,,! ,,boy',s ,,book ,,( ,,trades ,,& ,,! ,,tools ,,us$ ,,9 ,,!m4 ,,by ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,au?ors ,,( 8,,engl&',s ,,work%ops40 ,,compris+ ,,brickmak]4 ,,mason4 ,,bricklay]4 ,,pla/]]1 c4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,,pa9t]1 c4 ,,plumb]4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gas4 ,,iron ,,f\nd]4 ,,blacksmi?4 ,,brassf\nd]4 ,,gild]4 ,,cab9et ,,mak]4 ,,floor-,,clo? ,,ditto4 ,,pap] ,,/a9]4 ,,calico ,,pr9t]4 ,,t9man4 ,,f>ri]4 ,,ne$le ,,mak]4 ,,hotpress]4 ,,cutl]4 ,,cotton ,,manufactur]4 ,,tailor4 ,,tann]4 ,,%oemak]4 ,,saddl]1 c4 ,,hatt]4 ,,mill]4 ,,bak]4 ,,sug> ,,ref9]4 ,,dy] ,,& ,,sc\r]4 ,,copp]smi?4 ,,gun ,,mak]4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,r\tl$ge ,,& ,,sons1 ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate ,,hill4 #ahff4 ,,london ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,son1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill ,,preface4 ,e human be+ born into ! _w w f9d t happ9ess ma9ly dep5ds ^u ! "w t he does & ! mann] 9 :i* x is done4 ,^? :o imag9e t ! necessity = lab\r is only an evil mu/ be ei!r grossly ignorant or wilfully wick$4 ,:oev] wa/es 8 life 9 idl5ess1 ei!r because he ne$ n "w 9 ord] to live1 or because he w n live to "w1 w be a wret*$ creature1 & at ! close ( a li/less exi/5ce w regret ! loss ( preci\s gifts & ! neglect ( great opportunities4 ,our daily "w1 h[ev] common or humble x may seem1 is our daily duty1 & by do+ x well we may ev5 make x a "p ( our daily wor%ip4 ,= ^! reasons ! *oice ( a trade is a mo/ important ev5t 9 e boy's life1 & x is no less difficult ?an important1 because :5 a boy has j left s*ool he seldom kn[s mu* ab\t ! op]ations ( any trade1 & _c be expect$ to express any pref]5ce = "o m ?an ano!r4 ,:e!r ?is book w be ( any use 9 ?is respect1 by direct+ att5tion to "s ( ! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* we live1 mu/ aft] all dep5d ^u ! ta/es ( ea* p>ticul> read]2 b x may at all ev5ts claim to be useful 9 mak+ kn[n :at are ! op]ations necess>y to "s ( our great manufactures1 & 9 expla9+ ! me?od ( us+ ! tools employ$ by ^? engag$ 9 !m4 ,a volume l ! pres5t c sc>cely be said to h an ,au?or1 s9ce mu* ( its cont5ts mu/ necess>ily be ! "w ( ! compil]1 :o cond5ses ! valuable mat]ial suppli$ by o!r writ]s1 & adapts x to 8 purpose4 ,x is impossible t any great "p ( ! matt] c be orig9al2 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! foll[+ pages ! writ] has f\nd x altoge!r inexp$i5t to *ange ev5 ! mann] ( ^? :o are reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal au?orities on sci5tific subjects4 ,he believes1 h[ev]1 t ev5 :]e he has borr[$1 he has borr[$ ) "s discretion4 ,:e!r he has succe$$ 9 expla9+ & simplify+ ! read] w be able to judge4 ,,! ,,brickmak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brickfield1 ,,%$1 ,,kiln1 ,c4 ,x w\ld be v difficult1 & p]haps impossible1 to discov] at :at "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ! art ( brickmak+ 0 fir/ practis$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ records ( ! human race ! mak+ ( bricks is m5tion$2 ?is 0 "p ( ! lab\r impos$ ^u ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 :5 !y 7 9 captivity 9 ,egypt1 & bricks ( excell5t quality are f\nd 9 "s ( ! mo/ anci5t build+s1 ! rema9s ( :i* h be5 discov]$4 ,?\gh unciviliz$ nations1 & ev5 "s :i* _h made great progress 9 civilization1 b liv$ 9 v w>m or exce$+ly cold climates1 frequ5tly built dwell+s ( wood1 ( wattles or /rips ( trees & bran*es cov]$ ) clay & lime1 & ( r\gh /one & e>?2 & ?\gh :ole tribes liv$ & /ill live "u t5ts1 or 9 m]e log huts & wigwams1 or lodges made ( ! sk9s ( animals1 ! manufacture ( bricks =m$ ( clay1 & ei!r burnt ) fire or dri$ 9 ! sun1 is among/ ! olde/ ( all kn[n trades4 ,9 our own day x has arriv$ at su* p]fection & ! v>ieties ( bricks & tiles are s great 9 ord] to provide = ! great div]sity 9 build+s1 t x is "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( ,engli% indu/ry4 ,we le>n f ! ,bible t burnt bricks 7 us$ 9 build+ ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 & f e>ly hi/orians1 z well z f rec5t discov]ies1 we "k t !y 7 also made = ! walls ( ,babylon4 ,! bricks ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 made ( clay temp]$ ) wat] & mix$ ) *opp$ /raw1 & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 ! sun1 & ! lab\r ( ! ,israelites 0 made m sev]e by _! be+ compell$ to f9d /raw = !mselves4 ,9 ,rome bo? burnt or kiln-dri$ bricks & ^? dri$ 9 ! sun 7 employ$1 & ?\gh at a lat] date ! art ( brickmak+ seems to h fall5 into disuse1 x 0 reviv$ aga9 9 ,italy aft] "s hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! trade seems to h be5 br\ght to ,engl& by ! ,romans1 & _m ( ! mo/ anci5t build+s 9 ?is c\ntry are made ( v f9e brickwork1 ?\gh1 till ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 only l>ge mansions 7 s built1 ! common h\ses be+ =m$ ( frame-works ( timb] fill$ 9 ) co>se pla/] support$ by la?s ( wood4 ,!re are few m int]e/+ sights ?an a brick-field 9 full "w ) its great %$s1 its horses go+ sl[ly r\nd & r\nd 9 ! mills1 gr9d+ ! clay :i* has be5 dug out ( ! deep pits2 its great /acks cov]$ ) hurdles & scre5s made ( re$s & its imm5se kilns1 s clev]ly & ev5ly built1 :]e ! smoke rises lazily f ! dull fires by :i* ! dry+ or burn+ is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,clay ,mill4 ,! me?ods ( brickmak+ diff] consid]ably 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&1 b t :i* we mo/ commonly see 9 practice ne> ,london w v well repres5t !m all1 & x is ?is :i* w n[ be describ$4 ,! e>? us$ = mak+ bricks is f\nd aft] digg+ till ! lab\r]s rea* ! loamy soil ly+ j above t blue clay :i* is kn[n z ,london clay2 & ?is e>? is kn[n z /rong clay1 mild clay1 & malm1 & ?is e>? requires prep>ation by mix+ ) !m *alk & ! du/ ( burnt a%es f ! du/ b9s4 ,^! burnt a%es ! brickmak]s call 8breeze40 ,! *alk mill & ! clay mill are plac$ close toge!r on l>ge m\nds1 high en\gh to all[ ! 8malm0 7:i* is a mixture ( *alk & clay gr\nd to a ?9 pa/e7 to run d[n to ! brick e>?4 ,! *alk mill is a r\nd tr\gh :]e ! *alk is gr\nd by heavy :eels fitt$ ) spikes on _! tires or hoops1 & turn$ by "o or two horses4 ,! tr\gh is suppli$ ) wat] f a pump1 & ! *alk1 z x is gr\nd1 runs (f by a wood5 gutt] into ! clay mill1 :]e x is aga9 /irr$ & gr\nd till x mixes ) ! clay2 ! mixture !n runs ?r\gh a grat+ & ?r\gh o!r gutt]s to ! brick e>?1 :i* has be5 plac$ 9 heaps to receive x4 ,illu/ration3 ,hack ,b>r[4 ,b>r[4 ,:5 ! e>? is mix$ 9 ?is way1 x becomes brick-clay1 & is tak5 9 b>r[s up a slop+ bo>d1 to ! pug mill4 ,! pug mill is a great tub1 ! top ( :i* is l>g] ?an ! bottom1 & 9 ! c5tre ( x !re revolves an upright iron %aft fitt$ ) knives4 ,^! knives cut & break ! clay z x passes ?r\gh ! mill1 & !y also =ce x d[nw>ds till x rea*es ! bottom1 :]e x passes ?r\gh a hole on to a ma*9e call$ ! ,cuckhold1 :i* is a sort ( table conta9+ a tr\gh :]e ! clay is cut into lumps ready = ! m\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,pug ,mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,b>r[ = c>ry+ bak$ ,bricks4 ,illu/ration3 ,kick & ,/ockbo>d4 ,m\ld4 ,bo>d = ,m\ld+4 ,/rike4 ,brick-m\ld4 ,! m\ld] :o %apes ! clay into bricks uses m\ld+ s&1--a peculi> sort ( s& br\ght f ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & spread out 9 ! sun1 :]e x is turn$ ov] & ov] till x is q dry4 ,x prev5ts ! clay f %r9k+1 gives a h>d] surface to ! bricks1 & prev5ts !m f /ick+ to ! m\ld1 or to ea* o!r2 x also gives ! ,london bricks _! grey col\r4 ,! m\ld] /&s at ! m\ld+ /ool1 :i* has a rim at ea* end to keep ! m\ld+ s& f fall+ (f1 & has a /ockbo>d1 :i* =ms ! bottom ( ! brick-m\ld1 & a page1 or two iron rods nail$ at ea* end to wood5 rails1 us$ to slide ! raw bricks f ! m\ld] to ! place f :i* ! 8tak+-(f boy0 takes !m to place on ! 8hack b>r[10 by :i* !y are c>ri$ away4 ,! m\ld] is s]v$ ) ! lumps ( clay by ! 8clot m\ld]40 ,! 8brick-m\ld0 is a k9d ( box )\t top or bottom1 & ! m\ld] da%es ! temp]$ clay into ! m\ld ) suffici5t =ce to make ! clay completely fill x2 aft] :i* ! sup]flu\s clay is remov$ f ! surface ( ! m\ld ) ! /rike4 ,! brick is !n turn$ out on to a pallet or bo>d1 on :i* x is :eel$ by ! boy to ! 8hack gr\nd10 :]e ! bricks are built up to dry 9 l[ walls call$ 8hacks40 ,! brick m\lds are made ( brass or iron1 & (t5 ( wood4 ,sometimes ! bricks are dri$ on a floor "u a %$1 b (t5 9 ! op5 air1 :]e !y are cov]$ ) /raw1 re$-flats1 or canvas & t>paul9e scre5s1 to protect !m f wet1 fro/1 or excessive heat4 ,! bricks are aft]w>ds burnt ei!r 9 8clamps0 or 9 8kilns40 ,9 clamp burn+ ! bricks are built up close toge!r1 & ! bottom ones only are heat$ ) burn+ breeze or c9d]s1 ! heat spread+ to ^? at ! top4 ,a kiln is a sort ( l>ge *amb] 9 :i* ! bricks are loosely /ack$ ) spaces betwe5 !m = ! heat to pass ?r\gh1 & !y are bak$ by fires plac$ ei!r 9 ar*$ furnaces "u ! floors ( ! kiln1 or 9 fire holes made 9 ! side walls4 ,! kilns are built ( v>i\s %apes1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal arts 9 ! trade ( ! ,brickmak] is to con/ruct !m t ! heat may be prop]ly di/ribut$1 & ! bricks equally & ?or\ghly bak$4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ovel4 ,pick4 ,re$ ,flats4 ,,! ,,mason4 ,illu/ration3 ,,masons ,,at ,,"w4 ,hav+ already giv5 a description ( ! way 9 :i* bricks are made1 we come to ! "w ( ! ,mason1 ^: duty x is to prep>e ! /one "w us$ 9 build+ & = o!r purposes4 ,9 ! mason's trade great skill is requir$1 z well z "s h>d manual lab\r1 s9ce he has to cut ! /ones = ar*es1 w9d[s1 columns1 cornices1 & por*es1 into v>i\s %apes2 & to fit ! sep>ate pieces ) p]fect accuracy1 t ! ,build] or ! ,ar*itect may be able at once to set !m 9 _! prop] places4 ,! bus9ess ( ! monum5tal mason1 :o erects p$e/als = /atues1 tombs1 & ornam5tal /ructures 9 p>ks & g>d5s1 is g5]ally di/9ct f t ( ! build] or ar*itectural mason1 al?\gh _m ( ! same tools are us$ 9 bo? trades4 ,! /one us$ by ! mason is ( v>i\s k9ds1 & is br\ght f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 b our own c\ntry conta9s /one ( ne>ly e sort :i* c be well employ$ 9 ord9>y build+4 ,granite comes pr9cipally f ,scotl&1 ?\gh a small] quantity is br\ght f ,irel&2 r$ & :ite s&/one is pl5tiful 9 ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,d]by%ire1 z well z 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&2 a sort ( slate /one is f\nd 9 ,wales2 & ! mo/ common build+ /one1 :i* is call$ lime/one1 or free-/one1 is br\ght f sev]al c\nties 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is con/antly work$4 ,! /one is g5]ally f\nd "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! places f :i* x is dug are call$ qu>ries2 ! bus9ess ( qu>ry+ be+ to extract f ! gr\nd1 or f ! sides ( rocks1 l>ge masses ( /one or m>ble4 ,:5 ^! lie directly "u ! gr\nd1 ! e>? at ! top is remov$1 & ! /one is aft]w>ds sep>at$ into blocks & lift$ out by ma*9]y2 b x is sometimes necess>y to m9e = ! /one by mak+ gall]ies und]gr\nd1 & leav+ pill>s to support ! e>? above !m4 ,9 l>ge qu>ries1 ! e>? at top is fir/ remov$1 & ! fir/ lay] ( /one1 :i* is g5]ally ( a common sort1 is brok5 or bla/$ ) gunp[d]1 & aft]w>ds tak5 away4 ,! l[] lay]s ( /one are !n divid$ by w$ges driv5 into !m1 until !y split 9 ! requir$ direction2 ! blocks are aft]w>ds made ( a regul> squ>e1 by a tool call$ a kevel1 po9t$ at "o end & flat at ! o!r1 & are !n lift$ by cranes on to l[ waggons1 ^u :i* !y are drawn away4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! mason to "w ^! /ones1 :i* are to be us$ 9 build+1 into _! requir$ %ape2 b be=e ! mason receives !m ! /one cutt] hews & cuts ! l>ge blocks r\ghly into ! =m 9 :i* !y are want$2 & :5 ! block is to =m top ( a doorway1 "p ( a cornice1 or any o!r portion ( a build+ :]e ornam5t is necess>y1 ! c>v] executes ^! ornam5ts1 & cuts ! /one into a patt]n ( fruit1 fl[]s1 or figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,peck or ,po9t4 ,/one ,axe4 ,:5 ! /one is valuable x is s5t f ! qu>ry to ! mason's y>d1 or to ! build+ :]e x is to be us$ 9 l>ge blocks1 & !re cut into slabs or ?9 pieces call$ 8scantl+s10 ( ! requir$ size1 ) a /one mason's saw 7see l>ge cut74 ,?is saw diff]s f ^? us$ 9 o!r trades because x has no tee?4 ,x is a long ?9 plate ( /eel slightly jagg$ on ! bottom edge1 & fix$ 9 a frame2 & be+ drawn backw>ds & =w>ds 9 a horizontal position1 cuts ! /one by its own weight4 ,to make ?is ! easi]1 a heap ( %>p s& is plac$ on a slop+ bo>d ov] ! /one1 & wat] trickl+ ^u x f a b>rel wa%es x into ! cut made by ! saw4 ,9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts ! saw+ ( ! /one is (t5 effect$ by /eam ma*9]y4 ,"s ( ! free/ones are s s(t z easily to be cut ) a too!d saw1 work$ backw>ds & =w>ds by two p]sons4 ,! tools us$ by ! mason are ! peck or po9t = *ipp+ ! surface ( ! /one1 ! /one axe = break+ ! irregul> portions f ! block1 ! iron mallet & beetle1 = break+ pieces f ! edge ( ! slab or driv+ 9 w$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood5 ,beetle4 ,w$ge4 ,iron ,mallet4 ,illu/ration3 ,rubb]4 ,mallet4 ,bru%4 ,*isels4 ,! tools us$ = cutt+ /one are ! mallet & *isels ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! mason's mallet diff]s f t us$ by o!r workm51 be+ ( a sort ( half pe> %ape1 & ) a %ort h&le only j long en\gh to all[ x to be firmly grasp$ 9 ! h&4 ,! rubb] is us$ = smoo?+ ! surface ( ! /one1 aft] x has be5 work$ by ! tools2 s& & wat] are plac$ on ! /one1 & ! rubb] is pu%$ backw>ds & =w>ds = ! purpose ( gr9d+ ! face ( ! slab to a smoo? surface2 ano!r block ( /one is sometimes appli$ to ! same purpose4 ,9 ,london ! tools us$ to "w ! faces ( ! /one are--! po9t1 a v small *isel only ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* broad at ! cutt+ edge2 ! in* tool1 :i* is a broad] *isel2 ! boo/]1 broad] /ill2 & ! broad tool1 :i* is ?ree in*es & a half wide3 beside ^!1 !re are tools ( ! same k9d = work+ m\ld+s & c>v+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e4 ,bevel ,squ>e4 ,/raight ,edge4 ,tr[el4 ,po9t4 ,besides ^! cutt+ tools1 ! mason uses a bank] or b5*1 on :i* he places 8 /one = conv5i5ce ( work+1 & /raight edges1 squ>es1 & bevels1 = m>k+ ! %apes into :i* ! blocks are to be cut1 & see+ t 8 edges & surfaces are ev5 by try+ !m z ! "w proce$s4 ,! bevel squ>e is a squ>e ! /ock1 or l[] "p1 ( :i* is moveable1 s t x may be set to any angle or level z requir$4 ,sometimes a patt]n call$ a templet is us$ = cutt+ a block to any p>ticul> %ape1 & :5 ! "w is m\ld$1 ! templet is call$ a m\ld4 ,m\lds are commonly made ( %eet z9c1 c>efully cut to ! pr(ile ( ! m\ld+s ) %e>s & files4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! mason has n only to prep>e ! /one1 b to set x 9 its place 9 ! build+1 & ?is is prop]ly "p ( 8 "w4 ,he !n uses ! tr[el1 = apply+ ! composition = cem5t+ ! /ones toge!r2 l9es & p9s to %[ :e!r 8 edges are /raight & squ>e1 ! squ>e & level = a simil> purpose2 & v>i\s rules = adju/+ ! /one faces ( upright walls4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,bricklay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bricklay]4 ,! ,bricklay] has s mu* to d ) ! erection ( build+s t ! ,ma/] ,bricklay] is g5]ally a ,build]2 t is1 he und]/&s n only brickwork & ! build+ ( walls1 b also ! o!r trades necess>y = complet+ a h\se1 & c sup]9t5d ! ,mason's1 ,c>p5t]s'1 & ,plumb]s' "w4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ consid]ation 9 build+ a h\se is ! prep>ation ( ! f\ndations1 :i* are =m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil on :i* !y are laid2 unless ! gr\nd itself is firm en\gh to receive ! walls1 sometimes ?ick lay]s ( concrete 7a sort ( mort>7 is us$1 sometimes lay]s ( plank+ are put d[n1 or ev5 cross beams ( timb]1 & 9 "s cases1 :]e ! e>? is v loose & damp1 timb] piles are driv5 into x on :i* to lay ! f\ndation4 ,! f\ndation once laid1 ! vaults or cell>s are built ei!r 9 ! ord9>y way1 or 9 a s]ies ( ar*es ( v>i\s =ms2 !n foll[ ! abutm5ts1 ! w+-walls1 ! ma9-walls1 ) iron 8,bressum]s0 = support+ ^? p>ts ( ! walls :i* are above l>ge op5+s l great doors or %op fronts4 ,! p>titions1 or int]ior walls1 may be ei!r solid brick or /one1 or may be con/ruct$ entirely ( timb]1 or !y may be frames ( timb] fill$ 9 ) masonry or brickwork4 ,!n come ! floors1 ! ro(s & ro(-cov]+s1 & f9ally ! ceil+s & ! doors & w9d[s4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 build+ are pr9cipally timb]1 /one1 slate1 bricks1 tiles1 mort>1 lime1 cem5t1 iron1 glass1 lead1 z9c1 col\rs & v>ni%es4 ,^? ) :i* ! work+ bricklay] has mo/ to d are bricks1 slates1 tiles1 /onework1 cem5t1 & mort>1 = ^! are pr9cipally us$ 9 mak+ walls & ro(s1 :i* is ! great] "p ( 8 trade4 ,! /one & slate come f ! qu>ries1 & we h already se5 h[ bricks are made4 ,mort> is made 9 ! foll[+ way4 #a/4 ,! s(t *alky /one kn[n z lime/one1 is calc9$ or burnt1 by exposure to /rong heat 9 a lime kiln2 ! heat drives (f a gas :i* is conta9$ 9 x 7call$ c>bonic acid gas71 & leaves x 9 a /ate 9 :i* x is kn[n z quick-lime4 #b;d4 ,! quick-lime is 8slak$10 by p\r+ wat] ^u x1 :5 x swells & becomes v hot1 aft]w>ds fall+ into a f9e p[d]4 #c;d4 ,?is p[d] is mix$ into a r /iff pa/e1 m wat] is add$1 & :5 a c]ta9 quantity ( s& is add$ becomes mort>1 & may be us$ = cem5t+ bricks toge!r4 ,concrete is made by mix+ gravel1 s&1 & gr\nd unslak$ lime toge!r ) wat]2 x is us$ = f\ndations1 & fill+ 9 ap]tures requir+ /r5g? & firmness4 ,iron is us$ by ! build] 9 two diff]5t /ates1 z ca/ iron & wr\ght iron2 ! gird]s = support+ ro(s & walls are mo/ly ca/ 9 m\lds 7see ,iron ,f\nd]71 ?\gh bo? ^! & o!r p>ts ( ! ironwork us$ 9 build+1 are frequ5tly ( iron wr\ght by h&4 ,lead is us$ by ! mason = secur+ & coat+ ! iron clamps :i* hold ! blocks ( /one toge!r2 x is also us$ 9 ! plumb]s' "w ( a h\se 7see ,plumb]74 ,z9c is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gutt]s1 pipes1 & portions ( ro(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,tr[el4 ,! excavator hav+ dug out ! space :]e ! f\ndation ( ! h\se is to be laid1 ! "w ( ! bricklay] beg9s1 & 8 tools are ! tr[el1 to take up & spread ! mort>1 & cut bricks by a %>p bl[ to ! requisite l5g?2 !n !re are ! brick axe or hamm]1 = %ap+ ! bricks to a level2 ! t9 saw = mak+ an incision on bricks to be cut ) ! axe2 ! rubb+ /one on :i* to rub ! bricks smoo? 9 ! p>ts :]e !y h be5 cut1 & ! mort> rake & %ovel1 = mix+ ! mort> & cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,mort> ,rake4 ,cr[b>4 ,%ovel4 ,brick ,hamm]4 ,pickaxe4 ,! cr[b> & pick-axe are ! tools us$ = demoli%+ old brickwork or cle>+ out rubbi%2 ! sieve 7see l>ge cut7 = sift+ ! lime ( :i* ! mort> is made1 & ! ramm] = h>d5+ ! gr\nd to r5d] ! f\ndation firm4 ,! rak] is us$ = rak+ out ! mort> f ! jo9ts ( old brickwork :i* requires re-po9t+1 or ! jo9ts refill$ ) mort>4 ,to 8set out0 ! "w1 :i* means to measure ! spaces1 & to keep ! l9es1 curves1 & angles1 /raight & true1 ! bricklay] uses ! squ>e1 ! level1 ! plumb-rule2 ! squ>e %[s :e!r ! prop] angle has be5 pres]v$2 ! plumb-rule is an upright rule1 ) a /r+ at "o end1 to :i* is atta*$ a lead5 ball4 ,if ! "w is /raight on its p]p5dicul> l9es1 & ! plumb-rule be appli$ to x1 ?is lead5 ball w hang exactly 9 ! c5tre1 & sw+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! rule1 :ile1 if ! "w be crook$1 x w sw+ to "o side4 ,! level is a rule on ! same pr9ciple1 b = te/+ horizontal l9es1 su* z a cornice on ! top ( a wall4 ,! good bricklay] w frequ5tly te/ 8 "w by ^! tools1 & w also use a l9e /ret*$ to two p9s1 to guide him z he builds up 8 c\rses ( bricks4 ,! bricks & mort> are suppli$ to him by a lab\r]1 :o c>ries !m 9 a hod4 ,! lab\r] also makes ! mort>1 & builds up & takes d[n ! scaffold+ 7see l>ge cut74 ,! scaffold+1 or t frame ( poles & planks erect$ 9 front ( ! build+ z x is 9 progress1 is con/ruct$ ( /&>ds1 l$g]s1 & putlogs4 ,! /&>ds are poles made ( fir trees1 f =ty to fifty feet long1 & six or sev5 in*es ?ick at ! butt ends1 :i* are firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:5 "o pole is n long en\gh1 two are la%$ toge!r1 ! rope la%+s be+ tight5$ by w$ges driv5 9 betwe5 ! coils 9 a peculi> way4 ,! l$g]s are horizontal poles plac$ p>allel to ! walls & la%$ to ! /&>ds2 ^! support ! putlogs1 or cross pieces1 :i* are ab\t six feet long1 "o end ( !m re/+ 9 ! wall1 ! o!r on ! l$g]s4 ,on ^! putlogs are fa/5$ ! scaffold bo>ds1 :i* are /\t bo>ds ) pieces ( iron hoop plac$ r\nd ! ends1 to keep !m f splitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,level4 ,cutt+ ,*isel4 ,squ>e4 ,l9e & ,plumb4 ,hod4 ,a bricklay] & 8 lab\r] w lay ab\t a ?\s& bricks1 or two cubic y>ds ( brickwork1 9 a day4 ,! tools us$ = til+1 or plac+ ! tiles on a ro(1 are ! la?+ hamm]1 ! iron la?+ /aff to cl9* ! nails1 ! tr[el1 :i* is long] & n>r[] ?an t us$ = brickwork1 ! bosse1 = hold+ mort> & tiles1 ) an iron hook to hang x to ! la?s or to a ladd]1 & ! /rik] a piece ( la? ab\t t5 in*es long = cle>+ (f ! sup]flu\s mort> at ! feet ( ! tiles4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,pla/]] ,,& ,,:itewa%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:itewa%] ,,& ,,pla/]]4 ,:5 ! walls1 or :at is call$ ! c>case ( ! h\se1 h be5 built1 ! ro( made1 ! inn] walls & p>titions set up1 & ! joi/s & woodwork ( ! floors laid d[n1 ! "w ( ! ,pla/]] beg9s4 ,he cov]s ! brickwork & b>e timb]s ( walls1 ceil+s1 & p>titions ) pla/]1 to prep>e !m = pa9t+ or pap]+3 he also =ms ! cornices = ceil+s1 & ! m\ld+s & decorations1 :i* are usually made 9 pla/] or cem5t4 ,! mat]ials :i* ! ,pla/]] uses = ^! purposes are3--#a/4 ,co>se /uff1 or a pa/e made ) lime1 mu* 9 ! same way z common mort>1 & aft]w>ds mix$ ) hair1 :i* is obta9$ f ! tann]'s y>d1 aft] x has be5 remov$ f ! sk9s1 :i* are !re made into lea!r4 ,?is hair is rak$ toge!r1 & mix$ ) ! mort>1 ) ! hair hook1 & a sort ( ?ree prong$ rake call$ ! drag4 ,illu/ration3 ,hair ,hook4 ,f9e ,sieve4 #b;d4 ,f9e /uff is made f pure lime1 slak$ ) a small quantity ( wat]1 aft] :i* en\gh wat] is add$ to br+ x to a /ate 9 :i* x resembles cream2 x is !n left to settle1 ! sup]flu\s wat] is p\r$ (f1 & ! mixture is left 9 a tub1 till /ill m ( ! wat] has evaporat$1 & x is ?ick en\gh to use4 ,?is /uff is (t5 us$ = ceil+s1 & !n a small quantity ( :ite hair is mix$ ) x1 to help to make x firm] & m b9d+4 ,= ^! f9] k9ds ( pla/] x is necess>y to use ! f9e sieve1 9 ord] to sift ! lime & o!r +r$i5ts1 t only ! portion :i* has be5 r$uc$ to p[d] may be reta9$4 #c;d4 ,/ucco1 :i* is made by mix+ f9e /uff ) clean$-wa%$ s&4 ,/ucco is us$ = h\se fronts1 or o!r f9i%+ "w1 :i* is int5d$ to be pa9t$4 #d?4 ,gaug$ /uff is us$ = =m+ cornices1 :i* run r\nd a ceil+1 & = m\ld+s2 x is made by mix+ f9e /uff ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* is a f9e :ite p[d] easily made into a pa/e1 & dry+ v quickly4 ,^! are only ! ord9>y mat]ials us$ by ! ,pla/]] = 8 "w1 b !re are a great numb] ( cem5ts1 :i* are also appli$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 trade2 su* z ,roman & ,portl& cem5ts1 & mixtures made & sold = special purposes ( decoration1 & ! manufacture ( ornam5ts4 ,^! ornam5ts1 su* z c5tre pieces = ceil+s1 fl[]s droop+ f cornices1 bosses or gr\ps on walls1 c4 are fir/ modell$ 9 clay1 & are aft]w>ds ca/ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 plac$ 9 m\lds made ( wax or pla/]4 ,9 ?is trade1 z 9 t ( ! picture frame mak]1 ornam5ts are frequ5tly made ( papi] ma*1 or ! pulp ( pap] 7lit]ally sma%$ pap]71 :i* is a v light1 h>d1 & durable sub/ance = ! purpose4 ,! m\lds = cornices are made ( %eet copp]1 & are fix$ 9 a wood5 frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,gaug+ ,tr[el4 ,hamm]4 ,salve4 ,pla/]]'s ,hawk4 ,*eck ,l9e & ,reel4 ,! v>i\s tools us$ by ! ,pla/]] are %[n 9 ! engrav+s1 & ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( !m are us$ may be se5 by ! l>ge cut at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is description ( ! ,pla/]]'s trade4 ,! peculi> hamm]1 ) "o edge l an axe1 is us$ = break+ d[n old pla/]1 & cle>+ away ! mort> f walls & ceil+s previ\s to pla/]+ !m afre%2 ! hawk is a flat bo>d ) a h&le 9 ! c5tre1 us$ = hold+ ! pla/] or cem5t1 :i* is be+ laid on ) ! tr[el4 ,! gaug+ tr[el is ! long n>r[ tr[el1 us$ = tak+ up ! f9e /uff = cornices & m\ld+s2 ^! tr[els are ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f ?ree to sev5 in*es4 ,! salve is a sort ( small spade1 on :i* ! pla/]]'s boy lifts ! mort> or cem5t1 & places x on ! hawk1 :i* ! workman holds 9 8 h&2 z ! salve has a long h&le1 ! pla/] c be convey$ to ! hawk ev5 :5 ! man is at "w on a ladd]4 ,! squ>e is simil> to t us$ by ! bricklay]1 & %[s t ! corn]s ( ! "w are /raight & ev52 ! compasses are us$ = measur+ di/ances2 ! *eck l9e = m>k+ out ! spaces ( ! "w to be done1 & ! jo9t rules = measur+ ! p>ts :]e diff]5t portions ( ! "w come toge!r1 ei!r at ! corn]s1 or 9 mak+ ! m\ld+s4 ,! set squ>e is also us$1 = %[+ t ! surface or ! l9e ( ! "w is /raight & ev54 ,illu/ration3 ,jo9t ,rule4 ,jo9t ,rule4 ,compasses4 ,set ,squ>e4 ,:5 ! ,pla/]] has to cov] a ceil+ or a p>tition1 he comm5ces by la?+4 ,?is is nail+ la?s ov] ! :ole space :i* is to receive ! pla/]4 ,la?s are long n>r[ /rips ( ei!r oak or fir wood1 ( v>i\s ?icknesses2 ! ?ick] be+ us$ = ceil+s1 :]e !y h to be> a great] /ra9 ?an 9 upright walls4 ,! next op]ation is prick+ up1 or plac+ ! fir/ coat ( co>se /uff ^u ! la?s2 ?is is call$ prick+ up1 because :5 ! pla/] is laid1 its :ole surface is prick$ & scrat*$ ) ! end ( a la?1 t x may be r\gh en\gh = ! next coat4 ,! lay+ on ( ?is second coat ( pla/] is call$ float+1 & is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! surface is surr\nd$ ) n>r[ /rips ( pla/]+1 call$ scre$s1 held fa/ by l9es ( nails1 & ^! are made p]fectly level1 by means ( ! plumb rule 7see ,build]'s tools71 & ! use ( ! h& float4 ,! spaces )9 ^! l9es ( pla/] "w are !n fill$ ) co>se /uff1 till ! :ole =ms a flat surface1 :i* is made p]fectly level1 or 8float$0 ) ! float+ rule4 ,o!r scre$s are !n =m$ & fill$ up 9 ! same way1 until ! :ole ceil+1 or wall1 =ms "o flat surface4 ,! op]ations are ! same = ceil+s & walls1 except t ! plumb rule is us$ = adju/+ ! level ( walls1 & ! level = t ( ceil+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e4 ,modell+ ,tools4 ,bru%4 ,float+ ,rule4 ,aft] ! "w has be5 br\ght to an ev5 surface ) ! float+ rule1 ! ,pla/]] goes ov] x aga9 ) ! h& float1 us+ a little s(t /uff to make good any defici5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,h& ,float4 ,:5 ! float+ is ab\t half dry1 ! sett+ or f9i%+ coat ( f9e /uff is laid on1 & is fir/ wett$ ) a bru%1 & !n work$ ov] ) a smoo?+ tool until a f9e surface is obta9$4 ,/ucco is laid on ) ! l>ge/ tr[el1 & work$ ov] ) ! h& float--be+ at ! same "t spr9kl$ ) wat]--until x becomes h>d & solid2 aft] :i* x is rubb$ ov] ) a dry bru%4 ,! wat] has ! effect ( h>d5+ ! face ( ! /ucco2 :i*1 aft] sev]al spr9kl+s & tr[ell+s1 becomes v h>d1 & z smoo? z glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,sett+ ,tr[els4 ,! commone/ k9d ( ,pla/]]'s "w is lay+ on "o coat ( /uff3 :5 ?is is done on brickwork x is call$ r5d]+1 & :5 on la?s x is call$ lay+4 ,:5 !re is a second coat x is call$ r5d] set1 or la?-lay & set3 & :5 x is ?ree-coat "w x is call$ r5d]1 float1 & set1 or1 la?-lay1 float1 & set2 ?is is done 9 ceil+s & p>titions ) f9e /uff mix$ ) hair2 or1 :5 ! walls are to be pap]$1 ) f9e /uff & s&4 ,r\gh /ucco is us$ = f9i%+ /aircases & passages 9 imitation ( /one4 ,x is mix$ ) a great deal ( co>se s&1 & is n smoo!d1 ! h& float be+ cov]$ ) a piece ( felt1 s t :5 x is appli$ to ! /ucco ! grit ( ! s& /icks to x & is drawn to ! surface1 giv+ ! pla/] ! appe>ance ( r\gh /one4 ,r\gh ca/+ is us$ = outside walls1 & is done by ?r[+ a lay] ( gravel1 mix$ ) lime & wat]1 ov] ! second coat ( pla/] :ile x is q wet4 ,9 "s c\nties ( ,engl&1 & especially ne> ,nott+ham1 ! pla/]]s use re$s in/ead ( la?s2 & ev5 floors are (t5 made by lay+ d[n a quantity ( co>se /uff ^u a f\ndation ( re$s4 ,^! floors are almo/ z h>d z /one1 & possess ! good quality ( be+ almo/ always firepro(4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,c>p5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c>p5t]',s ,,%op4 ,an acc\nt ( ! tools & implem5ts us$ = work+ 9 wood w\ld sc>cely be complete )\t "s rem>ks ^u wood itself1 & y c h no bett] in=mation on ?is subject ?an t :i* has be5 writt5 by a g5tleman#a :o is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( timb]1 & ) all ! mat]ials us$ 9 build+4 #a ,mr4 ,e4 ,,dobson1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e4 ,if we exam9e a transv]se section ( ! /em ( a tree1 we p]ceive x to consi/ ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts2 ! b>k1 ! wood1 & ! pi?4 ,! wood appe>s dispos$ 9 r+s r\nd ! pi?1 ! out] r+s be+ s(t]1 & conta9+ m sap1 ?an ^? imm$iately r\nd ! pi?1 :i* =m :at is call$ ! he>t-wood4 ,^! r+s are also trav]s$ by rays ext5d+ f ! c5tre ( ! /em to ! b>k1 call$ m$ull>y rays4 ,! :ole /ructure ( a tree consi/s ( m9ute vessels & cells1 ! =m] convey+ ! sap ?r\gh ! wood 9 its asc5t1 & ?r\gh ! b>k to ! leaves 9 its desc5t2 & ! latt] p]=m+ ! functions ( secretion & nutrition dur+ ! life ( ! tree4 ,! solid p>ts ( a tree consi/ almo/ entirely ( ! fibr\s p>ts compos+ ! sides ( ! vessels & cells4 ,by num]\s exp]im5ts x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! sap beg9s to asc5d 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ?r\gh ! m9ute vessels 9 ! wood1 & desc5ds ?r\gh ! b>k to ! leaves1 &1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh !m1 is deposit$ 9 an alt]$ /ate betwe5 ! b>k & ! la/ ye>'s wood1 =m+ a new lay] ( b>k & sap-wood1 ! old b>k be+ pu%$ =w>d4 ,z ! annual lay]s increase 9 numb]1 ! sap-wood ceases to p]=m its orig9al functions2 ! fluid p>ts are evaporat$ or absorb$ by ! new wood1 &1 ! sides ( ! vessels be+ press$ toge!r by ! gr[? ( ! latt]1 ! sap-wood becomes he>t-wood or p]fect wood1 & until ?is *ange takes place x is unfit = ! purposes ( ! build]4 ,! vessels 9 ea* lay] ( wood are l>ge/ on ! side ne>e/ ! c5tre ( ! /em1 & smalle/ at ! outside4 ,?is arises f ! fir/ be+ =m$ 9 ! spr+1 :5 vegetation is mo/ active4 ,! oblong cells :i* surr\nd ! vessels are fill$ ) fluids 9 ! e>ly gr[?2 b1 z ! tree increases 9 size1 ^! become evaporat$ & absorb$2 & ! cells become p>tly fill$ ) depositions ( woody matt] & indurat$ secretions1 dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! soil1 & affect+ ! quality ( ! timb]4 ,?us ,honduras mahogany is full ( black specks1 :ile ! ,spani% is full ( m9ute :ite p>ticles1 giv+ ! wood ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 rubb$ ov] ) *alk4 ,! be/ "t = fell+ trees is ei!r 9 mid-w9t]1 :5 ! sap has ceas$ to fl[1 or 9 midsumm]1 :5 ! sap is tempor>ily exp5d$ 9 ! production ( leaves4 ,an excell5t plan is1 to b>k ! timb] 9 ! spr+ & fell x 9 w9t]1 by :i* means ! sap-wood is dri$ up & h>d5$2 b z ! b>k ( mo/ trees is valueless1 ! oak tree 7^: b>k is us$ 9 tann+7 is almo/ ! only "o t w pay = be+ ?us treat$4 ,! season+ ( timb] consi/s 9 ! extraction or evaporation ( ! fluid p>ts1 :i* are liable to decomposition on ! cessation ( ! gr[? ( ! tree4 ,?is is usually effect$ by /eep+ ! gre5 timb] 9 wat]1 to dilute & wa% out ! sap z mu* z possible1 & !n dry+ x ?or\ghly by exposure to ! air 9 an airy situation4 ,! "t requir$ to season timb] ?or\ghly 9 ?is mann] w ( c\rse mu* dep5d on ! sizes ( ! pieces to be season$2 b = g5]al purposes ( c>p5try1 two ye>s is ! lea/ t c be all[$1 &1 9 season+ timb] = ! use ( ! ,jo9]1 a mu* long] "t is usually requir$4 ,prop]ly season$ timb]1 plac$ 9 a dry situation ) a free circulation ( air r\nd x1 is v durable1 & has be5 kn[n to la/ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s )\t app>5t det]ioration4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! case :5 expos$ to moi/ure1 :i* is always m or less prejudicial to its durability4 ,:5 timb] is con/antly "u wat]1 ! action ( ! wat] dissolves a portion ( its sub/ance1 :i* is made app>5t by its becom+ cov]$ ) a coat ( slime4 ,if x be expos$ to alt]nations ( dryness & moi/ure1 z 9 ! case ( piles 9 tidal wat]s1 ! dissolv$ p>ts be+ cont9ually remov$ by evaporation & ! action ( ! wat]1 new surfaces are expos$1 & ! wood rapidly decays4 ,:]e timb] is expos$ to heat & moi/ure1 ! album5 or gelat9\s matt] 9 ! sap-wood spe$ily putrefies & decomposes1 caus+ :at is call$ rot4 ,! rot 9 timb] is commonly divid$ into two k9ds1 ! wet & ! dry1 b ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t :]e ! timb] is expos$ to ! air1 ! gase\s products are freely evaporat$2 :il/1 9 a conf9$ situation1 !y comb9e 9 a new =m1 viz4 ! dry-rot fungus1 :i*1 d]iv+ its n\ri%m5t f ! decay+ timb]1 (t5 gr[s to a l5g? ( _m feet1 spread+ 9 e direction1 & ins9uat+ its delicate fibres ev5 ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( brick walls4 ,9 addition to ! s\rces ( decay above m5tion$1 timb] plac$ 9 sea wat] is v liable to be completely de/roy$ by ! p]=ations ( ! worm1 unless protect$ by copp] %ea?+1 ! exp5se ( :i* causes x to be seldom us$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 mod]n h\ses ! lab\rs ( ! ,build]1 ! ,mason1 & ! ,pla/]]1 w\ld be ( little use unless !y 7 accompani$ by t ( ! ,c>p5t]1 s9ce a v l>ge proportion ( e build+ consi/s ( ! woodwork ( :i* its int]ior /ructure is greatly compos$4 ,z x is "o ( ! mo/ useful1 s ! ,c>p5t]'s may be consid]$ ! mo/ anci5t ( trades1 = ne>ly all o!r h&icrafts require ! prep>ation or manufacture ( ! mat]ials1 b ! ,c>p5t] orig9ally f\nd 8 mat]ials 9 ! =e/1 & at once set to "w to con/ruct v>i\s articles f ! trunks & /ems ( ! trees be/ suit$ = ! purpose4 ,we c only imag9e "o trade old] ?an t ( ! ,c>p5t]1 & t is ! ,tool ,mak]1 & z ! e>lie/ tools1 or at all ev5ts "s portion ( !m1 7 probably made ( h>d wood1 ! ,tool ,mak] may 9 "s s5se be said to h be5 a ,c>p5t] also4 ,illu/ration3 ,axe4 ,adze4 ,illu/ration3 ,saw4 ,compasses4 ,plumb ,rule4 ,hamm]4 ,squ>e4 ,mallet4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! bus9ess ( ! ,c>p5t] is only ) ! l>g] portions ( build+s & ! r\gh timb] frameworks :i* support !m1 & 8 pr9cipal tools are ! axe & ! adze1 = *opp+ & r\ghly smoo?+ timb]s2 ! saw1 = saw+ beams & planks2 ! *isel1 = mak+ mortis holes = jo9+ beams toge!r1 & = cutt+ & p>+ wood2 ! *alk l9e1 a l9e rubb$ ) *alk1 & us$ to make a /raight l9e ^u a bo>d or beam1 to m>k ! direction 9 :i* x is to be sawn2 ! plumb rule1 already describ$ among/ ! ,build]'s tools2 ! level2 ! squ>e2 ! compasses2 all ( :i* h be5 describ$ 9 previ\s trades2 ! hamm]2 ! mallet1 & v>i\s sorts ( nails4 ,! o!r tools repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+s belong m prop]ly to ! ,jo9]1 b z ! trades ( ! ,c>p5t] & ! ,jo9] are almo/ always unit$1 we w speak ( all ! tools z belong+ to "o bus9ess4 ,c>p5t]'s "w1 !n1 consi/s ( ! fram+ ro(s1 p>titions1 & floors1 9 mak+ ! v>i\s jo9ts us$ 9 beams1 ties1 raft]s1 & joi/s = support+ floors1 & ! prop] way ( support+ build+s by po/s & gird]s4 ,! ,c>p5t] requires to be /rong & active1 t he may prop]ly h&le ! heavy timb]s on :i* he has to "w2 he %\ld h a k ( ! sci5ce ( me*anics1 t he may be able to provide = ! /ra9s & ?ru/s to :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 "w are expos$1 & supply ! prop] means ( resi/+ !m2 & he %\ld also be able to und]/& h[ to make :at are call$ 8work+ draw+s10 t he may 8set out10 or prop]ly draw a plan ( ! "w he has to d1 f ! designs ( ! ,ar*itect4 ,! ,c>p5t] be+ conc]n$ ) ! portions ( a build+ :i* are made ( timb]1 y w be bett] able to und]/& 8 trade by a %ort description ( :at ^! are2 & we w !n speak a little ( ! ,jo9]1 ^: trade is g5]ally conf\nd$ ) t ( ! ,c>p5t]4 ,fir/3 ,p>titions1 or inn] divisions ( a build+1 may be ei!r ( brick1 /one1 or wood2 &1 9 ! latt] case1 !y are g5]ally 8fram$10 or support$ 9 a m solid framework1 :i* %\ld =m a portion ( ! ma9 build+1 t is1 ( ! out] wall2 & %\ld be q indep5d5t ( ! floors1 :i* %\ld n support1 b be support$ by !m4 ,second3 ,floor+ is =m$ by joi/s or /rong beams ( timb] rea*+ f wall to wall1 :]e !y re/ ^u o!r beams1 call$ wall plates1 :i* are built into ! walls !mselves4 ,! floor bo>ds are nail$ ov] ! upp] edges ( ! joi/s1 & ! l[] edges receive ! la?s & pla/]1 :i* =m ! ceil+s ( ! rooms b5ea?4 ,l>ge build+s are sometimes fitt$ ) d\ble fram$ floors1 ) two sets ( joi/s1 & build+ joi/s re/+ on gird]s2 & 9 sup]ior h\ses1 ! wall plates are (t5 support$ by 8corbels10 or1 portions ( ! timb] project+ f ! inside ( ! wall1 :i* prev5ts ! necessity ( op5+ ! wall to admit ! ends ( ! joi/s4 ,?ird3 ,ro(+ consi/s ( ! ro( cov]+1 :i* is laid ^u raft]s or sl5d] beams1 :i* are support$ by /rong] horizontal beams call$ purl9s2 & ^!1 aga91 re/ on upright trusses1 or /rong frames ( timb]1 plac$ on ! walls at regul> di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,^u ! /r5g? & firmness ( ^! trusses1 & ! skill ( ! c>p5t]'s "w1 dep5ds ! entire safety ( ! ro(4 ,l>ge ro(s are support$ by cross beams1 call$ coll>s1 or tie beams2 & !y are fur!r /r5g!n$ by an upright pill> 9 ! c5tre1 call$ a ,k+ po/1 f :i* slant+ beams1 call$ 8/ruts10 support ! raft]s4 ,we h n[ only spok5 ( common ro(s1 b !re are _m ro(s ( op5 timb]-"w 9 *ur*es & o!r public build+s1 :i* are wond]ful specim5s ( ! skill ( ! ,c>p5t] & ! ,jo9]4 ,"o ( ^!1 p]haps ! gr&e/ z well z ! mo/ anci5t1 is t ( ,we/m9/] ,hall2 b !re is "o also 9 ! ,great ,hall1 at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace2 & o!rs may be se5 9 ,*ur*es & ,halls 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! ,jo9]1 z 8 "n implies1 frames & jo9s toge!r ! wood5 f9i%+s & decorations ( build+s1 su* z floors1 /aircases1 skirt+s1 door & w9d[ frames1 sa%es1 or1 ! slid+ p>ts ( w9d[s t conta9 ! glass1 %utt]s1 doors1 *imney-pieces1 c4 ,?is "w requires mu* great] nicety & f9i% ?an t ( ! ,c>p5t]1 & is br\ght to a smoo? surface ) ! plane :]ev] x is likely to be se51 :ile ! c>p5t]'s "w is left r\gh z x comes f ! saw4 ,! pr9cipal cutt+ tools us$ by ! ,jo9] are1 saws1 planes1 & *isels4 ,! saws are ( v>i\s sizes1 & are call$ ripp]s1 half ripp]s1 h& saws1 & panel saws1 accord+ to _! %ape1 & ! numb] ( tee? to ea* in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,*isel4 ,g\ge4 ,screw ,driv]4 ,screw4 ,t5on ,saw4 ,n>r[ ,saw4 ,! t5on saw is us$ = cutt+ t5ons1 or flat slices f ! ends ( beams1 t o!r beams cut 9 ! same way may re/ ^u !m & yet leave a flat surface4 ,! ?ick back ( ! t5on saw keeps ! blade f 8buckl+10 or twi/+2 z x w\ld be v likely to d :ile saw+ 9 a horizontal direction4 ,! dove-tail saw is simil> to ! t5on saw1 b small]1 & ) a brass back in/ead ( an iron "o4 ,x is us$ = dove-tail+1 or cutt+ not*es 9 a bo>d or beam1 into :i* projections 9 ano!r bo>d or beam are fitt$1 9 ord] t ! two may be held toge!r1 z we see ! sides ( a box are fitt$ to ! back & front4 ,!n !re is ! compass saw1 = circul> "w1 & ! keyhole1 or n>r[ saw1 = cutt+ out holes4 ,! planes are us$ = br++ ! edges & sides ( beams1 bo>ds1 or o!r wood5 fitt+1 to a p]fectly smoo? surface3 ! fir/ ( ^!1 us$ ^u ! r\gh wood1 is call$ ! jack plane2 ano!r is call$ ! try+ or true+ plane2 & a ?ird1 ! smoo?+ plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,try+ ,plane4 ,smoo?+ ,plane4 #b-;foot ,rule4 ,glue ,pot4 ,! plane1 z y w see1 is a solid piece ( h>d smoo? wood1 ) a hole 9 ! c5tre conta9+ ! cutt+ tool1 or1 z x is call$1 ! plane iron1 :i* is firmly fix$ ) a w$ge1 s t its %>p cutt+ edge only slightly projects at ! bottom4 ,! wood :i* is to be smoo!d is fix$ on ! jo9]'s b5* by means ( a screw$ bo>d1 call$ a %oot+ bo>d1 &1 by means ( ! h&le at ! top1 ! plane is made to slide swiftly along its surface1 s t ! edge ( ! tool cuts (f a ?9 %av+4 ,!re are v>i\s sorts ( planes besides ^!1 us$ = cutt+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w1 b !y are mo/ ( !m ( simil> con/ruction4 ,*isels are ei!r = p>+ ! wood1 & are us$ ) ! h&2 or are int5d$ to cut into ! ?ickness ( ! wood1 & are !n /ruck ) a l>ge wood5 hamm]1 call$ ! mallet4 ,! g\ge is a curv$ *isel1 us$ = cutt+ m\ld+s or mak+ r\nd edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,cl\t ,nail4 ,cut ,clasp ,nail4 ,brad4 ,spike ,nail4 ,bradawl4 ,*isel4 ,gimlet4 ,! bor+ tools are ! bradawl1 ! gimlet1 & ! /ock & bit4 ,! bradawl is a small %>p wire fix$ 9 a h&le1 & us$ = mak+ holes to receive l>ge nails1 :i*1 if driv5 9 at once by ! hamm]1 w\ld split ! wood4 ,nails are ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! diff]5ce 9 :i* may be se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,! be/ k9ds ( nails are made f ?9 b> iron1 po9t$1 cut (f to ! prop] l5g?1 & ! head =m$ by /amp+4 ,! gimlet is a holl[ blade ) a screw at ! end1 & fix$ to a cross h&le4 ,x is us$ = bor+ a l>g] & r\gh] hole ?an ! bradawl1 = receiv+ screws1 :i* are screw$ into _! place by ! screw driv]1 a sort ( *isel1 ! edge or po9t ( :i* ent]s ! not* 9 ! head ( ! screw1 s t ! workman may turn x r\nd4 ,! bit is a tool n unlike a l>ge bradawl1 :i* fits into a /ock or h&le4 ,! bits are ( v>i\s sizes1 & are us$ = bor+ l>ge holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,c5tre ,bit4 ,! brace & bit1 or c5tre bit1 is a tool ) a c5tre & two %>p po9ts1 "o on ea* side2 x is plac$ 9 a b[-%ap$ /ock ) a r\nd loose end4 ,?is loose end ! workman holds firmly1 :ile he places ! po9t ( ! tool aga9/ ! wood requir$ to be bor$2 he !n turns ! b[ briskly r\nd1 & ! two po9ts revolv+ rapidly1 cut out a circul> piece4 ,! p9c]s are us$ = remov+ nails f wood1 & x is easy to see h[ !y are appli$4 ,!re are "s o!r tools :i* belong to ! trade ( ! ,jo9]1 b !y are us$ less frequ5tly1 & a description ( !m w be giv5 :5 we h to say some?+ ( ! trade ( ! ,cab9et ,mak]1 ^: "w resembles ! f9] "p ( t :i* ! ,jo9] does at 8 own work%op4 ,! b5* 7see l>ge cut7 is ! great table ( ?ick planks support$ on a timb] frame1 at :i* ! ,jo9] works2 x is furni%$ ) a 8side-bo>d0 p]=at$ ) holes to receive a p91 aga9/ :i* "o end ( ! wood on :i* he is op]at+ re/s1 ! o!r be+ firmly fix$ 9 ! b5* screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9c]s4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,h\se ,,pa9t] ,,& ,,glazi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h\se-,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,glaz+4 ,al?\gh we h spok5 ( ! trade ( ! ,plumb] sep>ately1 & h plac$ ! ,pa9t] & ,glazi] toge!r1 x g5]ally happ5s t ! ?ree trades are c>ri$ on by ! same p]sons1 & y w (t5 h notic$ 8,plumb]1 ,pa9t]1 & ,glazi]0 ov] ! fronts ( %ops1 :]e lead5 pipes & taps1 casem5ts1 & squ>es ( col\r$ glass1 & specim5s ( 8gra9+10 or imitations ( v>i\s woods 9 pa9t+1 are plac$ = %[ 9 ! w9d[s1 to repres5t ! diff]5t bus9esses c>ri$ on4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,h\se ,pa9t] to cov] ) 8 col\rs su* portions ( ! ,jo9]'s1 ,smi?'s1 or ,pla/]]'s "w z require to be protect$ f ! action ( ! air1 :i* w\ld cause !m to ru/ or decay4 ,he has also to *oose ! col\rs :i* w be be/ suit$ = decorat+ walls & cornices1 & g5]ally to apply ! prop] %ades = all ! ornam5ts ( ! h\se1 & ?is "p ( ! bus9ess1 :i* is call$ 8decorative pa9t+10 requires a great degree ( skill & ta/e 9 ! workman1 :o may prop]ly be call$ an arti/4 ,! mat]ials us$ by ! ,pa9t] are pr9cipally :ite lead1 l9se$ oil1 spirits ( turp5t9e1 8dry]s10 & putty4 ,:ite lead1 :i* =ms ! basis ( almo/ all ! col\rs us$ 9 h\se pa9t+1 is prep>$ by expos+ /rips ( lead to ! action ( acid2 b ! ,pa9t] buys x ready made1 9 ! =m ( small cakes1 or lumps4 ,?is :ite lead is us$ 9 all ! "u coats ( pa9t1 & g5]ally makes ! body ( mo/ ( ! col\rs :i* are aft]w>ds appli$4 ,un=tunately1 :ile x is 9 ! half-fluid /ate1 :5 x is us$ by ,pa9t]s1 x is v poison\s & un:olesome1 & _m workm5 suff] sev]ely 9 _! heal? f its use2 b x w be f\nd t ?is is (t5 caus$ by _! own c>elessness 9 work+1 & by ! want ( p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,! ,pa9t] %\ld n only ?or\ghly wa% 8 h&s be=e e meal1 b z soon z 8 "w is done %\ld entirely *ange 8 clo!s1 & wa% h&s & face ?or\ghly1 or ev5 take a ba?4 ,beside ?is1 he %\ld we>1 ov] 8 work+ clo!s1 a co>se l95 frock or bl\se1 :i* w protect him f ! spots ( pa9t1 & may be frequ5tly wa%$4 ,l9se$ oil & spirits ( turp5t9e are us$ = mix+ & ?9n+ ! col\rs2 l9se$ oil is obta9$ f ! se$s ( ! flax plant1 :i* are heat$1 beat51 & press$ by ma*9]y1 until ! great] "p ( ! oil is extract$2 ! se$s cru%$ into cakes are !n us$ z food = cattle4 ,nut oil1 or ! oil press$ f v>i\s k9ds ( nuts1 su* z walnuts1 hazel & bee* nuts1 is also frequ5tly us$ = mix+ col\rs :]e !y are likely to be expos$ to ! wea!r1 b l9se$ oil is *eap] & is mo/ g5]ally adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* ! ,pa9t] calls 8turps10 is ! oil obta9$ by di/ill+ crude turp5t9e2 & is us$ by ! ,h\se ,pa9t] to make 8 col\rs "w m smoo?ly & freely 9 ! bru%1 to cause !m to dry m quickly1 & to take away t %9y unpleasant gl>e t w\ld o!rwise be se5 on ! surface ( pa9t mix$ ) l9se$ oil alone4 ,x is necess>y1 too1 to take "s means to make ! l9se$ oil dry m rapidly ?an x w\ld 9 its raw /ate2 or ! pa9t w\ld rema9 moi/ & greasy ^u ! walls = a v long "t4 ,= ?is purpose ! oil is boil$1 & is !n kn[n z 8boil$ oil10 ?is is b\ght ready prep>$1 ! ,pa9t] hav+ by him prep>ations ( lead or vitriol1 call$ 8dry]s10 :i* he mixes ) 8 col\rs1 aft] !y are made1 9 ord] to increase ! rapidity ) :i* !y set ^u ! places :]e !y are appli$4 ,! ,pa9t] has only a few tools1 & ^! are v simple2 !y consi/ pr9cipally ( ! gr9d+ /one1 or slab & mull]1 = gr9d+ 8 col\rs2 e>!n pots = hold+ ! pa9ts2 cans = oil & turps2 a few t9 pots1 or op5 cans & kettles1 = col\r to be appli$ to outside places or walls :]e he has to "w on ladd]s2 a palette knife1 = spread+ ! :ite lead on ! /one1 or remov+ ! pa9t to ! palette1 = f9e "w1 or to ! pa9t pot2 & bru%es ( diff]5t sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,slab & ,mull]4 ,pa9t ,pot4 ,palette ,knife4 ,oil ,c4 ,pa9t ,pot4 ,pa9t ,kettle4 ,! v>i\s col\rs1 :i* are mo/ly made f e>?s & m9]als1 are pur*as$ by ! ,pa9t] 9 p[d] or small dry lumps1 & h to be br\ght to a f9e /ate1 & made q free f grit1 be=e !y c be us$4 ,! slab1 or gr9d/one1 is g5]ally ( m>ble or porphyry1 & mu/ h a p]fectly smoo? surface2 & ! mull] is a l>ge oval or egg-%ap$ pebble1 ) "o end brok5 (f1 & ! surface made z smoo? z t ( ! slab4 ,a small quantity ( ! col\r :i* requires gr9d+ is plac$ on ! /one1 & moi/5$ ) a little oil2 & ! mull] is !n work$ ov] x1 by a circul> movem5t1 until x is gradually driv5 to ! edge ( ! /one4 ,! col\r is !n remov$ by ! spatula1 or palette knife1 & plac$ 9 ! pa9t pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t ,bru%es4 ,9 ?is /ate1 h[ev]1 ! col\r is too ?ick to use1 & ( c\rse requires to be ?9n$ by add+ ! oil until x is suffici5tly fluid4 ,9 pa9t+ woodwork1 ! fir/ bus9ess is call$ 8knott+10 t is1 remov+ ! turp5t9e f ! knots1 :i* w\ld o!rwise ooze & spoil ! pa9t4 ,!y are fir/ cov]$ ) fre% slak$ lime1 :i* dries up & burns out ! turp5t9e2 ?is is aft]w>ds scrap$ (f1 & ! knots pa9t$ ) a mixture ( r$ & :ite lead mix$ ) glue size1 & aft]w>ds ) :ite lead & l9se$ oil4 ,:5 dry1 !y mu/ be rubb$ smoo? ) a piece ( pumice /one4 ,! next op]ation is to put on ! 8prim+10 :i* is ! fir/ coat ( pa9t1 compos$ ( r$ & :ite lead & l9se$ oil4 ,! nail-holes1 & o!r imp]fections1 are !n /opp$ up ) putty 7a mixture ( l9se$ oil & :it+1 made into a pa/e71 appli$ ) ! /opp+ knife2 & !n ! o!r coats ( pa9t are laid on2 ?ree coats be+ g5]ally consid]$ suffici5t2 & ! la/ be+ ( ! requir$ col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,/opp+ ,knife4 ,! bru%es us$ by ! ,pa9t]1 are ei!r r\nd or flat1 ! latt] be+ us$ 9 v>ni%+ or gra9+2 !y are made ( hog's bri/les4 ,! small] k9ds ( bru%es are call$ tools or fit*es1 & are us$ = small surfaces1 su* z ornam5ts & m\ld+s r\nd panels1 :5 ! col\r is g5]ally tak5 f a palette--a r\nd slab ( wood1 ) a hole ?r\gh :i* ! ?umb ( ! left h& passes 9 ord] to hold x4 ,! bru%es mu/ nev] be all[$ to get dry1 b :5 n 9 use mu/ be kept 9 wat]3 x is always be/ to keep a bru% = ea* col\r4 ,ano!r "p ( ! ,pa9t]'s bus9ess :i* requires m skill1 is gra9+ & m>bl+2 or ! imitation 9 col\rs ( ! m>ks & gra9s ( v>i\s k9ds ( wood1 & ! ve9s & spots 9 m>bles4 ,?is is ( c\rse a "p ( ! trade :i* requires a k ( ! ?+ to be imitat$1 & great c>e & ta/e 9 do+ x well4 ,gra9+ is g5]ally done ) 8di/emp] col\r10 t is a k9d ( pa9t 9 :i* :it+ & size are us$ in/ead ( :ite lead & oil1 = ! basis ( ! col\r2 b ! col\rs dep5d on ! sort ( gra9 to be imitat$1 & !y are appli$ 9 v>i\s ways & ) diff]5t sorts ( bru%es1 "s ( ! col\r be+ occasionally remov$ ) a piece ( wa% lea!r1 9 ord] to give ! appe>ance ( ! light m>ks se5 9 ! 8he>t0 ( ! wood4 ,! appe>ance ( ! 8gra90 ( ! wood is effect$ by ! gra9+ comb1 a comb ) %ort ?ick /raight tee?1 :i* is drawn along ! pa9t 9 a wavy l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,gra9+ ,comb4 ,pa9t]'s ,bru%4 ,m>bles are imitat$ 9 oil if x is outside "w & expos$ to ! wea!r1 b = inside "w di/emp] col\r is frequ5tly us$4 ,occasionally walls are col\r$ 9 di/emp]1 & x !n frequ5tly happ5s t a patt]n or "s ornam5tal design is pa9t$ 9 ! c5tres ( ! panels1 or r\nd ! m\ld+s4 ,?is is a "p ( ! ,pa9t]'s trade :i* requires mu* skill1 & a k ( arti/ic draw+ & design4 ,v>ni%+ is an op]ation requir+ great c>e to p]=m x prop]ly1 s9ce x is necess>y n only to *oose ! "r k9d ( v>ni%1 b also to apply x to ! surface ( ! pa9t ) a light b firm h&4 ,v>ni%es are made ( gums or res9s melt$1 spirits ( w9e1 oil ( turp5t9e1 or /rong :ite dry+ oil4 ,! h>d v>ni%es dry rapidly1 & are made ( ! h>d] k9ds ( gums1 su* z copal1 ma/ic1 c41 & ! s(t ( ,canada balsam1 elemi1 turp5t9e1 c4 ,! mo/ useful = ! ,h\se ,pa9t] are ^? ( copal1 l9se$ oil1 & turp5t9e4 ,! bru%es us$ 9 v>ni%+ are g5]ally flat1 s z to enable ! workman to lay an ev5 surface on ! "w4 ,v>ni%es are usually kept 9 wide-m\!d bottles2 f :i* !y are p\r$ into little t9 pans ) a false bottom above ! real bottom1 ! space betwe5 ! two be+ fill$ ) s&4 ,! use ( ?is is t :5 ! pan is plac$ ov] ! fire1 ! s& becomes heat$1 & ! v>ni% is kept a long "t f becom+ *ill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,glazi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,glaz+ ,knife4 ,hack+ ,knife4 ,*isel ,knife4 ,click]'s ,knife4 ,! trade ( ! ,glazi]1 ?\gh n[ v important1 0 unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry till ! elev5? c5tury1 & ev5 long aft]w>ds ! use ( glass = w9d[s 0 extremely r>e2 pieces ( horn1 & oil$ pap]1 supply+ its place 9 almo/ e build+ except palaces & *ur*es4 ,z we h "h to d ) ! ,glazi]1 & n ) ! manufactur] ( glass1 we ne$ say little ab\t ! me?od ( mak+ ! mat]ials us$2 s t x w suffice to "k t ! 8cr[n glass10 mo/ly sold = w9d[s ( h\ses1 is compos$ pr9cipally ( :ite s&1 pe>la%1 & saltpetre4 ,?is glass ! ,glazi] pur*ases 9 %eets ( a circul> =m1 ea* ( :i* is call$ a table1 s9ce ! mode 9 :i* x is made r5d]s su* a %ape necess>y2 & ! fir/ ?+ he has to le>n1 is h[ to cut out squ>e pieces ( ! prop] size )\t wa/+ mu* ( ! r\nd edge4 ,! glass :5 cut is fix$ ei!r into lead "w or sa%es2 ! =m] ( ^! is ! olde/ description ( glaz+2 & 9 ! common k9d ! lead5 frames are sold]$ toge!r1 s z to =m squ>es or diamonds2 ! sides ( ! grooves 9 :i* ! glass is plac$ be+ s(t en\gh to b5d back to receive ! panes1 & !n b5d back aga9 to hold !m firmly4 ,9 wood5 sa%es1 su* z are n[ commonly us$1 ! space or frame = ea* pane ( glass is 8rebat$10 t is1 x has outside a small groove all r\nd to receive ! pane1 & a l$ge aga9/ :i* x re/s4 ,9 ?is 8rebate0 ea* squ>e ( glass is plac$1 & !n firmly b$d$ & fa/5$ smoo?ly ) a rim ( putty fill+ up ! groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,rule4 ,squ>e4 #b-;foot ,rule4 ,tilt]4 ,! ,glazi] uses a hack+ knife = cutt+ out old putty f brok5 squ>es2 & ! /opp+ knife1 or glaz+ knife1 = lay+ & smoo?+ ! putty4 ,= sett+ glass into lead "w1 ! sett+ knife1 or *isel knife1 & ! broad-blad$ knife is us$4 ,z mu* ( ! ,glazi]'s "w is done outside ! h\se1 he is sometimes compell$ to use a bo>d :i* is fa/5$ ) screws1 & projects f ! w9d[ s t he may sit a/ride on ! outside4 ,no "o %\ld ev] attempt ?is :]e ! sa% c be easily tak5 out & ! "w done inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,diamond4 ,p9c]s4 ,! re/ ( ! ,glazi]'s tools are a squ>e1 & a /raight edge rule = cutt+ aga9/1 a two-foot rule1 & compasses = measur+2 p9c]s = break+ (f ! edges ( glass t h be5 p>tially cut ?r\gh2 & ! diamond1 :i* is us$ = cutt+1 & is 8 pr9cipal tool4 ,?is is made ( a small unpoli%$ diamond fix$ 9 lead1 & fa/5$ to a h&le ( h>d wood4 ,,! ,,plumb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,ca/+ ,lead4 ,9 trades connect$ ) build+1 ! "w ( ! ,plumb] is ( s mu* importance t x mu/ come next to t ( ! ,bricklay]1 & ! ,c>p5t]4 ,at "o "t ! ,plumb] 7:o takes 8 "n f ! ,lat9 ^w = lead#b7 0 pr9cipally employ$ 9 mak+ lead5 ro(s ( *ur*es or l>ge public build+s & 9 =m+ casem5ts = w9d[s2 w9d[ frames be+ !n made ( /rips ( lead sold]$ or rivet$ toge!r & hold+ ! little diamond-%ap$ panes ( glass betwe5 _! edges4 ,9 ^? days all ! wat] us$ 9 ! h\se 0 c>ri$ f ! well or f ! conduit 9 ! ma9 /reet1 or 0 br\ght 9 casks set ^u :eels f ! ne>e/ runn+ /ream3 :ile ra9-wat] = wa%+ 0 collect$ 9 tubs or vats z x ran (f ! ro(s4 ,n mu* m ?an a c5tury ago ! poets wrote ( ! mis]y ( ! /reets ( ,london on a wet night1 :5 !re 7 no wa/e pipes to c>ry (f ! ra9 f ! ov]*>g$ gutt]s on ! tiles1 & nobody c\ld v5ture out ( doors )\t be+ half dr[n$ by ! sudd5 dis*>ge ( a %[] ba? f "s ov]hang+ gable4 ,!n1 z !re 0 no prop] sy/em ( pipes = c>ry+ (f ! wet1 !re 0 v little dra9age except by means ( op5 gutt]s1 & ! bye-ways1 z well z "s ( ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es & l>ge h\ses1 7 extremely unheal?y4 #b ,plumbum4 ,we are n q p]fect ev5 yet 9 ^! respects1 & !re are /ill neighb\rhoods 9 ,london :]e a few ,plumb]s might be able to make va/ improvem5ts2 b we are a great deal bett] (f ?an our great gr&fa!rs 74 ,! ,plumb]s d n make q s _m lead5 casem5ts z !y made 9 ! old5 "t1 b !y are well employ$ 9 con/ruct+ ro(s2 c>ry+ wat] into h\ses by means ( lead5 pipes2 mak+ ci/]ns to conta9 a good supply ( x1 & provid+ o!r pipes & gutt]s = convey+ all ! dirty wat] & dra9age into ! sew]s t are "u ! roadway1 :]e x runs q away f ! /reets1 & 79 ,london at lea/7 goes into ! sea f ne> ! m\? ( ! ,?ames at ,eri?4 ,illu/ration3 ,ladle4 ,grate4 ,sold]+ ,iron4 ,n[ z ! ,plumb] has to d a great deal ( 8 "w 9 ro(s & o!r places :]e he is liable to fall1 he %\ld be cle>-head$1 & able to g up a ladd] or look ov] a l$ge at a height f ! gr\nd )\t be+ afraid1 & ?is is all ! m necess>y because he has to h&le tools1 & sometimes to p\r melt$ sold] out ( a hot iron ladle :ile he is at 8 "w on ^! places4 ,= ! purpose ( melt+ ! sold] he has to c>ry 8 fire grate & melt+ pot ) him to "s place ne> :]e he is at "w1 s9ce unless ! sold] c be us$ rapidly x cools1 & w n make a s\nd jo9t4 ,! re/ ( ! ,plumb]'s tools are ! p\r+ /ick = apply+ ! melt$ sold] 9 ! places :]e x is requir$1 ! sold]+ iron :i* is made r$-hot1 & pass$ ov] ! sold]$ jo9ts to smoo? !m & make !m all firm & s\nd2 ! *isel1 %ave hooks1 draw+ knife1 & *ipp+ knife1 = cutt+ ! lead & scrap+ x on ! surface1 or at ! edges t are to be fa/5$ toge!r2 ! hamm]s & mallets = beat+ ! lead into %ape & flatt5+ ! ridges1 ! boss+ mallet & dress] = br++ ! %eet ( lead to a prop] %ape1 & =m+ x ov] ! ridge ( a ro(1 ! *as$ w$ge1 ! screw-driv]1 ! dunr+ & ! turnp9 = v>i\s uses 9 mak+ ro(s1 lay+ d[n lead5 pipes & fix+ taps1 & ! suck] hook us$ 9 repair+ or fix+ pumps :5 ! "p ( ! pump call$ ! suck] requires to be rectifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p\r+ ,/ick4 ,*ipp+ ,knife4 ,dunr+4 ,draw+ ,knife4 ,*as$ ,w$ge4 ,%ave ,hook4 ,turnp94 ,%ave ,hook4 ,!re are o!r tools beside ^!1 su* z planes = mak+ ! surface ( ! lead smoo? & ev51 g\ges & c5tre-bits = circul> op5+s 9 ! lead to receive nails or clamps1 measur+ rules & compasses1 & pads ( c>pet or clo? to hold "u a pipe :5 x is be+ sold]$1 t ! sold] may be press$ r\nd ! jo9t be=e x cools1 & )\t its dropp+ on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,mallet4 ,hamm]4 ,plumb]s n[ buy _! %eet lead z well z _! lead5 pipe at ! w>eh\ses1 b ^? 9 a l>ge way ( bus9ess =m]ly ca/ ! lead !mselves4 ,= ?is purpose !y us$ a ca/+ table1 :i* is a great wood5 b5* ab\t six y>ds long & two y>ds wide1 made ( smoo? planks1 & ) a rais$ wood5 frame r\nd ! edge4 ,on ?is table ! ,plumb] spreads a lay] ( f9ely-sift$ s&1 :i* 0 made level by a /rike--a flat piece ( wood ) two h&les--drawn f end to end ( ! table2 aft] ?is ! surface 0 made /ill m smoo? by a plan]1 :i* 0 a flat plate ( copp] fa/5$ to a h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,suck] ,hook4 ,screwdriv]4 ,dress]4 ,boss+ ,mallet4 ,*isel4 ,a tr\gh call$ ! pan ran along ! :ole l5g? ( ! table1 & into ?is ! melt$ lead 0 p\r$ f ! melt+ pot4 ,!re 7 two ways ( mak+ ! %eet lead3 "o ( !m 0 to tilt ! tr\gh up1 & p\r out ! lead on to ! table1 two m5 imm$iately pass+ a wood5 /rike ov] x s z to spread x ev5ly ov] ! :ole surface4 ,9 ?is case ! ?ickness ( ! %eet ( lead dep5d$ on ! di/ance betwe5 ! edge ( ! 8/rike0 & ! surface ( ! s&4 ,ano!r way 0 to h a n>r[ op5+ all along ! bottom ( ! tr\gh1 ! tr\gh itself mov+ f end to end ( ! table z ! lead fl[$ out4 ,:5 ?is me?od 0 us$ ! ?ickness ( ! %eet dep5d$ on ! size ( ! op5+1 & ! rapidity ) :i* ! tr\gh 0 mov$ along ! table4 ,nei!r ( ^! me?ods are n[ us$1 ! lead be+ roll$ into %eets by ma*9]y4 ,wat]-pipes are made by lead be+ ca/ 9 m\lds ) a /eel rod pass+ ?r\gh _! middles1 accord+ to ! size requir$4 ,! lead is p\r$ into ! space betwe5 ! rod & ! m\ld4 ,aft] x is cool ! rod is drawn out by ma*9]y1 & ! m\ld :i* is made 9 halves is op5$ & ! pipe tak5 out4 ,! pipe is !n mu* ?ick] & %ort] ?an is requir$ = use1 b x is aft]w>ds drawn betwe5 p[]ful iron roll]s ) grooves cut 9 _! surfaces1 an iron rod be+ aga9 plac$ inside x4 ,z ^! grooves gradually decrease 9 size1 & ! pipe is drawn ?r\gh sev]al1 x is v consid]ably l5g!n$1 & at ! same "t dim9i%$1 9 ?ickness1 by ! "t ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ lead pipes is by ! use ( ! =c+ pump1 :i* pumps ! melt$ metal out ( ! boil] into a m\ld conta9+ a 8m&ril10 or pipe ( ! requir$ size4 ,pipes made 9 ?is way d n require to be roll$4 ,illu/ration3 ,=c+ ,pump4 ,! "w :i* ! ,plumb] is call$ ^u to d on ! ro(s ( h\ses requires exp]i5ce be=e x c be prop]ly p]=m$4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ro( :i* is to be cov]$ ) lead is made ei!r ( bo>ds or pla/]1 s t ! surface may be ev51 & if x be ( bo>ds !y mu/ be ?ick & well season$ to prev5t _! w>p+4 ,! f\ndation slopes a little 9 ord] to c>ry (f ! ra9 t[>ds "o end4 ,:5 ! ro( is s l>ge t x ne$s two wid?s ( lead1 !re are ?ree ways ( jo9+ ! edges ( ! lead toge!r3 "o is by fa/5+ to ! ro( long slips ( wood 7flat at bottom & r\nd at top7 at ! places :]e ! lead w be jo9$4 ,ov] ^! /rips ! edge ( ! fir/ %eet ( lead is fold$ & hamm]$ d[n q close1 !n ! edge ( ! second %eet is fold$ & hamm]$ ov] t1 s t wat] _c get betwe5 !m4 ,?is is call$ 8roll+40 ,ano!r me?od is to br+ ! two edges up j z ?\gh !y 7 to be sewn toge!r1 !n to fold !m tightly "o ov] ! o!r1 & hamm] !m d[n3 ?is is call$ 8ov]lapp+10 b x is n s good z roll+ = keep+ out ! ra94 ,! ?ird way is to sold] ! edges toge!r3 ! sold]1 :i* is 9 con/ant use by ! ,plumb]1 be+ a metal made by mix+ lead & t9 toge!r4 ,^! two metals :5 mix$ adh]e v /rongly to ! lead t !y are meant to jo91 & ! surface to :i* !y are appli$ is made hot en\gh to unite ) ! sold] by means ( ! sold]+ iron1 :ile v (t5 a little res91 borax1 or tall[ is plac$ on ! surface ( ! lead to cause x to comb9e m rapidly ) ! molt5 metal4 ,besides ! fix+ ( ro(s ! ,plumb] makes lead5 ci/]ns1 fixes ra9-wat] gutt]s1 & wa/e pipes1 & arranges taps & dra9s2 & 9 "s ( ^! op]ations he w use z9c in/ead ( lead4 ,n ! lea/ important "p ( 8 bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( pumps1 & = ?is purpose x is necess>y t he %\ld /udy me*anics1 & ^? bran*es ( sci5ce :i* ref] to ! prop]ties ( wat]1 & to ! laws :i* gov]n ! air & o!r fluids4 ,he is always ! be/ workman :o goes to 8 bus9ess ) a k ( ! natural laws & sci5tific facts connect$ ) x1 & a v little /udy w save a _w ( blund]+2 dur+ :i* ! ignorant man w rema9 a lab\r]1 because x takes him half a lifetime to le>n 8 bus9ess4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,gasfitt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gasfitt]s ,,at ,,"w4 ,z !re are n[ few l>ge h\ses :i* are n light$ by gas1 ! trade ( ! ,gasfitt] is "o ( consid]able importance2 & ?\gh ! mat]ials us$ are g5]ally b\ght ready made f ! ,brassf\nd]s1 ! glass-works1 ! ,ironf\nd]s1 or ! lead w>eh\se1 consid]able skill is requir$1 z well z "s ta/e 9 prop]ly adapt+ ! *&eli]s & burn]s1 & skilfully adju/+ ! tubes & pipes s t !y may easily be repair$1 or any escape ( gas quickly detect$4 ,! v>i\s tools us$ by ! ,gasfitt] are simple en\gh1 b c>eful practice is necess>y = _! prop] use2 &1 z any flaw or imp]fection 9 ! "w may lead to v dang]\s consequ5ces1 all ! op]ations %\ld be ?or\ghly te/$1 & e jo9t & fitt+ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts made s\nd & /rong4 ,be=e ! gas is tak5 into a h\se1 or z x is call$ 9 ! trade 8laid on0 9 ! h\se1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to obta9 ! p]mission ( ! ,company to :om ! works :]e ! gas is made belong1 & to agree to pay = ! quantity t is burnt1 :i* is *>g$ by ! ?\s& cubic feet1 & v>ies 9 price accord+ to ! co/ ( ! coal f :i* x is made1 & ! difficulty ( convey+ ?is coal to ! works4 ,illu/ration3 ,spade4 ,cr[b>4 ,ramm]4 ,! fir/ op]ation is to take up ! roadway 9 front ( ! h\se1 9 ord] to connect ! pipe :i* is to convey ! gas to ! met] ) t :i* conducts x f ! works to ! diff]5t /reets ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,= ?is purpose ! spade & cr[b> are necess>y1 :ile sometimes ! pickaxe also has to be us$2 & ! ramm] s]ves to beat ! e>? d[n m closely aft] ! pipe is laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,brick ,bit4 ,brick ,aug]4 ,! pipe :i* is jo9$ to ! l>g] pipe1 or ma91 is g5]ally ( iron1 & is made ) a screw & socket1 t x may n be easily displac$ by ! pressure ( ! roadway or footpa?1 & ?is1 pass+ into ! basem5t ( ! h\se1 supplies ! gas to ! met]4 ,! met] is a me*anical contrivance1 :i* is s con/ruct$ t ! quantity ( gas pass+ ?r\gh x is regi/]$ by a plate some?+ l a clock face1 ) a h& to po9t to ! figures :i* repres5t ! numb] ( cubic feet consum$4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( met]s1 & ! con/ruction ( !m v>ies v consid]ably1 b !y all answ] ?is purpose3 s t :5 ! inspector visits ! h\se once a qu>t] he may directly see :at quantity is to be *>g$ =4 ,! pipe lead+ f ! met] is fitt$ ) a /rong tap1 by turn+ :i*1 all ! gas may be %ut (f f ! tubes t convey x to ! diff]5t burn]s 9 ! h\se1 & f ?is pipe ! small] pipes 7made ( a sort ( sold] or ( lead7 are tak5 to ! v>i\s rooms4 ,9 ord] to c>ry ! tubes ?r\gh a wall1 x is necess>y to use ! brick bit & ! brick aug] = bor+ a hole to receive x1 :ile to support x aga9/ a wall or along ! top ( a ceil+ ! ,gasfitt] uses wall hooks1 ! hamm] & ! tongs = hold+ & b5d+ ! pipe to its prop] direction4 ,9 kit*5s & basem5t rooms ! pipe is g5]ally c>ri$ f ! met] up ! wall & along ! ceil+ to ! place :]e ! burn] is to be fix$3 b 9 upp] rooms ! pipe is tak5 up ! h\se wall1 & c>ri$ "u ! floor+ ( ! room above to ! c5tre ( ! middle joi/1 :]e a hole is bor$ q ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( ! room bel[4 ,= ?is purpose ! twi/$ aug] is g5]ally us$2 & = ! prelim9>y "w ( tak+ up ! floor & cutt+ a groove 9 ! joi/ to receive ! pipe1 t x may n be injur$ by ! pressure ( ! bo>ds above1 ! saw & ! hamm] are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,wall ,hooks4 ,nuts4 ,grease ,pot4 ,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,twi/$ ,aug]4 ,saw4 ,bl[pipe4 ,tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,wax$ ,ru%es4 ,rasp4 ,( c\rse "o l5g? ( pipe is n suffici5t to g to any great di/ance1 & a jo9t has frequ5tly to be made1 ! sold] us$ = ?is purpose be+ s easily melt$ & s readily comb9+ ) ! pipe itself1 :i* is ( almo/ ! same mat]ial1 t ! flame f prep>$ t[ bl[n to an int5se heat by ! bl[ pipe is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,! rasp is us$ = fil+ ! surface at ! ends ( ! pipes :]e !y are to be jo9$1 & ! wax$ ru%es to try ! jo9ts 9 ord] to see t !re is no escape ( gas ?r\gh "s small hole4 ,:5 ! pipes are all laid & br\ght to _! prop] positions ! fitt+s are fix$4 ,^? :i* desc5d f ! c5tres ( ceil+s are g5]ally call$ *&eli]s1 & consi/ ( a tube ( metal fa/5$ to ! gas pipe1 ! end ( :i* com+ ?r\gh ! ceil+ is furni%$ ) an iron screw to fit ! end ( ! tube4 ,?is tube is plac$ )9 a l>g] tube1 f ! bottom ( :i* a /ill small] "o passes )9 ! fir/4 ,! gas !re=e desc5ds ! tube f ! ceil+1 & ent]s ! smalle/ tube1 :i* communicates ) ! burn]s t spr+ f ! l>ge/4 ,! l>g] tube is int5d$ to receive wat]1 9 :i* ! end ( ! fir/ tube re/s1 s t ! gas is prev5t$ f escap+1 :ile by a nice adju/m5t ( weights runn+ ov] pulleys atta*$ to ! l>g]1 ! burn]s c be rais$ or l[]$1 z "o tube slides )9 ! o!r 7see l>ge cut74 ,! taps are plac$ at ! burn]s to turn on or turn (f ! gas z x is requir$1 & 9 ord] to fix & screw ^!1 z well z to fa/5 jo9ts 9 ! fitt+s by means ( screw nuts1 ! pli]s & ! wr5* are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr5*4 ,t[4 ,tap4 ,rimm]4 ,clamps4 ,pli]s4 ,drill ,/ock4 ,! clamps are a sort ( vice ) groov$ holes1 = hold+ ! taps & metal jo9ts firmly :ile !y are fil$ or o!rwise prep>$2 ! drill /ock is us$ = bor+ small pipes 9 ord] to make a bran* to "s o!r direction1 & ! drill brace is int5d$ = bor+ ! ma9 pipes1 "u :i* ! l>ge hooks are plac$ :ile a /ock & bit atta*$ to ! upp] screw makes ! hole2 ! ord9>y braces are fitt$ to a rat*et or cog :eel at "o end1 & are also us$ = mak+ incisions by be+ work$ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,drill ,brace4 ,braces4 ,/ocks & ,dies4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( burn]s are pi]c$ or cut 9 su* a way z to make ! flame f ! gas ( diff]5t %apes1 su* z fi% tail1 cock spur1 />1 or arg&1 ! names ( :i* tell pretty well 9 :at %ape !y appe>4 ,small rooms are sometimes fitt$ ) 8telescopes0 in/ead ( *&eli]s1 ! telescope be+ "o tube slid+ )9 ano!r1 & ! space c>efully fill$ ) a prop]ly adju/$ cork or "s o!r flexible & imp]vi\s sub/ance4 ,b$rooms1 & ap>tm5ts :]e light is requir$ at ! walls or *imney pieces1 are furni%$ ) brackets1 :i* ei!r simply project f ! wall1 or are made ) an arm mov+ on a ball & socket jo9t4 ,! manufacture ( ! v>i\s portions ( ! app>atus us$ 9 gas fitt+ w be mo/ly f\nd describ$ "u ! trade ( ! ,brassf\nd]4 ,illu/ration ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gasomet]s4 ,v few ( ! read]s ( ?is book w rememb] ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ,london /reets be=e ! introduction ( gas2 :5 all ! ?or\ghf>es 7 d>k] ?an ev5 ! commone/ /reets are n[1 & ! only light emanat$ ei!r f ! %op w9d[s or f dim oil lamps1 :i* ! ra9 or ! w9d w\ld frequ5tly put out1 ev5 :5 !y did n burn out ( !mselves = want ( be+ trimm$ & repl5i%$4 ,a c5tury ago ^! oil lamps 7 q insuffici5t to light ev5 ! ma9 /reets1 & p :o walk$ out at night g5]ally hir$ a 8l9k boy0 to light !m z !y w5t1 ) a great flambeau ( hemp & pit*1 :i* smok$ & smelt insuff]ably4 ,! nobility & g5tlefolks :o rode 9 c>riages 7 also att5d$ by footm5 ) flambeaux ( a bett] sort1 & outside ! doors ( "s ( ! olde/ h\ses 9 ,london !re may /ill be se5 ! great iron ext+ui%]s atta*$ to ! rail+s1 :]e ! tor*-be>]s put out _! lights till x 0 "t to escort _! ma/]s & mi/resses home4 ,! poet ,gay1 :o wrote ! celebrat$ fables1 describes ! l9k boys1 & gives !m r a bad "* = s (t5 be+ connect$ ) ! b&s ( ?ieves & footpads :i* infe/$ ,london /reets1 & robb$ p ) impunity 9 ! d>k4 ,he says3-- 8,?\gh ?\ art tempt$ by ! l9k man's call1 ,yet tru/ him n along ! lonely wall2 ,9 ! midway he'll qu5* ! flam+ br&1 ,& %>e ! booty ) ! pilf]+ b&4 ,/ill keep ! public /reets1 :]e oily rays1 ,%ot f ! cry/al lamp1 o'erspread ?y ways40 ,long be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 ! inflammable nature ( ! vap\r :i* /ream$ f burn+ coal _h be5 obs]v$ by sci5tific m51 & x 0 ?\ght by _m p t "s me?od might be inv5t$ = mak+ ?is gas useful = ! purpose ( light+ /reets or h\ses4 ,x _h also be5 obs]v$ t ! air sudd5ly escap+ f ! %afts ( coal m9es 0 (t5 highly inflammable1 & "s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! di/illation ( coal z e>ly z #agbf4 ,9 #agfe ,"l ,lonsdale propos$ to ! magi/rates ( ,:itehav5 to convey ! gas f ! neighb\r+ m9es ?r\gh pipes = light+ ! t[n4 ,a numb] ( em95t m5 aft]w>ds made exp]im5ts ) gas1 b no decid$ practical result foll[$ until a ,mr4 ,murdock1 ( ,cornwall1 began to manufacture gas = light+ 8 h\se & (fices at ,r$ru?4 ,9 #agih ! same g5tleman us$ gas = light+ ! ,soho ,f\ndry1 :]e f\r ye>s aft]w>ds a public exhibition ( ! new inv5tion 0 made by means ( an illum9ation to celebrate ! proclamation ( peace4 ,9 #ahjc a g5tleman nam$ ,w9sor fir/ publicly %[$ at ! ,lyceum ,!atre1 9 ,london1 a sy/em ( illum9ation by gas1 :i* 0 ! comm5cem5t ( our pres5t me?od ( light+ our /reets & h\ses2 & aft] great difficulties & v>i\s exp]im5ts1 a company 0 =m$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! und]tak+ ( sup]s$+ ! old oil lamps & mak+ use ( ! new inv5tion4 ,! premises ( ! company & _! factory 7 situat$ 9 ,pall ,mall1 :]e ! ,c>lton ,club n[ /&s1 & ! lights fir/ appe>$ f ! corn] ( ,/4 ,james's ,/reet to ! ,haym>ket1 :ile sev]al jets 7 plac$ 9 front ( ,c>lton ,h\se1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 aft]w>ds ,george ! ,f\r?4 ,by sl[ degrees1 & by ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,clegg1 an em95t eng9e]1 ! manufacture ( gas improv$1 & 9 #ahad1 :5 ! alli$ sov]eigns visit$ ?is c\ntry1 & a g5]al illum9ation 0 ord]$1 a magnific5t pagoda 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k 0 erect$ = ! exhibition ( ! new light4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,guildhall 0 fitt$ ) gas burn]s2 &1 al?\gh x _h be5 pr$ict$ t ! new inv5tion w\ld ru9 ! navy by sup]s$+ ! use ( ! oil br\ght by ! :al]s1 & ?\gh "s p decl>$ t x 0 only a s*eme = bl[+ up ,london1 ! success ( ^! exp]im5ts l$ to its rapid adoption 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns ( ,europe4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to say some?+ ( coal1 ( :i* m ?an #djj1jjj tons are us$ e ye> = ! manufacture ( gas 9 ,london alone4 ,! "n coal 0 orig9ally giv5 to any sub/ance us$ = fuel1 & ! use ( m9]al coal1 or1 z x 0 =m]ly t]m$1 sea-coal1 f ! fact ( its be+ br\ght by sea1 has n prevail$ = long] ?an #bjj ye>s4 ,coal is f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ext5sive deposits call$ coal-fields1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3--#a4 ,^? ( ! great nor!rn di/rict1 includ+ ! coal-fields nor? ( ! riv] ,tr5t4 #b4 ,^? ( ! c5tral di/rict1 includ+ ! ,leice/]1 ,w>wick1 ,/af=d1 & ,%rop%ire coal-fields4 #c4 ,^? ( ! we/]n di/ricts 9 ,nor? ,wales1 ,s\? ,wales1 & ,gl\ce/]4 ,! coal occurs 9 a numb] ( lay]s1 or b$s1 t]m$ seams1 & ^! are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by lay]s ( slatey clay1 call$ %ale1 & co>se1 h>d s&/one1 kn[n z grit4 ,! seams ( coal are mo/ly comp>atively ?91 b v>y+ f a few in*es to six or eight feet 9 ?ickness1 & und]nea? ! lay]s is usually f\nd a b$ ( m\nta9 lime/one ext5d+ beyond ! coal-field1 & ris+ to ! surface ( ! gr\nd ar\nd x4 ,! fir/ process = f9d+ coal is to bore ) iron tools a p]p5dicul> hole 9 ! gr\nd2 !n if coal is discov]$1 a %aft1 or pit1 f t5 to fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 is sunk1 & l9$ ) brick1 ca/ iron1 or wood1 to prev5t ! admission ( wat] & ! fall+ 9 ( ! sides4 ,:5 ! %aft rea*es a seam ( coal1 passages are made1 twelve to f\rte5 feet wide1 & v>y+ 9 height ) ! coal2 f ^! proce$ small] ones1 :i* are aga9 cross$ by l>ge ones1 enorm\s blocks ( coal be+ left to support ! e>? above4 ,z ! m9e becomes l>g]1 a second %aft is sunk at "s di/ance f ! fir/1 9 ord] t air may be suppli$ to ! m9e1 & t ! gas t escapes f ! coal may be c>ri$ away4 ,a curr5t ( air is caus$ by burn+ a l>ge fire 9 "o %aft1 & ! draught is direct$ to ! "p ( ! m9e :]e x is requir$1 by doors1 :i* close up "s ( ! passages & leave o!rs op54 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( coal f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! mo/ important are3 ! common1 or bitum9\s coal1 :i* soils ! f+]s on h&l+2 ! cannel1 or c&le coal1 :i* burns ) a bright flame1 b does n soil2 ! an?racite1 or culm coal1 :i* burns )\t flame1 does n =m c9d] :5 half consum$1 & is mo/ useful = furnaces1 9 consequ5ce ( its int5se heat & ! abs5ce ( smoke4 ,al?\gh (t5 class$ among/ ! m9]als1 coal is evid5tly ( vegetable orig92 _m sorts ( x be+ di/9ctly fibr\s1 & %[+ ! gra9 ( ! wood f :i* x is compos$4 ,^u exam9ation ) ! microscope1 coal %[s vegetable rema9s2 & ^! are frequ5tly s p]fect t !y prove its =mation f su* plants z f]ns & fir-trees1 ( a k9d some:at diff]5t f ^? :i* n[ exi/4 ,! value ( coal dep5ds entirely ^u its inflammable & combu/ible prop]ties4 ,x is us$ z ! s\rce ( artificial w>m? 9 our dwell+s1 & our manufactures are ma9ly dep5d5t on x4 ,)\t coal !re w\ld sc>cely be any work+ 9 iron1 copp]1 lead1 or o!r metals1 z 9 popul\s c\ntries ! supply ( wood is soon exhau/$4 ,our pott]ies & our glass works are also c>ri$ on by its use1 & ! p[] ( /eam :i* moves all our great eng9es & ma*9es is dep5d5t on coal = its exi/5ce4 ,great ,brita9 produces m ?an "o-half ! coal t is consum$ 9 ! _w1 & ab\t #ahj1jjj p]sons are employ$ 9 obta9+ x 9 our colli]ies4 ,! fir/ process 9 ! manufacture ( gas is to subject ! coal to a great heat1 by :i* x is c>bonis$1 or burnt until only ! c9d]1 or coke1 rema9s aft] ! gas has fl[n (f4 ,?is is done by plac+ ! coal 9 retorts ( fire-clay or iron1 :i* are previ\sly heat$4 ,^! retorts1 :i* occupy a build+ call$ ! retort h\se1 hav+ be5 *>g$ ) coal1 are p]fectly clos$1 & ! door lut$1 or /opp$1 ) a sort ( cem5t1 s t ! gas c only escape up ! asc5sion pipe1 ! coke be+ left 9 ! retort4 ,illu/ration3 ,retort ,h\se4 ,! gas f ! coal !n passes ?r\gh ! asc5sion pipe by :at is call$ ! dip pipe1 into a ma91 a l>ge horizontal tube ext5d+ along ! l5g? ( ! furnaces4 ,?is ma9 is ab\t half fill$ ) wat] or t>1 9 :i* ! ends ( ! dip pipes are imm]s$1 s t z ! gas runs 91 x asc5ds ?r\gh ! liquid into ! space above1 b _c fl[ back aga9 into ! dip pipes4 ,9 ?is way x is all collect$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ma9 pipe1 & is ready = purification4 ,:]e d\ble retorts are us$1 ea* end is work$ ) at lea/ ?ree /ok]s1 & an extra man = prep>+ ! lids ( ! m\?-pieces4 ,o!rs are requir$ = ext+ui%+ ! coke1 :eel+ ! coal into ! retort h\se1 cl9k]+ furnaces1 & att5d+ to fires4 ,?ree /ok]s1 assi/$ by a man to ext+ui% ! coke1 w p]=m all ! "w ( tak+ (f ! lids1 rak+ out ! coke1 ext+ui%+ & :eel+ x away f a b5* ( sev5 retorts1 9 twelve or ?irte5 m9utes2 !y w !n put ! prop] *>ge = ea* retort 9 ! scoop1 deliv] its cont5ts1 & be ready = *>g+ ano!r b5* 9 a fur!r space ( sev5 m9utes1 :ile a f\r? workman w 9 ! meantime h put on ! lids1 s t ! :ole "w ( dis*>g+ & *>g+ ! sev5 retorts w occupy b>ely tw5ty m9utes4 ,?is extreme dext]ity is ( c\rse only acquir$ by long practice1 & x mu/ be admitt$ ! lab\r is v sev]e2 b ?is is mod]at$ by ! "t ! m5 h = repose betwe5 ! *>ges4 ,! fir/ process 9 dis*>g+ or draw+ is = "o or two ( ! m5 to relieve ! screws ( ! m\?-pieces ( ! retorts ab\t to be dis*>g$1 by giv+ ?ree or f\r rapid turns2 ano!r man in/antly gives a knock to ea* ( ! cross b>s to dis5gage !m f ! e>s ( ! lid1 & at ! same "t /rikes ! lid a bl[ ) a piece ( iron or hamm]1 9 ord] to break ! lut+1 & a light is imm$iately appli$ to prev5t explosion1 :i* w\ld be likely to crack ! retort if ( clay4 ,= want ( ?is precaution1 _m lam5table accid5ts h happ5$ ?r\gh ! gas explod+ :5 comb9$ ) atmosph]ic air4 ,! m5 !n lift (f ! cross b> & screw ( ea* retort1 plac+ !m on ! gr\nd1 & !n ea* seizes hold ( a lid 9 bo? h&s1 lift+ x by ! project+ e>s1 & plac+ x aside to cool1 ready = lut+ = ano!r *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,f5d]4 ,:eelb>r[4 ,bus4 ,?ree ( ! /ok]s !n take up _! iron rakes1 :i* are simply rods ( -in* iron1 ab\t #ab feet long1 hav+ a h&le at "o end2 ! o!r end be+ turn$ at "r angles is flat1 ab\t #f in*es long1 #b in*es wide1 & -in* ?ick4 ,^! are ins]t$ 9 ! retort1 & ! r$-hot coke drawn to ! m\?1 :5ce x drops into ! coke vault1 :]e !re is a man ready to ext+ui% by ?r[+ wat] on x2 or :5 !re is no vault ! coke drops into iron b>r[s plac$ ready to receive x1 & :eel$ rapidly away :5 ! *>ge is )drawn4 ,if ! coke 7 n imm$iately ext+ui%$ x w\ld sm\ld]1 & ! surface become cov]$ ) e>?y a%1 & detract f its appe>ance & value4 ,illu/ration3 ,rake4 ,cl9k]+ ,spud4 ,scoop4 ,fire ,%ovel4 ,key4 ,aug]4 ,=m]ly1 9 *>g+ retorts1 ! op]ation be+ comp>atively v protract$1 !re 0 a consid]able loss ( gas1 9 addition to ! "t & extra fatigue to ! m54 ,9 ord] to rem$y ^! inconv5i5ces1 a me?od has be5 contriv$ = deposit+ ! :ole *>ge 9 ! retort at once2 = ?is purpose an iron scoop is us$1 ?is be+ a semi-cyl9d] ( %eet iron1 f #h to #aj feet long & #aj or #ab in*es diamet]1 ) a cross h&le at ! end to assi/ 9 lift+ & turn+ x r\nd to empty ! coals 9 ! retort4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ovel4 ,cl9k+ ,bat4 ,! *>ge ( coal is plac$ 9 ! scoop :ile x re/s on ! gr\nd1 hav+ a b5t rod und]nea? = ! purpose ( lift+ x3 "o man takes hold ( ! cross h&le1 & two o!rs lift ! o!r end by ! b5t rod1 & introduce x into ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,! scoop ) its cont5ts is !n pu%$ =w>d to ! fur!r end1 turn$ completely ov]1 & imm$iately )drawn1 leav+ ! coal 9 ! retort1 :i* is rak$ into a lay] ( uni=m ?ickness1 :5 ! lid1 previ\sly lut$ & ready1 is plac$ 9 its position & screw$ up z quickly z possible4 ,! op]ation ( *>g+ a retort ) ! scoop does n occupy m ?an ?irty or =ty seconds1 s t v little escape ( gas c take place4 ,! %ovel is us$ = lift+ ! coal to ! scoop1 ! cl9k+ bat = break+ or remov+ ! coke 9 ! vault1 ! spud = a simil> purpose4 ,! gas 9 ! hydraulic ma9 is ( c\rse v impure1 hav+ und]gone no alt]ation s9ce x came f ! coal 9 ! retort4 ,x conta9s a quantity ( t> & ammoniacal liquor 9 vap\r1 & ^! h to be sep>at$ f x & ?is c be effect$ by :at is call$ cond5sation1 ! in/rum5t us$ be+ kn[n z a cond5s]4 ,!re are two or ?ree =ms ( cond5s]s 9 use1 b a common "o1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+1 is call$ ! horizontal cond5s]1 & is a rectangul> box or *e/ =m$ ( ca/ iron plates1 put toge!r ) flanges1 & p]fectly tight jo9ts4 ,its int]ior is provid$ ) a s]ies ( iron trays1 conta9+ ea* ab\t two in*es 9 dep? ( wat]1 & s arrang$ t ! gas1 ent]+ at ! bottom ( ! *e/1 passes 9 succession ov] ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ea* tray1 & trav]s+ ! :ole l5g? ( tr\gh t5 or twelve times1 passes (f at ! upp] side4 ,9 ! mean "t a cont9u\s /ream ( wat] ent]s at ! top1 & 9 its desc5t absorbs a portion ( ! ammonia1 at ! same "t cool+ & cond5s+ ! vap\rs 9 comb9ation ) ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,cond5s]s4 ,horizontal cond5s]s are sometimes compos$ ( a s]ies ( pipes plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 & imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,wet ,purifi]4 ,! o!r =m ( cond5s]1 :i* is v g5]ally employ$1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( v]tical pipes1 connect$ 9 pairs by semicircul> b5ds at top1 & atta*$ to a ca/-iron box or *e/ at bottom4 ,?is *e/ has a s]ies ( divisions1 ! ends ( :i* are seal$ by liquid plac$ !re91 s t ! gas 9 its passage has to pass ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( pipes4 ,! pipes by _! contact ) ! atmosph]e radiate ! heat acquir$ f ! gas 9 its passage1 & x be+ 9 consequ5ce cool$1 deposits ! vap\rs z liquid 9 ! =m ( t>1 & wat] saturat$ ) ammonia1 g5]ally call$ ammoniacal liquor4 ,?is cond5s] is sometimes us$ ) an application ( cold wat] on its ext]ior1 9 ord] to increase ! cool+ effect4 ,! o!r "p ( ! purification is by a *emical process1 9 :i* a solution ( lime is us$ to remove o!r impurities 9 ! gas4 ,?is is call$ wet lime purification1 or :5 ! lime is only slack5$ 7or moi/5$7 x is call$ dry lime purification1 & ! process takes ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! c>bonic acid1 & o!r matt]s f ! gas be=e x is /or$ = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,dry ,purifi]4 ,! wet lime purifi] consi/s ( a ca/-iron cyl9d] entirely clos$ at top & bottom1 except :]e ! inlet & outlet pipes jo9 x1 & :]e an op5+ is requir$ = *>g+ x ) lime-wat]1 :i* same op5+ is also us$ = draw+ (f ! *>ge4 ,to ! inside ( ! cov] ( ?is out] cyl9d] is bolt$ an inlet cyl9d] usually made ( wr\ght-iron plate4 ,?is inlet cyl9d] is op5 at ! l[] "p1 & rea*es to )9 a foot f ! bottom ( ! out] cyl9d]1 b has bolt$ to its l[] flange a wide r+ or da% plate ( %eet iron1 ! out] diamet] be+ only #h or #i in*es less ?an t ( ! out] cyl9d]1 s t a space ( ab\t #d or #e in*es is left betwe5 ! outside ( ! r+ & ! int]ior ( ! l>ge cyl9d]4 ,! gas passes d[n ?r\gh ! inlet cyl9d]1 & by its pressure =ces its way up ?r\gh ! fluid lime1 ! surface ( :i* is #h or #i in*es above ! da% plate4 ,! wet lime purifi]s are v>i\sly work$2 :5 f\r are us$1 two vessels are employ$ at "o "t1 & :5 ! lime 9 ! fir/ is incapable ( absorb+ ! impurity1 t purifi] is put out ( action1 & ! second & ?ird are work$1 & s on 9 succession4 ,:5 quick lime is slack5$1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 & slightly moi/5$ ) wat]1 *emically ?is is call$ ! hydrate ( lime1 & is (t5 employ$ to absorb ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid f ! gas4 ,! process is t]m$ dry lime purification4 ,dry lime purifi]s are g5]ally rectangul> ca/-iron vessels1 v>y+ f #c feet to #cj feet squ>e1 & f #c feet to #d feet #f in*es deep4 ,sometimes 9 small works !y are made circul>2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n v frequ5t1 & is done = conv5i5ce or economy 9 con/ruction4 ,ea* purifi] conta9s a s]ies ( p]=at$ %elves1 trays1 or sieves1 support$ by suitable be>]s ( wr\ght or ca/ iron1 ! ends ( :i* are atta*$ to 8snuggs0 ca/ on ! purifi]4 ,9 l>ge app>atus !re are also pill>s plac$ at int]m$iate di/ances to c>ry ! weight ( ! sieves & purify+ mat]ial4 ,! upp] "p ( ! purifi] is surr\nd$ by a ci/]n or res]voir ( f #f in*es to #bd in*es deep1 & f #c in*es to #f in*es wide1 :i* is (t5 ca/ ) ! purifi]1 & =ms "p ( x1 or at o!r times is atta*$ !reto by bolts & cem5t1 & is = ! purpose ( conta9+ wat] to seal ! cov]4 ,! cov] ( ! purifi] is ( boil] plate or ca/ iron1 ! latt] be+ pref]able on acc\nt ( its durability2 b ! increas$ weight is an imp$im5t to its adoption4 ,! rim or bord] ( ! cov] is r deep] ?an ! ci/]n into :i* x is plac$1 & is effectually seal$ by ! wat]1 s prev5t+ ! gas escap+ f t po9t4 ,(t5 ! purifi] is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 s t ! gas asc5ds ?r\gh a set ( sieves on ! "o side1 & desc5ds ?r\gh ano!r set on ! o!r side1 answ]+ ! purpose ( two sets ( app>atus4 ,9 all e/abli%m5ts1 h[ev] small !y may be1 two di/9ct purifi]s at lea/ are necess>y1 to enable ! impure lime to be remov$ f ! "o :il/ ! gas is be+ purifi$ by ! o!r4 ,! next subject = consid]ation is t ( ! ga%old]s1 or vessels 9 :i* ! gas is /or$ ready = deliv]y into ! ma9s1 :i* di/ribute x ?r\gh\t ! di/ricts to be light$4 ,^! vessels 7 orig9ally t]m$ gasomet]s1 :i* "n is sometimes ev5 n[ appli$ to !m2 b z !y h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! measurem5t ( gas1 b are m]e vessels ( capacity or /ores1 ! simple "n ( ga%old] is m expressive & appropriate4 ,! ga%old] is compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts1 "o ( :i* conta9s wat]1 & is call$ ! tank1 ! o!r is ! vessel :i* conta9s ! gas1 be+ really ! ga%old]4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! =m] is v g5]ally t]m$ ! 8ci/]n10 & ! latt] ! 8bell40 ,! tank is a l>ge cyl9drical vessel1 con/ruct$ usually1 = ! sake ( economy1 ( brickwork or masonry1 b :5 ! gr\nd is m>%y1 or :5 wat] exi/s abundantly a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! con/ruction 9 masonry at a mod]ate price1 ^! tanks are made 9 ca/-iron1 &1 inde$1 9 small works1 are (t5 ( wr\ght iron4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! tank !re are two v]tical pipes = ! admission & egress ( ! gas1 call$ ! inlet & outlet pipes2 ! =m] be+ 9 direct communication ) ! manufactur+ app>atus1 ! latt] ) ! ma9s :i* convey ! gas to ! t[n4 ,^! pipes rise a few in*es above ! level ( ! top ( ! tank1 s t ! wat] _c ov]fl[ into !m4 ,a s]ies ( columns1 g5]ally ( ca/-iron1 b sometimes ( wood1 or brick pi]s1 are plac$ at equal di/ances ar\nd ! tank = ! purpose ( guid+ ! hold]4 ,! hold] is a cyl9drical vessel clos$ at ! top1 :i* is t]m$ ! ro(1 & op5 at ! bottom1 made ( %eet iron1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness accord+ to ! dim5sions ( ! app>atus1 ! small] sizes be+ con/ruct$ ( ?9 mat]ial 9 ord] to avoid an excess ( pressure1 :il/ ^? ( v l>ge dim5sions are made ( /\t plates = ! purpose ( obta9+ suffici5t pressure to expel ! gas to ! burn]s4 ,! hold] is some:at less 9 diamet]1 b ( ! same dep? z ! tank 9 :i* x is plac$1 sometimes be+ p>tially susp5d$ by *a9s :i* pass ov] groov$ pulleys & c\nt]-balance weights1 b m frequ5tly only guid$ by roll]s atta*$ ar\nd its l[] & upp] edges1 :i* "w aga9/ suitable guides 9 ! tank & on ! columns 9 su* a mann] z to p]mit ! hold] to asc5d & desc5d 9 ! tank ) ! greate/ fre$om4 ,! action ( ! ga%old] is v simple4 ,! tank be+ fill$ ) wat]1 & ! hold] imm]s$ !re9 ready = use1 !re is a space betwe5 ! surface ( ! wat] & ! ro( ( ! hold]2 ! gas ent]s by ! inlet pipe into ?is space1 & ) ! =ce x acquires 9 be+ expell$ f ! coal1 press+ on ! surface ( ! wat] & und]nea? ! ro(1 & ov] ! :ole area ( bo?1 causes ! hold] to rise4 ,?us1 by its own =ce or pressure1 ! gas provides room = itself1 & 9 proportion to ! quantity ent]+ s does ! hold] rise out ( ! wat]4 ,= in/ance1 a hold] hav+ #ajj feet area1 or ab\t #aa feet #d in*es diamet]1 9 ris+ #aj feet w receive #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 & 9 desc5d+1 ! same quantity w\ld be expell$4 ,ga%old]s1 ?\gh (t5 susp5d$1 are nev] entirely c\nt]-balanc$1 hav+ always suffici5t weight to give ! necess>y pressure = =c+ ! gas ?r\gh ! ma9s & small] pipes to ! burn]s1 all ?r\gh ! neighb\rhood :i* is suppli$ f x4 ,! ga%old] %\ld be s con/ruct$ t1 :5 x is full or at its greate/ height1 its l[] edge w be s f> "u wat] z to prev5t ! gas f escap+4 ,! wat] 9 ! tank s]ves ?ree purposes2 x is ! means ( resi/ance = ! gas to lift ! hold]1 x prev5ts ! gas escap+ or mix+ ) ! atmosph]e2 & x is ! means ( expell+ or =c+ out ! gas z ! hold] desc5ds4 ,,! ,,ironf\nd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\ndry4 ,hav+ already describ$ ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! trades employ$ 9 build+ & fitt+ a h\se1 we w say some?+ ( ! manufacture ( ^? ca/ iron columns1 gird]s1 grat+s1 balconies1 pipes1 gutt]s1 air traps1 coal plates1 /oves1 & o!r articles :i* are s necess>y to ! ,build] be=e 8 "w c be complet$4 ,all ^!1 z well z a great v>iety ( o!r goods made 9 black or bronze iron1 su* z gates1 bridges1 pieces ( furniture 7l umbrella /&s71 iron taps1 & ev5 pots & fry+ pans1 are made at ! ,iron ,f\ndry4 ,iron is a metal ( a blui% gray col\r2 b 9 its pure /ate x looks almo/ :ite :5 poli%$1 & has a brilliant lu/re1 :ile :5 x is brok5 ! brok5 portion looks dull & fibr\s4 ,x is ! h>de/ ( all ! malleable & ductile metals1 & ! mo/ t5aci\s ( all metals1 an iron wire ( ? ( an in* 9 diamet] be>+ a weight ( #fj p\nds4 ,9 ! pure /ate x requires ! /ronge/ heat ( :at is call$ a w9d furnace to melt x4 ,iron may be call$ ! mo/ preci\s ( all metals2 x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ b5eficial to man1 & its uses are innum]able2 inde$1 !re is n a bran* ( human indu/ry t c\ld well af=d to disp5se ) its aid & s]vices2 ne>ly all ! tools1 implem5ts1 in/rum5ts1 & eng9es us$ by man are :olly or p>tly made ( x1 & we c\ld bett] af=d to give up all ! o!r metals ?an to "p ) ?is1 :i* is ! mo/ useful4 ,iron is us$ 9 two diff]5t /ates1 z ca/ iron & wr\ght iron1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m dep5d+ on ! proportion ( c>bon comb9$ ) ! metal1 ca/ iron conta9+ ! mo/ & wr\ght iron ! lea/4 ,= ! production ( wr\ght iron 9 ! ord9>y way1 two di/9ct sets ( processes are requir$2 fir/ ! extraction ( ! metal f ! 8ore0 t is br\ght up f ! m9e1 :i* metal is ca/ iron2 & secondly ! conv]sion ( ?is ca/ iron into malleable or b> iron1 by remelt+1 puddl+1 & =g+4 ,b> iron is turn$ into /eel by plac+ x 9 contact ) *>coal 9 a peculi> k9d ( furnace4 ,:5 ! ore is tak5 f ! m9e x is fir/ burnt or calc9$1 & !n remov$ to a bla/ furnace to be smelt$4 ,^! bla/ furnaces are g5]ally built ( brick1 & look l small t[]s4 ,! ore is mix$ ) lime/one1 :i* causes x to melt m easily1 & ! fire is light$ ) pit coal or coke4 ,! melt$ metal s9ks to ! bottom ( ! furnace 9 consequ5ce ( its weight1 :ile ! lime/one & dross float on ! top1 & are all[$ to run (f :5 !y cool into a mass ( :at is call$ 8slag40 ,! melt$ metal is run (f f ! bottom ( ! furnace1 ei!r into m\lds = "s sort ( ca/+s1 or into a l>ge furr[ made 9 a b$ ( s&4 ,?is l>ge furr[ has sev]al small] furr[s on ea* side ( x1 & has receiv$ ! "n ( ! 8s[20 ! small] furr[s be+ call$ 8pigs20--& ! iron :5 x is =m$ 9 ?is %ape to be aft]w>ds made malleable is call$ 8pig iron40 ,! pig iron is tak5 to o!r & small] furnaces call$ puddl+ furnaces1 ! bottoms ( :i* are l9$ ) clay mix$ ) ! slag j m5tion$1 & =m+ a sub/ance :i* ! puddl]s call 8bull-dog10 ?\gh x w\ld be difficult to discov] :y x receiv$ t "n4 ,ab\t f\r hundr$ weight ( ! pigs is plac$ 9 ! furnace1 & z x melts ! puddl] /&s at ! furnace m\? ) a long iron rod b5t at ! end1 & /irs x ab\t1 until x comes to resemble sev]al great balls ( iron pa/e4 ,^! balls are remov$1 & fall into iron trucks pu%$ along a small railway by boys1 :o :eel !m at once to ! 8%+l+ hamm]10 an imm5sely p[]ful hamm] work$ by /eam1 & ?is beats ! iron into small squ>e b>s call$ 8blooms40 ,! blooms are next c>ri$ to ! roll+ mill1 :i* is a pair ( great roll]s cut into grooves ( v>i\s sizes1 & betwe5 ^! grooves ! b>s are squeez$1 z ! roll]s turn r\nd1 until !y become mu* long] & n>r[]1 :5 !y are kn[n z 8=g$ b>s40 ,"s ( ! roll+ mills1 h[ev]1 are pla9 cyl9d]s )\t grooves1 & :5 a slab ( :ite-hot iron is plac$ betwe5 ^! x comes out f ! pressure 9 a great broad %eet ( metal4 ,^! op]ations require great bodily /r5g? z well z consid]able skill on ! "p ( ! workm51 :o are oblig$ to seize ! heat$ metal ) long tongs1 & to cat* x 9 ! same way z x comes out f ! mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,ca/+ ,ladle4 ,! iron :i* is int5d$ = ca/+s is melt$ 9 a 8cupola furnace10 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! dome-l %ape 9 :i* x is built1 :i* has some?+ to d ) ! m p]fect heat+ ( ! metal4 ,:5 ! iron is completely melt$ s t x w run freely1 ! l[] portion ( ! furnace is op5$1 & ! :ite-hot /ream is receiv$ 9 ! ca/+ ladle1 or1 :]e x has to be c>ri$ = "s di/ance1 & ! ca/+ is l>ge1 9 great iron pails c>ri$ 9 a sort ( frame by two m54 ,f ! ca/+ ladle x is at once p\r$ into ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\ld4 ,small ,ca/+ ,ladle4 ,! m\ld is a sort ( iron box fill$ ) a peculi> sort ( s&1 into :i* a wood5 patt]n ( ! int5d$ ca/+ is press$1 & ! s& firmly ramm$ d[n & made solid4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two boxes ( s&1 ea* ( :i* is impress$ ) "o half ( ! ?ickness ( ! requir$ ca/+1 s t :5 !y are br\ght toge!r1 & firmly fa/5$ ) ! p9s1 z %[n 9 ! picture1 ! patt]ns :i* h be5 tak5 out h left a half ( ! impression 9 ea* box1 ea* correspond+ exactly to ! o!r4 ,a hole 9 ! box receives ! melt$ metal1 = :i* a *annel has be5 left 9 ! s&1 t x may freely run into ! holl[s left by ! patt]n1 & completely fill !m2 !n1 :5 x has suffici5tly cool$1 ! ca/+ is remov$1 & :5 ! r\gh edges h be5 remov$1 & ! irregul>ities trimm$ (f1 x is ready = use1 & may be fitt$ to its o!r p>ts1 :i* h p]haps be5 sep>ately ca/1 z 9 ! case ( g>d5 seats1 f5d]s1 *&eli]s1 umbrella /&s1 or ornam5tal gird]s & columns4 ,illu/ration3 ,furnace ,iron4 ,bru%4 ,tr[el4 ,bell[s4 ,foot ,rule4 ,level4 ,%ovel4 ,spat]a4 ,hamm]4 ,m\ld ,weight4 ,ramm]4 ,we h only describ$ solid ca/+s1 b z ornam5tal iron "w is g5]ally made holl[1 ?is has to be ca/ 9 r a diff]5t way1 ?\gh ! only diff]5ce is t :at are call$ 8cores0 are us$4 ,^! cores are 9 fact solid metal patt]ns made a little small] ?an ! holl[ left by ! real patt]n1 & all[$ to rema9 9 ! m\ld4 ,! melt$ iron !n fl[s betwe5 ! surface ( ! core & ! surface ( ! m\ld1 & ! ca/+ is holl[1 s t :5 ! core is remov$ ! metal is only ! ?ickness ( ! space left betwe5 ! two surfaces4 ,y w see :at is meant by plac+ a small teacup inside a l>g] "o1 & !n p\r+ wat] betwe5 !m4 ,! tools us$ by ! ,ironf\nd] are n v num]\s3 ! ca/+ ladles & m\ld h already be5 m5tion$2 ! uses ( ! %ovel & ! m\ld weight1 ! ramm]1 & ! furnace iron ne$ no description4 ,! design]s1 & patt]n mak]s1 & ! m\ld mak] h ! mo/ important duties1 & ! latt] w h to use a small tr[el & a spat]a = arrang+ 8 s& & loam1 a level t x may be p]fectly true1 & a bru% & a pair ( bell[s = remov+ any p>ticles ( grit f ! surface ( ! *annels :]e ! patt]n has be5 impress$4 ,almo/ all irons are improv$ by admixture ) o!rs1 &1 !re=e1 :5 sup]ior ca/+s are requir$ !y %\ld n be run direct f ! smelt+ furnace1 b ! metal %\ld be remelt$ 9 a cupola furnace1 :i* gives ! opportunity ( suit+ ! quality ( ! iron to its int5d$ use4 ,?us1 = delicate ornam5tal "w1 a s(t & v fluid iron w be requir$1 :il/ = gird]s & ca/+s expos$ to cross /ra9 ! metal w require to be h>d] & m t5aci\s4 ,= b$-plates & ca/+s :i* h m]ely to su/a9 a compress+ =ce1 ! *ief po9t to be att5d$ to is ! h>dness ( ! metal4 ,ca/+s %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! s& until cool1 z ! quality ( ! metal is greatly injur$ by ! rapid & irregul> cool+ :i* takes place f exposure to air if remov$ f ! m\lds 9 a r$ hot /ate1 :i* is sometimes done 9 small f\ndries to economise room4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,blacksmi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=ge4 ,9 ! build+ & fitt+ ( ! h\se a l>ge portion ( ! iron "w w h to be furni%$ by ! ,smi?1 & z we h already giv5 "s description ( iron f\nd+1 x w be necess>y to say some?+ ab\t ! ,blacksmi?1 or ! work] 9 iron or black metal1 ^: bus9ess is diff]5t f t ( ! :itesmi?1 :i* has to d m p>ticul>ly ) :ite or yell[ metal4 ,! way 9 :i* malleable iron1 t is1 iron fit = ! hamm]1 is produc$ has be5 m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! trade ( ! iron f\nd]1 :o 9 fact supplies ! ,blacksmi? ) ! raw mat]ial4 ,x is n v easy to tell y mu* ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! ,blacksmi? makes ! great v>iety ( articles :i* 8 trade furni%es1 = !re is no bus9ess ! success ( :i* dep5ds m ^u p]sonal skill4 ,z ! trade ( ! ,smi?1 or at all ev5ts ! work] 9 metal1 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t1 & exi/$ 9 times :5 !re 7 few tools1--z1 9 fact1 x is ! ,smi? :o has to make tools1--s at ! pres5t day1 he has to dep5d *iefly on 8 own ability 9 ! use ( ! hamm] & a few o!r simple in/rum5ts to fa%ion ! articles t come out ( 8 work%op4 ,x is he :o supplies ! v>i\s articles ( wr\ght iron "w us$ 9 a build+2 z pile%oes1 /raps1 screw bolts1 dog-irons1 *imney-b>s1 grat+s1 & wr\ght-iron rail+s & balu/rades = /aircases4 ,wr\ght iron 0 =m]ly mu* us$ = _m purposes = :i* ca/ iron is n[ g5]ally employ$2 ! improvem5ts made 9 ca/+ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury hav+ caus$ a great alt]ation 9 ?is respect4 ,x is n only = build+ purposes t ! ,blacksmi? is employ$1 h[ev]1 s9ce !re is sc>cely any?+ con/ruct$ ( iron 9 :i* 8 aid is n requir$1 f important portions ( ma*9]y to ! r\gh horse-%oes :i* h to be f9i%$ & fitt$ by ! f>ri]4 ,9 ! =ge1 :]e ! great bell[s susp5d$ to ! ceil+ make ! furnace ro>1 & ! sp>ks fly1 ! cl9k+ ( hamm]s is he>d all day long4 ,illu/ration3 ,hamm]4 ,sl$ge ,hamm]4 ,set ,hamm]s4 ,vice4 ,anvil4 ,tongs4 ,file4 ,! anvil1 on :i* ! iron is beat5 into %ape1 ! b5*1 fitt$ ) a vice = hold+ su* portions ( ! "w z require ! file1 ! tongs1 ) :i* ! r$ hot metal is held1 ! sl$ge hamm]1 & ! set hamm]s1 are ! pr9cipal tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,callip]s4 ,compasses4 ,head+ ,tools4 ,gauges4 ,squ>e4 ,bottom ,tool4 ,! sl$ge hamm] is us$ = beat+ ! metal until x is temp]$ & easily =m$ into %ape1 & x is 9 ! temp]+ ( ! metal by beat+ t ! great skill ( ! ,smi? is (t5 display$4 ,! set hamm]s are us$ = sett+ out ! "w1 & h heads ( diff]5t %apes1 accord+ to ! =m :i* ! metal is requir$ to assume4 ,! v>i\s gauges are plac$ ^u ! anvil = ! simil> purpose ( %ap+ ! "w1 & ! callip]s1 compasses1 & squ>e1 measur+ & adju/+ x4 ,! head+ tools consi/ ( cutt+1 pun*+1 & /amp+ in/rum5ts1 & are probably s call$1 because !y are furni%$ ) heads to receive ! bl[s ( ! heavy hamm]1 by :i* !y are =c$ into ! hot metal on ! anvil4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble ,hooks4 ,pun*4 ,slice4 ,fire ,irons4 ,^! head+ tools are held1 n by h&les ( _! own1 :i* w\ld break (f ) ! concussion ( ! hamm]1 b by a sort ( )e ( bir*1 or "s o!r tree fa/5$ loosely r\nd !m at _! heads1 & b\nd by a r+ to keep !m f p>t+4 ,! pun* is us$ 9 mak+ bolts or rivets1 ! slice & fire irons = arrang+ ! fuel 9 ! furnace1 & remov+ small articles aft] !y are heat$1 ! d\ble hooks = remov+ or susp5d+ b>s1 & = "s o!r purposes4 ,,! ,,brassf\nd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,ca/+4 ,next to iron1 p]haps brass is ! metal *iefly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( articles ( daily use1 & ! trade ( ! ,brassf\nd] is !re=e ( v great importance1 especially 9 connexion ) ! small metal fitt+s1 su* z cat*es1 locks1 bolts1 hooks1 screws1 & o!r objects us$ 9 complet+ & furni%+ ! h\se4 ,brass is n a pure metal1 b is :at is call$ an alloy1 t is1 a mixture ( v>i\s metals4 ,x is compos$ ( copp] & z9c 9 su* proportions z may be necess>y to obta9 v>i\s degrees ( h>dness & col\r1 accord+ to ! use = :i* ! comp\nd is to be employ$4 ,! be/ proportions = common brass are ab\t two p>ts ( copp] to "o "p ( z9c4 ,=m]ly brass 0 made by heat+ copp] ) calam9e 7:i* is ! ore ( z9c7 & *>coal1 b x is n[ =m$ f melt+ ! two metals toge!r4 ,x is !n ca/ into plates1 :i* are ei!r brok5 up = reca/+ into any requir$ =m1 or roll$ into %eets4 ,common brass is v malleable1 is m easily melt$ ?an copp]1 & may be ca/ into any =m4 ,x w take a v high poli%1 does n ru/ or t>ni% by exposure to ! air1 &1 al?\gh x is durable 9 we>1 is suffici5tly s(t to yield readily to ! file & o!r tools us$ by ! workm54 ,^! prop]ties make x useful = a great v>iety ( purposes :]e /eel or iron c\ld n be s well employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,crucible4 ,magnet4 ,! smelt+ or mix+ h\ses :]e ! brass is made are fitt$ ) air furnaces1 & 9 "s ( ! be/ work%ops ! crucibles or melt+ pots are made ( plumbago or pure blacklead1 :i*1 al?\gh x is m exp5sive1 is mu* m durable ?an ! ,/\rbridge clay1 ( :i* ! common] crucibles are =m$4 ,a v f9e quality ( brass = be/ ca/+s consi/s ( ?ree p>ts ( be/ select$ copp]1 & two ( spelt]1 ) "s be/ scrap brass & a little t92 :ile a second quality is =m$ ( two p>ts ( ord9>y copp] & "o "p ( spelt]1 melt$ into +ots ) a proportion ( scrap brass & brass fil+s4 ,be=e ! latt] are us$ ! iron fil+s are sep>at$ f !m by a magnet1 or by a s]ies ( magnets fa/5$ to a revolv+ *a9 frame4 ,! %eet brass is procur$ f ! mills :]e x is roll$1 & ! brass wire is also suppli$ f ! special manufactories :]e x is drawn ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ ,m\lds4 ,! me?od ( mak+ m\lds = ca/+ iron has already be5 m5tion$1 & ^? employ$ by ! ,brassf\nd] are q simil>1 ! tools us$ by ! m\ld mak] be+ ! tr[el1 mallet1 rule1 & s& hook1 ! %ovel = remov+ ! s&1 ! bru% = sweep+ ! surface1 ! bell[s = bl[+ (f ! du/1 & ! compasses = measur+ accurately4 ,illu/ration3 ,bru%4 ,s& ,hook4 ,compasses4 ,bell[s4 ,%ovel4 ,rule4 ,tr[el4 ,mallet4 ,! pr9cipal mat]ials = mak+ f\ndry m\lds = brass ca/+s are f9e s& & loam mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w4 ,new s& is us$ = f9e ca/+s1 old s& = ord9>y "w4 ,! requisite ext]nal support is giv5 by a c\ple ( %all[ rectangul> iron frames )\t tops or bottoms1 call$ flasks or ca/+ boxes4 ,! two halves con/itut+ a ca/+ box c>ry e>s correspond+ exactly ) "o ano!r1 "o set pi]c$ ) holes1 ! o!r furni%$ ) po9ts ent]+ truly into ^! holes1 & :i* may be made fa/ 9 !m by cross-p9s or w$ges4 ,"o ( ! flasks is laid face d[nw>d on a bo>d long] & wid] ?an x1 & is !n ramm$ full ( m\ld+ s&2 ! surface is /ruck (f level ) a /raight metal b> or scrap]1 a little loose s& is spr9kl$ ^u x1 & ano!r bo>d ( prop] size plac$ ov] x & rubb$ d[n close4 ,! two bo>ds & ! flask conta9$ betwe5 !m are turn$ ov] & ! top bo>d is tak5 (f2 ! clean surface ( moi/ s& n[ expos$ is du/$ ov] ) p]fectly dry f9e p>t+ s&1 or v f9e r$ brickdu/4 ,! patt]ns or models are n[ prop]ly arrang$ on ! surface ( ! same1 ! cyl9drical or ?ick p>ts be+ p>tly sunk 9 ! latt]1 & c>e be+ also tak5 to leave suffici5t space betwe5 ! sev]al patt]ns to prev5t "o "p break+ into ! o!r1 & also passages or +ates1 by :i* to p\r 9 ! metal & all[ ! air to escape4 ,! patt]ns are arrang$ on bo? sides a c5tral passage or runn]1 te*nically call$ a ridge1 f :i* aga9 small lat]al passages are made1 lead+ into e section ( ! m\ld4 ,! g5]al surface is !n prop]ly arrang$ ) ! aid ( small tr[els1 & a little f9e p>t+ s& or brickdu/ is %ak5 ov] x4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! upp] "p ( ! flask is fitt$ to ! l[] by ! p9s1 & !n also ramm$ full ( m\ld s&4 ,! f9e dry p>t+ s& or brickdu/ s]ves to prev5t ! two halves f /ick+ toge!r4 ,a bo>d is n[ plac$ on ! top ( ! upp] half1 & /ruck sm>tly 9 diff]5t places ) a mallet1 aft] :i* ! upp] half & its bo>d are lift$ up v g5tly & q level1 & !n turn$ ov]1 s t ! upp] half re/s inv]t$ on its bo>d4 ,! models are next remov$1 & *annels scoop$ out f ! cavities left by !m to ! holl[s or p\r+ holes 7+ates7 at ! end ( ! flask4 ,solid cores ( s& or metal are adju/$ 9 ! prop] places :5 ! article is requir$ to be ca/ holl[ 7brass cocks1 = in/ance71 & also iron rails int5d$ to h brass heads ca/ on !m1 or su* o!r articles ( iron z are requir$ to be solidly unit$ ) ! brass4 ,! faces ( bo? halves are n[ f9ally du/$ ) wa/e fl\r or meal du/2 ! two halves are !n replac$ ^u ea* o!r1 & ! box is fix$ toge!r by screw clamps4 ,! m\lds = f9e ca/+s 7articles ) ornam5tal surfaces1 z scre5s1 sconces1 bell-lev]s1 c47 are fac$ ) v>i\s f9e sub/ances1 su* z *>coal1 loam/one1 rott5/one1 c4 t !y may reta9 a %>p impression2 aft] :i* !y are mo/ c>efully dri$4 ,= ord9>y "w x is g5]ally consid]$ bett] t ! s& %\ld reta9 a little moi/ure1 ?\gh great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ?is respect1 to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,braces4 ,set ,m\lds4 ,cores4 ,! m\ld !n is a squ>e frame1 mo/ly ( iron1 fill$ ) peculi> d>k r$ s&1 :i* is press$ into a firm mass1 9 :i* ! patt]ns ( ! ca/+ are imb$d$ & _! p]fect %ape impress$4 ,! ca/]s "w at a l>ge tr\gh fill$ ) ! s&1 & ! work%op1 ) its =ge1 has "s resemblance to a bakeh\se :]e black bread is be+ knead$ into loaves4 ,! fir/ m\ld is made = :at is call$ ! 8odd side0 ( ! patt]n--t is to say 79 solid ca/+s71 ! l[]1 or inf]ior side--& ?is s]ves z a sort ( patt]n to :i* ! m\ld] ref]s 9 f9e ca/+s4 ,! patt]n be+ lift$ (f or out z soon z ! s&-m\ld is suffici5tly solid1 ! :ole surface1 9 :i* ! *as+ ( ! patt]n is cle>ly def9$1 is du/$ ) bean-floor or p\nd$ 8pot0 fir/1 & aft]w>ds ) loam1 s&1 *>coal1 or coal-du/4 ,?is has ! effect ( mak+ a smoo? surface1 & effectually fill+ ! int]/ices 9 ! s&1 s z to prev5t any ragg$ness 9 ! ca/+4 ,ea* m\ld1 or r ! two sides ( ! m\ld1 are !n plac$ ne> ! surface & slightly bak$1 a *annel hav+ be5 made 9 ! edge ( ea* = conduct+ ! melt$ metal to ! patt]n4 ,! two sides are !n plac$ toge!r & held firmly by _! p9s & sockets1 & ! m\ld is ready = ! ca/+4 ,! 8pots10 or crucibles ( greyi% clay1 :i* turn r$ by ! action ( ! fire1 are 9 ! furnaces l s _m tall fl[]-pots4 ,! dirty yell[i% brass +ots1 made on ! premises at a l>ge mix+ furnace1 hav+ be5 fir/ plac$ across ! tops ( ! pots1 t !y may exp& be=e be+ melt$1 are ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft]w>ds r$uc$ to a molt5 mass1 above :i* hov]s a light sea-gre5 flame m+l$ ) /reaks ( brilliant col\r1 l ! wat] f a dyeh\se2 mean:ile ! m\lds h be5 plac$ 9 a slant+ position1 ) ! op5+ 9 ! side upw>ds1 aga9/ a bank ( s& or brickwork1 & ev]y?+ is prep>$ = p\r+4 ,a man1 :o %\ld be /rong 9 ! wri/1 /&s on ! furnace1 :i* has ! op5+s at ! top1 l a ,fr5* cook+-/ove1 & tak+ (f ! brick cov]s f ! squ>e ap]ture1 :5ce ru%es out a tongue ( gre5 flame1 lifts out ! pot ) a pair ( tongs1 & aft] ! dross is remov$ by ! skimm] or grunt]1 h&s x to ! p\r]1 :o fills ea* m\ld 9 succession4 ,! fumes :i* rise f ! mid/ ( ! col\r$ fire are peculi> & p5etrat+1 & ! z9c elim9at$ f ! molt5 brass falls 9 a metallic sn[/orm1 its flaky p>ticles adh]+ to ev]y?+ ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 :ile ! resi/ance ( ! s& to ! metal causes a s]ies ( reports l muffl$ pi/ol-%ots4 ,illu/ration3 ,l>ge ,tongs4 ,small ,tongs4 ,pot ,holes4 ,skimm]4 ,grunt]4 ,! brass cocks & plugs us$ 9 gas-fitt+s are all ca/ 9 "o c5tral /em1 l *]ries on a /ick1 _! holl[ =ms be+ secur$ by means ( cores made ( h>d5$ s& plac$ 9 ! %ape impress$ 9 ! m\ld4 ,^! are brok5 (f ! c5tral /em ) a pair ( p9c]s imm$iately aft] ca/+4 ,! ornam5tal 8vases0 & l>g] ornam5ts :i* =m ! body ( ord9>y gas *&eli]s & lamps are =m$ out ( ?9 metal by a process call$ 8/amp+ out10 ! plates ( metal be+ plac$ on a holl[ die1 ^u :i* a heavy hamm]1 or r weight1 is br\ght d[n1 be+ releas$ f a lat* & work$ by ! foot4 ,! dep? ( ! ca/+ w\ld make s heavy a bl[ necess>y t !re w\ld be dang] ( splitt+ ! metal1 an accid5t :i* is prev5t$ by ! introduction ( a lead5 %ape & a lay] ( clay1 :i* is decreas$ aft] ea* bl[ ( ! hamm] until ! prop] dep? is gradually secur$ )\t injury4 ,! process call$ 8rev]s+0 is an op]ation :i* secures a holl[ ca/+1 ! inn] or holl[ side be+ call$ ! 8rev]se40 ,= ?is purpose a m\ld is made f "o 9 wax1 & ! impression 9 ! m\ld h>d5$1 s t ano!r model c be tak5 f x4 ,?is enables ! m\ld] to secure a core :i* fits ! impression 9 ! m\ld1 z "o cup w\ld /& inside ano!r2 & betwe5 ! m\ld conta9+ ! sunk patt]n & t ) ! project+ core !re are plac$ /rips ( black clay1 to secure suffici5t ?ickness ( metal1 by n all[+ ! holl[ to be too accurately fill$4 ,! patt]n :5 ca/ is 8laid out0 on a holl[ hemisph]e ( iron fill$ ) pit*1 & ! irregul>ities ( ! ca/+ remov$ by h& tools1 files1 rasps1 & knives4 ,9 ! case ( figures1 su* z cupids1 c4 =m+ ornam5ts = c&elabra1 ! v>i\s limbs h (t5 to be modell$ 9 sep>ate 8cores10 :i* are aft]w>ds bak$ h>d1 & put toge!r l a puzzle-map1 imb$d$ 9 ! s& ( ! m\ld previ\s to ca/+4 ,?is requires great skill to effect successfully1 & an exp]i5c$ 8rev]s]0 is a man ( m>k 9 ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,=k4 ,v5t ,wire4 ,sleek+ ,tool4 ,rasp4 ,file4 ,vice4 ,p9c]s4 ,hamm]4 ,d\ble-head$ ,knife4 ,saw4 ,draw+ ,knife4 ,knife4 ,! complet$ ca/+s are n[ remov$ to ! *as+-room1 :]e we may wat* ! gradual process ( beautify+ to :i* !y are subject$1 & ! %>p5+ ( ! ornam5tal details by means ( tool & grav]1 9 a simil> way to ! fir/ r\gh 8lay+-out10 :i* removes ! irregul>ities ( ! patt]n4 ,! arms & bran*es :i* =m a "p ( ! gas *&eli] "w1 z well z _m ( ! scroll-"w ornam5ts1 are ca/ 9 halves1 :i* are tak5 to ! sold]+-room1 :]e a workman1 seat$ at a =ge-l furnace1 heats !m 9 ! burn+ emb]s1 & applies to ! edges ! sold]1 ) :i* is m+l$ a flux ( borax & wat] to secure its melt+4 ,! heat is increas$ by a bl[pipe1 :i* is 9 reality a d\ble or jacket$ tube1 ! inn] "o supply+ gas1 & ! out] be+ connect$ ) a l>ge pair ( bell[s1 & mix+ atmosph]ic air ) ! light$ gas at ! po9t ( combu/ion4 ,! pickl+ room is a l>ge %$-l place fill$ ) tubs1 tr\ghs1 & e>!n pans4 ,into "o ( ^!1 conta9+ dilut$ aqua-=tis1 ! metal is plung$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ! scale produc$ on ! surface by ! action ( ! fire2 f ?is x is dipp$ 9 a /rong] solution1 to und]go ! process call$ 8fizz+10 & its f9al baptism 9 pure acid re/ores ! beautiful primrose col\r :i* prop]ly belongs to x4 ,x is /ill dull1 h[ev]1 & goes to be 8scrat*$10 an op]ation effect$ by means ( a revolv+ wire-bru%1 turn$ by a :eel & treadle1 & kept cont9ually wet ) wat]4 ,! ornam5tal processes h next to be consid]$1 & ^! are _m4 ,previ\s to burni%+1 ! "w is dipp$ 9 argot or t>t> 7! lees ( w9e-casks /eep$ 9 wat]71 s t x may be subject to a /rong antioxyde4 ,! burni%+ itself produces ^? bright ve9s & ornam5tal surfaces s (t5 se5 9 brass "w1 & is effect$ by fix+ ! "w 9 a vice1 & rubb+ ! p>ts ( ! patt]n :i* are to be bright5$ ) a /eel tool hav+ a smoo? bevel edge4 ,aft] be+ treat$ ) ox-gall1 bean fl\r1 & acid1 to remove any /ill adh]+ grease1 ! "w is dri$1 by be+ fir/ dipp$ 9 hot wat] & aft]w>ds buri$ 9 a pan ( w>m sawdu/4 ,!n !re is lacqu]+1 bo? black & :ite1 a simple process en\gh1 s9ce ! lacqu] is laid on ) a bru%1 & ! "w dri$ on a w>m plate4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( ! ,brassf\nd]1 z f> z reg>ds ^! latt] op]ations1 is ( c\rse effect$ by ma*9]y1 b ! ca/+ itself is entirely complet$ by ! skill ( ! workm54 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,gild]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,gild]'s ,work%op4 ,:5 once ! h\se is built & ! "w ( bricklay]1 c>p5t]1 plumb]1 pa9t]1 glazi]1 & mason is f9i%$1 x is necess>y to set ab\t ^? decorations :i* accompany ! furni%+2 & "o ( ! fir/ ( ! trades ne$$ = ?is purpose is t ( ! ,gild]1 :o has to d n only ) cornices1 m\ld+s & o!r ornam5ts1 b also ) ! frames ( pictures & look+-glasses t adorn ! walls & *imney-pieces4 ,^! frames1 h[ev]1 h fir/ to be made by ! jo9]1 & !n receive ! "w ( ! c>v]1 or ! ornam5t mak]4 ,! jo9] does little m ?an put ! pla9 gr\ndwork ( ! frame toge!r2 b ! duty ( ! c>v] is ( a v arti/ic description2 & to be a good c>v] 9 wood requires an education & a ta/e v ne>ly equal to t ( ! sculptor1 ) :om ! arti/s 9 wood =m]ly held a high rank4 ,mo/ ( ! ornam5ts n[ us$ = frames1 h[ev]1 are less exp5sive ?an ^? =m]ly produc$ by ! c>v] :o add$ a fre% value to ! pa9t+ or ! look+-glass by ex]cis+ 8 skill ^u ! co/ly sett+s 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,composition ornam5ts are n[ 9 g5]al dem& = all b ! mo/ exp5sive frames1 & z ?is composition--:i* is =m$ ( glue1 wat]1 l9se$ oil1 res91 & :it+--is press$ into m\lds :5 x is ( ab\t ! consi/5ce ( d\gh1 x is evid5t t ! m\ld mak] has p>tially tak5 ! c>v]'s place4 ,a new sub/ance1 h[ev]1 has to a great ext5t sup]s$$ ! old composition1 & ?is is papi]-m*1 or ! pulp ( pap] 7lit]ally1 ma%$ or beat5 pap]71 :i*1 f its lightness1 its great] /r5g? & durability1 & ! ?9ness to :i* ornam5ts made ( x c be r$uc$1 is pref]able = all l>ge decorations4 ,:atev] may be ! size or patt]n ( ! frame1 h[ev]1 we w suppose t ! ornam5t mak] receiv$ x f ! jo9]1 :o puts x toge!r aft] x has be5 cov]$ ) coat+s ( hot size & :it+2 ! size be+ made f p>*m5t cutt+s or kid lea!r p>+s boil$ to a sort ( jelly4 ,! nail or screw holes are !n fill$ up ) putty by ! help ( ! putty knife1 & ! surface ( ! frame smoo!d ) pieces ( pumice /one4 ,! ornam5t mak] next fixes on ! decorations & h&s x to ! ,gild]1 ^: fir/ bus9ess is to wa% ! ornam5ts c>efully 9 ord] to remove any oil t may h rema9$ on _! surface f ! inside ( ! ca/4 ,illu/ration3 ,size4 ,:it+4 ,putty ,knife4 ,badg] ,tool4 ,du/]4 ,gold ,leaf ,knife4 ,cu%ion4 ,tip4 ,! pr9cipal tools requir$ by ! ,gild] are1 fir/3 ! cu%ion1 :i* is a flat bo>d cov]$ ) sev]al lay]s ( wooll5 or flannel & aft]w>ds ) a piece ( lea!r1 :i* is /ret*$ tightly ov] x & nail$ d[n to ! edges1 ?us =m+ a firm b s(t & ela/ic b$4 ,a rim ( p>*m5t c>ri$ r\nd "o end ( ! cu%ion s]ves to hold ! gold leaf4 ,second3 a gold leaf knife--:i* is a /raight smoo?-edg$ in/rum5t1 n v %>p1 b c>efully po9t$ at ! end4 ,?ird3 ! tip--a tool g5]ally made ( two pieces ( c>d or v ?9 bo>d glu$ toge!r & hold+ betwe5 !m a r[ ( camel's hairs4 ,x is also necess>y to h a badg] tool & a du/]2 ! fir/ = remov+ ! loose edges & fly+ scraps ( gold leaf1 aft] ! gild+ is complet$1 & ! latt] = bru%+ away du/ f ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,m9iature ,burni%]4 ,burni%]4 ,no4 #a4 ,burni%]4 ,no4 #b4 ,burni%]4 ,no4 #c4 ,*isel4 ,putt]-d[n4 ,gold ,leaf ,box4 ,! burni%]s are pieces ( smoo? /one 7fl9t or agate7 set 9 h&les1 & are us$ = rubb+ "s p>ts ( ! gold1 :5 x is set on ! frame1 until x atta9s a brilliant poli% & smoo?ness ( surface3 ! bright gold portions ( a frame be+ kn[n z burni%1 & ! dull p>ts or 8dead gold0 z matt4 ,a *isel & knife are necess>y = remov+ any inequalities or ov]fl[+s ( size f ! edge ( ! frame2 ! fea!r du/] is us$ to du/ ! new gild+ be=e x is s5t home2 ! size pot is ! vessel 9 :i* ! size is melt$1 & ! pan receives x be=e x is laid on4 ,! putt]-d[n is a l>ge s(t bru% us$ = press+ d[n ! gold into ! ornam5ts1 & remov+ ! ragg$ edges ( ! gold-leaf f ^? p>ts ( ! frame :]e x is mo/ difficult to place x smoo?ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fea!r ,du/]4 ,size ,pot4 ,pan4 ,gold ,book4 ,! gold box is ( c\rse a receptacle = ! gold leaf1 & z ! leaf is s5t f ! gold beat]s 9 %eets plac$ betwe5 leaves ( pap] sewn toge!r l a volume1 ?is is naturally call$ ! gold book4 ,hav+ receiv$ 8 frame1 !n1 ! ,gild] fir/ gives x two or ?ree coat+s ( 8?9 :ite10 :i* is ! "n by :i* ! size & :it+ is kn[n 9 ! trade4 ,if any "p ( ! frame is to be burni%$1 x aft]w>ds receives a coat or two ( r ?ick] size4 ,:5 ^! are dry1 /rong w>m size is laid on ) a bru%2 ?is is call$ cle> cole1 & produces a smoo? glossy surface1 :i* prev5ts ! oil gold size f s9k+ ?r\gh4 ,oil gold size is ! next coat+ giv5 to ! frame1 & x is made ( o*re & boil$ l9se$ oil1 gr\nd up toge!r into a smoo? creamy liquid1 :i* is ?9n$ ) m boil$ l9se$ oil1 & put on v c>efully ) a s(t bru%4 ,9 a few h\rs1 aft] ! oil gold size is put on1 x is suffici5tly dry to receive ! gold leaf2 ! surface be+ !n slightly /icky1 s t x w hold x firmly & )\t its own surface be+ di/urb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pipk94 ,rule4 ,gold ,size ,pot4 ,! ,gild] n[ comm5ces ! mo/ important "p ( 8 "w by tak+ ! cu%ion on 8 left h&1 ) 8 ?umb ?r\gh a loop :i* is atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! lea!r2 betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! same h& he places ! tools t he w h to use1--namely1 ! tip1 ! gold knife1 & ! camel-hair p5cil4 ,he !n takes a gold book & c>efully bl[s out a leaf at a "t on to ! cu%ion1 until he has eight or t5 leaves all heap$ toge!r )9 ! rim ( p>*m5t :i* holds !m f fly+ away4 ,?is is a v delicate op]ation1 s9ce if he %\ld bl[ too h>d ! leaves w\ld be c>ri$ all ov] ! room4 ,he next sep>ates "o ( ! leaves f ! re/ ) 8 knife1 & )\t cutt+ or te>+ x lays x d[n smoo?ly ^u ! front "p ( ! cu%ion1 p>tly by a g5tle use ( ! knife itself1 & p>tly by skilfully bl[+ ^u x4 ,!n tak+ ! tip 9 8 "r-h& he c>efully presses x on ! leaf1 to :i* x adh]es1 & by ?is means transf]s x to t "p ( ! frame :]e he is at "w4 ,:]e ! ornam5ts are v deep1 ! same "p is gilt ?ree or f\r times ov]1 & ! gold is sometimes press$ 9 ) a wad ( cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,skew+ ,bru%4 ,small ,p5cil4 ,aft] ! :ole surface is c>efully skew$1 or gone ov] ) ! bru% :i* removes ! ragg$ edges & /ill fur!r presses ! gold into ! ornam5ts1 ! frame is well du/$ ) ano!r s(t bru%1 & !n siz$ ) cle> size1 aft] :i* ! "w is complete4 ,suppos+ h[ev] t any "p ( ! frame is to be ( burni%$ gilt1 ! cle> cole & ! oil gold size mu/ n be suff]$ to t\* t portion1--burni% gold size1 a sub/ance made ( grease1 clay1 black lead1 r$ *alk1 & bullock's blood1 is us$ in/ead ( ! oil gold size4 ,sev]al coats ( ?is are laid on ! "p to be burni%$1 ea* be+ all[$ to dry1 & p]fectly smoo!d1 be=e ! o!r is appli$4 ,! surface is !n wa%$ ) a sponge & clean wat]1 ano!r coat+ ( gold size is laid on1 ! gold leaf is appli$1 & ! burni%+ tools us$ to imp>t ! requir$ lu/re4 ,,! ,,cab9et ,,mak] ,,& ,,uphol/]]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cab9et ,,mak]',s ,,%op4 ,! trades ( ! ,c>p5t] & ! ,jo9] hav+ be5 consid]$1 we may n[ turn to t ( ! ,cab9et ,mak]1 :o1 ?\gh he makes ! furniture ( ! h\se1 & seldom has any?+ to d ) build+ or fitt+ ! h\se itself1 uses _m ( ! same tools z ! jo9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,panel ,plane4 ,v5e] ,plane4 ,smoo?+ ,plane4 ,floats4 ,rebate ,plane4 ,h& ,saw4 ,rebate ,plane4 ,z ! ,cab9et ,mak] mo/ly works 9 m co/ly woods1 & ! op]ations ( 8 trade h to be p]=m$ ) great] nicety1 8 implem5ts are g5]ally ( r a bett] sort2 :ile he has to fa%ion ! articles 9 :i* he deals 9 s _m diff]5t %apes t "s ( 8 tools1 su* z planes & g\ges1 are con/ruct$ especially = him1 l ! panel plane1 us$ z its "n implies 9 smoo?+ & =m+ ! edges ( panels = w>drobes1 *iffoni]s1 & o!r pieces ( furniture be=e !y are plac$ 9 _! frames1 & ! v5e] plane1 int5d$ = putt+ on v5e]s1 or ! ?9 slabs ( co/ly wood ) :i* m common woods are frequ5tly cov]$4 ,! smoo?+ plane & ! rebate plane1 z well z ! h& saw1 ! t5on saw1 ! gimlet1 & ! rule & squ>e1 h already be5 m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! jo9]'s bus9ess4 ,!n !re are m\ld+ planes1 ) _! blades %ap$ holl[ s t !y w cut a /rip ( wood into a r\nd$ =m1 or %ap$ r\nd s z to cut a holl[ groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e4 ,h& ,saw4 ,gimlet4 ,rule4 ,sometimes bo>ds are jo9$ at ! edges by a process call$ mat* bo>d+3 a groove be+ made along ! edge ( "o bo>d :ile ! edge ( ano!r is cut ) a tongue along ! middle to fit accurately into ! groove4 ,= ?is purpose a pair ( mat* planes are us$1 "o ( :i* makes ! groove & ! o!r ! tongue exactly ( ! prop] size to fit p]fectly4 ,?is k9d ( jo9t is us$ = common doors1 :i* x is n wor? :ile to frame toge!r 9 panels4 ,! bo>ds aft] be+ mat*$ are nail$ close toge!r to /rong cross-pieces4 ,! op]ations ( mortis+ & dovetail+ h be5 describ$ 9 ! description ( jo9]'s "w4 ,! v>i\s fitt+s & jo9ts us$ 9 mak+ *airs1 c\*es1 tables1 cab9ets1 side-bo>ds1 & o!r furniture are adaptations ( ! same k9d1 or diff] only accord+ to ! %ape & position ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,9 ornam5tal cab9et "w ! sep>ate p>ts1 su* z pill>s1 legs1 arms1 & o!r pieces1 are (t5 suppli$ by ! turn] & ! wood c>v]1 :o sometimes c>ry out _! designs "u ! direction ( ! ,cab9et ,mak]4 ,mahogany & _m o!r ( ! h>d] woods are difficult to "w1 z ! gra9 does n all run ! same way1 s t 9 plan+ !m ! wood is likely to split or *ip :]e x %\ld be %av$ (f smoo?ly4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 ! ,cab9et ,mak]'s planes are furni%$ ) d\ble irons1 t is1 an iron ) a flat dull edge is screw$ on to ! face ( ! cutt+ iron1 s z to prev5t ! %av+s *ipp+ aga9/ ! gra94 ,! m cross-gra9$ ! wood is ! clos] ! workman br+s d[n ! dull iron t[>ds ! edge ( ! %>p "o1 & 8 %av+s are consequ5tly f9]4 ,! v5e]+ plane is ab\t ! same size z ! smoo?+ plane1 b ! iron in/ead ( hav+ a smoo? edge is too!d l a f9e saw1 s t1 in/ead ( tak+ (f %av+s1 x makes scrat*es all along ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,?is is appli$ to ! v5e] z well z to ! wood to :i* ! v5e] is to be glu$1 s t ! glue may easily hold ! two r\gh surfaces toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,tool ,*e/4 ,previ\s to ! v5e] be+ put on1 ! "w is well w>m$ be=e a fire1 & ! glue bru% work$ freely ov] bo? ! v5e] & wood to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,:5 ! v5e] is put on1 x is rubb$ backw>d & =w>d1 at ! same "t be+ press$ d[n ) ! h&s until x /icks 9 ! "r place4 ,!re are (t5 lumps "h & !re :]e !re is too mu* glue1 & ^! are rem$i$ by ! v5e]+ hamm]1 ! head ( :i* is made ( wood furni%$ ) a /rip ( iron plate4 ,?is /rip is laid flat on ! v5e]1 & ! head ( ! hamm] press$ ) ! h& :ile x is work$ ab\t by ! h&le1 press+ out ! glue z x moves t[>ds ! edge4 ,:5 a piece ( furniture is too l>ge to be cov]$ ) "o v5e]1 ^! ?9 slabs ( wood are laid on 9 sev]al pieces1 ! edges be+ fir/ plan$ q /raight & made to meet ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,! :ole surface is aft]w>ds work$ ) ! too?+ plane1 & !n scrap$ ) a flat squ>e piece ( /eel1 :i* takes (f a wond]fully f9e ?9 %av+ & leaves ! surface p]fectly smoo?4 ,x is aft]w>ds f9i%$ ) s&pap]4 ,x is !n ,fr5* poli%$ ) a liquid compos$ mo/ly ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 gum1 %ellac1 gum se$ lac1 & ,v5ice turp5t9e1 ! furniture be+ previ\sly well oil$ t x may bett] receive ?is sort ( v>ni%4 ,clamps are a sort ( screw vice = hold+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w4 ,! b[ saw is a small f9e blade ( /eel not*$ l a saw1 & fix$ to a %ort h&le1 f :i* a wood5 or metal b[ ext5ds to ! o!r end ( ! blade4 ,! b[ keeps ! saw f buckl+ or break+1 & ! tool is us$ = small "w1 l ! fretwork 9 front ( pianos1 :]e a corn] has to be turn$ & ! piece sawn out4 ,! screws se5 9 ! l>g] picture hang+ above ! ,cab9et ,mak]'s b5* are us$ = hold+ pieces toge!r aft] be+ glu$1 or on o!r occasions4 ,illu/ration3 ,b[ ,saw4 ,clamps4 ,x is suppos$ t !re are ab\t #ej1jjj work]s 9 wood 9 ,london1 & #cej1jjj 9 all ,engl&4 ,ab\t #afj1jjj timb] trees ( av]age size are requir$ to make ! furniture = ! new h\ses built e ye> 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 cab9et mak+ !re are _m dep>tm5ts1 su* z ! *air mak]1 ! b$/ead mak]1 ! c>v]1 ! g5]al manufactur] ( tables1 draw]s1 side-bo>ds1 w>drobes1 c4 & ! fancy ,cab9et ,mak]1 :o uses co/ly woods & makes workboxes1 desks1 dress+-cases1 & simil> articles4 ,a good set ( ,cab9et ,mak]'s tools is wor? f #cj to #dj4 ,! ,uphol/]]1 ^: trade is g5]ally jo9$ to t ( ! ma/] ,cab9et ,mak]1 does :at is call$ ! 8s(t "w10 t is1 he und]takes ! curta9s1 hang+s1 cu%ions1 c>pets1 b$s1 & ! /uff+ ( ! seats ( *airs4 ,= ^! op]ations he requires b few tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,uphol/]]'s ,%op4 ,illu/ration3 ,devil4 ,/ra9]4 ,web ,/ra9]4 ,b5* ,screw4 ,squ>e4 ,! devil is ! ugly & v absurd "n giv5 to a ma*9e consi/+ ( a box1 inside :i* a spik$ :eel turns2 ! use ( ?is implem5t is to sep>ate & te> to pieces su* wov5 sub/ances z1 :5 r$uc$ to %r$s1 s]ve = ! /uff+ ( furniture1 z also to s(t5 & make f9] hemp or t[ = ! same purpose1 :5 horsehair1 :i* is ! be/ & mo/ exp5sive mat]ial1 is n us$4 ,cocoa-nut fibre is n[ sometimes appli$ = ?is purpose2 & 9 ! commone/ furniture hay is frequ5tly plac$ z a f\ndation1 ) a small quantity ( horsehair on ! top4 ,! b5* screw is a k9d ( vice :i* w hold a v ?ick sub/ance1 l ! seat ( a *air or s(a1 )\t injur+ ! woodwork2 ! web /ra9] is us$ = /ret*+ /rong cross-pieces ( webb+ across ! bottom ( ! seats ( *airs or c\*es1 to make a firm f\ndation = ! /uff+ to re/ ^u1 & ) ! ord9>y /ra9] to br+ ! canvas cov] t conf9es ! /uff+ tightly & firmly to its place1 an op]ation :i* requires great c>e1 especially :5 metal spr+s are plac$ b5ea? ! horsehair to make ! seat m ela/ic4 ,! ,uphol/]]'s hamm] is ( su* a %ape t x w drive a small nail deeply d[n 9 a space :5 x is hidd5 by ! damask or lea!r cov]+ ( ! furniture4 ,! pun*es are = a simil> purpose2 :ile ! ne$le & ! regulator are us$ 9 /uff+ ! seats & prop]ly adju/+ ! hair or o!r mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,uphol/]]'s ,hamm]s4 ,pun*es4 ,float4 ,screwdriv]4 ,ne$le4 ,regulator4 ,bradawl4 ,,floor-,,clo? ,,manufactur]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,w>eh\se4 ,! trade ( manufactur+ floor-clo? may be said to be connect$ ) ! furni%+ ( ! h\se1 s9ce ?is v useful cov]+ = ! floors ( halls & passages is n[ 9 almo/ univ]sal use4 ,floor-clo? is g5]ally made 9 l>ge factories built = ! purpose1 s9ce consid]able space is requir$1 n only = prep>+1 pa9t+1 & putt+ ! patt]n ^u ! clo?1 b also = dry+ x :5 x is f9i%$1 ! great l5g?s 9 :i* x is made r5d]+ x necess>y to hang x f a great height1 9 ord] t x may dry )\t ! pa9t be+ damag$ 7see dry+ w>eh\se74 ,! smell ( ! pa9t & o!r sub/ances also makes x desirable to h ! factory well v5tilat$1 & situat$ at "s di/ance f dwell+-h\ses4 ,! clo? is made p>tly ( hemp & p>tly ( flax1 ! =m] be+ ! *eap] ( ! two1 b ! latt] be+ fitt$ to reta9 ! oil & pa9t on ! surface )\t all[+ x s easily to s9k or soak ?r\gh4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! necessity = seams or jo9+s 9 ! clo?1 looms are con/ruct$ expressly = weav+ canvas ( ! greate/ wid? likely to be requir$4 ,:5 ! pieces ( clo? are tak5 to ! floor-clo? factories1 !y are g5]ally ei!r #ajj y>ds long & #f y>ds wide1 #ajh y>ds long & #g y>ds wide1 or #aac y>ds long & #h y>ds wide4 ,! flax & hemp are spun & ! canvas wov5 pr9cipally 9 ,scotl&1 9 ! t[n ( ,dundee4 ,illu/ration3 ,%e>s4 ,cutt+ ,knife4 ,! canvas is cut into pieces 7see cutt+ knife & %e>s71 v>y+ f #fj to #ajj feet long1 & ea* ( ^! pieces is /ret*$ ov] a frame 9 a v]tical position1 mo/ factories hav+ a l>ge numb] ( su* frames1 "s (t5 #ajj feet long by #ah or #bj feet high1 & o!rs ( small] dim5sions4 ,a wa% ( melt$ size is appli$ by means ( a bru% to ea* surface2 & :ile ?is is wet ! surface is well rubb$ ) a flat piece ( pumice /one1 by :i* ! little irregul>ities ( ! canvas are worn d[n1 & a f\ndation is laid = ! oil & col\r aft]w>ds to be appli$4 ,! prep>ation ( japann$ cottons1 :i* are us$ = table cov]s1 or :at is kn[n z 8oil-clo?10 is v simil>4 ,! pa9t employ$ = floor-clo? consi/s ( ! same m9]al col\rs z t us$ 9 h\se pa9t+1 & is mix$ ) l9se$ oil 9 ! same way2 b x is v mu* ?ick] & /iff] 9 consi/5ce1 & has v little turp5t9e add$ to x4 ,! canvas receives sev]al coat+s on ! back z well z on ! front1 & is well dri$ & smoo!d at int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,blocks4 ,! f9i%$ ,patt]n4 ,patt]n = ,floor ,clo?4 ,back ( ,pr9t+ ,block4 ,illu/ration3 ,prep>+ ,japann$ ,cottons4 ,! patt]n is plac$ on by means ( wood5 blocks1 on ! fir/ ( :i* ! rudim5ts1 or gr\nd "w1 ( ! design is cut1 & on ! re/ o!r portions ( ! patt]n1 s t1 z !y are cov]$ ) pa9t & appli$ to ! clo? by ! workman1 ! patt]n is gradually pr9t$1 & appe>s 9 ! diff]5t col\rs :i* are successively appli$ to ea* block4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t+ ,floor ,clo?4 ,! blocks are made ( pe>-tree wood on "o side & ( deal on ! o!r1 ! pe>-tree wood be+ m easily engrav$ ) ! patt]n4 ,! blocks 7:i* we w suppose to be f\r = "o patt]n--r$1 yell[1 blue1 & gre57 be+ ready1 & ! prep>$ canvas spread out on a flat table1 ! pr9t+ comm5ces4 ,! pa9t 7say r$7 is appli$ ) a bru% to ! surface ( a pad or cu%ion =m$ ( flannel cov]$ ) floor clo?2 ! block held by a h&le at ! back is plac$ face d[nw>ds on ?is cu%ion1 & ! lay] ( pa9t ?us obta9$ on ! surface ( ! block is pr9t$ on ! canvas by press+ ! block sm>tly d[n ^u ! surface ( ! latt]4 ,a second impression is made 9 ! same way1 by ! side ( & close to ! fir/1 until ! :ole surface ( ! canvas is pr9t$ ov] ) ! patt]n ( ?is fir/ block1 :i* is g5]ally ab\t #ae in*es squ>e4 ,!n ! second block is appli$1 & adds a little m to ! patt]n 9 ano!r col\r2 ! ?ird foll[s1 add+ /ill m2 & !n ! f\r?1 :i* completes ! pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,tr[el4 ,claw4 ,scrubb+ ,bru%4 ,palette ,knife4 ,pa9t ,bru%es4 ,r\gh+ ,comb4 ,hamm]4 ,! tr[el & palette knife spread+ & mix+ ! pa9t1 ! r\gh+ comb = patt]ns :]e ! gra9 ( wood is imitat$1 & ! pots1 cans1 & j>s1 = ! col\rs1 are ! pr9cipal tools besides ^? already describ$4 ,,! ,,pap] ,,/a9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,! trade ( ! ,pap] ,/a9] has gr[n to be "o ( consid]able importance1 & ?is is n to be wond]$ at :5 we consid] h[ mu* ! art ( pap] /a9+ has increas$ ! means ( decorat+ our h\ses1 by hang+ ! walls ) elegant patt]ns pr9t$ 9 beautiful col\rs1 in/ead ( leav+ !m ( "o dull uni=m hue1 or a b>e surface ( wood & pla/]4 ,9 old times ! walls ( rooms 7 ei!r ( panell$ wood1 sometimes c>v$ & poli%$1 or 7 hung ) tape/ry made ) ! ne$le1 or ) wov5 silk1 cotton1 or l951 b ! =m] 0 extremely co/ly1 & ! latt] nei!r cleanly nor heal?y4 ,! trade ( ! ,pap] ,/a9] has to a great ext5t sup]s$$ bo?1 & ! int]ior walls ( h\ses are n[ seldom =m$ entirely ( wood1 s9ce !y are int5d$ to be cov]$ ) v>i\s qualities ( pap] hang+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ( ,pr9t+ ,block4 ,back ( ,wood5 ,block = ,pr9t+4 ,! mode ( pr9t+ or pa9t+ a patt]n on l>ge %eets ( pap] has n[ be5 9 use = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 improv$ me?ods are at pres5t employ$4 ,!re are ?ree modes ( produc+ ! patt]n on pap] hang+s4 #a/4 ,wood5 blocks are c>v$ ) ! outl9es ( ! figures only 9 relief2 ) ^! ! pap] is pr9t$1 & ! patt]n is aft]w>ds f9i%$ by h& pa9t+ ) a p5cil4 ,?is mode is sl[ & too exp5sive = ord9>y use4 #b;dly4 ,a %eet ( lea!r1 t91 or copp]1 is cut ) holes 9 ! requir$ patt]n1 & a bru% dipp$ 9 col\r is work$ ov] ! %eet aft] x is laid ^u ! pap]1 s t ! pa9t goes ?r\gh ! holes1 & leaves ! patt]n 9 col\r4 ,?is is call$ /5cill+1 & is only employ$ = v common hang+s4 ,! ?ird process consi/s ( c>v+ a wood block = ea* ( ! col\rs us$ 9 ! patt]n1 & pr9t+ ! pap] by almo/ exactly ! same me?od z t employ$ = pr9t+ floor-clo?1 an op]ation :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,crut*4 ,ladle4 ,h& ,bru%4 ,spat4 ,pa9t ,bru%es4 ,! pap] is pr9t$ 9 pieces twelve y>ds long4 ,a piece is laid out on a long b5* & ! gr\nd col\r appli$1 consi/+ ( :it+ t9t$ ) "s sort ( pigm5t & liquefi$ ) melt$ size4 ,?is is laid on ) l>ge bru%es4 ,:5 ! pap] is dry x is ready to receive ! pr9t at ! pr9t+ press1 :]e ! blocks are press$ ^u x by a sort ( weight$ arm :i* comes d[n f above ! c5tre ( ! b5*4 ,!re mu/ g5]ally be z _m blocks z !re are col\rs 9 ! patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,col\r ,sieve4 ,pa9t ,pot4 ,col\r ,drum4 ,size ,c4 ,"s pap] hang+s h a glossy or sat9 gr\nd4 ,to produce ?is a gr\nd ( sat9 :ite1 prop]ly t9t$1 is laid on2 ?is gr\nd is !n rubb$ ) p[d]$ ,fr5* *alk1 & work$ ) a bru% till a gloss is produc$4 ,sometimes ^! pap]s are pass$ betwe5 heat$ roll]s :i* h be5 engrav$ ) a sort ( patt]n1 & ?is produces a patt]n )\t any additional col\r1 l t ( figur$ or wat]$ silk4 ,flock pap]s are ^? 9 :i* "p ( ! patt]n resembles clo?4 ,to produce ?is ! patt]n is pr9t$1 n 9 pa9t1 b 9 size1 & !n ! pap] be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! flock drum1 ! flock 7:i* is compos$ ( fragm5ts ( wooll5 clo?7 adh]es to ! patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,drum = lay+ on ,flock4 ,/rip$ hang+s are sometimes produc$ by ! pap] be+ quickly pass$ on a roll] b5ea? a tr\gh1 ! col\r 9 :i* fl[s ?r\gh a numb] ( p>allel slits 9 ! bottom2 & occasionally v>i\s col\r$ /ripes are obta9$ by divid+ ! tr\gh into cells1 ) "o cell & "o slit = ea* col\r4 ,"s pap]s1 9 ord] to be> wa%+ or clean+1 are pr9t$ ) col\rs mix$ ) oil or v>ni% in/ead ( size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pap] ,/a9+ ,ma*9e4 ,,! ,,calico ,,pr9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyl9d] ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! trade ( ! ,calico ,pr9t] may be said to be "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ?is c\ntry1 s9ce we export su* imm5se quantities ( cotton pr9ts to our v>i\s colonies1 z well z to o!r c\ntries 9 ! _w1 t ?is bus9ess =ms a v consid]able "p ( ,briti% comm]ce4 ,calicoes1 musl9s1 c4 int5d$ = pr9t+ mu/ fir/ h ! fibres remov$ f _! surface by ! op]ation ( ! s+e+ ma*9e2 :i* consi/s ( a half-cyl9d] ( iron or copp] laid horizontally1 & kept at a bright heat by a range ( gas-flames or a furnace2 ov] ?is half-cyl9d] ! l5g? ( clo? is drawn ) a /eady motion till ! d[n or fibre is s+$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,b[k+ ,ki]s4 ,! next process is t ( blea*+1 because ! :it] ! cotton clo? becomes1 ! m light x w reflect f ! surface1 & ! m brilliant ! col\r ( ! dyes w appe>4 ,! pr9cipal *emical sub/ance us$ = blea*+ cotton is *loride ( lime1 :i* is kn[n z blea*+ p[d]2 b !re are sev]al processes employ$ 9 its application1 z well z v>i\s me?ods :i* are adopt$ by diff]5t manufactur]s to increase its effects by me*anical contrivances1 ! application ( heat1 or o!rwise4 ,illu/ration3 ,da% ,:eel4 ,! fir/ op]ation ( blea*+1 h[ev]1 & t :i* imm$iately foll[s s+e+1 is boil+ ! clo? 9 an alkal9e ba? consi/+ ( a solution ( soda4 ,= ?is purpose a b[k+ app>atus is us$4 ,?is ma*9e 7see cut7 is1 9 fact1 a l>ge cauldron1 ) a flat false bottom to protect ! clo? f be+ scor*$ by ! fire b5ea?4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ?is false bottom a v]tical pipe rises f ne> ! real bottom to a height above ! top ( ! cauldron1 & c>ries a conical cap l an umbrella above its op5 end at top4 ,:5 ! liquid 9 ! cauldron beg9s to boil ?or\ghly ! /eam =ces a con/ant /ream ( liquid up ! pipe1 :i* /ream is scatt]$ by =c+ aga9/ ! umbrella-%ap$ cap1 & s falls ) "s =ce back on to ! cotton 9 ! cauldron4 ,:5 ?is process has cont9u$ long en\gh1 ! liquor is all[$ to cool1 & ! cotton is tak5 to be r9s$ at ! da% :eel1 :]e x is subject$ to ! free action ( wat]1 or to a r9s+ ma*9e1 s con/ruct$ t ! web travels on roll]s1 & is ?or\ghly wa%$ dur+ its c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr++ ,ma*9e4 ,! simple/ & e>lie/ me?od ( impr9t+ figures ^u calico is by means ( a wood5 block1 ^u ! face ( :i* ! design is cut 9 relief1 z 9 an ord9>y wood-cut4 ,! block is ( sycamore1 holly1 or pe>-tree wood1 or m commonly ( deal1 fac$ ) "o ( ^! woods4 ,! block v>ies 9 size f n9e to twelve in*es long1 & f f\r to sev5 in*es broad1 & x is furni%$ on ! back ) a /rong h&le4 ,:5 ! design is complicat$1 & a v di/9ct impression is requir$1 ! figure is sometimes =m$ by ! ins]tion ( n>r[ slips ( flatt5$ copp] wire1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ ) felt4 ,illu/ration3 ,face ( ,block = ,calico ,pr9t+4 ,back ( ,calico ,block4 ,! pr9t+ block1 :i* is work$ by h&1 is *>g$ ) col\r by press+ x g5tly ^u a piece ( sup]f9e wooll5 clo? call$ ! sieve1 /ret*$ tightly ov] a wood5 drum1 :i* floats 9 a tub full ( size or ?ick v>ni% to give x ela/icity1 s t e "p ( ! rais$ device may acquire a suffici5t coat+ ( col\r4 ,! sieve is kept uni=mly cov]$ ) ! col\r+ matt] by a boy or girl call$ ! te>]1 :o takes up ) a bru% a small quantity ( ! col\r conta9$ 9 a small pot1 & di/ributes x uni=mly ov] ! surface2 = if ?is 7 n done1 ! block w\ld take up ! col\r unequally4 ,! pr9t+ %op is a long well-light$ ap>tm5t1 ! air ( :i* is kept w>m = ! purpose ( dry+ ! clo? z x is pr9t$2 to insure :i* x is pass$ ov] hang+ roll]s1 s z to expose a l>ge surface to ! air4 ,! pr9t+ table1 :i* is ab\t six feet long1 is made ( "s well season$ h>d wood1 su* z mahogany1 or ( m>ble1 or flag-/one1 ! object be+ to pres5t a p]fectly flat h>d surface4 ,?is table is cov]$ ) a blanket1 ^u :i* ! calico is ext5d$1 & ! block1 be+ *>g$ ) col\r1 is appli$ to its surface1 a bl[ be+ giv5 ) a wood5 mallet to transf] ! impression fully to ! clo?4 ,x is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to jo9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! design ) precision1 & 9 do+ s ! pr9t] is guid$ by small p9s at ! corn]s ( ! block4 ,?us1 by repeat$ applications ( ! block to ! wooll5 clo? & to ! calico alt]nately1 ! :ole l5g? ( calico is pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,dry+ ,room4 ,by ?is me?od1 a s+le block pr9ts only "o col\r1 s t1 if ! design conta9 ?ree or m col\rs1 ?ree or m blocks w be requir$1 all ( equal size1 ! rais$ p>ts 9 ea* correspond+ ) ! depress$ p>ts 9 all ! o!rs2 9 ord]1 !re=e1 to pr9t a piece ( clo? tw5ty-eight y>ds long1 & ?irty in*es broad1 ) ?ree blocks1 ea* measur+ n9e in*es by five1 no less ?an #fgb applications ( ea*1 or #b1jaf applications ( ! ?ree blocks1 are necess>y4 ,?us x w be se5 t pr9t+ by h& is a t$i\s op]ation1 requir+ m dilig5ce ?an skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,bru%4 ,:5 ! design1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( /raight p>allel /ripes ( diff]5t col\rs1 !y may be appli$ by "o block at a s+le impression4 ,= ?is purpose ! col\rs are conta9$ 9 z _m small t9 tr\ghs z !re are col\rs to be pr9t$4 ,^! tr\ghs are arrang$ 9 a l9e1 & a small portion ( ea* col\r is transf]r$ f !m to ! wooll5 clo? by a k9d ( wire-bru%4 ,! col\r is di/ribut$ ev5ly 9 /ripes ov] ! surface ( ! sieve by a wood5 roll] cov]$ ) wooll5 clo?4 ,= ! ra9b[ /yle1 z a peculi> patt]n is call$1 ! col\rs are bl5d$ into "o ano!r at _! edges by a bru% or rubb]4 ,an important improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( h&-blocks1 by ! application ( a /]eotype plate z ! pr9t+ surface4 ,a small m\ld is produc$ f a model ( ! patt]n1 & ! /]eotype copies are !n made by p\r+ mix$ metal into x4 ,a numb] ( ! /]eotype plates are !n =m$ into a pr9t+ block1 by be+ arrang$ 9 a /\t piece ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! ,cyl9d]s ( ! ,ma*9e1 %[+ ! way by :i* x is col\r$4 ,! greate/ me*anical improvem5t 9 ! art ( calico pr9t+ 0 ! inv5tion ( ! cyl9d] or roll] pr9t+ at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is /yle ( pr9t+ has be5 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,lanca%ire1 & is ! cause ( ! success ( ! ,engli% ov] ! cont95tal pr9t]s4 ,"o cyl9d] ma*9e1 att5d$ by "o man to regulate ! roll]s1 is capable ( pr9t+ z _m pieces z "o hundr$ m5 & "o hundr$ girls c\ld pr9t ) h& blocks 9 ! same "t4 ,a mile l5g? ( calico c be pr9t$ (f ) f\r diff]5t col\rs 9 a s+le h\r4 ,?is cyl9d] ma*9e consi/s ( a holl[ cyl9d] or roll] ( copp]1 ab\t ?ree feet long & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ! patt]n on :i* has be5 produc$ by ! pressure ( a mill1 on :i* ! design has be5 orig9ally /amp$ by ! pressure ( a h>d /eel roll] :i* has be5 engrav$4 ,! copp] cyl9d]s are m\nt$ on a /rong iron %aft ) a too!d :eel at its end1 9 ord] to put x 9 tra9 ) ! rotatory pr9t+ ma*9e = "o1 two1 or m col\rs4 ,on a roll] at ! upp] "p ( ?is app>atus are w\nd ! calico webs /it*$ toge!r1 ! end ( :i* is br\ght betwe5 ! engrav$ copp] cyl9d] & a l>ge c5tre roll] cov]$ ) blankets1 aga9/ :i* x is made to be> ) a regul> pressure4 ,! engrav$ cyl9d] turns on ! top ( ano!r cyl9d] cov]$ ) wooll5 clo?1 :i* revolves at ! same "t z ! =m]1 :ile its "u "p dips 9 an oblong tr\gh conta9+ ! dye+ matt]1 :i* is ( a pa/y consi/5ce4 ,! engrav$ cyl9d] is 9 ?is way suppli$ ) pl5ty ( pr9t+ col\r1 & is cle>$ f ! sup]fluity by ! ?9 edge ( a blade made ( bronze1 call$ ! doctor1 :i* is appli$ to x z x turns1 & g5tly scrapes ! surface4 ,aft] ?is ! cyl9d] acts ^u ! calico1 :i* receives ! impression ( ! patt]n 9 col\r1 & rolls onw>d at a great rate ( spe$4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( col\rs or dye /uffs us$ 9 calico pr9t+1 "s ( :i* imp>t fa/ col\rs by !mselves1 & o!rs :i* require ! web to be fir/ prep>$ 9 ord] t !y may become fix$4 ,9 almo/ all ! modes ( calico pr9t+ ! processes are v num]\s to ensure ! beauty & p]man5ce ( ! col\rs4 ,9 :at is call$ ! /eam col\r pr9t+1 ! ag5cy ( /eam is appli$ to aid 9 fix+ ! col\rs to ! clo?4 ,! clo? is fir/ /eep$ 9 a mordant or fix+ liquor1 !n pr9t$ by ! cyl9d] 9 v>i\s col\rs1 call$ /eam col\rs4 ,x is !n hung up to dry1 & is aft]w>ds expos$ to ! action ( /eam by means ( v>i\s app>atus1 :i* are adapt$ to ! p>ticul> effect int5d$1 to be produc$ 9 fix+ ! dye4 ,! designs = calico pr9t+ are v exp5sive1 & su* a con/ant succession ( new patt]ns are dem&$1 t "s ( ! ,lanca%ire pr9t]s exp5d sev]al ?\s&s a ye> on design+ & engrav+ alone4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,t9man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work%op4 ,t9 is nev] f\nd exi/+ 9 an uncomb9$ or native /ate4 ,t9 ore occurs mo/ abundantly 9 ,cornwall & ,devon1 ! m9es ( ^! c\nties hav+ be5 celebrat$ = ?is metal f v anci5t times4 ,! di/rict 9 ,cornwall :]e t9 m9es are mo/ abundant is t]m$ ! 8,/ann>ies40 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales = ! "t be+ d]ives a l>ge income f ! m9es1 & is t]m$ ,"l ,w>d5 ( ! ,/ann>ies4 ,! ^w 8,/ann>ies0 is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 /annum1 t94 ,! am\nt ( t9 ore annually obta9$ f ! ,cornwall & ,devon m9es am\nts to #aa1jjj tons1 :i*1 at ! av]age value ( #fc p] ton1 is wor? #fic1jjj4 ,?is ore yields ab\t #g1jjj tons ( ! metal1 hav+ an av]age value ( #aai p] ton4 ,ab\t f\r-fif?s ( all ! t9 rais$ 9 ! _w is produc$ 9 ^! m9es4 ,! ore is a heavy1 h>d1 brittle1 & usually d>k br[n m9]al1 :i* occurs *iefly 9 granul> masses ( v>i\s sizes4 ,^! gra9s are obta9$ 9 m9es1 :]e !y occur 9 ve9s mix$ ) o!r m9]als1 & also f ! b$s ( /reams1 :]e !y h be5 wa%$ out ( ! soil by ! action ( runn+ wat]4 ,9 ! =m] case !y are t]m$ t9 /one2 9 ! latt] /ream-t94 ,t9 is obta9$ f ! ore by fir/ break+ up ! latt]1 :il/ a curr5t ( wat] fl[s ov] x & c>ries (f ! impurities1 :i* are light]1 & !re=e m readily borne away ?an ! heavi] t9 ore4 ,aft] be+ ?us fre$ f ! admixture ( o!r m9]als1 ! ore is usually roa/$ or burn$1 to drive (f any traces ( sulphur x may conta92 x is aft]w>ds heat$ to r$ness ) bl9d coal or culm1 & a small portion ( lime1 :5 ! melt$ metal sep>ates f ! dross1 & runs into cavities prep>$ = its reception4 ,x is aft]w>ds ref9$ by be+ remelt$1 & o!r impurities sep>at$1 :i* ei!r s9k or float on ! surface4 ,! pure/ metal is yield$ by ! ore call$ /ream-t91 :i* is smelt$ ) *>coal in/ead ( coal4 ,if a block ( t9 ?us obta9$ is heat$ slightly1 & !n all[$ to fall f a height1 x sep>ates into a numb] ( prisms :i* adh]e toge!r 9 pyramidal masses4 ,9 ?is /ate x is t]m$ gra9-t94 ,t9 is a silv]y-:ite metal possess$ ( a high degree ( metallic lu/re4 ,x is suffici5tly s(t to be cut ) a knife1 & may be readily b5t1 :5 x gives out a peculi> crackl+ noise2 if repeat$ly b5t & /raight5$1 x becomes hot f ! friction ( its p>ticles ) "o ano!r1 & ultimately breaks4 ,x is inela/ic & mod]ately ductile1 b v malleable1 ! ?ickness ( t9-foil be+ ab\t "o ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,x has b little t5acity1 a wire ( "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet] n be+ able to support a heavi] weight ?an #di lbs4 ,t9 is ! mo/ easily melt$ ( all ! common metals1 & x possesses ! valuable prop]ty ( n ru/+ :5 expos$ at ord9>y temp]atures to ! conjo9$ action ( air & wat]1 or ev5 to weak vegetable acids4 ,t91 9 a pure /ate1 is seldom employ$2 b 9 comb9ation ) o!r metals x is a sub/ance ( great value4 ,its mo/ important uses dep5d on its p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( air & moi/ure2 x is !re=e l>gely employ$ = protect+ ! surfaces ( copp] & iron1 t ru/ s readily4 ,t9 plate1 or m prop]ly t9n$ plate1 :i* is s l>gely employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( saucepans1 c(fee-pots1 tea-kettles1 c4 by ! t9man is n1 z its ord9>y "n seems to imply1 made ( t91 b is =m$ ( ! be/ %eet iron1 roll$ out to ! requir$ ?ickness1 & coat$ on ea* side ) a lay] ( t94 ,copp] vessels ought to be inv>iably t9n$ inside1 to prev5t ! ru/+ ( ! copp] by ! action ( acids4 ,t9foil is l>gely employ$ = ! purpose ( pres]v+ moi/ articles f becom+ dry1 & is us$ in/ead ( pap] = enclos+ fancy soap1 *ocolate1 & o!r sub/ances ( a simil> nature4 ,x is also ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( look+-glasses1 & is sometimes plac$ beh9d pap]-hang+s to exclude ! damp ( ! walls4 ,! mo/ important alloys into ! composition ( :i* t9 ent]s are bronze1 pewt]1 bell-metal1 & sold]4 ,t9 dissolv$ 9 acids is l>gely employ$ by dy]s 9 fix+ or r5d]+ p]man5t v>i\s col\rs us$ 9 dye+4 ,! prep>ation t]m$ putty p[d] is a ru/ ( t91 obta9$ by expos+ ! melt$ metal to ! air2 x is employ$ 9 poli%+ metals & o!r articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,mallet4 ,sold]+ ,iron4 ,hamm]4 ,block ,hamm]4 ,! t9n+ ( ! inn] surfaces ( cook+ ut5sils & o!r vessels ( capacity is effect$ by sc\r+ ! surface until x is p]fectly bright & clean2 !n heat+ ! vessel1 p\r+ 9 "s melt$ t9 & roll+ x ab\t1 & rubb+ ! t9 all ov] ! surface ) a piece ( clo? or a h&ful ( t[2 p[d]$ ros9 is us$ to prev5t ! =mation ( oxide4 ,bridle bits1 /irrups1 & _m o!r small articles1 are t9n$ by imm]s+ !m 9 fluid t94 ,t9-plate work+1 or ! =m+ %eets ( t9n$ iron into a v>iety ( useful vessels & ut5sils1 is c>ri$ on by means ( b5* & h& %e>s1 mallets1 & hamm]s1 /eel heads & wood5 blocks1 sold]+ irons & swages4 ,9 ! =mation ( a vessel1 ! fir/ op]ation is to cut ! plate to ! prop] size & =m ) %e>s1 &1 :5 ! dim5sions ( ! article require x1 to jo9 !m toge!r1 :i* is done ei!r by simply lay+ ! edge ( "o plate ov] t ( ! o!r1 & !n sold]+ !m toge!r1 or by fold+ ! edges toge!r ) laps & !n sold]+ !m4 ,simil> jo9ts are requir$ :5 gores or o!r pieces are to be ins]t$1 & also at ! junction by :i* a cyl9d] is clos$ 94 ,! usual me?od ( =m+ laps1 b5ds1 or folds1 = ?is or o!r purposes1 is to lay ! plate ov] ! edge ( ! b5* & to b5d x by repeat$ /rokes ) a hamm]2 b a ma*9e is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,/raight ,snips4 ,scot* ,snips4 ,l>ge ,%e>s4 ,b5t ,snips4 ,aft] a t9 vessel has be5 r\nd$ ^u a block or m&ril by /rik+ x ) a wood5 mallet1 & ! seams f9i%$1 all its ext]ior edges are /r5g!n$ by b5d+ a ?ick iron wire into ! prop] =m1 apply+ x to :at w\ld o!rwise be ! raw edges ( ! metal1 & dext]\sly fold+ !m ov] x ) a hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,two-h&$ ,wr5*4 ,sold]+ ,pile4 ,pudd+ ,/ake4 ,pun*es4 ,hat*et ,/ake4 ,tongs4 ,a sup]ior k9d ( t9 w>e1 commonly kn[n z block t9 w>e1 is c>efully f9i%$ by beat+ or plani%+ ) a poli%$ /eel hamm] ^u a metal /ake4 ,! process ( swag+ is resort$ to z a ready means ( produc+ groov$ or ridg$ bord]s1 or o!r emboss$ ornam5ts4 ,?is process consi/s 9 /rik+ ! metal betwe5 two /eel dies or swages1 ! faces ( :i* be> ! desir$ patt]n1 & are made c\nt]p>ts ( ea* o!r4 ,_m ornam5tal articles are produc$ by emboss+ or /amp+ t9 plate1 9 ! same mann] z o!r metallic %eets1 ) a fly-press or o!r ma*9]y4 ,*eap c(f9-plates are manufactur$ at ,birm+ham 9 ?is way2 & ^! & simil> articles are sometimes lacqu]$1 pa9t$1 or japann$4 ,t9 =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 9 v>i\s k9ds ( pewt] & o!r :ite-metal alloys1 :i* are manufactur$ into dome/ic ut5sils by ca/+1 /amp+1 & o!r processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,*isels4 ,*>coal ,/ove4 ,poli%+ ,anvil4 ,britannia metal is a mixture ( t91 antimony1 copp]1 & brass1 :i* is melt$1 ca/ into slabs1 & roll$ into %eets4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ?is metal is = c&le/icks1 teapots1 c(fee-bigg9s1 & o!r vessels = conta9+ liquids4 ,! feet ( c&le/icks1 ! bodies ( teapots1 & o!r articles conta9+ emboss$ "w1 are /amp$ betwe5 dies2 :ile articles ( a m globul> %ape are /amp$ 9 two or m pieces1 & aft]w>ds sold]$ toge!r4 ,! %eet metal has a ductility :i* enables x to be b5t into v>i\s curv$ =ms by pressure on a model or core3 ?is process is call$ sp9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,funnel ,/ake4 ,pun*es4 ,horse4 ,pun*es4 ,bick ,irons4 ,crease ,iron4 ,_m small vessels1 spoons1 & o!r articles1 are ca/ 9 an alloy some:at h>d] ?an t :i* is roll$ into %eets4 ,mo/ ( ! tools employ$ by ! ,t9man are ! irons1 /akes1 & bick]s1 on :i* ! t9 is hamm]$ into prop] %ape1 ) %e>s = cutt+1 ! pun*es = pi]c+ holes1 & ! sold]+ iron & *>coal /ove = mak+ jo9ts4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,f>ri]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f>ri]',s ,,%$4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ usefully horses are employ$ = our advantage1 h[ g5]\sly & will+ly !y "w1 & h[ docile & ob$i5t !y are :5 prop]ly treat$1 we %all beg9 to see t ! trade ( ! ,f>ri] is "o :i* %\ld be /udi$ v c>efully1 & t nobody %\ld foll[ ! bus9ess :o has n become tol]ably skilful4 ,! ,f>ri] :o %oes ! horses1 is v (t5 consult$ :5 ^? animals are ill1 s t he %\ld h "s k ( simple rem$ies 9 cases :5 ! vet]9>y surgeon lives at a di/ance1 or is out ( ! way4 ,especially ! ,f>ri] %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& ! con/ruction ( ! horse's ho(1 :i*1 h>d & simple z x may look1 is v delicate1 & is compos$ ( sev]al important p>ts4 ,"o ?+ %\ld nev] be =gott5 9 %oe+ a horse1--fir/ t1 al?\gh ! ho( is a h>d horny cov]+1 x has an inside portion :i* is v t5d] & liable to be hurt2 & secondly1 t ! ho( itself exp&s z ! weight ( ! horse presses ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,anvil4 ,/ool4 ,/aple4 ,po9t+ ,/ake4 ,pun*4 ,%oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,nipp]s4 ,draw+ ,knife4 ,rasp4 ,buff]4 ,! ,f>ri]'s %$ is fitt$ ) a =ge1 or furnace :]e ! iron is heat$1 & 9 :i* ! fire is bl[n to great heat by ! huge bell[s fa/5$ above x2 x also conta9s an anvil1 on :i* ! horse%oes are made or %ap$1 a /ool on :i* ! ,f>ri] sometimes sits to exam9e a horse's ho(1 & /aples & r+s1 to :i* ! horses' heads are fa/5$ by halt]s dur+ ! process ( %oe+4 ,:5 a horse is tak5 to be %od1 ! ,f>ri] %\ld beg9 by tak+ (f "o ( ! old %oes4 ,he fir/ raises ! cl5*es ) a tool call$ ! buff] & if ! %oe does n !n come (f easily1 loos5s "s ( ! nails ) ! pun*1 till x c be g5tly remov$4 ,:5 ! %oe is (f he rasps ! edge ( ! ho( all r\nd1 & ) ! nipp]s or p9c]s takes out any /ubs t may be left 9 ! ho(4 ,he !n p>es ! h>d portions ( ! foot1 & ?is is an op]ation :i* requires great c>e & skill z well z a good deal ( practice 9 ! use ( ! draw+ knife4 ,! ,f>ri] mu/ always rememb] ! /ate ( ! roads :5 he is p>+ ! horse's feet1 = if ! roads are dry & /ony he mu/ take (f v little ( ! horn1 or ! foot w be bruis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fult]4 ,damp]4 ,slice4 ,pret*el4 ,swage4 ,tongs4 ,turn+ ,hamm]4 ,! horse%oes are frequ5tly pur*as$ by ! ,f>ri] ( ! ,blacksmi? :o makes !m1 b "s ,f>ri]s are also ,smi?s1 & bo? make & fit ! horse%oes4 ,9 ei!r case ! ,f>ri] keeps a /ock ( r\gh %oes :i* he alt]s at ! "t t !y are want$1 s t !y may fit ! horse1 & "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be done is to make ! groove all r\nd ! %oe1 & drill ! holes 9 x = ! nails4 ,?is groove1 9 :i* ! heads ( ! nails s9k1 is call$ ! 8full]10 & ! tool ) :i* x is made is also call$ ! 8full]10 or 8fult]40 ,hav+ cut (f ! ends or heels ( ! %oe1 made ! full]1 & op5$ ! nail holes1 ! ,f>ri] next makes :at is call$ ! 8clip10 :i* means turn+ up ! toe ( ! %oe1 to prev5t its be+ =c$ back on ! ho(4 ,9 ^! p>ts ( 8 "w he has probably us$ ! *isel1 turn+ hamm]1 swage & pret*el1 :ile = ! "w at ! =ge he has _h to employ ! pok]1 ! tongs = hold+ ! %oe on ! anvil1 ! slice = tak+ small ?+s f ! fire1 & ! damp]1 :i* is a wisp ( wet /raw held by wood5 tongs = less5+ ! heat ( ! %oe dur+ hamm]+4 ,he next beg9s to fit ! %oe1 ! horse be+ ti$ up to ! /aple 9 ! wall ( ! %$4 ,! fitt+ ( ! %oe is an op]ation requir+ ! greate/ c>e & att5tion1 & ! good ,f>ri] w sp>e no pa9s to d 8 "w p]fectly1 z _m a valuable horse has be5 ru9$ by an ill-fitt+ %oe4 ,:5 ! %oe is fitt$ x is 8fil$ up10 by :i* all r\ghness is remov$ f ! edges ( ! nail holes1 & ! %>p edges ( ! %oe itself are tak5 (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,nail4 ,nail ,bag4 ,%oe+ ,hamm]4 ,! ,f>ri] g5]ally makes 8 own nails s9ce !y are ( a peculi> %ape1 & ! heads %\ld completely fill ! nail holes1 t !y may n all[ ! %oe to %ift on ! horse's ho(4 ,!y are made f long rods ( iron call$ nail rods1 & :5 f9i%$ are spread ab\t ! smi?y to cool1 because :5 !y are all[$ to cool gradually !y become h>d]1 & less liable to break4 ,if ! nails are ( a prop] %ape1 ! holes /raight ?r\gh ! %oe1 & ! %oe fits ! foot1 v little skill is requir$ to nail x on1 & cl5* ! ends ( ! nails to ! ho(4 ,be=e ! %oe is nail$ on1 h[ev]1 x is usual1 :5 ! horse has t5d] feet1 to cov] ! sole ( ! foot ) lea!r1 gutta-p]*a1 or felt made wat]pro(1 8felt0 be+ made ( wooll5 clo? torn to %r$s :i* are !n press$ toge!r & =m$ into %eets4 ,9 any case ! ,f>ri] is expect$ to 8/op ! foot10 t is1 to fill ! holl[ & t5d] portion ( ! foot )9 ! %oe1 ) t[ or oakum dipp$ 9 t>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fleam4 ,/amp4 ,scissors4 ,ladle & ,spatula4 ,bru%4 ,pok]4 ,rea*+ ,iron4 ,! %oe is n[ nail$ on1 & a good ,f>ri] w (t5 be able to secure x ) only five nails4 ,! h9d %oes are ( c\rse diff]5t 9 %ape to ^? :i* are plac$ on ! =e feet1 & x is g5]ally necess>y to use sev5 nails to fix !m on to ! ho(s1 s9ce ! h9d foot exp&s less ?an ! =e1 & !re is m drag ^u x :5 ! horse is 9 motion1 s t ! %oe is m easily %ift$4 ,! "t at :i* a horse's %oes want remov+ dep5ds on sev]al causes4 ,if a horse we> out 8 %oes 9 less ?an a mon? !y _h bett] n be remov$1 b :e!r ! %oes are worn or n ! horse's ho(s %\ld be look$ to by ! ,f>ri]1 e ?ree or f\r weeks1 z ! ho(s sometimes outgr[ ! %oes1 & ! %oes require refitt+4 ,f :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,f>ri]'s bus9ess x w be se5 t x is a mo/ important "o1 b besides ! k & exp]i5ce requir$ = ! m me*anical "p ( 8 "w1 he %\ld also "k some?+ ( ! diseases & ailm5ts ( horses1 & be able to apply ! prop] rem$ies4 ,x is true t ?is "p ( ! bus9ess belongs prop]ly to ! vet]9>y surgeon1 b ! ,f>ri] %\ld at all ev5ts und]/& :at is prop] to be done 9 any ord9>y disord] or 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,he w ( c\rse "k h[ to use ! fleam :5 ! animals require ble$+1 z !y frequ5tly d4 ,?is in/rum5t is a sort ( knife1 ! %>p "p ( :i* is ! small spade-%ap$ pieces at ! ends ( ! blades4 ,! ladle = melt+ ! +r$i5ts ( o9tm5t1 = spra9s or swell+s1 & ! spatula = mix+ x1 or = spread+ & mix+ ! drugs = boluses or ! l>ge pills frequ5tly giv5 to horses1 are "s ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ?is "p ( ! ,f>ri]'s bus9ess4 ,,! ,,ne$le ,,mak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d+ ,,ne$le ,,po9ts4 ,!re is p]haps no implem5t ( great] importance ?an t smalle/ ( all tools1 ! ne$le1 & 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries ! numb] ( ne$les consum$ is s great1 & su* an enorm\s supply is requir$ = ! sew+ ( ! clo!s ( mank9d1 t ! manufacture is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5ce by f> ! great] "p ( ! :ole supply is d]iv$4 ,x w only be prop] 9 ?is place = ! au?or to ackn[l$ge 8 obligations to ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 ^: mo/ useful little "w on 8,common ,objects0 af=ds brief & reliable in=mation on ?is z well z on _m o!r int]e/+ subjects4 ,! mat]ial f :i* ne$les are made is s(t /eel wire ( ! requisite degree ( f95ess4 ,?is is obta9$ f ! manufactur] 9 l>ge coils1 ea* conta9+ suffici5t wire to =m sev]al ?\s& ne$les4 ,^! coils are fir/ cut up into pieces ( ! l5g? requir$ to make two ne$les1 usually ab\t ?ree in*es1 l>ge %e>s be+ us$1 capable ( cutt+ a coil ( "o hundr$ wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,%e>s4 ,ne$les plac$ 9 iron r+s4 ,s(t ,/raight ,l9]4 ,tr[el = h>d5+4 ,five or six ?\s&s ( ^! l5g?s are made into a bundle kept toge!r by a r+ ( /eel at ea* end4 ,!y are !n heat$ to r$ness 9 a furnace1 & aft]w>ds laid ^u a flat iron plate1 & rubb$ backw>ds & =w>ds ) a /eel b> until ea* wire is p]fectly /raight4 ,! next /age is to gr9d a po9t at ea* end ( ! wire4 ,?is is done by ! aid ( gr9d/ones ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] & f\r in*es ?ick2 !y are made to revolve s rapidly t !y are liable to fly into pieces1 & are !re=e p>tially enclos$ 9 iron plates to avoid injury to ! gr9d]1 %\ld su* an accid5t occur4 ,! gr9d] takes f fifty to sixty wires betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( 8 "r h&2 & z he presses !m aga9/ ! /one1 he causes all ! wires to roll r\nd1 & ?us ea* is gr\nd to a po9t4 ,s exp]t d ! gr9d]s become by practice1 t !y po9t a h&ful ( ^! wires1 usually ab\t sixty1 9 half a m9ute1 or ab\t sev5 ?\s& 9 an h\r4 ,dur+ ! gr9d+ e wire gives out a /ream ( sp>ks1 & ^! toge!r =m a bright gl>e ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,rubb+4 ,po9t+ ^! wires is ! mo/ unheal?y "p ( ! manufacture2 ! f9e du/ is c>ri$ into ! lungs ( ! workm51 & de/roys !m 9 a few ye>s1 v few liv+ beyond ! age ( =ty4 ,wet gr9d/ones _c be us$1 z ! po9ts ( ! ne$les w\ld be rapidly ru/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,drill = mak+ ! ,eyes4 ,smoo? ,file = rubb+4 ,hamm]4 ,cull5d]4 ,packet ( ,ne$les4 ,flat ,file4 ,! wires ?us po9t$ at ea* end are /amp$ by a heavy hamm]1 rais$ by a lev] mov$ by ! workman's foot4 ,! "u surface ( ?is hamm] is s =m$1 t :5 x falls on ! wire midway betwe5 ! two ends x /amps on "o side ! gutt]s1 or grooves1 9 :i* ! eye is aft]w>ds made2 & ! anvil on :i* ! wire re/s :5 ! hamm] /rikes x =ms ! two grooves on ! opposite side4 ,?is /amp+ also makes a slight depression or pit on ea* side at ! spot int5d$ = ! eye4 ,! wires are !n pass$ to a boy1 :o takes a numb] ( !m 9 8 left h&1 :il/ ) 8 "r he works a press1 mov+ two h>d /eel po9ts or pi]c]s4 ,^! come d[n ^u ! wire z x is plac$ b5ea? !m1 & pi]ce ! eyes = ! two ne$les4 ,ea* wire n[ resembles two r\gh unpoli%$ ne$les unit$ toge!r by _! heads2 & z x w\ld require mu* tr\ble to divide !m sep>ately into two ne$les1 a numb] are ?read$ ^u two v ?9 wires1 & are sep>at$ by fil+ & b5d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,h& ,press = pi]c+ ! ,eyes4 ,/amp+4 ,any ne$les :i* may h be5 b5t 9 ! sev]al processes are /raight5$ by roll+ "u a /eel b>1 & are h>d5$ by heat+ 9 a furnace1 & sudd5ly cool$ 9 cold wat] or oil4 ,aft] h>d5+ !y are temp]$ by be+ slightly heat$1 & if any are b5t dur+ h>d5+1 !y are /raight5$ by be+ hamm]$ on anvils ) small hamm]s2 f9ally1 ! :ole are poli%$ by lay+ tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& side by side ^u a piece ( ?ick canvas1 sme>+ !m ) oil & em]y1 roll+ up ! canvas1 & rubb+ !m "u a press = sev]al h\rs or ev5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,s(t ,/raight5+4 ,ne$les plac$ ready to be fil$4 ,ne$les 9 diff]5t ,/ages ( ,manufacture4 ,drill$-ey$ ne$les und]go ano!r op]ation--a f9e drill is made to revolve rapidly 9 ! eye ( ea*1 to take (f ! r\gh edge & to prev5t _! cutt+ ! ?read :5 us$2 f9ally1 ! po9ts are f9i%$ on a revolv+ /one1 & poli%$ on a :eel cov]$ ) lea!r1 & enclos$ 9 a pap] = sale4 ,simple z ! con/ruction ( a ne$le may appe>1 x has to pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( #abj workm51 f ! "t x leaves ! iron m9e until ! manufacture is complet$4 ,! *ief seat ( ! ne$le manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry is ,r$dit*1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 :]e upw>ds ( sev5ty millions are made weekly4 ,engli% ne$les are f> sup]ior to ^? ( =eign manufacture4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,cal5d]] ,,& ,,hotpress]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mill4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,cal5d]] & ,hotpress] 9 s _m respects resembles "p ( t already describ$ z prec$+ ! pr9t+ ( calico1 t only a brief notice ( x w be necess>y4 ,! s+e+ & blea*+ ( ! cotton has be5 expla9$1 & cal5d]+ is ! "n g5]ally appli$ 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts to ! processes ( smoo?+1 dress+1 & glaz+ cotton & l95 goods2 ! object be+ ei!r to prep>e !m = ! op]ations ( ! calico pr9t]1 or to imp>t ! la/ f9i% to ! goods be=e !y are fold$ & pack$ = ! m>ket4 ,! e>li] cal5d]s1 or cal5d]+ ma*9es1 closely resembl$ a common mangle 9 _! action1 b 7 v l>ge & heavy1 & work$ by a horse-:eel or o!r suffici5t p[]1 b ! process 0 greatly improv$ by ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e 9 :i* ! pressure is produc$ betwe5 roll]s1 in/ead ( betwe5 roll]s & flat surfaces1 & 9 :i* consequ5tly ! alt]nat+ movem5t is got rid (1 & also x is easi] to give a uni=m & equal pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,s+e+ ,cotton ,goods be=e ,cal5d]+4 ,iron ,plate4 ,roll]4 ,w9dlass4 ,scissors4 ,tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,emboss$ ,roll] = ,ma*9e ,pr9t+4 ,presses4 ,! roll]s or cyl9d]s 7 =m]ly made ( wood2 !y are n[ usually ( pap] or ca/ iron4 ,! pap] cyl9d]s are =m$ by pack+ a great numb] ( circul> pieces ( /\t pa/ebo>d ^u an iron axis1 & compress+ !m v tightly by means ( iron bolts pass$ ?r\gh !m1 act+ ^u circul> end-plates ( ca/ iron4 ,! surface is br\ght to a p]fectly ev5 & poli%$ /ate by turn+ 9 a la!4 ,iron roll]s are made holl[ & :5 necess>y heat$ f ! inside4 ,:5 a glaz$ or poli%$ surface is requir$ on ! goods to be cal5d]$1 me*anism is employ$ to cause two adjac5t roll]s to revolve ) diff]5t velocities1 s z to produce a rubb+ action4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t+ ,press4 ,*air ) ,roll]s4 ,t9 ,block4 ,! furnace = heat+ ! roll]s1 ! *air ) roll]s1 ! presses & t9 blocks = hotpress+1 & ! w9dlass = turn+1 are easily und]/ood 9 relation to ?is trade4 ,! pr9t+ press & emboss$ cyl9d] h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! trade ( calico pr9t+4 ,! mill1 turn$ by a horse1 is us$ :]e /eam p[] is n employ$ to put ! ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,furnace4 ,,! ,,cutl] ,,& ,,file-,,cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d+4 ,among/ all ! trades t occupy ! att5tion ( mank9d1 t ( ! ,cutl]1 :i* also includes ! tool mak]1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial1 s9ce )\t tools no o!r manufactures c\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,cutt+ in/rum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 9 use f ! e>lie/ ages1 if = no o!r purposes1 = cutt+ food1 slaught]+ animals1 & mak+ w> ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 anci5t times1 z well z among/ "s b>b>\s tribes at ! pres5t day1 ^! implem5ts 7 frequ5tly made ( %ells1 edg$ fl9ts1 or h>d5$ wood1 fa%ion$ into %>p weapons2 at a late p]iod1 cutt+ z well z w>like in/rum5ts 7 =m$ ( brass or bronze2 b at ! pres5t "t1 9 all civiliz$ nations !y are =m$ exclusively ( /eel or iron4 ,/eel is =m$ f ! pure/ b> iron--t :i* comes f ! ,sw$i% m9es be+ pref]r$4 ,?is is buri$ 9 p[d]$ *>coal & heat$ to :it5ess = sev]al days1 )\t exposure to ! air2 dur+ ?is "t ! metal becomes mu* h>d]1 :it] 9 col\r1 cry/all9e 9 texture1 & bli/]$ on ! surface4 ,! bli/]$ /eel s produc$ is prep>$ = use1 ei!r by b9d+ sev]al b>s toge!r & hamm]+ !m into "o1 or by melt+ !m 9 e>!nw>e pots1 call$ crucibles1 & p\r+ ! melt$ metal into m\lds ( ! size requir$4 ,9 ! latt] /ate x is call$ ca/ /eel4 ,cutl]y is g5]ally und]/ood to comprise all k9ds ( knives1 razors1 lancets1 & edge tools1 includ+ scy!s1 saws1 scissors1 %e>s1 spades1 & _m o!rs2 & ! manufacture ( =ks1 files1 & "s o!r in/rum5ts n possess+ cutt+ edges1 is frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,x w be impossible to give a detail$ description ( h[ all ^! are made1 s only two or ?ree mu/ be select$4 ,9 a ,cutl]'s factory knife blades are =g$ f /eel b>s 9 a numb] ( small rooms1 ea* conta9+ a fireplace or he>?1 a tr\gh to hold wat]1 & ano!r tr\gh = coke1 :i* is specially prep>$ = ?is k9d ( "w2 !re are also an anvil1 hamm]s1 & "s o!r tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,cutl]'s ,hamm]s4 ,anvil4 ,two p]sons are engag$ 9 ea* room1 "o be+ call$ ! mak] or =g]1 ! o!r ! /rik]4 ,! =g] buries ! end ( ! /eel b> 9 ! fire to ! ext5t requir$2 & to det]m9e :5 x %\ld be remov$ requires "s judgm5t1 s9ce if x be ov]heat$ or 8burnt10 x w be q unfit = cutt+ purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be suffici5tly heat$ to acquire ! prop] degree ( s(tness = ! op]ation ( %ap+ ! blade f x4 ,:5 ! end ( ! b> has be5 prop]ly heat$ x is br\ght to ! anvil1 :]e x is fa%ion$ by ! /rik] into ! requir$ %ape by means ( a few bl[s ( ! hamm]4 ,?is r\ghly %ap$ blade is !n cut (f f ! end ( ! b>1 :i* is aga9 heat$ = =m+ ! next %ape1 & s on to ! end4 ,! cutt+ "p ( ! blade ?us rudely =m$ is next weld$ to a piece ( iron1 :i* =ms ! bol/]1 or %\ld]1 t is1 ! "p t rises r\nd ! h&le ( ! knife4 ,to make ! %\ld] ( ! size & %ape requir$1 & to give x neatness & f9i%1 x is introduc$ into a die by ! side ( ! anvil1 & a swage 7see ,blacksmi?7 plac$ ^u x1 to :i* a few sm>t bl[s 9 ! prop] direction are giv5 by ! /rik]4 ,illu/ration3 ,%\ld]-iron4 ,! die & swage are call$ pr9ts by ! workpeople4 ,besides ! bol/]1 ! "p :i* fa/5s into ! h&le1 te*nically t]m$ ! tang1 is also %ap$ f ! piece ( iron weld$ on to ! cutt+ "p ( ! blade4 ,aft] ! bol/] & tang h be5 prop]ly f9i%$1 ! blade is heat$ aga91 & !n well hamm]$ on ! anvil4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* is t]m$ smi?+1 requires p>ticul> c>e & att5tion4 ,x is int5d$ to consolidate ! /eel1 & to r5d] x bright]4 ,! next process ! blade has to und]go is t ( m>k+4 ,?is is done ) a broad pun* made ( ! v be/ & h>de/ /eel1 & hav+ ! "n & corporate or trade m>k ( ! firm c>v$ on ! bottom end or po9t4 ,! blade is heat$ to a dull r$ 7worm-r$1 z x is t]m$ by ! workm571 & ! m>k cut 9 on "o side ( ! blade ) ! pun* by a s+le bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,n[ comes ! mo/ important process ( all1 viz4 ! h>d5+ & temp]+ ( ! blades4 ,^u ! effectual p]=mance ( ^! op]ations dep5ds ! practical value ( ! articles4 ,! ,%effield workm5 h ju/ly & des]v$ly acquir$ ! v highe/ reputation = peculi> skill 9 ?is mo/ difficult dep>tm5t ( ! cutl]y bus9ess4 ,! h>d5+ ( ! blade is effect$ by heat+ x to bright r$ness1 !n plung+ x p]p5dicul>ly into cold wat]1 :i* op]ation r5d]s x extremely h>d1 b at ! same "t v brittle1 :i* is an inconv5i5ce1 ( c\rse1 requir+ to be rem$i$4 ,?is is done by ! process ( temp]+4 ,to ?is end1 ! h>d5$ blades are fir/ rubb$ ) f9ely p[d]$ s&1 to remove scales1 c4 f ! surface2 !y are !n plac$ on an oblong tray made ( /eel1 & on ?is expos$ to ! fire until !y acquire a bright blue t9t4 ,! workman judges ( ! prop] degree ( temp]+ entirely by ! col\r1 & ! utmo/ att5tion is be/[$ ^u ?is po9t to ensure ! mo/ p]fect unanimity 9 ?is respect4 ,! h>d5$ & temp]$ blades are !n submitt$ to ! manag]'s inspection1 :o applies v>i\s te/s to !m1 & rejects any t may turn out imp]fect 9 any "o po9t4 ,! blades t h be5 exam9$ & pass$ by ! manag] are next tak5 to ! gr9d+ mill1 or1 z x is te*nically t]m$1 ! :eel4 ,ea* sep>ate %op 9 ! build+ 9 :i* ! gr9d]s "w is call$ a hull4 ,! gr9d+ is done on /ones ( v>i\s qualities & sizes1 accord+ to ! k9d ( articles to be gr\nd4 ,! r\gh grit /ones come mo/ly f ,wick]sley1 ne> ,ro!rham2 ! f9] & smoo!r gra9$ /ones1 & ! s-call$ :itn+ /ones1 come mo/ly f ! m imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,%effield4 ,! blades ( table-knives are gr\nd on wet /ones1 ! gr9d+ /one be+ susp5d$1 = t purpose1 9 an iron tr\gh fill$ ) wat] to a suffici5t height to make ! surface ( ! fluid j t\* ! face ( ! /one4 ,! gr9d+ /ones1 z well z ! glaz]s & poli%]s1 are turn$ by ma*9]y work$ by /eam p[]4 ,a flat /ick is us$ by ! gr9d] to keep ! blade press$ to ! surface ( ! /one4 ,! gr\nd blades are !n glaz$1 :i* simply means t a high] degree ( lu/re & smoo?ness is giv5 !m by gr9d+ on a tool t]m$ a glaz]4 ,?is consi/s ( a :eel made ( a numb] ( pieces ( wood1 put toge!r 9 su* a mann] t ! edge or face always pres5ts ! end way ( ! wood1 :i* is done to pres]ve ! circul> %ape by prev5t+ contraction ( ! p>ts4 ,! gr9d+ face ( ! :eel is cov]$ ) s-call$ em]y cake1 :i* consi/s ( a composition ( beeswax1 tall[1 & em]y4 ,! glaz+ :eels h a diamet] ( f\r feet4 ,! tang ( ! blade is /uck into a tempor>y h&le to facilitate ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr9d/ones4 ,*isel4 ,busk94 ,flat ,file or ,rasp4 ,gauge4 ,! la/ process to :i* ! blades ( table-knives are subject$ 9 ! gr9d+ mill is t ( poli%+2 ?is is done on circul> pieces ( wood cov]$ ) buff lea!r1 ) a coat ( f9] em]y 7fl\r em]y7 composition ^u x1 :i* are made to revolve ) mu* less velocity ?an ! gr9d+ /ones & ! glaz]s4 ,! gr\nd blades are aga9 tak5 to ! manag]1 :o applies sev]al v sev]e te/s to !m1 to try _! temp] & edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,%e>s4 ,flat ,/ick4 ,haft ,m\lds4 ,knife-h&les are made ( horn1 ivory1 ebony1 silv]1 ,g]man silv]1 "m ( pe>l1 c4 ,two sorts ( ivory are pr9cipally us$1 ! ,egyptian & ! ,african2 ! latt] is ! m beautiful & transp>5t ( ! two1 ! ,egyptian look+ m l horn4 ,! tusks are sawn 9 appropriate l5g?s1 :i* are !n cut by a small circul> saw into h&les ( ! requir$ size4 ,! h&les are prop]ly fil$1 & occasionally also c>v$ or flut$ 9 diff]5t patt]ns4 ,a v>iety ( files are us$ = ^! purposes1 su* z flat files1 ?read+ files1 holl[ files1 half r\nd files1 c4 ,! h&le is !n bor$ to receive ! tang4 ,! bol/] ( ! blade hav+ be5 prop]ly fil$1 ! tang is ins]t$ into ! bore1 & fix$ 9 by cem5t 9 ! usual way4 ,x is aft]w>ds f>!r secur$ by a ,g]man silv] p9 pass+ ?r\gh ! h&le & tang4 ,! silv] & ,g]man silv] h&les are /amp$ 9 dies4 ,! "m ( pe>l h&les are c>v$ or flut$ 9 diff]5t patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fire-irons4 ,crook$ ,tongs4 ,tongs4 ,dies4 ,! knives ?us f9i%$ by ! haft] are n[ tak5 once m to ! manag]1 to und]go a f9al exam9ation prep>atory to _! removal to ! w>eh\se4 ,! =g+ ( razors is p]=m$ by a =eman & /rik] 9 ! same mann] z 9 mak+ ! blades ( table-knives4 ,! b>s or rods z !y come f ! tilt & roll+ mill are ab\t half an in* broad1 & no ?ick] ?an is suffici5t = ! back ( ! razor4 ,! anvil on :i* ! razor-blades are =g$ is r\nd$ at ! sides2 by dext]\sly work+ ! blade on ! r\nd$ edge ( ! anvil1 a concave surface is giv5 to ! sides1 & ! edge "p ?us made ?9n]1 :i* saves ! gr9d] a deal ( lab\r4 ,! blade hav+ be5 cut (f ! b>1 ! tang is =m$ by draw+ out ! /eel4 ,! blade is !n prop]ly h>d5$ & temp]$4 ,! la/ & mo/ important process :i* ! razor-blade has to und]go is t ( gr9d+4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! prices ( blades1 make all ( !m ( ! same mat]ial1 is ow+ entirely to ! circum/ance t /ones ( mu* small] diamet] are us$ = gr9d+ ! high] pric$ blades1 & mu* m "t & lab\r are giv5 to ! op]ation ?an is ! case ) ! *eap] sorts4 ,9 mak+ a =k1 ! end ( a /eel b> is fir/ made r$-hot2 x is hamm]$ s z to give a r\gh approximation to ! %ape ( ! %ank or tang2 x is aga9 heat$1 & a bl[ f a die or /amp gives ! prop] cont\r2 ! prongs are cut out by a p[]ful bl[ f a /amp ( peculi> =m1 & ! =k is f9ally anneal$1 h>d5$1 gr\nd1 & poli%$4 ,x is ?is process ( =k gr9d+ :i* has s (t5 be5 made a subject = comm5t2 ! =k is gr\nd dry ^u a /one :eel1 & ! p>ticles ( /eel & grit are con/antly ent]+ ! lungs ( ! workm51 !reby ru9+ ! heal? & %ort5+ ! duration ( life4 ,_m contrivances h be5 devis$ = obviat+ ?is evil1 b ! =k-gr9d]s h n second$ ^! ef=ts s zeal\sly z might h be5 expect$4 ,9 mak+ p5 & pocket-knives1 a sl5d] rod ( /eel is heat$ at ! end1 hamm]$ to ! =m ( a blade1 & c>ri$ ?r\gh _m subsequ5t processes4 ,b ! putt+ toge!r ( ^! h+$ knives requires m "t ?an ! mak+ ( ! blades1 & af=ds a curi\s example ( m9ute detail4 ,:5 ! pieces ( bone1 ivory1 pe>l1 tortoise-%ell1 horn1 or o!r sub/ances1 :i* are to =m ! out] surface ( ! h&le1 are r\ghly cut to %ape2 :5 ! blade has be5 =g$ & gr\nd1 & :5 ! /eel = ! spr+ is procur$1 ! :ole are plac$ 9 ! h& ( a workman1 :o proce$s to build up a clasp-knife f ! little fragm5ts plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,s _m are ! details to be att5d$ to1 t a common two-blad$ knife has to pass ?r\gh 8 h&s sev5ty or eighty times be=e x is f9i%$4 ,a file1 z e "o kn[s1 is a /eel in/rum5t1 hav+ flat or curv$ surfaces s not*$ or s]rat$ z to produce a s]ies ( f9e tee? or cutt+ edges1 :i* are employ$ = ! abrasion ( metal1 ivory1 wood1 c4 ,/eel = mak+ files be+ requir$ to be ( unusual h>dness1 is m highly conv]t$ ?an = o!r purposes1 & is sometimes said to be d\ble conv]t$4 ,small files are mo/ly made ( ca/ /eel4 ,! v l>ge files call$ smi?s' rubb]s are g5]ally =g$ imm$iately f ! conv]t$ b>s4 ,small] files are =g$ f b>s :i* are wr\ght to ! requir$ =m & size by ! action ( tilt-hamm]s1 ei!r f bli/]$ b>s or f +ots ( ca/ /eel4 ,^! b>s are cut into pieces suitable = mak+ "o file ea*1 :i* are heat$ 9 a =ge-fire1 & !n wr\ght to ! requir$ %ape on an anvil by two m51 "o ( :om sup]9t5ds ! "w :ile ! o!r acts z g5]al assi/ant4 ,! next op]ation ^u ! blanks :i* are to be conv]t$ into files is t ( s(t5+ or light5+1 to r5d] ! /eel capable ( be+ cut ) ! too?+ in/rum5ts4 ,?is is effect$ by a gradual heat+ & a gradual cool+4 ,! surface is !n r5d]$ smoo?1 ei!r by fil+ or gr9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,file ,cutt+4 ,file ,cutt+4 ,! cutt+ ( ! tee? is usually p]=m$ by workm5 sitt+ a/ride ^u a bo>d or saddle-%ap$ seat 9 front ( a b5*1 ^u :i* is fix$ a k9d ( small anvil4 ,lay+ ! blank file across ! anvil1 ! ,cutl] secures x f mov+ by a /rap :i* passes ov] ea* end & "u 8 feet1 l ! /irrup ( ! %oemak]4 ,he !n takes 9 8 left h& a v c>efully gr\nd *isel made ( ! be/ /eel1 & 9 8 "r a peculi>ly %ap$ hamm]4 ,if ! file be flat1 or h "o or m flat surfaces1 ! op]ator places ! /eel *isel ^u x at a p>ticul> angle or incl9ation1 & ) "o bl[ ( ! hamm] cuts an ind5tation or furr[ completely across its face f side to side1 & !n moves ! *isel to ! requisite positions = mak+ simil> & p>allel cuts4 ,if x be a half r\nd file1 z a /raight-edg$ *isel is us$1 a numb] ( small cuts are necess>y to ext5d across ! file f edge to edge4 ,s m9ute are ^! cuts 9 "s k9ds ( files1 t 9 "o specim5 ab\t t5 in*es long1 flat on "o side & r\nd on ! o!r1 !re are m ?an #bj1jjj cuts1 ea* made ) a sep>ate bl[ f ! hamm]1 & ! cutt+ tool be+ %ift$ aft] ea* bl[4 ,! range ( manufactures af=d few m /rik+ examples ( ! peculi> manual skill acquir$ by long practice4 ,sev]al highly +5i\s ma*9es h be5 contriv$ = sup]s$+ ! t$i\s op]ation ( file cutt+ by h&2 b suit$ z ! process may appe> to be = ! use ( ma*9]y1 x has be5 f\nd to pres5t su* great difficulties1 t we believe no file-cutt+ eng9e has be5 br\ght successfully or ext5sively into op]ation4 ,"o v s]i\s difficulty arises f ! fact t1 if "o "p ( ! file be ei!r a little s(t] ?an ! adjac5t p>ts1 or a little n>r[]1 s z to pres5t less resi/ance to ! bl[ ( ! hamm]1 a ma*9e w\ld1 ow+ to ! p]fect uni=mity ( its /roke1 make a deep] cut !re ?an else:]e4 ,aft] ! files h be5 cut1 ! /eel is br\ght to a /ate ( great h>dness2 ?is is effect$ 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! purpose to :i* ! file is to be appli$2 !y are g5]ally coat$ ) a sort ( tempor>y v>ni%1 !n heat$ 9 a /ove1 & !n sudd5ly qu5*$4 ,aft] h>d5+1 ! files are sc\r$1 wa%$1 dri$1 & te/$4 ,x w be se5 t ! tools employ$ by ! ,cutl] are few1 & consi/ mo/ly ( ! hamm]s1 m\lds1 dies1 anvils1 gr9d+ /ones1 & o!rs already m5tion$4 ,illu/ration ,,cotton ,,manufactur]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>d+4 ,! extremely valuable sub/ance1 call$ ,cotton1 :i* is n[ rais$ 9 su* abundance z to furni% ! *eape/ & mo/ ext5sively-us$ clo?+1 is produc$ 9 ! se$ vessels ( ! cotton plant1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties2 "s are h]bace\s annual plants1 gr[+ f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es high2 o!rs1 %rubs ab\t ! size ( our currant bu%es1 & ( f two to t5 ye>s' duration2 :il/ a ?ird k9d atta9 ! gr[? ( small trees1 ) a height ( f twelve to tw5ty feet4 ,! leaves ( ! cotton plant are ( a bright d>k gre5 col\r1 deeply divid$ into five lobes2 ! fl[]s are l>ge & %[y1 ( a bright sulphur or lemon col\r1 & closely resemble 9 appe>ance & botanical /ructure ^? ( ! s+le hollyhock2 ea* fl[] is succe$$ by a triangul> ?ree-cell$ se$ vessel1 :i* atta9s ! size ( a small walnut1 & :5 ripe bur/s op5 f ! swell+ ( ! cotton conta9$ 9 ! ?ree cells2 ! se$s1 :i* are r l>g] ?an ^? ( grapes1 are inclos$ 9 ! cotton wool1 :i* adh]es v firmly to !m4 ,"o v>iety ( cotton1 cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 & "s p>ts ( ,am]ica1 has a yell[ t9t2 ?is t9t x pres]ves :5 wov5 into ! fabric call$ 8nanke540 ,illu/ration3 ,cotton ,plant4 ,bale ( ,cotton4 ,! cotton plant is l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,we/ ,indies1 on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 &1 9 %ort1 9 almo/ all ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w2 x fl\ri%es readily 9 soils too poor = ! gr[? ( gra91 & o!r crops1 & succe$s p]fectly well 9 dry seasons4 ,! cotton1 :5 p]fectly ripe1 is ga!r$ by wom5 & *ildr51 ! se$s & wool be+ pick$ out ( ! pod2 x is dri$ 9 ! sun1 & is !n ready = ! removal ( ! se$s4 ,9 ,india ?is op]ation is p]=m$ by means ( two p>allel roll]s1 :i* are fix$ 9 a frame at a small di/ance ap>t1 s t :5 !y are turn$ r\nd ! cotton is drawn ?r\gh :il/ ! se$s1 :i* f _! size are unable to pass1 are torn (f & sep>at$4 ,) ?is simple ma*9e a man c sep>ate ! se$s f ab\t fifty p\nds ( cotton 9 a day4 ,9 ,am]ica a /ill m rapid process is adopt$3 ! cotton is plac$ 9 a box1 "o side ( :i* is =m$ ( /\t p>allel wires1 plac$ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t2 by ! side ( ?is box is a roll]1 c>ry+ a numb] ( circul> saws ) curv$ tee?1 :i* project ?r\gh ! wires into ! box4 ,on ! roll] be+ made to revolve1 ! tee? ( ! saws drag ! cotton ?r\gh ! wires1 ! se$s rema9+ beh9d2 aft] be+ ?us sep>at$1 ! cotton is p[]fully compress$ into bags1 & is ready = transport to ?is & o!r manufactur+ c\ntries4 ,! cotton is seldom unpack$ until x arrives at ! mill1 ! pur*ases be+ all manag$ by samples4 ,:5 x is unpack$1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is ! sort+1 & 9 ?is mu* c>e & skill are requir$2 = ! diff]5t bags furni% diff]5t qualities ( cotton1 & x is necess>y to produce y>n ( uni=m quality at ! *eape/ rate4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to equalize ! diff]5t qualities1 ! cont5ts ( all ! bags are mix$ toge!r 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a space be+ cle>$ & m>k$ out on ! floor1 ! cotton conta9$ 9 ! fir/ bag is scatt]$ ov] ?is space1 s z exactly to cov] x2 ! cont5ts ( ! second bag are 9 l mann] spread ov] ! fir/1 & ! cotton 9 all ! o!r bags is dispos$ 9 a simil> mann]2 m5 & boys tread d[n ! heap1 :i* is call$ a b+ or bunk]1 until at l5g? x rises up 9 %ape & dim5sions v mu* l a hay/ack4 ,:5ev] a supply ( cotton is tak5 f ! b+ x is torn d[n ) a rake f top to bottom1 by :i* means x is evid5t ! cont5ts ( ! diff]5t bags are collect$ toge!r 9 a mass ( uni=m quality & col\r4 ,9 mix+ diff]5t qualities ( cotton x is usual to br+ toge!r su* only z h a simil> l5g? ( /aple4 ,a portion ( ! wa/e cotton ( ! mill is also mix$ 9 ! b+1 = mak+ ! l[] qualities ( y>n4 ,= high] numb]s1 z well z = w>ps1 a f9] quality ( cotton mu/ be select$2 & ?us x w be se5 t ! =mation ( a b+ is an important op]ation1 ! quality ( ! goods produc$ dep5d+ ^u x4 ,9 ?is /ate ! cotton conta9s s&1 dirt1 & o!r impurities1 & ! fibres are matt$ toge!r by ! pressure !y 7 subject$ to 9 pack+4 ,to op5 ! fibres & get rid ( ! s&1 c4 ! cotton is put into a ma*9e call$ a will[4 ,?is consi/s ( a box or case1 conta9+ a conical wood5 beam1 /udd$ ov] ) iron spikes2 ?is beam is made to turn r\nd five or six hundr$ times a m9ute4 ,! cotton1 z x is torn d[n f ! b+1 is put 9 at "o end ( ! ma*9e1 :]e x is caught by ! spikes1 toss$ ab\t ) great viol5ce1 & gradually driv5 =w>d to ! o!r end4 ,! s& & o!r impurities fall out ( ! ma*9e ?r\gh an op5 grat+ at ! bottom2 ! du/ & light] matt] pass (f ?r\gh a s]ies ( wire op5+s1 & ! clean$ cotton is s5t d[n a %oot into ! room bel[4 ,if ! cotton is ( f9e quality x is beat51 or batt$1 ) hazel or holly twigs4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is spread on a frame1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is made ( cords & is q ela/ic4 ,a woman1 ) a rod ab\t ?ree or f\r feet long 9 ea* h&1 beats ! cotton ) great viol5ce1 & s entirely sep>ates ! fibre4 ,any loose impurities :i* rema9 fall out betwe5 ! cords2 se$s & fragm5ts ( se$-pods1 :i* adh]e to ! cotton some:at firmly1 are pick$ out by h&4 ,by ?is me?od ! cotton is ?or\ghly op5$1 & made q clean1 )\t injur+ ! /aple4 ,illu/ration3 ,op5+ ! ,cotton4 ,! co>s] qualities are pass$ at once f ! will[ to ! scut*+ or bl[+ ma*9e1 :i* does ! "w ( batt+1 only 9 a m viol5t mann]1 & is !re=e n adapt$ = f9e qualities2 b 9 co>s] sp9n+ is 9 g5]al use1 to prep>e ! cotton = ! c>d+ eng9e4 ,! cotton1 :i* is /ill 9 a confus$ & tangl$ /ate1 has n[ to be c>d$1 ^u ! regul>ity & p]fection ( :i* process dep5ds mu* ( ! success ( sp9n+1 & also ! durability & beauty ( ! /uff to be wov54 ,a cotton c>d is a sort ( bru%1 conta9+ wires in/ead ( bri/les4 ,! c>ds are made ( b&s or fillets ( lea!r1 or are =m$ ( alt]nate lay]s ( cotton1 l951 & india-rubb] pi]c$ ) num]\s holes1 9 :i* are fix$ b5t pieces ( iron wire1 call$ d5ts or tee?4 ,! fibres ( ! cotton are n yet suffici5tly level to be twi/$ into y>n2 & x (t5 happ5s t ! tee? ( ! c>d lay hold ( a fibre by ! middle & ?us d\ble x toge!r1 9 :i* /ate x is unfit = sp9n+4 ,! c>d+s are !re=e d\bl$ & drawn out by a ma*9e call$ a draw+ frame1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* dep5ds ^u diff]5t pairs ( roll]s revolv+ ) diff]5t degrees ( rapidity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! rib&1 z x leaves ! c>d+-eng9e1 7 simply ext5d$ 9 l5g? by draw+ x out1 x w\ld be liable to te> across1 or to be ( a diff]5t ?ickness at diff]5t p>ts ( its l5g?4 ,to prev5t ! te>+ & to equalize ! ?ickness1 a numb] ( c>d+s are jo9$ toge!r & drawn out to a l5g? equal to ! sum ( ! l5g? ( all ! sep>ate c>d+s4 ,! effect produc$ is ! same z tak+ a piece ( cotton wool betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb & draw+ x out _m times1 lay+ ! drawn filam5ts ov] ea* o!r1 be=e ea* draw+4 ,if ! cotton be !n exam9$ x w be f\nd t all ! fibres are p>allel & ( equal l5g?4 ,?is effect is accompli%$ v p]fectly 9 ! draw+ frame1 :i* consi/s ( a numb] ( roll]s arrang$ 9 :at are call$ heads1 ea* head consi/+ ( ?ree pairs ( roll]s1 ( :i* ! second pair moves ) great] spe$ ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird moves quick] ?an ! second4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+4 ,?read ,frame4 ,by ! process ( d\bl+ & draw+1 ! cotton is =m$ into a loose por\s cord1 ! fibres ( :i* are arrang$ side by side4 ,?is cord is /ill too ?ick = y>n1 b x _c be r$uc$ 9 size by draw+ m]ely1 = if ?is 7 attempt$ x w\ld break2 a slight twi/ is !re=e giv51 :i* by cond5s+ ! fibres all[s ! draw+ to proce$4 ,?is is ! comm5cem5t ( ! sp9n+ process 7:i* is1 9 fact1 little m ?an a comb9ation ( draw+ & twi/+7 & is call$ rov+4 ,illu/ration3 ,cotton ,bobb9s4 ,buffaloes ) ,bobb9s4 ,rov+4 ,! bobb9-&-fly frame is an exce$+ly complicat$ ma*9e1 al?\gh ! objects to be accompli%$ by x are suffici5tly simple2 namely1 to give ! rov+ a slight twi/1 & !n to w9d x on ! bobb94 ,! fir/ is easily done by ! revolutions ( ! sp9dle2 ! second is m difficult4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to expla9 t ! bobb9s n[ "u notice diff] 9 no way f ! reels 9 common use1 except 9 be+ ( v l>ge size4 ,! sp9dle :i* holds ! bobb9 is a r\nd /eel rod1 driv5 by a small cog-:eel1 fa/5$ on ! l[] "p ( ! sp9dle4 ,! bobb9 is slid ^u ! sp9dle1 & ! small b$ or plat=m on :i* x re/s is made to revolve by ano!r s]ies ( small :eels4 ,! sp9dle has two arms1 call$ ! fly or fly]4 ,?is fly is fix$ on ! top ( ! sp9dle 9 su* a way t x c be tak5 (f 9 an in/ant1 = ! purpose ( putt+ on or tak+ (f ! bobb94 ,"o arm ( ! fly is holl[1 ! o!r solid1 & all ?is s]ves to balance ! ma*9]y4 ,"o ma*9e conta9s f ?irty to a hundr$ & tw5ty sp9dles1 :i*1 = economy ( space1 are plac$ 9 two r[s1 ea* sp9dle 9 ! back r[ /&+ opposite ! space left betwe5 two sp9dles ( ! front r[4 ,! action ( ! ma*9e is ?is3--,! sliv] hav+ be5 drawn by ! roll]s1 is twi/$ by ! rapid revolutions ( ! sp9dle into a s(t cord or rov+2 ?is ent]s a hole 9 ! top ( ! sp9dle1 & passes d[n ! holl[ arm ( ! fly2 x is !n twi/$ r\nd a /eel f+]1 :i* w9ds x on ! bobb9 ) a c]ta9 pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ro/le4 ,fly]4 ,! ?ro/le ma*9e is usually made d\ble1 a r[ ( bobb9s1 sp9dles1 c4 occupy+ ea* side ( ! frame4 ,! bobb9s fill$ ) rov+s f ! bobb9-&-fly frame1 are m\nt$ at ! upp] "p ( ! frame 9 two ranges4 ,! rov+ f ea* bobb9 passes ?r\gh ?ree pairs ( draw+ roll]s1 :]e x is /ret*$ out to ! requisite f95ess4 ,on quitt+ ! la/ pair ( roll]s1 ea* ?read is guid$ by a little r+ or a not* ( smoo? glass1 let into ! frame1 t[>ds ! sp9dles1 :i* revolve ) great rapidity1 produc+ by ! motion ( _! fly]s ?r\gh ! air a l[ musical hum1 :i* is suppos$ to h giv5 ! "n ( ?ro/le to ?is ma*9e4 ,! rov+1 :i* may n[ be call$ y>n1 pass+ ?r\gh an eyelet =m$ at ! end ( "o ( ! arms ( ! fly]1 proce$s at once to o!r bobb9s4 ,! y>n is w\nd ^u ! bobb9s by a curi\s contrivance4 ,! bobb9 fits v loosely ^u ! sp9dle1 & re/s on its end ^u a k9d ( plat=m4 ,! bobb9 is n connect$ ) ! sp9dle1 except by ! ?read ( y>n1 :i* has to be w\nd2 !re=e1 z soon z ! fly] is set sp9n+1 ! ?read drags ! bobb9 aft] x1 & makes x foll[ ! motion ( ! sp9dle & fly2 b ! weight ( ! bobb91 & its friction on ! plat=m1 :i* is promot$ by cov]+ ! end ) co>se clo?1 causes x to hang back1 & ?us ! d\ble purpose is s]v$1 ( keep+ ! ?read /ret*$ & w9d+ x on ! bobb9 mu* m sl[ly ?an ! fly] revolves4 ,! y>n is equally di/ribut$ on ! bobb9 by a sl[ up-&-d[n movem5t ( ! plat=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,mule4 ,^! effects are ! same z 7 produc$ by ! bobb9 & fly-frame1 b 9 ! ?ro/le !y are atta9$ by simpl] means4 ,9 ! =m] ma*9e a di/9ct movem5t caus$ ! bobb9 to revolve quick] ?an ! sp9dle4 ,9 ! ?ro/le ! bobb9 is made to revolve by ! pull ( ! y>n1 :i* is n[ suffici5tly /rong = ! purpose2 b ! rov+ 9 ! bobb9-&-fly frame w\ld n be> ! /ra94 ,! ?ro/le is n (t5 employ$ = v f9e sp9n+1 because f9e y>n w\ld n be> ! drag ( ! bobb92 b 9 mule-sp9n+ ! y>n is w\nd at once ^u ! sp9dles )\t any /ra94 ,9 ! mule ! roll+ is fir/ drawn by ! usual sy/em ( roll]s1 & !n /ret*$ by a moveable c>riage4 ,! effect ( fir/ draw+ & !n /ret*+ is to make ! y>n f9] & m uni=m1 z w be expla9$ pres5tly4 ,! sp9n+ mule is ! mo/ int]e/+ & impressive spectacle 9 a l>ge cotton mill--on acc\nt ( its va/ ext5t1 ! great quantity ( "w p]=m$ by x1 & ! wond]ful complication & +5uity ( its p>ts4 ,! sp9n+-mule consi/s ( two pr9cipal portions3 ! fir/1 :i* is fix$1 conta9s ! bobb9s ( rov+s & ! draw+ roll]s2 ! second is a sort ( c>riage1 mov+ ^u an iron railroad1 & capable ( be+ drawn out to a di/ance ( ab\t five feet f ! fix$ frame4 ,?is c>riage c>ries ! sp9dles1 ! numb] ( :i* is half t ( ! bobb9s ( rov+s4 ,motion is giv5 to ! sp9dles by means ( v]tical drums1 r\nd :i* are pass$ sl5d] cords1 communicat+ ) ! sp9dles4 ,!re is "o drum to e tw5ty-f\r sp9dles4 ,! c>riage be+ run up to ! po9t f :i* x />ts 9 sp9n+1 ! sp9dles are ne> to ! roll]-beam2 ! roll]s n[ beg9 to turn1 & to give out y>n1 :i* is imm$iately twi/$ by ! revolution ( ! sp9dles2 ! c>riage !n moves away f ! roll]-beam1 some:at quick] ?an ! ?reads are deliv]$1 s t !y receive a c]ta9 am\nt ( /ret*+1 :i* gives value to ?is ma*9e4 ,! b5eficial effect is produc$ 9 ?is way1--:5 ! ?read leaves ! roll]s1 x is ?ick] 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs1 & ^? ?ick] p>ts n be+ s mu* twi/$ z ! ?9n] ones are s(t]1 & yield to ! /ret*+ p[] ( ! mule1 s t ! twi/ is equalis$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! y>n becomes m uni=m4 ,:5 ! c>riage has complet$ a /ret*1 or is drawn out f ab\t fifty-f\r to sixty-f\r in*es f ! roll]-beam1 ! draw+ roll]s cease to give out y>n1 b ! sp9dles cont9ue to :irl until ! ?reads are prop]ly twi/$4 ,9 sp9n+ ! f9] y>ns1 ! c>riage sometimes makes :at is call$ a second /ret*1 dur+ :i* ! sp9dles are made to revolve mu* m rapidly ?an be=e4 ,! draw+1 /ret*+1 & twi/+1 ( a l5g? ( ?read be+ ?us complet$1 ! mule dis5gages itself f ! p>ts ( ! ma*9]y by :i* x has hi!rto be5 driv51 & ! sp9n] !n pu%es ! c>riage ) 8 knee back to ! roll]-beam1 turn+ at ! same "t ) 8 "r h& a fly :eel1 :i* gives motion to ! sp9dles4 ,at ! same "t a copp+ wire1 z x is call$1 is press$ ^u ! ?reads by ! sp9n]s' left h&1 & !y are ?us made to trav]se ! :ole l5g? ( ! sp9dle1 ^u :i* !y are !n w\nd or built 9 a conical =m1 :i* is call$ a cop4 ,^! cops are us$ = plac+ 9 ! %uttle 9 weav+1 & =m ! weft or %ort cross ?reads ( ! clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9]y = mov+ ,%uttle4 ,%uttle = ,p[] ,loom4 ,! y>n is n[ dispos$ ( 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! use = :i* x is int5d$2 b x is (t5 f\nd conv5i5t to make x up into hanks4 ,:5 ! y>n is complet$ x is usually s5t to ! d\bl+ & twi/+ mill1 = ! purpose ( be+ conv]t$ into :at is n[ prop]ly call$ ?read4 ,al?\gh we are accu/om$ to apply ! ^w ?read to a ?9 n>r[ l9e ( any fibr\s mat]ial1 ! manufactur] limits ! t]m to t comp\nd cord produc$ by d\bl+ or twi/+ two or m s+le l9es4 ,! s+le l9e he calls y>n1 two or m s+le l9es1 laid p>allel & twi/$ toge!r1 he calls ?read2 & ( ?is !re are _m v>ieties1 su* z bobb9-net-lace-?read1 /ock+-?read1 sew+-?read1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,gass+4 ,9 f9e sp9n+1 ! y>n1 :5 d\bl$1 is = "s purposes s+$ or gass$1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! loose fibres1 & to make x m level & compact4 ,! process ( s+e+ y>n /rikes a /rang] z be+ m rem>kable ?an any?+ else 9 ! mill4 ,9 a long room 9 ! upp] "p ( ! mill1 or 9 a %$ atta*$ to x1 are sev]al tables1 light$ up ) a l>ge numb] ( jets ( flame1 ab\t twelve in*es ap>t1 produc+ a s+ul> b pleas+ effect4 ,above ea* flame is a little hood or *imney4 ,on ent]+ ?is room ! smell ( burnt cotton is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & on approa*+ ! table1 "o is surpris$ to see a f9e delicate ?read cross+ ea* flame 9 two or ?ree directions1 & app>5tly at re/2 b on foll[+ ! c\rse ( ?is ?read1 x is f\nd to proce$ f "o bobb91 :i* is rapidly sp9n+ r\nd1 & to pass ?r\gh ! flame to ano!r bobb91 :i* is also 9 rapid motion4 ,x is !n se5 t ! ?read is also mov+ at a rapid rate1 by :i* means alone does x escape be+ consum$4 ,! ?read is l$ ov] pulleys1 s z to pass two or ?ree times ?r\gh ! flame1 :i* s+es (f ! loose fibres1 conv]t+ !m into a r$di% p[d] or du/1 :i*1 if bl[n ab\t & inhal$1 w\ld d great injury to ! lungs2 ?is is :y ! gass+-room is 9 a remote or retir$ "p ( ! build+1 to prev5t ! air be+ di/urb$ by ! bu/le ( ! heavi] p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,w>p+ ,ma*9es4 ,:5 cotton is int5d$ to be wov5 into a fabric1 su* z calico1 c4 ! fir/ op]ation consi/s 9 lay+ ! requisite numb] ( ?reads toge!r to =m ! wid? ( ! clo?2 ?is is call$ w>p+4 ,suppos+ !re to be #a1jjj ?reads 9 ! wid? ( a piece ( clo?1 !n ! y>n1 w\nd on ! bobb9s z x leaves ! h&s ( ! sp9n]1 mu/ be s unw\nd & laid out z to =m #a1jjj l5g?s1 con/itut+1 :5 laid p>allel1 ! w>p ( ! int5d$ clo?4 ,! anci5t me?od 0 to draw out ! w>p f ! bobb9s at full l5g? on an op5 field 7& ?is is /ill practis$ 9 ,india & ,*9a71 b ! w>p+-frame is n[ employ$1 9 :i* ! ?reads are arrang$1 by means ( a frame turn+ on an upright c5tre4 ,:5 ! w>p is arrang$ r\nd ?is ma*9e1 ! w>p] takes x (f & w9ds x on a /ick into a ball1 prep>atory to ! process ( beam+ or w9d+ x on ! beam ( ! loom4 ,! ?reads 9 ?is latt] process are w\nd z ev5ly z possible on ! beam2 a sep>ator1 ravel1 or comb be+ us$ to lay !m p>allel1 & to spread !m out to ab\t ! int5d$ wid? ( ! clo?4 ,arrangem5ts are !n made = draw+ or atta*+ ! w>p-?reads individually to c]ta9 me*anism ( ! loom4 ,9 ?is process all ! ?reads are atta*$ to /ays fix$ to two frames1 call$ treadles1 9 su* a mann] t all ! alt]nate ?reads 7#a/1 #c;d1 #e?17 c be drawn up or d[n by "o h$dle1 & all ! re/ 7#b;d1 #d?1 #f?1 c47 by ! o!r4 ,!re are ?ree movem5ts att5d+ e ?read ( weft :i* ! weav] ?r[s across ! w>p4 ,9 ! fir/ place he presses d[n "o ( ! two treadles1 by :i* "o ( ! two h$dles is depress$1 !reby =m+ a k9d ( op5+ call$ ! %$4 ,into ?is %$1 at ! second movem5t1 he ?r[s ! %uttle1 conta9+ ! weft-?read1 ) suffici5t =ce to drive x across ! :ole web4 ,!n at ! ?ird movem5t he grasps ! batt51 :i* is a k9d ( frame1 c>ry+ at its l[] edge a comb-l piece1 hav+ z _m tee? z !re are ?reads 9 ! w>p1 & ) ?is he drives up ! ?read ( weft close to ^? previ\sly ?r[n4 ,"o ?read ( weft is ?us complet$1 & ! weav] proce$s to ?r[ ano!r 9 a simil> way1 b 9 a rev]se ord]1 t is1 by depress+ ! left treadle in/ead ( ! "r1 & by ?r[+ ! %uttle f left to "r1 in/ead ( f "r to left4 ,9 ! commone/ mode ( weav+ ! %uttle is ?r[n by bo? h&s alt]nately2 b1 ab\t a c5tury ago1 ,john ,kay inv5t$ ! fly-%uttle1 9 :i* a /r+ & h&le are s plac$ t ! weav] c "w ! %uttle bo? ways ) "o h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,weav+ by h&4 ,9 #afgh ,m4 de ,g5nes inv5t$ a rude k9d ( weav+-ma*9e1 int5d$ to increase ! p[] ( ! common loom2 & o!r looms 7 inv5t$1 :i* 7 to be work$ by a w9*1 by wat] p[]1 or by "s contrivance m exp$iti\s ?an common h&-weav+2 b a great] /ep 9 advance 0 made by ! inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,c>twright's p[]-loom 9 #aghe4 ,"o cause :i* delay$ ! adoption ( p[]-looms 0 ! necessity = /opp+ ! ma*9e frequ5tly1 9 ord] to dress ! w>p ) pa/e or size z x unroll$ f ! beam1 :i* op]ation requir$ a p]son to be employ$ = ea* loom1 s t !re 0 no sav+ ( exp5se4 ,b ! successive inv5tions ( ,radcliffe1 ,horrocks1 ,m>sl&1 ,rob]ts1 & o!rs1 h s9ce br\ght ! dress+-ma*9e & ! p[]-loom to a high /ate ( effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,p[] ,loom4 ,tak+ a piece ( calico z ! repres5tative ( pla9 fabrics g5]ally1 ! mode ( proce$+ 9 p[]-loom factories may be %ortly sket*$ z foll[s4 ,! w>p+-frame is s arrang$ z to be work$ by /eam-p[]1 & to br+ ! y>ns into a p>allel lay]1 :i* is transf]r$ to ! dress+-ma*9e4 ,?is latt] is a l>ge piece ( me*anism1 9 :i* ! ?reads dip into pa/e on _! way to ! w>p-beam3 und]go+ a process ( bru%+ aft] ! dipp+4 ,aft] ?is dress+ ! draw+ & m\nt+ = ! loom are att5d$ to4 ,:5 ! w>p is prop]ly arrang$ 9 ! loom1 /eam-p[] does all ! re/2 x =ms ! %$ or division ( ! w>p into two p>ts1 x ?r[s ! %uttle1 x drives up ! weft ) ! batt51 x unw9ds ! w>p f ! w>p-roll]1 & w9ds ! wov5 mat]ial on ! clo?-roll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sp9n+ by h&4 ,,! ,,tailor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work%op4 ,x w\ld p]haps be too mu* to say t ! m civiliz$ a nation becomes1 ! great] is ! att5tion be/[$ ^u dress2 s9ce x has happ5$ t 9 c\ntries n v f> remov$ f b>b>ism1 va/ importance has be5 giv5 to ext]nal display1 & robes & trapp+s h be5 us$ to cov] ! savag]y :i* _h only j le>n$ to delight 9 ! pomp & magnific5ce ( co/ly ornam5ts4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t 9 all civiliz$ nations dress is m ?an m]e clo?+1 & has a significance beyond ! m]e utility ( protect+ ! body f cold or heat1 & add+ to our physical com=t4 ,x is an old say+ t "s p may be clo!d1 b t !y are nev] dress$2 & ! mean+ ( ?is is1 t dress is frequ5tly an expression ( "*1 & w ev5 make kn[n ! disposition ( ! we>]4 ,9 ! same way a *ange ( fa%ion is (t5 an indication ( an alt]ation 9 ! mann]s & way ( liv+ ( a :ole nation4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,tailor1 !n1 n only to make g>m5ts1 b to /udy ! prevail+ fa%ion1 &1 inde$1 to advise :at alt]ations or slight diff]5ces 9 ! cut & col\r ( clo!s w be be/ suit$ to diff]5t p1 s9ce on ! way 9 :i* our clo!s are made our p]sonal appe>ance w v greatly dep5d1 & p]sonal appe>ance is ( no little importance1 s9ce !re are few p :o are n /rongly influ5c$ by x4 ,! trade ( ! ,tailor is "o ( :i* v little c be said 9 ! way ( explanation1 s9ce x ma9ly consi/s 9 cutt+ out clo? to ! %apes necess>y to be appli$ to ea* o!r 9 ord] to make ! v>i\s g>m5ts2 & z ?is _c be describ$ )\t num]\s diagrams1 & ev5 ) !m c\ld n easily be und]/ood1 we mu/ be satisfi$ to quote ! in/ructions ( a practical ,tailor on ! subject ( sew+4#c #c ,f ! ,indu/rial ,libr>y4 ,&1 fir/ z to ! diff]5t sorts ( /it*es1 :i* are3--! ba/+-/it*1 ! back & =e-/it*1 ! back-/it*1 ! side-/it*1 & ! =e-/it*2 also ! back prick+-/it*1 ! =e prick+-/it*1 ! s]g+-/it*1 ! cross-/it*1 & ! button-hole-/it*2 besides :i* !re is a di/9ct k9d ( /it* = hemm+1 fill+1 /ott+1 rant]+1 f9e-draw+1 prick-draw+1 ov]-ca/+1 & also = mak+ :at are call$ cov]$ buttons4 ,! ba/+-/it* is a long & slight /it*1 int5d$ to be m]ely tempor>y1 or to fa/5 toge!r "s ( ! inn] & conceal$ p>ts ( ! g>m5t4 ,x is commonly us$ to keep ! "w 9 its prop] position :ile be+ sew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sleeve ,bo>d4 ,! back & =e-/it* is made1 z ! "n implies1 by ! union ( back /it*+ & =e /it*+2 9 ?is /it* ! ne$le is fir/ put ?r\gh ! clo?1 & turn$ up 9 z %ort a space z is possible1 s z to make a neat & /rong /it* :5 complet$2 x is !n put ?r\gh ! clo? aga9 9 ! same place z at fir/1 & aga9 turn$ up1 tak+ c>e t x passes ?r\gh ! clo? z ne>ly z possible )9 ! same space z be=e4 ,?is be+ done1 ! fir/ back-/it* is complet$4 ,! second /it* is made by pass+ ! ne$le =w>d ^u ! surface ( ! clo?1 b )\t tak+ hold ( x1 ov] a space equal to ! l5g? ( ! fir/ /it*2 ! ne$le is aga9 put ?r\gh ! clo?1 turn$ up1 & br\ght back to ! place :]e x 0 la/ put ?r\gh1 s z to =m ano!r back-/it*2 :i* is foll[$ by ano!r putt+ ( ! ne$le =w>d1 or1 9 pla9] t]ms1 ano!r =e-/it*1 & s on 9 ! same ord]1 until ! seam is f9i%$4 ,?is k9d ( /it* is us$ = sew+ l9+s1 pockets1 flannel g>m5ts1 & o!r ?9 fabrics4 ,!re is no ne$ to say mu* respect+ ! back-/it*1 z ?is may be und]/ood f :at is said above respect+ ! fir/ /it* 9 back & =e-/it*+4 ,?is /it* is us$ = seams :]e /r5g? is requir$2 x is also us$ = ornam5t in/ead ( ! side-/it*1 b 9 ?is case x mu/ be v neatly & regul>ly made4 ,illu/ration3 ,goose4 ,flat ,iron4 ,fr5* ,*alk4 ,?imble4 ,measure ,book4 ,rule4 ,! side-/it* is us$ = ! edges ( g>m5ts1 to keep !m f roll+ ov]1 or f be+ drawn out ( %ape4 ,x is always int5d$ = ornam5t z well z use1 & requires a v quick eye & a c>eful h& to d x well4 ,9 ?is /it* ! ne$le is put ?r\gh ! clo? a little above or bel[ ! place f :i* x came out 9 ! =m] /it*1 b x mu/ be at a v little di/ance f ?is place1 or ! sew+-silk w be visible on ! surface ( ! clo?1 :i* is a great blemi%1 & yet x mu/ be f> en\gh away f :]e x came out to prev5t its break+ ?r\gh1 9 :i* case ! /it* is lo/ bo? z to use & ornam5t4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 t ! /it*es are at regul> di/ances f ea* o!r1 & t ! :ole ( !m are plac$ at ! same di/ance f ! edge ( ! clo?4 ,9 ! =e-/it*1 z has be5 already h9t$1 ! ne$le1 :5 drawn out f ! seam1 is always put =w>d1 s t an equal quantity ( ?read1 or a /it* ( ! same l5g?1 is visible on ea* side ( ! clo?4 ,s]ge-/it*+ is done by pass+ ! ne$le ?r\gh ! clo? f ! "u to ! upp] piece1 ?r[+ ! ?read ov] ! edges ( ! clo?1 s z to keep !m closely toge!r4 ,x is also us$ to jo9 selvages toge!r1 z also to prev5t tak+ up m space = seams ?an c be sp>$1 :5 ! pieces are b>ely l>ge en\gh = ! requir$ purpose4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 mu* us$ by tailors1 except :5 no great degree ( /r5g? is requir$4 ,! cross-/it* is =m$ by two p>allel r[s ( /it*es1 s plac$ z t ! /it* 9 ! upp] r[ is opposite to ! vacant space 9 ! l[] "o1 ! ?read pass+ f "o /it* to ! o!r 9 diagonal l9es4 ,x is us$ = keep+ op5 ! seams ( su* g>m5ts z require wa%+1 & also = secur+ ! edges f ravell+ out 9 su* fabrics z are too loosely made to all[ ( _! edges be+ fa/5$ d[n by ! fill+-/it*4 ,9 ! button-hole-/it* ! ne$le is fir/ put ?r\gh ! clo? f ! inn] to ! out] surface1 & be=e x is drawn out ! twi/ is pass$ r\nd ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 & kept 9 t position till ! ne$le be drawn out to ! full l5g? ( ! twi/2 ?is =ms a k9d ( loop1 call$ by ,tailors ! 8purl10 at ! top or edge ( ! op5+1 & :5 regul>ly made is bo? ornam5tal & useful4 ,to increase ! /r5g? ( ?is /it*1 & also to aid 9 mak+ x true or exact1 a 8b>0 is =m$ on ea* side ( ! op5+ be=e ! hole is begun to be work$4 ,?is 8b>10 z x is call$1 is made by pass+ ! ne$le f "o end ( ! op5+ to ! o!r 7twice or ?ree times71 s t !re is a lay]1 if x may be s call$1 ( twi/ /ret*+ along its :ole l5g? 7& on ea* side7 ^u :i* ! :ole is work$1 ! workman tak+ c>e to keep ! 8b>0 z ne> to ! edge ( ! op5+ z possible1 )\t all[+ x to come ov]1 9 :i* case ! button-hole w\ld be nei!r /rong nor neat4 ,illu/ration3 ,tr\s]s ,patt]n ,book4 ,! fill+ /it* is simil> to t us$ 9 hemm+2 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ 9 ! direction giv5 to ! ne$le4 ,9 hemm+1 its po9t is direct$ outw>ds1 or f ! workman1 b 9 fill+ x is direct$ inw>ds1 or t[>ds him1 & 9 ea* %\ld be a little1 b only a little1 slant$1 9 ord] to give ! sew+ a neat appe>ance4 ,?is /it* is us$ = sew+ on fac+s1 & :5 made ) neatness1 & )\t %[+ itself mu* on ! out] side ( ! clo?1 is consid]$ to be ornam5tal1 z well z useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,:isk4 ,measure4 ,h>d ,bru%4 ,reel4 ,iron ,hold]4 ,/ott+ 7pron\nc$ /oat+7 is ! /it* us$ = jo9+ pieces ( clo? s neatly t ! jo9 %all be b little visible1 & yet s /rongly z to prev5t ! pieces f be+ easily p>t$4 ,9 ?is k9d ( seam ! pieces ( clo? are n laid ! "o ^u ! o!r1 z 9 back-/it*+1 b are plac$ side by side1 ! edges be+ c>efully fitt$1 s z to prev5t any irregul>ity or r\ghness 9 ! "w4 ,!y are !n sewn toge!r by pass+ ! ne$le half ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! clo?4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! /it*es z ne> to ea* edge ( ! clo? z c be done )\t incurr+ ! dang] ( its break+ ?r\gh4 ,! ne$le is put 9 on ! ne>e/ edge ( ! two1 & mu/ n be slant$ 9 ! direction giv5 to x1 b put z /raight =w>d z possible4 ,! /it* %\ld be drawn close en\gh home to prev5t ! silk ?read f %[+ itself on ! "r side ( ! clo?1 b yet n s close z to draw ! edges into a ridge4 ,if ! jo9 be z neatly made z x may be1 x w1 :5 prop]ly press$1 be b>ely p]ceptible4 ,?is /it* is us$ = jo9+ ! pieces ( clo? ( :i* fac+s1 coll>-l9+s1 & o!r fill+s-up ( ! inn] sides ( g>m5ts1 are made1 & also 9 o!r cases to prev5t ! tak+ up too mu* ( ! clo? by mak+ a back-/it*$ seam4 ,illu/ration3 ,%e>s4 ,coat ,patt]n ,book4 ,wax4 ,goose ,/&4 ,ne$le & ,?read4 ,rant]+1 l /ott+1 is int5d$ to conceal a jo9 9 ! clo?4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is requisite to make a /rong z well z a neat jo9+2 & !re=e a seam is fir/ sewn ) a =e-/it*1 & !n ! rant]+-/it* is work$ ^u or ov] ?is seam4 ,x %\ld be work$ ) a v f9e silk ?read1 or ) twi/ t has _h "o ( ! /r&s tak5 out4 ,! ne$le %\ld be bo? long & sl5d]1 & mu/ be pass$ =w>ds & backw>ds ov] ! seam1 s z to cat* hold ( its two sides1 & draw !m closely toge!r4 ,b 9 do+ ?is c>e mu/ be tak5 n to take a deep hold ( ! clo?3 ! nap or wool is all t %\ld be tak5 hold (1 & ?is mu/ be done ) a light h&1 :ile ! /it*es mu/ be plac$ close to ea* o!r1 s t ! seam may be well cov]$ ) wool2 :5 ?is is done1 ! seam has to be 8rubb$ up10 t is to say1 x mu/ be held betwe5 ! =e-f+] & ?umb ( ea* h&1 ^! be+ plac$ ^u ! =e-/it*+1 & its two edges br\ght z closely toge!r z possible4 ,! rant]+ mu/ !n be slightly c>d$ or scrat*$ backw>ds & =w>ds ) ! po9t ( a ne$le1 9 ord] to br+ ! wool out aga9 :]e x has be5 drawn 9 ) ! /it*2 ! seam is !n ready = press+1 &1 if ?is op]ation be prop]ly p]=m$1 w be z mu* conceal$ z may be necess>y2 :ile x w be mu* /rong] ?an if x _h be5 m]ely back-/it*$4 ,9 f9e-draw+1 ! /it* is =m$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 rant]+1 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! way ( plac+ ! pieces t are to be jo9$1 i4e4 if !y be sep>ate pieces1 = ?is /it* is mo/ly us$ to close up places t h be5 accid5tally cut1 or torn2 ! two edges ( ! place requir+ to be f9e-drawn are fir/ trimm$ by cutt+ away ! loose ?reads or ends ( ! clo? :i* may be ^u !m2 !y are !n plac$ & kept 9 z level or flat a position z is possible1 ei!r ) ! f+]s1 or by fa/5+ !m to a piece ( /iff pap]4 ,! ne$le %\ld be bo? v small & long1 & ! ?read us$1 :e!r x be ( silk or twi/1 %\ld be v sl5d]4 ,great] c>e is "h necess>y ?an 9 rant]+1 to avoid tak+ a deep hold ( ! clo?2 ! ne$le %\ld be pass$ =w>ds & backw>ds1 ov] ! op5+1 & ! ?read %\ld be drawn no clos] or tight] ?an is q ne$ful 9 ord] to hide x 9 ! wool4 ,! /it*es mu/ be plac$ z ne> to ea* o!r z is possible1 s z to prev5t ! edges ( ! clo? f be+ visible betwe5 !m2 if x be ne$ful to make a /rong z well z a neat jo9+1 ! f9e-draw+ %\ld be repeat$ on ! "u side ( ! clo?1 b "h x w n be ne$ful to put ! /it*es s close toge!r4 ,:5 ! f9e-draw+ is done x mu/ be press$1 b ) z light a h& & 9 z %ort a "t z is practicable1 o!rwise ! sew+1 h[ev] neatly done1 w be visible1 & s f> z x is s1 ! design ( ! f9e-draw+ /it* w n be answ]$4 ,! /it* call$ prick-draw+ is n[ b seldom us$1 yet x may be prop] to notice x briefly4 ,:5 ?is /it* is int5d$ to be employ$1 ! edges ( ! clo? are fir/ /ott$ toge!r1 aft] :i* ! ne$le is pass$ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 diagonal l9es1 "u ! /ott+1 s z to make ! jo9 m /rong & durable ?an x c be made by m]ely /ott+ ! pieces toge!r4 ,?is /it* is us$ :]e ! clo? is v ?ick1 or h>d & unyield+1 &1 consequ5tly1 :]e ! /ott+-/it* w\ld quickly give way )\t ?is support4 ,x is also bett] ?an a back-/it* seam = clo?s ( ?is description1 inasmu* z x c be made to lie m flat1 & ?us to be m neat 9 its appe>ance1 ?an a common seam4 ,ov]ca/+ is us$ m]ely to secure ! edges ( ?9 & loose fabrics f 8ravell+ out40 ,9 us+ x1 ! edges ( ! clo?1 :e!r x be wooll51 l951 or cotton1 are fir/ trimm$ cle> ( ! loose ?reads2 ! ne$le is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! clo? 9 a =w>d direction1 at ab\t ! di/ance ( "o-eigh? "p ( an in* f ! edge ( ! clo?1 & :5 drawn out x is c>ri$ 7f ! left to ! "r1 & n1 z 9 o!r /it*es1 f ! "r to ! left7 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*2 x is !n aga9 put ?r\gh1 & on be+ drawn out x is made to pass ov] ! ?read lead+ f ! prec$+ /it*1 s z to =m a k9d ( loop on ! edge2 :i* loop secures ! edge f becom+ too mu* fray$1 or ravell$4 ,all ! tools t ! appr5tice or ev5 ! j\rneyman requires may be b\ght = a few %ill+s4 ,a y>d ( l95 = a lap-clo?2 two pairs ( scissors1 "o pair mod]ately l>ge1 = common use1 & ! o!r small1 = button-holes2 a ?imble2 a small piece ( bees-wax2 & ?reep5nywor? ( ne$les1 are all t he w h occasion to buy s long z he is n a ma/]1 or a j\rneyman work+ at home1 :5 he mu/ procure a sleeve-bo>d & an iron4 ,! m exp5sive "p ( ev5 ^! few implem5ts1 viz4 ! scissors1 w1 ) tol]able c>e1 la/ = a numb] ( ye>s ) only ! trifl+ exp5se ( be+ occasionally %>p5$ by ! cutl]4 ,all ! implem5ts us$ by ! ,tailor are s well kn[n z to ne$ no p>ticul> description2 ! sleeve-bo>d is us$ to place 9 ! sleeve ( a coat :ile ! seams are press$ ) ! heat$ iron or ! goose4 ,9 ! measure book ! dim5sions are writt5 :5 measurem5t ( a cu/om] is made1 & ! ,fr5* *alk m>ks ! direction 9 :i* ! clo? is cut to ! patt]n ( ! v>i\s %apes1 :i* are aft]w>ds sewn toge!r to make complete g>m5ts4 ,,! ,,tann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pits4 ,lea!r is a sub/ance univ]sally us$ among/ civiliz$ & v g5]ally among/ b>b>\s nations2 x is made f ! sk9s ( animals1 :i* are tann$1 or prep>$ ) "s sub/ance1 hav+ ! p[] ( conv]t+ ! p]i%able sk91 t decays readily :5 wet or moi/1 into a la/+ & comp>atively imp]i%able lea!r4 ,! prep>ation ( sk9s by tann+ or o!r simil> processes has be5 practis$ f ! e>lie/ times2 & al?\gh x has engag$ ! att5tion ( sev]al sci5tific m51 & has be5 ! subject ( _m curi\s exp]im5ts1 x has receiv$ less alt]ation f rec5t improvem5ts 9 *emical sci5ce ?an _m o!r manufactur+ processes4 ,sev]al plans1 :i* h be5 sugge/$ ) a view to exp$it+ ! process1 :i* on ! old sy/em is a v t$i\s "o1 h be5 f\nd to injure ! quality ( ! lea!r1 & h !re=e be5 :olly or p>tially ab&on$2 & o!rs1 :i* appe> to be m successful1 are z yet adopt$ by a few manufactur]s only4 ,! l>g] & heavi] sk9s op]at$ ^u by ! ,tann]1 z ^? ( bulls1 buffaloes1 ox51 & c[s1 are te*nically di/+ui%$ z hides1 :ile ! "n sk9s is appli$ to ^? ( small] animals1 z calves1 %eep1 & goats4 ,! process necess>y to conv]t hides into ! ?ick h>d lea!r us$ = ! soles ( boots & %oes1 & = simil> purposes w fir/ be notic$4 ,! hides are br\ght to ! ,tann] ei!r 9 a fre% /ate1 :5 f animals rec5tly slaught]$1 or1 :5 import$ f o!r c\ntries1 dri$ or salt$1 & sometimes bo?1 = ! sake ( pres]v+ !m f decomposition4 ,9 ! =m] case ! horns are remov$1 & ! hide is scrap$ to cleanse x f any small portions ( fle% or fatty matt] t may adh]e to ! inn] sk92 b 9 ! latt] x is necess>y to s(t5 ! hides1 & br+ !m z ne>ly z possible to ! fre% /ate1 by /eep+ !m 9 wat]1 & repeat$ rubb+ or beat+4 ,aft] ?is ! hair is remov$1 sometimes by /eep+ ! hides = sev]al days 9 a solution ( lime & wat]1 :i* has ! effect ( loos5+ ! hair & epid]mis1 or out] sk92 & sometimes by susp5d+ !m 9 a close *amb] call$ a smoke-h\se1 heat$ a little above ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e by means ( a sm\ld]+ fire1 9 :i* case ! epid]mis is loos5$ by a v slight putrefaction4 ,9 ei!r case1 :5 ! hair & epid]mis1 or cuticle1 are suffici5tly loos5$1 !y are remov$ by scrap+ ) a curv$ knife1 ! hide be+ laid ^u a convex b5* or beam4 ,illu/ration3 ,unhair+ ! ,hides4 ,/rik+ ! ,hides4 ,! hides are prep>$ = ! actual tann+1 or imm]sion 9 a solution ( b>k1 by /eep+ !m = a few days 9 a pit conta9+ a s\r solution ( rye or b>ley fl\r1 or 9 a v weak m5/ruum1 consi/+ ( "o "p ( sulphuric acid mix$ ) f five hundr$ to a ?\s& p>ts ( wat]4 ,by ?is process1 :i* is call$ 8rais+10 ! pores ( ! hides are di/5d$ & r5d]$ m susceptible ( ! action ( ! tan4 ,oak-b>k is ! sub/ance mo/ commonly us$ to supply ! a/r+5t pr9ciple1 & x is cru%$ or gr\nd to p[d] 9 a b>k-mill4 ,9 ! old me?od ( tann+1 :i* is n yet entirely ab&on$1 ! hides & p[d]$ b>k 7 laid 9 alt]nate lay]s 9 ! tan pit1 :i* 0 !n fill$ ) wat] to ! brim4 ,aft] "s mon?s ! pit 0 empti$1 & refill$ ) fre% b>k & wat]2 & ?is process 0 repeat$ :5ev] ! /r5g? ( ! b>k 0 exhau/$4 ,9 ?is way1 ! "t requir$ = impregnat+ ! hides v>i$1 accord+ to _! ?ickness & o!r circum/ances1 f "o to f\r ye>s4 ,! process has be5 greatly exp$it$ by ! improvem5t1 introduc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,segu91 a ,fr5* *emi/1 ( tann+ ) conc5trat$ solutions ( b>k1 =m$ by pass+ wat] ?r\gh a mass ( p[d]$ b>k1 until1 by successive filtrations1 x is completely depriv$ ( its soluble tann+ pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,b>k ,box4 ,b>r[4 ,! v>iations ( practice among diff]5t ,tann]s ext5d to ! sub/ance us$ z an a/r+5t1 z well z to ! mann] ( apply+ x4 ,gr\nd oak-b>k1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! only mat]ial 9 common use1 & is /ill ! mo/ g5]al1 produces good lea!r ( a light fawn col\r4 ,valonia1 ( :i* consid]able quantities are import$ = ! use ( ,tann]s1 produces lea!r ( great solidity & weight1 ! col\r ( :i* is incl9$ to grey1 & :i* is m imp]vi\s to wat] ?an t made ) oak-b>k4 ,valonia consi/s ( ! acorns ( ! ,qu]cus gilops1 & is br\ght f ! ,levant & ! ,morea4 ,cate*u1 or t]ra japonica1 ! extract ( ! ,acacia ,cate*u1 produces lea!r ( a d>k r$di% fawn col\r1 :i* is light1 spongy1 & v p]vi\s to wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fle%+ ,knife1 & ,section4 ,%av+ ,knife1 & ,section4 ,/rik+ ,p91 & ,section4 ,unhair+ ,knife1 & ,section4 ,:5 ! process is complete1 ! hides are hung up 9 a %$ & all[$ to dry sl[ly2 & :ile !y are dry+ !y are compress$ by beat+1 or rubb+1 or by pass+ !m betwe5 roll]s1 to give !m firmness & d5sity4 ,a yell[ deposit is n[ f\nd ^u ! surface ( ! lea!r1 to :i* ! "n ( 8bloom0 or 8pit*+0 is te*nically giv54 ,we h hi!rto allud$ *iefly to ! prep>ation ( ! ?ick hides us$ = sole lea!r1 among :i* sev]al v>ieties may be f\nd1 ea* di/+ui%$ by a diff]5t te*nical "n1 by :i* its ?ickness1 quality1 or mode ( prep>ation is kn[n2 b ! ?9ne/ & weake/ hides1 z well z ! sk9s ( calves & o!r animals1 are also prep>$ = use z upp] lea!rs1 9 :i* case x is necess>y to r$uce _! ?ickness by %av+ or p>+ !m d[n ^u ! fle% or inn] side1 be=e !y are subject$ to ! action ( ! tann+ infusions4 ,su* hides or sk9s also require1 aft] leav+ ! h&s ( ! ,tann]1 to be rubb$1 s(t5$1 & dress$ by ! curri]1 9 ord] to br+ !m to ! necess>y degree ( flexibility & smoo?ness4 ,! curri] also has rec\rse to %av+ or p>+ ) a peculi>ly =m$ knife1 to br+ ! sk9 to ! requisite t5uity2 & x is 8 (fice to black5 ! surface1 :i*1 = common %oe lea!r1 is done on ! fle% side1 al?\gh = "s purposes lea!r is black5$ on ! out] or gra9 side4 ,horse-hides1 :i* are comp>atively weak & ?91 are sometimes dress$ 9 ! latt] way1 "u ! "n ( ,cordovan hides1 f ! circum/ance ( su* lea!r hav+ be5 =m]ly made at ,cordova1 9 ,spa94 ,calf-sk9s supply ! quality ( lea!r mo/ g5]ally pref]r$ = ! upp] "p ( boots & %oes4 ,( ! ?9 sk9s prep>$ = ornam5tal purposes1 _m are tann$ ) a sub/ance call$ suma*1 prep>$ f a plant ( ! same "n4 ,! tann+ is p]=m$ by sew+ up ea* sk9 into ! =m ( a bag1 ) ! gra9 or hair side outw>ds1 & ne>ly fill+ x ) a /rong solution ( suma* 9 wat]4 ,! bag is !n fully di/5d$ by bl[+ into x1 & ! ap]ture is ti$ up2 aft] :i* x is ?r[n into a l>ge %all[ vessel fill$ ) hot wat] conta9+ a little suma*4 ,! di/5d$ bags float 9 ?is vessel1 & are occasionally mov$ ab\t ) a wood5 in/rum5t until ! solution :i* !y conta9 has ?or\ghly p5etrat$ _! sub/ance4 ,ow+ to ! ?9ness ( ! sk9s & ! heat to :i* !y are expos$1 ?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,! process is exp$it$ by tak+ ! bags out ( ! solution1 & pil+ !m ^u a p]=at$ b5* or rack at ! side ( ! tub1 s t _! own weight may =ce ! conf9$ liquid ?r\gh ! pores4 ,illu/ration3 ,apron4 ,gloves4 ,:ett]4 ,roll]4 ,leol9e4 ,:5 ! tann+ is complet$1 ! bags are op5$ to remove ! s$im5t ( ! suma*2 ! sk9s are wa%$1 rubb$ on a bo>d1 & dri$2 aft] :i* !y are ready = dye+ & f9i%+ ) a ridg$ in/rum5t1 :i* imp>ts to ! surface t peculi> gra9 by :i* morocco lea!r is di/+ui%$4 ,an inf]ior k9d ( lea!r1 kn[n z 8imitation morocco10 is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] f %eepsk9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plung]s4 ,tongs4 ,jet4 ,hook4 8,taw+0 is ! "n appli$ to ! process by :i* ! sk9s ( lambs & kids are conv]t$ into s(t lea!r by ! action ( alum4 ,( ?is k9d ( lea!r gloves are usually made4 ,! jet & plung]s us$ = imm]s+ ! hides 9 ! tan1 ! tongs & hook = remov+ !m1 & ! o!r implem5ts1 are easily und]/ood z appli$ to ! v>i\s processes "h m5tion$4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,%oemak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work%op4 ,! trade ( ! ,%oemak] naturally foll[s t ( ! tann]1 s9ce lea!r is ! mat]ial pr9cipally employ$ 9 mak+ cov]+s = ! feet2 ! t\gh hides ( animals be+ us$ = ! same purpose 9 c\ntries :]e ! art ( tann+ is ei!r unkn[n or n practis$4 ,sc>cely any h&icraft employm5t engages ! att5tion ( s _m p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry z boot & %oe mak+4 ,f ! fa%ionable bootmak] to ! poor cobbl]1 :o cr\*es 9 a /all "u a h\se 9 "s n>r[ /reet1 is a wide int]val1 & ?is int]val is fill$ up by num]\s grades4 ,at ,nor?ampton boots & %oes are made on a v l>ge scale = ! ,london m>kets2 !y include *iefly ! *eap v>ieties1 b at "s ( ! rec5t exhibitions ( manufactures ! ,nor?ampton bootmak]s h exhibit$ specim5s ( workman%ip :i* are consid]$ to be q equal to ^? ( ,london or ,p>is4 ,at ,ed5bridge1 9 ,k5t1 & at o!r places1 ! /rong co>se 8hob-nail$0 %oes are made1 :i* are s mu* worn by waggon]s & o!rs4 ,! ,london mak]s import f ,p>is v l>ge quantities ( boot fronts1 :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) o!r p>ts ( ,engli% manufacture1 con/itute _m ( ! 8,fr5* boots0 :i* n[ gli/5 9 ! w9d[s4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ^! avocations 9 ,engl&1 & ! abundant supply ( lea!r1 !re is /ill a consid]able import ( boots & %oes f abroad1 *iefly ,france4 ,9 ! old /atutes a ,%oemak] is call$ a cordwa9]1 app>5tly a corruption ( ! ,fr5* cordonni]1 :i* means a work] ( ,cordova lea!r4 ,! companies ( ,%oemak]s 9 our anci5t t[ns 7 incorporat$ "u ?is "n2 & :]e "s ( ^! companies n[ exi/1 !y are kn[n by ! same "n4 ,z a legal t]m1 cordwa9] is /ill us$4 ,! trade1 z n[ foll[$ 9 ,london & o!r pr9cipal places1 is subdivid$ into ab\t tw5ty bran*es4 ,! foll[+ may be set d[n z ! *ief3 ! %oeman1 or mak] ( ! sole "p ( ! %oe2 ! bootman1 or mak] ( ! sole "p ( ! boot2 & ! boot clos]1 or jo9] toge!r ( ! leg1 vamp1 c4 ,! lab\r ( ^! is especially direct$ to :at is call$ ! m5's l9e2 :il/ o!rs make ! ladies' %oes or boots4 ,!re are _m wom51 too1 :o get a livelihood by clos+ ! %oe1 :ile o!rs aga9 foll[ ! v>i\s sorts ( b9d+4 ,! me*anical processes1 aft] m>k+ & cutt+ out ! lea!r1 consi/ *iefly 9 v>i\s k9ds ( /rong ne$lework1 su* z ! la/+ or tack+ ( ! upp] lea!r to ! 9-sole1 ! sew+ 9 ( ! welt1 ! /it*+ to ?is welt ( ! out or top sole1 ! build+ & sew+ d[n ( ! heel1 & ! sew+ or clos+ ( boot legs4 ,! boot clos] is ! mo/ skilful ( ! p]sons employ$1 & receives ! highe/ wages4 ,! mat]ials ) :i* ! ,%oemak] works are g5]ally call$ ! gr9d]y1--!y are s call$ at lea/ ?r\gh ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ?\gh 9 ,dubl9 x is call$ f9d+4 8,! cause ( ?is te*nicality10 says ,mr4 ,james ,devl91 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ description ( ! trade ( ! ,%oemak] 9 ! ,indu/rial ,libr>y1 8is n[1 ,i believe1 sc>cely kn[n to any "o 9 ! trade4 ,! relation to :om ,i 0 appr5tic$1 a man ( a v active & inquisitive turn ( m9d1 told me its hi/ory1 :i* x may be wor? :ile "h to relate4 8,=m]ly1 be=e hemp1 flax1 wax1 hairs1 or any description ( tools1 7 sold1 z n[1 9 %ops set ap>t to ?is p>ticul> bus9ess1 ! %oemak]1 n us+ ! peculi> sort ( /one rubb] or ! em]y composition :i* he n[ uses to %>p5 8 knives ^u1 0 9 ! habit occasionally ( tak+ 8 knives to be gr\nd 7z ! ,fr5* %oemak] does at ! pres5t day7 to "s ( ! common knife-gr9d]s ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! knife-gr9d] hav+ ?us ! ,%oemak] = a regul> cu/om]1 began 9 "t to add to 8 usual bus9ess t ( sell+ hemp1 c42 h5ce 8 little %op be+ t]m$ ! gr9d]y1 e ?+ he sold became kn[n "u ?is "n1 & is /ill cont9u$40 ,! tools ( ! ,%oemak] are 9 _! collective =m d5om9at$ 8 kit4 ,anci5tly1 & 9 ! old songs ( ! trade1 !y 7 call$ 8,/4 ,hugh's bones10 f a n[ almo/ =gott51 ?\gh some:at pleasant tradition4 ,9 ,/[1 & 9 ,r&le ,holme's 8,academie ( ,armorie10 #afhh1 we f9d ?is t]m2 z1 also1 9 ! /ill old] romance ( 8,crisp9 & ,crispianus20 & 9 two plays1 8,! ,%oemak] is a ,g5tleman10 & ! 8,%oemak]'s ,holiday10 ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! kit ( ! ,%oemak] is1 h[ev]1 no long] n[1 z =m]ly1 made up ( 8bones0--sa9t or infidel1 human or brute1--b pr9cipally ( good & k9dly /eel2 pur*as$ ready-made at ! gr9d]'s1 or ! gr9d]y e/abli%m5ts be=e spok5 (1 & kept aft]w>ds 79 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/1 & 9 ,am]ica7 9 repair & prop] ord] by ! +5uity & c>e ( ! workman himself2 ?\gh 9 ,france1 & g5]ally on ! cont95t1 mu* ( ?is is done by ano!r p]son1 to :om su* occupation is ! sole means ( livelihood4 ,"u ! g5]al t]m kit is compreh5d$ ! p9c]s1 nipp]s1 hamm]1 ! v>i\s descriptions ( awls1 ( sett+ irons1 & _m o!r articles4 ,x has (t5 be5 a matt] = great surprise t ! ,%oemak] %\ld sit 9 su* a cramp$ & unheal?y position at 8 "w1 cr\*$ ov] 8 clamps z he holds ! lea!r 9 !m betwe5 8 knees :ile engag$ 9 sew+1 or ov] ! block1 :i* he holds fa/ to 8 ?igh ) ! /irrup t passes und]nea? 8 foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,nipp]s4 ,awl4 ,/irrup4 ,lap/one4 ,hamm]4 ,clamps4 ,_m inv5tions & improvem5ts h be5 made = enabl+ ! ,%oemak] to /& dur+ a great "p ( 8 "t1 & "s ( ^! seem well adapt$ to sup]s$e ! old position1 b at pres5t !y h be5 only p>tially adopt$4 ,! ,%oemak]'s ?read be+ tipp$ ) bri/les1 no ne$le is requir$ = sew+2 b ! ?read itself is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole made ) ! awl4 ,quickly goes 9 ! awl1 & z quickly is out aga91 b n be=e ! hair f ! f+]s ( ! left h& has f\nd ! passage1 )\t be+ at all direct$ by ! sight1 b lit]ally 9 ! d>k2 & h5ce ! t]m bl9d /abb+1 ! "r h& hair imm$iately foll[+ 9 ! opposite c\rse1 ! clos$ ?umb & =e-f+] ( ei!r h& nipp+ at ! mom5t ! hairs f ^! diff]5t directions1 & draw+ ! same z in/antly out1 at once complet+ ! /it*4 ,a pr(ici5t clos]1 or clos]'s boy--= "h1 9 g5]al1 ! boy is ev5 m exp]t ?an ! man--w 9 ! space ( half an h\r /ab ! f\r side r[s & ! two back r[s ( ! c\nt] ( a boot1 ea* in* ( /it*+ tak+ ab\t tw5ty /it*es1 & ! entire "w av]ag+ ab\t fifte5 in*es1 ?ree hundr$ /it*es be+ ?us put 9 9 ?irty m9utes1 or fifty e five m9utes1 ea* /it* requir+ 9 itself six di/9ct op]ations--! skill ( sight or di/ance1 ! putt+ 9 ( ! awl1 & aga9 its )drawal1 ! putt+ 9 ! left-h& hair1 & aga9 ( ! "r1 & la/ly1 ! c>eful ?\gh rapid draw+1 or r twit*+1 out ( ! ?read itself4 ,! clos] ne$s little kit3 a slip ( bo>d to fit or prep>e ! "w ^u2 a pair ( clamps2 a block2 a knife2 ab\t ?ree awls1 two diff]5tly-siz$ clos+ awls1 & "o /abb+ awl2 two seam-sets1 or x may be ?ree--"o = ! /abb$ sides2 a /irrup2 a case ( ne$les 7%ort blunts71 & a ?imble4 ,illu/ration3 ,=e-"p ,iron4 ,seat ,iron4 ,seat ,file4 ,gigg] ,iron4 ,jim ,cr[4 ,break]4 ,glaz+ ,iron4 ,bevel ,iron4 ,! l9+ 9 all %oes1 at lea/1 b ^? ( ! v /ronge/ k9d1 is entirely ! "w ( ! woman1 be+ done ) ! ne$le1 & elegantly x (t5 is done4 ,aft] ! l9+1 ! upp] has to be set2 a matt] soon effect$2 ! flat-seam-set1 or1 if /abb$1 ! /abb+-side-set1 be+ heat$ at a c&le 7?\gh ?is is n necess>y1 & might f ! dang] ( ! practice be well disp5s$ )7 & a little dissolv$ gum be+ rubb$ on ! seam1 ! set is imm$iately to be some:at =cibly & briskly press$ along ! l9e ( /it*+1 :i* ?us takes an almo/ in/ant poli%1 & be+ also h>d5$1 ! upp] becomes ready = %op2 t is1 to be s5t to ! mak]1 or %oeman1 to f9i% by putt+ 9 ! welt1 soles1 & o!r p>ts ( ! %oe2 ! 8/it*+0 be+ effect$ ) a squ>e awl4 ,illu/ration3 ,knife4 ,la/4 ,pa/e ,horn4 ,! numb] ( tools us$ by ! ,boot & ,%oemak] :o comb9es all ! bran*es ( ! trade is v great1 al?\gh few ( !m are rem>kably exp5sive1 except "s ( ! pat5t metal or h>dwood la/s1 on :i* ! %oes or boots are plac$4 ,! lap/one on :i* ! lea!r is hamm]$ aft] be+ damp$2 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( irons us$ = rubb+1 p>+1 or %ap+ ! soles & o!r p>ts ( ! %oe1 are ! pr9cipal implem5ts1 beside ! awls1 knives1 hamm]s1 & rasp4 ,! glaz+ iron is us$ = burni%+ ! heel ( ! boot or %oe2 ! pa/e horn = conta9+ ! pa/e us$ 9 ! inside l9+ ( ! %oe or boot2 ! irons = sett+ up ! lea!r beside ! /it*+1 & ! ,jim-cr[1 :i* is a small too!d :eel runn+ 9 a h&le = ! same purpose4 ,! long /ick is us$ = 8sleek+10 or smoo?+ & s(t5+ ! upp] "p ( ! boot or %oe1 aft] x has be5 made & plac$ on ! block1 9 ord] to take out any wr9kles t may rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,long ,/ick4 ,rasp4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give any cle> description ( all ! op]ations ( ! trade ( ! ,%oemak] 9 ! space devot$ "h to ?is p>ticul> bus9ess1 & ev5 7 x attempt$1 no v cle> idea c\ld be convey$ ( ! v>i\s portions ( 8 "w2 s9ce1 l ! tailor1 he has fir/ to cut out ! lea!r to ! prop] %ape = mak+ ! v>i\s p>ts1 :i* h aft]w>ds to be put toge!r4 ,inde$1 beyond m5tion+ ! uses ( ! v>i\s tools1 mo/ ( :i* are simple en\gh1 little c be said to expla9 ! op]ation ( ! ,%oemak] t w\ld n require actual inspection ( ! diff]5t processes2 al?\gh _m ( !m may be und]/ood by look+ at a %oe1 aft] hav+ obs]v$ ! accompany+ pictures & hav+ read :at has be5 said ab\t ! tools employ$4 ,,! ,,saddl] ,,& ,,h>ness ,,mak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work%op4 ,! manufacture ( saddles & h>ness = horses is "o requir+ v consid]able skill & no little pati5ce1 s9ce on ! ability ( ! ,saddl] dep5ds n only ! heal? & com=t ( ! horse1 b ! safety ( ! rid]4 ,! beauty & f9i% ( ! h>ness & its appurt5ances are s ess5tial to ! prop] appe>ance pres5t$ by ! :ole equipage1 t a v great deal ( att5tion is n[ giv5 ev5 to ! smalle/ details1 su* z buckles1 m\nts & ornam5tal sew+ on /raps & traces4 ,illu/ration3 ,spoke%ave4 ,cutt+ ,gauge4 ,dead ,pun*4 ,compasses4 ,mallet4 ,h& ,iron4 ,! op]ations 9 ! trade ( ! ,saddl] are s simil> to ^? ( ! %oemak]1 z f> z ! /it*+ & cutt+ ( lea!r are conc]n$1 t !y require v little description4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( 8 bus9ess is ! skilful mak+ ( saddles4 ,to fit ! pigsk9 ov] ! iron %ape1 & skilfully to arrange ! padd+1 is (t5 a v tr\blesome task1 :]e a horse requires "s peculi>ity ( make be=e he c be well fitt$2 & to ensure a p]fect smoo?ness & f9i% a skilful use ( ! h& iron & ! spoke%ave is necess>y4 ,simil> c>e has to be tak5 9 =m+ ! coll>s to :i* ! h>ness is atta*$2 & inde$ no "p ( ! ,saddl]'s "w c be c>elessly p]=m$ )\t s]i\s risk ei!r to ! horse or its own]4 ,illu/ration3 ,ne$le & ,?read4 ,clamps4 ,lead ,piece4 ,h& ,knife4 ,pun*4 ,r\nd ,knife4 ,prick+ ,iron4 ,h& ,knife4 ,hamm]4 ,z a great "p ( ! ,saddl]s' "w consi/s ( sew+1 he uses ! clamps to hold ! lea!r betwe5 8 knees1 9 ! same way z !y are us$ by ! %oemak]2 b al?\gh he employs ! sew+ awl = drill+ holes1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ! prick+ iron1 ! sew+ is done ) ne$les & /rongly wax$ ?read4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( knives are us$ = cutt+ & p>+ ! lea!r2 ! cutt+ gauge & compasses = regulat+ ! cutt+1 ! hamm] = driv+ ! small nails us$ 9 ! "w1 & ! mallet = /rik+ ! prick+ iron or pun*es4 ,! pun* is us$ = mak+ ! holes 9 ! /raps to receive ! tongue ( ! buckle1 & is !re=e a holl[ tube ) a %>p cutt+ edge1 s t x w cut out a little r\nd piece ( ! lea!r4 ,! dead pun* is made solid1 & is n int5d$ = cutt+4 ,! lea!r1 :5 x has to be cut ) ! pun*1 is plac$ on ! lead piece1 a small squ>e block ( lead1 :i* be+ s(t all[s a slight yield+ ( ! lea!r1 & at ! same "t does n blunt ! edge ( ! pun* :5 x has pass$ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,edg+ ,iron4 ,seat ,awl4 ,pack+ ,awl4 ,sew+ ,awl4 ,d\ble ,crease4 ,s+le ,crease4 ,nail ,claw4 ,! seat awl & pack+ awl are us$ 9 ! padd+ & mak+ ( saddles & coll>s2 ! nail claw = remov+ nails by :i* ! lea!r has be5 fa/5$ d[n4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( creases are = ! purpose ( mak+ *annels 9 ! lea!r along ! edges :i* h to be sewn1 s t ! /it*es are sunk bel[ ! surface1 & ! ?read w n s easily we> out4 ,! edg+ iron is = a simil> purpose4 ,9 common saddl]y "s ( ! comp>atively unimportant /raps1 or ! small] ge>1 are n sewn at ! edges1 & inde$ d n require x1 al?\gh a great deal ( ! ,saddl]'s sew+ is = ornam5tal purposes4 ,9 ord] to make ! :ole look uni=m1 h[ev]1 ^! /raps are n left pla91 b are creas$ at ! edges1 & ! *annels ?us made are m>k$ ) ! prick+ iron1 to give !m ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 /it*$4 ,! ,saddl] is bett] (f ?an ! %oemak]1 inasmu* z he g5]ally sits to "w at a b5*1 & ne$ n occupy su* a con/ra9$ & unheal?y position4 ,"s acc\nt has already be5 giv5 ( ! prep>ation ( lea!r1 b x w be desirable "h to m5tion o!r sorts1 "s ( :i* p>ticul>ly belong to ! bus9ess ( h>ness mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,screw ,crease4 ,v>ni% ,pot4 ,sponge4 ,%eep-sk9s1 :5 simply tann$1 are employ$ = inf]ior bookb9d+1 = lea!r+ bell[s1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes = :i* a *eap lea!r is requir$4 ,all ! :it-lea!r1 z x is t]m$1 :i* is us$ = :ip-la%es1 bags1 aprons1 c4 is ( %eep-sk92 z are also ! *eap] k9ds ( wa%-lea!r1 ( :i* gloves1 "u-wai/coats1 & o!r articles ( dress1 are made4 ,mock1 or imitation morocco1 & mo/ ( ! o!r col\r$ & dy$ lea!rs us$ = wom5's & *ildr5's %oes1 c>riage-l9+s1 & ! cov]+ ( /ools1 *airs1 s(as1 writ+-tables1 c4 are also made ( %eep-sk94 ,lamb-sk9s are mo/ly dress$ :ite or col\r$ = gloves2 & ^? ( goats & kids supply ! be/ qualities ( light lea!r1 ! =m] be+ ! mat]ial ( ! be/ morocco1 :ile kid lea!r af=ds ! f9e/ mat]ial = gloves & ladies' %oes4 ,lea!r f goat-sk9s1 ornam5t$ & sometimes gilt1 0 =m]ly us$ z a hang+ or cov]+ = walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>ness4 ,de] & antelope sk9s1 dress$ 9 oil1 are us$ *iefly = rid+ bree*es4 ,horse-hides1 :i*1 consid]+ _! size1 are ?91 are tann$ & curri$1 & are us$ by ! ,h>ness ,mak]1 especially = coll>s1 & occasionally1 :5 p>$ ?91 = ! upp] lea!rs ( ladies' walk+ %oes4 ,dog-sk9s are ?ick & r\gh1 & make excell5t lea!r4 ,seal-sk9s produce a lea!r simil> b inf]ior to t suppli$ by dog-sk9s2 & hog-sk9s af=d a ?9 b d5se lea!r1 :i* is us$ mo/ly = cov]+ ! seats ( saddles4 ,curry+ is ! g5]al "n giv5 to ! v>i\s op]ations ( dress+ lea!r aft] ! tann+ is complet$1 by :i* ! requisite smoo?ness1 lu/re1 col\r1 & suppl5ess1 are imp>t$4 ,! processes ( ! ,curri] are v>i\s4 ,! fir/ is /yl$ 8dipp+0 ! lea!r4 ,x consi/s 9 moi/5+ ) wat]1 & beat+ ^u a trellis-"w ( wood5 sp>s ) a mallet or mace4 ,aft] ?is beat+1 by :i* ! /iffness ( ! hide or sk9 is de/roy$1 x is laid ov] an incl9$ bo>d1 & scrap$ & clean$1 &1 :]ev] x is too ?ick1 p>$ or %av$ d[n on ! fle% side by ! c>eful application ( v>i\s two-h&l$ knives1 & !n ?r[n aga9 into wat]1 & well sc\r$ by rubb+ ! gra9 or hair side ) pumice-/one1 or ) a piece ( slatey grit1 by :i* means ! bloom1 a :iti% matt] :i* is f\nd ^u ! surface 9 tann+1 is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rule4 ,p9c]s4 ,file4 ,pli]s4 ,! lea!r is !n rubb$ ) ! pommel1 a rectangul> piece ( h>d wood1 ab\t twelve in*es long by five broad1 groov$ on ! "u surface1 & fa/5$ to ! h&4 ,! ,curri] uses sev]al ( ^! in/rum5ts1 ) grooves ( v>i\s degrees ( f95ess1 & also1 = "s purposes1 pommels ( cork1 :i* are n groov$ at all4 ,! object ( ?is rubb+ is to give gra9 & pliancy to ! lea!r4 ,! lea!r is !n scrap$ ) tools appli$ ne>ly p]p5dicul> to its surface1 & work$ =cibly ) bo? h&s1 to r$uce su* p>ts z may yet be left too ?ick1 to a uni=m sub/ance4 ,aft] ?is x is dress$ ) ! r\nd knife1 a s+ul> in/rum5t :i* p>es (f ! co>s] fle%y p>ts ( ! sk94 ,9 addition to ^! op]ations1 ! ,curri] uses occasionally poli%]s ( smoo? wood or glass1 = rubb+ ! surface ( ! lea!r2 & :5 ! lea!r is int5d$ = ! use ( ! %oemak]1 he applies to x "s k9d ( greasy composition call$ dubb+ or /uff+4 ,lea!r is occasionally dress$ 8black on ! gra910 or hav+ ! gra9 side in/ead ( ! fle% col\r$4 ,! curry+ op]ations 9 su* a case are simil> to ^? above describ$1 b ! f9i%+ processes are r diff]5t4 ,! lea!r is rubb$ ) a grit-/one1 to remove any wr9kles & smoo? d[n ! co>se gra94 ,! gra9 is f9ally rais$ by repeat$ly rubb+ ov] ! surface1 9 diff]5t directions1 ) ! pommel or gra9+ bo>d4 ,japann$ lea!r ( v>i\s k9ds is us$ 9 coa* mak+1 h>ness mak+1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,pat5t lea!r is cov]$ ) a coat ( ela/ic japan1 :i* gives a surface l poli%$ glass1 imp]meable to wat]2 & hides prep>$ 9 a m p]fectly ela/ic mode ( japann+1 :i* w p]mit fold+ )\t crack+ ! surface1 are call$ enamell$ lea!r4 ,su* lea!r has ! japan anneal$1 some?+ 9 ! same mode z glass2 ! hides are laid betwe5 blankets1 & subject$ to ! heat ( an ov5 at a peculi> temp]ature dur+ sev]al h\rs4 ,,! ,,hatt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! trade ( ! ,hatt] is conf9$ to a few c\ntries ( ,europe2 b1 z ! fa%ion ( hats is at pres5t mo/ly re/rict$1 bo? "h & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 to ^? black /iff cyl9drical cov]+s ( silk :i* cu/om has orda9$ we %all we>1 greatly to our own discom=t1 & at a great exp5se1 ! bus9ess is ( consid]able importance1 & ! mak+ ( hats has gr[n into a l>ge bran* ( indu/ry4 ,be=e ! introduction ( t k9d ( silk :i* be>s a long pile1 l velvet1 & is kn[n z plu%1 beav] 0 ! mat]ial pr9cipally us$ = hat mak+2 b beav] hats are mu* m exp5sive1 ?\gh !y are n[ seldom made ( ! sk9 or fur ( ! beav]1 :i* has gr[n rem>kably sc>ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l& :i* ! animals =m]ly occupi$ hav+ become inhabit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,cutt+ out4 ,b[+4 ,beav] hats ( ! f9e/ quality are made ) lamb's wool & ! fur ( ,engli% rabbits4 ,to =m ! body ( ! hat1 ! wool & rabbit's fur are sep>ately b[$ by br++ a set ( /r+s atta*$ to a b[ 9 contact ) a heap ( ! mat]ial1 & !n /rik+ ! /r+s1 s z to cause viol5t vibrations1 & ?us sep>ate ! filam5ts4 ,! two sub/ances are next b[$ toge!r until !y are intimately mix$2 aft] :i* ! mass is spread ev5ly1 cov]$ ) an oil-clo?1 & press$ to ! /ate ( an imp]fectly tangl$ felt4 ,! next process is to cov] ! felt ) a triangul> piece ( damp br[n pap]1 & !n to fold x 9 a damp clo?1 & "w x well ) ! h&1 press+ & b5d+1 roll+ & unroll+ x1 until ! int]lac+ or felt+ is mu* m p]fect1 & ! mass is compact4 ,! felt ?us prep>$ is next tak5 to ! wide brim ( a boil] *>g$ ) hot wat] & be] gr\nds1 & a small quantity ( sulphuric acid2 x is well rubb$ & roll$ until x no long] contracts4 ,! felt is next /iff5$ ) %ellac1 a solution ( :i* is appli$ by means ( a bru% to bo? sides ( ! felt2 aft] :i* x is heat$ 9 a /ove1 & by ?is means ! :ole sub/ance becomes duly impregnat$ ) ! res92 ?is r5d]s ! hat ne>ly wat]pro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,b[ = ,beav]4 ,to =m ! nap ( a hat1 "o half or ?ree-f\r?s ( an ounce ( beav]1 & "s o!r less co/ly fur1 are b[$ toge!r & imp]fectly felt$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 & %ap$ ! same z ! body to :i* x is to be appli$2 t body is !n s(t5$ by imm]s+ x 9 ! boil]1 :5 ! nap is appli$ & work$ z 9 felt+1 until ! requir$ union is effect$ betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,! felt ?us cov]$ is br\ght to ! prop] %ape by work+ x on a wood5 block1 & is !n dy$ black4 ,! hat is s(t5$ by /eam1 ! cr[n is /r5g!n$ by plac+ 9 x a disc ( scalebo>d1 & l95 is pa/$ ov] ?is4 ,! nap is rais$ & a uni=m direction giv5 to its fibres by means ( w>m irons & hair bru%es4 ,! la/ processes are l9+ & b9d+1 :5 ! hat is ready to be worn4 ,9 ! l[-pric$ hats ( ! pres5t day1 common] wool & fur1 & small] quantities ( ea*1 are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,la!4 ,f9i%+4 ,silk hats consi/ ( a cov] or ext]ior "p made ( silk plu%1 :i* is laid ^u a f\ndation ( *ip1 /iff5$ l951 or "s o!r light mat]ial1 previ\sly block$ into %ape4 ,! s-call$ velvet & sat9 hats des]ve ^? titles only s f> z ! plu% resemble ^? mat]ials4 ,! plu% is mo/ly wov5 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,p>is hats are = ! mo/ "p made 9 ,engl&1 ! silk plu% be+ import$ f ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd+ ,c>d1 ,no4 #a4 ,r\nd+ ,c>d1 ,no4 #b4 ,f9i%+ ,iron4 ,br[-piece4 ,bli/]+ ,iron4 ,c>d4 ,poli%+ ,block4 ,mult]4 ,bru%4 ,! v>i\s tools employ$ are mo/ly us$ = %ap+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! hat4 ,! cutt+ ma*9e1 = divid+ & prep>+ ! felt & o!r mat]ials2 ! block1 on :i* ! body ( ! hat is =m$ previ\s to its be+ plac$ 9 ! la!1 :]e x is made p]fectly r\nd2 ! br[-piece1 = %ap+ ! hat :]e x fits ! head2 ! c>d1 a sort ( wire bru% = scrat*+ up or c>d+ ! fibre ( ! silk or beav] aft] ! hat is made2 ! r\nd+ c>ds1 = press+ & complet+ ! hat ne> ! brim2 ! curl]1 = turn+ up & %ap+ ! brim2 ! mult]1 f9i%+ iron1 & bli/]+ iron1 are us$ = %ap+ & smoo?+2 ! poli%+ block holds ! hat :ile x receives ! f9al process ( bru%+ & smoo?+ ) a pad ( velvet call$ ! veleure4 ,illu/ration3 ,curl]4 ,block4 ,veleure4 ,,! ,,mill]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,mill4 ,!re is sc>cely a boy to be f\nd :o1 :5 he has be5 into ! c\ntry & se5 ! :eel ( ! old wat] mill go+ r\nd1 or ! fans ( ! w9dmill sl[ly revolv+ 9 ! air1 has n ?\ght t x w\ld be pleasant to foll[ ! bus9ess ( a ,mill]4 ,mill]s are prov]bially jolly fell[s1 & _! h\ses & ! mills !mselves are g5]ally v picturesque1 & /& 9 pleasant c\ntry places2 !n1 aga91 :at wond]ful fat p]* & *ub & pike c be caught 9 ! weir or ! mill /ream1 & :at a quiet sleepy occupation x mu/ be to lie on ! grass or 9 "s great room 9 ! mill1 wat*+ ! fans1 or li/5+ to ! summ] breeze waft+ ?r\gh ! sails6 ,if anybody %\ld ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! ,mill]'s life is a lazy "o he _h bett] alt] 8 op9ion2 =1 unless he wi%es to />ve amid/ pl5ty1 ! ,mill] mu/ be up betimes1 &1 besides work+ himself1 keep+ a good look-out among/ 8 m51 le/ bo? he & 8 cu/om]s %\ld suff] by _! neglig5ce4 ,! mort> w\ld seem to be ! e>lie/ ma*9e us$ = ! purpose ( bruis+ or r$uc+ gra9 to a p[d]1 or into a /ate fit = ! mak+ ( bread4 ,by means ( ! h&le ! pe/le w\ld ) tol]able facility be driv5 r\nd ! mort>1 & ! gra9 r$uc$ to a p[d]1 z is done ) c]ta9 drugs by ! pe/le ( ! apo!c>y ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 process ( "t1 %afts 7 add$ to ^! ma*9es2 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,beckmann1 ! olde/ cattle mills resembl$ ^? describ$ 9 ,sonn]at's ,voyage to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 :i* ! pe/le ( a mort>1 fa/5$ to a /ake driv5 into ! e>?1 is affix$ to a %aft1 to :i* two ox5 are yok$4 ,^! ox5 are driv5 by a man1 :ile ano!r is employ$ 9 dropp+ ! gra9 into ! mort> & plac+ x "u ! pe/le4 ,we h good reason = kn[+ t ! ,romans1 = a long "t1 us$ no o!r in/rum5t ?an ! pe/le & mort>4 ,p\nd+ cont9u$ 9 use among ! ,romans s late z aft] ! era ( ,vespasian4 ,?is fact cle>ly proves t ! ,romans 7 _m ages beh9d ! ,ea/]n _w 9 ! arts ( civilization1 = gr9d+ ( corn into fl\r 0 practis$1 we "k1 9 ! times ( ! patri>*s1 & 0 probably ! inv5tion ( ! ant$iluvian _w4 ,! subject-,britons univ]sally adopt$ ! ,roman "n1 b appli$ x1 z we _! successors apply x at pres5t1 only to ! ,roman mill2 /ill di/+ui%+ _! own orig9al mill z we di/+ui% x1 by its own orig9al d5om9ation ( a qu]n4 ,a ,roman or wat] mill 0 probably erect$ at e /ation>y t[n 9 ! k+dom1 & x is q c]ta9 t "o 0 erect$ at ,mancunium 7,man*e/]71 s]v+ equally ! purposes ( ! t[n & ! uses ( ! g>rison4 ,"o alone w\ld be suffici5t1 z ! use ( h&-mills 0 at t "t v common 9 bo?1 _m su* hav+ be5 f\nd ab\t ! site ( ! /ation p>ticul>ly1 & ! use ( !m g5]ally hav+ be+ reta9$ among u v ne>ly to ! pres5t p]iod4 ,su* mills x w\ld be p>ticul>ly necess>y to h 9 ! /ation1 t ! g>rison might be prud5tly provid$ aga9/ a siege4 ,! anci5t ,asiatic h&-mill consi/s ( two flat r\nd /ones1 ab\t tw5ty in*es or two feet 9 diamet]1 kept roll+ "o on ! o!r by means ( a /ick1 :i* does ! (fice ( a h&le4 ,! corn falls d[n on ! und]mo/ /one1 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! middle ( ! upp]mo/1 :i* by its circul> motion spreads x on ! und]mo/1 :]e x is bruis$ & r$uc$ to fl\r2 ?is fl\r1 work+ out at ! rim ( ! mill/ones1 lights on a bo>d set on purpose to receive x4 ,! bread made ( x is said to be bett] ta/$ ?an t made by ei!r w9d or wat] mills3 ^! h&-mills co/ only a few %ill+s ( ,engli% money4 ,?is description ( mill is frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! ,scriptures1 & x 0 ! practice = ! wom5 to gr9d corn e morn+ by means ( h&-mills2 & 9 ! ,ea/1 or at lea/ 9 _m p>ts ( x1 x cont9ues to be ! practice to ?is day4 ,wat] :eels1 z f> z ! figure & con/ruction are conc]n$1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree k9ds1 & !y are usually kn[n by ! names--ov]%ot :eel1 balance :eel1 brea/ :eel1 & und]%ot :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,mill4 ,9 an ov]%ot :eel1 ! wat] is conduct$ ov] ! top ( ! :eel1 & acts fir/ by its mom5tum or m]e movem5t1 or motion1 & !n by its weight--! weight be+ its pr9cipal p[] 9 impell+ ! :eel r\nd1 ! m]e movem5t or motion ( ! wat] produc+ 9 ?is case little effect4 ,! wat] is receiv$ into buckets plac$ all ar\nd ! circle ( ! :eel4 ,x fir/ /rikes ! :eel at ! top1 & fill+ ! fir/ bucket1 by its mom5tum or mov+ p[]1 & m p>ticul>ly by its weight1 x sets ! :eel 9 motion1 & consequ5tly makes t side heavi]2 & z fre% buckets rise to receive ! wat]1 :ile ^? bel[ h empti$ !mselves1 a con/ant t5d5cy to motion is creat$1 & rotation is produc$4 ,9 a balance :eel1 ! wat] /rikes ! :eel n at ! top1 b always m or less above its c5tre1 or axle4 ,?is :eel diff]s 9 no respect f ! ov]%ot :eel 9 its con/ruction4 ,x is employ$ :]e !re is n a suffici5t fall = an ov]%ot :eel1 :i* requires less wat] 9 consequ5ce ( its comm&+ a mu* great] lev]age4 ,9 an und]%ot :eel ! wat] acts only by its mom5tum1 or mov+ p[]4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 in/ead ( be+ suppli$ ) buckets1 z 9 ! ov]%ot1 & brea/ or balance :eels1 is furni%$ ) floats1 or float bo>ds1 z !y are call$1 &1 be+ expos$ to ! action ( a runn+ /ream1 g5]ally1 if n always1 increas$ 9 rapidity by mak+ an artificial fall1 is ?us driv5 r\nd1 & 9 fl\r-mills its =ce is communicat$ by cog-:eels to ! /ones employ$ 9 r$uc+ corn to meal4 ,9 a brea/ :eel1 ! wat] has no previ\s fall1 & !re=e does n /rike ! floats at ! bottom ( ! :eels1 z 9 ! und]%ot :eel1 ) an increas$ velocity4 ,! brea/ :eel is !re=e fix$ 9 :at is call$ a race1 =m$ ( /one or brick "w1 agree+ ) ! curvature ( ! :eel1 & be+ ?us let on f its own level1 acts bo? by its weight & mom5tum1 or movem5t4 ,?is :eel is unlike ! und]%ot :eel1 be+ close bo>d$ r\nd its circumf]5ce1 l an ov]%ot or balance :eel1 ! und]%ot :eel be+ always op52 9 %ort1 x is a sort ( bucket :eel2 ! buckets1 h[ev]1 be+ con/ruct$ diff]5tly f ^? ( ! ov]%ot & balance :eels4 ,a tide-mill1 z ! "n imports1 is work$ by ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! tide4 ,( ^! mills !re are v>i\s k9ds2 fir/1 ^? 9 :i* ! wat] :eel turns "o way :5 ! tide is ris+1 & ! o!r :5 x is fall+2 secondly1 ^? 9 :i* ! :eel turns ! same way :e!r x is ris+ or fall+2 ?irdly1 ^? 9 :i* ! :eel itself rises or falls z ! tide fl[s or ebbs2 & f\r?ly1 ^? 9 :i* ! axle ( ! wat] :eel is s fix$1 t x %all nei!r rise nor fall2 ! rot>y motion be+ /ill giv5 to ! :eel1 :e!r x be p>tially or :olly imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,all ! ma*9es = gr9d+ corn & se$s are mills1 :atev] may be _! p>ticul> application4 ,"o v common =m is t ( an iron ma*9e1 support$ on f\r legs1 hav+ a w9* h&le on "o side1 a fly :eel on ano!r1 a hopp] at ! top1 & a cru%+ app>atus 9 ! c5tre4 ,! gra9 or se$ is put into ! hopp]1 ! w9* h&le is turn$1 ! gra9 becomes cru%$ to p[d]1 & falls out at ! bottom ( ! app>atus4 ,sometimes ! mill is made *iefly ( wood1 b ) iron :eel & cru%+ app>atus4 ,"o k9d ( :eat mill1 9 addition to ! usual mill app>atus1 has a *e/ :i* acts z a fl\r-dress+ ma*9e4 ,"s mills are adapt$ = cru%+ beans r ?an se$s4 ,! cru%+ app>atus 9 mills is ( two k9ds1 ei!r "o /one work+ r\nd 9 contact ) ano!r1 or two metallic surfaces1 betwe5 :i* ! sub/ance is =c$1 b betwe5 :i* x _c pass except 9 a f9e /ate4 ,! mill/ones employ$ 9 gr9d+ corn require to be made ( a peculi> k9d ( /one4 ,! great] proportion ( our mill/ones are procur$ f a p>ticul> spot 9 ,we/]n ,g]many4 ,at ab\t t5 miles f ,cobl5tz is a small t[n call$ ,&]na*1 ! *ief trade ( :i* is 9 mill/ones1 procur$ f ! neighb\r+ qu>ries ( ,ni$] ,m5dig4 ,!re are sev]al qu>ries1 av]ag+ ab\t fifty feet 9 dep?1 ea* qu>ry %ap$ l an inv]t$ cone1 d[n ! sides ( :i* ! qu>rym5 desc5d by a spiral pa?4 ,! qu>rym5 h to cut away ?r\gh a sup]9cumb5t lay] ( s(t por\s /one1 till !y come to a lay] ( h>d1 blacki%1 heavy /one1 regul>ly por\s1 & yield+ sp>ks :5 /ruck ) iron4 ,?is is ! mill/one1 & requires good & well-prep>$ tools to "w x2 x is suppos$ to be a compact lava f "s ext9ct volcano2 & z !re are fissures or gaps at int]vals1 ^! facilitate ! sep>ation ( ! /one into blocks suitable = mill/ones4 ,all r\nd ! bottom ( ! conical cavities1 ! /one has be5 excavat$ 9 gall]ies or horizontal passages4 ,! /ones are br\ght to %ape by means ( hamm]s & *isels4 ,a deep socket is cut ?r\gh ! middle ( su* /ones z are int5d$ = runn]s1 or upp] /ones4 ,! furr[s on ! surfaces ( ! /ones are produc$ by means ( a d\ble-edg$ hamm]1 ab\t #ad lbs4 weight4 ,w9dmills are ( two k9ds2 9 "o ! w9d is made to act ^u vanes or sails1 g5]ally f\r1 :i* are dispos$ s z to revolve by t action 9 a plane :i* is ne>ly v]tical2 & 9 ! o!r1 ! axis ( revolution be+ precisely v]tical1 any po9t on ! surface ( a vane revolves 9 a horizontal plane4 ,! =m] is call$ a v]tical w9dmill1 & ! latt] a horizontal w9dmill4 ,! build+ = a v]tical w9dmill is g5]ally a wall ( timb] or brickwork1 9 ! =m ( a fru/rum ( a cone1 & t]m9at$ above by a wood5 dome1 :i* is capable ( revolv+ horizontally ^u x4 ,a r+ ( wood1 =m+ ! l[] "p ( ! dome1 re/s ^u a r+ ( ! same mat]ial at ! top ( ! wall1 & ! surfaces 9 contact be+ made v smoo?1 ! dome may easily be turn$ r\nd ^u ! wall2 & is prev5t$ f slid+ (f by a rim :i* projects f x1 & desc5ds ov] ! int]ior circumf]5ce ( ! l[] r+4 ,! dome 9 turn+ c>ries ) x ! w9dsails & _! axle2 & ?us ! w9d sails may be adju/$ to agree ) ! direction ( ! w9d1 or ! plane 9 :i* ! radii ( ! sails turn may be made p]p5dicul> to t direction4 ,! revolution is sometimes accompli%$ by ! =ce ( a man appli$ to a w9* ne> ! gr\nd1 b 9 g5]al ! w9d itself is made to turn ! dome or ! mill by means ( a set ( small vanes1 :i* are situat$ at ! extremity ( a long horizontal arm project+ f ! dome1 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! v]tical %aft ( ! mill1 & on ! side opposite to ! great sails4 ,a horizontal w9dmill is a great cyl9drical frame ( timb]1 :i* is made to revolve ab\t an upright c5tre1 & its convex surface is =m$ ( bo>ds atta*$ 9 v]tical positions to ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! frame4 ,! :ole is enclos$ 9 a fix$ cyl9d] hav+ ! same upright c5tre z ! o!r2 ?is consi/s ( a revolv+ scre5 or a numb] ( bo>ds1 :i* are s dispos$ t 9 :atev] direction ! w9d may bl[1 x may ent] betwe5 !m on "o side only ( a v]tical plane1 pass+ ?r\gh ! axis1 & ?us give motion to ! int]ior cyl9d]4 ,! effective p[] ( ! v]tical w9dmill is1 h[ev]1 s mu* great] ?an t ( ! horizontal w9dmill1 t ! latt] is n[ seldom con/ruct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,dress+ ,ma*9e or ,bolt]4 ,jack4 ,! dress+ ma*9e consi/s ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 or frame1 cov]$ ) wire clo? ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 ! f9e/ be+ at ! elevat$1 or upp] end ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is incl9$ 9 ! same way z ! bolt+ mill4 ,)9 ! cyl9d]1 :i* may be made ( pieces ( wood r5d]$ circul>1 &1 l ! ribs ( an animal1 plac$ at c]ta9 di/ances f ea* o!r1 a reel is plac$ ) its axle 9 ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is fix$1 or /ation>y4 ,to ! rails ( ?is reel are atta*$ hair bru%es1 :i*1 :5 made to revolve1 or turn r\nd1 bru% aga9/ ! int]ior clo? wire surface ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) a %oe or jigg]1 v simil> to t ( ! mill/ones1 to cause a regul> supply ( fl\r or meal 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* x came f ! mill/ones ?r\gh a sp\t f ! floor above1 to :i* x is elevat$ by ! sack tackle1 or elevator1 aft] be+ gr\nd4 ,! meal by ?is means be+ gradually let1 or f$ into ! cyl9d]1 is1 by ! motion ( ! bru%es ( ! reel1 sift$ or rubb$ ?r\gh ! clo? wire ) :i* ! cyl9d] is cov]$4 ,! f9e/ ( ! fl\r w g ?r\gh ! upp] end1 :]e ! f9e/ wire clo? is plac$2 ! next f9e/ ?r\gh ! next division ( ! wire clo?1 :i* is co>s]1 ! middl+s ?r\gh ! foll[+ division1 ! poll>d1 or %>ps1 ?r\gh ! la/1 & ! bran1 n be+ able to get ?r\gh ! wire clo? at all1 on acc\nt ( its co>s5ess1 is ?r[n out at ! end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] is enclos$ 9 a l>ge & close box1 to prev5t ! wa/e ( fl\r by its go+ (f 9 du/4 ,?is box is divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts1 or p>titions1 by means ( moveable bo>ds4 ,"s mill]s h m p>titions ?an o!rs1 & inde$ !y all v>y ! numb] to suit ! nature or sort ( fl\r :i* !y are manufactur+4 ,9 a dress+ ma*9e ( ?ree divisions1 ! fl\r deposit$ 9 ! fir/ is call$ h\sehold1 or seconds1 t 9 ! second middl+s1 & 9 ! ?ird poll>d1 :i* is n fl\r1 b a f9e description ( bran4 ,illu/ration3 ,revolv+ ,scre54 ,jacob's ,ladd]4 ,:5 :eat arrives at a mill to be gr\nd ! sacks are receiv$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! mill1 & hoi/$ by means ( ! sack tackle to ! upp] /oreys1 g5]ally ! upp]mo/4 ,! mode ( ?is op]ation is z foll[s1 & x is p]=m$ ) little bodily lab\r4 ,! rope or *a9 ( ! sack tackle is firmly fa/5$ r\nd ! m\? ( ! sack by ! man bel[1 :o by means ( a rope atta*$ to a lev] ?r[s ! tackle into ge>4 ,! sack !n imm$iately asc5ds1 )\t any fur!r aid f ! man1 ?r\gh ! diff]5t trap doors1 till x has arriv$ at ! place ( its de/9ation4 ,!re ano!r man is ready to receive x1 :o1 z soon z he has l&$ x by pull+ x on "o side1 ?r[s ! tackle out ( ge>1 & returns ! rope or *a9 to ! man bel[4 ,! :eat is !n %ot into a g>n] or b91 & ?us ! same process goes on till ! :ole load or c>go is safely deposit$ 9 ! b9 or g>n]4 ,! :eat rema9s !re till x is want$ to be gr\nd1 :51 by means ( a sp\t1 x is convey$ to ! hopp]s bel[1 & f !nce runs 9 betwe5 ! /ones4 ,9 its progress to ! /ones1 x may1 or may n1 be subject$ to a cleans+ process4 ,! :eat be+ r$uc$ to a fl\r1 escapes ?r\gh an ap]ture ( ! floor into a sp\t1 by :i* x is convey$ to ! tr\gh4 ,x is !n ei!r put into sacks1 & drawn up aga9 into "o ( ! high] /oreys1 & deposit$ 9 b9s ov] ! dress+ ma*9es1 or ?is is effect$ by a ma*9e call$ an elevator1 :i* p]=ms ! op]ation )\t ! assi/ance ( manual lab\r4 ,9 ?is b9 ! fl\r %\ld be left till1 at any rate1 x is p]fectly cold1 b is w be all ! bett] if x rema9 = ?ree or f\r weeks1 provid$ x be occasionally turn$4 ,f ?is b9 x is pass$1 by means ( a sp\t1 to ! hopp] ( ! bolt+ mill or dress+ ma*9e1 by :i* x is sep>at$ f ! bran or poll>d1 & is !n fit = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,smutt]4 ,scoop4 ,claw4 ,! scre5+ ma*9e consi/s ( a roll]-%ap$ sieve1 s divid$1 t ! corn :i* is plac$ at "o end passes ov] a l>ge surface ( wire z ! sieve revolves1 & ?is op]ation removes f x ext]nal impurities1 su* z s& & dirt4 ,:5 x arrives at ! end ( ! screw ! :eat falls into a hopp]1 by :i* x is convey$ by sp\ts into small hopp]s1 plac$ ov] "o side ( ea* pair ( mill/ones4 ,f ^! hopp]s !re are sp\ts plac$ 9 ne>ly a horizontal l9e1 :i* sp\ts conduct ! corn f ! hopp]s to ! eye ( ! mill/one4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! hopp]1 s z to admit ( a horizontal motion1 :i* is effect$ by a project+ "p ( ! axle or sp9dle ( ! /one1 call$ a damsel4 ,x is %ap$ l a cross1 s t1 by ! revolution ( ! mill/one1 x keeps tapp+ ! end ( ! sp\t1 & gives a rapid vibratory motion to x1 :i* causes a regul> supply ( corn to ent] ! eye ( ! /one2 by ! action ( ! /ones ! corn is r$uc$ to fl\r1 :i* passes1 by means ( sp\ts1 into ! tr\ghs on ! gr\nd floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,scales & ,weights4 ,tr\ghs4 ,! tr\ghs 9 :i* ! fl\r is kept2 ! scoop & scales = weigh+ small quantities2 ! claw = mov+ & ! /eely>d = weigh+ sacks1 are ! o!r pr9cipal objects se5 9 a mill4 ,jacob's ladd] is ! "n giv5 to a revolv+ b& fitt$ ) a numb] ( lea!rn cups4 ,^! revolve ) ! b& ?r\gh ! fl\r & s]ve to c>ry x up a %aft f "o floor to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,/eely>d4 ,,! ,,bak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bak+ ,,ov5 ,,& ,,knead+ ,,tr\gh4 ,( all ! trades t are c>ri$ on 9 l>ge t[ns !re is none m important ?an t ( ! ,bak]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e p make _! own bread at home1 or at all ev5ts h all ! mat]ials = mak+ x1 & "k h[ to mix ! diff]5t +r$i5ts1 x is ( less consequ5ce2 b only imag9e :at w\ld be our dismay 9 ,london1 if we got up "s morn+ & he>d t all ! bak]s _h agre$ n to s5d 9 ! rolls = breakfa/1 & t we mu/ be satisfi$ to live ^u pudd+s & vegetables until !y set to "w aga9 to make bread4 ,& yet1 9 ! e>ly "p ( _! hi/ory1 sev]al nations ( :i* we read at s*ool _h no k ( ! trade ( a ,bak]4 ,until !y discov]$ ! art ( mak+ prop] bread1 & somebody %[$ !m ! use ( an ov51 ! ,romans made _! meal into a sort ( porridge1 or knew no bett] ?an to mix x into flat cakes1 :i* !y cook$ on hot /ones or 9 ! wood a%es ( _! fires4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons 7 a little bett] (f1 = !y mix$ leav5 ) _! d\gh1 to make ! cakes light] & bett]2 b y w rememb]--by ! /ory ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 :o :5 he 0 9 disguise & go+ to wat* ! ,dani% camp1 0 left 9 ! nea!rd's hut to wat* ! cook+ ( ! cakes--t !y 7 bak$ 9 ! emb]s ( burnt wood ^u ! he>?4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe !y /ill use a sort ( cake-bread or rolls in/ead ( loaves2 & 9 "s p>ts ( nor!rn ,g]many & ,russia ! bread ( ! peasants is ne>ly black1 & is s co>se & s\r t few ,engli% p c\ld eat x1 especially z x is kept till x gr[s q h>d1 & sometimes has to be cut ) a saw4 ,! ,ea/]n nations und]/ood ! use ( ov5s1 h[ev]1 & ! ,jews especially 7 v good ,bak]s1 z 7 probably ! ,egyptians1 = we read ( ,ph>aoh's ,bak]1 ^: dream ,joseph int]pret$4 ,! trade ( bak+ 0 held 9 v high e/eem among/ ! nations ( antiquity1 & includ$ n only ! mak+ ( bread1 b ( ^? cakes & sweetmeats ( :i* all ,ori5tal p1 & "s ,european p too1 are s fond4 ,by read+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews & ! ,egyptians we le>n t f]m5t$ or leav5$ bread 0 9 common use among/ !m1 at a v e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 s t ! pulse-eat+ p1 or ! p ( ,europe :o c\ld only eat gra9 made into porridge1 or simply cook$1 7 = a long "t beh9d ! ,ori5tals 9 ?is respect4 ,x 0 n till #fjj ye>s aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman /ate t a public bak]y 0 op5$ 9 ,rome itself1 & be=e ?is "t1 :i* 0 ab\t #afg ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 all ! bak+ & bread mak+ 0 done1 among/ ! re/ ( ! family cook+1 9 ! kit*5s ( private h\ses4 ,:5 ! public bak]ies 7 e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 ^? :o foll[$ ! trade 7 held 9 great respect1 & a code ( laws 0 made to regulate ! mann] 9 :i* _! bus9ess %\ld be conduct$4 ,! same importance 0 giv5 to ! trade 9 ,engl&1 :5 ,bak]s fir/ set up bus9ess 9 ! l>ge t[ns1 & p began to buy _! loaves in/ead ( mak+ !m at home4 ,! e>ly /atutes & laws place ,bak]s above m]e h&icraftsm51 & rank$ !m ) g5tlem51 & v sev]e puni%m5ts 7 inflict$ on fraudul5t ,bak]s1 :o neglect$ to m>k _! loaves s t 8:eat50 bread might be di/+ui%$ f 8h\sehold20 ! same laws condemn$ t ,bak] to ! pillory :o gave %ort weight1 ev5 by s mu* z ! fraction ( an ounce1 & ! bakeh\ses 7 plac$ "u ! control ( ! magi/rates4 ,!re are _m p :o ?9k t "s su* /r+5t laws might be usefully employ$ n[1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ,bak] has too _m opportunities ( adult]at+ 8 bread1 or s5d+ %ort weight3 ! fir/ s]i\sly injur+ ! heal?1 & ! second ! pockets1 ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,"o ( ! wor/ features ( ! ,bak]'s trade 9 our "t1 h[ev]1 is ! dirty condition ( ! bakeh\ses & places :]e bread is made1 ! fil?y habits :i* su* places give rise to1 & ! v long h\rs dur+ :i* j\rneym5 ,bak]s are at "w4 ,all ^! matt]s h lately be5 made ! subject ( inquiry1 & x may be hop$ t !y w be greatly improv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,egg ,:isk4 ,fl\r ,basket & ,scoop4 ,egg ,bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,sieve4 ,bru%4 ,rasp4 ,clean+ ,net4 ,pa/e ,cutt]4 ,biscuit ,m>k]4 ,knife4 ,iron ,peel4 ,wood5 ,peel4 ,! tools t are us$ 9 mo/ bak]ies are1 beside ! ov51 :]e ! bread is bak$1 & ! knead+ tr\gh1 9 :i* ! d\gh is mix$3 a season+ tub = mix+ o!r +r$i5ts to be m+l$ ) ! d\gh1 a wire sieve = sift+ ! fl\r1 & a season+ sieve made ( t9 pi]c$ ) small holes2 a fl\r basket l9$ ) t91 & a fl\r scoop1 a pail1 a b[l1 a salt-b91 :i* %\ld be ne> ! ov51 a yea/ tub1 a d\gh knife1 scales & weights = weigh+ ! d\gh be=e x is m\ld$ into a loaf1 a scrap] = remov+ ! d\gh f ! tr\gh & ! bo>d :]e ! loaves are %ap$1 wood5 & iron peels1 a sort ( %ovels ) long h&les1 = plac+ ! bread 9 ! ov5 or remov+ loaves1 di%es & cakes1 aft] !y are bak$1 a rasp1 l a co>se broad file ) a b5t h&le1 = rasp+ (f any portion ( burnt cru/2 a du/+ bru% = sweep+ away refuse ( fl\r or du/ f ! bo>ds :]e ! loaves are made or plac$ aft] bak+1 an egg :isk = beat+ eggs us$ 9 pa/ry1 & an egg bru% = putt+ a glaz+ ( egg on ! outside ( buns or cakes1 diff]5tly %ap$ t9s or m\lds = rolls or o!r articles ( fancy bak]y1 co>se squ>es ( baize or flannel = cov]+ ! d\gh or ! newly-made bread1 & a scuttle1 swabb]1 or clean+ net1 made ( a quantity ( r\gh nett+ fa/5$ on ! end ( a pole1 & :i*1 aft] be+ wett$1 is us$ = ! f9al removal ( all dirt f ! ov5 j be=e 8sett+ ! bat*10 or plac+ ! loaves = bak+4 ,beside ^! !re are 9 mo/ bakeh\ses set ups1 or oblong pieces ( bee* wood1 to be plac$ 9 ! ov5 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! loaves 9 _! places4 ,illu/ration3 ,t9 = ,fr5* ,rolls4 ,t9 = ,sponge ,cakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,scales & ,weights4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give in/ructions "h h[ to make ! v>i\s sorts ( bread1 b ! ord9>y k9d sold by ,london ,bak]s is made mu* 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,suppose t ! ,bak] desires to make up a sack ( fl\r2 he empties x into ! knead+ tr\gh1 & !n proce$s to sift x1 9 ord] to make x lie m lightly & to break up any lumps4 ,he !n takes f eight to t5 p\nds ( potatoes & boils !m1 )\t remov+ ! sk9s1 aft]w>ds ma%+ !m 9 ! season+ tub1 ) ab\t half ! quantity ( fl\r1 & add+ a c\ple ( pails ( wat]4 ,to ?is mixture he p\rs ab\t two qu>ts ( yea/1 made f ! liquor ( boil$ hops1 malt1 & pat5t yea/ already made & sold = ! purpose4 ,?is is ! leav51 :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 bread & meal-cake1 or ! ,engli% loaf & ! ,au/ralian 8damp]10 :i* is made only ( fl\r & wat]1 & bak$ at a bu% fire2 ! yea/ or leav5 is1 9 fact1 meal 9 its e>ly /ate ( decomposition4 ,?is mixture !n is left 9 ! season+ tub1 cov]$ ) a sack = sev]al h\rs1 & all[$ to f]m5t4 ,!n ! ,bak] sep>ates ab\t a qu>t] ( ! fl\r 9 ! tr\gh by means ( a bo>d1 & piles x up at "o end ap>t f ! l>g] quantity1 & x is ^u ?is t he p\rs ! cont5ts ( ! season+ tub1 tak+ c>e t x passes ?r\gh a sieve plac$ on a c\ple ( /icks across ! tr\gh4 ,?is portion ^u :i* ! liquor has be5 p\r$ is call$ ! sponge1 & he proce$s to 8set x0 by ?or\ghly mix+1 & f9ally giv+ x a du/ ( fl\r at ! top1 aft] :i* x is kept = five or six h\rs1 or until x has twice 8ris510 or puff$ out by means ( ! f]m5t+ liquor )9 x4 ,j z x has ris5 a second "t1 & air bubbles are break+ ?r\gh x to ! surface1 ab\t ?ree m pailfuls ( wat] are p\r$ ^u x1 & 9 ?is wat] ab\t ?ree p\nds ( salt h be5 dissolv$2 ?is is well mix$ ) ! sponge1 & !n1 ! bo>d be+ remov$1 ! sponge & ! re/ ( ! fl\r is work$ into "o mass4 ,x is ?is knead+ & break+ up ! sponge :i* is ! h>d lab\r ( ! ,bak]1 & t x is h>d lab\r may be kn[n f ! fact t he works ne>ly nak$1 & t1 z he lifts & pummels ! t5aci\s mass1 he heaves great sighs & groans l ^? ) :i* paviors ram d[n ! /ones 9 ! roads4 ,9 _m ( ! be/ bakeh\ses n[ a ma*9e is us$1 :i* sup]s$es ?is manual lab\r2 ! mass ( d\gh be+ plac$ 9 a cyl9d]1 )9 :i* an axle fitt$ ) b5t blades1 or arms ( iron1 revolves1 pass+ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! d\gh z x moves f end to end4 ,by ano!r sy/em 7t ( ,dr4 ,daugli%7 ! use ( yea/ is disp5s$ )1 & ! bread1 made by ma*9]y1 is leav5$ by c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is =c$ into ! cyl9d] aft] ! atmosph]ic air is pump$ out1 & s goes ?r\gh ! d\gh & produces ! results ( f]m5tation4 ,! d\gh hav+ be5 ?or\ghly mix$ 9 ! tr\gh1 is left = an h\r or two to 8prove10 & !n1 aft] be+ spr9kl$ ) fl\r to prev5t its /ick+1 is ?r[n out ^u a bo>d1 or ! lid ( ! next tr\gh1 & cut into pieces :i* are weigh$1 & aft]w>ds m\ld$ into loaves4 ,! m\ld+ is only le>nt by practice4 ,! piece ( d\gh is cut 9 half & %ap$ accord+ to ! k9d ( loaf requir$1 "o piece =m+ ! top ( ! loaf1 be+ laid 9 a holl[ ( t :i* is to be ! bottom1 & ! jo9t made by a skilful turn ( ! knuckles4 ,! loaves are plac$ 9 ! ov5 by means ( ! peel1 & are pack$ at ! back & sides z closely z possible1 ! cottage bread only be+ sep>ate1 t x may be cru/$ all r\nd4 ,! bat* takes ab\t two h\rs to bake4 ,biscuits are n[ mo/ly made by ma*9]y1 :i* 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts turns !m out ready = ! ov52 b :5 !y are :olly or p>tially made by h&1 ! d\gh is prep>$ & aft]w>ds m\ld$ into %apes1 & ea* %ape prick$ ) ! dock]1 be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,cornfield4 ,,! ,,sug> ,,ref9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boil+ ,,h\se4 ,al?\gh sug> 0 kn[n f v e>ly times1 x 0 us$ only 9 m$ic9e1 & 0 suppos$ to be a sort ( honey f\nd ^u canes 9 ,india & ,arabia4 ,x is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ! v e>ly writ]s4 ,! culture ( ! canes seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ! k+doms ( ,b5gal1 ,siam1 c4 ,! traffic 9 sug> 0 s lucrative t ! ,indians conceal$ ! mode ( prep>+ x1 /at+ to ! m]*ants ( ,ormus1 :o import$ x ) gums & spices1 t x 0 extract$ f a re$1 :]eupon _m unsuccessful attempts 7 made to f9d x 9 ! re$-l plants ( ,arabia4 ,9 #abej ! great discov]]1 ,m>co ,polo1 visit$ ! c\ntry ( ! sug> cane1 & ! m]*ants aft]w>ds s5t to ! place ( its gr[?1 in/ead ( buy+ x at ,ormus4 ,= a long p]iod ! use ( sug> 9 ,engl& 0 conf9$ to m$ic9es1 or to prep>+ *oice di%es at fea/s2 & ?is cont9u$ till #aehj1 :5 x 0 br\ght f ,brazil to ,portugal1 & !nce to our c\ntry4 ,cultivators di/+ui% ?ree great v>ieties ( canes--! ,creole1 ! ,batavian1 & ! ,otaheite4 ,! ,creole cane is indig5\s to ,india1 & 0 transplant$ !nce to ,sicily1 ! ,can>y ,isles1 ! ,antilles1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x has d>k gre5 leaves1 & a ?9 b v knotty /em4 ,! ,batavian or /rip$ cane1 :i* has a d5se foliage1 & is cov]$ ) purpl$ /ripes1 is a native ( ,java1 :]e x is *iefly cultivat$ = ! manufacture ( rum2 x is also met ) 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,otaheite v>iety gr[s mo/ luxuriantly1 is ! mo/ juicy1 & yields ! l>ge/ product4 ,x is cultivat$ *iefly 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica2 x rip5s 9 t5 mon?s1 & is h>di] ?an ! o!r v>ieties4 ,! sug> cane1 be+ orig9ally a bog-plant requires a moi/1 nutritive soil1 & a hot tropical or sub-tropical climate4 ,x is propagat$ by slips or pieces ( ! /em1 ) buds on !m1 & ab\t two feet long4 ,x arrives at maturity 9 twelve or sixte5 mon?s1 accord+ to ! temp]ature2 ! leaves fall (f t[>ds ! foll[+ season1 & ! /em acquires a /raw-yell[ col\r4 ,! cane is cut by "s plant]s be=e ! fl[]+ season1 b x is m usual to cut x "s weeks aft]4 ,! plantations are s arrang$ t ! v>i\s divisions ( ! fields may rip5 9 succession4 ,! l& %\ld be suppli$ ) manure ri* 9 nitrog51 b n conta9+ mu* sal9e matt]4 ,aft] ! h>ve/ ! roots /rike aga91 & produce a fre% crop ( canes2 b 9 ab\t six ye>s !y require to be remov$4 ,! "t = cutt+ ! canes v>ies ) ! soil & season1 & ! diff]5t v>ieties ( cane4 ,9 a /ate ( maturity ! canes are f six feet to fifte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & f "o & a half in* to two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! usual signs ( maturity are a dry1 smoo?1 brittle sk91 a heavy cane1 a grey pi?1 & sweet & glut9\s juice4 ,canes %\ld be cut 9 dry wea!r1 or ! juice w be f\nd dilut$ ) an excess ( wat]4 ,:5 cut !y are ti$ up 9 bundles1 & convey$ to ! cru%+ mill1 p>ticul> att5tion be+ paid t ! supply %\ld n exce$ ! dem&1 o!rwise ! cut canes w\ld f]m5t & spoil4 ,! sug> cane gr[s f pieces or slips ( itself1 conta9+ g]ms1 & ^! develop rootlets at ! jo9ts1 :i* draw su/5ance to ! "y %oot z x increases4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! buds 9 ! radicle1 or root-jo9ts ( ! fir/ cane1 ?r[ out roots1 & =m a radicle = a second /em2 & 9 ?is way1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 sev]al canes are produc$ f ! p>5t /ock = a p]iod ( ab\t six ye>s1 & sometimes = sev]al m4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 dim9i% e ye> 9 l5g? ( jo9t & circumf]5ce1 & are inf]ior 9 appe>ance to ! orig9al plant2 b !y yield ri*] juice1 & produce f9] sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,filt]+ ,bag4 ,! sug> exi/s 9 ! cells ( ! cane 9 a /ate ( solution1 & is extract$ !refrom by pressure4 ,) ?is1 z ) o!r bran*es ( indu/ry1 sci5ce has ( late ye>s /epp$ 91 & has greatly facilitat$ ! process ( extraction & manufacture4 ,x may be z well to give "h a summ>y ( ! processes employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( raw sug>3 ,! canes are pass$ ?r\gh ! mill1 & ! juice ?us extract$ f !m runs f ! mill into a tank1 :5ce x is pump$ to ci/]ns = supply+ ! cl>ifi]s1 heat$ by /eam1 :]e x is purifi$4 ,f !nce x is run into bag filt]s1 by :i* ! me*anical impurities are remov$4 ,x is !n run into *>coal filt]s to remove ! col\r+ matt] ( ! juice4 ,! filt]$ juice is !n run (f into tanks & is drawn !nce by vacuum into ! vacuum pan1 :]e x is granulat$1 & f :5ce x is f9ally dis*>g$ = pack+4 ,:5 ! /eam cl>ifi]s are n employ$ ! cane juice is run into a s]ies ( pans or tea*es ov] op5 fires4 ,?is app>atus is also kn[n z a 8batt]y10 & =ms ano!r me?od ( purification4 ,illu/ration3 ,/irr+ ,rod4 ,ladle4 ,scrap]4 ,cr[b> ,wr5*4 ,! orig9al cru%+ app>atus ( ,india 0 a k9d ( squeez+ mort>1 made out ( ! holl[ trunk ( a tam>9d tree1 & work$ by a yoke ( ox51 ! pe/le or /amp] be+ a /rong beam eighte5 feet long1 & r\nd$ at ! bottom s z to squeeze or cru% ! canes 9 ! mort>4 ,mills simil> to ^? us$ = cru%+ oil se$s 7 us$--z 7 also sev]al o!r =ms ( app>atus--be=e roll]s 7 introduc$4 ,/one & iron roll]s 7 fir/ us$1 ) ! axes 9 a v]tical position1 b ! horizontal 0 soon f\nd to be ! m conv5i5t & economical4 ,! importance ( a sy/ematic me*anical arrangem5t appe>s to h awak5$ att5tion dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,second1 = 9 #affc1 ,"l ,will\ghby & ,lawr5ce ,hyde 7second son ( ,edw>d1 ,e>l ( ,cl>5don1 ,high ,*ancellor ( ,engl&7 associat$ !mselves ) "o ,david de ,m>cato1 an inv5tor1 & obta9$ a pat5t = tw5ty-"o ye>s = mak+ & fram+ sug> mills4 ,9 #afia1 ,john ,tizack pat5t$ an eng9e = mill+ sug> canes1 c42 b 9 ?is1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 x is n specifi$ h[ ! mill %\ld be made4 ,lat] on 9 #agba1 ,william ,h>d+1 a smi?1 ( ,london1 :o _h be5 _m ye>s 9 ,jamaica1 & 0 skill$ 9 ! manufacture ( sug> mills1 hav+ obs]v$ _! imp]fections1 h[ t !y 7 *iefly made ) l>ge wood5 cogs cas$ ) iron1 endeav\r$ :ile abroad to improve _! con/ruction1 b fail$ = want ( compet5t workm54 ,on 8 return to ,london he made models ( sug> mills :i* 7 approv$ by ! ,royal ,society4 ,^! mills 7 fitt$ ) ca/ iron roll]s & cog :eel ge>+1 & 7 work$ by wat] p[]2 f description !y appe> to be ! type ( mills ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s =ty-five ye>s lat]1 ,yonge & ,b>clay1 ironf\nd]s1 ( ,allhall[slane1 ,city1 appli$ friction :eels to sug> mills4 ,9 #aggc1 ,john ,flem+1 a mill c>p5t]1 propos$ an arrangem5t ( w9dmill sails :i* turn$ a v]tical timb] %aft %od ) iron1 & :i* gave motion to two h>d wood5 roll]s1 betwe5 :i* ! cane 0 guid$ & squeez$4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,h4 ,c4 ,newman1 ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 ,we/ ,indies1 design$ a mill to be work$ by horse p[]4 ,he us$ cog & cr[n :eels to give motion to ?ree upright roll]s1 & ! arrangem5t 0 consid]$ "o :i* greatly augm5t$ ! p[] & execution ( ?is class ( ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahba1 ,john ,coll+e1 ( ,lambe?1 improv$ ca/ iron sug> mills by ca/+ ! roll]s on wr\ght iron %afts1 in/ead ( key+ !m on1 z previ\sly done4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,james ,rob9son pat5t$ improvem5ts 9 sug> mills1 :i* consi/$ 9 us+ f\r roll]s1 "o l>ge "o & ?ree small] ones b5ea?1 plac$ horizontally1 & ge>+ by cogs into ea* o!r4 ,up to t "t ?ree roll]s only appe> to h be5 us$4 ,he also propos$ to use six roll]s1 :i* are f$ f an endless b& pass+ ov] ! roll]s4 ,he ca/ ! roll]s & %afts 9 "o piece1 cor$ out to admit /eam to facilitate ! extraction ( ! juice f ! cane dur+ cru%+4 ,he also propos$ to t9 ! int]ior ( vacuum pans1 c4 ,v>i\s o!r arrangem5ts h be5 pat5t$1 b x is unnecess>y "h to enum]ate1 mu* less to describe1 !m4 ,! =ego+ examples give an idea ( ! progress ( ! subject dur+ ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! la/ t5 ye>s h se5 rapid /rides made 9 improv+ ! make ( mills1 & ! g5]al arrangem5t ( sug> works4 ,illu/ration3 ,sp>la4 ,tr[el4 ,*isel4 ,hamm]4 ,loos5+ ,/ove4 ,cr[b> ,hamm]4 ,scoop = fill+ ,m\lds4 ,cane juice1 z express$ by ! mill1 is an opaque1 slightly viscid fluid1 ( a dull grey1 olive1 or olive gre5 col\r1 & ( a sweet balmy ta/e4 ,! juice is s exce$+ly f]m5table t1 9 ! climate ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 x w\ld (t5 run into ! acet\s f]m5tation 9 tw5ty m9utes aft] leav+ ! mill1 if ! process ( cl>ify+ 7 n imm$iately comm5c$4 ,! processes foll[$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies = sep>at+ ! sug> f ! juice are z foll[s3 ,! juice is conduct$ by *annels f ! mill to l>ge flat-bottom$ cl>ifi]s1 :i* conta9 f ?ree hundr$ to a ?\s& gallons ea*4 ,:5 ! cl>ifi] is fill$ ) juice1 a little slak$ lime is add$ to x2 & :5 ! liquor 9 ! cl>ifi] becomes hot by a fire und]nea?1 ! solid portions ( ! cane juice coagulate1 & are ?r[n up 9 ! =m ( scum4 ,! cl>ifi$ juice1 :i* is bright1 cle>1 & ( a yell[ w9e col\r1 is transf]r$ to ! l>ge/ ( a s]ies ( evaporat+ copp]s or pans1 ?ree or m 9 numb]1 9 :i* x is r$uc$ 9 bulk by boil+2 x is transf]r$ f "o pan to ano!r1 & heat$ until ! sug> is br\ght to ! /ate ( a s(t mass ( cry/als imb$d$ 9 molasses--a ?ick1 viscid1 & uncry/allizable fluid4 ,! s(t concrete sug> is remov$ f ! cool]s into a range ( casks1 9 :i* ! molasses gradually dra9s f ! cry/all9e portion1 p]colat+ ?r\gh spongy planta9 /alks plac$ 9 a hole at ! bottom ( ea* cask1 :i* act z s _m dra9s to convey ! liquid to a l>ge ci/]n b5ea?4 ,) sug> ( av]age quality1 ?ree or f\r weeks is suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,! liquid portion con/itutes molasses1 :i* is employ$ to make rum4 ,! cry/alliz$ portion is pack$ 9 hog%eads = %ipm5t z raw1 br[n1 or muscovado sug>2 & 9 ?is /ate x is commonly export$ f our ,we/ ,indian colonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,besom4 ,lump ,m\ld4 ,loaf ,m\ld4 ,! ref9+ ( sug> is ma9ly a blea*+ process1 conduct$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,engl&4 ,!re are two v>ieties produc$ by ?is blea*+1 viz4 clay$ & loaf sug>4 ,= clay$ sug>1 ! sug> is remov$ f ! cool]s into conical e>!n m\lds call$ =mes1 ea* ( :i* has a small hole at ! apex4 ,^! holes be+ /opp$ up1 ! =ms are plac$ apex d[nw>ds 9 o!r e>!n vessels4 ,! syrup1 aft] be+ /irr$ r\nd1 is left = f fifte5 to tw5ty h\rs to cry/allize4 ,! plugs are !n )drawn1 to let out ! uncry/alliz$ syrup2 & ! base ( ! cry/alliz$ loaf be+ remov$1 ! =me is fill$ up ) pulv]iz$ :ite sug>4 ,?is is well press$ d[n1 & !n a quantity ( clay mix$ ) wat] is plac$ ^u ! sug>1 ! =mes be+ put into fre% empty pots4 ,! moi/ure f ! clay1 filt]+ ?r\gh ! sug>1 c>ries ) x a portion ( ! col\r+ matt]1 :i* is m soluble ?an ! cry/als !mselves4 ,by a repetition ( ?is process1 ! sug> atta9s ne>ly a :ite col\r1 & is !n dri$ & cru%$ = sale4 ,b loaf sug> is ! k9d mo/ usually produc$ by ! ref9+ processes4 ,! br[n sug> is dissolv$ ) hot wat]1 & !n filt]$ ?r\gh canvas bags1 f :i* x exudes z a cle>1 transp>5t1 ?\gh r$di% syrup4 ,! removal ( ?is r$ t+e is effect$ by filt]+ ! syrup ?r\gh a mass ( p[d]$ *>coal1 & we h !n a p]fectly transp>5t col\rless liquid4 ,9 ! evaporation or conc5tration ( ! cl>ifi$ syrup1 :i* =ms ! next "p ( ! ref9+ process1 ! boil+ is effect$ 7"u ! admirable sy/em introduc$ by ,mr4 ,h[>d7 9 a vacuum1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #adj ,fahr5heit4 ,! sug> pan is a l>ge copp] vessel1 ) arrangem5ts = extract+ ! air1 admitt+ ! syrup1 admitt+ /eam pipes1 & dra9+ (f ! sug> :5 conc5trat$4 ,9 us+ ! pan a quantity ( syrup is admitt$1 & an air pump is set to "w to extract all ! air f ! pan1 9 ord] t ! cont5ts may boil at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! evaporation proce$s1 & :5 complet$ ! evaporat$ syrup fl[s out ( ! pan ?r\gh a pipe into an op5 vessel b5ea?1 call$ ! granulat+ vessel1 ar\nd :i* /eam circulates1 & )9 :i* ! syrup is br\ght to a p>tially cry/alliz$ /ate4 ,f ! granulators ! syrup or sug> is transf]r$ into m\lds ( a conical =m1 :i* 7 =m]ly made ( co>se pott]y1 b are n[ usually ( iron4 ,9 ^! m\lds ! sug> :it5s & cry/allizes1 ! rema9+ uncry/alliz$ syrup fl[+ out at an op5+ at ! bottom ( ! m\lds4 ,?is syrup is reboil$ ) raw sug>1 s z to yield an inf]ior quality ( sug>2 &1 :5 all ! cry/allizable matt] has be5 extract$ f x1 ! rema9d] is sold z treacle4 ,! loaves ( sug>1 aft] a few f9i%+ processes1 are ready = sale4 ,,! ,,dy] ,,& ,,sc\r]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dy]s ,,at ,,"w4 ,! trade ( ! ,dy] may be plac$ among/ ! mo/ anci5t ( ! arts1 & ! tools t are us$ 9 x are s few t !y ne$ sc>cely any description1 s9ce almo/ all ! app>atus requir$ are ! v>i\s copp]s1 vats1 & o!r vessels us$ = boil+ ! fabrics to be dy$1 & imm]s+ !m completely 9 ! liquors :i* h be5 prep>$ f ! dye /uffs1 ! prop] use ( :i* is ! pr9cipal secret 9 ! bus9ess4 ,) reg>d to ! sc\r+ or clean+ ( fabrics1 :e!r made into g>m5ts or n1 ! op]ation consi/s 9 apply+ det]g5ts1 or sub/ances l soap & turp5t9e1 = remov+ grease & dirt1 or o!r liquids :i* h a det]g5t prop]ty b w n injure ! col\rs2 ! use ( ^!1 ) a sponge & a h>d bru%1 is ne>ly all t is requir$2 ! g>m5t s5t to be clean$ be+ /ret*$ on a frame & dri$1 ei!r 9 ! dy]'s dry+ room1 or 9 "s op5 situation1 :]e !y are lea/ likely to be soil$ or spott$4 ,illu/ration3 ,dry+ ,room4 ,sponge4 ,h>d ,bru%4 ,! art ( dye+ 0 practis$ to a v great ext5t by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,phnicians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans2 & ! isl& ( ,tyre 01 9 v e>ly times1 celebrat$ = a purple dye :i* 01 p]haps f its co/l9ess1 us$ = col\r+ ! robes ( k+s & emp]ors1 f :i* practice purple became ! imp]ial col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>m5t ,frame4 ,! art ( mod]n dye+ v greatly consi/s 9 ! prop] use ( :at are call$ mordants1 t is1 sub/ances :i*1 al?\gh !y d n ( !mselves produce col\r1 s act ^u ! dyes z to cause !m to give an int5s] hue to ! fabric1 & also s]ve to make ! col\r p]man5t4 ,! mod]n dy]s h obta9$ sev]al dye drugs unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 su* z co*9eal1 qu]citron1 ,brazil & logwood1 arnotts1 & indigo1 :i* 0 only kn[n to ! ,romans z a pa9t2 b ! va/ sup]iority ( our dyes mu/ be pr9cipally ascrib$ to ! employm5t ( alum & solution ( t9 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances z mordants1 :i* give dep?1 durability1 & lu/re to ! col\rs4 ,ano!r improvem5t 9 dye+ is ! application ( metallic comp\nds1 su* z ,prussian blue1 *rome yell[1 & manganese br[n1 to textile or wov5 fabrics4 ,our read]s w see f :at has be5 said ( mordants h[ :at are call$ fa/ col\rs are obta9$1 fa/ col\rs mean+ col\rs :i* w n be affect$ ev5 by ! liquor ( ! dye ba?4 ,ano!r v necess>y subject ( in=mation 9 relation to dye+ is ! fact t diff]5t sub/ances1 su* z silk & wool1 w n be equally affect$ by ! dye 9 :i* !y are plac$1 s9ce ! p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! composition ( ^! sub/ances h diff]5t degrees ( :at is call$ aff9ity1 t is1 !y comb9e 9 a great] or less degree ) ! compon5t matt] ( ! dye /uff4 ,illu/ration3 ,vats & ,copp] ,pan4 ,wr++ ,ma*9e4 ,we h already said some?+ ( ! prep>ation ( cotton4 ,! op]ations to :i* silk & wool are subject$ be=e be+ dy$ are int5d$ to sep>ate sup]flu\s sub/ances f ! animal fibre1 & to make t fibre m easily unite ) ! col\r+ p>ticles4 ,silk is sc\r$ by means ( be+ boil$ 9 wat] & soap1 :]eby ! animal v>ni% is remov$ f ! surface2 if int5d$ to be v :ite1 x is blea*$ by humid sulphur\s acid4 ,wool is fir/ wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] to sep>ate its co>se impurities1 & is !n fre$ f ! greasy animal matt] secret$ f ! sk9 ( ! %eep by means ( ammoniacal liquor1 soap & wat]1 or a solution ( soda4 ,x is f9ally blea*$ by ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 or by aque\s sulphuric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,dipp+ ,copp]1 ,w9*1 ,pun*+1 c4 ,:at are call$ t9ctorial col\rs1 z di/+ui%$ f mordants1 are ei!r simple or comp\nd4 ,! simple are black1 br[n or dun1 blue1 yell[1 & r$2 ! comp\nds are grey1 purple1 gre51 orange1 & o!rs4 ,gall nuts1 pyrolignite ( iron1 logwood1 copp]as1 & v]digris1 are ! *ief mat]ials = produc+ black4 ,walnuts1 suma*1 madd]1 co*9eal1 cudbe>1 acetate ( iron1 cate*u1 ,brazil wood1 arnotts1 are all employ$ 9 produc+ br[n4 ,indigo1 ,prussian blue1 & woad = blue4 ,fu/ic1 ,p]sian b]ries1 qu]citron1 turm]ic1 & weld = yell[4 ,cudbe>1 ,brazil wood1 co*9eal1 k]mes1 lac1 logwood1 madd]1 saffl[]1 = r$2 & v>i\s comp\nds = purple1 gre51 orange1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>boy = ,spirits4 ,syphon4 ,pun*eon4 ,pole = ,/irr+4 ,! dye mat]ials import$ f =eign c\ntries are pr9cipally co*9eal1 fu/ic1 gum arabic1 gum s5egal1 gum animi1 gum copal1 gum tragacan?1 indigo1 lac dye1 %ellac1 logwood1 madd]1 smalts1 valonia1 yell[ b]ries1 & zaffre4 ,! tools %[n 9 ! engrav+s expla9 !mselves1 &1 z has be5 already said1 pr9cipally consi/ ( ! v>i\s copp]s & vats1 ! syphons or tubes by :i* liquor w fl[ f "o vessel to ano!r1 & ! pun*eons1 = /irr+ & ?or\ghly imm]s+ ! articles 9 ! dye /uff4 ,illu/ration3 ,rail4 ,!rmomet] & ,measure4 ,measure4 ,,! ,,copp]smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work%op4 ,! v great v>iety ( purposes = :i* ! metal call$ copp] is us$1 r5d]s x "o ( ! mo/ valuable productions ( ?is c\ntry1 & sev]al v important manufactures w\ld be incomplete )\t x1 s9ce x is ! pr9cipal mat]ial ( :i* _m l>ge vessels are =m$1 & is also l>gely employ$ z an alloy = o!r metals4 ,al?\gh ! metal is sometimes f\nd 9 a pure or native /ate1 its mo/ abundant ore is t kn[n z copp] pyrites1 ( :i* !re are _m k9ds4 ,! mo/ common yell[ copp] ore is a v abundant m9]al1 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,cornwall1 ,devon1 & ! ,isle ( ,anglesea1 & is a comp\nd ( ab\t equal p>ts ( copp]1 iron1 & sulphur4 ,! m9es ( ,devon & ,cornwall yield m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! copp] obta9$ 9 ,engl&1 or ab\t #aij1jjj tons ( ore 9 a ye>1 ! value ( :i* is above a million /]l+4 ,! am\nt ( copp] annually obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ab\t #ae1jjj tons1 wor? m ?an a million & a half ( money4 ,ab\t ! same quantity is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,*ili & ,cuba1 & a v valuable copp] ore is also f\nd at ! ,burra ,burra m9es 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! copp] ores ( ,cornwall & o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry are g5]ally %ipp$ to ,swansea1 :]e coal is abundant1 9 ord] to be sep>at$ f ! metal4 ,= ?is purpose ! ore is heat$ to r$ness1 or roa/$ 9 an op5 furnace1 9 ord] to burn away ! sulphur1 & ! fumes giv5 out by ?is process are mo/ p]nici\s4 ,! ore is aft]w>ds melt$ sev]al times to sep>ate ! o!r impurities1 :i*1 :5 fus$1 float l scum on ! surface ( ! liquid metal1 & are !n easily remov$4 ,copp] has a peculi> r$di% col\r1 & w be> a brilliant poli%2 its smell & ta/e are bo? disagreeable4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ malleable ( metals1 & c be s readily work$ by ! hamm] t x is beat5 out into ?9 leaves1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( 8,dut* metal10 are employ$ 9 ornam5t+ toys1 c4 9 imitation ( gild+4 ,x is also s ductile t x c be drawn out into f9] wires ?an any ord9>y metal1 except gold1 silv]1 & iron1 & its t5acity is s great t a wire "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet] w be> a weight ( #age lbs4 ,?is wire is v flexible1 & n v ela/ic1 b :5 roll$ into %eets copp] is "o ( ! mo/ ela/ic1 & :5 /ruck "o ( ! mo/ vibratory & l\d s\nd+ metals4 ,if tak5 into ! animal sy/em all prep>ations ( copp] are viol5t poisons2 &1 z ?is metal is directly act$ ^u by v9eg> & o!r acids1 x %\ld n be employ$ = mak+ vessels us$ 9 cook+ or prep>+ food4 ,! easy malleability ( copp] all[s x to be roll$ into ?9 %eets1 :i* c easily be hamm]$ into any =m t may be desir$1 & x is ?is op]ation :i* belongs to ! trade ( ! ,copp]smi?4 ,%eet copp] is employ$ 9 cov]+ ! bottoms ( %ips1 to protect !m f ! attacks ( m>9e animals2 x is also us$ = co9s1 :i* are pun*$ out ( ! %eet ( metal & /amp$ ) dies1 & = plates on :i* pictures are engrav$2 ! metal be+ s(t en\gh to yield to ! tool ( ! engrav]1 b yet suffici5tly h>d to resi/ ! pressure necess>y to pr9t ! picture4 ,z an +r$i5t 9 alloys copp] is mo/ valuable1 especially 9 bell metal1 :i* is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( copp] & "o "p ( t92 9 bronze1 :i* is n9e-t5?s copp] & "o-t5? t92 & 9 ,g]man silv]1 arg5t9e1 nickel silv]1 & o!r alloys us$ = mak+ =ks1 spoons1 di%es1 c4 :i* are compos$ ( copp]1 z9c1 & nickel4 ,^! are v beautiful alloys1 closely resembl+ silv]2 b ! copp] !y conta9 is liable to be p>tially dissolv$ by any long exposure to ! action ( acids4 ,copp] is us$ 9 small quantities z an alloy = gold & silv] bo? 9 co9age & 9 plate1 to give ! requisite degree ( h>dness4 ,gold us$ = co9s1 or :at is call$ /&>d gold1 is =m$ ( elev5 p>ts ( pure gold & "o "p ( copp]4 ,be+ a bett] conductor ( electricity ?an any o!r metal1 x is l>gely employ$ 9 ! =mation ( telegraphic wires2 &1 z x is n h>d en\gh to /rike fire ) fl9t or grit1 x is us$ 9 gunp[d] mills & magaz9es in/ead ( iron4 ,! processes ( ca/+ & roll+ copp] into %eets are s mu* l ^? already describ$ 9 ! manufacture ( iron t !y ne$ n be repeat$1 b ! trade ( ! ,copp]smi? is di/9ct f ^? ( ! work]s 9 o!r metals1 ?\gh !y mo/ly consi/ 9 =m+ ! %eet copp] into v>i\s %apes & ut5sils by means ( hamm]s1 ( :i* ! smoo?+ hamm]1 ! set hamm]1 & ! rivet+ hamm]1 expla9 _! own uses by _! names4 ,illu/ration3 ,copp] ,bit4 ,oval ,w$ge4 ,rivet+ ,hamm]4 ,smoo?+ ,hamm]4 ,cob ,hamm]4 ,set ,hamm]4 ,9 manufactur+ ! l>ge vessels ) circul> bottoms :i* are s frequ5tly made ( copp]1 ! metal is fir/ ca/ 9 a %ape resembl+ a r\nd spectacle glass1 t is to say1 a flat cake1 ?ick 9 ! middle & gradually dim9i%+ 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! edge4 ,x is !n subject$ to ! p[]ful bl[s ( a tilt hamm]1 ! beat+ be+ pr9cipally conf9$ to ! c5tre4 ,! effect ( ?is is n only to r$uce ! ?ickness ( ! copp]1 b to cause ! disc to turn up at ! edges & assume ! =m ( a holl[ di%4 ,illu/ration3 ,pun*es4 ,h& ,vice4 ,cutt+ ,pun*4 ,spann]4 ,anvil4 ,%e>s = ,%eet ,copp]4 ,h& ,%e>s4 ,ano!r op]ation ( ! ,copp]smi? is call$ plani%+1 or hamm]+ ! metal until x becomes m d5se1 firm1 & t\gh2 any "o :o looks at ! surface ( a l>ge copp] vessel w see ! m>ks ( ! hamm] by :i* x has be5 plani%$4 ,x is by ! comb9$ op]ation ( ca/+1 roll+1 hamm]+1 & plani%+1 z well z by ! processes ( fa/5+1 ei!r ) rivets or ) sold]1 t ne>ly all copp] articles are made4 ,illu/ration3 ,plumb]'s ,iron4 ,iron ,horse4 ,p\nc+ ,block & ,hamm]4 ,( ! tools us$ by ! ,copp]smi?1 beside ^? already m5tion$1 ! pr9cipal are pun*es = cutt+ or pi]c+ holes1 %e>s = cutt+ ! %eets ( metal1 ! spann] = turn+ heads ( screws or nuts1 ! anvil1 ! blocks & horses = receiv+ ! "w 9 su* a position z to op]ate on any "p :]e ! hamm] or ! pun* is requir$1 & ! iron = sold]+4 ,!re are five diff]5t modes ( =m+ copp] pip+ out ( %eet metal2 9 ! fir/ ! edges ( ! %eet1 :i* is curv$ r\nd a m&ril1 are made to meet )\t ov]lapp+1 & are jo9$ ) h>d sold]2 9 ! second !y ov]lap & are unit$ by s(t sold]2 9 ! ?ird !y ov]lap & are secur$ by rivets2 9 ! f\r? ! edges are fold$ "o ov] ! o!r1 & are made close & firm by hamm]+2 & 9 ! fif? bo? edges ( ! pipe are turn$ back & cov]$ ) a /rip ( %eet metal1 ! two edges ( :i* are turn$ 9 & hamm]$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood ,horse4 ,,! ,,gun ,,manufactur]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pro( ,,h\se4 ,by guns1 only muskets1 rifles1 & f[l+-pieces are "h meant1 s9ce ! manufacture ( cannons1 to :i* ! t]m guns is n[ commonly appli$1 is an entirely diff]5t bus9ess to t ( mak+ :at are call$ 8small arms20 ! latt] includ+1 9 fact1 swords1 pi/ols1 bayonets1 muskets1 rifles1 & "s o!r implem5ts ( w>4 ,!re are s _m v>ieties ( fire arms1 & !y are sold at prices v>y+ s greatly1 t x w\ld be almo/ impossible to give any detail$ description ( ea* k9d ( piece4 ,! f9ely-f9i%$ rifle or sport+ gun1 fitt$ ) ! la/ improvem5ts1 bree*-load+ or o!rwise1 & f9i%$ ) m>vell\s p]fection & accuracy1 is wor? f\r times z _m p\nds z ! common muskets1 made = exportation to ,africa = ! use ( ! natives1 are wor? %ill+s4 ,we may1 !re=e1 describe "s ( ! ord9>y processes ( ! gunmak]'s trade1 & ! v>i\s improvem5ts w !n be bett] und]/ood :5 ! read] has an opportunity ( see+ f9i%$ guns1 9 :i* su* improvem5ts may be po9t$ out to him4 ,! b>rels ( guns are ei!r pla9 or twi/$2 twi/$ b>rels are made ( long & v n>r[ /rips ( iron1 "o ( :i*1 be+ mod]ately heat$ to increase pliancy1 is wrapp$ spirally r\nd a cyl9drical m&ril 9 su* a way z to =m a tube1 :i* may be slipp$ (f ! m&ril at pleasure4 ,z ! rods are n usually made ( suffici5t l5g? = "o to =m a b>rel1 sev]al are usually jo9$ end to end1 ^? :i* =m ! bree* be+ ?ick] ?an ^? at ! muzzle end4 ,by heat+ & hamm]+ ^! pieces are weld$ into a cont9u\s & v /rong & t\gh tube4 ,p>tially worn iron1 call$ 8scrap iron10 is be/ = ^! purposes4 ,! twi/$ b>rels :i* are kn[n z 8wire twi/0 are =m$ ( n>r[ rods ( iron & /eel =g$ toge!r1 & !n roll$ out to ! prop] ?9ness4 ,damascus b>rels are compos$ ( simil> metal1 b ! rods are twi/$ on _! own c5tres until ! fibres :i* !y conta9 h f twelve to f\rte5 turns 9 an in* by :i* ! rods are d\bl$ 9 ?ickness & proportionately r$uc$ 9 l5g?4 ,two su* rods are weld$ toge!r side by side1 _! respective twi/s be+ rev]s$4 ,!re are _m modes ( mak+ twi/$ b>rels1 b ^! are ! mo/ common4 ,aft] be+ weld$1 ! b>rels are c>efully exam9$1 &1 if ne$ful1 /raight5$ by a few bl[s ( ! hamm]4 ,!y are !n bor$ 9 a ma*9e ) an angul> plug ( temp]$ /eel1 :i* is caus$ to revolve rapidly )9 ! b>rel1 :ile a /ream ( wat] is direct$ ^u ! outside to *eck ! heat caus$ by ! trem5d\s friction4 ,! outside is br\ght to a smoo? surface ei!r by gr9d+ on a l>ge gr9d/one1 or turn+ 9 a la!4 ,! bree* end ( ! b>rel is bor$ ) a screw-?read1 to receive ! bree* plug1 :i* closes x at t end4 ,illu/ration3 ,m&ril1 ) ,damascus ,b>rel 9 progress4 ,tool = bor+ ,b>rel4 ,te/+ ,b>rel4 ,! b>rels are !n prov$ by be+ fir$ at ! pro(-h\se1 a l>ge build+ :]e !y are load$ ) a *>ge five times z great z !y w h to be> :5 9 use4 ,a great numb] ( b>rels are fir$ at once by lay+ !m ^u a /rong framework ( wood ) _! t\*-holes d[nw>ds1 & connect$ ) a tra9 ( gunp[d] :i* is ignit$ outside ! build+4 ,a heap ( s& is pil$ inside ! build+1 opposite ! muzzles ( ! b>rels to receive ! bullets4 ,^? :i* be> ?is te/ )\t injury are m>k$ z p]fect4 ,guns us$ 9 field sports are (t5 made ) two b>rels fix$ side by side ^u "o /ock4 ,! b>rels are made sep>ately1 & ea* ) "o flat side1 t !y may lie close toge!r4 ,!y are secur$ toge!r by ribs runn+ betwe5 !m f end to end4 ,! wood5 /ock ^u :i* ! b>rel is fix$ is g5]ally made ( walnut-tree wood4 ,x is fir/ %ap$1 & aft]w>ds %od ) brass or /eel2 ! trigg] gu>d & o!r fitt+s are let into ! wood1 & e "p is furni%$ ) ! prop] screws & fa/5+s4 ,) reg>d to ! manufacture ( rifles & o!r small arms 9 g5]al1 ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w "s "t ago wrote a description ( a visit to ! factory at ,birm+ham kn[n z ! ,tol$o ,works1 & x may be useful to give an extract f t acc\nt ( :at he saw !re4 ,! /eel f :i* ! swords are made is suppli$ 9 long pieces some:at tap]+ at ! ends1 & hav+ a squ>e portion 9 ! middle1 :i*1 be+ cut ?r\gh1 leaves mat]ial = two blades1 ! bisection ( ! squ>e leav+ a %\ld] at "o end to receive ! iron 8tang0 by :i* ! blade is aft]w>ds fix$ into ! h&le4 ,! manufacture ( ^! blades is almo/ entirely effect$ by ! =g]s1 :o hamm] !m into ! requir$ %ape ^u ! anvil1 a m\ld runn+ d[n ! c5tre ( :i* secures ! holl[ :i* 9 swords ext5ds = ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? f hilt to po9t4 ,9 a little /reet ( smi?ies ! musical cl9k is be+ s\nd$ by a score ( /alw>t arms1 ei!r =g+ ! r\gh /eel into =m1 or hamm]+ ! =m$ blade into p]fect %ape & symmetry1 an op]ation :i* requires x to be kept at a c]ta9 heat1 le/ ! embryo blade %\ld be injur$ 9 ! process4 ,once p]fect$ z to proportion1 ! h>d5+ comm5ces1 & ! blade is ?ru/ backw>ds & =w>ds into ! furnace until x has acquir$ a prop] & uni=m heat1 at :i* po9t x is remov$ & in/antly plung$ into cold wat]4 ,?is process1 :i* has obvi\sly sugge/$ ! ,turki% ba?1 r5d]s x h>d inde$1 b at ! same "t s extremely brittle t we :isp]+ly sugge/ ! propriety ( contract+ to supply our enemies ) weapons1 & neglect+ to c>ry !m beyond t p>ticul> /age ( prep>ation1 :5 !y may be snapp$ ) ! f+]s4 ,c>efully support$1 h[ev]1 ! blade is aga9 subject$ to ! fi]y ordeal until x atta9s a slaty blue col\r1 & a beautiful & ela/ic temp]1 :i* has be5 p>tially secur$ by ! previ\s hamm]+4 ,by ! process ( =g+ x has become ab\t six in*es long] ?an ! pri/9e /eel %ape1 & by ! temp]+ x has atta9$ a spr+y /r5g? :i* enables x to be b5t 9 a curve suffici5t to br+ ! h& five in*es ne>] to ! po9t ?an :5 ! blade is /raight4 ,_m ( ! be/ bayonets are =g$ 9 ! same way z ! sword-blades1 &1 z 9 almo/ e manufactur+ process1 human intellig5ce has an unmi/akable advantage ov] m]e me*anical =ce1 ^! possess "s sup]ior qualities4 ,! great] numb] ( bayonets1 h[ev]1 are made f a squ>e b> ( drawn /eel1 five in*es & a half long by n9e-sixte5?s squ>e4 ,?is b> is pass$ betwe5 a s]ies ( ab\t sixte5 pairs ( roll]s1 :i* are work$ by /eam p[]1 & s groov$ z gradually to m\ld ! blade to ! requir$ %ape4 ,sixte5 times ! %ort /eel b> und]goes ! m]ciless pressure ( a progressively-increas$ p[]1 until its l5g? is increas$ f five & a half to tw5ty-six in*es1 :5 "s portion is cut (f f ! po9t to leave x ! regulation l5g?4 ,! mat*ets1 :i* are made f bevel-edg$ /eel1 pass$ twice ?r\gh ! roll]s1 are cut into ! requisite %ape by means ( p[]ful %e>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,/eam ,hamm]4 ,^! op]ations are conduct$ 9 a l>ge %$1 :]e ! roll]s /& l awful comb9ations ( inf]nal ma*9es & pat5t mangles2 :]e a bod+ & v5geful tilt-hamm]1 work$ by /eam1 is t5d$ by a man1 :o sits l a calm fate beside its cru%+ bulk1 & supplies x ) fre% victims2 :]e ! awful boom seems to %att] ! v atmosph]e1 & deafness reigns triumphant4 ,9 ob$i5ce to a signal1 h[ev]1 ! mon/] is sudd5ly /opp$1 & we are enabl$ to he> t ! great two-pot furnace on our left is us$ = mak+ ! /eel f ^? long la?s ( bevel-edg$ iron /ack$ aga9/ ! wall2 t ! furnace is con/ruct$ ) wide flues on ea* side & "u ! bottom1 :ile ! fire-grate occupies ! c5tre betwe5 ! two pots2 t ! pots !mselves are "s f\r feet deep1 & two feet & a half wide1 are airtight1 conta9 lay]s ( *>coal & iron cov]$ ) loam s&1 w rema9 sev5 days & nights 9 ! furnace1 until _! cont5ts are :ite hot1 & t at ! end ( t "t ! iron w h be5 conv]t$ into /eel ( a slaty-blue col\r4 ,! inexorable hamm] resum+ its "w at ?is po9t1 we foll[ ! bayonet to its completion1 & once m visit ! =ges1 to witness ! 8%utt+ on0 or weld+ ! blade to a piece ( iron1 :i* ultimately =ms ! socket by :i* ! bayonet itself is fix$ on to ! b>rel ( ! rifle or musket4 ,!re is yet ano!r op]ation be=e ! blades are tak5 to ! f9i%+ %op1 "o ( ! mo/ important1 too1 s9ce x is no o!r ?an gr9d+1 a process :i* secures an exact & uni=m ?ickness & increases _! ela/icity4 ,we are /&+ at ! op5 end ( a long1 va/1 & gloomy %$-l build+1 support$ by iron pill>s4 ,on ea* side ?r\gh ! entire l5g? a s]ies ( enorm\s gr9d/ones sp9 r\nd amid/ s& & wat]1 & ! mud f bo?4 ,seat$ a/ride ! bodies ( wood5 horses1 ^: heads seem to h be5 trans=m$ into ^! :eels1 ! gr9d]s seize ^u ! blades1 & ea* fe>less rid] ris+ 9 8 /irrups1 or1 :at looks mu* ! same1 /&+ tiptoe till he no long] t\*es 8 saddle1 ?r[s himself =w>d1 & presses ! sword1 mat*et1 or bayonet on ! :eel1 at ! same "t guid+ x deftly ) its left h&1 till its :ole surface has be5 smoo?ly gr\nd4 ,along ! :ole l9e ( :irl+ /ones fly ! lurid r$ sp>ks1 & ! gr9d]s1 ) squ>$ elb[s1 seem to curb ! /ruggl+ & impetu\s :eels4 ,aft] poli%+1 :i* is complet$ by wood5 :eels be>+ a coat+ ( lea!r cov]$ ) em]y1 ! swords & mat*ets g to receive h&les1 & ! bayonets lock+ r+s4 ,! h&les ( swords are made ( walnut-wood cov]$ ) ! sk9 ( ! dogfi%1 :ile ! hilt & gu>d are =m$ f a pla9 flat %eet ( /eel1 9 %ape n unlike "o side ( a pair ( bell[s4 ,! solid socket ( ! bayonet is hamm]$ into =m1 & aft]w>ds /amp$ into %ape ) ! rim complete1 f :i* process x is convey$ to a %op :]e x is drill$ by /eam p[]4 ,x !n only rema9s to secure a smoo? surface1 by means ( a revolv+ b>rel1 conta9+ an in/rum5t ) a numb] ( flang$ blades1 aga9/ :i* ! socket ( ! bayonet is press$4 ,x is n a little rem>kable to see ! solid /eel p>$ & %av$ l wax1 & no less wond]ful to notice ! simple ma*9]y by :i* x is accompli%$4 ,! lock+ r+s are /amp$ out by a lev] & die1 pi]c$ by a pun*1 & aft]w>ds 8bor$10 8fac$10 & _! %apes secur$ by a triple circul> saw1 work$ by a la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,m&ril1 ) ,common ,musket ,b>rel 9 progress4 ,weld+ by ,h&4 ,=g+ ,hamm]4 ,! mo/ important manufacture 9 ! ,tol$o ,works1 h[ev]1 is assur$ly rifles1 &1 ) ! int5tion ( foll[+ x ?r\gh its pr9cipal processes1 we return to ! vic9ity ( ! /ill invet]ate hamm]1 :]e we are %[n a rudim5t>y b>rel 9 ! %ape ( a slab ( be/ wr\ght iron1 twelve in*es long1 & weigh+ n9e p\nds & a qu>t]4 ,?is un9vit+ slab is heat$ 9 a furnace1 & r\ghly b5t into ! tubul> %ape by means ( our enemy ! tilt-hamm]1 aft] :i* x is once m plac$ 9 a furnace ( an enorm\sly high temp]ature1 ) a small trap-op5+4 ,:5 suffici5tly heat$1 ! %ort rudim5t>y tube is tak5 out on a long r\nd iron rod1 fitt$ ) a h&-gu>d1 & look+ l a huge burlesque rapi]4 ,?is rod approximates to ! size ( ! int5d$ bore ( ! b>rel1 & is ins]t$1 ) ! r\gh tube ^u x1 betwe5 two /eam roll]s1 ea* ( :i* is furni%$ ) a s]ies ( correspond+ grooves or cuts4 ,! b>rel1 :i* is tak5 up at "o end by a rod1 is plac$ betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( grooves1 &1 z ! roll]s revolve1 is drawn out at ! o!r side1 a long1 holl[1 weld$ tube4 ,?is mu* m graceful & bett] =m$ tube is !n consign$ to ano!r rod ( small] diamet]1 & to a correspond+ pair ( grooves2 until1 aft] ! eigh? repetition ( ! same process1 ! b>rel has atta9$ its prop] dim5sions4 ,! next op]ation1 :i* is call$ 8lump+10 consi/s ( weld+ a piece ( wr\ght iron on to ! bree* end ( ! b>rel1 = ! purpose ( =m+ ! p]cussion-lump1 & is succe$$ by 8r\gh-bor+40 ,?is is accompli%$ by a long1 %>p-end$ bit1 :i*1 be+ plac$ 9 ! end ( ! b>rel1 revolves at ! rate (1 p]haps1 a ?\s& turns a m9ute by means ( a pulley & fly-:eel1 :ile ! b>rel is pu%$ on by a lev]1 & kept cool by means ( wat] ?r[n ^u its surface4 ,! 8sett+0 ( ! b>rel is next effect$ by means ( hamm] & anvil1 ! sett+ mean+ simply rectify+ any b5d :i* x may h receiv$ dur+ ! previ\s op]ation4 ,we are n a little int]e/$ 9 ! sett+1 s9ce ! fir/ intimation ( x on ent]+ ! %op is ! sudd5 discov]y ( a numb] ( workm5 gaz+ resolutely at an opposite w9d[1 ?r\gh :at look l att5uat$ telescopes4 ,!y are engag$1 h[ev]1 9 "o ( ! processes :i* require ! greate/ exp]i5ce1 z ea* ( !m is expect$ to detect ! mo/ trifl+ bias 9 ! b>rel4 ,! 8spill+-up10 or cutt+ ! inside ( ! b>rel to ! prop] bore1 is simil> to ! r\gh-bor+1 except t only "o edge ( ! bit is all[$ to op]ate1 ! o!rs be+ %ea!d by a half cyl9d] ( wood1 call$ a spill2 ?is ensures a smoo? surface1 & prep>es = ! 8f9e-bor+10 :i* is six times repeat$1 ! f9al surface be+ insur$ by keep+ "o edge ( ! bit p]fectly smoo?1 by :i* means ! p>ticles ( /eel drop 9 a f9e & almo/ s(t p[d]4 ,! outside ( ! b>rel is next turn$ 9 a long la!1 :i* n only r$uces ! r\ghness1 b1 by a beautiful arrangem5t ( cutt+ tools1 gives x ! requir$ sub/ance or 8patt]n10 = a light or heavy rifle4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! b>rels is effect$ by means ( /ones1 l>g] ?an ^? us$ = ! sword blades1 b 9 a simil> mann]1 & is prelim9>y to 8fil+10 :i* c>ries ! b>rel to ! %op1 :]e x is prep>$ = ! lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr9d+ ,gun ,b>rels4 ,^! prep>ations consi/ ( 8*amb]+10 or mak+ ! *amb] :i* holds ! p92 8bree*+10 or cutt+ ! worm int5d$ = ! bree*-p91 t helps to hold ! b>rel to ! /ock by means ( a bree*-nail2 cutt+ out ! little slice into :i* ! 8sight0 is to be dovetail$2 ma*9+ ! lump2 fil+ ! tail-p91 & mak+ ! squ>e lump ! prop] %ape = receiv+ ! lock & /ock4 ,we are n a little surpris$ to le>n t e "p ( ! lock is f9i%$ by h&1 ! cock be+ cut ) a die work$ by a heavy weight1 & ! small] pieces be+ wr\ght ) =ge1 hamm]1 & file4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ,bree*4 ,section ( ,lock1 c4 ,bullet ,m\ld4 ,nipple ,key4 ,! great art 9 lock-mak+ is to obta9 a p]fect spr+1 & ^? prop]ly temp]$ are s ela/ic t1 al?\gh :5 fitt$ 9 ! lock1 ! two sides are s close z almo/ to t\*1 !y w1 :5 releas$1 spread to two in*es bel[ ! edge ( ! lock-plate4 ,! lock & b>rel are n[ ready = ! /ock1 :i* awaits !m 9 ano!r %op1 :]e x has be5 sawn out ( walnut wood1 & f9i%$ by c>p5t]s' tools4 ,! b>rel let into its groove1 & ! lock prop]ly 9 its place1 ! /ock is m p]fectly %ap$ & r\nd$ be=e 8screw+ toge!r10 or ! addition ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! 8furniture10 heel-plate1 trigg]-plate & gu>d1 trigg]1 nose-cap1 rod1 & bayonet4 ,we are n[ told t ! rifle is 8f9i%$10 by :i*1 und]/&+ completion1 we are n q prep>$ to le>n t x is to be tak5 to pieces4 ,we sudd5ly rememb]1 h[ev]1 t x is n yet a rifle at all1 inasmu* z x has n be5 rifl$4 ,ev]y?+ is made p]fect be=e ?is delicate op]ation is attempt$1 9 ord] t no injury may be su/a9$ by ! b>rel :5 ! complete rifle is aga9 put toge!r4 ,! process ( rifl+ is simil> to t ( bor+1 except t a spiral cutt] is sub/itut$ = ! bit4 ,previ\s to ! reunion ( ! b>rel1 ! :ole "w is poli%$1 & ! /ock /a9$ & f9i%$ ready = completion4 ,illu/ration3 8,f9i%+40 ,! pi/ol b>rels und]go ! same processes z t ( ! rifle1 except t1 aft] be+ drill$1 !y are plan$1 by ma*9es :i* c>ry !m along a sort ( b$ "u tools t cut !m p]fectly smoo?1 & accurately %ape ! octagonal b>rels4 ,^! *isels move by means ( screws ov] ! entire surface z x is drawn backw>ds & =w>ds on ! slide4 ,! revolv] *amb]s are drill$ out ( solid iron1 by a drill+ ma*9e or la!1 ) a c5trebit & an ecc5tric motion1 :i* causes ea* b>rel ( ! *amb]-ne/ to become ! c5tre 9 succession2 :ile1 by means ( a slide1 ! motion c be made to suit ei!r a l>ge or small *amb]4 ,! recesses communicat+ ) ! lock & trigg] are cut by rev]s+ ! *amb] 9 ! ecc5tric 8*uck10 & us+ a diff]5t cutt+-tool1 :ile ano!r alt]ation effects ! drill+ ( ! nipple holes4 ,,! ,,end ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,son1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bread ,,/reet