antiquity4 ,z indicat$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 9 speak+ ( ! decay ( ! pr$atory 7feudali/ic7 rgime & its s]vile agricultural organisation ( indu/ry1 :5 peace & ord] sup]v5e ! in/9ct ( workman%ip by ins5sible degrees & 9 an unc]ta9 measure supplants ! invidi\s self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts t actuate ! life ( pr[ess & s]vility *>act]i/ic ( t culture2 s t workman%ip comes aga9 into ! =egr\nd among ! in/9ctive prop5sities t %ape ! community's habitual int]e/ & s b5d ! c\rse ( its in/itutional gr[? & det]m9e ! bias ( its common s5se4 ,! habitual outlook & ! bias giv5 by ! h&icraft sy/em are ( a tw(old "*--te*nological & pecuni>y4 ,! craftsman 0 an artific] engag$ 9 me*anical op]ations1 work+ ) tools ( :i* he _h ! ma/]y1 & employ+ me*anical processes ! my/]ies ( :i* 7 famili> to 8 ev]yday habits ( ?\ght2 b f ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( h&icraft & ?r\gh\t 8 indu/rial life he 0 also m or less ( a trad]4 ,he /ood 9 close relation ) "s =m ( m>ket1 & 8 pr(ici5cy z a craftsman 0 br\ght to a daily practical te/ 9 ! sale ( 8 w>es or s]vices1 no less ?an 9 ! workmanlike fa%ion+ ( !m4 ,also1 ! price z well z ! workmanlike quality ( ! goods pres5tly became subject ( regulation "u ! rules ( ! crafts2 & ! petty trade :i* grew up z an occupation accessory to ! h&icraft indu/ry 0 itself organis$ on l9es analog\s to ! crafts prop] & 0 regulat$ by simil> pr9ciples2 ! trad]'s "w be+ acc\nt$ s]viceable1 or productive1 9 ! same g5]al s5se z t ( any o!r craftsman & be+ recognis$ z equitably entitl+ ^? :o pursu$ x to a fair livelihood4 ,! h&icraft sy/em 0 an organis$ & regulat$ sy/em ( workman%ip & self-help2 & "u ! conditions impos$ by its te*nology pr(ici5cy 9 ! latt] respect 0 no less indisp5sable & no less to ! purpose ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,bo? c\nt$ equally & 9 comb9ation t[>d ! successful work+ ( ! sy/em1 :i* is a practicable plan ( economic life only s long z ! craftsm5 comb9e bo? ( ^! capacities 9 good =ce & only s long z ! te*nological exig5cies admit ! ex]cise ( bo? 9 conjunction4 ,! sy/em broke d[n s soon z ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts no long] enabl$ ! workm5 to acquire ! necess>y te*nological pr(ici5cy & d ! requir$ "w at ! same "t t !y ea* & sev]al 7 able to ov]see & pursue _! individual pecuni>y int]e/s4 ,) ! com+ on ( a wid] & m ext5sively diff]5tiat$ te*nological s*eme1 & ) wid] & remot] m>ket relations1 due 9 ! ma9 to increas$ facilities ( transportation1 ^! necess>y conditions ( a practicable h&icraft economy gradually fail$1 & ! practice ( indu/rial inve/m5ts & ! l>g] comm]ce !n gradually supplant$ x4 ,! discipl9e ( ev]yday life "u ! h&icraft economy 0 a discipl9e 9 pecuni>y self-help z well z 9 workman%ip4 ,9 ! popul> ideal z well z 9 po9t ( practical fact ! complete craftsman /ood %rewdly on 8 individual pr(ici5cy 9 ma9ta9+ 8 own pecuni>y advantage1 z well z on 8 tra9$ workman%ip2 & ! gilds 7 organis$ to ma9ta9 ! craft's advantages 9 ! m>ket1 z well z to regulate ! quality ( ! output4 ,! craft rules gov]n+ ! quality ( ! output ( goods 7 9 ! ma9 en=c$ ) a view to ! ma9t5ance ( price1 & s ) a view to secur+ an adequate livelihood = ! craftsm54 ,effici5cy 9 ! crafts came 9 ?is way pres5tly to be c\nt$ v mu* z ! mod]n 8effici5cy eng9e]s0 w\ld c\nt x1--proximately 9 t]ms ( me*anical p]=mance1 ultimately 9 t]ms ( price1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 t]ms ( net ga94 ,s t ! habits ( life +ra9$ 9 ! gildsman1 & 9 ! community at l>ge :]e ! gild sy/em prevail$1 compris$ z a ma9 fact a meticul\s reg>d = details ( own]%ip & = pecuni>y claims & obligations4 ,x is out ( ?is insi/5t1 p]vasive1 & m9utely concrete discipl9e 9 ! practice & logic ( pecuni>y detail t !re h aris5 ^? 8natural rights0 ( prop]ty & ^? 8bus9ess pr9ciples0 t h be5 tak5 ov] by ! lat] era ( ! ma*9e indu/ry & capitali/ic inve/m5t4 ,! rules ( ! gild1 z well z ! l>g] legislative provisions t _h to d ) gild regulations1 7 av[$ly drawn ) a view to secur+ ! gildsman 9 a fair cu/om>y livelihood1 & ! measures logically adopt$ to ?is end 7 design$ to secure him 9 ! enjoym5t & disposal ( ! returns ( 8 "w z well z 9 8 "r to pursue 8 trade )9 ! rules laid d[n = ! collective welf>e by ! gild4 ,) due tra9+ 9 ?is logic ( ! h&icraft sy/em x became a pla9 matt] ( common s5se t ! craftsman %\ld equitably be entitl$ to :atev] he c get = 8 "w "u ! conv5tionally settl$ rules ( ! trade1 & %\ld be free to make ! mo/ ( 8 capacities 9 all t p]ta9s to 8 pursuit ( a livelihood2 & ! l pr9ciples 7habits ( ?\ght7 apply to ! traffic ( ! petty trade2 :i*1 be+ pres5tly int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( contract & inve/m5t1 has come to mean ! "r to d bus9ess & to enjoy & dispose ( ! returns f all b>ga9s made 9 due =m4 ,pres5tly1 z ! te*nological situation gradually *ang$ its "* ?r\gh ext5sions & specialisation 9 appliances & processes--p]haps especially ?r\gh *anges 9 ! means ( communication & 9 ! d5sity ( population--! h&icraft sy/em ) its petty trade outgrew itself & broke d[n 9 a new phase ( ! pecuni>y culture4 ,! increas+ly wide diff]5tiation betwe5 workman%ip & salesman%ip grew into a 8division ( lab\r0 betwe5 indu/ry & bus9ess1 betwe5 indu/rial & pecuni>y occupations1--a disjunction ( own]%ip & its peculi> c>es1 privileges & pr(ici5cy f workman%ip4 ,by ?is division ( lab\r1 or div]g5ce ( function1 a fraction ( ! community came to specialise 9 own]%ip & pecuni>y traffic1 & s came to con/itute a bus9ess community occupi$ ) pecuni>y affairs1 runn+ along beside ! indu/rial community prop]1 ) a developm5t ( practices & usages peculi> to its own ne$s & be>+ only indirectly on ! fur!r developm5t ( ! indu/rial sy/em or on ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,ma/]-workm5 ) means w\ld employ o!r workm5 )\t means1 & might or might n !mselves cont9ue to "w at ! trade4 ,petty trad]s or huck/]s1 nom9ally memb]s ( "s craft gild1 w\ld gr[ weal?y ) ! increas+ volume ( traffic & w\ld organise a m & m ext5sive h\sehold 7sweat%op7 indu/ry to meet ! increas+ dem&s ( _! m>ket2 or !y might become jobb]s1 c>ry on m f>-rea*+ trade op]ations ov] a long] t]m1 )draw m di/antly f ! actual "w ( ! craft1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a g5]ation or two 7z1 e4 g41 ! ,fugg]s7 w\ld gr[ into m]*ant pr9ces & f9anci]s :o ma9ta9$ b a remote & imp]sonal relation to ! crafts4 ,or1 aga91 ! associat$ m]*ants 7z1 e4 g41 ^? ( ! ,hansa7 w\ld e/abli% depots & ag5ts1 8factories10 t w\ld gradually assemble some?+ ( a work+ =ce ( craftsm5 to sort1 w>eh\se & f9i% ! products :i* !y h&l$1 at ! same "t t !y w\ld ex]cise an increas+ly close & ext5sive ov]sight ( ! indu/ries f :i* ^! products 7 d]iv$2 until ^! depots1 "u ! managem5t ( ! factors1 9 "s cases grew into factories 9 some:at ! mod]n acceptance ( ! t]m4 ,9 "o way & ano!r ?is trad+ or huck/]+ traffic1 :i* _h be5 intimately associat$ ) ! h&icraft indu/ry & gild life1 bran*$ (f 9 ! c\rse ( "t z ! indu/ries advanc$ to a l>g] scale & a m ext5sive specialisation2 & ?is increas+ 8division ( lab\r0 betwe5 workman%ip & salesman%ip l$ pres5tly to su* a segregation ( ! trad]s out ( ! body ( craftsm5 z to give rise to a bus9ess community devot$ to pecuni>y managem5t alone4 ,b ! pr9ciples on :i* ! new & l>g] bus9ess 0 conduct$ 7 ! same z ^? on :i* ! e>li] petty trade _h be5 c>ri$ on1 & !re=e ! same 9 po9t ( d]ivation & t5or z _h be5 work$ out by long exp]i5ce )9 ! h&icraft sy/em prop]4 ,bus9ess traffic 0 an outgr[? ( ! h&icraft sy/em1 & x 0 9 z secure a position 9 respect ( legitimacy & legal & cu/om>y gu>anty z ! indu/rial sy/em f :i* its pr9ciples 7 d]iv$ & f :i* its ga9s 7 drawn4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! new l9e ( bus9essm5 drew ! accumulations ( weal? by =ce ( :i* !y 7 enabl$ to d bus9ess is some:at 9 dispute2 b h[ev] int]e/+ a "q t may be 9 its own "r1 x does n p>ticul>ly conc]n ! pres5t inquiry1 & ! l is true = ! /ill m int]e/+ & spectacul> ph5om5a t m>k$ ! gr[? & decl9e ( t e>ly bus9ess era t ran its c\rse )9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! h&icraft sy/em4#aag ,?r\gh\t t great p]iod ( bus9ess activity on ! cont95t ( ,europe t ga!r$ head 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & t clos$ 9 decay & collapse 9 ! sev5te5?1 ! pr9ciples 7habits ( ?\ght7 :i* und]lay1 au!nticat$ & animat$ ! bus9ess community & its pecuni>y traffic cont9u$ to be mu* ! same z animat$ ! body ( craftsm5 9 _! pecuni>y relations f ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( h&icraft to its close4 ,su*1 9 its turn1 0 also ! case ) ! lat] bus9ess era t set 9 ) ! great indu/rial advance ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 & su* cont9u$ to be ! case ?r\gh ! great] "p ( its life-hi/ory 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,( ! latt]day & late/ developm5ts 9 bus9ess practice & pr9ciples ! l _c unhesitat+ly be said1 b ?is too is a matt] t does n imm$iately conc]n ! inquiry at ?is po9t4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( ! new & l>g] bus9ess 7 ! same z _h be5 sl[ly work$ out "u ! sy/em ( petty trade4 ,^! bus9ess pr9ciples h prov$ to be v t5aci\s & /able1 ev5 9 ! face ( app>5tly adv]se te*nological circum/ances1 com+ z !y d out ( a long & rigor\s habituation ( v wide sweep & hav+ acquir$ ! au!nticity due to =mal recognition 9 legal decisions & to ! pa9/ak+ def9ition giv5 !m 9 ! c\rse ( a protract$ & exact+ /ruggle aga9/ ! in/itutional remnants ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,^! circum/ances att5d+ ! g5esis & gr[? ( mod]n bus9ess pr9ciples h l$ to _! be+ =mulat$ 9 a well-def9$ conceptual s*eme ( cu/om>y "r & also to _! embodim5t 9 /atutory =m4 ,to ?is1 p]haps1 !y owe mu* ( _! t5aci\s resi/ance to latt]day exig5cies t h t5d$ to modify or abrogate !m4 ,9 _! elem5ts1 ( c\rse1 ^! bus9ess pr9ciples are ev5 old] ?an ! era ( h&icraft1 be+ sub/antially ( ! same nature z t s5tim5tal impulse to self-aggr&isem5t t lies at ! root ( ! pr$atory culture & s makes ! sub/antial core ( all pecuni>y civilisations4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>k ( any bus9ess era1 z contra/$ ) ! h&icraft economy1 is ! supreme dom9ance ( pecuni>y pr9ciples1 bo? z /&>ds ( effici5cy & z canons ( conduct4 ,9 su* a bus9esslike community effici5cy is rat$ 9 t]ms ( pecuni>y ga92 & 9 s f> z bus9ess pr9ciples rule1 effici5cy 9 any o!r direction ?an bus9ess traffic c claim recognition only 9 ! measure 9 :i* x may be r$uc$ to t]ms ( pecuni>y ga94 ,workman%ip1 !re=e1 comes to be rat$ 9 t]ms ( salesman%ip4 ,& ! canons ( workman%ip1 & ev5 ( te*nological effici5cy1 fall m & m into pecuni>y l9es & all[ pecuni>y te/s to decide on po9ts ( s]viceability4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip is accord+ly contam9at$ ) ideals ( self-aggr&isem5t & ! canons ( invidi\s emulation1 s t ev5 ! s]viceability ( any giv5 action or policy = ! common good comes to be rat$ 9 t]ms ( ! pecuni>y ga9 :i* su* conduct w br+ to its au?or4 ,any pecuni>y /rategi/--8capta9 ( indu/ry0--:o manages to engross appreciably m ?an an ev5 %>e ( ! community's weal? is !re=e likely to be rat$ z a b5efactor ( ! community at l>ge & an exempl> ( ! social virtues2 :]eas ! man :o works & does n manage to div]t some?+ m f ! aggregate product to 8 own use ?an :at "o man's "w may contribute to x is visit$ n only ) dispraise = hav+ fall5 %ort ( a dec5t measure ( effici5cy b also ) moral reprobation = %iftlessness & wa/$ opportunities4 ,s also1 to ! curr5t common s5se 9 a community tra9$ to pecuni>y r ?an to workmanlike discrim9ation betwe5 articles ( use1 ^? articles :i* s]ve _! mat]ial use 9 a conspicu\sly wa/eful mann] comm5d !mselves z m s]viceable1 nobl] & m beautiful ?an su* goods z d n embody su* a m>g9 ( wa/e4#aah ,"u ?is sy/em ( bus9ess pr9ciples1 9 "o way & ano!r1 ! s5se ( workman%ip is contam9at$ 9 all its ramifications by preconceptions ( pecuni>y m]it & invidi\s di/9ction4 ,b :at is "h imm$iately 9 "q is its deflection into ! *annels ( ga9ful bus9ess1 toge!r ) ! m obvi\s consequ5ces t foll[ directly f ! sub/itution ( diff]5tial ga9 9 ! place ( mat]ial s]viceability z ! end to :i* ! in/9ctive prop5sity ( workman%ip s comes to drive m5's ideals & ef=ts "u ! discipl9e ( ! pecuni>y culture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! purposes ( a g5etic inquiry into ?is mod]n bus9ess situation & its be>+ on ! s5se ( workman%ip & on ! te*nological ph5om5a 9 :i* t in/9ct comes to an expression1 x is necess>y summ>ily to recall c]ta9 curr5t facts p]t95t to ! case3 7a7 ,x is a competitive sy/em2 t is to say x is a sy/em ( pecuni>y rivalry & cont5tion :i* proce$s on /able in/itutions ( prop]ty & contract1 "u conditions ( peace & ord]4 7b7 ,x is a price sy/em1 i4 e41 ! competition runs 9 t]ms ( money1 & ! money unit is ! /&>d measure ( effici5cy & a*ievem5t2 h5ce competition & effici5cy are subject to a rigor\s acc\ntancy 9 t]ms ( a 7putatively7 /able money unit1 :i* is 9 all bus9ess traffic assum$ to be inv>iable4 7c7 ,te*nologically ?is situation is dom9at$ by ! me*anical indu/ries2 s mu* s t ev5 ! arts ( husb&ry h latt]ly tak5 on mu* ( ! "* ( ! me*anic arts4 ,h5ce a some:at ?or\ghgo+ /&>disation ( processes & products 9 me*anical t]ms2 :i* = bus9ess purposes has ) a fair degree ( success be5 made conv]tible into t]ms ( price1 & s made subject to acc\ntancy 9 t]ms ( price4 7d7 ,h5ce consumption is also /&>dis$1 proximately 9 me*anical t]ms ( consumable products b f9ally1 ?r\gh ! me*anism ( ! m>ket1 9 t]ms ( price1 & l o!r price ph5om5a consumption also is competitively subject to & en=c$ by ! l acc\ntancy 9 t]ms ( ! money unit4 7e7 ,! typical indu/ries1 :i* set ! pace = productive "w1 = competitive ga9s1 & ?r\gh ! /&>d rates ( ga9 ultimately also = competitive consumption1 are indu/ries c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale2 t is to say !y are su* z to require a l>ge mat]ial equipm5t1 a wide rec\rse to te*nological insight & pr(ici5cy1 & a l>ge draught on ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! community4 7f7 ,?is mat]ial equipm5t--indu/rial plant & natural res\rces--is held 9 private own]%ip1 ) negligible exceptions2 ! notewor?y exceptions to ?is rule1 z e4 g41 h>b\rs1 highways1 & ! l1 s]v+ *iefly z accessory means ( indu/ry & s come 9 *iefly z a gratuit\s supplem5t to ! indu/rial equipm5t held 9 private own]%ip & us$ = competitive ga94 7g7 ,te*nological k & pr(ici5cy is 9 ! ma9 held & transmitt$ p]vasively by ! community at l>ge1 b x is also held 9 "p--m obvi\sly because exceptionally--by specially tra9$ classes & individual workm54 ,relatively little1 9 effect a negligible proportion1 ( ?is te*nological k & skill is 9 any special s5se held by ! own]s ( ! indu/rial equipm5t1 m p>ticul>ly n by ! own]s ( ! typical l>ge-scale indu/ries4 ,t is to say1 ! te*nologically pr(ici5t workm5 d n 9 ! typical case own or control any appreciable proportion ( ! mat]ial equipm5t or ( ! natural res\rces to :i* ?is te*nological k & skill applies & 9 ! use ( :i* x takes effect4 7h7 ,x results t ! own]s ( ?is l>ge mat]ial equipm5t1 includ+ ! natural res\rces1 h a discretion>y control ( ! te*nological pr(ici5cy ( ! community at l>ge1 z well z ( ^? special l9es ( insight & skill t are ve/$ 9 ^! specially tra9$ exp]t m5 9 :om a specialis$ pr(ici5cy is add$ to ! g5]al pr(ici5cy t is diffus$ ?r\gh ! community at l>ge4 7i7 ,9 effect1 !re=e1 ! own]s ( ! necess>y mat]ial equipm5t own also ! work+ capacity ( ! community & ! usufruct ( ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,except = _! effective own]%ip ( ^! elem5ts ( productive effici5cy _! own]%ip ( ! mat]ial equipm5t ( indu/ry w\ld be ( no effect4 ,b ! usufruct ( ?is productive capacity ( ! community & its tra9$ workm5 ve/s 9 ! own]s ( ! mat]ial equipm5t only ) ! cont+5t qualification t if ! community does ?is "w x mu/ be all[$ a livelihood1 :]eby ! gross returns t g 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ^! own]s suff] abatem5t by t mu*4 ,?is requir$ livelihood is adju/$ to a conv5tional /&>d ( liv+ :i*1 "u ! curr5t circum/ances ( pecuni>y emulation1 is 9 great "p--p]haps *iefly--a /&>dis$ s*$ule ( conspicu\s wa/e4 ,9 :at has j be5 said above1 ! view is impli$ t ! own]s ( ! mat]ial means1 :o are 9 great "p also ! employ]s ( workm5 & are s5tim5tally spok5 ( z 8capta9s ( indu/ry10 h1 9 effect & commonly1 b a relatively loose grasp ( ! te*nological facts1 possibilities1 & requirem5ts ( mod]n indu/ry1 & t by virtue ( _! bus9ess tra9+ !y are able to make b a scant & unc]ta9 use ( su* loose ideas z !y h on ^! heads4 ,to anyone imbu$ ) ! commonplaces ( curr5t economic !ory x may seem t exception %\ld dutifully be tak5 to ?is view1 z be+ an und]/atem5t ( ! bus9essm5's te*nological m]its4 ,9 curr5t !oretical =mulations ! bus9essman is discuss$ "u ! caption ( 8entrepr5eur10 8und]tak]10 etc41 & 8 ga9s are spok5 ( z 8wages ( sup]9t5d5ce10 8wages ( managem5t10 & ! l4 ,he is conceiv$ z an exp]t workman 9 *>ge ( ! works1 a sup]ior =eman ( ! %op1 & 8 ga9s are acc\nt$ a remun]ation = 8 creative contribution to ! process ( production1 due to 8 sup]ior insight & initiative 9 te*nological matt]s4 ,?is conception ( ! bus9essman & 8 relation to indu/ry has /ood ov] f an e>li] p]iod1 ! p]iod ( ! small-scale indu/ry ( h&icraft & petty trade1 :5 x /ill 0 true t ! own]-employ]1 9 ! typical case1 kept a p]sonal ov]sight ( 8 workm5 & _! "w1 & s fill$ ! place ( ma/]-workman z well z t ( buy] & sell] ( mat]ials & f9i%$ goods4 ,& su* a *>act]isation ( ! bus9essman & 8 "w w /ill hold true 9 ! mod]n situation 9 s f> z he /ill is occupi$ ) indu/ry conduct$ on ! same small scale & cont9ues to fill ! place ( a =eman ( ! %op4 ,b "u curr5t conditions--! conditions ( ! pa/ half c5tury--& m p>ticul>ly "u ! conditions ( t l>ge-scale indu/ry t is curr5tly acc\nt$ ! type ( mod]n indu/ry1 ! bus9essman has ceas$ to be =eman ( ! %op1 & 8 surveillance ( indu/ry has ceas$ effectually to comprise a te*nological managem5t ( its details2 & 9 correspond+ measure ?is traditional !oretical conception ( ! bus9essman has ceas$ to apply4 ,! view "h spok5 =1 t ! mod]n bus9essman is necess>ily out ( effectual t\* ) ! affairs ( te*nology z su* & incompet5t to ex]cise an effectual surveillance ( ! processes ( indu/ry1 is n a matt] ( bias or ( vague op9ion2 x has 9 fact become a matt] ( /ati/ical demon/ration4 ,ev5 a cursory survey ( ! curr5t a*ievem5ts ( ^! great mod]n indu/ries z manag$ by bus9essm51 tak5 9 contra/ ) ! opportunities (f]$ !m1 %\ld conv9ce anyone ( ! te*nological unfitness ( ?is bus9ess managem5t ( indu/ry4 ,inde$1 ! capta9s ( indu/ry h !mselves latt]ly begun to recognise _! own ineffici5cy 9 ?is respect1 & ev5 to appreciate t a bus9essman's managem5t ( indu/rial processes is n good ev5 = ! bus9ess purpose--! net pecuni>y ga94 ,& x is all ! m ineffectual = ! purposes ( workman%ip z di/9ct f ! bus9essm5's ga9s4 ,s1 a pr(essional class ( 8effici5cy eng9e]s0 is com+ into action1 ^: duty x is to take invoice ( ! prev5table wa/es & ineffici5cies due to ! bus9ess managem5t ( indu/ry & to pres5t ! case 9 su* concrete & obvi\s t]ms ( price & p]c5tage z ! bus9essm5 9 *>ge w be able to compreh5d4 ,^! m51 9 a way1 take ov] ! functions assign$ 9 economic !ory to ! 8entrepr5eur20 9 t !y are m5 ( g5]al te*nological tra9+ & insight1 :o g into _! inquiry on ! gr\nd ( workman%ip1 take _! data 9 t]ms ( workman%ip & conv]t !m into t]ms ( bus9ess exp$i5cy1 some:at to ! same purpose z ! l "w ( conv]sion 0 done by ! own]-employ]s "u t small-scale sy/em ( indu/rial ent]prise f :i* ! curr5t !oretical concept ( ! 8entrepr5eur0 0 d]iv$4 ,x is !n ! duty ( ^! effici5cy eng9e]s to pres5t ! results s obta9$1 = ! conviction & guidance ( ! bus9essm5 9 *>ge1 :o !reupon1 if _! bus9ess tra9+ has left !m en\gh ( a s5se ( workman%ip1 w give p]missive in/ructions to ! exp]t workm5 9 direct *>ge ( ! indu/rial processes to put ^! /ati/ically indicat$ *anges into effect4 ,x is ! te/imony ( ^! effici5cy eng9e]s t relatively few pecuni>y capta9s 9 comm& ( indu/rial ent]prises h a suffici5t compreh5sion ( ! te*nological facts to und]/& & accept ! f9d+s ( ! te*nological exp]ts :o s argue = ! elim9ation ( prev5table wa/es1 ev5 :5 ! issue is pres5t$ /ati/ically 9 t]ms ( price4 ,^! m5 g ab\t _! "w ( asc]ta9+ ! effici5cy1 actual & pot5tial1 ( any giv5 plant1 process1 work+ =ce1 or p>cel ( mat]ial res\rces1 by ! me?ods ( precise physical measurem5t famili> to me*anical eng9e]s1 & z an outcome !y h no hesitation 9 speak+ ( prev5table wa/es am\nt+ to t51 tw5ty1 fifty1 or ev5 n9ety p]-c5t1 9 ! common run ( ,am]ican indu/ries4#aai ,! "w ( ! effici5cy eng9e]s be+ always done 9 ! s]vice ( bus9ess & ) a view to bus9ess exp$i5cy1 _! f9d+s be> directly on ! bus9ess exig5cies ( ! case alone1 & give def9itive results only 9 t]ms ( price & pr(its4 ,h[ mu* great] ! asc]ta9$ discrepancies 9 ! case w\ld appe> if ^! f9d+s c\ld be r$uc$ to t]ms ( s]viceability to ! community at l>ge1 !re is no means ( =m+ a secure conjecture4 ,t ! discrepancy w\ld 9 su* case prove to be appreciably great] ?an t %[n by ! price rat+ is n d\btful4 ,"u su* an appraisal1 :]e ! giv5 indu/rial ent]prises w\ld be br\ght to ! te/ ( net s]viceability to ! community in/ead ( ! net ga9 ( ! int]e/$ bus9essm51 _m indu/rial ent]prises w\ld d\btless %[ a wa/e ( appreciably m ?an "o hundr$ p] c5t ( _! curr5t output1 be+ r diss]viceable to ! community's mat]ial welf>e ?an o!rwise4 ,t ! bus9ess community is s p]meat$ ) incapacity & lack ( insight 9 te*nological matt]s is d\btless due proximately to ! fact t _! att5tion is habitually direct$ to ! pecuni>y issue ( indu/rial ent]prise2 b m fundam5tally & unavoidably x is due to ! l>ge volume & intricate complications ( ! curr5t te*nological s*eme1 :i* w n p]mit any man to become a compet5t speciali/ 9 an ali5 & exact+ field ( endeav\r1 su* z bus9ess ent]prise1 & /ill acquire & ma9ta9 an effectual work+ acqua9tance ) ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,! curr5t te*nological s*eme _c be ma/]$ z a matt] ( commonplace in=mation or a by-occupation incid5tal to ano!r pursuit4 ,! same advance to a l>ge & exhau/ive te*nological sy/em1 9 ! ma*9e indu/ry1 t has ?r[n ! direction ( indu/rial affairs into ! h&s ( m5 prim>ily occupi$ ) pecuni>y managem5t has also made x impossible = m5 s circum/anc$ at all adequately to ex]cise ! ov]sight & direction ( indu/ry !reby requir$ at _! h&s4 ,& ! anci5t pr9ciples ( self-help & pecuni>y ga9 by virtue ( :i* ^! m5 are held to _! "w ( bus9ess ent]prise make x also impossible = !m adequately to surr5d] ! discretion>y c>e ( ! indu/rial processes to o!r h&s or to p]mit ! managem5t ( indu/ry to proce$ on o!r ?an ^! same bus9ess pr9ciples4 ,?is te*nological infirmity ( ! bus9essm5 assur$ly does n arise f a lack ( int]e/ 9 indu/ry1 s9ce x is only out ( ! net product ( indu/ry t ! bus9ess community's ga9s are drawn--except s f> z !y are sub/antially ga9s ( acc\ntancy m]ely1 due to an inflation ( values4 ,p]haps no class ( m5 h ev] be5 m ke5ly al]t 9 _! int]e/ 9 indu/rial matt]s ?an ! mod]n bus9essm52 & ?is int]e/ ext5ds n only to ! indu/rial v5tures 9 :i* !y may = ! "t be pecuni>ily 8int]e/$10 b also & necess>ily to o!r l9es ( indu/ry t are m or less closely correlat$ ) ! "o 9 :i* ! giv5 bus9essman's =tunes are emb>k$2 = "u mod]n m>ket conditions any giv5 l9e ( indu/rial ent]prise is b\nd 9 endless relations ( give & take ) all ! re/4 ,b ?is unremitt+ att5tion ( bus9essm5 to ! affairs ( indu/ry is a bus9ess att5tion1 &1 s f> z may be1 x t\*es no?+ b ! pecuni>y ph5om5a connect$ ) ! own]%ip ( indu/ry2 s t x comes r to a tra9+ 9 ! art ( keep+ 9 t\* ) ! pecuni>y run ( bus9ess affairs :ile avoid+ all undue intimacy ) ! te*nological facts ( indu/ry1--undue 9 ! s5se ( be+ 9 excess ( :at may s]ve ! ne$s ( a compreh5sive %ort-t]m outlook ov] m>ket relations1 & :i* w\ld !re=e div]t att5tion f ?is ma9 int]e/ & befog ! pecuni>y logic by :i* bus9essm5 are gov]n$4 ,probably1 also1 no class ( m5 h ev] b5t m unremitt+ly to _! "w ?an ! mod]n bus9ess community4 ,)9 ! bus9ess community !re is prop]ly speak+ no leisure class1 or at lea/ no idle class4 ,9 ?is respect !re is a notable contra/ betwe5 ! bus9ess community & ! l&$ int]e/4 ,:at !re is to be f\nd 9 ?is mod]n culture 9 ! way ( an idle class1 consid]$ z an in/itution1 runs back = its orig9s & its specific traits to a m ar*aic cultural s*eme2 x is a survival f an e>li] 7pr$atory7 phase ( ! pecuni>y culture4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s an idle life ( fa%ion is an affair ( ! nobility 7g5try71 ( pr$atory antec$5ts &1 "u curr5t conditions1 ( pr$atory-p>asitic habits2 & z reg>ds ^? mod]n ri* m5 :o )draw f ! bus9ess community & fall into a /ate ( otium cum dignitate1 x is commonly _! =tune to be assimilat$ by a m or less c]emonial induction into ! body ( ?is quasi-pr$atory g5try or nobility & s assume an imitative col\r+ ( ar*aism4 ,! bus9ess community is h>d at "w1 & !re is no place 9 x = anyone :o is unable or unwill+ to "w at ! high t5sion ( ! av]age2 & s9ce ?is close application to pecuni>y "w is ( a competitive nature x leaves no *ance = any ( ! competitors to apply himself at all effectually to o!r ?an pecuni>y "w4 ,?is high t5sion ( "w is felt to be v m]itori\s 9 all mod]n communities1 some:at 9 proportion z !y are mod]n2 z is necess>ily ! case 9 any "w t is sub/antially ( an emulative "*4 ,x sp5ds itself on salesman%ip1 n on workman%ip 9 ! nave s5se2 al?\gh ! all-p]vad+ preoccupation ) pecuni>y matt]s 9 mod]n times has l$ to its be+ acc\nt$ ! type ( workmanlike endeav\r4 ,x conc]ns itself ultimately ) ! pecuni>y manipulation ( ! mat]ial equipm5t ( indu/ry1 ?\gh !re is mu* ( x t does n be> imm$iately on t po9t4 ,! exceptions "u ?is broad proposition are m app>5t ?an real1 al?\gh !re d\btless are exceptions actual z well z app>5t4 ,9 su* a case ! bus9ess transactions 9 "q are likely to be> on ! own]%ip ( c]ta9 specific elem5ts ( ! immat]ial te*nological equipm5t1 z e4 g41 habits ( ?\ght cov]$ by p>5t-"r or me*anical exp$i5ts cov]$ by fran*ise4 ,beyond ^! !re are elem5ts ( 8good-w0 t are subject ( traffic & t consi/ 9 pref]5tial advantages 9 respect ( purely pecuni>y transactions hav+ to d n ) ! mat]ial equipm5t b ) ! "r to deal ) x & its managem5t1 z e4 g41 9 bank+1 und]writ+1 insurance1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! money m>ket at l>ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! mature bus9ess situation z x runs today is a complex affair1 l>ge & intricate1 :]e9 ! effective relations 9 :i* bus9ess traffic /&s to workman%ip & to ! community's immat]ial equipm5t ( te*nological k at l>ge are greatly obscur$ by _! own convolutions & by ! in/itutional arrangem5ts & convictions to :i* ?is traffic has giv5 rise4 ,s t ! matt] is be/ approa*$ by way ( a g5etic exposition t %all take z its po9t ( dep>ture t simpl] bus9ess ent]prise ( e>ly mod]n times out ( :i* ! l>g] developm5t ( ! pres5t has gr[n by ins5sible accretions & displacem5ts4 ,bus9ess ent]prise came 9 ! c\rse ( "t to take ov] ! affairs ( indu/ry & s to )draw ^! affairs f ! tutelage ( ! gilds4 ,?is %ift+ ( ! effectual discretion 9 ! managem5t ( indu/rial affairs came on gradually & 9 v>y+ fa%ion & degree ov] a consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,b ! decisive g5]al circum/ance t en=c$ ?is move into ! mod]n way ( do+ 0 an advance 9 ! scope & me?od ( workman%ip4#abj ,:at ?rew ! =tunes ( ! indu/rial community into ! h&s ( ! own]s ( accumulat$ weal? 0 ess5tially a te*nological *ange1 or r a complex ( te*nological *anges1 :i* s enl>g$ ! requirem5ts 9 respect ( mat]ial equipm5t t ! impecuni\s workm5 c\ld no long] c>ry on _! trade except by a work+ arrangem5t ) ! own]s ( ?is equipm5t2 :]eby ! discretion>y control ( indu/ry 0 %ift$ f ! craftsm5's te*nological ma/]y ( ! ways ( indu/ry to ! own]'s pecuni>y ma/]y ( ! mat]ial means4 ,9 ! *ange t s took place to a l>g] te*nological scale mu* 0 d\btless due to ! ext5sion ( trade1 itself 9 great "p an outcome ( te*nological *anges1 directly & indirectly4 ,= ! craftsm5 & _! "w ! outcome 0 t rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! mat]ial equipm5t own$ by ^? :o own$ x1 & on su* t]ms z w\ld cont5t ! own]s2 :]eby ! usufruct ( ! workm5's pr(ici5cy & ( ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts fell to ! own]s ( ! mat]ial equipm5t1 on su* t]ms z might be _h4#aba ,s x fell to ^! own]s ( ! mat]ial means & ( ! products ( indu/ry to turn ?is te*nological situation to acc\nt = _! own ga91 ) z little abatem5t z might be1 & at ! same "t x became incumb5t on !m ea* & sev]al competitively to div]t z l>ge a %>e ( ! community's productive effici5cy to 8 own pr(it z ! circum/ances w\ld p]mit4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,h&icraft#abb ,ow+1 probably1 to ! peculi> topography ( ,europe1 small-scale & brok51 ! pa/oral-pr$atory culture has nev] be5 fully develop$ or naturalis$ 9 ?is region2 nor has a mon>*y ( ! great type *>act]i/ic ( we/]n ,asia ev] run its c\rse 9 ,europe4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to su* a despotic /ate w\ld be ! ,roman ,empire2 :i* 0 aft] all ess5tially ,m$it]ranean1 l>gely ,levant9e1 r ?an peculi>ly ,european4 ,& ow+ probably to ! same condition+ limitations ( topography ! subsequ5t sequ5ce ( in/itutional ph5om5a h also be5 *>act]i/ically diff]5t 9 ?is ,european region f t 9 ! l>ge & f]tile l&s ( ! ne> ,ea/4 ,x is necess>ily ?is run ( ev5ts 9 ! ,we/]n culture t is ( *ief int]e/ to ! pres5t inquiry2 :i* w !re=e mo/ conv5i5tly foll[ ! hi/orical outl9es ( ?is culture 9 its lat] phases1 9 s f> z ^! outl9es are to be drawn 9 economic t]ms ( a l>ge g5]ality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a passably successful fa%ion ! peoples ( ,*ri/5dom made ! transition f a frankly pr$atory & s]vile e/abli%m5t1 9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 to a settl$1 quasi-peaceable situation re/+ on fairly secure prop]ty rights1 *iefly 9 l&1 by ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is transition 0 accompani$ by a gr[? ( h&icraft1 it9]ant m]*&is+ & indu/rial t[ns1 s massive z to outlive & displace ! feudal sy/em "u ^: tutelage x took its rise1 & ( s m>k$ a te*nological "* z to h pass$ into hi/ory z ! 8era ( h&icraft40 ,te*nologically1 ?is era is m>k$ by an ev] advanc+ gr[? ( craftsman%ip2 until x passes ov] into ! rgime ( ! ma*9e indu/ry :5 its te*nology _h f9ally outgr[n ^? limitations ( h&icraft & petty trade t gave x its "* z a di/9ct phase ( economic hi/ory4 ,9 its beg9n+ ! h&icraft sy/em 0 made up ( impecuni\s craftsm51 work+ 9 sev]alty & work+ = a livelihood1 & ! rules ( ! craft-gilds t pres5tly took %ape & ex]cis$ control 7 drawn on t pr9ciple4#abc ,! petty trade :i* *>act]i/ically runs along ) ! developm5t ( h&icraft 0 c>ri$ on aft] ! same detail fa%ion & 0 pres5tly organis$ on l9es af=d$ by ! same pr9ciple ( "w = a livelihood4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 9 e>ly mod]n times1 l>g] hold+s ( prop]ty came to be employ$ 9 ! it9]ant trade1 & inve/m5t = a pr(it f\nd its way into ?is trade z also into ! h&icraft sy/em prop]4 ,! processes ( indu/ry grew m ext5sive & r\ndab\t1 ! specialisation ( occupations 78division ( lab\r07 increas$1 ! scale ( organisation grew l>g]1 & ! practice ( employ+ impecuni\s workm5 9 organis$ bodies "u ! direction ( weal?i] ma/]s came to be ! prevail+ =m tak5 by ! indu/ry ( ! "t4 ,f ne> ! beg9n+s ( ! h&icraft sy/em1 & ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( its fl\ri%+1 ! output ( ! indu/ry 0 habitually sold at a price1 9 t]ms ( money4 ,9 ! e>li] days ! price 0 regulat$ on ! basis ( lab\r co/1 on ! pr9ciple t a compet5t craftsman mu/ be all[$ a fair livelihood1 & mu* ?\ght & managem5t 0 sp5t on ! det]m9ation & ma9t5ance ( su* a 8j price40 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 ) fur!r developm5t ( trade & m>kets1 ?is conception ( price by degrees gave way to or pass$ ov] into ! mod]n presumption t any article ( value is wor? :at x w br+2 until1 :5 ! era ( h&icraft & petty trade m]ges 9 ! late-mod]n rgime ( inve/m5t & ma*9e indu/ry1 x has become ! c5tral pr9ciple ( pecuni>y relations t price is a matt] to be arrang$ freely betwe5 buy] & sell] on ! basis ( b>ga9 & sale4 ,! *>act]i/ic traits ( ?is era are ! h&icraft indu/ry & ! petty trade :i* h&l$ ! output ( t indu/ry1 ) ! trade gradually com+ into a position ( discretion>y managem5t1 & ev5 dom9at+ ! indu/ry ( ! craftsm5 to su* an ext5t t by ! date :5 ! te*nology ( h&icraft beg9s to give way to ! factory organisation & ! ma*9e indu/ry ! workm5 are already some:at fully "u ! control ( ! bus9essm54 ,visibly1 ! rul+ cause ( ?is *ange 9 ! relations betwe5 ! craftsm5 on ! "o h& & ! trad]s & ma/]-employ]s on ! o!r h& 0 ! increas+ magnitude ( ! mat]ial means necess>y to ! pursuit ( indu/ry1 due to su* a gr[? ( te*nology z requir$ an ev] l>g]1 m f9i%$ & m co/ly complem5t ( appliances4 ,s t 9 ! c\rse ( ! era ( h&icraft ! anci5t relation betwe5 own]s & workm5 gradually re-e/abli%$ itself )9 ! framework ( ! new te*nology2 ) ! diff]5ce t ! own]s 9 ^: h&s ! discretion n[ lay1 & to ^: ga9 ! net output ( indu/ry n[ inur$1 7 ! bus9essm51 inve/ors1 ! own]s ( ! indu/rial plant & ( ! app>atus ( trade1 in/ead ( z =m]ly ! own]s ( ! soil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"u ! h&icraft sy/em1 & to ! ext5t to :i* t sy/em %ap$ ! situation1 ! in/9ct ( workman%ip aga9 came into a dom9ant position among ! factors t made up ! discipl9e ( daily life & s gave _! *>act]i/ic b5t to m5's habits ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! te*nology ( h&icraft ! c5tral fact is always ! individual workman1 :e!r 9 ! crafts prop] or 9 ! petty trade4 ,9 t era indu/ry is conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( ! skill1 initiative & application ( ! tra9$ individual1 & human relations outside ( ! work%op t5d also by =ce ( habit to be conceiv$ 9 simil> t]ms ( self-suffici5t individuals1 ea* work+ out 8 own ends 9 sev]alty4 ,! position ( ! craftsman 9 ! economy ( t "t is peculi>ly suit$ to induce a conception ( ! individual workman z a creative ag5t /&+ on 8 own bottom1 & z an ultimate1 irr$ucible factor 9 ! community's make-up4 ,he draws on ! res\rces ( 8 own p]son alone2 nei!r 8 ance/ry nor ! fav\r ( 8 neighb\rs h visibly yield$ him any?+ beyond an equival5t = "w done2 he owes no?+ to inh]it$ weal? or pr]ogative1 & he is b\nd 9 no relation ( l&lord or t5ant to ! soil4 ,) 8 slight outfit ( tools he is ready & compet5t ( 8 own motion to d ! "w t lies be=e him1 & he asks no?+ b an ev5 *ance to d :at he is fit to d4 ,ev5 ! tra9+ :i* has giv5 him 8 f9i%$ skill he has come by ?r\gh no special fav\r or advantage1 hav+ giv5 an equival5t = x all 9 ! "w done dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip & s hav+ to all appe>ance acquir$ x by 8 own =ce & dilig5ce4 ,! common /ock ( te*nological k und]ly+ all special tra9+ 0 at t "t /ill a suffici5tly simple & obvi\s matt]1 s t x 0 readily acquir$ 9 ! r\t9e ( "w1 )\t =mal application to ! le>n+ ( x2 & any indebt$ness to ! community at l>ge or to pa/ g5]ations = su* common /ock ( in=mation w\ld !re=e n be suffici5tly app>5t to admit ( its di/urb+ ! craftsman's nave appraisal ( 8 productive capacity 9 ! simple & complac5t t]ms ( 8 own p]son4 ,! man :o does ?+s1 :o is creatively occupi$ ) fa%ion+ ?+s = use1 is ! c5tral fact 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s "u ! h&icraft sy/em1 & ! range ( concepts by use ( :i* ! te*nological problems ( t era are work$ out is limit$ by ! habit ( m9d s induc$ 9 ^? :o h ! "w 9 h& & 9 ^? :o see x done4 ,! discipl9e ( ! crafts inculcates ! appreh5sion ( me*anical facts & processes 9 t]ms ( workmanlike endeav\r & a*ievem5t2 s t que/ions z to :at =ces are available = use1 & ( h[ to turn !m to acc\nt1 pres5t !mselves 9 t]ms ( muscul> =ce & manual dext]ity4 ,me*anical appliances = use 9 indu/ry are design$ & work$ out z contrivances to facilitate or to abridge manual lab\r1 & x is 9 t]ms ( lab\r t ! :ole indu/rial sy/em is conceiv$ & its incid5ce1 value & output rat$4 ,su* a fa%ion ( conceiv+ ! op]ations & appliances ( indu/ry seems at ! same "t to fall 9 closely ) m5's natural b5t z giv5 by ! native in/9ct ( workman%ip2 & fo/]$ by ! consi/5t drift ( daily r\t9e "u ! h&icraft sy/em ?is attitude grew into matt] ( c\rse1 & has cont9u$ to direct m5's ?9k+ on indu/rial matt]s ev5 long aft] ! era ( h&icraft has pass$ & giv5 place to ! factory sy/em & ! l>ge ma*9e indu/ry4 ,s mu* s t ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 economic speculations z well z 9 popul> spee*1 ! me*anical plant employ$ 9 indu/ry has habitually be5 spok5 ( z 8lab\r sav+ devices20 ev5 su* palpable dep>tures f ! manual workman%ip ( h&icraft z ! p[] loom1 ! smelt+ furnace1 artificial wat]ways & highways1 ! /eam eng9e & telegraphic app>atus1 h be5 s class$4 ,!re ne$ be no "q b t ^! ph5om5a ( ! ma*9e era w be> su* an int]pretation2 ! po9t ( int]e/ "h is t su* an int]pretation %\ld h be5 resort$ to & %\ld h comm5d$ itself z adequate & satisfactory :5 appli$ to ^! me*anical facts ^: effective place 9 te*nology & 9 its be>+ on ! economy ( human life has turn$ out to be s widely diff]5t f t range ( manual op]ations ) :i* x is s s\ght to assimilate !m4#abd ,! discipl9e ( ! h&icraft indu/ry en=ces an habitual appreh5sion ( me*anical =ces & processes 9 t]ms ( manual workman%ip1--muscul> =ce & craftsmanlike manipulation4 ,?is discipl9e t\*es fir/1 & mo/ intimately & co]cively1 ! classes engag$ 9 ! manual "w ( indu/ry1 b x also necess>ily p]vades ! community at l>ge & ga!rs 9 its net all individuals & classes :o h to d ) ! facts ( indu/ry1 ne> or remote4 ,x gives its specific "* to ! habits ( life ( ! community t lives "u its disp5sation & by its means1 & s x acts z an ov]rul+ =mative guide 9 %ap+ ! curr5t habits ( ?\ght4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is habitual attitude1 = ! te*nology ( ! ma*9e era t pres5tly foll[s1 are wor? not+4 ,! me*anical inv5tions & exp$i5ts t lead ov] f ! era ( h&icraft1 ?r\gh :at has be5 call$ ! indu/rial revolution1 to ! lat] sy/em ( l>ge indu/ry1 be> ! m>ks ( _! h&icraft orig94 ,! e>ly devices ( ! ma*9e indu/ry are uni=mly contrivances = p]=m+ by me*anical means ! same motions :i* ! craftsm5 9 ! giv5 indu/ries p]=m$ by h& & by man p[]2 9 great "p1 inde$1 !y set out ) be+ contrivances to enable ! workm5 to p]=m ! same manual op]ation 9 duplicate or multiple--7z 9 ! e>ly sp9n+ & weav+ ma*9]y7 or to p]=m a giv5 op]ation ) l>g] effect ?an 0 possible to ! unaid$ muscul> "w 7z 9 ! beg9n+s ( /eam p[]74 ,9 _! beg9n+s ! new me*anical appliances are conceiv$ z improv$ tools1 :i* ext5d ! rea* & p[] ( ! workman or :i* facilitate or light5 ! manual op]ations 9 :i* he sp5ds himself4 ,!y are1 z !y aim to be1 lab\r sav+ devices1 design$ to fur!r ! workmanlike effici5cy ( ! m5 9 ^: h&s !y are plac$4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( /eam p[] %[s h[ closely ?is workmanlike conception limit$ ! range ( inv5tion4 ,x 0 fir/ employ$ to pump wat] out ( m9es4 ,9 ?is use ! pressure ( ! air on a pi/on1 9 a l[-pressure cyl9d]1 0 br\ght to be> on a lev] s susp5d$ z to yield =mally ! same motion z a l lev] previ\sly mov$ by human muscle4 ,aft] a long int]val1 suffici5tly long to make ! use ( ?is int]mitt5t pressure & ! result+ reciprocat+ motion famili> & imp]sonal 9 m5's habitual appreh5sion1 ! reciprocat+ motion 0 turn$ to use to produce a rot>y motion1--aft] ! fa%ion sugge/$ by ! treadle ( a la! or sp9n+ :eel1 :i* 0 already famili> en\gh to h be5 dive/$ ( some?+ ( t fog ( p]sonality t _h d\btless surr\nd$ x at its fir/ inv5tion4#abe ,! next s]i\s move 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e is ! inv5tion ( ! automatic valves1 = admission & escape ( /eam f ! cyl9d]4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t my?1 a boy ^: "w x 0 to %ift ! valves by h&1 contriv$ to connect !m by cords ) ! mov+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e 9 su* a way z to lift !m at ! prop] mom5t by ! motion ( ! ma*9e itself2 s mak+ ! ma*9e p]=m :at _h 9 ! orig9al concept ( ! valve me*anism be5 a manual op]ation4 ,lat] /ill1 aft] ! due int]val = ext]nalisation & assimilation ( ?is me*anical valve movem5t z an imp]sonal fact ( ! ma*9e process1 fur!r improvem5t & elaboration ( ! elem5ts s ga9$ has work$ out 9 ! highly f9i%$ me*anism famili> to lat] times4 ,detail scrut9y ( any "o ( ! great] me*anical inv5tions1 or s]ies ( inv5tions1 w br+ out some?+ ( ! same "* z is se5 9 ! sequ5ce ( successive ga9s t make up ! hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,x is to be not$ 9 ?is connection t "t appe>s to be ( ! ess5ce ( ! process ( me*anical inv5tion 9 any field2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x w commonly be f\nd t any s+le inv5tor contributes b "o radical innovation 9 any "o p>ticul> connection2 :i* may !n pres5tly be tak5 up aga9 z a securely objective elem5t by a lat] inv5tor & pu%$ =w>d by a new move z radical z t to :i* ?is orig9al inv5tion ow$ its orig94 ,?is "t int]val :i* plays su* a "p 9 me*anical inv5tions appe>s necess>y only z an int]val ( habituation1 = ! due ext]nalisation ( ! elem5t1 to relieve x1 by neglect1 ( ! p]sonal equation ) :i* x is contam9at$ z x fir/ comes into use1 & s to leave x su* an objective concept z may be turn$ to acc\nt z m]e te*nological raw mat]ial4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! accumulation ( te*nological exp]i5ce is n ( itself suffici5t to br+ out a consecutive improvem5t ( ! indu/rial arts1 p>ticul>ly n su* an advance 9 ! indu/rial arts z is embodi$ 9 ! ma*9e te*nology ( late-mod]n times4 ,9 ?is mod]n ma*9e te*nology ! rul+ norm is ! highly imp]sonal1 n to say brutal1 concept ( me*anical process1 bl9d & irresponsible4 ,! logic ( ?is te*nology1 accord+ly1 is ! logic ( ! ma*9e process1--a logic ( masses1 velocities1 /ra9s & ?ru/s1 n ( p]sonal dext]ity1 tact1 tra9+1 & r\t9e4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* ! in=mation t comes to h& comes encumb]$ ) a teleological bias1 a connotation ( p]sonal b5t1 x is unavailable or refractory "u ?is logic4 ,b all new in=mation is infus$ ) su* an an?ropomorphic col\r+ ( p]sonality2 :i* may pres5tly decay & give place to a m objective habitual appreh5sion ( ! facts 9 case use & wont play up ! me*anical "* & be>+ ( ^! facts 9 subsequ5t exp]i5ce ( !m2 or :i* may on ! o!r h& end by giv+ its def9itive "* & value to ! acquir$ in=mation 9 case x %\ld happ5 t ! facts ( exp]i5ce are by use & wont b5t to an habitual an?ropomorphic rat+ & employm5t4 ,to s]ve ! ne$s ( ?is ma*9e te*nology1 !re=e1 ! in=mation :i* accumulates mu/ 9 "s measure be dive/$ ( its nave p]sonal col\r+ by use & wont2 & ! degree 9 :i* ?is effect is _h is a measure ( ! degree ( availability ( ! result+ facts = ! uses ( ! ma*9e te*nology4 ,! l>g] ! available body ( in=mation ( ?is "*1 & ! m compreh5sive & unremitt+ ! %>e tak5 by ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process 9 ! r\t9e ( daily life1 !re=e1 ! great]1 o!r ?+s equal1 w be ! rate ( advance 9 ! te*nological ma/]y ( me*anical facts4 ,b mu* else goes to ! make-up ( use & wont besides ! r\t9e ( indu/ry & ! utilisation ( ^? me*anical processes & t output ( goods :i* ! mod]n ma*9e indu/ry places at m5's disposal4 ,to put ! same ?+ 9 t]ms already employ$ 9 ano!r connection1 ! s5se ( workman%ip is /ill subject to contam9ation ) o!r impulsive elem5ts ( human nature work+ "u ! con/ra9+ limitations impos$ by div]s conv5tional canons & pr9ciples ( conduct2 besides be+ con/antly subject to self-contam9ation 9 ! way ( an an?ropomorphic int]pretation t con/rues ! facts ( exp]i5ce 9 t]ms ( a craftsmanlike b5t4 ,z be>+ on ! effectual rea* ( ?is self-contam9ation ( ! s5se ( workman%ip x is p]t95t to recall t craftsman%ip ran )9 a class1 & s _h ! b5efit ( t acc5tuat$ s5tim5t ( self-complac5cy t comes ( class consci\sness4 ,f its beg9n+s d[n to ! p]iod ( its dissolution ! h&icraft indu/ry is an affair ( ! l[] classes2 &1 z is well kn[n1 class feel+ runs /rong ?r\gh\t ! era1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ! c5turies ( its be/ developm5t4 ,:e!r _! conceit is :olly a nave self-complac5cy or p>tly a product ( affectation1 ! s5tim5t is well 9 evid5ce & m>ks ! attitude ( ! h&icraft community ) a *>act]i/ic bias4 ,! craftsm5 habitually rate !mselves z s]viceable memb]s ( ! community & contra/ !mselves 9 ?is respect ) ! o!r ord]s ( society :o are n occupi$ ) ! production ( ?+s s]viceable = human use4 ,to ! creative workman :o makes ?+s ) 8 h&s belongs an effici5cy & a m]it ( a peculi>ly sub/antial & def9itive k9d1 he is ! type & embodim5t ( effici5cy & s]viceability4 ,! o!r ord]s ( society & o!r employm5ts ( "t & ef=t may ( c\rse be well en\gh 9 _! way1 b !y lack t sub/antial gr\nd ( f9ality :i* ! craftsman 9 8 g5ial conceit arrogates to himself & 8 "w4 ,& s good a case does ! craftsman make out on ?is head1 & s conv9c+ly evid5t is ! effici5cy ( ! skill$ workman1 & s pat5t is 8 primacy 9 ! indu/rial community1 t by ! close ( ! era mu* ! same view has be5 accept$ by all ord]s ( society4 ,su* a bias p]vad+ ! indu/rial community mu/ greatly =tify ! native b5t to con/rue all facts ( obs]vation 9 an?ropomorphic t]ms4 ,b ! tra9+ giv5 by ! petty trade ( ! h&icraft era1 on ! o!r h&1 is n altoge!r ( ?is "*4 ,! it9]ant m]*ant's huck/]+1 z well z ! buy+ & sell+ 9 :i* all memb]s ( ! community 7 conc]n$1 w\ld d\btless ?r[ ! p]sonal /ra9 into ! =egr\nd & w\ld act to keep ! self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts al]t & active & acc5tuate an individuali/ic appreciation ( m5 & ?+s4 ,b ! habit ( rat+ ?+s 9 t]ms ( price has no su* t5d5cy1 & ! price concept ga9s gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! p]iod4 ,:]ev] ! h&icraft sy/em rea*es a fair degree ( developm5t ! daily life ( ! community comes to c5tre ab\t ! m>ket & to take on ! "* giv5 by m>ket relations4 ,! volume ( trade gr[s great]1 & pur*ase & sale ent] m ?or\ghly into ! details ( ! "w to be done & ( ! livelihood to be got by ?is "w4 ,! price sy/em comes into ! =egr\nd4 ,) ! increase ( traffic1 book-keep+ comes into use among ! m]*ants2 & z fa/ z ! practice ( habitual rec\rse to ! m>ket gr[s g5]al1 ! uncomm]cial classes also become famili> ) ! rudim5t>y conceptions ( book-keep+1 ev5 if !y d n make mu* use ( =mal acc\nts 9 _! own daily affairs4#abf ,! logic & concepts ( acc\ntancy are :olly imp]sonal & dispassionate2 & :e!r m5's use ( its logic & concepts takes ! elaborate =m ( a set ( books or ! loos] fa%ion ( an habitual rat+ ( ga9s1 losses1 income1 & outgo 9 t]ms ( price1 its effect is unavoidably 9 "s degree to induce a /ati/ical habit ( m9d4 ,x makes imm$iately = an exact quantitative appreh5sion ( all ?+s & relations t h a pecuni>y be>+2 & m remotely1 by =ce ( ! p]vasive effect ( habituation1 x makes = a great] read9ess to appreh5d all facts 9 a simil>ly objective & /ati/ical fa%ion1 9 s f> z ! facts admit ( a quantitative rat+4 ,acc\ntancy is ! beg9n+ ( /ati/ics1 & ! price concept is a type ( ! objective imp]sonal1 quantitative appreh5sion ( ?+s4 ,co9cid5tly1 because !y d n l5d !mselves to ?is facile rat+1 facts t w n admit ( a quantitative /atem5t & /ati/ical h&l+ decl9e 9 m5's e/eem1 consid]$ z facts1 & t5d 9 "s degree to lose ! cog5cy :i* belongs to empirical reality4 ,!y may ev5 come to be disc\nt$ z be+ ( a l[] ord] ( reality1 or may ev5 be d5i$ factual value4 ,d\btless1 ! price sy/em _h mu* to d ) ! rise ( ! ma*9e te*nology 9 mod]n times2 n only 9 t ! acc\ntancy ( price (f]$ a practical =m & me?od ( /ati/ical computation1 su* z is indisp5sable to any?+ t may fairly be class$ z eng9e]+1 b also & imm$iately & sub/antially 9 t its discipl9e has greatly conduc$ to ! appreh5sion ( me*anical facts 9 t]ms n col\r$ by an imput$ an?ropomorphic b5t4 ,x has probably be5 ! mo/ p[]ful factor act+ positively 9 e>ly mod]n times to dive/ me*anical facts ( t imput$ workmanlike b5t giv5 !m by habits ( ?\ght induc$ by ! h&icrafts4 ,?is r$uction ( ! facts ( obs]vation to quantitative & objective t]ms is p]haps mo/ visible n 9 ! *anges t come ov] ! te*nology ( indu/ry directly1 9 e>ly mod]n times1 b r 9 t gr[? ( mat]ial sci5ce t runs along z a concomitant ( ! expansion ( ! me*anical indu/ry dur+ ! lat] era ( h&icraft4 ,! mat]ial sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly ^? occupi$ ) me*anical ph5om5a1 are closely relat$ to ! te*nology ( ! me*anical indu/ries1 bo? 9 _! subject matt] & 9 ! scope & me?od ( ! sy/ematisation ( k at :i* !y aim2 & x is 9 ^! mat]ial sci5ces t ! concomitance is be/ se51 at ! same "t t x is ! advance a*iev$ 9 ^! sci5ces t mo/ unequivocally m>ks ! transition f m$ival to mod]n habits ( ?\ght4 ,?is mod]n int]e/ 9 matt]-(-fact k & ! consequ5t a*ievem5ts 9 mat]ial sci5ce1 comes to an effectual head :]ev] & s soon1 z ! h&icraft indu/ry has made a consid]able advance1 9 volume & 9 te*nological ma/]y1 suffici5t to support a fair volume ( trade & make ?\ghtful m5 passably famili> ) ! /ati/ical conceptions ( ! price sy/em4 ,x is accord+ly 9 ! comm]cial republics ( ,italy t ! mod]n gr[? ( mat]ial sci5ce takes its fir/ />t1 ab\t ! po9t ( "t :5 indu/ry & comm]ce _h rea*$ _! mo/ fl\ri%+ /ate on ! ,m$it]ranean seabo>d & :5 ! att5tion ( ^! communities 0 already sw++ (f f ^! mat]ial int]e/s to high-h&$ politics & religi\s reaction4 ,! high] int]e/s ( *ur* & /ate came to ! front1 & sci5ce1 indu/ry1 & pres5tly comm]ce dw9dl$ & decay$ 9 ! l& t _h promis$ s h&somely to lead ,we/]n civilisation out ( ! und]bru% ( piety & pr9cely intrigue4 ,next foll[$ ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ) ! s\? ,g]man indu/rial c5tres1 :]e aga9 indu/ry ( ! h&icraft ord] grew great1 gave rise to trade on a rapidly increas+ scale1 & pres5tly to an era ( bus9ess ent]prise ( unprec$5t$ _s & scope4 ,b ! age ( ! ,fugg]s clos$ 9 bankruptcy & indu/rial collapse :5 ! pr9cely wrangles ( ! era ( /atemak+ _h us$ up ! res\rces ( ! indu/rial community & exhau/$ ! cr$it ( t g5]ation ( capta9s ( indu/ry4 ,"h too religi\s cont5tion came 9 = its %>e 9 ! set-back ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,9 _! economic outl9es ! two cases are v mu* ( ! same k9d4 ,c5tral ,europe ran ?r\gh mu* ! same cycle ( indu/rial gr[?1 comm]cial ent]prise1 pr9cely ambitions1 dyna/ic w>s1 religi\s fanaticism1 exhau/ion & insecurity1 & indu/rial collapse & decay1--sub/antially repeat+1 on an enl>g$ scale & ) mu* add$ detail1 ! sequ5ce t _h br\ght ,s\? ,europe into arre>s4 ,meantime ! mat]ial sci5ces _h come =w>d aga9 9 ! ,we/1 & fl\ri%$ at ! h&s ( ! ,ne!rl&]s1 ,s\? ,g]mans & ,fr5* s*ol>s1 :o "u ! fav\r+ discipl9e ( ?is new advance 9 indu/ry & comm]ce _h sl[ly come abrea/ ( ! same matt]-(-fact conceptions t _h once made ,italy ! home ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,& "h aga91 z be=e1 pr9cely politics1 ) ! att5dant w>1 exactions & insecurity1 foll[$ pres5tly by religi\s controv]sies & p]secutions1 n only put an end to ! advance ( indu/ry & bus9ess b also *eck$ ! att5dant developm5t ( sci5ce ne>ly to a /&/ill4 ,s t :5 a fur!r move ( ! k9d is pres5tly made x is ! ,briti% community t takes ! lead4 ,great ,brita9 _h be5 9 arre>s 9 all ^? respects t make up civilisation ( ! ,occid5tal k9d1 & n lea/ 9 ! mat]ial respect2 until ! "t :5 ! peoples ( ! ,cont95t by _! own act fell into ! re> 9 respect ( ^? mat]ial int]e/s--te*nology & bus9ess ent]prise--:i* af=d ! mat]ial gr\nd out ( :i* ! ,occid5tal type ( civilisation has gr[n4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! sequ5ce ( ^! cultural ph5om5a has n be5 sub/antially diff]5t1 tak5 by & l>ge1 f t :i* _h previ\sly be5 run ?r\gh by ! ,cont95tal communities2 except t ! same outcome 0 n rea*$1 app>5tly because ! sequ5ce 0 n int]rupt$ by collapse at ! same critical po9t 9 ! developm5t4 ,! run ( ev5ts "u ! h&icraft sy/em 9 ,engl& diff]s 9 c]ta9 consequ5tial features f t among ! ,cont95tal peoples1--consequ5tial = ! purposes ( ?is inquiry1 :e!r ( simil>ly grave consequ5ce f ! po9t ( view giv5 by any o!r & l>g] int]e/4 ,^! peculi> traits ( ! ,briti% era ( h&icraft yield a side light on ! me?ods & rea* ( ! h&icraft discipl9e z a factor 9 civilisation at l>ge1 at ! same "t t a consid]ation ( !m %\ld g to %[ h[ sl5d] an initial diff]5ce may come to be decisive ( ! outcome 9 case circum/ances give ?is initial diff]5ce a cumulative effect4 ,z reg>ds ! ultimately sub/antial gr\nds ( ! ,briti% situation1 9 ! way ( racial make-up1 natural res\rces1 & cultural antec$5ts1 ! ,briti% community has no s+ul> advantage or disadvantage z aga9/ its ,cont95tal competitors4 ,:at is true ( ,engl& 9 respect ( peculi>ly fav\rable natural res\rces lat] on1 ab\t & aft] ! close ( ! era ( h&icraft1 does n hold = ! beg9n+s or ! be/ days ( t era4 ,racially !re is no appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% population ( t "t & ! population ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sulas1 or ev5 ( ! ne>] ly+ ,g]man t]ritories2 & no m>k$ly *>act]i/ic national type ( temp]am5t _h at t "t be5 develop$ 9 ,great ,brita91 z aga9/ ! temp]am5tal make-up ( its ,cont95tal neighb\rs1--:atev] may be conceiv$ to h become ! case 9 ! ne>] pa/4 ,! *>act]i/ic1 & app>5tly decisive1 peculi>ities ( ! ,briti% situation may all confid5tly be trac$ to ! insul> position ( ! c\ntry4 ,ow+ to ! isolation s giv5 to ! ,isl& ! ,briti% community 0 notably 9 arre>s 9 e>ly mod]n times1 z contra/$ ) ! m cultur$1 popul\s & weal?i] peoples ( ! ,cont95t2 & ?is backw>d /ate ( ,engl& 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! era ( h&icraft is no less m>k$ 9 respect ( te*nology ?an 9 any o!r4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,engl& borr[$ ext5sively & p]si/5tly f its ,cont95tal neighb\rs ?r\gh\t ! era1 & x 0 only by help ( ^! borr[$ elem5ts t ! ,engli% 7 able to ov]take & f9ally to take ! lead ( _! competitors4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,briti% comm]cial developm5t also comes on late z comp>$ ) ! ,cont95t2 s mu* s t ! ,briti% _h sub/antially no %>e 9 ! great expansion ( bus9ess ent]prise t has be5 call$ ! ,age ( ! ,fugg]s4 ,?is late />t ( ! ,engli%1 c\pl$ ) _! peculi> advantage 9 be+ able to borr[ :at _! neighb\rs _h work$ out1 conduc$ to a m rapid rate & %ort] run ( indu/rial advance & expansion 9 ! ,isl&1 & s1 among o!r consequ5ces1 h9d]$ ! r\nd$ sy/em ( h&icraft1 indu/rial t[ns1 & gild organisation f atta9+ ! same degree ( f9ality1 & ultimately ( ob/ructive in]tia1 t result$ 9 _m ( ! ,cont95tal c\ntries4 ,aga91 ow+ to ! same geographic isolation t long held ,engl& culturally 9 arre>s1 ! ,engli% community lay1 9 great measure1 outside ( t political 8conc]t ( nations0 t work$ out ! exhau/ion & collapse ( indu/ry & bus9ess on ! ,cont95t4 ,n t ! ,engli% took no int]e/ 9 ! gr& :irl ( politics & pr9cely w> t occupi$ ! ma9 body ( ,*ri/5dom 9 t "t4 ,! ,engli% cr[n1 or to use a =eign expression1 ! ,engli% ,/ate1 0 deeply en\gh implicat$ 9 ! political intrigues ( late m$ival & e>ly mod]n ,europe2 b z mod]n "t has advanc$ ! ,engli% community has visibly hung back ) an ev] gr[+ reluctance4 ,& :atev] may be conceiv$ to be ! %>e ( ! ,engli% cr[n 9 ! political complications ( ! ,cont95t1 x rema9s true t ! ,engli% community at l>ge1 dur+ ! mature & conclud+ phases ( ! era ( h&icraft1 /ood ma9ly & habitually outside ( ^! pr9cely conc]ns4#abg ,9 effect1 aft] ! h&icraft era 0 well "u way1 ,engl& is nev] = long or prim>ily engag$ 9 int]national w>1 nor1 except = ! civil w> ( ! ,commonweal? p]iod1 9 de/ructive w> ( any k9d4 ,h5ce ! era runs to a diff]5t outcome 9 ,engl& f :at x does else:]e4 ,x ends n 9 ! exhau/ion ( politics1 b 9 ! indu/rial revolution4 ,! close ( ! h&icraft sy/em 9 ,engl& comes by way ( a te*nological revolution1 n by collapse4 ,to ?is attempt$ explanation ( ! ,engli% case1 z due to its geographic isolation1 ! objection may well sugge/ itself t o!r cases :i* p>allel ! ,briti% 9 ?is respect d n %[ l results4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries enjoy$ an isolation ne>ly if n q z effective z t ( ,great ,brita9 dur+ ?is p]iod ( hi/ory2 :]eas ! outcome 9 ^! c\ntries is notori\sly n ! same4 ,! ,sc&9avian case1 h[ev]1 diff]s 9 at lea/ "o ess5tial respect1 :i* seems decisive ev5 ap>t f second>y circum/ances4 ,^! c\ntries 7 too small to make up a self-support+ community "u ! conditions requir$ by ! sy/em ( h&icraft4 ,!y _h nei!r ! population nor ! natural res\rces on su* a scale z a passably full developm5t ( ! h&icraft sy/em requir$4 ,at any advanc$ /age ( its gr[? ! sy/em c "w out into a self-balanc$ te*nological organisation1 ) full specialisation ( lab\r & local diff]5tiation ( indu/ry1 only 9 a community ( a c]ta9 7consid]able7 size4 ,?is condition 0 n met by ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries4 ,h5ce !y rema9$ 9 a relatively backw>d /ate1 on ! :ole1 ?r\gh ! h&icraft era1 & nev] rea*$ any?+ l an indep5d5t position 9 ! indu/rial _w ( t "t1 ei!r te*nologically or 9 po9t ( comm]cial developm5t2 h5ce also !y fail$ to a*ieve or ma9ta9 t degree ( indep5d5ce1 or isolation1 9 _! political relations t left ,engl& free to pursue a self-direct$ c\rse ( mat]ial developm5t4 ,at an e>li] p]iod1 z1 = in/ance1 f neoli?ic times d[n to ! close ( paganism1 "u ! slight]1 less diff]5tiat$1 less complex te*nological conditions ( a m primitive /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries _h1 ea* & sev]al1 prov$ l>ge en\gh = a v effici5t indu/rial organisation2 &1 aga91 dur+ ! e>ly hi/orical p]iod !y _h also prov$ to be ( a suffici5t & suitable size to make up national units ( a ?or\ghly compet5t sort1 autonom\s politically z well z indu/rially & work+ out _! own =tunes 9 sev]alty1--v mu* z ! ,briti% community does lat] on1 9 ! days ( ! lat] h&icraft era & ! e>ly gr[? ( ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,b dur+ ! era ( h&icraft1 & inde$ some:at 9 a progressive fa%ion z ! te*nology ( t era grew to a full] developm5t & requir$ l>g] t]ritorial dim5sions1 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries lo/ gr\nd1 relatively to ! l>g] communities ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t2 9 a degree !y progressively lo/ autonomy bo? 9 ! political & ! indu/rial respect1 & mu* ! same is to be said = _! position 9 po9t ( g5]al culture4 ,?is fall+ into arre>s & dep5d5ce is lea/ m>k$ 9 ! case ( ,sw$51 ! l>ge/ & /ill passably isolat$ community among !m2 & x is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! case ( ,norway & ,icel&1 ! mo/ isolat$ b at ! same "t ! lea/ sizable units ( ! ,sc&9avian gr\p4 ,9 mat]ial sci5ces1 t mo/ *>act]i/ic trait ( ! ,we/]n culture1 ! case ( ^! peoples is mu* ! same z 9 ! matt] ( te*nology & cultural autonomy at l>ge2 ! l>ge/ ( !m has ! mo/ to %[4 ,great ,brita91 on ! o!r h&1 fulfill$ ! conditions ( size & isolation dem&$ 9 ord] to a free developm5t ( ! indu/rial arts dur+ ?is era1 :5 ! traffic 9 dyna/ic politics /ood ready to absorb all accessible res\rces ( indu/ry & s5tim5t4 ,& ,engl& accord+ly takes ! lead :5 ! era ( h&icraft goes out & t ( ! new te*nology comes 94 99 99 99 99 99 ,mat]ial sci5ce ( ! mod]n sort has be5 drawn into ! discussion z a cultural ph5om5on closely b\nd up ) ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts "u ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,?is mod]n sci5ce may1 inde$1 be tak5 z ! free/ manife/ation ( t habit ( m9d t comes to its m concrete expression 9 ! te*nology ( ! "t4 ,to %[ ! p]t95cy ( su* a rec\rse to ! /ate ( sci5ce z an outcome ( ! discipl9e ex]cis$ by ! r\t9e ( life 9 ! era ( h&icraft "s fur!r detail t\*+ ! /ate & progress ( sci5tific inquiry dur+ t p]iod w be 9 place4 ,9 its beg9n+s1 ! !oretical po/ulates & preconceptions ( mod]n sci5ce are drawn f ! s*ola/ic speculations ( ! late ,middle ,ages2 ! problems :i* ! new sci5ce und]took to h&le1 on ! o!r h&1 71 by & l>ge1 su* concrete & mat]ial que/ions z ! curr5t difficulties ( te*nology br\ght to ! notice ( ! inve/igators4 ,^! traditional po/ulates1 preconceptions1 canons1 & logical me?ods t /ood ov] f ! pa/ 7 ess5tially ( a !ological complexion1 & 7 ! outcome ( mu* "t1 att5tion & insight sp5t on ! sy/ematisation ( k 9 a cultural situation ^: sub/antial core 0 ! relation ( ma/] & s]vant1 & "u ! guidance ( a !ological bias work$ out on ! same gr\nd4 ,! po/ulates ( ?is speculative body ( k & ! preconceptions ) :i* ! s*ola/ic speculators w5t to _! "w ( sy/ematisation1 accord+ly1 are ( a highly an?ropomorphic "*2 b x is n ! an?ropomorphism ( workman%ip1 at lea/ n 9 ! nave =m :i* ! s5se ( workman%ip gives to an?ropomorphic int]pretation among m primitive peoples4#abh ,x may be tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse t ! s5se ( workman%ip is pres5t 9 its native1 direct pres5tm5t ?r\gh\t ! intellectual life ( ! middle ages1 z x necess>ily is "u all ! p]mutations ( human culture2 b x is equally a matt] ( c\rse t ! prompt+s ( an unsophi/icat$ s5se ( workman%ip d n af=d ! f9al te/ ( :at is "r & good 9 a cultural situation drawn on rigid l9es ( ma/]y & submission4 ,dur+ ! middle ages ! fai? _h tak5 on an extremely au?oritative & co]cive "*1 to answ] to ! simil> pr9ciples ( organisation & control t rul$ 9 secul> affairs2 s t at ! transition to mod]n times ! religi\s cult ( ,*ri/5dom 0 sub/antially a cult ( fe>some subjection & arbitr>y au?ority4 ,mu* else1 ( a m g5ial "*1 0 ( c\rse compris$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! fai? ( t "t1 b :5 all is said ! fact rema9s t ev5 9 its g5ial traits x 0 a cult ( irresponsible au?ority & abject submission1--a cult ( ! pa/oral-pr$atory type1 adapt$ & p]fect$ to answ] ! circum/ances ( feudal ,europe1 & s embody+ ! pr9ciples 7habits ( ?\ght7 t *>act]is$ ! feudal sy/em4 ,notori\sly1 ! fa%ions ( religi\s fai? *ange t>dily4 ,su* *ange is always ( ! nature ( concession4 ,& s9ce ! conceptions ( ! cult are ( no mat]ial consequ5ce1 tak5 by !mselves & 9 _! direct incid5ce1 !y are subject1 z su*1 to no direct or delib]ate control or correction 9 behalf ( ! community's mat]ial int]e/s or its te*nological requirem5ts4 ,x is almo/ if n altoge!r by =ce ( _! consonance or dissonance ) ! prevail+ habits ( ?\ght inculcat$ by ! r\t9e ( life t any giv5 run ( religi\s v]ities f9d acceptance1 comm& g5]al adh]5ce to _! tea*+1 or become outworn & are disc>d$2 & su* lack ( consonance mu/ become v pron\nc$ be=e a radical *ange ( ! k9d 9 "q w take effect4 ,b>r+ conv]sion to a new fai?1 x is commonly by ins5sible %ifts ( adaptation & recon/ruction t any wide-rea*+ *ange is work$ out 9 ^! fundam5tal conceptions4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ! move by :i* ! ,m$ival cult m]g$ 9 ! mod]nis$ !ological concepts ( a lat] age4 ,gradually1 by =ce ( unremitt+ habituation to a new s*eme ( life1 & m>k$ by long-drawn !ological polemics1 a *ange pass$ ov] ! _s ( !ological speculation1 :]eby ! fundam5tals ( ! fai? 7 infus$ ) ! _s ( ! h&icraft sy/em1 & ! preconceptions ( workman%ip ins5sibly supplant$ ^? ( ma/]y & subs]vi5ce 9 ! work+ concepts ( dev\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,meantime1 :ile ! r\t9e ( ! era ( h&icraft 0 sl[ly recon/ruct+ ! curr5t conceptions ( div9ity on l9es consonant ) ! habit ( m9d ( workman%ip1 ! anci5t conceptions cont9u$ ) gradually abat+ =ce to ass]t _! prescriptive dom9ion ov] m5's habitual ?9k+4 ,?is gradually loos5+ hold ( ! anci5t conceptions is be/ se5 9 ! speculations ( ! philosoph]s & 9 ! high] g5]alisations ( sci5tific inquiry 9 e>ly mod]n times4 ,9 ! m$ival speculations :e!r !ological1 philosophical or sci5tific1 ! se>* = tru? runs back to ! au!ntic gr\nd ( ! religi\s v]ities1--l>gely to reveal$ tru?2 & ^! religi\s v]ities run back to ! "q1 8,:at ha? ,god orda9$80 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! era ( h&icraft ?is ultimate "q ( k came to take ! =m1 8,:at ha? ,god wr\ght80 ,n t ! creative (fice ( ,god 9 ! div9e economy 0 ov]look$ or 9 any degree int5tionally made light ( by ! e>li] speculators2 nor t ! sov]eignty ( ,god 0 d5i$ or 9 any degree que/ion$ by ^? dev\t inquir]s :o c>ri$ =w>d ! "w 9 lat] "t4 ,b 9 t e>li] phase ( fai? & inquiry x is di/9ctly ! suz]a9ty ( ,god1 & ,8 ord9ances1 t af=d ! gr\nd ( f9ality on :i* all inquiry t\*+ ! economy ( ?is _w ultimately come to re/2 & 9 ! lat] phase1 z se5 at ! close ( ! era ( h&icraft1 x is z di/9ctly ,8 creative (fice & ! logic ( ,8 creative design t fill ! place ( an ultimate t]m 9 human inquiry--z t inquiry conv5tionally runs )9 ! spiritual fronti]s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,god _h n ceas$ to be ! ,heav5ly ,k+1 & _h n ceas$ to be glorifi$ ) ! traditional phrases ( homage z ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s etc41 b some:at incongru\sly ,he _h also come to be exalt$ z ! ,great ,artific]--! pret]natural craftsman4 ,! vulg> habits ( ?\ght br$ 9 ! workday populace by ! r\t9e ( ! work%op & ! m>ket place _h /ol5 _! way into ! sanctu>y & ! c\nsels ( div9ity4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! be/ days ( s*ola/ic le>n+ sci5tific inquiry ran back = a secure f\ndation to ! au!ntic ord9ances ( ! ,heav5ly ,k+2 "u ! discipl9e ( ! era ( h&icraft x le>n$ in/ead to pu% its inquiries to ! gr\nd ( effici5t cause1 ultimately ( c\rse1 9 ! philosophical liquidation ( acc\nts 9 t dev\t age1 to ! creative effici5cy ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,9 ! sci5tific inquiries ( ! e>li] age ! te/ ( tru? 0 ! te/ ( au!nticity1 & ! logic ( sy/ematisation by use ( :i* k 9 t "t 0 dige/$ & /or$ away 0 ess5tially a logic ( subsumption "u securely au!ntic categories t c\ld be run back at ne$ to ! asc]ta9$ requirem5ts ( ! glory ( ,god4 ,! canon ( tru? is t ( ! reveal$ ^w1 ren=c$ & fill$ out ) ! quasi-div9e ,ari/otelian s*eme ( ?+s4 ,x is a logic ( hi]>*ical congruity 9 respect ( pot5cies & qualities1 sugge/ively resembl+ ! devolution ( p[]s & dignities "u ! f9i%$ s*eme ( feudalism4 ,9 ! lat] age ! good ( man gradually1 ins5sibly supplants ! glory ( ,god z ! ultimate gr\nd ( sy/ematisation4 ,! s5tim5tal gr\nd ( conviction comes to be ! recognis$ s]viceability ( ! asc]ta9$ facts = human use1 r ?an _! con=mity ) ! putative exig5cies ( a self-c5tr$ div9e w4 ,! ,provid5tial ,ord] t means s mu* 9 ! s*eme ( k 9 ! mature ye>s ( ! era ( h&icraft is an ord] impos$ by a provid5tially b5efic5t ,creator :o looks to ! good ( man2 z x has be5 express$1 x is a s*eme ( 8humanism40 ,by ! close ( ! era ?is b5efic5t provid5tial ord] _h work$ out 9 an ,ord] ( ,nature1 indu$ ) ! same meliorative tr5d2 & 9 ! s5tim5tal conviction ( ! inquir+ spirits ( t age x lay 9 ! nature ( ?is b5efic5t ord] ( ! univ]se t 9 ! end1 9 ! f9i%$ product ( its work+1 x w\ld br+ ab\t ! highe/ practicable /ate ( well-be+ = man1--v mu* z any skill$ workman ( s\nd s5se & a good he>t w\ld turn out good & s]viceable goods4 ,& 9 ?is ,ord] ( ,nature1 z x runs 9 ! matt]-(-c\rse convictions ( ?\ghtful m5 at ! close ( ! era1 ! p]son ( ! deity1 ev5 z a workmanlike creative ,provid5ce1 _h fall5 into ! backgr\nd4 ,! ,ord] ( ,nature1 ) its s*eme ( ,natural ,law1 is felt z ! "w ( a consummately skilful & +5i\s workmanlike ag5cy t looks to a s]viceable end to be accompli%$2 & ! pr(\ndly ?\ghtful sci5tific inquiry ( t "t h>b\rs no d\bt t ?is workmanlike ag5cy ( ,nature at l>ge rules ! _w ( visible fact & w a*ieve its good "w 9 good "t4 ,b ?is quasi-p]sonal ,nature is n rev]5c$ = any?+ b its workmanlike qualities2 ! awe :i* x inspires is n ! fe> ( ,god1 su* z t fe> has play$ its "p "u ! feudali/ic rule ( ! *ur* & s5t m5 hunt+ cov] f ! imm95t wra? to come4 ,z he /&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is eighte5?-c5tury ,nature1 man is n prim>ily a s9n] seek+ a remission ( p5alties at all co/s1 b r a focus ( workmanlike att5tion ^u ^: welf>e all ! =ces ( ! visible univ]se b5efic5tly conv]ge4 ,h[ ?is workmanlike ,nature goes ab\t h]#abi "w is no m pla9 to ! casual spectator ?an are ! recondite processes ( high-wr\ght h&icraft to ! un9/ruct$4 ,b ,nature aft] all accompli%es h] ends 9 a workmanlike fa%ion1 & by /ay+ by & pati5tly wat*+ ! op]ations ( ,nature & con/ru+ ! facts ( obs]vation by ! sympa!tic use ( a rational common s5se m5 may le>n mu* ( ! me?ods ( h] manipulation z well z ( ! rules ( proc$ure "u ^: guidance ! works ( ,nature are accompli%$4 ,= x is a matt] ( c\rse to t g5]ation t ,nature is ess5tially rational 9 h] aims & logic z well z 9 ! te*nology ( h] "w2 v mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ma/] craftsman1 :o goes to 8 "w ) an intellig5t ov]sight ( ! available means & ! purpose to be wr\ght out1 z well z ) a firm & facile t\* on all t passes "u 8 tra9$ h&4 ,l ! p]fect craftsman1 8,nature nev] makes mi/akes10 8nev] makes a jump10 8nev] does any?+ 9 va910 8nev] turns out any?+ b p]fect "w40 ,! means :]eby ?is "w ( ,nature is br\ght to its consummate issue are =ces ( ,nature work+ "u h] ,laws by ! me?od ( cause & effect4 ,! pr9ciple1 or 8law10 ( causation is a metaphysical po/ulate2 9 ! s5se t su* a fact z causation is unprov$ & unprovable4 ,no man has ev] obs]v$ a case ( causation1 z is a commonplace ) ! latt]day psy*ologi/s4 ,b su* a d\bt does n pres5t itself s]i\sly 9 ! days ( h&icraft2 x w\ld be out ( t\* ) ! _s ( ! "t & ! discipl9e ( t craftsman%ip out ( :i* ! _s ( ! "t arises4 ,to ! inquir+ m9ds ( t era x is a matt] ( c\rse & ( common s5se t ! =ces ( ,nature are se5 to "w out ! effects :i* em]ge be=e _! eyes4 ,:at !y see 9 fact may be1 z ! mod]n psy*ologi/s w\ld p]haps say1 a c]ta9 concomitance & sequ5ce 9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a2 b :at ^? obs]v]s see 9 effect is always a c]ta9 cause work+ out a c]ta9 effect4 ,! imputation ( causal effici5cy to ! obs]v$ ph5om5a is s ?or\ghly a matt] ( c\rse t !re is no s5se ( imputation 9 ! obs]v]'s m9d4 ,obs]vation simply1 )\t imputation ( an?ropomorphic qualities & efficacies1 %\ld yield no?+ m to ! purpose ?an idle concomitance & sequ5ce ( ph5om5a1 b !re is1 9 effect1 none ( ?is e>ly sci5tific "w done 9 t]ms ( simple concomitance or sequ5ce alone2 nor = t matt]1 has any ( ! effective 7!oretical7 "w ( mod]n sci5ce be5 c>ri$ to an issue by ! use ( su* objective t]ms ( concomitance & sequ5ce alone1 :e!r 9 t or 9 a lat] age1 )\t ! help ( a putative causal nexus4 ,?r\gh ! e>ly mod]n sci5tific p]iod !re runs an increas+ly free & frequ5t rec\rse to /ati/ical argum5t1--9 ! mat]ial sci5ces a rec\rse to punctili\s measurem5t1 enum]ation & in/rum5ts ( precision2 b x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! case t ! ph5om5al facts :i* s are subject$ to measurem5t & /ati/ical computation are facts select$ = ! purpose on ! /r5g? ( _! 7putatively7 kn[n causal implication 9 ! problem ^: solution is s\ght1 & t ! facts :i* em]ge f ^! measurem5ts1 computations1 & in/rum5ts ( precision1 are turn$ to acc\nt 9 an argum5t ( cause & effect2 !y h s]v$ _! purpose only :5 & 9 s f> z !y enable ! inquir] to det]m9e ! c\rse ( effici5t transition f a putative cause to a putative effect1 or conv]sely4 ,! relation ( cause & effect1 z commonly conceiv$ by ! vulg> & z commonly employ$ by ! sci5ti/1 is a putative relation betwe5 ph5om5a :i* c n be said to /& 9 any obs]v$ relation ( effici5cy to "o ano!r4 ,effici5cy1 z und]/ood 9 ?is connection1 is n a fact ( obs]vation1 b ( imputation2 & effici5cy1 p]=mance ( "w1 is ! sub/ance ( ! causal relation z t concept is univ]sally employ$ 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,x may well be said t ?is rec\rse to ! concept ( effici5t cause--a metaphysical po/ulate t\*+ a putative fact--is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n sci5ce z contra/$ ) any o!r s*eme ( sy/ematis$ k4#acj ,n only does ! developm5t ( mod]n sci5ce re/ on ?is po/ulate ( causality1 b ! concept ( causation :i* s *>act]ises ! mod]n sci5ces is ( a p>ticul> & re/rict$ k9d4 ,at lea/ on ! face ( ?+s x seems unque/ionable t ! peculi> temp] & limitations ( ?is mod]n ,european concept ( causation are to be cr$it$ to ! habits wr\ght out by a life "u ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,x has be5 not$ already t ! ubiquit\s preval5ce ( trade & ( ! price sy/em 9 mod]n times has giv5 to ! mod]n appreh5sion ( facts a c]ta9 objectivity1 a degree ( imp]sonality1 :i* is at lea/ a *>act]i/ic ( mod]n k1 :e!r sci5tific or commonplace1 ev5 if x _c be said to be a unique di/9ction ( mod]n sci5ce z contra/$ ) o!r delib]ate sy/ems ( k4 ,b x is ! unique di/9ction ( mod]n sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly z x comes into view 9 its e>ly phases1 t its concept ( causality is drawn n simply 9 t]ms ( workman%ip b specifically 9 t]ms ( craftsman%ip4 ,!re ne$ probably be no argum5t sp5t on ! !sis t ! s5se ( causality is1 by & l>ge1 a p>ticul> manife/ation ( ! s5se ( workman%ip4 ,b ! s5se ( workman%ip 9 its native scope app>5tly cov]s some?+ m ?an ! manual effici5cy ( ! skill$ workman simply4 ,& 9 o!r times & "u o!r cultural 7te*nological7 circum/ances ! s5se ( workman%ip has app>5tly giv5 rise to concepts ( causation ( a wid]1 or at lea/ ( a loos]1 scope4 ,9 ! nave rat+ ( savage peoples workman%ip appe>s to cov]1 p]haps unc]ta9ly1 notions ( g5]ation1 nurture1 t5dance1 & ! l1 )\t any %>p l9e be+ drawn betwe5 ^! v>i\s l9es ( effective endeav\r on ! "o side & manual effici5cy on ! o!r4 ,& s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! cosmological k 7or quasi-k7 curr5t among ^! peoples explanation 9 t]ms ( g5]ation & gr[? are accept$ z f9al along ) explanations 9 t]ms ( :at ! mod]n man w\ld conceive to be ! /rict] s5se ( cause & effect4 ,ev5 9 ! speculations ( ! sages ( classical antiquity1 & aga9 9 ! cosmologies & natural hi/ory ( ! f>-,ori5tal peoples1 _m que/ions ( cause & effect are f\nd to be suffici5tly dispos$ ( :5 work$ out 9 ! l t]ms ( g5]ation1 gr[? & quasi-physiological mutation4 ,to mod]n inquiry explanations 9 ^! t]ms1 o!r ?an ^? ( physically effective "w1 are provisional at ! be/1 & are held to only z await+ a f9al solution 9 a mat]ially1 me*ani/ically compet5t way4 ,& :at is alone mat]ially compet5t 9 ! mod]n sci5tific appreh5sion is su* an explanation z w make ?+s pla9 9 t]ms ( matt] & motion1 work+ a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s by displacem5t ?r\gh contact & pressure4 ,causation is conceiv$ z manual "w1--to use a ,fr5* t]m1 x is a remaniem5t ( raw mat]ials at h&4 ,physiological or *emical explanations mu/ f9ally be reca/ 9 t]ms ( physics1 to satisfy ! mod]n sci5ti/'s s5se ( f9ality1 & physics mu/ be made to run 9 t]ms ( impact1 pressure1 displacem5t 9 space1 regr\p+ ( mat]ial p>ticles1 cord9at$ movem5ts & a %ift+ ( equilibrium4 ,?r\gh all ?is runs ! concomitant requirem5t ( quantival5ce1 /atable 9 /ati/ical =m4 ,! sci5ti/'s results are n f9ally m]*antable1 on ! sci5tific ex*ange1 until !y h be5 r$uc$ to su* t]ms ( acc\ntancy z w\ld be compreh5sible to ! man tra9$ 9 ! m]*&is+ traffic ( ! petty trade1 = ^: conviction ?+s mu/ be punctili\sly rat$ 9 ex*ange value4 ,b1 z has be5 not$ above1 x is only z an exp$i5t ( sci5tific acc\ntancy t ! facts "u inquiry are kept acc\nt ( 9 an itemis$ bill ( values4 ,?is meticul\s /ati/ical acc\ntancy is necess>y to safegu>d ! accuracy ( ! "w done & its con=mity ) ! facts 9 h&2 b ! "w s done h&les ^! facts z active factors :i* g effici5tly to ! production ( ! results obs]v$4 ,! cause is conceiv$ to produce ! effect1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* a skill$ workman produces a f9i%$ article ( trade4 ,b :5 ! sci5ti/ has set =? ! op]ations & work+ conditions t h br\ght =? ! effects :i* he is engag$ 9 expla9+1 he mu/ also1 9 ord] to ! conviction ( 8 fell[ craftsm51 %[ a /ati/ically itemis$ /atem5t ( receipts & exp5ditures cov]+ ! facts engag$1--9 quantitative values he mu/ %[ t ! co/s are balanc$ by ! values t em]ge 9 ! f9i%$ product ( t workmanlike process ( causation ^: recondite nature & c\rse he has s laid b>e to ! light ( und]/&+4 ,?is attempt$ *>act]isation ( mod]n sci5tific inquiry & its work+ concepts applies imm$iately to ! e>li] phases & d[n to a date well pa/ ! adv5t ( ! ma*9e indu/ry1--s f> pa/ t date z to all[ "t & exp]i5ce to "w ! new habits ( ?\ght peculi> to ! ma*9e te*nology into ! texture ( m5's preconceptions4 ,9 "t1 b t>dily1 z is ! case ) ! p]vasive effects ( any new l9e ( habituation1 ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e has wr\ght a fur!r1 ?\gh1 hi!rto less pr(\nd & decisive1 *ange 9 ! aims & me?ods ( sci5ce2 a discussion ( :i* is def]r$ until x comes up aga9 9 its connection ) ! new te*nology4 ,less cog5tly & ) qualifications1 h[ev]1 ! above *>act]isation w apply to ! lat] phases ( mod]n sci5ce1 z well z to t initial /age t m>ks ! era ( h&icraft4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some?+ fur!r is due to be said ( ! cultural consequ5ces ( ?is discipl9e 9 workman%ip dur+ ! era ( h&icraft1 besides its guidance 9 ! gr[? ( te*nology & ! relat$ field ( mat]ial sci5ce4 ,z has be5 intimat$ above1 habituation to ! work+ conceptions ( h&icraft _h mu* to d ) t revision ( ! religi\s cult & its !ological t5ets t has %ap$ ! spiritual life ( mod]n times 9 contra/ ) ! m$ieval life ( fai?4 ,b x is an ungrateful1 p]haps ungraceful1 (fice to turn ! dry light ( matt]-(-fact on ! sacr$ v]ities1 & a degree ( p>simony w be/ be obs]v$ 9 any layman's discussion ( ^! intimate movem5ts ( ! _s4 ,yet x seems necess>y to call to m9d at lea/ "o po9t ( s+ul> concomitance betwe5 ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts & =tunes ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,*>act]i/ic ( mod]n times has be5 ! ,prote/ant rehabilitation ( ! cult & its t5ets4 ,9 ?is rehabilitation1 :i* has n be5 )\t effect ev5 )9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 mu* ( ! anci5t _s ( subjection has be5 lo/1 replac$ 9 "p ) a c]ta9 attitude ( self-help & autonomy on ! "p ( ! laity4 ,!re is a degree ( democratic initiative & a gild-l _s ( lay discretion 9 spiritual affairs4 ,z already not$ above1 ! t5ets ( ! fai? h also 9 "s degree be5 revis$ & recon/ruct$ 9 t]ms consonant ) ! workmanlike conceptions ( ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,su* a prote/ant or quasi-prote/ant recon/ruction ( ! cult & its t5ets set 91 z is well kn[n1 successively 9 ! sev]al lead+ c\ntries ( ,europe1 some:at 9 ! same ord] z ^! sev]al c\ntries successively advanc$ to a high level ( te*nological & comm]cial ent]prise4 ,z not$ above1 9 ! s\? 9 ! s-call$ ,lat9 c\ntries1 ?is era ( indu/rial & comm]cial ent]prise 0 pres5tly *eck$2 ! l be+ true 9 a less pron\nc$ fa%ion = ! peoples ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,:]ev] ! advance 0 s]i\sly *eck$1 s t ! era ( h&icraft clos$ 9 collapse or reaction on its secul> side1 !re ! recon/ruction ( ! religi\s cult also came to an incomplete issue at ! mo/4 ,s t by ! def9itive close ( ! era ( h&icraft ^? peoples ( ,*ri/5dom t _h ma9ta9$ ! advance a*iev$ 9 ?is secul> respect 7 also ! ones t _h accept$ & cont9u$ to hold ! revis$ =m ( ! fai?4 ,:]e ?is era ( indu/rial & bus9ess ent]prise clos$ 9 exhau/ion & collapse1 !re ! anci5t =m ( ! fai? also triumph$ ov] ! h]etics4 ,x is1 inde$1 to be rem>k$ z a suffici5tly /rik+ co9cid5ce t ev5 n[ ! c5tre ( diffusion ( ! mod]n indu/ry is at ! same "t ! c5tre ( diffusion ( religi\s prote/antism & h]esy4 ,& ! antique =ms & f]v\r ( ! fai? are f\nd 9 bett] pres]vation progressively outw>d f ?is c5tre ( diffusion2 & ev5 9 some:at m9ute detail x appe>s to hold true n only t ! m advanc$ indu/rial peoples are ! less am5able to religi\s control & less giv5 to sup]/iti\s obs]vances ( ! ar*aic sort1 b also t )9 ^! indu/rial c\ntries ! indu/rial c5tres 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w are less dev\t1 or dev\t 9 a less ar*aic fa%ion1 ?an ! non-indu/rial population at l>ge4 ,some?+ ( ! k9d1 inde$1 has be5 visibly true ev] s9ce a relatively e>ly phase ( ! h&icraft sy/em2 ?\gh no?+ l undev\tness c be alleg$ ( ! indu/rial t[n population dur+ ! h&icraft era prop]4 ,! h&icraft population 0 dev\t1 b n consi/5tly or?odox2 & ! indu/rial t[ns ( t "t 7 dev\t en\gh 9 _! way1 b x 0 9 a way obnoxi\s to ! receiv$ dogmas ( ! *ur*4 ,!y 7 c5tres ( dev\t h]esy4 ,x is only 9 late mod]n times t ! malady has progress$ s f> t x may fairly be call$ a degree ( apo/acy4 ,?is concomitance betwe5 te*nological ma/]y & religi\s diss5t is d\btless susceptible ( a good & s]viceable explanation at ! h&s ( ! religi\s exp]ts2 x is "h cit$ )\t prejudice z hav+ at lea/ a negative be>+ on ! "q ( h[ ! discipl9e ( ! h&icraft indu/ry may be conceiv$ to affect m5's spiritual attitude 9 a field s remote z t ( ! life ( fai?4#aca 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is kn[n to economic hi/ory z ! era ( h&icraft is = ! purposes ( ! political hi/orian spok5 ( z ! era ( /atemak+4 ,! two designations may n cov] precisely ! same int]val1 b !y co9cide 9 a g5]al way 9 po9t ( dates1 & ! ph5om5a :i* h giv5 rise to ! two designations h mu* m ?an an accid5tal connection4 ,x is n simply t ! developm5t ( h&icraft happ5s to fall 9 ! same g5]al p]iod ( hi/ory t is *>act]is$ by ! dyna/ic w>s t w5t to ! mak+ ( ! l>g] /ates4 ,! gr[? ( h&icraft _h mu* to d ) mak+ ! l>ge /ates practicable & ) supply+ ! mat]ial means ( l>ge-scale w>f>e2 :ile ! traffic ( dyna/ic politics 9 t "t _h 9 its turn v mu* to d ) br++ t era ( indu/rial & comm]cial ent]prise to an +lori\s close4 ,! new indu/ry suppli$ ! s9ews ( w>1 & ! w>s ate up ! sub/ance ( ! indu/rial community4 ,! new indu/ry gave rise to a gr[? ( indu/rial t[ns & comm]cial c5tres1 prim>ily occupi$ by ! traffic ( ! it9]ant trad]s4 ,"o ( ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ?is ext5sion ( m]*&is+ ent]prise 0 ! improvem5t ( means ( communication1 bo? 9 ! way ( an ext5sion & improvem5t ( %ipp+--itself a te*nological fact--& 9 ! way ( improv$ r\tes ( communication4 ,a second>y consequ5ce 0 a gr[? ( population1 c\pl$ ) its conc5tration 9 urban c5tres1 toge!r ) a gr[? ( weal?1 9 good "p drawn toge!r 9 ! same c5tres4 ,^! *anges enabl$ ! p[]s 9 control to ext5d an effectual co]cion ov] l>g] di/ances & ov] l>g] aggregations ( population & weal?2 x became practicable1 me*anically1 to sw+ a l>g] political aggregation & to hold x toge!r 9 clos] cord9ation ?an be=e4 ,! physical conditions requisite to ! =mation & endur+ ma9t5ance ( l>ge political organisations 7 9 ?is way suppli$ by ! new indu/rial era z an incid5tal result ( its te*nological effici5cy4 ,m direct & obvi\s1 ?\gh ( no grav] importance1 is ! contribution made by ! new te*nology to ! means ( co]cion plac$ at ! disposal ( ! w>lords1 9 ! way ( improv$ weapons & arm\r1 def5ces & w>like appliances4 ,! improvem5ts work$ out 9 ! means ( w>f>e dur+ ! e>ly half ( ! era ( h&icraft exce$ 9 mat]ial effect & 9 boldness ( conception all ! traceable improvem5ts wr\ght 9 t l9e by all ! w>like peoples ( classical antiquity & all ! fight+ aggregations ( ,asia & ,africa1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! bronze age d[n to mod]n times4 ,! craftsm5 sp5t _! be/ endeav\rs & _! mo/ brilliant +5uity on ?is production ( arms & munitions1 ) ! result t ^! articles /ill lie ov] 9 ! mod]n collections z ! mo/ f9i%$ productions ( workman%ip :i* t era has to %[4 ,! 7un9t5d$7 result at l>ge 0 t ^! improv$ appliances enabl$ ! w>lords & _! fight+ m5 to control ! indu/rial classes = _! own ends & to levy exactions on trade & indu/ry up to ! limit ( :at ! traffic w\ld be>1 or p]haps m commonly some:at ov] t limit4 ,x 01 9 ?is way1 _! own te*nological ma/]y t furni%$ ! means ( _! own undo+1 directly 7me*anically speak+7 & indirectly 79 ! result+ gr[? ( w>like s5tim5t74 ,t ! craftsm5 w5t s dilig5tly into ?is production ( ways & means = _! own discom=t & abid+ defeat is due n to any innately p]v]se b5t ( ! s5se ( workman%ip z x comes to expression 9 ! _s ( ! h&icraft community1 b r to ! exig5cies creat$ by ! price sy/em1 ) its pr9ciples ( self-help1--a second>y1 conv5tional product ( ! h&icraft indu/ry4 ,z has be5 not$ already1 ) p]haps t$i\s it]ation1 !re runs ?r\gh ! h&icraft community a high-wr\ght _s ( individual self-suffici5cy4 ,s soon z ! petty trade has gr[n to effective dim5sions ! individual workman comes into some:at direct relations ) ! m>ket1 & except = ! collective int]e/ & action embodi$ 9 ! gild organisations ! craftsm5 /& 9 little else ?an a pecuni>y relation to "o ano!r & be> little else ?an a pecuni>y responsibility to _! fell[ craftsm5 or to ! community4 ,x is ! place ( ea* to ga9 a livelihood by hone/ "w ?r\gh 8 own individual skill & ent]prise4 ,notori\sly1 ! craftsm5 7 9 effect lack+ 9 t s5se ( solid>ity t makes an effici5t organisation = def5ce or (f5ce2 conc]t$ action1 outside ! regulative activity ( ! gild1 0 to be _h only ) extreme difficulty on any o!r basis ?an individual pecuni>y advantage4 ,ea* work$ = himself1 ) an eye /eadily to ! ma9 *ance4 ,& ! ma9 *ance1 f an e>ly date 9 ?is era1 meant ga9 9 t]ms ( price4 ,s ! craftsman work$ = su* cu/om]s z w\ld pay 8 price1 & he sp5t 8 skill & +5uity on su* goods z 7 9 dem&4 ,! trade 9 arms & weapons 0 good at t "t4 ,^! appliances 7 a means ( livelihood to ! m5 at arms & a means ( income & pre/ige to _! pr9cely employ]s4 ,s ! traffic w5t busily on1 & ! individual craftsm5 put =? _! be/ ef=ts t[>d enhanc+ ! effici5cy ( ! rul+ & fight+ classes1 ^: endeav\rs1 )\t mu* collusion b by ! inevitable drift ( circum/ance1 conv]g$ on ! subjection ( ! community ( craftsm5 at l>ge & on ! exhau/ion ( ! community's res\rces4 ,?r\gh its side issue 9 ! comm]cial ent]prise :i* x fo/]$ ! h&icraft indu/ry br\ght to ! h&s ( ! politicians a fur!r means ( tr\ble4 ,! trade br\ght on ! price sy/em1 & s made x possible = ambiti\s pr9ces to buy :at !y ne$$ 9 _! w>like negotiations2 ) funds 9 h& /ores & munitions c\ld be b\ght :]e !y 7 ne$$1 s enabl+ w>like op]ations to be c>ri$ on ) great] facility at a great] di/ance ?an 0 feasible "u ! e>li] rule ( contributions 9 k9d4 ,! price sy/em also enabl$ ! w>lords to hire m]c5>ies1 & s to organise & ma9ta9 a /&+ =ce ( skill$ fight+ m51 mobile & irresponsible4 ,b to hold "o's own 9 ! competitive use ( ?is new arm ! pr9ce mu/ h funds2 :i* l$ incont95tly to all available mann] ( exactions on trade & comm]ce1 s9ce x 0 f ^! s\rces almo/ solely t funds c\ld be _h4 ,b x l$ also & equally to an increas+ traffic betwe5 ! pr9ces & ! capta9s ( indu/ry1 = ! use ( funds4 ,funds _h become ! s9ews ( w>1 s9ce ! h&icraft indu/ry _h come to turn out goods = sale & ! m]*&is+ trade _h made funds accessible 9 suffici5t volume to be wor? :ile4 ,s ! pr9ces dealt ) ! capta9s ( indu/ry1 sell+ :at !y c\ld & hypo!cat+ :at !y c\ld n sell1 9 a competitive /ruggle to outdo "o ano!r at w> & diplomacy4 ,! game 0 !n z always an emulative "o1 9 :i* any advantage 0 a diff]5tial advantage only4 ,h5ce ! pr9ces engag$1 ea* & sev]al1 ne$$ all ! funds !y c\ld get ! use (1 & _! ne$ 0 ev] pres5t1 n to be def]r$4 ,h5ce !y borr[$ :at !y c\ld & :]e !y c\ld1 _! borr[+s be+ float$ by ! help ( all mann] ( exp$i5ts4 ,"s ( ^! fiscal exp$i5ts br\ght monopoli/ic advantage to ! capta9s ( indu/ry1 & s contribut$ to _! fur!r ga9 & to ! conc5tration ( weal? 9 few] h&s4 ,meantime1 ! pr9cely *ancelries1 be+ 9 debt z f> z possible1 extort$ fur!r loans f ! capta9s by seizure & by ?reats ( bankruptcy2 & :atev] 0 borr[$ 0 exp$iti\sly us$ up 9 ! de/ruction ( prop]ty1 population1 indu/rial plant & int]national comm]ce4 ,s1 :5 all available res\rces ( rev5ue & cr$it1 pres5t & prospective1 _h be5 exhau/$1 & all ! accessible mat]ial _h be5 consum$1 ! pr9cely fisc w5t into bankruptcy1 foll[$ by its cr$itors1 ! capta9s ( indu/ry1 foll[$ by ! bus9ess community at l>ge ) ^: funds !y _h op]at$ & by ! indu/rial community1 ^: /ock ( goods & appliances 0 exhau/$1 ^: trade connections 7 brok5 & ^: work+ population _h be5 debau*$1 scatt]$ & r$uc$ to pov]ty & subjection by ! w>s1 rev5ue collectors & =c$ contributions4 ,meantime1 too1 habituation to ! s5tim5ts1 ideals1 /&>ds & mann] ( life suitable to a /ate ( pr$ation _h swamp$ ! h&icraft _s & put abnegation & dep5d5ce on arbitr>y p[] 9 ! place ( t initiative & p]t9aci\s self-reliance t _h made ! era ( h&icraft4 ,x 0 f ?is ev5tuality t ,engl& 9 great measure escap$ by fav\r ( h] insul> position & ! inability ( h] pr9ces to draw a reluctant indu/rial community into ! traffic ( dyna/ic intrigue t fill$ ! ,cont95t4 ,x w h be5 rem>k$ t "o ( ! ess5tial moves 9 ?is sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 f ! beg9n+s ( h&icraft 9 impecuni\s & self-reliant workman%ip to its ev5tual collapse 9 exhau/ion1 is ! gradual accumulation ( comm]cial & indu/rial weal? 9 relatively few h&s4 ,?is accumulation ( weal?1 or r its segregation 9 few h&s1 appe>s1 z already indicat$1 to h ent]$ z a pot5t factor 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s t lead ! sy/em ( h&icraft ?r\gh maturity to collapse1 z on ! ,cont95t1 or to decay1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,x w accord+ly be 9 place to g some:at m n>r[ly into ! circum/ances ( its beg9n+s & gr[? & ! mann] 9 :i* x plays its "p 9 ! organisation ( ! h&icraft indu/ry4 ,x appe>s t ?is unev5 di/ribution ( weal? arises out ( ! te*nological exig5cies ( h&icraft & ( ! petty trade :i* *>act]i/ically runs along ) ! h&icraft indu/ry 9 its e>ly /ages4#acb ,9 its e>lie/1 impecuni\s beg9n+s1 h&icraft z kn[n 9 m$ival ,europe 0 l its cong5]1 ! manual arts ( ! savage & l[] b>b>ian peoples1 9 t ! :ole mat]ial equipm5t requisite to its pursuit consi/$ ( a skill$ workman & an extremely sl5d] kit ( tools4 ,! tradition c\nt5anc$ by hi/orical /ud5ts says t ! beg9n+s ( ! h&icraft sy/em1 ) its specialis$ indu/ry & tra9$ workman%ip1 is due to su* workm51 possess$ ( sub/antially no?+ b _! own p]sons1 :o escap$ 9 "o way & ano!r f ! bonds ( ! manorial sy/em1 or its equival5t1 & f\nd %elt] on suff]ance ne> "s feudal protector or religi\s corporation t f\nd "s advantage 9 ?is novel arrangem5t4#acc ,on look+ into ?is in*oate work+ arrangem5t betwe5 ^! ma/]less workm5 & _! patrons1 & g5]alis+ ! run ( facts z may be p]mitt$ an inquiry t aims at !oretical pres5tation r ?an hi/orical description1 ! probable causal relation runn+ ?r\gh ^! obscure ev5ts w appe> some:at z foll[s4 ,x happ5$ 9 ,europe1 z x has happ5$ n[ & aga9 else:]e1 t ! own]%ip ( ! soil 9 advanc$ feudal times took %ape z a ,l&$ ,int]e/ liv+ at peace & "u settl$ relations ) ! community f :i* !y drew _! livelihood & _! means ( controll+ ! community4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !re grew up an ev]-wid5+ indu/rial sy/em1 "u manorial auspices1 9 :i* ! =emo/ place is tak5 by ! me*anic arts1 9 ! way ( specialis$ crafts & me*anical processes & appliances4 ,! tranquil conditions t prevail "u su* a settl$1 pacific or sub-pr$atory s*eme ( control br+ out an increas$ volume ( consumable products1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ^! same settl$ conditions admit a l>g] & m economical use ( all indu/rial appliances4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ce is t an increas$ net product accrues to ! prop]ti$ class2 :i* calls !m to an int5sifi$ consumption ( goods2 :i* requires increas$ elaboration & div]sity ( products2 :i* calls = an increas+ div]sity & volume ( appliances & m prolong$ & elaborate te*nological processes4 ,! ne$s ( ! prop]ti$ class1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! way ( sup]fluities1 rea* su* a degree ( div]sity t x is no long] practicable to supply ^! ne$s by specialis$ "w )9 ! indu/rial framework ( ! manor or its equival5t4 ,! it9]ant trade comes 9 to help out 9 ?is difficult passage by br++ exotic luxuries1 curi\s articles ( great price2 b t is n suffici5t to cov] ! requirem5ts ( ! case1 s9ce !re is mu* ne$$ "w ( elaboration t _c be tak5 c>e ( by way ( an importation ( f9i%$ goods4 ,"h comes ! opportunity ( ! skill$ ma/]less workman4 ,! gr[? ( weal? has provid$ a place = him 9 ! economy ( ! "t1 & hav+ once got a foo?old he & 8 foll[]s congregate 9 indu/rial t[ns & f9d a liv+ by ! "w ( _! h&s4 ,! po9t %\ld be kept 9 m9d 9 any consid]ation ( ! era ( h&icraft t its beg9n+s are made by ^! 8ma/]less m510 :o broke away 7or 7 brok5 out7 f ! bonds ( t organisation 9 :i* ! arbitr>y p[] ( ! l&$ int]e/ held dom9ion4 ,by t5aci\s ass]tion ( ! p]sonal rights :i* !y s arrogat$ to !mselves1 & at great co/ & risk1 !y made good 9 "t _! claim to /& z a class ap>t1 a class ( ungrad$ free m5 among :om self-help & individual workmanlike effici5cy 7 ! accept$ gr\nds ( repute & ( livelihood4 ,?is tradition nev] dies out among ! organis$ craftsm5 until ! indu/rial sy/em :i* _h s be5 inaugurat$ w5t "u 9 ! turmoil ( politics & f9ance or 0 supplant$ by ! ma*9e era t grew out ( x4 ,) ?is class-tradition ( initiative & democratic autonomy is associat$1 z an integral fact 9 ! sy/em1 ! concomitant tradition t "w is a means ( livelihood4 ,9 ^! e>ly phases ( ! sy/em ! individual workman is 7typically7 compet5t to "w out 8 livelihood ) ! use ( su* a slight equipm5t ( tools z c\ld readily be acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t4 ,9 great "p1 inde$1 ! craftsman ( ! e>ly days made 8 tools & appliances z he w5t along4 ,b x foll[s necess>ily t fur!r tra9+ 9 ! skill$ manipulations ( ! crafts l$ to ! use ( improv$ & specialis$ tools z well z to ! use ( l>g] appliances useful 9 ! te*nological processes employ$1 su* z c\ld sc>cely be call$ tools 9 ! simpl] s5se ( ! ^w b w\ld r be class$ z indu/rial plant4 ,) ! advance ( te*nology ! mat]ial equipm5t s requisite to ! pursuit ( indu/ry 9 ! crafts increases 9 volume1 co/ & elaboration1 & ! processes ( indu/ry gr[ ext5sive & complex2 until x pres5tly becomes a matt] ( s]i\s difficulty = any workman s+le-h&$ to supply ! complem5t ( tools1 appliances & mat]ials ) :i* 8 "w is to be done4 ,x !n also becomes a matt] ( "s mom5t to own su* weal?4 ,z "u any e>li] & simpl] indu/rial rgime1 s 9 ?is e>ly-advanc$ phase ( ! h&icraft sy/em ! workman mu/ also h comm& ( t immat]ial equipm5t ( te*nological in=mation at l>ge t is curr5t 9 ! community1 9 s f> z x affects 8 p>ticul> occupation2 & he mu/ 9 addition acquire ! special tra9$ skill necess>y 9 8 own bran* ( craft4 ,! =m] he w1 at t /age ( te*nological gr[?1 /ill come by )\t p>ticul> delib]ate application1 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( life2 x is made up ( g5]al in=mation & famili>ity ) curr5t ways ( do+1 simply1 & on ! level ( g5]al in=mation :i* !n prevail$ no special tra9+ or s*ool+ seems to h be5 ne$$ to place ! "y man abrea/ ( 8 "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! common /ock ( te*nological k _h n by t "t gr[n s unwieldy z to require special pa9s to assimilate x4 ,z = ! latt]1 ! special skill :i* w\ld make him a craftsman1 t 0 also accessible at ! co/ ( "s application2 b "u ! rules ( h&icraft ! e>ly appr5tice ga9$ ?is tra9$ skill at no co/ beyond application to ! "w 9 h&4 ,b ! l does n cont9ue to hold true ( ! mat]ial equipm5t2 :i* pres5tly 0 no long] to be compass$ z a matt] ( c\rse & ( r\t9e application to ! "w 9 h&4 ,x 0 becom+ increas+ly important & increas+ly difficult to be provid$ ) ^! means ) :i* to g to "w1 & ! own]%ip ( su* means gave an increas+ly decisive advantage to _! own]4 ,:at adds fur!r =ce to ?is position ( affair is ! fact t 9 _m ( ! crafts ! "w c\ld no long] be c>ri$ on to full advantage 9 /rict sev]alty2 ! be/ approv$ processes requir$ a gang or corps ( workm5 9 cop]ation1 & requir$ also some?+ 9 ! way ( a 8plant0 suitable = ! employm5t ( su* a corps r ?an ( a s+le individual4 ,su* a condition1 ( c\rse1 came on e>li] & m urg5tly 9 "s crafts1 z1 e4 g41 9 tann+1 or brew+1 or "s ( ! metal-work+ trades1 ?an 9 o!rs1 z1 e4 g41 ! build+ trades1 locksmi?+1 cobbl+1 etc4 ,b an advance ( ?is k9d1 & ! exig5cies :i* su* an advance br+s1 came on gradually & ) su* a measure ( g5]al preval5ce ?r\gh ! crafts t ! g5]al /atem5t made above may fairly /& z a free *>act]isation ( ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts 9 ! crafts at l>ge at ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,! gr[+ resort to work+ me?ods requir+ organis$ gr\ps ( workm5 toge!r ) some?+ 9 ! way ( collective indu/rial plant w\ld greatly ha/5 ! conc5tration ( ! own]%ip ( ! mat]ial equipm5t4 ,own]%ip 9 all ages is individual own]%ip2 & !n z ev] any s+le item ( prop]ty1 su* z a work%op & its appliances1 w\ld pres5tly fall into ! possession ( an individual own]4 ,! own]s ( ! plant became employ]s ( _! impecuni\s fell[ craftsm5 & s came into a position to dispose ( _! work+ capacity & _! product4 ,:5 & 9 s f> z ! advanc$ /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 !re=e1 made x impracticable = ! individual craftsman readily to acquire ! mat]ial means = "w 9 8 craft1 any pr(ici5cy 9 ! craft w\ld be ( no effect except by arrangem5t ) "s "o :o c\ld supply ^! mat]ial means4 ,! possession ( ! mat]ial equipm5t1 !re=e1 plac$ 9 ! discretion ( its own]s ! utilisation ( su* te*nological k & skill z ! memb]s ( ! giv5 crafts might possess4 ,! usufruct ( ! h&icraft community's te*nological pr(ici5cy 9 ?is way came to ve/ 9 ! own]s ( ! plant1 9 ! same measure z ?is plant 0 necess>y to ! pursuit ( indu/ry "u ! te*nological s*eme !n 9 =ce4 ,?is effect w\ld be _h s soon & 9 su* measure z x became a matt] ( appreciable difficulty to acquire & ma9ta9 ! mat]ial equipm5t requisite to ! workmanlike pursuit ( indu/ry2 & x w\ld become g5]ally decisive ( ! relation betwe5 ma/] & workman s soon z ! outfit ( mat]ial means requir$ = effective "w _h gr[n l>g] ?an ! common run ( workm5 c\ld acquire 9 ! c\rse ( su* tra9+ z w\ld fit !m to d ! "w 9 ! p>ticul> bran* ( indu/ry 9 :i* !y engag$4 ,! *ange br\ght on 9 ?is way by ! gr[? ( te*nology 0 nei!r abrupt nor %>ply def9$4 ,l o!r *anges 9 ! te*nological s*eme x 0 an outgr[? ( ! k & me?ods already previ\sly curr5t1 & x took effect 9 detail & 9 a v concrete way1 lead+ on ?r\gh fluctuat+ usage to a gradually settl$ g5]al practice :i* came at l5g? to diff] sub/antially f ! situation out ( :i* x _h gr[n4 ,by ins5sible gradations x came into su* g5]al preval5ce & ev]yday recognition1 & e/abli%$ su* /able me?ods ( proc$ure1 z pres5tly left x /&+ z an e/abli%$ in/itutional fact4 ,x grew into ! preval5t habits ( ?\ght )\t a visible break1 & made its way m or less ?or\ghly 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( indu/ry :i* x t\*$1 until x came to be accept$ z ! type ( h&icraft organisation to :i* o!r1 outly+ bran*es ( indu/ry w\ld !n also t5d to con=m1 ev5 :5 !re 0 no direct provocation = ^! outly+ memb]s ( ! indu/rial sy/em to take on ! typical =m s giv54 ,b giv5 ! tranquil conditions necess>y to ! accumulation ( su* indu/rial appliances & to ! inv5tion & employm5t ( long & r\ndab\t processes 9 indu/ry1 & ! result+ *ange t sets 9 w be ( a cumulative "*1 affect+ an ev] increas+ proportion ( ! indu/rial arts1 & p]meat+ ! indu/rial sy/em at l>ge 9 a progressive fa%ion4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 & 9 proportion z ^! te*nological exig5cies take effect 9 "o bran* ( indu/ry & ano!r1 ! usufruct ( ! indu/rial community's curr5t productive effici5cy comes to ve/ effectually 9 ^? :o own ! mat]ial means ( indu/ry4 ,_! effectual exploitation ( ! community's indu/rial effici5cy w ext5d to su* indu/ries1 & ) su* a degree ( ?or\ghness & security1 z ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts may decide4 ,?is effectual engross+ ( ! te*nological h]itage by ! own]s w ext5d to any bran* ( ! indu/rial arts 9 :i* s consid]able a mat]ial equipm5t is requir$1 9 appliances & raw mat]ials1 t ! workm5 :o g into ?is giv5 l9e ( employm5t _c practically create or acquire x z !y g along4 ,9 an unc]ta9 measure1 !re=e1 & v>y+ 9 degree some:at f "o indu/ry to ano!r1 ! own] ( ! plant becomes 9 effect ! own] ( ! community's te*nological k & workmanlike skill1 & !reby ! own] ( ! workman's productive capacity4 ,9 ! small beg9n+s ( ! h&icraft indu/ry ! craftsman typically pass$ by a simple r\t9e f ! /atus ( appr5tice to t ( ma/]1 pick+ up ! slight necess>y outfit z he w5t along2 9 ! clos+ phases ( ! era h&icraft me?ods _h rea*$ a high degree ( specialisation & made use ( ext5sive processes & appliances1 & x 0 !n only by exception t any craftsman c\ld pass f appr5tice%ip ?r\gh ! int]v5+ /ages to ! position ( a work+ ma/]1 )\t ! help ( inh]it$ means or special fav\r4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! era ! ma/]s 71 typically1 employ]s ( skill$ lab\r & =em5 9 _! own %op1 except 9 ! frequ5t case :]e !y altoge!r ceas$ to "w at ! trade & gave _! :ole att5tion to ! bus9ess side ( ! indu/ry4 ,_m ( ^! nom9al ma/] craftsm5 7 9 fact m]e trad]s1 capta9s ( indu/ry1 bus9essm51 :o nev] came 9 manual contact ) ! "w4#acd ,s capitalism em]g$ f ! work+ ( ! h&icraft sy/em1 ?r\gh ! increas+ scale & effici5cy ( te*nology4 ,& on ! gr\nd af=d$ by ?is capitali/ic phase ( ! sy/em arose t era ( bus9ess ent]prise t rul$ ! economic =tunes ( ,europe 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ) its capta9s ( indu/ry & great f9ancial h\ses4 ,:e!r ! l>ge means ) :i* ^! capta9s ( indu/ry op]at$ 7 prim>ily drawn f ! ga9s ( ! petty trade t _h gone be=e1 or 7 drawn into ?is field ( bus9ess f outside1 is a debat$ "q :i* ne$ n deta9 ! pres5t inquiry4 ,! fact rema9s t1 by :atev] means1 ?is developm5t ( ! situation comes out ( t gr[? ( h&icraft :]eby ! own]%ip & control ( ! indu/rial plant pass$ out ( ! h&s ( ! body ( work+ craftsm54 ,:5 ?is bus9ess situation collaps$1 !re=e1 z already spok5 ( above1 ! h&icraft indu/ry at its be/ 0 organis$ on capitali/ic l9es & manag$ = capitali/ic ends1--) a view to pr(its on inve/m5t1 n prim>ily ) a view to ! livelihood ( ! work+ craftsm54 ,! new situation :i* !n pres5t$ itself1 z a consequ5ce ( ! collapse ( ! bus9ess community1 0 indu/rially & comm]cially bett] suit$ to ! simpl] & rud] me?ods ( h&icraft t _h succe$$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! sy/em2 b ! curr5t preconceptions & trade relations t actually rul$ at ! "t 7 ( a capitali/ic k9d1 & ! curr5t /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 ev5 :]e indu/ry _h fall5 into a fragm5t>y /ate1 0 su* z te*nologically requir$ ! l>ge-scale organisation 9 ord] to its due work+4 ,betwe5 ! impossibility ( go+ =w>d on ! accu/om$ l9es & ! impracticability ( an effectual rehabilitation ( m primitive me?ods1 !re result$ a p]iod ( pov]ty & confusion1 help$ out by ! cont9u$ mismanagem5t ( ! dyna/ic politicians2 s t ! indu/rial situation ( ! ,cont95t nev] recov]$ until x 0 ov]tak5 by ! new era ( ! ma*9e indu/ry inaugurat$ by ! ,engli%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! circum/ances ( life = ! common man und]w5t m ?an "o sub/antial *ange dur+ ! era ( h&icraft1 & ^! *anges 7 n all 9 ! same s5se4 ,! dom9ant note *anges f workman%ip 9 ! e>li] phases ( ! era to pecuni>y competition & political anxiety t[>d ! close1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! indu/rial communities ( ! ,cont95t4 ,! era is a long p]iod ( hi/ory1 all told1 runn+ ov] "s five or six c5turies1 f an advanc$ /age ( ! feudal age to ! eighte5? c5tury1 or to v>i\s e>li] dates 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! h&icraft sy/em came to a provisional close 9 ! era ( /atemak+2 & ! discipl9e ( life does n run to ! same effect 9 ! e>li] ( ^! phases ( ! developm5t z 9 ! lat]4 ,n t h&icraft ceas$ to be ! prevail+ me?od 9 ! me*anical indu/ries ( ^! c\ntries :5 ! reaction ov]took !m1 b ! te*nological advance _h be5 s]i\sly *eck$1 & su* h&icraft indu/ry z /ill w5t on _h ceas$ to dom9ate ! economic situation & no long] held ! primacy among ! factors t %ap$ ! life ( ! communities 9 "q4 ,its place z a dom9ant =ce 0 tak5 by ! new political int]e/s & by su* comm]cial ent]prise z /ill w5t on4 ,b ?r\gh ! c5turies ( its e>li] gr[? ! h&icraft indu/ry1 simply z a r\t9e ( workman%ip1 %ap$ ! conditions ( life = ! common p m p]vasively & consi/5tly ?an any o!r "o factor4 ,its discipl9e1 !re=e1 0 ( protract$ duration & t\*$ ! curr5t habits ( ?\ght 9 an intimate & endur+ fa%ion2 s z to leave a l>ge & endur+ effect on ! in/itutions ( ! peoples among :om x prevail$4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ community %[s ^! effects 9 a l>g] measure & a m evid5t mann] ?an any o!r1--visible only 9 a less degree 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & m equivocally 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries4 ,^! peoples _h n be5 subject$ to ! h&icraft discipl9e = a long] "t or 9 a m exact+ fa%ion ?an _! ,cont95tal neighb\rs1 b !y _h on ! o!r h& escap$ ! full measure ( ! political activity ( ! era ( /atemak+ t did s mu* to neutralise ! effects ( ! h&icraft sy/em 9 ! l>g] ,cont95tal c\ntries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some?+ has be5 said above ( ! way 9 :i* ! discipl9e ( life "u ! rule ( h&icraft %ap$ & col\r$ m5's ?9k+ 9 ^? mat]iali/ic sci5ces ^: e>ly gr[? runs p>allel ) ! te*nological advance 9 mod]n times4 ,x has also be5 evid5t t ?is tra9+ 9 ! mann] ( conceiv+ ?+s = ! purposes ( te*nology wr\ght c]ta9 broad *anges 9 ! !ological & philosophical conceptions t guid$ ! inquir+ spirits ( ! same & subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,?is effect wr\ght by ! r\t9e ( life "u ! h&icraft sy/em on sci5tific & philosophical conceptions is ( a v p]vasive "*1 be+ ( ! nature ( an habitual b5t1 an attitude or frame ( m9d1 ^: *>act]i/ic m>k is ! acceptance ( creative workman%ip z a f9ality4 ,x became an elem5t ( common s5se 9 ! appreh5sion ( ?\ghtful m5 ^: frame ( m9d 0 =m$ "u ! traditions ( t era t creative workman%ip is an ultimate1 irr$ucible factor 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s1 accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse & us$ unsp>+ly & ) ev]-gr[+ conviction z a t]m9us a quo & ad quem4#ace ,creative workman%ip1 =tifi$ 9 ev]-gr[+ measure by ! conception ( s]viceability to human use1 works its way gradually into ! c5tral place 9 ! !oretical speculations ( ! "t1 s t by ! close ( ! era x dom9ates all intellectual ent]prise 9 ! ?\ghtful portions ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,h5ce x becomes n only ! in/rum5t ( inquiry 9 ! sci5ces1 b a major premise 9 all "w ( innovation & recon/ruction ( ! s*eme ( in/itutions4 ,9 t ext5sive revision ( ! in/itutional framework t *>act]ises mod]n times x is ! life ( ! common p1 _! rights & obligations1 t is =ev] 9 view1 & _! life is conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( craftsmanlike indu/ry & ! petty trade4 ,by & l>ge1 ! outcome ( ?is revision ( civil & legal matt]s "u h&icraft auspices is ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights1 includ+ ! concept ( ,natural ,lib]ty4 ,! :ole s*eme s work$ out is manife/ly ( ! same piece ) t ,ord] ( ,nature & ,natural ,law t dom9at$ ! inquiries ( ! sci5ti/s & ! speculations ( ! philosoph]s4 ,x lies 9 ! nature ( ! case t ! ,engli%-speak+ community %\ld take ! lead 9 ! f9al advance 9 all ^! matt]s & %\ld "w out ! mo/ f9i%$1 secure & endur+ results )9 ^! premises1 bo? 9 ! field ( sci5tific inquiry & 9 t ( ! !ory ( in/itutions4 ,x lies 9 ! nature ( ! case because ! ,engli%-speak+ community _h ! b5efit ( ! te*nological ga9s made be=e _! "t1 because !y _h a long & passably unev5tful exp]i5ce ( ! h&icraft r\t9e 9 indu/ry & 9 ! workday life to ^: wants ! h&icraft indu/ry m9i/]$1 & because ! discipl9e ( ! h&icraft era 0 n 9 _! case neutralis$ 9 its clos+ phase by ! turmoil1 insecurity & civic debau*]ies ( an epo* ( w> & political intrigue4 ,& "h aga9 ! neighb\r+ peoples come into ! case z cop>tn]s 9 ?is "w ) ,engl& 9 mu* ! same measure 9 :i* _! exp]i5ce ?r\gh ?is p]iod 0 ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,! s*eme ( ,natural ,rights1 & ( ,natural ,lib]ty1 :i* s em]ges is ( a pron\nc$ individuali/ic t5or1 z x %\ld be to answ] to ! s*eme ( exp]i5ce embodi$ 9 ! sy/em ( h&icraft4 ,9 ! crafts1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! protract$ e>ly phases ( ! sy/em1 x is ! individual workman1 work+ = a livelihood by use ( 8 own p]sonal =ce1 dext]ity & dilig5ce1 t /&s out z ! ma9 fact2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t he appe>s to h /ood1 9 ! appreh5sion ( 8 "t1 z ! sole sub/antial factor 9 ! indu/rial organisation4 ,simil>ly "u ! canon ( ,natural ,lib]ty ! individual is ?r[n on 8 own devices = 8 life1 lib]ty & pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,! craftsman by immemorial cu/om traditionally dispos$ ( 8 "w & its product z he *ose1 "u ! rules ( 8 gild4 ,he 0 by prescription 9 full possession ( :at he made1 subject only to ! gild regulations impos$ = ! good ( 8 neighb\rs :o 7 simil>ly plac$4 ,! mo/ sacr$ "r includ$ 9 ! s*eme ( ,natural ,rights is t ( prop]ty 9 :atev] weal? has be5 hone/ly acquir$1 subject only to ! qualification t x mu/ n be turn$ to ! detrim5t ( "o's fell[s4 ,9 ! days ( ! typical h&icraft sy/em ! petty trade runs along ) ! h&icraft indu/ry1 9 su* a way t e ma/] craftsman is m or less ( a trad]1 dispos+ ( 8 goods or s]vices 9 pl5>y discretion1 & ev5 ! appr5tices & j\rneym5 simil>ly b>ga9 = _! t]ms ( "w & at times = ! disposal ( _! product2 :ile ! pr(essional it9]ant trad] is a memb] ( ?is indu/rial community on mu* ! same foot+ z ! craftsm5 prop]4 ,s x is a secure item 9 ! s*eme ( ,natural ,rights t all p]sons n "u tutelage h an indefeasible "r to dispose by pur*ase & sale n only ( products ( _! own h&s b ( :atev] items !y h come by ?r\gh ali5ation by its produc] or lawful own]4 ,& own]%ip is 9 natural-rights !ory always to be trac$ back to ! creative workman%ip ( its fir/ possessor4#acf ,9 ! sequel ?is natural "r freely to dispose ( "o's p]son & "w1 :5 x _h f\nd lodgm5t among ! pr9ciples ( civil rights 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 contribut$ sub/antially to ! dissolution ( t organ ( surveillance & control t ! craftsm5 ( an e>li] g5]ation _h in/itut$ 9 ! gild sy/em4 ,! case is b an in/ance ( :at is cont9ually happ5+ & b\nd to happ5 9 ! field ( in/itutional gr[?4 ,in/itutional pr9ciples1 su* z ?is item ( civil rights1 em]ge f use & wont1 result+ z a settl$ l9e ( conv5tion f usage & cu/om t gr[ out ( ! exig5cies ( life at ! "t4 ,b use & wont is a matt] ( "t4 ,x takes "t = habituation to atta9 t secure degree ( conv5tional recognition & au!nticity t w enable x to /& z an indefeasible pr9ciple ( conduct1 & by ! "t ?is consummation is a*iev$ x commonly happ5s t ! exig5cies :i* en=c$ ! giv5 l9e ( use & wont h ceas$ to be op]ative1 or at lea/ to be s imp]ative z 9 _! e>li] incid5ce4 ,! control :i* ! gilds 7 initially design$ to ex]cise 0 a control t %\ld leave ! gildsm5 free 9 ! pursuit ( _! "w1 subject only to a salut>y surveillance & /&>disation ( ! output1 su* z w\ld ma9ta9 ! pre/ige ( _! workman%ip & facilitate ! disposal ( ! goods produc$4 ,! initial purpose seems1 9 mod]n phrase1 to h be5 a creation ( intangible assets = ! b5efits ( ! body ( gildm54 ,"u ! new conditions t came to prevail :5 capitali/ic managem5t took ov] ! direction ( indu/ry ^! gild regulations no long] s]v$ _! purpose1 b !y seem on ! contr>y to h become an ob/acle to ! free employm5t ( skill$ workm54 ,a simil> =tune 0 ab\t ! same "t beg9n+ to ov]take ?is pr9ciple ( ,natural ,lib]ty itself1 & t ev5 9 ! p>ticul> be>+ :i* seems at ! outset to h be5 its prim>y & mo/ sub/antial aim4 ,initially1 x seems1 ! po9t ( int]e/1 & inde$ ( cont5tion1 0 ! fre$om ( ! ma/]less workman to dispose ( 8 p]son & workman%ip z he saw fit & z he be/ c\ld & w\ld1--to take c>e ( 8 life1 lib]ty & pursuit ( happ9ess )\t let or h9drance f p]sons ve/$ ) au?ority or pr]ogative4 ,) ! passage ( "t1 use & wont erect$ ?is conv5tional rule into an inali5able "r4 ,b includ$ ) x1 z an integral ext5sion ( ! p[]s :i* ?is inali5able "r safegu>d$1 0 ! "r ( pur*ase & sale1 t\*+ bo? "w & its product1 ! "r freely to hold & dispose ( prop]ty4 ,pres5tly1 t[>d ! close ( ! h&icraft era1 or m specifically 9 ! late eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&1 indu/ry fell "u capitali/ic managem5t4 ,:5 ?is *ange _h tak5 passably full effect ! workman 0 already secure 9 8 civil 7natural7 "r to dispose ( 8 workman%ip z he ?\ght be/1 b ! circum/ances ( employm5t "u capitali/ic managem5t made x impossible = him 9 fact to dispose ( 8 "w except to ^! employ]s1 & v mu* on _! t]ms1 or to dispose ( 8 p]son except :]e ! exig5cies ( _! bus9ess might require him4 ,& ! simil>ly inali5able "r ( own]%ip1 :i* _h simil>ly em]g$ f use & wont "u ! h&icraft sy/em1 b :i* n[ 9 effect secur$ ! capitali/-employ] 9 8 control ( ! mat]ial means ( indu/ry1--?is sacr$ "r ( prop]ty n[ b>r$ out any move t might be design$ to re9/ate ! workman 9 8 effective fre$om to "w z he *ose or to dispose ( 8 p]son & product z he saw fit4 ,! connection s %[n betwe5 ! gr[? ( h&icraft & ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights does n purport to be a complete acc\nt ( ! rise ( t sy/em1 ev5 9 outl9e4 ,! m usual acc\nt traces ?is sy/em to ! concept ( jus naturale1 ( ! late ,roman juri/s4 ,!re is assur$ly no call "h to "q or disp>age ! "w ( ^? juri/s & s*ol>s :o h busi$ !mselves ) au!nticat+ ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights by %[+ x to be f\nd$ 9 ! jus g5tium & ! jus naturale ( ! ,lat9 ,codes4 ,_! "w is d\btless hi/orically exact & compet5t4 ,b z is commonly ! case ) su* "w at ! h&s ( juri/s & s*ol>s1 especially 9 t pa/ age1 x cont5ts itself ) trac+ an au!ntic p$igree1 r ?an g into que/ions ( ! causes t l$ to ! vogue ( ^! concepts at ! "t ( _! acceptance or ! circum/ances :i* gave ^! ,natural ,rights t p>ticul> scope & cont5t :i* !y h assum$ 9 mod]n !ory ( law & civil relations4 ,! !sis :i* is "h (f]$ is to ! effect t ! habituation ( use & wont "u ! h&icraft sy/em in/all$ ^! rights1 9 an in*oate fa%ion1 9 ! curr5t preconceptions ( ! community1 & t ?is habituation is traceable1 causally r ?an by process ( ratioc9ation1 to ! s5se ( workman%ip z x took =m & w5t into action "u ! p>ticul> conv5tional circum/ances ( ! e>ly era ( h&icraft2 t ! preconceptions t s w5t into effect det]m9$ ! curr5t attitude ( ?\ghtful m5 t[>d que/ions ( civil rights & legal pr9ciple2 & t ! juri/s :o _h occasion to take notice ( ^! curr5t preconceptions t\*+ human rights f\nd !mselves con/ra9$ to deal ) !m z elem5t>y facts 9 ! situation z x lay be=e !m1 & !re=e to f9d a gr\nd = !m 9 ! accept$ canons1 su* z w\ld satisfy ! legal m9d ( _! au!nticity by anci5t prescription1 or su* z %\ld det]m9e ! scope ( _! application 9 con=mity ) legal pr9ciples hav+ a prior claim & au?oritative sanction4 ,! !sis1 !re=e1 is n t ! juri/s f\nd$ ^! mod]n pr9ciples ( legal !ory on ! popul> prejudices curr5t 9 _! "t & due 9 po9t ( habituation to ! r\t9e ( h&icraft1 nor t !y /ret*$ ! anci5t pr9ciples ( jus naturale to meet ! dem&s ( popul> prejudice1 b t on prompt+ ( legal exig5cies to :i* ! practical acceptance ( ^! pr9ciples _h giv5 rise1 ! juri/s f\nd 9 ! capitul>ies ( ! code :at 0 necess>y to au!nticate ^! pr9ciples ( legal !ory & give !m ! sanction ( au?ority1--a "w ( reason+ all ! m cong5ial & conv9c+ to ! juri/s s9ce !y 9 common ) ! re/ ( _! g5]ation 7 by habit & tradition imbu$ ) ! p5*ant to f9d ^! pr9ciples "r & good1 & consequ5tly to f9d none o!r 9 ! codes t might fatally trav]se ^? ^: au!ntication 0 due4 ,b ^! are matt]s ( p$igree1 & ?is "w ( ! great juri/s & philosoph]s is 9 great "p ( ! nature ( accessory aft] ! fact1 s f> z be>s on t sweep+ acceptance ( ^! pr9ciples & t inconte/able effici5cy t m>ks ! c\rse ( _! life-hi/ory 9 mod]n times4 ,! juri/s & philosoph]s h s\ght & %[n ! suffici5t reason = accept+ ?is s*eme ( pr9ciples1 z well z = ! p>ticul> fa%ion 9 :i* !y h be5 =mulat$2 b ! ins5sible gr[? ( habits ( ?\ght induc$ by ! conditions ( life 9 7e>ly7 mod]n times mu/ be all[$ to /& z ! effici5t cause ( _! dom9ant control ov] mod]n practice1 speculation1 & s5tim5t t\*+ all ^? relations t h be5 /&>dis$ 9 _! t]ms4 ,by use & wont ! range ( conv5tional elem5ts includ$ 9 ! s*eme _h become et]nal & indubitable pr9ciples ( "r reason1 +ra9$ 9 ! intellectual texture ( ! juri/s z well z 9 _! lay contempor>ies2 & ! task ( ! juri/s !re=e 0 to "w out _! au!ntication 9 t]ms ( suffici5t reason2 x 0 n = !m to tr\ble ) any "q ( ! causes to :i* ^! pr9ciples ow$ _! et]nal fitness 9 ! s*eme ( ,nature at t p>ticul> "t4 ,! ,natural ,rights :i* s f\nd au!ntication at ! h&s ( ! juri/s 7 ( ! individuali/ic k9d :i* ! discipl9e ( ! h&icraft sy/em _h inculcat$1 & ! au!ntication f\nd 9 ! jus naturale does n range mu* beyond ! individuali/ic b\nds s prescrib$1 nor are o!r l9es ( anci5t prescription1 at v>iance ) ^! rights1 br\ght at all prom95tly into ! light by ! legal inquiries ( ! juri/s4 ,:]eas x is no matt] ( s]i\s "q t ! *ief be>+ ( ! anci5t f9d+s embodi$ 9 ! code is n ( ?is individuali/ic "*4 ,! causes :i* br\ght on ! mod]n acceptance ( ?is s*eme ( ,natural ,rights are a matt] ( use & wont1 q di/9ct f t l9e ( argum5t by :i* ! juri/s e/abli%$ !m on gr\nds ( suffici5t reason re/+ on anci5t prescription4 ,! extreme t5acity ( life %[n by ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights may raise a reasonable d\bt z to ! adequacy ( any acc\nt t assigns _! d]ivation to ! discipl9e ( use & wont peculi> to any p>ticul> cultural era1 ev5 :5 ! era 9 "q is ( s consi/5t a "* & su* protract$ duration z ! era ( h&icraft4 ,:at adds =ce to su* a "q is ! fact t some?+ l ^! preconceptions ( natural "r is n uncommon 9 ! l[] cultures4 ,s t on ! face ( ! returns !re appe>s to be good gr\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s = designat+ ^! conv5tional rights 8natural40 ,some?+ ( ! k9d is curr5t 9 an obvi\s fa%ion among ! peaceable communities on ! l[] levels ( culture1 among :om ! s*eme ( accept$ rights & obligations be>s m ?an a di/ant resemblance to ! ,natural ,rights ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b some?+ ( ! k9d w also be f\nd among peoples on a high] level1 bo? peaceable & pr$atory2 ?\gh dep>t+ m notably 9 po9t ( cont5ts f ! eighte5?-c5tury sy/em4 ,! po9t ( simil>ity1 or ( id5tity1 among all ^! sy/ems ( conv5tionally fundam5tal & et]nal human rights is to be f\nd 9 _! intr9sic sanction--!y are all & sev]al "r & good z a matt] ( c\rse & ( common s5se2 ! po9t ( div]g5ce or dissimil>ity is to be f\nd 9 ! cont5ts ( ! code1 :i* are n ne>ly ! same 9 all cases4 ,9 ! m$ival natural common-s5se s*eme ( rights1 pr]ogative1 p]sonal & class exemption1 is ( ! ess5ce ( ! canon2 b ! s*eme is none ! less intr9sically m&atory on ^? :o _h be5 br$ into a matt]-(-c\rse acceptance ( x by ! r\t9e ( life 9 t age4 ,diff]5tial rights1 duties & privilege give ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ?is m$ival sy/em ( civil relations2 :]eas 9 ! sy/em work$ out "u ! auspices ( ! h&icraft indu/ry ! d5ial ( diff]5tial advantage1 :e!r class or individual1 is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom & ! sub/ance ( common s5se z appli$ to civil relations4 ,! "o ( ^! s*emes comes out ( an economic situation drawn on l9es ( pr$ation1 anci5t1 prescriptive & settl$1 & its fir/ pr9ciple is t ( ma/] & s]vant2 ! o!r comes ( a situation gr\nd$ 9 workmanlike effici5cy1 & its fir/ pr9ciple is t ( an equitable livelihood = "w done4 ,t "s ( ! work+ sy/ems ( civil rights 9 cu/om>y =ce among ! peaceable communities ( ! l[] culture h m 9 common ) mod]n ,natural ,rights ?an ?is m$ival s*eme1 %\ld logically be due to a simil>ity 9 ! conditions ( life out ( :i* !y h aris54 ,9 ^! savage or l[] b>b>ian communities1 too1 ! pr9ciple ( organization is "w = a livelihood1 & ! conv5tional gr\nd ( economic relations is t ( workman%ip1 z x is "u ! e>ly h&icraft sy/em2 b ) ! diff]5ce t :]eas ! te*nology ( h&icraft ?r[s ! skill$ workman into p]spective z a self-suffici5t individual1 & s ?r[s self-help into ! =egr\nd z ! pr9ciple ( economic equity1 among ^! savages & l[] b>b>ians liv+ by means ( a te*nology ( a less highly specialis$ "*1 ) a mat]ial situation n admitt+ ( ! same degree ( sev]alty 9 "w or livelihood1 ! prime requisite 9 ! relations gov]n+ ! rights & duties ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p is n ! individual livelihood ( ! skill$ workman b t ( ! gr\p at l>ge4 ,! individual's p]sonal claims come 9 only z second>y & subs]vi5t to ! ne$s ( ! gr\p at l>ge2 rights ( own]%ip are loose & vague1 & !y lack t t5acity ( life t *>act]ises ! l rights "u ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,x is true1 ! product ( indu/ry belongs prim>ily to ! produc] ( x1 x is 8 9 "s s5se t might pass into own]%ip if ! te*nological situation admitt$ ( "w = a livelihood 9 /rict & consi/5t sev]alty2 b 9 ! actual case z f\nd on ^! l[] levels ! product commonly escapes some:at easily f 8 individual possession & comes to inure to ! use ( ! gr\p4 ,except = su* articles z cont9ue to p]ta9 to him by virtue ( intimate & daily use1 ! produc]'s possessive control ( 8 product is likely at ! be/ to be transi5t & dubi\s1 readily giv+ way be=e any urg5t call = its use by o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p4#acg ,a fact ( "s incisive effect 9 ?is connection is d\btless ! *>act]i/ic trait ( h&icraft t1 9 its e>ly phases :olly & obvi\sly & 9 its lat] developm5t also some:at evid5tly1 x 0 ! affair ( a class2 :]eas 9 ! savage communities ) :i* x is "h comp>$1 ! te*nology & ! livelihood 9 "q are ^? ( ! community at l>ge1 n ( a class t /&s 9 contra/ & 9 "s degree ( competition ) ! community at l>ge4 ,! craftsm5 7 a fraction ( ! community by "w = ^: ne$s !y got _! livelihood1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !y became ! dom9ant elem5t )9 ! local community 7municipality7 ^: =tunes !y %>$4 ,& z betwe5 ?is fraction ( ! population & outside classes ) :om !y c>ri$ on _! traffic1 p>ticul>ly ! well-to-d & l&-hold+ classes1 !re c\ld be no con/ra9+ s5se ( a solid>ity ( int]e/4 ,! anci5t bond ( ma/] & s]vant _h be5 brok5 by some?+ l an ov]t act ( class secession on ! "p ( ! craftsm51 & no?+ l a bond ( fell[%ip _h tak5 its place4 ,! fell[%ip ran )9 ! l9es ( craftsman%ip1 :ile ! traffic ( ea* craftsman typically ran across ! l9e t divid$ ! craftsman f ! old ord] & population outside ( ?is indu/rial sy/em4 ,t ! eighte5?-c5tury sy/em ( ,natural ,rights %[s su* a degree ( approximation to ! s*eme ( rights & obligations obs]v$ among _m primitive peoples ne$ flutt] no "o's s5se ( cultural consi/5cy4 ,return to ,nature 0 m or less ( a password 9 ! clos+ p]iod ( ! era ( h&icraft & aft]1 & 9 respect ( ?is sy/em ( civil relations x appe>s t ! popul> attitude ( t "t 0 9 effect some?+ ( a rev]sion to primitive habits ( ?\ght2 ?\gh x 0 at be/ a p>tial return to a 8/ate ( nature0 9 ! s5se ( a /ate ( peace & indu/ry r ?an a return to ! unsophi/icat$ beg9n+s ( society4 ,t su* a p>tial rev]sion takes effect 9 ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! "t appe>s to be due to a simil>ly p>tial return to some:at analog\s habits ( life4 ,! correspond5ce 9 ! habits ( ?\ght is no great] ?an t 9 ! habits ( life out ( :i* ^! habits ( ?\ght em]g$4 ,! primitive peoples t %[ ?is sugge/ive resemblance to ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights typically are liv+ "u a r\t9e ( workman%ip & 9 a /ate ( habitual peace1--9 ^! respects be+ plac$ some:at simil>ly to ! h&icraft community4 ,! h&icraft sy/em comes true to ! same *>act]isation 9 s f> t x 0 dom9at$ by a r\t9e ( workman%ip & s f> z1 9 effect1 its life-hi/ory falls 9 an era ( prevail+ly peaceable conditions2 & su* a *>act]isation holds true ( ! indu/rial community prop] ?r\gh ! p]iod dur+ :i* h&icraft is ! rul+ factor 9 ! community's habitual range ( int]e/4 ,x is n t ! era ( h&icraft 0 an era ( rev]sion to savag]y1 b only t ! tone-giv+ factor 9 ! community ( t "t rev]t$1 by =ce ( ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts1 to habits ( peace & indu/ry1 9 :i* direct & detail$ manual "w takes a lead+ place4 ,!re is also ! fur!r po9t ( economic contact ) ! savage /ate t 9 ! h&icraft community di/9ctions ( weal? are nei!r l>ge nor ( decisive consequ5ce dur+ ! long p]iod ( habituation t br\ght ! preconceptions ( t era into ! settl$ %ape t gave !m ! "* ( a f9i%$ & balanc$ sy/em ( pr9ciples4 ,x may be add$1 at ! risk ( t$i\s repetition1 t ! habits ( life *>act]i/ic ( ! era1 z well z ! frame ( m9d suit$ to ?is *>act]i/ic r\t9e ( life1 seem peculi>ly suit$ to ! native end[m5t ( ! ,european peoples1--p]haps 9 an especial degree suit$ to ! native b5t ( ^? sections ( ! population 9 :i* !re is an appreciable admixture ( ! doli*o-blond /ock4 ,t su* may be ! case is at lea/ /rongly sugge/$ by ! t5aci\s hold :i* ?is sy/em ( ,rights app>5tly /ill has on ! s5tim5tal allegiance ( ^! ,we/]n peoples1 aft] ! conditions to :i* ^! ,rights owe _! rise1 & to :i* !y are suit$1 h 9 ! ma9 ceas$ to exi/2 z well z by ! some:at bl9d f]v\r ) :i* ^! peoples1 & m especially ! ,engli%-speak+ section ( !m1 g ab\t ! idyllic ent]prise ( rehabilitat+ t obsolesc5t 8competitive sy/em0 t embodi$ ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights1 & t came up ) ! era ( h&icraft & w5t "u 9 its dissolution4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,indu/ry ,! era ( ! ma*9e indu/ry has be5 designat$ v>i\sly1 to answ] to ! v>y+ po9t ( view f :i* x has be5 consid]$ by div]s writ]s4 ,z an hi/orical era x %[s div]s traits1 m or less *>act]i/ic1 & x has be5 designat$ by "o or ano!r ( ^! traits accord+ to ! p>ticul> l9e ( int]e/ t may h direct$ ! att5tion ( ^? :o h _h occasion to "n x4 ,x is spok5 ( z ! era ( ! factory sy/em1 ( l>ge-scale indu/ry1 z ! age ( ,capitalism or ( free competition1 or aga9 z an era ( ! cr$it economy4 ,b z se5 f ! po9t ( view ( te*nology1 & m specifically f t ( workman%ip z x und]lies ! te*nological sy/em1 x is be/ *>act]is$ z ! era ( ! ma*9e indu/ry1 or ( ! ma*9e process4 ,z a te*nological p]iod x is commonly conceiv$ to take its rise 9 ! ,briti% indu/rial community ab\t ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! conv5tional date ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1--^? :o h a ta/e = precise dates assign+ x m specifically to ! sixties ( t c5tury1 to co9cide ) ! e>lie/ practical use ( c]ta9 l>ge me*anical inv5tions ( t age4#ach ,su* a precise date is sc>cely s]viceable = any o!r ?an a mnemonic purpose4 ,if ! matt] is tak5 9 hi/orical p]spective ! era ( ! ma*9e process w be se5 to h be5 com+ on 9 ,engl& ?r\gh ! e>li] ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & ev5 f be=e t "t2 :]eas notable me*anical inv5tions1 & eng9e]+ exploits ( ! l g5]al be>+ 9 te*nology1 _h begun to affect ! indu/rial situation 9 "s ( ! ,cont95tal c\ntries at an appreciably e>li] p]iod4 ,s1 e4 g41 practical improvem5ts _h gone into effect 9 wat]-:eels1 pumps & w9d mills1 9 ! use ( sails & ! designs ( %ipp+1 9 :eel$ vehicles 7?\gh ! e>ly mod]n improvem5ts 9 ?is p>ticul> may easily be ov]-rat$7 & 9 su* appliances z *imneys2 &1 aga91 !re is ! peculi> b highly in/ructive field ( appli$ me*anics repres5t$ by ! inv5tion & improvem5t ( fire>ms4 ,su* eng9e]+ ent]prises z ! dra9age sy/ems ( ,holl& also belong "h & are to be c\nt$ among ! notable a*ievem5ts 9 appli$ me*anics4 ,ev5 ! mo/ casual review ( ! te*nological situation 9 ,europe1 say 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 w br+ out *>act]i/ic features t _c be d5i$ hon\rable m5tion z applications ( me*anical sci5ce1 al?\gh ! res]ve caution is imm$iately to be ent]$ t ^! e>ly me*anical exp$i5ts & _! employm5t /& out z sporadic facts ( me*anical contrivance 9 an age ( manual "w1 r ?an z *>act]i/ic traits ( ! indu/rial sy/em 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! ma*9e indu/ry are ( ?is sporadic "*4 ,!y come up z an outgr[? ( ! h&icraft te*nology1 p>ticul>ly at conjunctures :]e t te*nology is call$ on to deal ) su* l>ge me*anical problems z exce$ ! =ce ( manual lab\r or t elude ! rea* ( ! craftsman's tools4 ,s1 e4 g41 9 ,engl&1 say f ! sixte5? c5tury onw>d1 !re are improvem5ts 9 highways & wat]ways & 9 ! dra9age ( agricultural l&s2 &1 z an in/ance m obvi\sly relat$ to ! ma*9e indu/ry z commonly appreh5d$1 !re comes e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! 8horse-ho+ cultivation0 on :i* ,je?ro ,tull sp5t 8 en?usiasm4 ,along ) ?is obvi\sly me*anical l9e ( endeav\r & innovation is also to be not$ ! delib]ate ef=ts to improve ! races ( %eep & cattle t 7 9 progress ab\t ! same "t4 ,^! are p]haps n to be rat$ z me*anical inv5tions 9 ! simple & obvi\s s5se ( ! phrase1 b !y h ?is trait 9 common ) ! inv5tions ( ! ma*9e era t !y turn asc]ta9$ facts ( brute nature to acc\nt = human use by a logic t has mu* ( t "* ( imp]sonal incid5ce t m>ks ! ma*9e te*nology4 ,! ma*9e indu/ry comes on gradually2 its initial /ages are visible 9 ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 b x is only t[>d ! close ( t c5tury t its effects on ! indu/rial sy/em become s pron\nc$ t ! era ( ! ma*9e te*nology may fairly be said to h set 92 & x is only 9 ,great ,brita9 t x c be said to prevail at t p]iod4 ,( ! o!r features above allud$ to z *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod ( hi/ory none are ( s sub/antial a "* or s di/9ctive ( ?is p>ticul> p]iod z its te*nological peculi>ities4 ,free competition1 e4 g41 belongs z mu* to ! era ( h&icraft z to t ( ! ma*9e1 hav+ prevail$--m ext5sively 9 !ory ?an 9 practice--"u ! =m] rgime z "u ! latt]2 & 9 po9t ( fact x gradually falls "u increas+ re/rictions z ! ma*9e age advances1 until 9 ! m highly develop$ phases ( ! curr5t situation x has l>gely ceas$ to be a practicable l9e ( policy 9 indu/rial bus9ess4 ,s1 also1 ,capitalism did n take its rise co9cid5t ) ! indu/rial revolution1 al?\gh its be/ developm5t & l>ge/ expansion may lie )9 ! ma*9e age4 ,x _h its beg9n+s 9 ! prosp]\s days ( h&icraft1 & "o capitali/ic era _h already run its c\rse1 on ! ,cont95t1 be=e ! ma*9e indu/ry came 94 ,! 8cr$it economy10 associat$ ) ! capitali/ic managem5t ( indu/ry1 is also ( old] gr[?1 s f> z reg>ds ! days ( its e>ly vig\r1 al?\gh ! l>g] & m f>-rea*+ developm5ts ( cr$it come effectually into play only 9 ! lat] decades ( ! ma*9e age4 ,mu* ! same is true ( ! s-call$ l>ge-scale organisation ( indu/ry & ! factory sy/em4 ,its highe/ developm5t comes ) ! advanc$ /ages ( ! ma*9e te*nology & is manife/ly condition$ by ! latt]1 b x 0 already a =ce to be c\nt$ ) at ! "t ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,! l>ge-scale indu/ry contemplat$1 ) a degree ( appreh5sion1 by ,adam ,smi?1 e4 g41 0 n bas$ on ! ma*9e te*nology b on h&icraft ) an ext5sive division ( lab\r1 & on ! 8h\sehold indu/ry0 z t 0 ga9+ gr\nd 9 8 "t4 ,! latt] 01 9 =m1 :at has s9ce come to be kn[n z ! 8sweat%op0 indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is new era te*nology comes into close t\* ) sci5ce2 bo? ! sci5ce & ! te*nology ( ! new age be+ ( a matt]-(-fact "*1 beyond all prec$5t4 ,s mu* s t by contra/1 ! te*nology ( h&icraft w\ld appe> to h /ood 9 no close or consi/5t relation ) ! av[$ sci5ce ( its "t4 ,n t an?ropomorphic imputation is altoge!r want+ or inop]ative 9 ?is latt]day sci5tific inquiry1 or 9 ! te*nological utilisation ( ! facts 9 h&2 b 9 ! lat] conceptions an?ropomorphism has at ! be/ be5 repress$ & /]ilis$ 9 an unprec$5t$ degree4 ,& x holds true = ! ma*9e te*nology beyond any o!r /ate ( ! indu/rial arts t ! facts ( obs]vation c effectually be turn$ to acc\nt only 9 s f> z !y are appreh5d$ 9 a matt]-(-fact way4 ,! logic ( ?is te*nology1 by :i* its problems are to be work$ out1 is ! logic ( a me*anical process 9 :i* no p]sonal or teleological factors ent]4 ,! eng9e] or inv5tor :o designs processes1 appliances & exp$i5ts )9 ^! premises is requir$ to appreh5d & appreciate ! work+ facts aft] t dispassionate1 opaque1 unteleological fa%ion 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( brute matt] occur2 & he mu/ le>n to "w out _! uses by ! logic ( brute matt] in/ead ( con/ru+ !m by imputation & by analogy ) ! manife/ations ( human workman%ip4 ,less imp]atively1 b /ill 9 a m>k$ degree1 ! same _s mu/ be f\nd 9 ! workm5 "u ^: t5dance ^! processes & appliances are to "w out ! design$ results4 ,"u ! simpl] te*nology ( m primitive indu/rial sy/ems rec\rse to an?ropomorphic imputation has also always be5 a h9drance to workmanlike ma/]y1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! me*anic arts prop]1 & only less pron\nc$ 9 ^? indu/rial arts1 l husb&ry1 t h to d imm$iately ) plants & animals4 ,k ( brute facts z int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( human nature appe>s nev] to h be5 s]viceable 9 full proportion to _! cont5t4 ,b 9 ^! m primitive indu/rial sy/ems--z also 9 ! bett] days ( h&icraft--! workman is =ev] 9 in/ant control ( 8 tools & mat]ials2 ! movem5ts made use ( 9 ! "w are ess5tially ( ! nature ( manipulation1 9 :i* ! workman adroitly co]ces ! mat]ials into %apes & relations t w answ] 8 purpose1 & 9 :i* also no?+ 7typically7 takes place beyond ! manual rea* ( ! workman z ext5d$ by ! tools :i* 8 h&s make use (4 ,"u ^! conditions x is a matt] ( relatively slight effect :e!r ! workman does or does n rate ! objects :i* he uses z tools & mat]ials 9 quasi-p]sonal t]ms or imputes to !m a degree ( self-direction1 s9ce !y are at no po9t all[$ to escape 8 manual rea* & are by direct communication ( 8 =ce1 dext]ity & judgm5t co]c$ into ! =ms1 motions & spatial dispositions aim$ at by him4 ,8 imput+ "s bias1 b5t1 initiative or spiritual =ce or infirmity to brute matt] w d\btless incapacitate him by s mu* = effici5tly design+ processes & uses = ! available mat]ial facts2 8 creative imag9ation proce$s on mi/ak5 premises & goes wrong 9 s f>2 & s ?is an?ropomorphic int]pretation mu/ always c\nt z a mat]ial drawback to te*nological ma/]y ( ! available res\rces & 9 "s degree ret>d ! possible advance 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,b )9 ! premises giv5 by ! indu/rial arts z !y /&1 he may /ill d effective "w z a me*anic skill$ 9 ! manual op]ations prescrib$ by ! giv5 /ate ( ! arts4 ,= 9 ! me*anic indu/ries ( all ^! o!r & m ar*aic indu/rial sy/ems ! workman does ! "w2 x may be by use ( tools1 & ev5 by help ( m or less ext5d$ processes 9 :i* natural =ces ( gr[?1 f]m5tation1 decay1 & ! l1 play a mat]ial "p2 b ! decisive fact rema9s t ! motions & op]ations ( su* manual indu/ry take effect at 8 h&s & by way ( 8 muscul> =ce & manual rea*4 ,:]e natural processes1 z ^? ( gr[?1 f]m5tation or combu/ion1 are drawn into ! r\t9e ( indu/ry1 !y lie1 z natural processes1 beyond 8 discretion>y control2 at ! mo/ he puts !m 9 tra9 & lets !m run1 ) "s h$g+ & %ift+ z !y g on1 to br+ !m to be> 9 su* a way z %all suit 8 ends2 he takes 8 precautions ) !m & !n he takes ! *ance ( _! com+ to ! desir$ issue4 ,!y are n1 & z he sees ! "w & its conditions !y ne$ n be1 )9 8 control 9 any?+ l ! fa%ion 9 :i* he controls 8 tools & ! mat]ials employ$ 9 8 manual op]ations2 !y "w well or ill1 & :at comes ( x is 9 "s degree a matt] ( 8 =tune ( success or failure1 su* z comes to ! man :o has done 8 be/ "u ,provid5ce4 ,9 case ( a /rik+ outcome = good or ill f ! op]ation ( su* natural processes ! dev\t craftsman is incl9$ to rate x z ! act ( ,god2 v mu* z does ! dev\t husb&man :o dep5ds on ra9 r ?an on irrigation4 ,x is ! "p ( ! wise workman 9 su* a case to take :at comes1 )\t elation or rep9+1 9 s f> z ^! factors ( success & failure are n compris$ 9 8 presum$ workmanlike pr(ici5cy4 ,! matt] lies diff]5tly 9 ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,! me*anical processes "h engag$ are calculable1 measurable1 & conta9 no my/]i\s elem5t ( provid5tial ambiguity4 ,9 proportion z !y "w to ! be/ effect1 !y are capable ( !oretical /atem5t1 n m]ely approa*able by rule ( ?umb4 ,! design+ eng9e] takes 8 measures on ! basis ( asc]ta9$ quantitative fact4 ,he kn[s ! =ces employ$1 &1 inde$1 he c employ only su* z he kn[s & only s f> z he kn[s !m2 & he arranges = ! processes t are to d ! "w1 ) only su* calculable m>g9 ( error z is due to ! asc]ta9$ av]age infirmity ( ! available mat]ials4 ,he deals ) =ces & effects /&>dis$ 9 ! same opaque t]ms4 ,he w be pr(ici5t 9 8 craft 9 mu* ! same degree 9 :i* he is ma/] ( ! matt]-(-fact logic involv$ 9 me*anical processes ( pressure1 velocity1 displacem5t & ! l2 n 9 proportion z he c adroitly imp>t to ! available mat]ials ! workmanlike turn ( 8 own manual =ce & dext]ity1 nor 9 ! degree 9 :i* he may be able %rewdly to guess ! run ( ! season or ! v>iations ( temp]ature & moi/ure t condition ! effectual s]viceability ( natural processes 9 h&icraft4 ,! %>e ( ! op]ative workman 9 ! ma*9e indu/ry is 7typically7 t ( an att5dant1 an assi/ant1 ^: duty x is to keep pace ) ! ma*9e process & to help out ) workmanlike manipulation at po9ts :]e ! ma*9e process engag$ is incomplete4#aci ,8 "w supplem5ts ! ma*9e process1 r ?an makes use ( x4 ,on ! contr>y ! ma*9e process makes use ( ! workman4 ,! ideal me*anical contrivance 9 ?is te*nological sy/em is ! automatic ma*9e4 ,p]fection 9 ! ma*9e te*nology is atta9$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! giv5 process c disp5se ) manual lab\r2 :]eas p]fection 9 ! h&icraft sy/em means p]fection ( manual workman%ip4 ,x is ! "p ( ! workman to "k ! work+ ( ! me*anism ) :i* he is associat$ & to adapt 8 movem5ts ) me*anical accuracy to its requirem5t4 ,?is dem&s a degree ( intellig5ce1 & mu* ( ?is "w calls = a good deal ( special tra9+ besides2 s t x is /ill true t ! workman is useful some:at 9 proportion z he is skill$ 9 ! occupation to :i* ! ma*9e indu/ry calls him4 ,9 ! new era ! /ress falls r m decid$ly on g5]al intellig5ce & in=mation1 z contra/$ ) detail ma/]y ( ! m9uti ( a trade2 s t famili>ity ) ! commonplace te*nological k ( ! "t is r m imp]ative a requirem5t "u ! ma*9e te*nology ?an "u t ( h&icraft4 ,at ! same "t ?is common /ock ( te*nological in=mation is greatly l>g] 9 ! curr5t /ate ( ! indu/rial arts2 s mu* l>g] 9 volume1 & at ! same "t s mu* m exact+ 9 po9t ( accuracy & detail1 t ?is commonplace in=mation t is requisite to any ( ! skill$ occupations c no long] be acquir$ 9 ! m]e workday r\t9e ( indu/ry1 b is to be _h only at ! co/ ( delib]ate application & ) ! help ( s*ools4 ,on ?is head1 z reg>ds ! requirem5ts ( indu/ry 9 ! way ( g5]al in=mation on ! "p ( ! skill$ workm51 ! contra/ is suffici5tly m>k$1 e4 g41 betwe5 ,elizabe?an times & ! ,victorian age4 ,at ! e>li] p]iod illit]acy 0 no ob/acle to adequate tra9+ 9 ! skill$ trades4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,?omas ,mun includes among ! peculi> & extraord9>y acquirem5ts necess>y to em95t success 9 comm]ce1 matt]s t are n[ easily compris$ 9 ! ord9>y common-s*ool in/ruction2 & 9 s do+ he pla9ly %[s t ^! acquirem5ts 7 ov] & above :at 0 usual or w\ld be ?\ght useful = ! common man4 ,ev5 ,adam ,smi?1 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 %rewd obs]v] z he 01 does n include any degree ( s*ool+ or any simil> pursuit ( g5]al in=mation among ! requisites ess5tial to ! effici5cy ( skill$ lab\r4 ,ev5 at t date x appe>s /ill to h be5 true t ! commonplace in=mation & ! g5]al tra9+ necess>y to a ma/]y ( any "o ( ! crafts lay )9 s n>r[ a range t :at 0 ne$ful c\ld all be acquir$ by he>say & z an incid5t to ! discipl9e ( appr5tice%ip4 ,)9 a c5tury aft] ! fir/ inception ( ! ma*9e indu/ry illit]acy _h come to be a s]i\s h&icap to any skill$ me*anic2 ! range ( commonplace in=mation t mu/ habitually be drawn on 9 ! skill$ trades _h wid5$ to su* an ext5t1 & compris$ s l>ge a volume ( recondite facts1 t ! ability to read came to h an indu/rial value2 ! high] pr(ici5cy 9 any bran* ( ! me*anic arts presum$ su* an acqua9tance ) fact & !ory z c\ld nei!r be ga9$ nor ma9ta9$ )\t habitual rec\rse to pr9t$ matt]4 ,& ?is l9e ( requirem5ts has be5 con/antly increas+ 9 volume & urg5cy1 z well z 9 ! range ( employm5ts to :i* ! dem& applies1 until x has become a commonplace t no "o c n[ hope to compete = pr(ici5cy 9 ! skill$ occupations )\t su* s*ool+ z w c>ry him v appreciably beyond ! ?ree ,r's t made up ! complem5t ( necess>y le>n+ = ! common man half a c5tury ago4 ,x foll[s z a consequ5ce ( ^! l>ge & increas+ requirem5ts en=c$ by ! ma*9e te*nology t ! p]iod ( prelim9>y tra9+ is necess>ily long]1 & ! s*ool+ dem&$ = g5]al prep>ation gr[s unremitt+ly m exact+4 ,s t1 ap>t f all "q ( humanit>ian s5tim5t or ( popul> fitness = democratic citiz5%ip1 x has become a matt] ( economic exp$i5cy1 simply z a proposition 9 te*nological effici5cy at l>ge1 to en=ce ! exemption ( *ildr5 f indu/rial employm5t until a lat] date & to ext5d _! effective s*ool age appreciably beyond :at w\ld once h be5 suffici5t to meet all ! commonplace requirem5ts ( skill$ workman%ip4#adj ,! k s requir$ z a g5]al & commonplace equipm5t requisite = ! pursuit ( ^! mod]n skill$ occupations is ( ! g5]al nature ( appli$ me*anics1 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ! und]tak+ is a ready appreh5sion ( opaque facts1 9 passably exact quantitative t]ms4 ,?is class ( k presumes a c]ta9 intellectual or spiritual attitude on ! "p ( ! workman1 su* an attitude & animus z w readily appreh5d & appreciate matt] ( fact & w gu>d aga9/ ! suffusion ( ?is k ) putative animi/ic or an?ropomorphic subtleties1 quasi-p]sonal int]pretations ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a & ( _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,! norm ( sy/ematisation is t giv5 by ! logic ( ! ma*9e process1 & ! scope ( x is t inculcat$ by /ati/ical computation & ! pr9ciple ( mat]ial cause & effect4 ,9 "s degree ! r\t9e ( ! ma*9e indu/ry necess>ily induces su* an animus 9 its employees1 s9ce su* is ! scope & me?od ( its own work+2 & ! clos] & m exact+ ! application to "w ( ?is k9d1 ! m ?or\gh-go+ %\ld be ! effects ( its discipl9e4 ,b ?is r\t9e & its discipl9e ext5d beyond ! me*anical occupations z su*1 s z 9 great "p to det]m9e ! habits ( all memb]s ( ! mod]n community4 ,?is proposition holds true m broadly = ! curr5t /ate ( ! indu/rial arts ?an any simil> /atem5t w\ld hold1 e4 g41 = ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,! ord9>y r\t9e ( life is m widely & p]vasively det]m9$ by ! ma*9e indu/ry & by ma*9e-l indu/rial processes today1 & ?is det]m9ation is at ! same "t m rigor\s1 ?an any analog\s effect t 0 _h "u ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,)9 ! effective b\nds ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom no "o c :olly escape or 9 any s5sible degree deflect ! sweep ( ! ma*9e's r\t9e4 ,mod]n life goes by clockwork4 ,s mu* s t no mod]n h\sehold c disp5se ) a me*anical timepiece2 :i* may be m or less accurate1 x is true1 b :i* commonly m>ks ! passage ( "t ) a degree ( exactness t w\ld h seem$ div]t+ly sup]]ogatory to ! common man ( ! high tide ( h&icraft4#ada ,latt]ly ! "t s indicat$1 x %\ld be call$ to m9d1 is 8/&>d "t10 /&>dis$ to co9cide ov] wide areas & to v>y only by l>ge & /&>d units4 ,x br+s ! r\t9e ( life to a nicely uni=m s*$ule ( h\rs ?r\gh\t a population :i* exce$s by _m fold ! size ( ^? communities t once got along cont5t$ly en\gh )\t su* an exp$i5t "u ! rgime ( h&icraft4 ,9 ?is matt] ! dem&s ( ! ma*9e h ev5 br\ght on a revision ( ! "t s*$ule impos$ by ! me*anism ( ! heav5ly bodies1 s t n only 8sol> "t10 b ev5 ! 8mean sol> "t0 t once 0 consid]$ to be a suffici5t improvem5t on ! ways ( ,nature1 has be5 sup]s$$ by ! s*$ule impos$ by ! railway sy/em4 ,! discipl9e ( ! timepiece is suffici5tly *>act]i/ic ( ! discipl9e ex]cis$ by ! ma*9e process at l>ge 9 mod]n life1 & z a cultural factor1 z a factor 9 %ap+ ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! mod]n peoples1 x is itself moreov] a fact ( ! fir/ importance4 ,( ! /&>disation ( ! "t s*$ule j spok5 (1 ! e>li]1 ! adoption ( 8mean sol> "t10 0 due imm$iately to ! exig5cies ( ! ma*9e process z su*1 :i* w\ld n tol]ate ! seasonal fluctuations ( 8app>5t0 sol> "t4 ,?is epi!t 8app>5t10 by ! way1 c>ries a sugge/ion t ! "t s*$ule s designat$ is less true to ! actualities ( ! case ?an ! "o :i* sup]s$$ x4 ,& s x is if ! actualities to :i* reg>d is _h are ^? ( ! ma*9e process2 :]eas ! contr>y is true if ! actualities t are to decide are ^? ( ! seasons1 z !y 7 "u ! e>li] disp5sation4 8,/&>d "t0 has gone into effect prim>ily ?r\gh ! necessities ( railway communication1--itself a dom9ant item 9 ! me*anical r\t9e ( life2 b x is only 9 a less degree a requirem5t ( ! o!r activities t g to make up ! traffic ( mod]n life4 ,! railway is "o ( ! l>g] me*anical contrivances ( ! ma*9e age1 & its exig5cies 9 ?is respect are typical ( :at holds true at l>ge4 ,communication ( :atev] k9d1 z well z ! supply ( o!r necess>ies1 is /&>dis$ 9 t]ms ( "t1 space1 quantity1 frequ5cy1 & inde$ 9 all measurable dim5sions2 & ! 8consum]10 z ! d5iz5s ( ^! ma*9e-made communities are call$1 is requir$ to con=m to ?is network ( /&>disations 9 8 dem& & uses ( !m1 on pa9 ( 8gett+ left40 ,to 8get left0 is a colloquialism ( ! ma*9e era & describes ! commone/ =m ( privation "u ! rgime ( ! ma*9e process4 ,x is already a "t-worn colloquialism1 inasmu* z x is n[ already "s "t s9ce ! ubiquit\s r\t9e ( ! ma*9e process fir/ impress$ on ! common man ! s9i/] ev5tuality cov]$ by ! phrase4 ,! relation 9 :i* ! consum]1 ! common man1 /&s to ! me*anical r\t9e ( life at l>ge is ( mu* ! same nature z t 9 :i* ! mod]n skill$ workman /&s to t detail ma*9e process into :i* he is dovetail$ 9 ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,to take effectual advantage ( :at is (f]$ z ! :eels ( r\t9e g r\nd1 9 ! way ( "w & play1 livelihood & recreation1 he mu/ "k by facile habituation :at is go+ on & h[ & 9 :at quantities & at :at price & :]e & :51 & = ! be/ effect he mu/ adapt 8 movem5ts ) skill$ exactitude & a cool me*anical insight to ! nicely balanc$ mov+ equilibrium ( ! me*anical processes engag$4 ,to live--n to say at ease--"u ! exig5cies ( ?is ma*9e-made r\t9e requires a measure ( consi/5t tra9+ 9 ! me*anical appreh5sion ( ?+s4 ,! m]e me*anics ( con=mity to ! s*$ule ( liv+ implies a degree ( tra9$ insight & a facile /rategy 9 all mann] ( quantitative adju/m5ts & adaptations1 p>ticul>ly at ! l>g] c5tres ( population1 :]e ! r\t9e is m compreh5sive & elaborate4 ,& "h & n[1 z always & ev]y:]e1 inv5tion is ! "m ( necessity4 ,! complex ( te*nological ways & means gr[s by increm5ts t come into ! s*eme by way ( improvem5ts1 innovations1 exp$i5ts design$ to facilitate1 abridge or enhance ! "w to be done4 ,any su* innovation t fits workably into ! te*nological s*eme1 & t 9 any appreciable degree accel]ates ! pace ( t s*eme at any po9t1 w pres5tly make its way into g5]al & imp]ative use1 reg>dless ( :e!r its net ult]ior effect is an increase or a dim9ution ( mat]ial com=t or indu/rial effici5cy4 ,su* is p>ticul>ly ! case "u ! curr5t pecuni>y s*eme ( life if ! new exp$i5t l5ds itself to ! s]vice ( competitive ga9 or competitive sp5d+2 its g5]al adoption !n p]emptorily takes effect on pa9 ( damage & discom=t to all ^? :o fail to /rike ! new pace4 ,ea* new exp$i5t add$ to & incorporat$ 9 ! sy/em (f]s n only a new means ( keep+ up ) ! run ( ?+s at an accel]at$ pace1 b also a new *ance ( gett+ left out ( ! runn+4 ,! po9t is well se51 e4 g41 9 ! curr5t competitive armam5ts1 :]e equipm5t is subject to con/ant depreciation & obsolesc5ce1 n ?r\gh decl9e or decay1 b by virtue ( new improvem5ts4 ,s also 9 ! increase & accel]ation ( adv]tis+ t has be5 go+ on dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 due to increas$ facilities & improv$ me?ods 9 pr9t+1 pap]-mak+1 & ! o!r indu/rial arts t contribute to ! appliances ( publicity4 ,x is ( c\rse n h]eby int5d$ to imply t ^! mod]n inv5tions meet no wants b su* z !y !mselves create4 ,x is beyond dispute t su* me*anical contrivances1 = in/ance1 z ! telephone1 ! typewrit]1 & ! automobile are n only great & cr$itable te*nological a*ievem5ts1 b !y are also ( sub/antial s]vice4 ,at ! same "t x is at lea/ d\btful if ^! inv5tions h n wa/$ m ef=t & sub/ance ?an !y h sav$1--t !y are to be cr$it$ ) an appreciable net loss4 ,!y are design$ to facilitate travel & communication1 & su* is d\btless _! fir/ & obvi\s effect4 ,b ! net result ( _! introduction ne$ by no means be ! same4 ,_! *ief use is 9 ! s]vice ( bus9ess1 n ( indu/ry1 & _! great fur!r use is 9 ! fur!rance1 or r ! accel]ation1 ( obligatory social am5ities4 ,z contrivances = ! exp$ition ( traffic bo? 9 bus9ess & 9 social int]c\rse _! use is *iefly1 almo/ :olly1 ( a competitive nature2 & 9 ! competitive equipm5t & manuvres ( bus9ess & ( g5tility ! same broad pr9ciple w be f\nd to apply z applies to competitive armam5ts & improvem5ts 9 ! te*nology ( w>f>e4 ,any te*nological advantage ga9$ by "o competitor =?) becomes a necessity to all ! re/1 on pa9 ( defeat4 ,! typewrit] is1 no d\bt1 a good & s]viceable contrivance = ! exp$ition ( a volum9\s correspond5ce1 b !re is also no reasonable d\bt b its introduction has appreciably m ?an d\bl$ ! volume ( correspond5ce necess>y to c>ry on a giv5 volume ( bus9ess1 or t x has quadrupl$ ! necess>y co/ ( su* correspond5ce4 ,& ! exp$ition ( correspond5ce by /5ograph] & typewrit] has at ! same "t become obligatory on all bus9ess firms1 on pa9 ( los+ ca/e & s ( los+ ! confid5ce ( _! correspond5ts4 ,( ! telephone mu* ! same is to be said1 ) ! addition t its use involves a v appreciable n]v\s /ra9 & its ubiquit\s pres5ce conduces to an unremitt+ n]v\s t5sion & unre/ :]ev] x goes4 ,! l>ge/ secure result ( ^! v>i\s mod]n contrivances design$ to facilitate & abridge travel & communication appe>s to be an increase ( ! volume ( traffic p] unit ( outcome1 accel]ation ( ! pace & height5+ ( ! t5sion at :i* ! traffic is c>ri$ on1 & a consequ5t increase ( n]v\s disord]s & %ort5+ ( ! effective work+ life ( ^? engag$ 9 ?is traffic4 ,b 9 ^! matt]s inv5tion is ! "m ( necessity1 & )9 ! scope ( ^! contrivances = facilitat+ & abridg+ lab\r !re is no alt]native1 & life is n (f]$ on any o!r t]ms4#adb ,o!r k9ds ( r\t9e1 /&>dis$ & elaborate1 h be5 or /ill are 9 =ce1 besides ?is ma*9e-l process ( liv+ z c>ri$ on "u mod]n te*nological conditions2 & "o & ano!r ( ^! w at times rise to a degree ( exig5ce q comp>able ) t ( ! ma*9e process4 ,b ^! o!rs are ( a diff]5t "* 9 t _! dem&s are n en=c$ by sanctions ( an unm$iat$ me*anical k9d2 !y d n fall on ! del9qu5t ) a direct me*anical impact1 & ! p5alties ( non-con=mity are ( a conv5tional nature4 ,s1 e4 g41 ! punctilios ( religi\s obs]vance may come to a v rigid r\t9e1 to be obs]v$ on pa9 ( suffici5tly grave consequ5ces2 b 9 s f> z ^! ev5tual 7es*atological7 consequ5ces are /atable 9 t]ms ( mat]ial incid5ce 7( fire1 sulphur1 or ! l7 ! me*anically tra9$ mod]n consum] w incl9e to hold t !y are ( a putative "* only4 ,s1 aga91 9 ! matt] ( fa%ion & decorum ! s*$ule ( obs]vances may be suffici5tly rigor\s1 b "h too failure to articulate ) ! sweep ( a punctili\s r\t9e ) all ! sure & firm t\* ( ! exp]t is n *eck$ ) an imm$iate disa/r\s impact ( me*anical %ock4 ,con=mity 9 ! te*nological respect ) ! r\t9e ( liv+ "u o!r te*nological sy/ems ?an t ( ! ma*9e process _h also some?+ ( ?is "* ( conv5tional prescription2 & ! discipl9e ex]cis$ by ! r\t9e ( liv+ 9 ^! m ar*aic te*nological eras 0 also some?+ m 9 ! nature ( a tra9+ 9 conv5tional exp$i5ts4 ,! result+ gr[? ( habits ( ?\ght 9 su* a community %\ld !n also diff] 9 a simil> way f :at comes 9 sight 9 ! pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bo? 9 its incid5ce on ! workman & on ! memb]s ( ! community at l>ge1 !re=e1 ! tra9+ giv5 by ?is curr5t /ate ( ! indu/rial arts is a tra9+ 9 ! imp]sonal1 quantitative appreh5sion & appreciation ( ?+s1 & x t5ds /rongly to inhibit & discr$it all imputation ( spiritual traits to ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,x is a tra9+ 9 matt]-(-fact2 m specifically x is a tra9+ 9 ! logic ( ! ma*9e process4 ,its outcome %\ld obvi\sly be an unqualifi$ mat]iali/ic & me*anical animus 9 all ord]s ( society1 mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! work+ classes1 s9ce !y are mo/ imm$iately & consi/5tly expos$ to ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process4 ,b su* an animus z be/ comports ) ! logic ( ! ma*9e process does n1 x appe>s1 = good or ill1 be/ comport ) ! native /ra9 ( human nature 9 ^? peoples t are subject to its discipl9e4 ,9 all ! v>i\s peoples ( ,*ri/5dom !re is a visible /ra9+ aga9/ ! drift ( ! ma*9e's tea*+1 ris+ at "t & 9 giv5 classes ( ! population to ! pit* ( revulsion4 ,x is app>5tly among ! mod]ately well-to-d1 ! half-idle classes1 t su* a revulsion *iefly has its way2 lead+ n[ & aga9 to fanta/ic1 ar*ais+ cults & beliefs & to make-believe cr$5ce 9 occult insights & p[]s4 ,at ! same "t1 & ) ! l t9cture ( affectation & make-believe1 !re runs ?r\gh mu* ( ! community a feel+ ( maladju/m5t & discom=t1 t seeks a rem$y 9 a 8return to ,nature0 9 "o way or ano!r2 "s sort ( a return to 8! simple life10 :i* %all 9 "s fa%ion af=d an escape f ! un5d+ 8gr9d0 ( liv+ f day to day by ! ma*9e me?od & %all s put beh9d u = a season ! burd5some futilities by help ( :i* alone life c be c>ri$ on "u ! r\t9e ( ! ma*9e process4 ,all ?is uneasy revulsion may n be tak5 at its face value2 !re is d\btless a v>iable b fairly l>ge elem5t ( affectation t comes to expression 9 all ?is talk ab\t ! simple life2 b :5 all due abatem5t has be5 all[$ !re rema9s a sub/antial residue ( unaffect$ prote/4 ,! pit* & volume ( ?is prote/ aga9/ 8artificial0 & 8futile0 ways ( life is greate/ 9 ! advanc$ indu/rial c\ntries1 & x has be5 gr[+ great] concomitantly ) ! advance ( ! ma*9e era4 ,:at is p]haps m significant ( actualities ?an ^! well-br$ pr(essions ( discom=t & discont5t is ! 8vacation10 be+ a m tangible ph5om5on & /atable 9 quantitative t]ms4 ,! cu/om ( 8tak+ a vacation0 has be5 on ! increase = "s "t1 & ! av[$ ne$ ( a ye>ly or seasonal holiday greatly exce$s ! practice ( x 9 ne>ly all call+s4 ,?is gr[+ rec\rse to vacations %\ld be passably conclusive evid5ce to ! effect t nei!r ! mann] ( life en=c$ by ! ma*9e sy/em1 nor ! occupations ( ^? :o are 9 close contact ) ?is te*nology & its due habits ( ?\ght1 c be 8natural0 to ! common run ( civilis$ mank9d4 ,accord+ to accept$ !ories ( h]$ity1#adc civilis$ mank9d %\ld by native end[m5t be be/ fit to live "u conditions ( a mod]ately advanc$ savag]y1 su* z ! ma*9e te*nology w n p]mit4#add ,nei!r 9 ! physical conditions :i* x imposes1 !re=e1 nor 9 ! habitual ways ( obs]vation & reason+ :i* x requires 9 ! "w to be done1 is ! ma*9e age adapt$ to ! curr5t native end[m5t ( ! race4 ,& ^! v>i\s movem5ts ( unre/ & revulsion are evid5ce1 = z mu* z !y are wor?1 t su* is ! case4 ,n lea/ conv9c+ is ! fact t a consid]able proportion ( ^? :o are held unremitt+ly to ! s]vice ( ! ma*9e process 8break d[n10 fall into premature decay4 ,physically & spiritually ^! mod]n peoples are bett] adapt$ to life "u conditions radically diff]5t f ^? impos$ by ?is mod]n te*nology4#ade ,all ( :i* goes to %[1 :at is ! po9t "h 9 "q1 t h[ev] exact+ & h[ev] p]vasive ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process may be1 x c n1 aft] all1 a*ieve its p]fect "w 9 ! way ( habituation 9 ! population ( ,*ri/5dom z x /&s4 ,! limit ( tol]ance native to ! race1 physically & spiritually1 is %ort ( t unmitigat$ mat]ialism & unremitt+ me*anical r\t9e to :i* ! ma*9e te*nology incont95tly drives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= any?+ l a compreh5sive view ( ! effects :i* ! ma*9e te*nology has _h on ! scope & me?od ( k 9 mod]n times x is necess>y to turn back to its beg9n+s4 ,hi/orically ! ma*9e age succe$s ! era ( h&icraft1 b ! two ov]lap v ext5sively4 ,s mu* s t :ile ! era ( ! ma*9e te*nology is commonly held to h set 9 some?+ l a c5tury & a half ago x is /ill too e>ly to ass]t t ! indu/rial sy/em has cle>$ itself ( ! remnants ( h&icraft or t ! habits ( ?\ght suitable to ! days ( h&icraft are no long] decisive 9 ! curr5t legal & popul> appreh5sion ( indu/rial relations4 ,! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process has n yet _h "t1 nor has x _h a cle> field4 ,! be/ t c be look$ =1 !re=e1 9 ! way ( habits ( ?\ght con=m+ to ! ways & means ( ! ma*9e process %\ld be some?+ ( a progressive approximation2 & ! consid]ations recit$ 9 ! la/ few p>agraphs %\ld leave x d\btful :e!r any?+ m ?an an imp]fect approximation to ! logic ( ! ma*9e process c be a*iev$1 ?r\gh any l5g? ( tra9+1 by ! peoples among :om ! greate/ advance 9 t direction has already be5 made4 ,! mat]ial sci5ces e>ly %[ ! bias ( ! ma*9e te*nology1 z is fairly to be expect$1 s9ce ^! sci5ces /& 9 a peculi>ly close relation to ! te*nological side ( indu/ry1--almo/ a relation ( affiliation4 ,at no e>li] p]iod has ! correlation betwe5 sci5ce & te*nology be5 s close4 ,& ! response 9 respect ( ! scope & me?od ( ^! sci5ces to any notable advance 9 te*nology has be5 suffici5tly /rik+4 ,z has already be5 indicat$ above1 mod]n sci5ce at l>ge takes to ! use ( /ati/ical me?ods & precise me*anical measurem5ts1 & 9 ?is matt] sci5tific inquiry has gr[n cont9ually m confid5t & m meticul\s at ! same "t t ?is me*ani/ic proc$ure is cont9ually be+ appli$ m ext5sively z ! te*nological advance goes =w>d4 ,h[ f> ?is /ati/ical-me*ani/ic bias ( mod]n inquiry is to be set d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! drift ( te*nology t[>d me*anical eng9e]+1 & h[ f> x may be due to an ev] increas+ famili>ity ) conceptions ( acc\ntancy en=c$ by ! price sy/em & ! "t s*$ule 9 daily life1 may be left an op5 "q4 ,! ma9 fact rema9s1 t 9 mu* ! same degree z niceties ( calculation h come to dom9ate curr5t te*nological me?ods & devices ! l insi/5ce on extreme niceties ( me*anical measurem5t & /ati/ical accuracy has also become imp]ative 9 sci5tific inquiry2 until x may fairly be said t su* meticul\s scrut9y ( quantitative relations z w\ld h seem$ fooli% 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ma*9e era has become ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( sci5tific inquiry today4#adf ,x is ( c\rse n ov]look$ t 9 ?is matt] ( quantitative scruple ! relation betwe5 curr5t te*nology & ! sci5ces is a relation ( mutual give & take2 b ?is fact c sc>cely be urg$ z an objection to ! view t ^! two l9es ( expression ( ! mod]n habit ( m9d are closely b\nd toge!r1 s9ce x is precisely su* a bond ( cont9uity betwe5 ! two t is "h spok5 =4 ,z %[n 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 9 ! c\rse ( ! transition to mod]n times & mod]n ways ( ?9k+ ! pr9ciple ( effici5t cause gradually replac$ t ( suffici5t reason z ! f9al gr\nd ( c]titude 9 conclusions ( a !oretical nature4 ,?is %ift+ ( ! metaphysical foot+ ( k f a subjective gr\nd to an objective "o fir/ & mo/ unres]v$ly affects ! mat]ial sci5ces1 z x %\ld if x is at all to be con/ru$ z an outcome ( ! discipl9e ex]cis$ by ! !n curr5t te*nology ( h&icraft4 ,b ! l effect is pres5tly1 ?\gh t>dily1 _h 9 o!r l9es ( sy/ematic k t lie f>!r f ! imm$iate incid5ce ( te*nology & secul> traffic4 ,s t by ! "t ( ! indu/rial revolution ! l me*ani/ic animus _h come to p]vade ev5 ! philosophical & !ological speculations curr5t 9 ^? communities t 7 mo/ intimately & unres]v$ly t\*$ by ! discipl9e ( craftsman%ip & ! petty trade4#adg ,by ?is "t1--! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1--! mat]ial sci5ces 7ov]tly7 admit no pr9ciple ( sy/ematisation )9 _! own jurisdiction o!r ?an t ( effici5t cause4 ,b at t date ! concept ( causation /ill has mu* ( ! cont5t giv5 x by ! te*nology ( h&icraft4 ,! effici5t cause is /ill conceiv$ aft] an individuali/ic fa%ion2 )\t grave exagg]ation x might ev5 be said t ! concept ( cause z curr5tly employ$ 9 ! sci5tific speculations ( t "t _h some?+ ( a quasi-p]sonal complexion4 ,! inquiry habitually look$ to "s "o effici5t cause1 engag$ z creatively dom9ant 9 ! case & work+ to its end "u condition+ circum/ances t might greatly affect ! outcome b t 7 n felt 7or av[$7 to ent] into ! case ) ! same aggressive ?ru/ ( causality t belong$ to ! effici5t cause prop]4 ,! 8contributory circum/ances0 7 conceiv$ r extr9sically z accessory to ! ev5t2 8accessory be=e ! fact10 p]haps1 b none ! less accessory4 ,& sci5tific rese>* took ! =m ( an inquiry into ! causal nexus betwe5 an antec$5t 7a cause or complex ( causes7 & its outcome 9 an ev5t4 ,! inquiry look$ to ! beg9n+ & end ( an episode ( activity1 ! outcome ( :i* w\ld be a f9i%$ product1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* a f9i%$ piece ( "w leaves ! craftsman's h&s4 ,! craftsman is ! ag5cy productively engag$ 9 ! case1 :ile 8 tools & mat]ials are accessories to 8 =ce & skill1 & ! f9i%$ goods leave 8 h&s z an end a*iev$2 & s an episode ( creative effici5cy is r\nd$ (f4 ,f an e>ly p]iod 9 ! ma*9e era a new attitude t[>d que/ions ( causation comes 9 evid5ce 9 sci5tific inquiry4 ,! obvi\s *ange is p]haps ! l>g] scale on :i* ! sequ5ce ( cause & effect is conceiv$4 ,x is no long] pr$om9antly a "q ( episodes ( causal effici5cy1 deta*$ & r\nd$ (f4 ,su* detail episodes /ill cont9ue to occupy ! r\t9e ( inve/igation2 necess>ily s1 s9ce ^! empirical sci5ces proce$ /ep by /ep 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! ph5om5a ) :i* !y are occupi$4 ,b 9 an increas+ degree ^! deta*$ ph5om5a are s\ght to be work$ into a !oretical /ructure ( l>g] scope1 & ?is l>g] /ructure ( !ory falls into %ape z a self-det]m9+ sequ5ce ( cumulative *ange4 ,! same concept ( process t rules 9 ! ma*9e te*nology invades ! speculations ( ! sci5ti/s & results 9 !ories ( cumulative sequ5ce1 9 :i* ! po9t ( dep>ture z well z ! objective end ( ! sequ5ce ( causation gradually come to h less & less ( a det]m9ative significance = ! c\rse ( ! inquiry & = its results4 ,9 !oretical speculations bas$ on ! data ( ! empirical sci5ces1 int]e/ & att5tion come progressively to c5tre on ?is process ( cumulative causation1 s t ! int]e/ 9 ! productive effici5cy ( consummation ceases gradually to be ( decisive mom5t 9 ! =mulations ( !ory2 :i* comes 9 ?is way to be an acc\nt ( an unfold+ process r ?an a *eck+ up ( individual effects aga9/ individual causes4 ,:at once 7 ultimate que/ions h 9 mod]n sci5ce become ult]ior que/ions & h lo/ _! pref]5tial place 9 ! inquiry4 ,nei!r ! seat ( effici5t initiative1 t w\ld be presum$ to give ?is unfold+ process ( cumulative *ange its cont5t & direction1 nor its ev5tual goal1 :]e9 x w\ld be presum$ to come to re/ :5 ! initial impulse has sp5t itself & its end has be5 compass$1--nei!r ( ^! ultimates holds ! att5tion or guides ! inquiry ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,x is only gradually1 concomitant ) ! gradual matur+ ( ! ma*9e te*nology1 t ! sy/ematisation ( k 9 sci5tific !ory has come by common cons5t to conv]ge on =mulations ( a g5etic process ( cumulative *ange4 ,?is sci5ce ( ! ma*9e age is 8evolution>y0 9 a peculi>ly imp]sonal1 inde$ 9 a me*ani/ic s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 ! consummate =m1 z x /&s at ! transition to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ?is evolution>y conception ( g5etic process is1 at lea/ ideally1 void ( all teleological elem5ts & ( all p]sonality--except z p]sonality may be concessively admitt$ z a by-product ( ! me*ani/ic sweep ( ! bl9d motions ( brute matt]4 ,nei!r ! "n nor ! notion ( a g5etic evolution is peculi> to ! ma*9e age2 b ?is curr5t1 imp]sonal1 unteleological1 me*ani/ic conception ( an evolution>y process is peculi> to ! late mod]n fa%ion ( appreh5d+ ?+s4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ?is me*ani/ic conception ( process has work$ cle> ( p]sonation & teleological bias only gradually1 by ins5sible decay & progressive elim9ation ( ^? preconceptions ( p]sonal =ce & teleological fitness t rul$ all !oretical k 9 ! days :5 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason held ov] t ( effici5t cause2 & x %\ld likewise be a matt] ( c\rse t ?is %ift to ! me*ani/ic foot+ is by no means yet complete1 t sci5tific inquiry is n yet cle> ( all contam9ation ) animi/ic1 an?ropomorphic1 or teleological elem5ts2 s9ce ! *ange is ( ! nature ( habit1 :i* takes "t1 & s9ce ! discipl9e ( mod]n life to :i* ! me*ani/ic habit ( m9d is traceable is by no means :olly consi/5t or unqualifi$ 9 its me*ani/ic drift4 ,yet s f> has ! habituation to me*ani/ic ways ( ?9k+ tak5 effect1 & s compreh5sive & ?or\gh has ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process be51 t a me*ani/ic1 unteleological notion ( evolution is today a commonplace preconception bo? ) sci5ti/s & laym52 :]eas a hundr$ ye>s ago su* a conceit _h intimately t\*$ ! imag9ation ( b v few1 if any1 among ! sci5tific adepts ( ! new era4 ,to :at effect ,lucretius & 8 l 9 classical antiquity1 e4 g41 may h speculat$ & tri$ to speak 9 ^! premises is by no means easy to make out2 nor does x conc]n ! pres5t inquiry1 s9ce no vital connection or cont9uity ( habit is traceable betwe5 _! a*ievem5ts 9 ?is respect & ! !oretical preconceptions ( mod]n sci5ce or ( ! ma*9e te*nology4 ,9 ! c\rse ( mod]n times conceptions ( an evolution>y sequ5ce ( creation or ( g5esis come up ) increas+ frequ5cy1 & f an e>ly p]iod 9 ! ma*9e age ^! conceptions take on m & m ( a me*ani/ic "*1 b x is n until ,d>w9 t su* a g5etic process ( evolution is conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( bl9d me*anical =ces alone1 )\t ! help ( imput$ teleological bias or p]sonalis$ initiative4 ,x may p]haps be an op5 "q :e!r ! ,d>w9ian conception ( evolution is 9 no degree contam9at$ ) teleological fancies1 b h[ev] t may be x rema9s true t a purely me*ani/ic conception ( a g5etic process 9 nature _h f\nd no lodgm5t 9 sci5tific !ory up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,) v>y+ success ?is conception has s9ce be5 assimilat$ by ! adepts ( all ! mat]ial sci5ces1 & x may ev5 be said to /& z a tacitly po/ulat$ commonplace und]ly+ all mod]n sci5tific !ory1 :e!r 9 ! mat]ial or ! social sci5ces4 ,x is accept$ by common cons5t z a matt] ( c\rse1 al?\gh d\btless mu* antique detail at v>iance ) x /&s ov] bo? 9 ! !oretical =mulations ( ! adepts & 9 popul> ?\ght1 & mu/ cont9ue to /& ov] until ! c\rse ( habituation may conceivably 9 "t en=ce ! sole compet5cy ( ?is me*ani/ic conception z ! def9itive norm ( sy/ematic k4 ,:e!r su* an ev5tuality is to ov]take ! scope & me?od ( k 9 ,we/]n civilisation %\ld app>5tly be a "q ( h[ protract$1 consi/5t1 unmitigat$1 & h[ f> congru\s ) _! native b5t ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process may prove 9 ! fur!r hi/ory ( ^! peoples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z has be5 %[n above1 9 its beg9n+s ! ma*9e te*nology took ov] ! work+ concepts ( h&icraft1 & x has gradually %ift$ f ! gr\nd ( manual op]ation s af=d$ to ! gr\nd ( imp]sonal me*anical process2 b ?is %ift+ ( base 9 respect ( ! elem5t>y te*nological preconceptions has n hi!rto be5 complete1 mu* ( ! p]sonal attitude ( craftsman%ip t[>d me*anical =ces & /ructures be+ /ill visible 9 ! "w ( mod]n te*nologi/s4 ,9 l mann]1 & concomitant ) ! transition to ! ma*9e indu/ry1 !re has gone =w>d a l %ift+ 9 respect ( ! po9t ( view & ! elem5t>y preconceptions ( sci5ce4 ,?is has tak5 effect mo/ l>gely & gone f>!/ 9 ! mat]ial sci5ces1 z %\ld be expect$ f ! close connection t subsi/s betwe5 ^! sci5ces & ! te*nology ( ! ma*9e indu/ry2 b "h aga9 ! elim9ation ( craftsmanlike conceptions has hi!rto n be5 complete4 ,&1 :at is m in/ructive z to ! "p play$ by te*nological discipl9e 9 ! gr[? ( sci5ce1 ! "* ( ?is *ange 9 sci5tific scope1 me?od & preconceptions is some:at obvi\sly su* z w\ld be giv5 by habituation to ! work+ ( ! ma*9e process4 ,:]e lat] sci5tific inquiry has dep>t$ f or ov]pass$ ! limitations impos$ by ! habits ( ?\ght peculi> to craftsman%ip ! movem5t has tak5 ! direction en=c$ by ! ma*9e te*nology4 ,s1 e4 g41 :ile ! elem5ts made use ( by ! ma*9e te*nology1 & *>act]i/ic ( its "w1 are conceptions ( mass1 velocity1 pressure1 /ress1 vibration1 displacem5t1 & ! l1 ^! elem5ts are made use ( only "u ! rule t action 9 any ( ^! be>+s takes effect only by impact1 by contact directly or ?r\gh a cont9uum4 ,! ma!matical computations & elucidations t are "o ma9 in/rum5tality employ$ by ! te*nologi/ d n & c n include ?is und]ly+ po/ulate ( contact1 s9ce x is an assumption extrane\s to ^? magnitudes ( quantity 9 t]ms ( :i* ?is te*nology does its "w4 ,h[ f> ?is preconception t action c take place only by contact is to be rat$ z an elem5t>y concept c>ri$ ov] f h&icraft1 :]e x is obvi\sly at home & fundam5tal 9 all "w ( manipulation1 may p]haps be an idle "q4 ,9 any case ! ma*9e te*nology is at "o ) craftsman%ip on ?is head1 ev5 ?\gh !re are _m features 9 mod]n indu/rial processes t d n involve action by contact 9 any su* obvi\s fa%ion z to sugge/ its necess>y assumption1 z1 e4 g41 9 processes involv+ ! use ( light1 heat or electricity4 ,yet x rema9s true t1 by & l>ge1 ! te*nology ( ! ma*9e process is a te*nology ( action by contact2 &1 app>5tly "u /ress ( ?is wide ?\gh n necess>ily univ]sal application ( ! pr9ciple1 ! tra9$ te*nologi/ does n re/ cont5t until he has 9 "s t5able fa%ion con/ru$ any app>5t exception z a special in/ance "u ! rule4 ,s also 9 mod]n sci5tific inquiry4 ,! conceptual elem5ts ) :i* ! sci5ti/ is cont5t to "w are precisely ^? t h comm5d$ !mselves z compet5t 9 _! te*nological use4 ,s9ce action by contact is1 on ! :ole1 ! work+ pr9ciple 9 ! ma*9e process1 x is also accept$ z ! prime po/ulate 9 ! =mulation ( all exact k ( imp]sonal facts4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no incl9ation "h to criticise or take exception to ?is *>act]i/ic habit ( ?\ght t p]vades mod]n sci5tific inquiry4 ,x has done good s]vice1 & to ?is g5]ation1 tra9$ 9 ! enexorably effici5t ways ( ! ma*9e process1 ! fact t x works is conclusive ( its tru?4#adh ,yet ! fur!r fact is n to be ov]look$ t adh]5ce to ?is pr9ciple is n due to unsophi/icat$ obs]vation simply4 ,x is a pr9ciple1 a habit ( ?\ght1 n a fact ( simple obs]vation4 ,d\btless x is a fact ( obs]vation1 direct & unambigu\s1 9 respect ( our own manual op]ations2 & d\btless also x is a matt] ( su* ready inf]5ce 9 respect ( _m ext]nal ph5om5a z to d duty z a fact ( obs]vation 9 good fai?2 b d\btless also !re are _m ( ^! ext]nal ph5om5a t h to be some:at pa9/ak+ly con/ru$ to br+ !m "u ! rule4 ,conceivably1 ev5 if su* a habit ( ?\ght _h n be5 h&$ d[n f ! exp]i5ce ( h&icraft x might h be5 induc$ by ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process1 & might ev5 h be5 +ra9$ 9 m5 expos$ to ?is discipl9e 9 suffici5tly rigor\s fa%ion to s]ve z a prime po/ulate ( sci5tific inquiry2 ! ma*9e process d\btless be>s out su* a pr9ciple 9 ! ma91 & v rigor\sly4 ,b 9 po9t ( hi/orical fact x is q unnecess>y to suppose ?is pr9ciple ( action by contact to be a product de novo ( ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e1 s9ce x is old] ?an ! adv5t ( ! ma*9e indu/ry & is also q consonant ) ! habits ( "w en=c$ by ! te*nology ( h&icraft1 m s inde$ ?an ) ! te*nology ( ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,x appe>s fairly indubitable t ?is pr9ciple is a legacy tak5 ov] f ! exp]i5ce ( life 9 ! days ( craftsman%ip4 ,& x may ev5 be an op5 "q :e!r ! ma*9e te*nology w\ld n today be ( an appreciably diff]5t complexion if x _h1 z x conceivably might h1 develop$ )\t ! h>d & fa/ limitations impos$ by ?is po/ulate4 ,d\btless1 sci5tific inquiry1 & ! !oretical =mulations rea*$ by su* inquiry1 w\ld diff] some:at notably f :at !y curr5tly are if ! sci5ti/s _h gone to _! "w )\t su* a po/ulate1 or hold+ x 9 a qualifi$ s5se1 z a pr9ciple ( limit$ scope1 z apply+ only )9 a limit$ range ( ph5om5a1 only s f> z empirical evid5ce might en=ce x 9 detail4 ,if1 z seems at lea/ presumably true1 ?is pr9ciple ( action by contact owes its orig9 to habits induc$ by manipulation1 x w be se5 to be ( an an?ropomorphic d]ivation4 ,& if x fur!r owes its acceptance z a pr9ciple univ]sally applicable to mat]ial ph5om5a to ! protract$ discipl9e ( life "u ! te*nology ( h&icraft1 its univ]sality mu/ also take rank z an an?ropomorphic imputation en=c$ by long habit4 ,x is ( ! nature ( habit1 & moreov] ( workmanlike habit4 ,ca/+ back into ! pa/ hi/ory ( civilisation & into ! contempor>y l[] cultures1 x w appe> t ! pr9ciple 7habit ( ?\ght7 9 "q is preval5t ev]y:]e & presumably ?r\gh all human "t2 z x %\ld be if x is traceable to s ubiquit\s an exp]i5ce z manipulation4 ,b x w also appe> t1 except )9 ! b\nds1 9 "t & space1 ( ! high tide ( craftsman%ip & ! ma*9e te*nology1 ?is pr9ciple does n arrogate to itself univ]sal m&atory au?ority 9 ! doma9 ( ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,n only are ! t5ets ( magic & !ology at v>iance ) ! proposition t action c take place only by me*anical contact2 b 9 ! nave ?9k+ ( commonplace humanity outside ?is ma*9e-made ,we/]n civilisation1 action at a di/ance is pat5tly nei!r imbecile nor incompreh5sible z a famili> trait ( ext]nal objects 9 _! ev]yday behavi\r4 ,nor is x by any means a grateful "w ( spontane\s pr$ilection1 all ?is me*ani/ic mutilation ( objective reality into m]e in]t dim5sions & resi/ance to pressure2 z witness ! widely preval5t revulsion1 *ronic or int]mitt5t1 aga9/ its acceptance z a f9al t]m ( k4 ,laym5 seek respite 9 ! fog ( occult & esot]ic fai?s & cults1 & s fall back on ! w to believe ?+s ( :i* ! s5ses transmit no evid5ce2 :ile ! le>n$ & /udi\s are1 by /ress ( ! same 8a*+ void10 drawn into speculative t5ets ( o/5sible k t purport to g ne>] to ! he>t ( reality1 & t elude all me*ani/ic pro( or dispro(4 ,?is revulsion aga9/ ?9k+ 9 uncol\r$ me*ani/ic t]ms alone runs sugge/ively p>allel ) t o!r revulsion1 already spok5 (1 aga9/ ! geometrically adju/$ r\t9e ( conduct impos$ on mod]n life by ! ma*9e process2 ! two are 9 great "p co9cid5t1 or concomitant1 bo? 9 po9t ( ! class ( p]sons affect$ by ea* & 9 po9t ( ! unc]ta9 measure ( f9ality att5d+ ! move s made 9 ei!r case4 ,nei!r ! mann] ( life impos$ by ! ma*9e process1 nor ! mann] ( ?\ght inculcat$ by habituation to its logic1 w fall 9 ) ! free movem5t ( ! human _s1 born1 z x is1 to fit ! conditions ( savage life4 ,s !re comes an irrepressible--9 a s5se1 cong5ital--recrudesc5ce ( magic1 occult sci5ce1 telepa?y1 spiritualism1 vitalism1 pragmatism4#adi ,x 0 not$ above t action by contact is n includ$1 except by subsumption1 9 ! ma!matical =mulations ( te*nology or sci5ce4 ,x %\ld n[ be add$ t 9 all ! concomitance & sequ5ce ) :i* ! ma!matical =mulations ( me*anical ph5om5a are occupi$1 ! assumption ( concomitance or sequ5ce at a di/ance w fill ! requirem5ts ( ! =mul q z conv9c+ly & commonly m simply ?an ! assumption ( concomitance by contact only4 ,to realise ! difficulties :i* beset ?is po/ulate ( action by me*anical cont9uity solely1 z well z ! prima facie imbecility ( ! pr9ciple itself1 x is only necess>y to call to m9d ! tortu\s !ories ( gravitation design$ to keep x intact1 & ! prodigy ( incongru\s intangibilities kn[n z ! e!r1--a rigid & impond]able fluid4 ,associat$ ) ! pr9ciple ( action by me*anical cont9uity alone is a second metaphysical po/ulate ( sci5ce1--! cons]vation ( en]gy1 or p]si/5ce ( quantity4 ,l its fell[ x does n admit ( empirical pro(2 yet x is likewise held to be ( univ]sal application4 ,?is pr9ciple1 t ! quantity ( matt] or ( en]gy does n increase or dim9i%1 or1 p]haps bett]1 t ! quantity ( me*anical fact at l>ge is inv>iable1 has a bett] presumptive claim to rank z a by-product ( ! ma*9e te*nology2 al?\gh su* a claim c\ld d\btless be all[$ only ) broad qualifications4 ,n t ! pr9ciple 0 n kn[n or n =mally accept$ prior to ! ma*9e age2 long ago ! ,roman s*ol> & ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s aft] him decl>$ ex nihilo nihil1 9 nihilum nil posse rev]ti4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! era ( h&icraft !re cont9u$ also to be dev\tly held ! po/ulate t ! mat]ial univ]se _h a beg9n+ 9 an act ( creation1 z also t x w\ld "s day come to an end1 a quantitative collapse4 ,z ! era ( h&icraft advanc$ &1 app>5tly1 z ! discipl9e ( life "u t te*nology en=c$ ! habitual acceptance ( ! proposition t ! quantity ( mat]ial fact is con/ant1 mu* +5uity & mu* ambigu\s spee* 0 sp5t 9 an endeav\r to reconcile ! me*anical effici5cy ( ! creative fiat ) ! dictum1 ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,b d[n to ! close ( t era x rema9s true t1 by & l>ge1 ! peoples ( ,*ri/5dom cont9u$ to believe 9 ! me*anically creative effici5cy ( ! ,great ,artific]2 al?\gh1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ) an ev] gr[+ appreh5sion t 9 ?is t5et ( ! fai? !y 7 face to face ) a div9e my/]y4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury sci5ti/s1 & _m ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 cont9u$ to pr(ess belief 9 a creative orig9 ( mat]ial ?+s1 z well z also 9 a provid5tial guidance ( mat]ial ev5ts1--:i* latt] mu/ h be5 conceiv$ to be ex]t$ by "s o!r means ?an action ?r\gh me*anical contact1 s9ce "o t]m ( ! relation 0 conceiv$ n to be ( a me*anical nature4 ,x is n until ! ma*9e age is well "u way & ! ma*9e te*nology has come to occupy ! l&1 t fai? 9 ! !orem ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy has gr[n robu/ en\gh to let ! sci5ti/s lose int]e/ 9 all que/ions ( creation4 ,! t5et has di$ by neglect1 n by confutation4 ,t x has done s among ! adepts ( ! mat]ial sci5ces1 & t x is do+ s among ! lay population at l>ge 9 ! mod]n indu/rial communities1 is probably to be cr$it$ to ! discipl9e ( ! ma*9e process & ! te*nological conceptions to :i* t discipl9e conduces4 ,x conduces to ?is outcome 9 m ?an "o way4 ,?is mod]n te*nology is a te*nology ( me*anical process2 x looks to & takes c>e ( a sequ5ce ( me*anical action1 r ?an to ! conditions ( its inception or ! sequel ( its conclusion4 ,a m9d imbu$ ) ! logic ( ?is ma*9e process does n by habitual proclivity or ) incisive effect att5d to ^! ali5 matt]s t h no mean+ )9 ! horizon ( t logic4 ,! creative augm5tation ( mat]ial objects is a matt] ly+ )\t ! scope ( ! ma*9e's logic4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 ! pr9ciple 7habit ( ?\ght7 t ! quantity ( mat]ial fact is con/ant is necess>ily ( anci5t d]ivation & long gr[?4 ,tak5 9 a presumptive s5se1 & held loosely z a commonplace ( exp]i5ce1 x mu/ h come up & atta9$ "s =ce v e>ly 9 ! workmanlike exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,& ! clos] ! application to ! "w 9 h&1 ! m consi/5tly w\ld ?is pr9ciple ( common s5se approve itself2 s t x %\ld1 z inde$ is suffici5tly evid5t1 be well at home among ! habitual g5]alisations curr5t 9 ! days ( h&icraft2 al?\gh x does n seem to h be5 g5]ally accept$ at t "t z a pr9ciple necess>ily hav+ a univ]sal application1--z witness ! ready cr$5ce !n giv5 to !ological dogmas ( creation & ! l4 ,! habits ( acc\ntancy t came on "u ! price sy/em1 z ! scope ( ! m>ket grew l>g] ) ! gr[? & div]sification ( h&icraft1 seem to h _h a great effect 9 ext5d+ & confirm+ ! habitual acceptance ( su* a !orem4 ,a /rict balance1 a runn+ equilibrium ( ! quantitative items involv$1 is ! c5tral fact ( ! acc\ntant's occupation4 ,& ?is habit ( scrut9y & balanc+ ( quantities1 & a meticul\s trac+ out & acc\nt+ = any app>5t excess or defici5cy 9 ! sums h&l$1 p]vades ! community at l>ge1 ?\gh 9 a less pron\nc$ fa%ion1 z well z t fraction ( ! population employ$ 9 trade4 ,! discipl9e ( ! h&icraft sy/em 9 ?is respect ga9s incont95tly 9 scope & vig\r z ! gr[? ( t te*nological sy/em1 ) its *>act]i/ic bus9ess managem5t1 goes =w>d4 ,:5 pres5tly ! ma*9e te*nology comes =w>d ?is habitual preconception t\*+ ! inv>iability ( mat]ial quantity f9ds new applications & new ref9em5ts ( application1 ) ! outcome t its guidance ( m5's ?9k+ gr[s ev] m inclusive & m p]emptory4 ,b x is n until half a c5tury aft] ! ,indu/rial ,revolution t ! pr9ciple may be said f9ally to h ga9$ unque/ion+ acceptance z a !orem univ]sally b9d+ on mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,by t "t--ab\t ! second qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--! unqualifi$ validity ( ?is !orem _h become s unmitigat$ a matt] ( c\rse z to h fairly %ift$ f ! gr\nd ( empirical g5]alisation to t ( metaphysical !sis4 ,m5 ( sci5ce !n q +5u\sly set ab\t prov+ ! law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy by appeal to exp]im5ts & reason+ t proce$$ ) absolute navet on ! tacit assumption ( ! !orem to be prov54 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 its be>+ on ! gr[? ( in/itutions ! ma*9e te*nology has yet sc>cely _h "t to make its m>k4 ,su* in/itutional factors z1 e4 g41 ! common law are necess>ily ( sl[ gr[?4 ,a sy/em ( civil rights is n only a balanc$ s*eme ( habitual responses to ^? /imuli at ^: impact !y take effect2 x is at ! same "t a s*eme :i* has ! sanction ( av[$ common cons5t1 su* z w express itself 9 rat+ ^! in/itutional elem5ts z facts ( immemorial usage or z integrally inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s f ! beg9n+4 ,su* civil in/itutions take %ape z prescriptive cu/om1 & matt]s ( habit :i* s are support$ by broad gr\nds ( au!nticity & correlation ) o!r elem5ts ( a prescriptive s*eme ( ?+s w adapt !mselves only t>dily to any *ange 9 ! situation or to any new bias 9 ! drift ( discipl9e4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ! matt] ( civil rights "u ! sy/em ( h&icraft is an illu/ration 9 po9t4 ,!re ne$ be little "q b ! eighte5? c5tury s*eme ( ,natural ,rights 0 an outcome ( ! protract$ discipl9e *>act]i/ic ( ! era ( h&icraft1 & an adaptation to ! exig5cies ( daily life "u t sy/em4 ,! s*eme ( ,natural ,rights1 ) its pr9ciples ( ,natural ,lib]ty & its insi/5ce on individual self-help1 0 well adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( h&icraft & ! petty trade1 ^: _s x reflects ) admirable fai?fulness4 ,b x 0 ( sl[ gr[?1 z any s*eme ( in/itutions mu/ be1 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,s mu* s t h&icraft & ! petty trade _h be5 9 effectual op]ation "s half-a-doz5 c5turies1 9 ev] increas+ =ce1 be=e ! correspond+ sy/em ( civil rights & moral obligations made good its pret5sions to rule ! economic affairs ( ! community4 ,inde$1 x is only by ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights came to passable maturity & f9ally took rank z a secure pr9ciple ( enlight5$ common s5se2 & by t "t ! h&icraft sy/em 0 giv+ way to ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,& ev5 !n ?is result 0 rea*$ only 9 ! mo/ advanc$ indu/rial community ( ,europe1 :]e ! discipl9e ( h&icraft & trade _h _h ! free/ scope to "w out its natural b5t1 ) ! lea/ h9drance f o!r dom9ant int]e/s at v>iance ) its s*ool+4#aej ,s x has come ab\t t :ile ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights is an in/itutional by-product ( workman%ip "u ! h&icraft sy/em & is adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( craftsman%ip & ! petty trade1 x nev] fully took effect 9 ! %ap+ ( in/itutions until t phase ( economic life 0 sub/antially pa/1 or until ! new era1 ( ! ma*9e indu/ry & ! l>ge bus9ess br\ght on by ! new te*nology1 _h come to rule ! economic situation4 ,s t hi!rto ! "w ( ! ma*9e indu/ry has be5 organis$ & conduct$ "u a code ( legal rights & bus9ess pr9ciples adapt$ to ! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts :i* ! ma*9e indu/ry has displac$4 ,latt]ly1 x is true1 ! requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e te*nology1 9 ! way ( l>ge-scale organisation1 cont9uity ( op]ation1 & int]/itial balance ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 h begun to %[ !mselves s pat5tly at v>iance ) ^! bus9ess pr9ciples eng5d]$ by ! era ( h&icraft z to ?r[ a %ad[ ( d\bt on ! adequacy ( ^! 8,natural0 metaphysics ( natural lib]ty1 self-help1 free competition1 individual initiative1 & ! l4 ,b1 h>% z has be5 ! discrepancy betwe5 ! receiv$ sy/em ( economic in/itutions on ! "o side & ! work+ ( ! ma*9e te*nology on ! o!r1 its effect 9 re%ap+ curr5t habits ( ?\ght 9 ^! premises has hi!rto come to no?+ m def9itive ?an an uneasy conviction t 8,some?+ w h to be done ab\t x40 ,inde$1 s f> is ! ma*9e process f hav+ yet reca/ ! pr9ciples ( indu/rial managem5t1 z di/9ct f te*nological proc$ure1 t ! ef=ts inspir$ 9 responsible public (ficials & public-spirit$ citiz5s by ?is pat5t discrepancy h hi!rto be5 direct$ :olly to regulat+ indu/ry into consonance ) ! antiquat$ s*eme ( bus9ess pr9ciples1 r ?an to take ?\ght ( h[ be/ to conduct indu/rial affairs & ! di/ribution ( livelihood 9 consonance ) ! te*nological requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,x is true1 among ! workm51 & p>ticul>ly among ^? skill$ workm5 :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ! ma*9e te*nology & are expos$ to ! full impact ( ! ma*9e's discipl9e1 uncritical habitual fai? 9 ?is in/itutional s*eme is beg9n+ to crumble1 s f> z reg>ds t pr9ciple ( ,natural ,rights t ve/s unlimit$ discretion 9 ! own] ( prop]ty1 & s f> z reg>ds prop]ty 9 ! mat]ial equipm5t ( indu/ry4 ,b ?is is ab\t z broad a proposition ( su* a k9d z curr5t facts ( op9ion & agitation w be> out1 & ?is in*oate break ) ! receiv$ habitual views t\*+ ! dues & obligations ( discretion 9 indu/rial matt]s is extremely vague & almo/ :olly negative4 ,ev5 9 ^? memb]s ( ! community :o are mo/ directly & rigor\sly expos$ to its discipl9e ! ma*9e process has hi!rto wr\ght no su* def9ite bias1 no su* positive habitual attitude ( workmanlike initiative t[>ds ! conv5tions ( indu/rial managem5t z to result 9 a con/ructive deviation f ! receiv$ pr9ciples4#aea ,on ! o!r h& ! bus9ess pr9ciples eng5d]$ by ! habit ( m9d t gave rise to ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights has _h grave consequ5ces = workman%ip "u ! conditions impos$ by ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 "s detail 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! individuali/ic organisation ( ! "w1 c\pl$ ) ! p]sonal incid5ce ( ! h&icraft te*nology1 & ! /ress ?r[n on price rat+ & self-help by ! ev] increas+ rec\rse to b>ga9 & sale 78free contract07 "u t sy/em1 l$ 9 ! end to ! habitual rat+ ( workman%ip 9 t]ms ( ! price x w\ld br+4 ,!n z always workmanlike effici5cy comm&$ ! approval ( ?\ghtful m51 z be+ s]viceable to ! common good & z a sub/antial manife/ation ( human excell5ce2 & at ! same "t1 !n z ev]1 effici5t "w 0 a s\rce ( com=t & complac5cy to ! workman4 ,b "u ! tea*+ ( ! price sy/em effici5cy came to be rat$ 9 t]ms ( ! pecuni>y ga94 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ma*9e indu/ry ?is pecuni>y rat+ ( effici5cy ga9$ a new impetus & br\ght new consequ5ces = te*nology z well z = bus9ess ent]prise4 ,typically1 ! ma*9e indu/ry runs on a l>ge scale1 z contra/$ ) h&icraft1 & x involves a relatively wide & exact+ division ( lab\r betwe5 workman%ip & salesman%ip4 ,"u ! conditions ( l>ge own]%ip impli$ 9 ?is mod]n indu/rial sy/em ! workm5 no long] h1 or c h1 ! responsibility ( ! pecuni>y managem5t ( ! indu/rial conc]n2 on ! o!r h& ! same conditions ( l>ge own]%ip & ext5sive bus9ess connections require ! bus9essm5 9 *>ge to delegate ! imm$iate ov]sight ( ! plant & its te*nological processes to o!r h&s1 & to devote _! own en]gies to ! pecuni>y managem5t ( ! conc]n & its transactions4 ,h5ce x foll[s t z ! ma*9e sy/em & ! highly specialis$ bus9ess ent]prise t goes ) x rea* a l>g] scale & a high] degree ( elaboration ! bus9essm5 9 *>ge are1 by tra9+ & by progressive limitation ( int]e/1 less & less compet5t to take c>e ( ! te*nological exig5cies ( ! ma*9e sy/em4 ,b at ! same "t ! discretion 9 te*nological matt]s /ill re/s 9 _! h&s by =ce ( _! own]%ip4 ,s t1 :ile ! responsibility ( te*nological discretion /ill re/s on !m1 & _c be fully delegat$ to o!r h&s1 ! exig5cies ( bus9ess ent]prise & ( ! tra9+ :i* x involves w no long] p]mit !m to meet ?is responsibility 9 a compet5t fa%ion4 ,! bus9essm5 9 control ( l>ge indu/rial ent]prises are beg9n+ to appreciate some?+ ( _! own unfitness to direct or ov]see1 or ev5 to control1 te*nological matt]s1 & s !y h1 9 a t5tative way1 tak5 to employ+ exp]ts to d ! "w = !m4 ,su* exp]ts are kn[n colloquially z 8effici5cy eng9e]s0 & are presum$ to comb9e ! qualifications ( te*nologi/ & acc\ntant4 ,9 po9t ( fact x is z acc\ntants1 capable ( apply+ ! te/s ( acc\ntancy 9 a new field1 t ^! exp]ts comm5d !mselves to ! bus9essm5 9 control1 & ! 8effici5cy0 :i* !y look to is an effici5cy c\nt$ 9 t]ms ( net pecuni>y ga94 8,effici5cy0 9 ^! premises means pecuni>y effici5cy1 & only incid5tally or 9 a subsidi>y s5se does x mean indu/rial effici5cy1--only 9 s f> z indu/rial effici5cy conduces to ! l>ge/ net pecuni>y ga94 ,all ! :ile ! bus9essm5 reta9 ! decisive sup]ior discretion 9 _! own incompet5t h&s1 s9ce all ! :ile ! :ole matt] rema9s a bus9ess proposition4 ,! 8/aff organisation10 9 :i* ve/s ! sup]ior control ( ^! te*nological affairs1 consi/5tly rema9s an organisation ( worldly wisdom1 bus9ess ent]prise--n ( te*nological pr(ici5cy1--a /ate ( ?+s n to be rem$i$ s long z indu/ry is c>ri$ on = bus9ess pr(its4 ,meantime ! workm5 ( all k9ds & grades--lab\r]s1 me*anics1 op]atives1 eng9e]s1 exp]ts--all imbu$ ) ! same pecuni>y pr9ciples ( effici5cy1 g ab\t _! "w ) m ?an half an eye to ! pecuni>y advantage ( :at !y h 9 h&4 ,! attitude ( ! trades-unions t[>ds _! "w & t[>ds ! indu/rial conc]ns 9 ^: employ _! "w is done illu/rates some?+ ( ! habitual frame ( m9d ( ^! m51 :o are av[$ exp]ts 9 ! matt] ( workman%ip4 ,latt]ly _m inconv5i5ces h beset ! community at l>ge z well z p>ticul> sections & classes ( ! indu/rial community1 due 9 ! ma9 to a consi/5t adh]5ce to ^! bus9ess pr9ciples 9 ! managem5t ( indu/rial affairs4 ,! capitali/-employ]s1 on ! "o h&1 h gone on ! full p[]s ) :i* ! mod]n in/itution ( own]%ip & its broad implications has ve/$ !m2 ) ! result t ! public at l>ge1 inve/ors1 consum]s ( indu/rial products1 us]s ( 8public utility0 ag5cies s]v+ su* ne$s z light1 fuel1 transportation1 communication1 amusem5t1 etc41 feel v mu* aggriev$2 z d also & m p>ticul>ly ! workm5 ) :om ! capitali/-employ]s d bus9ess on ! l9es laid d[n by ! au!ntic bus9ess pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! discretion>y own]%ip ( ! indu/rial plant & res\rces4 ,on ! o!r h& ! workm51 re/+ _! case on ! same common-s5se view t ! individual is a self-suffici5t economic unit :o owes no?+ to ! community at l>ge beyond :at he may freely und]take 8= a good & valuable consid]ation 9 h& paid10--! workm5 /& likewise on ! full p[]s giv5 !m by ! curr5t in/itutions ( own]%ip & contractual discretion1 & s "w :at mis*ief !y c to _! employ]s & to ! public at l>ge1 always blamelessly )9 ! rules ( ! game z laid d[n ( old on ! pecuni>y pr9ciples ( bus9ess discretion1 & 9 ! light ( su* s5se z _! tra9+ has giv5 !m ) reg>d to effici5cy 9 ! indu/ries t h fall5 into _! h&s4 ,& !n ! 8money p[]0 comes 9 z a ?ird pecuni>ily tra9$ factor1 ) ev] increas+ =ce & incisiv5ess1 to muddle ! :ole situation my/]i\sly & irretrievably by look+ aft] _! own pecuni>y int]e/s 9 a fa%ion ev5 m sob]ly legitimate & au!ntic1 if possible1 ?an ! workm5's managem5t ( _! own affairs4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is work+ at cross purposes is n altoge!r due to tra9$ incapacity on ! "p ( ! sev]al conte/ants to appreciate ! l>ge & g5]al requirem5ts ( ! indu/rial situation2 p]haps x is n ev5 *iefly due to su* inability1 b r to an habitual1 & conv5tionally rightful1 disreg>d ( o!r ?an pecuni>y consid]ations4 ,x w\ld d\btless appe> t a tra9$ inability to appreh5d any o!r ?an ! imm$iate pecuni>y be>+ ( _! manuvres acc\nts = a l>g] %>e 9 ! conduct ( ! bus9essm5 :o control indu/rial affairs ?an x does 9 t ( _! workm51 s9ce ! habitual employm5t ( ! =m] holds !m m rigor\sly & consi/5tly to ! pecuni>y valuation ( :atev] passes "u _! h&s2 & ! l %\ld be true only 9 a high] degree ( ^? :o h to d exclusively ) ! f9ancial side ( bus9ess4 ,! /ate ( ! indu/rial arts requires t ^! sev]al factors %\ld cop]ate intellig5tly & )\t res]vation1 ) an eye s+le to ! exig5cies ( ?is mod]n wide-sweep+ te*nological sy/em2 b _! habitual addiction to pecuni>y r ?an te*nological /&>ds & consid]ations leaves !m work+ at cross purposes4 ,s also _! 7pecuni>y7 int]e/s are at cross purposes2 & s9ce ^! int]e/s necess>ily rule 9 any pecuni>y culture1 !y mu/ decide ! l9e ( conduct = ea* ( ! sev]al factors engag$4 ,^! discrepancies1 ob/ructive tactics & diss]viceable practices are commonly deplor$ & are presumably deplorable1 & !y d\btless m]it ext5sive discussion on ^! gr\nds1 b _! m]its 9 ?is be>+ d n prop]ly come into consid]ation "h4 ,! matt] has be5 br\ght 9 "h n ) any view ( def5ce1 d5unciation or rem$y1 b because x is a matt] ( grave consequ5ce z reg>ds ! tra9+ giv5 by bus9ess exp]i5ce to ^! m5 9 ^: h&s ! curr5t s*eme ( in/itutions has plac$ ! te*nological =tunes ( ! community4 ,& :e!r ^! pecuni>y tactics & practices t fill s l>ge a place 9 ! att5tion & s5tim5ts ( ?is g5]ation come *iefly ( a lack ( insight into curr5t te*nological exig5cies1 or ( a delib]ate *oice ( evils en=c$ by ! pecuni>y necessities ( ! case1 /ill _! discipl9>y value z be>+ on ! s5se ( workman%ip tak5 9 its l>g] scope w be mu* ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,habituation to b>ga9+ & to ! competitive pr9ciples ( bus9ess necess>ily br+s x ab\t t pecuni>y /&>ds ( effici5cy invade 7contam9ate7 ! s5se ( workman%ip2 s t "w1 workm51 equipm5t & products come to be rat$ on a scale ( money values1 :i* has only a circuit\s & (t5 only a putative relation to _! workmanlike effici5cy or _! s]viceability4 ,^? occupations & ^? aptitudes t yield good returns 9 t]ms ( price are reput$ valuable & comm5dable1--! accept$ te/ ( success1 & ev5 ( s]viceability1 be+ ! ga9s acquir$4 ,workman%ip comes to be confus$ ) salesman%ip1 until tact1 effront]y & prev>ication h come to s]ve z a /&>d ( effici5cy1 & une>n$ ga9 is accept$ z ! measure ( productiv5ess4 ,effici5cy conduces to ! common good1 & is also a m]itori\s & comm5dable trait 9 ! p]son :o ex]cises x4 ,b "u ! canons ( self-help & pecuni>y valuation ! te/ ( effici5cy 9 economic matt]s has come to be1 n te*nological ma/]y & productive effect1 b pr(ici5cy 9 pecuni>y managem5t & ! acquisition ( weal?4 ,bo? 9 8 own e/imation & 9 ! eyes ( 8 fell[s1 ! man :o ga9s mu* does well2 he is conceiv$ to d well bo? z a matt] ( p]sonal effici5cy & 9 po9t ( s]viceability to ! common good4 ,to 8d well0 9 mod]n phrase means to engross some?+ appreciably m ( ! community's weal? ?an falls to ! common run4 ,b s9ce ga9s1 & h5ce effici5cy1 are conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( price1 x foll[s t ! man1 workman or bus9essman1 :o c induce 8 fell[s to pay him well = 8 s]vices or 8 goods is acc\nt$ effici5t & s]viceable2 f :i* x foll[s t "u ?is canon ( pecuni>y effici5cy m5 are conceiv$ to s]ve ! common good some:at 9 proportion z !y are able to induce ! community to pay m = _! s]vices ?an !y are wor?4 ,! bus9essman :o ga9s mu* at little co/1 :o gets some?+ = no?+1 is rat$1 9 8 own z well z 9 8 neighb\rs' e/eem1 z a public b5efactor indisp5sable to ! community's welf>e1 & z contribut+ to ! common good 9 direct proportion to ! am\nt :i* he has be5 able to draw out ( ! aggregate product4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to call to m9d t ( ?is "* are ! ma9 facts 9 ! hi/ory ( all ! great =tunes2#aeb al?\gh ! curr5t acc\nts ( _! accumulation1 be+ gov]n$ by pecuni>y /&>ds ( effici5cy & s]viceability1 dwell ma9ly on ! s]vices t h inur$ to ! community f ! traffic ) :i* ! great capta9s h int]f]$ 9 _! que/ ( ga94 ,! preval5ce ( salesman%ip1 t is to say ( bus9ess ent]prise1 & ! consequ5t high repute ( ! salesmanlike activities & aptitudes 9 any community t is organis$ on a price sy/em1 is p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle :i* ! pecuni>y culture opposes to ! advance 9 workman%ip4 ,x intrudes into ! mo/ intimate & secret work+s ( ! human _s & contam9ates ! s5se ( workman%ip 9 its initial move1 & sets bo? ! proclivity to effici5t "w & ! p5*ant = s]viceability at cross purposes ) ! common good4 ,b "u ! conditions eng5d]$ by ! ma*9e te*nology ! scope ( ?is pecuni>y /&>d ( workman%ip has be5 greatly enl>g$4 ,on ! :ole ! ma*9e indu/ry calls = a l>ge-scale organisation1 increas+ly s z "t has pass$ & ! ma*9e process has come m fully to dom9ate ! indu/rial situation4 ,by ! same move initiative & discretion h come to ve/ 9 ^? :o c claim own]%ip ( ! l>ge mat]ial equipm5t s requir$1 & ! ex]cise ( su* initiative & discretion by ^! own]s is loosely proportion$ to ! magnitude ( _! hold+s4 ,small] own]s h ! same fre$om ( initiative & discretion1 9 po9t ( legal & conv5tional compet5cy1--su* fre$om & equality betwe5 p]sons be+ ( ! ess5ce ( ,natural ,rights2 b 9 po9t ( practical fact1 z det]m9$ by te*nological & bus9ess exig5cies1 !re is b small discretion left su* small] hold]s4 ,initiative & discretion 9 mod]n indu/rial matt]s ve/ 9 ! own]s ( ! indu/rial plant1 or 9 su* money$ conc]ns z may /& 9 an und]writ+ relation to ! own]s ( ! plant2 su* discretion is ex]cis$ ?r\gh pecuni>y transactions2 & ^! pecuni>y transactions :]eby ! conduct ( indu/ry is guid$ & controll$ are ent]$ into ) a view to ga9 9 t]ms ( price4 ,x is b a slight exagg]ation to say t su* transactions1 :i* gov]n ! c\rse ( indu/ry1 are c>ri$ out ) an eye s+le to pecuni>y ga91--! indu/rial consequ5ces1 & _! be>+ on ! community's welf>e1 be+ matt]s incid5tal to ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,9 e-day phrase1 "u ! rule ( ! curr5t te*nology & bus9ess pr9ciples1 indu/ry is manag$ by bus9essm5 = bus9ess ends1 n by te*nological exp]ts or = ! mat]ial advantage ( ! community4 ,& 9 ?is control ( indu/rial affairs ! small] bus9essm5 are 9 great "p subject to ! discretion ( ! l>g]4#aec ,by anci5t habit1 h&$ d[n f ! days ( h&icraft & petty trade1 ?is pecuni>y managem5t is conv5tionally conceiv$ to be direct$ to ! production ( goods & s]vices1 & ! bus9essman is /ill conv5tionally rat$ z a produc] & 8 ga9s accept$ z a measure ( 8 productive effici5cy4 ,9 conv5tional spee* 8produc]0 means ! own] ( indu/rial plant1 n ! workm5 employ$ nor ! me*anical app>atus ab\t :i* !y are employ$4#aed ,! 8produc]s10 8manufactur]s10 8capta9s ( indu/ry10 ^: int]e/s are safegu>d$ by curr5t legislation & by ! gu>dians ( law & ord] are ! bus9essm5 :o h a pecuni>y int]e/ 9 indu/rial affairs2 & x is _! pecuni>y int]e/s t are s safegu>d$1 9 ! nave fai? t ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! community at l>ge co9cide ) ! opportunities = ga9 s secur$ to ! bus9essm54 ,x has already be5 spok5 ( above t ! processes ( indu/ry are b\nd 9 a compreh5sive sy/em ( give & take1 9 su* a mann] t no consid]able fraction ( ?is indu/rial sy/em functions indep5d5tly ( ! re/4 ,! indu/rial sy/em at l>ge may be conceiv$ z a compreh5sive ma*9e process1 ! sev]al sub-processes ( :i* te*nologically inosculate & ramify 9 :at may be conceiv$ z a network ( elem5ts work+ 9 a mov+ equilibrium1 none ( :i* c g on at its full productive effici5cy except 9 duly balanc$ correlation ) all ! re/4 ,?is *>act]isation w /rictly apply only s f> z ! ma*9e te*nology has tak5 ov] ! v>i\s bran*es ( indu/ry1 b x applies 9 a loose ?\gh by no means idle fa%ion also z reg>ds ^? elem5ts ( ! indu/rial sy/em 9 :i* ! ma*9e te*nology has n yet become dom9ant4 ,9 s f> z ! indu/rial sy/em is ( ?is "* x w also hold t ! bus9ess managem5t ( any "o bran* or l9e or p>cel ( indu/ries w h its effect on ! re/1 prim>ily & proximately on ^? o!r bran*es or l9es ) :i* ! giv5 p>cel /&s 9 imm$iate relations ( give & take1 ?r\gh ! m>ket or m directly ?r\gh te*nological correlation1--z1 e4 g41 9 ! transportation sy/em4 ,bus9ess managem5t :i* affects a l>ge section ( ?is balanc$ sy/em w necess>ily h a wide-rea*+ effect on ! work+ ( ! sy/em at l>ge4 ,su* bus9ess control ( indu/ry1 z has j be5 rem>k$ above1 is ex]cis$ ) a view to pecuni>y ga92 b pecuni>y ga9 9 ^! premises comes f *anges1 & appreh5d$ *anges1 9 ! effici5cy ( ! v>i\s indu/rial processes t are t\*$ by su* control1 r ?an f ! workday function+ ( ! sev]al items ( equipm5t involv$4 ,! *anges :i* s br+ ga9 to ^! l>g] bus9essm5 may be fav\rable to ! effective work+ ( indu/ry1 b !y may also be unfav\rable2 & ! opportunities = ga9 :i* !y af=d ! l>g] bus9essm5 may be equally pr(itable :e!r ! di/urbance 9 "q is fav\rable or unfav\rable to indu/rial effici5cy4 ,! ga9s to be d]iv$ f su* di/urbance are proportion$ to ! magnitude ( ! di/urbance r ?an to its indu/rial productiv5ess4 ,x %\ld foll[1 ( c\rse1 t if ! ma*9e te*nology %\ld come s to dom9ate ! indu/rial situation z to b9d all indu/ry 9 a rigor\sly compreh5sive balanc$ process1 ! mat]ial =tunes ( ! community w\ld come to re/ unres]v$ly & 9 all details 9 ! h&s ( ^? l>g] bus9essm5 :o hold ! f9al pecuni>y discretion4 ,9 qualification ( ?is broad proposition x is to be not$ t1 :ile ! ga9s ( ! sup]ior rank ( bus9essm5 accrue 9 ! mann] indicat$1--by means ( di/urbances :i* may indiff]5tly be fav\rable or unfav\rable to indu/ry1--yet 9 ! long run x is necess>ily true t ! ga9s :i* s inure to ! pecuni>y magnates mu/ be d]iv$ f ! net product ( indu/ry & w 9 ! long run be l>g] 9 ! aggregate ! m productive ! community's indu/ry is4 ,:at makes bus9ess pr(itable to ! bus9essm5 is1 aft] all1 _! usufruct ( ! community's indu/rial effici5cy4 ,9 ! long run no?+ c accrue z income to ! pecuni>y magnates m ?an ! surplus product ( indu/ry above ! subsi/5ce ( ! indu/rial community at l>ge4 ,b s long z ! magnates h n come to a work+ arrangem5t on ?is basis & 8pool$ _! int]e/s0 ! proposition z =mulat$ above appe>s to be adequate to ! facts1--t ! ga9s ( ^! l>g] bus9essm5 are a function ( ! magnitude ( ! di/urbances :i* !y create r ?an ( _! productive effect4 ,x %\ld also foll[1 & s f> z ! above *>act]isation holds x does foll[1 t ! curr5t pecuni>y organisation ( indu/ry ve/s ! usufruct ( ! community's indu/rial pr(ici5cy 9 ! own]s ( ! indu/rial equipm5t4 ,proximately ?is usufruct ( ! indu/rial community's te*nological k & work+ capacity ve/s 9 ! detail own]s ( ! equipm5t1 b only proximately4 ,at ! fur!r remove x ve/s only 9 ! bus9essm5 ^: comm& ( l>ge means enables !m to create & control ^? pecuni>y conjunctures ( indu/ry t br+ ab\t *anges 9 ! m>ket value & own]%ip ( ! equipm5t4 ,,footnotes #a ,cf4 ,jacques ,loeb1 ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology1 *4 i4 #b ,cf4 ,w4 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 *4 xxiv & xxv1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 tropism & in/9ct is n kept well 9 h&1--! tropisms hav+ at t date n be5 subject$ to inquiry & def9ition z has be5 true s9ce !n2 ,william ,mc,dougall1 ,introduction to ,social ,psy*ology1 *4 i4 #c ,loeb1 ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra91 pp4 #agg-agh4 #d ,cf4 ,graham ,wallas1 ,human ,nature 9 ,politics1 especially *4 i4 #e ,cf41 e4 g41 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 *4 xxiv2 ,william ,mc,dougall1 ,introduction to ,social ,psy*ology1 *4 iii4 #f ,loeb1 ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra91 especially *4 xiii4 #g ,x is ( c\rse only z physiological traits t ! tropisms are conceiv$ n to ov]lap1 bl5d or int]f]e1 & x is likewise only 9 respect ( _! physiological discont9uity t ! l argum5t w\ld be> on ! in/9cts4 ,9 respect ( _! expression1 9 ! way ( ori5tation1 movem5t1 gr[?1 secretion1 & ! l1 ! tropismatic response to dissimil> /imuli is (t5 s app>5tly id5tical t exp]t inve/igators h at times be5 at a loss to decide to :i* "o ( two or sev]al recognis$ tropismatic s5sibilities a giv5 motor response %\ld be ascrib$4 ,b 9 respect ( _! ultimate physiological "*1 ! intimate physiological process by :i* ! giv5 s5sibility takes effect1 ! response due to diff]5t tropismatic s5sibilities appe>s 9 ea* case to be di/9ctive & n to bl5d ) any o!r response to a diff]5t /imulus1 ) :i* x may happ5 to syn*ronise4 #h ,cf41 e4 g41 ,mc,dougall1 ,introduction to ,social ,psy*ology1 *4 i-iii4 #i ,cf41 e4 g41 ,otto ,ammon1 ,die ,gesells*aftsordnung2 ,g4 ,va*] de ,lap\ge1 ,les slections sociales1 & ,race et milieu social1 especially 8,lois fondam5tales de l',an?roposociologie40 #aj ,! all-p]vad+ mod]n in/itution ( private prop]ty appe>s to h be5 ( su* an orig91 hav+ cumulatively gr[n out ( ! self-reg>d+ bias ( m5 9 _! ov]sight ( ! community's mat]ial int]e/s4 #aa ,cf4 ,mc,dougall1 ,social ,psy*ology1 *4 x4 #ab ,latt]ly ! "q ( in/9cts has be5 a subject ( some:at ext5sive discussion among /ud5ts ( animal behavi\r1 & ?r\gh\t ?is discussion ! argum5t has commonly be5 conduct$ on neurological1 or at ! mo/ on physiological gr\nd4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t is well & lucidly pres5t$ 9 a volume rec5tly publi%$ 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,human ,behavior1 ,new ,york1 #aiac7 by ,mr4 ,maurice ,p>malee4 ,! book (f]s an incisive critical discussion ( ! ,nature ( ,in/9ct 7*4 xi7 ) a specific ref]5ce to ! in/9ct ( workman%ip 7p4 #beb74 ,! discussion runs1 fai?fully & compet5tly1 on neurological gr\nd & rea*es ! outcome to be expect$ 9 an endeav\r to r$uce in/9ct to neurological 7or physiological7 t]ms4 ,z has commonly be5 true ( simil> endeav\rs1 ! outcome is ess5tially negative1 9 t 8in/9ct0 is n s mu* expla9$ z expla9$ away4 ,! reason ( ?is outcome is suffici5tly evid5t2 8in/9ct10 be+ n a neurological or physiological concept1 is n /atable 9 neurological or physiological t]ms4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip no m ?an any o!r in/9ctive proclivity is an isolable1 discrete neural function2 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n t\* ! "q ( its /atus z a psy*ological elem5t4 ,! effect ( su* an analysis z is (f]$ by ,mr4 ,p>malee is n to give t]m9ological precision to ! concept ( 8in/9ct0 9 ! s5se assign$ x 9 curr5t usage1 b to disp5se ) x2 :i* is an unt[>d move 9 t x deprives ! /ud5t ( ! free use ( ?is famili> t]m 9 its famili> s5se & !re=e con/ra9s him to br+ ! indisp5sable concept ( in/9ct 9 aga9 surreptiti\sly "u cov] ( "s unfamili> t]m or "s t]m9ological circumlocution4 ,! curr5t me*ani/ic analyses ( animal behavi\r are ( great & und\bt$ value to any inquiry into human conduct1 b _! value does n lie 9 an attempt to make !m sup]s$e ^? psy*ological ph5om5a :i* x is _! purpose to expla94 ,t su* sup]session ( psy*ological ph5om5a by ! me*ani/ic =mulations ne$ n[ise foll[ & ne$ n be ent]ta9$ appe>s1 e4 g41 9 su* "w z t ( ,mr4 ,loeb1 ref]r$ to above1 ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 #ac ,endless 9 ! s5se t ! effects ( su* concat5ation d n run to a f9al t]m 9 any direction4 #ad ,_m /ud5ts ( animal behavi\r are /ill1 z psy*ologi/s g5]ally once 71 incl9$ to contra/ in/9ct ) intellig5ce1 & to conf9e ! t]m typically to su* automatically det]m9ate action z takes effect )\t delib]ation or intellig5t ov]sight4 ,?is view w\ld appe> to be a remnant ( an e>li] !oretical position1 accord+ to :i* all ! functions ( intellig5ce 7 ref]r$ to a di/9ct immat]ial entity1 entele*y1 associat$ 9 symbiosis ) ! physical organism4 ,if all su* preconceptions ( a sub/antial di*otomy betwe5 physiological & psy*ological activity be ab&on$ x becomes a matt] ( c\rse t intellectual functions !mselves take effect only on ! initiative ( ! in/9ctive dispositions & "u _! surveillance1 & ! anti!sis betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce w consequ5tly fall away4 ,:at exp$i5ts ( t]m9ology & discrim9ation may !n be resort$ to 9 ! /udy ( ^? animal in/9cts t involve a m9imum ( intellect is ( c\rse a "q = ! comp>ative psy*ologi/s4 ,cf41 = in/ance1 ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,introduction to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology 7#bnd edition1 #aijf7 *4 xii1 especially pp4 #bjf-bji1 & ,habit & ,in/9ct1 *4 i & vi4 #ae ,cf4 ,h4 ,s4 ,j5n+s1 ,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,animals1 *4 xii1 xx1 xxi4 #af ,see ,mc,dougall1 ,introduction to ,social ,psy*ology1 *4 iii & x4 #ag ,cf4 ,m4 ,f4 ,wa%burn1 ,! ,animal ,m9d1 *4 x1 xi1 :]e ! simpl] facts ( habituation are sugge/ively pres5t$ 9 con=mity ) curr5t views ( empirical psy*ology4 #ah ,cf41 e4 g41 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia2 ,seligmann1 ,! ,v$das4 #ai ,hutton ,web/]1 ,primitive ,secret ,societies1 especially *4 iii & iv4 #bj ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 *4 iv1 p4 #ajg4 #ba ,e4 g41 "s native tribes ( ,au/ralia2 cf4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 especially *4 i4 #bb ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 #bc ,j4 ,murdo*1 8,! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo10 ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 #ahhg-ahhh2 ,f4 ,boas1 8,! ,c5tral ,eskimo10 ,ibid1 #ahhd-ahhe4 #bd ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 8,on ! ,aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s10 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 vol4 xii4 #be ,reports1 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 num]\s pap]s by diff]5t writ]s1 p]haps especially ,mrs4 ,/ev5son1 8,! ,sia10 #aa? ,report 7#ahhi-ahij74 #bf ,curr5t economic !ory commonly proce$s on ! 8h$oni/ic calculus01 s call$1 7cf4 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation7 or ! 8h$onic pr9ciple01 z x has also be5 call$1 7cf4 ,pantaleoni1 ,pure ,economics1 *4 i74 ,?is 8pr9ciple0 af=ds ! major premise ( curr5t !ory4 ,x po/ulates t individual self-seek+ is ! prime mov] ( all economic conduct4 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty & disagreem5t among latt]day economi/s z to ! precise t]ms prop] to be employ$ to designate ?is pr9ciple ( conduct & its work+-out2 9 ! appreh5sion ( lat] speculators ,b5?am's 8pleasure & pa90 has seem$ too bald & mat]iali/ic1 & !y h _h rec\rse to su* less precise & def9able t]ms z 8gratification10 8satisfactions10 8sacrifice10 8utility0 & 8disutility10 8psy*ic income10 etc41 b hi!rto )\t any conclusive revision ( ! t]m9ology4 ,^! diff]5ces & sugge/$ innovations d n t\* ! sub/ance ( ! anci5t po/ulate4 ,proce$+ on ?is po/ulate ! !oreticians h laid d[n ! broad proposition t 8pres5t goods are pref]r$ to future goods02 f :i* arise _m meticul\s difficulties ( !ory1 p>ticul>ly 9 any attempt to make ! deliv]ances ( !ory squ>e ) workday facts4 ,! modicum ( tru? conta9$ 9 ?is proposition w\ld appe> to be bett] express$ 9 ! =mula3 8,prospective security is pref]r$ to prospective risk20 :i* seems to be ne>ly all t is requir$ ei!r z a g5]alisation ( ! human motives 9 ! case or z a premise = ! !oretical ref9em5ts aim$ at1 :]eas ! dictum t 8pres5t goods are pref]r$ to future goods0 mu/1 on reflection1 comm5d itself z sub/antially false4 ,by & l>ge1 ( c\rse1 goods are n want$ except = prospective use--beyond ! measure ( t urg5t curr5t consumption t plays no "p 9 ! !oretical ref9em5ts = :i* ! dictum is invok$4 ,x w imm$iately be app>5t on reflection t ev5 = ! individual's own advantage 8pres5t goods are pref]r$ to future goods0 only :]e & 9 s f> z prop]ty rights are secure1 & !n only = future use4 ,x is = productive use 9 ! future1 or m p>ticul>ly = ! sake ( prospective rev5ue to be drawn f weal? s held1 by l5d+ or inve/+ x1 t su* a pref]5ce becomes effective4 ,ap>t f ?is pecuni>y advantage t atta*es to prop]ty held ov] f ! pres5t to ! future !re appe>s to be no su* pref]5ce ev5 z a matt] ( individual self-seek+1 & :]e su* pecuni>y consid]ations are n dom9ant !re is no su* pref]5ce = 8pres5t goods40 ,x is pres5t 8weal?10 n pres5t 8goods10 t is ! object ( desire2 & pres5t weal? is desir$ ma9ly = its prospective advantage4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 communities :]e !re are habitually no bus9esslike cr$it ext5sions or inve/m5ts = pr(it1 sav+s take ! =m ( ho>d+1 t is1 accumulation = future use 9 pref]5ce to pres5t consumption4 ,!re might be "s division ( op9ion z to ! "* ( ! prospective use = :i* goods are s\ght1 b !re c be little "q t mu*1 if n mo/1 ( ?is prospective use is n ( a self-reg>d+ "* & is n s\ght f motives ( s5su\s ga94 #bg ,traditionally a !oretical presumption has be5 held to ! contr>y4 ,x has be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! in/itutional outcome ( m5's native dispositions w be s\nd & salut>y2 b ?is presumption ov]looks ! effects ( complication & deflection among in/9cts1 due to cumulative habit4 ,! tradition has come d[n z an article ( uncritical fai? f ! hi/oric belief 9 a b5efic5t ,ord] ( ,nature2 :i* 9 turn runs back to ! e>ly-mod]n religi\s conception ( a ,provid5tial ,ord] in/itut$ by a %rewd & b5evol5t ,creator2 :i* re/s on an an?ropomorphic imputation ( p>5tal solicitude & workman%ip to an assum$ metaphysical sub/ratum ( ?+s4 ,?is traditional view !re=e is sub/antially !ological & has t degree ( validity t may be d]iv$ f ! putative *>act]i/ics ( any an?ropomorphic div9ity4 #bh ,cf4 e4 g41 ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 8,a ,/udy ( ,pueblo ,pott]y z illu/rative ( ,zui ,culture ,gr[?10 ,report1 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-ahhc 7vol4 iv72 ,j4 ,w4 ,fewkes1 8,ar*eological ,exp$ition to ,arizona 9 #ahie10 sections on 8,pott]y0 & 8,paleography ( ! ,pott]y10 ibid1 #ahif-ahig 7vol4 xviii72 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 8,! ,anci5t ,art ( ,*iriqui10 ibid1 #ahhd-ahhe 7vol4 vi74 #bi ,! re/rictions 9 ?is respect are ma9ly ^? :i* devote ! 8sacr$0 vessels1 di/+ui%$ by peculi> %apes & decorations1 to p>ticul> c]emonial uses4 #cj ,cf4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 especially *4 xvii4 #ca ,cf4 8,! ,evolution ( ! ,sci5tific ,po9t ( ,view10 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,*ronicle1 ,oct41 #aijh4 #cb ,s1 e4 g41 ! pr(ici5cy ( ,bu%m51 ,v$das1 ,au/ralians1 ,am]ican ,indians1 & o!r peoples ( a l[ te*nological plane1 9 track+ game has be5 rem>k$ on ) great admiration by all obs]v]s2 & ! effici5cy ( ^! & o!rs ( _! l is no less admirable z reg>ds swimm+1 boat+1 rid+1 climb+1 /alk+1 etc4 #cc ,cf4 ,g4 & ,a4 de ,mortillet1 ,le ,prhi/orique1 especially ! *apt] 8,donnes *ronologiques10 pp4 #ffb-ffd2 ,w4 ,g4 ,sollas1 ,anci5t ,hunt]s1 *4 i & xiv4 #cd ,cf4 ,sophus ,mll]1 ,l',europe ,prhi/orique4 #ce ,cf41 e4 g41 ,report ( ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 #ahhd-ahhe1 ,franz ,boas1 8,! ,c5tral ,eskimo20 ibid1 #ahhg-ahhh1 ,john ,murdo*1 8,! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo40 #cf ,:at is assum$ "h is :at is commonly held1 viz4 t ! racial /ocks t made up ! late paloli?ic population ( ,europe are /ill repres5t$ 9 a mod]ate way 9 ! racial mixture t fills ,europe today1 & t ^! old] racial types n only recur sporadically 9 ! ,european population at l>ge b are also pres5t locally 9 suffici5t =ce to give a p>ticul> "* to ! population ( giv5 localities4 7,see ,g4 de ,mortillet1 ,=mation de la nation franaise1 #dme p>tie1 & ,conclusions1 pp4 #bge-cbi47 ,great *anges took place 9 ! racial complexion ( ,europe 9 ! beg9n+ & e>ly phases ( ! neoli?ic p]iod1 b s9ce !n no intrusion ( new /ocks has s]i\sly di/urb$ ! mixture ( races1 except 9 isolat$ areas1 ( second>y consequ5ce to ! cultural situation at l>ge4 ,see also ,w4 ,g4 ,sollas1 ,anci5t ,hunt]s & _! ,mod]n ,repres5tatives4 #cg ,^! improv$ races are commonly1 if n always1 a product ( hybridisation1 ?\gh x is conceivable t su* a race might arise z a 8sport10 a ,m5delian mutant4 ,to e/abli% su* a race or 8composite pure l9e0 ( hybrids & to propagate & improve x 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r bre$+ dem&s a degree ( pati5t att5tion & consi/5t aim4 #ch ,! late neoli?ic1 or 8neoli?ic10 culture br\ght to light by ,pumpelly at ,anau 9 ,transcaspia %[s ! syn*ronism ( advance betwe5 ! te*nology ( ! me*anic arts on ! "o h& & ( tillage & cattle-bre$+ on ! o!r h& 9 a rem>kably lucid way4 ,! site is held to date back to "s #hjjj ,b4 ,c4 or e>li] & %[s cont9u\s occupation ?r\gh a p]iod ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,! settl]s at ,anau br\ght c]eals 7b>ley & :eat7 :5 ! settlem5t 0 made2 s t ! cultivation ( ^! gra9s mu/ date back "s consid]able di/ance f>!r into ! /one age ( ,asia4 ,9 succe$+ ages ! p ( ,anau made "s fur!r advance 9 ! use ( crop plants2 :e!r by improvem5t & innovation at home or by borr[+ has n be5 det]m9$4 ,pres5tly1 9 ! c\rse ( ! next few ?\s& ye>s1 !y br\ght into dome/ication & adapt$ to dome/ic use by selective bre$+ ! great] numb] ( ^? species ( animals t h s9ce made up ! complem5t ( live /ock 9 ! ,we/]n culture4 ,9 ! me*anic arts ! visible advance is slight z comp>$ ) ! "w 9 cattle-bre$+1 ?\gh x _c be call$ insignificant tak5 by itself4 ,! m notable improvem5ts 9 ?is direction are believ$ to be due to borr[+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic trait ( ! me*anic te*nology at ,anau is ! total abs5ce ( weapons 9 ! l[] half ( ! deposits4--,raphael ,pumpelly1 ,explorations 9 ,turke/an3 ,prehi/oric ,civilizations ( ,anau4 7,c>negie ,publication ,no4 #gc47 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh4 #ci ,cf4 ,o4 ,f4 ,cook1 8,food ,plants ( ,anci5t ,am]ica40 ,report ( ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aijc4 ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w ,call$ ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 7#ahib71 pp4 #ccf-dbg4 #dj ,cf4 ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 z above4 #da ,cf41 e4 g41 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 vol4 i1 *4 vi4 #db ,cf41 e4 g41 ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 8,my?ology ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians10 ,report1 ,bureau ( ,e?41 #ahgi-ahhj 7vol4 i72 ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 8,outl9es ( ,zui ,creation ,my?s10 ibid1 #ahia-ahib2 ,j4 ,o4 ,dorsey1 8,a ,/udy ( ,si\an ,cults10 ibid1 #ahhi-ahij4 #dc ,witness1 aga91 ! tales collect$ "u ! caption ( ,! ,day's ,"w1 :]e ! an?ropomorphic romance ( me*anics is made ! mo/ ( by ! same ma/] :o told ! tales ( ! ,jungle ,book & ( 8,! ,cat t ,walk$40 #dd ,cf4 ,presid5tial ,address by ,francis ,d>w9 at ! ,dubl9 meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce2 cf4 also ,h4 ,b]gson1 volution cratrice1 & p>ticul>ly passages t deal ) ! lan de la vie4 #de ,cf4 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 especially ! ,introduction4 #df ,cf4 ,jane ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 especially *4 iv2 ,! same1 ,!mis1 especially *4 i1 ii1 iii & ix2 ) :i* comp>e ! ,pueblo cults ref]r$ to above4 #dg ,cf41 e4 g41 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p]haps especially *4 v1 section on ! cultivation ( rice4 #dh ,h5ce animism1 :i* applies its conceptions to inanimate r ?an animate objects4 #di ,! l applies 9 ! case ( ! seasonal & meteorological my?s2 :]e x happ5s r>ely if at all t ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons or ! =ces t come 9 evid5ce 9 meteorological *anges are p]sonifi$ directly or unambigu\sly4 ,x is always "s god or dmon t controls or uses ! w9d & ! wea!r1 "s indwell+ sprite or manlike giant t inhabits & wat*es ov] ! hill or spr+ or riv]1 & x is always ! int]e/s ( ! indwell+ p]sonality r ?an t ( ! tangible objects 9 ! case t are to be safegu>d$ by ! sup]/iti\s practices ) :i* ! my? surr\nds m5's int]c\rse ) ^! features ( ! l&scape4 #ej ,z 9 ! leg5ds ( ,prome!us2 comp>e leg5ds & ritual ( fire f v>i\s cultures 9 ,l4 ,frob5ius1 ,! ,*ildhood ( ,man1 *4 xxv-xxvii4 #ea ,= an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ?is po9t see a pap] by ,duncan ,mack5zie on 8,cretan ,palaces0 9 ! ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns = #aijg-aijh1 :]e ! :ole discussion hangs on ! fact1 unque/ion$ by any "o ( ! disputants 9 a wide & w>m controv]sy1 t dur+ "s c5turies ( un:olesome nuisance f smoky fires 9 draughty rooms ! great civilisation ( ! ,m$it]ranean seabo>d nev] hit on ! ready solution ( ! difficulty by putt+ 9 a *imney4 #eb ,cf41 e4 g41 ,w4 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 *4 xxiv2 ,mc,dougall1 ,social ,psy*ology1 *4 iii4 #ec ,cf41 e4 g41 ,m4 ,f4 ,wa%burn1 ,! ,animal ,m9d1 *4 xii1 xiii4 #ed ,= illu/rations see ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 especially *4 ii1 on 8,native ,beliefs40 #ee ,cf4 8,! ,place ( ,sci5ce 9 ,mod]n ,civilisation10 ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,m>*1 #aijf1 pp4 #ehe-fji2 8,! ,evolution ( ! ,sci5tific ,po9t ( ,view10 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,*ronicle1 vol4 x1 pp4 #cif-dae4 #ef ,cf4 ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class1 *4 iv1 v4 #eg ,?is te*nological bl5d ( manual lab\r ) magical practice is well se51 = in/ance1 9 ! ,malay ritual ( rice culture4--,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 v>i\s passages deal+ ) ! c]emonial ( ! plant+1 gr[? & h>ve/+ ( ! rice-crop4 #eh ,cf4 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 especially *4 iv2 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 bk4 i1 *4 iii4 #ei ,su* seems to be ! evid5ce1 = in/ance1 = ,cybele1 ,a/>te 7,aphrodite1 ,i%t>71 ,mylitta1 ,isis1 ,demet] 7,c]es71 ,artemis1 & = su* d\btfully late *>act]s z ,h]a 7,juno71--see ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion2 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 & ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,quanon may be a d\btful case1 z possibly also ,amat]azu4 ,! evid5ce f su* ,am]ican in/ances z ! great "m goddesses ( ! ,pueblos & o!r ,indian tribes runs p]haps ! o!r way1 or at ! be/ x may leave ! po9t 9 d\bt4 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,matilda ,c4 ,/ev5son1 8,! ,zui ,indians10 ,report ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 #aija-aijb1 section on 8,my?ology20 ,! same1 ibid1 #ahhi-ahij1 8,! ,sia20 ,frank ,h4 ,cu%+1 ibid1 #ahia-ahib1 8,zui ,creation ,my?s40 #fj ,cf41 e4 g41 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 bk4 ii1 *4 iii1 bk4 iii1 *4 vi & xi4 #fa ,cf41 e4 g41 ,hutton ,web/]1 ,primitive ,secret ,societies1 especially *4 iii1 iv1 v2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 vii1 viii1 ix1 xvi4 #fb ,cf4 = in/ance1 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians2 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 #fc ,^! consid]ations may ( c\rse imply no?+1 directly1 z to ! size ( ! political organisation or ( ! national t]ritory or population2 ?\gh national b\nd>ies are likely bo? to affect & to be affect$ by su* *anges 9 ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,a community may be small1 relatively to ! indu/rial sy/em 9 & by :i* x lives1 & may yet1 if conditions ( peace p]mit x1 /& 9 su* a relation ( complem5t or supplem5t to a l>g] complex ( indu/rial gr\ps z to make x 9 effect an integral "p ( a l>g] community1 s f> z reg>ds its te*nology4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ,switz]l& & ,d5m>k are an integral "p ( ! cultural & indu/rial community ( ! ,we/]n civilisation z effectually z !y might be ) an area & population equal to ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom or ! ,g]man ,empire1 & !y are d\btless ea* a m ess5tial "p 9 ?is community ?an ,russia4 ,at ! same "t1 z ?+s g )9 ?is ,we/]n culture1 national b\nd>ies h a v consid]able ob/ructive effect 9 indu/rial affairs & 9 ! gr[? ( te*nology4 ,x w probably be conc$$ on ! "o h& t any appreciable decl9e 9 ! aggregate population ( ,*ri/5dom w\ld result 9 "s curtailm5t or ret>dation ( ! te*nological advance 9 :i* ^! peoples are jo9tly & sev]ally engag$2 & x is likewise to be conc$$ on ! o!r h& t ! l effect w\ld foll[ on any m>k$ degree ( success f ! ef=ts ( ^? patriotic & dyna/ic /atesm5 :o are endeav\r+ to set ^! peoples asund] 9 an arm$ e/rangem5t & neutrality4 #fd ,cf41 z an extreme case1 ,matilda ,c4 ,/ev5son1 8,! ,sia10 ,report ,bur4 ,e?41 xi 7#ahhi-ahij74 ,! l decl9e is kn[n to h occurr$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe consequ5t on ! decl9e ( population due to ! ,black ,dea? & ! ,plague4 #fe ,on su* native diff]5ces betwe5 ! lead+ races ( ,europe1 cf41 e4 g41 ,g4 ,v4 de ,lap\ge1 ,les ,slections ,sociales2 & l',ary52 ,o4 ,ammon1 ,die ,gesells*aftsordnung2 ,g4 ,s]gi1 ,arii e ,italici4 #ff ,= in/ance1 ! ,japanese & ! ,a9u1 ! ,polynesians & ! ,melanesians1 ! ,c+halese & ! ,v$das4 ,on ! la/ nam$1 cf4 ,seligmann1 ,! ,v$das4 #fg ,cf4 ,w4 ,z4 ,ripley1 ,! ,races ( ,europe2 ,g4 ,s]gi1 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,race2 ,v4 de ,lap\ge1 ,l',ary52 cf4 also1 ,j4 ,d5ik]1 ,les races europennes1 & 8,les six races composant la population de l',europe10 ,j\rnal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vol4 #cd4 #fh ,! available evid5ce indicates t ! doli*o-blond race ( nor!rn ,europe probably orig9at$ 9 a mutation 7f ! ,m$it]ranean z its p>5t /ock87 dur+ ! e>ly neoli?ic p]iod1 t is to say ab\t at ! beg9n+ ( ! neoli?ic 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!re is less secure gr\nd = conjecture z to ! date & circum/ances "u :i* any "o ( ! o!r ,european races orig9at$1 b ! date & place ( _! orig9 seems to lie outside ( ,europe & e>li] ?an ! ,european neoli?ic p]iod4 ,un=tunately !re has be5 little direct or succ9ct discussion ( ?is matt] among an?ropologi/s hi!rto4--,cf4 8,! ,mutation ,!ory & ! ,blond ,race10 ,j\rnal ( ,race ,developm5t1 ,april1 #aiac4 #fi ,! ,melanesians may be contra/$ ) ! ,baltic peoples 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh ! comp>ison is p]haps r sugge/ive ?an conv9c+4 ,! ,melanesians are app>5tly end[$ ) a v respectable capacity = workman%ip1 z reg>ds bo? insight & application1 & ) a relatively high s5se ( economic exp$i5cy4 ,!y are also possess$ ( an al]t & endur+ gr\p solid>ity4 ,b !y app>5tly lack t reasonable degree ( 8humanity0 & cong5ital tol]ance t has on ! :ole kept ! peoples ( ! ,baltic region f fatal extravagances ( cruelty & su/a9$ hatr$ betwe5 gr\ps4 ,n t any excess ( humanity has m>k$ ! c\rse ( culture 9 ,nor? ,europe4 ,b x seems at lea/ admissible to say t mutual hatr$1 di/ru/ & disp>agem5t falls m readily into abeyance among ^! peoples ?an among ! ,melanesians2 p>ticul>ly :5 & 9 s f> z ! mat]ial int]e/ ( ! sev]al gr\ps visibly suff]s f a cont9u$ free run ( extravagant animosity4 ,! diff]5ce 9 po9t ( native prop5sity may n be v m>k$1 b su* degree ( x z !re is has app>5tly ?r[n ! balance 9 su* a way t ! ,baltic peoples h1 te*nologically1 _h ! advantage ( a wide & relatively easy contact & communication2 :]eas ! ,melanesians h dur+ an equally protract$ exp]i5ce sp5t !mselves l>gely on int]/itial animosities--,cf4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians2 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 #gj ,^! consid]ations app>5tly apply ) peculi> =ce to ! blond race1 9 t ! evid5ce ( e>ly times goes to argue t ?is /ock nev] liv$ 9 isolation f o!r1 rival /ocks4 ,x began presumably z a small m9ority 9 a community made up *iefly ( a diff]5t racial type1 its p>5t /ock1 & 9 an environm5t at l>ge 9 :i* at lea/ "o rival /ock 0 pres5t 9 =ce f ne> ! outset2 s t race competition1 t is to say competition 9 t]ms ( bir?s & dea?s1 0 in/ant & unremitt+4 ,& ?is competition ! giv5 conditions en=c$ 9 t]ms ( gr\p subsi/5ce4 #ga ,cf41 e4 g41 ,sophus ,mll]1 ,vor ,oldtid1 8,/5ald]540 #gb ,x has n commonly be5 not$1 ?\gh x w sc>cely be que/ion$1 t fight+ capacity & ! prop5sity to fight h r>ely1 if ev]1 be5 successful 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 races & peoples :5 br\ght into competition ) a dilig5t gr[+ ( crops & *ildr51 if success be c\nt$ 9 t]ms ( race survival4 #gc ,x is app>5tly an op5 "q :e!r ^! spiritual traits are prop]ly to be ascrib$ to ! doli*o-blond z traits ( t type tak5 by itself1 r ?an traits *>act]i/ic ( ! hybrid (fspr+ ( ! blond /ock cross$ on "o or o!r ( ! racial /ocks associat$ ) x 9 ! populations ( ,europe4 ,! evid5ce at l>ge seems r to be> out ! view t any hybrid population is likely to be end[$ ) an exceptional degree ( t re/lessness & discont5t t g to make up :at is spok5 ( z a 8_s ( ent]prise0 9 ! race4 #gd ,z1 e4 g41 ! inhabitants ( _m ,polynesian isl&s at ! "t ( _! discov]y4 ,see1 also1 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians4 #ge ,n an unusual /ate ( ?+s among ! ,melanesians & ,micronesians1 & 9 a degree among ! ,au/ralians4 #gf ,see note1 p4 #abj4 #gg ,e4 g41 "s ,au/ralian natives & "s ( ! l[] ,malay cultures4 #gh ,e4 g41 ! ,pueblo & ! ,eskimo4 #gi ,inde$1 su* z v sugge/ively to recall ! ritual objects & obs]vances ( ! ,pueblo ,indians4 #hj ,= an extreme case ( ?is among liv+ communities1 see ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bdb-bej1 :]e ! g5]alisation is set d[n 7p4 #bdh7 t 8! rudim5t>y /age ( culture ?r\gh :i* ^! tribes h pass$1 & 9 "s cases are /ill pass+1 may p]haps be m accurately describ$ z a wood & bone age ?an z an age ( /one10 9 z mu* z ! evid5ce goes to %[ t be=e !y began to get metals f ! ,malays _! only implem5ts ( a m durable mat]ial 7 8! anvil & hamm] 7unwr\ght7 4441 ! :et/one1 *ips or flakes us$ z knives1 & cook+ /ones40 ,f ! diff]5t "* ( _! environm5t ?is rec\rse to wood & bone c\ld sc>cely h be5 c>ri$ to su* an extreme by ! savages ( ! ,baltic region4 #ha ,cf4 ,pumpelly1 ,explorations 9 ,turke/an4 #hb ,a casual visit to ! ,sc&9avian museums w sc>cely convey ?is impression4 ,to meet ! prepossessions ( ! public1 & p]haps ( ! exp]ts1 ! weapons are made mu* ( 9 ! %[cases1 z is to be expect$2 b !y are relatively sc>ce 9 ! /ore-rooms1 :]e ! tools on ! o!r h& are r to be e/imat$ by ! cubic y>d ?an c\nt$ by ! piece4 #hc ,se51 e4 g41 9 ! obs]vance & sanction ( tabu 9 _m ( ! l[] cultures4 #hd ,! ,eskimo are plac$ 9 circum/ances t are 9 "s respects simil> to ^? presum$ to h condition$ ! life ( ! blond race & its hybrids dur+ ! e>ly phases ( its life-hi/ory1 & among ! traits t h made = ! survival ( ! ,eskimo is und\bt$ly to be c\nt$ ! some:at g5ial good-fell[%ip ( t race1 c\pl$ z x is ) a notable dis9cl9ation to ho/ilities4 ,s also ! ,indians ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/1 ^: situation p]haps p>allels t ( ! neoli?ic ,baltic culture m closely ev5 ?an ! ,eskimo1 are n among ! notably w>like peoples ( ! e>?1 al?\gh !y und\bt$ly %[ m ( a pr$atory animus ?an _! nor!rn neighb\rs4 ,9 ?is case x is probably safe to say t _! te*nological a*ievem5ts h 9 no degree be5 fur!r$ by su* w>like ent]prise z !y h %[n1 & t _! com=t & success z a race w\ld h be5 ev5 m m>k$ if !y _h be5 gift$ ) less ( ! w>like _s & _h kept ! peace m consi/5tly ?r\gh\t _! habitat ?an !y h done4--,cf4 ,franz ,boas1 8,! ,c5tral ,eskimo10 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,report1 #ahhd-ahhe2 ,! same1 8,! ,secret ,societies & ,social ,organisation ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians10 ,report1 ,national ,museum1 #ahie2 ,a4 ,p4 ,niblack1 8,coa/ ,indians ( ,s\!rn ,alaska & ,nor!rn ,briti% ,columbia10 ibid1 #ahhh4 #he ,su* loss by neglect ( te*nological elem5ts t h be5 sup]s$$ may h s]i\s consequ5ces 9 case a p ( some:at advanc$ atta9m5ts suff]s a mat]ial set-back ei!r 9 its indu/rial circum/ances or 9 its cultural situation m at l>ge1--z happ5$1 e4 g41 9 ! ,d>k ,ages ( ,europe4 ,9 su* case x is likely to result t ! community w be unable to fall back on a /ate ( ! indu/rial arts suit$ to ! r$uc$ circum/ances into :i* x f9ds itself ?r[n1 hav+ lo/ ! use ( _m ( ! te*nological elem5ts famili> to e>li] g5]ations t liv$ "u simil> circum/ances1 & s ! indu/rial community f9ds itself 9 _m respects driv5 to make a virtually new beg9n+1 f a m rudim5t>y />t+ po9t ?an ! situation might o!rwise call =4 ,?is 9 turn acts to ?r[ ! p back to a m ar*aic phase ( te*nology & ( in/itutions ?an ! initial cultural loss su/a9$ by ! community w\ld ( itself appe> to w>rant4 #hf ,sophus ,mll]1 ,vor ,oldtid1 8,/5ald]510 sec4 iii1 8,tids=hold i d5 ldre ,/5ald]20 ,o4 ,montelius1 ,les temps prhi/oriques en ,sude1 *4 i1 p4 #bj4 #hg ,comp>e ! case ( ! ,indians ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/1 :o h occupi$ a region comp>able to ! neoli?ic ,baltic area 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] z well z 9 ! abundance ( good timb]4 #hh ,sophus ,mll]1 ,vor ,oldtid1 8,bronzeald]510 secs4 xiii1 xiv2 ,montelius1 ,les temps prhi/oriques en ,sude1 *4 ii4 #hi ,cf41 e4 g41 ,c4 ,a4 ,haddon1 ,evolution 9 ,art1 section on 8,magic & ,religion40 #ij ,except = species t habitually bre$ by p>!nog5esis4 #ia ,! caution is p]haps unnecess>y t x is n h]eby int5d$ to sugge/ a d\bt ( ,mr4 ,galton's rese>*es or to "q ! proposals ( ! ,eug5icals1 ^: lab\rs are no d\bt to be tak5 = all !y are wor?4 #ib ,see1 e4 g41 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 vol4 ii1 "p ii2 ,report1 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 #ahhd-ahhe1 ,f4 ,boas1 8,! ,c5tral ,eskimo40 #ic ,cf4 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,div]sions ( a ,prime ,m9i/]1 & ,! ,figians4 #id ,! ext5t ( ?is 8quasi-p]sonal fr+e0 ( objects ( intimate use v>ies consid]ably f "o culture to ano!r4 ,x may (t5 be inf]r$ f ! range ( articles buri$ or de/roy$ ) ! dead among peoples on ?is level ( culture4 #ie ,a d\bt may sugge/ itself 9 ?is connection t\*+ su* cultures & peoples z ! pagan races ( ! ,malay p59sula1 ! ,m9copies ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 or 7possibly7 ! ,negritos ( ,luzon1 b ^! conceivable exceptions to ! rule evid5tly d n less5 its =ce4 #if ,x may be p]t95t to take note ( ! be>+ ( ^! consid]ations on c]ta9 dogmatic concepts t h play$ a "p 9 ! !oretical & controv]sial speculations ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,mu* importance has be5 giv5 by economi/s ( "o s*ool & ano!r to ! 8productivity ( lab\r10 p>ticul>ly z af=d+ a basis = a j & equitable di/ribution ( ! product2 "o s*ool ( controv]siali/s hav+ gone s f> aga9/ ! curr5t ( receiv$ economic doctr9e z to allege t lab\r is ! sole productive factor 9 indu/ry & t ! ,lab\r] is on ?is gr\nd entitl$1 9 equity1 to 8! full product ( 8 labor40 ,x is ( c\rse n conceiv$ t ! consid]ations "h set =? w dispose ( ^! doctr9al cont5tions2 b !y make x at lea/ appe> t ! productivity ( labor1 or ( any o!r conceivable factor 9 indu/ry1 is an imput$ productivity--imput$ on gr\nds ( conv5tion af=d$ by in/itutions t h gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( te*nological developm5t & t h consequ5tly only su* validity z atta*es to habits ( ?\ght induc$ by any giv5 phase ( collective life4 ,^! habits ( ?\ght 7in/itutions & pr9ciples7 are !mselves ! indirect product ( ! te*nological s*eme4 ,! controv]sy z to ! productivity ( labor %\ld accord+ly %ift its gr\nd f 8! nature ( ?+s0 to ! exig5cies ( +ra9$ preconceptions1 pr9ciples & exp$i5cies z se5 9 ! light ( curr5t te*nological requirem5ts & ! curr5t drift ( habituation4 #ig ,see ,sophus ,mll]1 ,vor ,oldtid1 8,/5ald]510 & ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #aijf4 #ih ,cf4 ,w4 ,g4 ,sollas1 ,anci5t ,hunt]s4 #ii ,see1 e4 g41 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,figians1 especially *4 iv1 xiv1 xxviii1 xxxi4 #ajj ,! ,pueblos (f] a curi\s exception to ?is common rule ( a p>asitic prie/hood4 ,:ile !y are mu* giv5 to religi\s obs]vances & h an ext5sive prie/ly organisation1 compris+ div]s ord]s & sub-ord]s1 ?is prie/hood appe>s commonly to d]ive no income1 or ev5 appreciable p]quisites1 f _! (fice4 #aja ,! diff]5ce 9 importance & p[]s betwe5 ! w> *ief ( ! peaceable ,pueblos on ! "o h& & ( ! pr$atory ,aztecs on ! o!r h& %[s h[ su* an (ficial's /atus may *ange de facto )\t a notable *ange de jure4--,cf4 also ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,figians1 *4 iv1 xxxi1 on 8,con/itution ( ,society10 & 8,! ,t5ure ( ,l&10 :]e ! gr[? ( cu/om is %[n to ?r[ pecuni>y pr]ogative & control into ! h&s ( ! successful w> *ief4 #ajb ,= in/ance1 some:at g5]ally 9 ! isl& /ates ( ,polynesia4 ,some?+ sugge/ively rem9isc5t ( su* a condition ( ?+s is visible 9 e>ly feudal ,europe1 :]e feudal hold+s *ang$ h&s ) a *ange 9 ! /atus ( _! hold]s 9 a way t sugge/s t own]%ip 0 9 great measure a coroll>y foll[+ f ! t5ure ( c]ta9 civil p[]s4 ,s1 also1 9 ecclesia/ical hold+s ( ! same p]iod & lat]4 ,&1 aga91 9 ! d\btful & *ang+ /atus ( ! s]vile classes ( feudal ,europe1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 ma/]y & own]%ip (t5 seems some?+ ( a legal fiction or a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce4 ,feudal ,japan af=ds evid5ce to mu* ! same effect4 #ajc ,cf4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip4 ,! drift ( evid5ce = ! ,nor?-,european cultures ( pagan antiquity appe>s to set /rongly 9 ?is direction1 ?\gh ! t]m 8prie/ly10 z appli$ to ^! pagan k+s1 is likely to convey too broad an implication ( solemnity & vic>i\sly div9e p[]4 #ajd ,witness ! alleg$ deal+s ( ,jahve ) 8 *os5 p & ! laudation be/[$ on ,him by ,8 prie/s = 8conduct unbecom+ a g5tleman40 #aje ,z witness ,ph>aonic ,egypt1 ,anci5t ,p]u1 ,babylon1 ,assyria1 ,israel "u ,solomon & 8 ne>] successors4 #ajf ,see ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 *4 x4 #ajg ,cf41 e4 g41 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,figians1 *4 iv4 #ajh ,z %[n1 = in/ance1 by ! pott]y & baskets made = trade by ! ,am]ican ,indians :]e !y come 9 trade contact ) civilis$ m54 #aji ,= a m detail$ discussion ( ^! second>y consequ5ces ( ! in/itution ( own]%ip1 ! irksom5ess ( lab\r & ! conspicu\s wa/e ( goods1 :i* _c be pursu$ "h1 see ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class1 *4 ii-vi4 #aaj ,= "s fur!r analysis ( ! relation betwe5 own]%ip1 e>n+s & ! mat]ial equipm5t see ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,economics1 ,augu/1 #aijh1 8,on ! ,nature ( ,capital20 z also a pap] by ,h4 ,j4 ,dav5port 9 ! same ,j\rnal = ,novemb]1 #aiaj1 on 8,social ,productivity v]sus ,private ,acquisition40 #aaa ,= a m detail$ discussion ( ?is discipl9>y disp>ity betwe5 bus9ess & indu/rial occupations1 cf4 ,! ,!ory ( ,bus9ess ,ent]prise1 *4 iv1 viii & ix4 #aab ,cf41 e4 g41 ,h>r+ton ,em]son1 ,effici5cy z a ,basis = ,op]ation & ,wages1 *4 i1 iv4 #aac ,su* is tacitly assum$ to be ! nature ( mod]n economic life 9 ! curr5t !oretical =mulations ( ! economi/s1 :o make ! !ory ( ex*ange value ! c5tral & controll+ doctr9e 9 _! !oretical sy/ems1 & :o ) easy conviction trace ?is value back to an individuali/ic gr\nd 9 ! doctr9es ( diff]5tial utility--8m>g9al utility40 #aad ,ap>t f scatt]$ & progressively inconsequ5tial manife/ations ( ?is canon ( pecuni>y equity 9 ! ,european community at l>ge1 !re occurs a qua9t & well-def9$ application ( x 9 ! practice ( 8hlmgangr0 9 late pagan & e>ly ,*ri/ian times among ! ,sc&9avian peoples4 ,! 8wag] ( battle0 is probably ( ! same d]ivation1 at lea/ 9 "p4 #aae ,cf4 ,fr$]ic ,b>n>d ,hawley1 ,ent]prise & ! ,productive ,process1 = an extreme1 mature & consi/5t developm5t ( ?is t5et4 #aaf ,see ,! ,!ory ( ,bus9ess ,ent]prise1 *4 iv1 vi1 vii1 = a m detail$ discussion ( ?is bus9ess traffic & ! work+ pr9ciples :i* gov]n x4 ,see also ,h4 ,j4 ,dav5port1 ,! ,economics ( ,ent]prise 7,new ,york1 #aiac74 #aag ,cf41 e4 g41 ,ehr5b]g1 ,das ,zeitalt] d] ,fugg]2 ,somb>t1 ,d] ,mod]ne ,kapitalismus1 bk4 i4 #aah ,cf4 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class1 *4 iv1 v1 vi4 #aai ,cf4 ,h>r+ton ,em]son1 ,effici5cy z a ,basis = ,op]ation & ,wages4 #abj ,cf41 e4 g41 ,k>l ,b*]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,volkswirts*aft1 7#c;d ed471 *4 iv1 8,die gew]bli*5 ,betriebssy/eme10 *4 v4 8,d] ,ni$]gang des ,h&w]ks20 ,w4 ,j4 ,a%ley1 ,engli% ,economic ,hi/ory & ,!ory1 "p ii1 *4 i1 sec4 #be1 *4 iii1 especially sec4 #dd2 ,w4 ,cunn+ham1 ,! ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 vol4 ii1 ,introduction2 ,w]n] ,somb>t1 ,d] ,mod]ne ,kapitalismus1 bk4 i1 especially *4 iv-xii4 #aba ,to complete ! sket* at ?is po9t1 ev5 9 outl9e1 x w\ld be necess>y to g ext5sively into ! relations ( own]%ip & control 7l>gely indirect7 9 :i* ! own]s ( l& & natural res\rces1 ! ,l&$ ,int]e/1 _h /ood to ! indu/rial community ( craftsm5 be=e ?is transition to ! bus9ess era got "u way1 z also into ! fur!r mutual relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! l&$ int]e/1 ! craftsm5 & ! bus9ess community dur+ ?is transition to a bus9ess rgime4 ,9 ! mo/ summ>y t]ms ! p]t95t circum/ances appe> to h be5 t f ! beg9n+ ( its te*nological era ! h&icraft community1 ) its workman%ip & its te*nological atta9m5ts1 0 9 an unc]ta9 measure at ! discretion>y call ( ! l&$ int]e/1 l>gely 9 an imp]sonal way ?r\gh *annels ( trade & on ! :ole ) decreas+ly exact+ effect z "t w5t on2 & ! indu/rial community at l>ge _h by no means emancipat$ !mselves f ?is control :5 ! era ( bus9ess ent]prise set 92 = ! l&$ int]e/ cont9u$ to draw its livelihood f ! mix$ agricultural & h&icraft community1 & ! products ( h&icraft /ill cont9u$ to g *iefly z supplies to ! l&$ int]e/ 9 return = ! means ( subsi/5ce controll$ by ! latt]2 & long aft] ! bus9essm5 _h tak5 ov] ! direction ( indu/ry ! claims ( ! l&$ int]e/ /ill cont9u$ p>am\nt 9 ! economic situation1 & indu/ry /ill cont9u$ to be c>ri$ on l>gely ) a view to meet+ ! requirem5ts ( ! l&$ int]e/4 #abb 8,h&w]k 7im eng]5 ,s9ne7 i/ diej5ige ,wirts*afts=m1 die h]vorw*/ aus dem /reb5 e9es gew]bli*5 ,arbeit]s se9e zwis*5 ,kun/ und gewhnli*] ,h&>beit die ,mitte halt5de ,f]tigkeit zur ,h]ri*tung od] ,be>beitung gew]bli*] ,gebrau*sgeg5/nde 9 d] ,weise zu v]tret51 dass er si* dur* ,au/aus* se9] ,lei/ung5 od] ,erzeugnisse geg5 entspre*5de quival5te se95 ,leb5sunt]halt v]s*afft40--,somb>t1 ,mod]ne ,kapitalismus1 bk4 i1 *4 iv4 #abc ,cf4 ,somb>t1 ,d] ,mod]ne ,kapitalismus1 bk4 i2 ,w4 ,j4 ,a%ley1 ,engli% ,economic ,hi/ory & ,!ory1 bk4 i1 especially *4 iii2 ,k>l ,b*]1 die ,ent/ehung d] ,volkswirts*aft1 *4 iv1 v4 #abd ,a classic passage ( ,adam ,smi? %[s ?is h&icraft conception ( ! me*anics ( indu/ry3 8,! annual lab\r ( e nation is ! fund :i* orig9ally supplies x ) all ! necess>ies & conv5i5cies ( life :i* x annually consumes44440 8,b ?is proportion ( ! produce to ! consum]s mu/ 9 e nation be regulat$ by two diff]5t circum/ances2 fir/1 by ! skill1 dext]ity1 & judgm5t ) :i* its lab\r is g5]ally appli$2 &1 secondly1 by ! proportion betwe5 ! numb] ( ^? :o are employ$ 9 useful lab\r1 & t ( ^? :o are n s employ$40--,weal? ( ,nations1 ,introduction1 p4 #a4 ,adam ,smi? consi/5tly speaks ( indu/ry 9 t]ms ( manual workman%ip1 z ! traditions & ! cont9u$ habitual outlook ( t g5]ation unavoidably l$ him to d2 & ! sweep+ way 9 :i* 8 int]pretation ( economic life f9ds acceptance ) 8 contempor>ies %[s t 9 s do+ he is speak+ 9 full consonance ) ! prevail+ conceptions ( 8 "t4 ,he writes dur+ ! op5+ passages ( ! ma*9e era1 b he speaks 9 t]ms ( ! pa/ indu/rial era1 f :i* 8 outlook on ! economic situation & 8 conception ( normal economic relations _h be5 d]iv$4 ,x may be add$ t 8 conception ( natural lib]ty 9 economic matt]s is simil>ly d]iv$ f ! traditional situation1 ^: discipl9e dur+ ! lat] phases ( ! h&icraft era inculcat$ fre$om ( own]%ip z appli$ to ! workman's product & fre$om ( b>ga9 & sale z t\*es ! traffic ( ! typical petty trad]4 ,& s ?or\ghly _h ?is mann] ( conceiv+ indu/ry & ! economic situation be5 work$ into ! texture ( m5's ?9k+1 t ! same l9e ( int]pretation cont9ues to satisfy economic !ory = a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,adam ,smi? _h =mulat$ ?is canon ( economic doctr9e1 & aft] ! situation to :i* x w\ld apply _h be5 put out by ! ma*9e indu/ry & l>ge bus9ess managem5t4 #abe ,! case ( ! treadle appli$ to ! production ( rot>y motion is typical ( :at happ5s to a te*nological elem5t ( ! g5]al class "h "u discussion4 ,su* a new te*nological exp$i5t appe>s at ! outset to be appreh5d$ 9 t]ms ( manual workman%ip2 b pres5tly x comes1 ?r\gh habitual use1 to take its place z a me*anical function+ ( ! tools 9 ^: use x takes effect1--to be associat$ 9 curr5t appreh5sion ) ! me*anical appliances employ$ 9 its production &1 by s mu*1 dissociat$ f ! p]son ( ! workman4 ,9 a measure1 !re=e1 x falls into ! category ( imp]sonal facts t are available z te*nological raw mat]ial ) :i* to g ab\t ! "w 9 h&4 ,) fur!r use1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! int]jection ( fur!r me*anical exp$i5ts betwe5 ! workman & ?is giv5 te*nological elem5t1 x w be conceiv$ 9 progressively m objective fa%ion1 z a fact ( ! me*anics ( brute matt] r ?an an ext5sion ( ! workman's manual rea*2 until x passes f9ally into ! category ( me*anical fact simply1 obvi\s & commonplace ?r\gh r\t9e use2 9 :i* !re rema9s b a vani%+ residue ( imput$ p]sonality1 su* z atta*es to all conceptions ( action4 ,! giv5 te*nological elem5t 9 ?is way may be said to pass by degrees out ( ! workman's 8quasi-p]sonal fr+e0 ( manual effects1 into ! doma9 ( raw mat]ial available = use 9 workman%ip2 :]e x w1 9 appreh5sion1 be possess$ ( only su* imput$ quasi-p]sonal or an?ropomorphic *>act]i/ics z are necess>ily imput$ to ext]nal facts at l>ge4 ,concretely1 ! concept ( ! treadle seems 9 its beg9n+s to be a v>iant ( ! same conception t leads to ! use ( ! b[-drill4 ,bo? inv5tions comprise at lea/ two di/9ct =ms4 ,9 ea* ! simpl] & presumably m primitive =m conv]ts a reciprocat+ longitud9al motion into a reciprocat+ rot>y motion2 & x is app>5tly only aft] an int]val ( famili>ity & ext]nalisation ( ?is me*anical a*ievem5t t ! next move takes place 9 ! direction ( ! p]fect$ treadle1 :i* conv]ts a reciprocat+ longitud9al into a cont9u\s rot>y motion4 #abf ,cf4 ,somb>t1 ,mod]ne ,kapitalismus1 bk4 i1 ,exkurs zu ,kapitel #g1 bk4 ii1 *4 xv4 #abg ,! adv5tures ( ,*>les ,i & ,james ,,ii suffici5tly illu/rate ?is insul> temp] ( ! indu/rial & comm]cial community z contra/$ ) ! cr[n & ! c\rt p>ty4 #abh ,see *4 ii & iii1 above4 #abi ,! imputation ( ! fem99e 9 ?is p]sonification ( ,nature is probably no?+ m ?an a c>ry+ ov] ( ! ,lat9 g5d] ( ! ^w1 b !re is commonly involv$ 9 ?is quasi-p]sonal conception ( ,nature a notable imputation ( k9dl9ess & g5tle solicitude t well comports ) h] putative womanhood4 ,by extraord9>ily easy gradation ,natura naturans passes ov] into ,"m ,nature4 ,! contra/ 9 ?is respect1 simply on its s5tim5tal side1 betwe5 ! conception ( ,nature1 say 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 on ! "o h&1 & ! patri>*al ,heav5ly ,k+1 remote & au/]e1 ( ! ,m$ival cult on ! o!r h& is /rik+ en\gh4 ,9 po9t ( s5tim5tal cont5t ?is conception ( ,nature is m ne>ly 9 t\* ) ! m$ival ,"m ( ,god ?an ) ! ,heav5ly ,k+4 #acj ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n ov]look ! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( sci5tific inquiry !re has be5 an increas+ use ( /ati/ical me?ods & results1 & t ?is rec\rse to /ati/ics has be5 ( an increas+ly objective "*1 bo? 9 its me?ods & 9 ! items h&l$4 ,x is also to be not$ t f "t to "t s]i\s & consequ5tial attempts h be5 made to r$uce sci5tific argum5t at l>ge to simil>ly objective t]ms ( quantity1 quantival5ce & concomitance4 ,k>l ,pe>son's ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 = in/ance is a %rewd & some:at popul>ly kn[n endeav\r ( ?is k9d4 ,s1 aga91 ! philosophical views associat$ ) ! names ( ,leibnitz & ( ,b]kely are ( ?is nature1 & !re is n a little ( ! same l9e ( scepticism 9 ! speculations ( ,hume4 ,b x is equally to be not$ t except on ! remote plane ( g5]ality t belongs to philosophical speculation1 & except 9 ! works ( pure ma!matics1 ?is me?od ( h&l+ facts has n prov$ available = sci5tific ends4 ,! 8idle curiosity0 :i* f9ds employm5t 9 sci5tific inquiry is n cont5t ) ! vacant relation ( concomitance alone among ! facts :i* x seeks & sy/ematises4 ,9 sci5tific !ory no headway has be5 made hi!rto )\t ! use ( ?is indisp5sable imputation ( causality4--,9 ?is connection cf4 a pap] on 8,! ,evolution ( ! ,sci5tific ,po9t ( ,view10 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,*ronicle1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 especially footnote1 p4 #cif4 #aca ,9 ?is connection x is wor? not+1 = :at x may be wor?1 t !re is a simil>ly r\gh concomitance betwe5 ! diffusion ( ! blond racial /ock 9 ,europe & ! mod]n =ms ( prote/antism & religi\s h]esy4 ,:e!r ?is fact /r5g!ns or weak5s any argum5t t may be drawn f ! concomitance ( h]esy & indu/ry cit$ above may p]haps be/ be left an op5 "q4 #acb ,see *apt] v1 above4 #acc ,cf4 ,a%ley1 ,engli% ,economic ,hi/ory & ,!ory1 bk4 i1 *4 i2 ,k>l ,b*]1 ,ent/ehung d] ,volkswirts*aft1 *4 iii4 #acd ,cf4 ,r4 ,ehr5b]g1 ,das ,zeitalt] d] ,fugg]4 #ace ,se51 z indicat$ above1 9 ! matt]-(-c\rse resort ( ! sci5ti/s to ! conception ( effici5t cause z a solv5t ( problems t\*+ mat]ial ph5om5a1 z well z 9 ! !ologians' & philosoph]s' resi/less drift t[>d creative effici5cy z ! ultimate t]m ( _! speculations4 #acf ,cf4 ,locke1 ,( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 *4 v1 8,?\gh ! e>? & all inf]ior creatures be common to all m51 yet e man has a prop]ty 9 8 own p]son2 ?is nobody has a "r to b himself4 ,! lab\r ( 8 body & ! "w ( 8 h&s we may say are prop]ly 84 ,:atsoev]1 !n1 he removes out ( ! /ate t ,nature ha? provid$ & left x 91 he ha? mix$ 8 lab\r )1 & jo9$ to x some?+ t is 8 own1 & !reby makes x 8 prop]ty40 #acg ,illu/rative in/ances ( su* a cu/om>y code ( 8natural0 rights & obligations are num]\s 9 ! late lit]ature ( e?nology4 ,good illu/rations are af=d$ by v>i\s pap]s 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,am4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 on ! culture ( ! ,pueblos1 ,eskimo1 & ! ,indians ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/2 s also 9 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 or 9 ,seligmann1 ,! ,v$das4 #ach ,cf41 e4 g41 ,c4 ,be>d1 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 *4 ii2 ,sp5c] ,walpole1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& f #ahae1 vol4 i2 ,c4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,! ,mod]n ,factory ,sy/em1 *4 i1 ii4 #aci ,9 a g5]al way1 ! relation 9 :i* ! skill$ workman 9 ! l>ge indu/ries /&s to ! ma*9e process is analog\s to t 9 :i* ! primitive h]dsman1 %eph]d or dairymaid /& to ! dome/ic animals "u _! c>e1 r ?an to ! relation ( ! craftsman to 8 tools4 ,x is a "w ( att5dance1 fur!rance & skill$ int]f]5ce r ?an a =ceful & dext]\s use ( an implem5t4 #adj ,x foll[s also1 among o!r second>y consequ5ces1 t ! effective indu/rial life ( ! skill$ workman w1 9 ord] to ! be/ av]age effect1 beg9 at an appreciably m advanc$ age1 & w !re=e be %ort5$ by t mu*4 ,! p]iod ( prep>ation becomes m protract$1 m exact+ & m co/ly1 & ! effective life cycle ( ! workman gr[s %ort]4 ,al?\gh x does n1 p]haps1 belong 9 precisely ?is connection1 x may n be out ( place to recall t ! increas+ly exact+ requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e indu/ry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! way ( accurate1 al]t & facile con=mity to ! requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e process1 int]rupt ! indu/rial life ( ! skill$ workman at an e>li] po9t 9 ! c\rse ( s5ile decay4 ,s t ! indu/rial life-cycle ( ! workman is %ort5$ bo? at its beg9n+ & at its close1 at ! same "t t ! commonplace prep>ation = "w gr[s m co/ly & exact+4 ,*ild lab\r1 :i* once may1 indu/rially speak+1 h be5 an economical me?od ( consum+ ! available human mat]ial1 is no long] compatible ) ! highe/ indu/rial effici5cy1 ev5 ap>t f any "q ( h>d%ip or det]ioration incid5t to an excessive or abusive rec\rse to *ild lab\r2 x is incompatible ) ! community's mat]ial int]e/s4 ,!re=e ! bus9ess community--! body ( bus9essm5 at l>ge--= ^: beho( ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry are c>ri$ on1 h a direct int]e/ n only 9 ext5d+ ! age ( exemption f indu/rial employm5t b also 9 procur+ an adequate s*ool+ ( ! incom+ g5]ation ( workm54 ,! bus9ess community is evid5tly com+ to appreciate ?is /ate ( ! case1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 z is evid5c$ by _! incl9ation to fav\r in/ruction 9 ! 8practical0 bran*es 9 ! public s*ools1 at ! public exp5se1 z well z by ! wide-rea*+ movem5t t aims to equip private & /ate s*ools t %all prep>e ! y\? = "w 9 ! v>i\s l9es ( indu/rial employm5t4 #ada ,cf41 e4 g41 ,adam ,smi?'s reflections on ! uses ( an accurate wat*1 ,!ory ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 "p iv1 *4 #b4 #adb ,on ! o!r h& ! aphorism (t5 cit$1 t 8,necessity is ! ,"m ( ,inv5tion10 appe>s to be no?+ bett] ?an a fragm5t ( uncritical rationalism4 ,x (f]s a rationalis$1 ex po/ facto acc\nt ( *anges t take place1 & reflects t anci5t preconception by help ( :i* ! spokesm5 ( edification 7 enabl$ to int]pret all *ange z an improvem5t due to ! a*ievem5t ( "s def9itely =ekn[n end4 ,x appe>s also to be consi/5tly untrue1 except s f> z 8inv5tion0 is to be tak5 z a euphemi/ic synonym = 8prev>ication40 ,d\btless1 ! felt ne$ ( ways & means has br\ght on _m *anges 9 te*nology1 b d\btless also ! ult]ior consequ5ces ( any "o ( ! great] me*anical inv5tions h 9 ! ma9 be5 nei!r =ese5 nor int5d$ 9 ! design+ ( !m4 ,! m s]i\s consequ5ces1 especially su* z h an in/itutional be>+1 h be5 en=c$ by ! inv5tions r ?an design$ by ! inv5tors4 #adc ,see pp4 #ah-ba1 above4 #add ,cf41 h[ev]1 :at has be5 said above 7pp4 #ba-bc7 ( ! v>iability & adaptability ( a hybrid population & ! possible selective e/abli%m5t ( a hybrid type m suitable to curr5t conditions ( life ?an any "o ( ! racial /ocks out ( :i* ! hybrid population is made up4 #ade ,s1 e4 g41 ! mod]n te*nology has1 directly & indirectly1 br\ght on ! gr[? ( l>ge cities & indu/rial t[ns1 z well z an increas+ d5sity ( population at l>ge4 ,?is mod]n /ate ( ! indu/rial arts is a creation ( ! ,european community ( nations1 ) ! blond-hybrid populations lead+4 ,! population ( ^! c\ntries is drift+ into ^! ma*9e-made cities & t[ns1 & ?is drift affects ! blond-hybrids 9 a m pron\nc$ degree ?an any o!r simil>ly di/+ui%able elem5t 9 ! population4 ,at ! same "t ! bir?-rate is l[] & ! dea?-rate high] 9 ^! mod]n urban communities ?an 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 9 spite ( ! fact t m att5tion is giv5 to prev5tive sanitation 9 ! urban ?an 9 ! rural communities1 & x is 9 ! urban communities t m$ical att5dance is mo/ available at ! same "t t its mo/ effici5t practition]s congregate !re4 ,?is accel]at$ dea?-rate /rikes ! blond-hybrids ( ! t[ns 9 an em95t degree2 & infant mortality 9 ! t[ns1 p>ticul>ly1 runs at su* a figure z to be view$ ) ! livelie/ appreh5sion4 ,9 its summ>y effects on ! viability ( ! mod]n peoples ?is mod]n te*nology appe>s to be z unt[>d z w\ld _! removal to an unsuitable climate4 ,inde$ ! hygi5ic measures t are tak5 or advocat$ z a rem$y = ^! ma*9e-made conditions ( urban life are ( mu* ! same "* & require mu* ! same degree ( meticul\s att5tion to details t are requir$ to pres]ve ! life ( ,europeans "u ! prec>i\s climatic conditions ( ! l[ latitudes4 ,s t1 = ^! ,europeans at lea/1 ! hygi5ic situation creat$ by _! own te*nology has mu* ( t "* ( a compreh5sive cl9ic t atta*es to ! ,briti% occupation ( ,india or ! lat] ,european occupation ( ,we/ ,africa or ! ,philipp9es4 #adf ,! /ati/icians ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 e4 g41 7 cont5t to "w 9 r\nd p]c5tages :]e _! latt]day successors are d\btfully cont5t ) ?ree-place decimals4 #adg ,an em95tly illu/rative in/ance ( ! me*ani/ic bias 9 ! moral sci5ces is af=d$ by ! h$oni/ic conceptions ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury2 & ! dei/ic !ology ( t p]iod & e>li] is no less *>act]i/ic a symptom ( ! same animus4 ,cf4 also1 = a view runn+ to a conclusion oppos$ to t spok5 = above1 ,h4 ,b]gson1 ,creative ,evolution 7translation by ,ar?ur ,mit*ell1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa71 *4 i1 especially pp4 #af-bc2 :]e ! me*ani/ic conception is con/ru$ z an in/9ctive metaphysical norm & contra/$ ) ! deliv]ances ( reason & exp]i5ce1 :i* are !n held to inculcate an an?ropomorphic int]pretation ( ! same facts4 #adh 8,pragmatism0 is ! t]m t has be5 elect$ to cov] ?is metaphysical po/ulate ( effici5cy conceiv$ z ! b5* m>k ( actuality4 #adi ,( all ^! latt]day revulsion>y s*emes ( surcease f ! void & irritation ( ! me*ani/ic conception1 t spok5 = by ,m4 ,h4 ,b]gson is d\btless ! mo/ felicit\s1 at ! same "t t x is1 9 its elem5ts1 ! mo/ engag+ly nave4 ,ap>t f1 & )\t prejudice to1 ! 7d\btless v sub/antial7 m]its ( ?is sy/em ( speculative t5ets1 ! vogue :i* x has a*iev$ appe>s to be due 9 good "p to its consonance ) ?is ar*aic b5t ( civilis$ human nature1 already spok5 (4 ,! imman5t1 or r intr9sically dom9ant1 creative b5t inh]5t 9 matt] & n objectively di/+ui%able f x1 is suffici5tly sugge/ive ( t praet]-me*anical efficacy t seems s easy ( compreh5sion to _m ( ! peoples on ! l[] levels ( culture1 & t af=ds ! sub/antial gr\nd ( magical practices & f9ds untr\bl$ expression 9 ! m nave ( _! !oretical speculations4 ,x w\ld be a "w ( extreme difficulty1 e4 g41 to set up a consi/5tly t5able di/9ction betwe5 ,m4 ,b]gson's lan de la vie1 on ! "o h&1 & ! mana ( ! ,melanesians 7,cf4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 esp4 *4 vii & xii71 ! wakonda ( ! ,si\x 7,cf4 ,a4 ,c4 ,flet*] & ,f4 la ,fles*e1 8,! ,omaha ,tribe10 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,report xxvii 7#aije-aijf71 esp4 pp4 #eig-eii71 or ev5 ! ham+ia ( ,sc&9avian paganism1 on ! o!r h&4 ,9 fact1 ! po9t ( dep>ture & support = ,m4 ,b]gson's speculations appe>s to be no?+ else ?an a projection1 into objective reality1 ( ! same human trait t has "h be5 spok5 ( z ! in/9ct ( workman%ip2 ?is norm ( initiative & effici5cy :i* s is impos$ on objective facts be+ !n work$ out ) great subtlety & sympa!tic insight1 to make a compreh5sive1 cosmological s*eme4 ,! l projection ( workmanlike initiative & effici5cy1 & its imputation to objective reality1 bo? at l>ge--z ) ,m4 ,b]gson--& 9 concrete detail1 ) m or less ( p]sonalisation1 is "o ( ! ma91 ?\gh frequ5tly misund]/ood1 factors 9 ! cosmologies t d duty z a body ( sci5ce & philosophy among savages & ! l[] b>b>ians4 ,t ! roots ( ?is speculative s*eme ( 8creative evolution0 %\ld rea* s f> into ! backgr\nd ( human culture & draw on s\rces s close to ! undiscipl9$ prime-mov]s ( human nature is1 ( c\rse1 9 no degree d]ogatory to ?is sy/em ( !ory2 nor does x raise any presumption ( uns\ndness 9 ! t5ets t s are1 9 ! c\rse ( elaboration1 built up out ( ?is metaphysical po/ulate4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! *>act]isation "h (f]$ places ,m4 ,b]gson's !sis1 & !re=e 8 sy/em1 precisely :]e he has be5 at pa9s to expla9 t he wi%es to take 8 initial position 9 advocat+ 8 view1--at an ev5 break ) ! me*ani/ic conception2 ! m]its ( :i*1 z contra/$ ) 8 own !sis1 w !n be made to appe> 9 ! c\rse ( ! fur!r argum5t t is to decide betwe5 _! rival claims to primacy4 ,9 po9t ( =mal & provisional legitimation1 su* an imputation ( workmanlike efficacy at l>ge re/s on gr\nd precisely ev5 ) t on :i* ! me*ani/ic conception also re/s1--viz4 imputation by =ce ( metaphysical necessity1 t is to say by =ce ( an in/9ctive impulse4 ,! ma9 !orem ( causation1 z well z its sev]al me*ani/ic coroll>ies1 are1 9 ! la/ resort1 putative traits ( matt] only1 n facts ( obs]vation2 & ! l is true--9 ,m4 ,b]gson's argum5t admitt$ly s--( ! lan de la vie z well4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z reg>ds ! =mally det]m9able antec$5t probability ( ! two rival conceptions1 ! "o is z good z ! o!r2 b ,m4 ,b]gson's argum5t1 runn+ on gr\nd ( circum/antial evid5ce 9 ! ma91 makes out at lea/ a cog5tly attractive likelihood t ! conception = :i* he speaks is to be accept$ z ! m fundam5tal1 und]ly+ ! me*ani/ic conception1 condition+ x & on occasion ov]rul+ its f9d+s 9 matt]s t lie beyond its asc]ta9$ compet5ce4 ,:i* w\ld come1 9 a diff]5t phras+1 to say+ t ! imputation ( creatively workmanlike effici5cy re/s on in/9ctive gr\nd m indefeasibly intr9sic to human nature2 presumably 9 virtue ( its embody+ ! function+ ( an in/9ctive proclivity less sophi/icat$ & n>r[$ by special habituation1 su* special habituation1 e4 g41 z t ex]cis$ by ! te*nology ( h&icraft & ! ma*9e process 9 rec5t times4 #aej ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 nei!r ignores nor d5ies ! sub/antial "p :i* ! jus g5tium & ! jus naturale ( ! ,roman juri/s & _! comm5tators h play$ 9 ! =mulation ( ! sy/em ( ,natural ,rights4 ,9 po9t ( p$igree ! l9e ( d]ivation ( ^! legal pr9ciples is d\btless sub/antially z set =? au!ntically by ! juri/s :o h sp5t _! compet5t endeavors on t matt]4 ,s f> z reg>ds ! ,engli%-speak+ communities ?is p$igree runs back to ,locke1 & ?r\gh ,locke to ! l9e ( juri/s & philosoph]s on :om t great s*ol> has drawn2 :ile = ! promulgation ( ! l sy/em ( pr9ciples m at l>ge ! names ( ,grotius1 ,puf5dorf1 ,al?usius d\btless h all ! significance commonly assign$ !m4 ,see pp4 #bij-bic above4 #aea ,unless ! 8,syndicali/0 movem5t is to be tak5 z some?+ suffici5tly def9ite 9 its pr9ciples to make x an exception to ! rule4 #aeb ,cf41 e4 g41 ,anna ,y\ngman1 ,! ,economic ,causes ( ,great ,=tunes1 especially *4 vi2 ,r4 ,ehr5burg1 ,grosse ,v]mg52 ,ida ,t>bell1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company4 #aec ,cf4 a pap] 8,on ! ,nature ( ,capital0 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,economics1 ,novemb]1 #aijh4 #aed ,z late z ,adam ,smi?'s "t 8manufactur]0 /ill reta9$ its etymological value & designat$ ! workman :o made ! goods4 ,b f ab\t t "t1 t is to say s9ce ! ma*9e process & ! bus9ess control ( indu/ry h ?or\ghly tak5 effect1 ! t]m no long] has a te*nological connotation b has tak5 on a pecuni>y 7bus9ess7 signification :olly2 s t ! t]m n[ designates a bus9essman :o /&s 9 none b a pecuni>y relation to ! processes ( indu/ry4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( books by ! same au?or or on k9dr$ subjects ,by ! ,same ,au?or ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class ,an ,economic ,/udy ( ,in/itutions ,clo?1 #abmo1 #b4jj net ,macmillan ,/&>d ,libr>y ,edition1 #j4ej net ,,extract ,,f ,,preface ,x is ! purpose ( ?is inquiry to discuss ! place & value ( ! leisure class z an economic factor 9 mod]n life1 b x has be5 f\nd impracticable to conf9e ! discussion /rictly )9 ! limits s m>k$ out4 ,"s att5tion is p]=ce giv5 to ! orig9 & ! l9e ( d]ivation ( ! in/itution1 z well z to features ( social life t are n commonly class$ z economic4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,pecuni>y ,emulation4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,conspicu\s ,leisure4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,conspicu\s ,consumption4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,pecuni>y ,/&>d ( ,liv+4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,pecuni>y ,canons ( ,ta/e4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,dress z an ,expression ( ! ,pecuni>y ,culture4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,indu/rial ,exemption & ,cons]vation4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,ar*aic ,traits4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,mod]n ,survivals ( ,pr[ess4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,belief 9 ,luck4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,dev\t ,obs]vances4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,survivals ( ! ,non-,invidi\s ,int]e/4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,high] ,le>n+ z an ,expression ( ! ,pecuni>y ,culture4 8,! /udy is a ?\ghtful & int]e/+ "o & is c\*$ 9 cle> & /raight=w>d ,engli%40--,m9neapolis ,j\rnal4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,two ,new ,books ( ,relat$ ,int]e/ ,"w & ,weal?3 ,a ,human ,valuation ,,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,hobson1 ,m4,a41 ,au?or ( 8,indu/rial ,society10 8,john ,rusk91 ,social ,re=m]10 etc4 ,clo?1 #hvo1 #b4jj net ,mr4 ,hobson is an economi/ ( e/abli%$ reputation ^: writ+s h = ye>s be5 eag]ly read by 8 fell[-economi/s4 ,! purpose ( ?is1 8 late/ "w1 is to pres5t a j & =mal exposure ( ! inhumanity & vital wa/e ( mod]n indu/ries by ! close application ( ! be/ approv$ =mulas ( individual1 & social welf>e & to indicate ! mo/ hopeful measures ( rem$y = a society suffici5tly intellig5t1 c\rage\s & self-gov]n+ to apply !m4 ,! :olly satisfy+ fa%ion 9 :i* ! au?or has a*iev$ ?is purpose results 9 a sugge/ive & /imulat+ review f a novel /&po9t ( problems 9 :i* all /ud5ts ( economy are int]e/$4 ,n only is ! book an important contribution to ! lit]ature ( its field2 x is no less valuable 9 its be>+ on g5]al que/ions ( ! day ) :i* o!r ?an purely pr(essional economi/s are conc]n$4 ,viol5ce & ! ,labor ,movem5t ,,by ,,rob]t ,,hunt]1 ,au?or ( 8,pov]ty10 8,sociali/s at ,"w10 etc4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej net ,?is book deals ) ! mighty conflict t rag$ ?r\gh\t ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury = possession ( ! s\l ( labor4 ,x tells ( ! doctr9es & de$s ( ,bak\n91 ,net*ayeff1 ,kropotk91 ,rava*ol1 ,h5ry1 ,mo/ & ,cas]io4 ,x seeks ! causes ( su* outbur/s ( rage z occurr$ at ! ,haym>ket 9 ,*icago 9 #ahhf & are n[ be+ mu* discuss$ z ,syndicalism1 ,haywoodism & ,l>k9ism4 ,x is a dramatic1 hi/orical n>rative 9 :i* t]rorism1 an>*ism1 syndicalism & socialism are passionately voic$ by _! greate/ advocates z !y battle ov] programs1 tactics & philosophies4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,two ,important ,int]pretations ( ,pres5t ,movem5ts ,progressive ,democracy ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,croly1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,promise ( ,am]ican ,life40 ,clo?1 #hvo1 #b4jj net ,! object ( ! au?or 9 ?is book is ?ree-fold4 ,he has 9 ! fir/ place analyz$ ! mod]n progressive democratic movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ord] to sep>ate its ess5tial f its non-ess5tial +r$i5ts to discov] :e!r !re is any real issue betwe5 ,am]ican progressivism & ,am]ican cons]vatism4 ,9 ! second place he has tri$ to recon/ruct ! hi/orical backgr\nd ( progressivism to see :at roots or lack ( roots x has 9 ! ,am]ican political & economic tradition4 ,& f9ally he has attempt$ to trace :at we may reasonably expect f ! progressive movem5t1 to %[ :at tools x mu/ use 9 ord] to c>ry out its program & :at claims x has on ! support ( patriotic ,am]icans4 ,! "w seeks1 !re=e1 to express = ! fir/ "t a consi/5tly educational !ory ( democracy4 ,progressivism & ,aft] ,,by ,,william ,,engli% ,,wall+1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,l>g] ,aspects ( ,socialism10 8,socialism ,z ,x ,is10 etc4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej net ,?is is a book :i* e ?\ghtful sociali/1 social re=m] & ^? to :om social re=m makes any appeal1 ought to read4 ,mr4 ,wall+ views social & economic que/ions z a ?9k] & /ud5t1 nev] m]ely z a !ori/ or p>tisan4 ,9 ! political ev5ts ( ! la/ few ye>s ,mr4 ,wall+ sees mu* t is significant n only = ! pres5t b = ! future4 ,:at ! progress ( affairs 9 ! next g5]ation is to be he outl9es 9 ?is "w 9 a fa%ion t is z conv9c+ z x is unusual f ! sociali/ic /&po9t4 ,( p>ticul> int]e/ are 8 analyses ( ,presid5t ,wilson1 ,colonel ,roosevelt & o!r prom95t lead]s1 :ile 8 description ( t :i* has be5 & t :i* is to come is tr5*ant & ke54 ,:e!r "o agrees ) 8 pr$ictions or n ! =ce & cle>ness ) :i* ! issues are indicat$ di/+ui% ! volume = all k9ds ( read]s4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,am]ican ,syndicalism--,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,by ,,john ,,graham ,,brooks ,au?or ( 8,z ,o!rs ,see ,u10 8,! ,social ,unre/10 etc4 ,clo?1 #a4be net2 po/paid1 #a4cf 8,mr4 ,brooks's book is a c>eful1 sympa!tic1 & critical /udy ( ,am]ican syndicalism z repres5t$ 9 ! ord] nam$ ! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ,_w4 8,! !ory1 or #8philosophy1' ( ?is syndicalism is giv51 a review made ( ! practical exp]i5ces ( ! movem5t z x has express$ itself "h 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & a view s\ght ( its possible de/9ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,brooks says3 8#8,9 x & ?r\gh x is some?+ z sacr$ z ! be/ ( ! great dream]s h ev] br\ght u4 ,9 ! total ( ?is movem5t1 ! deep]1 inn] fact seems to be its ne>ness to & sympa?y ) t mo/ heavy lad5 & long endur+ mass ( common toil]s4 ,alike to our p]il & to our loss %all we ignore ?is fact4'0--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,! ,social ,unre/ ,/udies 9 ,labor & ,social ,movem5ts ,,by ,,john ,,graham ,,brooks ,clo?1 #abmo1 #cid pages1 #a4ej net 8,! au?or1 ,mr4 ,john ,graham ,brooks1 takes up & discusses ?r\gh ne>ly f\r hundr$ pages ! economic significance ( ! social que/ions ( ! h\r1 ! ma/] passions at "w among u1 m5 v]sus ma*9]y1 & ! solution ( our pres5t ills 9 a bett] concurr5ce ?an at pres5t exi/s--an organization :]eby e advantage ( *eap] s]vice & *eap] product %all g direct to ! :ole body ( ! p4444 ,no?+ ^u 8 subject s compreh5sive & at ! same "t popul> 9 treatm5t z ?is book has be5 issu$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,x is a volume ) live k--n only = workman b = capitali/1 & ! /ud5t ( ! body politic--= e "o :o lives--& :o does n8--^u ! product ( labor40--,! ,outlook4 ,mr4 ,bliss ,p]ry1 ! editor ( ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 says ( x3 8,a fasc9at+ book--to me ! cle>e/1 sane/1 mo/ helpful discussion ( economic & human problems ,i h read = ye>s40 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,by ,,william ,,engli% ,,wall+ ,! ,l>g] ,aspects ( ,socialism ,clo?1 #a4ej net2 po/paid1 #a4fc 8,= ! second "t ,william ,engli% ,wall+ has made a notable contribution to ! lit]ature ( ,socialism40--,m>y ,br[n ,sumn] 9 ,! ,survey4 8,y\r two books1 toge!r & sep>ately1 con/itut$ ! supreme ,engli% contribution to ,socialism40--,pr(essor ,george ,d4 ,h]ron4 8,?is book is exceptionally sugge/ive & int]e/+4444 ,x is to be hop$ t ,mr4 ,wall+ w cont9ue to give u su* c>eful & sugge/ive analyses ( sociali/ic ?\ght40--,alex&] ,flei%] 9 ,! ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy4 8,! au?or has e>n$ a "r to a front-rank place among ! ,am]ican ,sociali/ #8intellectuals4'444 ,a cle>-sight$ obs]v]1 & a report] hone/ ) himself & ! public40--,! ,nation4 8,y are c]ta9ly "o ( ^? exasp]at+ m5 :o mu/ be c\nt$ )4 ,i h gone ov] y\r fir/ book ) admiration & extreme disapprobation4 ,!re is no book ) :i* ,i h any acqua9tance :i* is s tru?ful 9 tell+ :at a consid]able body ( our c\ntrym5 are ?9k+ ab\t40--,pr(essor ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t4 ,socialism ,z ,x ,is ,a ,survey ( ! ,_w-,wide ,revolution>y ,movem5t ,clo?1 #abmo1 #b4jj net2 po/paid1 #b4ab ,a ,,new ,,dep>ture ,,9 ,,sociali/ ,,books 8,c be mo/ highly recomm5d$ z a sane & cle> exposition & is n a reha% ( ! v>i\s volumes t h be5 already publi%$ on ! subject1 b is a contribution f a di/9ct & new po9t ( view40--,! ,new ,york ,times4 8,! be/ & mo/ s*ol>ly pres5tation ( ! subject t has yet fall5 into my h&s4 ,x gave me an insight into ! situation1 = :i* ,i long$ b to :i* ,i c\ld n f9d any access40--,pr(essor ,jacques ,loeb4 8,y c]ta9ly give a wond]ful insight into ,socialism z x is & gett+ to be--& x is an insight t e citiz5 ought to h40--,pr(essor ,john ,r4 ,commons4 8,i h be5 read+ y\r book ) great int]e/4 ,! great contribution1 x seems to me1 is ! cle> contra/ betwe5 ,/ate ,socialism & revolution>y socialism40--,pr(essor ,simon ,n4 ,patt54 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,! ,!ory ( ,social ,revolutions ,,by ,,brooks ,,adams ,au?or ( 8,! ,law ( ,civilization & ,decay10 8,! ,new ,empire10 etc4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be net 8,a rem>kable "w40--,! ,argonaut4 8,a clev]ly writt5 book by a clev] man4 ,! argum5t is t ! exi/+ social sy/em w soon be *ang$ & t ! c\rts h become political & n judicial40--,pittsburgh ,po/4 8,no "o int]e/$ 9 ei!r hi/ory or politics c af=d to neglect ,mr4 ,adams' views40--,new>k ,ev5+ ,news4 8444 no m fasc9at+ /udy ( a topic s grave is (t5 pr9t$40--,new ,york ,_w4 8444 !re has n appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s s calm & det]m9$ an attack ^u judicial legislation40--,la ,follette's ,magaz9e4 8,a v /imulat+ /udy40--,review ( ,reviews4 ,labor & ,adm9i/ration ,,by ,,john ,r4 ,,commons ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,political ,,economy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons9 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4fj net ,! hi/ory ( labor laws & /rikes has ?is 9 common to bo?--laws become dead lett]s2 ! victories ( /rikes are nibbl$ away4 ,"s philosoph]s fall back on ! individual's moral "*4 ,little1 !y ?9k1 c be done by law or unions4 ,!re are o!rs :o inquire h[ to draft & en=ce ! laws1 h[ to keep ! w9n+s ( /rikes--9 %ort1 h[ to connect ideals ) effici5cy4 ,^! are ! awak5+ que/ions ( ! pa/ decade1 & ! subject ( ?is book4 ,"h is a field = ! /ud5t & economi/--n ! 8fri5d ( labor0 :o pa9ts an ab/ract work+-man1 b ! utilit>ian ideali/1 :o sees !m all z !y are2 n ! curi\s collector ( facts & /ati/ics b ! "o :o measures ! facts & builds !m into a f\ndation & /ructure4 ,8 con/ructive problem is n s mu* ! law & its ab/ract rights1 z adm9i/ration & its concrete results4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,"s app>5t errors are not$ bel[4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,page #gb3 8gran]ies0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #gf3 8wat*w>d0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #aeh3 8seige0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #bfb3 8,b]kely0 0 pr9t$ t way2 may be a ref]5ce to ! ,iri% philosoph] ,george 8,b]keley40 ,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottoms ( pages1 h be5 collect$1 sequ5tially r5umb]$1 & reposition$ aft] ! ma9 text ( ! book1 j be=e ! adv]tisem5ts4