,,books ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or-- ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,italian ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,! ,,collectors ,,hom] ,,m>t91 ,,poet ,,9 ,,l&scape ,,e/imates ,,9 ,,art ,,! ,,portraits ,,( ,,dante ,illu/ration3 ,,giotto3 ,,dormition ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,b]l9 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,italian ,,pa9t+ ,by ,,frank ,,jewett ,,ma!r1 ,,jr4 ,,ph4,d41 ,l4,h4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,art & ,ar*aeology 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,,london ,,/anley ,,paul ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #ca1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r&1 ,w4 ,c4 #b #aibc ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,to ,b4 ,b4 ,,9 ,,fri5d%ip ,,preface ,?is book has gr[n out ( lectures :i* 7 deliv]$ at ! ,clevel& ,art ,museum 9 #aiai-bj4 ,!re ,i _h ideal he>]s1 beg9n]s :o want$ to le>n & 7 will+ to foll[ a s]i\s discussion4 ,s9ce ,i aim at ! same sort ( a read] n[1 ,i h only slightly ret\*$ & amplifi$ ! orig9al manuscript4 ,?is is frankly a beg9n]'s book4 ,i h _h to omit :atev] might confuse ! novice1 includ+ _m pa9t]s inh]5tly delightful4 ,controv]sial problems = ! same reason h be5 :5 possible avoid$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,i h _h to cope ) su*1 ,i h dep5d$ m on my own eyes & judgm5t ?an on ! writt5 words ( o!rs4 ,b ! late/ lit]ature has also be5 us$1 s t ev5 ! adept %\ld "h & !re f9d some?+ to 8 purpose4 ,= op9ions on conte/$ po9ts1 ,i h giv5 my au?ority or p]sonal reason 9 notes1 :i*1 9 ord] n to clutt] up ! text1 are pr9t$ at ! end4 ,by ! same tok51 h9ts on read+ & private /udy are tuck$ away 9 ! la/ pages :]e !y w n bo!r read]s :o d n ne$ or want !m4 ,:ile ,i hope ! book w be welcome 9 ! classroom1 ,i h _h z mu* 9 m9d ! intellig5t travell] 9 ,europe & ! private /ud5t4 ,?r\gh\t ,i h _h be=e me ! k9d ( introduction to ,italian pa9t+ t w\ld h be5 helpful to me ?irty ye>s ago 9 ^? days ( bewild]$ en?usiasm :5 ,i 0 mak+ my ,gr& ,t\r4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,giotto ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,flor5t9e ,,humanism #a ,,ii4 ,,si5a ,,& ,,! ,,cont9u+ ,,( ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,/yle #ei ,,iii4 ,,masaccio ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,realism #aji ,,iv4 ,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,n>rative ,,/yle #aeg ,v4 ,,dawn ,,( ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age3 ,,botticelli ,,& ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci #bja ,,vi4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age3 ,,raphael ,,& ,,mi*elangelo #bfc ,,vii4 ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,,be=e ,,titian #cbc ,,viii4 ,,titian ,,& ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance #chi ,,ix4 ,,! ,,reali/s ,,& ,,eclectics #dea ,,notes #dgc ,,h9ts ,,= ,,read+ #dhi ,,index #dia ,,*apt] ,i ,,giotto ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,flor5t9e ,,humanism ,! ,flor5t9e ideal ( ,mass & ,emotion--,its ,humanism--,! ,city ( ,flor5ce ab\t #acjj--,! ,position & ,me?ods ( ! ,pa9t]--,! ,g5]al dem& = ,religi\s ,pa9t+--,accel]at$ by ! religi\s re=ms ( #abjj1 & *ang$ 9 "*--,insuffici5cy ( ! curr5t ,italo-,byzant9e ,/yle--,exp]im5ts t[>ds a new mann]3 ,duccio & ! ,si5ese1 ,cimabue1 ,cavall9i & ! 8,isaac ,ma/]0--,giotto--,imm$iate foll[]s ( ,giotto1 ,&rea ,orcagna & ! return to sculptural me?ods--,lat] ,panorami/s1 ,&rea ,bonaiuti & ! ,spani% ,*apel4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 f ! summit ( ,flor5t9e art1 has writt5 8,:at %\ld fir/ be judg$ 9 see+ if a picture be good is :e!r ! movem5ts are appropriate to ! m9d ( ! figure t moves40 ,& aga9 he has express$ some:at diff]5tly ! highe/ m]its ( pa9t+ z 8! creation ( relief 7projection7 :]e !re is none40 ,= ,flor5ce1 at lea/1 ^! notions are au?oritative1 & !y may well s]ve z text = mo/ t ,i %all say ab\t ,flor5t9e pa9t+4 ,to give significant emotion conv9c+ mass--?is 0 ! problem ( ! ,flor5t9e pa9t] f ! mom5t :5 ,giotto ab\t ! ye> #acjj began to f9d himself1 to t day m ?an two c5turies & a half lat] :5 ,mi*elangelo di$4 ,no ,flor5t9e ma/] ( a /r5u\s sort ev] fail$ to p]ceive ?is mission1 & no un/r5u\s arti/ 0 ev] fully ,flor5t9e4 ,?is tw(old aim--humani/ic1 9 *oice & ma/]y ( emotion2 sci5tific1 9 se>* = ^? indications :i* mo/ vividly express mass :]e no mass is--?is tw(old endeavor ,flor5ce %>$ ) ! only great] city ( art1 ,a!ns4 ,?us ,flor5ce is to ! art ( today :at ,a!ns 0 to t ( classical antiquity4 ,9 ^! two little communal republics 7 discov]$ & work$ out to p]fection all our ideals ( humani/ic beauty4 ,flor5ce saw ,god1 ,8 ,div9e ,son1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 & ! sa9ts q z ,a!ns _h se5 ! gods ( ,olympus1 ! demi-gods1 & ! h]oes simply z m5 & wom5 ( ! noble/ physical & moral type4 ,bo? agre$ 9 magnify+ & idealiz+ ! p "o ord9>ily sees4 ,= great] beauty1 ,a!ns repres5t$ !m nude or lightly drap$2 = great] dignity1 ,flor5ce *ose ! solemn g>b ( ! ,roman =um4 ,:e!r pagan or ,*ri/ian1 ! gu>dians ( a p's morality 7 to be above ha/e1 excitem5t1 or any transi5t emotion4 ,!y 7 to express int5sities ( feel+1 b a feel+ m compos$1 p]man5t1 & discipl9$1 ?an t ( e day4 ,judgm5t & criticism c\nt = z mu* 9 bo? arts z emotional inspiration4 ,! great ,flor5t9e arti/ is a ?9k]2 he is (t5 poet & sci5ti/1 sculptor & ar*itect1 besides be+ a pa9t]4 ,beh9d 8 pa9t+ lies always a problem ( m9d1 & z %e] p]sonalities ! greate/ pa9t]s ( ,si5a1 ,v5ice1 & ,lomb>dy (t5 seem m]e nobodies :5 comp>$ ev5 ) ! m9or ,flor5t9es4 ,we %\ld "k some?+ ab\t a city t produc$ p]sonality s g5]\sly1 & be=e consid]+ ,giotto1 ! fir/ great pa9t] ,flor5ce br$1 we %all d well to look at ,flor5ce z he saw x ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 be+ a man 9 ! ?irties4 ,flor5ce 0 !n z n[ a little city1 its population ab\t #ajj1jjj s\ls1 b x 0 gr[+4 ,! old second wall ( ab\t two miles' circuit 0 already condemn$ 9 favor ( a turret$ circuit ( ov] six4 ,up ! ,arno ! =e/-clad ridge ( ,vallombrosa 0 mu* z x is today2 d[n ! valley ! jagg$ peaks ( ! ,c>r>a m\nta9s b>r$ ! way to ! sea4 ,! surr\nd+ v9ey>ds & olive or*>ds by reason ( encroa*+ =e/ 7 less ext5sive ?an !y are n[1 b ?r\gh e gate & f e t[] "o c\ld see smil+ fields gu>d$ by battlem5t$ villas4 ,9 ! city1 ! =tress t[]s ( ! old nobility1 p>tizans mo/ly ( ! =eign ,emp]or1 rose ?ickly1 b already dismantl$ at _! fight+ tops1 = ! p1 mean+ /rictly ! rul+ m]*ant & manufactur+ classes1 _h lately tak5 ! rule f ! old nobles4 ,_m ( ^! _h fl$2 "s _h be5 bani%$1 z 0 soon to be t reckless advocate ( ! emp]or1 ,dante ,alighi]i1 an excell5t poet ( love fooli%ly dabbl+ 9 politics4 ,o!r patricians sulk$ 9 _! =tress palaces4 ,"s %rewdly got !mselves demot$ & jo9$ ! rul+ trade guilds4 ,( ^! guilds a big f\r1 five1 or six1 gov]n$ ! city1 :ile a m9or doz5 _h political privilege4 ,only guild memb]s vot$ = ! city (fic]s4 ,! guilds comb9$ ! function ( a trade union & an employ]'s association1 includ+ all memb]s ( ! craft f ! y\nge/ appr5tice to ! ri*e/ boss-contractor4 ,su* a guild z ! not>ies1 mu/ h be5 mu* l a b> association1 :ile ! :olesale m]*ants' guild mu/ h resembl$ a *amb] ( comm]ce4 ,! guild folk _h e>ly alli$ !mselves ) ! ,pope1 ! only p]man5t repres5tative ( ! pr9ciple ( ord] 9 ,italy4 ,! ,pope 0 also ! bulw>k ( ! new free communes aga9/ ! claims ( ! ,teutonic ,emp]ors4 ,s 9 ,flor5ce piety1 lib]ty1 & prosp]ity 7 conv]tible t]ms4 ,)9 ! n>r[ walls 0 a bu/l+1 neighborly1 squabbl+ & mak+-up life4 ,ev]ybody knew ev]ybody else4 ,! craftsman work$ 9 ! little op5 ar*ways y may /ill see 9 ! ,via ,san ,gallo1 9 sight & he>+ ( ! pass+ _w4 ,( weav]s' %ops alone !re 7 #cjj4 ,no we/]n city 0 ev] pr\d] ?an ,flor5ce 9 ^? days4 ,h] cr$it 0 good f ! ,urals to ! ,p5tl& ,hills4 ,h] gold flor9 0 ev]y:]e /&>d ex*ange4 ,%e _h secret ways ( f9i%+ ! f9e clo?s t came 9 %ips & c>avans f ,gh5t1 ,ypres1 & ,arras2 %e h&l$ ! silks ( ,*9a & conv]t$ ! raw pelts ( ! nor? into objects ( fa%ion4 ,h] civic pride 0 actively express+ itself 9 build+4 ,betwe5 #abid & #abii %e _h project$ a new ca!dral1 ! great ,franciscan *ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 a new t[n hall1 & ! massive walls we /ill see4 ,= /ately build+s %e _h e>li] _h only ! ,bapti/ry1 9 :i* e baby 0 promptly *ri/5$1 & ! new *ur* ( ! ,fri>s ,prea*]s 7,dom9icans71 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,9 consid]+ ?is ,flor5ce y mu/ ?9k ( a h>d-head$1 full-blood$1 ambiti\s community1 frankly devot$ to money-mak+1 b desir+ weal? *iefly z a /ep t[>ds fame4 ,s9ce ! pa9t] c\ld provide fame 9 ?is _w & advance "o's position 9 ! next1 8 e/ate 0 a favor$ "o4 ,! pa9t] himself 0 j a f9e craftsman4 ,he kept a %op & call$ x su*--a bottega4 ,he work$ only to ord]4 ,!re 7 no exhibitions1 no museums1 no academies1 no art s*ools1 no prizes1 no deal]s4 ,! pa9t]s mode/ly jo9$ ! guild ( ! druggi/s 7speziali71 :o 7 _! color mak]s1 q z ! up-to-date newspap] report] affiliates himself ) ! typographical union4 ,:5 a ri* man want$ a picture1 he simply w5t to a pa9t]'s %op & ord]$ x1 lay+ d[n z a matt] ( c\rse ! subject & ev]y?+ ab\t ! treatm5t t int]e/$ him4 ,if ! "w 0 ( importance1 a contract & specifications 7 drawn up4 ,! k9d ( colors1 pay by ! job or by ! day1 ! am\nt to be pa9t$ by ! contract+ arti/ himself1 ! "t ( completion1 ) or )\t p5alty--all ?is 0 precisely nom9at$ 9 ! bond4 ,naturally ! pa9t] us$ 8 %op-assi/ants & appr5tices z mu* z possible4 ,(t5 he did little himself except heads & pr9cipal figures4 ,b he made ! designs & c>efully sup]vis$ _! execution on panel or wall4 ,a ,flor5t9e pa9t]'s bottega !n _h none ( ! preci\sness ( a mod]n pa9t]'s /udio4 ,x 0 r l a decorator's %op ( today1 ! ma/] be+ m]ely ! bus9ess head & guid+ arti/ic ta/e4 ,:5 we speak ( a fresco by ,giotto1 we d n mean t ,giotto pa9t$ mu* ( x1 any m ?an a ,la ,f>ge w9d[ implies t our great ,am]ican ma/] ( /a9$-glass design himself cut & set ! glass4 ,! pa9t] ( ,flor5ce _h to be a jack-(-all-trades1 a color gr9d]1 a cab9et mak]1 & a wood c>v]2 a gild]2 to be capable ( copy+ any design & ( inv5t+ f9e decorative features himself4 ,he mu/ be equally compet5t 9 ! delicate me?ods ( temp]a pa9t+ z 9 ! resolute proc$ures ( fresco4 ,^! two me?ods set di/9ct limits to ! "w & its effects4 ,! colors 7 gr\nd up day by day 9 ! %op4 ,ea* _h its little pot4 ,!re 0 no palette4 ,h5ce only a few colors 7 us$1 & ) little mix+4 ,= temp]a pa9t+ a good wood5 panel--pref]ably ( popl>--0 gr\nd$ ) successive coats ( f9e/ pla/] ( ,p>is 9 glue & rubb$ d[n to ivory smoo?ness4 ,! composition 0 !n copi$ 9 m9utely f a work+ draw+4 ,! gold backgr\nd inh]it$ f ! work]s 9 mosaic 0 laid on 9 pure leaf4 ,! composition 0 fir/ lightly %ad$ & modell$ ei!r 9 gre5 or br[n e>?1 & !n f9i%$ up a bit at a "t1 9 colors temp]$ ) egg or vegetable album54 ,! pa9ts 7 ?ick & c\ld n be swiftly manipulat$2 ! :ole surface set & s h>d5$ t ret\*+ 0 difficult4 ,h[ s niggl+ a me?od produc$ s broad & h>moni\s effects w seem a my/]y to ! mod]n arti/4 ,x 0 due to sy/em & sacrifice4 ,?\gh ! "w 0 done piecemeal1 ev]y?+ 0 ?\ght out 9 advance4 ,d>k %ad[s & accid5ts ( light+ :i* w\ld m> ! g5]al blond effect 7 ignor$4 ,! beauty desir$ 0 n t ( nature1 b t ( enamels & semi-preci\s /ones4 ,^! panels are glori\s 9 azures1 c9nab>s1 crimsons1 em]ald-gre5s1 & :ites p>tak+ ( all ( ^! hues4 ,_! delicacy is enhanc$ by c>v$ frames1 at ?is mom5t1 #acjj1 simply gabl$ & m\ld$2 lat] built up & ar*$ & frett$ ) ! mo/ fanta/ic go?ic features4 ,if ! pa9t] 9 temp]a requir$ *iefly pati5ce & delicacy1 ! pa9t] 9 fresco mu/ h resolution & audacity4 ,he mu/ calculate ea* day's "w exactly1 & a :ole day's "w c\ld be spoil$ by a s+le slip ( ! h& 9 ! tir$ ev5+ h\r4 ,= fresco1 ! work+ sket* 0 r\ghly copi$ 9 outl9e on a pla/] wall4 ,!n any "p select$ = a day's "w 0 cov]$ ) a new coat ( f9e pla/]4 ,! effac$ "p ( ! design mu/ be rapidly r$rawn on ! wet gr\nd4 ,!n ! colors 7 laid on f _! little pots1 & only ! s\nd m9]al colors :i* resi/ lime c\ld be employ$4 ,! vehicle 0 simply wat]4 ,! colors 7 suck$ deep into ! wet pla/]1 & unit$ ) x to =m a surface z durable z ! wall itself4 ,g5]ally ! colors 7 m]ely divid$ into ?ree values1--light1 pure colors1 & d>k4 ,ev]y?+ 0 kept cle>1 r flat1 & blond1 highly simple & beautifully decorative4 ,"o ( ! lat] pa9t]s1 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 7active ab\t #adjj71 tells u t a s+le head 0 a day's "w = a good frescante4 ,! t\* _h to be sure1 = a mis-/roke meant scrap+ ! wet pla/] (f1 relay+ x1 & />t+ all ov] aga94 ,! fresco pa9t] accord+ly ne$$ discipl9e & me?od4 ,no?+ c\ld be f>!r f mod]n inspirational me?ods4 ,:]e ev]y?+ 0 sy/ematiz$ & calculat$ 9 advance1 y w see x 0 q safe = a ma/] to entru/ 8 designs to pupils :o knew 8 wi%es4 ,e fresco :5 dry 0 m or less ret\*$ 9 temp]a1 b ! be/ arti/s did ?is sp>+ly1 kn[+ t ! ret\*es w\ld soon black5 badly or flake (f4 ,s mu* = ! %op me?ods4 ,n[ = him :o makes %ops possible--! patron4 ,a weal?y ,flor5t9e z naturally want$ to inve/ 9 a fresco$ *apel z a weal?y ,am]ican does 9 a fleet ( motor c>s4 ,consid]+ ! *ang$ value ( money1 "o indulg5ce 0 ab\t z co/ly z ! o!r4 ,b ! ,flor5t9e nev] q reg>d$ pa9t+s z luxuries4 ,!y 7 necess>y to him4 ,he lov$ !m4 ,!y enhanc$ 8 pre/ige 9 ?is _w & improv$ 8 *ances 9 ! next4 ,!n to beautify a *ur* 0 really to magnify ! lib]ty & prosp]ity ( ,flor5ce1 :i* l>gely d]iv$ f ! ,holy ,see4 ,recall t e ,flor5t9e 0 born a ,ca?olic1 baptiz$ 9 ! fair ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john ) ! "n ( a sa9t4 ,?is sa9t1 he believ$1 c\ld aid him morally & mat]ially1 0 9 e s5se 8 cele/ial patron4 ,x paid to d ! sa9t honor1 & t c\ld be/ be done ?r\gh ! pa9t]'s art4 ,! poore/ man might h a small portrait ( 8 patron1 a ri* man might end[ a *apel & cause all 8 patron's miracles to be pictur$ on ! wall4 ,?9k also t e alt>--a doz5 or m 9 e l>ge *ur*--0 a %r9e#a1 conta9+ ! bread & w9e t by ! nev]-ceas+ miracle ( ! ,mass became ! ,savi\r's body & blood2 & 0 also a reliqu>y or tomb1 conta9+ 9 :ole or "p ! body ( "s sa9t4 ,e alt> !n1 & e *apel inclos+ "o1 cri$ out = a tw(old int]pretation ( its mean+4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ! ,eu*>i/ _h to be expla9$ 7involv+ pretty ne>ly all ( ,biblical hi/ory71 & ! p>ticul> relic requir$ simil> illum9ation4 ,s9ce _m ( ! fai?ful c\ld n read1 & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has ev] be5 m]ciful z reg>ds s]moniz+1 ^! explanations ( ! alt> z miracle %r9e ( ,our ,"l & z tomb ( a p>ticul> sa9t 7 be/ made pictorially1 & g5]ally 7 s made4 ,su* motives = picture-mak+ ,flor5ce ( c\rse %>$ ) ! entire ,*ri/ian _w4 ,x rema9s to expla9 :y %e want$ m pa9t+ & bett] ?an any o!r m$ival city4 ,%e want$ m pa9t+ *iefly because ( h] exceptional civic pride & prosp]ity1 %e want$ bett] pa9t+ because %e _h mov$ ahead ( ! _w t[>ds f9]1 m passionate1 & consci\s exp]i5ces ( life :i* ! old] pa9t+ 0 p[]less to express4 ,ab\t ! ye> #abjj1 a c5tury be=e ! "t we are consid]+1 !re fl\ri%$ two great religi\s lead]s :o gave to ,*ri/ianity a new dignity & appeal4 ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ) 8 disciple1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 endeavor$ to make ,*ri/ianity m reasonable1 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi endeavor$ to make x m he>tfelt & compassionate4 ,!y f\nd$ two mona/ic ord]s ) div]g5t yet h>moni\s aims4 ,! ,dom9icans call$ m5 to a life ( /udy & self-exam9ation1 enli/+ ! human reason to expla9 & ju/ify ! univ]se "u ! ,*ri/ian s*eme2 ! ,franciscans call$ m5 to pov]ty1 humility1 & *a/ity1 & s]vice to ! un=tunate4 ,betwe5 ! two--"o supply+ ! light ( ! reason & ! o!r ! light ( ! he>t--!y ov]came h]esies :i* _h m5ac$ bo? ,*ri/ianity & civilization & r\s$ ! ,*ur* out ( its dogmatic slumb]4 ,x 0 no long] en\gh = ! ,*ur* to ?reat54 ,m5 yield$ to h] n[ only on condition t _! heads be conv9c$ or _! he>ts t\*$4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 :]e a rationaliz+ %rewdness & a real w>m-he>t$ness s+ul>ly bl5d$1 ! d\ble appeal 0 irresi/ible4 ,by & l>ge ! :ole city ei!r s*ematiz$ ) ! ,dom9icans or slumm$ ) ! ,franciscans4 ,"h 0 urg5t new matt] requir+ an art t c\ld move & p]suade4 ,toge!r ) ?is religi\s revival & ! political & comm]cial progress we h not$1 came a lit]>y revival4 ,be=e ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury su* poets z ,guido ,gu9izelli1 ,guido ,cavalcanti1 & ,dante ,alighi]i _h s re%ap$ ! rude vulg> tongue t x became wor?y ( its ,lat9 succession4 ,! ref9em5ts ( *ivalric love came to ,flor5ce 9 melodi\s v]se1 & :at ! poets call$ ! 8sweet new /yle10 il dolce /il nuovo1 9 diction presag$ a simil> sweet new /yle ( pa9t+4 ,alongside ( ! poets1 ,brunetto ,lat9i 9 ! ,tesoro %[s glimm]+s ( sci5tific int]e/1 & ,giovanni ,villani l5ds sub/ance & dignity to ! "w ( ! *ronicl]4 ,already ! sculptors ,nicola & ,giovanni ( neighbor+ ,pisa _h grasp$ ! beauties respectively ( classic sculpture & ! noble int5sity ( t ( ! ,go?ic ,nor?4 ,all ?is imm5sely increas$ t sum ( f9e ?9k+1 feel+1 & see+ :i* und]lies all great art4 ,to express ^! new emotions ! old pa9t+ 0 inadequate4 ,italy ?r\gh ! s-call$ ,d>k ,ages produc$ art abundantly4 ,:]ev] p[] & ord] ass]t$ !mselves amid ! welt] ( w> & oppression1 /ately build+s rose & ^! 7 decorat$4 ,?us at ,rome1 :]e ! popes gradually add$ temporal to spiritual p[]1 spl5did basilicas grew ov] ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs4 ,at ,rav5na1 ?r\gh ! #f? & #g? c5turies ! seat ( ! ,byzant9e & ,go?ic sov]eignties1 magnific5t *ur*es & bapti/ries 7 cov]$ ) pictorial mosaics4 ,9 ,sicily1 at ,mess9a1 ,cefal & ,pal]mo1 ! sway ( ! ,norman k+s 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies express$ itself 9 *ur*es & civic build+s ( ! utmo/ spl5dor1 :i* 7 adorn$ ) mosaics by ,greek ma/]s4 ,:5 ! fugitives f ! valleys ( ! ,po1 ,adige1 & ,piave1 & ,br5ta fl$ f ,attila to ! ,v5etian f5s1 !re aga9 0 a beg9n+ ( great build+4 ,:]ev] !re 0 a p[]ful primate z at ,milan1 ,como1 ,p>ma1 ,pisa1 or a wide rul+ abbot z at ,subiaco1 ,monte ,cass9o1 ,capua1 y w f9d art4 ,b h>dly1 except p]haps 9 ar*itecture1 ,italian art4 ,we h sporadic prov9cial expressions dom9at$ f af> by ! pre/ige ( ! ,ea/]n ,roman ,empire4 ,at ,con/ant9ople !re 0 a p]man5t c\rt1 a c]emoni\s civilization1 an arti/ic bl5d+ ( ! traditions ( old ,greece & ( ! my/]i\s ,levant4 ,! m]*ants ( ! _w s\ght f ,byzantium1 jewelry1 enamels1 embroid]ies1 brocades1 c>v$ ivories1 & pictur$ manuscripts4 ,%e 0 to ! e>ly ,middle ,ages :at ,p>is is to ours--! /hetic fa%ion mak] ( ! _w1--& h] skill$ arti/s w5t f> afield z s _m mission>ies ( ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,we f9d !m mak+ ! mosaics ( ,rav5na 9 ! #f? & #g? c5turies1 ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice f ! #i? c5tury1 ( _m ,roman *ur*es f an ev5 e>li] date1 ( ,pal]mo 9 ! #ab?1 & ( ! ,bapti/ry at ,flor5ce 9 ! #ac?4 ,?is ,byzant9e mann]1 z practic$ by ! travell+ ,greek arti/s & by _! innum]able ,italian imitators1 is ! real />t+ po9t & jump-(f place = ,italian pa9t+4 ,h5ce 9 fir/ /udy+ ! ,byzant9e /yle we d b imitate ! ,italian pa9t]s :o imm$iately prec$$ ,giotto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,byzant9e ,n>rative ,/yle ab\t #acjj4 ,detail f ,mosaic ,book ,cov]s 9 ! ,op]a del ,duomo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,mosaic 9 ! ,ca!dral1 ,pisa4 ,/4 ,john1 left1 is by ,cimabue1 #acjb2 ! ,*ri/ is 9 good ,byzant9e tradition2 ! ,virg91 "r1 is "s tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,byzant9e pictures h come d[n to u on ! l>ge/ & on ! smalle/ scale--9 ! great mosaics & wall pa9t+s1 & z well on small panels & 9 ! illu/rat$ books us$ 9 ! ritual ( ! *ur*4 ,bo? are important4 ,! mural decorations are :at ! e>ly ,italian pa9t] _h con/antly be=e 8 eye2 ! m9iatur$ psalt]s1 ,gospels1 lection>ies1 *orals & pray] books1 af=d$ ! patt]ns f :i* he drew ) little alt]ation ! /&>d compositions ( ! ,annunciation to ,m>y1 ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/1 ,8 ,adoration by ! ,%eph]ds & ,k+s1 ,8 ,baptism1 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,crucifixion1 ,desc5t into ,hell1 ,resurrection1 & ,asc5sion4 ,b ,byzant9e design is mo/ impos+ 9 its monum5tal phase4 ,! mo/ c>eless travell] /ill feels awe be=e ^? solemn figures ( ,*ri/ supreme rul] 7,pantokrator7 & 8 ,"m que5 ( heav5 :i* are se5 ?ron$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( azure or gold & att5d$ by solemn figures ( apo/les & m>tyrs1 ,figure #b4 ,! =ms are flat1--silh\ettes enri*$ by int]ior trac]y1 ! arrangem5t 9 ! space =mal1 symmetrical1 highly decorative4 ,! small] n>rative compositions1#b ,figure #a1 are cle>ly conceiv$ b h small emotional appeal4 ,= ?is reason ! ,italians ( ! ,gold5 ,age spoke ( ! ,byzant9e /yle z rude4 ,?is is an error4 ,rude 9 ! h&s ( half-tra9$ local imitators1 ! /yle z =mulat$ 9 ! #i? c5tury at ,con/ant9ople 0 highly sophi/icat$ & decoratively ( great ref9em5t4 ,x 0 bas$ on an admirable sy/em ( color spott+ & a f9e und]/&+ ( silh\ette4 ,! cont\rs 7 ca/ 9 easy conv5tional curves4 ,^! 7 enri*$ )9 by hat*+s & spl9t]y angles ( gold :i* contra/$ effectively ) ! flu5t outl9es4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done by precept & copybook4 ,9 f\r c5turies be=e ! ye> #acjj1 ! /yle %[$ little *ange1 inde$ is /ill alive 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,mac$onia &1 until ! ,revolution1 9 ,russia4 ,! ,byzant9e arti/ seldom look$ at a fell[ mortal ) arti/ic int5t4 ,he look$ at "s e>li] picture or consid]$ 8 own color pref]5ces4 ,conv5tional & anmic z ! n>rative /yle 01 x did all t 0 requir$ ( x4 ,no?+ bett] s]ves ! purpose ( an au?oritative ,*ur* ?an ! awe-inspir+ ,*ri/s ( ! ,lomb>d & ,sicilian & ,roman apses1 & s long z ! ,*ur* felt no duty beyond t ( pla9 /atem5t ( h] claims1 ! unfelt n>ratives f ! ,scriptures s]v$ e religi\s ne$4 ,x 0 diff]5t :5 "u ! lead+ ( ,/4 ,dom9ic & ,/4 ,francis1#c ! ,*ur* eag]ly wi%$ to p]suade m54 ,m5 may well h be5 fright5$ or ev5 in/ruct$ by a ,byzant9e picture2 nobody 0 ev] p]suad$ by "o4 ,x took a c5tury to "w away f ! ,byzant9e /yle1 s deeply 0 x root$4 ,9 fact1 f ! ye> #abbf1 t ( ,/4 ,francis's dea?1 to ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury1 su* arti/s z ,guido ( ,si5a1 ,coppo di ,m>covaldo1 ,giunta ( ,pisa1 ,jacopo ,torriti1 ,giovanni ,cosma1 ,duccio1 & ,cimabue *iefly re/udi$ ! old ,byzant9e mann]4 ,!y wi%$ to le>n h[ to build cr$itably be=e !y began to te> d[n4 ,su* rev]5t exp]im5t ext5d+ ov] two g5]ations only prov$ t ! brea* ) ,byzant9e =malism 0 inevitable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,tuscan ,ma/] ab\t #abhe4--,otto ,kahn1 ,n4,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,cimabue4 ,madonna 9 ,maje/y4--,uffizi4 ,) ! deep5+ & broad5+ ( p]sonal1 civic1 & religi\s emotions1 ! pa9t] f\nd new exactions laid ^u him :i* ! bloodless art ( ,byzantium c\ld n satisfy4 ,new life call$ = new =ms to express x4 ,we f9d 9 sculpture f ab\t ! ye> #abfj1 t ( ,giovanni ,pisano's fir/ pulpit--:olly classical 9 its dignity--a k9dr$ endeavor 9 advance ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,! r5ewal took ?ree =ms3 ! m cons]vative spirits accept$ ! ,byzant9e =mulas b endeavor$ to ref9e on !m 9 a reali/ic s5se1 to add grace to au/]ity4 ,su* mod]ate developm5t ( ! old /yle fix$ ! "* ( ! s*ool ( ,si5a & 0 magnific5tly initiat$ by its greate/ arti/1 ,duccio1 active ab\t #acjj4 ,a v beautiful ,madonna ( ?is g5]al t5d5cy is 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,otto ,kahn at ,new ,york1 ,figure #c4 ,x has be5 q v>i\sly attribut$4#d ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 a pure ,tuscan "w by ,coppo or a pa9t] ak9 to him4 ,= ! great] spirits su* a re=m 0 inadequate4 ,ref9e ! ,byzant9e =mulas to ! utmo/--!re 0 no ga91 r loss 9 /r5g?4 ,accord+ly a vehem5t _s l ,cimabue1#a-e ackn[l$g$ly fa!r ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 accepts ! ,byzant9e tradition loyally1 b seeks to make its rigid mann]isms express ! new religi\s passions4 ,at times he is successful at ?is unlikely task ( putt+ new w9e into old bottles4 ,8 great en?ron$ ,madonna at ,flor5ce1 ,figure #d1 ) solemn angels 9 att5dance & grim patri>*s bel[ h] ?rone1 may h be5 pa9t$ z e>ly z #abhe4 ,x is fai?ful to ! old monum5tal tradition--ak9 to ! ,*ri/s & ,m>ys ( ! mosaics--9 its impressive ri*ness is "o ( ! mo/ maje/ic ?+s ! c5tury produc$4 ,x reveals ! docility ( its creator b only p>tially 8 p[]4 ,we h h>dly 8 h& b surely an e*o ( 8 influ5ce 9 ! tragic crucifix 9 ! museum ( ,santa ,croce4 ,x is ! mom5t ( agony1 & ! p[]ful body wri!s aga9/ ! nails1 :ile ! head s9ks 9 dea?4 ,x may repres5t hundr$s ( simil> crosses t /ood high 9 air on ! rood beam be=e ! *ancel1 9 sight bo? ( ! prea*] & 8 public4 ,some:]e ab\t #abid1 ,cimabue 0 call$ to ,assisi to decorate ! *ur* 9 :i* ,/4 ,francis 0 buri$4 ,8 "p 0 ! *oir & transepts ( ! upp] *ur*4 ,9 ! cross vault he pa9t$ ! f\r evangeli/s1 on ! walls he spread ! /ories ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 ! leg5ds ( ! ,virg9 sc5es f ! ,apocalypse1 ! gigantic =ms ( ! ar*angels & a ,calv>y1 ,figure #e1 t is "o ( ! mo/ mov+ expressions ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,*ipp$ & black5$1 _! lights become d>k ?r\gh *emical *ange1 ^! wall pa9t+s reta9 an imm5se p[] & v]acity4 ,! ,byzant9e =ms ga9 a p>adoxical solidity1 l t ( bronze4 ,! convulsion ( ! figure ( ,*ri/ is giv5 back 9 ! wild ge/ures ( ! m\rn+ wom5 & ! t]rifi$ ,jews4 ,x is ! mom5t ( ! e>?quake & ! op5+ ( tombs2 a cosmic t]ror & despair p]vade ! place4 ,! "w is hamp]$ & rude b completely expressive4 ,! s5sitive ,japanese critic & man ( ! _w1 ,okakura ,kakuzo1 us$ to reg>d ^! sooty frescoes 9 ! transepts ( ! ,franciscan basilica z ! high po9t ( all ,european art1 :i* %\ld at lea/ induce ! t\ri/ & ! /ud5t to give a second look at ^! batt]$ & fad+ ma/]pieces4 ,rec5tly an inscrib$ date1 #abif1 has be5 discov]$ on ! *oir wall :i* settles a long vex$ "q ( *ronology4 ,! upp] "p ( ! "w 9 ! transepts & *oir mu/ h be5 go+ on = "s ye>s e>li]1 & ! entire decoration ( ! ,upp] ,*ur* %\ld r\ghly be compris$ betwe5 #abid & #acjj4 ,cimabue di$ ab\t #acjb :ile work+ on ! apsidal mosaic at ,pisa1 :]e ! ,/4 ,john is by 8 h&1 ,figure #b4 ,he _h br\ght life & passion into ,italian pa9t+1 z 8 y\ng] contempor>y ,giovanni ,pisano _h into ,italian sculpture4 ,cimabue's defect--t ( a noble _s--0 ! fai? t ! old pictorial =m c\ld conta9 ! new surg+ emotions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,cimabue4 ,calv>y4 ,fresco4--,upp] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,pietro ,cavall9i4 ,dormition ( ! ,virg94 ,mosaic4--,s4 ,m4 9 ,tra/ev]e1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,pietro ,cavall9i4 ,apo/les1 fresco1 f ,la/ ,judgm5t4--,santa ,cecelia 9 ,tra/ev]e4 ,cold] spirits1 z is (t5 ! case1 m readily f\nd ! "r way4 ,& ! discov]y 0 made at ,rome :]e ! sculptur$ columns1 ar*es1 & s>cophagi1 ! pagan wall pa9t+s & ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian mosaics comb9$ to cont9ue ! lesson ( classic humanism4 ,a rem>kable family ( decorators1 ! ,cosmati2 ) su* contempor>ies z ,jacopo ,torriti & ,filippo ,rusuti beg9 v cauti\sly to free !mselves f ,byzant9e trammels4 ,b x 0 a pa9t]1 ,pietro ,cavall9i1#e :o m fully grasp$ t glory t _h be5 ,rome4 ,9 #abia he design$ = ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,tra/ev]e a ,madonna & f\r /ories ( ! ,*ri/ ,*ild 9 mosaic4 ,"h we glimpse a new pictorial =m1 ,figure #f4 ,^? ,byzant9e hooks & hat*+s :i* 7 q false to =m give way to a reasonable /ructure 9 light & d>k1 ! hair no long] wild & ropy1 is dispos$ 9 sculpturesque locks1 ! drap]ies are no long] a cobweb patt]n1 b ca/ 9 broad & classic folds4 ,all ^! improvem5ts may be not$ 9 m complete =m 9 ! fresco$ ,la/ ,judgm5t :i* has rec5tly be5 uncov]$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,cecilia1 ,figure #g4 ,"h ! heads ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les are well built 9 c>efully graduat$ light & %ade1 :ile ! drap]ies sugge/ ,hell5i/ic /atu>y4 ,b ! r5ovation is on ! :ole cold & academic4 ,cavall9i has n mu* m to say ?an ! ,byzant9es1 b t little he says ) f> great] gravity & tru?fulness4 ,he 0 a lucid & indu/ri\s b n a f9e or /rong _s4 ,8 "w lat] at ,naples--9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,donna ,reg9a1 ab\t #acaj--%[s t :5 he w express /rong emotions he becomes m]ely hectic4 ,yet he recov]$ = ,italian pa9t+ m ?an a h9t ( ! *oice naturalism ( old ,rome1 & t is 8 suffici5t glory4 ,!re is great] p[] & k ?an 8 9 ! "w ( su* contempor>ies z ! unkn[n pa9t]s ( ! fresco$ heads ( prophets 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,rome & ( ! /ories ( ,isaac 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* at ,assisi4#f ,^! %[ a resolute & intellig5t ef=t to draw 9 masses ( light & %ade1 & z well an ambition to recov] ! gravity ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mosaics4 ,x is no wond] t "s critics ascribe su* dramatic & sup]bly con/ruct$ frescoes z ,! ,betrayal ( ,esau to "y ,giotto1 ,figure #h1 b ! art is too mature = any "y arti/4 ,we h r to d ) a great p]sonality ( ,roman tra9+ :o broke ! way = ,giotto4 ,cavalcaselle sugge/s1 ,i ?9k rightly1 t ! ,flor5t9e1 ,gaddo ,gaddi1 may h done "s ( ?is "w4 ,b we are safe only 9 call+ ?is great pa9t] 8,! ,isaac ,ma/]40 ,to recapitulate1 !re 7 ?ree ways1 all imp]fect1 op5 to a "y & progressive pa9t] :o l ,giotto di ,bondone 0 =m+ a /yle ab\t ! ye> #acjj4 ,he might ) ! ,si5ese evade ! issue ( passion & naturalism1 *oos+ = gracefulness1 he might try ov] aga9 ! great adv5ture ( 8 ma/] ,cimabue1 endeavor+ to br+ emotion into ! old unfit =ms1 or he might1 l ,pietro ,cavall9i1 let emotion take c>e ( itself & "w academically t[>ds bett] /ructure1 drap]y1 light1 & %ade4 ,8 *oice 0 absolutely mom5t\s = mod]n pa9t+1 & ,i want y to feel t ! issue 0 q consci\sly & vividly be=e him1 = he _h sp5t mu* ( 8 y\? z a humble assi/ant 9 ! basilica at ,assisi1 :]e frescoes 9 ! vehem5t ,tuscan mann] ( ,cimabue & 9 ! dignifi$ ,roman /yle ( ! ,isaac ,ma/] 7 be+ pa9t$ side by side4 ,8 decision 0 to comb9e ! m]its ( ! two mann]s--to seek1 l 8 ma/]1 s9c]ity & dep? ( emotion1 b to embody x 9 ! new & nobl] =ms ( ! ,roman s*ool4 ,?is decision virtually fix$ ! "* ( ,*ri/ian art 9 ,italy--x 0 to be w>m & humani/ic1 b x 0 to revive mu* ( t ab/ract nobility :i* old ,rome _h inh]it$ f ,greece4 ,?us ,italian pa9t+ at ! outset took a classic /amp :i* :5 true to itself x has nev] lo/4 ,9 fundam5tal ideas ( beauty1 !re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 ,giotto1 ,masaccio1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,raphael1 ,titian1 ,mi*elangelo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 8,! ,isaac ,ma/]40 ,esau be=e ,isaac4 ,fresco4--,upp] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,giotto di ,bondone1#g accord+ to ! be/ in=mation we h on a disput$ po9t1 0 born 9 #abff1 at ! village ( ,colle1 9 ! lovely valley ( ! ,mugello4 ,8 p 7 prosp]\s & 8 way smoo?4 ,i see no reason = d\bt+ ! *>m+ leg5d told by ,ghib]ti t ,cimabue f\nd ! lad ,giotto by ! roadside dilig5tly scrat*+ ! outl9es ( a %eep on a slate1 & t t 0 ! beg9n+ ( _! association4 ,9 any case1 we may surmise t he 0 e>ly ) ,cimabue z appr5tice & ev5tually w5t ) ! ,ma/] to ,assisi to gr9d colors1 clean bru%es1 & pa9t "u direction4 ,to be at t mom5t 9 ! ,franciscan ,basilica 0 to be at ! greate/ creative c5t] ( ! _w4 ,x seems to me likely t ,giotto may h _h a consid]able "p 9 ! actual pa9t+ ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t /ories 9 ! nave1 & ,i believe we may f9d 8 e>lie/ designs 9 c]ta9 frescoes ( ! upp] r[s4 ,! ,lam5t+ ov] ,*ri/'s ,body1 = example1 s+ul>ly comb9es ! en]gy ( ,cimabue ) ! dignity ( ,cavall9i1 & !re are significant e*oes ( ! composition 9 ,giotto's lat] v]sion ( ! same !me at ,padua4 ,tradition also ascribes to ,giotto1 maybe correctly1 ! ,resurrection & ,p5teco/ on ! entrance wall4#h ,aft] #abif1 accord+ to ,vas>i's entirely cr$ible acc\nt1 "y ,giotto took ov] ! direction ( ! "w = ! newly elect$ ,franciscan ,g5]al1 ,giovanni dal ,muro4 ,:at %>e he _h 9 ! vivaci\s & ju/ly lov$ /ories ( ,/4 ,francis1#i 9 ! l[] range ( ! nave1 is greatly disput$4 ,( ! tw5ty-eight frescoes involv$1 x seems cle> to me t ! fir/ & ! la/ ?ree are by an arti/ m ne>ly 9 ! ,si5ese tradition1 t ,nos4 ,,ii to ,,xviii inclusive are design$ by ,giotto 9 ! /yle ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /ories above & pa9t$ by him ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( assi/ance1 & t ! re/ are l>gely inspir$ by ,giotto b execut$ 9 8 abs5ce & )\t 8 f9al control4 ,:at is m important is ! v>iety & vivacity ( ^! n>ratives4 ,"y ,giotto is free to improvise1 z he 0 n 9 ! /&>d ,bible subjects1 & ! mood %ifts readily4 ,we h *>ity1 ) ,/4 ,francis giv+ 8 cloak to a begg>1 9 an idyllic l&scape2 family /rife 9 ,/4 ,francis r5\nc+ 8 fa!r1 ,figure #i2 sorc]y 9 ! exorcism ( ! devils f ,arezzo2 an odd mixture ( ogrei%ness & wit*craft1 9 ,/4 ,francis's ,fire ,ordeal be=e ! ,soldan1 ,figure #aa2 a great pi\s int5tness1 9 ! *ori/]s at ! ,cradle ,rite2 int5se physical appetite1 9 ! ,miracle ( ! ,spr+2 an entranc+ bl5d ( rev]5ce & humor1 9 ! ,s]mon to ! ,birds1 ,figure #aj2 />k trag$y 9 ! ,dea? ( ! ,knight ( ,celano4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! ,s]mon to ! ,birds4--,upp] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,/4 ,francis r5\nces ,8 ,fa!r4--,upp] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,/4 ,francis be=e ! ,soldan4--,upp] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,e>ly ,sket* ,copy aft] ,giotto's ,mosaic ( ! ,navicella4 ,comp>e ,fig4 #ca4--,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,giotto is /ill *iefly a sprightly illu/rator4 ,he is z yet ins5sitive to composition4 ,he (t5 p]functorily splits 8 gr\ps1 giv+ ea* a l&scape--or ar*itectural back-scre5 q 9 ! ,byzant9e mann]4 ,8 /ory-tell+ is brusque & )\t rhy?m4 ,8 s5se ( =m is already /rong & gr[+1 b !re is little ( ! ease & /yle ( ! ,isaac frescoes j above4 ,9 vitality ! /ories ( ,/4 ,francis m>k a great advance1 b !y lack ! gravity & exquisit5ess ( balance prop] to ! be/ mural decoration4 ,x 0 at ,rome t "y ,giotto 0 to broad5 & ref9e 8 art4 ,he 0 call$ ?i!r be=e ! ye> #acjj to design ! great mosaic ( ,*ri/ walk+ on ! ,sea ( ,galilee beside ! tempe/-toss$ boat ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x /ood ov] ! inside cloi/]-portal ( old ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & has be5 _m times mov$ 9 ! rebuild+ ( ! *ur*1 & ) ea* move re/or$1 s t :at we n[ see 9 ! por* is entirely remade4 ,f c]ta9 fragm5ts ( ! old mosaic1 & old sket* copies1 ,figure #ab1 we may judge t ! ,navicella1 z ! ,italians lov$ to call x1 0 an elaborate composition ( great dramatic p[]1 ! logical consummation ( ! exp]im5ts at ,assisi4 ,our be/ v]sion ( ! ,navicella is ,&rea ,bonaiuti's adaptation1 ,figure #ca1 = ! vault ( ! ,spani% ,*apel1 #acfe4 ,b ,giotto 0 soon to r5\nce ! facile me?od ( diffuse & g5ial n>rative 9 favor ( a concise & massive /yle1 ak9 to sculptur$ relief1 & deeply influ5c$ by ! antique4 ,! ar*es & ! columns ( ,imp]ial ,rome are tea*+ _! sil5t lesson1 ! simple & noble =ms ( ,cavall9i & 8 nameless rivals %[ h[ pa9t+ may vie ) sculpture 9 s5se ( mass & reality4 ,) ! problem ( ! repres5tation ( mass on a flat surface1 ,giotto wre/l$ eag]ly & triumphantly4 ,) a g5ius t few pa9t]s h equall$1 he grasp$ ! tru? t ! figure pa9t]'s problem ( repres5t+ space is *iefly t ( emphatically sugge/+ mass4 ,if y conv9ce ! eye ( ! tangibility ( y\r objects1 ! m9d w supply elb[ room & air to brea!4 ,x isn't necess>y to simulate a box1 z ! ,si5ese pa9t]s (t5 did4 ,! pa9t] :o c give a conv9c+ s5se ( mass may h&le accessories & p]spective ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 accord+ to ! inn] law ( 8 design4 ,! pa9t] :o ?9ks fir/ ( 8 space is 9 e way m b\nd to ! small] probabilities4 ,mu* ?9k+ ( ?is sort mu/ h be5 done by ,giotto be=e he work$ out 8 new /yle at ,padua4 ,aft] 8 return f ,rome1 ,giotto soj\rn$ = a "t 9 ,flor5ce1 & 9 #acjd or !reab\ts pa9t$ ! gigantic ,madonna =m]ly 9 ! ,tr9it1 ,figure #ac4 ,x is impressive 9 mass1 admirable 9 ! int5t expression ( ! att5dant angels1 ri* 9 color1 b ! great figure is unhappily cr[d$ by ! canopy4 ,giotto is /ill a bit unc]ta9 z to ! r5d]+ ( space1 & makes a good if unpleas+ ef=t to sugge/ dep? despite ! limitations ( a gold backgr\nd4 ,) all its nobility & t5d]ness1 ?is is by no means s good a decoration z ! great ,madonna by ,cimabue1 ,figure #d1 :i* hangs ne>by 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,) ! problems ( space & mass1 ,giotto 0 soon to cope triumphantly4 ,a weal?y citiz5 ( ,padua1 ,enrico ,scrovegni1 0 plann+ a new *apel to ! ,virg9 ,annunciate4 ,d\btless he wi%$ ! repose ( 8 fa!r's s\l1 = 8 fa!r _h be5 a notori\s usur]4 ,dante incont95tly puts him 9 hell ) o!r pr(ite]s4 ,enrico ,scrovegni built 8 *apel ne> ! ru9s ( a ,roman ar5a & d$icat$ x ,m>* #be1 #acje4 ,! ,ar5a ,*apel 0 a brick box1 b>rel vault$ )9--a magnific5t space = a fresco pa9t]4 ,giotto spread ^u x ! noble/ cycle ( pictures kn[n to ,*ri/ian art4 ,ov] ! *ancel ar* he pa9t$ ! ,et]nal1 surr\nd$ by sway+ angels1 & li/5+ to ! c\nt]-pleas ( ,ju/ice & ,m]cy conc]n+ doom$ mank9d1 ) ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel s]5ely await+ ! message t %\ld br+ ,*ri/ to ,m>y's womb & salvation to e>?4 ,?is is ! ,prologue4 ,opposite on ! entrance wall is ! ,epilogue--a la/ judgm5t1 ) ,*ri/ en?ron$ z ,supreme ,judge amid ! ,apo/les1 & ! j be+ p>t$ f ! wick$4 ,amid ! j y may see ,enrico ,scrovegni pres5t+ ! *apel to ?ree angels4 ,! side walls are rul$ (f into ?ree r[s ( pictures1 ) ornate bord] b&s & a basem5t ( sculpturesque figures symboliz+ ! sev5 virtues & vices4 ,! /ory reads d[n f above4 ,bel[ ! azure vault & /ill a little 9 ! curve are ! /ories ( ! ,*ildhood ( ! ,virg9--no?+ 9 ! *apel m simple & /ately ?an ^!4#aj ,! middle c\rse is devot$ to ! e>ly de$s ( ,*ri/1 f 8 bir? to ! expulsion ( ! money l5d]s f ! temple4 ,! l[] r[ depicts ,8 ,passion end+ ) ! ,miracle ( ,p5teco/4 ,mu* lat] a disciple ( ,giotto complet$ ! /ory ) ! la/ days ( ! ,virg91 9 ! ,*oir4 ,?us ! n>rative 9 its broade/ s5se is a life ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 includ+ t ( h] ,div9e ,son1 & bo? lives are br\ght into an et]nal s*eme ( ?+s by ! prologue1 :i* %[s a rel5t+ ,god1 & ! ,epilogue :i* %[s a n[ rel5tless ,*ri/ aw>d+ bliss & woe to ! race = all et]nity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,giotto4 ,madonna ,en?ron$4--,uffizi4 ,! fir/ impression ( a visitor to ! *apel w be a feel+ ( awe qualifi$ by joy 9 ! lovelie/ ( colors4 ,! :ites ( ! classical drap]ies dom9ate4 ,!y are %ot ) rose1 or pale blue1 or grey gre54 ,c]ta9 old enamels h ! same quality ( mak+ ! mo/ spl5did crimsons1 blues1 & gre5s seem m]ely foils to =egr\nd masses ( :ite :i* seem to include by implication all ! positive colors4 ,x is ?is bright & orig9al color s*eme balanc+ crimsons & azures ) violets & gre5s :i* makes a ?+ ( beauty out ( :at w\ld o!rwise be a /ilt$ *eck]bo>d arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac;a4 ,/4 ,joa*im & ,/4 ,anna at ! ,beautiful ,giotto ,gate4--,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,giotto4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt4--,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,next ! eye w realize spl5did p gravely occupi$ ) solemn acts4 ,!re is ! /range/ bl5d ( passion & decorum4 ,see ! eag] old man :o clut*es 8 wife be=e a massive city gate :ile %e c>esses him t5d]ly1 ,figure #ac;a1 note ! firm g5tl5ess ( ! be>d$ prie/ :o h&les a scream+ baby be=e ! alt>1 m>k ! s5se ( /ra9 & hurry :]e a "m & *ild m\nt$ on an ass1 ,figure #ad1 are pu%$ & dragg$ along by an old man & att5dants4 ,or aga91 :at s9i/] p[] 9 ! sc5e :]e ?ree ,jewi% magi/rates press money ^u a hagg>d1 be>d$1 n]v\s man4 ,y d n ne$ ! bat-l demon prompt+ him to "k t x is ! ar*-traitor ,judas1 ,figure #ae4 ,!n !re is a /range1 s]5e1 processional composition1 ) ! ,virg9 mov+ homew>d among h] fri5ds to a solemn music1 ,figure #af4 ,x has a rhy?m l ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,p]haps y\r eye w fix longe/ on ! sc5e :]e ab\t ! pale body ( ! dead ,*ri/ wom5 wail ) out/ret*$ h&s1 or t5d ! brok5 body1 :ile be>d$ m51 accu/om$ to ! h>dness ( life1 /& 9 mute sympa?y ) fold$ h&s1 ,figure #ag4 ,x is :at ! ,gospel ought to look l4 ,h[ ,giotto %[s e feel+1 pu%+ its expression j to ! v]ge1 & !re /opp+1 s t idyl & trag$y1 devotion & wra?1 trea*]y & fealty1 fe> & c\rage1 ea* keeps its prop] & di/+ui%+ aspect1 :ile all are inve/$ 9 a common dignity & nobility4 ,y w p]haps nev] h se5 an art at once s v>i$ & mov+1 & nev]!less s monum5tal1 & y may well be curi\s z to ! me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,giotto4 ,judas betray+ ,*ri/4--,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,y w see readily t ^! compositions are conceiv$ sculpturally4 ,e "o ) ! slighte/ *ange c\ld be cut 9 m>ble4 ,inde$ ! sev5 ,virtues1 ,figure #ah1 & sev5 ,vices imp]sonat$ 9 mono*rome on ! dado ( ! *apel are direct imitations ( sculpture4 ,! figures ?r\gh\t ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 are ( ev5 size1 & usually all on "o plane4 ,! l&scapes & ar*itectural features are arrang$ simply z frames or backgr\nds = ! figure gr\ps4 ,! figures are1 :5ev] ! subject p]mits1 clad 9 drap]y ( a classic ca/4 ,expression is convey$ n mu* by ! faces1 :i* h a uni=m ,go?ic int5tness1 b by ! action ( ! entire figure & especially ( ! h&s4 ,! =ms are r squat & massive1 yet h a homely gracefulness4 ,!re is no?+ l p]spective1 & small reg>d = di/ance1 yet ! figures h conv9c+ bulk & move gravely 9 adequate space4 ,all ?is is due to ! mo/ consummate draughtsman%ip4 ,giotto simplifies 8 see+2 :at he c>es = is ! ?ru/ ( ! %\ld]1 or ! poise ( hip1 ! sw+ ( ! back f ! pelvis1 ! projection ( ! *e/1 ! balance ( ! head on ! neck & its atta*m5t to ! %\ld]s4 ,all ^! ess5tial facts ( mass he repres5ts by ! simple/ l9es ( direction1 by broad masses ( light & %ade1 (t5 m]ely by ! tugg+ l9es 9 drap]y t tell ( ! =m b5ea?4 ,! cave m5 w\ld h und]/ood ,giotto1 & s w\ld ! po/-impressioni/s ( today4 ,concis5ess1 economy1 =ce1 mass--^! are ! te*nical qualities ( ! "w1 z human insight & t5d]ness are its grace4 ,z ! great analytical critic ,b]n>d ,b]5son has well rem>k$1 ?is pa9t+ makes ! /ronge/ possible appeal to our tactile s5se1 /irr+ p[]fully all our memories ( t\*1 & pres5t+ ! pa9t$ indications z s _m swiftly grasp$ clues to reality4 ,we h to d ) a magnific5tly conceiv$ %or?&4 ,no arti/ be=e or s9ce has made a great] exp5diture ( m9d or a*iev$ a m notable inv5tiv5ess ?an ,giotto 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,giotto4 ,! ,virg9 return+ f h] w$d+4--,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,giotto4 ,lam5tation ov] ,*ri/4--,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,x 0 d$icat$ ,m>* #be1 #acje1 ,giotto be+ ne>ly =ty ye>s old1 & x 0 probably n completely pa9t$ on ! day ( d$ication1 s9ce _m drap]ies 7 borr[$ f ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 to cov]1 presumably1 ! /ill unpictur$ p>ts ( ! walls4 ,giotto liv$ "s f\r ye>s 9 ,padua1 br\ght 8 family !re1 receiv$ ! exil$ poet ,dante & ) him jok$ n too decor\sly ab\t 8 own ugl9ess & t ( 8 *ildr54 ,x seems likely en\gh1 ?\gh n c]ta91 t he foll[$ ! bani%$ ,pope to ,avignon ab\t #acji1 & sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,s\!rn ,france4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t he 0 aga9 9 ,flor5ce by #acab1 & t1 hav+ f\nd 8 own solution ( ! problem ( mass 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 he !reaft] re/$ com=tably on 8 discov]y1 nev] 0 q z /r5u\s aga91 & sp5t 8 lat] ye>s at a new problem--t ( decorative symmetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,giotto4 ,hope4--,ar5a1 ,padua4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t t[>ds a sweet] & m complex /yle 0 made 9 ! cross vaults ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,assisi1 imm$iately above ! tomb ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,! subjects 7 ! ?ree virtues ( ! ,franciscan v[--,pov]ty1 ,*a/ity1 & ,ob$i5ce--) a ,/4 ,francis 9 a glory ( angels4 ,9 ^! great triangul> compositions1 allegory & symbolism run riot1 & we d well to recall ,hazlitt's %rewd rem>k on ,sp5s]'s 8,fa]y ,que5e0--8! allegory w n bite40 ,inde$ "o might =get x = ! radiance ( ! azures1 moss-gre5s1 rose p9ks1 & deep] violets1 = ! delightful contra/ ( ! freely compos$ gr\ps ) ! intricate geometrical =mality ( ! ri* bord]s4 ,yet to ignore ! allegory completely w\ld be to =get ! ma/]'s int5tion4 ,we may savor x be/ 9 ! great composition3 ,/4 ,francis ,m>ries 8 ,lady ,pov]ty1 ,figure #ah;a4 ,! bridal gr\p /&s on a c5tral crag1 ,*ri/ s]v+ z prie/1 ,/4 ,francis slipp+ a r+ on ! gaunt h& ( a hagg>d1 yet /rangely fasc9at+ bride clo!d 9 a s+le ragg$ g>m5t4 ,h] b>e feet %[ ?r\gh a crisply drawn & blossomless rose tree4 ,two ur*9s at ! foot ( ! little cliff /& ready to /one s unseemly a bride4 ,f ! c5tral gr\p to "r & left1 e>ne/ gr\ps ( angels spread 9 a desc5d+ curve4 ,9 ! l[] angle1 left1 a "y man gives 8 ri* cloak to an old begg>1 :ile an angel po9ts to ! bridal3 ,pov]ty is accept$4 ,at ! l[] "r corn]1 ano!r angel attempts to deta9 a "y man :o passes ) a ge/ure ( contempt 9 ! company ( two portly prie/s3 ,pov]ty is reject$ by su*4 ,f ! apex ( ! great triangle1 ! h&s ( ,god desc5d to welcome two angels1 "o ( :i* (f]s ! cloak giv5 to ! begg>1 & ! o!r a model ( ! *ur* :i* is ! spl5did cov]+ = ! body ( ! ,sa9t4 ,! fanta/ic beauty ( ?is & its companion pieces c only be appreciat$ on ! spot4 ,no frescoes ( ,italy surpass ^! = lovel9ess ( color & p]fection ( condition4 ,x is ! mo/ beautiful pictur$ ,go?ic ceil+ 9 ! _w1 p]haps ! mo/ fanta/ically beautiful ( all figur$ ceil+s :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah;a4 ,giotto4 ,/4 ,francis' ,my/ic ,m>riage ) ,pov]ty4--,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,because ! figures are a little slight & ! expression a bit s5tim5taliz$1 & ! proportions r arbitr>ily h&l$ to meet ! exig5cies ( ! curv$ spaces1 _m good critics1 includ+ ,v5turi & ,b]5son1 d5y ^! compositions to ,giotto4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ,/4 ,francis 9 ,glory1 is cle>ly ( inf]ior design & quality4 ,= ! o!rs1 x seems to me t ! designs c only be by ,giotto1 :ile ! execution is mo/ly by a *>m+ assi/ant ^: "w 9 ?is ceil+ & else:]e 9 ?is *ur* makes u wi% we knew 8 "n4 ,no middle-ag$ pa9t] ( e/abli%$ repute 0 likely to und]take p]sonally ! dirty & fatigu+ "w ( pa9t+ a ceil+ 9 fresco4 ,if we are "r 9 suppos+ t ,giotto may h design$ ?is ceil+1 %ortly aft] 8 return f ,avignon1 say1 aft] #acab1 he w\ld h be5 t[>ds fifty ye>s old1 & provid$ ) a %op-/aff ( well-tra9$ assi/ants4 ,f ?is "t on1 inde$1 we may assume t he r direct$ ! "w ( o!rs ?an pa9t$ himself4 ,su* a view w p]mit u to accept z s*ool works _m f9e pictures ! design ( :i* a too /rict criticism has d5i$ to ,giotto4 ,= example1 ! admirable ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 seems to me completely design$ by ,giotto1 & ! logical next /ep aft] ! ,franciscan allegories1 ?\gh !re c be little actual pa9t+ by ! ma/] on ! panel1 & 8 p]sonal contribution may h be5 limit$ to a small work+ draw+4 ,inde$ ! only "o ( ! lat] panels :i* seems to %[ ?r\gh\t 8 actual h&iwork is ! lovely ,dormition ( ! ,virg9 at ,b]l91 ,frontispiece1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,ognissanti4 ,at ab\t ?is p]iod ,i ?9k we may set ! sev]al crucifixes 9 ,flor5t9e *ur*es1 )\t inquir+ too n>r[ly :e!r !y are by ! ma/] or by s*ol>s4 ,giotto has develop$ a s+ul>ly noble type4 ,! ,*ri/ is no long] contort$ 9 agony z 9 ! crucifixes by ,cimabue4 ,he is dead1 ) 8 head quietly sunk on ! p[]ful brea/1 & ! body relax$4 ,! conception is humani/ic4 ,"o feels *iefly ! pity ( /ret*+ t glori\s ?+ t is a man's body on a cross4 ,probably ! e>lie/ ( ^! crucifixes is t at ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 :ile ! f9e/ is at ,san ,felice4 ,ab\t #acbj we may set ! dismemb]$ ancona1 pa9t$ = ,c>d9al ,gaetano ,/efanes*i1 :i* orig9ally /ood on ! high alt> ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome4 ,! t>ni%$ fragm5ts :i* y may /ill see 9 ! sacri/y1 are m spl5did 9 color ?an any o!r temp]a pa9t+ :atsoev]4 ,probably only ! c5tral panels1 ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,pet] en?ron$1 are f ,giotto's h&1 ! side panels repres5t+ ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] & ,paul may well be bo? design$ & execut$ by ! accompli%$ assi/ant :o c>ri$ out ! allegories at ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,giotto4 ,nam+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4--,p]uzzi ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce4 ,s f> we h se5 ,giotto a w&]]4 ,assisi1 ,rome1 ,padua1 ,rim9i1 delight$ to d him honor1 b app>5tly ,flor5ce _h claim$ few works f 8 h&4 ,we h record ( frescoes 9 ! ,badia :i* may h be5 e>ly works4 ,x 0 ! decoration ( ,arnolfo's great ,franciscan *ur* ( ,santa ,croce t f9ally recall$ ,giotto & evok$ 8 mo/ accompli%$ "w4 ,he complet$ 9 ! transepts ( ,santa ,croce f\r *apels & z _m alt>-pieces4 ,! frescoes 7 :ite-wa%$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & ! panels brok5 up & lo/4 ,b 9 ! la/ c5tury ! :ite-wa% 0 scrap$ (f f two ( ! *apels1 & !re we may see1 s f> z defacem5t & repa9t+ p]mit1 ! ma/]pieces ( ! e>ly ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,we may reasonably guess ! date ( ?is "w to be some:]e ab\t #acbj1 ,giotto be+ ne>ly sixty4 ,9 ! *apel ma9ta9$ by t noble family1 ! ,p]uzzi1 ,giotto spread on ! side walls ?ree /ories f ! life ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & z _m m f t ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,! figures are sup]b1 magi/]ial 9 pose2 ! drap]ies gr& & ample aft] ! classical fa%ion4 ,^u bulk & relief !re is less insi/5ce ?an at ,padua4 ,giotto has pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age z reg>ds =m1 is less /r5u\s & m at 8 ease4 ,no?+ is m /ately 9 ! *apel ?an ! pres5tation ( ! infant ,bapti/ to 8 fa!r1 :o is tempor>ily /rick5 ) dumbness1 ,figure #ai4 ,simeon gravely writes ! "n ,john2 ,elizabe? ) h] ador+ gr\p ( att5dants c>efully (f]s ! vivaci\s *ild to 8 fa!r's gaze4 ,! ge/ures are sl[1 def9ite1 det]m9$4 ,! gr\p beautifully fills ! squ>e space )\t cr[d+ x4 ,! composition1 unlike ! widely spac$ ,paduan designs1 is drawn toge!r into a mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,giotto4 ,resuscitation ( ,drusiana by ,/4 ,john4--,p]uzzi ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce4 ,^u ! ,fea/ ( ,h]od ) ,salome mode/ly danc+ ,john ,rusk9#aa has exp5d$ j eulogies 9 ! petulant yet important little book 8,morn+s 9 ,flor5ce40 ,:at is notable 9 ! sc5e is its g5]al decorum & ! pa!tic indecision ( ! weak ,k+4 ,b ! mo/ accompli%$ design z su* is ! miracle ( ! ,resuscitation ( ,drusiana by ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,figure #bj4 ,ev5 ! insc5ation be=e a f9e ,romanesque city is adequately1 if v simply1 realiz$4 ,! ge/ure ( ! apo/le is ( maje/ic p[]1 ! contra/ ( ! massive1 upright1 column> =ms ( ! eld]s1 ) ! %>ply b5t =ms ( ,drusiana1 h] m\rn]s & bi] be>]s1 is admirably inv5t$1 & ! dra/ic portraiture ( a cripple at ! left adds a tang ( reality :ile 9 no wise detract+ f ! dignity ( ! sc5e4 ,we h a "w 9 ! gr& /yle1 massively conceiv$1 w>mly felt1 wr\ght into an elaborate & satisfy+ symmetry4 ,! ,asc5sion ( ,/4 ,john has an ev5 grav] & m ample rhy?m4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,raphael & ,titian w h little to add to ?is except ! m9or graces4 ,9 ! adjo9+ *apel ( ! ,b>di family1 ,giotto1 a little lat]1 ,i believe1 pa9t$ six /ories ( ,/4 ,francis1 & f\r figures ( ! great ,franciscan sa9ts1 ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france1 ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se1 ,/4 ,cl>e1 & ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y4 ,ov] ! entrance ar* he set an animat$ picture ( ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! /igmata1 ! w\nds ( ! ,savi\r4 ,ne>ly ?irty ye>s e>li] he _h done ?is subject = ! ,*ur* at ,assisi1 & 9 an alt>-piece :i* has pass$ f ,pisa to ! ,l\vre4 ,by comp>+ ! rigid1 angul> figures ( ! e>li] composition & _! ill-adju/$ accessories1 ) ?is easy & beautifully balanc$ arrangem5t1 y may see h[ f> ,giotto _h gone 9 ! direction ( grace1 & y w n fail also to note h[ mu* m tragic ! e>li] & less calculat$ "w is4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 9 ! ,b>di *apel1 ,giotto conceives ! decoration ( ! side walls z a :ole4 ,f ! po9t$ lunettes above1 ?r\gh ! ?ree compositions on ea* wall1 !re is an ar*itectural axis1 sometimes arbitr>ily impos$1 ab\t :i* ! figures are symmetrically di/ribut$4 ,(t5 ! sc5e is a scre5 ) project+ w+s z 9 ! ,/4 ,francis be=e ! ,sultan ( ,morocco1 or a simil> =e-c\rt1 z 9 ! ,m\rn+ = ,/4 ,francis4 ,x w be well to comp>e ! /ory ( ,/4 ,francis r5\nc+ 8 fa!r1 ,figure #ba1 ) ! same subject at ,assisi4 ,y w recall t ,/4 ,francis1 :5 rebuk$ by 8 fa!r = a ra% & impulsive act ( *>ity1 /ripp$ (f 8 clo!s1 !n ?rew !m at 8 fa!r's feet1 & took refuge "u ! robe ( ! ,bi%op ( ,assisi4 ,9 ! e>li] v]sion ! ar*itectural backgr\nd splits ! composition 9 two1 add+ to its int5sity p]haps1 b displeas+ to ! eye4 ,"h 9 ! late v]sion a f9e build+ se5 9 p]spective bo? unifies ! two gr\ps & s]ves z apex = ! decorative axis ( ! entire side wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,giotto4 ,/4 ,francis r5\nces 8 ,fa!r4 ,comp>e ,,fig4 #i4--;,b>di ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce4 ,m rem>kable /ill is ! contra/ betwe5 ,/4 ,francis ,brav+ ! ,fire ,ordeal be=e ! ,soldan1 ,figure #bb1 z depict$ at ,assisi & ,flor5ce4 ,we h to d n m]ely ) an imm5se advance 9 decorative composition1 ! accessories at ,assisi be+ trivial & fanta/ic2 n m]ely ) progress t[>ds a graci\s symmetry & m massive & impressive =m1 b also ) a complete *ange ( moral po9t ( view4 ,at ,assisi ! ,soldan is an ogre exact+ a cruel te/4 ,! ,moslem prie/s are a c[>dly pack ( magicians ignobly sl9k+ away1 ,/4 ,francis a grim fanatic4 ,at ,flor5ce ! ,soldan is a noble & humane g5tleman1 amaz$ at an unreasonable ordeal =c$ ^u 8 wise m54 ,! ,moslem doctors are spl5did s*ol>s grudg+ly %r9k+ f an unfair te/1 ,/4 ,francis an al]t little en?usia/ half gloat+ ov] ! confusion he has ?r[n into ! enemy camp4 ,) a by no means or?odox feel+1 old ,giotto1 humani/ic ,giotto1 almo/ seems to take1 or at lea/ to see1 ! pagans' side ( x4 ,he :o _h writt5 a manly poem aga9/ ! excesses & hypocrisies ( ! ,franciscan ideal ( pov]ty1 is n[ capable ( criticiz+ ! m extravagant propag&ism ( ! sa9t himself4 ,x is a criticism t admits all t5d]ness & sympa?y1 z may be se5 9 ! fam\s fresco repres5t+ ! ,m\rn+ ov] ! body ( ,/4 ,francis :ile 8 s\l is translat$ to heav51 ,figure #bc4 ,aga9 ,john ,rusk9 is y\r be/ int]pret] to ?is picture1 :i* aft] all only ne$s to be se54 ,x comb9es all ! qualities = :i* ,giotto _h /riv5--w>m?1 vivacity1 +5uity1 unexpect$ness 9 ! n>rative details2 massiv5ess & dignity ( ! individual =ms2 & a decorative symmetry at once monum5tal1 =mal1 & delightfully v>i$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,giotto4 ,/4 ,francis be=e ! ,soldan4 ,comp>e ,fig4 #aa4--;,b>di ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,giotto4 ,dea? ( ,/4 ,francis4--,b>di ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce4 ,) ?is noble & deeply felt composition we virtually take leave ( ,giotto4 ,= ?\gh he liv$ = _m ye>s yet1 ! works ( 8 old age h l>gely p]i%$4 ,9 ! *apel at ,assisi d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5 are f9e frescoes 9 :i* he surely _h a lead+ "p4 ,f #accj to #accc he work$ at ,naples = ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,anj\4 ,no?+ rema9s f ?is visit except c]ta9 %rewd je/s :i* ! pa9t] ex*ang$ ) ! ,k+4 ,9 #accd ,flor5ce recall$ him1 & made him capomae/ro ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,giotto design$ ! fl[]-l t[] :i* rises lightly beside ! temple ( ,our ,lady ( ! ,fl[]1 inv5t$ & p]haps cut 9 m>ble c]ta9 reliefs on ! base repres5t+ ! crafts ( m51 b did n live to see ! lovelie/ ( bell t[]s f9i%$4 ,! task 0 complet$ by 8 pupil & arti/ic executor1 ,taddeo ,gaddi4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ,giotto conceiv$ va/ compositions ( a religi\s & political sort = ! public build+s ( ! ,commune4 ,!re 7 allegories ( a /rong & weak /ate1 9 ! ,b>gello1 ! prison-=tress ( ! ,capta9 ( ! ,p4 ,^! great symbolical designs are a k9d ( miss+ l9k betwe5 ,giotto & ! panoramic pa9t]s :o foll[$ him4 ,we may f9d an e*o ( ?is lo/ "w 9 ! ,civic ,allegories 9 ! ,palazzo ,pubblico ( ,si5a4 ,^! 7 do+ at ! mom5t ( ,giotto's dea? by a ,si5ese pa9t]1 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti1 :o _h /udi$ ! great ,flor5t9e ma/] dev\tly4 ,no?+ ( ,giotto's late/ phase is left save a few figures 9 ! batt]$ frescoes 9 ! ,b>gello :i* conta9 ! idealiz$ portrait ( y\?ful ,dante1 ,figure #bd1 & ! graci\s ,dormition ( ! ,virg9 at ,b]l91 ,frontispiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,giotto4 ,dante1 trac+ f ! ru9$ fresco 9 ! ,b>gello4 ,j be=e ,giotto di$1 ! tyrant ( ,milan borr[$ him f ,flor5ce4 ,giotto soon return$1 to die e>ly 9 ! ye> #accg1 be+ sev5ty ye>s old4 ,almo/ s+le-h&$ he _h made ,italian pa9t+4 ,he _h l5t life & w>m? to ! cold & academic re=m ( ! ,roman pa9t]s4 ,he _h express$ a maximum ( feel+1 )\t sacrifice ( dignity4 ,he _h work$ out beautiful & impressive =ms ( composition :]e9 symmetry & contra/ met h>moni\sly4 ,he _h ma/]$ ! expression ( mass on a plane surface ) a c]ta9ty & en]gy no arti/ be=e _h ev5 imag9$1 & t few s9ce h equall$4 ,he _h =eca/ & l$ ! way 9 e mann] ( reali/ic figure pa9t+4 ,flor5ce1 :5 true to h]self1 c\ld only repeat ,giotto 9 "o phase or ano!r ( 8 activity4 ,9 h] casual & sprightly mood1 %e c>ries on ! me?od ( ,giotto's /ories ( ,/4 ,francis at ,assisi1 9 my/ical reflection & symbolism %e mu/ build on ! allegories ov] ,/4 ,francis' tomb & on ! lo/ political frescoes2 9 h] mood ( /r5u\s se>* = reality %e c b repeat ! ,paduan *apt] ( ,giotto's /riv+s1 9 r>e mom5ts ( vision & fulfilm5t %e w m]ely beg9 :]e ! ,santa ,croce frescoes ( ,giotto end$4 ,h[ev] ,giotto be rank$1 & p]sonally ,i see no great] arti/ on ! rolls ( hi/ory1 8 is indisputably ! greate/ s+le a*ievem5t2 = no o!r arti/ :o accompli%$ s mu* began ) s little4 ,x 0 no exagg]ation t made ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti reg>d ! adv5t ( ,giotto z ! com+ to life ( an art t _h be5 buri$ = c5turies4 ,x is inde$ ! measur$ classicism ( ,giotto's art t con/itutes its greatness--its sweet & lucid reasonabl5ess1 its rugg$ yet discipl9$ /r5g?4 ,s5eca or ,m>cus ,aurelius w\ld h und]/ood x p]fectly1 z ,giotto himself1 = 8 mell[ wisdom & wit1 w\ld h be5 a welcome visitor at ,horace's ,sab9e f>m4 ,9 8 broad & flexible insight1 8 love ( mank9d1 8 cle> p]ceptions ( aims & ready acceptance ( limitations1 9 8 pa?os )\t exagg]ation1 9 8 con/ructive skill )\t o/5tation1 9 8 simplicity )\t b>5ess1 he is ! au!ntic & indisp5sable l9k betwe5 ! beauty ( ,greece & ,rome & t ( ! ,italian ,gold5 ,age4 ,to "k him is to "k almo/ ev]y?+ t is ne$ful ab\t old] ,european pa9t+1 n to "k him is to lack ! v rudim5ts ( an arti/ic education4 ,giotto left _m foll[]s1#ab n "o ( :om at all und]/ood 8 greatness4 ,l 8 fri5d ,dante1 he 0 di/antly admir$1 b really lov$ only 9 bits4 ,z p]ceptive a p]son z ! arti/ biograph] ,vas>i lavi%es praise ^u ,giotto = 8 m trivial inv5tions--! ,*ri/ ,*ild /ruggl+ out ( ! arms ( ! ,high ,prie/1 = example4 ,s ,giotto's foll[]s pick$ un9tellig5tly f 8 great accompli%m5t1 *oos+ :at ! ma/] himself w\ld lea/ h valu$--8 simple cont\rs )\t 8 significant mass1 8 v>iety & vivacity )\t 8 w>m? & re/ra9t4 ,on _! own acc\nt !y add$ complication4 ,! sp>se economy ( ,giotto's be/ "w c\ld nev] h appeal$ to ,flor5ce at l>ge4 ,some?+ ri*] & gay] 0 want$1 m l ,flor5t9e life itself z x became aft] ! g5]al loos5+ up ( mann]s & morals foll[+ ! plague ( #acdh4 ,its *ronicl]1 ! au?or ( ! 8,decam]on10 fairly repres5ts ! new _s4 ,! be/ ( ! y\ng] pa9t]s h inde$ some?+ ( ,boccaccio's m5tality--8 light t\*1 8 *>m1 8 panoramic ri*ness1 8 fluid & undiscipl9$ grace4 ,?us arises :at ,i may call ! panoramic /yle ( fresco pa9t+--sup]ficial1 full ( episodes & accessories1 /ill religi\s 9 !me1 b mundane 9 _s1 (t5 clev]ly conceiv$1 & v sup]ficially felt4 ,^! arti/s _h grasp$ nei!r ! mean+ ( ,giotto's draw+ nor ! beauty ( 8 decorative =mulas1 !y saw only 8 v>iety & en]gy4 ,mean:ile a great ,si5ese pa9t]1 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti1 a pr(\nd admir] ( ,giotto1 _h work$ out a nobly spectacul> =m ( pa9t+ 9 :i* ! /age sett+ 0 elaborate & reali/ic4 ,he pa9t$ mu* 9 ,flor5ce ab\t #accd & 8 novelties allur$ ! new m54 ,s we f9d fresco pa9t+ t5d+ 9 a sc5ic direction1 & panel pa9t+ foll[+ ! same c\rse m cons]vatively--n m]ely 9 ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 b ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,italy z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,giotto's ,assi/ant at ,assisi4 ,flight into ,egypt4 ,comp>e ,figure #ad4--,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,taddeo ,gaddi4 ,/4 ,joa*im ,meets ,/4 ,anna4 ,comp>e ,,fig4 #ac;a4--,b>oncelli ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce4 ,_m ( ,giotto's imm$iate pupils are m]e names to u4 ,maso1 :om ! sculptor comm5tator ,ghib]ti prais$ = 8 sweetness1 ,/efano :om he dubb$ ! 8ape ( nature10 ,puccio ,capanna--_! "w mu/ be at ,assisi1 b criticism has n succe$$ 9 cle>ly dis5gag+ x4 ,! nameless ma/] :o execut$ ! ,franciscan allegories at ,assisi & design$ ! /ories ( ,*ri/'s y\?ful days1 9 ! adjo9+ "r transept1 is ! mo/ accompli%$ & individual foll[] ( ,giotto4 ,he works = grace1 pa?os1 sumptu\sness1 & decorative bread?4 ,he is a ,giotto ) ! angles rubb$ d[n4 ,by comp>+ ,giotto's ,flight ( ! ,holy ,family to ,egypt1 ) ! lat] v]sion at ,assisi1 ,figure #be1 we may grasp ! diff]5ce betwe5 ma/] & s*ol>4 ,giotto is brusque1 h>%1 noble2 ! flight ?r\gh a rocky defile gives a s5se ( urg5cy & p]il2 ! composition c>ries =w>d l ! ram ( a battle%ip4 ,9 ! v]sion at ,assisi ! flight has become an attractive family excursion ?r\gh a romantic valley2 ! mood is g5tle1 *>m+1 unspecific4 ,a mom5t 9 an epic has be5 att5uat$ into an idyl4 ,?is ma/] nev] fails to express a dreamy sort ( poetry1 & 9 su* compositions z ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 & ! ,calv>y1 he comm&s a g5u9e pa?os4 ,he is exactly :at ,giotto might h be51 _h he skipp$ ! /r5u\s ,paduan phase1 & become a decorator )\t ! prelim9>y discipl9e ( ! draughtsman4 ,!re are reasons = ?9k+ t ?is "w 0 done by a %op assi/ant ( ,giotto's1 :o = _m ye>s direct$ ! decoration ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi 9 ,giotto's /ead4 ,"s ( ! "w 9 ! ,*ildhood ( ,*ri/1 ,i believe1 may be z late z #accj to #acce4 ,taddeo ,gaddi is a m def9ite & less pleas+ p]sonality4 ,he 0 ,giotto's godson & 8 assi/ant = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 presumably f #acac to #accg1 z well z 8 arti/ic executor4 ,:e!r 9 panel or fresco1 he 0 an admirable craftsman2 9 temp]a1 a f9e colori/4 ,8 panels are widely scatt]$1 "s t5 be+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 8 frescoes1 all t we ne$ to note1 are 9 ,santa ,croce4 ,9 ! ,b>oncelli ,*apel1 j aft] ,giotto's dea?1 ,taddeo f9i%$ ^! frescoes ( ! e>ly life ( ! ,virg91 repeat+ !mes :i* ,giotto _h us$ bo? 9 ,padua & else:]e 9 ,santa ,croce itself4 ,8 way ( compet+ ) ,giotto is to /ir & add & mix ?+s up4 ,comp>e ! meet+ ( ,anna & ,joa*im at ! ,beautiful ,gate 9 ! two ma/]s2 ,giotto at ,padua is grave1 noble1 he>tfelt2 h[ he discrim9ates betwe5 ! mascul9e clut* ( ! old husb& & ! t5d] embrace ( ! wife--h[ dra/ic ! conception is1 b also h[ cle> & /ately4 ,poor ,taddeo on ! o!r h& br+s ! sacr$ pair toge!r ) ! b\nce ( a mod]n dance1 ,figure #bf4 ,he br+s no bra9s to be>1 & almo/ no feel+s1 j a sprightly & :olly casual inv5tiv5ess4 ,c]ta9 delightful little panels ) /ories ( ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,francis :i* he did 9 ,giotto's %op = ! doors ( ! sacri/y w>drobes ( ,santa ,croce rem9d u ( ! pity t he ev] ceas$ to be an int]pret] ( a great] man's designs4 ,9 ! fresco ( ,job's trials1 9 ! ,campo ,santo1 ,pisa1 he seems ne>ly a great arti/4 ,conceivably he work$ on designs ( 8 late ma/]4 ,at lea/ he _h a c]ta9 critical s5se1 = at an arti/'s reunion at ,san ,m9iato1 ab\t #acfj1 he told ,&rea ,orcagna & ! re/ ( ! company t pa9t+ _h con/antly decl9$ s9ce ,giotto & 0 decl9+ e day4 ,he transmitt$1 8 s\nd craftsman%ip to a son1 ,agnolo1 :o decorat$ ! ,*oir ( ,santa ,croce ) ! leg5ds ( ! ,cross4 ,he c>ri$ d[n ! panoramic /yle to ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury1 practic+ x ) m ta/e ?an 8 fa!r1 a*iev+ a grace )\t mu* inw>dness or =ce4 ,a lat] contempor>y ( ,giotto's1 ,buonamico ,buffalmacco1#ac seems to h inh]it$ some?+ ( ,giotto's p[]1 b ! id5tification ( 8 "w is v unc]ta91 & he lives = u *iefly z an egregi\s wag 9 ! pages ( ! ,italian /ory writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,giott9o4 ,deposition--,uffizi4 ,f ano!r contempor>y & possibly a s*ol> ( ,giotto1 ,b]n>do ,daddi1 we h _m panel pictures & a few frescoes at ,santa ,croce4 ,he is an admirable craftsman1 & a s9c]e illu/rator1 )9 8 limitations1 apply+ v compet5tly to panel pa9t+ some?+ ( ! panoramic realism ( ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,a prolific arti/1 8 exquisitely f9i%$ little panels are q common4 ,9 ,am]ica are good examples 9 ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society1 9 ! ,platt ,collection1 ,englewood1 & a m monum5tal piece 9 ! ,johnson ,collection1 ,philadelphia4 ,he liv$ well beyond ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,giott9o1 :o possibly is to be id5tifi$ ) ,giotto's pupil ,maso1 is a m delicate _s ) unusual res\rces ( pa?os4 ,8 be/ "w is an alt>-piece ( ! ,deposition1 ,figure #bg1 pa9t$ ab\t #acfj = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,remigio at ,flor5ce & n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,a pref]5ce = isolat$ figures & = v]tical l9es is notewor?y1 z is ! wi/fulness ( ! att5dant donors4 ,simil> qualities ( delicate precision z ( disp]sion are 9 ! frescoes 9 ,santa ,croce :i* repres5t ! ,miracles ( ,pope ,sylve/]4 ,! note is fem99e & r ,si5ese ?an g5u9ely ,flor5t9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,&rea ,orcagna4 ,*ri/ conf]r+ au?ority ^u ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4--,/rozzi ,*apel1 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,outside ( ,giotto's bottega arose ! r>e cont9u]s ( 8 tradition4 ,su* an arti/ fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury 9 ! p]son ( ,&rea di ,cione1 bett] kn[n by 8 nickname ( ,orcagna4 ,he 0 m ( a sculptor & ar*itect ?an a pa9t]1 a man ( dignity & =ce1 a poet & ?9k]4 ,al?\gh n a pupil ( ,giotto1 he /udi$ t ma/]'s "w admir+ly1 & s\ght to reproduce its massiv5ess4 ,its brusqu5ess he l>gely reject$4 ,in/ead ( sket*+ ! drap]ies summ>ily1 he drew ! folds c>efully aft] ! model2 he lik$ to treat ! panel & wall z a :ole1 :]e ,giotto _h accept$ ! tradition ( subdivision2 he gave to 8 faces a great] sweetness & he occasionally attempt$ =e%ort5+s & impetuosities ( ge/ure t ,giotto w\ld h avoid$4 ,unluckily ,orcagna's mo/ important frescoes h p]i%$4 ,we may grasp 8 nobility 9 ! alt>-piece :i* he f9i%$ & dat$ 9 #aceg1 ,figure #bh1 = ! *apel ( ! ,/rozzi family at ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! =mality ( ! composition is notewor?y1 z is ! /ately sweetness ( ! ,madonna4 ,! subject is ,*ri/ delegat+ 8 ,p[] & ,wisdom respectively to ,/4 ,pet] & to ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,9 ! same *apel ! figure ( ,*ri/ lean+ =w>d ov] a cl\d & mak+ ! sublime ge/ure t decrees ! end ( ! _w & ! ,judgm5t ,day1 ,figure #bi1 is probably design$ by ,orcagna1 z are ! l>g] figures bel[4 ,we h "h "o ( ! free/ & gr&e/ conceptions ( ! p]iod4 ,! lovely g>d5-l heav5 & ! qua9t & +5i\s hell on ! side walls are by ,orcagna's bro!r1 ,n>do di ,cione4 ,! mood is less grave ?an ,orcagna's1 v>iety c\nts = m4 ,! heads ( ! sa9ts are ( a mo/ delicate beauty4 ,n>do has _m ( ! qualities ( ! panoramic pa9t]s )\t _! he$lessness4 ,he repres5ts a compromise betwe5 ! sev]ity ( ,giotto & ! diffus5ess ( 8 own day4 ,he work$ indefatigably until #acff1 & 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,jacopo1 & 8 imitator1 ,m>iotto1 cont9u$ ! mann] almo/ into ! new c5tury4 ,orcagna 0 p]haps m v]satile ?an critics h suppos$4 ,rec5tly discov]$ fragm5ts ( frescoes 9 ,santa ,croce1 ,figure #cj1 %[ a dra/ic p[] t no o!r ,flor5t9e possess$4 ,! !me is mis]able folk 9 "t ( pe/il5ce cry+ out to ,dea? to end _! sorr[s4 ,! entire fresco w\ld h %[n ,dea? pass+ !m by & pois+ ! scy! = prosp]\s & happy folk beyond4 ,! :ole sc5e exi/s 9 ! fam\s frescoes ( ! ,pisan ,campo ,santo :i*1 :ile traditionally ascrib$ to ,orcagna1 are unque/ionably ( ,si5ese inspiration4 ,!y w occupy u lat]4 ,orcagna's solit>y position 9 ,flor5ce rem9ds u t arti/ic succession is r>ely f ma/] to pupil1 b f great s\l to great s\l across int]v5+ m$iocrity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,&rea ,orcagna4 ,!y call ,dea? 9 ,va94 ,fragm5t f ru9$ fresco ( ! ,triumph ( ,dea?4--,santa ,croce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,&rea ,orcagna4 ,upp] "p ( ,fresco ( ,la/ ,judgm5t4--,/rozzi ,*apel1 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,giorgio ,vas>i reg>d$ ,gh]>do ,/>n9a 7active be=e #adjj7 z an important l9k betwe5 ,giotto & ! ,r5aissance1 & if ,pr(essor ,suida is "r 9 ascrib+ ! frescoes ( ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,ni*olas 9 ! ,ca/ellani ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce1 to ,/>n9a1 ,vas>i 0 q "r4 ,ab\t ?is my/]i\s pupil ( ,antonio ,v5eziano :o work$ 9 ,spa91 we really "k almo/ no?+4 ,b ! ,/4 ,ni*olas frescoes h a grimness & gravity :i* po9ts back to ,giotto & )al a c>eful fusion ( light & %ade :i* anticipates ,masol9o & ,masaccio4 ,mean:ile ,giotto's own great compositions 9 /ill undim9i%$ spl5dor & impressiv5ess /ood ready to give lessons to ! eye & m9d t c\ld read !m aright4 ,be=e su* lat] panorami/s z ,niccol di ,pietro ,g]9i1 ,m>iotto di ,n>do1 & ,sp9ello ,aret9o 7 gone1 t eye 0 already busy1 9 ! p]son ( a rugg$ little boy ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,vald>no4 ,he may h already be5 call$ ,masaccio = 8 untid9ess4 ,he 0 to rebuild on ,giotto & create ! gr& /yle ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,a m]e catalogue ( ^? pa9t]s :o pursu$ ! panoramic me?od ) ability c h>dly be expect$4 ,"o & all !y foll[$ ! ,si5ese n>rative /yle4 ,prom95t w\ld be c]ta9 incom]s f o!r cities1 ,giovanni da ,milano1 ,antonio ,v5eziano1 & ,sp9ello ,aret9o4 ,^! are typical decorators ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,&rea ,bonaiuti1 ,! ,navicella1 fresco1 closely imitat$ f ,giotto's ,mosaic at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome4--,spani% ,*apel4 ,we d bett] to fix our att5tion ^u ! mo/ rem>kable example ( ! ,flor5t9e panoramic /yle1 ! decoration ( ! ,spani% ,*apel1 ! *apt] h\se atta*$ to ! ,dom9ican ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4#ad ,! "w 0 begun by ,&rea ,bonaiuti 9 ! ye> #acfe1 z we "k f a rec5tly discov]$ docum5t4 ,z decoration x is delightful1 if r sup]ficially s4 ,! arti/ treats 8 spaces z :oles1 decl9+ to cut !m up into oblongs aft] ! e>li] fa%ion4 ,he cov]s 8 great surfaces ) ease & ta/e1 has a knack at illu/ration1 & a f9e s5se ( color4 ,! great ,calv>y ov] ! triumphal ar* imposes f its v va/ness2 ! triangles ( ! cross vault1 includ+ a spirit$ transcript ( ,giotto's ,navicella1 ,figure #ca1 are compos$ ) cl>ity & skill2 ! fam\s composition ( ! ,dom9ican !ologian1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 en?ron$ above ! ,lib]al ,arts & ,sci5ces1 & _! repres5tatives 9 hi/ory1 comb9es an almo/ ,byzant9e =mality & gr&eur ) prett9ess & +5uity 9 details4 ,b ! me?od is bett] %[n 9 ! decoration opposite1 :i* repres5ts ! dual e>?ly p[]s1 ! ,pope & ! ,emp]or1 en?ron$ equally1 & support$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! spiritual ord]s & secul> e/ates1 ,figure #cb4 ,! gr\p :i* symbolizes ! "r gov]nm5t ( society1 accord+ to m$ival ideas1 is set be=e a *ur* :i* q fai?fully %[s :at ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce 0 !n int5d$ to be4 ,high up 9 ! ar* is ! goal ( all e>?ly endeavor--,heav5 ) ,*ri/ en?ron$ amid ! angels2 an alt> ) a lamb be=e ,him1 symboliz+ ,8 sacrifice2 ,8 ,"m kneel+ z int]cessor = mank9d4 ,! ,gate ( ,heav5 ) ,/4 ,pet] 9 att5dance1 is navely set above ! *ur* on a sort ( a]ial raft4 ,bel[ is a novel reali/ic t\*1 ! villa-/udd$ sky l9e ( hills :i* encloses ,flor5ce4 ,! real guide to ,/4 ,pet]'s pres5ce is always a ,dom9ican monk1 usually ,/4 ,dom9ic himself is int5d$--! f\nd] & militant evangeli/ ( ! ord]1 z ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 its sy/ematic !ologian4 ,9 ! l[] range ( ! picture1 ,/4 ,dom9ic confutes ! h]etics1 :o te> _! wick$ books 9 despair4 ,above he va9ly besee*es c>eless g5tlefolk at dalliance 9 an orange grove2 /ill high]1 he leads ! truly p5it5t to ,heav5's gate4 ,at ! foot ! ,dom9i ,canes 7a bad pun = ,dom9icans7 are vigilant4 ,! moral ( ! fresco is1 happy ! _w :i* tru/s its worldly & religi\s bus9ess to ! ,emp]or & ! ,pope1 & its p]sonal religi\s problems to ! ,dom9icans4 ,x is a k9d ( glorifi$ po/] = ! ord]4 ,9 its sprightl9ess1 v>iety1 complication & facile *>m1 x is a f9e example ( ! panoramic /yle4 ,x lacks e quality ( s]i\sness :e!r z a composition or 9 ! draw+ ( ! figures4 ,b its fairy tale pr(us5ess & ease h made x ev] s9ce x 0 pa9t$1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> decorations 9 ,italy4 ,its success %[s ! k9d ( ta/e ) :i* ! few discipl9$ arti/s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury _h to cont5d4 ,su* ob/acles h ev] be5 ! fate ( ! arti/ :o c>es en\gh = 8 art to practice x au/]ely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,&rea ,bonaiuti4 ,dom9ican ,allegory ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,fresco4--,spani% ,*apel4 ,"w ( ! facile & sup]ficial "* ( ! ,spani% ,*apel ,flor5ce produc$ 9 abundance = two g5]ations aft] ,giotto's dea?4 ,8 fai?ful b dull disciple1 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 z we h se51 gloomily =esaw ! d[nfall ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,b z 9 a great p]sonality ! recreations & ev5 dissipations seldom p]man5tly eclipse ! great] purpose1 s ,flor5ce 0 big en\gh to indulge = a "t h] weak] side4 ,_h ,taddeo ,gaddi be5 m intellig5t1 or ev5 m hopeful1 he w\ld h se5 t new ma/]s mu/ arise1 & t !re w\ld soon be pictures 9 ,flor5ce at :i* ,giotto come back to e>? w\ld gaze ) t humility ) :i* he _h once view$ ! m>ble gods ( ,rome1 ) t und]/&+ sympa?y :i* he _h borne to all 8 fell[ mortals4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,! ,,dignity ,,& ,,weal? ,,( ,,old ,,flor5ce ,giovanni ,villani1 ,hi/orie1 ,,xii1 #d1 regrets ! pass+ ( decorum ) ! adv5t ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,duke ( ,a!ns 9 #acdb1 b weal? increas$4 8,=m]ly ! clo?+ & co/umes ( ! ,flor5t9es 0 ! mo/ beautiful1 noble & di/+ui%$ ( any nation1 9 ! mann] ( ! toga$ ,romans40 ,evid5tly ! look ( ?+s favor$ ! art ( a ,giotto4 ,9 book ,,xi1 *4 #ia-ic1 ,villani gives rem>kable & q mod]n /ati/ics :i* ,i p>aphrase & quote1 9 "p f ! ,giunta edition1 ,v5ice1 #aeei4 ,! "t is ab\t #acdj4 8,we f\nd by dilig5ce t 9 ^! times !re 7 9 ,flor5ce #be1jjj m5 fit to be> arms1 f #ae to #gj ye>s old1 among :om !re 7 #aejf nobles4444 ,!re 7 !n 9 ,flor5ce #fe fully equipp$ knights1 ?\gh be=e ! middle class :i* n[ rules 0 organiz$1 !re 7 m ?an #bej knights4444 ,!re 0 e/imat$ to be #ij1jjj 444 m51 wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! city4 ,!re is suppos$ to be g5]ally 9 ! city #a1ejj =eign]s1 travell]s1 & soldi]s n c\nt+ 9 ! population ! cl]gy1 monks1 & nuns4444 ,9 ! outly+ di/ricts are suppos$ to be #hj1jjj p4 ,we h f\nd f ! rector :o baptizes ! *ildr5 7s9ce = e male :o 0 baptiz$ 9 ,san ,giovanni--9 ord] to h ! c\nt--0 dropp$ a black bean1 & = e female a :ite7 t = e ye> 9 ^! times !re 7 f #e1hjj to #f1jjj1 ! males g5]ally exce$+ by #cjj to #ejj a ye>4 8,we f9d t ! boys & girls at prim>y s*ool 7 f #h1jjj to #aj1jjj4 ,! boys :o /udy ! abacus 7calculation7 & arabic numb]s1 9 six s*ools1 f #a1jjj to #a1bjj4 ,& ^? :o are le>n+ ,lat9 gramm> & logic1 9 f\r great s*ools1 f #eej to #fjj4 8,! *ur*es1 :i* 7 !n 9 ,flor5ce & 9 ! suburbs1 c\nt+ ! abbeys1 & mona/ic *ur*es1 we f9d to be #aaj1 ( :i* #eg1 p>i% *ur*es 444 #e abbeys & two priories ) #hj monks1 #bd conv5ts ( nuns1 ) m ?an #ejj wom51 #aj fri>ies ) m ?an #gjj fri>s1 #cj hospitals ) m ?an #ajjj b$s to lodge ! poor & infirm1 & f #bej to #cjj *apla9 prie/s4 8,! %ops ( ! clo? mak]s 7arte della lana7 7 #bjj & m1 & !y made f #gj1jjj to #hj1jjj bolts1 at a value ( m ?an #a1bjj1jjj gold flor9s1 al?\gh fully a ?ird "p /aid 9 ! city = ! work]s1 )\t ga9 = ! clo? h&l]s1 & ! work]s are m ?an #cj1jjj p]sons4444 8,! w>eh\ses ( ! art ( ! ,calimala1 = ! ,fr5* & transalp9e clo?1 7 #bj1 :i* br\ght 9 p] ye> m ?an #aj1jjj bolts ( a value ( #cjj1jjj gold flor9s1 all ( :i* 0 sold 9 ,flor5ce4444 ,banks ( money *ang]s #hj4444 ,%ops ( bootmak]s 444 #cjj4 ,! college ( judges1 f #hj to #ajj4 ,& not>ies f #fjj up1 doctors ( physic & surg]y #fj1 & druggi/s' %ops #ajj4444 8,! great] "p ( ! well-to-d1 ri*1 & noble citiz5s ) _! families1 /aid 9 ! c\ntry = f\r mon?s1 & "s1 m1 a ye>40444 8,o!r dignities & magnific5ces ( our city ( ,flor5ce ,i %\ld n fail to br+ to memory1 = in=mation ( su* z %all come aft] u4 ,x 01 )91 well built ) _m beautiful palaces & h\ses1 & 9 ^! times !y 7 cont9ually demoli%+1 ?us bett]+ ! build+ by mak+ x m com=table & ri*1 br++ 9 f outside ! examples = e sort ( bett]m5t & beauty4 ,*ur*es1 ca!drals1 fri>ies ( e rule1 mona/]ies1 magnific5t & ri*4 ,fur!rmore1 !re 0 no citiz5 :o did n h a c\ntry place1 great or small1 :i* 0 n ri*ly built1 inde$ f> great] build+s ?an 9 ! city2 & e citiz5 s9n$ by inord9ate sp5d+1 :5ce !y 7 ?\ght crazy4 ,b x 0 s magnific5t a ?+ to see1 t a =eign]1 n us$ to com+ 91 believ$1 because ( ! ri* /ructures = ?ree miles ab\t1 t x 0 all "o city aft] ! mann] ( ,rome1 n to m5tion ! ri* palaces1 t[]s1 c\rt y>ds1 t]rac$ g>d5s1 /ill fur!r f ! city1 :i* 9 any o!r c\ntry w\ld h be5 call$ ! rural di/ricts4 ,9 %ort "o w\ld h ?\ght t )9 six miles ( ! city 7 m ri* & noble inhabitants1 ?an1 tak+ !m toge!r1 two ,flor5ces c\ld h produc$4 ,& let ?is suffice = tell+ ( ! facts ( ,flor5ce40 ,,giotto',s ,,view ,,( ,,franciscan ,,pov]ty ,giotto's humani/ic deta*m5t f ! ,franciscan doctr9e ( volunt>y pov]ty is well illu/rat$ 9 8 poem :i* is quot$ 9 "p f ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti's translation4 ,! orig9al is 9 ,g4 ,milanesis' edition ( ,vas>i1 ,le ,vite1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,flor5ce #ahgh1 pp4 #dbf-h4 8,_m !re are1 prais]s ( ,pov]ty2 ,! :i* z man's be/ /ate is regi/]'d ,:5 by free *oice pref]r'd1 ,) /rict obs]vance1 hav+ no?+ "h4 ,= ?is !y f9d c]ta9 au?ority ,wr\ght ( an ov]-nice int]pret+4 ,n[ z conc]ns su* ?+1 ,a h>d extreme to me x do? appe>1 ,:i* to comm5d ,i fe>1 ,= seldom are extremes )\t "s vice1 ,let e edifice1 ,( "w or ^w1 secure f\ndation f9d2 ,aga9/ ! pot5t w9d1 ,& all ?+s p]il\s1 s well prep>$-- ,t x ne$s no correction aft]w>d40 ,a ,,contract ,,) ,,orcagna ,,= ,,! ,,alt>-,,piece ,,( #aceg ,tommaso di ,rossello ,/rozzi left a r\gh note ( ! t]ms ( ! contract = ! alt>-piece ( 8 *apel4 ,d\btless ! actual contract 0 mu* full]4 ,! m9ute is publi%$ by ,filippo ,bald9ucci1 ,op]e1 ,milano #ahaa1 ,vol ,,iv4 p4 #cig4 8,h]e) is to be writt5 on my "p & ,&rea call$ ,orcagna t ,i ,tommaso di ,rossello a=esaid h giv5 to pa9t = ! alt>-piece :i* is made = ! alt> ( ! *apel 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ( a bread? ( five braccia1 #a sol4 ov] #aj feet !re or !reab\ts4 ,! a=esaid ,&rea is to pa9t 9 f9e & spl5did colors2 & gold1 silv] & ev]y?+ else are truly to be us$ 9 ! entire panel & p9nacles1 t is gold leaf4 ,only 9 ! side columns may silv] be us$4444 ,& ) z _m figures z direct$ by me ,tommaso x %all be complet$4 ,& ! said panel to be entirely pa9t$ by 8 own h&4 8#a #ced 9 tw5ty mon?s4444 8,%\ld x come ab\t t ! a=esaid ,&rea %\ld n give x to u complet$ & pa9t$40 8,he %\ld pay me = e additional week t he works at ! pa9t+ z x %all seem "r to ! judgm5t ( ! "h nam$ arbitrators40444 8,%\ld x come to m ?an ! a=esaid price1 we w take ! judgm5t ( ,c>lo1 ,paolo & ,fra ,jacopo40 ,su* is approximately ! s5se ( ?is v difficult & q gramm>less annotation ( ,tommaso ,/rozzi4 ,! arbitrators mu/ h _h occasion to act1 = ! panel is dat$ #aceg1 two ye>s aft] ! promis$ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,madonna ( ,san ,francesco4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,si5a ,,& ,,! ,,cont9u+ ,,( ,,! ,,m$i,,val ,,/yle ,on ! ,romantic in/ability ( ,si5a--,fidelity to ,byzant9e ,ideals--,guido1 ,coppo1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,alt>-front ( ,/4 ,pet]--,duccio & 8 great ,maje/y ( ! ,madonna--,8 tw(old t5d5cy3 to elaborat$ /ag$ n>rative2 to sp>se & exquisite decoration--,simone ,m>t9i & ! ,ideali/ic *ivalric /yle--,! ,bro!rs ,lor5zetti & ! popul> panoramic /yle--,second half ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury--,! ,fifte5? ,c5tury3 ,sassetta & ,giovanni de ,paolo--,matteo1 ,b5v5uto & ,n]occio--,! ,r5aissance & ! d[nfall ( ! ,s*ool1 ,francesco di ,giorgio1 ,sodoma4 ,z y ent] ,si5a by ! wide ,camollia gate y w read 9 ,lat9 8,si5a op5s h] ,he>t /ill wid] to !e03--,cor magis tibi ,s5a p&it4 ,?us ,si5a av[s h]self ! city ( ! he>t4 ,:]e ,flor5ce /udi$ & calculat$1 %e mus$ & dream$2 :]e ,flor5ce 0 solid1 %e 0 volatile4 ,= unrew>d+ idealisms %e _h a k9d ( g5ius4 ,long aft] ! o!r ,italian communes _h se5 x 0 wor/ possible bus9ess to support ! emp]or1 ,si5a 0 fai?ful to t lo/ cause4 ,e few ye>s %e *ang$ h] =m ( gov]nm5t1 & seldom = ! bett]4 ,m]rymak+ & pageantry 7 univ]sal 9 old ,italy1 b ,si5a alone _h a ,sp5d?rift ,club 7,brigata ,sp5d]eccia7 devot$ to cont9ual pleasure1 & a poet1 ,folgore da ,san ,gemignano1 to celebrate its gaieties4 ,si5a 0 ard5t 9 incon/ant fa%ion4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ad? c5tury 0 f\nd a nude m>ble ,v5us s beautiful t x 0 set up 9 ! great squ>e & ?rong$ ) admir]s4 ,!n ! w> ) ,flor5ce w5t badly1 & at a few words f a pi\s fanatic1 ! citiz5ry sma%$ up ! image & secretly buri$ ! bits on ,flor5t9e soil to br+ bad luck to ! foe4 ,naturally no bad luck ensu$ to ,flor5ce1 b ,si5a _h enjoy$ two delightful emotional crises4 ,y w see :y ,si5a nev] c\ld produce a reali/ic art1 any m ?an ,irel& has produc$ "o4 ,h] eye 0 n on ! object b on h] own /ate ( m9d4 ,?us ,flor5ce w produce hi/orians1 sci5ti/s1 & politicians1 :ile ,si5a w produce sa9ts & miracles4 ,amid ?is romantic incon/ancy1 ! cont9u+ ?read 0 ! cult ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,no o!r city ?\ght s delicately ( h]1 & no o!r art has repres5t$ h] s ideally4 ,_h %e n sav$ ! city8 ,9 #abei ! ,flor5t9e ,guelfs & _! allies m>*$ ) ov]:elm+ =ce to ! v gates ( ,si5a4 ,ru9 0 imm95t & despair abroad1 :5 by a common impulse ! populace m>*$ p5it5tly to ! ,ca!dral & be=e ! rude picture ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 solemnly committ$ ! city into h] h&s4 ,9 ec/acy ( r5ew$ fai? ! inf]ior army ( ,si5a fell ^u ! invad]s at ,montap]ti & utt]ly r\t$ !m4 ,9 gratitude ,si5a rema9$ ! city ( ! ,virg94 ,:5 9 #acaj ! pa9t] ,duccio replac$ ! rude effigy ( ! ,madonna ( ,victory ) "o ( ! f9e/ ,madonnas kn[n to art1 ,fig4 #cg1 ! :ole city susp5d$ bus9ess & escort$ ! picture f ! /udio to ! ,ca!dral ) hymns & litanies 9 honor ( _! div9e patroness4 ,n[h]e else has pa9t+ paid su* homage to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 o!r cities x 0 en\gh to repres5t h] en?ron$ ) a h&ful ( angels or sa9ts 9 att5dance4 ,! ,si5ese pa9t]s multipli$ ! cele/ial escort until x became a heav5ly c\rt ov] :i* ! ,"m ( ,god presides 9 sweet maje/y4 ,si5a also grasp$ at ! !n n q or?odox subject ( ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 into ,heav54 ,y see h] sl5d] =m ris+ amid a glory ( angels m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! !me 0 common else:]e4 ,^! brief h9ts w tell ( ! temp] ( ,si5a4 ,y w n expect su* a city to be l ,flor5ce1 int]e/$ 9 facts & *>m$ by ! human spectacle4 ,%e w be r engross$ ) ! beauty ( old leg5ds & 9 r>e =w>d-look+ mom5ts conc]n$ ) h] own dev\t imag9+s4 ,%e w n wi% ! sa9ts to be l ! p "o kn[s1 b l d5iz5s ( "s div9e1 f>-(f fairyl&4 ,h] pa9t+ w n be humani/ic b ( an unworldly idealism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,guido ( ,si5a4 ,madonna4--,uffizi4 ,su* be+ ! temp] ( ,si5a1 h] arti/s1 unlike ^? ( ,flor5ce1 _h no qu>rel ) ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,its spl5did irreality only ne$$ to be made flexible & graci\s4 ,si5a has really no new ideas to express1 m]ely feel+s m t5d] & exquisite4 ,h] pictorial re=ms are rev]5t & gradual1 backw>d-look+1 m$ival4 ,h] art f #acjj to #aejj1 z lovely )9 its n>r[ limits z ! clos$ g>d5 ( ! ,virg91 has ! great int]e/ ( tea*+ u :at capacities = gr[? lay 9 ! m$ival tradition itself--:at pa9t+ 9 ,italy w\ld h be5 _h ,si5a ex]cis$ h] tempor>y might aft] ,montap]ti & raz$ ,flor5ce five ye>s be=e ,giotto 0 born4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,si5ese ab\t #abge4 ,alt>-front ( ,/4 ,pet]4--,si5a4 ,a little e>li] ?an ! ye> #abbe1 :5 ,flor5ce call$ 9 /rang]s to adorn ! ,bapti/]y ) mosaics 9 ! ,greek /yle1 ,guido ( ,si5a sign$ & dat$ #abba ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 madonnas4 ,unhappily ! en?ron$ ,virg9 ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico 0 repa9t$ "s fifty ye>s lat]1 a fact :i* has l$ _m critics unnecess>ily to d\bt ! date4#ae ,b f half a doz5 o!r pictures by ,guido we may le>n t he 0 a dilig5t & r heavy-h&$ imitator ( ! curr5t ,greek =mulas1 ,figure #cd4 ,at ! battle ( ,montap]ti ! ,si5ese captur$ an excell5t ,flor5t9e pa9t]1 ,coppo di ,m>covaldo1 & 9 #abfa he pa9t$ ! admirable madonna :i* is /ill 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,s]vi4 ,x %[s a s5sitive use ( ! ,byzant9e conv5tions4 ,!re is p5siv5ess & almo/ %yness 9 ! face & po/ure ( ! ,virg91 & lov+ int5tness 9 t ( ! ,*ild4 ,_! relation is to ea* o!r & n z 9 e>li] madonnas to ! dev\t public4 ,^! intimate qualities h be5 ascrib$1 ,i ?9k wrongly1 to re/oration4 ,b !y appe> ev5 m emphatically 9 ! entirely unre/or$ ,madonna1 ,figure #c1 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,otto ,kahn1 :i* ,i ?9k may be a ,coppo#af1 & is 9 any case ( simil> date & feel+4 ,! same process ( sweet5+ ! old /yle :ile accept+ x1 is %[n 9 ! fam\s alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! ,academy at ,si5a1 ,figure #ce4 ,! gaunt figure ( ! ,sa9t is completely traditional1 ! little /ories ( ! ,annunciation & ,nativity at ! side %[ a new vivacity & a new grace4 ,si5a met ! innovat+ pa9t] m ?an half way1 = ! indignant citiz5s soon m>r$ ) _! knives ! crucifi]s ( ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! date ( ! panel w n be f> f #abge1 & already ! pa9t] ( g5ius :o 0 to create ! sweet1 new /yle 0 le>n+ 8 trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,duccio ,purcellai ,madonna4--,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce4 ,( ,duccio di ,buon9segna1 ! fa!r ( ! ,si5ese s*ool1 & ev]y?+ consid]$ its greate/ ma/]1 we h num]\s records1#ag & by no means all to 8 cr$it4 ,he mu/ h _h ! arti/ic temp]am5t 9 a degree !n unusual4 ,! c\rt records %[ half a doz5 f9es aga9/ him1 & he 0 n scrupul\s ab\t pay+ 8 debts4 ,"o =gets ^! foibles be=e ^? ,madonnas :i* are a consummate expression ( ta/e & ^? n>ratives :i* are a triumph ( tact & +5uity4 ,duccio's m9d does n grasp ! h>%] & m h]oic emotions1 b )9 ! realm ( ! t5d] & pa!tic he is supreme4 ,8 elegance appe>s 9 8 fir/ important "w1 ! fam\s ,rucellai ,madonna1 ,figure #cf1 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce1 :i* tradition errone\sly ascribes to ,cimabue4 ,x is presumably ! great panel :i* ,duccio contract$ to pa9t 9 #abhe4ah ,he 0 probably "y & unconsid]$1 = he took all ! risks1 agree+ t ! picture might be reject$ at ! w ( ! patrons4 ,! ,society ( ,sa9t ,m>y ! ,virg9 w\ld h be5 fooli% inde$ to reject ! mo/ graci\s ,madonna ! _w _h !n se54 ,*>act]i/ic ( ,duccio are ! sway+ curves ( ! cont\rs & especially ( ! drap]ies1 ! ?91 delicately fold$ robes ( ! ,*ild & ! att5dant angels & ! s5sitively drawn b>e feet4 ,work+ 9 ,flor5ce & d\btless impress$ by ,cimabue1 ,duccio has reta9$ 9 ?is e>ly "w a c]ta9 au/]ity :i* gives way 9 8 lat] "w to a m fem99e sweetness4 ,= t v reason ! ,rucellai ,madonna is p]haps ! greate/ ,madonna ( ! c5tury1 s9ce )\t loss ( ! /ately ,byzant9e qualities1 %e ga9s ! new attributes ( grace4 ,x 0 no wond] t :5 ! "n ( ,duccio _h fad$ out ( ! ,flor5t9e memory1 ,flor5ce ascrib$ ?is noble ,madonna to ! v5]at$ f\nd] ( h] native s*ool1 ,cimabue4 ,rec5t criticism has right$ ! unconsci\s wrong ?us done to ,si5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,duccio4 ,madonna 9 ,maje/y4--,op]a del ,duomo1 ,si5a4 ,to mature 8 /yle ,duccio ne$$ only to int5sify ! qualities ( sweetness & grace :i* are evid5t already 9 ! ,rucellai ,madonna4 ,! /ages ( 8 gr[? are repres5t$ 9 m9or works at ,si5a & 9 ,briti% & ,roman collections4 ,b 8 fame1 = ! layman1 is associat$ ) ! magnific5t alt>-piece :i* he execut$ = ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a1 & only ! special /ud5t ne$ look beyond x4 ,on ! #i? ( ,octob]1 #acji1 ,duccio contract$ ) ! tru/ees ( ! ,ca!dral to d a great alt>-piece :olly ) 8 own h&s1 at ! rate ( sixte5 soldi a day & exp5ses4 ,he promis$ to take no o!r "w dur+ ! pa9t+4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 ,june ( #acaa & c>ri$ 9 solemn procession f ! bottega outside ! ,porta a ,/alloreggi to ! ,ca!dral4 ,a *ronicl] describes ! cortege 8p>ad+ ab\t ! ,campo1 z is usual1 all ! bells peal+ a glory 9 devotion = s noble a picture z ?is is4444 ,& all t day !y kept pray+ ) _m alms :i* 7 giv5 to poor folk1 pray+ to ,god & ,8 ,"m1 :o is our advocate1 t %e def5d u 9 h] inf9ite m]cy f e adv]sity & e ill1 & save u f ! h&s ( traitors & foes ( ,si5a40 ,mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! febrile patriotism ( ,si5a is ?is con/ant dread ( ! traitor4 ,ab\t a ye> be=e ?is c]emony ! tru/ees enl>g$ ! s*eme = ! picture1 mak+ an additional contract = ?irty-eight /ories to be paid at ! rate ( two flor9s & a half ea*4 ,^! 7 put on ! back ( ! alt>-piece1 cov]+ v fully ! life ( ,*ri/ & t ( ! ,virg94 ,?us ! front ( ! alt>-piece repres5ts ! decorative & monum5tal ideals ( ,si5ese pa9t+ :ile ! back exemplifies its feel+ = n>rative4 ,ev]y?+ t ,si5ese pa9t+ 0 to be is already 9 g]m 9 ?is m>vell\s "w4 ,9 depict+ ! ,virg9 89 ,maje/y10 ,figure #cg1 ,duccio has magnifi$ ! !me4 ,e>li] pictures %[ only a h&ful ( angels 9 att5dance4 ,"h we h a cl\d ( cele/ial witnesses1 ! f\r patrons ( ,si5a kneel+ 9 ! =egr\nd1 at ! sides *>m+ alt]nation ( grim1 be>d$ evangeli/s1 ori5tally s(t girl m>tyrs1 & y\?ful ar*angels4 ,sev5 ye>s e>li] ,cimabue _h conceiv$ a simil> great ,maje/y = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,*i>a at ,pisa4#ai ,d\btless ,duccio _h se5 x1 &1 ?\gh x is lo/ to u1 we may assume1 t ! ,si5ese arti/ outdid 8 prototype bo? 9 sweetness & spl5dor4 ,9 _m ways ,duccio's ,maje/y is highly traditional4 ,x %[s ! ,byzant9e horror ( voids1 is a little cr[d$4 ,b ?is defect w\ld be less app>5t if x 7 rais$ on its hi/oriat$ base 7pr$ella7 ) its orig9al p9nacles above4 ,ev]y?+ d]ives f ,byzant9e exempl>s1 rev]5tly improv$ 9 a reali/ic direction4 ,duccio has d>$ to pa9t ! ,*ri/ z a laddie2 & n z a little old man2 he has %[n ! s(t =ms ( ,8 body ?r\gh light drap]ies2 he has kept ! au/]ity ( ! ,byzant9e apo/les b has att5uat$ _! h>%ness2 he has work$ ! insipid female masks ( ! old] art into =ms ( a positive & dreamy grace4 ,"o feels ! t5d] mood ( ! "w 9 ! ,lat9 j+le at ! foot ( ! ?rone1 typical ( doz5s ( simil> d$ications 9 ,si5a3 ,mat] ,sancta ,dei ,sis caussa ,s5is requei ,sis ,duccio vita ,te quia p9xit ita :i* ,i may rudely p>aphrase3 ,holy ,"m ( ,god3 grant ,si5a re/1 ,grant life to ,duccio1--he did 8 be/4 ,all ! s5sibility ( ! ,city ( ! ,virg9 is 9 ^! prattl+ rhymes ) :i* !y lov$ to hall[ & (f] great pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,duccio4 ,entry into ,j]usalem2 ,*ri/ ,wa%+ ! ,apo/les' ,feet2 ,la/ ,supp]4 ,f ! back ( ! great ,madonna4--,op]a del ,duomo1 ,si5a4 ,if ! front ( ?is panel %[s only mod]ate innovations1 ! case is n s = ! back4 ,! two score /ories f ! ,bible or e>ly ,*ri/ian leg5d1 9 ! di/ribution ( ! figures foll[ fai?fully ! /&>d ,italo-,byzant9e compositions4 ,:]e ,duccio /eps 9 is 9 bett]+ ! =ms1 giv+ grace to ! drap]ies1 & animation to ! ge/ures--above all 9 provid+ contempor>y ar*itectural accessories1 & cop+ ) ! problem ( space4 ,he also c>ries to _! ultimate ref9em5t c]ta9 decorative =mulas :i* ! ,byzant9e pa9t]s _h glimps$ b n fully realiz$4 ,?us two q oppos$ t5d5cies pass into ,si5ese pa9t+ f ,duccio2--a r small preoccupation ) accessories & ! problem ( space1 & a pure /heticism conc]n$ ) f9esses ( decorative arrangem5t--9 %ort1 ! prose & ! poetry ( ,si5ese pa9t+4 ,si5ese n>rative pa9t+ t5ds to be scrupul\s ab\t details & insc5ation1 q z a good /ory-tell] naturally provides incid5ts t make = plausibility4 ,we may see h[ ,duccio's m9d works 9 ! famili> !me ( ,*ri/ ent]+ ,j]usalem1 ,figure #ch4 ,duccio sets ! spectator 9 a g>d5 ) an op5 gate1 ?us ?r[+ ! sc5e back a little4 ,above ! procession & ! rejoic+ ?rong rises a city wall1 & /ill high] aga9/ ! sky bri/le ,go?ic t[]s & spires4 ,?us ! !me ga9s picturesqu5ess & v>iety4 ,"o =gets t !re is h>dly space = ! welcom+ ?rong be=e ! gate1 & t ! donkey's f\r feet are on a level al?\gh he is go+ up hill4 ,^! little maladju/m5ts %[ t :ile ,duccio took inf9ite pa9s 9 inv5t+ ! sett+1 he borr[$ ! figure gr\ps bodily f e>li] ,byzant9e compositions 9 :i* ! sett+ 0 simpl]4 ,9 ?is piec+-toge!r process he turns "s pretty %>p corn]s1 b he nev] sacrifices cl>ity & expressiv5ess4 ,9 ! sc5e :]e ! maid s]vant cat*es ! ,galilean burr 9 ,pet]'s voice1 ,figure #ci1 & asks if he be n a foll[] ( ,jesus1 we f9d ,duccio's me?od q at its be/4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an ! sudd5 turn ( ! girl ) "o foot on ! /eps4 ,f9e1 too1 is ! conc5tration ( ! cr[d on ! excit+ problem ( gossip4 ,well-obs]v$1 _! actions z !y w>m _! feet & h&s at ! fire4 ,vivid1 too1 ! impulsive ge/ure ( ,pet] z he d5ies ! *>ge4 ,! place1 a c\rt y>d ) a /aircase lead+ "r into ! picture above1 :i* repres5ts ! c\rt room :]e ,jesus is be+ que/ion$1 is mo/ elaborately plann$4 ,"o looks back ?r\gh a portal into f>!r spaces4 ,all ?is 0 s new & int]e/+ t ,i presume ! ,si5ese h nev] notic$ to ?is day t ! seat$ gr\p w\ld nev] fit 9 ! space assign$ to x & t ! positions ( ! figures are ambigu\s4 ,! picture does admirably its "w ( tell+ a /ory spirit$ly1 & t is en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,duccio4 ,pet] d5ies ,*ri/4--,op]a del ,duomo1 ,si5a4 ,duccio's ,calv>y1 ,figure #da1 is rem>kable = bread?1 spectacul> effectiv5ess1 & a measur$ pa?os4 ,z usual he multiplies actors & incid5ts :ile keep+ ! ord]l9ess ( ! arrangem5t4 ,! slightness ( all ! =ms1 _! little weight & unc]ta9 balance are app>5t4 ,& !re is1 on ! same pr9ciple ( ta/e1 a simil> att5uation ( emotion4 ,:]e ,giotto at ,padua gave />k trag$y1 ,duccio (f]s a g5tle flutt] ( re/ra9$ grief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,duccio4 ,! ,m>ys at ! ,tomb4--,op]a del ,duomo4 ,su* is ! av]age ( ^! n>ratives1 cle>1 picturesque1 circum/antial1 infus$ ) a g5]aliz$ & nev] v int5se emotion4 ,!re are "s1 mo/ly compos$ ) few figures1 :i* reveal a great fa/idi\sness ( arrangem5t4 ,9 su* a composition z ! ,m>ys at ! ,tomb1 ,figure #dj1 ,duccio reveals himself z pure /hete1 z consummate ma/] ( l9e> composition4 ,! motive is ess5tially insignificant1 m]ely t ! ,m>ys %runk at ! sight ( ! angel at ! tomb1 b out ( t motive ( )drawal is wr\ght ?r\gh ! little panel a lovely rhy?m to :i* ev]y?+ contributes--! rise ( ! cliffs & _! cr9kly edges1 ! contra/+ angles ( ! tomb & its impossibly tilt$ lid1 ! reciprocal curve ( ! angel4 ,we grasp 9 ! picture a g5]al tru? :i* rea*es f> beyond ,duccio & ,si5a1 t a too consci\s /ruggle = /yle precludes any complete expression ( emotional significance4 ,= ?is picture is z trivial z a n>rative z x is exquisite z a decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,duccio4 ,calv>y4--,op]a del ,duomo4 ,duccio1 :o disappe>s f our sight ab\t ! ye> #acah1 fix$ once = all ! "* ( ! ,si5ese s*ool4 ,9 n>rative x 0 to adopt ! placid & t5d] tone ( leg5d1 mo/ unlike ! urg5t & dramatic mood ( ,giotto4 ,! ,si5ese arti/ 0 too rev]5t to raise ! "q h[ did ?is happ51 & h[ did ! p]sons feel2 he ask$ r 8,h[ d we feel ab\t x z believ]s80 ,! beauty ( ! "w1 !n1 is n t ( out] reality b ( rev]y & m$itation4 ,x nev] has ! tang & v>iety ( good ,flor5t9e n>rative pa9t+1 b )9 its lov+ly modulat$ monotony1 ,si5ese n>rative pa9t+ is supremely *>m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,madonna 9 ,maje/y4 ,fresco4--,palazzo ,pubblico1 ,si5a4 ,duccio also />t$ 9 ,si5a a some:at worri$ & petty conc]n ) accessories1 ar*itecture1 complications ( p]spective4 ,he inaugurat$ a tradition ( mat]ial spl5dor 9 gild+1 tool+1 delicate graduation ( color :i* rema9$ ! glory ( ,si5ese pa9t+ = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,s f> z we "k he pa9t$ only 9 temp]a on panel1 & ! ,si5ese g5]ally 7 to triumph 9 ?is fem99e =m ( "w r ?an 9 ! mascul9e me?ods ( fresco4 ,f9ally ,duccio took ov] f ,byzant9e art & p]fect$ c]ta9 f9esses ( highly simplifi$ & ab/ract composition1 a pure /heticism di/9ctly ,si5ese & :olly ali5 to ! w>m humanism ( ,flor5ce4 ,y w f9d ?is au/]ely lovely /yle at its be/ 9 ,simone ,m>t9i1 & surviv+ z late z ,sassetta & ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,aft] ,duccio1 ,si5ese pa9t+ divides itself into two t5d5cies1 "o ari/ocratic1 *ivalric & /hetic1 d]iv+ f 8 decorative mann]2 ! o!r popul>1 n>rative & reali/ic1 d]iv+ f 8 m9utely /ag$ sc5es on ! back ( ! great alt>-piece4 ,( ! ari/ocratic /yle ,simone ,m>t9i is ! greate/ exempl>1 ( ! popul> /yle1 ! bro!rs ,lor5zetti4 ,simone ,m>t9i 0 born 9 #abhc or !reab\ts4 ,we fir/ meet him z an arti/ 9 ! great fresco$ ,maje/y ( ! ,virg91 ,figure #db1 complet$ 9 #acae = ! ,palazzo ,pubblico1 ,si5a4 ,! arrangem5t is l t ( ,duccio's ,maje/y1 f9i%$ only five ye>s e>li]1 & ! facial types are g5]ally ^? ( ,duccio4 ,b ! great fresco ga9s cl>ity & impressiv5ess f ! add$ space1 f ! picturesque motive ( a canopy1 f ! isolation & elevation ( ! ,madonna above h] escort1 & f ! ri* ,go?ic =ms ( ! ?rone1 :i* are a novelty 9 pa9t+4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! faces %[ ! ori5talism ( ,duccio1 ! ,madonna has ! level-br[$1 int5t "* ( ,go?ic art1 & ! ,*ild is reali/ic4 ,go?ic aga9 is ! graceful bord] ) its f9e m$allions1 & ! bright colors ( ! :ole4 ,x is ! mo/ spl5did en?ron$ ,virg9 9 ! _w1 & %e is conceiv$ *ivalrically z a sort ( t\rnam5t que5 ) h] palad9s uphold+ a canopy1 & angel pages on _! knees (f]+ roses & lilies4 ,to ! ,si5ese ?is 0 a political picture1 z a rhym$ inscription 9 ,italian %[s4 ,! sa9tly patrons ( ,si5a address ! ,virg93 8,angelic fl[]s1 roses & lilies ,) :i* ! heav5ly mead[ is adorn$1 ,delight me less ?an d good c\nsels4 ,b sometimes ,i see su* z v]ily ,despise me & my city betray1 ,& ga9 praise ! m = evil words1 ,) su* z m]it condemnation40 ,! ,virg9 answ]s ! sa9ts patrons some:at evasively3 8,fix my delights 9 y\r m9ds1 ,s t ,i %all1 z ye wi%1 ,fulfil y\r honorable reque/s4 ,b if ! p[]ful mole/ ! weak1 ,oppress+ :e!r ) %ame or h>m-- ,let n y\r pray]s be made = ^! ,nor = :omsoev] betrays my city40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,/4 ,m>t9 ,knight$4--,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,9 ,simone's "w ?is great ,maje/y is an exception4 ,he pref]r$ g5]ally to "w on a m re/rict$ scale1 to burn ! lamp ( /hetic sacrifice4 ,i c m]ely allude to ! great idealiz$ portrait ( ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se1 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ,naples4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,anj\1 ^: kneel+ figure appe>s 9 ! picture1 sometime aft] #acag4 ,! ?+ is respl5d5t 9 gold & azure1 adorn$ by curi\sly twi/$ ,go?ic bord]s2 9 s5tim5t x is impassive z a ,buddhi/ pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,simone ,m>t9i & ,lippo ,memmi4 ,! ,annunciation4--,uffizi4 ,ab\t ! ye> #acbe1bj we may surmise1 ,simone 0 call$ to ,assisi to fresco ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>t9 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur*4 ,he set ^u ! walls s _m fairy tales1 t5d] & sprightly 9 s5tim5t1 provid$ ) ! few ess5tial accessories t a rapid /ory-tell] w\ld ne$4 ,:at m *>m+ ?an ! boy ,m>t9 pray+ :ile !y b9d on him ! equipm5t ( a knight1 ,figure #dc1 & musicians s\nd a fanf>e6 ,:at m gallant ?an ! lad sett+ out on crusade aga9/ ! ,teutons :o lurk 9 a cleft ( ! backgr\nd6 ,?is graci\s *ildlike quality1 q ak9 to ! t5d] phase ( ,duccio1 is exceptional 9 ,simone1 :o habitually is ! /r5u\s decorator4 ,8 sp>se & au/]e me?ods appe> cle>ly 9 ! commemorative fresco ( ,guidoriccio1 hir$ g5]al ( ,si5a1 & conqu]or ( ,sass(orte4 ,x is 9 ! ,palazzo ,pubblico & duly dat$ #acbh4 ,no?+ is reali/ic b ! horse & rid]4 ,!y are isolat$1 hold alone a field made up ( pure symbols = camps1 & =tresses & craggy hill-tops1 yet ! m>tial effect is unmi/akable & ! composition mo/ qua9tly impressive4 ,! qu9tess5ce ( ,simone's lat] art is 9 ! fam\s ,annunciation ( ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #dd4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ! mo/ n]v\sly exquisite ( l9e> arrangem5ts he has *os5 ! lea/ significant mom5t ( ! ev5t4 ,8 ,virg9 is m]ely a sull5 pr9cess res5t+ an intrusion2 ! ,gabriel1 an e!rializ$ c\rti] plead+ a cause ) apologies4 ,b ! contra/ ( ! advanc+ & %r9k+ motives gave ,simone precisely :at he want$4 ,he builds up areas ri*ly color$ or brocad$1 b\nd$ by %>p curves1 reliev$ by flutt]s & spirals ( fly+ drap]y1 & acc5tuat$ by su* details z ! olive twigs & ! lily :i* h ! crisp incisiv5ess ( f9e/ metal "w4 ,z a triumph ( pure decoration ,go?ic pa9t+ has no?+ bett] to %[ ?an ?is lovely panel :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #accc = ! *apel ( ,sant' ,ansano at ,si5a4 ,x has little quality ( he>t 9 x1 & no rev]5ce save t ( consummate workman%ip4 ,great honors await$ ,simone4 ,he 0 call$ to ! exil$ papal c\rt at ,avignon 9 #acci1 met ,petr>*1 pa9t$ ,petr>*'s ,laura & is laud$ 9 "o ( ! poet's sonnets4 ,( ,simone's "w at ,avignon we h only a few small panels scatt]$ betwe5 ,antw]p1 ,p>is1 ,liv]pool1 & ,b]l94 ,! compositions1 mo/ ( :i* belong$ to a composite alt>-piece depict+ ,*ri/'s passion1 wav] betwe5 8 old simple /yle & a cr[d$ & animat$ mood rem9isc5t ( ,duccio1 & influ5c$ by ! ,lor5zetti4 ,simone is unable to resi/ ! univ]sal t5d5cy t[>ds diffuse n>rative1 & 9 s f> z he yields to x1 he is less ?an himself4 ,*ri/ ,be>+ ,8 ,cross1 9 ! ,l\vre1 exemplifies ! extravagance & morbidness ( ?is late/ mann]1 ,figure #de4 ,8 /r5g? lies 9 sacrifice & ab/raction1 8 real aff9ities are ! contempor>y ,buddhi/ pa9t]s ( ,*9a & ,japan1 ?\gh ( c\rse he knew no?+ ( !m4 ,he di$ 9 #acdd1 leav+ beh9d him a tradition ( fa/idi\s arti/ry :i* 0 pot5t 9 ,si5a = ov] a c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross4--,l\vre4 ,z late z #adej1 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti in=ms u 9 8 8,comm5t>ies10#ba ! ,si5ese reg>d$ ,simone ,m>t9i z _! greate/ pa9t]4 ,he diff]$ f !m1 pref]r+1 himself1 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,?is 0 an em95tly ,flor5t9e *oice1 ,ambrogio's w>m?1 concret5ess1 & elaboration 7 on ! :ole ,flor5t9e4 ,he work$ = sev]al ye>s at ,flor5ce1 mu/ h kn[n ,giotto1 c]ta9ly /udi$ him ) disc]n+ admiration4 ,) 8 eld] bro!r1 ,pietro1 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti gave to ,duccio's tradition ( detail$ n>rative pa9t+ its p]fect$ =m4 ,!y 7 great fresco pa9t]s1 & mo/ *>act]i/ic z su*4 ,9 panel pa9t+ !y are less orig9al1 b !y br+ into ?is highly conv5tional art a great ardor & curiosity4 ,!y repres5t ! popul> av]age ( ,si5a z ,simone ,m>t9i repres5t$ its ari/ocratic m9ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,pietro ,lor5zetti4 ,madonna ) ,sa9ts1 #acbj4--,pieve1 ,arezzo4 ,we fir/ meet ,pietro ,lor5zetti z an arti/ 9 ! alt>-back at ! ,pieve1 ,arezzo1#bb ,figure #df1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #acbj4 ,x is an ancona1 or comp>tm5t$ piece & ! mo/ spl5did t has come d[n 9 ,romanesque =m4 ,! figures are ( two sorts4 ,! ,madonna is ( int5t ,go?ic type1 & ! f9e motive ( hold+ (f ! ,*ri/*ild at elb[ l5g? 9 ord] to see him bett] is borr[$ f ,giovanni ,pisano1 :o 9 turn took x f ,fr5* ,go?ic sculpture4 ,s are ! =ms above 9 ! ,annunciation new & graceful1 :ile ! little box$ room ) its pla/ic column is also novel4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,madonna 9 ! highe/ p9nacle is probably ! e>lie/ occurr5ce ( ?is fam\s ,si5ese !me 9 pa9t+4 ,b all ! figures ( sa9ts 9 ! ?ree ord]s ( ! side panels are tak5 almo/ )\t *ange f ,duccio's great alt>-piece4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to trace ,pietro's emancipation ?r\gh a doz5 panels4 ,no "o bett] comb9$ dignity ) grace1 & feel+1 & spl5dor4 ,8 "w 9 fresco is fragm5t>y & confus$ ) t ( 8 y\ng] bro!r4 ,we are c]ta9 ( no?+ except a fragm5t ( a deeply felt ,calv>y 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francesco1 at ,si5a4 ,_m critics ascribe to him ! agitat$ & wildly picturesque frescoes ( ! ,passion 9 ! left transept ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi4#bc ,b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is a mi/ake4 ,pietro is nev] 9 8 c]ta9 works s lively & indecor\s & casual4 ,we h to d ) an arti/ influ5c$ by ,duccio work+ ab\t #accj1 ,pietro himself may appe> z ! ,/igmatization1 ,figure #dg1 & "o or two ( ! o!r simpl] compositions4 ,! o!r frescoes are *iefly int]e/+ z %[+ ! dang]s ( ! panoramic me?od ( ,si5a4 ,take ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,figure #dh4 ,! !me is simply lo/ 9 ! fanta/ic ri*ness ( ! accessories4 ,x is h>d to f9d ,*ri/ or ,judas1 = ! eye seeks ! radiat+ raft]s or ! scull]y :]e cats lurk & eag] scullions wipe ! di%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,pietro ,lor5zetti1 or ,foll[]4 ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata4 ,fresco4--,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,s*ool ( ,pietro ,lor5zetti4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,fresco4--,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi4 ,9 ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg91 dat$ #acdb1 ,figure #di1 ,pietro spoils a c>efully /udi$ & well-felt picture by elaboration ( ! sett+4 ,! frame is conceiv$ z ! pla/ic front ( a ,go?ic room )9 & beh9d :i*1 spaces are multipli$ confus+ly4 ,"h ! p$antic preoccupation ) ! problem ( space (f5ds ! eye & de/roys ! unity ( :at 9 a simpl] sett+ w\ld be a monum5tal composition4 ,x illu/rates ! dang]s ( t small] realism :i* f ,duccio d[n afflict$ ! m progressive pa9t]s ( ,si5a4 ,su* a picture enables u to appreciate ! tact & ?\ghtfulness ) :i* ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti approa*$ 8 n>rative !mes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,pietro ,lor5zetti4 ,bir? ( ! ,virg94--,op]a del ,duomo1 ,si5a4 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti 0 born ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #acca & lat] he pa9t$ rem>kable frescoes = ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,^! if complete w\ld af=d ! mo/ int]e/+ comp>isons ) ,giotto at ,flor5ce1 b ! two t rema9 are among ! be/ n>rative pa9t+s ( ! "t4 ,:at w fir/ /rike ! obs]v] 9 ! /ory ( ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se r5\nc+ 8 ?rone z he takes ! ,franciscan v[1 ,figure #ej1 is ! v>iety & ord]l9ess ( ! emotions4 ,! devotion ( ! sa9t is well (fset by ! int5se1 melan*oly curiosity ( 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 :o becomes k+ ?r\gh ! sacrifice4 ,! audi5ce is divid$ into admir+ ,franciscans & idly m>vel+ c\rti]s1 ! :ole well dom9at$ by ! k9dly & rev]5d figure ( ! ,pope4 ,rem>kable is ! me?odical division ( ! spaces4 ,a sl5d] column e/abli%es ! picture plane & sets ! figures back4 ,a sort ( desk 9 a holl[ squ>e def9es & isolates ! mona/ic gr\p1 :ile ! c\rti]s h _! appropriate location 9 a ?ird plane ( alcoves4 ,flor5ce has next to no?+ ( ?is sort at ?is p]iod1 & x may be not$ t ?is c>eful division ( spaces is n matt] ( display & curiosity z 9 ,duccio1 b is logical & effective z reg>ds ! p]sons ( ! n>rative4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,pr9ce ,l\is ( ,t\l\se receives ! ,franciscan ,v[4--,san ,francesco1 ,si5a4 ,( simil> significance1 b m dramatic & picturesque1 is ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,franciscan mission>ies be=e ! ,sultan ( ,morocco4 ,! elaborat$ spaces make = cl>ity1 ! entirely pr(essional & imp]sonal cruelty ( ! ,moori% tyrant & 8 bodygu>d is spl5didly caught & effectively contra/$ ) ! c\rage\s submission ( ! m>tyrs4 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti praises ! en]gy & "* ( ?is "w1 & ! obs]v] ( today feels z deeply its romantic appeal4 ,all ! figures are set on rec$+ plat=ms1 ! problem ( space is solv$ along l9es ( intellig5t lit]alism4#bd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,madonna 9 ,maje/y4--,massa ,m>ittima4 ,x w\ld be a pleasure to dwell on ! ,madonnas ( ,ambrogio4 ,! tragic ,madonna ( ,s4 ,francesco1 ,figure #cc1 ! ,madonna ) ,/4 ,doro?y & ,/4 ,lucy1 9 ! ,si5a ,academy1 ! ,virg9 9 ,mr4 ,dan ,fell[es ,platt's collection are among ! be/4 ,no o!r e>ly ,italian s comb9$ nobility ) mo!rly w>m?4 ,8 spl5dor & sweet dignity may be/ be felt 9 ! ,maje/y ( ! ,virg91 ,figure #ea1 9 ! little t[n ( ,massa ,m>ittima4 ,! c5tral motive1 ,m>y & ! ,*ild embrac+1 is almo/ ,ambrogio's inv5tion4 ,he r+s ! *anges on x 9 lovely modulations1 :ile always reta9+ monum5tality4 ,?is picture is z /ately z ,duccio's ,maje/y1 & z respl5d5t z ,simone ,m>t9i's1 :ile hav+ qualities ( ardor & fancifulness all its own4 ,! fairy-l ,virtues on ! /eps ( ! ,madonna's ?rone especially %[ ! ri* ve9 ( pure fantasy :i* accompani$ ,ambrogio's robu/ness4 ,! picture may be dat$ ab\t #accf or lat]4 ,previ\s to its pa9t+ ,ambrogio _h pass$ "s ye>s at ,flor5ce1 :]e he mu/ h /udi$ & kn[n ,giotto1 & :]e he himself influ5c$ p[]fully ! beg9n+s ( ! new panoramic /yle4 ,:atev] frescoes he himself did !re h p]i%$1 & ! only memorials ( 8 visit are c]ta9 delightful little panels tell+ ) vivacity & utmo/ circum/antiality ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,at ,flor5ce he mu/ h analyz$ ,giotto's great political frescoes1 n[ lo/1 :i* depict$ 9 symbols good & bad gov]nm5t4 ,^! 7 surely ! inspiration = ! political symbols & illu/rations :i* ,ambrogio1 9 ! ye> #accg & lat]1 pa9t$ 9 ! great hall ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico at ,si5a4 ,! mo/ fam\s is ! ,allegory ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,commune sits en?ron$1 above 9 ! air are ! !ological virtues--,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity2 seat$ at ! side are ! f\r secul> virtues--,prud5ce1 ,temp]ance1 ,ju/ice1 & ,=titude--& ) !m two additional p]sonifications useful to a /ate--,magnanimity & ,peace4 ,! graceful relax$ figure ( ,peace1 ,figure #eb1 ) h] filmy drap]y is fam\s4 ,bel[ ! plat=m on :i* ! ,commune sits ) att5dant virtues1 are ! grim1 discipl9$ =ms ( m5-at-arms & a ?rong ( magi/rates & citiz5ry4 ,at ! left are symboliz$ ,concord & ,ju/ice z ! support]s ( a well-rul$ /ate4 ,"h ! symbolism is *ildi%ly obvi\s4 ,concord holds h] smoo?+ plane4 ,f h] h& g /r+s :i* b9d 9 fell[%ip a gr\p ( citiz5s bel[ & lead above to ! figure ( ,ju/ice4 ,/ill high] is ,wisdom4 ,ju/ice deals puni%m5t ) "o h& & grants aid ) ! o!r2 ! ,middle ,ages nev] admitt$ t ,ju/ice 0 m]ely punitive4 ,! figures ( ,ju/ice & ,concord are sup]b1--,ambrogio's ,madonna type on a h]oic scale4 ,z a pictorial repres5tation ( ! f9e/ m$ival ideas ( /atecraft1 ?is fresco is ( incomp>able int]e/4 ,z a decoration x is h>dly successful4 ,! !me has hamp]$ ! arti/1 ! h&l+ ( ! figures 9 sev]al scales ) ! l>ge/ above1 produces confusion & topheav9ess4 ,beautiful 9 ! p>ts1 x is disappo9t+ 9 ! :ole4 ,f> bett] m]ely z decoration is ! companion fresco :i* repres5ts ! ,effects ( ,good ,gov]nm5t1 ,figure #ec4 ,we h a peaceful city1 ! entranc+ spectacle ( ,si5a z %e 0 ab\t ! ye> #acci4 ,girls are danc+ a c>ol 9 ! =egr\nd ) ! qua9te/ dignity1 m\nt$ m]*ants are pass+1 & if ! picture 7 bett] pres]v$1 we %\ld see ! me*anics--or 8arti/s0 z !y /ill call !mselves 9 ,italy--work+ *e]ily 9 _! %ops4 ,9 its ri*ness )\t confusion1 ?is is ! v triumph ( ! panoramic realism :i* ,ambrogio made popul> ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,!re are _m m frescoes 9 ?is s]ies1 mo/ly by imitators ( ,ambrogio4 ,! ,si5ese region is full ( works by him or by 8 fai?ful foll[]s4 ,8 panel pictures are 9 _m gall]ies ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!y all confirm ! record ( ,ghib]ti t ,ambrogio _h ! habits ( a nobleman--a great sympa?y1 a f9e scrupul\sness1 a real magnanimity4 ,c]ta9 contempor>ies seem great]1 ,giotto surely1 ,simone ,m>t9i p]haps1 b no ,italian pa9t] until ,raphael himself reveals s complete & h>moni\s a developm5t4 ,we f9d no trace ( ! bro!rs ,lor5zetti aft] #acdh4 ,presumably !y p]i%$ 9 ! great plague ( t ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,peace1 f ! ,fresco ( ,good ,gov]nm5t4--,palazzo ,pubblico1 ,si5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,luca ,tomm4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94--,j>ves ,coll41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,results ( ,good ,gov]nm5t--,! ,peaceful ,city4 ,fresco4--,palazzo ,pubblico1 ,si5a4 ,= a c5tury aft] ! plague ye>1 #acdh1 ! pa9t]s ( ,si5a imitat$ ei!r ! n>rative realism ( ,ambrogio or ! decorative sp>s5ess ( ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,x is cu/om>y to align !m z ( "o camp or ! o!r4 ,we may inde$ say t su* pa9t]s z ,lippo ,memmi1 ,&rea ,vanni1 & ,naddo ,cecc>elli fai?fully e*o ,simone1 :ile su* a ma/] z ! influ5tial ,b>tolo di ,fr$i1 :o is traceable z late z #achh1 seems completely ,lor5zettian4 ,b mo/ ( ! pa9t]s foll[ freely bo? t5d5cies1 employ+ ,simone's =mulas 9 alt>-pieces ) few figures1 & ,ambrogio's 9 n>rative4 ,su* eclecticism produc$ abundantly works ( *>m1 = delicate s5tim5t & ornate workman%ip1 b r few works ( orig9ality4 ,p]haps because ( will+ly accept$ limitations1 ! av]age is high] ?an t ( ,flor5ce4 ,?r\gh\t ,italy x 0 a m popul> /yle ?an ! ,flor5t9e4 ,x dom9at$ ! coa/ region f ,naples to ,val5cia1 p5etrat$ into ,umbria & ! ,adriatic m>%es1 & ev5 got a tempor>y foo?old 9 ,flor5ce itself4 ,x fitt$ 9 bett] ) m$ival ideals ?an ! art ( ,giotto & ,orcagna1 :i* impli$ classical antiquity & anticipat$ ! humanism ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,on ! :ole ,si5ese art runs d[n aft] ! ,lor5zetti di$1 los+ ! robu/ness :i* ,ambrogio _h le>n$ ( ,giotto1 b its decl9e is g5tle & int]rupt$ by b5efic5t reactions t[>ds its e/abli%$ glories4 ,we may pass rapidly1 & *iefly consid]+ types1 ! fifty-odd ye>s betwe5 ! ,lor5zetti & ! new c5tury4 ,luca ,tomm is cr$it$ ) an exquisite little ,assumption1 ,figure #ed1 9 ! ,j>ves ,collection at ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,! picture1 ?\gh x may be z late z #acgj1 repeats loyally ! =mulas :i* ,pietro ,lor5zetti inv5t$ ne>ly fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,p]haps ,b>tolo di ,fr$i1 a r sup]ficial & ov]-fecund arti/1 be/ repres5ts ! av]age condition z ! f\rte5? c5tury clos$4 ,9 su* a panel z ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 9 ! ,si5a ,academy1 ,figure #ee1 we see ! famili> !me = ! fir/ "t exp&$ 9 a ,lor5zettian s5se4 ,x becomes a pageant1 probably "u ! influ5ce ( contempor>y my/]y plays4 ,x is be/ conceiv$ 9 ! little sc5es 9 ! backgr\nd2 ! facial types & ! simplifi$ sett+ on ! :ole recall ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,9 o!r n>rative pictures ,b>tolo vies ) ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti 9 complication ( planes & ar*itecture4 ,on ! :ole he is a r fa9t e*o1 b 8 note :ile ?9 is also true4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,b>tolo di ,fr$i4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,si5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,b>na4 ,! ,transfiguration4--,collegiata1 ,s4 ,gemignano4 ,! decl9+ c5tury produc$ only "o robu/ pa9t] 9 ,si5a1 ! my/]i\s ,b>na ^: damag$ frescoes ( ! ,passion we see 9 ! ,collegiate ,*ur* ( ,san ,gemignano4 ,! =ms are ^? ( ,simone ,m>t9i1 ! compositions ev5 m sp>se ?an 81 d5ud$ ( all accessories1 & p[]fully impressive = ?is reason4 ,! mood is brusque & tragic1 ) no?+ ( ,si5ese sweetness4 ,b>na seems a k9d ( prov9cial ,giotto misplac$ & unrealiz$ 9 ! ,si5ese c\ntry4 ,9 ! fresco ( ! ,transfiguration1 ,figure #ef1 he rises to sublimity4 ,fra ,angelico w m]ely repeat him 9 ,san ,m>co sixty ye>s lat]4 ,vas>i tells u t ,b>na di$ f a fall f 8 pa9t+ scaffold 9 #acha1 & t he 0 !n "y4 ,if s1 8 orig9ality 0 trem5d\s1 = he cle>$ away ru?lessly all ! delightful b trivial /age furniture s dilig5tly collect$ by ,duccio & ! ,lor5zetti4 ,mod]n criticism ascribes to him sev]al panels1 & ,i v5ture to add to ! li/ ! simple & /ately ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,art4 ,c]ta9ly x is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s creations ( ! p]iod4 ,! type ( ! ,*ri/ & ! concise & *>act]ful arrangem5t seem to m>k x z a f9e ,b>na4 ,! base is int]e/+1 repres5t+ ! compos+ ( a blood feud1 & ,miracles ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,m>g>et4 ,:ile ! simple patt]n cont9ues ! tradition ( ,simone1 ,b>na avoids ,simone's l9e> grace-notes4 ,! f9ical elem5t ( ! pr$ecessor yields to a k9d ( realism4 ,b>na is really ! critic ( ! ,si5ese s*ool4 ,he sil5tly insi/s t "o may be decorative )\t too mu* artifice1 & dramatic )\t ov]tax+ ! /age c>p5t]1 a v solit>y & elevat$ _s1 to :om full ju/ice has n yet be5 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,! ,?ree ,liv+ & ,?ree ,dead1 detail f ! ,lor5zettian fresco1 ,! ,triumph ( ,dea?4--,campo ,santo1 ,pisa4 ,mo/ rem>kable among ! works inspir$ by ! ,lor5zetti is ! co>sely effective ,triumph ( ,dea?1 ,figure #eg4 9 ! fam\s cemet]y cloi/]1 ,campo ,santo1 at ,pisa4 ,x repres5ts ! haz>ds ( ! mortal life 9 view ( c]ta9 dea? & judgm5t4 ,at ! left a royal hunt+ p>ty is /opp$ %ort by ! sight & /5* ( ?ree fe/]+ bodies 9 c(f9s4 ,! ,h]mit1 ,sa9t ,mac>ius1 po9ts ! obvi\s lesson t k+s & lords & fair ladies w turn to du/4 ,9 ! c5tre1 mis]able folk beckon & cry to ,dea? to desc5d & put !m out ( _! di/ress4 ,! h>ridan dea? ignores ! pray] & flies ov] a pile ( corpses t[>ds a gay g>d5 p>ty4 ,dea? loves to cut d[n ! "y & gay & happy1 leav+ ! old & crippl$ to prolong$ sorr[4 ,9 ! upp] left h& corn] y h monks go+ ab\t _! quiet pursuits4 ,! :ole adjo9+ fresco is giv5 up to ! lives ( su* des]t sa9ts4 ,at ! upp] "r are angels & fi5ds /ruggl+ = little nude =ms t repres5t human s\ls4 ,?is motive is a sort ( ov]fl[ f a picture ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,! grim moral ( ! ?ree pictures is t ! worldly life is "o ( mortal p]il1 :i* may be/ be avoid$ by r5\nc+ ! _w & jo9+ a mona/ic ord]4 ,! "w 0 complet$ ab\t #acge1 is 9 ! r\gh] foll[+ ( ! ,lor5zetti1 & has be5 fam\s ev] s9ce x 0 pa9t$ on ! cloi/] wall4 ,entirely ,si5ese 9 its conception1 9 its rugg$ness x transc5ds ! usual s(tness ( ! s*ool4 ,x is ! la/ significant "w ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,si5a pass$ into ! fifte5? c5tury )\t greatly *ang+ h] art4 ,9 ! "w ( su* traditional figures z ,taddeo ,b>toli "o may obs]ve a c]ta9 co>s5+ ( ! tradition4 ,m]e spl5dor t5ds to replace ! old delicacy1 n>rative pa9t+ becomes ev] m complicat$ & confus$4 ,! latt] t5d5cy is manife/$ 9 frescoes :i* ,dom5ico di ,b>tolo pa9t$1 betwe5 #addj & #addc = ! ,hospital ( ! ,scala1 ,figure #eh4 ,_! cr[d$ picturesqu5ess gr[s legitimately out ( ! ,lor5zettian tradition1 z does ! elaboration ( ar*itectural accessories4 ,b ! "w also implies a c]ta9 k ( ! curr5t ,flor5t9e discov]ies 9 l9e> p]spective & 9 ar*itecture4 ,a small +5uity runs pretty wild 9 ^! decorations1 valuable z !y are 9 pictur+ ! times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,dom5ico di ,b>tolo4 ,clo?+ ! ,nak$1 f fresco s]ies1 ! ,sev5 ,acts ( ,m]cy4--,scala ,hospital1 ,si5a4 ,ab\t ! "t ^! frescoes 7 design$1 a r5ovation ( ,si5ese pa9t+ 0 be+ made along div]g5t l9es by ,/efano di ,giovanni1 nicknam$ ,sassetta1#be & by ! eag] ecc5tric1 ,giovanni di ,paolo4 ,9 bo? cases we h a reaction>y re=m4 ,sassetta re/udies dev\tly ,simone ,m>t9i & ! ,lor5zetti1 infus+ 8 own t5d] my/icism bo? into decoration & n>rative4 ,9 a mann] he comb9es ! two great curr5ts ( ,si5a's pa/4 ,we may be/ approa* him ?r\gh ! tripty* ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,collegiate *ur* at ,asciano1 ,figure #ei4 ,x is 8 e>lie/ "w pa9t$ n mu* lat] ?an #adbh :51 be+ ?irty-five ye>s old1 he jo9$ ! ,pa9t]s' ,guild4 ,! picture is conceiv$ 9 ! /ricte/ ,lor5zettian fa%ion1 ! frame be+ treat$ z ! front or ext5sion ( ! pa9t$ ar*itecture4 ,aside f ?is c>efully con/ruct$ sett+1 ) its successive spaces1 ! casual & famili> di/ribution ( ! figures sugge/s /rongly ,pietro ,lor5zetti4 ,b ! ri* accessories 9 ,sassetta's h&s are delicately select$1 ! humble ge/ures h an artless grace1 ! second>y figures su* z ! brocad$ h&maid ent]+ f ! re> are fasc9at+ 9 _! own "r4 ,an air ( al]t g5tl5ess runs ?r\gh ! picture4 ,x is %>$ by p]sons ( all ages4 ,su* episodes z ! *att+ ( two old m5 be=e a respectfully li/5+ ur*9 add no?+ to ! /ory b /rongly re9=ce ! fa]y *>m ( ! :ole4 ,w9som5ess has supplant$ ! monum5tal quality ( ! old] s*ool4 ,above 9 ! side gables are ! sc5es ( ! pass+ ( ! ,virg9's s\l & h] fun]al procession1 bo? conceiv$ 9 ! mann] ( ! ,lor5zetti4 ,b ! famili> =ms are s+ul>ly animat$ by a new _s ( t5d]ness4 ,by a p>adox ^! little /ories are really m l ,duccio ?an any int]v5+ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,sassetta4 ,! ,bir? ( ! ,virg94--,asciano4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,sassetta4 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,francis to ,pov]ty4--,*antilly1 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,sassetta4 ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony4--,j>ves ,coll41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,sassetta pa9t$ sev5 ye>s on 8 ma/]piece1 ! n[ scatt]$ ancona = ! ,franciscan ,*ur* at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro4 ,! c5tral panel 0 a ,/4 ,francis 9 ec/acy1 n[ 9 ,b]n>d ,b]5son's collection4 ,on ! back 7 eight ( ! leg5ds ( ! 8,fioretti40 ,! panel 0 f9i%$ 9 #addd4 ,especially delightful is ! panel at ,*antilly :i* repres5ts ,/4 ,francis's my/ical betro?al ) ,pov]ty1 ,figure #fj4 ,?is sc5e is be=e ,monte ,amiata1 spac$ (f f ! gr\p by *eck]bo>d fields4 ,! maid5s1 ,*a/ity & ,ob$i5ce1 sway lily-l beside _! m resolute si/]1 ,pov]ty1 ^u ^: timidly (f]$ h& ! little sa9t firmly fixes a r+4 ,above1 ! cele/ial trio rises ov] ! m\nta9 l9e1 ,pov]ty turn+ a regretful face to h] humble bridegroom4 ,! simple patt]n ) its sway+ l9es d]ives f ,simone ,m>t9i1 b !re is none ( 8 petulant sup]iority 9 x1 none ( 8 n]v\sness4 ,! realm is n ! airless heights ( a pure /heticism b a v human dreaml&4 ,aga9 ,duccio at 8 be/ is ! close/ analogy4 ,b]n>d ,b]5son 9 8 admirable little book ,a ,pa9t] ( ! ,franciscan ,leg5d well describes ! te*nical p]fection ( su* "w z ?is4 ,x is conceiv$ 9 8outl9es :i* h 9 !mselves an en]gy & vitality1 t1 :e!r !y are repres5tative or calligraphic1 give (f values ( movem5t1 & values ( movem5t h ! p[] to sugge/ ! unembodi$1 life unclogg$ by matt]1 some?+ 9 brief t comes close to ! utmo/ limits ( :at visual art c d to evoke _s40 ,ap>t f ^! sublimat$ rev]ies ( ,sassetta :i* express !mselves 9 utmo/ delicacy ( l9e1 hue1 & t\*1 he _h a refre%+1 dra/ic1 almo/ a humor\s side1 :i* may be exemplifi$ 9 a ,temptation ( ,/4 ,antony1 ,figure #fa1 9 ! ,j>ves ,collection at ,new ,hav54 ,beside 8 coral-r$ hut 9 a des]t b\nd$ by a wood t seems ! _w's end1 ! ,sa9t />ts away f a demure & v pla9 little girl4 ,he is p]plex$1 div9+ r ?an see+ ! t9y bats' w+s :i* m>k h] z a demon4 ,! horizon is s curv$ t "o almo/ feels ! old e>? sw++ unconc]n$ly b5ea? ?is dilemma4 ,a picture full ( grotesque & au!ntic imag9ation1 mo/ true to ! hobgobl9 tradition ( ! expir+ ,middle ,ages4 ,sassetta di$ 9 #adej1 & 8 two long-liv$ pupils1 ,sano di ,pietro 7#adjf-adha7 & ,giovanni di ,paolo1 7#adjc-adhb7 kept some?+ ( 8 influ5ce alive = /ill ?irty ye>s4 ,sano ne$s few words4 ,he took no?+ f 8 ma/] b c]ta9 =mal patt]ns1 f9e gild+ & bli! colors4 ,he repeats himself t$i\sly1 !re are ov] fifty ( 8 panels 9 ! ,si5a ,academy alone1 yet is s g5u9e & unpret5d+ t "o =gets 8 lack ( delicacy & insight4 ,a little ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 at ,new ,hav51 may suffici5tly repres5t 8 decorative phase4 ,x is a nosegay ( fair colors on burni%$ gold4 ,9 n>rative pa9t+ he is ,lor5zettian )\t ! f9esse ( 8 ma/]4 ,at lea/ he help$ prolong a lovely tradition beyond its natural t]m1 & t is 8 *ief m]it4 8,a fam\s pa9t] & a man :olly d$icat$ to ,god0--7,pictor famosus et homo lotus d$itus ,deo7--we read 9 8 dea? notice4 ,si5a knew h[ to appreciate a traditionali/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,giovanni di ,paolo4 ,"y ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ goes to ! ,des]t4--,=m]ly ,*>les ,butl] ,coll41 ,london4 ,giovanni di ,paolo1 on ! contr>y1 suff]$ n f defici5t orig9ality b f its excess4 ,he selects re/lessly f ! old] pictures4 ,y w f9d pure ,duccian figures 9 8 pa9t+s ( ! fifties4 ,he /udies ! sp>se decorative p]fections ( ,simone ,m>t9i & exagg]ates _! n]v\sness4 ,he drives expression into c>icature1 seeks /r5g? 9 di/ortion1 0 ! po/-impressioni/ ( 8 day4 ,8 extravagance is unpleas+ 9 8 l>g] pieces1 b is piquant en\gh 9 8 num]\s small panels4 ,"o ( a pair 9 ,engli% private possession %[s ! ,y\?ful ,/4 ,john jauntily sett+ (f = ! des]t1 ) a q cubi/ic treatm5t1 ,figure #fb1 ( ! l9es ( ! fields4 ,! motive is /ill m +5i\sly employ$ 9 "o ( a rem>kable set ( pictures belong+ to ,mr4 ,m>t9 ,ry]son ( ,*icago4 ,giovanni's pr$ilection = di/ortion & grimace is %[n 9 ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 a p5dant to ! /ory ( ! y\?ful ,john1 bo? be+ p>ts ( "o pr$ella4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,matteo di ,giovanni4 ,sa9t ,b>b>a ) ,sa9ts4--,s4 ,dom5ico4 ,giovanni di$ 9 #adhb at ! advanc$ age ( sev5ty-n9e1 hav+ fai?fully pres]v$ ! old ,go?ic tradition :ile mak+ x a vehicle ( 8 own resolute ecc5tricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,matteo di ,giovanni4 ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,! slight concession :i* ,si5a made to ! ,r5aissance 0 inaugurat$ by ,lor5zo ,vec*ietta1 active f ab\t #addj to #adhj4 ,he 0 prim>ily a sculptor & 8 silv] alt>-back 0 deem$ wor?y1 9 #aejf1 to displace ! great ,maje/y ( ,duccio f ! high alt> ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,vec*ietta *iefly %[s ! effect ( 8 /udies z ar*itect & sculptor 9 a sev]e reg>d = anatomy1 & 9 ! ,r5aissance "* ( 8 ar*itectural sett+s4 ,he pa9t$ = ! ,ca!dral ( ,pi5za a maje/ic ,assumption1 8 ma/]piece4 ,!re are num]\s frescoes by him at ,si5a2 he is p]haps mo/ agreeable 9 little /ories elaborately set amid ri* ar*itecture1 b he lacks ! sprightl9ess ( ! true n>rative tradition4 8,he 0 a melan*oly & solit>y p]son10 writes ,vas>i1 8& always sunk 9 ?\ght40 ,he did some?+ to give to ! ,si5ese pa9t+ ( ! end ( ! c5tury a new & complicat+ ?\ghtfulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,b5v5uto ( ,si5a4 ,assumption ( ! ,virg94--,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,f> ! mo/ v]satile pa9t] at ,si5a 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ,matteo di ,giovanni4#bf ,he 0 n a native1 b born ab\t #adcj at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro 9 upp] ,umbria4 ,!re he work$ = a "t ) t /]n reali/ ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,?us ,matteo br\ght to ,si5a bett] tra9+ ?an 8 fell[s _h1 b he soon fell cont5t$ly into ! ways ( ! place4 ,8 madonnas & female sa9ts h a new t\*4 ,!y are m girli% & fragile ?an _! pr$ecessors1 m exquisite1 m fa%ionable4 ,! type is repres5t$ 9 doz5s ( panels ( :i* ,en?ron$ ,sa9t ,b>b>a1 at ,sa9t ,dom5cio1 dat$ #adgg1 ,figure #fc1 is a f9e example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,girolamo di ,b5v5uto4 ,love b\nd by ,maid5s4 ,bir? ,salv]4--,j>ves ,coll41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,9 su* "w ,matteo cont9ues ! tradition ( ,sassetta along some:at sup]ficial l9es ( prett9ess4 ,he is f> m orig9al 9 ! sev]al v]sions ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 9 :i* seek+ a maximum ( int5sity he a*ieves only a v int]e/+ sort ( c>icature4 ,! picture at ,s4 ,ago/9o1 ,figure #fd1 dat$ #adhb1 is p]haps ! be/ ( ! gr\p4 ,we are 9 ! realm ( ! grisly fairy tale1 at an ogre's sports4 ,! cr[d+1 tumult1 ornate ar*itecture are simply ,matteo's attempts to refurbi% ! old ,lor5zettian tradition4 ,8 real quality be/ appe>s 9 ! outl9es prep>$ = ! figure decoration ( ! pavem5t ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,9 g5]al 8 is an engag+ b entirely undiscipl9$ tal5t1 oscillat+ aft] ! fa%ion ( ! mom5t1 alike 9 ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 betwe5 m]e prett9ess & %e] re/lessness4 ,he di$ 9 #adie1 ,mi*elangelo's /> be+ already 9 ! asc5d5t ov] neighbor+ ,flor5ce4 ,a k9d ( petrification ( ! traditional *>m ( ,si5a is 9 ! "w ( ,b5v5uto di ,giovanni1 s*ol> ( ,sassetta4 ,he cultivates a respl5d5t impassivity1 is sev]e )\t mu* backgr\nd ( k4 ,8 /iffness is graci\s en\gh1 l t ( an ari/ocrat :o ma9ta9s amid difficulties ! dignity ( an old] s*ool4 ,8 s5se ( =mal patt]n & skill 9 model+ 9 a v blond key may be enjoy$ 9 8 v]sions ( ! favorite !me ( ! ,assumption4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^!1 dat$ at ! end ( ! c5tury 9 ! ye> #adih1 is 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,figure #fe4 ,b5v5uto 0 born 9 #adcf & di$ ab\t #aeah4 ,he might1 _h he *os51 h /udi$ ! :ole reali/ic developm5t f ,fra ,angelico to ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 b 8 pa9t+ keeps a *ill virg9al quality q ap>t f life1 its problems & allurem5ts4 ,8 son ,girolamo cont9u$ ! mann] ) less monum5tality until 8 dea? 9 #aebd4 ,to 8 e>ly activity belongs ! delightful salv]1 ,love ,b\nd by ,maid5s1 ,figure #ff1 9 ! ,j>ves ,collection at ,new ,hav54 ,x is m]ely ! tray on :i* ! gifts 7 pres5t$ to a "y "m dur+ ! visits ( congratulation4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = "s memb] ( ! fam\s ,piccolom9i family1 presumably ab\t ! ye> #aejj4 ,! /]n maid5s :o are pluck+ & b9d+ ! /ripl+ ,love1 d\btless are p]sonifications ( ,*a/ity1 ,temp]ance & ! l4 ,9 ! middle di/ance a knight rides (f free to adv5ture s9ce ,love is safely b\nd4 ,x is an odd !me = a gift to a "y bride & "m1 b ! ,italians nev] requir$ consi/5cy 9 _! complim5ts4 ,! da9t9ess ( ! treatm5t is typical = ,r5aissance pa9t+ at ,si5a1 :i* nev] assumes a robu/ or reali/ic or humani/ic acc5t4 ,!re is a ref9em5t :i* is ! h>b+] ( dea?4 ,x appe>s 9 ,si5a 9 ! p]son ( ,n]occio di ,l&i4 ,he sublimates ! /yle ( 8 great pr$ecessors1 ,simone & ,sassetta1 add+ freely ! m delicate ornam5tation ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re is a peculi> pallor 9 8 color+ & t5sion 9 8 modell+4 ,x is an art ( n]ves & ec/asies1 :olly e!rial4 ,an admirable ,annunciation 9 ! ,j>ves ,collection at ,new ,hav5 %[s ! ri* sett+1 ! odd bl5d ( precision ) a languor t m>ks ,n]occio z true gr&son ( ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,!re are _m little panels ( ,madonnas ) sa9ts ( amb] transluc5cy4 ,!y h ! />tl+ vividness & irreality ( an halluc9ation4 ,& !re is a portrait ( a girl 9 ! ,wid5] ,collection1 ,figure #fg1 :i* is ( a sup]latively delicate prett9ess4 ,n]occio 0 born 9 #addg & di$ 9 #aejj4 ,) him pass$ ! special fragrance ( ,si5ese art4 ,until #adge1 ,n]occio 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) "o ^: ambition w5t f> to de/roy :at ,n]occio & ,si5a /ood =4 ,francesco di ,giorgio 0 born 9 #adci4 ,) an ambition & resolution :olly un-,si5ese1 he ma/]$ ! arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture & eng9e]+4 ,he met ,leon>do da ,v9ci at ,pavia1 work$ = ! tyrants ( ,milan1 compet$ = ! faade ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,fl[] at ,flor5ce4 ,z ar*itect & eng9e] x appe>s t he became a cosmopolitan1 9 pa9t+ x 0 h>dly s4 ,he is mo/ delightful 9 8 e>ly phase :i* is repres5t$ by a bride-*e/ 9 ! ,:eelwright collection1 ,bo/on4 ,x repres5ts ,pr9ce ,p>is insol5tly apprais+ ! *>ms ( ! rival goddesses1 & at ! "r rid+ ,troyw>ds 9 disreg>d ( ! despair ( =sak5 none4 ,! classical !me is t+$ ) m$ivalism1 naturaliz$ z ,si5ese4 ,lat] pictures1 su* z ,! ,nativity1 ,figure #fh1 9 ! ,si5ese gall]y1 %[ ,francesco uneasy1 twi/+ 8 figures = grace & display ( k1 work+ ov] ! old l&scape =mulas 9 a semi-reali/ic s5se1 add+ classical ar*itecture1 g5]ally try+ to break ! b\nds ( ! old idealism4 ,! result is re/lessness or at be/ an ambigu\s *>m4 ,si5a is beg9n+ to regret h] isolation1 to make va9 ef=ts to ov]take ! tide ( humani/ic realism1 to envy ,flor5ce1 & ev5 ,p]ugia & ,cortona4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,r5aissance %e 0 two g5]ations beh9d1 & no long] indiff]5t to ! fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,n]occio di ,l&i4 ,portrait ( a ,girl4--,wid5] ,coll41 ,elk9s ,p>k1 ,pa4 ,n m]ely ,francesco di ,giorgio tries to d 9 a decade ! "w ( a c5tury1 b su* y\ng] contempor>ies z ,fungai & ,pac*i>otti look to ,flor5ce or ,umbria4 ,si5a 0 giv5 no "t to recon/ruct1 & h] old beautiful art c\ld n readily assume new =ms4 ,si5a nev] assimilat$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,x invad$ h]1 kill$ h] native art & sub/itut$ "o )\t local flavor4 ,be=e ,francesco di ,giorgio di$1 9 #aejb1 he _h se5 ,luca ,signorelli call$ to ,si5a & ! clev] decorator ,p9torric*io4 ,si5a no long] tru/$ h] own arti/s4 ,francesco probably took little note ( ! adv5t 9 #aeja1 ( a "y ,pi$montese pa9t]1 ,antonio ,bazzi1#bg nicknam$ ,sodoma1 yet ) ,sodoma rema9$ :at little future !re 0 9 ,si5ese pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,sodoma4 ,vision ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a4 ,fresco4--,s4 ,dom5ico1 ,si5a4 ,sodoma br\ght to ,si5a ! k ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! new draughtsman%ip 9 light & %ade4 ,he assimilat$ ! s5sibility ( ,si5a b co>s5$ x4 ,no pa9t] ( ! "t 0 m ov]tly s5tim5tal4 ,8 fam\s ,/4 ,seba/ian at ,flor5ce tells all t ne$ be kn[n ab\t him1--8 consid]able skill1 8 exagg]at$ pa?os1 8 clev] use ( poise & balance1 8 sob] mod]n tonalities4 ,8 s5tim5tal p[] is at its height 9 ! fresco at ,s4 ,dom5ico1 ,si5a1 :i* repres5ts ,s4 ,ca!r9e swoon+ at ! vision ( h] lov]1 ! ,*ri/1 ,figure #fi4 ,sodoma work$ indefatigably 9 & ab\t ,si5a till #aedi4 ,! few local pa9t]s ( a progressive sort1 ,dom5ico ,beccafumi1 ,girolamo del ,pac*ia1 ei!r directly imitate ,sodoma or draw f simil> ali5 s\rces4 ,! only man ( g5ius ,si5a produc$ 9 ^! ye>s1 ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi 7#adha-aecf71 soon w5t to ,rome :]e 9 ar*itecture he held 8 own ) all com]s1 :]eas 9 pa9t+ he became a mode/ imitator ( ,raphael4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s aft] #aejj ! old art p]i%$4 ,si5a f be+ ! la/ radiant exempl> ( ! glory ( ! m$ival _s sunk to ! e/ate ( a f\r? class /ation ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,h] idealism c\ld n be> ! te/ ( reality4 ,h] doma9 _h be5 t ( leg5d & fairy tale & dream1 %e _h rul$ x exquisitely = two c5turies until %e] ta/e _h absorb$ h] little /r5g?4 ,%e _h left un=gettable records ( h] mo/ preci\s feel+s1 b little record ( h] out] activities4 ,?9k h[ portraits ab\nd 9 ,flor5t9e & ,v5etian art aft] #adej6 ,!re are practically none at ,si5a4 ,s x w\ld be futile to g to ,si5a = a great] und]/&+ ( ! active life4 ,b if y w\ld requick5 ! s5se ( leg5d1 live ov] aga9 ! t5d]ness mank9d has ev] felt = ! beautiful pa/1 he> "s fa9t bl[+ ( ! horns ( elfl&--if y want ?is exp]i5ce1 !n g to ,! graci\s ,city ( ! ,virg9 & y %all f9d fulfill$ ! g5]\s motto ov] h] ma9 portal--,si5a w op5 h] he>t wide to !e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,francesco di ,giorgio4 ,nativity4--,belle ,arti4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,sonnet ,,to ,,! ,,sp5d?rift ,,club by ,,folgore ,,da ,,san ,,gemignano translat$ by ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti 8,i give y horses = y\r games 9 ,may1 ,& all ( !m well tra9$ unto ! c\rse-- ,ea* docile1 swift1 erect1 a goodly horse3 ,) armor on _! *e/s & bells at play ,betwe5 _! br[s1 & p5nons fair & gay2 ,f9e nets & h\s+s meet = w>riors1 ,emblazon$ ) ! %ields ye claim = y\rs1 ,gules1 arg5t1 or1 all dizzy at noon day2 ,& spe>s %all split & fruit g fly+ up ,9 m]ry c\nt]*ange = wrea?s t drop ,f balconies & casem5ts f> above2 ,& t5d] damsels ) "y m5 & y\?s ,%all kiss toge!r on ! *eeks & m\?s ,& e day be glad ) joyful love40 ,,h[ ,,v5us ,,f>$ ,,9 ,,si5a ,ghib]ti1 9 8 comm5t>ies 7ed4 ,frey1 ,b]l9 #ahhf1 p4 #eg ff47 tells h[ a m>ble ,v5us1 be>+ ! "n ( ,lysippus 0 dug up at ,si5a4 8,i saw x only z drawn by a v great pa9t] ( ! city ( ,si5a1 :o 0 call$ ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,?is draw+ 0 kept ) greate/ c>e by a v old ,c>?usian4 ,?is bro!r 0 a goldsmi?1 & 8 fa!r1 & 0 a design] & delight$ greatly 9 ! art ( sculpture2 & he began to tell me h[ t /atue 0 discov]$ z !y 7 mak+ an excavation :]e n[ are ! h\ses ( ! ,malavolti2 h[ all ^? in/ruct$ & v]s$ 9 ! art ( sculpture1 ) ! goldsmi?s & pa9t]s ran to see ?is s m>vell\s & arti/ic /atue4 ,e "o prais$ x greatly1 & also ! great pa9t]s :o !n 7 9 ,si5a--to e "o x seem$ absolutely p]fect4 ,& ) all honors !y set x ^u _! f\nta91 z a mo/ spl5did ?+4 ,all ga!r$ to place x ) greate/ rejoic+ & honor & !y fix$ x magnific5tly ^u t f\nta91 :i* /atue reign$ !re b pass+ly40 8,= z ! city _h _m adv]sities 9 ! w> ) ! ,flor5t9es1 & ! fl[] ( ! citiz5ry 7 assembl$ 9 c\ncil1 a citiz5 rose & spoke ab\t ! /atue 9 ?is t5or3 #8,g5tlem5 & citiz5s1 hav+ consid]$ t s9ce we h f\nd ?is /atue x has always gone wrong ) u1 & consid]+ t idolatry is =bidd5 by our fai?1 we mu/ believe ( all ! adv]sities :i* we h t ,god s5ds !m = our errors4 ,& behold 9 tru? t s9ce we h honor$ ?is /atue we h always gone f bad to worse4 ,i am c]ta9 t s long z we keep x 9 our t]ritory x w always g wrong ) u4 ,z a c\ncillor ,i w\ld advise t x be tak5 d[n & %att]$ & split up & be s5t to be buri$ on ! soil ( ! ,flor5t9es4' 8,unanim\sly !y confirm$ ! words ( _! citiz5 & put !m 9 execution1 & ! /atue 0 buri$ ^u our soil40 ,a ,,procession ,,on ,,! ,,completion ,,( ,,duccio',s ,,maje/y 8,on ! day t x 0 c>ri$ to ! ,duomo ! %ops 7 %ut2 & ! ,bi%op bade a goodly & dev\t company ( prie/s & fri>s %\ld g 9 solemn procession1 accompani$ by ! ,n9e ,magi/rates & all ! (fic]s ( ! ,commune & all ! p2 all ! mo/ wor?y foll[$ close ^u ! picture1 accord+ to _! degree1 ) lights burn+ 9 _! h&s2 & !n beh9d !m came ! wom5 & *ildr5 ) great devotion4 ,& !y accompani$ ! said picture z f> z ! ,duomo1 mak+ procession r\nd ! ,campo z is ! use1 all ! bells s\nd+ joy\sly = devotion ( s noble a picture z is ?is4 ,& all t day !y (f]$ up pray]s1 ) great alms to ! poor1 pray+ ,god & ,8 ,"m :o is our advocate1 t he may def5d u 9 ,8 inf9ite m]cy f all adv]sity & all evil1 & t ,he may keep u f ! h&s ( traitors & enemies ( ,si5a40 ,translat$ 9 ,edmund ,g4 ,g>d9]'s ,! ,/ory ( ,si5a1 p4 #agh1 f ! ,anonym\s contempor>y *ronicl] publi%$ by ,a4 ,lis9i 9 ,notizie di ,duccio4 ,a ,,contract ,,= ,,an ,,alt>-,,piece ,,by ,,pietro ,,lor5zetti 8,ma/] ,pietro1 son ( ! late ,lor5zetto1 :o 0 ( ,si5a1 solemnly & will+ly promises & agrees ) ! v5]able ,fa!r ,guido1 by ,god's grace ,bi%op ( ,arezzo1 :o /ipulates 9 ! "n & /ead ( ! p ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,arezzo--to pa9t a panel ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 444 9 ! c5tre ( :i* panel %all be a lik5ess ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y ) h] ,son & ) f\r side figures accord+ to ! wi% ( ! a=esaid ,"l ,bi%op1 work+ 9 ! backgr\nds ( ^! figures ) f9e/ gold leaf1 #ajj leaves to a flor91 444 & ! o!r ornam5ts ( silv] & ( be/ & *oice/ colors2 & us+ 9 ^! five figures be/ ultram>9e blue2 & 9 ! o!r adjo9+ & surr\nd+ spaces 7panels7 ( ?is picture to be pa9t$ lik5esses ( prophets & sa9ts1 accord+ to ! wi% ( ?is ,"l ,bi%op1 ) good & *oice colors40 8,x mu/ be six braccia long & five braccia high 9 ! middle1 ap>t f two columns ea* a half braccia wide1 & 9 ea* %\ld be six figures work$ ) ! a=esaid gold1 & ! "w %all be approv$ by ?is ,"l ,bi%op44440 8,& he ,pietro ,lor5zetti mu/ beg9 ?is "w accord+ to ! wi% ( ?is ,"l ,bi%op1 imm$iately aft] ! wood5 panel %all h be5 made1 & mu/ cont9ue 9 ?is "w until ! completion ( ?is picture1 n und]tak+ any o!r "w c4 ,& !re=e ! said ,"l ,bi%op ,guido promises to h giv5 & assign$ to him ! panel made ( wood2 & to pay him = 8 wages = ! picture & = colors1 gold & silv] "o hundr$ & sixty ,pisan lire2 t is ! ?ird "p at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 ! ?ird "p at ! middle ( ! "w1 & ! rema9+ ?ird "p :5 ! "w is f9i%$ & complete c40 8,done 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,angels 9 ,arcalto outside ( & next to ! cemet]y40 ,translat$ & slightly abridg$ f ,borghesi & ,ban*i1 ,nuovi ,docum5ti p] la ,/oria dell' ,arte ,s5ese1 7,doc4 #f1 p4 #aj7 ,si5a1 #ahih4 ,?is contract well illu/rates ! elaborat5ess & /rictness ( su* agreem5ts4 ,x may be comp>$ ) ! picture itself 7,fig4 #df74 ,app>5tly ! arti/ p]suad$ ! ,bi%op to give up ! plan ( twelve prophets & sa9ts on two side pila/]s1 & made in/ead a great] numb] 7#ae7 ( figures 9 ! upp] arcade & p9nacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,&rea del ,ca/agno4 ,david1 ,slay] ( ,golia?4 ,p>ade ,%ield4--,wid5] ,coll41 ,elk9s ,p>k1 ,pa4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,masaccio ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,realism ,ghib]ti1 ,brunellesco1 & ,donatello ab\t #adjj beg9 to /udy ,nature & ! ,antique--,! new secul> _s--,discont5t ) ! old pictorial /yle express$ 9 reaction by ,lor5zo ,monaco--9 cauti\s re=m by ,fra ,angelico--& ,masol9o--9 revolution>y re=m by ,masaccio--,! ,cassoni pa9t]s z illu/rators ( contempor>y mann]s--,masaccio & ! new /ructure 9 light & %ade--,! ,problem ( ! ,brancacci ,frescoes--,masaccio's endur+ influ5ce--,! e>ly ,flor5t9e ,reali/s--,paolo ,uccello & ,p]spective--,&rea del ,ca/agno & ,anatomy--,dom5ico ,v5eziano & ,oil ,pa9t+--,alesso ,baldov9etti4 ,9 ! two e>li] *apt]s we h consid]$ :at ,giorgio ,vas>i calls ! vigor\s *ildhood ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,we are n[ to obs]ve its spl5did y\?4 ,! /ory appropriately beg9s ) ?ree "y m5 & ! ye> #adja & ) a baby1 lat] nicknam$ ,masaccio1 :o 0 born t same ye>4 ,! ?ree "y ,flor5t9es repres5t ! new "t-_s4 ,! lucky "o1 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 has j won a competition = ! new bronze doors ( ! ,bapti/]y1 & has 9 t "o commission m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( happy "w ahead4 ,ghib]ti is s5sitive & ?\ghtful beyond ! wont ( ! old] craftsm5 arti/s4 ,he writes ( an antique /atue3 8,x has sweetness ( modell+ :i* _c be caught ei!r 9 a /rong or a dim light1 only ! h& & t\* c f9d x40 ,ghib]ti is a critic & analy/ z well z a creator4 ,9 8 8,comm5t>ies10 a product ( 8 old age1 he writes3 8,?us ,i h always s\ght = fir/ pr9ciples1 z to h[ nature works 9 h]self1 & h[ ,i may approa* h]1 h[ ! eye kn[s ! v>ieties ( ?+s1 h[ our visual p[] works1 h[ visual images come ab\t1 & 9 :at mann] ! !ory ( sculpture & pa9t+ %\ld be fram$40 ,?is is ! mood ( ! ,r5aissance 9 its mo/ s]i\s aspect4 ,?is /ud5t mood 0 fully %>$ by two "y fri5ds ( ,ghib]ti4 ,donatello1 ! sculptor1 & ,brunellesco1 lat] ! design] ( ! dome ( ! ,ca!dral at ,flor5ce1 _h lo/ 9 ! competition = ! ,bapti/]y doors4 ,!y accept$ defeat magnanim\sly1 jo9$ =ces & w5t to ,rome1 :]e _! p]si/5t way ( pok+ among ! ru9s got !m ! "n ( ! treasure seek]s4 ,su* inde$ !y 71 b ! treasure !y s\ght 0 n gold1 b ! secrets ( ! anci5t sculptors & ar*itects4 ,s ,donatello ref9$ & p]fect$ ! rugg$ realism he _h f nature4 ,z e>ly z #adaf he 0 to c>ve ! al]t & noble ,/4 ,george = ,or ,san ,mi*ele4 ,brunellesco's life dream 0 t lighte/ & lovelie/ ( domes :i* is /ill ! ar*itectural cr[n ( ,flor5ce1 & almo/ incid5tally he ?rew (f designs t fill$ ,flor5ce ) elegant colonnades & *ur*es :i* r5ew$ ! dignity & joy\sness ( ! be/ ,roman build+4 ,a resolute _s1 ,brunellesco once tramp$ ! sixty miles f ,flor5ce to ,cortona to see a newly excavat$ /atue4 ,n incid5tally1 !n1 b by h>de/ /udy1 ,brunellesco work$ out a correct practice ( l9e> p]spective4 ,?is ne$$ res\rce = ! pa9t] 0 n[ available :5 any "o _h ! s5se to ask = x1 & all ! "t "y ,masaccio 0 gr[+ up 9 ,san ,giovanni up ! ,arno4 ,su* is ! imm$iate backgr\nd = ! =w>d move 9 pa9t+ :i* beg9s 9 #adbb1 or !reab\ts1 & runs ?r\gh fifty ye>s ( eag] exp]im5tation4 ,z 9 ! fir/ revival ! sculptors & ar*itects _h %[n ! way to ! pa9t]s1 s x 0 aga94 ,b !re is also a remot] social & comm]cial backgr\nd = ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance :i* we mu/ consid] briefly4 ,! great plague ( #acdh cuts ,flor5t9e hi/ory %>ply 9 two4 ,x m>k$ an accel]ation ( gayety & worldl9ess1 ( sports & pageantry4 ,! *ronicl] ,matteo ,villani#bh not$ ) amazem5t t ! plague _h caus$ n rep5tance b dissipation4 ,he 0 %ock$ to see ! old toga-l co/ume ( ! ,flor5t9es give place to ! bobtail$ j]k9s & p>ti-color$ hose borr[$ f wick$ ,france4 ,h]itages 7 _m & heirs few4 ,y saw ! g[ns ( g5tle & noble ladies on backs ( hussies or worse--! new wives4 ,p ran to 8! s9 ( gluttony1 to fea/s & tav]ns1 delicate vi&s & games40 ,z = ! poor folk1 !y no long] wi%$ to "w at _! trades1 !y expect$ ! co/lie/ food1 !y m>ri$ 8ad libitum40 ,s began t loos5+ up ( ! old b\rgeois morals :i* culm9at$ 9 ! c>nivals ( ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury & 9 ! lib]t9e muse ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t4 ,all ?is meant an inspir+ spectacle = ! arti/ to record1 & pl5ty ( lavi% patronage1 b also x meant a dis9tegrat+ t5d5cy = art4 ,pa9t+ is great 9 ,flor5ce 9 ! measure t x escapes ! m]e expansiv5ess ( ! times & seeks discipl9e4 ,z if to ass]t ! p]man5cy ( ! _s ( discipl9e1 ! v ye> t set ,matteo ,villani 9 despair1 #acdh1 gave him also a *apt] on ! f\nd+ ( ! ,/udio1 a s*ool ( high] le>n+ :i* ev5tually became ! ,univ]sity ( ,flor5ce4 ,& ! c\rse ( art = mo/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 to be a con/ant int]play & rivalry betwe5 ! ,flor5ce ( ! tav]n & race-c\rse & ! ,flor5ce ( ! ,/udio1 ) a f9al victory = ! latt]4 ,oddly en\gh1 ! new luxury & gayety & ! new s*ol>%ip conspir$ to make ! old pa9t+ inadequate4 ,! panoramic /yle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 too simple & unornate = ! ,fr5*ifi$ ,flor5t9es2 = ! new g5]ation ( /r5u\s arti/s1 x 0 too slight & unskilful4 ,all ! f9] spirits at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury are malcont5ts4 ,_! unre/ express$ itself1 accord+ to temp]am5t1 9 progress or reaction4 ,! dom9at+ arti/ ( ! mom5t 0 a reaction>y1 ,don ,lor5zo ,monaco1#bi ,camaldolese monk4 ,turn+ f ! sup]ficiality ( ! curr5t ,flor5t9e /yle1 he s\ght 8 corrective at ,si5a1 8 bir?place1 9 ! decorative exquisit5ess ( ,simone ,m>t9i & ! n>rative w>m? & bread? ( ! ,lor5zetti2 & he imports ^! qualities into ,flor5ce 9 an art z ari/ocratic & retrospective z t ( our own ,pre-,raphaelites4 ,9 8 h&s ,go?ic pa9t+ takes a new & unw>rant$ lease ( life4 ,he is a brilliant colori/1 a fa/idi\s design]1 an au/]e _s4 ,ev5 8 great ,si5ese exempl>s h h>dly surpass$ 8 ma/]piece1 ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,x is dat$ #adac4 ,9 ! ri*ness ( ! ,go?ic frame1 ! pr(usion ( small incid5tal figures1 ! fe/oon+ curves ( ! sway+ sa9ts & angels1 & =mal symmetry ( arrangem5t1 x well repres5ts ! mo/ florid type ( ,go?ic pa9t+ z develop$ at ,si5a4 ,x is h>d to realize t ?is lovely m$ival "w 0 pa9t$ at ! mom5t :5 ,brunellesco & 8 fri5ds 7 already turn+ %>ply to nature & to ! vision ( ,hellas4 ,b ,lor5zo 0 a cloi/]$ man1 & appropriately a vot>y ( pa/ p]fections4 ,8 dev\t mood is be/ express$ 9 ! graci\s ,annunciation1 ,figure #ga1 :i* has happily nev] left its orig9al alt> 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it4 ,"h ,lor5zo foll[s ! ,lor5zettian canons ( space4 ,a girli% delicacy 9 ! ob$i5t ,virg9 is a new note1 to be e*o$ m sweetly by ,lor5zo's be/ foll[]1 ,fra ,angelico4 ,lor5zo di$ 9 #adbe4 ,masaccio _h already creat$ ! new /yle ( pa9t+1 b = a c\ple ( decades fai?ful disciples ( ,don ,lor5zo c>ri$ on 8 /yle4 ,a lov] ( ,plut>*ian p>allels & contra/s w\ld swiftly pass f ,don ,lor5zo ,monaco to ,masaccio4 ,b "o may bett] und]/& ! new movem5t by tak+ fir/ m5 :o gradually & normally accept$ ! new k4 ,su* are ,fra ,angelico & ,masol9o1 :o began z ,go?ic pa9t]s & end$ z ,r5aissance ma/]s4 ,!y %[ u bett] ! av]age drift ( ! times ?an does s revolution>y a figure z ,masaccio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,lor5zo ,monaco1 ,annunciation4--,tr9it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,annunciation & ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,museum ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,coronation ( ! ,virg94--,l\vre4 ,fra ,angelico#cj 0 born 9 #achg & at tw5ty ent]$ ! religi\s /ate z a ,dom9ican at ,fiesole4 ,h[ soon ,fra ,giovanni1 n yet nicknam$ ,angelico1 became a pa9t] we h>dly "k4 ,b f\r little pictures design$ to inclose 9 _! frames relics ( ! sa9ts may repres5t 8 beg9n+s4 ,?ree are at ,san ,m>co1 ,flor5ce1 "o 9 ,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]'s collection at ,bo/on4 ,! ,little ,annunciation ) an ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ,figure #gb1 may repres5t ! "w4 ,x is ref9$1 t5d]1 ( jewel-l fre%ness ( color1 graceful 9 l9e> arrangem5t1 at fir/ sight :olly ,si5ese 9 inspiration1 & directly dep5d5t on ,lor5zo ,monaco4 ,a k9d ( v]acity "u ! ri*ness ( ! expression m>ks ! "w z aft] all /raight=w>d & ,flor5t9e4 ,! date may be ab\t #adbe1 ,fra ,angelico1 be+ 9 8 middle ?irties1 & 9 8 art ab\t a c5tury beh9d ! times4 ,9 8 e>ly ,go?ic mann] he conceiv$ "s ( 8 ma/]pieces1 su* z ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ) its glimpse ( a cele/ial cl\d l&2 & ! :imsically beautiful ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,bo? are at ! ,museum ( ,san ,m>co4 ,"o c believe ! report ( ,vas>i t ea* day ,fra ,angelico pray$ be=e t\*+ bru% to su* ma/]pieces4 ,su* pictures h ! hu% & *>m ( a cele/ial dreaml&1 a m$itative beauty q un-,flor5t9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,madonna dei ,l9aiuoli4 ,orig9ally an outdoor tab]nacle4--,museum ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,all ! "t ,fra ,angelico 0 placidly & intellig5tly /udy+ ! new reali/ic movem5t laun*$ by ,donatello & ,masaccio4 ,he adopts :at suits him1 reject+ heavy %ad[s :i* w\ld dull 8 ,go?ic color+1 b add+ freely reali/ic details 9 anatomy1 drap]y1 & ar*itecture4 ,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,figure #gc1 ?\gh x may be only a few mon?s lat] ?an t ( ! ,uffizi1 no long] takes place 9 a cl\dl& be=e luc5t gold1 b 9 a q practicable ar*itecture imitat+ ! ni*e :i* ,mi*elozzo design$ 9 #adbc = ,donatello's ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se4 ,! =ms too are m sub/antial1 m mundane4 ,soon ! ar*itectural accessories become ( ,r5aissance type1 & z ,mr4 ,langton ,d\glas has %[n1 e new inv5tion ( ,mi*elozzo = a space ( t5 ye>s is promptly reflect$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,8 greate/ ,madonna1 t ( ! ,l95 ,guild1 ,figure #gd1 pa9t$ 9 #adcc1 is almo/ pla/ic1 recall+ ! sev]e sweetness ( ,orcagna4 ,! picture is really cumb]$ by ! ri* hang+s1 :i* ) ! sl5d] sway+ angels 9 ! bevel ( ! frame are already an ana*ronism4 ,9 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 ,figure #ge1 we f9d ,fra ,angelico skilfully adopt+ ! new discov]ies 9 anatomy & l&scape4 ,! treatm5t is broad & panoramic 9 ! tradition ( ! ,lor5zetti b all ! details are c>efully /udi$ f nature & n furni%$ by =mula4 ,a deeply felt sc5e ?us ga9s v]isimilitude1 comes out ( ! realm ( leg5d & becomes an actuality4 ,! panel 0 f9i%$ 9 #addj1 &1 n[ t ,masaccio 0 gone1 !re 0 no liv+ pa9t] :o c\ld h put into x ) equal k s mu* feel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,deposition4--,uffizi4 ,! build+ ( ! great ,dom9ican ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co betwe5 #adcg & #addd op5$ to ,fra ,angelico 8 great opportunity4 ,x 0 ! gift ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 n[ un(ficial rul] ( ,flor5ce1 :o _h 8 good reasons = wi%+ to assure ! occasional repose ( 8 busy s\l 9 ?is _w & its p]man5t repose 9 ! next4 ,he (t5 s\ght seclusion 9 ! conv5t & d\btless saw 9 progress ! fifty or m frescoes t ,fra ,angelico made to adorn x4 ,fra ,angelico 0 pa9t+ = deeply religi\s m51 = s*ol>s :o _h ! ,scriptures at _! f+] tips1 & = ?is reason p]haps he rejects all small] realisms1 r$uc+ 8 compositions to ! m]e figures4 ,?us ! ,san ,m>co frescoes are m concise ev5 ?an ^? ( ,giotto1 & !y rea* at _! be/ a simple sublimity z yet unatta9$ 9 ,italian art4 ,highly =mal & decorative1 !y are free f consci\sly /hetic ta9t4 ,sometimes ,i ?9k ,p]ug9o le>n$ mu* at ,san ,m>co & t we may ?us reg>d ,fra ,angelico z indirectly a lead+ influ5ce on ,raphael4 ,! sp>se1 effective me?od may be illu/rat$ 9 ! fresco set ov] ! door ( ! gue/ qu>t]s1 ! ,=e/i]a4 ,x repres5ts a pilgrim ,*ri/ be+ receiv$ by ,dom9ican bro!rs4 ,figure #gf4 ,9 ! /rang] we ent]ta9 ,! ,"l ,himself is ! simple lesson4 ,! figures are set aga9/ a conv5tional blue backgr\nd b are con/ruct$ ) ! au?ority ( ! new le>n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,dom9icans receive ,*ri/ z ,pilgrim4 ,gue/ h\se door4--,s4 ,m>co4 ,9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se ne>by ,fra ,angelico pa9t$1 ab\t #addj1 a great ,crucifixion1 ,figure #gg4 ,! ?ree lad5 crosses /& out %>ply aga9/ a murky sky4 ,! sett+ is a m]e plat=m1 on :i* ! famili> =ms ( ,m>y & ! belov$ ,apo/les are almo/ lo/ 9 a ?rong ( witnesses ( e age4 ,we h ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 & _! successors--,/4 ,dom9ic & ,/4 ,francis1 among o!rs4 ,! arrangem5t is highly =mal1 ! mood t ( m$itation2 ! %>p] trag$y ( ! !me is n insi/$ on4 ,! *>act]ization ( ! sa9ts is precise & f9e1 ! draw+ ( _! =ms admirable4 ,_h ! composition be5 set aga9/ a ,go?ic1 blue backgr\nd1 ! mood w\ld h seem$ m]ely s5tim5tal4 ,:at gives x1 ) all its ab/ractness1 an almo/ s5sational tang ( reality is ! ar*+ sky1 slaty above & an om9\s orange beh9d ! figures4 ,! exp$i5t br+s an elem5t ( def9ite place & "t ( day = ?is r5dezv\s ( sa9ts at a my/ically r5ew$ ,calv>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,my/ical ,crucification4 ,*apt] ,h\se4--,s4 ,m>co4 ,9 ! cells ( ! conv5t1 ,fra ,angelico & 8 help]s pa9t$ no less ?an =ty-?ree frescoes4 ,^! 7 int5d$ = ! private devotions ( ! bro!r occupy+ ! cell1 & ! subjects 7 probably *os5 n by ,fra ,angelico himself1 b by 8 cloi/] mates4 ,! be/ are conceiv$ l ! frescoes ( ! l[] /ory4 ,! backgr\nd is j a veil$ sky1 !re are no accessories1 ! figures loom 9 an indef9ite space4 ,maje/ic is ! ,transfiguration1 ,figure #gh1 v lovely ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,! angelic pa9t] draws ! maximum effect f ! simple/ patt]ns & briefe/ means4 ,!re is ! measur$ & simple dignity ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mosaics ) a w>m] & m p]sonal feel+4 ,fra ,angelico1 :5 he wi%es1 c be elaborately reali/ic4 ,he is s 9 ! g>d5 sc5e :]e ! ,ris5 ,*ri/ g5tly rebuffs ! ,magdal51 9 ! cr[d$ ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 :i* tradition assigns to ,cosimo de' ,m$ici's cell1 & 9 ! ,annunciation1 ,figure #gi1 9 ! corridor ) its graceful ,r5aissance loggia4 ,9 ?is m circum/antial ve91 ,fra ,angelico is delightful1 b ,i ?9k bel[ 8 be/4 ,9 all ! frescoes at ,s4 ,m>co1 h[ev]1 ,fra ,angelico appe>s z a :olly ,flor5t9e figure ) an art bas$ at once on ! /udy ( nature & on an und]/&+ admiration = ! ma/]pieces ( ,giotto & ,orcagna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,transfiguration1 fresco 9 a cell at ,s4 ,m>co4 ,some?+ ( 8 m$ivalism1 ( 8 ,si5ese mann]1 p]si/s 9 ! num]\s little pr$ella panels1 su* z ^? tell+ delightfully ! /ory ( ! doctor sa9ts1 ,cosmo & ,damian1 & ! s]ies ) ! life ( ,*ri/ :i* adorn$ ! doors ( ! plate lock]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,) _! fully develop$ pictorialism1 _! c>eful reg>d = ! m9or realisms ( sett+1 ^! little pictures are ! prelude to 8 la/ phase at ,rome4 ,!y are also ! la/ ,flor5t9e pictures t obs]ve ^? traditional iconographical =ms :i* _h p]si/$ = f\r c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,annunciation4 ,fresco4--,san ,m>co4 ,fra ,angelico ev] refus$ to make money or accept promotion1 b became despite himself a celebrity4 ,9 #adde he 0 ord]$ to ,rome by ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv4 ,! frescoes :i* ,fra ,angelico !n made 9 ! ,vatican are lo/4 ,!re 0 an escape to ,orvieto1 :]e ,fra ,angelico pa9t$ half ! vault ( ! ,*apel ( ,s4 ,brixio1 :i* ,signorelli 0 lat] to complete4 ,fra ,angelico 0 p]emptorily recall$ to ,rome 9 #addg by ! new ,pope1 ,ni*olas ,v1 :o 0 plann+ a new *apel 9 ! ,vatican4 ,we see x today /ill radiant ) ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,/eph5 & ,/4 ,lawr5ce t ,fra ,angelico ?\ghtfully compos$ m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,mod]n critics h g5]ally agre$ 9 f9d+ ,fra ,angelico's ma/]pieces 9 ?is *apel4 ,if !y mean 8 fulle/ display ( k1 ! op9ion is inconte/ible4 ,n[h]e else has ,fra ,angelico inv5t$ su* complications ( ar*itecture1 int]iors1 /reet p]spectives2 n[h]e has he drawn bett] figures 9 great] v>iety4 ,su* frescoes z ! lunette ) ,/4 ,/eph5 def5d+ himself be=e ! ,jewi% doctors & prea*+ to ! p1 ,figure #hj1 or t depict+ ,/4 ,lawr5ce giv+ alms to cripples & poor folk be=e a basilica1 are le>n$ & ri*4 ,b does n _! v ri*ness obscure bo? ! decorative & emotional appeal8 ,p]sonally ,i t5d to lose ! figures 9 ! complexity ( ! sett+4 ,any ( ,fra ,angelico's little pr$ellas tells its /ory m feel+ly & cle>ly1 & no less ably4 ,"u ! pressure ( competition at ,rome1 ,fra ,angelico = ! fir/ "t is o/5tati\s4 ,to please ! ,pope he revives 9 m speci\s =m ! trivialities ( ! old panoramic /yle4 ,_h he grasp$ ,masaccio's inv5tion ( a]ial p]spective & con/ruction 9 light & d>k1 ,fra ,angelico might h c>ri$ (f 8 elaborate sett+s successfully4 ,z x is1 !y confuse ! eye by too _m l9e> elem5ts1 & only mildly delight ! m9d4 ,ev5 ! s5sitive mood ( leg5d1 :i* is notewor?y 9 ^! frescoes1 is bett] repres5t$ 9 ! small] panels4 ,9 fairness ( ,go?ic fresco color+1 h[ev]1 !y are unsurpass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,fra ,angelico4 ,/4 ,/eph5 ,prea*+1 ! ,sa9t be=e ! ,c\ncil4 ,fresco4--,*apel ( ,ni*olas ,v41 ,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,masol9o4 ,annunciation4--,h5ry ,goldman1 ,esq4 ,new ,york4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( t5d5cy1 ^! frescoes are pr(\ndly in/ructive4 ,!y %[ ! irresi/ible drift t[>ds ! =mation ( a new panoramic /yle1 a drift t ev5 ,fra ,angelico1 cloi/]$ sa9t & exquisite self-critic1 0 unable to escape4 ,9 spite ( 8 record & bett] k1 he becomes an inaugurator ( t picturesque1 undiscipl9$1 & dec5traliz$ mann] ( n>rative :i* 0 to be repres5t$ by ,ghirl&aio1 ,botticelli1 & _! contempor>ies4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s ,fra ,angelico decl9$ ! ar*bi%opric ( ,flor5ce & di$ at ,rome 9 #adee4 ,! tomb/one :i* %[s ! emaciation ( 8 p]i%able =m is 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* ( ! ,m9]va2 8 imp]i%able monum5t is 8 fresco$ conv5t home ( ,s4 ,m>co at ,flor5ce4 ,( ! traditional arti/s ,fra ,angelico is by f> ! mo/ important1 b 8 contempor>y ,masol9o ( ,panicale mu/ be consid]$1 p>tly because tradition makes him ! ma/] ( ,masaccio1 p>tly because ( ! problems :i* clu/] ab\t 8 "w4 ,! picture :i* is "h drawn ( him repres5ts my own inve/igations1 & diff]s at sev]al po9ts f ! views ( ,b]5son & ,toesca4 ,if we judge ,masol9o only by ! "w t is unque/ionably 81 he is n an impressive figure4 ,he inh]its ! grace ( ! late ,go?ic /yle1 & he adds r p>tially & inconsequ5tially ! new discov]ies 9 anatomy & l9e> p]spective4 ,*ance took him away f ! c5tre ( ?+s1 ,flor5ce4 ,he work$ mo/ly 9 ,lomb>dy1 di/ant ,hung>y1 prov9cial ,tuscany1 & ,rome4 ,he has indu/ry & *>m1 b n[h]e %[s mu* intellig5ce4 ,on ! :ole he is a poor] /ory-tell] ?an 8 ,go?ic pr$ecessors1 & only _! fair equal 9 panel pa9t+4 ,_h ,vas>i n ascrib$ to him1 ,i believe errone\sly1 ! e>ly miracles ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,! ,c>m9e1 at ,flor5ce1 ! g5]al hi/orian ( art w\ld ne$ to pay little att5tion to ,masol9o4 ,b he has be5 entangl$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ important ( arti/ic problems1 t ( ,masaccio1 s we _c ignore him4 ,masol9o#ca 0 born 9 #achd1 &1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 0 tra9$ by ! my/]i\s ,/>n9a4 ,we h no v e>ly works to %[ 8 progress1 & x is m]ely a good guess t ! radiant ,annunciation1 ,figure #ha1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,goldman1 ,new ,york1 may be consid]ably e>li] ?an #adbj4 ,x %[s ! g5tl5ess & animation :i* are con/ant 9 ,masol9o4 ,x comb9es ! ,si5ese calligraphic mann] ) ^? small] realisms ( insc5ation :i* ultimately d]ive f ,duccio4 ,x has colori/ic audacities ( its own 9 ! spott+ ( brighte/ v]million4 ,x gives small h9t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,at a lat] date ?an #adbj1 by :i* "t ord9>y p]spective began to be und]/ood1 ,i d\bt if ,masol9o w\ld h indulg$ 9 t prepo/]\s & unnecess>y c5tral pill> :i* />ts above 9 middle di/ance & ends bel[ 9 ! picture plane4 ,a ,madonna at ,brem51 dat$ #adbc1 %[s him /ill z ,go?ic z ,lor5zo ,monaco1 :o inde$ seems to h influ5c$ him dom9at+ly4 ,9 ?is same ye>1 x is likely t he pa9t$ ! frescoes 9 ! ,collegiate ,*ur* at ,ca/iglione d',olona1 a lovely village at ! foot ( ! ,alps4 ,masol9o _h to deal ) refractory spaces1 ! n>r[ triangul> sectors ( ! apse4 ,?is has caus$ elongation ( ! figures & pil+ up ( fanta/ic ar*itecture m]ely to fill ! spaces4 ,! mood is g5tle & graceful1 ! treatm5t q ,go?ic4 ,^! six /ories ( ! ,virg9 mu/ h satisfi$ ,masol9o's humani/ patron1 ,c>d9al ,br&a ,ca/iglione2 = sev]al ye>s lat] he re-employ$ ! pa9t] to decorate ! adjo9+ ,bapti/]y4 ,masol9o at =ty1 9 ! ,collegiate ,*ur*1 0 /ill completely ,go?ic4 ,if we may believe ,vas>i1 at t age he sudd5ly ma/]$ ! new /yle4 ,only on su* a !ory c he h pa9t$ ! ,adam & ,eve & ! ,/4 ,pet] reviv+ ,tabi?a1 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 :i* are 9 ! new *i>oscuro te*nic4 ,s9ce ,masol9o1 ye>s aft] ! "t :5 he 0 work+ 9 t *apel1 is /ill incompletely mod]n z reg>ds light & %ade1 x is easi] to suppose t :at he actually pa9t$ 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 ab\t #adbd1 0 m]ely ! vault & ! ?ree lunettes1 :i* h s9ce be5 de/roy$4 ,?us all ! frescoes n[ visible 9 ?is fam\s *apel w\ld be by ,masaccio or 8 cont9u]1 ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ! excell5t critic ,cavalcaselle m ?an fifty ye>s ago4 ,h[ev] t be1 ,masol9o by #adbg 0 at ,buda 7n[ ,budape/71 :]e he work$ = t extraord9>y ,flor5t9e exile & soldi] ( =tune1 ,pippo ,spano4 ,aft] t trip1 we he> no m ( ,masol9o at ,flor5ce--r oddly1 s9ce ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 :i* he _h begun1 /ill _h ?ree unpictur$ spaces aft] ,masaccio's dea? 9 #adbh4 ,app>5tly ! ,brancacci family did n consid] ,masol9o compet5t to complete ! "w he _h begun4 ,if s1 !y 7 wise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,masol9o4 ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 detail ( fresco4--,bapti/]y1 ,ca/iglione d',olona4 ,we next f9d ,masol9o1 aft] an int]val ( m ?an t5 ye>s1 decorat+ ! ,bapti/]y at ,ca/iglione d',olona = 8 old patron1 ,c>d9al ,br&a4 ,! date is #adce4 ,by ?is "t ,masol9o _h le>n$ a good deal1 b _h h>dly assimilat$ 8 new atta9m5ts4 ,:e!r z decoration or z /ory-tell+1 ! /ories ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ are at once confus$ & pret5ti\s1 ) little to recomm5d !m save ! lovel9ess ( _! ,go?ic color1 ! prett9ess ( ! heads1 & c]ta9 vivaci\s & well-obs]v$ ge/ures4 ,9 ! great fresco ( ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ,figure #hb1 ! incid5tal nudes are s c>efully anatomiz$ t !y di/ract f ! g5]al effect1 :ile ! deep riv] valley unhappily draws ! eye away f ! figures 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,a simil>ly pictorially inept use ( =e%ort5$ ,r5aissance colonnades appe>s 9 ! opposite fresco depict+ ! ,fea/ ( ,h]od & ! deliv]y ( ! head ( ,/4 ,john to ,h]odias4 ,if x 7 n = ! physical discom=t ( travell+ to ! end ( ^? int]m9able colonnades & return+ to note :at is happ5+ ne>by 9 !m1 ^! /ories !mselves w\ld seem vivaci\s & well-conceiv$1 ! female heads attractive1 ! color gay & pleas+4 ,! me?od ( composition is /ill ,lor5zettian & ! mod]n ar*itectural features inorganic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,masol9o4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e disput+ ) ! ,pagan ,doctors4 ,fresco4--,s4 ,clem5te1 ,rome4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,masol9o 0 swept to ,rome by ! great wave ( rebuild+ & r$ecorat+ :i* accompani$ ,pope ,m>t9 ,v's return f ,avignon4 ,!re 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,sacram5t1 9 ! v5]able ,basilica ( ,s4 ,clem5te1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 ,c>d9al ,br&a's titul> ,*ur*1 ,masol9o a*iev$ 8 mature/ "w4 ,completely repa9t$1 we may /ill see ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & a f9ely !atrical ,calv>y by ,masol9o1 & z well leg5ds ( ,/4 ,ambrose by a foll[] ( ,masaccio4 ,"h ,masol9o's gift z a /ory-tell] is at its be/4 ,he has le>n$ to subord9ate 8 accessories1 & ! *ildlike "* ( 8 !mes enli/s 8 tal5t 9 its mo/ engag+ aspect4 ,su* a fresco z ,/4 ,ca!r9e urg+ ! my/]ies ( ! fai? be=e ! ,roman doctors1 ,figure #hc1 is well-felt & skilfully compos$1 & )al mo/ flimsily drawn4 ,x is incr$ible t a man :o c\ld d ! ,tabi?a 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel at =ty %\ld h relaps$ to ?is level at fifty-five4 ,! evid5ce ( ! armor#cb worn by ! horsem5 9 ! ,calv>y proves t t fresco1 & presumably ! entire decoration ( ! *apel1 _c be e>li] ?an #addj1 :ile ( c\rse x _c be lat] ?an ,masol9o's own dea? 9 #addg4 ,to ?is lat] p]iod belongs1 ,i believe1 ! dipty* at ,naples :i* repres5ts two !mes r>e 9 e>ly ,flor5t9e pa9t+1 ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 & ! ,miracle ( ! ,sn[1 ,figure #hd4 ,! latt] sc5e %[s ,pope ,lib]ius trac+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,basilica ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore :i* 7 indicat$ by a miracul\s sn[-fall 9 midsumm]4 ,x is delightful z /ory-tell+1 & "s ( ! m9or figures are entranc+1 z is ! l&scape4 ,s9ce ,mi*elangelo & ,giorgio ,vas>i once admir$ ?is picture toge!r at ,rome1 we %\ld n grudge x our admiration4 ,nor %\ld we fail to note ! curi\s defects 9 con/ruction4 ,! heads ( ! att5dant figures are set on ! %\ld]s l a ball on a po/4 ,y c\ld bl[ any ( ^! heads (f )\t ov]tax+ y\r lungs4 ,! picture %[s ! utmo/ ( :i* ,masol9o 0 capable4 ,x reveals him z lightly t\*$ by ! new le>n+ & fai?ful to ! old panoramic ideals ( n>rative :i* _h come d[n f ,taddeo ,gaddi & ! ,lor5zetti4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,masol9o4 ,pope ,lib]ius trac+ ! sn[-m>k$ plan ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore4--,naples4 ,logically we %\ld next consid] ,masaccio1 b fir/ we may well give an eye to a m9or sort ( n>rative pa9t+ :i* work$ 9 ! direction ( contempor>y realism4 ,?is 0 dome/ic pa9t+ z di/+ui%$ f ecclesia/ical or civic4#cc ,9 a prosp]\s ,flor5t9e home ! *e/ 0 ! mo/ important article ( furniture4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury its front 0 pictur$ ) races1 pageants1 fea/s1 battles1 or ! new !mes f classical my?ology4 ,e patrician bride normally receiv$ two su* pa9t$ cassoni to conta9 h] tr\sseau4 ,= example1#cd ,giovanna di ,filippo ,aldobr&9i :5 %e m>ri$ ,tommaso di ,b]to ,f9i1 9 #adah1 receiv$ two bride *e/s depict+ ! races on ,/4 ,john's day4 ,a complete *e/ 9 ! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce1 %[s ! rid]s c>ry+ to ! ,bapti/]y ! palii1 or l5g?s ( brocade :i* 7 ! prizes4 ,! front panel ( ! companion *e/ is 9 ! ,hold5 ,collection1 at ,clevel&1 & commemorates ) extraord9>y vivacity & fidelity ! race itself1 ,figure #he4 ,! w9n] is j prep>+ to t\* ! palio :i* hangs f ! c]emonial c> at ! f9i%4 ,je/]s1 policem51 eag] wom51 & impati5t ur*9s :o pelt ! los]s make up a rem>kable picture ( contempor>y cu/oms4 ,besides ! pictur$ *e/s1 a well appo9t$ room _h at ! height ( a sitt]'s %\ld] simil> b l>g] panels :i* 7 call$ ,spalli]e4 ,& /ill high] !re 01 on a /ill l>g] scale1 :at 7 call$ cornice panels4 ,^! too 7 contempor>y or my?ological 9 subject matt]4 ,:]e _m a room ?us _h ?ree c\rses ( pictures f ! floor to ! ceil+ !re 0 abundant opportunity = ! n>rative pa9t] & rem>kable /imulus to inv5tion4 ,! ri*ness & complexity ( ?is h\sehold decoration d\btless influ5c$ all n>rative pa9t+1 mak+ = ! sprightl9ess :i* dom9ates ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,s*ool ( ,uccello4 ,a ,horse ,race4 ,detail f a ,cassone ,front4--,clevel&1 ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,masaccio4 ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/4--,desco da ,p>to4 ,b]l94 ,besides ^! *e/ & wall panels1 pictur$ salv]s 7 prep>$ to celebrate ! bir? ( a patrician *ild4 ,su* wood5 salv]s 7 us$ to convey ! congratulatory gifts :i* 7 (f]$ ) appall+ promptness to e "y "m4 ,^! ,des*i da p>to1 or bir? plates1 z ! ,italians call$ !m1 bore pictures allud+ ei!r to love & beauty or to *ildbir?4 ,"o ( ! e>li] my?ological salv]s is 9 ! ,b>gello & repres5ts ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is4 ,z yet ! arti/ is n suffici5tly audaci\s to display ! goddesses 9 classical nudity4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all bir?-plates may s]ve z our introduction to ! greate/ arti/ ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 ,masaccio4 ,x is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ! subject is ! ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,figure #hf1 & ! date %\ld be ab\t #adbb4 ,9 ! excell5t proportions ( ! ,r5aissance portico1 9 ! gravity & mass ( ! figures1 x %[s ! beg9n+s ( a new & m tru?ful /yle1 bas$ n on previ\s arti/ic =mulas b on direct & ma/]ful obs]vation ( nature4 ,mr4 ,b]5son ju/ly calls x 8a little giant ( a picture40 ,masaccio#ce 0 born ,decemb] #ba1 #adja1 at ,san ,giovanni up ! ,arno4 ,8 real "n 0 ,tommaso di ,s] ,giovanni di ,tommaso ,guidi4 ,& ! slightly slurr+ "* ( 8 nickname 0 app>5tly giv5 = abs5t-m9d$ness1 untid9ess1 & a c]ta9 clums9ess ( p]son4 ,tradition z late z ,vas>i decl>$ t ,masaccio liv$ 9 a _w ( int5se speculation conc]n+ 8 art4 ,contempor>y tax-returns %[ t he di$ deeply 9 debt & t he nev] really knew h[ mu* he ow$4 ,tradition aga9 insi/s t he nev] tr\bl$ to collect paym5ts due him unless 8 ne$ ( money 7 extreme4 ,all ! same he 0 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al m9ds ( all ages1 & on ! =mal side1 "o ( ! mo/ revolution>y4 ,he came to ,flor5ce e>ly1 probably le>n$ 8 elem5ts "u ,masol9o1 b really drew m f ! sculptor naturali/s ( ,donatello's sort4 ,9 p>ticul> he frequ5t$ ! surly ar*itect ,brunellesco & f him le>n$ ! new art ( p]spective4 ,janu>y #g1 #adbb1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 ,masaccio 0 matriculat$ 9 ! ,druggi/s' ,guild z a lic5s$ pa9t]4 ,by ?is "t he surely _h made 8 great discov]y & tak5 8 great decision4 ,review+ ! pa9t+ ( 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors1 he judg$ t x 0 all bas$ on unnatural conv5tions4 ,we c imag9e him 9 ! ,spani% ,*apel view+ ! c>efully *>t$ & cont\r$ & color$ gr\ps1 & say+ impati5tly 8?+s don't look l t40 ,& 9 tru? ! old] pa9t+ at its be/ 0 a select inv5tory or =mal description ( :at ! arti/ saw1 & n a repres5tation4 ,"o c imag9e ,masaccio exclaim+1 z ,francisco ,goya 0 to d m ?an ?ree c5turies lat]1 8,l9es1 always l9es1 ,i don't see !m 9 nature40 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are no l9es 9 nature1 j ! meet+ ( areas v>i\sly color$ & light$1 contra/s ( tone :i* ! eye in/antane\sly int]prets z =m4 ,"y ,masaccio1 !n1 makes ! radical innovation t ! bru% %\ld "w accord+ to nature's laws1 di/ribut+ color & light & d>k s z to give ! swifte/ & true/ repres5tation ( mass & di/ance4 ,besides functional light & %ade1 ,masaccio introduc$ into pa9t+ ! idea ( a]ial p]spective4 ,he saw t di/ant objects dim9i%$ n m]ely 9 size b also 9 def9ition4 ,he felt ! air z a palpable veil betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 & he pa9t$ n simply ! object b1 z well1 its veil4 ,by a swift impulse ( %e] g5ius ?is moody lad fix$ ideals ( naturali/ic pa9t+ :i* 7 to rema9 until ye/]day & ! ,impressioni/s4 ,9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ,velasquez m>ks no great advance on ,masaccio4 ,x is only 9 fresco pa9t+ t ,masaccio fully reveals 8 p[]s4 ,s pass+ ) m]e m5tion su* panels z ,! ,heal+ ( a ,demoniac1 9 ! ,john ,g4 ,johnson ,collection1 ,philadelphia1 ! widely scatt]$ p>ts ( ! alt>-piece = ! ,c>melites at ,pisa1 dat$ #adbf1 & ! grim ,madonna ) ,/4 ,ann 9 ! ,uffizi1 ! /ud5t w be/ turn directly to ! ,c>melite ,*ur* at ,flor5ce & ent] t sanctu>y ( art1 ! ,*apel ( ! ,brancacci4 ,! ,*ur* itself 0 d$icat$ ,april #ai1 #adbb4 ,%ortly aft] t date1 "y ,masaccio did 9 fresco ! d$icatory procession ) _m portraits4 ,its realism produc$ a pr(\nd impression4 ,nev]!less x 0 he$lessly de/roy$ aft] a c5tury or s4 ,by #adbd1 accord+ to all probability1 ,masaccio 0 associat$ ) ,masol9o 9 ! decoration ( ! ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! prescrib$ subjects 7 drawn f ! 8,acts ( ! ,apo/les0 & 8,! ,gold5 ,leg5d40 ,! vaults :i* conta9$ ! f\r evangeli/s & ! ?ree lunettes1 :i* depict$ ,! ,call+ ( ,pet] & ,&rew1 ! ,tempe/-toss$ ,%ip ( ! ,apo/les on ,galilee1 & ,pet] d5y+ 8 ,"l1 7 by ,masol9o4 ,unhappily ^! upp] frescoes h be5 de/roy$4 ,! ,*apel n[ has only two r[s ( frescoes 9 twelve pictures4 ,( ^! ?ree & a "p ( a f\r?1 all 9 ! l[] r[1 are c]ta9ly by ,filipp9o ,lippi1 :o ab\t #adhd complet$ ! *apel1 probably ) ! aid ( ,masaccio's designs4 ,?ree 9 ! upp] r[1 are ascrib$ by _m critics to ,masol9o4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* is l>gely bas$ on ! op9ion ( ,vas>i1 ,masaccio w\ld be responsible = only five pictures & mo/ ( a six?4 ,o!r critics1 ^: views ,i %>e1 believe t ,masaccio pa9t$ eight ( ! pictures & mo/ ( a n9?4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion1 !n1 conc]ns ?ree pictures :i* _m ?9k unwor?y ( ,masaccio's g5ius4 ,! problem _c be fully debat$ "h4 ,! gr\nds ( my op9ion1 :i* 0 t ( ! great ,italian critic ,cavalcaselle1 w appe> z we review ! frescoes !mselves4 ,9 g5]al color effect ^! frescoes are /rangely unlike _! ,go?ic pr$ecessors4 ,!y h no?+ ( ! fl[]-b$ gayety ( ! ,spani% ,*apel1 ( ,lor5zo ,monaco1 or ( ,masol9o else:]e4 ,! effect is ( a v ri* smok9ess1 a k9d ( mono*rome f :i* only subdu$ colors em]ge4 ,yell[-br[ns & silv]y grays pr$om9ate4 ,!re are no h>d cont\rs4 ,! relief is sali5t1 b "o =m bl5ds ins5sibly into ano!r4 ,! edges ( ! figures are e/abli%$ n by l9es b by contra/ ( values1 ! cont\r is (t5 completely lo/4 ,! /rong ass]tion ( light & d>k 9 a few /ructural planes builds out ! =ms f an inve/+ %ad[4 ,inde$ ! :ole *apel recalls n ! ,go?ic fresco pa9t]s1 b su* f> lat] arti/s z ,velasquez1 ,rembr&t1 or ev5 ,:i/l]4 ,! me?od ( ! pa9t]1 :oev] he 01 is completely mod]n1 & uni=m ?r\gh\t ! *apel4 ,he sacrifices m9ute def9ition to g5]alizations = mass2 & color1 to emphatic con/ruction 9 light & %ade4 ,to obta9 relief 9 ! figures & di/ance 9 ! backgr\nds is ! ma9 conc]n4 ,x is 9 int5tion a lum9i/ art & a modell+ art4 ,! proc$ure is ne>ly uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 ?\gh x gr[s abl] f fresco to fresco4 ,x is a me?od t ,masol9o nev] comm&$1 n at ,ca/iglione d',olona t5 ye>s lat]1 nor /ill t5 ye>s lat] at ,san ,clem5te1 ,rome4 ,h5ce ,i c only believe t ! admitt$ inequalities 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel m]ely repres5t ! swift developm5t ( ,masaccio's g5ius1 & c]ta9 int]ruptions 9 ! "w itself4 ,! fir/ fresco1 9 ! nave alongside1 ! entrance ( ! *apel1 depicts our fir/ p>5ts at ! mom5t ( ! ,temptation 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ,figure #hg4 ,x is /ilt$ & awkw>d1 yet )al dignifi$4 ,! !me1 :i* inde$ has seldom be5 a happy "o = any arti/1 has n greatly int]e/$ ! pa9t]4 ,he has made x an occasion = /udy+ ! nude4 ,we h :at ! mod]n /ud5t calls an academy4 ,z su*1 x is able4 ,! con/ruction is highly simplifi$ & is :olly 9 masses ( light & d>k1 ! cont\r is freely effac$4 ,! my/]y ( backgr\nd foliage is well sugge/$1 ! plac+ ( ! head ( ! s]p5t betwe5 ! tree & ! figures is a p]fect example ( ! new art ( a]ial p]spective4 ,no pa9t] b ,masaccio _h ev5 ! notion ( su* an effect at ?is mom5t4 ,te*nically ! h&l+ ( ?is detail is j ! same z t ( ! va/ly m beautiful angel 9 ! ,expulsion f ,ed51 ,figure #ia4 ,f9ally1 ! impassive mask ( ! ,eve is id5tical ) t ( ! ,virg91 9 ,masaccio's panel 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,we presumably h to d ) an exp]im5tal phase ( ,masaccio ab\t ! ye> #adbc-e4 ,ab\t t "t ,masol9o probably 0 call$ to ,buda to "w = ! extraord9>y ,flor5t9e soldi] ( =tune1 ,filippo ,scol>i1 bett] kn[n by 8 nickname ( ,pippo ,spano4 ,if ,vas>i is "r1 ,masaccio _h be5 requir$ to prove 8 ability to cont9ue ! "w by pa9t+ a ,/4 ,paul ne> ! bell-cord ( ! ,*ur*1 9 competition ) a ,/4 ,j]ome by ,masol9o4 ,bo? are lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,masaccio4 ,! ,temptation4--,brancacci ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,masaccio4 ,! ,expulsion4--,brancacci ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,masaccio4 ,/4 ,pet] rais+ ,tabi?a & heal+ ! ,cripple4--,brancacci ,*apel4 ,h[ev] t be1 ,masaccio probably succe$$ to ! "w 9 #adbe1 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 & ! next fresco aft] ! ,adam & ,eve may well h be5 ! adjo9+ subjects ( ,pet] rais+ ,tabi?a f ! ,dead & heal+ a ,cripple1 ,figure #hh4 ,z a :ole ! composition is some:at m>r$ by inadv]t5ces & aft]?\ghts4 ,x %[s ! influ5ce ( ,masol9o 9 ! trite & conv5tional ge/ures ( ! m\rn]s ab\t ! bi]1 & 9 c]ta9 /ra9$ facial expressions1 notably t ( ! turban$ by/&]4 ,su* survivals are precisely :at "o w\ld expect 9 a "y pa9t] j emancipat$ f 8 ma/]4 ,! entirely ,masol9o-l pair ( /roll]s 9 ! c5tre seem to be due to an aft]?\ght4 ,! fir/ int5tion is regi/]$ 9 ! unnaturally /raight back ( ,/4 ,pet]'s companion1 9 ! c5tre4 ,! fresco 0 app>5tly to h be5 cut into two comp>tm5ts by a pila/] at t po9t4#cf ,:5 ! plan 0 ab&on$ 9 favor ( putt+ two episodes 9 "o space1 ! two unrelat$ figures _h to be add$ to fill space & provide a transition4 ,"o is a little a%am$ ( po9t+ out small defects 9 :at 9 all ess5tials is a noble & impassion$ "w4 ,te*nically !re is no?+ bett] 9 ! ,*apel ?an ! e/abli%+ ( ! city backgr\nd4 ,x has scale1 admirable atmosph]ic plac+1 dignity & pictorial significance4 ,h[ anybody :o kn[s ,masol9o's niggl+ & haphaz>d treatm5t ( su* ar*itectural features at ,ca/iglione d',olona c imag9e t he _h e>li] creat$ ?is gr&iose sett+ rema9s a my/]y to me4 ,ev5 m rem>kable are ! gravity & gr&eur ( ! ,pet] & ! ,tabi?a4 ,"h we are rem9d$ ( ,giotto4 ,masaccio mu/ (t5 h por$ ov] ! ,/ories ( ,/4 ,john 9 ,santa ,croce1 & :ile he by no means adopt$ ,giotto's %or?& indications = mass1 he did adopt ,giotto's s5se = classic dignity1 beautifully calculat$ ord]1 & mod]ation4 ,z we cont9ue ?r\gh ^! rem>kable frescoes we %all see cont9ually t ! q ru?less innovator t 0 ,masaccio 0 also a rev]5t traditionali/4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( 8 art 0 settl$ betwe5 nature & himself1 z ,leon>do da ,v9ci lat] ju/ly obs]v$2 ! _s ( 8 art d]iv$ mo/ly f ,giotto4 ,x 0 highly important = ! :ole ongo+ ( art 9 ,italy t s revolution>y a _s 0 temp]$ by ! f9e/ respect = ! great classic tradition4 ,& 9 ?is great fresco ( ,/4 ,pet]'s miracles "o may see h[ a q homely & dra/ic realism c be inve/$ ) ab/ract p[] & dignity4 ,h[ diff]5t x all is f ! small & (t5 *>m+ vivacity :i* ,masol9o displays at ,ca/iglione d',olona & at ,rome4 ,l ! ,temptation1 ! ,tabi?a is m l9e> & colorful ?an ! o!r frescoes ( ! ,*apel4 ,! pa9t] has n q ma/]$ ! radically new me?od ( con/ruction 9 light & %ade4 ,?us !re is a te*nical break betwe5 ! ,tabi?a & ! frescoes on ! back wall1 :i* are 9 a m develop$ mann]4 ,we may assume an int]ruption 9 ! "w4 ,inde$ we ne$ n assume x1 = records prove t = mo/ ( ! ye> #adbf ,masaccio 0 occupi$ ) ! great alt>-piece = ! ,c>melites at ,pisa4 ,on ,octob] #ae1 #adbf1 ,masaccio solemnly engag$ n to d any o!r "w until ! alt>-piece %\ld be f9i%$4 ,we may believe !n t ! "w 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel 0 tak5 up anew t[>ds #adbg4 ,! f\r frescoes on ! back wall1 :i* are divid$ into two gr\ps by ! w9d[1 are ! fir/ ( ! new "w4 ,( ^! ! mo/ rem>kable is ,/4 ,pet] ,baptiz+1 ,figure #hi4 ,! draw+ is magnific5t4 ,light & d>k1 )\t aid ( ! l9e1 create s _m bosses & pits :i* n m]ely e/abli% =m b sugge/ ! grave/ emotions4 ,a few well *os5 & well plac$ figures give ! s5se ( a multitude4 ,m\nta9s t[] 9 gigantic scale1 "o feels ! run ( ! little riv] f its di/ant s\rce amid high rav9es4 ,! simple/ modulations ( light & d>k1 s _m sweeps ( a broad bru%1 e/abli% ! con/ructional planes ( ! figures & ! m\nta9s4 ,all ! e>ly ,italian writ]s m>k ) wond]+ admiration ! expressiv5ess ( ! %iv]+ man wait+ 8 turn at ! left4 ,x is ! smalle/ m]it ( ! picture4 ,masaccio 9 ?is great composition comm&s a homely & impressive maje/y1 & !re9 %[s himself true successor ( ,giotto1 b he also reveals a p[] ( syn!sis entirely mod]n & h>dly excell$ s9ce 8 day4 ,"o has only to turn to ,masol9o's ,baptism at ,ca/iglione d',olona1 ,figure #hb1 ) its niggl+ insi/5ce on details1 to appreciate ! gulf betwe5 ! ma/] & ! pupil4 ,across ! w9d[ f ,masaccio's ,baptism is ,/4 ,pet] ,prea*+4 ,! same t[]+1 m\nta9 backgr\nd is us$4 ,! some:at l9e> treatm5t ( ! faces has l$ ,mr4 ,b]5son1 ) o!r critics1 to ascribe ?is fresco to ,masol9o4 ,x seems to me m]ely less /r5u\sly se51 because ! subject (f]s little inspiration4 ,masaccio has l5t ! !me real dignity1 &1 9 ! eag] face ( ! nun at ! front ( ! audi5ce a*ieves an unusual sweetness4 ,te*nically !re are good b n compell+ reasons = suppos+ ?is fresco may h be5 done among ! fir/1 ab\t #adbe4 ,! l[] sc5es at ! back ( ! ,*apel are1 at y\r "r1 ,/4 ,pet] heal+ ! ,sick1 by ! m]e fall ( 8 %ad[ &1 at ! left1 ,/4 ,pet] giv+ ,alms4 ,9 bo? cases we h ,flor5t9e /reet sc5es ) a classic air l5t by ! solemn figures ( ! apo/les4 ,we feel ! figures z f> or ne>1 & ! air t veils !m4 ,!re is great int5tness 9 ! poor folk1 & a rugg$ imp]sonality 9 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james4 ,!y are n indulg+ p]sonal compassion s mu* z fulfill+ a div9e mission4 ,aga9 ! comb9ation ( a dra/ic realism ) a /yli/ic maje/y is :at makes ^! frescoes unique4 ,!y conta9 vivid portraits1 among ^! ! traditional portrait ( ,masol9o1 a g5tle1 heavy1 middle-ag$ face1 be>d$1 & cr[n$ ) a sort ( tuque--j ! man to h conceiv$ ! *>m+ b loosely organiz$ compositions at ,ca/iglione d',olona4 ,:at ,masaccio look$ l we may see 9 ! upp] fresco on ! "r wall4 ,he is ! al]t & det]m9$ figure imp]sonat+ ,/4 ,?omas1 at ! left ( ! gr\p4 ,! /ory ( ! ,tribute ,money1 ,figure #ij1 is "o ( ! gr&e/ creations ( ,european art4 ,if1 z ,leon>do da ,v9ci ass]ts1 ! highe/ task ( pa9t+ is to %[ by ! pose & ge/ures ( ! body ! emotions ( ! s\l1 ?is is "o ( ! greate/ pa9t+s4 ,x is rem>kable = ! dignity l5t to an app>5tly unpromis+ !me4 ,! /ory is simply t ,*ri/ is requir$ to pay ! d5>ius :5 !re is no money 9 ! company4 ,by a miracle ,pet] f9ds ! co9 9 ! m\? ( a fi% & pays x to ! tax-ga!r]4 ,h[ ! creative imag9ation has magnifi$ ?is sl5d] !me6 ,masaccio has =m$ a gr\p ( pot5t & =midable individuals1 ^! simple m5 are fit to %ake a _w4 ,he has %[n !m 9 a mom5t 9 :i* disc\ragem5t & det]m9ation bl5d4 ,a te*nicality ?reat5s to *eck ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,he has discrim9at$ betwe5 ! assur$ au?ority ( ! ,*ri/ & ! wra?ful en]gy ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,he has inve/$ ! maje/ic =ms ) massive drap]ies gr&ly dispos$ 9 simple folds4 ,he has giv5 ev5 ! tax-ga!r] ! grace ( a ,roman a?lete4 ,f9ally he has set ! au/]e company be=e a noble riv] pla9 ^u :i* press ! slopes ( l(ty m\nta9s1 :ile ! undulat+ cre/ ( a remot] range almo/ b>s (f ! sky4 ,all objects1 human & inanimate1 be> firmly on ! gr\nd & are wrapp$ 9 an envelop+ atmosph]e4 ,9 ! quality & arrangem5t ( ! figures1 x all d]ives f ,giotto2 9 ! va/ness ( ! scale1 ! introduction ( my/]y & di/ance1 x is :olly ,masaccio's own4 ,vas>i rightly prais$ ! h>mony & discretion ) :i* ^! p[]ful ass]tions ( =m are made1 & sees "h ! beg9n+s ( ! mod]n /yle ( pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,masaccio4 ,! ,tribute ,money4--,brancacci ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,masaccio4 ,/4 ,pet] ,baptiz+4--,brancacci ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,masaccio4 ,! ,tr9ity1 ,fresco4--,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! organiz+ p[] ( ,masaccio is at its height 9 ! ,tribute ,money4 ,8 emotional int5sity is fully involv$ only 9 ! ,expulsion f ,ed51 ,figure #ia1 ! adjo9+ fresco 9 ! nave ( ! *ur*4 ,be=e ! sword ( a s]5ely inexorable angel1 ,adam & ,eve /alk =? into ! unkn[n4 ,_! bodies cr+e z !y move1 ) %ame & grief4 ,an om9\s light r$uces _! bodies to s _m pits ( %ad[ & bosses ( light4 ,draw+ ( su* accurate economy w only r>ely reappe> 9 ! _w1 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 9 ,rembr&t1 9 ,honor ,daumi]4 ,! desp]ate emotion is well conta9$ )9 ! oblong1 9 a monum5tal balance4 ,remorse 9 ! two fir/ s9n]s has its %ades4 ,! man's head is press$ into 8 h&s 9 an attempt at re/ra9t1 :ile ,eve's is ?r[n back 9 angui%$ ululation4 ,! high emotional pressure is new1 & symptomatic1 & significantly x is conta9$ )9 monum5tal b\nds4 ,! ,italian ,r5aissance 9 its /riv+ = expressiv5ess w r>ely fail to keep expression noble4 ,! +ra9$ classicism ( ! ,flor5t9e po9t ( view is nev] m favorably repres5t$ ?an 9 a subject l ?is :i* seeks a maximum emotion on t]ms ( ord] & lucidity4 ,:at rema9s ( ,masaccio is 9 a s5se anti-climax4 ,v /ately is ! fresco 9 ?is *apel1 ( ! ,resurrection ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,tyre & ,/4 ,pet] en?ron$4 ,! beauty is t ( f9e arrangem5t & *>act]ization4 ,! graceful nude boy & ab\t t5 di/+ui%$ figures beh9d him 7 add$ to ! composition1 presumably f ,masaccio's designs1 full fifty ye>s lat]4 ,!y are ! "w ( ,filipp9o ,lippi1 :o also add$ "s portraits at ! left ( ?is fresco4 ,he also fill$ ! ?ree unpa9t$ panels1 9 an excell5t imitation ( ,masaccio's /yle4 ,evid5tly ,masaccio 0 call$ r abruptly to 8 la/ soj\rn at ,rome4 ,= ! fresco ( ! ,rais+ ( ! ,boy c\ld h be5 f9i%$ 9 a =tnight4 ,i h omitt$ a f9e fresco ( a ,piet 9 ! ,collegiate ,*ur* at ,empoli1 ?\gh ,i believe x to be a spl5did example ( ,masaccio's e>ly /yle1 & ,i c only m5tion = its magnific5t ar*itectural sett+ 9 ,brunellesco's new /yle ! fresco ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,figure #ib4 ,x is ( 8 late/ mann] & ( extraord9>y gravity & mass4 ,9 #adbh1 be+ only tw5ty-six ye>s old1 ,masaccio drops out ( sight at ,rome4 ,"s report t he 0 poison$1 o!rs t he 0 sla9 9 a /reet brawl4 ,we really "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,:at we d "k is t 9 ! record$ hi/ory ( art no pa9t] _h a*iev$ s greatly 9 s %ort a "t4 ,)9 six %ort ye>s ,masaccio creat$ t me?od ( pa9t+ :i* /ood unconte/$ till ! adv5t ( lum9ism only =ty ye>s ago4 ,& he n m]ely illu/rat$ ! me?od ( con/ruction 9 light & d>k1 pa9t+ 9 atmosph]ic values r ?an 9 l9es & *>t$ areas1 b he also express$ 9 ! new te*nic bo? ! noble/ traditional emotions z also poignant new emotions q 8 own4 ,9 "o sup]b aggressive he _h mov$ ?ree g5]ations into ! future4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s ! mo/ intellig5t & ambiti\s arti/s 9 ,flor5ce z a matt] ( c\rse /udi$ & copi$ 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel to =m _! /yle4 ,botticelli1 ,ghirl&aio1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael1 ,&rea del ,s>to ?us paid homage to ! untidy y\? f ,ca/el ,san ,giovanni1 & ev5 ! iconocla/s ( today1 = :om ,leon>do da ,v9ci & 8 pe]s are sc>cely arti/s at all1 envy ! gravity & =ce ( ,masaccio4 ,he is ! real fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+1 :i* is mo/ true to itself :5 x temp]s an ard5t curiosity z reg>ds natural appe>ances ) a respect = ! great traditions ( mod]ation & ta/e4 ,masaccio's successors1 v wisely1 did n closely imitate him4 ,!y saw he 0 an unsafe & unapproa*able model4 ,by a swift impulse ( g5ius1 & app>5tly )\t analytical /udy ( anatomy & topography1 he _h ma/]$ ! broad effects t regi/] =m4 ,details he neglect$4 ,he gives ! action ( h&s & feet1 n _! articulations1 ! scale ( l&scape & n its compon5t p>ts4 ,= m5 ( less] g5ius1 ^! %ort-cuts 7 dang]\s4 ,:ile us+ ,masaccio z inspiration1 !y _h to v]ify 8 discov]ies ?r\gh analytical /udies be=e ^? innovations c\ld become g5]ally available4 ,! process ( v]ification & m9ute rese>* occupi$ ab\t fifty ye>s & may be said to be complete ) ! maturity ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 say ab\t ! date ( ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 #adih4 ,! successors ( ,masaccio may be divid$ into two gr\ps z !y quietly adopt$ & popul>iz$ ! imm$iately available "p ( 8 discov]ies1 or /r5u\sly c>ri$ 8 "w =w>d4 ,to ! mod]ate progressive gr\p belong ,fra ,filippo ,lippi & ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 & /ill lat] ,ghirl&aio2 ! exp]im5tali/s are birds ( q a diff]5t fea!r4 ,^! ,flor5t9e reali/s may be divid$ into two g5]ations4 ,! fir/ ass]ts itself be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is tra9$ *iefly "u ! influ5ce ( su* sculptors z ,donatello1 ,brunellesco & ,ghib]ti4 ,^! pa9t]s "w at ! problem ( light & %ade1 anatomy1 & p]spective1 accept+ 9 _! art ! guidance ( sculpture4 ,! second g5]ation ( reali/s come to _! own aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 are mo/ly tra9$ z silv]smi?s1 & "w at ! new te*nic ( oil pa9t+1 at l&scape & at ! figure 9 action4 ,bo? gr\ps relatively neglect$ ! important matt] ( composition4 ,mo/ ( ! reali/s sacrific$ pictorial effect ! bett] to ma/] detail1 b !y also accumulat$ t va/ body ( k ^u :i* re/s ! glory ( ! ,high ,r5aissance1 & nobody c und]/& ! progress ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+ )\t foll[+ sympa!tically _! great ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,paolo ,uccello4 ,battle ( ,cavalry4--,l\vre4 ,( ! fir/ g5]ation1 ! qua9te/ figure is ,paolo ,uccello4 ,born 9 #acig1 he soon gave himself fanatically to ! /udy ( ! new sci5ce ( p]spective1 especially to feats ( =e%ort5+4 ,8 pictures are s _m exp]im5ts & h a petrifi$ in]tness4 ,yet at 8 be/ he comm&s dignity & a consid]able decorative p[]4 ,ab\t ! ye> #adce he pa9t$ = ! ,m$ici palace sev]al battle sc5es1 ?ree ( :i* are respectively 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,figure #ic1 ,national ,gall]y & ,uffizi4 ,! la/1 repres5t+ ! ,flor5t9e victory ( ,san ,romano1 %[s ! /yle4 ,! =ms are squ>$1 9 a fa%ion anticipat+ mod]n ,cubism1 9 ord] to simplify ! problem ( plac+ & =e%ort5+4 ,corpses & lances are delib]ately po9t$ at ! spectator to (f] s _m problems 9 p]spective4 ,! l&scape is m9ute & topographical4 ,! decorative color+ is bold & orig9al ) int]e/+ dissonances ( oranges1 russets1 & gre5s4 ,x is q spl5did aft] ! unreal fa%ion ( a tape/ry4 ,paolo's ma/]piece is ! eque/rian portrait ( ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 ,figure #id1 ! ,engli% soldi] ( =tune & occasional capta9 ( ! ,flor5t9e army1 :i* is 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 gray-gre5 t\*$ ) color1 & simulates a tomb4 ,! date is #adcg4 ,s9ce ,roman times no eque/rian monum5t ( equal dignity _h be5 creat$1 & "o is incl9$ to suspect t ,uccello pr(it$ by prelim9>y /udies ( ,donatello1 8 close fri5d1 :i* lat] develop$ into ! sup]b ,gattamelata /atue at ,padua4 ,uccello has a light] ve9 illu/rat$ by furniture panels at ,ox=d1 7a ,hunt71 at ,p>is1 & ,vi5na1 7,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon71 b 8 mo/ ambiti\s "w is ! decoration ( ! lunettes 9 ! great cloi/] ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! /ories are drawn f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 />t$ by ,paolo1 ab\t ! ye> #addf1 & cont9u$ by sev]al assi/ants4 ,! m$ium 0 gray-gre51 t]ra v]de1 & ! place accord+ly is call$ ! ,gre5 ,cloi/]4 ,uccello's mann] may be be/ s5s$ 9 ! fresco ( ! ,deluge1 9 :i* ! endeavor to set problems 9 p]spective cla%es unhappily ) ! desire to pres5t a sc5e ( t]ror4 ,! figures are felt "o at a "t1 !re is little relation betwe5 !m1 & ! picture has small m]it ap>t f its probity 9 ! r5d]+ ( details & a sort ( ab/ract e>ne/ness4 ,uccello liv$ on till #adge1 an indulg$ ecc5tric1 ignor$ by ! public & ridicul$ by 8 great] fri5ds4 ,8 zeal = p]spective 0 unabat$ ) age1 & _m a night 8 mu*-tri$ wife lo/ sleep z he murmur$ 9 ! small h\rs--8,o6 ?\ de> p]spective60 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,paolo ,uccello4 ,tomb ,portrait ( ,sir ,john ,hawkwood4--,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,&rea del ,ca/agno4 ,portrait ( a "y man4--,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,coll41 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,&rea del ,ca/agno4 ,pippo ,spano4--,sant' ,apollonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,&rea del ,ca/agno4 ,tomb portrait ( ,niccol da ,tol5t9o4--,ca!dral4 ,f> ! mo/ p[]ful ( ^! e>ly reali/s is ,&rea del ,ca/agno4#cg ,8 aggressive & trucul5t =ms savor ( ,donatello )\t ,donatello's f95ess4 ,he se>*es ! secrets ( anatomy1 locates & describes ! muscles & s9ews1 depicts a _w rul$ by =ce ( arm4 ,al?\gh he builds 9 heavy %ad[s1 aft] ,masaccio's fa%ion1 he reta9s an outl9e t vibrates ) n]v\s /r5g?4 ,8 tru?ful /]nness /ill w9s approbation4 ,he 0 born ab\t #acij4 ,we meet him fir/ 9 full maturity1 p]haps ab\t ! ye> #adce1 z decorator ( ! ,villa ( ! ,p&olf9i4 ,to /r5g!n ! ambition ( t pr\d race1 he pa9t$ 9 _! great hall n9e figures ( h]oes & h]o9es not$ 9 w> or 9 ! arts4 ,rec5tly transf]r$ to ! ,conv5t ( ,sant' ,apollonia1 :i* already _h a ,la/ ,supp] & a ,calv>y by ,&rea1 y may see ! au/]e =ms ( ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio1 ( ,e/h]1 ,que5 ,?omyris & ! ,cumean ,sibyl1 ( ! w>rior ,f>9ata degli ,ub]ti1 ,niccol ,accaiuoli1 & ,filippo ,scol>i4 ,?is pot5t & melan*oly figure ( ,pippo ,spano1 ,figure #ie1 :om we already "k z ! patron ( ,masol9o1 at ,buda1 is ! mo/ /rik+ repres5tation t pa9t+ has giv5 u ( ^? ma/]ful ,italian soldi]s ( =tune :o manag$ w> & gov]nm5t = ! less advanc$ nations4 ,pippo ,spano _h gone to ,buda z a cl]k & _h quickly become a g5]alissimo1 ,ob]gespann ( ,temesvr4 ,= ,k+ ,sigismund ( ,hung>y he /emm$ ! ,turki% onslaught1 did mu* to save ,c5tral ,europe = ,*ri/ianity4 ,z he /&s ?\ghtfully confid5t1 hold+ ! scimit>1 ! weapon ( 8 foes1 he is ! beau ideal ( t ,italy soon to be immortaliz$ by ,ma*iavelli1 9 :i* virtue meant successful =ce1 & bo? 7 on sale4 ,a man's portrait1 ,figure #if1 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york1 has an ev5 m s9i/] int5sity4 ,equally rem>kable = its h]oic aggressiv5ess 9 ! "y ,david adorn+ a t\rnam5t %ield 9 ! ,wid5] ,collection1 ,figure #gj4 ,9 ! fresco ( ! ,crucifixion1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,&rea reveals great k l9k$ to tragic expressiv5ess4 ,no t5d]ness veils ! appall+ !me4 ,an a?lete suff]s /oically :ile 8 "m & c\s9 %udd] ) grief4 ,( its ru?less k9d x is a great ma/]piece & q un=gettable4 ,9 #adef ,&rea pa9t$ = ! ,ca!dral ! eque/rian portrait ( ! p>tisan lead]1 ,niccol da ,tol5t9o1 ,figure #ig4 ,x is a companion piece to ,uccello's ,hawkwood1 & l x simulates /atu>y1 9 mono*rome4 ,x is m m>tial & re/less1 9 ! toss ( ! horse's head & ! snap ( ! rid]'s cloak4 ,x sugge/s n c]emoni\s dignity1 b noise & imp5d+ action4 ,x may v p[]fully h influ5c$ ,v]roc*io tw5ty ye>s lat] :5 he modell$ = ,v5ice ! ,colleoni /atue4 ,! trucul5ce ( ,&rea's mann] l$ to a false & sc&al\s tradition1 promulgat$ by ,vas>i1 t he slew 8 rival ,dom5ico ,v5eziano out ( jeal\sy4 ,z a matt] ( prosaic record1 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano surviv$ 8 alleg$ assass9's dea?1 9 #adeg1 by all ( f\r ye>s4 ,dom5ico came d[n f ,v5ice some:]e ab\t #adch & br\ght ) him a new te*nical me?od4 ,he f9i%$ ! pictures1 :i* he began 9 temp]a1 ) veil+s or glazes 9 an oil or v>ni% m$ium4 ,he avoid$ ! old frank ,go?ic color+ 9 favor ( pale tonalities :i* oddly =eca/ our mod]n op5-air s*ool4 ,! new me?od p]mitt$ ( bold] bru%work & successive ov] pa9t+s4 ,= ! mom5t x wr\ght havoc ) ! old conv5tional beauty1 b x (f]$ ! pa9t] new res\rces & ref9em5ts1 & ev5tually made possible ! triumphs ( ,leon>do & ,titian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,lucy4--,uffizi4 ,on ! :ole1 ,dom5ico is m]ely ! %ad[ ( a great "n1 = we h only a h&ful ( works by him1 & ^? p]haps unrepres5tative4 ,! alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,lucy1 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #ih1 is novel only 9 its acid & orig9al dissonance ( deep rose & pale gre54 ,! rugg$ ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ %[s an attempt to obta9 =ce ( modell+ )\t exagg]at+ ! %ad[s4 ,?is t5d5cy p]si/s 9 su* disciples ( ,dom5ico z ,baldov9etti & ,pi]o della ,francesca1 & rules 9 ,flor5ce until ,leon>do's def9itive application ( ,masaccio's me?ods4 ,9 ! pr(ile portraiture ( ! p]iod ,dom5ico 0 a ma/]1 z %[n 9 an admirable female portrait 9 ,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]'s collection1 ,figure #ii4 ,_m simil> heads1 :i* we c h>dly ascribe to p>ticul> ma/]s1 seem to d]ive f ,dom5ico4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful is 9 ! ,poldi ,pezzoli ,museum at ,milan4 ,all ( ,dom5ico's pupils & imitators excel 9 a m9ute & topographical /yle ( l&scape ( :i* he 0 probably ! inv5tor4 ,x may be /udi$ 9 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 9 ! ,pollaiuoli1 9 ,baldov9etti1 & !re is ev5 a trace ( x 9 ! spaci\s ,alp9e backgr\nd ( ! ,mona ,lisa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano4 ,portrait ( a ,girl4--,coll4 ,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,bo/on4 ,dom5ico di$ 9 #adfa4 ,by t "t ,flor5t9e realism 0 em]g+ f its fir/ phase1 & 0 beg9n+ to inve/igate ) its new res\rces ! facts ( motion4 ,x 0 ! mom5t1 too1 :5 c]ta9 reali/s s\ght to rega9 ! grace :i* _h l>gely be5 sacrific$ 9 ! /ruggle = %e] k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,a4 ,baldov9etti4 ,madonna4--,l\vre4 ,alesso ,baldov9etti#ch well repres5ts ?is mom5t 9 a lovely ,madonna 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,figure #ajj1 :i* %[s 9 p]fection ! new topographical l&scape & t juv5ile graci\sness :i* 0 to be ! /aple ( ! com+ g5]ation ( arti/s4 ,baldov9etti 0 born 9 #adbe1 & ?is lovelie/ ( all 8 pictures may repres5t him ab\t ! ye> #adfj4 ,he _h be5 an assi/ant ( ,fra ,angelico1 b 9 a long c>e]1 he di$ 9 #adii1 he fell beh9d ! times4 ,he taught ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio 8 elem5ts1 & pr(\ndly influ5c$ ,&rea ,v]roc*io & ,antonio ,pollaiuolo4 ,?us he keeps a sure if mode/ place 9 ! progress ( ,flor5t9e art4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h be5 deal+ 9 a r\gh way ) ! ,flor5ce ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,"u 8 a/ute & delicate rule f beh9d ! political sc5es1 ,flor5ce develop$ 9 weal?1 spl5dor1 & worldl9ess4 ,! old piety 0 wan+ or assum+ m]ely /hetic =ms4 ,greek /udies 7 beg9n+ to pave ! way = an enlight5$ & sceptical humanism &1 )al1 a revival ( ! pagan s5se ( beauty4 ,& :5 ! new beauty came1 x 0 gratefully m9dful ( ^? :o _h made x possible4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci lauds ,masaccio4 ,he expresses ! imm5se debt t art owes to ! fir/ consci\s reali/s4 ,!y did good & h>m1 b to ,flor5ce at lea/ !y op5$ ! only way ( progress4 ,= :atev] art may be else:]e1 9 ,flor5ce x 0 fruitful only z x 0 intellectualiz$4 ,good !ory1 good practice--su* 0 ! cre$ impos$ by ! e>ly reali/s & lat] =mulat$ by _! great scion1 ,leon>do4 ,i d n (f] x z a univ]sal =mula1 b 9 ^! days :5 pure spontaneity--t is no !ory--& false !ory divide ! field1 ! old ,flor5t9e cr$o is at lea/ wor?y ( consid]ation by all :o produce art & by all :o love x4 ,baldov9etti 0 unt\*$ by ^! new /irr+s :i* are associat$ ) ! rule ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 b he dimly =eca/s ! grace t 0 soon to come4 ,?is new _s & its expon5ts mu/ be ! !me ( our next *apt]4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,vas>i ,,on ,,masaccio ,vas>i's g5]al e/imate ( ,masaccio's importance is /ill s\nd4 8,) reg>d to ! good mann] ( pa9t+1 we are indebt$ above all to ,masaccio1 see+ t he1 z "o desir\s ( acquir+ fame1 p]ceiv$ t pa9t+ is no?+ b ! c\nt]feit+ ( all ! ?+s ( nature1 vividly & simply1 ) draw+ & ) col\rs1 ev5 z %e produc$ !m = u4444 ,?is tru?1 ,i say1 be+ recogniz$ by ,masaccio1 br\ght x ab\t t by means ( cont9u\s /udy he le>n$ s mu* t he c be numb]$ among ! fir/ :o cle>$ away1 9 a great measure1 ! h>dness1 ! imp]fections1 & ! difficulties ( ! art1 & t he gave a beg9n+ to beautiful attitudes1 movem5ts1 livel9ess1 & vivacity1 & to a c]ta9 relief truly *>act]i/ic & natural2 :i* no pa9t] up to 8 "t _h done4444 ,& he pa9t$ 8 works ) good unity & s(tness1 h>moniz+ ! fle%-col\rs ( ! heads & ( ! nudes ) ! col\rs ( ! drap]ies1 :i* he delight$ to make ) few folds & simple1 z !y are 9 life & nature4444 8,= ?is reason t *apel has be5 frequ5t$ cont9ually up to our own day #aeed by innum]able draughtsm5 & ma/]s2 & !re /ill are !re9 "s heads s life-l & s beautiful1 t x may truly be said t no ma/] ( t age approa*$ s ne>ly z ?is man did to ! mod]ns4 ,8 lab\rs1 !re=e1 des]ve inf9ite praise1 & above all because he gave =m 9 8 art to ! beautiful mann] ( ! times40 ,vas>i !n names tw5ty-five arti/s :o /udi$ ,masaccio's frescoes4 ,f ,de ,v]e's translation ( ! ,lives1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ahi1 #ij4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,,on ,,masaccio ,leon>do da ,v9ci uses ,masaccio z ! example ( a pa9t] :o goes to nature r ?an to o!r m5's pa9t+4 ,t ,pa9t+ decl9es & det]iorates f age to age1 :5 pa9t]s h no /&>d b pa9t+ already done4 8,h5ce ! pa9t] w produce pictures ( small m]it if he takes = 8 /&>d ! pictures ( o!rs4 ,b if he w /udy f natural objects he w be> good fruit2 z 0 se5 9 ! pa9t]s aft] ! ,romans :o always imitat$ ea* o!r1 & s _! art decl9$ f age to age4 ,aft] ^! came ,giotto ! ,flor5t9e :o--n cont5t ) imitat+ ! works ( ,cimabue2 8 ma/]--be+ born 9 ! m\nta9s & 9 a solitude inhabit$ only by goats & su* bea/s1 & be+ guid$ by nature to 8 art1 began by draw+ on ! rocks ! movem5ts ( ! goats ( :i* he 0 keep]4 ,& ?us he began to draw all ! animals :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 su* wise t aft] mu* /udy he excell$ n only all ! ma/]s ( 8 "t b all ^? ( _m bygone ages40 8,aft]w>ds ?is art decl9$ aga91 because ev]yone imitat$ ! pictures t 7 already done2 ?us x w5t on f c5tury to c5tury until ,tomaso1 ( ,flor5ce1 nicknam$ ,masaccio1 %[$ by 8 p]fect works h[ ^? :o take = _! /&>d any "o b nature--! mi/ress ( all ma/]s--we>y !mselves 9 va940 ,j4 ,p4 ,ri*t] 8,lit]>y ,works ( ,l4 da ,v410 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ffj4 ,b ,leon>do approves also imitation ( antiquity 7,ri*t]1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #adde74 8,! imitation ( antique ?+s is bett] ?an t ( mod]n ?+s40 ,he w\ld probably h sanction$ ,masaccio's dev\t /udy ( ,giotto4 ,! w>n+ is aga9/ slavi% imitation ( imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,,vas>i ,,on ,,paolo ,,uccello ,! admirable & self sacrific+ ardor ( ^! fir/ reali/s is be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,paolo ,uccello4 8,= ! sake ( ^! inve/igations 9 p]spective he kept himself 9 seclusion & almo/ a h]mit1 hav+ little int]c\rse ) anyone1 & /ay+ weeks & mon?s 9 8 h\se )\t %av+ himself4 ,& al?\gh ^? 7 difficult & beautiful problems1 if he _h sp5t t "t 9 ! /udy ( figures1 he w\ld h br\ght !m to absolute p]fection2 = ev5 s he made !m ) pass+ good draughtsman%ip4 ,b1 consum+ 8 "t 9 ^! rese>*es1 he rema9$ ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life m poor ?an fam\s2 :]e=e ! sculptor ,donatello1 :o 0 v mu* 8 fri5d1 said to him v (t5--:5 ,paolo %[$ him ,mazzoc*i 7facett$ head-fillets7 ) po9t$ ornam5ts1 & squ>es drawn 9 p]spective f div]se aspects2 sph]es ) sev5ty-two diamond-%ap$ facets1 ) wood-%av+s w\nd r\nd /icks on ea* facet2 & o!r fanta/ic devices on :i* he sp5t & wa/$ 8 "t--#8,ah1 ,paolo1 ?is p]spective ( ?9e makes !e ab&on ! sub/ance = ! %ad[2 ^? are ?+s t are only useful to m5 :o "w at ! inlay+ ( wood1 see+ t !y fill _! bord]s ) *ips & %av+s1 ) spirals bo? r\nd & squ>e1 & ) o!r simil> ?+s4'0 ,vas>i1 9 ,s*ele de ,v]e's translation2 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #acb1 #c4 ,,an ,,appraisal ,,( ,,baldov9etti',s ,,frescoes ,"h ,i may illu/rate a common practice ( ! times 9 an appraisal ( ,baldov9etti's frescoes 9 ! *oir ( ! ,tr9it by fell[ arti/s includ+ ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 ,cosimo ,rosselli & ,pietro ,p]ug9o4 8,9 ! "n ( ,god--on ! #ai ( ,janu>y #adif 7n4 s4 '#ig7 ,we ,b5ozzo di ,lese1 pa9t]2 & ,pi]o di ,cri/(ano da ,ca/el della ,pieve1 pa9t]2 & ,cosimo di ,lor5zo ,rosselli1 pa9t]1 *os5 by ,alesso di ,baldov9etti1 pa9t]1 to see & judge & set a price on--emp[]$ by a contract :i* said ,alesso has ) ,m4 ,bongianni de',gianfigliazzi & 8 heirs--a *apel pictur$ 9 ,santa ,tr9it ( ,flor5ce--t is ! *oir ( ! said *ur*1 hav+ se51 all toge!r & agree+1 hav+ exam9$ all ! co/s ( lime1 azure1 gold & all o!r col\rs1 scaffolds & ev]y?+ else1 includ+ 8 "w1 we judge f all ?is t ! a=esaid ,alesso %\ld h "o ?\s& broad gold flor9s4 8,& = cle>ness & tru? ( ! said judgm5t ,i ,cosimo di ,lor5zo a=esaid h made ?is writ+ ) my own h& ?is a=esaid day1 & s ,i judge2 & "h at ! foot !y w sign ) _! own h&s t !y are agre$ ) :at is above writt51 & s judge4 ,b5ozzo di ,lese c4 ,i ,pi]o ,p]ug9o c4 ,translat$ f ,h]b]t ,horne's edition ( ,alesso's ,ricordi 9 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7#aijc7 p4 #chc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,ghirl&aio4 ,giovanna degli ,albizzi4--,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,coll41 ,new ,york4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,n>rative ,,/yle ,aft] ,masaccio two t5d5cies1--t[>ds prett9ess & vivaci\s n>rative2 t[>ds /r5u\s rese>*--,fra ,filippo ,lippi celebrant ( ,gay ,flor5ce--,b5ozzo ,gozzoli & ,pageantry--,antonio ,pollaiuolo & human dynamics--,pi]o della ,francesca & imp]sonal obs]vation ( appe>ances--,dissolv+ t5d5cies 9 ! new panoramic /yle--illu/rat$ by ! e>ly frescoes 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel--,p]ug9o's return to simple symmetries--,! ,cassone pa9t]s once m--,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio & spectacul> n>rative--,8 portraits--,! *>m ( ! slight] n>rative /yle4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we h dealt *iefly ) innovators & re=m]s4 ,:e!r 9 art or life1 ^! are n always ! mo/ agreeable companions4 ,! *>m+ p]son is g5]ally a traditionali/1 or a tactful pr(ite] by o!r m5's discov]ies4 ,s ! popul> favor has ev] gone n to ! /r5u\s arti/s ( ,masaccio's type or ,ca/agno's1 b to devotees ( ! *>m ( common folk & ?+s1 l ,fra ,filippo ,lippi2 to ma/]s ( pageantry & incid5t1 l ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli2 or to *ronicl]s ( ! fe/al ri*ness ( ,flor5ce 9 h] %ort prime1 l ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,^! arti/s1 :ile by no means giants1 are highly repres5tative ( _! times4 ,!y "o & all aim$ to please1 & amply succe$$4 ,_! importance 9 ! hi/ory ( art is r slight2 9 ! hi/ory ( ta/e1 on ! contr>y1 !y are v important4 ,& x is f t po9t ( view t we %all d well to consid] !m4 ,^! ?ree ma/]s cov] ! la/ two-?irds ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!y exemplify ! ta/e ( ! new-ri* m]*ants :o fl\ri%$ "u ! b5evol5t tyranny ( ! ,m$ici4 ,alongside ( ^! graci\s & adaptable spirits1 /ruggl$ ! cont9u]s ( ! reali/ic re=m--,antonio ,pollaiuolo1 :o fir/ sy/ematically /udi$ ! anatomy & dynamics ( ! human =m2 ,&rea ,v]roc*io1 :o imbu$ accuracy & p[] ) grace2 ,s&ro ,botticelli1 :o explor$ solit>y roads ( s5tim5t & wr\ght out ( ! rugg$ness ( ! reali/s /range =ms ( recondite beauty4 ,at all times we f9d ! endeavor = arti/ic adaptation runn+ alongside ! passion = %e] discov]y1 & produc+ its own triumphs4 ,x is ?is complicat$1 dual process :i* makes ! ri*ness & cont9uity ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,if we comp>e ! sev5ty-two ye>s betwe5 ! beg9n+s ( ,masaccio1 say #adbb1 & ! dea? ( ,ghirl&aio1 9 #adid1 ) ! c5tury & a half prec$+1 we %all note an extraord9>y accel]ation bo? ( production & progress4 ,!re are no gaps & re/s2 ea* g5]ation makes its discov]ies & ca%es !m 94 ,ar*itecture1 sculpture1 classical s*ol>%ip develop ) a :irl+ rapidity :i* by no means precludes ta/e & reflection4 ,9 an almo/ reckless expansion ( emotion1 exp]i5ce1 & creative activity1 ,flor5ce keeps h] head ?\gh %e risks los+ h] s\l4 ,& ! true h>b+] ( ?is intoxicat+ new life is "o :o (t5 lo/ 8 head & ^: s\l rema9s enigmatic1 ! wayw>d & fasc9at+ pa9t]-monk1 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi4#ci ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,filippo ,lippi4 ,madonna 9 ,adoration4--,b]l94 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,italian pa9t] to c>e greatly = ! look ( ev]yday p4 ,born ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 he 0 e>ly orphan$ & ?ru/ willy-nilly into ! ,c>melite ,ord]4 ,z a "y man he mu/ h se5 ,masaccio pa9t+ ^? titanic designs 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,f ,masaccio ,fra ,filippo le>n$ 8 trade1 r by obs]vation ?an by direct in/ruction4 ,b he c>$ = f> diff]5t ?+s4 ,he really foll[s ! t5d] n>rative ve9 ( ,lor5zo ,monaco4 ,to ! gr&eur ( miracle-work+ apo/les1 he pref]r$ ! g5tle qua9tness ( ! old man :o kept ! %ops & practic$ ! trades ( ,flor5ce2 to ! matronly dignity ( ,masaccio's wom51 he pref]r$ ! %y & allur+ sweetness ( ! ,flor5t9e girls ab\t him2 to ! maje/ic sweeps ( m\nta9 & valley 9 ,masaccio1 ! intimate appeal ( ! cypress groves1 ! little l$ges & trickl+ spr+s4 ,9 te*nique1 too1 he avoid$ ! bold %ort-cuts ( 8 ma/]4 ,he hung on to ! l9e1 lov$ details1 describ$ ev]y?+ ) solicitude4 ,x is an art ( amiability & curiosity1 g5]ally disreg>dful ( t gr& /yle t[>ds :i* 9 h] great] mom5ts ,flor5ce ev] aspir$4 ,! adv5t ( ,fra ,filippo 9 ! ,flor5ce ( ,giotto & ,orcagna & ,masaccio1 0 l t ( an irresi/ibly attractive y\? 9 a solemn company4 ,he loos5$ ev]y?+ up4 ,unconsci\sly he demoraliz$ ! assembly2 = two g5]ations ! art ( ,flor5ce 0 to be boyi% & girli%4 ,t is its *>m & its limitation1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance & ! ,gold5 ,age w be l>gely t ! latt] w pref] to depict ) ! gravity ( maturity a _w t has gr[n up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,fra ,fillipo ,lippi4 ,madonna & ,*ild4--,uffizi4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ exquisite panels by ,fra ,filippo 0 pa9t$ %ortly aft] #adce = ! private *apel ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici's new palace1 & is n[ at ,b]l94 ,! !me1 "y ,m>y kneel+ be=e h] ,div9e ,infant1 ,figure #ajb1 is a favorite ) ! ,flor5t9e arti/s ( ?is c5tury4 ,p]haps no "o has conceiv$ x m delightfully ?an ,fra ,filippo4 ,! picture gets its peculi> sweetness f ! g5tle1 girli% figure ( ! ,maid5 ,"m1 its quality ( romance f ! l$gy backgr\nd wat]$ by spr+s & spangl$ ) mode/ fl[]s1 its tang ( reality f ! *ubby & /olid ,*ri/*ild & ! boyi% ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,y c\ld almo/ see su* a ?+ today along ! %ad$ upp] ,m5sola :5 a "y ,flor5t9e "m has tak5 ! *ildr5 = a ,sunday picnic4 ,= ! old ,go?ic conv5tions & ! b>e maje/y ( ,masaccio's pa9t+1 ,fra ,filippo has sub/itut$ ! ev]yday joys ( a feel+ eye1 & ! *>m ( closely-obs]v$ little ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi4 ,coronation ( ! ,virg94--,uffizi4 ,9 mo/ ( 8 pictures ?is famili> quality is m>k$4 ,8 sa9ts are n types1 b p ( ! ,flor5t9e middle class4 ,an e>ly ,madonna 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #ajc1 %[s ! ,virg9 z a slight girl ) h] a%-blond locks elaborately dress$ & braid$ = a holiday4 ,%e is almo/ ov]borne by h] /urdy ,son1 an exact+ brute1 "o may imag9e1 :ile ! att5dant angel is a gr9n+ /reet ,arab caught 9 ! int]vals ( mis*ief4 ,su* pictures ) _! w9som5ess & actuality work$ p[]fully to break d[n bo? ! old ,go?ic decorum & ! new sublimity ( ,masaccio4 ,to grasp ! novelty ( ,fra ,filippo's mo/ fam\s panel picture1 ,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 pa9t$ = ! nuns ( ,/4 ,ambrogio 9 #adda1 ,figure #ajd1 & n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 "o has only to recall ! dev\tly =mal & simple v]sion ( ! subject :i* ,fra ,angelico pa9t$ ab\t ! same "t = ! conv5t ( ,san ,m>co4 ,! composition ( ,fra ,filippo1 on ! contr>y1 is radiantly in=mal4 ,we brea! ! air ( ! comm5cem5t at a v nice girls' s*ool1 ) ador+ fri5ds & pr\d relatives mov+ at ! edges ( ! c]emony4 ,inde$ ,god ! ,fa!r has m]ely ! air ( a b5evol5t tru/ee or visit+ m9or celebrity aw>d+ a prize to ! be/ girl4 ,x is all l ! cr[n+ ( a ,rosire 9 a ,fr5* village4 ,rob]t ,br[n+ 9 "o ( ! mo/ admirable poems 9 8,m5 & ,wom50 makes ,fra ,filippo promise 8,i %all pa9t ,god 9 ! mid/1 ,madonna & h] ,babe4 ,r+$ by a b[]y1 fl[]y angel-brood1 ,lilies & ve/m5ts & :ite faces1 sweet ,z puff on puff ( grat$ orris-root ,:5 ladies cr[d to *ur* at ,midsumm]40 ,our picture is evid5ce en\gh t ! "t has come to ,flor5t9e art :5 y\? %all be s]v$4 ,mona/ic v[s1 & 9 fact duties ( any sort1 bore lightly on ,fra ,filippo4 ,he ta/$ ! =bidd5 sweets ( life recklessly1 & work$ only :5 ! r>e mood urg$4 ,he 0 9 & out ( ! good graces ( ! ,m$ici4 ,call$ to ,prato to fresco ! *oir ( ! ,collegiata1 9 #adee1 he 0 n9e ye>s a*iev+ :at a /eady workman w\ld h done 9 two4 ,b 9 ! meantime ,fra ,filippo _h run away ) ! nun1 ,lucrezia ,buti1 %uffl$ (f 8 mona/ic v[s 7?r\gh ! indulg5ce ( ! humani/ ,pope1 ,pius ,,ii71 m>ri$ & settl$ d[n z ! fa!r ( a family4 ,8 r&om joy\s c\rse 0 ne>ly run1 & 8 la/ frescoes at ,prato %[ a k9d ( discipl9e t is =eign to 8 e>li] "w4 ,9 #adfd he complet$ ! ,fea/ ( ,h]od & ! ,fun]al ( ,/4 ,/eph51 frescoes :i* =eca/ ! sort ( n>rative pa9t+ t 0 to m>k ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,ab\t ! brutality ( ! ,fea/ ( ,h]od1 ,figure #aje1 ,fra ,filippo has ca/ a dreamy glam\r1 z inde$ ,giotto _h be=e him4 ,! y\?ful gue/s are absorb$ 9 ,salome's danc+4 ,foll[+ ! sculptors ( ! day1 ,fra ,filippo has made h] slight & graceful1 z %e trips a c>eless measure4 ,! air is simply t ( a g5tle society4 ,! grim motive ( ! deliv]y ( ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/ to ,h]odias is g5tly emphasiz$ by ! *>m+ act ( two little h&maids :o clut* ea* o!r = fright4 ,! sprightl9ess ( ! inv5tion1 ! g5]aliz$ idyllic *>m ( ! feel+1 ! ri* v>iety ( accessories1 ! y\?ful timbre ( ! :ole--make ?is n m]ely "o ( ! be/ b also "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic n>rative mural pa9t+s ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,x /rikes ! note :i* w be e*o$ by ,fra ,filippo's appr5tice1 ,s&ro ,botticelli2 :i* w be exagg]at$ by ,fra ,filippo's son1 ,filipp9o1 & di/antly imitat$ by _m ano!r ,flor5t9e successor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi4 ,fea/ ( ,h]od4 ,salome's ,dance4 ,fresco4--,collegiata4 ,prato4 ,if ! ,fea/ ( ,h]od be/ exemplifies ! elem5t ( homely poetry & inv5tive grace 9 ,fra ,filippo1 ! ,burial ( ,/4 ,/eph51 ,figure #ajf1 j opposite 9 ! *oir proves t he 0 n oblivi\s to ! high & decor\s prose ( 8 ma/] ,masaccio4 ,9 =mality & p[] ( con/ruction few pa9t]s !n liv+ c\ld h equall$ x1 & ^? few c\ld n h rivall$ its spaci\s ar*itectural sett+ & its sugge/ion ( atmosph]e4 ,at fir/ sight x seems ne>ly equal to ! ,tribute ,money or at lea/ to ! ,tabi?a4 ,on m c>eful survey x is less noble1 m insi/5tly pa!tic1 & 9 e way m loosely knit4 ,9 p>ticul> ! portraits at ! sides h little b a me*anical relation to ! !me4 ,masaccio himself _h admitt$ a simil> gall]y ( m]e by/&]s 9 ,! ,miracle ( ! ,pr9ce1 b _h he liv$ to complete ! fresco1 he w\ld d\btless h br\ght ! portrait figures into "s relation ( int]e/ 9 ! miracle4 ,fra ,filippo virtually waives t problem & m]ely flanks 8 real subject ) bord]+ gr\ps ( p]sons ( contempor>y importance4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,flor5t9e donor 0 no long] humble-m9d$ & cont5t to appe> among ! sa9ts 9 m9iature & unobtrusive guise4 ,he n[ insi/$ 9 be+ pa9t$ to ! life ) 8 family1 fri5ds1 & dep5d5ts1--a complac5t1 incongru\s app>ition amid ! humility or h]oism ( ! sa9ts4 ,fra ,filippo made ! s5sible adju/m5t t ! donors %\ld s]ve z a sort ( human frame = ! religi\s picture 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is solution became tiresomely /&>d & la/$ = fifty ye>s or s1 until ! ,high ,r5aissance _h au?ority en\gh to impose consid]ations ( ta/e & self-effacem5t ev5 ^u weal?y donors4 ,9 #adfe ,fra ,filippo 0 call$ to ,spoleto1 & !re hav+ />t$ a lovely apse decoration1 ,a ,coronation1 = ! ca!dral1 he di$ & 0 buri$4 ,q unconsci\sly he _h tempor>ily %att]$ t intellectual =malism :i* is ! v ess5ce ( ,flor5t9e art1 & _h inaugurat$ t moral & arti/ic holiday :i* is made visible 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,botticelli & ,ghirl&aio & audible 9 ! songs ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,?is holiday mood is /rong 9 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 & he spread x ?r\gh ,umbria & ! ,si5ese c\ntry4 ,born 9 #adbj1 = a "t an assi/ant ( ,fra ,angelico1 ,b5ozzo's task 0 to depict ) m vivacity ?an insight ! spl5dors & humors ( life4 ,?is he does1 :e!r 8 !me be ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,francis1 z at ,montefalco 9 #adfb1 ! ,cavalcade ( ! ,magi1 ,flor5ce1 #adfi1 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,san ,gimignano1 #adfe1 or ! do+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,patri>*s & ,matri>*s1 at ,pisa1 #adfh-adhd4 ,he is always sunny1 pr(use1 witty 9 an obvi\s way2 & n )\t 8 t+e ( ! poetry ( y\?4 ,he loves g>d5s1 c\rty>ds1 =e/s1 & equally well palaces1 colonnades1 cr[ds & incid5ts4 ,he is indefatigably panoramic1 & 8 frescoes1 if h>dly good pictures1 are at lea/ good pick+s1 = _! abundant & (t5 refre%+ detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi4 ,fun]al ( ,/4 ,/eph54 ,fresco4--,collegiata4 ,prato4 ,v spl5did is t pageant ( ! ,wise ,m5 f ! ,ea/1 ,figure #ajg1 :i* he pa9t$ ab\t #adfidj = ! private *apel ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici's palace4 ,! gorge\s procession w9ds ab\t ! walls1 mov+ ov] ! m\nta9 roads & ?r\gh ! =e/s :i* y may /ill see up ! ,arno valley t[>ds ,vallombrosa4 ,_! goal 0 ! little panel ov] ! alt> :]e ,filippo ,lippi pa9t$ ! ,madonna rev]5tly kneel+ be=e h] ,son1 ,figure #ajb4 ,?is little picture 0 flank$ by *oirs1 9 fresco1 ( s++ angels4 ,= ! olde/ ( ! ,?ree ,k+s ,b5ozzo *ose1 accord+ to tradition1 ! un=tunate ,emp]or ,john ,palaeologus1 :o ?irty ye>s e>li] _h come to ,flor5ce on ! va9 mission ( unit+ ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n bran*es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! y\?ful k+s are said to portray ,giuliano & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,:at we really h is a pictorial v]sion ( ^? religi\s pageants or repres5tations :i* 7 common at ! times4 ,_m times ,flor5ce _h se5 h] patricians 9 su* a cavalcade4 ,b5ozzo's fresco 9 its undim9i%$ lovel9ess ( color & gold--! ,m$ici app>5tly ei!r ord]$ few masses or burn$ few c&les 9 _! family *apel--is a mo/ preci\s relic ( bygone spl5dors4 ,inde$ !y pass$ be=e ,b5ozzo himself1 = he liv$ on till #adih1 f\r ye>s aft] ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t's dea?1 & ! ye> ( ,savon>ola's m>tyrdom2 ! ye>1 too1 :5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,la/ ,supp] 0 be+ f9i%$4 ,few arti/s h _h su* emphatic intimations t _! _w & !y !mselves 7 obsolete4 ,x is 9 e way to be hop$ 9 ,b5ozzo's case t he 0 at once too *e]ful & too un9tellig5t to grasp ! situation4 ,?is may be fairly suppos$ ( a man :o 0 cont5t = fifty ye>s ( a swiftly mov+ _w ) :at c\ld be le>n$ f ,fra ,angelico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,detail f ,procession ( ,magi4--,ricc>di ,palace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,seba/ian4--,london4 ,( c\rse "s pa9t]s decl9$ to keep holiday & fev]i%ly pursu$ ! l9es ( reali/ic inve/igation laid d[n by ,ca/agno & 8 contempor>ies4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! is ,antonio ,pollaiuolo4#da ,he 0 tra9$ 9 sculpture "u ,ghib]ti1 & work$ mo/ v>i\sly1 at sculpture1 pa9t+1 engrav+1 glass design+1 & ev5 embroid]]s' patt]ns4 ,ev]y:]e he pursu$ ) an almo/ f]oci\s int5sity ! secrets ( anatomy & especially ( ! human body 9 viol5t action4 ,he conceiv$ ! body z a p[]ful ma*9e & rejoic$ to display its me*anisms--knott$ muscles1 /ra9+ s9ews4 ,he *ose 8 subjects ) ?is sort ( display 9 m9d3 ,h]cules & 8 feats1 ! ar*]s sett+ _! b[s & crossb[s = ! slay+ ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 nude m5 9 deadly combat ) dirks & axes1 nude m5 wildly danc+4 ,ne>ly all ^! works suff] f _! av[$ exp]im5talism1 b all are alive ) a t+l+ n to say brutal en]gy4 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo is ! ance/or ( all ! /rong pa9t]s :o = ov] f\r c5turies h delight$ to appal ! mild & %eeplike ?rong ) wolfi% antics4 ,he is ! fir/ arti/ :o is a speciali/1 pursu+ 8 own ends 9 disreg>d ( ! surr\nd+ public4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,antonio's muscul> paganism fitt$ 9 fairly well ) ! notions ( a ,flor5ce t wor%ipp$ p[]4 ,! ,m$ici ord]$ ! twelve feats ( ,h]cules = _! palace1 ab\t ! ye> #adfj4 ,! great pictures are lo/1 b little copies by ,antonio himself give an idea ( _! trucul5t =ce4 ,9 ! ,uffizi are ,h]cules cru%+ ! brea? out ( ! e>?born demigod ,antu1 & ,h]cules slay+ ! ,hydra4 ,! t5sion1 ardor1 & f]ocity ( ^! t9y pictures are extraord9>y4 ,!y seem to enhance our own physical life4 ,at ,new ,hav5 is ! panel ( ,h]cules %oot+ ! ,c5taur ,nessus1 :o races across a =d ) ,de9aira on 8 back4 ,! backgr\nd is an exact picture ( ! ,arno valley look+ f ! we/ t[>ds ,flor5ce4 ,! repres5tation ( ! run ( ! riv] is extraord9>y4 ,pollaiuolo _h adopt$ ,dom5ico ,v5eziano's m9iature conception ( l&scape1 b has introduc$ sw+ & motion4 ,equally rem>kable is ! ,arno l&scape 9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,figure #ajh1 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #adge4 ,x has ! defects ( an exp]im5tal & academic p]=mance1 is a %[ piece4 ,! execution]s are ev5 repeat$1 to %[ bo? front & re> aspects4 ,all ! same1 its p[] is impressive & beyond ! range ( any arti/ !n liv+1 ) ! possible exception ( ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,9 pa9t+ ,pollaiuolo's accompli%m5t is s ev51 & 9 drap$ figures s ugly1 t we may well pass ! s]ies ( ,virtues :i* ) 8 bro!r ,pi]o he did 9 #adfi = ! ,m]cantile ,c\rt1 & consid] 8 great engrav+ kn[n z ! ,t5 ,nudes1 ,figure #aji1 ! odd decorative disposition ( :i* is imitat$ by ,botticelli 9 ! ,allegory ( ,spr+2 & ! fresco ( ,danc+ ,m51 9 :i* ,pollaiuolo successfully vies ) ! convivial & ,bac*ic !mes ( ! ,greek vase pa9t]s4 ,! gr\p is odd & effective z patt]n1 & inspir$ by a joy\s en]gy4 ,pa9t+ only claim$ a fraction ( ,antonio's ef=t2 (t5 he m]ely made ! sket* & left ! execution to 8 r tame bro!r1 ,pi]o4 ,at ! end ( 8 life he 0 call$ d[n to ,rome to make ! bronze tomb = ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,!re he di$ 9 ! ye> #adih1 be+ sixty-?ree ye>s old4 ,:ile 8 own a*ievem5t 0 some:at cramp$ & limit$1 he _h made ! mo/ valuable contributions to ! art1 or r to ! sci5ce ( pa9t+4 ,he _h inspir$ a titan l ,signorelli & a poet l ,botticelli1 & 9 c]ta9 aspects ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,mi*elangelo only cont9u$ & p]fect$ 8 "w4 ,z late z ,b5v5uto ,cell9i's day 8 sket*es 7 pass$ ab\t ! /udios = ! in/ruction ( "y pa9t]s 9 anatomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo4 ,fight+ ,m5--8,! ,t5 ,nudes40 ,engrav+4 ,a k9dr$ /r5u\s _s1 ,pi]o della ,francesca1#db af=ds an int]e/+ contra/ to ,pollaiuolo4 ,?\gh an ,umbrian1 he belongs spiritually to ,flor5ce4 ,= ,pi]o ! _w 0 a froz5 ?+4 ,he inve/igat$ ) utmo/ zeal ! ma!matical basis ( p]spective1 produc+ on t topic a labori\s & q unreadable book4 ,he /udi$ anatomy & con/ruction 9 light & d>k1 & all ! atmosph]ic problems !re) associat$4 ,to atta9 atmosph]ic envelopm5t1 he sacrific$ color4 ,8 pictures exi/ 9 silv]y grays1 sugge/+ ! blondness & tonal unity ( mod]n op5-air pa9t+4 ,! drama ( life nev] engross$ him4 ,8 _w is passionless & almo/ motionless1 coldly impressive4 ,al?\gh he practic$ all ref9em5ts ( modell+1 he nev] made ^? relaxations ( cont\r :i* sugge/ movem5t4 ,8 figures are f9ely con/ruct$ & beautifully plac$ b emotionally unrelat$4 ,!y m]ely exi/ r spl5didly1 z d "s ( ,manet's figures4 ,inde$ ! w>n+ ( ,george ,moore z reg>ds ,manet applies equally to ,pi]o4 ,x is futile to seek f him any?+ b f9e pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,! ,resurrection4--,borgo ,s4 ,sepolcro4 ,( 8 orig9s we "k next to no?+4 ,he 0 born ab\t #adaj 9 ! ,umbrian t[n ( ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] #adci we f9d him at ,flor5ce z a paid assi/ant ( ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 ^: pale tonalities & topographically m9ute l&scape reappe> ?r\gh\t ,pi]o's "w4 ,8 au/]e p[] is be/ repres5t$ 9 ! bleak ,resurrection1 ,figure #aaj1 :i* he pa9t$ 9 #adfj = 8 native city4 ,! /alw>t ,conqu]or ( ,dea? has an app>itional impressiv5ess4 ,he comes ) p[] f beyond ! grave4 ,he dom9ates ! _w z repres5t$ by ! sleep+ a?letes ( ! gu>d4 ,a mo/ pot5t effect is obta9$ )\t sacrifice to s5tim5t4 ,!re is a simil> deta*m5t 9 ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,its pe>ly lovel9ess ( color is 9 odd contra/ to its evasions ( any?+ l w>m? or t5d]ness4 ,x is less an ev5t ?an a magnific5tly pos$ sc5e4 ,! l&scape is a lib]at+ & in=mal feature1 a skilful adaptation ( ! me?od ( ,dom5ico ,v5eziano & ,pollaiuolo4 ,x is z crisp & calculat$ z a ,japanese pr9t1 yet x gives its effect ( space & bread?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,battle ( ,con/ant9e1 detail f fresco4--,s4 ,francesco1 ,arezzo4 ,pi]o's great opportunity came ab\t #adfe :5 he pa9t$ 9 ! *oir ( ,san ,francesco at ,arezzo t5 /ories f ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,= />k impressiv5ess x is h>d to mat* !m 9 ,italy 9 ?is c5tury4 ,only ,masaccio & ,leon>do da ,v9ci w at all be> ! comp>ison4 ,on analysis1 ! p[] re/s mo/ly on ! s]i\sness ) :i* ,pi]o takes 8 te*nical problem4 ,!re is little real grief or pa?os 9 ! ,la/ ,days ( ,adam1 x is m]ely imp]sonally solemn4 ,ev5 ( ! admirable fresco :i* repres5ts ,con/ant9e 9 ! uneasy dream 9 :i* he saw ! vision ( ! cross1 !re is no w>m?1 no unexpect$ or emotional quality4 ,s x is ?r\gh\t ! s]ies2 9 ! ,que5 ( ,%eba visit+ ,solomon1 ev5 9 ! spl5did battle-piece1 ! ,victory ov] ,max5tius1 ,figure #aaa1 ! obvi\s s5tim5t ( ! !me is ignor$1 ! figures h a k9d ( spl5did unrelat$ exi/5ce t requires no apology or explanation4 ,x is an effect t recalls ! be/ ar*aic ,greek sculpture4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ,pi]o is a =midable & enigmatic figure1 an exception 9 an eag] & emotional age4 ,8 tru? to 8 vision is :at c\nts4 ,"o feels x 9 ! portrait ( ! humani/ sov]eign & capta9 ( ,urb9o1 ,f$]igo da ,montefeltro4 ,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t #adgb & is 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #aab4 ,h[ /]nly hone/ x is1 & :at a pres5tation ( a p[]ful & b5efic5t p]sonality4 ,ev5 ! little decorative picture on ! back ( ! panel1 a ,triumph ( ,fame1 has an effect beyond its scale & obvi\s int5tion4 ,x sugge/s wide dom9ions & heavy responsibilities manfully met4 ,pi]o della ,francesca liv$ out 8 life mo/ly 9 ,umbria & f> f ! arti/ic c5tre ( ?+s4 ,!re is a self-suffic+ quality 9 ?is volunt>y isolation4 ,he liv$ on to great old age1 dy+ 9 #adib1 & unless 8 decl9+ ye>s 7 p]turb$ by ! fa9tly ris+ /> ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 he might boa/ himself1 9 ! words ( 8 & ,leon>do's fri5d1 ,fra ,luca ,pacioli1 8! mon>* ( 8 times 9 ! sci5ce ( pa9t+40 ,we mu/ leave = ! ,umbrian *apt] su* /urdy cont9u]s ( ,pi]o della ,francesca's exp]im5talism z ,melozzo da ,=l & ,luca ,signorelli4 ,:at is m important to note 9 leav+ him is t su* triumphs z 8 9 fresco pa9t+ 7 highly exceptional 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! successes ( ! p]iod are 9 ! m9or art ( panel pa9t+4 ,! fantasies ( ,botticelli1 ! be/ portraits ( ,ghirl&aio1 ! e>ly panels ( ,p]ug9o & ,signorelli & ,leon>do da ,v9ci--^! are ! out/&+ ?+s4 ,9 mural pa9t+ ,flor5ce actually retrograd$1 n m]ely z comp>$ ) ! days ( ,masaccio1 ,fra ,filippo & ,fra ,angelico1 b ev5 z comp>$ ) ! e>li] days ( ,&rea ,bonaiuti1 ,agnolo ,gaddi & ,sp9ello ,aret9o4 ,! fact has be5 obscur$ by ! sup]ficial ga9 9 small realism1 9 sprightl9ess1 & m]e prett9ess1 b 9 all ! s]i\s qualities ( monum5tal design ! decad5ce is unmi/akable4 ,! favorite decorators simply execut$ on a l>ge scale ! sort ( compositions t w\ld h be5 *>m+ on ! front ( a bride-*e/4 ,9 ! g5]al en?usiasm = ! p>ts ( pictures ! s5se ( pictures z a :ole seem$ 9 dang] ( be+ lo/4 ,! undiscrim9at+ en?usiasm = ! primitive pa9t+ ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance :i* has rul$ = two g5]ations has s cl\d$ critical op9ion on ?is po9t1 t ,i mu/ be at "s pa9s to make my case good4 ,p]haps ,i c d no bett] ?an to review "s ( ! frescoes :i* ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv ord]$ ab\t #adha = ! new *apel ( ! ,vatican ,palace4#dc ,he summon$ to ! ,si/9e ,*apel ! be/ available arti/s f bo? ,tuscany & ,umbria4 ,by ! measure ( _! success we may e/imate ! mural pa9t+ ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,guidobaldo da ,montefeltro1 despot ( ,urb9o4--,uffizi4 ,orig9ally ! decorative s*eme1 lat] amplifi$ by ,mi*elangelo1 requir$ sixte5 scriptural /ories1 9 :i* ! de$s ( ,moses 7 p>allell$ by ^? ( ,*ri/4 ,! two fir/ & two la/ subjects1 on ! end walls1 h be5 de/roy$1 b we /ill see ! twelve on ! side walls4 ,9 g5]al !y all %[ ! old ,go?ic color+1 are mo/ly vivaci\s 9 a confus$ & ov]-ri* way1 & lack unity ( patt]n & dramatic coh]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,assi/ant ( ,p]ug9o4 ,baptism4 ,fresco4--,si/9e ,*apel4 ,"o ( ! mo/ admir$ is ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ,figure #aac1 by ,p9torric*io1 7or1 z ,v5turi sugge/s1 ,&rea ( ,assisi7 :o "h works z ,p]ug9o's assi/ant4 ,! /ory is told 9 ! c5tre & re9=c$ by a spaci\s l&scape :i* is confus+ly full ( attractive features4 ,! !me is me*anically /ret*$ to fill ! space by add+ at bo? flanks gr\ps :i* h slight or no connection ) ! subject4 ,^! gr\ps are int]e/+ly div]sifi$ ) f9e portraits ( ! ,pope's relatives1 ! ,rov]es1 & by ! al]t =ms ( *ildr54 ,! effect is fairly re/ful & idyllic1 b ! patt]n is me*anical1 & ! emotional effect ( ! real !me is fritt]$ away 9 ! accessories4 ,! me?od ( enl>g+ a /ock composition by add+ portrait gr\ps is /&>d = ! ,si/9e ,*apel & = ! p]iod4 ,masaccio _h tri$ x m effectively 9 ! ,miracle ( ! ,boy1 & ,filippo ,lippi _h made x seem almo/ organic 9 ,! ,fun]al ( ,/4 ,/eph54 ,p9torric*io1 if x be he1 is m sup]ficially allur+ = 8 ri*ness & v>iety1 b really /&s on a f> l[] plane ( design ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,botticelli4 ,moses 9 ! ,l& ( ,midian4 ,fresco4--,si/9e ,*apel1 ,rome4 ,if ?is me*anical symmetry is ! /&>d me?od1 !re are significant exceptions 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,! m s5sitive spirits1 ,botticelli & ,luca ,signorelli1 reject s trite a solution4 ,botticelli's ,moses 9 ,midian1 ,figure #aad1 (f]s a delicate evasion1 by promot+ a m9or motive to be ! c5tral !me4 ,all ! incid5ts t are dramatically important--! slay+ ( ! ,egyptian taskma/]1 & ! adoration ( ! ,burn+ ,bu% f :i* ,jehovah spoke--are done ) ! mo/ en]getic feel+1 b are relegat$ to ! backgr\nd & edges ( ! composition4 ,! picture is really ! f9e grove 9 :i* ,moses gallantly helps ! nymph-l daught]s ( ,je?ro to draw wat]4 ,a fanta/ic idyl is foi/$ (f on u z a sub/itute = "o ( ! decisive mom5ts 9 ! ,provid5tial ord]4 ,botticelli is s w9n+ 9 8 evasion1 t x seems almo/ unfeel+ to note t no ,go?ic pa9t] w\ld h done any?+ s %ifty4 ,8 success is n m]ely at ! exp5se ( ! expression ( 8 real !me1 b also at ! exp5se ( ! ord] & dignity prop] to mural design4 ,hav+ ord]$ a canto ( an epic1 ! ,pope receiv$ a delici\s madrigal4 ,8 cont5tm5t is *>act]i/ic ( ! /hetic casualness ( ! times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,signorelli1 ,design only4 ,la/ ,days ( ,moses4 ,fresco4--,si/9e ,*apel1 ,rome4 ,signorelli1 9 ! ,la/ ,days ( ,moses1 ,figure #aae1 makes a simil> b less egregi\s evasion4 ,8 c5tre ( int]e/ is ! nude y\? 9 ! =egr\nd1 b he does give a c]ta9 prom95ce to ! sc5es :]e ,moses inve/s ,jo%ua ) au?ority1 & :]e bo? view ! ,promis$ ,l& f ,m\nt ,horeb4 ,?\gh )\t mu* emotional acc5t1 ! cr[ds are agreeably dispos$ & div]sifi$ by graceful =ms ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,only ! design is by ,signorelli1 ! execution be+ by an assi/ant1 ,don ,b>tolommeo della ,gatta4 ,! picture is m delightful = su* passages z ! ,apollo-l nude y\? & ! "m ) h] *ildr5 9 ! "r =egr\nd ?an x is z a :ole1 ?\gh x is full ( idyllic *>m1 & inadequate only :5 "o consid]s ! gravity ( its !me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,ghirl&aio4 ,*ri/ call+ ,pet] & ,&rew4 ,fresco4--,si/9e ,*apel1 ,rome4 ,9 8 ,call+ ( ,pet] & ,&rew1 ,figure #aaf1 to be fi%]s ( m51 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio makes a skilful & impressive use ( t approv$ me*anical symmetry :i* has already be5 notic$ 9 ,p9torric*io's ,baptism4 ,ev]y?+ is well c5traliz$1 ! riv] view is a welcome outlet1 ! /]eotyp$ by/&]s on ! flanks at lea/ are tell+ portraits &1 :ile n b\nd into ! c5tral motive1 h )al a gravity t suffici5tly accords ) x4 ,! arrangem5t is lucid1 & ! surplus accessories fairly well subord9at$4 ,a r p]functory quality 9 ! c5tral sc5e ( homage & d$ication reveals ,ghirl&aio's scanty imag9ation4 ,8 impressiv5ess has a c]ta9 dullness ab\t x4 ,few words ne$ be sp5t on ! picturesque & irresponsible confusion :i* reigns 9 ,cosimo ,rosselli's ,de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh's ,army 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,figure #aag4 ,cosimo 0 "o ( ! old] pa9t]s 9 ! *apel1 =ty-two ye>s old4 ,yet a juv5ile s5sationalism & uncalculat$ re/lessness prevail1 & 8 attempts at vivacity & grace are z unhappy z 8 /riv+ = effects ( t]ror4 ,x may well be t 8 ecc5tric "y pupil1 ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 gave ?is fresco its febrile en]gy & its !atrical l&scape4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! ?ree o!r frescoes by ,cosimo are unmitigat$ly dull4 ,oddly x 0 he alone :o won ! praise ( ,pope ,sixtus1 mo/ly = 8 pr(use introduction ( gold ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,cosimo ,rosselli4 ,de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh's ,army4 ,fresco4--,si/9e ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,p]ug9o4 ,*ri/ giv+ ! ,keys to ,pet]4 ,fresco4--,si/9e ,*apel1 ,rome4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel a me*anical & r p]functory symmetry1 v>i\s clev] evasions ( an idyllic sort1 & a picturesque disord] side by side4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s decorative s*eme ( ! "t seems to result 9 a k9d ( arti/ic bankruptcy4 ,b =tunately ! ,si/9e ,*apel conta9s its own self-criticism & rem$y1 9 ! extraord9>y fresco by ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 ,*ri/ deliv]+ ! ,keys to ,pet]1 ,figure #aah4 ,p]ug9o is an ,umbrian f ,citt della ,pieve1 ?irty-five ye>s old1 & ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,flor5t9e tra9+4 ,he has1 l ,masaccio sixty ye>s be=e1 look$ at ! art ( 8 times & f\nd x want+4 ,he has _h ! lucidity to see t ! malady is surplusage & disord]4 ,h5ce1 he argues1 ! rem$y is simplicity & ord]4 ,to ?is he adds a s5se ( va/ness4 ,9 ?is picture ! temple plat=m1 a va/ness made by man1 is set )9 ! va/ness ( a riv] valley made by nature4 ,! =egr\nd gr\p is arrang$ 9 a =mal half milit>y ord] :i* is cunn+ly made easy & flexible by diff]5ces ( po/ure & ge/ure4 ,e tilt$ head & po9t$ foot has its reason4 ,)\t undue insi/5ce1 all ! apo/les are int]e/$ 9 ! rite :i* orda9s _! *ief4 ,"h is no casual pleasure gr\nd 9 :i* y may delightfully look ab\t1 "h is a def9ite vision ( a mom5t\s act :i* y mu/ see swiftly1 completely1 & precisely z ! arti/ int5ds y %all see4 ,x is ! only well-consid]$ design among ^! frescoes4 ,x po9ts ! simple/ & sure/ way by :i* ! exub]ance ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance might be discipl9$ into a noble ord]1 & )9 tw5ty ye>s ! lesson 0 to be r]ead = all ,italy by "y ,raphael ( ,urb9o4 ,mean:ile ! some:at irresponsible exub]ance ( ! new n>rative pa9t+ has aft] all its w9n+ aspect1 is a sign ( an en]gy & en?usiasm t ne$ n s mu* to be tam$ z to be intellectualiz$4 ,9 discuss+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,flor5ce ,i am emb>rass$ by ! ri*ness ( ! field4 ,beside su* typical figures z ,botticelli & ,ghirl&aio1 we h to d ) su* s5sitive & morbid spirits z ,filipp9o ,lippo & ,pi]o di ,cosimo2 ) ,&rea ,v]roc*io & a gr\p ( imitators ( 8 fa/idi\s mann]1 notable among !m "y ,leon>do da ,v9ci2 ) a ho/ ( second>y pa9t]s1 p>ticul>ly ( furniture panels1 & small alt>-pieces1 :ile if we consid] r arti/ic tra9+ ?an accid5t ( bir?1 we mu/ reckon ) ! ,flor5t9e a*ievem5t ! rugg$ triumphs ( ,luca ,signorelli4 ,b s9ce ! m di/9ctive & progressive ( ^! arti/s are really precursors ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 or symptomatic ( ! unre/ t 0 its prelude1 !y may be/ be treat$ lat]4 ,t w leave u only ! pa9t]s :o are fully repres5tative ( ! fe/al mom5t ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t's greatness--! furniture pa9t]s & ,ghirl&aio4 ,^? excesses ( vivacity1 ^? extravagances ( inv5tion1 ^? juv5ile graces :i* 7 a weakness 9 mural pa9t+1 7 admirably 9 place 9 ! decoration ( *e/s & wa9scots4 ,! great] arti/s gladly accept$ ?is little "w1 & "s pa9t]s pa9t$ exclusively tr\sseau *e/s 7cassoni7 = "y brides--an enviable occupation1 = surely ^! fair "y creatures _h to be p]sonally consult$4 ,! subjects glorify love1 magnify valor1 celebrate ! fe/al life ( ! day1 its pageants1 fea/s1 & dances4 ,( pr(essional cassoni pa9t]s ,francesco ,pesell9o#dd 7#adbb-adeg7 is ! mo/ fam\s4 ,he is bewit*+ 9 v>iety & s5sitiv5ess ( inv5tion1 9 ref9em5t ( /ory tell+1 & 9 glam\r ( color4 ,two admirable cassone fronts by him are own$ by ,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,figure #aai4 ,!y repres5t ! six triumphs describ$ by ,petr>* 9 s _m ,canzoni4 ,love1 ,*a/ity1 ,dea?1 ,"t1 ,fame1 & ,et]nity are figur$ =? mu* z ^! !mes 7 embodi$ 9 contempor>y pageants1 ab\t ! ye> #adej4 ,! subjects 7 favorites = cassoni less because ( _! grave moral import ?an because ,petr>* 0 ,love's accr$it$ ,poet ,laureate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,francesco ,pesell9o4 ,cassone ,front4 ,triumphs ( ,love1 ,*a/ity1 & ,dea?4--,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,bo/on4 ,we h 9 ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society ! sup]b salv]1 ,figure #aai;a1 :i* 0 prep>$ aga9/ ! bir? ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,appropriately x %[s knights acclaim+ fame4 ,! date is #addh1 ! pa9t] ( ! s*ool ( ,dom5ico ,v5eziano4 ,we (t5 see ! ,que5 ( ,%eba rev]5tly approa*+ ,solomon4 ,x is ! admonition t a "y bride %\ld seek wisdom4 ,battles & ,roman triumphs are t$i\sly common4 ,!y set a m>k ( valor = ! bridegroom4 ,w$d+ ,fea/s are almo/ tautological on a bride-*e/1 b !y af=d *>m+ pictures ( ! ,flor5ce t amus$ itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai;a4 ,foll[] ( ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 p]haps ,baldov9etti4 ,triumph ( ,fame4 ,bir? ,salv] = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4--,n4 ,y4 ,hi/orical ,society4 ,my?ology (t5 dignifies ^! pa9t$ /ories1 ! ref]5ce be+ g5]ally to t beauty :i* is in/itutional 9 brides4 ,?us we h 9 a spalli]a panel 9 ! ,fogg ,museum ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ) ! compet+ goddesses m mode/ly clo!d ?an ,ovid's record ju/ifies4 ,! "w is possibly an exceptionally amiable product ( ,cosimo ,rosselli1 & ! date may be ab\t #adge4 ,! ,rape ( ,hel51 :i* 0 ( c\rse due to h] fatal beauty1 is a common if un$ify+ subject = bride-*e/s4 ,s is ,acton torn by ! h\nds ( ! ,div9e ,huntress = 8 tem]ity 9 surpris+ ,diana at h] ba?4 ,a delightful panel 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,m>t9 ,ry]son at ,*icago rec\nts 9 _m episodes ! adv5tures ( ,ulysses f 8 escape f ,polyphemus to 8 home-com+ at ,i?aca4 ,! dalliances ( ! mu*-exp]i5c$ w&]] are by no means conceal$1 b at lea/ ! sc5e op5s ) prom95t display ( ! episode mo/ cr$itable to him z a m>ri$ man1 ! baffl+ ( ! ,sir5s1 & closes ) ! exempl>y figure ( con/ant ,p5elope weav+ h] int]m9able web4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni "u ,botticelli's direction4 ,na/agio degli ,one/i's ,fea/4 ,spalli]a panel4--,spiridon ,coll41 ,p>is4 ,9 furniture pa9t+ we are g5]ally 9 ! realm ( com$y4 ,b we t\* pa?os 9 ,boccaccio's /ory ( pati5t ,griselda1 at ,b]gamo1 ,mod5a1 & else:]e2 :ile we approa* trag$y 9 ! _m v]sions ( *a/e ,susanna assail$ & traduc$ by ! eld]s1 & atta9 to notable melodrama 9 ,boccaccio's grim vision ( ! _s lov] et]nally h>ry+ ! mis]able gho/ ( 8 m]ciless lady ?r\gh ! p9e wood ( ,rav5na4 ,! be/ ( ^! panels is 9 ! ,spiridon ,collection1 ,p>is4 ,! gho/ly sc5e ( ! *ase takes place be=e ! picnic p>ty1 ,figure #abj1 artfully arrang$ by ,na/agio degli ,one/i to prove to 8 unfeel+ lady t !re is a p5alty 9 ! next _w = be+ too cruel to a lov] 9 ?is4 ,! lesson ,boccaccio tells u 0 effective1 & !y liv$ happily toge!r ev] aft]w>ds4 ,! panel 0 design$ by ,botticelli & pa9t$ by 8 assi/ant1 ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni1 = ! w$d+ ( a ,b9i groom & a ,pucci bride 9 ! ye> #adhg4 ,) x we take leave ( ,flor5t9e furniture pa9t+1 an art too unpret5ti\s to be consid]$ at l5g? 9 a g5]al survey1 yet too *>m+ 9 itself & too repres5tative ( ! heyday ( ,flor5t9e weal? & gayety to be :olly neglect$4 ,s&ro ,botticelli & ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio m>k 9 v diff]5t fa%ions ! culm9ation & ! close ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance 9 ,flor5ce4 ,botticelli is ! poet ( its no/algia4 ,he expresses n its joy\s av]age1 b ! erotic & my/ical subtilities ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici's ,platonic ,academy1 & lat] ! ,apocalyptic hopes & despairs t ga!r$ ar\nd ,savon>ola4 ,he utt]s a discont5t & ideality :i* 9 "p are completely conta9$ 9 8 "w & 9 "p 7 only fulfill$ 9 ! rapidly approa*+ ,gold5 ,age4 ,he is ari/ocratic & individual1 h5ce we %all consid] him 9 connection ) 8 fell[ intellectuel1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio1#de on ! contr>y1 is ! mo/ completely cont5t$ creature1 imag9able4 ,he nev] ev5 dreamt ( any?+ desirable beyond 8 ,flor5ce4 ,he lov$ ! local spectacle too de>ly to repres5t x lit]ally4 ,he g5]ally prettifi$ x1 m r>ely he glorifi$ x4 ,its mundane ideals 7 84 ,t[>ds its p1 its "y m5 & maid5s & grave m]*ants & magi/rates he br\ght1 )\t ,fra ,filippo ,lippi's s5sitiv5ess1 an equal curiosity & admiration4 ,& ,flor5ce fairly des]v$ ! adoration ( su* a man z 0 he4 ,wisely & g5]\sly rul$ by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 :o exemplifi$ n m]ely ! practical virtues ( ! city b also h] m engag+ vices1 au?or ( wise policy & ( wittily dissolute songs2 comb9+ ! self-respect+ appe>ances ( lib]ty ) ! advantages ( b5evol5t despotism1 ab\nd+ 9 new weal?1 lavi% 9 pleasure & spectacle1 unre/ra9$ by a religion :i* 0 becom+ m]ely a social dec5cy & a =m ( fire-insurance aga9/ a n impossible hell--,flor5ce _h rea*$ a pit* ( complac5cy & worldly well-be+ ! l ( :i* ! _w has p]haps nev] se5 be=e or s9ce4 ,! m5ac+ sword ( ! _s 0 already sway+ ov] x 9 ! eloqu5ce ( a "y ,dom9ican monk at ,f]r>a4 ,b ,flor5ce trod ! primrose pa? unconsci\s ( ! doom at h& = h]4 ,& ,ghirl&aio 0 pres5t to immortalize ev]y?+ t 0 pleasant 9 h] %ort prime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,fresco4--,ognissanti4 ,he 0 born 9 #addi1 8 fa!r appropriately be+ a g>l&-mak] = gay ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 tra9$ "u ,alesso ,baldov9etti1 b prud5tly decl9$ to compromise 8 own bright color+ ) ! new te*nic ( oil pa9t+4 ,he /udi$ ) pr(it ! ornate n>ratives ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ frescoes1 pa9t$ ab\t #adgj 9 ,ognissanti1 already reveals ! gr\nds ( 8 lat] popul>ity4 ,! vivid portraits ( ! ,vespucci family s cr[d ab\t a ,madonna ( ,pity z to make h] seem q second>y4 ,some:at lat] he pa9t$ ! leg5d ( ,santa ,f9a at ,san ,gimignano4 ,"h ,gozzoli's simpl] ve9 is imitat$1 & ! effect has a ru/icity befitt+ ! !me4 ,soon ! bottega at ,flor5ce fl\ri%$ mightily4 ,!re 7 two y\ng] bro!rs to help1 & all commissions 7 execut$ ) bus9esslike dispat*4 ,ab\t #adhj we f9d him once m pa9t+ = ! ,*ur* ( ,ognissanti4 ,8 ,/4 ,j]ome !re1 ,figure #aba1 is a beautifully groom$ old prelate 9 a wond]fully kept /udy4 ,! ,sa9t is caught 9 an int]val ( "w1 se>*+ p]haps = ! "r ,lat9 ^w to r5d] ! ,hebrew text be=e him4 ,he is grave & n too /]n4 ,! colors are vivid )\t mu* reg>d = h>mony4 ,v little ( ! fire ( ! mission>y :o decl9$ to subject ! my/]ies ( ,god to ! rules ( ! gramm>ian ,donatus is sugge/$4 ,"o has only to look at ,botticelli's ,/4 ,augu/9e1 opposite 9 ! *ur*1 agoniz$ by ! burd5 ( ?\ght1 to realize t ,ghirl&aio has c>$ no?+ = ! psy*ology ( 8 !me1 b has giv5 u any com=table old ,flor5t9e s*ol> placidly occupi$ 9 8 scriptorium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,ghirl&aio4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,fresco4--,refectory1 ,ognissanti4 ,a simil> lack ( emotional cont5t m>s ! o!rwise delightful ,la/ ,supp]1 ,figure #abb1 :i* 0 pa9t$ t same ye> = ! refectory ( ,ognissanti4 ,pa?os1 n to say trag$y1 is c>efully kept out ( ! mo/ solemn ( sc5es4 ,! eye is likely to g fir/ to ! tree-tops & fly+ birds se5 above ! scre51 !n x becomes vaguely aw>e ( a g5tle company quietly fea/+4 ,except = a fa9t trace ( classicism 9 ! co/umes1 x c\ld be any gov]n+ bo>d ( any religi\s confrat]nity ( ! day1 decor\sly enjoy+ its annual d9n]4 ,! qualities & defects ( ,ghirl&aio are fully app>5t 9 ?is fresco--8 lucidity & sweetness1 8 emotional nullity4 ,! next ye>1 #adha1 ,ghirl&aio pa9t$ 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel at ,rome ,*ri/ ,call+ ,pet] & ,&rew4 ,we h already consid]$ ?is 8 ne>e/ approa* to monum5tal design4 ,%ortly be=e ! ,roman trip he m>ri$1 & :5 8 wife ,co/anza di$1 aft] a dec5t int]val1 he repeat$ ! adv5ture4 ,! two w$locks 7 bless$ by n9e *ildr5 ( :om "o1 ,ridolfo1 0 to become 9 turn a notable pa9t]4 ,su* fecundity 0 wor?y ( ! man :o once sigh$ = a commission to fresco ! sev5-mile circuit ( ! walls ( ,flor5ce4 ,on 8 return f ,rome ,ghirl&aio decorat$ ! great hall ( ! ,palace ( ! ,priors1 & f n[ on m]ely a li/ ( 8 commissions & patrons w\ld be a blue book ( ! old ari/ocracy & new weal? ( ,flor5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,miracle ( ! ,sp9i ,boy4 ,fresco4--,tr9it4 ,?us 9 #adhe he contract$ ) ,francesco ,sassetti to d a *apel 9 ! ,tr9it ) ,/ories ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,sassetti 0 confid5tial treasur] = ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 ab\t ! mo/ important f9ancial position 9 ! _w at ! mom5t2 a selfmade & ambiti\s man4 ,he _h tri$ 9 va9 to get a f9] *apel 9 a bigg] *ur*1 b ! patrician ve/$ int]e/s prev5t$4 ,/ill ! *apel to ! "r ( ! ,*oir ( ! ,tr9it 0 no mean place1 ?is ,vallombrosan f\ndation be+ "o ( ! olde/ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,ghirl&aio took special pa9s ) ! frescoes1 /udy+ ) intellig5ce ,giotto's fam\s v]sions ( ! /ories at ,santa ,croce4 ,he is mo/ ne>ly monum5tal :]e he foll[s ,giotto1 z 9 ! ,dea? ( ,/4 ,francis1 b he also %[s surpris+ felicities ( 8 own4 ,! sc5e :]e ,pope ,honorius ,,iii con/itutes ,/4 ,francis & 8 fell[s a mona/ic ord]1 is rem>kable = n only f9e incid5tal portraiture1 b = a nobility ( space composition fa9tly anticipat+ ,raphael4 ,"o sc>cely realizes ! subject z su*4 ,all ! dramatic features ) :i* ,giotto emphasiz$ ! eag]ness ( ! sa9t1 ! humility ( 8 companions1 ! pr(essional dignity ( ! ,pope & ! half-veil$ ho/ility ( ! papal c\rt are abs5t4 ,"o's eyes g ov] ! gr\p to ! famili> gr&iose prospect ( ! ,piazza della ,signoria at ,flor5ce1 & "o feels t nev] till n[ has he rightly appreh5d$ its amplitude & spl5dor4 ,!n !re are %>p pleasant surprises4 ,at ! left is ! ugly & fasc9at+ figure ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & beh9d him ! gross app>ition ( ,francesco ,sassetti himself4 ,& 9 front !re are p com+ up f a l[] level1 only _! heads & %\ld]s em]g+4 ,! sw>?y man :o leads is ,angelo ,poliziano1 greate/ ( humani/ic poets1 tutor ( ,lor5zo's sons4 ,& ! boys are ^! gift$ *ildr5 de/9$ to be popes1 & gr&dukes4 ,! comb9ation ( great spaci\sness & c5trality ) casual unexpect$ graces is s piquant & orig9al1 t ,i suppose ,ghirl&aio may h hit ^u x almo/ accid5tally1 ow+ to ! inevitable relations ( 8 ,go?ic lunette to ! ar*itectural =ms 9 ! fresco4 ,9 any case ,ghirl&aio nev] aga9 did any?+ z impressive4 ,x is 8 greate/ hymn ( praise to ! ,flor5ce t he s de>ly lov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,innoc5ti4 ,9 ! same *apel is a rem>kable picture repres5t+ ! ,piazza ( ! ,tr9it ) ,/4 ,francis resuscitat+ a boy ( ! ,sp9i family1 ,figure #abc4 ,x has extraord9>y bits ( inv5tion1 b lacks ! organization ( ! fresco j discuss$4 ,! alt>-piece = ! *apel1 an ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 repres5ts ! graci\sness ( ,ghirl&aio 9 famili> n>rative 8 will+ acceptance ( ! panoramic ri*ness ( ! age1 & 8 exceptional p[] ( portraiture 9 ^! ru/ics pa9t$ f himself & f memb]s ( ! ,sassetti family4 ,! rugg$ness ( ! *>act]ization sugge/s ,flemi% pa9t+4 ,ghirl&aio may well h be5 influ5c$ by ! great ,nativity ) ,portraits :i* ,hugo van d] ,goes s5t d[n f ,gh5t1 9 #adgf1 to ! ,hospital ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova4 ,ghirl&aio's alt>-pieces are _m4 ,!y are brilliant )\t real h>mony ( color2 pretty1 )\t mu* insight1 9 ! types ( ! ,virg9 & y\?ful sa9ts4 ,! mo/ elaborate ( ^! panels1 ,an ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ,figure #abd1 0 f9i%$ 9 #adhh = ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital d$icat$ to ! ,massacr$ ,innoc5ts ( ,be?lehem4 ,x /ill /&s on its orig9al alt> 9 ! *apel ( ! ,innoc5ti1 & is a radiant ?+4 ,! cr[d$ gr\p ( ador]s 9 ! =egr\nd is well knit toge!r4 ,ghirl&aio _h tak5 a %rewd look at ,botticelli's ,epiphany 7n[ at ,petrograd71 or at ,leon>do da ,v9ci's unf9i%$ ma/]piece4 ,by a t\*+ & appropriate inv5tion1 ,ghirl&aio has set two ( ! m>tyr$ ,innoc5ts kneel+ 9 :ite robes & cr[n$ ) a sa9t's nimbus among ! ,wise ,m54 ,!re are1 z usual1 _m portraits1 includ+ ,ghirl&aio's own1 by ! pill> at ! "r4 ,! deep riv] valley1 sugge/$ by nor!rn pa9t+s or engrav+s1 relieves ! some:at conge/$ "* ( ! figure arrangem5t4 ,! girli% ,madonna w\ld d no discr$it to ! front cov] ( a nation-wide p]iodical today4 ,s graci\s & +5i\s is ?is picture t "o regrets to note t x is r clev]ly /ag$ ?an deeply felt1 its manifold prett9ess & picturesqu5ess1 ( a q obvi\s "*4 ,z ,ghirl&aio _h mov$ f success to success1 s he 0 de/9$ to end 9 8 day ( highe/ glory4 ,9 #adhe he sign$ a contract ) ,giovanni ,tornabuoni1 ( ! old nobility1 to decorate ! *oir ( ! mo/ ari/ocratic *ur* 9 ,flor5ce1 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! subjects1 ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 7 already on ! wall 9 ! guise ( wat]-soak$ & ru9$ frescoes by ,&rea ,orcagna4 ,ghirl&aio provid$ pa/oral sc5es ) wide l&scapes1 city prospects ) *>m+ girls pl5tiful 9 =egr\nd1 ri* patrician int]iors ) graceful wom5 & _! att5dants mak+ visits ( c]emony1 r>e religi\s ev5ts ) heavy magi/rates & dignit>ies /&+ inatt5tively by--ev]y?+ 9 %ort t a prosp]\s & well-br$ ,flor5t9e ( ! mom5t 0 accu/om$ to ?9k desirable 9 beauty1 g5tl5ess1 or worldly e/ate4 ,*>act]i/ic are ! ,salutation ( ,m>y & ,elizabe?1 a picture 9 :i* ! solemnity ( ! sc5e1 s magnific5tly ass]t$ by ,giotto at ,padua1 slips away into m]e spectacle & civility2 ! ,bir? ( ,sa9t ,john1 ,figure #abe1 ) a "y girl ( ! ,tornabuoni family mak+ h] visit ) h] maids1 & all mann] ( graceful & ri* accessories2 or aga91 ! ,pres5tation 9 ,! ,temple1 ) a :ole tribe ( ,tornabuonis & ,ghirl&aios 9 neglig5t att5dance on ! sacr$ rite4 ,^! may /& = ! :ole4 ,= _! casual & mundane ri*ness ,john ,rusk9 has p\r$ ^u ^! frescoes 8 d\ble-di/ill$ vials ( wra?4 ,:at he says z to _! sup]ficiality & empt9ess ( religi\s feel+ is true en\gh1 yet 8 d5unciatory rhetoric s]ves b z a trip-hamm] to demoli% an egg%ell :i* has aft] all its iridesc5t frail beauty4 ,g5tl] me?ods are bett] ) s g5tly mundane a creature z ,ghirl&aio4 ,! ,"l's p1 z he saw !m ab\t him1 7 good en\gh = him & = 8 art4 ,criticism %\ld r insi/ t1 be+ worldly1 he 0 n worldly en\gh to be /rong & lucid1 b too readily _h rec\rse to promiscu\s ri*ness & p]functory ideals ( prett9ess4 ,/ill1 x does n befit ! age or race ^: *>act]i/ic art product is ! smil+ or p5sive girl on ! cov] ( ! popul> magaz9e to ?r[ ! fir/ /one at ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john4--,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,old ,man & ,boy4--,p>is4 ,:atev] ! v]dict z to 8 nom9ally religi\s pa9t+1 9 portraiture ,ghirl&aio is "o ( ! greate/ figures ( 8 "t4 ,portraits ( ! f9e/ qualities ab\nd 9 8 frescoes1 & he has left a few incomp>able ?+s on panel4 ,few ,r5aissance portraits h ! au?ority ( ! amaz+ old man1 ,figure #abf1 9 ! ,l\vre1 :o fondles an ador+ boy4 ,9 ?is picture1 de=mity becomes a grace1 & ! spiritual & mat]ial int]pretation are ( equal incisiv5ess & beauty4 ,z f9e 9 ano!r ve9 is ! pr(ile ( ,giovanna degli ,albizzi 9 ! ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,collection1 ,figure #aja4 ,x is dat$ 9 #adhh4 ,x is ! supreme portrait ( a ,flor5t9e beauty ( a pass+ & lovely mom5t4 ,an in/ant ( "t1 :5 ! old simplicity _h enri*$ itself ) new le>n+2 :5 ) ! new humanism ! t\rnam5t & c\rt ( love p]si/$2 :5 c\rtly mann]s _h become an ideal )\t freez+ into an (ficial code--all ?is is = a s5sitive & in=m$ obs]v] 9 ?is placid well-pois$ head ( an ill-/>r$ ,flor5t9e bride4 ,%e di$ 9 #adhh1 a little be=e ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,flor5ce %e typifies4 ,h] accompli%$ "y husb&1 ,lor5zo ,tornabuoni1 equally adequate 9 ! tilt y>d1 ! /udy1 or ! c\ncil hall1 liv$ on = n9e ye>s & %>$ ! dea? agony ( ! society ( :i* he 0 a *ief ornam5t4 ,:5 8 head fell "u ,savon>ola's ord]s1 a spl5did *apt] ( e>ly ,flor5t9e humanism clos$4 ,?us ^! "y p di$ ) _! ,flor5ce1 leav+ no desc5dants1 b a memory et]nally fragrant4 ,! ye> ( ,giovanna's dea?1 #adhh1 ,ghirl&aio1 be+ ?irty-n9e ye>s old1 took a new wife1 & cont9u$ dilig5tly at ! frescoes ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,n be+ ov]burd5$ ) imag9ation1 he probably nev] guess$ he 0 occupi$ ) a memorial ( a society already doom$4 ,d\btless he foll[$ ! fa%ionable ?rong to ,san ,m>co :]e = a ye> ,fra ,girolamo ,savon>ola _h be5 prea*+ aga9/ ! curr5t vanities4 ,ghirl&aio presumably approv$ ! oratory1 ) a com=table s5se t :ile unworldl9ess might v prop]ly be prea*$1 no s5sible city c\ld ev] be induc$ to practice x4 ,p]haps he nev] woke up to ! appall+ fact t ,savon>ola lit]ally meant bus9ess bo? evangelically & politically4 ,s ,ghirl&aio's ,flor5ce mov$ swiftly to its doom1 & ! :ile he sav$ mu* ( its look & grace on ! walls ( 8 *oir4 ,= a ye> a t\*y & ugly little boy :o c>ri$ ! disproportionately great "n ( ,mi*elangelo ,buon>otti scrambl$ discont5t$ly ab\t ! scaffold+ ( ! *oir1 l5d+ a h& "h & !re1 & le>n+ ! old art ( fresco pa9t+4 ,ghirl&aio ( c\rse nev] knew t 9 ! re/less appr5tice he 0 tra9+ a titan4 ,he probably ?\ght him a nuisance4 ,by ! end ( #adic ! frescoes ( ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john ! patron ( ,flor5ce 7 ne>ly f9i%$1 & ! alt>-piece1 an ,assumption1 0 already plann$4 ,at =ty-f\r ,ghirl&aio _h at once rea*$ 8 climax & pa9t$ himself d[n an ana*ronism4 ,( c\rse he didn't "k x2 su* self-k is m]cifully sp>$ u4 ,! luck ( ,ghirl&aio 0 extraord9>ily con/ant4 ,n[h]e is x m signally %[n ?an 9 ! date ( 8 dea?4 ,"s inkl+ t ?+s 7 go+ ill "u ,pi]o de' ,m$ici's fitful rule mu/ h come to him1 b he di$ 9 ,janu>y #adid1 a good t5 mon?s be=e ! ,m$ici 7 expell$1 _! palaces sack$1 & ,savon>ola 9 *>ge ( a ,flor5ce t]rifi$ into sobriety4 ,to ^? pa9t]s f ,fra ,filippo to ,ghirl&aio :o caught ! look & unpret5ti\s poetry ( ,m$icean ,flor5ce we owe an especial gratitude4 ,!y are n 9 ! direct l9e ( progress & !y none ( !m rea*$ ! heights ( art4 ,b = c5turies !y h nev] fail$ to give delightful in=mation1 :ile infallibly t\*+ av]age human sympa?ies4 ,we d ill to idolize !m1 = !y 7 aft] all r small m51 b we d well also to honor !m accord+ to _! accompli%m5t4 ,!y did _! p>ticul> task ( enliv5+ decoration ) illu/rative episodes1 ) tact1 ref9em5t & k2 ) all ! sympa?y ( ! mode/ly obs]vant eye4 ,mo/ ( _! "w _h to be undone be=e ! ,gr& ,/yle 0 possible1 b x all ev9ces ! vitality & v>iety )\t :i* z prelim9>y tra9+ ! ,gr& ,/yle itself c\ld h>dly h atta9$ its elaborate & /rictly ord]$ composure4 ,we d well to take ,vas>i's g5]al view ( ^! arti/s ( ! human spectacle--n consid]+ !m s mu* z weak l9ks 9 a mighty *a91 b z complete 9 !mselves1 z a y\? may be complete ev5 ?\gh ! "y man dies 9 ! glory ( 8 unfold+4 ,:y expect prematurely ! s$ate spl5dors ( middle age8 ,take !n ?is art = :at x (f]s--an unsy/ematic fairy l& :i* is yet half real1 & keep y\r high] /&>ds 9 res]ve = arti/s :o bett] des]ve !m4 ,= au/]e /&>ds are held by a truly civiliz$ p]son = purposes ( discrim9ate praise & n z a ready means ( promiscu\s blame4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,i ,,pageantry ,,9 ,,old ,,flor5ce ,! art ( ,gozzoli & ! cassone pa9t]s1 &1 9 "p1 t ( ,filippo ,lippi & ,ghirl&aio implies ! backgr\nd ( public pageantry at ,flor5ce4 ,!re is a preci\s piece ( old dogg]el :i* describes ! fe/ivities1 9 ,may #adei1 = ! reception ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii & ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan4 ,! palaces & *ur*es 7 completely hung ) ri* /uffs1 ! sumptu>y laws 7 susp5d$ 9 favor ( ! fair sex2 besides _m processions & fea/s1 !re 0 be> bait+ 9 ! ,piazza della ,signoria1 an all night op5-air ball 9 ! ,m]cato ,nuovo1 & a t\rnam5t 9 ! ,piazza di ,santa ,croce4 ,i p>aphrase ! v]ses :i* describe ! pageant ( a ,triumph ( ,love :i* 0 conduct$ by t5 ye> old ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,! subject is common 9 cassoni & des*i da p>to4 ,! boy ,lor5zo m\nt$ on a m>vell\sly cap>ison$ horse head$ ! pageant1 & :ile all ! p :isp]$ _! admiration-- 8,z prud5t & wise lad he conduct$ ! ,triumph ( ! ,god ( ,love4444 ,9 all triumph he made ,cupid come1 :o s g5tly smites ! g5tle he>t4 ,^u a c> ,i saw him1 & s ,i tell1 mo/ m>vell\sly adorn$ & wr\ght1 h[ x 0 made ,i d>e n say4 ,on f\r :eels x 0 f9ely adorn$ ) a rais$ /& & fix$ on e corn] !re( z a column ! =m & fa%ion ( an angel4 ,& ,i :o saw x ?\ght ( a ca/le4 ,^u ! f\r columns 0 a great ball & above x ano!r ornam5t$ piece4 ,?is 0 gild$ ev]y:]e 444 s t x sp>kl$ l ! sun4 ,i _c tell ( su* beauties1 b ,i c tell ab\t ! top "p :i* 0 mo/ delightful4 ,above all 444 ,i saw /& a y\?1 ) two great w+s ( _m colors on 8 %\ld]s & all ! re/ nude1 hold+ t b[ ) :i* he w\nds all he>ts1 & playfully puts v5om !re91 s t :ile burn+ )91 no?+ %[s )\t4 ,?is ,triumph s m>vell\s & s inve/$ ) colors1 its adornm5t v glori\s--) s _m pe>ls1 c>buncles & sapphires--,i c\ldn't reckon h[ _m flor9s t ,triumph 0 wor? ,i say40 ,! :ole poem is a real treasure ( su* lore & %\ld be translat$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! new edition ( ,muratori1 ,r]um ,italic>um ,scriptores1 ,tom4 ,,xxvii4 ,! quotation is f page #ca1 l9es #accj-acfc4 ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,! ,,magi ,on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 #aced1 ,matteo ,palmi]i tells u 9 8 ,annals1 !re 7 _m religi\s repres5tations ( :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ to u1 z a probable inspir] ( ,gozzoli's frescoes1 is t ( ! ,?ree ,k+s f ! ,ea/4 ,!re 0-- 8,a magnific5t & triumphant temple = ! habitation /age sett+ ( ! ,magi1 9 :i* 0 inclos$ an octagonal temple adorn$ ) ! sev5 ,virtues1 & on ! ea/ side ! ,virg9 ) ! ,new ,born ,*ri/4 ,probably figures 9 a tableau vivant 8,! ?ree ,magi ) a cavalcade ( m ?an #bjj horse adorn$ ) _m spl5dors came to make (f]+s to ! ,new ,born ,*ri/40 ,new ed4 ( ,muratori1 ,tom4 ,,xxii1 p4 #agc4 ,probably all ! arti/s m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] saw ^! two spl5did pageants & _m m4 ,su* sights c\nt = mu* 9 ! al]t & pr(usely ornam5t$ pa9t+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,pageants ,,9 #adff ,pi]o de' ,m$ici 89 ord] to give m5 some?+ to ?9k ab\t :i* %\ld take _! ?\ghts f ! /ate1 & a ye> hav+ pass$ s9ce ,cosimo _h di$1 seiz$ ! occasion to enliv5 ! city & ord]$ two elaborate celebrations1 foll[+ ! o!rs t are cu/om>y 9 t city4 ,"o :i* repres5t$1 :5 ! ?ree ,k+s1 ! ,magi1 came f ! ,ea/ beh9d ! /> :i* %[$ ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 ! :i* 0 ( su* pomp & s magnific5t1 t 9 arrang+ & hold+ x ! entire city 0 occupi$ = sev]al mon?s40 ,ma*iavelli1 ,i/orie fior5t9e1 ,lib4 ,,vii1 cap4 xii4 8,! o!r fe/ival1 ,ma*iavelli cont9ues 0 a t\rnam5t 7= s !y us$ to call a spectacle1 :i* repres5t$ a cavalry skirmi%7 :]e ! fir/ y\?s ( ! city ex]cis$ !mselves aga9/ ! mo/ fam\s knights ( ,italy2 & among ! "y m5 ( ,flor5ce ! mo/ 9 repute 0 ,lor5zo1 fir/-born son ( ,pi]o1 :o n by favor1 b by 8 own valor c>ri$ (f ! fir/ hon\rs40 ,lor5zo 0 !n a likely lad ( sev5te54 ,a ,,side-,,light ,,on ,,ghirl&aio',s ,,patrons ,a ,trick = gett+ a ,family ,*apel 9 #adhh ,! *oir ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella 0 "u ! patronage ( ! ,ricci family1 b !y 7 poor & _h be5 unable to repair ! wat]/a9$ frescoes ( ,orcagna1 :i* _h be5 pa9t$ a c5tury & a qu>t] e>li]4 ,s ,giovanni ,tornabuoni got p]mission to r$ecorate ! *apel on condition ( sett+ ! ,ricci arms 89 ! mo/ conspicu\s & hon\rable place 9 t *apel40 ,& s ! contract 0 drawn4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio actually set ! ,tornabuoni arms 9 huge scale on ! side pila/]s1 :]eas he pa9t$ ! ,ricci arms half a foot high on ! door ( ! ciborium 9 ! c5tre ( ! base ( 8 alt>-piece4 ,! re/ 9 ,vas>i's words 7de ,v]e's translation1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bbd73 8,& a f9e je/ x 0 at ! op5+ ( ! *apel1 = ^! ,ricci look$ = _! arms ) mu* ado1 & f9ally1 n be+ able to f9d !m1 w5t (f to ! ,tribunal ( ,eight1 contract 9 h&4 ,:]eupon ! ,tornabuoni %[$ t ^! arms _h be5 plac$ 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s & hon\rable "p ( ! "w2 & al?\gh ! o!rs exclaim$ t !y 7 invisible1 !y 7 told t !y 7 9 ! wrong1 & t !y mu/ be cont5t1 s9ce ! ,tornabuoni _h caus$ !m to be plac$ 9 s hon\rable a position z ! neighborhood ( ! mo/ ,holy ,sacram5t4 ,& s x 0 decid$ by t tribunal t !y %\ld be left unt\*$1 z !y may be se5 today4 ,n[1 if ?is %\ld appe> to anyone to be outside ! scope ( ! ,life t ,i h to write1 let him n be vex$1 = x all fl[$ naturally f ! tip ( my p54 ,& x %\ld s]ve1 if = no?+ else1 at lea/ to %[ h[ easily pov]ty falls a prey to ri*es1 & h[ ri*es1 if accompani$ by discretion1 a*ieve )\t c5sure any?+ t a man desires40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,c>toon ( ,madonna & ,/4 ,ann4--,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,london4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,dawn ,,( ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age3 ,,botticelli ,,& ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,leon>do da ,v9ci z assimilator ( ! ,reali/ic re=ms--,botticelli z reaction>y--,8 beg9n+s "u ,fra ,filippo & ,pollaiuolo--,height ( 8 reali/ic a*ievem5t 9 ,adoration ( ! ,magi--,ass]tion ( 8 fanta/ic ve9 9 ! ,primav]a--,! ,dante draw+s & ! di/raught /yle ( ! lat] works1 its /hetic value--,m9or ,ecc5trics3 ,filipp9o ,lippi--,pi]o di ,cosimo--,leon>do da ,v9ci1 8 gradual advance t[>ds ,*i>oscuro me?od1 8 ideals--,8 "w ) ,v]roc*io--,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 its discipl9$ ri*ness--,c>toon ( ,/4 ,ann--,fir/ ,madonna ( ! ,rocks--,leon>do at ,milan4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]--,at ,flor5ce aga94 ,! ,battle ,c>toon4 ,mona ,lisa--,second ,soj\rn at ,milan4 ,! ,/4 ,ann1 8 influ5ce--,at ,rome1 9 ,france & ! end--,leon>do's successors at ,flor5ce2 ,fra ,b>tolommeo-- ,&rea del ,s>to--,agnolo ,bronz9o--,pontormo--,decl9e ( ,flor5t9e indep5d5ce & ( ! ,s*ool4 ,! task be=e an ambiti\s "y ,flor5t9e arti/ ab\t #adge 0 "o ( assimilation4 ,pretty mu* all ! k ess5tial = ! new pa9t+ exi/$1 b 9 scatt]$ %ape4 ,masaccio _h mod]niz$ ,giotto's monum5tal patt]ns1 & _h f\nd = himself ! new /ructural values ( light & %ade4 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano _h introduc$ ! h&i] me?od ( oil pa9t+1 &1 ) ,pi]o della ,francesca1 _h attempt$ novel ref9em5ts 9 pal] tonalities4 ,he & ,paolo ,uccello _h work$ out ! my/]ies ( l9e> p]spective4 ,&rea del ,ca/agno _h a*iev$ a sy/ematic & le>n$ anatomy4 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo _h add$ to ?is an extraord9>y k ( ! human body 9 viol5t action4 ,&rea ,v]roc*io _h demon/rat$ t ^! reali/ic /riv+s 7 compatible ) grace4 ,x _h occurr$ to no "o to comb9e all ^! discov]ies until ,leon>do da ,v9ci rea*$ 8 e>ly maturity4 ,! syn!sis work$ out by him betwe5 #adhj & #adih1 ! dates ( 8 unf9i%$ ,adoration ( ! ,k+s & ,la/ ,supp] respectively1 is ! f\ndation on :i* ,raphael built4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci is ! pione] ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,x w help u to realize ! greatness ( 8 accompli%m5t to /udy fir/ ! c>e] ( a contempor>y & fri5d1 ! exquisite arti/1 ,s&ro ,botticelli4 ,botticelli1 l ,leon>do1 came "u ! spell ( ,v]roc*io's fa/idi\sness1 & w5t "s di/ance 9 ! direction ( ! new monum5tal beauty4 ,!n abruptly he turn$ aside along solit>y l9es q unprec$5t$1 b ak9 to ! my/ic pa/ ( ,si5a4 ,8 great refusal ( progress1 8 brok5 & ecc5tric c>e]1 give po9t to ! humani/ic c5trality & social au?ority ( ,leon>do's pa9t+4 ,! two m5 repres5t opposite escapes f ! sup]ficial brilliance ( ! art dom9at$ by ,ghirl&aio4 ,leon>do mov$ out t[>ds ! future1 & has liv$ on z a f9e inspiration ( academic pa9t+ ev] s9ce4 ,botticelli )drew into himself1 & has surviv$ flick]+ly 9 ! occasional admiration ( k9dr$ spirits4 ,bo? express1 if 9 v diff]5t fa%ion1 ! pr(\nd discont5t t prelud$ a new era ( art4 ,x w help u to p]ceive h[ great ,botticelli is 9 8 solit>y poetry1 to consid] two y\ng] contempor>ies1 ,filipp9o ,lippi1 8 pupil1 & ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 an intellig5t imitator ( ,leon>do1 bo? ( :om1 %>+ ,botticelli's discont5t1 also s\ght escape 9 self-ass]tiv5ess ( an ecc5tric sort4 ,z ! mod]n age beg9s to dawn1 ! mod]n temp]am5tal arti/ appe>s4 ,! bottega beg9s to be a /udio4 ,?us ,s&ro ,botticelli#df has a d\ble importance = u--z an exquisite arti/1 & ev5 m z ! fir/ individuali/ :o /ra9$ sorely at ! b\nds impos$ by ! collective ta/e1 requir$ a select public1 & pa9t$ to please himself4 ,!re is no?+ ( ?is romantic isolation 9 8 orig9s4 ,he 0 born a tann]'s son1 9 #addd1 & br\ght up 9 ! smil+ c\ntry t[>ds ,c>eggi4 ,at ?irte5 he 0 /ill at s*ool1 h5ce 0 bett] educat$ ?an ! av]age pa9t]4 ,soon he 0 put ) a goldsmi?1 v likely 8 bro!r ,antonio1 ^: nickname--,il ,botticello1 ! cask1 p>adoxically atta*$ itself to ! creator ( ! ,primav]a4 ,be=e 8 fifte5? ye>1 #adei1 "y ,botticelli 0 appr5tic$ to ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 ! mo/ s5sitive eye ( ! "t4 ,"y ,botticelli presumably pa9t$ on ! lat] frescoes at ,prato1 & ,i believe may h be5 p]mitt$ to design c]ta9 ( ! figures 9 ,! ,fea/ ( ,h]od4 ,two e>ly pictures ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 bo? 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 %[ u h[ :ole-he>t$ly ,botticelli adopt$ 8 ma/]'s discursive /yle1 h[ s$ul\sly he s\ght v>iety & ri*ness ( ge/ure & facial expression4 ,b ^! cr[d$ compositions lack ,fra ,filippo's direct g5iality4 ,!y are already imag9$ be=e !y are obs]v$4 ,fra ,filippo w5t to ,spoleto "s "t be=e #adfh & soon di$ !re4 ,s ,botticelli 0 p]haps on 8 own res\rces f 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 ?\gh he 0 n inscrib$ 9 ! ,company ( ,/4 ,luke till #adgb4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t he 0 =tify+ himself by imitation ( f> m /r5u\s arti/s ?an 8 ma/]4 ,! delicate incisiv5ess ( ,v]roc*io appe>s z an occasional inspiration1 ! rugg$ p[] ( ,antonio ,pollaiuolo dom9ates 8 pictorial expression = _m ye>s4 ,a gr\p ( e>ly pictures %[s /rik+ly ! int]play ( reali/ic influ5ces ) ! ass]tion ( 8 own orig9ality4 ,! delicately expressive ,madonna1 ,figure #abh1 9 ,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]'s collection1 is bas$ on ,filippo ,lippi's ,madonna 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #ajc4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is ! same4 ,b :at a *ange 9 feel+6 ,all ! ov]t picturesque relations :i* ,fra ,filippo lov$--! girli% ,virg9 pray+ to h] *ild1 ! *ubby baby clut*+ at its "m1 ! impi% angel gr9n+ out ( ! picture--all t is elim9at$4 ,! ,virg9 wi/fully rea*es = ! e> ( :eat signify+ h] ,son's body t mu/ be brok54 ,a well-gr[n1 rev]5t angel1 enigmatically smil+1 (f]s ! grapes & :eat1 symbols ( ! sacram5t4 ,! relation is betwe5 ! ,madonna & ?is my/]i\s acolyte4 ,_! consci\sness ( a prophetic rite ga9s emphasis & pa?os f ! only unconsci\s ?+ 9 ! picture1 ! graceful babyi% action ( ! ,div9e ,*ild4 ,! =ms ( "m & ,*ild are ^? ( ,filippo ,lippi1 b ) elim9ation ( sup]flu\s ornam5t & commonplace action4 ,! res]v$1 half-conceal$ smile ( ! angel & 8 /range beauty d]ive f ,&rea ,v]roc*io4 ,y may trace x f 8 y\?ful ,david to 8 disciple's ,mona ,lisa4 ,! date ( ! picture is m]ely a good guess1 b s9ce x is free f ! influ5ce ( ,pollaiuolo1 x may be be=e #adfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,botticelli4 ,*igi ,madonna4--,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,botticelli4 ,judi?4--,uffizi4 ,9 t ye> ! bro!rs ,pollaiuolo und]took ! pa9t+ ( sev5 figures ( ! ,virtues to decorate ! wa9scot beh9d ! magi/rates' b5* 9 ! ,m]canzia1 ! m]cantile c\rt4 ,evid5tly !y 7 press$ = "t1 = !y assign$ "o panel repres5t+ ,=titude1 ,figure #abi1 to ,botticelli4 ,john ,rusk9 has celebrat$ 9 eloqu5t phrase ?is frail embodim5t ( ! c\rage ( ! m9d4 8,worn1 some:at1 & n a little we>y2 in/ead ( /&+ ready = all com]s1 %e is sitt+--app>5tly 9 rev]y2 h] f+]s play+ re/lessly & idly--nay1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 n]v\sly ab\t ! hilt ( h] sword4 ,= h] battle is n to beg9 today1 nor did x beg9 ye/]day4 ,_m a morn & ev5 h pass$ s9ce x began1 & n[--is ?is to be ! end+ ( x8 ,& if ?is--by :at mann] ( end80 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,botticelli4 ,=titude4--,uffizi4 ,! passage beautifully illu/rates ! odd bl5d ( pure/ insight & casual *att] 9 ,rusk9's criticism4 ,=get t ! sword is a mace--,rusk9 is nev] "r 9 su* trifles4 ,=titude sits m]ely because h] si/] ,virtues d s 9 ! impos$ decorative s*eme4 ,! n]v\s action ( ! h&s is *iefly an elegance4 ,yet ! :ole *>act]ization expresses ) s+ul> felicity ! al]t & ?\ghtful *>m ( ?is ,=titude amid ! /olid effigies ( ,antonio & ,pi]o ,pollaiuolo4 ,rusk91 z (t51 is mo/ wrong :]e x lea/ matt]s4 ,we h m prosaic bus9ess ) ! ,=titude--to note ! p\t+ snub-nos$ type1 & ! elaborate ornam5ts1 :i* are ,fra ,filippo's1 ! solidly drawn b ill-%ap5 foot1 :i* is ,pollaiuolo's1 & ! s5sitiv5ess1 :i* is ,botticelli's own4 ,a /ill m complete assimilation ( ,pollaiuolo's en]getic mode is reveal$ 9 ! admirable little ,judi?1 ,figure #acj1 :i* mu/ h be5 pa9t$ t[>ds #adge4 ,! faces are /ill ,fra ,filippo's1 & he c\ld h inv5t$ ! eag] doglike obsequi\sness ( ! maid4 ,b ! spr+y action & ! f9e1 lean ankles & feet1 ! bony1 expressive wri/s & h&s1 ! m9utely featur$ l&scape1 are completely 9 ,pollaiuolo's ve94 ,botticelli's specific inv5tion is ! sublimation ( ! !me--,judi?'s s5se ( walk+ 9 a dream aft] ! unspeakable ordeal ( ! night4 ,& ! flutt] ( ! robes 9 ! clean morn+ w9d has a /yli/ic grace t am\nts to ,s&ro's signature4 ,z he came into 8 ?irty-fif? ye>1 #adgh1 ,botticelli pa9t$ two pictures s diff]5t t )\t conclusive evid5ce we %\ld h>dly believe !m ! "w ( a s+le m9d & h&4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ,figure #aca1 ) ! /urdy ,m$ici portraits1 sums up all ,botticelli's reali/ic a*ievem5t1 %[s him ! greate/ & mo/ typical ,flor5t9e ma/] ( ! mom5t1 & proves t 8 way 0 easy to su* triumphs ( popul>ity z ,ghirl&aio 0 soon to enjoy unconte/$4 ,! o!r picture1 ,! ,allegory ( ,spr+1 ev9ces a /range & to _m repellant orig9ality1 indulges dreams n ( ?is e>?1 appeals to exp]i5ces inaccessible save to ! /hetically elect4 ,x 0 an e>ne/ ( neglect & unpopul>ity1 ! op5+ ( a solit>y road t no arti/ w\ld travel save "u inn] imp]i\s impulsion4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s is compos$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ,fra ,filippo & r5d]$ ) all ! improvem5ts ( ,pollaiuolo4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,"m1 ,*ild & ,joseph is set high & well back1 ! m9utely drawn ru91 ) its grace ( wall-fl[]s1 & ! peacock on ! ru9$ edge ( ! masonry are aga9 pure ,fra ,filippo1 z are ! juv5ile *>m ( ,our ,lady & ! al]tness ( ! ,bamb9o4 ,9 ,fra ,filippo's be/ /yle1 too1 are ! flank+ gr\ps ( portraits :i* sw+ back t[>ds ! c5tral motive1 leav+ ! c5tre free4 ,"h are great p]sonnages set =? ) dignity & =ce4 ,masaccio also has c\nt$ = mu* 9 ^! portraits1 & ,antonio ,pollaiuolo = m4 ,! ,mage kneel+ by ! ,*ild is ,pi]o de' ,m$ici1 ! "o 9 front ) 8 back turn$ is ,cosimo4 ,! beautiful "y k+ address+ him is probably ,giuliano1 lately sla9 by ! ,pazzi conspirators4 ,lor5zo is unmi/akable at ! left ) 8 pr\d milit>y pose1 8 h&s re/+ on a great sword4 ,at ! "r1 rob$ 9 yell[1 is ! f9e manly figure ( ,botticelli himself4 ,!re are _m o!r portraits ( ! mo/ au?oritative acc5t1 b we h no means ( id5tify+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,botticelli4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,uffizi4 ,arti/ically ?is magnific5t little picture suff]s f two c5tres ( int]e/4 ,x is an ambiguity1 h[ev]1 t w\ld h tr\bl$ no contempor>y ,flor5t9e4 ,he 0 will+ to take ! sacr$ gr\p = grant$ & to gaze delight$ly at ! figures ( 8 rul]s & b5efactors4 ,9 te*nical expression ! picture is e/abli%$ ?r\gh light1 %ade1 & color1 its l9e> quality c\nt+ = r little 9 ! effect4 ,x is a logical & attractive comb9ation ( all ! reali/ic exp]im5ts ( fifty ye>s pa/1 no s+le feature be+ ov]-emphasiz$4 ,x is prose ( a mo/ conv9c+ & eloqu5t cad5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,botticelli4 ,primav]a--,allegory ( ,spr+4--,uffizi4 ,be=e turn+ to a picture :i* is all poetry1 ! ,primav]a1 we may pr(itably consid] ,botticelli's portrait1 ! robu/ body1 ! moody s5sual face4 ,he 0 a celibate4 ,"o ne$ n esp\se ! vag>ies ( a ,freud to "k t su* m51 :5 gift$ ) imag9ation1 dream /range dreams4 ,! ,primav]a1 ,figure #acb1 0 pa9t$ = ! ,m$ici ,villa ( ,ca/ello1 :]e lat] ,botticelli plac$ 8 ,bir? ( ,v5us & ,signorelli 8 ,pan z ,god ( ,music4 ,all ^! pictures repres5t t sudd5 homesickness = ! idyllic sc5es ( classical antiquity :i* fell ^u ! ,italian _w ab\t ?is "t4 ,! cassone pa9t]s1 work+ = "w-a-day p1 _h repres5t$ ! my?ologies z s _m jolly /ories4 ,= ! deeply cultur$ circle ( ! ,m$ici1 ^! retrospections 7 fraught ) sadness4 ,! life :]e ! gods mov$ among allur+ nymphs & amus+ fauns seem$ inf9itely f> (f & inf9itely desirable4 ,?r\gh ,horace & ,virgil & ,!ocritus "o c\ld glimpse x tantaliz+ly4 ,mod]n poets1 l ,angelo ,poliziano1 c\ld recov] x fa9tly 9 ,greek & ,lat91 or m r>ely 9 ,italian v]se4 ,b ! ,italian loves to see1 & "h 0 ! difficulty4 ,! br[n soil _h n yet yield$ up ! great /ore ( old m>bles4 ,! actual look ( ! bygone ,gold5 ,age1 :i* )9 half a c5tury 0 to become matt] ( ar*ological c]ta9ty1 0 n[ matt] ( hesitant intuition4 ,"o c\ld brood ov] ! old poets1 arrange masques 9 :i* lightly rob$ ,tuscan girls play$ ! nymph or goddess--:atev] exp$i5t 0 us$ to live oneself back1 ! visual +r$i5ts ( ! dream 7 inevitably local & ,tuscan4 ,su* pictures z ! ,primav]a repres5t ?is transi5t & appeal+ mood4 ,!y tremble ) unfulfill$ aspirations1 brea! exquisite no/algias1 p]petuate z no o!r records d ! v s\l ( ! humani/s t surr\nd$ ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,botticelli4 ,primav]a4 ,detail4 ,v5us1 ,flora1 ,spr+1 ,zephyr4--,uffizi4 ,= ! fundam5tal decorative arrangem5t ( ! picture1 :ite =ms sway+ be=e a v]tical pal+1 ,botticelli skilfully borr[$ ! motive ( ,pollaiuolo's engrav+1 ! ,t5 ,nudes4 ,figure #aji4 ,f ,pollaiuolo1 too1 come ! n]v\s cont\rs1 ! wiry ankles1 & sl5d] feet1 & ! curi\sly sprung knees4 ,! old poets ,lucretius & ,horace give j ! h9t = ! p]sons ( ! idyl4 ,lucretius tells ( ! com+ ( ,spr+ bl[n 9 by ! ,we/ w9d1 ( ,flora /rew+ fl[]s be=e1 ,figure #acc1 ) ,v5us & h] son z witnesses4 ,& ,horace tells h[ ! ?ree graces ) ungirt robes dance be=e ,m]cury4 ,b ,botticelli has contribut$ :at gives ! "w its p5etrat+1 sad *>m4 ,8 is ! gloomy scre5 ( orange trees & olives1 ! c>pet ( spr+ fl[]s1 ! bill[+ l9es t sweep across ! panel4 ,x is conceiv$ 9 two great rhy?ms ( motion4 ,! wave t is suave 9 playful ,spr+ becomes crisp & %>p 9 ! robe ( ,flora1 & is ne>ly arre/$ 9 ! heavy drap]y ( ,v5us1 x passes ) h] rais$ h& to ! %imm]+ veil ( ! danc+ ,graces1 & dies 9 ! firmly set =m ( ,m]cury1 ^: uplift$ arm c>ries ! movem5t into ! /eady backgr\nd1 :i* /abilizes x all4 ,ev5 to m5tion ! p>ticul> f9esses & beauties ( ?is fanta/ically lovely sc5e w\ld require an essay4 ,i h made a full] if v imp]fect analysis 9 my book1 8,e/imates 9 ,art40 ,n[ x is be/ to note m]ely t ! only joy\s =ms are ,zephyrus1 ,spr+ & ,cupid1 ! re/ are sad or enigmatically grave1 z is ,flora4 ,?\gh !y celebrate ! r5ewal ( life ?r\gh love 9 spr+time1 ^? ^: immortality has witness$ _m spr+s c>ry 9 _! faces & be>+ ! old k t life & love are con/antly reborn "u dea? s5t5ce1 & t :at is r5ew$ spr+ aft] spr+ has b 8,! frail duration ( a fl[]40 ,aga9 & aga9 ! poets h told ?is to unreg>d+ man4 ,nobody has made x visible save ,botticelli4 ,i suppose only a score ( p at ! "t knew h[ f9e ! ,primav]a 01 & a few hundr$ 9 ! _w today may "k x4 ,! ?+ 0 hidd5 f ! public1 & ,botticelli 0 pa9t+ himself into ! mo/ obscure sort ( glory4 ,9 8 rema9+ ?irty-two ye>s1 !re are a few rev]sions to 8 reali/ic ve91 b 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic works m]ely c>ry on ! recondite *>m1 ! acute & p]sonal rhy?ms ( ! ,primav]a4 ,9 #adhj 0 pa9t$ ! ,fau/-l figure ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,figure #acd4 ,"o feels 9 ! gn>l$ features & h& clut*+ ! brea/ ! burd5 ( lifelong m$itation on ! t]rible my/]ies ( free w & ,god's et]nal decrees4 ,x is ! effigy ( "o :o has agoniz$ 9 ?\ght1 & is /ill seek+ by t ,calv>y ( ! m9d a t5se & haz>d\s peace4 ,! next ye> ,botticelli w5t to ,rome to take *>ge ( ! decoration ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,we h already consid]$ 8 be/ fresco !re1 ,moses 9 ,midian4 ,figure #aad4 ,( ! two o!rs--! ,temptation ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,de/ruction ( ,korah--we ne$ only add t !y are imm5sely ri* 9 details1 effective z n>ratives1 & z decorative arrangem5ts surpass$ on ! ,si/9e walls only by ,signorelli & ,p]ug9o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,botticelli4 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,fresco4--,ognissanti4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,botticelli4 ,madonna ) six ,angels4--,uffizi4 ,!re are r>e mom5ts ( some?+ l s]5ity 9 ,botticelli's tr\bl$ c>e]4 ,"o 0 :5 he pa9t$ ! ,pallas & ! ,c5taur1 & ano!r :5 he design$ ! lovelie/ ( 8 r\nd panels1 ! ,madonna ) ,six ,angels1 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #ace4 ,unlike ! m fam\s & popul> ,magnificat1 x is 9 immaculate pres]vation4 ,! composition is subtl] & less obvi\s1 ! worn & burd5$ look ( ! ,madonna oppress$ by h] tragic fate1 m specific & appeal+4 ,! late ,h]b]t ,p4 ,horne1 ,botticelli's be/ biograph]1 sets ! picture ab\t #adhg4 ,ab\t ! same "t 7 done ^? nuptial frescoes = ,lor5zo ,tornabuoni & 8 bride1 ,giovanna degli ,albizzi4 ,torn f ! villa walls at ,c>eggi1 !y are n[ among ! treasures ( ! ,l\vre4 ,lor5zo is repres5t$ z receiv$ by ! sev5 lib]al arts1 ,giovanna z pres5t$ to ,v5us by ! ,graces4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt] h[ ^! "y p %>$ & illu/rat$ ! doom imp5d+ ov] ,m$icean ,flor5ce4 ,botticelli captures1 if n _! look1 at lea/ a f9e symbol = _! z yet un*all5g$ beauty & discretion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,botticelli4 ,bir? ( ,v5us4--,uffizi4 ,a little e>li] p]haps he add$ to ! ,primav]a at ,ca/ello ! ,bir? ( ,v5us1 ,figure #acf4 ,x is conceiv$ 9 ! same bold rhy?ms1 :i* ?is "t conv]ge on ! slight1 smoo? =m ( ,v5us & are /eadi$ by ! horizon & ! trees4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,primav]a1 ! :ole ?+ is less ri*1 v>i$ & naturali/ic4 ,ev]y?+ is m s*ematic & conv5tional2 gold is freely us$ )\t reali/ic pretext4 ,! wi/ful mood is /ill t ( ! ,primav]a4 ,v5us comes to e>? ) no joy\s expectation4 ,%e glimpses unfulfill$ desires1 ! et]nally def]r$ goal ( e>?ly love4 ,%e obeys a de/9y ) resignation & a p5sive humility--almo/ asks p>don = ! confusion %e is fat$ to produce among mortals4 ,^! involutions & ref9em5ts h no?+ to d ) ! :ole-s\l$ s5su\sness ( classical antiquity1 !y h ev]y?+ to d ) t scrupul\s balanc+ ( div9e & e>?ly love :i* 0 ! /&+ problem ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s surr\nd+ ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,botticelli4 ,dante & ,beatrice 9 ,p>adise4--,pr9t ,room1 ,b]l94 ,dur+ ! '#hjs ,botticelli 0 mu* occupi$ ) ! illu/ration ( a great manuscript ( ! 8,div9e ,com$y40 ,figure #acg4 ,^! outl9es 9 silv]po9t ret\*$ ) ! p5 f9d _! equals only 9 ! be/ ,f> ,ea/]n art4 ,! l9e :ips & dances & swirls across ! p>*m5t1 halt+ & turn+ to def9e a detail1 !n spe$+ anew on its task ( sugge/+ motion4 ,figures t float1 gr\ps t m>* or dance z "o1 trail+ smoke ( inc5se--^! volatile features are r5d]$ ) ! mo/ en]getic delicacy4 ,& ! mo/ incr$ible episodes ( ,dante's poem ga9 cr$5ce ) ! eye ?r\gh ! defte/ use ( ! pure l9e4 ,x h>d5s to sugge/ bone & s9ew1 tight5s to express jo9ts t be> weight & pres]ve balance1 loos5s & gallops to give ! flutt] ( drap]y ov] tw9kl+ limbs4 ,& all ?is is done ) a ?9 p5 l9e t h>dly *anges ?ickness or blackness--done ) a t\* z light z a fea!r & yet z firm z ! sw+ ( a draughtsman's compass4 ,! /udy ( su* draw+s is a lib]al education 9 ! /hetics ( pure l9e4 ,^! draw+s freely di/ort ! actual =ms = ! sake ( great] expressiv5ess4 ,su* di/ortion is ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,botticelli's late/ /yle4 ,"o may note x 9 ! furniture panels :i* tell ! /ory ( ,/4 ,z5obius & ! tragic lot ( ! ,roman h]o9es1 ,lucretia & ,virg9ia2 9 ! ,annunciation ( ! ,uffizi & ! ,la/ ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,! new mann] is *>act]iz$ by habitually vehem5t expression4 ,int5sity becomes morbid1 effective )al4 ,we h to d ) tortur$ b v f9e n]ves4 ,:at p]sonal hi/ory is involv$ we c m]ely surmise4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ,botticelli foll[$ eag]ly ! !ocratic revolution ( ,savon>ola & suff]$ deep *agr9 :5 ! attempt to make ,flor5ce a city ( ,god collaps$ amid sordid political jeal\sies4 ,8 art becomes t ( a ,piagnone1 a ,savon>oli/1 a contemn] ( ! c>eless _w4 ,8 me?od *anges4 ,! figures are unmodell$ & flat1 !y hurtle wildly & gli/5 metallically be=e airless l&scapes4 ,mo/ ( ! h>d-won ,flor5t9e realisms drop out1 & ! l9e> rhy?ms recall ! ,go?ic poignancy ( ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ picture ( ?is sort is ! ,calumny ( ,apelles1 ,figure #ach1 pa9t$ ab\t #adij1 & n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,x recreates aft] an anecdote ( ,lucian1 made curr5t by ,leonbatti/a ,alb]ti1 a lo/ ma/]piece by ,apelles1 :i* 0 pa9t$ to conv9ce ,alex&] ! ,great ( ! evil ( calumny4 ,an innoc5t prison] is hal$ be=e an ignorant judge4 ,calumny be>+ a tor* drags him by ! hair4 ,trea*]y & ,deceit act z h] tir+ maids4 ,! sordid figure ( ,envy is h] guide to a judge into ^: asses' e>s ,ignorance & ,suspicion :isp] _! c\nsels4 ,nak$ ,tru? pleads 9 va9 = ! victim z ,remorse turns to h] ) sull5 helplessness4 ,by a pictorial irony1 ! s9i/] :irl+ gr\p is set 9 a /ately c\rt adorn$ ) /atues ( magnanim\s h]oes ( old1 & "o glimpses ?r\gh ! ri* ar*es a cl\dless sky & an untr\bl$ sea4 ,v ri* 9 imag9ative cont5t1 ornate 9 its use ( color & gold1 %>p & def9ite 9 its rhy?ms1 discreet 9 its expressive di/ortions1 ?is is p]haps ! ma/]piece ( ,botticelli's late /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,botticelli4 ,! ,calumny ( ,apelles4--,uffizi4 ,b "o reg>ds ) surely almo/ pleasure & ) m lively sympa?y ! little ,nativity 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,figure #aci1 a cele/ial idyl 9 s5tim5t1 & ( greate/ beauty ( mut$ color+4 ,above ! %$ :]e ! ,virg9 ,"m wor%ips h] ,div9e ,*ild1 a danc+ r+ ( angels hov]s4 ,!y hold olive bran*es f :i* dep5d m>tyrs' cr[ns4 ,wrea!d %eph]ds1 figures f "s ,!ocritan idyl1 kneel outside ! %$4 ,bel[1 angels eag]ly embrace ?ree y\?ful cr[n$ figures1 :ile impi% baffl$ fi5ds lurk 9 crevices ( ! rocks4 ,! ?ree figures may well typify ,savon>ola & 8 two fell[-m>tyrs4 ,a ,greek inscription gives ! date ( #aejj & h9ts at ! fall ( ,savon>ola & ! %ame ( ! ,fr5* invasion4 ,!re is a t5d]ness ab\t ! picture t recalls ! ,primav]a1 b x is m elusive & une>?ly1 m implicit 9 e bit ( ! workman%ip itself ?an dep5d5t on explicit symbolism4 ,:at ,botticelli c\ld a*ieve 9 />k trag$y at ?is "t is %[n 9 ! ,piet ( ! ,muni* gall]y1 a ma/]piece :i* _m critics h q unacc\ntably ascrib$ to an inf]ior imitator4 ,x is ( trem5d\s effect4 ,! compress+ rocks seem to conf9e a grief too great to be lib]at$ 9 space4 ,a %udd] conc5trates itself ^u ! fair1 y\?ful body ( ! dead ,*ri/4 ,"o assi/s at a cosmic m\rn+1 ! intol]able t5sion ( :i* is m]cifully reliev$ 9 ! swoon+ =m ( ! ,"m ( ,sorr[s4 ,! colors are sombre1 ! :ole effect fairly sculptural1 ?\gh mass is atta9$ m by l9e> acc5ts ?an by sy/ematic light & %ade4 ,balance & pose obey n a law ( physics b "o ( feel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,botticelli4 ,my/ical ,nativity4--,london4 ,! picture may be "o ( ,botticelli's late/4 ,he liv$ on till #aeaj1 a lonely & indulg$ ecc5tric4 ,he witness$ ! y\?ful triumphs ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo at ,flor5ce1 & saw ! sup]b maturity ( 8 fri5d ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he saw ! arti/ic _w move away f himself t[>ds ideals ( gravity & decorum & discipl9$ monum5tality4 ,he c\ld h foll[$ t high road himself4 ,in/ead he _h s\ght a romantic self-expression lead+ to an impasse4 ,at lea/ he _h made ! impasse s+ul>ly ?rill+4 ,be+ a wag z well z a poet1 he _h 8 comp5sations = neglect & d\btless he nev] regrett$ 8 impolitic *oice4 ,among arti/s ( febrile & romantic fibre he is "o ( ! greate/4 ,to "k him ?or\ghly is an incomp>able ex]cise 9 exquisite feel+4 ,tak5 9 its social aspect1 ,botticelli's lat] /yle is a prote/ aga9/ ! curr5t1 sup]ficial1 n>rative & decorative modes4 ,aga9/ prevail+ successful commonplace1 he opposes a highly ref9$ idiosyncracy4 ,:ile ! m /olid arti/s ( ! end ( ! c5tury 7 cont5t to rework ,ghirl&aio's glitt]+ ve91 ! m s5sitive spirits s\ght di/9ction 9 ecc5tricity4 ,ecc5tricity appe>s :5ev] an old /yle has gone /ale & a new "o is imm95t4 ,x is ! natural expression ( s\ls too indep5d5t to con=m & too weak to recon/ruct4 ,! grotesque 0 9 ! air4 ,luigi ,pulci 9 ! 8,morgante ,maggiore0 burlesques ! ideal romances ( *ivalry1 & mixes ! old cle> categories ( good & evil4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici at once mimics & c>icatures ! simplicity ( ! peasant pa/orals4 ,cynicism runs riot 9 ! %ort-/ory writ]s & 9 ! new com$y4 ,!re is a confusion ( /&>ds1 a new complexity ( appreciation1 t at once bewild]s & allures delicate spirits4 ,?us !y really express su* a mom5t ( hesitation bett] ?an /rong] or m ord9>y arti/s4 ,s a ,po/-,impressioni/ ( today may h a high symptomatic importance ev5 ?\gh 8 art be null1 & a ,filipp9o ,lippi & ,pi]o di ,cosimo really tell u m ab\t ! "t-_s ?an a ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,filipp9o#dg 0 born 9 #adeg1 at ,prato1 & presumably receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ruction f 8 fa!r1 ,fra ,filippo4 ,at fifte5 we f9d him an orphan & /udy+ ) ,botticelli1 :om he probably assi/$ at ,rome 9 #adhb4 ,at tw5ty-sev51 9 #adhd1 he _h ! extraord9>y honor ( complet+ ,masaccio's frescoes 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,d\btless he _h 8 great pr$ecessor's sket*es to aid him4 ,) a some:at light] acc5t1 he imitat$ z he might ,masaccio's simple & massive con/ruction 9 light & %ade4 ,filipp9o's ,pet] be=e ! ,proconsul1 ,figure #adj1 & ,crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet] are ( a gravity & weight to h pass$ = ,masaccio's ) good critics4 ,b ! f9e portraits are di/9ctive = ! lat] date1 z are ! portraits & ! graceful kneel+ boy pa9t$ opposite 9 ! fresco left unf9i%$ by ,masaccio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,/4 ,pet] be=e ,n]o4 ,detail ( ,fresco4--,brancacci ,*apel4 ,z a "w ( pi\s assimilation1 ,filipp9o's frescoes are amaz+2 all 8 m orig9al "w is s mu* fall+-(f f 8 beg9n+s4 ,8 *>act]i/ic s5sitive prett9ess may be be/ obs]v$ 9 ! alt>-piece 9 ! ,badia repres5t+ ,/4 ,b]n>d's ,vision ( ! ,virg94 ,figure #ada4 ,z he writes h] praises1 %e approa*es 8 desk escort$ by eag] angels4 ,! sc5ic picturesqu5ess ( ! l&scape1 ! acc5tuat$ prett9ess ( ! faces are *>act]i/ic4 ,sup]ficially l ,botticelli1 ,filipp9o is less selective & always m s5tim5tal4 ,he is rudely %ak5 out ( a mode 9 :i* he is attractive by ! adv5t ( ! new giants ( pa9t+1 ,leon>do & ,signorelli4 ,9 8 la/ "w1 pa9t$ ab\t #aejb = ! ,/rozzi ,*apel ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 he sp5ds himself 9 sup]flu\s & ineffective inv5tions1--trophies1 ar*ological ornam5ts4 ,to l5d impressiv5ess & trag$y to ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,philip & ,/4 ,james1 or to ! miracle ( ,drusiana1 ,figure #adb1 he has rec\rse to hide\s contortions ( m\? & br[s1 to creak+ jo9ts & bur/+ muscles1 to clamor & s5sationalism ( all sorts4 ,x is ! bankruptcy ( ! g5tle _s :o only tw5ty ye>s e>li] _h %[n himself almo/ a great arti/ 9 ! ,c>m9e1 & only t5 ye>s e>li] _h prov$ himself an accompli%$ decorator1 at ! ,m9]va1 ,rome4 ,& ! pity ( ?is plunge into competitive & hopeless exhibitionism is t ,filipp9o 0 a man ( ta/e & "*1 a collector ( classical antiques1 an oblig+ & g5]\s _s4 ,he di$ 9 #aejd at ! mom5t :5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 plann+ a real & successful s5sation = ,flor5ce1 9 ,! ,fight = ! ,/&>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,/4 ,b]n>d's ,vision4--,badia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,primitive ,man4 ,spalli]a panel4--,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,rais+ ( ,drusiana by ,/4 ,john4--,s4 ,m4 ,novella1 ,flor5ce4 ,if ,filipp9o became an ecc5tric ?r\gh pressure ( circum/ances1 ,pi]o di ,cosimo#dh 0 "o by nature4 ,born 9 #adfb1 he soon came "u ! dulle/ ( ma/]s1 ,cosimo ,rosselli4 ,to ,cosimo's f\r hopeless frescoes 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel he add$ c]ta9 vivaci\s features1 & !re he le>n$ to "k "s ( ! able/ arti/s ( 8 day4 ,always a ba*elor & recluse1 he pursu$ s]i\s /udies 9 imitation ( su* /]n reali/s z ,antonio ,pollaiuolo & ,luca ,signorelli4 ,he liv$ sordidly 9 8 bottega1 lit]ally f h& to m\?1 on ! eggs :i* he boil$ 9 8 glue pot1 9 weekly bat*es4 ,alone he plann$ /range my?ologies1 be/ially pung5t1 & !re he ?\ght out odd t]rible pageants :i* %ock$ & en?rall$ 8 ,flor5ce4 ,& z he made ^! biz>re inv5tions1 he mock$ !m & himself4 ,8 admirations 7 %ift+--n[ ,signorelli1 aga9 ! ,flemi% reali/s & ,leon>do3 incompatible attractions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,cleopatra4--,*antilly4 ,y may s5se 8 quality 9 two wall panels1 n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1#di made = "s palace4 ,pi]o _h read ov] ! leg5d ( primitive man z told by ,ovid1 & quickly 8 m9d br$ phantoms4 ,fir/ he conceiv$ a /ate :]e dom9ion trembl$ betwe5 man & ! brute creation4 ,savage m5 ) ! unfair advantage ( fire are ext]m9at+ ! bea/s1 among :om fight ^? half-m51 ! c5taurs1 ,figure #adc4 ,9 ! companion panel ! mood *anges abruptly f /rife & tumult to ! qua9tly pa/oral /ra9s ( a /one-age m9uet4 ,we assi/ at a troglodyte wat]-p>ty4 ,lovely woman dom9ates ! new sc5e4 ,! n[ dome/icat$ c5taur pr\dly be>s h]4 ,9 c\rtly fa%ion sk9-clad w>riors h& h] into a rude pleasure raft :i* may p]haps waft ! picnick]s to ! joys ( a cannibal fea/4 ,^! inv5tions h imm5se fanta/ic p[]1 & _! real orig9ality by no means precludes ! suspicion t ! arti/ is smil+ at 8 own +5uity & at our complaisance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,dea? ( ,procris4--,london4 ,take aga9 8 ,cleopatra1 ,figure #add1 at ,*antilly4 ,! snub-nos$ ,flor5t9e beauty airs h] abundant *>ms 9 a romantic l&scape1 :ile ! asp does 8 by no means disagreeable duty4 ,:at a trave/y ( ! dignity ( ,plut>*1 & h[ fet*+ x is z di/+ui%$ burlesque6 ,cauti\sly & p]haps grudg+ly1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! new c5tury1 ,pi]o foll[s ! improvem5ts ( ,leon>do4 ,?is influ5ce is palpable 9 ! ,rescue ( ,&rom$a1 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,! *a9$ pr9cess c>elessly displays h] appetiz+ attractions1 :ile ! le]+ & hungry dragon lur*es on ! bea* & surveys 8 prey4 ,high up 9 ! sky is hope1 9 ! brisk1 knightly figure ( ,p]seus4 ,a musical p>ty lolls delici\sly on ! /r&1 equally prep>$ to enjoy a h]oic rescue or a mon/] at fe$+ "t4 ,we are 9 ! sup]bly irresponsible _w ( ! fairy tale1 & ! ?rill+ raconteur has 8 clev] tongue 9 8 *eek4 ,exceptionally1 z 9 t wi/ful poesy1 ,! ,dea? ( ,procris1 ,figure #ade1 at ,london1 ,pi]o is s]i\s en\gh4 ,! girli% body lies v quiet amid mead[ fl[]s4 ,a puzzl$ faun & a m compreh5d+ h\nd are v t\*+ m\rn]s amid ! unreg>d+ bea/s & birds ( a tranquil lake-side aft]noon4 ,su* ref9em5ts ( s5tim5t are (t5 ! comp5sation = an un/able _s4 ,! ve9 is r>e 9 ,pi]o1 :o1 aside f 8 my?ological ironies & q conv5tional religi\s pieces1 is also a vivaci\s portraiti/ z ! gall]ies ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ! ,hague1 & ,london atte/4 ,pi]o liv$ on till #aeba1 surviv+ bo? ,leon>do & ,raphael4 ,! greate/ arti/ic ef=t ( mod]n times _h sp5t itself be=e 8 eyes1 & he _h mo/ly be5 cont5t to be witty4 ,he repres5ts at lea/ a f9e scorn ( 8 flimsy tra9+1 & rema9s a consummate type ( ! arti/ :o lives1 l a be> 9 w9t]1 on 8 own fat4 ,aft] a long det\r1 we are once m on ! high road4 ,p]ug9o1 ) 8 simple & graci\s symmetries1 _h %[n ! pa9t+ ( ! end ( ! c5tury :at ail$ x4 ,b 8 cure 0 too obvi\s to be acceptable until a y\ng/] ( ,raphael's entirely mode/ intellig5ce %\ld come along4 ,! re=m1 z (t5 9 o!r ?an arti/ic affairs1 _h to be made f )91 & 0 conduct$ by "o :o _h mu* sympa?y ) ! r&om ri*ness ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance /yle1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4#ej ,leon>do's discov]ies1 pursu$ ) ! mo/ pati5t & gradual c>e1 %ock$ no "o & 7 quickly tak5 up4 ,he 0 ne>ly ?irty be=e he rea*$ consci\sness ( 8 mission1 & hav+ atta9$ 8 arti/ic end1 he dropp$ pa9t+1 ) a k9d ( scorn1 = ma!matical & sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 8 admirable 8,tractate on ,pa9t+0 he has left ! fulle/ & mo/ eloqu5t records ( 8 ideals4 ,! fir/ is t ! pa9t] mu/ "k cle>ly :at he is ab\t4 8,)\t good !ory no good practice is possible40 ,next ! arti/ %\ld be 9 a filial relation to nature1 admir+ & imitat+ h] directly1 & n ?r\gh ! eyes ( o!r arti/s4 ,z to ! ma9 object ( pa9t+1 ,leon>do wav]s betwe5 two def9itions4 ,repeat$ly he insi/s t t pa9t+ is greate/ :i* ?r\gh ! po/ures ( ! body %[s ! emotions ( ! s\l4 ,z (t51 he uses a m te*nical def9ition--! *ief bus9ess ( pa9t+ is to create a s5se ( relief or projection :]e !re is none4 ,?is relief is effect$ by delicate & accurate di/ribution ( light & %ade4 ,light & d>k are conceiv$ 9 a d\ble fa%ion1 z factors 9 relief & z (f]+ intr9sic beauties 9 _! gradations4 ,we h a ref9em5t on ! me?od ( ,masaccio1 :i* is m]ely /ructural & dramatic & )\t mu* intr9sic *>m4 ,b ! new beauty ( *i>oscuro soon turns out to be incompatible ) ! old beauty ( frank color4 ,pictures become dusky & my/]i\s1 t5d+ to black & :ite values4 ,ev] s9ce ,leon>do1 academic pa9t+ has _h ! sore limitation ( reg>d+ %ad[ z negation ( color4 ,x is ! defect ( 8 tea*+ & practice4 ,on broad] matt]s1 h[ev]1 ,leon>do is pr(\ndly "r4 ,see+ is a m5tal process & %\ld be selective4 ,repres5t all ! muscles emphatically1 & y\r nude w look l a sack full ( nuts4 ,accuracy is necess>y1 b is ( no value )\t accompany+ dignity & grace4 ,*oose ! mo/ graci\s aspects ( reality1 ! p]vasive mod]ate light ( ev5+ r ?an ! %>p gl>e ( ! ov]head sun4 ,obs]ve deaf-mutes s t y may le>n ! possibilities ( expression ?r\gh ge/ures4 ,seek equilibrium & an active & vital balance :e!r 9 ! pose ( ! s+le figure or 9 ! relations ( ! figures to ea* o!r4 ,get ! action "r1 & aft]w>ds add ! details4 ,^! are "s ( ! precepts :i* ,leon>do scribbl$ (f ab\t ! ye> #aejj :5 he 0 ne>+ fifty & 8 "w z a pa9t] 0 almo/ ov]4 ,he is really describ+ ! pr9ciples "u :i*1 :ile accept+ ! ri*ness & v>iety ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance /yle1 he _h once = all put x 9 ord]4 ,( c\rse ?is 0 a v gradual process4 ,to ! end ,leon>do reta9$ some?+ ( a primitive quality1 & he 0 by no means precoci\s4 ,he 0 born 9 #adeb1 ! love*ild ( a peasant girl ( ,v9ci & a "y ,flor5t9e not>y1 ,pi]o da ,v9ci4 ,8 e>lie/ recollections mu/ h be5 ( ! hills & di/ant m\nta9 prospects ( 8 native hamlet ( ,v9ci1 betwe5 ,flor5ce & ,pisa4 ,b he 0 soon tak5 into 8 fa!r's home at ,flor5ce1 & giv5 an education :i* h>dly exce$$ ! prov]bial 8,?ree ,r's04 ,j :5 he 0 put ) ! pa9t] & sculptor1 ,&rea ,v]roc*io1 is unc]ta91 b x c h>dly h be5 lat] ?an ,leon>do's ?irte5? ye>1 #adfe4 ,z a pa9t]1 ,v]roc*io exi/s = u *iefly 9 ! "w ( 8 pupils4 ,z a sculptor1 h[ev]1 he is a def9ite en\gh figure4 ,8 aim 0 pla9ly to infuse ! new realism ) an ari/ocratic elegance4 ,:at a "y patrician is 8 ,david compos+ himself = ! ordeal ) a re/ra9$ well-br$ smile6 ,!re is a spl5did d&yism 9 8 valor4 ,or consid] ! ,madonna 9 t]ra-cotta1 ) h] ornate head-dress1 ri* broo*1 & c>efully arrang$ robe1 h] almo/ too sweet self-possession4 ,%e is a clue to ! fa/idi\sness ( ,v]roc*io4 ,aga9 consid] ! pr\d h>d face & ! m>vel\sly firm & delicate h&s ( ! unkn[n lady ,v]roc*io cut 9 m>ble4 ,^! ?+s are dom9ant = ! e>ly developm5t ( ,leon>do1 z ! al]t1 p[]ful & aggressive ,colleoni monum5t is = 8 lat] h]oic creations4 ,some?+ ( ,v]roc*io's scrupul\s & em95tly dilatory "* also pass$ ov] to 8 brilliant pupil4 ,v]roc*io rema9$ a ba*elor & :olly devot$ to 8 art1 yet he took eighte5 ye>s to give to 8 fam\s bronze gr\p ( ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,?omas its dignity & s5sitive feel+4 ,leon>do rema9$ "s t5 ye>s or m ) ,v]roc*io1 pa9t+ _m works t are lo/ to u1 & a few1 ,i believe1 t we may id5tify4 ,9 ?is mo/ conte/$ matt] ,i foll[ 9 ! ma9 ! views ( ,dr4 ,sirn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,head at ,left2 ,v]roc*io1 ,head at ,"r4 ,details f ,v]roc*io's ,baptism4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf;a4 ,v]roc*io & ,leon>do4 ,baptism ( ,*ri/4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci "u ,v]roc*io's ,direction4 ,annunciation4--,uffizi4 ,= _m ye>s ,leon>do v5tur$ little on 8 own acc\nt1 foll[+ ) docility ! directions ( 8 ma/]4 ,! s+le pa9t+ :i* we may ) c]ta9ty ascribe to ,v]roc*io1 ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ,figure #adf;a1 9 ! ,uffizi1 already be>s traces ( ,leon>do's h&4 ,! g5]al composition is borr[$ f an insignificant panel ( ,baldov9etti's4 ,! /alw>t ugly =ms d]ive f ,pollaiuolo4 ,delightful features add$ 9 oils by ,leon>do are ! exquisite angel at ! left1 ,figure #adf1 & ! vapor\s di/ance & m\nta9 skyl9e4 ,we may surmise t ^! improvem5ts 7 add$ ab\t #adgj to a picture />t$ sev]al ye>s e>li]4 ,"o o!r picture 0 design$ by ,v]roc*io & f9i%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #adhh by 8 assi/ant1 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i4 ,?is ,madonna1 9 ! ca!dral ( ,pi/oia1 af=ds an excell5t contra/ betwe5 ! puffy =ms ( ,lor5zo & ! firm & liv+ cont\rs ( ,leon>do4 ,! fam\s ,annunciation 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #adg1 seems a k9d ( jo9t product1 ! actual pa9t+ be+ by ,leon>do1 ! badly balanc$ composition & intrusive heavy lect]n1 z well z ! r *eap attitude ( surprise ( ! ,virg91 repres5t+ a p]functory mood ( ,v]roc*io4 ,! vi/a ( remote m\nta9s hang+ pale 9 ! blue sky is su* z only ,leon>do c\ld h creat$4 ,! delightful ,gabriel also seems :olly 8 inv5tion4 ,! composition aga9 re/s on "o ( ,baldov9etti's1 at ,s4 ,m9iato1 & ! date ( ! picture may be ab\t #adge4 ,( ab\t ! same date is a ,madonna ) an ,angel 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* may well be a composition ( ,v]roc*io int]pret$ by ,leon>do4 ,! note ( sweetness is a little =c$1 z 9 mo/ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,we meet ,leon>do 9 8 own "r a little e>li]1 9 a p5 sket* ( a broad l&scape dat$ 9 midsumm] summ] ( #adgc1 ,figure #adh4 ,its spaci\sness & s*ematic h&l+ ( horizontals ally x to ! l&scape backgr\nds we h be5 consid]+4 ,! la/ "w ( ?is ,v]roc*ian "* is ! ,portrait ( a ,girl1 9 ! ,lie*t5/e9 ,gall]y1 ,vi5na4 ,"h we are 9 a field :]e ,leon>do & 8 ma/] are almo/ indi/+ui%able1 b ! picturesquely brok5 backgr\nd1 ! bit ( l&scape1 & ! ease ( ! cont\rs1 speak = ! y\ng] man4 ,z late z #adgf1 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 ,leon>do 0 /ill ) ,v]roc*io4 ,he probably set up 8 own bottega a ye> or s aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,l&scape4 ,p5 ,draw+4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,annunciation4--,l\vre4 ,!re foll[$ f\r or five ye>s ( eag] exp]im5t1 mu* be+ plann$ & r little c>ri$ to completion4 ,reliev$ f ! pressure ( a ma/]1 actual pa9t+ seems to h become irksome4 ,he loves to sket*1 to turn 8 designs ov] until !y rea* p]fection1 leav+ !m 9 ! condition ( ! swifte/ & mo/ accurate notations4 ,lack ( sy/em & p>alysis ( w are already app>5t4 ,= ab\t two ye>s ( ?is joy\s & irresponsible creation he rema9$ a primitive4 ,su* he is 9 ! idyllic little ,annunciation ( ! ,l\vre1#ea ,figure #adi1 :i* %\ld be = its flu5t te*nic no e>li] ?an #adgf4 ,he takes ! motive :i* he _h previ\sly done "u re/rictions1 r$uces x to a symmetrical ord]1 rejects di/ract+ details1 floods x ) w>m light break+ ?r\gh ragg$ ap]tures ( ! trees1 & inve/s x ) a p5etrat+ humility & grace4 ,! little picture1 :i* _m critics set too e>ly1 is really ,leon>do's decl>ation ( indep5d5ce4 ,x %[s features :i* anticipate 8 mature /yle--a comb9ation ( a sev]e geometrical symmetry 9 figure composition ) a romantically /range sett+ & light+4 ,( less import is ! unpret5ti\s little ,madonna ( ! ,fl[]1 rec5tly discov]$1 & 9 ! ,h]mitage1 at ,petrograd4 ,x is au!nticat$ by num]\s composition sket*es4 ,its vivacity & y\?ful lightness ( effect are entirely 9 ,v]roc*io's mann]1 no?+ is new b heavi] %ad[s & m emphatic modell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,p5 ,sket*es = ! ,madonna ( ! ,cat4--,briti% ,museum4 ,on a %eet ( draw+s 9 ! ,uffizi1 :i* *>act]i/ically comb9es ) sket*es ( m5's heads /udies ( ma*9]y1 we read 8,?is day ,i began ! two ,virg9 ,m>ys40 ,! day is effac$1 b x is a mon? 9 #adgh1 end+ 9 -bre--,septemb]1 ,octob] or ,novemb]4 ,"o ( ^! ,madonnas is1 no d\bt1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,fl[]4#eb ,z to ! o!r we h no c]ta9ty1 b ! sket*es ( ?is "t %[ at lea/ five madonnas 9 process ( inv5tion4 ,a ,madonna hold+ a mis*iev\s ,*ild :o hugs a wri?+ cat1 a ,madonna ) a ,di% ( ,fruit1 a ,madonna kneel+ be=e ! ,*ild1 a !me lat] develop$ into ! ,madonna ( ! ,rocks2 a ,madonna seat$ on ! ,gr\nd1 & a ,madonna seat$ 9 ! op5 ) ! ,*ri/*ild & ,/4 ,john4 ,dr4 ,j5s ,?ys ?9ks ! la/ composition may be ! "o actually begun z a picture1 s9ce su* e>ly ,raphaels z ! ,belle ,j>d9ire seem to imply su* a picture z _! model4 ,we d well to turn f su* speculations to ! m>vel\s sket*es = ^! ,madonnas1 ,figure #aej4 ,no?+ firm]1 light] or m *>m+ c be imag9$4 ,( ! l9e1 ?9n$ to a hair or wid5$ to a blot1 !re is ! complete/ control4 ,^! little figures1 a c\ple ( in*es high at ! mo/ & (t5 ( ?umb-nail m9ut5ess1 may be enl>g$ to life size )\t los+ 9 /ructure or "*4 ,no?+ %[s bett] ! %e] fecund g5ius ( ,leon>do ?an ^! %eets1 cr[d$ ) figures1 scribbl$ ) 8 "r-to-left h&writ+1 & slant+ly %ad$ f upp] left d[nw>ds1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a lef?&$ draughtsman4 ,!y %[ h[ ,leon>do work$ 9 spurts ( inspiration1 creat+ a doz5 lovely compositions & cont5t$ ) none4 ,!y repres5t s _m t5sely joy\s half-h\rs1 ) d\btless long int]vals ( o!r activities & )al ( %e] brood+ & unrecord$ obs]vation4 ,!y help "o grasp ! spasmodic & discont9u\s quality ( ,leon>do's g5ius--:y ! actual execution ( pictures 0 ev] a matt] ( pa9 & drudg]y to him4 ,up to 8 tw5ty-n9? ye> he app>5tly made no prolong$ ef=t ( any sort1 b sp5t himself furi\sly 9 sep>ate inve/igations4 ,!n he pull$ himself toge!r = a great picture1 & ?\gh x too nev] got beyond ! und]pa9t+1 x broke ! new pa? to ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,leon>do _h turn$ ov] ! !me ( an ,adoration ( ! ,*ild 9 8 sket* books4 ,^! desultory inv5tions 7 br\ght abruptly to a focus 9 ,m>* #adha1 :5 he agre$ to d an alt>-piece = ! monks ( ,s4 ,donato at ,scopeto4 ,we h ! be/ circum/antial evid5ce = id5tify+ ?is piece ) ! unf9i%$ ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,:5 we live ourselves into ?is dusky & my/]i\s sket* we /ep out ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance into a new1 ard5t1 ri* & ord]$ region ( inv5tion su* z ! _w _h n witness$ s9ce ! glory ( ,greece fad$4 ,! composition w5t ?r\gh at lea/ ?ree ma9 /ages4 ,at fir/1 z we see f a p5 /udy 9 ! ,bonnat ,museum1 at ,bayonne1 an ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds 0 consid]$1 ! ,madonna kneel+ ov] ! ,*ri/ betwe5 flank+ gr\ps ( wor%ipp]s4 ,! s*eme 0 reject$ z too ?9 & obvi\s4 ,a picture ( ,lor5zi di ,cr$i's %[s u its limit$ possibilities4 ,!n ! picture became an ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ) ! ?at*$ %$1 mu* action 9 ! =egr\nd gr\p & a ru9$ amphi!atre 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,?is sket* 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,figure #aea1 conta9s all ! elem5ts ( ! picture1 b an extraord9>y "w ( cl>ification & ref9em5t rema9$ to be done4 ,! figures 7 /udi$ & re/udi$ till !y rea*$ bo? highe/ expressiv5ess & individuality1#ec & an exact relation to ! d5se & intricate articulation ( ! =egr\nd gr\p4 ,(t5 !re are half a doz5 sep>ate /udies = ea* motive4 ,! c5tral gr\p 0 m closely mass$ till x became a rose ( eag] faces & flick]+ h&s & kneel+ =ms press+ inw>d t[>ds ! ,*ild4 ,to increase ?is conc5tration1 a m\nd is erect$ beh9d ! gr\p %utt+ x (f f ! wide backgr\nd4 ,to /eady ! gr\p1 ! ,madonna is no long] swung a?w>t ! motion1 b h] ne>ly /raight position becomes a sort ( axis c>ri$ up by ! trees above4 ,9 ! ri*ness1 v>iety & animation ( ! compact gr\p ( ador]s1 ,leon>do has met ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance on its own gr\nd & outdone x4 ,9 ! wid] sett+ he /ill obs]ves ! old precepts1 b 9 a pr(\nd] & m significant s5se4 ,he has swept ! traditional %$ aside & op5$ up a _w1 a _w furtive & active & combatant 9 its own wilfulness--play+1 hid+1 & fight+ amid ! crumbl+ ru9s ( old civilizations1 & be=e di/ant t[]+ crags :i* 7 !re be=e civilization or man himself 02 a _w oblivi\s ( ! sublime my/]y accompli%+ itself 9 ! k+s :o pay homage to a ,babe4 ,:at an ironic sub/itute = ! joy\s pa/oralism ) :i* contempor>y arti/s inve/$ _! pictures ( ! ,epiphany6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,leon>do4 ,sket* = ,adoration4--,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 ,und]pa9t+4--,uffizi4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ,figure #aeb1 is ! ri*e/1 mo/ complicat$1 mo/ beautifully ord]$ picture ( its c5tury2 ev5 ,leon>do 0 n to surpass x simply z a composition4 ,l all ri* ?+s x w be> _m analyses4 ,y may consid] x z a triangle1 ) ! reciprocal =ms enri*$1 or1 ) ,dr4 ,?ys1 z ! comb9ation ( two radiat+ motives1 "o c5tr$ on ! ,madonna's face1 ! o!r on ! s(t al]t body ( ! ,*ild4 ,su* analyses are only important z tempor>y aids to und]/&+ ( ! ma9 fact t 9 ! mak+ ( su* a ma/]piece a cle> & subtile geometry is involv$4 ,lat] ,leon>do 0 to decl>e t !re is no sci5ce :i* _c und]go ma!matical demon/ration1 & he probably w\ld h add$--no art4 ,( 8 own art at lea/ ! say+ is true4 ,x may h be5 n s mu* 8 native indol5ce t arre/$ a "w :i* _h claim$ mon?s ( passionate prep>ation at ! mom5t :5 creation 0 at its height1 z ! conviction t x w\ld lose some?+ if fully realiz$4 ,"o c see h[ he lov$ ! summ>y t\*es ( d>k & light1 ! swift1 suffici5t evocation ( body & s\l :i* he _h le>n$ f ,masaccio4 ,he may h hat$ to cov] up su* "w1 & a critic today may well be 9 d\bt :e!r ! ga9 9 f9i%+ x w\ld h aton$ = ! loss4 ,or ,leon>do da ,v9ci may already h be5 call$ to ,milan & a new arti/ic life4 ,h[ev] t be1 ! monks ( ,secopto1 aft] a long wait1 turn$ to ,filipp9o ,lippi1 :o _h already und]tak5 "o laps$ commission = ,leon>do1 & he promptly a*iev$ an ,adoration ( ! ,k+s :i* only %[s h[ inimitable ,leon>do 01 & h[ little m]e ri*ness c\nts 9 any picture4 ,= two ye>s betwe5 #adha & #adhc1 !re is sil5ce4 ,x seems to me t 9 ?is "t we may set ! cr[n+ ( 8 e>ly "w 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,rocks at ! ,l\vre & ! ,c>toon ( ,/4 ,ann at ,london4 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,rocks1 ,figure #aec1 is ! logical outcome ( a half doz5 ,adorations :i* we may trace ?r\gh ! draw+s ( #adgh4 ,a %eet ( sket*es 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum %[s him turn+ ! !me ov]1 reject+ ! e/abli%$ pr(ile arrangem5t ( ,fra ,filippo1 & hitt+ on ! =mal pyramidal patt]n :i* appe>s 9 ! picture itself4 ,!re ! pyramid is felt n m]ely 9 plane1 b also 9 dep?4 ,! =ms & faces are sup]bly t5se )\t ei!r rigidity or ! flu5cy ( ,leon>do's lat] "w4 ,! sett+ is primitive1 ) m9utely /udi$ textures ( rock & crisp %apes ( wall-fl[]s4 ,ev]y?+ d]ives f ,fra ,filippo & ,botticelli1 b ) new mean+4 ,! romantic /rang5ess ( ! sett+1 ! glimpses ( sky & op5+ 9 ! rock1 ! sift+ 9 ( light f ! he>t ( ! picture itself1 ! broad contra/ ( ! =mality ( ! figure arrangem5t ) ! picturesque wildness ( ! sett+--all ?is is pure/ ,leon>do & repres5ts ! culm9ation ( _m exp]im5ts4 ,"o c trace ?is idea ( irregul>ly brok5 light & an in=mal scre5 z foil = a geometrical patt]n1 f ! little ,annunciation ( ! ,l\vre1 ?r\gh ! unf9i%$ ,/4 ,j]ome ( ! ,vatican4 ,! ,e>ly ,r5aissance /eps into ! backgr\nd1 :]e x belongs4 ,leon>do nev] rejects x2 he fulfils x ) an exquisite s5se ( proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,leon>do4 ,madonna ( ! ,rocks4--,l\vre4 ,if ! fir/ ,madonna ( ! ,rocks 0 pa9t$ be=e #adhb1 9 ,flor5ce1 s probably 0 ! c>toon ( ! ,madonna ) ,/4 ,ann1 ,figure #abg1 p]haps ! mo/ preci\s s+le "w t ,leon>do has left u4 ,! inw>dness ( ! relation betwe5 ! two wom5 is 9 ! mood ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 s+le motives sugge/ ! draw+s = ! ,madonna ( ! ,cat4 ,lat] ,leon>do 0 to l5d to ! motive great] complication & =mal elegance1 some:at at ! co/ ( emotional insight4 ,pictures ( int5se & natural feel+ ,leon>do does n produce aft] 8 ?irtie? ye>4 ,in/ead we h dramatic objectivity 9 "o phase1 & 9 ano!r1 exquisite subtilities1 a calculat$ graci\sness sweet to morbidity4 ,:at drew ,leon>do f ,flor5ce to ,milan we d n surely "k4 ,probably he 0 call$ directly by ! ,duke ,lodovico ,s=za to und]take ! colossal eque/rian /atue ( 8 fa!r ,francesco4 ,moreov]1 ,leon>do seems to h a*iev$ notoriety at ,flor5ce )\t ga9+ mu* confid5ce or a*iev+ mu* success4 ,aft] all1 he _h r little to %[ = 8 g5ius--j 8 sket* books & 8 good int5tions 9 unf9i%$ ma/]pieces4 ,he seems1 too1 nev] to h ma/]$ ! practice :i* ev] br\ght ! be/ commissions1 fresco pa9t+4 ,?us he _h e reason to seek new =tunes4 ,he h]ald$ 8 com+ to ,milan ) ! mo/ tru?fully boa/ful ( lett]s 9 :i* he arrogat$ to himself all ability z an inv5tor1 civil & milit>y eng9e]1 pa9t]1 sculptor1 & ar*itect2 & he ent]$ ! pres5ce ( ,lodovico be>+ a silv] lute wr\ght 9 ! =m ( a horse's skull4 ,?is dramatic entrance 0 ! =eca/ ( ardu\s duties z an ent]ta9]4 ,he sang1 told anecdotes & fables1 arrang$ pageants & masques1 conduct$ debates on 8 art--9 %ort1 accept$ ! ?\s& & "o duties & di/ractions ( a c\rti]4 ,he pa9t$ ! portraits ( ! ,duke's mi/resses1 & x is possible t we h ! girli% figure ( ,cecilia ,galli]ani 9 ! lady ) an ,erm9e#ed at ,crac[4 ,! =ms & feel+ are entirely l ,leon>do's "w 9 ! e>ly eighties4 ,he agre$ to d an alt>-piece = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,francesco1 & deliv]$ x only aft] a delay ( tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,?is mo/ po/pon$ ( pictures is ! v]sion ( ! ,madonna ( ! ,rocks n[ at ,london4 ,mean:ile ,leon>do's con/ant conc]n 0 8! horse10 z he calls x4 ,= sev5 ye>s he work$ at a re>+ horse ) a fall5 foe trodd5 b5ea?4 ,x is %[n 9 _m draw+s4 ,x 0 too s5sational a !me to please him 9 ! long run4 ,s 9 #adij1 spurr$ by ! risk ( los+ ! job1 he re/udi$ ! horse1 us+ ! walk+ motive1 :i* _h come d[n f classical antiquity4 ,ev5tually ! clay model 0 set up be=e ! ,s=za ca/le1 j 9 "t = ! invad+ ,fr5* ar*]s to make a t>get ( x4 ,! rid] 0 nev] ev5 def9itely plann$4 ,! :ole project rema9$ a *agr9 to ,leon>do ev5 aft] ! horse itself _h disappe>$4 ,"o day 9 ,flor5ce he civilly acco/$ ,mi*elangelo :o turn$ on him ) ! taunt--8,?\ :o did'/ model a horse & c\ld'/ n ca/ x 9 bronze40 ,amid/ ! di/ractions ( ! c\rt1 ! irksom5ess ( ! ra%ly und]tak5 ,s=za monum5t1 & ! increas+ passion = sci5tific rese>*1 ,leon>do manag$ to c>ry ?r\gh 8 s+le monum5tal "w1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 9 ! refectory ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie4 ,= ?ree ye>s ,leon>do work$ spasmodically on ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & x 0 f9i%$ 9 #adih4 ,! design _h be5 mo/ c>efully elaborat$4 ,he />t$ ) ! cu/om>y arrangem5t ( ! apo/les 9 pairs1 ,john 9 ,jesus' bosom--a refractory motive1 & ,judas 9 s9i/] isolation on ! ne> side ( ! table4 ,almo/ by accid5t he fell ^u ! effective gr\p+ ( ! apo/les by ?rees4 ,!n he set himself to giv+ 9 expression & ge/ure ! maximum emotion t c\ld be conta9$ )9 a monum5tal design4 ,he elim9at$ ! old casual accessories & made all ! l9es ( p]spective conv]ge on ! face ( ,*ri/4 ,he gave to all ! figures a classical gravity1 ?\gh admitt+ _m v>ieties ( age & "*4 ,?us ev5 9 its ru9$ e/ate ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,figure #aed1 is p]haps ! mo/ impressive picture 9 ! _w4 ,! mom5t is t :5 ,*ri/ says 8,"o ( y %all betray me40 ,! arrangem5t is 9 five great balanc+ waves4 ,f ! ,*ri/ !re is an outgo+ ge/ure ( resignation & love1 f ! apo/les conv]g+1 incom+ waves ( horror1 amazem5t1 curiosity & indignation4 ,ea* undulation is d\ble4 ,ext5d$ arms or po9t$ h&s *eck ! motion :]e x is excessive or connect ! sep>ate gr\ps4 ,only ,judas is out ( ! conv]g+ rhy?m4 ,he sw+s back defiantly pond]+ 8 "p4 ,highly agitat$ 9 details1 ! :ole is held )9 a noble & pa!tic decorum4 ,x is ! v ideal ( a ,r5aissance composition--d5se1 ri*1 en]getic1 v>i$1 yet unifi$ by a sev]e & calculat$ patt]n :i* subord9ates to its purpose ! mo/ div]se compon5ts4 ,raphael c only imitate x 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,disputa1 & monum5tal design ev] s9ce has gone to s*ool ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,la/ supp]4--,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 ,milan4 ,x 0 unhappily pa9t$ 9 temp]a1 n 9 oils z old] acc\nts say1#ee on ! dry wall1 & x soon began to det]iorate4 ,:at we see today is m]ely ! wrai? ( x1 yet a wrai? t imposes itself & moves u z few bett] pres]v$ ma/]pieces d4 ,9 ! ye> #aejj ! ,fr5* ov]ran ,lomb>dy1 &1 ,leon>do1 aft] w&]+ 9 ,nor!rn ,italy & a m>tial episode z eng9e] = conqu]+ ,cs> ,borgia1 return$1 9 #aejc1 to 8 native ,flor5ce4 ,he is fifty & already 9 _s an old man4 ,8 always limit$ w p[] has giv5 out1 he broods incessantly ov] ma!matical & physical lore1 wa/es himself ov] fanta/ic inv5tions4 ,8 exhibit is only a c>toon1 n[ lo/1 = a ,/4 ,ann4 ,he makes portraits by proxy1 b pa9ts1 himself1 only "u peculi> inc5tives4 ,su* he f\nd 9 ! commission = a great battle-piece = ! ,priors' ,palace & 9 ! p]sonality ( ,mona ,lisa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,sket*es = ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4--,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #aejd he began to "w on ! c>toon = ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,he *ose ! incid5t ( a cavalry fight = ! /&>d4 ,he compos$ a :irl ( horses & infuriat$ rid]s1 hack+ & sla%+ ab\t a flag--a lit]al picture ( bloodlu/ at its height4 ,! ability he exp5d$ on ?is atroci\s !me may be s5s$ 9 a doz5 prep>atory sket*es1 ,figure #aee4 ,! portion :i* he actually pa9t$ on ! wall is repres5t$ only by inf]ior copies4 ,! orig9al soon fad$ f defici5t te*nical me?ods4 ,! old copies tell u t ?is great piece1 :ile ! m>vel ( its day1 0 s5sational & highly exhibitioni/ic4 ,we ne$ n too mu* m\rn its loss4 ,! admiration x evok$ 0 t ( an age eag] = novelty & responsive to display4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,leon>do4 ,mona ,lisa4--,l\vre4 ,:ile work+ on ! battle-piece1 ,leon>do met ! "y ,neapolitan wife ( ,francesco del ,giocondo & began h] portrait1 ,figure #aef4 ,%e _h lo/ *ildr5 & 0 habitually sad4 ,he employ$ musicians to *>m ! inscrutable fasc9at+ smile to h] face4 ,he set h] demure & wat*ful be=e a romantic expanse ( riv] pla9 rimm$ by blue alps4 ,aga9/ ?is wild *>m ( nature1 he made ,mona ,lisa a symbol = all t is cultur$1 self-conta9$1 sophi/icat$1 civiliz$4 ,simple p in/9ctively dislike h]1 & are "r4 ,subtle p adore h]1 & are also "r4 ,su* z wi% poetic comm5t>y on h] my/]i\s beauty may f9d x = !mselves 9 ,walt] ,pat]'s admirable essay4 ,!y w d well to temp] 8 eloqu5ce ) ,k5yon ,cox's#ef j if prosaic obs]vation t ?is portrait is simply ! f9e/1 mo/ accurate1 & subtle bit ( modell+ 9 ! _w4 ,its my/]y is p]haps m]ely "o ( amaz+ vision & impeccable workman%ip4 ,! tru? may well lie betwe5 two int]pretations1 ea* ( :i* is valid 9 its own field4 ,_h !re n be5 "s extraord9>y spell 9 ! woman h]self1 ,leon>do1 n[ well we>y ( pa9t+1 w\ld h>dly h /udi$ ei!r h] s\l or h] modell+ ) su* t5acity4 ,dur+ 8 brief soj\rn 9 ,flor5ce1 ,leon>do did c>toons = two designs ( ,l$a & ! ,swan1 8 only my?ological picture4 ,"o repres5ts h] /&+1 ! o!r cr\*+4 ,if we may tru/ ! inf]ior imitations1 9 :i* alone we "k ^! subjects1 _! calculat$ s5su\sness 0 almo/ cloy+4 ,_! mood is t ( 8 lea/ agreeable imitator1 ,sodoma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,leon>do4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,ann4--,l\vre4 ,9 ,may #aejf ,flor5ce l5t ,leon>do to ,*>les d',amboise1 ! ,fr5* vic]oy at ,milan1 & !re he sp5t ! mo/ ( ! next five ye>s4 ,! ,franciscans _h be5 bid+ _! "t1 & "u legal duress made him f9i% ! ,madonna :i* he _h promis$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s e>li]4 ,?us ! second ,madonna ( ! ,rocks1 at ,london1 0 pa9t$ some:at aga9/ ! gra94 ,x has m simplicity & bread? ?an ! e>li] v]sion & %[s improvem5ts 9 ! position ( ! angel4 ,x also lacks ! m9ute & pa9/ak+ delicacy ( its orig9al1 reveals a tir$ h& & m9d4 ,o!rwise ,leon>do a*iev$ 9 pa9t+ only ! ?ird v]sion ( ! ,madonna & ,/4 ,ann1 ,figure #aeg1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! int]weav+ ( ! figures is compact & ma/]ly1 ! solution ( ! difficult problems ( ! two heads consummately clev]4 ,x has passages ( ! utmo/ lovel9ess1 l ! foot ( ! ,madonna1 b !re is "s suspicion ( ov]sophi/ication1 & ,leon>do nev] summon$ ! en]gy to f9i% x4 ,pa9t+ little himself1--= he 0 busy ) canals1 ar*itecture1 & ! nev] f9i%$ eque/rian monum5t ( ,trivulzio1--,leon>do gave 8 /amp to ! entire ,milanese s*ool4 ,su* pupils z ,boltraffio1 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 ,&rea ,sol>io1 8 old p>tn]1 ,ambrogio de ,pr$is1 & 8 intimate1 ,francesco ,melzi1 readily grasp$ 8 mann]isms1 & fill$ ,italy ) ,leon>desque pictures ( inf]ior inspiration4 ,m robu/ & indep5d5t spirits1 l ,b]n>d9o ,lu9i1 adapt$ 8 mann] intellig5tly to ! ne$s ( mural pa9t+4 ,lomb>dy "u 8 influ5ce = a mom5t seem$ to vie ) ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,9 #aeac ,leon>do 0 call$ to ,rome by ! new ,pope ,leo ,x1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici's son1 ,giovanni4 ,x 0 ! mom5t = arti/ic ambition to flame 9 "o :o felt himself a great pa9t]4 ,mi*elangelo _h rec5tly unveil$ ! ,si/9e ceil+1 & ,raphael _h complet$ ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura4 ,leon>do 0 sixty-"o1 :5 a pa9t] %\ld be at 8 be/4 ,yet he plung$ himself into sci5tific exp]im5ts1 p]petrat$ /range practical jokes on 8 patrons1 produc$ no?+ b disord]ly notes1 & aft] two wa/$ ye>s left ! repute ( "o r an amateur magician ?an an arti/4 ,hav+ liv$ a w&]]1 x 0 appropriate t ,leon>do %\ld die an exile4 ,francis ,i1 an en?usia/ic patron ( ,italian art1 call$ him to ,france & settl$ him honorably 9 ! ,*teau ( ,cl\x1 ne> ,amboise4 ,we he> ( him z imm5sely le>n$ & v5]able1 b palsi$1 & dep5d5t on ! affectionate c>e ( 8 pupil ,melzi4 ,he di$ on ! morr[ ( ,mayday #aeai at peace ) ! *ur*1 leav+ money to sixty poor p]sons :o %\ld foll[ 8 body ) c&les to ! tomb4 ,d\btless y c\ld h m>k$ 9 t pitiful procession _m ( ^? gn>l$1 too?less & hagg>d faces :i* ,leon>do =m]ly lov$ to sket* 9 ! int]vals ( 8 endless que/ ( beauty4 ,z we /udy ! m>vel\s draw+ ( himself 9 old age1 ,figure #aeh1 we may surmise t he 0 glad to g4 ,x is h>d to see 9 x ! c\rti] :o bore ! fanta/ic silv] lute to ,lodovico1 ! arti/ :o *>m$ a smile f ! we>y & cauti\s face ( ,mona ,lisa4 ,"o sees a man imm5sely old1 ?\gh at an age g5]ally robu/ & *e]y--"o :o has tri$ to cr[d _m lives into "o & has paid ! inevitable p5alty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,8 own portrait4--,tur94 ,brok5 & int]mitt5t z x _h be51 ,leon>do's pa9t+ _h suffic$ to %[ ! way4 ,he _h sub/itut$ my/]y ( light & %ade = allurem5t ( frank color1 /udy ( ! subtl] & f9] %ades ( emotion = obvi\s *>act]ization1 _h f\nd$ mod]n portraiture4 ,he _h %[n h[ to express p[] & passion ) delicacy1 _h comb9$ ! ri*e/ animation & v>iety ) monum5tal sev]ity ( design4 ,aft] him ! art ( pa9t+ 0 nev] to be ! same aga94 ,its /&>ds became ampl] & m classic4 ,/olid m5 l ,fra ,b>tolommeo imm$iately accept$ 8 pr9ciples ( composition & s did miracul\sly al]t intellig5ces l ,raphael's4 ,8 m]e pass+ contact & tradition inspir$ t admirable language ( light & d>k t became poetry 9 ,giorgione & ,correggio4 ,! good & ! h>m he did is active today 9 ?\s&s ( academies & art s*ools4 ,8 is assur$ly ! f9e/ intellig5ce t ev] appli$ itself to ! pa9t]'s art1 & if he fail$ 9 w & 9 fecundity1 he has impress$ himself ^u po/]ity z no o!r ,italian pa9t] save ,titian4 ,8 art _h its limitations1 b its capacity = influ5ce1 to :i* he add$ ! ?\ghtful eloqu5ce ( 8 writt5 ^w1 seems limitless2 & 8 glory is imp]i%able4 ,n[h]e does ! sup]iority ( ,flor5ce %[ m cle>ly ?an 9 ! attitude ( h] arti/s to ,leon>do4 ,:]e 8 ,milanese foll[]s ap$ 8 sup]ficial mann]isms1 8 ,flor5t9e admir]s /udi$ & assimilat$ 8 con/ruction 9 light & %ade & 8 pr9ciples ( geometrical composition4 ,unhappily ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 a slack "t 9 ,flor5ce4 ,su* transitional pa9t]s z ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 ,granacci1 ,franciabigio1 ,il ,bac*iacca1 & ,ridolfo ,ghirl&aio 7 n m5 to c>ry =w>d ,leon>do's discov]ies1 b !y & o!rs1 at lea/ paid him an intellig5t homage & s5sibly cl>ifi$ _! practice "u 8 influ5ce4 ,great] intellig5ces l ,fra ,b>tolommeo & ,&rea del ,s>to n m]ely adopt$ ,leon>do's canons1 b ev5 at c]ta9 po9ts criticiz$ !m4 ,bo? saw ! drawback ( ,leon>do's passionate conc]n ) *i>oscuro--t x flood$ ! canvas ) colorless %ad[1 t5d+ to r$uce ! palette to black & :ite4 ,bo? m5 !n !re=e kept _! ri* %ad[s colorful4 ,bo? work$ = a m compact & intricate composition z well z = graceful1 ab/ract poses4 ,9 ^! latt] endeavors !y simplifi$ & %>p5$ pr9ciples :i* ,leon>do himself only r>ely c>ri$ to _! logical extreme4 ,leon>do reta9$ c]ta9 primitive qualities4 ,he seldom r$uc$ 8 compositions to d5se arrangem5ts ( ! figures1 lov+ to all[ elb[ room & delight+ to op5 up l&scape backgr\nds4 ,& :ile 9 ! 8,treatise on ,pa9t+0 he advocat$ elaborately balanc$ & c\nt]pois$ poses1 9 practice he usually s\ght an excuse = !m 9 action4 ,a consummate /yli/1 he a*iev$ /yle on a basis ( function4 ,! pose1 9 8 own words1 mu/ express 8! emotions ( ! s\l40 ,"r "h 8 able/ foll[]s took issue ) him4 ,po/ure ) !m no long] express$ specific or individual emotion1 b ab/ract beauties ( grace1 dignity or gr&eur4 ,! figures no long] d or feel any?+1 !y are arrang$ z ! g5]al composition & mood ( ! picture require4 ,su* gradual advance t[>ds pure /yle h]alds ! adv5t ( ! ,high ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,god appe>+ to two ,sa9ts4--,lucca4 ,( ! some:at /olid & occasionally s5tim5tal sublimity ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo#eg no?+ mu* ne$ be said except t x 0 a =mative influ5ce on "y ,raphael4 ,! ,dom9ican monk is an impressive & amiable figure p]sonally4 ,work+ solely = ! glory ( ,god & ! pr(it ( ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co1 p]turb$ by ! tragic fate ( 8 cloi/] mate1 ,savon>ola1 he /rove incessantly = a full] color & a great] dignity4 ,9 8 num]\s ,holy ,families he is /ately 9 a conv5tional way1 n[h]e m s ?an 9 ! unf9i%$ design = a ,madonna ) ,/4 ,ann1 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,occasionally1 9 su* pictures z ! ,deposition ( ! ,uffizi1 & ! ,madonna ( ,pity at ,lucca he a*ieves poignant1 "o is tempt$ to say op]atic effects1 =eca/+ ! mood ( ! ,b>oque4 ,lucca also af=ds 9 ! great picture ,god ,ador$ by ,two ,sa9ts1 ,figure #aei1 a f9e example ( ?is pa9t]'s simple & massive compositions4 ,9 ! fresco ( ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 :i*1 be+ ru9$1 is bett] repres5t$ by ,copies1 ,figure #afj1 we f9d an elaboration1 9 ,leon>do's s5se1 ( ! simple symmetries ( ,p]ug9o4 ,x is ! prec$5t = ,raphael's monum5tal frescoes at ,rome4 ,8 %ort c>e]1 f ab\t #adie to #aeag1 fell on evil times = ,flor5ce4 ,9 happi] days he might h h>moniz$ m p]fectly ! /yli/ & ! lyrical dramati/ t1 z x 01 nev] q came to t]ms 9 8 grave & noble p]sonality4 ,yet to h m$iat$ betwe5 ,leon>do & ,raphael w\ld seem glory en\gh = any pa9t]1 & x 0 also no slight s]vice to borr[ = ,flor5t9e pa9t+1 rapidly becom+ />v$ ( color1 some?+ ( ! colorful ri*ness ( ,giovanni ,bell9i & ,giorgione4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,copy ( ,lo/ ,fresco ( ,la/ ,judgm5t4--,uffizi4 8,! ,p]fect ,pa9t]0 0 :at ! ,flor5t9es call$ ,&rea del ,s>to1#eh & he m]it$ ! title4 ,he produc$ no ma/]piece ( ! fir/ ord]1 b 8 ,"w is s+ul>ly uni=m on a high level4 ,its *ief qualities are dignity & grace ) a great ri*ness ( color4 ,! deep %ad[s are w>m & full ( dusky light1 ! /yli/ic poses ( ! figures always easy1 & ! weav+ ( ! complicat$ gr\p+s ev] ta/eful & h>moni\s4 ,to ! refractory art ( fresco pa9t+ ,&rea br\ght a ri*ness1 dep? & v>iety ( color t o!rs h>dly atta9$ 9 oil pa9t+4 ,only ,lu9i 9 ! nor? came ne> him 9 ?is reg>d4 ,9 %ort he is a consummate te*nician1 c>ry+ 8 art z f> z skill & ta/e unillum9$ by %e] g5ius w rea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,bir?4--,annunziata4 ,little ( 8 excell5ce c be laid to 8 e>ly tra9+4 ,be=e #aejj he 0 work+ ) ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 & ,&rea's y\?ful frescoes ( ! miracles ( ,s4 ,filippo ,b5izzi1 9 ! =e-c\rt ( ! ,annunziata1 %[ ! loose & animat$ arrangem5ts & ! exagg]ation ( picturesque l&scape features *>act]i/ic ( 8 ma/]4 ,b ,&rea le>n$ r ( ! "t-_s ?an ( any o!r ma/]4 ,by #aead 8 art is complete & "o may see its fl[]+ 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg91 ,figure #afa1 & ! ,madonna ( ! ,sack1 ,figure #afb1 respectively 9 ! =e-c\rt & 9 ! cloi/] ( ! ,annunziata4 ,x is a sumptu\s & grave k9d ( design r$eem$ f heav9ess by its exquisite balance ( color masses1 & f conv5tionality by ! h9t ( portraiture 9 ! artfully dispos$ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,madonna ( ! ,sack4--,annunziata4 ,scores ( times ,&rea repeats ^! p]fections 9 ! great alt>-backs requir$ = ! new ,r5aissance *apels4 ,! ,f\r ,sa9ts 9 ! ,pitti1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,h>pies 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #afb;a1 ! ,en?ron$ ,madonna at ,b]l9 may s]ve among _m to illu/rate 8 accompli%m5t 9 ?is new ve94 ,some:at rem9isc5t ( ! heavi] monum5tality ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ^! great pictures add a p]sonal & disquiet+ note f ! pres5ce ( ! moody1 h&some wife1 ,lucrezia ^: caprices & infidelities are ! tragic elem5t 9 an o!rwise ev5 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb;a4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,madonna ( ! ,h>pies4--,uffizi4 ,&rea 9 8 lat] ye>s won new glories b add$ no new note to 8 art4 ,! mono*rome frescoes 9 ! ,cloi/] ( ! ,scalzo repres5t+ ! ,life ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ m]ely %[ ! old gravity some:at exagg]at$4 ,! s]ies :i* ext5d$ ov] _m ye>s 7#aeae-aebf7 is unev51 & _m ( ^! p]haps ov]e/imat$ compositions are pla9ly ( /ud5t execution4 ,)\t 8 color1 ,&rea seems some:at coldly academic4 ,x 0 precisely ?is quality ( /yli/ic gr&eur1 h[ev]1 t appeal$ p>adoxically to ! romantic mon>*1 ,francis ,i4 ,he call$ ,&rea to ,france 9 #aeah & kept him !re 9 honor = a ye>4 ,_h ,&rea possess$ any ( ! capacities ( a tea*] & !ori/1 he might h inaugurat$ ! ,r5aissance 9 ,france4 ,z x 0 he rema9$ m]ely a h>b+] ( su* inf]ior b m influ5tial spirits z ,il ,rosso & ,primaticcio :o a few ye>s lat] 7 to f\nd ! ,s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,(t5 ! portfolios ( a great te*nician are m ?rill+ ?an 8 major works4 ,?is is ! case ) ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,8 num]\s sket*es 9 r$ *alk1 h an a?letic *>m :i* 8 pa9t+ lacks4 ,o!rs h drawn diff]5tly 9 ?is m$ium1 b no "o has drawn bett]4 ,:5 ,&rea di$ 9 #aeca1 8full ( glory & dome/ic trials10 z ,vas>i rec\nts1 ! normal developm5t ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+ end$1 & ,flor5ce _h already se5 h] arti/ic /> dimm$ by ! ris+ spl5dors ( ,v5ice & ,rome4 ,arti/ically %e became a city ( wit & +5uity1 *ronicl+ & criticiz+ art r ?an produc+ x4 ,moreov] ! obsession ( ,mi*elangelo's sublimity work$ havoc ) 8 dilettante imitators4 ,"s ( ^! h ! grace ( lucidity1 l ,agnolo ,bronz9o1 :o 7#aejb-aegb7ei practic$ a reaction>y sort ( portraiture bas$ on ! old tradition ( temp]a pa9t+4 ,9 %e] beauty ( surface1 enamel "o is tempt$ to call x1 he is little inf]ior to 8 great ,g]man contempor>y1 ,hans ,holbe91 & 8 s5se ( "* is only less ke5 because less individual4 ,9 ! haughty patricians surr\nd+ ! p]son ( ,cosimo1 ! fir/ gr&duke1 he f\nd cong5ial sitt]s1 ,figure #afc4 ,9 ! n>r[ field ( portraiture he is ne>ly 9 ! fir/ rank1 :ile 9 8 r>e my?ologies & religi\s pictures 8 limitations appe> pa9fully4 ,he 0 a vici\s p]son1 a cold /hete1 ) few ( ! g5]\s virtues t n\ri% ! s\l4 ,yet 9 8 fl9ty way he 0 q p]fect1 & z "o ( ! fir/ pr(essionally unmoral arti/s he _c be neglect$ by ! psy*ological critic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,pontormo4 ,! ,deposition4--,s4 ,felice4 ,a m appeal+ figure is 8 ma/]1 ,jacopo ,c>rucci1 call$ f 8 bir?place ,il ,pontormo4#fj ,8 0 a t5d] & deeply religi\s _s ) ! poet's capacity = elation & melan*oly4 ,9 8 alt>-pieces1 su* z ! ,deposition1 ,figure #afd1 at ,san ,felice he seeks & a*ieves a positive pa?os4 ,influ5c$ by ,mi*elangelo's sublimity1 he conv]ts x to m specific & psy*ological ends4 ,(t5 he is re/less & ov]-emphatic z 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,passion 9 ! cloi/] ( ! ,flor5t9e ,c]tosa1 or 9 ! /rangely complicat$ & contort$ little picture ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,mauritius & 8 ,legion>ies1 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,9 su* "w he moves t[>ds ! absolute expressionism ( an ,el ,greco1 prelud+ also ! m conv5tional emotionalism ( ! ,b>oque4 ,z a portraiti/ he _h no equal at ,flor5ce except 8 pupil ,bronz9o4 ,(t5 ! s5sitiv5ess & mood9ess ( 8 *>act]izations recall 8 ,v5etic contempor>y1 ,lor5zo ,lotto4 ,ev5 :5 he is robu/ he is s5sitively psy*ological1 z 9 ! sup]b portrait ( a ,halb]di]1 ,figure #afe4 ,above all he 0 a p[]ful & subtle draughtsman :e!r ) p5 or *alk4 ,8 l9e wri!s 9 a fa%ion at times s9i/]1 at times s+ul>ly bli!1 & 8 figure sket*es h some?+ ( ! imag9ative ?rill ( ! figure /udies ( ,blake4 ,= ! gr&ducal palace ( ,poggio a ,cajano1 ,figure #aff1 he did 9 a huge lunette pi]c$ by a great r\nd w9d[ a mo/ orig9al decoration = ! odd triangles at ! base4 ,! unconv5tional fields are fill$ ea* by a r small figure en]getically pos$ & surr\nd$ by gre5]y4 ,! ?+ is at once monum5tal & pa/oral & its fre$om & tonality almo/ z mod]n z a ,besn>d4 ,i w\ld will+ly dwell long] on s sympa!tic an arti/1 b c only ref] ! int]e/$ read] to ,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,clapp's two au?oritative volumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,bronz9o4 ,eleonora ( ,tol$o & h] son4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,pontormo4 ,! ,halb]di]4--,c4 ,c4 ,/illman1 ,n4 ,y4 ,= a c5tury & m aft] ,pontormo's dea? 9 #aeef !re are /ill occasional arti/s ( tal5t at ,flor5ce1 b !re is no long] a ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ,mi*elangelo 7 at ,rome1 ^? ( ,raphael widely scatt]$4 ,consci\s ( h] decl9e1 ,flor5ce beg9s to import arti/s--! ,flemi% portraiti/1 ,su/]mans2 ! ,v5etian decorator1 ,luca ,giordano4 ,"o ( h] own abl] pa9t]s1 ,francesco ,salviati1 atta*es himself to ! ,v5etian mann]4 ,be+ an academic city1 ,flor5ce es*ews ! rugg$ naturalism ( ,c>avaggio1 b has no long] vitality en\gh to f9d a sub/itute ( h] own4 ,9 ! late sixte5? c5tury h] fresco pa9t+ s9ks to ! pomp\s empt9ess repres5t$ by ,giorgio ,vas>i1 or by ! h>dly bett] my?ologies ( ! bro!rs ,f$]igo & ,taddeo ,zucc>o4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury %e /ill c produce an idylli/ ( great romantic & s5su\s *>m 9 a ,francesco ,fur9i & a g5ial illu/rator 9 a ,giovanni di ,san ,giovanni4 ,b su* names only sugge/ ! incoh]5ce ( ! times4 ,flor5ce is no long] a ma9 curr5t b an eddy1 & :at small flood-tide /ill runs c\rses 9 ! m resolute academism ( ,bologna1 :i* is to be capable ( inspir+ a ,p\ss92 & 9 ! raw naturalism ( ,naples1 :i* is ab\t to give lessons to a ,velasquez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,pontormo4 ,fresco$ ,lunette4--,poggio a ,cajano4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,v ,,poetry ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,rev]s+ ! maxim ut pictura poesis1 ! ,r5aissance believ$ t pa9t+ %\ld be poetical4 ,inde$ ! t]m poesia is commonly appli$ to all pa9t+ ( a my?ological or idyllic sort4 ,angelo ,poliziano's unf9i%$ b v popul> poem on ! j\/ ( #adfh is lavi% 9 descriptions1 ( :i* ! pa9t]s made use4 ,botticelli surely got m ?an a h9t = ! ,bir? ( ,v5us f /anzas xcix-ci ( ,la ,gio/ra1 ?\gh ! mood ( ! picture is :olly ,s&ro's own & unlike ! pagan joy\sness ( ,poliziano4 8,"o saw ,born 9 ! sea1 free & joy\s 9 h] acts1 ,a damsel ) div9e visage ,driv5 a%ore by ! ard5t zephyrs ,balanc+ on a %ell2 & x seem$ ! heav5s rejoic$ !reat40 8,true ! foam & true ! sea y w\ld h said ,true ! %ell1 & ! bl[+ ( ! w9ds true4 ,y w\ld h se5 ! gleam ( ! ,goddess' eye ,& ! heav5s laugh ab\t h]1 & ! elem5ts4 ,& ! ,h\rs 9 :ite g>m5ts on ! /r&1 ,& ! w9ds toss _! spread+ s(t locks40 8,y c\ld swe> t y c\ld see ! goddess com+ f ! waves ,wr++ out h] hair ) h] "r h& ,& ) ! left cov]+ ! sweet m\nt ( desire1 ,& ! s&1 once trodd5 by h] feet1 ,clo?+ itself ) grass & fl[]s4 ,!n ) joy\s & expectant glance ,y w\ld h se5 h] clasp$ by ! ?ree nymphs ,& wrapp$ 9 a />ry robe40 ,botticelli's *>m+ & ev5 slyly humor\s picture ( ,v5us ) sleep+ ,m>s1 at ,london1 foll[s af> & discreetly ,la ,gio/ra1 ,i4 /anzas cxxii-iii1 b ,botticelli has tak5 ! motive out ( doors & o!rwise consid]ably subtiliz$ x4 ,v5us is 8,seat$ 9 b$ outside ! cov]s ,j releas$ f ! arms ( ,m>s ,:o1 lies backw>d on h] lap 8,above !m & ar\nd ! t9y loves ,play$ nak$1 fly+ n[ "h n[ !re 8,"o fills ! quiv] ) fre% fl[]s ,!n comes & empties x on ! b$40 ,poliziano also suppli$ to ,raphael ! !me ( ! ,galatea1 9 ! ,f>nes9a1 ,gio/ra1 ,i4 cxviii 7,fig4 #aib;a7 8,two %apely dolph9s draw a c>2 ,on x is ,galatea :o holds ! re9s1 ,& !y swimm+ brea! ) equal brea?4 ,ar\nd circle ! m amor\s ?rong4 ,"o spits out ! salt wave1 ! o!rs circle r\nd2 ,"o seems to play at love & dallies4 ,! fair nymph ) h] tru/$ si/]s ,laughs *>m+ly at _! ho>se s++40 ,titian1 too1 may h _h 9 m9d ! ,gio/ra1 ,i4 cxi1 :5 he compos$ 8 ,bac*us & ,ariadne4 7,fig4 #bfj7 8,comes ^u a c> cov]$ ) ivy & ru%es ,drawn by two tig]s--,bac*us ,& ) him x seems t fauns & mnads ,tread ! deep s& & %\t ) rais$ voices4 ,"o we see /agg]+2 o!rs seem to /umble1 ,"o cla%es ! cymbal2 o!rs seem to laugh4 ,"o dr9ks f a horn1 "o f 8 h&4 ,"o has grabb$ a nymph1 & "o turns h&spr+s40 ,,leon>do ,,& ,,! ,,academic ,,idea ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,! extraord9>y mixture ( lib]ality & dogmatism1 ( naturalism & ta/e 9 ,leon>do is be/ illu/rat$ f 8 own ,trattato della ,pittura4 ,i quote f ! /&>d edition ( ,h4 ,ludwig1 ,vi5na1 #ahhb1 us+ 8 p>agraph numb]s3 ,,modell+ ,,9 ,,*i>oscuro ,,z ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,fir/ ,,object #dab4 8,! fir/ object ( ! pa9t] is to make a flat plane appe> z a body 9 relief & project+ f t plane1 & he :o 9 su* art excels ! o!rs1 des]ves ! great] praise1 & su* rese>*1 or r cr[n ( su* sci5ce1 is born f light & %ade1 or ,i mean *i>oscuro4 ,!n he :o flees f %ad[s1 flees also f ! glory ( our art among noble spirits & ga9s x ) ! ignorant h]d1 :i* desires no?+ 9 pa9t+ b beauty ( colors1 =gett+ entirely ! beauty & wond] ( %[+ a flat ?+ z if x 7 9 relief40 ,,on ,,judg+ ,a ,,pa9t]',s ,,"w #dhc4 8,! fir/ ?+ is t y consid] ! figures1 if !y h ! relief :i* ! place & light dem&4444 8,! second is t ! scatt]+1 or r di/ribution ( ! figures be made accord+ to ! way 9 :i* y wi% ! /ory to be4 8,! ?ird is t ! figures be al]t & int5t on _! p>ticul> purpose40 ,,on ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,t ,,m>k ,,! ,,emotions #abb4 8,! mo/ important ?+ :i* c be f\nd 9 ! !ory ( pa9t+ are ! movem5ts appropriate to ! m5tal /ate ( ea* be+1--z desire1 scorn1 wra?1 pity & ! l40 ,,! ,,/eps ,,9 ,a ,,pa9t]',s ,,education #hb4 8,draw fir/ designs ( a good ma/] made 9 ! fa%ion ( nature & n mann]$2 !n f a relief1 9 ! pres5ce ( a draw+ made f t relief2 !n f a good natural object40 ,,judgm5t ,,v]sus ,,dext]ity #fb4 8,t pa9t] :o does n d\bt le>ns little4 ,:5 ! "w surpasses ! judgm5t ( ! work]1 t work] acquires little1 & :5 ! judgm5t surpasses ! "w1 t "w nev] ceases to gr[ bett]1 unless av>ice prev5ts x40 ,,on ,,use ,,( ,,memory ,,9 ,,! ,,night ,,wat*es #fg4 8,also ,i h prov$ x to be ( no little use to me1 :5 y f9d y\rself 9 b$ 9 ! d>k1 to repeat 9 ! imag9ation ! ?+s /udi$ e>li]1 or o!r ?+s ( notable sort compris$ 9 subtle ?\ght1 & ?is is truly a laudable act & useful 9 fix+ ?+s 9 memory40 ,,on ,,selective ,,imitation #eh;a4 8,! pa9t] %\ld be solit>y & ?9k ov] :at he sees & discuss ) himself1 select+ ! mo/ excell5t p>ts ( ! species ( :atev] he sees1 act+ aft] ! fa%ion ( a mirror :i* transmutes into z _m colors z !re are ?+s :at is set be=e x4 ,& s do+ he w seem to be himself a second nature40 #ih4 8,w9t] ev5+s %\ld be us$ by "y pa9t]s 9 ! /udy ( ?+s prep>$ 9 summ]1 t is br+ toge!r all ! nudes :i* y h made 9 ! summ]1 & make a *oice ( ! bett] limbs & bodies & practice f !m & fix !m 9 m9d40 ,,on ,,high ,,/&>ds #ei4 8,if y pa9t] w seek to please ! fir/ pa9t]s1 y w make y\r pictures well1 because !y alone c guide y tru?fully1 b if y wi% to please ^? :o are n ma/]s1 y\r pictures w h few =e%ort5+s & little relief or al]t movem5t1 & !reby y w fail 9 t "p 9 :i* pa9t+ is held to be an excell5t art1 t is 9 giv+ an effect ( relief :]e !re is no?+ 9 relief40 ,,on ,,avoid+ ,,h>% ,,%ad[s ,,& ,,sunlight ,,effects #hg4 8,! light cut (f f ! %ade too cle>ly is greatly blam$ by pa9t]s4 ,h5ce to avoid su* a fault1 if y pa9t bodies 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 y w n make ! figures z light$ by ! sun1 b imag9e "s sort ( mi/ or transp>5t cl\ds to be int]pos$ betwe5 ! object & ! sun1 :5ce1 s9ce ! figure is n emphasiz$ by ! sunlight1 ! dem>cations ( light & %ade w n be emphasiz$40 ,,on ,,! ,,mo/ ,,pleas+ ,,light #ach4 8,if y h a c\rt y>d t c be cov]$ z y wi% ) a l95 awn+1 t w be a good light2 or :5 y wi% to draw anyone1 draw him 9 bad wea!r1 t[>ds nightfall1 & make ! sitt] /& ) 8 back to "o ( ! walls ( ?is c\rt4 ,9 ! /reets set y\r m9d t[>ds nightfall on ! faces ( ! m5 & wom51 9 bad wea!r1 h[ mu* grace & sweetness appe>s 9 !m40 ,,on ,,c\nt]poise ,,( ,,! ,,figure #hh4 8,d n h ! head turn$ ! way ! brea/ is1 nor ! arm ! way ! leg is2 & if ! head is turn$ ov] ! "r %\ld] make ! p>ts l[] on ! left ?an on ! "r0 & vice v]sa4 ,at fir/ blu% ?is /yli/ic c\nsel flatly contradicts ,leon>do's pr9ciple t poses & emotions %\ld express /ate ( m9d1 b z a matt] ( fact _m expressive movem5ts obey ?is law ( c\nt]poise or active equilibrium4 ,leon>do himself g5]ally f9ds motives = su* poses4 ,su* successors z ,raphael & ,&rea del ,s>to habitually us$ su* poses )\t o!r excuse ?an t ( _! own inh]5t gracefulness4 ,,on ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,composition #ahi4 8,h y nev] consid]$ ! poets compos+ _! v]ses8 ,!y take no tr\ble to make f9e lett]s1 nor d !y m9d cancell+ "s ( ! v]ses & mak+ !m bett]4 ,d y1 !n1 pa9t]1 make ! limbs ( y\r figures r\ghly & att5d fir/ to ! movem5ts appropriate to ! m5tal /ate ( ! be+s compos+ y\r /ory1 r ?an to ! beauty & rightness ( _! memb]s1 because y mu/ und]/& t if su* a composition 9 ! r\gh w meet ! ne$s ( ! inv5tion1 x w please all ! m aft] x has be5 adorn$ ) ! p]fection appropriate to all its p>ts4 ,i h se5 9 ! cl\ds & spots on ! wall :at has ar\s$ me to f9e inv5tions ( v>i\s ?+s1 s9ce ^! spots ?\gh entirely )\t p]fection 9 any "p1 did n lack p]fection 9 _! movem5ts & o!r actions40 ,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,gr&*ild ,,( ,,nature #ab4 8,if y %all despise pa9t+1 :i* is ! only imitator ( all ! app>5t works ( nature1 assur$ly y w despise also t c>eful inve/igation :i* ) philosophical & c>eful speculation consid]s all ! qualities ( =ms3 ! sea1 place1 plants1 animals1 h]bage1 fl[]s1 :i* are envelop$ 9 light & %ade4 ,& truly ?is speculation is sci5ce & ! legitimate *ild ( ,nature1 s9ce pa9t+ is born ( ?is nature4 ,b1 to speak m correctly1 we w say gr&*ild ( nature1 s9ce all app>5t ?+s are born ( ,nature1 ( :i* ?+s pa9t+ is born4 ,h5ce rightly we %all call x ! gr&*ild ( ?is nature & ! k9sman ( ,god40 ,,t ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,%\ld ,,be ,,solit>y #ej4 8,! pa9t]1 or r design]1 %\ld be solit>y1 & especially :5 he is int5t on speculations & consid]ations :i* cont9ually appe>+ be=e ! eyes give matt] to be well kept 9 memory4 ,& if y are alone1 y w be entirely y\rs4 ,& if y %all be accompani$ by a s+le companion y w be half y\rs1 & s mu* ! less z ! indiscretion ( y\r companion%ip %all be ! great] 444 ,& if y w\ld say #8,i w d 9 my fa%ion1 ,i w hold myself ap>t' 444 "o _c s]ve two ma/]s4 ,y w fulfil badly ! duty ( a companion1 & worse ! aim ( reason+ on ! art 444 ,& if y say #8,i w )draw myself entirely1' 444 ,i tell y y w be held a madman1 b1 lo1 ?us do+ y w at lea/ be alone40 ,"h ,leon>do takes %>pe/ issue ) ! easy-go+ sociable me?ods :i* = g5]ations _h held 9 ! pa9t]'s bottega1 & %[s himself an individuali/ ( mod]n type4 ,,rub5s' ,,praise ,,( ,,leon>do ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 :o _h copi$ ,leon>do's battle-piece1 has left ! foll[+ p]ceptive tribute to ! g5ius ( 8 pr$ecessor3 8,no?+ escap$ him t relat$ to ! expression ( 8 subject3 & by ! heat ( 8 fancy1 z well z by ! solidity ( 8 judgm5t1 he rais$ div9e ?+s by human1 & und]/ood h[ to give m5 ^? diff]5t degrees1 t elevate !m to ! "* ( h]oes4 8,! be/ ( ! examples :i* he has left u is our ,"l's ,supp]1 :i* he pa9t$ at ,milan1 :]e9 he has repres5t$ ! apo/les 9 places t suit ) !m1 & our ,savi\r 9 ! mo/ hon\rable1 ! mid/ ( all1 hav+ nobody ne> en\gh to press or incommode him4 ,8 attitude is gr&1 8 arms are 9 a loose & free po/ure1 to %[ ! great] gr&eur1 :ile ! apo/les appe> agitat$ "o side to ! o!r by ! vehem5ce ( _! inquietude1 & 9 :i* !re is1 h[ev]1 no meanness1 nor any indec5t action to be se54 ,9 %ort by 8 pr(\nd speculations he arriv$ to su* a degree ( p]fection1 t x seems to me impossible to speak s well ( him z he des]ves1 & mu* m to imitate him40 ,! ,art ( ,pa9t+ 444 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,monsieur ,de ,piles1 ,london ab\t #agbe4 p4 #ajg f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,raphael4 ,c\nt ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 au?or ( 8! ,c\rti]40--,l\vre4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,raphael ,,& ,,mi*elangelo ,on pride & humility 9 ,art--,! new ,gr& ,/yle def9$--,umbrian humility 9 ! ,e>ly ,pa9t]s--,g5tile da ,fabriano--,! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,luca ,signorelli--,p]ug9o--,raphael2 ,e>ly developm5t--,roman triumph--,mi*elangelesque ab]rations--,mi*elangelo4 ,:e!r ! greate/ art is gr\nd$ 9 pride or 9 humility has divid$ ! critics4 ,to mo/ x w seem evid5t t ! arti/'s ass]tion ( 8 own p[]s is an act ( pride--a pride ( p]son :i* is (t5 re9=c$ by t ( nation & race4 ,z f9e a critic z ,john ,rusk91 on ! contr>y1 has insi/$ t ! greate/ art spr+s f humility--rev]5ce = ,god1 admiration ( ,8 works 9 nature1 homage also to "o's e>?ly ma/] 9 art & )al to ! great tradition ( "o's craft4 ,! diff]5ce is _w-wide4 ,accord+ to "o int]pretation or ! o!r1 ! "w ( art becomes an act ( display or ( wor%ip4 ,su* opposites 9 ! realm ( analysis (t5 meet com=tably en\gh 9 ! realm ( practice4 ,a haughty individuali/ l ,leon>do da ,v9ci insi/s t 8 inve/igations ( appe>ance & reality lead to t k ( ,god )\t :i* love is impossible4 ,& ! ,gold5 ,age ( pa9t+ itself1 ?\gh mo/ly bas$ on corporate & individual pride1 has also its infusion ( humility4 ,if ,mi*elangelo repres5ts ! fl[]+ ( ?ree g5]ations ( rese>*1 ( t pride ( intellect :i* ev] rul$ ,flor5ce1 s equally does ,raphael repres5t _m g5]ations ( humility & tea*abl5ess 9 8 native ,umbria4 ,= ab\t t5 ye>s pride & humility work$ side by side1 & t 0 ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,pride prevail$ ov] humility1 & ! classical /yle ( ,c5tral ,italy sunk to a pret5ti\s exhibitionism4 ,our !me is t brief mom5t ( accompli%m5t :i* witness$ ! rise ( ,rome z c5tre ( art1 & ! greate/ pa9t+ ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,we ne$ n hesitate to apply to x ! oldfa%ion$ t]m1 ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,b we %all n use x ) q ! oldfa%ion$ unction1 kn[+ z we d ! heavy sacrifice involv$ 9 atta9+ ! s-call$ ,gr& ,/yle1 & ! /ill heavi] p5alty x impos$ ^u ! art t succe$$ x4 ,! ,flor5t9es believ$ t pa9t+ _h rea*$ its height 9 ! ye>s #aejd & #aeje1 :5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,mi*elangelo 7 design+ ! great competitive battle-pieces = ! ,priors' ,palace at ,flor5ce1 & ,raphael 0 pa9t+ 8 lovelie/ ,madonnas4 ,mod]n critics might r be incl9$ to date ! gr& climact]ic f a pa!tic incid5t ( a few ye>s lat]4 ,9 #aejh1 :5 ,pope ,julius ,,ii wi%$ to decorate ! new ante-rooms ( ! ,vatican1 ! fam\s ,/anze he call$ ! be/ ( ! old] pa9t]s--,sodoma1 ,p]ug9o1 ,signorelli1 among o!rs4 ,no soon] _h !y begun to decorate ! vaults ?an _! "w seem$ inadequate4 ,!y 7 turn$ (f incont95tly & ! "y man ,raphael call$ d[n f ,flor5ce to take _! place4 ,! incid5t %[s h[ sudd5ly ! new beauty dawn$ ^u ! _w ( art patronage4 ,vividly consci\s ( its adv5t1 ! ,italians 7 less consci\s ( ! equally sudd5 wan+ ( ! great /yle4 ,) ! wisdom ( h9dsight we c n[ see t ! :ole developm5t 0 a m>vel\s spurt1 la/+ a b>e doz5 ye>s1 f ! battle c>toons ( #aeje to ,raphael's tape/ry c>toons ( #aeaf4 ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo1 :o creat$ ! la/+ glory ( ! ,r5aissance1 also dug its grave4 ,be=e consid]+ ! creative & de/ructive en]gies ( ^! two giants1 we may pr(itably note ! *>act]i/ics ( :at :e!r = praise or mock]y has ev] s9ce be5 call$ ! ,gr& ,/yle4 ,& "h ,i h little to d beyond cond5s+ ,pr(essor ,wlffl9's excell5t book4 ,9 ! ,gr& ,/yle ! acc5t 0 on maturity1 decorum1 & measur$ p[]4 ,vivaci\s & picturesque incid5ts are es*ew$4 ,! new art dem&s simplicity & c5trality4 ,! human figure dom9ates ! compositions4 ,! frame is fill$ d5sely ) a complicat$ gr\p4 ,! figures !mselves are ample & mature4 ,! ,madonna is no long] a girl1 b a graci\s woman ( ?irty ye>s4 ,! ,*ri/ ,*ild is no long] an infant1 b a well-gr[n lad1 ^: supple curves h>monize ) ^? ( gr[n folks4 ,z to pose1 ! figures no long] are casually arrang$ or 9 "s po/ure requir$ by a specific action4 ,!y are ca/ 9 conv5tional poses :i* br+ out ! active beauty ( ! body4 ,heads sw+ across %\ld]s1 ! upp] body turns aga9/ ! ?ru/ ( ! l[]1 ! arms c\nt] ! action ( ! legs4 ,su* c\nt]poise is always active1 imply+ motion4 ,/raight l9es give way to weav+s ( ,s curves--s _m spr+s ^: t5sion is kept equal4 ,viol5t motion or torsion ( ! body is frequ5t1 b "o motion or torsion mu/ be imm$iately tak5 up & balanc$ by "s equival5t4 ,foll[+ ! g5]al pr9ciple ( c5trality1 colors are few] & m /udi$4 ,9 portraiture1 = example1 we no long] h l&scape or elaborate int]iors1 b pla9 d>k backgr\nds4 ,at all po9ts we h left spontaneity & happy accid5t beh9d & h ent]$ a _w ( exquisite calculation4 ,society _h mov$ ) art t[>ds ideals ( simplicity & decorum4 ,y no long] f9d ! braid$1 b]ibbon$ & jewell$ coiffures ( ,botticelli's wom51 b s]5e br[s ) ! hair drawn back ev5ly f its "p & dispos$ z a mass 9 a net4 ,"y gallants we> _! abundant locks mu* ! same way & sport seignorial spade be>ds4 ,old m5 are ev5 m magnific5tly provid$ ) be>ds ( monum5tal scale4 ,su* m5 are clo!d no long] 9 p>ti-color$ raim5t1 b 9 ri*ly sob] black4 ,! ideal is dignity1 composure1 & magnanimity4 ,y may trace x ?r\gh all its intricacies ( casui/ry 9 :at is /ill "o ( ! be/ pictures ( :at a g5tleman & lady %\ld be1 ! ,cortegiano ( ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 #aeaf :ile 8 fri5d ,raphael 0 design+ ! tape/ry c>toons4 ,& y may read mu* ( ?is high tea*+ 9 ,c\nt ,ca/iglione's own s5sitive & compreh5d+ face1 ,figure #afg1 z ,raphael !n pa9t$ x4 ,x brea!s t f9e int]play ( pride & humility :i* 0 ! ma9spr+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 & x br+s u back to ! d\ble orig9 ( ! ,gr& ,/yle 9 ! pride ( ,flor5ce & ! humility ( ,umbria4 ,umbria 9 ! n>r[ s5se includes only ! lovely /ret*es ( ! upp] ,tib]1 & ! roll+ banks ( ,lakes ,trasim5e & ,bols5a4 ,b all ! way ov] ! m\nta9s to ! ,adriatic ! civilization 0 ( a simil> type1 & s ! art4 ,?us we may reckon ! ,adriatic ,m>*es f ,ancona to ,rav5na z ,umbrian f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/orian ( pa9t+4 ,!re 7 no great cities & little comm]ce4 ,x is a region ( small hill-top communes )9 ! walls ( :i* ! peasants huddl$ = protection at night1 go+ d[n to ! fields 9 ! day4 ,x 0 a c\ntry ( hot passions & viol5t feuds1 & equally ( religi\s en?usiasm & my/ical piety4 ,great h]esies _h swept ! l& & s _h ! joy\s & practical ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,francis1 greate/ ( ,umbria's sons4 ,we h mu* ( ! volatility t we not$ 9 ,si5a1 )\t1 h[ev]1 a capital city to c5tralize x1 & we also h :at ,si5a lack$--an abid+ & beautiful humility4 ,umbria knew h] prov9cial e/ate & accept$ its limitations4 ,n[h]e is ?is m pla9ly %[n ?an 9 h] art4 ,= two c5turies %e 0 9 ! position ( induc+ =eign arti/s to come 91 ev] 9 an attitude ( admiration & docility4 ,?us ,giunta ( ,pisa1 ,cimabue & 8 ,roman contempor>ies2 ,giotto & 8 ,flor5t9e pupils2 ,simone ,m>t9i & o!r ,si5ese pa9t]s decorat$ ! *ief monum5t ( ,umbria1 ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,francis at ,assisi4 ,_! "w ext5d$ ov] a c5tury to say #accj4 ,lat] /ill ,si5ese arti/s 7 employ$ at ,p]ugia1 among o!rs1 ,taddeo ,b>toli1 & ! region promis$ to become an arti/ic dep5d5cy ( ,si5a4 ,b ) ! dawn+ ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ext5sion ( ,flor5t9e p[] beyond ,arezzo1 ,flor5t9e arti/s are pref]r$4 ,we f9d ,dom5ico ,v5eziano at ,p]ugia1 9 #adch1 9 ! pay ( ! rul+ ,baglioni4 ,a little e>li] ,fra ,angelico _h pa9t$ = sev]al ye>s at ,cortona4 ,9 ! e>ly fifties ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli pa9t$ 8 ,franciscan frescoes at ,montefalco1 & 0 o!rwise active 9 ! ,tib] valley4 ,9 #adfh ,fra ,filippo ,lippi 0 call$ to ,spoleto4 ,soon aft]1 ,umbria le>n$ to dep5d on h] own arti/s4 ,9 ! ,adriatic ,m>*es !re _h be5 a limit$ p5etration ( ,giotto's /yle1 *iefly by way ( ,padua & ,rim9i4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury ! ,lor5zettian mann] dom9at$4 ,x 0 succe$$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,v5etian ,r5aissance z exemplifi$ by su* r backw>d arti/s z ! ,viv>9i & ,c>lo ,crivelli4 ,/ill lat] ! diffus$ influ5ce ( ,giovanni ,bell9i meets h>moni\sly t ( ,p]ug9o4 ,?us 9 humility & tea*abl5ess ,umbria v sl[ly1 & ?r\gh mo/ v>i\s /ages ( disciple%ip1 work$ out h] own orig9ality4 ,& :5 x came "o felt deeply 9 x ! tea*+ ( h] spaci\s int]vals & blue m\nta9s4 ,x is s ) ! fir/ notable pa9t] t ,umbria produc$1 ,g5tile da ,fabriano4#fa ,he felt l&scape z no arti/ be=e him4 ,born ab\t #acfj1 he 0 tra9$ by 8 fell[ t[nsman1 ,alegretto ,nuzi4 ,alegretto _h made s\nd /udies at ,flor5ce & _h also obs]v$ ) admiration ! pictures ( ! ,lor5zetti4 ,8 own alt>-pieces h ! ,si5ese spl5dor ) a t\* ( sweetness t is :olly ,umbrian4 ,8 pupil ,g5tile pref]s m ornate & florid compositions su* z we see 9 8 e>ly ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 at ,milan4 ,soon ,g5tile gave himself to ! panoramic n>rative /yle1 outdo+ ! ,lor5zetti 9 elaboration1 vivacity1 & gracefulness4 ,sup]ficially he resembles su* ,flor5t9e contempor>ies z ,lor5zo ,monaco & ,masol9o1 b 8 mood is broad] & m g5ial1 & 8 decorative acc5t m spl5did4 ,be=e #adaj he 0 call$ to ,v5ice to pa9t 9 ! new ,ducal ,palace4 ,8 animat$ hi/orical frescoes 7 soon de/roy$ by fire1 b 8 soj\rn 0 long en\gh to impress 8 mann]1 ?r\gh 8 pupil ,jacopo1 ,bell9i1 & num]\s imitators1 on ! ,v5etian n>rative s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,! ,nativity4 ,pr$ella piece f ,adoration ( ,magi4--,uffizi4 ,pass+ to ,flor5ce1 he left !re ! fulle/ expression ( 8 graci\s tal5t 9 ! respl5d5t ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ,figure #afh1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ,palla ,/rozzi's *apel 9 ! ,tr9it4 ,x 0 sign$ 9 ,may #adbc1 & p]haps because x 0 ! season ( fl[]s1 ,g5tile pa9t$ 9 ! ri* pila/]s gr[+ sprays ( morn+ glory1 iris1 anemone1 & cornfl[]4 ,)9 its fanta/ic ,go?ic frame we witness a pageant su* z ,italy (t5 saw on holy days--! procession ( ! ,wise man mov+ ?r\gh h] /reets4 ,ar\nd ! ,"m & h] ,*ild devotion reigns1 b soon ! sc5e passes (f into ! tumult ( wait+ m5-at-arms1 ( *af+ /e$s1 & sn>l+ animals ( ! *ase4 ,! color is a radiance ( sc>let1 crimson1 azure & gold1 aft] ! ,go?ic fa%ion4 ,b ! picture is m ?an ,go?ic 9 ! t5d] & almo/ atmosph]ic %ad+ ( ! roll+ hills 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,skilfully bl5d+ ,si5ese idealism ) n>rative bread? & vivacity1 ! picture is ! la/ & mo/ magnific5t memorial to a *ivalry n[ m]ely an aft]gl[1 b dy+ ) all ! iridesc5ce ( ! sunset h\r4 ,z is usually ! case1 ! mod]n contribution ( ! picture is mode/ly made 9 ! pr$ella panels4 ,! ,nativity1 ,figure #afi1 ) ! light radiat+ t5d]ly f ! ,*ri/ ,*ild & gold5 />s glimm]+ above ! hill-top pa/ures is p]haps ! fir/ nocturne 9 art1 & /ill "o ( ! lovelie/4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt1 %[s a joy\s sunrise creep+ ov] ! glad hills4 ,! means are conv5tional1 ! highlights are t\*$ 9 ) gold1 b ! mood & effect are !re4 ,"y ,masaccio surely consid]$ ^! little panels be=e he und]took 8 m naturali/ic adv5ture 9 /ructural light & %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,&rea da ,bologna4 ,madonna ( ,humility4--,clevel&4 ,soon ,pope ,m>t9 ,v1 return+ f exile at ,avignon & plann+ to re/ore ! spl5dors ( ,*ri/ian ,rome1 call$ ,g5tile & set him to decorat+ ! nave ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an4 ,aga9 fire has depriv$ u ( ! monum5tal works :i* con/itut$ ,g5tile's contempor>y fame4 ,we "k t !y won ! praise ( ! greate/ ,flemi% pa9t] :o visit$ ,r5aissance ,italy1 ,rogi] de la ,pa/ure ( ,t\rnai4 ,& two g5]ations lat] crabb$ ,mi*elangelo decl>$ almo/ s5tim5tally t ,g5tile 0 g5tle bo? by "n & by nature4 ,= u x is important to note t ,g5tile =eca/ precisely ! future triumphs ( ,raphael1 c>ry+ ! glory ( ,umbrian pa9t+ widely ?r\gh ,italy be=e ass]t+ x at ,rome4 ,( c\rse su* "w z ,g5tile's 0 highly exceptional 9 ! ,umbrian ,m>*es4 ,! av]age /ate ( ?+s is repres5t$ by ! %y & humble ,madonnas :i* ,francescuccio ,ghisi repeat$ indef9itely4 ,?is type ( ,madonna ( ,humility is n[h]e m delightfully repres5t$ ?an 9 ! lovely panel at ! ,clevel& ,museum1 ,figure #agj1 = :i* ,i h else:]e sugge/$ ! attribution ( ,&rea da ,bologna4#fb ,%e is mo/ unlike ! maje/ic ,madonnas ( ,flor5ce & ,si5a4 ,to assure u t ?is g5tle ,"m is aft] all ,que5 ( ,heav5 & ! ,second ,eve come = our salvation1 ! arti/ has giv5 h] a respl5d5t aureole ) t9y m9iatures ( h] *ampions1 ! apo/les1 & has /ret*$ at h] feet t ,fir/ ,eve 9 :om we all s9n$4 ,! picture w h be5 pa9t$ be=e #achj1 &1 ) its ,byzant9e rem9isc5ces1 x well exemplifies ! m$ivalism t held its own 9 ! ,adriatic ,m>*es long aft] ,tuscany _h set h] face t[>ds ! ,r5aissance4 ,x w\ld add little to our survey ( ,umbria to dwell on ,ottaviano ,nelli at ,urb9o1 a g5tly vivaci\s /ory-tell]2 nor yet on ^? e>ly pa9t]s at ,cam]9o & ,san ,sev]9o :o t+$ ! s(t] native /yle ) ! spl5did sev]ity ( ! e>ly ,v5etian mann]4 ,i pass _! works ) regret1 = !y are (t5 lovely 9 _! frank dep5d5ce on great] spirits4 ,9 a g5]al survey ! middle ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,umbria %[ r little to attract u until ! rise ( ,pietro ,p]ug9o4 ,he em]ges 9 an arti/ic _w dom9at$ 9 ! ,tib] ,valley by ! ,flor5t9e1 ,gozzoli1 & beyond ! m\nta9s by ,c>lo ,crivelli & ! ,viv>9i4 ,su* pr$ecessor ( ,p]ug9o z ,b5$etto ,bonfigli ( ,p]ugia ne$ n deta9 u4 ,he _h le>n$ a little1 a v little1 f ! ,flor5t9e1 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 pa9ts ,madonnas ) a mode/ ideality2 & n>ratives1 ! life ( ,/4 ,ercolano 9 ! ,communal ,palace ( ,p]ugia1 ) abundant & muddl$ detail1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,gozzoli & ,dom5ico di ,b>tolo4 ,8 bottega 0 a factory ( ^? qua9t & (t5 t]rible religi\s bann]s1 ,figure #aga1 :i* ! dev\t ,umbrians c>ri$ processionally to av]t ! recurr5t plague4 ,we ne$ n dwell ^u ,p]ug9o's alleg$ ma/]1 ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 ^: ugly & emphatic draughtsman%ip d]ives f ,v]roc*io & ! ,pollaiuoli4 ,we may be/ appreciate ,p]ug9o's extraord9>y orig9ality by consid]+ contempor>ies :o came up ) equal advantages4 ,lor5zo di ,san ,sev]9o exemplifies ! usual ,umbrian bl5d ( ,gozzoli & ,v5etian influ5ces4 ,& 9 su* a picture z ! ,en?ron$ ,madonna1 ,figure #agb1 9 ! ,hold5 ,collection1 at ,clevel&1 he atta9s an ideality ( feel+ & a beauty ( workman%ip ( ! mo/ refre%+ sort4 ,?is picture mu/ h be5 pa9t$ ab\t #adij4 ,x may repres5t ! high m>k rea*$ 9 ! ,m>*es t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury--may ?us disp5se u f consid]+ su* inh]5tly *>m+ pa9t]s z ,girolamo da ,cam]9o & 8 fell[ t[nsman ,giovanni ,boccatis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,bontigli ,plague ,bann]4 ,! ,virg9 protect+ h] ,devotees f plague ,%afts hurl$ by ,*ri/4--,*iesa del ,gonfalone1 ,p]ugia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,lor5zo di ,san ,sev]9o4 ,madonna & ,sa9ts4--,clevel&1 ,o4 ,a v simil> tra9+ produces m ambiti\s b h>dly m pleas+ results 9 ,niccol ,lib]atore ( ,foligno1 7#adcj to #aejb74 ,e>ly influ5c$ by ,gozzoli1 he lat] ap$ ! int5sity ( ! ,v5etian1 ,c>lo ,crivelli4 ,niccol ?us *afes )9 ! mode/ b\nds prop] to art 9 ,umbria4 ,he essays trag$y & too (t5 a*ieves burlesque4 ,he pa9ts1 l mo/ ( ! ,umbrians1 processional bann]s1 & also ! mo/ complicat$ alt>-pieces1 9 :i* cusps1 c>v+ & p9nacles almo/ efface ! ,madonna & sa9ts1 :o %[ a peasantlike uneas9ess amid s mu* spl5dor4 ,su* is ! "* ( ! tripty* 9 ! ,vatican1 :i* is dat$ #adff4 ,x repres5ts r favorably ,niccol's at once sl5d] & ambiti\s tal5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,melozzo da ,=l4 ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv & 8 ,c\rt4 ,fresco4--,vatican4 ,su* obscure arti/s z we h be5 consid]+#fc c\ld ma9ta9 ! idealism out ( :i* a ,p]ug9o %\ld gr[1 c\ld provide 8 spiritual backgr\nd4 ,!y c\ld d little to nurture him on ! positive side4 ,t task fell to m5 ( great] p[]1 :o _h saturat$ !mselves ) ,flor5t9e realism--,melozzo da ,=l#fd & ,luca ,signorelli4 ,bo? 7 pupils ( t giant among ,umbro-,flor5t9es1 ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,melozzo 0 born 9 #adch & e>ly employ$ by ! ,dukes ( ,urb9o4 ,he practices an en]getic draughtsman%ip bo? 9 decoration & portraiture1 indulges ! bolde/ =e%ort5+1 adds a positive a?leticism to t pride ( life :i* we h not$ 9 m /atic =m 9 8 ma/]4 ,?us 8 frescoes = ! domes ( ! sacri/y ( ! ,santa ,casa at ,loreto1 & ! ju/ly fam\s fragm5ts ( play+ angels f ! demoli%$ sacri/y ( old ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome reveal a /r5g? & measur$ audacity :i* at once rival ! contempor>y ef=t ( ,mantegna at ,mantua & =eca/ ! m pagan exub]ance ( ,mantegna's greate/ pupil1 ,correggio4 ,?is robu/ & mascul9e mann] appe>s 9 a m re/ra9$ & traditional =m 9 ! sup]b fresco portraits ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv & 8 ,c\rt1 ,figure #agc1 9 ! ,vatican4 ,su* "w transc5ds ,umbrian /&>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,luca ,signorelli4 ,pan1 ,god ( ,music4--,b]l94 ,ev5 m does ! int5se & rugg$ art ( ,melozzo's fell[ disciple1 ,luca ,signorelli4#fe ,born at ,cortona 9 #adda1 we "k little ( 8 e>ly c>e] except t he /udi$ ) ,pi]o della ,francesca1 pass$ to ,flor5ce & 0 p]man5tly sway$ by ! anatomical & passionate realism ( ,antonio ,pollaiuolo4 ,signorelli's e>ly "w is obscure to u4 ,we may well /udy him fir/ 9 ! pa/oral my?ology1 ,pan1 ,god ( ,h>mony1 ,figure #agd1 n[ at ,b]l94 ,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t #adij = ! ,m$ici1 = ! villa = :i* ,botticelli design$ ! ,primav]a & ,bir? ( ,v5us4 ,x is inf]ior to its companion pieces 9 imag9ation & delicacy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 color1 b 9 its own measur$ way x e*oes delightfully ! poetic wi/fulness ( e>ly ,flor5t9e humanism4 ,simil> qualities ( imag9ation are 9 ! great fresco ,! ,la/ ,days ( ,moses1 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 pa9t$ 9 #adhb aft] 8 design4 ,b ! ve9 is exceptional 9 ,signorelli4 ,soon he gave himself to a rugg$ realism1 unpleas+ 9 8 religi\s !mes4 ,meet+ little favor 9 ! great cities1 he pa9t$ _m alt>-pieces = ! ,umbrian t[ns4 ,^! pictures are /]n 9 _s & lead5 9 color4 ,!re is no attempt to please4 ,rel5tlessly ,signorelli pursu$ 8 p]sonal que/ ( expressive anatomy4 ,leg5d tells u t1 dry-ey$1 he sket*$ ! fair body ( 8 own murd]$ son = ! picture ( ! ,entombm5t at ,cortona4 ,we see him introduc+ nude figures into ! backgr\nd ( ! r\nd ,madonna at ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #age4 ,! exp]im5tali/ dom9ates ! arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,signorelli4 ,madonna4--,uffizi4 ,9 ! ye> #aejj1 be+ ne>ly sixty1 he f\nd ! real use = 8 trucul5t art4 ,he 0 call$ to pa9t 9 ! ,*apel ( ,s4 ,brixio1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,orvieto4 ,! subject 0 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s e>li] ,fra ,angelico _h begun ! "w ) angel *oirs 9 ! vaults4 ,) a f> diff]5t temp] ,signorelli cont9u$ ! task4 ,at ! entrance & back ( ! ,*apel he %[$ mank9d sc\rg$ by ! f9al plagues4 ,9 ! f\r ar*$ spaces at ! sides he set ,! ,prea*+ ( ,anti*ri/1 a s9i/] sc5e detail$ ) all ! circum/antiality ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,= ! ?ree rema9+ sc5es1 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 ,figure #agf1 ! ,condemnation ( ! ,s9ful1 ,figure #agg1 & ! ,rew>d ( ! ,j1 he inv5t$ new modes bo? ( int]pretation & ( composition4 ,h[ f> we are f ! solemn assizes ( ,giotto or ! g>d5 & labyr9? motives ( ,fra ,angelico6 ,9 e case we h 9 ! lunette cele/ial figures1 or at lea/ sup]nal1 :ile bel[ we h sw>m+ masses ( nude folk1 bewild]$ at ! =gott5 light1 aspir+ heav5w>ds or %r9k+ f ! clut*es ( ! fi5ds4 ,:at di/+ui%es ^! frescoes is a magnific5tly j matt]-(-factness4 ,only "o "q is rais$ by ! arti/4 ,giv5 ! lit]al tru? ( ! ,book ( ,revelations1 h[ w\ld ! la/ judgm5t look1 & h[ w\ld "o feel if he 7 inde$ !re8 ,s he reasons x out--! /ruggle ( ! skeletons to pu% up to ! light1 _! re9ve/iture successively ) s9ews1 muscles & sk91 ! emb>rassm5t z a half assembl$ body va9ly seeks recognition4 ,& all ?is he contra/s ) ! confid5t1 /rong be>+ ( ! ar*angels above4 ,aga9 9 ! ,asc5t ( ! ,j to ,heav51 ! aspiration is *iefly physical1 magnific5tly s4 ,^! clean /rong bodies *iefly wi% to escape ! corruption f :i* ! la/ trump has summon$ !m4 ,& ev5 ! gu>dian angels are less t5d] ?an jubilant at ! ?\ght ( fit recruits to repl5i% ,/4 ,mi*ael's cele/ial militia4 ,equally ! damn$ w9ce1 n f consci5ce1 b f physical dread ( ! *a9s & claws & ! imm95ce ( ! et]nal fires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,luca ,signorelli4 ,! ,g5]al ,resurrection4--,ca!dral1 ,orvieto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,luca ,signorelli4 ,! ,s\ls ( ! ,damn$4--,ca!dral1 ,orvieto4 ,?is /urdy1 upright art seems h>dly ,italian4 ,! _s ( x is ru?less & ,nor!rn4 ,x mitigates no?+1 tells pretty mu* ev]y?+1 pres5ts ! body 9 its ugl9ess1 disreg>ds obvi\s consid]ations ( /yle4 ,yet z a successful bl5d ( a va/ te*nical exp]im5t 9 anatomy ) an hone/ & p[]ful ef=t ( imag9ation1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,x has little ( ! ,italian nobility1 b x p[]fully influ5c$ ^? :o _h4 ,p]ug9o & ,raphael imitat$ ,signorelli's ord]ly arrangem5t ( 8 sc5es 9 a d\ble1 v]tical ord]1 & ,mi*elangelo f$ 8 dream ( a h]oic _w ( spl5did nudity f ! dra/ic visions ( ,signorelli4 ,ov]-ri* & ov]-emphatic z ,signorelli is1 he is also an elem5tal1 tonic p[]4 ,no "o is q ! same aft] a visit to ! ,*apel ( ,s4 ,brixio4 ,if ,signorelli 0 ! greate/ "* 9 ,umbria be=e ,raphael1 ,pietro ,p]ug9o 0 ! f9e/ intellig5ce & ta/e4 ,he 0 born 9 #addf at ,citt della ,pieve & at n9e ye>s old 0 put ) a poor ,p]ugian pa9t]4 ,8 e>ly activity is matt] only ( +5i\s conjecture4#ff ,!re is an ambigu\s range ( pictures v>i\sly ascrib$ to him & to ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 a difficult & r unimportant problem :i* ,i will+ly let alone4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t 9 8 e>ly tw5ties ,p]ug9o 0 /udy+ ) ,v]roc*io at ,flor5ce alongside ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,by #adha & #adhb ,p]ug9o em]ges arti/ically full-gr[n 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,8 sup]iority1 z %[n 9 ! fresco ( ! ,giv+ ( ! ,keys to ,pet]1 ,figure #aah1 & 9 num]\s works ( 8 =ty-two rema9+ ye>s1 is s uni=m & almo/ monoton\s t its greatness has until rec5tly pass$ unnotic$4 ,only su* critics z ,mr4 ,b]5son & ,pr(essor ,wlffl9 h done him full ju/ice4 ,he work$ ^u p]fectly cle> & consci\s ideals ( simplicity1 symmetry1 & spaci\sness2 9 all ( :i* he took issue ) 8 times4 ,reject+ ! picturesque ri*ness & confusion ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance1 he took c\nsel ( ! ,byzant9e pa9t]s & ( ,fra ,angelico at ,san ,m>co4 ,!y taught him ! wor? ( simple geometrical =ms ( figure composition1 & h[ to sacrifice details to broad effects4 ,t 8 gr\ps dispos$ 9 simple pyramids1 oblongs1 or ovals %\ld n seem too b>e1 he cunn+ly v>i$ ! positions ( ! figures1 ?us reliev+ ! sev]ity ( ! und]ly+ symmetry4 ,e tilt$ head1 po9t$ foot & sway+ ?igh has its precise compositional value4 ,z = ! figures1 !re is no /r5u\sness ( draughtsman%ip1 !y are simply good en\gh4 ,a pr9ciple ( arti/ic economy1 ali5 to ! _s ( ! mom5t1 rules "h z else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,p]ug9o4 ,my/ical ,crucifixion4 ,fresco4--,santa ,m>ia ,maddal5a de' ,pazzi4 ,flor5ce4 ,s f> he appe>s z a critic & am5d] ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance /yle4 ,8 positive contribution 0 a p>ticul>ly spaci\s & lovely sort ( l&scape1 an imm5sity ( light & air to set beh9d ! re/rict$ patt]ns ( 8 figures4 ,?is l&scape is a beautiful g5]alization ( ! sc5]y ( ! upp] ,tib] valley4 ,! =ms are few4 ,fea!ry trees m>k ! middle di/ance2 a riv] valley op5s g5tly ) int]lock+ banks t[>d di/ant blue m\nta9s4 ,above a silv]y horizon1 ! heav5s gradually deep5 to an int5se blue1 acc5tuat$ by sp>se float+ cl\ds4 ,!re are few colors1 a w>m br[n1 a fre% gre51 a pal] & a deep] blue1 a v>iety ( grays4 ,) ^! simple means is atta9$ a s5se ( inf9ite space & ( encompass+ peace4 ,all ^! p]fections are 9 ! great fresco$ ,crucifixion ,figure #agh1 9 ! conv5t ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maddel5a dei ,pazzi1 at ,flor5ce4 ,! date is #adie1 ,p]ug9o's fifty-second ye>4 ,! lyrical quietism ( ! effect re/s on delicate evasions ( ! v =mal symmetry4 ,su* features z ! tilt$ head ( ! ,sa9t ,john & ! ?ree trees at ! left balanc+ ! ,magdal5 at ! "r ( ! cross are ess5tial4 ,inde$ any slight *ange ei!r 9 ! position ( ! figures or ! l9es ( ! l&scape w\ld produce a discord4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,p]ug9a4 ,en?ron$ ,madonna4--,vatican4 ,we h a v simil> effect ) ! addition ( a /ately & simple ar*itecture 9 ! en?ron$ ,madonna ( ! ,vatican4 ,figure #agi4 ,aga9 ! =mality ( ! pyramidal patt]n is reliev$ by v>i$ dispositions ( ! figures :i* individually consid]$ may seem affect$1 b :i* are ess5tial to ! composition4 ,m ov]tly emotional b /ill re/ra9$ is ! ,deposition1 ,figure #ahj;a1 ( ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,x is arrang$ z an oval ) cat5>y int]nal curves1 anticipat+ mu* m complicat$ patt]ns ( ,raphael4 ,at ?is mom5t1 #adid1 no liv+ arti/ b ,leon>do c\ld h wov5 ?is gr\p toge!r ) su* c]ta9ty ( ta/e1 & he c\ld h h>dly equall$ its broad & s]5e l&scape4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! new c5tury ,p]ug9o decorat$ ! m]*ants' ex*ange ( ,p]ugia1 ! ,cambio1 ) frescoes p>tly religi\s1 p>tly moral & symbolical4 ,! mo/ fam\s repres5t ! ,virtues1 ,figure #ahj1 9 pairs1 hov]+ 9 ! heav5s ) _! repres5tatives bel[4 ,= example1 ,prud5ce & ,ju/ice ) ! great law-giv]s4 ,s ,=titude & ,temp]ance are repres5t$ respectively by ! v5]able =ms ( brave ,horatius1 & ,leonidas2 ( ,cato & ,c9c9natus4 ,x seems t ,p]ug9o execut$ mo/ ( ?is latt] decoration ?r\gh assi/ants1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ,raphael is responsible bo? = ! design & pa9t+ ( ! beautiful ,sibyls4#fg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,p]ug9o4 ,prud5ce & ,ju/ice ) _! ,repres5tatives4 ,fresco4--,cambio1 ,p]ugia4 ,l mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies ,p]ug9o outliv$ 8 fame4 ,he 0 insult$ by ,mi*elangelo1 criticiz$ = repeat+ 8 figures1 ?ru/ out ( ! ,vatican 9 #aejh & sup]s$$ by 8 =m] help]1 ,raphael4 ,& 8 exquisite art 9 8 lat] ye>s %[s a c]ta9 relaxation4 ,he di$ ( ! plague 9 #aebd & 0 d5i$ ,*ri/ian burial1 al?\gh 9 8 day he _h pa9t$ plague bann]s to protect ! fai?ful4 ,! kn[n a!ism ( ,p]ug9o af=ds a curi\s problem4 ,h[ reconcile x ) ! mild & g5tle religiosity ( 8 art8 ,7 he a mod]n arti/1 "o might hold t he ent]$ by /hetic sympa?y into exp]i5ces ( religion :i* 8 rational self d5i$4 ,= an a!i/ ( ! ,r5aissance ! explanation seems too subtle4 ,!y 7 ( t\gh fibre & kept _! sympa?y logically 9 h&4 ,mr4 ,b]5son has (f]$ ! +5i\s explanation t 9 8 noble composition 9 space ,p]ug9o appeal$ to emotions :i* are s ne>ly ak9 to religion z to be readily sub/itut$ !re=4 ,9 ! great spaces ( ,p]ug9o ! _s f9ds lib]ation & a s5se ( ! inf9ite4 ,su* intuition ( inf9ity "o f9ds also 9 p]sonal religion1 & ! two exp]i5ces are 9 a degree int]*angeable4 /hetically satisfactory1 ?is explanation may fail to conv9ce a dev\t p]son4 ,he w want to "k h[ ! art ( an av[$ a!i/ en?rall$ ! pi\s folk inhabit+ ! valley sanctifi$ by ! memory ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,:atev] be ! explanation1 ! space composition ( ,p]ug9o lat] suffic$ to express ,raphael's vision ( ! c5tral my/]y ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( ! nobility ( pagan intellect & ( ! s]5e spl5dor ( ! ,grecian ,olympians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj;a4 ,p]ug9o4 ,! ,deposition4--,uffizi4 ,raphael ,sanzio#fh is ! f9e/ example ( ! ,umbrian virtue ( tea*abl5ess4 ,8 c\rse is a s]ies ( exquisitely felt admirations4 ,8 read9ess to assimilate any sort ( excell5ce 0 8 /r5g?1 & at times 8 weakness1 = he 0 n always self-critical en\gh to reject m]its ali5 to 8 own p]sonality4 ,8 admitt$ primacy re/s on p]fection ( composition1 & t p]fection repres5t$ a beautiful syn!sis ( ! me?ods ( ,p]ug9o1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,9 dramatic p[]1 =ce ( draughtsman%ip1 & *>m ( color _m ( 8 contempor>ies surpass$ him4 ,81 inde$1 is a triumph ( tact & judgm5t1 & n ( any s+le a*ievem5t4 ,he seems "o ( ! "y m5 ( ! ,platonic dialogues come back to e>?--graci\sly prud5t1 g5tly effective1 sup]ior yet companionable4 ,he approa*$ art z 8 fell[ ,umbrian1 ,/4 ,francis1 approa*$ life1 ) fri5dly confid5ce4 ,he 0 equally at home ) noble & artisan1 ) au/]e prelate & lib]t9e humani/4 ,m5 readily gave him _! loyalty & wom5 _! love4 ,raphael ,sanzio 0 born at ,urb9o 9 #adhc4 ,8 fa!r1 ,giovanni1 a m$iocre poet & pa9t]1 left him an orphan at elev54 ,raphael's fir/ /eps 9 pa9t+ 7 probably guid$ by ,timoteo ,viti1 :o practic$1 p>tly "u ,p]ug9o's influ5ce1 ! timidly idyllic /yle ( ! ,nor!rn ,m>*es--,bologna & ,f]r>a4 ,su* boyi% ef=ts ( ,raphael z ! ,orleans ,madonna1 ! ,?ree ,graces1 & ! ,dream ( a ,knight1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y %[ ,raphael's complete assimilation ( ?is idyllic mann]4 ,! little picture at ,london 9 :i* a /ripl+ ,h]cules slumb]s betwe5 an attractive girli% ,wisdom & a mo/ innoc5t effigy ( ,vice--hold+ ! fl[] t signifies ! primrose pa?--%[s u ,raphael at sev5te5 & by no means precoci\s4 ,9 ! ye> #aejj he 0 call$ f ,urb9o to "w 9 ,p]ug9o's home %op at ,p]ugia1 soon ris+ to ! position ( =eman4 ,9 f\r ye>s he made ! mo/ dev\t & complete assimilation ( 8 ma/]'s /yle4 ,su* pictures z ! ,coronation ( ,m>y1 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg91 ,figure #aha1 at ,milan1 w\ld surely be reckon$ z consummate ,p]ug9o's 7 x n = signatures & old tradition4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg9 9 p>ticul> is m]ely a re>rangem5t ( ,p]ug9o's composition = ! ,giv+ ( ! ,keys to ,pet]4 ,b ,raphael has elim9at$ unnecess>y incid5ts & has outdone ,p]ug9o himself 9 sweetness & calm4 ,! picture 0 f9i%$ 9 #aejd1 & t ye> ,raphael took lett]s ( recomm5dation f 8 fir/ patroness1 ! ,du*ess ( ,urb9o1 to ! ,magi/racy ( ,flor5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,raphael4 ,m>riage ( ! ,virg94--,milan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,raphael4 ,maddal5a ,doni4--,pitti4 ,imag9e a y\ng/] ( tw5ty-"o :o has dilig5tly ma/]$ a pictorial /yle only to le>n t x is already obsolete4 ,t is ,raphael tak+ ! mann] ( ,p]ug9o to a ,flor5ce agog ov] ! battle c>toons ( ,leon>do & ,mi*elangelo4 ,! coolness ) :i* "y ,raphael fac$ ?is em]g5cy is *>act]i/ic4 ,9 f\r ye>s he made himself ov] into a reali/ic draughtsman4 ,ab&on+ ! readymade faces & figures ( ,p]ug9o1 he wisely held to ,p]ug9o's sweetness & spaci\s compositional patt]ns4 ,"y ,raphael a*ieves an extraord9>y act ( criticism4 ,he takes f ! re=m]s j :at he ne$s & no m--f ,leon>do 8 incisiv5ess & psy*ology z a draughtsman & 8 d5se & ri* compositional patt]ns1 f ,fra ,b>tolommeo 8 dignity & monum5tality1 f ,mi*elangelo v little z yet2 &1 )al1 he reta9s :atev] /ill seem$ valuable f 8 ,umbrian exp]i5ce4 ,?us ) resolute & unp]turb$ intellig5ce )9 f\r ye>s he completely recon/ruct$ 8 /yle1 & put himself on a p>ity ) old] contempor>ies :o _h be5 exp]im5t+ = a score ( ye>s4 ,! /eps ( ?is re-education are mo/ int]e/+4 ,9 #aeje he did ! portraits ( ,agnolo ,doni & 8 wife ,maddal5a1 ,figure #ahb4 ,! po/ure ( ! woman is t ( ,leon>do's ,mona ,lisa4 ,! draughtsman%ip & *>act]ization are sev]e1 ! h9t ( ,umbrian l&scape is a survival4 ,9 lat] portraits we %all see ! elim9ation ( accessories1 ! l9e yield+ to ! mo/ ref9$ modell+ 9 light & d>k1 ! effect conc5trat$ )\t insi/5cy4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,doni portraits ) ^? ( t5 ye>s lat]1 ! ,julius ,,ii & ! ,=n>9a1 w tell bett] ?an words ( ! t5d5cy ( ,raphael's portraiture t[>ds its ultimate ma/]y4 ,9 #aeje ,raphael return$ = a "t to ,p]ug9o to pa9t ! fresco ( ! ,tr9ity at ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,sev]o4 ,9 ! spl5did geometrical patt]n he has already improv$ on ! flat gr\p+s ( ,p]ug9o4 ,! consi/ory ( ,sa9ts b5ds back 9 dep? aft] ! fa%ion ( a semi-dome4 ,raphael borr[s ! new motive f ,fra ,b>tolommeo's fresco ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t pa9t$ 9 #adii = ! ,flor5t9e ,hospital ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova4 ,sixte5 ye>s lat] ,p]ug9o add$ ! languid sa9ts at ! base ( ! ,tr9ity1 a t\*+ rev]sal ( ! natural relations ( ma/] & pupil4 ,z = ,raphael1 9 a s+le exp]im5t he has ma/]$ ! sort ( symmetrical composition 9 dep? :i* %\ld suffice )9 five ye>s = 8 ma/]piece1 ! ,disputa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,raphael4 ,madonna del ,gr&uca4--,pitti4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,raphael4 ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire4--,l\vre4 ,! matronly sweetness ( ,raphael's e>ly madonnas has won !m affection f ! fir/4 ,) increas+ dignity1 !y reta9 a h9t ( ! girli% ref9em5t ( _! pr$ecessors ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,b !y are less ass]tively fa/idi\s1 m normal & natural4 ,all ^! obvi\s reasons = lik+ !m are s\nd1 & ^! pictures af=d z well an insight into ,raphael's consci\sly direct$ /udies4 ,! effect is ev] t[>ds ri*] & m complicat$ composition1 & t[>ds m int]e/+ & /yli/ic dispositions ( ! figures4 ,! naturalness is t ( ta/e & calculation4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies we h ! lovely ,madonna ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 #aeje1 ,figure #ahc4 ,! upright1 frontal position & =m & s]5e oval ( ! face recall ,p]ug9o4 ,b reality has sup]v5$1--,p]ug9o nev] pa9t$ su* a ,bamb9o1--& = ! sake ( conc5tration ! backgr\nd is kept pla94 ,we see 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,tempi ,family1 at ,muni*1 ! ,madonna turn$ 9 ?ree-qu>t]s position1 ! pose en]giz$1 ! body sway+ 9 a slight c\nt]poise4 ,!n he tries seat$ poses :i* (f] ! triangul> patt]n ( ,leon>do4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ ( ?is s]ies is ! lovely ,c[p] ,madonna1 n[ 9 ! ,wid5] ,collection4 ,soon he adds figures1 con/ructs ! pyramids m ornately & re/ores ! backgr\nd ( l&scape4 ,at ! head ( ?is l9e is ! ,madonna ( ! ,f9* 9 ! ,pitti4 ,x illu/rates t graci\s =mality :i* ,leon>do e/abli%$ 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,rocks4 ,f9d+ ! balance ( ! two /&+ nude *ildr5 a little too obvi\s1 ,raphael c>ries ! motive to its p]fection 9 ! ,belle ,j>d9ire ( ! ,l\vre4 ,figure #ahd4 ,"h1 to break ! rigid symmetry1 ! ,/4 ,john kneels1 & sup]flu\s trees h be5 cle>$ away f ! backgr\nd4 ,he seeks fur!r to enri* ! pyramid1 & 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,canigiani family1 at ,muni*1 ,figure #ahe1 f9i%$ 9 #aejg1 we h at once ! d5se/ ( symmetries & ! /yli/ic h&l+ ( all ! figures 9 active & c\nt]pois$ attitudes4 ,9 two ye>s ! process is complete4 ,lat]1 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,fi% & ( ! ,pe>l1 execut$ by /ud5ts1 ,raphael w adopt diagonal arrangem5ts1 he w take up ! old ,circul> =m 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 & w amplify ! simple patt]ns ( ,p]ug9o 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna & ! ,madonna ( ,foligno4 ,! =ms & faces w become grav]1 nobl]1 m mature1 b ! :ole c\rse is fully anticipat$ 9 ! joy\s & lucid ye>s ( exp]im5t f #aeje to #aejg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,raphael4 ,canigiani ,holy ,family4--,muni*4 ,9 t ye> ,raphael pull$ himself toge!r to produce a ma/]piece & signally fail$4 ,s f> he mu/ h seem$ only a *>m+ pa9t]1 a m graci\s ,fra ,b>tolommeo or a m le>n$ ,alb]t9elli1 he w n[ surpass ,leon>do & equal ,mi*elangelo--a p]il\s competition = a man ( tw5ty-five4 ,9 #aejg ,atalanta ,baglioni ( ,p]ugia ord]$ a ,deposition to be set ov] ! tomb ( h] murd]$ son1 ! tyrant ,a/orre4 ,raphael1 9 a !me prop]ly lyrical & pa!tic1 tries to add tumult & drama--tries too h>d4 ,at fir/ he adopt$ a s*eme v simil> to t ( ,p]ug9o's ma/]piece1 ) ! dead ,*ri/ on ! gr\nd1 a quietly m\rn+ gr\p & a spaci\s l&scape4 ,! design is %[n 9 a p5 sket* at ,ox=d4 ,he rejects ?is motive z too quiet & famili>4 ,by successive ef=ts & exagg]ations he arrives at ! picture :i* we n[ see 9 ! ,borghese ,gall]y4 ,figure #ahf4 ,x has become a disagreeable tangle ( legs1 a display ( ov]-muscul> arms :i* support no?+--a welt] ( hi/rionic ge/ures4 ,! clew to ! tr\ble is 9 ! effective b mean+less pose ( ! woman at ! "r1 :i* is borr[$ directly f ,mi*elangelo's ,madonna ( ! ,doni ,family4 ,figure #aie4 ,! l&scape no long] lib]ates ! _s1 b almo/ cr[ds ! figures out ( ! frame4 ,d\btless s self-critical an arti/ z ,raphael le>n$ mu* f ?is failure4 ,x mu/ h %[n him t ! ri* d5sity & measur$ dramatic effect ( ,leon>do 7 n z accessible z he _h ?\ght1 & he accord+ly re/udi$ ! :ole problem ( en]getic monum5tal design4 ,moreov] x %[$ him1 at lea/ = "s ye>s1 t ,mi*elangelo 0 ! wor/ ( models = him & ?rew him back ^u 8 prop] exempl>s1 ,p]ug9o & ,fra ,b>tolommeo--9 %ort1 ^u t native humility :i* 0 at once 8 *>m z a man & 8 /r5g? z an arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,raphael4 ,! ,entombm5t4--,borghese1 ,rome4 ,9 #aejh ,raphael 0 call$ to ,rome ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a =m] ,urb9o fri5d1 ,bramante1 n[ ! ar*itect ( new ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! task set by ,pope ,julius ,,ii 0 ! decoration ( ! f\r new ante*amb]s call$ ! ,/anze4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,mi*elangelo began on ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,?us ! two arti/s work$ )9 two hundr$ feet ( ea* o!r1 b held ap>t p>tly by a natural rivalry1 & ev5 m by ! irascible & suspici\s nature ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,& two ma/]pieces 7 produc$ z f two diff]5t worlds--,mi*elangelo's all tragic & p]turb$1 ,raphael's all hopeful & s]5e4 ,betwe5 #aeji & #aeaa ,raphael frescoes ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura1 mo/ly ) 8 own h&4 ,! s*eme compris$ ! f9e/ lead+ ideals ( contempor>y humanism1 & ! little room is ! mo/ important ( docum5ts = ! /ud5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,religi\s au?ority1 legal ju/ice1 secul> philosophy & sci5ce1 ! arts--su* are ! f\r great !mes imp]sonat$ on ! side walls1 & e*o$ 9 symbol & human illu/ration on ! beautiful ceil+2 ^! are ! props ( a p]fect society4 ,religi\s au?ority & !ology are repres5t$ by ! fam\s fresco call$ errone\sly ! ,dispute conc]n+ ! ,sacram5t1 ,figure #ahg4 ,*ri/1 z ! fully reveal$ memb] ( ! ,tr9ity1 sits 9 a heav5 ray$ & /udd$ ) gold2 beside him sit ! prophets & apo/les--! actual witnesses ( 8 passion4 ,! seat$ gr\p sweeps gr&ly back describ+ a sort ( semi-dome 9 space4 ,bel[ & precisely 9 ! c5tre1 on an alt>1 glitt]s ! waf] :i* 9 ! recurr5t miracle ( ! ,mass becomes ,*ri/'s body4 ,to "r & left ( ! alt> are closely compact$ & agitat$ gr\ps insi/+ on ! tru? ( ! miracle ( transub/antiation4 ,^! are ! m>tyrs & *ur* doctors1 ^? :o aft] ! apo/olic age ei!r 9 exp]i5ce or div9e intuition c]tifi$ to ! c5tral my/]y ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! upp] gr\p is compos$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo & ,p]ug9o1 is a m]e expansion ( ,raphael's fresco at ,san ,sev]o2 ! l[] gr\p is held toge!r aft] ! fa%ion ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,la/ ,supp]1 ! vehem5ce ( ! p>ticul> ge/ures be+ assimilat$ 9 a runn+ balance ( ?ru/ aga9/ ?ru/1 s t ! :ole effect is ( a ri* & en]getic h>mony4 ,! figures !mselves are e/abli%$ adequately1 b 9 draughtsman%ip are inf]ior ei!r to ,leon>do's or ,mi*elangelo's4 ,) ! ?rift9ess ( a born decorator1 ,raphael makes ! figure c\nt 9 its place & beyond t takes no unnecess>y pa9s4 ,x might inde$ be argu$ t ! decoration w\ld be worse z a :ole if ! p>ts 7 m p]fect4 ,f9ally1 note h[ ess5tially classical1 ,roman1 juridical ! motive is2 h[ concrete & mat]ial4 ,raphael seeks to express no?+ m my/ical ?an ! obvi\s equation ( ,*ri/ & ! ho/1 & he m]ely cites a multitude ( witnesses to prove t ! equation is true4 ,?is v simplicity ( motive has ?or\ghly humaniz$ :at might h be5 a t5u\s !me4 ,! picture is a magnific5t conclave out ( _m ages1 a symbol ( ! cumulative spl5dor ( ! ,ca?olic tradition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,raphael4 ,la ,disputa--,! ,tru? ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,fresco4--,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,raphael4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,fresco4--,vatican4 ,on ! opposite wall1 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 ,figure #ahh1 ,raphael pictures a simil> cont9uity ( human ?\ght on ! secul> plane4 ,! ar*$ space op5s into a va/ basilica ^: gods1 repres5t$ z colossal /atues at ! sides1 are ,apollo & ,m9]va4 ,raphael has /udi$ ! ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e & has mode/ly scann$ ,bramante's plans = new ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,he inv5ts a vault$ int]ior m impressive ?an any t man has ev] built4 ,)9 f9ite b\nds he sugge/s ! inf9ity ( ,umbrian space4 ,)\t ! figures1 or ) q o!r figures1 we %\ld /ill h a great picture4 ,b ! gr\p is z nobly dispos$ z ! ar*itecture4 ,y may imag9e a =e%ort5$ r+ ( :i* ! rev]5d =ms ( ,plato & ,ari/otle are ! tw9 jewels4 ,ari/otle at ! "r is 9 ! vigor ( middle age z a sci5ti/ %\ld be4 ,8 disciples cr[d t[>ds him or ga!r 9 second>y gr\ps ab\t "s lead]4 ,sci5ce is social & co-op]ative4 ,raphael puts himself 9 ?is gr\p4 ,plato at ! left is imm5sely old & feeble4 ,speculative philosophy requires only /r5g? ( _s4 ,8 disciples are g5]ally isolat$ 9 p]sonal m$itation4 ,philosophical tru? is arriv$ at n 9 society b 9 solitude4 ,c]ta9 ard5t "y faces recall ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ! con/ruction ( ! gr\p is 84 ,we h l9k+ motives1 l t ( sprawl+ ,diog5es on ! /eps1 curves t repeat or c\nt] ! vault above1 turns & ?ru/s ( bodies 9 active balance1 an en]getic v>iety )9 a s]5e h>mony4 ,! mood is less agitat$ ?an t ( ! ,disputa1 :ile ! composition is fre]4 ,human sci5ce & philosophy are at once less b\nd ?an is !ology1 & move m equably because !y /rive = m readily atta9able ends4 ,l its companion piece1 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns is bo? a citation ( witnesses & a pr(ession ( fai?1 ( fai? 9 ! capacity ( ! human m9d4 ,! fresco ( ,p>nassus repeats approximately ! gr\p+ ( ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 b *anges ! mood to "o ( lyrism1 & %ifts ! sc5e to a hill top4 ,ab\t ,apollo & ! ,muses w&] ! =ms ( ! eld] & rec5t poets4 ,(t5 ! faces are a bit insipid1 b no "o ?9ks ( t1 s easy are ! po/ures1 s graci\s ! :ole effect1 s in/9ct ) ! quiet good bre$+ ( an academic pa/oral4 ,all ! ,umbrian retic5ce & discretion & humility ( ,raphael are 9 ?is beautifully calculat$ "w4 ,x betrays1 too1 c]ta9 om9\s symptoms ( display1 9 ! way1 = example1 9 :i* ! figures at ! w9d[ protrude beyond ! wall4 ,prim>ily ?is is only a way ( s(t5+ two ugly angles ( ! w9d[ op5+1 b x is also a concession to ,mi*elangelo's dang]\s habit ( pa9t+ away ! ar*itecture4 ,all ! =ms h an amplitude & dignity ak9 to t ( classical sculpture4 ,hellas is = ,raphael no long] a f>-away1 inaccessible _w1 z x 01 = example1 to ,botticelli4 ,raphael has effectively recon/ruct$ x1 9 "p by a graci\s act ( intuition1 9 "p by /udy ( ! wall pa9t+s & /atues ( old ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,raphael4 ,prud5ce1 ,temp]ance1 ,=ce--g5]ally call$ ,jurisprud5ce4 ,fresco4--,vatican4 ,! decoration ( ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura 0 complet$ triumphantly ) ! fresco symboliz+ ,jurisprud5ce1 ,figure #ahi1 9 :i* ,raphael inv5ts a new & beautiful compositional =mula4 ,hav+ to deal ) a lunette awkw>dly %ort5$ by ! w9d[1 he us$ ?ree seat$ figures signify+ ! judg+1 re/ra9+ & rew>d+ aspects ( ju/ice4 ,!re is no /rict c5trality & no exact symmetry4 ,! l>ge curves ( ! figures play (f f ea* o!r 9 a cont9u\s rhy?m melt+ into ! b\nd+ curve4 ,"o may conceive x 9 t]ms ( ! gr[? ( plants1 z s _m sprays meet+1 div]g+1 oppos+ ea* o!r1 & all manag+ to con=m to ! l9e ( an ar*4 ,x is a type ( composition t ,raphael w develop ) /ill great] subtlety 9 ! ,sibyls ( ! ,madonna della ,pace4 ,:5 ,raphael f9i%$ ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura he 0 ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s old4 ,8 rema9+ n9e ye>s add$ c]ta9 rem>kable portraits1 ! ,ca/iglione1 ! ,leo ,x1 ,figure #aij1 ! ,=n>9a & ! "y ,c>d9al at ,madrid1 "o sublime alt>-piece1 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna2 a dramatic ma/]piece 9 ! ,transfiguration1 & a few frescoes4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ^! are ye>s ( retrogression4 ,8 popul>ity _h got beyond 8 p[] to utilize x4 ,mi*elangelo 9 #aeab _h unveil$ ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,raphael1 ) all ,rome1 felt qualities ( en]gy & gr&eur :i* he himself lack$1 &1 ) less ?an 8 usual intellig5ce1 began a fruitless emulation4 ,! la/ ?ree ,/anze %[ 9 _! v look t ,raphael is no long] 8 unp]turb$ self4 ,! figures no long] hold up _! place on ! wall1 !y cr[d out t[>d ! spectator appall+ly4 ,! compositions no long] %[ re/ful patt]ns :i* con=m to ! flatness ( ! wall4 ,!re are di/urb+ fla%es ( light & obscure gaps4 ,! figures !mselves are contort$ & vehem5t2 /ra9+ s9ews & knott$ muscles are adv]tis$ = _! own sake4 ,emulat+ ! sublimity ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael only a*ieves s5sationalism4 ,!n he is no long] a pa9t] b a director ( pa9t+4 ,no?+ b ! designs are n[ 8 own4 ,! work+ sket*es & c>toons are by 8 pupils1 :o "w "u ! sway ( a "y ,mantuan ( facile & brutal tal5t1 ,giulio ,romano4 ,"o passes ?r\gh ! la/ ?ree ,/anze ) mix$ feel+s4 ,! high pleasures ( art are left beh9d2 rema9s ! spell ( great p[] & intellig5ce n[ almo/ unt\*$ by ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,raphael4 ,pope ,leo ,x4--,pitti4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,raphael4 ,heliodorus driv5 f ! ,temple by a ,cele/ial ,horseman4 ,fresco4--,vatican4 ,! ,/anza ( ,heliodorus f9i%$ 9 #aead conta9s a sup]bly dramatic fresco ( ,heliodorus1 ,figure #aia1 ?ru/ by a cele/ial horseman f ! temple he w\ld pr(ane4 ,! execution is mo/ly by ,giulio ,romano4 ,raphael himself appe>s 9 "o ( 8 mo/ massive designs1 ! ,mass ( ,bols5a4 ,! !me is a sceptical prie/ p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ! sacram5tal miracle ?r\gh ! ble$+ ( ! waf]4 ,! miracle takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,!re is a weight ( "* 9 ! picture :i* is unique 9 ,raphael's mural pa9t+4 ,! adju/m5t ( masses is 9 an impeccable symmetry all ! m difficult t ! space is irregul> & refractory4 ,! f9e figures t c>ry ! !me d[n into ! n>r[ rectangles alongside ! w9d[ are 9 "p repa9t$ by a "y rival ( ,raphael1 ,mi*elangelo's proteg1 ,seba/iano del ,piombo4 ,! ,*amb] ( ! ,inc5dio1 f9i%$ 9 #aeag1 %[s ev5 m pla9ly ! deva/at+ influ5ce ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,! subject is a fire arre/$ miracul\sly by ,pope ,leo ,,iv1 ,figure #aib4 ,x is a magnific5t display ( poses & anatomy1 an arti/ic %[ w9d[ r ?an a decoration4 ,! eye w&]s 9 bewild]m5t to f9d ! picture & f9ds no?+ b isolat$1 spl5did =ms pos+ sup]bly or simulat+ unfelt emotions4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( decoration1 ! space has be5 sy/ematically violat$4 ,aga9 ! remorseless h& ( ,giulio ,romano is ev]y:]e felt4 ,?is is ! la/ ant]oom ( ! ,vatican :i* ,raphael saw f9i%$1 ?\gh he left to 8 help]s _m sket*es = ! two rema9+ ,/anze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,raphael's ,design execut$ by ,giulio ,romano4 ,il ,borgo4 ,! ,fire at ,rome4--,vatican4 ,9 #aeaf & #aeag ,raphael is sup]9t5d+ half a doz5 great tasks at once4 ,f ! e>ly mon?s ( #aeae he _h be5 ,bramante's successor z ar*itect ( new ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! same ye> he became sup]9t5d5t ( all ar*ological excavations at ,rome4 ,to ^! heavy adm9i/rative *>ges he adds ! decoration ( ! ,f>nes9a1 ! cont9uation ( ! ,/anze1 designs = mosaics 9 ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo1 plans = two private palaces1 sixte5 c>toons = ! ,vatican tape/ries1 & ! prelim9>y /udies = ! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican4 ,he designs half a doz5 great alt>-pieces & pa9ts ) 8 own h& ! ,portrait ( ,leo ,x1 ! m>vel\s ,/4 ,cecilia at ,bologna1 ! ,sibyls ( ! ,pace1 & ! ,si/9e ,madonna4 ,he 0 ri* & belov$1 great nobles press$ him ) social att5tions1 & a c>d9al va9ly s\ght to ally him ) 8 family by m>riage4 ,we c consid] ^! multi=m activities ( ! lat] ye>s only 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,! tape/ry c>toons at ,s\? ,k5s+ton repres5t+ ! miracles ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul complete t magnific5t l9e ( n>rative pa9t+ t beg9s ) ,giotto4 ,raphael works = simplicity & conc5tration & dignity 9 an em95tly classic _s4 ,"o feels ! influ5ce ( ,masaccio4 ,?\gh rudely execut$ to guide ! ,flemi% weav]s & execut$ by ! assi/ant1 ,p5ni1 ! m9d ( ,raphael controls ! =m ?r\gh\t4 ,su* designs z ! ,miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es1 ,paul ,prea*+ at ,a!ns1 ! ,dea? ( ,ananias1 ! ,bl9d+ ( ! ,sorc]] ,elymas are among ! m>vels ( our art4 ,yet _m ( ^! designs are ov]-/udi$1 & few ,i feel fully be> ! comp>ison ) ! be/ ( ,giotto & ,masaccio4 ,a little ov]-emphasis ( /yle recalls ! bitt] ^w ( ,mi*elangelo conc]n+ ,raphael--t he succe$$ n by grace ( nature b by /udy4 ,! frescoes ( ! ,life ( ,psy*e1 9 ! ,f>nes9a1 are beautiful 9 arrangem5t & full ( a robu/ paganism4 ,b ! wall is ov]*>g$ ) ! weight ( figures :i* too (t5 %[ ,giulio ,romano's heavy & insol5t h&4 ,all ! same1 ! :ole effect is graci\s & ! g>l&$ bord]s ( ! coves & sp&rels by ,giovanni da ,ud9e are delightful4 ,to realize h[ mu* ^! frescoes lo/ f /ud5t execution "o has only to consid] ! ,galatea1 ,figure #aib;a1 9 ! same ,palace1 :i* ,raphael pa9t$ himself 9 #aead4 ,x is on ! v]ge ( ov]-rip5ess1 b keeps its sav+ elem5t ( re/ra9t4 ,9 answ] to an inquiry f t great diplomat & g5tleman1 ,c\nt ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 ,raphael wrote t ?\gh beautiful models 7 n r>e1 = ! ,galatea z = o!r figures1 he _h foll[$ only an idea2 & inde$ ! m9d's eye is :at ev] c\nts ) ,raphael4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib;a4 ,raphael4 ,galatea4 ,fresco4--,f>nes9a1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,raphael4 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna4--,dresd54 ,raphael's f9al "w = ! ,vatican 0 ! decoration ( an op51 vault$ ,loggia4 ,he inv5t$ fifty-two little ,bible /ories1 leav+ mo/ ( ! pa9t+ to 8 assi/ant1 ,p5ni1 & he drew ab\t ! ar*es1 pila/]s & w9d[ frames ! mo/ delici\s arabesques4 ,f /udy ( simil> decoration 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus he work$ out a /yle1 crisp1 =mal & sophi/icat$1 & z v>i\s z ,go?ic ornam5t itself4 ,geometrical1 animal1 & plant =ms meet & bl5d audaci\sly4 ,!re is int]play ( spiral & angul> motives1 ! :ole effect is highly playful & +5i\s4 ,! /yle has _h vogue to our own day & /ill speaks to u *>m+ly ( ! uns]i\s side ( ,raphael4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,raphael4 ,! ,transfiguration4--,vatican4 ,p]haps 9 ! h>ass$1 competitive ye>s we h be5 describ+1 ,raphael turn$ occasionally ^u 8 own +5uity1 & refre%$ himself by r5ew+ ^! simple & graci\s modes 9 :i* he _h be5 br$4 ,su* a !ory w\ld acc\nt = ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 ,figure #aic1 & 9 "p = 8 la/ picture1 ! ,transfiguration4 ,! mo/ memorable ( ,raphael's ,madonnas is bas$ on ! lucid symmetry ( ,p]ug9o4 ,al?\gh1 = great] conc5tration1 ! backgr\nd is m]ely a sky1 ! hov]+ figures are easily spac$ 9 ! usual triangle4 ,! effect is ineffably gr& & g5tle4 ,a quiet silv]y cl\dl& is creat$ & fill$ by ! devotion ( ! att5dant sa9ts & ! inspir$ glance ( ! ,virg9 & h] ,son4 ,) all ! res\rces ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,raphael has express$ an emotion z int5se & rev]5t z t ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,x is an amaz+ act ( ! sympa!tic intellig5ce1 = !re is no reason to suppose t ! pa9t] 0 ev] a deeply religi\s _s4 ,almo/ z traditional 0 ! unf9i%$ picture be=e :i* 9 spr+time ( #aebj ,raphael's body lay 9 /ate4 ,! ,transfiguration1 ,figure #aid1 repeats ! me?od ( ! ,disputa4 ,! cele/ial gr\p ( ,*ri/ & ,moses & ,elijah is dispos$ z ,p]ug9o w\ld h c\nsell$1 9 a sway+ triangul> gr\p set be=e ! gulf ( ! firmam5t4 ,raphael pa9t$ ?is "p ) 8 own h&4 ,! l[] "p1 :i* 0 left to ,giulio ,romano to f9i%1 re/s on ! maxims & practice ( ,leon>do4 ,an en]getic v>iety compell$ into a close balance is ! ideal1 a =mal ord] :i* conta9s & s(t5s o!rwise extravagant expressions & ge/ures4 ,!re is p]haps int5d$ n m]ely an illu/ration ( ! ,gospel text1 b also ! contra/ betwe5 t life ( contemplation t[>ds :i* ! s\l aspires1 & t _w ( suff]+ ( m9d & body :i* presses closely ^u our r>e mom5ts ( spiritual escape4 ,ev5 t _w ( facts _h be5 v k9d to ,raphael4 ,x 0 fitt+ !n t 9 8 la/ days he %\ld =get ! haunt+ spectre ( ,mi*elangelo's sublimity1 & %\ld use 8 la/ =ces 9 an imitation :i* 0 a sort ( gratitude to ^? two great ma/]s :o _h set him on ! "r way4 ,"o w\ld l to believe t ! ,si/9e ,madonna & ! ,transfiguration are ! sign t ,raphael :5 ov]tak5 by an untimely dea? 0 purg+ himself ( an unfruitful rivalry1 & becom+ once m ma/] ( 8 own s\l4 ,yet s9ce ev5 ,mi*elangelo %ipwreck$ on ! ,mi*elangelesque1 x is an op5 "q :e!r ,raphael c\ld ev] h p]man5tly recov]$ 8 natural equipoise4 ,h[ev] t be1 ,raphael 9 ! glori\s ye>s f #aejj to #aeab resumes & p]fects e g5tle1 ord]ly1 & reasonable /ra9 9 ,italian pa9t+4 ,:e!r 9 portraiture or n>rative1 9 my?ology or symbolism1 9 pictures ( ! ,madonna or 9 pure decoration1 he gave to ,italian pa9t+ its f9al /amp4 ,he a*iev$ a gr&eur ( space composition ak9 to ! movem5t ( a symphony1 a hidd5 /ructure m appeal+ ?an any sep>ate hue or =m4 ,8 be/ "w re/s on a great humility1 & 8 lat] pride w5t f> t[>ds undo+ him z an arti/4 ,su* pride 0 ! brea? ( life & ! s\rce ( /r5g? to 8 rival ,mi*elangelo1 ! fulfill] & p]fector ( ev]y?+ t _h be5 insurg5t1 unb\nd$ & n q reasonable 9 ! art ( ,flor5ce4 ,by a peculi> irony all t 0 valuable 9 su* trucul5t & self-suffic+ pr$ecessors z ,donatello & ,b]toldo1 ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo & ,luca ,signorelli 0 f9ally conc5trat$ 9 ! small & ill-favor$ body ( a neura/h5ic4 ,!re is ! trag$y ( ,mi*elangelo#fi 9 its simple/ t]ms4 ,a ,titan 9 capacity to feel & "w1 he liv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( suspicion & fe>4 ,?rice he ran away f physical dang]1 once 0 virtually a milit>y des]t]4 ,to unwor?y dep5d5t relatives he gave lavi%ly1 scold+ & frett+ z he gave4 ,he delib]ately affront$ two ( ! mo/ c\rte\s & accompli%$ colleagues1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,p]ug9o4 ,he suspect$ ! wor/ ( 8 graci\s & g5]\s rival1 ,raphael4 ,f a ,roman /udio z unkempt & fil?y z its own]1 he sn>l$ at ! _w & himself l a dog f a k5nel4 ,yet1 note ! p>adox1 ?is sn>l+ is embodi$ 9 f9e poetry1 & ?is hagg>d & m ?an untidy arti/ is ! fri5d ( su* elect spirits z ,tommaso ,cavali]i & ,vittoria ,colonna4 ,transi5t solaces4 ,ne> ! end ( 8 long life he writes3-- 8,alas6 ,alas6 aga9 & once aga9 ,i see my pa/ & !re ,i f9d n "o-- ,9 all1 n "o :ole day t has be5 m9e40 ,^! 7 ! words ( a man :o 0 admir$ l a god & _h a*iev$ a lifework ( unexampl$ copi\sness & a?leticism4 ,! great enigma1 h[ ,mi*elangelo conv]t$ :at are usually weaknesses into s\rces ( arti/ic /r5g?1 may be/ be fac$ 9 8 life & works4 ,he 0 born at ,caprese 9 #adge1 soon tak5 back to ,flor5ce & put to nurse ) a /onecutt]'s wife1 ) ^: milk he lat] us$ to say he suck$ 9 ! mallets & *isels he wield$ s p[]fully4 ,at ?irte5 he 0 articl$ to ,ghirl&aio z a paid assi/ant & d\btless did "s m9or "w on ^? prettie/ ( frescoes 9 ! *oir ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,extricat+ himself f an uncong5ial task1 he became "o ( ! protegs ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 /udy+ ! antique m>bles ( ! ,m$ici ,g>d5s "u ! k9dly guidance ( old ,b]toldo4 ,!re he m+l$ freely = ?ree ye>s 9 ! mo/ le>n$ & g5tle society ( ! "t4 ,he ma/]$ anatomy & modell+1 se>*$ ! compositional secrets ( ,masaccio4 ,soon ,savon>ola's revolution dismantl$ t arti/ic p>adise :i* _h be5 ! ,m$ici ,g>d5s1 & ,mi*elangelo became :at he frequ5tly 0 aft]w>ds1 a fugitive & a solit>y man1 )\t ei!r fix$ fri5d%ips or abid+ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,holy ,family ( ! ,doni4--,uffizi4 ,h[ he made himself great 9 sculpture is n our !me4 ,he 0 ?irty & already ! ma/] ( ! ,david & ! ,piet be=e he began to be a pa9t]4 ,8 fir/ commission1 9 #aeje1 0 = a ,holy ,family1 ,figure #aie1 9 m$allion =m = ,agnolo ,doni1 :o at ! same "t 0 hav+ 8 portrait pa9t$ by ,raphael4 ,! picture z we see x 9 ! ,uffizi %[s a ma/] :o ?9ks 9 fresco4 ,! br[n fle%1 ! dull yell[s & blues ( ! drap]ies c\ld h come f ! ,brancacci *apel4 ,rem>kable is ! complete waiv] ( *>m & sweetness4 ,! sup]b figures are skilfully contort$ into int]e/+ poses1 ! circle is d5sely fill$ & ! few int]/ices left by ! ma9 figures are fill$ ) a?letic nudes4 ,! aim1 :i* is successfully atta9$1 is an au/]e gr&eur4 ,!re is to be no ord9>y human appeal 9 our y\?ful ,"l & 8 p>5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,detail f ,c>toon ( ! ,ba!rs1 by ! contempor>y engrav]1 ,m>cantonio4 ,at ?is mom5t ,leon>do 0 already well advanc$ on ! c>toon = ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d1 treat+ x 9 t]ms ( lit]al n>rative4 ,9 #aeje ,mi*elangelo receiv$ a signal honor 9 ! commission = ! companion fresco1 ! ,battle ( ,pisa4 ,bo? 7 = ! ,hall ( ! ,great ,c\ncil4 ,we c imag9e ,mi*elangelo ca/+ ab\t = a reason to ab&on a n>rative treatm5t & to f9d "o t c\ld be express$ by ! nude4 ,he f\nd x 9 an incid5t 9 ,leon>do ,aret9o's ,*ronicle4 ,x seem$ t ! trumpet f\nd ! ,flor5t9e m5-at-arms ba?+ 9 ! ,arno4 ,"h 0 ! !me ( :at 0 prop]ly call$ ,! ,ba!rs4 ,great muscul> =ms are draw+ !mselves up ! bank1 & are hurry+ into clo!s & armor4 ,we h n a fight1 b its al>m & imm95ce1 a f9e imag9ative sub/itute = ! obvi\s ev5t4 ,! picture 0 nev] execut$1 & ! c>toon1 :i* 0 ! m>vel ( its day1 0 soon de/roy$1 b ,mi*elangelo's sket*es tells u some?+ ( ! composition1 & ! contempor>y engrav]1 ,m>cantonio1 ,figure #aif1 has left u a ma/]ly pr9t ( ! c5tral gr\p4 ,x is pla9 t ,mi*elangelo made a display ( m9ute anatomy t put 8 contempor>ies to %ame1 pla9 also t he subord9at$ ?is feature to monum5tal effect4 ,! failure to execute ! fresco & ! de/ruction ( ! c>toon mu/ c\nt among ! capital losses 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,burd5$ already ) ! impossible task ( ! tomb ( ,julius ,,ii1 ,mi*elangelo 0 call$ to ,rome to fresco ! vault ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,contempor>y gossip believ$ t he 0 propos$ by ! jeal\s & %ifty ,bramante1 ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 9 ! hope ( discr$it+ him4 ,if s1 ,bramante reckon$ ill4 ,at fir/ ,mi*elangelo plann$ a v mode/ s*eme ( colossal figures ( ,apo/les 9 ! twelve sp&rels4 ,soon1 dismiss+ 8 incompet5t help]s1 he attack$ s+le-h&$ ! pres5t great s*eme4 ,he work$ at x f\r bitt] ye>s1 & came out ( x tempor>ily crippl$ & ) eyes di/ort$ f ! con/ant /ra9 ( look+ upw>ds4 ,! ceil+ 0 unveil$ on ,all ,sa9t's ,day ( #aeab & has be5 a port5t ev] s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! two ,we/]n ,comp>tm5ts ( ! ,ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel3 ,god p>t+ ,light f ,d>kness2 ,god creat+ ! ,sea & ,plants4 ,example ( ! ,decorative ,s*eme4 ,ent] ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 turn y\r back to ! ov]:elm+ app>ition ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & y\r eye w naturally seek ! lighte/ "p ( ! ri* decoration4 ,9 a long /rip1 d[n ! c5tre ( ! ceil+1 made up ( n9e oblongs alt]nately l>ge & small1 colossal figures /& out aga9/ ! sky4 ,we see ! drama ( ! ,creation & ,fall ( man4 ,nude titans play ! m9or p>ts 9 s _m simultane\s sc5es4 ,! gigantic1 drap$ =m ( ! ,et]nal dom9ates ! fir/ five4 ,we see him an ag$ a?lete1 an expression ( utmo/ physical =ce1 r5d+ *aos asund] into light & d>kness2 by 8 t\* illum9+ ! sun & moon2 ,figure #aig1 draw+ out ! plants f ! e>?4 ,i "k no m sublime conception 9 pa9t+ ?an ! figure ( ,god assign+ ! oceans _! place1 ,figure #aih4 ,"h is a =m t w\ld weigh tons hov]+ ) ! lightness ( an eagle 9 space1 ) ext5d$ b5efic5t arms z solid z reality b coax$ out ( ! wet pla/] ) t\* & hues z delicate z ^? ( a ,:i/l] symphony4 ,a miracle ( conception & ( workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,god hov]+ ov] ! ,wat]s4 ,%[s ! decorative use ( ! s-call$ 8,slaves40--,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,creation ( ,adam4 ,! eye w dwell longe/ on ! great fresco ( ! ,creation ( ,adam1 ,figure #aii4 ,x is all noble en]gy 9 ! figure ( ,god giv+ life by ,8 t\*1 all noble languor 9 ! relax$ =m ( ,adam only dimly consci\s ( himself & wi/ful4 ,!re c\ld be no tru] or m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! pessimi/ic view t life 0 impos$ ^u ! e>? & br\ght sadness ) x4 ,! titan =m ( ,adam has a s+ul> & enigmatic relaxation4 ,he und]goes a gift he has nev] bes\ght & faces x ) some?+ betwe5 confusion1 mi/ru/ & resignation4 ,p]haps ! spl5did body w\ld h be5 m at ease1 _h ! s\l n be5 add$4 ,s 9 a _s ( ,*ri/ian pessimism ,mi*elangelo repres5ts ,deity %>+ its div9e p[]s ) ! fir/ man4 ,at ! c5tre ( ! ceil+ is ! creation ( ,eve1 aga9 an extraord9>y /udy 9 lassitude1 b ) a significant diff]5ce 9 ! figure ( ,eve4 ,! woman1 ! *os5 receptacle & transmitt] ( life1 accepts ! gift eag]ly4 ,%e presses up to ,god 9 ?ankful adoration4 ,no d\bts or ambiguities "h4 ,& :at a figure--fit to be ! "m ( a race1 exult+ already 9 a fecundity t is to be mo/ griev\s4 ,comp>e h] action ) ! languid & almo/ disda9ful ge/ure ( ,adam 9 ! la/ fresco1 & le>n t if ! _w is /ill peopl$ x is due to ! unreflective & un%ak5 fealty to life ( all ,eve's true daught]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! ,temptation & ,expulsion f ,ed54 ,p]haps ! mo/ decorative subject1 if "o may use ! ^w ( !mes s morally impressive1 is t :i* repres5ts ! s9 ( ! =bidd5 fruit & ! expulsion f ,ed51 ,figure #bjj4 ,! elem5ts ( pa?os :i* are /rong 9 ! /ory ( ,g5esis are abs5t4 ,mi*elangelo has n deign$ to %[ u a habitable or desirable ,ed54 ,we see in/ead ! swiftly *ang+ episodes ( a great doom1 :i* culm9ates 9 ?is sc5e4 ,m>vel\s are ! pair$ gr\ps1 sup]b ! contra/ betwe5 c>eless appetite "u ! tree ( k & utt] %ame 9 ! exil$ pair4 ,"o feels t ,eve1 :o %r9ks mo/1 w soone/ recov]4 ,h] mission is /ill valid 9 ! _w ( s9 & %ame4 ,! composition is ! fir/ "o made up entirely ( nudes4 ,we may pass quickly ov] ! ?ree comp>tm5ts devot$ to ! /ory ( ,noah4 ,! scale ( ! figures1 especially 9 ! ,deluge1 is too small to c\nt at ! di/ance f ! eye4 ,^! ?ree frescoes 7 ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 ! prop] scale be+ arriv$ at ?r\gh trial & error4 ,inh]5tly ! two small oblongs are among ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! ceil+1 hav+ a /yli/ic grace t is less m>k$ 9 ! e>li] m augu/ !mes4 ,) ! *>m ( ,greek intaglios ^! /ories ( ,noah comb9e monum5tality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! ,prophet ,j]emiah4 ,i h tri$ to put myself 9 ! position ( a visitor to ! ,si/9e ,*apel foll[+ ! in/9cts ( 8 eye4 ,at ?is po9t1 hav+ glanc$ ov] ! ceil+1 8 m9d might well come 9 & ask ! mean+ ( a :ole ( :i* he is becom+ dimly aw>e4 ,! n9e sc5es above are simply ! hi/oric axioms ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( r$emption is bas$4 ,! ab/ract sp>s5ess ( ! n9e episodes f ,g5esis is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t !y are less human ev5ts ?an t]ms 9 a great argum5t1 :i* runs z foll[s3 ,we 7 creat$ innoc5t1 s9n$ 9 our fir/ p>5ts1 7 sp>$ 9 ! _w-flood & promis$ ev5tual r$emption4 ,?is prolong$ drama ( r$emption is witness$ by a solemn *orus ( drap$ male & female figures en?ron$ impressively 9 ! sp&rels4 ,"h1 repres5t+ respectively ! pagan & ,hebrew _w1 are sev5 sibyls & five prophets :o _h ! dim b c]ta9 vision ( a com+ ,r$eem]4 ,^! figures z ,haw?orne has well said are 8necess>ily s gigantic because ! weight ( ?\ght )9 !m is s massive40 ,!y brood quietly or sway ) ! burd5 ( ye>n+4 ,!y are magnific5tly drap$ & contra/ mo/ decoratively ) ! _m nudes ( ! ceil+4 ,!y v>y 9 age & disposition4 ,contra/ ! actively inspir$ & y\?ful ,daniel1 or ! fi]y ,eze*iel ) ! pond]\s gravity ( ,j]emiah1 ,figure #bja4 ,:at %ades ( delicate *>act]ization are 9 ! a?letic lovel9ess ( ! ,delphic ,sibyl1 ,figure #bjb1 ! p[]fully conc5trat$ s5ility ( ,! ,cumean ,sibyl1 %e :o pr$ict$ to ,virgil ! new era ( salvation1 & ! ari/ocratic alo(ness ( ! ,libyan se]ess1 ,figure #bjc1 mo/ da9tily prep>+ h] day's "w 9 div9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! ,delphic ,sibyl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! ,libyan ,sibyl4 ,magnific5t is ! indignant sprawl+ =m ( ! unwill+ prophet ,jonah1 rem&$ by ! sea to an ungrateful mission4 ,he is ! active c\nt]p>t ( ! passive ,adam on ! ceil+4 ,he obeys "u prote/4 ,! =m itself1 =e%ort5$ aga9/ ! curve ( ! sp&rel1 is a ma/]piece ( draughtsman%ip4 ,decoratively x is ! l9k betwe5 ! nudes ( ! ceil+ & ! drap$ prophets & sibyls4 ,bel[ ! prophetic figures1 9 ! old] frescoes ( ! side walls1 are set ! =e%ad[+ ( ! "w ( salvation 9 ! life ( ,moses & its accompli%m5t 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 & ! drama closes ) ,mi*elangelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t on ! alt> wall4 ,!re ,*ri/ sep>ates et]nally ! sav$ f ! damn$1 e*o+ ! def9itive ge/ure ) :i* ,god 9 ! adjo9+ ceil+ sep>ates light f d>kness4 ,s ! s*eme closes ) ! inexorable logic ) :i* x began4 ,! decorative task ( ,mi*elangelo 0 to m$iate betwe5 ! prophets & sibyls & ! ceil+ frescoes above1 & likewise to l9k ! great figures ) ! side walls bel[4 ,above1 he set a multitude ( nude =ms4 ,on ! massive sides ( ! twelve ?rones are f\r c>yatids 9 two pairs4 ,at ! top ( ^! pi]s are seat$ ! li! =ms ( nude y\?s1 ,figure #aih1 =ty 9 all1 support+ m$allions & b5t into e conceivable attitude t might set (f ! flexibility & p[] ( ^! sup]b "y bodies4 ,b h[ev] extravagant any s+le pose may be1 x is imm$iately balanc$ by an oppos+ ?ru/ f "s o!r body1 s t ! :ole composition is lock$ toge!r into an active & ?rill+ equilibrium4 ,ev5 ! triangles ov] ! coves are fill$ ) huddl$ nudes mo/ adroitly dispos$ 9 ! n>r[ & refractory spaces4 ,bel[ ! prophets & sibyls1 ! l9k+ motives are made up ( drap$ figures4 ,weake/ are ! c>yatid g5iuses bel[ ea* ?rone4 ,! triangul> splays at ! corn]s conta9 ^? f\r bloody & s5sational acts :i* assur$ ! p]petuity ( ,god's ,*os5 ,p--! ,rais+ ( ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t1 ! ,slay+ ( ,golia? & ( ,holoph]nes1 ! ,hang+ ( ,haaman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,decoration ( ,cove ov] ,w9d[4 ,9 ! triangles ro(+ ! coves & 9 ! lunettes ab\t ! ar*$ w9d[ heads are family gr\ps ( ! ance/ors & precursors ( ,*ri/4 ,figure #bjd4 ,! mood ( anticipation :i* has be5 calm & (ficial 9 ! prophets becomes agitat$1 passionate1 p]sonal 9 ^! half hidd5 gr\ps4 ,s _m pilgrims ( et]nity ye>n = ! fulfillm5t t %all give mean+ to _! w&]+s--a promis$ goal & re/4 ,v subtle & beautiful is ! contra/ betwe5 ! gr\ps sund]$ by ! w9d[ heads1 individually m$itative1 & ^? :i* bl5d _! long+ 9 ! close relations =c$ by ! triangul> coves4 ,:at has begun z noble ab/raction f9i%es 9 t]ms ( almo/ inexpressible t5d]ness4 ,9 color ! :ole gigantic composition is unifi$ by a sonor\s *ord ( yell[ & violet :i* is mod]ately ass]t$ 9 ! ceil+ & pu%$ to ! utmo/ 9 ! sp&rels4 ,( ! color ,john ,la ,f>ge has writt53 8,! unity is s great1 ! balance ( effects s h>moni\s1 t x is only by /udy t we see express$ 9 ! me?ods ( ! pa9t+ ! anci5t rules1 h&$ d[n by practice1 :i* unite ) ! late/ tea*+ ( mod]n sci5tific color+40 ,:at a m9d x took to hold ! tumultu\s & pa!tic details ( ?is great "w )9 an envelop+ ord] & calm6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,9 fram+ 8 great "w out ( nudes reliev$ by drap$ figures1 ,mi*elangelo r5ew$ ! ,grecian practice4 ,precisely ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,si/9e ceil+ & ! metopes ( ! ,p>!non1 or ! frieze ( ,p]gamon1 raises ! "q--,:at does ! nude ( ,mi*elangelo express8 ,i d n f9d 9 x1 at lea/ 9 ! ,si/9e ceil+1 mu* ( t t]ribl5ess1 t]ribilt1 :i* has be5 rem>k$ by critics f ,vas>i to ,h5ri ,beyle4 ,x seems to me r an art ( lassitude & relaxation1 ! reluctantly awak+ ,adam be+ ! clue to ! mood4 ,except = ! ge/ures ( ,god & ,eve1 ! ge/ures & poses are unspecific4 ,! li! bodies ( ! slaves are twi/$ only t !y may atta9 consci\sness ( p[]s :i* h no use4 ,! relaxation :i* m>ks ne>ly all ! nudes1 :e!r 9 ! /ories or 9 ! incid5tal ornam5t1 is n t ( fatigue aft] action1 nor yet t ( prep>ation = an ordeal4 ,9 b>r5 lassitude we h express$ p[]s :i* d n imply action or use1 b brea! a great melan*oly4 ,we are f> f ! spl5dors ( passion & a*ievem5t1 we see humanity confus$ at a fate t calls itself ,god1 a passive factor 9 an arbitr>y process t makes ! glory ( ! fle% a va9 ?+4 ,z a humani/1 ,mi*elangelo ass]ts t fail+ glory1 z a ,*ri/ian he accepts ! no?+ness ( mank9d & ! rightness ( ,god's inscrutable & app>5tly cruel designs4 ,p]haps ! spell ( ,mi*elangelo1 8 /hetic1 to put x p$antically1 is simply ! noble resignation ) :i* ! humani/ accepts ! ,*ri/ian pessimism z reg>ds ?is _w4 ,& "h ,i may note t ,rod9 has significantly %[n t ev5 ! =ms ( ,mi*elangelo are n upris+ & resili5t l ! antique1 b compress$ & yield+ l ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,go?ic sculptors4 ,tw5ty-"o ye>s aft] ! ,si/9e ceil+ 0 unveil$1 ,mi*elangelo began reluctantly ! great fresco ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,figure #bje4 ,he work$ on x = sev5 ye>s1 & x 0 unveil$ on ,*ri/mas ,day ( #aeda4 ,h[ ! *ori/]s _h ! he>t to *ant ! angelic message ( peace & good w be=e x1 ,i _c imag9e4 ,mi*elangelo 0 sixty-six ye>s old1 a disillusion$ & embitt]$ man1 an ali5 9 ! corrupt & pleasure lov+ ,rome ( ,paul ,,iii4 ,he has put into ! ,*ri/ all 8 contempt = mank9d4 ,! ,*ri/ :o e>li] wra?fully hurl$ ! d>ts 9 ! ,umbrian plague bann]s has become a f> d>t+ ,apollo1 ,figure #bjf1 rejoic+ 9 8 dire task4 ,beh9d him ! murky air is full ( hurtl+ contort$ angels1 9 aspect q indi/+ui%able f fi5ds1 :o be> ! implem5ts ( ! ,passion4 ,bel[1 ! j & unju/ rise or fall 9 knots & fe/oons ( wri?+ nude bodies all equally s9i/]4 ,! conception is viol5tly corporeal1 & nev] else:]e 9 pa9t+ has ! human body be5 us$ ) su* +5uity & p[]4 ,b x is a p[] t defeats itself4 ,i believe ! spectator is n s mu* appall$ z confus$ be=e ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,its vehem5ce seems s unreliev$ & ins5sate4 ,if ?is be inde$ ! goal ( mank9d1 no wond] moody ,adam 9 ! ceil+ above faces 8 ,creator ) d\bt & a h9t ( di/ru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,mi*elangelo4 ,*ri/ ) ! ,virg9 & ! ,apo/les4 ,f ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,its %e] display ( =ce won all contempor>ies1 & ! ,fr5* critic & sup]man1 ,/5dhal1 has highly prais$ ! "w = its burn+ en]gy4 ,:ile n %>+ 8 en?usiasm1 ,i gladly ref] ! read] to 8 admirable pages4 ,9 my own op9ion ! creative ardor ( ,mi*elangelo _h wan$ by ?is "t4 ,he (f]s1 in/ead1 8 sple51 :i* is m valuable ?an mo/ m5's g5ius1 & 8 amaz+ te*nical skill4 ,mi*elangelo has become ,mi*elangelesque4 ,t is deplorably true 9 ! frescoes = ! ,paul9e ,*apel :i* 7 f9i%$ 9 #aedg1 8 sev5ty-second ye>4 ,no?+ is left b s5sationalism1 & ! ,pope does well n to exhibit ^! works4 ,z reg>ds humanity1 ,mi*elangelo's ve9 is completely exhau/$4 ,he /ill is capable ( exquisite calculation1 z 9 ! design = ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 /ill reta9s a dmonic capacity = "w & emotion1 b ! sculptor 9 him is ne>ly dead & ! pa9t] completely s4 ,! poet ( ! rugg$ sonnets has sup]s$$ !m bo?4 ,:5 he di$ at #hi1 9 #aefd1 ! little ill-favor$ body 0 honor$ l t ( a k+4 ,8 %e] p[] _h swept ! :ole ris+ g5]ation ( arti/s "u 8 sway4 ,to _! own hurt & to ! bankruptcy ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,su* =ms z ,mi*elangelo's are tol]able only :5 possess$ by t melan*oly poetry ( 8 :i* gives !m mean+4 ,if ! s]5e intellig5ce ( a ,raphael _h n f\nd emotions to fill su* =ms1 if ,mi*elangelo himself 9 8 lat] ye>s falls back on a monoton\s =mula ( t]ribl5ess1 :at hope 0 !re = su* un9spir$ imitators z ! ,v5u/is1 ,volt]ras1 & ,vas>is8 ,"o & all1 !y ent]ta9$ mon/r\s delusions ( ef=tless atta9m5t--clev]ly contort$ _! nudes1 %rewdly calculat$ _! t]rors4 ,& ! ,roman art ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 =gett+ bo? ! wise humility ( ,umbria & ! reasonable pride ( ,flor5ce1 sudd5ly collaps$ 9 ! uglie/ & mo/ irrational o/5tation4 ,mi*elangelo _h pass$--to fulfill & to de/roy4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,,vi ,a ,,contempor>y ,,li/ ,,( ,,great ,,arti/s1 ,,be=e #aeaj ,9 an (fh& m5tion 9 ,! ,c\rti] ,baldas>re ,ca/iglione tells u :o seem$ to be great arti/s to a cultur$ & well-in=m$ g5tleman ab\t ! ye> #aejh4 ,titian _h n yet em]g$ & ( ! old] m5 only ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,mantegna are rememb]$4 ,z s5iors1 !y are ! fir/ m5tion$4 8,aga9 v>i\s ?+s give equal pleasure to ! eyes1 s t we c ) difficulty decide :at are m pleas+ to !m4 ,y "k t 9 pa9t+ ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mantegna1 ,raphael1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,giorgio da ,ca/elfranco are v excell5t1 yet !y are all unlike 9 _! "w2 s t no "o ( !m seems to lack any?+ 9 8 own mann]1 s9ce ea* is kn[n z ! mo/ p]fect 9 8 /yle40 ,! ,book ( ! ,c\rti] by ,c\nt ,baldes> ,ca/iglione1 translat$ by ,leon>d ,ek/e9 ,opdycke1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #ej4 ,,mi*elangelo ,,on ,,r5aissance ,,c\nt]poise ,x is said !n t ,mi*elangelo once gave 8 advice to ,m>coda ,si5a1 8 pupil1 t 8"o %\ld make ! figure pyramidal1 spiral1 7s]p5t9ata7 & multipli$ by "o1 two1 & ?ree40 ,lomazzo ,trattato1 ,milan1 #adhd1 p4 #bc4 ,! pose1 t is1 %\ld be conta9$ geometrically1 %\ld display oppos+ ?ru/s1 & %\ld be ma!matically proportion$ )9 ! inclos+ geometrical =m4 ,,vas>i ,,on ,,! 8,,mod]n ,,/yle0 ,vas>i's acc\nt ( ! ,gr& ,/yle or 8,?ird ,mann]10 9 ! ,preface to ,"p ,,iii 7,de ,v]e's translation1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #gi-he7 is /ill au?oritative4 ,he praises ! arti/s be=e ,leon>do1 b f9ds 9 !m a c]ta9 h>dness1 lack ( f9i% & unc]ta9ty ( proportions4 ,! *ange to ! p]fect mann] 0 caus$ by ! discov]y ( anci5t m>bles4 8,aft] !m ! pr$ecessors ( ,leon>do1 _! successors 7 able to atta9 to x ?r\gh see+ excavat$ out ( ! e>? c]ta9 antiquities cit$ by ,pl9y z among/ ! mo/ fam\s1 su* z ! ,laocoon1 ! ,h]cules1 ! ,great ,torso ( ! ,belv$]e1 & likewise ! ,v5us1 ! ,cleopatra1 ! ,apollo1 & an endless numb] ( o!rs1 :i*1 bo? ) _! sweetness & _! sev]ity1 ) _! fle%y r\ndness copi$ f ! greate/ beauties ( nature1 & ) c]ta9 attitudes :i* involve no di/ortion ( ! :ole figure b only a movem5t ( c]ta9 p>ts1 :i* are reveal$ ) a mo/ p]fect grace1 br\ght ab\t ! disappe>ance ( a c]ta9 dryness1 h>dness1 & %>pness ( mann]4444 ,he m5tions ! contempor>y admiration ( su* precursors z ,francia & ,p]ug9o4 8,b _! error 0 aft]w>ds cle>ly prov$ by ! works ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o1 giv+ a beg9n+ to t ?ird mann] :i* we propose to call ! mod]n--besides ! =ce & boldness ( 8 draw+1 & ! extreme subtlety :]e) he c\nt]feit$ all ! m9ut5esses ( nature exactly z !y are--) good rule1 bett] ord]1 "r proportion1 p]fect draw+1 & div9e grace1 ab\nd+ 9 res\rces & hav+ a mo/ pr(\nd k ( art1 may be truly said to h end[$ 8 figures ) motion & brea?4 8,!re foll[$ aft] him1 al?\gh at "s di/ance1 ,giorgione da ,ca/elfranco1 :o obta9$ a beautiful gradation ( col\r 9 8 pictures 4442 & n inf]ior to him 9 giv+ =ce1 relief1 sweetness1 & grace to 8 pictures1 ) 8 col\r+1 0 ,fra ,b>tolommeo di ,san ,m>co4 ,b m ?an all did ! mo/ graci\s ,rafaello da ,urb9o1 :o1 /udy+ ! lab\rs ( ! old ma/]s & ^? ( ! ,mod]ns1 took ! be/ f !m1 &1 hav+ ga!r$ x toge!r1 enri*$ ! art ( pa9t+ ) t complete p]fection :i* 0 %[n 9 anci5t times by ! figures ( ,apelles & ,zeuxis1 nay1 ev5 m1 if we may make bold to say x1 z might be prov$ if we c\ld comp>e _! works ) 84 ,:]e=e nature 0 left vanqui%$ by 8 col\rs4444 8,9 ! same mann]1 b sweet] 9 col\r+ & n s bold1 !re foll[$ ,&rea del ,s>to1 :o may be call$ a r>e pa9t]1 = 8 works are free f errors4 99 99 99 99 99 8,b he :o be>s ! palm f bo? ! liv+ & ! dead1 transc5d+ & eclips+ all o!rs1 is ! div9e ,mi*elangelo ,buon>otti1 :o holds ! sov]eignty n m]ely ( "o ( ^! arts1 b ( all ?ree toge!r4 ,?is ma/] surpasses & excels n only all ^? mod]ns :o h almo/ vanqui%$ nature1 b ev5 ^? mo/ fam\s anci5ts :o )\t a d\bt did s glori\sly surpass h]2 & 9 8 own self he triumphs ov] mod]ns1 anci5ts1 & nature1 :o c\ld sc>cely conceive any?+ s /range & s difficult t he w\ld n be able1 by ! =ce ( 8 mo/ div9e intellect & by means ( 8 indu/ry1 draughtsman%ip1 art1 judgm5t & grace1 to excel x by a great measure2 & t n only 9 pa9t+ & 9 ! use ( col\rs "u :i* title are compris$ all =ms1 & all bodies upright or n upright1 palpable or impalpable1 visible or invisible1 b also 9 ! highe/ p]fection ( bodies 9 ! r\nd1 ) ! po9t ( 8 *isel40 ,,unity ,,( ,,design ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,! humani/ ,b5$etto ,v>*i1 r5ew+ ! debate :i* ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h />t$ conc]n+ ! relative rank ( sculpture & pa9t+1 s5t ! text ( 8 lecture to ,mi*elangelo & ask$ = 8 op9ion4 ,! sculptor writes 9 #aedi3 8,9 my op9ion pa9t+ %\ld be consid]$ excell5t 9 proportion z x approa*es ! effect ( relief1 :ile relief %\ld be consid]$ bad z x approa*es ! effect ( pa9t+4 ,i us$ to consid] t sculpture 0 ! lant]n ( pa9t+ & t betwe5 ! two ?+s !re 0 ! same diff]5ce z t betwe5 ! sun & ! moon4 ,b n[ t ,i h read y\r book1 9 :i*1 speak+ z a philosoph]1 y say t ?+s :i* h ! same end are !mselves ! same1 ,i h *ang$ my op9ion2 & ,i n[ consid] t pa9t+ & sculpture are "o & ! same ?+1 unless great] nobility be imp>t$ by ! necessity = a ke5] judgm5t1 great] difficulties ( execution1 /rict] limitations & h>d] "w4 ,& if ?is be ! case1 no pa9t] ought to ?9k less ( sculpture ?an ( pa9t+ & no sculptor less ( pa9t+ ?an ( sculpture4 ,by sculpture ,i mean ! sort t is execut$ by cutt+ away f ! block3 ! sort t is execut$ by build+ up resembles pa9t+4 ,t is en\gh1 = z "o & ! o!r1 t is to say1 bo? pa9t+ & sculpture proce$ f ! same faculty1 x w\ld be an easy matt] to e/abli% h>mony betwe5 !m & to let su* disputes alone1 = !y occupy m "t ?an ! execution ( ! figures !mselves4 ,z to t man ,leon>do da ,v9ci :o wrote say+ t pa9t+ 0 m noble ?an sculpture1 z ?\gh he knew z mu* ab\t x z he did ( ! o!r subjects on :i* he has writt51 :y my s]v+-maid w\ld h writt5 bett]60 ,f ,rob]t ,w4 ,c>d51 ,mi*elangelo1 a ,record ( 8 ,life1 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #aiac1 a book :i* f ,mi*elangelo's lett]s gives a v intimate view ( ! sculptor's "*4 ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds ,,on ,,! ,,gr& ,,/yle ,no critic ( art has bett] express$ ! ideal ( ! ,gr& ,/yle ?an ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,i quote f ! ?ird ( 8 ,disc\rses1 9 ! admirable edition ( ,rog] ,e4 ,fry1 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 pp4 #ea ff4 8,e language has adopt$ t]ms expressive ( ?is excell5ce4 ,! gu/o gr&e ( ! ,italians1 ! beau idal ( ! ,fr5* & ! great /yle1 g5ius & ta/e among ! ,engli%1 are b diff]5t appellations ( ! same ?+4 ,x is ?is intellectual dignity1 !y say1 t ennobles ! ,pa9t]'s ,art2 t lays ! l9e betwe5 him & ! m]e me*anic3 & produces ^? great effects 9 an in/ant1 :i* eloqu5ce & poetry1 by sl[ & repeat$ ef=ts1 are sc>cely able to reta944440 ,! gr& /yle is se5 to re/ ^u a sort ( g5]aliz+ t5d5cy4 8,! :ole beauty & gr&eur ( ! ,art consi/s1 9 my op9ion1 9 be+ able to get above all s+ul> =ms1 local cu/oms1 p>ticul>ities & details ( e k9d40 ,! arti/ 8be+ enabl$ to di/+ui% ! accid5tal defici5cies1 excresc5ces1 & de=mities ( ?+s1 f _! g5]al figures1 he makes out an ab/ract idea ( _! =ms m p]fect ?an any "o orig9al2 &1 :at may seem a p>adox1 he le>ns to design naturally by draw+ 8 figures unlike to any "o object40 ,sir ,jo%ua advocates ! /udy ( ! antique1 n to imitate any s+le "w1 b to ma/] ! pr9ciple t und]lies !m all4 8,beauty & simplicity h s great a %>e 9 ! composition ( ! great /yle1 t he :o has acquir$ !m has little else to le>n4 ,x mu/ n1 inde$1 be =gott5 t !re is a nobl5ess ( conception1 :i* goes beyond any ?+ 9 ! m]e exhibition ( p]fect =m2 !re is an art ( animat+ & dignify+ ! figures ) intellectual gr&eur1 ( impress+ ! appe>ance ( philosophic wisdom1 or h]oic virtue4 ,?is c only be acquir$ by him t enl>ges ! sph]e ( 8 und]/&+ by a v>iety ( k1 & w>ms 8 imag9ation ) ! be/ productions ( anci5t & mod]n poetry40 ,,k5yon ,,cox ,,on ,,! ,,classic ,,_s ,! ideals ( ! ,high ,r5aissance are eloqu5tly1 if incid5tally1 def9$ by ! late ,k5yon ,cox 9 ,! ,classic ,po9t ( ,view1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 pp4 #c-e4 8,! ,classic _s is ! dis9t]e/$ se>* = p]fection2 x is ! love ( cle>ness & reasonabl5ess & self-control2 x is1 above all1 ! love ( p]man5ce & ( cont9uity4 ,x asks ( a "w ( art1 n t x %all be novel or effective1 b t x %all be f9e & noble4 ,x seeks n m]ely to express individuality or emotion1 b to express discipl9$ emotion & individuality re/ra9$ by law4 ,x /rives = ! ess5tial r ?an ! accid5tal1 ! et]nal r ?an ! mom5t>y--loves imp]sonality m ?an p]sonality1 & feels m p[] 9 ! ord]ly succession ( ! h\rs & ! seasons ?an 9 ! viol5ce ( e>?quake or ( /orm4 ,& x loves to /eep itself 9 tradition4 ,x w\ld h ea* new "w connect itself 9 ! m9d ( him :o sees x ) all ! noble & lively works ( ! pa/1 br++ !m to 8 memory & mak+ _! beauty & *>m a "p ( ! beauty & *>m ( ! "w be=e him4 ,x does n d5y orig9ality & individuality--!y are z welcome z inevitable4 ,x does n consid] tradition z immutable or set rigid b\nds to inv5tion4 ,b x desires t ea* new pres5tation ( tru? & beauty %all %[ u ! old tru? & ! old beauty1 se5 only f a diff]5t angle & color$ by a diff]5t m$ium4 ,x wi%es to add l9k by l9k to ! *a9 ( tradition1 b x does n wi% to break ! *a940 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,fe> ,an arti/ic collapse :e!r 9 an arti/ or a nation is usually due to a prior collapse 9 morale4 ,flor5ce suff]$ su* loss ( face :5 ! ,imp]iali/s /orm$ ! city & cru%$ ! ,republic4 ,we may /udy ! disa/] 9 ,mi*elangelo's p]sonal case & 9 its effect on ! citiz5ry at l>ge4 ,mi*elangelo 0 milit>y eng9e]4 ,writ+ f ,v5ice1 ,sept4 #be1 #aebi1 he describes 8 des]tion ) s+ul> objectivity3 8,i _h int5d$ to rema9 9 ,flor5ce to ! end ( ! w>1 hav+ no fe>s = my own safety4 ,b on ,tuesday morn+1 ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]1 a c]ta9 p]son came out by ! ,porta a ,san ,nicol :ile ,i 0 engag$ 9 inspect+ ! ba/ions1 & :isp]$ 9 my e> t ,i mu/ rema9 !re no long] if ,i valu$ my life4 ,he accompani$ me to my h\se1 d9$ !re1 br\ght me horses1 & nev] left my side until he _h c>ri$ me out ( ,flor5ce1 decl>+ t x 0 = my good t he s act$4 ,:e!r x 7 ,god or ! devil ,i _c say40 ,f ,rob]t ,w4 ,c>d51 ,mi*elangelo1 a ,record ( 8 ,life1 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #aiac1 p4 #afh4 ,flor5ce suff]$ n f halluc9ations1 z ?is seems to h be51 b f ! humiliation & confusion incid5t ^u defeat & =eign occupation4 ,i translate f ,b5$etto ,v>*i's ,/oria1 ! extract 9 ,ancona & ,bacci's ,manuele della ,lett]atura ,italiana1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ejf4 8,! city ( ,flor5ce :5 h] lib]ty 0 lo/ 0 full ( su* sorr[1 ( su* t]ror1 ( su* confusion1 t x c h>dly be describ$ or ev5 imag9$4444 ,! nobles 7 indignant among !mselves & inw>dly res5t$ be+ scorn$ & vilifi$ by ! l[e/ classes2 ! plebeians 9 extreme ne$1 w\ld n refra9 at lea/ f reliev+ _! m9ds ab\t ! nobility2 ! ri*1 h[ !y c\ld manage n to lose _! prop]ty2 ! poor1 day & night1 :at !y %\ld d n to die utt]ly & ( fam9e2 ! citiz5s 7 dismay$ & desp]ate1 because !y _h sp5t & lo/ a lot3 ! peasants1 mu* m1 because !re rema9$ = !m no?+ at all2 ! prie/s 7 a%am$ ( hav+ deceiv$ ! laity2 ! laity griev$ at hav+ believ$ ! prie/s2 m5 _h become extraord9>ily suspici\s & covet\s2 wom5 immeasurably incr$ul\s & di/ru/ful3 f9ally1 e "o ) l[]$ face & />+ eyes1 seem$ beside himself1 & all )\t exception pallid & bewild]$ fe>$ at all times e sort ( ill40 ,f su* a %ell-%ock$ community z ?is1 no s]5e or noble art 0 to be expect$4 ,x 0 mu* t ,flor5ce 9 bondage /ill c\ld nurture ! exquisitely morbid art ( a ,pontormo & ! ari/ocratic deta*m5t & f9esse ( a ,bronz9o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata4--,h4 ,c4 ,frick ,coll41 ,new ,york4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,,be=e ,,titian ,on ! spl5dor ( ,v5ice--,italo-,byzant9e pa9t]s ( ! #ad? ,c5tury--,paduan1 ,v]onese1 & ,umbrian ,pa9t]s at ,v5ice--,jacopo ,bell9i--,squ>cione's s*ool at ,padua1 ,c>lo ,crivelli--,&rea ,mantegna1 m5tor = ,nor!rn ,italy--,antonello da ,mess9a's ,realism--,! fl[]+ ( ! old ,n>rative ,s*ool 9 ,g5tile ,bell9o--,giovanni ,bell9i--,! backw>d ,viv>9i--,c>paccio & ! end ( ! old ,n>rative ,/yle--,lit]>y backgr\nd ( ,giorgione's ,art--,giorgione ( ,ca/elfranco4 ,:51 ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 a pitiful ?rong ( refugees s\ght safety f ,attila & 8 ,huns 9 ! f5s at ! head ( ! ,adriatic1 !y took ) !m :at 0 left ( ! con/ructive g5ius ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,!y rais$ amid ! lagoons a heal?ful & conv5i5t city1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies became ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,europe4 ,!y develop$ a /rong & wise olig>*y1 "u =ms suffici5tly democratic to satisfy ! p4 ,!y atta9$ an extraord9>y capacity = diplomacy & ov]seas trade--a brilliant comm]cializ$ civilization4 ,secure 9 _! isolation & weal?1 ! ,v5etians m$iat$ ! long /rife betwe5 ! popes & ! ,teutonic emp]ors1 mak+ favorable t]ms ) bo?4 ,v5ice enjoy$ a :olly exceptional political /ability4 ,no o!r commune ( ,europe c\ld h fitt+ly assum$ ! title1 ,s]5issima4 ,h] galleys & sail+ craft pli$ to ,c&ia1 ,rhodes1 ,smyrna1 ,alex&retta1 ,con/ant9ople4 ,d[n ! ,adriatic to ,malta1 h] trad+ /ations %one :ite "u ! yell[ cliffs4 ,h] incom+ %ips br\ght back ! spl5did rugs & silks & embroid]ies f ! ,levant1 ! beautiful pott]ies ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia & di/ant ,*9a1 ! ve9$ m>bles & porphyries ( ,egypt & ( ,i/ria to build into h] *ur*es & palaces4 ,%e 0 a/ute & p[]ful en\gh to div]t a crusade into a plund]+ exp$ition aga9/ h] rival1 ,con/ant9ople4 ,& ?us %e got ! f\r antique bronze horses /ill *af+ above ! portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's & _m a relic ( ! lat] ,byzant9e spl5dor4 ,h] doors ev] op5$ to ! ,ori5t4 ,h] quays sw>m$ ) turban$ trad]s4 ,! ,greeks _h _! *ur*es & confrat]nities at ,v5ice1 & s _h ! ,slavonians4 ,= articles ( luxury ! nor!rn c>avans came to ,v5ice ov] ! ,br5n] to load f ! ,g]man w>eh\ses on ! ,gr& ,canal4 ,s /able1 ri* & pr\d a city 0 s+ul>ly sl[ 9 produc+ its own art4 ,v5ice 0 nev] prim>ily a manufactur+ community1 & f ! fir/ %e expect$ to import mo/ articles ( luxury & display4 ,?us :5 ! manydom$ ,basilica rose ov] ! body ( h] patron1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,v5ice call$ ma/]s f ,con/ant9ople to enri* ! surfaces ) mosaics1 & :51 t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 %e wi%$ to picture ! new ,palace ( ! ,doges1 %e call$ n h] own arti/s to ! task1 b ^? ( ,padua1 ,v]ona & di/ant ,fabriano4 ,h] orig9ality & greatness 9 pa9t+ d n cle>ly ass]t !mselves until ab\t #adge 9 ! "w ( ! bro!rs ,bell9i1 & by #aegg1 ! ye> ( ,titian's dea?1 ! p]iod ( h] arti/ic supremacy has pass$4 ,! :ole developm5t is compris$ )9 a c5tury2 its accel]ation is ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! t>d9ess ( its appe>ance4 ,9 ?ree g5]ations ,v5etian pa9t+ made ! progress t _h requir$ six 9 ,tuscany1 & ! :ole prep>atory p]iod1 :i* 9 ,flor5ce /ret*$ ov] a c5tury & ?ree-qu>t]s1 is includ$ 9 ! s+le life ( su* a ma/] z ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,?is means t ,v5etian pa9t+ foll[$ simpl] & m unp]turb$ ideals ?an t ( ,flor5ce4 ,! composure1 complac5cy1 & self-c5t]$ quality ( ! ,v5etians 0 a s\rce ( /r5g? to _! arti/s & z well a limitation4 ,! city /uck closely to its *ief bus9ess ( ga9+ greatly 9 ord] to live magnific5tly4 ,& unlike ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice int]prets magnific5ce 9 ! mo/ mat]ial t]ms1 9 t]ms ( velvet & ve9$ m>bles1 fair sk9s & lu/r\s hair1 9 fea/+ & measur$ revelry1 grave & g5tle mann]s1 colorful pageantry 9 honor ( ,god1 8 sa9ts & ! ,s]5issima ,republica4 ,y w n f9d poets1 s*ol>s1 sci5ti/s a-pl5ty at ,v5ice4 ,h] pa9t]s h no t5d5cy to be also ar*itects1 sculptors1 ma!maticians1 !ori/s 9 /hetics2 !y /ick placidly to ! ma9 bus9ess ( pa9t+4 ,& p]haps j because ! ,v5etian pa9t] refus$ to be div]t$ f ! problems prop] to 8 craft1 8 progress 0 s rapid & assur$1 & ! ,v5etian s*ool1 simply z pa9t+1 ! mo/ beautiful s*ool ( pa9t+ ! _w has ev] se54 ,x 0 writt5 9 ! lagoon itself t ,v5etian pa9t+ %\ld be a s*ool ( color4 ,long be=e ! m>ble & porphyry palaces & ! %9+ bridges ( ,r5aissance ,v5ice spann$ ! canals1 ! br[n wat] gave its sat9y reflections ( rude hut1 copp]$ galley1 tawny sail1 &1 9 days ( complete calm1 ( ! s]rat$ ivory ( ! ,julian ,alps or ! velvety azure ( ! ,euganean ,hills4 ,z ! city grew palatially1 ! m>ble & gold ( ! palace fronts1 & spires & domes1 ) ! buff & r$ ( so>+ bell t[]s1 fur!r enri*$ ! %imm]+ ( ! lagoon4 ,its wat]s 7 ruffl$ n m]ely by w9ds bl5d+ & effac+ ! weav+ ( borr[$ colors1 b also by ! pass+ ( gild$ processional b>ges ) rhy?mical o>s celebrat+ ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 or ! m>riage ( ,v5ice to ! ,adriatic4 ,a%ore ! spl5dor 0 h>dly less4 ,along ! balu/rades ( innum]able little bridges1 ! rose or yell[ m>ble got an ineffable f9i% f ! t\* ( c\ntless h&s4 ,dusky ar*ways gave ^u c\rts encru/$ ) v>iegat$ m>bles1 porphyry & mosaics4 ,9 ! gloomy /reets1 gay pictorial frescoes enliv5$ ! fronts ( ! less pret5ti\s h\ses4 ,9 ! great ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k & o!r op5 spaces1 (t5 pass$ 9 solemn procession ! religi\s confrat]nities call$ ,s*ools1 ! memb]s g>b$ ) a spl5dor r>e ev5 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re 7 clubs ( "y fops1 n yet brok5 to ! pat]nal comm]ce1 :o gave !mselves to ! inv5tion & display ( ! f9e/ tailor+ & hab]da%]y4 ,& ! unorganiz$ k9dr$ activities ( ! wom5 ( all ages 7 z effective f ! po9t ( view ( social display4 ,su* 0 ! spectacle t ,v5ice (f]$ ! pa9t] = record & ev5 m = inspiration4 ,& ! greatness ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s lay 9 _! capacity to l5d to ?is *iefly mat]ial spl5dor _! own k9d ( ideality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,pres5tation2 ,flight to ,egypt2 ,miracle at ,cana2 ,temptation4 ,f an ,italo-,byzant9e ,alt>-front ( ab\t #acej4--,trie/e4 ,:5 ,v5etian pa9t+ ab\t ! ye> #acej made its fir/ timid ass]tions ( orig9ality1 ! lead+ influ5ce 0 t ( ! late ,byzant9e arti/s ( ! ,slavonian coa/ & ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,we see _! n>rative pa9t+ assum+ a v slightly ,italian guise 9 ! composite alt>-front pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,trie/e4 ,figure #bjh4 ,its date _c be v late 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! /]eotyp$ religi\s compositions repres5t models vividly be=e ! ,v5etian pa9t] up to ! ,r5aissance4 ,su* ,v5etian ma/]s z ,paolo1 active f #accb to #aceh1 & ,lor5zo1 ^: "w falls a g5]ation lat]1 make slight & ext]nal improvem5ts on ! ,byzant9e mann]4#gj ,!y reject its m rigid =mulas--! gold web ov] drap]y1 ! multipli$ small folds1 ! pa9fully s*ematiz$ muscles4 ,!y add on _! own acc\nt radiant blond color+1 spl5did brocades1 m gorge\s fa%ions ( gild+1 & a new type ( ar*itectural arrangem5t4 ,! elaborate alt>-backs ) p]=at$ pila/]s1 & flamboyant ar*es & cre/+2 ) full-l5g? figures bel[ & half-l5g? ( l scale above1 become ! /&>d =m ( ,v5etic ancona ab\t #acej & rema9s s = ne>ly a c5tury & a half4 ,we may see ! =m1 ) ! upp] c5tral panel mod]niz$1 9 ,lor5zo's ,annunciation ( #aceg1 9 ! ,v5etian ,academy4 ,! effect dep5ds l>gely on ! frame-mak]4 ,su* alt>-pieces are made m ?\ghtfully by ,cat]9o & ,donato & inde$ p]si/ 9 all ,nor!rn ,italy until aft] #adej4 ,figure #baa4 ,we may /udy a simil> type ( ancona ) n>ratives in/ead ( s+le figures 9 ! v accompli%$ & colorful "w d\btfully ascrib$ to ,nicolo ,semitecolo1 t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! new c5tury4 ,?\gh ! n>ratives foll[ pretty closely ! old ,byzant9e requirem5ts1 ! :ole surface %[s ! fl[]-b$ v>iety & h>mony ( color :i* is prop] to ,v5ice4 ,su* "w1 z a bl5d ( ,byzant9e & ,go?ic features1 repeats :at ,si5a _h effect$ ) f> great] orig9ality & f9esse ab\t sev5ty ye>s e>li] "u ,duccio & ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,mod5a & ,bologna & ,padua ?r\gh ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury %>e ?is developm5t1 b aga9 on a basis ( r m>k$ inf]iority to ,si5a4 ,! ,v5etian au?orities 7 fully consci\s ( ! backw>dness ( _! own arti/s4 ,:5 ! ,ducal ,palace 0 f9i%$ 9 #acfe1 !y call$ to fresco its great hall n any ( ! v>i\s local foll[]s ( ,paolo & ,lor5zo1 b ,gu>i5to f neighbor+ ,padua4 ,he execut$ ! great ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 :i* 0 lat] damag$ by fire & cov]$ by ,t9toretto's ,p>adise4 ,! tempor>y removal ( ,t9toretto's canvas %[$ = a "t ! crumbl+ rema9s ( ,gu>i5to's fresco4 ,x is 9 an elaborate ,go?ic-,byzant9e /yle & ab\nds 9 incid5tal ar*itectural ornam5t4 ,bel[ ! c]emony ( ! ,coronation !re is a scre5 ( pi]c$ m>ble ni*es occupi$ by graceful angels4 ,x is a motive t w (t5 recur 9 ! new c5tury4 ,on ! :ole ,gu>i5to br+s little new to ,v5ice1 b he does demon/rate ! decorative possibilities ( ! local /yle4 ,8 influ5ce 0 re/rict$ because ! ,v5etians soon ceas$ to "w 9 fresco4 ,! impetus necess>y to lift ,v5etian pa9t+ out ( its r\t9e condition 0 suppli$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ,g5tile da ,fabriano & ,pisanello4 ,g5tile1 :o work$ 9 ! ,ducal ,palace ab\t #adaj1 comm&$ bo? ! exquisit5ess ( ! ,si5ese /yle & its n>rative bread?4 ,unhappily 8 ,v5etian frescoes :i* are laud$ 9 contempor>y acc\nts h p]i%$4 ,8 sweetness & ideality are atte/$ by v>i\s ,madonnas4 ,we may inf] 8 rac9ess & vivacity z a n>rative pa9t] f ! pr$ella ( 8 ma/] "w1 ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 7#adbc74 ,! little panel ( ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple is admirable = its ar*itectural insc5ation & = ! actuality ( its incid5tal figures4 ,we h a man ^: eye takes 9 ! look ( ?+s4 ,?is is ev5 m ! case ) ,pisanello 7#acig-adee71 :o work$ a little lat] 9 ! same hall4 ,he has sev]e notions ( draughtsman%ip1 z befitt$ ! greate/ ( all m$alli/s4 ,he br\ght f ,v]ona1 :]e 8 arti/ic ideas 7 =m$1 ! ideal ( elaborate & cr$ible sett+1 especially z reg>ds ! relations ( figures to ar*itecture4 ,9 8 ru9$ fresco ( ,/4 ,george ( ,v]ona1 ,figure #bji1 we may cat* 8 quality4 ,b ! ,v]onese /yle is really bett] repres5t$ by su* imm$iate pr$ecessors z ,avanzo & ,alti*i]o4 ,jo9tly ab\t #ache !y fresco$ ! great ,oratorio ( ,/4 ,george at ,padua4 ,especially rem>kable are ! leg5ds ( ! titul> sa9t1 ,figure #baj4 ,?r\gh repa9t+ "o may /ill disc]n ! dignity & discretion ( ! arrangem5t1 & 9 p>ticul> ! j & ta/eful elaboration ( contempor>y ar*itectural features4 ,flor5t9e & ,si5ese frescoes ( ! "t are h>dly z accompli%$4 ,! fe/al value ( ! ar*itecture p]si/s z a lead+ ideal ( ! s*ool ( ,v]ona d[n to h] greate/ ma/]1 ,paolo ,v]onese1 & ! ideal 0 tak5 up ) conviction at ,v5ice--became inde$ ! di/9ctive feature ( h] n>rative s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,alti*i]o ( ,v]ona4 ,/4 ,george baptizes ! ,family ( ! ,pr9cess4 ,fresco4--,oratory ( ,/4 ,george1 ,padua4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,pisanello4 ,/4 ,george meets ! ,pr9cess4 ,fresco4--,sant' ,ana/asia4 ,v]ona4 ,jacopo ,bell9i1#ga ! fir/ great pa9t] :om ,v5ice h]self develop$1 0 ! pupil ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano & also pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! ,v]onese4 ,?us he comb9es 9 himself ! two ma9 /ra9s ( e>ly ,v5etian pa9t+--its desire = sweetness & its desire = vivacity & elaborate tru?fulness 9 n>rative4 ,alongside ( ,jacopo ,bell9i work$ ! fai?ful imitators ( ,paolo1 ,lor5zo1 & ,gu>i5to4 ,su* arti/s z ,jacobello del ,fiore & ,mi*ele ,giambono1 :ile (t5 inh]5tly attractive1 are ( small importance4 ,_! contempor>y1 ,antonio ,viv>9i1 ?\gh 9 mo/ ways less s5sitively ! arti/1 prep>$ ! way = ! cons]vative s*ool ( ,murano4 ,antonio's quality is some:at obscur$ by 8 habit ( work+ ) a ,g]man p>tn]1 ,giovanni4 ,yet ! "p ( ,antonio1 z repres5t$ by 8 alt>-piece 9 ! ,vatican1 dat$ #adfd1 ,figure #baa1 seems to h be5 m]ely to build cauti\sly on ! "w ( ,gu>i5to & ,lor5zo4 ,8 nephew1 ,alvise1 & 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,b>tolommeo1 become influ5tial figures t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! hope ( ! future re/$ ) t f> m se>*+ _s1 ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,he gave to art n m]ely 8 own indefatigable curiosity b two sons ( g5ius1 ,g5tile & ,giovanni4 ,all ! lead+ t5d5cies ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance 9 ,v5ice orig9ate ) ?is rem>kable family4 ,we fir/ meet ,jacopo ,bell9i 9 #adbd z an assi/ant ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano & he work$ on till #adgj4 ,! great decorative canvases :i* he made = ! ,ducal ,palace1 & = ! ,s*ools ( ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ h p]i%$1 :ile ! few pictures rema9+ f 8 bru% are mo/ly ( late date & inadequately express 8 ambitions4 ,8 ,madonnas at ! ,uffizi1 ,v5ice1 ,p>is1 & ,milan reta9 ! exquisite sweetness ( 8 ma/]'s ve94 ,_! mode/ grace may be felt 9 ! little ,madonna1 ,figure #bab1 at ,v5ice4 ,( admirable g5tl5ess & _s is ! ornate ,annunciation pa9t$ 9 #addd1 9 ,sant' ,aless&ro at ,brescia4 ,its pr$ella panels1 al?\gh probably ( /ud5t execution1 %[ h[ def9itely 8 n>rative compositions d]ive f ,alti*i]o & ! ,v]onese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,antonio ,viv>9i4 ,/4 ,antony 7poly*rom$ wood /atue7 & ,sa9ts4 #adfd4--,vatican ,gall]y1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,madonna4--,v5ice4 ,b we get ! full /ature ( ! man1 n f ! m9or pa9t+s :i* *ance has sp>$1 b f ! two extraord9>y sket* books respectively 9 ! ,l\vre & ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,"h we trace 8 day by day ex]cises4 ,p]spective is 8 con/ant conc]n4 ,he piles up elaborate ar*itecture ) an extravagance :i* ev5 8 ,v]onese exempl>s nev] v5tur$4 ,! subject matt] gets lo/ 9 ! sett+4 ,! ,annunciation becomes a m]e episode 9 an ar*itectural extravaganza4 ,s does ! ,fea/ ( ,h]od1 ,figure #bac4 ,! build+s g5]ally are ( ornate ,e>ly ,r5aissance type4 ,he loves to adorn !m ) swags & /atues & l[ reliefs4 ,sometimes he sket*es actual ,roman sculptures & co9s1 m$allions1 & inscriptions4 ,he makes /range1 /]n backgr\nds = 8 outdoor sc5es1 ) twi/$ /ratifi$ m\nta9s & /ately di/ant cities4 ,he loves wild bea/s2 draws capital horses = ,/4 ,george or = ,p]seus4 ,he is a bit ( a humani/1 do+ bac*anals1 ) mis*iev\s satyrs4 ,!re are a few f9e portraits & designs = ,madonnas4 ,?us ^! sket*es ) ! silv] po9t & quill p5 anticipate e mode ( ! next g5]ation--! n>rative /yle1 ! alt>-piece1 ! pa/oral my?ology4 ,"o feels 9 ! sket* books a nature r al]t & curi\s ?an ?or\gh--a c]ta9 lack ( conc5tration & real s]i\sness4 ,b ! sket*es ev9ce an inexhau/ible fancy1 & if !y are ev] publi%$ *eaply1 !y %\ld rival 9 popul>ity ! mo/ lov$ picture-books ( fairyl&4 ,jacopo 0 n only a v]satile b a travell$ arti/4 ,active = a "t at ! brilliant c\rt ( ,lionello d',e/e at ,f]r>a1 he _h also visit$ ,flor5ce & probably ,rome4 ,b 8 mo/ important move z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( art1 0 to ,padua1 ab\t #adec4 ,!re ! :ole c\rse ( ,v5etian pa9t+ 0 %ap$ by ! app>5tly casual fact t an au/]e "y pa9t] nam$ ,&rea ,mantegna fell 9 love ) ,jacopo's daught]1 ,niccolosia1 & m>ri$ h]4 ,?r\gh t alliance1 ! mo/ =midable ( bro!rs-9-law became ! arti/ic m5tor ( ,g5tile & ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,h]od 79 upp] "r loggia74--,f ! ,p>is ,sket* ,book4 ,= a mom5t1 inde$1 ,padua & ,mantegna q efface ,v5ice 9 int]e/4 ,= t5 ye>s be=e ?is lucky m>riage1 ,padua _h be5 ! sc5e ( int5se arti/ic activity4 ,donatello1 ! mo/ p[]ful reali/ sculptor ( ,flor5ce1 0 at "w on ! bronze reliefs = ! alt> ( ,sant' ,antonio1 & on ! ,gattamelata /atue4 ,he gave "y ,mantegna a /rong impulse 9 ! direction ( con/ructive realism4 ,su* ,flor5t9e reali/s z ,paolo ,uccello & ,fra ,filippo ,lippi 7 also transi5t visitors at ?is "t4 ,& ,padua1 ev] an academic city1 saw ! fir/ sy/ematic art s*ool />t$ by a %rewd & able ma/]1 ,francesco ,squ>cione4 ,squ>cione collect$ ,roman m>bles & bronzes1 conc]n$ himself ) ! new my/]ies ( p]spective1 =e%ort5+ & precise anatomy4 ,he made 8 /ud5ts acquire a l9e ) ! resili5cy ( bronze4 ,he made !m copy m9utely ve9$ m>bles & sculptur$ reliefs4 ,he insi/$ t e picture %\ld h g>l&s ( laurel mix$ ) vegetables & fruits4 ,! :ole surface _h to be br\ght to ! lu/r\s surface ( an enamel4 ,sev]e tea*+ usually attracts good pupils4 ,s x 0 9 ,squ>cione's case2 he _h scores ( pupils f all ( ! ,v5etic region & ev5 f ,dalmatia beyond ! ,adriatic4 ,he 0 too s5sible to pa9t mu* himself2 x didn't pay s successful a tea*]4 ,s ! few pictures ascrib$ to him are ei!r ( small importance or ( dubi\s au!nticity4 ,b 8 /amp is on all 8 pupils4 ,:at 8 tea*+ meant may be grasp$ 9 e>ly ,mantegna & ev5 bett] 9 a pa9t] :o nev] emancipat$ himself--,c>lo ,crivelli1 ( ,v5ice1 8,eques ,aureatus40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,c>lo ,crivelli4 ,madonna4 ,angels be>+ ,symbols ( ! ,passion4--,v]ona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,c>lo ,crivelli4 ,piet4--,bo/on4 ,crivelli's#gb fame 0 great b prov9cial4 ,orig9ally mo/ ( 8 alt>-pieces adorn$ *ur*es ( ! ,adriatic ,m>*es4 ,doz5s h pass$ !nce to ! museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,"o & all !y seem less pa9t$ ?+s ?an ! mo/ spl5did ( m9]al productions4 ,x is incr$ible t m]e bru% & pa9t c a*ieve s t5se a l9e & su* jewel-l surfaces4 ,entirely typical is an e>ly ,madonna1 at ,v]ona1 ,figure #bad4 ,! great ancona ( #adgf 9 ! ,national ,gall]y %[s him fai?ful to ! arrangem5ts ( ! e>ly ,v5etians4 ,! ,annunciation1 9 ! same gall]y1 pa9t$ t5 ye>s lat]1 reveals him affect$ by ! n>rative tradition ( ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,9 ,am]ica f9e ,piets at ,bo/on1 ,figure #bae1 ,new ,york1 & 9 ! ,johnson ,collection1 ,philadelphia1 exemplify 8 rectitude & en]gy4 ,:ile ,mrs4 ,g>dn]'s ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 z ! mo/ fa/idi\s ( fairy tales1 consoles u = ! abs5ce ( ?is subject among ! few pictures ( ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,f 8 beg9n+s ab\t #adfj to 8 dea? 9 #adic1 ,c>lo ,crivelli rema9$ true to 8 e>ly tea*+4 ,:oev] und]/&s 8 works has little ne$ to consult fur!r ! entirely simil> a*ievem5t ( su* great ,f]r>ese pa9t]s z ,m>co ,zoppo 7#addj ca4-#adih7 & ,cosimo ,tura 7#adcj ca4-#adie74 ,! influ5ce ( ,squ>cione pass$ to ! cons]vative pa9t]s at ,v5ice1 & influ5c$ ! entire ,murano s*ool4 ,we h a respl5d5t ma/]piece ( ?is sort 9 ! s+le kn[n "w ( ,antonio da ,negroponte1 ,figure #baf1 9 ,san ,francesco della ,vigna1 at ,v5ice4 ,x comb9es ) its evid5t ,squ>cionesque features1 ! magnific5ce ( ! old ,go?ic-,byzant9e /yle1 & mu* ( ! sweetness ( ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,its date is ab\t #adej1 & ! picture is an excell5t po9t ( dep>ture = our und]/&+ ( ! radical re=m t came into ,v5ice & all ,lomb>dy ) ! activity ( ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,fra ,antonio da ,negroponte4 ,madonna4--,s4 ,francesco della ,vigna4 ,born 9 #adca at ,vic5za1 we f9d ,mantegna#gc enroll$ at ! t5d] age ( ?irte5 9 ! pa9t]s' guild at ,padua4 ,he is describ$ z an adoptive son ( ,squ>cione4 ,mantegna 0 sc>cely tw5ty-f\r :5 he engag$ ) o!r fell[ pupils to decorate a *apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,eremitani1 ! subject be+ ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,9 ! six panels assign$ to ,mantegna1 8 quality & sup]iority are already manife/4 ,8 /yle is sev]ely ar*ological & ,roman4 ,he endeavors hone/ly to recon/ruct ! times ( ! apo/les4 ,b 8 me?od is m sev]e ?an t ( ! ,romans !mselves4 ,! l9e moves ) ! sl[ au?ority ( an engrav$ cont\r4 ,! relief is dry & h>%4 ,!re is little s5se ( diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ =ms & sculptur$ figures4 ,! l&scape is built 9 spiral /rata z if work$ out ( metal4 ,"h transpires cle>ly ! influ5ce ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 :i* is z evid5t also 9 ! ornate ar*itectural sett+s4 ,! colors are at once dull & g>i%1 ! textures scrupul\sly /udi$ aft] ,squ>cione's precepts4 ,a mo/ /r5u\s art ?is1 & ) all its p$antry full ( p[] & dignity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,mantegna4 ,/4 ,james l$ to ,execution4 ,fresco4--,eremitani1 ,padua4 ,c]ta9 innovations 9 p]spective %\ld be not$4 ,9 ! fresco1 ,/4 ,james l$ to ,execution1 ,figure #bag1 ,mantegna avoids ! usual conv5tional p]spective1 :i* tilts ! picture t[>ds ! spectator2 & treats ! gr\p z if x 7 on an actual /age set at ! height ( ! fresco4 ,?us no gr\nd is se52 ! project+ floor cuts (f ! feet ( ! figures2 & all vani%+ po9ts are precisely set at ! level ( ! spectator's eye bel[4 ,! aim is to create illusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,madonna ) ,sa9ts4--,san ,z5o1 ,v]ona4 ,be=e ! completion ( ! ,eremitani frescoes1 ,mantegna _h m>ri$ ,niccolosia ,bell9i1 _h pr(it$ l>gely by h] fa!r's advice1 & _h influ5c$ /rongly h] two bro!rs1 ,g5tile & ,giovanni4 ,!y seem to h be5 ! fir/ eag] pupils ( ! man :o 0 soon to be ! arti/ic s*oolma/] = all ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,two ye>s aft] 8 m>riage1 9 #adee1 ,mantegna lib]at$ himself f legal bondage to ,squ>cione1 & soon aft] began ! ma/]piece ( 8 develop$ ,r5aissance /yle1 ! alt>-back = ,san ,z5o ,maggiore at ,v]ona1 ,figure #bah4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 #adei1 ! arti/ be+ tw5ty-eight ye>s old4 ,x is a little ov]-ri*1 f9i%$ ?r\gh\t l a m9iature1 & v /ately4 ,9 arrangem5t x obeys ! arti/'s new law ( illusion4 ,! base ( ! picture is precisely at ! level ( ! eye1 s no floor is se54 ,! c>v$ classical frame is reg>d$ z ! front ( an actual pavillion :i* is cont9u$ 9 pa9t4 ,)\t ! frame1 ! ar*itectural p]spective ( ! picture w\ld n expla9 itself1 & if ! picture 7 set high] or l[] all ! p]spective relations w\ld be wrong4 ,at ,si5a1 a c5tury & m e>li]1 ! ,lor5zetti _h devis$ ?is motive ( an op5 box ( :i* ! frame is ! pla/ic front4 ,mantegna made ?is sort ( illusionism /&>d = ,v5ice & all ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,its value is op5 to "q1 b ,i believe t ! monum5tal alt>-pieces ( ,mantegna & ,giovanni ,bell9i ga9 some?+ 9 gravity & /ability f ?is c>eful adju/m5t ( ! p]spective to ! actual position ( ! spectator4 ,at any rate x 0 ! rigid logic & probity ( ,mantegna t gave to ,v5etian art precisely ! tonic /imulus x ne$$4 ,by ?irty he 0 fam\s1 & yield+ to repeat$ p]suasion1 he left ,padua = ,mantua & ! c\rt ( ! mo/ g5]\s art patrons ( ! mom5t1 ! ,gonzagas4 ,8 mo/ notable "w = !m 0 ! decoration ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 #adgd1 9 _! great palace1 & ! canvases ( ! triumphs ( ,cs>1 #adha to #adid1 :i*1 sadly damag$ & repa9t$1 are n[ se5 at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,! two s]ies repres5t /rik+ly ! dual & nev] completely h>moniz$ /ra9s 9 ,mantegna's g5ius--realism & ar*aism4 ,he 0 nev] m ! reali/ ?an 9 ! room decorat$ 9 honor ( ! m>riage ( ,lodovico ,gonzaga & ,b>b>a ( ,br&5burg1 ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi4 ,! motives are :olly novel--no religi\s subjects1 no?+ my?ological1 j ! ,gonzaga family & _! c\rti]s1 sitt+ 9 conv]sation1 meet+ c]emoni\sly1 or prep>+ = ! hunt4 ,n[h]e be=e _h su* a consi/5t use ( ! pr9ciple ( illusionism be5 made1 n ev5 9 ,roman mural pa9t+ ( ! ,anton9e age4 ,mantegna has completely pa9t$ away ! real walls ( ! room1 & has replac$ ! real ar*itecture by a simulat$ classical pavillion1 ) arcades look+ out to ! c\ntry side & a r\nd op5+ above4 ,all ! figures are out ( doors4 ,to see ! s*eme prop]ly y mu/ /& precisely 9 ! c5tre ( ! room & turn on y\r heel4 ,! arrangem5t 9 %ort is p]iscopic4 ,z y look up y w see a balcony ) cupids1 ,figure #bai1 /&+ on ! outside l$ge & maids ( honor & peacocks look+ d[n ov] ! balu/rade4 ,y see ev]y?+ feet =emo/ z if x 7 actually !re4 ,!n y look out ?r\gh ! arcades :]e ! view ( outside do+s is sometimes int]rupt$ by a curta94 ,g5]ally x is drawn aside t y may see ^! great folk at ease outside _! pleasure h\se1 ,figure #bbj4 ,! portraits are ( utmo/ dignity & au?ority4 ,9 deal+ ) real p ,mantegna's /yle is less p9*$ ?an 9 8 classical decorations4 ,if ,i h insi/$ on ! po9t ( illusionism1 x is only because ! audaci\s logic ( ,correggio & a ho/ ( b>oque foll[]s = a c5tury & m really gr[s out ( ?is s*eme at ,mantua4 ,y w see ! op5 well ) figures outside ! p>apet 9 ,correggio's dome at ,p>ma1 & ! figures outside ! pa9t$ ro( 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,paolo4 ,inde$1 y h only to let ! cl\ds come d[n ?r\gh su* op5 ro(s & seat decorative figures on ! cl\ds to arrive at ! fully develop$ b>oque /yle4 ,& x is odd en\gh t its mo/ romantic extravagances are cle>ly d$ucible f ?is r sob] & p$antic illusionism ( ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,mantegna4 ,detail ( ,ceil+4--,cam]a degli ,sposi1 ,mantua4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,mantegna4 ,portraits ( ! ,gonzaga ,family4 ,fresco4--,cam]a degli ,sposi1 ,mantua4 ,( ! pa9t$ clo?s repres5t+ ! ,triumphs ( ,cs>1 ,figure #bba1 7#adhd-adib71 n9e rema9 9 debas$ condition at ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,engl&4 ,"h ! classicism ( ,mantegna f9ds its mo/ legitimate expression4 ,! designs are bett] se5 9 ! engrav+s ( 8 s*ool & 9 ! lat] woodcut copies by ,&re9i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,mantegna4 ,triumph ( ,cs>4--,hampton ,c\rt1 ,engl&4 ,despite su* great commissions1 ,mantegna liv$ 9 some?+ ne> pov]ty4 ,he c\ld nev] resi/ a beautiful antique1 & he 0 pr\d & difficult 9 8 relations to exact+ patrons4 ,8 /yle aft] 8 ,roman visit ( #adhh to #adij loses some?+ ( its t5sion & develops bread?4 ,p]haps ! mo/ impressive picture ( ?is "t is ! ,madonna ( ,victory1 ,figure #bbb1 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #adie to celebrate ,gianfrancesco ,gonzaga's drawn battle ) ! ,fr5* at ,=novo4 ,its sev]ity is mollifi$ by ! graci\sness ( ! ev]gre5 b[] 9 :i* ! gr\p is set & by ! contra/+ s]i\sness ( ,/4 ,elizabe? & ! kneel+ donor4 ,^! figures =eca/ a my/ical & t5d] quality 9 c]ta9 ( ! lat] ,madonnas4 ,9 8 la/ ye>s ,mantegna und]took an attractive b difficult task 9 decorat+ ! /udy ( ! fam\s blue/ock+1 ,isabella d',e/e1 wife ( ,gianfrancesco4 ,) ! p]t9acity ( a suffragette born out ( due "t1 ?is great lady fram$ ! mo/ elaborate writt5 programmes1 ^u ! lit]al accompli%m5t ( :i* %e insi/$4 ,h] correspond5ce ) su* un=tunate protegs z ,p]ug9o & ,lor5zo ,co/a is among ! delightful ecc5tricities ( ,r5aissance annals4 ,! resultant decorations reflect ! sophi/icat$ & some:at brittle grace ( ,isabella's own p]sonality4 ,none are bett] ?an ^? ( ,mantegna :i* 7 done ab\t ! ye> #aejj4 ,8 ,p>nassus1 ,figure #bbc1 ) its romantically picturesque gods & godesses1 & its admirable r\nd ( danc+ muses1 is ! be/ t ,nor!rn ,italy c %[ 9 comp>ison ) ,botticelli's my?ologies1 unless x be ! companion piece1 ,m9]va expell+ ! ,vices1 ,figure #bbd1 :i* is wond]ful alike 9 en]gy1 inv5tiv5ess & grotesque humor1 anticipat+ 9 its mood simil> ref9em5ts 9 ,sp5s]'s 8,fa]ie ,que5e0 & ,milton's 8,comus40 ,mantegna 9 ^! works becomes ! true precursor ( t poetic pa/oralism :i* 9 ,giorgione soon dom9ates ! ,v5etian sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,mantegna4 ,madonna ( ,victory4--,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,mantegna4 ,p>nassus4--,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,mantegna4 ,m9]va ,expell+ ! ,vices4--,l\vre4 ,mantegna liv$ on1 none too well treat$ by ! y\ng] ,gonzagas1 until #aejf4 ,to relieve 8 pov]ty he (f]$ = sale 8 mo/ treasur$ m>ble1 an ,agripp9a4 ,he left 9 8 /udio 8 mo/ rigid & pa9ful piece1--! ,=e%ort5$ ,*ri/ he call$ x4 ,all 8 probity is 9 ! picture4 ,= ,giovanni ,bell9i & o!rs x s]v$ z ! highe/ model ( ! tragic /yle1 & x refutes ! %all[ views ( su* z f9d ,mantegna m]ely academic & cold4 ,he left _m engrav+s & m>vell\s draw+s 9 :i* p]haps bett] ?an 9 ! pa9t+s we may feel ! exquisit5ess ( 8 au/]ely fa/idi\s ta/e4 ,su* a draw+ z ! ,judi? 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #bbe1 is an epitome ( all t ,mantegna _h to bequea? to ! ,r5aissance4 ,well 8 contempor>ies knew ! value ( 8 example4 ,x rebuk$ ! slackness ( _! own practice4 ,alongside ! exquisitely modell$ foot ( 8 ,/4 ,seba/ian 9 ! ,l\vre1 /&s ! sev]$ m>ble foot f a ,greek /atue4 ,z he ev] measur$ 8 "w aga9/ ! antique1 s ! pa9t]s ( ,milan1 ,vic5za1 ,f]r>a1 ,v]ona & ,v5ice _h to measure _! "w aga9/ 84 ,& t simple act ( hone/ comp>ison 9 a s+le g5]ation fur!r$ ! art ( ,nor!rn ,italy to a degree t 9 ,tuscany x _h tak5 a c5tury to atta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,judi?4 ,wa% ,draw+4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4--;,antonello da ,mess9a4 ,! ,condotti]e4--,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,antonello da ,mess9a4 ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,/udy4--,london4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,mantegna's influ5ce 0 at its height1 x 0 happily modifi$ 9 a reali/ic direction by ! adv5t ( ,antonello da ,mess9a4#gd ,despite rec5t discov]ies1 ! c>e] ( ?is great ,sicilian reali/ rema9s obscure4 ,vas>i imag9$ him a travel] 9 ,fl&]s & a direct pupil ( ,jan van ,eyck1 ^: inv5tion ( oil pa9t+ he 0 believ$ to h adopt$4 ,! leg5d is ?or\ghly discr$it$ by newly discov]$ docum5ts4 ,antonello came up 9 ,sicily "u ! influ5ce ( visit+ ,spani% ma/]s4 ,f !m he caught at second h& ! po9t ( view ( ,nor!rn realism1 f !m he le>n$ ! advantages ( ! m fluid & lu/r\s oil vehicle4 ,b he mu/ also h se5 & c>efully /udi$ f9e pa9t+s ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,!re 7 su* 9 ,sicily & at ,naples4 ,antonello em]ges ab\t #adgj z ! mo/ en]getic & tru?ful draughtsman ( 8 "t1 & a portraiti/ ( p[]ful "* equipp$ ) a new & bett] te*nique4 ,9 #adge he 0 9 ,v5ice & ,lomb>dy4 ,su* portraits z ! capta9 ( m]c5>ies1 ,il ,condotti]e1 ,figure #bbf1 at ! ,l\vre1 imm$iately set ! /&>d = ! entire region4 ,we no long] f9d flat pr(iles1 b heads p]fectly drawn 9 ?ree-qu>t]s aspect1 modell$ m9utely1 b ) no loss ( "* & effect4 ,no su* eye z ,antonello's1 unless x 7 t ( ,pi]o della ,francesca1 _h z yet appli$ itself to ! problems ( pa9t+4 ,:e!r 9 ! nude1 9 8 ,/4 ,seba/ians & ,crucifixions1 or 9 8 r>e int]iors1 su* z ! ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,/udy1 ,figure #bbg1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 he ann\nc$ new p]fections 9 light+1 modell+ & p]spective4 ,he pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,cassiano at ,v5ice a /ately & massive ,madonna :i* l$ ! local pa9t]s 9 ! direction ( mass & monum5tality4 ,rec5t criticism has recognis$ ! mutilat$ c5tral panel 9 ! ,vi5na gall]y4 ,antonello's "w imposes itself prim>ily by its m]e int5sity ( exi/5ce4 ,x has no *>m1 & no especial emotion4 ,precisely ?is imp]sonality makes x an admirable & safe model4 ,be=e 8 com+ ! ,v5etians _h exp]im5t$ ) oil m$iums1 b !y gladly adopt$ 8 lu/r\s enamels1 & /rong %ad[s4 ,he return$ soon to 8 native ,sicily1 :]e he di$ 9 #adgi1 b 8 brief soj\rn 9 ! ,nor? _h left its /amp4 ,montagna ( ,vic5za1 ,cima ( ,conegliano1 ,buonsignori ( ,v]ona1 ,alvise ,viv>9i ( ,v5ice are among 8 consci\s emulators1 & all ! figure pa9t+ ( ,v5ice assumes new gravity & au?ority4 ,& we may m>k 8 influ5ce ev5 9 ! lead+ ma/]s ( ! new s*ool1 ,g5tile & ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,! t>dy em]g5ce ( ^! two bro!rs ( g5ius is "o ( ! puzzles ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,nei!r makes any impression till he is 9 8 =ties1 & _! "w has no directive influ5ce till aft] #adhj4 ,! simple/ explanation is t ( ,mr4 ,b]5son4 ,he sugge/s t ! bro!rs loyally cont5t$ !mselves ) ! position ( p>tn]s 9 _! fa!r's bottega until 8 dea? 9 #adgj4 ,f t mom5t _! progress is swift4 ,giovanni enl>ges ! /yle ( ! alt>-piece 9 a ,r5aissance & monum5tal s5se1 & lat] moves gradually 9 a pa/oral direction4 ,g5tile br+s to its p]fection ! complicat$ n>rative /yle ( 8 fa!r4 ,bo? pa9t admirable portraits4 ,s9ce ,g5tile is less an innovator ?an a p]fector ( an e/abli%$ mode1 we may well beg9 ) him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,sultan ,mahomet ,,ii4--,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,a ,turki% ,y\?4 ,m9iature4--,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,bo/on4 ,su* e>ly works z ! organ %utt]s ( ,/4 ,m>k's & ! processional bann] ) ! portrait ( ! ,bless$ ,lor5zo ,giu/9iani1 #adfe1 %[ t he bas$ himself on ,mantegna4 ,8 c>e]1 h[ev]1 is associat$ ) n>rative mural pa9t+s = ! s*ools1 9 :i* "w he developes a real orig9ality4 ,:atev] he pa9t$ 9 #adff = ! ,great ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 soon de/roy$ 9 a fire4 ,x 0 presumably ! fame ( ^! canvases t got him 9 #adfi ! titles ( knight & c\nt palat9e4 ,9 #adgi1 be+ fifty ye>s old1 he 0 call$ to ,con/ant9ople to s]ve t cruel voluptu>y1 ,sultan ,mahomet ,,ii4 ,g5tile's portrait ( him1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,figure #bbh1 is an appall+ piece ( exact *>act]ization4 ,"o feels ! malignity ( a "* s(t5$ by vices1 b reta9+ all m5tal lucidity & capacities = bo? cruelty & calculat$ self-indulg5ce4 ,a m amiable s\v5ir ( ?is trip is ! exquisite m9iature portrait ( a "y ,moslem pr9ce1 ,figure #bbi1 :i* is at ,f5way ,c\rt4 ,g5tile br\ght back to ,v5ice ! new title ( ,pa%a4 ,we d n f9d him ab\t 8 prop] "w until #adib1 :5 he agrees to d 8n = money b by sup]human inspiration0 ! new canvases necessitat$ by ! fire 9 ! ,great ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,! greate/ ( ^! is ! view ( ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k's ) ! procession made by ! ,s*ool itself on ,corpus ,*ri/i day1 ,figure #bcj4 ,9 ! c5tre is _! v5]at$ relic ( ! ,true ,cross4 ,ab\t x att5tion is fix$ & almo/ milit>y1 relax+ gradually at ! sides4 ,!re are hundr$s ( figures & scores ( portraits 9 ! picture1 yet !re is no smallness ( pres5tation4 ,su* eighte5? c5tury t[n pa9t]s z ,canale & 8 foll[]s c\ld h>dly improve ^u ! tru?fulness ( ! sc5e z reg>ds light & air ev54 ,its value z record is imm5se4 ,&1 b>r+ a c]ta9 /iffness1 its value z art is h>dly less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,corpus ,*ri/i ,procession 9 ,piazza ( ,s4 ,m>co4--,v5ice4 ,ano!r panel f ?is s]ies %[s ,g5tile's really great capacity z an out-(-doors pa9t]4 ,x repres5ts ! miracul\s recov]y ( ! reliqu>y ( ! cross :i* _h fall5 into ! canal4 ,h[ p]fectly ! play ( light ov] ! encru/$ & pla/]$ palaces is felt1 its %imm] ^u ! smoo? wat] & ?r\gh ! mov+ cr[ds6 ,9 ! ess5tials ( ple9-airisme we mod]ns h n s mu* surpass$ ?is "w4 ,& if ,g5tile seems aft] all n q a great arti/1 x is due to t impassivity :i* is prop] to a lum9i/4 ,) equal realism1 ,g5tile's imitator1 ,c>paccio1 add$ s5tim5t1 h5ce he is belov$ & ,g5tile ignor$4 ,yet e>ly ,v5etian n>rative pa9t+ is complete ) ,g5tile1 & f e consid]ation ( naturalism x is imm5sely sup]ior to any?+ produc$ at ,flor5ce 9 ?is p]iod4 ,x ga9s all ! small] po9ts ( repres5tation ) ! mo/ amaz+ ease1 p]haps because x waives ! great] issue ( monum5tality4 ,x is well put toge!r1 b %[s little selection1 is ev5 at its be/ r casually full ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,?is produces1 z comp>$ ) ,flor5ce1 an odd rev]sal ( conditions4 ,! alt>-piece1 :i* 9 ,flor5ce is r intimate1 is 9 ,v5ice f> ! mo/ monum5tal type ( pa9t+4 ,we /udy ! developm5t ( monum5tal design bett] 9 ,giovanni ,bell9i's alt>-backs ?an 9 8 bro!r's n>ratives4 ,to ,g5tile1 at once a se>*+ _s 9 details & a cons]vative on ! :ole1 x mu/ h be5 a great satisfaction to h p]fect$ ! n>rative mode t 8 fa!r _h s brilliantly inaugurat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,piet4--,milan4 ,aft] #aejj1 be+ 9 ! sev5ties & ail+1 old ,g5tile acquir$ ! om9\s habit ( frequ5tly mak+ & unmak+ wills4 ,8 la/ "o1 :i* became effective 9 #aejg1 left to 8 vigor\s bro!r1 ,giovanni1 ! preci\s pat]nal sket* books & ! heavy duty ( f9i%+ = ,/4 ,m>k's ,s*ool ! va/ ,canvas ( ,/4 ,m>k ,prea*+ at ,alex&ria1 :i* is n[ at ,milan4 ,giovanni 0 ne>ly eighty himself1 b he put ! great "w ?r\gh h&somely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,*ri/ at ,ge?semane4--,london4 ,giovanni ,bell9i#ge 0 a natural son1 b z 0 ! humane ,italian cu/om1 tak5 into 8 fa!r's family4 ,he 0 born ab\t #adcj1 & 8 e>ly ef=ts 7 completely dom9at$ by ,mantegna4 ,inde$ he h>dly f9ds himself arti/ically until he is fifty1 & !n he develops a mo/ graci\s capacity = gr[? :i* ceases only ) 8 dea? at eighty-five4 ,( ! score ( pictures :i* are ,mantegnesque 9 quality ! e>lie/ & mo/ rem>kable is ! ,piet at ,milan1 ,figure #bca4 ,9 ! tragic p[] x outdoes ,mantegna himself1 & ) all its h>dness1 x is m pa9t]-l4 ,! di/ribution ( light & d>k is broad]1 ! expression m homely & g5u9e4 ,only a little lat]1 p]haps t[>ds #adgj1 is ! ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 at ,london1 ,figure #bcb4 ,) a v simil> picture by ,mantegna 9 ! same gall]y1 x is bas$ on a sket* ( ,jacopo ,bell9i's4 ,al?\gh ,giovanni frankly imitates ! rigid folds ( drap]y & l&scape f ,mantegna1 x is ) a di/9ct diff]5ce4 ,! mood is g5tl]1 details are less obtrusive1 !re is an exquisite s5se ( ev5+ sky1 & ( hills 9 gloom1 & ( ! com+ ( twilight ov] a riv] pla94 ,x is ! fir/ greatly felt l&scape 9 ,v5etian pa9t+1 & ?\gh ,giovanni 0 f> to surpass x 9 f95ess & accuracy1 ev5 he nev] excell$ x 9 dep? & tru?fulness ( feel+4 ,! s]5ity ( ! ev5tide is ! fitt+ foil to ,our ,"l's s+le mom5t ( human weakness & despair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,madonna4--,e/ate ,!odore ,davis4 ,giovanni's e>ly ,madonnas are s+ul>ly v>i\s4 ,we h "o v /ately & t5d] 9 ! e/ate ( ,!odore ,m4 ,davis1 ,figure #bcc4 ,! ,madonna 9 ! ,john ,g4 ,johnson collection1 ,philadelphia1 is wi/ful & emaciat$4 ,"o belong+ to ,mr4 ,philip ,lehman1 ,new ,york1 is ( s5su\s1 peasant type1 :ile ! pa9t+1 unlike ! sob]ness ( ! two e>li] ones1 %[s ! utmo/ respl5d5ce ( ,mantegnesque enamels4 ,its date may be ab\t #adgj4 ,s we see ,giovanni :olly flexible & exp]im5tal at =ty1 & develop+ *iefly "u ,mantegna's influ5ce4 ,giovanni's emancipation f ,mantegna takes place v gradually4 ,x is virtually complete 9 ! ,transfiguration1 ,figure #bcd1 at ,naples :i* may be dat$ t[>ds #adhj4 ,bell9i ass]ts himself fully 9 ! graci\s monum5tality ( ! *ief gr\p1 :ile 8 ,arcadian mood is =eca/ 9 ! ample l&scape s(tly inve/$ ) a colorful light & %ade4 ,!re is a m specific emotion & a m romantic ri*ness ( sett+ 9 ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata1 ,figure #bjg1 ,frick ,collection1 :i* may be a ye> or two lat]4 ,^! are bo? ,wordswor?ian pictures1 imbu$ ) a my/ical t5d]ness = natural appe>ances4 ,su* are ! s\rces f :i* ,giorgione w soon draw 8 pagan pa/oralism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,! ,transfiguration4--,naples4 ,t[>ds #adhj ,giovanni ,bell9i's "w assumes monum5tal bread?1 & )al a new sweetness4 ,8 ,madonnas settle into :at 0 to be ! ,v5etian type--sup]b1 mature =ms at once que5ly & mat]nal4 ,e>li] !re _h be5 no ,madonna type 9 8 "w b a s+ul> v>iety ( =ms & faces4 ,9 g5]aliz+ ! /ately *>m ( ,v5etian mo!rhood1 ,giovanni moves t[>ds ! gr& /yle1 & does s ne>ly tw5ty ye>s soon] ?an ! ,flor5t9es4 ,8 *>act]i/ic works are n[ great alt>-pieces1 ) monum5tal di/ribution ( ! figures )9 f9e ar*itectural spaces4 ,g5]ally ! frame is a "p ( ! pictorial organism1 ! pla/ic front ( a pavillion4 ,x is ab\t ! only survival ( ,mantegna's practice 9 ^! solemn & graci\s pictures4 ,unluckily ! fir/ ( ! s]ies p]i%$ 9 #ahfg 9 ! disa/r\s fire :i* robb$ u also ( ,titian's ,dea? ( ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr4 ,b surviv+ copies ( ?is alt>-back = ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giovanni e ,paolo confirm ! tradition t x 0 pa9t$ well be=e #adhj4 ,9 its arrangem5t & details1 especially 9 ! t5d5cy to cr[d ! _m figures =w>d1 x reveals to me ! influ5ce ( ,antonello da ,mess9a's great alt>-piece = ,san ,cassiano4 ,x _h app>5tly a some:at rigid =mality l t ( ! slightly e>li] piece at ,pes>o4 ,bell9i is n yet q at ease 9 8 new & broad] /yle1 b he has at lea/ glimps$ ! ideal ( monum5tality & acquir$ a new te*nique1 t ( oil pa9t+1 9 :i* to express x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,madonna ) ,sa9ts4--,fr>i1 ,v5ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce;a4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,madonna ( ,/4 ,job4--,v5ice4 ,we f9d him full-gr[n 9 ! noble ,madonna ( ,/4 ,job1 ,figure #bce;a1 made = ! *ur* ( t "n ab\t #adhd & n[ 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy4 ,9 ?is picture ! new ,v5etian ideals ( ardor & gravity unite h>moni\sly ) ! old ideal ( mat]ial spl5dor4 ,:at play+s ( light & half-lights !re are ov] mosaics1 poli%$ m>bles & c>v+s6 ,h[ admirably ! /rict symmetry ( ! gr\p is reliev$ by v>y+ ! po/ures ( ! six sa9ts & by contra/+ ! sob] g>b ( ! monki% sa9ts ) ! sup]b nudity ( ,sa9ts ,job & ,seba/ian & ! %imm]+ silks ( ! play+ angels bel[4 ,& ! great picture1 ) all its monum5tality1 reta9s mu* ( t old lyrical fire1 :i* is gradually yield+ to m s$ate & reflective aims4 ,we %all f9d ! two great ,madonnas ( #adhh1 = ! ,fr>i1 ,figure #bce1 & = ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,murano1 conceiv$ m impassively4 ,= ! city *ur*1 ,bell9i insi/$ on hi]atic effect & incid5tal spl5dors1 rev]t+ to ! =m ( ! tripty* & arrang+ x aft] ,mantegna's fa%ion ) ! frame & picture 9 "o p]spective4 ,x is p]haps ! gr&e/ z x is ! mo/ =mal ( 8 alt>-backs1 consci\sly regal 9 ! attitude ( ! ,virg91 ) sa9ts z magi/]ial z s _m ,v5etian s5ators4 ,= ! suburban *ur* at ,murano he set ! ,madonna l[ amid h] palad9s & op5$ up delici\s l&scape vi/as at ! sides4 ,! ?+1 ) all its dignity1 is lyrical1 & almo/ intimate4 ,x anticipates ! mood ( ! lat] op5-air ,sacr$ ,conv]sations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4--;,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,george4--,v5ice4 ,9 ! n9eties & ! e>ly ye>s ( ! new c5tury1 ma/]piece foll[s ma/]piece1 & we mu/ proce$ by selection4 ,giovanni inv5ts a *>m+ =m ( alt>-piece = private *apels4 ,^! ,madonnas & sa9ts at half-l5g? h already ! mood ( ! lat] conv]sation pieces1 & ne$ only ! less symmetrical s*eme :i* ,bell9i's pupil1 ,titian1 w soon give !m4 ,= h>mony "o might pref] ! ,madonna ) two female sa9ts1 or = robu/ contra/ & vitality ! ,madonna ) two burly milit>y *ampions1 ,figure #bcf4 ,bo? are 9 ! ,v5etian ,academy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,madonna ( ! ,trees4--,v5ice4 ,! s+le1 half-l5g? ,madonnas1 ,figure #bcg1 ( ?is p]iod are c\nt$ by scores1 & are 9 _m public & private collections 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!y are s+ul>ly uni=m 9 inspiration1 & yet ! mood is s ri* & noble t an app>5t monotony is nev] cloy+4 ,bell9i's gift 9 ^! pictures is to comb9e a k9d ( s]5e obvi\sness ) great delicacy4 ,!re are h9ts ( wi/fulness & sadness ?r\gh ! s]ies1 b su* s5tim5ts are nev] mu* insi/$ on4 ,! real my/icism ( ^! pictures is no?+ b ! notation ( ! mo/ natural & my/]i\s ?+ 9 ! _w--! bond betwe5 "m & babe1 ! pride ( x1 ! exclusiv5ess ( x1 ! joy\s burd5 ( x4 ,art c\ld h>dly be less !ological or m g5u9ely religi\s ?an 9 ^! ,madonnas4 ,i ?9k no human be+ c\ld miss ei!r _! naturalness or _! sacr$ness4 ,z ,giovanni ,bell9i approa*$ ! scriptural t]m ( ye>s1 & ! c5tury drew to its close1 he cultivates by way ( recreation c]ta9 old leads :i* become new & p[]ful influ5ces on 8 successors4 ,! elem5t ( tact 9 ! man is miracul\s4 ,he does no?+ till ! "t has come :5 ! do+ w be mo/ useful4 ,?us su* pa/oral recreations z ! ,religi\s ,allegory 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,figure #bch1 & ! little symbolical panels 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy lead directly to ! fanta/ic ,arcadianism ( ,giorgione4 ,! ,religi\s ,allegory is vaguely an illu/ration = ! old ,fr5* poem 8,man's ,pilgrimage40 ,we h a ,p>adise1 ) ! new s\ls 9 infant =m4 ,! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul /& gu>d outside ! cele/ial b>ri]1 :ile ! ,madonna presides )94 ,beyond a d>k /ream is ! haz>d\s _w1 a place ( cav]ns & crags1 & h]mits & c5taurs2 ( my/]y & unc]ta9ty4 ,p]haps ,giovanni ,bell9i c>$ r m = ! d>kl+ %ad[s ov] wat] & riv] bank1 = ! brok5 light "u a veil$ sky ?an = ! =mal allegory4 ,c]ta9ly ! elem5t ( /rang5ess & glam\r is evid5t en\gh 9 ! five little panels depict+ virtues & vices4 ,aga9 ! fa]y quality1 our e>? gr[n /range to u1 is ! basis ( ! *>m4 ,we h not$ simil> fanta/ic inv5tions at ,flor5ce1 notably 9 ! "w ( ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,bell9i evokes a m normal poetry :i* is bas$ on a m intimate /udy ( nature4 ,su* l&scapes z 81 ev5 :5 unpeopl$1 sugge/ nymphs & %eph]ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,religi\s ,allegory1 ,s\ls 9 ,p>adise4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,doge ,lor$ano4--,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,madonna ) ,sa9ts4--,s4 ,zacc>ia4 ,at sev5ty1 at ! op5+ ( ! new c5tury1 ,giovanni ,bell9i's m9d 0 /ill flexible1 s mu* s t we h>dly "k :e!r he leads or foll[s su* pupils ( g5ius z ,titian & ,giorgione4 ,8 color acquires a deep] gl[1 8 w>m %ad[s are heavi] & m c>efully graduat$2 he drops 8 few rema9+ ,mantegnesque habits4 ,9 ! ,madonna = ,san ,zacc>ia1 ,figure #bci1 dat$ #aeje1 we h no long] ! illusioni/ic p]spective ( ! alt>-pieces ( ! '#hjs4 ,! gr\p is set well back1 ! suffusion ( ! ni*e ) air is m d5se1 ! sa9tly figures h ex*ang$ ! old resolute1 hi]atic attitudes = a g5tle dream9ess2 ! mood is t ( ,giorgione's contempor>y alt>-piece at ,ca/elfranco4 ,9 ! portrait ( ,doge ,lor$ano1 ,figure #bdj1 ( ! same ye> resolution & wi/fulness bl5d fasc9at+ly4 ,! del9eation has ! =ce & c]ta9ty ( ,antonello da ,mess9a ) a ref9em5t ,antonello nev] ev5 glimps$4 ,9 ^! lat] ye>s ,giovanni ,bell9i multipli$1 l>gely ?r\gh /ud5t aid1 conv]sation pieces ) graci\s ga!r+s ( sa9ts 9 ! op5 air4 ,! mood is t ( c\rtly rev]y4 ,titian & ,palma w lat] repeat ! !me indef9itely4 ,"o ( ! be/ is at ,s4 ,francesco della ,vigna1 & be>s ! date #aejg4 ,x is an idyl borr[+ religi\s =ms4 ,9 ! alt>-piece pa9t$ 9 #aeac1 ,figure #bda1 = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,giovanni ,criso/omo1 ,giambell9o anticipates ! new & compositional =ms ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,! ri* ar*itecture op5s ^u a contemplative old man read+ on a crag1 ) maje/ic m\nta9 l9es beh9d him a?w>t a s]5e sky4 ,ev]y?+ above is (f c5tre & diagonal1 /ability be+ pres]v$ by ! great v]tical figures ( ! sa9ts 9 ! =egr\nd1 & by ! =mality ( ! p>apet beh9d !m4 ,we h almo/ a picture )9 a picture1 ! maximum ( =mality & in=mality1 ( nature & artifice--all ^? elaborate & calculat$ beauties :i* we associate ) ,titian's maturity4 ,!re is )al a my/ical e>ne/ness ( :i* ,titian himself lack$ ! secret4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,/4 ,john ,criso/om4--,s4 ,giov4 ,criso/omo4 ,9 8 rema9+ two ye>s ,bell9i design$ ! lovely & mode/ nude ,lady at h] ,toilet1 at ,vi5na1 & ! ,fea/ ( ! ,gods1 ,figure #bdb1 n[ 9 ,mr4 ,joseph ,wid5]'s collection at ,philadelphia4 ,8 c>e] ends 9 a r skeptical acceptance ( ! s5su\s graces ( ! new humanism1 = ! gods are m]ely ,v5etian picnick]s on an excursion4 ,! p5etrat+ poetry ( ! picture is ( a homely sort )\t pret5sions to gr&eur4 ,! l&scape is p>tly by ,titian4 ,giovanni di$ 9 #aeae1 be+ m ?an eighty-five ye>s old4 ,z late z #aejf1 ,albre*t ,dr] f\nd him ! greate/ arti/ at ,v5ice4 ,he _h begun ) ! fa9t dawn ( ! ,r5aissance & end$ 9 its midday gl[4 ,he _h rais$ ,v5etian pa9t+ to monum5tal e/ate1 _h ma/]$ ! secrets ( l&scape & its illum9ation1 _h initiat$ a delightful pa/oralism1 _h convey$ religi\s emotion 9 =ms humanly sweet & grave1 _h made ! be/ ( e _w4 ,scores ( 8 pupils ext5d$ 8 mann] to ,brescia1 ,b]gamo1 ,vic5za1 & ,treviso4 ,8 g5ius knew nei!r ha/e nor hesitation1 he 0 almo/ nev] bel[ 8 be/4 ,! ,r5aissance produc$ a few pa9t]s ( great] scope & p[]s1 b none m consi/5tly great z an arti/ or m v5]able z a p]sonality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,fea/ ( ! ,gods4--,wid5] ,coll41 ,elk9s ,p>k1 ,pa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,b>tolommeo ,viv>9i4 ,madonna ) ,sa9ts4--,naples4 ,to appreciate 8 value a glance at less progressive contempor>ies w suffice4 ,we f9d ,b>tolommeo ,viv>9i normally cont9u+ ! r\t9e ( ! ,murano ,s*ool4 ,9 ! polypty* at ,bologna1 done ) 8 eld] bro!r ,antonio 9 #adej1 we h ) slight ,squ>cionesque improvem5ts ! old att5uat$ ,v5etian =ms4 ,9 ! highly decorat$ ,madonna at ,naples1 dat$ #adfe1 we h an intellig5t use ( bo? ! ,squ>cionesque realisms1 & ! ref9em5ts ( ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,figure #bdc4 ,lat] pieces su* z ! tripty* ( #adhg at ! ,fr>i reveal a heavy-h&$ imitation ( ,mantegna1 & any little orig9ality ( ! ma/] soon gets lo/ 9 ! volum9\s output ( ! %op4 ,b>tolommeo di$ 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 c5tury1 ^: fair av]age he _h well repres5t$4 ,8 nephew ,alvise ,viv>9i des]ves notice z ! transmitt] ( ! realism ( ,antonello da ,mess9a to su* arti/s z ,montagna1 ,cima1 & ,lor5zo ,lotto4 ,z a portraiti/ he has real p[]4 ,8 great alt>-pieces h _! bleak & unattractive nobility4 ,v5ice greatly honor$ him 9 confid+ sev]al ( ! new panels = ! ,ducal ,palace to 8 c>e4 ,b s9ce ^! works ( ! eighties 7 soon burn$1 our view ( ,alvise rema9s imp]fect4 ,i suspect mod]n criticism has some:at exagg]at$ 8 importance4 ,he 0 active f ab\t #adfj to #aejc1 & 8 alt>-pieces af=d ! be/ foils = ,giovanni ,bell9i1 z reveal+ a less] capacity = gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,c>paccio4 ,pr9ce ,h]o ,tak+ ,leave ( 8 ,fa!r 7,l7 & ,greet+ ,ursula 7,r74--,v5ice4 ,we h n[ to trace ! old n>rative /yle to its climax & end 9 ,vittore ,c>paccio4#gf ,he inh]it$ all ! panoramic & lum9i/ic accompli%m5ts ( ,g5tile ,bell9i1 b appli$ !m ) f> great] imag9ation4 ,he deals ) leg5d1 giv+ x contempor>y color1 & 9 8 s5sitive h&s x becomes ! mo/ v]idical & *>m+ ( fairy l&s4 ,c>paccio's tra9+ is obscure to u4 ,x may be t ! v m$iocre n>rative pa9t]1 ,lazz>o ,ba/iani1 fir/ taught him4 ,9 any case he drew m f ,g5tile ,bell9i's resolute h&l+ ( light1 textures & co/ume4 ,we fir/ meet ,c>paccio z an arti/ 9 ! decoration ( ! ,great ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,ursula f #adib to #adie4 ,he 0 probably all ( fifty ye>s old4 ,! *ildlike leg5d1 ) its num]\s embassies1 meet+s & p>t+s1 sett+s out & arriv+s1 gave him spectacul> opportunities ( :i* he made ! mo/ w9n+ use4 ,9 ! n9e canvases n[ 9 ! ,academy we f9d an epitome ( ! c\rtesy1 circum/ance & adv5ture t accompani$ travel 9 ^? days1 & ! m]e spectacle is und]laid ) a p5sive ideality2 = ^! are no ord9>y j\rneys1 b ! que/ ( m>tyrdom by a pr9cely y\? & maid54 ,no?+ is insi/$ on1 h[ev]1 b ! gayety ( ! ev5ts1 & ! picturesqu5ess ( _! sett+s4 ,z 9 all good /ory-tell+1 ! p]suasiv5ess dep5ds on v]aci\s m9or episodes4 ,!re are ! mo/ att5tive scribes & secret>ies1 z if to c>ry (f ! unlikely matt] !y are indit+4 ,! heavy ease ( m5-at-arms & self-consci\s elegance ( "y ,v5etian fops make !m cr$ible witnesses to else incr$ible leg5d4 ,to adorn 8 tales ,c>paccio borr[$ f ! woodcut illu/rations to ,breyd5ba*'s 8,it9]>y to ,j]usalem40 ,x is rem>kable h[ he inve/s ^! m]e skeletons ( cities ) color1 sunlight1 ! glam\r ( ! ori5t4 ,ab\t all he draws a veil ( air saturat$ ) sunlight1 conc5trat$ into ris+ cl\ds ^: %ad[s d>k5 ! lu/r\s blue ( ! tranquil lagoon4 ,!re nev] 0 a m ravi%+ raconteur 9 ! art ( mak+ incid5tals c\nt = ess5tials4 ,su* a picture z ,pr9ce ,h]o tak+ leave ( 8 fa!r & greet+ ,/4 ,ursula1 ,figure #bdd1 is ! fulfilm5t ( all t old ,jacopo ,bell9i & 8 ,v]onese precursors _h dream$ (4 ,x is typical ( a s]ies :i* has its m intimate phases only by way ( exception4 ,! virg9al beauty ( ! leg5d gets a real expression only 9 ! ,vision ( ,/4 ,ursula4 ,figure #bde4 ,! "* ( ! e>ne/1 slumb]+ face & ! sweet slight body c>ries ?r\gh ! exquisitely indicat$ space1 & we h>dly ne$ to be told t ! wi/ful boyi% angel is (f]+ a m>tyr's palm4 ,possibly x takes a mundane p]son l ,c>paccio to realize ! beauty ( ! m fanta/ic religi\s ardors4 ,a completely dev\t p]son takes !m z 9 ! day's "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,c>paccio4 ,dream ( ,/4 ,ursula4--,v5ice4 ,be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,c>paccio pa9t$ = ! ,s*ool ( ,s4 ,giovanni ,evangeli/a ! ,miracle ( ! heal+ ( a ,demoniac4 ,! picture is n[ 9 ! ,academy4 ,x is a m>vell\s panorama ( contempor>y ,v5ice1 ) ! bu/le ( eag] cr[ds1 ! slipp+ ( gondolas ov] ! canal1 & light flick]+ ov] & c>ess+ ! manifold colors ( ! gay sc5e4 ,x has ! fidelity ( ,g5tile ,bell9i )\t 8 dryness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,c>paccio4 ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon4--,s*ool ( ,/4 ,george ( ! ,slavonians4 ,! mo/ delightful if n ! mo/ important monum5t ( ,r5aissance ,v5ice is unque/ionably ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,george ( ! ,slavonians4 ,x is ! only s*ool t reta9s its primitive pa9t+s /ill set 9 ! orig9al c>v$ & gold$ wa9scot+4 ,!re "o sees 9 ! gr\nd floor ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 an odd mixture ( gravity1 ri*ness1 & humor4 ,no?+ m sumptu\s ?an ! ,sa9t 9 8 exquisitely appo9t$ /udy1 or m ar*ly comic ?an ! sc5e ( con/]nation :5 ! ,sa9t br+s home 8 lion f ! des]t4 ,! s]ies 0 pa9t$ ab\t #aejb4 ,up/airs we h ! *ivalric leg5d ( ,/4 ,george ( ,cappadocia1 pa9t$ "s eight ye>s lat]4 ,no?+ c\ld be m romantically entranc+ ?an ! boyi% *ampion *>g+ intrepidly ov] ! sun-dri$ %r$s & tatt]s ( 8 pr$ecessors into ! v jaws ( ! mo/ confid5tly virul5t ( dragons1 ,figure #bdf1 unless x be ! sc5e :]e he leads 8 tame dragon into ! a/\nd$ c\rt1 or t 9 :i* he pr\dly baptizes 8 future bride & h] p>5ts :ile a ,turki% b& plays a fanf>e4 ,ab\t ! bl[+ ( ^! horns ( elfl& !re is no fa9tness :atev]4 ,we are 9 ! realm ( mo/ palpable adv5ture & romance1 & ! emphasis dep5ds on spl5did color & on draw+ ( a magical al]tness4 ,c>paccio's m]it z ! livelie/ & mo/ p]suasive ( raconteurs seems s def9ite t x is almo/ a %ock to meet him 9 o!r capacities4 ,also a disappo9tm5t to f9d 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t subjects f ! ,s*ool ( ! ,albanians1 #aejd1 t 9 su* /]eotyp$ subjects he c be almo/ m$iocre4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! great alt>-piece ( ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 ,figure #bdg1 at ! ,academy1 he %[s t he fully und]/&s ! new monum5tality ( ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,! date is #aeaj4 ,! picture is ( ! mo/ rev]5t composure1 & z t5d] z x is gr&4 ,9 ! portrait ( ,two ,c\rtesans on a ,balcony1 9 ! ,corr]1 ,c>paccio %[s a =ce ( "* :olly mod]n4 ,) a k9d ( irony he has tak5 ! moral empt9ess ( 8 sitt]s out ( doors1 flood$ x ) sunlight & air1 giv5 x h>%ness & ugl9ess1 lavi%+ ^u ! ri* co/umes & fair sk9s ! mo/ delicate pa9s4 ,john ,rusk9 w tell y t ^! are hone/ wom54 ,su* fai? is m wor?y ( rev]5ce ?an ( imitation4 ,! greatness ( ,c>paccio lies 9 ! imp>tiality ) :i* he r5d]s a c]ta9 k9d ( life on its own t]ms4 ,! romanc] is capable ( appall+ tru?fulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,c>paccio4 ,! ,pres5tation4--,v5ice4 ,t he 0 also a my/ic ( ! mo/ int5se sort is h>d to believe4 ,yet if ! m>vell\s ,m$itation on ! ,passion1 ,figure #bdh1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 be really by him1 su* is ! case4 ,9 a des]t ! ,dead ,*ri/ sits 9 a crumbl+ ?rone1 :ile two grim sages1 ,/4 ,job & ,/4 ,onophrius1 sit 9 rapt contemplation4 ,_! mood has evok$ ! bodily vision ( _! ,"l4 ,art has produc$ few su* symbols = ! halluc9ative int5sity ( ! life contemplative4 ,^! wea!r-beat5 =ms seem an emanation f ! s&s & bli/]+ sunlight4 ,!y h few relations to our _w4 ,_! s\ls move 9 va/ un9habit$ spaces4 ,t ,c>paccio c h produc$ ?is ma/]piece z late z #aebj1 & ca/ x delib]ately 9 a /yle le>n$ =ty ye>s e>li] seems to me a fanta/ic hypo!sis1 ev5 if x has enli/$ grave au?ority4 ,! abundant simil>ities ( ! l&scape ) t ( ! ,/4 ,francis ( ! ,frick ,collection make me feel t ! inv5tion ( ?is picture is ,giovanni ,bell9i's1 at 8 mom5t ( highe/ emotional p[]1 ab\t #adhj4 ,s9ce ! actual pa9t+ is evid5tly 9 l>ge "p ,c>paccio's1 ,i am driv5 to ! by no means satisfactory hypo!sis t ,c>paccio may h execut$ ?is ma/]piece1 & ! gr\p to :i* x belongs1 :ile s]v+ z /udio assi/ant to ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,su* a view at lea/ expresses my conviction t ! picture transc5ds ,c>paccio's p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4--;,ascrib$ to ,c>paccio1 p]haps ,giovanni ,bell9i's ,design4 ,des]t ,h]mits ,m$itat+ ! ,passion4--,new ,york4 ,z = 8 lat] ye>s1 8 "w goes (f1 he loses mo/ ( 8 ,v5etian patronage1 & pa9ts = ! obscure ,i/rian & ,dalmatian seaports1 ! critics mock him1 he dies "s "t aft] #aebc1 leav+ no deep impression4 ,vas>i dispat*es him ) a few condesc5d+ l9es1 & nobody c>es = him till "y ,burne-,jones came to ,v5ice "s sixty ye>s ago4 ,he pla9ly /&s out ( ! ma9 l9e ( progress4 ,he 0 too romantically traditional 9 8 !mes1 & too m9utely naturali/ic 9 8 vision to fit into ! monum5tal developm5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 a s5se he m]ely br+s ! old n>rative tradition to a spl5did close4 ,b 9 s do+ he pres]ves ! look ( an exquisite mom5t--( ,v5ice /ill 9 h] m$ival gayety & spl5dor1 n yet r$uc$ to h] ultimate magnific5t decorum4 ,9 him we glimpse ! eag] comel9ess ( patrician y\?1 self-suffici5t 9 love ( liv+4 ,& ?is we see betwe5 ! gli/5+ wat]s ( ! lagoon & ! lamb5t blue heav5s1 ) pe>ly domes & bell t[]s ris+ z lightly z ! drift+ summ] cl\ds above4 ,all ?is may or may n be ap>t f :at ! wise e/eem arti/ic greatness4 ,9 any case x is *>m ( ! mo/ p]suasive & durable k9d4 ,:e!r ,giorgione ( ,ca/elfranco is to be reg>d$ z ! la/ ( ! ,v5etian primitives or z ! fir/ ( ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance is no simple problem4 ,x is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t we d n surely "k :at pictures he pa9t$4 ,accord+ to ! au/]ity or g5iality ( ! critics1 ! li/s v>y f eight1 ,lionello ,v5turi's1 to ov] sev5ty1 ,h]b]t ,cook's4 ,naturally ,i also h my own li/1 :i*1 ) old copies1 runs to tw5ty-f\r1 b ,i am unwill+ to claim demon/rative weight = :at are m]ely /rong subjective convictions4 ,walt] ,pat] da9tily evad$ ! issue by writ+ ! mo/ subtle ( essays n on ! p]son1 b on ! ,s*ool ( ,giorgione4 ,i %all 9 "p imitate him 9 def9+ fir/ ! ,giorgionesque mood be=e consid]+ ! canon ( 8 works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,giorgione4 ,portrait ( a ,y\?4--,b]l94 ,on ! side ( m9or te*nique ,giorgione m>ks a great advance4 ,he e>ly ab&ons ! old frank color+ ( ,giovanni ,bell9i = a my/]i\s me?od :i* aboli%es l9e1 builds 9 mass1 inve/s ! picture ) deep %ad[s t are m>vell\sly w>m & colorful4 ,:at contempor>ies lov$ to call ! ,v5etian fire orig9ates ) him ab\t #aeje4 ,vas>i may well be "r 9 say+ t he le>n$ ! me?od directly f ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o 0 a fugitive 9 ,v5ice 9 ! ye> #aejj4 ,only ,leon>do nev] taught him t %ad[ is color4 ,t 0 ,giorgione's own beautiful discov]y1 "o imm5sely important = all decorative pa9t+ ev] s9ce4 ,9 8 e>ly phase1 if ,i am "r 9 ?9k+ t ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway's two /ories ( ,p>is1 ,figure #bej1 & ! ,ordeal ( ! ,infant ,moses & ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 9 ! ,uffizi1 are 81 ,giorgione 0 m]ely a graceful cont9u] ( ! slight] n>rative mood ( ,giovanni ,bell9i & ,c>paccio1--t is1 di/9ctly a primitive arti/4 ,9 8 fully develop$ ,arcadian ve9 he is nei!r a primitive nor fully ( ! ,r5aissance1 b midway betwe51 & 8 "w con/itutes n s mu* a pione] ef=t z a delectable episode q complete 9 itself4 ,unhappily we are almo/ )\t biographical details4 ,giorgione 0 born 9 #adgh1 9 ,ca/elfranco1 a long day's ride t[>ds ! ,friulian ,alps4 ,! c\ntry ab\nds 9 /reams1 mead[s1 & immemorial trees--is a subalp9e ,arcadia4 ,he came pretty "y to ,v5ice & work$ ) ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,leg5d tells u t he 0 big & h&some1 amor\s1 & a musician4 ,we "k t he di$ ( ! plague ( #aeaj1 9 8 ?irty-?ird ye>4 ,! re/ is conjecture f pictures "s ( :i* are 81 & all ( :i* are inspir$ by him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,giorgione4 ,! ,infant ,p>is f\nd by ,%eph]ds4--,sir ,m>t9 ,conway4 ,maid/one1 ,engl&4 ,^! brea! a s+le mood1 t ( ,arcadian rev]y4 ,x is a _w ( desire indulg$ = its own sweetness1 ( day dream+ ap>t f w1 action1 & results4 ,m bli!ly x _h pre-exi/$ 9 ! ,idyls ( ,!ocritus2 m p5sively1 9 ! ,eclogues ( ,virgil4 ,?is _w revives a f>-away pa/oral gold5 age1 ( lov]s & _! lasses1 ( nymphs & fauns1 ( vague ardors at once temp]$ & re9=c$ by a sympa!tic nature4 ,we are deal+ ) "o ( ! olde/ res\rces ( poetry1 & we c only und]/& ?is mo/ beautiful visualization ( ! old !me by associat+ x ) ! tradition ( lit]>y pa/oralism4 ,( c\rse ! ,eclogues ( ,virgil 7 read g5]ation by g5]ation1 if n v und]/&+ly1 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,/ill ! m s5sitive felt ! appeal ( m\nta9 %ad[s l5g!n+ ov] ! ev5+ mead[s & ! pa?os ( love-lorn %eph]ds sigh+ musically = h>d-he>t$ %eph]desses4 ,by ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! pa/oral mode becomes once m contempor>y1 incid5tally 9 ! int]ludes ( ,bocaccio's ,decam]on1 explicitly 9 8 idyl ( alt]nate prose & v]se1 ! ,ameto4 ,^! are pale lights be=e ! dawn4 ,pa/oralism becomes widely curr5t 9 ! ,arcadia ( ,jacopo ,sannaz>o1 ! bulk ( :i* 0 ready by #adhi4 ,x is ! p>5t ( ^? sl[-mov+1 s5tim5tal1 & ev] l5g?y romances 9 v]se & prose ( :i* ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,arcadia is ! mo/ famili> to ! mod]n read]4 ,dante _h once long$ = a magic boat 9 :i* cong5ial s\ls %\ld drift =ev] & d no?+ b disc\rse ( love4 ,transf] ^! disc\rses to a leafy nook beside a runn+ /ream1 ) ! h]ds 9 view bel[ ! bran*es1 & nymphs & satyrs ov]he>+ ! debate--& y h ,sannaz>o's ,arcadia4 ,we h ! et]nal poetry & p]haps et]nal fallacy ( a bygone gold5 age :]e duty & ef=t are abs5t1 :]e love & poesy reign4 ,9 8 mo/ fam\s song1 ,alma beata1 ,sannaz>o1 celebrat+ a dead beauty1 makes heav5 itself m]ely an ,arcadia-- 8,o!r m\nta9s1 o!r pla9s1 ,o!r groves & /reamlets ,9 heav5 ,i see1 & )al new blossoms4 ,o!r fauns & sylvans1 ?r\gh sweet summ] places1 ,pursue _! nymphs 9 happi] loves ?an ours40 ,y f9d ! mood cle> cut 9 ! ,v5etian nobleman & prelate1 ,pietro ,bembo1 bo? 9 8 ,asolani & 9 ! sep>ate poems4 ,^! 7 be+ h&$ ab\t 9 ,giorgione's "t1 f #aejj on4 ,?us ,bembo s+s ( ! %eph]d's life3 8,tryphon1 :o 9 place ( m9i/rants & lackeys1 ,loggias & m>bles1 wov5 gold & purple1 ,love/ ab\t !e will[s leafy1 cloi/] ,( joy\s hillocks1 plants & rivulets-- ,well may ! _w admire !e40 ,naturally ! d5iz5s ( su* p>adises live & dress 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! nymphs are lightly clo!d & readily disc>d _! slight drap]ies = ! joys ( ! ba?1 :i* !y consid]ately take )9 ! range ( _! %eph]d swa9s4 ,bembo w>mly praises ^? 8c\rte\s g>m5ts0 :i* d n too mu* hide ! fair ?roat & bosom1 & r\ndly curses m *urli% conceal+ fa%ions4 ,sannaz>o describes ) a confus+ mixture ( metaphors :at may be call$ a =tunate ba? fall4 8,lead+ "o day my h]ds beside a /ream1 ,i saw a light amid ^? wat]s fair1 ,:i* b\nd me fa/ /raightway ) two blond tresses1 ,& /amp$ a face all milk & roses ,=ev] on my he>t40 ,e>li] pa9t]s ?an ,giorgione#gg _h essay$ ^! pa/oral !mes4 ,botticelli1 ,signorelli2 9 a s>donic way1 ,pi]o di ,cosimo2 ,giovanni ,bell9i & ev5 ,&rea ,mantegna _h v>i\sly attempt$ ?is sort ( pa9t$ poesy4 ,b ! flavor ( ! ,giorgionesque poesy is full] & ri*]4 ,8 beauty is t ( languor1 rev]y1 dream4 ,:atev] ! o/5sible !me may be1 8 pa9t+ is ,arcadian4 ,8 p h n m]ely no relation to our _w1 b slight & ambigu\s relations to ea* o!r )9 ! picture4 ,!y are isolat$ 9 _! own mus+s1 r>ely look at ea* o!r1 nev] sugge/ an action1 b only a mood4 ,ev5 ! portraits sugge/ r temp]am5t ?an "* or w4 ,! pr\d y\?1 at ,b]l91 ,figure #bdi1 )draws himself f purpose & de$4 ,x is an e>ly ,giorgione4 ,! ,%eph]d ) a ,flute1 at ,hampton ,c\rt1 is bemus$ ) 8 own fancy4 ,x is ( ! lat] ye>s4 ,! fa/idi\s patrician1 at ,new ,york1 reveals an almo/ worri$ & sickly deta*m5t4 ,if inde$ a ,giorgione1 :i* ,i _c d\bt1 x is ( 8 late/ mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,giorgione4 ,fire ,ordeal ( ,infant ,moses4--,uffizi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,giorgione4 8,soldi] & ,gipsy40--,giovanelli ,palace4 ,take ! little ,c>paccian idyls at ,flor5ce :i* _c be mu* lat] ?an #aejj4 ,h[ f> we are f real n>rative6 ,9 ! ,ordeal ( ,moses1 ,figure #bea1 a *ild is ?ru/+ 8 t5d] f+]s among live coals4 ,ladies & g5tlem5 /& languidly ab\t & bask 9 ! pleasantness ( _! own ?\ghts4 ,!re is a simil> non*alance 9 ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon :]e a newborn babe is ?reat5$ ) ! sword4 ,! horror is treat$ z a negligible incid5t ( an al fresco p>ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,giorgione4 ,! ,?ree ,philosoph]s4--,vi5na4 ,aga9 :at is ! mean+ ( ! my/]i\s idyl 9 ,pr9ce ,giovanelli's gall]y8 ,figure #beb4 ,9 view ( ! picturesque walls & moat ( ,ca/elfranco1 a half nude "m1 oblivi\s ( a com+ ?und] %[]1 nurses h] *ild4 ,equally oblivi\s ( h] & ! wea!r1 a fa%ionably dress$ y\? turns away4 ,ru9s reflect ! om9\s lightn+ fla%es4 ,old records call ?is 7"o ( ! few c]ta9 ,giorgiones7 ,! ,soldi] & ! ,gipsy--evid5tly a bad guess4 ,a le>n$ ,vi5nese pr(essor *ooses to ?9k t ?is is ,pr9ce ,adra/us f9d+ ! =sak5 ,pr9cess ,hypsiphile4 ,nobody c prev5t su* conjectures or disprove !m4 ,x is saf] to imag9e t com+ ra9 & ?und] at ,v5ice recalls "s old memory ( simil> wea!r & /ate ( m9d at ,ca/elfranco1 evokes "s old desire ( :i* ?is ri*ly fanciful ma/]piece is ! enigmatic symbol4 ,"s /ory ( lov+ & p>t+ surely und]lies ! poesy1 x w\ld be fooli% to be m specific ?an ,giorgione himself has *os5 to be4 ,! ,?ree ,philosoph]s1 at ,vi5na1 ,figure #bec1 aga9 has be5 expla9$ z ,a5eas survey+ ! future site ( ,rome4 ,:at we actually h is a gl[+ nook at ev5tide 9 :i* ?ree grave m5 ( diff]5t ages g sep>ately ab\t "s task requir+ ?\ght & ma!matical calculation4 ,& ev5 ?is duty is yield+ to ! spell & my/]y ( ! ev5+ h\r4 ,^! pictures are probably a little e>li] ?an ! alt>-piece ( #aejd at ,ca/elfranco4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,giorgione4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,francis4--,ca/elfranco4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,giorgione4 ,l&scape by ,titian4 ,sleep+ ,v5us4--,dresd54 ,t lovely "w1 ,figure #bed1 has mu* ( ! intimacy ( ,bell9i's alt>-piece at ,s4 ,zacc>ia1 9 =mal arrangem5t x is r monum5tal4 ,! mood1 h[ev]1 is "o ( rev]y4 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi makes 8 ge/ure only = himself1 & ,/4 ,george1 expon5t ( ! active life1 broods moodily b5ea? 8 slackly held p5non4 ,! ,arcadian l&scape quietly re9=ces ! idyllic feel+4 ,ext]nally ! ?+ is spl5did 9 color1 & z saturat$ ) atmosph]e z x is ) mood4 ,f n[ on ! "q ( *ronology becomes at once difficult1 &1 s9ce we are deal+ only ) five ye>s or s1 relatively unimportant4 ,! sleep+ ,v5us at ,dresd51 ,figure #bee1 may h be5 design$ ab\t #aeje4 ,a ,cupid slumb]+ at ! ,goddess's feet has be5 pa9t$ out1 & ! l&scape 0 f9i%$ by ,titian4 ,! noble sleep+ body1 to use a ^w ( ,lucretius :i* ,montaigne comm5ds1 seems 8p\r$ out0 on ! receptive e>?--s gr&ly & easily x lies4 ,! ge/ures are unconsci\s c>esses4 ,! ,goddess dreams ( old joys4 ,:at faun or sylvan ev5 w\ld n respect t dream8 ,n ) passion1 !n1 ?\gh himself kn[+ all its /+1 does ,giorgione deal1 b ) ardors sublimat$ 9 memory4 ,! m>vell\s l9es ( ?is ,v5us1 z sweep+ z ! curves ( hills or riv] curr5ts1 7 imitat$ aga9 & aga91 b nei!r ,titian1 ,palma ,vec*io1 nor ! re/ ev] recaptur$ ! evasive poetry ( _! model4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,giorgione4 ,judi?4--,petrograd4 ,9 #aejh1 work+ ) ,titian1 ,giorgione f9i%$ c]ta9 frescoes = ! outside ( ! ,g]man ,w>eh\se4 ,! rema9+ r$ blurs1 & ,zanetti's fragm5t>y copies1 tell u t ! po/ures beg9 to h ! bread? & consci\s c\nt]poise ( ! advanc+ ,r5aissance1 b t ! mood is /ill t ( languor4 ,v l "o ( ^! figures is ! fasc9at+ ,judi?1 at ,petrograd1 ,figure #bef4 ,aft] ! horrors ( ! night1 %e /&s dreamily4 ,h] lovely left leg escapes f ! c\rte\s drap]ies1 & ! foot t\*es lightly ! br[ ( ! peaceful1 sev]$ head ( ,holoph]nes4 ,! t\* ( ! foot is almo/ c>eless1 z if m]ely to assure h]self t ! port5t is really true4 ,h] head b5ds g5tly1 h] n]veless beautiful f+]s b>ely feel h] girdle or support h] great sword4 ,beh9d h]1 morn+ =e/s & fields /ret* t[>ds a tranquil sea & sky4 ,! ge/ures are ^? ( "o betwe5 sleep+ & wak+1 irresolutely feel+ = "s basis 9 reality4 ,we are 9 a realm :]e ! mo/ awful de$s & exp]i5ces c\nt only z raw mat]ial = delicate imag9+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,giorgione4 ,pa/oral ,symphony4--,l\vre4 ,9 ! lat] works problems multiply1 & a critic is pretty well r$uc$ to p]sonal intuitions4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 %\ld atta* to ! pa!tic & ne>ly effac$ ,*ri/ ( ,/4 ,ro*4 ,! ,*ri/ is nobl] ?an ! e>li] example at ,f5way ,c\rt1 ! feel+ m expansive4 ,/ill nobody1 n ev5 ! execution]1 seems to w ! atrocity ( ! de$4 ,! ?+ is n an act b a vision1 p]vad$ by a dreamy t5d]ness4 ,! completely repa9t$ ,pa/oral ,conc]t1 ,figure #beg1 at ! ,l\vre is nev] ! less fraught ) ,giorgione's peculi> poetry4 ,a c\rtly lov] has /ruck a *ord on ! lute1 & gazes int5tly1 p]haps sadly1 at a %eph]d sitt+ close to him4 ,a ru/ic1 nude nymph ^: back only is se5 takes ! pipe f h] lips to li/54 ,a pr\d beauty turns t[>d a f\nta91 light drap]ies slip away f h] sup]b =m1 & ) a graceful ge/ure ( idl5ess %e p\rs back into ! f\nta9 a t9kl+ jet f a cry/al pit*]1 :ile %e b5ds to note ! ripple & cat* ! pleasant1 idle s\nd4 ,?is /range sc5e takes place on ! edge ( a vale t w9ds d[n to a glitt]+ sea1 af=d+ a pa? to a %eph]d & 8 flocks4 ,! mean+8 ,mod]n criticism is loa? to look beyond contra/s ( nude & clo!d =ms1 sw+ ( tree-tops & ( sky1 subtle int]play ( light & %ade4 ,my own read+ is m]ely bas$ on ! contra/ betwe5 ! ru/ic & urban lov]s1 & an intuition t ! c\rti] 9 pe]+ s wi/fully at ! %eph]d is m]ely see+ himself 9 a =m] guise4 ,9 lassitude1 p]haps 9 satiety1 beside a c\rtly mi/ress :o is abs5t f him 9 _s1 !re rises ! vision ( e>li] simpl] love & ( a devot$ %eph]dess :o once pip$ = him 9 ! %ade4 ,! vision rises z 8 li/less h& sweeps ! lute /r+s 9 a *ord unm>k$ by ! f> loveli] mi/ress at ! f\nta94 ,! gold5 age ( love1 l ,arcady itself1 is ev] 9 ! pa/4 ,su* may be ! read+ ( ?is poesy4 ,inde$ all ,giorgione's pictures are less facts ?an app>itions born ( rov+ ?\ght 9 idl5ess1--su* /uff z dreams are made (4 ,! fam\s ,conc]t1 ,figure #beh1 ( ! ,pitti s9ce ,morelli's "t has be5 g5]ally class$ z an e>ly ,titian1 ,i ?9k errone\sly4 ,! precise & p[]ful execution ( ! ,monk's head is c]ta9ly 81 b ,i "q if ! motive itself lay )9 ! scope ( 8 lucid & uncomplicat$ imag9ation4 ,an ,augu/9ian monk holds ! initial h>mony on ! clavi*ord & turns t[>ds ! 'celli/ :ile ! s+] waits impassively4 ,& ?is simple !me becomes a univ]sal symbol = ?w>t$ desire4 ,! play] asks a k9d ( sympa?y :i* ?is _w r>ely af=ds1 :i* c]ta9ly ^! companions _c give4 ,z 9 ! ,pa/oral ,symphony1 ! music awak5s impossible long+s1 is ! accompanim5t ( inadequacy4 ,titian 0 too robu/ ev] to h imag9$ su* a ?+1 & ,i feel we ne$ only modify ! old tradition to ! ext5t ( giv+ ,titian a h& 9 an unf9i%$ ,giorgione to acc\nt = ?is poignant & mo/ *>act]i/ic ma/]piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,giorgione cum ,titian4 ,! ,conc]t4--,pitti4 ,!re rema9s old & good tradition = cr$it+ ,giorgione ) ! design ( ! alt>-piece 9 ,san ,giovanni ,criso/omo4 ,! execution is unque/ionably by ,seba/iano del ,piombo4 ,if ?is view be correct1 ,giorgione atta9$ ! ext]nal features ( ! com+ ,r5aissance /yle1 miss+ its a?leticism4 ,c]ta9ly ! ab/raction ( ! sa9t & ! unmotivat$ appe>ance ( ! ?ree virtues1 & _! unrelat$ gracefulness1 is entirely 9 ,giorgione's mann]1 :ile ! :ole inv5tion is ali5 to ,seba/iano's heavy & =?right tal5t4 ,= ! view ,i h tri$ to give ( ?is poet picture-mak] ,i may claim at lea/ ! m]it ( consi/5cy4 ,!re is only "o !me--languor ( love & ( rememb]$ happ9ess2 & !re is only "o sett+--! ,arcadia ( ! pa/oral poets4 ,giorgione is ! fir/ pa9t] :o realiz$ ,leon>do's def9ition ( pa9t+ z 8mute poetry10 yet n q mute = !re is g5]ally a sugge/ion ( music4 ,& ! music is less he>d ?an contemplat$1 z is ! case 9 "o ( 8 late/ pictures1 ! ,%eph]d ,boy1 ,figure #bei1 :o hesitates to set ! flute to 8 lips le/ ! melody fall %ort ( t :i* ! imag9ation has already he>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,giorgione4 ,%eph]d ) a ,flute4--,hampton ,c\rt4 ,= t5 ye>s aft] ,giorgione's dea? 8 mood dom9at$ ,titian ) mo/ ( ! ris+ arti/s4 ,x seem$ likely to replace ! /urdy & objective art ( ,v5ice ) a q ali5 subjectivism4 ,mean:ile ! normal ef=t ( old ,giovanni1 ,bell9i & ( "y ,titian cont9u$4 ,! ,r5aissance (f]$ to ! out] eye new dignities & spl5dors4 ,! inn] eye w5t bankrupt 9 ! num]\s imitators ( ,giorgione1 9 trivial symbolism & m]ely playful my?ology4 ,aft] h] brief pause 9 ,arcadia1 ,v5ice once m took acc\nt ( h] own pr\d *>ms4 ,! nymphs pal$ be=e ! comp>ison1 ,arcadia vani%$4 ,b x nev] 0 :olly =gott51 &1 ev] s9ce1 ^? :o h crav$ actually to see ! gold5 age ( poesy h _h to consult ,giorgione ( ,ca/elfranco4 ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,praise ,,( ,,mantegna ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,! imm5se au?ority ( ,mantegna kept 8 "n on all honor li/s ( pa9t]s long aft] 8 dea?4 ,lor5zo ( ,pavia1 writ+ 9 #aejd to ,isabella d',e/e1 says ( a ,madonna by ,giovanni ,bell9i3 8,! ,pa9t] has made a great ef=t to d himself hon\r1 *iefly out ( respect to ,m4 ,&rea ,mantegna1 & al?\gh x is true t 9 po9t ( inv5tion x _c comp>e ) ! "w ( ,mess] ,&rea1 t mo/ excell5t ma/]1 ,i pray ,y\r ,excell5cy to take ! picture1 bo? = y\r own hon\r & also because ( ! m]it ( ! "w40 ,julia ,c>twright1 ,isabella d',e/e1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cea4 ,a little lat] ,lor5zo writes3 8,&1 z ,i h said be=e1 9 po9t ( inv5tion no "o c rival ,&rea ,mantegna1 :o is inde$ a mo/ excell5t pa9t]1 ! =emo/ ( our age4 ,b ,zuan ,bell9i excels 9 col\r+40 l4 c4 #ceb4 ,on ,oct4 #af1 #aejf1 ,lor5zo writes1 on le>n+ ( ,mantegna's dea?3 8,i am mu* griev$ to he> ( ! dea? ( our ,mess] ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,= inde$ we h lo/ a mo/ excell5t man & a second ,apelles1 b ,i believe t ! ,"l ,god w employ him to make "s beautiful "w4 ,z = me1 ,i c nev] hope to see aga9 a f9] draughtsman & m orig9al arti/40 ,isabella repli$3 8,lor5zo1--,we 7 sure t y w\ld grieve ov] ! dea? ( ,m4 ,&rea ,mantegna1 =1 z y say1 a great light has gone out40 l4 c4 ,i4 #cfi4 ,,titian',s ,,view ,,( ,,mantegna ,z late z #aeai1 ,titian admir$ ! ,mantegnas at ,mantua4 ,girolamo da ,se/ola1 ,isabella's music ma/]1 writes to h]3 8,m4 ,dosso & ,m4 ,tiziano1 ano!r good ma/] :o is mak+ a f9e picture "h ,! ,bac*anal1 at ,madrid = ! ,"l ,duke1 w5t to ,mantua4 ,he saw all ,mantegna's works1 & prais$ !m greatly to our signor1 & he also prais$ y\r /udies4 ,b above all1 he admir$ y\r ,tondo ! fresco$ ceil+ ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 ,fig4 #bai exce$+ly1 & calls x ! f9e/ ?+ he has ev] se54 ,our ,signor has "o "h1 b ,titian says y\rs is incomp>ably ! f9e/40 l4 c4 ,,ii4 #aga1 #b4 ,,ario/o',s ,,honor ,,li/ ,,( ,,pa9t]s ,ario/o z late z #aeae /ill includes ,mantegna & ,giovanni ,bell9i among ! be/ arti/s4 ,! li/ is in/ructive z to ! fallibility ( contempor>y judgm5ts4 ,! two ,dossi & ,seba/iano del ,piombo today h lo/ _! place 9 ! roll4 8,& ^? :o 7 & /ill are 9 our days-- ,leon>do1 ,&rea ,mantegna1 ,giambell9o1 ,! ,dossis1 he :o *isell$ & color$ equally ,mi*el1 m ?an mortal1 ,angel div9e1 ,seba/ian1 ,raphael1 ,titian :o honors ,no m ,cadore1 ?an !y ,v5ice & ,urb9o40 ,orl&o ,furioso1 ,canto ,,xxxiii1 #b4 ,,lomazzo',s ,,li/ ,,( ,,great ,,pa9t]s ,,& ,,_! ,,k9dr$ ,,poets 8,ea* pa9t] has naturally _h a g5us m con=mable to "o poet r ?an ano!r1 & has foll[$ t poet 9 8 "w1 z x is easy to see 9 ! mod]n pa9t]s4 ,= "o sees t ,leon>do has express$ ! movem5t & decorum ( ,hom]1 ,polidoro ! gr&eur & sweep ( ,virgil1 ,mi*elangelo ! pr(\nd obscurity ( ,dante1 ,raphael ! pure maje/y ( ,petr>*1 ,&rea ,mantegna ! ke5 judgm5t ( ,sannaz>o1 ,titian ! v>iety ( ,ario/o1 & ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i ! devotion :i* "o f9ds express$ 9 ! books ( ! sa9ts40 ,paolo ,lomazzo1 ,trattato dell' ,arte delle ,pittura1 ,milan1 #aehd1 p4 #bhc4 ,see also ,ca/iglione's li/ 9 ,illu/rations to ,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #cac4 ,,giorgione--,,leon>do ,,on ,,rural ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,delights 8,:at moves !e1 ,o man1 to quit ?y city habitations & leave ?y fri5ds & k91 & g 9 places wild by reason ( m\nta9s & valleys1 if n ! natural beauty ( ! _w1 ! :i*1 if ?\ well consid]e/1 ?\ enjoye/ only ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight8 ,& if ! poet wi%es to call himself also a pa9t] 9 su* matt]s1 :y d y n take su* sites z describ$ by ! poet & /ay at home )\t feel+ ! excessive heat ( ! sun8 ,& w\ld n ?is be m useful & less we>isome s9ce x is done 9 coolness & )\t mov+ ab\t & risk ( illness8 8,b ! m9d _c enjoy ! b5efit ( ! eyes1 w9d[s ( its habitation1 & _c receive ! v>ieties ( delightful spots1 _c see ! %ady valleys furr[$ by ! play ( w9d+ /reams1 _c see ! v>i\s fl[]s :i* ) _! colors make a h>mony = ! eye--& s ) all ! ?+s :i* c be repres5t$ to t eye40 8,b if ! pa9t] 9 ! cold & h>% w9t] "t sets be=e !e ^? same places pa9t$1 & o!rs1 9 :i* ?\ maye/ h exp]i5c$ ?y pleasures beside "s f\nta91 ?\ can/ see aga9 ?yself z a lov]1 ) ?y lov$ "o 9 blossom+ mead[s1 "u ! sweet %ad[ ( v]dur\s trees--wilt ?\ n receive q an o!r pleasure ?an f he>+ su* an effect describ$ by ! poet80 ,leon>do1 ,trattato1 ,wi51 #ahhb1 p4 #dd4 ,?is is s fully 9 ! mood ( ,giorgione's idyllism t "o likes to ?9k t he may h talk$ ov] su* !mes ) ,leon>do :5 !y met 9 ,v5ice 9 #aejj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,titian4 ,bac*us & ,ariadne4--,london4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,titian be=e #aede--,"s contempor>ies1 ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 ,palma ,vec*io--,! adv5t ( ,mod]n ,s5sitiv5ess 9 ,lor5zo ,lotto--,moretto ( ,brescia--,correggio--,titian's la/ ,mann]1 its subjectivism & impressionism--,! ,portraiti/ ,moroni--,t9toretto & ! new dramatic emotionalism--,paolo ,v]onese1 8 spectacul> ma/]y & impressionism1 8 *>act]i/ic works--,eighte5? ,c5tury ,v5etians3 ,tiepolo1 ,canaletto & ,gu>di--,longhi4 ,! glory ( ,v5etian pa9t+ is to an unusual degree t ( a s+le individual1 ,titian#gh ( ,cadore4 ,he liv$ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 f #adgg to #aegf1 & we c trace 8 pa9t+ = m ?an sev5ty ye>s ( s]5e & unbrok5 progress4 ,he _h great contempor>ies--,seba/iano del ,piombo1 ,palma ,vec*io1 ,t9toretto1 ,paolo ,v]onese1 ,lor5zo ,lotto1 ,moroni1 ,moretto ( ,brescia--b s v>i\s & compreh5sive is 8 a*ievem5t t _! "w seems m]ely s _m ext5sions ( ! pa?s fir/ explor$ by him4 ,9 8 noble & measur$ s5su\sness1 he seems ne>] ! ,greeks ?an any o!r ,italian pa9t]4 ,if he is some?+ less ?an admirable z a "*1 x is because ( an unpleasantly calculat+ side4 ,he s*em$ ru?lessly = pref]m5t & lucrative s9ecures1 _h ! repute ( envy+ "y arti/s ( tal5t1 flatt]$ to ! limit 8 ,hapsburg patrons1 b>ga9$ & begg$ conc]n+ prices1 let himself be puff$ egregi\sly by 8 blackgu>d fri5d1 ,pietro ,aret9o1 fir/ & mo/ =midable ( yell[ j\rnali/s4 ,yet ?is elem5t ( craft 9 ! man 0 em95tly ,v5etian4 ,!y s*em$ = spl5dor & pleasure1 & measur$ ev5 _! indulg5ces4 ,?us we %\ld n expect lyrical raptures or extremes ( any sort 9 ,titian4 ,8 art is "o ( judgm5t & mod]ation4 ,inde$ t calculat+ _s :i* makes him unamiable z a man 0 a s\rce ( /r5g? to him z an arti/4 ,"o ( 8 pupils1 ,palma ,giov9e1 has describ$ 8 mann] ( work+4 ,fir/ he laid 9 8 pictures heavily 9 neutral tones4 ,!n he turn$ !m to ! wall = mon?s to dry4 ,!n he w\ld pass f "o to ! o!r1 scrut9iz+ ea* 8z if x 7 8 wor/ enemy40 ,he w\ld add color1 am5d draw+ & composition1 ?us sy/ematically c>ry+ _m pictures =w>d at a "t1 & subject+ ea* to repeat$ criticism & correction4 ,he nev] pa9t$ a figure at "o g1 say+ t 8he :o improvises 8 song nev] a*ieves le>n$ v]ses or well turn$40 ,precisely ! greatness ( ,titian lay 9 8 capacity to put ardor into ^! prolong$ critical processes4 ,?us if c]ta9 raptures are d5i$ him1 he is nev] bel[ himself1 b always z noble 9 s5tim5t z he is respl5d5t 9 color4 ,tiziano ,vecellio 0 born at ,cadore1 9 ! ,dolomites1 9 #adgg4gi ,its %ad[y oaks & blue alps live 9 8 backgr\nds4 ,at elev5 he 0 put ) a mosaic work]1 ,zuccati1 at ,v5ice4 ,he may h work$ = a "t ) ,g5tile ,bell9i1 b atta9$ 8 real developm5t 9 ! /udio ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 "u ! /imulus ( 8 fell[ pupil1 ,giorgione4 ,?is intimate & poetical phase ( ,titian's g5ius la/s f be=e #aeje to #aeaf & ! ,assumption4 ,8 second p]iod is t ( fulle/ color & vitality4 ,x runs f #aeag to say #aecf1 ,titian's =tie? to fifty-n9? ye>1 & ! *>act]i/ic works are ! monum5tal alt>-pieces at ,v5ice & ! ,my?ologies pa9t$ = ! ,e/e family at ,f]r>a4 ,! ?ird p]iod ext5ds f ab\t #aecg to #aedh4 ,x is m>k$ by deep] resonances ( color t is t5d+ t[>ds tone1 & by a m objective & /atic ideal4 ,en]gy is no long] squ&]$1 & intimate poetry is n s\ght4 ,typical works are ^? my?ologies & portraits done = ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 & ! e>ly ,hapsburg portraits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,titian4 ,portrait s-call$ 8,ario/o40--,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,titian4 ,portrait ( a ,y\?4--,temple ,new%am1 ,engl&4 ,! f\r? p]iod beg9s ) #aedh or a little e>li]1 ,titian's sev5tie? ye>1 & la/s ne>ly ?irty ye>s till 8 dea?4 ,a loos] & m syn!tic con/ruction1 ! sub/itution ( brok5 %ades & tone = frank color1 a m tragic & ard5t mood1 a m en]getic gr&eur ( composition1 ) less] =mality1 are ! m>ks ( ?is amaz+ la/ phase1 9 :i* ,titian becomes a precursor ( ,rembr&t & ,velasquez4 ,s9ce he n[ works *iefly = ! ,hapsburgs1 ! great examples are at ,madrid & ,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,titian4 ,! ,tribute ,money4--,dresd54 ,! e>lie/ ,titians %[ ! sultry %ad[s ( ,giorgione1 & are di/+ui%able f 8 "w only by a m l9e> quality1 & by a great] explicitness ( mood4 ,titian's poetry is direct & r>ely ambigu\s4 ,:at ardors ( fle% & _s are sugge/$ 9 8 e>ly portraits ( m56 ,! portrait ( a be>d$ man 9 ,london1 ,figure #bfa1 is conceiv$ entirely 9 ,giorgione's fa%ion1 z a %ort bu/ %[+ ! h&s1 & ! my/]i\s envelopm5t 9 w>m %ad[ is ,giorgione's z is ! s5sitiv5ess ( t\* & *>act]ization4 ,b ) all 8 g5tle beauty1 ! man is =midable4 ,8 alo(ness is no rev]y1 b "s prep>ation ( w = action4 ,aga9 ,giorgione w\ld h>dly h labor$ to sugge/ ! mat]ial spl5dor ( ! silv]y sat9 sleeve4 ,ev5 m p]fect is ! half-l5g? ( a "y patrician at ,temple ,new%am1 ,figure #bfb1 ,engl&4 ,x is full ( a res]v$ poetry1 yet ! effect is z well almo/ %rewd & diplomatic4 ,?is y\? has ! ,v5etian capacity = bo? passion & affairs4 ,bo? ^! portraits %\ld be a little e>li] ?an #aeaj4 ,su* ma/]pieces ( sm\ld]+ ardor z ! ,knight ( ,malta1 errone\sly ascrib$ to ,giorgione & ! ,man ) a ,glove1 at ,p>is1 mu/ be a little lat]4 ,9 conc5tration ^! are z f9e z ,giorgione's portraits1 b q a diff]5t _s transpires f ! inve/+ %ad[s4 ,^! m5 ( ,titian are no day-dream]s1 b resolute & purposeful4 ,!y live little 9 memory & mu* 9 prospect4 ,_! imag9ation implies action & possession4 ,ev5 ! draw+ is m resolute4 ,/udy ! eye sockets1 temples1 & *eek bones ( ^! e>ly ,titians4 ,n[h]e 9 ,giorgione d y get su* a s5se ( inn] bony /ructure1 ( ?ick] & ?9n] cu%ions ( fle%1 ( t5s] or slack] sk94 ,! me?od f9ds its mo/ admirable expression 9 ! two m>vell\s heads ( ! ,tribute ,money 7#aead-e71 at ,dresd51 ,figure #bfc4 ,yet h[ little my/]y or pa?os is invok$4 ,) a ge/ure & an expression ( exquisite consid]ation & bre$+1 ! ,savi\r baffles ! mo/ eag] & fanatical ( inquisitors4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unlike ! ab/ract$ & almo/ morose ,*ri/s ( ,giorgione4 ,z usual1 ,titian /&s on ! gr\nd ( ! f9e/ worldl9ess1 z ! ,greeks _h done4 ,) ! sup]nal1 :e!r 9 heav5 or ,arcadia1 he has little conc]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,titian4 ,! ,?ree ,ages4--,bridgewat] ,h\se1 ,london4 ,9 ! e>ly poesies ,titian at once manife/s 8 adoration ( ,giorgione & 8 own indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! ,?ree ,ages1 ,figure #bfd1 at ,bridgewat] ,h\se we may grasp at its highe/ beauty 8 robu/ ,arcadianism4 ,9 a mead[ l&scape an ard5t nymph woos h] bronz$ swa94 ,complac5tly he accepts h] unres]v$ advances4 ,no?+ c\ld be m explicit ?an ! relation betwe5 ! lov]s1 & ) equal pla9ness an old man & sleep+ *ild s]ve to tea* u t y\? & its sweete/ ardors are b a brief pause betwe5 *ildhood & old age4 ,let u !n seize ! mom5ts :5 nature & love are k9d to u4 ,su* is ! =?right poetry ( ,titian4 ,x is ! poetry ( e boy & e girl--simple1 classic1 un*angeable4 ,?9k ( ! ov]tones & p]sonal int]pretations ) :i* ,giorgione w\ld h ov]laid su* a !me4 ,su* twilight my/]ies are ali5 to ,titian's f]v5t & lucid _s4 ,he loves ! morn+ h\r ) "w & love ahead1 z ,giorgione loves ! veil+ glam\r & brood+ memories ( ev5tide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,titian4 8,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love40--,borghese1 ,rome4 ,! ,?ree ,ages 0 probably pa9t$ ab\t #aeab1 ! f> m fam\s poesy1 misnam$ ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love1 ,figure #bfe1 is two or ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,! sumptu\s v>iety & ri*ness ( ,titian are "h at _! height4 ,lum9\s m>bles1 pe>ly nude =ms1 lu/r\s /uffs1 d>k %imm] ( foliage & sun-swept slopes ( grass seem creat$ m]ely to set (f _! respective beauties ( hue & texture4 ,purples1 azure1 rose1 saturat$ gre5s =m a sonor\s *ord ( colors :i* is s satisfy+ t "o sc>cely asks :y a ,cupid /irs ! wat]s ( a magic f\nta91 & :y a spl5didly clo!d figure sits tranquilly at ! side :ile a sup]b nude figure turns impulsively & holds al(t a burn+ lamp4 ,explanations ( ! fable ab\nd4 ,x is ,v5us p]suad+ ,hel5 to h>k5 to ,p>is1 or ,m$ea to aid ,jason4 ,s ! ,g]mans4 ,i am sure only t if we knew ! mean+ x w\ld be q z simple z ^! explanations4 ,my fri5d1 ! late ,william ,p4 ,&rews1 sugge/$ t we h a lovely symbolism = ! inquietude ( maid5hood & ! composure ( matronhood--love 9 prospect & retrospect4 ,! univ]sality ( ! int]pretation is 9 its favor4 ,titian's m9d work$ socially & concretely4 ,pla9ly ! nude figure is rem9isc5t ( ,giorgione's li/less beauty by ! f\nta9 9 ! ,pa/oral ,conc]t1 ,figure #beg4 ,titian's maid5 lacks some?+ ( ! mom5t>y grace & spontaneity ( h] model1 b has 9 comp5sation a full] gr&eur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,titian4 ,flora4--,pitti4 ,p]haps ! ideal portrait ( ,flora 7#aeae-af71 9 ! ,pitti1 ,figure #bff1 %\ld be reckon$ ) ! poesies r ?an ) portraits4 ,9 mat]ial beauty few ,titians excel x4 ,! curd$ :ites ( ! drap]y vie ) ! flu%$ ivory ( face & bosom4 ,! sweetness ( ! impression is almo/ awe-inspir+4 ,:at a _w x is t ?ru/s =? c>elessly su* beauty z ?is6 ,?9k ( ,giorgione's q simil> ,%eph]d ) ! ,pipe1 ,figure #bei1 & imag9e aga9 ! twilight my/]y ) :i* he w\ld h inve/$ ?is app>ition4 ,titian on ! contr>y ?9ks & feels l e man1 b ) an int5sity & cle>ness q 8 own4 ,! lyrical & subjective note is incid5tal & sup]ficial 9 him ev5 :5 he mo/ seems to resemble 8 lo/ comrade4 ,titian's progress 9 composition is be/ not$ 9 ! religi\s pieces4 ,f ! fir/ he seeks to break up ! old in]t symmetries4 ,he inv5ts active balances1 br+s ! ma9 ?ru/s to ! sides ( ! pictures r ?an to ! c5tre4 ,?us ev5 8 ,conv]sation ,pieces ga9 implications ( action & en]gy4 ,9 ! alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,pet] ) ,donors1 at ,antw]p1 p]haps z e>ly z #aejb1 & /ill some:at 9 ,bell9i's /yle1 we f9d ! en?ron$ figure mov$ to ! side & ! accessory figures arrang$ 9 a processional approa*4 ,! some:at lat] alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,m>k at ! ,salute1 pa9t$ probably 9 #aejd1 ,figure #bfg1 aga9 evades ! old c5tral symmetries4 ,! ,sa9t is en?ron$ (f c5tre & 8 position ga9s great en]gy & novelty f its elevation & consequ5t =e%ort5+4 ,! f\r plague sa9ts keep ! old symmetry1 _! types are p>tly f ,bell9i 7! ,/4 ,seba/ian71 p>tly f nature4 ,! /ructure 9 gl[+ %ad[ is t ( ,giorgione4 ,we trace ! same evasion ( old symmetries & ! same ,giorgionesque fire 9 ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 9 ! ,capitol9e at ,rome1 & ,*ri/ & ,m>y ,magdal51 at ,london4 ,su* pictures ) _! slightly consci\s emphasis prep>e ! way = ! m assur$ & sonor\s h>monies ( ! great alt>-backs ( ! '#bjs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,titian4 ,/4 ,m>k ) ,plague ,sa9ts4--,salute4 ,! ,madonnas & ,conv]sation pieces aga9 %[ u mo/ vividly h[ 8 ta/e is work+4 ,! ,gipsy ,madonna1 ,figure #bfh1 at ,vi5na1 pa9t$ ab\t #aeje1 is highly ,giorgionesque1 b ,giorgione nev] pa9t$ su* sculptural =ms1 nor ev] conceiv$ s resolute a ,*ri/*ild4 ,ev5 ! ?r[+ ( ! outlet to "o side reveals ,titian4 ,at ,madrid & ,vi5na are sup]b half-l5g? ,madonnas arrang$ symmetrically aft] ,bell9i's fa%ion1 b ) great] fre$om ( pose4 ,titian soon saw t ! old compositional =ms c\ld n express ! new en]gy4 ,he makes repeat$ exp]im5ts1 %ifts ! ,madonna to "o side1 z 9 ! unf9i%$ ,madonna ) ,/4 ,an?ony at ,flor5ce4 ,he adds figures & re>ranges !m until ! ,conv]sation piece becomes an audi5ce1 ) ! sa9ts & donors approa*+ ! ,madonna1 z 9 an ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 ,we f9d ! complet$ =m 9 ! admirable ,conv]sation piece1 ( ab\t #aeaj ) its two v]sions 9 ! ,l\vre & at ,vi5na1 ,figure #bfi2 & consid]ably lat]1 a fur!r developm5t 9 ^? num]\s full-l5g? ,holy ,families 9 l&scapes ( :i* ! ,madonna ( ! ,h>e 7#aecj71 ,figure #bgj1 & ,! ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 at ,london1 are consummate types4 ,& ) all ! consci\s exp]im5talism ( ?is "w1 ! s5se ( "* & ( beauty is unp]turb$4 ,z comp>$ ) ! contempor>y ,holy ,families ( ,raphael1 ! acc5t is m individual & local4 ,^! sup]b ,madonnas & graci\s female sa9ts ) att5dant m>tyrs & *ur* doctors1 are m]ely ! lads & lasses ( ,c>paccio's leg5ds1 gr[n up to manhood & womanhood1 increas$ 9 dignity & sweetness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,titian4 ,gipsy ,madonna4--,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,titian4 ,madonna ) ,sa9ts4--,vi5na4 ,until ! dea? ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 9 #aeae1 ,titian seems a little hamp]$ by 8 example z by t ( ,giorgione4 ,!n1 z if reliev$ ( a re/ra9t1 ,titian pursues 8 own aims4 ,8 design1 9 su* great alt>-backs z ! ,assumption & ! ,madonna ( ! ,pes>o family1 d\bles its bread? & en]gy4 ,8 my?ologies1 9 ! bac*anals = ! ,alaba/] ,*amb] ( ,alphonso d',e/e1 at ,f]r>a1 are no long] p5sive lyrics1 b di?yrambs2 primordial lyrics1 = animation & p[]4 ,! religi\s pictures1 su* z ! noble ,entombm5t 9 ! ,l\vre1 are no long] insi/5tly pa!tic4 ,subjective poetry is ev]y:]e giv+ way to mascul9e ass]tion ( ! spl5dor ( love1 mo!rhood1 comrade%ip4 ,& ^! great objective commonplaces1 :i* 7 ! v /aple 9 _! day ( ,greek ,epic & ,sculpture1 receive 9 ,titian _! f9e/ mod]n embodim5t4 ,8 new en]gy requires a *ang$ color4 ,all ! hues are bright] & m resonant4 ,_! h>monies no long] require ! bond ( deep %ad[1 b are positive & e/abli%$ at ! middle ( ! color scale1 :]e color is mo/ itself4 ,if ! music ( ,giorgione 0 t ( vibrat+ lute /r+s1 t ( ,titian has ! cl>ity & clangor ( exquisitely h>moniz$ woodw9d & brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,titian4 ,holy ,family ) ,rabbit4--,london4 ,be=e s\nd+ ?is new music1 ,titian prud5tly secur$ ! s9ecure1 a ,commission]%ip ( ! ,salt ,taxes1 :i* old ,giovanni ,bell9i _h enjoy$4 ,:ile s*em+ = x1 he 0 design+ also ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 great alt>-pieces1 ! ,assumption1 ,figure #bga4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 #aeah1 set on ! high alt> ( ! ,fri>'s ,*ur*1 :i!r x has lately return$4 ,titian adopts a =m ( composition :i* ,fra ,b>tolommeo & ,raphael _h employ$4 ,! upp] cele/ial ti] is symmetrically arrang$1 almo/ 9 a domical way1 ! l[] ti] ab\nds 9 sw++ turns & ge/ures1 "o c>efully balanc+ ! o!rs4 ,! =ms are l>ge & a?letic1 su* z ! ,r5aissance pref]r$1 = great] gravity4 ,_! weight is comp5sat$ by ! ease ) :i* !y hold !mselves & by ! num]\s float+ & fall+ *]ubs1 playfully at home 9 _! cl\ds1 l s _m cele/ial rose leaves = ! crispness & lightness ) :i* ,titian's bru% has t\*$ !m 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,titian4 ,! ,assumption4--,s4 ,m4 dei ,fr>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,titian4 ,pes>o ,madonna4--,fr>i4 ,an ov]-spiritual obs]v] might ask1 ,:y are ! ,apo/les s jubilant at los+ _! belov$ ,mi/ress8 ,only a little e>li]1 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 :o pa9t$ ! !me = ,san ,pietro ,m>tire at ,murano1 inve/$ 8 witnesses ) pa?os1 sil5ce1 wond] & awe4 ,9 comp>ison ,titian is obvi\s1 & b>ely rev]5t4 ,he ?9ks ( no?+ b t ?is is ,m>y's mom5t ( highe/ glory1 s ( c\rse h] fri5ds *e] boi/]\sly z !y wave h] (f heav5w>ds4 ,titian's m9d does n "w 9 half tones ( s5sibility1 yet he is hone/ly religi\s 9 8 own way4 ,! ,"l's p are good en\gh = him1 & he likes !m n 9 ! hu% ( devotion b 9 ! expansive mom5ts ( action4 ,! attitude is op]atic4 ,*oruses h no bus9ess ) ov]tones1 all voices %all be robu/o4 ,:at infallible ta/e he %[s along ^! simple l9es6 ,!re is no smallness1 no m]e floridness ( utt]ance1 no h9t ( ov]-emphasis4 ,su* art is ! despair ( ! mod]n arti/4 ,he _c feel s simply4 ,! great endur+ commonplaces are d5i$ to 8 m complicat$ g5ius4 ,p]haps ,titian is ev5 m himself 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,pes>o ,family1 ,figure #bgb1 :i* 0 9 h& f #aeai to #aebf4 ,= animation he sets ! ?rone ( ,m>y to ! "r1 & c>ries spl5did columns back 9 dep?4 ,he gives to e ge/ure ( sa9t or donor a balanc+ relation to ! graci\s curve ( ! body ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,he r5ews ! ,giorgionesque my/]y 9 ! portraits ( *ildr51 adds picturesque accessories ( armor1 velvet1 & silk5 bann]4 ,! picture is z ri* z x is logical & monum5tal1 z v>i$ 9 "* z x is unifi$ 9 mood4 ,x is only by *ance t x /&s almo/ ov] ,titian's tomb1 & yet x w\ld h be5 h>d to f9d a picture t bett] repres5ts bo? 8 m intimate & 8 m objective p]fections4 ,ev5 su* ma/]pieces z ! ,madonna ) six ,sa9ts 9 ! ,vatican 7#aebc71 & ! lo/ ,slay+ ( ,sa9t ,pet] ,m>tyr 7be=e #aecj71 :i* enjoy$ ?ree c5turies ( praise1 seem a little set & ov]-reasonable 9 comp>ison4 ,alphonso d',e/e's ,alaba/] ,*amb] at ,f]r>a repres5t$ ! high po9t ( my?ological poesy = ! ,full ,r5aissance1 z ,ca/ello ) its ,signorelli & ,botticellis m>k$ a simil> culm9ation = ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,x is lam5table t we see ^! ess5tial expressions ( two great mom5ts torn f _! context & relegat$ to ! promiscuity ( museums4 ,yet ! scatt]$ poesies f ! ,alaba/] ,*amb] rema9 a delight1 at ,london1 ,madrid1 & ,philadelphia1 & give u ! true/ impression ( ! pagan greatness ( ,titian 9 8 maturity4 ,= ?is s]ies old ,giovanni ,bell9i1 9 #aead1 pa9t$ a sylvan ,fea/ ( ! ,gods1 ,figure #bdb4 ,titian1 succe$+ to ! "w1 freely repa9t$ ! l&scape1 to h>monize x ) 8 own poesies4 ,two ye>s lat] ,titian set up ,! ,wor%ip ( ,v5us1 n[ 9 ! ,prado4 ,be=e ! :ite image ( ! goddess ! %ad[y lawn sw>ms ) w+$ loves4 ,!y frolic1 dally1 pluck apples %ak5 d[n by _! mates f ! trees above4 ,! /rong little bodies gl[ delicately l ! inside ( a great %ell4 ,a rhy?m ( joy\s life runs ?r\gh ! picture4 ,9 due c\rse ,rub5s1 ,b\*] & ,fragon>d w fill e>? & air ) tumbl+ ,cupids l ^!1 b w h>dly recapture ! spontane\s ec/asy ( ?is sc5e4 ,x is baffl+ to le>n t its orig9s are academic--f ! imag9>y gall]y ( ! ,alex&rian philosoph]1 ,philo/ratus4 ,aga9 a two ye> int]val1 = ,titian ev] decl9$ to be hurri$1 &1 9 #aebj1 ! ,bac*anal1 or ,bac*us among ! ,&rians1 0 ready4 ,ab\t ! loll+ figures ( two clo!d nymphs1 ! sleek br[n bodies ( nude sylvans b5d 9 gr& ge/ures z !y p\r ! w9e4 ,at ! left ,bac*us 9 pr(essional alo(ness goes ab\t ! s]i\s bus9ess ( empty+ a flagon4 ,at ! "r is flung ! relax$ body ( a nymph ov]come by sleep & w9e4 ,h] spl5did nudity %9es =? 9 competition ) a so>+ aft]noon cl\d1 :ile beh9d h] a lightly drap$ %eph]d dances ) 8 lass4 ,! orgy is swept by ! clean breeze & dappl$ ) sunlight--purify+ elem5ts4 ,we h n intoxication 9 ! gross s5se1 b ! ,greek notion ( an elem5tal ,bac*ic inspiration4 ,! decoration 0 triumphantly complet$ 9 #aebc ) ! ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 ,figure #bfj1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,! noisy tra9 ( ! god ( w9e sweeps into ! picture oblivi\s ( ! h]o9e4 ,z ! leop>ds sw+ ! c> along ! /r&1 ! ,god fl+s himself raptur\sly t[>ds ! =m ( />tl$ ,ariadne1 :o ) a gr&1 hesitat+ ge/ure turns h] head & body away :ile h] legs & feet /ill be> h] t[>ds h] woo]4 ,! ?+ sp>kles ) w9e-r$ & azure1 t+les electrically ) passion1 gives =? a clamor :i* is also a h>mony4 ,its exub]ance is well conta9$ 9 noble compositional =ms4 ,! passionate yet discipl9$ s\l ( ,titian approa*+ fifty is fully express$ 9 ?is m>vell\s "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,titian4 ,! ,entombm5t4--,l\vre4 ,pass+ to ! religi\s pictures once m1 ! ,entombm5t1 ,figure #bgc1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,gonzagas ab\t #aebe1 is aga9 a ma/]piece ( unaffect$ feel+ & ( f9e/ disposition ( masses4 ,! c5tral gr\p looms aga9/ ! sky ) ! gr&eur ( a great dome4 ,:oev] has se5 /rong m5 c>+ = ! dead or /rick5 w realize ! res]ve & nobility ( acts :i* are expressions ( sympa?ies too deep = words4 ,i saw ?+s l t at ! ,mess9a e>?quake4 ,equally f9e & re/ra9$ is ! protective attitude ( ! ,magdal5 t[>ds a ,m>y />k & mute ) grief4 ,magnific5t is ! contra/ ( ! gr& nude =ms ( ! dead ,*ri/1 ) ! ri* /uffs 9 :i* ! att5dants are clo!d4 ,i imag9e :5 ,titian conceiv$ ?is simple elegy ) su* p[] & pa?os he may h _h scornful ref]5ce to ,raphael's di/ort$ & s5sational v]sion ( ! same !me1 ,figure #ahf4 ,& p]haps ! /hetic lesson ( ! picture is t *oice feel+ is f> m difficult ( atta9m5t ?an f9e pa9t+4 ,9 #aecc1 ,titian1 by comm&1 met ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v at ,augsburg1 0 promptly made a knight & lat] a c\nt palat9e4 ,f n[ on he 0 mu* employ$ by ! ,emp]or & 8 son ,philip4 ,) t relation%ip a *ange beg9s to come ov] 8 art4 ,he becomes less exub]ant1 m (ficial & objective4 ,titian at sixty has said almo/ e possible ?+ on 8 own acc\nt1 & is cont5t = a space to be obs]v] & record] ( ! /ately _w ab\t him4 ,we h descriptions ( him at ?is "t1 ma9ta9+ a pr9cely hospitality 9 8 palace1 & decl9+ to %>e ! dissipations :i* he will+ly provid$ = su* loose-liv+ fri5ds z ,francesco ,sansov9o & ,pietro ,aret9o4 ,he /rangely depoetizes himself4 ,! *ange comes some:]e ab\t #aecf1 & a notable evid5ce ( x is 9 ! portrait ( a lady 9 peacock blue velvet1 9 ! ,pitti4 ,po/]ity has agre$ to call h] simply ,la ,bella1 & s imp]sonal a /yle well befits h] impassive beauty4 ,mat]ially ,titian has nev] pa9t$ m exquisitely1 b x has become a pa9t+ ( surfaces4 ,! appeal is vague1 g5]al1 social1 !re are no p]sonal intimations1 m]ely a magnific5t /atem5t ( entirely obvi\s p]fections4 ,aga9 ,titian is cont5t to be ! m]e pa9t] 9 ! s-call$ ,v5us ( ,urb9o1 ,figure #bgd4 ,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t #aech1 & is 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,evid5tly ! sleep+ ,v5us ( ,giorgione is 9 ,titian's m9d1 b :at a loss 9 awak+ h]6 ,titian sees ! graci\s =ms = :at !y are ( nacre\s light & rosy %ad[1 he sees ! room = :at x is 9 di/ribution ( curta9$ int]ior & alcove space irradiat$ by morn+ light4 ,he /udies curi\sly ! delicate nuances ( blu] %eet & creami] sk91 he models out ! sl5d] body ) fa9te/ inve/m5t ( almo/ imp]ceptible %ad[4 ,9 %ort1 he is j a pa9t]1 b :at a pa9t] he is6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,titian4 ,v5us ( ,urb9o4--,pitti4 ,ab\t ! same "t he did ! (ficial portraits ( ,eleonora & ,f$]igo ,gonzaga4 ,he treats !m z gr&ees4 ,!y are impos+1 almo/ pomp\s1 e in* ! pr9ce & pr9cess4 ,he sees ) a c\rti]'s eye1 & gives to (ficial portraiture t imp]sonal ca/ :i* x has s9ce only too fai?fully reta9$4 ,he revives ! great traditions ( ,v5etian n>rative pa9t+4 ,! great wall pa9t+1 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,victory at ,cadore has p]i%$4 ,old copies & engrav+s tell u ( its en]gy1 picturesqu5ess & panoramic bread?4 ,=tunately ! great mural canvas1 f9i%$ 9 #aech & repres5t+ ,m>y ent]+ ! ,temple1 is /ill 9 its place2 = ! old ,s*ool ( ! ,c>it has become ! ,academy4 ,9 ?is picture ,titian realizes all t ! ,v]onese & ,v5etian pa9t]s f ,alti*i]o d[n _h s\ght =4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 he is *iefly spectacul>1 subord9at+ "*1 b he atta9s a monum5tal bread? :i* !y nev] remotely glimps$4 ,! s*eme is work$ out 9 magnific5t oblongs v>i$ by triangul> =ms :i* repeat ! motive ( ! /eps4 ,! *ief n>rative motives1 ! *ildi% det]m9ation ( ! ,virg91 ! graci\s expectancy ( ! high prie/1 ! admiration ( ! wom5 bel[1 hold _! own amaz+ly 9 ! va/ space4 ,! surface s+s ) color4 ,! pa9t+ 0 affix$ to ! wall 9 #aech1 fully t5 ye>s be=e ,paolo ,v]onese _h made ?is sort ( pageantry 8 special doma94 ,almo/ z dispassionate is ! great canvas1 depict+ ,*ri/ be=e ! ,p 7#aedc71 at ,vi5na4 ,x becomes less an expression ( ! submission ( ,*ri/ ?an an exaltation ( ! ,imp]ial p[] t has him 9 *>ge & ( ! mob _s t cries = 8 blood4 ,! ar*itectural surr\nd+s are magnific5t4 ,!re are wond]ful details1 z 9 ! h[l+ boy at ! left & ! :ite =m ( a girl caught 9 ! ?rong4 ,h] sudd5 app>ition z an elem5t ( relief & my/]y anticipates by ne>ly a c5tury a simil> device 9 ,rembr&t's ,night ,wat*4 ,v *>act]i/ic 9 its patrician decorum is ,! ,disciples at ,emmaus1 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,figure #bge1 :i* 0 pa9t$ ab\t #aede4 ,"h !re is no int5sity 9 ! mom5t ( surprise & revelation4 ,b5ignly ! ,*ri/ breaks bread2 rev]5tly & )\t excitem5t ! disciples give him 8 due wor%ip4 ,all ! homel9ess & surprise t are 9 ,/4 ,luke's n>rative1 & t ,rembr&t lat] emphasiz$1 h be5 level$ out 9 ! int]e/ ( discretion & nobility4 ,! disciples %[ no m en?usiasm ?an a ,v5etian dignit>y & prelate %\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,! ,supp] at ,emmaus4--,l\vre4 ,two portraits :i* 7 bo? pa9t$ )9 ! ye> #aede %[ ,titian at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,! ,aret9o1 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ! ev5 f9] sket* be+ 9 ! ,frick ,collection1 ,new ,york1 ,figure #bgf1 reveals ! trucul5t & s5sual man ( lett]s 9 all 8 =midable massiv5ess4 ,! sat9 & velvets 9 :i* he is clad are pa9t$ lightly b ) fulle/ reg>d = _! textures & mat]ial beauty4 ,titian lik$ ,aret9o & _h pr(it$ by 8 bitt] & v5al p54 ,s )\t emphasiz+ ,aret9o's effront]y & brutality ,titian br+s out 8 resolute intellig5ce4 ,9 ! portraits ( ,paul ,,iii1 ,figure #bgg1 especially 9 t sc5e :]e ! decrepit ,pope muses craftily betwe5 two smoo? flatt]]s & traitors1 8 own k9sm51 ! s9i/] air seems fill$ ) conte/+ wills4 ,a veil ( atmosph]e int]poses itself be=e ! figures4 ,! t\* is light1 contra/s are evad$1 mat]ials c\nt = v little1 !re is no copy+ ( ri* surfaces4 ,ev5 ! color is r$uc$ to tones ( gray m]ely w>m$ ) r$s or cool$ ) blues4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,titian4 ,pietro ,aret9o4--,frick ,coll41 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,titian4 ,paul ,,iii & 8 ,nephews4--,naples4 ,9 its tremul\s psy*ology1 9 its retic5ce1 9 its sub/itute ( ri*ly brok5 mono*rome = a gamut ( real color1 ?is picture is a k9d ( negation ( ev]y?+ ,titian _h atta9$4 ,8 rema9+ ?irty ye>s 7 giv5 to ideals :i* are no long] b\nd$ by ! ,v5etian lagoon1 b are z broad p]haps & indet]m9ate z ! mod]n imag9ation itself4 ,be=e explor+ ?is my/]y ( ,titian's r5ovation ( 8 art at sev5ty1 & s9ce 8 ,v5etian /yle has clos$1 we may d well to consid] "s ( 8 contempor>ies at ,v5ice & 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,seba/iano del ,piombo#hj 0 born at ,v5ice 9 #adhg1 & l mo/ ( 8 g5]ation emulat$ ! sm\ld]+ h>monies ( ,giorgione4 ,he pa9ts su* admirable portraits z ! s-call$ ,=n>9a1 at ,flor5ce1 :i* long pass$ = a ,raphael4 ,he soon passes f ! lyrism ( ,giorgione to a dramatic mode q 8 own4 ,he 0 call$ to ,rome1 made keep] ( ! ,papal ,seal1 became an executant ( ,mi*elangelo's designs1 & ?us indulg$ a los+ rivalry ) ,raphael4 ,he comm&s a heavy dignity 9 8 male portraits1 & 9 8 v>i\s pictures ( ! ,dead ,*ri/ & ,m>y1 atta9s a robu/ & tell+ pa?os4 ,d[n to 8 dea?1 9 #aedg1 he ma9ta9$ a tradition ( ,giorgionesque color 9 ! ali5 air ( ,rome1 & repres5t$ some?+ ( ! gravity ( ! ,v5etian ,r5aissance 9 a city rapidly giv+ itself to s5sationalism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,palma ,vec*io4 ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds4--,l\vre4 ,palma ,vec*io#ha is a m consid]able figure4 ,born at ,s]9alta amid ! ,b]gamesque hills1 9 #adhj1 we f9d him at ,v5ice1 by #aeje among ! pupils ( ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,l ! re/1 he is t\*$ by ,giogione's poetry1 b on ! :ole he m]ely int5sifies & ref9es ^u simpl] me?ods4 ,he foll[s ,titian 9 ! conv]sation piece1 & does _m ,arcadian ,holy ,families :i* are beautifully light$1 radiantly color$ & felt ) a w>m? & simplicity t j misses s5tim5tality4 ,among ! be/ is ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 ,figure #bgh1 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,) ,titian1 he loves wom5 ( g5]\s build & he sets (f _! impressive *>ms by c>eful pos+1 employ+ all ! new devices ( c\nt]poise4 ,"o may see him at 8 gr&e/ 9 ! alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ,figure #bgi1 pa9t$ aft] #aefa4 ,! sa9t is wor?y to be ! patroness ( artill]ym54 ,%e holds h] m>tyr's palm l a field m>%al's baton1 %e is imp]i\sly confid5t & yet g5tle--a lovely ,amazon ( ! ,*ri/ian pan!on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,palma ,vec*io4--,s4,m4 ,=mosa4 ,9 ! ,arcadian nude ,palma has delicacy & ref9em5t ( workman%ip1 b ! mood is obvi\s4 ,= him beauty is lit]ally sk9 deep1 & he gives himself to ! impossible competition ( pa9t ) nature's nacre\s %ades & ineffable c>nations4 ,b he s ne>ly succe$s t j z a pa9t] ( lovely surfaces no ,v5etian pa9t] q equall$ him1 n ev5 ,titian1 & ) ?is s+le tal5t ,palma almo/ made himself a great portraiti/4 ,inde$ if pa9t+ surfaces 7 all ( portraiture1 he w\ld be ! greate/ portraiti/ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,b 8 big1 blond models lose condition 9 8 h&s4 ,*>m+ z is su* a gr\p z ! ,?ree ,graces at ,dresd51 or ! doz5 or m s+le portraits ( m5 & wom51 !y lack ! la/ quality ( di/9ction4 ,he tries to ga9 x by adopt+ r ov]tly ! pa?os & wi/fulness ( ,giorgione1 b x doesn't suit 8 exquisitely groom$ cavali]s nor yet _! ev5 m exquisitely groom$ & mo/ ample light o'loves4 ,inde$1 despite a h&ful ( sup]b portraits1 ,palma has ev] ! air r ( a consummate beauty doctor ?an t ( a great arti/4 ,h[ev] t be1 8 influ5ce 0 widespread ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,italy1 & especially ar\nd 8 native ,b]gamo4 ,he di$ 9 #aebh1 leav+ a ,v]onese pupil1 ,bonifazio1 to complete 8 unf9i%$ canvases & to c>ry on to ! middle ( ! c5tury 8 brilliant & g5tle /yle4 ,)9 8 n>r[ range ,palma is admirable1 nev] uneasy1 nev] bel[ himself4 ,9 8 unp]turb$ ,arcadianism & ev5 9 8 h>mless s5tim5talism1 9 8 delicacy & robu/ness1 he seems m ,v5etian ?an ! ,v5etians !mselves4 ,composure is ! v s\l ( ! gr& /yle :e!r 9 fif? c5tury ,a!ns or 9 sixte5? c5tury ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 or ,v5ice4 ,x accepts ! human spectacle z wor?y & ?rill+1 admires )\t misgiv+s ! be/ ?+s t come be=e its eye4 ,t is :y radicals hate ! gr& /yle--& rightly1 = x is always ari/ocratic1 c>+ r little = ! av]age man & mu* = t privileg$ remnant :i* lives 9 highe/ bodily effici5cy & m5tal ease4 ,! gr& /yle is on ! side ( :at ,mat!w ,arnold call$ ! b>b>ic virtues ( weal?1 heal?1 & g5]\s liv+4 ,! mom5t ! arti/ beg9s to "q ! social ord]1 to be curi\s ab\t ! foibles & fates ( individuals z su*1 ! gr& /yle is 9 p]il4 ,?is delicate & inquisitive s5sibility makes its appe>ance 9 ,italy n long aft] ! dea? ( ,raphael4 ,y w f9d x 9 ,pontormo1 at ,flor5ce1 9 ,lor5zo ,lotto1 9 ! ,v5etic region1 9 ,moretto ( ,brescia1 above all 9 ,correggio1 m ass]tively 9 ,t9toretto1 & lat5t 9 ,titian's la/ phase4 ,x is a tremor on ! sea ( hi/ory t h]alds a new dawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,lor5zo ,lotto4 ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds4--,brescia4 ,lor5zo ,lotto1#hb born at ,treviso 9 #adhj1 fir/ & mo/ *>act]i/ically embodies ! new intimacy4 ,he work$ widely ?r\gh ,lomb>dy & ! ,m>*es1 enjoy+ a transitory vogue at ,v5ice4 ,tra9$ 9 ! au/]e me?ods ( ,alvise ,viv>9i1 he soon gave himself to 8 own native melan*oly4 ,"o may see 8 qualities & defects 9 ! great ,en?ron$ ,madonna1 9 ,san ,b>tolommeo at ,b]gamo4 ,mr4 ,b]5son has well rem>k$ t ! sa9ts are no long] demi-gods & objects ( wor%ip1 b 8pi\s s\ls 9 ^: faces & ge/ures we disc]n ! zeal1 ! f]vor1 ! ye>n+1 ! rev]ie1 or ev5 ! s5tim5tal ec/acy peculi> to ! sev]al temp]am5ts mo/ frequ5tly occurr+ among ! *ildr5 ( ,holy ,"m ,*ur*40 ,note too h[ ! /ately ar*itecture d]iv$ f ,giovanni ,bell9i & ! cr[d$ figure gr\p mutually dw>f "o ano!r4 ,intimacy & monum5tality d n live well toge!r4 ,?is picture 0 f9i%$ 9 #aeaf1 ! ye> t ,titian began ! ,assumption4 ,does n ! contra/ %[ ,lotto an ali5 9 8 "t & a h>b+] ( ours8 ,9 lat] pictures ( less monum5tal pret5sions1--z 9 a ,nativity1 ,figure #bhj1 at ,brescia1 :i* may pr(itably be contra/$ ) ,palma's m assur$ v]sion1--he atta9s a p5etrat+ beauty ( a morbid k9d1 & 8 s5sitiv5ess makes him a mo/ appeal+ portraiti/4 ,he has left an extraord9>y gall]y ( %y1 inadequate1 sometimes morose & invalid m51 & wom51 ,figure #bha4 ,!y h n ! confid5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 b hesitations l our own4 ,:i* %[s p]haps t ! ,r5aissance mood 0 ev] urban & ! affair ( a m9ority ( /atesm51 m]*ants & humani/s4 ,9 ! little cities :]e !re 0 no enlight5$ c\rt ! human _s reta9$ & betray$ its immemorial frailties & misgiv+s4 ,lotto di$ 9 #aeef1 hav+ widely diffus$ 8 s5sitive art ?r\gh ! ,m>ca & ,lomb>dy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,lor5zo ,lotto4 ,! ,m>riage ,yoke4--,madrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,moretto ( ,brescia4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,ni*olas4--,brescia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,correggio4 ,detail ( ,ceil+4--,conv5t ( ,s4 ,paolo1 ,p>ma4 ,x is significantly ! prov9cial pa9t]s & n ! born ,v5etians :o indulge ^! q fem99e ref9em5ts ( s5sibility4 ,su* a "o is ,moretto ( ,brescia1 born 9 #adih & active until #aeee4 ,al?\gh closely 9 t\* ) ,palma & ,titian1 he avoids _! positive color & dreams 8 pictures 9 delicate h>monies ( silv] & blue4 ,!re is a morn+ coolness ab\t !m :i* anticipates c]ta9 p]fections ( e>ly ,velasquez & ev5 ( ! figure pa9t+ ( ,corot4 ,he is a di/+ui%$ _s b an anomaly 9 ! age ( ,aret9o4 ,milton w\ld h und]/ood him4 ,9 portraiture1 z 9 ! ri*ly clad nobleman ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 he =ces ! note ( picturesqu5ess to re/lessness4 ,9 su* religi\s pictures z ! ,madonna 9 ,glory1 7#aedj71 9 ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore1 at ,v]ona1 or 9 ! ,madonna ) ,/4 ,ni*olas1 at ,brescia1 7#aeci71 ,figure #bhb1 he %[s an ec/atic lyrical feel+1 & f9ds ! free & florid compositional =ms to express x4 ,x has an in=mality :i* ,titian w\ld nev] h p]mitt$ himself at ?is mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,correggio4 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,fresco4 ,tos*i's ,copy4--,ca!dral1 ,p>ma4 ,( c\rse ! greate/ ( ^? :o 9 ! "n ( s5tim5t und]m9$ ! gr& /yle 0 ,antonio ,correggio1#hc a prov9cial pa9t]1 a disappo9t$ & unsuccessful man1 :o liv$ out 8 less ?an fifty %ort ye>s 7#adhi8-aecd7 9 or ne> ,p>ma4 ,8 ideas he took f ,mantegna1 ma/] ( all ,nor!rn ,italy1 ^: illusionism he c>ri$ a po9t fur!r4 ,he made 9 #aeah = ! ceil+ ( ! reception room ( ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,paolo1 ,figure #bhc1 a trellis ?r\gh ! v]dur\s ovals ( :i* "o sees pairs ( nude boy g5iuses at play4 ,he pa9ts away ! domes ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 7#aebd7 & ( ! ,ca!dral 7#aecj71 %[s u ,*ri/ or ,8 ,"m so>+ into ! cl\ds ) ho/s ( accompany+ angels4 ,he br+s ! cl\ds d[n ?r\gh ! pa9t$ wall & sets !m be=e ! p5d5tives4 ,*ur* ,doctors1 ,figure #bhd1 or ,evangeli/s ride _! cl\d-?rones easily 9 ! company ( ! faire/ nude angels ( ei!r sex4 ,! pa9t+ fairly annuls ! ar*itecture4 ,^! decorative frescoes are s vital & s ri*ly v>i\s t !y dem& admiration & dis>m criticism4 ,to walk among ! demi-gods & goddesses t loll on ! p>apet pa9t$ ab\t ! ,ca!dral dome1 ,figure #bhe1 is to h kn[n ! company ( ,hom]'s immortals4 ,! impression is ov]-p[]+ & un=gettable4 ,cauti\s p h always res5t$ su* pr(usion & su* unre/ra9$ ass]tion ( life & joy4 ,at ! "t !y call$ ! dome1 ) its confusion ( wriggl+ rosy legs ( asc5d+ angels1 ! 8frog pond40 ,!y cavill$ at ,correggio's price & appeal$ to ,titian1 :o kn[+ a miracle ( f9e workman%ip1 told !m t if !y turn$ ! dome ov] & fill$ x ) ducats1 x w\ld n be too mu*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,correggio4 ,detail ( fresco decoration ( ,dome ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,aft] ,tos*i's ,copy4--,p>ma4 ,x 0 ,correggio's di/9ction to fill an imm5se decoration ) lyrical ec/acy4 ,mi*elangelo 9 ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel _h done z mu* 9 elegiac ve94 ,bo? set a de/ructive example to small] m5 :o foll[$4 ,= two c5turies aft] ,correggio's dea? 9 #aecd ! cl\ds blew into *ur*es1 & rosy angelic app>itions cool$ _! nude *>ms 9 ^! cl\ds & dangl$ _! delicate legs !refrom1 & pa9t]s work$ _! w ^u m]e ar*itecture1 & ! b>oque /yle took possession ( all ,ca?olic ,europe4 ,at its be/ x is captivat+ ev5 to an unwill+ ,prote/ant imag9ation1 b x nev] rega9$ ! height ( its beg9n+s 9 ,correggio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,correggio4 8,! ,day40--,p>ma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,correggio4 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4--,l\vre4 ,9 8 religi\s pieces & my?ologies1 ,correggio is respectful to ! gr& /yle4 ,he _h 9 "o way or ano!r tak5 acc\nt ( 8 ,titian1 ,raphael1 & ,mi*elangelo1 & he builds 8 gr\ps 9 _! active symmetries4 ,b su* an allegiance to ! decor\s /yle is m]ely sup]ficial1 8 aff9ities are ) ! foll[+ c5turies & ! devotees ( s5sibility4 ,ev5 9 a gr&ly compos$ picture l ! ,holy ,family call$ ,! ,day1 ,figure #bhf1 ! wom5 are disquiet+ 9 _! p]sonal lovel9ess4 ,!re is no relation to ! ,p>!non m>bles1 z !re always seems to be 9 ,titian1 no sugge/ion ( a l>g] air4 ,^! ,m>ies "k love1 & raptures & te>s4 ,9 ! some:at e>li] ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,figure #bhg1 at ,p>is1 ! mood is simply "o ( great t5d]ness4 ,9 lat] pictures l ! ,madonna ) ,/4 ,george & ! ,holy ,night1 at ,dresd51 ! excitem5t ( all ! figures becomes almo/ unpleasant4 ,s1 9 ! my?ologies1 ,l$a1 or ,danae1 or ,antiope1 ,figure #bhh1 is n goddesslike b p]turb+ly fem99e & desirable4 ,a mo/ delicate erotic appeal is 9 all ?is "w4 ,x is l ,alex&rian sculpture4 ,x is /ill noble1 b less s ?an ,titian or ,raphael1 less ab/ract & /yli/ic4 ,! exquisite ambiguity ( ! mood is n q compatible ) ! compositional =mulas4 ,"o feels x is b a /ep & a legitimate "o f ,correggio to ! r>e1 s5tim5tal nudes ( ,ga9sbor\gh & ,sir ,jo%ua & ,romney4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,correggio4 ,jupit] & ,antiope4--,l\vre4 ,9 e phase ,correggio's "w is di/+ui%able by ! mo/ beautiful h&l+ ( color & light & d>k4 ,l ,moretto & ,lotto he pref]s a blond] scale ?an ! ,v5etian1 & makes 8 surfaces s _m miracles ( ivory1 silv]y grays & /raw yell[s1 inve/$ ) %ad[ t5u\sly modulat$1 yet ( /ronge/ modell+ p[]4 ,he c>es no?+ ab\t textures or individually ri* passages2 x is ! :ole picture t c\nts4 ,! bru% sweeps lightly & swiftly1 !re is no load+ ( color1 ev]y:]e an exquisite economy & a subtlety t conceals itself4 ,at all po9ts1 te*nically z well z psy*ologically1 ,correggio deals 9 ov]tones4 ,& by t tok5 he is n ( ! ,r5aissance1 b is great] or small] ?an x1 z y may *oose to decide4 ,he is m our contempor>y ?an he is ,titian's4 ,mean:ile ,titian himself is pass+ into a subjective phase4 ,9 #aede he 0 at ,rome4 ,mi*elangelo1 :o (f]$ him unusual c\rtesies1 d\btless %[$ him ! ,si/9e ceil+ & ! rec5tly f9i%$ ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,titian1 z he writes himself1 /udi$ ) humble amazem5t ! 8m>vell\s old /ones0 t ! ,roman soil 0 yield+ up to ! newly f\nd$ museums4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,*>les ,v4 at ,mhlb]g4--,madrid4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,roman trip1 8 /yle beg9s to %[ an old man's re/less vehem5ce4 ,! titanic ceil+ decorations = ! ,salute1 ( #aedc & #aedd1 ,abraham & ,isaac1 ,ca9 & ,abel1 ,david & ,golia?1 display at once an almo/ s5sational en]gy & a less] reg>d = ! sup]ficial attractions ( color4 ,! rugg$ designs are hack$ out 9 bold splot*es ( light & d>k4 ,! me?od beg9s to be lum9i/ic4 ,! p>tial =e%ort5+ ( ! figures to adju/ !m to be+ se5 f bel[ is ! decorative compromise :i* prevails at ,v5ice f ,t9toretto to ,tiepolo4 ,! new po9t ( view is easie/ /udi$ 9 ,*ri/ cr[n$ ) ,?orns1 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,titian passes swiftly ?r\gh ?is ov]tly dramatic /age4 ,! same ye>1 #aedh1 t saw ! ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns1 saw also ! eque/rian portrait ( ,*>les ,v1 ,conqu]or1 ,figure #bhi1 aft] ! battle ( ,mhlb]g4 ,:at is odd ab\t ! picture is ! elim9ation ( all milit>y conv5tions--no battle reek1 no /rick5 foes1 no busy /aff4 ,in/ead j ! pale1 inflexible1 ?\ghtful face ( a slight old man1 physically frail b firmly seat$ on a cant]+ horse4 ,!re is no frank color except ! purple sc>f & ! gold ( armor & horse trapp+s4 ,ev]y?+ is express$ 9 m>vell\s grays & br[ns :i* conta9 h9ts ( all ! colors4 ,!re is no l9e> draw+2 edge melts into edge )\t abrupt contra/s4 ,a twilight my/]y1 a veil$ quality1 adds imm5sely to ! expression ( melan*oly & might4 ,! m]e spectacle ( life has become relatively un9t]e/+ to ,titian4 ,he r m$itates on ^? creative ?roes ( ! m9d :i* und]lie action4 ,8 conqu]or is a ?9k]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,titian4 ,! ,rape ( ,europa4--,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,bo/on4 ,9 ,titian's own portrait1 ( #aeej1 at ,b]l91 ! new me?od is m /rongly ann\nc$4 ,! =m gr[s out ( a silv]y gloom by reason ( hesitat+ flick]s ( light :i* yet h extraord9>y modell+ p[]4 ,9 "* ! "w is rem>kable4 ,"o s5ses sm\ld]+ "u ! wea!r$ surfaces ( ?is man ( sev5ty-?ree ! mo/ =midable capacities = wra? & = passion4 ,! nudes & my?ologies ( ^! f9al ye>s1 ! v>i\s ,danae's & ! ,nymph & ,faun at ,vi5na1 ! ,cali/o & ,acton at ,bridgewat] ,h\se1 ! ,v5us & ,adonis at ,madrid1 all %[ a v diff]5t temp] f ! e>ly poesies4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( m$itative dalliance1 no %y ,arcadianism4 ,^! are mortals /ung & la%$ by desire4 ,love is n sweet on _! lips b bitt] & fateful4 ,ev5 ,europa1 ,figure #bij1 at ,f5way ,c\rt1 ! f9e/ ( ^! lat] poesies1 seems to fill ! sunlight sky & sea ) a spasm ( erotic expectancy4 ,passion becomes cosmic4 ,/range capacities = t5d]ness also appe>4 ,comp>e ! ,deposition 9 ! ,prado1 ,figure #bia1 ( #aeei1 ) ! ma/]piece ( =ty ye>s e>li]1 ,figure #bgc1 at ! ,l\vre4 ,! noble domelike arrangem5t p]si/s1 b )9 ! compositional dome :at a *ange6 ,! body ( ! ,*ri/ is no long] gr&ly dispos$4 ,x crumples z x is turn$ into ! tomb4 ,! ?+ has ! unexpect$ness ( fact4 ,! canvas is sob]ly inc&esc5t ) half-lit faces :i* gleam ?r\gh ! deep grays & br[ns4 ,ea* light is a focus ( compassion4 ,titian himself1 imp]sonat+ ,/4 ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 supports ! ,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4 ,titian4 ,! ,entombm5t4--,madrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4 ,titian4 ,education ( ,cupid4--,borghese1 ,rome4 ,9 "o ( ! late/ poesies1 ! ,education ( ,cupid1 ,figure #bib1 at ! ,borghese1 ,rome1 ! new me?od may be /udi$4 ,! =ms are built up ( little & app>5tly indet]m9ate t\*es ( russets & grays t gl[ f )94 ,! =m builds itself out vibrat+ly4 ,x is no long] z palpable to ! h& z t ( ! e>ly ,titians1 b x is m palpable to ! eye & to ! m9d4 ,tone has driv5 out color2 atmosph]ic envelopm5t has replac$ m9ute description2 ! arti/ m]ely creates gradations ( light :i* af=d ! illusion ( bulk4 ,x is :at we call today1 r loosely1 impressionism1 or1 m accurately1 lum9ism4 ,9 ! "* ( ^! goddesses we h no long] wi/fulness1 t ineffable adolesc5t quality ( ,titian's e>ly poesies1 b wom5 fully consci\s ( _! p[] to give or take away4 ,8 lat] pictures1 ,! ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns at ,muni* 7#aegj7 & ! ,piet 7#aegf7 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy1 are nobly tragic 9 mood4 ,titian faces ! la/ great ev5t n z a humani/1 b z a humble believ] sorr[+ 9 ! suff]+ ( 8 ,"l4 ,c>ri$ (f by ! plague 9 #aegf1 ,titian _h liv$ ne>ly a c5tury1 = ov] sev5ty ye>s _h be5 a fam\s pa9t]4 ,9 t long c\rse !re is no sign ( failure ( p[]4 ,8 dom9ant mood *anges accord+ to 8 age f ! ard5t pa/oralism ( 8 e>ly maturity1 ?r\gh ! dramatic en]gy ( 8 middle age1 & ! imp]sonal spl5dor ( 8 fir/ old age4 ,& :5 he _h pass$ ! scriptural t]m1 he develop$ new dep?s ( feel+1 & creat$ to conta9 !m a pulsat+ realm ( light & d>k 9 twilight4 ,he _h begun ) ! cool precis5ess ( ,giovanni ,bell9i & clos$ ) a passionate my/]y ( expression :i* =etells ,rembr&t4 ,s f> z ,v5ice 0 conc]n$1 he n m]ely l$ its ,r5aissance1 b 0 its ,r5aissance1 bo? 9 rise & decay4 ,& x is notewor?y t :ile ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo end 9 o/5tation ( p[] & decl9e ( feel+1 ,titian ends 9 deep] capacities :e!r = passion or sympa?y1 works away f ! daylight realities ( humanism t[>ds new dep?s 9 natural appe>ance & new dep?s 9 8 own s\l4 ,ar\nd su* a man a ?rong ( able pa9t]s naturally grew up4 ,! poore/ imitat$ him1 ! bett] took h9ts f 8 m>vell\s practice & w5t _! own way4 ,among ^! 0 ,giambatti/a ,moroni ( ,b]gamo1 born 9 #aebj & tra9$ "u ,moretto ( ,brescia4 ,m$iocre z a religi\s pa9t]1 he 0 a portraiti/ ( acute/ vision = "*4 ,a prov9cial1 he c>$ little = ! idealizations ( ! "t4 ,9 su* a portrait z ! ,tailor1 at ,london1 or ! amaz+ old ,abbess 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 or ! ,husb& & ,wife1 at ,clevel&1 or ,! ,wid[]1 at ,dubl91 ,figure #bic1 he gives u ! v look ( p1 ev5 to _! uneas9ess z !y submit to ! ordeal ( be+ portray$1 & )al _! intellig5ce1 dilig5ce1 & pati5ce4 ,titian1 :5 ov]driv5 ) portrait commissions1 habitually ref]r$ 8 cli5ts to ,moroni1 z an abl] arti/ 9 ! specialty4 ,& inde$ ,moroni1 :ile lack+ ,titian's /yle1 look$ h>d] at 8 sitt]s ?an ,titian ev] did4 ,he di$ 9 #aegb1 f\r ye>s be=e 8 g5]\s fri5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4 ,g-,b4 ,moroni4 ,! ,wid[]4--,dubl94 ,! ,bassanos1 ! fa!r ,jacopo & 8 sons ,le&ro & ,francesco1 7 too popul> to be omitt$4 ,_! /yle is pretty eclectic ) some?+ ( late ,titian & ,t9toretto 9 x4 ,!y treat ! old religi\s !mes1 are good portraiti/s1 & c>ry out on _! own initiative a bucolic sort ( pa9t+1 ) abundant horses1 cattle & dogs4 ,s homely a tradition has its place 9 break+ d[n ! decorum ( ! gr& /yle4 ,! excell5t av]age ( ! family 9 _! craft may be judg$ f ,le&ro's ,piet1 at ,clevel&4 ,sometimes ov] ! velvety calm ( ,v5ice & ! lagoon w roll up a ?und] /orm4 ,! radiant color becomes m sombrely ri* "u ! toss+ cl\ds4 ,_! /eely edges break into ! lightn+ fla%2 domes & t[]s = a mom5t /agg] "u ! la%+ ( ! ra9 squall4 ,! /orm passes1 ! lead5 cl\ds %[ saffron backs aga9/ ! blue1 ! ev5+ is "h ) d\ble s]5ity & purity4 ,su* is ,jacopo ,t9toretto amid ! reflective tranquility1 & confid5t spl5dors ( ,v5etian pa9t+--a w9d ( ! _s1 a %att]+1 yet consol+1 app>ition4 ,t5d]ness1 trag$y1 romance1 are 8 realm4 ,:]e 8 contempor>ies dealt 9 sup]b av]ages1 he deals 9 transc5d5t exceptions4 ,?us he has ev] be5 a baffl+ figure to ! critics4 ,= ! febrile ,rusk91 he is among ! greate/ ( pa9t]s2 = ! coolly analytical ,k5yon ,cox1 he is little bett] ?an a reckless s5sationali/4 ,e "o1 fri5d or foe ( 8 art1 mu/ admit its ,%akespe>ean ri*ness & v>iety4 ,he lacks ,titian's ,olympian poise1 b is m univ]sal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4 ,t9toretto4 ,ti?onus & ,aurora4 ,temp]a color sket*4--,briti% ,museum4 ,jacopo ,robu/i1#hd ! dy]'s son1 0 born 9 ,v5ice 9 #aeah4 ,at sev5te5 he 0 put ) ,titian4 ,once pass+ ?r\gh ! /udio ,titian saw on ! floor a numb] ( ,t9toretto's sket*es4 ,n tru/+ himself to speak1 he s5t ^w t ! newcom] %\ld nev] aga9 ent] 8 /udio4 ,an act :i* contempor>y gossip ascrib$ to jeal\sy1 is r to be ref]r$ to disgu/ at ,t9toretto's unbridl$ vehem5ce4 ,:oev] has /udi$ ,t9toretto's temp]a sket*es1 ,figure #bid1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum may realize h[ ,titian felt4 ,! sket*es are sup]b1 b ,titian 9 #aece 0 9 no way to realize _! value4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] he may h appreciat$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4 ,t9toretto4 ,pres5tation ( ,virg9 9 ! ,temple4--,s4 ,m4 dell' ,orto4 ,driv5 out by ! be/ ma/] 9 ,v5ice1 ,t9toretto 0 r$uc$ to ! process ( self-education1 9 :i* he 0 aid$ by t brilliant decorative colori/ & ev] luckless arti/1 ,&rea ,s*iavone4 ,t9toretto's e>lie/ "w ( note is ! decoration ( 8 own p>i% *ur* ( ! ,orto1 :i* he und]took ab\t ! ye> #aedf = ! co/s4 ,! gigantic canvases ( ! ,deluge & ,wor%ip ( ! ,gold5 ,calf 9 ! ,*oir made 8 fame1 b we see 8 peculi> quality bett] 9 ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 ,figure #bie4 ,x 0 f9i%$ only a few ye>s aft] ,titian's ma/]piece 9 ! ,scuola della ,c>it1 h5ce ! contra/ betwe5 ! two works on ! same !me is enlight5+4 ,titian's picture is fundam5tally a spectacle & a c]emony4 ,ev]y?+ goes z arrang$ & expect$4 ,t9toretto's picture is a sudd5 & ?rill+ ev5t full ( unexpect$ graces4 ,! little ,virg9 is well )9 ! picture1 b keeps h] prom95ce ?r\gh h] position aga9/ ! sky & ev5 m by reason ( ! focus+ ( int5se int]e/ on h] by all ! p]sons 9 ! composition4 ,x is a *>m+ inv5tion t ?ree mo!rs & _! infant daught]s on ! /eps %\ld %>e 9 ! glory ( h] consecration4 ,at ! left a prophetic figure sudd5ly grasps ! import ( ! mom5t & sways ) wide /ret*$ arms t[>ds ! hope4 ,f him to ! head ( ! /eps rises a pa!tic l9e ( cripples & begg>s m]cifully veil$ 9 half light4 ,^! are witnesses to ! human mis]y t ! ,virg9 ?r\gh h] ,son is to assuage4 ,! unify+ pr9ciple1 ap>t f ! f9e l9e> design1 is ! light :i* floods out ( ! picture ov] ! beautifully c>v$ /eps4 ,ev]y?+ is conceiv$ 9 dep?1 :ile ,titian's ,pres5tation is relatively on "o plane4 ,gold5 br[ns & yell[s ( great lum9osity are prevail+ colors1 ! crimsons & blues s]v+ m]ely z relief & acc5t4 ,) all its ri*ness ( illu/rative cont5t1 ! ?+ is a noble decoration4 ,a little lat]1 p]haps 9 #aedh1 ,t9toretto did ! fir/ ( ?ree canvases = ! ,scuola ,gr&e di ,san ,m>co4 ,x repres5ts ! mom5t :5 a ,*ri/ian slave is ab\t to be bra9$4 ,! lib]at+ figure ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ,figure #bif1 swoops d[n1 ! maul snaps 9 ! execution]'s h&4 ,) a s+ul> delicacy ! entire int]e/ ( ! by/&]s is conc5trat$ on ! helpless :ite body ( ! m>tyr4 ,! susp5se is brea?less4 ,only ! old magi/rate high at ! "r has se5 ! miracul\s break+ ( ! execution]'s sl$ge4 ,8 ge/ure c>ries ! eye to ! figure ( ! d[nw>d swoop+ sa9t1 ?us ! mo/ s5sational feature is la/ se5 & comes z a climax4 ,su* dramatic modulations are ( ! v ess5ce ( ,t9toretto's g5ius4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! sweep+ curves ( ! l9e> design are spl5didly balanc$1 ! light is ! ultimate h>moniz]4 ,x ripples out 9 an increas+ wave t[>ds ! spectator1 k9dl+ z x goes ! colors ( ri* /uffs & ! bronz$ or pe>ly r\nd+s ( br[s1 %\ld]s1 ?roats & limbs4 ,! c>ry+ ( a uni=m rhy?m ( motion ?r\gh e>? & sky is aga9 ,t9toretto's inv5tion4 ,he uses x "h z else:]e n z a sprightly device--:i* 0 lat] ! b>oque attitude--b z a necess>y factor 9 emotional expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4 ,t9toretto4 ,miracle ( ! ,slave4--,v5ice4 ,9 #aefa ,t9toretto f9i%$ ! great ,m>riage at ,cana = ! ,salute4 ,! picture is trem5d\sly develop$ 9 dep?1 & ! ,*ri/ is set 9 ! di/ance4 ,! =egr\nd figures alone are conc]n$ ) ! miracle4 ,v effective is ! contra/ ( ! quiet fea/]s ) ^? :o are /irr$ by ! m>vel4 ,! light+ is consummately f9e4 ,!re are passages ( extreme lovel9ess1 su* z ! sway+ r[ ( wom5's faces on ! "r ( ! table1 b ! :ole ?+ is f> f cle>2 illu/rative & decorative features are imp]fectly h>moniz$4 ,9 ?is great scale ,t9toretto's ri*ness & insatiate inv5tiv5ess t5d to "w aga9/ him4 ,be=e consid]+ 8 colossal labor 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,ro*1 we %\ld note 8 av[$ ideal4 ,x might be read on ! walls ( 8 /udio3 8,! ,draw+ ( ,mi*elangelo & ! ,color+ ( ,titian40 ,9 ! /udio 7 ca/s ( ,mi*elangelo's sculptures br\ght up at great exp5se f ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,& to ,mi*elangelo we owe ! sl5d] & al]t proportions ( ,t9toretto's figures1 q diff]5t z !y are f ! gravity1 almo/ pond]osity ( ,titian1 ,palma1 & ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,! color is bas$ on late ,titian1 b is m sonor\s1 simple1 & uncomplicat$ by m9or tones4 ,! bru% /roke is unlike any?+ e>li]--sket*y1 impetu\s1 def9itive1 work+ by fir/ int5tion4 ,accord+ly ! surfaces are mu* brok51 &1 to a ne> view1 lack preci\sness4 ,we h nei!r ! flu5t enamel ( ,giorgione & e>ly ,titian1 nor yet ! muffl$ ri*ness ( ,titian's lat] mann]4 ,b 9 ! be/ ,t9torettos ! t\* is infallibly crisp1 "r & expressive4 ,to exagg]ate ^! g5]\sly av[$ influ5ces ( ! ma/] :o repudiat$ him & ! ma/] he nev] saw w\ld be easy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,t9toretto is always m ! illu/rator ?an ei!r ( 8 models4 ,if he adopts ! gr& poses ( ,mi*elangelo1 he does s n = ab/ract beauty1 b ev] seeks a motive = !m4 ,if he *ooses ,mi*elangelo's sl5d]1 a?letic proportions1 he inve/s !m ) t5d]ness & en?usiasm4 ,unlike ,titian1 he avoids bo? classical drap]ies & ri* contempor>y co/umes1 *oos+ compromise =ms ( dress :i*1 )\t ceas+ to be classical1 %\ld seem famili>1 & fit = a real _w4 ,if he adopts ,titian's coruscat+ light1 he gives x a special poetry4 ,x does n gl[ ev5ly ?r\gh ! picture1 b fla%es int]mitt5tly1 z an acc5t or accompanim5t to emotion4 ,9 #aefj ! fam\s *>itable confrat]nity ( ,/4 ,ro* det]m9$ to decorate _! beautiful ,s*ool4 ,!y call$ ,f$]ico ,zucc>o1 & ,francesco ,salviati1 :o _h ,roman honors1 ,t9toretto1 & 8 fri5ds1 ,s*iavone & ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,! subject 9 competition 0 to be a c>toon ( ,/4 ,ro* 9 glory = ! ceil+ ( ! refectory4 ,:5 ! day came1 ,t9toretto unveil$ n a c>toon b ! f9i%$ oval4 ,t 0 8 draw+1 he said2 he hop$ !y w\ld n be (f5d$1 b he knew no o!r way4 ,! misund]/&+s due to ?is summ>y proc$ure 7 soon cle>$ up4 ,t9toretto became titul> pa9t] to ! ,s*ool1 lat] a memb]1 & work$ at ! two great halls & ante-rooms = tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,/4 ,ro* 0 ! ,physician ,sa9t :o c>$ = ! plague /rick54 ,?us ! upp] hall 0 pictur$ ) examples ( miracul\s m]cy & deliv]ance *os5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! l[] hall 0 devot$ to ! m famili> /ories ( ! life ( ,*ri/ & ( ,8 ,"m4 ,sadly d>k5$ & neglect$1 (t5 9 impossible light1 ^! pictures baffle all b ! en?usia/4 ,"o ne$s all ! vic>i\s en?usiasm t may be drawn f a ,rusk9 to d ,san ,rocco ) any ?or\ghness4 ,:oev] p]si/s w be rew>d$1 = :ile ,t9toretto is by no means at 8 greate/ z a pa9t] 9 ?is "w1 x reveals 8 inexhau/ible inv5tiv5ess1 8 w>m? & t5d]ness1 & p[]1 z no o!r s]ies does1 :]eas x has 9 ! little moonlit l&scapes ) ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5 & ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt fa]y ref9em5ts else:]e lack+ 9 ! ma/]4 ,ev]ybody kn[s at lea/ ! great ,calv>y1 ) its s5se ( cosmic disa/]4 ,m>vell\s is ! /orm :i* sweeps t[>ds ! cross f beh9d1 sup]b alike ! clu/] ( fai?ful fri5ds at ! foot ( ! cross & ! pr\d rid]s at ! flanks4 ,hate1 love & indiff]5ce m+le 9 ! sc5e4 ,x gets its pr(\nd trag$y on t]ms ( fact1 is free f all my/ical s5tim5tality4 ,:at 0 x l on t awful ev5+8 is ! only "q ! arti/ asks himself1 & 8 answ]1 a %e] gift ( ! imag9ation1 transc5ds all ! lyrical sweetness & measur$ solemnity ( ! ritual crucifixions4 ,humanism & religion unite = once 9 ?is ma/]piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4 ,t9toretto4 ,*ri/ ,tempt$ by ,satan4--,scuola di ,s4 ,rocco4 ,among ! scores ( n>ratives 9 ! two halls ! eye w re/ ^u ,moses ,smit+ ! ,rock1 = its maje/y2 ^u ! meet+ ( ,m>y & ,elizabe? :i* has ! int5sity ( ,giotto's fresco at neighbor+ ,padua1 ) an ab&on all its own2 ^u ! ,flight into ,egypt1 ) its idyllic l&scape2 ^u ! awful tumult & despair ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts2 ^u ! pa?os ( ! :ite-rob$ ,*ri/1 await+ 8 doom f an indiff]5t proconsul4 ,^! occur among _m t are equally memorable4 ,p]haps ! subtle humanism ( ,t9toretto is be/ %[n 9 ! ,temptation ( ,*ri/1 ,figure #big4 ,in/ead ( ! ignoble bat-l ,satan ( ! m$ival pa9t]s1 we h a magnific5t />ry-ey$ y\?1 a v]itable g5ius ( ! pride ( life4 ,) out/ret*$1 g5]\s arms he (f]s un/9t$ p[] & pleasure4 ,! ,*ri/ reg>ds him ) tranquil k9dness1 z "o might a spl5did animal fawn+ too eag]ly4 ,= s ,*ri/ian a man z ,t9toretto1 x implies extraord9>y sympa?y to imag9e a ,satan 9 8 own way glori\sly sure ( 8 case4 ,9 ^! compositions ! me?od is mo/ v>i\s4 ,b :]e !re are _m figures ,t9toretto g5]ally avoids ! conv5tion ( plac+ ! *ief p]sonages on ! picture plane4 ,y look ov] heads or betwe5 bodies to glimpse ! ,sa9ts or ! ,bless$ ,virg9 or ,*ri/4 ,& curi\sly ?is proc$ure does n confuse ! eye4 ,on ! contr>y ^! app>5tly casual b really mo/ ?\ghtful arrangem5ts height5 ! s5se ( reality2 "o feels l a witness1 l "o himself on ! edges ( ! ?rong4 ,along ) ! decoration ( ,san ,rocco1 ,t9toretto und]took frequ5t commissions = ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,b ! fire ( #aegg consum$ 8 picture ( ! naval victory at ,lepanto1 ) mu* else4 ,9 ! my?ologies ( ! ,anticollegio pa9t$ 9 #aegh we h ! lovelie/ poesies ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,^! are ! ,m>riage ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 ,m]cury & ! ,graces1 ,m9]va expell+ ,m>s & ! ,=ge ( ,vulcan4 ,f ! po9t ( view bo? ( decoration & s5tim5t ^! are p]haps ! f9e/ nudes 9 pa9t+4 ,!y gl[ ) outdoor heal?1 ! firm :olesome bodies sway f %e] joy 9 motion1 or hov] lightly 9 ! limpid air4 ,! noble =ms are fix$ = u 9 transp>5t %ad[s1 & broad dappl+s ( light4 ,!re is little ( ! %e] dream9ess ( ,giorgione1 :o yet c\nts = some?+ 9 ! "w1 nor yet ( ! explicit s5su\sness ( ,titian4 ,^! noble creatures g ab\t our bus9ess1--m>ry+1 seek+ grace 9 life1 compos+ /rife1 provid+ munitions %\ld /rife arise4 ,miss ,phillipps is probably "r 9 div9+ "h an allegory ( ! greatness ( ,v5ice1 bride ( ! ,adriatic1 protect$ by h] diplomacy1 admir$ = h] arts1 yet ev] ready 9 h] ars5als4 ,:at is bett] wor? not+ is ! comb9ation ( bread? & delicacy 9 ! f9e/ ( ^! poesies1 ,! ,m>riage ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 ,figure #bih4 ,! int]lock+ ( ! sup]b =ms 9 a fl[+ rhy?m or patt]n1 ! te*nical miracle ( ,v5us's easy turn 9 ! air z %e (f]s ! r+ & ! />ry cr[n1 ! exquisite alt]nations ( light & half light o!rs might conceivably h inv5t$4 ,:at is prop] to ,t9toretto & to him alone is ! hesitat+ h& ( ,ariadne & h] almo/ resign$ & reluctant acceptance ( a new love1 be+ m9dful ( love once betray$4 ,also ! delicacy ( ,bac*us's ard5t ge/ure1 z kn[+ himself to be n only woo] b consol]1 is pure/ ,t9toretto4 ,! picture ) its companion pieces is ! effulg5t aft]gl[ ( ! ,arcadianism t began ) ,giorgione4 ,x brea!s a *>m t has nev] s9ce be5 fully recov]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4 ,t9toretto4 ,bac*us & ,ariadne4--,ducal ,palace4 ,:ile ^! poesies 7 9 progress1 ab\t #aege1 ,t9toretto pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,cassiano ! mo/ orig9al ( 8 ,crucifixions1 ,figure #bii4 ,"o looks ov] ! n>r[ top ( ,golgo?a to a peaceful expanse ( m>bl$ ev5+ sky4 ,! heads & s]ri$ pikes ( ! ,roman legion>ies sugge/ a ?rong beh9d ! hill4 ,! %>pe/ note ( color is a bann]1 & ! purple robe j /ripp$ f ! ,*ri/4 ,betwe5 ,john & ,m>y & ! execution]s on ! ladd] & aga9/ ! sky ! /range/ episode passes4 ,x is ! mom5t :5 a ,ph>isee h&s up to ! execution] ! mock+ plac>d 8,jesus ( ,naz>e? ,k+ ( ! ,jews40 ,) a sudd5 impulse ,john po9ts out ! act to ,m>y1 to console h]4 ,*ri/'s enemies affirm ! tru? ( him4 ,ev5 9 ! h\r ( defeat & dea? he is et]nally 8 p's k+4 ,! level light :i* ripples s(tly ov] ! nude =ms ( ,*ri/ & ! ?ieves takes away all h>%ness4 ,at ,san ,rocco ,t9toretto pres5t$ an epic & cosmic t]ror4 ,"h he sugge/s all ! intimate & lyrical hopes t h gr[n out ( ! sacrifice on ,calv>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4 ,t9toretto4 ,calv>y4--,s4 ,cassiano4 ,l all ! ,v5etians ,t9toretto 0 an admirable portraiti/4 ,8 sob] & p[]ful ve9 is well %[n 9 ! ,madonna ) ,?ree ,magi/rates1 ,figure #cjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4 ,t9toretto4 ,madonna ) ,?ree ,magi/rates4--,v5ice4 ,among ! lat] alt>-pieces none is f9] ?an ! ,miracle ( ,/4 ,agnes 9 ! ,orto4 ,x has all ( ,t9toretto's sweetness1 p[] & sudd5ness1 & is ne>ly 9 its orig9al condition ( color4 ,9 #aehg1 be+ ne>ly sev5ty ye>s old1 he got ! commission = 8 greate/ & p]haps 8 la/ picture1 ! ,p>adise1 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,great ,c\ncil 9 ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,d>k5$ & dri$1 x is /ill to ! p]ceptive obs]v] a bill[+ sea ( raptur\s faces ( ! ble/1 obey+ 9 its wid5+ circles ( cl\d-borne angels an oceanic rhy?m4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s t ,t9toretto 0 pa9t+ x1 8 "y daught] & comrade1 ,m>ietta1 dress$ l a ,%akespe>ean page = great] conv5i5ce1 work$ & *att]$ beside him on ! scaffold+4 ,%e h>dly liv$ to see ! great canvas set on its wall4 ,t9toretto liv$ on till #aeid1 & !n 8 ag$ & )]$ body 0 c>ri$ across ! canal f 8 palace to 8 vault 9 ! ,orto4 ,su* fri5ds z ,s*iavone & ,paolo ,v]onese _h gone be=e him1 ! old m]rymak+s & impromptu conc]ts 9 8 home _h ceas$4 ,x 0 a v tir$ old man :o bid 8 sons cont9ue ! honorable trade ( pa9t+4 ,he _h %>$ nobly ! greate/ range ( human emotions1 & 8 la/ arti/ic vision 0 ( an ec/atic peace 9 ,p>adise4 ,aft] ,t9toretto1 ,paolo ,v]onese#he seems an anti-climax4 ,8 imag9ation is v limit$4 ,8 greate/ pictures treat ! sole !me ( /ately fea/s4 ,8 s\l is t ( a v high class society editor4 ,b no well-advis$ p]son looks to ,paolo ,v]onese = s\l4 ,"o r seeks 9 him judgm5t & f9e pa9t+4 ,bo? are at _! maximum4 ,paolo ,cali>i 0 born at ,v]ona 9 #aebh1 tra9$ by a half primitive ma/]1 ,antonio ,badile1 & influ5c$ by ! en]getic compositions ( ,brusasorci4 ,paolo inh]it$ ! long ,v]onese tradition = spectacul> n>rative pa9t+ ) spl5did ar*itectural accessories1 & he c>ries ! local tradition to its close & height4 ,he came to ,v5ice at tw5ty-sev51 a f9i%$ & fam\s arti/1 br++ ) him a novel sort ( color4 ,he avoids ! contra/s & ke5 resonances ( ! true ,v5etians1 pa9t+ r 9 lum9\s half tones bas$ on gray & blue4 ,8 =ms are ri* & solid )\t heavy %ad[1 & 8 canvases h ! g5]ally blond & uni=m color quality ( ! mod]n out-(-door s*ool4 ,8 pref]5ce is = fea/s & pageants4 ,we h ! spectacle ( a ri* & g5tle society1 dignifi$ 9 its pleasures & respl5d5t 9 its co/ume4 ,gold brocade sets (f ! pe>ly sk9s ( ! portly & graci\s ladies 9 8 pictures1 & _! cavali]s are z magnific5tly clad 9 sat9s1 velvets & furs4 ,! fea/s are g5]ally half out ( doors 9 great colonnades1 ) ! light gl9t+ imp>tially ^u fair ?roats & faces & ^u *annel$ columns & sculptur$ balu/rades4 ,beh9d1 pale cornices & spires swim aga9/ a blue sky4 ,x 0 ! habit ( ! weal?y *apt]s ( monks :o ma9ta9$ ! great ,v5etian *ur*es to pa9t 9 _! refectories "s ,scriptural fea/1 z a w>rant p]haps = _! own daily convivialities4 ,e>li]1 ! mo/ solemn ( all meals1 ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 w\ld h be5 *os54 ,n s ) ,v]onese & 8 contempor>ies4 ,!y *ose in/ead ! ,m>riage at ,cana or ! ,fea/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,simon or ( ,levi1 ,figure #cja1--spl5did ev5ts ( small or only incid5tal religi\s significance1 & treat$ m]ely z contempor>y banquets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja4 ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,fea/ 9 ,levi's ,h\se4--,v5ice4 ,( ! f\r great fea/s pa9t$ by ,paolo ,v]onese ! ,m>riage at ,cana1 9 ! ,l\vre1 pa9t$ 9 #aefc1 is e>lie/1 & mo/ impos+4 ,x builds up indef9itely f ! m>ble pavem5t1 ) ti] ^u ti] ( p1 cl++ to columns & pe]+ f balconies4 ,"o may c\nt no less ?an two hundr$ & fifty heads4 ,x has all ! /ir ( a public banquet & ev]y:]e ! greate/ ri*ness ( table accessories & co/umes4 ,! !me call$ = little religi\s emotion4 ,! miracle itself is a convivial "o4 ,yet ,v]onese has made ?is diff]5t f o!r fea/s by a mo/ complicat$ sy/em ( guid+ l9es :i* always lead ! eye to ! g5tle face ( ! ,*ri/ 9 ! c5tre4 ,he fairly dom9ates all ?is animation & spl5dor4 ,9 ! trio ( musicians 9 ! =egr\nd ,v]onese has giv5 u a preci\s h9t ( ! "p music play$ 9 ! life ( all ,v5etian arti/s4 ,paolo himself plays ! viola1 ,t9toretto ! 'cello1 & ,titian ! bass4 ,:at is rem>kable ab\t ! great canvas is its unity4 ,ba!d 9 equable cool light1 ! eye takes x 9 at a glance2 !re is no confus+ or di/ract+ emphasis2 ! :ole ?+ is nobly tranquilliz+4 ,9 #aefi ,v]onese 0 9 ,rome4 ,we may possibly see "s slight influ5ce ( ,mi*elangelo 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,villa ,b>b>o1 at ,mas]4 ,^! conta9 ! only nudes ( ,v]onese t h a real a?leticism1 & ! :ole decoration has a m positive & sprightly _s ?an is usual 9 ,v]onese's placid /yle4 ,work+ 9 a c\ntry h\se = lib]al & cong5ial patrons1 ,daniele ,b>b>o 0 himself an ar*itect ( m]it1 ,v]onese %$s some?+ ( t pr(essional dignity :i* is sometimes excessive 9 8 (ficial "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4 ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4--,santa ,cat]9a4 ,among 8 num]\s alt>-pieces1 ! ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,figure #cjb1 9 ! ,v5etian ,*ur* ( t "n is p]haps ! mo/ graci\s4 ,! wom5 are adorable--ho?\se fl[]s1 incr$ible = poise1 hue & delicate surface bloom4 ,!y are n v p]sonal1 _! *>m is a social "o4 ,b !y are v g5tle1 reasonably unconsci\s ( _! own beauty1 & q un=gettably lovely4 ,x took a wond]ful eye to see !m at once s simple & s regal4 ,9 ! la/ twelve ye>s ( 8 life1 ,v]onese 0 con/antly employ$ 9 ! ,ducal ,palace & ! adjo9+ public build+s4 ,he employ$ assi/ants freely1 & ! "w af=ds difficult critical problems4 ,! "w is unev54 ,9 my?ology he belies ! hopes bas$ on ! frescoes at ,mas]1 :]e x seem$ z if he too might atta9 ! ,olympian mood4 ,x is sadly lack+ 9 ! hoyd5i% gr\p t enacts ,europa & ! ,bull1 ,figure #cjc1 9 ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,:y are ^! heavy ,v5etian lasses risk+ _! sk9s & skirts & %9s ne> ! seaside & a bull8 ,! flat prose ( ! feel+1 or r ! abs5ce ( any real feel+1 makes "o =get ! spl5dor ( ! pa9t+4 ,su* also is ! effect ( ! sup]bly pa9t$ ,v5us & ,m>s1 at ,new ,york1 & ( mo/ ( ! my?ologies4 ,we h to d ) %e] prose & n v s9c]e prose at t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4 ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,rape ( ,europa4--,ducal ,palace4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! !me c be drawn f ev]yday ,v5ice1 ,v]onese is ov]p[]+ly f9e4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 look+ at ! ceil+s ( ! ,ducal ,palace "o cat*es 8 brea? be=e su* visions ( magnific5ce z ,v5ice z ,ju/ice1 ,figure #cjd1 ,v5ice z ,que5 ( ! ,_w4 ,= all its contempor>y quality1 x atta9s a /range o!r-worldl9ess4 ,x is z if "s "o _h look$ at sup]b ,v5ice ?r\gh a magnify+ glass t ennobl$ ! =ms & greatly enhanc$ ! colors4 ,y feel h[ ,v]onese lov$ x all & h[ little he c>$ = any?+ beyond ! spl5dor1 dignity & prosp]ity ( 8 adoptive city4 ,he gives u ! look ( ,v5ice at h] climax ( ,r5aissance glory1 z ,c>paccio _h giv5 ! dy+ radiance ( h] m$ival e/ate4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( judgm5t1 /yle & f9e craftsman%ip1 x is impossible to ov]praise ,v]onese4 ,he %\ld be reg>d$ r z a great pa9t] 9 ! n>r[] s5se ?an a supreme arti/4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #aehh1 only fifty ye>s old1 he left a v endur+ inh]itance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4 ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,v5ice att5d$ by ,=ce & ,ju/ice4 ,ceil+ ,panel4--,ducal ,palace4 ,x 0 on ! :ole 8 mod]ate & judici\s sumptu\sness t inspir$ ! pa9t]s ( ! next c5tury4 ,x 0 well t !y s\ght 8 imitable m]its & n ! passion ( ,titian & ,t9toretto4 ,x 0 l>gely ?anks to ,v]onese t ,v5etian art suff]$ no su* %>p decl9e z befell t ( ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,! decorative tradition ( ,v]onese suffic$ to n\ri% a ,piazetta & a ,tiepolo a c5tury & a half aft] 8 dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje4 ,g-,b4 ,tiepolo4 ,"t reveal+ ,tru?4--,villa ,biron1 ,vic5za4 ,= ,giovanni ,batti/a ,tiepolo#hf 7#afie-aggj7 9 %e] =ce & f]tility yields to none ( 8 ,r5aissance pr$ecessors4 ,!re nev] 0 a m valiant draughtsman or a m spl5did colori/4 ,su* decorations z ^? ( ! ,scuola del ,c>m9e1 & ! ,labia ,palace fall little beh9d ,v]onese's pageantry 9 gr&eur :ile repres5t+ an audacity ( /roke & coloration :i* ,v]onese lack$4 ,s ! tragic sc5es ( ,*ri/'s ,passion at ,san ,luigi h ! int5sity ( ,t9toretto if lack+ some?+ ( 8 nobility4 ,9 ! ceil+ decorations ( ,tiepolo1 ,figure #cje1 we see ! free/ fancies ( ! ,b>oque1 its cu/om>y tumult ( %imm]+ cl\ds & hov]+ pe>ly figures1 repeat$ ) a lightness & audacity & )al measure :i* ! ,b>oque itself nev] atta9$ save 9 its great initiator ,correggio4 ,su* p[]s z ,tiepolo's soon won him int]national patronage4 ,he pa9t$ 9 ,au/ria & di$ at ,madrid4 ,) him p]i%es ! gr&eur ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,only a t+e ( masqu]ade & exhibitionism puts him l[] ?an 8 con/ant exempl>1 ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjf4 ,antonio ,canale4 ,isl& ( ,san ,mi*ele4--,royal ,collections1 ,w9dsor4 ,inde$ ! simplicity :i* is ! mo/ endur+ *>m ( any art is m felt 9 ! m9or ,v5etians ( ,tiepolo's "t1 z 9 ,antonio ,canale1 call$ ,canaletto1 ,figure #cjf1 :o pa9t$ ! irradiat$ panorama ( ! ,v5etian lagoon & canals ) ! ard5t precision ( a reborn ,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,francesco ,gu>di#hg 7#agab-agfe71 ,canaletto's pupil1 ) a fre] bru% & fancy pa9ts ! spectacle ( ,v5ice1 ,figure #cjg1 its balls & prom5ades & wat] pageants1 ) ! s5sitiv5ess ( a ,c>paccio4 ,b ,c>paccio's y\?ful _w is no long] !re to pa9t4 ,romance has giv5 way to casual amor\s intrigue1 s5tim5t to %[4 ,b out ( ! welt] ( sophi/icat$ gayety /ill rise clean aga9/ ! heav5s ! pale domes & bell t[]s ( an old] & f9] ,v5ice4 ,gu>di is p]haps at 8 be/ 9 ! num]\s t9y oil sket*es :i* deal ) ! remote & solit>y groves & ru9s ( ! lagoon4 ,"h we h felicities ( brok5 color & niceties ( obs]vation1 accurate notations ( evanesc5t effects ( light1 :i* c /ill give lessons to ! mo/ mod]n l&scapi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjg4 ,francesco ,gu>di4 ,scuola di ,san ,m>co4 ,p5 & ,wa% ,draw+4--,lamp]ti ,coll41 ,milan4 ,9 ,pietro ,longhi 7#agjb-agfb7 ,v5ice develop$ a sympa!tic *ronicl] ( h] social pleasures1 ,figure #cjh4 ,! _w ( 8 delicate & witty little canvases is t ( ! c>d p>ty1 ! =mal call1 ! vanity & c]emony ( phil&]+1 ! %op1 ! musicale1 ! mask$ ball4 ,only ,holl& has giv5 s true & sympa!tic a record ( h] small] affairs1 & at ! mom5t1 only ,hog>? 9 ,engl& & ,*>d9 9 ,france 7 do+ ! ?+ ) equal ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjh4 ,pietro ,longhi4 ,mask]s at ! ,zoo4--,london4 ,no?+ bett] %[s ! slightly ana*roni/ic quality ( ,tiepolo's gr&eur ?an a f9e ,longhi4 ,! ,v5etian imag9ation _h mov$ indoors1 s to speak1 _h =egone 9 favor ( individual gratifications ! old vision ( ! collective spl5dor4 ,v5ice no long] d9es gr&ly 9 ! op5 ) ,v]onese1 %e coquetti%ly sips c(fee ) ,longhi4 ,if %e _h decl9$ 9 nobility1 %e _h at lea/ kept h] s9c]ity & ta/e4 ,h] affair _h ev] be5 r ) appe>ances ?an ) ideals or int]pretations4 ,b s9ce ! ,greeks no o!r nation _h consid]$ appe>ances ) su* noble c&or4 ,%e kept to ! end ! good pictorial habit ( lett+ appe>ances expla9 !mselves4 ,?us if a ,titian w /& beside a ,pheidian m>ble1 s w a ,tiepolo beside an ,alex&rian ma/]piece1 :ile a trim belle ( ,pietro ,longhi ne$ feel no confusion be=e a ,tanagra figur9e4 ,"t passes g5tly ov] a city ^: arti/ic aims are z limit$ z h] ta/e is sure4 ,v5ice _h ev] be5 graci\s 9 h] gr&eur1 & graci\s %e rema9$ ev5 aft] %e _h ceas$ to be gr&4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,titian',s ,,assumption ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,v5etian ,,gr& ,,/yle ,titian's contempor>ies 7 fully aw>e t ! ,assumption 7#aeah7 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gr& ,/yle at ,v5ice & t ! *ange 0 revolution>y4 ,! critic ,lodovico ,dolce writes 9 8 ,dialogo della ,pittura1 ,flor5ce1 #agce1 p4 #bhf f4 putt+ ! words into ! m\? ( ,aret9o3 8,aft] n mu* "t aft] ! ,fondaco frescoes1 #aejh he 0 giv5 to pa9t a great panel = ! high alt> ( ! ,fri>s ,m9or2 :]e ,titian1 /ill "y1 pa9t$ 9 oils ! ,virg91 :o rises to heav5 among _m angels :o accompany h]1 & above h] he figur$ a ,god ,fa!r flank$ by two angels4 ,x seems really z if %e rises ) a face full ( humility1 & h] robes fly lightly4 ,at ! bottom are ! disciples :o ) v>i\s attitudes manife/ joy & amazem5t1 & are mo/ly l>g] ?an life1 & assur$ly 9 t picture is conta9$ ! gr&eur & t]ribl5ess ( ,mi*elangelo1 ! pleas+ness & grace ( ,raphael1 ) ! color+ prop] to nature1 &1 moreov]1 ?is 0 ! fir/ public "w :i* he made 9 oils2 & he made x 9 v little "t1 & "y40 8,!reupon ! /upid pa9t]s & ! vulg> h]d :o up to !n _h se5 no?+ b ! cold & dead ?+s ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ( ,g5tile1 & ( ,alvise ,viv>9i 7s9ce ,giorgione1 work+ 9 oils1 _h n yet _h any public "w2 & = ! mo/ "p made no o!r works ?an half figures & portraits7 :i* 7 )\t movem5t & )\t relief1 spake great ill ( t picture4 ,aft]w>ds1 z envy cool$1 & op5+ _! eyes a little to ! tru?1 ! p began to be amaz$ at ! new mann] discov]$ 9 ,v5ice by ,titian3 & all ! pa9t]s f !n on /rove to imitate x2 b be+ (f _! own pa?1 became confus$4 ,& surely x mu/ seem a miracle t ,titian1 )\t hav+ at t "t se5 ! antiquities ( ,rome1 :i* 7 ! light ( all ! good pa9t]s1 solely ) t little sp>k1 :i* he _h discov]$ 9 ! works ( ,giorgione1 saw & p]ceiv$ ! idea ( p]fect pa9t+40 ,! g5]al critical ju/ness ( ?is /atem5t mu/ condone its abundant ov]/atem5ts & errors ( fact4 ,,aurelio ,,lu9i ,,on ,,titian',s ,,impressionism 8,aurelio ,lu9i has excell5tly und]/ood ?is art ( l&scape to :om x once happ5$ t visit+ ,titian1 & ask+ him 8 op9ion ab\t ! backgr\nd ( trees1 besides _m reasons :i* he he>d f him ab\t mak+ ! foliage sp>kle aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 he saw "o ( 8 ,titian's wond]ful l&scapes :i* he _h at home1 :i*1 hav+ se5 quietly1 ,aurelio ?\ght a daub$ up ?+1 b aft]w>ds1 hav+ )drawn to a di/ance1 x seem$ to him t ! sun %one respl5d5tly 9 x1 mak+ ! pa?s retreat on ?is side & t2 s t ,aurelio _h to say t he _h nev] se5 a r>] ?+ 9 ! _w 9 ! way ( l&scapes40 ,lomazzo1 ,trattato1 ,milan1 #aehd1 p4 #dgd1 #e4 ,,on ,,belle ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,antique ,! ,r5aissance idea t ,nature mu/ be ennobl$ & correct$ by ! ,antique is pla9ly =mulat$ by ,dolce1 aga9 "u ! "n ( ,aret9o1 ,dialogo1 p4 #aij4 8,"o %\ld !n *oose ! mo/ p]fect =m1 imitat+ nature 9 "p4444 ,& p>tly "o %\ld imitate ! beautiful m>ble & bronze figures ( ! anci5t ma/]s4 ,:]e( :o s %all ta/e & possess fully ! m>vell\s p]fection1 w be able ) c]ta9ty to correct _m defects ( nature1 & make 8 pictures notewor?y & grateful to all4 ,inasmu* z ! anci5t ?+s conta9 ! entire p]fection ( art1 & c be ! exempl>s ( all beauty40 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ full /atem5ts ( ! notion ( belle nature1 & ( ! antique z normative4 ,! dogma p]si/s ) unabat$ rigor d[n to ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 7see ,illu/ration to ,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #caf7 & ,jacques ,l\is ,david4 ,,george ,,fr$]ick ,,watts ,,on ,,! ,,greek ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ 8,! revival ( ! ,greek ,language & ,greek ,lit]ature rais$ ! long ebb into a wave t swept ov] civiliz$ ,europe4 ,on its glitt]+ cre/ ! ,v5etian pa9t]s especially 7 lift$ into ! society ( gods1 goddesses1 nymphs1 & satyrs4 ,!y might see sky1 sea & e>? peopl$ ) radiant be+s2 p]haps ) a sort ( semi-belief su* z we accord to ! ,lorelei & fairies1 creations t someh[ easily work$ 9 ) cre$s & exp]i5ce4 ,anyh[1 !y might see ,pan come dally+ d[n ! sp>kl+ brook-side1 n[ %\t+ to ! laugh+ br[n nymphs ru/l+ ?r\gh ! re$s1 & pret5d+ to be afraid1 n[ scatt]+ a %[] ( notes f 8 pipes t w\ld fall ^u ! e>s z ! brightness ( ! iris ov] a f\nta9 falls ^u ! eye40444 8,x may seem /range if ,i place ! ,v5etian s*ool & ,titian1 ) 8 lib]al l9e--:i*1 h[ev]1 is by no means want+ 9 retic5ce--9 clos] relation%ip ) ,greek art ( ! great p]iod ?an ! m classical s*ools ( ,tuscany & ,rome4 ,suppos+ "o 7 to endeavor to pa9t a re/oration ( ! p$im5ts ( ! ,p>!non1 x w\ld be possible to int]polate ) figures by ,titian1 nev] ) any by ,p\ss91 or1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 by ,raphael or ,mi*ael ,angelo40444 8,9 spite ( extravagant & ev5 absurd defects 7= ! great arti/'s eyes no long] s]v$ him fai?fully71 :5 ,titian1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life pa9t$ ! #8,europa' 444 ! muse :o inspir$ ,pheidias laid h] h& on ! old man's %\ld]1 & %e inspir$ ! weal? ( volume1 ease ( l9e1 & gl[+ s5se ( nature's exub]ance40 ,george ,fr$]ick ,watts1 8 ,life & ,writ+s1 ,london & ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #bea1 #bec1 #bed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cji4 ,c>avaggio4 ,dea? ( ! ,virg94--,l\vre4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,reali/s ,,& ,,eclectics ,! ,confusion foll[+ ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo--,giulio ,romano--,c>avaggio & reali/ic ,revolt--,salvator ,rosa1 romantic ,individualism & ! ,picturesque--,! ,c>racci & ! ,eclectic ,ideal--,lat] ,eclectics2 ,guido ,r5i--,dom5i*9o--,! ,wan+ ( ,italian ,greatness--,influ5ce ( ,italy on ! ,s*ools ( ,france1 ,fl&]s1 & ,spa94 ,italian pa9t+ sudd5ly decl9$ = lack ( ta/e4 ,! foll[]s ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo possess$ a/oni%+ p[] & k1 b1 save _! own clev]ness1 no long] _h any?+ to express4 ,?us pa9t+ became m]ely an art ( self-exploitation & display1 a matt] ( difficult =e%ort5+s1 complicat$ gr\p+s1 & novel con/ructions 9 light & %ade4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! case at ,rome1 & p>tly at ,flor5ce4 ,at ,v5ice1 ,milan1 ,cremona1 ,f]r>a1 & g5]ally 9 ! ,nor? ! decl9e 0 gradual & b5ign4 ,s9c]e art ( a m9or "* 0 /ill produc$4 ,b 9 ! arti/ic c5tre ! collapse 0 complete1 & all ! m disa/r\s t nobody realiz$ t a collapse _h come4 ,x is /agg]+ to f9d t ,vas>i1 9 ! face ( m]it$ ridicule1 _h no d\bt t he 0 a great pa9t]4 ,h[ he boa/s ( 8 own p[]s6 8,b :at matt]s mo/ = ?is art1 is t !y h made x s p]fect today1 & s easy = him :o possesses design1 t :]e =m]ly a picture 0 made by "o ( our ma/]s 9 six ye>s1 today our ma/]s make six 9 "o4 ,& ,i am ! cr$ible witness ( ?is bo? by my obs]vation & by my "w4 ,& _m m p]fect & f9i%$ pictures are n[ se51 ?an =m]ly 7 made by ! important ma/]s40 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ac47 ,no?+ is m appall+ ?an to f9d ,vas>i at ,flor5ce & ,lomazzo at ,milan regul>ly nam+ ,giulio ,romano1 ,polidoro & ,matur9o along ) ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,evid5tly ! old sure ta/e ( ! ,r5aissance has yield$ to confusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caj4 ,giulio ,romano4 ,battle = ,troy4 ,fresco4--,palazzo del ,t4 ,mantua4 ,inde$ patronage _h *ang$4 ,x is no long] spontane\s b organiz$4 ,we n[ h academies1 art s*ools1 art criticism1 exhibitions1 ar*ologi/s1 picture deal]s4 ,art no long] re/s on g5]ally accept$ ideas & broad approbations1 b is a game betwe5 exp]ts4 ,to enum]ate ! foll[]s ( ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael & allot to ea* 8 due dispraise w\ld be 9 no way pr(itable4 ,giulio ,romano may repres5t !m all4 ,) extraord9>y p[]s z a draughtsman ( ! figure1 & ) p>adoxical ta/e 9 m9or decoration1 we "k him already z ! vulg>iz] ( ,raphael's designs 9 ! ,/anza ( ,heliodorus & ( ! ,burn+ ,city4 ,lat] 7#aebd-df7 remov$ f ,raphael's influ5ce1 at ,mantua1 he develops a co>se titanism4 ,! old ,ca/ello ( ! ,gonzagas & ! ,palazzo del ,t1 ,figure #caj1 are t$i\sly full ( s5sational & occasionally obsc5e my?ologies :i* are done ) amaz+ en]gy & facility1 b are z re/less & undecorative 9 design z !y are hot & foxy 9 color4 ,& ! immod]ations & indec5cies h n ev5 ! excuse ( naturalness1 !y are coldly calculat$ & /udi$4 ,su* tal5t$ ,flor5t9e imitators ( ,mi*elangelo z ,pontormo & ,bronz9o we h already consid]$4 ,at ,rome1 he left at lea/ "o disciple ( tal5t1 ,daniele da ,volt]ra1 9 ! composition ( ^: ma/]piece ! ,deposition 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,tr9it1 at ,rome1 ! ma/] himself may h _h a h&4 ,r ?an delay ov] ^! complac5t epigones we d well to pass to ^? few m intellig5t arti/s :o saw t some?+ 0 amiss4 ,mi*elangelo ,am]ighi1 7#aefi-afjh71 call$ f 8 ,lomb>d bir?place ,c>avaggio1 & ,annibale ,c>racci ( ,bologna are "h ! out/&+ names4 ,! =m] bitt]ly f\ght ! gr& /yle 9 ! "n ( naturalism1 ! latt] attempt$ to re9tegrate x ?r\gh a critical eclectism4 ,_! influ5ce is dom9ant f ! la/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,c>avaggio#hh _h c>efully /udi$ ! impressioni/ic mann] ( late ,titian b f9ally adopts a h>% & resolute *i>oscuro ) ! light re/rict$ & ! canvas mo/ly black4 ,?us 8 modell+ is bo? brutal & academic4 ,8 real fight 0 ) ! nobility ( ,raphael4 ,8 sa9ts are tak5 f ! /reets & (t5 f ! gutt]s4 ,he loves "* above all1 & wants x prolet>ian4 ,)9 8 *os5 limitations he is a p[]ful & s9c]e arti/4 ,8 ma/]pieces are ! ,entombm5t 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,figure #cji1 :i* creat$ s mu* disapproval t x _h to be remov$ f its alt>4 ,bo? pictures take ! !me out ( ! realm ( leg5d1 mak+ x dra/ic & contempor>y4 ,bo?1 :ile reject+ all gr&eur 9 ! figures1 pres]ve ! tradition !re( 9 ! composition4 ,"o gets ,c>avaggio 9 epitome 9 ,! ,pet] d5y+ 8 ,"l ( ! ,vatican4 ,figure #caa4 ,x is a p[]ful "* /udy f l[ life4 ,inde$ "* is 8 wat*word4 ,"o f9ds x extravagantly ov]-emphasiz$ 9 8 fam\s po?\se & gambl+ sc5es1 a revolution>y innovation4 ,! mo/ fam\s & "o ( ! be/ is ,! ,c>d ,play]s1 at ,dresd51 ,figure #cab4 ,x is ! symbol ( ! pa9t]'s love ( l[ life4 ,he kill$ 8 man 9 a duel1 & di$ himself :5 turn$ out ( prison into ! ,augu/ sun4 ,be=e t fitt+ end he _h fl$ to ,naples :]e amid ! corruption ( ! ,spani% ov]lord%ip 8 prolet>ian ideals became g5]ally contagi\s4 ,!y 7 tak5 up eag]ly by ! ,val5cian1 ,jos ,rib]a1 :o ) an equal s5se = "* & a m g5u9e religi\s feel+ transmitt$ ! mann] to ,seville & ev5tually to ,velasquez4 ,s ,c>avaggio became ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n reali/ic & impressioni/ic s*ools1 a precursor ( ,c\rbet & ,manet4 ,except = a surplusage ( too emphatic "* /udies1 smil+ & weep+ philosoph]s1 ,rib]a 0 a true & mo/ skilful arti/4 ,hav+ no qu>rel ) an e>li] gr& /yle1 he _h ! grace ( simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caa4 ,c>avaggio4 ,/4 ,pet] d5y+ 8 ,"l4--,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cab4 ,c>avaggio4 ,! ,c>d ,play]s4--,dresd54 ,bo? at ,rome & ,naples swagg]+ ,c>avaggio _h enorm\s success4 ,8 heads1 we read1 br\ght m ?an o!r m5's compositions4 ,he boa/$ himself ! greate/ pa9t] ( all "t1 & 0 (t5 believ$4 ,f 8 sw>?y tones 8 entire s*ool took ! "n1 ! ,t5ebri/s4 ,8 exp]im5ts 9 int]ior & artificial light+ 7 widely imitat$1 & aga9 ultimately pass$ into rec5t ,impressionism4 ,8 rejection ( noble =m 9 favor ( :at "o sees1 & ( decorative color 9 favor ( natural1 0 ! %>pe/ possible *all5ge ( ! ,r5aissance /yle1 & outside ( ,italy :]e ! noble tradition 0 only incipi5t did mu* to arre/ its diffusion4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n art !re are few m important figures4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( art broadly he has 8 s]i\s limitations4 ,mo/ damag+ is 8 waiv] ( civilization1 he looks at l[ life n ) ! eyes ( a deta*$ arti/ b ) ^? ( a ruffian4 ,he did n h ! intellig5ce to live up to 8 own =mula4 ,annibale ,c>racci 0 once look+ at ,c>avaggio's ,judi?1 &1 be+ press$ = an op9ion1 rem>k$ t x 0 8too natural40 ,he spoke z an admir] ( ! gr& /yle4 ,a mod]n reali/ w\ld make ! f> m radical criticism t ,c>avaggio is nev] natural en\gh4 ,he really makes no close /udy ( ! subtleties ( natural appe>ance or ( ! actual ref9em5ts ( illum9ation1 b r sub/itutes = ! old /ately =mulas a new1 m ugly1 & less /udi$ =mula ( 8 own4 ,logically he %\ld h gone =w>d ) ,rib]a & ,velasquez to a real inve/igation ( appe>ances4 ,b 8 logic 0 only t ( scorn1 & x w\ld d\btless h some:at comp5sat$ him = a sordid & premature end1 c\ld he h =se5 t 8 biograph]s w\ld cr$it him ) ! ru9 ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,?r\gh ,rib]a1 ,c>avaggio's influ5ce passes to ! ,neapolitan1 ,salvator#hi ,rosa 7#afae-afgc74 ,) great] vivacity & bett] color ,salvator repeats ! "* /udies & tav]n sc5es1 also br++ ! prolet>ian mood into my?ology4 ,he pa9t$ battle pieces ( real f]ocity4 ,he 0 an irascible1 va9 & caprici\s p]son1 pr\d ( be+ s2 a scorn] ( 8 own patrons & ( ! b\rgeois g5]ally2 a mak] ( epigrams1 & a writ] ( satires4 ,8 specialty is ! s9i/] & picturesque1 & he practices x ) gu/o & ability1 ,figure #cac4 ,salvator is ! real discov]] ( ! picturesque1 ! fir/ en?usia/ = ! savage aspects ( nature4 ,likewise he 0 "o ( ! fir/ arti/s to /udy effects--sunsets1 /orms1 mi/s1 & :irl+ cl\ds4 ,he excursion$ 9 ! ,abruzzo1 equally savor+ its crags1 torr5ts1 & =e/s1 & its f]oci\s b&itti4 ,8 lett]s on ^! w&]+s are among ! fir/ & mo/ important docum5ts ( ! mod]n cult ( nature4 ,he writes3 8,y h sadd5$ me by giv+ me ! news ( y\r hav+ be5 9 ,g>fagna1 & hav+ rejoic$ 9 ! savag]y ( t c\ntry s cong5ial to my nature4444 ,to be m]ely rem9d$ ( x br+s ! te>s to my eyes40 ,aga9 he writes f ! ,adriatic ,ap5n9es3 8,i h be5 two weeks 9 cont9ual travel & ! trip is mu* m /range & picturesque ?an t ( ,flor5ce1 beyond comp>ison s1 s9ce !re is su* an extravagant mixture ( ! r\gh & cultivat$1 ( ! level & precipit\s t no?+ m c\ld be desir$ = ! satisfaction ( ! eye40444 8,at ,t]ni1 f\r miles (f ! road ,i saw ! fam\s falls ( ! ,vel9o1 a ?+ to haunt & possess ! mo/ insatiable m9d because ( its horrid beauty4 ,to see a riv] t plunges /raight d[n a m\nta9 = half a mile1 & s5ds up its foam z high60 ,mu* ( ! /ormy & en]getic "* ( su* sc5es is transcrib$ 9 ! be/ l&scapes ( ,salvator1 ,figure #cad4 ,9 _! age !y evok$ little foll[+4 ,b ^! =e/s1 cascades1 ev5+ seaports1 & ru9$ sites 7 freely b\ght by ! ,engli%1 greatly admir$ & _h _! "p 9 produc+ ! lit]>y en?usiasm = wild nature 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cac4 ,salvator ,rosa4 ,l&scape ) figures4--,pitti4 ,salvator av[s 8 8extravagant g5ius10 is driv5 by ! lu/ = novelty1 is a mod]n & romantic _s4 ,)al he 0 a man ( capacity & ta/e ) an op5-m9d$ und]/&+ ( q ali5 m]it4 8,"h1 we e/eem ,m4 ,p\ss910 he writes 9 ,octob]1 #affe1 8m ?an any "o else 9 ! _w40 ,p\ss9 c\ld nev] h return$ ! complim5t4 ,8 approbation 0 = ,raphael1 ! ,c>racci & ,dom5i*9o4 ,inde$ a *ief glory ( ! ,bolognese ,eclectics 0 t _! critical me?od suffic$ to nurture s classic a _s z ,p\ss9's & s to e/abli% ! academic tradition = ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cad4 ,salvator ,rosa4 ,l&scape4--,pitti4 ,?\gh ! ,eclectic movem5t is prop]ly associat$ ) ! c\s9s ,lodovico & ,annibale ,c>racci1#ij x some:at antec$es !m4 ,! impetus comes f ,fl&]s ) ! pa9t] ( ,antw]p1 ,d5is ,calv]t1 :o came to ,bologna late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & f\nd$ an art s*ool4 ,l all ! bett] educat$ ,flem+s1 he repres5t$ a pr(\nd no/algia = ,r5aissance gr&eur1 & also a c]ta9 deta*m5t f ! p>ticul> ,italian arti/s :o _h embodi$ ! ideal ( gr&ezza4 ,su* a man is1 p]=ce1 an eclectic1 /udy+ widely ! me?ods ( 8 great pr$ecessors & seek+ to assimilate 9 8 own art _! v>i\s p]fections4 ,besides1 me?ods ( comp>ative /udy :i* _h =m]ly be5 extremely difficult if n impossible 7 n[ easy4 ,ca/s 7 available ( ! antique m>bles1 fairly fai?ful engrav+s 7 at h& = all ! great pa9t]s4 ,x is significant t bo? ! ,c>racci 7 reproductive engrav]s4 ,d5is ,calv]t 0 no g5ius1 b a prud5t & sagaci\s arti/ :o made ! mo/ ( a sl5d] end[m5t4 ,8 critical & assimilative _s pass$ ov] to 8 be/ pupils4 ,_! re=m1 unlike ,c>avaggio's1 0 n revolution>y1 b bas$ on a c>eful re/udy ( ! gr& /yle1 :i* !y _h nev] wav]$ 9 v5]at+4 ,annibale ,c>racci 0 re>$ 9 devotion to ,raphael1 ^: f9e ,/4 ,cecilia 0 at ,bologna4 ,v5ice lur$ him1 b he 0 rebuff$ by ,t9toretto4 ,annibale made pr(\nd /udies ( ,correggio at ,p>ma1 :5ce he writes t ,raphael n[ seems wood5 to him 9 comp>ison4 ,he is n[ laun*$ on ! impossible que/ ( comb9+ ) ! au/]e gr&eur ( ! ,roman ,s*ool1 ! *>m ( ,v5etian color+ & ! emotional in/ability ( ,correggio4 ,?us x 0 an attempt to re/ore ! gr& /yle l>gely 9 ! "n ( "o ( its *ief dis9tegrators1 & z su* x 0 f ! fir/ head$ = failure4 ,yet x 0 an attempt dictat$ by ! times1 & ! inevitable *oice ( any sup]ior _s :o wi%$ to reknit ! ,r5aissance tradition4 ,x 0 ! mom5t ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction & ( ! endeavor ( ! new ,jesuit ,ord] to rebuild a %ak5 ,*ur* on ! basis ( p]suasion4 ,l>gely %orn ( au?ority1 ! ,*ur* mu/ n[ be popul> or p]i%4 ,x wisely *ose to be popul>1 adopt+ ! ?rill+ novelties ( ,b>oque ar*itecture1 borr[+ f ! op]a its swell+ *oral cad5ces1 ev]y:]e /ress+ ! note ( *>m1 surprise & emotion4 ,s ! mod]ation & au/]ity :i* und]lay ! ,r5aissance /yle 7 =bidd5 to ! ,eclectics1 & !y *iefly diff]$ f ! rival ,naturali/s 9 *oos+ to make _! s5sationalism z decor\s z ! circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,su* is ! social backgr\nd ( ! ,c>racci's re=m1 & !y des]ve utmo/ cr$it = a*iev+ s mu* "u su* limitations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cae4 ,lodovico ,c>racci4 ,assumption4--,bologna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caf4 ,annibale ,c>racci4 ,madonna 9 ,glory4--,bologna4 ,ago/9o 7#aefh-afjb7 0 ! bra9s ( ! family1 c\rti]1 s*ol>1 man ( ! _w4 ,annibale 7#aefj-afji7 0 ! n]ves1--moody1 %y1 solit>y1 ) titan ambitions 9 a small & unprepossess+ frame4 ,8 c\s91 ,lodovico 7#aeee-afai71 0 possibly ! be/ arti/ ( ! ?ree if only because he attempt$ less & foll[$ s5tim5talism frankly )\t too mu* bo!r+ ab\t gr&eur4 ,lodovico1 ,figure #cae1 & ,annibale1 ,figure #caf1 enri*$ ! *ur*es ( ,bologna ) great animat$ alt>-pieces :i* en?rall$ _! contempor>ies1 & today seem m ?an a little affect$4 ,b t is m]ely because we no long] %>e :at 0 an entirely s9c]e way ( religi\s feel+4 ,!y />t$ an ,academy 9 :i* ! antique1 ! nude1 & competitive composition 7 ! /aple ( in/ruction q z 9 ,fr5* & ,briti% ,/ate art s*ools today4 ,9 ! ,bolognese palaces ! ,c>racci did 9 fresco great my?ological s]ies1 consult+ ,hom]1 ,virgil & ,ovid & ,apollonius ( ,rhodes4 ,9 ! ma9 !y _h friezes to d1 & !y drew heavily f ,correggio1 temp]+ 8 alacrity ) some?+ ( ! heavi] en]gy ( ! ,roman /yle4 ,9 #aehe ! ,c>racci set up _! ,academy4 ,x 0 soon ?rong$4 ,ago/9o1 a c\rtly1 le>n$ & accompli%$ p]son1 0 ! lead+ influ5ce1 be+ lectur] z well z draw+ ma/]4 ,ev51 ,annibale1 habitually an (fi% & difficult man1 is said to h be5 affable & helpful to 8 disciples4 ,9 /udy+ 8 pictures1 "o feels t he 0 ?w>t$ ( 8 true developm5t4 ,n only 0 he mu* ( a reali/1 pa9t+ tav]n sc5es1 ,figure #cag1 aft] ,c>avaggio's lead1 b also a /udi\s & *>m+ l&scape pa9t]1 ,figure #cah4 ,8 sob]ly color$ & gracefully compos$ l&scapes 7 an important influ5ce on ,p\ss94 ,annibale's adv5tures 9 ! gr& /yle1 ?\gh audaci\s & l\dly applaud$1 really did "s viol5ce to 8 mode/ & s5sitive _s4 ,8 0 ! lea/ academic temp]am5t imag9able1 & ! f9al disa/r\s qu>rel ) 8 em95tly academic bro!r1 ,ago/9o1 0 inevitable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cag4 ,annibale ,c>racci4 ,! ,bean ,eat]4--,pr9ce ,colonna1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cah4 ,annibale ,c>racci4 ,flight to ,egypt4--,doria1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cai4 ,annibale ,c>racci4 ,ceil+ ,detail4--,f>nese ,palace1 ,rome4 ,annibale & ,ago/9o 7 call$ to ,rome 9 #aeie to fresco ,c>d9al ,odo>do ,f>nese's palace4 ,annibale 0 ?irty-five ye>s old1 ,ago/9o a few ye>s y\ng]4 ,bo? _h reap$ all honors possible at ,bologna1 & !y came to ! ,et]nal ,city at a =tunate mom5t4 ,! favorite decorators 7 m5 ( r\t9e tal5t1 ,taddeo ,zucc>o & ! ,cavali]e d',arp9o4 ,c>avaggio's amaz+ & p]turb+ g5ius _h already ass]t$ itself1 b he 0 n a mural pa9t]4 ,aft] a prelim9>y s]ies ( my?ologies 9 ! riv]side cas9o ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese1 ,annibale turn$1 9 #aeig1 to ! decoration ( ! great hall4 ,x 0 a l(ty tunnel-l room ( refractory proportions4 ,! !me 0 to be ! loves ( ! gods4 ,b ! great spaces 9 :i* are repres5t$ ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ,polyphemus & ,galatea1 ,cephalus & ,aurora1 ,h]o & ,le&]1 among/ o!r subjects1 yield 9 effect to ! g5]al plan & ! incid5tal decoration4 ,annibale1 :o despite contempor>y acc\nts to ! contr>y1 controll$ ev]y?+1 has tak5 z 8 motive ! ar*itectural framework :i* ,mi*elangelo design$ = ! ,si/9e1 ) its burd5 ( decorative nudes4 ,"o looks pa/ heavy pa9t$ cornices1 ,figure #cai1 to pa9t$ /atu>y 9 pr(usion1 ?ickly set1 &1 beh9d1 m nudes 9 natural hues1 ! :ole e*o$ by nudes 9 /ucco relief on ! walls4 ,we h in/ead ( ! relative flatness ( ,mi*elangelo & 8 pr$ecessors a consi/5t lump9ess1 :i*1 :ile !oretically ta/eless1 is actually ri*1 satisfy+1 & ev5 light4 ,only an extraord9>y ability c\ld h kept any k9d ( unity 9 ?is wilful & extravagant complexity1 ,figure #cbj4 ,b unity !re is & coh]5t expression ( a mood at once pomp\s & fe/al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbj4 ,annibale ,c>racci & ,help]s4 ,gr& ,hall1 ,f>nese ,palace4--,,rome4 ,! pictures1 z we h not$1 seem to c\nt = less ?an _! bord]s4 ,:5 we exam9e ! love sc5es1 we f9d !m at once co>se & mann]$4 ,!y are sup]ficially l ,giulio ,romano at ,mantua b )\t 8 self-satisfi$ brutality4 ,to ?is ext5t !y are inf]ior1 & inde$ ! /ra9 to be at once gr&1 graceful1 & passionate is only too app>5t ?r\gh\t ! pictorial "p4 ,yet z a :ole ! decoration seems h>dly inf]ior 9 p[]1 +5uity1 & rhy?mical fulness to su* anci5t ma/]pieces ( k9dr$ inspiration z ! ,p]gamon frieze4 ,= ! mom5t ! decoration 0 en?usia/ically acclaim$1 aft] ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury x taught ,*>les ,le ,brun ! way to decorate ! ,l\vre & ! ,palace at ,v]sailles1 & ev5 today ! admir] ( ! f\nta9s ( ,rome & ( h] ,b>oque *ur*es mu/ admit t ,annibale caught ! v _s ( 8 day1 9 its sup]fluity ( le>n$ va+lori\sness & %ortage ( ! simpl] & m noble passions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cba4 ,guido ,r5i4 ,madonna ) two ,sa9ts4 ,= ! arti/ ! "w br\ght only *agr94 ,! ,c>d9al treat$ him ) /+9ess & p]sonal spite4 ,8 irritation ) 8 bro!r rea*$ ! explosive po9t4 ,ago/9o left him /agg]+ "u ! weight ( an ungrateful task1 he fell into a dang]\s melan*oly1 & 9 #afji di$ mis]ably1 leav+ 8 help]s ,albani & ,dom5i*9o to f9i% ! gall]y4 ,( ! foll[]s ( ! ,c>racci1 ,guido ,r5i#ia 7#aege-afdb7 & ,dom5i*9o 7#aeha-afda71 are ! mo/ important4 ,at 8 wor/ ,guido ,r5i is ! mo/ repellant ( s5tim5tali/s1 at 8 be/ a reali/ ( ! calibre ( ,rib]a himself4 ,9 8 "t !re are no gr&] old m5 ?an 81 bett] pa9t$ or m fully realiz$ z *>act]s4 ,y f9d !m at _! be/ 9 ! ,madonna ( ,/4 ,paul1 at ,b]l91 or ! ,immaculate ,conception at ,petrograd1 or ! ,madonna ) ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ! ,vatican1 ,figure #cba4 ,x is h>d to reconcile !m ) 8 sleek & *eaply s$uctive ,magdal5s1 ,cleopatras & ,v5uses4 ,:at /eadies him 9 8 inconsi/5cy is a f9e & simple s5se ( composition4 ,he is lucid :]e 8 ma/]s1 ! ,c>racci1 t5d to be confus$4 ,8 ta/e is m coh]5t ?an 8 "*4 ,"u o!r conditions ?an ^? ( academic ,bologna & ,papal ,rome he might easily h become a reali/ ( ,zurb>an's type4 ,z x 01 he und]took ! usual syn!sis ( ! gr& /yle ) ! new s5tim5tality4 ,g5]ally speak+ he is nei!r gr& nor s5tim5tal en\gh1 b sup]ficial 9 bo? reg>ds4 ,yet 8 discretion saves him 9 su* works z ! ceil+ ( ! ,villa ,rospigliosi 7#afae7 & ! supremely elegant ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ,figure #cbc1 ( ! ,cappuc9i4 ,i l ! ,aurora1 ,figure #cbb1 nay love x well ?is side ( idolatry1 = ! same reason t ,i l ,kipl+'s l9es 8,an' ! dawn comes up l ?und] ,out] ,*9a 'cro/ ! bay40 ,bo? ! fresco & ! v]ses h ! same p\nd+ & obvi\s1 yet ?rill+ cad5ces1 bo? br+ lyricism to ! br9k ( bomba/ )\t lett+ x g ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbb4 ,guido ,r5i4 ,aurora4 ,ceil+ ,fresco4--,cas9o ,rospigliosi1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbc4 ,guido ,r5i4 ,sa9t ,mi*ael4--,cappuc9i1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbd4 ,dom5i*9o4 ,la/ ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome4--,vatican4 ,dom5ico ,zampi]i1 call$ ,dom5i*9o1#ib 7#aeha-afda7 is a f> m s]i\s figure4 ,we see him be/ n 9 ! s5tim5tal sibyls :i* he multipli$ nor ev5 9 ! /udi$ emotionalism ( 8 mo/ fam\s alt>-piece1 ! ,la/ ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ! ,vatican1 ,figure #cbd1 b1 r 9 su* decorations z ^? 9 ,s4 ,&rea della ,valle1 & 9 ! mona/ic *ur* ( ,grotta ,f]rata4 ,"h we f9d a heavy & simple emphasis1 a great cl>ity bo? ( figure con/ruction & ( composition4 ,= 8 p]sonal awkw>dness1 pati5ce & quietism 8 comrades mock+ly call$ him ! ,ox4 ,x took "* to play ! ox amid ! febrile sprightl9ess ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction4 ,8 gravity is m>k$ also 9 8 color4 ,he =sakes ! old decorative conv5tions ( ! ,r5aissance & works 9 olive & silv]y tones :i* sugge/ 9 a g5]aliz+ way ! coolness & fre%ness ( nature4 ,above all he is n facile l mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 b /udi\s1 dilatory1 & consid]ate4 ,at times he yields to ! prevail+ s5tim5tality1 b usually he is bo? spontane\s & retic5t4 ,he seldom insi/s1 b c&idly lets ! picture be se54 ,all ^! qualities appe> 9 ! mode/ly hoyd5i% ma/]piece1 ,diana & h] ,nymphs1 9 ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 ,figure #cbe4 ,x is completely captivat+ = its elem5t ( surprise1 its manly :olesom5ess1 its w9some sett+ ( li! girli% bodies amid v]dure "u a gray sky4 ,?is unaffect$ mood 9 my?ology has r>ely be5 recaptur$4 ,we h x 9 ,v]me]'s little ,diana at ! ,hague &1 only ye/]day1 9 ! ,nausicaa ( ,luci5 ,simon4 ,su* qualities ( lucidity1 res]ve1 & simple nobility made ,dom5i*9o ! natural model = ,ni*olas ,p\ss94 ,we c trace ! influ5ce ?r\gh ,p\ss9's ma/]pieces1 & _h ,france be5 wise en\gh to und]/& h] greate/ pa9t]1 h] academic tradition1 :i* 0 promot$ 9 ,p\ss9's "n1 might h tak5 a mu* m fruitful c\rse ?an x actually did4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbe4 ,dom5i*9o4 ,diana & h] ,nymphs4--,borghese1 ,rome4 ,an ill fate f9ally took ,dom5i*9o to ,naples4 ,!re he f\nd ! ruffianly local pa9t]s b&$ aga9/ e =eign]1 & 9 p>ticul> he met ! sy/ematic animosity ( ! trucul5t ,spani>d1 ,rib]a4 ,outright t]rorism alt]nat$ ) petty p]secution4 ,!y defac$ 8 "w & tamp]$ ) 8 mat]ials4 ,soon !y broke 8 delicate & timid _s1 ev5 turn$ him aga9/ ! wife ) :om he _h liv$ on t]ms ( ideal affection4 ,today x rema9s unc]ta9 :e!r he di$ ( %att]$ n]ves or 0 actually poison$4 ,presumably ! b>b>\s ,neapolitans w\ld h done ab\t ! same to any visit+ arti/1 b d\btless !y turn$ ! screw a %ade h>d] ^u a g5tle ideali/ :o br\ght into _! reali/ic /ews "s aft]gl[ ( ! quieti/ic dignity ( a ,montagna or a ,cima4 ,:5 all res]vations are made1 ! ,eclectics _h fairly done _! "w ( correct+ ! disord] ( ! late ,r5aissance & ( re/or+ some?+ ( ! old decorum4 ,!y made possible ! revival ( ! gr& /yle at ,rome1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ,c>lo ,m>atta & ,raphael ,m5gs4 ,! ,eclectics 7 ! bridge by :i* ! classical mann] pass$ ov] into ,we/]n ,europe1 an indisp5sable l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! great hell5i/ic tradition4 ,t %\ld be en\gh to keep !m 9 memory if n 9 unqualifi$ honor4 ,our review ( ! late sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5?1 c5tury 9 ,italy w h s]v$ its purpose if x has conv9c$ ! read] t ?is 0 no "t ( /agnation4 ,we h r to d ) activities ( exploration & recon/ruction :i* are mu* too re/less & v>i\s4 ,! intellectual p[] ( ! ,italian pa9t]s _h n greatly dim9i%$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,italy /ill 0 capable ( giv+ ! leads :i* h guid$ pa9t+ else:]e ev] s9ce4 ,:at 0 lack+ 0 n en]gy b pati5ce1 reflection & ta/e4 ,! ,italian arti/ t5d$ to reg>d himself z a swift & resolute executant fir/ ( all1 & no long] knew h[ to n\ri% 8 _s z a man4 ,ev5 z executants1 ! reali/s & eclectics _h ! humiliation ( f9d+ !mselves outdone by =eign]s4 ,successively 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,rib]a1 ,rub5s1 ,van ,dyck1 ,velasquez1 ,claude ,lorra9 & ,p\ss9 came to ,italy & soj\rn$ !re4 ,x 0 9 e case app>5t t ! =eign] excell$ all native arti/s 9 8 field4 ,! traditional au?ority ( ,italian pa9t+ /ill held1 b its contempor>y glory 0 evid5tly wan+4 ,b ev5 9 decl9e ,italy 0 /rong en\gh to h& on h] tor* to new] h&s4 ,f ,titian /ems ! florid classicism & ari/ocratic portraiture ( ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 :i* dom9at$ ! :ole eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france & ,engl&2 ?r\gh ,c>avaggio & ,rib]a1 ,italy made ,velasquez ! f\nd] ( ^? mo/ *>act]i/ic n9ete5? c5tury movem5ts1 realism & impressionism2 ?r\gh ,raphael1 ! ,c>racci & ,dom5i*9o1 %e f$ ! :ite flame ( ,p\ss9's classicism1 :i* 9 "o way or ano!r has det]m9$ ! academic developm5t ( all ,we/]n ,europe4 ,?us ,italian pa9t+1 et]nally alive 9 ! timeless region :]e dwells ! fame ( ,giotto1 ,masaccio1 ,leon>do1 ,giorgione1 ,raphael1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 is z well mo/ practically & actually alive 9 ! rec5t & pres5t /ruggles1 failures1 & triumphs ( our mod]n s*ools4 ,)\t und]/&+ ,italian pa9t+ we _c und]/& our own pa9t+4 ,& :ile ! mod]n _w w h>dly return to ! coh]5ce1 solidity1 & grace ( ! great ,go?ic & ,r5aissance ma/]s1 ,i am confid5t t !re c be no exit f our pres5t confusion & incoh]5ce until our pa9t]s le>n at lea/ to consult ^? great ,italian pr$ecessors :o dwelt on ! heights above :i* is ! abode ( ! human _s's creative re/4 ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,on ,,! ,,eclectic ,,ideal ,! ne>ly contempor>y acc\nt ( ,c>lo ,ces>e ,malvasia1 ,fels9a ,pittrice1 ,bologna1 #ahda1 ,tom4 ,i4 p4 #bfc is in/ructive4 8,lodovico 444 0 ! fir/ :o suppli$ a firm prop to tott]+ pa9t+ & 0 able to save x f imm95t h>m & ru94 ,he 0 ! "o :o c\rage\sly oppos$ t va+lori\s "t1 :i* succe$$ ! mo/ p]fect age1 & lib]at+ x f ! common ills ( ^? errone\s mann]isms :i* d>$ to tyrannize t fair pr(ession t _h be5 rais$ s high1 n only wi%$ to re/ore x to its fir/ vigor1 b also to a /ate /ill m p]fect & sublime4444 ,tak+ ! be/ f all ! be/ arti/s1 "o sees him1 ) a facility no long] us$ & valu$1 =m f !m a brief comp5dium1 r a preci\s extract1 outside ( & beyond :i* little m rema9$ = ! /udi\s to desire4 ,& c\pl+ & unit+ ) ! discretion ( ,raphael ! intellig5ce ( ,mi*elangelo1 & add+ )al ) ! color ( ,titian ! angelic purity ( ,correggio1 he succe$$ 9 =m+ f all ^! mann]s a s+le "o1 :i* _h no?+ to envy 9 ! ,roman1 ,flor5t9e1 ,v5etian & ,lomb>d mann]s40 ,a ,sonnet suppos$1 )\t complete evid5ce1 to h be5 address$ by ,annibale ,c>racci to ! pa9t] ,niccol d',abate gives an ev5 m complete & correct acc\nt ( ! elem5ts t bl5d$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,c>racci4 ,i quote x f ,r\*s1 ,la ,pe9ture ,bolonaise1 ,p>is1 #aiac1 p4 #abc1 note #a4 8,to make a good pa9t] let him h ,at ready & eag] h& ! draw+ ( ,rome1 ,! movem5t ) ! %ad+ ( ,v5ice1 ,& ! dignifi$ color+ ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! t]rible mann] ( ,mi*elangelo ,& ,correggio's pure & sov]eign /yle ,& ! true symmetry ( ,raphael1 ,tibaldi's decorum & sub/ance1 ,! inv5tiv5ess ( le>n$ ,primaticcio ,& a little ( ,p>migian9o's grace4 ,n )\t hav+ /r5u\sly made su* /udies ,let him place be=e himself = imitation ,! works :i* our ,niccol has left "h40 ,,! ,,end ,,notes ,,*apt] ,i4 ,footnote #a3 ,= ! alt> z tomb-%r9e see ,yrj ,hirn's le>n$ & fasc9at+ book1 ,! ,sacr$ ,%r9e1 ,london1 #aiab4 ,footnote #b3 ,= ! ,byzant9e pictorial /yle see ! excell5t summ>y 9 ,fogg ,art ,museum1 ,collection ( ,m$iaeval & ,r5aissance ,pa9t+s1 ,h>v>d ,univ4 ,press1 #aiai1 pp4 #c-aj2 also a m ext5d$ treatm5t 9 ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton ,byzant9e ,art & ,ar*aeology1 ,ox=d1 #aiaa1 *apt]s ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii4 ,footnote #c3 ,= ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,/4 ,francis read ! respective *apt]s 9 ,taylor1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,m9d2 = ,/4 ,francis1 ,?omas ,okey's translation1 ,! little ,fl[]s ( ,/4 ,francis 9 8,ev]yman's ,libr>y40 ,e4 ,gebh>t1 ,italie ,my/ique1 ,p>is1 #aijh1 is also enlight5+4 ,footnote #d3 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xxxii 7#aiah7 pp4 #de-f4 ,mr4 ,b]5son 9 ,rassegna d',arte1 8,d$alo10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 7#aiba7 fasc4 ,v1 makes ?is sup]b ,madonna a ,con/ant9ople picture ( ! late #ab? c5tury4 ,8 confess$ly slight argum5t fails to conv9ce me4 ,aside f ! air ( ! picture1 ! =m ( ! wood5 ?rone is specific = ,tuscany & ! second half ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,cimabue4 ,&reas ,aub]t1 ,cimabue ,frage1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 is ! /&>d "w4 ,! v>i\s views on ! e>ly frescoes ( ! ,upp] ,*ur* at ,assisi are well summ>iz$ 9 ,br[n & ,rank91 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ed & #eg-ei4 ,an unsuccessful attempt to r$uce ,cimabue to a my? has be5 made by ,langton ,d\glas 9 8 edition ( ,c4 4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ahg-aic4 ,! con/ructive & accept$ view is t ( ,aub]t4 ,my li/ diff]s slightly f 8 & is3 ,l\vre ,madonna1 ab\t #abge1 ,l\vre4 ,tr9it ,madonna1 ab\t #abhe1 ,uffizi4 ,! frescoes ( ! ,*oir & transepts ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,assisi1 sav+ possibly ! big ,asc5t to ! ,cross1 circa #abif1 ,assisi4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,francis 7fresco71 aft] #abij1 ,assisi1 ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,san ,francesco4 ,/4 ,john 9 mosaic 9 ! ,apse ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa1 #acja4 ,v5turi's endeavor to atta* to ,cimabue "s ( ! lat] ,new ,te/am5t mosaics 9 ! vault ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/ry1 see ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,v41 p4 #bbi--;is plausible b n conv9c+4 ,8 attribution ( lo/ frescoes 9 ! portico ( old ,/4 ,pet]'s1 kn[n f sket* copies1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aie--;has no solid basis4 ,two fresco fragm5ts1 heads ( ,pet] & ,paul1 rema91 & are publi%$ by ,wilp]t1 ,die ,mosaik5 1 bd4 ,i1 fig4 #add1 & by him correctly assign$ to ,cavall9i or "s ,roman foll[]4 ,r4 van ,m>le1 9 ,la ,pe9ture ,roma9e1 ,/rasb\rg1 #aiba1 has made a mo/ c>eful /udy ( all ! e>lie/ frescoes 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur*4 ,g5]ally ,i concur 9 8 conclusions1 b _c see ,cavall9i 9 ! f> abl] "w ( ! ,isaac ,ma/]4 ,! date1 #abif1 :i* ,van ,m>le f\nd 9 ! ,*oir at ,assisi1 makes x pretty c]ta9 t all ! frescoes 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* 7 execut$ betwe5 #abic-e & #acjj4 ,9 ,toskanis*e ,mal] im ,,xiii ,jahrhund]t1 ,b]l91 #aibb1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,sirn makes a compreh5sive survey ( ! e>lie/ pa9t]s ( ,lucca1 ,pisa1 & ,flor5ce4 ,he endeavors to recon/ruct ! works ( ,coppo di ,m>covaldo :om he reg>ds z a =mative influ5ce on ,cimabue4 ,to ! usual li/ ( ,cimabue's works ,dr4 ,sirn adds1 ) ,aub]t1 a great ,madonna 9 ! ,s]vi1 ,bologna2 & also a ,madonna 9 ! ,v]zoc*i ,collection1 ,milan2 & an extraord9>ily f9e crucifixion 9 ! d',h5dec\rt ,collection1 ,london4 ,dr4 ,sirn also accepts = ,cimabue ! tripty* ( ,*ri/1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/ ,james1 :i* ,b]5son fir/ publi%$ 9 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 = #aibj4 ,( ^! accretions none b ! d',h5dec\rt ,crucifixion is at all p]suasive to me4 ,footnote #e3 ,! late/ & fulle/ discussion ( ,pietro ,cavall9i is by ,/anley ,lo?rop 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,academy 9 ,rome1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aiah4 ,i ?9k he is 9 error 9 see+ ,cavall9i at ,assisi & ,p]ugia4 ,van ,m>le1 note above1 has ?r[n additional light on ! cont9uity ( a ,roman s*ool4 ,footnote #f3 ,c4 4 ,c4 7,ed4 ,hutton7 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aid-e4 ,zimm]mann 7,giotto c41 ,leipzig1 #ahii71 ,h4 ,?ode 7,franz von ,assisi1 ,b]l91 #aijd71 & ,fr4 ,h]man9 7,gall]ie nazionali ,italiane1 ,vol4 ,v 7#aijb71 p4 #aac7 ascribe ! ,/ories ( ,isaac & "s o!r sup]ior frescoes ( ! upp] r[ to y\?ful ,giotto4 ,!y seem too accompli%$ & mature = t & are all alli$ to ,gaddo ,gaddi's mosaics at ,rome4 ,footnote #g3 ,giotto4 ,osvald ,sirn1 ,giotto & ,"s ( 8 ,foll[]s1 ,cambridge1 ,h>v>d ,univ4 ,press1 #aiag1 9 #b ,vols41 gives a reasonable *ronology & is valuable = illu/rations4 ,rog] ,e4 ,fry1 ,mon?ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abf-aea2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aci-aeg2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp1 #if-aba is an admirable critical analysis ( ,giotto's /yle1 b ! ascriptions & *ronology are (t5 d\btful4 ,excell5t on ! frescoes at ,/a4 ,croce4 ,! essay is repr9t$ 9 ,vision & ,design1 ,london1 #aiba4 ,j4 ,b4 ,sup9o's />tl+ views 9 ! *ronology ( ,giotto1 express$ 9 ,giotto1 ,flor5ce1 #aibj1 9 #c ,vols41 seem to me fanta/ic4 ,8 g5]al ord] is ! ,allegories ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* & ! ,b>oncelli alt>-piece ab\t #acjj1 ! ,ar5a frescoes #acje1 ! ,/4 ,francis s]ies 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* ab\t #acaj1 ! ,p]uzzi ,*apel ab\t #acab1 etc4 ,my li/ w\ld be3 ,! ,e>ly ,"p ( ! ,/4 ,francis ,s]ies 7,,ii-,,xviii7 be=e #acjj ,! ,mosaic ( ! ,navicella 7completely re/or$7 ab\t #acjj ,/igmatization ( ,/4 ,francis 7,l\vre7 ,! ,ar5a ,frescoes ab\t #acje ,! ,madonna ( ,ognissanti ,! ,franciscan ,allegories1 ,l[] ,*ur* 7design only7 #acab-bj ,! ,/efanes*i ,alt>-piece 79 "p7 #acbj1 p]haps e>li] ,! ,p]uzzi ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce aft] #acbj ,! ,b>di ,*apel1 ab\t #acbe ,! ,dormition ( ! ,virg91 at ,b]l9 #acbe ,madonna1 ,ancona1 ,bologna 7design only7 #accj ,! ,p>adise 9 ! ,b>gello aft] #accj ,"p ( ! ,magdal5 ,leg5ds !re ,"p ( ! ,magdal5 ,leg5ds1 ,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi ,b>oncelli ,alt>-piece 7design only7 ,small panels ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/ at ,new ,york1 ,f5way ,c\rt1 ,bo/on2 ,muni* & ,b]5son ,collection1 ,settignano 7bottega works7 ,footnote #h3 ,padre ,angelis1 ,collis ,p>adisi1 #agjd1 ,i1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #i3 ,ab\t ! #bh /ories ( ,/4 ,francis !re is no agreem5t except t ,nos4 ,i & ,,xxvi-,,viii are by ! 8,cecelia ,ma/]40 ,v5turi sees ,giotto only 9 ! lat] /ories4 ,i agree ) ,b]5son t ! rud] frescoes1 ,,ii-,,xviii1 :i* are bas$ on ! s-call$ ,roman "w above %[ u ,giotto at 8 beg9n+s4 ,= ! v>i\s views consult ,br[n & ,rank91 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory1 pp4 #dh-i1 #ei1 #fa4 ,footnote #aj3 ,alex4 ,romdahl's attempt to set ! upp] r[ _m ye>s lat] ?an ! re/ is entirely unconv9c+ to me4 ,see ,jahrbu* d] ,k4 ,preussis*5 ,kun/sammlung51 #aiaa1 pp4 #c-ah4 ,footnote #aa3 ,john ,rusk91 ,morn+s 9 ,flor5ce1 passim4 ,footnote #ab3 ,giotto's ,foll[]s4 ,osvald ,sirn1 ,giotto & ,"s ( 8 ,foll[]s1 see note #g1 may be freely consult$ = illu/rations & v cauti\sly = attributions4 ,footnote #ac3 ,peleo ,bacci's ascription ( ! rec5tly discov]$ ,passion frescoes 9 ! ,badia to ,buffalmacco seems reasonable1 ,bollett9o d' ,arte1 ,v 7#aiaa7 pp4 #a-bg4 ,dr4 ,sirn ascribes ^! frescoes to ,n>do di ,cione & foll[s ,v5turi 9 id5tify+ ,buffalmacco ) ! 8,cecelia ,ma/]40 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #aj4 ,! hypo!sis /ill lacks solid f\ndation4 ,footnote #ad3 ,by ,vas>i ! ,spani% ,*apel 0 divid$ betwe5 ,taddeo ,gaddi & ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,c4 4 ,c4 discov]$ t ! "w 0 by an ,&rea da ,fir5ze :o z a docum5t atte/s pa9t$ /ories ( ,s4 ,rani]i at ,pisa1 9 #acgg4 ,! contract :i* proves ?is ,&rea to h be5 ,&rea ,bonaiuti1 active #acdc-gg1 0 publi%$ 9 ,arte e ,/oria1 ,flor5ce1 ,feb41 #aiag1 p4 #cc4 ,x gives ! date ( ! contract = ! ,spani% ,*apel1 #acfe4 ,! v elaborate decoration ( ! ,spani% ,*apel is fully describ$ 9 ,c4 4 ,c4 7,hutton7 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cji-cab4 ,!re are useful lit]>y illu/rations 9 ,v5turi1 ,/oria dell' arte italiana1 ,vol4 ,v41 pp4 #gib-hji4 ,rusk9 9 ,morn+s 9 ,flor5ce gives a p>tial analysis :i* is fasc9at+ f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 b badly ov]e/imates ! m]it ( ! "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,si5a ,,g5]al ,,works3 ,langton ,d\glas4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,si5a4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,f]d9& ,s*evill4 ,si5a1 ! ,/ory ( a ,m$ival ,commune1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,edmund ,g4 ,g>d9]4 ,! ,/ory ( ,si5a & ,san ,gemignano1 ,london1 #aijb4 ,william ,heywood & ,lucy ,olcott4 ,guide to ,si5a1 ,hi/ory & ,art1 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,pa9t+1 ,,! ,,s*ool4 ,emil ,jacobs54 ,si5esis*e ,mei/] des ,trec5to 9 d] ,gemlde ,gal]ie zu ,si5a1 ,/rassburg1 #aijg2 ,das ,quattroc5to 9 ,si5a1 ,/rassburg1 #aijh2 ,sodoma und das ,c9quec5to 9 ,si5a1 ,/rassburg1 #aiaj2 all v valuable = illu/rations4 ,v5turi1 ,/oria dell' ,arte ,italiana1 ,vols4 ,v & ,,vii4 ,b]n>d ,b]5son1 ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,new ,york & ,london1 #aiji4 ,c4 ,ricci1 ,il ,palazzo ,pubblico di ,si5a e la ,mo/ra d',antica ,arte ,s5ese1 ,b]gamo1 #aijd1 (f]s a good & inexp5sive survey ( ,si5ese h&icraft 9 g5]al4 ,,si5ese ,,pictures ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,consult ! illu/rat$ catalogues ( ! ,fogg ,museum1 ,h>v>d2 & ( ! ,j>ves ,collection1 ,yale4 ,also _m special articles 9 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 especially ! s]ies 9 ,vol4 ,,viii-,,ix1 by ,f4 ,mason ,p]k9s1 ,"s ,si5ese ,pa9t+s 9 ,am]ican ,collections4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! fact t ! ,madonna ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico _h be5 mu* repa9t$ 9 ,duccio's "t n unnaturally ?rew ,milanesi & o!r critics (f ! track4 ,b ! date is entirely g5u9e 7see ,c4 ,c4 ,d\glas ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb1 note #a992 & ,e4 ,jacobs51 ,das ,trec5to1 p4 #ah74 ,! latt] writes1 8,! signature & date are g5u9e4 ,!re is no t5able gr\nd = d\bt+ !m40 ,i h satisfi$ myself by close inspection t su* is ! case1 & ! half doz5 or s o!r panels associat$ ) ?is ,madonna /yli/ically all seem to belong to ! fir/ half ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,footnote #af3 ,sirn1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,,xxxii 7#aiah7 p4 #de1 ascribes ?is panel to ,cavall9i4 ,b]5son 9 ,d$alo1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 fasc4 v1 allots x to ,con/ant9ople at ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,nei!r view is ev5 plausible to me4 ,footnote #ag3 ,duccio4 ,a4 ,lis9i1 ,notizie di ,duccio c4 ,si5a1 #ahih4 ,curt ,weigelt1 ,duccio di ,buon9segna1 ,leipzig1 #aiaa1 ! /&>d monograph1 well illu/rat$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! :ole matt] ( ! ,rucellai ,madonna is well discuss$ by ,d\glas 9 8 edition ( ,c4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i4 ,app5dix to *apt] ,,vi4 ,&reas ,aub]t1 ,cimabue1 p4 #ach ff41 & ,curt ,weigelt1 ,duccio1 bo? agree t ! ,rucellai ,madonna is ! picture call$ = by ! contract ( #abhe1 h5ce is by ,duccio4 ,aside f _m /yli/ic simil>ities to ,duccio's e>ly ,madonna ) ,franciscans 9 ! ,si5a ,academy1 ! exquisitely drawn b>e feet ( ! ,angels 9 ! ,rucellai ,madonna am\nt almo/ to a signature = ,si5a's greate/ pa9t]4 ,h4 ,?ode & ,o4 ,sirn hold t a picture design$ & begun by ,duccio 0 f9i%$ by ,cimabue1 ,toskanis*e ,mal]1 pp4 #cjh-i1 & note #da to latt] page4 ,! hypo!sis t ,duccio 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ,cimabue 9 ?is "w seems simpl]4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! contract is wor? quot+ 9 "p f ,g4 ,fontana1 ,due docum5ti in$iti rigu>danti ,cimabue1 ,pisa1 #ahgh2 x is repr9t$ 9 ,/rzyg[ski1 ,cimabue und ,rom1 ,wi51 #ahhh4 ,! pap]s 7 recov]$ f a groc] :o 0 ab\t to use !m = wrapp]s4 8,:i* picture ( ! ,maje/y ( ,div9e & ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y & ( ! ,apo/les & o!r sa9ts is to be made 9 columns & 9 ! pr$ella & ma9 spaces ( ! picture good & pure flor9 gold %all be us$2 ! o!r pictures :i* are to be made 9 ! a=esaid panel above ! columns 9 tab]nacles1 gables1 & frames %all be made 444 ( good silv] gilt40 ,! picture app>5tly 0 a polypty* ( ?ree1 five1 or sev5 panels ) columns & r\nd ar*es1 ) an upp] ord] ( gables & tab]nacles4 ,x seems to h be5 ! fir/ well-peopl$ ,madonna 9 ,maje/y1 & x probably s]v$ z ,duccio's exempl>4 ,cimabue di$ be=e f9i%+ x1 b s9ce 9 ,nov4 #acjb he receiv$ a l>ge in/allm5t ( #dj ,pisan lire1 he mu/ at lea/ h fully drawn ! composition on ! panel4 ,footnote #bj3 ,simone ,m>t9i4 ,see ! /&>d "w by ,raimond van ,m>le1 ,simone ,m>t9i1 ,/rasb\rg1 #aibj4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce among critics 9 dat+ ^! frescoes1 & no objective evid5ce4 ,! e>ly date1 #acbb-be1 sugge/$ by ,v5turi & ,van ,m>le1 is confirm$ by ! /yli/ic "* ( ! "w4 ,x lacks ! calligraphic1 l9e> =mulas :i* ab\nd 9 ,simone's works aft] #accj4 ,! e>ly date also agrees ) ! g5]al probabilities ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! decoration ( ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi4 ,footnote #ba3 ,frey's ed4 ,b]l91 #ahhf1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! contract = ?is alt>-piece is translat$ 9 ! illu/rations to *apt] ,,ii1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bc3 ,v5turi1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #fhj-fid1 (f]s a s5sible compromise view ( ! au?or%ip ( ?is s]ies1 assign+ to ,pietro himself only ! ,deposition1 ,entombm5t1 ,/igmatization ( ,/4 ,francis & a ,madonna & ,sa9ts1 ascrib+ mo/ ( ! subjects to an assi/ant4 ,dr4 ,erne/ ,dewald 9 a =?com+ ,pr9ceton diss]tation takes a m skeptical view ?an ,v5turi z to ,pietro's pres5ce at ,assisi4 ,footnote #bd3 ,h[ev] ! 8,cecelia ,ma/]10 active ab\t #acjj1 deals ably ) su* spatial problems4 ,see ,o4 ,sirn1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #bcd1 & ,,xxxvi1 p4 #d4 & ,giotto1 plates #aa-ac1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #be3 ,sassetta4 ,b]n>d ,b]5son4 ,a ,pa9t] ( ! ,franciscan ,leg5d1 7,sassetta71 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bf3 ,matteo di ,giovanni4 ,we h ! /&>d "w ( ,g4 ,h>tlaub1 ,matteo da ,si5a1 ,/rassburg1 #aiaj4 ,mr4 ,b]5son 9 ,essays 9 ! ,/udy ( ,si5ese ,pa9t+1 ,new ,york1 #aiah1 essay on ,cozz>elli1 has made useful criticisms ( ! li/ ( pictures usually ascrib$ to ,matteo4 ,footnote #bg3 ,sodoma4 ,hob>t ,cu/1 ,giovanni ,antonio ,bazzi1 usually /yl$ 8,sodoma10 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,masaccio ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,realism ,on ! g5]al matt] ( ! reali/s ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance n mu* has be5 add$ to ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 b ,mr4 ,b]5son's comm5t 9 ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s & ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance is ( high critical value4 ,vas>i is int]e/+1 b nev] m inaccurate ?an :5 deal+ ) ?is gr\p4 ,z usual ! late/ collect$ in=mation is 9 ,v5turi4 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 "p ,i1 & else:]e4 ,footnote #bh3 ,matteo ,villani1 ,i/orie1 ,flor5ce1 #aeha1 ,lib4 ,i1 cap4 iv1 pp4 #e-f4 ,footnote #bi3 ,lor5zo ,monaco4 ,! /&>d "w is by ,o4 ,sirn1 ,don ,lor5zo ,monaco1 ,/rassburg1 #aije4 ,footnote #cj3 ,fra ,angelico4 ,langton ,d\glas4 ,fra ,angelico1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,vas>i's ,life is admirable & 9 ess5tials correct4 ,footnote #ca3 ,masol9o-,masaccio4 ,! summ>y 9 ,c4 ,c4 7,d\glas7 ,vol4 ,,iv2 7,hutton71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 reasonably br+s ! controv]sy up to date4 ,! late/ review is by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,(fn]1 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #fh-gf1 ,a ,/4 ,j]ome by ,masol9o4 ,dr4 ,(fn]1 9 ,d$alo1 ,m>41 #aibc1 publi%es a f9e ,/4 ,julian1 by ,masol9o1 :i* reveals 9 a new light t arti/'s romantic temp]am5talism4 ,mr4 ,b]5son1 l4 c41 publi%es a pr$ella piece = ! same panel4 ,! l>ge album ( plates accompany+ ,augu/ ,h4 ,s*m>s['s ,masaccio1 d] ,begrnd] des ,klassis*5 ,/ils c4 ,kassel1 #aijj1 is indisp5sable to ! s]i\s /ud5t4 ,x is available 9 ! great libr>ies4 ,cuts ( all ! works involv$ 9 ! controv]sy are m readily atta9able 9 ,p4 ,toesca's ,masol9o da ,panicale1 ,b]gamo1 #aijh1 & 9 ,v5turi1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 ,i4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! rid] ) 8 back turn$ at ! left ( ! fresco ( ! ,calv>y has a rondel protect+ ! nape ( 8 neck4 ,x is a %ort-liv$ & unsuccessful inv5tion :i* 0 n us$ be=e #adce-dj4 ,?is in=mation1 :i* ,i owe to ,dr4 ,ba%=d ,dean ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 dates ! ,calv>y well aft] ,masaccio's dea?1 &1 inf]5tially1 all ! o!r frescoes 9 ! same *apel4 ,footnote #cc3 ,cassoni & o!r ,furniture ,panels4 ,! /&>d "w is by ,paul ,s*ubr+1 ,cassoni c4 ,leipzig1 #aiae4 ,_m ( ! examples 9 ,am]ican ,collections h be5 publi%$ & discuss$ by ,william ,rank9 & myself 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,,ix4 ,see also a popul> sket* by me 9 ,arts & ,decoration1 ,dec4 '#je4 ,! furni%+ & decoration ( a patrician ,flor5t9e h\se 9 ! #ae? c5tury is le>n$ly & delightfully treat$ by ,a4 ,s*iap>elli1 ,la ,casa fior5t9a c41 ,flor5ce1 #aijh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see my article 9 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #aed1 & 9 ,arts & ,decoration1 ,note #f1 above4 ,footnote #ce3 ,masaccio1 bibliography 9 ,note #d above4 ,9 ess5tials ! view & *ronology ( ,masaccio's works "h giv5 diff]s f ,cavalcaselle's only 9 relegat+ ! frescoes 9 ,s4 ,clem5te to ,masol9o & _! prop] date 9 ! late #cjs or e>ly #djs4 ,9 ?is ,i h be5 p>tially anticipat$ by ,pietro ,toesca1 ,masol9o da ,panicale1 ,b]gamo1 #aijh4 ,! read] may ju/ly wi% me to commit myself on ?is mo/ disput$ "q to ! ext5t ( a li/4 ,i give x 9 a t5tative *ronological ord] assum+ t ,masaccio may h begun to "w z e>ly z #adbj4 ,e>ly ,works "u ,masol9o's influ5ce3 ,madonna & ,sa9ts 7fresco74 ,%r9e at ,montem>ciano ne> ,s4 ,giovanni4 ,piet 7fresco74 ,ca!dral1 ,empoli4 ,miracle ( heal+ by ,*ri/ 7ru9$ by repa9t+74 ,john ,c4 ,johnson ,coll41 ,philadelphia4 ,madonna & ,/4 ,ann4 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 ,adam & ,eve ,tempt$ 7fresco74 ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,resuscitation ( ,tabi?a 7fresco74 ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,lat] ,works3 ,/4 ,pet] ,prea*+ 7fresco1 possibly e>li]74 ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john 7salv]74 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum1 ,b]l94 ,polypty* = ! ,c>m9e1 ,pisa1 #adbf4 ,! ,madonna1 "s small pila/] pieces1 & a small rondel ) bu/ ( ,god ,fa!r4 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,?ree pr$ella panels 7l>gely s*ool "w7 & "s small pila/] pieces4 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum1 ,b]l94 ,crucifixion c5tral p9nacle4 ,naples ,museum4 ,a ,sa9t 7upp] ord]74 ,civic ,museum1 ,pisa4 ,a ,sa9t 7upp] ord]74 ,lanckoronski1 ,vi5na4 ,! ,tr9ity 7fresco74 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce4 ,all ! rema9+ frescoes ( ! ,brancacci ,*apel save ! p>ts & panels n[ univ]sally assign$ to ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,s*m>s[1 ,masaccio ,/udi51 bd4 #c4 p4 #bg1 #h4 ,footnote #cg3 ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 see ! important articles by ,h]b]t ,p4 ,horne 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 #aije4 ,ri*>d ,(fn]1 9 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #bbg-ce1 fir/ publi%$ ! admirable portrait 9 ,mr4 ,morgan's ,libr>y1 ,new ,york4 ,a magnific5t t\rnam5t %ield ) ! figure ( a ,david is 9 ! ,wid5] ,collection1 ,elk9s ,p>k1 ,p5na41 & 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,guido ,cagnola 9 ,rassegna d' ,arte1 ,vol4 ,,xiii 7#aiac71 p4 #di4 ,&rea work$ at ,v5ice 9 #addb4 ,see ,g4 ,fiocca1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xl1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ch3 ,alesso ,baldov9etti4 ,see ,e4 ,londi1 ,alesso ,baldov9etti1 ,fir5ze1 #aijg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,n>rative ,,/yle ,footnote #ci3 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi4 ,edw>d ,c4 ,/rutt1 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 ,london1 #aijf4 ,vas>i's ,life is capital4 ,rob]t ,br[n+'s poem1 9 ,m5 & ,wom51 an admirable side-light4 ,footnote #dj3 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,i accept ,col4 ,g4 ,f4 ,"y's date = ^! frescoes4 ,see ,! ,m$ici1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,*apt] vii1 :]e !re is a good analysis ( ?is decoration4 ,footnote #da3 ,antonio ,pollaiuolo4 ,maud ,crutwell's ,antonio ,pollaiuolo1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,= lat] in=mation consult ,v5turi1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 ,i1 pp4 #eeh-egh4 ,footnote #db3 ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wat]s1 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 ,london1 #aija2 & ,corrado ,ricci's sup]bly illu/rat$ folio1 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 ,rome1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #dc3 ,e>ly ,frescoes ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,magnific5tly reproduc$ 9 ! album accompany+ ,ern/ ,/e9mann's ,die ,sixt9is*e ,cappelle1 ,muni*1 #aija4 ,footnote #dd3 ,francesco ,pesell9o4 ,consult ,dr4 ,w4 ,weisba*'s able & beautifully illu/rat$ "w1 ,francesco ,pesell9o und die ,romantik d] ,frhr5aissance1 ,b]l91 #aija4 ,= cuts ( ,cassoni1 ,paul ,s*ubr+1 ,cassoni1 ,leipzig1 #aiae1 & ! books & articles already cit$ 9 note #f to ,*apt] #c4 ,footnote #de3 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio4 ,a copi\s & satisfactory life is t ( ,g]ald ,s4 ,davies1 ,ghirl&aio1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,brief] b ( great] cultural scope is ,ghirl&aio1 by ,h5ri ,hauvette1 ,p>is1 8,les matres de l'art40 ,= a summ>y criticism my article 9 ,! ,nation 7,n4 ,y471 ,aug4 #bj1 #aijh1 p4 #afg4 ,rusk9's fam\s assault on ,ghirl&aio 9 ,morn+s 9 ,flor5ce is joy\s read+ if :imsically exagg]at$4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,botticelli ,,& ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,footnote #df3 ,botticelli4 ,! /&>d "w is ,h]b]t ,p4 ,horne1 ,s&ro ,botticelli1 ,london1 #aijh4 ,a little additional in=mation may be f\nd 9 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 ,hutton ,ed4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 & 9 ,v5turi1 ,/oria dell' ,arte ,italiana1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 #a4 ,walt] ,pat]'s essay 9 ,! ,r5aissance (f]s beautifully a "o-sid$ view4 ,! essays1 ! ,s\l ( a ,fact1 & ,quattroc5ti/]ia1 9 ,maurice ,hewlett's ,e>?work out ( ,tuscany are poetically illum9ative4 ,mr4 ,b]5son's analysis 9 ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance is important4 ,i h writt5 m fully on ,botticelli 9 ,e/imates 9 ,art1 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,botticelli's ,dante illu/rations are publi%$ 9 a *eap] & m sumptu\s =m by ,fri$ri* ,p4 ,lippmann4 ,botticelli1 ,zei*nung5 von ,s&ro ,botticelli1 ,b]l91 #ahif4 ,li/s ( ,botticelli's works diff] consid]ably4 ,i incl9e to accept a numb] ( e>ly pa9t+s :i* are neglect$ by su* exclusive critics z ,b]5son & ,horne4 ,my own li/1 :i* = reasons ( space _c be giv5 "h1 w\ld n diff] mu* f t ( ,a4 ,v5turi1 9 ,/oria ,,vii1 i1 #ehh-fdb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,i4 ,b4 ,sup9o1 ,les deux ,lippi1 ,fir5ze1 #aijd4 ,footnote #dh3 ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,fritz ,knapp1 ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 ,halle1 #ahii4 ,z usual lat] in=mation 9 ,v5turi1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 #a4 ,footnote #di3 ,?is extraord9>y s]ies ( :i* f\r h be5 recov]$ is fully discuss$ & some:at diff]5tly int]pret$ by ,rog] ,e4 ,fry1 9 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #aca;f4 ,see also lett] on page #beg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,! /&>d life is by ,w4 von ,seidlitz1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,b]l91 #aiji4 ,! e>ly "w ( ,leon>do & 8 relations ) ,v]roc*io h be5 ?or\ghly & lucidly analyz$ by ,j5s ,?ys1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,london1 #aiac4 ,amid ! confus+ly ri* bibliography1 ! /ud5t may d well to /ick to ,vas>i's admirable ,life 9 any ( ! translations1 to ,dr4 ,o4 ,sirn's s*ol>ly & cauti\s book ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,new ,hav51 & ,london1 #aiaf & to ! late ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,ri*t]'s incomp>able "w 8,! ,lit]>y ,works ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci10 ,london1 #ahhc1 obta9able only 9 libr>ies4 ,giovanni ,poggi1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,fir5ze1 #aiai1 has ?or\ghly edit$ ,vas>i's ,life1 & %\ld be consult$ = late/ views & = illu/rations4 ,my own view on ! e>ly developm5t ( ,leon>do1 a mo/ disput$ matt]1 is set =? m fully 9 ,art & ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #aaa-abb4 ,= lit]>y side-lights ,walt] ,pat]'s essay1 9 ,! ,r5aissance2 = an iconocla/ic view ,b]5son 9 ,/udy & ,criticism ( ,italian ,art1 ,f\r? ,s]ies1 ,new ,york1 #aibj4 ,edw>d ,mc,curdy's select$ translations f ,! ,notebooks ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 are valuable = ^? to :om ,ri*t] is inaccessible4 ,leon>do's draw+s1 :i* are no less important ?an 8 pa9t+s1 may be/ be approa*$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,b]5son's monum5tal "w1 ,! ,draw+s ( ! ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s1 ,new ,york & ,london1 #aijc1 :ile ! draw+s be=e #adhj are cle>ly & ably discuss$ by ,dr4 ,?ys4 ,footnote #ea3 ,! capital mi/ake ( ! m exclusive critics ( ,leon>do's e>ly "w is t !y set ?is delightful little ma/]piece at ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies 9 an impossibly e>ly date4 ,!re is no su* manipulation ( pa9t & no su* feel+ = unity ( l&scape be=e #adge or s4 ,be+ a revision ( ! design ( ! ,uffizi ,annunciation1 x is necess>ily lat]4 ,my li/ ( ,leon>do's w\ld include1 9 approximate ord]3 #a4 ,9 ,v]oc*io's ,baptism4 ,! l&scape at left & di/ance1 ! ,angel kneel+ to "r1 ab\t #adgj1 ,uffizi4 #b4 ,madonna & ,*ild ) an ,angel1 design by ,v]roc*io1 ,london4 #c4 ,! ,annunciation1 design mo/ly by ,v]roc*io1 ab\t #adge1 ,uffizi4 #d4 ,portrait ( a ,girl1 possibly a ,v]roc*io1 ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e91 ,vi5na4 #e4 ,annunciation1 ,l\vre4 #f4 ,b5ois ,madonna1 ab\t #adgh-i1 ,petrograd4 #g4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 unf9i%$1 ,vatican1 ,rome4 #h4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 left unf9i%$ ab\t #adha1 ,uffizi4 #i4 ,c>toon ( ,/4 ,ann1 ,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,london4 #aj4 ,madonna ( ! ,rocks1 betwe5 #adhj-hc1 ,p>is4 #aa4 ,s-call$ ,belle ,f]ronnire1 p]haps bottega piece1 ab\t #adij1 ,p>is4 #ab4 ,girl ) an ,erm9e1 p]haps a bottega piece1 ab\t #adie1 ,crac[4 #ac4 ,clay model ( ! ,s=za horse1 de/roy$ 9 #aejj4 #ad4 ,la/ ,supp]1 #adih1 ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 ,milan4 #ae4 ,c>toon = a ,/4 ,ann1 lo/ b repres5t$ by sket*es at ,v5ice1 #aejc4 #af4 ,madonna ( ! ,di/aff1 repres5t$ by old copies4 #ag4 ,c>toon = ,battle ( ,anghi>i1 only c5tral gr\p pa9t$1 p>tly repres5t$ by sket*es & old copies1 #aejd4 #ah4 ,portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 ,p>is4 #ai4 ,c>toon = a /&+ ,l$a1 probably only ! figure1 s9ce num]\s old copies h widely v>y+ accessories4 #bj4 ,madonna ( ! ,rocks1 #aejg1 ,london4 #ba4 ,c>toon = a ,kneel+ ,l$a1 ! figure only4 ,sket*es & old copies4 #bb4 ,madonna & ,/4 ,ann1 ,p>is4 #bc4 ,/4 ,john1 half-l5g?1 ,p>is4 ,all ,leon>do's ma9 activity z a pa9t] lies f #adgj-aejj4 ,he pa9t$ a picture ab\t e two ye>s4 ,v>i\s sculptures h be5 ascrib$ to ,leon>do4 ,( ^! only two1 :i* w h be5 made 9 ,v]roc*io's bottega & "u 8 direction1 seem to me to des]ve ! di/9ction4 ,a t]ra cotta ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 !re ascrib$ to ,v]roc*io's s*ool1 may repres5t ,leon>do's modell+ ab\t #adfe4 ,a /ucco ,madonna own$ by ,mr4 ,george ,diblee1 at ,ox=d1 is p]haps t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! fir/ is discuss$ by me 9 ,art & ,ar*aeology1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #abb2 ! second is reproduc$ & accept$ z a ,leon>do by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,v5turi 9 ,l' ,arte1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! be/ /udy ( ?is picture & ( its contempor>y influ5ce is t ( ,george ,gronau 9 ,zeits*rift fr bild5de ,kun/4 ,n4 ,f4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #bec-bei4 ,he fails to p]ceive t s primitive a picture z late z #adgh furni%es ! be/ reason = accept+ mo/ ( ! reject$ e>ly ,leon>dos4 ,footnote #ec3 ,9 all ?is matt] ,j5s ,?ys's admirable /udies are indisp5sable4 ,see note #e above4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! ,lady & ! ,erm9e & ! ,belle ,f]ronnire are ?or\ghly discuss$ by ,h4 ,o*5k[ski1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #ahf f41 :]e a full bibliography w be f\nd4 ,footnote #ee3 ,?is error :i* has p]si/$ s9ce ,vas>i 0 f9ally correct$ by ! great re/or] ,cav5aghi 9 8 report ( ! la/ re/oration4 ,malaguzzi ,val]i 9 ,milano1 ,b]gamo1 #aijf1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ad1 fir/ advanc$ ! correct view t ! pa9t+ 0 done 9 temp]a4 ,footnote #ef3 ,k5yon ,cox1 ,conc]n+ ,pa9t+1 ,new ,york1 #aiag1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #eg3 ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,! /&>d "w is ,fritz ,knapp's ,fra ,b>tolommeo della ,porta1 ,halle1 #aijc4 ,h4 v4 d4 ,gabl5tz1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo 9 #b vols41 ,leipzig1 #aibb4 ,footnote #eh3 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,h4 ,gu9ness1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,&rea's draw+s are f9ely analyz$ by ,b]n>d ,b]5son 9 ,! ,draw+s ( ! ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s4 ,footnote #ei3 ,bronz9o4 ,hans ,s*ulze1 ,die ,w]ke ,angelo ,bronz9o's1 ,/rassburg1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #fj3 ,pontormo4 ,we h two admirable books by ! same writ]1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,clapp2 ,les ,dess9s de ,pontormo1 ,p>is1 #aiad2 ,pontormo1 8 ,life & ,"w1 ,new ,hav51 #aiaf4 ,pontormo's supreme ma/]piece ( portraiture1 ,! ,halb]di]1 is publi%$ by myself 9 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #ff4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,high ,,r5aissance4 ,! indisp5sable books are1 = lead+ ideas1 ,j4 ,c4 ,burckh>dt1 ,civilization ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,new ,york1 #ahij2 = ! /yli/ic developm5t 9 ,art1 ,h4 ,wlffl91 ,! ,art ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,v valuable = hi/ory & biography are ,j4 ,add+ton ,symonds's ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 #e ,vols41 ,london2 & ,h4 ,o4 ,taylor's ,?\ght & ,expression 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,new ,york1 #aibj4 ,= ,r5aissance ideals ( nobility & mod]ation ! capital contempor>y "w is ,il ,cortegiano1 by ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 translat$ z ,! ,c\rti] by ,l4 ,e4 ,opdycke1 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,= /yli/ic analysis ,b]5son's introductions to ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s1 & to ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 are sugge/ive & important4 ,footnote #fa3 ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,a4 ,colasanti1 ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,b]gamo1 #aiji4 ,also my ,essay review4 ,! ,nation1 ,vol4 #hi 7#aiji7 pp4 #afh-agj4 ,footnote #fb3 ,&rea da ,bologna4 ,! ,nation 7,n4 ,y47 ,vol4 #ie4 7#aiab7 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #fc3 ,fifte5? ,c5tury ,umbrians4 ,walt] ,ro!s1 9 ,anfnge 444 d] ,alt-,umbris*5 ,mal]s*ul51 ,/rassburg1 #aijh1 gives excell5t illu/rations = ! ,e>ly ,umbrian ,arti/s4 ,also = cuts1 ,u4 ,gnoli1 ,la ,mo/ra ,umbra1 ,b]gamo4 ,footnote #fd3 ,melozzo da ,=l4 ,a4 ,s*m>s[1 ,melozzo da ,=l1 ,b]l91 #ahhf1 & ,c4 ,ricci1 ,melozzo da ,=l1 ,rome1 #aiaa1 are ! /&>d works4 ,footnote #fe3 ,luca ,signorelli4 ,maud ,crutwell1 ,luca ,signorelli1 ,london1 #aija4 ,see ,v5turi1 vii1 z usual4 ,footnote #ff3 ,pietro ,p]ug9o4 ,v5turi1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 #b1 *4 v1 makes ,p]ug9o ! direct pupil ( ,pi]o della ,francesca1 ascrib+ to ,p]ug9o _m pictures =m]ly ascrib$ to ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo4 ,! view :ile attractive is n :olly conv9c+ to me4 ,all ( ,p]ug9o's works are publi%$ 9 ,klassik] d] ,kun/1 ,no4 ,,xxv1 ,/uttg>t1 #aiad4 ,! be/ g5]al e/imate ( ,p]ug9o is t ( ,wlffl9 & ( ,b]5son1 9 ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s4 ,footnote #fg3 ,! ,cambio frescoes4 ,:ile x is inh]5tly likely t ,raphael work$ on ^! frescoes1 ,pr(4 ,v5turi's plea = ,raphael's au?or%ip ( ,god1 ! ,prophets & ,sibyls1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #hbh ff4 dep5ds l>gely on ! %aky evid5ce ( draw+s attribut$ arbitr>ily to ,raphael4 ,,raphael ,,& ,,mi*elangelo4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( pure /yle ! be/ treatm5t ( ^! arti/s & ( ! ,high ,r5aissance is t ( ,he9ri* ,wlffl9 9 ,! ,art ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,x is a book t e /ud5t %\ld read & if possible own4 ,mr4 ,b]5son's treatm5t ( space composition1 9 ! introduction to ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 is p]haps 8 f9e/ a*ievem5t 9 criticism4 ,footnote #fh3 ,raphael4 ,h]mann ,grimm's two volume ,life ( ,raphael is /ill valuable = backgr\nd4 ,among ! num]\s popul> books 9 ,engli% none is out/&+4 ,h5ry ,/ra*ey's ,raphael1 9 8,great ,ma/]s ( ,art10 is good1 & s are ,julia ,c>twright's two monographs3 ,! ,e>ly ,"w ( ,raphael & ,raphael 9 ,rome1 9 ! ,portfolio ,s]ies1 ,london1 #ahie4 ,= ,raphael's p>ticipation 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,cambio x seems to me t ,pr(essor ,v5turi1 9 ,/oria dell' ,arte ,italiana1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 "p #b1 makes out only a plausible case4 ,reproductions ( all ( ,raphael's works 9 ,klassik] d] ,kun/1 ,no4 ,i41 ,raphael1 ,/uttg>t & ,leipzig4 ,among ! innum]able essays on ,raphael none is m und]/&+ ?an ,john ,la ,f>ge's1 9 ,great ,ma/]s1 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,footnote #fi3 ,mi*elangelo4 ,! be/ s\rce = ! /udy ( ,mi*elangelo1 pa9t]1 is ! sup]b plates 9 ,ern/ ,/e9mann's ,die ,sixt9is*e ,cappelle1 ,muni*1 #aija4 ,among rec5t %ort biographies t ( ,*>les ,holroyd1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiaa & ,roma9 ,roll& 7a long] /udy1 ,! ,life ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,new ,york1 #aiab2 a diff]5t & %ort] "w1 ,mi*elangelo1 a ,/udy1 c41 ,new ,york1 #aiae7 are p]haps ! be/4 ,! two volume biographies by ,h]mann ,grimm & by ,j4 ,add+ton ,symonds are valuable1 especially = hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,b ! read] may be wise to cont5t himself ) "o ( ! brief biographies & su* contempor>y lives z ,vas>i's1 ,ascanio ,condivi's1 & ,francesco d',ol&a's4 ,! two latt] are translat$ 9 ,holroyd's book4 ,! draw+s ( ,mi*elangelo are admirably discuss$ & pres5t$ 9 a p]fect selection by ,mr4 ,b]5son 9 ,! ,draw+s ( ! ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s4 ,! draw+s are *ronologically arrang$ & beautifully reproduc$ by ,k>l ,frey1 ,die ,h&zei*nung5 ,mi*elangelo's1 #b vols41 ,b]l91 #aiaa4 ,w4 ,r4 ,val5t9] treats ,! ,late ,ye>s ( ,mi*elangelo 7,new ,york1 #aiad7 ) insight1 devot+ himself *iefly to ! m f9i%$ draw+s4 ,= a brief yet compreh5sive survey1 ,john ,la ,f>ge 9 ,great ,ma/]s1 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,! works are completely reproduc$ 9 ,klassik] d] ,kun/1 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,mi*elangelo1 ,/uttg>t & ,leipzig4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,e>ly ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,footnote #gj3 ,little lit]ature ( a g5]al sort is available to ! ,engli% speak+ read]4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 admirably edit$ by ,tancr$ ,bor5ius1 9 ?ree volumes1 ,london1 #aiac1 is ! *ief repository ( facts4 ,evelyn ,m>* ,phillipps1 ,! ,v5etian ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+1 ,london1 #aiab1 is an excell5t brief survey4 ,= read]s ( ,italian ,lionello ,v5turi's ,le ,orig9i della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 ,v5ice1 #aiaa1 is ! be/ book4 ,a treasure h\se ( mat]ials 9 ,laudadeo ,te/i's two volumes1 ,la ,/oria della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 ,b]gamo4 ,john ,rusk9's ma/]piece1 ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 may be consult$ ) pr(it & delight4 ,!re are treasures ( antiqu>ian in=mation 9 ,pompeo ,molm5ti1 ,la ,/oria di ,v5ezia nella ,vita ,privata1 #c vols41 ,b]gamo1 #aije4 ,footnote #ga3 ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,! extraord9>y & fasc9at+ sket* books are publi%$ 9 two =ms1 by ,corrado ,ricci1 ,jacopo ,bell9i e i suo libri di designi1 #b vols41 ,flor5ce1 #aijh1 & by ,v4 ,gol\bew1 ,les ,dess9s de ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ,bruxelles1 #aijh4 ,footnote #gb3 ,g4 ,mc,neill ,ru%=?1 ,c>lo ,crivelli1 ,london1 #aijj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,! /&>d "w is by ,paul ,kri/ell]1 ,&rea ,mantegna1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,maud ,crutwell's %ort biography1 ,&rea ,mantegna1 ,london1 #aija1 is excell5t4 ,mr4 ,b]5son's subtle analysis 9 ,nor? ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance p]haps ov]/resses ,&rea's defects4 ,mantegna's complete works are reproduc$ 9 ,klassik] d] ,kun/1 ,no4 ,,xvi1 ,/uttg>t1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,antonello da ,mess9a4 ,see ,l4 ,v5turi1 ,le ,orig9i1 & ,a4 ,v5turi1 ,/oria1 ,,vii1 pt4 #d4 ,rec5t attributions1 ,b]n>d ,b]5son1 ,/udy & ,criticism ( ,italian ,art1 #crd ,s]ies1 ,london1 #aiaf1 p4 #gi ff4 ,footnote #ge3 ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,no?+ notable 9 ,engli% except casual criticism by ,rusk9 & ,rog] ,e4 ,fry's admirable little book1 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ,london1 #ahii1 :i* is un=tunately out ( pr9t4 ,= su* z read ,g]man--,georg ,gronau1 ,die ,kn/l]-familie ,bell9i1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 ) abundant illu/rations4 ,rec5tly discov]$ pictures & a bett] *ronology1 9 ,b]n>d ,b]5son3 ,v5etian ,pa9t+ 9 ,am]ica1 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #gf3 ,vettor ,c>paccio4 ,ludwig & ,molm5ti's ,! ,life & ,works ( ,victor ,c>paccio1 ,london1 #aijg1 gives1 aside f its ma9 topic1 a vivid picture ( ! cultural condition ( ,v5ice ab\t #aejj4 ,see my essay review ( x 9 ,! ,nation1 ,vol4 #hf1 7#aijh7 pp4 #cae ff4 ,john ,rusk9's delightful comm5ts on ,c>paccio are mo/ly 9 ! ,guide to ! ,academy at ,v5ice & 9 ,/4 ,m>k's ,re/1 *apt] ,! ,%r9e ( ! ,slaves1 ,libr>y ed4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4 ,footnote #gg3 ,giorgione4 ,= ! smalle/ li/ ,l4 ,v5turi1 ,giorgione e il ,giorgionismo1 ,milan1 #aiac2 = ! longe/ li/ ,h]b]t ,cook1 ,giorgione2 = a middle view ,l4 ,ju/i1 ,giorgione1 #b vols41 ,b]l91 #aijh1 mo/ useful plates4 ,! g5]al conditions ( ! problem are cle>ly /at$ by ! late ,ri*>d ,norton 9 ,b]n9i & o!r ,/udies1 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,l4 ,h\rticq1 9 ,la ,jeunesse de ,titi51 ,p>is1 #aiai1 has lately work$ ov] ! pictures :i* lie betwe5 ,titian & ,giorgione 9 an int]e/+ b highly subjective fa%ion4 ,k5yon ,cox1 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aae ff41 makes ! plausible sugge/ion t ! sev]al portraits sign$ ,v or ,,vv are by ,titian1 ! lett]s mean+ ,vecellius ,v5etus4 ,?is w\ld make ! ,b]l9 portrait a ,titian4 ,walt] ,pat]'s essay on ,! ,s*ool ( ,giorgione1 9 ,! ,r5aissance is z ma/]ly = insight z x is = v]bal beauty4 ,i hesitate to add "o m to ! v>y+ op9ions conc]n+ ,giorgione's pa9t+s4 ,at lea/ ,i may introduce a novelty by class+ !m accord+ to probability1 or r accord+ to ! complet5ess ( my own conviction4 ,9 ! :ole matt] we are l>gely 9 ! field ( ta/e & op9ion4 ,e means e>ly4 ,pa9t+s1 m4 j4 surely by ,giorgione #a4 ,! ,%eph]ds f9d+ ! ,infant ,p>is 7repa9t$ fragm5t1 ,e7 ,budape/ #b4 8,! ,soldi] & ! ,gipsy0 ,e4 ,pr9ce ,giovanelli #c4 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,francis & ,/4 ,george 7#aejd7 ,ca/elfranco #d4 ,! ,?ree ,philosoph]s 7f9i%$ by ,seba/iano del ,piombo7 ,vi5na #e4 ,orpheus & ,eurydice 7cassone panel7 ,b]gamo #f4 ,! ,sleep+ ,v5us 7l&scape by ,titian7 ,dresd5 #g4 ,fresco ( ,nude ,woman1 ne>ly effac$ 7#aejh71 repres5t$ by ,zanetti's pr9t ,fondaco de' ,t$es*i #h4 ,judi? 7cut d[n at sides7 ,petrograd #i4 ,8 own ,portrait 7mu* cut d[n & damag$7 ,brunswick #aj4 ,*ri/ ) 8 ,cross ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,rocco #aa4 ,! ,conc]t 7f9i%$ by ,titian8 or repa9t$ 9 8 mann]87 ,flor5ce ,pa9t+s probably by ,giorgione4 ,i accept ^!1 b d n ?9k ! evid5ce demon/rative4 #ab-ac4 ,/ories ( ! ,infant ,p>is 7two cassone panels1 ,e47 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway1 ,all+ton ,ca/le1 ,maid/one1 ,engl& #ad4 ,! ,fire ,ordeal ( ,moses 7door panel1 ,e47 ,flor5ce #ae4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 7door panel1 ,e47 ,flor5ce #af4 ,*ri/ be>+ 8 ,cross1 ,e4 ,f5way ,c\rt1 ,bo/on4 #ag4 ,homage to a ,poet1 ,e4 ,london #ah4 ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7possibly an e>ly ,titian7 ,b]l9 #ai4 ,boy ,) an ,arr[ 7old copy87 ,vi5na #bj4 ,%eph]d ) a ,flute ,hampton ,c\rt #ba4 ,david ) ,golia?'s ,head 7copy8 or ru9$ orig9al87 ,vi5na #bb4 ,alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om 7mo/ly execut$ by ,seba/iano del ,piombo7 ,s4 ,giovanni ,criso/omo #bc4 ,! ,pa/oral ,symphony 7radically repa9t$ 9 rec5t times47 ,p>is #bd4 ,portrait ( a ,man ,new ,york ,?is li/ might /ill be ext5d$ by half a doz5 numb]s by includ+ pictures :i* may repres5t lo/ orig9als by ,giorgione1 b "h we are 9 a field too subjective = pr(itable discussion 9 a h&book4 ,pictures g5]ally ascrib$ to ,giorgione1 ,i ?9k errone\sly4 ,! ,knight ( ,malta 7probably a ,titian ab\t #aeae7 ,flor5ce ,portrait ( ,brocc>do ,budape/ ,/orm ,calm$ by ,/4 ,m>k 7probably a ,palma7 ,v5ice ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 7,h\rticq plausibly reg>ds z copy ( lo/ fresco by ,titian7 ,banks ,coll41 ,k+/on ,lacy ,madonna ) ,/4 ,antony & ,/4 ,ro* 7probably a ,titian7 ,madrid ,portrait ( a ,woman ,cas9o ,borghese1 ,rome ,! reason = exclud+ su* works is _! ov]-pa!tic or ov]-dramatic quality4 ,! argum5t applies especially to ! ,adult]ess be=e ,*ri/ at ,glasg[4 ,corroborative te*nical evid5ce aga9/ ?is gr\p may be f\nd 9 ,l4 ,v5turi's excell5t monograph4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,titian ,,& ,,! ,,v5etian ,,r5aissance ,on ! ,v5etian ,r5aissance 9 g5]al we h ! works cit$ at ! head ( ,notes = ,*apt] ,,vii & = biographies & li/s ,d4 ,v4 ,hadeln1 new ed4 ,ridolfi1 ,le ,m>aviglie dell' ,arte1 ,b]l91 #aiad4 ,a brief survey by ! late ,k5yon ,cox1 9 ,conc]n+ ,pa9t+1 ,new ,york1 #aiag1 pp4 #ih-acb1 is valuable4 ,footnote #gh3 ,titian4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's ,! ,life & ,times ( ,titian1 9 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahha1 is /ill ! fulle/ repository ( in=mation4 ,georg ,gronau's popul> b c>efully done ,titian1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aijd1 takes acc\nt ( lat] docum5t>y discov]ies4 ,z a pa9t]'s analysis ( te*nical aims ,*>les ,rickett's ,titian1 ,london1 #aiaj1 is notewor?y4 ,ne>ly all ( ,titian's works are publi%$ 9 ,klassik] d] ,kun/1 ,no4 ,,iii1 ,/uttg>t1 #aijf4 ,sev]al newly discov]$ pictures are reproduc$ 9 ! rec5t volumes1 #aiah-bb1 ( ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 & ,zeits*rift fr bild5de ,kun/4 ,footnote #gi3 ,titian's ,age4 ,all ! available mat]ial on ?is disput$ matt] is (f]$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,cook & ,dr4 ,george ,gronau 9 a controv]sy pr9t$ z app5dices to ,cook's ,giorgione1 ,london1 #aijg4 ,! e>ly evid5ce is v conflict+4 ,writ+ 9 #aeeg ,dolce implies ,titian 0 born ab\t #adhi #aeff-g ,vas>i #adhi #aefd ,a ,spani% ,envoy #adgd #aefg ,a ,spani% ,consul #adhb #aega ,titian himself #adgg #aehd ,borgh9i #adgh-i ,writ+ 9 #aede & #aedh ,titian ref]s to 8 old age & disabilities 7,cook1 p4 #ada note71 expressions m natural if he 0 sixty-eight & sev5ty-"o ?an !y w\ld be if he 7 only fifty-six & fifty-n9e4 ,mr4 ,cook's !ory t ,titian & 8 ,spani% (ficial fri5ds grossly exagg]at$ 8 age to secure prompt] remittances f ! ,emp]or seems to me gratuit\s & flimsy4 ,dr4 ,gronau conv9ces me t nei!r ,dolce nor ,vas>i c be reg>d$ z s]i\s witnesses4 ,l4 ,h\rticq 9 ,la ,jeunesse de ,titi51 ,p>is1 #aiai1 adds next to no?+ to ,cook 9 ma9ta9+ ! lat] date = ,titian's bir?4 ,! :ole weight ( evid5ce po9ts to ! fact t ,titian told ! broad tru? ab\t 8 age1 p]haps1 indulg+ 9 a r\nd numb]4 ,i am sure he 0 well ov] n9ety :5 he describ$ himself z n9ety-five 9 ! lett] ( #aega1 & t he di$ all b a c5t5>ian4 ,footnote #hj3 ,pietro d',a*i>di1 ,seba/iano de ,piombo1 ,roma1 #aijh4 ,footnote #ha3 ,max von ,boehn1 ,giorgione und ,palma ,vec*io1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,b]n>d ,b]5son1 ,lor5zo ,lotto1 ,london1 #aije4 ,comprises also c>eful /udies ( ,alvise ,viv>9i1 ,cima1 ,montagna & o!r ,v5etic pa9t]s4 ,9 ,! ,/udy & ,criticism ( ,italian ,art1 #crd s]ies1 ,london1 #aiaf1 ! sup]b ,sa9t ,ju/9e ( ! ,valsec*i ,collection is rightly re/or$ to ,giovanni ,bell9i1 l4c4 p4 #ch ff4 ,footnote #hc3 ,correggio4 ,! /&>d "w1 ,c4 ,ricci1 ,antonio ,allegri da ,coreggio1 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,a delightful critical /udy1 ,t4 ,/urge ,moore1 ,correggio1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,! complete works 9 ,klassik] d] ,kun/1 ,no4 ,,xvii1 ,/uttg>t4 ,a new & conv9c+ view ( ,correggio's date ( bir? & e>ly developm5t 9 ,v5turi1 ,/oria1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pt4 iii1 pp4 #aaeb ff4 ,footnote #hd3 ,evelyn ,m>* ,phillipps1 ,t9toretto1 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,_m ( ! extraord9>y temp]a sket*es are reproduc$ 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e = ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #aiaj4 ,h4 ,?ode1 ,t9toretto1 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,_m eloqu5t criticisms by ,rusk9 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s & ,/ones ( ,v5ice 7see indices7 & 9 ! ,guide to ! ,academy at ,v5ice1 ,libr>y ed4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4 ,footnote #he3 ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,see ,k5yon ,cox's ma/]ly essay 9 ,old ,ma/]s & ,new1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #hf3 ,g4 ,b4 ,tiepolo4 ,! /&>d "w is by ,pompeo ,molm5ti4 ,g4 ,b4 ,tiepolo1 ,milan1 #aiji4 ,footnote #hg3 ,g4 ,a4 ,simonson4 ,francesco ,gu>di1 ,london1 #aije4 ,num]\s additions by ! same au?or 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e = succe$+ ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,! ,,reali/s ,,& ,,eclectics ,on ?is p]iod !re is little available lit]ature 9 ,engli%1 b !re are excell5t sket*es ( mo/ ( ! arti/s treat$ 9 ?is *apt] 9 ,c4 ,ricci1 ,art 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,a4 ,prat 9 ,a4 ,mi*el1 ,hi/oire de l',art1 ,vol4 ,v1 gives a full] summ>y4 ,footnote #hh3 ,c>avaggio4 ,w4 ,kallab1 ,au/rian ,jahrbu*1 ,vol4 ,,xxvi 7#aijf71 p4 #bgb ff41 brief illu/rat$ essay4 ,felix ,witt+1 ,mi*elangelo da ,c>avaggio1 ,/rassburg1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #hi3 ,salvator ,rosa4 ,lady ,morgan1 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,salvator ,rosa1 9 two vols41 ,p>is1 #ahbd4 ,le&ro ,ozzola1 ,vita e op]e di ,salvator ,rosa1 ,/rassburg1 #aijh4 ,! passages translat$ 9 ! text are f ,bott>i1 ,raccolta di lett]e sulla ,pittura c41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ddg1 #dej f41 ,milan1 #ahbb4 ,footnote #ij3 ,! ,c>racci4 ,! fundam5tal s\rce is ,c>lo ,ces>e ,malvasia's highly cont5ti\s & anecdotal "w ,fels9a ,pittrice2 ,i h us$ ! two volume edition1 ,milan1 #ahda4 ,gabriel ,r\*s1 ,la ,pe9ture ,bolonaise la ,f9 du ,,xvie ,sicle1 ,p>is1 #aiac1 is ! /&>d "w on ! ,eclectic ,s*ool4 ,on ! l&scape ( ?is s*ool1 :i* is highly important z prep>atory to ,claude & ,p\ss91 ,r\*s has two rem>kable essays 9 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #e;e priode ,tome1 ,,iii4 7,jan4 & ,feb4 nos4 #aiba7 pp4 #g ff41 & #aai ff4 ,hans ,tietze1 9 ,au/rian ,jahrbu*1 ,vol4 ,,xxvi 7#aijf7 p4 #ea ff41 ,annibale ,c>racci's ,gal]ie im ,palazzo ,f>nese und se9e ,rmis*e ,w]k/tte--a v ?or\gh & ri*ly illu/rat$ monograph on ! ,c>racci1 includ+ su* s*ol>s z ,francesco ,albani1 & ,dom5i*9o4 ,footnote #ia3 ,guido ,r5i4 ,max von ,boehn1 ,guido ,r5i1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj1 fully illu/rat$4 ,footnote #ib3 ,dom5i*9o4 ,luigi ,s]ra1 ,dom5ico ,zampi]i detto ,dom5i*9o1 ,rome1 #aiji4 ,also ,tietze's article1 above1 note #c4 ,,h9ts ,,= ,,read+ ,,compreh5sive ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,= ,engli% speak+ read]s ! greate/ res\rce = ref]5ce is ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,a ,new ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 :i* cov]s ! ,c5tral ,italian field up to ab\t #aejj4 ,i pref] ! ?ree volume edition by ,edw>d ,hutton1 publi%$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,d5t & ,co41 ,london2 & ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton1 ,new ,york1 7#aijh-i7 to ! full] six-volume edition annotat$ by ,langton ,d\glas & publi%$ conjo9tly by ! ,murrays ( ,london & ! ,scribn]s ( ,new ,york4 ,= ! ,nor? ,italian field ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 re-edit$ 9 ?ree volumes by ,tancr$ ,bor5ius1 ,john ,murray-,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aiab1 is indisp5sable4 ,bo? works are ord9>ily cit$ z 8,c4 ,c40 ,! ,italian articles 9 ,a4 ,mi*el's ,hi/oire de l',art1 ,p>is1 are excell5t4 ,,manuals4 ,b]n>d ,b]5son's f\r ,h&books1 ,v5etian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ,nor!rn ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,new ,york & ,london1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam & ,sons1 are uniquely useful4 ,ea* conta9s a ?or\gh critical discussion & li/s ( ! works ( ! m important pa9t]s4 ,! late/ editions %\ld be us$4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,pa9t+1 by ,alice van ,ve*t5 ,br[n & ,william ,rank91 ,d5t-,dutton1 #aiad1 (f]s brilliant1 if unev51 *>act]izations & able summ>ies ( conte/$ po9ts4 ,,te*nique4 ,consult ! delightful ,! ,book ( ,art by ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 edit$ by ,*ri/iana ,j4 ,h]r+ham1 ,london3 ,george ,all51 #aibb1 = me?ods ( pa9t+ 9 temp]a & fresco4 ,,biography4 ,giorgio ,vas>i's picturesque ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s may mo/ pr(itably be read 9 ! translation ( ,ga/on ,du,c4 de ,v]e1 9 t5 volumes1 ,london3 ,philip ,lee ,w>n]2 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,!re are _m color-pr9ts4 ,! matt] is available inexp5sively 9 ! h&y 8,ev]yman's ,libr>y40 ,mrs4 ,ady1 8,julia ,c>twright10 has epitomiz$ ! *ief lives agreeably1 ) necess>y corrections1 9 ,! ,pa9t]s ( ,flor5ce1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton & ,company1 #aiaf4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,! read] may mo/ pr(itably cultivate ! habit ( pag+ ov] ! files ( ,! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e & ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,rassegna d',arte & ,l',arte1 :i* conta9 good reproductions ( _m f9e ,italian pictures 9 private collections4 ,,hi/orical ,,backgr\nd4 ,excell5t ! _m ,italian ,*apt]s 9 ,h5ry ,osborn ,taylor's ,! ,m$iaeval ,m9d1 9 two volumes1 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiaa4 ,= ,flor5t9e conditions consult ,guido ,biagi1 ,m5 & ,mann]s ( ,old ,flor5ce1 ,*icago1 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg & ,company1 #aiji1 & ,! ,build]s ( ,flor5ce1 by ,j4 ,wood ,br[n1 ,london1 ,me?u5 & ,company1 #aijg4 ,,photographs1 etc4 ,! ideal way to use a h&book w\ld be to skim x be=e visit+ a great ,european gall]y & to r]ead x c>efully :ile ! impression ( ! pictures !mselves 0 /ill vivid4 ,b ! /ud5t mu/ also dep5d mu* on photographic reproductions4 ,= ,italy ^? ( ,messrs4 ,al9>i at ,flor5ce & ( ,dom9ick ,&]son at ,rome are compreh5sive1 f9ely made1 & rem>kably *eap4 ,al9>i has mo/ ( ! ,italian pa9t+s ( ! ,l\vre & ,dresd5 ,gall]y2 ,&]son1 ^? ( ! ,prado1 ,madrid1 & ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,! collections ( ,hanf/a5gl & ( ,bruckmann1 ,muni*1 cov] mo/ ( ! gall]ies ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,photographs ( ! ,italian pictures 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york2 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on2 ! ,fogg ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 & ! ,j>ves ,collection1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 may be pur*as$ f ^? museums4 ,besides ^! f\r ma9 collections ( ,italian pictures 9 ,am]ica1 t ( ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society1 ,new ,york1 & ( ,mrs4 ,john ,l4 ,g>dn]1 ,f5way ,c\rt1 ,bo/on1 occasionally op5 to ! public1 are notewor?y4 ,! art museums ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 ,clevel&1 ,o41 ,indianapolis1 ,detroit1 ,*icago & ,m9neapolis h ,italian pictures ( quality4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! ,wil/a* ,gall]y1 ,philadelphia1 & :5ev] ! ,john ,g4 ,johnson ,collection %all be wor?ily exhibit$1 ,philadelphia w be ri* inde$ 9 ,italian art4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n fail to utilize su* local res\rces1 h[ev] slight !y may seem1 = "o m9or orig9al ?or\ghly enjoy$ is wor? days ( por+ ov] reproductions4 ,= /ud5ts :o _c af=d a consid]able numb] ( photographs ! ,univ]sity ,pr9ts1 ,newton1 ,mass41 af=d a tol]able sub/itute4 ,= quick ref]5ce ! num]\s cuts 9 ,v5turi's monum5tal ,/oria dell' ,arte ,italiana1 ,milan1 ,ulrico ,hoepli1 are v useful4 ,! halftones 9 ! 8,kn/l] ,monografi510 ,leipzig1 ,velhag5 & ,klas+1 & ! l>g] pr9ts 9 ! 8,klassik] d] ,kun/10 ,/uttg>t & ,leipzig1 s]ve a simil> purpose4 ,details may be _h f any import+ booksell]4 ,,index ,:]e an arti/ has a family "n1 t is ! index$ ^w1 e4g41 ,bell9i1 ,giovanni4 ,:]e !re is no surname1 ! ,*ri/ian "n is us$1 e4g41 ,n>do di ,cione1 ,&rea da ,bologna4 ,s is ! ,*ri/ian "n ! index ^w :5 an app>5t surname is really only descriptive ( bir?place or civil e/ate1 e4g41 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 ,lor5zo ,monaco4 ,9 ! case ( well-kn[n arti/s1 ! mo/ famili> "n is employ$1 e4g41 ,angelico1 ,fra2 ,giorgione1 ,titian1 ,p]ug9o1 ,raphael1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,pontormo1 ,botticelli1 ,mi*elangelo1 etc4 ,academic1 light & %ade1 ,leon>do1 #bbf2 !ory ( g5]alization1 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 #cah2 ( selection & ,belle ,nature1 ,leon>do1 #beh2 ,l4 ,dolce1 #dde ,alt>1 z %r9e & tomb1 influ5ce on subjects ( pa9t+1 #g ,alunno 7,niccol ,lib]atore71 #bgc ,&rea da ,bologna1 #bga ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 #adf-adg1 #bja ,&rea del ,s>to1 #bdh-bec ,angelico ( ,fiesole1 ,fra1 #aab1 #aad-abb1 #bfg ,antonello da ,mess9a1 #cde-cdh1 #cee1 #cfj ,antonio da ,negroponte1 #cce ,ario/o1 li/ ( greate/ pa9t]s1 #che ,baldov9etti1 ,alesso1 #adh2 an (ficial appraisal ( 8 frescoes1 #aec ,b>na ( ,si5a1 #hh1 #hi ,b>tolo di ,fr$i1 #hf ,b>oque decorative pa9t+1 d]ives f ,mantegna1 #ccg1 #cdj-cda2 ,correggio1 #cdj1 #dae-daf2 ,tiepolo1 #ddb2 ,influ5ce ( ,ca?olic ,reaction on mood (1 #dei ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra 7,baccio della ,porta71 #bdf1 #bdg-bdh1 #bhb1 #bij ,b>tolommeo della ,gatta1 ,don1 #agg ,bell9i1 ,g5tile1 #cdh-ceb1 #cfd ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 #cbd1 #ceb-cfb1 #cfi ,bell9i1 ,jacopo1 #ccj-ccc1 #ccd ,bembo1 ,pietro1 #cgc ,b5v5uto di ,giovanni1 #ii ,bir? 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,pre/on1 9 ,*icago ,news3 8,8 design is to scrape (f ! b>nacles f 8 poet & pres5t ! ess5tial poetry--free f hi/orical philosophical & allegorical incumbrances 444 at ! same "t he reviews ! canons ( art ) vigor & sanity40 ,,t5ney ,,frank ,,virgil3 ,a ,biography #b4jj ,! ,new ,republic3 8,y w f9d a new =ce draw+ y to ,virgil1 & discov] at :at a heavy co/ to y in/ruction 9 ,lat9 has be5 entru/$ to gramm>ians1 in/ead ( ,t5ney ,franks40 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome ,new ,york ,times3 8,f beg9n+ to end1 a n>rative ( vital int]e/ ^: dramatic developm5ts e n[ & !n become pr(\ndly fasc9at+40 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,s]ies3 ,libr>y ,edition1 #hvo41 #fac pp41 #d4ej ,j4 ,b4 ,,flet*] ,,dante ,a brief book on 8 p]sonal confessions1 tea*+ & art4 ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y #ij c5ts ,w4 ,w4 ,,f[l] ,,rome ,! ,spectator3 8,a ma/]ly sket* ( ,roman "* & :at x did = ! _w40 ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y #ij c5ts ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,publi%]s 7,,vi4 '#bc7 ,,new ,,york ,books on ,art ,,frank ,,jewett ,,ma!r1 ,,jr4',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,italian ,,pa9t+ #c4ej ,9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,) ov] #cbe illu/rations4 ,,e/imates ,,9 ,,art #b4jj ,) #aj illu/rations ,,symonds' ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance #b4jj ,,ta9e',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,art3 ,fir/ ,s]ies #b4ej ,a4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,/irl+',s ,,william ,de ,,morgan ,,& ,,8 ,,wife #f4jj ,) illu/rations ( _! art works4 ,9 ! ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,ea*1 #ij c5ts ,,sir ,f4 ,,w$more',s ,,pa9t]s ,,& ,,pa9t+s ,) #af full page illu/rations4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby',s ,,ar*itecture ,an ,introduction to ,its ,hi/ory & ,!ory4 ,) l9e draw+s4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,brock',s ,,william ,,morris3 ,8 ,"w & ,influ5ce ,! /ory ( h[ ,morris turn$ f mak+ works ( art to remak+ society4 ,art ,books = ! ,"y ,,john ,d4 ,,*ampl9',s ,,"y ,,folks ,,cyclopa$ia3 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art #c4jj ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,,anna ,,curtis ,,*&l]',s ,,magic ,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,ago #a4dj ,illu/rat$ f ^? 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