,my ,exp]im5ts ,) ,volcanoes ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,jagg> ,janu>y #bd1 #ahga--;,janu>y #ag1 #aiec ,my ,exp]im5ts ,) ,volcanoes ,,?omas ,a4 ,,jagg> 8,?r\gh fai? we und]/& ,t ! worlds 7 =m$ ,by ! ^w ( ,god1 ,s t ?+s :i* are se5 ,7 n made ( ?+s :i* d appe>40 ,,mcmlvi ,,hawaiian ,,volcano ,,rese>* ,,association ,,honolulu ,copyright1 #aief1 by ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,by ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,pr9t+ ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,adv]tis] ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,honolulu ,?omas ,augu/us ,jagg>1 ,jr4 ,janu>y #bd1 #ahga ,janu>y #ag1 #aiec ,x is ! wi% ( ! memb]s ( ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association to %>e ) o!rs ! exp]i5ces !y h enjoy$ 9 _! association ) a truly great man4 ,on ,octob] #e1 #aiaa1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,?omas ,augu/us ,jagg>1 ,jr41 ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association 0 organiz$ to assi/ 9 ! support ( ! newly creat$ ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory at ,kilauea1 ,hawaii4 ,accept+ ,dr4 ,jagg>'s s9c]e belief t a sy/ematic & cont9u\s /udy ( volcanoes w\ld result 9 ! protection ( life & prop]ty1 ! motto ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association adopt$ 0 8,ne plus hau/ae aut obrutae urbes40 ,dr4 ,jagg> arriv$ 9 ,hawaii to take up 8 "w at ! ,obs]vatory on ,janu>y #ag1 #aiab--;exactly =ty-"o ye>s be=e ! day ( 8 dea? on ,janu>y #ag1 #aiec4 ,dr4 ,jagg> sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life writ+ ! hi/ory ( 8 sixty ye>s ( int5sive1 rugg$1 & haz>d\s sci5tific a*ievem5ts4 ,dur+ _m ( ^! ye>s1 & up to ! completion ( 8 life's hi/ory1 x has be5 well /at$ t "o ( 8 mo/ valuable co-work]s 0 8 wife1 ,isabel1 :o %>$ ) him ! disappo9tm5ts1 ! joys ( discov]y1 & mu* ( ! physical "w4 ,x is ! privilege ( ! (fic]s1 directors & memb]s ( ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association to pres5t 9 book =m ?is /ory ( ,dr4 ,jagg>'s life4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,"y ,,sci5ti/ #c ,,ii4 ,,imitat+ ,,ripplem>ks #cb ,,iii4 ,,exp$ition ,,decade #ee ,,iv4 ,,liv+ ,,) ,,volcanoes #he ,v4 ,,expansion ,,decade #aad ,,vi4 ,,prophecy ,,& ,,hope #aea ,,vii4 ,,envoi #agg ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,?omas ,a4 ,jagg> ,frontis #a4 ,exp]im5tal ,geology ,laboratory1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #aijj #dj #b4 ,f\nta9 at edge ( lava lake1 ,may #ag1 #aiag #da #c4 ,explosion cl\d ris+ f ,halemaumau1 ,may #ac1 #aibd #ef #d4 ,crag 9 lava lake1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aiah #eg #e4 ,sci5ti/s ( ,te*nical ,exp$ition to ,aleutians1 #aijg #gb #f4 ,capta9 ,george ,seeley ( ! ,lydia1 #aijg #gc #g4 ,volcano ,h\se f ,obs]vatory1 #aiac #hh #h4 ,isl& 9 ,halemaumau lava lake1 #aiaa #hh #i4 ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 #aiab #hi #aj4 ,jagg> 9 seismograph vault b5ea? ,obs]vatory1 #aiaf #hi #aa4 ,lava lake1 %[+ b5*1 ,m>* #cj1 #aiag #ib #ab4 ,halemaumau1 %[+ lava lake & crags1 ,decemb] #h1 #aiaf #ib #ac4 ,jagg> hold+ pipe = s\nd+ lava lake1 #aiag #ic #ad4 ,riv] ( ,alika fl[1 ,mauna ,loa1 ,octob] #f1 #aiag #ajj #ae4 ,lava /ream+ into a s9khole 9 ,halemaumau lava lake1 ,july #g1 #aiag #ajj #af4 ,sakurajima ,volcano1 ,japan1 #aiad #aja #ag4 ,f\nta9 9 lava lake1 ,m>* #ai1 #aiba #aja #ah4 ,isabel & ,tom ,jagg> 9 woods on ,kilauea ,volcano1 #aibc #abj #ai4 ,lava lake1 f\nta9s1 & crags1 ,m>* #bj1 #aiba #aba #bj4 ,footpr9ts 9 a% we/ ( ,mauna ,iki #aba #ba4 ,! ,honukai on ,alaska bea*1 #aibh #acf #bb4 ,! ,ohiki1 fir/ amphibian truck1 #aibh #acf #bc4 ,lava fl[ ent]+ village ( ,hoopuloa1 #aibf #acg #bd4 ,lava fl[ ( #aibf ,mauna ,loa eruption approa*+ ,hoopuloa #acg #be4 ,jagg> 9 (fice ( ,obs]vatory 9 8,t9 ,h\se10 #aicg #aeb #bf4 ,bomb bur/+ on lava fl[1 ,decemb] #bg1 #aice #aec #bg4 ,f\nta9 9 ,halemaumau lava lake1 ,may #bc1 #aiag #afh #bh4 ,r>e dome f\nta91 ,kilauea ,crat]1 ,m>* #bj1 #aiba #afi #bi4 ,lava /ream ne> rim ( ,halemaumau1 ,febru>y #i1 #aiba #afi ,,*>ts ,fluctuations ( ,halemaumau #aac ,diagram ( hypo!tical globe section #agi ,,preface ,?is1 my late/ book1 is ano!r exp]im5t4 ,aft] sixty ye>s ( volcanoes ,i h le>n$ rev]sal ( preconceiv$ notions4 ,gradually ,i h le>n$ a totally diff]5t approa*4 ,%al] ( ,h>v>d 0 my inspir]1 work] 9 ! wond]s ( swamp & ice & sea bea*es4 ,he set me to "w & turn$ me loose2 among books & /orm waves & m52 especially among m51 "y m51 ev] reap+ some?+ new4 ,:5 ,i *ose volcanoes = my field ,%al] said1 8,y h c]ta9ly select$ ! h>de/40 ,x 0 a mission>y field1 = 9 x p 7 be+ kill$4 ,b ! products ( int]nal e>? fluids1 lava sea bottom1 & va/ ,canadian anci5t melt+s1 seem$ to promise real natural hi/ory4 ,volcanoes squirt up ! v anci5t /uff ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,!re91 ,i knew1 mu/ be some?+ = future discov]y4 ,! inve/igation ( x 0 a cle> field1 if action 0 ! goal4 ,my field education 9 geology 0 by ,hague1 ! fri5d ( ,ar*ibald ,geikie4 ,by ,emmons1 skill$ 9 ore deposits1 & l ,hague1 tra9$ by ,cl>5ce ,k+4 ,by ,bailey ,willis1 son ( a poet1 a sup]lative draftsman & field man1 & a brilliant exp]im5t]4 ,i w5t into ! ,am]ican ,we/ ) ^! m54 ,b ?is /ory ( a volcano exp]im5t]'s life w\ld h rea*$ n[h]e )\t ,frank ,alvord ,p]ret1 :om ,i fir/ met on ! slope ( ,vesuvius 9 #aijf4 ,i knew at once t he 0 ! _w's greate/ volcanologi/4 ,8 skill 0 tak+ pictures4 ,m9e 0 mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,we agre$ t ^! two skills 9 action w\ld accompli% :at !ories nev] c\ld approa*4 ,p]ret 0 an inv5tor4 ,he 0 an arti/4 ,he 0 a poet4 ,he 0 a lov] ( little *ildr51 & a wor%ip] ( ! music ( ! />s4 ,always 9 delicate heal?1 he circl$ ! _w4 ,i 0 ) him on ,sakurajima1 on ,kilauea1 & on ,monts]rat4 ,we did n agree4 ,he _h a va/ love ( ! romantic & biz>re4 ,i 0 always a sceptic4 ,b ,i ?ank ,heav5 t 8 po/hum\s & nobly illu/rat$ book rea*$ magnific5t publication4 ,8 o!r books set a /&>d = all "t = :at ! field sci5ce ( volcanoes %all be4 ,p]ret & 8 cam]a 7 my models4 ,he gave me all ( 8 pictures to use z ,i *ose1 & he & ,tempe/ ,&]son taught me volcano photography4 ,! latt]1 a ,york%ireman1 0 a ,briti% geograph] & we met on _m volcanoes4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to tell :at "o man saw4 ,i 0 actuat$ by ! w to le>n4 ,i want$ to copy ripplem>ks on ! bottom ( ! sea1 to und]/& :at =ce pu%$ up ,h>ney ,peak z co>se granite 9 ! ,black ,hills1 & to imitate ,yell[/one geys]s sp\t+ rhy?mically4 ,i want$ to "k h[ cracks made ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s pile up 9 a l9e4 ,f9ally1 ,i /udi$ ! ,san ,francisco e>?quake rift1 slid+ op5 p>allel to ! %ore = hundr$s ( miles4 ,h[ ?ick 0 ! cru/ ( ! globe8 ,!n ,i 0 call$ to ,hawaii1 isl&s on a ridge #a1gjj miles long ) volcanoes at "o end1 coral atolls at ! o!r4 ,& ,i />t$ a volcano exp]im5t /ation at a v lucky "t4 ,volcanoes prov$ surpris+ly am5able to exp]im5t4 ,=ty ye>s ( ?is lead f> away f ,lyell's geology--! geology ( uni=m processes pa/ & pres5t--& f bra*iopods & trilobites4 ,x lead to ! ance/or ( volcanoes4 ,x lead to ance/ral gas4 ,x lead back #aj billion ye>s4 ,a lava spla% might be a live s\v5ir ( t age4 ,m ?an any?+ else1 ?is belief po9t$ our in/rum5ts d[n1 to ! inside ( ! globe4 ,six decades ( a man's life4 ,decades ( geology1 exploration1 f\ndation1 outspread+1 pr$iction1 & fruition4 ,! fact ( fruition makes ! tell+ wor? :ile4 ,geological education 0 unbelief4 ,fruition 0 belief1 v]ifi$ by gr[? ( unifi$ sci5ce4 ,culm9ation 0 n geology b sci5ce4 ,uni=mity1 evolution1 & symmetry are 9 nature4 ,value & numb] are human4 ,i h be5 call$ geologi/ & seismologi/1 volcanologi/ & geophysici/4 ,i am none ( ^!4 ,i am int]e/$ 9 ! evolution ( :at ,hoyle calls 8,?is q incr$ible univ]se40 ,i am j z int]e/$ 9 ,b]gson's 8,creative evolution0 z 9 ,hoyle & ,lyttleton's 8,new cosmology40 ,& m int]e/$ 9 life ?an 9 ei!r4 ,! elem5ts ( fruition are a ?ick e>? cru/1 a comp>able patt]n = e>? & moon1 & a me*anism = e>? core4 ,?is is ! /ory ( sixty ye>s ( volcane]+4 ,my ,exp]im5ts ,) ,volcanoes ,,*apt] ,i ,"y ,sci5ti/ 8,! gold ( t l& is good3 !re is bdellium & ! onyx /one40 ,x 0 ! tra9+ ( my y\? "u a fa!r :o lov$ ,god's out-(-doors t l$ me to ,audubon's birds2 to tramp+ miles ov] c>ries 9 ,ma9e1 ,labrador1 & ,nova ,scotia2 & to fi%+ ) ano!r eight ye> old1 nam$ ,willie ,grant4 ,:5 ,i 0 f\rte5 my fa!r ! ,rev]5d ,?omas ,augu/us ,jagg>1 took our family to ,europe1 :]e botany & bird life 7 z mu* a "p ( my education z geography1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian4 ,& x 0 dur+ our visit 9 ,italy t ,i made my fir/ trip up ,vesuvius4 ,all ( ^! e>ly int]e/s conv9c$ me t ,i want$ to be a naturali/4 ,x 0 ,na?aniel ,%al] at ,h>v>d :o told me to g & /udy ! bea*es at ,lynn & ,nahant4 ,s ,i walk$ & photograph$1 & measur$ ripplem>ks4 ,i f\nd a headl& & a long%ore accumulation ) scallops dw9dl+ regul>ly along ! high-tide level4 ,i f\nd swa% m>ks a foot across =m+ z ! tide w5t out4 ,on ! dunes 7 o!r s& waves beautifully regul>4 ,try x4 ,lie on y\r /oma* & wat* !m4 ,!y are at "r angles to ! w9d4 ,smoo? !m out & see :at ! w9d does4 ,x piles little floccul5t heaps ( c\rse gra9s1 ea* ) an eddy d[nw9d4 ,! f9e /uff migrates up ! slopes =w>d ) ! w9d1 backw>d on ! leew>d side4 ,! p[d] /reams meet & l5g!n ! hills "r & left4 ,i wat*$ ! swa% m>ks4 ,! swa% ( ! surf full ( s& ru%$ up ! bea*1 cle>$ sudd5ly1 & retreat$1 leav+ a ridge along ! bea*4 ,?is elevation became ! tide limit1 & a new s]ies />t$ l[] d[n4 ,! swa%es c\ldn't climb ov] ! ridge because ! tide 0 go+ out4 ,& s = h\rs ridge aft] ridge 0 built4 ,i wat*$ high-tide scallops1 six feet ap>t1 =m+ heaps at ! top ( ! bea*4 ,! swa% waves ran into ! bays betwe5 ! heaps dur+ ! flood h\rs1 mak+ a ru% up & a suck d[n4 ,! ru% up 0 muddy1 ! suck d[n 0 cle>4 ,pebbles & s& 7 build+ up on ! sides ( ! small promontories4 ,ea* heap 0 horse%oe-%ap$1 ) ! toe seaw>d4 ,=ty or fifty cresc5ts got small] & m s&y t[>d ! middle ( ! bea*4 ,"h 0 rhy?mic =ce mak+ repetition4 ,! ripples & swa% m>ks 7 repeat$ seaw>d4 ,cle>ly ! headl& ( rock 0 mak+ pebbles & s&1 s5d+ pulsations along ! bea*1 in/ead ( across x4 ,! ripplem>ks 7 pack$ s& ( ! l[-tide flat1 =m$ totally "u wat] p>allel to ! waves4 ,! back-&-=? motion ( waves made a patt]n ( sweep & eddy on ! bottom4 ,7 bea*es1 !n1 ?+s ( habit l birds8 ,"h 7 f\r k9ds ( s& waves1 all on "o bea*1 all ( !m complicat$ by w9d & wat] & tide2 big & little2 %apely & regul>4 ,! bea* 0 alive4 ,x 0 build+ f ! end1 x 0 rippl+ "u wave action4 ,x f$ ! w9d z x dri$1 & ! w9d made an exquisite dune patt]n ( ! gra9s4 ,p]haps bea*es might be natural hi/ory1 j z mu* z ! birds t inspir$ my int]e/ 9 nature :5 ,i 0 eight ye>s old4 ,! my/]y ( ! bea*es drove me to a new discov]y2 to ! univ]sity libr>y1 :]e ,i f\nd ,fr5* & ,engli% ref]5ces to ripplem>ks4 ,i f\nd exp]im5ts1 s\nd+s1 fossil s&/one ripples4 ,i le>n$ t su* great au?ors z ! botani/ ,de ,c&olle & ,sir ,george ,d>w9 _h int]e/$ !mselves pr(\ndly 9 :at happ5$ to ! s& gra9s4 ,f ! libr>y ,i w5t to mud puddles 9 a tank & to exp]im5tation4 ,?us ,i f\nd my way f bea* to books & f books to ! mak+ ( baby bea*es4 ,lat]1 at ,h>v>d1 zoology & botany 7 all cells & embryos & ! microscope4 ,! habits ( animals sc>cely ent]$ into our /udies4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ,audubon & my boyhood _h vani%$4 ,! new words 7 phylog5y & cytology1 developm5t ( ! individual1 & cell developm5t4 ,s 9 m9]alogy ! microscope & ! t9y cry/al gov]n$2 ! molecules ( ! cry/al1 & ! *emical atoms ( ! molecule4 ,sci5ce 0 head$ t[>d ! inf9itely little1 ?\gh lat]1 by way ( ! spectroscope1 x 0 to leap to ! inf9itely big ( ! heav5s4 ,i nev] le>n$ to ?9k ! univ]se f9ite4 ,pr(essor ,%al] wrote 9 #ahic1 8,9 ! next c5tury !re w be a /ate ( sci5ce 9 :i* ! unkn[n w be conceiv$ z peopl$ ) p[]s ^: exi/5ce is ju/ly & necess>ily inf]r$ f ! k :i* has be5 obta9$ f _! manife/ations4 ,9 o!r words1 x seems to me t ! naturali/ is mo/ likely to approa* ! position ( ! philosophical !ologian by pa?s :i* at fir/ seem$ to lie f> ap>t f 8 doma940 ,j ?is has happ5$ 9 ! _w ( galaxies & electrons1 produc+ ,e9/e9 & ,planck1 ,jeans & ,edd+ton1 ,hubble & ,hoyle4 ,& ,i suspect t sea bottoms & volcanoes are 8peopl$ ) p[]s0 yet to be inf]r$4 ,?r\gh ,josiah ,cooke & 8 wond]s ( projection app>atus2 ?r\gh ,cook's nephew ,oliv] ,hunt+ton & 8 m9]al cry/als2 ?r\gh ,john ,eliot ,wolff1 ^: assi/ant 9 optical microscopy ,i became2 ?r\gh ,rob]t ,jackson ) 8 museum collection te*nique & ! hexagon plates on fossil sea ur*9s2 ?r\gh all ^! ,i 0 introduc$ to ! laboratory collections & in/rum5ts4 ,i f\nd a fasc9at+ _w4 ,! !at]1 too1 fur!r$ my education4 ,l _m ,h>v>d /ud5ts1 ,i 8sup$0 = sev]al great actors & actresses1 among !m ,julia ,m>l[e & ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt4 ,& 9 "o play ,i ev5 _h a speak+ "p3 8,my "l1 ,po/humus is )\t40 ,i also practic$ leg]dema9 z amateur assi/ant to ,kell> & ,h]mann1 :o call$ me out ( ! audi5ce & pull$ rabbits out ( my coat & eggs out ( my m\?4 ,?us ,i le>n$ ( ! psy*ology ( audi5ces1 h[ to exp]im5t 9 public1 & h[ easily delud$ is ! av]age m9d4 ,j s nature may delude1 if ! sci5ti/ doesn't keep 8 wits ab\t him4 ,b ,i also le>n$ ! value ( vivid demon/ration be=e /ud5ts4 ,a great expon5t ( ?is me?od ( tea*+ is ,pr(essor ,hub]t ,alyea ( ,pr9ceton4 ,8 *emical exp]im5tation is m>vell\s4 ,8 *emi/ry textbook is mod]n physical *emi/ry at its be/4 ,he demon/rates t ! art ( ! magician has come d[n to ! tw5tie? c5tury & t ev5 ma!matical sci5ce may pass ov] to ! layman4 ,i suspect t geophysics does n ne$ to be buri$ "u diff]5tial equations z x is today4 ,c]ta9ly exp]im5tal volcanology made excit+ at ! lecture table c\ld "w wond]s 9 gett+ ! globe explor$4 ,at ,h>v>d we 7 taught t geology 0 a detective hi/ory4 ,vaguely1 ! same fossils 7 ! same age4 ,vaguely1 man _h come f a fi% :i* climb$ up on ! l&4 ,x 0 mu* lat] t radio activity ( rocks 0 accept$ z sett+ ages 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,k+ & ,kelv9 taught u t ! age ( ! e>? 0 #bd million ye>s & ! sun 0 dy+4 ,a half c5tury lat]1 #b1jjj million ye>s 0 ! figure & ! sun 0 heat+ up4 ,n[ cosmogoni/s talk easily ( #aj1jjj million ye>s z an item 9 /> hi/ory4 ,i h le>n$ t "o c h any !ory he *ooses1 & t "s new discov]y w probably rev]se x4 ,a discov]y is ! uncov]+ ( an appeal+1 bright idea4 ,! idea ( geology z hi/ory bas$ on ,d>w9's evolution nev] took root 9 my consci\sness4 ,geology to me is ! sci5ce ( ! globe4 ,sci5ce /udies h[ ?+s "w1 h[ ?+s *ange1 h[ !y accompli% :at !y d1 h[ !y gr[1 & h[ !y comp>e4 ,x does n /udy ! 8:y10 or ! necessity = an orig9 ( any?+4 ,orig9at+ is et]nally 9 progress4 ,a/ronomy today is giv+ up orig9s4 ,hi/ory bas$ on a few relics seems futile4 ,relics1 or specim5s1 mu/ be comp>$ ) action4 ,guess+ t we mu/ h come f a fi%1 ) no evolution sequ5ce 9 successive /rata & no mammals :atev] 9 v anci5t /rata & no pres]vation ( s(t creatures possible1 seems a contradiction ( ,d>w9's own te/imony4 ,he insi/$ on 8! imp]fection ( ! geological record40 ,b he _h no conception t ! ,cambrian 0 #ejj million ye>s ,b4,c41 nor t ! fi]y ,keewat9 ( ,lake ,sup]ior 0 #a1hjj million ye>s ,b4,c4 ,d>w9 knew t ! bivalve bra*iopod ,l+ula1 n[ alive 9 quiet seas1 is exactly ! same today z x 0 !n4 ,l+ula is f\nd fossiliz$ 9 ! int]m$iate geologic eras4 ,we h no pro( t intellig5t be+s 9 %ips f unkn[n l&s did n dr$ge him up 9 ,cambrian "t4 ,five hundr$ million ye>s is s absurdly long t !re may h be5 at lea/ tw5ty diff]5t fl[]+s ( intellig5ce on ! e>?1 hav+ no relation to u4 ,cont95ts are places ( cata/rophe4 ,sea bottoms are places ( con/ancy4 ,man lives on cont95ts1 & 8 fossiliz$ bones are %ort-liv$4 ,if ea* ,adam prec$$ a new humank9d ( #ajj1jjj ye>s1 ! "t s9ce ! ,cambrian all[s = #e1jjj deluges1 or eruptive conflagrations4 ,ea* "o w\ld ext]m9ate t p>ticul> ,adam's desc5dants4 ,if glacial p]iods are deluges1 we "k _! scrat*$ b\ld]s back to #djj million ye>s be=e ,l+ula4 ,^! old] ice %eets 7 9 ,canada4 ,b we "k fi]y floods ( lava #a1cjj million ye>s be=e ,l+ula1 on ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,we h n "o p>ticle ( evid5ce t be=e ! race 0 kill$ (f primordial volcanologi/s1 :o 7 v que] look+ *aps1 might h /udi$ ^? eruptions ) exp5sive in/rum5ts4 ,c]ta9ly !y _h a lot ( copp] at _! disposal4 ,p]haps ! great lakes 7 a cont95tal sea1 & "s ance/or ( ,l+ula 0 scoop$ up = food by ^? doom$ be+s4 ,b geology at ,h>v>d 0 n all hi/ory4 ,:5 ,r4 ,a4 ,daly & ,i 7 graduate /ud5ts1 we work$ on ,ascutney ,m\nta91 /udy+ anci5t fire-made granites4 ,! hills 7 lumps ( ! anci5t pa/es cry/alliz$4 ,! cry/als 7 feldsp>s1 mica1 qu>tz1 & iron oxides4 ,olde/ prisms 7 lime phosphate1 ! m9]al apatite conta9+ imprison$ br[n glass4 ,h[ did ! sev]al k9ds ( r$ hot pa/e invade ! alt]$ s$im5t>y slates8 ,0 br[n glass ! ance/or8 ,lava is br[n glass4 ,"s ( ! phosphate cry/als conta9 gas bubbles & liquids4 ,daly1 :o publi%$ ! "w1 f\nd t anci5t lava pu%$ up :ile deep 9 ! clay/ones1 & %att]$ a hole by heat & crack+4 ,! pieces sank & ! pa/e or gas foam 0 inject$ 9 successive lumps4 ,ea* new lump _h m silica4 ,app>5tly ! fragm5ts melt$--"s ( ! old s$im5ts ( ,l[] ,silurian age 7 silica--& ! invad+ magma 0 contam9at$ ) m & m molt5 s&4 ,s basalt turn$ into granite4 ,?us ,ascutney ,m\nta9 9 ,v]mont became a classic place = hot fluids squirt+ up & recry/alliz+ ! "u rock ( ,new ,engl&4 ,x made ev5tually1 by erosion1 ! ,connecticut ,riv] l&scape4 ,daly became a speciali/ on granites1 ,i became a speciali/ on lavas4 ,we became pr(essors at ,h>v>d & ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,some?+ new came into _w geology :5 ,:eel]1 ,hayd51 ,k+1 ,p[ell1 ,gilb]t1 & ,dutton survey$ ! ,utah block fault m\nta9s & ! ,rockies4 ,!y reveal$ ! globe ) a cru/ ( gigantic crack$ deep prisms1 & an erod+ surface4 ,davis ( ,h>v>d1 ! physical geograph]1 0 at 8 z5i?1 & f ,p[ell's & ,gilb]t's example came 8 classifi$ riv] valleys4 ,he devis$ sy/ems ( spl5did topographic maps & models1 & demon/rations ( glaci] /eam b$s & deltas4 ,he made surface we> & dump+ debris a liv+ ?+1 & ! l& =ms a record ( x4 ,?us ,i 0 ov]joy$ :51 9 #ahic1 ,i receiv$ ! summons to g ) ,arnold ,hague to ! l& ( geys]s1 colorful canyon1 old volcanoes1 & ! s\rce riv]s ( ! ,mississippi4 ,my job 0 to take pictures ) a huge cam]a1 b ,i pos$ z microscope man1 too4 ,i climb$ ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,abs>oka ,range1 & ,i travel$ ) ,hague & a mule packtra9 back & =? across ! range1 collect+ specim5s4 ,hague _h be5 ) ,cl>5ce ,k+ dur+ ! #dj? ,p>allel ,survey = ! ,union ,pacific railroads4 ,hague's field me?od 0 to climb a peak1 /udy ! view1 & pond] ! visible /rata1 dikes1 valleys1 esc>pm5ts1 & p9nacles = miles ar\nd1 ?us =mulat+ ea* problem4 ,!n we mov$ camp to a new place to solve ! problem4 ,we s\ght ! anci5t crat]s4 ,! volcanic tuffs & agglom]ates cov]$ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 dat+ f #cj million ye>s ago & cont9u+ outp\r+s until #b million ye>s ago1 & !re 7 lava fl[s1 ropy or b\ld]y4 ,"h 7 petrifi$ trees2 !re c\ld be f\nd fossil leaves4 ,! tree species told ! =mation ages ( ,t]ti>y "t4 ,_m peaks appe>$ b no volcano cones4 ,! crat]s _h be5 ov] :at n[ 7 erod$ dikes1 or fissure fill+s ( lava1 :i* /ood out 9 crisscross+ walls4 ,:]e !y clu/]$1 ores 7 f\nd3 ! ,sunlight1 ,cr&all ,creek1 & ,/9k+ ,wat] m9+ claims4 ,^! 7 ! roots ( lo/ volcanoes1 lo/ by decay1 tumble1 ra9fall1 glaci]s1 & riv]s4 ,und]nea? ! m\nta9\s lavas1 appe>$ :ite m>9e lime/one cliffs1 & /ill l[] appe>$ anci5t granite gneiss4 ,! geology ( anci5t seab$s1 fossils1 eruptions1 & glaci]s 0 pa9t$ on a :ole panorama ( m\nta9s & riv] bas9s4 ,f a m\nta9 top sil5tly gaz+ ?r\gh field glasses--:i* he 0 always los+ & recov]+--,hague w\ld look ar\nd = h\rs4 8,t l$ge is ! ,madison lime/one1 ^? are ! ,r$ ,b$s1 ^? p9k1 r\nd$ hills are ,ar*ean granites40 ,aft] a day ( packtra9 travel ,i 0 free to fi% or hunt4 ,x 0 a privilege to hunt ) ,&]son1 ! old negro cook1 ^: gray be>d & bu%y :ite wool beli$ 8 ke5 eyes4 ,he _h be5 a slave1 lat] a soldi] 9 ,g5]al ,cu/]'s ,big ,horn exp$ition1 & a pione] & hunt]4 ,8 fa!r _h be5 massacr$ by ,indians1 & ,&]son swore he w\ld kill any ,indian on sight4 ,"o ( our hunt+ trips ne> ,cr&all ,creek 0 especially memorable4 8,mr4 ,jagg>1 ,i smell %eep up on t %elf601 said ,&]son4 ,& he climb$ up a p9e tree gr[+ at ! bottom aga9/ ! lime/one cliff4 ,he laid 8 ,w9*e/] rifle on top ( ! /eep slide rock slope at ! foot ( ! tree1 muzzle upw>d1 butt end d[nhill4 8,y m9d my gun1 ,i'll climb out on a limb aga9/ ! cliff & get on ! %elf1 & yo' all h& ! gun up to me40 ,he rea*$ ! %elf1 made ( ,cambrian lime/one ( trilobite fame1 & sitt+ ov] on x imm$iately knock$ d[n slabs ( rock4 ,!y fell on ! gun :i* />t$ to slide d[n ! slope4 ,i grabb$ = ! muzzle po9t$ t[>d my ?roat1 ! /ock wiggl+ "r & left4 ,! gun w5t (f & ,i felt a nick 9 my ankle4 ,&]son _h left a c>tridge 9 ! b>rel ) ! hamm] re/+ on x1 b my nick 0 made by a pebble pl\gh$ up by ! bullet4 ,s ! trilobites took a %ot at me4 8,well1 ?is is natural hi/ory10 ,i murmur$4 ,old ,&]son 0 less philosophical4 ,he cuss$ me = lett+ ! rifle kick itself f> d[n among ! trees4 ,elk1 gr\se1 blacktail de]1 antelope1 rattlesnakes1 prairie dogs1 skunks1 badg]s1 owls1 :i/l+ m>t5s1 wild %eep1 & ! grizzlies we nev] saw alive 7 all "p ( ! great ,we/4 ,s 7 ! buck+ cayuses & kick+ mules ) :i* we liv$1 num]\s ran*]s1 prospectors1 soldi]s1 sportsm51 & guides4 ,once we 7 jo9$ by a %]iff look+ = an escap$ desp]ado f ,r$ ,lodge ,prison4 ,j be=e ,i left ! ,yell[/one1 ,i visit$ ! hot spr+s & geys]s4 ,) m ?an #d1jjj v5ts1 ! geys] bas9s are /eam+ areas 9 ! =e/4 ,at ,mammo?1 ! c>bonate t]races %[ exquisite ripples & sculptur$ cups 9 /eps4 ,"o hott] gr\p ( wat]s1 ?r\gh ! igne\s lavas & granites1 becomes full ( silica & deposits s9t]4 ,! o!r1 ?r\gh lime/ones1 deposits trav]t9e4 ,! alkal9e silice\s wat]s deposit su* /rong silica edifices z to hold ! explosive /eam boil]s ( ! geys]s4 ,bo? silica & lime deposits are l$ to gorge\s sculptur+ & to brilliant colors at _! bord]s caus$ by ! blue-gre5 algae1 :i* live at temp]atures up to #aej ,fahr5heit4 ,! boil+ wat]s h be5 sup]heat$ volcanically s9ce ,t]ti>y volcano times1 :5 fir/ d>k magnesian1 & aft]w>ds silice\s1 lavas 7 eject$4 ,"h is ! same ord] ,daly & ,i f\nd 9 ,v]mont2 ! d>k rocks fir/1 rift+ ?r\gh slate1 ! granites la/1 ) qu>tz cutt+ ! d>k rocks4 ,! cavities among ! ,yell[/one geys]s %[ qu>tz4 ,! surprise to me 0 t ! geys] bas9s 7 et]nally break+ d[n1 crack+1 dissolv+1 mak+ new geys]s 9 ! =e/4 ,in/ead ( be+ *iefly deposition1 ! hot spr+ action is *iefly erosion4 ,x is a va/ cycle ( hot magma gases & ra9wat]s f ,t]ti>y times to n[2 f #bj million ye>s ago to n[4 ,a long "t4 ,rememb] t ! la/ retreat ( ! glaci]-p]iod ice 0 only #bj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,t ice f\nd ! geys] bas9s 9 full sw+4 ,a ?\s& times f>!r back 7 ! ,yell[/one volcanoes 9 full activity1 & !y kept go+ :ile ! cont95t lift$ & pu%$ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico f ! ,great ,pla9s to :]e x is n[4 ,& yet t #bj million ye>s 0 only a tw5ty-fif? ( ! "t back to ! trilobites1 & a ,yell[/one seabottom b$ ( t age is "u all ! lavas4 ,our s*oolbook hi/ory is pretty small4 ,9 all directions ! gr\nd ( ,norris ,geys] ,bas9 is crack+ & *ang+4 ,! geys]s are utt]ly unreliable1 "h today & m]e hot spr+s or empty cracks tomorr[4 ,old ,fai?ful int]vals range f ?irty-eight to eighty-"o m9utes1 q irregul>4 ,! ,new ,crat] 0 a squirt+1 scald+ jet :i* kill$ ! trees & vegetation all ab\t4 ,its seem+ly regul>1 tw5ty-five foot jets %ot up at =ty-five degrees incl9ation ab\t e ?ree m9utes4 ,lat]1 9 #aibb1 ,i 0 to f9d ?is geys] totally diff]5t4 ,c>eful /udies h %[n t wat] ( ?is elevation boils at #aii ,fahr5heit2 "o geys] gave (f #bec ,fahr5heit1 or fifty-f\r degrees ( sup]heat1 sev5ty-two feet d[n its %aft4 ,?is is ! only place ( sup]heat$ wat]s kn[n on e>?4 ,! ro>+ /eam ( ! ,black ,gr[l] has eighty-"o degrees ( sup]heat4 ,! quantity ( c>bon1 sulfur1 & *lor9e 9 ! wat]s is s excessive1 ?\gh x is v small 9 ! rock1 t a s\rce ( heat f volcanic gas is c]ta94 ,! net result is ?\s&s ( boil+ spr+s ( ra9wat]1 soak+ a sponge ( rhyolite rock ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 erupt+ ov] a remnant volcanic furnace b5ea?1 & erod+ & dissolv+ out bas9s at ! headwat]s ( ! ,mississippi4 ,"h is an object lesson 9 volcanic erosion4 ,"h is a p]petual eruption ( volcanic gases :i* has dw9dl$ aft] millions ( ye>s ( melt+ silice\s & c>bonace\s rocks4 ,x recry/allizes !m z &esites1 rhyolites1 & obsidians1 & mixes deep /eam ) ra9wat] to d ! "w ( erosion & wat] solution & ( deposits1 ov] a v5t at ! he>t ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,z usual1 ?is v5t has clutt]$ itself f age to age ) ! melt ( ! deep e>? cru/1 namely basalt1 :i* ,yell[/one's lavas %[ repeat$ly f bottom to top ( its accumulations4 ,& z usual1 ! v5ts !mselves are h>d to recognize1 buri$ z !y are "u heap+s4 ,9 #ahig ,i return$ to ! ,yell[/one1 :]e ,i visit$ ,dea? ,gul*1 a dismal solfat>ic gully ) a trickle ( cold1 acid wat] ne> ,ca*e ,creek4 ,accompani$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,k+1 ,i climb$ up ?is gorge1 :]e !re 0 a bad smell & burn+ oppression ( ! lungs f hydrog5 sulfide4 ,x 0 a ,v-%ap$ tr5* #ej feet deep 9 volcanic pudd+/ones1 :it5$ ) alum & epsom salts4 ,bubbles rose ?r\gh ! wat] 9 _m places4 ,! rema9s ( eight big be>s 7 f\nd 9 ! gorge1 clu/]$ 9 "o place4 ,! late/ victim 0 a "y grizzly ) a clot ( blood /a9+ 8 no/rils f 8 la/ hemorrhage4 ,poison gas _h kill$ him4 ,e>li] visitors _h f\nd squirrels1 h>es1 & butt]flies & o!r insects kill$ by gas4 ,probably bo? sulfurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gas d murd] 9 /ill wea!r4 ,h[ev]1 we _h ! w9d bl[+ up ! gul*4 ,we lit mat*es 9 holl[s & c>bon dioxide did n ext+ui% !m4 ,! same ?+ _h happ5$ :5 ,mr4 ,we$ 9 #ahhh te/$ = c>bon dioxide at ,dea? ,gul*4 ,n[1 kn[+ ! case ( ,mr4 ,clive1 ! ,engli%man1 & 8 guide1 ,wylie1 :o 7 ov]:elm$ by hydrog5 sulfide :ile photograph+ ,boil+ ,lake on ,decemb] #aj1 #aija1 x looks to me z ?\gh ! rott5-egg smell may play a l>ge "p 9 ! kill+s at ,dea? ,gul*1 z well z 9 "s poison trag$ies ( ,java4 ,boil+ ,lake is at ! s\? end ( ,dom9ica ,isl& nor? ( ,m>t9ique4 ,!re are f\r solfat>as & ! scald+ lake1 ! latt] ne> ! int]ior village ( ,laudat1 at ! head ( a volcanic valley1 & f\r miles on horseback f ,roseau1 a %ore t[n s\?we/4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,clive1 ,wylie1 & ,matson--ano!r native guide--look$ d[n at ! hot pool1 ,matson notic$ x boil+ )\t vapor1 & call$ att5tion to ! dang]4 ,h[ev]1 !y w5t on to ! lake4 ,matson lat] report$1 8,i inhal$ some?+ (f5sive & felt z if ,i 0 dy+4 ,i ran1 & lo/ consci\sness4 ,i came to 9 a rav9e & f\nd ,wylie ly+ :]e ,i _h left him40 ,clive1 refus+ to leave ,wylie1 s5t ,matson = help1 b :5 rescue p>ties arriv$1 bo? m5 7 dead4 ,at ,boil+ ,lake !re 0 no eruption1 no vapor1 only ! v bad smell4 ,all ! symptoms indicat$ a sudd5 *ange 9 ! pool f /eam to excessive hydrog5 sulfide4 ,& five mon?s lat]1 at ,pele across ! *annel f ,dom9ica1 excessive hydrog5 sulfide set (f ! great explosions4 ,9 view ( ^! ph5om5a x seems likely t ,dea? ,gul* 9 ! ,yell[/one also kills ) sulfur gas1 ! odor ( :i* is s /rong !re4 ,day & ,all5 associate hydrog5 sulfide ) ! limit$ ,yell[/one sulfate areas1 ( small wat] dis*>g$1 & su* is ,dea? ,gul*4 ,"o "p hydrog5 sulfide 9 #bjj p>ts ( air is fatal to mammals1 & x may come up 9 gu%es4 ,c>bonic acid asphyxiates1 b x is n a poison & :5 x is free is s heavy z to mix ) air v little4 ,dea? ,gul* is n a place ( lime deposition l ,mammo? ,hot ,spr+s1 :]e c>bonat$ wat] decomposes und]ly+ lime/one4 ,europe 0 to be ! next /ep 9 my education4 ,z assi/ant 9 petrography & graduate /ud5t at ,h>v>d1 ,i 0 enc\rag$ by ,wolff to plan = ,heidelb]g4 ,!re ,i 0 to f9d ,h4 ,ros5bus*1 :o _h put sy/em into ! inf9ite s]ies ( m9]als 9 rocks4 ,b my j\rney to ,heidelb]g began ) a geography congress 9 ,london & a geology congress 9 ,zuri*4 ,^! meet+s 7 ) su* bigwigs z ,"l ,curzon1 ,h5ry ,m4 ,/anley1 & fam\s arctic explor]s1 & ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t all ^! ,,vip's look$ l ord9>y m54 ,un=tunately = me1 ?is realization came a little late4 ,look+ = a lun*eon be] g>d5 9 ,zuri*1 ,i pick$ up a small side-:isk]$ ,engli%man1 & sugge/$ we jo9 a gr\p ( =eign geologi/s 9 a buffet4 8,oh no10 he repli$1 8no be]4 ,i only want a cup ( tea & a biscuit40 ,s ,i left him & crudely & y\?fully jo9$ ! y\ng] m5 9 ! be] p>lor = sau]kraut & wi5ies & ,muni* be]4 ,lat] at ! op5+ meet+1 ! ,geological ,congress 0 address$ 9 ,fr5* by ! fam\s ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 ,director ,g5]al ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & ! au?or ( 8,! textbook ( geology10 ! greate/ ( geology manuals4 ,he 0 my pickup1 :om ,i _h des]t$ at lun* "t4 ,i _h lo/ ! opportunity ( a lifetime1 = a tte-a-tte ) ! _w's mo/ fam\s geologi/4 ,be=e go+ to ,muni*1 ,h>ry ,gumm] ( ,hav]=d & ,i trekk$ ?r\gh ,d5m>k 9 a ?ird class c>riage amid peasants smok+ fe>ful-smell+ tobacco 9 long *9a-b[l pipes4 ,!n we cross$ to ,*ri/ians& 9 ,norway4 ,we trav]s$ ! fjords nor? to ,trondhjem by r[boat1 9 8/oolc>s0 ) little girl driv]s4 ,!n we travel$ on foot1 & ev]y:]e 9 ra94 ,wat]falls 7 s num]\s we nev] want$ to he> ( ano!r "o4 ,we climb$ up to ,/alheim f ,b]g51 saw ! ,jordalsknut1 a magnific5t half dome 9 a va/ granite canyon l ,yosemite4 ,we r[$ ar\nd ! ,kais]'s ya*t 9 ! ,nordfjord1 & tri$ to pick him out on deck4 ,we got soak$ ) days ( ra9 9 a backc\ntry village1 & w5t to ! inn1 got into b$1 & s5t our clo?+ to dry 9 ! kit*54 ,! local ,norwegian bank look$ at our ,br[n ,bro!rs lett] ( cr$it & said1 8,no?+ do+10 :i* inspir$ u to compose a poem3 ,we're s happy we don't "k :at to d4 ,we hav5't any clo!s to we>1 ,we're wet all ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,we hav5't any money & we ought to feel q blue ,b we don't1 we feel s happy1 we don't "k :at to d4 ,=tunately1 ! innkeep] 0 amus$ by our poem & sympa!tic t[>d our plight4 ,he took our ,,i\'s & told u we c\ld h all ! money we want$ & to s5d x back :5 we rea*$ ,trondhjem4 ,f ,trondhjem we cross$ ,sc&9avia by rail to ,/ockholm1 l ,v5ice a city ( canals4 ,delightful maid5 ladies kept ! breakfa/ place & s]v$ u ) _m que] breads1 goats'-milk *eese1 & sublime cleanl9ess4 ,! canal boat took u across ,sw$5 to ,gteborg4 ,x 0 a little /eam]1 f ! por?ole ( :i* we saw a c[ com=tably graz+ a few feet away4 ,& we saw & 7 impress$ by ! sup]b l&scap+ ( lawns1 by tree horticulture1 & by lock masonry4 ,9 bo? ,norway & ,sw$5 ! p talk$ ,engli%1 ! national co/umes 7 delightful1 ! girls 7 pretty1 & ev]ybody 0 clean & democratic4 ,! w9t] seme/] ( #ahid-ahie 0 sp5t 9 ,muni*1 :]e ,gro?'s m9]al & cry/al collections 7 ! ma9 attraction1 & :]e ,i he>d ! lectures ( ,sir ,doktor ,privy-,c\ncillor ,knight ,k>l ,a4 von ,zittel1 au?or ( six huge volumes on fossil %ells1 fossil horses1 fossil dragons1 & fossil trees1 & a hi/ory ( geology4 ,we once saw him rigg$ out 9 gold braid & an admiral's =e-&-aft cock$ hat = "s imp]ial function4 ,he 0 a =ceful lectur]4 ,! assi/ant arrang$ diagrams on ! rack1 ! /ud5ts ga!r$1 & !n 8 maje/y ent]$4 ,ev]yone rose & ,zittel held =? ) a rattan po9t]3 8,es gibt1 me9e ,h]r51 e9 ganze anzahl von ausgezei*nete beoba*t5 b]0 & s =?4 ,!n he :ack$ ! draw+s1 & made graceful allusion to ,am]ican inve/igators z he expla9$ a giant /egosaurus4 ,9 ! 8,heidelb]g] ,geologis*] ,panoptikum10 z an attic room on ! ,neck> 0 call$1 ,i aft]w>ds po/$ a ditty bas$ on 8,ole ,uncle ,n$03 ,!re 0 an ,or?opod ,/egosaurus ,m>%ii ,laid him d[n on 8 ,jurassic b$4 ,he _h a r[ ( %ovels d[n ! middle ( 8 back ,b he didn't h a v big head4 ,*orus3 ,hamm]1 hamm]1 hamm] on ! /one ,*isel1 *isel1 *isel on ! bone ,!re's no m re/ = poor old ,/eg ,= ,zittel c\ldn't leave him alone4 ,heidelb]g days 7 memorable = ! lectures ( ,ros5bus*1 ,golds*midt1 & ,osann2 = laboratory sy/em2 & = long collection trips4 ,) specim5 bag & hamm]1 we w5t to ,saxony1 ,bohemia & ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 ! ,black ,=e/1 & ! ,ob]wald4 ,i _h a l>ge1 po9t$ hamm] nam$ ,umslopagaas1 aft] ,rid] ,hagg>d's h]o :o wield$ su* a weapon4 ,:5 ,pala*e & ,brock & ,i 7 9 a qu>ry & an unwieldy b\ld] _h to be brok51 ! yell arose1 8,umslopagaas come quick60 ,! collection ( rock specim5s at 8classical0 localities1 meant ! textbook rocks ( ,ros5bus*1 or ( ,zirkel ( ,leipzig4 ,e /ud5t dream$ ( hav+ a private collection4 ,aft] ! ,ascutney exp]i5ce1 ,i 0 impress$ by ,s*neeb]g granite 9 ,saxony4 ,at ! bord] ( ! granite are slates1 bak$ 9 zones back f ! granite edge3 h>d horn rock1 spott$ rock1 mica rock1 !n clay/one4 ,! color$ geological map ( ,saxony 0 sup]b4 ,?is includes ! m9+ di/rict ( ! bir?place ( geology 9 ,europe1 :]e 9 ,freib]g1 ,a4 ,g4 ,w]n] _h f\nd$ an arbitr>y sci5ce 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 imag9+ granites to be cry/alliz$ f a _w-wide ocean4 ,9 "o place ,i f\nd a h& specim5 ) t9y granite tongues :i* _h split _! way1 z liquid z alcohol1 betwe5 ! black5$ folia ( slate4 ,! granite itself 0 all cry/als1 b "h 0 pro( ( a fluid :5 ! granite p5etrat$4 ,:at 0 x1 h[ hot 0 x1 a gas1 a foam1 a pa/e1 or a liquid8 ,! "t ?is occurr$ 0 millions ( ye>s be=e ,kais] ,wilhelm4 ,i _h f\nd some?+ simil> 9 ! ,yell[/one1 ! little dikes ( sylvan intrusives 9 ,abs>oka ,m\nta9s4 ,! smalle/ tongues %[$ ! mo/ p]fect granite 9 ! microscope1 ( ,t]ti>y intrusive /ocks4 ,x 0 z ?\gh 9 ^! silice\s invasions ( basaltic agglom]ate1 nature made its be/ exp]im5tal granitization on a v small scale4 ,we soak$ up ! surprises ( ,european s*ol>%ip4 ,we por$ ov] books 9 ! book%ops1 load$ ourselves ) microscopes1 goniomet]s1 & f\r-volume textbooks4 ,we f\nd all ! sci5ce ( ,europe 9 attractive unb\nd =m & _h x b\nd 9 half morocco4 ,m9]al deal]s 7 ev]y:]e1 (f]+ beautifully label$ specim5s4 ,all ?+s 9 ,europe seem$ inexp5sive4 ,ros5bus*1 :o _h big br[n eyes & a gray be>d1 came to look ov] my "w on feldsp>1 9 8 laboratory4 ,:5 ,i ask$ en?usia/ically :at make & model ( ,g]man microscope ,i ought to buy1 he turn$ me ar\nd & look$ deep into my eyes3 8,h]r ,jagg>10 he said1 8,es is ni*t das ,mikroskop1 es i/ d] ,m5s*40 ,ano!r "t he produc$ a d5se black rock & said to ,matteucci ( ,vesuvius1 to ,pala*e1 & to me1 8,y are geologi/s4 ,:at = a rock is t80 ,we1 ( c\rse1 got x wrong1 ?9k+ x mu/ be a lava4 ,x turn$ out to be a black lime/one1 easily id5tifi$1 _h we scrat*$ x in/ead ( putt+ our l5ses on x4 ,he *uckl$ at ! gullibility ( geologi/s4 ,osann gave a c\rse on petrographic *emi/ry :i* met at #g ,a4,m46 ,we usually got !re1 b once or twice ! tea*] himself 0 late4 ,we w\ld ga!r ar\nd ,osann1 :o 0 fat & g5ial1 & say 8,h]r ,pr(essor1 h[ ab\t "s sausages & be] & a little breakfa/80 ,he always repli$ 8,:y n8 ,!re is pl5ty ( "t10 & we s\ght ! ne>e/ cafe4 ,"s pr(essors got up at two o'clock 9 ! morn+ & wrote1 tak+ advantage ( ! quiet h\rs4 ,ros5bus* _h a high desk & wrote /&+ up4 ,_! objectives 7 to produce enorm\s tomes li/+ all cry/als & all rocks & all publications1 9 all languages4 ,?is is ,g]man sci5ce4 ,its password is 8?or\ghness40 ,! net effect ( ,g]man s*ol>%ip on me 0 a feel+ ( irksom5ess & res5tm5t1 b :at ,i le>n$ ( ?or\ghness & ( me*anisms ,i value extremely4 ,i honor ! memory ( ^? tea*]s1 & ,i honor _! pupils1 :o by specialism h p5etrat$ deep] & deep] into ! small] & small] ?+s ( matt]4 ,! ultimate is ! backgr\nd mat]ial betwe5 ! galaxies ( ! univ]se & ! unkn[n backgr\nd p>ticles ( life4 ,b = me1 ! middle field--! developm5t ( m\nta9s1 riv]s & sea bottoms1 cont95ts & volcanoes1 e>?quakes & depressions ( l&1 ! sky1 cl\ds1 & wat]s--all ! outside _w1 ne$$ exp]im5tal eng9e]s4 ,int]m$iate bigg] ?+s l ! cru/ ( ! e>? & moon1 )9 ! "t t is measur$ 9 human ye>s1 seem$ to be neglect$ by sci5ce1 & yet to be accessible to ! giant p[] ( eng9e]+4 ,ros5bus* set me at "o feldsp> specim5 = an entire summ]4 ,i want$ ?+s mov+1 *ang+1 & evolv+4 ,i want$ a n>rative ( t tabul> feldsp> cry/alliz+1 or bett]1 a di% :]e9 to wat* x cry/allize4 ,to me x seem$ t ,f>aday or ,pa/eur w\ld h describ$ ! quality ( a mov+ feldsp> m$ium 9 pressure1 heat1 gas1 liquid1 or *ang+ p>ticles4 ,! qualitative inve/igator w\ld h a furnace & make _m trials & produce syn!tic feldsp>1 & he w\ld write a n>rative approximat+ :at ! "u e>? mu/ d4 ,he w\ld make melt or fro? conditions successful 9 imitat+ su* rocks z basalt or granite1 us+ hot gases4 ,! problem ( basalt & granite began to be recogniz$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,w]n] guess$1 & taught 8 pupils1 t ^! rocks 7 sea bottom deposits4 ,a few det]m9$ ,europeans 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury--,f\qu & ,mi*el-,lvy1 ,doelt]1 & ,morozewicz--melt$ m9]al mixtures & made igne\s rocks by cool+ !m4 ,! motive 0 approximation2 ! result 0 good & useful4 ,no "o rea*$ melt+ by hot gases & absorption ( hot gases4 ,no "o made granite4 ,volcanic rocks 7 imitat$ approximately z to cry/als1 b n z to gases4 ,& ! :ole ( volcanism 0 lat] prov$ to be gases1 z is ! :ole ( physics & a/ronomy & biology4 ,man is l>gely a puff ( hydrog54 ,^! visions 7 :at ,i br\ght back f ,europe1 along ) mu* pond]+ ( su* exp]im5t]s z ,daubre1 ,lacroix1 ,/anislas ,meuni]1 ,rey]1 & my tea*] ,golds*midt1 all brilliant imitators ( ! e>?4 ,golds*midt gave a c\rse 9 bl[pipe analysis :i* 0 completely orig9al4 ,8 me?ods w5t f> beyond ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,mean:ile1 ,w4 ,m4 ,davis _h writt5 me to come home to ,h>v>d & give ! c\rse 9 field geological survey+4 ,?is 0 9 #ahie-ahif4 ,my tea*+ 0 devis$ to cut up ! map ( ,bo/on4 ,i pa/$ ! pieces 9 notebooks & s5t out /ud5ts 9 pairs1 equipp$ ) map books4 ,!y 7 to keep p5cils %>p1 use a uni=m sy/em1 & hamm] (f specim5s f l$ges4 ,!y 7 to exam9e ! rock "u a magnify+ glass1 !n "n x2 b ,i caution$ !m1 8,if y don't "k ! rock1 call x #8,,frdk1 funny rock don't "k4'0 ,/ud5ts m>k$ ! page opposite ea* map ) symbols = ! rocks on t map4 ,!n !y came toge!r 9 sem9>1 & we made a color$ map ( ! geology ( ,bo/on4 ,laur5ce ,la ,=ge1 n[ pr(essor at ,tufts ,college1 0 my /ud5t & lat] my assi/ant4 ,he publi%$ ! results ( our "w _m ye>s aft] ! /udy 0 made4 ,:5 tea*+ 0 ext5d$ into exp]im5tal geology & geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 laboratories 7 set up 9 ! basem5t ( ,agassiz ,museum & ,i 0 giv5 c>te blan*e to furni% !m4 ,i equipp$ !m ) a wat] tank1 a gas furnace = melt+ & recry/alliz+ m9]als1 pressure ma*9es1 an air compressor1 & motors4 ,/ud5ts 7 assign$ exp]im5ts ) wax1 pla/]1 cem5t1 s&s1 coal du/1 & m>ble du/4 ,!y imitat$ /rata1 riv]s1 deltas1 intrusions1 & m\nta9 folds1 & famili>iz$ !mselves ) ! way solids break4 ,ea* man took a special arbeit = 8 f9al !sis1 & work$ by himself ) clock or metronome1 !rmomet] or pressure gauge1 spr+ balance or c5timet] scale1 & he review$ ! exp]im5ts ( ! pa/4 ,prom95t among my /ud5ts 7 ,ralph ,/one1 aft]w>ds /ate geologi/ = ,p5nsylvania2 ,v]non ,m>/]s ( ,indiana2 ,julius ,eggle/on ( ,riv]side1 ,cali=nia2 & ,erne/ ,h[e ( ,yale4 ,9 ! c\rse on ,unit$ ,/ates geology 7 su* /ud5ts z ,amadeus ,grabau :o became lead+ paleontologi/ ( ,*9a2 ,/efansson ! arctic explor]2 ,ellswor? ,hunt+ton1 aft]w>ds ! di/+ui%$ ,yale au?or & geograph]2 & ,frankl9 ,delano ,roosevelt4 ,) s _m ,roosevelts at ,h>v>d1 ,i q =got my fam\s /ud5t until 8 fir/ visit to ,hawaii1 9 #aicd4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt _h rememb]$ 8 geology pr(essor1 ?\gh1 & an aide phon$ ! ,volcano headqu>t]s to reque/ t ,i be at ,hilo :5 ! ,presid5t's %ip arriv$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates geology c\rse 0 ! product ( my two seasons 9 ! ,yell[/one & my int]e/ 9 ! great ,hayd51 ,k+1 & ,p[ell surveys4 ,! y\?ful geologi/s ne$$ to "k ! cont95t & its details4 ,! big ,wa%+ton monographs & folios h made a gall]y ( und]gr\nd pictures ( "o ( ! greate/ cont95ts1 & ^! are supplem5t$ by ! "w ( ! ,canadian geologi/s4 ,am]ica %[s ,appala*ian folds & ?ru/s1 fault blocks ( ! ,utah plateaus1 & eruptives ( ! ,rockies4 ,x conta9s ! amaz+ metamorphism ( v rec5tly upheav$ sea b$s along ! ,pacific %ore4 ,x records ! remnant sea bottoms & du/-/orm deposits ( ! va/ pla9s1 be>+ beside ! obvi\s buffalo skulls1 ! old bones ( :ales1 reptiles1 & rh9os4 ,sup]pos$ on all ?is is s-call$ physiography1 ! sci5ce ( fall+ mat]ials & wat]1 ! rott+ ( ! l&s1 & ! accumulation ( debris4 ,a net ( riv]s ov] gr\nd & "u gr\nd is :at /&s out1 & ! liv+ riv] patt]n has *ang$ incessantly ?r\gh ! ages4 ,b ?r\gh & ov] x is a mov+ process ( ! ages1 k9etic1 alive ) glaci]s1 hot spr+s1 und]gr\nd heat or surface cold1 soak+ ra9s & ru%+ /orms1 e>?quake & uplift1 fault motions & s9k+s4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 motion to "o :o s5ses sl[ motion1 occasionally break+ d[n resi/ance & *>g+ ahead4 ,& geology is a s5se ( sl[ motion & its jumps = #e million ye>s1 ) ?is human ye>1 "h & n[1 ( great importance4 ,geology1 l humanity1 is n j hi/ory4 ,"u all are gas & heat2 ,s>atoga ,spr+s1 ,yell[/one1 ! ,com/ock ,lode1 & ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,! s]ies gets hott] f ,new ,york to ,cali=nia4 ,& out at sea ! refuse ( ! cont95t is dump+ all day long4 ,& sci5ce is anxi\sly wait+ to le>n h[ hot sea bottom is4 ,9 addition to laboratory "w1 ,i want$ to conduct cross-c\ntry hikes = su* subjects z botany1 geology1 & zoology 9 ! =e/s & swamps & hills ( ,massa*usetts4 ,& x 0 9 connection ) ^! plans t ,i le>n$ a lesson 9 simplicity4 ,i w5t to ,presid5t ,eliot1 rememb]+ ! high s\nd+ 8,pi]ian ,sodality0 "n = ! college or*e/ra1 to get a classical cal5d> "n = my cross-c\ntry tramps4 ,he said1 8,:at1 9 brief1 is y\r idea80 ,i repli$1 8,9 ord9>y language !y w be natural hi/ory walks40 ,he took a p5 & said1 8,:y n ?is = a "n80 ,on ! pap] 0 writt5 8,natural ,hi/ory ,walks40 ,an important "p ( our curriculum 0 ! ,tuesday ev5+ geological conf]5ce1 dur+ :i* any graduate work] c\ld give a pap]4 ,to ^! conf]5ces came1 at diff]5t times1 ,brooks1 ,spurr1 ,s*rad]1 ,goodri*1 ,m5d5hall1 ,p4 ,s4 ,smi?1 ,mansfield1 ,mat!s1 ,lane1 ,crosby1 ,b>ton1 ,d\glas ,johnson1 ,daly1 & all ! ,h>v>d /aff4 ,! m5 got confid5ce 9 public speak+ & exhibit+1 & ! pr(essors comm5t$ 9 k9dly fa%ion4 ,topics rang$ f summ] "w 9 ! f> we/ & curr5t /udies 9 meteorology "u ,w>d to petrographic or exp]im5tal "w ) projection app>atus "u ,wolff & me4 ,jackson & ,hyatt br\ght 9 fossils1 & ! ,geological ,survey 0 always 9 evid5ce z a goal = "y m51 or a subject = review4 ,%al]'s comm5ts 7 accompani$ by a /r+ ( good /ories4 ,! conf]5ces taught /ud5ts h[ to tea* by mak+ !m speak 9 public4 ,x 0 "o ( ,%al]'s mo/ productive inv5tions1 & has be5 copi$ f> & wide4 ,walcott 9 ! ,survey look$ to ,h>v>d to produce field mapp]s ( rocks4 ,graduate /ud5ts _h ! *oice betwe5 process & hi/ory1 geography l9k$ to s*ool tea*+1 microscopical petrography & cry/allography l9k$ to ! m9]als & rock collections1 or evolution l9k$ to museums & fossils4 ,bee*] ( ,yale _h f\nd hairs on ! legs ( fossil trilobites4 ,someone else _h f\nd fossil bact]ia4 ,a gr\p ( petrograph]s got toge!r & f\nd$ an artificial classification ( fire-made rocks bas$ on *emi/ry--no use at all to ! field man ) a rock specim54 ,agassiz _h built a magnific5t museum4 ,! rese>* motive 0 bas$ on collections2 ! public exhibit motive 0 bas$ on evolution & big1 r>e ?+s4 ,! publication motive imitat$ ,europe2 8be z te*nical z possible1 dete/ report]s & newspap]s1 & nev] be popul>40 ,9 #ahig ,h>v>d ,univ]sity gave me a ,ph4,d4 degree1 aft] a d\ble !sis & an oral exam9ation4 ,i pass$ ! exam9ation v awkw>dly1 z my capacity = rememb]+ text book in=mation is nil4 ,my !ses 7 7#a7 on an inv5tion1 a m9]al h>dness in/rum5t2 & 7#b7 on ! includ$ fragm5ts f\nd 9 ,bo/on dikes4 ,! microscl]omet]1 z ! in/rum5t 0 call$ 7t is1 a microscope scrat*]71 0 design$ to diamond drill a m9]al to a fix$ dep?4 ,! h>dness 0 measur$ by ! "t consum$1 on ! !ory t ! en]gy requir$ = ! /&>d hole v>i$ ) ! "t1 & ! "t ) ! h>dness4 ,! numb] ( rotations ) a con/ant spe$ motor is a measure ( ! "t4 ,! pap] 0 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica & ,g]many1 & elaborately review$ by a microscopical society 9 ,engl&4 ,! in/rum5t 0 borr[$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,boynton1 a graduate /ud5t 9 metallurgy1 & he got good results on ! microscopic cry/als t con/itute /eel4 ,! inv5t+ & con/ruct+ ) ! aid ( ,sv5 ,nelson1 a ,sw$i% me*anician ( ability1 7 to me an education 9 !mselves4 ,= "o ?+1 ,i le>n$ h[ en?usia/ically sci5ce fe$s on ultra-little ?+s4 ,my petrography ( includ$ qu>tz fragm5ts 9 basalt dikes 0 p>tly publi%$1 b made no hit at all4 ,x 0 outdoor "w1 x conc]n$ ! granite problem1 x reveal$ ! 8fluid0 ( granite m9]als z 8wat]s or vapors0 hav+ no effect on augite1 ! gre5 fusible m9]al ( basalt4 ,b ! same fluid 0 reveal$ z corrod+ qu>tz inclusions1 h>d] & suppos$ly m infusible4 ,if temp]ature _h any?+ to d ) x1 ! granite fluid c\ld melt holes 9 qu>tz inclusions1 b ! mantle ( augite d>k cry/als :i* ! basalt _h pla/]$ on ! outside ( ! qu>tz fragm5ts rema9$ unmelt$4 ,?is 0 my fir/ adv5ture ) ! anci5t problem ( fusion1 or melt+4 ,i became conv9c$ t granite fluids1 l ! mak]s ( gold qu>tz ve9s1 are l[ temp]ature vapors or gasses4 ,?is agrees ) :at is n[ well kn[n1 t silica has a l[ melt+ po9t4 ,b melt+ & temp]ature are n ! :ole /ory4 ,to me1 ! spread+ ( "o's fame by sci5tific pap]s 0 comm]cialization4 8,y mu/ make y\r "n kn[n0 & 8:at h y publi%$80 rang ?r\gh ! sci5tific halls ( le>n+4 ,no sugge/ion ( art1 lit]ature1 drama1 beauty1 or philosophy ev] came to me f my sci5tific colleagues4 ,"s lit]>y fri5ds1 l ,william ,g>rott ,br[n & my classmate ,william ,vaughn ,moody1 ?\ght readability important4 ,br[n w>n$ me aga9/ ! dullness ( small pap]s 9 sci5tific writ+4 ,agassiz w>n$ me aga9/ exactly ! opposite1 namely1 aga9/ popul>iz+ or be+ int]e/+4 ,?is anti!sis betwe5 sci5ce j\rnals & art probably nev] comes into ! field ( vision ( _m "y sci5tific writ]s4 ,!y see only 8,write = y\r sci5tific pe]s & = no "o else1 t is y\r _w40 ,all my life ,i h be5 plagu$ by 8be z te*nical z possible0 v]sus 8tell ! public :at x all means40 ,i suspect t our sy/em is produc+ diagrams & /ati/ics 9 geology 7& p]haps 9 sci5ce g5]ally7 & no long] produces works ( art4 ,i "k few geologi/s :o are f9e draftsm54 ,!y accept photography in/ead4 ,i "k none :o is a lit]>y /yli/4 ,!y write = ultra concis5ess & tabulations4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury taught classical ,engli% & draw+4 ,geology is a sci5ce ( ! dreaml& ( ! e>?'s int]ior & ( mill5nia ( ! ages & ( ! ov]:elm+ expanse ( ri*1 productive1 unkn[n ores "u ocean bottoms4 ,x is a field = m5 ( lett]s1 & = new ,magellans1 ,humboldts1 & ,d>w9s bur/+ ) imag9ation & ! w to explore4 ,?is seem+ digression is really g]mane to ! purport ( ?is book4 ,x is "o man's review ( a half c5tury ( evolv+ discov]y4 ,also a half c5tury ( evolv+ error & dep>ture f ! ways ( ! lead]s4 ,! lead]s1 f ,william ,smi?'s ?or\ghness ) /rata 9 ,engl&1 to ,cl>5ce ,k+'s summ>y ( a ?\s& miles across ! ,cordill]a1 explor$ upw>d & outw>d4 ,x p]suad$ gov]nm5ts4 ,p]suasion be=e ! c\rt ( public op9ion no long] uses & employs explor] m5 ( lett]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,nations is n employ+ ,cl>5ce ,k+s on ! _w geology ( ! rema9+ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,! confusion1 ! secrecy1 & ! loss ( art are occasion$ by vulg>ization4 ,9 #ahge real m5 ( di/9ction explor$ ! e>?4 ,n[ t is left to incorporat$ e/abli%m5ts1 tea*+ tru/s1 & calculat+ ma*9es4 ,cl>5ce ,k+ 0 a l+ui/ & 0 ! son ( a trad] 9 ,*9a4 ,8 ,yale tra9+ "u ,dana & ,bru% gave him real culture4 ,8 f\nd+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey 0 ! evolution ( a g5ius :o dislik$ politics & ^: fri5ds rejoic$ ) him 9 great prose1 good pictures1 & f9e sculpture4 ,!n he 0 wreck$ by a false ambition & ! decad5ce ( ! v ?+ :i* made him great1 ! simplicity ( high ?9k+1 noble writ+1 & cultivat$ fri5ds4 ,lack+ today are cultivat$ boys ) an ambition to explore ! globe1 bo? "u ! sea & 9 ! wild]ness4 ,geology 9 #ahig 0 a jigsaw puzzle1 ) a *oice betwe5 ! museum & ! field1 betwe5 ! easy ?+ ( collections1 f9e microscopes1 & ! sci5tific societies1 & ! h>d ?+ ( explor+ ! globe4 ,collections & in/rum5ts 7 an ov]p[]+ attraction1 p>ticul>ly :5 photography & exp]im5t 7 involv$4 ,b r\gh+ x 9 ! wild]ness has made "s ( ! f9e/ *>act]s ,i ev] knew4 ,geological surveys ( ! we/ cont9u$ to occupy me dur+ ! summ]s4 ,i work$ 9 ! ,black ,hills ( ,s\? ,dakota "u ,samuel ,frankl9 ,emmons1 & my associates includ$ ,john ,mason ,b\twell1 ,john ,du] ,irv+1 ,philip ,sidney ,smi?1 ,bailey ,willis1 & ,n4 ,h4 ,d>ton4 ,b\twell 0 to become a copp] geologi/ & copp] magnate 9 ! m9es ( ,utah2 ,irv+1 ,pr(essor ( ,economic ,geology at ,lehigh & ,yale2 & ,smi?1 head ( ! ,alaskan bran* ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,be+ ) ,emmons1 ,willis1 & ,d>ton 9 ! ,black ,hills field 0 to le>n v>i\sly h[ geologi/s "w 9 ! field & h[ _! m9ds "w4 ,emmons 0 ( ! ,bo/on ,brahm9s1 a ,h>v>d man1 m9+ geology 8 specialty1 ) ! ,cl>5ce ,k+ tradition ( ! ,great ,we/1 ! #dj? ,p>allel ,survey4 ,bailey ,willis z ,*ief ,geologi/ sp5t a week ) u 9 camp1 & ,i saw 8 g5ius = draw+ 9 l9e1 & he expla9$ ! f\r-/ep pac+ me?od4 ,willis mapp$ di/ances by pac+ across m\nta9s1 c\nt+ 9 8 head1 :ile talk+ at ! same "t4 ,he compil$ 9 color a geologic map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 m>vell\s exp]im5ts on m\nta9 fold+1 8 explorations 9 all ! cont95ts & 8 poetic fai? 9 hydrog5 & cry/allization z int]nal =ces made 8 "n immortal4 ,n4 ,h4 ,d>ton mapp$ ! ,great ,pla9s2 & 8 g5ius 0 = h>d "w1 long field h\rs1 color photography at its v beg9n+1 & an extraord9>y eye = detail 9 ! field4 ,d>ton %[$ me h[ to f9d ! ,*adron ,=mation on ! divides1 :ite clays easily ov]look$4 ,d>ton's _m ye>s1 trav]s+ ! entire ,we/1 & publi%+ sup]b monographs ( artesian wat]s & ( imm5se fossil sea bottoms1 summ>iz+ ! geology ( :ole /ates f ,texas to ,canada1 ranks him among ! great geologi/s4 ,i le>n$ f him detail ( inf9ite discov]y possible 9 e rock l$ge4 ,he f\nd t9y fossil %ells ev]yone else _h miss$4 ,p[ell & ,k+ _h pa9t$ impressioni/ic geology4 ,d>ton foll[$ & pa9t$ ?\s&s ( m9iatures1 b also comb9$ ^! into l>ge books4 ,*>les ,doolittle ,walcott 0 ,director ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey at t "t1 & no great] geologi/ ev] liv$4 ,8 ,cambrian fossils1 ^? ( ! fir/ great fossil-mak+ 8,m$it]ranean ,sea0 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 lay buri$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f %ore to %ore4 ,unsw]v+ly he foll[$ e inl& sea ( #eca million ye>s ago & !reaft]1 ?r\gh advances ?ree times across ! cont95t4 ,l&s 7 ( mod]ate relief & climates 7 mild4 ,m>9e animals & sea we$s1 l>ge & small1 7 abundant = #hj million ye>s4 ,& rememb] t a million ye>s is a ?\s& times ! int]val s9ce ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,! cont95t ,walcott mapp$ ( t anci5t "t 0 ! ,nor? ,am]ica ( today1 ) sags t let 9 %all[ sea /rips & pools :]e ! ,cambrian %ales & lime/ones n[ lie4 ,he wrote a description ( t va/ hi/ory1 & all 8 lat] summ]s 7 sp5t 9 ! ,canadian ,rockies1 :]e fossil-be>+ /rata make ! mo/ />tl+ m\nta9 peaks on e>?4 ,my ,black ,hills surveys ( #ahih & #ahii 7 ne> ,deadwood & ,spe>fi% & ,mato ,tepee1 ! ,devil's ,t[] ,national ,monum5t4 ,9 ^? badl&s ) weird des]t gorges1 appe> ! bones ( anci5t rh9oc]oses & _m grotesque animals1 huge & t9y1 ( #dj to #fj million ye>s ago4 ,we f\nd little bones 9 :ite e>? on ! divides /ill pres]v$ aga9/ erosion4 ,our big job 0 to map ! laccoli?s ne> ,deadwood4 ,a laccoli?1 or rock ci/]n1 is a lava body :i* 9 v anci5t times squirt$ into ! cracks ( ! /rata4 ,! lava _h p5etrat$ betwe5 ! /rata ( ! nor!rn cov] ( ! ,black ,hills1 swell$ to l5ses betwe5 ! /rata2 &1 p>ticul>ly1 x select$ & p5etrat$ ! s(t %ale b$s :i* gr[ ?ick] & m num]\s upw>d among ! =mations4 ,?us aft] erosion ( ! pres5t l&scape1 bo? l>ge & small lava l5ses 7 reveal$ z resi/ant hills1 ! l>ge/ t[>d ! bottom ( ! pile ( /rata & ! smalle/ & /eepe/ t[>d ! top 9 ?ick1 black anci5t mud deposits4 ,mo/ly1 ! laccoli?s 7 injections ( volcanic fluid up a crack1 :i* met a h>d b$ & b5t to squeeze ! pa/e or lava into a s(t lay]4 ,! result 0 an und]gr\nd lava fl[ :i* ruptur$ ! b$s4 ,app>5tly ! fir/ ru% br\ght up fragm5ts ( ! rocks bel[4 ,?is fragm5t>y /uff ( mud & gravel 0 ov]ridd5 by ! lava1 until ! latt] p5etrat$ horizontally a mile or two betwe5 /rata1 ar*$ ! lay]s above1 & solidifi$ at ! ,devil's ,t[] ) v]tical columns l ! ,giant's ,causeway 9 ,irel&4 ,?is gr\p ( subt]ranean volcanic eruptions betwe5 /rata probably came "u sea bottom at ! same "t t ! ,yell[/one upl& began its op5-air outp\r+s f>!r we/4 ,b 9 ! ,black ,hills !re is no sign ! laccoli? lavas ev] broke up to ! top c\ntry4 ,! ,black ,hills1 l ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 7 a long "t ris+ 9 waves ( action1 :]eas ! lava intrusion 0 a relatively %ort episode ( "o ( ! late/ ( ^! spasms4 ,h[ev]1 t episode entails a long /ory ( num]\s injections4 ,x takes u d[n into cru/ & along ?r\gh ! mill5nia4 ,always ?9k 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,x is wise also to ?9k 9 millions ( miles & to rememb] t ! sun & ! ,milky ,way are p>ts ( ! same sy/em z ! e>?4 ,& rememb] t a l$ge or a b\ld] doesn't worry ab\t liv+ #bj million or #ajj million ye>s4 ,a skull is a b\ld]4 ,t old bronto!rium rh9oc]os ) a =k$ horn1 /&+ eight feet high & fifte5 feet long1 liv$ 9 ! upp] ,oligoc5e1 :5 clay & volcanic a% 7 be+ deposit$ 9 ! ,bad ,l&s ( ,s\? ,dakota4 ,probably va/ flood pla9s ( riv]s 7 8 habitat1 swamp re$s & leaves 7 8 food1 & floods wa%$ 8 bones & buri$ 8 skull :]e we f9d !m today4 ,! c\ntry ( op5 glades 0 probably l ! saf>i l& ( c5tral ,africa4 ,bronto!rium's skull 9 ,*icago ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum dates f ab\t #cj million ye>s ago4 ,! bones are scatt]$1 & few complete skeletons h be5 f\nd4 ,man's ance/or may h />t$ #aj million ye>s ago1 b ! ne>e/ approa* to an ape :o liv$ 9 ! trees ( old ,bronto's =e/s 0 an opossum4 ,fur!rmore1 no?+ l fl9t tools h be5 f\nd 9 ! rh9o /rata4 ,! apes />t$ 9 ,europe & ,asia 9 ! next geologic p]iod1 & "s fossiliz$ monkeys h be5 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b m5 & monkeys are too s(t4 ,!y don't make good fossils4 ,! bones we f\nd 7 ( turtles1 9 clays upheav$ on ! top ( ! ,black ,hills uplift4 ,^! clays 7 aft]w>ds erod$ into ! pres5t valleys1 & probably 7 contemporane\s ) ! riv]b$ silts1 :]e ! rh9oc]os skulls 7 f\nd4 ,s our turtles & rh9os 7 no d\bt neighbors 9 #bi1iih1jjj ,b4,c4 ,our soj\rn 9 ! ,black ,hills 0 n )\t adv5ture4 ,"o ev5+ :5 ,b\twell & ,i 7 rid+ home to ,deadwood1 ,i dism\nt$ & jump$ into ! %rubs ( a gully to knock a rock specim5 (f a l$ge4 ,f b5ea? my feet came a buz-z-z l a sw>m ( bees4 ,i _h jump$ "r on a rattlesnake & c\ld feel 8 coils aga9/ my ankle1 & no legg+s t day4 ,b\twell call$ out1 8,oh let me see him6 ,i've nev] se5 a rattlesnake40 ,i made a suitable reply &1 someh[1 leapt cle> be=e ! snake _h a *ance to /rike4 ,ano!r adv5ture conc]n$ my gold wat*1 a gift f my dad on my tw5ty-fir/ bir?day4 ,i lo/ x f a *a9 :i* broke aga9/ ! saddle pommel at "s dism\nt+ po9t4 ,i adv]tis$ = x by plac>ds at railway /ations &1 amaz+ly1 x 0 return$4 ,a ,salvation ,army man f\nd ! wat*1 badly trampl$ by my horse1 at a back c\ntry place1 br\ght x to me 9 ,deadwood1 & receiv$ ! rew>d4 ,i took x to ! mak] 9 ,wal?am1 :]e x 0 re/or$2 & ,i am we>+ x fifty-f\r ye>s lat]1 conv]t$ f a hunt+ case to a /emw9d]4 ,john ,irv+ ( ,yale1 ^: fa!r _h be5 a m9+ geologi/ 9 ! ,great ,lakes di/rict1 0 "o ( ! mo/ lovable companions ,i ev] camp$ & tramp$ )4 ,we 7 toge!r 9 ! ,black ,hills1 :]e we hir$ a wagon outfit to cross ! ,hills to ! ,devil's ,t[]4 ,! p]sonnel 0 a ma/]piece ( improvisation4 ,! cook 0 a fat boy :o told m>vell\s tales ( adv5tures4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he _h be5 a human o/ri* 9 ! circus1 & he assur$ u t *ew+ up glass & swall[+ x did no h>m if y knew h[4 ,s elaborate 0 8 cook+ t aga9 & aga9 we ran out ( grub4 ,fur!rmore1 meals 7 g5]ally late1 b we knew bett] ?an to hurry ! supp] & 8 f9i%+ t\*es4 ,:5 f9ally a meal 0 ready1 he advanc$ to our t5t1 b[$1 & call$ out1 8,g5tlem51 y w n[ proce$ to saga/uate40 ,john/on ! team/] 0 an ambiti\s ,s\? ,dakota high s*ool graduate & f>m boy :o want$ to le>n all he c\ld f geological surveyors4 ,a few ye>s ago1 9 ! n9ete5 =ties1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f him 9 s\?we/ ,africa say+ t he _h be5 successful 9 plac] m9+ = gold & diamonds & t he 0 writ+ a book ab\t x4 ,arizona 0 my f\r? field ( fire-made irruptions2 aft] ,new ,engl&1 ! ,black ,hills1 & ! ,yell[/one 7old1 middle-ag$1 & "y74 ,to ! ,brad%aw ,m\nta9s betwe5 ,prescott & ,pho5ix & ly+ s\? ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 ,i 0 s5t ) ,pala*e to make ! ,brad%aw ,m\nta9s folio4 ,at ,prescott we _h ! r>e privilege ( talks ) ,cl>5ce ,k+4 ,an ag$ ba*elor dy+ ( tub]culosis1 he 0 liv+ 9 a cottage ) an old negro s]vant4 ,k+ 0 a fasc9at+ talk] & writ]4 ,he _h be5 ! fir/ director ( ! ,geological ,survey & 0 ! au?or ( 8,m\nta9e]+ 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada40 ,8 great summ>y volume ( ! #dj? ,p>allel1 ! survey along ! ,union ,pacific1 is "o ( ! classics 9 lit]ature & 9 geology4 ,8 model1 unhappily = him1 0 ,alex&] ,agassiz1 :o made a great =tune out ( ,calumet & ,hecla copp]4 ,:5 ,k+ w5t into m9+ to make a =tune he contract$ tub]culosis4 ,he di$ soon aft] we saw him4 ,! problem ( :at makes granite 0 nev] bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! ,brad%aws4 ,"o =mation1 9 upright b&s = miles across c\ntry1 %[$ d>k s*i/1 diorite1 granite1 diabase1 granite1 light s*i/1 qu>tzite1 granite1 gabbro1 & s*i/ aga91 l a succession ( dikes1 slabs1 & ve9s side by side4 ,a m\nta9 spur1 l a book%elf ) color$ books on edge1 is call$ ,crooks ,complex1 & 0 nam$ aft] ,crooks ,canyon4 ,! tr5d 0 ) ! p9*$ /rata b ! /uff 0 mo/ly igne\s4 ,x 0 z ?\gh a me*anism ( melt+-up 0 mix$ ) intrusion ( fluid1 b :at fluid8 ,a glass8 or a gas8 ,!re 0 no sme>+1 b clean-cut dikes & s*i/ slabs on edge4 ,9 ! big granite hills !re 7 contact breakups ) fragm5ts ( s*i/ imprison$ 9 granite1 b n sme>$ or /reak$4 ,! impression 0 ( millions ( ye>s & ?\s&s ( episodes1 all dike-mak+ & guid$ by ! upright lam9ation or v]tical /ructure ( ! anci5t alt]$ tightly fold$ clay & s& /rata1 squeez$ toge!r by horizontal pressure4 ,s9ce le>n+ ( ! million-ye> p]iods taught by radioactivity1 & ( ! _m million ye>s )9 a s+le era ( geology1 ,i h begun to wond] :e!r ^! v old =mations may repres5t hundr$s ( mill5nia1 ) granitization happ5+ ov] & ov] aga91 9 ea* geological revolution ( upheaval & m\nta9 build+ above4 ,granitization1 !n1 is a process ( heat pressure1 gases1 melt+1 & cry/al mak+1 ( :i* ! anci5t words magma or emulsion or pa/e give no conception4 ,& volcanism1 up ?r\gh ! deep cru/1 is ! my/]y devil4 ,may x n be nucleonics & melt+ ( deep cru/1 r ?an *emi/ry8 ,& is n ! my/]y devil always hydrog5 gas8 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,i visit$ two places :i* are close toge!r & relat$ to ! ,brad%aw ,m\nta9s4 ,"o 0 ,se>*light 9 ! s\!rn tip ( ,nevada1 ! o!r 0 ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,i %all nev] =get my arrival 9 ,se>*light4 ,a /rike ( m9]s 0 go+ on1 & ,/an=d geology /ud5ts _h be5 s5t 9 z /rike break]s4 ,big ,bill1 ! %]iff1 br\ght ! boys across ! des]t f ! railway4 ,8 buckbo>d 0 9 front & ! ,/an=d]s foll[$ 9 a wagon4 ,! /rik]s l9$ ! road out f ,se>*light1 int5t on loos+ ! horses4 ,b :5 !y saw ,bill's /> & 8 not*$ six-%oot]1 !y dropp$ _! h&s to _! sides & /ood l a r[ ( t9 soldi]s1 :ile ,big ,bill l$ ! way ?r\gh at a gallop1 curs+ !m r\ndly4 ,:5 ,i got (f ! tra9 at ,ivanpah1 a small place ) only a few h\ses1 ,i spoke to a "y /ation ag5t :]e ! anci5t ,wells ,f>go sign hung4 ,he told me t ! ,qu>tette ,m9e team w\ld meet me soon1 & %ortly a cl\d ( du/ on ! des]t proclaim$ ! vehicle :i* came da%+ up1 a phaeton rig ) two big horses4 ,! five m5 inside 7 arm$1 ) rifles & pump %otguns protrud+4 ,"o man pull$ out a heavy lea!rn p\*1 & ano!r /ood ov] x ) 8 rifle4 8,come on1 ,jack1 lets g ov] to ,wolf ,saloon40 8,no10 said ,jack1 8n till ,i get my receipt40 ,! mild /ation man yank$ out a receipt book1 fill$ ! blank ackn[l$g+ #bj1jjj 9 bullion f ! m9e1 ?rew ! p\* into an op5 safe1 & ,jack ) 8 receipt dep>t$1 leav+ ! gold brick to ! my/ic protection ( t sign1 8,wells ,f>go & ,co40 ,two ablebodi$ b&its c\ld easily h held up ! :ole rail t]m9us4 ,:5 ,i />t$ = ! m9e1 accompani$ by detectives & gu>ds1 we all c>ri$ pi/ols 9 hol/]s /rapp$ "u our arms4 ,en r\te1 we sp5t ,*ri/mas amid ! smell ( sagebru% & ! glori\s sunset lights ( a purple des]t4 ,once m ,i murmur$1 8,s ?is is natural hi/ory40 ,i 0 employ$ to exam9e ! ,qu>tette ,gold ,m9e1 & ! geologic my/]y ( ! orig9 ( a million doll>s 9 dirt betwe5 a level #bjj feet d[n & ano!r at a dep? ( #ejj feet4 ,! million doll>s 0 along a cru%$1 slipp$1 s-call$ ve91 :]e a fault foll[$ ! upright b$d+ ( j su* gneisses1 granite dikes1 & s*i/s z _h made ,crooks ,complex 9 ! ,brad%aws4 ,:]e gold 0 ri*e/1 m9]als 7 ri*e/--beautiful orange-color$ wulf5ite1 gre5 *rysocolla1 blue azurite1 onyx1 qu>tz1 & calcite4 ,ev]y:]e 7 quantities ( g\ge1 or cru%$ clays1 f gr9d+ walls4 ,native gold p>ticles 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh all ?is4 ,! s*i/s 7 fill$ ) lava fissure fill+s1 & ! m9e 0 :]e ?is patt]n ( b&s 0 int]rupt$ by a v anci5t gre5/one or basalt body4 ,hot fluids ( ! volcanic p]iod1 deep und]gr\nd1 _h accompani$ fault slipp+ or fracture :]e ! ore 01 ! v]tical fault p>allel to ! upright lay]s & across ! gre5/one contact4 ,ore & gold p>ticles 7 directly relat$ to fracture1 to ! fault slipp+ on an upright crack ( "o m\nta9 block aga9/ ano!r1 to ! hot vapors deposit+ ! m9]al collection1 & to r5ew$ cru%+ & slid+ on ! m\nta9 blocks4 ,?is 0 dur+ or foll[+ "s "p ( ! volcanic p]iod :5 all ! cracks 7 inject$ ) &esite lavas1 or :at ! m9]s call porphyry4 ,! orig9 ( ! m9]als 0 9 lead & copp] sulfides :i* lie deep] d[n4 ,a hundr$ miles to ! nor!a/ is ! ,gr& ,canyon1 & all ar\nd are granite m\nta9s1 j z 9 ,arizona4 ,^! ,se>*light s*i/s are ! same ,algonkian anci5t /rata1 recry/alliz$ & granitiz$1 t make ! inn] gorge ( ! canyon1 & are trav]s$ up cracks by volcano-mak+ lavas1 su* z dot ! nor? bank ( ! canyon ) crat] cones4 ,above 9 ! canyon are ! horizontal /rata f ,cambrian up to ! ,coal ,measures & beyond4 ,! va/ maze ( ca/les & turrets is a net ( bran* valleys ( ! ,colorado1 tr5*+ ?r\gh ^! old seab$ deposits4 ,includ+ ,se>*light ore1 ! :ole hi/ory go+ backw>d is top c\ntry des]t1 deep tr5*1 /rata pil$ 9 riv]s & sea bottoms = #ejj million ye>s1 & la/ly fault+ & crack+ t squirt$ /eam & made gold m9]als ov] & ov] aga9 dur+ ! la/ #ajj million ye>s4 ,!re 7 at lea/ a doz5 revolutions t lift$ & l[]$ m\nta9 ranges & cont95ts = #b1jjj million ye>s1 & ! rema9s ( iron-eat+ bact]ia & ( seawe$s & o!r liv+ ?+s t g back = #a1ejj million ye>s4 ,?r\gh x all are granite injections z a process1 z a my/]y1 go+ ov] ! :ole range ( ye>s 9 diff]5t ages1 & mean+ :at8 ,"o ( ! puzzles ( ,gr& ,canyon1 ,brad%aw ,m\nta9s1 & ,se>*light--if n also ( ,new ,engl&1 ! ,black ,hills1 & ! ,yell[/one--is fault+4 ,a fault is :at a geologi/ means by a crack d[n deep :]e ! c\ntry rock has dropp$ d[n on "o side s z to make a discordance across c\ntry4 ,e>?quake faults make a visible bank or /ep or sidewise slip1 *ang+ ! surface aft] an e>?quake4 ,! nor?we/]n /ates are p>tly mapp$ z fault block m\nta9s4 ,! isl& ( ,hawaii has a s]ies ( fault /ep blocks s\!a/1 slipp+ t[>d ! ocean4 ,! /eep ea/ face ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada is a fault fracture4 ,pr(essor ,%al] once /opp$ me on ! /reet & said ( my field "w1 8,jagg>1 y don't tea* fault+ en\gh40 ,faults 7 %[n along /raight l9es on ! color maps ( =mation 9 ! old ,bo/on books1 & 7 locat$ by guesswork if glaci] deposits cov]$ up ! l$ges4 ,x seem$ to me t faults ought to be prov$ or else omitt$ f ! maps4 ,probably ,i too 0 wrong1 = faults or cracks completely conceal$ by soil & /rata are trem5d\s unkn[n l9es on ! globe4 ,! ,se>*light ore body is c]ta9ly a fault fracture1 & s are ^? ( ,tonopah & hundr$s ( m9es4 ,x 0 digg+ t prov$ x4 ,! crack+ & slipp+ & /eam+ & mud-mak+ on ! fissure are :at br\ght up ! m9]als4 ,a "q arises z to h[ mu* ! ,gr& ,canyon itself & its tribut>ies are guid$ by fault fractures "u valleys4 ,my impression 0 9 #aija1 & x /ill is1 t 8,jagg> ought to tea* fault+0 m ?an he !n did4 ,! primitive ocean blocks ( e>? cru/ sank1 :ile cont95ts rema9$ high1 leav+ ! e>? cru/ a mosaic ( blocks l>ge & small1 high & l[4 ,betwe5 ! blocks sp\t ! volcanoes4 ,i h nev] agre$ ) ,c4 ,e4 ,dutton t volcanic heat en]gy c\ld come f %all[ pockets "u ^? fault blocks4 ,ev5 he ackn[l$g$ ! weakness ( ! argum5t4 ,if ! e>? cru/ broke up & ! blocks v>i\sly sank 9 ! core matt]1 leav+ cont95ts z a complex ( high blocks1 !n ! blocks are deep & are /ill mov+4 ,! movem5ts are 9 ye>s1 ye>-?\s&s & ye>-millions4 ,volcanism up ! cracks releases core en]gy4 ,s does mu* ( fault movem5t1 namely e>?quakes4 ,& ^! facts geologi/s d n appreciate4 ,s we get fault$ riv] c\rses & fault cracks up :i* came fluids t trans=m$ s$im5ts ( riv]s1 lakes1 des]ts1 & seas into granite1 felsite1 & gre5/one4 ,^! are ! anci5t names4 ,!re are hundr$s ( o!r1 geology names4 ,b geology produc$ no ,f>aday4 ,i dislik$ geology 9 #aijb4 ,& ,i dislik$ m9+ because ( its secrecy & its devotion to pr(its4 ,geology fail$ to tell bus9essm5 ! my/]y ( granite1 ( felsite1 & ( gre5/one4 ,a/ronom]s told ! same m5 ( my/]ies1 & !y 7 fasc9at$4 ,physiology l$ !m to cells1 plants1 animals1 & *emicals 9 ! blood1 solv+ my/]y aft] my/]y4 ,m51 money1 inv5tions1 eng9e]s1 build+s1 & /affs grew by leaps & b\nds 9 ^? sci5ces4 ,! be/ geology c\ld d 0 guesswork--a ma/odon1 a big reptile skeleton1 a guesswork color map--:ile sev5ty p]c5t ( ! e>? 0 seabottom rock1 unmapp$1 & tw5ty p]c5t m consi/$ ( fractures cov]$ ) soil4 ,see+ ! ,c>negie & ,rockefell] laboratories & obs]vatories1 ,i griev$ = field geology4 ,! public did n ev5 "k t granite1 ! my/]y1 is ! commone/ rock & t qu>tz1 ! gold mak]1 is ! commone/ m9]al4 ,nor did !y "k t bo? are almo/ abs5t f ! :ole ,pacific4 ,nor t geology is almo/ ignorant ( _! orig9 & injection1 if x is injection4 ,"h 0 ! globe1 ! end product ( a/ronomy1 ! mo/ fasc9at+ rese>* 9 ! :ole range ( sci5ce4 ,! s\rce ( all raw mat]ials ( comm]ce1 yet its fire-made rocks & its seabottom rocks rema9$ a my/]y4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,gr& ,canyon1 let me record my impressions ( ! erosion4 ,x is a gorge a mile deep usually describ$ z 8cut0 by ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,z ,i %all %[ 9 discussion ( exp]im5ts ) ! ,gr& ,canyon model1 x is possible1 9 /ratifi$ lay]s yield+ grit to fl[+ ra9wat]1 to cut a deep canyon by surface run(f4 ,x is possible = und]gr\nd wat] & tribut>ies f side ra9falls to increase ! volume ( su* a /ream greatly 9 a hundr$ miles4 ,b ,dutton's %[+ ( upheav$ & d[ndropp$ big blocks ( brok5 m\nta9s1 & su* obvi\s breaks z ! ,tonto & ,bright ,angel faults %[n to t\ri/s z trac$ out by ,bright ,angel ,canyon1 prove t ! e>? cru/ is brok54 ,& ,se>*light %[$ a fault to be a wat] supply4 ,! enorm\s canyon appe>$ to me to be a million-ye> break sy/em ( e>?-cru/ rott+4 ,! wat] is a giant mod]n gr9d+ mill ( ra9fall1 und]gr\nd accumulation1 & transport4 ,b ) five great erosion surfaces %[n 9 ! discordances1 f #b1jjj million ye>s ago to ! pres5t day2 & ) upheaval ( ! high plateaus 9 block faults1 & b5t /rata age aft] age2 & f>!r nor? ) rec5t volcanoes t sp\t$ up ! cracks1 x seems m vivid to ?9k ! valleys at lea/ p>tly wat]-fill$ cracks & *asms4 ,volcanoes _c be %all[4 ,! canyons & ! great b5d are diff]5t f ! ,gre5 ,riv] s\rce1 because ( upw>d pu% 9 waves4 ,! up-pu% ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s is well kn[n to h be5 sl[4 ,x kept pace ) ! ruptures foll[$ by ! riv]4 ,go+ back to ,daubre1 riv]s foll[ cracks mu* m ?an d ! textbooks4 ,9 #ahii two ?+s happ5$ :i* affect$ ! re/ ( my life4 ,fir/1 ,director ,walcott ask$ me to furni% e/imates = a ,hawaii geologic survey1 a reque/ :i* ev5tually l$ me to ,hawaii4 ,second1 ! ,yakutat ,bay e>?quake snapp$ on an a/oni%$ _w1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! _w didn't "k x4 ,! ,yakutat ,bay e>?quakes 9 ,alaska1 9 ,septemb] #ahii1 7 accompani$ by ! pu%+ up ( ! b$rock %orel9e by =ty-sev5 feet4 ,l[]$ b5ea? ! sea 7 :ole =e/s1 on glacial deposits pull$ d[n by subm>9e l&slips4 ,x 0 an un9habit$ region at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 along a fjord p5etrat+ f> into ! m\nta9s4 ,x came 9 l9e ) ! ,aleutian tr5*1 "u ! ,pacific1 #d1jjj fa?oms deep4 ,! e>?quakes la/$ two weeks4 ,?is colossal movem5t ( blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ hundr$s ( miles across gave "o ! impression t we knew little ( :at 0 go+ on4 ,rememb]+ t sev5ty-two p]c5t ( ! e>?'s surface is cov]$ by oceans & t less ?an t5 p]c5t is really inhabit$1 ,i awoke to h[ mu* !re 0 to le>n4 ,if :ole =e/s & _! roots c\ld float away into ! ,pacific curr5ts1 ) all _! plants & animals & se$s & bact]ia1 :at might n h occurr$ 9 pa/ ages1 :5 su* jo/l+ ( cru/ blocks 0 common4 ,b be=e ,i 0 to exp]im5t ) live volcanoes came a decade ( laboratory exp]im5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,imitat+ ,ripplem>ks 8,! ,con/itution is an exp]im5t1 z all life is an exp]im5t40 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury my exp]im5ts ) ! scl]omet]1 & ) ! class 9 exp]im5tal geology1 /e]$ me = ye>s into laboratory exp]im5t4 ,europe 0 head$ t[>d geophysics & geo*emi/ry1 mean+ *iefly ma!matical & /ati/ical analysis4 ,my vision 0 nonma!matical1 ?\gh ,i us$ pressures1 temp]atures1 clocks1 & y>d/icks to measure erosion1 s$im5t1 w>p+ ( /rata1 & melt+4 ,?is took me away f petrography1 = ! pol>iz+ microscope 0 deal+ ) inf9ite s]ies ( m9]als & molecules4 ,i c\ld see no?+ b inf9ite p5etration into ! small] & small]4 ,cl>5ce ,k+ & ,frank ,p]ret _h be5 on ! way to inf9ite j\rney+ outw>d to ! bigg] & bigg]4 ,! guid+ =mula 0 8erosion1 s$im5tation1 de=mation1 & eruption40 ,measure ^! on ! globe1 imitate !m ) mud pies 9 ! laboratory4 ,comp>e ! global examples ) ! mud pies4 ,try to get ! mud pies to illum9ate ! gigantic /ream sy/ems1 flood pla9s1 sea bottoms1 fold$ m\nta9s1 intrusions1 & lavas ( ! e>?4 ,!n try to measure 9 ! field ^? processes ) obs]vatories4 ,s1 to me1 came ! transition f collections to exp]im5ts4 ,! ma*9]y ( nature1 :e!r ) s& heaps or s& gra9s or coral pebbles1 is ! same4 ,x is impell$ by curr5ts fl[+ ov] loose mat]ials :i* make eddies 9 ! lee ( lumps4 ,! eddies are ei!r bill[s or cyclones4 ,at ! middle !y are bill[s2 at ! ends !y are cyclones4 ,! bill[ eddies ob/ruct ! heap+4 ,! cyclone eddies l5g!n ! heaps "r & left ( ! curr5t direction4 ,george ,d>w9 /udi$ ! eddies by means ( a drop ( ?ick ink 9 a glass tank on top ( a ripple ridgelet4 ,! ink migrat$ to =m und]wat] bill[s & cyclones1 or vortexes4 ,he us$ a dropp] to place ! ink globule1 & !n wat*$ ! vortexes =m z he oscillat$ ! tank4 ,l[ p>ts travel fa/e/1 namely ! po9ts4 ,high p>ts build on ! up/ream side1 & travel sl[e/1 & ! /uff tumbles ov] ! cre/ l9e & is cornic$ by ! eddy4 ,sn[ does x1 pebbles "u sea d x1 & m>9e life adapts itself to x1 :]ev] ! food supply is be/4 ,9 ! /udy ( ripplem>ks1 ,h>ry ,gumm]1 a graduate 9 a/ronomy1 0 my collaborator4 ,ripplem>ks are made by back-&-=? eddies on ! bottom1 :ile big waves oscillate ! wat]4 ,we mov$ ! bottom in/ead ( mak+ waves 9 ! wat]4 ,a glass plate spr9kl$ ) s& "u wat] 9 a tank 0 oscillat$ back & =? horizontally4 ,x 0 clamp$ "u a c>riage :i* oscillat$ on wire tracks /ret*$ across ! tank4 ,a /r+ pull$ ! c>riage aga9/ an ela/ic on ! o!r side4 ,a wood5 :eel & crank1 set upright edgeways1 _h holes & pegs to pull on ! /r+1 & ! crank turns 7 tim$ ) a metronome4 ,! holes 9 ! flat :eel 7 a c5timet] ap>t1 s t a revolution ( ! :eel pull$ ! /r+ = e two c5timet]s ( travel ( ! c>riage4 ,?us ! s&-cov]$ plate 0 j]k$ back & =? "u wat] two c5timet]s1 f\r c5timet]s1 six c5timet]s1 & s =?2 once a second1 or two seconds1 or ?ree seconds1 & s =?1 by beats ( ! metronome4 ,! result 0 beautiful ripplem>ks on a glass :i* c\ld be lift$ out ( ! wat]1 dri$1 & plac$ ov] bluepr9t pap] to pres]ve ! record4 ,! sizes ( ridge to ridge ripples 7 f a fraction ( an in* to two or m in*es4 ,! little ones dim9i%$ to z]o :5 ! j]k+ 0 small1 ! big ones wa%$ out :5 ! j]k+ 0 too big4 ,! bluepr9ts %[$ t bo? l5g? & spe$ ( /rokes 7amplitude & accel]ation ( motion7 made ! ripples increase 9 size1 & some:]e betwe5 ! l>ge/ & smalle/ s& ripples 0 ! optimum p]fection ( ripple =m4 ,! bluepr9ts look l mack]el skies4 ,& mack]el-sky cl\ds are bill[s ( cond5sation betwe5 an upp] cold /ream ( air & a l[] moi/ "o4 ,9 betwe5 are ! same back-&-=? bill[s ( vortex z 9 our s&4 ,at a geological conf]5ce at ,h>v>d ,i %[$ bluepr9ts made directly f glass plates cov]$ ) artificial ripplem>ks4 ,at ! same "t ,i exhibit$ rock slabs ( fossil ripplem>ks & photographs ( o!rs %ap$ l horse%oes4 ,^! 7 v>iants ( ! rippl$rift process se5 on s&y b$s ( runn+ /reams4 ,i also %[$ photographs ( swa% m>ks runn+ along ! upp] /eep slopes ( bea*es4 ,& ( ! w9d-=m$ rippl$rift ( dry s& dunes4 ,f ! des]ts ( ,p]u come photographs ( m$aos1 or cresc5t dunes1 hills ( s& tap]+ to curv$ po9ts at bo? ends4 ,! po9ts are d[nw9d1 ! high horse%oe toe ( ! hill is upw9d1 & l a coral atoll ! edifice is curr5t-=m$4 ,ripplem>ks c =m 9 hundr$s ( fa?oms ( ocean wat] if ! /orm waves on ! surface ( ! sea are big en\gh4 ,a p>ticle ( wat] on ! cre/ ( a wave is lift$ up & d[n 9 a long v]tical ellipse4 ,a p>ticle deep d[n "u ! wave is lift$ =e & aft 9 a long horizontal ellipse4 ,"u a ?ree-hundr$-foot l5g? ( wave 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 deep wat] ! bottom p>ticles ( wat] are %ov+ s& back & =?1 & mak+ pack$ ripplem>ks4 ,a big s& gra9 becomes a lump = small s& gra9s to bump aga9/4 ,!y make a heap :i* piles up & l5g!ns out4 ,! heaps m]ge & we get a tightly pack$ & ridg$ s&y bottom4 ,ea* ridge has an eddy fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r1 z ! wat] p>ticles rev]se 9 direction4 ,oscillation builds fir/ floccul5ce1 !n alignm5t1 !n ev5 spac+4 ,! opposite sides ( a ridge h equal slopes4 ,rippl$rift is made by a curr5t 9 "o direction4 ,x is usually n s regul> or 9 su* /raight ridges z ripplem>ks4 ,if a /ream ( wat] is jett$ ov] s& r\nd & r\nd 9 a r+%ap$ tank1 ridges w migrate along ! bottom1 b !y are sme>y4 ,! regul> ripples 9 dry s& on dunes h flatt] slopes upw9d1 /eep sc>ps d[nw9d4 ,!y are regul>1 probably because w9d bl[+ is int]mitt5t & back curr5ts occur4 ,s !y become m l ripplem>ks4 ,on ! bottoms ( wat] /reams1 ! horse%oe rippl$rift requires a nice adju/m5t ( lumps & side po9ts migrat+ d[n/ream4 ,all rippl+ requires a s& ( mix$ sizes ( gra9s4 ,if !y 7 all alike !y w\ld n ripple1 = ! l>g] gra9s h to ob/ruct ! small] ones 9 ord] to produce ! ripple patt]n4 ,rippl$rift+ z a :ole is a build+ me*anism4 ,mix$ ) wave curr5ts :i* move bea*es along1 includ+ bea* pebbles1 x c be comp\nd$ into build+ oceanic isl&s4 ,! cresc5t dunes ( ! des]t are dep5d5t on ! prevail+ w9ds be+ load$ ) a s& supply at a w9dw>d erosion s\rce4 ,oceanic curr5ts dep5d on ! w9ds1 l ! trades 9 ! tropics1 & an ob/ruct+ bank or %oal adds surf action to ! /ream+4 ,if corall9es & ,tridacna clams & crabs add organic cem5ts1 a horse%oe hill is built on ! sea bottom4 ,big eddies w d ! same k9d ( "w z little eddies4 ,?is ph5om5on ext5ds all ! way f ! galaxies ( />s ) _! beautiful spirals1 to ! spiral eddies 9 molt5 lava ru%+ d[n a pit crat]1 or to ! /ream+ ( protoplasm 9 a plant4 ,de ,c&olle1 ! great botani/1 /udi$ rippl$rift 9 ord] to try to solve ! mo/ ab/ruse problem 9 all biology1 ! unsolv$ my/]y ( cell division4 ,at "s critical po9t a budd+ cell decides to =m a p>tition & divide 9 two4 ,:y or h[8 ,de ,c&olle ?\ght t ! protoplasm granules circulat+ ar\nd ! cell walls might />t regul> lumps on ^? walls1 & s build rippl$rifts & make eddies4 ,?us a curr5t & an eddy & ma!matics might />t _m ( ! d\bles1 triples1 hexagons1 & />s ( ! _w ( %ells & liv+ tissues4 ,& ! cells c\ld pile up 9 symmetry 9 ! submicroscopic _w4 ,! erosion ( ! e>?'s surface reveals symmetries4 ,riv] maps look l trees ) bran*es & ) rivulets z twigs4 ,o!r symmetry is 9 ! horizontal plane ( ! ocean1 :]e headl& furni%es pebbles & ! s& sweeps into pure curves ( bea* & b> & cusp4 ,s a delta builds into a lake ( leaf %ape & annual lay]s are add$ z ! flood seasons come4 ,"s ( ! f+]like dra9age ( erosion cuts into pl[$ l&s dur+ a ra9y spell4 ,?is sugge/s :at might be done ) a spray1 a mud bank1 & a tank1 to see h[ ! f+] valleys =m4 ,?is erosion ( ! run(f ( wat] 0 imitat$ 9 ! ,h>v>d laboratory4 ,a beautiful riv] patt]n on a slope1 l ! trickle ( ra9drops on a w9d%ield1 0 made by tipp+ up a rectangul> glass plate cov]$ ) v liquid clay4 ,a portion clung to ! glass1 & exquisite f]nlike /reams =m$ on ! upp] half ( ! plate1 ) a bank ( di/ribut>ies ( ,v-%ape on ! l[] slope4 ,?is glass plate 0 us$ = a surface ( /amp mill slimes1 ( ?ick] b$s1 & 0 erod$ ) an atomiz] & wat] by means ( a b>b]%op air compressor4 ,! slimes are v f9e p\nd$ s&s ) angul> fragm5ts4 ,to get a /ream patt]n1 ?is is necess>y1 s z to h f9e grit to cut d[n ! rivulets betwe5 ! co>se grit remnants4 ,?is resembles ! requirem5ts = ripples4 ,! spray 0 kept go+ = h\rs4 ,mean:ile ! riv] patt]n at ! /eep sides ( ! slop+ plate ate into ! bank ( s$im5t1 robb+ ! /reams ( ! ma9 slope1 because ! side /reams 7 oblique cascades4 ,!y dug deep1 took (f ! wat]1 & left ! ma9 slope /reams )\t _! headwat] dra9age4 ,! patt]n ( ! ma9 slope became ! headwat] bran*es ( ! side /reams1 ! /reams :i* 9 plan dra9$ ov] ! edge ( ! uplift$ plate "r & left4 ,?is 0 some:at l /ream robb]y4 ,= example1 ! ,lewis ,riv] at ! s\? end ( ,yell[/one ,p>k once dra9$ ,yell[/one ,lake1 includ+ ! ,lam> ,riv]1 :i* is n[ ! headwat]s ( ,yell[/one ,riv]4 ,! ,yell[/one plateau =m]ly dra9$ s\? into ! ,snake ,riv] & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! ,yell[/one ,riv] headwat]s sudd5ly tapp$ ! sy/em1 ?anks to geys] erosion & acid corrosion1 & ! ,yell[/one ,canyon cut d[n rapidly1 rev]s+ to ! nor? ! outlet ( ,yell[/one ,lake4 ,!reaft] ! lake fl[$ into ! ,mississippi & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,at "s critical "t ab\t ! glacial p]iod ! cont95tal divide made a leap ( ?irty miles f ! pres5t head ( ! ,canyon to ! neighborhood ( ,lewis ,lake1 or f "o end ( ,yell[/one ,lake to ! o!r4 ,?is is /ream robb]y4 ,spray & run(f & ra9fall & wa% did n alone cut d[n ! ,yell[/one ,canyon4 ,! ess5tials 7 ! rott+ ( rock & ! pull ( gravitation on ! fragm5ts4 ,! ,yell[/one rott$ away on ! nor? side1 b x 0 h>d granite & m\nta9-built qu>tzites on ! s\?1 t[>d ! ,tetons4 ,hot spr+ rott+1 geys] erosion1 acid wat]s1 & sulfur decompos$ ! nor? c\ntry4 ,! und]gr\nd wat] head foll[$ ! easie/ *annels1 & ! canyon 0 ! result4 ,! canyon l9e encircles ,m\nt ,wa%burn1 ! old volcano1 & conceivably is ov] an old crack conc5tric to ! dome4 ,wat] is a transport]1 & crack+ op5s ways to ! rott+ ag5ts4 ,only 9 rivulets & floods does wat] actually corrade1 or gr9d1 ! bottoms ( /reams4 ,9 our spray & f]n patt]ns !re is analogy to ra9fall spr+s on flat /rata1 b n9e-t5?s ( ! elem5ts ( erosion are left out3 jo9t+1 wea!r+1 ice1 fault+1 gravitation1 rott+ d[n1 quak+1 solution1 slid+1 & la/1 spr+ wat]4 ,erosion by slid+ cont9ues by w9d action 9 des]t m\nta9s1 & on volcanic cones "u bomb>dm5t1 & by rocks snapp+ "u *ill & sun%9e on ! moon4 ,creep ( loose /uff is ! greate/ erod] on e>?4 ,ra9fall cl\dbur/s c]ta9ly help1 especially :]e soil is n held toge!r by a mat ( roots4 ,! process ( erosion is suppos$ly sl[1 z all geological processes are sl[1 if we neglect ! possibility ( su* subm>9e l&slips or supram>9e upheavals z occurr$ at ,yakutat 9 #ahii4 ,b ev5 ,new ,engl& has floods1 hurricanes1 l&slides1 =e/ fires1 & cl\dbur/s :i* are exclamation po9ts on an o!rwise sleepy hi/ory4 ,& 9 ! pa/ x has _h ice %eets1 & subsid5ces b5ea? ! sea4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mak+ ( valleys & /ream patt]ns = ! map is acc5t$ occasionally1 & ! occasions may come 9 climatal waves unkn[n to u4 ,! /ream patt]ns 9 ! ,bad ,l&s1 ,t5nessee1 ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,gr& ,canyon1 & ,new ,engl& make v diff]5t maps4 ,! rott+ ( ! rock1 lime/one cav]ns1 ra9fall1 faults1 & slop+ und]gr\nd /rata be>+ spr+ wat] all influ5ce ^! maps4 ,:at is erosion & :at index is writt5 on ! l& to say ! ,gr& ,canyon & tribut>ies are be+ c>v$ d[nw>d fa/] ?an ! ,my/ic ,riv] 9 ,bo/on8 ,ralph ,/one tackl$ ! ,my/ic ,riv]1 & m>k$ l$ges & set /akes opposite ! flood pla9 me&]s4 ,! idea 0 t l$ges split by w9t] freezes1 & t ! me&]s ( a /ream build on "o side & cut on ! o!r4 ,maps 7 made repeat$ly1 & ! l$ge cracks 7 measur$ 9 millimet]s4 ,"s movem5t 0 f\nd1 b a college ye> 0 n en\gh "t4 ,if we c\ld comb9e z a motion picture1 photographs f ! air tak5 once a ye> = _m ye>s1 d\btless ! film w\ld %[ t ! /ream me&] patt]n is migrat+ t[>d ! sea l a wiggl+ snake4 ,/one next made a model ?ree in*es ?ick 9 a tank ( wat]1 by s$im5t+ sixty-"o v ?9 lay]s ( m>ble du/1 coal du/1 clay1 r$ lead1 & s&4 ,he tipp$ x up z an isl& & spray$ x 9 p]iods :i* la/$ "o to n9ety-two h\rs1 up to a total ( #gai h\rs4 ,a =k+ /ream & its delta 7 =m$ 9 ! lagoon ( ! tank4 ,! /ream cut a canyon ) wat]falls1 treelike bran*es1 esplanades1 & a flood pla94 ,!re 7 ?ree pr9cipal h>d :ite multiple /rata lay]s 9 ! model1 sep>at$ by s&4 ,! :ite lay]s made wat]falls & 7 eat5 back to =m ! canyons4 ,:5 ! cross section ( ! delta 0 slic$ ) a knife1 x %[$ ?ree :ite lay]s =eset at ?irty degrees "u ! tank pool & sep>at$ by m s&y /rata4 ,! bottommo/ ( ^! 0 ! s$im5t ( ! top ?ick m>ble du/ lay] ( ! model z fir/ erod$ by ! spray1 & ! top frontal lay] ( ! leaf-%ap$ delta 0 ! product ( ! erosion ( ! canyon bottom on ! l[e/ ( ! :ite lay]s4 ,?is mu/ happ5 9 nature :]e "o =mation 9 rev]se ord] is d]iv$ by riv] erosion und]m9+ a /ratifi$ old] pile ( s$im5ts4 ,we call$ ?is ! ,gr& ,canyon model1 & x %[$ _m features simil> to ^? ( ,s\? ,dakota ,bad ,l&s & ! ,colorado ,riv] dra9age4 ,x 0 /rictly ra9fall erosion & /ratification soakage & seepage4 ,! model surface slop$ t5 degrees1 ! high divide at ! top _h a backslope ( =ty-five degrees1 & ev]y?+ 0 spray$ = two mon?s ) special hose nozzles1 mak+ dur+ "p ( ea* day a mi/like ra9fall4 ,! /eep backslope did n tr5* itself at all despite its /eepness4 ,?is slope1 on ! contr>y1 absorb$ moi/ure & c>ri$ ! ra9fall und]gr\nd d[n ! dip ( ! /rata to add spr+ wat] to ! ma9 /reams4 ,! backslope 0 a 8/eep esc>pm5t10 suppos$ 9 physical geography to migrate by tr5*+ backw>d1 b ! rills nev] ga9$ volume en\gh to cut into x4 ,all ! wat] volume acquir$ its grit = cutt+ f ! l>ge surfaces1 :i* 7 gradually tilt$ 9 ! direction ( ! riv]s4 ,:5 ! complete s]ies ( exp]im5ts on erosion & s$im5t 0 publi%$1 x %[$ t ! treelike bran*+ ( riv]s is dep5d5t on und]gr\nd wat] surfaces2 t me&]s on a flood pla9 are p>tly a bubbl+-up process ( flood-pla9 soakage2 t :5 side tribut>ies =m by und]m9+1 ! up/ream bran*es cut (f und]gr\nd wat] f ! d[n/ream bran*es2 & t :5 a c\ntry is tilt$ 9 "o direction1 !re is a t5d5cy to p>allel /reams1 sep>at$ by int]vals controll$ by und]gr\nd wat] areas rea*$ by ! und]m9+ trac]y ( headwat] spr+s4 ,?is arboresc5ce 9 a spray model is a regul> & delicate adju/m5t1 :]e a bun* ( tribut>ies is n m]e cat*m5t ( ra9fall1 b is ! product ( %eet flood 9 belts ( und]gr\nd wat] relat$ to ! tilt ( ! c\ntry4 ,arboresc5ce ( riv] dra9age on a surface ( flat /rata1 l ! coa/al pla9 ( ! s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 is a rhy?mical patt]n ( exquisite design capable ( reproduction & /udy 9 ! laboratory4 ,x is a ma!matical =k+ & headw>d developm5t dep5d5t on volume ( wat]1 und]m9+ imp]meable /rata along p]meable ones4 ,& aft] ! 8tree0 map is =m$1 ! bulb ( bran*es & twigs & und]gr\nd leaves ( spr+ wat] holds all ! d[nslope c\ntry 9 its 8%ad[10 s t no new riv]s c =m !re4 ,?is is :at makes our great maps ( riv] sy/ems4 ,x is n haphaz>d4 ,x is a va/ ocean ( und]gr\nd wat]1 ) m\nta9s ( wat] & valleys ( wat]4 ,a great lake m>ks an und]gr\nd soakage wat] level4 ,a riv]b$ m>ks an und]gr\nd seepage topography4 ,! sea ( wat] inside a cont95t is j z mu* a map ( hills & dales ( wat] z ! l& is a map ( ! hills & valleys ( geography4 ,! wat] is dynamic1 x is fl[+4 ,! l& surface is dynamic & ra9 f$2 x is creep+ soils4 ,toge!r1 gr\ndwat] & riv]s are melt+ d[n ! l&scape z a liv+ ?+4 ,man dams ! wat] & uses ! p[] ( ! erosion melt+ d[n ! l&4 ,:5 we w5t to ,hay/ack ,bas9 nor? ( ! ,yell[/one ,p>k1 we f\nd t all ( ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ x 7 audibly crumbl+4 ,ultimately1 ! cont95t is all "o ?+3 a fall+ body ( rott5 rock1 ice1 wat]1 s&1 b\ld]s1 & soils1 self c>v$ into valleys & m\nta9s1 always tumbl+4 ,& d[n bel[ are ! fault blocks1 prisms ( e>? %ell ov] ! :ite hot core4 ,& t also is et]nally 9 motion1 irrupt+1 e>?quak+1 lift+1 fall+1 scrap+1 heat+1 cool+ 9 waves ?r\gh ! ages4 ,man is v t9y1 b if he li/5s he c he> ! e>?'s he>tbeats4 ,at hot spr+s ! wat] mantle meets ! hot e>? %ell4 ,s ! geys] bas9s ( ,yell[/one1 ,cali=nia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,icel& are a hot "p ( ! great erosion sy/em ( gr\ndwat]4 ,?is br+s u to ! next gr\p ( exp]im5ts1 ! mak+ ( artificial geys]s4 ,geys]s z erod]s %[ t ! "u e>? is hot & is invad$ by ra9wat]4 ,9 exceptional volcanic places ! wat] is boil+ hot4 ,! ,firehole ,riv] ( ! ,yell[/one is c>v+ d[n bas9s ( solution fa/] ?an ! regul> geys]s are build+ up silice\s s9t]4 ,"h is boil+-spr+ erosion by solution4 ,x may be call$ ! extreme !rmal aspect ( ord9>y spr+-wat] erosion4 ,h[ does spr+ wat] erode8 ,by bubbl+ up "u ! b$s ( riv]s4 ,! bubbl+ out ( spr+s />ts riv]s1 & flood ra9fall />ts soil gullies2 l& sculpture is ! result4 ,we introduce geys] exp]im5ts "h because boil+ spr+s make drama out ( ord9>y spr+s1 j z active volcanoes make drama out ( buri$ volcanoes4 ,ord9>y spr+s & buri$ lavas intrud+ invisibly are mu* m important & ext5sive ?an geys]s & volcanoes4 ,mo/ p nev] ?9k ( a spr+ z "o ( millions bubbl+ up ! b$s ( brooks & riv]s & sea bottoms4 ,mo/ p nev] ?9k ( volcanoes erupt+--prop]ly speak+1 irrupt+ or inrupt+--"u ,kansas or ,brazil4 ,nobody d5ies ^? places are hot und]gr\nd1 b x all seems remote4 ,yet e spr+ is !rmal if !re is heat escap+ ?r\gh ! rocks ar\nd x4 ,geys] bas9s l[] ! c\ntry ar\nd !m & leave hills 9 relief4 ,! proportions ( bas9s & hills dep5d ^u ! run(f ( rott+ & dissolv+ rock4 ,! %ape ( a hill /&+ high1 :at ,davis call$ a monadnock 9 ,new ,engl&1 dep5ds on its :ole hi/ory1 n on its h>dness4 ,ascutney ,m\nta9 /&s high z a lump because surr\nd+ slates h rott$ d[n4 ,m\nt ,monadnock may /& high because ! spr+s "u ! riv] patt]n ( cracks neglect$ x 9 ! rott+ & crun*+ ( a cont95t4 ,dynamic weight et]nally fall+ makes l[ places4 ,h>dness aga9/ wea!r+ makes a m\nta9 high only z a relic or residual4 ,x is a node 9 ! gigantic process ( gravitation rott+ & ! spr+ squirt+ ( gr\ndwat]4 ,! wat] heats1 rises1 dissolves1 siphons1 spr+s up1 & transports dirt4 ,und]nea? is a def9itely heat$ e>? cru/4 ,accordance ( summit levels ( m\nta9s & hills z "o looks across c\ntry does n h to repres5t an uprais$ plane surface4 ,!re is m und]m9+ :]e ! spr+ squirt+ is mo/ volum9\s4 ,:5 spr+ squirt+ is equal1 ! oppos$ slopes ( a valley adju/ !mselves4 ,! tree l9e1 ! sn[ l9e1 ! ra9 l9e1 & ! w9d l9e are def9ite levels ( erosion4 ,"u x all ! rott+ rock is fall+ t[>d ! e>?'s c5t]1 sl[ly1 creak+ly4 ,! ev]la/+ hills are n ev]la/+1 !y are ev]fall+2 rocks1 b\ld]s1 slopes1 wat]s1 gravels1 s&s1 & muds4 ,& adju/m5t to ! atmosph]e & gr\ndwat] surface is irresi/ible4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,exp]im5tal ,geology ,laboratory1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,f\nta9 at edge ( lava lake1 ,may #ag1 #aiag ,! notion ( erosion pull+ d[n hills to a flat plane ne> sea level is fasc9at+ to geometry-m9d$ p1 b n to ! me*anically m9d$4 ,a flat plane ne> sea level 9 ! ,mississippi delta is :]e ! riv] has swung "r & left aga9/ valley walls1 ov] its own flood pla94 ,a flat pla91 secur$ by ice %eets or plan$ (f by encroa*+ wave action z l& s9ks is me*anically probable4 ,9 ^! circum/ances we look = riv] or ice or wave-bea* deposits4 ,b an 8almo/ plane0 occasion$ by ! multiple action call$ erosion d[n to base level is to me ! delightful dream ( map /ud5ts4 ,if a l&scape has be5 plan$ (f1 a ma*9e r\t] or plan] did x4 ,! great riv]s ( ,*9a h _h a long "t to bang back & =? aga9/ _! conf9+ boxes ( rock & on top ( _! own mud4 ,to return to geys]-spr+ exp]im5ts1 ,i built a simple qu>t flask surm\nt$ by a f\r-foot glass tube4 ,at ! top ! tube rose ?r\gh a cork 9 ! bottom ( a two-foot pan4 ,9 ! side ( ! cork ( ! flask 0 a second tube ) a hose lead+ up to a res]voir bottle ( wat]4 ,! res]voir bottle c\ld be rais$ or l[]$4 ,if ! wat] 9 x 0 level ) ! pan1 !re 0 hydro/atic equilibrium3 ! pan a pool1 ! bottle a s\rce1 ! flask & tube full4 ,:5 we appli$ heat to ! bottom ( ! flask1 ! wat] boil$1 ! pan ov]fl[$1 & "s cold wat] f ! bottle *ill$ ! flask4 ,! pan _h become a boil+ spr+4 ,next we l[]$ ! res]voir bottle4 ,! r$uc$ head ( wat] p]mitt$ no ov]fl[ at ! pan1 & /eam bubbles accumulat$ 9 ! f\r-foot upright tube4 ,! boil+ po9t 0 controll$ by f\r feet ( wat] pressure4 ,if ! bubble lift r$uc$ ?is to ?ree feet1 !re 0 a l[] boil+ po9t1 ! pressure 0 r$uc$ by ov]fl[ above1 & ! :ole flaskful boil$4 ,! geys] tube became a regul> geys] at int]vals ( a m9ute & a half1 ) eruptions endur+ tw5ty seconds4 ,?is 0 a m9iature ( ,old ,fai?ful 9 ! ,yell[/one4 ,old ,fai?ful is bigg]1 its int]vals av]age sixty-five m9utes1 & !y range f ?irty-"o to eighty-"o m9utes4 ,x jets up #aej feet = a p]iod ( f\r m9utes4 ,x ?r[s out #c1jjj b>rels ( wat] at ea* eruption4 ,our little ma*9e ?rew up ab\t a p9t to a height ( f\r feet4 ,we he> mu* ab\t soap+ geys]s z an artificial /imulus4 ,! app>atus 9 our laboratory %[$ ! effect ( soap "r away4 ,:5 "s soap 0 put 9 ! pan1 ! int]vals ( a m9ute & a half %ort5$ to "o m9ute4 ,soapsuds accumulat$ 9 ! tube & depress$ ! wat] to ! neck ( ! flask4 ,! multiple bubbles1 film aga9/ film1 made ! wat] sy/em visc\s4 ,! myriads ( t9y /eam bubbles =m$ s fa/ t !y %ort5$ ! lift+ "t = ! column4 ,if ! height ( ! res]voir bottle 0 s adju/$ t ! geys] didn't q "k :e!r x 0 a geys] or a boil+ spr+1 ! soap made ! decision1 & ! ?+ w5t (f ) a bang4 ,?is simple gr\p ( exp]im5ts makes spr+s v real4 ,! ,yell[/one explosive spr+s diff] f o!r spr+s 9 hav+ sup]heat$ /eam f live lavas to heat !m4 ,! rock is crack$ & ! wat] is do+ a job ( solution & deposition4 ,x deposits /\t t\gh silica ar\nd "s op5+s & builds !m up aga9/ ! head ( gr\ndwat]1 & !y become geys]s4 ,x deposits lime dissolv$ (f und]ly+ lime/one at ,mammo?1 & ?is makes sculptur$ t]races b n explosive spr+s because ! temp]atures are n s hot4 ,9 bo? lime & silica regions1 blue-gre5 algae1 :i* love hot wat]1 decoratively sculpture ! pools4 ,l a magician ,i exhibit$ ! artificial geys]s be=e ,new ,york & ,bo/on sci5ce academies1 & gave ! summ>ies ( ! results ( our geys] exp]im5ts1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,boil+ spr+s are l o!r spr+s1 controll$ by ! head or pressure ( und]gr\nd wat] 9 ! hills4 7#b7 ,up/ream+ ( heat$ wat] & build+ up ( silica 7convection is ! sci5tific j>gon7 may pu% ! v5t ( a boil+ spr+ ev5 high] ?an its s\rce 7rev]s$ head74 7#c7 ,9 ?is delicate condition1 ev5 ra9fall or s9t] build+ up or outbur/ at a l[] level or clogg+ ( a pipe may *ange spr+ to geys] or geys] to spr+4 ,!re are _m m boil+ spr+s ?an !re are geys]s1 & _m m hot spr+s ?an !re are boil+ spr+s1 & ! ^w cold means no?+ at all4 ,!re may be boil+ spr+s "u ,new ,york ,city if y g deep en\gh4 ,t is :y ! riot ( geys] app>atus is wor? ?9k+ ab\t4 7#d7 ,irregul> geys]s ov]fl[ cont9ually1 regul> geys]s dis*>ge _! wat]s only dur+ eruptions4 ,bo? are me?ods ( fe$+ riv]s1 j l any o!r spr+s4 ,b !re is a lot ( volcanic heat und]gr\nd4 ,?is br+s up ! "q ( h[ mu* a volcanic eruption is l a geys]4 ,geologi/s apply a glib ^w1 phreatic1 to ,japan's ,b&ai ,volcano1 :i* blew /eam & rocks out ( ! side ( a m\nta9 & damm$ a riv]4 ,hawaiian volcanoes squirt liquid basalt up a crack ) flames & r$ fume & sulfur gas1 & almo/ no /eam at all4 ,! answ] seems to be t ! ,palisades ( ! ,hudson may once h be5 ,hawaiian lava eruptions &1 fur!r1 t lava is /ill erupt+ !re if y g d[n deep en\gh4 ,new ,york doesn't "k ab\t x1 b x s5s$ x 9 #ahhf1 :5 x felt ! ,*>le/on e>?quake4 ,all t ,catskill wat] supply ( ! great city is 9 cracks above ! level ( ! deep lava1 & ext5ds out "u ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,if ! ,hudson fault fissure wiggl$ a little m ?an usual1 & if ! deep lava l[]$ & pull$ d[n "s ( ! ,atlantic wat]1 an eruption l ,b&ai is n impossible 9 ! ,wat*ung ,ridge ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is is n likely2 b ! globe has be5 ?r\gh revolutions & cataclysms1 & ! ,wat*ung explosions might />t a new geys] bas94 ,some?+ l t happ5$ 9 nor?we/ ,wyom+ 9 ! ,plioc5e age1 dur+ #aa million ye>s1 next prec$+ ! ice ages t began #b million ye>s ago4 ,& ! ,yell[/one 0 ! result4 ,we %all see m volcano geys]s4 ,next1 ! mak+ ( deltas became a hobby 9 our laboratory1 9 connection ) ! old leaf deltas scatt]$ on ! ,new ,engl& l&scape1 p>tly cov]$ ) trees )9 ! gr\nds ( ! c\ntry villas ab\t ,bo/on4 ,delta deposits ext5d up/ream1 )9 ! m\ld ( ! cav]n )9 ice ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,?us ! map %[s a snake-l ridge ( gravel1 end+ 9 a maple-leaf flat1 ) lobate frontal slopes4 ,^! slopes 7 mu* /eep] :]e ! dump ( ! /ream on ! delta fell ov] ! bea* l9e at ! lagoon or lake level 9 :i* ! delta 0 built4 ,?is 0 l ! delta %[n 9 ,/one's erosion model4 ,/one prospect$ ! idea ( torr5tial deltas 9 a tank1 :ile ,e4 ,w4 ,dorsey & ,i />t$ a tank imitation ( ! glacial s& delta4 ,9 ! glaci]1 ! ice tunnel _h be5 suppli$ ) wat] by melt+ ?r\gh ! ice crevasses1 j l tunnels se5 9 ,switz]l&1 floor$ ) s& gr\nd up by ! ice4 ,!re 0 ?us a torr5t p\r+ along inside an ar*$ tunnel1 ! m\? ( :i* em]g$ on a delta 9 a pool1 ) wat] surface ei!r at ! tunnel level or above x aga9/ ! r\nd$ front ( ! ice mass4 ,9 imitation ( a r\nd$ bank ( ice ) a pool ( wat] 9 front & ) a subglacial me&]+ cave f$ ) s&s & a torr5t1 an app>atus 0 built & suppli$ by a hose4 ,a %eet ( lead 0 b5t 9 ! =m ( ! glaci] surface1 ) an ar*$ op5+1 & set 9 our tank4 ,?is fitt$ ov] a tunnel ( %eet iron1 sold]$ s z to me&] 9 plan1 & fitt$ at its upp] end ) pipe & hose connection4 ,a %eet-iron funnel rose f ! upp] end ( ?is artificial cav]n1 :]e) to supply diff]5t color$ s&s to ! model subglacial riv]1 repres5t$ by ! hose jet & iron tunnel4 ,! iron tunnel end$ flu% ) ! lead5 ar*4 ,! object ( ! exp]im5ts 01 fir/1 to set ! lead5 glaci] 9 a pool ( wat] 9 ! laboratory tank4 ,next1 to jet wat] ?r\gh ! tunnel1 supply s$im5t 9 successive colors ?r\gh ! funnel1 & let t accumulate on ! bottom ( ! tunnel & 9 a delta 9 front ( ! artificial lead5 glaci]4 ,! deltas & _! slic$ cross sections 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts repres5t$ ! not$ diff]5ce ( k9ds ( s& supply or diff]5ce 9 wat] level ( ! pool4 ,9 "o case ! wat] level 0 bel[ ! ceil+ ( ! tunnel :]e x em]g$ f ! ar* entrance4 ,9 ano!r1 x 0 above ! cav]n m\?1 s t wat] ( ! cav]n /ream1 deb\*+ f ! subm]g$ cav]n m\? 9 ! lagoon1 spurt$ up ) its mud & made a half crat] aga9/ ! glaci] front4 ,^! exp]im5ts illum9ate ! gravel-qu>ry sections ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ^? cuts 9 esk]s 7s]p5t ridges7 & s& pla9s 7glacial delta fans7 7 se5 topset b$s1 or flood wa%1 or =eset b$s at =ty-five degrees :i* are ! sublagoon frontal wa%1 & occasionally backset b$s :]e cav]n wa% gu%$ upw>d4 ,s our cross sections1 cut ) a knife 9 ! delta1 & ! w9d+ cake ext5d+ up/ream 9 ! cav]n %[$ topset1 =eset1 & backset /rata aft] dra9+ ! tank & lift+ out ! app>atus4 ,f ! embryo delta ! flood-pla9 b$s ov]lap ! e>li] frontal1 or =eset1 b$s4 ,! frontal b$s are always "u ! lagoon4 ,! flood-pla9 b$s 7topset7 7 made by a me&]+ riv] c\rse "u ! air4 ,always ?is pla9 is built at bea* level z a wa% fan %ap$ l a leaf1 ) ! cav]n /ream bottom z ! /em ( ! leaf4 ,new ,engl& has be5 cov]$ ) m\nta9\s ice1 miles high4 ,subglacial /reams & subglacial cle> ice cav]ns are abundantly f\nd at ! l[] ends ( all glaci]s 9 ! _w4 ,!y m]ely repres5t ! melt+ sn[ & ice 9 pulses ( sun%9e1 sn[ at ! s\rce1 ice 9 ! c\rse1 crevasses & gravitation mak+ wat] seep ?r\gh4 ,?is wat] %apes a *annel = itself & erodes a sew] sy/em ( sc\r+ along ! bottom ( ! subglacial valley4 ,?is gr9ds & melts ! bottom ice into ar*$ cav]ns2 & ! s$im5t builds up on ! /ream bottoms1 ev5tually c>v+ ! ro(s ( ! cav]ns into high ar*es or arcades4 ,! subglacial cav]ns are self con/ruct$ dra9age pipes4 ,! glacial /ream is really a riv] flood cutt+ its valley4 ,! ice riv] gr9ds & scrapes1 & ! wat] "u ! ice pipes & dra9s ! melt+4 ,! ice c>ries *isels ( brok5 rock4 ,! enorm\s weight1 9 glid+ plane lay]s ( ice1 fl[s 9 accordance ) ! cry/al laws ( sn[flakes & ice cry/als4 ,! mora9es1 or debris fields1 at ! sides & on top & und]nea? ! erod+ ice jumble yield mud & s& & b\ld]s4 ,! torr5t und]nea? removes ! rubbi%4 ,! delta 9 front foll[s laws ( s$im5tation4 ,if !re is no lake 9 front1 ! delta is a flat wa% fan1 or valley flood pla94 ,all ^! ?+s become cle> to ! /ud5t :o makes a baby glaci] out ( t9w>e1 s&1 a tank1 a hose1 & a faucet4 ,i h spok5 ( cataclysms1 or :at e>ly geologi/s call$ cata/rophe1 happ5+ occasionally 9 ! _w ( erosion & subt]ranean geys]s4 ,su* 7 ! ,yakutat cra% & ! ,b&aisan explosion4 ,b ea* glaci]-p]iod field1 l an ice m\nta9 ov] ,europe & ,am]ica1 con/itut$ a cataclysm la/+ #ejj1jjj ye>s1 & ?is happ5$ f\r times ev5 9 ! c5turies ( e>ly man4 ,! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,great ,lakes are (fspr+ ( su* cataclysms4 ,b ,lyell c>ri$ ! doctr9e ( uni=mity to extremes2 he ?\ght t :at man sees is :at always happ5s4 ,i d n believe ,lyell ev] realiz$ t e>? or sun might conceivably explode 9 a mon? ( our "t4 ,aga91 ?is is n likely4 ,! opposite ( uni=mit>ianism is occasional cata/rophic trigg]4 ,! process ( erosion pulls ! trigg] = sudd5 de=mation4 ,sl[ de=mation pulls a trigg] = eruption4 ,eruption trigg]s int]nal intrusions4 ,! ,frank ,l&slip2 ! ,*>le/on1 ,san ,francisco1 & ,napi] e>?quakes2 ! ,pele eruption2 & ! ,yakutat upheaval all creat$ t]rific surprises = geologi/s4 ,! gigantic intrusions ?r\gh millions ( ye>s f ! core ( ! e>?1 made ( :ite hot /> matt]1 p]colat+ to surface volcano belts up #a1hjj miles ( p]man5t1 primitive cracks1 are mo/ly balanc$ by ! cru/al weight4 ,?is is ! adju/+ globe4 ,b ! intrusive me*anism1 "u tides 9 ! rock & 9 ! oceans1 always 9 motion1 pulls ! trigg] = ! big geologic revolutions4 ,! v deep brok5 e>? blocks %ift1 volcanism betwe5 !m heats ! surface1 floods ! surface ) gas foam1 & lifts areas ( surface by heat swell+s2 & on ! surface1 :at 0 a glacial p]iod gives place to a volcanic p]iod4 ,! la/ ( ^! 0 ! ,mioc5e ,t]ti>y1 ) l>ge-scale volcanic eruptions all ov] ! _w4 ,comp>+ ,bo/on ) ! ,black ,hills %[$ und]gr\nd eruptions 9 ! latt]1 = :i* a w>p+ uplift pull$ ! trigg]4 ,^! 7 ! rock ci/]ns or l5ses ( porphyry inject$ among ! /rata4 ,! "t ( ?is 0 ,mioc5e or ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 probably lat] ?an mo/ ( ! volcanoes ( ! ,yell[/one1 f>!r we/4 ,bo/on1 on ! o!r h&1 0 mak+ black basaltic dikes1 probably id5tical ) ! volcanoes ( ! ,b]k%ire ,hills & ,new ,hav51 ( ! age ( ! big reptiles1 #aej million ye>s be=e ! ,black ,hills injections4 ,! trigg] :i* pull$ (f ! ,bo/on eruptions 0 ! ,appala*ian w>p+4 ,t :i* fir$ (f ! ,black ,hills 0 ! ,l>amie revolution t pu%$ up ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! injection ( lava l5ses 9 ! ,black ,hills 0 a =m ( de=mation ( /rata :i* we exp]im5t$ ) 9 ! laboratory4 ,! lay]s ( s&/one1 lime/one1 & old ocean muds cov]+ ov] ! ar* ( ^! hills 7 inject$ by dikes or fissure fill+s f bel[4 ,h[ w\ld injections behave8 ,) ,erne/ ,h[e z my associate1 ,i arrang$ a squ>e tank = s$im5t+ s&1 pla/] p[d]1 coal du/1 or m>ble du/ 9 lay]s "u wat]4 ,"u x 0 an iron cyl9d] 9 :i* wax c\ld be melt$4 ,a screw pi/on pu%$ ! molt5 wax up to incl9$ or upright slots 9 ! middle ( ! tank box4 ,! wat] 0 dra9$ (f1 & ! hot wax 0 inject$ up into ! /rata4 ,! tank sides 7 tak5 d[n1 & h>d5$ l5ses ( wax 7 slic$ v]tically ) a hot knife to %[ :at _h happ5$ to ! /rata by ! process ( wax intrusion4 ,9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts #cjj p\nds ( %ot 7 pil$ ov] a clo? lay] on top ( ! /rata to imitate ! weight ( natural s$im5ts4 ,?is 0 be=e injection ( ! hot wax1 & ! result 0 a neat dome ( de=m$ lay]s at ! surface1 a domical hill ov] a l5s ( wax inside4 ,?is hill 0 erod$ ) a spray ( wat] to %[ :at k9d ( radial valleys w\ld =m4 ,su* radial /reams 7 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,dakota1 ) infac+ esc>pm5ts1 ar\nd "s ( ! dome hills made by laccoli?s4 ,f ! beg9n+ x appe>$ t a l5s ( injection w\ld =m1 t ! /rata w\ld ar* ov] a dome ( wax4 ,! ar*$ /rata /ret*$ on ! cre/ & ! breaks gap$ upw>d1 :ile ! side b5ds crack$ gap+ d[nw>d4 ,x 0 !re t ! wax c\ld break its way upw>d & make a volcano4 ,"s nice little exp]im5tal volcanoes ( wax-built cones & crat]s =m$ on top ( ! model4 ,z ) all fold$ /rata ar*$ d[nw>d "u weight1 ! cracks on ! b5d ( a d[nw>d ar*1 or syncl9e1 admit lava f bel[1 :]eas ! cracks on ! upw>d ar*1 or anticl9e1 are held tight1 clos$ by ! weight ( /rata above4 ,?us an intrusive dome w n erupt ?r\gh its cre/1 b ?r\gh its sides4 ,! results ( all ^! te/s %[$ t rigid b$s c>ri$ ! ar*+ =ce & t s(t b$s 7 mo/ invad$ & pu%$ aside by ! wax4 ,! /eepness ( curvature ( ar* v>i$ ) ! load4 ,an incl9$ pipe =m$ an irregul> l5s ?icke/ away f ! incl9e4 ,9 a h>d b$ ruptur$ on a d[nb5d1 conc5tric fractures ar\nd a dome let ! lava up to high] /rata4 ,on ! cre/ ( a h>d b$ ! fractures are l ! spokes ( a :eel1 b !y d n make dikes2 !y yawn op5 upw>d4 ,liquid wax t5d$ to spread z a ?9 %eet 9 s(t lay]s ( /rata1 /iff] wax t5d$ to ar* up 9 a /eep] dome4 ,rapid injection made a high] & small] dome ?an sl[ injection4 ,comp>$ ) ! ar*+ up ! :ole long m\nta9 oval ( ! entire ,black ,hills dome1 ) granite on ! cre/1 ?is intrusion ( wax only imitates ! small domes ( lava intrusion or injection1 :]e ! injection c>ries ! en]gy or /ress4 ,inde$1 9 nature1 ev5 ! lava l5ses are influ5c$ by ! buckl+ t is go+ on 9 ! /rata "u /resses ( cru/ w>p+4 ,= ! w>p+ cru/ ( ! e>? is always pull+ ! trigg] & /ra9+ ! /rata4 ,! lava ris+ f bel[ seeks out ! weak places & assi/s ! buckl+1 z well z foll[+ ! mo/ incoh]5t mud or %ale b$s4 ,:5 x comes to ! big oval ( ! :ole ,black ,hills uplift--swoll5 up l ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s dur+ millions ( ye>s & )9 :i* ! lava injections 7 only an item--we are deal+ ) a pu% f bel[ or an expansion t swell$ up ! pre-,cambrian anci5t rocks z well z ! lat] granites4 ,su* swell+s 7 d\btless made aga9 & aga9 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,!re1 also1 we f9d lavas & granites & ,r$ ,b$s & glacial b\ld]s1 old] ?an ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 z well z y\ng]4 ,! y\ng] ,triassic lavas are def9itely erupt$ betwe5 fault blocks4 ,all t our exp]im5ts %[$ 0 :at melt$ /uff w d 9 /rata "u weight1 :5 ! =ce ( melt$ /uff ov]comes t pressure to f9d a place = itself1 al?\gh ! weight may be m or less lift$ by big ar*+ t is tak+ place on a big scale4 ,! ar*+ is bigg] ?an ! hydraulic or gas pressure squirt+4 ,!re is ano!r possibility besides buckl+4 ,?is is fault+1 or movem5t ( deep cru/ blocks ! b\nd>ies ( :i* d n appe>4 ,! deep cru/ is a movable mosaic above ! core1 & ?is movem5t r5ews itself1 n[ "h1 n[ !re4 ,dutton %[s t we may ?9k ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ?is way all ! way out to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,we may h ! core fluids suck+ d[n ! blocks1 ! volcanic fluids pu%+ up ! local /rata4 ,& ! volcanic fluids 9 cracks are ! deg5]ate gassy top remnants ( ! core fluids :i* man has nev] se5 & :i* are #a1hjj miles d[n4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! cru/ blocks d n appe> because ! :ole fir/ %ell ( ! globe is buri$ "u lavas & intrusions & cry/als & mud1 mean+ by mud1 c\ntless dump+s ( lakes & riv]s & seas ?r\gh #c1jjj million ye>s4 ,su* is ! k9d ( ?9k+ />t$ by mak+ wax injections4 ,x w be se5 f ! exp]im5ts t :e!r we are imitat+ und]gr\nd heat ) a ,buns5 burn] to />t a geys]1 or ov]gr\nd cold ) delta app>atus to simulate a glaci]1 we are deal+ ) erosion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,erosion />t$ ) ! fir/ attack on lava by ! atmosph]e or by sea wat]4 ,nev] 0 ! pri/9e lava any?+ l ! magma inside ! globe2 x snapp$ & *ill$ & oxidiz$4 ,:e!r we call x basalt or obsidian1 x deg5]at$4 ,moreov]1 x deg5]at$ 9 ! out] cru/ :5 x loos$ its gases1 heat$ itself & ! rock wall1 f\nd gr\ndwat] & free air1 & />t$ oxidation new to x4 ,!rmal action is j z mu* conc]n$ ) erosion z is ra9fall or sn[4 ,!re=e1 :e!r inject+ wax & swell+ /rata or imitat+ geys]s & ripplem>ks1 we 7 exp]im5t+ ) volcanoes1 = ! cru/ ( ! e>? is fundam5tally volcanic4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is book ^! facts dem& reit]ation4 ,9 :at are call$ geosyncl9es1 or e>? sags1 ! great b$s ( /rata are accumulat$4 ,!y are ! dirt wa%$ f highl&s into midl& seas4 ,!y are /rata ( s&/one1 mud/one1 or lime/one2 ?9 films 9 comp>ison ) ! fire-made e>? cru/4 ,x 0 ! wr9kl+ ( bas9 fills by expansion or end pu% t built ,himalaya & ,appala*ia4 ,! m\nta9s are et*$ out ( fold+s & ov]?ru/s & faults by rott+ & wat] transport4 ,press+ ! /rata endways to wr9kle !m is call$ m\nta9 build+1 mu* bett] nam$ /rata wr9kl+4 ,! ?icke/ ( !m rea*$ twelve miles v]tically1 b :at is t to ! e>?'s cru/ ( #a1hjj miles8 ,! cru/ lifts & l[]s fault blocks4 ,! little /rata bas9s exp& ) heat on _! bottoms & get pull$ & pu%$ by und]gr\nd lava intrusions4 ,also !y get squeez$ by global contraction betwe5 cru/ blocks1 & %ov$ up & d[n by ! agelong wobbles4 ,! bigge/ wobble 0 ! d[ndrop ( ! great oceans ov] fault blocks :5 ! cru/ fir/ crack$ & settl$ ov] ! core4 ,^? oceans h %ift$ & adju/$ 9 waves ( global action ev] s9ce4 ,! cru/ has kept ! e>? a sph]e :ile lavas erupt$ & weight$ d[n ! blocks4 ,?is block wobble ext5ds into ! inn]mo/ cont95ts4 ,eruptions up ! cracks migrat$ f ! cont95tal seas to ! %ores ( ! pres5t oceans4 ,!y *ang$ composition z !y did s1 because !y *ang$ f "u-air eruptions to "u-sea eruptions1 fifte5 p\nds pressure to #fjj atmosph]es pressure4 ,f erosion eruptions ) enorm\s heat1 to deep sea eruptions ) enorm\s *ill+ & pressure4 ,& ! latt] are ! volcanoes ( ! pres5t day1 mo/ly conceal$ except = ! isl&s & sea bord]s4 ,meantime1 ! cru/ blocks cont9ue to wobble up & d[n1 & quakes cont9ue to creak "u ! rock tides ( sun & moon pulls4 ,! creaks & wobbles are our big e>?quakes1 tidal waves1 & eruptions4 ,su* big accumulations ( eruptions z ! ,cordill]a or ! ,hawaiian ,ridge is a t]rific weight 9 a few million ye>s4 ,bo? heaps h be5 at x s9ce ,mioc5e "t1 or = ab\t #ah million ye>s1 bang+ d[n ?r\gh ! cru/ blocks on top ( ! core4 ,:e!r su* balanc+ ( heavy weights on top ( ! cru/ blocks is due to *ange ( lava weights or s$im5t bas9s1 six to twelve miles ( rock v]tically1 ! d[n squeeze & und]fl[ is call$ by ! ,greek ^w iso/asy4 ,x means /&+ level & is a poor ^w because ! e>?'s cru/ nev] /&s /ill4 ,! blocks are et]nally adju/+ & creak+ ov] a fluid core1 ! globe is :irl+1 ! sun & moon are pull+1 ! volcanoes are erupt+1 & ! sol> sy/em is %oot+ ?r\gh space4 ,t]ra firma is nev] /atic4 ,& our little atmosph]ic lives on top ( x nev] /& /ill4 ,we are hot1 & we ourselves d a great deal ( erod+4 ,?is oration is introduction to ! next s]ies ( ,h>v>d exp]im5ts1 :i* dealt ) squeez+ & wr9kl+ /rata 9 imitation ( ! folds & faults ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,bailey ,willis1 at ! ,geological ,survey1 made a press ( wax models ( /rata4 ,a heavy oak pi/on 0 advanc$ by a screw crank4 ,! models 7 waxes mix$ ) pla/] = h>d /rata & waxes mix$ ) ,v5ice turp5t9e = s(t /rata4 ,!y 7 ca/ to imitate actual successions ( h>d1 ?ick lime/ones2 less h>d s&/ones2 s(t mud/ones2 or slates4 ,! pi/on advanc$ at a measur$ rate aga9/ "o end ( ! model1 ! o!r end be+ a fix$ box1 ! /rata ly+ horizontally4 ,! elongate ,appala*ian bas9 _h a cont95t 7! pi/on7 to ! ea/2 a wide flat fill ( lime/ones or sea bottom to ! we/ 7! box72 & ! deepe/ tr\gh ( pebbles1 s&s1 & muds on ! ea/1 t[>d ! riv]s ( ! erod+ cont95t ( t anci5t "t4 ,! heavy lime/one tap]$ f ! we/ into ^! ?9n] b$s & made a /iff rib 9 _! mid/4 ,! f9al result ( _! wr9kl+ 0 l9e> folds ) axes nor? & s\? p>allel to ! tr\gh1 & close set at ! ea/4 ,! folds ov]turn$ t[>d ! we/1 ! ov]turns develop+ into ov]?ru/ fractures we/w>d :5 ! b$s ruptur$4 ,also1 ! folds became bigg]1 flatt]1 & wid] ap>t we/w>d "u ! deep] sea1 ! fam\s "o be+ ! ,c9c9nati ar*4 ,! evid5ce 9 ! middle ea/]n /ates is t ! tr\gh bottom sank z ! heavy %ore s$im5ts 7 dump$ by riv]s into ! sea4 ,! we/-c5tral /ates receiv$ a wide flat ( lime/one4 ,uplift ( ! cont95t %all[$ ! ocean & pu%$ x1 n>r[]1 ov] to ! great pla9s4 ,s !re 7 left a deep tr\gh ( weak b$s1 a massive lime/one1 & an ov]lap ( cont95tal wa% across ! uplift$ lat] cont95t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! problems to be /udi$ 9 ,willis' models 7 h[ fold+ w\ld affect su* a pile1 :at transmitt$ ! wr9kl+ =ce1 :at />t$ a s+le fold1 & h[ s(t & h>d /rata behav$ "u horizontal pressure4 ,he f\nd t h>d1 ?ick lay]s ( lime/one transmitt$ ! pu% f>!/4 ,t s(t b$s pil$ up on ea* o!r ne> ! pi/on4 ,t ^! b$s %[$ beautiful ov]?ru/ faults incl9$ away f ! pi/on4 ,& t ! />t ( individual folds 0 favor$ by v small initial b5ds 9 a transmitt+ lay]4 ,^! d[nb5ds away f ! cont95t w\ld be made z ! tr\gh bottom sank ?r\gh ! ages4 ,! nature ( ?is s9k+ 9 upright slices ( ! bottom rock is probably d[nfault+4 ,ea* v]tical slice w\ld make a /ep-b5d z x sank4 ,! bottom ( ,willis' box did n admit ( d[n motion by und]fl[1 nor did ! pi/on pressure create an oppos$ horizontal =ce t might h come f ! ocean area4 ,9 re/ra9+ up motion ov] ! folds t =m$1 ,willis pil$ bags ( %ot on top ( ! model to repres5t d[nweight+4 ,! fold+ 9 ! ,appala*ians 0 d[n at ! bottom ( ! heap :]e ?+s 7 hot & compress$1 & heat c\ld ext5d individual /rata4 ,9 our pressure *e/ we ext5d$ ! ,willis conception4 ,we made two pi/ons at opposite ends ( an oak5 box1 ) ?ick plate glass panes at "o side1 s z to wat* ! fold+4 ,! two pi/ons w\ld di/ribute ! end pressure bett] & admit ! possibility t all ! pressure did n come f ! cont95t4 ,! bottom "u ! model 0 an inn] box t c\ld move d[n1 hung on heavy spr+ balances4 ,^! c\ld be screw$ up to a pressure upw>d to comp5sate ! load ( %ot4 ,?us ! fir/ fold c\ld ar* d[nw>d z well z upw>d4 ,?is imitat$ a possible l[]$ tr\gh bottom4 ,! pi/on rate ( advance 0 controll$ by metronome1 "o man at ea* screw4 ,= examples1 models ,e1 ,f1 & ,g _h f\r :ite & f\r black lay]s1 all alike 9 sub/ance1 at fa/1 m$ium1 & sl[ rates4 ,! quicke/ 0 %ort5$ "o in* 9 five m9utes4 ,! sl[e/ 0 "o in* 9 an h\r & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,! quick-squeeze model flex$ smoo?ly1 all folds seem$ to fl[1 & ! model held toge!r compactly4 ,! sl[-squeeze model %ort5$ ! same am\nt1 crack$ 9 _m places1 0 brittle1 & did n hold toge!r compactly4 ,?is appe>$ to prove t sl[ motion w fracture :]e quick] motion w hold /rata intact1 "u o!rwise id5tical conditions ( sub/ance1 ( fold+ & %ort5+1 & ( v]tical conf9em5t4 ,we v]ifi$ ,willis' conclusions t /iff & ?ick b$s transmit ! pressure f>!/ & t ov]?ru/ t5ds to =m 9 s(t b$s1 :i* ?ick5 ne> a pi/on4 ,9 "o model we got ov]?ru/s 9 opposite directions on opposite sides ( ! model along a s+le-fold axis1 ) a twi/ 9 betwe54 ,:ile an exp]im5t 0 9 progress1 ! *e/ creak$ occasionally1 ! equival5t ( an e>?quake4 ,"o model 0 ca/ to repres5t ov]lap ( /rata ne> %ore1 l a coa/al pla94 ,:5 squeez$1 x made a gr\p ( ov]?ru/s away f ! pi/on act+ z %ore rock4 ,9 burial ( /rata !re is a possibility :]eby !y wr9kle1 & wr9kle mo/ 9 "o direction1 :i* pi/on pressure does n imitate4 ,t is ! heat+ by burial & expansion or l5g!n+ ( controll+ lay]s4 ,9 a long bas9 l ! ,appala*ians1 ! wr9kl+ "u expansion across ! greate/ l5g? is easie/1 because ! axis ( /iffness is p>allel to ! long tr\gh4 ,transitions (f ! coa/al l9e f "o s$im5t to ! next--s& to mud1 mud to lime--w be weaknesses to />t b5ds :5 expansion pressure takes place "u burial along ! lay]s sep>ately heat$4 ,^! b5ds develop into wr9kles & ! wr9kles1 into propagat$ folds1 ) ! axis p>allel to ! initial *ange ( weaknesses4 ,expansion l5g?wise on folds1 once begun1 may make long flat ar*es pit*+ 9 "o direction4 ,?is heat+ by burial di/ributes ! fold+ bett] & f>!r ?an pu%+ abutm5ts1 & makes initial b5ds4 ,all bottom /rata heat & exp& 9 all directions4 ,! direction ( easie/ yield+ to a fold+ impulse is across ! weak transition belts4 ,aft] t ! motion is tak5 up by l9e> folds & fractures 9 "o direction4 ,! models1 aft] cont9u\s or int]mitt5t squeez+1 7 remov$ f ! *e/ & slic$ ) a hot wire = section+ & photograph+4 ,9 "o1 brittle1 brok5 s]ies ( folds 9 a h>d lay]1 ! model 0 tak5 ap>t on t lay] & ! surface photograph$4 ,! cre/ ( ! folds %[$ jo9t+ or regul> cracks4 ,"o set p>allel$ ! fold axes z w\ld be expect$2 ! o!r set cross$ ! slopes diagonally & 9 curves4 ,^! la/ indicat$ ! /ra9s ( a twi/+ nature on a s+le lay] betwe5 a d[nfold & an upfold4 ,:at makes ! end ?ru/1 or pi/on pu%1 9 nature8 ,accord+ to ! old idea1 x 0 contraction ( ! inn] e>? by loss ( heat4 ,willis wrote t ! bas9 sank1 iso/asy or deep fl[ 0 at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! bas91 & g5]al contraction took effect by reason ( ! deep fl[4 ,! deep fl[ 0 t[>d ! light] cont95t1 f :i* ! s&s 7 orig9ally lo/4 ,! rec5t notion t radioactivity heat is 9 ! out] %ell d5ies contraction ( ! inn] e>?4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i d n believe 9 a %all[ und]lay] ( lava fifty or less miles d[n & capable ( fl[+ horizontally "u %ift+ weight4 ,i d believe 9 a deep und]lay] ( fluid #a1hjj miles d[n1 "u a block-fault$ cru/4 ,?is fluid core adju/$ itself to ! ocean-bottom blocks orig9ally1 mak+ ! upright slices mov+-d[n controll]s ( ! ,appala*ian bas94 ,!re is no pro( t s$im5t weight did x4 ,x is m likely t igne\s1 or fire-made1 lava1 z ! ?ick out] armor plate ( ! globe erupt$ 9 acts ( intrusion1 lubricat$ ! v]tical slices4 ,intrusions are "u e s$im5t>y m\nta9 range on e>?4 ,x is m likely t an agelong up ( ridge fault blocks & a d[n ( ! bas9 fault blocks decid$ :]e ! c5tral cont95tal bas9 %\ld be1 all ( x well )9 ! p]man5t side ridges ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= ?is 0 a cont95tal m$it]ranean sea1 & ! w>p+ ( its highl& ( ,philadelphia & its bas9 ( ,c9c9nati 0 a m]e episode 9 ! #b1jjj million ye> hi/ory ( ,atlantic & ,pacific bord]s ( ! cont95t4 ,! s9k+ ( ! intracont95tal sea1 relative to ! /ay+ up ( ! highl&s1 0 a wave 9 ! hi/ory ( globe & core4 ,erosion & deposition 7 results1 n causes4 ,!y 7 results ( ! volcanic hi/ory ( ! ev] mov+ active mosaic ( ! globe4 ,! p]man5t ,nor? ,am]ica rema9$ high1 relative to ,atlantic & ,pacific deeps4 ,! fold+ ( ! s$im5ts m]ges into intrusions ( magma 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians4 ,"h arose ! granite problem on a trem5d\s scale1 :i* is repeat$ 9 our ,ascutney ,m\nta9 9 ,v]mont4 ,:at x 0 do+ "u ! bottom ( ^? va/ fields ( lime/one f ,ohio to ,ill9ois we h no idea4 ,no m d we "k :at is do+ "u ! va/ fields ( lime & r$ ooze at ! pres5t bottoms ( ! deep oceans4 ,b we d "k t fire-made rock squirts up "u all sea-laid s$im5ts :i* anyone has ev] /udi$ on isl&s or cont95ts4 ,?is fire-made rock1 solidifi$1 has ?ickness & a bottom4 ,we d n "k its ?ickness nor its bottom4 ,we d "k t "u x are big cracks #b1jjj miles long ruptur+ x into volcano sy/ems4 ,! conclusion is t ! globe is mantl$ by a lay] ( igne\s matt] :i* has sp\t$ up cracks s9ce m ?an #c1jjj million ye>s ago4 ,h[ did ?is matt] migrate by new intrusions1 to pull1 pu%1 heat1 & wr9kle ?r\gh #ejj million ye>s ! dirt accumulat$ 9 %all[ ,appala*ian tr5*es f ,alabama to ,indiana8 ,we d n "k4 ,! la/ ( ! ,h>v>d exp]im5ts t ,i took "p 9 conc]n$ melt+ up p[d]s ( basaltic m9]als & rocks1 lett+ !m cool d[n gradually1 & !n section+ !m = ! pol>iz+ microscope to see h[ !y resembl$ lavas4 ,v4 ,f4 ,m>/]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana help$ me4 ,bas$ on ! ,european "w ( ,doelt]1 ,f\qu1 ,mi*el-,lvy1 & o!rs1 we us$ a ,fr5* furnace ) gas flame bla/ & small crucibles ( diatomace\s e>? mix$ ) clay4 ,! specim5 p[d]s ( cru%$ natural basalts1 or mixtures ( pyrox5e1 feldsp> & oliv9e1 7 kept gl[+ = =ty to #aej h\rs1 & cool$ ei!r rapidly or sl[ly4 ,! belief 9 ^? days 0 t sl[ cool+ 0 ! ma9 control ( co>se cry/allization4 ,quick or sl[ cool+ c]ta9ly does produce ^! effects 9 lava fl[s4 ,f quick cool+1 we g5]ally got radial bun*es ( cry/als or sph]ulites1 9 a glassy gr\ndmass4 ,f sl[ cool+1 we got diabase /ructure or co>s] cry/allization1 ) "s op5work holl[ cry/als4 ,& !re 7 little gra9s ( magnetite & sp9el4 ,mu* "t 0 wa/$ on furnace safety & me?ods1 & on fire-punctur$ crucibles ( plat9um1 c>bon1 & graphite4 ,no?+ _h be5 le>n$ 9 #aijj ab\t /irr+1 nor ab\t gas z an +r$i5t 9 basalt4 ,x 0 n until ye>s lat]1 at ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 t ,em]son prov$ t aa lava 0 made by /irr+ a crucible4 ,aa is cry/all9e4 ,em]son got glassy lava by quiet melt+4 ,no "o has yet subject$ lava to hydrog5 bla/s l ^? ( a ,bessem] furnace1 nor to o!r gases4 ,!re is a big field "h = imitat+ ,mauna ,loa & ,etna f\nta9s1 & = critical petrography ( artificial basalts4 ,mod]n "w has be5 conc]n$ ) physical *emi/ry ( limit$ m9]al sy/ems4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no "o has ma!matically syn!siz$ natural rocks z an object 9 natural hi/ory s9ce ! "w ( ,c>l ,b>us = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey 9 ! n9eties4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,exp$ition ,decade 8,! voice ( ?y ?und] 0 9 ! :irlw9d40 ,:]eas small scale exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory help$ me to ?9k ab\t ! details ( nature's exp]im5ts1 !re rema9$ ! ne$ to measure nature itself4 ,! deep lavas ( ,s\? ,dakota1 squeez+ among %ale b$s1 pos$ _m que/ions4 ,:at p5etrat+ ( /rata goes on "u ,vesuvius8 ,does lava inru% tilt or lift ! gr\nd8 ,does ?is measure up to eruptions 9 or f crat]s8 ,_c exp]im5ts ) crat]s !mselves be made by dwell+ !re8 ,c]ta9ly ! progress ( lavas c be measur$ z !y fl[ =?4 ,! decade foll[+ my mud-pie exp]im5ts saw me assi/ant pr(essor at ,h>v>d & head pr(essor ( ! geological dep>tm5t at ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,^! appo9tm5ts 7 "u ,presid5ts ,eliot1 ,prit*ett1 & ,maclaur94 ,f #aija to #aiaj ,i cont9u$ to s]ve ! ,geological ,survey1 writ+ up back reports4 ,!n nature took a h&4 ,along came e>?quakes & eruptions 9 ,guatemala1 a t]rific disa/] 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 exp$itions to ! ,c>ibbees1 ,italy1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ,japan1 ,hawaii1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ano!r 9 nor? ,japan1 & disa/r\s e>?quakes at ,san ,francisco1 ,valp>aiso1 ,mess9a1 & ,co/a ,rica4 ,! de/ruction ( ,/4 ,pi]re 9 ,m>t9ique set ! /age = field "w on volcanoes & e>?quakes1 "w :i* ,i 0 to cont9ue = a half c5tury4 ,:5 ! ev5+ pap]s ( ,may #h1 #aijb1 ann\nc$ ! sudd5 annihilation ( #bf1jjj p t morn+ at #h o'clock at ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,m>t9ique1 ,i w5t imm$iately to ,presid5t ,eliot4 ,kn[+ t ,i _h be5 urg+ field /udy ( volcanoes1 he agre$ t ,i ought to g to ,/4 ,pi]re & wir$ ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 ,william ,h4 ,moody1 to arrange = transportation4 ,imm$iate f9ancial support came to me f ,alex&] ,agassiz1 ! ,national ,geographic ,society1 & num]\s fri5ds2 & my ,h>v>d colleagues agre$ to give my lectures4 ,i report$ to ! tra9+ %ip ,dixie 9 ,brooklyn1 :]e ,i f\nd ,capta9 ,rob]t ,b]ry1 a /alw>t ,virg9ian1 9 comm& ( a cadet crew4 ,on bo>d 7 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell ( ,mi*igan1 au?or ( 8,volcanoes ( ,nor? ,am]ica02 ,e4 ,o4 ,hovey ( ! ,am]ican ,museum2 ,curtis1 ! mak] ( topographic models2 ,r4 ,t4 ,hill ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & exp]t on ,c>ibbean l&s2 & num]\s o!r sci5ti/s1 & newspap] correspond5ts4 ,! voyage to ! ,we/ ,indies 0 unique4 ,on ! navy cruis] 7 /ores ( food1 t5ts1 clo?+1 & m$ical supplies = ! refugees & an oddly assort$ pass5g] li/2 all assembl$ because ( w>f>e aga9/ mank9d by two utt]ly unkn[n volcanoes1 ,s\frire on ! ,briti% isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & ,pele at ! nor? end ( ! ,fr5* colony ( ,m>t9ique4 ,geologi/s gave lectures to ! crew on deck2 & 9 turn1 we le>n$ ab\t naval discipl9e & effici5cy4 ,:5 we arriv$ at ,=t de ,france1 ?irte5 days aft] ! t]rific disa/]1 we 7 transport$ at once to ,/4 ,pi]re on ! naval tug ,potomac4 ,we l&$ & walk$ ?r\gh ! ru9$ sug> city1 ! /reets puddl$ ) molasses & rum4 ,?\s&s ( dead 7 buri$ und]foot amid ! rubble1 = ! day be=e our visit1 !re _h be5 a second bla/ f ,pele1 ! #d1jjj foot volcano smok+ f\r miles away4 ,?is _h ?r[n d[n :at ro(s rema9$ aft] ! fir/ explosion4 ,we arriv$ opposite ,/4 ,pi]re ,may #ba1 #aijb1 & saw a smok+1 du/y l9e ( ru9s along ! %ore4 ,be=e we l&$ we 7 w>n$ t if ! tug's :i/le %\ld bl[ we 7 to make = ! boats4 ,! du/y hill lay on our left l a gray sn[ l&scape1 n at all l a cone4 ,! crat] 0 a gorge 9 an ord9>y m\nta9 "u cl\ds4 ,we w&]$ ?r\gh ! dre>y ru9 & f\nd masonry completely de/roy$ & no visible l>ge volcanic fragm5ts4 ,! /reets 7 full ( rubble1 & ev]y?+ 0 coat$ ) gre5-gray p[d]4 ,ro(s 7 gone1 an occasional timb] 0 burn+1 & bodies 7 /ill num]\s 9 ! %ells ( h\ses4 ,we saw a baby 9 an iron cradle1 a man face d[n 9 a tank1 & a big man on 8 back 9 a deep bak]'s ov54 ,8 fle% 0 %rivel$ & drawn away f 8 jo9ts by heat4 ,else:]e eight or t5 bodies 7 cr[d$ at ! foot ( a cliff4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,explosion cl\d ris+ f ,halemaumau dur+ explosive eruption1 ,may #ac1 #aibd ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,crag 9 lava lake1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aiah ,! end ( ! t[n t[>d ! volcano1 all back$ by cliffs1 0 deeply buri$ "u gravel1 b ! s\!rn end _h a cov]+ ( only a foot or two ( s&4 ,! second explosion 0 great] ?an ! fir/ "o1 demoli%+ ?ird /oreys & ! second belfry ( ! ca!dral4 ,! beautiful bells 8^: s(t liquid notes us$ to r+ across ! bay ) t\*+ cad5ce at ! ,angelus h\r0 lay tumbl$ 9 rubbi%1 spl9t]s1 & /eam+ vapors2 _! anci5t emboss$ inscriptions half buri$ 9 du/4 ,! bodies 7 mo/ly %rivel$ to a crisp f ! second eruption1 = e>li] ! bodies _h n be5 mu* alt]$4 ,! odor 0 a haunt+ "o t return$ 9 dreams--( f\ndry1 /eam1 sulfur mat*es1 & burnt /uff1 & e n[ & !n a :iff ( roa/1 decay$ fle% t 0 horrible4 ,x 0 impossible to realize t ?is ,pompeii _h be5 a ?riv+ ,fr5* t[n two weeks be=e4 ,n a ro( 0 left1 & sc>cely a timb]2 /eam came ?r\gh little holes 9 ! wet br[n s&1 & a sick5+ :iff %[$ :5ce x came4 ,x 0 h>d to di/+ui% :]e /reets _h be54 ,ev]y?+ 0 buri$ "u fall5 walls ( cobble/one & p9k pla/] & tiles1 includ+ #bj1jjj bodies4 ,a ,new ,engl& t[n w\ld h bl[n away z :ite a%es be=e ! giant bl[pipe act+ on ! flame ( burn+ rum4 ,i look$ t[>d ! gray old volcano1 ) %r\d$ summit4 ,! l&scape 0 du/y1 l old /atu>y4 ,m\nta9 slope & cliff 7 d5ud$ ( trees4 ,an ov]turn$ factory boil] _h holes punctur$ by fly+ /ones4 ,a circul> m>ble f\nta9 bas9 0 *ipp$ away on ! volcano side by bomb>dm5t4 ,old cannon us$ z moor+ po/s at ! quay _h be5 uproot$ viol5tly4 ,! gre5 l&scape end$ abruptly at ! city along a %>p l9e1 ) coconut palms half gre51 half br[n4 ,!re 0 no motion except /eam jets on ,pele's slopes4 ,sudd5ly ,i wond]$ :at ^? /eam v5ts 7 do+4 ,at fir/ !re _h be5 "o or two along ! sea front2 b n[ !re 7 eight1 t51 tw5ty1 spurt+ high & scatt]$ all ov] ! volcano4 ,a physician1 ,dr4 ,*ur*1 0 /&+ ne> me1 & we agre$ t we dislik$ ! outlook4 ,n[ !re 7 =ty jets1 l s _m gho/ly locomotives run out f ! ,pele r\ndh\se4 ,mean:ile1 :ite-coat$ (fic]s & sci5ti/s 7 scatt]$ ab\t 9 gr\ps "u ! cliffs1 "s out ( sight ( ,m\nt ,pele4 ,we look$ t[>d ! ,,uss ,potomac2 %e _h se5 ! /eam1 & h] own :ite /eam presag$ quick1 repeat$ toots ( h] fog horn4 ,pellmell ! pass5g]s came tumbl+ to ! l&+4 ,! sailors _h no soon] />t$ ! boats ?an two m :ite-coat$ figures appe>$1 & we _h to put back = !m4 ,! m\nta9 look$ z ?\gh x 7 rift+ 9 a hundr$ places prep>atory to an outbur/1 & !re 7 _m /ories ( new crat]s =m+4 ,:at we saw 0 actually ! product ( a sm>t ra9 %[]1 fall+ on r$ hot dry gravel2 b we 7 to le>n lat] ab\t ra9 rill explosion4 ,:]ev] a /ream rill runs d[n to su* contact1 a jet ( /eam =ms at once4 ,! ma9 wat] gorge ( ! ,pele crat] 0 bl[n cle> ( cl\ds z we /eam$ pa/1 & we saw a cup "u ! summit amphi!at] :]e a lake _h be51 ) a pile ( scaly look+ hot b\ld]s 9 its mid/ /eam+ viol5tly4 ,?is crat] ext5d$ into a deep gul* to ! ocean1 :5ce _h come a disa/r\s mud flood on ,may #e :i* buri$ a sug> mill4 ,?is _h happ5$ ?ree days be=e ! de/ruction ( ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,wat] prec$$ /eam4 ,! cracks "u ! gul* und\bt$ly dipp$ away f ! city1 & f an unkn[n *asm a?w>t ! gul* l9e eject$ wat] & sup]heat$ /eam t[>d ! city1 l a jet f a hose4 ,?is happ5$ on ,may #h4 ,! eject$ mat]ial _h be5 9 dry /eam1 & r$ hot1 acc\nt+ = e>ly reports ( lava at night4 ,i saw molt5 rock five weeks aft] ! ,potomac trip1 :5 ! crat] cone 0 above ! rim ( ! gorge1 app>5tly l>ge fragm5ts ( br[n angul> mat]ial re/+ on f9] gravel4 ,caulifl[] cl\ds ( r$di% du/ spurt$ up ! b$ ( ! gul* bel[ e half h\r1 & migrat$ d[n ! gul*4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a l[ gr[l1 p]haps f avalan*es4 ,! bas9 wid5$ dur+ ! mon?1 & ! dome ga9$ 9 height & bread?4 ,a bright inc&esc5t crack at night 0 se5 to cross ! heap obliquely4 ,a sudd5 increase ( gl[ 0 foll[$ by a rumbl+1 z ?\gh ! dome 7 heav+4 ,breadcru/ bombs ( &esite1 crack$ on _! surface 9 deep ga%es1 & pick$ up on ! m\nta9 at bo? ,pele & ,s\frire 7 pieces ( ! int]nal lava4 ,a *ance cle>+ ( ! :ole dome came two mon?s aft] ! oblit]ation ( ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,?is we photograph$1 :5 br[n du/ 0 ris+1 & /eam jets appe>$ s\!a/ on ! dome & 9 ! gul*4 ,on top 0 an extraord9>y sp9e1 %ap$ l a %>k f91 ) /eep esc>pm5t to ! ea/1 curv$ & smoo? & scrap$ to ! we/1 pu%$ up & out ( a c5tral rupture ( ! dome4 ,x 0 l pa/e f a tube1 a h>d c5tral p5cil ( lava t _h be5 %ov$ up by ! expansive =ce )94 ,jagg$ surfaces ( break+ %[$ on ! v]tical ea/ cliff & long1 smoo?1 ar*$ /riations ( scrape appe>$ on ! r\nd$ we/ pr(ile ( ! protub]ance4 ,o!r hornlike projections %[$ on ! dome4 ,! summit sp9e 0 #bjj feet above ! surface ( ! heap4 ,on ,july #f1 #aijb1 came ! fir/ report ( ! fam\s ,pele sp9e4 ,x crumbl$ 9 ,augu/1 & a ye> lat] a new sp9e1 fac+ 9 ! opposite direction1 rea*$ a height ( #a1jjj feet4 ,x 0 a c5tral tongue ( ! semisolid lava ( ! dome1 suffici5tly pla/ic to be urg$ out by =ces )94 ,o!rwise ! dome 0 a ne>ly solid extrusion cov]$ ) fall5 bombs4 ,?is 0 ! magma1 or lava1 ( ! ,pele-,s\frire eruptions4 ,dike ribs ext5d$ radially f ! sp9e a?w>t ! dome4 ,i publi%$ an errone\s explanation t ! dome ( b\ld]s consi/$ ( old fragm5ts melt$ by a sup]bla/ & 0 n true lava4 ,i 0 s f> "r1 h[ev]1 z to anticipate ! gas-heat !ory & melt+ ( all volcanism4 ,! direct crisis ( ^! ,c>ib isl&s 9 #aijb 0 introduc$ by ,s\frire ,volcano on ,/4 ,v9c5t1 #ajj miles s\? ( ,m>t9ique1 at #a p4m4 on ,may #g1 n9ete5 h\rs be=e ! ,/4 ,pi]re disa/]4 ,s\frire explod$1 z ! common say+ is1 ?r\gh a crat] lake pit s\?we/ ( its #d1jjj-;foot summit1 ! crat] edge be+ #c1ejj feet high4 ,x is notable h[ _m volcanoes are #d1jjj feet high1 & h[ _m h crat] pits1 n at ! top1 b along a rift bel[ ! peak4 ,j ?is 0 ! case ( ,pele1 j ?is *>act]izes ! cald]as ( ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa4 ,a doz5 o!r volcanoes c\ld be nam$ :]e ! v5ts are ?r\gh ! flank ( ! heap4 ,hovey1 ,curtis1 & ,i 7 tak5 by ! ,dixie to ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :]e ! hospitable ,engli% coloni/s provid$ u ) h\ses at ! base ( ,s\frire1 & ) s]vants & horses2 & ! ,gov]nm5t supply /eam] took u ar\nd ! isl&4 ,we made ! asc5t ( ,s\frire to ! edge ( ! great crat] & look$ d[n at boil+ wat]s f> bel[1 gre5 & muddy1 & s5d+ up a column ( /eam on "o wall4 ,we ?ree ,am]icans guid$ by ,t4 ,m4 ,mac,donald1 a ,scotti% plant]1 made ! fir/ asc5t aft] ! fe>ful eruptions ( ,may #g & #ah4 ,leav+ our qu>t]s at ,*ateau ,belair1 we climb$ on foot f ! s\?we/ base1 ) six /alw>t negroes c>ry+ in/rum5ts1 wat]1 & food4 ,9 ! ru9s ( ,wallibu sug> mill we enc\nt]$ a wild-ey$ ,ea/ ,indian coolie & 8 help]s loot+ sug>4 ,! ,wallibu ,riv] receiv$ ! brunt ( ! heavy1 dry1 r$ hot1 gravel ( ! eruptions1 drift$ l sn[ & cru/$ ) wet mud4 ,wat] suppli$ by ! riv] broke its way into ! eighty feet ( inc&esc5t fill ( ! valley4 ,in/antly a /eam explosion 0 hurl$ up 9 :ite volutes1 & ! riv] damm$ its own *annel ) ! /one %[] f upbla/s4 ,?is =c$ its own wat]s into fre% hot c9d] & s ma9ta9$ explosive action4 ,"o su* explod+ riv] s5t up a column ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile high1 indescribably maje/ic1 caus+ ! natives to report new crat]s4 ,a %[] ( mud & s& fell on our p>ty4 ,! old road cross+ ,s\frire m\nta9 0 de/roy$1 ! riv] flats 7 deeply tr5*$1 & difficult ridges & holl[s 7 enc\nt]$ at e /ep4 ,! gul*es 7 deep5$ into gorges1 ! slopes above furr[$ ) a fea!ry rill dra9age patt]n4 ,ea* spur betwe5 gul*es 0 l a v /eep ro(1 ) a smoo? pa?way uphill along ! wat]%$4 ,?is made progress easi]4 ,big tree /umps ( ,ficus jutt$ ragg$ ?r\gh ! h>d5$ mud1 ! bran*es *>r$ & %>p5$ by s& bla/4 ,a :irl ( volcanic s& made an unpleasant /++ %[] ( du/1 & sulfurett$ hydrog5 smell$ ( rott5 eggs4 ,b ne> ! summit ! air 0 fre% & ! sun%9e bright4 ,a ra9 w\ld h made ! mud slipp]y & p]il\s1 = ! gul* slopes 7 practically cliffs4 ,f9ally we did come to mud clots1 resembl+ a cattle wall[1 knee deep & /icky4 ,l>ge blocks ( rock two feet across lay on ! surface1 flung-out pieces ( ! old crat] walls2 & !re 7 "s bombs ( new lava4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs we assembl$ at ! rim ( ! old crat]1 :i* be=e ! outbreak _h be5 full ( a high crat] lake4 ,sudd5ly we came to an imm5se *asm almo/ circul>1 !n ! pr(ile ( a black precipice fall+ away #b1jjj feet2 & up its face we saw a sil5t /eam column purl+ away 9 bill[s4 ,! bottom 0 a gre5 pool ( boil+ wat]1 muddi$ by spr+s f ! wall2 & a hundr$ tails ( :ite /eam jo9$ ! column on ! wall4 ,! inn] walls %[$ horizontal b&s ( old lava1 & intrusions bo? 9 l5s %ape & z dikes4 ,!re 7 r$ br[n pudd+/ones made up ( fragm5ts4 ,a funnel-%ap$ intrusion look$ l ! diagram cross section ( a volcano1 mak+ a p]fect ,t ( gray lava1 l a mu%room4 ,a l>ge fissure1 fill+ we/1 rose f bottom to top4 ,a nor!rn rocky horse%oe rim1 or somma1 at ! top made ! peak ( ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,! crat] lip 0 a mile wide & ! int]ior a half mile deep2 & ! gre5 puddle at ! bottom 0 #a1bjj feet across4 ,! base ( ! wall column sputt]$ fi]cely & s5t up spurts ( black mud & rock fragm5ts4 ,! lake level 0 #a1ajj feet above ! ocean1 #hjj feet l[] ?an be=e ! eruption2 & ! pool 0 %all[1 ) mud flats & islets4 ,we op]at$ cam]as1 compass1 & sket* books2 pac$ (f a base l9e2 & not$ t ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! crat] _h be5 bl[n away to leave a big not*4 ,:5 we return$ to ,*ateau ,belair1 ! negro peasant wom5 br\ght out _! *ildr5 to gaze at u1 ! godlike m5 :o _h d>$ ! crat]4 ,mr4 ,mac,donald _h to /e] u ?r\gh ! cr[d1 & we felt l ! twelve apo/les aft] a miracle4 ,! ,s\frire eruption dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,may 0 m volum9\s & viol5t ?an t ( ,pele1 = ,pele 0 conc5trat$ on "o t>get4 ,s\frire wr\ght havoc ea/ & we/1 :]eas ,pele 0 9 a sector s\?we/ ( ! m\nta94 ,!y 7 equally deva/at+1 h[ev]1 & bo? made d[nbla/s ( sup]heat$ /eam & gravels4 ,scald+ du/ kill$ p1 b s did wat] waves1 conflagration1 /eam1 /ones1 dr[n+1 & burial4 ,s\frire's du/ fall 0 report$ all ! way to ,tr9idad & ,b>bados2 & f %ips ea/ & s\!a/1 directly aga9/ ! trade w9ds1 f #ajj to #ijj miles away4 ,! du/ column p5etrat$ ! antitrades ( ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,s\nds 7 l\d #aej miles away1 b n he>d close to ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! r$ hot gravel 7 innum]able l&slides1 riv] wat]s ru%$ into ! gravel & made false eruptions1 & %ore cliffs collaps$4 ,no lava1 except z fragm5ts1 appe>$ 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :]eas x rose z a crat]al heap 9 ,pele4 ,floods ( riv]s radial to ! volcanoes appe>$ bo? be=e & aft] ! fir/ eruptions1 & sci5ti/s errone\sly attribut$ !m to cl\dbur/ ra9s4 ,lat]1 exact descriptions by natives %[$ t ! s\rces 7 hot wat]s gu%+ out 9 places :]e !re 0 no ra94 ,a succession ( eruptions at increas+ int]vals f ,may to ,decemb] actuat$ bo? volcanoes4 ,9 succe$+ ye>s1 explosions dw9dl$2 b ov] ,pele's crat] rose a mighty dome & sp9e ( /iff qu>tz-basalt lava1 l o9tm5t f a tube4 ,!re 01 on ,pele1 a splitt+ ( ! bottom ( ! long crat] gul*4 ,caulifl[] /eam volutes *>g$ ) du/ gu%$ up ! cracks1 h>d-edg$ 9 pr(ile d[n ne> ! %ore1 s(t & diffuse ne> ! crat]4 ,scald+ wat]s 9 ! gul* bottom c>ri$ mud4 ,! m\nta9 0 crack+ op5 along radial gul*es1 & squirt+ up /eam & geys]s1 b ?is all conceal$ itself ) s$im5t4 ,nobody ev] saw ! cracks op54 ,! migrat+ /eam cl\ds *>g$ ) gravel 7 call$ gl[ cl\ds & 7 believ$ to 8fl[0 z gas fluids f ! crat]4 ,an elucidation ( all ?is my/]y came _m ye>s lat]1 aft] a ?or\gh /udy ( all reports4 ,! gl[ cl\ds1 :i* 7 at fir/ confus$ ) ! gigantic bla/s t _h de/roy$ ! city1 7 gradually expla9$4 ,x became app>5t t radial cracks are anci5t *>act]s ( lava domes1 & t lava domes lie "u heaps ( agglom]ate4 ,pele & ,s\frire are heaps ( agglom]ate4 ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa are lava domes4 ,vesuvius is an int]m$iate type ( volcano4 ,i rema9$ 9 ! field f ,may to ,july1 return$ to ,m\nt ,pele1 cruis$ ?r\gh ! nor!rn ,c>ibbee ,isl&s1 & w5t to ! bottom ( ! deep crat] ( ,m\nt ,mis]y1 on ,/4 ,kitts4 ,my guides on ,/4 ,kitts 7 two color$ m51 ,johnny ,eddy & ,samuel ,jim4 ,9 ! crat] we f\nd /eam & sulfur & a rott5-egg smell1 on ! bank ( a cold crat] lake4 ,we desc5d$ by seem+ly v]tical cliffs cov]$ ) roots4 ,?is 0 a typical fum>ole1 or solfat>a1 "o ( ! unsatisfactory *>act]i/ics ( crat]s4 ,we collect$ specim5s & took snap%ots1 wond]$ h[ (t5 su* places *ange sudd5ly1 & knew hydrog5 sulfide gas only by ! smell4 ,x all jib$ ) :at ,i 0 lat] to discov] 9 ,hawaii2 t ! only way to "k a crat] is to live ) x1 & t gases c melt lava4 ,z ,i look back on ! ,m>t9ique exp$ition1 ,i "k :at a crucial po9t 9 my life x 0 & t x 0 ! human contacts1 n field adv5tures1 :i* inspir$ me4 ,gradually ,i realiz$ t ! kill+ ( ?\s&s ( p]sons by subt]ranean ma*9]y totally unkn[n to geologi/s & !n unexpla9able 0 wor?y ( a life "w4 ,! /ory ( ,rita ,/okes made a trem5d\s impression on me4 ,9 ,b>bados hospital ,i talk$ ) ?is "y :ite girl & h] color$ nurse1 ,cl>a ,k+1 :o _h be5 pass5g]s on ! ,,ss ,roraima :i* 0 at ,/4 ,pi]re :5 ! city 0 de/roy$4 ,:5 ,i saw !m !y 7 swa!d 9 b&ages4 ,cl>a's burns 7 sev]e on knee1 arm1 & h&4 ,rita's 7 on h] head1 h&s1 & arms1 & "o s]i\sly disfigur$ e>4 ,bo? 7 some:at injur$ = life4 ,mrs4 ,/okes1 a boy1 & a baby girl 9 ! cab9 ) !m _h be5 kill$4 ,all saw ! adjac5t m\nta9 s5d+ up puffs1 z ! %ip lay at an*or (f ! ,/4 ,pi]re wat]front on ! morn+ ( ,may #h1 b !y 7 reassur$ by ! %ip's (fic]s4 ,sudd5ly ! /ew>d ru%$ by %\t+1 8,close ! cab9 door1 ! volcano is com+60 ,mrs4 ,/okes slamm$ ! door j be=e a t]rific explosion came :i* ne>ly bur/ ! e> drums4 ,! vessel 0 lift$ high & sank d[n1 & all 7 ?r[n (f _! feet by ! %ock1 & huddl$ cr\*+ 9 "o corn] ( ! little cab94 ,scald+ moi/ a%es p\r$ 9 ?r\gh a brok5 skylight 9 inky d>kness4 ,next came suffocation1 reliev$ by ! door bur/+ op5 & air ru%+ 94 ,:5 a little daylight came back1 ,mrs4 ,/okes & ! little boy 7 pla/]$ black ) hot mud1 ! baby girl 0 dy+1 & ! nurse & ,rita 7 9 great agony4 ,a heap ( scor*+ mud _h collect$ on "o corn] ( ! floor1 & z ! "y girl put h] h& d[n to raise h]self1 h] arm plung$ to ! elb[ 9 scald+ s&4 ,!y 7 all tak5 out to ! deck :]e "m1 boy1 & baby di$4 ,! %ip 0 on fire1 & ! ne>by city 0 a mass ( ro>+ flames4 ,m a%es fell & scald$ ! victims4 ,curi\sly1 ?ird degree burns 7 left on fle%1 ?r\gh und]clo?+ n burn$ at all4 ,cl>a said t ! m\nta9 appe>$ gray ) smoke roll+ we/1 t ! wea!r 0 v calm1 & t ! du/ smell$ l gunp[d]4 ,%e saw no flames dur+ ! bla/ & did n "k :at set fire to ! /eam]4 ,! fires probably came f ! city4 ,a%es came 9 sputt]+ spla%es l 8moi/ m>l40 ,no rocks fell & ! grit 9 cab9 & on burns 0 wet s&4 ,be=e ! bla/ !re _h be5 fall+ du/ b1 accord+ to ,cl>a1 no difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,! sun 0 br[ni% r$4 ,! b[ ( ! %ip 0 po9t$ seaw>d1 & ! vessel heel$ ov] left1 !n "r4 ,! /]n1 t[>d ! conflagration1 caught fire fir/1 ! b[ lat]4 ,!re 0 no rumbl+1 only %ock & rattl+ ?und] all at once1 no noise be=e or aft]4 ,! only p ,cl>a ,k+ saw t[>d ! %ore 7 "s m5 on a raft4 ,i wrote ,presid5t ,eliot & ! ,am]ican ,relief ,committee ab\t ! case ( ,rita ,/okes1 half ,am]ican & ! only :ite woman sav$ 9 ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,& ,i rejoic$ to le>n f h] gu>dian & uncle1 ,j4 ,e4 ,croney ( ,b>bados1 t %e 0 provid$ =4 ,! sum ( #dej 0 s5t to ! committee1 & #f1jjj 9 tru/ 0 set aside = h]4 ,%e 0 nev] sep>at$ f h] devot$ nurse1 ,cl>a ,k+4 ,ap>t f ! exp]i5ces ( ! w\nd$1 ,i f\nd mu* to contemplate 9 ! f9d+s ( num]\s geologi/s2 9 ! acc\nts ( doctors1 sailors1 naval (fic]s1 resid5t gov]nm5t m51 ! local newspap]s1 & photograph]s2 9 ! specim5s we collect$2 & 9 ! "w ( great newspap] & magaz9e correspond5ts4 ,! facts & photographs we collect$ 7 baffl+4 ,!y did n correspond ) ! text books4 ,two volcanoes a hundr$ miles ap>t sudd5ly sp\t$ dea? d[nw>d4 ,obvi\sly !y 7 connect$ along ! isl& *a91 ) ocean to ! ea/ & ocean to ! we/4 ,telegraph cables 7 brok54 ,:y8 ,t :i* lay "u ! ocean 0 totally unkn[n1 bo? ev5ts & topography4 ,! bigge/ "p ( ^! volcanoes 0 subm>9e4 ,e>?quakes at ,pele 7 relatively small b (t5 cont9u\s4 ,tidal waves 7 local & accompani$ by d[nbla/s ( /eam4 ,! d[nbla/s 7 at fir/ suppos$ to be due to fall5 avalan*es f ! upbla/s4 ,!n x appe>$ !y 7 really slop+ jets f conceal$ holes or cracks 9 ! gul*es1 ) incl9$ orifices amid ! blocks ( a crack$-up m\nta94 ,= at ,pele ! bla/ t de/roy$ ,/4 ,pi]re %ot f ! crat] gul* 9 cascades ( wat] & /eam1 :ile obs]v]s on high gr\nd saw ! horizon1 or cle> sky1 ov] ! crat]4 ,! spe$ ( ! bla/ 0 six miles 9 two m9utes1 or #ahj miles p] h\r4 ,?is 0 diff]5t f ! gl[ cl\ds 9 ! lat] mon?s1 migrat+ sl[ly along cracks 9 ! gul* bottom4 ,man's p]ception ( spe$ relative to himself has no?+ to d ) actual spe$s4 ,x may be argu$ t a m9iature volcano erupts fa/] ?an a big volcanic sy/em1 b n if ! :ole t]re/rial plexus ( sy/ems is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,an eruption ( ,mauna ,loa is a v sl[ affair1 9 comp>ison ) ! #aj1jjj und]gr\nd squirt+s ( lava 9 cracks totally unp]ceiv$1 except z tremors on seismograph4 ,pele's eruption 0 l turn+ on a hose4 ,a /ructural valve or orifice1 sudd5ly op5$ by und]gr\nd heav+ ( ! m\nta9 block & lett+ out /eam & mud1 appe>s to be ! only reasonable explanation ( :at happ5$4 ,& ! only ag5ts possible 7 gl[+ /iff lava heat+ boil+ wat] und]gr\nd4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 lat] id5tifi$4 ,grove ,k>l ,gilb]t ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 :o _h criticiz$ favorably my manuscript on ! ,black ,hills intrusive lavas1 wrote me n to drop ! enigma ( ,m\nt ,pele1 because he f\nd ! publi%$ reports unsatisfy+4 ,9 #aidi1 =ty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! disa/]1 ,i publi%$ 8,/eam bla/ eruptions10 deal+ ) ,pele4 ,9 ! int]im ,i /udi$ _m volcanoes4 ,alex&] ,agassiz1 :o _h be5 urg+ me to d a memoir on volcanoes1 f9anc$ a trip to ,vesuvius :5 x explod$ & p\r$ out lava 9 #aijf4 ,ottajano nor!a/ ( ,vesuvius 0 demoli%$ by jets ( gravel & /ones2 & ,boscotrecase at ! s\? 0 invad$ by black /reams ( heavy1 spr\t+1 b\ld]y slag4 ,"h 0 a *ange ( habit1 f heap+ up lavas = ?irty-f\r ye>s1 to collapse1 int]nal avalan*+1 & pure /eam explosion accompani$ by remnants ( /irr$ lava fl[4 ,:y ?irty-f\r ye>s8 ,a ?ird ( a c5tury8 ,?ree times ! sunspot int]val8 ,! previ\s /eambla/ explosion ( ,vesuvius be=e #aijf _h be5 9 #ahgb4 ,9 ! case ( ,m\nt ,pele & ,s\frire ! int]vals s9ce pa/ explosions _h be5 fifty-"o ye>s & n9ety ye>s4 ,b x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! ,c>ib volcanoes _h two ye>s ( t]rify+ rumbl+s1 odors1 & quakes j be=e #aijb4 ,gr\ndwat] exi/s 9 l>ge volume "u all ?ree volcanoes4 ,s\frire1 ,pele & ,vesuvius all began ! /eambla/s ) collaps+ crat]s1 t is1 ) int]nal lava go+ d[n into ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! lava usually %[$ 9 ,vesuvius1 :]eas at ,pele & ,s\frire x m]ely made fum>oles1 or gas v5ts4 ,man1 a m]e microbe1 c\ld make no?+ ( hot sulfur\s cracks4 ,on ,april #be ! electric tra9 sl[ly pu%$ u up z f> z ! obs]vatory /ation1 beyond :i* all 0 de/roy$4 ,outside ,naples ! fields 7 cov]$ ) two in*es ( gray-gre5 du/1 & p9es & palms 7 load$ ) a two or ?ree foot drift ( s&4 ,ne> ! obs]vatory a heavy six-in* mantle ( s& & du/ buri$ ! lava fields4 ,! ,vesuvian cone 0 cov]$ ) /raight s& slides1 :iti% gray1 :i* occasionally slipp$ d[nw>d4 ,! l&scape 0 %r\d$ 9 drifts ( :ite a%es reveal+ obscurely ! slaggy contortions ( lava b5ea?4 ,pure :ite /eam boil$ up f ! cavity 9 ! peak1 surr\nd$ by an old] ra9 cl\d1 l a hat on ! volcano's cr[n4 ,my companions--,dr4 ,tempe/ ,&]son & ,messrs4 ,yeld & ,brigg--7 all f ,york%ire4 ,we />t$ ! asc5t ( ! tw5ty-n9e degree slope 9 a /rong we/ w9d4 ,! /eam settl$ d[n on ! summit1 ?an alt]nat$ ) cle> spells4 ,we foll[$ ! we/ pr(ile ( ! cone /raight up1 not+ h[ ! funicul> rails 7 twi/$ by l&slides4 ,ev]y?+ 0 cov]$ ) pebbles1 s&1 & du/1 ) "h & !re l>ge fragm5ts up to five feet across4 ,we f\nd solid foot+ on ! radial elevations ( ei!r sc\r$ old lava or pack$ fragm5ts4 ,! gullies 7 fill$ ) deep s&4 ,! rim we c\ld see ahead 0 ! edge ( ! crat] itself4 ,! abruptness ( ! fall (f1 :5 we f9ally came to x1 0 />tl+ 9 ! extreme4 ,! w9d 0 pelt+ our necks ) /++ s& gra9s :i*1 incid5tally1 7 ru9\s to my new ,kodak4 ,only occasionally did sun%9e sift ?r\gh ! mixture ( s&1 /eam1 & cl\d4 ,we c\ld make out an inw>d slope ( ?irty-five degrees1 t]m9at$ #ajj feet bel[ by a jutt+1 fum+ precipice4 ,! circul> curvature ( ! crat] 0 embay$4 ,! only noise 0 ! h[l+ w9d4 ,we c\ld n see ! opposite side ( ! collaps$ cauldron a half mile across4 ,! summit 0 #d1jjj feet above sea level by an]oid measure1 #cej feet l[] ?an be=e ! eruption4 ,!re 0 a great not* nor!a/ t[>d ,ottajano :]e ?\s&s ( tons ( gravel 7 hurl$ cle> ov] ! top ( ,monte ,somma1 ! encircl+ old ridge4 ,! ea/-we/ diamet] 0 left mu* great] ?an t ( ! nor?-s\?4 ,! radial ridges & gullies 7 l a corrugat$ ro(1 & s& made a flatt5$ angle ( scree at ! base ( ! sc\r$ cone4 ,! corrugations 7 n ra9 erosion1 b 7 made by backfall5 debris slid+4 ,i got "s photographs & ,mr4 ,p]ret gave me o!rs4 ,! big ?+ 0 ! l9e ( m\nta9 blocks ( e>? cru/4 ,9 ,italy x is made up ( ,is*ia1 ,pozzuoli1 ,vesuvius1 ,lip>i1 & ,etna1 :]eas ! ,c>ribbee l9e is made up ( ,m\nt ,mis]y1 ,monts]rat1 ,guadel\pe1 ,dom9ica1 ,m>t9ique1 & ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,su* a l9e ( brok5 e>? blocks is a volcanic sy/em4 ,hundr$s ( miles long1 x is nev] quiet4 ,a s+le place seems quiet because sup]ficially we are totally unconsci\s ( ! o!r places4 ,a microbe on ! scalp kn[s no?+ ( ! sk9 ( ! toes4 ,m5 are m]e microbes on ! sk9 ( %ore1 sea1 & isl&4 ,& !y are remote f any consci\sness ( sea bottom4 ,va/ di/ances & long int]vals are writ+ records1 b man does n measure !m4 ,he measures civilization1 w>s1 & dyna/ies1 n ! adv5tures ( ! gr\nd he dwells ^u4 ,gr\nd he consid]s /atic4 ,actually x is int5sely dynamic4 ,occasionally x explodes & man is de/roy$4 ,e>? hi/ory & volcanic sy/ems make w>s look v small4 ,! trem5d\s accumulations ( brok5 rocks ov] lava b$s on ! cone ( ,vesuvius1 & on all ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s1 recall ! breccias1 or volcanic conglom]ates1 ( ! ,yell[/one & ( ! ,high ,plateaus ( ,utah4 ,floods ( basalt alt]nate ) va/ falls or outwa%es ( volcanic gravel4 ,avalan*es1 l&slides1 torr5ts1 floods--call !m :at y w--cov] imm5se areas ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,vesuvius & ,pele pile up cones1 b ! ,c>ibbees & ,italy are also heap$ ) agglom]ates4 ,erosion de/roys cones1 b erosion makes agglom]ations or valley fills ( rocks & mud4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( e volcanic sy/em on ! globe4 ,/bel discov]$ smoo? basalt domes l ,mauna ,loa "u e volcanic sy/em4 ,9 #aijd ,vesuvius _h v5t$ a lava fl[ :i* /opp$ 9 ,septemb]1 & its cone 0 %>p1 ) only a little crat] & inn] conelet on top4 ,9 #aije lava _h fl[$ f a nor?we/ split4 ,on ,april #d1 #aijf1 a spl5did black caulifl[] cl\d arose4 ,! nor?we/ fl[ /opp$ & a s\!rn radial rift made lava m\?s progress #ejj1 #a1hjj1 & #b1djj feet bel[ ! top1 m ?an halfway d[n ! m\nta94 ,f ! l[] m\? came glassy pahoehoe1 or smoo? de/ructive /reams int5sely inc&esc5t & liquid1 quickly cool+ to aa1 or spr\t+ r\gh fudge1 black cru/s1 & cl9k]4 ,! molt5 porridge fl[$ z a snaky avalan*e into ! masonry village ( ,boscotrecase4 ,on ,april #g1 at ! crat]1 a column ( b\ld]-lad5 /eam %ot up f\r miles1 snapp+ ) lightn+4 ,new lava m\?s s5t =k+ snakes cru%+ & swall[+ p>ts ( ! village4 ,a gravey>d 0 neatly fill$ )9 its masonry wall1 %[+ t int]nally ! rocky torr5t 0 a liquid4 ,meantime trajectories l ^? ( a hose s5t falls ( gravel = miles1 to ,ottajano on ! opposite side ( ! m\nta94 ,^! also came f ! c5tral crat]4 ,on ! we/ flank1 at ! obs]vatory1 ! h\se 0 rock+1 & heavy /ones =c$ its occupants to retreat4 ,matteucci & 8 /aff w5t halfway d[n ! cone1 to return next day4 ,explosions dw9dl$ dur+ ! next =tnight1 ?\gh "o day an adv]se w9d f ! crat] c>ri$ c>bon dioxide & hydrog5 sulfide almo/ asphyxiat+ "s p]sons4 ,!reaft] caulifl[] cl\ds ( :ite /eam arose & ! noise ( big avalan*es 0 he>d4 ,! cl9k] field t invad$ ,boscatrecase 0 #af feet ?ick1 & h\ses 7 cut 9 two by a slaggy torr5t4 ,9 ,ottajano1 on ! opposite side ( ! m\nta91 flat tile ro(s collaps$1 buri$ "u ?ree feet ( heavy gravel1 "s ( x ! size ( an apple4 ,ne>] ! crat]1 b\ld]s five feet 9 diamet] 7 ?r[n a mile4 ,! volcano 0 probably block$ inside by well+ lava on ! ,boscotrecase side1 :i* caus$ x to vomit /eam & e>?y avalan*e mat]ial obliquely outw>d on ! opposite1 ,ottajano1 side4 ,! ,italians h a ^w1 spr(ondim5to1 :i* means to make pr(\nd by insuck+1 t expresses :at happ5$4 ,?is plexus ( upru% ( slag & inru% ( avalan*e1 aga9/ a wat]-/eam geys]1 bo? happ5+ at once1 0 v diff]5t f ! quiet outp\r+ ( lava dur+ ! prec$+ ye>s4 ,x def9itely meant rupture ( e>? blocks1 deep escape ( t lava probably at ! und]ocean "p ( ! radial cracks1 & deep entrance ( spr+ wat] into inc&esc5t vacat$ *amb]s4 ,x meant a rupture crisis1 collaps+ ! peak1 & a new geys] q unrecogniz$4 ,! eruption end$ :5 ! slag pressure 0 reliev$1 ! m\nta9 blocks _h settl$1 & ! froz5 slag _h %ut (f gr\ndwat]4 ,! rema9+ lava ent]$ into decades ( deep accumulation & gas bubbl+1 ! solfat>ic phase4 ,t :i* end$ ! ?irty-ye> upbuild+ 0 probably d[nw>d pressure due to weight ( surface heap+ ( ! cone4 ,crack+ releas$ wat] inw>d4 ,! next ?irty-eight ye>s 7 to culm9ate 9 a simil> crisis = ,vesuvius :i* la/$ t5 days1 & aga9 its peak collaps$4 ,?is 0 9 ,m>* #aidd1 :5 our ,am]ican troops ent]$ ,naples4 ,x is int]e/+ t ^! culm9ations h be5 f a ?ird to a half c5tury ap>t1 b ! mean+ ( int]vals c only be really und]/ood :5 volcanoes l ,etna1 ,/romboli1 & ,vesuvius are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa1 & ( ,pele & ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,ponte reports ! eruptions ( ,etna z t5 ye>s ap>t1 simil> to ! sunspot int]val2 & ,p]ret notes a t5-ye> int]val = ! small] eruptions ( ,vesuvius4 ,we measur$ an elev5-ye> int]val = ,hawaii1 ) culm9ations close to ! m9imum ( sunspots4 ,a culm9ation is :5 lava goes d[n & keeps quiet1 or :5 sunspot numb]s g d[n & rema9 few4 ,no "o kn[s :y1 or ( any connect+ cause4 ,?ree elev5-ye> culm9ations make a ?ird ( a c5tury1 :5 at ,kilauea & ,vesuvius1 some?+ bigg] happ5s4 ,sunspots h numb]$ a suspici\sly simil> curve at correspond+ dates4 ,photographs ( ,vesuvius tak5 j be=e ! #aidd collapse %[$ ! #aijf crat] hole completely fill$ & ov]fl[+4 ,!re 0 an inn] flat floor1 a conelet /&+ 9 ! middle4 ,! #aidd eruption collaps$ ! conelet1 split ! big out] cone1 & s5t fl[s to de/roy ,san ,seba/iano & sev]al villages4 ,! torr5ts ( a% kill$ p & ! electric /ation ( ! funicul> railroad 0 de/roy$1 z usual4 ,! m\nta9 split 9 sev]al directions4 ,j z 9 #aijf1 ! /ages ( ! #aidd outbreak 7 lava fl[s1 mix$ lava gu%+ int5sely liquid1 crat]al cav+ 91 trem5d\s gas emission1 black a% *ang+ to vapor & :ite a% z ! emission increas$1 & ultimately :ite /eam4 ,! black a% 0 ! contemporane\s lava ) d>k augite2 ! sn[like :ite a% 0 gr\nd up old lavas1 conta9+ ! :ite cry/als1 leucite4 ,! liquid phase took an unusual f\nta9 =m1 resembl+ t ( ,mauna ,loa 9 ,hawaii1 & n9e spells ( bright inc&esc5t explosive f\nta9+ occurr$4 ,! collapse began on ,m>* #ac2 ! f\nta9+ occurr$ dur+ ,m>* #bj to #bb1 ) jets ( bright liquid lava & flames1 #a1jjj to #c1jjj feet high2 & ! crat] became a lava lake4 ,! flames 7 occasion$ by hydrog5 )9 ! lava itself1 & p]haps "s c>bon gases4 ,?is liquid f\nta9+ phase 0 ! culm9ation ( explosions1 mak+ pumice1 ) wat] vapor ! gase\s product4 ,a% fell f\r feet deep ?ree miles away1 & "s fell on ! ,adriatic coa/4 ,bo? :ite /eam cl\ds & black a% cl\ds arose ) ! f\nta9s1 :ite & black side by side4 ,! net effect 0 to leave a b[l #a1ejj feet 9 diamet] & #hjj feet deep1 floor$ ) avalan*e gravel4 ,?is recon/ruct$ ! funnel ( #aijf1 & z 9 #aijf1 ! height ( ! rim 0 #d1ajj feet aft] eruption4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?irty-eight ye>s _h fill$ ! va/ crat]1 only to h #aidd engulf & eject ! cont5ts1 & /rew !m d[n ! slopes1 add+ an imm5se weight to ! out] %ell ( ! cone4 ,a hundr$ million cubic y>ds ( lava 0 p\r$ out1 & #ej million cubic y>ds ( a% n[ lie on ! volcano4 ,?ree times z mu* 0 c>ri$ f> away1 & ! volume ( gases 0 t5 times z great4 ,! rock fragm5ts1 probably #bjj times z great1 7 engulf$ by avalan*es4 ,! big a*ievem5t ( an eruption is to w$ge op5 a m\nta91 let ! int]nal lava eff]vesce & g d[n1 admit gr\nd wat]1 & make spectacul> fireworks ( burn+ gas & melt+s4 ,release ( pressure by splitt+ op5 ! cru/ p]mits a great %[ ( fi]y foam+1 b no geologi/ sees ! pr(\nd accompli%m5t ( lava s9k+ & fl[+ away by und]gr\nd *annels4 ,x may fl[ out along ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea bottom4 ,at ,vesuvius1 x may slip ?r\gh deep cracks 9 ! direction ( ,sicily4 ,c]ta9ly a p]iodic adju/m5t ( ! big sy/em 7,vesuvius-,/romboli-,etna7 has tak5 place deep d[n 9 ! e>?1 & ! ?irty-eight ye>s ( accumulation mean a /ress by weight+ d[n4 ,! pressure ( #ajj million tons ( /or$ lava inside a weak cone m\nta9 & ready to eff]vesce ) heat & give up its hydrog5 is :at sci5ce too (t5 =gets4 ,! cont95tal crack sy/em betwe5 cru/ blocks & full ( ra9 wat] is wait+ to assi/ ! crisis1 :ile ! blocks are pois$ ov] upris+ gases ( ! ages4 ,! gases ( ! ages1 rea*+ to ! core ( ! globe1 are et]nally melt+ ! walls ) :ite-hot core matt]1 walls ( silice\s rock blocks #a1hjj miles deep4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ,vesuvius is a t9y pimple4 ,incid5tally1 ! #aidd e>?quakes 7 record$ 9 l>ge/ numb] dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! liquid pumice f\nta9s 7 9 action 9 ! n9e diff]5t spells betwe5 ,m>* #bj & ,m>* #bc4 ,?is means t ! maxima ( engulf+ crat]1 see?+ slag1 outru%+ gas1 crun*+ m\nta9 weight1 & avalan*+ inn] walls 7 all happ5+ toge!r4 ,! clogg+ ( v5ts =c$ ! gr\nd wat] /eam into pulsations4 ,?is c\ld n la/2 ! m\nta9 blocks settl$ & resum$ pressure1 deep lava dra9$ (f1 heat dw9dl$1 & gas 0 reliev$4 ,! bigg] volcanic sy/em ass]t$ its d[nw>d weight ( ! adju/$ globe4 ,by mak+ mu* ( pulsations & ?irty-?ree ye> int]vals1 we are dream+ ( an ideal volcano su* z might be con/ruct$ z 0 our geys] app>atus4 ,b !re is no "q ( ! reality ( tides 9 rock1 z well z 9 ocean2 ( day & night2 cold & sun%9e2 ye> & c5tury4 ,cont95t & ocean are positive1 globe & sol> sy/em are positive4 ,! ideal volcano is "p ( a tidal sy/em & is limit$ 9 size4 ,!re=e sci5ce has a "r to inquire h[ x happ5s t ?r\gh c5turies mo/ volcanoes /ay #d1jjj feet high4 ,x has a "r to look = av]ages & p]iodicities1 j z a doctor looks = respiration1 temp]ature1 & he>tbeats4 ,l m51 volcanoes are n all alike1 b bo? m5 & volcanoes are ord]ly organisms4 ,! object ( volcanology is to f9d ord] & relate ! small ord]l9ess to ! big regul>ity ( globe & sol> tides4 ,my #aijf visit at ! end ( ! ,vesuvian eruption cry/alliz$ my lifework idea1 begun at ,pele2 b my accompli%m5t 0 dw>f$ to triviality by t ( ,p]ret1 :om ,i fir/ met :ile he 0 assi/+ ! ,italian volcano obs]vatory4 ,he 0 a photograph] & obs]v] ( r>e m]it4 ,he _h be5 liv+ 9 ,naples & photograph+ all ! ,italian volcanoes1 & he _h work$ out a sol> control diagram = pr$ict+ volcano tides4 ,italy _h made a volcanologi/ out ( a physici/-eng9e]4 ,discov]y ( ,p]ret meant to me mu* m ?an any ph5om5on ( geology4 ,frank ,alvord ,p]ret 0 an electrical eng9e] f ,brooklyn1 & a g5ius ) an ord9>y ,kodak4 ,he took at ,vesuvius1 by %e] d>+1 ! mo/ rem>kable photographs ev] made ( an active volcano4 ,8 k ( a/ronomy1 meteorology1 & physics made him see 9 a volcano some?+ to /udy close at h&1 z ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 /udi$ a ?und]/orm4 ,he develop$ & pr9t$ 8 photographs himself1 & color$ 8 lant]n slides4 ,he help$ ,matteucci1 ! obs]vatory director on ,vesuvius1 & 0 decorat$ z ,*evali] by ! ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,he tramp$ close to lava v5ts & explosion cl\ds1 & took hundr$s ( pictures4 ,p]ret & ,i _h exactly ! same conception ( a volcano4 ,we ?\ght ( x z a liv+ organism to record1 j z ra9fall is record$ by ! wea!r man4 ,= our record+1 we _h to inv5t volcano in/rum5ts4 ,?\gh ! cam]a 0 ,p]ret's supreme in/rum5t1 he _h be5 an electrical inv5tor all 8 life4 ,bus9essm5 9 ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1 f9anc$ 8 "w 9 ,italy2 & ,i w5t to ,spr+field to lecture & enc\rage _! rese>* association1 ! pr$ecessor ( our ,hawaiian association4 ,p]ret photograph$ ,etna1 ,/romboli1 ,t5]iffe1 ,sakurajima1 ,kilauea1 ! ,c>ib cones & o!r volcanoes1 & p]=m$ h]oic "w at ! ,mess9a e>?quake ( #aijh4 ,:51 9 #aibi1 ,pele ent]$ into ano!r ( its p]iods ( explod+ & heav+ x 0 /udi$ critically by ,p]ret :o _h e/abli%$ a museum & obs]vatory at ,m>t9ique4 ,he f9ally settl$ d[n at 8 museum 9 ,/4 ,pi]re1 & 0 ( great s]vice at ! ,monts]rat e>?quake crisis ( #aicc & !reaft]4 ,he 0 n physically /rong & ! volcanic du/ gave him pneumonia1 b sev]al times he recov]$ f attacks4 ,he di$ 9 ,new ,york1 hav+ be5 =c$ nor? by ! second ,_w ,w>4 ,i also met ! ,york%ire oculi/1 geologi/1 & photograph]1 ,dr4 ,tempe/ ,&]son1 on ,vesuvius 9 #aijf4 ,?is 0 ano!r happy meet+4 ,he too 0 a skill$ volcano photograph]1 & _h tak5 pictures 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,icel& ) 8 privately built cam]as1 us+ me?ods ( extreme orig9ality4 ,he aft]w>ds made = me a cam]a ) small glass plates1 d>k *amb]1 arm sleeves1 no plate-hold]1 alp5/ock tripod1 bottle /rip-te/+ develop]1 self-dry+ metal case1 & great p]fection ( rigidity & focus4 ,we 7 to meet aga9 & aga9 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he became "o ( ! ,briti% exp]ts s5t to ,s\frire by ! ,royal ,society4 ,he di$ ( typhoid on a volcano voyage to ! ,philipp9es4 ,%ortly aft] my ,vesuvius exp$ition ,i mov$ f ,h>v>d to become head ( geology at ,massa*usetts ,te*4 ,my tea*+ ov]lapp$ t ( ,pr(essors ,w4 ,niles & ,w4 ,o4 ,crosby at ,te* & ,wellesley1 :ile = a "t ,i cont9u$ my ,h>v>d "w4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,i began to ?9k ( possible ways ( f9anc+ an exp$ition to ! ,aleutian ,isl&s & _! =ty active volcanoes4 ,! ye> #aijf-aijg 0 a "t ( f9ancial boom1 s ,i w5t to ,calumet & ,hecla1 ! great copp] company ( :i* ,agassiz 0 presid5t4 ,to my a/oni%m5t !y subscrib$ #a1jjj to />t ! ,te*nology ,exp$ition4 ,/ate ,/reet & ,wall ,/reet rais$ ?is to #ac1jjj 9 t5 days1 & ,i le>n$ mu* ab\t ! availability ( money dur+ a boom ( ! /ock m>ket4 ,presid5t ,prit*ett ( ,h>v>d approv$ ! exp$ition1 & ,i organiz$ x = a sail+ s*oon] f ,seattle1 ) n9e 9 ! crew & sev5 sci5ti/s4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,sci5ti/s ( ,te*nical ,exp$ition to ,aleutians1 #aijg2 left to "r3 ,jagg>1 ,gumm]e1 ,v&yke1 ,eakle1 ,swe5ey1 & ,my]s ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,capta9 ,george ,seeley ( ! ,lydia1 ,te*nical ,exp$ition to ,aleutians1 #aijg ,we set sail 9 ! spr+ ( #aijg & sp5t f\r mon?s 9 t ocean ( gales1 fogs1 ra91 & cold betwe5 ,dut* ,h>bor & ,atka--! ea/]n half ( ! ,aleutians4 ,"o man1 ,colby1 0 a be> hunt] :o explor$ ! ,alaskan ,p59sula & report$ on coal & gold4 ,! sci5ti/s 7 two geologi/s1 two m9+ /ud5ts1 a physician :o 0 also botani/ & entomologi/1 & an a/ronom]4 ,!y 7 ,eakle1 ,my]s1 ,swe5y1 ,v&yke1 & ,gumm]4 ,! sail+ ma/] & mate 7 uncle & nephew1 bo? ,nova ,scotians nam$ ,seeley4 ,! foll[+ poem by ! ma/] tells ! /ory bett] ?an ,i c\ld4 ,,an ,,alaskan ,,idyll ,an ,ea/]n ,college ( r5[n ,_h pur*as$ 9 ,seattle t[n ,! s*oon] ,lydia ( ill fame ,& ,seeley 0 ! ,capta9's "n4 ,! ,sci5ti/ !y numb]$ sev5 ,_! subjects rang$ f ,h----l to ,heav5 ,"o on volcano's "o on />s ,botany1 bugs1 %ort cuts to ,m>s4 ,l knights ( old 7 !y prep>$ to %oot ,! mighty :ale1 f]oci\s malamoot4 ,good fell[s all4 ,i hope !y'll l5i5t be ,to him :o writes ?is v]se ^u ! sea ,pr(4 ,jagg>1 man ( e>?quake lore4 ,to climb m\nta9 peaks & !m explore ,by delv+ mid _! b[els1 ,pray dont sc(f4 ,c\ld tell y h[ x 01 ! cuss$ ?+ w5t (f ,at o!r times on _m a =eign %ore ,_h /udi$ deep 9 seismologic lore ,by look+ d[n _! ?roats & note ! smell4 ,c\ld tell exactly j h[ f> we 7 f ,h----l4 ,pr(4 ,gumm]e ( ! ,drexel ,in/itute ,on mighty ,m\nt ,maku%9 burnt 8 boot ,! crat] sure 0 hot b :5 we did inquire ,f\nd x 0 done :ile dry+ !m to ne> ! fire ,angles & dips ( ! magnetic k9d ,dry bulbs & wet 7 ev] on 8 m9d ,/rong 9 debate on !ories sci5tific ,pass$ _m a we>y h\r on ! ,pacific ,dr4 ,v&yke ! foo?ills (t w\ld skirt ,oe'r turn+ /ones & delv+ 9 ! dirt ,beetles & bugs1 all ?+s t fly & crawl ,7 8 delight1 & well he knew !m all ,if "o 7 ill1 or hov]+ ne> ! ,br9k ,he'd br+ y back ) o9tm5t made ( ,z9c ,fauna & ,flora t is bugs & fl[]s ,7 8 delight4 ,on !m he'd talk = h\rs ,( /ature slight by nature en]getic ,! way he'd *ase ^? bugs 0 q pa!tic ,colby & ,cody hunt]s ( r5[n4 ,^: specialty 0 be>s1 :ite1 black1 or br[n ,! ,aleutian ,is'ds yield b fox & rat ,b little did ^! ,nimrods c>e = t ,blood 0 _! hobby !y b liv$ = gore ,& ,colby's /oma* ev] call$ = m4 ,!y left u e>ly mu* to our dismay ,to hunt ! grizzly d[n 9 ,bri/ol ,bay4 ,) grape nuts1 fl\r1 bacon 9 galore ,!y *ase ! c>ib\1 :at c\ld !y ask = m ,next is little ,dr4 ,eakle ) ! tw9kle 9 8 eye ,:o c\ld cook a flapjack1 p\nd up rocks4 ,or climb ! m\nta9s high ,i'll bet :5 he gets home aga9 on ,cali=nia's %ore ,he w nev] travel ! ,b]+ ,sea 9 a ,s*'r any m ,he left u at ,dut* ,h>bor & took ano!r way ,to ,b]keley's ,alma ,mat] on ,san ,francisco's ,bay4 ,messrs4 ,swe5ey next & ,my]s1 "y m5 ( good repute ,! latt] on 8 bugle w\ld (t delight to toot ,at any h\r at any "t ei!r by night or day ,reveille1 ,mess call1 any old ?+ ,he'd lug h] out & play4 ,he left ) ,eakle mu* to our regret ,& 9 my dreams ,i he> reveille yet4 ,n[ ,i've roa/$ & ,i've toa/$ ^! fell[s good & true ,j incl9e y\r e> & li/5 ,:ile ,i :isp] unto y ,) a bett] lot ( %ipmates h ,i nev] yet set sail ,mid ! light ,pacific breezes or ! wild ,aleutian gale ,i'll rememb] ea* & all ( !m ,& ,i hope !y'll ?9k ( me ,& ! trip !y made 9 ! ,lydia bold4 ,to ! d>n$ old ,b]+ ,sea4 ,george ,seeley ,sail+ ,ma/] ( ! ,te*nology ,exp$ition #aijg ,uncorrect$ f ! orig9al manuscript ,we collect$ specim5s & made notes on geology1 magnetism1 topography1 wea!r1 photography1 e?nology1 plants1 insects1 birds1 ores1 %ipp+1 volcanoes & navigation--mat]ials = ye>s ( laboratory /udy4 ,! j\rnal ( ! exp$ition1 ?irty-sev5 pages long ) photographs1 0 publi%$ by ! ,te*nology ,review4 ,l e su* volcano exp$ition1 we 7 hamp]$ by ! necessity ( us+ a sail+ vessel1 by bad wea!r1 by ra9 :i* int]f]$ ) photography1 by long spells on ! op5 sea 9 fog1 & by inaccessible crat]s amid ! ice ( m\nta9 tops4 ,f ! adm9i/rative viewpo9t1 two ?+s /ood out3 ! ne$ = an amphibian boat1 indep5d5t ( h>bors1 & ! ne$ = a l& /ation m or less p]man5t1 :]efrom an amphibian boat c\ld op]ate to rea* & l& on det]m9ate bea*es4 ,a p]man5t /ation c\ld "w on specim5s 9 bad wea!r4 ,^! discov]ies det]m9$ ! policy t 0 to ev5tuate 9 ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 to ! build+ ( amphibian boats1 & to five o!r ,aleutian j\rneys by #aicb4 ,i might describe slid+ d[n ! slipp]y grass ( ,unalaska1 on ! /eep slopes peculi> to ! ,aleutians2 explor+ ice crat]s on top ( ,maku%9 9 ,unalaska2 or gett+ /orm b\nd = five days try+ to rea* ,atka's ,korov9ski ,volcano on foot4 ,b ^! tales h be5 publi%$ else:]e4 ,! mo/ excit+ ( ! ,aleutian volcanoes is ,bogosl(1 a peak subm]g$ nor? ( ,umnak1 ) its crat]1 a l9e ( erupt+ crags1 j at sea level4 ,we _h good luck ) wea!r & l&$ on ,bogosl( 9 ! =5oon ( ,augu/ #g1 #aijg4 ,hundr$s ( sea lions1 bell[+ close to ! dories1 w\ld pop up & />e at u & !n plunge frantically b5ea? ! waves4 ,on ! bea* we f\nd "o bull asleep1 b he awoke & awkw>dly fl\nd]$ to ! sea4 ,! islet 0 !n f\r peaks ) s& flats betwe51 ! c5tral "o a /eam+ mass ( lava protub]ances %ap$ l potatoes4 ,next to x 0 a half cone brok5 9 two1 ) a horn$ sp9e l a %>k f92 ,pele all ov] aga94 ,x 0 also simil> to ,new ,zeal&'s ,:ite ,isl&4 ,at ! two ends ( ! isl& 7 old]1 peak$ lava rocks4 ,! active heap 0 #dej feet high ) bright yell[ coat+s1 & a r+ pool ( hot salt wat] ar\nd x1 yell[ ) iron-/a9$ mud4 ,! rocky cliffs 7 cov]$ ) ?\s&s ( murres1 _! *icks1 & eggs2 & ! birds d>k5$ ! sky 9 flight4 ,! /5* f (fal & rott5 eggs 0 int5se4 ,! sea 0 full ( fi%1 ! bea*es 7 full ( sea lions1 ! hot lava & air 7 full ( birds4 ,?us life & deadly volcanism liv$ toge!r4 ,! active rock 0 refractory basalt1 semisolid1 cru/+ & break+ into blocks z x rose f a subm]g$ crat]4 ,on ,septemb] #a aft] we left1 ! crat] explod$1 ?r[+ s& & du/ a di/ance ( #ajj miles to ! ea/4 ,! middle heap 0 engulf$1 leav+ only a lagoon2 & ! rema9+ peaks 7 %r\d$ 9 a heavy mantle ( debris4 ,su* a hi/ory ( build+ & bur/+ & spread+ out z a %oal has gone on = m ?an #aaa ye>s4 ,bogosl( is ! peak ( a subm>9e ,pele1 sev]al ?\s& feet above sea bottom4 ,x is always active1 ! index volcano ( ! ,aleutians4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ne$ = obs]vatories began to be recogniz$4 ,some?+ new & ( grave m5ace _h come into geology1 t]rible /eam bla/s capable ( %oot+ out horizontally & explosively4 ,& ev5 z ,i write 9 #aieb ^! h be5 tak+ human lives at ,m\nt ,lam+ton 9 ,papua & ,m\nt ,hibokhibok on ,camigu9 ,isl& ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,at ,vesuvius1 "u ,palmi]i1 an obs]vatory _h be5 e/abli%$ ab\t #ahei4 ,! director 0 int]e/$ 9 meteorology z affect$ by ,vesuvius1 & annual reports 7 publi%$ irregul>ly4 ,successive directors became int]e/$ 9 mak+ in/rum5ts = volcano sci5ce & ,m]calli1 ! director 9 #aijg1 publi%$ a book 9 ,italian on ! active volcanoes ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,i w5t to ,m\nt ,pele ,i 0 m9dful ( ! v5ture at ,vesuvius2 & ,pr(essor ,lacroix ( ,p>is e/abli%$ artill]y (fic]s ne> ,/4 ,pi]re ru9s aft] ! disa/]1 to wat* & report z a volcano obs]vatory4 ,!y furni%$ details & photographs ( ! _m eruptions & ! gr[? ( ! lava dome & sp9e4 ,doctors ,hovey1 ,flett1 ,&]son1 ,lacroix1 & ,heilpr9 return$ to ,m\nt ,pele & add$ mu* to ! obs]vational & photographic record1 & ,dr4 ,/bel publi%$ a special book inspir$ by critical /udy ( ! ,c>ibbees1 9 comp>ison ) ,&ean volcanoes4 ,hovey & ,i put ?r\gh a resolution 9 #aijg at ! meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 8/rongly recomm5d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( volcano & e>?quake obs]vatories40 ,p]ret & ,i 7 bo? inv5tors ( in/rum5ts1 bo? exp]im5t]s1 & bo? conv9c$ t ! exp$ition me?od alone w\ld nev] solve ! volcano problem4 ,! bro!rs ,fri$la5d] ( ,zuri* 7 e/abli%+ a 8,zeits*rift fr ,vulkanologie10 9 ,naples1 & a laboratory ) ,g]man1 ,swiss1 & ,italian assi/ants4 ,! ,c>negie ,in/itution e/abli%$ 9 ,wa%+ton a geophysical laboratory devot$ to high temp]ature physical *emi/ry4 ,we o!rs 7 influ5c$ by field ambition1 & s9ce #ahii ,i _h f\ght = a ,hawaii geological survey1 = ,i 0 conv9c$ t ,kilauea ,volcano !re mu/ h an ,am]ican volcano obs]vatory4 ,my exp]im5ts on erosion1 s$im5tation1 de=mation1 & eruption conv9c$ me t a field exp]im5tal sci5ce 0 b\nd to gr[ up 9 ea* ( ^? p>ts ( dynamical geology4 ,all ( ^! ne$$ field obs]vatories to det]m9e index ( erosion1 index ( s$im5tation1 index ( gr\nd movem5t & e>?quake1 index ( volcanism2 ^! indices to be quantitative j z ! !rmomet] & b>omet] & w9d gauge made climatology a quantitative sci5ce ( ! air4 ,i f\nd almo/ no?+ be+ accompli%$ 9 ^! new field sci5ces4 ,no "o dreamt ( attack+ ! ,mississippi z a field ( pure sci5ce ( erosionology1 comp>$ to ! ,amazon4 ,x 0 felt t ^! ?+s c\ld be left to comm]ce & ! eng9e]s4 ,by index ( eruption ,i mean ! geographical peculi>ity ( ,vesuvius1 = example1 z an eruption c5t]4 ,p]ret tri$ to r$uce ?is to diagram =m4 ,i publi%$1 9 ,wa%+ton1 a plea = geophysical obs]vatories4 ,an e>?quake 9 #aijh1 pr$ict$ & photograph$ by ,p]ret1 _h kill$ #abe1jjj p 9 ,italy at ,mess9a1 ne> ,m\nt ,etna4 ,h5ce ,i felt m /rongly ?an ev] t some?+ mu/ be done4 ,s x 0 t 9 #aiji1 at my own exp5se1 ,i made a j\rney to ,hawaii & ,japan ) my family4 ,ev]y?+ )9 me conv]g$ on mak+ a life "w ( ! results ( my ,pacific j\rney4 ,9 ,honolulu ,i 0 invit$ to %[ my color$ lant]n slides ( ! ,m\nt ,pele disa/] & to describe ,massa*usetts ,te*'s plan = a seismograph /ation on ,blue ,hill ne> ,bo/on4 ,:5 ! ,honorable ,l4 ,a4 ,?ur/on ( ! ,pacific ,comm]cial ,adv]tis] int]view$ me aft] ! lecture1 & ask$ :e!r ,kilauea ,volcano on ! isl& ( ,hawaii w\ld n be bett] ?an ,blue ,hill1 ,i repli$ t x c]ta9ly w\ld h _m m e>?quakes &1 9 addition1 w\ld (f] volcano lavas to obs]ve 9 action4 ,?ur/on ask$1 8,is x !n a "q ( money80 ,i repli$ t x 01 l>gely1 b t x also entail$ p]suad+ ,te* au?orities t ,i 0 "r4 ,aft] visit+ ,kilauea1 :]e ,i /ay$ at ! ,volcano ,h\se & saw ,halemaumau lava pit 9 action1 ,i w5t on to ,japan4 ,!re ,i visit$ ! seismograph /ations ( ,pr(essor ,omori & travel$ to active ,t>umai ,volcano 9 ,hokkaido4 ,t>umai1 :i* 0 und]go+ an int]e/+ eruption at t "t1 is a #d1jjj foot cone 9 p9e =e/s on ! nor? isl& ( ,japan4 7,notice ! usual #d1jjj feet47 ,x _h brok5 out explosively1 s5t up a great spiral ( caulifl[] cl\ds ( /eam & a% ?\s&s ( feet1 & foll[$ ?is by pil+ up a lava dome 9 its summit crat]1 ! dome lift+ ! crat] floor & protrud+ above ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,?is 0 an extrusion ( &esite1 m refractory & giv+ hott] /eam ?an ,kilauea v5ts1 z measur$ ) an electric !rmomet]4 ,we got #dej ,c5tigrade ) ,bri/ol !rmoc\ple 9 sulfur-cov]$ cracks hiss+ on ! actual face ( ! lava dome4 ,kilauea _h giv5 #cjj ,c5tigrade 9 ! fam\s 8po/al c>d crack0 :]e visitors br[n$ _! c>ds4 ,! /iff ris+ lava dome ( ,t>umai 0 a duplicate ( ! lavas ( ,bogosl( & ,pele1 b ,bogosl( 0 a crat] at sea level1 & ,pele's big dome & sp9e above ! m\nta9 top develop$ 9 ! second ye> ( eruptions4 ,i f\nd fur!r inspiration 9 a visit to ,asama volcano 9 c5tral ,japan4 ,"h1 j z at ,t>umai1 ! h>d lava lay 9 a rigid swirl1 hiss+ & /eam+ at ! bottom ( ! summit crat] aft] ! crat] _h ann\nc$ eruption by 8caulifl[]0 upru%es4 ,x 0 evid5t t h>d lava pu%-ups f ! bottom ( crat]s 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pacific & ,c>ib %ores1 9 contra/ to ,hawaiian & ,italian fl[-d[ns4 ,! pressure upw>d breaks a m\nta91 ! slag & boil+ gr\ndwat] inside *urns up avalan*e gravel & du/1 columns ( du/-lad5 /eam ru% out1 ! break-up lets up lava1 & accord+ to its fro?+ gas & heat & ! air temp]ature1 x is capable physically ( ei!r foam+ out liquid ?r\gh radial cracks or pu%+ up semisolid & pil+ z an aa heap4 ,! net effect is flat lava %ields = ,hawaii1 ) fl[s into & "u ! ocean1 & %apely high cones = ! ,&es & ,japan1 ) ,italy some:]e 9 betwe54 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! lavas is a matt] ( int]nal meltability1 due to *emi/ry & gases4 ,9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ?is 0 new to me z a geologi/1 = ! books did n expla9 int]nal gas 9 lava4 ,geography und]/ood no?+ ( ! relation ( a volcano to l9es ( crack+ e>? cru/ & dep? ( cru/1 & gigantic explosions dom9at$ hi/ory z exceptions4 ,refractory slags 7 !n believ$ to be /iff by reason ( *emical fusibility1 & gas 9 solution 9 a melt is n und]/ood ev5 today4 ,! ,japan j\rney expla9$ ! textbook contra/ betwe5 oceanic ,hawaii & cont95tal ,ecuador1 bo? volcanic1 & ! fur!r contra/ ) ,yell[/one agglom]ates1 & intrusions ( ! ,black ,hills ( ,s\? ,dakota4 ,cle>ly ,hawaii mu/ be /udi$1 & exp]im5tal geology ext5d$ to ! globe z a laboratory4 ,on my return to ,honolulu1 ,pr(essor ,ralph ,hosm]1 =e/]1 met me & report$ t ,honolulu money 0 available1 if ,massa*usetts ,te* w\ld s5d me to ,hawaii to f\nd a volcano exp]im5t /ation4 ,!n & !re ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association =m$ by bus9ess lead]s 9 ,honolulu became a reality1 to cry/allize lat] into an educational corporation4 ,9 #aiaj1 :ile ,i 0 /ill a pr(essor at ,massa*usetts ,te*1 ! ,unit$ ,fruit ,company invit$ me to g 9 "o ( _! %ips to /udy ! e>?quake de/ruction ( ,c>tago1 ,co/a ,rica4 ,i saw an opportunity to /udy seismology 9 ! field1 z ,i _h /udi$ volcanology 9 ,m>t9ique4 ,! ,unit$ ,fruit ,company own$ ! railroad & mu* ( ! national debt ( ,co/a ,rica4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h>t1 treasur] ( ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 & director ( ! fruit company told me to make my own plans & ! company w\ld pay all exp5ses4 ,kn[+ t eng9e]+ is ( fir/ importance 9 e>?quake disa/]1 ,i invit$ ,pr(essor ,*>les ,sp(=d1 head ( our ,civil ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t1 to g ) me1 & he promptly accept$4 ,our j\rney 0 f ,new ,orleans1 9 "o ( ! spl5did sn[-:ite /eam]s ( ! fruit company4 ,?is %ip1 go+ by ,belize 9 ,briti% ,honduras1 took u to ,limon on ! ,c>ibbean side ( ,co/a ,rica1 a place ( banana plantations & ,jamaica-negro labor4 ,f ,limon we took a m\nta9-climb+1 n>r[-gauge railroad1 to ! high & heal?ful capital1 ,san ,jose4 ,we pass$ ! ru9s ( ! city ( ,c>tago1 ) its e>?quake tumbl$ *ur*es & wreck$ l[] build+s1 all cov]$ ) heavy ro(s ( r$ tiles4 ,don ,ana/asio ,alf>o1 gov]nm5t sci5ti/1 %[$ u seismographs & maps1 & we call$ on ,presid5t ,jim5ez1 :o own$ a dairy f>m on ! high slopes ( ,irazu ,volcano directly above ,c>tago4 ,i arrang$ ) ! ,presid5t to h ! gov]nm5t make an (ficial inquiry all ov] ! ,republic1 sugge/+ a /udy ( t5 grades ( e>?quake damage1 adapt$ to ,c5tral ,am]ican habits4 ,^! grades1 f m]e al>m up to wreck$ *ur*es1 7 to apply to :at _h happ5$ 9 ea* place4 ,accord+ to ! answ]s1 we w\ld make = ea* place a num]ical value ( int5sity & plot ^! on ! map4 ,we visit$ ! wreckage ( ,c>tago1 :]e ! quake _h come l ! crack ( a :ip on ,may #d1 #aiaj1 j at ! supp] h\r4 ,an ,am]ican railway conductor & 8 family 7 seat$ at table & ) ! fir/ j>r+s1 !y all pit*$ =w>d "u ! d9+ room table4 ,:5 ! l[ adobe h\se fell on top ( !m1 ! table sav$ _! lives4 ,a pa!tic object 0 ! holl[ squ>e ( ! ,c>negie ,palace1 design$ by a ,co/a ,rican ar*itect to promote ,c5tral ,am]ican peace4 ,x 0 improp]ly brac$1 & ev]y?+ came d[n1 includ+ ! ornate /one wall ar\nd ! gr\nds2 & a crack$ gate po/ held a melan*oly buzz>d 9 ! hide\s ru94 ,?is & sev]al ( ! big *ur*es1 crack$ & disrupt$1 gave ,sp(=d food = 8 ar*itectural notes4 ,! ,presid5t's f>m on ,irazu 0 a lovely place ( gre5 glades1 fat cattle1 & attractive ,spani% dairymaids1 at an altitude ( m ?an #i1jjj feet4 ,! crat] ( ,irazu at #aj1cjj feet 0 a tumbl$ depression on ! top ( ! m\nta9 ) a /eam+ solfat>a on "o side1 & a lot ( circul> holes inside1 )9 a rim m or less circul>4 ,poas crat] 0 v diff]5t1 ) a crat] lake ( boil+ wat] surr\nd$ by bright-color$ horizontal lay]s ( a%4 ,we f\nd buri$ bombs f a rec5t eruption :i* _h punctur$ ! soil ) holes "o or two feet across4 ,!re 0 wild adv5ture = me 9 be+ giv5 a horse at #d ,a4,m41 equipp$ ) a rott5 saddle1 :i* slipp$ :5 ,i m\nt$ him4 ,! horse res5t$ me 9 ! e>ly morn+ d>kness1 hav+ j left 8 gra91 & imm$iately buck$ (f bo? me & ! saddle4 ,m adv5ture foll[$4 ,on ! ride up ! m\nta9 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/ we enc\nt]$ a jagu> trap :i* _h rec5tly caught two big cats4 ,x 0 a p51 ro($ ) logs bait$ ) a f[l1 & disguis$ ) bru%2 a %utt] fell & clos$ ! op5+ :5 ! bait 0 t\*$4 ,on ! way d[n we _h a t]rific tropical ?und] /orm1 ) %eets ( cold ra91 & ,i got *ill$ to ! bone & 0 sick ) dys5t]y = two or ?ree days4 ,!re are a doz5 volcanoes l ^! two on ! backbone ( ! ,co/a ,rica rocky m\nta9s4 ,!y tr5d 9 a ragg$ l9e f ! ,panama b\nd>y on ! s\!a/1 to ,nic>agua on ! nor?we/4 ,all h records ( explosive activity1 b lava fl[s are r>e4 ,beg9n+ at ,nic>agua ! l9e ( ! ,cordill]a1 capp$ ) volcanoes1 cont9ues ?r\gh ,salvador1 ,honduras1 & ,guatemala2 & "s ( ! l[] ones h lava fl[s4 ,cosequ9a is fam\s among !m2 & conspicu\s z a frequ5tly active volcano is ,santa ,ana 9 ,salvador1 "o peak ( :i* is ,izalco1 ! index volcano ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 erupt+ frequ5tly4 ,o!r index volcanoes are ,kilauea = ,hawaii1 ,/romboli = ,italy1 & ,bogosl( = ! ,aleutians4 ,! next l9e ( volcanoes1 also tr5d+ nor?we/1 ext5ds f ,guatemala into s\!rn ,mexico4 ,! ,co/a ,rica l9e ov]laps ! nor!a/ side ( ! ,nic>agua-,salvador l9e1 & ?is 9 turn ov]laps ! ,guatemala l9e1 & s on4 ,! *a9s ( volcanoes are ov] an e*elon ( cracks1 surm\nt$ by heap$-up lava peaks on ! cont95tal divide4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( exp]im5t+ ) volcanoes1 ! exploration ( ! ,c>tago e>?quake & ,poas & ,irazu crat]s & a /udy ( _! relations typifi$ ! unsatisfactory comb9ation ( upheav$ m\nta9s ( /rata & ( volcanic eruptions & und]gr\nd friction4 ,?is ext5ds all ! way along ! ,cordill]a f ,patagonia to ,alaska4 ,i say unsatisfactory because f ! sci5ce /&po9t1 ! action ( eruption or e>?quake is f> scatt]$ 9 "t & place1 & only local obs]vatory geophysics & travel+ sci5ti/s w d ! "w4 ,c>tago is directly at ! foot ( ,irazu ,volcano1 b ! volcano did n erupt simultane\sly ) ! e>?quake4 ,9 ! same way ,mess9a is at ! foot ( ,etna1 & ,tokyo is at ! foot ( ,fujiyama2 & ! great e>?quakes d n accord ) eruptions4 ,sakurajima 9 #aiad 0 an exception1 x _h a quake aft] outbreak4 ,! direct outcome ( my /udy1 on ! map ( ,co/a ,rica1 ( l9es ( equal e>?quake effects1 %[$ ! maximum ( ! #aiaj quake on ! cont95tal backbone1 & ! l9es 7 cr[d$ toge!r along ! we/]n m\nta9s4 ,h[ev]1 !y spread out wid] & wid] along ! ,c>ibbean coa/al pla91 :i* is an elevat$ sea bottom on ! nor!a/ side ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 o!r words ! t]rific jolt 0 a deep slipp+ or scrap+ "u ! volcano l9e1 & ! ela/ic waves ( l /rong effects 7 close toge!r 9 ! m\nta9s on ! ,pacific side1 oppos$ by h>d rock4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! waves1 mu* feebl]1 wid5$ out _! l9es 9 go+ ?r\gh flat1 s(t /rata on ! ,c>ibbean side4 ,! answ] seems to be t along ! jagg$ rupture :i* und]lies ! volcanoes !re is cont9u\s upw>d pressure ( lava1 :i* occasionally is accel]at$ into a big bump or slip1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 z ! :ole great m\nta9 range volcanically heaves ?r\gh ! ages4 ,our next j\rney 0 f ,b>rios across to ,guatemala ,city1 :]e we _h di/ant views ( su* volcanoes z ! pure cone ( ,agua & ! %>p peak ( ,santa ,m>ia1 :i* 9 ,octob] ( #aijb _h bl[n out its flank & left a va/ hole4 ,! ,guatemalan plateau ( ri* soil & abundant m>ket products rises gradually f ! wet banana l&s on ! ,c>ibbean side to a height ( #d1hgj feet at ,guatemala ,city4 ,?is is on ! l9e ( volcano cracks4 ,!n ! l& plunges abruptly 9 a precipit\s d[n-fault$ slope1 to a l[ flat %elf along ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is %elf is cov]$ ) ! m]g+ ( _m deltas =m$ by ! /reams & torr5ts :i* dra9 ! well-wat]$ plateau4 ,along ?is l9e at ! top ( ! precipice is ! *a9 ( volcanoes1 ) ri* c(fee l&s at _! feet on ! upp] slopes4 ,c(fee plantations 7 de/roy$ by /eam1 mud flood1 & a% bla/s 9 #aijb1 & simil> de/ruction 0 de/9$ to beg9 aga9 9 #aibc4 ,a l>ge model ( ,c5tral ,am]ica has be5 built 9 a p>k 9 ! op5 air 9 ,guatemala ,city1 %[+ magnific5tly ! upl& plateau & its m\nta9s1 ! flat slope to ! ea/1 & ! long /raight /eep plunge to ! ,pacific coa/al %elf4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ! block fault+ ( a cont95t1 lift$ l a huge flat slab along a crack1 & tilt$ away f ! ,pacific4 ,! ,pacific block dropp$ d[n4 ,! same /ructure is true1 on a l>g] scale1 ( ! l9e ( ! ,&es1 lift$ z a volcano-cov]$ slab1 d[n-fault$ along ! ,*ilean coa/al pla94 ,! upl& slopes away to ! bas9 ( ! ,amazon4 ,9 ^! /udies we are exp]im5t+ ) volcanoes on ! scale ( geography1 b ! pr9ciples involv$ apply to ,mexico & to ! ,cascade ,range 9 ,oregon4 ,!y probably apply also to ! ,aleutian1 ! ,kam*atkan1 & ! we/]n ,pacific arcs1 consid]$ z upheav$ & erod$ ridges4 ,!y are arcs because !y are anci5t cald]as4 ,we travel$ by /eam] along ! ,pacific coa/ to ,panama1 :]e ! canal 0 be+ f9i%$4 ,we 7 impress$ by ,g5]al ,goe?als & 8 associate eng9e]s1 & ) ! m>vell\s organization ( big eng9e]+ z ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld adm9i/] x4 ,yell[ fev] _h be5 conqu]$1 %ips con/antly br\ght dairy products f ,new ,york to canal employees1 h\ses 7 scre5$ & unglaz$1 & ! jungle 0 cut back to limits ( safety f ! mosquitoes4 ,we f\nd lively "y ,am]ican college graduates1 bo? m5 & wom51 play+ t5nis 9 ! deep tropics1 :]e e>li] hundr$s _h di$ ( fev]4 ,we arriv$ j at ! "t :5 sides ( ! ,culebra ,cut 7 cont9u\sly slid+ inw>d l a glaci]1 to close up ! dit*4 ,! gr\nd "u a village at ! top ( ! bank 0 crack+ 9 long crevasses1 & habitations _h to be ab&on$4 ,! only answ] 0 to dig away ! hill ) hundr$s ( dump c>s1 until ! slope 0 flat en\gh to /op slid+4 ,an amus+ episode occurr$ at ! ,pacific end ( ! canal1 :]e giant monitors1 or hose nozzles1 7 be+ us$ to cut away ! banks4 ,eng9e] ,williamson _h conceiv$ ! idea ( m\nt+ ^! monitors on concrete b>ges made on ! spot4 ,he cov]$ ! frames ) /eel me%1 & spray$ concrete aga9/ ! me% until a wat]-tight hull 0 produc$4 ,fell[ eng9e]s je]$ at ,williamson & said t a boat made ( rock w\ld surely s9k4 ,someone ask$ ,williamson1 :5 8 fir/ b>ge bore up ! heavy monitors & 0 successful1 :at he 0 go+ to "n x4 ,he pa9t$ ! "n 9 l>ge lett]s on ! b>ge 8,ivory ,soap1 x floats40 ,we met 9 ,co/a ,rica & ,panama ,ar?ur ,h]s*el1 city eng9e] ( ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 :o 0 responsible = ! recon/ruction ( t city aft] ! t]rific e>?quake ( #aijg4 ,h]s*el invit$ ,sp(=d & me to /ay ) him on our way home1 /opp+ (f :5 we pass$ ,jamaica4 ,we did s1 7 delightfully ent]ta9$1 & le>n$ ab\t eng9e]+ & rehabilitation aft] ! mo/ int5se e>?quake ( all hi/ory4 ,! mom5t>y int5sity ( ! quake _h be5 utt]ly )\t w>n+1 z ?\gh two m\nta9s _h collid$1 & ! masonry ( ! bus9ess section ( ,k+/on crumbl$ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,a ,briti% major 0 walk+ along ! ma9 ?or\ghf>e1 c>ry+ a heavy walk+ /ick1 :5 at ! o!r end ( ! /reet1 he notic$ a commotion & ?\ght x 0 a negro riot4 ,! di/urbance came t[>d him ) a ro>1 & he saw cl\ds ( du/ rise f ! /reet l a tornado & approa* him4 ,he felt ! gr\nd jolt+1 rais$ 8 /ick1 & decid$ to /& & fight x4 ,! build+s "r & left simply explod$1 & he 0 f5d+ (f bricks & /ones & timb]s4 ,8 feet 7 half buri$ 9 rubble1 & he sat d[n on a /eel gird] :i* _h lung$ out into ! /reet beh9d him4 ,! du/ 0 suffocat+1 ! noise 0 a travel+ ro> :i* w5t pa/ him & on d[n ! /reet beh9d him4 ,he call$ to a black man to dig out 8 feet1 b ! man ru%$ by ) />+1 crazy eyes4 ,he he>d screams & saw wom5 runn+4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e ,r$ ,cross /ations 7 e/abli%$ & ! army m5 rescu$ him4 ,! lesson taught by ?is e>?quake1 m int5se ?an ! "o at ,c>tago1 0 t ! wood5 bungal[s ( ! hilly suburbs on rocky gr\nd /ood ! disa/] bett] ?an ev5 re9=c$ concrete 9 ! conge/$ wat]front di/rict4 ,! bett] built gov]nm5t build+s 7 pres]v$ 9 "p4 ,! ,jamaica law ( #aijg _h e/abli%$ def9ite b\nd>ies = wood5 con/ruction1 limit$ to ! suburbs1 & made new & wid] /reets 9 ! bus9ess di/rict4 ,x _h also e/abli%$ rigor\s fire insurance laws1 & a city build+ code requir+ specifi$ con/ruction = all masonry4 ,! result 0 a m>k$ r+ ( p>kway sep>at+ ! comm]cial c5t] f ! dwell+s 9 ! suburbs4 ,! tr\ble ) su* legislation1 ! effect ( :i* ,i saw 9 ,k+/on tw5ty-six ye>s lat]1 is t e>?quakes are hopelessly discont9u\s4 ,) no m big e>?quakes z te/]s1 su* laws become dead lett]1 a new g5]ation rememb]s no?+1 & an irresponsible & ignorant native population poses new problems ( pov]ty & vice4 ,e>?quake con/ruction re=m becomes an impractical dream4 ,?is is "p ( ! unsatisfactory quality ( e>?quake sci5ce1 :]e assi/ance to humanity is conc]n$4 ,s ends my exp$ition decade1 #aija to #aiaj1 aft] a succession ( /udies 9 ! field1 :i* may be call$ ,op]ation ,pele-,s\frire1 ,op]ation ,vesuvius1 ,op]ation ,aleutians1 ,op]ation ,kilauea-,t>umai1 & f9ally ,op]ation ,c>tago4 ,i did n ?9k ( ^! at ! "t z ! /rategic "w ( w>r+ ) a task =ce 9 geographical volcanology2 b n[ z ,i look back on x1 ,i c see 9 ea* exp$ition ! organization ( an in/itution & m51 & progress ( volcanic geology4 ,! ,m>t9ique ev5t 0 de/9$1 ?r\gh _m explor]s1 to re=m geophysics4 ,vesuvius introduc$ me to ! importance ( sup]b photography z repres5t$ by ,p]ret & ,&]son4 ,! ,aleutian ,isl&s introduc$ ! "q ( nautical exploration & ! importance ( a field base laboratory = "w 9 a l& ( adv]se wea!r4 ,! ,japan-,hawaii exp$ition %[$ me ! national seismometric "w ( ,dr4 ,omori 9 ! field1 & laid ! f\ndation = ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory4 ,f9ally1 ! ,co/a ,rica exp$ition introduc$ me to ! complexity ( seismological field "w 9 a l& ( volcanoes1 ) ! problems ( eng9e]+ ably inve/igat$1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ by ,sp(=d4 ,?is decade ?us logically leads into a totally diff]5t "o1 field exp]im5t 9 geography & f\nd+ a volcano obs]vatory 9 & on ! mo/ active volcano 9 ! _w1 ) a p]man5t dwell+ on a crat]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,liv+ ) ,volcanoes 8,he took 8 j\rney into a f> c\ntry40 ,! next decade began true exp]im5ts ) volcanoes1 :5 two organizations "s #e1jjj miles ap>t comb9$ _! res\rces4 ,! ,:itney ,f\ndation creat$ at ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology an end[m5t ( #be1jjj = geophysical "w on e>?quakes & volcanoes1 express+ a pref]5ce = "w 9 ,hawaii2 & a gr\p ( bus9essm5 9 ,honolulu1 ! ,volcano ,rese>* ,association1 (f]$ to pay my sal>y = five ye>s4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,maclaur9 & a gr\p ( pr(essors at ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 gave me a d9n] at ! ,univ]sity ,club 9 ,bo/on to celebrate my dep>ture = ,honolulu1 ! d9n] table conv]sation turn$ to ! t]rors ( ! deep sea1 ! dang]s ( volcanoes1 ! awfulness ( leprosy 9 ,hawaii1 & ! h]oism ( giv+ up a secure tea*+ job 9 ,bo/on4 ,i repli$ t _! pessimism rem9d$ me ( ! la/ words ( ,daniel ,web/]1 z quot$ by a ,new ,engl& f>m]1 :o said 8,dan'l op5$ 8 eyes1 took "o look at ! glass ( :iskey on ! table at 8 b$side1 ano!r at ! pretty nurse1 & said #8,i a9't dead yet4'0 ,i _h organiz$ ! funds available s t a pair ( ,bos*-,omori seismographs 7 %ipp$ f ,/rassburg1 & o!r seismographs 7 ord]$ f ,omori's in/rum5t mak] 9 ,tokyo4 ,i collect$ exp]im5tal in/rum5ts su* z high temp]ature !rmomet]s & *ronographs1 ( ! type us$ 9 exp]im5tal physiology4 ,vaguely1 ,i 0 go+ to take ! blood pressure & pulse ( ! globe4 ,also ,i obta9$ a full set ( wea!r bureau in/rum5ts = temp]ature1 ra9fall1 b>ometric pressure1 & humidity1 toge!r ) ! electric pyromet]s1 range f9d]s1 & photographic app>atus us$ 9 my previ\s exp$itions4 ,& ,i _h "s small ,japanese transits1 z well z plane tables & alidades = topographic exp]im5ts4 ,i 0 unable to g to ,hawaii until #aiab1 s ,i 0 delight$ :5 ,p]ret cons5t$ to g to ,kilauea ,volcano 9 company ) ,e4 ,s4 ,%eph]d1 gas *emi/ ( ! ,c>negie ,geophysical ,laboratory ( ,wa%+ton1 9 ! summ] ( #aiaa4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,day1 director ( ! ,c>negie laboratory1 k9dly suppli$ at our exp5se two ,le$s & ,nor?rop resi/ance pyromet]s & ! accompany+ ,:eat/one bridge1 z well z !rmoc\ples loan$ f 8 equipm5t4 ,p]ret & ,%eph]d w5t to ,kilauea ,volcano ,h\se2 & ,p]ret built a hut at ! edge ( ,halemaumau pit1 :]e an inn] lava lake 0 bubbl+ & ma9ta9+ an isl& "s #bjj feet bel[ ! rim4 ,kilauea is ! big cauldron1 ,halemaumau is ! firepit 9 its floor4 8,kilauea0 activity g5]ally means ,halemaumau4 ,!y h sep>ate cliff m>g9s4 ,l4 ,a4 ,?ur/on1 lead+ j\rnali/ & publici/ ( ,hawaii & ke5 promot] ( a propos$ ,hawaii ,national ,p>k1 did ev]y?+ possible to help ! sci5ti/s4 ,p]ret wrote weekly reports on ! condition ( ,halemaumau lava1 & s5t 9 photographs to ,mr4 ,?ur/on's newspap]1 ! ,pacific ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,liv+ & camp+ at ! fire pit1 ,p]ret inaugurat$ some?+ new = ,hawaii1 & set a /&>d = ! ,volcano ,obs]vatory4 ,^! cont9u\s reports _h be5 my dream = su* volcanoes z ,vesuvius1 :]e publication _h usually be5 9 delay$ annuals & gave no curr5t news ( :at ! volcano 0 do+4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,vesuvius obs]vatory 0 at ! foot ( ! peak4 ,i _h ord]$ f ! ,lidg]wood ,company an equipm5t ( cables1 includ+ "s conta9+ electric wires4 ,^! 7 to span ! #a1ejj feet & to l[] a !rmomet] into ! pit ( ,halemaumau4 ,assi/$ by ,alex ,lanca/]1 ! active little half-bre$ guide f ,virg9ia1 & by num]\s labor]s f ! plantations1 ^: manag]s1 spurr$ on by ,?ur/on1 took a great int]e/ 9 ! project1 ,p]ret & ,%eph]d erect$ two high ,a-frames on opposite sides ( ! fire pit & built a trolley on ! cable /ret*$ betwe5 !m4 ,p]ret kept con/ant angul> measurem5t ( ! *ang+ height ( ! liquid lava1 z ! gl[+ slaggy pool rose & fell ov]fl[+ its banks4 ,at "o side ( a triangul> isl& 0 a po9t ( ebullition call$ 8,old ,fai?ful0 :]e gas bubbles bur/ 9 a fi]y dome1 irregul>ly1 b approximately once a m9ute4 ,! objective 0 to f9d ! temp]ature ( ! liquid lava 9 ! vic9ity ( ! bubbl+4 ,?is 0 a*iev$ by actually dipp+ ! electric pyromet]s into ! molt5 slag1 !n obs]v+ ! precise temp]ature at ! record+ box1 :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,%eph]d1 :o rema9$ on ! pit rim at ! upp] end ( ! connect+ wires4 ,f9ally ! day came1 aft] num]\s rehe>sals1 :5 ! long /eel tube1 or t]m9al1 on ! end ( ! movable cable c\ld be mov$ out by ! trolley to a middle po9t ov] ! pit1 :]e x w\ld make contact ) bubbl+ liquid lava :5 l[]$4 ,?is 0 an extremely tickli% proc$ure1 = ! lava 0 a heavy mat ( self-cru/+ liquid rock ) ! cru/ =m+ h>d slabs2 few places kept up an appe>ance ( bubbl+ porridge4 ,no "o _h ev] made contact be=e ) ! liquid ( a f\nta9 l 8,old ,fai?ful40 ,x 0 =tunate t ! app>atus1 :i* 0 exp5sive1 consi/+ ( plat9um wires imb$d$ 9 silica glass1 0 made 9 duplicate s t we _h two ( ev]y?+4 ,! spla%+ liquid ( 8,old ,fai?ful0 look$ z h>mless z a kettle ( boil+ s\p1 b ,p]ret & ,%eph]d 7 9 = a surprise4 ,:5 ,%eph]d l[]$ ! t]m9al directly into ! liquid1 8,old ,fai?ful0 explod$1 = ! molt5 slag prov$ to be a suction :irlpool :i* ?rew t5tacles ( lava ov] ! /eel pipe4 ,! app>atus w5t d[n to de/ruction 8l a bass "u a log10 & ! cable 0 bitt5 (f l a piece ( l9e4 ,! entire t]m9al vani%$ into ! vortex1 leav+ only a corrod$ wire4 ,to %ort5 a long /ory1 ! second t]m9al 0 l[]$ into a seem+ly saf] liquid place4 ,a wave ( ! melt slapp$ & /ra9$ ! pipe1 & ?\gh x 0 recov]$1 no electric resi/ance read+ 0 obta9$ at any "t ) ! box at ! rim ( ! pit4 ,close to #a1jjj 9 equipm5t 0 lo/4 ,! resi/ance pyromet] is a s5sitive tool 9 ! laboratory1 = giv+ precise degrees ( temp]ature 9 ! region ( #abjj ,c5tigrade1 suppos$ly ! melt+ po9t ( basalt4 ,b x 0 unsuit$ = ! rugg$ bubbl+ ( basalt slag1 :]e flam+ gases & *ill+ air play m important p>ts ?an m]e melt+4 ,=tunately ,%eph]d & ,p]ret 7 n at ! end ( _! res\rces4 ,!re /ill rema9$ ! !rmoc\ple1 a simpl] pair ( wires ( plat9um & iridium encas$ 9 a /eel tube4 ,! connectors f ^! g to a simple galvanomet] 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator4 ,! trolley c\ld /ill be us$1 & ! !rmoc\ple pipe _h no glass inside x to be %att]$4 ,a temp]ature ( #ajjj ,c5tigrade 0 record$ 9 a bubbl+ area1 & ?is 0 consid]$ good en\gh = an approximation4 ,ano!r exp]im5t 0 to l[] an iron bucket into ! liquid1 & pull x up full & dripp+ ) black lava glass4 ,?is 0 s5t (f to ,wa%+ton = analysis4 ,aft]w>ds ! lava lake w5t d[n1 no m exp]im5ts t ye> 7 possible1 & ,p]ret began ! plott+ ( a curve ( high & l[ 9 ! rise & fall at ! bottom ( ! pit4 ,x may seem extravagant to wa/e valuable app>atus on su* seem+ly small results2 b z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,%eph]d-,p]ret j\rnal ( ! summ] ( #aiaa 0 epo*-mak+ 9 ! hi/ory ( volcanology & 9 ! "w ( ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory4 ,x prov$ t skill$ obs]v]s c\ld dwell inside an active crat] & !re apply _! skills 9 photography1 *emi/ry1 note-tak+1 & cont9u\s publication4 ,! sub/ance ( active lava lakes 0 prov$ to h viscosities & solidifications q diff]5t f ^? impli$ by gases1 & x 0 %[n t diff]5t types ( !rmomet]s gave negative or positive results useful = ! future4 ,above all1 ! notes on volcano *emi/ry by ,%eph]d & ,p]ret demon/rat$ t eng9e]+ app>atus c\ld be appli$ to ! hotte/ & mo/ cont9u\sly active pit 9 ! _w4 ,_! success 0 at ! relatively small exp5se ( a j\rney & a few ma*9es4 ,brun ( ,g5eva _h set an example ( simil> "w1 b ,p]ret's curve ( rise & fall add$ a m detail$ record ( ! ,kilauea pit f day to day ?an _h ev] be5 made be=e4 ,an obs]vatory is a place ( obs]vation & measurem5t1 :e!r ! ?+s obs]v$ are glaci]s1 riv]s1 />s1 ! wea!r1 or volcanoes4 ,! motive ( obs]vation 9 mod]n sci5ce is ei!r ! quality ( :at happ5s or ! quantity express$ 9 l5g?s & degrees & rates ( spe$4 ,rememb]+ ! prec$5t ( ,vesuvius1 ,i 0 confront$ 9 ,hawaii ) ! necessity ( det]m9+ h[ a volcano %\ld be obs]v$1 ! ne$ to measure *anges 9 a s+le volcano1 & ! ne$ = p]man5t records ( :at ^? *anges are4 ,we *ose measur+ in/rum5ts1 photographic equipm5t1 & !rmomet]s1 & ,i inv5t$ a note-tak+ sy/em :i* 0 compil$ into a s+le record book1 f field notes tak5 uni=mly by _m diff]5t assi/ants4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,volcano ,h\se f ,obs]vatory1 #aiac ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,isl& 9 ,halemaumau lava lake1 #aiaa4 ,photo by ,p]ret ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 #aiab ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,jagg> 9 seismograph vault b5ea? ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 #aiaf ,! textbook ne$s = volcanology are records ( ! %ape1 height1 numb]1 di/ribution1 temp]ature1 & diff]5ces among volcanoes4 ,h[ gase\s is lava8 h[ radioactive is x8 h[ (t5 does x erupt8 & h[ dang]\s is x = human be+s8 ,) ref]5ce to ! s\rce1 crack or crat]1 we ne$ k ( h[ ! e>? cru/ is ruptur$1 h[ deep are ! fractures1 & h[ mu* accompani$ by e>?quake is ! w$g+ upw>d ( lava 9 ^? cracks4 ,my fir/ job on arriv+ 9 ,hawaii 0 to make contact ) ,mr4 ,?ur/on & 8 associates4 ,! next 0 to get a good map made ( ,kilauea ,volcano z a basis = measurem5t ( *anges 9 ! fire pit4 ,gov]nor ,walt] ,f4 ,fre> came to my rescue & imm$iately s5t ,colonel ,claude ,birdseye & ,capta9 ,alb]t ,burkl& to make a topographic map ( ! propos$ ,hawaii ,national ,p>k4 ,^! eng9e]s br\ght into ! field ! topographic camp ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 & !y 7 extremely sympa!tic ) my project1 furni%+ me ) survey+ monum5ts1 & sket*+ out me?ods :]e) to make an accurate base l9e = measurem5t ( *anges inside ! pit4 ,a laboratory on ! nor!a/ edge ( ,kilauea ,crat] 0 quickly provid$ ?r\gh ! en]gy ( ! brilliant ,demo/h5es ,lycurgus1 hospitable ,greek manag] ( ! ,volcano ,h\se1 ! hotel :]e ,i /ay$4 ,all ! m]*ants ( ,hilo1 ?irty miles away1 contribut$ funds & 9 a few weeks c>p5t]s 7 at "w1 on l& belong+ to ! ,bi%op ,e/ate & sublet by ! ,volcano ,h\se4 ,furniture 0 paid = by ! ,:itney ,fund4 ,a cell> = seismographs 0 bla/$ by ,t]ritorial prison]s 9 ! hot rock "u ! laboratory1 at ! actual nor!a/ edge ( ! great] crat] ( ,kilauea4 ,! lava pit ,halemaumau1 always smok+1 0 9 full view two miles away4 ,! cell> l9$ ) concrete1 :i* %ut (f ! /eam cracks1 became a w>m1 dry place = in/rum5ts at a con/ant temp]ature ( ab\t #hj ,fahr5heit4 ,concrete tables on ! floor ( ! cell> held ! pair ( ea/-we/ & nor?-s\? horizontal p5dulums1 record+ ) delicate p5s on smok$ pap]1 /ret*$ ov] a *ronograph drum4 ,^! pap] records1 remov$ e day & fix$ ) %ellac v>ni%1 became ! seismograms ( ! p]man5t files4 ,long belts ( wavy l9es on ea* pap] exhibit$ seconds1 m9utes1 & h\rs2 & :5 a %>p zigzag 9 "o ( ! l9es occurr$1 x 0 evid5ce ( ei!r a local or a di/ant e>?quake4 ,h4 ,o4 ,wood1 :o _h be5 my assi/ant 9 field geology at ,h>v>d & _h _h exp]i5ce ) ,omori seismographs at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 0 summon$ to ! ,obs]vatory z seismologi/4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aiab ,i became a resid5t ( a volcano 9 ,hawaii & _h an adequate laboratory ( eight rooms1 & suitable por*es1 a d>kroom = photography1 & ! beg9n+s ( seismograph records 9 ! basem5t4 ,horses & saddles 7 pur*as$1 ! necess>y out] h\ses 7 built1 & ,alec ,lanca/] 0 employ$ z janitor & field man4 ,francis ,dodge1 a?letic "y ,honoluluan & son ( a gov]nm5t surveyor1 0 appo9t$ topographic assi/ant4 ,he 0 a h>dy c[boy1 ) "s exp]i5ce z rodman = ! ,geological ,survey4 ,f ! mom5t ( my arrival ,i adopt$ uni=m pocket scrat* pads ) deta*able %eets = ! use ( all employees1 insi/+ t anyone :o w5t to ! lava pit %\ld write notes1 inscribe ! date & h\r1 tell :at he saw1 & h& ! notes to me4 ,ev5 ,alec ,lanca/]1 ^: fa!r 0 a ,*]okee ,indian c>p5t] & ^: "m 0 a mulatto1 took notes & le>n$ ab\t ! po9ts ( ! compass & ! names ( ! coves & bl[holes ( ! lava lake 9 ! bottom ( ! pit4 ,"s ( ,alec's notes 7 v amus+1 z :5 he wrote1 8#i3cj ,a4,m4 ,april #c1 ,old ,fai?ful is on h] job "r /urdy40 ,h[ev]1 he quickly le>n$ ! correct te*nical expressions = surface /ream+ ( ! lava1 brightness ( ! f\nta9s at night1 numb]s ( ! bubble f\nta9s1 & places ( smoke on ! bottom ( ! pit4 ,at all times ,alec 0 a useful camp man1 a good cook1 & a fe>less climb] ( cliffs4 ,:5 x came to mak+ & us+ rope ladd]s ) hickory rungs = desc5t d[n a #bjj-;foot cliff to ! edge ( ! lava1 ,alec 0 ! fir/ to volunte]4 ,he drove spikes into cracks 9 ! rock & te/$ out ! ladd]s1 surr\nd$ by smoke4 ,?is 0 done 9 ,june & ,decemb] ( #aiab1 :5 ! gas *emi/s ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution 7 conduct$ to ! bottom to collect gases1 by pumps & vacuum tubes1 f flam+ spatt] cones4 ,i hope ?is introduction gives "s idea ( :at ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,obs]vatory accompli%$4 ,mean:ile problems ( policy & ( ! publi%+ ( results cr[d$ ^u me ?ick & fa/4 ,! notes ( all employees _h to be compil$2 critical sci5tific visitors _h to be conv9c$ ( ! usefulness ( ! new ef=t2 ! ,massa*usetts ,te* & ,honolulu sponsors _h to be giv5 suitable reports2 a p]man5t record book1 reproduc+ surveys1 notes1 & photographs1 _h to be devis$2 & ,i _h to make occasional j\rneys to ,cali=nia1 ,bo/on1 & ,wa%+ton = contact ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) sci5tific societies1 & ) sci5tific magaz9es4 ,x 0 necess>y to keep track ( improvem5ts 9 photographic plates1 = ! fire pit ) its d>k r$ heat & d>k r$ rocks 0 a difficult subject = photography4 ,=tunately1 ! pan*romatic plate _h rec5tly be5 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,k4 ,mees1 & 0 a gods5d = exp]im5ts 9 record+ liquid lava spla%+ at night4 ,dr4 ,mees1 *ief ( rese>* at ,ea/man ,kodak ,company 9 ,ro*e/]1 has s9ce be5 a visitor & good fri5d ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,bo? survey+ & photograph+ 7 difficult dur+ #aiab because ! inn] pit s5t up a d5se column ( fume :i* dim9i%$ only at ^? times :5 ! liquid lava became hott] & develop$ f\nta9+4 ,!re 0 su* smokeless developm5t ) hundr$s ( ro>+ f\nta9s ( liquid lava 9 ,janu>y & ,july4 ,! int]v5+ p]iod %[$ a great deal ( smoke1 & 9 ,augu/ !re 0 a d5se column ( sil5tly ris+ gray fume ! full wid? ( ! pit1 s t no?+ ( ! bottom c\ld be se54 ,to det]m9e ! height ( ! bottom lava x 0 necess>y to "w f a fix$ /ation ) a transit1 us+ a fla%light at night1 & wait+ = a view ( a gl[+ spot or f\nta94 ,?is involv$ read+ v]tical & horizontal angles1 dep5d5t on difficult det]m9ation f two /ations1 ( ! di/ance to ! gl[ spot measur$4 ,(t5 9 daytime "o _h to wait h\rs 9 ord] to get a view ( ! bottom ?r\gh ! fumes1 f /ations at ! ends ( a base l9e on ! edge ( ! pit4 ,at no "t lat]1 =tunately1 7 ! fume conditions s bad z dur+ #aiab4 ,a proc$ure 0 adopt$ ( mak+ a daily photograph ( ! smoke ( ! di/ant pit f ! w9d[ ( ! obs]vatory1 & ?is prov$ ( value :5 ! inn] lava lakes & crags rose to view 9 #aiag4 ,l ,p]ret1 ,i made reports to ! newspap]s 9 ,honolulu2 & gradually ^! reports took ! =m ( a mon?ly bullet91 edit$ 9 ,honolulu by ,dr4 ,h[>d ,ball\1 :o 0 ! secret>y ( ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association4 ,?is association _h occasional ,directors' meet+s1 :i* ,i att5d$ & be=e :i* ,i made reports & gave lectures4 ,! report ( ! complete "w done dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( ! ye> #aiab 0 publi%$ 9 ,bo/on by ,massa*usetts ,te*4 ,! e>li] hi/ory ( ,hawaiian volcanoes _h be5 record$ 9 excell5t books by su* travel]s z ! ,misses ,gordon-,cumm+ & ,isabella ,bird1 ,william ,l[?ian ,gre51 & ,drs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock & ,w4 ,t4 ,brigham1 & ,pr(essor ,james ,d4 ,dana ( ,yale4 ,dana _h be5 furni%$ ) data f #ahdj to #ahij by a ,hilo mission>y1 ,titus ,coan4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ 9 ,hawaii1 two books on ,kilauea's activity 9 #aiji _h j be5 publi%$1 & a big monograph by ,brun ( ,g5eva :o _h det]m9$ t ,kilauea lava 0 free f wat] vapor & 0 ! hotte/ lava 9 ! _w4 ,fur!rmore1 ,r4 ,a4 ,daly ( ,h>v>d _h publi%$ 8 8,nature ( volcanic action0 on ! basis ( 8 summ] at ,kilauea 9 #aiji4 ,!re 0 /rong controv]sy aga9/ ,brun on ! wat] "q1 b ! exp]ts1 includ+ ,day & ,%eph]d1 came to ! conclusion t lava eruption ( ! ,kilauea type 0 actuat$ by su* flam+ gases z hydrog51 c>bon monoxide1 & sulfur2 t ^! gases 7 9 solution 9 "s elem5tal =m deep d[n 9 ! e>?2 & t ! *emi/ry ( _! emission heat$ ! lava on its way up4 ,! lava lakes 7 hott] at ! top ?an at ! bottom4 ,we %all see t all lava p>tly solidifies at its own bottom & /ays liquid above4 ,! items ( activity at ,kilauea ,volcano dur+ ! decade f #aiaa to #aibj 7 m>k$ fluctuation up & d[n 9 #aiab-aiac1 ) a notable l[ level 9 #aiac1 culm9at+ 9 a /rong e>?quake 9 ,octob]4 ,9 #aiad ! liquid lava came back into ! bottom ( ,halemaumau pit1 & 9 ,decemb] ,mauna ,loa erupt$ 9 a f\nta9 at its summit crat]4 ,! lava lakes ( ,kilauea grew bigg] 9 #aiae1 & a triangul> isl& appe>$1 lift+ itself up f a %all[ flat & ev5 rotat+ or h++ horizontally4 ,its uplift 0 z a peak$ esc>pm5t ( lava lay]s tilt$ 9 "o direction1 some?+ v l ,p]ret's isl& ( #aiaa4 ,an aff9ity betwe5 ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa 0 obvi\s4 ,9 #aiaf ,mauna ,loa complet$ its summit gu%+ by splitt+ op5 ! m\nta9's s\?we/ rift & mak+ a lava fl[ into ran* & =e/ l&s ( ,s\? ,kona4 ,b j z ,mauna ,loa activity end$1 ! entire ,halemaumau bottom ?irty miles away l[]$ dramatically dur+ "o day1 leav+ a deep see?+ puddle ( melt1 surr\nd$ by ro>+ r$ hot avalan*es4 ,! co9cid5ce1 along ) appropriate e>?quakes1 0 unmi/akable4 ,imm$iately aft] ! l[]+1 ! liquid lava ( ,halemaumau well$ up bord] wall cracks & cascad$ ?r\gh ! talus to =m an oval pool 9 ! bottom funnel ( brok5 rock4 ,! lava column rose #fjj feet 9 ! next six mon?s & a lobate lake develop$1 its coves sep>at$ by sectors ( ov]fl[ lava :i* lift$ sl[ly into crags 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 #aiag ! lakes & crags inside ,halemaumau 7 less ?an #ajj feet d[n1 ! lake %ores became accessible = exp]im5ts ) iron pipes1 & ! crags came into view f ! ,obs]vatory1 fully ju/ify+ ! daily photograph = comp>+ *anges ( ! di/ant pit4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,lava lake1 %[+ b5*1 ,m>* #cj1 #aiag ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,halemaumau1 %[+ lava lake & crags1 ,decemb] #h1 #aiaf ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,jagg> hold+ pipe = s\nd+ lava lake1 #aiag4 ,cyl9d] on end ( pipe holds ,seg] cones = measur+ lava temp]ature ,by #aiah & #aiai ! pit 0 full & ov]fl[+ ! ,kilauea floor4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( #aiai ,halemaumau1 z a pit1 0 oblit]at$ by its dome ( fill4 ,9 autumn ! s\? flank ( ,mauna ,loa broke out aga91 into a flood ( lava t rea*$ ! sea 9 ,s\? ,kona4 ,rememb]+ #aiaf1 we pr$ict$ t1 ev5 ?\gh ,halemaumau 0 full to ! brim1 ! s9k+ away ( ,mauna ,loa lava w\ld pull d[n ,kilauea lava sudd5ly1 l a siphon4 ,exactly ?is happ5$ on ,novemb] #bh1 #aiai4 ,dur+ ! night ! crags1 ! clov]-leaf lake1 & ! bulg+ dome ( ! lava fill above ,halemaumau's edge w5t d[n z a cyl9d] to a dep? ( #djj feet 9 two or ?ree h\rs leav+ inc&esc5t avalan*+ walls1 a gratify+ confirmation ( !ory4 ,z 9 #aiaf1 ! ,halemaumau lava imm$iately return$ to ! bottom ( ! pit1 & lift$ itself ?irty feet a day = ?ree weeks1 s t 9 ,decemb] x 0 a viol5tly boil+ r+%ap$ puddle1 surr\nd+ a horse%oe ( crags ) a quiet inn] lagoon & resembl+ a coral atoll4 ,! ,kilauea floor1 :i* is dome-%ap$ outside ( ,halemaumau1 split op5 radially to ! s\?1 made floods ( lava into ! ,kilauea ,crat] wall valley1 & ev5 escap$ out into ! ,kau ,des]t4 ,?is 0 ext5d$ into a m\nta9 crack1 mak+ flank lava fl[s ( ,kilauea ,m\nta91 n9e miles away to ! s\?we/1 some?+ :i* _h n happ5$ s9ce #ahbc & #ahfh4 ,conc5tric crat]s l ,kilauea cald]a & ,halemaumau pit are ?us r+-9-r+1 or cup-9-cup1 /ructures by means ( slag heap+s ov] a deep fracture 9 ! rock cru/1 ! circul>ity det]m9$ by occasional c5tral s9k+4 ,?is circul>ity has sometimes rea*$ p]fection4 ,9 #ahid & #aiji ! liquid pool inside ,halemaumau1 by /eady well+ up ab\t a c5tral hole1 became p]fectly circul> )9 a circumf]5tial ramp>t ( ov]fl[4 ,?is is a r>e condition dep5d5t on /ead9ess ( upwell+1 temp]ature1 & viscosity4 ,x is important because x %[s h[ ! p]fect circles1 & ramp>t cauldrons1 7 made on ! moon1 :]e !re are also angul> cald]as ( subsid5ce l ,kilauea ,crat]4 ,evid5tly gas heat+ & liquidity *ang$ on ! moon1 j z x has done 9 ,hawaii4 ,! s\rces !re are ov] cracks1 z 9 ,hawaii4 ,! analogies are s complete 9 ^! & _m o!r ways t ,i completely disbelieve 9 meteor impact = ! moon crat]s4 ,! moon awaits a complete comp>ison ) active t]re/rial basaltic lavas1 by a mod]n volcanologi/4 ,?is is only a ?umbnail sket* ( ! a/oni%+ luck :i* met ! photograph]s & note tak]s ( ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory 9 its fir/ decade4 ,!re 7 simil> decades 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & !re 7 simil> jagg$ crags ris+ z isl&s & %orel9es ar\nd clov]-leaf lakes 9 #ahgi & at o!r times4 ,!re 7 und\bt$ly e>li] simil> sympa!tic movem5ts :]eby ,kilauea _h l[]$ foll[+ ! end ( ,mauna ,loa outbreaks4 ,b none ( ?is _h ev] be=e be5 measur$ f day to day4 ,our /aff f #aiab on occupi$ ! trig /ations1 e day or night :5 ! wea!r p]mitt$1 9 ord] to measure )9 "o foot ! level ( ! live lava up or d[n4 ,! lava 0 l ! m]cury 9 a b>omet] & ne$$ incessant wat*+4 ,?is 0 done ) a telescope1 by p :o dwelt on ! edge ( ! v]tical pipe4 ,aft] #aiac ! measurem5ts cle>ly %[$ t s9k+s 7 j z important z ris+s4 ,!y prov$ t ! solid ov]fl[ matt] & slide-rock slopes ar\nd ! edges ( lava lakes & coves measurably 7 a pa/e4 ,?is conta9+ bank rose & fell at a diff]5t rate f t ( ! gassy liquid :i* /ream$ & f\nta9$ inside4 ,! compil$ results %[$ t ! s\rce ( ! liquid /ream+ 0 always at ! we/ side ( ! pit bottom & t ! /ream+ 0 t[>d f\nta9+ grottos at ! ea/4 ,! liquid might at any "t ov]fl[ its banks or s9k d[n leav+ inn] cliffs1 by failure ( full supply up ! we/ wall crack4 ,all ( ?is may s\nd highly te*nical2 b notes1 photographs1 seismograms1 records ( wea!r1 & unceas+ press releases & reports to ! sponsors1 :ile difficult = lit]>y description1 creat$ a new te*nique4 ,sci5ce1 :5 "o is devis+ a new approa*1 consi/s ( obs]vation fir/1 ( exp]im5t second1 & ( explanation or !ory ?ird4 ,some?+ ( t ord] has to be foll[$ 9 ! record ( a sci5ti/'s life4 ,! surpris+ sympa!tic l[]+ ( ,kilauea foll[+ ! end ( ,mauna ,loa eruptions 0 only "o ( num]\s surprises dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,= in/ance1 ! temp]atures ( hot cracks 7 repeat$ly & sy/ematically measur$1 & no?+ sympa!tic ) lava motion 0 f\nd4 ,! same may be said ab\t ! wea!r4 ,at ! beg9n+ x 0 suppos$ t ra9fall1 air temp]ature1 b>ometric pressure1 & possibly fluctuation ( ! trade w9d1 w\ld affect ! volcano4 ,h[ev]1 ! only quickly evid5t effect 0 ! visible vapor+ ( _m cracks on ! ,kilauea floor :i* dri$ up & dim9i%$ :5 ! sun%9e appe>$1 becom+ d5se & increas+ 9 cold or wet wea!r4 ,?is obvi\sly meant t ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! vapor+ cracks1 "s /eam1 b mo/ly moi/ hot air came f %all[ ra9 wat] a %ort di/ance und]gr\nd4 ,an effect t 0 m volcanic1 b simil> 9 pr9ciple1 0 ! visible vapor inside ( ,halemaumau1 close to ! lava lakes1 :i* always increas$ :5 ! lava l[]$ & let ! gr\ndwat] seep inw>d4 ,^! visible vapors dw9dl$ :5 ! hot slag bubbl$ & rose1 & acquir$ a bright] gl[4 ,no /eam vapor rose f ! gl[+ lakes4 ,!re 0 dry+ up ( gr\ndwat] by increas$ volcanic heat1 j z ! cracks ( ! bigg] crat] _h _! moi/ure dri$ by ! action ( sun%9e4 ,i %all h m to say on ! subject ( ! seasons1 ! cal5d> effects on ! plat ( ris+ & fall+ lava1 & especially ! sol> equ9oxes & sol/ices4 ,!re appe>$ ! h9t ( a daily tide-l rise & fall ( ! lava 9 ! pit4 ,f9ally1 !re arose ! "q ( c\nt+ e>?quakes1 measur+ _! spac+ 9 "t & place1 & see+ :i* belong$ to ,mauna ,loa & :i* to ,kilauea fault rifts4 ,we _h to plot e>?quake frequ5cy & size 9 relation to l[]+ lava1 to day & night or to ! seasons4 ,! /udy ( rhy?mic swell+ & creak+ inside ! great pa/y m\nta9s became an excit+ que/4 ,x gave promise ( cycles f ! h\rs ( ! day to ! decades ( ! c5tury4 ,we also discov]$1 by measur+ v]tical angles1 t ! inn] floors rose & fell diff]5tly f ! liquid lakes1 h5ce ! floors c\ld be call$ ! b5* magma1 z di/9ct f ! liquid magma4 ,?is l$ to a bold exp]im5t 9 #aiag :5 ! liquid lava lakes became accessible1 aft] a casual visitor1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,spald+ ( ,honolulu1 discov]$ an easy pa? d[n to ! ov]fl[ floors at ! edge ( ! nor? lake4 ,"h ! /ream+ slag ru%$ t[>d a gl[+ grotto1 built up by spatt] ( a bord] f\nta9 into a huge half-dome conta9+ a gl[+ cav]n hung ) /alactites on ! %ore ( ! lake4 ,! plat=m outside ( ! grotto 0 ov]fl[$1 & built up z ! liquid lake rose1 ! plat=ms ( ov]fl[ slop+ away to ! wall valley "u ! pit cliff4 ,?us ! lake 0 at ! top ( an inn] dome a ?\s& feet across1 j z ,halemaumau pit rim 0 at ! top ( an inn] dome ( ,kilauea floor ?ree miles across4 ,! out] edge ( ,kilauea ,crat] is a big oval at ! top ( ! outw>d slop+ great] dome ( ,kilauea ,m\nta9 =ty or fifty miles across4 ,:5 a little conelet =m$ on ! nor!rn or we/]n floor plat=m inside ,halemaumau1 its slope ar\nd a spla%+ & f\nta9+ crack w\ld make a f\r? inn]mo/ dome a few feet across 9 ! s]ies ( progressively small] cone-9-cone /ructures f ! out] rim ( ! big m\nta9 inw>d to ! ,halemaumau c5t]s ( eruption4 ,we saw su* a conelet cave 9 j :]e ,i _h /ood & te/$ a flame ! day be=e4 ,quietly ! cone collaps$ into a f\nta9+ well ( boil+ lava b5ea?4 ,! r+-9-r+ conception mu/ be held 9 m9d ) reg>d to any volcano1 = "o ?+ :i* we discov]$ is t cones are n only built up & collaps$ b !y are also swoll5 up by int]nal p]colation ( cracks & expansion ( ! hot /uff4 ,?is tumefy+1 or swell+1 is conc]n$ ) ! exp]im5t n[ to be describ$4 ,ev5 aft] ,p]ret describ$ 8 8float+ isl&0 ( #aiaa & ,i saw ! triangul> isl&s appe>+ l %oals 9 a mud flat & gradually ris+ into crags 9 #aiaf & #aiag1 ,i rema9$ incr$ul\s ( ! possibility ( a basaltic isl& float+4 ,:5 solid lava crack$ (f 9 pieces f inn] cliffs ar\nd ! lava lakes1 ! fragm5ts imm$iately sank4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 solid cru/s =m$ on top ( ! foam+ & /ream+ slag1 ! %ells1 :5 !y got ?ick en\gh1 crack$ up1 tilt$ up1 & slid d[n & f\nd]$ 9 ! melt b5ea?4 ,x 0 obvi\s t lava rock is heavi] ?an lava foam4 ,h5ce z an isl& is a rock1 x w\ld n float4 ,?is rais$ sev]al que/ions4 ,:]e 0 ! bottom ( ! lava lake on :i* x re/$8 ,did ! lava lake h a bottom1 & if s h[ f> d[n 0 ! bottom :5 ! same lake rose #fjj feet 9 ,halemaumau pit betwe5 ,june & ,decemb] ( #aiaf8 ,9 o!r words1 0 ! lake #fjj feet deep 9 ,decemb]8 ,:at w\ld be ! answ] at any "t if a /iff iron pipe 7 ?ru/ d[n v]tically into ! liquid lake z a s\nd+ rod8 ,no "o _h ev] rais$ ! "q4 ,cross-section draw+s _h always depict$ ! liquid z ext5d+ d[nw>d indef9itely )9 a v]tical tube4 ,:5 ! lake became accessible 9 #aiag1 x seem$ to me t a long /eel pipe might be %ov$ ov] ! bord] ramp>t1 end on1 & all[$ to b5d & s9k1 or to /rike bottom4 ,if ! pipe c\ld be recov]$ by dragg+ x back1 fusible samples ( kn[n melt+ po9t might %[ ! temp]ature ( ! dep?s4 ,= ! exp]im5t1 #bjj feet ( "o-in* iron pipe1 :i* 0 screw$ toge!r 9 a s+le long piece1 0 laid across ! nor? floor ( ,halemaumau4 ,t5 assi/ants 7 di/ribut$ along ! pipe tw5ty feet ap>t1 & ,i /ood on ! ramp>t ) ,alec at ! edge ( ! c5tral portion ( ! lava lake4 ,?is 0 a high bank t5 feet or m above ! /ream+ liquid lava4 ,! m5 7 in/ruct$ to lift ! entire long tube & walk =w>d ) x1 s t x w\ld plunge into ! liquid l5g?wise1 ar*+ d[n t[>d ! c5t] ( ! lake z x came pa/ me4 ,alec help$ guide ! pipe ov] ! bank1 & ! m5 came =w>d ) x at a /eady walk4 ,! end ( ! pipe1 cov]$ ) a screw cap1 0 plung$ into ! liquid lava1 travel+ t[>d ! bottom at a good spe$4 ,! /rong curr5t t[>d ! left dragg$ x some:at1 b n en\gh to prev5t its s9k+4 ,aft] two & a half #bj-;foot jo9ts ( ! pipe _h plung$ into ! liquid at a slope ( ab\t fifty degrees1 ,i c\ld feel ! pipe enc\nt]+ ! increas+ resi/ance ( a pa/y bottom4 ,cont9u$ =w>d progress ( ! pipe caus$ x to /op & ar* up1 :ile ! surface lava /ream$ pa/ x1 & its l[] end 0 def9itely /uck 9 ! bottom sub/ance ( ! lake4 ,i !n gave ! signal to ! c>ri]s to try to walk back to ! place :]e !y _h />t$1 ) a view to pull+ ! pipe up & recov]+ ! t]m9al l5g?4 ,! pipe trail$ upw>d out ( ! lava lake l a r$ hot rope1 !n /uck & refus$ to come out4 ,x came close aga9/ ! bank :]e x 0 froz5 solid 9 ! /iff blankets ( pahoehoe cru/1 :i* gripp$ x l hot iron4 ,! t]m9al l5g? _h be5 equipp$ int]nally ) a spiral ( spr+ /eel1 conta9+ ,seg] cones :i* are us$ 9 ! porcela9 indu/ry & :i* be> numb]s indicat+ !y melt at grad$ temp]atures4 ,?is fir/ !rmomet] by meltability 0 nev] recov]$4 ,! free l5g?s ( pipe _h to be unscrew$ close to ! bank1 & f\r tw5ty-foot l5g?s 7 lo/4 ,9 lat] te/s we le>n$ to keep ! pipe oscillat+ back & =? s x w\ld n freeze4 ,! epo*-mak+ significance ( ?is exp]im5t 0 n und]/ood until lat]4 ,calculation ( ! angle ( slope ( ! pipe1 :]e x w5t d[n into ! liquid & hit on ! bottom1 %[$ t v]tically ! liquid 0 ab\t fifty feet deep4 ,) ! aid ( soldi]s f ! ,kilauea ,milit>y ,camp1 ?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ sev]al times2 & ea* "t ! lake 0 f\nd to be ! same dep?4 ,?is conclusion 0 lat] v]ifi$ by sudd5 subsid5ces ( ! liquid lava until ! cliffs bord]+ ! liquid 7 fifty feet high4 ,! ea/]n grottos turn$ into cascades1 ) ! liquid p\r+ d[n a well4 ,! liquid lake _h become a riv] p\r+ ov] a l$ge ( its own bottom1 across f ! we/]n s\rce wells to ! ea/]n s9kholes4 ,^! latt] 7 f\nta9+ grottos :5 ! lakes 7 full1 b !y exhibit$ int]nal rectangul> upright s9kholes :5 ! lake level 0 d[n4 ,?is 0 v]ifi$ repeat$ly1 & ! ph5om5a ( s\rce wells at ! we/ & cascad+ s9kholes at ! ea/ 7 confirm$ & photograph$4 ,x ?us became evid5t t ! lava lakes 7 no?+ m ?an convectional lava fl[s ov] pa/y solidifi$ sub/ance ( _! own bottom s$im5t4 ,convection means ris+ foam1 loss ( gas1 & s9k+ gas-free heavi] liquid4 ,9 o!r words1 ! b5* magma capp$ ) ov]fl[s on ! m>g9al plat=ms 0 a pa/e1 cool$ f ! top & bottom & sides & mak+ ! sauc] ( /ream+ liquid4 ,x 0 ?is pa/e :i* con/itut$ ! swell+ he>t ( ! b5* magma4 ,! f\nta9+ ( gas bubbles escap+ f solution robb$ ! lava ( heat & caus$ x p>tially to solidify1 always at a dep? ( ab\t fifty feet4 ,?us !re 7 necess>ily ?ree sub/ances3 ,! deep lava fizz+ ) self-heat+ gases 7lat] prov$ to be inflammable hydrog51 c>bon monoxide1 sulfur1 & in]t nitrog5 & argon71 ! /ream+ foam into :i* ! deep lava exp&$1 & ! semi-solidifi$ refuse ( ! foam creat$ at ! bottoms & banks ( ! liquid lava :5 x cool$ f bright yell[ heat 7ab\t #aaej ,c5tigrade7 to a d>k-r$ heat 7ab\t #ijj ,c5tigrade74 ,! /ream+ across ! bottom f we/ to ea/ meant t dur+ six mon?s ( ris+ lava1 "s #fjj feet 9 ! la/ half ( #aiaf1 ! lava column 0 a cyl9d] ( semicool$ lava1 ma9ta9$ by upw>d pressure ( ! deep lava bubbl+ up 9 ! we/]n crack betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ,halemaumau wall4 ,mean:ile1 at all times1 ! lakes 7 no?+ m ?an /reams ( foam fifty feet deep & sk9n$ ov] on top1 congeal+ on _! bottoms & %ores & cascad+ d[n s9kholes 9 ! ea/]n wall cracks ( ! cyl9d]4 ,a convectional circulation 0 :at ma9ta9$ ! ris+1 foam+1 heat+1 & cool+ & ! *anges 9 d5sity ( ! liquid z x lo/ its gas4 ,?us ! entire f\nta9+ ph5om5on ( ! lava lakes 0 due to ! self-heat+ ( :at is kn[n z exo!rmic reaction ( gas escap+ f solution 9 molt5 basalt4 ,mu* ( ?is is actually ! burn+ ( hydrog5 9 air1 creat+ a convectional circulation :]ev] ! deep lava c f9d an outlet4 ,ord9>ily ^! outlets are along cracks or rifts 9 ! slope ( ! m\nta91 :]e !y are se5 to break out 9 gassy f\nta9s #ejj feet high1 & (t5 to fl[ along ! crack to a cavity :]e !y cascade d[nw>d :5 less foamy & heavi]4 ,a lava fl[ is always solv+ a problem ( foam+ & liquefy+1 j z does *ampagne or be]4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! unsolv$ problems ( h[ mu* ( ! deep lava is gas & :e!r x is m]e pressure :i* holds ! gases 9 solution1 z 9 soda wat]4 ,! alt]native is = ! deep] magma to be entirely gas1 ooz+ up cracks 9 ! globe1 & react+ ) oxyg5 f ! air & solid rock1 p]colat+ f ! core ( ! e>? upw>d1 & melt+ its walls4 ,9 a s5se1 ! entire decade to #aibj 0 an exp]im5t4 ,! results ( t decade %[$ t ! m\nta9 swells & %r9ks 9 tides ) ! passages ( ! sun & moon1 b t ,kilauea ,m\nta9 & ,mauna ,loa ,m\nta9 are all p>ts ( :at might be call$ ,hawaii ,isl& ,m\nta94 ,! isl& ( ,hawaii is above an old ocean bottom #ah1jjj feet deep & is only ! end ( a ridge #a1gjj miles long1 :i* ev5 at its l[e/ end1 ,midway & ,ocean ,isl&s1 is /ill #ab1jjj feet high above ! smoo? mud-ov]-rock ball ( ! ,pacific ,ocean bottom4 ,all ! evid5ce %[s ! ridge to be a pile ( lava fl[s ov] a crack1 ) a v5e] ( coral4 ,if1 !n1 ! relatively small ,kilauea dome is swell+ & %r9k+ 9 sympa?y ) ! sun1 ! long ,hawaiian ridge is do+ ! same ?+ to a mu* great] degree4 ,mi*elson has %[n t ! solid rock ( ! globe rises & falls 9 a tide ab\t "o foot e half day4 ,z ,i h said1 our daily measurem5ts 9 #aiab %[$ t ! lava 9 ,halemaumau _h a daily tide & t ! l>g] movem5ts rea*$ maxima 9 ,june & ,decemb] & m9ima 9 ! int]v5+ mon?s1 :i* prov$ x mu/ be a sol> effect4 ,?is 0 v excit+ in=mation & sugge/$ a long tra9 ( exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 to be successful 9 ! next decade1 bas$ on ! idea t ! :ole m\nta9 swells z %[n by level+4 ,?is ext5ds out to a radius ( tw5ty miles f ,kilauea ,crat]1 & probably ext5ds all ! way to ! sea%ore4 ,! actual measurem5t ( a lava tide 9 ,halemaumau 0 done dur+ ,july & ,augu/ #aiai4 ,r4 ,h4 ,f9* _h j come f ,wa%+ton to be my assi/ant4 ,oliv] ,em]son ( ,honolulu 0 ano!r assi/ant1 & two ,h>v>d y\?s1 ,sumn] ,rob]ts & ,*>les ,?orndike1 :o _h be5 on w> missions 9 subm>9e *as]s1 s5t ^w ?r\gh _! p>5ts t !y 7 anxi\s to d some?+ dang]\s ar\nd an active volcano4 ,i jump$ at ! *ance to employ !m to help me measure ! lava tide4 ,! nor? lake 9 ,halemaumau 0 q accessible1 & we organiz$ night & day %ifts = survey+ measurem5ts f a canvas %elt] on ! actual b5* lava ne> ! lake4 ,= tw5ty-m9ute p]iods1 ea* obs]v] critically measur$ a numb] ( monum5ts on ! b5* magma & gl[+ places ( ! lake edge4 ,!n a new measurem5t 0 />t$ by level+ ! transit4 ,?is sequ5ce 0 kept up night & day = a lun> mon?1 namely tw5ty-eight days4 ,"o ( ! monum5ts 0 a fix$ ,halemaumau b5*m>k1 equipp$ at night ) a lant]n & us$ z a datum = ! fluctuat+ lake po9ts4 ,a second t5t back f ! ,halemaumau rim 0 a camp+ base4 ,=d c>s 7 kept runn+ f ! ,volcano ,h\se = ! *ang+ ( crew1 ,mrs4 ,jagg> look$ out = ! food1 & ,i direct$ repeat$ surveys ( ! position ( monum5ts & ( ! obs]vation %elt]4 ,meantime ! lava /eadily rose dur+ ,july1 & at "o "t split op5 ! ,kilauea floor mak+ an outfl[ back ( ! %elt]4 ,! v]tical angles kept track ( ! movem5ts ( bo? ! liquid & ! semisolid lava4 ,! in/rum5t 0 plant$ on ! lava column itself4 ,on "o occasion1 ,mrs4 ,jagg>'s glove fell into a floor crack inside ! %elt] & bur/ into flame4 ,9 all1 !re 7 m ?an #bj1jjj obs]vations record$4 ,^! 7 plott$ on coord9ate pap]1 & results 7 r$uc$ to a smoo? curve by ov]lapp+ av]ages4 ,! actual curve ( measurem5ts 0 subject$ to h>monic analysis at ,yale ,univ]sity by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,br[n1 ma!matician & speciali/ on motion ( ! moon & on lun> tides4 ,! results %[$ a def9ite daily tide 9 bo? liquid lava & semisolid lava2 ( a few in*es = ! lun> tide1 & ( l>g] am\nts = ! sol> effect4 ,! curve plott$ rea*$ its greate/ p]fection ( daily up-&-d[n waves dur+ ,july at p]iods :5 ! lava 0 /eady4 ,?is became int]rupt$ & ragg$ :5 accid5ts ( dra9age out on ,kilauea floor pull$ ! liquid lava d[n4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,riv] ( ,alika fl[1 ,mauna ,loa1 ,octob] #f1 #aiag ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,lava /ream+ into a s9khole 9 ,halemaumau lava lake1 ,july #g1 #aiag ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,sakurajima ,volcano1 ,japan1 #aiad ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,f\nta9 9 lava lake1 ,m>* #ai1 #aiba ,h4 ,o4 ,wood1 seismologi/ at ! ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 0 skill$ 9 compil+ ! volcano's hi/orical heights & dep?s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & 9 plott+ our curve ( surveys ( ! liquid lava4 ,he publi%$ a comm5t>y on su* plots = #aiab-aiac 9 relation to sol> curves ( sol/ice & equ9ox1 & to ! oscillations ( ! global axis4 ,he demon/rat$ a def9ite correlation betwe5 seasonal fluctuation ( sun & moon & ! seasonal rise & fall ( ! lava1 pres5t+ an ext5sive analysis ( ! rock tide 9 ! globe & its application to ,hawaiian volcanoes = a c5tury4 ,p]ret _h made a simil> analysis = e>?quakes & volcanoes 9 ,italy4 ,^! curves appli$ to ! seasons1 if comp>$ ) our lava tide appli$ to ! h\rs ( ! day1 left me ) ! conviction t ! cyclical v>iations are a fact4 ,!y %[ correspond5ce betwe5 ! swell+ & %r9k+ ( ! globe & ! movem5ts ( lava1 :5 ^? movem5ts are free & subject to survey+ measurem5ts4 ,= few volcanoes are surveys possible1 & our measurem5ts 7 ! fir/ 9 ! _w ( any cont9uity4 ,e>?quakes1 too1 7 /udi$4 ,dr4 ,arnold ,romb]g ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas--:o has become a di/+ui%$ inv5tor 9 ! _w ( seismology1 magnetism1 gravity1 & oil prospect+--0 ,pr(essor ( ,physics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii ab\t #aiah & = sev]al summ]s came to ! ,hawaiian ,obs]vatory to assi/ me 9 exp]im5tal seismology4 ,f #aiag to #aibj ,i took ! records ( e>?quakes & o!r seismic movem5ts1 z record$ by our ,omori in/rum5ts1 & ,romb]g remodell$ ^! in/rum5ts4 ,) 8 k ( ! fundam5tal ma!matics ( p5dulums1 = at ,h>v>d he _h exp]im5t$ ) s5sitive galvanomet]s1 8 facility = mak+ in/rum5ts out ( no?+ b wire1 sold]1 & old clockworks 0 wond]ful & inspir+4 ,i sp5t _m mon?s measur+ our smok$-pap] seismograms ( #aiac ?r\gh #aiah1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mrs4 ,jagg>1 to :om ,i dictat$4 ,i measur$ types ( local e>?quakes1 ( volcanic tremors 7"s ( :i* def9itely accompany lava f\nta9+71 & tilt+ ( ! gr\nd1 publi%+ ! results 9 #aibj4 ,tilt upswell+ is %[n 9 am\nt & direction by gradual *ange ( ! writ+ seismograph p5s1 & ?is is correlat$ ) ! record$ rise & fall ( ! lava4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s1 ) ,romb]g's valuable advice1 we *ang$ ! seismographs to record ) little mirrors support$ on silk5 fib]s & ) beams ( light project$ on photographic pap]4 ,& ,romb]g inv5t$ an +5i\s improvem5t ) a vane & a ba? ( oil1 :]eby a tilt-free seismograph = e>?quakes only w\ld keep ! spac+ ( its l9es uni=m4 ,gr\nd tilt cr[ds ! l9es4 ,we also exp]im5t$ ) a heavy cyl9d] :i* hung z a normal p5dulum & :i* 0 capable ( sw++ 9 any direction1 s t x ?rew a beam ( light v]tically upw>d to a *ronograph cov]$ ) bromide pap]4 ,! *ronograph 0 capable ( be+ revolv$ & /opp$1 until ! mocroseisms & microtremors rea*$ _! maximum ( amplitude1 = any giv5 p]iod ( record+4 ,! p]man5t wav9ess ( gr\nd motion1 ! tremors ) p]iods ( ab\t two-t5?s ( a second1 & ! microseisms ) p]iods ( ab\t five seconds %[$ _! maxima ( back-&-=? movem5t :5 ! *ronograph 0 revolv$ to a position :]e ! p5dulum swung nor!a/-s\?we/4 ,?is nor!a/-s\?we/ t5d5cy 0 f\nd to be a *>act]i/ic ( ! seismograph cell> = _m seismic measurem5ts1 includ+ local e>?quakes4 ,?is 0 ! direction at "r angles to ! edge ( ! cliff on :i* ! ,obs]vatory /ood4 ,we conclud$ t ?is motion 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! upright flat slabs1 ) cracks beh9d !m1 :i* con/itute ! face ( ! crat] cliff1 & decid$ t any motion communicat$ to ^! slabs w\ld t5d to be a sway+ t[>d ! crat]1 r ?an 9 ! direction ( /iffness p>allel to ! crat]'s edge4 ,omori has f\nd a simil> p]man5t t5d5cy = ,tokyo city1 :]e ! directions are nor?we/ & s\!a/ = maximum amplitude4 ,?is means t any spot on e>? oscillates easie/ 9 "o direction4 ,^! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,obs]vatory answ]$ _m que/ions & po9t$ ! way = future exp]im5t & /udy4 ,x n[ appe>s t liquid lava is a gas fro?1 t ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa are all "o sy/em1 t hydrog5 is ! mo/ elem5tal gas 9 eruption1 t a gas-free pa/e is ! residue ( fl[+ foam bo? 9 pits & lava fl[s1 t e>?quakes & vibrations are a function ( ?is pa/e w$g+ up cracks & s9k+ back und]gr\nd1 & t ! rise & fall is 9 tides & cycles1 %ort & long4 ,^! ?+s are n guesses1 b measurem5ts4 ,! e>?quake problem at volcanoes is misund]/ood 9 geology4 ,! sup]/ition t volcanic quakes are small is wrong4 8,volcanic0 9 volcanology is n limit$ to volcanoes4 ,los ,angeles1 ,*>le/on1 ,lisbon1 & ! deep ocean bottom are all volcanic1 are all tremul\s2 & all h 8lava0 und]nea?4 ,kilauea & ,midway ,isl& are "o1 ,rome & ,etna are "o1 ,icel& & ,/4 ,hel5a are "o1 ,r$l&s & ,m\nt ,ra9i] are "o1 & ! pa/e is und]nea?4 ,^! facts conc]n ! globe1 n a little bundle ( wr9kles l ! ,alps4 ,we d n "k :at an e>?quake is or :at lava is4 ,h[ev]1 8lava0 fall+ sudd5ly & ris+ sl[ly ) big & few e>?quakes accompany+ fall1 & little & _m e>?quakes appe>+ ) rise1 are facts obs]v$ at ,kilauea4 ,at ,tokyo 9 #aibc ! greate/ quake 9 hi/ory c5t]$ at l[]$ lava & l[]$ sea-bottom next to ,o%ima ,volcano isl&4 ,! ,mess9a quake 9 #aijh made a hiss+ noise1 & ne>by ,etna lava 0 l[4 ,!re are long cracks 9 ! e>? %ell some:]e deep d[n1 & we "k little ab\t !m except t volcanoes & faults are 9 l9es4 ,s long z ! ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe "u oceans are unexplor$ by man1 ) no rock specim5s or ev5 dec5t maps1 & s long z !re are no in/rum5ts plant$ on sea bottoms1 we _c use ! t]m volcanic intellig5tly4 ,mo/ volcanoes ( ! e>? are undiscov]$4 ,kilauea measurem5ts :et ! appetite = a new sci5tific fronti]1 ! prospect+ = ores1 volcanoes1 & m\nta9s "u ! sea4 ,! abs5ce ( core drill+ & rock sampl+ ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! e>? is a disgrace to ! oil-drill+ & qu>ry+ sci5ces ( mank9d4 ,! f\nd+ decade ( ! ,hawaiian ,obs]vatory produc$ two effective exp$itions1 "o to ,japan & "o to ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,rese>* ,association vot$ to s5d me to ,kago%ima 9 ,kyu%u1 ! s\? isl& ( ,japan1 :]e ! volcano ,sakurajima made e>?quakes1 explosions1 & lava fl[s 9 ,janu>y ( #aiad4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,p]ret 0 s5t to ,sakurajima by ,fri$la5d] ( ,naples1 s we met 9 ,japan4 ,sakurajima1 or ,*]ry ,isl&1 is a #d1jjj-;foot cone 9 ,kago%ima ,s\nd1 a deep inlet at ! s\!rnmo/ end ( ,kyu%u4 ,! volcano ?reat5$ #bb1jjj p]sons 9 villages on ,sakurajima ,isl& itself1 & #gj1jjj 9 ,kago%ima4 ,x is a l& ( orange groves1 fi%]folk1 ,satsuma porcela91 & m>itime comm]ce1 situat$ at ! nor? end ( ! ,ok9awa-,ryukyu isl&s1 a volcano *a9 ext5d+ nor? to ,nagasaki4 ,au?orities 9 ,kago%ima knew all ab\t ,pele2 & ! army1 navy1 & gov]nor wa/$ no "t4 ,pr(essor ,omori1 :o _h a seismograph at ! wea!r /ation ( ,kago%ima1 w5t at once to ! volcano1 & pr(it+ f ! lesson ( ,pele1 guid$ ! lives ( #ij1jjj p]sons4 ,! ,sakurajima eruption began on a ,saturday & ,sunday ) hundr$s ( e>?quakes locally id5tifi$ z com+ f ! volcano4 ,public & private vessels 7 call$ into s]vice to move all ! p ( ! isl& ov] to ,kago%ima & beyond4 ,) a g5]al ( ! army 9 comm&1 ?is 0 accompli%$ 9 two days4 ,on ,monday at t5 o'clock ! great1 picturesque peak1 q l ,pele or ,vesuvius1 sudd5ly eject$ v]tically & quietly1 f a crack 9 its flank1 a column ( 8smoke0 #cj1jjj feet high4 ,?is 0 answ]$ by ano!r1 simil> column on ! opposite side ( ! m\nta92 & ! two columns jo9$ above into a colossal ar* ( caulifl[] cl\ds consi/+ ( s&1 du/1 & b\ld]s4 ,! crack 9 ! m\nta9 :i* gave v5t to all ?is op5$ ) slight rumble & behav$ l two radial ruptures meet+ t[>d ! peak1 ext5d+ s\?we/ & s\!a/4 ,! sector ( ! m\nta9 betwe5 !m appe>$ to h be5 lift$ l a piece ( pie %ov$ up 9 ! c5t]4 ,b ! summit crat]s play$ no appreciable "p 9 ! eruption1 unless x 0 a gu% ( /eam on ,sunday ev5+4 ,! l9e ( crat]lets along ! cracks & only half way up ! m\nta9 quickly develop$ lava fl[s1 & ^! p\r$ d[n1 ! "o t[>d ,kago%ima ,/rait1 ! o!r t[>d ! n>r[ ,osumi ,/rait1 :i* sep>at$ ! volcano f ! wild] ea/]n ma9l&4 ,?is /rait 0 fill$ up ) heavy block lava1 or aa1 conv]t+ ! isl& into a p59sula4 ,a simil> aa lava fl[1 fifty feet high 9 front1 swept d[n to ! bea* on ! ,kago%ima side1 ) b\ld]s z big z a h\se tumbl+ ov] its &esite front4 ,tidal waves made by ^! two lava fl[s ent]+ ! sea 7 small b p]ceptible4 ,! pr9cipal effect 0 ?\s&s ( :ite /eam jets :]e ! r$ hot blocks ent]$ ! ocean4 ,culm9ation ( gl[+ heat came ! second night1 ,tuesday4 ,! fl[s cont9u$ = mon?s1 b ! maximum ( seismic effect _h happ5$ at six o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ day1 ,monday4 ,?is 0 a really big e>?quake damag+ masonry & caus+ l&slips f ! cliff next to ,kago%ima city & kill+ a numb] ( p4 ,! flux ( refugees f ! volcano villages on ,monday 0 a dramatic ev5t4 ,:5 ! lava outbreak occurr$ 9 ! =5oon1 ! s*ools s5t ! *ildr5 home4 ,on _! way1 ! *ildr5 gaz$ entranc$ t[>d ! t]rific ar* ( cl\d ov] ! m\nta91 vomit+ trajectories ( /ones4 ,%ops clos$1 & ! city 0 quiet :ile ev]ybody siz$ up ! crisis4 ,z a s*oolboy 9 ,engli% class wrote1 8,mon/] rocks w5t horizontally f ! d[n to ! up1 ) smokes on _! beh9d40 ,aft] ! ev5+ e>?quake1 h[ev]1 :5 _m build+s _h %ak5 d[n1 all except public (ficials 7 ord]$ to leave = ! back c\ntry4 ,"y m5's clubs organiz$ to receive ! refugees along ! roads :i* l$ into ! int]ior ( ,satsuma prov9ce1 :ile temples & s*oolh\ses 7 impress$ into s]vice to h\se !m4 ,! migration ( m ?an #ej1jjj p ) packs on _! backs & ) h&c>ts be>+ h\sehold goods1 demon/rat$ h[ easily ! ,japanese p took to a nomad exi/5ce4 ,?is hegira came to an end on ,w$nesday1 :5 ,dr4 ,omori arriv$ f ,tokyo1 siz$ up ! seismic record & ! fi]y crisis ( ,tuesday night1 & took ! grave responsibility ( ann\nc+ t ! population ( ,kago%ima might safely return4 ,?is 0 done1 he 0 "r1 & no fur!r damage beset ! city4 ,?r\gh all ( ?is eruption1 s diff]5t f ,pele 9 adm9i/rative control1 no "o 0 kill$ by ! volcano1 ?\gh "o or two old p di$ ( %ock4 ,"o old lady :o refus$ to leave h] home on ! isl& surviv$4 ,village ro(s 7 b5t d[n1 cru%$1 & half buri$ "u a heavy sn[fall ( a%1 & x 0 notable t flat-ro($ cottages 7 cru%$1 :]eas ^? ) /eep] ro(s 7 less damag$4 ,orange or*>ds 7 hopelessly de/roy$4 ,at ! we/ %ore ( ,sakurajima 9 a place call$ ,hakamago%i1 a fi]y bla/ ru%$ d[n to ! sea f ! rift4 ,trees 7 /ripp$ ( limbs & b>k1 sapl+s 7 b5t away f ! volcano1 & wood fib] on /umps 0 %r$d$ by fly+ rocks4 ,?is bla/ 0 v %ort liv$ & nev] rea*$ across to ! city4 ,x bore ! m>ks ( be+ simil> to ! d[nbla/s ( ,m\nt ,pele4 ,! lava fl[s kept on = a ye> & built new %ore isl&s4 ,i _h ! rem>kable exp]i5ce ( be+ r[$ 9 a skiff ov] ! subm]g$ tongue ( an ea/]n fl[1 trail+ a !rmomet] 9 ! increas+ly boil+ wat]4 ,:5 ! /eam+ wat] ab\t u rea*$ scald+ temp]ature1 we _h ! unpleasant ?\ght t if we %\ld capsize we w\ld be cook$4 ,we f\nd boil$ horses & cattle along ! bea*es1 & ?\s&s ( dead fi%4 ,a climb ne> ! ea/]n flank v5t %[$ a portion ( ! mov+ lava fl[ p\r+ d[n ! slope into a gl[+ cav]n "u a %ell ( its own b\ld]y texture4 ,! ?\s&s ( doll>s ( relief :i* came to ,japan f ,am]ica & else:]e 7 h&l$ ) scrupul\s hone/y1 & ! inhabitants ( ! isl& 7 rehabilitat$ on ,tanega%ima1 ano!r isl& ( ! ,ryukyu ,ar*ipelago4 ,sci5tific inve/igations %[$ by level+ t ! m\nta9 _h be5 lift$ a few feet by ! int]nal p5etration ( ! lava1 & reexam9ation ( ! b5*m>ks along roads ext5d+ out radially indicat$ t ! nor? end ( ! bay bottom & %ore _h def9itely sunk1 z ?\gh und]gr\nd lava _h be5 )drawn f t region1 to pu% up1 swell1 & ov]fl[ ! m\nta94 ,?is effect ( subsid5ce outside 0 trac$ & %[n to gradually less5 = a hundr$ miles f ! place ( greate/ s9k+4 ,inve/igation c>ri$ out by ! geologi/ colleagues ( ,omori culm9at$ 9 a monum5tal publication :i* demon/rates ! solid>ity ( ! ,japanese me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,& bo? ,omori & ,pr(essor ,koto publi%$ books on ,sakurajima 9 ,engli%1 ) maps1 photographs1 curves1 & seismograms4 ,omori1 9 #aiaj1 _h anticipat$ movem5t ( ! e>? ab\t a volcanic c5t] z swell+ up "o place & s9k+ d[n 9 ano!r :ile eruption 0 go+ on4 ,at t "t1 he describ$ ,usu ,volcano at ! opposite end ( ,japan1 :]e level+ in/rum5ts %[$ grad$ *anges 9 height made by ! ,usu eruption4 ,a rem>kable physiographic "* ( ,usu ,m\nta91 & ( ! adjac5t bas9 ( ,lake ,toya1 is t bas9 & dome appe> complem5t>y1 j z ,kago%ima ,bay 0 comp5sat$ by ,sakurajima4 ,?is same pair+ ( lake ) volcano has be5 not$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,japan1 z ?\gh tumefaction by lava p5etration & lava eruption _h robb$ ! und]p9n+ ( an adjac5t piece ( gr\nd1 :i* l[]$ & became a lake by fill+ up ) gr\ndwat]4 ,f ,sakurajima ,i w5t to ,b&aisan1 or ,kob&ai1 a fam\s volcano 9 c5tral ,japan nor?we/ ( ,tokyo & on ! %ore ( a beautiful lake4 ,x looks l an ord9>y rocky peak1 b its fame 0 made by a /eam explosion f its flank :i* blew out ! side ( ! m\nta9 & left ava/ sulfur\s qu>ry ) num]\s solfat>as & hot spr+s4 ,b&ai 0 kn[n by geologi/s to be "o ( a *a9 ( volcanoes1 b prior to #ahhe its activity 0 9 "q4 ,"o morn+ ! sky 0 d>k5$ by ! ov]:elm+ explosion1 & va/ volumes ( rock f ! outbreak p\r$ d[n z a l&slide & completely damm$ a riv] sy/em4 ,x left extraord9>y little heaps 9 ! new damm$ up lake4 ,^! appe>$ to be individual blocks ( rock aga9/ :i* heaps ( debris 7 pil$ s z to leave pyramidal humps scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! imp\nd$ wat] ne> ! volcano4 ,an excell5t report 9 ,engli% on ?is eruption 0 publi%$ at ! "t1 & ! eruption became ! type ( :at geologi/s call a phreatic explosion1 mean+ pure /eam4 ,!re 0 d\bt z to :e!r any fragm5ts ( new lava 7 ?r[n up4 ,i took ) me to ,b&aisan a photograph]-guide4 ,we camp$ 9 a m\nta9 inn ) ?at*$ ro(1 visit$ a hot spr+ resort1 & hik$ to ! crat] :]e we measur$ temp]atures & took photographs4 ,x 0 a va/ flat-floor$ %elf1 dug out ( ! side ( ! m\nta91 ) /eam jets & puddles ( boil+ wat] at ! back4 ,look+ out at ! new wat]-fill$ valley ) its _m isl&s at ! base ( ! slope bel[ ! crat]1 we c\ld see %orel9e levels high] ?an ! pres5t bea*1 :]e ! damm+ _h produc$ ! highe/ /& ( ! wat]4 ,! eruption & l&slide ov]:elm$ villages & kill$ _m p1 ?\gh x la/$ only a few days4 ,x 0 on ! side ( ! m\nta9 remote f ! old] lake4 ,9 clamb]+ ov] ! brok5 debris1 :i* look$ m l glacial deposits ?an volcanic agglom]ate1 ,i pick$ up "s pieces ( vesicul> basalt t 7 def9itely lava4 ,wada1 a ,japanese geologi/1 _h f\nd ! same ?+1 & we bo? conclud$ t ^! 7 an int]nal live basalt bl[n to fragm5ts 9 ! ,b&aisan eruption1 b t mo/ ( ! mat]ial 0 f ! %att]$ old m\nta94 ,my int]pretation ( ,b&aisan is t x is an old volcano 9 ! l9e ( ,asama & o!r volcanoes ( c5tral ,japan1 & t ! l9e is a deep crack always full ( lava 9 ! dep?s1 :i* is selective ( outlet1 dep5d+ ^u :at "p ( ! crack op5s z ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,eruption may be occasion$ by lava w$g+ upw>d at "o volcano1 or by lava s9k+ d[nw>d at ano!r volcano1 accord+ to ! way ! m$ial rift ( cont95tal ,hon%u is w>p$ & /ress$ by ! e>?quake =ces4 ,"o "p ( a volcano *a9 is always s9k+1 ) lava )drawn4 ,ano!r "p is always swell+ up1 ) lava p5etrat+ ! cracks "u active crat] pits1 l t ( ,asama4 ,asama is ! ,vesuvius ( c5tral ,japan ne> ! village ( ,k>uizawa1 fam\s z ! resort ( ,am]ican mission>ies4 ,b&aisan is "o ( a l9e ( volcanic peaks nor? ( ,asama1 all ( :i* h hot spr+s & solfat>as4 ,! explosion ( ,b&aisan1 :]e ! big natural lake repres5ts ! gr\ndwat] level ( abundant ra9fall1 occurr$ :5 ! und]gr\nd lava column sudd5ly sank rapidly by ! gap+ op5 ( ! deep rift4 ,! wat] p\r$ into r$ hot cavities1 :ile ! lava 0 ris+ & erupt+ by fro?+ up 9 ! dep?s ( "o ( ! o!r volcanoes4 ,! results ( ,b&ai's explosion 7 fir/1 e>?quake collapse1 :i* 0 assi/$ by va/ outjets ( boil+ /eam f gr\ndwat]1 & !n ! bl[+ out ( ! m\nta9side4 ,( special int]e/ is ! spac+1 tw5ty to =ty miles1 betwe5 volcanoes along su* a sy/em z ,asama-,b&ai4 ,! und]ly+ cracks mu/ be 9 e*elon arrangem5t1 & ! spac+ is a function ( ! ?ickness ( ! upp] e>? cru/ & its capacity ?r\gh ! ages ( produc+ spac$-out wid5+s or b5ds 9 ! crack1 above :atev] %ell conf9es ! lava4 ,! same spac+ ( ! new & old volcanoes is true 9 ! ,c>ibbees & 9 ! ,co/a ,rica-,mexico l9e4 ,!re an old peak might make a ,b&aisan by un=ese5 breakage & /eam developm5t4 ,?is applies also to ! ,ryukyu-,sakurajima l9e4 ,i visit$ ,kaimon at ! extreme s\? end ( ,kyu%u1 a /eep dome block$ on top by a lava plug4 ,s\? ( "h to ,suwanose ,isl&1 an active volcano1 ! spac+ ( isl&s is simil> to ! nor?w>d spac+ ( ,sakurajima1 ,kiri%ima1 & ,asosan1 foll[+ ! same law ( select$ v5ts & (fset cracks4 ,kiri%ima ?irty miles nor? ( ,sakurajima is a trea*]\s & dang]\s volcano t made a bad explosion j prior to ! ,sakurajima eruption4 ,i saw on ! rim ( its summit cavity a breadcru/ bomb1 a triangul> block ( rock eight feet long1 ) its surface beautifully tessellat$ ) gap+ cracks4 ,?is breadcru/ fracture indicates t ! fragm5t ( gl[+ &esite 0 ?r[n up :ile pa/y1 !n congeal$ on its surface to smoo? glass & cont9u$ to swell ev5ly ) int]nal gas1 s z to rupture ! glassy surface z exp&+ d\gh4 ,at ,aso ,volcano f>!r nor? ,i ent]$ a natural gateway into a cauldron n9e miles across1 surr\nd$ by a wall1 & ) a hilly c\ntry inside1 f :i* a riv] escap$ ?r\gh ! gateway4 ,! summit peak 9 ?is l&scape prov$ to conta9 an active pit on top4 ,! pit 0 /eam+ & ! s\rce ( ! /eam 0 boil+ puddles ( mud at ! bottom4 ,?is 0 ! 8,halemaumau0 ( ,asosan1 :i* has _h a record ( _m eruptions ne> ! city ( ,kumamoto4 ,! *a9 ( ,kyu%u volcanoes ends1 aft] ! usual spac+1 ) a volcano at ,nagasaki4 ,f ,%imonoseki ,/rait1 go+ nor!a/w>d1 new belts ( volcanic fissures h built ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,japan1 cut across nor?we/ ( ,tokyo by :at ,naumann call$ ! fossa magna or big tr5*4 ,?is is fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese geology1 = :i* ?is ,g]man geologi/ laid ! f\ndations4 ,! fossa magna ext5ds nor?we/ & s\!a/1 ?r\gh ,fujiyama & ,o%ima ,volcanoes to ! ,ogasaw>a ,isl&s & ! ,bon9 ,isl&s1 sc5e ( volcanoes mak+ & disappe>+1 f crat]s "u ! ocean4 ,omori _h discov]$ hi/orical simil>ities betwe5 ! eruptions ( ?is *a9 & ^? ( ! ,ryukyu *a94 ,?is is significant1 because z we g f ! small spac+ ( ! individual volcanoes1 we come to "s deep] & l>g] fractur+ ( ! :ole cru/ ( ! e>? t det]m9es a spac+ ( hundr$s ( miles betwe5 su* l>g] arcs ( rupture z ^? ( ,kyu%u & ! ,bon9 ,isl&s4 ,z all are volcanic & h be5 s s9ce ! bir? ( ! globe1 x is un?9kable to me t !y are any?+ b deep fractures :i* g d[n to ! e>?'s core4 ,! surface geology ( m>9e /rata is a m]e v5e] comp>$ ) ! deep & anci5t igne\s rocks4 ,i w5t to ,new ,zeal& 9 #aibj1 tak+ ) me 9 manuscript =m ! ,hawaiian ,obs]vatory results ( ! pa/ decade4 ,notable among geologi/s !re 0 ,dr4 ,allan ,?omson1 director ( ! ,dom9ion ,museum 9 ,well+ton4 ,dr4 ,?omson & 8 di/+ui%$ fa!r1 ! ,honorable ,william ,?omson1 guid$ ,mrs4 ,jagg> & me all ! way f ,auckl& to ,dun$94 ,x 0 my task to give lectures on volcano rese>*1 to %[ lant]n slides ( ,m\nt ,pele & ,kilauea1 to tell ab\t seismographs & cycles1 & to urge ^u ,new ,zeal& sci5ce ! importance ( e/abli%+ a volcano obs]vatory sy/em 9 ! ,taupo ,belt ( volcanoes4 ,"h1 9 #ahhf1 _h occurr$ ! t]rific eruption ( ,t>aw]a4 ,"h are spac$ out volcanoes ext5d+ nor? into ! isl&s ( ,tonga4 ,"h1 possibly1 along ! ,cook ,*annel betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? ,isl&s1 is a transition f volcanoes to e>?quakes1 & q possibly ano!r fossa magna wor?y ( comp>ison ) ,japan4 ,(f to ! ea/ lies ! pr(\nd l9e> ,tonga ,deep1 comp5sat+ ! ,new ,zeal& volcanic uplift4 ,?is is analog\s to ! ,tusc>ora ,deep ea/ ( ,japan4 ,we 7 =tunate to procure accommodations 9 ,rotorua1 ! boil+ geys] di/rict1 at ! "t ( ! visit ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 lat] ,k+ ,edw>d ,,viii1 & to see ! hakas1 or dances1 ( an encampm5t ( #e1jjj ,maoris1 ga!r$ to honor ,briti% royalty4 ,i 0 int]e/$ 9 ! relics ( liquid basalt collect$ on ! lip ( ! great rift ?r\gh ,t>aw]a ,m\nta94 ,! rupture ext5ds ! l5g? ( ,rotomahana ,lake1 :i* sank away z a gr\ndwat] ph5om5on 9 #ahhf4 ,?is1 l ,b&aisan1 0 "o ( ! great /eambla/ eruptions ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 "r on ! l9e ( volcano spac+ ext5d+ f ,:ite ,isl& 9 ! ,bay ( ,pl5ty1 to ,ngauruhoe & ,ruapehu ,volcanoes1 beyond ,lake ,taupo at ! s\?4 ,"h 0 a l& ( e*elons ( deep cracks1 build+ up along scores ( miles f subm>9e eruptions su* z ,falcon ,isl& 9 ! ,tonga gr\p4 ,f>!r s\? is ! dang]\s look+ ,:ite ,isl& close to ! ,new ,zeal& %orel9e1 resembl+ ,bogosl(1 & s on to ! lava volcanoes at ! s\?4 ,big e>?quakes h be5 *>act]i/ic1 along ) uplift1 ( bo? %orel9es ( ,cook ,/rait4 ,?is k9d ( gradation is c]ta9ly l ! transitions f subm>9e eruption to cont95tal uplift1 cr[n$ ) volcanoes1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,japan1 ! ,aleutians1 ,cali=nia1 & ,italy4 ,x is impossible to ?9k ( x1 :5 we consid] wat] dep?s ( #d1jjj fa?oms1 & a /ep upw>d to su* altitudes z ! ,new ,zeal& alps1 all l9e> = a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles1 except 9 t]ms ( ! fault$ deep e>? cru/4 ,& seismologi/s tell u t t cru/ is #a1hjj miles deep4 ,! associations made on ?is trip 7 de/9$ to h f>-rea*+ effect 9 meet+s ) ,new ,zeal& sci5ti/s at lat] dates4 ,i met ,pr(essor ,b>trum ( ,auckl&2 ! (ficials ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,geological ,survey2 ,dr4 ,erne/ ,m>sd51 di/+ui%$ physici/ :o _h work$ ) ,ru!r=d 9 ,engl&2 & ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,cotton1 physical geograph] & au?or4 ,cotton %[$ u ! elevat$ %orel9es ( ,well+ton associat$ ) ! big e>?quakes ( #ahea4 ,o!r p]sonages 7 ,pr(essor ,speight1 geologi/ ( ,*ri/*ur* ,college1 & 9 ,dun$91 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,l4 ,jack1 physici/ ( ,otago ,univ]sity & our ho/4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,adams1 gov]nm5t a/ronom] ( ,well+ton1 we 7 to meet aga9 on ,t9 ,c ,isl& 9 #aicj1 dur+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,eclipse ,exp$ition4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,mac,millan-,br[n1 *ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,zeal&1 & 8 daught] ent]ta9$ u 9 ,*ri/*ur*2 & he lat] visit$ u sev]al times 9 ,hawaii 9 ! c\rse ( 8 ext5sive travels4 ,i 0 glad to /imulate volcanology 9 ,new ,zeal& & pleas$ :5 !re ev5tually appe>$ ! spl5did "w ( ,dr4 ,l4 ,i4 ,grange1 on ! 8,rotorua ,di/rict10 ) a project = geophysical surveys made imp]ative by ! ,napi] e>?quake disa/]4 ,be=e ?is *apt] is clos$1 "s p]sonalities ( ! fir/ decade ( ! ,obs]vatory %\ld be m5tion$4 ,=emo/ 0 ,l4 ,a4 ,?ur/on1 f\nd] ( ! ,volcano ,rese>* ,association & its presid5t = _m ye>s4 ,x 0 8 int]e/ & en?usiasm c\pl$ ) t ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,association t made ! ,obs]vatory possible4 ,prom95t among ^? memb]s 0 ,l4 ,w4 de ,vis-,norton1 = _m ye>s secret>y ( ! ,association & a devot$ apo/le ( volcanology4 ,mrs4 ,isabel ,jagg>1 f #aiag1 0 my help] n only z wife & amanu5sis1 b z g5]al assi/ant at ! ,obs]vatory4 ,%e c\ld op]ate in/rum5ts1 take notes at ! pit1 keep ! record books1 & act z buff] aga9/ an ov]9quisitive public4 ,!re 0 ,demo/h5es ,lycurgus1 g5ial ,greek ho/ ( ! ,volcano ,h\se1 :o did all 9 8 p[] to help u1 by grants ( l&s1 rais+ money1 & p]sonally promot+ sci5ce ) all ! vigor ( 8 wond]ful p]sonality4 ,he w5t home to ,greece to be m>ri$1 & alas1 di$ dur+ 8 honeymoon4 ,lat] came my good fri5d ,george ,lycurgus1 :o /ill op]ates ! ,volcano ,h\se4 ,colleagues ( ! f\nd+ decade includ$ ,h4 ,o4 ,wood1 :o came f ,b]keley 9 #aiab1 act$ z seismologi/ & geological assi/ant1 & e/abli%$ a seismological bullet94 ,he left to ent] ! army 9 #aiag4 ,9 ye>s to come ,wood e/abli%$ 9 ,pasad5a "u ! ,c>negie ,in/itution "o ( ! great seismographic laboratories ( ! _w1 & 8 "n became c\pl$ ) a ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology physici/ to "n ! ,wood-,&]son seismograph4 ,lat] came ,r4 ,h4 ,f9* :o _h work$ ) ,dr4 ,humphreys ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton & _h be5 a flight meteorologi/ 9 ,irel& dur+ ! fir/ ,_w ,w>4 ,he 0 assign$ by ,m>v9 to me z assi/ant 9 #aiai1 :5 ! ,congress took ov] our "w = ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,f9ally1 ,i %\ld l to "n ! num]\s work]s ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 9 topography & geology1 notably ,birdseye1 ,burkl&1 ,/e>ns1 ,wilson1 ,cl>k1 ,me9z]1 & ,macdonald4 ,^! m5 br\ght to reality my ,geological ,survey e/imate ( #ahii1 :5 ,i recomm5d$ to ,walcott a survey ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,! ,hawaii geologic survey includ$ inve/igations ( wat]1 highways1 & m9]als1 & 0 to map lavas1 volcanic processes1 & isl& gr[?4 ,! annual co/ ( ! "w _h be5 e/imat$ at #bb1jjj1 includ+ #f1cjj = sal>ies 9 geology & #aj1jjj = ! total co/ ( topography /udy1 or #ij1jjj = five ye>s4 ,! project 0 begun 9 #aiji 9 coop]ation ) ! ,t]ritory ( ,hawaii4 ,9 #aiea ! mapp+ 0 complet$ & ! co/ _h be5 _m times ! orig9al e/imate4 ,among visitors :o contribut$ to ! ,obs]vatory "w 7 ,sidney ,p[]s1 a volunt>y obs]v] :o _h be5 "o ( my /ud5ts 9 ,bo/on4 ,he explor$ & publi%$ on _m volcanoes ar\nd ! _w & foll[$ me 9 ,sakurajima & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,he lat] became an out/&+ petroleum geologi/ ( ! ,am]ada ,company 9 ,tulsa4 ,ar?ur ,hannon1 an ar*itect f ,clevel&1 act$ z a volunte] mapp]1 & = mon?s aid$ ) sket*es ( ! *anges 9 ,halemaumau4 ,william ,twigg-,smi?1 an arti/ f ,new ,zeal&1 jo9$ u 9 ! lava-s\nd+ exp]im5t & made num]\s sket*es & pa9t+s4 ,he lat] became ! illu/rator & photograph] = ! ,hawaiian ,sug> ,plant]s' ,association4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,day ( ! ,geophysical ,laboratory visit$ u repeat$ly1 9 association ) gas *emi/ ,e4 ,s4 ,%eph]d4 ,he wrote important monographs1 along ) ,e4 ,h4 ,all5 ! *emi/ = ! ,c>negie ,in/itution1 on ! ,yell[/one & ,lass5 ,national ,p>ks1 & on ,geys]ville4 ,all5 came to ! ,obs]vatory = critical analysis ( ! /eam ( ,sulphur ,bank4 ,among o!r visitors 7 geologi/s1 geodesi/s1 & biologi/s ( ! ,pacific ,sci5ce ,congress1 held 9 ! spr+ ( #aibj4 ,^! includ$ ,h4 ,e4 ,gregory1 ,griffi? ,taylor1 ,fr$]ick ,wood-,jones1 ,william ,b[ie1 ,t4 ,w4 ,vaughan1 ,e4 ,o4 ,hovey1 ,e4 ,c4 ,&rews1 ,f4 ,omori1 ,h4 ,s4 ,wa%+ton1 & ,dr4 ,*ilton ( ,*ri/*ur*1 :o _h be5 "o ( our inspir]s 9 ! ,new ,zeal& trip4 ,?is ,honolulu _w congress assign$ "o meet+ to ,kilauea ,volcano1 :i* enabl$ me to summ>ize results be=e a cosmopolitan gr\p ( sci5ti/s4 ,! ,wa%+ton executives :o at ?is "t promot$ ! ,obs]vatory 7 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture ,david ,f4 ,h\/on1 ,director ,george ,otis ,smi? ( ,geological ,survey1 ,*ief ,*>les ,m>v9 ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & ,*>les ,d4 ,walcott1 ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian4 ,lat] came ,w4 ,c4 ,m5d5hall1 firm fri5d ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & ,director ( ! ,survey4 ,x 0 my good =tune t betwe5 #aiad & #aiai ,mauna ,loa & ,kilauea 7 build+ up lava t[>d a fi]y crisis1 & t ! sug> bus9ess ( ,hawaii boom$ at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! #aibj sci5ce congress conv5$ !re 0 mu* fre% lava to be se51 & our ,rese>* ,association 0 s prosp]\s t ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 9 ,bo/on kept up its f9ancial int]e/4 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce "u ,edw>d ,dana ( ,yale publi%$ our results4 ,?is 0 fitt+1 z ,dana's fa!r1 ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 _h publi%$ mu* ab\t ,hawaiian volcanoes4 ,consequ5tly ! end ( ! f\ndation decade made easi] ! f9anc+ ( ! next five ye>s4 ,j at ?is "t ! ,geological ,survey spurt$ ahead1 ! ,national ,p>k 0 op5$1 ! ,army built a recreation camp & a trail up ,mauna ,loa1 ! ,int]-isl& ,/eam%ip ,company took ov] ! ,volcano ,h\se1 & a ,promotion ,committee 0 br++ _m t\ri/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fluctuations ( ,halemaumau lava f #agij to #aieb1 ! v]ticals indicat+ maximum l[]+ prec$+ repose p]iods2 m9or fluctuations n %[n4 ,,*apt] ,v ,expansion ,decade 8,!re %all be fam9es & e>?quakes 9 div]s places40 ,! decade f #aiba ?r\gh #aicj 0 a p]iod ( trem5d\s ev5ts & ( exp]im5tation at ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa4 ,x 0 also an expansion decade = ! ,obs]vatory1 & = me4 ,additional funds made possible new build+s & equipm5t on ,hawaii2 obs]vatory activity 0 e/abli%$ at ,lass5 ,volcano 9 ,cali=nia2 & exp$ition>y "w includ$ a /udy ( ! #aibc ,tokyo e>?quakes1 explorations on ,alaska volcanoes 9 #aibg1 & a visit to ,niuafo\ 9 ,tonga1 "p ( ! great ,new ,zeal&-,tonga volcanic *a94 ,increas$ gov]nm5t aid 0 l>gely due to ! help ( ! ,honorable ,l\is ,c4 ,cramton ( ,mi*igan1 ,republican floor lead] ( ,congress1 :o took great int]e/ 9 ext5d+ activities )9 national p>ks4 ,aft] we mov$ f ,wea!r ,bureau control to ,geological ,survey 9 #aibd1 ,cramton visit$ our ,obs]vatory1 conclud$ t x 0 an orphan *ild ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ask$ me :at ,i want$4 ,i told him t ,i ne$$ m5 & ma*9es1 & ,i sugge/$ exp&+ our /udies to ,cali=nia & ! ,aleutians4 ,meantime1 ! ,rese>* ,association 0 p]suad$ t we ne$$ a fire-resi/ant iron build+ to h\se libr>y accumulation1 record books1 & photographic negatives1 z well z seismograms & lava specim5s4 ,^! 7 preci\s relics ( ! v active ov]fl[s & exp]im5ts ( ! #aiab-aiba p]iod4 ,) ! advice ( ,walt] ,f4 ,dill+ham & ,eng9e] ,john ,mason ,"y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii1 ,i built a %eet-iron h\se ) concrete floor & wire-glass skylights1 & in/all$ /eel furniture4 ,?is became an invaluable (fice1 draft+ room1 & workroom1 z well z a place = files4 ,! ,volcano ,rese>* ,association1 9 coop]ation ) ,hawaii ,national ,p>k1 built a trail side museum & lecture hall atop ! high we/]n bluff ( ,kilauea ,crat]4 ,lat]1 :5 ! drive 0 ext5d$ completely ar\nd ! great] crat]1 ! museum 0 on ! road to ,halemaumau4 ,?is museum _h a plate glass front1 concrete floor1 skylight illum9ation1 & an esplanade look+ d[n on ! cald]a & across ! va/ panorama ( ,mauna ,loa1 ,mauna ,kea1 & ! ,kau ,des]t4 ,! build+ protect$ ! look\t plat=m f ! trade w9ds4 ,we h\s$ 9 ! museum a gleam+1 nickel-plat$ seismograph f ,japan1 suitable photographs1 & ! be/ ( our specim5s = visitors to see4 ,?is comb9$ ) ! magnific5t views to in/ruct ! public 9 volcanology z no?+ else c\ld h done4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i equipp$ ma*9e %ops & add$ a fir/ class me*anic to ! /aff4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is decade & aft] my ,new ,zeal& trip t su* p]sons z ,omori & ,nakamura1 9 ,japan1 & geologi/s 9 ,seattle1 ,b]keley1 & ,pasad5a began to take an int]e/ 9 ! volcano problem z dom9ant 9 ! /udy ( e>?quakes4 ,!re 7 conflict+ !ories ab\t ! e>? cru/4 ,e>li]1 9 ,hawaii1 ,wood 0 a disciple ( ! tectonic or contract+ !ories ( ! e>?1 :]eas ,i increas+ly believ$ volcanism to be pr(\nd1 cru/al1 oceanic1 & anci5t4 ,x is m fundam5tal ?an ! /rata & m\nta9 folds ( cont95ts4 ,?is conflict ext5d$ to ! wat] "q 9 volcanology4 ,i 0 incl9$ to believe ! wat]s ( eruption to be oxidiz$ hydrog51 :]eas su* physical *emi/s z ,day1 ,%eph]d1 & ,all5 believ$ wat] vapor1 l c>bon dioxide1 to be fundam5tal 9 magma4 ,! :ole "q ( ! orig9 ( oxyg5--! mo/ abundant elem5t ( ! rocks1 air1 & wat]--is a matt] ( />tl+ d\bt 9 geology4 ,:]e oxides are kn[n to exi/ 9 lava1 flames ( oxidation make ! gase\s fires2 & und]gr\nd wat] full ( oxyg5 plays a "p 9 /eambla/ eruption4 ,all ! wat]s ( glaci]s & oceans are oxides1 & prove t ! volcanic oxidation ( hydrog5 0 ! mo/ primitive ( ! volcanic processes4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,all5 f\nd wat] vapor dom9ant 9 ! ,sulphur ,bank gas at ,kilauea1 :]eas ,day & ,%eph]d1 :o oppos$ ,brun1 ?\ght wat] dom9ant 9 ! gases ( live lava4 ,its great prepond]ance 9 geological !ory = su* eruptions z ,vesuvius l$ ,all5 to review !ories & publi% a long pap] design$ to refute my notion t oxidiz+ hydrog5 is ! prim>y volcanic +r$i5t4 ,z to e>?quakes & s-call$ tectonic faults1 ! :ole ( geology has its ?9k+ s w>p$ by cont95ts1 ! dwell+ place ( mank9d1 & s div]t$ f ! great l9e> tr5*es & ! ridges ( ! ocean cr[n$ ) volcanoes p>allel to ! deeps1 t ,i became incr$ul\s1 along ) ,willis & ,oldham1 ab\t ! textbook cause ( e>?quakes4 ,! fasc9ation (f]$ by fossils1 by ages ( %ellfi% & reptiles1 & by m\nta9s ( fold$ /rata l ! ,alps & ! ,himalaya makes ! vot>ies ( evolution>y sci5ce neglect ! mud-cov]$ rocks & oceanic m\nta9 ranges ( almo/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,?is sev5ty-two p]c5t !y h nev] se51 nor collect$ h>d rock specim5s f1 nor ev5 mapp$ topographically4 ,!y are n acqua9t$ ) x by exploration1 & _! !ories ab\t x are a blank1 except t gravity p5dulums indicate x to be basalt4 ,! s-call$ geosyncl9e1 or cont95tal bas9 ( s$im5ts1 fill$ ) %ells & /rata z is ! ,m$it]ranean1 is at ! he>t ( all ! !ories ( cont95ts & m\nta9s2 & geology expressly excludes ! geosyncl9e & its /rata f ! probabilities ( deep ocean valleys4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ subjects ( cont95tal geology are simply bani%$ f conjecture4 ,int]e/ 9 deep-ocean geology is lack+ because sci5ce has made no field ef=t to bore or bla/ into x1 & s ext5d eng9e]+ sci5ce to ! deep ocean bottoms4 ,e>?quakes made a !me :]e9 ,i in/9ctively di/ru/$ ! ^w 8tectonic40 ,= g5]ations ! geological m9d ?\ght ! e>? los+ heat1 contract+ int]nally1 & wr9kl+ a cru/ 9 bumps1 ) va/ ov]?ru/s ( brok5 /rata1 ?us fold+ ! ,appala*ians & ! ,&es4 ,all sorts ( accommodations to a ?9 cru/ ?irty miles deep 7 inv5t$2 by ,dana & ,geikie1 by ,suess & ,wie*]t1 & f9ally by "o :o %\ld h be5 ! =emo/ block fault+ exp]t1 ,dutton4 ,hawaii conv9c$ him t volcanoes are only sk9 deep & t ! ?9 cru/ is s s5sitive t a %ift ( ! weight ( riv] muds & s&s is en\gh to pu% d[n ! great valley ( ,cali=nia1 :ile an und]fl[ pu%es up ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( 8iso/asy40 ,x agrees ) ! ,/bel idea ( %all[ remnant res]voirs = ! lava ( volcanoes4 ,iso/asy 0 devis$ by ,dutton & p\nc$ ^u by ! ma!maticians1 until !y _h gravity prov+ ! :ole _w ?9-cru/$ ov] an und]/ratum ( pla/ic lava4 ,! seismologi/s on cont95ts agre$1 f9d+ a d5sity *ange1 b ) no evid5ce ( fluidity4 ,! _w became1 ma!matically & petrologically1 a sph]e built ( lay]s all ! way d[n to ! heavy fluid hot core1 :i* 0 conv5i5tly imag9$ to consi/ ( iron & nickel1 because "s bolides ( ! sol> sy/em made ( ^? metals occasionally fall on ! e>?4 ,all my exp]i5ce ( volcanoes & ( deep oceans militat$ aga9/ a ?9 cru/1 a %all[ und]lay] ( basalt to fe$ volcanoes1 & a nickel iron core4 ,! core is heavy1 & sixty-two elem5ts are heavi] ?an iron4 ,all reason seem$ aga9/ ! notion t ! va/ volcanic sea bottoms are a ?9 cru/ wr9kl+ "u contraction4 ,reason f\nd e evid5ce on bo? e>? & moon = a ?ick p]idotite or oliv9e cru/1 brok5 into anci5t blocks1 b\nd$ by long l9es ( fracture1 ! blocks v>i\sly settl+ & scrap+ aga9/ ea* o!r f "t immemorial1 actuat$ by volcanic =ces f ! core4 ,! :ole ( volcanology po9ts t[>d s9k+ & d[n-fault$ ocean bas9s1 alongside ! remnant up/&+ cont95ts :i* are ! m9or feature ( ! primitive e>? surface4 ,wat] cond5s$ & fill$ holl[s4 ,! processes ( ! core t made all ?is 7 volcanism--"m ( air1 ocean1 seabottom1 l&1 & life4 ,! cru/ 0 ?ick en\gh to make cracks #b1jjj miles long on a globe #h1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,if !re 0 a balanc+ ( weights z 9 8iso/asy10 x 0 betwe5 high silica 9 cont95tal lava & l[ silica basalt t spread "u ! oceans4 ,?is is n /atic1 b is a cont9u+ process ( a k9etic1 or *ang+1 e>?4 ,?is excursion into !ory is int5tional1 s t 9 ! middle ( ?is book ! geologically tra9$ read] w und]/& t exp]i5ce ( volcanoes 9 ,hawaii1 ! ,c>ibbean1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,alaska1 ,italy1 & ,japan _h made me a rebel aga9/ conv5tional geology4 ,! reason is t ! great subm]g$ m\nta9 range ( ! long ,hawaiian ,ar*ipelago is diff]5t f ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,europe & ,asia & mu/ be acc\nt$ = 9 global hi/ory4 ,h[ w\ld ! ?ree decades #aiba to #aiej confirm expectation t ! deep ocean bottom is ! mo/ important & volcanic ?+ 9 geology1 j z x is ! bigge/ ?+8 ,r\t9e obs]vation & photography at ,halemaumau pit rea*$ a climax ( record+ brilliant fi]y ev5ts 9 ,m>* #aiba1 & x *ang$ to ! record+ ( explosive /eam 9 ,may #aibd4 ,! fir/ ( ^! fireworks1 aft] lava fl[s f a rift 9 ! ,kau ,des]t1 dra9+ ! pit & fluctuat+ ) ! ups & d[ns ( ! pit lava1 occurr$ 9 #aiai-aibj4 ,?is 0 a return to ,halemaumau ( eff]vesc5ce 9 fro?y volumes1 s t ! pit 0 ov]fl[+ on five sides4 ,on ,m>* #bj1 #aiba1 occurr$ ! mo/ int5se display ( brilliancy1 culm9at+ ! gradual ris+ ( ! lava column to outfl[ foll[+ #aiah4 ,!n came1 9 ! lat] mon?s ( #aiba1 a s9k+ away & recov]y ( ! lava4 ,9 #aibb came a s9k+ aga91 ) ! lava break+ out 9 ! ,*a9 ( ,crat]s ( ! ea/]n rift1 z ?\gh x _h be5 block$ by freez+ 9 ! s\?we/ rift & 0 =c$ ov] to split op5 ! old cracks ( ! m\nta9 to ! ea/4 ,?is 0 confirm$ 9 #aibc by ano!r outbreak 9 ! =e/ adjac5t to ! six? crat]1 ,makaopuhi1 :i* ) ,napau pit beyond1 _h be5 ! sc5e ( ! #aibb outfl[s4 ,?is action 0 all ext5d$ 9 ,april #aibd to ! %orel9e end ( ! ea/]n rift1 ?irty miles away f ,halemaumau1 :5 ! ,kapoho c\ntry crack$ op5 ) _m e>?quakes1 & a block ( ! m\nta9 settl$ b5ea? sea level4 ,coconut palms at ! bea* 7 left 9 a lagoon ( sea wat] eight feet deep4 ,sev5ty-five e>?quakes 9 a day fright5$ away ,filip9o plantation labor]s2 railway & roads 7 ruptur$1 ) new cliffs =m+ n9e feet high2 & all ( ?is foll[$ a monum5tal s9k+ ( ,halemaumau bottom1 f a va/ sea ( lava to a tumble ( debris 9 two mon?s4 ,x 0 evid5t t betwe5 #aibj & #aibd ! fracture ( ! long curv$ rift a?w>t ,kilauea cauldron f ! ,kau ,des]t to ! ea/ po9t ( ! isl& 0 dra9+ ! lava out "u ! ocean to ! ea/4 ,=ty miles f ! %ore1 ! subm>9e slope is cov]$ by #ah1jjj feet ( wat]4 ,:at is ! result8 ,! :ole ( ,kilauea ,m\nta9 is *>g$ ) gr\ndwat]1 :i* trickles w>m ?r\gh ! bea* at ,pohoiki & p>tly w>ms ponds ne> ,kapoho4 ,obvi\sly ?is gr\ndwat] ( ! s\!a/]n lobe ( ! isl& m\nta9 surr\nds ! %aft ( ,halemaumau at "s undef9$ dep?1 & ! ris+ & fall+ glassy lava 9 ! %aft ord9>ily glazes itself ) a wat]-tight sk91 & may be ?\ght ( z a cru/$ tube4 ,ab\t ?is tube ! gr\ndwat] %[s only z ! lazy /eam ( ! little v5ts ( ! pit m>g9s4 ,on ,may #aj1 #aibd1 came ! collapse ( ! ,halemaumau pit walls1 introduc+ an explosive /eam eruption su* z _h n be5 se5 by five g5]ations ( ,hawaiians4 ,! adv5tures ( ?is p]iod 7 glori\s ones = ! sci5ti/s4 ,fir/ %\ld be m5tion$ ! amaz+ subsid5ce :i* occurr$ sudd5ly at #b ,a4,m4 ,novemb] #bh1 #aiai1 j z ,mrs4 ,jagg> look$ across ,kilauea ,crat] at ! outl9e ( crags & lava lakes mak+ a gl[+ dome :]e ,halemaumau pit %\ld h be54 ,we felt a lot ( little e>?quakes & saw ! dome ( lava heap+s1 ) gl[+ lakes on top1 s9k sl[ly & maje/ically & leave ! old famili> gl[+ pit4 ,= almo/ ! :ole ( #aiai ?is _h be5 a dome1 ) ov]fl[s1 n[ "h1 n[ !re4 ,at t5 o'clock only ! ev5+ be=e1 old ,alec _h conduct$ t\ri/s to ! top ( ! dome1 :]e !y look$ d[n at ! clov]-leaf lakes4 ,if x _h />t$ to g d[n :ile !y 7 !re--& any ( u might h be5 !re--x is awesome to ?9k ( ! inevitable fi]y engulfm5t4 ,aft] wat*+ ! s9k+1 :i* 0 foll[$ by puffs ( du/ & smoke & "s avalan*e noise1 we took a c> to ! pit at once4 ,& :5 we got !re 9 ! e>ly morn+ h\rs we f\nd ! pit enl>g$ to #b1jjj feet across1 ) ! patt]n ( ! lava lakes /ill app>5t at ! bottom1 indicat+ t ! entire cyl9d] _h l[]$ z a unit to a dep? ( ab\t #gjj feet4 ,r$ hot avalan*es 7 tumbl+ inw>d ) a ro>1 f ! v5e] ( lava pla/]$ on ! wall4 ,by ! =5oon ( t day ! liquid lava />t$ to p\r up & inw>d z a r+ ( bubbl+ f\nta9s all ar\nd ! edges4 ,:at ?is r+ repres5t$ 0 ! wall crack betwe5 ! subsid$ cyl9d] ( semisolid lava1 n[ pu%+ upw>d1 & ! funnel ( rock wall outside4 ,?is ,v-%ap$ fill+ grew wid] z ! upris+ progress$1 & s ! r+ lake became wid]1 :ile ! top ( ! h>d] column became a r+ ( crags & ! space inside became a quiet lava puddle suppli$ by infl[ f ! r+ lake4 ,! :ole column ( r+ crags ) ! lagoon inside & ! brilliantly f\nta9+ lake outside rose ) unhe>d ( rapidity dur+ ! next ?ree weeks4 ,9 mid-,decemb]1 ,i took ,mrs4 ,jagg> & a woman fri5d d[n to inspect ?is amaz+ corolla1 or lily1 ( h>d crags :i* _h blossom$ up 9 less ?an a mon?1 s t ! out] r+ ( boil+ fluid 0 less ?an a hundr$ feet bel[ u4 ,we /ood at ! rift 9 ! ,kilauea floor :i* heads t[>d ! s\?we/ cliff1 & sudd5ly we felt slight e>?quakes & saw ! face ( t cliff crumbl+ 9 a visible tumble ( rocks4 ,! m\nta9 0 quietly break+ op5 a?w>t ! ,kilauea cald]a floor1 & :ile we wat*$ we saw =ty or fifty l[ lava f\nta9s 9 a /raight l9e bur/ up along a floor crack betwe5 u & ! cliff4 ,rememb] t ?is crack trav]s$ ! d[nslope betwe5 ,halemaumau edge & ,kilauea wall4 ,look+ back at ! r+ lake1 we saw x beg9n+ to l[] & leave a %orel9e ( black pla/]+ spatt]4 ,:5 we look$ into ! rift crack at our feet1 only "o or two feet gap+ op51 ! liquid lava %[$ ab\t tw5ty feet d[n4 ,we 7 /&+ on ! side ( ! crack away f ! motor c> t]m9us1 & floods ( lava on ! ,kilauea floor 7 spread+ "r & left f ! /raight l9e ( v5ts betwe5 u & ,kilauea wall4 ,we _h to get away f !re pronto1 z no "o c\ld tell :at gr\nd might erupt betwe5 u & our c>4 ,i c>efully in/ruct$ our fri5d to be delib]ate & /ep across ! fissure2 b ! girl felt sure t cross+ a r$ hot crack call$ = a leap4 ,%e /epp$ on a loose slab at ! edge ( ! n>r[ *asm & slipp$ into ! crack1 :]e %e 0 w$g$ until we pull$ h] out4 ,we !n /epp$ across ! fissure1 = ! live lava 0 f> bel[1 & made our way back to ! c> )\t fur!r tr\ble4 ,! lake l[]$ only apportionately to ! sl[+ black outfl[ on ! s\? floor1 :i* 0 %ort-liv$4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a splitt+ op5 ( ! ma9 ,kilauea ,m\nta9 flank s\?we/ & outside ! crat] :i* cont9u$ = mon?s4 ,ano!r adv5ture1 & an important "o1 happ5$ ) ! outflood+ ( lava 9 ! ,kau ,des]t1 :]e t]race ^u t]race ( pahoehoe lava 0 build+ up4 ,?is f9ally became a hill ov] ! rift1 two miles long & #bjj feet high1 :i* we call$ ,mauna ,iki1 or little ,mauna ,loa4 ,! exploration1 day aft] day1 ( ! ext5d+ quiet lava outwell+ along ?is rift made x necess>y to f9d new trails f ! ,pahala roadway & across ! des]t to ! l5g!n+ hillock4 ,foll[+ ! new ,mauna ,iki trail1 ,mr4 ,f9* notic$ t ! anci5t a% b$s1 two or ?ree feet ?ick1 _h surfaces z h>d z ,portl& cem5t4 ,& on "o ( ^! he1 l ,rob9son ,crusoe1 f\nd ! pr9t ( a nak$ foot1 made :5 ! old a% 0 a mud4 ,on ! trail across ^! old surfaces _m m h>d5$1 anci5t footpr9ts 7 f\nd1 ( m51 wom51 *ildr51 & pigs head$ bo? up & d[n ! m\nta94 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,isabel & ,tom ,jagg> 9 woods on ,kilauea ,volcano on _! return f view+ #aibc eruption 9 ,napau ,crat] ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,lava lake1 f\nta9s1 & crags1 ,m>* #bj1 #aiba ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,footpr9ts 9 a% we/ ( ,mauna ,iki1 said to h be5 made by ,ke\a's army dur+ ,halemaumau eruption ( #agij ,^! pr9ts recall$ ! /ory ( ,ke\a's army :5 !re 0 a big explosive eruption ( ,halemaumau 9 #agij & ! mud ra9s ( ! p]iod 7 f a% :i* _h be5 bak$ by ! volcanic fires4 ,if roa/$ & moi/5$1 ! *emical composition ( p[d]$ basalt is t ( weak cem5t1 & ^! surfaces 7 9 holl[s :i* _h resi/$ erosion wa% = #acj ye>s4 ,"p ( ! slopes clos] to ,halemaumau _h be5 erod$ b>e1 b !y also %[$ footpr9ts4 ,lat] ! trail 0 foll[$ up ! m\nta9 close to ,kilauea ,crat] & d[n t[>d ,pahala1 & ! a% ( #agij 0 f\nd to be made up ( pisolites1 or fossil ra9drops1 9 _m places4 ,evid5tly ! eruption _h be5 accompani$ by torr5tial ?und] /orms1 & ! natives _h walk$ ?r\gh ! deposits ( mud1 :i* _h 9 a c5tury be5 dri$ by ! sun into a resi/ant surface4 ,^! fossil footpr9ts 7 to become "o ( ! attractions ( a t\ri/ trail 9 ! ,national ,p>k4 ,"o night 9 #aibb1 aft] "s e>?quakes ( ! ev5+1 we 7 awak5$ by fri5ds :o told u t a gl[ l a =e/ fire c\ld be se5 f ! high cliffs ( ,kilauea 9 ! ea/]ly direction ( ,makaopuhi4 ,?is big crat] _h a plat=m at "o end & a pit at ! o!r4 ,we ar\s$ ,mr4 ,f9*1 !n travel$ by c> z f> z we c\ld g on ! truck trail1 got lo/1 & ) fla%lights made our way on foot t[>d ! gl[ & fume 9 a rugg$ wild]ness1 ov] crack$ gr\nd & old aa lava & ob/ruct+ vegetation4 ,we 7 *ill$ by a cold drizzle & n at all sure :]e we w\ld em]ge4 ,=tunately1 ! c\ntry is suffici5tly op5 s t we c\ld see ! 8pill> ( fire by night40 ,x turn$ out t ! new fire 0 9 ! deep end ( ,makaopuhi itself4 ,f ! we/]n edge ( ,makaopuhi pit we look$ d[n on t5 or fifte5 ribbons ( lava1 made by a l9e ( sp\t+ f\nta9s at ! top ( ! talus heap1 & p\r+ f ! top ( ! big slide-rock slope4 ,we sp5t ! night on ! edge 9 mu* discom=t1 & wat*$ ! puddle ( accumulation 9 ! bottom ( ! funnel & ! gl[+ /reaks :i* f$ x4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! ea/]n rift ( ,kilauea ,m\nta9 _h op5$1 & ! lava outfl[ 0 f\nd to ext5d to ,napau ,crat]1 a %all[ sauc] pit f>!r ea/4 ,at ! same "t ! lava 9 ,halemaumau w5t d[n1 enl>g+ ! pit1 & caulifl[] du/ cl\ds arose f mu* int]nal avalan*+4 ,?is anticipat$ & resembl$ ! avalan*e /eam bla/s ( #aibd4 ,! adv5tures ( ! #aibd explosive eruption 7 too num]\s & complicat$ to elaborate "h4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 a trem5d\s ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hawaii & 0 totally un=eseeable on ! basis ( e>li] exp]i5ce4 ,mrs4 ,jagg> & ,i 7 9 ,new ,york writ+ magaz9e articles & ,i 0 giv+ lectures1 :5 ^w came f ,f9* & ! newspap]s t ,halemaumau 0 cav+ 9 & ?r[+ up rocks4 ,we travel$ ) all ha/e to ,honolulu1 :]e ! ,navy agre$ to s5d me by plane to ,hilo1 ?\gh !y refus$ to take ,mrs4 ,jagg>4 ,! ,admiral's c> took u to ,pe>l ,h>bor1 :]e a seaplane 0 ready & ,mr4 ,?ur/on 0 wait+ to see me (f1 accompani$ by a motion picture cam]aman4 ,!n pilot ,*\rr took me into ! sky ov] ,diamond ,head on my fir/ flight4 ,a companion plane 0 pilot$ by ,lieut5ant ,s9ton1 :o _h radio communication ) ,pe>l ,h>bor4 ,cross+ high above ! ,molokai ,*annel1 ,i look$ d[n at ! beautiful patt]n ( trade-w9d =m$ :itecaps1 & 0 surpris$ aft] a half h\r to obs]ve t ! wave cre/s 7 f>!r ap>t4 ,i 0 ev5 m surpris$ to see ,s9ton's plane f> above u4 ,! me*anic 9 ! =w>d cockpit _h be5 putt+ up 8 f+]s repeat$ly dur+ our flight1 to indicate1 ,i lat] le>n$1 h[ _m cyl9d]s 7 miss+ 9 ! ,lib]ty eng9e support$ above u4 ,our plane 0 gett+ clos] & clos] to ! waves & fly+ fi% rac$ beside u4 ,f9ally we felt ! bump ( wave aft] wave on ! bottoms ( ! pontoons1 & ! pilot br\ght ! seaplane to a squel*+ /op1 close to ! surf ( ! ,molokai reef4 ,we f\nd ourselves 9 fifte5 feet ( wat]1 ! coral reef visible bel[4 ,i 0 deput$ to ?r[ out an an*or & make ! l9e fa/ to a cleat1 :ile pilot & me*anic climb$ up to ! eng9e1 :i* _h be5 los+ compression & c\ld n keep up ! requisite spe$4 ,lieut5ant ,s9ton's pilot plane came d[n & circl$ above u until he saw we 7 safe1 !n w5t on to ,maui4 ,mean:ile1 ,i wat*$ ! wat] ) great int]e/1 = %>ks4 ,:5 our boys got ! eng9e go+ ) a ro>1 ,i pull$ up ! an*or & we took (f aga9/ w9d & wave1 ) ! pontoons go+ bang1 bang1 bang1 aga9/ ! tops ( ! waves4 ,b f9ally we 7 airborne & out above ! blue wat]4 ,!n ! eng9e gave out aga9 & we came d[n4 ,?is "t ! m5 rigg$ a sea an*or made ( buckets ) a l9e atta*$ to ! b[1 to hold ! %ip's nose up to ! w9d1 & batt5$ ! hat*es ) canvas cov]s4 ,we clamb]$ up on top ( ! upp] w+ to wait = rescue4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ a gale1 ! :itecaps hiss$ by u1 & we lay on our bellies4 ,! aviators told me t ?is 0 ! fir/ =c$ l&+ !y _h _h4 ,! ^w l&+ seem$ to me inapplicable4 ,we drift$ = five h\rs1 mov+ sl[ly d[n ! w9d1 be=e a :ite motor boat appe>$1 com+ f ,molokai4 ,at ! same "t smoke %[$ f two rescue vessels 9 ! ,pe>l ,h>bor & ,maui directions respectively4 ,s9ton1 :o _h radio$ = help1 flew back & circl$ above u1 rem9d+ me ( ! goonies so>+ ov] a w\nd$ bird on a fi% l9e :i* ,i _h se5 9 ,alaskan wat]s4 ,! ,molokai boat rea*$ u fir/1 pick$ up our sea an*or & t[$ u into ,kaunakakai4 ,we pit*$ s & took su* a p\nd+ f ! gigantic trade-w9d waves t x didn't seem possible t ! mahogany hull & ! two lat]al pontoons c\ld hold toge!r4 ,h[ev]1 we made ! h>bor & ti$ up to ! buoy4 ,i hop$ & pray$ t ! comm]cial packet1 ! ,mauna ,kea1 might take me to ,hilo4 ,b no1 ! navy tug ,navaho came f ,laha9a1 & ,capta9 ,gre5 put up 8 megaphone & ann\nc$ t ! ,admiral's in/ructions 7 t he 0 to take ,dr4 ,jagg> to ,hawaii4 ,my he>t sank because ,i knew :at a seaway w\ld be runn+ aga9/ t little tub4 ,! second rescue %ip prov$ to be ! ,pelican equipp$ ) a crane to sw+ ! plane on bo>d & take x back to ,pe>l ,h>bor4 ,on bo>d ! ,navaho ,i 0 assign$ a canvas camp cot 9 ! l[]1 circul> :eelh\se at ! b[2 & all night long waves broke ov] ! b[ & a foot ( wat] slo%$ back & =? "u my cot4 ,! pit*+ 0 s heavy & our spe$ s r$uc$ t x took u all night to get across ! ,hawaii ,*annel1 & we didn't make ,hilo until #b ,p4,m4 ! second day4 ,aft] t wet & seasick night1 ,i f\nd wry humor 9 our reception at ,hilo ,:>f1 :]e we 7 met by ,frank ,cody ) 8 motion picture cam]a & a bun* ( hula girls & leis4 ,in/ead ( five h\rs1 ! j\rney took ?irty & q fail$ to make me air-m9d$4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i arriv$ at ,kilauea ,volcano 9 "t = only ! f9al /ages ( ! explosive eruption4 ,f9* _h organiz$ volunte]s1 includ+ ,oliv] ,em]son z photograph]1 & ev5 our collie dog1 ,t$dy1 :o c\ld he> & feel an explosion com+ be=e we _h any o!r w>n+4 ,all obs]v]s wrote notes & fondl$ ! seismographs dur+ ! ?ree weeks ( /eam bla/ & cav+s 9 ( ! pit1 :i* _h enl>g$ itself by collapse #gjj feet outw>d radially 9 all directions4 ,:5 ,i got !re x 0 #c1ejj by #c1jjj feet 9 diamet]s & #a1cjj feet deep1 ! bottom a funnel ( conv]g+ taluses1 made ( avalan*es f ! pit walls4 ,! taluses 7 wet & /eam+ vigor\sly 9 v]tical l9es1 & at night %[$ r$ hot avalan*es f ! nor? & we/ walls1 :]e two intrusive bodies ( h>d rock 7 r$ hot inside4 ,! talus bel[ /ay$ hot1 & slides occurr$ = only a few seconds4 ,! inc&esc5t matt] 0 n fl[+ 9 any s5se1 b 01 r1 ! peel+ ( a rocky boss ( r$di% color at ! we/ & a canoe-%ap$ l$ge at ! nor? ab\t #fjj feet bel[ ! rim4 ,?is %[$ ! cross section ( old screes1 reveal$ above x1 & horizontal basalt fl[s ov]lapp+ above t4 ,x 0 a beautiful section ( an anci5t pit1 ( ! same quality z ,halemaumau itself1 & ! inc&esc5t canoe sill at ! bottom appe>$ to be an intrusion ( f9e-gra9$ gabbro1 :i* _h pu%$ its way 9 "u an old] talus funnel1 simil> to ! pres5t talus cup ( ,halemaumau1 ! bottom ( :i* 0 #gjj feet l[]4 ,on ! opposite wall ( ! pit ! ,kau ,des]t rift 0 display$ z a v]tical cav]n or arcade1 m]g+ into a gr\p ( dikes high] up & tap]+ to z]o ?9ness at ! top4 ,^! same dikes1 less conspicu\s1 cut ! canoe sill on ! nor!a/ wall1 to indicate t ! r+ ( ! pit 0 fractur$ v]tically f bel[4 ,?is fracture is ! ma9 deep rift ( ! m\nta9 :i* crosses "u ,kilauea1 b5d+ 9 ! direction ( ,kilauea ,iki1 & ?is x 0 :i* _h op5$ z a curv$ *asm to let ! lava d[n4 ,lava _h gone d[n 9 a succession ( flank outfl[s1 ) int]v5+ rises1 f ! ,kau ,des]t 9 #aibj to ! f9al dra9age "u ! sea at ! ea/4 ,?is dra9age _h let 9 ! gr\ndwat]1 made a /eam boil]1 & s caus$ ! explosive eruption & engulfm5t ( ,halemaumau walls z ! m\nta9 yawn$ op54 ,a4 ,l4 ,day made "o ( 8 return excursions to ,kilauea at ?is "t & ?us saw ! extraord9>y ph5om5on ( ! h>d basaltic intrusive bodies half way d[n ! walls1 cav+ to a r$ hot talus4 ,! explosions1 :i* />t$ ) two-h\r int]vals1 gradually decreas$1 com+ at f\r h\rs & eight h\rs2 & on ,may #ah came ! culm9at+ caulifl[] cl\ds ) torr5ts d[nw>d ( brok5 rock1 "s ( x %[+ l[ r$ heat4 ,at all times ! motive p[] 0 /eam jets #aj to #ae ?\s& feet high1 :i* pla/]$ ! pahoehoe ( ! pit edge ) brok5 wall rock fragm5ts ( e size4 ,!re 0 no sign ( pa/y lava or glassy bombs 9 ! ejecta1 & ! r$ inc&esc5ce se5 at night 9 "s ( ! explosions 0 ! avalan*e mat]ial ( ! we/]n boss & ! canoe sill4 ,x took ! pit less ?an two mon?s1 to mid-,july1 to recov] its liquid lava1 :i* p\r$ ?r\gh ! talus & made aa puddles1 to =m a new patt]n ( cone s\rce & %ort-liv$ fl[s4 ,!n ev]y?+ came to re/1 & lava activity 0 n resum$ !re until ! summ] ( #aibg4 ,h[ev]1 9 #aibf ,mauna ,loa w5t into action on its s\?we/]n rift1 & s5t an aa fl[ into ! sea at ,s\? ,kona1 de/roy+ ! village ( ,hoopuloa4 ,"h 0 hi/ory 9 ! isl& lava column ( maje/ic decl9e & recov]y f #aiad onw>d4 ,outfl[ 9 ,mauna ,loa crat] at #ac1jjj feet 9 #aiad ext5d$ to outfl[ f ! s\?we/ rift 9 #aiaf & #aiai at #h1jjj feet4 ,next1 9 #aibj1 came outfl[ 9 ! ,kau ,des]t f ,kilauea1 at #c1jjj feet4 ,!re 7 alt]nat+ spurts upw>d )9 ,halemaumau pit1 act+ z a crat] simil> to ,mauna ,loa's at ! l[] ,kilauea level ( #c1gjj feet4 ,!n ?is :ole progress d[nw>d mov$ ov] to ! ,*a9 ( ,crat]s at #b1ejj feet1 & f9ally to ! ruptur$ e>?quake rift ( ,kapoho on ! ea/ po9t ( ,hawaii & at bea* level4 ,"s miles f>!r ea/1 on ! same rift b5ea? ! sea1 ! gigantic subm>9e m\nta9 ( ,hawaii dra9$ ! la/ lava f ,halemaumau pit & let 9 gr\ndwat] :i* caus$ /eam explosions4 ,july #aibd saw ! deep lava recov]+ 9 ! crack & seal+ (f ! wat]1 s z to bubble up 9 ! bottom debris ( ,halemaumau & pu% its way upw>d into ! crevices ( ! isl&4 ,x rea*$ ! top ( ,mauna ,loa 9 #aibf & reactuat$ outfl[ at ! c5t] ( ! isl&4 ,?is migration ( v5ts f top to bottom & back aga9 took twelve ye>s ( fractur+1 & x reliev$ f lava ?is big piece ( ! ,hawaiian ridge4 ,9 rea*+ ! gr\ndwat] & /eambla/ phase1 x accompli%$ some?+ :i* _h n happ5$ s9ce #agij1 mak+ a sup]cycle ( #acd ye>s4 ,! decade aft] explosion at ,halemaumau 0 m>k$ by small lava gu%es 9 ! bottom ( ! pit1 br++ ! dep? f #a1cjj feet 9 #aibd to #gej feet 9 #aicd4 ,! lay]s 7 some?+ less ?an #ajj feet ea*1 & !y 7 f$ by pahoehoe conelets at ! slide-rock m>g94 ,z usual1 ! lava 0 gu%+ up ! we/]n wall crack along ! m>g9 ( ! bottom magma cyl9d]4 ,!re 0 no trace ( recurr5ce ( /eam bla/s4 ,despite ! excitem5t ( actual ev5ts1 exp]im5tation cont9u$2 & ,i cont9u$ work+ on inv5tions = ! exp]im5ts4 ,two approa*es to our problems conc]n$ seismic record]s :i* c\ld be put 9 ! h&s ( amateurs1 & range f9d]s = improv+ pit surveys4 ,i _h be5 conv9c$ = _m ye>s t ! ?ree-compon5t seismograph 0 too elaborate to be op]at$ by volunte] s*ool tea*]s or telephone op]ators :o h o!r ?+s to d4 ,su* a seismograph records ) photographic pap] ! nor?-s\?1 ea/-we/1 & up-d[n motion ( ! gr\nd1 on a *ronograph :i* keeps accurate "t & regi/]s a wavy l9e e second1 s t ! record+ pap] has to be *ang$ & develop$ e day4 ,moreov]1 ^! in/rum5ts are = measur+ di/ance to e>?quake orig9s by physics ( wave motion1 & !y h become hopelessly ma!matical4 ,su* ma!matics makes = assumptions ( uni=mity ab\t a rock cru/ :i* is n uni=m4 ,qualitative sci5ce wants to "k :at happ5s at a specific rock location & wants ! motion record$ by ! simple/ possible me*anical device4 ,x also wants a value 9 numb] at ea* location1 = size & direction ( ! fir/ motion4 ,?is is = an e>?quake1 id5tifi$ z "o incid5t1 ov] su* an isl& z ,hawaii1 :]e ! rock units are _m & diff]5t4 ,?is is especially true ( long p]iods ( "t :5 !re may be no e>?quakes to record4 ,i devis$ a simple %ock record]1 consi/+ ( a horizontal boom ( v light wood atta*$ to a h+$ weight :i* swung l a door1 s t ! boom scrat*$ a l9e on a circul> c>d :i* 0 rotat$ & mov$ along by a common al>m clock4 ,! result 0 a spiral m>k on ! c>d1 su* t an e>?quake int]pos$ w\ld write a zigzag opposite a place on ! clock face appropriate to ! "t ( day4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 to remove & date ! c>d1 w9d ! clock once a day1 & measure ! zigzag4 ,mr4 ,+alls ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican read an article by me 9 :i* ,i describ$ my %ock record] & ?\ght x w\ld lead amateur ma*9i/s to devise _! own ma*9es & to record ! vibrations ab\t !m4 ,num]\s amateurs did s5d 9 designs = in/rum5ts1 & ,+alls believ$ t ! seismograph hobby w\ld become z popul> z ! amateur a/ronomical telescope hobby4 ,b x fail$ because ! amateurs 7 wait+ = e>?quakes1 :i* didn't happ54 ,!y 7 n cont5t ) vibrations f trucks1 railroad tra9s1 wat]falls1 surf on rocks1 artill]y practice1 or w9d /orms4 ,my improv$ %ock record] ga9$ "s use lat] 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,monts]rat1 aft] big e>?quakes 9 ^? places /irr$ ! au?orities to build simple in/rum5ts4 ,h[ev]1 popul> seismoscope simply doesn't exi/4 ,! range f9d] ,i _h be5 work+ on s9ce my tea*+ days 9 ,massa*usetts ,te*1 :]e ,i _h made an optical device ) a travel+ index mirror :i* mov$ along an upright scale ( c5timet]s1 & a sextant telescope4 ,! idea 0 a transit1 ) self-conta9$ base l9e close to ! op]ator4 ,my !ory 0 t 9 su* measurem5ts ( di/ance z we _h to use--to ab\t a ?\s& feet or less1 to ! lava f\nta9s 9 ! bottom ( ,halemaumau pit--we might read (f ! v]tical di/ance f a s+le /ation1 :5 all o!r /ations 7 enclos$ 9 smoke4 ,9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s & else:]e ,i exp]im5t$ ) a ,zeiss /]eoscopic rangef9d] design$ = artill]y ranges1 b x 0 n accurate en\gh = %ort di/ances4 ,ev]y?+ 9 my in/rum5t dep5d$ on mov+ a telescope p>allel to itself ) sup]lative precision1 on a scale )9 ! in/rum5t4 ,i f9ally hit ^u us+ a track ( taut piano wire1 probably ! /raighte/ l9e 9 all me*anics4 ,if "o fir/ look$ at an object tw5ty miles away 7inf9ite di/ance71 ! telescope c\ld be mov$ along "r & left & ! image w\ld rema9 immovable on a v]tical hair4 ,if x 7 n[ focuss$ on an object #a1jjj feet away1 ! displacem5t ( ! telescope on ! c5timet] scale w\ld measure ! di/ance ) a high degree ( accuracy4 ,?is 0 ! /adia pr9ciple inv]t$ to conta9 ! rod at ! obs]v+ position4 ,i also made sev]al graphic devices = survey+ ,halemaumau daily f ! rim b5*m>ks4 ,h[ev]1 :5 lava ov]topp$ ! rim & de/roy$ ! datum po/s1 mapp+ became difficult4 ,drill+ temp]ature wells into ! floor & rim ( ,kilauea ,crat] 0 a project ,i _h anticipat$ :5 ,mr4 ,john ,brooks ,h5d]son ( ,wa%+ton came to ,hawaii & (f]$ to help f9ance x4 ,we _h tak5 ! temp]ature ( hot cracks 9 _m places1 & f\nd !m to range f #cbj ,c5tigrade at ! ,po/al ,c>d ,crack close to ,halemaumau1 d[n to #if ,c5tigrade at ,sulphur ,bank1 & !n on to l[] temp]atures at _m cracks :i* yield$ visible vapor 9 damp wea!r b no vapor at all 9 sun%9e4 ,a spectacle = t\ri/s 0 a crack on ! ,sulphur ,bank flat1 :]e a cig> to w9dw>d or ! exhau/ gas ( a c> w\ld nucleate ! invisible vapor & cause a big puff ( :ite 8/eam0 to %[4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* dep5ds on smoke p>ticles cond5s+ invisible wat] vapor1 is well kn[n at ,solfat>a ne> ,naples4 ,! exp]im5tal approa* to f9d+ out :at ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd really is1 is to drill a hole & keep ! temp]ature measur$ repeat$ly ) a !rmomet]1 & to f9d out ! !rmal gradi5t *ange v]tically if possible4 ,?is means to measure h[ mu* ! temp]ature *anges ) dep?4 ,! :ole problem conc]ns h[ mu* unusual heat en]gy is releas$ at a place l ,kilauea ,crat]4 ,) ! aid ( ,hob>t1 a drill+ eng9e]1 ,i />t$ at ,sulphur ,bank ) a *urn drill4 ,we quickly discov]$ t we 7 go+ ?r\gh int5sely h>d basalt1 conta9+ metallic sulfide :i* appe>$ to be pyrite b turn$ out to be m>casite4 ,aft] drill+ = sev]al ye>s--) f\r holes at ,sulphur ,bank1 "o sixty-foot hole "u ! obs]vatory %op1 & ab\t tw5ty-five holes 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,kilauea floor ov] a survey$ map patt]n--we *ang$ to a rot>y core drill us+ /eel %ot1 & !n *ang$ aga9 to a p]cussion drill actuat$ by compress$ air1 = %all[ holes to %[ cross-c\ntry temp]atures4 ,un=tunately core drill+ requires l>ge quantities ( wat]1 :i* we did n h1 = ! ,hawaii ,national ,p>k dep5ds ^u ra9wat] collect$ f ro(s 9 r$wood tanks4 ,)\t wat] cool+1 rot>y bits heat & exp& 9 hot rock1 /ick1 & are (t5 lo/4 ,two sev5ty-foot holes1 "o at ,sulphur ,bank & ! o!r 9 ! middle ( ,kilauea floor1 %[$ no def9ite !rmal gradi5t2 & 9 g5]al x turn$ out t drill holes 7 dep5d5t on /eam 9 ! cracks = _! temp]atures4 ,heat 0 br\ght up by vapor1 & 9 a numb] ( t5-foot holes scatt]$ ov] ! ,kilauea floor1 ! hotte/ 7 at ! edge ( ! floor4 ,! ,po/al ,c>d ,crack1 ne> ! edge ( ,halemaumau & #fjj feet above r$ hot intrusives1 0 exceptionally hot1 & x is n at all cle> h[ ! wat] made contact ) ! hot intrusive rock und]nea?4 ,?is place completely cav$ 9 & 0 lo/ =ev] )9 ! enl>g$ pit ( #aibd4 ,sulphur ,bank itself is at ! edge ( an old ,kilauea floor on a %elf at a high level4 ,! extra heat at floor edges means a wall crack betwe5 ! crat] fill & ! conf9+ funnel1 s t hot gas comes up f intrusive lava some:]e deep d[n t[>d ! c5t]4 ,?us :5 a m]curial !rmomet] 0 l[]$1 t5-foot holes w\ld %[ a hot place half way d[n & cold rock at ! bottom4 ,"s holes _h no heat at all1 :i* meant t an incl9$ /eam crack 0 cut across by ! hole or t no /eam crack 0 pres5t4 ,! heat supply 0 dep5d5t ^u vapor *annels f heat$ ra9wat]1 b we 7 nev] able1 ow+ to lack ( funds1 to drill a hole deep en\gh to f9d ! wat] supply :i* made ! /eam4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! cas+s on ?ree wells at ,sulphur ,bank emit cont9u\sly a column ( /eam exactly at ! !oretical boil+ po9t = ?is altitude1 z ?\gh ! gr\ndwat] 7 boil+ only a %ort di/ance bel[4 ,dr4 ,all5 by 8 analyses prov$ t ,sulphur ,bank vapor 0 n9ety-n9e p]c5t /eam & t ! rema9d] conta9$ fractions ( a p]c5t ( sulfur & c>bon dioxide1 b ?is sulfur 0 en\gh 9 ! c\rse ( mon?s to coat ! int]ior ( our cas+s ) yell[ cry/als ov] black iron sulfide4 ,x coat$ ! ,sulphur ,bank ) yell[ cry/als ( sulfur & soak$ ! rock bel[ to g5]ate brassy iron sulfide4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 to exhibit ! complexity ( any solfat>a 9 its relation to und]gr\nd lava1 & to ! soakage ( a volcanic c\ntry by ra9fall4 ,?is is especially important = ,m>t9ique & ,monts]rat4 ,ano!r exp]im5t 0 conduct$ by ,em]son1 :o 0 equipp$ by ! ,obs]vatory ) *emical app>atus to make qualitative analyses ( num]\s ,kilauea products1 & he also did critical photographic "w1 includ+ "s photography 9 ! infra-r$4 ,9 "o valuable exp]im5t1 he melt$ ,kilauea lava 9 a refractory crucible at a temp]ature ( ab\t #abjj ,c5tigrade until x 0 z fluid z honey4 ,all[$ to *ill & h>d5 naturally1 x 0 %9y glass l pahoehoe lava4 ,if /irr$ ) an iron rod1 x made spr\t$ black ne$les1 cry/alliz$ all ?r\gh1 l aa lava4 ,?us he prov$ t /irr+ made ,hawaiian lava cry/allize & spr\t l fudge1 or l ! solidification ( su* metals z silv] & bismu?4 ,sudd5 outbreak & /irr+ any:]e w conv]t pahoehoe to aa2 b nev] does aa become conv]t$ physically to pahoehoe1 unless flame melts x4 ,! /&+ p9nacles 9 ! mid/ ( an aa fl[1 :i* breaks up into b\ld]s1 give evid5ce ( ! /irr+ process4 ,:5 ,em]son's discov]y is appli$ to basaltic lava fl[s1 x appe>s t ! glassy lava ( a s\rce1 :5 /irr$ by gas f\nta9+ or by fl[+1 w *ange f its glassy condition to a spr\t+ & cry/alliz+ condition4 ,all fl[s are glassy pahoehoe pumice f\nta9s at s\rce v5ts1 & a qu>t] ( a mile away !y become aa4 ,lat] ! s\rce pahoehoe pres]ves itself )9 a glassy sk9 & p\rs =w>d "u glassy %ells & frontal toes4 ,r4 ,m4 ,wilson's "w suppli$ pro( ( a swell+ m\nta94 ,wilson 0 "o ( ! ?ree lead+ memb]s ( ! topographic p>ty ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,! o!r two 7 ,c4 ,birdseye & ,a4 ,burkl&4 ,wilson1 :om ,i _h kn[n z a /ud5t 9 ,m4 ,i4 ,t41 0 a product ( ,sp(=d's ,civil ,eng9e]+ dep>tm5t & 0 to become ! *ief comput] ( ! ,survey 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,z levelman 9 ,birdseye's organization1 he became topographic eng9e] ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & produc$ by precise level+ & triangulation ! brilliant exp]im5t :i* %[$ ! swell+ & %r9k+ ( ! m\nta9 dur+ fifte5 ye>s4 ,by close coop]ation ) ! ,u4,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey we plac$ a tide gauge at ,hilo1 bo? = a sea level base & to record tidal waves4 ,wilson also1 9 #aiba1 ran a level l9e f ,hilo to ! ,volcano ,h\se b5*m>k1 :]e ! ,geological ,survey _h run levels 9 #aiaa4 ,! c\nty roadway 0 m>k$ ) bronze plates inscrib$ ) level+ heights1 & ,wilson's results %[$ ! edge ( ,kilauea ,crat] to be ?ree feet high] 9 #aiba ?an x _h be5 9 #aiaa4 ,wilson's det]m9ation ( heights above sea level c]tifi$ t ! :ole m\nta9 swell$ up dur+ ! t5 ye>s prior to #aiba4 ,ab\t #aiah1 lava & seismographs _h prov$ ris+ ov]fl[ at ! c5t]1 :ile ! edge ( ,kilauea ,crat] 0 be+ tilt$ away f ! c5t]4 ,?is w5t on dur+ ! massive ris+ ( ! int]ior lava ( ,halemaumau into a dome :]e ! pit _h be51 & x prov$ t ,kilauea ,m\nta9 0 be+ inject$ along cracks1 n only "u ! pit1 b along ! rifts1 z indicat$ by outfl[ on ! s\?we/ & ea/ 9 ! ye>s #aibj & #aibd4 ,b ?is 0 n all ( ,wilson's "w4 ,he revisit$ all survey+ /ations aft] ! big collapse ( ,halemaumau t accompani$ ! explosive eruption ( ,may #aibd1 & f\nd t ! ,volcano ,h\se b5*m>k l[]$ a little m ?an ?ree feet dur+ ,may #aibd & t places close to ,halemaumau dropp$ ne>ly fifte5 feet4 ,?is l[]+ ( ! m\nta9 0 graduat$ outw>d tw5ty miles f ! c5t] at trig /ations1 or concrete po/s1 9 ! ,kau ,des]t & at /ations along ! road to ,hilo4 ,^! /ations *ang$ altitude to %[ t ! big m\nta9 tumefi$ or swell$ up to t di/ance ( tw5ty miles dur+ ! big intrusion ( cracks at ! ov]fl[+ "t1 z ?\gh ! m\nta9 dome 7 a tumor =ty miles 9 diamet] ) ,halemaumau at ! c5t]4 ,( c\rse !re is no c]ta9ty t ! %ore l9e 9 ,puna1 or ev5 ! ,hilo tide gauge itself1 did n g d[n ) ! slump+ ( ! m\nta91 = ! ?+ call$ sea level is no?+ b an av]age ( tide gauge read+s at a fix$ :>f4 ,rememb] t ! ea/ po9t ( ,hawaii sank eight feet on ! ,kilauea rift dur+ ! ,april crisis4 ,wilson also survey$ by horizontal triangulation 9 #aiba1 det]m9+ t /ations ar\nd ,halemaumau _h mov$ inw>d t[>d ! c5t]1 by a specifi$ numb] ( feet1 diff]5t at ea* /ation1 & t o!r /ations outside ( ,kilauea ,crat] _h *ang$ position horizontally on ! map1 z ?\gh ! m\nta9 7 %r9k+4 ,?is entire s]ies ( measurem5ts ( *ange betwe5 #aiaa & #aibf jib$ ) ! seismograph's measurem5ts ( ! tilt+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,! seismograph pick$ out #aiah1 :5 ,halemaumau ov]fl[$1 z ! swell+ ye>4 ,9 #aibd ! tilt rev]s$ itself1 turn+ inw>d t[>d ,halemaumau1 & became trem5d\s :5 ! pit collaps$ & explod$4 ,x is impossible to acc5t suffici5tly ! importance ( ! discov]y ( a measur$ swell+ & slump+ ( a volcano ?r\gh\t a lava crisis occupy+ fifte5 ye>s4 ,x 0 s trem5d\s t critical eng9e]s 9 ,wa%+ton refus$ to believe ,wilson's results4 ,h[ev]1 8 f9d+s 7 v]ifi$ by ! contemporane\s lava measurem5t results1 e>?quake enum]ations1 & tilt met] results4 ,^! %[$ t e>?quake frequ5cy increas$ :5 ,kilauea slump$ & t a lava m\nta9 _h swell$ until x 0 ?ree feet high] at ! summit 9 t5 ye>s & _h contract$ by a l>g] am\nt dur+ ! ye>s ( an explosive eruption p]iod imm$iately !reaft]4 ,?is all agrees ) ! excell5t results 9 ,omori's volcanic & seismic ev5ts1 obta9$ by ,japanese army & navy eng9e]s at sev]al volcanoes & e>?quakes4 ,x also agrees ) ! positive facts ( ,vesuvius & ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 />t+ ) ! controv]sy ab\t 8elevation crat]s0 />t$ by ,leopold von ,bu* 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & c>ri$ =w>d by ,m]calli on ,vesuvius 9 #ahid :5 a lava hill 0 se5 to swell up4 ,!re1 too1 o!rs w\ld n believe4 ,! opposition always insi/$ t a volcano 0 built by heap$ mat]ial1 t x c\ld n possibly swell4 ,wilson's results are f>-rea*+1 = ! :ole ( geology dep5ds on uplift ( cont95ts & d[ns9k+ ( s$im5t>y bas9s4 ,mo/ geologi/s acc\nt = ^! ?+s by ! !ory ( weight+ & und]fl[ at a ?9 cru/ 7iso/asy71 refus+ to grant t volcanic heat & tumefaction yield intrusive p[] ev]y:]e ?r\gh cracks 9 ! deep] cru/4 ,i wi% t ,i c\ld describe adequately ! high adv5ture ( ?is fruitful "t4 ,we built a vehicle f a model ,t ,=d ) a ,ruck/ell axle1 /ripp$ ( mudgu>ds & equipp$ ) balloon tires d\bl$ at ! re>1 s z to travel & c>ry loads ov] ! smoo? pahoehoe ( ! ,kilauea floor4 ,we f\nd t a p[]ful light rig ( ?is type1 ) excessively l[ ge>1 c\ld climb up on lava lobes "o to two feet high4 ,b ?is call$ = exp]i5c$ driv+ & special me?ods4 ,s5d+ a man on foot ahead to pick a way & to drag a cr[b> :i* scrat*$ a track1 we c\ld drive any:]e on ! lava4 ,& we us$ ?is rig to haul drums ( wat] & drill app>atus4 ,i once drove artill]y (fic]s out ov] ! r\gh floor ( ! crat]1 & aft]w>ds saw simil> c>s us$ by ! army 9 ! fir/ ,_w ,w> z cross-c\ntry transportation = ! doctors & w\nd$ 9 ,no ,man's ,l&4 ,be=e a roadway encircl$ ,kilauea ,crat]1 ,mr4 ,f9* & ,i1 c>ry+ two-in* planks = bridg+ cracks1 made ! complete circuit ( ! crat] by way ( ! rift$ ,kau ,des]t 9 our special vehicle1 :i* has n[ be5 succe$$ by ! jeep1 ! mo/ univ]sal vehicle ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,volcanology prospect$ ! field ( w> 9 m ways ?an "o1 s ,i nam$ my popul> book 8,volcanoes decl>e w>40 ,inv5tions l$ to exp$itions bo? 9 ,hawaii & 9 di/ant l&s dur+ ! decade ( ! tw5ties1 "s by invitation1 "s to (f] assi/ance at disa/]s1 & "s = ! natural ext5sion ( my own "w4 ,on ,septemb] #a1 #aibc1 came ! big e>?quake at ,tokyo4 ,) ,mrs4 ,jagg>1 ,i 0 p]mitt$ to l& 9 ,japan & make a /udy ( ! effects ( ! disa/]4 ,! de/ruction ( ,tokyo & ,yokohama 0 a f9al1 sad trag$y = ,omori1 :o = ye>s _h work$ to protect ! ,emp]or & ,japan by /udy+ e>?quake =eca/s = ,tokyo & by conduct+ rese>* 9 e>?quake-pro( eng9e]+4 ,x 0 a cruel comm5t>y t ! disa/] came :ile he 0 att5d+ a sci5ce congress 9 ,au/ralia1 p>ticul>ly z ! great de/ruction ( life 0 occasion$ by fire & typhoon w9ds4 ,b ,omori's organization h&l$ ! seismic ev5t admirably4 ,omori return$ at once1 b almo/ imm$iately di$4 ,we /eam$ into ,yokohama h>bor1 7 welcom$ by ,capta9 ,gates=d ,l9coln ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 & 8 de/roy] flotilla4 ,we w5t on bo>d 8 flag%ip1 & 7 s5t 9 8 laun* to ! brok5 jetties ( ,yokohama1 :]e we f\nd no cu/om h\se or police4 ,we walk$ up to ! camp ( ,unit$ ,/ates m>9es1 amid ! wreckage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,consulate1 :]e ! ,consul _h be5 kill$4 ,yokohama1 :i* ,i _h kn[n well 9 #aiji & #aiad1 0 a tumble ( ru9s2 & ! long ,bund ) its spl5did wat]front /ructures1 includ+ ! ,gr& ,hotel1 0 a heap ( rubble4 ,my classmate ,pur+ton1 a m9+ geologi/ :o _h be5 /ay+ at ! ,gr& ) 8 family escap$ ) "o *ild & w5t back to rescue 8 wife4 ,a second %ock br\ght d[n m masonry & cru%$ him4 ,we 7 giv5 a t5t & all[$ to mess ) ! m>9es1 & next day we cr[d$ into a tra9 = ,tokyo4 ,x 0 pack$ to ! doors & _h p seat$ on ! ro(4 ,we 7 w>n$ by ,am]icans to dress z r\ghly z possible1 z ! populace 0 on edge1 & =eign]s mu/ n appe> to be t\ri/s4 ,by great good luck we got into ! ,imp]ial ,hotel :i* _h )/ood ! %ake & fire1 ?\gh x 0 consid]ably damag$4 ,we visit$ ! ,honjo di/rict ( ! riv] bottom1 :]e ! damage 0 at maximum1 & we saw ! rema9s ( a pile ( corpses1 clo!s1 & h\sehold goods 9 "o small y>d :]e #cj1jjj p _h be5 inc9]at$4 ,fire _h clos$ 9 f all sides1 & ! %riek+ mob ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 pil$ up on top ( ea* o!r1 amid h&c>ts & clo?+ bundles--k9dl+ :i* add$ fuel to ! horror4 ,! mayor ( ,tokyo s5t u 9 a small /eam] to ! isl& ( ,o%ima1 on :i* is ! volcano ,mih>a1 close to ! e>?quake c5t]4 ,we climb$ up & look$ d[n into a gl[+ pit :i* 0 mak+ no lava outfl[ at ! "t1 ?\gh ,mih>a is fam\s = basalt fl[s4 ,wat] s\nd+s %[$ #ijj feet ( subsid5ce 9 ,sagami ,bay opposite ,o%ima1 & !re 7 *ang$ dep?s else:]e1 "s ( !m %all[+ by und]wat] l& slips4 ,we w5t to ! ,bo%u ,p59sula ea/ ( ,tokyo1 :]e ! bea* _h be5 ris+ = _m ye>s1 & :]e ! e>?quake ris+ left :>ves high & dry4 ,! pr9cipal effect ( ! e>?quake1 occurr+ at noon j :5 all *>coal brazi]s 7 light$ = lun*eon 9 ! flimsy ,japanese h\ses ( wood & pap]1 0 to set fires 9 an area ( hundr$s ( squ>e miles & a score ( t[ns4 ,wat] res]voirs 7 de/roy$1 !re 0 no adequate fire dep>tm5t to c>e = a conflagration1 & a high w9d 0 bl[+ 9 ! bright sun%9e4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ,japanese cities 0 ! abs5ce ( op5 p>kways = refugees1 h5ce ! cru%+1 burn+1 dr[n+1 suffocation1 & annihilation ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p & ! de/ruction ( factories1 railroad tra9s1 wat] supplies1 p[] plants1 & e ess5tial utility 9 a great metropolitan area ) a population ( _m millions4 ,! horizontal movem5t ( ! gr\nd 9 ! %ock 0 ab\t eight in*es1 & aft]%ocks kept on = _m mon?s4 ,we explor$ ,yokohama1 clamb]+ up to ! ,bluff :]e ev]y?+ 0 wreck$ & :]e l& slips _h tumbl$ d[n ! precipice4 ,we visit$ :at rema9$ ( a beautiful ,engli% type villa ) a slate ro(1 :i* _h be5 occupi$ by two mission>y ladies & _! num]\s p>rots4 ,^! p 7 encamp$1 along ) _! p>rots1 9 a %ack built by _! y>dman1 = ! resid5ce _h tumbl$ d[n l a h\se ( c>ds4 ,"o woman _h be5 imprison$ betwe5 h] b$ & ! wall1 & 0 q un9jur$ :5 ! g>d5] dug h] out ?r\gh cracks ( ! ro(4 ,sci5tifically1 :at happ5$ to ! gr\nd 9 ?is e>?quake 0 n expla9$ by any s+le fault4 ,:atev] happ5$ to ! bottom ( ,sagami ,bay 0 n communicat$ across ! bea* to ! coa/ z any great rift4 ,small faults 7 id5tifi$ 9 a numb] ( places1 ! %orel9e 9 "o place lift$ a few feet & l[]$ 9 ano!r2 b no su* movem5t z ! big subsid5ce ( ! bottom ( ! bay cross$ ! contact ( sea & l&4 ,x appe>$ z ?\gh ! m>g9 ( ! bay itself outl9$ an area ( sudd5 slump+1 someh[ relat$ to ,mih>a ,volcano on ,o%ima2 b ! %orel9e ( t isl& 0 n s]i\sly affect$4 ,! great m\nta9s ( ! foo?ills ( ,fujiyama1 & ! ,hakone di/rict1 7 %ak5 to a ha% ( brok5 railway tunnels & l& slips1 b ! topography 0 n alt]$4 ,a resurvey ( trig /ations we/ ( ,tokyo reveal$ movem5ts t indicat$ ! c\ntry _h be5 spirally twi/$4 ,h[ev]1 x has always seem$ a my/]y to me t all ! motion on l& 0 s small1 :5 *ange on ! bottom ( ! bay 0 s great4 ,!re 0 a local tidal wave at ! bay %ore ( ,kamakura1 b no great tidal wave f ! deep ocean came to ,tokyo4 ,"s volcanic ef=t ( deep lava _h w$g$ op5 & jolt$ ! sea bottom1 b h[ x act$ is entirely obscure4 ,x 0 q diff]5t f ! ,san ,francisco quake1 ) its side slip ( tw5ty-"o feet & a crack #djj miles long4 ,:5 we return$ to ,japan 9 #aibf ) ! ,pacific ,sci5ce ,congress1 ! re/oration ( ,tokyo 0 practically complete & a magnific5t great] city _h be5 built ) wide & l>ge p>kways4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 lavi% 9 its ent]ta9m5t ( ! sci5ti/s att5d+ ! congress4 ,dr4 ,lacroix & ,i 7 s5t to ,osaka to lecture1 & to %[ lant]n slides ( ,m\nt ,pele2 & exp$itions all ov] ,japan 7 arrang$ = ! visitors4 ,i _h an opportunity to see = ! fir/ "t ! l>ge basaltic lava fields ( ! lake di/rict at ! base ( ,fujiyama1 & ,i 0 a/oni%$ at ! simil>ity ( ! basaltic pahoehoe to our ,hawaiian outfl[s & ! fre%ness ( ! lavas & ! lava cav]ns4 ,i _h nev] ?\ght ( ,fujiyama z a 8lava fl[0 volcano4 ,my next exp$ition 0 9 ! autumn ( #aibd1 :5 ,i 0 invit$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,gregory1 ,director ( ,bi%op ,museum1 to g on an exp$ition on ! ,,uss ,:ippoorwill1 ,comm&] ,samuel ,k+1 to ,h[l& & ,bak] ,isl&s4 ,o!rs on ! exp$ition 7 ,c4 ,montague ,cooke 7malacologi/71 ,george ,munro 7orni?ologi/71 ,erl+ ,*ri/oph]s5 7botani/71 ,t$ ,dranga 7m>9e %ell collector71 ,george ,coll9s 7,museum ,tru/ee71 & ,bruce ,c>twright 7naturali/74 ,^! m5 7 invit$ to make up "o ( sev]al ,bi%op ,museum p>ties :i* 7 s5t out to s\? sea isl&s = collection & report4 ,z geologi/1 my job 0 to c>ry a portable seismograph & record e>?quakes or microseisms & to take photographs4 ,we _h made up at ! ,obs]vatory a "o-compon5t horizontal p5dulum1 9 :i* ! *ronograph drum us$ smok$ pap]4 ,9 camp ,i l[]$ ! box conta9+ ! seismograph into a hole 9 ! s& "u my cot1 ) a view to f9d+ out :at tremors occurr$ on ^! flat coral isl&s4 ,h[ev]1 no movem5ts 7 detect$ dur+ ! p]iod ( our /ay1 )9 ! s5sitivity limit ( ! small seismograph4 ,h[l& & ,bak] are coral islets1 n atolls1 close to ! equator1 ) no lagoons & ) deep wat] all ar\nd !m4 ,h[l& lat] became fam\s 9 ! trag$y ( ,amelia ,e>h>t1 = :om ! ,coa/ ,gu>d prep>$ an airfield on ! isl&4 ,^! isl&s _h be5 guano digg+s = p>ties f ,honolulu fifty ye>s e>li]1 & we f\nd old ci/]ns & tracks4 ,! isl&s 7 inhabit$ by ?\s&s ( goonies 7gannets71 man-(-w> birds1 & t]ns4 ,9 "s places !y cov]$ ! gr\nd ) _! ne/s1 eggs1 & "y1 ris+ noisily 9 t]rify+ sw>ms z we walk$ among !m4 ,! l& 0 p]fectly flat br[n guano & r$ we$s1 ) bea*es ( coral b\ld]s & ,tridacna1 or giant clams1 ! highe/ bit ridges on ! w9dw>d side4 ,! ea/]ly trade w9ds blew a p[]ful gale mo/ ( ! "t1 & our %ip _h to l& u on ! leew>d bea*es1 :]e we made our camp 9 a l9e ( t5ts4 ,! /aff 0 divid$ into pairs = ea* t5t1 & ,filip9o mess boys did ! cook+4 ,l&+ 0 ardu\s1 = !re 0 heavy surf1 ev5 on ! leew>d side1 & x 0 necess>y to h a man swim 9 ) a l9e 9 8 tee?4 ,! swimm]1 ,t$ ,dranga1 made ! l9e fa/ betwe5 a buoy & ! %ore1 !n built a signal fire :ile ! %ip /ood (f4 ,m5 & baggage 7 load$ into a skiff & haul$ a%ore by ! sailor 9 ! b[1 :o pull$1 h& ov] h&1 on ! rope f ! buoy1 :5 ! waves 7 favorable4 ,! %ip _h to drift away ea* night & come back1 z !re 0 no an*orage4 ,a few /unt$ k\ trees /ill surviv$ f guano-digg+ days1 & num]\s grasses & fle%y-leav$ salt we$s grew4 ,! bea*es 7 cov]$ ) rats1 h]mit crabs1 & "s :ite gho/ crabs4 ,! gho/ crabs 7 se5 at night flitt]+ d[n into ! wat] :5 a fla%light 0 turn$ on ! waves4 ,! h]mit crabs1 ) borr[$ %ells1 came clank+ ov] ! canvas floor "u our cots at night2 & z "o walk$ along ! bea* ) a fla%light1 ,polynesian rats patt]$ away 9 all directions4 ,!y _h be5 br\ght by ! guano s*oon]s & d\btless liv$ on %ellfi%1 birds1 eggs1 & fl$gl+s4 ,! pr9cipal products ( ?is exp$ition 7 notes1 pictures1 maps1 & collections4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s we 7 to comb9e exp$itions ) exp]im5tation 9 ! organization ( new obs]vatories 9 ,cali=nia & ,alaska4 ,cali=nia volcanoes z a field ( obs]vatory /udy 7 an obvi\s *oice :5 ,judge ,cramton propos$ enl>gem5t ( ! volcano ent]prise4 ,he succe$$ 9 gett+ me a ,section ( ,volcanology 9 ! ,geological ,survey1 & ,i s5t ,r4 ,h4 ,f9* to ,lass5 ,volcanic ,national ,p>k1 :]e he made 8 headqu>t]s at ,m9]al4 ,lass5 _h made /eambla/ explosions 9 #aiab ?r\gh #aiad :i* _h ru%$ d[n into ! =e/ ) su* horizontal de/ruction z occurr$ at ,m\nt ,pele4 ,x 0 n realiz$ t ?is bla/ 0 t]rible1 = x 0 9 ! backwoods on top ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & little kn[n4 ,! national p>k !re 0 creat$ lat]4 ,x is an area ) a rec5t 7#ahga87 c9d] cone & rocky lava fl[1 boil+ lakes & mud pots1 num]\s solfat>as & hot spr+s1 & a lava cav]n mu* l ^? on ,hawaii4 ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,! ,honukai on ,alaska bea*1 #aibh4 ,jagg> on ! "r ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,! ,ohiki1 fir/ amphibian truck1 ) pass5g]s ,isabel ,jagg>1 ,tah>a1 ,l4 ,a4 ,?ur/on1 ,jagg>1 & ,t$ ,dranga1 #aibh ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,lava fl[ ent]+ village ( ,hoopuloa1 #aibf ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,lava fl[ ( #aibf ,mauna ,loa eruption approa*+ ,hoopuloa ,village1 :i* 0 de/roy$4 ,photo section ,u4,s4 ,army ,air ,=ce ,lass5 ,peak is ! s\!rnmo/ volcano on ! l9e :]e ! ,cascade ,range m]ges ) ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! l9e ( volcanoes ext5ds beyond ,m\nt ,bak] into ,canada4 ,nor? ( ,lass5 is ! ,glass ,m\nta9 region :]e !re are obsidian lava fl[s4 ,l ,m\nt ,%a/a1 ,lass5 is a volcano ( v few rec5t eruptions1 b !re 7 at lea/ two outbreaks 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,^! two volcanoes resemble ,pele & ,s\frire4 ,_! l9e> quality implies a long ragg$ rift 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & s\? ( ,lass5 !re is sugge/$ an (fset rift at ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5a1 ne> ! fam\s sup]heat$ /eam ( ,geys]ville4 ,?is is ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! great ,san ,&reas rift1 :i* ext5ds _m hundr$s ( miles s\!a/ ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! rift %ift$ 9 a nor?-s\? direction dur+ ! e>?quake ( #aijf1 & is "o ( ! _m evid5ces t ! nor?-s\? faults ( ,cali=nia are all a "p ( ! fault+ up1 ov] lava1 ( ! ,cordill]a1 relative to d[nsunk5 ,pacific ,ocean slabs4 ,i put ,f9* 9 *>ge ( ,aleutian ,isl&s seismographs1 z well z ! "o he 0 to e/abli% at ,m9]al4 ,) ,wilson z seismologi/ & in/rum5t design] 9 ,hawaii1 we />t$ con/ruct+ horizontal p5dulums1 l ^? us$ 9 ,hawaii1 mak+ ! weights out ( l>ge iron pipes1 to be fill$ ) s& at ! place ( op]ation4 ,^! 7 two-compon5t seismographs1 record+ on a s+le *ronograph drum4 ,we s5t "o to ! ,coa/ ,survey /ation at ,sitka & built two m = ,kodiak & ,unalaska4 ,f9* built & set up 8 own seismograph at ,m9]al4 ,he />t$ sy/ematic surveys ( ! temp]atures ( hot spr+s & /eam jets 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,lass5 ,p>k & kept close contact ) ! ,geological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,b]keley4 ,lass5 0 ! subject ( geological surveys by ,&]son & ,f9*1 & lat] ! p>k area 0 /udi$ by ,h[el ,williams4 ,i w5t to ,wa%+ton to see gov]nm5t au?orities1 p>ticul>ly ,pr(essor ,*>les ,f4 ,m>v91 ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & ,dr4 ,g4 ,o4 ,smi?1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,i c nev] express my indebt$ness to ,m>v91 a good design] :o built an inv]t$ p5dulum seismograph 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,f9* _h work$ ) ,m>v9 :5 he 0 wea!r obs]v] 9 airplanes bas$ on ,irel& dur+ ! fir/ ,_w ,w>4 ,h5ce me?ods ( gov]nm5t contact & reports1 9 ! e>ly days ( our ,obs]vatory1 7 k9dly guid$ by ,m>v94 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau 0 a place ( self-record+ in/rum5ts1 some?+ new = geology1 & mu* ne$$ = volcano obs]vation4 ,= wea!r is a matt] ( pres5t *anges1 :]eas geology _h long be5 a matt] ( anci5t specim5s4 ,director ,smi? 0 in/rum5tal 9 call+ a meet+ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ( sci5ti/s ( all bureaus int]e/$ 9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,i 0 select$ to lead ! symposium1 :i* includ$ repres5tatives ( climatology1 biology & fi%]ies1 geology & geo*emi/ry1 oceanography & geodesy1 hydrographic *>t+1 gravity1 & magnetism4 ,!re prov$ to be great int]e/ 9 ! ,alaskan ,p59sula & ! isl&s1 & ! ,survey publi%$ a special bullet9 on ! symposium4 ,w4 ,c4 ,m5d5hall1 :o _h writt5 a monograph on ! volcano ( ,m\nt ,wrangell 9 ! great b5d ( ! cont95t ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,alaska1 became director ( ! ,geological ,survey & "o ( my be/ fri5ds4 ,9 #aibg ,i 0 ready ) cross-c\ntry c>s & a seismograph to explore once m ! volcanoes ( ,alaska4 ,organiz+ an exp5sive exp$ition :i* call$ = a special %ip 0 obvi\sly out1 b 9 ! ye>s aft] ! ,te*nology ,exp$ition ( #aijg ,i _h le>n$ _m economies :i* ,i want$ to try out4 ,also ,i _h two exp]im5tal & me*anical te/s to make4 ,! fir/ 0 to set up 9 ,alaska a seismograph1 ! second 0 to te/ ,alaskan bea*es ) a cross-c\ntry c>1 ) a view to build+ an amphibian boat4 ,i _h read 9 sev]al languages on ! subject ( motor vehicles ) boat bodies1 & my #aijg exp]i5ce ( f9d+ no an*orage on ,umnak ,isl& _h conv9c$ me ( ! ne$ = a vessel on :eels :i* c\ld climb up an ,alaskan bea* & be conv]t$ into a camp4 ,s ,i />t$ f ,seattle ) a l[ ge> ,=d runab\t4 ,i unload$ x fir/ 9 ,kodiak village1 :]e !re 7 only "o or two c>s1 & made te/s ( driv+ x along bea*es4 ,at ,kodiak ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation all[$ me to set up ! seismograph 9 a vacant basem5t1 & ,i arrang$ ) a local h\sewife to op]ate ! in/rum5t4 ,aid$ by a %eet ( in/ructions1 %e made te/s1 *ang$ ! smok$ pap]s1 v>ni%$ !m1 mail+ !m to ,hawaii1 & kept notes on e>?quakes :i* 7 felt4 ,! road/] & ,i !n travel$ by ! local mailboat /eam] ,/>r1 ,capta9 ,johanss51 & sail$ along ! s\? %ore ( ! ,alaskan ,p59sula to ,k+ ,cove1 visit+ ,brad=d on ! way4 ,disemb>k+ at ,k+ ,cove1 ,i made runs on ! bea* ) ! c>4 ,) ! aid ( ! cann]y me*anic1 ,i tri$ atta*+ w9* spools to drive :eels1 9 ord] to haul ! c> up to grassy l& beh9d ! bea*4 ,no c> _h ev] l&$ at ! cann]y1 !re 7 no roads1 & ! problem ( gett+ f ! :>f to ! tundra1 & f ! tundra to ! bea* & back aga91 pos$ practical me*anical problems1 ! solution ( :i* 0 to be useful lat]4 ,we ran along ! bea* z f> z a rocky headl&1 until we ne$$ an amphibian boat 9 :i* to r\nd ! po9t & rejo9 ! /ony bea* at "s place beyond4 ,h[ t boat body %\ld be con/ruct$ 0 plann$ f ?is exp]i5ce4 ,! sup]9t5d5t1 ! physician1 & ! boatbuild]s ( ! l>ge ,k+ ,cove cann]y plann$ an exploration = me1 ) ,john ,g>dn] z boatman & ,pet] ,yat*m5eff z 8 mate4 ,^! two 7 on _! way to hunt be>s = an ea/]n museum & 7 go+ to ,pavl( ,volcano1 ! ,vesuvius ( ! ,alaskan ,p59sula4 ,i transf]r$ my baggage to _! motor sloop1 ! ,plug ,ugly1 & we head$ = ,pavl( ,bay4 ,at ,volcano ,bay we l&$ = a be> hunt1 :i* 0 v excit+ = me4 ,:5 we f\nd be> tracks 9 an amphi!at] "u big m\nta9s1 we climb$ t[>d ! divide at ! head2 b we c\ld f9d no pass ov] x4 ,f ! high gr\nd we look$ across ! riv] at clumps ( ald]s4 ,john borr[$ my field glass1 h&$ x back1 & po9t$ out a black spot f> away "u ! bu%es4 8,i j saw x move10 he said1 8t spot is a big br[n be> :]e he has be5 hol$ up40 ,i rema9$ wat*+ :ile ,john & ,pete1 ) _! #be-;calib] ,savage c>b9es1 crept across ! valley bottom1 keep+ d[n ! w9d f ! be> 9 ! %elt] ( bu%es4 ,i saw t !y 7 gett+ v close to ! game1 lo/ sight ( !m = a few m9utes1 !n he>d two %>p cracks & saw ! be> 9 viol5t motion1 ?ra%+ ar\nd & te>+ up ! gr\nd1 !n quickly subsid+4 ,i made my way across ! valley & f\nd !y _h neatly %ot a ye> old ,alaskan br[n be>4 ,! re/ ( ! day 0 giv5 to sk9n+ x1 & we sank ! skull1 ti$ to a fi% l9e f ! sloop1 to ! bottom ( ! bay :]e m>9e organisms w\ld eat away rema9+ fle% & leave ! bone clean4 ,next we sail$ up to ! head ( ,pavl( ,bay & camp$ at a b>ab>a1 or sod hut1 prep>atory to a trek to a small volcano t lies ne> a %all[ lake on ! nor? side ( ! magnific5t pair ( sn[y volcano cones kn[n z ,pavl( & ,pavl( ,si/]4 ,we 7 e>ly 9 ! season & c\ld see a glaci] ext5d+ d[n f ,pavl( ,crat]1 :i* is a cup conta9+ a conelet at ! side ( ! summit4 ,! crat] is l a coll>1 ! conelet l ! knot ( a necktie1 :ile ! glaci] is ! ribbon ( ! necktie1 itself1 ext5d+ d[n to a jumble ( sn[y hills ) rocky mora9es at ! edge ( ! lake4 ,we made camp & ran into "s adv]se wea!r1 & also into a p>ty ( ma9l& sportsm54 ,we gave up fur!r hunt+ & return$ to ,k+ ,cove1 = ,john _h 8 be> & t 0 en\gh4 ,! curv$ beauty ( ! ,pavl( cones1 ) a sweep ( lava fl[s to ! we/ ( !m1 heavily mantl$ ) sn[1 0 exquisite & a k ( ! cones 0 useful :5 plans 7 made = a lat] exp$ition4 ,mrs4 ,jagg>1 aft] a trip by way ( ! ,yukon into ! int]ior ( ,alaska wait$ = me at ,kodiak :ile ,i took ,capta9 ,johanss5's ,,ss ,/>r to ,unalaska :]e ,i saw my fri5ds ( ! ,coa/ ,gu>d & receiv$ an invitation to g lat] on ! ,unalga to ,attu4 ,i /ay$ on ! ,/>r to ,bri/ol ,bay on ! ,b]+ ,sea side1 9 ord] to see ! ,alaskan ,p59sula f ! nor?4 ,a rew>d+ view %[$ me ! almo/ inaccessible ,aghile5 ,p9nacles1 a m>vel\s m\nta9 we/ ( ,pavl(1 consi/+ ( doz5s ( upright spires1 all cov]$ ) ice1 & look+ l a clu/] ( ca!drals 9 a sn[ /orm4 ,at ! head ( ,bri/ol ,bay ,i saw "o ( ! gov]nm5t ,indian s*ools1 met "s ( ! tea*]s1 & met trapp]s :o came on bo>d ) int]e/+ collections ( fox furs4 ,!y told me ab\t ,naknek ,lake1 :i* gives access to ,katmai f t side by dog sl$ 9 w9t]4 ,! necess>y husky dogs 7 ti$ out 9 ! fields ar\nd a mission /ation4 ,a rumpus on deck betwe5 a /orekeep] ( ! di/rict & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>%all arose ov] a feud betwe5 two villages :i* 7 qu>rel+ ab\t ! plac+ ( a ,unit$ ,/ates po/ (fice4 ,!re 0 no %oot+1 ?\gh x look$ bad = a few m9utes1 & ,i realiz$ ! f> nor? 0 a replica ( ! f> we/4 ,on my return to ,unalaska1 ,coa/ ,gu>d (fic]s & ,i 7 invit$ to a d9n] on bo>d ! ,g]man cruis] & tra9+ %ip ,emd54 ,i _h no?+ to we> b a hunt+ coat1 :]eas ! o!rs 7 9 dress uni=ms1 b ! ,g]mans didn't m9d4 ,i greatly enjoy$ ! ,emd5's (fic]s1 :om ,i he>d f lat]1 includ+ ,capta9 ,fo]/]1 an acqua9tance ( my son 9 ,seattle4 ,on bo>d ! ,unalga ,i 0 giv5 ! ,capta9's cab91 = he 0 abs5t on sick leave4 ,executive ,(fic] ,p]k9s1 :o act$ z skipp]1 pref]r$ to live 9 8 own qu>t]s4 ,ano!r gue/ on ! trip to ,attu 0 ,jack ,mc,cord1 ^: int]e/s 7 %eep h]d+ & :al+1 two indu/ries :i* 7 mak+ exp]im5tal progress 9 ! isl&s4 ,we saw a %eep ran* 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,unalaska ,isl& & le>n$ t a rec5t l&+ on ,bogosl( _h f\nd ! conditions mu* l ^? ,i _h se5 9 #aijg :5 ,i not$ ! smok+ cone1 ! millions ( murres1 ! ?ree isl&s1 ! connect+ bea*es1 ! w>m lagoon1 & ! doz5s ( sea lions4 ,at ,nikolski on ! we/ end ( ,umnak ,isl&1 a flat l& :]e s$im5t>y rocks appe>$1 we _h to m9e & bl[ up a s*oon] rec5tly sunk 9 ! h>bor4 ,go+ we/w>d1 we pass$ cones 9 gr\ps or on individual isl&s1 & we met ! usual fogs & gales4 ,! (fic]s 7 int]e/$ 9 ,adak ,h>bor1 b our plan to ent] x 0 defeat$ by /orms4 ,we an*or$ (f ,*ugul1 :]e two ,aleutian m5 & a boy _h be5 m>oon$ = mon?s by ! non-return ( ! wreck$ s*oon]4 ,a trad] _h leas$ ! isl& & left !m to collect blue foxes = him4 ,:5 _! supplies gave out1 !y liv$ on fi%1 vegetation1 eggs1 & sea birds4 ,!y _h mat*es left b no ammunition1 s !y _h load$ c>tridges by assembl+ mat* ends4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 %elt]$ 9 a sod hut at "o side ( ! grassy volcano1 & 7 liv+ pro( t an ,aleut _c />ve4 ,!y 7 fat & heal?y & _h a good load ( furs4 ,:5 we transport$ !m to ! village on ,attu1 ! fir/ ?+ "o ( ^! m5 did 0 to m>ry an ,attu girl1 ) ! aid ( ! local prie/4 ,*ugul 0 ! la/ ( ! %apely volcanic cones4 ,attu geology 0 diff]5t1 ) old metamorphic & s$im5t>y rocks & anci5t lavas1 b )\t any sign ( fre% volcanoes4 ,x is a m\nta9\s isl& ) deep fjords1 & we cross$ a divide 9 ord] to look d[n on ,s>ana ,bay1 made fam\s by ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,mc,cord & ,i walk$ out on ! p59sula we/ ( ! village ( ,*]n(ski1 & saw sn[y ranges beyond ! next bay to ! we/4 ,! ,aleutian upl&s are cov]$ ) luxuri\s grasses1 _m fl[]s1 & mu* mossy swamp2 & !re are signs ( t]rac+ 9 places1 z ?\gh made by old elevat$ bea*es4 ,! c\ntry is too wet & /ormy to be attractive = rais+ live/ock4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we l&$ on ,am*itka ,isl& on ! s\? side ( ! *a91 we f\nd x dri] ) f9e grassy upl&s4 ,we f\nd also ! usual %ore cliffs & foxes4 ,we return$ to ,unalaska1 :]e ,i 0 attract$ by ! empty hotel build+ & :>ves at ,dut* ,h>bor1 des]t$ by ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company aft] ! boom+ m>itime trade ( ! ,cape ,nome gold days4 ,i talk$ to ,company (fic]s ab\t us+ ! build+s z a sci5tific /ation4 ,an old p[d] h\se w\ld be suitable = a seismograph cell>2 ! wireless /ation 0 ne>by2 & !re 0 wat]1 lumb]1 & h\s+ = e possible purpose4 ,x 0 ideal = an ,aleutian geophysical /ation1 if f9anc+ & collaboration c\ld be _h4 ,lat]1 9 ,seattle1 ,i address$ ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce & publi%$ 9 our ,bullet9 a proposal = an ,aleutian ,geographical ,obs]vatory1 b no?+ came ( x at t "t4 ,! ,aleutian ,isl&s became a c5t] = l&+ craft1 airfields1 & def5se =ces dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 & ev5tually our m5 ,h[>d ,p[]s & ,au/9 ,jones 7 employ$ !re4 ,9 #aibh1 ,gilb]t ,grosv5or ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society1 9 coop]ation ) ! ,geological ,survey1 equipp$ me ) an exp$ition to map1 photograph1 & survey #b1ejj squ>e miles 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pavl( ,volcano4 ,aga9 ,i _h ,john ,g>dn] & ,pete z camp m54 ,mc,kinley1 our topograph]1 br\ght pack animals & ,alex ,brad=d transport$ u to our base camp 9 ,canoe ,bay4 ,i slept dur+ summ] 9 ! ,honukai1 a tw9-screw /eel amphibian boat1 :i* 0 manufactur$ 9 ,*icago1 aft] a prelim9>y vessel made ( wood & impell$ by paddle :eels _h be5 con/ruct$ at our ,hawaiian ,obs]vatory %op & tri$ out ov] a #djj-mile c\rse along ! %ores ( ,hawaii4 ,! trial ( ! prelim9>y vessel1 :i* we call$ ,ohiki1 ,hawaiian = gho/ crab1 took place dur+ ! spr+ ( #aibh4 ,! entire /aff ( our ,obs]vatory 7 engag$ 9 x1 ) ,mrs4 ,jagg> z /ew>dess1 z usual4 ,mr4 ,?ur/on w5t along z a pass5g] & publicity man on ! trip up ! we/ coa/ ( ,hawaii1 :]e ,i te/$ out ,kona bea*es & *eck$ on ! craft's seawor?9ess4 ,we _h misadv5ture at ! />t1 9 t ! driv+ :eels t5d$ to dig 9 on s(t bea*es2 & we f\nd x necess>y to build wa%bo>ds to raise ! gun:ale amid%ips to avoid %ipp+ wat] 9 *oppy seas4 ,9 ! cross c\ntry trek f ,kilauea1 us+ ! boat z a truck1 ,mr4 ,?ur/on 0 ov]:elm$ ) admiration = ! tw5ty-"o foot "w skiff1 ?und]+ d[n ! /eep hills ( ,kona on :eels1 controll$ by ! l[ ge>s ( a ,=d4 ,its boat body excit$ all ! roadside kids to wild antics ( delight4 ,my excell5t truck build]1 ,boyrie1 us$ ! same ,=d :i* _h run along ! bea*es 9 ,alaska1 recon/ruct+ x 9 ! obs]vatory ma*9e %op4 ,wilson's photograph ( ! ,ohiki1 ) ,mr4 ,?ur/on on bo>d1 became ! frontispiece ( a top secret publication on amphibians ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii's jo9t army /affs 9 ,london4 ,! amphibian w> ( ! ,pacific ,ocean & ,norm&y 0 to develop doz5s ( diff]5t designs ( l&+ craft1 b w> use 0 un=ese5 by me at ! "t ( our exp]im5ts4 ,) a crew ( f\r we cruis$ f ,kailua to ,kawaihae along ! we/ coa/ ( ,hawaii1 l&+ on bea*es & lava fl[s1 & camp+ at ,makalaw5a1 ,kiholo1 & ,puako4 ,we enc\nt]$ real grief at ,kawaihae aga9/ ! front ( a s(t subm]g$ bank 9 %all[ wat]1 :]e ! front :eels made too mu* resi/ance & ! re> :eels dug into a mud bottom4 ,we ne$$ front :eel pull1 b we f9ally got ! craft up ! bea* by p[] haul+ ) gypsy & cable & a tree4 ,m grief develop$ on our way up to ,waimea :5 we fractur$ wood5 re> axle atta*m5ts4 ,we w5t gratefully into ! ,p>k] ,ran* %op = "s days1 until we 7 able to return to ,hilo & ! volcano1 complet+ ! circuit ( ! isl&4 ,! ,national ,geographic vessel 0 built by ,george ,p[ell :o adv]tis$ a ,=d 8mobileboat10 design$ = ! use ( fi%]m5 to ent] midcont95t lakes4 ,he _h />t$ on a l>g] model1 :i* ,grosv5or accept$ = ! ,national ,geographic ,exp$ition4 ,p[ell & ,i tri$ x out on ,bell+ham roads & lakes & on bea*es ( ,puget ,s\nd4 ,we provid$ ev]y?+ extra1 = ,alaska _h no roadside fill+ /ations4 ,a :eel$ vehicle on ! p59sula 0 unhe>d (4 ,we _h elongate /eel mats to give traction across ! upp] s&s ( a bea*1 & ?is plus b[ w9*1 lev]s1 & manp[] enabl$ u to ab&on bea*es & ent] ! tundra4 ,our plann+ paid (f1 = 9 ! #djj miles along ! coa/ ( ,alaska f ,%umag9 ,isl&s to ,k+ ,cove1 ov] wat]1 bea*es1 & tundra1 we did n ev5 h to pump up ! tires4 ,! ,honukai's num]\s excessively l[ ge>s ev5 enabl$ u to drive to ! sn[l9e & br+ out ! heavy fur & bones ( a be> t ,i _h %ot on a sn[y volcano1 ,m\nt ,dana4 ,! exp$ition 0 v productive4 ,mc,kinley made an excell5t topographic map2 we correct$ errors 9 old maps2 we obta9$ _m photographs ?r\gh ,ri*>d ,/ew>t1 :o c>ri$ /ill1 color1 & movie cam]as2 & we obta9$ m9]als1 fossils1 geologic notes1 & _m plants :i* ,i collect$4 ,mc,kinley us$ a panorama cam]a = 8 topographic "w & 8 wide photographs 7 invaluable z a record ( ! c\ntry4 ,mean:ile1 ,i kept 9 t\gh ) ! seismograph /ation at ,kodiak4 ,! /eam]s ( ! ,pacific ,comm]cial ,company1 :i* own$ sev]al ( ! cann]ies & _h headqu>t]s 9 ,bell+ham1 transport$ u f ,puget ,s\nd to ,k+ ,cove1 & ! _m tugs = ! cann]ies' salmon traps enabl$ me to make local explorations along ! s\!rn coa/4 ,at "o trap ! fi%]m5 _h a tame baby seal1 :o w\ld eat no?+ b little tr\t caught = him f ! brook4 ,he liv$ 9 a box1 & w5t (f to sea by himself at night2 b he always came home next morn+4 ,9 #aibi ,f9* s5t ,au/9 ,jones1 a seismologi/1 to con/ruct & e/abli% a hut at ! ,dut* ,h>bor radio /ation = a second ,alaskan seismograph1 ( ! ,hawaiian type design$ by ,r4 ,m4 ,wilson4 ,jones taught ! wife ( a radio op]ator to manipulate ! /ation & transmit ! seismograms4 ,! wom5 9 *>ge ( ! two /ations at ,kodiak & ,dut* ,h>bor kept _! "w up = sev]al ye>s1 & kept 9 con/ant correspond5ce ) me4 ,?\gh 9 ! w9t] "t !y _h to dig ! /ations out ( sn[drifts1 & to cope ) all k9ds ( damage f ra9 & /orm1 !y c\rage\sly & fai?fully visit$ ! in/rum5ts4 ,x is a helli% c\ntry = wea!r4 ,al?\gh bo? /ations 7 )9 fifty miles ( active volcanoes1 e>?quakes 7 n num]\s1 & ! /ory 0 v diff]5t f t told by our records made at ! edge ( ,kilauea cald]a1 only two miles f an active lava c5t]4 ,?us we h demon/rat$ t ! only way to /udy an active volcano is to live close to ! crat] itself1 ev5 if a %elt] has to be built und]gr\nd4 ,9 conclud+ ?is /ory ( our ,alaskan exp$itions ( ! tw5ties1 9 contra/ to my w9djamm+ exp]i5ce ( #aijg1 ,i mu/ und]score ! importance ( wat] transportation & cr$it ^? :o h provid$ x4 ,9 fact1 all transportation 0 by wat] until aircraft became supplem5tal4 ,i feel t ! ,u4,s4 ,coa/ ,gu>d1 :i* takes c>e ( ! ,pribil( ,isl& seals1 is ! supreme a*ievem5t ( our gov]nm5t 9 polic+ ^! /ormy wat]s4 ,_! #fj-;foot motor cruis]1 equipp$ ) sails has come to be /&>d = su* gov]nm5t bureaus z ! ,biological ,survey & has replac$ ! e>li]1 #hj-;foot seal+ s*oon] among ! trad]s4 ,! cann]ies ma9ta9 big boatbuild+ y>ds & op]ate l>ge & p[]ful tugs = visit+ ! salmon traps4 ,! traps are heavy weirs made ( nor?we/ p9e logs1 :i* are batt]$ to pieces by ! w9t] /orms & mu/ be rebuilt ) pile driv]s e spr+4 ,?us a by product ( cann]y activities1 & a gods5d = trapp]s1 fi%]m51 ,aleuts1 & camp]s is ! p9e lumb] di/ribut$ all along ! bea*es f ! annual wreckage ( salmon traps4 ,x is ! only firewood & con/ruction mat]ial ( ! c\ntry to be f\nd any:]e we/ ( ,kodiak1 = ! l& has no =e/s4 ,our contribution to ! boat+ problem 0 ! exhibition ( :at an amphibian l&+ truck w d on ,alaskan bea*es & its usefulness along ^? bea*es :]e a boat may be 9 difficulties f /ormy wea!r4 ,i return$ to my ,hawaii headqu>t]s 9 ! fall ( #aibh4 ,! ye> #aibi 0 m>k$ by an e>?quake crisis :i* began 9 mid-,septemb] ) an unusual numb] ( %ocks 9 ! vic9ity ( ,hualalai ,volcano1 a place hi!rto notably free f e>?quakes4 ,?is 0 ( int]e/ because ev5ts on ,mauna ,loa _h %[n high] & high] lava s\rces & quake c5t]s = ! s\? rift4 ,! #aibf outfl[ _h begun by splitt+ nor?w>d across ! summit crat]1 & !re mak+ a consid]able fl[ ea/w>d t[>d ,wood ,valley :ile ,w+ate & 8 topographic p>ty 7 9 camp close to ! summit4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! #aibi quakes began ne> ,puuwaawaa1 x look$ z ?\gh ,mauna ,loa eruptions might beg9 aga9 at ! nor?we/4 ,a v /rong quake ( ,septemb] #be 0 felt all ov] ! isl&1 & 9 our seismograph cell> 0 a peculi> sway+ movem5t t set all ! in/rum5ts jiggl+1 dismantl$ record+ p5s1 & produc$ a que] feel+ t ! build+ 0 float+ l a boat 9 a :irlpool4 ,imm$iately came ^w t ,nor? ,kona _h suff]$ heavily1 p>ticul>ly at ,puuwaawaa ,ran* ne> ! cone ( t "n1 :]e ! #ahei ,mauna ,loa fl[ _h swept pa/4 ,i motor$ at once ) ,mrs4 ,jagg> to ,puuwaawaa1 :]e we 7 hospitably ent]ta9$ by ! family ( ,mrs4 ,rob]t ,h9d4 ,! damage all ab\t 0 fanta/ic1 ) h\ses pull$ ap>t1 /one walls flung d[n 9 a seaw>d direction1 r$wood wat] tanks wreck$1 & %ops on ! l[] side ( ! highway mov$ t[>d ! sea leav+ a *asm betwe5 !m & ! road4 ,re/+ 9 our b$room1 we c\ld he> ! w9d[ frames tick+ l clocks = long p]iods ( "t1 !n com+ to a sudd5 wr5* :i* felt z ?\gh a lift+ wave _h pass$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9 "u u4 ,i return$ to ! ,obs]vatory to get a %ock record] = use at ! ran* por* to c\nt ^! /rong motion %ocks4 ,mean:ile resid5ts 9 ,kona jott$ d[n times ( ! %ocks1 :i* 7 com+ by hundr$s4 ,on ,octob] #e at ab\t #f ,p4,m41 z ,i 0 return+ ?r\gh ,nor? ,kona 9 my c>1 ,i notic$ a little unexpla9$ excitem5t among p by ! roadside4 ,i /opp$ at ! resid5ce ( ,frank ,gre5well1 ^: wife 0 a fai?ful c\nt] ( quakes1 to f9d ,mrs4 ,gre5well & h] daught] on ! v]&a 9 te>s4 ,!y _h j be5 ?r\gh fe>ful e>?quakes1 :i* 9 a mov+ c> ,i _h n felt4 ,fl[] vases 7 ov]turn$1 furniture 0 dis>rang$1 di%es 7 flung (f ! d9+ room table1 & kit*5 ut5sils & milk 7 9 a jumble4 ,x 0 h>d to believe t any?+ s t]rific c\ld h happ5$ )\t my feel+ x4 ,i f\nd ev5 m dire cata/rophe at ,puuwaawaa4 ,! /one *imney 0 ov]turn$1 breakage ( *9a & ( glass 9 ! pres]ve closet 9 ! basem5t 0 sev]e1 a /one b5* 0 flung d[n & brok5 on ! lawn1 & "o side ( ! cell> 0 cav$ 94 ,we took to liv+ 9 automobiles1 = !re _h be5 l& slips on ! m\nta94 ,?is e>?quake _h be5 worse ?an t ( ,septemb] #be4 ,ev5 hillside cottages 7 split ap>t4 ,i set up ! %ock record]1 :i* regi/]$ ab\t #c1jjj e>?quakes dur+ ! next ?ree mon?s1 until mid-,decemb]4 ,! int5sity & frequ5cy ( ^! quakes decl9$1 z is usual ) aft]%ocks ( a big e>?quake1 recall+ #ahfh & ! s\? end ( ! isl&4 ,at t "t bo? ,mauna ,loa & ,kilauea _h _h rift outfl[s1 & z ! seismographic c5t] ( ! new e>?quakes 0 close to ! #ahjj & #ahei fl[s f ,hualalai & ,mauna ,loa1 ev]ybody expect$ a lava fl[2 b none came4 ,arm9e von ,tempski :o 0 a visitor dur+ ?is p]iod 0 inspir$ to write 8,lava40 ,%e add$ a ,hualalai lava fl[ us+ mat]ial t ,i gave h] to describe x4 ,h] description is magnific5t al?\gh %e1 h]self1 _h nev] se5 a lava fl[4 ,! ,octob] #e %ock 0 bad on ! we/ flank ( ,mauna ,kea1 :]e wat] tanks 7 ov]turn$ & ! high wireless /ation 0 damag$1 & at ,kamuela1 :]e plumb+ pipes 7 fractur$4 ,p>k] ,ran* 0 damag$1 & ! con/ant rack+ along ! entire l5g? ( ! ,kona settlem5ts caus$ l& slips & brok5 masonry 9 _m places1 always damag+ nor?-s\? /one f5ces m ?an ^? at "r angles to ! sea%ore4 ,?is ?ree mon?s ( nor?we/ e>?quakes1 a condition unkn[n s9ce #ahja1 ! ye> :5 ,hualalai lava fl[$ into ! sea1 indicat$ t lava 0 com+ nor? ( ,mauna ,loa4 ,?is _h n happ5$ s9ce #ahii1 = ! fl[s on ! s\?we/ rift1 always beg9n+ ne> ! summit crat]1 _h be5 dur+ #aijc1 #aijg1 #aiad1 #aiaf1 #aiai1 & #aibf4 ,belief 0 t ! s\?we/]n rift ( ! m\nta9 0 fill+ progressively high] ) solidifi$ r$hot cem5t1 n brittle en\gh to fracture op5 easily1 :]eas ! nor!rn rifts--su* z ! s\rces ( #ahei1 #ahha1 & #ahii--7 n[ h>d & brittle & ready = fracture4 ,! fractur+ took ! =m ( nor?we/ crack+ & ?is 0 lava w$g+1 confirm$ by ! summit & nor!rn outfl[s :i* 7 to come 9 #aicc & #aice4 ,july ( #aibi produc$ a new influx ( lava into ,halemaumau1 n9ete5 degrees nor? ( ! equator4 ,& a curi\sly simultane\s ev5t occurr$ on ne>ly ! same date #b1jjj miles away at ,t9 ,c ,isl& 7,niuafo\7 9 ,tonga :]e ! influx broke into basaltic eruption fifte5 degrees s\? ( ! equator4 ,app>5tly a /ress lagg+ beh9d ! sol/ice "t _h act$ on ! equatorial protub]ance to release ! w$g+ op5 ( lava fractures on bo? sides ( ! equator4 ,i 0 pleas$ :5 ! ,u4,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory invit$ me to g to ,niuafo\ 9 #aicj z ! geologi/ on an exp$ition go+ to /udy ! total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,! exp$ition1 "u ,capta9 ,c4 ,h4 ,c4 ,keppl]1 us$ ! ,naval ,/ation at ,samoa z a base4 ,mrs4 ,jagg> accompani$ me z f> z ,pago ,pago & made trips to ,we/]n ,samoa1 ,fiji1 & ! ,tonga ,isl&s4 ,) o!r wives ( exp$ition memb]s1 %e 0 all[$ to make a %ort visit to ,t9 ,c ,isl& at ! "t ( ! eclipse 9 ,octob]4 ,sp5d+ "s "t 9 ,samoa1 %e li/5$ to ! ,congressional he>+s "u ,s5ator ,hiram ,b+ham1 :i* 7 to inve/igate civil v]sus naval gov]nm5t4 ,we 7 delight$ to f9d our old fri5d ,capta9 ,l9coln1 ( ,tokyo e>?quake relief1 9 comm& ( ! ,navy at ,samoa1 & ,i also r5ew$ acqua9tance ) ! pilot ( my companion plane 9 ! ,molokai =c$ l&+ ( #aibd1 ,lieut5ant ,bill ,s9ton1 & 8 family1 :om we 7 to meet aga9 9 ,honolulu4 ,prom95t on ,capta9 ,keppl]'s /aff 0 ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,kell]s1 physician & naturali/1 ^: ent]prise on ! ,niuafo\ exp$ition1 l m9e1 dealt ) sci5ces o!r ?an a/ronomy4 ,f ! sea1 ,niuafo\ looks l a hat 9 %ape4 ,x is ab\t five miles 9 diamet] ) elev5 villages1 mo/ly along ! ea/]n %ores1 & at t "t _h a population ( ab\t a ?\s& p4 ,9 ! c5t] is a circul> lake1 bord]$ by cliffs1 & mu* l ,crat] ,lake 9 ,oregon4 ,/&+ ab\t sev5ty feet above sea level & #bej feet deep1 x has slightly bracki% wat]4 ,! naval camp 0 e/abli%$ at ,angaha on ! nor? side ( ! isl&1 & "h a new village h\s$ ! refugees f ,futu to ! nor?we/1 de/roy$ 9 #aibi by an aa lava fl[4 ,?is fl[ came f erupt+ cracks tr5d+ nor? & s\?1 along ! we/ side ( ! r+ ridge ar\nd ! crat] lake4 ,^! lava fl[s _h be5 liquid pahoehoe at ! s\rce2 _h p\r$ into ! sea 9 _m places2 & _h made /rik+ tree molds ar\nd coconut palms1 :i* 7 left z /one trees :5 ! wood burn$ & ! liquid lava l[]$4 ,! we/]n s\rce crack ext5ds to ! s\? end ( ! isl& & has acc\nt$ = mo/ ( ! e>li] eruptions kn[n to hi/ory4 ,futu _h be5 ! only we/]n settlem5t left4 ,angaha came ne>e/ to be+ a h>bor1 b 0 really on an op5 road/ead1 ) a rocky boat l&+ & copra *ute bel[ ! village :i* /ood on a cliff above4 ,copra1 ! only comm]cial product1 is b\ght & w>eh\s$ by two ,au/ralian firms4 ,! two gr[n sons ( ! manag] ( "o assi/$ me 9 tramp+ & photograph+ all ov] ! isl&4 ,! l&+ at ,angaha br\ght ab\t ! "n ,t9 ,c ,isl&1 = ! visit+ /eam]s /opp$ a mile (f %ore & incom+ mail1 sold]$ into l>ge biscuit t9s by ! /eam%ip eng9e]1 0 l[]$ into ! sea1 ti$ toge!r4 ,! t9s 7 t[$ 9 by ! village policeman4 ,outgo+ mail 0 c>ri$ out 9 pap] packages ti$ on top ( /icks & held al(t by h>dy swimm]s ) hau wood poles1 :i* !y held "u _! arms z floats4 ,a %ort "t aft] our trip a %>k got a swimm]1 & canoes 7 adopt$4 ,?anks to ! infrequ5t visits ( vessels1 ! natives 7 unspoil$1 spl5did specim5s ( ! ,polynesian race4 ,! laws ( ,tonga requir$ e y\? to cultivate an area ( coconut trees & vegetables1 & ! isl& 0 trav]s$ by lovely trails4 ,! h\ses & *ur*es 7 exquisite ar*$ /ructures ) ?at*$ ro(s1 ! beams ti$ ) coconut-fib] cords4 ,!re 7 native m9i/]s1 & ! *oirs 7 sup]b4 ,s]vices (t5 />t$ at #d ,a4,m4 ,my jobs 7 to take photographs ) ?ree cam]as & make a geological map4 ,nor!a/ ( ! crat] lake is a clu/] ( s& hills1 relics ( an unusual explosive eruption 9 #ahgh1 ano!r ,hawaiian eruption date4 ,?is eruption 0 conf9$ to "o side ( ! crat] & came up ! wall crack1 betwe5 ! encircl+ cliff & ! top ( ! lava plug "u ! lake4 ,its description is v rem9isc5t ( ! ,kilauea /eambla/s ( #aibd4 ,we f\nd a rem>kable inhabitant ( ! s& 9 ! malau bird1 a small p>tridge ) big feet1 ) :i* x dug a deep hole 9 ! s& = its l>ge egg :i* 0 !n cov]$ up4 ,! sun's heat did ! re/1 ) ! w>m s& act+ z incubator4 ,! "y bird scrat*$ its way to fre$om & flight )\t aid f its "m4 ,ano!r item ( ,dr4 ,kell]s' natural hi/ory 0 ! fly+ fox1 a giant bat ) a high s++ note & odorif]\s rook]ies 9 ! tops ( trees4 ,x _h a heavy flight l an eagle's4 ,a ?ird item 0 ! t9y black crab1 ! size ( a t5-c5t piece1 :i* liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( limey flats at "o side ( ! lake1 :]e !re 7 cru/s t sugge/$ calc>e\s algae4 ,! little black crabs1 :i* liv$ by ?\s&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! cru/1 resembl$ compact spid]s4 ,an artificial feature ( great conv5i5ce 0 a trail foll[+ ! top ( ! r+ ridge1 all ar\nd ! crat]4 ,! ,qu5sell boys _h a r[boat on ! lake1 & ,dr4 ,kell]s & ,i 7 guid$ by !m to all p>ts ( ! isl&1 mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! p 9 ! villages along ! ea/]n trade-w9d %ore4 ,j z 9 ,hawaii1 ! trade w9d is a controll+ feature2 & ! surf erodes cliffs on ! ea/1 :]eas bea*es are m common along ! lava fl[s ( ! we/]n /r& l9e4 ,^! are %elt]$ f w9d b are remote f habitations4 ,! entire isl& is made ( lava & a% deposits1 & is evid5tly ! top ( a volcano cone ext5d+ f> bel[ sea level4 ,! lava activity1 z %[n by ! arrangem5t ( ! old & new s\rce cracks1 dep5ds on conc5tric crack+ ar\nd ! cald]a1 :i* makes conc5tric rifts1 r ?an ! long radial ones f\nd 9 ,hawaii4 ,! crack along ! we/ side--:i* _h v5t$ ! succession ( fl[s f s\? to nor?1 end+ ) ! ,futu fl[ ( #aibi--;indicat$ t ! next fl[ might ?reat5 ,angaha4 ,?is is j :at happ5$ dur+ ! next decade1 =c+ ! isl& population to be evacuat$4 ,my geology photographs & pictures ( p1 %ips1 & dwell+s 7 develop$ 9 a d>kroom t5t1 :i* ,i set up 9 a copra %$1 s z to keep ! developm5t ( negatives abrea/ ( ! exposures4 ,copra bugs crawl+ ov] me 9 ! d>k & gett+ into develop] add$ excitem5t1 & ! et]nal smell ( copra began to t+e my dreams4 ,! r\t9e ( our "w 0 brok5 by two good fights1 a fi/ fight betwe5 a ,filip9o /ew>d & a sailor1 & a knock-d[n & drag-out betwe5 two native wom5 ( ,angaha4 ,! real fun 0 ! r[ betwe5 ! two wom54 ,a y\ng] woman :o 0 a loose1 %rill "*1 dislik$ by ! villag]s & ! sailors1 attempt$ to attack an old] woman :o 0 a big husky dame4 ,!re 0 scream+ & hair pull+ & fi/icuffs1 :ile ! ,navy m5 /ood ar\nd & *e]$ !m on4 ,! y\ng] woman made mo/ ( ! noise1 :ile ! old] woman laugh$ & ripp$ (f ! o!r's clo!s4 ,f9ally ! "y woman1 9 te>s & ) clo?+ 9 tatt]s1 retreat$ & disappe>$4 ,b to get back to ! eclipse1 telescope l5ses 7 m\nt$ on high scaffolds1 ! ladies arriv$ 9 ,octob]1 & ! total eclipse ( ! sun happ5$ & 0 photograph$ at ! "t anticipat$4 ,:5 ! "t came = u to return to ,samoa1 "s ( u 7 =tunate en\gh to get a place on ! ,flood ,bro!rs' copra %ip ,c>isso1 out ( ,san ,francisco4 ,along ) ! family ( a ,navy (fic]1 we w5t a%ore at ,niuatoputapu 7,keppel ,isl&7 aft] climb+ d[n a rope ladd] to a bobb+ :ale boat4 ,we f\nd beautiful mats1 :i* are ! weal? ( ! p ?r\gh\t ,tonga4 ,! village m5 & wom5 :o _h mats to sell 7 n s mu* int]e/$ 9 co9s or tr9kets & m]*&ise z !y 7 9 ! clo?+ we wore4 ,i lit]ally dive/$ myself ( a %irt & a suit = a beautiful fr+$ mat ornam5t$ ) clu/]s ( %ells1 made to be giv5 to ,que5 ,*>lotte on h] next visit4 ,we 7 =tunate 9 rea*+ ,samoa 9 good wea!r1 b a big /orm aft] we got !re wr\ght havoc ) ! ,tanag] c>ry+ a/ronomical photo plates & bundles ( ,polynesian mats :i* 7 mu* damag$ by sea wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,prophecy & ,hope 8,= we "k 9 "p1 & we prophesy 9 "p40 ,! fif? decade ( my sixty ye>s ( geology1 #aica ?r\gh #aidj1 0 a "t ( culm9ation at ,kilauea2 ! end+ ( an elev5-ye> cycle on ,mauna ,loa2 & ! introduction1 9 #aidj1 ( a new ,mauna ,loa cycle4 ,?is new cycle resembl$ /rik+ly ! "o :i* foll[$ #ahdc because ( ! simil>ity ( places--notably ! nor? side ( ,mauna ,loa t[>d ,humuula1 foll[$ by ! nor!a/ side t[>d ,hilo--& ! int]vals ( eruption4 ,kilauea behav$ diff]5tly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 because 9 #ahdj x r5t op5 ! ea/ flank to make a flood ( lava into ! ocean1 ?\gh aft]w>ds x re/or$ its lava to ,halemaumau4 ,9 #aicd1 on ! o!r h&1 ,halemaumau w5t to sleep1 aft] add+ "o m extra ?ick fill+ 9 ! bottom ( ,halemaumau pit 9 ,septemb]1 :5 x gu%$ up beh9d wall slabs #cjj feet high1 cascad+ d[n ! talus 9 tw5ty-five ribbons ( lava4 ,?is prov$ t eff]vesc5ce 9 a small crack c rise f> above ! level ( ! lava lake 9 ! pit4 ,x made a m>vel\s display 9 e>ly morn+ d>kness1 & ! new lava lake rose rapidly )9 ! flatly funnel+ talus4 ,?is lay at ?irty degrees1 s t ! outw>d spread enl>g$ ! lake & rea*$ beyond ! foot ( ! talus4 ,! slide-rock slope t 0 conspicu\s _h be5 f$ by avalan*es1 & x re/$ aga9/ ! half-circle ( wall slab1 beh9d :i* _h ris5 ! cascades4 ,?is s\rce migrat$ ar\nd ! slab to ! nor? & develop$ ! bigge/ f\nta9+ jets !re4 ,by ! outw>d & upw>d spread ( ! new lake ^! jets became lake f\nta9s1 :ile ! cascad+ ribbons at ! slope /opp$4 ,! lake rose & cru/$ ov]4 ,! nor!rn f\nta9s became a small oval pond & c5t] ( accumulation & upw>d dom+1 :ile pahoehoe lava radiat$ d[n a slope to ! edges ( ! floor heap1 s\? & ea/4 ,surveys at ?is "t plac$ ! nor!rn lava pond def9itely at ! top ( an inn] heap4 ,! f\nta9s 9 ! pond *ang$ to conelets ) _! own crat]lets4 ,^!1 aft] a mon?1 develop$ gas explosions1 fl++ up lava %r$s to #hjj feet & sometimes high] ?an ! edge ( ! pit4 ,?is />t$ a slump+ ( ! explod+ cones4 ,! explosions 7 a symptom ( increas+ viscosity ( lava "u ! bottom heap1 & ! viscosity 0 reveal$ 9 /iff lava well+ up ar\nd ! edges ( ! floor4 ,?is fill$ up ! wall valley1 & s comp5sat$ ! slump t ! bottom became level4 ,!n ! activity ceas$4 ,x all demon/rat$ h[ an inn] dome 9 ,halemaumau c\ld become fill$ ) an intrusive l5s1 :i* by well+ out ar\nd ! edges1 c\ld re/ore ! dome to horizontality4 ,x 0 l ! 8laccoli?s0 ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,aft] ! #aicd eruption1 ,kilauea simply w5t out ( bus9ess = eighte5 ye>s4 ,halemaumau lava return$ 9 #aieb4 ,mauna ,loa activity 0 r5ew$ mean:ile1 ) summit crat] infl[s 9 #aicc & ) int5se seismic activity "u ! nor!a/ rift4 ,dep?s ( seismic c5t]s 7 at fir/ sev5te5 miles d[n1 & !reaft] five miles d[n1 z report$ by seismologi/ ,hugh ,waes*e4 ,he work$ ) ! =mulae ( di/ance1 direction1 & dep? e/abli%$ by ,au/9 ,jones1 us+ prelim9>y tremor1 comp>ative excursions ( l9es1 & a model ( ! isl&4 ,^! _h become precise by ma!matical triangulation ( ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 ) seismograph records f ,kilauea1 ,hilo1 & ,kona /ations4 ,! di/ance f ea* /ation 0 int]pret$ f ! duration ( ! prelim9>y tremor2 & ! meet+ po9t ( ! sev]al di/ances )9 ! isl& model locat$ ! seismic focus inside ,mauna ,loa ,m\nta9 :]e ! lava 0 splitt+ x op54 ,! epic5t]1 or po9t ov] ! focus1 :5 ! lava 9 ,mauna ,loa's summit crat] 0 /iff5+1 lay on ! nor!a/ rift 9 #aicc4 ,!re=e ! eruption 0 expect$ at an old cone1 :5ce _h come ! fir/ outbreak ( #ahdc4 ,?is came to pass 9 #aice4 ,e4 ,g4 ,w+ate1 :o _h become sup]9t5d5t ( ,hawaii ,national ,p>k1 agre$ ) my dictum1 made on ! basis ( seismograms & hi/ory1 t ! next outfl[ w\ld come at ! nor? )9 two ye>s & w\ld endang] ,hilo4 ,?is ,i discuss$ at a public meet+ ( ! ,hilo ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce 9 ,janu>y #aicd1 & ! report 0 publi%$ "u ! title 8,! com+ lava fl[40 ,! pr$iction 0 fulfill$ 9 ,decemb] #aice1 :5 ! fl[ came z x _h 9 #ahdc4 ,! eruption broke out on top & travel$ d[n to ,humuula1 ! saddle betwe5 ,mauna ,loa & ,mauna ,kea1 !n pool$ 9 ! saddle & turn$ t[>d ,hilo4 ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,jagg> 9 (fice ( ,obs]vatory 9 8,t9 ,h\se10 #aicg ,illu/ration3 #bf4 ,bomb bur/+ on lava fl[1 ,decemb] #bg1 #aice4 ,photo by ,elev5? ,photo ,section1 ,a4,c41 ,:eel] ,field1 ,t4,h4 ,! #ahdc fl[ _h rea*$ ! saddle & turn$ t[>d ,kona1 & ! solid remnant ( t lava bank deflect$ ! #aice puddle to ! ea/4 ,x 0 travel+ t[>d ,hilo at ! rate ( a mile a day4 ,?is 0 ! signal to try /opp+ x by bomb+ f airplanes1 a proc$ure :i* _h be5 propos$ f exp]i5ce ) fl[s 9 tunnels ( _! own cru/1 :]e a p]son on ! ,kilauea floor c\ld look ?r\gh a cav$-9 hole 9 ! ro( & see ! gl[+ riv] inside4 ,?ur/on & ,i _h discuss$ bla/+ su* a ro( to cool (f ! lava & pile x up1 ?us =c+ x to a new outlet & /opp+ ! frontal fl[4 ,x 0 ,guido ,giacometti ( ,olaa :o sugge/$ bomb+ r ?an dynamit+4 ,i call$ on ! ,army ,air ,=ce1 & a conf]5ce 0 held 9 ,hilo4 ,) ,colonel ,delos ,c4 ,emmons1 ,w+ ,comm&]1 ,i flew ov] ! s\rce tunnel4 ,?is 0 at #i1jjj feet on ! nor? side ( ,mauna ,loa1 :]e a gleam+ silv]y ribbon ( pahoehoe em]g$ f a hole 9 ! nor? slope4 ,?is 0 a cru/$ lava riv]1 & ! fli]s 7 in/ruct$ to sma% x ) #fjj-p\nd demolition bombs ( ,,tnt4 ,! =5oon ( ,decemb] #bg 0 fix$ = ! bomb+2 & by invitation ( ,h]b]t ,%ipman1 ,mrs4 ,jagg> & ,i w5t to ,puu ,oo ,ran* on ,mauna ,kea to wat* :at happ5$4 ,! day 0 cle>1 & ,i saw "o explosion s5d up a column ( inc&esc5t liquid lava hundr$s ( feet high1 look+ l a geys] ( blood4 ,9 ! =egr\nd 0 ! front ( ! fl[1 :i* we wat*$ z x mov$ t[>d ,hilo4 ,at ! same "t we 7 receiv+ reports f c[boys on its rapidly dim9i%+ spe$4 ,= ab\t a week ! liquid lava rema9+ 9 ! tunnels kept spill+ =w>d1 & !n x /opp$4 ,! front 0 9 ! headwat]s ( ! ,wailuku ,riv]1 ,hilo's wat] supply4 ,we aft]w>ds visit$ ! bomb crat]s 9 ! s\rce region1 to f9d t !re _h be5 num]\s hits on ! lava tunnel & t ! cool+ (f _h solidifi$ ! s\rce lava back into ! m\nta9 rift4 ,! rema9d] ( ! eruption exp5d$ itself ) int]nal f\nta9+ 9 ! summit wells at ! top end ( ! flank rift4 ,f ! co9cid5ce ( ! times ( bomb+ & ! sl[+ d[n ( frontal fl[1 !re appe>$ no "q t ! sma%+ ( ! s\rce tunnel 0 effective & _h sav$ ,hilo4 ,we _h n anticipat$ t active f\nta9+ w\ld be =c$ back to ! summit well f ! #i1jjj-;foot crat]let1 b summit smoke cont9u+ = two mon?s v]ifi$ t ?is _h happ5$4 ,?is %[$ ! physical *emi/ry ( bubbl+ slag to be 9 delicate adju/m5t & a lava eruption once />t$ to be m s5sitive to %ock ?an anyone _h dream$4 ,?is conclusion 0 reconfirm$ by ! bomb+ ( ! #aidb fl[4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 *anges 9 ,obs]vatory p]sonnel l$ to new rese>*es4 ,w+ate1 :o succe$$ ,wilson z eng9e]1 set up triangulation monum5ts 9 ,puna to te/ fur!r motion on ! ,kapoho rift ( #aibd4 ,he also devis$ & set up ?ree tilt in/rum5ts 9 ?ree cell>s :i* 7 bla/$ out ( ! lava ar\nd ,halemaumau pit4 ,h[>d ,p[]s came f ,h>v>d z petrologi/ & collect$ & mapp$ _m rock specim5s 9 ,kona1 on ,hualalai1 & 9 ,olaa4 ,he also made curves ( ! tilt records = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,hugh ,waes*e 0 transf]r$ f ! ,p>k ,s]vice to ! position ( geologi/ at ! ,obs]vatory4 ,a skill$ radio amateur1 he took ov] seismological "w4 ,9 #aich he dealt ) an important gr\p ( e>?quakes along ! ,*a9 ( ,crat]s ea/ ( ,kilauea4 ,^! 7 accompani$ by fault+1 :i* made cracks1 *asms1 & humps 9 ! road1 & "s new hot places4 ,?is indicat$ a reaction und]gr\nd1 back t[>d ,halemaumau f ! subm>9e outfl[ ( ,april #aibd4 ,f9* f 8 headqu>t]s at ,lass5 report$ regul>ly 9 ! ,volcano ,lett]1 on hot spr+ temp]atures & e>?quakes4 ,he conduct$ two exp$itions to ,alaska1 inspect+ ! seismographs & mak+ volcano explorations & maps on ,akutan ,isl&4 ,ano!r exp$ition 0 to ,%i%ald9 ,volcano1 at ! we/ end ( ! big ,aleutian isl& ( ,unimak dur+ "o ( its eruptive spells4 ,?r\gh\t ?is "t & e>li] ,h4 ,t4 ,/e>ns repres5t$ ! ,geological ,survey & ! ,t]ritory ( ,hawaii 9 publications on geology & wat] supply on all ! isl&s4 ,! isl& ( ,hawaii 0 made ! subject ( a spl5did geological map 9 color by ,/e>ns & ,gordon ,macdonald1 petrograph]1 ) a book on ! geological hi/ory ( ,hawaii1 pr(usely illu/rat$ ) photographs & diagrams4 ,_! book is practically a mod]n textbook on ! geology ( active lava volcanoes4 ,ri*mond ,hodges1 s5t by ! ,geological ,survey f ,wa%+ton1 0 tra9$ 9 ! te*nique ( gov]nm5t fil+ & reliev$ me ( "w ) correspond5ce & r\t9e4 ,he also took ov] ! edit+ ( ! ,volcano ,lett] & assi/$ ,mr4 ,wilson ) ! writ+ ( articles :5 ,i 0 away 9 ,alaska4 ,my secret>ies aft] ,hodges 7 ,ru? ,bak] & ,sutejiro ,sato1 & ,miss ,bak]'s "w ext5d$ into ! #aidj's4 ,tilt /udies made at ! ?ree cell>s ar\nd ! rim ( ,halemaumau did n produce ! anticipat$ results1 b !y answ]$ our que/ions4 ,! ?ree cell>s 7 plac$ at #abj degrees to ea* o!r1 ) ref]5ce to a m]idian cross+ ! pit1 "o at ! nor?1 "o ea/-s\!a/ & "o we/-s\?we/4 ,x 0 ?\ght1 :5 ^! tiltoscopes 7 set up1 t ! ,kilauea floor w\ld swell or %r9k z an inn] dome1 ) ! pit at its c5t]4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d 0 reveal$4 ,! tilt+ 0 f\nd to be m or less at "r angles to ! long we/]n wall ( ,kilauea ,crat]1 itself an ext5sion f ! s\?we/]n rift ( ,kilauea ,m\nta94 ,! rift ext5ds "u ,halemaumau pit1 z 0 prov$ 9 #aibj1 :5 ! ,kau ,des]t outfl[s f ! rift cracks kept pace ) ! l[]+ ( ,halemaumau lava4 ,?is means t ! r+ ( ,halemaumau's rock wall is 9 two pieces1 divid$ by ! rift dikes tr5d+ nor!a/-s\?we/1 & t ! tilt+ ov] upw>d pressure f bel[ is n radial b is nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,wilson's level+ results t %[$ ! :ole m\nta9 swell+ up 7 bas$ on isolat$ b5*m>ks relative to sea level1 & ?is swell+ 0 probably unsymmetrical1 j z ! s\?we/ rift & ! ea/]n rift ( ! ,*a9 ( ,crat]s make a b5d 9 plan & are unsymmetrical4 ,! m\nta9 is n a uni=m elliptical dome4 ,i h said t ! decade ( ! #aicj's 0 a "t ( culm9ation = ,kilauea4 ,x 0 also a p]iod ( f9ancial depression & /ress = all ( u4 ,! ,volcano ,h\se burn$ d[n1 ! new hotel 0 plac$ on ! ,obs]vatory site1 & ! ,obs]vatory adm9i/ration b>ely surviv$4 ,! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association did mu* to keep ! ,obs]vatory alive1 b "o ye> we all w5t on half pay4 ,by d9t ( ?is half-pay episode & because ev]ybody insi/$ t volcano records mu/ n be p]mitt$ to lapse1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior transf]r$ ! ,obs]vatory 9 #aice to ! bett] f9anc$ ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,) ,w+ate z sup]9t5d5t ( ,hawaii ,national ,p>k1 we 7 assur$ ( loyal support & 7 able to comb9e sci5tific aims ) ,national ,p>k activities4 ,?us1 ! ,volcano ,obs]vatory rega9$ its /atus4 ,we 7 also assi/$ by ! publication ( ! economic success ( ! ,mauna ,loa bomb+1 9 face ( ! ?reat to ,hilo :i* involv$ "s #ea million doll>s ( build+s & h>bor4 ,?is ?reat ,w+ate & ,i /udi$ c>efully 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 & we succe$$ 9 gett+ #aj1jjj f ,congress = an inve/igation by ,u4,s4 ,eng9e]s ( ! possibility ( a con/ruction to protect ,hilo f a disa/r\s lava fl[4 ,colonel ,b]mel appo9t$ civil eng9e] ,bel*] to ,hilo1 & ,bel*] work$ = a ye> 9 #aich on my design ( a lava div]sion *annel & e>?works1 to ext5d = sev5 miles f ! ,wailuku ,riv] gorge above ,hilo to ! airport4 ,?is 0 to take c>e ( ano!r su* lava fl[ z t ( #ahha by deflect+ x ) ! natural valleys s\?w>d f ! conge/$ di/rict4 ,a critical design 0 made ( ! *annel1 ! height ( ! ob/ruction1 & ! op5+s ne$$ = wat]ways & public roads4 ,! plan 0 n to block ! passage ( lava1 b m]ely to deflect x by means ( an artificial b>ri] to *annel x d[nhill4 ,?is w\ld s5d x along ! natural grades1 diagonally =c+ a lava /ream away f ! bus9ess di/rict1 ! h>bor1 ! factories1 & ! airport4 ,! design 0 approv$ by a review+ bo>d 9 ,wa%+ton z effective = ! purpose int5d$4 ,h[ev]1 ) ?is project w5t a r$esign ( ,hilo breakwat] & a plan = dr$g+ ! h>bor :i* took into consid]ation ! possibility ( a sev]e tidal wave4 ,un=tunately ! appropriation e/imate 0 consid]$ too l>ge & 0 turn$ d[n 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,:5 ! great tidal wave came 9 #aidf x prov$ t su* an ext5d$ breakwat] atta*$ to ! nor!rn %ore ( ,hilo h>bor w\ld h less5$ ! t]rible de/ruction & loss ( life4 ,a div]sion 9 ! lives ( ,mrs4 ,jagg> & myself 0 an invitation 9 #aicf f ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 to g to ,monts]rat 9 ! ,we/ ,indies :]e = ?ree ye>s !y _h be5 hav+ bad e>?quakes4 ,sir ,g]ald ,l5ox-,conyngham1 :om we _h met at ! ,japan congress1 wrote me ask+ = my help because ,monts]rat's dormant hot volcano 0 mak+ excessive hydrog5 sulfide gas at its two solfat>as4 ,! smell sick5$ & al>m$ ! inhabitants ( ! port ( ,plym\?1 & ! gas 0 black5+ ! pa9t ( :ite /eam%ips4 ,! e>?quakes _h come 9 spasms culm9at+ 9 big damage to masonry f #aicd onw>d4 ,p]ret _h fl[n ov] f ,m>t9ique & tri$ to help by apply+ s\nd !ories to pr$iction ( seasonal tidal controls ( ! volcano1 b he 0 sc(f$ at z a voodoo soo?say] by a ,briti% ,navy capta94 ,! sci5tific commission appo9t$ 0 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,p[ell ( ,bri/ol1 n[ ,nobel ,prize physici/1 & ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,mac,gregor ( ! ,geological ,survey1 besides ,dr4 ,l5ox-,conyngham1 =m]ly ,director ( ! ,geodetic ,survey ( ,india4 ,dr4 ,p[ell us$ adaptations ( my %ock record]1 bo? horizontal & v]tical1 built by ! ,kew ,obs]vatory4 ,designs _h be5 obta9$ f in/rum5ts ,i s5t to ,dr4 ,m>sd5 9 ,new ,zeal&1 aft] ! ,napi] e>?quake4 ,:5 ,i receiv$ ! invitation to g to ,monts]rat1 ,i pack$ up su* in/rum5ts z ,i c\ld f9d1 & telephon$ ,mrs4 ,jagg> 9 ,honolulu to be ready to g ) me to ,los ,angeles ! foll[+ ,saturday4 ,%e 0 always ready to act z secret>y on a new adv5ture1 & ) mu* bu/le & scramble we pack$ h] ?+s4 ,lat] ,i jo9$ h] at ! /eam]1 a ,dani% freight] :i* 0 to take u ?r\gh ! ,canal to ! ,c>ibbean4 ,bo>d+ z we did on su* %ort notice1 we 7 giv5 a /ew>d's room 9 ! b[els ( ! %ip2 b we _h ! run ( ! fir/ cab94 ,x 0 a delightful trip ?r\gh ,panama & ,jamaica1 bo? ( :i* ,i 0 happy to see aga91 tw5ty-six ye>s aft] my #aiaj exp]i5ce ) ! canal eng9e]s4 ,great *anges _h be5 wr\ght1 & x 0 a ?rill to see ! %ip pull$ ?r\gh /ep-up aft] /ep-up ( canal locks1 by ! 8iron mules0 ( t m>vel\s ma*9]y4 ,we left ! delightful freight] p at ,*>lotte ,amalie 9 ! ,virg9 ,isl&s :]e we /ay$ at ,blue ,be>d's ,ca/le4 ,aft] a wait ( "s days1 we got a small ,dut* isl& freight] to g to ,monts]rat4 ,we /opp$ at ,/4 ,m>t91 an a/oni%+ place1 ,fr5* at "o end & ,dut* at ! o!r1 ) practically no cu/om h\se to m>k ! b\nd>y1 ?\gh ! w9es & ! language *ang$ 9 ! middle ( ! isl&4 ,saba is a />tl+ ext9ct volcano ris+ z a /eep rocky cone directly f ! wat]1 ) no h>bor b a /op opposite a gully t leads up to ! crat]4 ,aft] l&+ 9 small boats1 we climb$ up ! gul* to ! settlem5t1 a picturesque place1 ) masonry h\ses & _m fl[]s1 :]e ! gov]nm5t is ,dut* b all talk ,engli%1 & its hi/ory goes back to ! buccane]s4 ,! village is on a flat 9 ! l[e/ "p ( a cup crat]1 ! top ( our climb1 b ! "n ( ! settlem5t is ,! ,bottoms4 ,our little %ip jo9$ ! ma9 l9e ( ! leew>d volcanoes at ,/4 ,kitts1 :]e we made connections = ,antigua & ,monts]rat4 ,9 ,monts]rat we /ay$ ) ,miss ,gillie at ! ,ra9b[ ,h\se & jo9$ ! ,engli%man ,p[ell & ! ,scot ,mac,gregor4 ,i met ,p]ret at ,antigua1 & we comp>$ notes on ! simil>ity ( ! e>?quakes & ! rott5-egg smell 7sulfurett$ hydrog57 at ,monts]rat to ! eruptions ( ,pele 9 ,m>t9ique1 :]e ^! ph5om5a 7 foll[$ by explosions & lava4 ,! ,monts]rat au?orities ju/ly fe>$ :at 0 com+4 ,p]ret _h = two ye>s kept track ( ev5ts at ,monts]rat 9 relation to equ9ox & sol/ice4 ,he _h built a hut !re at ! dang]\s solfat>a ne> t[n1 _h made an in/rum5t %elt] ) a !rmograph1 & on a p$e/al close to a ne>by resid5ce _h set up an +5i\s e>?quake accumulator1 :i* _h record$ at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! total exp5diture ( seismic en]gy 9 ea* direction4 ,z !re 7 hundr$s ( /rong %ocks1 ! in/rum5ts record$ total seismic en]gy p] day & its dom9ant direction4 ,i f\nd t ,p[ell _h set up my %ock record]s among volunte]s on ! isl&1 & a seismograph at ! agricultural /ation4 ,a new =m ( ! ,jagg> %ock record] _h ! weight atta*$ to horizontal flat spr+s s z to oscillate up & d[n4 ,i 0 especially pleas$ ) ! e>?quake records kept by a ,mr4 ,engli% liv+ 9 ! c\ntryside4 ,assi/$ by 8 wife1 he _h c>efully li/$ ! times & int5sities ( hundr$s ( %ocks1 ) notes on important ev5ts4 ,mu* help 0 furni%$ by ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 :i* provid$ an assi/ant to take u to _m geologic places & to ! second solfat>a1 consi/+ ( hot spr+s & sulfur 9 a s\!rn valley ( ! volcano4 ,! volcano ( ,monts]rat is at ! s\? end ( ! isl&1 :ile ! nor!rn "p consi/s ( old] hills4 ,! summit crat] is a remote & inaccessible =e/$ area among peaks4 ,! volcano is mu* l ,pele 9 size & appe>ance4 ,we 7 all[$ to take a /eam] to ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,b>bados1 /opp+ at ,dom9ica4 ,!re ! ,gov]nor k9dly ent]ta9$ u = a few h\rs1 s5d+ ! gov]nm5t laun* & driv+ u up ! valley on a fte day :5 ! negro wom5 7 all 9 picturesque co/ume4 ,we saw 8 summ] place ) lovely g>d5s4 ,we _h tea ) 8 wife1 & ,i discuss$ ) him ! e>?quake problem4 ,on ! drive we saw a rem>kable cliff ( hexagonal columns1 "s ( !m curv$ l a fan1 repres5t+ ! old lavas ( ,dom9ica4 ,! adm9i/rative problems ( ! ,briti% isl&s involv$ n only hurricanes & e>?quakes1 b tactful h&l+ ( ! dom9ant negro1 ,c>ib ,indian1 & mulatto population1 :i* is v tickli%1 = !re h be5 riots & labor tr\bles4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ 9 sev]al ( ! isl&s to le>n t di/+ui%$ ,engli%m5 9 gov]nm5t & plant] classes 7 p>tly color$4 ,9 ! society club ( ,monts]rat we met a lead+ lawy] :o 0 coal black1 & we saw ,london-educat$ negroes danc+ ) ,engli% girls4 ,we f\nd ! same cu/oms 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & to a mu* less] ext5t1 9 ,b>bados4 ,9 ,/4 ,v9c5t ,mr4 ,abbot1 ,mac,donald's secret>y1 took u to see my old fri5d ,t4 ,m4 ,mac,donald ! plant]1 at ,*ateau ,belair on ! we/ side ( ,s\frire1 :]e ,hovey1 ,curtis1 & ,i _h climb$ 9 #aijb4 ,we travel$ up ! we/ coa/ by automobile1 & saw "o ( ! primitive sug> mills1 :]e ! juice is boil$ d[n to a syrup to be %ipp$ to lumb] mills 9 ,canada4 ,no?+ c\ld be 9 great] contra/ to ! mod]n sug> factories 9 ,hawaii1 & ! negro labor gives ! indu/ry an entirely diff]5t aspect4 ,to get to ,*ateau ,belair we _h to motor up a canyon f> into ! int]ior1 ar\nd hairp9 turns ov] v]tical cliffs & along a n>r[ ridge1 & !n return to %ore on ! o!r side ( ! valley4 ,we rode along ! bea* "u ! volcano1 & saw ! rehabilitat$ ,ri*mond plantation1 ) ! we/ flank ( ,s\frire ,volcano "u heavy cl\ds4 ,ow+ to torr5ts ( ra91 we _h to make "p ( ! return to ,k+/[n 9 a r[boat4 ,lat] we drove ov] an excell5t road up ! ea/ %ore to ,georget[n1 & beyond t on ! foot ( ! volcano slope1 :]e a gr\p ( plantations _h be5 pur*as$ aft] ! eruption ( #aijb by ,mr4 ,b>n>d1 :o ) 8 *>m+ wife1 ent]ta9$ u4 ,hundr$s ( acres ( coconut trees1 arr[root1 & sug> cane _h replac$ ! utt] deva/ation ( #aijb4 ,b>n>d %[$ u a mod]n /ill = mak+ rum f sug> cane1 & ,i 0 a/oni%$ to see t ! product is j z cle> z alcohol1 ! rum color be+ artificial4 ,we rode horseback mo/ ( ! way to ! crat] ( ,s\frire1 ov] a trail ?r\gh =e/s & across /reams1 v diff]5t f hik+ 9 horrible desolation & fog up b>e ridges cov]$ ) volcanic bombs1 su* z ,hovey & ,curtis & ,i _h enc\nt]$ on ?is same slope at ! "t ( ! eruptions4 ,! trail /ill foll[$ knife-edge divides ) p]il\s slopes on bo? sides ( ! pa?1 b n[ conceal$ ) m\nta9 gr[?4 ,we rode ne>ly to ! edge ( ! crat]1 n[ a v diff]5t picture1 ) a l>ge lake only a few hundr$ feet bel[1 z x _h be5 be=e ! eruption ( #aijb4 ,two /urdy native wom5 com+ f ,*ateau ,belair appe>$ ) baskets ( fruit on _! heads1 tramp+ a #c1jjj foot height to deliv] _! goods to ,georget[n on ! ea/ side ( ! isl&4 ,?is is an old /ory = ^! /raight-back$ natives1 & ^! treks across m\nta9s 7 equally *>act]i/ic ( ! creoles 9 ,m>t9ique & ! nor!rn isl&s4 ,^! p w\ld sp5d ! night ne> _! m>ket on ! opposite side ( ! isl&s4 ,9 ,k+/[n we 7 %[n ! elaborate process by :i* arr[root is made into edible />*1 ! p[d]y product be+ critically grad$ by delicate %ades ( color4 ,?is corm1 :i* makes inconspicu\s fields ( l[ gr[+ po9t$ ,canna leaves & small :ite fl[]s1 is q diff]5t f ! cassava1 or manioc1 :i* ,i _h kn[n on my fir/ visits to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,arr[root has be5 develop$ by ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations ( ! ,briti%1 :o = _m ye>s se>*$ = a new comm]cial product4 ,! ,/4 ,v9c5t arr[root is n[ a major indu/ry :i* has spread to ! o!r isl&s & is cultivat$ by small plant]s4 ,9 ! volcano isl&s ,i int]view$ gov]nm5t p to call att5tion to ! crisis 9 ,monts]rat1 us+ x z an illu/ration ( ! ne$ at ! num]\s v5ts = ! developm5t ( obs]vatory me?ods1 p>ticul>ly 9 geology1 *emi/ry1 oceanography1 & seismology1 includ+ measurem5ts ( gr\nd surface movem5ts & tilt4 ,i _h recomm5d$ ?is = ,m>t9ique & ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 #aijb2 & ,p]ret1 ) "s support by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 _h gone to live 9 ,/4 ,pi]re & make a museum1 /imulat$ by ! ,pele outbreak ( #aibi4 ,s f> z geophysics is conc]n$1 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,jamaica h gone to sleep s9ce ! volcano disa/] ( #aijb & ! e>?quake build+ re=ms ( #aijg4 ,x is disc\rag+ to a sci5ti/ to "k t ! sci5ce ( economic geophysics & geography 9 su* a magnific5t field z ! ,we/ ,indian volcanoes has to be awak5$ by su* disa/]s z 7 n[ occurr+ 9 ,monts]rat1 ) no =eca/+ at all4 ,! :ole ,monts]rat episode 0 l our un=ese5 ,hualalai e>?quakes ( #aibi1 & 9 bo? places my %ock record] 0 call$ 9 to help4 ,we w5t on to ,b>bados1 a flat non-seismic l&1 :]e 9 #aijb ,i _h int]view$ ! ,roraima victims4 ,we return$ by way ( ,/4 ,lucia1 :]e we drove to ! solfat>a1 :i* z usual is 9 a valley ) sulfur & hot spr+s1 ne> sea level1 & n 9 a crat]4 ,we return$ to ,monts]rat1 :]e ! e>?quakes & bad gases _h di$ d[n aft] #aicf4 ,! inve/igations ( ! ,commission 7,l5ox-,conyngham made 8 visit aft] ,i left71 came to publication 9 ,p[ell & ,mac,gregor's reports on ! seismic analysis & ! geology4 ,i s5t 9 a report ) photographs & *>ts on ! :ole *a9 ( volcanoes1 9 relation to ! ,monts]rat crisis1 by comp>ison ) o!r volcanoes4 ,l5ox-,conyngham wrote an article = ,nature4 ,mac,gregor lat] publi%$ a critical analysis ( mod]n data on ! probabilities ( eruption 9 all ( ! ,we/ ,indian volcanoes4 ,p]ret publi%$ a l>ge monograph on ,monts]rat1 illu/rat$ ) 8 beautiful photographs4 ,we pass$ ,m>t9ique by sea1 & ,i saw ! huge pile ( lava ! #aibi eruption _h add$1 to make an entirely new summit to ,m\nt ,pele4 ,vegetation & habitation _h reappe>$ at ,/4 ,pi]re1 b ! m\nta9 0 b>e4 ,we return$ to ,hawaii by way ( ,b]muda1 ,bo/on1 & ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! temp]ature 0 hott] ?an we _h felt 9 ! tropics4 ,review+ ! j\rney1 ,i 0 enc\rag$ to p]ceive t geology _h *ang$ a great deal s9ce ! /ruggle t ,hovey & ,i1 aft] our exp]i5ce at ,m\nt ,pele1 _h _h to make geological societies realize t *anges 9 ! field mu/ be con/antly measur$4 ,! real ob/acles to gett+ field measurem5ts p]man5tly mann$ z pure sci5ce are lack ( money & ! fa%ions ( education4 ,p]ret & ,i h be5 two isolat$ en?usia/s cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,any "y sci5ti/ ) photographic skill :o w give 8 life to liv+ ) & report+ ^u a s+le volcano gr\p c make a great contribution to sci5ce4 ,he mu/ h suitable f9ancial back]s & a publication ag5cy & in/rum5ts n dep5d5t ^u frequ5t eruptions4 ,:at volcano sci5ce ne$s mo/ is p]man5t dwell]s1 us+ all ! res\rces ( s5sitive geophysics & *emi/ry & dwell+ close to crat]s or solfat>as4 ,su* l&s z ! ,taupo ,di/rict ( ,new ,zeal& are ideal1 b n :5 obs]v$ at a di/ance4 ,wairaki is n[ "u inve/igation = comm]cial p[]4 ,hilo is be+ critically exam9$ = a lava div]sion s*eme4 ,b ^! projects are n :at ,i mean1 & are n pure sci5ce4 ,! p]sonal devotion ( a lifetime1 z 9 ! cases ( ,pa/eur or ,s*weitz]1 is :at produces ! em]g5t evolution ( true sci5ce4 ,i h call$ ?is *apt] ,prophecy & ,hope because ( six fruitful progno/ications & hope = ! future ( volcanology4 ,( ! progno/ications1 "o 0 ! ?reat to ,hilo :i* came true 9 #aicd4 ,two1 ! =eca/ to ! effect t bomb+ w\ld /op a lava fl[ came true4 ,?ree1 ! belief t a volcano obs]vatory w\ld be productive ( in/rum5ts came true4 ,f\r1 ! pr$iction ( dang] to ,hilo produc$ def9ite def5sive plans by ,u4,s4 ,eng9e]s4 ,five1 pr$ictions ( "t & place ( ,mauna ,loa outbreaks1 seismically & hi/orically prov$ practical4 ,six1 ! pr$iction ( ,kilauea s9k+ lava1 bas$ on s9k+ at ,mauna ,loa1 _h repeat$ly be5 fulfill$4 ,:5 my gov]nm5t s]vice z ,volcanologi/ end$ 9 #aidj & ,r4 ,h4 ,f9* _h be5 appo9t$ my successor1 sub/antial recognition ( ! ,obs]vatory _h come f ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,great ,brita94 ,great help _h come f ,presid5ts ,ar?ur ,l4 ,dean & ,david ,l4 ,craw=d ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii 9 ,honolulu1 & new assi/ance came f ,presid5t ,gregg ,m4 ,s9clair4 ,?is 0 to lead to my employm5t by ! ,univ]sity z ,rese>* ,associate 9 #aidj4 ,?us ,i 0 to cont9ue1 dur+ ! next decade1 ! publi%+ ( ,volcano ,obs]vatory results4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ,hawaiian volcanology demon/rat$ ! ne$ ( adv]tisem5t1 occasionally rea*+ su* m5 z ,ev]ett ,morss1 ,m4,i4,t4 tru/ee 9 ,bo/on2 ,lor9 ,?ur/on1 bus9ess lead] 9 ,honolulu2 ,h5d]son1 ,wa%+ton f9anci]1 = our bor+s2 & ,cramton1 lead] ( ,congress4 ,! ,volcano ,rese>* ,association 9 ,honolulu is a devot$ gr\p ( bus9essm5 keep+ up a small fund ( #f1jjj p] annum1 trivial comp>$ to ! big laboratories ( comm]ce & a/ronomy4 ,a pure sci5ce ( volcanology1 ) _w-wide laboratories is n[ ne$$ to cat* ! eye & e> ( imag9ative m5 ( bus9ess4 ,fri$la5d] 9 ,naples1 ,p]ret on ,m\nt ,pele1 & ,omori 9 ,tokyo almo/ creat$ en\gh imag9ative /imulus to real exploration ( volcanoes & ( ! inn] e>?4 ,!y 7 batt]$ d[n by natural cata/rophe & by w>s4 ,! #aidj's 7 enri*$ by ?ree good fri5ds ,v]n ,h9kley1 ,/anley ,porteus1 & ,frank ,rieb]2 respectively j\rnali/1 psy*ologi/1 & physici/-inv5tor4 ,!y all took a ke5 int]e/ 9 my writ+ & me*anical inv5tions1 & ,h9kley assi/$ 9 ! ,obs]vatory "w dur+ ! explosive eruption & wrote 8t 0 ! top exp]i5ce ( my newspap] c>e]40 ,h9kley1 :o _h edit$ ! ,hilo ,tribune ,h]ald1 became manag+ editor ( ! ,honolulu ,/>-,bullet9 & publi%$ a s]ies ( my radio addresses on ,kilauea4 ,he also s5t 8 photograph] to photograph our laboratories1 !reby keep+ ! public in=m$ ab\t volcano /udy4 ,& he work$ up a hi/ory ( my navy monographs & h>dness te/+ in/rum5ts4 ,he 0 a lovable fell[ ^: publicity in/9ct 0 a great asset to volcano sci5ce4 ,he did n ?9k ( a volcano z some?+ s5sational1 b rema9$ mod]ate ab\t x & in=m$ 8 public accurately4 ,?r\gh him1 ! ,volcano ,obs]vatory reports came to be accept$ z desirable r\t9e1 & he 0 elect$ a director ( ! ,volcano ,rese>* ,association4 ,8 _m fri5ds 7 desolat$ by 8 e>ly & sudd5 dea?4 ,porteus is an ,au/ralian man ( sci5ce :o conduct$ exp$itions among ! ,au/ralian blacks & ! primitive ,africans ( ,kalih>i & specializ$ 9 ! m5tal outlook ( primitive peoples4 ,he devis$ a fam\s maze = intellig5ce te/s4 ,he has publi%$ num]\s books ab\t ,hawaii & sev]al novels1 includ+ 8,re/less voyage10 ! life ( ,ar*ibald ,campbell1 :o liv$ ) ,kamehameha ! great & surviv$ amputation ( bo? legs4 ,) ,guido ,giacometti1 :o sugge/$ airplane bomb+ ( ! volcano lava fl[s1 ,porteus & ,i =ega!r$ at ! crat] frequ5tly to discuss ! con/itution ( e>? int]ior4 ,porteus diff]$ ) my belief on ! evolution ( m9d z a mutation ( evolution4 ,l ,h9kley he became a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( our ,rese>* ,association4 ,he is a judge ( ! juv5ile c\rt1 skill$ 9 cur+ del9qu5cy4 ,porteus is a _w ?9k]1 :o agrees ) me 9 ?9k+ ( altruism z a =m ( en]gy4 ,porteus inv5t$ ! title ( ?is pres5t book4 ,rieb] />t$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia :]e he became int]e/$ 9 mak+ an e*o f und]gr\nd /rata to locate oil4 ,he mov$ to ,los ,angeles1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a pr(essor ( classical languages & a college dean4 ,frank inv5t$ a complex record+ seismograph c>ri$ on a motor truck1 :]e) he set (f explosive bombs & regi/]$ e*o e>?quakes f e important und]gr\nd lay]4 ,^! lay]s id5tifi$ oil-be>+ /rata1 s t ! m>ks on a revolv+ drum practically mapp$ a section und]gr\nd = a guide to oil drill+4 ,he mov$ to ,new ,york & e/abli%$ w> inv5tions1 among !m phonograph disks = repeat+ :ole conf]5ces ( _m talk]s4 ,he f\nd$ ,geovision ,ltd41 a company :i* greatly abbreviat$ ! scann+ ( e*oes = subt]ranean mapp+4 ,!n he di$ sudd5ly1 l ,h9kley1 9 ! full fl[] ( a brilliant m9d4 ,rieb] & ,i correspond$ = ye>s on inv5tion gadgets1 comp>+ notes by lett]s1 & meet+ all too r>ely4 ,to me he 0 "o ( our mo/ productive physici/s1 always inspir+4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t discov]y ( petroleum w endlessly increase & w become automatic4 ,he & ,i look$ d[nw>d into ! %ell ( ! globe4 ,?is decade ,i devot$ prim>ily to writ+ & publication1 "s ( ! writ+ volum9\s & /ill unpubli%$4 ,9 #aida ,i mov$ into an (fice 9 ,hawaii ,hall ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii 9 ,honolulu4 ,my pap] "w consi/$ prim>ily 9 complet+1 revis+1 & illu/rat+ a memoir on 8,orig9 & developm5t ( crat]s10 9 coop]ation ) ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica4 ,! c5sor *os5 by ! ,society 0 ,dr4 ,h[el ,williams ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 :o cordially endors$ ! book4 ,! ,society subscrib$ #cej f its ,p5rose ,fund to assi/ ) draft+ & cl]ical "w on ! sub/antial results ( our obs]vations ( ,hawaiian crat]s 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! gr\ndwork _h long be5 laid1 = beg9n+ "u ,alex&] ,agassiz at ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology 9 ,cambridge & dur+ my visit to ,vesuvius 9 #aijf1 ,i plann$ a book on volcanology4 ,lat]1 9 #aiaj aft] c>eful /udy ( ! "w ( ,dana1 ,hit*cock1 & ,brigham on ,hawaiian volcanoes1 ,i />t$ analysis ( ,kilauea ,volcano 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?us ?is "o l>ge volume ) photogravures1 maps1 & diagrams cov]s ! hi/ory ( obs]vations & conclusions f ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory "w = ?irty ye>s4 ,my !sis is t !re mu/ be "s ord] 9 "t & space = :at is obvi\sly #a1gjj miles ( subm>9e volcanic upbuild+ 9 ! ,hawaiian *a94 ,active volcanoes are hot & erupt+ 9 ,hawaii2 sunk5 ones are cov]$ ) coral at ,midway ,isl&2 & int]m$iate ones1 half coral & half lava1 are 9 ! middle ( ! *a94 ,disreg>d+ ! ocean wat]1 all ( ^! are gigantic m\nta9s bel[ sea level4 ,on ! isl& ( ,hawaii ,i f\nd symmetry1 :i* ,i call$ 8,! cross ( ,hawaii0 9 an address to ! ,honolulu ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce 9 #aiab4 ,i not$ t ,mauna ,kea =ms ! top ( a cross on ! map2 ! upright ext5ds along ! s\?we/ rift ( ,mauna ,loa1 & two symmetrical curv$ arms ext5d to ,hualalai summit & ,kilauea summit4 ,! lava fl[s f ,mauna ,loa nor? & s\? arrange !mselves symmetrically ab\t ?is design1 ) e evid5ce t ,mauna ,loa dome 0 pil$ up 9 a spoon und]laid by ,hualalai1 ,mauna ,kea1 & ,kilauea4 ,x is obvi\s on ! map t ,mauna ,loa upbuild+ 0 ob/ruct$ by gr&pa ,mauna ,kea & t x has be5 =c$ (f to ! s\?we/ by ! two daught]s1 to build ! elongate po9t ( ! isl&4 ,kilauea is old on ! ,haleakala1 ,kohala1 ,kea l9e2 & ,hualalai is old on a "r angle l9e at ,kea4 ,f my tra9+ 9 physiography "u ,w4 ,m4 ,davis ( ,h>v>d1 ,i 0 conv9c$ :5 ,i fir/ saw ,hawaii & /udi$ ! books ab\t x t d[nw>d fault+ t[>d ! sea bottom1 ( slid+ isl& blocks1 is conspicu\s4 ,x %[s 9 ! ,v-%ap$ fracture ( ,haleakala ,crat]1 a brok5 sector1 & 9 ! /raight fracture ( ! nor? half ( ,molokai volcano1 leav+ ! mighty cliffs !re4 ,x %[s 9 ! ea/]n half ( ,kohala volcano leav+ ! fault facets & hang+ valleys ( ,waimanu1 & 9 ! ,mohokea embaym5t ( ! s\!a/ end ( ,mauna ,loa4 ,! embaym5t %[s evid5ce ( ! breakd[n ( an anci5t crat] z describ$ by ,hit*cock4 ,moreov]1 ,kilauea1 ,wood ,valley1 ,mohokea1 & ,waioh9u amphi!at] are f\r old cald]as ( fault+ 9 a l9e4 ,?is seem$ to me confirm$ by ! d[n-fault$ /eps ( ! s\!a/ side ( ,kilauea ,m\nta91 & ! obs]v$ d[n-break+ !re ( ! %orel9e dur+ e>?quakes4 ,?is1 9 #ahfh1 dr[n$ coconut trees bel[ ! sea & caus$ big e>?quakes on a subm]g$ fault 9 #ahfh & #aieb4 ,su* action 0 fur!r confirm$ by our exp]i5ce ( a d[n-fault$ block dur+ e>?quakes at ,kapoho 9 ,april #aibd1 be=e ,halemaumau explod$1 confirm+ ! view t ! active volcanoes break d[nw>d 9 slices along %orel9es1 ev5 :5 !y swell upw>d ar\nd crat]s4 ,h>old ,/e>ns always combatt$ ! idea ( fault+ & made ,mohokea1 ,haleakala1 & ,waipio erosion =ms2 b ?is ,i _c accept4 ,! logic to ! effect t 9 ! long & l>ge ! old volcanoes f ,hawaii to ,midway h be5 on slices ( ! e>?'s cru/ fault$ d[nw>d bel[ sea level ?r\gh ! ages seems incontrov]tible4 ,! fault planes are diagonals across ! ma9 volcanic rift tr5d & make ! *annels betwe5 ! isl&s at an angle 9 plan to ! tr5d ( ! isl& *a94 ,^! *annels are v deep4 ,all ( ?is philosophy develop$ 9 my m9d be=e ,i came to ,hawaii4 ,also ,i ?\ght t ! orig9 ( life might h be5 f volcanic gas1 ow+ to ! prom95ce ( c>bon dioxide1 wat] vapor1 hydrog51 sulfur1 & nitrog51 all +r$i5ts ( bo? prote9 & volcanoes4 ,i put ?is up to ,r4 ,t4 ,jackson1 :o taught me phylog5y :5 ,i 0 /udy+ fossils & he 0 /udy+ g5etics4 ,kn[+ ! sulfur\s quality ( an egg yolk1 ,i ask$ him if x wasn't possible t z evolution goes back beh9d ! embryo1 we %\ld f9d volcanic traces *emically4 ,phylog5y means t ! hi/ory ( ! embryo re5acts ! hi/ory ( ! race1 & ,i m]ely ext5d$ ?is back to ! inorganic4 ,i 0 laugh$ at = c>ry+ biological orig9 back to gases ( volcanoes2 b ,%eph]d & ,i collect$ gases f flam+ ,kilauea lava1 & f\nd ! five elem5tal con/itu5ts3 c>bon1 oxyg51 nitrog51 hydrog51 & sulfur4 ,^! also make up ! am9oacids ( prote91 s my philosophy ( orig9 /ill seem$ to me to be reasonable4 ,volcanoes erupt$ ?r\gh ! ocean1 & life came out ( ! unexplor$ deeps ( ! sea4 ,?us 9 #aiaj ,i began a book on crat]s :i* came to fruition 9 a ,memoir ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,?is 0 n publi%$ until #aidg1 b ,i 0 work+ on x1 draw+ ! diagrams1 dictat+ ! typescript to ,sato1 & select+ = illu/ration ! be/ ( our photographs dur+ ! ?irties4 ,"o ( ! diagrams %[s elev5-ye> cycles1 beg9n+ ) #agij & end+ ) #aice4 ,i adopt$ ?is aft] f9d+ 9 ,hit*cock a tabulation = ,halemaumau1 indicat+ big l[]+s ( lava 9 #agij1 #ahbc1 #ahee1 & #ahia1 to :i* we add$ #aibd f our own exp]i5ce4 ,^! 7 approximately ?irty-?ree ye>s ap>t1 z ,i f\nd :5 ,i plott$ ! data on a curve ( ,hit*cock's table4 ,tak+ o!r major s9k+s z punctuation po9ts--su* z ! outfl[s & collapse ( ,halemaumau 9 #ahcb1 #ahdj1 #ahfh1 & #aica--!re develop$ a correspond5ce 9 ! subsid5ce times treat$ z repose p]iods1 ) ! ye>s hav+ ! lea/ numb]s ( sunspots at av]age int]vals ( #aa4a ye>s4 ,! int]v5+ times ( maxima ( sunspots all occurr$ 9 ! int]m$iate times ( ris+ lava4 ,! curve z a :ole f #ahbc to #aibd %[s a notable cre/ f #ahee to #ahij1 & a cre/ ( ! greate/ volume ( ,mauna ,loa gu%+ occurr$ betwe5 #ahee & #ahgg4 ,/e>ns & ,macdonald object to ?is diagram z n %[+ all ! little int]m$iate ev5ts1 b :at ,i h tak5 are ! actual peaks & depressions above sea level & ^? :i* correspond to ! sunspot int]val ( #aa4a ye>s4 ,?is is an av]age ev5 = sunspots1 :i* _h long int]vals at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a "t :5 no reports 7 made = ,kilauea4 ,i h guess$ a drop ( ,kilauea lava z dat+ f ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj1 correspond+ to ! notable expulsion ( ,mauna ,loa lava ?r\gh ,hualalai1 & an imag9>y unreport$ l[]+ elev5 ye>s !reaft]1 z x is improbable ! isl& 0 :olly dead 9 ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,! explosive eruptions ( #agij c]ta9ly produc$ a big collapse at ,kilauea4 ,my fai? 9 ?is diagram is bas$ on ! fact t our own eruption s9k+s at elev5 ye> int]vals 7#aijb1 #aiac1 #aibd1 & #aice7 agree s well ) an elev5-ye> !ory t we are ju/ifi$ 9 look+ backw>d = elev5 ye> av]ages4 ,p]ret has f\nd int]vals ( ab\t a decade = ,vesuvius4 ,all my exp]i5ce ( ,hawaiian lava leads to ! belief1 %[n by our lava tides & sev]al %ort-t]m diagrams1 t rhy?mic p]iods ( a volcanic sy/em are relat$ to gravitational control ( ! sun & moon4 ,!re are rhy?mic controls ( ! globe by ! gravitational control ( ! sun & moon4 ,!re are rhy?mic controls ( ! globe by ! sun1 & rhy?mic controls ( v deep volcanic cracks by ! globe1 & rhy?mic controls ( individual gr\ps ( volcanoes by ! long volcanic *a9s ov] cracks4 ,our exp]im5tal data are limit$ by ! little gr\ps ( volcanoes1 & s ! big rhy?mic movem5ts seem inaccessible to sci5ce1 mo/ly because we h no record ( relation%ips ( s+le volcanoes #ejj miles ap>t 9 su* a place z ,alaska4 ,we raise no "q ab\t night & day or ab\t ! oceanic tides or ab\t ! moon's phases4 ,we "k !re is a rock tide 9 ! e>?1 t !re is a hot e>? core ( ab\t #bbjj ,c5tigrade :i* appe>s to seismology to be a v massive liquid #a1hjj miles d[n4 ,gravitation is ! controll+ =ce ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! galaxy & ! univ]se1 & x works by rhy?ms1 f ! orbits ( ! planets 9 ye>s1 to ! out]mo/ spiral nebulae 9 millions ( c5turies4 ,we are ourselves controll$ by x 9 locomotion & 9 ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,!re=e to ?9k ( volcanoes z any?+ b p]iodic & gravitational 9 _! relation to ! globe w\ld1 to me1 make ! sci5ce ( volcanoes entirely un9t]e/+4 ,all sci5ce lives on rhy?mic action4 ,a second manuscript entitl$ 8,/eambla/ eruptions10 0 bas$ on ,m\nt ,pele 9 ,m>t9ique & a comp>ison ) ! #aibd /eambla/ ( ,kilauea4 ,?is la/ _h conclusively %[n outfl[ "u ! sea1 & infl[ ( gr\ndwat]1 to *ange lava surg+ to bla/s f a /eam boil]4 ,a pap] publi%$ 9 #aidj 0 a /udy ( ! gas collections f flam+ basalt on ,kilauea & ,mauna ,loa1 made by ,e4 ,s4 ,%eph]d & me4 ,9 ?is ,i plott$ curves ( relative excell5ce ( collection 9 relation to ! am\nt ( ! volcanic gases1 9 contra/ to ! non-volcanic aque\s & oceanic gases4 ,^! latt]1 notably wat] vapor1 decreas$ 9 proportion to ! manipulative excell5ce ( ! h&l+ ( vacuum tubes2 & ! volcanic gases increas$1 notably hydrog5 & ! c>bon gases4 ,?is conv9c$ me t ! deep gas ( volcanoes is hydrog51 associat$ ) c>bon dioxide & nitrog54 ,9 ?is decade1 too1 w> br\ght new dem&s on my "t & exp]i5ce & _h its effect on ! ,kilauea ,obs]vatory4 ,major ,james ,sn$ek] ( ! ,m>9e ,corps1 legal (fic] = ! ,comm&+ ,g5]al 9 ,honolulu1 hav+ he>d ( our exp]i5ce ) motorc> amphibians1 told me t ! ,pacific ,ocean w> w\ld dep5d on amphibian l&+ craft4 ,& a lett] f ,admiral ,blo* urg$ me to s5d to ! ,navy details ( our exp]i5ce ) amphibians4 ,z ?is involv$ geology ( bea*es ar\nd ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ,i set to "w on twelve monographs = ! ,navy deal+ ) ! me*anism ( amphibians & ! problems !y pos$ on bea*es 9 ,hawaii1 ,puget ,s\nd1 & ,alaska4 ,o!r subjects ab\t :i* ,i suppli$ in=mation 7 ! inflammability ( ,japanese build+s 9 ! ,tokyo e>?quake1 ! h&l+ ( e>?quake & volcano cata/rophes & our mat]ial f j\rnals on _m places ( volcanic dang] 9 ! ,pacific4 ,!n ,w4 ,h4 ,hammond1 physici/ 9 *>ge ( a te/+ laboratory at ,pe>l ,h>bor1 sugge/$ t ,i revive my #ahig-aijh te/+ ( /eel = abrasion h>dness1 lat] cont9u$ by ,boynton1 = 8 laboratory ( ! ,navy4 ,?us ,i />t$ h>dness te/+ at ! ,univ]sity & c>ri$ x on = t5 ye>s4 ,i us$ diamond & o!r abrasives 9 in/rum5ts to %[ directly on a dial ! rate ( we> ( metals or m9]als "u /&>diz$ conditions1 ) a con/ant & reproducible motor tool4 ,abrasion h>dness turn$ out to be z tricky a problem z my range f9d]s & %ock record]s4 ,?is activity br\ght toge!r 9 ! ,univ]sity laboratory & 9 ! laboratory at ,hawaii ,national ,p>k _m records1 manuscripts1 & specim5s4 ,ru? ,bak]1 :o succe$$ ,sato z secret>y1 did valiant "w sort+ out mat]ials f _m exp$itions :i* _h be5 dump$ 9 disord] because ( w> & fire at ! ,kilauea ,obs]vatory4 ,?\gh ! ,p>k _h built a new h\se = naturali/s1 & = ! seismographs1 %ops1 & records1 x 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,comm&+ ,g5]al on ,hawaii1 impos+ consid]able h>d%ip on ,f9* & 8 assi/ants4 ,"o assi/ant 0 ,burton ,l\cks1 in/rum5t mak]1 :o m>ri$ ,miss ,bak]4 ,ano!r1 ,au/9 ,jones ! seismologi/1 0 transf]r$ to c>e = seismographs set up to measure fault+ & tilt ar\nd ,b\ld] ,dam4 ,dr4 ,h[>d ,p[]s1 aft] "w = ! ,geological ,survey & ! ,t]ritory on ! isl& ( ,maui1 jo9$ ,jones ev5tually to ent] into a new section ( volcanology1 e/abli%$ 9 ,d5v] "u ! ,geological ,survey1 especially to assi/ ! ,army & ,navy /udies ( ,aleutian volcanic eruptions1 :]efrom h>bors & airfields 7 sometimes endang]$4 ,illu/ration3 #bg4 ,f\nta9 9 ,halemaumau lava lake1 ,may #bc1 #aiag ,illu/ration3 #bh4 ,r>e dome f\nta9 dur+ eruption ( ,kilauea ,crat]1 ,m>* #bj1 #aiba ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,lava /ream issu+ f a spatt] cone ne> rim ( ,halemaumau1 ,febru>y #i1 #aiba ,?ree ev5ts ( volcanic & seismic importance to ,hawaii dur+ ! #aidj's 7 ! eruptions ( ,mauna ,loa 9 #aidj & #aidb & ! #aidf tidal wave caus$ by a subm>9e e>?quake s\? ( ,unalaska4 ,! wave engulf$ ! :>ves & %orefronts ( ,hilo & ea/]n ,maui & caus$ consid]able damage else:]e4 ,we 7 famili> ) ! record+ by our seismographs ( e>?quake c5t]s "u ! sea ( ,alaska & ,japan1 & ) ! int]val ( h\rs t foll[$ be=e dang]\s wat] waves rea*$ ,hawaiian %ores4 ,we _h also _h a bad tidal wave 9 ,kona1 orig9at+ (f ,japan2 & two or ?ree su* waves :i* damag$ ,kahului & ,hilo _h orig9at$ 9 big subm>9e e>?quakes (f ! ,alaskan ,p59sula4 ,! ,japanese fi%]m51 f our publi%$ w>n+s1 always took _! sampans to deep wat]1 & ! ,navy _h in/ruct$ me to let !m "k "r away if ! seismographs record$ a di/ant e>?quake capable ( mak+ a tidal wave4 ,i e>li] _h _h "o unhappy exp]i5ce ) w>n+ ! ,navy1 :5 we regi/]$ a seismogram ( a big e>?quake 9 ,alaska1 :i* if subm>9e1 w\ld s5d u a tidal wave4 ,i notifi$ ,pe>l ,h>bor ( ! probable "t ( arrival ( ! wave1 %\ld ! quake be subm>9e4 ,x happ5$ a big ,army & ,navy d9n] p>ty at ,waikiki 0 set = j t "t1 b ord]s w5t out call+ (fic]s back to _! po/s & ! p>ty 0 disrupt$4 ,no tidal wave came1 z ! e>?quake prov$ to be on ! ma9l& ( ,alaska4 ,! newspap]s unm]cifully je]$ at me1 b ! ,comm&+ ,admiral told me n to *ange my policy4 ,! #aidf wave 0 v l>ge & ! wat] rose 9 pulsations until x swept away ! railroad bridge & wa%$ out ! :ole wat]front ( ,hilo4 ,! e>?quake seismogram came at #b ,a4,m4 :5 no "o 0 wat*+1 & ! wat] wave at #h ,a4,m4 came j :5 ! ,obs]vatory work]s w5t on duty4 ,:5 ! flood ( ocean de/roy$ ! ,hilo breakwat] & leap$ ov] x to damage ! pr9cipal :>ves1 _m p 7 dr[n$4 ,consid]able damage 0 done on ,oahu & ,maui4 ,! disa/] came :5 ,dr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,%ep>d1 oceanograph] ( ,la ,jolla1 0 occupy+ a summ] cottage on ! nor? %ore ( ,oahu2 & he 0 delight$ to exp]i5ce a big tidal wave4 ,collaborat+ ) geologi/s 9 ,hawaii1 ,%ep>d compil$ a mo/ ?or\gh report on height ( waves 9 all bays ( ! ,t]ritory4 ,seismographs & tide gauges got to "w all ar\nd ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! place on ! sea bottom :i* _h jolt$ 0 exactly locat$1 & ! ,coa/ ,survey & ,navy />t$ f>-rea*+ precautions = pr$ict+ aga9/ future comb9ations ( e>?quake & wat]4 ,?is includ$ seismographs t r+ al>m bells at night4 ,! object ( sci5ce is always pr$iction & assi/+ humanity2 & ! ne$ is always = m m54 ,ano!r significant ev5t ( #aidg 0 ! visit ( ,hans ,pett]sson ( ! ,oceanographic ,in/itute ( ,sw$5 :o 0 conduct+ an exp$ition :i* foll[$ ! pa? ( ! ,*all5g]4 ,! object ( ! project 0 to /udy ! oceanography ( ! sea bottom ar\nd ! equator4 ,?us ,pett]sson 0 en?usia/ic ab\t my pap] 9 ,natural ,hi/ory & its emphasis on /udy+ sea bottoms4 ,) him 0 inv5tor ,kull5b]g :o _h made a device = bor+ into ! mud ( ! sea bottom & tak+ long] cores ?an _h be5 dug previ\sly4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( a core b>rel1 tripp$ ) valves close to ! sea bottom "u a heavy weight1 :i* w\ld all[ x to s9k sixty feet 9 suitable bottom ooze :ile ! core rose inside ! pipe )\t be+ compress$4 ,pett]sson _h a skill$ /aff consi/+ ( biologi/1 physici/1 *emi/1 & geologi/2 & !y _h laboratories on bo>d ! ,albatross = /udy ( ! collect$ bottom mat]ials4 ,!y also took e*o data ( explosions ne> sea bottom1 giv+ dep?s ( s(t mat]ials ov] h>d rock4 ,?is place ( transition 0 f\nd to be %all[] "u ! ,pacific ,ocean ?an "u ! ,atlantic4 ,!y discov]$ h>d lava fl[s 9 _m places betwe5 ,tahiti & ,hawaii & "u ! ,indian ,ocean1 indicat+ ext5sive subm>9e volcanic eruption4 ,an attempt 0 made to measure ! temp]ature ( a core1 & ?is sugge/$ t ! bottom ( ! bor+ 0 w>m] ?an ! top1 mean+ a !rmal gradi5t ( sea bottom4 ,a core ( volcanic agglom]ate 0 obta9$ 9 ! deep tr5* opposite ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ,presid5t ,gregg ,s9clair ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii urg$ a plan = geophysics ( ! ,pacific1 & ,pr(essor ,r4 ,w4 ,hiatt ( t in/itution succe$$ 9 advanc+ int]e/ 9 organic oceanography4 ,i wrote an appeal1 bas$ on su* "w z t ( ,pett]sson1 ,p]ret1 & o!rs urg+ ! ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity to plan a l>ge geophysical in/itute 9 ,hawaii1 to make a sci5ce ( ! rock bottom ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?\s&s ( s\nd+s made 9 ! ,gulf ( ,alaska & 9 ! c5tral ,pacific _h %[n seam\nts1 or guyots1 %ap$ l high volcanoes on ! sea floor1 "s ( !m ) flat tops1 b hav+ *>act]i/ics ( anci5t isolat$ volcanoes4 ,new s\nd+s reveal$ m\nta9 ranges on ! sea floor1 probably volcanic1 "o ( !m "r across ! middle ( ! ,hawaiian *a94 ,no "o _h yet discov]$ fi]y eruption 9 deep wat]1 b oceanograph]s 7 beg9n+ to use bor+ ma*9es1 cam]as1 electric lights1 & devices = det]m9+ radioactivity ( ! muds4 ,z sea bottom occupies ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe1 x is inconceivable1 :5 comp>$ ) ! cont95ts1 t x has no hot solfat>as1 hot spr+s1 & hot volcanoes4 ,9 fact1 we "k "s ( ! latt] 9 %all[ wat]4 ,x is only a "q ( sci5tific organization to locate ! s\rces ( ,pett]sson's subm>9e lava fl[s4 ,presid5t ,s9clair took to ! *iefs ( ! ,rockefell] & ,c>negie ,f\ndations a proposal = a five million doll> ,geophysical ,in/itute at ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii1 to utilize ! advantages ( its c5tral ,pacific position4 ,z = my own exp]im5ts1 my ,dep>tm5t ( ,volcanology at ! ,univ]sity 0 mov$ into a concrete basem5t room a ?\s& squ>e feet 9 area 9 ! ,home ,economics build+1 & ! exp5se 0 %>$ ) ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association4 ,"h ,i _h (fice & %op & collections ( ! ,rese>* ,association1 & ! assi/ance ( a secret>y & a junior rese>*] :o is an in/rum5t mak]4 ,?us 7 assembl$ 9 a fire resi/ant location my petrographic & m9]al collections f ,europe1 ! ,c>ibbean1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,pacific l&s1 toge!r ) manuscripts f my days ( ,h>v>d & ,massa*usetts ,te* to ! middle ( ! c5tury & classifi$ accumulations ( my ,navy monographs1 lant]n slides1 negatives1 photographs1 maps1 draw+s1 correspond5ce1 & in/rum5ts1 includ+ mat]ial obta9$ by ! ,rese>* ,association = exp]im5ts /ill cont9u+ on ! h>dness ( m9]als4 ,"o objective ( ?is h>dness measurem5t 0 an in/rum5t = ma*9e %ops :i* w\ld give 9 half a m9ute ! l5g? ( a /&>d scrat* made by a /&>d d5tal disk ( silicon c>bide4 ,i call$ ?is ! 8,jagg> ,scrat* ,te/]0 & ,mr4 ,paul ,ru%=?1 a ,honolulu optician1 made improv$ models ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 a book 0 publi%$ on ! exp]im5ts ) "s ?ree hundr$ woods1 m9]als1 metals1 & pla/ics1 ,dr4 ,grodz9ski ( ! comm]cial diamond e/abli%m5ts 9 ,london became int]e/$ & reproduc$ ! pap] 9 a review deal+ ) indu/rial diamonds1 :i* h become ( great importance 9 ! _w ( gr9d+ ma*9]y4 ,?is made a new contact ) ,engl&1 simil> to t made by ,boynton ) my microscl]omet] 9 #aijh1 :5 he appli$ x to ! microscopic con/itu5ts ( /eel "u ! ,briti% ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute4 ,i s5t a copy ( my new report to ! ,pe>l ,h>bor indu/rial laboratory1 along ) "o ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,endors]s ( ?is report 7 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hammond & ,dr4 ,e>l ,+]son1 director ( ! m9]al laboratories ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,a result ( ! exp]im5ts on h>dness is ! k t ! important quality is s(tness1 or abradability1 & spe$ ( removal ( mat]ial 9 any uni=m me*anical cutt+ process4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ! big int]vals 9 values 7 betwe5 ! h>d sub/ances4 ,x turns out t ! bigge/ gaps 9 value are 9 s(t sub/ances l coals & clays & pla/]s4 ,h>dness is purely a negative quality ( resi/ance1 & measurem5ts are ( yield+1 n ( resi/+4 ,o!r exp]im5ts on :i* ,i work$ dealt ) location ( ! ,z5i? 9 ! sky = quick det]m9ation ( latitude & longitude f />s & telescopic /udies ( ! moon1 an old hobby ( my ma/]1 ,%al]4 ,i h long be5 conv9c$ t ,kilauea lava resembles moon lava 9 ! crat]s x builds1 & my special int]e/ is t ,mauna ,loa & ,kilauea build /ructures ( basalt1 small & l>ge1 :i* are e>? exp]im5ts imitat+ ! moon on a small] scale4 ,! a/ronom]s say _! field is ! />s1 ! geologi/s mu/ expla9 ! moon4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o geologi/ has made a />t4 ,my classmate ,j4 ,e4 ,spurr1 :o aft] retirem5t to ,florida f "w z ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey geologi/ among ! faults & lavas ( ! f> ,we/1 publi%$ books on ! comp>ison ( ! moon ) geology4 ,9 view ( increas+ attempts to expla9 moon crat]s by impact 7,baldw971 ,i feel t exp]i5c$ volcanologi/s %\ld also take a h& 9 moon sci5ce4 ,l>g] arcs ( circles on ! globe1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s = in/ance1 resemble moon features & are deeply volcanic4 ,fur!rmore1 magnific5t detail$ photographs ( ! moon f mod]n telescopes are available to volcanology4 ,i sp5t my summ]s at ,hawaii ,national ,p>k1 becom+ consult+ geophysici/4 ,dr4 ,*e/] ,k4 ,w5twor? ( ! ,bo>d ( ,wat] ,supply became geologi/4 ,! laboratories 7 ext5d$ to a seismograph /ation sev5 miles up ! nor!a/ flank ( ,mauna ,loa1 b op]ation ( ! orig9al cell> adjac5t to ! ,volcano ,h\se 0 cont9u$4 ,a basem5t "u ! ,natural ,hi/ory build+ ( ! ,p>k held seismographs1 ,f9*'s (fice & libr>y1 & ,l\cks' %op4 ,9 #aidh ,obs]vatory "w 0 return$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & a volcanologic bran* 9 ,d5v] took ov] ,dr4 ,p[]s to make airplane /udies ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,?is 0 "u ,mr4 ,walt] ,fr$]ick ,hunt1 9 *>ge ( geology1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,:5 ,hawaii ,national ,p>k 0 reorganiz$1 ,frank ,ob]hansley1 sup]9t5d5t1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory build+ 0 adopt$ z ,p>k ,headqu>t]s1 & ! ,uwekahuna build+s1 ) _! magnific5t view 9 all directions1 7 recon/ruct$ z ! ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory4 ,a new seismograph cell> 0 dug1 away f di/urbances ( ,uwekahuna cliff1 & mod]n in/rum5ts 7 in/all$4 ,mr4 ,john ,=bes became assi/ant ma*9i/2 & on ,mr4 ,f9*'s retirem5t 9 #aiea1 ,dr4 ,gordon ,macdonald became volcanologi/ 9 *>ge4 ,c4 ,k4 ,w5twor? mov$ f ,honolulu to ! ,national ,p>k region & took *>ge ( magnetic measurem5t1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ at num]\s /ations by physici/s ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,dur+ pa/ decades physici/s & *emi/s _h visit$ ! ,obs]vatory1 among !m ,dr4 ,/anley ,ball>d1 :o equipp$ ! laboratories ) a ,ga]tn] spectrograph2 ,dr4 ,h>vey ,:ite ( ,b]keley1 :o f\nd no radioactivity 9 ,hawaiian lavas2 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,naughton1 :o f\nd a critical isotope ( c>bon 9 ! emanations ( ,sulphur ,bank4 ,mod]n *emi/ry 0 beg9n+ to be appli$ to volcanology 9 ! field1 & ?is 0 :at ,hovey1 ,p]ret1 & ,i hop$ = fifty ye>s ago4 ,s mu* = dry facts ( organization4 ,9 #aidi ! summit crat] ( ,mauna ,loa erupt$1 ) fracture & outfl[ ( its s\? end t[>d ,kona4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #aiej by l5g?y rupture ( ! s\?we/ rift ) ! mo/ volum9\s & rapid outfl[s ( hi/ory1 ?ree ( !m go+ into ! ocean & wreak+ de/ruction 9 ,s\? ,kona4 ,! sequ5ce ( ^! outfl[s 0 f high s\rces fir/1 ) o!rs op5+ f>!r s\?1 & ! mo/ conspicu\s fl[s foll[+ ! /eep ,kona slope into ! ocean1 beg9n+ at ,hook5a4 ,macdonald & ,national ,p>k naturali/s photograph$ & record$ ev]y?+4 ,! old ,hook5a po/ (fice on ! upp] road at ! home ( ! vet]an ,mr4 ,l9coln 0 c>ri$ away1 & ?is occasion$ mu* drama1 = ! old man didn't wi% to leave 8 home4 ,! next h\se de/roy$1 an old l&m>k1 0 ! ,magoon ,ran*4 ,! ?ird 0 ! attractive & mod]n ,ohia ,lodge1 a resort built ( native logs 9 ! wild]ness4 ,a sep>ate l>ge fl[ =k$ away f ! rift1 to ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta91 rea*+ ! l[e/ l&w>d elevation 9 ! =e/ ( ,kahuku1 & %ort fl[s spill$ ov] ! s\?we/ rift on ! ea/ side4 ,sev]al p]sons approa*$ ! fl[s 9 ,s\? ,kona f ! ocean4 ,! e>ly photographs ( ! fir/ fl[s1 :]e ! h>d spr\ts & b\ld]s ( /iff aa p>tially cool$ ent]$ ! ocean1 %[$ big columns ( vapor f contact ) sea wat]4 ,n s ) ! ?ird fl[ f>!/ s\?1 explor$ f a canoe by ,jack ,matsumoto & a companion1 equipp$ ) motion picture cam]as4 ,! pictures 7 good color photographs1 & ! torr5t ( lava fl[$ d[n a /eep bank ( its own sub/ance1 hemm$ 9 by h>d5$ ridges at ! sides1 ! /ream int5sely liquid & fl[+ directly into ! ocean4 ,! result 0 mo/ rem>kable4 ,! yell[ liquid lava w5t into ! salt wat] )\t mak+ any column ( /eam at all2 ! sea bottom simply receiv$ x ) its ru% d[nw>d1 ! wat] boil+ sup]hot1 & ! lava tak+ ! wat] vapor into itself4 ,! ph5om5on 0 n due to ! ris+ ( dry /eam1 = !re 0 no cond5sation cl\d above4 ,sci5ti/s expla9$ x by assum+ a %ell ( lava mak+ a tunnel "u ! ocean1 ) ! cru/ end+ j at sea level4 ,su* a subm>9e ar* 0 def9itely n pres5t1 = ! waves surg$ back & =? &1 ,matsumoto /ates1 !re 0 no sign ( a subm]g$ reef4 ,! motion picture be>s ?is out4 ,:at 0 probably go+ on is :at happ5s to slag 9 a pat5t$ process ( ! /eel mills1 :]e ! gl[ liquid is fl[$ ov] a p]=at$ surface emitt+ hundr$s ( wat] jets1 & ! melt at #acjj ,c5tigrade absorbs ! wat] )\t mak+ visible /eam4 ,! slag turns into a myriad ( microscopic glassy sph]es1 becom+ a k9d ( pumice4 ,a peculi>ity ( ?is sub/ance is t if x is cool$ at #gjj ,c5tigrade x w pass a critical po9t & give up ! absorb$ wat] ) explosive effects4 ,x seems likely t ,matsumoto's gold5 torr5t sweep+ into ! ocean 0 s excessively hot t x took up ! wat] & cont9u$ to fl[ d[n ! sea bottom z a wat]-*>g$ product4 ,! snapp+ & crackl+ effects1 & ! subm>9e e>?quakes1 mak+ localiz$ tidal waves su* z ^? not$ 9 #aiai :5 su* a torr5t ent]$ ! sea1 may be due to ! explosive cool+ :5 ! slag gives up its wat]4 ,! use ( color motion pictures is "o ( ! _m improvem5ts ow$ to mod]n sci5ce1 & ! mapp+ ( lava fl[s by airplane photography4 ,?is gave ,macdonald a new weapon = survey+ ! volume accumulation at ! "t ( ! #aiej outfl[s1 = f air photographs he got exact outl9es ( ! fl[s4 ,^!1 *eck$ aga9/ calculat$ ?icknesses1 gave him volumes :i* c\ld be comp>$ ) volumes ( old] fl[s proportionate to areas4 ,^! calculations %[$ t no?+ s9ce #ahfh has yield$ su* l>ge volumes ( lava1 p] days ( outfl[4 ,mrs4 ,jagg> & ,i 7 return+ to ,hawaii f a trip to ,nova ,scotia1 & ! ,matson /eam] ,lurl9e took u to ! ,kona coa/ t[>d ! end ( ! #aiej eruption1 = inspection ( ! gl[+ fl[s late at night4 ,!y look$ l hot coals ext5d+ f> up ! m\nta9side "u ! cl\ds1 ) occasional bright fl>es :]e trees bur/ into flame4 ,visible motion !re 0 none1 z we 7 too late = ! rapid fl[+ & too f> away to see detail$ motion4 ,?is eruption resembl$ ! volum9\s fl[ ( ,mauna ,loa 9 #ahfh1 f a l[ v5t at ! s\? end ( ! m\nta91 & la/$ only a %ort "t aft] prelim9>y summit outbur/s4 ,! simil>ity 0 a big e>?quake s]ies1 & ?is 0 to happ5 aga9 9 ,kona 9 #aiea4 ,! cataclysmal op5+ ( ! s\?we/ rift 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury eruption foll[$ a qu>t] c5tury ( nor!rn outfl[s1 ^? f #ahdc to #ahei4 ,next came ^? f #aibi to #aieb 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! #aibi e>?quakes subt]rane\sly began ! nor!rn s]ies4 ,! same argum5t applies to ! tw5ty-six ye>s ( summit & s\!rn outfl[s1 f #aijc to #aibi1 :i* foll[$ a qu>t] c5tury ( alt]nations nor? & s\?4 ,none ( ?is takes acc\nt ( all ! summit crat] outbreaks1 ! h+e l9e betwe5 ! jo/l+s ( ! nor? & s\? rift sectors4 ,r\ghly ! :ole argum5t c5t]s ab\t a suppos$ rock+ ( ! ,mauna ,loa m\nta9 sectors1 nor?w>d & s\?w>d f ! crat]4 ,! two rifts become /iff & seal up = tw5ty-five ye>s1 & !n break op5 = a new p]iod ( loos5ess4 ,! summit well is someh[ full always4 ,a rem>kable ev5t1 namely repose ( ,kilauea = eighte5 ye>s aft] #aicd1 may be ano!r reaction4 ,! previ\s excitem5t 0 ! buildup1 collapse1 & recov]y ( ! m\nta9 = ! qu>t] c5tury prec$+ #aicd1 ) its culm9ation ! /eam bla/ 9 #aibd ( und]gr\nd wat]1 ! dormancy ( ,kilauea beg9n+ t5 ye>s lat]4 ,kilauea 9 #agij _h a bigg] explosive eruption1 & 0 9 repose = eighte5 ye>s beg9n+ t5 ye>s !reaft]1 namely 9 #ahjj4 ,?us x seems likely t ,kilauea executes qu>t] c5turies ( crisis 9 its own "r4 ,^! times are n exact1 b are approximations ( sci5tific se>* = ord] 9 a big ma*9e1 ! ,hawaiian volcanic sy/em1 :]e rhy?mic pulsations exi/ :]ev] gravity op]ates4 ,a ?ird ( a c5tury may prove m exact ?an ! e/imate ( a qu>t] c5tury4 ,! end ( ?is #aidj decade completes a half c5tury ( my exp]i5ce ( volcanoes & e>?quakes1 dwell+ ) a s+le crat]1 & le>n+ t volcanoes & e>?quakes are ti$ toge!r4 ,!y appe> ti$ to deep ruptures #b1jjj miles long1 9 ! ?ick %ell ( ! e>? ov] a :ite hot liquid core4 ,i h rec5tly />t$ an exp]im5t ) a ?ick globe ( cem5t1 made ) a %ell1 proportional 9 ?ickness to ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* is #a1hjj miles deep1 z all seismologi/s agree4 ,/rik+ ?is %ell ) a sl$ge hamm]1 ,i f9d x breaks 9 /raight l9es at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,!ory is b\nd to be influ5c$ by ! obs]vational answ]s d]iv$ f wat*+ lava em]g+ f ! m\nta9 rifts1 at ! end ( ! long /raight belt ( rifts ( ! :ole ,hawaiian *a94 ,i cont9ually review my own geological muddles1 ! controv]sies ov] /eam1 flames1 volcano swell+1 explosion crat]s1 lay]s 9 ! cru/1 weight+ & und]fl[+1 cont95tal uplift1 ! globe's armor plate1 contraction wr9kl+ ( bas9s ( s$im5t1 subm>9e volcanoes1 l9e> *a9s ( volcanoes1 silice\s %ell1 blocks lift$ or sunk1 planets sol> or f ! sun's b9>y tw91 orig9al heat or radioactive heat1 ?ick cru/ or ?9 %ell1 lava res]voirs or lava core1 pregeology ance/ors ( volcanoes1 & crat]s on ! moon4 ,! only way to calculate f obs]vations on ,hawaiian volcanoes is to copy ! ma!maticians2 namely1 to guess at ! answ]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,envoi 8,?o' _w on _w 9 myriad myriads roll r\nd u ,ea* ) diff]5t p[]s & o!r =ms ( life ?an ours40 ,i h sp5t sixty ye>s 9 qualitative exp]im5ts 9 geology4 ,i began ) old volcanoes & geys]s 9 ! ,yell[/one & ! f> we/1 & end$ ) exp]im5ts on ! active ,hawaiian volcano1 ,kilauea4 ,bas$ on ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i h writt5 books ab\t evolution ( crat]s1 & ab\t di/9ct peculi>ities ( explosive eruptions f und]gr\nd wat]4 ,! accusation t ,i am n or?odox 9 pr(essional geology is false4 ,pr(essional geology is l>gely cont95tal because its field "w has be5 on cont95ts4 ,my "w has be5 oceanic2 my field1 sev5ty p]c5t ( ! e>?'s surface1 ext5d+ ov] a ?ick cru/ d[n to ! e>? core4 ,! e>? core is fluid & massive & hot1 z all geology agrees4 ,iso/asy1 :i* po/ulates a ?9 flexible %ell1 is violat$ by ! ocean deeps & ! volcanic ridges4 ,volcanic rift e*elons l ! ,cordill]a & ! ,hawaiian ridge are too long to be g5]at$ z ! fracture ( a cru/ fifty miles deep4 ,! circul>ity & graduat$ size 9 l9e> /ret*es ( ! ,pacific arcs are functions ( a fractur$ ?ick-%ell sph]e4 ,simil> gradation ( arcs is on ! lun> surface4 ,argum5ts1 bas$ on ! k ( meteors1 = an iron core & = l>ge lun> crat]s are )\t analogy4 ,sub/ratum !ories1 f ,/bel to ,daly1 d n agree ) oceanic volcanism4 ,gravitational cru/ balance applies bett] to a primitive ?ick fault block cru/ ?an to a ?9 %ell4 ,e>? lavas1 z natural exp]im5tal models1 imitate lun> features on small & l>ge scales4 ,bo? make consi/5t hi/ory = two simil> globes4 ,volcanology has to /& z global & anci5t1 & any geologi/ may accept ! reason+s "h enum]at$ )\t be+ unor?odox4 ,! unque/ion$ c]ta9ties ( mod]n seismology1 ! transmission ( ela/ic waves ?r\gh ! globe to s5sitive record+ p5dulums1 are t ! cru/ is #a1hjj miles ?ick1 t ! core is a heavy ball ( :ite hot fluid1 & t its temp]ature at cru/al contact has be5 e/imat$ by ,v]hoog5 at #bbjj ,c5tigrade4 ,! deep cru/ is less d5se ?an ! core1 & is commonly conc$$ to be basic heavy rock n unlike /ony meteorites4 ,! outside %ell "u oceans1 & ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 is cov]$ by basaltic lava1 & :]ev] igne\s rock has be5 =m$ by volcanic action1 intrusive or extrusive black basic lava recurs z dikes & outfl[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,armor ,,plate ,,at ,,oceans ,,armor ,,plate ,,at ,,cont95ts ,,ext]ior ,,( ,,fundam5tal ,,globe ,,to ,,:i* ,,adju/m5t ,,t5ds ,,core ,,limit ,,to ,,:i* ,,adju/m5t ,,t5ds ,,volc4 ,,ocean ,,*a9s ,,( ,,ocean ,,volcanoes ,,volc4 ,,cont4 ,,*a9s ,,( ,,cont95tal ,,bord] ,,volcanoes ,,on ,,! ,,page ,,opposite is a diagram ( a hypo!tical globe section ne> ! equator1 %[+ oceans & cont95ts 9 true surface ratio2 fault block segm5ts ( rigid cru/ iso/atically support$ on a liquid core2 sixte5 volcanic p>titions1 oceanic & cont95tal2 & ,/bel's 8armorplate0 f pri/9e volcanic eruption4 ,possibly ! pr(ile is tetrah$ral4 ,my argum5t = ?is globe section is bas$ on ! foll[+3 ,a globe ( core1 silice\s %ell1 & armorplate 0 =m$ by primitive volcanic eruptions4 ,! %ell result$ f ext]nal aggregation ( solids & gases & int]nal segregation ab\t a molt5 core4 ,! fault blocks came f %r9kage ( ! %ell ov] a liquid core1 adju/$ by luni-sol> gravitation & rotation ?r\gh ! pre-geologic ages4 ,! cont95tal & oceanic b\nd>ies ( ! fault blocks 7 det]m9$ by elevat$ & sunk5 blocks ) core volcanism ( escap+ gas melt+ walls & lay+ d[n an ext]ior silice\s armorplate on ! e>lie/ solidifi$ globe4 ,?is 9 cont95ts is ! seismologi/s' light] ext]ior lay] und]laid by d5s] rock at ! armorplate bottom4 ,cont95tal volcanism 7,,volc4-,,cont47 became diff]5tiat$ f oceanic volcanism1 by light atmosph]ic pressure ov] ! rais$ blocks & mu* great] wat] pressure ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 ! sunk5 blocks4 ,! subdivision is repres5t$ 9 ! diagrammatic section on ! globe by ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! section be+ ocean1 namely twelve-sixte5?s4 ,! section %[s twelve-sixte5?s z sunk5 blocks1 f\r-sixte5?s z rais$ blocks4 ,! f\r sixte5?s by ! tetrah$ral hypo!sis ( ,l[?ian ,gre5 & ,mi*el-,lvy make ! f\r cont95tal protub]ances4 ,twelve-sixte5?s ( ! surface is brok5 by fundam5tal rifts ( irregul> %apes1 "s ( !m nor?-s\?1 controll$ by c5trifugal /resses & correspond+ to ! nor?-s\? deeps & heaps & kn[n rifts4 ,^! h p]si/$ s9ce ! fir/ volcanism ( primitive "t4 ,circum-cont95tal volcanism is repres5t$ on ! diagram by ,,volc4-,,cont41 oceanic volcanism is repres5t$ by ,,volc4-,,ocean4 ,bo? are %[n z int]block rifts1 adju/$ ?r\gh ! ages 7exagg]at$ on ! draw+7 & always t5sional ov] expansional core pressure1 ) exo!rmal heat+ ag5cies4 ,! sixte5 fundam5tal block b\nd>ies correspond approximately to sixte5 fundam5tal volcanic fault blocks kn[n vaguely on ! globe4 ,some?+ simil> is kn[n on ! moon4 ,! rifts are ! b\nd>ies ( sixte5 blocks1 "s polyh$ral1 "s elongate4 ,"s are oceanic l ,new ,zeal&-,tonga1 "s are anci5t & cont95tal l ,arabia4 ,! imp]fectly mapp$ ocean deeps are b\nd>y l9es4 ,! rifts ( ,africa & ,*ile-,patagonia are b\nd>y l9es4 ,! great arcs ( ,himalaya1 ,java-,sumatra1 & ,aleutian ridges are b\nd>y l9es ( circul> blocks4 ,possibly !y 7 circul> cald]as ( engulfm5t on ! primitive sph]oid4 ,! edge ( ,m>e ,imbrium on ! moon %[s fault rifts4 ,! /raight alignm5t ( lun> cald]as h9ts at moon rifts "u an unmapp$ mosaic4 ,! blocks ( ! !ory ( cont95tal drift1 are guesses at a mosaic ( cru/ blocks4 ,b ! possibility drift !ory omitt$ is t ! blocks are deep4 ,except = ! ,l[?ian ,gre51 ,weg5]1 ,holmes1 & ,daly speculations1 bas$ on ?9 cru/ blocks ( cont95ts1 no mapp+ ( ! %ell mosaic exi/s4 ,x is n feasible until we map ! detail ( ocean bottoms4 ,primitive blocks require acceptance ( a ?ick cru/ & ju/ify new speculation4 ,! cracks betwe5 blocks are ! volcanic p>titions ( ! e>?1 :i* ,i call ignisepts4 ,!re are _m po9ts = speculation1 "s ( !m subject to ma!matical inquiry4 ,does surface wat] p5etrate ! p>titions8 ,is x high pressure & sal9e "u oceans8 ,h[ d deep e>?quakes /em f friction #cjj miles d[n "u ! ,cordill]a & ! we/ ,pacific8 ,d e>? & moon sph]es z r\nd$ tetrah$ra crack simil>ly8 ,because ( rotation are nor?-s\? cracks dom9ant8 ,are ! core fluids *ang+ volcanism ?r\gh ! ages8 ,! tw5ty-eight p]c5t ( e>? surface :i* lies above ! sea 9 cont95ts is made up ( silice\s s$im5ts ( %all[ wat] bas9s1 ) qu>tz z ! dom9ant m9]al1 _! /rata wr9kl$1 & erod$ into m\nta9 ranges4 ,des]t & lake or riv] bottoms make up mo/ ( ! rema9d]4 ,?is mat]ial1 :5 anci5t1 0 *ang$ by heat & infiltration into :at are call$ gneisses1 s*i/s1 & granites2 & ! process ( granitization is among ! metamorphic processes4 ,x is a process ( deep burial1 heat1 gases1 & wat] :i* has always be5 a puzzle1 & may affect anci5t volcanic lavas :]ev] !y h cov]$ ! l&4 ,x is a process ( solution ( silica1 & its deposition is by /eam & o!r vapors4 ,9 ! same way volcanic action by ! outp\r+ ( lava ?r\gh cracks is a process ( solution ( ! deep] cru/ ( ! e>? by hot gases1 l>gely burn+ hydrog54 ,lavas em]g+ f ,etna or ,mauna ,loa are melt$ e>? cru/1 dissolv$ & br\ght up by ?is same hydrog5 & by o!r gases f ! walls ( pr(\nd cracks lead+ d[n to ! e>? core4 ,volcanism & metamorphism are ?us ! same process1 namely ! action ( gases up cracks ?r\gh deep e>? cru/4 ,b metamorphism acts on cont95tal s$im5ts1 :]eas mod]n volcano eruption acts ?r\gh sea bottom & sea %ore fault+1 v anci5t features ( ! e>? & di/9ct f cont95ts4 ,9 ,hawaii no metamorphic rock fragm5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,su* primitive oceanic fault fissures ext5d "u cont95ts remnant f ! "t ( evolution ( cont95ts4 ,!y br+ up ! metamorphic hot gases1 :i* 9 silice\s s$im5ts1 make granites & gneisses & s*i/s ) ! aid ( gr\ndwat]4 ,geology has no k :atev] ( :e!r ?is metamorphic process affects ! h>d rock "u ! oceanic muds1 because geology has nev] collect$ a piece ( t rock4 ,geology h[ev] kn[s inclusions & explosive fragm5ts f oceanic volcanoes1 & x does n f9d !re granite & gneiss & s*i/4 ,h[ev]1 g5]alization does n apply to cont95tal volcanoes l ^? ( ,italy & ,africa4 ,! beg9n+ ( fossils on cont95ts is commonly consid]$ to h be5 #ejj million ye>s ago1 & ?is may be ext5d$ ano!r #a1ejj million ye>s = ! mo/ anci5t id5tifiable cont95tal rocks1 & an e/imat$ total ?ickness ( #abj1jjj feet to ! bottom ( ! mo/ anci5t s$im5ts on e>?4 ,we "k no?+ ( ?ickness ( mo/ anci5t volcanic deposits "u ! oceanic mud4 ,?is br+s u to ! great ,g]man explor] ,/bel1 :o mapp$ volcanoes ( ! ,&es1 f\nd$ a museum ( 8 "w 9 ,leipzig1 & publi%$ monographs on ! ,&es4 ,he wrote a f9al book1 includ+ mat]ial on ,m\nt ,pele1 on ! 8g5etic diff]5ces ( volcanic m\nta9s40 ,b su* mod]n cont95tali/s z ,daly & ,bu*] 9 ,am]ica h disreg>d$ ,/bel4 ,daly is ! au?ority on a %all[ e>? %ell & sub/ratum ( basalt1 & ,bu*] ( ,columbia ,univ]sity is a speciali/ on cont95tal s$im5ts & granitization4 ,! po9t is t ,/bel made a pr(\nd g5]alization :i* nobody has prov$ wrong4 ,! e>? is at lea/ #c1jjj million ye>s old1 & :5 oceanic fault blocks sank & receiv$ cond5s+ atmosph]ic wat] & cont95tal fault blocks rema9$ high & became erod$1 !re 0 already a ?ick %ell ( volcanic lavas4 ,= volcanism 0 ! mo/ anci5t process on ! e>?'s surface4 ,x _h always br\ght gases up cracks f ! core1 mak+ atmosph]e1 wat]1 & extrusions4 ,/bel1 call$ ! extrusive %ell on ! outside ( ! primitive cru/ ! globe's armorplate4 ,! primal gas escape1 :atev] ! ance/ral turbul5ce inside1 _h to come up cracks & make volcanic deposits4 ,x is commonly presum$ t ! v ?ick inside cru/ =m$ rapidly by cool+ & solidify+ f outside ! core inw>d1 & f inside ! atmosph]e outw>d4 ,! latt] surface 0 ev5tually "u wat] cool+ ov] mo/ ( ! e>? & "u air cool+ ov] ! small cont95tal area1 a m>k$ diff]5ce ( temp]ature & pressure = ! two areas4 ,seismometry tea*es t mo/ ( ! cru/ is ( fairly uni=m d5sity4 ,!re=e1 presumably1 a ?ick cru/ 0 arriv$ at e>ly4 ,!re 0 obvi\sly a "t ( conflict betwe5 ! weight+ ( ! cru/ by its heavi] accumulations next to ! core1 by its light] accumulations ext]iorly "u wat] & air1 & f9ally by its ext]nal armor plate ( unkn[n comp>ative weight1 made ( volcanic lava4 ,= all we "k1 ?is might h be5 volcanic pumice4 ,rapidity ( cru/ ?ick5+ is speculative4 ,"r "h !re is an elem5t ( my/]y 9 speculation z to :i* has to accommodate comp>ison ) ! moon1 ! m]g+ ( atmosph]ic cond5sation ) volcanism1 & ! m]g+ ( suboceanic cond5sation ( lava ) pri/9e eruption4 ,?is is too h>d a nut to crack1 9 our curr5t ignorance ( rock "u sea bottom muds4 ,b ,/bel's insi/5ce on a coat+ ( lava armor plate ov] bo? cont95ts & sea bottoms z ! e>li] volcanism1 & an ext]nal v5e] on ! e>?1 is unavoidable4 ,if x 7 all basalt l ! pres5t oceanic volcanoes1 we %\ld f9d basalt 9 cont95ts und]nea? ! granites4 ,we d n d s4 ,if x 7 all light weight granitiz+ by segregation ( silica1 we %\ld f9d commonly granite & obsidian fragm5ts )9 oceanic lavas4 ,we d n d s4 ,we h to conclude !n t our sections1 topographic & geologic1 d n g deep en\gh4 ,& z = ! ocean bottoms1 we h no sections at all4 ,b ,/bel 0 "r4 ,an unkn[n volcanic eruption p]iod _h to prec$e geologic volcanoes4 ,! "q ( anci5t gre5/ones 9 ,africa1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,canada is mu* discuss$1 = !re 7 old volcanic lavas 9 _m places2 mix$ ) gneisses1 s*i/s1 & granites4 ,!y 7 n a deep lay]1 b presum$ to be anci5t remnants ( int]sp]s$ lavas among s$im5ts4 ,!y are "o m evid5ce t volcanic eruption goes back to ! "t ( ! mo/ anci5t rocks on cont95ts & t its lavas 7 affect$ by metamorphism4 ,b no cont9u\s deep /ratum ( gre5/ones is kn[n4 ,at dep?s ( fifty miles1 "u cont95ts only1 is ! ,mohorovicic *ange to d5s] rock4 ,?is is an e*o surface 9 e>?quake waves1 b x is abs5t ov] ! :ole ,pacific4 ,x may be ! top ( ! armor plate4 ,ju/ice ,holmes wrote t ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 an exp]im5t4 ,t all law ( ! nation works salvation by prophecy bas$ on exp]im5t4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 ext5d$ to ! ,bill ( ,rights & all ! am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution4 ,i feel t geology--9 view ( its extreme ignorance ( subm>9e rocks1 ores1 metals1 oils1 spr+ wat]s1 temp]atures1 magnetism1 gravity1 & gases = mo/ ( ! e>?--ne$s a bill ( rights & num]\s am5dm5ts to its con/itution4 ,its salvation by prophecy ne$s to be bas$ on exp]im5ts ) in/rum5ts1 drill rigs1 & an*or$ laboratories 9 ?is va/ area4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 sup]ficially1 h be5 conduct$ by oceanographic sampl+ ( bottom mat]ials1 by gravity p5dulums op]at$ 9 subm>9es1 by cam]as on sea bottoms1 & collections ( bottom wat]s1 by te/s ( radioactivity ( bottom mat]ials1 by e*o s\nd+ to det]m9e ?ickness ( muds1 by volcanology on oceanic isl&s1 by topographic survey+ ( ! bottom1 & by all ! excell5t "w ( ! oceanographic & geologic /ations & _! seismographs1 ) "s /udies ( m>9e *emi/ry1 physics1 & biology4 ,! conclusions 9 ?is book am\nt to only "o small prophecy bas$ on exp]im5ts ) volcanoes4 ,b ! rock "u deep ocean mud is /ill uncollect$4 ,my volcano exp]im5ts are n influ5c$ by any cons5sus ( text books4 ,i 0 educat$ on textbook op9ions & f\nd geologic sci5ce defici5t 9 exp]im5tal measurem5t ( ! field progress ( erosion1 s$im5tation1 de=mation1 & eruption4 ,i exp5d$ mo/ ( my tea*+ 9 a plea = field obs]vatories ( "t measurem5t ( ^! f\r processes4 ,! plea has done "s good1 & 9 ?is c5tury we h se5 gr[ up ! ,int]national ,geophysical ,union4 ,exp]im5t /ations h multipli$1 to make geophysics & geo*emi/ry pure quantitative sci5ces4 ,b !y are g5]ally comm]cial & h n ext5d$ to deep bor+ "u oceans4 ,:ile work+ f volcano obs]vatories = ! ext5sion ( geology 9 ,alaska1 ,japan1 ,hawaii1 ,tonga1 ! ,c>ibbean & ,italy1 & on ! ma9l& ( ,cali=nia1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,new ,zeal&1 ,i h f\nd myself on ! outskirts ( va/ oceans1 engag$ 9 a sci5ce almo/ z unsatisfactory z ! textbook sci5ce ( hi/orical & cont95tal geology4 ,x is always a compromise1 = we are up aga9/ a cry+ ne$ = maps ( ! b$rock "u ! muds ( ! va/ oceans4 ,volcanism cries out = a k ( ! globe1 & x is help$ by su* "w z t ( ,gut5b]g & ,ri*t]4 ,^! m5 compil$ critical maps ( e>?quakes1 measur$ by ela/ic !ory ! _w ov]4 ,_! "w necess>ily made _m contacts ) volcanoes4 ,! same may be said ( ! geophysical summ>ies ( gravity1 magnetism1 climatology1 hydrology1 & oceanography4 ,b all our sci5ces /op at ! imm5se sea bottoms1 & ne$ salvation ?r\gh exp]im5t4 ,sci5ce is n do+ all x c4 ,f9ances & eng9e]+ are compet5t to contact sea bottom directly ) exp5sive ma*9es n yet inv5t$ & to create oceanic rock sci5ce4 ,(f%ore bor+ = oil is n en\gh4 ,pure sci5ce ne$s an example by f9anci]s l ,c>negie & ,rockefell] :o are n seek+ pr(it4 ,eng9e]+ advice positively c rea* "u ! few hundr$ feet ( mud1 f9d ! rock1 & bore into x 9 #b1jjj fa?oms4 ,! fir/ man :o does x w op5 a new fronti]4 ,all honor to ,%ep>d1 ,ew+1 ,piggot1 ,pett]sson1 & ,kull5b]g1 m5 :o h b>ely brok5 gr\nd 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,! :ole ( volcanology dep5ds on collect+ ! cru/al rock "u ! mud4 ,hoyle's book 8,! ,nature ( ! ,univ]se0 takes u "o /ep f>!r4 ,x %[s t all sci5ce is ess5tially cosmology1 & sci5ce deals ) ! orig9 & progress ( all nature4 ,i w\ld g f>!r ?an ! univ]se4 ,i w\ld include ! sci5ce ( life & ( our bra9s4 ,we ne$ an imag9ative picture />t+ ) ! out] univ]se4 ,we end on ! e>? ) volcanoes & ! bir? ( life4 ,hoyle & ,lyttleton ( ,cambridge h pres5t$ a cond5sation ( curr5t a/rophysics1 :i* includes e>?1 moon1 & planets2 sun & />s2 orig9 & future ( />s2 & orig9 ( sol> sy/ems4 ,a mo/ gratify+ conclusion is t ! backgr\nd mat]ial ( space creates hydrog54 ,?is is prov$ by precise ma!matical equations4 ,?is acc\nts = ! exp&+ univ]se "u ! pressure ( su* creation4 ,! out]mo/ nebulae cont9ually pass beyond ! spe$ ( light4 ,! galaxies move out into inf9ite space endlessly4 ,!y are r5ovat$ endlessly by gravitation f hydrog5 et]nally creat$4 ,! sun1 by k built up f ! days ( ,jeans & ,edd+ton1 conta9s m ?an n9ety p]c5t ( hydrog51 & ! small rema9d] is helium1 oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bon1 & iron4 ,x ma9ta9s its surface temp]ature by nucle> reactions f )9 outw>d1 at a rate suitable to make helium out ( hydrog51 s z to comp5sate = ! en]gy :i* ! sun radiates4 ,?is dom9ance ( hydrog5 inside ! sol> /> makes x impossible t ! e>? %\ld be sol>4 ,r1 x 0 a product ( a companion />1 a sup]nova :i* explod$ &1 ) excessive heat1 creat$ elem5ts atomically4 ,! sun 0 a b9>y pair ( />s1 & ! companion occupi$ ! place ( ! f\r great] planets4 ,! remnant body1 aft] explosion1 mov$ away4 ,a gase\s r+ =m$ ar\nd ! sun cond5s+ f _m molecules to rotat+ sup]planets4 ,^! broke up _m hundr$ million ye>s ago into ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,small blobs escap$ to become ! inn] planets includ+ ! e>?4 ,! e>? captur$ small solids & acquir$ ! moon z a satellite4 ,x got radioactive matt] ext]iorly1 plus nitrog51 wat]1 oxyg51 & c>bon dioxide4 ,!re is a hundr$ times m hydrog5 p] unit ( mass 9 ! sun ?an 9 ! planets4 ,its supply w la/ = #ej1jjj million ye>s4 ,! sol> sy/em is tunnel+ ?r\gh v>iable int]/ell> gas4 ,x picks up m or less mat]ial1 & s *anges climates occasionally4 ,?is makes su* episodes z ! ice ages on e>?4 ,lyttleton e/imates t ! du/ cl\ds enc\nt]$ =m bundles ( p>ticles captur$ by ! sun to make comets4 ,! ma!matics ( ! int]ior ( ! sun1 appli$ by ,be! to ! use ( c>bon & nitrog5 z cataly/s & *ang+ hydrog5 to helium1 is a model ( exp]im5tation4 ,x %\ld be imitat$ to expla9 ,hawaiian basalt4 ,! core ( ! e>? produces gas reactions up cracks4 ,! gases act on deep cru/4 ,! surface product is oliv9e basalt4 ,:at are ! reactions betwe5 gas & cru/ to make ,mauna ,loa foam f\nta9s8 ,?is problem has n be5 tackl$4 ,geologi/s h clung to a !ory ( %all[ res]voirs4 ,! a/ronom]s ( ,cambridge1 successors ( ! ,am]ican exp]im5t] ,george ,ell]y ,hale & ( ,edd+ton & ,jeans1 are n ! f9al ^w 9 cosmology4 ,!re w be a f9al ^w4 ,! picture creat$ f backgr\nd mat]ial to gas1 f gas to galaxies1 & f galaxies to sol> sy/ems ends = u 9 our planet ) a :ite hot liquid core4 ,nucle> reactions creat$ ?is f ! sup]heat ( an explod+ sup]nova4 ,our erupt+ volcanoes are ! end product4 ,we c sit beside erupt+ lava f\nta9s & wat* hydrog5 flames1 ! same gas t 0 made ( ! backgr\nd mat]ial 9 ! univ]se4 ,all ?is is outcome ( gravitation4 ,x ext5ds f ! fir/ eddies ( hydrog5 9 out] space to ! f9al rotation ( ! e>?4 ,! f9al hydrog51 ) c>bon1 made life on ! e>?4 ,! five elem5ts ( volcanic gas are id5tical ) ! five elem5ts ( organic *emi/ry4 ,dr4 ,hoyle mi/ak5ly concludes t we h no clue to our own fate4 ,b he po9ts out t ! univ]se is cont9u\s creation4 ,our picture is "o in/ant ( "t 9 an ev]la/+ n[4 ,m9d is an ev]la/+ unit beyond :i* we _c g4 ,x is illogical to pay any att5tion to exi/5ce aft] dea? unless we pay equal att5tion to exi/5ce be=e bir?4 ,all is cont9u\s creation4 ,! mak+ ( hydrog5 is j z true )9 ! creation ( life z )9 ! univ]se4 ,life is "u gravitation4 ,gravitation controls ! in/antane\s mov+ picture1 ev5 ! em]g5ce ( life f volcanic gases "u enorm\s wat] pressure at sea bottom4 ,x is j z mu* subject to exp]im5t z ! out] b\nd>y ( ! univ]se4 ,life is an end product2 & x ?9ks1 wor%ips1 & exp]im5ts4 ,treat+ life & volcanoes z end products ( ,hoyle's univ]se makes sci5ce fundam5tally cosmology4 ,"o f9al comm5t1 aft] look+ at sea bottom eruptions ?r\gh all ! ages4 ,cont95tal life came out ( ! sea1 & orig9al life comes cont9ually f ! e>? core4 ,?is gives new dignity to ! future se>* = global action on ! sea bottom4 ,! 8em]g5t evolution0 ( ,lloyd ,morgan makes mu* ( mutation z acc\nt+ = progress f unconsci\s life to consci\sness1 consci\sness to memory1 memory to reason+1 & reason+ to spirituality4 ,ea* "o ( ^! is a new mutation1 9 ! same s5se z a new fruit by ,burbank4 ,! fir/ unconsci\s life may be consid]$ a mutation f ! inorganic ( ! globe4 ,! totally unkn[n pressure-temp]ature conditions ( volcanic eruption ?r\gh ! crack+ e>? ( ocean bottom1 & ! gr\nd wat]s "u ! ocean1 l5d a f9al dignity to exploration ( t fronti]4 ,hoyle writes t ! ultimate goal ( ! ,new ,cosmology is cont9u\s creation 9 out] space4 ,! ultimate goal ( ! ,new ,volcanology is cont9u\s creation 9 oceanic dep?s4 ,,index ,a aa1 #ed1 #fg1 #gh1 #ajd1 #aba1 #abd1 #abe1 #abi1 #adh1 #agd ,abbot1 #aei ,abs>oka ,range1 #h ,adak ,h>bor1 #ada ,adams1 ,c4 ,e41 #aaj ,africa1 #aha1 #ahb ,agassiz1 ,alex&]1 #bj1 #be1 #ee1 #fe1 #gb1 #afd ,agassiz ,museum1 #ag1 #ai ,aghile5 ,p9nacles1 #adj ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,kodiak1 #ach ,agua cone1 #ha ,akutan ,isl&1 #aed ,alaska1 #cj-ca1 #ee1 #gb-ge1 #ha1 #hb1 #hd1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aag1 #abg1 #acg-ade1 #aed1 #afi1 #agb1 #agc1 #ahc -- exp$itions to1 #ee1 #gb-ge1 #hd1 #ach ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 #ada ,albatross 7%ip71 #agj ,aleutian arc1 #hb ,aleutian eruptions1 #afi ,aleutian ,geographical ,obs]vatory1 #adb ,aleutian ,isl&s1 #ee1 #ge1 #hd1 #aaj1 #aad1 #abg1 #acg-ade1 #aed1 #agb1 #agc -- exp$itions to1 #ee1 #gb-ge1 #hd1 #ach ,aleutian tr5*1 #ca ,alf>o1 ,ana/asio1 #gi ,algonkian1 #bh ,all51 ,e4 ,h41 #ab1 #aab1 #aae1 #abi ,alps1 !1 #ajc1 #aaf ,alyea1 ,hub]t1 #e ,amazon ,riv]1 #hb ,am*itka ,isl&1 #ada ,am]ada ,company1 #aab ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #aac ,am]ican ,museum1 #ef ,am]ican ,relief ,committee1 #fc amphibian vehicles1 #gd1 #ach1 #adb-adc1 #afh ,&]son1 ,c4 ,a41 #acg ,&]son1 ,j41 #aaa ,&]son1 ,tempe/1 xii1 #fe1 #ga1 #gf1 #hd ,&]son1 ! cook1 #h ,&es1 !1 #gh1 #hb1 #aaf1 #aha ,&rews1 ,e4 ,c41 #aab ,angaha1 #adg-adi ,antigua1 #aeg ,appala*ian bas91 #ej1 #eb ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 #ah1 #df-di1 #ea-eb1 #aaf ,ar*ean granites1 #h ,arizona1 #be-bh arr[root1 #afj ,asama ,volcano1 #gh1 #ajg-ajh ,asama-,b&ai sy/em1 #ajh ,ascutney ,m\nta91 #g1 #dj1 #ec ,asia1 m\nta9 ranges (1 #aag ,aso ,volcano1 #ajh a/ronomy1 #f1 #cj1 #adg-aej1 #agb-agc1 #ahd-ahe ,atka1 #gb1 #ge ,atlantic ,ocean1 #ec1 #agj -- deeps (1 #ec ,attu1 #adj-ada ,auckl&1 #aji-aaj ,audubon1 ,j4 ,j41 #c1 #d ,au/ralia1 #acb1 #afc -- sci5ce congress 91 #acb ,b ,bad ,l&s ( ,s\? ,dakota1 #bc1 #bd1 #cg-ch ,bak]1 ,ru?1 #aee1 #afh1 #afi ,bak] ,isl&1 #ace-acf ,baldw91 ,r4 ,g41 #agb ,ball>d1 ,/anley ,s41 #agc ,ball\1 ,h[>d ,m41 #ia ,b&ai ,volcano1 #db-dc1 #de1 #ajf-ajh1 #aaj ,b>bados1 #fa-fb1 #aeh1 #afj ,b>n>d1 ,mr4 & ,mrs41 #aei ,b>rios1 #ha ,b>ton1 ,g41 #ah ,b>trum1 ,j4 ,a41 #aaj ,b>us1 ,c>l1 #ed bat1 giant1 #adi ,bay ( ,pl5ty1 #aaj be> hunts1 #gb1 #aci-adj1 #adc ,bee*]1 ,c41 #ai ,bel*]1 44441 #aef ,belize1 #gi ,bell+ham1 ,wa%41 #adc-add ,b]g51 #ab ,b]gson1 ,h41 xii ,b]+ ,sea1 #gd1 #adj ,b]k%ire ,hills1 #df ,b]mel1 ,colonel1 #aef ,b]muda1 #afa ,b]nh>dt1 ,s>ah1 #e ,b]ry1 ,rob]t1 #ef ,be!1 ,h4 ,a41 #ahe ,big ,horn exp$ition1 #h ,b+ham1 ,hiram1 #adg ,bird1 ,isabella1 #ia birds1 #ace1 #ada1 #adh-adi -- gannets1 #ace -- goonies1 #ace -- malau1 #adh-adi -- man-(-w>1 #ace -- murres1 #ada -- t]ns1 #ace ,birdseye1 ,claude ,h41 #hi1 #aaa1 #abi-acj ,bi%op ,e/ate1 #hi ,bi%op ,museum1 #ace ,black ,=e/1 #ad ,black ,gr[l]1 #aj ,black ,hills1 xii1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc-be1 #bh1 #df-dg1 #gh -- surveys ( 7#ahih1 #ahii71 #bc-be ,blo*1 ,c4 ,c41 #afh ,blue ,be>d's ,ca/le1 #aeg ,blue ,hill1 ,mass41 #gg ,bluff1 !1 #acd ,bogosl(1 #gd1 #ge1 #gh1 #aaj1 #adj-ada -- eruption ( #aijg1 #ge1 #ada ,bohemia1 #ad ,boil+ ,lake1 #aa boil+ lake1 #hj boil+ spr+s1 #dj1 #db bomb+ ( ,mauna ,loa1 #aec-aed1 #afa ,bon9 ,isl&s1 #aji ,boscotrecase1 #fe-fh ,bo%u ,p59sula1 #acc ,bo/on1 #af-ag1 #ai1 #cg1 #dc1 #ef1 #gg1 #he1 #ia1 #afa -- mapp+ (1 #af-ag ,bottoms1 !1 #aeg ,b\ld] ,dam1 #afi ,b\twell1 ,john ,mason1 #ba-bb1 #bd ,b[ie1 ,william1 #aab ,boynton1 ,h4 ,c41 #ai1 #afh1 #agb ,boyrie1 ,w41 #adb ,brad=d1 ,alex1 #ach1 #adb ,brad%aw ,m\nta9s1 #be-bh ,brazil1 #dj ,brigg1 ,j4 ,j41 #fe ,brigham1 ,w4 ,t41 #ia1 #afd ,bright ,angel fault1 #cj ,bri/ol ,bay1 #adj ,brock1 ,r4 ,w41 #ad ,bronto!rium1 #bd ,brooklyn1 #ef ,brooks1 ,alfr$1 #ah ,br[n1 ,e4 ,w41 #ajj ,br[n1 ,william ,g>rott1 #bj ,brun1 ,alb]t1 #hh1 #ib ,bru%1 ,g4 ,j41 #ba ,bu*]1 ,w41 #aha ,bund1 ,yokohama1 #acb ,burkl&1 ,alb]t1 #hi1 #aaa1 #abi ,c ,ca*e ,creek1 #aa ,cali=nia1 #ci1 #hi1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aaa-aac1 #aad-aaf1 #acf-acg1 #aed -- ,univ]sity (1 #hi1 #acg -- volcanoes1 #acf ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #aaa ,calumet & ,hecla1 copp] company1 #gb ,camiqu9 ,isl&1 #gf ,cambrian1 #f1 #i1 #bb1 #bc1 #bh -- fossils1 #bb -- %ales & lime/ones1 #bc ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #afd ,campbell1 ,ar*ibald1 #afc ,canada1 #f1 #acf1 #ahb ,canadian ,rockies1 #bc ,can>y ,isl&s1 #aca ,canna 7arr[root71 #afj ,canoe ,bay1 #adb ,cape ,nome1 #ada ,c>ib cones1 #ga ,c>ibbean ,sea1 #gi1 #aag1 #aeg1 #ahc -- exp$itions to1 #ee -- isl&s (1 #ee-fe1 #fg1 #gf1 #ajh ,c>ribee l9e1 #ff ,c>isso 7%ip71 #aej ,c>negie1 ,&rew1 #ahd ,c>negie ,in/itution1 #gh1 #hf1 #ij1 #aaa1 #aab -- ,geophysical ,laboratory (1 #gf1 #hf1 #aaa ,c>negie ,palace1 ,co/a ,rica1 #gi ,c>tago e>?quake ( #aiaj1 #gh-hd ,c>tago exp$ition1 #hd ,c>twright1 ,bruce1 #ace ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 xii1 #hb1 #acf cata/rophes1 #ee-hd1 #ajc-ajf1 #acb-acd1 #aef ,catskills1 #dc ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #ee1 #gh-hd -- exp$ition to1 #ee ,*adron ,=mation1 #bb ,*a9 ( ,crat]s1 #aah1 #abe1 #aed-aee ,*all5g] 7%ip71 #agj ,*>le/on1 #dc1 #de1 #ajc -- e>?quake1 #dc1 #de ,*>lotte ,amalie1 #aeg ,*ateau ,belair1 ,w4 ,i41 #ei1 #fa1 #aei ,*]n(ski village1 #ada ,*]ry ,isl&1 #ajc ,*icago1 #gb ,*icago ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 #bd ,*ilean coa/al pla91 #hb ,*ilton1 ,c41 #aab ,*9a1 riv]s (1 #da ,*\rr1 44441 #abb ,*ri/*ur* ,college1 #aaj ,*ri/ians&1 ,norway1 #ab ,*ri/oph]s51 ,erl+1 #ace ,*ugul1 #ada ,*ur*1 ,dr41 #eg ,c9c9nati1 #ec ,c9c9nati ar*1 #ej clams1 #ace ,cl>k1 ,w4 ,o41 #aaa ,clive1 44441 #aa ,coal ,measures1 #bh ,coan1 ,titus1 #ia ,coa/ ,survey1 #acg1 #agj -- /ation at ,sitka1 #acg ,cody1 ,frank1 #gc1 #abc ,colby1 ,f4 ,t41 #gb-gc ,coll9s1 ,george1 #ace ,colorado1 #bh1 #afi1 #agc ,colorado ,riv]1 #bf1 #ch ,com/ock ,lode1 #ah ,congresses1 #ab1 #aab1 #acb1 #acd -- ,au/ralia ,sci5ce1 #acb -- ,hawaii1 #aab -- ,japan1 #acd -- ,london ,geography1 #ab -- ,pacific ,sci5ce1 #aab1 #acd -- ,zuri* ,geological1 #ab ,connecticut ,riv]1 #g ,con/itution1 ,u4 ,s41 #ahb cont95tal divide1 #cf cont95tal m$it]ranean sea1 #bb1 #ec cont95tal volcanoes1 #aha ,cook ,*annel1 #aji ,cook ,/rait1 #aaj ,cooke1 ,c4 ,montague1 #ace ,cooke1 ,jo%iah1 #e copra1 #adh-adi coral islets1 #ace ,cordill]a1 #ba1 #di1 #fg1 #gh-hd1 #acg1 #agg ,cosequ9a1 #hj cosmology1 #ahe-ahf ,co/a ,rica1 #ee1 #gi1 #hj1 #ajh -- e>?quake1 #ee -- rocky m\nta9s (1 #ee ,co/a ,rica-,mexico l9e1 #ajh ,cotton1 ,c4 ,a41 #aaj crabs1 #adi ,cramton1 ,l\is ,c41 #aad1 #acf1 #afb ,cr&all ,creek m9+ claim1 #h crat] lake1 #hj ,craw=d1 ,david ,l41 #afb ,croney1 ,j4 ,e41 #fc ,crooks ,canyon1 #bf ,crooks ,complex1 #bf-bg ,crosby1 ,w4 ,o41 #ah1 #gb cross-c\ntry c>s1 #aca-acb1 #ach ,crusoe1 ,rob9son1 #abj ,culebra ,cut1 #hb ,curtis1 ,g4 ,c41 #ef1 #ei1 #aei ,curzon1 ,g4 ,n41 #ab ,cu/]1 ,g4 ,a41 #h ,d ,daly1 ,r4 ,a41 #g1 #i1 #ah1 #ib1 #agg-aha ,dana1 ,edw>d1 #aac ,dana1 ,james ,d41 #ba1 #ia1 #aac1 #aaf1 #afd ,d>ton1 ,n4 ,h41 #ba1 #bb ,d>w91 ,c4 ,r41 #f ,d>w91 ,george1 #d1 #cb ,daubre1 ,a41 #af1 #cj ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 #g1 #af1 #dj1 #afe ,day1 ,a4 ,l41 #ab1 #hf1 #ib1 #aab1 #aae1 #abd ,de ,c&olle1 ,c41 #d1 #ce de ,vis-,norton1 ,l4 ,w41 #aaa ,deadwood1 #bc-be ,dean1 ,ar?ur ,l41 #afb ,dea? ,gul*1 #aa-ab de=mation1 #cb1 #gf deltas1 leaf1 #dc ,d5m>k1 #ab ,d5v]1 #afi1 #agc ,devil's ,t[]1 #bc1 #be ,diamond ,head1 #abb ,dill+ham1 ,walt] ,f41 #aad disa/]s1 #ee-hd1 #ajc-ajf1 #aaa1 #acb-acd1 #aef ,dixie 7%ip71 #ef-ei ,dodge1 ,francis1 #ij ,doelt]1 ,c41 #af1 #ec ,dom9ica1 #aa1 #ff1 #aeh ,dom9ion ,museum1 #aji ,dorsey1 ,e4 ,w41 #dc ,dranga1 ,t$1 #ace-acf ,drexel ,in/itute1 #gc ,dun$91 #aji-aaj ,dut* ,h>bor1 #gb1 #gd1 #ada1 #add ,dutton1 ,c4 ,e41 #g1 #bi-cj1 #dh1 #aaf ,e ,eakle1 ,a4 ,s41 #gb-gd ,e>h>t1 ,amelia1 #abe e>? core1 #ahe e>? cru/ !ory1 #aae-aag e>?quake c5t]s1 #afi e>?quake frequ5cy1 #aca e>?quakes1 #cj-ca1 #de1 #ee-hd1 #ib1 #ajc-ajf1 #aaa1 #aad1 #acb-acd1 #acg1 #ade-adg1 #aed-afe1 #afh-afi -- ,c>tago1 #hj -- ,*>le/on1 #dc1 #de -- ,co/a ,rica1 #ee -- ,hawaii1 #ade-adg -- ,kapoho1 #aed1 #afe -- ,k+/on1 #hc-hd -- ,mess9a1 #ee1 #ga -- ,monts]rat1 #aef-afa -- ,napi]1 #de1 #aaa -- ,sakurajima1 #ajc-ajf -- ,san ,francisco1 xii1 #de1 #ee1 #acd1 #acg -- ,tokyo1 #ajc1 #aad1 #acb-acd1 #afh -- ,valp>aiso1 #ee -- ,yakutat ,bay1 #cj-ca1 #cg1 #de ,ea/ ,indies1 #agj ,ea/man ,kodak ,company1 #ia eclipse ( sun1 #adg-aej ,ecuador1 #gh ,edd+ton1 ,a4 ,a41 #e1 #ahd-ahe ,eddy1 ,johnny1 #fb ,eggle/on1 ,julius ,w41 #ag ,e9/e91 ,alb]t1 #e 8elevation crat]s01 #aca ,eliot1 ,c4 ,w41 #ah1 #ee1 #fc ,emd5 7%ip71 #adj ,em]son1 ,oliv]1 #ed1 #ajj1 #abc1 #abi ,emmons1 ,delos ,c41 #aec ,emmons1 ,samuel ,frankl91 xi1 #ba1 #bb ,engli%1 ,t4 ,s41 #aeh ,engli% ,*annel1 #cd ,engli% /rata1 #ba ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 #df erosion1 #aj1 #cj1 #cb1 #ch1 #dc1 #dh1 #gf -- model1 #dc eruption cycles1 #aff-afg eruption index1 #gg eruptions1 #cb1 #de1 #ee-hd1 #abj-abe1 #acj-aca1 #afi1 #agc-agf -- ,alaska1 #ge1 #ada1 #afi -- ,halemaumau1 #abj-abd1 #acj-aca -- ,irazu1 #gi-hj -- ,mauna ,loa1 #abe1 #agc-agf -- ,lass51 #acf -- ,pele1 #de1 #ef-fe1 #ga -- ,t>umai1 #gg-gh -- ,vesuvius1 #fe-gb ,europe1 m\nta9 ranges (1 #aag ,europe1 /udy 91 #ab-af evolution1 #f1 #aaf1 #ahf -- !ory (1 #f ,ew+1 ,m41 #ahd exp$itions1 #ee-hd1 #ajc-aaa1 #aad1 #acb-aej1 #aed-afa -- ,alaska1 #ee1 #gb-ge1 #hd1 #aad1 #ach1 #adc1 #aed -- ,c>tago1 #hd -- ,h[l& & ,bak]1 #ace-acf -- ,japan1 #ee1 #gg-gh1 #hd1 #ajd-aji1 #aad1 #acb-acd -- ,kilauea-,t>umai1 #hd -- ,m>t9ique1 #ee-fe1 #aef-afa -- ,monts]rat1 #afa -- ,new ,zeal&1 #ajc1 #aji-aaa -- ,niuafo\1 #aad1 #adg-aej -- ,pele-,s\frire1 #ee-fe1 #hd1 #aef-afa -- ,tokyo1 #aad -- ,vesuvius1 #ee1 #fe-gb1 #hd exp]im5ts1 #d-e1 #ag1 #cb-ed1 #gf1 #gh1 #he-aac1 #abe-acb1 #ach1 #adb-adc1 #aed-aef1 #afh1 #aga-agc1 #agf-agg1 #ahb-ahf -- field1 #gf1 #he-aac -- laboratory1 #d-e1 #cb-ed1 #afh1 #aga-agb ,f ,falcon ,isl&1 #aaj ,f>aday1 ,m41 #af1 #bi fault+1 #bh-bi ,ficus1 #fj field exp]im5ts1 #gf1 #he-aac field "w1 #g-ab1 #ba-ca1 #ee-hd1 #ach1 #adb-adc1 #agg ,fiji1 #adg ,f9*1 ,r4 ,h41 #ii1 #abj-aba1 #acb1 #acf-acg1 #add1 #aed1 #afb1 #afh1 #agc ,firehole ,riv]1 #ci ,flett1 ,j4 ,s41 #gf 8float+ isl&s01 #ib1 #if fly+ fox1 #adi ,fo]/]1 ,capta91 #adj fold+1 model (1 #ej-eb foot pr9ts 9 lava1 #abj ,=bes1 ,john1 #agc ,=t de ,france1 #ef ,=tie? ,p>allel ,survey1 #h1 #bb1 #be fossa magna1 #aji fossils1 #aha ,f\qu1 ,f41 #af1 #ec ,frank ,l&slip1 !1 #de ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #ga ,fre>1 ,walt] ,f41 #hi ,freib]g1 #ad ,fri$la5d]1 ,i41 #gf1 #ajc1 #afb ,fujiyama1 #ha1 #aji1 #acd-ace fum>oles1 #aa-ab1 #fb1 #fe1 #fh1 #hj1 #ajh1 #abi1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj ,futu1 #adg1 #adi ,g gannets1 #ace ,g>dn]1 ,john1 #aci-adb gas-heat !ory1 #ei ,geikie1 ,ar*ibald1 xi1 #ab1 #aaf ,geodetic ,survey ( ,india1 #aeg ,geological ,congress1 ,zuri*1 #ab ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 #gf1 #afd1 #aff ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #ab ,geological ,survey1 ,u4 ,s41 #ag-bb1 #ej1 #ed-ef1 #fd1 #hi-ij1 #aaa-aad1 #abi-aca1 #acf-ach1 #adb1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afi1 #agb-agc ,geophysical ,laboratory1 ,wa%4 ,d4 ,c41 #aab ,georget[n1 ,w4 ,i41 #aei-afj ,geovision ,ltd41 #afc ,g]many1 #ab-af geys] bas9s1 #aj geys]s1 #i1 #ci-dj1 #db1 #dh -- z erod]s1 #ci-dj geys]-spr+ exp]im5ts1 #da ,geys]ville1 #aab1 #acg ,giacometti1 ,guido1 #aec1 #afc giant bat1 #adi ,giant's ,causeway1 #bc ,gilb]t1 ,grove ,k>l1 #g1 #fd ,gillie1 ,miss1 44441 #aeg glacial p]iods1 #f1 #aj1 #de glaci]s1 #dd1 #dh ,glass ,m\nta91 #acf ,goe?als1 ,g5]al1 #hb ,golds*midt1 ,victor ,m41 #ad1 #af ,goodri*1 44441 #ah goonies1 #ace ,gordon-,cumm+1 ,c41 #ia ,gteborg1 #ac ,grabau1 ,amadeus1 #ag ,gr& ,canyon1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh-cj1 #cg -- model (1 #cj1 #ch ,gr& ,hotel1 ,japan1 #acb-acc ,grange1 ,l4 ,i41 #aaa granitization1 #aha ,grant1 ,willie1 #c gravitation1 #ahe-ahf ,great ,brita91 #ab1 #afb -- ,geological ,survey (1 #ab ,great ,lakes1 #be1 #de ,great ,pla9s1 #aj1 #bb ,gre51 ,w4 ,l41 #ia ,gre5 ,riv]1 #cj gre5/ones1 #ahb ,gre5well1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,frank1 #adf ,gregory1 ,h4 ,e41 #aab1 #ace ,grodz9ski1 ,p41 #agb ,grosv5or1 ,gilb]t1 #adb-adc ,gro?1 ,p4 ,g41 #ac ,guadel\pe1 #ff guano digg+s1 #ace-acf ,guatemala1 #ee1 #hj-hb ,gulf ( ,alaska1 #ach1 #aga ,gulf ( ,mexico1 #aj1 #cf ,gumm]1 ,h>ry1 #ab1 #cc1 #gb-gc ,gut5b]g1 ,b41 #ahc ,h ,hague1 ,arnold1 xi1 #h ,hakamago%i1 #aje ,hakone1 #acd ,hale1 ,george ,ell]y1 #ahe ,haleakala1 #afd1 #afe ,haleakala1 ,kohala1 ,kea l9e1 #afe ,halemaumau1 #gg1 #hf1 #hi1 #ib-ic1 #ie1 #aab1 #aae1 #aag-aai1 #abj-abd1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca1 #adg1 #aea-aee1 #aff -- eruption1 #aag-abd1 #acj-aca ,hammond1 ,w4 ,h41 #afh1 #agb ,hannon1 ,ar?ur1 #aab h>dness te/s1 #afh1 #aga-agb ,h>ney ,peak1 xii ,h>t1 ,f4 ,r41 #gi ,h>v>d1 xi1 #c-g1 #af-ai1 #cb-ef1 #gb1 #hi1 #ib1 #aja -- laboratory exp]im5ts1 #cb-ed -- /udy at1 #c1 #cb-ed -- tea*+ at1 #ee-ef1 #gb ,hawaii1 isl& (1 v1 #bh1 #gg1 #gh1 #aab1 #adb1 #adc1 #aed1 #afd1 #afe ,hawaii ,*annel1 #abc ,hawaii e>?quake crisis 7#aibi71 #ade-adg ,hawaii ,geological ,survey1 #cj1 #aaa-aab ,hawaii ,national ,p>k1 #hf1 #hi1 #aac-aad1 #abh1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afh1 #agc ,hawaii tidal wave 7#aidf71 #aef ,hawaii1 ,univ]sity (1 #aja ,hawaiian ,is41 #ee1 #fi1 #gg-gh1 #aab1 #aag1 #afd1 #aga1 #agg1 #ahc -- j\rney to1 #ee ,hawaiian ,ridge1 #di ,hawaiian ,sug> ,plant]s' ,association1 #aab ,hawaiian ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 v1 #ed1 #ge1 #gh1 #hd-ajc1 #aaa-aab1 #aad-acj1 #ace1 #acg1 #adb1 #aea-aef1 #afb-afd1 #afh1 #agc ,hawaiian ,volcano ,rese>* ,association1 v1 #ga1 #gh1 #ia1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aac-aad1 #aee1 #aga ,hawaiian volcanoes1 #db1 #he-aac1 #ade-adg1 #aea-agf ,hayd51 ,f4 ,v41 #g1 #ag ,hay/ack ,bas91 #ci ,heidelb]g1 #ab ,heilpr91 ,a41 #gf ,h5d]son1 ,john ,brooks1 #abg1 #afb ,h]mann1 ,a41 #e ,h]s*el1 ,ar?ur1 #hc ,hiatt1 ,r4 ,w41 #aga ,high ,plateaus ( ,utah1 #fg ,hill1 ,r4 ,t41 #ef ,hilo1 #acj1 #adc1 #aea-aec1 #aee1 #afa1 #afb1 #afi -- m]*ants (1 #hi ,hilo ,tribune ,h]ald1 #afb-afc ,hilo ,:>f1 #abc ,himalayas1 #dh1 #aaf ,h9d1 ,mrs4 ,rob]t1 #ade ,h9kley1 ,v]n1 #afb ,hit*cock1 ,c4 ,h41 #ia1 #afd-aff ,hob>t1 ,a4 ,h41 #abh ,hodges1 ,ri*mond1 #aed ,hokkaido1 #gg ,holmes1 ,ju/ice ,oliv] ,w5dell1 #ahb ,honduras1 #hj ,honjo di/rict1 #acc ,honolulu1 #gg1 #gh1 #he1 #ia ,honolulu ,/>-,bullet91 #afb ,hon%u1 #ajg ,honukai1 !1 #adb-adc ,hook5a1 #agd ,hoopuloa village1 #abe ,hosm]1 ,ralph1 #gh hot spr+s1 #i1 #ci1 #db1 #acg ,h\/on1 ,david ,f41 #aab ,hovey1 ,e4 ,o41 #ef1 #ei1 #gf1 #aab1 #aei1 #agc ,h[e1 ,erne/1 #ag ,h[l& ,isl&1 #ace-acf ,hoyle1 ,fr$1 xii1 #e1 #ahd1 #ahf ,hualalai ,volcano1 #ade1 #adf1 #aed1 #afd-afe1 #afg ,hubble1 ,e4 ,p41 #e ,hudson ,riv]1 #db1 #dc ,humuula1 #aea1 #aec ,hunt1 ,walt] ,fr$]ick1 #agc ,hunt+ton1 ,ellswor?1 #ag ,hunt+ton1 ,oliv]1 #e ,hyatt1 ,a41 #ai ,i ice ages1 #dc1 #ahe ,icel&1 #ci1 #ajc ,imp]ial ,hotel1 ,japan1 #acc ,indian ,ocean1 #agj index ( eruption1 #gg index volcanoes1 #ge1 #gi1 #hj indu/rial diamonds1 #agb ,+alls1 ,alb]t1 #abf ,+]son1 ,e>l1 #agb injections1 lava1 #df-dh ,int]national ,geophysical ,union1 #ahc intrusions1 #ec inv5tions1 #ai-bj1 #abe-acb1 #aeg-aeh1 #afj1 #afb1 #agb ,irazu ,volcano1 #gi ,irel&1 #ab1 #bc -- ,geological ,survey (1 #ab ,irv+1 ,john ,du]1 #ba1 #be ,is*ia1 #ff iso/asy1 #aaf-aag1 #aca1 #agg ,italy1 #ee1 #fe-gb1 #gh1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abg1 #aha1 #ahc ,ivanpah1 #bg ,izalco ,volcano1 #hj ,j ,jack1 ,r4 ,l41 #aaj ,jackson1 ,r4 ,t41 #e1 #ai1 #afe ,jagg>1 ,isabel1 v1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba1 #abb1 #adj1 #adb1 #ade1 #adg1 #aec1 #aef1 #aeg1 #age ,jagg>1 ,rev4 ,?omas ,augu/us1 #c ,jagg> inv5tions1 #ai-bj1 #aeh1 #afj1 #agb ,jamaica1 #hc-hd1 #aeg1 #afj ,japan1 #db1 #de1 #ee1 #fe-fh1 #gg-gh1 #ha1 #hd1 #ajb1 #ajc-ajf1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aag1 #acb-acd1 #afi1 #ahc ,japanese e>?quakes1 #ajc-ajf1 #aad1 #acb-acd1 #afh ,japanese eng9e]s1 #aca ,java1 #aa ,jeans1 ,j4 ,h41 #e1 #ahd-ahe jeep1 =]unn] (1 #aca-acb1 #ach ,jim1 ,samuel1 #fb ,jim5ez1 ,presid5t ( ,co/a ,rica1 #gi-hj ,johanss51 ,capta91 #ach1 #adj ,johnson1 ,d\glas1 #ah ,john/on1 ,f41 #be ,jones1 ,au/9 ,e41 #adb1 #add1 #aeb1 #afi ,jordalsknut1 !1 #ab ,jupit]1 #ahd ,k ,kago%ima1 #ajc-ajf ,kahuku1 #agd ,kahului1 #afi ,kailua1 ,hawaii1 #adc ,kaimon1 #ajh ,kais] ,wilhelm1 #ac-ad ,kamakura1 #acd ,kam*atka arc1 #hb ,kamuela1 #adf ,kansas1 #dj ,kapoho1 #aah1 #abe1 #aed1 #afd -- e>?quake 7#aibd71 #aed1 #afe ,k>uizawa1 #ajg-ajh ,katmai1 #adj ,kau ,des]t1 #ic1 #aae1 #aag1 #abj1 #abd1 #abe1 #acj1 #acb1 #aee ,kaunakakai1 #abc ,kawaihae1 #adc ,keewat91 #f ,kell>1 ,h41 #e ,kell]s1 ,h41 #adg1 #adi ,kelv91 ,w4 ,t41 #f ,ke\a's army1 #abj ,keppel ,isl&1 #aej ,keppl]1 ,c4 ,h4 ,j41 #adg ,kew ,obs]vatory1 #aeg ,kiholo1 #adc ,kilauea1 v1 xi1 #ei1 #fb1 #fh1 #ga1 #gf1 #gg1 #hf-ajc1 #aaa-aae1 #aag-abe1 #abg-abh1 #acj-acb1 #adb-adg1 #aea-aee1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe1 #afg1 #agb1 #agf1 #agg ,kilauea ,iki1 #abd ,kilauea ,milit>y ,camp1 #ig1 #aac ,kilauea ,m\nta91 #ii1 #aah1 #aba ,k+1 ,cl>a1 #fb-fd ,k+1 ,cl>5ce1 xi1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #cb ,k+1 ,f4 ,p41 #aa ,k+1 ,samuel ,w41 #ace ,k+ ,cove1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #add ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 #hc-hd1 #aei1 #afj ,kiri%ima1 #ajh ,kob&ai1 #ajf-ajh ,kodiak1 #acg1 #ach1 #adj1 #adc1 #add ,kohala1 #afe ,kona1 #ib1 #ic1 #abe1 #adb1 #ade-adf1 #aeb-aed1 #afi1 #agc-agd -- ,nor?1 #ade -- ,s\?1 #ib1 #ic1 #abe1 #agc ,korov9ski ,volcano1 #ge ,koto1 ,b41 #ajf k\ trees1 #acf ,kull5b]g1 ,b41 #agj1 #ahd ,kumamoto1 #aji ,kyu%u1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji ,l laboratories1 #ag1 #cb-ed1 #gf1 #gh -- ,c>negie ,in/itution geophysical1 #gf1 #hf1 #aaa -- ,h>v>d1 #cb-ed -- ,hawaii ,volcano ,obs]vatory1 #gh -- ,naples1 #gf -- ,rockefell]1 #bi ,labrador1 #c ,lacroix1 ,alfr$1 #af1 #gf1 #acd ,la ,=ge1 ,laur5ce1 #ag ,laha9a1 #abc ,lake ,sup]ior1 #f ,lake ,taupo1 #aaj ,lake ,toya1 #ajf ,lam> ,riv]1 #cf ,lanca/]1 ,alex1 #hf1 #ij1 #ig1 #aah ,lane ,a41 #ah ,l>amie1 #df ,lass5 ,national ,p>k1 #aab1 #aad1 #acf-acg1 #aed -- survey (1 #acg ,lass5 ,peak1 #acf lava injection model1 #df-dh lava tides1 #aff-afg lava1 analyses (1 #abi lava1 con/itu5ts (1 #aff lava1 moon1 #agb ,laudat1 #aa ,lehigh1 #bb ,leipzig1 #aha ,l5ox-,cony+ham1 ,g]ald1 #aef1 #aeg ,lewis ,lake1 #cf ,lewis ,riv]1 #cf ,limon1 #gi ,l9coln1 ,gates=d1 #acb1 #adg ,l9coln1 ,joseph1 #agd ,l+ula1 #f1 #g ,lip>i1 #ff ,lisbon1 #ajc ,london1 #ab ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 #dc ,los ,angeles1 #ajc ,l\cks1 ,burton1 #afh1 #agc ,l[] ,silurian1 #g ,lurl9e 7%ip71 #age ,lycurgus1 ,demo/h5es1 #hi1 #aaa ,lycurgus1 ,george1 #aaa ,lydia 7%ip71 #gb1 #gd ,lyell1 ,*>les1 xii1 #de ,lynn1 #c ,lyttleton1 44441 xii1 #ahd1 #ahe ,m ,maclaur91 ,r41 #ee1 #he ,macdonald1 ,gordon ,a41 #aaa1 #aed1 #aff1 #agc-age ,mac,donald1 ,t4 ,m41 #ei1 #fa1 #aei ,mac,gregor1 ,a4 ,g41 #aeg1 #afa ,mac,millan-,br[n1 ,j41 #aaj ,madison lime/one1 #h ,ma9e1 #c ,makalaw5a1 #adc ,makaopuhi1 #aah1 #aba ,maku%91 #ge malau bird1 #adh-adi ,mammo? ,hot ,spr+s1 #i1 #ab1 #db man-(-w> bird1 #ace ,mansfield1 ,g4 ,r41 #ah ,maoris1 #aaj ,m>l[e1 ,julia1 #e ,m>sd51 ,erne/1 #aaj ,m>/]s1 ,v4 ,f41 #ag1 #ec ,m>t9ique1 #aa1 #ee-ff1 #ga1 #gf1 #hd1 #abi1 #acd1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afa1 #afg -- exp$ition to1 #ee-fe1 #aef-afa -- museum & obs]vatory1 #ga ,m>v91 ,*>les ,f41 #aaa1 #aab1 #acg ,massa*usetts1 #ah1 #dd1 #ga ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #g1 #ee-ef1 #gb1 #gg-gi1 #he1 #ij1 #ia1 #aac1 #abi -- tea*+ at1 #ee-ef1 #gb1 #gh ,mato ,tepee1 #bc ,matson1 a guide1 #aa ,matsumoto1 ,jack1 #agd-age ,matteucci1 ,r4 ,v41 #ae1 #fg1 #ga ,mat!s1 ,francois1 #ah ,maui1 #abb-abc1 #afi1 #agj ,mauna ,kea 7%ip71 #abc ,mauna ,kea1 #aae1 #adf1 #aec1 #afd-afe ,mauna ,loa1 #ei1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg-fi1 #ib-ie1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aab-aae1 #abe1 #ade-adf1 #aea-aed1 #afb1 #afd-aff1 #afi-agj1 #agb1 #agc-agf1 #ahj1 #ahe -- bomb+ (1 #aec-aed1 #afa -- eruption (1 #abd1 #agc-agf ,mauna ,loa ,m\nta91 #ii ,mc,cord1 ,jack1 #adj1 #ada ,mc,kinley1 ,c4 ,p41 #adc measurem5ts1 #abi-aca m$aos1 #cd ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 #de1 #gj1 #aaf 8,m$it]ranean ,sea0 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bb1 #ec ,mees1 ,c4 ,e4 ,k41 #ia ,me9z]1 ,o41 #aaa ,m5d5hall1 ,w4 ,c41 #ah1 #aab1 #ach ,m]calli1 ,g41 #gf1 #aca ,mess9a1 #ee1 #ga1 #gg1 #ha1 #ajc -- e>?quake (1 #aijh1 #ee1 #ga metamorphism1 #ahj ,meuni]1 ,/anilas1 #af ,mexico1 #hj1 #hb1 #ajh ,mi*el-,lvy1 ,a41 #af1 #ec ,mi*elson1 ,a4 ,a41 #ii microscl]omet]1 #ai-bj1 #agb ,midway ,isl&1 #ii1 #ajc1 #afd1 #afe ,mih>a ,volcano1 #acc-acd ,m9]al1 ,calif41 #acf1 #acg ,mioc5e1 #df1 #di ,mississippi delta1 #da ,mississippi ,riv]1 #h1 #aj1 #cf models1 #cj1 #ch1 #da-db1 #dc1 #df-dh1 #ej-eb -- erosion1 #dc -- fold+1 #ej-eb -- ,gr& ,canyon1 #cj1 #ch -- lava injection1 #df-dh -- ,old ,fai?ful1 #da-db ,mohokea1 #afe ,molokai1 #abb-abc ,molokai ,*annel1 #abb ,molokai volcano1 #afe ,monte ,somma1 #ff ,monts]rat1 xii1 #ff1 #ga1 #abf1 #abi1 #aef-afa -- e>?quake 7#aicc71 #ga ,moody1 ,william ,h41 #ee-eg ,moody1 ,william ,vaughn1 #bj moon1 #ahb moon crat]s1 #ic-id1 #agb1 #agf moon lava1 #agb ,morgan1 ,lloyd1 #ahf ,morozewicz1 ,j41 #af ,morss1 ,ev]ett1 #afb motorc> amphibians1 #afh ,m\nt ,bak]1 #acf ,m\nt ,dana1 #adc ,m\nt ,etna1 #ff1 #fh1 #ga1 #gg1 #ha1 #ajc1 #ahj ,m\nt ,hibokhibok1 #gf ,m\nt ,lam+ton1 #gf ,m\nt ,maku%91 #gc ,m\nt ,mis]y1 #fb1 #ff ,m\nt ,monadnock1 #dj ,m\nt ,pele1 #ef-fe1 #gf1 #acd1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afg ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 #ca ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5a1 #acg ,m\nt ,%a/a1 #ah1 #acg ,m\nt ,wa%burn1 #cf ,m\nt ,wrangell1 #ach ,munro1 ,george1 #ace murres1 #ada museum1 ,kilauea ,crat]1 #aad-aae ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 #afd mutation1 #ahf ,my]s1 ,d4 ,b41 #gb1 #gd ,my/ic ,riv]1 #cg ,n ,nagasaki1 #ajc1 #aji ,nahant1 #c ,nakamura1 ,d41 #aae ,naknek ,lake1 #adj ,napau ,crat]1 #aah1 #aba ,napi] e>?quake1 #de1 #aaa ,naples1 #fe1 #ga1 #gf ,national ,geographic ,society1 #ee-ef1 #adb1 #adc -- exp$ition 7,alaska71 #adc ,natural ,hi/ory magaz9e1 #agj ,nature magaz9e1 #afa ,naughton1 ,j4 ,j41 #agc ,naumann1 ,e41 #aji ,navaho 7%ip71 #abc ,neck>1 !1 #ad ,nelson1 ,sv51 #bj ,neptune1 #ahd ,nevada1 #bf-cj ,new ,crat]1 #aj ,new ,engl&1 #g1 #bh1 #cg1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #df ,new ,hav51 #df ,new ,j]sey1 #dc ,new ,orleans1 #gi ,new ,york1 #db1 #dc1 #ef1 #gb1 #aba -- ,new ,york ,city1 #db1 #gb -- ,wall ,/reet1 #gb ,new ,zeal&1 #ci1 #ge1 #ajc1 #aji-aaa1 #aad1 #aag1 #abf1 #afa1 #afb1 #ahc -- exp$ition to1 #ajc1 #aji-aaa --,geological ,survey1 #aaj ,new ,zeal&-,tonga volcanic *a91 #aad ,new ,zeal&1 ,univ]sity (1 #aaj ,ngauruhoe ,volcano1 #aaj ,nic>agua1 #hj ,nic>agua-,salvador l9e1 #hj ,nikolski1 #ada ,niles1 ,w41 #gb ,niuafo\1 #aaj1 #adg-aej ,niuatoputapu1 #aej ,no ,man's ,l&1 #acb ,nobel ,prize1 #aeg ,norris ,geys] ,bas91 #aj ,nor? ,isl&1 ,n4 ,z41 #aji ,nor? ,kona1 #ade ,norway1 #ab1 #ac ,nova ,scotia1 #c1 #age ,o ,oahu1 #agj ,ob]hansley1 ,f4 ,r41 #agc ,ob]wald1 !1 #ad ,obs]vatories1 #gf1 #hf1 #aad-acj1 #ace-acg1 #adb1 #add1 #aee1 #afb1 #afc1 #afh1 #agc -- ,alaska1 #acf1 #acg1 #adb1 #add -- ,cali=nia1 #acf1 #acg -- ,hawaii1 #gf1 #aad-acj1 #ace1 #acg1 #adb1 #aee1 #afb1 #afh1 #agc -- ,kew1 #aeg -- ,vesuvius1 #gf1 #hf ,ocean ,isl&1 #ii oceanic volcanoes1 #ahb ,oceanographic ,in/itute ( ,sw$51 #agj oceanographic sampl+1 #ahc ,ogasaw>a ,isl&s1 #aji ,ohia ,lodge1 ,hawaii1 #agd ,ohiki1 !1 #adb-adc ,ok9awa1 #ajc ,olaa1 #aed ,old ,fai?ful1 #aj -- model (1 #da-db 8,old ,fai?ful10 ,hawaii1 #hf-hg1 #ij ,oldham1 ,r4 ,d41 #aaf ,oligoc5e1 #bd ,omori1 ,f41 #gg1 #hd1 #ajb1 #ajd-ajf1 #aji1 #aab1 #aae1 #aca1 #acb1 #afb ,oregon1 #hb ,osaka1 #acd ,osann1 ,a41 #ad1 #ae ,o%ima1 #ajc1 #aji1 #acc1 #acd ,osumi ,/rait1 #ajd ,otago ,univ]sity1 #aaj ,ottajano1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh ,p ,pacific ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]1 #gg1 #hf ,pacific ,comm]cial ,company1 #adc ,pacific j\rney1 #gg-gh ,pacific ,ocean1 #cf1 #ec1 #hb1 #agj1 #aga -- arc1 #hb --deeps (1 #ec ,pacific oceanography1 #agj-aga ,pacific ,sci5ce ,congresses1 #aab1 #acd ,pago ,pago1 #adg pahoehoe1 #fg1 #ig1 #abj1 #abd1 #abe1 #abi1 #ace1 #adh1 #aea1 #aec ,pala*e1 ,c41 #ad1 #ae ,palisades1 ,hudson ,riv]1 #db ,palmi]i1 ,p41 #gf ,panama1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #aeg ,panama ,canal1 #hb1 #aeg ,papua1 #gf ,p>k] ,ran*1 ,hawaii1 #adc1 #adf ,pasad5a1 #aaa ,pa/eur1 ,l\is1 #af1 #afa ,patagonia1 #ha ,pavl(1 #aci1 #adb-adc ,pe>l ,h>bor1 #abb1 #abc1 #afh1 #afi1 #agb ,pele1 #aa1 #de1 #ef-fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #gh1 #ajc1 #ajd -- eruption1 #de1 #ef-fe1 #ga ,pelican 7%ip71 #abc ,p5nsylvania1 #cg1 #ec ,p]k9s1 ,comm&]1 44441 #adj ,p]ret1 ,frank ,alvord1 xi1 #cb1 #fh1 #ga1 #hd1 #hf-hi1 #ib1 #if1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb1 #afg1 #aga1 #agc ,p]u1 #cd ,pett]sson1 ,hans1 #agj1 #aga1 #ahd ,philadelphia1 #ec ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #gb1 #gf ,pho5ix1 ,arizona1 #be ,piggot1 ,c4 ,s41 #ahd ,planck1 ,m41 #e ,plioc5e1 #dc ,plug ,ugly 7%ip71 #aci ,plym\?1 ,w4 ,i41 #aef ,poas ,crat]1 #hj ,pohoiki1 #aah ,polynesian rats1 #acf ,ponte1 ,s4 ,c41 #fh ,porteus1 ,/anley1 #afb ,po/al ,c>d ,crack1 #gg1 #abg1 #abh ,potomac 7%ip71 #ef-eh ,p[ell1 ,c4 ,f41 #aef1 #aeg1 #afa ,p[ell1 ,george1 #adc ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 #g1 #ag1 #bb ,p[]s1 ,h[>d1 #adb1 #aed1 #afi1 #agc ,p[]s1 ,sidney1 #aab ,pozzuoli1 #ff pre-,cambrian1 #dg ,prescott1 ,arizona1 #be ,pribil( ,isl&1 #add ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 #aaj ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 #e ,prit*ett1 ,h4 ,s41 #ee1 #gb ,puako1 #adc ,puget ,s\nd1 #adc1 #add ,puna1 #acj1 #aed ,pur+ton1 ,c41 #acc ,puu ,oo ,ran*1 #aec ,puuwaawaa1 #ade1 #adf ,q quakepro( eng9e]+1 #acb ,qu>tette ,gold ,m9e1 #bg ,que5 ,*>lotte1 #aej ,qu5sell boys1 #adi ,r range f9d]s1 #abe-abg rats1 ,polynesian1 #acf ,r$ ,b$s1 #h1 #dg ,r$l&s1 #ajc ,rey]1 ,h41 #af rhy?mic p]iods1 #aff-afg ,ri*mond plantation1 ,w4 ,i41 #aei ,ri*t]1 ,c4 ,f41 #ahc ,rieb]1 ,frank1 #afb-afd ripplem>ks1 #c-d1 #cb-ed ,rob]ts1 ,sumn]1 #ajj ,rockefell]1 ,john ,d41 #ahd ,rockefell] laboratory & obs]vatory1 #bi ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #g1 #aj1 #ah1 #bc1 #df1 #dg1 #dh ,romb]g1 ,arnold1 #aja-ajb ,rome1 #ajc ,roosevelt1 ,frankl9 ,delano1 #ag ,roraima 7%ip71 #fb1 #afj ,roseau1 #aa ,ros5bus*1 ,h41 #ab-af ,rotorua1 #aji1 #aaa ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #gb1 #aef ,ruapehu ,volcano1 #aaj ,ru%=?1 ,paul1 #aga-agb ,russell1 ,i4 ,c41 #ef ,ru!r=d1 ,e41 #aaj ,ryukyu ,ar*ipelago1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aji ,ryukyu-,sakurajima l9e1 #ajh ,s ,saba1 #aeg ,sagami ,bay1 #acc-acd ,/4 ,hel5a1 #ajc ,/4 ,kitts1 #fb1 #aeg ,/4 ,lucia1 #afj ,/4 ,m>t91 #aeg ,/4 ,pi]re1 #ee-fe1 #ga1 #afj1 #afa ,/4 ,v9c5t1 #ef-ff1 #fh1 #aeh-afj ,sakurajima1 xi1 #ga1 #ha1 #ajc-ajf -- e>?quake 7#aiad71 #ajc-ajf ,salvador1 #hj ,samoa1 #adg1 #aej ,san ,&reas rift1 #acg ,san ,francisco e>?quake 7#aijf71 xii1 #de1 #ee1 #acd1 #acg ,san ,jose1 ,co/a ,rica1 #gi ,san ,seba/iano1 de/ruction (1 #fi ,santa ,ana1 #hj ,santa ,m>ia peak1 #ha ,s>ana ,bay1 #ada ,s>atoga ,spr+s1 #ah ,sato1 ,sutejiro1 #aee1 #aff1 #afh ,saturn1 #ahd ,saxony1 #ad ,sc&9avia1 #ab-ac1 #ahb ,s*neeb]g granite1 #ad ,s*rad]1 ,f41 #ah ,s*weitz]1 ,a41 #afa ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #abf scrat* te/]1 #agb sea level1 #acj sea lions1 #ada seals1 #add ,se>*light1 ,nevada1 #bf-cj ,seattle1 #gb1 #ach1 #adb ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 #aee ,section ( ,volcanology creat$1 #acf s$im5tation1 #cb1 #ch1 #gf1 #aha ,seeley1 ,george1 #gb1 #gd seismic record]s1 #abe-abf1 #adc1 #add ,%al]1 ,na?aniel ,s41 xi1 #c1 #e1 #ai1 #bh1 #agb ,%ep>d1 ,f4 ,p41 #agj ,%eph]d1 ,e4 ,s41 #hf-hi1 #ib1 #aab1 #aae1 #aff1 #afg1 #ahd ,%imonoseki ,/rait1 #aji ,%ipman1 ,h]b]t1 #aec ,%i%ald9 ,volcano1 #aed %ock record]1 #abf1 #aeh1 #afj ,%umag9 ,isl&s1 #adc ,si]ra ,nevada1 #bh1 #aaf1 #acf ,s9clair1 ,gregg ,m41 #afb1 #agj1 #aga ,s9ton1 ,bill1 #abb1 #adg ,smi?1 ,george ,otis1 #aab1 #acg ,smi? ,philip ,sidney1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb ,smi?1 ,william1 #ba ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aab ,snake ,riv]1 #cf ,sn$ek]1 ,james1 #afh ,solfat>a1 ,italy1 #abg solfat>as1 #aa-ab1 #fb1 #fe1 #fh1 #hj1 #ajh1 #abi1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj ,s\frire1 #ef-ee1 #gb1 #aei ,s\? ,dakota1 #ba-be1 #bh1 #cg1 #ch1 #df1 #dg1 #ee1 #gh ,s\? ,isl&1 ,n4 ,z41 #aji ,s\? ,kona1 #ib1 #ic1 #abe1 #agc ,spald+1 ,walt]1 #ie ,spe>fi%1 ,arizona1 #bc ,speight1 ,r41 #aaj ,sp(=d1 ,*>les1 #gi1 #hd1 #abi ,spr+field1 ,mass41 #ga ,spurr1 ,j4 ,e41 #ah1 #agb ,/alheim1 #ab ,/an=d /ud5ts1 #bf ,/anley1 ,h5ry ,m41 #ab ,/>r 7%ip71 #ach1 #adj ,/ate ,/reet1 #gb ,/e>ns1 ,h>old ,t41 #aaa1 #aed1 #afe1 #aff ,/ew>t1 ,ri*>d1 #adc ,/9k+ ,wat] m9e1 #h ,/ockholm1 #ac ,/okes1 ,mrs41 #fc ,/okes1 ,rita1 #fb-fd ,/one1 ,ralph1 #ag1 #cg1 #dc ,/romboli1 #fh1 #ga ,/bel1 ,a41 #fg1 #gf1 #agg1 #aha1 #ahb ,suess1 ,e41 #aaf sug> mills1 #aei ,sulphur ,bank1 #aab1 #aae1 #abg-abi1 #agc ,sunlight m9e1 #h sunspots1 #fe1 #fh1 #aff -- int]vals (1 #fh surveys1 #g-ab1 #bc-be1 #cj1 #gf1 #acg1 #ach1 #adb-adc -- ,alaskan1 #adb-adc -- ,black ,hills1 #bc-be -- ,=tie? ,p>allel1 #be -- ,hawaii ,geological1 #cj1 #gf -- ,lass5 ,national ,p>k1 #acg -- ,new ,zeal& ,geological1 #aaj -- ,yell[/one1 #g-ab ,suwanose ,isl&1 #ajh ,sw$51 #ac1 #agj ,swe5ey1 ,h4 ,p41 #gb1 #gd swell+ & slump+1 #aca swell+ m\nta91 #abi-aca ,switz]l&1 #dc ,t ,tanag] 7%ip71 #aej ,tanega%ima1 #ajf ,t>aw]a1 #aji ,t>aw]a ,m\nta91 #aaj ,t>umai ,volcano1 #gg-gh ,taupo ,belt1 #aji ,taupo ,di/rict1 #afa ,taylor1 ,griffi?1 #aab tea*+1 #ee-ef1 #gb1 #gh -- at ,h>v>d1 #ee-ef1 #gb -- at ,massa*usetts ,te*1 #ee-ef1 #gb1 #gh ,te*nology ,exp$ition1 #gb1 #ach ,te*nology ,review1 #gd ,t$dy1 ! dog1 #abc temp]ature wells1 #abg-abi ,t5]iffe1 #ga ,t5nessee1 #cg t]ns1 #ace ,t]ti>y1 #h-aj1 #ae ,tetons1 #cf !at]1 !1 #e ,?omson1 ,allan1 #aji ,?omson1 ,william1 #aji ,?orndike1 ,*>les1 #ajj ,?ur/on1 ,lorr9 ,a41 #gg1 #hf1 #hi1 #aaa1 #abb1 #adb1 #aec1 #afb tidal sy/em 7volcanic71 #gj tidal waves1 #acd1 #aef1 #afi-agj -- ,hawaii 7#aidf71 #aef1 #afi1 #agj -- ,japan 7,tokyo71 #acd tide gauge read+s1 #acj ,t9 ,c ,isl&1 #aaj1 #adg-aej ,tokyo1 #ha1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aad1 #acb-acd1 #afh -- e>?quakes1 #ajc1 #aad1 #acb-acd1 #afh ,tonga1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aha1 #adg-aej ,tonga ,deep1 #aji ,tonopah1 #bi ,tonto fault1 #cj ,triassic lavas1 #dg ,tridacna1 #ce1 #ace ,tr9idad1 #fa ,trondhjem1 #ab1 #ac ,tufts ,college1 #ag ,tusc>ora ,deep1 #aji ,twigg-,smi?1 ,william1 #aab ,u ,unita ,m\nta9s1 #cj ,umnak ,isl&1 #ge1 #ach1 #ada ,unalga 7%ip71 #adj ,unalaska1 #ge1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada ,unimak1 #aed ,union ,pacific1 #be ,unit$ ,fruit ,company1 #gi ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 #aac1 #afi ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,air ,=ce1 #aec ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,eng9e]s1 #hb1 #aef ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey1 #add ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 #acj ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,gu>d1 #ace1 #adj1 #add ,u4 ,s4 ,congress1 #aef1 #afb ,u4 ,s4 ,consulate 7,japan71 #acb ,u4 ,s4 ,eclipse ,exp$ition1 #aaj1 #adg-aej ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #ag-ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #ej1 #ed-ef1 #fd1 #hi-ij1 #aaa-aad1 #abi-aca1 #acf-ach1 #adb1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afi1 #agb-agc ,u4 ,s4 ,m>9es1 #acb1 #acc1 #afh ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 #ee-eg1 #abb-abc1 #aca1 #acb1 #adg1 #afh1 #agj ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory1 #aaj1 #adg-aej ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 #aaa-aad1 #acg ,univ]sity ,club1 ,bo/on1 #he ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,b]keley1 #hi1 #acg1 #afc ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii1 #aja1 #afb1 #afd1 #afh1 #agj1 #aga ,univ]sity ( ,new ,zeal&1 #aaj ,uranus1 #ahd ,usu ,volcano1 #ajf ,utah1 #ah1 #bb1 #fg ,uwekahuna1 #agc ,v ,valp>aiso e>?quake1 #ee ,v&yke1 ,e4 ,c41 #gb1 #gc ,vaughan1 ,t4 ,w41 #aab ,v]hoog51 ,j41 #ahj ,v]mont1 #g1 #i1 #ec ,vesuvius1 xi1 #ee1 #fe-gb1 #gf1 #hh1 #ajd1 #aae1 #aca1 #afg -- eruptions1 #fe-gb -- exp$ition to1 #fe-gb1 #hd -- obs]vatory1 #gf ,vesuvius-,/romboli-,etna sy/em1 #gj ,virg9 ,isl&s1 #aeg volcanic explosions1 #cb1 #de1 #ee-hd1 #abj-abe1 #acj-aca1 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