,,! ,,citiz5',s ,,libr>y ,,( ,,economics1 ,,politics1 ,,& ,,sociology ,,edit$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,political ,,economy1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons9 ,,new] ,,ideals ,,( ,,peace ,,! ,,citiz5',s ,,libr>y ,,( ,,economics1 ,,politics1 ,,& ,,sociology #abmo4 ,half ,lea!r #a4be net1 ea* ,,monopolies ,,& ,,tru/s4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,economics ,,( ,,di/ribution4 ,by ,,john ,a4 ,,hobson4 ,,_w ,,politics4 ,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,re9s*1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,economic ,,crises4 ,by ,,edw>d ,d4 ,,jones1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,economics4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,t4 ,,ely4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,switz]l&4 ,,by ,,john ,,m>t9 ,,v9c5t1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,monet>y ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ,,*>les ,j4 ,,bullock1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,social ,,control4 ,by ,,edw>d ,a4 ,,ross1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,political ,,p>ties ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ,,jesse ,,macy1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,municipal ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,sanitation4 ,by ,m4 ,n4 ,,bak]1 ,,ph4,b4 ,,democracy ,,& ,,social ,,e?ics4 ,by ,,jane ,,addams1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,colonial ,,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,re9s*1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,am]ican ,,municipal ,,progress4 ,by ,,*>les ,,zuebl91 ,b4,d4 ,,irrigation ,,in/itutions4 ,by ,,elwood ,,mead1 ,c4,e41 ,m4,s4 ,,railway ,,legislation ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ,,bal?as> ,h4 ,,mey]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,society4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,city4 ,by ,,delos ,f4 ,,wilcox1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,money4 ,by ,,david ,,k9ley1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,sociology4 ,by ,,edw>d ,a4 ,,ross4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,sociology4 ,by ,,frank ,w4 ,,blackm>1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,colonial ,,adm9i/ration4 ,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,re9s*1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,agricultural ,,economics4 ,by ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,taylor1 ,m4,s4,,agr41 ,,ph4,d4 ,,"s ,,e?ical ,,ga9s ,,?r\gh ,,legislation4 ,by ,,flor5ce ,,kelley4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,bus9ess ,,organization4 ,by ,,samuel ,e4 ,,sp>l+1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,! ,,new] ,,ideals ,,( ,,peace4 ,by ,,jane ,,addams1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,citiz5',s ,,libr>y ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace ,,by ,,jane ,,addams ,,hull-,,h\se1 ,,*icago1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,democracy ,,& ,,social ,,e?ics10 ,,etc4 ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aijf ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright$ #aijf ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up1 electrotyp$4 ,pr9t$ ,decemb]1 #aijf ,,! ,,mason-,,h5ry ,,press ,,syracuse1 ,,new ,,york ,,to ,hull-,h\se ,,& its ,neighbors ,,prefatory ,,note ,^! /udies 9 ! gradual developm5t ( ! moral sub/itutes = w> h be5 made 9 ! indu/rial qu>t] ( a cosmopolitan city :]e ! morality exhibits m>k$ social & int]national aspects4 ,p>ts ( two *apt]s h be5 publi%$ be=e 9 ! =m ( addresses1 & two o!rs z articles 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review & 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology4 ,all ( !m h[ev] are held toge!r by a conviction t has be5 matur+ ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,hull-,h\se1 ,*icago4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,new] ideals ( peace are dynamic2 if made op]ative w d away ) w> z a natural process #c ,( ! old] ideals ! appeal to pity is dogmatic #d ,! appeal to ! s5se ( prud5ce also dogmatic & at ?is mom5t seems impot5t #e ,outlook = univ]sal peace by int]national arbitration #f ,primitive & pr(\nd impulses op]ate aga9/ impulse to w> #h ,appeal to pity & prud5ce unnecess>y if ! cosmopolitan int]e/ 9 human affairs is utiliz$ #i ,social morality orig9ates 9 social affections #aa ,emotion det]m9es social relations 9 ! poor] qu>t]s ( a cosmopolitan city #ac ,new immigrants develop ph5om5al p[]s ( association #ad ,_! ideal ( gov]nm5t includes k9dl9ess z well z protection #ae ,cr[d$ city qu>t]s ! focal po9t ( gov]nm5tal progress #af ,life at ^! po9ts mu/ %ape itself ) ref]5ce to ! dem&s ( social ju/ice #ag ,simple f\ndations laid !re = an int]national ord] #ah ,ideals =m$ 89 ! dep? ( anonym\s life0 make = realization #bj ,impulses t[>d compassionate conduct imp]ative #ba ,! int]nationalism ( good w =ese5 by ! philosoph] #bc ,a quick5+ conc]n = human welf>e2 int]national aspects illu/rat$ by _w-wide ef=ts to eradicate tub]culosis1 fir/ signs ( ! sub/itution ( nurture = w>f>e #be ,?is sub/itution w be a natural process #bf ,our v hope = x1 a surr5d] to ! ideals ( ! humble #bg ,acc\nt+ mu/ be tak5 betwe5 survivals ( milit>ism & manife/ations ( new] humanit>ianism #bh ,t5d5cy to idealization m>k$ eighte5?-c5tury humanit>ian #bi ,new] ideals ( ?is c5tury su/a9$ only by k & companion%ip #cj ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,survivals ,,( ,,milit>ism ,,9 ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,am]ican ,republic f\nd$ "u ! influ5ce ( doctr9aire eighte5?-c5tury ideals4 ,failure 9 municipal adm9i/ration l>gely due to _! inadequacy #ca ,mod]n sub/itutes ( ! evolution>y conception ( progress = eighte5?-c5tury idealism #cb ,failure ( adju/m5t betwe5 ! old =m ( gov]nm5t & pres5t condition results 9 rev]sion to milit>y & legal type #cd ,national gov]nm5tal ma*9]y provides no vehicle = organiz$ expression ( popul> w #ce ,hi/oric gov]nm5ts dep5d5t ^u =ce ( arms #cf ,f\nd]s plac$ too exclusive a value ^u ! pr9ciples def5d$ by ! ,w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,example ( ! ov]e/imation ( ! spoils ( w> #cg ,immigration problem an illu/ration ( ! failure to treat our gr[+ ,republic 9 a _s ( progressive & develop+ democracy #ci ,pres5t immigration due p>tly to ! philosophic dogmas ( ! eighte5?-c5tury4 ,!ory ( naturalization /ill re/s ^u ^? dogmas #dj ,no adequate =mulization ( new] philosophy al?\gh immigration situation has become mu* m indu/rial ?an political #db ,exploitation ( immigrants c>ri$ on "u guise ( prep>ation = citiz5%ip #df ,failure to develop a gov]nm5t fitt$ to v>i$ peoples #dh ,attitude ( contempt = immigrant survival ( a _s ( conqu]or t[>d inf]ior p #di ,contempt reflect$ by *ildr5 t[>d immigrant p>5ts #ej ,univ]sal fran*ise implies a recognition ( social ne$s & ideals #eb ,difficulties ( adm9i/]+ repressive gov]nm5t 9 a democracy #ed ,! attempt inevitably develops ! corrupt politician z a fri5d ( ! vici\s #ef ,he mu/ be foll[$ by successive re=m]s :o repres5t ! righte\s & protect tax int]e/s #eg ,illu/ration f ! po9t ( view ( humble p #eh ,dramatic see-saw mu/ cont9ue until we atta9 ! ideals ( an evolution>y democracy #ei ,community divid$ into repressive & repress$1 repres5t+ conqu]or & conqu]$ #fj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,failure ,,to ,,utilize ,,immigrants ,,9 ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,democratic gov]nm5ts mu/ reckon ) ! unsuccessful if only because !y repres5t majority ( citiz5s #fb ,to dem& protection f unsuccessful is to fail 9 self-gov]nm5t #fc ,/udy ( immigrants might develop result 9 reviv$ en?usiasm = human possibilities react+ ^u ideals ( gov]nm5t #fd ,social res\rces ( immigrants wa/$ ?r\gh want ( recognition ( old habits #fe ,illu/rat$ by ,s\? ,italians' ability to comb9e community life ) agricultural occupations1 :i* is disreg>d$ #ff ,anglo-,saxon di/ru/ ( exp]im5ts ) l& t5ure & taxation illu/rat$ by ,d\khobors #fg ,immigrant's contribution to city life #fi ,milit>y ideals bl9d /atesm5 to connection betwe5 social life & gov]nm5t #gj ,corrupt politician :o sees ! connection (t5 fir/ fri5d ( immigrant #ga ,real /atesm5 w\ld "w out s*eme ( naturalization f\nd$ ^u social ne$s #gb ,intellig5t co-op]ation ( immigrants necess>y = advanc+ social legislation #gd ,daily exp]i5ce ( immigrants n to be ignor$ z basis ( patriotism #ge ,lack ( cosmopolitan /&>d wid5s gulf betwe5 immigrant p>5ts & *ildr5 #gh ,gov]nm5t is develop+ mo/ rapidly 9 its relation to ! "y crim9al & to ! poor & dep5d5t #gi ,d5v] ,juv5ile ,c\rt is significant 9 its attitude t[>d repressive gov]nm5t #ha ,good education 9 re=m s*ools indicates compunction on ! "p ( ! ,/ate #hc ,gov]nm5t functions ext5d$ to c>e ( defectives & dep5d5ts #hd ,ignores normal ne$s ( e citiz5 #he ,sociali/s w\ld meet ! ne$s ( work+m5 by socializ$ legislation1 b refuse to deal ) ! pres5t /ate #hf ,at pres5t radical *anges mu/ come f =ces outside life ( ! p #hg ,imp]ial gov]nm5ts are n[ conc]n+ !mselves ) primitive ess5tial ne$s ( work+m5 #hh ,republics re/rict functions ( ! gov]nm5t #ij ,is ,am]ica1 9 cl++ to eighte5?-c5tury traditions1 los+ its belief 9 ! av]age man8 #ia ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,milit>ism ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,legislation ,am]ican cities sl[ to consid] immigration 9 relation to indu/ry #ic ,work+m5 alone mu/ reg>d !m 9 relation to indu/rial situations #id ,assimilation ( immigrants by work+man due bo? to economic pressure & to idealism #ie ,illu/rat$ by ,/ock ,y>ds ,/rike #if ,& by ! /rike 9 ,an?racite ,coal ,fields #ig ,9 ! latt] ar\s$ public op9ion =c$ ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to deal ) indu/rial conditions #ih ,9 complicat$ mod]n society n always easy to see :]e social ord] lies #aja ,*icago ,/ock ,y>ds ,/rike illu/rates su* a situation #ajd ,gov]nm5t %\ld h ga9$ ! en?usiasm immigrants gave to union #ajg ,w> elem5t an ess5tial "p ( /rike #aji ,appeal to loyalty ! ne>e/ approa* to a moral appeal #aaj ,reluctance ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to recognize matt]s ( indu/ry z g]mane to gov]nm5t #aab ,result+ neglect ( civic duty #aac ,! work+man's attitude t[>d w> z express$ by 8 int]national organization #aad ,comm]ce ! mod]n repres5tative ( conque/ #aaf ,/&>d ( life %\ld be ! te/ ( a nation's prosp]ity1 s recogniz$ by work+m5 #aag ,social amelioration und]tak5 by ^? 9 close/ contact ) social maladju/m5ts #aah ,pres5t difficulties 9 social re=m w cont9ue until class int]e/s are subord9at$ to a broad] conception ( social progress #aai ,if self-gov]nm5t 7 inaugurat$ by advanc$ ?9k]s n[1 !y w\ld make rese>* into e>ly =ms ( indu/rial gov]nm5ts #aba ,autocratic ,european gov]nm5ts h recogniz$ work+man's ne$ ( protection #abb ,has ,democracy a "r to refuse ?is protection8 #abc ,,*apt] ,v ,,gr\p ,,morality ,,9 ,,! ,,labor ,,movem5t ,indu/rial *anges :i* belong to ! community z a :ole h un=tunately divid$ x into two camps #abd ,^! are typifi$ by ,employ]s' ,associations & ,trades ,unions ea* develop+ a gr\p morality #abe ,trade ,unions at pres5t illu/rate ! et]nal compromise betwe5 ! inn] concept & ! out] act #abg ,pres5t mom5t "o ( crisis 9 ,trades ,union developm5t #abh ,newly organiz$ unions 9 w> /ate ( developm5t responsible = s]i\s mi/akes #acj ,tacit admission t a /rike is w> made dur+ ! ,team/]s' ,/rike 9 ,*icago 9 #aije #acb ,tempor>y loss ( belief 9 indu/rial arbitration #acd ,team/]s' ,/rike n adjudicat$ 9 c\rt ?rew ! entire city into /ate ( w>f>e #acf ,new organizations ( employ]s exhibit traits ( militant y\? #ach ,public al?\gh p[]less to int]v5e1 sees grave social consequ5ces #adj ,division ( community into classes2 increase ( race animosity2 _s ( mat]ialism #ada ,class prejudice creat$ among *ildr5 /ill ano!r social consequ5ce #adb ,disa/r\s effect ( prolong$ w>f>e ^u ! labor movem5t itself #add ,real ef=t ( trades unions at pres5t is = recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( collective b>ga9+ #ade ,trades unions are =c$ to correct indu/rial ills inh]5t 9 ! factory sy/em itself #adf ,illu/ration f limitation ( output #adg ,illu/ration f attitude t[>ds improv$ ma*9]y #adh ,disreg>d ( ! ma*9e z a social product makes = gr\p morality on ! "p ( ! own] & employees #adi ,contempt result+ f gr\p morality ju/ifies me?od ( w>f>e #aej ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,protection ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,effici5cy ,defici5cy 9 protective legislation #aea ,contempt = immigrant because ( 8 economic /&+ #aeb ,national indiff]5ce to condition ( work+ *ildr5 #aed ,temptation to use *ild labor peculi> to ?is indu/rial epo* #aee ,our s5sibilities dead5$ by famili>ity #aee ,protection ( ! "y ! conc]n ( gov]nm5t #aef ,effect ( premature labor on ! *ild #aeh ,effect ( *ild labor on ! family #afa ,effect on ! indu/rial product #afb ,effect on civilization #afc ,intellig5t labor ! mo/ valuable asset ( our indu/rial prosp]ity #afd ,results ( ,engl&'s =eign comm]cial policy #afe ,lack ( consi/5cy 9 ! relation ( ! /ate to ! *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aff ,failure ( public s*ool sy/em to connect ) pres5t indu/rial developm5t #afg ,correlation ( new education ) indu/rial situation #afh ,*ild labor legislation w secure to *ild its prop] play p]iod #afi ,p[] ( association develop$ ?r\gh play #aga ,co-op]ation1 n co]cion1 ! ideal factory discipl9e #agc ,actual factory sy/em divorc$ f ! in/9ct ( workman%ip #agd ,! activity ( y\? %\ld be valuable assets = citiz5%ip z well z indu/ry #age ,milit>y survivals 9 city gov]nm5t de/roys ?is asset #agf ,! gang a tra9+ s*ool = gr\p morality #agg ,conc]n ( mod]n gov]nm5t 9 ! developm5t ( its citiz5s #agi ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,utilization ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,! mod]n city f\nd$ ^u milit>y ideals #ahj ,e>ly fran*ise ju/ly giv5 to gr[n m5 on basis ( milit>y duty #aha ,?is e>ly te/ no long] fitt$ to ! mod]n city ^: problems are int]nal #ahb ,wom5's exp]i5ce 9 h\sehold details valuable to civic h\sekeep+4 ,no me?od ( mak+ x available #ahd ,municipal suffrage to be reg>d$ n z a "r or a privilege1 b z a piece ( gov]nm5tal ma*9]y #ahg ,fran*ise n only valuable z ex]cis$ by educat$ wom51 matt]s to be decid$ ^u too basic to be influ5c$ by mod]n education #ahh ,c5sus ( #aijj %[s great] increase ( work+wom5 ?an ( m5 & increas+ y\? ( work+ wom5 #ahi ,conc]t$ action ( wom5 necess>y to br+ ab\t indu/rial protection #aia ,wom5 c control surr\nd+s ( _! "w only by means ( fran*ise #aib ,unfair to put task ( indu/rial protection ^u wom5's trades unions z x (t5 confuses issues #aid ,clos] connection betwe5 indu/ry & gov]nm5t w\ld result if work+ wom5 7 enfran*is$ #aif ,failure to educate wom5 to indu/rial life disa/r\s to indu/ry itself & to wom5 z employ]s #aig ,situation mu/ be view$ 9 relation to rec5t immigration & 9 connection ) pres5t /age ( factory sy/em 9 ,am]ica #aii ,,new] ,,ideals ,,( ,,peace ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! foll[+ pages pres5t ! claims ( ! new]1 m aggressive ideals ( peace1 z ov] aga9/ ! old] dovelike ideal4 ,^! new] ideals are active & dynamic1 & x is believ$ t if _! =ces 7 made really op]ative ^u society1 !y w\ld1 9 ! end1 q z a natural process1 d away ) w>4 ,! old] ideals h requir$ fo/]+ & recruit+1 & h be5 held & promulgat$ on ! basis ( a cre$4 ,_! propag&a has be5 c>ri$ =w>d dur+ ! la/ c5tury 9 ne>ly all civiliz$ c\ntries by a small body ( m5 :o h nev] ceas$ to cry out aga9/ w> & its iniquities & :o h prea*$ ! doctr9es ( peace along two great l9es4 ,! fir/ has be5 ! appeal to ! high] imag9ative pity1 z x is f\nd 9 ! mod]n1 moraliz$ man4 ,?is l9e has be5 mo/ effectively foll[$ by two ,russians1 ,c\nt ,tol/oy 9 8 e>li] writ+s & ,v]e/*ag9 9 8 pa9t+s4 ,) 8 rel5tless p[] ( r$uc+ all life to p]sonal exp]i5ce ,c\nt ,tol/oy drags u ?r\gh ! campaign ( ! common soldi] 9 its sordidness & meanness & con/ant s5se ( p]plexity4 ,we see no?+ ( ! glories we h associat$ ) w>f>e1 b le>n ( x z x appe>s to ! untutor$ peasant :o goes =? at ! m&ate ( 8 sup]ior to suff] hung]1 cold1 & dea? = issues :i* he does n und]/&1 :i*1 inde$1 c h no moral significance to him4 ,v]e/*ag9 cov]s 8 canvas ) ?\s&s ( wret*$ w\nd$ & neglect$ dead1 ) ! wa/e1 cruelty1 & squalor ( w>1 until he =ces u to "q :e!r a moral issue c ev] be subs]v$ by su* brutal me?ods4 ,high & se>*+ z is ! prea*+ ( ^! two great ,russians :o hold _! art ( no acc\nt save z x s]ves moral ends1 x is /ill ! appeal ( dogma1 & may be r$uc$ to a comm& to cease f evil4 ,& :5 ?is same l9e ( appeal is pres5t$ by less gift$ m51 x (t5 results 9 m]e s5tim5tality1 totally un5=c$ by a call to righte\sness4 ,! second l9e foll[$ by ! advocates ( peace 9 all c\ntries has be5 ! appeal to ! s5se ( prud5ce1 & ?is aga9 has f\nd its able/ expon5t 9 a ,russian subject1 ! economi/ & bank]1 ,jean de ,blo*4 ,he sets =? ! co/ ( w>f>e ) pitiless accuracy1 & demon/rates t ev5 ! pres5t arm$ peace is s co/ly t ! burd5s ( x ?reat5 social revolution 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,long be=e ! read] comes to ! end ( de ,blo*'s elaborate computation he is ready to cry out on ! inanity ( ! proposition t ! only way to secure et]nal peace is to wa/e s mu* valuable en]gy & treasure 9 prep>+ = w> t w> becomes impossible4 ,c]ta9ly no !ory c\ld be devis$ :i* is m cumb]some1 m r\ndab\t1 m extravagant1 ?an ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! peace-secur$-by-!-prep>ation-=-w> !ory4 ,?is appeal to prud5ce 0 con/antly emphasiz$ at ! fir/ ,hague ,conf]5ce & 0 %ortly aft]w>d demon/rat$ by ,great ,brita9 :5 %e w5t to w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :]e %e 0 f9$ "o hundr$ million p\nds & lo/ t5 ?\s& lives4 ,! fact t ,russia also1 & ! v ,cz> :o invit$ ! ,conf]5ce1 disreg>d$ ! conclusions ( ! ,hague ,tribunal makes ?is l9e ( appeal at lea/ = ! mom5t seem impot5t to influ5ce empires :i* comm& enorm\s res\rces & :i* lodge ! p[] ( exp5diture 9 (ficials :o h no?+ to d ) accumulat+ ! treasure !y vote to exp5d4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ! height ( folly = responsible /atesm5 to ignore ! sane me?ods ( int]national discussion & concession :i* h be5 evolv$ l>gely z a result ( ^! appeals4 ,! ,int]p>liam5t>y ,union = ,int]national ,arbitration & ! ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law repres5t ! untir+ ef=ts ( ! advocates ( peace ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,nev]!less univ]sal peace1 view$ f ! po9t ( ! ,_w's ,sov]eignty or ( ! ,c\nsel ( ,nations1 is disc\rag+ ev5 :5 /at$ by ! mo/ ard5t promot]s ( ! peace society4 ,"h x is q possible t ! mi/ake is be+ repeat$ :i* ! old annali/s ( hi/ory made :5 !y nev] fail$ to *ronicle ! w>s & calamities :i* h>ass$ _! contempor>ies1 al?\gh1 :ile ! few indulg$ 9 fight+1 ! mass ( !m peacefully prosecut$ _! daily toil & foll[$ _! own conceptions ( k9dl9ess & equity4 ,an ,engli% writ]#a has rec5tly bidd5 u to look at ! actual /ate ( affairs exi/+ at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,he says1 8,univ]sal & p]man5t peace may be a vision2 b ! gradual *ange :]eby w>1 z a normal /ate ( int]national relations1 has giv5 place to peace z ! normal /ate1 is no vision1 b an actual process ( hi/ory palpably =w>d$ 9 our own day by ! developm5t ( int]national law & ( morals1 & volunt>y arbitration bas$ !reon40 ,he insi/s t x is ! function ( int]national lawy]s m]ely to give coh]5t expression to ! be/ pr9ciples :i* ! common moral s5se ( civiliz$ ,gov]nm5ts recognizes2 9 o!r words1 t int]national law %\ld be l primitive law )9 ! nation1 a =mal expression ( cu/om re/+ on ! s5se ( a reciprocal re/ra9t :i* has be5 f\nd to be necess>y = ! common good4 ,assum+ t ! two l9es ( appeal--! "o to s5sibility & ! o!r to prud5ce--w p]si/1 & t ! int]national lawy]s1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y h no c\rt be=e :i* to plead & no executive to en=ce _! f9d+s1 w cont9ue to =mulate into codes ! gr[+ moral s5se ( ! nations1 ! foll[+ pages hope n only to make cle> ! cont5tion t ^! =ces )9 society are s dynamic & vigor\s t ! impulses to w> seem by comp>ison cumb]some & me*anical1 b also to po9t out ! developm5t ( ^? new] social =ces :i* x is believ$ w at la/ prove a 8sov]eign int]v5tion0 by ext+ui%+ ! possibility ( battle at its v s\rce4 ,x is difficult to =mulate ! new] dynamic peace1 embody+ ! lat] humanism1 z ov] aga9/ ! old dogmatic peace4 ,! ^w 8non-resi/ance0 is mislead+1 because x is mu* too feeble & inadequate4 ,x sugge/s passivity1 ! goody-goody attitude ( ineffectiv5ess4 ,! words 8ov]com+10 8sub/itut+10 8re-creat+10 8readju/+ moral values10 8=m+ new c5tres ( spiritual en]gy0 c>ry mu* m ( ! mean+ impli$4 ,= x is n m]ely ! desire = a consci5ce at re/1 = a s5se ( ju/ice no long] outrag$1 t w\ld pull u into new pa?s :]e !re w\ld be no m w> nor prep>ations = w>4 ,!re are /ill m /r5u\s =ces at "w rea*+ d[n to impulses & exp]i5ces z primitive & pr(\nd z are ^? ( /ruggle itself4 ,t 8anci5t k9dl9ess :i* sat beside ! cradle ( ! race10 & :i* is ev] ready to ass]t itself aga9/ ambition & gre$ & ! desire = a*ievem5t1 is manife/+ itself n[ ) unusual =ce1 & = ! fir/ "t pres5ts int]national aspects4 ,morali/s agree t x is n s mu* by ! tea*+ ( moral !orems t virtue is to be promot$ z by ! direct expression ( social s5tim5ts & by ! cultivation ( practical habits2 t 9 ! progress ( society s5tim5ts & op9ions h come fir/1 !n habits ( action & la/ly moral codes & in/itutions4 ,little is ga9$ by creat+ ! latt] prematurely1 b mu* may be accompli%$ to ! utilization ( human int]e/s & affections4 ,! ,advocates ( ,peace w\ld f9d ! appeal bo? to ,pity & ,prud5ce totally unnecess>y1 c\ld !y utilize ! cosmopolitan int]e/ 9 human affairs ) ! resultant social sympa?y t at ! pres5t mom5t is develop+ among all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,by way ( illu/ration1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to cite ! ,london %[man :o us$ to exhibit two skulls ( ,%akespe>e--"o :5 he 0 a y\? & w5t poa*+1 ano!r :5 he 0 a man & wrote plays4 ,!re 0 su* a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! roy/]+ boy indulg+ 9 illicit sport & ! mature man :o peopl$ ! ,london /age ) all ! _w1 t ! %[man grew confus$ & consid]$ two sep>ate acts ( creation less improbable ?an t su* an amaz+ *ange %\ld h tak5 place4 ,we c easily imag9e ! gift$ y\? 9 ! little gr\p ( ru/ics at ,/rat=d-on-,avon f9d+ no adequate outlet = 8 p[]s save 9 a s]ies ( break-neck adv5tures4 ,8 only alt]native 0 to sit by ! fire ) ! village cronies1 dr9k+ ale s long z 8 %ill+s held out4 ,b if we foll[ him up to ,london1 ?r\gh all ! *>m & wond] ( ! /age :i* repres5t$ 8 unfold+ m9d1 if we c imag9e 8 delight z he gradually ga9$ ! fre$om1 n only ( t big t[n1 b ( ! human city z well1 we c easily see t illicit sport c\ld no long] attract him4 ,to h told ! great dramati/ ! night ,hamlet fir/ /epp$ ^u ! bo>ds t x 0 a wick$ ?+ to poa*1 to h caution$ him t he mu/ consid] ! co/ ( pres]v+ ! =e/ & ( rais+ ! de]1 or to h made an appeal to 8 pity on behalf ( ! w\nd$ creatures1 w\ld h be5 ! height ( folly1 because totally unnecess>y4 ,all desire1 almo/ all memory ( ^? days1 _h dropp$ f him1 ?r\gh 8 absorption 9 ! great & excit+ drama ( life4 ,8 ef=t to und]/& x1 to portray x1 _h utiliz$ & dra9$ 8 e p[]4 ,x is equally true ( our contempor>ies1 z x 0 ( ! great play-wright1 t ! atta9m5t ( ?is all-absorb+ passion = multi=m life1 ) ! desire to und]/& its my/]ies & to free its capacities1 is gradually displac+ ! juv5ile prop5sities to w>f>e4 ,f ?is /&po9t ! advocates ( ! new] ,ideals ( ,peace w\ld h little to d b to insi/ t ! social po9t ( view be kept p>am\nt1 realiz+ at ! same "t t ! social s5tim5ts are z bl9d z ! egoi/ic s5tim5ts & mu/ be enlight5$1 discipl9$ & direct$ by ! fulle/ k4 ,! mod]n /ud5ts ( human morality h told u t primitive man1 by ! v necessities ( 8 h>d /ruggle = life1 came at la/ to id5tify 8 own exi/5ce ) t ( 8 tribe4 ,tribal life !n made room )9 itself = ! developm5t ( t compassion :i* is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds s5sibility & high] moral s5tim5t4 ,if we accept ?is /atem5t !n we mu/ assume t ! new social morality1 :i* we s sadly ne$1 w ( necessity h its orig9 9 ! social affections--we mu/ se>* 9 ! dim bord]l& betwe5 compassion & morality = ! beg9n+s ( t cosmopolitan affection1 z x is prematurely call$4 ,! life ( ! tribal man inevitably divid$ into two sets ( actions1 :i* appe>$ "u two diff]5t e?ical aspects3 ! relation )9 ! tribe & ! relation ) outsid]s1 ! d\ble conception ( morality ma9ta9+ itself until n[4 ,b ! tribal law diff]$ no m widely f int]-tribal law ?an our common law does f our int]national law4 ,until society manages to comb9e ! two we %all make no headway t[>d ! ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace4 ,if we w\ld in/itute an intellig5t se>* = ! social conditions :i* make possible ?is comb9ation we %\ld naturally seek = !m 9 ! poor] qu>t]s ( a cosmopolitan city :]e we h1 z n[h]e else1 ! conditions = break+ into ?is d\ble developm5t2 = mak+ a fre% />t1 z x 71 t[>d a syn!sis ^u a high] moral l9e :i* %all include bo?4 ,!re is e opportunity & necessity = compassion & k9dl9ess su* z ! tribe itself af=d$1 & !re is 9 addition1 because ( ! _m nationalities :i* are ga!r$ !re f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ! opportunity & necessity = break+ ?r\gh ! tribal bond4 ,e>ly associations & affections 7 n bas$ s mu* on ties ( blood z ^u t necessity = def5se aga9/ ! ho/ile _w outside :i* made ! life ( e man 9 a tribe valuable to e o!r man4 ,! fact ( blood 01 s to speak1 an accid5t4 ,! moral code grew out ( solid>ity ( emotion & action ess5tial to ! life ( all4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! mod]n city :i*1 at mom5ts1 seems to /& only = ! triumph ( ! /ronge/1 ! successful exploitation ( ! weak1 ! ru?lessness & hidd5 crime :i* foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce on its l[e/ t]ms1 !re come daily--at lea/ to ,am]ican cities--accretions ( simple p1 :o c>ry 9 _! he>ts a desire = m]e goodness4 ,!y regul>ly deplete _! scanty livelihood 9 response to a primitive pity1 &1 indep5d5t ( ! religions !y h pr(ess$1 ( ! wrongs !y h suff]$1 & ( ! fix$ morality !y h be5 taught1 h an unqu5*able desire t *>ity & simple ju/ice %all regulate m5's relations4 ,x seems sometimes1 to "o :o kn[s !m1 z if !y cont9ually s\ght = an outlet = m k9dl9ess1 & t !y are n only will+ & eag] to d a favor = a fri5d1 b t _! k9dhe>t$ness lies 9 ambu%1 z x 71 = a *ance to incorporate itself 9 our l>g] relations1 t !y p]si/5tly expect t x %all be giv5 "s =m ( gov]nm5tal expression4 ,?is is d\btless due p>tly to ! fact t emotional pity & k9dness are always f\nd 9 greate/ degree among ! unsuccessful4 ,we are told t unsuccessful /ruggle bre$s emotion1 n /r5g?2 t ! h>d-press$ races are ! emotional races2 & t :]ev] /ruggle has long prevail$ emotion becomes ! dom9ant =ce 9 fix+ social relations4 ,is x surpris+1 !re=e1 t among ?is huge mass ( ! unsuccessful1 to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s ( ! mod]n city1 we %\ld h ! 8m$ium10 9 :i* ! fir/ gr[? ( ! new compassion is tak+ place8 ,9 addition to ?is compassion always f\nd among ! unsuccessful1 emotional s5tim5t runs high among ! newly arriv$ immigrants z a result ( ! emotional exp]i5ces ( p>t+ f home & k9dr$1 to :i* he has be5 s rec5tly subject$4 ,an unusual m5tal al]tness & p[] ( p]ception also results f ! upheaval4 ,! multitudes ( immigrants flood+ ! ,am]ican cities h _m times sund]$ social habits *]i%$ ?r\gh a hundr$ g5]ations1 & h r5\nc$ cu/oms t may be trac$ to ! habits ( primitive man4 ,^! old habits & cu/oms h a mu* m p[]ful hold ?an h m]e racial or national ties4 ,9 seek+ companion%ip 9 ! new _w1 all ! immigrants are r$uc$ to ! fundam5tal equalities & univ]sal necessities ( human life itself1 & !y inevitably develop ! p[] ( association :i* comes f daily contact ) ^? :o are unlike ea* o!r 9 all save ! univ]sal *>act]i/ics ( man4 ,:5 look$ at too closely1 ?is nasc5t morality disappe>s1 & "o c c\nt ov] only a ?\s& k9dly acts & neighborly (fices4 ,b :5 m$itat$ ^u 9 ! :ole1 !re at once em]ge aga9 ^? va/ & dom9ant sugge/ions ( a new peace & hol9ess4 ,x w\ld seem z if our f9al help & heal+ 7 ab\t to issue =? f brok5 human nature itself1 out ( ! pa!tic /riv+ ( ord9>y m51 :o make up ! common sub/ance ( life3 f ^? :o h be5 driv5 by economic pressure or gov]nm5tal oppression out ( a score ( nations4 ,^! v>i\s peoples :o are ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! immigrant qu>t]s ( a cosmopolitan city wor%ip goodness = its own value1 & d n associate x ) success any m ?an !y associate success ) !mselves2 !y lit]ally 8s]ve ,god = n\ght40 ,if we w\ld adduce evid5ce t we are em]g+ f a p]iod ( indu/rialism into a p]iod ( humanit>ianism1 x is to su* qu>t]s t we mu/ betake ourselves4 ,^! are ! places 9 :i* x is easie/ to /udy ! new] manife/ations ( gov]nm5t1 9 :i* p]sonal welf>e is consid]$ a legitimate object2 = a new hi/ory ( gov]nm5t beg9s ) an attempt to make life possible & human 9 l>ge cities1 9 ^? cr[d$ qu>t]s :i* exhibit su* an und\bt$ t5d5cy to b>b>ism & deg5]acy :5 ! bett] human qualities are n n\ri%$4 ,public ba?s & gymnasiums1 p>ks & libr>ies1 are provid$ fir/ = ^? :o are )\t ! security = b>e subsi/5ce1 & x does n seem /range to !m t x %\ld be s4 ,su* a community is made up ( m5 :o w cont9ue to dream ( ,utopian ,gov]nm5ts until ! democratic gov]nm5t ab\t !m expresses k9dl9ess ) protection4 ,su* m5 w cont9ue to rely ^u neighborly fri5dl9ess until organiz$ *>ity is able to id5tify impulsive pity ) well-consid]$ relief4 ,!y w navely long = an education = _! *ildr5 t w fit !m to e>n money until public education %all come to consid] indu/rial effici5cy4 ,z _! hopes & dreams are a prophecy ( ! future developm5t 9 city gov]nm5t1 9 *>ity1 9 education1 s _! daily lives are a =eca/ ( com+ int]national relations4 ,our att5tion has lately be5 drawn to ! fact t x is logical t ! mo/ vigor\s ef=ts 9 gov]nm5tal re=m1 z well z ! mo/ g5]\s exp]im5ts 9 m9i/]+ to social ne$s1 h come f ! l>g] cities & t x is inevitable t !y %\ld be to-day 8! c5t]s ( radicalism10 z !y h be5 traditionally ! 8cradles ( lib]ty40#b ,if we once admit ! human dynamic "* ( progress1 !n x is easy to und]/& :y ! cr[d$ city qu>t]s become focal po9ts ( t progress4 ,a deep] & m ?or\gh-go+ unity is requir$ 9 a community made up ( highly diff]5tiat$ peoples ?an 9 a m settl$ & /ratifi$ "o1 & x may be logical t we %\ld f9d 9 ?is comm+l+ ( _m peoples a c]ta9 balance & concord ( oppos+ & cont5d+ =ces2 a gravitation t[>d ! univ]sal4 ,because ( _! diff]5ce 9 all ext]nal matt]s1 9 all ( ! non-ess5tials ( life1 ! p 9 a cosmopolitan city are =c$ to f\nd _! community ( int]e/s ^u ! basic & ess5tial lik5esses ( _! common human nature2 =1 aft] all1 ! ?+s t make m5 alike are /rong] & m primitive ?an ! ?+s t sep>ate !m4 ,x is natural t ?is syn!sis ( ! v>y+ nations %\ld be made fir/ at ! po9ts ( ! greate/ conge/ion1 q z we f9d t selfi%ness is fir/ curb$ & social feel+ creat$ at ! po9ts :]e ! conflict ( individual int]e/s is %>pe/4 ,"o d>es n gr[ too c]ta9 z to ! wells ( moral heal+ :i* lie "u ! surface ( ! sull5 "w-driv5 life :i* ! indu/rial qu>t]s ( ! mod]n city pres5t4 ,!y fasc9ate u by _! m]e size & div]sity1 z does ! city itself2 b c]ta9 x is1 t ^! qu>t]s cont9ually conf\nd u by _! manife/ations ( altruism4 ,x may be t we are surpris$ simply because we fail to compreh5d t ! individual1 "u su* pressure1 mu/ %ape 8 life ) "s ref]5ce to ! dem&s ( social ju/ice1 n only to avoid cru%+ ! little folk ab\t him1 b 9 ord] to save himself f dea? by cru%+4 ,x is an in/ance ( ! irresi/ible coalesc+ ( ! altrui/ic & egoi/ic impulse :i* is ! /r5g? ( social morality4 ,we are (t5 told t m5 "u ?is pressure ( life become call\s$ & cynical1 :]eas anyone :o lives ) !m kn[s t !y are s5tim5tal & compassionate4 ,x is possible t we %all be sav$ f w>f>e by ! 8fight+ rabble0 itself1 by ! 8qu>relsome mob0 turn$ into k9dly citiz5s ( ! _w ?r\gh ! pressure ( a cosmopolitan neighborhood4 ,x is n t !y are %\t+ = peace--on ! contr>y1 if !y %\t at all1 !y w cont9ue to %\t = w>--b t !y are really atta9+ cosmopolitan relations ?r\gh daily exp]i5ce4 ,!y w probably believe = a long "t t w> is noble & necess>y bo? to eng5d] & *]i% patriotism2 & yet all ( ! "t1 bel[ _! %\t+1 !y are liv+ 9 ! k+dom ( human k9dness4 ,!y are lay+ ! simple & inevitable f\ndations = an int]national ord] z ! f\ndations ( tribal & national morality h already be5 laid4 ,!y are develop+ ! only sort ( patriotism consi/5t ) ! int]m+l+ ( ! nations2 = ! citiz5s ( a cosmopolitan qu>t] f9d an insup]able difficulty :5 !y attempt to hem 9 _! conception ( patriotism ei!r to ! 8old c\ntry0 or to _! adopt$ "o4 ,!re arises ! hope t :5 ?is new] patriotism becomes l>ge en\gh1 x w ov]come arbitr>y b\nd>ies & soak up ! notion ( nationalism4 ,we may !n give up w>1 because we %all f9d x z difficult to make w> ^u a nation at ! o!r side ( ! globe z ^u our next-door neighbor4 ,^! humble h>b+]s ( ! ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace1 v5tur+ !mselves ^u a l>g] relation%ip1 are mo/ t\*+2 & :ile ! success ( _! ef=ts c nev] be gu>ante$ or spok5 ( too confid5tly1 !y /ir u ) a /range hope1 z if new vi/as ( life 7 op5+ be=e u--vi/as n illum9at$ ) ! gl>e ( w>1 b ) a mell[$ gl[ ( _! own4 ,^! pa?s are se5 di/9ctly only z we asc5d to a m envelop+ po9t ( view & obta9 a l>g] & bulki] s5se ( ! gr[+ s5tim5t :i* rejects ! old & negative bonds ( discipl9e & co]cion & insi/s ^u vital & frat]nal relation%ip1 subord9at+ ! l[] to ! high]4 ,to make ?is hope valid & intelligible1 is inde$ ! task be=e ^! humble bre?r5 ( ours & ( ^? :o w\ld help !m4 ,!y enc\rage u to hope = ! discov]y ( a new vital relation--t ( ! individual to ! race--:i* may lay ! f\ndation = a new religi\s bond adequate to ! mod]n situation2 & we almo/ come to believe t su* a f\ndation is1 9 fact1 be+ laid n[--n 9 speculation1 b 9 action4 ,t :i* secur$ = ! e>ly ,hebrew %eph]d 8 heal?1 8 peace ( m9d1 & 8 s5se ( connection ) ! ,unse51 became ! basis = ! mo/ wond]ful & widespread religion ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,p]haps1 at ?is mom5t1 we ne$ to f9d t :i* w secure ! heal?1 ! peace ( m9d1 & ! opportunity = normal occupation & spiritual gr[? to ! humble/ indu/rial work]1 z ! f\ndation = a rational conduct ( life adapt$ to an indu/rial & cosmopolitan era4 ,ev5 n[ we only dimly compreh5d ! /r5g? & irresi/ible p[] ( ^? 8univ]sal & imp]i\s ideals :i* are =m$ 9 ! dep?s ( anonym\s life10 & :i* ! p insi/ %all come to realization1 n because !y h be5 te/$ by logic or hi/ory1 b because ! mass ( m5 are eag] t !y %\ld be tri$ z a liv+ exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ to our diff]5t me?ods ( view+ society1 we express ?is new] ideal :i* is aft] all s old z to h be5 eng5d]$ 9 ! tribe itself4 ,he :o makes ! /udy ( society a m]e coroll>y ( biology1 speaks ( ! 8!ory ( ! unspecializ$10 t ! simple cell develops mu* m rapidly :5 new tissue is ne$$ ?an ! m highly develop$ "o2 he :o views society f ! economic /&po9t & f9ds hope only 9 a *ang$ indu/rial ord]1 talks ( ! 8man at ! bottom ( society10 ( ! prolet>ian :o %all ev5tually come into 8 own2 he :o believes t a wis] & a san] education w cure our social ill1 speaks ev] & aga9 ( 8! wisdom ( ! little *ild0 & ( ! necessity to reveal & explore 8 capacity2 :ile he :o keeps close to ! hi/oric d$uctions ^u :i* ! /udy ( society is *iefly f\nd$1 uses ! old religi\s phrase1 8! c\nsel ( imp]fection10 & bids u conc]n ourselves ) 8! lea/ ( ^!40 ,! ,fr5* h a phrase l'imp]ieuse bont by :i* !y designate ^? impulses t[>ds compassionate conduct :i* w n be d5i$1 because !y are z imp]ative 9 _! dem& = expression z is ! impulse to make music or to s(t5 life by poesy & decoration4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 ,/4 ,francis 0 a g5ius 9 exactly ! same s5se z 0 ,dante or ,raphael1 & he reveal$ q z !y did1 possibilities & rea*es ( ! human s\l hi!rto unsuspect$4 ,?is g5ius = goodness has 9 ! pa/ l>gely express$ itself ?r\gh individuals & gr\ps1 b x may be t we are approa*+ a p]iod :i* %all give x collective expression1 & %all unite into "o all ^? private & p>o*ial ef=ts4 ,x w\ld be no m /range ?an 0 t m>vel\s com+ toge!r ( ! arti/s & ! p 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* result$ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,we may be wait+ = a religi\s en?usiasm1 = a div9e fire to fuse toge!r ! p>tial & feeble ef=ts at 8do+ good0 into a transfigur$ :ole :i* %all take on int]national proportions z naturally z ! ca!drals t[]$ into unhe>d-( heights4 ,! ,go?ic ca!drals 7 glori\s beyond ! dreams ( arti/s1 not)/&+ t !y 7 built by unkn[n m51 or r by s _m m5 t x 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to record _! names4 ,c\ld we comp>e ! pres5t humanit>ian ef=ts to ! build+ ( a spiritual ca!dral1 x w\ld seem t ! g>goyles _h be5 made fir/1 t ! gr\nd is n[ /rewn ) ef=ts to 8d good0 :i* h develop$ a diabolical capacity = do+ h>m4 ,b ev5 ^! may fall into place4 ,! old ca!dral-build]s fe>lessly portray$ all ( life1 its invet]ate t5d5cy to d]ide z well z to bless2 its trick]y z well z its beauty4 ,_! art 0 ca?olic en\gh to portray all1 & ! ca!dral 0 huge en\gh to mell[ all !y portray$ into a fl[+ & inspir$ :ole4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t x requires ! philosoph] to unify ^! spiritual ef=ts ( ! common man into ! int]nationalism ( good w1 z 9 ! pa/ x 0 natural t ! philosoph]s1 ! m5 :o look$ at life z a :ole1 %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to sigh = negative peace :i* !y decl>$ w\ld be 8et]nal40 ,speculative writ]s1 su* z ,kant1 ,b5?am1 & ,buckle1 long ago po9t$ out t ! subsid5ce ( w> 0 inevitable z society progress$4 ,!y cont5d$ t e /age ( human progress is m>k$ by a fur!r curtailm5t ( brute =ce1 a limitation ( ! area 9 :i* x is p]mitt$4 ,at ! bottom is ! small savage community 9 a p]petual /ate ( w>f>e2 at ! top an ord]ly society /imulat$ & controll$ by recogniz$ ideals ( social ju/ice4 ,9 proportion z ! savage society comes "u ! dom9ion ( a common moral consci\sness1 x moves up1 & 9 proportion z ! civiliz$ society rev]ts to ! use ( brute =ce1 x goes d[n4 ,rev]sion to t brute /ruggle may at any mom5t co/ ! de/ruction ( ! pa9fully acquir$ bonds ( equity1 ! ties ( mutual pr9ciple1 :i* are wr\ght ) su* ef=t & loos$ ) su* ease4 ,b ^! e>li] philosoph]s c\ld n possibly h =ese5 ! trem5d\s gr[? ( indu/ry & comm]ce ) _! inevitable cosmopolitanism :i* has s rec5tly tak5 place1 nor )\t k ( ?is c\ld !y possibly h progno/icat$ ! leap =w>d & ! aggressive "* :i* ! conc]n = human welf>e has latt]ly ev9c$4 ,! speculative writ]s among our contempor>ies are naturally ! only ones :o =mulate ?is new developm5t1 or r bid u he$ its pres5ce among u4 ,an ,am]ican philosoph]#c has lately rem9d$ u ( ! ne$ to 8discov] 9 ! social realm ! moral equival5t = w>--some?+ h]oic t w speak to m5 z univ]sally z w> has done1 & yet w be z compatible ) _! spiritual natures z w> has prov$ itself to be incompatible40 ,x may be true t we are ev5 n[ discov]+ ^! moral sub/itutes1 al?\gh we f9d x s difficult to =mulate !m4 ,p]haps our v hope t ^! sub/itutes may be discov]$ has become ! cu/odian ( a secret *ange t is go+ on all ab\t u4 ,we c>e less ea* day = ! h]oism connect$ ) w>f>e & de/ruction1 & con/antly admire m t :i* p]ta9s to labor & ! n\ri%+ ( human life4 ,! new h]oism manife/s itself at ! pres5t mom5t 9 a univ]sal det]m9ation to aboli% pov]ty & disease1 a manife/ation s widespread t x may ju/ly be call$ int]national4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is new det]m9ation "o imm$iately ?9ks ( ! int]national ef=t to rid ! face ( ! e>? ( tub]culosis1 9 :i* ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,engl& & ,am]ica are engag$ ) su* en?usiasm4 ,?is movem5t has its int]national congresses1 its discov]]s & vet]ans1 also its decorations & rew>ds = brav]y4 ,its discipl9e is sev]e2 x requires self-control1 endurance1 self-sacrifice & con/ant wat*fulness4 ,its lead]s devote h\rs to c>eful tea*+ & demon/ration1 !y reclaim acres ( bad h\ses1 & make ov] ! food supply ( huge cities4 ,"o c\ld in/ance ! det]m9ation to d away ) neglect$ old age1 :i* f9ds expression 9 ! ,old ,age ,p5sion ,acts ( ,g]many & ,au/ralia1 9 ! ,/ate ,sav+s ,banks ( ,belgium & ,france1 9 ! enorm\s numb] ( ,mutual ,b5efit ,societies 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,9 su* und]tak+s z ^!1 ) _! spontane\s & univ]sal manife/ations1 are we beg9n+ to see ! fir/ timid =w>d rea* ( "o ( ^? in/9ctive movem5ts :i* c>ry onw>d ! progressive goodness ( ! race4 ,x is possible t ?is sub/itution ( nurture = w>f>e is analog\s to t _w-wide ef=t to put a limit to rev5ge :i* "o nation aft] ano!r essay$ z ea* rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,to compel ! av5g] to accept blood-money 9 lieu ( ! blood ( 8 enemy may h be5 b a %ort /ep 9 morals1 b at lea/ x de/roy$ ! /imulus to fur!r %$d+ ( blood :i* ea* av5g$ dea? _h af=d$1 & x laid ! f\ndations = c\rt adjudications4 ,! new] humanit>ianism is m aggressive & sub/itutes emotional /imuli z well z codes ( conduct4 ,we may pr$ict t ea* nation q z a natural process w rea* ! mom5t :5 virile good-w w be sub/itut$ = ! _s ( w>f>e4 ,! process ( ext+ui%+ w>1 h[ev]1 comp>$ to ! limit+ ( rev5ge1 w be amaz+ly accel]at$4 ,ow+ to ! mod]n conditions ( int]c\rse1 ea* nation w respond1 n to an isolat$ impulse1 b w be caught 9 ! curr5t ( a _w-wide process4 ,we are mu* too timid & apologetic 9 reg>d to ?is new] humanit>ianism1 & d n yet realize :at x may d = u 9 ! way ( c\rage & endurance4 ,we cont9ue to def5d w> on ! gr\nd t x /irs ! nobl] blood & ! high] imag9ation ( ! nation1 & ?us frees x f moral /agnation & ! bonds ( comm]cialism4 ,we d n see t ?is is to borr[ our virtues f a =m] age & to fail to utilize our own4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ?is plight because our mod]n morality has lack$ fibre1 because our humanit>ianism has be5 mu* too s(t & lit]>y1 & has giv5 itself ov] to unreal & high-s\nd+ phrases4 ,x appe>s t our only hope = a g5u9e adju/m5t ( our morality & c\rage to our pres5t social & indu/rial developm5ts1 lies 9 a pati5t ef=t to "w x out by daily exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ be will+ to surr5d] ourselves to ^? ideals ( ! humble1 :i* all religi\s tea*]s unite 9 decl>+ to be ! f\ndations ( a s9c]e moral life4 ,! foll[+ pages attempt to uncov] ^! new] ideals z we may daily exp]i5ce !m 9 ! mod]n city4 ,x may be f\nd t c]ta9 survivals ( milit>ism 9 municipal gov]nm5t are responsible = mu* ( ! failure 9 ! work+ ( democratic in/itutions4 ,we may discov] t ! survivals ( w>f>e 9 ! labor movem5t & all ! o!r dang]s ( class morality re/ l>gely ^u an appeal to loyalties :i* are ess5tially a survival ( ! virtues ( a w>like p]iod4 ,! m aggressive aspects ( ! new] humanit>ianism may be trac$ 9 ! movem5t = social amelioration & 9 ! protective legislation :i* reg>ds ! weake/ citiz5 z a valuable asset4 ,! same _s :i* prote/s aga9/ ! social wa/e ( *ild labor also dem&s t ! traditional activity ( woman %all be utiliz$ 9 civic life4 ,:5 ! ,/ate protects its civic res\rces1 z x =m]ly def5d$ its citiz5s 9 "t ( w>1 indu/rialism v]sus milit>ism comes to be nurture v]sus conque/4 ,9 ord] to trace ! displacem5t ( ! milit>y ideals ( patriotism by ^? ( a ris+ conc]n = human welf>e1 we mu/ take an acc\nt+ betwe5 ^? =ms ( gov]nm5tal ma*9]y & social organization :i* are ! hi/oric outgr[? ( conque/ & repression & ! new] =ms aris+ 9 _! mid/ :i* embody ! social en]gy in/antly recognizable z contemporane\s ) our s9c]e/ moral life4 ,to foll[ ?is new] humanit>ianism ev5 ?r\gh its obvi\s manife/ations requires at ! v outset a def9ite ab&onm5t ( ! eighte5?-c5tury philosophy ^u :i* s mu* ( our pres5t democratic !ory & philan?ropic activity dep5ds4 ,x is necess>y f ! v beg9n+ to sub/itute ! sci5tific me?od ( rese>* = ! a priori me?od ( ! s*ool m5 if we w\ld deal ) real p & obta9 a s5se ( p>ticipation ) our fell[s4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury humanit>ian hotly insi/$ ^u 8! rights ( man10 b he lov$ ! p )\t really kn[+ !m1 :i* is by no means an impossible a*ievem5t4 8,! love ( ^? :om a man does n "k is q z elem5tal a s5tim5t z ! love ( ^? :om a man does "k10 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t he %uts himself away f ! opportunity ( be+ caught & c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! /ream ( _! hopes & aspirations1 a bigg] & w>m] curr5t ?an he dreams (4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury humanit>ian sub/itut$ 8 en?usia/ic concept ( 8! natural man0 = ! w>m? :i* ?is /ream might h giv5 him1 & s long z he dealt ) political concepts x answ]$ 8 purpose4 ,mazz9i made a mo/ significant /ep betwe5 ! eighte5?-c5tury morality & our own by appeal+ beyond 8! rights ( man0 to ! 8duties to humanity20 b al?\gh an impassion$ democrat1 he 0 /ill a morali/ ( ! e>li] type4 ,he realiz$ ) !m t ! appeal to humanity w\ld evoke a f9] & deep] response ?an t to patriotism or to any sectional morality2 b he %>$ ! eighte5?-c5tury t5d5cy to idealization4 ,x rema9$ = ! morali/ ( ?is g5]ation to dissolve 8humanity0 into its compon5t p>ts ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 & to s]ve _! humble/ ne$s ) an en?usiasm :i*1 s f> f be+ dep5d5t ^u glam\r1 c be su/a9$ only by daily k & con/ant companion%ip4 ,x is no easy task to detect & to foll[ ! t9y pa?s ( progress :i* ! un5cumb]$ prolet>ian ) no?+ b 8 life & capacity = labor1 is po9t+ out = u4 ,^! pa?s lead to a type ( gov]nm5t f\nd$ ^u peace & fell[%ip z contra/$ ) re/ra9t & def5ce4 ,!y c nev] be discov]$ ) ! eyes ( ! doctr9aire4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 he :o w\ld walk ^! pa?s mu/ walk ) ! poor & oppress$1 & c only approa* !m ?r\gh affection & und]/&+4 ,! ideals ( milit>ism w\ld =ev] %ut him out f ?is new fell[%ip4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 ,democracy & ,reaction1 page #aig4 #b ,! ,gr[? ( ,cities 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,a4 ,t4 ,web]1 page #dcb4 #c ,william ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,survivals ,,( ,,milit>ism ,,9 ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,we are accu/om$ to say t ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t incorporat$ 9 ! *>t]s ( ! e>ly ,am]ican cities1 z 9 ! ,f$]al & ,/ate con/itutions1 0 work$ out by m5 :o 7 /rongly "u ! influ5ce ( ! hi/orians & doctr9aires ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ significant repres5tative ( ^! m5 is ,?omas ,jeff]son1 & _! mo/ tell+ phrase1 ! famili> op5+ t 8all m5 are creat$ free & equal40 ,we are only n[ beg9n+ to suspect t ! pres5t admitt$ failure 9 municipal adm9i/ration1 ! s-call$ 8%ame ( ,am]ican cities10 may be l>gely due to ! inadequacy ( ^? eighte5?-c5tury ideals1 ) ! breakd[n ( ! ma*9]y :i* !y provid$4 ,we recognize ! weakness inh]5t 9 ! hi/oric & doctr9aire me?od :5 x attempts to deal ) gr[+ & human in/itutions4 ,:ile ^! m5 7 /rongly "u ! influ5ce ( peace ideals :i* 7 e>ne/ly advocat$1 bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( _! revolution>y p]iods1 & :ile !y read ! burn+ poets & philosoph]s ( _! rem>kable c5tury1 _! idealism1 aft] all1 0 l>gely f\nd$ ^u !ories conc]n+ 8! natural man10 a creature ( _! sympa!tic imag9ations4 ,because _! idealism 0 ( ! type t is afraid ( exp]i5ce1 ^! f\nd]s refus$ to look at ! difficulties & blund]s :i* a self-gov]n+ p 7 sure to enc\nt]1 & insi/$ t1 if only ! p _h fre$om1 !y w\ld walk cont9u\sly 9 ! pa?s ( ju/ice & righte\sness4 ,x 0 inevitable1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld h rema9$ q unt\*$ by t worldly wisdom :i* c\nsels u to "k life z x is1 & by t v mod]n belief t if ! _w is ev] to g "r at all1 x mu/ g "r 9 its own way4 ,a man ( ?is g5]ation easily disc]ns ! crud5ess ( 8t eighte5?-c5tury conception ( ess5tially unprogressive human nature 9 all ! empty dignity ( its #8inborn rights4'0#d ,because he has gr[n famili> ) a m passionate human cre$1 ) ! mod]n evolution>y conception ( ! sl[ly advanc+ race ^: rights are n 8inali5able10 b h>d-won 9 ! tragic processes ( exp]i5ce1 he realizes t ^! pa9fully acquir$ rights mu/ be c>efully *]i%$ or !y may at any mom5t slip out ( our h&s4 ,we "k bett] 9 ,am]ica ?an any:]e else t civilization is n a broad road1 ) mile-/ones indicat+ h[ f> ea* nation has proce$$ ^u x1 b a complex /ruggle =w>d1 ea* race & nation contribut+ its quota2 t ! v>iety & cont9uity ( ?is comm+l$ life af=d its *>m & value4 ,we w\ld n1 if we c\ld1 con=m !m to "o /&>d4 ,b ?is mod]n attitude1 :i* may ev5 n[ easily subside into negative tol]ance1 did n exi/ among ! f\nd]s ( ! ,republic1 :o1 ) all _! f9e talk ( ! 8natural man0 & :at he w\ld accompli% :5 he obta9$ fre$om & equality1 did n really tru/ ! p aft] all4 ,!y timidly took ! ,engli% law z _! prototype1 8^: v root is 9 ! relation betwe5 sov]eign & subject1 betwe5 lawmak] & ^? :om ! law re/ra9s10 :i* has traditionally conc]n$ itself m ) ! gu>d+ ( pr]ogative & ) ! rights ( prop]ty ?an ) ! spontane\s life ( ! p4 ,!y s]5ely incorporat$ laws & survivals :i* regi/]$ ! successful /ruggle ( ! b>ons aga9/ ! aggressions ( ! sov]eign1 al?\gh ! new c\ntry lack$ bo? nobles & k+s4 ,misl$ by ! "n ( gov]nm5t1 !y f\nd$ _! new gov]nm5t by an involunt>y ref]5ce to a l[] social /ate ?an t :i* !y actually saw ab\t !m4 ,!y dep5d$ ^u p5alties1 co]cion1 compulsion1 remnants ( milit>y codes1 to hold ! community toge!r2 & x may be possible to trace mu* ( ! maladm9i/ration ( our cities to ^! survivals1 to ! fact t our e>ly democracy 0 a moral romanticism1 r ?an a well-gr\nd$ belief 9 social capacity & 9 ! effici5cy ( ! popul> w4 ,x has fur!r happ5$ t z ! ma*9]y1 groan+ "u ! pressure ( new social dem&s put ^u x1 has brok5 d[n t f "t to "t1 we h m5d$ x by giv+ m p[] to adm9i/rative (fic]s1 because we /ill di/ru/$ ! w ( ! p4 ,we are will+ to cut (f ! dislocat$ "p or to tight5 ! ge>+1 b are afraid to sub/itute a ma*9e ( new] inv5tion & great] capacity4 ,9 ! h\r ( dang] we rev]t to ! milit>y & legal type al?\gh !y become less & less appropriate to city life 9 proportion z ! city gr[s m complex1 m v>i$ 9 res\rce & m highly organiz$1 & is1 !re=e1 9 great] ne$ ( a m diffus$ local autonomy4 ,a little exam9ation w easily %[ t 9 spite ( ! f9e phrases ( ! f\nd]s1 ! ,gov]nm5t became an entity by itself away f ! daily life ( ! p4 ,!re 0 no int5tion to ignore !m nor to oppress !m4 ,b simply because its ma*9]y 0 s l>gely copi$ f ! traditional ,european ,gov]nm5ts :i* did di/ru/ ! p1 ! f\nd]s fail$ to provide ! vehicle = a vital & g5u9ely organiz$ expression ( ! popul> w4 ,! f\nd]s c>efully def9$ :at 0 g]mane to gov]nm5t & :at 0 q outside its realm1 :]eas ! v crux ( local self-gov]nm5t1 z has be5 well said1 is involv$ 9 ! 8"r to locally det]m9e ! scope ( ! local gov]nm5t10 9 response to ! ne$s z !y arise4 ,!y 7 anxi\s to keep ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( ! good & pr(ess$ly public-spirit$1 because1 hav+ /ak$ s mu* ^u ! p :om !y really knew s little1 !y became eag] t !y %\ld appe> well1 & %\ld n be giv5 en\gh p[] to enable !m really to betray _! weaknesses4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! same _s 9 :i* a k9d lady p]mits h]self to give a tramp five c5ts1 believ+ t1 al?\gh he may sp5d x = dr9k1 he _c get v drunk ^u s small a sum4 ,9 spite ( a vague desire to tru/ ! p1 ! f\nd]s meant to fall back 9 e crisis ^u ! old re/ra9ts :i* gov]nm5t has traditionally enli/$ 9 its behalf1 & 71 p]haps1 inevitably influ5c$ by ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,hav+ look$ to ! sword = indep5d5ce f oppressive gov]nm5tal control1 !y came to reg>d ! sword z an ess5tial "p ( ! gov]nm5t !y _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+4 ,reg>d$ f ! traditional /&po9t1 gov]nm5t has always ne$$ ?is =ce ( arms4 ,! k+1 attempt+ to control ! gr[+ p[] ( ! b>ons z !y wre/$ "o privilege aft] ano!r f him1 0 oblig$ to use x con/antly2 ! b>ons lat] successfully e/abli%$ !mselves 9 p[] only to be encroa*$ ^u by ! gr[+ /r5g? & capital ( ! m]*ant class4 ,^! are n[1 9 turn1 call+ ^u ! troops & militia = aid1 z !y are %orn ( a pittance "h & !re by ! ris+ p[] ( ! prolet>iat4 ,! imp]ial1 ! feudal1 ! capitali/ic =ms ( society ea* creat$ by revolt aga9/ oppression f above1 pres]v$ _! own =ms ( gov]nm5t only by c>efully gu>d+ _! h>dly won *>t]s & con/itutions4 ,b 9 ! v c\ntries :]e ^! successive social =ms h develop$1 full ( survivals ( ! pa/1 "s b5efic5t & "s detrim5tal1 gov]nm5ts are becom+ modifi$ m rapidly ?an 9 ?is democracy :]e we o/5sibly ?rew (f traditional gov]nm5tal oppression only to encase ourselves 9 a !ory ( virtu\s revolt aga9/ oppressive gov]nm5t1 :i* 9 _m in/ances has prov$ m b9d+ ?an ! actual oppression itself4 ,did ! f\nd]s cl+ too h>d to t :i* !y _h won ?r\gh p]secution1 h>d%ip1 & f9ally ?r\gh a w> ( revolution8 ,did ^! doctr9es seem s preci\s to !m t !y 7 det]m9$ to tie m5 up to !m z long z possible1 & all[ !m no *ance to g on to new devices ( gov]nm5t1 le/ !y slight ^! t _h be5 s h>dly won8 ,did !y e/imate1 n too highly1 b by too exclusive a valuation1 t :i* !y _h secur$ ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( blood8 ,man has ev] ov]e/imat$ ! spoils ( w>1 & t5d$ to lose 8 s5se ( proportion 9 reg>d to _! value4 ,he has ev] surr\nd$ !m ) a glam\r beyond _! des]ts4 ,?is is q h>mless :5 ! booty is an enemy's sword hung ov] a h\sehold fire1 or a batt]$ flag decorat+ a city hall1 b :5 ! spoil ( w> is an idea :i* is b\nd on ! =ehead ( ! victor until x cramps 8 gr[?1 a !ory :i* he *]i%es 9 8 bosom until x gr[s s l>ge & ne> t x afflicts its possessor ) a sort ( disease ( responsibility = its pres]vation1 x may easily ov]%ad[ ! v p = ^: cause ! w>rior issu$ =?4 ,0 ?is ov]e/imation ( ! f\nd]s ! cause ( our subsequ5t failures8 or r did n ! fault lie ) _! successors1 & does x n n[ re/ ) u1 t we h wrapp$ our inh]itance 9 a napk9 & refus$ to add !reto8 ,! f\nd]s fe>lessly took ! noble/ ^w ( _! c5tury & incorporat$ x into a public docum5t4 ,!y v5tur$ _! =tunes & ! future ( _! *ildr5 ^u its tru?4 ,we1 ) ! belief ( a progressive1 develop+ human life1 app>5tly accompli% less ?an !y ) _! insi/5ce ^u rights & lib]ties :i* !y s vigor\sly oppos$ to m$iaeval re/rictions & obligations4 ,we are 9 t fir/ p]iod ( conv]sion :5 we hold a cre$ :i* =eca/s new] & l>g] possibilities = gov]nm5tal developm5t1 )\t 9 ! lea/ und]/&+ its spiritual implications4 ,al?\gh we h scrupul\sly ext5d$ ! fran*ise to ! v>i$ immigrants among u1 we h n yet admitt$ !m into real political fell[%ip4 ,x is easy to demon/rate t we consid] our social & political problems almo/ :olly 9 ! light ( "o wise gr\p :om we call native ,am]icans1 legislat+ = ! memb]s ( humbl] gr\ps :om we call immigrants4 ,! fir/ embodies ! attitude ( contempt or1 at be/1 ! patronage ( ! successful t[>ds ^? :o h z yet fail$ to succe$4 ,we may consid] ! s-call$ immigration situation z an illu/ration ( our failure to treat our gr[+ ,republic 9 ! _s ( a progressive & develop+ democracy4 ,! /atem5t is made _m times t we1 z a nation1 are rapidly rea*+ ! limit ( our p[]s ( assimilation1 t we receive fur!r masses ( immigrants at ! risk ( blurr+ ^? traits & *>act]i/ics :i* we are pleas$ to call ,am]ican1 ) its coroll>y t ! national /&>d ( liv+ is 9 dang] ( p]man5t debasem5t4 ,7 we n 9 ! mid/ ( a c]ta9 intellectual de>? & apa?y1 ( a skepticism 9 reg>d to ! ideals ( self-gov]nm5t :i* h ceas$ to *>m m51 we w\ld see t we are te/+ our national life by a tradition too prov9cial & limit$ to meet its pres5t motley & cosmopolitan "*2 t we lack m5tal en]gy1 adequate k1 & a s5se ( ! y\? ( ! e>?4 ,! con/ant cry t ,am]ican in/itutions are 9 dang] betrays a spiritual wa/e1 n due to our infidelity to national ideals1 b aris+ f ! fact t we fail to enl>ge ^? ideals 9 accord ) our fai?ful exp]i5ce ( life4 ,our political ma*9]y devis$ = q o!r conditions1 has n be5 readju/$ & adapt$ to ! successive *anges result+ f our developm5t4 ,! clamor = ! t[n meet+1 = ! colonial & e>ly c5tury ideals ( gov]nm5t is 9 itself significant1 = we are apt to cl+ to ! pa/ ?r\gh a v paucity ( ideas4 ,9 a s5se ! enorm\s & unprec$5t$ mov+ ab\t ov] ! face ( ! e>? on ! "p ( all nations is 9 itself ! result ( philosophic dogma ( ! eighte5? c5tury--( ! cre$ ( individual lib]ty4 ,! mod]n sy/em ( indu/ry & comm]ce presupposes fre$om ( occupation1 ( travel1 & resid5ce2 ev5 m1 x unhappily re/s 9 a l>ge measure ^u ! assumption ( a body ( ! unemploy$ & ! unskill$1 ready to be absorb$ or dropp$ accord+ to ! dem&s ( production3 b back ( t1 or c]ta9ly prec$+ its lat] developm5ts1 lies 8! natural rights0 doctr9e ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 s late z #ahib an (ficial treaty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ref]r$ to ! 8inali5able rights ( man to *ange 8 resid5ce & religion40 ,?is dogma ( ! s*oolm51 dramatiz$ 9 ,france & p5etrat+ "u a ?\s& =ms into ! mo/ backw>d ,european ,/ates1 is /ill op]at+ z an obscure =ce 9 s5d+ emigrants to ,am]ica & 9 our receiv+ !m "h4 ,b 9 ! second c5tury ( its exi/5ce x has become too b>r5 & *illy to induce any really zeal\s or b5efic5t activity on behalf ( ! immigrants aft] !y arrive4 ,on ! o!r h& ^? ?+s :i* we d believe--! convictions :i* might be =mulat$ to ! immeasurable b5efit ( ! immigrants1 & to ! ev]la/+ good ( our national life1 h n yet be5 satisfactorily /at$1 nor app>5tly appreh5d$ by u1 9 relation to ?is field4 ,we h no me?od by :i* to discov] m51 to spiritualize1 to und]/&1 to hold int]c\rse ) ali5s & to receive ( :at !y br+4 ,a c5tury-old ab/raction breaks d[n be=e ?is vigor\s te/ ( concrete cases & _! dem& = sympa!tic int]pretation4 ,:5 we are confront$ by ! ,italian lazz>oni1 ! peasants f ! ,c>pa?ian foo?ills1 & ! proscrib$ trad]s f ,galatia1 we h no national ideality f\nd$ ^u realism & te/$ by our gr[+ exp]i5ce ) :i* to meet !m1 b only ! platitudes ( our crude/ y\?4 ,! philosoph]s & /atesm5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury believ$ t ! univ]sal fran*ise w\ld cure all ills2 t lib]ty & equality re/$ only ^u con/itutional rights & privileges2 t to obta9 ^! two & to ?r[ (f all gov]nm5tal oppression con/itut$ ! full duty ( ! progressive patriot4 ,we /ill keep to ?is =malization because ! philosoph]s ( ?is g5]ation give u no?+ new]4 ,we ignore ! fact t _w-wide problems c no long] be solv$ by a political con/itution assur+ u aga9/ opposition1 b t we mu/ frankly face ! proposition t ! :ole situation is m indu/rial ?an political4 ,did we appreh5d ?is1 we might !n realize t ! (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t :o are deal+ ) naturalization pap]s & te/+ ! k ( ! immigrants conc]n+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are only play+ ) c\nt]s repres5t+ ! beliefs ( a c5tury ago1 :ile ! real issues are be+ settl$ by ! great indu/rial & comm]cial int]e/s :i* are at once ! products & ! ma/]s ( our contempor>y life4 ,z *ildr5 :o are all[$ to amuse !mselves ) pok] *ips pay no att5tion to ! real game :i* _! eld]s play ) ! g5u9e c>ds 9 _! h&s1 s we %ut our eyes to ! exploitation & indu/rial debasem5t ( ! immigrant1 & say1 ) placid cont5tm5t1 t he has be5 giv5 ! rights ( an ,am]ican citiz51 & t1 !re=e1 all our obligations h be5 fulfill$4 ,x is z if we %\ld und]take to cure ! contempor>y political corruption f\nd$ ^u a disreg>d ( ! ,int]-,/ate ,comm]ce ,acts1 by requir+ ! recreant citiz5s to repeat ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z yet no vigor\s ef=t is made to discov] h[ f> our pres5t sy/em ( naturalization1 l>gely re/+ ^u laws enact$ 9 #ahjb1 is inadequate1 al?\gh x may h met ! requirem5ts ( 8! fa!rs40 ,^! processes 7 devis$ to te/ new citiz5s :o _h immigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f political r ?an f economic pressure1 al?\gh ^! two h always be5 9 a c]ta9 s5se coext5sive4 ,yet ! e>ly ,iri% came to ,am]ica to seek an opportunity = self-gov]nm5t1 d5i$ !m at home2 ! ,g]mans & ,italians />t$ to come 9 l>ge/ numb]s aft] ! absorption ( _! small] ,/ates into ! l>g] nations2 & ! immigrants f ,russia are ! conqu]$ ,poles1 ,li?uanians1 ,f9ns1 & ,jews4 ,on "s su* obscure notion ! processes ( naturalization 7 work$ out1 &1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( logic1 ! fir/ immigrants 7 pres5t$ ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a type & epitome ( t :i* !y _h come to seek4 ,s f> z !y n[ come 9 se>* ( political lib]ty1 z _m ( !m d e day1 ! te/ is /ill valid1 b1 9 ! meantime1 we _c ignore ^? significant figures :i* %[ emigration to rise ) p]iods ( depression 9 giv5 c\ntries1 & immigration to be *eck$ by p]iods ( depression 9 ,am]ica1 & we refuse to see h[ l>gely ! "q has become an economic "o4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 z we "k1 ! actual import+ ( immigrants is left l>gely to ! en]gy ( /eam%ip companies & to ^? ag5ts = contract labor :o are ke5 en\gh to avoid ! re/rictive laws4 ,! bus9ess man is "h aga9 9 ! saddle1 z he s l>gely is 9 ,am]ican affairs4 ,f ! "t t ! immigrants fir/ make ! acqua9tance ( ! /eam%ip ag5t 9 _! own villages1 at lea/ until a gr&*ild is born on ! new soil1 !y are subject$ to v>i\s processes ( exploitation f purely comm]cial & self-seek+ int]e/s4 ,x beg9s ) ! repres5tatives ( ! transatlantic l9es & _! allies1 :o conv]t ! peasant hold+s into money1 & provide ! prospective emigrants ) ne$less supplies1 su* z c>tridge belts & b[ie knives4 ,! brok]s1 9 manufactur$ passports1 s5d _! cli5ts by successive /ages = a ?\s& miles to a port suit+ _! purposes4 ,on ! way ! emigrants' eyes are treat$ t !y may pass ! physical te/2 !y are taught to read suffici5tly well to meet ! lit]acy te/2 !y are l5t en\gh money to escape ! paup] te/1 & by ! "t !y h rea*$ ,am]ica1 !y are s hopelessly 9 debt t x requires mon?s ( "w to repay all !y h receiv$4 ,dur+ ?is "t !y are completely "u ! control ( ! la/ brok] 9 ! l9e1 :o has 8 d+y (fice 9 an ,am]ican city4 ,! exploitation cont9ues "u ! employm5t ag5cy ^: op]ations v]ge into ^? ( ! politician1 ?r\gh ! naturalization h5*man1 ! petty lawy]s :o fom5t _! qu>rels & grievances by ! /atem5t t 9 a free c\ntry ev]ybody 8goes to law10 by ! liquor deal]s :o /imulate a lively trade among !m1 &1 f9ally1 by ! lodg+-h\se keep]s & ! l&lords :o are n oblig$ to give !m ! h\s+ :i* ! ,am]ican t5ant dem&s4 ,x is a long dre>y road1 & ! immigrant is successfully exploit$ at ea* turn4 ,at mom5ts "o look+ on is driv5 to quote ! ,titanic pla9t ( ,walt ,:itman3 8,z ,i /& alo( & look1 !re is to me some?+ pr(\ndly affect+ 9 l>ge masses ( m5 foll[+ ! lead ( ^? :o d n believe 9 m540 ,! s9i/] aspect ( ?is exploitation lies 9 ! fact t x is c>ri$ on by ag5ts ^: /ock 9 trade are ! c\nt]s & t]ms ( citiz5%ip4 ,x is said t at ! pres5t mom5t !re are m ( ^! ag5ts 9 ,pal]mo ?an p]haps 9 any o!r ,european port1 & t ^? politicians :o h f\nd x impossible to /ay ev5 9 t corrupt city are engag$ 9 ! brok]age ( naturalization pap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c]ta9ly "o effect ( ! /r+5t contract labor laws has be5 to make ! padrones m p[]ful because 8smuggl$ ali5 labor0 has become m valuable to ,am]ican corporations1 & also to make simpl] ! deliv]y ( immigrant votes accord+ to ! dictates ( comm]cial int]e/s4 ,x becomes a v]itable sy/em ( poison+ ! notions ( dec5t gov]nm5t2 b because ! entire process is c>ri$ on 9 political t]ms1 because ! pok] *ips are color$ r$1 :ite1 & blue1 we are *ildi%ly indiff]5t to x4 ,an elaborate avoidance ( re/rictions quickly adapts itself to *anges ei!r 9 legislation "h or at ! po9ts ( dep>ture1 because none ( ! legislation is f\nd$ ^u a real analysis ( ! situation4 ,= in/ance1 a new type ( brok] 9 ,russia dur+ ! ,russian-,japanese ,w> made use ( ! situation 9 ! int]e/s ( "y ,russian ,jews4 ,if "o ( ^! m5 leaves ! c\ntry ord9>ily1 8 family is oblig$ to pay ?ree hundr$ rubles to ! ,gov]nm5t1 b if he fir/ jo9s ! army1 8 family is free f ?is obligation = he has pass$ into ! keep+ ( 8 s]geant4 ,out ( f\r hundr$ ,russian ,jews :o1 dur+ ?ree mon?s1 7 draft$ into ! army at a giv5 recruit+ /ation1 only t5 report$1 ! re/ hav+ escap$ ?r\gh immigration4 ,( c\rse ! entire und]tak+ is mu* m haz>d\s1 because ! man is a des]t] f ! army 9 addition to 8 o!r disabilities2 b ! brok]s m]ely put up ! price ( _! s]vices & cont9ue _! und]tak+s4 ,all ^! evasions ( immigration laws & regulations are simply possible because ! gov]nm5tal te/s d n belong to ! curr5t situation1 & because our political ideas are inh]it$ f gov]nm5tal conditions n our own4 ,9 our refusal to face ! situation1 we h p]si/5tly ignor$ ! political ideals ( ! ,celtic1 ,g]manic1 ,lat91 & ,slavic immigrants :o h successively come to u2 & 9 our ov]:elm+ ambition to rema9 ,anglo-,saxon1 we h fall5 into ! ,anglo-,saxon temptation ( gov]n+ all peoples by "o /&>d4 ,we h fail$ to "w out a democratic gov]nm5t :i* %\ld include ! exp]i5ces & hopes ( all ! v>i$ peoples among u4 ,we ju/ify ! situation by "s su* process z t employ$ by ea* ,engli% elector :o ca/s a vote = sev5ty-five subjects besides himself4 ,he indirectly det]m9es--al?\gh he may be a n>r[-m9d$ tradesman or a c\ntry squire int]e/$ only 9 8 h\nds & horses--! colonial policy1 :i* %all 9 turn control ! de/9ies ( ! ,egyptian *ild toil+ 9 ! cotton factory 9 ,alex&ria1 & ( ! half-/>v$ ,p>see work+ ! opium fields ( ,nor? ,india4 ,yet he _c1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 be in=m$ ( ! ne$s ( ^! f>-away p & he w\ld v5ture to attempt x only 9 reg>d to p :om he consid]$ 8inf]ior40 ,p5d+ a rec5t election1 a ,*icago re=m] begg$ 8 he>]s to ?r[ away all selfi% ?\ghts ( !mselves :5 !y w5t to ! polls & to vote 9 behalf ( ! poor & ignorant =eign]s ( ! city4 ,x w\ld be difficult to sugge/ any?+ :i* w\ld result 9 a m s]i\s confusion ?an to h ea* man1 )\t p]sonal k & exp]i5ces1 consid] ! int]e/s ( ! newly arriv$ immigrant4 ,! vot] w\ld h to give himself ov] to a v]itable debau* ( altruism 9 ord] to p]suade himself t 8 vote w\ld be ( ! lea/ value to ^? m5 ( :om he knew s little1 & :om he consid]$ s remote & ali5 to himself4 ,9 tru? ! attitude ( ! advis+ re=m] 0 9 reality s contemptu\s t he _h nev] consid]$ ! immigrants really p>tak]s & mold]s ( ! political life ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?is attitude ( contempt1 ( prov9cialism1 ?is survival ( ! _s ( ! conqu]or t[>d an inf]ior p1 has _m manife/ations1 b none s h>mful z :5 x becomes absorb$ & imitat$ & is f9ally ev9c$ by ! *ildr5 ( ! =eign]s t[>d _! own p>5ts4 ,we are con/antly told ( ! increase ( crim9als 9 ! second g5]ation ( immigrants1 &1 day aft] day1 "o sees lads ( twelve & f\rte5 ?r[+ (f ! re/ra9t ( family life & /rik+ out = !mselves4 ,! break has come ?us e>ly1 p>tly f ! =c$ developm5t ( ! *ild "u city conditions1 p>tly because ! p>5ts h _h no *ance ( foll[+1 ev5 remotely1 ?is developm5t1 b l>gely because ! ,am]icaniz$ *ild has copi$ ! contemptu\s attitude t[>ds ! =eign] :i* he sees all ab\t him4 ,! revolt has 9 x some?+ ( ! city impati5ce ( c\ntry /&>ds1 b mu* m ( ,am]ica aga9/ ,pol& or ,italy4 ,x is all wret*$ly sordid ) bitt]ness on ! "p ( ! p>5ts1 & h>dhe>t$ indiff]5ce & recklessness on ! "p ( ! boy4 ,only occasionally c ! latt] be appeal$ to by filial affection aft] ! fir/ break has once be5 ?or\ghly made2 & yet1 sometimes1 ev5 ^! lads see ! pa?os ( ! situation4 ,a probation (fic] f ,hull-,h\se "o day surpris$ ?ree truants :o 7 sitt+ by a bonfire :i* !y _h built ne> ! riv]4 ,%elt]$ by an empty freight c>1 ! (fic] 0 able to li/5 to _! conv]sation4 ,! ,pole1 ! ,italian1 & ! ,bohemian boys :o _h brok5 ! law by /ay+ away f s*ool1 by build+ a fire 9 dang]\s proximity to freight c>s1 & by 8swip+0 ! potatoes :i* !y 7 roa/+1 seem$ to h settl$ d[n into an almo/ halcyon mom5t ( g5tl5ess & rem9isc5ce4 ,! ,italian boy commis]at$ 8 p>5ts because !y hat$ ! cold & ! sn[ & 8c\ldn't seem to get us$ to x20 ! ,pole said t 8 fa!r miss$ see+ folks t he knew & 0 8sore on ?is c\ntry20 ! ,bohemian lad really grew q t5d] ab\t 8 old gr&mo!r & ! 8/acks ( relations0 :o came to see h] e ,sunday 9 ! old c\ntry1 :]e1 9 contra/ to h] lonel9ess "h1 %e evid5tly _h be5 a p]son ( consequ5ce4 ,all ( !m felt ! pa?os ( ! situation1 b ! pr$om9ant note 0 ! *eap contempt ( ! new ,am]ican = =eign]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y are ( 8 own blood4 ,! weak5+ ( ! tie :i* connects "o g5]ation ) ano!r may be call$ ! dome/ic results ( ! contemptu\s attitude4 ,b ! social results ( ! contemptu\s attitude are ev5 m s]i\s & n[h]e s grave z 9 ! mod]n city4 ,m5 are !re br\ght toge!r by multitudes 9 response to ! conc5tration ( indu/ry & comm]ce )\t br++ ) !m ! natural social & family ties or ! guild relation%ips :i* di/+ui%$ ! m$iaeval cities & held ev5 s late z ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! c\ntry p came to t[n 9 response to ! normal & sl[ly =m$ ties ( dome/ic s]vice1 family affection1 & appr5tice%ip4 ,m5 :o come to a mod]n city by immigration break all ^! old] ties & ! national bond 9 addition4 ,!re is all ! m necessity to develop t cosmopolitan bond :i* =ms _! sub/itute4 ,! immigrants w be ready to adapt !mselves to a new & vigor\s civic life f\nd$ ^u ! recognition ( _! ne$s if ! ,gov]nm5t :i* is at pres5t adm9i/]$ 9 our cities1 w only admit t ^! ne$s are g]mane to its functions4 ,! fram]s ( ! c>efully prep>$ *>t]s1 ^u :i* ! cities are f\nd$1 did n =esee t aft] ! univ]sal fran*ise _h once be5 grant$1 social ne$s & ideals 7 b\nd to ent] 9 z legitimate objects ( political action4 ,nei!r did ^! fram]s realize1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! only p 9 a democracy :o c legitimately become ! objects ( repressive gov]nm5t1 are ^? p :o are too undevelop$ to use _! lib]ty or ^? :o h =feit$ _! "r to full citiz5%ip4 ,we h1 !re=e1 a municipal adm9i/ration 9 ,am]ica :i* conc]ns itself only grudg+ly ) ! social ne$s ( ! p1 & is l>gely r$uc$ to ! adm9i/ration ( re/rictive measures4 ,! p :o come mo/ directly 9 contact ) ! executive (ficials1 :o are ! legitimate objects ( _! control1 are ! vici\s1 :o ne$ to be repress$2 & ! semi-dep5d5t poor1 :o appeal to !m 9 _! dire ne$2 or1 = q ! rev]se reason1 ^? :o are try+ to avoid an undue taxation1 res5t+ ! fact t !y %\ld be made to support a gov]nm5t :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 is too b>r5 to excite _! real en?usiasm4 ,! in/9ctive prote/ aga9/ ?is me*anical me?od ( civic control1 ) ! lack ( adju/m5t betwe5 ! natural democratic impulse & ! fix$ ext]nal condition1 inevitably produces ! indiff]5t citiz51 & ! s-call$ 8pr(essional politician40 ,! fir/1 because he is n vici\s1 feels t ! real processes ( gov]nm5t d n conc]n him & wi%es only to be let alone4 ,! latt] easily adapts himself to an illegal avoidance ( ! ext]nal fix$ conditions by assum+ t ^! conditions h be5 settl$ by doctr9aires :o did n 9 ! lea/ und]/& ! p1 :ile he1 ! politician1 makes 8 appeal beyond ! conditions to ! real desires ( ! p !mselves4 ,he is ?us n only 8! p's fri5d10 b _! int]pret]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ (t5 simple p ref] to 8!m10 mean+ ! good & great :o gov]n b d n und]/&1 & to 8him10 mean+ ! ald]man1 :o repres5ts !m 9 ^! incompreh5sible halls ( ,/ate1 z an ambassador to a =eign c\ntry to ^: bord]s !y !mselves c\ld n possibly p5etrate1 & ^: language !y d n speak4 ,9 addition to ?is difficulty inh]5t 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! traditional & actual situation1 !re is ano!r1 :i* con/antly arises on ! purely adm9i/rative side4 ,! traditional gov]nm5ts :i* ! f\nd]s _h copi$1 9 proce$+ by fix$ /&>ds to sep>ate ! vici\s f ! good1 & !n to legislate aga9/ ! vici\s1 _h en=c$ ^! re/rictive measures by tra9$ (ficials1 usually ) a milit>y backgr\nd4 ,9 a democracy1 h[ev]1 ! (fic]s entru/$ ) ! en=cem5t ( ?is re/rictive legislation1 if n actually elect$ by ! p !mselves1 are /ill ! appo9tm5ts ( ^? ?us elect$ & are1 !re=e1 good-natur$ m5 :o h made fri5ds by _! k9dness & social qualities4 ,?is is only decreas+ly true ev5 9 ^? cities :]e appo9tm5ts are made by civil s]vice exam9ations4 ,! c>ry+ out ( repressive legislation1 ! remnant ( a milit>y /ate ( society1 9 a democracy is at la/ put into ! h&s ( m5 :o h atta9$ (fice because ( political pull4 ,! repressive measures mu/ be en=c$ by ^? sympa?iz+ ) ! p & belong+ to ^? aga9/ :om ! measures op]ate4 ,?is anomal\s situation produces almo/ inevitably "o result3 t ! police au?orities !mselves are turn$ into allies ( vice & crime4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ f almo/ any ( ! l>ge ,am]ican cities 9 ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! police =ce & ! gambl+ & o!r illicit life4 ,! (fic]s are (t5 flatly told t ! en=cem5t ( an ord9ance :i* ! bett] elem5t ( ! city has insi/$ ^u pass+1 is impossible2 t !y are expect$ to control only ! robb]y & crime t s (t5 associate !mselves ) vice4 ,z ,mr4 ,wilcox#e has rec5tly po9t$ out1 public s5tim5t itself assumes a c]ta9 hypocrisy1 & 9 ! end we h 8! abnormal conditions :i* are creat$ :5 vice is protect$ by ! au?orities10 & 9 ! v wor/ cases !re develops a sort ( municipal blackmail 9 :i* ! adm9i/ration itself pr(its by ! violation ( law4 ,! v gov]nm5tal ag5cies :i* 7 design$ to protect ! citiz5 f vice1 fo/] & protect him 9 its pursuance because ev]ybody involv$ is ?or\ghly confus$ by ! human elem5t 9 ! situation4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! (fic]'s v k9dness & human und]/&+ is t :i* leads to 8 d[nfall1 = he is =c$ to uphold ! remnant ( a milit>y discipl9e 9 a self-gov]n+ community4 ,x is n rem>kable1 p]haps1 t ! police dep>tm5t1 ! mo/ vigor\s survival ( milit>ism to be f\nd 9 ,am]ican cities1 has always be5 responsible = ! mo/ exagg]at$ types ( civic corruption4 ,x is sad1 h[ev]1 t ?is corruption has l>gely be5 due to ! k9dl9ess ( ! (fic]s & to _! lack ( milit>y tra9+4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! reasonabl5ess ( keep+ ! saloons 9 l[] ,new ,york op5 on ,sunday 0 app>5t to ! policem5 ( ! ,ea/ ,side =ce long be=e x dawn$ ^u ! re=m adm9i/ration2 & yet1 t ! policem5 all[$ !mselves to connive at law-break+1 0 ! beg9n+ ( _! disgraceful d[nfall4 ,because k9dness to an enemy may mean dea? or ! annihilation ( ! army :i* he gu>ds1 all k9dness is illicit on ! "p ( ! milit>y s5t9el on duty2 b to br+ t code ov] bodily into a peaceful social /ate is to break d[n ! morals ( bo? sides1 ( ! en=c] ( ! ill-adapt$ law1 z well z ( ^? aga9/ :om x is s maladroitly direct$4 ,9 ord] to meet ?is situation1 !re is almo/ inevitably develop$ a politician ( ! corrupt type s famili> 9 ,am]ican cities1 ! politician :o has become successful because he has made fri5ds ) ! vici\s4 ,! semi-crim9al1 :o are con/antly br\ght 9 contact ) adm9i/rative gov]nm5t are naturally mu* int]e/$ 9 its op]ations4 ,hav+ mu* at /ake1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 !y att5d ! prim>ies & all ! o!r election processes :i* s quickly tire ! good citiz5s ^: int]e/ 9 ! gov]nm5t is a self-impos$ duty4 ,to illu/rate3 x is a matt] ( mu* mom5t to a gambl] :e!r !re is to be a 8wide-op5 t[n0 or n2 x means ! success or failure ( 8 bus9ess2 x involves1 n only ! pleasure1 b ! livelihood1 ( all 8 fri5ds4 ,he naturally att5ds to ! election ( ! ald]man1 to ! appo9tm5t & ret5tion ( ! policeman4 ,he is f\nd at ! caucus 8e "t10 & w\ld be mu* amus$ if he 7 prais$ = ! p]=mance ( 8 civic duty2 b1 because he & ! o!rs :o are conc]n$ 9 semi-illicit bus9ess d att5d ! prim>ies1 ! corrupt politician is nom9at$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,z ?is type ( politician is successful f 8 alliance ) crime1 !re also inevitably arises f "t to "t a s-call$ re=m] :o is %ock$ to discov] ! /ate ( affairs1 ! easy p>tn]%ip betwe5 vice & adm9i/rative gov]nm5t4 ,he dramatically uncov]s ! situation & ar\ses great indignation aga9/ x on ! "p ( good citiz5s4 ,if ?is indignation is en\gh1 he creates a political f]vor :i* is translat$ into a claim ^u public gratitude4 ,9 portray+ ! evil he is fight+1 he does n recognize1 or at lea/ does n make cle>1 all ! human k9dness ^u :i* x has gr[n4 ,9 8 spee*es he inevitably (f5ds a popul> audi5ce1 :o "k t ! evil ( corruption exi/s 9 all degrees & =ms ( human weakness1 b :o also "k t ^! evils are by no means always hide\s1 & sometimes ev5 are lovable4 ,!y res5t 8 ov]-drawn pictures ( vice & ( ! life ( ! vici\s2 _! s5se ( fair play1 _! deep-root$ desire = *>ity & ju/ice1 are all outrag$4 ,to illu/rate f a p]sonal exp]i5ce3 ,"s ye>s ago a fam\s ,new ,york re=m] came to ,*icago to tell u ( 8 ph5om5al success1 8 tr5*ant me?ods ( deal+ ) ! city 8gambl+-hells10 z he *ose to call !m4 ,he proce$$ to describe ! crim9als ( l[] ,new ,york 9 t]ms & phrases :i* /ruck at lea/ "o ( 8 auditors z %e] blasphemy aga9/ our common human nature4 ,i ?\ght ( ! crim9als :om ,i knew1 ( ! gambl] = :om ea* ,saturday ,i regul>ly collect$ 8 weekly wage ( #bd4jj1 keep+ #ah4jj = 8 wife & *ildr5 & giv+ him #f4jj on ,monday morn+4 ,8 despair+ /atem5t1 8! ?+ is gr[+ on me1 & ,i c nev] give x up10 0 c]ta9ly n ! cry ( a man liv+ 9 hell1 b ( him :o1 ?r\gh mu* tribulation _h at lea/ kept ! loyal int5tion4 ,i rememb]$ ! ?ree girls :o _h come to me ) a paltry sum ( money collect$ f ! pawn & sale ( _! tawdry f9]y 9 ord] t "o ( _! numb] might be sp>$ a dea? 9 ! alm%\se & t %e might h ! wret*$ com=t dur+ ! clos+ weeks ( h] life ( kn[+ t1 al?\gh %e 0 an outca/1 %e 0 n a paup]4 ,i recall$ ! fir/ murd]] :om ,i _h ev] kn[n1 a "y man :o 0 s++ 8 baby to sleep & /opp$ to lay x 9 its cradle be=e he ru%$ d[n/airs into 8 fa!r's saloon to scatt] ! gang ( boys :o 7 teas+ ! old man by giv+ him ,engli% ord]s4 ,! old man c\ld n und]/& ,engli% & ! boys 7 refus+ to pay = ! dr9ks !y _h consum$1 b te*nically _h n ord]$4 ,= "o %ort mom5t ,i saw ! situation f ! po9t ( view ( humbl] p1 :o s9 (t5 ?r\gh weakness & passion1 b seldom ?r\gh h>dness ( he>t1 & ,i felt t 9 a democratic community su* sweep+ condemnations & conclusions z ! speak] 0 p\r+ =? c\ld nev] be acc\nt$ = righte\sness4 ,z ! policeman :o makes t]ms ) vice1 & almo/ inevitably slides into mak+ ga9 f vice1 m]ely repres5ts ! type ( politician :o is liv+ (f ! weakness ( 8 fell[s1 s ! ov]-zeal\s re=m] :o exagg]ates vice until ! public is sc>$ & awe/ruck1 repres5ts ! type ( politician :o is liv+ (f ! timidity ( 8 fell[s4 ,) ! lack ( civic ma*9]y = simple democratic expression1 = a direct deal+ ) human nature z x is1 we seem doom$ to "o type or ! o!r--corruptioni/s or anti-crime committees4 ,& "o sort or ! o!r we w cont9ue to h s long z we di/ru/ ! v en]gy ( exi/5ce1 ! crav+ = enjoym5t1 ! pu%+ ( vital =ces1 ! v "r ( e citiz5 to be :at he is )\t pret5se or assumption ( virtue4 ,too (t5 he does n really admire ^! virtues1 b he imag9es !m some:]e z a /&>d adopt$ by ! virtu\s :om he does n "k4 ,t old ,frank5/e91 ! ideal man ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is /ill haunt+ u1 al?\gh he nev] exi/$ save 9 ! bra9 ( ! doctr9aire4 ,?is dramatic & fev]i% triumph ( ! self-seek]1 see-saw+ ) t ( ! int]e/$ re=m]1 does m ?an any?+ else1 p]haps1 to keep ! ,am]ican citiz5 away f ! ideals ( g5u9e evolution>y democracy4 ,:]eas repressive gov]nm5t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 has to d ) ! wick$ :o are happily always 9 a m9ority 9 ! community1 a normal democratic gov]nm5t w\ld naturally h to d ) ! great majority ( ! population 9 _! normal relations to ea* o!r4 ,aft] all1 ! s-call$ 8slum politician0 v5tures 8 success ^u an appeal to human s5tim5t & g5]osity4 ,?is v5ture (t5 results 9 an alliance betwe5 ! popul> politician & ! humble/ citiz5s1 q z naturally z ! re=m] :o /&s = hone/ bus9ess adm9i/ration usually becomes alli$ ) ! type ( bus9ess man ^: *ief conc]n x is to gu>d 8 treasure & to prev5t a rise 9 taxation4 ,! community is aga9 ins5sibly divid$ into two camps1 ! repress$1 :o is dimly consci\s t he has no adequate outlet = 8 normal life & ! repressive1 repres5t$ by ! cauti\s1 c>eful citiz5 hold+ fa/ to 8 own1--once m ! conqu]or & 8 humble p4 ,,footnotes3 #d 8,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy10 ,josiah ,royce1 page #bge4 #e ,! ,am]ican ,city1 ,dr4 ,delos ,f4 ,wilcox1 page #bjj4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,failure ,,to ,,utilize ,,immigrants ,,9 ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,we d mu* loose talk+ 9 reg>d to ,am]ican immigration2 we use ! phrase1 8! scum ( ,europe10 & o!r unw>rant$ words )\t realiz+ t ! unsuccessful man1 ! undevelop$ peasant1 may be mu* m valuable to u "h ?an ! m highly develop$1 b also m highly specializ$1 t[n dwell]1 :o may mu* less readily acquire ! *>act]i/ics :i* ! new environm5t dem&s4 ,if successful /ruggle ends 9 ! survival ( ! few1 9 blatant & tangible success = ! few only1 gov]nm5t w h to reckon mo/ l>gely ) ! m5 :o h be5 beat5 9 ! /ruggle1 ) ! effect ^u !m ( ! conte/ & ! defeat2 =1 aft] all1 ! unsuccessful w always repres5t ! majority ( ! citiz5s1 & x is ) ! l>ge majority t self-gov]nm5t mu/ ev5tually deal :atev] c\rse ( action o!r gov]nm5ts may legitimately det]m9e = !mselves4 ,to dem& to be protect$ f ! _m unsuccessful among u1 :o are suppos$ to issue =? f ! %all[s ( our city life & seize ^u ! treasure ( ! citiz5s z ! b>b>ians ( old came f outside ! city walls1 is ( c\rse n to h read ! fir/ lesson ( self-gov]nm5t 9 ! light ( evolution>y sci5ce4 ,x is to =get t a revival 9 self-gov]nm5t1 an awak5+ ( its orig9al motive p[] & raison d'tre1 c come only f a g5u9e desire to increase its scope1 & to adapt x to new & /r5u\s conditions4 ,9 ?is way sci5ce reviv$ & leap$ =w>d "u ! pressure ( ! enl>g$ dem& ( manufacture & comm]ce put ^u x dur+ ! indu/rial decades j pass$4 ,we w\ld ask ! morali/s & /atesm5 ( ?is dawn+ c5tury1 equipp$ z !y are1 ) ! hi/oric me?od1 to save our contempor>ies f skepticism 9 reg>d to self-gov]nm5t by reveal+ to !m its adaptability to ! ne$s ( ! humble/ man :o is s sorely press$ 9 ?is indu/rial age4 ,! /atesman :o w\ld fill 8 c\ntrym5 ) en?usiasm = democratic gov]nm5t mu/ n only possess a g5u9e und]/&+ ( ! ne$s ( ! simple/ citiz5s1 b he mu/ "k h[ to reveal _! capacities & p[]s4 ,he mu/ ne$s g man-hunt+ into ^? curi\s gr\ps we call newly arriv$ immigrants1 & d = !m :at ! s*ol> has done 9 po9t+ out to u ! sweetness & *>m :i* inh]e 9 primitive dome/ic cu/oms & 9 %[+ u ! curi\s pivot ^! cu/oms make = religi\s & tribal beliefs4 ,! s*ol> :o has surr\nd$ ! simple/ action ( wom5 gr9d+ millet or corn ) a p5etrat+ rem9isc5ce1 sweet] ?an ! *ant !y s+1 may reveal some?+ ( ! same rem9isc5ce & *>m among _m ( ! immigrants4 ,9 ! mid/ ( cr[d$ city /reets "o /umbles ^u an old ,italian peasant ) h] di/aff aga9/ h] )]$ face & h] pa!tic h&s pati5tly 8hold+ ! ?read10 z has be5 done by myriads ( wom5 s9ce *ildr5 ne$$ to be clad2 or "o sees an old ,g]man pott]1 mis%ap5 by ye>s1 8 s5sitive h&s nev]!less fairly alive ) skill & delicacy1 & 8 life at lea/ illum9$ ) ! arti/'s pr]ogative ( direct creation4 ,c\ld we take ^! primitive habits z !y are to be f\nd e day 9 ,am]ican cities & give !m _! significance & place1 !y w\ld be a wond]ful factor = poetry 9 cities frankly giv5 ov] to indu/rialism & absorb$ 9 its activities4 ,z a ,mc,andrews' hymn expresses ! frantic ru% ( ! indu/rial riv]1 s ^! primitive cu/oms c\ld give u some?+ ( ! my/icism & *>m ( ! indu/rial spr+s1 a sugge/ion ( s\rce1 a t\* ( ! ref9em5t :i* adh]es to simple ?+s4 ,?is /udy ( orig9s1 ( survivals1 ( pa?s ( lea/ resi/ance--ref9+ an indu/rial age ?r\gh ! p & exp]i5ces :i* really belong to x & d n ne$ to be br\ght 9 f ! outside--w\ld surely result 9 a reviv$ en?usiasm = human life & its possibilities :i* w\ld 9 turn react ^u ! ideals ( gov]nm5t4 ,! pres5t lack ( und]/&+ ( simple p & ! de>? ( ! illum9ation :i* k ( !m w\ld give1 c be trac$ n only 9 ! social & political maladju/m5t ( ! immigrant 9 municipal c5tres1 b is felt 9 s-call$ 8practical affairs0 ( national magnitude4 ,regret is _m times express$ t1 not)/&+ ! fact t n9e out ( e t5 immigrants are ( rural bir? & are fitt$ to und]take t pa9/ak+ me?od ( cultivat+ ! soil :i* ,am]ican f>m]s despise1 !y nev]!less all t5d to congregate 9 cities :]e _! inh]it$ & elaborate k ( agricultural processes is unutiliz$4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican complac5cy :5 any assi/$ removal to agricultural regions is contemplat$1 t we utt]ly ignore ! pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! immigrant & always assume t ea* family w be cont5t to live 9 ! middle ( its own piece ( gr\nd1 al?\gh !re are few peoples on ! face ( ! e>? :o h ev] tri$ isolat+ a family on "o hundr$ & sixty acres or on eighty1 or ev5 on =ty4 ,b ?is is ! ,am]ican way--a survival ( our pione] days--& we refuse to modify x1 ev5 9 reg>d to ,s\? ,italians1 al?\gh f ! day ( m$iaeval incursions !y h liv$ 9 compact villages ) an int5se & elaborat$ social life1 s mu* ( x out ( doors & int]dep5d5t t x has affect$ almo/ e dome/ic habit4 ,italian wom5 knead _! own bread1 b dep5d on ! village ov5 = its bak+1 & ! m5 w\ld r walk = miles to _! fields ea* day ?an to face an ev5+ ( companion%ip limit$ to ! family4 ,no?+ c\ld af=d a bett] *eck to ! con/ant removal to ! cities ( ! f>m+ population all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an ! possibility ( comb9+ community life ) agricultural occupation4 ,?is comb9ation w\ld af=d t developm5t ( civilization :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 d5sity alone br+s & = :i* ev5 a free sy/em ( rural deliv]y is n an adequate sub/itute4 ,mu* ( ! significance & *>m ( rural life 9 ,s\? ,italy lies 9 its village companion%ip1 q z ! dre>9ess ( ! ,am]ican f>m life inh]es 9 its unnecess>y solitude4 ,b we totally disreg>d ! solution :i* ! old agricultural community (f]s1 & our utt] lack ( adaptability has some?+ to d ) ! fact t ! ,s\? ,italian rema9s 9 ! city :]e he soon =gets 8 cunn+ 9 reg>d to silk worms & olive trees1 b cont9ues 8 old social habits to ! ext5t ( fill+ an entire t5em5t h\se ) ! p f "o village4 ,we also exhibit all ! ,anglo-,saxon di/ru/ ( any exp]im5t ) l& t5ure or me?od ( taxation1 al?\gh our s+le-tax advocates d n fail to tell u daily ( ! /upidity ( ! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,x might1 inde$1 be well to make a few exp]im5ts ^u an hi/oric basis be=e _! en?usiasm conv]ts u all4 ,= c5turies 9 ,russia ! ,slavic village1 ! mir sy/em ( l& occupation1 has be5 9 successful op]ation1 tra9+ m5 )9 its n>r[ limits to community adm9i/ration4 ,yet :5 a p]secut$ sect f ,russia wi%es to f9d refuge 9 ,am]ica1 we insi/ t sev5 ?\s& p %all give up all at once a sy/em ( l& own]%ip 9 :i* !y are exp]ts4 ,am]icans decl>e ! sy/em to be impracticable1 al?\gh x is s+ul>ly l t 9 vogue 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! p]iod ( its highe/ prosp]ity4 ,we _c receive !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 because our laws h no way ( deal+ ) su* cases4 ,& 9 ,canada1 :]e !y are f9ally settl$1 ! unimag9ative ,dom9ion (ficials are driv5 to ! v]ge ( di/raction conc]n+ regi/ration ( de$s & ! collection ( taxes f m5 :o d n claim acres 9 _! own names1 b 9 ! "n ( ! village4 ,! (ficial di/raction is reflect$ & int5sifi$ among ! p !mselves1 to ! po9t ( driv+ !m into ! m$iaeval 8m>*+ mania10 9 ! hope ( f9d+ a l& 9 ! s\? :]e !y may c>ry out _! in(f5sive 8mir0 sy/em4 ,! entire situation might prove t an unb5d+ !ory ( individualism may become z fix$ z /atus itself1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9ly o!r factors 9 ! ,d\khobor situation--religi\s bigotry1 & ! self-seek+ ( lead]%ip4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,canadian (ficials h 9 o!r matt]s exhibit$ mu* ( ! adaptability :i* di/+ui%es ! ,briti% colonial policy1 !y are completely /r&$ on ! rock ( ,anglo-,saxon individuali/ic own]%ip1 & assume t any o!r sy/em ( l& t5ure is subv]sive ( gov]nm5t1 =gett+ t ,russia manages to ex]t a fair am\nt ( gov]nm5tal control ov] ?\s&s ( acres held "u ! sy/em :i* !y s dete/4 ,9 our eag]ness to reproa* ! immigrants = n go+ ^u ! l& we almo/ ov]look ! contributions to city life :i* ^? ( !m1 :o 7 adapt$ to x 9 ,europe1 are mak+ to our cities "h4 ,f d+y little eat+-h\ses 9 l[] ,new ,york1 p]=m+ a function some:at betwe5 ! eighte5?-c5tury c(fee-h\se & ! ,p>isian caf1 is issu+ at ! pres5t mom5t p]haps ! /urdie/ reali/ic drama t is be+ produc$ on ,am]ican soil4 ,late into ! night speculation is c>ri$ =w>d--n on ! nice que/ions ( ! ,talmud & on quibbles ( logic2 b m9ds long tra9$ on ^! s]i\sly discuss ! ne$ ( a readju/m5t ( ! indu/rial ma*9e 9 ord] t ! primitive s5se ( ju/ice & righte\sness may secure l>g] play 9 our social organization4 ,& yet a ,russian 9 ,*icago :o us$ to believe t ,am]icans c>$ fir/ & =emo/ = political lib]ty & t !y w\ld c]ta9ly admire ^? :o _h suff]$ 9 its cause1 f9ds no "o int]e/$ 9 8 /ory ( six ye>s' bani%m5t beyond ! ,ant>ctic circle4 ,he is really li/5$ to only :5 he tells ! tale to a sportsman ( ! fi% he _h caught dur+ ! six weeks ( summ] :5 ! riv]s 7 op54 8,lively "w !n1 b pl5ty ( "t to eat !m dri$ or froz5 ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! ye>10 is ! mo/ sympa!tic comm5t he has yet receiv$ ^u an exp]i5ce :i*1 at lea/ to him1 held ! bitt]sweet ( m>tyrdom4 ,among ! colonies ( ! mo/ rec5tly immigrat$ ,jews1 :o /ill c>ry out _! or?odox cu/oms & a ritual pres]v$ ?r\gh c5turies 9 ! ,ghetto1 "o con/antly feels dur+ a season ( religi\s obs]vance1 a refre%+ insi/5ce ^u ! reality ( ! inn] life1 & ^u ! dignity ( its expression 9 inh]it$ =m4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ reproa* to ! mat]ialism ( ,*icago is ! sight on a solemn ,jewi% holiday ( a ,*icago ,riv] bridge l9$ ) m5 & wom5 oblivi\s ( ! noisy traffic & sordid surr\nd+s1 ca/+ _! s9s ^u ! wat]s t !y may be c>ri$ f> away4 ,! sc5e is a cle> /atem5t t1 aft] all1 life does n consi/ 9 weal?1 9 le>n+1 9 ent]prise1 9 en]gy1 9 success1 n ev5 9 t mod]n feti*1 culture1 b 9 an inn] equilibrium1 9 8! agreem5t ( s\l40 ,x is a relief to see ev5 ?is exagg]at$ & grotesque pres5tation ( spiritual values4 ,b ! /atesman %uts himself away f ! possibility ( us+ ^! great res]voirs ( human ability & motive p[] because he consid]s x patriotic to hold to gov]nm5tal l9es & ideals laid d[n a c5tury & a qu>t] ago4 ,because ( a milit>y inh]itance1 we z a nation /\tly cont5d t all ?is v>i$ & sugge/ive life has no?+ to d ) gov]nm5t nor patriotism1 & t we p]=m ! full duty ( ,am]ican citiz5s :5 ! provisions ( ! /atutes on naturalization are c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! meantime1 9 ! int]e/s ( our !ory t comm]cial & gov]nm5tal p[]s %\ld h no connection ) ea* o!r1 we c>efully ignore ! "o million false naturalization pap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates issu$ & conceal$ by comm]cializ$ politics4 ,al?\gh we h an uneasy k t ^! p[]s are curi\sly alli$1 we pr(ess t ! latt] has no connection ) ! =m] & no control ov] x4 ,we /eadily refuse to recognize ! fact t our age is sway$ by indu/rial =ces4 ,=tunately1 life is mu* bigg] & f9] ?an our !ories ab\t x1 &1 among all ! immigrants 9 ! great cities1 !re is sl[ly develop+ ! beg9n+s ( self-gov]nm5t on ! l9es ( _! daily exp]i5ces4 ,! man :o really kn[s immigrants & und]takes to naturalize !m1 makes no pret5se ( ! lack ( connection betwe5 _! desire to e>n _! daily bread & _! citiz5%ip4 ,! petty & (t5 corrupt politician :o is fir/ k9d to immigrants1 realizes p]fectly well t ! =ce pu%+ !m to ?is c\ntry has be5 indu/rial ne$ & t recognition ( ?is ne$ is legitimate4 ,he foll[s ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts :5 he promises to get ! immigrant 8a job10 = t is und\bt$ly :at ! immigrant mo/ ne$s 9 all ! _w4 ,if ! politician ne>e/ to him 7 really int]e/$ 9 ! immigrant & 7 to "w out a s*eme ( naturalization fitt$ to ! situation1 ! immigrant w\ld proce$ f ! /reet-clean+ & sew]-digg+ 9 :i* he fir/ engages1 to an und]/&+ ( ! relation ( ^! simple (fices to city gov]nm5t4 ,?r\gh !m he w\ld und]/& ! obligation ( 8 ald]man to secure cleanl9ess = ! /reets 9 :i* 8 *ildr5 play & = ! t5em5t 9 :i* he lives4 ,! notion ( repres5tative gov]nm5t c\ld be made q cle> & concrete to him4 ,he c\ld dem& 8 rights & use 8 vote 9 ord] to secure !m4 ,8 v nave dem&s might easily become a re/ra9t1 a purify+ *eck ^u ! ald]man1 in/ead ( a s\rce ( con/ant corruption & exploitation4 ,b :5 ! politician attempts to naturalize ! bewild]$ immigrant1 he mu/ p]=ce accept ! doctr9aire /&>d impos$ by m5 :o held a !ory totally unatta*$ to exp]i5ce1 & he mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 ) ! remote ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! ,cook ,c\nty ,c\rt-,h\se only a %ort "t ago a c&idate = naturalization1 :o 0 ask$ ! usual "q z to :at ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 01 repli$3 8,! ,ill9ois ,c5tral40 ,8 m9d naturally turn$ to 8 "w1 to ! "o bit ( contribution he _h g5u9ely made to ! new c\ntry1 & 8 reply might well (f] a valuable sugge/ion to ! /ud5t ( educational me?od4 ,"s ( our mo/ advanc$ s*ools are ev5 n[ mak+ indu/rial con/ruction & evolution a natural basis = all future acquisition ( k1 & !y claim t any?+ less vital & creative is inadequate4 ,x is surpris+ h[ a simple exp]i5ce1 if x be b g5u9e1 gives an op5+ into citiz5%ip altoge!r lack+ to ! m gr&iose attempts4 ,a ,greek-,am]ican1 slaught]+ %eep 9 a t5em5t-h\se y>d1 rem9isc5t ( ! ,hom]ic tradition1 c be made to see ! effect ( ! improvis$ %ambles on 8 neighbor's heal? & ! "r ( ! city to prohibit ! slaught]+1 only z he p]ceives ! developm5t ( city gov]nm5t ^u its mo/ mod]n basis4 ,! en=cem5t ( adequate *ild labor laws (f]s un5d+ opportunity to bett] citiz5%ip f\nd$1 n ^u !ory b on action1 z does ! compulsory education law1 :i* makes cle> t education is a matt] ( vital importance to ! ,am]ican city & to ! ,/ate :i* has enact$ def9ite1 well-consid]$ legislation 9 reg>d to x4 ,"s ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic support]s ( *ild-labor legislation & ( compulsory education laws are ^? p>5ts :o sacrifice old-_w tradition1 z well z ! mu*-ne$$ e>n+s ( _! "y *ildr51 because ( loyalty to ! laws ( _! adopt$ c\ntry4 ,c]ta9ly g5u9e sacrifice = ! nation's law is a good f\ndation = patriotism1 & z ?is aga9 is n a doctr9aire "q1 wom5 are n deb>r$1 & mo!rs :o wa% & scrub = ! meagre support ( _! *ildr5 say1 /urdily1 sometimes3 8,x w be a ye> be=e he c g to "w )\t break+ ! law1 b we came to ?is c\ntry to give ! "y ones a *ance1 & we are n go+ to beg9 by hav+ !m d :at's n "r40 ,^u "s su* basis z ?is ! ,hebrew ,alliance & ! ,*>ity ,organization ( ,new ,york1 :i* are putt+ =? desp]ate en]gy 9 ! enorm\s task ( m9i/]+ to ! suff]+ :i* immigration entails1 are develop+ und]/&+ & respect = ! ali5 ?r\gh _! mutual ef=ts to secure m adequate t5em5t-h\se regulation & to control ! spread ( tub]culosis2 bo? ^! und]tak+s be+ p]fectly hopeless )\t ! intellig5t co-op]ation ( ! immigrants !mselves4 ,?r\gh su* humble doors1 p]*ance1 ! immigrant w at la/ ent] into 8 h]itage 9 a new nation4 ,democratic gov]nm5t has ev] be5 ! result ( spiritual travail & moral ef=t4 ,app>5tly1 ev5 "h1 ! immigrant mu/ pay ! old co/1 & he seems to repres5t ! gr\p & type :i* is mak+ ! mo/ g5u9e contribution to ! pres5t gr[? 9 gov]nm5tal functions1 ) its con/ant dem& = increas+ adaptations4 ,9 ! induction ( ! adult immigrant into practical citiz5%ip1 we con/antly ignore 8 daily exp]i5ce4 ,we also assume 9 our =mal attempts to tea* patriotism to him & to 8 *ildr51 t exp]i5ce & traditions h no value1 & t a new s5tim5t mu/ be put into ali5s by "s ext]nal process4 ,"s ye>s ago1 a public-spirit$ organization engag$ a numb] ( speak]s to g to ! v>i\s city s*ools 9 ord] to in/ruct ! *ildr5 9 ! significance ( ,decoration ,day & to fo/] patriotism among ! =eign born1 by descriptions ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 "o ( ! s*ools1 fill$ ) ,italian *ildr51 an old soldi]1 a vet]an 9 ye>s & exp]i5ce1 gave a description ( a battle 9 ,t5nessee1 & ( 8 p]sonal adv5tures 9 us+ a pile ( bru% z an ambuscade & a =tification4 ,com+ f ! s*oolh\se1 an eag] "y ,italian broke out1 ) *>act]i/ic vividness1 into a description ( 8 fa!r's campaign+ "u ! lead]%ip ( ,g>ibaldi1 possibly f "s obscure notion t t1 too1 0 a civil w> f\ght f pr9ciple1 b m likely because ! description ( "o battle _h r\s$ 9 8 m9d ! memory ( ano!r su* description4 ,! lectur]1 ^: sympa?ies happ5$ to be on ! o!r side ( ! ,g>ibaldian conflict1 some:at %>ply told him t he mu/ =get all t2 t he 0 no long] an ,italian1 b an ,am]ican4 ,! natural gr[? ( patriotism bas$ ^u respect = ! a*ievem5ts ( "o's fa!rs1 ! br++ toge!r ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t1 ! significance ( ! almo/ _w-wide ef=t at a high] /&>d ( political fre$om :i* swept ov] all ,europe & ,am]ica betwe5 #ahdh & #ahgb c\ld1 ( c\rse1 h no place 9 ! boy's m9d because x _h none 9 ! m9d ( ! in/ructor ^: patriotism app>5tly tri$ to purify itself by ! ,am]ican process ( elim9ation4 ,h[ f> a c]ta9 cosmopolitan humanit>ianism ignor+ national diff]5ces1 is ei!r possible or desirable1 x is difficult to /ate2 b c]ta9 x is t ! old type ( patriotism1 f\nd$ ^u a common national hi/ory & l& occupation1 becomes to _m ( ! immigrants :o br+ x ) !m a v]itable /umbl+-block & imp$im5t4 ,_m ,greeks :om ,i "k are fairly besott$ ) a consci\sness ( _! national importance1 & ! a*ievem5ts ( _! glori\s pa/4 ,among !m ! usual ef=t to f\nd a new patriotism ^u ,am]ican hi/ory is (t5 an absurd und]tak+2 = in/ance1 on ! night ( "o ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 ,i sp5t "s "t & zeal 9 a description ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 & ! motives :i* _h driv5 !m across ! sea1 :ile ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,plym\? colony 7 illu/rat$ by /]eopticon slides & little dramatic sc5es4 ,! audi5ce ( ,greeks li/5$ respectfully1 al?\gh ,i 0 uneasily consci\s ( ! some:at feeble attempt to boa/ ( ,anglo-,saxon a*ievem5t 9 h>dihood & privation1 to m5 ^: p[]s ( admiration 7 absorb$ 9 _! ,greek backgr\nd ( philosophy & beauty4 ,at any rate1 aft] ! lecture 0 ov]1 "o ( ! ,greeks said to me1 q simply1 8,i wi% ,i c\ld describe my ance/ors to y2 !y 7 v diff]5t f y\rs40 ,8 fur!r rem>ks 7 translat$ by a little ,iri% boy ( elev51 :o speaks mod]n ,greek ) facility & turns _m an hone/ p5ny by translat+1 into ! some:at p]t /atem5t3 8,he says if t is :at y\r ance/ors are l1 t 8 c\ld beat !m out40 ,x is a good illu/ration ( our faculty = ignor+ ! pa/1 & ( our failure to und]/& ! immigrant's e/imation ( ourselves4 ,?is lack ( a m cosmopolitan /&>d1 ( a consci\sness ( k9d f\nd$ ^u creative imag9ation & hi/oric k is app>5t 9 _m directions1 & cruelly wid5s ! gulf betwe5 immigrant fa!rs & _! *ildr5 :o are 8,am]icans 9 process40 ,a hide\s /ory comes f ,new ,york ( a "y ,russian ,jewess :o 0 employ$ z a /5ograph] 9 a d[n-t[n (fice1 :]e %e became engag$ to be m>ri$ to a "y man ( ,jewi%-,am]ican p>5tage4 ,%e felt ke5ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & h] newly immigrat$ p>5ts1 & on ! night :5 he 0 to be pres5t$ to !m %e w5t home e>ly to make e possible prep>ation = 8 com+4 ,h] ef=ts to make ! mnage pres5table 7 s disc\rag+1 ! :ole situation fill$ h] ) su* *agr91 t an h\r be=e 8 expect$ arrival1 %e end$ h] life4 ,al?\gh ! fa!r 0 a ,talmud s*ol> ( /&+ 9 8 native ,russian t[n1 & ! lov] 0 a cl]k ( v sup]ficial atta9m5ts1 %e possess$ no /&>d by :i* to judge ! two m54 ,?is lack ( /&>d mu/ be *>g$ to ! entire community2 = :y %\ld we expect an untra9$ girl to be able to d = h]self :at ! community s pitifully fails to accompli%8 ,all ! memb]s ( ! community are equally /upid 9 ?r[+ away ! immigrant revelation ( social cu/oms & inh]it$ en]gy4 ,we cont9ually all[ ?is valuable human exp]i5ce to g to wa/e al?\gh we h rea*$ ! /age ( humanit>ianism :5 no infant may be wantonly all[$ to die1 no man be p]mitt$ to freeze or />ve1 if ! ,/ate c prev5t x4 ,we may tru?fully boa/ t ! primitive1 wa/eful /ruggle ( physical exi/5ce is practically ov]1 b no su* /atem5t c be made 9 reg>d to spiritual life4 ,/ud5ts ( social conditions recognize ! fact t mod]n *>ity con/antly gr[s m democratic & con/ructive1 & daily m conc]n$ = prev5tive measures1 b to admit frankly simil> aims z matt]s = municipal gov]nm5t z yet seems impossible4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x seems to be only ! politician at ! bottom1 ! man ne>e/ ! p1 :o und]/&s t !re is a gr[+ dis9t]e/$ness tak+ hold ( m5's hopes & imag9ations 9 e direction4 ,he (t5 plays ^u x & betrays x2 b he at lea/ kn[s x is !re4 ,! two po9ts at :i* gov]nm5t is develop+ mo/ rapidly at ! pres5t mom5t are naturally ! two :]e x ( necessity ex]cises functions ( nurture & protection3 fir/1 9 relation to ! "y crim9al1 second1 9 relation to ! poor & dep5d5t4 ,"o ( ! late/ developm5ts is ! ,juv5ile ,c\rts :i* ! l>ge cities are inaugurat+4 ,only fifte5 ye>s ago :5 ,i fir/ w5t to live 9 an indu/rial di/rict ( ,*icago1 if a boy 0 arre/$ on "s trifl+ *>ge--& doz5s ( !m 7 ?us arre/$ ea* mon?--! only possible way to secure ano!r *ance = him by re/or+ him to 8 home ) an opportunity to become a law-abid+ citiz51 0 ?r\gh ! ald]man ( ! w>d4 ,^u ! reque/ ( a di/ract$ relative or ! prec9ct capta91 ! ald]man w\ld 8speak to ! judge0 & secure ! release ( ! boy4 ,! k9dness ( ! ald]man 0 g5u9e1 z 0 ! gratitude ( all conc]n$2 b ! inevitable impression rema9$ t gov]nm5t 0 h>%1 & naturally dealt out policem5 & prisons1 & t ! political fri5d alone /ood = k9dness4 ,t ?is k9dness 0 9 a measure illicit & my/]i\s 9 its work+s made x all ! m impressive4 ,b s mu* advance has be5 made 9 s %ort a "t z fifte5 ye>s1 t[>d incorporat+ k9dly conc]n = ! "y & a desire to keep !m 9 ! pa? ( rectitude )9 ! process ( gov]nm5t itself1 t 9 ,*icago alone tw5ty-f\r probation (fic]s1 z !y are call$1 are paid f ! public funds4 ,! wayw>d boy is committ$ to "o ( ^! = ano!r *ance z a "p ( ! proc$ure ( ! c\rt4 ,he is n m]ely releas$ by an act ( clem5cy s magnific5t & irrelevant z to dazzle him ) a s5se ( ! ald]manic p[]1 b he is put "u ! actual c>e ( a probation (fic] t he may d bett]4 ,he is assi/$ to keep p]man5tly away f ! police c\rts & _! alli$ p5al in/itutions4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ^! c\rts1 t ( ,d5v]1 ! ,judge :o c po9t to a rem>kable record ) ! bad boys ( ! city1 plays a v]itable game ) !m aga9/ ! police =ce1 he & ! boys und]tak+ to be good )\t ! help ( repression1 & 9 spite ( ! ma*9ations ( ! police4 ,= in/ance1 if ! boys :o h be5 s5t5c$ to ! ,/ate ,re=m ,s*ool at ,gold51 deliv] !mselves )\t ! aid ( ! ,%]iff ^: duty x is to take !m !re1 !y n only v9dicate _! manl9ess & read9ess 8to take _! m$ic9e10 b !y beat ! %]iff :o belongs to ! p5al ma*9]y out ( 8 five-doll> fee4 ,ov] ?is fact !y op5ly triumph--a simple example1 p]haps1 b significant ( ! attitude ( ! well-int5tion$ t[>d repressive gov]nm5t4 ,! ,juv5ile ,c\rts are beg9n+ to take a really p>5tal attitude t[>ds all dep5d5t *ildr51 al?\gh = ye>s only ^? orphans :o _h inh]it$ at lea/ a meagre prop]ty 7 h&$ ov] to a public gu>dian4 ,^? ^: p>5ts _h left !m absolutely no?+ 7 all[$ to c>e = !mselves--z if ! :ole body ( doctr9e conta9$ 9 ! phrase1 8!re is no weal? b life10 _h nev] ent]$ into ! m9d ( man4 ,because ^! c\rts are deal+ ) ! *ildr5 9 _! social & ev]yday relations !y h made ! a/\nd+ discov]y t ev5 a p5niless *ild ne$s ! c>e & def5se ( ! ,/ate4 ,! s*ools = ,re=m are ^? :i* are inaugurat+ ! mo/ advanc$ education 9 agriculture & manual arts4 ,a bewild]$ =eign p>5t comes f "t to "t to ,hull-,h\se1 ask+ t 8 boy be s5t to a s*ool to le>n f>m+1 bas+ 8 reque/ ^u ! fact t 8 neighbor's boy has be5 s5t to 8a nice gre51 c\ntry-place40 ,x is c>efully expla9$ t ! neighbor's boy 0 bad1 & 0 arre/$ & s5t away because ( 8 badness4 ,aft] mu* conv]sation1 ! disappo9t$ p>5t sometimes und]/&s1 b he (t5 goes away %ak+ 8 head1 & "s su* words z ^! issue3 8,i h be5 9 ?is c\ntry = five ye>s1 & h nev] gott5 any?+ yet40 ,at o!r times x is successfully expla9$ to ! man t ! city assumes t he is look+ out = himself & tak+ c>e ( 8 own boy1 b x ought to be possible to make him to see t if he feels t 8 son ne$s ! education ( a f>m s*ool1 t x lies ) him to agitate ! subject & to vote = ! man :o w secure su* s*ools4 ,he might well look amaz$1 7 ?is advice t5d]$ him1 = ^! que/ions h nev] be5 pres5t$ to him to vote ^u4 ,because he does n eag]ly discuss ! t>iff or o!r remote subjects :i* ! political p>ties pres5t to him f "t to "t we assume t he is n to be tru/$ to vote on ! education ( 8 *ild1 al?\gh !re is no d\bt t ! "o ?+ 8 ance/ors decid$ ^u1 f ! days ( b[s & arr[s1 0 ! sort ( tra9+ ea* "o %\ld give 8 son4 ,! f9e education t is giv5 to a juv5ile (f5d] may indicate a c]ta9 compunction on ! "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,q z m5 =m]ly glori$ 9 w>f>e & n[ apologize = x1 z !y =m]ly w5t out to spoil _! enemies & n[ g to civilize !m1 s civil gov]nm5ts1 :ile cont9u+ to ma9ta9 prisons1 h become m or less a%am$ ( !m1 & are already exp]im5t+ 9 bett] ways to elevate & re=m crim9als ?an by ! way ( viol5ce & imprisonm5t4 ,we h already said 9 ,am]ica t nei!r a gall[s nor an unmitigat$ prison %all ev] exi/ = a *ild4 ,9 ! matt] ( public *>ities1 also1 we are n timid z to ext5d+ ! function ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,we build enorm\s city hospitals & almh\ses2 we c>e ) t5d]ness = ! defective & ! dep5d5t2 b = t great mass ( p j beyond ! l9e1 f :om !y are con/antly recruit$1 we d practically no?+4 ,x has be5 said t if a work+man 9 ,new ,york falls a victim to pneumonia1 he is tak5 to a hospital & giv5 skill$ treatm5t2 if x leaves him tub]cul> ! city w h a c>e ov] him1 & valiantly w /& by1 putt+ him into a public sanatorium1 provid+ him ) nutriti\s food & fre% air until 8 recov]y4 ,b if he is turn$ away f ! hospital )\t tub]culosis1 m]ely too deplet$ & wret*$ to g back to 8 regul> employm5t1 !n ! city c d no?+ = him unless he be ready to call himself an out-&-out paup]4 ,we are afraid ( ! notion ( gov]nm5tal function :i* w\ld m9i/] to ! primitive ne$s ( ! mass ( ! p1 al?\gh we are q ready to c>e = him :om mis=tune or disease has made ! exception4 ,x is really ! rank & file1 ! av]age citiz51 :o is ignor$ by ! gov]nm5t1 :ile he works out 8 real problems ?r\gh o!r ag5cies1 al?\gh he is scold$ = /ay+ at home on election day1 & = refus+ to be int]e/$ 9 issues :i* really d n conc]n him4 ,x is comp>atively easy to und]/& ! punitive po9t ( view :i* seeks to suppress1 or ! philan?ropic :i* seeks to palliate2 b x is mu* m difficult to =mulate t city gov]nm5t :i* is adapt$ to our pres5t normal liv+4 ,z ov] aga9/ ! survivals ( ! fir/ two1 excell5t & necess>y z !y are1 we h b ! few public p>ks & ba?s1 ! few b& conc]ts & recreation pi]s--always except+1 ( c\rse1 ! public s*ools & ! social activities sl[ly c5t]+ ar\nd !m2 = public education has long be5 a passion 9 ,am]ica1 & we seem to h be5 will+ to make t an exception to our g5]al !ory ( gov]nm5t4 ,:ile gov]nm5tal functions h %[n ?is rem>kable adaptation & gr[? 9 relation to ! y\?1 :e!r he be 9 ! public s*ools1 9 ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt or 9 ! re=matory1 we hesitate to assume t[>d ! adult ?is temp] ( ! educator :o humbly foll[s & at ! same confid5tly leads ! little *ild4 ,:ile ! ,/ate sp5ds millions ( doll>s & employs ?\s&s ( s]vants to nurture & heal ! sick & defective1 x /eadfa/ly refuses to ext5d its k9dl9ess to ! normal work+ man4 ,! ,sociali/s alone con/antly appeal = ?is ext5sion4 ,!y refuse1 h[ev]1 to deal ) ! pres5t ,/ate & con/antly take refuge 9 ! =mulae ( a new s*ola/icism4 ,_! orators are busily engag$ 9 e/abli%+ two sub/itutes = human nature :i* !y call 8prolet>ian0 & 8capitali/40 ,!y ignore ! fact t v>y+1 imp]fect human nature is incalculable1 & t to elim9ate its v>i$ & con/antly *ang+ elem5ts is to face all ! mi/akes & miscalculations :i* ga!r$ ar\nd ! 8fall5 man10 or ! 8economic man10 or any o!r ( ! fix$ norms :i* h f "t to "t be5 sub/itut$ = exp&+ & develop+ human life4 ,9 "t 8! prolet>ian0 & 8! capitali/0 w become ! imp$im5ta :i* x w be necess>y to cle> away 9 ord] to make room = ! mass ( liv+ & brea?+ citiz5s ) :om self-gov]nm5t mu/ ev5tually deal4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! exi/5ce ( ! mass1 ! m]e size ( ! mod]n city1 increases ! difficulty ( ! situation4 ,*>les ,boo?'s maps portray+ ! /&>d ( liv+ = ! p ( ,london af=d almo/ ! only attempt at a g5]al social survey ( a mod]n city1 at lea/ s f> z x may be pr$et]m9$ f ! /&>d ( income4 ,f 8 accompany+ twelve volumes may be d$uc$ ! occupations ( ! p ) _! real wages1 _! family budget & _! culture level1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 _! recreations & spiritual life4 ,if "o gives "o's self ov] to a mom5t ( mus+ on ?is mass ( in=mation1 s huge & s accurate1 "o is almo/ in/9ctively aw>e t any radical *anges1 s mu* ne$$ 9 ! blacke/ di/ricts1 mu/ l>gely come f =ces outside ! life ( ! p4 ,an enl>g$ m5tal life mu/ come f ! educationali/1 increas$ wages f ! bus9ess int]e/s1 alleviation ( suff]+ f ! philan?ropi/s4 ,:at vehicle ( correction is provid$ = ! p !mselves1 :at device has be5 inv5t$ = loos+ t k9dl9ess & mutual aid :i* is ! m>vel ( all *>ity visitors8 ,:at broad basis has be5 laid d[n = a modification ( _! mo/ g5u9e & press+ ne$s ?r\gh _! own initiative8 ,! traditional ,gov]nm5t expresses its activity 9 keep+ ! /reets clean & ! di/rict light$ & polic$4 ,x is only dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury t ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil has erect$ dec5t h\ses1 public ba?s1 & _m o!r devices = ! pur] social life ( ! p4 ,am]ican cities h gone no fur!r1 al?\gh !y presumably />t$ at work+m5's repres5tation a hundr$ ye>s ago1 s completely 7 ! f\nd]s misl$ by ! "n ( gov]nm5t1 & ! temptation to sub/itute ! =m ( political democracy = real self-gov]nm5t deal+ ) advanc+ social ideals4 ,ev5 n[ ,london has tw5ty-eight ,bor\gh ,c\ncils1 9 addition to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil itself1 fifte5 hundr$ direct repres5tatives ( ! p1 z ov] aga9/ sev5ty 9 ,*icago al?\gh ! latt] city has a population "o-half z l>ge4 ,p>is has tw5ty ,mayors1 ) correspond+ ma*9]y = local gov]nm5t1 z ov] aga9/ ! ,new ,york conc5tration 9 "o huge ,city ,hall1 too (t5 corrupt4 ,9 ,g]many1 p]haps m ?an any:]e else1 ! gov]nm5t has come to conc]n itself ) ! primitive ess5tial ne$s ( its work+-p4 ,9 _! behalf1 ! ,gov]nm5t has =c$ indu/ry1 9 ! p]son ( ! l>ge manufactur]s1 to make an alliance ) x4 ,! manufactur]s are tax$ = accid5t insurance ( work+m51 = old-age p5sions & sick b5efits2 & a project is be+ =m$ 9 :i* !y %all be> ! l>ge %>e ( insurance aga9/ non-employm5t :5 x has be5 made cle> t non-employm5t is ! result ( an economic crisis br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! maladm9i/ration ( f9ance4 ,g]many proposes to regulate ! maximum am\nt ( r5t :i* l&lords ( c]ta9 types ( h\ses may be p]mitt$ to require1 q z ! usury laws limit ! maximum am\nt ( int]e/ :i* may be dem&$4 ,& yet indu/ry 9 ,g]many has fl\ri%$1 & ?is control on behalf ( ! normal work+man z he faces life 9 8 daily vocation has app>5tly n *eck$ its sy/ematic gr[?1 nor limit$ its place 9 ! _w's m>ket4 ,z a result ( ?is con/ant sup]vision ( indu/ry1 ! ,g]man police al?\gh a "p ( a milit>y gov]nm5t1 are con/antly employ$ 9 ! regulation ( social affairs2 & 9 ^! bran*es ( gov]nm5t x is rem>k$ t !y are dropp+ _! milit>y tone & assum+ t[>d ! p ! attitude ( help]s & protectors4 ,! police =ce 9 ,g]many is ! l[e/ executive organ ( ! int]ior gov]nm5t & !re are1 !re=e1 z _m k9ds ( police dep>tm5ts z !re are diff]5t dep>tm5ts 9 ?is int]ior gov]nm5t4 ,!y foll[ ! ,gov]nm5t inspectors ( ! =e/1 ! railways1 ! fields & roads1 to see t _! in/ructions are obey$4 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,heal? x is ! police (fic]s :o f9ally en=ce in/ructions 9 reg>d to vacc9ation1 meat inspection1 sale ( food-/uffs1 & ! transportation ( animals2 9 ! dep>tm5t ( factory inspection ! police n only en=ce ! provisions ( ! factory laws1 b !y are responsible = ! books 9 :i* ! wages paid to m9ors are record$2 & x is f ! police /ations t ! c>ds ( ! ,gov]nm5t insurance = work+-p are issu$4 ,any special inve/igation ord]$ by ! legislature is1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 und]tak5 by ! police4 ,^! v>i$ activities1 ( c\rse1 require m5 ( education & ability1 & ! v ext5sion ( function has brok5 d[n ! milit>y ideal 9 ! c\ntry :]e t ideal is mo/ firmly intr5*$4 ,b 9 a ,republic f\nd$ ^u a revulsion f oppressive gov]nm5t we /ill keep ! police close to _! negative rle ( pres]v+ ord] & arre/+ ! crim9al4 ,! v>i$ functions !y p]=m 9 ,g]many w\ld be impossible 9 ,am]ica1 because x w\ld be hotly res5t$ by ! ,am]ican bus9ess man :o w n brook any gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce 9 indu/rial affairs4 ,! inh]it$ in/9ct t gov]nm5t is naturally oppressive1 & t its inroads mu/ be *eck$1 has made x a matt] ( pr9ciple & patriotism to keep ! functions ( gov]nm5t m re/rict$ & m milit>y ?an has become true 9 milit>y c\ntries4 ,almo/ e ,sunday 9 ! ,italian qu>t] 9 :i* ,i live v>i\s mutual b5efit societies m>* ) fife & drum & ) a brave %[+ ( bann]s1 celebrat+ _! a*ievem5t 9 hav+ surr\nd$ !mselves by at lea/ a ?9 wall ( protection aga9/ disa/]1 ^u hav+ set up _! mutual good w aga9/ ! day ( mis=tune4 ,^! p>ades h all ! emblems ( patriotism2 inde$1 ! associations pres5t ! primitive core ( patriotism1 bro!rs /&+ by ea* o!r aga9/ ho/ile =ces f )\t4 ,i assure y t no ,f\r? ( ,july celebration1 no rejoic+ ov] ! bir? ( an heir to ! ,italian ?rone1 equals 9 he>t9ess & s9c]ity ^! simple celebrations4 ,aga9 "o longs to p\r into ! gov]nm5t ( _! adopt$ c\ntry all ?is affection & zeal1 ?is real patriotism4 ,a sy/em ( ,/ate insurance w\ld be a v simple device & secure a l>ge return4 ,are we 9 ,am]ica reta9+ eighte5?-c5tury traditions1 :ile ,g]many is gradually evolv+ into a ,gov]nm5t logically fitt$ to cope ) ! indu/rial situation ( ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,d we s fail to appreh5d :at democracy is1 t we are really afraid to ext5d ! functions ( municipal adm9i/ration8 ,h we lo/ t mo/ cons]vative ( all beliefs--! belief 9 ! av]age man1 & !reby =feit$ ,ari/otle's ideal ( a city 8:]e m5 live a common life = noble ends08 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,milit>ism ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,legislation ,am]ican cities h be5 sl[ to consid] indu/rial que/ions z g]mane to gov]nm5t1 & ! ,f$]al au?orities h p]si/5tly treat$ ! millions ( immigrants :o arrive e ye> ^u a political !ory & me?od adopt$ a c5tury ago1 because bo? ( !m ignore ! fact t ! organization ( indu/ry has complet$ a revolution dur+ t p]iod4 ,! gigantic task ( /&>diz+ ! successive nations ( immigrants ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry has fall5 ^u workm5 because !y alone _c ignore ! actual indu/rial situation4 ,to ?\s&s ( workm5 ! immigration problem is a "q ( hold+ a job aga9/ a con/antly l[]+ /&>d ( liv+1 & to )/& ?is /ream ( 8raw labor0 means to !m ! ma9t5ance ( indu/rial effici5cy & ( life itself4 ,work+m5 are engag$ 9 a desp]ate /ruggle to ma9ta9 a /&>d ( wages aga9/ ! con/ant arrival ( unskill$ immigrants at ! rate ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million a ye>1 at ! v p]iod :5 ! elaboration ( ma*9]y p]mits ! l>ge/ use ( unskill$ m54 ,x may be ow+ to ! fact t ! work+man is br\ght into direct contact ) ! situation z a desp]ate problem ( a liv+ wage aga9/ />vation2 x may be t wisdom is at h] old trick ( resid+ 9 ! he>ts ( ! simple1 or t ?is new idealism1 :i* is t ( a reasonable life & labor1 mu/1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 proce$ f ^? :o labor2 or possibly x may be because amelioration arises :5ce x is s sorely ne$$2 b c]ta9ly x is true1 t1 :ile ! re/ ( ! c\ntry talks ( assimilation z if x 7 a huge dige/ive app>atus1 ! man ) :om ! immigrant has come mo/ %>ply into competition1 has be5 =c$ into frat]nal relations ) him4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 z soon z ! immigrant situation is frankly reg>d$ z an indu/rial "o1 z ^! m5 mu/ reg>d x1 ! political aspects ( ! indu/rial situation is reveal$ 9 ! fact t trade organizations :i* op5ly conc]n !mselves ) ! immigration problem on its indu/rial side1 quickly take on ! p>aph]nalia & ma*9]y :i* h hi!rto associat$ !mselves only ) gov]nm5tal life & control4 ,! trades unions h work$ out all ov] aga9 local autonomy1 ) c5tral c\ncils & national repres5tative bodies & ! use ( ! ref]5dum vote2 & !y also exhibit _m ( ! features ( political corruption & manipulation4 ,! fir/ real lesson 9 self-gov]nm5t to _m immigrants has come ?r\gh ! organization ( labor unions1 & x c\ld come 9 no o!r way1 = ! union alone has appeal$ to _! necessities4 ,"o sees ! fir/ indication ( an idealism aris+ out ( ^! primal necessities1 & at mom5ts "o d>es to hope t x may be /urdy en\gh & suffici5tly f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce to make "s impression ^u ! trem5d\s immigration situation4 ,! movem5ts embody+ a new idealism h traditionally s\ght refuge ) ^? :o are ne> to />vation4 ,al?\gh ! spiritual /ruggle is associat$ ) ! solit>y g>ret ( ! impassion$ dream]1 x may be t ! idealism fitt$ to our indu/rial democracy w be evolv$ 9 cr[d$ sew] dit*es & 9 noisy factories4 ,x may be cont5d$ t ?is rem>kable com+ toge!r ( ! work+man & ! immigrant has be5 ! result ( an economic pressure1 & is )\t m]it or idealism1 & t ! trades union record on ,*9ese exclusion & negro discrim9ation has be5 damag+4 ,be t z x may1 ?is assimilation betwe5 ! immigrant & ! work+man has exhibit$ amaz+ /r5g?1 :i* may be illu/rat$ f two c>eful /udies made 9 two diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,to quote fir/ f a /udy made f ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 ( ! /ock y>ds /rike :i* took place 9 ,*icago 9 #aijdf3 8,p]haps ! fact ( ! greate/ social significance is t ?is 0 n m]ely a /rike ( skill$ labor = ! unskill$1 b 0 a /rike ( ,am]icaniz$ ,iri%1 ,g]mans1 & ,bohemians1 9 behalf ( ,slovaks1 ,poles1 & ,li?uanians4444 ,?is sub/itution ( races 9 ! /ock y>ds has be5 a cont9u+ process = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! old] nationalities h already disappe>$ f ! unskill$ occupations1 & ! sub/itution ( races has evid5tly run along ! l9e ( l[] /&>d ( liv+4 ,! late/ arrivals1 ! ,li?uanians & ,slovaks1 are probably ! mo/ oppress$ ( ! peasants ( ,europe40 ,! visitors :o att5d$ ! cr[d$ meet+s ( ! /rik]s dur+ ! summ] ( #aijd & he>d ! same address successively translat$ by int]pret]s into six or eight languages1 :o saw ! respect %[n to ! mo/ unc\? ( ! speak]s by ! skill$ ,am]ican m5 repres5t+ a di/9ctly sup]ior /&>d ( life & ?\ght1 c\ld nev] d\bt ! p[] ( ! labor organizations = amalgamation1 :atev] op9ion !y might hold conc]n+ _! o!r values4 ,?is may be said 9 spite ( ! fact t great indu/rial di/urbances h aris5 f ! "u-cutt+ ( wages by ! l[]+ ( racial /&>d4 ,c]ta9ly ! mo/ notable ( ^! h tak5 place 9 ^? indu/ries & at ^? places 9 :i* ! importation ( immigrants has be5 delib]ately fo/]$ z a wage-l[]+ weapon2 & ev5 9 ^? di/urbances & "u ! %ock & /ra9 ( a long /rike1 dis9tegration did n come along ! l9e ( race cleavage4 ,! o!r /udy 0 made 9 ! an?racite coal fields1 & 0 und]tak5 f ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania#g3 8,! ,unit$ ,m9e ,work]s ( ,am]ica is tak+ m5 ( a score ( nationalities1 ,engli%-speak+ & ,slav1 m5 ( widely diff]5t cre$s1 languages1 & cu/oms1 & ( v>y+ p[]s ( indu/rial competition1 & is weld+ !m into an indu/rial bro!rhood1 ea* "p ( :i* c at lea/ und]/& ( ! o!rs t !y are work+ = "o great & common end4 ,?is bond ( unionism is /rong] ?an "o c readily imag9e :o has n se5 its my/]i\s work+s or :o has n be5 a victim ( its memb]s' newly f\nd en?usiasm4 ,x is to-day ! /ronge/ tie t c b9d toge!r #adg1jjj m9e work]s & ! ?\s&s dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,x is m ?an religion1 m ?an ! social ties :i* hold toge!r memb]s ( ! same community40 ,x 0 dur+ a rem>kable /ruggle on ! "p ( ?is amalgamation ( m5 f all c\ntries1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 9 spite ( itself1 0 driv5 to take a h& 9 an indu/rial situation1 ow+ to ! long /ra9 & ! intol]able suff]+ entail$ ^u ! :ole c\ntry4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! ,gov]nm5t endeavor$ to conf9e its inve/igation to ! m]e comm]cial que/ions ( tonnage & freight rates ) _! political implications1 & x 0 only :5 an ar\s$ & moraliz$ public op9ion insi/$ ^u x t ! national commission 0 driv5 to consid] ! human aspects ( ! case4 ,because ( ?is public op9ion1 columns ( newspap]s & days ( inve/igation 7 giv5 to ! discussion ( ! de$s ( viol5ce1 discussions hav+ no?+ to d ) ! orig9al dem&s ( ! /rik]s & ent]+ only into ! value set ^u human life by ea* ( ! conte/+ p>ties4 ,did ! union enc\rage viol5ce aga9/ non-union m51 or did x really d ev]y?+ to suppress viol5ce8 ,did x live up to its cre$ :i* 0 to ma9ta9 a /&>d ( liv+ t families might be prop]ly h\s$ & protect$ f debilitat+ toil & disease1 & t *ildr5 might be nurtur$ into ,am]ican citiz5%ip8 ,did ! op]ators protect _! m5 z f> z possible f m9e damp1 f l5g? ( h\rs prov5 by exp]i5ce to be exhau/+8 ,did !y pay a wage to ! m9e labor] suffici5t to all[ him to s5d 8 *ildr5 to s*ool8 ,que/ions su* z ^!1 a /udy ( ! human problem1 invad$ ! commission day aft] day dur+ ! sitt+4 ,"o felt = ! mom5t ! fir/ wave ( a ris+ tide ( humanit>ianism1 until ! normal ideals ( ! labor] to secure food & %elt] = 8 family1 a security = 8 own old age1 & a l>g] opportunity = 8 *ildr5 became ! ideals ( democratic gov]nm5t4 ,let u imag9e ! result if1 dur+ ! long an?racite /rike1 ! humane in/9ct _h s ov]-ma/]$ ! m9ds ( ! /rik]s1 & s exalt$ _! passions t !y _h lift$ a h& aga9/ no man1 ev5 ?\gh he seem$ to be endang]+ _! cause be=e _! eyes4 ,su* a result might h come ab\t1 p>tly because ! de/ruction ( life _h become abhorr5t & impossible to !m engag$ z !y 7 9 ! endeavor to raise life 9 ! coal regions to a high] level1 & p>tly because !y w\ld h scorn$ to de/roy an enemy 9 ord] to a*ieve a m]e negative result :5 ! p[] lay )9 !mselves to conv]t him into an ally1 :5 !y might h made him a s\rce ( help & p[]1 a comrade ( ! same und]tak+4 ,if ! elem5t ( battle1 ( m]e self-seek+1 c\ld be elim9at$ f /rikes1 if !y c\ld rema9 a %e] upris+ ( ! oppress$ & und]paid to a self-consci\s recognition ( _! condition1 s unifi$1 s irresi/ible z to sweep all ! ne$y )9 its flood1 we %\ld h a tide ris+1 n to de/ruction1 b to b5efic5ce4 ,let u imag9e ! /ate ( public feel+ if !re _h be5 absolutely no act ( viol5ce traceable1 directly or indirectly1 to ! union m9]s2 if dur+ ! long mon?s ( ! /rike ! great body ( m9]s c\ld h add$ ! sanction ( su/a9$ conduct to _! cre$4 ,public sympa?y w\ld h l$ to an und]/&+ ( ! ne$ ^! m9]s 7 try+ to meet1 & ! ,am]ican nation itself might h be5 ready to ask = legislation conc]n+ ! m9imum wage1 & = protection to life & limb1 equal to ! legislation ( ,new ,zeal& or ,g]many4 ,b because ! elem5t ( w>f>e unhappily did exi/1 gov]nm5t got back to its old bus9ess ( repression4 ,to pres]ve law & ord] is obvi\sly ! function ( gov]nm5t ev]y:]e2 & yet 9 our complicat$ mod]n society1 especially z ?\s&s ( v>i$ peoples are cr[d$ into cities1 x is n always easy to see j :]e real social ord] lies4 ,! (ficials !mselves are sometimes p]plex$1 & at o!r times delib]ately use ! devices ( gov]nm5t = _! own ends4 ,we may take once m 9 illu/ration ! great /rike 9 ! ,*icago /ock-y>ds4 ,! imm$iate object ( ! /rike 0 ! protection ( ! wages ( ! unskill$ m5 f a cut ( "o c5t p] h\r1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! unions ( skill$ m5 felt t ?is fir/ invasion ( ! wages increas$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! union1 w\ld be b ! ent]+ w$ge ( an attempt to cut wages 9 all ! trades repres5t$ 9 ! /ock-y>ds4 ,ow+ to ! refusal on ! "p ( ! unions to accept arbitration (f]$ by ! pack]s at an emb>rass+ mom5t1 & because ( ! failure ( ! unions to c>ry out ! t]ms ( a contract1 ! /rike 9 its e>ly /ages completely lo/ ! sympa?y ( t l>ge "p ( ! public dom9at$ by ideals ( bus9ess honor & fair deal+4 ,x lo/1 too1 ! sympa?y ( t gr[+ body ( organiz$ labor :i* is /eadily advanc+ 9 a reg>d = ! validity ( ! contract1 & is fai?fully *]i%+ ! hope t 9 "t ! trades unions may univ]sally atta9 an accr$it$ bus9ess /&+4 ,! lead]s aft] ! fir/ t5 days 71 !re=e1 =c$ to make ! mo/ ( ! purely human appeal :i* lay 9 ! situation itself1 t #cj1jjj m51 includ+ ! alli$ trades1 7 los+ weeks ( wages1 ) a possible *ance ( ! de/ruction ( _! unions on behalf ( ! unskill$ :o 7 ! newly arriv$ ,poles & ,li?uanians1 unable z yet to look out = !mselves4 ,ow+ to ! irregul> & limit$ h\rs ( "w--a condition q l t prevail+ on ! ,london docks be=e ! great /rike ( ! dock]s--! weekly wage ( ^! unskill$ m5 0 exceptionally l[1 & ! plea ( ! /rik]s 0 bas$ ^u ! duty ( ! /rong to ! weak4 ,a *ivalric call 0 issu$ t ! /&>d ( life might be rais$ to t designat$ z ,am]ican1 & t ?is mass ( unskill$ m5 might secure an education = _! *ildr54 ,( c\rse no appeal c\ld h be5 s /rong z ?is purely human "o :i* unit$ = weeks ?\s&s ( m5 ( a score ( nationalities into t solid>ity :i* only comes ?r\gh a self-sacrific+ devotion to an absorb+ cause4 ,! /rike involv$ mu* suff]+ & _m un=ese5 complications4 ,at ! end ( eight weeks ! union lead]s made ! be/ t]ms possible4 ,?r\gh ^! t]ms ! skill$ work]s 7 gu>ante$ aga9/ a r$uction 9 wages1 b no provision 0 made = ! unskill$ 9 ^: behalf ! /rike _h at fir/ be5 und]tak54 ,al?\gh ! h>d-press$ lead]s 7 will+ to make ?is concession1 ! politicians 9 ! mean:ile _h se5 ! great value ( ! human s5tim5t :i* bases its appeal on ! ne$ ( ! "u dog & :i* _h successfully unit$ ?is mass ( work+m5 into a new comrade%ip ) ! immigrants4 ,! appeal 0 inf9itely m valuable ?an any m]ely political cry1 & ! fact t ! f9al t]ms ( settlem5t 7 submitt$ to a ref]5dum vote at once gave ! local politicians a *ance to avail !mselves ( ?is big1 loosely def9$ sympa?y4 ,!y did avail !mselves ( ?is 9 s dramatic a mann] t !y almo/ succe$$1 solely ^u t appeal1 9 tak+ ! /rike out ( ! h&s ( ! legitimate (fic]s & plac+ x 9 _! own h&s = _! own political ends4 ,! situation 0 a typical "o1 exemplify+ ! real aim ( popul> gov]nm5t ) its conc]n = primitive ne$s1 =c$ to seek expression outside ( ! organiz$ *annels ( gov]nm5t4 ,if ! militia c\ld h be5 call$ 91 gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 plac$ ev5 m dramatically 9 ! position ( ! oppressor ( popul> self-gov]nm5t4 ,! ph5om5al good ord]1 ! comp>ative lack ( viol5ce on ! "p ( ! /rik+ workm51 gave no *ance = ! br++ 9 ( ! militia4 ,! city politician 0 ( c\rse v mu* disappo9t$1 = x w\ld h af=d$ him an op5+ to put ! odium ( ?is traditional opposition ( gov]nm5t1 an opposition :i* has always be5 mo/ dramatically embodi$ 9 ! soldi]1 ^u ! political p>ty dom9at+ ! ,/ate b n ! city4 ,x w\ld h giv5 ! city politician an excell5t opportunity to %[ ! conc]n ( himself & 8 p>ty = ! real p1 z ov] aga9/ ! attitude ( ! p>ty dom9at+ ! ,/ate4 ,b because ! militia 0 n call$1 8 s*eme fail$1 & ! legitimate /rike lead]s :o1 al?\gh !y pass$ ?r\gh mu* tribulation because ( ?is political int]f]5ce1 did n ev5tually lose control4 ,! situation 9 ! ,*icago /ock-y>ds also af=d$ an excell5t epitome ( ! fact t gov]nm5t s (t5 f9ds itself1 n only 9 opposition to ! express$ w ( ! p mak+ ! dem& at ! mom5t1 b app>5tly aga9/ ! be/ in/9cts ( ! mass ( ! citiz5s z a :ole4 ,= ye>s ! city adm9i/ration _h s protect$ ! prop]ty int]e/s inve/$ 9 ! /ock-y>ds1 t none ( ! sanit>y ord9ances _h ev] be5 prop]ly en=c$4 ,! sick5+ /5* & ! scum on ! bran* ( ! riv] kn[n z ,bubbly ,creek at times made t section ( ! city un5durable4 ,! smoke ord9ances 7 op5ly ignor$1 nor did ! meat inspector ev] s]i\sly int]f]e ) bus9ess1 be+ q will+ to h meat sold 9 ,*icago :i* _h n pass$ ! inspection = =eign m>kets4 ,! wat] /eals1 too1 = :i* ! /ock-y>ds 7 at "o "t notori\s1 mu/ h be5 m or less kn[n to c]ta9 (ficials4 ,b all ?is m]ely corrupt$ a limit$ numb] ( inspectors1 & al?\gh _! corruption 0 complete & involv$ entire adm9i/rations1 x did n actually t\* l>ge numb]s ( p]sons4 ,dur+ ! /rike ( #aijd1 h[ev]1 #a1bjj policem51 actual m5 possess$ ( human s5sibilities1 7 call$ ^u to patrol ! y>ds inside & out4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! police inspector ( ! di/rict ?or\ghly repres5t$ ! alliance ( ! ,city ,hall ) ! bus9ess int]e/s1 t he did n mean to discov] any?+ :i* 0 d]ogatory to ! pack]s nor to emb>rass !m 9 any way dur+ ! conduct ( ! /rike4 ,_h ^! #a1bjj m51 m ?an a regim5t 9 numb]s1 be5 a regim5t 9 tra9+ & tradition1 !y1 too1 w\ld h se5 no?+1 & w\ld h be5 cont5t at he>t1 z !y 7 oblig$ to be 9 conduct1 to h arre/$ ! /rik]s on ! slighte/ provocation1 & to h protect$ ! /rike-break]s4 ,b !y 71 9 po9t ( fact1 call$ ^u to face a v peculi> situation1 because ( ! type ( m5 & wom5 :o =m$ ! bulk ( ! /rike-break]s1 & because1 dur+ ! fir/ weeks ( ! /rike1 ^! m5 & wom5 7 kept con/antly inside ! y>ds1 day & night4 ,9 ord] to hold !m at all1 discipl9e outside ( work+ h\rs 0 ?or\ghly relax$1 & ! policem5 9 *>ge ( ! y>ds1 :ile !re o/5sibly to en=ce law & ord]1 7 oblig$ e night to connive at prize-fight+1 at op5 gambl+1 & at pro/itution4 ,!y 7 !re1 n to en=ce law & ord] z x def9es itself 9 ! m9ds ( ! bulk ( heal?y-m9d$ citiz5s1 b only to keep ! /rik]s f mole/+ ! non-union work]s4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly comm5dable1 b1 aft] all1 only "p ( _! real duty4 ,because !y 7 normal m5 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( normal life & n 9 b>racks1 !y 7 %ock$ by ! law-break+ :i* !y 7 ord]$ to protect1 & mu* drawn 9 sympa?y to ! /rik]s :om !y 7 suppos$ to reg>d z public enemies4 ,an inve/igator :o int]view$ "o hundr$ policem5 f\nd only "o :o did n frankly extol ! virtues ( ! /rik]s z ov] aga9/ ! %ock+ vices ( ! import$ m54 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 an extreme case br\ght ab\t by ! unusual & peculi> type ( ! import$ /rike-break]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 tru/wor?y evid5ce incorporat$ 9 affidavits :i* 7 at ! "t submitt$ to ! ,mayor ( ,*icago1 conc]n+ ! unlawful conduct ( ! m5 :o 7 "u ! protection ( ! city police4 ,x 0 h>d = a patriot n to feel jeal\s ( ! union & ( ! en?usiasm ( ^? newly emigrat$ citiz5s4 ,!y p\r$ out _! gratitude & affection ^u ?is fir/ big fri5dly =ce :i* _h (f]$ !m help 9 _! desp]ate /ruggle 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,?is devotion1 ?is comrade%ip1 & ?is f9e esprit de corps %\ld h be5 won by ! ,gov]nm5t itself f ^! newly arriv$1 sc>$1 & untra9$ citiz5s4 ,! union 0 t :i* _h conc]n$ itself ) ! real /ruggle = life1 %elt]1 a *ance to "w1 & bread = _! *ildr54 ,x _h come to !m 9 a language !y c\ld und]/&1 ?r\gh m5 ) int]e/s ak9 to _! own1 & x gave !m bo? _! fir/ *ance to express !mselves ?r\gh a democratic vote1 & an opportunity to regi/] by a ballot _! real op9ion ^u a v important matt]4 ,!y us$ ! ref]5dum votes1 ! late/ & p]haps ! mo/ clev] device ( democratic gov]nm5t1 & yet !y us$ x to decide a "q :i* ! gov]nm5t suppos$ to be q outside its realm4 ,:5 !y left ! old c\ntry1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica held _! deepe/ hopes1 & repres5t$ t :i* !y believ$ w\ld obta9 = !m ! fullness ( life d5i$ !m 9 ! l&s ( oppressive gov]nm5ts4 ,x is a curi\s comm5t>y on ! fact t we h n yet atta9$ self-gov]nm5t :5 ! real & legitimate objects ( m5's desires mu/ /ill be incorporat$ 9 ^? volunt>y gr\ps = :i* ! gov]nm5t1 :5 x does its be/1 c only af=d protection f int]f]5ce4 ,z ! religi\s revivali/ looks ) long+ ^u ! f]vor ( a s+le-tax meet+1 z ! or?odox ,jew sees 8 son /ay away f ,yom ,kippur s]vice 9 ord] to p\r all 8 religi\s f]vor1 8 preci\s zeal = righte\sness :i* has be5 ga!r$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 into ! ,sociali/ ,labor ,p>ty--s a patriot f9ds himself exclaim+ to ! immigrant1 l ano!r ,&rea del ,s>to to 8 wife1 8,oh1 b :at d !y--:at d !y to please y m80 ,! /ock-y>ds /rike af=d$ an example ( ! national appeal subord9at$ to an appeal made 9 ! "n ( labor4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! /rike x 0 discov]$ t newly arriv$ ,mac$onians 7 tak+ _m ( ! places vacat$ by ! /rik]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ t\*+ sc5es dur+ ! /rike 0 ! gr\ps ( ,mac$onians :o w\ld sit toge!r 9 ! twilight play+ on primitive pipes s+ul>ly l ! "o :i* is associat$ ) ! great god ,pan4 ,! sl5d] song w\ld c>ry amaz+ly 9 ! smoke-b$imm$ air1 affect+ ! spectator ) a curi\s s5se ( incongruity4 ,:5 ! organiz$ labor ( ,*icago discov]$ t ! /rik]s' places 7 tak5 by ,greeks1 ! unions ?reat5$1 unless ! ,greeks 7 8call$ (f10 to boycott ! ,greek fruit-deal]s all ov] ! city1 :o ) _! /reet /&s are s+ul>ly dep5d5t ^u ! patronage ( work+m54 ,! fact t ! /rike-break]s 7 ,mac$onians1 z x happ5$1 0 an additional advantage at ! mom5t2 = ! ,greeks h be5 mu* conc]n$ to make x cle> t ,mac$onia belongs to ,greece1 & h hotly res5t$ ! ef=ts ( ,bulg>ia to e/abli% a protectorate ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!y !re=e respond$ at once to ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( _! claim1 &1 p>tly to %[ t ! ,mac$onians & ,greeks 7 c\ntrym51 p>tly because !y res5t$ ! implication t a ,greek c\ld act a c[>dly "p 9 any situation1 & also1 d\btless1 because !y 7 m]*ants ?reat5$ ) loss ( trade1 !y made sup]human ef=ts to cle> ! y>ds ( ,mac$onians4 ,?is !y accompli%$ 9 a rem>kably %ort "t4 ,s reckless 7 !y 9 ! me?ods !y us$ t x 0 common gossip ?r\gh\t ! ,greek colony t /rike-break]s w\ld be refus$ ! com=ts ( religion by ! ,greek prie/s 9 ! city1 al?\gh d\btless ?is rumor 0 unf\nd$4 ,?is utt] recklessness ( me?od1 ?is det]m9ation to det] /rike-break+ at any co/1 is1 ( c\rse1 a revelation ( ! w> elem5t :i* is an ess5tial "p ( any /rike4 ,! appeal to 8loyalty0 is ! ne>e/ approa* to a moral appeal :i* c be safely made 9 ! mid/ ( a w> ( any sort4 ,dur+ a long /rike "o result ( ! non-moral appeal is to confuse ! situation s t x becomes utt]ly impossible to tell h[ _m m5 refuse to become /rike-break]s because !y are t]roriz$ & h[ _m /ay away f conviction4 ,! non-moral appeal n only s9s aga9/ ! pr9ciples advocat$ by trades unioni/s1 b x contradicts itself & br+s great confusion into ! situation1 z w> ideals always d :5 ?ru/ into a peaceful society4 ,x 01 = in/ance1 q impossible to tell :e!r ! l[]+ 9 ! type ( man :o 0 will+ to take a /rik]'s place1 s t at la/ only v ignorant m5 f ! s\!rn plantations c\ld be induc$ to "w1 0 due to a species ( class consci\sness1 a response to ! dem& felt s /rongly by labor m5--8,?\ %alt n take ?y neighbor's job0--or :e!r work+m5 are becom+ s afraid to take /rik]'s places t ^! places mu/ at la/ be giv5 to m5 :o h come f su* remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry t 8!y d n "k en\gh to be afraid40 ,! unions !mselves c\ld take no acc\nt+ ( _! real /r5g? because ( ! t]rorism :i* _h become ?ru/ into ! situation4 ,& yet all t ! /ock-y>ds work]s 7 dem&+ ?r\gh ?is long & disa/r\s /rike1 0 ! m9imum wage :i* has be5 gu>ante$ by cons]vative gov]nm5ts else:]e1 & is recogniz$ ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 mu* gov]nm5tal "w "u ! contracts ( civil or ,f$]al au?orities4 ,s timid are ,am]ican cities1 h[ev]1 9 deal+ ) ?is p]fectly reasonable subject ( wages 9 its relation to municipal employees1 t :5 !y d prescribe a m9imum wage = city contract "w1 !y all[ x to fall into ! h&s ( ! petty politician & to become "p ( a political game1 mak+ no ef=t to give x a dignifi$ treatm5t 9 relation to ! co/ ( liv+ & to ! m>g9 ( leisure4 ,9 ?is ! ,engli% cities h anticipat$ u1 bo? z to "t & legitimate proc$ure4 ,h ,am]icans =m$ a sort ( 8imp]ialism ( virtue10 hold+ on to preconceiv$ ideals ( gov]nm5t & insi/+ t !y mu/ fit all ! p :o come to our %ores1 ev5 ?\gh !y cru% ! mo/ promis+ bits ( self-expression 9 ! process8 ,is ! ,am]ican attitude t[>d self-gov]nm5t l t ( ! ,anglo-,saxon t[>ds civilization1 save t he goes =? to rule all ! nations ( ! e>? by "o patt]n1 :ile we rema9 at home & bid !m to rule !mselves by "o patt]n8 ,we firmly decl9e n only to consid] matt]s ( indu/ry & comm]ce z g]mane to gov]nm5t1 b we also decl9e to br+ m5 toge!r ^u t mo/ natural & inevitable ( all f\ndations1 _! indu/rial ne$s4 ,! gov]nm5t :i* refuses to consid] matt]s ( ?is sort1 or at lea/ waits until _! neglect becomes a sc&al be=e x cons5ts to deal ) !m1 z a result ( ?is caution =ces ! mo/ patriotic citiz5s to ignore ! ,gov]nm5t & to embody _! scruples & hopes ( progress 9 volunt>y organizations4 ,to be afraid to ext5d ! functions ( gov]nm5t may be to lose :at we h4 ,a gov]nm5t has always receiv$ feeble support f its con/itu5ts z soon z its dem&s appe>$ *ildi% or remote4 ,citiz5s inevitably neglect or ab&on civic duty1 :5 _! gov]nm5t no long] embodies _! g5u9e desires4 ,x is useless to hypnotize ourselves by unreal talk ( colonial ideas1 & ( our patriotic duty t[>ds immigrants z ?\gh ! situation 0 "o dem&+ ! passage ( a set ( resolutions :5 we fail to realize t ! nation c be sav$ only by patriots :o are possess$ ( a contemporane\s k4 ,z indu/rial relations imply peaceful relations1 "u a c]ta9 r\gh reorganization & recon/ruction ( gov]nm5tal functions :i* ! association ( labor pres5ts1 x is inevitable t 9 its int]national aspects ! association %\ld =mally advocate univ]sal peace4 ,workm5 h always realiz$1 h[ev] feebly & vaguely !y may h express$ x1 t x is !y :o 9 all ages h borne ! heavie/ burd5 ( privation & suff]+ impos$ on ! _w by ! milit>y _s4 ,! fir/ int]national organization f\nd$1 n to promote a colorless peace1 b to advance & develop ! common life ( all nations1 0 f\nd$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfd by work+m51 & 0 call$ simply 8,! ,int]national ,association ( ,work+m540 ,!y recogniz$ t a supreme int]e/ rais$ all work+m5 above ! prejudice ( race1 & unit$ !m by wid] & deep] pr9ciples ?an ^? by :i* !y 7 sep>at$ into nations4 ,!y hop$ t z religion1 sci5ce1 art1 _h become int]national1 s n[ at la/ labor might take its place z an int]national int]e/4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 at its ?ird congress 9 ,brussels !y recomm5d$ t 9 case ( w> a univ]sal /rike be decl>$4 ,!re is a gr[+ conviction among work+m5 ( all c\ntries t1 :atev] may be accompli%$ by a national w>1 h[ev] moral ! suppos$ aim ( su* a w>1 !re is "o inevitable result--an increas$ /&+ army1 ! soldi]s ( :i* are non-produc]s1 & mu/ be f$ by ! work]s4 ,! surpris+ gr[? ( ,socialism1 at ! mom5t1 is due l>gely to ! fact t x is ! only political p>ty ^u an int]national basis1 & also t x frankly v5tures its future ^u a bett] indu/rial organization4 ,^! two aspects h _h mu* m to d ) its hold 9 indu/rial neighborhoods ?an h its philosophic t5ets or ! impassion$ appeal ( its propag&i/s4 ,! ,sociali/s are mak+ almo/ ! sole attempt to prea* a morality suffici5tly all-embrac+ & int]national to keep pace ) ev5 t mat]ial int]nationalism :i* has /&>iz$ ! ?reads ( screws & ! size ( bolts1 s t ma*9es may become int]*angeable f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,x is ! same sort ( int]nationalism :i* ,mazz9i prea*$ :5 di/ract$ ,italy 0 mak+ h] desp]ate /ruggle = a unifi$ & national life4 ,he issu$ 8 rem>kable address to h] work+m5 & solemnly told !m t ! life ( ! nation c\ld n be made secure until h] patriots 7 ready to die = human issues4 ,he saw1 e>li] ?an mo/ m51 t ! desire to be at unity ) all human be+s1 to claim ! s5se ( a univ]sal affection is a =ce n to be ignor$4 ,he believ$ t x might ev5 !n be /rong en\gh to dev\r ! flimsy /uff call$ national honor1 glory1 & pre/ige1 :i* incite to w> & induce work+m5 to trample ov] ea* o!r's fields & to de/roy ! results ( ea* o!r's labor4 ,work+m5 dream ( an indu/rialism :i* %all be ! h&maid ( a comm]ce m9i/]+ to an increas$ p[] ( consumption among ! produc]s ( ! _w1 b9d+ !m toge!r 9 a g5u9e int]nationalism4 ,exi/+ comm]ce has long ago rea*$ its int]national /age1 b x has be5 ! result ( bus9ess aggression & con/antly appeals = milit>y def5se & = ! =c+ ( new m>kets4 ,9 s f> z comm]ce has re/$ ^u ! successful capture ( ! res\rces ( ! work]s1 x has be5 a relic ( ! m$iaeval b>on issu+ =? to seize ! m]*ants' boats z !y pass$ 8 ca/le on ! ,rh9e4 ,x has logically l5t itself to w>f>e1 & is1 inde$1 ! mod]n repres5tative ( conque/4 ,z its prototype re/$ ^u slav]y & vassalage1 s ?is comm]ce is f\nd$ ^u a contempt = ! work] & believes t he c live on l[ wages4 ,x assumes t 8 legitimate wants are ! animal ones compris+ m]ely food & %elt] & ! co/ ( replacem5t4 ,! indu/rialism ( :i* ?is comm]ce is a "p1 exhibits ?is same contemptu\s attitude1 b x is m easily ext5d$ to immigrants ?an to any o!r sort ( workm5 because !y seem fur!r away f a common /&>d ( life4 ,?is attitude t[>d ! immigrant simply illu/rates once m t x is ar\nd ! deeply significant idea ( ! /&>d ( life t our indu/rial problems ( to-day c5tre4 ,! desire = a high] /&>d ( liv+ 9 reality =ms ! base ( all ! =w>d movem5ts ( ! work+ class4 8,! significance ( ! /&>d ( life lies n s mu* 9 ! fact t = ea* ( u x is diff]5t1 z t = all ( u x is progressive10#h con/antly invad+ new realms4 ,to imag9e t = immigrants x is m]ely a "q ( t9 cups & plates /or$ 9 a bunk v]sus a :ite clo? & a cottage table1 & t all goes well if sew+-ma*9es & cottage-organs rea* ! fir/ g5]ation ( immigrants1 & fa%ionable dressmak]s & pianos ! second1 is ( c\rse a mo/ untutor$ int]pretation4 ,until ! /&>d ( life is appreh5d$ 9 its real significance & made ! crux ( ! immigrant situation1 z rec5t economi/s are mak+ ! p[] ( consumption ! te/ ( a nation's prosp]ity1 we %all cont9ue to ignore ! mo/ obvi\s & natural basis = und]/&+ & mutual citiz5%ip4 ,because workm5 h be5 =c$ to consid] ?is /&>d ( liv+ 9 reg>d to immigrants z well z !mselves1 !y h made g5u9e ef=ts t[>d amalgamation4 ,?is is p]haps easily expla9$1 =1 aft] all1 ! man 9 ?is c\ntry :o realizes human equality is n he :o repeats ! =mula ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b he :o has le>n$ t ! 8idea ( equality is an outgr[? ( man's prim>y relations ) nature4 ,bir?1 gr[?1 nutrition1 reproduction1 dea?1 are ! great level]s t rem9d u ( ! ess5tial equality ( human life4 ,x is ) ! gu>antee ( equal opportunities to play our p>ts well 9 ^! prim>y processes t gov]nm5t is *iefly conc]n$0#i & n m]ely ) ! repression ( ! vici\s1 nor ) gu>d+ ! rights ( prop]ty4 ,all t devotion ( ! trades union = ! real issues & trials ( life c\ld1 ( c\rse1 easily be turn$ into a passion = self-gov]nm5t & = ! developm5t ( ! national life if we 7 really democratic f ! mod]n evolution>y /&po9t1 & held our t[n-meet+s ^u ! topics ( vital conc]n4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z ! ,gov]nm5t decl9es to conc]n itself ) ^! deep] issues involv$ 9 ! /&>d ( life & ! indu/rial /atus ( ?\s&s ( its citiz5s1 we mu/ lose x4 ,if progress 7 inaugurat$ by ^? memb]s ( ! community :o possess ! wide/ k & sup]ior moral insight1 !n social amelioration might be br\ght ab\t )\t ! bungl+ & mi/akes :i* s di/ress u all4 ,b1 ov] & ov] aga91 salut>y *anges are project$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh by m5 ( ev5 less ?an ! av]age e?ical developm5t1 because _! positions 9 life h br\ght !m 9 contact ) ! ills ( exi/+ arrangem5ts4 ,to quote f ,john ,morley3 8,9 matt]s ( social improvem5t1 ! mo/ common reason :y "o hits ^u a po9t ( progress & n ano!r1 is t "o happ5s to be m directly t\*$ ?an ! o!r by ! unimprov$ practice40#aj ,p]haps ?is is a suffici5t explanation ( ! fact t untra9$ workm5 are entru/$ ) ! difficult task ( indu/rial amelioration & adju/m5t1 :ile ! re/ ( ! community (t5 seems ignorant ( ! tru? t in/itutions :i* d n m>* ) ! ext5sion ( human ne$s & relation%ips are dead1 & may easily become a det]r5t to social progress4 ,unless we subord9ate class int]e/s & class feel+ to a broad] conception ( social progress1 unless we take pa9s to come 9 contact ) ! surg+ & div]se peoples :o make up ! nation1 we _c hope to atta9 a sane social developm5t4 ,we ne$ rigid en=cem5t ( ! exi/+ laws1 :ile at ! same "t1 we frankly admit ! inadequacy ( ^! laws1 & "w )\t /9t = progressive regulations bett] fitt$ to ! new] issues among :i* our lot is ca/2 =1 unless ! gr[+ consci5ce is successfully embodi$ 9 legal enactm5t1 m5 lose ! habit ( turn+ to ! law = guidance & r$ress4 ,i recall1 9 illu/ration ( ?is1 an in/ance :i* took place fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,i _h newly come to ,*icago1 fre% f ! c\ntry1 & _h little idea ( ! social & indu/rial conditions 9 :i* ,i f\nd myself on ,hal/$ ,/reet1 :5 a doz5 girls came f a neighbor+ factory ) a grievance 9 reg>d to _! wages4 ,! affair c\ld h>dly h be5 call$ a labor difficulty4 ,! girls _h nev] he>d ( a trades union1 & 7 totally unaccu/om$ to act+ toge!r4 ,x 0 m 9 ! nature ( a 8scrap0 betwe5 !mselves & _! =eman4 ,9 ! ef=t t[>d adju/m5t1 !re rema9s vividly 9 my memory a conv]sation ,i _h ) a lead+ judge :o arbitrat$ ! difficulty4 ,he express$ 8 belief 9 ! capacity ( ! common law to meet all legitimate labor difficulties z !y arise4 ,he tru/$ its rem>kable adaptability to *ang+ conditions "u ! decisions ( wise & progressive judges4 ,he cont5d$1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ord] to adju/ x to our indu/rial affairs1 x mu/ be int]pret$1 n s mu* 9 relation to prec$5ts e/abli%$ "u a judicial ord] :i* belongs to ! pa/1 b 9 ref]5ce to t new] s5se ( ju/ice :i* ?is g5]ation is seek+ to embody 9 indu/rial relations4 ,he =esaw some?+ ( ! /ress & /orm ( ! indu/rial conflicts :i* h occurr$ 9 ,*icago s9ce !n1 & he express$ ! hope t ! ,b5* ( ,cook ,c\nty might seize ! opportunity1 9 ?is new & difficult situation1 ( deal+ ) labor difficulties 9 a judicial _s4 ,:at a diff]5ce x w\ld h made 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*icago dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s if m m5 _h be5 possess$ ( ?is temp] & wisdom1 & _h refus$ to c\nt5ance ! use ( =ce4 ,if m m5 _h be5 able to see ! situation ?r\gh a fre%] m$ium2 to appreh5d t ! old legal enactm5ts 7 too individuali/ic & n>r[2 t a diff]5ce 9 degree may make a diff]5ce 9 k9d2 if !y _h realiz$ t !y 7 ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,am]ican juri/s :o _h to deal ) a situation made novel by ! fact t x 0 br\ght ab\t by ! com+ toge!r ( two millions ( p l>gely on an indu/rial basis6 ,our con/itutions 7 con/ruct$ by ! advanc$ m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o _h /udi$ ! works ( ! mo/ radical ?9k]s ( t c5tury4 ,radicalism !n meant a m democratic political organization1 & 9 its def5ce1 !y fe>lessly quot$ ! ,greek city & ! ,roman ,=um4 ,b we h come to admit t our pres5t difficulties are connect$ ) our indu/rial organization & ) ! lack ( connection betwe5 t organization & our inh]it$ democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,if self-gov]nm5t 7 to be inaugurat$ by ! advanc$ m5 ( ! pres5t mom5t1 !y w\ld make a mo/ c>eful rese>* into ^? e>ly organizations ( village communities1 folk-motes1 & mirs1 ^? prim>y cells ( bo? indu/rial & political organizations1 :]e ! p knew no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 b1 q simply1 met to consid] 9 common discussion all t conc]n$ _! common life4 ,!y w\ld inve/igate ! crafts1 guilds1 & artels1 :i* comb9e gov]nm5t ) daily occupations1 z did ! self-gov]n+ univ]sity & free t[n4 ,!y w\ld seek = ! connection betwe5 ! lib]ty-lov+ m$iaeval city & its free creative ar*itecture1 t art :i* comb9es ! greate/ v>iety ( arti/s & artisans4 ,!y w\ld n altoge!r ignore ! 8compulsion ( orig9s0 & ! fact t our pres5t civilization is mo/ emphatically an indu/rial "o4 ,9 ,g]many1 :5 ! ,social ,democratic p>ty fir/ vigor\sly ass]t$ ! economic basis ( society & laid ! emphasis ^u its indu/rial aspect1 ! ,gov]nm5t itself1 9 a s]ies ( legislative measures1 designat$ 8! ,socialism ( ,bism>ck10 f\nd itself deal+ directly ) indu/ry1 ?r\gh a %e] ef=t to give itself a t\* ( reality4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,russia1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,japanese ,w>1 made an ef=t to relieve ! ne$s ( ! p4 ,! bureaucracy itself organiz$ ! workm5 into a species ( trades unions ?r\gh :i* ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t promis$ to protect ! prolet>ian f ! aggressions ( capital4 ,! entire incid5t 0 sugge/ive ( ! protection af=d$ by ! c5tral ,/ate to ! sl[ly emancipat$ s]fs ( c5tral ,europe :5 ! b>ons1 reluctant to give up _! rights & privileges1 s unju/ly oppress$ !m4 ,%all a democracy be sl[] ?an ^! old ,p[]s to protect its humble/ citiz51 & %all x see !m sl[ly det]iorat+ because1 accord+ to democratic !ory1 !y d n ne$ protection8 ,,footnotes3 #f ,trade ,unionism & ,labor ,problems1 by ,john ,r4 ,commons1 page #bdh4 #g 8,! ,slav ,invasion10 by ,f4 ,j4 ,w>ne1 pages #aah1 #aai4 #h ,! ,/&>d ( ,life1 by ,mrs4 ,b]n>d ,bosanquet1 page #d4 #i ,! ,am]ican ,city4 ,delos ,f4 ,wilcox1 page #bjj4 #aj ,compromise1 ,john ,morley1 page #bac4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,gr\p ,,morality ,,9 ,,! ,,labor ,,movem5t ,?is g5]ation is con/antly confront$ by radical indu/rial *anges1 f :i* ! community z a :ole pr(its1 b :i* mu/ inevitably br+ difficulty ( adju/m5t & disa/] to m5 ( c]ta9 trades4 ,9 all fairness1 ^! difficulties %\ld be di/ribut$ & %\ld n be all[$ to fall completely ^u ! gr\p ( work+-p ^: labor is displac$ z a result ( ! *anges & :o are oblig$ to le>n anew _! me?od ( "w & mode ( life4 ,if ! great indu/rial *anges c\ld be consid]$ z belong+ to ! community z a :ole & c\ld be reasonably dealt )1 ! situation w\ld !n be difficult en\gh1 b x is enorm\sly complicat$ by ! fact t society has become divid$ into camps 9 relation to ! indu/rial sy/em & t _m times ! factions break out into active ho/ility4 ,^! two camps inevitably develop gr\p morality--! employ]s t5d+ t[>d ! legal & contractual developm5t ( morality1 ! work+m5 t[>d ! sympa!tic & human4 ,among our contempor>ies1 ^! two are typifi$ by ! employ]s associations & ! trades unions4 ,x is always difficult to judge a contemporane\s movem5t ) any degree ( fairness1 & x is p]5nially p]plex+ to di/+ui% :at is m]ely adv5titi\s & tempor>y f t :i* repres5ts ess5tial & p]man5t t5d5cies4 ,?is discrim9ation is made mu* m difficult :5 a movem5t exhibits v>i\s /ages ( developm5t contemporane\sly1 :5 a doz5 hi/oric phases are go+ on at ! same "t4 ,yet e hi/oric movem5t t[>ds democracy1 :i* con/antly ga!rs to itself l>ge bodies ( raw recruits :ile ! old] gr\ps are mov+ on1 pres5ts ?is peculi> difficulty4 ,9 ! case ( trades unions1 c]ta9 gr\ps are m>k$ by lawlessness & disord]1 o!rs by mo/ decor\s bus9ess me?ods1 & /ill o!rs are fairly decad5t 9 _! desire = monopoli/ic control4 ,x is a long cry f ! ,*>ti/s ( #ahci1 burn+ hayricks1 to ,john ,burns ( #aijb1 plead+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ) well-reason$ eloqu5ce = an ext5sion ( ! work+m5's fran*ise4 ,nev]!less !y are bo? manife/ations ( ! same movem5t t[>ds univ]sal suffrage & %[ no great] diff]5ce ?an t betwe5 ! ,*icago team/]s1 :o 7 block+ comm]ce & almo/ b>ricad+ ! /reets 9 #aijb :5 at ! same mom5t ,john ,mit*ell made 8 well-consid]$ /atem5t t he w\ld r lose ! coal /rike1 ) all t t loss impli$1 ?an ga9 x at ! co/ ( viol5ce4 ,/ud5ts ( indu/rial hi/ory w po9t out ! sequ5ce & developm5t ( ! political movem5t f ! ,*>ti/ to ! ,indep5d5t ,labor p>ty4 ,!y w tell u t ! same desire burn$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! ignorant f>m]s :i* fir$ ! di/+ui%$ p>liam5t>ian1 b !y give no help to our bewild]$ m9ds :5 we w\ld fa9 discov] "s ord] & sequ5ce betwe5 ! widely sep>at$ ev5ts ( ! contemporane\s labor movem5t4 ,we mu/ fir/ get d[n to ! "q1 ,9 :at does 8! inevitably de/9$ rise ( ! m5 ( labor0 consi/8 ,:at are we try+ to solve 9 ?is 8mo/ haz>d\s problem ( ! age08 ,is progress 9 ! labor movem5t to come1 z we are told progress comes 9 ! non-moral _w1 by ! bl9d1 brute /ruggle ( individual int]e/s2 or is x to come1 z its e>li] lead]s believ$1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! human w8 ,is x a "q ( morals :i* mu/ dep5d ^u educators & apo/les2 or is x m]ely a conflict ( oppos+ rights :i* may legitimately use co]cion8 ,! "q1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 is confus+2 =1 ( necessity1 ! labor movem5t has p]fectly legitimate economic & bus9ess aspects1 :i* loom l>ge & easily ov]%ad[ ! e?ical4 ,we w\ld all agree t only :5 m5 h education1 a m>g9 ( leisure1 & a dec5t home c !y f9d room to develop ! moral life4 ,be=e t1 !re are too _m *ances t x w be cru%$ out by ignorance1 by gr9d+ we>9ess1 & by indec5cy4 ,b ! dang] lies 9 ! conviction t ^! advantages are to be secur$ by any means1 moral or non-moral1 & 9 hold+ !m p>am\nt to ! inn] life :i* !y are suppos$ to n\ri%4 ,! labor movem5t is confront$ by t inevitable problem :i* confronts e movem5t & e individual4 ,h[ f> %all ! compromise be made betwe5 ! inn] concept & ! out] act8 ,h[ may we conc$e :at x is necess>y to conc$e1 )\t conc$+ all8 ,we con/antly =get t1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ! spiritual gr[? ( "o social gr\p is condition$ by ! reaction ( o!r social gr\ps ^u x4 ,we ignore ! fact t ! wor%ip ( success1 s long dom9ant 9 ,am]ica1 has taught ! majority ( our citiz5s to c\nt only accompli%m5t & to make little inquiry conc]n+ me?ods4 ,success has become ! sole /&>d 9 reg>d to bus9ess ent]prises & political p>ties1 b x is evid5t t ! public int5ds to call a halt be=e x is will+ to apply ! same /&>d to labor organizations4 ,x is cle> t ! pres5t mom5t is "o ( unusual crisis--t _m ( ! trades unions ( ,am]ica h rea*$ a transitional p]iod1 :5 !y c no long] be m]e propag&i/s1 b are call$ ^u to deal ) concrete & difficult situations4 ,:5 !y 7 small & p]secut$1 !y held to ! fai? & its implication ( idealism4 ,z !y become l>g] & m p[]ful1 !y make t]ms ) ! life ab\t !m1 & compromise z be/ !y may ) actual conditions4 ,! old] unions1 :i* h rea*$ ! second /age t may be describ$ z t ( bus9ess deal+1 are con/antly hamp]$ & h>ass$ by ! actions ( ! y\ng] unions :i* are /ill 9 ! en?usia/ic /age4 ,?is emb>rassm5t is especially notable j n[1 =1 dur+ ?is la/ p]iod ( prosp]ity1 trades unions h increas$ enorm\sly 9 numb]s2 ! ,/ate ,f$]ation ( ,m9nesota1 = in/ance1 report$ an increase ( six hundr$ p] c5t4 9 "o ye>4 ,ne>ly all ! well-e/abli%$ unions h be5 flood$ by new memb]s :o are n yet assimilat$ & discipl9$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( extraord9>y gr[?1 ! labor movem5t has naturally attract$ to itself hundr$s ( organizations :i* are yet 9 _! infancy & exhibit all ! weakness ( 8gr\p morality40 ,?is d\btless t5ds to a conception ( moral life :i* is z primitive z t :i* controll$ ! beg9n+s ( patriotism1 :5 ! memb]s ( ! newly consci\s nation consid]$ all ^? :o 7 outside z possible oppressors & enemies1 & 7 loyal only t[>ds ^? :om _! imag9ation includ$ z belong+ to ! national life4 ,!y gave mu*1 & dem&$ mu*1 9 ! "n ( blood bro!rs1 b 7 m]ciless to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,9 addition to its bellig]5t y\? & its primitive morality1 ! new] union is prone to decl>e a /rike1 simply because ! memb]s h long suff]$ :at !y consid] to be grievances1 & ! accumulat$ s5se ( unr$ress$ wrong makes !m eag] = a *ance to 8fight = _! rights40 ,at ! same "t1 ! employ] always attempts 8 mo/ vigor\s attack ^u a new union1 bo? because he does n wi% organiz$ labor to obta9 a foo?old 9 8 factory1 & because 8 *ances = success are great] be=e 8 employees are well discipl9$ 9 unionism4 ,nev]!less 9 actual conflict a "y union w (t5 make a m reckless fight ?an an old] "o1 l ! r\gh rid] 9 contra/ ) ! discipl9$ soldi]4 ,! memb]s ( a newly organiz$ gr\p naturally respond fir/ to a s5se ( loyalty to ea* o!r z aga9/ _! employ]s1 & !n to ! wid] consci\sness ( organiz$ labor z aga9/ capital4 ,?is /age ( trades unionism is full ( w> phraseology1 ) its 8pickets0 & 8battle-gr\nds10 & is responsible = ! mo/ s]i\s mi/akes ( ! movem5t4 ,! s5se ( gr\p loyalty holds trades unioni/s long] ?an is normal to o!r gr\ps1 d\btless because ( ! con/ant accessions ( ^? :o are newly consci\s ( its claims4 ,^? ,*icago /rikes1 :i*1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 h be5 mo/ notably *>act]iz$ by disord] & ! necessity = police int]f]5ce1 h almo/ univ]sally be5 inaugurat$ by ! newly organiz$ unions4 ,!y h call$ to _! aid ! old] organizations1 & ! latt] h ent]$ into ! /ruggle _m times "u prote/ & mo/ obvi\sly aga9/ _! be/ int]e/s4 ,! ,*icago ,f$]ation ( ,labor has (t5 giv5 its (ficial indorsem5t to hot-head$ /rikes on ! "p ( 8baby unions0 because ! delegates f ! newly organiz$ or fre%ly recruit$ unions _h ! l>g] vote1 & ! appeal to loyalty & to frat]nity c>ri$ ! meet+ aga9/ ! judgm5t ( ! delegates f ! old] unions4 ,! memb]s ( newly organiz$ unions m readily respond to ! appeal to /rike1 9 t x /irs memory ( _! 8organization night10 :5 !y 7 admitt$ aft] solemn c]emonies into ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor4 ,at ! same "t1 ! organiz]s !mselves (t5 hold out too l>ge promises1 on ! sordid side1 ( :at organization w be able to accompli%4 ,!y tell ! newly initiat$ :at o!r unions h done1 )\t tell+ at ! same "t h[ long !y h be5 organiz$ & h[ /eadily !y h paid dues4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 !re seem$ to be a v]itable 8/rike fev]0 9 ,*icago among ! y\ng] trades unions1 x 0 sugge/$ 9 ! ,f$]ation ( ,labor t no union be au?oriz$ to decl>e a /rike until x _h be5 organiz$ = at lea/ two ye>s4 ,! regulation 0 back$ by "s ( ! /ronge/ & wise/ trades unioni/s1 b x fail$ to pass because ! organiz]s 7 conv9c$ t x w\ld cripple !m 9 =m+ new unions4 ,!y w\ld be oblig$ to po9t to _m mon?s ( pati5t paym5t ( dues & humdrum meet+s be=e any real ga9 c\ld be secur$4 ,! organiz]s1 9 fact1 are 9 ! position ( a recruit+ (fic] :o is oblig$ to tell 8 raw mat]ial ( all ! glories ( w>1 b at ! same "t bid !m rememb] t w>f>e is always inexp$i5t4 ,he mu/ advise !m to take a long & t$i\s tra9+ 9 ! arts ( diplomacy & 9 ! mo/ advanc$ me?ods ( av]t+ w> be=e any action c possibly be consid]$4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! organiz]s d n d ?is1 & _m m5 jo9 unions expect+ t a /rike w be spe$ily decl>$ :i* w settle all ! difficulties ( mod]n indu/rialism4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n s rem>kable t /rikes %\ld occur (t5 & %\ld exhibit w>like features4 ,:at is rem>kable is ! attitude ( ! public :i* has c]ta9ly elim9at$ ! tactics ( w> 9 o!r civil relations4 ,a tacit admission t a /rike is w> & t all ! me?ods ( w>f>e are p]missible 0 made 9 ,*icago dur+ ! team/]s' /rike ( #aije1 :5 !re 0 little prote/ aga9/ ! w> me?od ( conduct+ a /ruggle betwe5 two private organizations1 "o ( employ] & "o ( employ$4 ,:y %\ld ! pr9ciples ( legal adju/m5t h be5 ?us complac5tly flung to ! w9ds by ! two millions ( citiz5s :o _h no direct int]e/ 9 ?is /ruggle1 b ^: pursuits 9 bus9ess 7 int]f]$ )1 ^: safety on ! /reets 0 imp]il$1 & ^: moral s5sibilities 7 outrag$8 ,h[ did ! public become hypnotiz$ into a passive endurance ( a /reet w>f>e 9 :i* two associations 7 engag$1 l feudal *iefs ) _! recalcitrant reta9]s8 ,9 ^? simil> cases1 :5 blood grew too hot on bo? sides1 ! m$iaeval emp]or int]v5$ & compell$ peace4 ,g5]al public op9ion is our h>d-won sub/itute = ! emp]or's p]sonal w4 ,public op9ion1 h[ev]1 did n ass]t itself & int]f]e--on ! contr>y1 ! entire t[n acquiesc$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ! conte/ants t ?is me?od ( w>f>e 0 ! only "o possible1 & !reupon yield$ to a t5d5cy to ov]value physical =ce & to ignore ! subtl] & less obvi\s conditions on :i* ! public welf>e re/s4 ,at t "t all me?ods ( arbitration & legal r$ress 7 completely set aside4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ideas & words :i* at "o "t fill a community ) en?usiasm may1 aft] a few ye>s1 cease to be a mov+ =ce1 app>5tly f no o!r reason ?an t !y are sp5t & no long] fit into ! temp] ( ! h\r4 ,su* a fate has evid5tly befall5 ! ^w 8arbitration10 at lea/ 9 ,*icago1 z x is appli$ to indu/rial /ruggles4 ,almo/ imm$iately foll[+ ! labor di/urbances ( #ahid 9 ,*icago1 ! agitation 0 begun = a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,arbitration1 result+ 9 legislation & ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,ill9ois ,bo>d4 ,at t "t ! public believ$ t arbitration w\ld g f> t[>ds secur+ indu/rial peace1 or at lea/ t x w\ld provide ! device ?r\gh :i* labor tr\bles c\ld be spe$ily adju/$1 & dur+ t p]iod !re 0 mu* talk conc]n+ compulsory arbitration ) ref]5ce to ! successful attempts 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,dur+ ! indu/rial /ruggles ( lat] ye>s1 h[ev]1 n only are ! s]vices ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d reject$1 b volunt>y bodies con/antly f9d _! ef=ts less satisfactory4 ,employ]s cont5d t arbitration implies ! yield+ ( po9ts on bo? sides4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 mo/ bo>ds ( arbitration provide t grievances mu/ be submitt$ to !m be=e ! /rike occurs1 & ! m5 are ?us kept at "w :ile ! grievances are be+ consid]$1 ! m5 !re=e h virtually no?+ to lose by decl>+ a /rike4 ,!y are subject$ to a temptation to con/antly =mulate new dem&s1 because1 )\t los+ "t or pay1 !y are almo/ c]ta9 to secure "s concession1 h[ev] small1 9 _! favor4 ,! employ]s 9 ! team/]s' /rike ?us expla9$ _! position :5 !y decl>$ t !re 0 no?+ :i* c\ld be submitt$ to arbitration4 ,^! employ]s also cont5d$ t ! ord9>y c\rt has no prec$5t = deal+ ) que/ions ( h\rs & wages1 ( %op rules1 & _m o!r causes ( trade-union disputes1 because all ^! matt]s are new z que/ions ( law & c be satisfactorily adju/$ only ?r\gh indu/rial c\rts 9 :i* tradition & prec$5t be>+ ^u mod]n indu/rial conditions h be5 accumulat$4 ,! rise & fall ( wages affect n "o firm only1 b a national indu/ry1 & ev5 ! curr5ts ( int]national trade1 s t x is impossible to treat ( !m z matt]s 9 equity4 ,) ?is explanation1 ! ,*icago public re/$ cont5t dur+ ! long weeks ( ! team/]s' /rike1 = no "o po9t$ out t ^! argum5ts did n apply to ?is p>ticul> situation1 s accu/om$ h we gr[n 9 ,*icago to w>f>e z a me?od ( settl+ labor disputes4 ,! *>ges ( ! ,employ]s' ,association aga9/ ! team/]s did n involve any po9ts dem&+ adju/m5t ?r\gh indu/rial c\rts4 ,! *>ges ! ,employ]s' ,association made 7 ^? ( brok5 contracts1 ( blackmail1 & ( conspiracy1 all ( !m po9ts :i* are con/antly adjudicat$ 9 ,cook ,c\nty c\rts4 ,x 0 con/antly ass]t$ t (fic]s ( ! ,team/]s' ,union dem&$ money f employ]s 9 ! height ( ! busy season 9 ord] to av]t ?reat5$ /rikes2 t !re 0 a disgraceful alliance betwe5 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,team ,own]s' ,association & (fic]s ( ! ,team/]s' ,union4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 impossible to prove blackmail & ! *>ges ( 8graft10 unless ! employ]s !mselves or _! repres5tatives _h borne te/imony1 :i* w\ld inevitably h implicat$ !mselves4 ,dur+ ! fir/ weeks ( ! /rike1 ^! *>ges 7 freely made1 def9ite sums 7 nam$1 & dates 7 giv54 ,!re 0 also an (f] on ! "p ( v>i\s manag]s to make affidavits1 b lat] !y %rank f ! publicity1 & refus$ to give !m1 pref]r+ app>5tly to ?r[ ! :ole t[n into disord] r ?an to 8/& up0 to ! consequ5ces ( _! own acts & to ackn[l$ge ! brib]y to :i* !y claim !y 7 =c$ to resort4 ,!y demon/rat$ once m t a %[ ( manl9ess & an appeal to arms may _m times hide c[>dice4 ,to ?r[ affairs into a /ate ( w>f>e is to put !m :]e ! moral aspect w n be scrut9iz$ & :]e ! m]e int]e/ ( ! game & a desire to wat* x w be p>am\nt4 ,! vici\s comb9ation repres5t$ by c]ta9 m5 9 ! ,team ,own]s' ,association & 9 ! ,team/]s' ,union1 8! labor & capital hunt+ toge!r0 k9d1 is a public m5ace :i* c be aboli%$ only by a comb9$ ef=t on ! "p ( ! be/ employ]s & ! be/ labor m54 ,! 8bett] elem5t0 c]ta9ly 7 9 a majority1 = ! mo/ dang]\s memb]s ( ?is s9i/] comb9ation 7 at la/ r$uc$ to fifte5 or tw5ty m54 ,^! v m51 h[ev]1 aft] a prolong$ /rike1 became ei!r victors or m>tyrs1 & 9 ei!r case 7 firmly e/abli%$ 9 p[] & influ5ce = ! succe$+ two ye>s4 ,:y %\ld an entire city ( two million p h be5 put to su* an amaz+ am\nt ( inconv5i5ce & f9ancial loss1 ) _! *>act]s brutaliz$ z well1 9 ord] to accompli% ?is8 ,! traditional burn+ ( ! h\se 9 ord] to roa/ ! pig is q outdone by ?is ov]turn+ ( a city 9 ord] to cat* a 8score ( rascals10 = 9 ! end ! rascals are n caught1 & x is z if ! h\se 7 burn$ & ! pig _h escap$4 ,0 x n ! result ( act+ "u milit>y f]vor8 ,ov] & ov] aga9 x has be5 f\nd t organizations bas$ ^u a mutual s5se ( grievance or ( outrage h always be5 militant1 = :ile m5 _c be =m$ p]man5tly into associations ^: *ief bond is a s5se ( exasp]ation & wrong deal+1 dur+ ! "t !y are ?us held toge!r !y are committ$ to aggressive action4 ,moral rights & duties =m$ ^u ! relations ( man to man are applicable to all situations1 & to d5y ?is applicability to a difficult case1 is to beg ! entire "q4 ,! consequ5ces d n /op !re1 = we all "k t to d5y ! validity ( ! moral pr9ciple 9 "o relation is to sap its /r5g? 9 all relations4 ,employ]s (t5 res5t be+ oblig$ to h bus9ess relations ) work+m51 al?\gh !y no long] say t !y w refuse to deal ) !m1 z a woman /ill p]mits h]self to say t %e 8w n argue ) a s]vant40 ,!y nev]!less cont5d t ! m5 are unreasonable1 & t because x is impossible to e/abli% contractual relations ) !m1 !y mu/ be co]c$4 ,?is cont5tion goes f> t[>d legitimatiz+ t]rorism4 ,x !re=e seems to !m def5sible to refuse to g into ! c\rts & to insi/ ^u w> because !y d x f a consci\sness ( rectitude1 al?\gh ?is ins5sibly slips into a consci\sness ( p[]1 z self-righte\sness is s prone to d4 ,b ^! are all ! traits ( militant y\?1 :i* 9 ! team/]s' /rike 0 inde$ borne out by ! facts 9 ! case4 ,! ,employ]s' ,association ( ,*icago 0 l>gely compos$ ( m]*ants ^: exp]i5ce ) trades unionism 0 almo/ limit$ to ! ,team/]s' ,union :i* has be5 9 exi/5ce = only five ye>s &1 f ! fir/1 has be5 trucul5t & difficult4 ,_h ! employ]s involv$ be5 manufactur]s in/ead ( m]*ants1 !y w\ld h _h ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) unions ( skill$ m51 & !y w\ld h m ne>ly le>n$ to adju/ _! p]sonal & bus9ess relations to trades unionism4 ,:5 an entire class 9 a community confess t )\t an appeal to arms !y _c deal ) trades unions1 :o1 aft] all1 repres5t a national & int]national movem5t a hundr$ ye>s old1 !y practically admit t !y _c manage _! bus9ess "u ! exi/+ conditions ( mod]n life4 ,to a v great ext5t x is a confession ( weakness1 to a v great ext5t a confession ( frailty ( temp]4 ,to make ! adju/m5t to ! peculi> problems ( "o's own surr\nd+s is ! crux ( life's difficulties4 8,new organizations0 & 8new exp]im5ts 9 liv+0 w\ld n arise if !re 7 n a c]ta9 inadequat5ess 9 exi/+ organizations & ways ( liv+4 ,! new organizations & exp]im5ts may n po9t to ! "r mode ( meet+ ! situation1 b !y d po9t to ! exi/5ce ( inadequat5ess & ! ne$ ( readju/m5t4 ,*anges 9 bus9ess me?ods h be5 multi=m dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 & ,*icago bus9ess m5 :o h made ^? o!r adju/m5ts w\ld c]ta9ly be able to deal ) labor 9 its pres5t organiz$ =m if !y 7 n inhibit$ by c]ta9 concepts ( _! 8gr\p morality40 ,9 ! meantime ! public1 :i* has be5 p[]less to int]f]e1 c only po9t to ! consequ5ces ( grave social import :i* are sure to result f a prolong$ p]iod ( di/urbance4 ,fir/1 !re is ! %>p division ( ! community into classes1 ) its inevitable ho/ility & misund]/&+4 ,capital l9es up on "o side1 & labor on ! o!r1 until ! 8fair-m9d$ public0 disappe>s & ,*icago loses h] democratic _s :i* has always be5 h] mo/ preci\s possession4 ,9 its place is sub/itut$ loyalty to ! side to :i* ea* man belongs1 irrespective ( ! m]its ( ! case--! 8my c\ntry "r or wrong0 s5tim5t :i* we call patriotism only 9 w> times1 ! bl9d adh]5ce by :i* a man is atta*$ aga9/ 8 w1 z x 71 to ! blund]s ( 88 own k9d40 ,dur+ ! fir/ week ( ! /rike1 ,i talk$ ) labor m5 :o 7 will+ to admit t !re 7 gr\nds = indictm5t aga9/ at lea/ two ( ! (fic]s 9 ! team/]s' locals4 ,dur+ ! ?ird week ( ! /rike all t 0 swept aside1 & "o he>d only t ! situation mu/ be tak5 q by itself1 ) no ref]5ces to ! fir/ causes1 t x 0 a /rike ( organiz$ capital aga9/ organiz$ labor1 & t we c\ld h no peace 9 ,*icago until x 0 8f\ght to a f9i%40 ,second1 !re is an enorm\s increase 9 ! feel+ ( race animosity1 beg9n+ ) ! import$ negro /rike-break]s1 & easily ext5d+ to 8,dagoes0 & all o!r di/9ct nationalities4 ,! pr9ciple ( racial & class equality is at ! basis ( ,am]ican political life1 & to wantonly de/roy x is "o ( ! grave/ outrages aga9/ ! ,republic4 ,*icago is prem95tly a city ( mix$ nationalities4 ,x is our problem to le>n to live toge!r 9 =be>ance & und]/&+ & to fuse all ! nations ( m5 into ! newe/ &1 p]haps1 ! highe/ type ( citiz5%ip4 ,to accept ?is responsibility may con/itute our f9e/ contribution to ! problems ( ,am]ican life1 b we may also wantonly & easily ?r[ away su* an opportunity by ! /irr+ up ( race & national animosity :i* is s easily ar\s$ & s reluctantly subsides4 ,?ird1 !re is ! _s ( mat]ialism :i* controls ! city & confirms ! belief t1 aft] all1 brute =ce1 a trial ( physical /r5g?1 is all t c\nts & ! only ?+ wor?y ( admiration4 ,any *eck on ! moral consci\sness is p>alyz$ :5 ! belief is once e/abli%$ t success is its own ju/ification4 ,:5 ! /ream ( ?is belief jo9s ! curr5t ( class int]e/1 ! _s ( ! prize fight]s' r+ :i* *e]s ! be/ r\nd & wor%ips ! w9n]1 becomes p>am\nt4 ,x is exactly t :i* appeals to ! s-call$ 8hoodlum10 & 8 sudd5 appe>ance ^u ! /reet at su* times & 9 su* surpris+ numb]s demon/rates t he realizes t he has come to 8 own4 ,at ! mom5t we all =get t ! det]m9ation to sacrifice all high] consid]ations to bus9ess effici5cy1 to make ! ma*9e move smoo?ly at any co/1 8to /ick at no?+10 may easily make a brea* 9 ! e?ical con/itution ( society :i* c be made good only by ye>s ( pa9ful rep>ation4 ,f\r?1 !re is ! effect ^u ! *ildr5 & ! y\? ( ! entire city1 = ! furr[ ( class prejudice1 :i* is s easily run ?r\gh a pla/ic m9d1 (t5 leaves a life-long m>k4 ,ea* morn+ dur+ ! long weeks ( ! /rike1 ?\s&s ( *ildr5 at ! m com=table breakfa/ tables le>n$ to reg>d labor unions z ! incit]s ( riot & ! in/rum5ts ( evil1 ?\s&s ( *ildr5 at ! less com=table breakfa/ tables %>$ ! impot5t rage ( _! p>5ts t 8law is always on ! side ( capital10 & bo? sets ( *ildr5 add$ to ! horrors ( ,man*uria & ,w>saw1 :i* 7 !n tak+ place1 ! pleasurable excitem5t t w> _h become dome/icat$ ^u _! own /reets4 ,we may well believe t ^! impressions & emotions w be kept by ^! *ildr5 z "p ( _! equipm5t 9 life & t _! moral conceptions w p]man5tly t5d t[>d gr\p moralities & w be ca/ into a co>s] mold4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t ,i may1 p]haps1 cite my exp]i5ce dur+ ! ,spani% ,w>4 ,= t5 ye>s ,i _h liv$ 9 a neighborhood :i* is by no means crim9al1 & yet dur+ ,octob] & ,novemb] ( #ahih we 7 />tl$ by sev5 murd]s )9 a radius ( t5 blocks4 ,a little inve/igation ( details & motives1 ! accid5t ( a p]sonal acqua9tance ) two ( ! crim9als1 made x n 9 ! lea/ difficult to trace ! murd]s back to ! influ5ce ( ! w>4 ,simple p :o read ( c>nage & blood%$ easily receive sugge/ions4 ,habits ( self-control :i* h be5 b sl[ly & imp]fectly acquir$ quickly break d[n :5 su* a /ress is put ^u !m4 ,psy*ologi/s intimate t action is det]m9$ by ! selection ( ! subject ^u :i* ! att5tion is habitually fix$4 ,! newspap]s1 ! !atrical po/]s1 ! /reet conv]sations = weeks1 _h to d ) w> & blood%$4 ,day aft] day1 ! little *ildr5 on ! /reet play$ at w> & at kill+ ,spani>ds4 ,! humane in/9ct1 :i* keeps 9 abeyance ! t5d5cy to cruelty1 z well z ! gr[+ belief t ! life ( ea* human be+1 h[ev] hopeless or degrad$1 is /ill sacr$1 gives way1 & ! m primitive in/9ct ass]ts itself4 ,!re is mu* ! same social result dur+ a /rike1 9 addition to ! fact t ! effect ( ! prolong$ w>f>e ^u ! labor movem5t itself is mo/ disa/r\s4 ,! unions at su* times easily raise into p[] ! unscrupul\s 8lead]10 s-call$4 ,9 times ( tumult1 ! aggressive man1 ! "o :o is ( bellicose temp]1 & is reckless 9 8 /atem5ts1 is ! "o :o becomes a lead]4 ,x is a vici\s circle--! m w>like ! times1 ! m reckless ! lead] :o is dem&$1 & 8 reckless c\rse prolongs ! /ruggle4 ,su* m5 make _! appeal to loyalty = ! union1 to hatr$ & to contempt = ! 8non-union0 man4 ,mutual hate t[>ds a non-unioni/ may h 9 x ! m]e beg9n+s ( fell[%ip1 ! protoplasm ( tribal fealty1 b no m4 ,:5 x is c>ri$ ov] into civiliz$ life x becomes a social det]r5t & an actual m5ace to social relations4 ,9 a s5se x is fair to hold e in/itution responsible = ! type ( man :om x t5ds to br+ to ! front1 & ! type ( organization :i* cl+s to w> me?ods mu/1 ( c\rse1 consid] x nobl] to yield to =ce ?an to ju/ice4 ,! e>li] /ruggle ( democracy 0 = its recognition z a possible =m ( gov]nm5t & ! /ruggle is n[ on to prove democracy an effici5t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,s ! e>li] /ruggles ( trades unions 7 = m]e exi/5ce1 & ! /ruggle has n[ pass$ into "o = a recognition ( contractual relations & collective b>ga9+ :i* w make trades unions an effective indu/rial in/rum5t4 ,x is mu* less ju/ifiable ( c\rse 9 ! lat] ef=t ?an x 0 9 ! e>li] to c>ry on ! me?ods ( primitive w>f>e4 ,?is new ef=t1 h[ev]1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 is br++ ano!r type ( union man into (fice & is modify+ ! entire situation4 ,! old-"t agitator is no long] useful & a cool] man is ne$$ = collective b>ga9+4 ,at ! same "t ! employ]s mu/ put =? a m democratic & a m reasonable type ( man if !y w\ld be> _! side ( ?is new b>ga9+1 s t x has come ab\t q rec5tly t ! fir/ attempts h be5 made 9 ,*icago t[>ds controll+ 9 ! int]e/s ( bus9ess itself ?is natural t5d5cy ( gr\p morality4 ,x may (f] ano!r example ( bus9ess & comm]ce1 af=d+ u a l>g] morality ?an t :i* ! morali/s !mselves tea*4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! indu/rial problems eng5d]$ by ! indu/rial revolutions ( ! la/ c5tury1 & flung ^u ?is c5tury = solution1 c nev] be solv$ by class w>f>e nor yet by ignor+ _! exi/5ce 9 ! optimism ( ignorance4 ,am]ica is only beg9n+ to realize1 & has n yet =mulat$1 all ! implications ( ! factory sy/em & ( ! conditions ( liv+ :i* ?is well-e/abli%$ sy/em imposes ^u ! work]s4 ,z we feel x clos+ d[n ^u u1 mom5ts ( re/lessness & res5tm5t seize u all4 ,! prote/ aga9/ ,john ,mit*ell's /atem5t#aa t ! ,am]ican work+man has recogniz$ t he is de/9$ to rema9 a work+man1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,9 _! attempt to =mulate & correct v>i\s indu/rial ills1 trades unions are (t5 blam$ = :at is inh]5t 9 ! factory sy/em itself & = ^? evils :i* c be cur$ only ?r\gh a modification ( t sy/em4 ,= in/ance1 factory work]s 9 g5]al h = ye>s exhibit$ a t5d5cy to regulate ! output ( ea* work] to a c]ta9 am\nt :i* !y consid] a fair day's "w1 al?\gh to _m a work] su* a re/rict$ output may prove to be less ?an a fair day's "w4 ,! result is1 ( c\rse1 disa/r\s to ! work]s !mselves z well z to ! factory managem5t1 = x d\btless is q z injuri\s to a man's n]v\s sy/em to ret>d 8 natural pace z x is to unduly accel]ate x4 ,! real tr\ble1 :i* ?is 8limitation0 is an awkw>d attempt to correct1 is involv$ 9 ! fact t ! intricate subdivision ( factory "w1 & ! lack ( und]/&+ on ! "p ( employees ( ! f9i%$ product1 has made an unnatural situation1 9 :i* ! work] has no normal int]e/ 9 8 "w & no direct relation to x4 ,9 ! v>i\s make%ifts on ! "p ( ! manufactur] to supply motives :i* %all take ! place ( ! natural ones s obvi\sly miss+1 _m devices h be5 resort$ to1 su* z 8spe$+ up0 ma*9]y1 8sett+ ! pace10 & sub/itut+ 8piece "w0 = day "w4 ,! manufactur]s may ju/ly say t !y h be5 driv5 to ^! v>i\s exp$i5ts1 n only by ! factory conditions1 b by ! natural laz9ess ( m54 ,nev]!less reaction f su* a c\rse is inevitably an uncompromis+ attempt on ! "p ( ! work]s to protect !mselves f ov]ex]tion & to regulate ! output4 ,! wor/ cases ,i h ev] kn[n h occurr$ 9 unorganiz$ %ops & h be5 unregulat$ & unaid$ by any trades union4 ,! 8pace sett]0 9 su* a %op is (t5 driv5 out & treat$ ) ! same animosity :i* ! 8scab0 receives 9 a union %op4 ,9 ! same _s we blame trades unioni/s = t disgraceful attitude :i* !y h f "t to "t tak5 aga9/ ! introduction ( improv$ ma*9]y--a small gr\p bl9dly attempt+ to def5d :at !y consid] _! only *ance to "w4 ,! economi/s h done surpris+ly little to %$ light ^u ?is difficulty2 inde$1 !y are some:at responsible = its exagg]ation4 ,_! old !ory ( a 8wage fund0 :i* did n rea* ! rank & file ( trades unioni/s until at lea/ 9 its fir/ =m x _h be5 ab&on$ by ! lead+ economi/s1 has be5 responsible bo? = mu* disord] along ?is l9e1 & = ! o!r mi/ak5 attempt 8to make "w = m m540 ,a society :i* made "s ef=t to secure an equitable di/ribution ( ! leisure & increas$ ease :i* new inv5tions imply w\ld remove ! temptations z well z ! odium ( su* action f ! m5 :o are bl9d$ by :at !y consid] an infr+em5t ( _! rights4 ,if ! wond]ful inv5tions ( ma*9]y1 z !y came along dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 c\ld h be5 reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se social possessions1 ! wor/ evils att5d+ ! factory sy/em ( production--/>vation wages1 exhau/+ h\rs1 unnecess>y monotony1 *ild labor1 & all ! re/ ( ! wret*$ li/--might h be5 avoid$ 9 ! int]e/ ( society itself4 ,all ?is w\ld h come ab\t _h human welf>e be5 e>li] reg>d$ z a legitimate object ( social int]e/4 ,b no su* e?ics _h be5 develop$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,society reg>d$ ma*9]y z ! absolute possession ( ! man :o own$ x at ! mom5t x became a f9i%$ product1 q irrespective ( ! long l9e ( inv5tors & workm5 :o repres5t$ its gradual gr[? & developm5t4 ,society 01 !re=e1 de/9$ to all ! maladju/m5t :i* ?is c5tury has enc\nt]$4 ,is x ! militant _s once m z ov] aga9/ ! new] humanit>ianism8 ,! possessor ( ! ma*9e1 l ! possessor ( arms :o prec$$ him1 reg>ds x z a legitimate weapon = exploitation1 z ! =m] held 8 sword4 ,"o ( ! exhibits 9 ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj pres5t$ a contra/ betwe5 a m$iaeval draw+ ( a ca/le t[]+ above ! hamlets ( its protect$ s]fs1 & a mod]n photograph ( ! same hill cov]$ ) a huge factory :i* ov]look$ ! villages ( its dep5d5t workm54 ,! two pictures ( ! same hill & ( ! same pla9 bore m ?an a geographic resemblance4 ,?is sugge/ion ( mod]n exploitation w\ld be impossible _h we le>n$ ! fir/ lessons :i* an enl>g$ indu/rialism might tea* u4 ,class & gr\p divisions ) _! div]g5t moralities become mo/ dang]\s :5 _! memb]s believe t ! inf]ior gr\p or class _c be appeal$ to by reason & fair deal+1 b mu/ be treat$ ^u a l[] plane4 ,t]rorism is consid]$ necess>y & legitimate t !y may be inhibit$ by fe> f committ+ c]ta9 acts4 ,s f> z employ]s exhibit ?is _s t[>d workm51 or trades unioni/s t[>d non-unioni/s1 !y inevitably rev]t to ! use ( brute =ce--to ! me?ods ( w>f>e4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,organiz$ ,labor1 ,john ,mit*ell4 ,preface4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,protection ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,effici5cy ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s x 0 /at$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 comp>$ to ! mo/ advanc$ ,european nations1 is defici5t 9 protective legislation4 ,?is1 z has be5 said1 is ! result ( ! emphasis plac$ ^u p]sonal lib]ty at ! date ( ! fir/ con/itutional conv5tions & ( ! inh]it$ belief 9 ,am]ica t gov]nm5t is ( necessity oppressive1 & its functions n to be lightly ext5d$4 ,x is also possible t ?is protection ( ! humble/ citiz5 has be5 pu%$ =w>d 9 ^? c\ntries ( a homog5e\s population m rapidly ?an 9 ,am]ica1 because ( t unconsci\s attitude ( contempt :i* ! nationality at ! mom5t repres5t+ economic success always takes t[>d ! weak] & less capable4 ,!re is no d\bt t we all despise our immigrants a little because ( _! economic /&+4 ,! newly arriv$ immigrant goes v l>gely into unskill$ "w2 he builds ! railroads1 digs ! sew]s1 he does ! sort ( labor ! ,engli%-speak+ ,am]ican soon gets rid (2 & !n1 because he is 9 ?is l[e/ economic class1 he falls into ne$1 & we compla9 t 9 ,am]ica ! immigrant makes ! l>ge/ claim ^u *>itable funds4 ,yet 9 ,engl&1 :]e immigration has c\nt$ = v little2 9 ,g]many1 :]e x has c\nt$ almo/ n at all1 we f9d ! same claim made ^u ! public funds by p :o d ! same unskill$ "w1 :o are paid ! same irregul> & l[ wages4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e ?is matt] is approa*$1 n f ! *>itable1 b f ! patriotic side1 !re is a trem5d\s code ( legislation = ! protection ( ! m5 :o hold to life by ! mo/ unc]ta9 economic t5ure4 ,9 ,engl& !re exi/s an elaborat$ code ( labor laws1 protect+ ! labor] at all times f accid5ts1 9 ways unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,"h we h only ! beg9n+ ( all t legislation1 p>tly because we h n yet brok5 ?r\gh ! belief t ! man :o does ?is casual "w is n yet q "o ( ourselves4 ,we d n consid] him entitl$ to ! protective legislation :i* is secur$ = him 9 o!r c\ntries :]e he is q simply a fell[-citiz51 humble x may be1 b /ill b\nd to ! gov]n+ class by ties ( blood & homog5eity4 ,our moral attitude t[>d "o gr\p 9 ! community is a det]m9+ factor ( our moral attitude t[>d o!r gr\ps1 & ?is relation ( k9dly contempt1 ( *>itable r ?an democratic obligation1 may l5d "s explanation to ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a nation1 is sadly 9 arre>s 9 ! legislation design$ = ! protection ( *ildr54 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e a contemptu\s attitude t[>ds a weak] p has _h ! mo/ m>k$ effect ^u public feel+1 we h n only ! l>ge/ numb] ( unprotect$ work+ *ildr51 b ! l>ge/ numb] ( illit]ate *ildr5 z well4 ,!re are1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ to ! late/ c5sus#ab #ehj1jjj *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & f\rte5 ye>s1 :o _c read nor write4 ,!y are n ! immigrant *ildr54 ,!y are our own native-born *ildr54 ,( ^! #egj1jjj are 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & t5 ?\s& ( !m are scatt]$ ov] ! re/ ( ! ,republic4 ,! same ?+ is true ( our *ildr5 at "w4 ,we h two millions ( !m1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aijj--;*ildr5 "u ! age ( sixte5 ye>s :o are e>n+ _! own liv+s4 ,legislation ( ! ,/ates s\? ( ,m>yl& = ! *ildr5 is l ! legislation ( ,engl& 9 #ahdd4 ,we are sixty-two ye>s beh9d ,engl& 9 c>+ = ! *ildr5 ( ! textile indu/ries4 ,may we n also trace "s ( ?is national indiff]5ce to ! disposition ( ! pa/ c5tury to love *ildr5 )\t really kn[+ !m8 ,we refuse to recognize !m z ! great national asset & are cont5t to surr\nd !m ) a glam\r ( innoc5ce & *>m4 ,we put !m prematurely to "w1 ignorant ( ! havoc x br+s1 because no really c>eful /udy has be5 made ( _! capacities & possibilities--t is1 no /udy really fitt$ to ! indu/rial conditions 9 :i* !y live4 ,ea* age has1 ( c\rse1 its own temptations & above all its own peculi> indu/rial temptations & ne$s to see !m n only 9 ! light ( ! increas$ s5sibility & high] e?ical /&>ds ( its contempor>ies1 b also 9 relation to its peculi> indu/rial developm5t4 ,:5 we ask :y x is t *ild-labor has be5 giv5 to u to discuss & to rectify1 r ?an to ! p :o liv$ be=e u1 we ne$ only to rememb] t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 indu/rial hi/ory1 ! labor ( ! little *ild has 9 _m indu/ries become z valuable z t ( a man or woman4 ,! old-fa%ion$ weav] 0 oblig$ to possess skill & /r5g? to pull 8 beam back & =?4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! elaborat$ inv5tions ( our own age t skill z well z /r5g? has be5 s l>gely elim9at$ t1 = example1 a little *ild may 8t5d ! ?read0 9 a textile mill almo/ z well z an adult4 ,?is is true ( s _m indu/ries t ! temptation to exploit premature labor has become peculi> to ?is indu/rial epo* & we are tempt$ z nev] be=e to use ! labor ( little *ildr54 ,:at1 !n1 are we go+ to d ab\t x8 ,h[ deeply are we conc]n$ t ?is labor %all n result to ! detrim5t ( ! *ild1 & :at excuses are we mak+ to ourselves = ?us prematurely us+ up ! /r5g? :i* really belongs to ! next g5]ation8 ,( c\rse1 x is always difficult to see ! wrong 9 a famili> ?+2 x is almo/ a te/ ( moral insight to be able to see t an affair ( famili> int]c\rse & daily liv+ may also be wrong4 ,i h tak5 a ,*icago /reet-c> on a night 9 ,decemb] at t5 o'clock1 :5 doz5s ( little girls :o _h work$ 9 ! dep>tm5t /ores all day 7 also bo>d+ ! c>s4 ,i "k1 z _m o!rs d1 t ^! *ildr5 w n get into _! b$s be=e midnight1 & t !y w h to be up aga9 e>ly 9 ! morn+ to g to _! daily "w4 ,& yet because ,i h se5 x _m times ,i take my c> almo/ placidly--,i am happy to say1 n q placidly4 ,almo/ e day at six o'clock ,i see c]ta9 factories p\r+ out a /ream ( m5 & wom5 & boys & girls4 ,! boys & girls h a peculi> hue--a color s di/9ctive t "o meet+ !m on ! /reet1 ev5 on ,sunday :5 !y are 9 _! be/ clo!s & m+l$ ) o!r *ildr5 :o g to s*ool & play out ( doors1 c di/+ui% !m 9 an in/ant1 & !re is on _! faces a premature anxiety & s5se ( responsibility1 :i* we %\ld decl>e pa!tic if we 7 n us$ to x4 ,h[ f> are we responsible :5 we all[ cu/om to bl9d our eyes to ! ?+s t are wrong8 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s gr[? 9 *>itable & correctional ag5cies design$ = *ildr51 are we really s lack+ 9 moral insight & vigor t we fail ev5 to p]ceive ! real temptation ( our age & totally fail to grapple ) x8 ,an enlight5$ ,/ate :i* reg>d$ ! indu/rial situation s]i\sly w\ld wi% to cons]ve ! ability ( its y\?1 to give !m valuable tra9+ 9 relation to indu/ry1 q z ! old-fa%ion$ ,/ate c>efully calculat$ ! ye>s :i* 7 ! mo/ valuable = milit>y tra9+4 ,! latt]1 look+ only t[>d ! pres]vation ( ! ,/ate1 took inf9ite pa9s1 :ile we are c>eless 9 reg>d to ! mu* great] task :i* has to d ) its upbuild+ & ext5sion4 ,we consci5ti\sly ignore indu/ry 9 relation to gov]nm5t & because we assume t its regulation is unnecess>y1 s we conclude t ! protection ( ! "y f premature p>ticipation 9 its mighty op]ations is n ! conc]n ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! municipal lodg+-h\se 9 ,*icago 9 addition to h\s+ vagrants1 makes an intellig5t ef=t to put !m into regul> indu/ry4 ,a physician 9 att5dance makes a c>eful exam9ation ( ea* man :o comes to ! lodg+-h\se1 & "o w9t] we tri$ to see :at connection c\ld be g5u9ely e/abli%$ betwe5 premature labor & worn-out m54 ,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ _m ( !m are tir$ to dea? ( monoton\s labor1 & beg9 to tramp 9 ord] to get away f x--z a bus9ess man goes to ! woods because he is worn out ) ! /ress ( bus9ess life4 ,?is inord9ate desire to get away f "w seems to be connect$ ) ! fact t ! m5 />t$ to "w v e>ly1 be=e !y _h ! physique to /& up to x1 or ! m5tal vigor ) :i* to ov]come its difficulties1 or ! moral /am9a :i* makes a man /ick to 8 "w :e!r he likes x or n4 ,b we _c dem& any ( ^! ?+s f ! gr[+ boy4 ,!y are all traits ( ! adult4 ,a boy is naturally re/less1 8 det]m9ation easily breaks d[n1 & he runs away4 ,at lea/ ?is seems to be true ( _m ( ! m5 :o come to ! lodg+-h\se4 ,i recall a man :o _h begun to "w 9 a textile mill q bel[ ! pres5t legal age 9 ,new ,engl&1 & :o _h work$ h>d = sixte5 ye>s4 ,he told 8 tale ) all simplicity2 &1 z he made a motion ) 8 h&1 he said1 8,i done t = sixte5 ye>s40 ,i give ! words z he gave !m4 8,at la/ ,i 0 sick 9 b$ = two or ?ree weeks ) a fev]1 & :5 ,i crawl$ out1 ,i made up my m9d t ,i w\ld r g to hell ?an to g back to t mill40 ,:e!r he consid]$ ,*icago z equival5t to t1 ,i d n "k2 b he c]ta9ly tramp$ to ,*icago1 & has be5 tramp+ = f\r ye>s4 ,he does n /eal4 ,he works 9 a lumb] camp occasionally1 & w&]s ab\t ! re/ ( ! "t gett+ odd jobs :5 he c2 b ! sugge/ion ( a factory ?r[s him into a panic1 & causes him quickly to disappe> f ! lodg+-h\se4 ,! physician has made a diagnosis ( g5]al debility4 ,! man is n fit = /eady "w4 ,he has be5 :ipp$ 9 ! battle ( life1 & is sp5t prematurely because he began prematurely4 ,yet ! /ate makes no c>eful /udy z to ! effect ^u *ildr5 ( ! subdivid$ labor :i* _m ( !m p]=m 9 factories4 ,a *ild :o rema9s ye> aft] ye> 9 a sp9n+ room gets no in/ruction--m]ely a dull di/a/e = "w4 ,(t5 he _c /& up to ! gr9d ( factory life1 & he breaks d[n "u x4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,t we h no "r to increase ! li/ ( paup]s--( ^? :o mu/ be c>$ = by municipal & ,/ate ag5cies because :5 !y 7 /ill immature & undevelop$1 !y 7 subject$ to a trem5d\s pressure4 ,i recall "o family ( five *ildr5 :i*1 ^u ! dea? ( ! en]getic "m :o _h provid$ = x by means ( a little dress-mak+ e/abli%m5t1 0 left to ! c>e ( a feeble old gr&mo!r4 ,! fa!r 0 a drunk>d :o _h nev] support$ 8 family1 & at ?is "t he def9itely disappe>$4 ,! olde/ boy 0 almo/ twelve ye>s old--a f9e1 manly little fell[1 :o felt ke5ly 8 obligation to c>e = ! family4 ,we f\nd him a place z ca%-boy 9 a dep>tm5t /ore = two doll>s a week4 ,he held x = ?ree ye>s1 al?\gh 8 en?usiasm fail$ some:at z ! mon?s w5t by1 & he gradually discov]$ h[ little help 8 wages 7 to ! family ex*equ] aft] 8 c>f>e1 dec5t clo!s & un5d+ pairs ( %oes 7 paid =4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ?ird ye> he _h become li/less & indiff]5t to 8 "w1 9 spite ( ! increase ( fifty c5ts a week4 ,9 ! hope t a *ange w\ld be good = him1 a place z elevator-boy 0 secur$4 ,?is he 0 unable to keep1 & !n "o situation aft] ano!r slipp$ ?r\gh 8 grasp1 until a typhoid fev] :i* he develop$ at ! age ( fifte51 seem$ to expla9 8 apa?y4 ,aft] a long illness & a poor recov]y1 he work$ less well4 ,f9ally1 at ! age ( sixte51 :5 he %\ld h be5 able really to help ! little family & p]haps be its ma9 support1 he _h become a pr(essional tramp1 & ev5tually dropp$ completely f our k4 ,x 0 ?r\gh su* bitt] lessons z ^! we le>n$ t good int5tions & ! *>itable impulse d n always "w = righte\sness2 t to =ce ! moral nature ( a *ild & to put tasks ^u him beyond 8 normal gr[?1 is q z cruel & disa/r\s z to expect 8 undevelop$ muscle to lift huge weights4 ,adolesc5ce is fill$ ) /range pauses ( li/lessness & dream9ess4 ,at t p]iod ! human w is p]haps fur!r away f ! desire ( def9ite a*ievem5t ?an x ev] is aga94 ,to "w t5 h\rs a day = six days 9 a week 9 ord] to buy himself a pair ( /\t boots1 t he may be prop]ly %od to g to "w "s m1 is ! v la/ ?+ :i* really appeals to a boy ( ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,if he is =c$ to su* a c\rse too (t51 8 *eat$ nature lat] re-ass]ts itself 9 all sorts ( decad5t & abnormal ways4 ,an enlight5$ /ate w\ld also conc]n itself ) ! effect ( *ild labor ^u ! p>5ts4 ,we h 9 ,*icago a great _m ,european immigrants1 p :o h come f c\ntry life 9 ,bohemia or ! s\? ( ,italy1 hop+ t _! *ildr5 w h a bett] *ance "h ?an at home4 ,9 ! old c\ntry ^! immigrants work$ on f>ms :i* provid$ a v normal activity = a "y boy or girl4 ,:5 !y come to ,*icago1 !y see no reason :y _! *ildr5 %\ld n g to "w1 because !y see no diff]5ce betwe5 ! normal activity ( _! own y\? & ! gr9d+ life1 to :i* !y subject _! *ildr54 ,x is difficult = a man :o has gr[n up 9 outdoor life to adapt himself to ! factory4 ,! same exp]i5ce is f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ) ! m5 :o come to ! textile t[ns f ! little f>ms4 ,!y res5t monoton\s petty "w1 & get away f x2 !y w 9 pref]5ce take m poorly paid "w1 c>e ( horses or janitor s]vice--"w :i* has "s simil>ity to t to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$4 ,s ! p>5ts drop out1 & ! *ildr51 mak+ ! adaptation1 rema91 & ! curi\s result ensues ( ! head ( ! h\sehold becom+ dep5d5t ^u ! e>n+s ( ! *ild4 ,y w he> a *ild say1 8,my "m c't say no?+ to me4 ,i pay ! r5t20 or1 8,i c d :at ,i please1 because ,i br+ home ! bigge/ wages40 ,all ?is t5ds to break d[n ! normal relation betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! ,italian m5 :o "w on ! railroads 9 ! summ] f9d x a great temptation to settle d[n 9 ! w9t] ^u ! wages ( _! *ildr54 ,a "y man f ! s\? ( ,italy 0 m\rn+ ! dea? ( 8 little girl ( twelve2 9 8 grief he said1 q simply1 8,%e 0 my olde/ kid4 ,9 two ye>s %e c\ld h support$ me1 & n[ ,i %all h to "w five or six ye>s long] until ! next "o c d x40 ,he expect$ to retire p]man5tly at ?irty-f\r4 ,t break+ d[n ( ! normal relation ( p>5t & *ild1 & ! t5d5cy to demoralize ! p>5t1 is some?+ we h no "r to subject him to4 ,we ought to hold ! p>5t up to ! obligation :i* he w\ld h fulfill$ _h he rema9$ 9 8 e>ly environm5t4 ,a mod]n /ate might rightly conc]n itself ) ! effect ( *ild labor ^u indu/ry itself4 ,!re has be5 = _m ye>s an increas+ criticism ( ! mod]n factory sy/em1 n only f ! po9t ( view ( ! work]1 b f ! po9t ( view ( ! product itself4 ,x has be5 said _m times t we c n secure good workman%ip nor turn out a satisfactory product unless m5 & wom5 h "s sort ( int]e/ 9 _! "w1 & "s way ( express+ t int]e/ 9 relation to x4 ,! sy/em :i* makes no dem& ^u orig9ality1 ^u inv5tion1 ^u self-direction1 works automatically1 z x 71 t[>ds an un9tellig5t produc] & t[>ds an un9t]e/+ product4 ,?is 0 said at fir/ only by su* arti/s & social re=m]s z ,morris & ,rusk92 b x is be+ gradually admitt$ by m5 ( affairs & may at la/ incorporate itself into actual factory managem5t1 9 :i* case ! factory itself w favor *ild labor legislation or any o!r measure :i* increases ! free & full developm5t ( ! individual1 because he !reby becomes a m valuable produc]4 ,we may gradually discov] t 9 ! int]e/s ( ?is indu/rial society ( ours x becomes a di/9ct loss to put l>ge numb]s ( produc]s prematurely at "w1 n only because ! community inevitably loses _! mature work+ p[]1 b also because _! 8free labor quality10 :i* is s valuable1 is p]man5tly de/roy$4 ,ex]cise ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip n only af=ds great satisfaction to ! produc]1 b also to ! consum]1 if he be possess$ ( any critical faculty1 or h develop$ g5u9e p[]s ( appreciation4 ,add$ to ! consci5ce :i* prote/s aga9/ ! social wa/e ( *ild labor1 we h ! ta/e t revolts aga9/ a product totally )\t ! *>m :i* pleasure 9 "w creates4 ,we may at la/ discov] t we are imp]il+ our civilization at ! mom5t ( its m>k$ mat]ialism1 by wantonly sacrific+ to t mat]ialism ! et]nal _s ( y\?1 ! p[] ( v>iation1 :i* alone is able to prev5t x f deg5]at+ into a m]e me*anism4 ,x w\ld be easy to produce _m illu/rations to demon/rate t 9 ! lead+ indu/rial c\ntries a belief is sl[ly develop+ t ! workman himself is ! *ief asset1 & t ! intellig5t int]e/ ( skill$ m51 ! p[] ( self-direction & co-op]ation :i* is only possible among ! free-born & educat$1 is exactly ! only ?+ :i* w hold out 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,z ! =em5 ( factories te/ify aga9 & aga91 factory discipl9e is valuable only up to a c]ta9 po9t1 aft] :i* some?+ else mu/ be dep5d$ on if ! be/ results are to be a*iev$4 ,monopoly ( bo? ! raw mat]ial & ! newly-op5$ m>kets is c]ta9ly a valuable factor 9 a nation's indu/rial prosp]ity2 b :ile we sp5d blood & treasure to protect "o & secure ! o!r1 we wantonly de/roy ! mo/ valuable factor ( all1 intellig5t labor4 ,no?+ c help u "h save ! ris+ tide ( humanit>ianism1 :i* is n only emotional en\gh to regret ! pitiless & /upid wa/e ( ?is p[] b also intellig5t en\gh to p]ceive :at might be accompli%$ by its utilization4 ,we are told t ! ,g]man products hold a =emo/ place 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w because ( ,g]many's f9e educational sy/em1 :i* includes tra9+ 9 trade-s*ools = s _m "y m54 ,we "k1 too1 t !re is at ! pres5t mom5t a /rong p>ty 9 ,g]many oppos+ milit>ism1 n f ! 8peace society0 po9t ( view1 b because x )draws all ! "y m5 f ! indu/rial life = ! be/ "p ( ?ree ye>s dur+ :i* _! activity is m]ely discipl9>y1 ) no relation to ! indu/rial life ( ! nation4 ,?is anti-milit>y p>ty insi/s t ! loss ( ! ?ree ye>s is a s]i\s matt]1 & t "o nation _c successfully hold its advance position if x mu/ compete ) o!r nations :i* are also e/abli%+ trade-s*ools b :i* d n ?us )draw _! y\? f cont9u\s tra9+ at ! p]iod ( _! greate/ docility & aptitude4 ,engl& is discov]+ t ! *eap m>kets af=d$ by semi-savage peoples1 :i* %e has ?r[n op5 to h] manufactur]s1 are n[ react+ 9 ! debasem5t ( h] products & h] factory work]s4 ,! manufactur] produces ! *eap & inf]ior articles :i* he imag9es ! new comm]ce w dem&4 ,! result ^u ! work]s 9 ! factories produc+ ^! unwor?y goods1 is t !y are robb$ ( ! skill :i* w\ld be dem&$ if !y 7 m9i/]+ to an increas+ dem& ( ta/e & if !y 7 supply+ ! m>ket ( a civiliz$ p4 ,x w\ld be a curi\s result ( misappli$ en]gy if ^? v m>kets :i* ! ,briton has s eag]ly s\ght1 w\ld f9ally s debase ! ,engli% produc]s t all ! increas$ weal? ! m>kets h br\ght to ! nation w\ld be consum$ 9 ef=ts to r$eem ! debas$ work+ population4 ,we h made public education our great conc]n 9 ,am]ica1 & p]haps ! public-s*ool sy/em is our mo/ di/9ctive a*ievem5t2 b !re is a c]ta9 lack ( consi/5cy 9 ! relation ( ! ,/ate to ! *ild aft] he leaves ! public s*ool4 ,at great exp5se ! ,/ate has provid$ s*ool build+s & equipm5t1 & o!r build+s 9 :i* to prep>e pr(essional tea*]s4 ,x has sp>$ no pa9s to make ! sy/em complete1 & yet z rapidly z ! *ildr5 leave ! s*oolroom1 ! ,/ate seems to lose all int]e/ & responsibility 9 _! welf>e & has1 until q rec5tly1 turn$ !m ov] to ! employ] ) no re/rictions4 ,at no po9t does ! community say to ! employ]1 ,we are all[+ y to pr(it by ! labor ( ^! *ildr5 :om we h educat$ at great co/1 & we dem& t !y d n "w s _m h\rs t !y %all be exhau/$4 ,nor %all !y be all[$ to und]take ! sort ( labor :i* is beyond _! /r5g?1 nor %all !y sp5d _! "t at "w t is absolutely devoid ( educational value4 ,! prelim9>y education :i* !y h receiv$ 9 s*ool is b "o /ep 9 ! process ( mak+ !m valuable & normal citiz5s1 & we _c af=d to h t int5tion ?w>t$1 ev5 ?\gh ! community z well z y\rself may pr(it by ! bus9ess activity :i* y\r factory af=ds4 ,su* a position seems p]fectly reasonable1 yet ! same citiz5s :o will+ly pay taxes to support an elaborate public-s*ool sy/em1 /r5u\sly oppose ! mo/ mod]ate attempts to gu>d ! *ildr5 f ne$less & useless exploitation aft] !y h left s*ool & h ent]$ indu/ry4 ,we are =c$ to believe t *ild labor is a national problem1 ev5 z public education is a national duty4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,alabama1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,p5nsylvania belong to ! nation q z mu* z !y belong to ea* ,/ate1 & ! nation has an int]e/ 9 ! *ildr5 at lea/ 9 relation to _! indu/rial effici5cy1 q z x has an int]e/ 9 enact+ protective t>iffs = ! pres]vation ( ,am]ican indu/ries4 ,uni=m compulsory education laws 9 connection ) uni=m *ild labor legislation are ! important factors 9 secur+ educat$ produc]s = ! nation4 ,=tunately1 a new education is aris+ :i* endeavors to wid5 & organize ! *ild's exp]i5ce ) ref]5ce to ! _w 9 :i* he lives4#ac ,! new p$agogy holds t x is a *ild's in/9ct & pleasure to ex]cise all 8 faculties & to make discov]ies 9 ! _w ar\nd him4 ,x is ! *ief bus9ess ( ! tea*] m]ely to direct 8 activity & to fe$ 8 insatiable curiosity4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 he is =c$ to relate ! *ild to ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* he lives2 & ! mo/ advanc$ s*ools are1 p]=ce1 us+ mod]n indu/ry = ?is purpose4 ,! educators h ceas$ to m\rn indu/rial conditions ( ! pa/ g5]ation1 :5 *ildr5 7 taught agricultural & indu/rial arts by ! natural co-op]ation ) _! p>5ts1 & !y are endeavor+ to supply ?is inadequacy by manual arts 9 ! s*ool1 by c\rses 9 indu/rial hi/ory1 & by m9iature reproductions ( indu/rial processes1 ?us con/antly com+ into bett] relations ) ! pres5t factory sy/em4 ,^! educators recognize ! significance & p[] ( contempor>y indu/rialism1 & hold x an obligation to protect *ildr5 f premature p>ticipation 9 our indu/rial life1 only t ! *ildr5 may secure ! tra9+ & fibre :i* w lat] make ?is p>ticipation effective1 & t _! m9ds may f9ally take possession ( ! ma*9es :i* !y w guide & fe$4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ! b5efits ( *ild-labor legislation repres5t$ by ! "t elem5t1 ! leisure :i* is secur$ to ! *ild = ! pursuit ( 8 own affairs1 q aside f ! opportunity af=d$ him to att5d s*ool4 ,helplessness 9 *ildhood1 ! sci5ti/s tell u1 is ! gu>antee ( adult intellect1 b !y also ass]t t play 9 y\? is ! gu>antee ( adult culture4 ,x is ! mo/ valuable in/rum5t ! race possesses to keep life f becom+ me*anical4 ,! *ild :o _c live life is prone to dramatize x1 & ! v process is a con/ant compromise betwe5 imitation & imag9ation1 z ! ov]-ma/]+ impulse itself :i* drives him to incessant play is bo? rem9isc5t & anticipatory4 ,9 proportion z ! *ild 9 lat] life is to be subject$ to a me*anical & "o-sid$ activity1 & z a highly subdivid$ labor is to be dem&$ f him1 x is !re=e mo/ important t he %\ld h 8 full p]iod ( *ildhood & y\? = ?is play expression 9 ord] t he may cultivate )9 himself ! root ( a culture :i* alone c give 8 lat] activity a mean+4#ad ,?is is true :e!r or n we accept ! !ory t ! ae/hetic feel+s orig9ate 9 ! play impulse1 ) its coroll>y t ! con/ant exp]im5tation f\nd 9 ! commone/ =ms ( play are to be look$ ^u z 8! pr9cipal s\rce ( all k9ds ( art40 ,at ?is mom5t1 :5 indu/rial =ces are conc5trat$ & unifi$ z nev] be=e1 unusual c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure to ! *ildr5 _! normal play p]iod1 t ! art in/9ct may h "s *ance1 & t ! produc] himself may h en\gh individuality ( "* to avoid becom+ a m]e cog 9 ! va/ indu/rial ma*9e4 ,q aside also f ! problem ( individual developm5t & f ! fact t play1 9 :i* ! p[] ( *oice is con/antly pres5t$ & con/ructive imag9ation requir$1 is ! be/ corrective ( ! future discipl9>y life ( ! factory1 !re is ano!r reason :y ! *ildr5 :o are to become produc]s "u ! pres5t sy/em %\ld be giv5 _! full *ild-life p]iod4 ,! entire population ( ! factory t[n & ( ^? enorm\s di/ricts 9 e l>ge city 9 :i* ! *ildr5 live :o mo/ ne$ ! protection ( *ild-labor legislation1 consi/s ( p :o h come toge!r 9 response to ! dem&s ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,!y are held toge!r by ! purely imp]sonal tie ( work+ 9 "o l>ge factory1 9 :i* !y n only d n "k ea* o!r1 b 9 :i* no "o p]son nor ev5 gr\p ( p]sons kn[s ev]ybody4 ,!y are utt]ly )\t ! natural & m9ute acqua9tance & int]-family relation%ips t rural & village life af=d1 & are !re=e mu* m dep5d5t ^u ! social sympa?y & p[] ( effective association :i* is becom+ its urban sub/itute4 ,?is sub/itute c be mo/ easily elaborat$ among gr\ps ( *ildr54 ,some:]e !y mu/ le>n to c>ry on an ord]ly daily life--t life ( mutual tru/1 =be>ance1 & help :i* is ! only real life ( civiliz$ man4 ,play is ! great social /imulus1 & x is ! prime motive :i* unites *ildr5 & draws !m into comrade%ip4 ,a true democratic relation & ease ( acqua9tance is f\nd among ! *ildr5 9 a typical factory community because !y m readily ov]come diff]5ces ( language1 tradition1 & religion ?an d ! adults4 8,x is 9 play t nature reveals h] anxi\s c>e to discov] m5 to ea* o!r10 & ?is happy & important task1 *ildr5 unconsci\sly c>ry =w>d day by day ) all ! excitem5t & joy ( co-ord9ate activity4 ,!y accompli% t :i* _! eld]s c\ld n possibly d1 & !y r5d] a mo/ important s]vice to ! community4 ,we h n z yet utiliz$ ?is joy ( association 9 relation to ! sy/em ( factory production :i* is s prem95tly "o ( l>ge bodies ( m5 work+ toge!r = h\rs at a "t4 ,b !re is no d\bt t x w\ld br+ a new p[] into mod]n indu/ry if ! factory c\ld avail itself ( t esprit de corps1 t triumphant buoyancy :i* ! *ild exp]i5ces :5 he feels 8 complete id5tification ) a social gr\p2 t s5se ( security :i* comes ^u him sitt+ 9 a !atre or 8at a p>ty10 :5 he issues =? f himself & is lo/ 9 a fairyl& :i* has be5 evok$ n only by 8 own imag9ation1 b by t ( 8 companions z well4 ,?is p[] ( association1 ( assimilation1 :i* *ildr5 possess 9 su* a high degree1 is easily c>ri$ ov] into ! affairs ( y\? if x b be giv5 opportunity & fre$om = action1 z x is 9 ! college life ( m favor$ "y p4 ,! esprit de corps ( an a?letic team1 t a/oni%+ =ce ( co-op]ation1 is1 h[ev]1 nev] consci\sly c>ri$ ov] into indu/ry1 b is p]si/5tly disreg>d$4 ,x is1 inde$1 lo/ be=e x is discov]$--if ,i may be p]mitt$ an ,iri% bull--9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o are put to "w be=e !y h _h "t to develop ! p[] beyond its mo/ *ildi% & haphaz>d manife/ations4 ,factory life dep5ds ^u gr\ps ( p work+ toge!r1 & yet x is cont5t ) ! morphology ( ! gr\p1 z x 71 pay+ no att5tion to its psy*ology1 to ! int]action ( its memb]s4 ,by reg>d+ ea* produc] z a solit>y unit1 a trem5d\s p[] is totally unutiliz$4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o are prematurely put to "w "u su* conditions1 an unw>rant$ n]v\s /ra9 is add$ z !y make _! ef=t to /& up to ! individual duties ( life :ile /ill 9 ! /age ( gr\p & family dep5d5ce4 ,we naturally associate a factory ) ord]ly productive action2 b simil>ity ( action1 )\t id5tical ?\ght & co-op]ative intellig5ce1 is co]cion1 & n ord]4 ,! pres5t factory discipl9e ne$s to be r$eem$ z ! old s*ool discipl9e has be5 r$eem$4 ,9 ! latt] ! sy/em ( prizes & puni%m5ts has be5 l>gely giv5 up1 n only because !y 7 difficult to adm9i/]1 b because !y utt]ly fail$ to free ! p[]s ( ! *ild4 8,! fe> ( />vation10 ( :i* ! old economi/s made s mu*1 is1 aft] all1 b a poor inc5tive to "w2 & ! appeal to cupidity by :i* a man is induc$ to 8spe$ up0 9 all ! v>i\s devices ( piece-"w is v little bett]4 ,yet ! factory /ill dep5ds ^u ^! z inc5tives to ! ord9>y work]s4 ,c]ta9ly "o w\ld wi% to protect *ildr5 f !m z long z possible4 ,9 a soap factory 9 ,*icago little girls wrap b>s ( soap 9 two cov]s at ! m9imum rate ( #c1jjj b>s a week2 _! only ambition is to wrap z fa/ z possible & well en\gh to pass ! =eman's inspection4 ,! girl ^: e>n+s are ! l>ge/ at ! end ( ! week is fill$ ) pride--praisewor?y1 c]ta9ly1 b totally )\t educational value4 ,let u realize be=e x is too late t 9 ?is age ( iron1 ( ma*9e-t5d+1 & ( subdivid$ labor1 we ne$ z nev] be=e ! untrammel$ & inspir$ activity ( y\?4 ,to cut x (f f ?\s&s ( work+ *ildr5 is a mo/ p]il\s und]tak+1 & endang]s ! v indu/ry to :i* !y h be5 sacrific$4 ,only ( late ye>s has an ef=t be5 made by ! city au?orities1 by ! municipality itself1 to cons]ve ! play in/9ct & to utilize x1 if n = ! correction ( indu/ry1 at lea/ = ! nurture ( citiz5%ip4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t ! city :i* is too c>eless to provide playgr\nds1 gymnasiums1 & a?letic fields :]e ! boys legitimately belong & :i* ! policeman is b\nd to respect1 simply puts a premium on lawlessness4 ,)\t ^! places ( _! own1 gr\ps ( boys come to look ^u ! policeman z an enemy1 & he reg>ds !m z ! mo/ lawless ( all ! citiz5s4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! fact t because ( our milit>y survivals ! (fic] is n br\ght 9 contact ) ! educational =ces ( ! city1 b only ) its vices & crime4 ,he might h q z great an opportunity = influ5c+ ! morals ( y\? z ! s*ool tea*] has4 ,at lea/ "o ,am]ican city sp5ds tw5ty p] c5t4 m 9 provision = ! conviction ( y\?s ?an = _! education1 = ! city :i* fails to utilize ?is promis+ mat]ial ( y\?ful adv5ture does n truly get rid ( x1 & f9ds x m exp5sive to c>e = z wa/e mat]ial ?an z educative mat]ial4 ,at a c]ta9 age a boy is possess$ by a re/less det]m9ation to d some?+ dang]\s & excit+--a 8difficult /unt10 z x 7--by :i* he may prove t he is ma/] ( 8 fate & ?us express 8 gr[+ self-ass]tion4 ,he pref]s to demon/rate 9 feats requir+ bo? c\rage & adroitness1 & x may be said t tradition is ) him 9 8 *oice4 ,t ?is impulse is mix$ ) an absurd desire on ! "p ( ! boy to 8%[ (f10 to impress 8 companions ) ! fact t he is great & brave & g5]ally to be admir$1 does n 9 ! lea/ affect its g5u95ess4 ,! city :i* fails to provide an opportunity = ?is inevitable & normal desire on ! "p ( ! "y citiz5s makes a grave mi/ake & invites irregul> expression ( x4 ,! ?w>t$ _s ( adv5ture f9ds an outlet 9 inf9ite v>ieties ( gambl+2 craps1 c>ds1 ! toss+ ( disc>d$ union buttons1 ! bett+ on odd or ev5 automobile numb]s1 on ! numb] ( newspap]s "u a boy's arm4 ,ano!r end :i* c be accompli%$1 if ! city recognizes play z legitimate & provides playgr\nds & a?letic fields1 is ! developm5t ( t self-gov]nm5t & self-discipl9e among gr\ps ( boys1 :i* =ms ! mo/ natural basis = democratic political life lat]4 ,! boy 9 a t5em5t-h\se region :o does n belong to ! gang is n only an exception1 b a v r>e exception4 ,?is e>lie/ =m ( social life is almo/ tribal 9 its organization1 & ! lead] too (t5 holds 8 place because he is a successful bully4 ,! gang meets fir/ ^u ! /reet1 b lat] x may possess a club room 9 a /able1 9 a billi>d room1 9 an empty h\se1 "u ! viaduct1 9 a c&y /ore1 9 a saloon or ev5 9 an empty lot4 ,! _s ( association1 ! fell[%ip & loyalty :i* ! gr\p inspires1 c>ry !m into _m dang]s2 b !re is no d\bt t x is ?r\gh ^! exp]i5ces t ! city boy le>ns 8 political lessons4 ,! tra9+ = political life is giv5 9 ^! gangs1 & also an opportunity to develop t wond]ful p[] ( adaptation :i* is ! city's contribution1 ev5 to ! poore/ ( h] *ildr54 ,a clev] man once told me t he d\bt$ :e!r an ald]man c\ld be elect$ 9 a t5em5t-h\se di/rict unless he _h _h gang exp]i5ce1 & _h become an adept 9 ! int]m9able discussion :i* e detail ( ! gang's activity receives4 ,?is alone af=ds a tra9+ 9 democratic gov]nm5t1 = x is ! pr]ogative ( democracy to inve/ political discussion ) ! dignity ( de$s1 & to provide adequate motives = discussion4 ,9 ^! social folk-motes1 s to speak1 ! "y citiz5 le>ns to act ^u 8 own det]m9ation4 ,! great pity is t x s (t5 results 9 a gr\p morality unt\*$ by a conc]n = ! l>g] morality ( ! community4 ,normal gr\ps react+ ^u ea* o!r w\ld t5d to an equilibrium ( a c]ta9 lib]ty to all1 b ?is _c be accompli%$ 9 ! life ( ! /reet :]e ! weak] boy or ! weak] gang is cont9ually gett+ ! wor/ ( x4 ,& x is only on ! protect$ playgr\nd t ! gangs c be m]g$ into baseball n9es & simil> organizations1 gov]n$ by well-recogniz$ rules4 ,we h already democratiz$ education 9 ! int]e/s ( ! entire community2 b recreation & con/ructive play1 :i* af=d ! be/ soil = e/abli%+ g5u9e & democratic social relations1 we h left unt\*$1 al?\gh !y are s valuable 9 emotional & dynamic p[]4 ,fur!r ?an t1 ! city t refra9s f educat+ ! play motive is oblig$ to suppress x4 ,9 ,*icago gangs ( boys betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 ye>s ( age1 :o1 possess+ "w-c]tificates are outside ( ! jurisdiction ( ! truant (fic]1 are cont9ually be+ arre/$ by ! police1 s9ce !y h no ord]ly opportunity = recreation4 ,an enlight5$ city gov]nm5t w\ld reg>d ^! gr\ps ( boys z ! natural soil 9 :i* to s[ ! se$s ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,z e ,european city has its p>ade-gr\nd1 :]e ! mimics ( w> are fai?fully rehe>s$1 9 ord] t ! c\ntry may be sav$ 9 times ( dang]1 s1 if mod]n gov]nm5t 7 z really conc]n$ 9 develop+ its citiz5s z x is 9 def5d+ !m1 we w\ld look ^u e play+-field z ! tra9+-place & p>ade-gr\nd ( mature citiz5%ip4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great discov]$ & appli$ ! use ( ! rhy?mic /ep = ! m>*+ ( soldi]s4 ,= g5]ations m5 _h gone =? to w>1 us+ m>tial music z !y _h us$ ! battle-cry1 m]ely to incite _! c\rage & w> _s2 b ! music _h _h no?+ to d ) _! actual m>*+4 ,! use ( x z a practical measure enorm\sly increas$ ! endurance ( ! soldi]s & rais$ ! records ( =c$ m>*es4 ,indu/ry at ! pres5t mom5t1 z repres5t$ by masses ( m5 9 ! l>ge factories1 is q z *aotic z ! e>ly armies 74 ,we h fail$ to apply our education to ! real life ( ! av]age factory produc]4 ,he works )\t any inn] coh]5ce or s5se ( comrade%ip4 ,our public education has done little z yet to release 8 p[]s or to *e] him ) ! k ( 8 significance to ! ,/ate4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,= fur!r analysis ( ! c5sus figures relat+ to *ildr51 consult 8,"s ,e?ical ,ga9s ,?r\gh ,legislation40 ,mrs4 ,flor5ce ,kelley4 #ac ,s*ool & ,society1 by ,john ,dewey4 #ad ,! ,play ( ,man1 ,groos1 page #cid4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,utilization ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,we are told _m times t ! indu/rial city is a new ?+ ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 & t ev]y:]e its gr[? has be5 ph5om5al1 :e!r we look at ,mosc[1 ,b]l91 ,p>is1 ,new ,york1 or ,*icago4 ,) or )\t ! m$iaeval f\ndation1 mod]n cities are m]ely resultants ( ! va/ cr[ds ( p :o h collect$ at c]ta9 po9ts :i* h become manufactur+ & di/ribut+ c5tres4 ,= all political purposes1 h[ev]1 ! indu/rial orig9 ( ! city is entirely ignor$1 & political life is organiz$ exclusively 9 relation to its e>li] f\ndations4 ,z ! city itself orig9at$ = ! common protection ( ! p & 0 built ab\t a suitable c5tre ( def5se :i* =m$ a citadel1 su* z ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns or ! ,kreml9 at ,mosc[1 s we c trace ! beg9n+ ( ! municipal fran*ise to ! "t :5 ! problems ( municipal gov]nm5t 7 /ill l>gely ^? ( protect+ ! city aga9/ rebellion f )9 & aga9/ invasion f )\t4 ,a voice 9 city gov]nm5t1 z x 0 ext5d$ f ! nobles1 :o alone bore arms1 0 naturally giv5 solely to ^? :o 7 valuable to ! milit>y sy/em4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 logic 9 giv+ ! fran*ise only to gr[n m5 :5 ! exi/5ce & /ability ( ! city dep5d$ ^u _! def5ce1 & :5 ! ultimate value ( ! elector c\ld be r$uc$ to 8 ability to p]=m milit>y duty4 ,x 0 fair t only ^? :o 7 liable to a sudd5 call to arms %\ld be select$ to decide z to ! relations :i* ! city %\ld be> to rival cities1 & t ! vote = w> %\ld be ca/ by ! same m5 :o w\ld be> ! brunt ( battle & ! burd5 ( protection4 ,we are told by hi/orians t ! citiz5s 7 fir/ call$ toge!r 9 ^? assemblages :i* 7 ! beg9n+ ( popul> gov]nm5t1 only if a w> 0 to be decl>$ or an exp$ition to be und]tak54 ,b rival cities h long s9ce ceas$ to settle _! claims by =ce ( arms1 & we %all h to admit1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is e>ly te/ ( ! elector is no long] fitt$ to ! mod]n city1 :atev] may be true1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ( ! basis = ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,x has be5 well said t ! mod]n city is a /ronghold ( indu/rialism1 q z ! feudal city 0 a /ronghold ( milit>ism1 b ! mod]n city fe>s no enemies1 & rivals f )\t & its problems ( gov]nm5t are solely int]nal4 ,affairs = ! mo/ "p are go+ badly 9 ^! great new c5tres 9 :i* ! quickly congregat$ population has n yet le>n$ to arrange its affairs satisfactorily4 ,insanit>y h\s+1 poison\s sewage1 contam9at$ wat]1 infant mortality1 ! spread ( contagion1 adult]at$ food1 impure milk1 smoke-lad5 air1 ill-v5tilat$ factories1 dang]\s occupations1 juv5ile crime1 un:olesome cr[d+1 pro/itution1 & drunk5ness are ! enemies :i* ! mod]n city mu/ face & ov]come w\ld x survive4 ,logically1 its electorate %\ld be made up ( ^? :o c be> a valiant "p 9 ?is ardu\s conte/1 ( ^? :o 9 ! pa/ h at lea/ attempt$ to c>e = *ildr51 to clean h\ses1 to prep>e foods1 to isolate ! family f moral dang]s1 ( ^? :o h traditionally tak5 c>e ( t side ( life :i*1 z soon z ! population is conge/$1 inevitably becomes ! subject ( municipal consid]ation & control4 ,to te/ ! elector's fitness to deal ) ?is situation by 8 ability to be> arms1 is absurd4 ,a city is 9 _m respects a great bus9ess corporation1 b 9 o!r respects x is enl>g$ h\sekeep+4 ,if ,am]ican cities h fail$ 9 ! fir/1 p>tly because (fice hold]s h c>ri$ ) !m ! pr$atory in/9ct le>n$ 9 competitive bus9ess1 & _c help 8work+ a good ?+0 :5 !y h an opportunity1 may we n say t city h\sekeep+ has fail$ p>tly because wom51 ! traditional h\sekeep]s1 h n be5 consult$ z to its multi=m activities8 ,! m5 ( ! city h be5 c>elessly indiff]5t to mu* ( ?is civic h\sekeep+1 z !y h always be5 indiff]5t to ! details ( ! h\sehold4 ,!y h totally disreg>d$ a c&idate's capacity to keep ! /reets clean1 pref]r+ to consid] him 9 relation to ! national t>iff or to ! necessity = increas+ ! national navy1 9 a pure _s ( rev]sion to ! traditional type ( gov]nm5t :i* _h to d only ) enemies & outsid]s4 ,x is difficult to see :at milit>y pr[ess has to d ) ! multi=m duties1 :i*1 9 a mod]n city1 include ! c>e ( p>ks & libr>ies1 sup]9t5d5ce ( m>kets1 sew]s1 & bridges1 ! inspection ( provisions & boil]s1 & ! prop] disposal ( g>bage4 ,milit>y pr[ess has no?+ to d ) ! build+ dep>tm5t :i* ! city ma9ta9s to see to x t ! basem5ts be dry1 t ! b$rooms be l>ge en\gh to af=d ! requir$ cubic feet ( air1 t ! plumb+ be sanit>y1 t ! gas-pipes d n leak1 t ! t5em5t-h\se c\rt be l>ge en\gh to af=d light & v5tilation1 & t ! /airways be firepro(4 ,! ability to c>ry arms has no?+ to d ) ! heal? dep>tm5t ma9ta9$ by ! city1 :i* provides t *ildr5 be vacc9at$1 t contagi\s diseases be isolat$ & plac>d$1 t ! spread ( tub]culosis be curb$1 & t ! wat] be free f typhoid infection4 ,c]ta9ly ! milit>y conception ( society is remote f ! functions ( ! s*ool bo>ds1 ^: conc]n x is t *ildr5 be educat$1 t !y be suppli$ ) k9d]g>t5s & be giv5 a dec5t place 9 :i* to play4 ,! v multif>i\sness & complexity ( a city gov]nm5t dem&s ! help ( m9ds accu/om$ to detail & v>iety ( "w1 to a s5se ( obligation = ! heal? & welf>e ( "y *ildr51 & to a responsibility = ! cleanl9ess & com=t ( o!rs4 ,because all ^! ?+s h traditionally be5 9 ! h&s ( wom51 if !y take no "p 9 !m n[1 !y are n only miss+ ! education :i* ! natural p>ticipation 9 civic life w\ld br+ to !m1 b !y are los+ :at !y h always _h4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( tribal life wom5 h be5 held responsible = ! heal? ( ! community1 a function :i* is n[ repres5t$ by ! heal? dep>tm5t2 f ! days ( ! cave dwell]s1 s f> z ! home 0 clean & :olesome1 x 0 due to _! ef=ts1 :i* are n[ repres5t$ by ! bureau ( t5em5t-h\se inspection2 f ! p]iod ( ! primitive village1 ! only public sweep+ p]=m$ 0 :at !y und]took 9 _! own doory>ds1 t :i* is n[ repres5t$ by ! bureau ( /reet clean+4 ,mo/ ( ! dep>tm5ts 9 a mod]n city c be trac$ to woman's traditional activity1 b 9 spite ( ?is1 s soon z ^! old affairs 7 turn$ ov] to ! c>e ( ! city1 !y slipp$ f woman's h&s1 app>5tly because !y !n became matt]s = collective action & impli$ ! use ( ! fran*ise4 ,because ! fran*ise _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance be5 giv5 to ! man :o c\ld fight1 because 9 ! beg9n+ he alone c\ld vote :o c\ld c>ry a weapon1 ! fran*ise 0 consid]$ an improp] ?+ = a woman to possess4 ,is x q public spirit$ = wom5 to say1 8,we w take c>e ( ^! affairs s long z !y /ay 9 our own h\ses1 b if !y g outside & conc]n s _m p t !y _c be c>ri$ on )\t ! me*anism ( ! vote1 we w drop !m4 ,x is true t ^! activities :i* wom5 h always _h1 are n at pres5t be+ c>ri$ on v well by ! m5 9 mo/ ( ! great ,am]ican cities1 b because we d n consid] x #8ladylike' to vote %all we ignore _! failure08 ,because wom5 consid] ! gov]nm5t m5's affair & some?+ :i* conc]ns itself ) elections & al>ms1 !y h become s confus$ 9 reg>d to _! traditional bus9ess 9 life1 ! re>+ ( *ildr51 t !y he> ) complac5cy a /atem5t made by ! ,ne/or ( sanit>y re=m]s1 t "o-half ( ! t9y lives :i* make up ! city's dea? rate ea* ye> might be sav$ by a m ?or\gh application ( sanit>y sci5ce4 ,because x implies ! use ( ! suffrage1 !y d n consid] x wom5's bus9ess to save ^! lives4 ,are we go+ to lose ourselves 9 ! old circle ( conv5tion & add to t sum ( wrong-do+ :i* is cont9ually committ$ 9 ! _w because we d n look at ?+s z !y really are8 ,old-fa%ion$ ways :i* no long] apply to *ang$ conditions are a sn>e 9 :i* ! feet ( wom5 h always become readily entangl$4 ,x is s easy to believe t ?+s t us$ to exi/ /ill g on long aft] !y are pass$2 x is s easy to commit irrep>able blund]s because we fail to correct our !ories by our *ang+ exp]i5ce4 ,s _m ( ! /umbl+-blocks aga9/ :i* we fall are ! opportunities to :i* we h n adju/$ ourselves4 ,because x %ocks an obsolete ideal1 we keep hold ( a conv5tion :i* no long] squ>es ) our g5u9e insight1 & we are sl[ to foll[ a clue :i* might enable u to solace & improve ! life ab\t u4 ,:y is x t wom5 d n vote ^u ! matt]s :i* conc]n !m s intimately8 ,:y d !y n foll[ ^! vital affairs & feel responsible = _! prop] adm9i/ration1 ev5 ?\gh !y h become municipaliz$8 ,:at w\ld ! result h be5 c\ld wom5 h reg>d$ ! suffrage1 n z a "r or a privilege1 b z a m]e piece ( gov]nm5tal ma*9]y )\t :i* !y c\ld n p]=m _! traditional functions "u ! *ang$ conditions ( city life8 ,c\ld we view ! :ole situation z a matt] ( obligation & ( normal developm5t1 x w\ld be mu* simplifi$4 ,we are at ! beg9n+ ( a prolong$ ef=t to incorporate a progressive develop+ life f\nd$ ^u a response to ! ne$s ( all ! p1 into ! requisite legal enactm5ts & civic in/itutions4 ,to be 9 any measure successful1 ?is ef=t w require all ! intellig5t p[]s ( obs]vation1 all ! sympa?y1 all ! common s5se :i* may be ga9$ f ! :ole adult population4 ,! /atem5t is sometimes made t ! fran*ise = wom5 w\ld be valuable only s f> z ! educat$ wom5 ex]cis$ x4 ,?is /atem5t totally disreg>ds ! fact t ^? matt]s 9 :i* woman's judgm5t is mo/ ne$$ are f> too primitive & basic to be l>gely influ5c$ by :at we call education4 ,! sanit>y condition ( all ! factories & work%ops1 = in/ance1 9 :i* ! indu/rial processes are at pres5t c>ri$ on 9 great cities1 intimately affect ! heal? & lives ( ?\s&s ( work+wom54 ,x is que/ionable :e!r wom5 to-day1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re are myriads ( !m 9 factories & %ops1 are do+ _! full %>e ( ! _w's "w 9 ! l9es ( production :i* h always be5 !irs4 ,ev5 two c5turies ago !y did practically all ! sp9n+1 dye+1 weav+1 & sew+4 ,!y c>ri$ on mu* ( ! brew+ & bak+ & ?\s&s ( op]ations :i* h be5 pu%$ out ( ! dome/ic sy/em into ! factory sy/em4 ,b simply to keep on do+ ! "w :i* _! gr&mo!rs did1 0 to f9d !mselves surr\nd$ by conditions ov] :i* !y h no control4 ,sometimes :5 ,i see doz5s ( "y girls go+ into ! factories ( a c]ta9 biscuit company on ! ,we/ ,side ( ,*icago1 !y appe> = ! mom5t z a m]e cross-section 9 ! long procession ( wom5 :o h furni%$ ! bread/uffs f "t immemorial1 f ! savage woman :o gr\nd ! meal & bak$ a flat cake1 ?r\gh innum]able cottage he>?s1 kit*5s1 & bake ov5s1 to ?is huge conc]n 9 :i* !y are /ill c>ry+ on _! traditional bus9ess4 ,b always be=e1 dur+ ! ages ( ?is un5d+ procession1 wom5 !mselves 7 able to dictate conc]n+ ! h\rs & ! imm$iate conditions ( _! "w2 ev5 gr9d+ ! meal & bak+ ! cake 9 ! a%es 0 div]sifi$ by _m o!r activities4 ,b sudd5ly1 s9ce ! application ( /eam to ! processes ( knead+ bread & ( turn+ ! sp9dle1 :i* really means only a diff]5t motor p[] & n 9 ! lea/ an ess5tial *ange 9 h] "w1 %e has be5 d5i$ ! privilege ( regulat+ ! conditions :i* imm$iately surr\nd h]4 ,9 ! c5sus ( #aijj1 ! section on 8,occupations0 %[s v cle>ly 9 :at direction ! employm5t ( wom5 has be5 t5d+ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,two /rik+ facts /& out vividly3 fir/1 ! increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( work+wom5 ov] ! p]c5tage ( m51 & second1 ! l>ge p]c5tage ( "y wom5 betwe5 sixte5 & tw5ty ye>s old 9 ! total numb] ( work+wom5 z comp>$ ) ! small p]c5tage ( "y m5 ( ! same ages 9 ! total numb] ( work+m54 ,practically "o-half ( ! work+wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are girls--"y wom5 "u ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,?is increase 9 ! numb] ( "y girls 9 indu/ry is ! m /rik+ :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! fact t indu/ries ( to-day diff] mo/ m>k$ly f ^? ( ! pa/ 9 ! rel5tless spe$ :i* !y require4 ,?is increase 9 spe$ is z m>k$ 9 ! dep?s ( sweat-%op labor z 9 ! mo/ advanc$ ,new ,engl& mills1 :]e ! eight looms op]at$ by ea* work] h increas$ to twelve1 f\rte51 & ev5 sixte5 looms4 ,?is spe$1 ( c\rse1 br+s a new /ra9 into indu/ry & t5ds inevitably to n]v\s exhau/ion4 ,ma*9es may be revolv$ m & m swiftly1 b ! girl work]s h no increase 9 vitality respond+ to ! height5$ pressure4 ,an ampl] & m f>-rea*+ protection ?an n[ exi/s1 is ne$$ 9 ord] to c>e = ! heal? & safety ( wom5 9 indu/ry4 ,_! y\?1 _! helplessness1 _! increas+ numb]s1 ! conditions "u :i* !y are employ$1 all call = uni=m & en=ceable /atutes4 ,! elaborate regulations ( dang]\s trades1 enact$ 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t = bo? adults & *ildr51 f9d no p>allel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! injuri\s effects ( employm5ts involv+ ! use ( poisons1 acids1 gases1 atmosph]ic extremes1 or o!r dang]\s processes1 /ill await adequate inve/igation & legislation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ %all ?is take place1 save by ! conc]t$ ef=ts ( ! wom5 !mselves1 ^? :o are employ$1 & ^? o!r wom5 :o are intellig5t z to ! work]'s ne$s & :o possess a consci5ce 9 reg>d to indu/rial affairs8 ,x is legitimate & necess>y t wom5 %\ld make a /udy ( c]ta9 trades & occupations4 ,! production ( sweat$ goods1 f ! human po9t ( view1 is n production at all1 b wa/e4 ,if ! employ] takes f ! work]s week by week m ?an 8 wages re/ore to !m1 he gradually r$uces !m to ! /ate ( indu/rial p>asites4 ,! wages ( ! sweat$ work] are ei!r be+ supplem5t$ by ! wages ( relatives & ! gifts ( *>itable associations1 or else h] /&>d ( liv+ is s l[ t %e is cont9ually los+ h] vitality & t5d+ to become a *>ge ^u ! community 9 a hospital or a poorh\se4#ae ,yet ev5 ! sweat-%ops1 9 :i* woman c>ries on h] old bus9ess ( mak+ clo?+1 _h to be r$eem$1 s f> z !y h be5 r$eem$1 by ! votes ( m5 :o pass$ an anti-sweat-%op law2 by ! city fa!rs1 :o1 aft] mu* plead+1 7 induc$ to ord] an inspection ( sweat-%ops t !y might be made to comply ) sanit>y regulations4 ,wom5 directly controll$ ! surr\nd+s ( _! "w z long z _! arrangem5ts 7 dome/ic1 b !y _c d ?is n[ unless !y h ! fran*ise1 z yet ! only me*anism devis$ by :i* a city selects its repres5tative & by :i* a numb] ( p]sons are able to embody _! collective w 9 legislation4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s ,engl& has be5 legislat+ ^u ! subject ( insanit>y work%ops1 long & exhau/+ h\rs ( "w1 night "w = wom51 occupations 9 :i* pregnant wom5 may be employ$1 & hundr$s ( o!r re/rictions :i* we are only beg9n+ to consid] objects ( legislation "h4 ,s f> z wom5 h be5 able1 9 ,*icago at lea/1 to help ! poore/ work]s 9 ! sweat-%ops1 x has be5 accompli%$ by wom5 organiz$ into trades unions4 ,! organization ( ,special ,ord] ,tailors f\nd t x 0 comp>atively simple = an employ] to give ! skill$ op]atives 9 a clo?+ factory m money by tak+ x away f ! wages ( ! seam-sew] & button-hol]4 ,! fact t x result$ 9 "o set ( work]s be+ help$ at ! exp5se ( ano!r set did n appeal to him1 s long z he 0 satisfy+ ! dem& ( ! union )\t increas+ ! total co/ ( production4 ,b ! ,special ,ord] ,tailors1 at ! sacrifice ( _! own wages & gr[?1 made a det]m9$ ef=t to include ev5 ! sweat-%op work]s 9 ! b5efits !y _h sl[ly secur$ = !mselves4 ,by means ( ! use ( ! label !y 7 f9ally able to insi/ t no goods %\ld be giv5 out = home-f9i%+ save to wom5 pres5t+ union c>ds1 & !y rais$ ! wages f n9e & elev5 c5ts a doz5 = f9i%+ g>m5ts1 to ! m9imum wage ( fifte5 c5ts4 ,!y also made a prote/ aga9/ ! excessive subdivision ( ! labor ^u g>m5ts1 a practice :i* enables ! manufactur] to use *ildr5 & ! lea/ skill$ adults4 ,?irty-two p]sons are commonly employ$ ^u a s+le coat1 & x is ! purpose ( ! ,special ,ord] ,tailors to h all ! ma*9e "w p]=m$ by "o work]1 ?us r$uc+ ! numb] work+ on "o coat to twelve or f\rte54 ,z ?is *ange w at ! same "t dem& m skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 & w increase ! v>iety & int]e/ 9 8 "w1 ^! g>m5t-mak]s are sacrific+ bo? "t & money = ! def5ce ( ,rusk9ian pr9ciples--"o ( ! few actual attempts to recov] ! 8joy ( "w40 ,al?\gh ! attempt 01 ( c\rse1 mix$ ) a desire to pres]ve a trade f ! invasion ( ! unskill$1 & a consequ5t l[]+ ( wages1 x also repres5t$ a g5u9e ef=t to pres]ve to ! poore/ work] "s int]e/ & value 9 ! "w itself4 ,x is mo/ unfair1 h[ev]1 to put ?is task ^u ! trades unioni/s & to s confuse x ) _! o!r ef=ts t x1 too1 becomes a cause ( w>f>e4 ,! poore/ wom5 are (t5 b uncompreh5d+ victims ( ?is labor movem5t ( :i* !y und]/& s little1 & :i* has become s mu* a matt] ( battle t helpless individuals are lo/ 9 ! conflict4 ,a complicat$ situation occurs to me 9 illu/ration4 ,a woman f ! ,hull-,h\se ,day ,nurs]y came to me two ye>s ago ask+ to borr[ tw5ty-five doll>s1 a sum h] union _h impos$ z a f9e4 ,%e gave su* an incoh]5t acc\nt ( h] plight t x 0 evid5t t %e did n 9 ! lea/ und]/& :at x 0 all ab\t4 ,a little inve/igation disclos$ ! foll[+ facts3 ,! 8,nurs]y ,"m10 z ,i "h call h] = purposes ( id5tification1 _h work$ = a long "t 9 an unorganiz$ ov]all factory1 :]e ! proprietor1 deal+ z he did 9 goods pur*as$ exclusively by work+m51 f\nd x increas+ly difficult to sell 8 ov]alls because !y did n be> ! union label4 ,he f9ally made a reque/ to ! union t ! employees 9 8 factory be organiz$4 ,?is 0 done1 he 0 giv5 ! use ( ! label1 & ^u ?is basis he prosp]$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,:e!r ! organiz] 0 8fix$0 or n1 ! inve/igation did n make cle>2 =1 al?\gh ! 8,nurs]y ,"m10 ) h] fell[-work]s1 _h paid _! union dues regul>ly1 ! employ] 0 n compell$ to pay ! union scale ( wages1 b cont9u$ to pay ! same wages z be=e4 ,at ! end ( ?ree mon?s 8 employees discov]$ t !y 7 n be+ paid ! union scale1 & dem&$ t _! wages be rais$ to t am\nt4 ,! employ]1 9 ! meantime hav+ ext5sively adv]tis$ 8 use ( ! label1 conclud$ t 8 purpose _h be5 s]v$1 & t he no long] ne$$ ! union4 ,he refus$1 !re=e1 to pay ! union scale1 & a /rike ensu$4 ,! 8,nurs]y ,"m0 w5t out ) ! re/1 & )9 a few days f\nd "w 9 ano!r %op1 a union %op do+ a l[] grade ( manufactur+4 ,at t "t !re 0 no uni=m scale 9 ! g>m5t trades1 & al?\gh a trade unioni/ work+ = union wages1 %e receiv$ l[] wages ?an %e _h "u ! non-union conditions 9 ! ov]all factory4 ,%e 0 naturally mu* confus$ &1 foll[+ h] in/9ct to get ! be/ wages possible1 %e w5t back to h] old place4 ,affairs ran smoo?ly = a few weeks1 until ! employ] discov]$ t he 0 aga9 los+ trade because 8 goods lack$ ! label1 :]eupon he once m appli$ to h 8 %op unioniz$4 ,! organiz]1 com+ back1 promptly discov]$ ! recreant 8,nurs]y ,"m10 &1 mu* to h] bewild]m5t1 %e 0 f9$ tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,%e und]/ood no?+ cle>ly1 nor c\ld %e1 inde$1 be made to und]/& s long z %e 0 9 ! mid/ ( ?is petty w>f>e4 ,h] labor 0 a m]e me?od ( e>n+ money q deta*$ f h] ,european exp]i5ce1 & fail$ to make = h] ! remote/ connection ) ! community ^: g5u9e ne$s %e 0 supply+4 ,no ef=t _h be5 made to %[ h] ! cultural aspect ( h] "w1 to give h] ev5 ! feeble/ und]/&+ ( ! fact t %e 0 supply+ a g5u9e ne$ ( ! community1 & t %e 0 entitl$ to respect & a legitimate indu/rial position4 ,x w\ld h be5 necess>y to make su* an ef=t f ! hi/oric /&po9t1 & ?is c\ld be und]tak5 only by ! community z a :ole & n by any "o class 9 x4 ,protective legislation w\ld be b ! fir/ /ep t[>d mak+ h] a m valuable produc] & a m intellig5t citiz54 ,! :ole ef=t w\ld imply a clos] connection betwe5 indu/ry & gov]nm5t1 & c\ld be accompli%$ intellig5tly only if wom5 7 p]mitt$ to ex]cise ! fran*ise4 ,a c]ta9 heal+ & correction w\ld d\btless ensue c\ld we b secure = ! protection & education ( indu/rial work]s t nurture ( heal? & morals :i* wom5 h s long res]v$ = _! own families & :i* has nev] be5 utiliz$ z a direct+ =ce 9 indu/rial affairs4 ,:5 ! family con/itut$ ! indu/rial organism ( ! day1 ! daught]s ( ! h\sehold 7 c>efully taught 9 ref]5ce to ! place !y w\ld take 9 t organism1 b z ! h\sehold arts h gone outside ! home1 almo/ no?+ has be5 done to connect ! "y wom5 ) ! pres5t great indu/rial sy/em4 ,?is neglect has be5 equally true 9 reg>d to ! te*nical & cultural sides ( t sy/em4 ,! failure to fit ! education ( wom5 to ! actual indu/rial life :i* is c>ri$ on ab\t !m has _h disa/r\s results 9 two directions4 ,fir/1 indu/ry itself has lack$ ! modification :i* wom5 might h br\ght to x _h !y committ$ ! entire movem5t to t gr[+ conc]n = a l>g] & m satisfy+ life = ea* memb] ( ! community1 a conc]n :i* we h come to reg>d z legitimate4 ,second1 ! m prosp]\s wom5 w\ld h be5 able to und]/& & adju/ _! own difficulties ( h\sehold managem5t 9 relation to ! produc] ( factory products1 z !y are n[ utt]ly unable to d4 ,z ! c5sus ( #aijj %[$ t m ?an half ( ! wom5 employ$ 9 8ga9ful occupations0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are engag$ 9 h\seholds1 c]ta9ly _! conditions ( labor lie l>gely 9 ! h&s ( wom5 employ]s4 ,at a conf]5ce held at ,lake ,placid by employ]s ( h\sehold labor1 x 0 cont5d$ t future hi/orical review may %[ t ! girls :o are to-day 9 dome/ic s]vice are ! really progressive wom5 ( ! age2 t !y are ^? :o are fight+ conditions :i* limit _! fre$om1 & al?\gh !y are do+ x bl9dly1 at lea/ !y are dem&+ av5ues ( self-expression outside _! "w2 & t ?is /ruggle f conditions detrim5tal to _! highe/ life is ! ev]-recurr+ /ory ( ! emancipation ( fir/ "o class & !n ano!r4 ,x 0 fur!r cont5d$ t 9 ?is ef=t to become suffici5tly educat$ to be able to und]/& ! ne$s ( an educat$ employ] f an indep5d5t /&po9t1 !y are really do+ ! community a great s]vice1 & did !y b receive co-op]ation in/ead ( opposition1 dome/ic s]vice w\ld lose its social o/racism & attract a m intellig5t class ( wom54 ,& yet ?is ef=t1 p]fectly reasonable f ! /&po9t ( hi/oric developm5t & democratic tradition1 receives little help f ! employ+ h\sekeep]s1 because !y "k no?+ ( indu/rial developm5t4 ,! situation c\ld be und]/ood only by view+ x1 fir/1 9 ! relation to rec5t immigration &1 second1 9 connection ) ! factory sy/em at ! pres5t /age ( developm5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,a review ( ! hi/ory ( dome/ic s]vice 9 a fairly prosp]\s ,am]ican family beg9s ) ! colonial p]iod1 :5 ! daught]s ( ! neighbor+ f>m]s came 9 to 8help0 dur+ ! busy season4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,iri% immigrant1 :5 almo/ e kit*5 _h its ,nora or ,bridget1 :ile ! mi/ress ( ! h\sehold reta9$ ! sweep+ & du/+ & ! ,saturday bak+4 ,!n came ! halcyon days ( ,g]man 8second girls0 & cooks1 foll[$ by ! ,sw$es4 ,! successive waves ( immigration supply ! dem& = dome/ic s]vice1 gradually oblit]at+ ! fact t z ! wom5 became m famili> ) ,am]ican cu/oms1 !y z well z _! m5 folk1 ent]$ into m skill$ & lucrative positions4 ,9 ^! la/ ye>s immigration consi/s 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s ( ,s\? ,italians & ( ,russian1 ,poli%1 & ,rumanian ,jews1 none ( :om h to any appreciable ext5t ent]$ into dome/ic s]vice4 ,! ,italian girls are m>ri$ betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & eighte51 & to live 9 any h\se 9 t[n o!r ?an t ( h] fa!r seems to an ,italian girl q incompreh5sible4 ,! /r5g? ( ! family tie1 ! ne$ = 8ko%]0 foods1 ! celebration ( religi\s fe/ivities1 ! read9ess ) :i* %e takes up ! sew+ trades 9 :i* h] fa!r & bro!r are already l>gely engag$1 makes dome/ic s]vice a r>e occupation = ! daught]s ( ! rec5t ,jewi% immigrants4 ,moreov]1 ^! two classes ( immigrants h be5 quickly absorb$1 z1 inde$1 all work+ p are1 by ! increas+ dem& = ! labor ( "y girls & *ildr5 9 factory & work%ops4 ,! paucity ( ! mat]ial = dome/ic s]vice is !re=e reveal$ at la/1 & we are oblig$ to consid] ! mat]ial = dome/ic s]vice :i* a democracy supplies1 & also to realize t ! adm9i/ration ( ! h\sehold has suff]$ because x has become unnaturally isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! community4 ,! problems ( food & %elt] = ! family1 at any giv5 mom5t1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 relation to all ! o!r me*anical & indu/rial life ( t mom5t1 q z ! intellectual life ( ! family f9ally dep5ds = its vitality ^u its relation to ! intellectual res\rces ( ! re/ ( ! community4 ,:5 ! adm9i/rator ( ! h\sehold delib]ately refuses to avail h]self ( ! wond]ful inv5tions go+ on all ab\t h]1 %e soon comes to ! po9t ( prid+ h]self ^u ! fact t h] h\sehold is adm9i/]$ accord+ to traditional l9es & ( believ+ t ! moral life ( ! family is s enwrapp$ 9 ^! old cu/oms z to be endang]$ by any radical *ange4 ,because ( ?is attitude on ! "p ( contempor>y h\sekeep]s1 ! h\sehold has firmly )/ood ! b5efic5t *anges & heal+ innovations :i* appli$ sci5ce & economics w\ld long ago h br\ght ab\t c\ld !y h work$ naturally & unimp$$4 ,^! moral & economic difficulties1 :e!r connect$ ) ! isolation ( ! home or ) ! p>tial & unsatisfactory ef=ts ( trades unions1 c\ld be avoid$ only if society w\ld frankly recognize ! indu/rial situation z t :i* conc]ns u all1 & w\ld s]i\sly prep>e all classes ( ! community = _! relation to ! situation4 ,a te*nical prep>ation w\ld1 ( c\rse1 n be feasible1 b a cultural "o w\ld be possible1 s t all p>ts ( ! community might be intellig5t 9 reg>d to ! indu/rial developm5ts & transitions go+ on ab\t !m4 ,if ,am]ican wom5 c\ld b obta9 a lib]at+ k ( t hi/ory ( indu/ry & comm]ce :i* is s simil> 9 e c\ntry ( ! globe1 ! fact t s mu* factory labor is p]=m$ by immigrants w\ld help to br+ !m ne>] to ! immigrant woman4 ,equipp$ ) 8! in=m+ m9d0 on ! "o h& & ) exp]i5ce on ! o!r1 we c\ld !n walk toge!r ?r\gh ! m>vel\s /reets ( ! human city1 no long] consci\s :e!r we are natives or ali5s1 because we h become absorb$ 9 a frat]nal relation aris+ f a common exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is attitude ( und]/&+ & respect = ! work] is necess>y1 n only to appreciate :at he produces1 b to pres]ve 8 p[] ( production1 aga9 %[+ ! necessity = mak+ t sub/itute = w>--human labor--m aggressive & democratic4 ,we are told t ! conqu]$ races ev]y:]e1 9 _! helplessness1 are giv+ up ! g5u9e practise ( _! own arts4 ,9 ,india1 = in/ance1 :]e _! arts h be5 ! blossom ( _m ye>s ( labor1 ! conqu]$ races are ca/+ !m aside z ( no value 9 ord] t !y may con=m to ! inf]ior art1 or r1 lack ( art1 ( _! conqu]ors4 ,morris con/antly lam5t$ t 9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! native arts 7 q de/roy$1 & 9 _m o!rs ne>ly s2 t 9 all p>ts !y _h m or less begun to sick54 ,?is lack ( respect & und]/&+ ( ! primitive arts f\nd among colonies ( immigrants 9 a mod]n cosmopolitan city1 produces a l result 9 t ! arts langui% & disappe>4 ,we h made an ef=t at ,hull-,h\se to recov] some?+ ( ! e>ly indu/ries f an immigrant neighborhood1 & 9 a little exhibit call$ a labor museum1 we h plac$ 9 hi/oric sequ5ce & ord] me?ods ( sp9n+ & weav+ f a doz5 nationalities 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,europe4 ,! result has be5 a /rik+ exhibition ( ! unity & simil>ity ( ! e>li] indu/rial processes4 ,)9 ! n>r[ conf9es ( "o room1 ! ,syrian1 ! ,greek1 ! ,italian1 ! ,russian1 ! ,norwegian1 ! ,dut*1 & ! ,iri% f9d t ! diff]5ces 9 _! sp9n+ h be5 m]ely putt+ ! di/aff ^u a frame or plac+ ! old h&-sp9dle 9 a horizontal position4 ,a gr\p ( wom5 repres5t+ va/ diff]5ces 9 religion1 9 language1 9 tradition1 & 9 nationality1 exhibit practically no diff]5ce 9 ! daily arts by :i*1 = a ?\s& g5]ations1 !y h clo!d _! families4 ,:5 ,am]ican wom5 come to visit !m1 ! quicke/ me?od1 9 fact almo/ ! only "o1 ( e/abli%+ a g5u9e companion%ip ) !m1 is ?r\gh ?is same indu/ry1 unless we except t /ill old] occupation1 ! c>e ( little *ildr54 ,p]haps ?is exp]im5t may claim to h made a g5u9e ef=t to f9d ! basic exp]i5ces ^u :i* a cosmopolitan community may unite at lea/ on ! indu/rial side4 ,! rec5t date ( ! indu/rial revolution & our ne>ness to a primitive indu/ry are %[n by ! fact t ,italian mo!rs are m will+ to h _! daught]s "w 9 factories produc+ textile & food /uffs ?an 9 ^? :i* produce wood & metal4 ,!y int]pret ! entire situation s simply t x appe>s to !m j :at x is--a m]e cont9uation ( woman's traditional "w "u *ang$ conditions4 ,ano!r example ( our ne>ness to e>ly me?ods is %[n by ! fact t _m wom5 f ,s\? ,italy & f ! remot] p>ts ( ,russia h nev] se5 a sp9n+-:eel1 & look ^u x z a new & m>vel\s inv5tion4 ,b ^! v p1 :o are habitually at su* a disadvantage because !y lack c]ta9 sup]ficial qualities :i* are too highly priz$1 h an opportunity 9 ! labor museum1 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 to ass]t a position 9 ! community to :i* _! previ\s life & tra9+ entitles !m1 & !y are judg$ ) some?+ ( a hi/oric backgr\nd4 ,_! v app>5t remot5ess gives indu/rial processes a picturesque cont5t & *>m4 ,c we le>n our fir/ lesson 9 mod]n indu/ry f ^! humble peasant wom5 :o h nev] %irk$ ! primitive labors ^u :i* all civiliz$ life is f\nd$1 ev5 z we mu/ obta9 our fir/ lessons 9 social morality f ^? :o are be>+ ! brunt ( ! ov]cr[d$ & cosmopolitan city :i* is ! direct result ( mod]n indu/rial conditions8 ,if we cont5d t ! fran*ise %\ld be ext5d$ to wom5 on ! gr\nd t less emphasis is cont9ually plac$ ^u ! milit>y ord] & m ^u ! indu/rial ord] ( society1 we %\ld h to insi/ t1 if %e w\ld secure h] old place 9 indu/ry1 ! mod]n woman mu/ ne$s fit h] labors to ! pres5t indu/rial organization z ! simpl] woman fitt$ h]s to ! m simple indu/rial ord]4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t woman lo/ h] e>li] place :5 man usurp$ ! indu/rial pursuits & creat$ weal? on a scale unkn[n be=e4 ,s9ce t "t wom5 h be5 r$uc$ m & m to a /ate ( dep5d5cy1 until we see only among ! ,european peasant wom5 z !y "w 9 ! fields1 8! heavy1 /rong1 endur+1 pati5t1 economically functional repres5tative ( :at ! wom5 ( our day us$ to be40 ,cultural education z x is at pres5t c>ri$ on 9 ! mo/ advanc$ s*ools1 is to "s ext5t correct+ ! pres5t deta*$ relation ( wom5 to indu/ry b a s5se ( responsibility 9 relation to ! developm5t ( indu/ry w\ld accompli% mu* m4 ,z m5 e>n$ _! citiz5%ip ?r\gh _! read9ess & ability to def5d _! city1 s p]haps woman1 if %e takes a citiz5's place 9 ! mod]n indu/rial city1 w h to e>n x by devotion & self-abnegation 9 ! s]vice ( its complex ne$s4 ,! old social problems 7 too (t5 made a cause ( w> 9 ! belief t all difficulties c\ld be settl$ by an appeal to arms4 ,b c]ta9ly ^! subtl] problems :i* confront ! mod]n cosmopolitan city1 ! problems ( race antagonisms & economic adju/m5ts1 mu/ be settl$ by a m se>*+ & g5u9e me?od ?an m]e pr[ess c possibly af=d4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d _! real solution mu/ be made ^u a pa/ exp]i5ce common to ! citiz5s z a :ole & connect$ ) _! daily liv+4 ,z moral problems become m & m associat$ ) our civic & indu/rial organizations1 ! dem& = enl>g$ activity is m exig5t4 ,if "o c\ld connect ! old mat]nal anxieties1 :i* are really ! basis ( family & tribal life1 ) ! c&idates :o are seek+ (fices1 x w\ld nev] be necess>y to look ab\t = o!r motive p[]s1 & if to ?is we c\ld add mat]nal conc]n = ! safety & def5ce ( ! indu/rial work]1 we %\ld h an increas+ code ( protective legislation4 ,we c]ta9ly may hope = two results if wom5 ent] =mally into municipal life4 ,fir/1 ! opportunity to fulfill _! old duties & obligations ) ! safegu>d & ! consid]ation :i* ! ballot alone c secure = !m "u ! *ang$ conditions1 &1 second1 ! education :i* p>ticipation 9 actual affairs always br+s4 ,z we believe t woman has no "r to all[ :at really belongs to h] to drop away f h]1 s we cont5d t ability to p]=m an obligation comes v l>gely 9 proportion z t obligation is consci5ti\sly assum$4 ,out ( ! m$iaeval city f\nd$ ^u milit>ism !re arose 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury a new ord]1 ! middle class1 ^: importance re/$1 n ^u bir? or arms1 b ^u weal?1 intellig5ce1 & organization4 ,?is middle class a*iev$ a /]l+ success 9 ! succe$+ six c5turies ( indu/rialism because x 0 ess5tial to ! exi/5ce & developm5t ( ! indu/rial era4 ,p]haps we c =eca/ ! c>e] ( woman1 ! citiz51 if %e is p]mitt$ to be> an elector's "p 9 ! com+ p]iod ( humanit>ianism 9 :i* gov]nm5t mu/ conc]n itself ) human welf>e4 ,%e w be> h] %>e ( civic responsibility because %e is ess5tial to ! normal developm5t ( ! city ( ! future1 & because ! def9ition ( ! loyal citiz5 z "o :o is ready to %$ 8 blood = 8 c\ntry1 has become inadequate & obsolete4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,a ,case = ! ,factory ,acts4 ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pass+ ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,virtues ,( all ! w+$ words :i* ,tol/oy wrote dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,russia & ,japan1 p]haps none are m significant ?an ^!3 8,! great /rife ( our "t is n t n[ tak+ place betwe5 ! ,japanese & ! ,russians1 nor t :i* may blaze up betwe5 ! :ite & ! yell[ races1 nor t /rife :i* is c>ri$ on by m9es1 bombs1 & bullets1 b t spiritual /rife :i*1 )\t ceas+1 has gone on & is go+ on betwe5 ! enlight5$ consci\sness ( mank9d n[ await+ = manife/ation & t d>kness & t burd5 :i* surr\nds & oppresses mank9d40 ,9 ! curi\s p]iod ( accommodation 9 :i* we live1 x is possible = old habits & new compunctions to be equally p[]ful1 & x is almo/ a matt] ( pride ) u t we nei!r break ) ! old nor yield to ! new4 ,we call ?is attitude tol]ance1 :]eas x is (t5 m]e confusion ( m9d4 ,su* m5tal confusion is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by our t5d5cy to sub/itute a /atem5t ( ! hi/oric evolution ( an ideal ( conduct 9 place ( ! ideal itself4 ,?is almo/ always occurs :5 ! ideal no long] accords ) our fai?ful exp]i5ce ( life & :5 its implications are n ju/ifi$ by our late/ in=mation4 ,9 ?is way we sp>e ourselves ! necessity ( press+ =w>d to new] ideals ( conduct4 ,we quote ! convictions & a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ z an excuse = ourselves :5 we lack ! en]gy ei!r to ?r[ (f old moral codes :i* h become burd5s or to atta9 a morality proportionate to our pres5t sph]e ( activity4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! w> _s attempts to ju/ify its noisy demon/rations by quot+ its great a*ievem5ts 9 ! pa/ & by draw+ att5tion to ! c\rage\s life :i* x has evok$ & fo/]$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 p]haps significant t ! adh]5ts ( w> are m & m ju/ify+ x by its pa/ record & rem9d+ u ( its anci5t orig94 ,!y tell u t x is int]wov5 ) e fibre ( human gr[? & is at ! root ( all t is noble & c\rage\s 9 human life1 t /ruggle is ! basis ( all progress1 t x is n[ ext5d$ f individuals & tribes to nations & races4 ,we may admire mu* t is admirable 9 ?is pa/ life ( c\rage\s w>f>e1 :ile at ! same "t we accord x no "r to dom9ate ! pres5t1 :i* has travel$ out ( its rea* into a l& ( new desires4 ,we may admit t ! exp]i5ces ( w> h equipp$ ! m5 ( ! pres5t ) pluck & en]gy1 b to insi/ ^u ! selfsame expression = t pluck & en]gy w\ld be z /upid a mi/ake z if we w\ld relegate ! full-gr[n citiz51 respond+ to _m claims & dem&s ^u 8 p[]s1 to ! s*ool-y>d fights ( 8 boyhood1 or to ! college conte/s ( 8 crud] y\?4 ,! little lad :o /\tly def5ds himself on ! s*ool-gr\nd may be wor?y ( mu* admiration1 b if we f9d him1 a doz5 ye>s lat]1 ! bully+ lead] ( a /reet-gang :o bases 8 pre/ige on ! fact t 8no "o c :ip him10 our admiration cools amaz+ly1 & we say t ! c>ry+ ov] ( ^? pu]ile in/9cts into manhood %[s arre/$ developm5t :i* is ma9ly responsible = fill+ our prisons4 ,?is confusion betwe5 ! contemporane\s /age ( developm5t & ! hi/oric rle ( c]ta9 qualities1 is int5sifi$ by our cu/om ( ref]r+ to social evolution z if x 7 a =ce & n a process4 ,we assume t social ends may be obta9$ )\t ! application ( social en]gies1 al?\gh we "k 9 our he>ts t ! be/ results ( civilization h come ab\t only ?r\gh human w & ef=t4 ,to po9t to ! a*ievem5t ( ! pa/ z a gu>antee = cont9u+ :at has s9ce become %ock+ to u is /upid bus9ess2 x is to =get t progress itself dep5ds ^u adaptation1 ^u a nice balance betwe5 cont9uity & *ange4 ,let u by all means ackn[l$ge & pres]ve t :i* has be5 good 9 w>f>e & 9 ! _s ( w>f>e2 let u ga!r x toge!r & incorporate x 9 our national fibre4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 n be guilty = a mom5t ( %utt+ our eyes to t :i* = _m c5turies mu/ h be5 disquiet+ to ! moral s5se1 b :i* is gradually becom+ impossible1 n only because ( our increas+ s5sibilities1 b because great con/ructive plans & humaniz$ int]e/s h captur$ our hopes & we are f9d+ t w> is an implem5t too clumsy & b>b>ic to subs]ve our purpose4 ,we h come to realize t ! great task ( pu%+ =w>d social ju/ice c\ld be enorm\sly accel]at$ if primitive me?ods z well z primitive weapons 7 once = all aboli%$4 ,! pa/ may h be5 involv$ 9 w> & suff]+ 9 ord] to br+ =? a new & b5efic5t c\rage1 an inv9cible ardor = cons]v+ & heal+ human life1 = und]/&+ & elaborat+ x4 ,to obta9 ?is c\rage is to di/+ui% betwe5 a social ord] f\nd$ ^u law en=c$ by au?ority & t o!r social ord] :i* includes lib]ty ( individual action & complexity ( gr\p developm5t4 ,! latt] social ord] w\ld n suppress ! lea/ g]m ( promise1 ( gr[? & v>iety1 b w\ld nurture all into a full & v>i$ life4 ,x is n an easy und]tak+ to obta9 x & x _c be c>ri$ =w>d )\t consci\s & well-def9$ ef=t4 ,! task t is really be=e u is fir/ to see to x1 t ! old virtues bequea!d by w> are n reta9$ aft] !y h become a social det]r5t & t social progress is n *eck$ by a c]ta9 contempt = human nature :i* is b ! inh]it$ result ( conque/4 ,second1 we mu/ act ^u ! assumption t spontane\s & frat]nal action z virile & widespread z w> itself is ! only me?od by :i* sub/itutes = ! w> virtues may be discov]$4 ,x 0 cont5d$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book t social morality is develop$ ?r\gh s5tim5t & action4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> age we c live ! tru? :i* has be5 appreh5d$ by our contempor>ies1 t tru? :i* is especially our own1 only by e/abli%+ nobl] & wis] social relations & by discov]+ social bonds bett] fitt$ to our requirem5ts4 ,w>f>e 9 ! pa/ has done mu* to br+ m5 toge!r4 ,a s5se ( common dang] & ! /irr+ appeal to action = a common purpose1 easily op5 ! *annels ( sympa?y ?r\gh :i* we p>take ( ! life ab\t u4 ,b !re are c]ta9ly o!r me?ods ( op5+ ^? *annels4 ,a social life to be heal?y mu/ be consci\sly & fully adju/$ to ! m>* ( social ne$s1 & z we may easily make a mi/ake by =gett+ t enl>g$ opportunities are ev] dem&+ an enl>g$ morality1 s we w fail 9 ! task ( sub/itution if we d n dem& social sympa?y 9 a l>g] measure & ( a quality bett] adapt$ to ! contemporane\s situation4 ,p]haps ! "o po9t at :i* ?is und]tak+ is mo/ ne$$ is 9 reg>d to our conception ( patriotism1 :i*1 al?\gh z g5u9e z ev] be=e1 is too mu* dress$ 9 ! trapp+s ( ! pa/ & cont9ually c>ries u back to its beg9n+s 9 milit>y pr[ess & def5ce4 ,to h be5 able to trace ! orig9 & developm5t ( patriotism & !n to re/ cont5t ) t1 & to fail to insi/ t x %all respond to ! /imulus ( a l>g] & m v>i$ environm5t ) :i* we are n[ confront$1 is a confession ( weakness2 x exhibits lack ( moral ent]prise & ( national vigor4 ,we h all se5 ! breakd[n ( village /&>ds ( morality :5 ! conditions ( a great city are enc\nt]$4 ,to d 8! good ly+ next at h&0 may be a suffici5t =mula :5 ! village idl] & 8 ne$y *ildr5 live b a few doors d[n ! /reet1 b ! same dictum may be totally mislead+ :5 ! villag] becomes a city resid5t & f9ds 8 next-door neighbors prosp]\s & com=table1 :ile ! poor & ov]burd5$ live _m blocks away :]e he w\ld nev] see !m at all1 unless he 7 /irr$ by a _s ( social ent]prise to g =? & f9d !m 9 ! mid/ ( _! meagre liv+ & _! l>g] ne$s4 ,! _s ( village gossip1 p5etrat+ & ke5 z x is1 may be dep5d$ ^u to br+ to ! notice ( ! k9d-he>t$ villag] all cases ( suff]+--t someone is ne$$ 8to sit up all night0 ) a sick neighbor1 or t ! village loaf] has be5 drunk aga9 & beat5 8 wife2 b 9 a city divid$ s curi\sly into ! regions ( ! well-to-d & ! conge/$ qu>t]s ( ! immigrant1 ! consci5ti\s p]son c no long] rely ^u gossip4 ,!re is no int]c\rse1 n ev5 a scatt]$ "o1 betwe5 ! two1 save :at ! daily pap] br+s1 ) its inv9cible prop5sity to report ! gossip ( pov]ty & crime1 p]haps a heal?i] t5d5cy ?an we imag9e4 ,! man :o has mov$ f ! village to ! cosmopolitan city & :o w\ld cont9ue ev5 8 =m] %>e ( b5efic5t activity mu/ be/ir himself to keep in=m$ z to social ne$s & to make new *annels ?r\gh :i* 8 sympa?y may fl[4 ,)\t "s su* consci\s ef=t1 8 sympa?y w f9ally become /ratifi$ along ! l9e ( 8 social int]c\rse & he w be unable really to c>e = any p b 8 8own k9d40 ,am]ican conceptions ( patriotism h mov$1 s to speak1 f ! ,new ,engl& village into huge cosmopolitan cities4 ,!y f9d !mselves bewild]$ by ! *ange & h n only fail$ to make ! adju/m5t1 b ! v ef=t 9 t direction is look$ ^u ) deep suspicion by _! old village neighbors4 ,unless our conception ( patriotism is progressive1 x _c hope to embody ! real affection & ! real int]e/ ( ! nation4 ,we "k full well t ! patriotism ( common desc5t is ! m]e patriotism ( ! clan--! e>ly patriotism ( ! tribe--& t1 :ile ! possession ( a l t]ritory is an advance ^u t fir/ conception1 bo? ( !m are unwor?y to be ! patriotism ( a great cosmopolitan nation4 ,we %all n h made any g5u9e advance until we h gr[n impati5t ( a patriotism f\nd$ ^u milit>y pr[ess & def5ce1 because ?is really gets 9 ! way & prev5ts ! gr[? ( t b5efic5t & progressive patriotism :i* we ne$ = ! und]/&+ & heal+ ( our curr5t national difficulties4 ,to seek our patriotism 9 "s age o!r ?an our own is to accept a code t is totally inadequate to help u ?r\gh ! problems :i* curr5t life develops4 ,we cont9ue to f\nd our patriotism ^u w> & to contra/ conque/ ) nurture1 milit>ism ) indu/rialism1 call+ ! latt] passive & in]t & ! =m] active & aggressive1 )\t really fac+ ! situation z x exi/s4 ,we tremble be=e our own convictions1 & are afraid to f9d new] manife/ations ( c\rage & d>+ le/ we !reby lose ! virtues bequea!d to u by w>4 ,x is a pitiful ackn[l$gm5t t we h lo/ !m already & t we %all h to give up ! ways ( w>1 if = no o!r reason ?an to pres]ve ! f9] _s ( c\rage & deta*m5t :i* x has eng5d]$ & develop$4 ,we come at la/ to ! practical "q z to h[ ^! sub/itutes = ! w> virtues may be f\nd4 ,h[ may we1 ! *ildr5 ( an indu/rial & comm]cial age1 f9d ! c\rage & sacrifice :i* belong to our indu/rialism4 ,we may beg9 ) ,augu/ ,comte's ass]tion t man seeks to improve 8 position 9 two diff]5t ways1 by ! de/ruction ( ob/acles & by ! con/ruction ( means1 or1 designat$ by _! mo/ obvi\s social results1 if 8 cont5tion is correct1 by milit>y action & by indu/rial action1 & t ! two mu/ long cont9ue side by side4 ,!n we f9d ourselves ask+ :at may be done to make m picturesque ^? lives :i* are sp5t 9 a monoton\s & we>+ toil1 comp>$ to :i* ! camp is excit+ & ! b>racks com=table4 ,h[ %all x be made to seem z magnific5t pati5tly to correct ! wrongs ( indu/rialism z to d battle = ! rights ( ! nation8 ,?is transition ought n to be s difficult 9 ,am]ica1 = to beg9 )1 our national life 9 ,am]ica has be5 l>gely f\nd$ ^u our success 9 inv5tion & eng9e]+1 9 manufactur+ & comm]ce4 ,our prosp]ity has re/$ ^u con/ructive labor & mat]ial progress1 bo? ( !m 9 /rik+ contra/ to w>f>e4 ,!re is an elem5t ( almo/ grim humor 9 ! nation's rev]t+ at la/ to ! outworn me?ods ( battle-%ips & def5d$ h>bors4 ,we may admit t idle m5 ne$ w> to keep alive _! c\rage & endurance1 b we h few idle m5 9 a nation engag$ 9 indu/rialism4 ,we con/antly see subord9ation ( s5sation to s5tim5t 9 hundr$s ( c>e]s :i* are n milit>y2 ! ?\s&s ( m9]s 9 ,p5nsylvania d\btless endure e ye> m bodily pa9 & p]il ?an ! same numb] ( m5 9 ,european b>racks4 ,indu/rial life af=ds ample opportunity = endurance1 discipl9e1 & a s5se ( deta*m5t1 if ! /ruggle is really put ^u ! highe/ level ( indu/rial effici5cy4 ,b because our indu/rial life is n on ?is level1 we con/antly t5d to drop ! new] & less develop$ ideals = ! old] ones ( w>f>e1 we ignore ! fact t w> s readily ?r[s back ! ideals :i* ! "y are n\ri%+ into ! mold ( ^? :i* ! old %\ld be outgr[+4 ,x lures "y m5 n to develop1 b to exploit2 x turns !m f ! c\rage & toil ( indu/ry to ! brav]y & endurance ( w>1 & leads !m to =get t civilization is ! sub/itution ( law = w>4 ,x incites _! ambitions1 n to irrigate1 to make f]tile & sanit>y1 ! b>r5 pla9 ( ! savage1 b to fill x ) milit>y po/s & tax-ga!r]s1 to cease f pu%+ =w>d indu/rial action into new fields & to fall back ^u milit>y action4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by ! mo/ b5efic5t acts ( w>1 :5 ! milit>y _s claim+ to c>ry =w>d civilization invades a c\ntry = ! purpose ( br++ x into ! zone ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,milit>ism en=ces law & ord] & insi/s ^u ob$i5ce & discipl9e1 assum+ t x w ultimately e/abli% righte\sness & fo/] progress4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is good int5tion1 x fir/ ( all cle>s ! decks ( imp$im5ta1 al?\gh 9 ! process x may ext+ui% ! mo/ preci\s beg9n+s ( self-gov]nm5t & ! nucleus ( self-help1 :i* ! wise ( ! native community h long be5 anxi\sly ho>d+4 ,x is ! milit>y idea1 re/+ cont5t z x does ) ! passive results ( ord] & discipl9e1 :i* confesses a totally inadequate conception ( ! value & p[] ( human life4 ,! *>ge ( obta9+ negative results c\ld ) great c&or be br\ght aga9/ milit>ism1 :ile ! /r5u\s task1 ! vigor\s & difficult und]tak+1 involv+ ! use ( ! mo/ highly develop$ human p[]s1 c be claim$ = indu/rialism4 ,x is really human con/ructive labor :i* mu/ give ! newly invad$ c\ntry a s5se ( its place 9 ! life ( ! civiliz$ _w1 "s idea ( ! effective occupations :i* x may p]=m4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is its en]gy mu/ be fre$ & its res\rces develop$4 ,milit>ism und]takes to set 9 ord]1 to suppress & to gov]n1 if necess>y to de/roy1 :ile indu/rialism und]takes to lib]ate lat5t =ces1 to reconcile !m to new conditions1 to demon/rate t _! ar\s$ activities c no long] foll[ caprice1 b mu/ fit into a l>g] ord] ( life4 ,to call ?is latt] und]tak+1 dem&+ ev] new p[]s ( insight1 pati5ce1 & =titude1 less difficult1 less manly1 less /r5u\s1 ?an ! fir/1 is on ! face ( x absurd4 ,x is ! soldi] :o is inadequate to ! difficult task1 :o /rews 8 ways ) blund]s & lo/ opportunities1 :o _c ju/ify 8 vocation by ! results1 & :o is oblig$ to plead guilty to a lack ( rational me?od4 ,( ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 ! ,empire1 an ,engli%man has rec5tly writt51 8,we are oblig$ 9 practise to make a *oice betwe5 good ord] & ju/ice adm9i/]$ autocratically 9 accordance ) ,briti% /&>ds on ! "o h&1 & delicate1 co/ly1 d\btful1 & disord]ly exp]im5ts 9 self-gov]nm5t on ,briti% l9es ^u ! o!r1 & we h practically ev]y:]e decid$ ^u ! =m] alt]native4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 less difficult40#af ,_h our ,am]ican ideals ( patriotism & morality 9 int]national relations kept pace ) our exp]i5ce1 _h we foll[$ up our wide comm]cial relations ) an adequate e?ical code1 we c imag9e a body ( "y ,am]icans1 8! fl[] ( our y\?10 z we l to say1 pr\dly decl9+ comm]cial advantages f\nd$ ^u =c$ milit>y occupation & in=m+ _! well-mean+ gov]nm5t t !y decl9$ to accept op5+s on any su* t]ms z ^!1 t _! ideals ( patriotism & ( g5u9e gov]nm5t dem&$ ! play ( _! moral pr[ess & _! con/ructive intellig5ce4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ,am]ica we h a *ance to employ some?+ m active & virile1 m inv5tive1 m 9 l9e ) our temp]am5t & tradition1 ?an ! m]e desire to increase comm]cial relations by arm$ occupation z o!r gov]nm5ts h done4 ,a diff]5t conduct is requir$ f a democracy ?an f ! m]e ord]-keep+1 bridge-build+1 tax-ga!r+ ,roman1 or f ! consci5ti\s ,briton c>ry+ ! bless+s ( an e/abli%$ gov]nm5t & enl>g$ comm]ce to all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,x has be5 ! "t-honor$ cu/om to attribute unju/ w>s to ! selfi% ambition ( rul]s :o remorselessly sacrifice _! subjects to satisfy _! gre$4 ,b1 z ,lecky has rec5tly po9t$ out1 x rema9s to be se5 :e!r or n democratic rule w dim9i% w>4 ,immod]ate & uncontroll$ desires are at ! root ( mo/ national z well z ( mo/ individual crimes1 & a l>ge numb] ( p]sons may be mov$ by unwor?y ambitions q z easily z a few4 ,if ! electorate ( a democracy accu/om !mselves to take ! comm]cial view ( life1 to consid] ! ext5sion ( trade z ! te/ ( a national prosp]ity1 x becomes comp>atively easy = m]e ext5sion ( comm]cial opportunity to assume a moral aspect & to receive ! moral sanction4 ,unre/rict$ comm]cialism is an excell5t prep>ation = gov]nm5tal aggression4 ,! nation :i* is accu/om$ to condone ! que/ionable bus9ess me?ods ( a ri* man because ( 8 success1 w f9d no difficulty 9 obscur+ ! moral issues involv$ 9 any und]tak+ t is successful4 ,x becomes easy to d5y ! moral basis ( self-gov]nm5t & to sub/itute milit>ism4 ,! soldi] =m]ly look$ d[n ^u ! m]*ant :om he n[ obeys1 z he /ill looks d[n ^u ! labor] z a man :o is engag$ 9 a bus9ess inf]ior to 8 own1 z someone :o is dull & passive & ineffective4 ,:5 our public education succe$s 9 free+ ! creative en]gy & develop+ ! skill :i* ! advance ( indu/ry dem&s1 ?is attitude mu/ disappe>1 & a spectacle su* z t rec5tly se5 9 ,london among ! idle m5 return$ f s]vice 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :o refus$ to "w ?r\gh a contemptu\s attitude t[>ds ! 8sl[ life0 ( ! labor]1 w become impossible4 ,we h z yet fail$ to uncov] ! relative difficulty & requisite tra9+ = ! two me?ods ( life4 ,x is difficult to illu/rate on a national scale ! sub/itution ( ! ideals ( labor = ^? ( w>f>e4 ,at ! risk ( be+ absurd1 & ) ! c]ta9ty ( pu%+ an illu/ration beyond its legitimate limits1 ,i am v5tur+ to typify ?is sub/itution by ! "o man :om ! civiliz$ _w has mo/ closely associat$ ) milit>y ideals1 ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,we may c]ta9ly believe t ! ,g]man ,emp]or is a consci5ti\s man1 :o means to d 8 duty to all 8 subjects2 t he reg>ds himself1 n only z g5]al & *ief ( ! army1 b also z ! fo/]+ fa!r ( ! humble p4 ,let u imag9e ! q impossible ?+ t = t5 ye>s he does n review any troops1 does n att5d any p>ades1 does n we> a uni=m1 nor he> ! clang ( ! sword z he walks1 b t dur+ ^! t5 ye>s he lives ) ! peasants 8:o drive ! pa9ful pl[10 t he con/antly conv]ses ) !m1 & subjects himself to _! alt]nat+ hopes & fe>s z to ! result ( ! h>ve/1 at be/ s inadequate = supply+ _! wants & = pay+ _! taxes4 ,let u imag9e t ! ,g]man ,emp]or dur+ ^! halcyon ye>s1 9 addition to ! companion%ip ( ! humble1 reads only ! folk-lore1 ! m9or poetry & ! pla9tive songs 9 :i* ,g]man lit]ature is s ri*1 until he comes to see ea* man ( ! field z he daily goes =? to 8 toil 8) a soldi] ti$ to 8 back10 exhau/$ by ! d\ble /ra9 ( 8 burd5 & 8 "w4 ,let u imag9e ?is ,emp]or go+ ?r\gh "s su* pr(\nd moral *ange z befell ,c\nt ,tol/oy :5 he quitt$ 8 milit>y s]vice 9 ! ,caucasus & liv$ ) ! peasants on 8 e/ate1 ) ?is diff]5ce t1 in/ead ( feel+ directly responsible = a village ( humble folk1 he %\ld come to feel responsible = all ! toil]s ( ! 8,fa!rl&0 & = ! int]national results ( ! ,g]man army4 ,let u imag9e t 9 8 self-surr5d] to ! humble/ ( 8 p1 !re w\ld gradually gr[ up 9 8 subconsci\sness1 =ces m ideal ?an any :i* _h possess$ him be=e2 t 8 int]e/s & ?\ghts w\ld gradually %ift f w> & ! manuvres & ext5sions ( ! army1 to ! unceas+ toil1 ! p]man5t pati5ce1 :i* lie at ! bottom ( all national exi/5ce2 t ! life ( ! common p1 :i* is s inf9ite 9 its moral sugge/iv5ess1 w\ld op5 up to him new moral regions1 w\ld /ir new en]gies )9 him1 until !re w\ld take place "o ( ^? /range alt]ations 9 p]sonality ( :i* hundr$s ( examples are record$4 ,"u a gl[ ( g5]\s indignation1 magnanimity1 loyalty to 8 p1 a passion ( self-surr5d] to 8 new ideals1 we c imag9e t ! imp]ial temp]am5t w\ld wa/e no "t 9 p9+s & regret1 b t1 8 en]gies be+ enli/$ 9 an ov]ma/]+ desire to free ! p f ! burd5 ( ! army1 he w\ld drive vigor\sly 9 ! direction ( 8 new ideals4 ,x is impossible to imag9e him 8passive0 "u ?is conv]sion to ! new] ideals ( peace4 ,he w\ld no m be passive ?an ,/4 ,paul 0 aft] 8 conv]sion4 ,he w\ld reg>d ! f\r million m5 9 ,europe %ut up 9 b>racks1 f$ 9 idl5ess by toil+ peasants1 z an actual wrong & oppression4 ,!y w\ld all h to be fre$ & return$ to normal life & occupation--n ?r\gh ! comp>atively easy me?od ( /orm+ g>risons1 9 :i* he has _h tra9+1 b ?r\gh conviction on ! "p ( rul]s & p ( ! wrong & folly ( b>rack idl5ess & milit>y glitt]4 ,! free+ ( ! ,*ri/ians f ! oppressions ( ! ,turks1 ( ! ,spani>ds f ! ,moslems1 c\ld (f] no m /r5u\s task--always1 h[ev]1 ) ! add$ difficulty & complication t ! *ange 9 ! p mu/ be a moral *ange analog\s to ! "o :i* _h already tak5 place )9 himself2 t he mu/ be deb>r$ f ! use ( weapons1 to :i* 8 e>li] life _h made him famili>2 t 8 high task1 :ile enorm\s 9 its proportion1 0 /ill mo/ delicate 9 its "*1 & mu/ be und]tak5 )\t ! gu>antee ( prec$5t1 & )\t any surety ( success4 8,smitt5 ) ! great vision ( social righte\sness10 z s _m ( 8 contempor>ies h be51 he c\ld n p]mit himself to be bl9d$ or to take refuge 9 glitt]+ g5]alities1 b1 ev5 z ,/4 ,paul arose f 8 vision & w5t on 8 way 9 a new det]m9ation nev] aga9 *ang$1 s he w\ld h to g =? to a mission1 imp]ial inde$ 9 its magnitude1 b 8ov]-imp]ial0 9 ! sweep ( its consequ5ces & 9 ! difficulty ( its accompli%m5t4 ,c]ta9ly c\nt+ all ! h\rs ( ! ,emp]or's life sp5t 9 camp & c\rt dom9at$ by milit>y pomp & ambition1 he has giv5 m ?an t5 ye>s to milit>y environm5t & mu* less ?an t5 ye>s to ! bulk ( 8 p1 & x w\ld n be impossible to imag9e su* a conv]sion due to ! reaction ( environm5t & int]e/4 ,su* a *ange hav+ tak5 place1 %\ld we hold him royal 9 temp] or wor?y ( ! traditions ( knight-errantry1 if he 7 held back by comm]cial consid]ations1 if he hesitat$ because ! ,krupp ,company c\ld sell no m guns & w\ld be ?r[n out ( bus9ess8 ,we %\ld say to ?is ,emp]or :om our imag9ations h evok$1 ,7 y\r en?usiasms g5u9e en\gh1 7 y\r insights absolutely true1 y w\ld see ( h[ little consequ5ce ^! ?+s really are1 & h[ easily adju/$4 ,let ! ,krupp factories1 ) _! trem5d\s res\rces 9 ma*9]y & m51 proce$ to manufacture dr$g+ ma*9es = ! reclaim+ ( ! wa/e l& 9 ,pos52 let !m make new inv5tions to relieve ! drudg]y ( ! peasant1 agricultural implem5ts adequate to ,g]many's agricultural res\rces & possibilities4 ,!y w f9d ne$ = all ! p[] ( inv5tion :i* !y c comm&1 all ! manufactur+ & comm]cial ability :i* !y n[ employ4 ,x is "p ( y\r new vocation to adju/ ! indu/ries n[ tribut>y to ! /&+ armies & organization ( w>f>e1 to useful & b5efic5t occupations2 to trans=m & readju/ all _! dep5d5t indu/ries1 f ! manufactur+ ( cannon & w>-%ips to t ( gold braid & epaulets4 ,x is y\r mission to revive & increase agriculture1 indu/ry1 & comm]ce1 by div]t+ all ! en]gy :i* is n[ direct$ to ! fe$+1 clo?+1 & arm+ ( ! idle1 into ! legitimate & normal *annels ( life4 ,x is c]ta9ly n m difficult to imag9e su* a *ange occurr+ to an entire p ?an 9 ! m9d & purpose ( "o man--9 fact1 su* *anges are go+ on all ab\t u4 ,! advance ( con/ructive labor & ! subsid5ce & disappe>ance ( de/ructive w>f>e is a g5u9e l9e ( progression4 ,"o sees mu* ( protection & some?+ ( con/ruction 9 ! (fice ( w>1 z ! ,roman bridges surviv$ ?r\gh\t ,europe long aft] ! legions :i* built !m & cross$ !m = new conque/s _h pass$ out ( m9d4 ,also1 9 ! ris+ tide ( labor !re is a l>ge admixture ( w>f>e1 ( ! purely militant _s :i* is sometimes s dom9ant t x ?r[s ! entire movem5t into confusion & leads ! labor] to r5\nce 8 bir?right2 b nev]!less ! desire = battle is becom+ con/antly m re/rict$ 9 area4 ,x /ill sways 9 regions :]e m5 ( untam$ blood are dwell+1 & among m5 :o1 because !y reg>d !mselves z a sup]ior race1 imag9e t !y are free f ! ord9>y moral re/ra9ts2 b its t]ritory con/antly gr[s small] & its manife/ations m gu>d$4 ,d\btless w> w exi/ = _m g5]ations among semi-savage tribes1 & x w also break out 9 ^? nations :i* may be r\s$ & dom9at$ by ! unre/rict$ comm]cial _s2 b ! ord9>y life ( man w g on )\t x1 z x becomes transmitt$ into a desire = normal human relation%ip4 ,x is difficult to pr$ict at :at mom5t ! conviction t w> is fooli% or wa/eful or unju/ifiable may desc5d ^u ! e>?1 & x is also impossible to e/imate among h[ _m gr\ps ( p ?is conviction has already become e/abli%$4 ,! ,d\khobors are a religi\s sect 9 ,russia ^: cre$ emphasizes ! tea*+ ( non-resi/ance4 ,a /ory is told ( "o ( _! "y m5 :o1 because ( 8 refusal to ent] ! ,russian army1 0 br\ght = trial be=e a judge1 :o reason$ ) him conc]n+ ! folly ( 8 c\rse & 9 return receiv$ a homily ^u ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 8,q "r y are10 answ]$ ! judge1 8f ! po9t ( ab/ract virtue1 b ! "t has n yet come to put into practise ! lit]al say+s ( ,*ri/40 8,! "t may n h come = y1 y\r ,honor10 0 ! reply1 8b ! "t has come = u40 ,:o c tell at :at h\r va/ numb]s ( ,russian peasants ^u ^? ,russian /eppes w decide t ! "t has come = !m to r5\nce w>f>e1 ev5 z _! prototype1 ! mujik1 ,c\nt ,tol/oy1 has already decid$ t x has come = him8 ,consci\s z ! peasants are ( religi\s motive1 !y w meet a *e]ful m>tyrdom = _! convictions1 z s _m ( ! ,d\khobors h done4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be easy to ov]e/imate ?is *ang$ temp] because ( ! simple yet dramatic =mulation giv5 by ,tol/oy to ! non-resi/+ _s4 ,h[ f> ,tol/oy is really ! m\?piece ( a great moral *ange go+ on 9 ! life ( ! ,russian peasant & h[ f> he speaks m]ely = himself1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to /ate4 ,if only a few peasants are exp]i5c+ ?is *ange1 8 g5ius has c]ta9ly done mu* to make _! position def9ite4 ,! man :o assumes t a new degree ( virtue is possible1 !reby makes x real & tangible to ^? :o long to possess x b lack c\rage4 ,tol/oy at lea/ is ready to pr$ict t 9 ! great affairs ( national dis>mam5t1 x may easily be true t ! ,russian peasants w take ! fir/ /eps4 ,_! arm$ rebellion may easily be ov]come by arm$ troops1 b :at c be done ) _! p]man5t pati5ce1 _! insatiable hung] = hol9ess8 ,all idealism has its prud5tial aspects1 &1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,p]ris1#ag no o!r =m ( revolution is s fitt$ to an agricultural p z ?is cont9u$ outbur/ ( passive resi/ance among :ole communities1 n 9 !ory1 b 9 practise4 ,?is peasant movem5t goes on 9 spite ( p]secution1 p]fectly spontane\s1 self-reliant1 colossal 9 ! sil5t confid5ce & p[] ( endurance4 ,9 ?is day ( ,maxim guns & high explosives1 ! old me?od ( revolt w\ld be impossible to an agricultural p1 b ! non-resi/ant /rike aga9/ milit>y s]vice lies directly 9 l9e ) ! temp]am5t & capacity ( ! ,russian p4 ,t 8! gov]nm5t _c put ! :ole population 9 prison1 &1 if x c\ld1 x w\ld /ill be )\t mat]ial = an army1 & )\t money = its support10 is an almo/ irrefutable argum5t4 ,we see "h1 at lea/1 ! beg9n+s ( a s5tim5t t %all1 if suffici5tly develop$1 make w> impossible to an entire p1 a conviction ( s9 manife/+ itself ?r\gh\t a nation4 ,:atev] may h be5 true ( ! revolutioni/ ( ! pa/ :5 8 spike 0 on a c]ta9 level ( equality ) ! bayonet ( ! regul> soldi]1 & 8 en?usiasm & d>+ c\ld1 9 l>ge measure1 ov]come ! diff]5ce1 x is c]ta9ly true n[ t su* simple arms z a revolutioni/ c\ld comm&1 w\ld be utt]ly futile aga9/ ! equipm5t ( ! regul> soldi]4 ,to cont9ue ! use ( arm$ =ce means1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t we mu/ ref] ! possibilities ( all social & indu/rial advance to ! cons5t ( ! own]s ( ! ,maxim guns4 ,we mu/ d5y to ! humble ! possibility ( ! initiation ( progressive movem5ts employ+ revolution or1 at lea/1 we mu/ def] all advance until ! humble _m c p]suade ! p[]ful few ( ! righte\sness ( _! cause1 & we mu/ ?r[ out ! work+ class f p>ticipation 9 ! beg9n+s ( social revolutions4 ,tol/oy w\ld make non-resi/ance aggressive4 ,he w\ld c>ry ov] into ! res]voirs ( moral influ5ce all ! /r5g? :i* is n[ sp5t 9 co]cion & resi/ance4 ,x is an exp]im5t :i* 9 its fullness has nev] be5 tri$ 9 human hi/ory1 & x is wor?y ( a g5ius4 ,z moral influ5ce has ev] a l>g] place 9 individual relation%ip & z physical =ce becomes daily m re/rict$ 9 area1 s ,tol/oy w\ld 8spe$ up0 ! process 9 collective relation%ips & reset ! :ole ( int]national life ^u ! basis ( good w & intellig5t und]/&+4 ,x does n matt] t he has ent]$ ^! new moral fields ?r\gh ! n>r[ gateway ( p]sonal exp]i5ce2 t he sets =? 8 convictions ) ! limitations ( ! ,russian gov]nm5tal environm5t2 t he is reg>d$ at ?is mom5t by ! ,russian revolutioni/s z a quieti/ & reaction>y4 ,he has nev]!less rea*$ d[n into ! moral life ( ! humble p & =mulat$ = !m z = u ! secret ( _! long pati5ce & unremitt+ labor4 ,!re=e1 9 ! tea*+s ( ,tol/oy1 z 9 ! life ( ! peasants1 coext5sive ) ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1 /ress is laid ^u productive labor4 ,! peasant ,b&]eff1 f :om ,tol/oy claims to h le>n$ mu*1 has n only proclaim$ himself z aga9/ w>1 b has writt5 a m>vel\s book entitl$ 8,bread ,labor10 express+ once m ! /rik+ anti!sis1 ! et]nal contra/ betwe5 w> & labor1 & betwe5 ^? :o abhor ! "o & ev] advocate ! o!r4 ,w> on ! "o h&--pla9 de/ruction1 ,von ,moltke call$ x--repres5ts ! life ( ! g>rison & ! tax-ga!r]1 ! ,roman emp]or & 8 deg5]ate p1 liv+ ^u ! fruits ( _! conque/4 ,labor1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts productive ef=t1 hold+ c>efully :at has be5 g>n]$ by ! output ( bra9 & muscle1 gu>d+ ! h>ve/ jeal\sly because x is ! preci\s bread m5 live by4 ,x is q possible t we h committ$ ! "t-honor$ folly ( look+ = a sudd5 *ange 9 m5's attitude t[>d w>1 ev5 z ! poor al*emi/s wa/$ _! lives 9 se>*+ = a magic fluid & did no?+ to discov] ! great laws gov]n+ *emical *anges & reactions1 ! k ( :i* w\ld h develop$ untold weal? beyond _! crude dreams ( transmut$ gold4 ,! f9al moral reaction may at la/ come1 accompani$ by deep remorse1 too t>dy to reclaim all ! human life :i* has be5 sp5t & ! treasure :i* has be5 wa/$1 or x may come ) a great s5se ( joy t all volunt>y de/ruction ( human life1 all ! delib]ate wa/+ ( ! fruits ( labor1 h become a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & t :atev] ! future conta9s = u1 x w at lea/ be free f w>4 ,we may at la/ compreh5d ! tru? ( t :i* ,rusk9 has /at$ s _m times1 t we wor%ip ! soldi]1 n because he goes =? to slay1 b to be sla94 ,t ?is _w peace movem5t %\ld be aris+ f ! humble/ )\t ! sanction & 9 "s cases ) ! explicit indiff]5ce1 ( ! *ur* f\nd$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 is simply ano!r example ( ! /range pa?s ( moral evolution4 ,to "s ( u x seems cle> t m>k$ manife/ations ( ?is movem5t are f\nd 9 ! immigrant qu>t]s ( ,am]ican cities4 ,! previ\s survey ( ! immigrant situation w\ld indicate t all ! peoples ( ! _w h become "p ( ! ,am]ican tribunal1 & t _! s5se ( pity1 _! clamor = p]sonal k9dness1 _! insi/5ce ^u ! "r to jo9 9 our progress1 c no long] be disreg>d$4 ,! burd5s & sorr[s ( m5 h unexpect$ly become intellig5t & urg5t to ?is nation1 & x is only by accept+ !m ) "s magnanimity t we c develop ! l>g] s5se ( ju/ice :i* is becom+ _w-wide & is ly+ 9 ambu%1 z x 71 to manife/ itself 9 gov]nm5tal relations4 ,m5 ( all nations are det]m9+ ^u ! abolition ( degrad+ pov]ty1 disease1 & intellectual weakness1 ) _! result+ indu/rial ineffici5cy1 & are mak+ a det]m9$ ef=t to cons]ve ev5 ! feeble/ citiz5 to ! ,/ate4 ,to jo9 9 ?is det]m9$ ef=t is to break ?r\gh national bonds & to unlock ! lat5t fell[%ip betwe5 man & man4 ,9 a political campaign m5 w g ?r\gh e possible h>d%ip 9 response to c]ta9 political loyalties2 9 a mom5t ( national dang] m5 w sacrifice e p]sonal advantage4 ,x is b necess>y to make ?is fell[%ip wid]1 to ext5d its scope )\t l[]+ its int5sity4 ,^? emotions :i* /ir ! _s to de$s ( self-surr5d] & to high en?usiasm1 are among ! _w's mo/ preci\s assets4 ,t ?is emotion has s (t5 become associat$ ) w>1 by no means proves t x _c be us$ = o!r ends4 ,!re is some?+ active & tangible 9 ?is new int]nationalism1 al?\gh x is difficult to make x cle>1 & 9 our /riv+ = a new ^w ) :i* to express ?is new & important s5tim5t1 we are driv5 to ! r absurd phrase ( 8cosmic patriotism40 ,:atev] x may be call$1 x may yet be /rong en\gh to move masses ( m5 out ( _! n>r[ national consid]ations & cautions into new rea*es ( human ef=t & affection4 ,religion has long ago taught t only z ! individual c e/abli% a s5se ( union ) a p[] = righte\sness n himself1 c he exp]i5ce peace2 & x may be possible t ! nations w be call$ to a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,! ,int]national ,peace ,conf]5ce held 9 ,bo/on 9 #aijd 0 op5$ by a huge meet+ 9 :i* m5 ( influ5ce & mod]n ?\ght f f\r cont95ts1 gave reasons = _! belief 9 ! pass+ ( w>4 ,b none 0 s mod]n1 s fundam5tal & s tr5*ant1 z ! address :i* 0 read f ! prophet ,isaiah4 ,he f\nd$ ! cause ( peace ^u ! cause ( righte\sness1 n only z express$ 9 political relations1 b also 9 indu/rial relations4 ,he cont5d$ t peace c\ld be secur$ only z m5 ab/a9$ f ! ga9s ( oppression & respond$ to ! cause ( ! poor2 t swords w\ld f9ally be beat5 into pl[%>es & prun+-hooks1 n because m5 resolv$ to be peaceful1 b because all ! metal ( ! e>? w\ld be turn$ to its prop] use :5 ! poor & _! *ildr5 %\ld be abundantly f$4 ,x 0 z if ! anci5t prophet =esaw t "u an enlight5$ indu/rialism peace w\ld no long] be an abs5ce ( w>1 b ! unfold+ ( _w-wide processes mak+ = ! nurture ( human life4 ,he pr$ict$ ! mom5t :i* has come to u n[ t peace is no long] an ab/ract dogma b has become a ris+ tide ( moral en?usiasm sl[ly engulf+ all pride ( conque/ & mak+ w> impossible4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,imp]ialism1 by ,john ,a4 ,hobson4 ,page #abh4 #ag ,! ,gr& ,mujik1 ,g4 ,h4 ,p]ris4 ,,index ,altruism1 manife/ations (1 #ag2 9 politics1 #dh4 ,anglo-,saxon1 temptation to gov]n all peoples alike1 #dg2 di/ru/ ( exp]im5t1 #fg2 individuali/ic1 #fh2 attitude t[>ds self-gov]nm5t1 #aab4 ,arbitration1 *ange 9 attitude t[>d1 #acc2 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #acd4 ,ari/otle's ideal ( a city1 #ib4 ,assimilation1 limit to ,unit$ ,/ates p[] (1 #ci2 work+man's attitude t[>d1 #id1 #aag4 ,b&]eff1 #bcd4 ,b5?am1 #bc4 ,blo*1 ,jean de1 #d4 ,boo?1 ,*>les1 maps ( ,london1 #hf4 ,bosanquet1 ,mrs4 ,b]n>d1 #aaf4 ,buckle1 #bc4 ,burns1 ,john1 #abe4 ,*>ity1 organization ( 9 ,new ,york1 #gd2 mod]n1 democratic & con/ructive1 #gi2 ext5sion (1 #hd2 & unskill$ labor1 #aeb4 ,*icago ,municipal ,lodg+ ,h\se1 #aeg4 ,*icago ,f$]ation ( ,labor1 #acj1 #aca4 ,*icago ,/ock ,y>ds ,/rike1 p[] ( unions = amalgamation %[n 91 #if2 object (1 #aja1 #aaa2 use ( ref]5dum vote 91 #ajc1 #ajh2 good ord] (1 #ajd2 p>adoxes %[n by1 #ajd2 example ( national appeal subord9at$ to union1 #ajf2 /rike-break] 91 #ajf2 ,greek 91 #aji4 ,*ild ,labor1 social wa/e (1 #bh2 a national problem1 #ajg2 indu/rial value (1 #aed2 responsibility ( ,/ate1 #aef2 effect ( sub-divid$1 #aeh2 effect ( premature1 #aei2 effect on p>5ts1 #afa2 effect on product1 #afb4 ,*ild ,labor ,legislation1 makes = bett] citiz5s1 #gc2 immigrant p>5ts &1 #gd2 uni=m1 #afh2 leisure ga9$ = play1 #afi4 ,comm]ce1 int]national1 #aae2 mod]n repres5tative ( conque/1 #aaf4 ,comte1 ,augu/us1 #bag4 ,con/itution ( ! ,u4 ,s41 & ! immigrant1 #db1 #dc1 #gb1 #gc4 ,contempt1 social results (1 #ea2 9 indu/rialism1 #aaf2 = immigrant1 #aea2 = primitive arts1 #bjb4 ,cosmopolitan city1 beg9n+s ( new] ideals ( peace f\nd 91 #aa1 #ac1 #ah2 c5t]s ( radicalism1 #af2 bond ( union 91 #ag1 #bjd2 difficulties due to size (1 #hf1 #baf2 subtle problems (1 #bjf4 ,cosmopolitan /&>d1 lack (1 #gh4 ,dante1 #ba4 ,democratic gov]nm5t1 causes ( failure (1 #dg2 ar\s+ en?usiasm =1 #fc2 result ( moral ef=t1 #ge2 inh]it$ =m (1 #aba4 ,democracy1 modifi$ sl[ly1 #cg2 repressive legislation 91 #eb2 lack ( civic expression =1 #ei2 failure to appreh5d1 #ia2 effects ( comm]cialism on1 #bbb4 ,d5v] ,juv5ile ,c\rt1 #ha4 ,doctr9aire me?od1 weakness (1 #ca2 conditions settl$ by1 #ec2 unatta*$ to exp]i5ce1 #gb2 n fitt$ to mod]n patriotism1 #gd4 ,dome/ic s]vice1 #ea2 a review ( ! hi/ory (1 #aii4 ,d\khobors1 situation 9 ,canada1 #fg2 emphasize non-resi/ance1 #bcj2 meet m>tyrdom1 #bca4 ,education1 relat$ to indu/rial effici5cy1 #af2 belief 91 z social rem$y1 #ba2 ( vital importance to city1 #gc2 compulsory1 #gd2 advanc$ & re=m s*ools1 #hb2 passion 9 ,am]ica1 #he2 di/9ctive a*ievem5t 9 ,am]ica1 #aff2 = factory *ildr51 #afg2 less exp5sive ?an repression1 #age2 already democratiz$1 #agh4 ,educators1 recogniz+ indu/rialism1 #afi4 ,eighte5?-c5tury philosophy1 ab&onm5t (1 requir$1 #bh2 inadequacy (1 #ca2 responsible = immigration1 #dj2 belief 9 univ]sal fran*ise1 #db2 ideal man (1 #fj2 ideals /ill influ5ce /atesman1 #gj2 reta9$ 9 ,am]ica1 #ia2 =mula ( equality1 #aag2 radicalism (1 #aba4 ,employ]1 prone to attack new union1 #abi2 *>ges aga9/ unions1 #ace2 attitude t[>d bus9ess relations ) unions1 #ach2 traditions 9 h\sehold1 #bja4 ,engl&1 labor laws (1 #aeb2 debasem5t ( products (1 #aff4 ,fran*ise1 #ch2 univ]sal panacea1 #db2 univ]sal fran*ise1 #eb2 beg9n+s ( municipal1 #ahj2 milit>y te/ absurd1 #ahb2 :y wom5 %\ld h1 #aib4 ,factory sy/em1 #afc2 wor/ evils (1 #adi2 un$ucational1 #agc4 ,gang1 almo/ tribal 9 organization1 #agf2 political tra9+ 91 #agg4 ,g]man ,emp]or1 #bbd4 ,g]many1 gov]nm5t deals ) ne$s ( work+man1 #hh2 police socializ$ 91 #hi2 n afraid to ext5d municipal functions1 #ia2 economic protection 91 #abb1 #aeb2 opposition to milit>ism 91 #afe4 ,gold51 ,/ate ,re=m ,/ate ,s*ool1 #ha4 ,gov]nm5t1 new] manife/ations (1 #ae2 away f ! life ( ! p1 #ce2 oppressive1 dep5d5t on ! sword1 #cf2 opposition to1 =m]ly patriotism1 #db2 deal+ ) naturalization1 #db2 te/ n curr5t1 #dg2 conc]n = ! "y incorporat$ 91 #hj2 fe> ( ext5d+ functions1 #hd2 traditional activities meagre1 #hg2 non-int]f]5ce 9 indu/ry1 #ij2 functions (1 #aja2 patriotic citiz5s =c$ to ignore1 #aab4 ,hague tribunal1 #e4 ,hebrew alliance1 #gd4 ,h]oism1 new1 #be1 #bah4 ,hi/oric me?od1 #ca1 #fc4 ,hobh\se1 ,l4 ,t41 #f4 ,hobson1 ,john ,a41 #bba4 ,h\sehold labor1 conf]5ce at ,lake ,placid1 #aih2 hi/ory (1 9 ,am]ica1 #aii2 causes ( paucity (1 #bjj4 ,hull-,h\se1 exp]i5ces1 #ej1 #eh1 #gg1 #hb1 #ia1 #aai1 #adc1 #aei1 #aid1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,humanit>ianism1 9 immigrant qu>t]s1 #ae2 aggressive1 #bf2 sci5tific me?od appli$ to1 #bh2 cosmopolitan1 #gf2 pres5t /age (1 #gi1 #ii2 its relation to labor p[]1 #afe4 ,idealism1 prov9cial aspects (1 #bca4 ,immigrants1 emotional s5tim5t among1 #ac2 unusual p[] ( association among1 #ad2 fran*ise ext5d$ to1 #ch2 philosophy 9 reg>d to1 #da2 exploitation (1 #db1 #de2 evasion ( immigration laws by1 #dg2 contempt =1 #di2 *>m & hi/orical association among1 #fd1 #gj2 ignor+ pa/ exp]i5ce (1 #fe2 beg9n+s ( self-gov]nm5t among1 #ga2 relations ( politician to1 #gb2 attempts to tea* patriotism to1 #ge2 revelation ( social cu/oms among1 #gi2 /&>diz+ by workm51 #ic2 difficulties l>gely indu/rial1 #id2 z wage l[]+ weapon1 #ig2 /&>d ( liv+ =1 #ajb1 #aaf2 claim on *>itable funds1 #aeb2 pres5t contra/$ ) y\?ful condition (1 #afa2 e>ly indu/ries among1 #bjc2 hi/oric backgr\nds (1 #bje2 manife/ations ( peace movem5t among1 #bce4 ,immigration1 decreas$ by indu/rial depression1 #dd2 ( rec5t ye>s1 #bjj4 ,indu/rialism1 #ae2 v]sus milit>ism1 #bh1 #bbj2 significance ( primitive arts 9 relation to1 #fd2 idealism 91 #ie2 z basis = legislation1 #aba4 ,indu/rial int]e/s1 9 contempor>y life1 #db2 & ! immigrant1 #ga2 g]mane to gov]nm5t1 #abb2 & int]national peace1 #aac4 ,indu/rial developm5t1 *anges 91 #abd4 ,illit]ate *ildr5 9 ! ,u4 ,s41 #afc4 ,int]nationalism1 #bc2 socialism bas$ on1 #aad2 ,mazz9i's address on1 #aae2 active & tangible1 #bcg4 ,int]national ,peace ,conf]5ce 9 ,bo/on1 #bcg4 ,int]p>liam5t>y union = int]national arbitration1 #f4 ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law1 #f4 ,james1 ,william1 #bd4 ,jeff]son1 ,?omas1 #ca4 ,ju/ice1 ! l>g]1 #bcf4 ,juv5ile ,c\rts1 #hj2 ,d5v]1 #ha2 p>5tal attitude (1 #hb4 ,kant1 #bc4 ,kelley1 ,mrs4 ,flor5ce1 #aec4 ,lecky1 #bbb4 ,london1 ,*>les ,boo?1 maps (1 #hg2 gov]nm5t (1 #hh4 ,ma*9]y & ! indu/rial situation1 #adi4 ,mazz9i1 #bi1 #aae4 ,milit>ism1 v]sus indu/rialism1 #bh2 police dep>tm5t a survival (1 #ee2 m$iaeval city f\nd$ on1 #bjg2 negative results (1 #bbj4 ,mit*ell1 ,john1 #abf1 #adf4 ,morality1 class1 #bg2 gr\p1 #abd1 #ade2 antiquat$ codes (1 #baj2 village /&>ds (1 #bae4 ,morley1 ,john1 #aah4 ,morris1 ,william1 #bjc4 ,municipal gov]nm5t1 admitt$ failure (1 #ca2 full ( survivals1 #cd2 two po9ts ( rapid developm5t 91 #gi2 ignores int]e/s ( av]age citiz51 #he2 failure to provide playgr\nds1 #agf2 indiff]5ce ( citiz5s to1 #ahc2 woman's traditional activities 91 #ahd4 ,naturalization1 #db2 re/s on laws ( #ahjb1 #dc2 brok]age 9 pap]s (1 #df1 #ga2 te/ n contemporane\s1 #db4 ,non-resi/ance1 a mislead+ ^w1 #h2 non-resi/ance /rike1 #bcb2 aggressive1 #bcc4 ,patriotism1 belief t w> eng5d]s1 #ah2 a new]1 aris+1 #ai2 f\nd$ on sacrifice1 #gd2 taught too =mally1 #ge2 primitive core (1 #ia2 f\nd$ on w>1 #adj1 #bag2 b\nd 9 trapp+s ( ! pa/1 #bad4 ,peace1 dynamic v]sus dogmatic1 #g2 pr$ict$ by ,isaiah1 #bcg4 ,p]ris1 ,g4 ,h41 #bca4 ,play1 a social /imulus1 #aga2 develops self-gov]nm5t & discipl9e1 #agc2 attitude ( enlight5$ city gov]nm5t to1 #agh4 ,politician1 pr(essional1 produc$ by me*anical gov]nm5t1 #eb2 fri5d ( ! vici\s1 #ef2 appeals to human s5tim5t1 #ei2 fir/ fri5d ( immigrant1 #gb2 und]/&s p's hopes1 #gi2 attempts to control /rike1 #ajc4 ,protective legislation1 aggressive aspect ( ! new] humanit>ianism1 #bh2 ,u4 ,s4 defici5t 91 #aeb4 ,re=m]1 contemptu\s attitude (1 #di2 sweep+ condemnations (1 #eg2 alliance ) bus9ess int]e/s (1 #fa4 ,revolution>y ,w>1 #cf1 #cg4 ,revolutioni/1 #bcb4 ,repressive legislation1 #ed2 human elem5t 91 #ee4 ,royce1 ,josiah1 #cb4 ,rusk91 #bce4 ,russia1 #fh2 ! mir1 #fg2 attitude t[>d workm51 #abb2 ! army (1 #bcj4 ,self-gov]nm5t1 difficulties & blund]s (1 #cb2 crux ( local1 #ce2 skepticism = ideals (1 #ci2 mu/ deal ) unsuccessful1 #fb2 scope (1 #fc2 =ms ( democracy =1 #hh2 immigrants' fir/ lesson 91 #ie2 cle>ly n yet atta9$1 #ajh2 popul> gov]nm5t oppressor (1 #ajd2 might pr(it by indu/rial exp]i5ce1 #aba4 ,%akespe>e1 #i4 ,social1 evolution1 #baa2 morality 91 #bac4 ,socialism1 bas$ on int]nationalism & indu/rialism1 #aad4 ,sociali/'s attitude to pres5t gov]nm5t1 #hf4 ,/4 ,francis1 #ba4 ,team/]s' /rike1 w> elem5t 91 #acb2 employ]s' position z to arbitration 91 #acd2 alliance betwe5 employ]s' & unioni/s' (fices 91 #ace2 inexp]i5ce ( m]*ant employ]s 91 #acf2 social results (1 #ada4 ,tol/oy1 #c1 #d1 #bji1 #bbe1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,tribal law1 #aa4 ,tribal ,morality1 #ah4 ,trades unions imitate city gov]nm5t1 #id2 tea* immigrants self-gov]nm5t1 #ie2 p[] = amalgamation (1 #ig2 attitude t[>d viol5ce1 #ih2 causes = loss ( sympa?y =1 9 ,/ock ,y>ds ,/rike1 #aja2 human appeal 91 #ajb2 gratitude ( immigrant t[>d1 #ajg2 devotion to1 might be turn$ to national life1 #aah2 organiz$ by ,russian gov]nm5t1 #abb2 contemporane\s movem5t difficult to judge1 #abe2 success n sole /&>d (1 #abh2 pres5t a "t ( crisis =1 #abi2 attitude t[>d /rike1 #acj2 social result ( /rike on1 #add2 /ruggle = recognition1 #ade2 attitude t[>d improv$ ma*9]y1 #adh2 uncompreh5d+ victim (1 #aie4 ,w>1 def5ce (1 #bf2 prophecy ( subsid5ce (1 #bc2 moral equival5t =1 #bd2 ideals 9 peace confus+1 #aaj2 phraseology ( new union1 #acj2 crime traceable to ,spani%1 #adc2 new social problems n to be settl$1 #bjf2 attempts to ju/ify by pa/ records1 #baj2 sub/itutes = virtues (1 #bag2 contra/ betwe5 labor &1 #bcd4 ,w>f>e1 co/ (1 #d2 cu/om>y me?od ( settl+ labor disputes1 #ace2 recognition ( good 91 #bab2 civilization sub/itutes law =1 #bai2 ideals ( labor sub/itut$ = ^? (1 #bbd2 disappe>ance (1 #bbi4 ,webb1 ,mrs4 ,sidney1 #aia4 ,:itman1 ,walt1 #de4 ,wilcox1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,f41 #ed4 ,wilcox1 ,delos ,f41 #aag4 ,wom51 duty t[>d municipal gov]nm5t1 #bh1 #ahe1 #bjh2 conv5tions a sn>e to1 #ahf2 fran*ise only = educat$1 #ahh2 effect ( ma*9]y on "w (1 #aij2 increas+ employm5t (1 #ahi2 necessity = protection ( work+1 #aia1 #aif2 necessity = fran*ise =1 #aia1 #aig2 relation to clo?+ manufacture1 #aib2 lack 9 education (1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bjf4 ,v]e/*ag91 #c1 #d4 ,von ,moltke1 #bcd4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,democracy ,,& ,,social ,,e?ics ,by ,,jane ,,addams1 ,hull-,h\se1 ,*icago4 #i #bha pages1 #ab mo41 clo?1 lea!r back1 #a4be net4 ,citiz5's ,libr>y4 8,miss ,addams is cle>4 ,%e has n be5 precipitate 9 ! prep>ation ( h] book4 ,%e has reconsid]$1 correct$1 & recorrect$ x1 spok5 ) temp]ance & c\rtesy4444 ,z g5tle1 z pati5t1 z s9c]e1 & z a/ute z ,jane ,addams h]self is ! philosophy set =? 9 ^! pages4444 ,! processes ( ,miss ,addams' ?\ght are int]e/+ to ?\s&s4 ,! s5se t none ( u is liv+ up to ! be/ idea ( democracy is ^u ea* ( u4444 ,miss ,addams is b\nd to receive a respectful he>+4 ,z a lead] :o ev] prays to lead aright1 a sociologi/ :o is will+ to te/ h] !ories 9 a practical & p]sonal way1 a !ori/ :o is n a%am$ to own :5 %e has be5 mi/ak51 a fri5d :o w rema9 true to h] fri5d no matt] :at may arise1 & a p]son ( leisure & p[]1 :o has ! civic int]e/ at he>t1 %e has come to be priz$ z "o ( ! *ief ( citiz5s40--,*icago ,tribune4 8,its pages are rem>kably--we 7 ab\t to say refre%+ly--free f ! cu/om>y academic limitations4444 ,9 fact1 are ! result ( actual exp]i5ce 9 h& to h& contact ) social problems4444 ,no m tru?ful description1 = example1 ( ! political #8boss' z he ?rives to-day 9 our great cities has ev] be5 writt5 ?an is conta9$ 9 ,miss ,addams' *apt] on #8,political ,re=m4' ,! :ole *apt] w be accept$ z a reali/ic picture ( conditions z !y are to-day 9 ! city ( ,*icago4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! o!r *apt]s ( ! book 9 reg>d to _! pres5tation ( social & economic facts40--,review ( ,reviews4 8,too mu* emphasis _c be laid ^u ! effici5cy & inspiration af=d$ by ^! essays4 #8,*>itable ,ef=t1' #8,filial ,affections1' #8,h\sehold ,adju/m5t1' #8,indu/rial ,amelioration1' #8,educational ,me?ods1' #8,political ,re=m1' are ! topics treat$ 9 a ma/]ly & revolution>y /yle4 ,miss ,addams %att]s "s ( our mo/ *]i%$ illusions ^u ! relations :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! help] & ! help$1 betwe5 p>5t & *ild1 mi/ress & maid1 ! memb]s ( a family1 betwe5 ! #8boss' & ! community4 ,%e takes ! subject entirely out ( ! realms ( s5tim5tality1 puts x ^u a solid moral basis1 & by a close & logical tra9 ( reason+ br+s h] conclusions home to ! consci5ce & common s5se ( e memb] ( ! social /ructure4 ,! book is />tl+1 /imulat+ & intellig5t40--,philadelphia ,l$g]4 ,! ,arbit] 9 ,c\ncil ,a discussion ( peace & w>1 9 :i* take "p1 ea* f 8 own viewpo9t1 a lawy] 8) a consci5ce10 a /ock brok]1 a le>n$ pr(essor ( hi/ory1 a j\rnali/1 a retir$ admiral1 an army (fic]1 & two cl]gym5 ( widely diff]+ =ms ( *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,! ,arbit] is a vet]an /ud5t ( politics1 a disciple ( ,john ,bright4 8,z a summ>y ( all t is to be said on ! subject1 ?r[n into readable =m1 ! book is well done2 444 almo/ no topic is left unt\*$40--,nation4 8,:at /rikes "o 9 read+ ?is book ev5 m ?an its readabl5ess1 is ! wide range ( its in=mation4444 ,! po9ts ( view (f]$ are _m & div]sifi$4444 ,no argum5t wor? us+ is left unus$40--,! ,ev5+ ,mail4 8,! subjects discuss$ include ! causes & consequ5ces ( w>2 mod]n w>f>e2 private w> & ! duel2 p]petual peace or ! f$]ation ( ! _w2 arbitration1 ! political economy ( w>1 & ,*ri/ianity & w>4 ,x is a notable book1 or w become "o z x is widely read40--,editorial 9 ,! ,bo/on ,h]ald4 8,! ,arbit]'s fri5ds are drawn f sev]al ranks 9 life1 & !y br+ to ! symposium wide read+ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 logical p[]s & a p]suasive mann] ( speak+4 #8,! ,arbit] 9 ,c\ncil' may be reg>d$ z a conspectus ( ! be/ ?\ght on w>f>e1 especially 9 relation to ! topic ( univ]sal peace40--,philadelphia ,press4 #f #efg pages1 #h'vo41 clo?1 #b4ej net4 ,on _m ( ! subjects t\*$ ^u 9 ,miss ,addams's 8,! ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace0 int]e/+ mat]ial may be f\nd 9 ! volumes nam$ bel[3-- ,,on ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,! ,am]ican ,city ,by ,,delos ,f4 ,,wilcox1 ,ph4 ,d4 8,9 ! #8,am]ican ,city' ,dr4 ,wilcox 444 has writt5 a book t e ?\ghtful citiz5 %\ld read4 ,! problems ( ! /reet1 ! t5em5t1 public utilities1 civic education1 ! ?ree deadly vices1 municipal rev5ue & municipal debt1 ) all _! relat$ & subsidi>y problems1 are cle>ly & fully consid]$40--,pittsburgh ,gazette4 #f #dbc pages1 #ab mo41 clo?1 lea!r back1 #a4be net4 ,citiz5's ,libr>y4 ,,on ,,! ,,labor ,,problem ,labor ,problems ,by ,,?omas ,,sewall ,,adams1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy1 & ,,hel5 ,l4 ,,sumn]1 ,honor>y ,fell[ 9 ,political ,economy1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 8,a volume :i* has a labor-sav+ value = any libr>y4444 ,"h "o f9ds ^u ea* ( ! problems treat$--woman & *ild labor1 immigration1 /rikes & boycotts1 labor organizations & employ]s' associations1 ! ag5cies ( indu/rial peace1 pr(it-%>+1 co-op]ation1 indu/rial education1 labor laws1 & ! mat]ial progress ( ! wage-e>n+ classes--! pr9cipal facts & comm5ts ( all ! *ief au?orities 444 ) helpful bibliographical li/s & ref]5ces to volumes & *apt]s40--,! ,commons1 ,*icago4 #ae #egi pages1 cr4 #h vo41 clo?1 #a4fj net4 ,,on ,,indu/rial ,,legislation ,"s ,e?ical ,ga9s ,?r\gh ,legislation ,by ,,mrs4 ,,flor5ce ,,kelley4 ,! book has gr[n out ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce z ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories 9 ,ill9ois f #ahic to #ahig1 z ,secret>y ( ! ,national ,consum]s' ,league f #ahii till n[1 & *iefly z a resid5t at ,hull-,h\se1 & lat] at ! ,nurses' ,settlem5t1 ,new ,york4 8,mrs4 ,kelley's prim>y aim is to set =? ! results a*iev$ by ! agitation & education ( ! pa/ decade or s 9 c]ta9 social directions--9 ! recognition ( ! *ildr5's "r to *ildhood & to in/ruction & to opportunity1 ( ! adult's "r to leisure1 ( woman's "r to ! ballot1 & ( ! pur*as]'s "r to g5u9e hone/ products4 ,h] second>y aim is to %[ h[ mu* rema9s to be a*iev$1 & :at ob/acles ! fri5ds ( anti-*ild-labor legislation1 eight-h\r laws1 pure food & correct label laws1 woman suffrage & s on1 h to surm\nt40--,! ,record-,h]ald1 ,*icago4 ,clo?1 lea!r back1 #cda pp41 #ab mo41 #a4be net4 ,citiz5's ,libr>y4 ,,on ,,"s ,,conditions ,,( ,,*ild ,,life ,! ,bitt] ,cry ( ! ,*ildr5 ,by ,,john ,,sp>go1 ,au?or ( 8,socialism40 8#8,!re h be5 _m books writt5 ab\t ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 b none ( !m gives u s impressive a /atem5t z is conta9$ "h ( ! mo/ important & p[]ful cause ( pov]ty4' ,?is prefatory judgm5t ( ,rob]t ,hunt] w be h&$ on by ev]yone :o reads4444 ,! book w live & set hundr$s ( tea*]s & social work]s & philan?ropi/s to "w4444 ,s*ool tea*]s ne$ ?is book1 social work]s1 libr>ians1 pa/ors1 editors1 all :o want to und]/& ! problem ( pov]ty or education40--,,william ,h4 ,,all5 9 ,! ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy4 #af #beg pages1 #ab mo41 #a4be net4 ,,on ,,conditions ,,among ,,! ,,poor ,pov]ty4 ,a ,def9ition & an ,e/imate ( its ,ext5t ,by ,,rob]t ,,hunt]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,social ,re=m ,club2 ,*airman ( ,new ,york ,*ild ,labor ,committee2 =m]ly head work] ( ! ,univ]sity ,settlem5t ( ,new ,york4 8,i _c delay writ+ y ( my pr(\nd int]e/ 9 y\r new book1 #8,pov]ty1' :i* ,i h to-day read1 ) in/ruction1 ) satisfaction1 & ) a deep s5se ( y\r ma/]y ( ! subject4444 ,y\r *apt] on #8,! ,immigrant' seems to me ! mo/ concise1 ! mo/ conv9c+ & ! mo/ logical brief /atem5t ( ! subject t ,i h ev] se540--,,rob]t ,,de ,c4 ,,w>d1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #i #chb pages1 #ab mo41 clo?1 #a4ej1 net4 ,a ,,sociological ,,s\rce-,,book ,read+s 9 ,descriptive & ,hi/orical ,sociology ,edit$ by ,,frankl9 ,h4 ,,gidd+s1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,sociology & ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,! book is a selection ( extracts f s\rces rang+ f ! ,bible to ye/]day's newspap]1 connect$ ) a m]e outl9e ( !ory4 ,! book is at once a r\nd$ outl9e ( social !ory1 & a sugge/ive guide 9 ! me?od ( classify+ ! new mat]ials con/antly appe>+ 9 reviews & ! daily press4 #bd #eec pages1 clo?1 #ab mo41 #a4fj net4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,ave4 ,new ,york ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,errors 9 punctuation h be5 fix$4 ,page #ab3 8_m nationalties0 *ang$ to 8_m nationalities0 ,page #ce3 8! ! h&s0 *ang$ to 8! h&s0 ,page #aaf3 8,b]n>d ,bos5quet0 *ang$ to 8,b]n>d ,bosanquet0 ,page #abc3 8emanicipat$ s]fs0 *ang$ to 8emancipat$ s]fs0 ,page #agc3 8( ! ! gr\p0 *ang$ to 8( ! gr\p0 ,page #agd3 8girls wr b>s ( soap0 *ang$ to 8girls wrap b>s ( soap0 ,page #aib3 8insanity work%ops0 *ang$ to 8insanit>y work%ops0 ,page #aid3 8"w inself0 *ang$ to 8"w itself0