,transcriber's ,notes      ,text printed
 in italics and small capitals in the   
source document    have been transcribed
 between underscores and as ,,all       
,,capitals    respectively4 ,superscript
 text is indicated by text4 ,texts      
between vertical bars was illegible in  
the source document1 and is    a        
best-guess interpretation4      ,more   
,transcriber's ,notes may be found at   
the end of this text4                   
,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,fairchild  
,aerial ,surveys 7,inc474    ,,the      
,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,nation',s ,,capital
            #ge,,th ,,congress1 #c;,d   
,,session  ,,senate ,,document ,,no4    
#agh      ,a ,,manual ,,on ,,the        
,,origin ,,and    ,,development ,,of    
,,washington      ,by ,h4 ,,paul        
,,caemmerer1 ,ph4 ,d4      8,the ,city  
of ,washington--the central star of the 
constellation    which enlightens the   
whole world40      ,general ,lafayette1 
as ,guest of the ,nation1 ,october #ab1 
#ahbd4      ,,united ,,states           

,,government ,,printing ,,office        
,,washington3 #aici          ,,senate   
,,resolution ,,no4 #bhj    ,submitted by
 ,mr4 ,,hayden      ,,in ,,the ,,senate 
,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1    ,april 
#bj 7calendar day1 ,may #ah71 #aich4    
,resolved1 ,that the manuscript entitled
 8,a ,manual of the ,plan of            
,washington10 prepared by ,h4 ,p4       
,caemmerer1 be printed in such style and
  manner as may be directed by the      
,joint ,committee on ,printing1 as a    
,senate ,document4    ,attest3          
,,edwin ,a4 ,,halsey1    ,secretary4    
,,preface      ,this ,manual on the     
,origin and ,development of ,washington 
is published  for the use of students1  
particularly in high schools1 desiring  
to make  a study of the ,national       
,capital a part of their course in      
civics4    ,the #be chapters composing  
the book are of such interest and       
importance  that an hour a week may     
profitably be devoted to each1 but the  
chapters  on public buildings and       

monuments require each two or three     
periods  for effective presentation4 ,in
 this manner the ,manual may serve as  a
 textbook for a year's work2 it will    
also be found helpful by the  general   
reader interested in ,washington4       
,the ,manual deals historically with the
 founding and development of  the       
,national ,capital4 ,beginning with the 
twentieth century we find a  new impetus
 given to the development of the city by
 the ,mc,millan ,park  ,commission of   
#aija4 ,its work has been carried       
forward by the ,commission  of ,fine    
,arts and the ,national ,capital ,park  
and ,planning ,commission1  in          
cooperation with the ,government of the 
,district of ,columbia1  including the  
,zoning ,commission2 also1 of course1 in
 cooperation with  the ,president of the
 ,united ,states1 officials of the      
,government1 and  the ,congress of the  
,united ,states1 which by virtue of the 
,federal  ,constitution exercises       
8exclusive legislation in all cases     

whatsoever0  over the ,district of      
,columbia4    ,it should be kept in mind
 that in the study of the ,national     
,capital  we are studying the seat of   
government of the greatest nation in the
  world1 a city that was laid on a      
broad1 firm foundation1 and although    
neglected for decades during the last   
century1 the twentieth century  has seen
 ,washington transformed into a city in 
keeping with the  dignity1 power1 and   
wealth of this great ,nation4    ,the   
,plan of ,washington is at the basis of 
city planning in the ,united  ,states4  
,the organization of the ,national      
,conference on ,city ,planning in  #aijg
 was inspired by the work of the        
,mc,millan ,park ,commission of #aija4  
,many of the leading artists of the     
country--architects1 sculptors1         
painters1 and landscape architects--have
 served in the work of  beautifying the 
city4 ,washington is a city that is ever
 growing and it  is destined to be the  
most beautiful city in the world4       

,the writer wishes to express his       
grateful appreciation to ,senator ,carl 
,hayden for having introduced the       
legislation to print this volume4       
,h4 ,,paul ,,caemmerer4                 
,,this ,,publication ,,may ,,be         
,,purchased ,,from ,,the                
,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents1 ,u4  
,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office    
,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #b4jj ,a     
,,copy 7,,buckram7          ,,contents  
,chapter                                
,page          ,i ,the ,federal ,city3  
,story of the ,movement ,which          
,established          the ,seat of      
,government ,near the ,potomac          
#a         ,,ii ,establishment of the   
,temporary and ,permanent ,seats of     
,government                             
#g        ,,iii ,development of the     
,national ,capital--,the ,plan of the   
,city     #ac              ,site of the 
,federal ,city                          
#ac              ,terms of ,original    
,agreement                              

#ae              ,boundary ,stones of   
the ,district of ,columbia              
#ai              ,preliminary ,studies  
#bj         ,,iv ,maj4 ,pierre ,charles 
,l',enfant                              
#bc          ,v ,the ,l',enfant ,plan   
#be              ,the ,ellicott         
,plan--,the ,l',enfant ,plan ,enlarged  
#bi         ,,vi ,early ,washington     
#ce        ,,vii ,washington #ahaj-ahae 
#da       ,,viii ,washington #ahaf-ahci 
#de         ,,ix ,washington #ahdj-ahei 
#di          ,x ,washington #ahfj-ahgj  
#ec         ,,xi ,improvements ,made    
,during ,president ,grant's             
,administration     #fa        ,,xii    
,the ,influence of the ,centennial      
,celebration and of the                 
,world's ,columbian ,exposition on ,art 
in the ,united ,states      #fe         
,,xiii ,highway ,plan of the ,district  
of ,columbia                      #fi   
,,xiv ,the ,mc,millan ,park             
,commission--,the ,plan of #aija        
#gc         ,,xv ,national ,commission  

of ,fine ,arts                          
#ie        ,,xvi ,zoning of the ,capital
                                        
#aja       ,,xvii ,the ,national        
,capital ,park and ,planning ,commission
            #aje      ,,xviii ,the      
,lincoln ,memorial and the ,arlington   
,memorial ,bridge       #aca            
,,xix ,the ,parks of the ,district of   
,columbia                        #adc   
,,xx ,architecture of ,early ,days      
#afe        ,,xxi ,public and           
,semipublic ,buildings                  
#bai       ,,xxii ,the                  
,public-,buildings ,program             
#bic      ,,xxiii ,the ,government of   
the ,district of ,columbia              
#cje       ,,xxiv ,arlington ,national  
,cemetery                               
#cji        ,,xxv ,statues and          
,monuments                              
#cai            ,appendix               
#cdg              ,list of ,statues and 
,monuments in ,washington               
#cdg              ,bibliographical ,list

 of ,books on ,washington the ,national 
,capital                                
#cec              ,list of ,presidents  
of the ,united ,states                  
#cee              ,quotations from      
,great ,americans on ,washington the    
,national ,capital                      
#ceg            ,index                  
#cei          ,,illustrations           
,page      ,the heart of the ,nation's  
,capital                                
,frontispiece      ,adams ,memorial1 the
                                        
#cbd      ,anacostia ,park1 plan of     
#afj      ,aqueduct ,bridge1 old        
#ahj      ,arboretum1 ,national1 map of 
#afb      ,arlington ,cemetery1         
,arlington ,mansion1 and ,fort ,myer    
#cjh      ,arlington ,mansion1 reception
 hall                                   
#caj      ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge  
#ach      ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge1 
architect's design                      
#acf      ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge  
development                             

#ada      ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge1 
eagle and fasces                        
#aci      ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge1 
eagle and bison head                    
#acg      ,arlington ,national          
,cemetery--,memorial ,amphitheater      
#cab      ,arlington ,national          
,cemetery--,maine ,monument and the     
,memorial    ,amphitheater              
#caf      ,arlington1 plan for          
development of greater                  
#adb      ,baltimore  ,ohio ,railroad   
,station1 old                           
#gc      ,boundary stone near ,sixteenth
 ,street ,,nw4                          
#ai      ,boundary stones of the        
,district of ,columbia                  
#ag      ,boundary stones1 three of the 
#ah      ,british ,embassy              
#bij      ,building regulations issued  
by ,president ,washington               
#ba      ,burke1 statue of ,edmund      
#cdd      ,burnham1 ,daniel ,h41 on city
 planning                               
#ha      ,cabin ,john ,bridge           

#bad      ,capitol1 the                 
#bbj      ,capitol1 the1 #ahdj          
#di      ,capitol1 the1 #ahgj           
#fj      ,capitol at night              
#bbb      ,capitol1 basement plan of1   
#ahjj                                   
#aga      ,capitol1 bronze doors to the 
#bbe      ,capitol1 bronze doors to the 
,house of ,representatives wing         
#bbi      ,capitol1 bronze doors to the 
,senate wing                            
#bbg      ,capitol1 design by ,thornton1
 #ahjj                                  
#afe      ,capitol1 from ,pennsylvania  
,avenue1 #ahcj                          
#aff      ,capitol1 from the west1      
showing the ,tripoli column             
#afg      ,capitol ,grounds and ,union  
,station ,plaza1 #aiag                  
#if      ,capitol ,grounds1 treatment of
 the                                    
#big      ,capitol ,prison1 old         
#ec      ,capitol1 showing uncompleted  
dome1 #ahfj                             
#ed      ,capitol1 treatment for area   

west of the1 plan of #aija              
#he      ,capitol upon its restoration1 
#ahbg                                   
#afd      ,capitol1 view from dome of1  
looking east                            
#ajf      ,capitol1 view of dome of the1
 looking south                          
#ajg      ,central composition of the   
,national ,capital                      
#ajj      ,chesapeake  ,ohio ,canal1    
,georgetown1 lock of the old            
#agh      ,chesapeake  ,ohio ,canal1    
gatehouse                               
#dh      ,christ ,church1 ,washington   
#ahi      ,christ ,church1 ,alexandria1 
,va                                     
#abj      ,christ ,church burial ground1
 later known as ,congressional ,cemetery
  #dd      ,columbia ,island ,plaza and 
,memorial ,avenue                       
#adj      ,constitution ,hall           
#bgh      ,dante1 statue of             
#ccg      ,decatur ,house               
#agf      ,declaration of ,independence 
and the ,constitution                   

#bea      ,dermott map1 the             
#cb      ,district of ,columbia ,supreme
 ,court ,building                       
#aid      ,dolly ,madison ,house        
#age      ,dupont ,memorial ,fountain   
#cce      ,east ,capitol ,street        
#aaa      ,ellicott plan1 the           
#cj      ,ellicott map1 the             
#ci      ,executive ,building1 #ahbj-ff 
#bfg      ,fish market along the water  
front                                   
#aae      ,folger ,shakespeare ,library 
#bec      ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1
 exhibition hall                        
#bed      ,ford's ,theater              
#baf      ,fort ,drive                  
#aaj      ,francis ,scott ,key ,bridge  
#aha      ,francis ,scott ,key ,house   
#ahc      ,freedom1 statue of           
#bbc      ,gatehouse by ,bulfinch1      
formerly near the ,capitol              
#gb      ,gatepost designed by          
,bulfinch1 near the ,capitol            
#fc      ,george ,washington ,memorial  
,parkway                                

#aad      ,georgetown1 house of the     
early days in                           
#ahd      ,government ,printing ,office1
 the ,united ,states                    
#beh      ,grand ,army of the ,republic 
,memorial                               
#ccj      ,grand review of ,union ,army1
 ,may #ahfe                             
#eh      ,grant1 ,gen4 ,u4 ,s41 memorial
                                   #cch1
 #cdb      ,grant1 ,gen4 ,u4 ,s41       
memorial1 ,artillery group              
#cda      ,grant1 ,gen4 ,u4 ,s41        
memorial1 ,cavalry group                
#cdj      ,great ,falls of the ,potomac 
#aaf      ,hamilton1 statue of          
,alexander                              
#cde      ,haymarket ,square1 old       
#ei      ,horse cars1 view showing      
#fa      ,house of ,representatives     
,chamber                                
#bca      ,house of ,representatives    
about #ahbj1 painting by ,samuel ,f4 ,b4
    ,morse                              
#df      ,house of ,representatives     

,chamber1 #ahcj                         
#afi      ,house of ,representatives    
,office ,building1 ,new                 
#bcc      ,house of ,representatives    
,office ,building1 ,old                 
#bcc      ,italian ,embassy             
#bia      ,jackson1 statue of ,gen4     
,andrew                                 
#cbc      ,jeanne d',arc1 statue of     
#ccd      ,joaquin ,miller ,cabin in    
,rock ,creek ,park                      
#aei      ,king map1 the                
#cc      ,lafayette ,park1 showing      
statue of ,gen4 ,andrew ,jackson        
#aeb      ,lafayette1 statue of ,general
                                        
#cbg      ,l',enfant1 ,maj4 ,pierre     
,charles                                
#bc      ,l',enfant plan1 the           
#bf      ,l',enfant plan1 sketch of the 
#bb      ,l',enfant1 tomb of            
#cag      ,library of ,congress         
#bdd      ,library of ,congress addition
                                        
#bdh      ,library of ,congress1 grand  

staircase                               
#bdf      ,library of ,congress1 reading
 room                                   
#bdi      ,lincoln died1 house in which 
,president                              
#bag      ,lincoln1 second inaugural of 
,president1 #ahfe                       
#ef      ,lincoln ,memorial1 the        
#acj1 #aed      ,lincoln ,memorial and  
approaches1 the                         
#acj      ,lincoln ,memorial ,reflecting
 ,basin                                 
#acd      ,lincoln ,memorial1 site of   
the1 #aija                              
#ib      ,lincoln ,memorial1 statue of  
,abraham ,lincoln                       
#acb      ,lincoln ,memorial1 ,memorial 
,bridge1 and ,riverside ,drive1 plan of 
#aija                                   
#ic      ,longfellow1 statue of ,henry  
,wadsworth                              
#cbh      ,mall about #ahij1 view of the
                                        
#fd      ,mall1 the1 #aicj              
#ig      ,mall1 view from the           

,washington ,monument1 looking east     
#bie      ,mall1 view from the ,capitol 
dome1 looking west                      
#bid      ,mall1 the1 inundated         
#gi      ,mall and ,monument ,gardens1  
plan of #aija                           
#hh      ,mall1 plan of the             
#ij      ,mall1 the1 showing railroad   
tracks crossing it                      
#gh      ,meridian ,hill ,park1 lower   
garden                                  
#aef      ,meridian ,hill ,park1 upper  
garden                                  
#aef      ,mount ,vernon                
#abe      ,mount ,vernon from the air   
#abd      ,mount ,vernon ,memorial      
,highway                                
#aah      ,mount ,vernon ,memorial      
,highway1 bridge over ,hunting ,creek   
#aba      ,mount ,vernon ,memorial      
,highway1 north of ,little ,hunting     
,creek       #aag      ,mount ,vernon   
,memorial ,highway1 bridge over         
,boundary ,channel        #aai          
,mount ,vernon ,memorial ,highway1      

underpass at highway bridge         #aba
      ,national ,archives ,building     
#bhb      ,national ,archives ,building1
 mural paintings in                     
#bhc      ,national ,gallery of ,art    
#bha      ,national ,geographic ,society
                                        
#bgh      ,national ,shrine of the      
,immaculate ,conception                 
#bhg      ,new ,hampshire ,avenue       
#add      ,octagon ,house               
#agd      ,old ,tobacco ,barn 7old      
,christ ,church7                        
#ahh      ,park areas acquired to ,july 
#a1 #aich                               
#adi      ,patent ,office ,building1    
,old                                    
#aih      ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 plan of
 #aiaj1 plan for developing south side  
#bic      ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 between
 the ,treasury and the ,capitol         
#bih      ,pennsylvania ,railroad       
,station1 old                           
#gg      ,pulaski1 statue of ,gen4      
,casimir                                

#ccb      ,rock ,creek ,church          
#ahf      ,rock ,creek ,park1 map of    
#aeh      ,senate ,chamber              
#bcj      ,senate ,chamber1 #ahcj       
#afh      ,senate ,office ,building     
#bcb      ,six ,buildings1 the          
#cf      ,smithsonian ,institution      
#bee      ,soldiers' ,home1 ,united     
,states                                 
#bab      ,st4 ,john's ,church          
#aia      ,st4 ,john's ,church1 early   
view of                                 
#aib      ,state ,building1 ,department 
of1 #ahja                               
#bfe      ,state ,building1 ,department 
of1 when remodeled                      
#bfd      ,thornton1 ,dr4 ,william      
#aig      ,treasury ,building1          
,department of the                      
#bgj      ,treasury ,building1          
,department of the1 #ahee               
#eb      ,treasury ,building1 site and  
material for1 #ahci                     
#dg      ,triangle group of public      
buildings along ,constitution ,avenue   

#bhj      ,tripoli ,column1 at          
,annapolis1 ,md                         
#cbj      ,tudor ,place1 showing gardens
 on the east side                       
#ahg      ,tudor ,place1 ,thirty-first  
and ,q ,streets                         
#ahe      ,unknown ,soldier of the      
,world ,war1 the ,tomb of the           
#cad      ,union ,square1 plan of #aija 
#hf      ,union ,station                
#bcd      ,union ,station1 concourse    
#bcf      ,union ,station1 waiting room 
#bch      ,union ,station and ,plaza1   
looking north from the dome of the      
,capitol                                
#cjj      ,united ,states ,supreme      
,court ,building                        
#cjb      ,united ,states ,supreme      
,court ,chamber                         
#cjc      ,van ,ness ,mansion           
#agg      ,wakefield1 at ,popes ,creek1 
,westmoreland ,county1 ,va              
#abg      ,wakefield1 ,washington family
 burying ground                         
#abi      ,washington and ,wakefield1   

map showing                             
#abh      ,washington1 #aheb            
#ej      ,washington1 #ahij             
#fb      ,washington and environs1      
regional plan of                        
#ajd      ,washington ,cathedral        
#bhe      ,washington ,cathedral1       
interior                                
#bhf      ,washington ,city ,post       
,office                                 
#bdb      ,washington1 early1 showing   
the ,jefferson poplars                  
#ch      ,washington1 view of early     
#cd      ,washington from ,arlington    
,heights1 #ahfe                         
#ee      ,washington from ,arlington1   
plan of #aija                           
#gf      ,washington from the           
,president's ,house1 #ahcj              
#dd      ,washington1 the future        
#id      ,washington in #agib           
#ab      ,washington in embryo          
#ad      ,washington1 looking north from
 the ,white ,house                      
#gj      ,washington1 looking south from

 ,sixteenth ,street and ,columbia ,road 
#ga      ,washington1 model of the      
future1 plan of #aija                   
#ge      ,washington1 model of1 showing 
conditions in #aija                     
#gd      ,washington1 ,george1 ,houdon  
bust of                                 
#abb      ,washington1 ,george1 statue  
of                                      
#cbb      ,washington1 ,george1 statue  
of ,gen4                                
#cah      ,washington1 tomb of          
#abf      ,washington ,monument1 the    
#bjh      ,washington ,monument1 as seen
 from the ,mall grounds                 
#bjf      ,washington ,monument1 plan of
 the1 by ,robert ,mills                 
#bjj      ,washington ,monument1        
uncompleted1 as it appeared from        
#aheb-gh      #bjd      ,washington     
,monument1 under construction1 #ahgb    
#bjb      ,washington ,monument1 view   
northwest from the                      
#bgd      ,water front1 plan for        
improvement of the                      

#aab      ,white ,house1 early view of  
the                                     
#agj      ,white ,house1 north side     
#bfb      ,white ,house1 view showing   
terrace on south side1 #ahbg            
#agb      ,witherspoon1 statue of ,john 
#cbi      ,world's ,columbian           
,exposition1 ,court of ,honor1 looking  
east          #ff      ,world's         
,columbian ,exposition1 ,court of       
,honor1 looking west          #fg       
,zero milestone                         
#ccf          ,,chapter ,i    ,,the     
,,federal ,,city    ,,story ,,of ,,the  
,,movement ,,which ,,established ,,the  
,,seat ,,of ,,government ,,near ,,the   
,,potomac      ,the problem of          
establishing a permanent seat of        
government for the  ,united ,states was 
most perplexing4 ,the ,continental      
,congress was obliged  for its own      
protection to travel from place to place
 to conduct its  sessions4 ,by the      
treaty of ,paris1 in #aghc1 the         
independence of the  ,colonies had been 

recognized1 but they were then united   
simply as a  confederation1 and there   
was lacking ,federal authority through  
which  the needs of the ,government     
could be asserted and provided for4     
,this  was felt keenly in the matter of 
obtaining the necessary revenue to      
maintain the ,government1 for the       
,continental ,congress did not have the 
power of taxation and had to depend upon
 the good will of the ,colonies4    ,the
 demands upon the ,continental ,congress
 were many4 ,the ,war of  ,independence 
had impoverished the ,colonies4 ,there  
were the debts of war  incurred by the  
,continental ,congress and also the     
debts of the ,colonies  themselves--in  
all1 #bj1jjj1jjj1 a huge sum in those   
days1 and a factor  which1 as we shall  
see1 figured in the location of the     
,federal ,city  south of the ,mason and 
,dixon line4 ,then1 too1 there was an   
army of  soldiers being discharged1 with
 no funds at hand to pay them for their 
services4    ,prior to the establishment

 of the ,federal ,city on the banks of  
the  ,potomac1 the ,continental         
,congress met in eight different cities 
and  towns1 viz3    ,philadelphia1      
,september #e1 #aggd1 to ,december #ab1 
#aggf4    ,baltimore1 ,december #bj1    
#aggf1 to ,february #bg1 #aggg4         
,philadelphia1 ,march #d to ,september  
#ah1 #aggg4    ,lancaster1 ,pa41        
,september #bg1 #aggg4    ,york1 ,pa41  
,september #cj1 #aggg1 to ,june #bg1    
#aggh4    ,philadelphia1 ,july #b1      
#aggh1 to ,june #ba1 #aghc4             
,princeton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,june #bf1 #aghc1  
to ,november #d1 #aghc4    ,annapolis1  
,md41 ,november #bf1 #aghc1 to ,june #c1
 #aghd4    ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,november1
 #aghd1 to ,december #bd1 #aghd4    ,new
 ,york ,city1 ,january #aa1 #aghe1 to   
,march #d1 #aghi4    ,from ,march #b1   
#agha1 the ,continental ,congress was   
also called by some  the ,congress of   
the ,confederation4 ,the first ,congress
 under the  ,constitution met on ,march 
#d1 #aghi1 and adjourned ,september #bi1

 #aghi4  ,on ,december #f1 #agij1 the   
third session of the ,first ,congress   
began  in ,philadelphia1 which was the  
temporary seat of government until      
,november1 #ahjj4    ,the ,continental  
,congress was seriously inconvenienced  
by this moving  from place to place4    
,they could not take with them their    
records and  files1 were required to    
seek protection1 and there was lack of  
adequate  accommodations in some of the 
towns where they met4 ,in ,princeton the
  sessions were held in the college     
building1 ,nassau ,hall1 where the      
average attendance was only #bb         
,members4    ,the suggestion had been   
made in ,november1 #aggi1 by some       
,members that  the ,congress purchase a 
few square miles near ,princeton        
village1  whereon to erect public       
offices and buildings for a permanent   
home for  ,congress4    ,the two leading
 factors that entered into the question 
of establishment  of a seat of          
government of the ,united ,states were  

jurisdiction and  geographical location4
 ,it was deemed very important to give  
to the  ,national ,capital a central    
location along the ,atlantic coast4     
,debates  on this question continued    
until #agij4    ,on ,january #bi1 #aghc1
 the trustees of the corporation of     
,kingston1 ,n4  ,y41 took the first     
recorded action by sending a memorial to
 the ,new  ,york ,state ,legislature    
that 8their estate be erected into a    
separate  district for the ,honorable   
,congress of the ,united ,states40 ,it  
was  proposed to grant to ,congress #a  
square mile within the limits of the    
town of ,kingston1 and the ,new ,york   
,legislature consented to this by  the  
adoption of a resolution on ,march #ad1 
#aghc4 ,upon the suggestion  of         
,alexander ,hamilton and ,william ,floyd
 this area was1 in ,september1          
increased to #b square miles4    ,on    
,may #ab1 #aghc1 the corporation of     
,annapolis adopted a resolution  calling
 upon the ,maryland ,legislature to     

allow the establishment of  the seat of 
government at ,annapolis1 because of its
 central location  along the ,atlantic  
coast4 ,the ,continental ,congress took 
note of this  on ,june #d1 #aghc4 ,new  
,jersey1 on ,june #ai1 #aghc1 offered a 
site anywhere  in the ,state4 ,on ,june 
#bh1 #aghc1 the ,legislature of         
,virginia offered to  ,congress the town
 of ,williamsburg and agreed to present 
the capitol1  the palace1 and all the   
public buildings1 together with #cjj    
acres of  land adjoining the city1 and a
 sum of money not to exceed #ajj1jjj4   
,this money was to be expended in       
erecting #ac hotels for the ,delegates  
to ,congress4 ,also the town would cede 
a district contiguous to it not         
exceeding #e miles square4 ,the         
legislature also offered to cede a like 
district on the banks of the ,potomac   
and to assure a sum not exceeding       
#ajj1jjj for the erection of hotels1 and
 would also purchase #ajj acres  of land
 for the erection of public buildings4  

,virginia offered to  cede land along   
the banks of the ,potomac if ,maryland  
would unite and  offer a similar tract  
on the opposite bank of the river2 but  
should  ,congress build on the ,maryland
 side only the sum of #dj1jjj would be  
appropriated and the ,state would be    
expected to supply the deficiency4      
,the offers of ,new ,york and ,maryland1
 as recorded in the proceedings  of     
,congress of ,june #d1 #aghc1 having    
emphasized the importance of the        
subject to establish a permanent seat of
 government1 we are told  in the annals 
of ,madison that a day in ,october was  
named when the  subject would be        
considered4 ,however1 during that very  
month a mutiny  of dissatisfied soldiers
 took place4 ,a band of soldiers started
 from  ,lancaster1 ,pa41 on ,june #ag1  
#aghc1 for ,philadelphia1 to demand from
 the  ,continental ,congress the money  
then due4 ,congress appointed a         
committee  to appeal to the executive   
council of the ,state of ,pennsylvania1 

in  session in the same building1 for   
protection against the threatened       
attack by the soldiers1 but the council 
refused1 saying that the  militia would 
doubtless not be willing to take up arms
 8before their  resentment should be    
provoked by some actual outrages40 ,the 
soldiers1  about #cjj in number1        
proceeded to the                        
state-house--,independence  ,hall--where
 ,congress and the executive council    
were in session1  surrounded that       
building1 but attempted no violence4    
,occasionally  some soldier would use   
offensive language and point his musket 
at the  windows of the ,halls of        
,congress1 but at night the soldiers    
departed4  ,congress thereupon adjourned
 hastily to meet in ,princeton eight    
days  later4 ,general ,washington       
ordered a court-martial1 in which two of
  the mutineers were sentenced to death 
and four to receive corporal            
punishment2 but the convicted men were  
all pardoned by ,congress4  ,general    

,washington regarded the mutineers as   
8recruits and soldiers  of a day who    
have not borne the heat and burden of   
war1 and who can  have in reality very  
few hardships to complain of40 ,the     
legislators  were invited to return to  
,philadelphia1 but the offer was        
refused1 for  the reason that the armed 
soldiers had grossly insulted ,congress 
and  it seemed useless to apply to the  
executive council for protection4  ,this
 led to the appointment of a committee1 
of which ,james ,madison  was chairman1 
on the subject of a permanent seat of   
government4 ,they  submitted a report on
 ,september #ah1 #aghc4    ,the         
committee reported on two questions3    
,first1 the extent of the  district     
necessary2 second1 the power to be      
exercised by ,congress  in that         
district4 ,as to the first question1 it 
was reported that a  district should not
 be less than #c miles or more than #f  
miles square2  and second1 that         
,congress ought to have exclusive       

jurisdiction4 ,the  report was referred 
to a committee as a whole1 but there is 
no record  that further action was      
taken4    ,when the question of a       
permanent seat of government was again  
taken  up by the ,continental ,congress1
 it was the question of location that   
predominated2 the question of exclusive 
jurisdiction had generally  been        
conceded4 ,the discussion was finally   
limited to two sites3 ,first1  a        
location on the banks of the ,potomac at
 least as far south as  ,georgetown1    
which was favored particularly by the   
southern ,members of  ,congress as being
 the geographical center of the ,united 
,states2 second1  a site on the         
,delaware ,river near the falls above   
,trenton1 which  ,pennsylvania1         
,delaware1 and the other ,states near by
 favored4    ,on ,october #g1 #aghc1    
,congress decided that a permanent seat 
of  government should be established on 
the ,delaware ,river site1 and a        
committee was appointed to visit the    

location4 ,ten days later1 on  ,october 
#ag1 #aghc1 ,congress decided that there
 should be a ,national  ,capital at the 
lower falls of the ,potomac1 at         
,georgetown4 ,this is  the first mention
 of the present location of the         
,national ,capital4  ,pending the       
completion of necessary buildings1 it   
was decided that  the ,continental      
,congress would meet at ,trenton and    
,annapolis4 ,but  the idea of having two
 capitals was ridiculed by such men as  
,francis  ,hopkinson1 who suggested that
 there be one ,federal town to be placed
  on a platform supported by wheels and 
two places of residence4 ,as to  a      
statue of ,george ,washington that had  
been authorized by ,congress at  the    
same session1 he suggested it be placed 
on wheels and be taken to  wherever     
,congress met4 ,the idea of having two  
capitals was abandoned by  legislation  
adopted at ,trenton on ,december #bc1   
#aghd4    ,two years elapsed before     
,congress took up the subject again4 ,in

 the  meantime a movement began1 under  
the leadership of ,george ,washington1  
to promote trade relations between      
,virginia and ,maryland1 and to         
establish trade with the western        
frontier by the construction of a  canal
 along the banks of the ,potomac4       
,washington became president of  the    
,potomac ,company at the time of its    
organization in #aghe1 and was  its     
guiding spirit for a period of four     
years1 until #aghi1 when he  resigned   
from that office to take up his duties  
as first ,president of  the ,united     
,states4    ,a trade convention1 held at
 ,annapolis1 led to the call for the    
,constitutional ,convention1 ,february  
#ba1 #aghg1 to meet in ,philadelphia  in
 ,may of that year4    ,on ,may         
#bi1aghg1 the draft of the ,constitution
 submitted by ,charles  ,pinckney1 of   
,south ,carolina1 first mentions the    
section relating to  the ,federal       
district in the form in which it became 
a part of the  ,constitution of the     

,united ,states 7,art4 ,i1 sec4 #h1 par4
 #ag71 under the  powers of ,congress-- 
,to exercise exclusive legislation in   
all cases whatsoever over    such       
district 7not exceeding #aj miles       
square7 as may1 by cession    of        
particular ,states1 and the acceptance  
of ,congress1 become the    seat of the 
,government of the ,united ,states1 and 
to exercise like    authority over all  
places purchased by the consent of the  
legislature    of the ,state in which   
the same shall be1 for the erection of  
forts1    magazines1 arsenals1          
dockyards1 and other needful buildings4 
,there was objection on the part of some
 lest such a provision in the  ,federal 
,constitution would create a government 
that would become  despotic and         
tyrannical and result in unjust         
discrimination in matters  of trade and 
commerce between the merchants within   
and outside of the  district4 ,but on   
the other hand the advocates for a      
,federal ,city over  which ,congress    

would have exclusive jurisdiction called
 attention to  the great importance for 
the ,government to have a permanent     
residence  for the ,congress and the    
executive departments1 with their files 
and  records properly housed1 and cited 
the mutiny in ,philadelphia as  an      
illustration as to what might happen to 
the ,government again in  the absence of
 such ,federal authority4 ,on ,september
 #ag1 #aghg1 the  ,constitution of the  
,united ,states was adopted and soon    
after was  ratified by a majority of the
 ,states4    ,when the time came for the
 inauguration of ,president ,washington1
  on ,april #cj1 #aghi1 in ,new ,york   
,city1 the ,continental ,congress was   
completing its sessions1 having resided 
in that city from #aghe1 a  period of   
four years4 ,of a population of #be1jjj 
in #aggf1 the city in  #aghi had a      
population of only half that number1 due
 to the continuous  occupation by the   
,british ,army for a period of seven    
years4 ,during  the evacuation the city 

was partly ruined4 ,but a new era began2
 trade  increased1 and the city began to
 grow rapidly4 ,the ,continental        
,congress  was meeting in the old city  
hall1 which had been used by the        
,british as  a prison and was in a      
dilapidated condition4 ,as ,washington  
was to be  inaugurated in ,new ,york1   
the people thought that city would      
become the  seat of government1 so the  
city hall was torn down and a new       
building  erected on the site where the 
subtreasury building on ,wall ,street   
now  stands4    ,it was recognized that 
the presence of that national body was a
  valuable asset to the city4 ,pierre   
,charles ,l',enfant1 who late in  #agia 
made the plan for the ,federal ,city1   
was selected to design and  construct   
the building4 ,when the ,members of     
,congress assembled for the  ,first     
,congress under the ,federal            
,constitution1 they met in a building   
constructed with classical arches and   
columns1 painted ceilings and  marble   

pavements1 and furnished in a           
magnificent manner with crimson  damask 
canopies and hangings4 ,the exterior was
 marked by a portico with  arcaded front
 and highly decorated pediments4 ,but   
the building had been  erected too      
rapidly to endure permanently2 poor work
 had been done1 and  in a few years it  
was demolished4    ,the building was    
called ,federal ,hall4 ,here on ,april  
#cj1 #aghi1 a date  never to be         
forgotten in the annals of ,american    
history1 ,george  ,washington was       
inaugurated first ,president of the     
,united ,states of  ,america4 ,the spot 
where ,general ,washington stood is now 
marked1 as  nearly as possible1 by the  
,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,ward statue of the first   
,president1  which stands in front of   
the subtreasury building on ,wall       
,street4 ,just  inside the door1        
preserved under glass1 is a brownstone  
slab on which  is inscribed3            
,,standing ,,on ,,this ,,stone1 ,,in    
,,the ,,balcony ,,of ,,federal ,,hall1  

,,april #cj1    #aghi1 ,,george         
,,washington ,,took ,,the ,,oath ,,as   
,,the ,,first ,,president ,,of ,,the    
,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america        
,during the sessions of this ,congress  
long and careful consideration was      
given to the question of a permanent    
seat of government4 ,it had its  place  
with great problems before ,congress at 
the time--as the revenue  bill1 which   
would provide money for the newly       
established ,republic1  creating        
executive departments1 plans for the    
funding of the public  debt and the     
assumption of ,state debts1 disposal of 
public lands1 and  establishing a       
judicial system4 ,at the opening of the 
last month of the  session the question 
of a residence for the ,united ,states  
,government  was brought up4 ,protest   
was made against consideration of the   
subject  in view of the other important 
questions pending before ,congress that 
seemed to some to be more urgent1 also  
because1 they said1 ,congress  was      

properly housed1 and that other towns   
like ,trenton1 ,germantown1  ,carlisle1 
,lancaster1 ,york1 and ,reading would be
 glad to have ,congress  locate with    
them4    ,however1 the southern         
,members1 led by ,richard ,bland ,lee   
and  ,james ,madison1 ,representatives  
from ,virginia1 argued for present      
consideration of the subject4 ,they     
favored the ,potomac ,river site  at    
least as far south as ,georgetown1 which
 they asserted would be  geographically 
the center of the ,united ,states4 ,they
 claimed for their  section of the      
country in this matter the consideration
 of justice and  equality4 ,they argued 
that there was no question more         
important--one in  which the people of  
the country were so deeply interested   
and one on  the settlement of which the 
peace and the permanent existence of the
  country so much depended4 ,the        
question of location finally resolved   
itself into the consideration of two    
localities3 ,first1 a site near  the    

falls of the ,susquehanna1 at ,wrights  
,ferry1 ,pa41 #ce miles from  tidewater2
 and second1 a site at ,georgetown1     
,md41 near the lower falls  of the      
,potomac4    ,great stress was laid on  
the importance of a site that would     
place the  seat of government on a      
navigable stream far enough from the sea
 to  be safe from hostile attacks4 ,but 
it was also deemed very important  to   
select a place that would offer means of
 communication with the  western        
country1 which was a subject1 as we have
 seen1 in which ,george  ,washington was
 interested for years previously4 ,this 
argument was  effective1 as it offered  
advantages for carrying on trade with   
the vast  western country for which the 
,potomac ,company had been established4 
,the subject received the consideration 
of both the ,house and ,senate in       
,september1 #aghi1 but its final        
consideration was deferred until the    
following year1 in ,june1 #agij4 ,the   
southern ,members1 especially the       

,representatives of ,maryland and       
,virginia1 were particularly active1    
believing a decision on the ,potomac    
,river site was in their favor4 ,in     
,december1 #aghi1 ,virginia had made a  
grant of #abj1jjj1 and a sum equal  to  
two-thirds of that amount had been voted
 by the ,legislature of the  ,state of  
,maryland for the construction of       
buildings1 in addition to  their        
willingness to cede the portion of the  
#aj-mile square in their  respective    
,states along the ,potomac ,river       
desired for the ,federal  district4     
,the final disposition of this question 
was settled by compromise4    ,at the   
time ,hamilton had the funding bill     
before ,congress1 and lacked  one vote  
in the ,senate and five in the ,house to
 secure its passage1 he  came to an     
agreement with ,robert ,morris1         
financier of the ,revolution1  on the   
question of location of the seat of     
government4 ,also1 ,thomas  ,jefferson  
tells us1 in his 8,anas10 of a dinner   

given by him at which  the residence    
question was discussed and an agreement 
reached whereby  the southern ,members  
agreed to the funding bill in           
consideration of the  designation of    
,philadelphia as the seat of government 
for a #aj-year  period and thereafter   
along the ,potomac4          ,,chapter  
,,ii    ,,establishment ,,of ,,the      
,,temporary ,,and ,,permanent ,,seats   
,,of ,,government      ,the ,house of   
,representatives had proposed a bill    
naming ,baltimore as  the site1 but the 
,senate struck out this provision1 and  
on ,july #a1  #agij1 voted #ad to #ab   
for the ,potomac ,river site between the
 mouth of  the ,eastern ,branch and the 
,connogochegue1 a tributary of the      
,potomac1  #bj miles south of the       
,pennsylvania ,state line4 ,the bill    
which became a  law ,july #af1 #agij1   
reads as follows3      ,an ,act for     
establishing the temporary and permanent
 seat of the    ,government of the      
,united ,states      ,,section #a4 ,be  

it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of 
,representatives    of the ,united      
,states of ,america in ,congress        
assembled1 ,that a    district of       
territory1 not exceeding ten miles      
square1 to be located    as hereafter   
directed on the river ,potomac1 at some 
place between    the mouths of the      
,eastern ,branch and ,connogochegue1 be1
 and the same    is hereby1 accepted for
 the permanent seat of the government of
 the    ,united ,states4 ,provided      
nevertheless1 ,that the operation of the
    laws of the state within such       
district shall not be affected by this  
acceptance1 until the time fixed for the
 removal of the government    thereto1  
and until ,congress shall otherwise by  
law provide4      ,,sec4 #b4 ,and be it 
further enacted1 ,that the ,president of
 the ,united    ,states be authorized to
 appoint1 and by supplying vacancies    
happening    from refusals to act or    
other causes1 to keep in appointment as 
long    as may be necessary1 three      

commissioners1 who1 or any two of whom1 
shall1 under the direction of the       
,president1 survey1 and by proper       
metes and bounds define and limit a     
district of territory1 under the        
limitations above mentioned2 and the    
district so defined1 limited and        
located1 shall be deemed the district   
accepted by this act1 for the           
permanent seat of the government of the 
,united ,states4      ,,sec4 #c4 ,and be
 it further enacted1 ,that the said     
commissioners1    or any two of them1   
shall have power to purchase or accept  
such    quantity of land on the eastern 
side of the said river1 within the      
said district1 as the ,president shall  
deem proper for the use of the          
,united ,states1 and according to such  
plans as the ,president shall           
approve1 the said commissioners1 or any 
two of them1 shall1 prior to    the     
first ,monday in ,december1 in the year 
one thousand eight hundred1    provide  
suitable buildings for the accommodation

 of ,congress1 and of    the ,president1
 and for the public offices of the      
government of the    ,united ,states4   
,,sec4 #d4 ,and be it further enacted1  
,that for defraying the expense    of   
such purchases and buildings1 the       
,president of the ,united ,states    be 
authorized and requested to accept      
grants of money4      ,,sec4 #e4 ,and be
 it further enacted1 ,that prior to the 
first ,monday    in ,december next1 all 
offices attached to the seat of the     
government    of the ,united ,states1   
shall be removed to1 and until the said 
first    ,monday in ,december1 in the   
year one thousand eight hundred1 shall  
remain at the city of ,philadelphia1 in 
the state of ,pennsylvania1 at    which 
place the session of ,congress next     
ensuing the present shall be    held4   
,,sec4 #f4 ,and be it further enacted1  
,that on the said first ,monday    in   
,december1 in the year one thousand     
eight hundred1 the seat of    the       
government of the ,united ,states1      

shall1 by virtue of this act1    be     
transferred to the district and place   
aforesaid4 ,and all offices    attached 
to the said seat of government1 shall   
accordingly be removed    thereto by    
their respective holders1 and shall1    
after the said day1    cease to be      
exercised elsewhere2 and that the       
necessary expense of    such removal    
shall be defrayed out of the duties on  
imposts and    tonnage1 of which a      
sufficient sum is hereby appropriated4  
,it is said that the loftiest minds of  
,congress were swayed by the  judgment  
of ,george ,washington in this matter4  
,they agreed with him  that ,america    
should establish the precedent of a     
nation locating and  founding a city for
 its permanent capital by legislative   
enactment4  ,furthermore1 they wished to
 honor that first ,president and great  
general and counselor1 who had made     
their independence possible1  by        
conferring upon him the power to select 
for this ,federal ,city  the locality he

 had in prophetic vision chosen as a    
suitable site  for the capital of the   
,republic4 ,by this act ,congress       
expressed its  faith in ,president      
,washington by permitting him to        
establish the  capital anywhere along   
the ,potomac between the ,eastern       
,branch and the  ,connogochegue1 a      
distance of #hj miles4 ,the boundaries  
of no other  city were ever fixed with  
more certainty4 ,it is recorded that    
,george  ,washington was harassed by the
 importunities of anxious residents and 
aggressive speculators1 but that he     
never wavered in his purpose to  select 
for the site of the ,federal ,city that 
which in former years he  had chosen for
 the ,federal home upon the             
establishment of the ,republic4    ,by  
proclamation of ,january #bd1 #agia1    
,president ,washington directed that  a 
preliminary survey be made1 or1 in the  
,president's words1 8lines of           
experiment0 were to be run4 ,this survey
 was substantially in accord  with the  

lines subsequently adopted1 moving the  
southern boundary point  of the 8ten    
miles square0 farther south so as to    
include a convenient  part of the       
,eastern ,branch and also the town of   
,alexandria4    ,the act of ,july #af1  
#agij1 was thereupon amended accordingly
 by act  approved ,march #c1 #agia1 as  
follows3      ,be it enacted by the     
,senate and ,house of ,representatives  
of the    ,united ,states of ,america in
 ,congress assembled1 ,that so much of  
the    act1 entitled 8,an act for       
establishing the temporary and permanent
    seat of the government of the       
,united ,states10 as requires that the  
whole of the district of territory1 not 
exceeding ten miles square1    to be    
located on the river ,potomac1 for the  
permanent seat of the    government of  
the ,united ,states1 shall be located   
above the mouth of    the ,eastern      
,branch be and is hereby repealed1 and  
that it shall be    lawful for the      
,president to make any part of the      

territory below the    said limit1 and  
above the mouth of ,hunting ,creek1 a   
part of the said    district1 so as to  
include a convenient part of the        
,eastern ,branch1    and of the lands   
lying on the lower side thereof and also
 the town of    ,alexandria1 and the    
territory so to be included1 shall form 
a part    of the district not exceeding 
ten miles square1 for the permanent     
seat of the government of the ,united   
,states1 in like manner and to    all   
intents and purposes1 as if the same had
 been within the purview    of the above
 recited act3 ,provided1 ,that nothing  
herein contained1    shall authorize the
 erection of public buildings otherwise 
than on    the ,maryland side of the    
river ,potomac1 as required by the      
aforesaid    act4    ,thus within a     
period of nine months the limits of the 
,federal territory  were established4   
,the corner stone was set with          
appropriate ceremonies  at ,jones       
,point1 ,alexandria1 ,va41 ,april #ae1  

#agia4 ,not a cent was  advanced by     
,congress for buildings or grounds4 ,in 
fact1 the ,treasury  was empty1 and     
without credit ,congress was unable to  
give financial  assistance4 ,washington 
himself drew up the original agreement  
by  which the owners were to convey the 
land to the ,government which the       
,cincinnatus of the ,west bought from   
the landholders at #be per acre4    ,of 
,george ,washington1 ,daniel ,webster   
said1 at the ceremonies for  enlarging  
the ,capitol to its present size1 on    
,july #d1 #ahea3      ,he heads a short 
procession over naked fields1 he crosses
 yonder    stream on a fallen tree1 he  
ascends to the top of this eminence1    
where original oaks of the forest stood 
as thick around as if the    spot had   
been devoted to ,druidical worship1 and 
here he performed the    appointed duty 
of the day4    ,in earlier years        
,washington had noted the beauty of the 
broad eminence  on which the ,capitol   
was destined to be reared1 and had      

marked the  breadth of the picture and  
the strong colors of the landscape with 
its  environing wall of wooded heights1 
which rolled back against the sky  as if
 to inclose a beautiful area fit for the
 supreme deliberation of  the           
governmental affairs of a great         
,republic in the ,new ,world1 founded   
on the truths 8that all men are created 
equal2 that they are endowed  by their  
,creator with certain inalienable       
rights2 that among these are  life1     
liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness40 
,these truths1 as set  forth in the     
unanimous declaration of the thirteen   
original colonies of  the ,united       
,states of ,america adopted ,july #d1   
#aggf1 formed the basis of  the ,magna  
,charta of ,american liberty1 known to  
us as the ,declaration of               
,independence4      ,,history ,,of      
,,early ,,settlements ,,along ,,the     
,,potomac    ,somewhat more than a      
century and a half before 7in #afjh7    
,capt4 ,john  ,smith and his men sailed 

up the ,patawomeck and visited the site 
of the  future ,federal ,city4 ,the     
famous adventurer only partially        
explored  the country1 the principal    
item in the log book of his voyage being
  that they found the river full of     
luscious fish and its shores lined  with
 ferocious savages4 ,they met with      
opposition from ,chief ,powhatan  and   
were subject to continual attacks4      
,nevertheless the exploration  was      
continued up the ,potomac as far as     
,little ,falls1 about #e miles  above   
the city of ,washington4 ,at the time of
 this exploration there  were about #cj 
tribes1 principal and subordinate1      
living along the  shores of ,chesapeake 
,bay in ,maryland and ,virginia4 ,the   
chief of these  principal tribes were   
the ,powhatans1 the ,manahoacs1 and the 
,monacans4  ,the ,powhatans lived along 
the shores of the ,chesapeake as far    
north  as the ,patuxent in ,maryland1   
and the other two lived in the territory
  contiguous to the ,york and ,potomac  

,rivers4 ,the ,manahoacs and the        
,monacans1 who were continuously at war 
with the ,powhatans in ,virginia1       
inhabited the present ,district of      
,columbia4 ,the ,manahoacs were almost  
exterminated by war1 pestilence1 and    
spirituous liquors1 and about  #agab    
migrated to the west1 joining the       
,iroquois and the ,tuscaroras4  ,among  
the smaller tribes were the ,nacotchants
 and the ,toags1 who were  friendly to  
,capt4 ,john ,smith4 ,the ,toags lived  
near ,mount ,vernon1 as is  shown by the
 name ,tauxement on ,capt4 ,john        
,smith's map4 ,the ,moyaones  lived     
directly opposite ,mount ,vernon1 in    
,maryland1 at the mouth of the          
,piscataway4 ,the ,nacotchants lived    
just below the ,eastern ,branch1 within 
the ,district of ,columbia4    ,there is
 a tradition of the early settlers of   
,maryland that the  valley at the foot  
of ,capitol ,hill1 drained by ,tiber    
,creek1 was a  popular fishing ground of
 the ,indians1 and that they gathered   

not far  from there1 at ,greenleaf's    
,point1 for their councils4 ,the        
,indians of  ,maryland and ,virginia    
closely resembled each other4 ,those of 
,maryland  were descendants of the same 
race as the ,powhatans and spoke        
dialects  of the great ,algonquin       
language4 ,powhatan claimed jurisdiction
 over the  ,patuxent1 but it is doubtful
 whether he ever enforced the claim4    
,the ,indians lived along the banks of  
the rivers in this part of the  country1
 and thus many ,indian names1 suggested 
by the suffixes 8annock0  and 8any10    
have come down to us1 as the            
,susquehanna1 ,rappahannock1            
,allegheny1 and ,chickahominy4 ,the name
 ,chesapeake is said to have  come from 
the ,algonquin language1 and ,potomac   
comes from the ,indian  name            
,patawomeck4 ,the ,powhatans were won   
over to the ,english by the  marriage of
 ,pocahontas to ,john ,rolfe1 but the   
marriage1 though notable  in history1   
offered no advantages to the settlers4  

,the original  inhabitants were finally 
driven out by the relentless ,iroquois4 
,among  the early fighters against the  
,indians was ,col4 ,john ,washington1   
who  came to ,america in #afeg and      
settled at ,bridges ,creek1 ,va41 later 
called  ,wakefield4 ,he led #a1jjj men  
against the ,susquehannas4 ,the         
,maryland  tribes were gradually        
consolidated with the ,piscataways1 and 
about  #agjj they moved to a new        
settlement on the lower ,susquehanna1   
near  ,bainbridge1 ,pa4 ,here1 in #agfe1
 they numbered about #aej persons and   
were  under the jurisdiction of the     
,iroquois4 ,thereafter they moved to the
  ,ohio ,valley and joined the          
,delawares4    ,to-day the name         
,anacostia1 derived from the name of the
 small ,indian  tribe of ,nacotchants1  
reminds us of the occupation of the     
,district  of ,columbia by ,indians4 ,as
 has been said1 they lived just below   
the  ,eastern ,branch1 in a suburb of   
,washington known as ,anacostia4 ,the   

great ,anacostia ,park1 in the immediate
 vicinity1 is named after  them4 ,they  
were a tribe of peaceful ,indians1 about
 #hj in number1 and  were kind and well 
disposed to ,capt4 ,john ,smith and his 
explorers4  ,the name of ,anacostia was 
also given to an island near the shores 
of ,virginia1 at ,georgetown4 ,later it 
took the name ,analostian and  also     
,anacostian ,island4 ,when ,george      
,mason1 prominent delegate to the       
,virginia ,legislature1 purchased it in 
#aggg1 it came to be known as  ,masons  
,island4 ,later it was called ,analostan
 ,island4 ,stone implements  and        
fragments of pottery and traces of      
,indian villages have been found  in    
these locations1 which give evidence of 
habitations of the ,indians  in the     
,district of ,columbia in those days4   
,it was a region favored by  the        
,indians for its game of all kinds1 as  
well as fish4 ,the soil was  rich and   
fertile and crops were plentiful4 ,then1
 too1 the climate was  agreeable2 that  

is1 it did not have the extreme cold of 
the ,north1 nor  did the inhabitants    
suffer from the continued heat of a     
tropical sun4  ,the latitude of         
,washington is #ch #eb #cg ,n4 and the  
longitude #gf #ee  #cj4ed ,w4           
,weather reports of a hundred years ago 
give #ig for the average of  maximum in 
summer and #bd above zero for the       
winter4 ,this mild climate  has had its 
consequent effect on the flora of the   
,district of ,columbia4  ,a report of   
the ,botanical ,society of ,washington1 
made in #ahbe1 gives  us the names of   
#hfj distinct species and varieties of  
plants in the  ,district of ,columbia4  
,to-day grow here the oak1 walnut1      
hickory1 elm1  maple1 and other hardy   
trees2 pine trees in all their          
varieties1 and  magnolia1 also the      
rhododendron1 laurel1 box bushes1 privet
 hedges1  holly2 and roses bloom in     
,washington almost the entire year4 ,in 
spring  the beautiful ,japanese cherry  
trees add charm to the city4            

,illustration3 ,,washington1 #agib      
,,chapter ,,iii    ,,development ,,of   
,,the ,,national ,,capital ,,the ,,plan 
,,of ,,the ,,city      ,,site ,,of ,,the
 ,,federal ,,city    ,the first mention 
of the upper ,potomac and adjacent      
regions to  ,indianhead1 about #ce miles
 south of ,washington1 is made by ,capt4
  ,john ,smith1 who explored this region
 from the ,jamestown settlement  in     
,virginia in #afjh4 ,in #afcd ,henry    
,fleet1 who was taken captive by        
,indians1 visited the falls of the      
,potomac4 ,in #afce a tract of land     
7#djj acres7 called ,rome was laid out  
for ,francis ,pope1 gentleman4 ,the     
,capitol is said to be on this land4 ,in
 #agij the region in which the  city of 
,washington has been built was in the   
form of #ag large farm  tracts1 as is   
shown on the following page4 ,they were 
covered with woods  and streams2 the    
arable portions were tilled and produced
 wheat1 maize1  and tobacco4 ,two       
hamlets1 ,carrollsburg 7where the ,war  

,college now  stands71 and ,hamburg     
7about where the ,naval ,hospital is    
located71 which  was then southeast of  
the thriving port of ,georgetown1 were  
within the  limits of the early survey4 
,on ,april #cj1 #aghc1 #ai days after   
the proclamation of peace between the   
,american ,colonies and ,england1 the   
subject of a permanent capital for  the 
,general ,government of the ,states was 
brought up in ,congress4 ,the  act of   
,july #af1 #agij1 heretofore cited1     
provided for the selection of a         
permanent site on the upper ,potomac    
,river for the ,national ,capital--     
according to such plans as the          
,president shall approve and prior to   
the first ,monday in ,december1 #ahjj1  
and suitable buildings for the          
accommodation of ,congress1 and of the  
,president1 and for the public          
offices of the ,government of the       
,united ,states4    ,on ,january #bb1   
#agia1 ,president ,washington appointed 
three  commissioners--,daniel ,carroll  

and ,thomas ,johnson1 of ,maryland1 and 
,david ,stuart1 of ,virginia4    ,by    
proclamation of ,january #bd1 #agia1    
,president ,washington directed that    
the three commissioners appointed       
pursuant to the act approved ,july #af1 
#agij1 8proceed forthwith to run the    
said lines of experiment and1 the  same 
being run1 to survey and by proper metes
 and bounds to define and  limit the    
part within the same10 which were       
substantially in accord  with the lines 
subsequently adopted1 moving the        
southern boundary point  of the #aj     
miles square farther south1 so as to    
include a convenient  part of the       
,eastern ,branch and also the town of   
,alexandria4    ,illustration3          
,,washington ,,in ,,embryo    ,when     
,president ,washington arrived in the   
future ,national ,capital he  found the 
great task before him was to bring into 
harmony the rival  interests of the     
,eastern ,branch1 or ,carrollsburg1 and 
of ,georgetown4  ,the property holders  

of ,carrollsburg appeared to be anxious 
that the  new public buildings be       
located in their town4 ,david ,burnes1  
who owned  much of the land that now    
lies between the ,white ,house and the  
,capitol1  was keen to have1 on         
condition that he give up part of his   
property1  the public buildings located 
there4 ,thus from the beginning of the  
history of the city there has been      
rivalry between various sections of  the
 city while the ,government was planning
 for its development4    ,the           
controversy between the landholders led 
,thomas ,jefferson to make  a rough     
outline plan for a city one-fourth less 
in size than that  which ,george        
,washington had in mind1 to be built in 
the vicinity of  ,georgetown4 ,this     
sketch showed the ,capitol building at  
the site of the  town called ,hamburg1  
about where the ,naval ,hospital is now 
located2  from there eastward public    
walks or a ,mall was planned1 with the  
location of the ,president's ,house at  

about the present ,nineteenth  ,street1 
south of ,pennsylvania ,avenue4         
,jefferson also proposed a  rectangular 
system of streets1 in contrast with the 
open spaces and  radiating avenues      
planned by ,l',enfant1 who also reversed
 the position  of the ,capitol by       
placing that to the east of the         
,president's ,house on  ,jenkin's ,hill4
      ,,terms ,,of ,,original           
,,agreement    ,the terms of the sale of
 land to the ,government were agreed to 
on ,march  #cj1 #agia1 under which the  
original owners agreed to convey to the 
,united ,states ,government1 free of    
cost1 such portions of their farms  as  
were needed for streets1 parks1 and     
other public reservations2 and  to sell 
such land as was needed for ,government 
buildings and public  improvements at   
#be per acre 7about #fg74 ,the remaining
 land was to be  laid out in building   
lots and apportioned equally between the
 ,federal  ,government and the original 
owners4 ,rufus ,r4 ,wilson1 in          

,washington1 the  ,capital ,city1 says3 
,in this way1 without advancing a dollar
 and at a total cost of    #cf1jjj1 the 
,government acquired a tract of #fjj    
acres in the heart of    the city4 ,the 
#aj1acf building lots assigned to it    
ultimately proved    to be worth        
#hej1jjj1 and now represent a value of  
#gj1jjj1jjj4    ,shrewd financier as he 
was1 it is doubtful if ,washington ever 
made    another so good a bargain as    
that with ,burnes and his neighbors4    
,the following is a copy of the         
agreement3      ,,the ,,agreement ,,of  
,,president ,,washington ,,with ,,the   
,,original ,,proprietors      ,we1 the  
subscribers1 in consideration of the    
great benefits we    expect to derive   
from having the ,federal ,city laid off 
upon our    ,lands1 do hereby agree and 
bind ourselves1 heirs1 executors1 and   
administrators1 to convey1 in ,trust1 to
 the ,president of the ,united          
,states1 or ,commissioners1 or such     
person or persons as he shall           

appoint1 by good and sufficient deeds1  
in ,fee simple1 the whole of    our     
respective ,lands which he may think    
proper to include within the    lines of
 the ,federal ,city1 for the purposes   
and on the conditions    following3     
,the ,president shall have the sole     
power of directing the ,federal ,city   
to be laid off in what manner he        
pleases4 ,he may retain any number    of
 ,squares he may think proper for public
 ,improvements1 or other    public      
,uses1 and the lots only which shall be 
laid off shall be a    joint property   
between the ,trustees on behalf of the  
public1 and each    present proprietor1 
and the same shall be fairly and equally
 divided    between the public and the  
,individuals1 as soon as may be1 after  
the    ,city shall be laid off4         
,for the streets the proprietors shall  
receive no compensation2 but    for the 
squares or ,lands in any form1 which    
shall be taken for    public buildings1 
or any kind of public improvements1 or  

uses1 the    proprietors1 whose lands   
shall be so taken1 shall receive at the 
rate    of twenty-five pounds per acre1 
to be paid by the public4      ,the     
whole wood on the ,lands shall be the   
property of the proprietors4      ,but  
should any be desired by the president  
to be reserved or left    standing1 the 
same shall be paid for by the public at 
a just and    reasonable valuation1     
exclusive of the twenty-five pounds per 
acre to    be paid for the land1 on     
which the same shall remain4      ,each 
proprietor shall retain the full        
possession and use of his    land1 until
 the same shall be sold and occupied by 
the purchasers    of the ,lots laid out 
thereupon1 and in all cases where the   
public    arrangements as to streets1   
lotts1 c41 will admit of it1 each       
proprietor shall possess his buildings  
and other improvements1 and             
graveyards1 paying to the public only   
one-half the present estimated    value 
of the ,lands1 on which the same shall  

be1 or twelve pounds    ten shillings   
per acre4 ,but in cases where the       
arrangements of the    streets1 lotts1  
squares1 c41 will not admit of this1 and
 it shall    become necessary to remove 
such buildings1 ,improvements1 c41 the  
proprietors of the same shall be paid   
the reasonable value thereof1    by the 
public4      ,nothing herein contained  
shall affect the ,lotts which any of the
    parties to this ,agreement may hold 
in the ,towns of ,carrollsburgh or      
,hamburgh4      ,in witness whereof we  
have hereunto set our hands and ,seals1 
this    thirtieth day of ,march1 #agia4 
,signed    ,signed  sealed in presence  
of us--,mr4    ,,robert ,,peter         
7,seal7    ,,thos4 ,,beall1 making an   
exception of the   ,,david ,,burnes     
7,seal7    ,lands he sold ,abraham      
,young not yet       ,,jas4 ,m4 ,,lingan
       7,seal7    conveyed4             
,,uriah ,,forrest        7,seal7        
,witness to all the subscribers         
including  ,,benj4 ,,stoddert           

7,seal7    ,,william ,,young            
,,notley ,,young         7,seal7        
,,william ,,bayly                       
,,dan4 ,,carroll of ,dn4  7,seal7       
,,william ,,robertson                   
,,overton ,,carr         7,seal7        
,,john ,,suter                          
,,thos4 ,,beall of ,geo4  7,seal7       
,,samuel ,,davidson witness to ,,abraham
        ,,charles ,,beatty       7,seal7
    ,,young's signing                   
,,anthony ,,holmead      7,seal7        
,,benj4 ,,stoddert witness to ,,edward  
,,peirce's ,,wm4 ,,young                
7,seal7    signing4                     
,,edward ,,peirce        7,seal7        
,,joseph ,e4 ,,rowles for ,,jno4        
,,waring4          ,,abraham ,,young    
7,seal7      ,,wm4 ,,deakins ,junr4 for 
,,wm4 ,,prout  ,,william ,,james        
,,peirce         7,seal7    ,,king as   
attorney in fact4                       
,,william ,,prout        7,seal7        
,,robert ,,peter1 as                    
attorney in fact for                    

,,eliphas ,,douglass4    7,seal7        
,,benj4 ,,stoddert for                  
,,jno4 ,,waring by                      
written authority                       
from ,mr4 ,waring4     7,seal7          
,,william ,,king         7,seal7        
,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,boundary    
,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,district ,,of     
,,columbia    ,illustration3 ,,three    
,,of ,,the ,,boundary ,,stones    ,the  
land which was being considered for the 
city proper consisted of  about #f1jjj  
acres4 ,in laying out the streets #c1fjf
 acres were taken1  and about #edj acres
 were bought by the ,united ,states as  
sites for the  public buildings and     
grounds4 ,the lots laid out numbered    
#bj1bgb4 ,of  these the ,united ,states 
took half and the property owners were  
given  back the remainder4 ,the ,united 
,states sold its share of the lots and  
from the proceeds paid for the #edj     
acres on which it was to put the  public
 buildings4    ,the ,united ,states also
 took a fee-simple title to the streets 

and  avenues4      ,,boundary ,,stones  
,,of ,,the ,,district ,,of ,,columbia   
,a survey of an outline of the ,district
 of ,columbia was made by ,andrew       
,ellicott4 ,from the initial point at   
,jones ,point1 on ,hunting ,creek1 at   
the ,potomac 7just south of             
,alexandria71 a line was run due        
northwest  #aj miles2 thence 7into      
,maryland7 due northeast #aj miles to a 
northern  boundary point 7now called    
,sixteenth ,street ,heights72 thence due
  southeast #aj miles2 thence due       
southwest #aj miles1 or back to ,jones  
,point4    ,illustration3 ,,boundary    
,,stone ,,near ,,sixteenth ,,street1    
,,northwest    ,this survey was approved
 by ,congress with the amendment that   
all public  buildings should be erected 
on the ,maryland side of the ,potomac   
,river4    ,on ,march #bi1 #agia1       
,president ,washington arrived on a     
visit to the  ,potomac and stayed at    
,suter's ,tavern in ,georgetown4 ,the   
next day1  accompanied by the three     

commissioners and ,maj4 ,pierre ,charles
  ,l',enfant and ,andrew ,ellicott1 he  
rode over the ground4 ,washington met   
the owners of the land the same night1  
and the general terms were then  agreed 
upon and signed by the #ai 8original    
proprietors40 ,the area of  #ajj square 
miles embraced about #fd square miles of
 ,maryland soil 7ceded  previously in   
#aghh7 and about #cf square miles of    
,virginia soil 7ceded  in #aghi74       
,thereupon the three city commissioners 
were ordered to have the  boundary lines
 permanently marked by monuments placed 
#a mile apart4  ,one of these boundary  
stones can be seen to-day near the north
 corner  of the ,district of ,columbia4 
,each stone was quite large1 and this   
particular one is well preserved4       
,,preliminary ,,studies    ,when the    
city of ,washington was planned under   
the direct and minute  supervision of   
,president ,washington and ,secretary of
 ,state ,jefferson1  the relations that 
should exist between the ,capitol and   

the ,president's  ,house were closely   
studied4 ,on ,august #g1 #agia1         
,l',enfant sent a sketch  to ,president 
,washington1 with a note1 8the plan     
altered agreeable to  your suggestion40 
,indeed1 the whole city was planned with
 a view to the  reciprocal relations    
that should be maintained among public  
buildings4  ,vistas and axes2 sites for 
monuments and museums2 parks and        
pleasure  gardens2 fountains and        
canals--in a word1 all that goes to make
 a city  a magnificent and consistent   
work of art were regarded as essential4 
,thus1 aside from the pleasure and the  
positive benefits to health that  the   
people derive from public parks in a    
capital city like ,washington1  there is
 a distinct use of public spaces as the 
indispensable means  of giving dignity  
to ,government buildings and of making  
suitable  connections between the great 
departments4    ,the original plans were
 prepared after due study of great      
models4 ,the  stately art of landscape  

architecture had been brought oversea by
 royal  governors and wealthy planters1 
and both ,washington and ,jefferson were
  familiar with the practice of that    
art4    ,on ,september #h1 #agia1 it was
 decided by ,thomas ,jefferson1         
,secretary of  ,state1 and ,james       
,madison1 in conference with the        
,commissioners of the  ,district of     
,columbia--      to name the streets of 
the ,federal ,city alphabetically one   
way and    numerically the other from   
the ,capitol and that the name of the   
,city    and ,territory shall be the    
,city of ,washington and the ,territory 
of    ,columbia4    ,the city had also  
been divided into four sections--namely1
 northeast1  northwest1 southeast1      
southwest--with the ,capitol as the     
center and  ,north and ,south ,capitol  
,streets dividing the east and west     
sections and  ,east ,capitol ,street and
 the ,mall the north and south sections4
    ,illustration3 ,,building           
,,regulations ,,issued ,,by ,,president 

,,washington    ,illustration3 ,,sketch 
,,of ,,the ,l',,enfant ,,plan           
,,chapter ,,iv    ,,maj4 ,,pierre       
,,charles ,l',,enfant      ,maj4 ,pierre
 ,charles ,l',enfant was born in ,paris 
,august #b1 #aged1 the son  of an       
academician1 who was 8,painter in       
ordinary to the ,king in his            
,manufacture of the ,gobelins10 with a  
turn for landscape and especially  for  
battles1 as is shown by the collections 
at ,versailles and ,tours4  ,trained as 
a ,french military engineer1 young      
,l',enfant at the age of #bc  obtained a
 commission as a volunteer lieutenant in
 the ,french colonial  troops1 serving  
at his own expense4    ,illustration3   
,,maj4 ,,pierre ,,charles ,l',,enfant   
,l',enfant preceded ,lafayette to       
,america by a month4 ,arriving in #aggg1
  he entered the ,continental ,army at  
his own expense4 ,in ,february #aggh  he
 was made a captain of engineers and as 
such proved his valor in  battles about 
,charleston1 where he was wounded and   

was included in the  capitulation and   
exchanged4 ,he was made a major in      
#aghc4    ,he was 8artist extraordinary0
 to the ,army1 drawing likenesses       
7including one of ,washington at ,valley
 ,forge71 decorating ballrooms1  and    
building banquet halls4 ,then by turn he
 became a drillmaster1 like  ,von       
,steuben4 ,when peace was declared he   
made a brief visit to ,france  to see   
his father and1 incidentally1 to        
establish the ,society of  the          
,cincinnati in ,france and procure the  
gold eagles he had designed  as insignia
 of the organization4 ,then he returned 
to remodel the ,new  ,york ,city ,hall  
for the reception of the first ,congress
 of the ,united  ,states1 a building of 
such beauty never before having been    
seen by the  assembled representatives  
of the people4 ,l',enfant was an artist1
 and  this ,washington knew when he     
selected him to design the ,federal     
,city4  ,he was imbued with the artistic
 development of ,paris1 with its fine   

central composition from the ,tuileries 
to the ,arch of ,triumph1 the  beauty of
 the ,champs ,elysees1 the ,place de la 
,concorde and adjacent  great buildings 
as the ,louvre2 and with ,versailles1   
built by ,louis ,,xiv1  with its        
fountains1 terraces1 gardens1 and parks1
 which still thrill  thousands of       
visitors each year4 ,he understood the  
art of city planning4    ,l',enfant was 
long maturing in his mind the plan he so
 quickly put on  paper4 ,in ,september1 
#aghi1 while yet the idea of creating a 
capital  city was still in the air1 he  
wrote to ,president ,washington asking  
to  be employed to design 8the ,capital 
of this vast ,empire40 ,the nations of  
,europe wondered at the probable future 
of the new ,republic4 ,visualizing  the 
future1 ,l',enfant wrote3      ,no      
nation ever before had the opportunity  
offered them of    deliberately deciding
 upon the spot where their capital city 
should    be fixed1 or of considering   
every necessary consideration in the    

choice of situation2 and although the   
means now within the power of    the    
country are not such as to pursue the   
design to any great extent1    it will  
be obvious that the plan should be drawn
 on such a scale as    to leave room for
 that aggrandizement and embellishment  
which the    increase of the wealth of  
the ,nation will permit it to pursue to 
any    period1 however remote4    ,major
 ,l',enfant1 a man of position and      
education and an engineer of  ability1  
was also familiar with those great works
 of the master ,le  ,ntre1 which are    
still the admiration of the traveler and
 the constant  pleasure of the ,french  
people4 ,moreover1 from his well-stocked
 library  ,jefferson sent to ,l',enfant 
plans 8on a large and accurate scale0 of
  ,paris1 ,amsterdam1 ,frankfort1       
,carlsruhe1 ,strasburg1 ,orleans1       
,turin1  ,milan1 and other ,european    
cities1 at the same time felicitating   
himself  that the ,president had 8left  
the planning of the town in such good   

hands40    ,thereupon the name of       
,l',enfant became1 and has since        
remained1  inseparably associated with  
the plan and development of the         
,nation's  ,capital4 ,he was gifted but 
eccentric1 a characteristic that got him
  into many and serious difficulties4   
,president ,washington had high regard  
for him and wrote of him as  follows3   
,since my first knowledge of the        
gentleman's abilities in the line of    
his profession1 ,i have viewed him not  
only as a scientific man1 but    one who
 added considerable taste to            
professional knowledge1 and that1    for
 such employment as he is now engaged   
in--for projecting public    works and  
carrying them into effect--he was better
 qualified than    anyone who had come  
within my knowledge in this country1 or 
indeed in    any other1 the probability 
of obtaining whom could be counted upon4
    ,i had no doubt at the same time    
that this was the light in which he     
considered himself2 and of course he    

would be tenacious of his plans    as to
 conceive they would be marred if they  
underwent any change or    alteration4  
99 99 99 ,should his services be lost1  
,i know not how to    replace them4     
,,chapter ,v    ,,the ,l',,enfant ,,plan
      ,the ,l',enfant plan1 as before   
stated1 was prepared for the ,federal   
,city under the direction of ,president 
,washington and ,thomas ,jefferson  in  
#agia by ,maj4 ,pierre ,charles         
,l',enfant1 and applied to the #aj miles
  square set apart as ,federal territory
 and called the ,district of  ,columbia4
 ,this was the first and most           
comprehensive plan ever designed  for   
any city4 ,it was a masterpiece of civic
 design4 ,as originally drawn  it       
extended only to ,florida ,avenue ,,nw4 
and was designed for a city of          
#hjj1jjj1 the size of ,paris at the     
time4 ,it was submitted to ,congress by 
,president ,washington on ,december #ac1
 #agia4    ,the original plan shows     
explanatory notes and references by     

,major  ,l',enfant1 among which he calls
 attention to the position of the  main 
buildings and squares1 the leading      
avenues1 and the plan of  intersection  
of the streets and their width4 ,the    
avenues were to be #afj  feet in width4 
,no city designed merely for commercial 
purposes would  have avenues of such    
width2 hence the whole plan indicates   
that it was  especially designed for the
 seat of government of the ,nation4     
,there are two great focal points in the
 ,l',enfant plan--the ,capitol and  the 
,white ,house--each with its            
intersecting avenues1 that add beauty   
and charm to the city and at the same   
time make distant parts of the  city    
easy of access4    ,the methods and     
features of ,l',enfant's plan1 which    
included the reports  and correspondence
 between ,l',enfant and ,president      
,washington1 in  #aicj were given       
intensive study by ,william ,t4         
,partridge1 consulting  architect of the
 ,national ,capital ,park and ,planning 

,commission4 ,mr4  ,partridge's findings
 and his review of the features of the  
plan1 which  are still possible of      
attainment1 constitute a notable        
contribution to  the research in this   
field1 and we quote at length3      ,a  
study of ,l',enfant's plan1 as well as a
 careful reading of his    descriptions1
 shows the effort made to model his     
design to the    existing topography4   
,no mention can be found of ,versailles 
or ,london    as an inspiration4 ,he    
reiterates again and again in his       
letters    that this plan of his was    
8original0 and 8unique40 ,in a letter to
    ,jefferson requesting some ,old     
,world city maps he deprecates any      
copying and asks for this information   
only as a means for comparison    or to 
aid in refining and strengthening his   
judgment4      ,in order to investigate 
how far the existing conditions of the  
site for the ,federal ,city dictated the
 plan of present ,washington1    a      
topographical map of the terrain1 as    

existing at that period1    has been    
carefully prepared from old maps and    
descriptions and an    attempt made with
 an open mind to follow ,l',enfant's    
procedure4 ,much    was assumed1 only to
 be corroborated by later study of the  
original    manuscripts and reports4    
,all printed transcriptions of          
,l',enfant's    reports have been       
altered by their editors in the effort  
to interpret    ,l',enfant's strange    
,english1 a fact leading to             
misinterpretation on    the part of     
trained architectural commentators      
dependent solely on    these printed    
transcriptions4    ,illustration3 ,,the 
,l',,enfant ,,plan    ,illustration3    
,,transcription ,,of ,,notes ,,inscribed
 ,,on ,l',,enfant ,,plan      ,at the   
convention of the ,american ,institute  
of ,architects held in    ,washington in
 #aibi1 the history and development of  
the ,national    ,capital was the       
principal topic of discussion4 ,the     
merits of the    plan of ,l',enfant were

 duly acknowledged by all1 though       
emphasis    was laid upon the progress  
of those modern projects sponsored and  
carried through largely by the efforts  
of the institute or its    individual   
members4 ,the work of the ,mc,millan    
,commission and the    admirable        
recommendations of that trained and     
experienced body1 that    the 8central  
area0 be restored with some resemblance 
to ,l',enfant's    original plan were   
generally acknowledged4 ,there was no   
comparison1    however1 attempted       
between the proposed plan of ,l',enfant 
and the    much-altered modern plan1 nor
 was there discussion in detail of the  
8public walk0 of the original design4   
,the real merit of the original         
,l',enfant plan was sensed only by one  
speaker at the convention    mentioned1 
,mr4 ,medary1 when he spoke of the early
 structures    maintaining their places 
as dominating elements in the original  
design and confirmed the judgment of    
,l',enfant 8in fitting the plan of      

the proposed city to the topography of  
the site40      ,there has come down to 
us only a single manuscript plan which  
students have accepted as the original  
design and on which they have    based  
all their comments4 ,this drawing       
depicts only an intermediate    stage of
 the plan4 ,the first plan was much     
altered by ,l',enfant    himself at the 
request of ,president ,washington1 but  
by a careful    study of internal       
evidence of the later drawing the       
designer's    masterly original may be  
restored4 ,existing documents tell us   
that    not only were considerable      
changes made in the plan by order of    
,president ,washington1 but alterations 
in the layout were also made    by      
,l',enfant's successors1 all of which   
disturbed considerably its    skillful  
symmetrical fitting to the irregular    
topography4 ,if this    submitted       
restoration proves correct1 there is no 
ground left for    further accusation of
 his indebtedness to both ,versailles   

and the    ,london plan for minor       
details4 ,it is the writer's conclusion 
that    ,l',enfant did exactly what he  
claimed--devised an original plan1      
entirely unique4 ,he arrived at his     
parti only after a careful study    on  
the spot of the best sites for the      
principal buildings1 allocated    in the
 order of their importance1 and located 
with consideration of    both prominence
 and outlook4 ,he tied these sites      
together by means of    a rectangular   
system of streets and again connected   
them by means of    diagonal avenues4   
,the principal avenues followed closely 
the existing    roads4 ,additional      
avenues were extended to the 8outroads0 
or city    entrances and were laid out  
primarily for the purpose of shortening 
communication--an engineering           
consideration4 ,l',enfant mentions that 
the diagonal avenues would afford a     
8reciprocity of sight0 and 8a    variety
 of pleasant ride and being combined to 
insure a rapide    ,intercourse with all

 the part of the ,city to which they    
will serve    as does the main vains in 
the animal body to diffuse life through 
smaller vessels in quickening the active
 motion to the heart40      ,the        
similarity of the angles of the two     
principal avenues    7,pennsylvania     
east1 from ,eastern ,branch ,ferry to   
the ,capitol1 and    ,maryland east1    
from the ,bladensburg ,road entrance to 
the ,capitol7    which followed closely 
for some distance the existing roads1   
doubtless suggested the radial          
pair-avenue idea4 ,this was entirely    
accidental and the outgrowth of existing
 conditions4 ,the system of a           
rectangular-street plan with radial     
avenues is not only borne out by    the 
mention he makes himself in his         
descriptions but was followed by        
,ellicott in his redrafting of the plan 
for the engraver4      ,our artistic1   
hasty-tempered genius refused to give   
,ellicott any    documents or any       
information4 ,ellicott states in his    

letters on the    subject that1 although
 he was refused the original plan1 he   
was    familiar with ,l',enfant's system
 and had many notes of the surveys he   
had made of the site himself1 so it is  
possible that the plan was    recreated 
by ,ellicott4      ,space and time do   
not permit an excursion into the        
squabble over    this engraved plan4    
,changes were made in reduction to the  
proper    size of the plate4 ,these     
changes led to violent protests on the  
part of ,l',enfant1 although in later   
years his memorial states that    the   
changes were not so very damaging4 ,to  
an architectural mind the    alterations
 in question destroyed the unity and    
symmetry of the    whole1 and           
,l',enfant's later softened protest can 
be explained by his    desire for       
payment by ,congress4 ,he could not     
afford at that time to    imperil his   
chances4      ,in the attempt to find   
the method by means of which ,l',enfant 
arrived    at the system underlying his 

plan for the city1 we are handicapped   
at the very start by lack of sufficient 
data for identification    of the       
various plans mentioned in the old      
records4 ,there was made    in          
,washington1 as the work progressed1 a  
large map with numbered    squares4     
,many references are made to this 8large
 plan0 in the old    correspondence1 but
 it must not be confused with the layout
 of the    original design under        
discussion4 ,a letter from the          
commissioners    states it was in       
,l',enfant's hands some time after his  
dismissal4      ,as far as we now know1 
there is but one original drawing in    
existence1 which1 after #ajj years of   
neglect and careless handling1    is now
 sacredly preserved in the ,library of  
,congress4 ,the    elaborateness and    
care shown in the carefully lettered    
notes and    profuse marginal references
 marks this a presentation copy4 ,this  
plan included 8the alterations ordered  
by ,washington and sent to              

,philadelphia on ,august #ai1 #agia1 for
 transmission to ,congress40      ,,the 
,,ellicott ,,plan--,,the ,l',,enfant    
,,plan ,,enlarged    ,the executed plan 
of the ,federal ,city as redrawn by     
,andrew ,ellicott  departs but little   
from the modified ,l',enfant plan4 ,the 
changes  are perhaps an improvement on  
the layout as modified by ,president    
,washington4    ,discussion recently has
 arisen in reference to the credit      
,ellicott  should be given for the      
executed plan of ,washington4 ,in #ahjb 
a  congressional committee found--      
that the plan of the city was originally
 designed by ,major ,l',enfant1    but  
that in many respects it was rejected by
 the ,president1 and a    plan drawn up 
by ,mr4 ,ellicott1 purporting to have   
been made from    actual survey1 was    
engraved and published by order of      
,general    ,washington in the year     
#agib4    ,the chief alteration shown in
 ,ellicott's engraved plan is the       
straightening of what is now            

,massachusetts ,avenue4 ,the suppression
 of  the eastern portion leading to the 
upper bridgehead made it end at what  is
 now known as ,lincoln ,square1 the     
drawbridge over ,eastern ,branch  being 
reached by what is now ,kentucky        
,avenue4    ,by moving the marine       
hospital site north some distance and   
ignoring  the ,rock ,creek ,ford at the 
other end1 ,ellicott was enabled to run 
,massachusetts ,avenue in nearly a      
direct line2 the western end reached    
the road to ,frederick1 as it did in    
,l',enfant's plan4    ,the settlement of
 this section of the city was at that   
date  problematical1 and no serious     
attention was given to the change in    
plan4 ,the area was marshy and was a    
popular place for hunting snipe4  ,this 
fact explains the meandering of ,florida
 ,avenue to the northwestern  boundary  
line of the old city4    ,illustration3 
,,the ,,ellicott ,,plan                 
,illustration3 ,,transcription ,,of     
,,notes ,,inscribed ,,on ,,ellicott     

,,plan    ,in an overlay of the two     
plans of ,l',enfant and ,ellicott1      
prepared with  great accuracy by the    
hydrographic section of the ,navy1 only 
the main  east-west and north-south axes
 of the ,capitol and ,white ,house      
coincide4  ,an examination of this      
drawing shows that the art of surveying 
had not  at that period reached         
present-day accuracy4    ,illustration3 
,,the ,,dermott ,,or ,,tin ,,case ,,map 
,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,washington1    
#agig-ih    ,several suppressed sections
 of the ,l',enfant plan were restored in
  the engraved plan4 ,maryland ,avenue  
was carried through to the 8,grand      
,avenue10 and ,south ,carolina ,avenue  
extended to ,new ,jersey ,avenue and    
the 8,town ,house0 site4    ,the plan of
 ,james ,r4 ,dermott1 the officially    
approved plan1 had many  more city      
squares1 and consequently more lots for 
sale4 ,it is known  as the ,tin ,case   
,map1 because about #ej years later it  
was thus found  preserved4 ,the cry of  

grasping owners and voracious           
speculators was for  more lots2 and     
,l',enfant's letter of warning to       
,president ,washington  dated ,august   
#ai1 #agia1 against this evil proved    
more than justified4  ,this city plan   
also indicated the names of the avenues4
    ,what is known as the ,king ,map was
 made by ,robert ,king1 a surveyor  in  
the office of the ,commissioners of the 
,district of ,columbia1 and  published  
in #ahah4    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,king
 ,,map    ,the map is of interest in    
that we note in it the word ,judiciary  
in  what is known as ,judiciary ,square4
 ,we learn from ,l',enfant's ,memorial  
addressed to ,congress on ,december #g1 
#ahjj1 that ,l',enfant intended the     
third coordinate branch of the          
,government1 the ,judiciary1 be located 
there4 ,to-day the ,square is largely   
occupied by court buildings4            
,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,early      
,,washington          ,,chapter ,,vi    
,,early ,,washington      ,while ,major 

,l',enfant drew the plan of the ,federal
 ,city1 it was ,andrew  ,ellicott who   
afterward carried it out4 ,the building 
of the city  attracted many speculators1
 who invested heavily4 ,robert ,morris1 
,james  ,greenleaf1 ,thomas ,law1 ,john 
,nicholson1 and ,samuel ,blodgett were  
among  those who lost thereby4    ,when 
,washington became the seat of          
government in #ahjj there were #aji     
brick and #bfc frame houses1 sheltering 
a total population of about  #c1jjj4    
,the early years of the city's          
development were difficult and  too much
 praise cannot be given the men who     
carried the burden4 ,the  departments of
 the government that existed then were  
,state1 ,treasury1  ,war1 ,navy1 the    
,office of the ,attorney ,general1 and  
the ,postal ,service4  ,they employed a 
total of #acg clerks4    ,we have brief 
accounts of the appearance of           
,washington written by  travelers who   
visited the ,united ,states during the  
period from  #agij to #ahjj4 ,there is  

an interesting description by ,duc de   
,la  ,rochefoucauld-,liancourt1 who     
wrote an account of his 8,voyage dans   
les tats-,unis d',amerique fait en      
#agie-ig40 ,the accounts of several     
inhabitants in ,washington of the period
 is well summed up by ,albert ,j4       
,beveridge in his ,life of ,john        
,marshall 7vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-d73       
,a strange sight met the eye of the     
traveler who1 aboard one of the         
little river sailboats of the time1     
reached the stretches of the    sleepy  
,potomac separating ,alexandria and     
,georgetown4 ,a wide swamp    extended  
inland from a modest hill on the east to
 a still lower    elevation of land     
about a mile to the west4 ,between the  
river and    morass a long flat tract   
bore clumps of great trees1 mostly tulip
    poplars1 giving1 when seen from a   
distance1 the appearance of a fine      
park4      ,upon the hill stood a partly
 constructed white stone building1      
mammoth in plan4 ,the slight elevation  

north of the wide slough was    the site
 of an apparently finished edifice of   
the same material1    noble in its      
dimensions and with beautiful1 simple   
lines1 but    8surrounded with a rough  
rail fence #e or #f feet high unfit for 
a    decent barnyard40 ,from the river  
nothing could be seen beyond the        
groves near the banks of the stream     
except the two great buildings    and   
the splendid trees which thickened into 
a seemingly dense forest    upon the    
higher ground to the northward4      ,on
 landing and making one's way through   
the underbrush to the foot of    the    
eastern hill1 and up the gullies that   
seamed its sides thick with    trees and
 tangled wild grapevines1 one finally   
reached the immense    unfinished       
structure that attracted attention from 
the river4 ,upon    its walls laborers  
were languidly at work4      ,clustered 
around it were fifteen or sixteen wooden
 houses4 ,seven or    eight of these    
were boarding-houses1 each having as    

many as ten or a    dozen rooms all     
told4 ,the others were little affairs of
 rough lumber1    some of them hardly   
better than shanties4 ,one was a tailor 
shop2 in    another a shoemaker plied   
his trade2 a third contained a printer  
with    his hand press and types1 while 
a washerwoman occupied another2 and     
in the others were a grocery shop1 a    
pamphlets-and-stationery shop1 a        
little dry-goods shop1 and an oyster    
shop4 ,no other human habitation    of  
any kind appeared for three-quarters of 
a mile4    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,six   
,,buildings    ,courtesy of ,national   
,photo ,co4      ,a broad and perfectly 
straight clearing had been made across  
the    swamp between the eastern hill   
and the big white house more than a     
mile away to the westward4 ,in the      
middle of this long opening ran    a    
roadway1 full of stumps1 broken by deep 
mud holes in the rainy    season1 and   
almost equally deep with dust when the  
days were dry4 ,on    either border was 

a path or 8walk0 made firm at places by 
pieces of    stone2 though even this    
8extended but a little way40 ,alder     
bushes    grew in the unused spaces of  
this thoroughfare the present notable   
,pennsylvania ,avenue1 and in the       
depressions stagnant water stood in     
malarial pools1 breeding myriads of     
mosquitoes4 ,a sluggish stream          
meandered across this avenue and        
broadened into the marsh4      ,a few   
small houses1 some of brick and some of 
wood1 stood on the edge    of this long1
 broad street4 ,near the large stone    
building at its    western end were four
 or five structures of red brick looking
 much    like ungainly warehouses4      
,farther westward on the ,potomac hills 
was    a small but pretentious town with
 its many capacious brick and stone     
residences1 some of them excellent in   
their architecture and erected          
solidly by skilled workmen4      ,other 
openings in the forest had been cut at  
various places in the    wide area east 

of the main highway that connected the  
two principal    structures already     
described4 ,along these forest avenues  
were    scattered houses of various     
materials 99 99 994 ,such was the ,city 
of    ,washington1 with ,georgetown     
nearby1 when ,thomas ,jefferson became  
,president and ,john ,marshall ,chief   
,justice of the ,united ,states--the    
,capitol1 ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 the    
8,executive ,mansion0 or 8,president's  
,palace10 the department buildings near 
it1 the residences1 shops1              
hostelries1 and streets4    ,the south  
lines of the #aj-mile square--the       
,federal district in which  the new     
,capital lay--were to run from the      
intersection of the ,potomac  ,river and
 the ,eastern ,branch1 but1 as has been 
related1 by the act  of ,march #c1      
#agia1 these boundary lines were moved  
south to include  ,alexandria and part  
of ,virginia within the ,federal        
territory4 ,the  land lying within the  
bounds of the proposed city was given by

 the  proprietors to trustees appointed 
by the ,government under an agreement   
by which the ,nation received the land  
necessary for streets without  charge1  
purchasing the areas for parks and      
building sites at the rate  of #be per  
acre4 ,the remaining land was divided   
equally with the  original proprietors4 
,the first settlements were made on     
grants given  chiefly to retired naval  
officers who named their holdings after 
their  camps--,mexico1 ,jamaica1 and    
,port ,royal4 ,there were two           
settlements on  the site--,carrollsburg1
 named after its founder1 and ,hamburg1 
an early  real-estate development near  
and south of ,georgetown4 ,a stream of  
considerable size known originally as   
,goose ,creek ran through the city4  ,it
 later became known as ,tiber ,creek1   
because a resident named ,pope1  whose  
estate he facetiously called ,rome1     
contended that if there was a  ,pope in 
,rome1 his residence should be situated 
on the ,tiber4    ,as is noticed by     

reference to the plans1 a canal extended
 from the  point about where the        
,lincoln ,memorial is located1 along ,b 
,street1 now  ,constitution ,avenue1    
east to the ,capitol2 thence along      
,james ,creek1  known to-day as ,canal  
,street4 ,in those days ,pennsylvania   
,avenue was a  dusty road1 lined with   
poplar trees1 and often so flooded that 
it was  not an uncommon sight to see    
boats floating on it4 ,for a long time  
an  isolated group of buildings known as
 the ,six ,buildings at ,twenty-first   
,street and ,pennsylvania ,avenue stood 
halfway between the ,capitol and        
,georgetown4    ,illustration3 ,,early  
,,washington1 ,,showing ,,the           
,,jefferson ,,poplars    ,illustration3 
,,the ,,ellicott ,,map    ,washington as
 the infant city appeared in #ahjj is   
best described by  ,john ,cotton ,smith1
 ,member of ,congress from ,connecticut1
 in a letter  written by him at the     
time1 as follows3      ,our approach to 
the city was accompanied with sensations

 not easily    described4 ,one wing of  
the ,capitol only had been erected1     
which with    the ,president's ,house1  
#a mile distant from it1 both           
constructed with    white sandstone1    
were shining objects in dismal contrast 
with the    scene around them4 ,instead 
of recognizing the avenues and streets1 
portrayed on the plan of the city1 not  
one was visible1 unless we    except a  
road1 with two buildings on each side of
 it1 called the ,new    ,jersey ,avenue4
 ,the ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 leading1 as
 laid down on    paper1 from the        
,capitol to the ,presidential ,mansion1 
was nearly the    whole distance a deep 
morass covered with alder bushes1 which 
were    cut through to the ,president's 
,house2 and near ,georgetown a block of 
houses had been erected which bore the  
name of the 8six buildings0    99 99 994
 ,the desolate aspect of the place was  
not a little augmented by    a number of
 unfinished edifices at ,greenleaf's    
,point4      ,there appeared to be but  

two really comfortable habitations1 in  
all    respects1 within the bounds of   
the city1 one of which belonged to      
,dudley ,carroll and the other to       
,notley ,young4 ,the roads in every     
direction were muddy and unimproved4 ,a 
sidewalk was attempted1 in one          
instance1 by a covering formed of the   
chips hewed for the ,capitol4 ,it       
extended but a little way and was of    
little value2 for in dry weather    the 
sharp fragments cut our shoes1 and in   
wet weather covered them    with white  
mortar4 ,in short1 it was a new         
settlement4    ,newspapers in ,new      
,york1 ,philadelphia1 and ,new ,england 
and satirists  everywhere cracked many  
amusing jokes at the expense of the     
embryonic  city4 ,the ,capitol was      
called 8the palace in the wilderness0   
and  ,pennsylvania ,avenue 8the great   
,serbonian ,bog40 ,georgetown was       
declared  8a city of houses without     
streets0 and ,washington 8a city of     
streets  without houses40    ,the ,abbe 

,correa de ,serra1 the witty minister   
from ,portugal1 bestowed  upon          
,washington the famous title of 8the    
city of magnificent  distances10        
referring to the great spaces between   
the scattered houses2  while ,thomas    
,moore1 just then coming into prominence
 as a poet1 visited  the city in #ahjd1 
and contributed to the general fund of  
humor by the  composition of this       
satire3        ,in fancy now beneath the
 twilight gloom1      ,come1 let me lead
 thee o'er this second ,rome1           
,where tribunes rule1 where dusky ,davi 
bow1      ,and what was ,goose ,creek   
once is ,tiber now4        ,this fam'd  
metropolis1 where fancy sees            
,squares in morasses1 obelisks in trees2
      ,which second sighted seers e'en  
now adorn      ,with shrines unbuilt and
 heroes yet unborn4    ,during the      
administrations of ,adams and ,jefferson
 the city improved  considerably4       
,jefferson secured money from ,congress 
for public  buildings4 ,in #ahjc he     

appointed ,benjamin ,latrobe as the     
,architect of  the ,capitol1 and by him 
the construction of the ,capitol was    
carried on  so energetically that he    
gave form to the old portion of the     
,capitol  that ,thornton had simply     
planned4    ,thomas ,jefferson also     
secured money from ,congress for the    
improvement  of ,pennsylvania ,avenue1  
which was then a dusty highway in the   
summer  and swampy place in winter2     
planted poplar trees and did what he    
could  to redeem that thoroughfare from 
its lamentable condition4 ,he applied   
his artistic taste and skill to the work
 of beautifying the city4               
,,chapter ,,vii    ,,washington1        
#ahaj-ahae      ,an interesting account 
of ,washington during this period is    
given  by ,david ,baillie ,warden in his
 book entitled 8,a ,description of the  
,district of ,columbia10 published in   
,paris in #ahaf1 and dedicated to  ,mrs4
 ,george ,washington ,parke ,custis4 ,he
 states3      ,it is scarcely possible  

to imagine a situation more beautiful1  
healthy and convenient than of          
,washington4 ,the gentle undulated      
surface throws the water into such      
various directions1 as affords    the   
most agreeable assemblage4 ,the rising  
hills1 on each side of the    ,potomac1 
are truly picturesque2 and as the river 
admits the largest    frigates1 their   
sails1 gliding through the majestic     
trees which adorn    its banks1 complete
 the scenery4      ,the city extends    
from northwest to southeast about four  
miles and a    half1 and from northeast 
to southwest about two miles and a half4
 ,the    public buildings occupy the    
most elevated and convenient situations1
    to which the waters of the ,tiber   
,creek may be easily conducted1 as      
well as to every other part of the city1
 not already watered by    springs4     
,the streets run from north to south1   
and from east to west1 crossing    each 
other at right angles1 with the         
exception of fifteen1 that point    to  

the ,state of which each bears the name4
 ,the capitol commands the    streets   
called the ,maryland1 ,delaware1 and    
,pennsylvania avenues2    the           
,president's ,house1 those of ,vermont1 
,new ,york1 and ,connecticut2    and all
 these different intersections form     
eleven hundred and fifty    squares4    
,the ,pennsylvania ,street1 or avenue1  
which stretches in a    direct line from
 the ,president's house to the capitol1 
is a mile    in length1 and a hundred   
and sixty feet in breadth4 ,that of the 
narrowest streets is from ninety to a   
hundred feet1 which will give    a fine 
appearance to the city2 but in a region 
where the summer sun    is so intensely 
hot1 and the winter winds so severely   
cold1 narrow    streets1 affording shade
 and shelter1 would be of great utility4
      ,the plan of the city of which we 
have prefixed an engraving 7,there is   
a plan by ,major ,l',enfant1 engraved at
 the expence of the ,government1    on  
the scale of a hundred poles to an      

inch71 is universally admired4    ,the  
most eligible places have been selected 
for public squares and    public        
buildings4 ,the capitol is situated on a
 rising ground1 which    is elevated    
about eighty feet above the tide-water  
of the ,potomac4    ,this edifice will  
present a front of six hundred and fifty
 feet1 with    a colonade of two hundred
 and sixty feet1 and sixteen ,corinthian
    columns thirty-one feet and a half  
in height4 ,the elevation of the    dome
 is a hundred and fifty feet 99 99 994  
,the ,president's house consists of two 
stories1 and is a hundred and    seventy
 feet in length1 and eighty-five feet in
 breadth4 ,it resembles                 
,leinster-,house in ,dublin4 99 99 99   
,the view from the windows fronting     
the river is extremely beautiful4       
,the ,public ,offices1 the ,treasury1   
,department of ,state1 and of ,war1     
are situated in a line with1 and at the 
distance of four hundred    and fifty   
feet from the ,president's ,house4      

,these buildings1 of two    stories1    
have a hundred and twenty feet in front1
 sixty in breadth1    and sixteen feet  
in height1 and are ornamented with a    
white stone    basement1 which rises six
 or seven feet above the surface4 ,it   
was    originally proposed to form a    
communication between these offices and 
the house of the president1 a plan which
 was afterwards abandoned4      ,the    
,jail consists of two stories1 and is a 
hundred by twenty-one feet4      ,the   
,infirmary is a neat building4          
,there are three commodious             
,market-places built at the expence of  
the    corporation4      ,the public    
buildings at the ,navy ,yard are the    
barracks1 a work-shop1    and three     
large brick buildings for the reception 
of naval stores4    ,the ,barracks1     
constructed of brick1 are six hundred   
feet in    length1 fifty in breadth1 and
 twenty in height4 ,at the head of the  
,barrack-yard is the ,colonel's house1  
which is neat and commodious4    ,the   

,workshop1 planned by ,latrobe1 is nine 
hundred feet in length4      ,the       
,patent ,office1 constructed according  
to the plan of ,j4 ,hoban1    esquire   
7who gained the prize for that of the   
,president's house7    consists of three
 stories1 and is a hundred and twenty   
feet long1    and sixty feet wide4 ,it  
is ornamented with a pediment1 and six  
,ionic    pilasters4 ,from the eminence 
7,this eminence has the shape of a      
tortoise-shell7 on which it stands1 the 
richly-wooded hills rise on    every    
side1 and form a scenery of unequaled   
beauty4 ,it was erected by    ,mr4      
,blodgett to serve as a public hotel 99 
99 994 ,in #ahaj this edifice    was    
purchased by the government4--,dr4      
,thornton1 director4      ,in the summer
 of #ahad this metropolis was taken     
possession of by    an ,english naval   
and land force1 which set fire to the   
,capitol1    ,president's house1 ,public
 ,offices1 and ,navy ,yard4 ,the loss   
sustained    was #a1bae1aaa4      ,two  

of the luxuries of life1 pine-apples and
 ice1 are found at    ,washington at a  
cheap rate4 ,the former1 imported from  
the ,west    ,indies1 are sold at       
twenty-five cents each4 ,the latter     
article is    purchased1 throughout the 
summer1 at half a dollar per bushel4 99 
99 99      ,it is deeply to be          
regretted1 that the government or       
corporation did    not employ some means
 for the preservation of the trees which
 grew    on places destined for the     
public walks4 ,how agreeable would have 
been their shade along the ,pennsylvania
 ,avenue where the dust so    often     
annoys1 and the summer sun1 reflected   
from the sandy soil1 is    so           
oppressive4 ,the ,lombardy poplar1 which
 now supplies their place1    serves    
more for ornament than shelter4         
,water may be distributed to any part of
 ,washington from several fine          
springs1 and also from the ,tiber       
,creek1 the source of which is #bcf     
feet above the level of the tide in the 

same stream4 99 99 99      ,the canal1  
which runs through the centre of the    
city1 commencing at    the mouth of     
,tiber ,creek1 and connecting the       
,potomac with its eastern    branch1 is 
nearly completed4 ,mr4 ,law 7,brother to
 ,lord ,ellenborough7    the chief      
promoter of this undertaking1 proposes  
to establish    packet-boats to run     
between the ,tiber ,creek and the       
,navy-,yard--a    conveyance which may  
be rendered more economical and         
comfortable than    the hackney-coach4  
,this canal is to be navigable for boats
 drawing    three feet of water4        
,the population of the territory of     
,columbia1 in #ahaj1 amounted    to     
#bd1jbc4 ,that of the city was #h1bjh2  
of ,georgetown1 #d1idh2 of              
,alexandria1 #g1bbg4    ,on ,august #bd1
 #ahad1 the ,british arrived in         
,washington at about #f  o'clock in the 
evening4 ,that night they burned the    
,capitol1 the  ,president's ,house1 the 
,treasury1 ,state and ,navy ,department 

,buildings1  and a number of private    
houses on ,capitol ,hill4 ,the flames   
could  be seen from the ,francis ,scott 
,key mansion at ,georgetown4 ,several   
wagonloads of valuable documents had    
been taken a few days previously  from  
the ,state ,department to ,leesburg1    
,va41 #ce miles northwest of            
,washington1 to a place of safety4      
,the ,british also intended to burn the 
,patent ,office1 but ,commissioner      
,thornton met them boldly1 saying3 8,are
 you ,englishmen or ,goths and  vandals8
 ,this is the ,patent ,office1 the      
depository of the ingenuity of  the     
,american ,nation1 in which the whole   
civilized world is interested4  ,would  
you destroy it8 ,if so1 fire away and   
let the charge pass through  my body40  
,the ,british allowed it to remain and  
withdrew4    ,mrs4 ,dolly ,madison1     
having secured such property from the   
,white ,house  as could be carried1     
including the ,gilbert ,stuart portrait 
of ,general  ,washington1 which she cut 

from the frame1 went through ,georgetown
 and  that night slept in a camp of     
soldiers with a guard about her tent4   
,later the ,president1 who had taken    
refuge in a tavern near ,mc,lean1  in   
,virginia1 joined ,mrs4 ,madison4 ,the  
southwest end of the bridge  over which 
they had crossed the ,potomac--it was   
then a pile bridge #a  mile long--was   
burned1 and they were thereupon required
 to make their  return to ,washington by
 boat4 ,the residence of the ,president 
was then  established at the ,octagon   
,house at ,eighteenth ,street and ,new  
,york  ,avenue4 ,in #ahae the residence 
of the ,president was removed to the    
8,seven ,buildings10 at the northwest   
corner of ,pennsylvania ,avenue and     
,nineteenth ,street1 one of the early   
homes of the ,department of ,state4     
,here it remained until the ,executive  
,mansion was restored1 ,march1 #ahag4   
,after the withdrawal of the ,british   
the ,blodgett ,hotel building1  acquired
 for the use of the ,patent ,office1 was

 for a time occupied by  ,congress for  
its sessions4 ,later ,congress moved    
into a building at  ,first and ,a       
,streets ,,ne41 known later as the ,old 
,capitol ,building and  used during the 
,civil ,war as a military prison4       
,illustration3 ,,washington1 ,,from     
,,the ,,president',s ,,house1 #ahcj     
,illustration3 ,,christ ,,church        
,,burial ,,ground1 ,,later ,,known ,,as 
8,,congressional ,,cemetery0            
,,showing ,,cenotaphs ,,erected ,,to    
,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,members ,,of      
,,congress ,,in ,,early  ,,days         
,,chapter ,,viii    ,,washington1       
#ahaf-ahci      ,the administration of  
,president ,monroe1 who served two terms
  7#ahag-ahbe7 is known as the 8era of  
good feeling10 but so far as  developing
 the plan of ,washington little was     
done4 ,in #ahbj the  population of      
,washington was #ac1bdg4    ,during     
these years the ,capitol was rebuilt and
 was reoccupied by  ,congress4 ,in #ahbj
 the corner stone of the city hall on   

,judiciary  ,square was laid4 ,in #ahbd 
,general ,lafayette made his memorable  
visit to  ,washington4    ,in #ahbe     
trees were planted on two squares of the
 filled lowlands  south of ,pennsylvania
 ,avenue4 ,that year1 also1 the eastern 
portico  of the ,capitol was completed2 
,pennsylvania ,avenue was graded from   
,seventeenth to ,twenty-second ,streets2
 the grounds of the ,white ,house1  as  
the ,executive ,mansion came to be known
 after the ,war of #ahab1 and  the      
grounds of the city hall were also      
graded4 ,at that time there were  about 
#ac miles of brick paving1 average width
 #ac feet4    ,among churches that were 
built during this period was ,foundry   
,methodist  ,church1 founded in #ahaf1  
at ,fourteenth and ,g ,streets ,,nw4    
,the site  was given by ,henry ,foxall1 
who operated a foundry about a mile     
above  ,georgetown1 near the site of the
 canal1 in fulfillment of a vow that if 
his foundry were spared during the      
attack on ,washington he would make     

this gift4    ,on ,january #bg1 #ahbd1  
the ,legislature of ,virginia granted a 
charter  to the newly organized         
,chesapeake  ,ohio ,canal ,co41 which   
was to  supersede the old ,potomac ,co41
 of which ,george ,washington had been  
first president1 and which had developed
 commerce with the ,west4 ,at  ,little  
,falls1 on the north side of the river1 
a canal #b miles long1  with #d masonry 
locks having a total elevation of #cg   
feet1 had been  constructed4 ,at ,great 
,falls1 on the south side1 a canal      
#a1bjj yards  long1 with #e locks having
 a total difference of level of #gf feet
 #i  inches1 was constructed4 ,the two  
lower locks were cut in solid rock4     
,on ,july #d1 #ahbh1 ,president ,john   
,quincy ,adams turned the first spadeful
  of earth for the new canal1 which was 
completed to the first feeder  at       
,seneca on ,july #d1 #ahca4 ,from this  
place to ,point of ,rocks work  was     
delayed by a legal contest with the     
,baltimore  ,ohio ,railroad  ,co41 which

 extended its first #de miles along the 
same course as the  canal4 ,that        
railroad company1 organized in #ahbh at 
,baltimore1 was the  beginning of one of
 the great railroad systems of the      
,united ,states  that were to           
revolutionize commerce and industry4    
,to-day the ,chesapeake   ,ohio ,canal  
remains the property of the ,united     
,states ,government1 and  is to be made 
into a great park4    ,illustration3    
,,the ,,house ,,of ,,representatives    
,,about #ahbj    ,,from ,,painting      
,,made ,,by ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1   
,,shortly ,,after ,,rebuilding ,,of     
,,the ,,capitol ,,after ,,the ,,fire    
,,of #ahad ,,original ,,in ,,the        
,,corcoran ,,gallery ,,of  ,,art        
,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,national   
,photo ,co4    ,,site ,,and ,,material  
,,for ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,treasury
 ,,building1 #ahci    ,georgetown had   
become a great trading center4 ,from    
#ahae to #ahce  products to the value of
 #d1jgg1gjh were exported from          

,georgetown to  foreign markets1 and    
from #ahbf to #ahce nearly #e1jjj1jjj   
worth of  products to other ,american   
cities1 including a million barrels of  
flour  and #e1djj hogsheads of tobacco4 
,illustration3 ,,gatehouse1 ,,built ,,in
 #ahce1 ,,along ,,the ,,old ,,chesapeake
   ,,ohio ,,canal    ,in the spring of  
#ahbh1 shortly before what was called   
the corner stone  of the main line was  
laid1 ,congress enacted a law granting  
entrance of  a railroad line into the   
,district4 ,some six years passed before
 the  ,washington branch reached the    
,district line4 ,the first service began
 on  ,monday1 ,july #bj1 #ahce1 with two
 trains each way4 ,a great celebration1 
in which #a1jjj passengers and #b bands 
on #d trains took part1 marked the      
entrance of the railroad service to the 
,national ,capital4 ,the steam  cars    
passed through the city on their daily  
trips to the depot at the  northwest    
corner of ,pennsylvania ,avenue and     
,second ,street4 ,october #a1  #ahce1 it

 was reported that the average number of
 travelers per day was  #bjj4    ,during
 this period the construction of the    
present ,treasury ,department1  ,patent 
,office1 and old ,post ,office          
,department ,buildings was authorized4  
,they conformed to the ,capitol and the 
,white ,house in their fine style  of   
classical architecture1 and emphasized  
the fact that ,washington is  the       
,national ,capital4    ,unfortunately1  
it was during this period that great    
mistakes were  made--such as giving over
 part of the ,mall to garden purposes   
and in  letting ,government areas1 so   
much desired now1 go for private        
purposes2  also in the location of      
certain public buildings1 as erecting   
the  ,treasury ,department in the center
 of ,pennsylvania ,avenue4              
,,chapter ,,ix    ,,washington1         
#ahdj-ahei      ,in #ahdj ,washington   
had a population of #bc1cfd4 ,the city  
was still  in a very much undeveloped   
state1 though the fact that it was the  

,national ,capital was not lost sight   
of4 ,in #ahdf the construction of the   
,smithsonian ,institution ,building was 
begun1 and on ,july #d1 #ahdh1 the      
corner stone of the ,washington         
,monument was laid4 ,on ,july #d1 #ahea1
 the  corner stone for the enlargement  
of the ,capitol according to plans as   
we see it to-day1 was laid4             
,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol1 #ahdj   
,however1 so far as city development was
 concerned1 little was done  during this
 period4 ,the ,l',enfant plan seemed    
either forgotten or  entirely too large 
for the ,national ,capital4 ,in the city
 of ,washington  not a street was       
lighted up to #ahfj excepting           
,pennsylvania ,avenue4 ,pigs  roamed the
 principal thoroughfares4 ,pavements1   
save for a few patches  here and there1 
were altogether lacking4 ,an open sewer 
carried off  common refuse1 and the     
police and fire departments might have  
sufficed  for a small village rather    
than for a nation's capital4            

,illustration3 ,,washington1 #aheb      
,in #ahdf the part of the ,district of  
,columbia on the west bank of the       
,potomac1 including ,alexandria1 was    
re-ceded to ,virginia4 ,this was  done  
pursuant to an act of ,congress of ,july
 #i of that year1 and with  the assent  
of the people of the county and town of 
,alexandria1 at an  election on the     
first and second days of ,september1    
#ahdf1 by a vote  of #gfc for           
retrocession and #bbb against it4 ,on   
,september #g1 #ahdf1  ,president ,polk 
issued a proclamation giving notice that
 the portion  derived from the ,state of
 ,virginia1 about #cf square miles1 was 
re-ceded  to that ,state4 ,the action of
 ,congress and the ,president was based 
upon  petitions of the people of the    
town and county of ,alexandria4 ,the    
chief reasons were two3 ,first1 that the
 ,united ,states did not need           
,alexandria ,county for the purpose of  
the seat of government2 the public      
buildings were all erected on the north 

side of the river1 as required  by      
law--none on the south side--and it was 
declared that so far as  it could be    
foreseen the ,united ,states would never
 need that part of  the ,district of    
,columbia for the purpose of the seat of
 government4  ,secondly1 the petitioners
 said that the people of ,alexandria had
 failed  to derive or share in the      
benefits which had been enjoyed by the  
residents of the ,maryland portion of   
the ,district of ,columbia in the       
disbursements for public improvements1  
etc41 while on the other hand  they were
 deprived of those political rights     
incident to citizenship in  a ,state4   
,since then the ,united ,states has     
acquired something over #b square miles 
of this territory for use as a military 
post1 a national cemetery1 a  ,signal   
,corps station1 and the ,department of  
,agriculture ,experiment ,farm4    ,the 
constitutionality of the retrocession   
has often been questioned4  ,but        
,congress had expressed itself clearly  

on the subject1 and the  majority of the
 voters had their way in the matter4 ,in
 a test case  before the ,supreme ,court
 of the ,united ,states in #ahge        
7,phillips v4  ,payne71 the court1 while
 not directly ruling on the question1   
held that  an individual is estopped    
from raising the question4 ,according to
 an  opinion rendered by an attorney    
general about #aijj1 it would now take  
the consent of the ,state of ,virginia  
to reinclude the ,virginia portion  as  
part of the ,district of ,columbia4     
,in the development of the ,national    
,capital the portion in ,virginia is    
properly included in the metropolitan   
area of ,washington4 ,the ,national     
,capital ,park and ,planning ,commission
 is1 by authority of ,congress1         
cooperating with similar commissions of 
the ,states of ,maryland and  ,virginia4
 ,the great object is to secure for the 
remote regions of the  ,national        
,capital area the same harmonious       
development as there is in  the heart of

 the city4 ,both the ,states of         
,maryland and ,virginia are  cooperating
 to the fullest extent in this matter4  
,on ,december #af1 #aheb1 the first     
issue of the ,washington ,evening ,star1
  which has grown into one of the great 
national dailies1 appeared4             
,illustration3 ,,department ,,of ,,the  
,,treasury ,,building1 #ahee            
,,chapter ,x    ,,washington #ahfj-ahgj 
,washington in #ahfj was still a        
comparatively small and undeveloped     
city1 with a population of #fa1abb4 ,but
 the people were soon aroused to        
intense excitement because of the strife
 between the ,states4 ,when the  ,civil 
,war began1 the eyes of the ,nation were
 turned on ,washington4 ,the  city      
increased in population to over #ajj1jjj
 in a few months time and  was the      
center of great war-time activities4 ,on
 ,april #ah1 #ahfa1 #ejj  ,pennsylvania 
troops1 the first to answer ,president  
,lincoln's call for  volunteers1 entered
 the city1 and the day following they   

were joined by  the ,sixth              
,massachusetts ,regiment4 ,soon         
thousands of additional men were  here  
from all the ,states in the ,north4     
,washington became an armed camp4       
,schools1 churches1 and public halls    
were turned into hospitals to care  for 
the sick and wounded4 ,a chain of forts 
and batteries was erected  about the    
city to protect it1 and by ,october     
#ahfb there were #beb1jjj  soldiers     
encamped around ,washington on both     
sides of the river4 ,there  were #gj    
hospitals1 caring for #cj1jjj sick and  
wounded men4    ,illustration3 ,,old    
,,capitol ,,prison    ,illustration3    
,,the ,,capitol1 ,,showing ,,uncompleted
 ,,dome1 #ahfj    ,illustration3        
,,washington1 ,,from ,,arlington        
,,heights1 #ahfe    ,illustration3      
,,second ,,inaugural ,,of ,,president   
,,lincoln1 #ahfe    ,on the morning of  
,july #aa1 #ahfd1 great fear spread over
 the city as  ,gen4 ,jubal ,a4 ,early   
reached a point about #f miles to the   

north of  the city where the ,walter    
,reed ,general ,hospital now stands4    
,general  ,grant sent the ,sixth and    
part of the ,nineteenth ,corps to       
,washington1  and their arrival on the  
afternoon of that day saved the city4   
,on the  following day a skirmish of    
troops and sharp engagement took place1 
which ,president ,lincoln witnessed as a
 spectator at ,fort ,stevens1  exposing 
himself for a time to the fire4 ,that   
evening ,general ,early1  finding       
himself opposed by a greater force than 
he was prepared to  meet1 withdrew1     
recrossing the ,potomac at ,white       
,fords1 ,va4    ,during the four years  
of the war thousands of troops passed   
through  ,washington on their way to the
 front1 thrilled by the thought of being
  in the ,nation's ,capital4 ,even      
though the ,civil ,war was a great      
handicap  to the carrying out of        
improvements in the city1 still several 
notable  improvements were made1 among  
these being the work of enlarging the   

,capitol and completing the ,dome as we 
see it to-day4 ,in that period  also the
 first street-car line was opened1 the  
,long ,bridge was rebuilt1  and work on 
the ,washington ,aqueduct developed so  
that from that time  water has been     
brought from the ,potomac at ,great     
,falls to the city4    ,in #ahfa the    
number of employees of the ,government  
was #c1dff1 and in  #ahfe they numbered 
#g1ahd4    ,on ,october #b1 #ahfb1 the  
first horse-drawn street cars commenced 
operation1 running from the ,navy ,yard 
to ,georgetown2 they continued in  use  
for #dj years4    ,on ,april #ad1 #ahfe1
 occurred the great tragedy when        
,president ,lincoln  was assassinated at
 ,ford's ,theater by the actor ,john    
,wilkes ,booth4 ,the  funeral procession
 was a great solemn occasion1 for       
,abraham ,lincoln1  on whom the ,nation 
had depended during four years of war to
 guide it  safely through the bitter    
conflict1 had given his life for the    
cause  that the ,union might be         

preserved4 ,on ,may #bc and #bd took    
place the  ,grand ,review on            
,pennsylvania ,avenue of #bjj1jjj men1  
requiring six hours  for ,general       
,meade's army on the first day and seven
 hours for ,general  ,sherman's army on 
the second day to pass before ,president
 ,johnson and  ,general ,grant4 ,in a   
few days those who made up these armies 
passed from  military life and resumed  
their places among their fellow         
citizens4    ,buildings that had been   
used as hospitals were again given over 
to peaceful pursuits1 and the forts that
 surrounded the city were  dismantled4  
,lumber from temporary buildings that   
were torn down was  used to begin the   
construction of houses in a new         
subdivision called  ,mount ,pleasant4   
,but the great era for civic            
improvements was not  to take place for 
another five years1 until the           
administration of  ,president ,grant4   
,illustration3 ,photograph by courtesy  
of the ,oldest ,inhabitants             

,association    ,,grand ,,review ,,of   
,,union ,,army1 ,,may1 #ahfe            
,illustration3 ,,old ,,haymarket        
,,square1 ,,louisiana ,,avenue ,,between
 ,,ninth ,,and  ,,tenth ,,streets       
,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol1 #ahgj   
,,chapter ,,xi    ,,improvements ,,made 
,,during ,,president ,,grant',s         
,,administration      ,the year #ahgj   
marked the beginning of a new and       
effective movement for  the development 
of the ,national ,capital4 ,washington  
was then a city of  #aji1aii4    ,great 
efforts to relocate the ,national       
,capital in some other city1  preferably
 farther to the west1 were made by some 
who were familiar  with conditions in   
,washington4 ,st4 ,louis offered to     
spend several  millions of dollars for  
the erection of public buildings4       
,congress  settled this agitation by    
appropriating #ejj1jjj as an initial sum
 for  the construction of the ,state1   
,war1 and ,navy ,building4    ,by an act
 of ,congress approved ,february #ba1   

#ahga1 a ,territorial form of           
government1 consisting of a governor1 a 
board of public works1 and a            
legislative assembly1 was created4      
,alexander ,r4 ,shepherd1 better known  
as 8,boss0 ,shepherd1 a native of       
,washington1 was appointed a member of  
the board of public works and1 later1   
governor of the new ,territory4         
,illustration3 ,,view ,,showing ,,horse 
,,cars    ,illustration3 ,,washington1  
#ahij    ,great projects were placed    
under way for the development of the    
city4  ,one hundred and eighty of the   
#cjj miles of half-made streets and     
avenues were improved1 and nearly all   
the thickly settled streets of  the city
 were paved with wood1 concrete1 or     
macadam2 #abh miles of  sidewalks were  
built and #c1jjj gas lamps were         
installed4 ,a general and  costly system
 of sewers was begun4 ,old ,tiber ,creek
 was filled in1 and  the greatest       
nuisance of ,washington thereby put out 
of sight4 ,scores of  new parks were    

graded1 fenced1 and planted with trees  
and beautified  by fountains4 ,a special
 park commission was appointed for this 
work4  ,it planted #fj1jjj trees1 and a 
movement was thus begun which has given 
to ,washington one of its most          
characteristic features4 ,to-day there  
are #aad1jjj trees along street curbs   
because of the custom that has          
prevailed to plant trees along curbs    
when new streets are opened for         
traffic4 ,many of the small triangles   
for which ,washington is noted were     
transformed from rubbish heaps into     
beautiful reservations and planted  with
 trees4 ,there were soon more paved     
streets here than in any other  city of 
the country1 and ,president ,grant1 in  
his message to ,congress1  said1        
8,washington is rapidly becoming a city 
worthy of the ,nation's  ,capital40     
,illustration3 ,,gatepost ,,designed    
,,by ,,bulfinch1 ,,near ,,the ,,capitol 
,however1 the public took issue with    
,governor ,shepherd1 whose drastic      

measures paved the way for modern       
,washington4 ,bonds were issued to meet 
the expenses incurred by these          
improvements1 taxes piled up to the     
point of confiscation1 and ,shepherd was
 banished from the city4 ,yet  without  
the support of ,president ,grant it     
would have been impossible  for         
,governor ,shepherd to have brought     
about those civic improvements  for     
which he is remembered4    ,the         
,territorial form of government lasted  
three years1 or until  ,june #bj1 #ahgd1
 when ,congress provided that a new form
 of municipal  government with three    
commissioners appointed by the          
,president1 with  the consent of the    
,senate1 should be established in the   
,district of  ,columbia4 ,this1 known as
 the temporary form of government1      
lasted until  ,july #a1 #ahgh1 when the 
present form was established4           
,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,mall 
,,about #ahij          ,,chapter ,,xii  
,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the            

,,centennial ,,celebration ,,and ,,of   
,,the ,,world',s  ,,columbian           
,,exposition ,,on ,,art ,,in ,,the      
,,united ,,states      ,the ,centennial 
,exhibition of #ahgf at ,philadelphia   
marked a century of  progress4 ,it      
aroused the country to its              
opportunities1 after a period  of       
lethargy and unrest that followed the   
,civil ,war4 ,a decade had  elapsed     
since the end of that terrible conflict1
 and a new day dawned4  ,president      
,grant gave the people confidence that  
he would guide the  affairs of the      
,nation safely as their ,chief          
,executive4 ,industries were            
established1 commerce and trade         
developed1 and prosperity followed4     
,the ,philadelphia ,centennial of #ahgf 
brought a sense of the power of  the    
,united ,states in material resources1  
coupled with an admission of  poverty in
 the things of the spirit1 and a        
determination to remedy  shortcomings in
 this respect4 ,the people then turned  

their attention to  the finer things of 
life and became interested in erecting  
monuments  and establishing art         
galleries4 ,thus1 the ,corcoran ,art    
,gallery1  ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 the    
,metropolitan ,museum in ,new ,york1 and
 the ,boston  ,museum of ,fine ,arts    
were chartered about the time of the    
centennial  celebration4    ,again1 in  
#ahic1 the ,world's ,columbian          
,exposition1 ,chicago1 had a great      
effect on art in the ,united ,states4   
,it stirred the whole world by  the     
production of beautiful and impressive  
groups of buildings1 so  arranged and   
coordinated as to create the sense of   
unity in the whole  composition4 ,the   
,white ,city along the shores of ,lake  
,michigan still  lives in the minds of  
many people to-day4 ,the use of         
landscape effects1  of canals and       
basins1 of statuary and paintings1 all  
contributed to  impress the public and  
to lift people to new standards and     
ideals of  achievement4 ,it marked the  

beginning of a new era of civic         
development4  ,in ,chicago1 for the     
first time1 men saw the advantage of    
teamwork to  produce a result finer than
 anything before dreamed of4 ,a number  
of the  great artists in the ,united    
,states to-day served their             
apprenticeship  during the preparation  
of the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition1 
,chicago4  ,several of the artists      
served on the decorations of the        
,congressional  ,library1 which was     
completed in #ahig4 ,a considerable     
number of the  beautiful creations in   
architecture and sculpture in           
,washington  during the past #ce years  
by great artists reflect the experience 
and  inspiration received during that   
period4    ,illustration3 ,,world',s    
,,columbian ,,exposition1               
,,chicago--,,court ,,of ,,honor1        
,,looking ,,east    ,illustration3      
,,world',s ,,columbian ,,exposition1    
,,chicago--,,court ,,of ,,honor1        
,,looking ,,west    ,a most remarkable  

result of the aesthetic achievements of 
the ,world's  ,columbian ,exposition was
 the influence it had on the            
architecture  of several national       
expositions which were held at the close
 of the  nineteenth and the beginning of
 the twentieth centuries4 ,the first of 
these expositions was the               
,trans-,mississippi ,exposition1 which  
was held  at ,omaha1 ,nebr41 #ahig-ahih4
 ,several classical buildings were      
erected  for it1 as were erected also   
for the ,pan-,american ,exposition1 held
 at  ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 in #aija1 to    
emphasize the progress of ,americans of 
the  western continents during the      
nineteenth century4 ,then followed the  
,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition1 which 
ranks as the third great ,world's  ,fair
 held in this country in #aijd1 in      
celebration of the one hundredth        
anniversary of the transfer of the      
,louisiana ,territory by ,france to the 
,united ,states1 during the             
administration of ,president ,jefferson4

 ,it is  significant that as ,thomas    
,jefferson had introduced the classical 
style  of architecture into this        
country1 so at this ,exposition most of 
the  #ae largest buildings resembled in 
character the classical buildings of    
the ,chicago ,world's ,fair4 ,the next  
exposition in which architecture  had an
 important part was the ,alaska-,yukon  
,pacific ,exposition1 held at  ,seattle1
 ,wash41 in #aiji4 ,again the classical 
style of architecture was  emphasized1  
and1 as at the ,chicago ,exposition1 the
 buildings had an  ivory-white          
appearance4 ,it was stated at the time3 
,the influences of an ,exposition are of
 course many1 but one of the    most    
palpable influences of our ,american    
expositions has been their    power to  
stimulate a powerful interest in        
architecture and building4      ,the    
beneficent influence of the ,chicago    
,world's ,fair on our    architecture is
 of inestimable value1 not only for the 
architects    but for the entire        

country4 ,many ,americans owe their     
interest in    buildings and            
architecture to a visit to ,chicago in  
#ahic1 just as    many cities and towns 
recall in their municipal and government
    structures the revival of classic   
splendor seen in the stucco palaces     
of the ,world's ,fair4    ,the next     
exposition of importance was the        
,panama-,pacific ,exposition at  ,san   
,francisco1 ,calif41 held in #aiae4 ,in 
#aijf almost the entire central  part of
 the city had been destroyed by a       
frightful earthquake and fire4  ,in less
 than a decade the city was rebuilt1 and
 by #aiae there had  also been planned  
and constructed the great ,exposition4  
,its principal  buildings were built in 
the classical style of architecture4    
,,chapter ,,xiii    ,,highway ,,plan    
,,of ,,the ,,district ,,of ,,columbia   
,the street-planning process has        
experienced several stages of           
development4    #a4 ,the narrow streets 
of ,georgetown are typical of the first 

stage4    #b4 ,the wide avenues and     
streets of the area included in the     
,l',enfant  plan are appropriately      
referred to as outstanding proof of the 
value  of proper planning4 ,the merit of
 this generous street plan was never    
more widely appreciated than at present1
 when other cities are spending         
millions of dollars to have their       
streets widened to meet traffic         
requirements4    #c4 ,the dark days of  
the ,national ,capital1 as far as its   
circulation  system is concerned1 were  
those during which1 outside the city    
planned by ,l',enfant1 streets were     
dedicated without reference to any      
comprehensive plan4 ,this period was    
from about #ahff to #ahic4 ,the lack  of
 authority to enforce a plan allowed    
land-owners1 insensible to the  superior
 qualities of the ,l',enfant scheme1 to 
do as they pleased4  ,prior to #ahic no 
city plan existed beyond the original   
city limits4  ,streets could be created 
entirely at the will of the subdivider  

by  the simple recording of a plat1 for 
there was no authority to control  or   
coordinate subdivisions4 ,sixteenth     
,street was blocked at ,florida         
,avenue1 just as ,seventeenth ,street is
 today4 ,vermont1 ,connecticut1  ,new   
,jersey1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,north        
,carolina1 and ,tennessee ,avenues were 
ignored4 ,widths of important streets   
were reduced1 and a method of land      
subdivision came into vogue wholly out  
of keeping with a capital city4    #d4  
,the reaction brought the so-called     
highway plan outside of the  original   
city limits of ,washington and          
,georgetown4 ,it was in effect  an      
extension of the plan of the original   
city to apply to all parts  of the      
,district of ,columbia1 with such       
changes as were influenced  by the      
topography4 ,all subdivisions subsequent
 to #ahic conform1 by  requirement of   
law1 to this official plan4 ,this       
highway plan1 first  made effective in  
#ahih1 was a belated but praiseworthy   

effort to extend  the ,l',enfant plan   
with its scheme of streets and avenues  
beyond the old  city4 ,considering the  
period in which it was prepared1 and the
 state  of city-planning science at the 
time1 it was a notable achievement4     
,the work was done by a board on street 
extensions1 with a membership  entirely 
ex officio1 known as the ,highway       
,commission1 established by  the act of 
,congress of #ahic4    ,illustration3   
,courtesy ,army ,air ,corps             
,,washington1 ,,looking ,,north ,,from  
,,the ,,white ,,house    ,illustration3 
,courtesy ,army ,air ,corps             
,,washington1 ,,looking ,,south ,,from  
,,sixteenth ,,street ,,and ,,columbia   
,,road    #e4 ,since then the           
,surveyor's ,office of the ,district of 
,columbia and  the ,national ,capital   
,park and ,planning ,commission1 which  
superseded  the ,highway ,commission of 
#ahic1 have made an intensive study of  
the  highway problems of the ,district  
of ,columbia1 including street railroad 

problems4 ,this has required a          
differentiation of street functions1 and
  an application of the best methods of 
modern land subdivision to the          
remaining undeveloped areas2 also an    
attempt to restate the ,l',enfant  ideal
 in the terms of a motor age4 ,the      
results achieved appear in the  changes 
in the highway plan already approved by 
the ,commission or being  recommended to
 the ,commissioners of the ,district of 
,columbia from time  to time4 ,many     
changes in the highway plan have thus   
been made1 each  case having required   
careful study of effects on topography1 
trees1  drainage1 lot depths and sizes1 
etc4 ,the acts of ,congress of #aiad    
and #aibe authorized additional changes 
in the ,highway ,plan4 ,the act         
approved ,december #ae1 #aicb 7,public1 
,no4 #cjg1 #gb;d ,cong471 authorizes    
the ,commissioners of the ,district of  
,columbia 8to readjust and close        
streets1 roads1 highways1 or alleys in  
the ,district of ,columbia  rendered    

useless or unnecessary40 ,the           
desirability of discontinuing  streets  
which have never been opened and which  
exist only on a map and  only part of   
which are in public ownership1 when a   
better and cheaper  way of giving the   
same traffic connection can be found1   
seems so  manifest as to require no     
further justification4    ,illustration3
 ,,gatehouse ,,by ,,bulfinch ,,which    
,,formerly ,,stood ,,near ,,the         
,,capitol    ,with a view to creating   
direct arteries in which the vital      
traffic  flow of the community may      
freely move1 a major thoroughfare       
scheme1  extending into the metropolitan
 area of ,washington1 has also  been    
studied4 ,the ,district ,commissioners  
have an interesting map  illustrating   
the ,highway ,plan4 ,the ,highway       
,department of the ,district  of        
,columbia has charge of upkeep and      
maintenance of highways in the          
,district of ,columbia4 ,out of #a1jbj  
miles of streets in the ,district of    

,columbia #hee miles are paved4         
,,chapter ,,xiv    ,,the ,mc,m,i,l,l,a,n
 ,,park ,,commission--,,the ,,plan ,,of 
#aija      ,in #aijj a great celebration
 commemorating the one-hundredth        
anniversary  of the removal of the seat 
of government to the ,district of       
,columbia  was held in ,washington4 ,the
 keynote of the celebration was the     
improvement of the ,district of         
,columbia in a manner and to the extent 
commensurate with the dignity and the   
resources of the ,american ,nation4     
,the population was #bah1aif4           
,illustration3 ,,old ,,baltimore  ,,ohio
 ,,railroad ,,station    ,while the     
centennial exercises were in progress   
the ,american ,institute  of            
,architects1 in session in ,washington1 
discussed the subject of the            
development of parks and the placing of 
public buildings2 the tentative  ideas  
of a number of the leading architects1  
sculptors1 and landscape  architects of 
the country were heard2 and as a result 

the ,institute  appointed a committee on
 legislation4 ,consultations between    
that  committee and the ,senate         
,committee on the ,district of ,columbia
 were  followed by the order of the     
,senate for the preparation and         
submission  of a general plan for the   
development of the entire park system of
 the  ,district of ,columbia4           
,illustration3 ,,model ,,of ,,washington
 ,,showing ,,conditions ,,in #aija      
,illustration3 ,,model ,,of ,,the       
,,future ,,washington1 ,,plan ,,of #aija
    ,illustration3 ,,washington1 ,,from 
,,arlington1 ,,plan ,,of #aija    ,thus1
 ,hon4 ,james ,mc,millan1 of ,michigan1 
chairman of the ,senate  ,committee on  
the ,district of ,columbia1 submitted   
the following  resolution1 which was    
adopted by the ,united ,states ,senate  
on ,march #h1  #aija3      ,resolved1   
,that the ,committee on the ,district of
 ,columbia be1 and    it is hereby1     
directed to consider the subject and    
report to the    ,senate plans for the  

development and improvement of the      
entire park    system of the ,district  
of ,columbia4 ,for the purpose of       
preparing such    plans the committee   
may sit during the recess of ,congress  
and may    secure the services of such  
experts as may be necessary for a proper
    consideration of the subject4 ,the  
expenses of such investigation    shall 
be paid from the contingent fund of the 
,senate4    ,illustration3 ,,old        
,,pennsylvania ,,railroad ,,station     
,on ,march #ai1 #aija1 the subcommittee 
of the ,district ,committee having  the 
matter in charge met the representatives
 of the ,american ,institute  of        
,architects and agreed to their         
proposition that ,daniel ,h4 ,burnham1  
architect1 and ,frederick ,law ,olmsted1
 jr41 landscape architect1 be  selected 
as experts1 with power to add to their  
number4 ,these gentlemen  accepted1 and 
subsequently invited ,charles ,f4       
,mc,kim1 architect1 and  ,augustus      
,saint-,gaudens1 sculptor1 to act with  

them in the preparation  of plans4 ,the 
services of men who had won the very    
highest places in  their several        
professions had thus been secured4      
,illustration3 ,,the ,,mall1 ,,showing  
,,railroad ,,tracks ,,crossing ,,it     
,illustration3 ,,the ,,mall ,,inundated 
,the nature and scope of the work having
 been outlined to the  commission1 they 
entered upon their task1 but not without
 hesitation  and misgivings4 ,the       
problem was both difficult and complex4 
,much had  to be done2 much1 also1 had  
to be undone4 ,also the aid and advice  
of  the commission was sought           
immediately in relation to buildings and
  memorials under consideration1 and    
thus the importance and usefulness  of  
the commission were enhanced4    ,the   
commission1 in order to make a closer   
study of the practice of  landscape     
architecture as applied to parks and    
public buildings1 made  a brief trip to 
,europe1 visiting ,rome1 ,venice1       
,vienna1 ,budapest1  ,paris1 ,london1   

and their suburbs4 ,attention was       
directed principally  to ascertaining   
what arrangement of park areas best     
adapts them to the  uses of the people  
and what are the elements that give     
pleasure from  generation to generation1
 and even from century to century4 ,the 
many  and striking results of this study
 were given in the ,park ,commission    
,report1 including plans and            
illustrations4 ,the ,committee on the   
,district of ,columbia submitted the    
report to the ,senate on ,january #ae1  
#aijb4 ,it was adopted and ordered to be
 printed as ,senate ,report ,no4  #aff1 
,fifty-seventh ,congress1 first session4
      ,mc,m,i,l,l,a,n ,,park            
,,commission    ,the members of the     
,mc,millan ,park ,commission were3      
,,daniel ,h4 ,,burnham1 architect1 of   
,chicago4 ,he became head of the firm   
of ,burnham  ,root1 one of the first    
great architectural firms of the        
country1 and later of ,d4 ,h4 ,burnham  
,co4 ,designer of many buildings1  among

 them the ,railway ,exchange and        
,marshall ,field's retail store in      
,chicago1 and the ,wanamaker stores in  
,new ,york and ,philadelphia2 in  #ahic 
he became chief architect and director  
of works of the ,world's  ,columbian    
,exposition4 ,mr4 ,burnham was          
instrumental in securing the  adoption  
of a scheme of construction which placed
 that exhibition in  the very front rank
 of international exhibitions1 and by   
the display of  rare executive ability  
he brought about and maintained the     
effective  cooperation of the architects
 and artists1 who then and there gave to
  ,american art both a new direction and
 a tremendous impetus4 ,in #aija he     
became chairman of the ,mc,millan ,park 
,commission for beautifying the         
,national ,capital2 in #aijh he built   
the ,union ,station at ,washington2 in  
#aiaj he became a member of the         
,national ,commission of ,fine ,arts and
  its first chairman4 ,he also laid out 
plans for ,chicago1 ,cleveland1 and     

,manila4 ,he died in #aiab while on a   
trip abroad4    ,,charles ,f4 ,,mckim1  
architect1 of ,new ,york ,city1 studied 
architecture  at ,harvard ,university   
and at the cole des ,beaux ,arts in     
,paris4 ,he  organized the firm of      
,mc,kim1 ,mead  ,white1 architects1 of  
,new ,york  ,city1 who for half a       
century have led the architectural      
profession in  the design of classical  
buildings1 such as the ,boston ,public  
,library1  ,harvard ,university         
buildings1 the ,columbia ,university    
,library1 the  ,morgan ,library1 the    
,rhode ,island ,capitol1 the            
,pennsylvania ,railroad  ,station in    
,new ,york ,city1 the restoration of the
 ,white ,house1 and are  the architects 
of the ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge4    
,mr4 ,mc,kim1 as a member  of the       
,mc,millan ,park ,commission1 designed  
the ,mall plan1 and also made  a sketch 
for the ,lincoln ,memorial4 ,mr4 ,mc,kim
 was president of the  ,american        
,institute of ,architects in #aijb and  

#aijc1 and was instrumental  in the     
purchase of the ,octagon ,house as the  
headquarters of the  ,american          
,institute of ,architects4 ,in #aijc he 
was awarded the royal gold  medal given 
by ,king ,edward ,,vii for the promotion
 of architecture4 ,mr4  ,mc,kim was a   
champion of good architecture and keenly
 interested in the  development of the  
,national ,capital4 ,he deplored the    
appearance of the  ,state1 ,war1 and    
,navy ,building1 and said he would find 
pleasure during  leisure hours in raking
 off the columns--a work that is        
contemplated  in the remodeling of the  
building as the ,state ,department      
,building4 ,he  died in #aiji4          
,illustration    ,,augustus             
,,saint-,,gaudens1 sculptor1 born in    
,dublin1 ,ireland1 on ,march #a1  #ahdh1
 came to the ,united ,states in infancy 
and learned the trade of  a cameo       
cutter4 ,he studied drawing at the      
,cooper ,institute in #ahfa1  and in    
#ahfe and #ahff was a student of the    

,national ,academy of ,design4  ,from   
#ahfg to #ahgj he studied at the cole   
des ,beaux ,arts in ,paris4  ,mr4       
,saint-,gaudens was the greatest        
,american sculptor1 and1 indeed1 one  of
 the greatest of all time4 ,his great   
works of art are numerous and           
inspiring4 ,among them are ,the         
,puritan2 the statue of ,abraham        
,lincoln1  ,chicago2 the ,farragut1 the 
,peter ,cooper1 and the ,sherman        
,victory  monuments in ,new ,york2 the  
,shaw ,memorial in ,boston2 the ,amor   
,caritas  at the ,luxembourg ,gallery in
 ,paris2 and the celebrated ,adams      
,memorial  in ,rock ,creek ,cemetery1   
,washington4 ,he also designed a #bj    
gold piece4  ,as a member of the        
,mc,millan ,park ,commission he wrote   
that part of the  report pertaining to  
,arlington ,national ,cemetery and      
advised in the  matter of location of   
the ,grant ,memorial at the head of the 
,mall4 ,he  died in #aijg4              
,,frederick ,,law ,,olmsted1 landscape  

architect1 from the time that he  became
 a member of the ,mc,millan ,park       
,commission of #aija has given          
uninterrupted service in the development
 of the ,national ,capital4 ,he  was one
 of the original members of the         
,national ,commission of ,fine  ,arts1  
appointed in #aiaj1 and served as       
landscape architect member until  #aiah4
 ,from #aibd he served as landscape     
architect member of the ,national       
,capital ,park and ,planning            
,commission4 ,mr4 ,olmsted was president
 of the  ,american ,society of          
,landscape ,architects and from its     
organization in  #aijg a member of the  
,national ,conference on ,city          
,planning4    ,his father laid out      
,central ,park1 ,new ,york ,city1 about 
#aheh 7#b1cjj men  were employed on it  
in ,september of that year71 and in     
#ahgb he prepared  the landscape plan   
for the ,united ,states ,capitol        
,grounds as they have  existed since    
then4 ,mr4 ,olmsted and his firm have in

 more recent years  laid out the        
,metropolitan ,park ,system of ,boston1 
the ,vanderbilt ,estate  in ,north      
,carolina1 the ,baltimore ,park ,system1
 and ,redondo ,beach1 ,los  ,angeles    
,county1 ,calif4 ,the smaller park areas
 which ,mr4 ,olmsted has  designed are  
too numerous to mention4    ,,charles   
,,moore has devoted fully #ej years to  
the development of the  ,national       
,capital1 and is a former chairman of   
the ,national ,commission  of ,fine     
,arts4 ,mr4 ,moore was for many years   
clerk to the ,senate  ,committee on the 
,district of ,columbia1 rendering most  
valuable service  to the committee1 of  
which ,senator ,mc,millan was chairman1 
as well as to  the ,national ,capital4  
,the reports on the elimination of grade
 crossings  in the ,district of         
,columbia and on the charitable         
institutions of the  ,district of       
,columbia1 as well as the ,park         
,commission ,report of #aija1  are      
memorable documents of that period which

 were largely prepared by  him4 ,his    
influence has always been strong with   
,members of ,congress  in favor of the  
development of the ,district of         
,columbia upon a noble  scale4 ,his     
appointment as one of the original      
members of the ,national  ,commission of
 ,fine ,arts was a fitting recognition  
not only of past  services but of his   
preeminent qualifications to pass upon  
subjects  relating to the beautification
 of the ,national ,capital4 ,he was     
chairman  from #aiae to #aicg4 ,mr4     
,moore also helped prepare the plan of  
,chicago4  ,he is the author of a number
 of books1 among them being ,under      
,three  ,flags1 the ,life of ,daniel ,h4
 ,burnham1 the ,life of ,charles ,f4    
,mc,kim1 the  ,family ,life of ,george  
,washington1 ,washington ,past and      
,present2 and has  contributed also     
innumerable articles to magazines in the
 course of the  years4      ,,plans ,,of
 ,,the ,mc,m,i,l,l,a,n ,,park           
,,commission    ,the plans prepared by  

the ,mc,millan ,park ,commission and    
submitted1 with  its report1 to the     
,senate1 constituted the first and most 
notable  proposal for grouping of public
 buildings ever put forward in the      
,united ,states4 ,the outlying sections 
of the ,district of ,columbia  were     
studied in relation to a system of      
parks1 both large and small  areas being
 indicated2 the most convenient and the 
most picturesque  connections between   
the various parks were mapped2 the      
individual  treatment which each        
important park should undergo was       
recommended2 an  extension of the park  
system to ,great ,falls and to ,mount   
,vernon was  discussed4 ,primarily1     
however1 the development of the ,mall   
received  detailed and elaborate        
treatment1 and the location of new      
public  buildings1 whether legislative1 
executive1 or municipal in character1   
was arranged according to a rational    
system of grouping2 and those  memorials
 which mark distinct epochs in our      

national history were  brought into     
harmonious relation with the general    
scheme of development4    ,as a result  
of this study1 the desirability of      
making every  considerable undertaking  
within the ,district of ,columbia a part
 of  a general plan was made evident1 so
 that each undertaking should           
contribute its part to enhancing the    
value of the whole2 and no  undertaking 
would be allowed to invade1 to mutilate1
 or to mar the  symmetry1 simplicity1   
and dignity of the one great composition
 designed  to comprehend the entire     
area4    ,in working out the plans the  
park commission found it necessary to   
have  prepared two models1 one showing  
the existing disturbed conditions in    
the section from the ,library of        
,congress westward to the ,potomac1 and 
the other showing the arrangement       
proposed4 ,these models1 constructed    
with the utmost attention to the details
 of topography by ,george ,c4  ,curtis1 
were accurate maps of the section they  

so graphically depicted1  and served as 
guides in carrying the plans to         
completion4 ,to present  in graphic     
fashion particular features of the      
plans1 the accurate  architectural      
drawings were rendered in color by      
leading artists1 and  by means of these 
pictures a clear and distinct idea of   
the completed  work was obtained4       
,one of the greatest obstacles to a     
restoration of the ,mall as provided    
for in the ,l',enfant plan was the fact 
that since #ahgb the ,mall had been     
occupied by railroad tracks1 the board  
of aldermen and the board of  common    
council having on ,march #bj1 #ahga1    
granted the ,mall site to the           
,baltimore ,potomac ,railroad ,co41     
later the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 
which action was confirmed by act of    
,congress ,may #ba1 #ahgb4 ,the ,mall   
was then no better than a common        
pasture4 ,the railroad had taken the    
place of the canal1 which it paralleled1
 and held the right to use the  property

 by a title good in law and in equity2  
also by virtue of an  act of ,congress  
adopted in #ahij the railroad space had 
been enlarged1  in consideration of the 
surrender of street trackage and the    
proposed  elevation of the tracks within
 the city of ,washington4    ,it so     
happened that the chairman of the       
commission1 ,mr4 ,burnham1 was  the     
architect of the new ,pennsylvania      
,railroad ,station at ,pittsburgh1  and 
he had also drawn for the ,pennsylvania 
,railroad ,co4 the preliminary  plans   
for the ,baltimore  ,potomac ,railroad  
,station in ,washington4 ,after         
consultation1 ,mr4 ,burnham proposed to 
the president of the ,pennsylvania      
,railroad ,co4 that the station be built
 on the south side of the ,mall  and the
 adjoining lands2 and1 while the matter 
received serious  consideration1 no     
action was taken4 ,it was during the    
stay of the  commission in ,london that 
,president ,cassatt announced to ,mr4   
,burnham  his willingness to consider   

the question1 not of moving the         
,baltimore   ,potomac ,railroad ,station
 to the south side of the ,mall but of  
withdrawing altogether from that region 
and uniting with the ,baltimore   ,ohio 
,railroad ,co4 in the erection of a     
union station on the site  established  
by legislation for the new depot of that
 road1 provided  suitable legislation be
 secured to make compensation for the   
increased  expense such a change would  
involve1 and provided1 also1 that the   
approaches to the new site be made      
worthy of the building the railroads    
proposed to erect4    ,subsequent       
examination convinced the commission    
that from an esthetic  standpoint there 
were insuperable objections to the depot
 site provided  by law2 the chief       
objection being that were the station to
 front on ,c  ,street a train shed #hjj 
feet long would be thrown across        
,massachusetts  ,avenue1 one of the     
great thoroughfares of the city4 ,not   
only would the  vista be blocked by a   

commercial building1 but also the street
 would  be carried underneath this      
enormous structure in a tunnel so long  
as  to cause the avenue to be avoided by
 traffic4 ,the commission thereupon     
proposed a site fronting on             
,massachusetts ,avenue1 and that was the
  one adopted for the ,union ,station4  
,the plans called for a station #h  feet
 and #h inches longer than the ,capitol1
 the building to be of white  marble1   
the faade ,roman in style of            
architecture1 and the construction  and 
arrangements so planned as to make this 
station superior to any  structure ever 
erected for railway purposes4 ,facing   
the ,capitol1 and  yet not too near that
 building1 the new station was designed 
to front  upon a plaza #fjj feet in     
width and #a1bjj feet in length1 where  
bodies  of troops or large organizations
 could be formed during inaugural times 
or on other like occasions4 ,thus       
located and so constructed1 the ,union  
,station makes a great and impressive   

gateway to ,washington4    ,in          
considering the views of the commission1
 and in reaching his  decision1 the     
president of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad
 ,co4 looked at the  matter from the    
standpoint of an ,american citizen1     
saying in substance  that he appreciated
 the fact that if ,congress intended to 
make of the  ,mall what the founders of 
the city intended it to be1 no railroad 
should be allowed to cross it1 and that 
he was willing to vacate the  space     
provided the matter could be arranged   
without sacrificing the  interests of   
the stockholders of the ,pennsylvania   
,railroad ,co4 ,this  conditional       
consent on the part of the railroad1    
which was later agreed  to by ,congress1
 removed the one great obstacle to the  
preparation of  adequate plans for the  
improvement of the city4 ,lesser        
obstacles1  such as the lack of surveys 
of the oldest parks in the ,district and
  the difficulties of getting together  
the widely scattered data1 were         

surmounted4 ,on the other hand1 the work
 was much lightened by the  excellent   
topographical maps of the ,district     
outside of the city  prepared by the    
,coast and ,geodetic ,survey4           
,illustration3 ,,treatment ,,for ,,area 
,,west ,,of ,,the ,,capitol1 ,,plan ,,of
 #aija      ,,the ,,capitol ,,group     
,naturally the plan of #aija began at   
the ,capitol4 ,it was recommended  that 
the chief legislative building of the   
,nation be surrounded by  structures    
dependent on or supplementary to        
legislative work4 ,the  ,library of     
,congress had been completed in #ahig4  
,the enjoyment and  satisfaction taken  
in the ,library by the thousands of     
persons from  all parts of the country  
who visit it daily is an indication of  
the  manner in which the ,american      
people regard the upbuilding of their   
,capital4 ,since the ,library ,building 
was designed we have learned  lessons of
 subordination in grouping 7as shown in 
the ,senate and ,house  ,office         

,buildings and in the ,union ,station71 
and also of restraint in  decoration2   
but the ,library contains individual    
work of the leading  painters and       
sculptors of its era4    ,illustration3 
,,union ,,square1 ,,plan ,,of #aija     
,the idea of office buildings for the   
,members of the ,senate and the  ,house 
of ,representatives was in mind when the
 plan was being made1 and  therefore the
 areas these buildings would naturally  
occupy were marked4  ,the three         
buildings were designed and constructed 
in such manner as to  make them an      
integral part of the ,capitol group4    
,simple1 elegant1 and  dignified1 the   
,senate and ,house of ,representatives  
,office ,buildings  carry on the great  
tradition established by ,washington and
 ,jefferson  in the selection of the    
,thornton design for the original       
building1 and  persistently maintained  
by ,president ,fillmore in the extension
 of the  ,capitol by ,thomas ,u4        
,walter4    ,by common consent the      

remaining space facing the ,capitol on  
the east  was assigned to a building for
 the ,supreme ,court of the ,united     
,states1  which since the removal of the
 seat of government to the ,district of 
,columbia in #ahjj occupied the same    
building with the ,congress4    ,on the 
south below the ,house of               
,representatives ,office ,buildings the 
frontage is occupied by nondescript     
buildings1 all undignified and          
unsightly4 ,the obvious use of this land
 is building sites and house  gardens to
 balance ,union ,station ,plaza on the  
north4 ,this also is a  project for the 
future4      ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,the    
,,mall    ,the area directly west of the
 ,capitol grounds was marked on the     
,l',enfant map as an open plaza1        
affording an approach to that building  
similar to the one on the east4 ,owing  
to the slow development of  ,washington 
the west front underwent various        
vicissitudes4 ,the ,baltimore   ,ohio   
,railroad ,co4 tracks once were located 

about on a line with the  ,peace and    
,garfield ,monuments4 ,the ,botanic     
,garden area was reclaimed  from an     
alder swamp1 and the ,james ,creek      
,canal wound its way through  it4 ,a    
quarter of a century ago the ,house     
passed a bill for the removal  of the   
,botanic ,garden fence1 with the view of
 giving the public access  to that park 
in the same manner that other parks are 
open4    ,the plan of #aija aimed to    
restore this area to its intended uses  
as a  broad thoroughfare so enriched    
with parterres as to form an organic    
connection between the ,capitol ,grounds
 and the ,mall4 ,anticipating the       
improvement of this square1 named ,union
 ,square1 as outlined in the  plan1     
,congress located therein the memorial  
to ,general ,grant1 the base  of which  
was designed to be used as a reviewing  
stand1 and later a site  in the same    
area was designated for the monument to 
,general ,meade4 ,the  ,grant ,memorial 
was completed a number of years ago1 the

 ,meade ,monument  is also in place1 and
 the ,botanic ,garden has been relocated
 south of  ,maryland ,avenue1 near the  
,capitol4 ,the new plan for ,union      
,square as  carried out1 was made by    
,frederick ,law ,olmsted in #aice4      
,,development ,,of ,,the ,,mall    ,that
 section of the ,mall between ,third and
 ,four-and-a-half ,streets  has been    
laid out and planted with elms in       
accordance with the plan  of #aija1 and 
,congress has provided for putting in   
the roadways4 ,the  temporary buildings 
in the ,mall were so located that upon  
removal the  roadways will be in        
accordance with the ,mall plan1 and as  
fast as  the buildings are razed the    
planting of trees can be made4 ,the     
space  between ,four-and-a-half and     
,sixth ,streets was so improved and     
restored  during the fiscal year        
beginning ,july #a1 #aiba4    ,congress 
has authorized the occupation of the    
north side of the ,mall  between ,third 
and ,seventh ,streets 7former site of   

the ,pennsylvania  ,station7 by the     
,national ,gallery of ,art1 designed by 
,john ,russell ,pope4  ,plans for the   
building approved by the ,commission of 
,fine ,arts are  classical in style of  
architecture4    ,auditoriums1 both     
large and small1 designed for the uses  
of  conventions1 inaugural exercises1   
and meetings of patriotic societies  are
 among the prime necessities of         
,washington4 ,such gathering places     
would meet governmental and semipublic  
needs and be advantageous to the  growth
 of ,american feeling4    ,illustration3
 ,,mall ,,and ,,monument ,,gardens1     
,,plan ,,of #aija    ,the space between 
,third and ,seventh ,streets1 on the    
south side of the  ,mall is being       
considered for the ,smithsonian ,gallery
 of ,art1 authorized  by ,congress1 to  
house the collections of works of art   
that have been  given to the ,nation4   
,the planting and roadways continuous   
with those  already in place on the     
,mall can then be put in4    ,the new   

,national ,museum ,building was the     
first structure to be located  and      
erected according to the plan of #aija1 
having been aligned in  conformity to   
the new ,mall axis4 ,on the south side  
of the ,mall the  new ,freer ,gallery   
also conforms to the revised axis4 ,this
 gallery is  a constituent portion of   
the ,national ,gallery of ,art4 ,it     
represents  one of the largest gifts    
ever made by an individual to the       
,government4  ,although comparatively   
small in extent1 both the building      
itself and  the collections now being   
arranged within it represent the very   
highest  standards of art4 ,moreover1   
the ,freer ,gallery is a type of the    
small1  adequately housed1 and          
well-endowed gallery which doubtless    
will be  established from time to time  
by private individuals and given to  the
 ,nation to be administered by the      
,smithsonian ,institution for the       
instruction and gratification of the    
people4    ,the section of the ,mall    

between ,twelfth and ,fourteenth        
,streets is  occupied by the ,department
 of ,agriculture4 ,the location of the  
two  wings of the building designed to  
accommodate the administrative  offices 
of the department precipitated a        
contest1 on the result of  which        
depended the fate of the plan of #aija4 
,it was due to the firm  stand taken by 
,president ,roosevelt and ,secretary of 
,war ,taft that the  location was made  
in accordance with the plan4 ,that      
crisis having been  met satisfactorily1 
the future of the ,mall scheme was      
assured1 and  since then the plan for   
park connection between the ,capitol and
 the  ,white ,house has become an       
established fact4    ,while ,l',enfant  
had planned a driveway through the      
center of the ,mall1  the ,mall ,plan of
 #aija consists of an expanse of        
undulating green park1  a mile in length
 and #cjj feet wide1 extending from the 
,capitol to the  ,monument4 ,this       
central green space is bordered by park 

roads1 flanked  by four rows of         
,american elms1 under the shade of which
 are walks and  resting places4 ,back of
 these rows of trees are other roads    
furnishing  access to public buildings  
like the ,national ,museum1 the         
,department of  ,agriculture ,building1 
the ,freer ,gallery1 and the ,national  
,gallery of  ,art1 which have been      
located according to the plan4          
,,restoring ,,the ,,mall ,,axis         
,according to the ,l',enfant plan the   
,monument to ,george ,washington was to 
be located at the point where a line    
drawn due west from the center of  the  
,capitol would intersect a line drawn   
due south from the center of  the ,white
 ,house4 ,on these axial relations the  
,mall composition depended  for its     
effect4 ,the builders of the ,washington
 ,monument1 despairing of  securing     
adequate foundations in the lowlands at 
the intersection of  the main and the   
cross axes1 located the ,monument       
without regard to  points fixed in the  

plan4 ,feeling the absolute necessity of
 restoring  these relationships1 the    
,park ,commission boldly determined to  
create  a new main axis by drawing a    
line from the ,capitol ,dome through the
  ,washington ,monument and prolonging  
it to the shore of the ,potomac1  where 
they proposed1 on the then unimproved   
lands dredged from the  river to form   
,potomac ,park1 a site for a new        
memorial4 ,here they placed  the        
long-contemplated memorial to ,abraham  
,lincoln4 ,this they did with  full     
comprehension of the fact that by common
 consent ,lincoln is the  one man in the
 history of this ,nation worthy to stand
 with ,washington  in the great central 
composition4    ,illustration3 ,,plan   
,,of ,,the ,,mall    ,the original      
intersection had been marked by ,thomas 
,jefferson by a  small monument known as
 the ,jefferson ,pier4 ,in the          
,mc,millan ,park  ,commission plan of   
#aija this pier is indicated by a       
circular pool4 ,that  commission1 as has

 been said1 restored the cross axis of  
the ,mall1  and from the ,mall plan of  
#aija by actual measurement the         
,washington  ,monument is #cga4f feet   
east of the north and south axis of the 
,white  ,house1 and #abc4ag feet south  
of the ,capitol axis4      ,,extending  
,,the ,,mall ,,axis ,,to ,,the ,,lincoln
 ,,memorial    ,while this location of  
the ,lincoln ,memorial commended itself 
to men  like ,theodore ,roosevelt1 ,john
 ,hay1 ,elihu ,root1 and ,william ,h4   
,taft1  it was opposed by many others1  
who had regard to the immediate future  
and who did not consider either the     
historical significance of the          
situation or the prospective development
 of ,potomac ,park1 then far from  the  
more populous parts of the city and thus
 seemingly isolated and  remote4 ,the   
struggle over this location1 and indeed 
over any memorial  of an ideal          
character1 was long and bitter4 ,nor was
 it ended during  the lifetime of ,mr4  
,mc,kim and ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens4       

,happily1 however1  the result was      
determined in accordance with the       
commission plan1 and  to-day no other   
site seems possible4 ,this was a        
distinct victory for  the plan1         
virtually insuring the realization of   
the large scheme as  laid out in #aija4 
,the ,park ,commission wrote as follows3
      ,from the ,monument garden        
westward a canal #c1fjj feet long and   
#bjj    feet wide1 with central arms and
 bordered by stretches of green         
walled with trees1 leads to a concourse 
raised to the height of the    ,monument
 platform4 ,seen from the ,monument this
 canal1 similar in    character to the  
canals at ,versailles and ,fontainebleau
 in ,france    and ,hampton ,court in   
,england1 introduces into the formal    
landscape    an element of repose and   
great beauty4 ,at the head of the canal 
a    great rond-point1 placed on the    
main axis of the ,capitol and the       
,monument1 becomes a gate of approach to
 the park system of the    ,district of 

,columbia4 ,centering upon it as a great
 point of reunion    are the drives     
leading southeast to ,potomac ,park and 
northwest by    the ,riverside ,drive to
 the ,rock ,creek system of parks4 ,from
 this    elevation of #dj feet the      
,memorial ,bridge leads across the      
,potomac    directly to the base of the 
hill crowned by the mansion house of    
,arlington4    ,illustration3 ,,site    
,,of ,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial1 #aija  
,crowning the rond-point1 as the ,arc de
 ,triomphe crowns the ,place de         
l',etoile at ,paris1 should stand a     
memorial erected to the memory    of    
that one man in our history as a nation 
who is worthy to stand    with ,george  
,washington--,abraham ,lincoln4         
,whatever may be the exact    form      
selected for the memorial to ,lincoln1  
in form it should possess    the quality
 of universality1 and also it should    
have a character    essentially distinct
 from that of any other monument either 
now    existing in the ,district or     

hereafter to be erected4 ,the type which
    the commission has in mind is a     
great portico of ,doric columns rising  
from an unbroken stylobate4    ,the     
foregoing recommendations were among the
 fundamentals of the plan  of #aija4    
,ten years were required to embody them 
in legislation4 ,to-day  the ,lincoln   
,memorial and the ,arlington ,memorial  
,bridge are completed  along the general
 lines suggested4    ,illustration3     
,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial1 ,,memorial  
,,bridge1 ,,and ,,riverside  ,,drive1   
,,plan ,,of #aija    ,there are many    
other features of the ,mc,millan plan   
that the report of  #aija describes to  
which attention is called in the        
subsequent pages  of this volume2 thus  
there is the ,rock ,creek ,parkway1 the 
,anacostia  ,park development1 the ,fort
 ,drive1 the parkway along the          
,palisades of  the ,potomac to ,great   
,falls1 and the ,mount ,vernon ,highway4
 ,the plans  for these projects required
 authorization by ,congress and time to 

make  necessary land purchases2 but at  
the present time there is indication    
that they will be completed in the near 
future4 ,the day has come when  the     
,greater ,washington1 or the            
metropolitan area of ,washington1 is    
being brought into the scheme of        
development of the ,national ,capital4  
,the plan of #aija reasserted the       
authority of the original plan of       
,l',enfant1 extended to meet the needs  
of the ,nation after a century of       
growth in power1 wealth1 and dignity1   
and also marked the path for  future    
development4    ,illustration3 ,,the    
,,future ,,washington          ,,chapter
 ,,xv    ,,national ,,commission ,,of   
,,fine ,,arts      ,immediately after   
abolishing the ,council of ,fine ,arts  
,president ,taft  undertook to interest 
,congress in the establishment of a     
permanent  ,commission of ,fine ,arts4  
,a bill was accordingly presented in the
 ,united  ,states ,senate by ,hon4      
,elihu ,root4 ,in the ,house of         

,representatives the  bill was sponsored
 by ,hon4 ,samuel ,w4 ,mc,call4 ,various
 amendments were  made to the measure in
 both the ,senate and ,house of         
,representatives and  it was finally    
adopted by the act approved ,may #ag1   
#aiaj1 as follows3      ,be it enacted  
by the ,senate and ,house of            
,representatives of the    ,united      
,states of ,america in ,congress        
assembled1 ,that a permanent            
,commission of ,fine ,arts is hereby    
created to be composed of seven         
well-qualified judges of the fine arts1 
who shall be appointed by the           
,president1 and shall serve for a period
 of four years each1 and until    their 
successors are appointed and qualified4 
,the ,president shall    have authority 
to fill all vacancies4 ,it shall be the 
duty of such    ,commission to advise   
upon the location of statues1 fountains1
 and    monuments in the public squares1
 streets1 and parks in the ,district    
of ,columbia1 and upon the selection of 

models for statues1 fountains1    and   
monuments1 erected under the authority  
of the ,united ,states    and upon the  
selection of artists for the execution  
of the same4    ,it shall be the duty of
 the officers charged by law to         
determine    such questions in each case
 to call for such advice4 ,the foregoing
    provisions of this act shall not    
apply to the ,capitol ,building of      
the ,united ,states and the building of 
the ,library of ,congress4 ,the         
,commission shall also advise generally 
upon questions of art when    required  
to do so by the ,president1 or by any   
committee of either    ,house of        
,congress4 ,said ,commission shall have 
a secretary and such    other assistance
 as the ,commission may authorize1 and  
the members of    the ,commission shall 
each be paid actual expenses in going to
 and    returning from ,washington to   
attend the meetings of said ,commission 
and while attending the same4      ,sec4
 #b4 ,that to meet the expenses made    

necessary by this act an    expenditure 
of not exceeding #aj1jjj a year is      
hereby authorized4    ,the duties of the
 ,commission of ,fine ,arts have been   
enlarged since then  from time to time  
by ,executive orders4 ,congress has also
 stipulated  in many recent enactments  
that the plans for certain designated   
buildings1 monuments1 etc41 must be     
approved by the ,commission before  they
 can be accepted by the ,government4    
,the act of ,may #af1 #aicj1  gives the 
,commission control over certain        
portions of the ,district of  ,columbia 
in the matter of private buildings1     
under what is known as the              
,shipstead-,luce ,act4 ,reports are     
published periodically4    ,the duties  
of the ,commission1 therefore1 now      
embrace not only advising  upon the     
location of statues1 fountains1 and     
monuments in the public  squares1       
streets1 and parks in the ,district of  
,columbia1 etc41 but in  fact all       
questions involving matters of art with 

which the ,federal  ,government is      
concerned4    ,illustration3 ,,capitol  
,,grounds ,,and ,,union ,,station       
,,plaza1 #aiag    ,illustration3 ,,the  
,,mall1 #aicj    ,the ,commission has   
been in existence #bi years1 during     
which time  many great artists of this  
country have served as its members4 ,the
  membership comprises three architects1
 a sculptor1 a painter1 a  landscape    
architect1 and a lay member4 ,congress  
permits the ,commission  to hold        
meetings1 including committee meetings1 
both in and outside  of the ,district of
 ,columbia1 thus enabling it to give    
attention to  works of art in any part  
of the country in which the ,government 
is  interested4 ,a meeting of the       
,commission is usually held in          
,washington  each month1 where the      
public-buildings program and other great
 projects  under way for the development
 of the ,national ,capital are requiring
 its  particular attention4    ,in the  
work of the ,commission of ,fine ,arts  

we see the splendid results  achieved   
through the collaboration of architects1
 sculptors1 painters1  and landscape    
architects4 ,the ,commission exists     
primarily to serve  the ,congress and   
its committees1 the ,president1 and the 
heads of the  ,government ,departments4 
,there are exceptional cases when the   
,commission  of ,fine ,arts is called   
upon to advise with reference to fine   
arts  projects submitted by individuals4
 ,the ,commission aims to maintain      
standards of taste4 ,the members        
themselves are prominent in their       
respective professions and are          
8well-qualified judges of the fine      
arts40    ,prior to the establishment of
 the ,commission of ,fine ,arts it was  
the  practice of ,congress when         
legislation was enacted providing for a 
public building1 a monument1 or other   
work of art to authorize the            
appointment of a committee to advise it 
concerning the specific fine  arts      
project4 ,such a committee was as a rule

 composed of laymen1  unqualified to    
give advice on matters of art4          
,thereupon money was  appropriated to   
meet the expenses of a jury of award1 in
 addition  to those of the committee2   
and when the project was completed1 the 
committee disbanded1 leaving ,congress  
without a recognized body to whom       
matters pertaining to the fine arts     
could be referred1 and requiring a      
repetition of the appointment of a new  
committee for procuring some new  work  
of art desired by ,congress4 ,it was    
just such a situation as this  that     
existed in #aiaj when ,senator ,root was
 a member of the ,committee on  the     
,library4 ,in a letter addressed to the 
,chairman of the ,commission of  ,fine  
,arts at the twenty-fifth anniversary of
 its establishment in ,may  #aice1      
,senator ,root stated3      ,sometime   
about the early spring of #aiaj some    
,senator had introduced    in the       
,senate a resolution providing for the  
purchase by the    ,government of a     

number of paintings that nobody wanted  
to buy and    under the rule that       
resolution was referred to the          
,committee on the    ,library4 ,the     
responsibility for protecting the       
,government against a    waste of money 
was thus thrown upon the ,committee4    
,a little discussion developed the fact 
that all the members of    the          
,committee had an uncomfortable feeling 
that the pictures were    probably      
worthless and no such purchase ought to 
be made but that no    member of the    
,committee felt any such confidence in  
his own knowledge    and judgment about 
such things as to feel like making a    
report to    the ,senate based on his   
opinion1 and maintaining that opinion on
    the floor4 ,we all felt that the    
,committee ought to have some way of    
getting an expert opinion to guide it in
 making its report4      ,in the        
discussion we recalled ,theodore        
,roosevelt's appointment of    a ,fine  
,arts ,council1 which fell to the ground

 because it had no    legal standing1   
and we recalled also the advantage      
received from the    report of park     
development of the informal commission  
selected by    the ,mc,millan           
,committee1 and we finally determined to
 ask ,congress to    provide for the    
appointment of a fine arts commission   
which would    meet the need that our   
,committee was then experiencing and a  
similar    need which was liable to     
occur in a multitude of cases under     
which    ,government officers had to    
pass on questions of art without being  
really competent to perform such a duty4
 99 99 99 ,i drafted a very brief       
statute 99 99 99 and a little informal  
explanation of the need which the       
,committee felt for expert assistance in
 the performing of its duties    carried
 the bill through4      ,and so1 without
 creation of any power of legal         
compulsion1 there    was brought to the 
service of the ,government the authority
 of    competent opinion upon questions 

of art arising in the course of         
administration1 and widespread and      
habitual deference to such an    opinion
 has saved the ,government and the      
community from ,god knows how    many   
atrocities4    ,from the time of its    
establishment1 the ,commission has been 
consulted  about every detail of the    
progress of the ,plan of ,washington1   
and also  about many works of art for   
which the ,government makes             
appropriations4  ,this includes also    
works of art which our ,government1 as a
 result of  congressional enactment1    
presents to the governments and the     
peoples of  other countries to express  
our friendship and good will1 or erects 
for  the use of our diplomatic corps    
abroad1 or to perpetuate the memory of  
our soldiers' deeds of daring and       
courage4 ,good examples are the statue  
of ,leif ,ericsson to ,iceland1 the     
statue of ,henry ,clay to ,venezuela1   
the ,american ,embassy ,building in     
,japan1 and the ,world ,war ,memorials  

in  ,europe4    ,in creating the        
,national ,capital ,park and ,planning  
,commission by act  of ,april #cj1      
#aibf1 ,congress provided that purchases
 of lands made  thereunder shall have   
the advice of the ,commission of ,fine  
,arts4  ,during the years all proposed  
purchases have been approved4 ,the two  
,commissions have acted harmoniously in 
the work of developing the  ,district of
 ,columbia according to carefully       
devised plans for parks1  playgrounds1  
and highways4    ,the first project that
 came before the ,commission of ,fine   
,arts1 in  #aiaj1 was the ,lincoln      
,memorial4 ,the memorial during a period
 of #ab  years had the continual        
attention of this ,commission1 and since
 its  dedication on ,may #cj1 #aibb1 it 
has been recognized as one of the great 
memorials of the world4 ,in the past #ae
 years the row of beautiful white       
marble buildings near the ,lincoln      
,memorial have been built1 as also the  
new ,department buildings on            

,constitution ,avenue4 ,these are a part
 of  the great public buildings program 
that is in progress in the ,national    
,capital4    ,illustration3 ,,the       
,,central ,,composition ,,of ,,the      
,,national ,,capital          ,,chapter 
,,xvi    ,,zoning ,,of ,,the ,,capital  
,our first ,president1 by proclamation  
of ,october #ag1 #agia 7illustrated  on 
page #ba71 established a height         
restriction of #dj feet on buildings  in
 the new ,capital4 ,although not a      
regulation by zones1 it might have  been
 the beginning of a zoning policy if the
 growth of the ,capital had  been       
foreseen4 ,however1 the restriction was 
suspended under ,president  ,monroe in  
#ahbb1 and it was not until #aiaj that a
 comprehensive height  regulation became
 effective4 ,the act of #aiaj           
established height limits1  depending   
upon the width of adjacent streets4     
,the first zoning ordinance for an      
,american city was adopted by ,new ,york
  ,city in #aiaf4 ,the ,world ,war held 

the problem of zoning our cities in     
abeyance4 ,washington was zoned by the  
act of #aibj4 ,since then fully  #a1ejj 
towns and cities throughout the ,united 
,states1 ranging from  #e1jjj to        
#f1jjj1jjj 7,new ,york ,city7 in        
population1 have adopted zoning         
ordinances4    ,zoning not only controls
 the use and development of land but    
also  regulates the height and bulk of  
buildings1 the open spaces which  must  
be provided for light and ventilation1  
and the density and  distribution of    
population4 ,it is a legislative        
function under the  police power4 ,the  
usual procedure in establishing zoning  
control in  our cities has been to pass 
an ordinance under the authority of the 
,state ,zoning ,enabling ,act1 dividing 
the city into use1 height1 and  area    
districts1 throughout each of which the 
governing regulations are  the same4    
,separate districts are provided for    
residence1 business1 and  industry4     
,thus business and industry are excluded

 from the residence  districts4 ,there  
may or may not be separate districts    
provided for  light and heavy industry1 
or for local business and general       
business4  ,the residence district is   
usually subdivided according to types of
  dwellings into areas for single-family
 dwellings1 two-family dwellings1       
multiple-family dwellings1 or apartment 
houses4 ,multiple-family  dwellings are 
usually excluded from the single-family 
areas4 ,this  practice has received the 
hearty approval of home owners4         
,undeveloped  land in suburban sections 
is usually placed in the residence      
district  and restricted to             
single-family use4 ,if conditions       
warrant1 and there  is no opposition    
from the owners1 it may later be rezoned
 for more  profitable multiple-family or
 business use4      ,,architectural     
,,standards ,,absent    ,the zoning     
ordinance has not attempted to regulate 
buildings1 except as  to height and     
size1 nor set any standard of           

architectural fitness to  the           
surroundings4 ,if it had attempted any  
such thing1 it could never  have become 
a law4 ,only in recent years have       
citizens begun to think  that           
attractiveness may add a cash value to  
houses1 or that insistence  on beauty is
 becoming in a democracy4    ,the       
,shipstead-,luce ,act1 adopted ,may #af1
 #aicj1 gives the ,commission of  ,fine 
,arts a limited control over private    
buildings in the ,district  of ,columbia
 and provides that private buildings    
facing important  ,government buildings 
and parks1 in areas specified in the    
act1 must  harmonize in appearance with 
the latter4 ,although not affecting the 
,zoning ,act1 it is1 like the height law
 of #aiaj1 part of the zoning           
restrictions4    ,the provisions of the 
,zoning ,act of #aich do not apply to   
,federal public  buildings4             
,however1 the location1 height1 bulk1   
number of stories1 and size of          
,federal public buildings and the       

provision for open space in and         
around the same1 will be subject to the 
approval of the ,national    ,capital   
,park and ,planning ,commission4        
,approximately one-half of the area of  
the ,capital is under ,government       
control and one-half is open to private 
development4 ,that private  development 
should proceed in harmony with the plans
 of the local  and ,federal ,governments
 was acceptable as an ideal1 and a      
determined  effort was made in #aiah to 
introduce zoning into ,washington4 ,in  
that  year and the year following       
congressional committees1 the ,district 
,commissioners1 and others formulated   
plans1 and a zoning bill became a  law  
effective ,august #cj1 #aibj4 ,after a  
period of #ah years1 during which       
several important changes in the law had
 suggested themselves1 ,congress        
adopted a new ,zoning ,act1 which was   
approved by the ,president on ,june     
#bj1 #aich 7,public1 ,no4 #fhd1 #geth   
,congress74    ,the act provides that   

the regulations heretofore adopted by   
the ,zoning  ,commission under the      
authority of the act of ,march #a1      
#aibj1 including  official maps1 shall  
be deemed to have been made and adopted 
and in  force under this present act4   
,the act empowers the ,zoning           
,commission  8to regulate the location1 
height1 bulk1 number of stories1 and    
size  of buildings and other structures1
 the percentage of lot which may  be    
occupied1 the sizes of yards1 courts1   
and other open spaces1 the  density of  
population1 and the uses of buildings1  
structures1 and land  for trade1        
industry1 residence1 recreation1 public 
activities1 or other  purposes 99 99    
9940    ,many people do not understand  
the importance and necessity of a zoning
  law in a city2 they think it deprives 
them of private rights4 ,yet  without a 
good zoning law living conditions in    
cities of the present  day become       
chaotic4 ,section #b of the act of ,june
 #bj1 #aich1 sets forth  the purpose of 

the zoning regulations and also points  
out the benefits  to be derived from    
zoning1 as follows3      ,such          
regulations shall be made in accordance 
with a comprehensive    plan and        
designed to lessen congestion in the    
street1 to secure    safety from fire1  
panic1 and other dangers1 to promote    
health and    the general welfare1 to   
provide adequate light and air1 to      
prevent    the undue concentration of   
population and the overcrowding of land1
    and to promote such distribution of 
population and of the uses    of land as
 would tend to create conditions        
favorable to health1    safety1         
transportation1 prosperity1 protection  
of property1 civic    activity1 and     
recreational1 educational1 and cultural 
opportunities1    and as would tend to  
further economy and efficiency in the   
supply    of public services4 ,such     
regulations shall be made with          
reasonable    consideration1 among other
 things1 of the character of the        

respective    districts and their       
suitability for the uses provided in the
    regulations1 and with a view to     
encouraging stability of districts      
and of land values therein4    ,the     
,zoning ,commission may from time to    
time amend the regulations  and the     
maps1 but before doing so a public      
hearing must be held1 and  at least #cj 
days' notice of the time and place of   
the hearing must  be published at least 
once in a daily newspaper in the        
,district of  ,columbia1 giving full    
information concerning the proposed     
amendment4  ,a favorable vote of not    
less than a full majority of the members
 is  necessary for the adoption of an   
amendment4    ,the ,zoning ,commission  
consists of five members1 namely1 the   
three  ,commissioners of the ,district  
of ,columbia1 the ,director of the      
,national  ,park ,service1 and the      
,architect of the ,capitol4    ,the act 
of #aich provides for a ,zoning         
,advisory ,council1 to which  suggested 

amendments to the regulations are       
submitted for consideration  and        
recommendation4 ,the act also provides  
for a ,board of ,zoning  ,adjustment1   
which shall have the power to hear and  
decide appeals where  it is alleged a   
hardship will be imposed by carrying out
 and enforcing  any regulation adopted  
under the ,zoning ,act1 and to hear and 
decide on  complaints regarding zoning1 
as also requests for special exceptions 
or map interpretations4 ,in exercising  
its powers1 8the ,board of  ,adjustments
 may1 in conformity with the provisions 
of this act1 reverse  or affirm1 wholly 
or partly1 or may modify the order1     
requirement1  decision1 determination1  
or refusal appealed from or may make    
such  order as may be necessary to carry
 out its decision or authorization1  and
 to that end shall have all the powers  
of the officer or body from  whom the   
appeal is taken40 ,the concurring vote  
of not less than a full  majority of the
 members of the ,board is necessary for 

any decision or  order4      ,,height   
,,of ,,buildings ,,restricted ,,by ,,the
 ,,capitol ,,dome    ,the preeminence of
 the ,dome of the ,capitol has dominated
 the height  of both public and private 
buildings4 ,the #aaj-;foot-height limit 
is  found in a small section of the     
center of the downtown business         
district4 ,on streets #aaj feet wide in 
the #aaj-;foot-height district1  #acj   
feet is allowed under set-back          
provisions1 and this maximum height     
cannot be exceeded by buildings 7except 
spires1 penthouses1 or other            
excrescences7 erected under the zoning  
regulations4 ,before #aibi but few      
buildings exceeded this height4 ,the act
 of #aiaj limited the height of         
buildings to front or abut ,union       
,station ,plaza to #hj feet4            
,illustration3 ,,regional ,,plan ,,of   
,,washington ,,and ,,environs           
,,chapter ,,xvii    ,,the ,,national    
,,capital ,,park ,,and ,,planning       
,,commission      ,a new period in the  

development of the city may be said to  
date from  #aija with the filing of the 
report of the ,mc,millan ,park          
,commission1  for since that time there 
has been a constant increase in the     
interest  taken by the public4 ,the     
outstanding dates recording the progress
  of this increased interest are #aiaj1 
#aiab1 #aibj1 and #aibd4 ,the ,fine     
,arts ,commission was established in    
#aiaj4 ,a new beginning of control  of  
private property was made in #aiaj after
 many years' lapse of the  original     
restrictions imposed by ,president      
,washington4 ,this new  beginning       
consisted in control of the height of   
buildings1 the passage  of a height law1
 and was followed in #aibj by a         
comprehensive zoning law4    ,in #aibd  
the lack of provision of public parks   
and the failure to  carry out the       
proposals of the plan of #aija1 in so   
far as park areas  were concerned1 led  
to the formation of the ,national       
,capital ,park  ,commission1 with       

authority to purchase lands for park    
purposes4 ,the  organization of the     
,commission was the result of combined  
efforts of  many nation-wide            
organizations4    ,the new ,commission  
soon found that an intelligent choice of
 park  lands could not be made without  
knowledge of the interrelation of       
parks1 highways1 zoning1 public         
buildings1 and other elements of city   
and regional planning4 ,the authority of
 the ,commission was therefore          
increased in #aibf1 and its membership  
enlarged4 ,the new ,national  ,capital  
,park and ,planning ,commission was     
charged--      with the duty of         
preparing1 developing1 and maintaining a
    comprehensive1 consistent1 and      
coordinated plan for the ,national      
,capital and environs 7an area of some  
#a1eci square miles1 lying    roughly   
within #bj miles of the ,white ,house1  
and involving the    cooperation of #b  
,states1 #d counties1 #b cities1 and    
numerous    incorporated places71 which 

plan shall include recommendations to   
the    proper executive authorities as  
to traffic and transportation2 plats    
and subdivisions2 highways1 parks1 and  
parkways2 school and library    sites2  
playgrounds1 drainage1 sewerage1 and    
water supply2 housing1    building1 and 
zoning regulations2 public and private  
buildings2    bridges and water fronts2 
commerce and industry2 and other proper 
elements of city and regional planning4 
,the largest single factor in           
determining the extent and character of 
the development of the ,national        
,capital will be the extent1 character1 
and wisdom of the permanent investments 
by the public in public areas  and      
improvements4 ,this ,commission has1    
therefore1 considered as of  primary    
importance the proper location and      
extent of public lands1  whether used   
for streets1 parks1 public buildings1 or
 other public  services2 and the timely 
acquisition and development of these    
areas for  their particular purposes4   

,illustration3 ,,view ,,from ,,the      
,,dome ,,of ,,the ,,capitol1 ,,looking  
,,east    ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of    
,,the ,,dome ,,of ,,the ,,capitol1      
,,looking ,,south    ,since the areas   
needed for public use can not be chosen 
without regard  to the use and extent of
 private developments1 it follows that  
some  control over the use of private   
property--as by zoning--is an essential 
part of city or regional planning4      
,when city planning is mentioned most   
people think first of streets4 ,in  this
 field the commission has been active in
 three ways--first1 in an  effort to    
make the streets fit the land and to    
follow along the hills  and valleys     
instead of across them2 second1 in      
establishing a major  thoroughfare      
system guiding the development of the   
main highways within  the ,district of  
,columbia and extending the principles  
of the original  ,l',enfant plan to the 
limits of the ,district2 and third1 in  
securing  public support of a regional  

highway system which will provide more  
adequately for traffic both into the    
city and between suburban areas4        
,with the first of these aims in view   
many changes in the highway  plan of the
 ,district have been made in cooperation
 with the ,district  officials4 ,these  
changes were advantageous to preserve   
natural  topography1 to fit the streets 
to property lines1 to save trees1  to   
provide drainage1 or for like reasons4  
,several important street  openings and 
widenings have been undertaken in       
accordance with the  commission's major 
thoroughfare plan1 such as ,new ,york   
,avenue beyond  the limits of the       
,l',enfant plan1 the opening of a new   
,louisiana  ,avenue from the ,union     
,station to ,pennsylvania ,avenue at    
,union ,square1  straightening of       
,michigan ,avenue1 and extension of     
,sixteenth ,street  to the ,district    
line4 ,the plan which follows the       
recommendations of  the commission has  
been recognized by the ,district        

officials in the  adoption of a #e-year 
highway program4    ,several new        
regional highway projects are now       
complete or going forward  in accordance
 with the regional plan4 ,the ,mount    
,vernon ,memorial ,highway  and the ,lee
 ,boulevard establish new standards in  
highway design4 ,the  extension of      
,rhode ,island and ,massachusetts       
,avenues fits the plan4 ,the            
,maryland-,national ,capital ,park and  
,planning ,commission has adopted       
practically all of the suggestions made 
by the ,commission for the  ,maryland   
area as part of the ,maryland master    
plan4    ,where parks are concerned the 
,commission has a special               
responsibility4  ,the plans for parks   
both in the ,district of ,columbia and  
out of it have  received the indorsement
 of ,congress in the ,capper-,cramton   
,act4    ,for the ,district the         
,commission is now acquiring parks of   
three  types3 7#a7 ,a parkway 7the ,fort
 ,drive7 around the city1 #bh miles long

  and connecting the sites of the ,civil
 ,war forts on the second row of  hills2
 7#b7 a system of recreation centers and
 playgrounds distributed  throughout the
 area in association with the schools   
and so far as  possible providing a play
 area within a quarter of a mile of     
every  child2 7#c7 preservation of      
stream valleys and correction of the    
boundaries of ,rock ,creek ,park4       
,the principal physical feature of the  
region is the ,potomac ,river1  so it is
 natural that the corresponding feature 
of the park system  is along the river  
banks4 ,below ,washington1 where the    
broad lakelike  scenery exists1 parkways
 are under construction or contemplated 
on  the ,virginia side to ,mount ,vernon
 and on the ,maryland shore to ,fort    
,washington4 ,above ,washington a park  
is projected to preserve the  natural   
scenery of the ,palisades1 rapids1      
woodlands1 and ,great ,falls  of the    
,potomac1 together with the ,patowmack  
,canal1 built by ,george  ,washington1  

and the ,chesapeake  ,ohio ,canal on the
 ,maryland side of the  river4    ,the  
,commission has taken an active part in 
the effort to have the  public buildings
 of ,washington grouped and arranged not
 only for the  convenience and beauty of
 the result but also that they may fit  
into  the future plans for streets1     
highways1 and parks1 and thus promote   
the orderly development of the city and 
region4 ,when the first  important step 
in the public-buildings program was     
taken in #aibf the  ,commission urged   
the purchase of all of the land         
necessary for a plan  of the group as a 
whole instead of undertaking individual 
building  projects as separate units in 
the scheme4 ,the problems of parking and
  transit facilities in relation to the 
public-buildings groups have  caused the
 ,commission great concern1 and efforts 
have been made to  secure the           
cooperation of the architects in charge 
of the building  program in order to    
solve these problems4 ,in all of its    

activities  concerning the              
public-buildings program the ,commission
 has been guided  by the principles     
announced by the plan of #aija1 under   
which ,federal  buildings will be       
concentrated along the axis of the ,mall
 and about the  ,white ,house4 ,the     
,commission has given favorable         
consideration to an  enlargement of this
 program by which semipublic buildings  
and possibly  ,state buildings might be 
located along ,east ,capitol ,street in 
order to  help the balance between the  
northwest and the eastern portions of   
the  city of ,washington4    ,in the    
same way the ,commission advises the    
appropriate authorities on  matters of  
zoning and control of use of private    
property4 ,zoning has  now been adopted 
not only in the ,district but also in   
the ,maryland  suburban area and in     
,arlington ,county and ,fairfax ,county1
 ,va4 ,also  ,alexandria has prepared a 
zoning plan4 ,it is hoped that in the   
not  distant future other portions of   

the ,maryland and ,virginia areas may   
be added to this list4 ,in matters      
relating to zoning in the ,district1    
the ,commission has contributed         
statistical data and expert opinion1 and
  was particularly active in the        
segregation of single-family houses from
  #b-;family and community groups4      
,in brief1 it is the function of the    
,commission to revive1 review1 and      
revise the efforts of past generations  
toward a 8great and effective  city for 
the seat of our ,government0 and to keep
 that ideal constantly  before the      
public1 to the end that each separate   
undertaking by the  countless public and
 private agencies concerned may be      
coordinated and  related to produce a   
result in which future generations may  
take pride4    ,illustration3 ,,fort    
,,drive ,,connecting ,,the ,,civil ,,war
 ,,forts ,,encircling  ,,washington     
,,east ,,capitol ,,street--,,extending  
,,the ,,mall ,,axis ,,eastward    ,some 
one has said 8the beauty of ,washington 

is its trees40 ,no one  who has seen the
 thousands of trees in ,washington and  
in the country  adjacent to the city can
 deny this4 ,there is no national       
capital in  the world that has more     
beautiful trees than ,washington4 ,those
 seen on  ,east ,capitol ,street are    
typical of the large massive trees      
throughout  the city4 ,thousands of them
 were planted during the ,presidency of 
,general ,grant1 and it has been the    
policy of the ,district of ,columbia    
government to plant trees along streets 
opened for residential sections4        
,illustration3 ,,east ,,capitol ,,street
    ,the climate of ,washington1 which  
is semitropical1 permits the growth  of 
trees found both in the ,north and the  
,south4 ,thus there are oak1  walnut1   
maple1 and cedar trees amidst magnolias1
 ,japanese cherry trees1  and the       
mountain laurel1 to mention only a few4 
,congress has authorized  the           
establishment of a national arboretum in
 the ,national ,capital1  which will    

comprise at least #ejj acres and will be
 a most interesting  place for the      
planting of many varieties of trees and 
the study of  them4 ,a plan to widen    
,east ,capitol ,street and build a      
stadium on the  axis of the street in   
,anacostia ,park is being made by the   
,national  ,capital ,park and ,planning 
,commission4      ,,the ,,fort ,,drive  
,the citizens' movement to connect by a 
boulevard a considerable part of  the   
,civil ,war defenses of ,washington was 
incorporated in the plan of  #aija4     
,these old defenses1 occupying strategic
 positions1 are capable of  being       
converted into small parks of high      
excellence and availability1  and a     
connecting boulevard will have an added 
historic interest4  ,of these so-called 
forts a number are already in possession
 of the  ,government4 ,among those that 
have been purchased is ,fort ,stevens1  
near the ,army ,medical ,center1 where  
during ,general ,early's raid1 on  ,july
 #ab1 #ahfd1 ,president ,lincoln was    

under fire until ordered to the  rear by
 the officer in command4 ,the ,fort     
,drive is being developed  by the       
,national ,capital ,park and ,planning  
,commission4 ,there will be  a          
continuous parkway of suitable width    
connecting the sites of the  following  
old forts3 ,fort ,greble1 ,fort         
,carroll1 ,battery ,ricketts1 ,fort     
,stanton1 ,fort ,wagner1 ,fort ,baker1  
,fort ,davis 7,united ,states owned71   
,fort ,dupont 7,united ,states owned71  
,fort ,shaplin1 ,a ,battery1 ,fort      
,mahan1  ,fort ,bunker ,hill1 ,fort     
,totten1 ,fort ,slocum1 ,fort ,stevens  
7,united ,states  owned71 ,fort ,de     
,russye1 ,fort ,bayard1 ,battery        
,kemble1 ,battery ,vermont  7,united    
,states owned71 and ,battery ,parrott4  
,there is another ,civil  ,war          
fortification in the ,arlington         
,national ,cemetery1 called ,fort       
,mc,pherson1 which is being preserved   
for its historic character4 ,from it  a 
commanding view of the cemetery and of  

the river is obtained4    ,illustration3
 ,,plan ,,for ,,improvement ,,of ,,the  
,,water ,,front      ,,washington       
,,channel ,,and ,,the ,,water ,,front   
,the water front of ,washington is to be
 similar to the magnificent water       
fronts of large cities of ,europe4 ,the 
plan provides for a quay1 with  space   
for commercial piers1 warehouses1       
steamboat offices1 commercial  houses1  
boathouses1 and recreational piers4     
,there will be a beautiful  boulevard   
drive along 8,water ,street0 which will 
connect with ,anacostia  ,park1 also    
adequate street-railway accommodations4 
,washington has #ah  miles of water     
front1 and this will be a most          
interesting part of it4    ,it is       
proposed to replace all existing        
structures on the water front at        
8,water ,street10 with the exception of 
the ,municipal ,fish ,wharf1 with       
modern buildings4 ,head houses and      
transit sheds are to be of brick and    
tile1 with slate roofs and of a modified

 colonial architecture4 ,a total  of six
 wharves is projected for immediate     
construction and a portion of  the      
frontage available is to be reserved for
 future additions4 ,yacht  basins and   
small-boat anchorage are included in the
 plan4 ,the plan has  been prepared by  
the ,united ,states ,engineer ,office1  
with the idea that  ,washington is not  
primarily an industrial city1 nor will  
it ever be1 so  that railroad           
connections with the piers and slips    
were omitted4 ,such  industrial         
developments as might require           
ship-to-rail transfers can be           
accommodated in other locations4        
,buzzards ,point is to be developed for 
maritime commercial uses4    ,under the 
improvement program 8,water ,street0 is 
to be made a #afj-;foot  boulevard1 with
 separate lanes for traffic1 street     
cars1 and trucks1  and marginal and     
central landscaping4 ,the old #d-line   
street-car lanes  on a portion of the   
street have been removed4 ,to permit of 

direct  connection with ,east ,potomac  
,park and the ,highway ,bridge1 a bridge
  is to be built just below the railroad
 crossing at the head of the            
,washington ,channel4 ,water ,street is 
now ,maine ,avenue4    ,illustration3   
,,george ,,washington ,,memorial        
,,parkway    ,the cost of the entire    
project is estimated at #c1fia1fjj4 ,the
 report  was submitted by the ,secretary
 of ,war to the ,speaker of the ,house  
of  ,representatives on ,november #bf1  
#aibi1 and then was referred to the     
,committee on ,rivers and ,harbors4 ,the
 project is now under development4      
,illustration3 ,,fish ,,market ,,along  
,,the ,,water ,,front      ,,george     
,,washington ,,memorial ,,parkway       
,the ,george ,washington ,memorial      
,parkway1 designed by the ,national     
,capital ,park and ,planning            
,commission1 was authorized by the      
,capper-,cramton ,act1 approved ,may    
#bi1 #aicj1 and carrying with it an     
authorization of #cc1ejj1jjj for the    

development of a comprehensive  park1   
parkway1 and playground area in the     
,district of ,columbia and the          
surrounding regions of ,maryland and    
,virginia4 ,this parkway is designed    
8to include the public control of both  
banks of the river between  ,mount      
,vernon and ,great ,falls on the        
,virginia side and between ,fort        
,washington and ,great ,falls on the    
,maryland side1 with the exception of   
areas at ,alexandria and in ,washington 
which are reserved for commercial       
development40    ,this is a project in  
which both residents of the ,district of
  ,columbia and of the ,states of       
,maryland and ,virginia may take equal  
pride--namely1 to preserve ,great ,falls
 and the banks of the ,potomac1  so that
 the ,potomac ,river1 as it flows       
through the ,national ,capital1  may    
flow through a continuous park from     
,great ,falls to ,mount ,vernon4        
,washington is to be envied in having so
 near to it such beautiful  scenery as  

the ,palisades of the ,potomac and      
,great ,falls1 which are said  to be    
8the finest specimens of nature in this 
part of the country40  ,already1 along  
the ,palisades of the ,potomac1 quarries
 have been  established and beautiful   
timber is being converted into lumber   
and  firewood4 ,these invasions will in 
time destroy natural beauties that  can 
not be restored4    ,illustration3      
,,great ,,falls ,,of ,,the ,,potomac    
,,the ,,mount ,,vernon ,,highway ,,route
    ,,the ,,mount ,,vernon ,,highway    
,,traverses ,,historic ,,territory      
,the route traverses a territory full of
 historic associations and  reminiscent 
of the days of ,washington4 ,about      
halfway between ,washington  and        
,alexandria it passes close to the site 
of ,abingdon1 the home  of ,john ,parke 
,custis1 ,mrs4 ,washington's son4 ,here 
,nellie ,custis1  ,washington's adopted 
daughter1 was born4 ,a beautiful view of
 the river  and a panorama of           
,washington and the north shore is seen 

from this  point4 ,also here the        
,potomac is being dredged1 making new   
land for  ,washington ,national         
,airport1 to be the finest in the       
,united ,states4  ,work will be         
completed in #aida4    ,illustration3   
,,mount ,,vernon ,,memorial ,,highway1  
,,north ,,of ,,little ,,hunting  ,,creek
    ,passing on to ,alexandria the route
 enters the city by ,washington ,street 
and passes directly by ,christ ,church1 
where the ,washington pew may  still be 
seen4    ,alexandria was ,washington's  
own town4 ,it was his market place1 his 
post  office1 and his voting place4 ,it 
was the meeting place of the lodge of   
,masons to which he belonged1 and the   
lodge hall is now the repository  of a  
great many articles and paintings       
associated with him4 ,the trowel1       
square1 and plumb bob used in laying the
 corner stone of the ,capitol  may be   
seen here1 as also the ,bible used in   
the ,masonic lodge of which  ,washington
 was a member4 ,among many other things 

of historical interest  is a portrait of
 ,george ,washington painted by ,w4     
,williams for the lodge4    ,there is   
scarcely a foot of ground in ,alexandria
 that ,washington did  not tread4 ,the  
old quarters of the volunteer fire      
company to which  he belonged still     
stand4 ,in ,gadsby's ,inn1 now the ,city
 ,hotel1 he  recruited the first company
 of provincial troops authorized by     
,governor  ,dinwiddie1 and with which he
 fought the ,battle of ,great ,meadows4 
,illustration3 ,,mount ,,vernon         
,,memorial ,,highway    ,in the ballroom
 of ,gadsby's ,inn in #agih was held the
 first celebration  of ,washington's    
birthday4 ,from the steps of the same   
building he gave  his last military     
command to the ,alexandria ,light       
,infantry ,blues2 and  here1 also1 in   
,november1 #agii1 less than #cj days    
before his death1 he  cast his last     
vote4    ,at the ,carlyle ,house1 still 
standing1 he received his appointment as
 an  officer in the ,british ,army on   

,general ,braddock's staff2 and in this 
house also1 at the ,convention of the   
,five ,governors assembled to confer    
with ,general ,braddock1 the first      
suggestion of colonial taxation was     
made--a step which ultimately led to the
 revolt of the ,colonies4    ,a short   
side trip from ,washington ,street down 
,king ,street takes the  traveler to the
 ,george ,washington ,national ,masonic 
,memorial1 which has  been erected at   
the western outskirts of the town on    
,shooters ,hill4 ,it  is #ccc feet high1
 and was designed by ,harvey ,w4        
,corbett1 architect4    ,returning to   
,washington ,street and proceeding      
southward the traveler  passes the      
,confederate ,monument1 and soon reaches
 the southern limits  of the town and   
passing within a stone's throw of the   
first corner  stone of the ,district of 
,columbia1 still standing on ,jones     
,point4    ,leaving ,alexandria the     
route crosses ,hunting ,creek to ,fort  
,hunt1 thence  to the entrance gates of 

,mount ,vernon4      ,,features ,,of    
,,the ,,highway ,,described    ,the     
making of surveys1 preparation of plans1
 and supervision of  construction have  
all been done by the ,bureau of ,public 
,roads of  the ,united ,states          
,department of ,agriculture1 and        
,gilmore ,d4 ,clarke1  ,consulting      
,landscape ,architect4    ,illustration3
 ,,mount ,,vernon ,,memorial            
,,highway--,,bridge ,,over ,,boundary   
,,channel    ,the location selected for 
the highway required the construction   
of fills across approximately #b miles  
of open water1 which was  accomplished  
by pumping gravel and sand from the     
,potomac ,river4    ,the highway        
throughout its entire length1 with the  
exception of the  section through       
,alexandria1 has been designed to       
provide for a free  flow of traffic over
 a surface with a minimum width of #dj  
feet1 and  where there is any volume of 
cross traffic it passes either under or 
over the highway4    ,except through the

 city of ,alexandria1 the highway       
follows closely the  shore of the       
,potomac ,river for the greater portion 
of the distance4  ,this situation       
affords beautiful vistas of ,washington 
and the ,potomac  ,river1 which1 in     
combination with the landscaping and    
development of  the project itself1 make
 this highway a fitting tribute to the  
memory  of ,george ,washington4         
,illustration3 ,,christ ,,church1       
,,alexandria1 ,,va4    ,below           
,alexandria the highway has been widened
 at points of outstanding  beauty1 so   
that motorists can stop for a few       
minutes to enjoy the view4    ,the      
bridges in general are of               
reinforced-concrete arches1 faced with  
native stone laid in random bond4       
,special attention has been given to    
harmonizing their lines with the general
 plan of development4    ,illustration3 
,,mount ,,vernon ,,memorial             
,,highway--,,underpass ,,at ,,highway   
,,bridge    ,the intersection of the    

memorial highway with ,u4 ,s4 ,highway  
,no4 #a near  the beginning of the      
project has been so designed that a     
large volume  of traffic can flow from  
one highway to the other without        
crossing the  center line of either     
route4    ,a large parking area at      
,mount ,vernon that will accommodate the
  thousands of visitors to this national
 shrine has been provided1 and a        
concession building of colonial design  
has been erected to provide for  their  
comfort4    ,illustration3 ,,mount      
,,vernon ,,memorial ,,highway--,,bridge 
,,over ,,hunting ,,creek      ,,mount   
,,vernon    ,mount ,vernon1 the home of 
,george ,washington the greater part of 
his  life1 is situated along the        
historic ,potomac1 #ad4g miles south of 
the  city of ,washington1 which he was  
instrumental in founding1 though        
referring to it as the ,federal ,city4  
,illustration3 ,,george ,,washington    
,,from ,,the ,,houdon ,,bust1 ,,modeled 
,,from ,,life ,,at ,,mount ,,vernon ,,in

 #aghe    ,the history of ,mount ,vernon
 goes back to the time of ,capt4 ,john  
,smith1 who explored the regions of the 
,potomac ,river in #afjh4 ,some #dj     
years later ,scotch and ,irish emigrants
 settled along the banks of the         
,potomac1 both on the ,virginia and     
,maryland sides4 ,in #afgd a tract of   
#e1jjj acres1 #ae miles south of        
,washington on the ,virginia side of the
  river1 was granted by ,lord ,culpeper 
to ,john ,washington and ,nicholas      
,spencer4 ,half of this tract was       
inherited by the half-brother of ,george
  ,washington1 ,lawrence ,washington4   
,mount ,vernon was built in #agdc by    
,lawrence ,washington1 who named it     
after ,admiral ,vernon1 under whom he   
served4 ,it occupies a most picturesque 
spot on high ground overlooking  the    
river1 which it faces4    ,the mansion  
is well built4 ,its foundations are of  
stone and brick4 ,the  framework is of  
oak and the sheathing of pine wood4     
,also much copper  was used in its      

construction4 ,on the main floor is a   
central hall1 a  music room1 a family   
dining room1 a sitting room1 and parlor2
 also a  library and a banquet room1    
which were added by ,george ,washington4
 ,on  the second floor is the room in   
which ,washington died2 also1 among     
several others1 the ,lafayette room4    
,there are six bedrooms on the third    
floor4 ,the house is #if feet long and  
#cj feet wide1 with a portico #be  feet 
high2 the height of the building to the 
cupola is about #ej feet4  ,beautiful   
gardens are near by4    ,in #ageb       
,lawrence ,washington died4 ,augustine  
,washington had provided  that in the   
case of ,lawrence's death without heirs 
,mount ,vernon should  pass to ,george1 
and this provision ,lawrence            
incorporated in his own  will4 ,to his  
widow he left a life interest in the    
property1 with a  reversion to his      
infant daughter1 ,sarah1 who1 as it     
happened1 survived  her father only a   
few weeks4 ,thus there was only the     

widow's life  interest to be considered4
 ,anne ,fairfax ,washington lived until 
#agfa1  and at her death ,george        
,washington became the proprietor of    
,mount  ,vernon4 ,the mansion was then  
enlarged for its new mistress1 ,martha  
,dandridge ,custis1 whom he had married 
in #agei4    ,during ,washington's years
 of public life he longed for the day   
when  he could be at home at ,mount     
,vernon with his beloved ,martha and the
  family4 ,it was undoubtedly one of the
 very best-managed estates in the       
,colonies1 and ,washington himself was  
regarded one of the richest men4  ,the  
main entrance to ,mount ,vernon was from
 the west1 which gateway was  flanked by
 two porters' lodges4 ,the large portico
 on the east side  of the mansion was   
used for outdoor gatherings and         
entertainment of  visitors4 ,among the  
many guests entertained at ,mount       
,vernon was the  distinguished young    
,french patriot1 ,general ,lafayette4   
,on the main  floor in a glass case     

hangs a key to the ,bastille1 sent by   
,lafayette to  ,washington in #agij1    
with the message3 8,that the principles 
of ,america  opened the ,bastille is not
 to be doubted1 therefore the key comes 
to  the right place40    ,washington was
 called from ,mount ,vernon to serve his
 country on  three most noteworthy      
occasions1 and each time after an       
interval of  several years3 ,in #agge1  
when he was made ,commander in ,chief of
 the  ,continental ,army2 in #aghg1 when
 he became president of the convention  
in ,philadelphia that framed the        
,federal ,constitution2 and in #aghi1   
when  he became first ,president of the 
,united ,states of ,america4            
,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,army ,air  
,corps4    ,,mount ,,vernon             
,illustration3 ,,mount ,,vernon         
,washington died at ,mount ,vernon on   
,december #ad1 #agii4 ,martha           
,washington  lived there during the     
remainder of her lifetime4 ,on her death
 in  #ahjb the property was inherited by

 her nephew1 ,bushrod ,washington1 an   
,associate ,justice of the ,supreme     
,court4 ,thereafter the estate suffered 
for need of repairs4 ,in #aheh the      
,mount ,vernon ,ladies' ,association of 
the ,union was organized4 ,the          
association purchased the property for  
#bjj1jjj and to-day own and control     
,mount ,vernon1 including about #djj    
acres of the old estate4                
,illustration3 ,,tomb ,,of ,,washington 
,mount ,vernon each day is the place of 
pilgrimage of hundreds of  ,american and
 foreign visitors1 who go there by motor
 or steamboat to  visit the mansion and 
see the many historical articles of     
interest that  once belonged to ,george 
,washington and his family and are now  
there on  exhibition1 but more          
particularly do they go to ,mount       
,vernon to pay  homage at the           
,washington tomb1 which is near the     
mansion4 ,here also  ,lafayette came on 
his second visit to the ,united ,states 
during #ahbd-be1  after an interval of  

almost #dj years4    ,the number of     
visitors at ,mount ,vernon for the year 
ended ,december #ca1  #aich1 was        
#fcc1ead4      ,,wakefield1 ,,the       
,,birthplace ,,of ,,george ,,washington 
,after more than a century and a half of
 neglect1 a group of patriotic  persons 
have within recent years taken steps to 
restore ,wakefield1  the birthplace of  
,george ,washington1 situated about #ej 
miles south of  ,mount ,vernon1 along   
the ,potomac1 amidst beautiful          
landscapes between  ,popes ,creek and   
,bridges ,creek4 ,the ,government       
erected a monument at the  site in #ahie
 to mark the birthplace and provided a  
watchman to care  for the grounds4      
,until within the past few years the    
little ,government  reservation of #aa  
acres1 acquired in #ahhb1 was           
inaccessible because the  ,government   
dock was washed away and the road       
leading into ,wakefield  from the main  
highway was almost impassable4 ,the     
,state of ,virginia  recently completed 

a sand and gravel road to the place4    
,the new road1  about #b miles in       
length1 intersects the ,george          
,washington ,highway from               
,fredericksburg1 between ,oak ,grove and
 ,potomac ,mills4 ,the ,wakefield       
,national ,memorial ,association 7,inc47
 has been organized to purchase the     
lands at ,wakefield and thus save them  
from threatened encroachments of        
hunting and fishing clubs1 which are now
 securing valuable sites along  the     
,potomac ,river4 ,thus the association  
is doing for ,wakefield what  the ,mount
 ,vernon ,ladies' ,association of the   
,union accomplished for the             
preservation of ,mount ,vernon4         
,illustration3 ,,wakefield1 ,,at ,,popes
 ,,creek1 ,,westmoreland ,,county1 ,,va4
    ,congress early in #aicj            
appropriated #ej1jjj toward erecting a  
colonial  house1 typical of the         
,virginia houses at the time of ,george 
,washington4  ,bricks for the house were
 made from the clay at ,wakefield4 ,the 

construction work was carried out under 
the supervision of the ,national  ,park 
,service of the ,department of the      
,interior1 which has jurisdiction  over 
the maintenance of ,wakefield since the 
project of restoration was  completed4  
,john ,d4 ,rockefeller1 jr41 gave       
#aae1jjj for the purchase of  #bfg      
acres1 and the association purchased    
approximately #ajj additional  acres4   
,the association raised about #bjj1jjj4 
,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing          
,,washington ,,and ,,wakefield          
,illustration3 ,,wakefield--,,washington
 ,,family ,,burying ,,ground    ,the    
money1 aside from the amounts spent to  
buy land1 was expended  in erecting a   
house that is as nearly a replica of the
 original  birth house as could be      
planned on the basis of available data1 
in  restoring the gardens1 and in       
protecting the ancient graveyard where  
lie the remains of #ca members of the   
,washington family1 including his       
great-grandfather1 grandfather1 father1 

and brother1 and to build a  resthouse  
at the site4 ,the original house was    
built between #agag and  #agbj1 and was 
burned ,christmas1 #aghj4 ,from pieces  
of china found in  the ruins the        
celebrated ,lenox china1 showing the    
,washington coat of  arms1 has been     
reproduced and made available to the    
public by the  ,wakefield ,national     
,memorial ,association4 ,in the work of 
restoration the  association was led by 
its president1 the late ,mrs4 ,harry    
,lee ,rust1 of  ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41   
who was a native of ,westmoreland       
,county1 ,va41 and  spent her childhood 
days in the vicinity of the ,washington 
estate4 ,she  was a most indefatigable  
worker toward the realization of this   
project4    ,wakefield was dedicated on 
,february #aa1 #aicb1 the birthday of   
,george  ,washington 7old style71 which 
month marked the beginning of the       
,george  ,washington bicentennial       
celebration4 ,wakefield is known to-day 
as the  ,george ,washington ,birthplace 

,national ,monument4    ,illustration3  
,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial ,,and        
,,approaches    ,illustration3 ,,the    
,,lincoln ,,memorial          ,,chapter 
,,xviii    ,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial   
,,the ,,arlington ,,memorial ,,bridge   
,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial    ,at the   
west end of the ,mall is the ,lincoln   
,memorial4 ,the site was  fixed by the  
,mc,millan ,park ,commission in #aija1  
which extended the ,mall  area of the   
original ,l',enfant plan west           
three-fourths of a mile to the  ,potomac
 ,river4 ,the site and surrounding area 
is known as ,potomac ,park4  ,the       
reclaimed land1 about #fdj acres1       
comprises ,west ,potomac ,park and      
,east ,potomac ,park 7the island park74 
,congress provided for the construction 
of the memorial to ,abraham  ,lincoln by
 an act approved ,february #i1 #aiaa1   
following the centennial  year of the   
birth of ,lincoln4 ,the corner stone was
 laid ,february #ab1  #aiae4 ,the       
memorial is built of ,colorado marble   

and cost #b1idj1jjj4  ,it was dedicated 
,may #cj1 #aibb4 ,lincoln died in #ahfe1
 so that it was  #eg years later that   
this memorial to him in the ,national   
,capital was  built4 ,henry ,bacon1 who 
died ,february #af1 #aibd1 was the      
architect4    ,very nearly #cjj1jjj     
persons visited the ,lincoln ,memorial  
in the year  #aibc1 and more than       
#a1jjj1jjj in #aicj4 ,at present the    
daily average  of visitors is #c1jjj4   
,it is a shrine in which those who love 
,god and  country can find inspiration  
and repose4    ,the following is part of
 a technical description by the         
architect3      ,from the beginning of  
my study ,i believed that this memorial 
to    ,abraham ,lincoln should be       
composed of four features--a statue of  
the    man1 a memorial of his           
,gettysburg speech1 a memorial of his   
second    inaugural address1 and a      
symbol of the ,union of the ,united     
,states1    which he stated it was his  
paramount object to save--and which he  

did save4 ,each feature should be       
related to the other by means of    its 
design and position1 and each should be 
so arranged that it    becomes an       
integral part of the whole1 in order to 
attain a unity and    simplicity in the 
appearance of the monument4             
,surrounding the walls inclosing these  
memorials of the man is planned    a    
colonnade forming a symbol of the       
,union1 each column representing    a   
,state--#cf in all--for each ,state     
existing at the time of ,lincoln's      
death1 and on the walls appearing above 
the colonnade1 and supported    at      
intervals by eagles1 are #dh memorial   
festoons1 one for each ,state           
existing at the present time4      ,the 
colonnade is #ahh feet long and #aah    
feet wide1 the columns being    #dd feet
 high and #g feet #h inches in diameter 
at their base4 ,the    outside of the   
,memorial ,hall is #hd feet wide and    
#aef feet long2 the    total height of  
the structure above the finished grade  

at the base of    the terrace is #ii    
feet4 ,the steps are #acb feet wide1    
leading to the    entrance1 which is    
flanked by tripods1 each #aa feet high4 
,the central hall1 where the statue     
stands1 is #fj feet wide1 #gj feet      
long1 and #fj feet high4 ,the interior  
columns are of the ,ionic order    and  
are #ej feet high4    ,illustration3    
,,statue ,,of ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,as  
,,seen ,,through ,,the ,,columns        
,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,abraham ,,lincoln 
,the statue of ,abraham ,lincoln1 in the
 center of the ,lincoln ,memorial1  is  
by ,daniel ,chester ,french4    ,it     
represents ,abraham ,lincoln as the     
great war ,president1 with mental  and  
physical strength and confidence in his 
ability to bring the ,nation  safely    
through the great conflict4             
,president ,lincoln is seated in a great
 armchair #ab feet high1 over  the back 
of which a flag has been draped4 ,the   
figure of ,lincoln is #ai  feet high    
from the top of his head to the sole of 

his boot4 ,the head  measures #c feet in
 height4 ,the boot is #c feet long1 and 
from the  boot to the kneecap the       
distance is #h feet4 ,the pedestal1     
which is  #ah feet #b inches wide and   
#ai feet deep1 rests on a marble        
platform  #cd feet wide and #bh feet    
deep4 ,the statue weighs #aej tons2 with
 its  pedestal and base it rises to a   
height of #cj feet2 and without the     
pedestal it is #ba feet in height4      
,the statue is of ,georgia marble1 was  
cut by ,piccirilli ,bros41              
marble-cutters1 of ,new ,york ,city1 and
 four years were required for its       
completion4 ,the pedestal and base are  
of ,tennessee marble4    ,over the head 
of ,lincoln is the inscription--        
,,in ,,this ,,temple    ,,as ,,in ,,the 
,,hearts ,,of ,,the ,,people    ,,for   
,,whom ,,he ,,saved ,,the ,,union       
,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,abraham ,,lincoln 
,,is ,,enshrined ,,forever    ,the      
interior is lighted through translucent 
panels of marble and by  the great front

 opening4 ,recently a special system of 
lighting was  installed4                
,,decorations    ,the two decorations by
 ,jules ,guerin representing            
,emancipation and  ,reunion are painted 
on canvas4 ,each canvas weighs #fjj     
pounds and is #fj  feet long and #ah    
feet wide4 ,the figures1 of which there 
are #df in the  two panels1 are #h feet 
high and were painted by the artist     
without  assistance4 ,almost as many    
models as figures were used4 ,the head  
of  ,mr4 ,bacon1 the architect1 appears 
in the decoration on the north wall1    
being the fourth figure in the group at 
the left of the angel4    ,the          
decorations are absolutely weatherproof1
 the paint being mixed with  white wax  
and kerosene4 ,the wax hardens but does 
not allow the paint to  crack4          
,chemically it is similar to the wax1   
still pliable1 which was  found in the  
tombs of the ,kings of ,egypt4 ,the     
decorations are affixed  to the wall    
with a mixture of white lead and        

,venetian varnish4    ,illustration3    
,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial ,,reflecting 
,,basin      ,,the ,,lincoln ,,memorial 
,,and ,,surrounding ,,area    ,the      
,lincoln ,memorial1 while it terminates 
the ,mall composition1 has  a position  
similar to the ,arc de ,triomphe in     
,paris1 in that from it  radiate drives 
and parkways in all directions--the     
,rock ,creek ,parkway  to the north2    
westward across the ,memorial ,bridge to
 the ,arlington  ,national ,cemetery1   
connecting also with the ,mount ,vernon 
,highway1 the  ,lee ,highway1 and the   
,george ,washington ,memorial ,parkway2 
southward to  ,east ,potomac ,park2 and 
eastward along the ,mall to the         
,capitol4 ,the  whole area is a         
remarkable achievement in city planning 
and shows what  can be done with        
reclaimed land1 for #bj to #be years ago
 all the land  surrounding the ,lincoln 
,memorial was swampy4    ,the ,lincoln  
,memorial ,reflecting ,basin is #b1jjj  
feet long and #afj feet  wide4 ,it has  

an average depth of about #c feet and   
reflects the  entire ,washington        
,monument and the ,lincoln ,memorial4   
,it is lined with  trees and walks that 
will ultimately extend to the ,capitol4 
,the beauty  of the future ,mall        
treatment between the ,capitol and the  
,washington  ,monument is indicated by  
the development between the ,washington 
,monument and the ,lincoln ,memorial4   
,the water gate is a part of the great  
,lincoln ,memorial composition4 ,it     
consists of granite steps #bjf feet wide
 at the top and #bcj feet wide at  the  
bottom4    ,constitution ,avenue will be
 the great 8,memorial ,boulevard0 from  
the  ,capitol to the ,lincoln ,memorial1
 and thence to ,arlington ,national     
,cemetery4    ,immediately to the south 
of the reflecting basin on the north and
 south  axis is the marble band stand   
erected as the ,district of ,columbia   
,world  ,war ,memorial4      ,,the      
,,arlington ,,memorial ,,bridge    ,the 
,arlington ,memorial ,bridge was built  

under the supervision of  the ,arlington
 ,memorial ,bridge ,commission1 of which
 the ,president is  chairman4 ,the      
,commission of ,fine ,arts was consulted
 and advised as to  the plans4    ,the  
project of building the ,arlington      
,memorial ,bridge has been  before      
,congress since #ahhd4 ,previous to that
 time ,daniel ,webster1 in  an address  
on ,july #d1 #ahea1 at the laying of the
 corner stone for  enlarging the ,united
 ,states ,capitol1 referred to it as    
follows3      ,before us is the broad   
and beautiful river1 separating two of  
the    original thirteen ,states1 which 
a late ,president1 a man of determined  
purpose and inflexible will1 but        
patriotic heart1 desired to span    with
 arches of ever-enduring granite1       
symbolical of the firmly    established 
union of the ,north and the ,south4     
,that ,president was    ,general        
,jackson4    ,illustration3 ,,arlington 
,,memorial ,,bridge1 ,,architects'      
,,design    ,the need of a bridge direct

 to ,arlington ,national ,cemetery was  
most  urgently felt on ,armistice ,day1 
,november #aa1 #aiba1 when the remains  
of the ,unknown ,soldier were entombed4 
,led by ,president ,harding  and        
officials of this ,government and of    
many foreign countries1  thousands of   
people who made the trip to ,arlington  
did so under most  difficult            
circumstances1 because of the crowded   
traffic conditions4  ,the ,commission of
 ,fine ,arts was in session at the time1
 and at once  recommended to ,congress  
the preparation of plans for an         
,arlington  ,memorial ,bridge1 with an  
initial appropriation of #be1jjj4       
,congress  responded quickly and made   
the appropriation available for         
expenditure  by the ,arlington ,memorial
 ,bridge ,commission1 by act approved   
,june  #ab1 #aibb4 ,on ,april #bb1      
#aibd1 the commission submitted to      
,congress a  comprehensive report on the
 subject and a set of approved plans    
that  contemplated an expenditure of    

#ad1gej1jjj for the project4 ,congress  
adopted the report and plans and has    
made the necessary funds available  for 
the construction work as fast as the    
project developed4 ,the  architects of  
the bridge are ,mc,kim1 ,mead  ,white1  
of ,new ,york ,city1 who  are noted for 
the many great and beautiful classical  
structures they  have built throughout  
the ,united ,states1 as the ,boston     
,public ,library1  the library at       
,columbia ,university1 the ,pennsylvania
 ,railroad ,station  in ,new ,york      
,city1 and the ,mc,kinley ,memorial at  
,niles1 ,ohio4 ,this firm  also had     
charge of the building of additions to  
the ,white ,house during  the           
administration of ,president ,roosevelt4
    ,illustration3 ,,eagle ,,surmounting
 ,,pylons    ,illustration3 ,,bison     
,,head    ,the bridge extends from the  
,lincoln ,memorial to ,columbia ,island1
 has a  length of #b1ach feet1 and is   
#ij feet wide1 the width of ,fifth      
,avenue in  ,new ,york ,city4 ,the      

bridge has been built as low as         
possible1 consistent  with good         
proportions1 in order not to interfere  
with the view of the  ,lincoln ,memorial
 from ,columbia ,island4 ,there are #f  
lanes on the bridge1  each #aj feet     
wide1 and #b sidewalks1 each #ae feet   
wide4 ,the balustrade  is #d feet high4 
,suitable lighting is also provided4    
,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,horydczak  
,,arlington ,,memorial ,,bridge    ,the 
bridge has #i segmental arches of       
#aff-;foot span at the ends of the      
bridge and spreading gradually to #ahd  
feet at the center4 ,the terminal       
arches rise to a point #bh feet above   
average water height1 increasing        
gradually to #ce feet in the central    
arch4 ,the piers are #cb feet wide  and 
are firmly embedded in rock #ce feet    
below water4 ,the superstructure  is    
built of ,north ,carolina granite4      
,illustration3 ,,eagle ,,and ,,fasces   
,at the entrance to the bridge at the   
,lincoln ,memorial there will be two    

large sculptural groups1 each #af feet  
high4 ,the pylons at the ,columbia      
,island end of the bridge1 which are #ce
 feet high1 are surmounted by  eagles #h
 feet high1 each cut out of a solid     
block of granite1 according  to the     
design of ,c4 ,paul ,jennewein1         
sculptor4    ,at the sides of the bridge
 appear large sculptured disks1 each #ab
 feet  in diameter1 and at the keystone 
of the arches there are buffalo heads   
#f feet in height4 ,these were also     
designed by ,mr4 ,jennewein4    ,the two
 sculptural groups at the entrance to   
the bridge will be  symbolic of ,war4   
,they were designed by ,leo             
,friedlander1 sculptor4 ,at  the        
entrance to the ,rock ,creek ,parkway   
there will be two sculptural  groups    
symbolic of ,peace and the arts of      
,peace1 designed by ,james ,e4  ,fraser1
 sculptor4 ,there will be appropriate   
inscriptions carved on the  bridge4     
,illustration3 ,,columbia ,,island      
,,plaza ,,and ,,memorial ,,avenue ,,to  

,,arlington  ,,national ,,cemetery      
,illustration3 ,,the ,,arlington        
,,memorial ,,bridge ,,development1      
,,looking  ,,towards ,,the ,,lincoln    
,,memorial    ,at the center of the     
bridge is a drawspan1 each leaf of which
 has  a length of #ib feet1 the height  
of an #h-story building4 ,one minute  is
 required for opening and closing the   
drawspan1 which is operated  by         
electricity4 ,each leaf weighs #f1jjj   
tons4 ,it is in itself an  interesting  
achievement in bridge engineering4      
,from ,columbia ,island westward there  
is the boundary channel bridge4  ,from  
there to the ,arlington ,national       
,cemetery is a memorial parkway  #bdj   
feet wide1 #b1bjj feet in length1       
lighted1 lined with planting1 and       
providing space at intervals for        
memorials4    ,at ,arlington ,national  
,cemetery there is a large memorial     
entrance1 from  which walks and         
driveways lead to the ,tomb of the      
,unknown ,soldier at  the ,memorial     

,amphitheater and to ,arlington ,house4 
,illustration3 ,,plan ,,for             
,,development ,,of ,,greater ,,arlington
    ,not only was the ,arlington        
,memorial ,bridge built in a period of  
#g  years1 but one of the finest        
compositions in city planning has been  
carried out in connection with it4 ,in  
addition to the treatment on  ,columbia 
,island ,plaza and the approach to      
,arlington ,national ,cemetery1  there  
is also the great plaza at the approach 
to the bridge at the  ,lincoln          
,memorial1 a sea wall for the ,riverside
 ,drive leading to it1 and  the water   
gate--steps of granite #bae feet        
wide--nearby4    ,the bridge was        
dedicated and opened for travel in      
#aicb4          ,,chapter ,,xix    ,,the
 ,,parks ,,of ,,the ,,district ,,of     
,,columbia      ,the park system of the 
,national ,capital is under the         
jurisdiction of  the ,national ,park    
,service1 ,department of the ,interior4 
,since #ahga in many ways1 particularly 

municipal affairs1 the ,national        
,capital has been in the lead among     
,american cities4 ,having begun with  a 
logical and well-thought-out plan for   
the original city1 the new  ,federal    
,city was provided with an ample system 
of public reservations  and parks4      
,however1 in the early days of the city 
there was so much unoccupied  land that 
it was hard to believe there would ever 
be any necessity  for parks and open    
spaces developed and maintained at      
public expense4  ,for three-quarters of 
a century ,washington was so spread out 
within  the borders of the original plan
 that the street rights-of-way and      
public grounds reserved by the          
,l',enfant plan seemed to be entirely   
out of scale with the needs of the city 
and were looked upon by some  as a      
burden rather than as a benefit4 ,it was
 not until the increase  in population1 
which has continued steadily since the  
,civil ,war1 and  the congestion of the 
streets in recent years with automobiles

 and a  great volume of traffic1 that   
the building lots have been occupied    
with  structures and the full width of  
the streets needed for traffic1 so  that
 the public reservations have become the
 only refuge for the play  of children  
and the recreation of older people4     
,it is1 therefore1 easy to understand   
the lack of appreciation of the  city   
park system during the first half of the
 nineteenth century4 ,a  few far-sighted
 individuals only realized the necessity
 for preserving  these reservations     
until they would be needed as breathing 
spaces in a  thickly settled city1 and  
they had to wage a persistent and       
hard-fought  campaign through the years 
against those who constantly wanted to  
sell  off the public reservations for   
building development of some kind or    
other1 or to have the ,government itself
 use them for buildings4 ,in the  two or
 three cases in which the latter was    
done we now have reason  to regret it2  
in a few cases in which the reservations

 were sold  the ,government is now      
having to buy them back at considerable 
cost4  ,it was not a matter of little   
importance which led ,president ,thomas 
,jefferson to exclaim3 8,how ,i wish    
that ,i possessed the power of a        
despot40 ,the company at the table      
stared at a declaration so opposed  to  
his disposition and principles4 8,yes10 
continued he1 in reply to  their        
inquiring looks1 8,i wish ,i was a      
despot1 that ,i might save the  noble1  
the beautiful trees that are daily      
falling sacrifices to the  cupidity of  
their owners1 or the necessity of the   
poor40 8,and have  you not authority to 
save those on the public grounds80 asked
 one of  the company4 8,no10 answered   
,mr4 ,jefferson1 8only an armed guard   
could  save them4 ,the unnecessary      
felling of a tree1 perhaps the growth of
  centuries1 seems to me a crime little 
short of murder2 it pains me to  an     
unspeakable degree40    ,illustration3  
,,new ,,hampshire ,,avenue1 ,,northwest 

,the same desire to cut down trees in   
order to make room for more  concrete   
and masonry persists to this day and can
 only be controlled  by constant        
vigilance4 ,the importance of open      
spaces and city parks1  developed into  
beauty spots by the art of the landscape
 architect1  should be evident to all4  
,as a matter of fact1 perhaps the most  
unusual and original feature  of the    
,l',enfant plan was the idea of building
 the city about two  coordinate axes of 
parks--one a park system nearly a third 
of a mile  wide1 leading from the       
,capitol westward to the ,potomac       
,river1 and  the other the same width1  
leading from the ,white ,house south to 
the  river1 with the ,washington        
,monument at their intersection4 ,this  
was an  innovation and a departure from 
the usual development of a city about  a
 commercial street--a main street or a  
market street4 ,provision was  made in  
the plan for such a great commercial    
street on the diagonal  of the triangle1

 the avenue joining the ,capitol with   
the ,white ,house1  and named           
,pennsylvania ,avenue1 for the ,state in
 which the ,federal  ,government had up 
to then spent the greater part of its   
life4    ,much of the ,mall leading     
westward from the ,capitol was          
unfortunately  taken up by the estuary  
of ,tiber ,creek1 which overflowed at   
high tide4  ,it was the intention of    
,major ,l',enfant and his urgent        
recommendation  that this creek be      
confined to a canal which he proposed to
 construct  along the northern part of  
the proposed park4 ,this canal would not
  only afford water transportation for  
heavy and bulky materials to and  from  
the business part of the city but at the
 same time would be a  water feature of 
the proposed park4 ,unfortunately1 while
 the canal was  built1 ,tiber ,creek was
 not entirely confined to it1 and its   
estuary  was allowed to continue to     
overflow the ,mall area and thus delay  
its  development4    ,when the          

,washington ,monument was located1      
instead of being placed  at the exact   
intersection of the two park axes1 it   
was placed on a  natural hill near by   
which was safely above tide level4 ,the 
idea of an  avenue from the ,capitol to 
the ,washington ,monument seems to have 
been  abandoned for many years1 and when
 the ,smithsonian ,institution was      
built in the ,mall the plan made by ,a4 
,j4 ,downing was adopted for the  entire
 ,mall1 superseding that of ,l',enfant4 
,these were the days when the  so-called
 naturalistic park development was in   
vogue1 and everything  had to be        
consciously picturesque4 ,no road or    
path could be straight1  and no         
regularity in planting or plan was      
tolerated4 ,the ,l',enfant plan  was    
again disregarded in laying out the     
,department of ,agriculture  grounds in 
#ahfg4 ,with the avenue of the ,mall out
 of the picture1 there  was no reason   
apparent to those in authority for      
refusing permission  to the             

,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 to run its 
tracks across the ,mall and  build its  
passenger station in the ,mall itself1  
at ,sixth ,street4    ,it was this      
station1 however1 which brought about   
the restudy of the  plan of ,washington 
and the return to the ,mall development 
in accordance  with ,l',enfant's        
principles1 for ,col4 ,theodore ,a4     
,bingham1 then in  charge of ,public    
,buildings and ,grounds1 on hearing that
 legislation was  about to be passed    
authorizing the railroad to build a     
viaduct across  the ,mall to this       
station1 and realizing that this        
expensive structure  would probably make
 the carrying out of ,l',enfant's plan  
impossible1  got the plan out of the    
files and started a campaign to prevent 
the  legislation from passing and to    
rehabilitate the authority of the       
,l',enfant plan4 ,he was fortunate in   
finding those among his superiors  who  
appreciated the situation1 and in       
securing the very wise and  effective   

help of ,senator ,mc,millan and of the  
,american ,institute of  ,architects4   
,indeed1 the interest in the ,national  
,capital1 excited in this way  and more 
or less focused upon it by the centenary
 of its occupation  as the seat of the  
,federal ,government1 resulted in the   
,mc,millan ,park  ,commission of #aija  
and its very valuable recommendations   
for the  development and beautification 
of the ,national ,capital4 ,in recent   
years  the development of the ,mall in  
accordance with the plan of #aija has   
been authorized by ,congress and is     
being carried on step by step as it     
becomes possible in connection with the 
public-buildings program4    ,the       
smaller reservations and parks suffered 
neglect equally1 as  was to be expected4
 ,in making his plan ,l',enfant had     
located public  reservations at various 
important street and avenue             
intersections4  ,where more than two    
streets crossed at one point1 a circle  
or square to  take up and distribute the

 traffic among the various streets was  
almost  necessary1 or at least would be 
necessary to-day1 and it is fortunate   
that what ,l',enfant did for appearance 
should now be proving to have  real     
utilitarian value4 ,his own ideas about 
the purpose and function of  these      
squares are expressed in his report1 as 
follows3      ,the center of each       
,square will admit of ,statues1         
,columns1 ,obelisks1    or any other    
ornament such as the different ,states  
may choose to    erect3 to perpetuate   
not only the memory of such individuals 
whose    counsels or ,military          
achievements were conspicuous in giving 
liberty    and independence to this     
,country2 but also those whose          
usefulness    hath rendered them worthy 
of general imitation1 to invite the     
youth    of succeeding generations to   
tread in the paths of those sages1 or   
heroes whom their country has thought   
proper to celebrate4      ,the situation
 of these ,squares is such that they are

 the most    advantageously and         
reciprocally seen from each other and as
 equally    distributed over the whole  
,city district1 and connected by        
spacious    avenues round the grand     
,federal ,improvements and as contiguous
 to    them1 and at the same time as    
equally distant from each other1 as     
circumstances would admit4 ,the         
,settlements round those ,squares must  
soon become connected4      ,this mode  
of taking possession of and improving   
the whole district at    first must     
leave to posterity a grand idea of the  
patriotic interest    which prompted it4
    ,while ,lafayette ,park1 in front of
 and north of the ,white ,house1 was    
graded as early as #ahbf1 it was not    
planted and really developed as  a park 
for some time after that4 ,in #ahec the 
,clark ,mills statue of  ,jackson was   
placed in it as its central feature4    
,similarly1 the equestrian statue of    
,washington brought about the           
improvement of ,washington ,circle at   

the westerly end of ,pennsylvania       
,avenue4 ,garfield ,park1 now one of the
 most beautiful parks in the  city1 was 
graded and to some extent improved in   
#ahch1 in connection  with its use as a 
nursery for trees to ornament the public
 grounds and  ,pennsylvania ,avenue4    
,a botanic garden1 which had been talked
 about from the very first1  and was    
finally brought to a head by the        
necessity for providing for  the botanic
 collection of the ,smithsonian         
,institution1 was gradually  established
 at the east end of the ,mall between   
,first and ,third  ,streets4 ,it did not
 become a really important feature of   
public benefit  to the city until #aheb1
 when it was placed in the hands of     
,william  ,r4 ,smith1 who had had       
experience in ,kew ,gardens in ,england 
and made  sufficient progress for the   
,botanic ,garden to be described in     
#ahei 8as  a pleasant place to visit1   
with gravel walks1 bordered with box1   
rare  plants1 and trees40    ,how little

 these parks were needed then to give   
the requisite touch of  nature in urban 
surroundings and to what extent the     
,national ,capital  still retained its  
character of a few scattered settlements
 in the  midst of farm land is shown by 
the fact that the one or two which had  
been improved had to be fenced in to    
protect their young trees and  shrubs   
against the cattle1 goats1 and sheep    
that roamed the streets4  ,as late as   
#ahgj the danger to pedestrians from the
 domestic animals  allowed at large was 
the subject of protest in formal        
speeches in  ,congress4 ,during the     
,civil ,war many of the public          
reservations were  used for camps1      
hospitals1 and drill grounds1 which use 
naturally did  not help their           
appearance4    ,while the parks and     
reservations not used by the ,federal   
,government  remained relatively        
unimproved and in the condition of      
unsightly  village commons1 the grounds 
around the public buildings of the      

,federal ,government were given a little
 more attention and were  gradually     
improved4 ,the north grounds of the     
,white ,house were fixed  up in         
,jefferson's administration and         
rearranged from time to time            
subsequently1 but so little importance  
was attached to appearances that  the   
south grounds of the ,white ,house      
remained unimproved through the  first  
half of the century4 ,it was not until  
after the ,civil ,war that  real        
importance was attached to the          
beautification of the grounds and  the  
systematic planting of trees in the     
streets4 ,the public buildings  and     
grounds were turned over to the ,chief  
of ,engineers in #ahfg1 and  since that 
time have received a great deal more    
attention than ever  before4 ,in #ahih  
the municipal parks were transferred    
from the city  government to the ,chief 
of ,engineers and have been             
systematically  improved since4    ,with
 the street trees and the improved city 

parks scattered about the  central part 
of the city1 ,washington has acquired a 
characteristic  appearance of its own   
and offers the charm and amenities which
 other  ,american cities were not wise  
enough to provide for themselves4    ,as
 the city grew outside of the original  
plan1 a few projects for large  and     
extensive parks were adopted4 ,the      
beautiful ,rock ,creek ,valley  was     
purchased for a park and for the        
,zoological ,garden under the act       
approved ,september #bg1 #ahij2 and     
provision was made by the act approved  
,august #b1 #ahhb1 for the filling in of
 the ,potomac tidal flats4 ,this  latter
 project has developed nearly #a1jjj    
acres of reclaimed park land            
extensively used for recreation of all  
kinds4 ,it also extended the axis  of   
the ,mall about three-fourths of a mile 
beyond what was originally  planned1    
thus affording a suitable terminal in   
the site for the ,lincoln  ,memorial4   
,in #ahic the evils of new1 rapidly     

growing subdivisions outside the  limits
 of the ,l',enfant plan--laid out       
without any regard to the  latter--were 
sufficiently recognized to bring about  
the passage  of legislation for making a
 highway or street plan of the entire   
,district of ,columbia4 ,this law was   
further amended in #ahih and  resulted  
in a street layout followed ever since1 
with modifications  from time to time4  
,but this1 being a street plan1 made no 
provision  for the extension of the     
system of city parks into the new       
territory1  nor for merging the newly   
authorized major park projects with the 
street system4 ,hence one of the major  
duties with which the ,mc,millan        
,commission was charged in #aija was the
 design of appropriate parks  outside of
 the ,l',enfant plan4    ,the high      
talents and national reputation of the  
members of this  commission insured that
 their recommendations for the          
beautification  and development of the  
,capital would really be a new1 grand1  

basic  plan4 ,after mature study1 in the
 light of the finest examples the world 
had produced1 this commission reinstated
 the authority of the ,l',enfant  plan  
and carried it to its logical           
conclusions in new territory4 ,this     
action reflected credit not only on the 
genius of ,l',enfant but also on  the   
commission itself1 which had the wisdom 
to recognize the supreme  merit of the  
original plan and the good sense1 and   
modesty1 to build  upon it4    ,however1
 the #aija commission's plan never      
received general legislative  sanction1 
and approval of some of its individual  
major projects was  obtained only after 
great effort and much urging by the     
executive  authorities and some         
far-sighted ,members of the ,congress4  
,first1 the  railroads arranged for a   
,union ,station 7#aijc71 and the        
,pennsylvania  ,railroad ,co4 removed   
its tracks and station from the ,mall1  
so that  to-day the traveler by rail    
enters the city through a great         

monumental  portal and finds himself in 
sight of the ,capitol4 ,in #aiac the    
,rock  ,creek and ,potomac ,parkway was 
authorized1 to connect the ,rock ,creek 
,valley with the ,potomac ,park system4 
,in #aiaa the ,lincoln ,memorial and    
the development of the ,mall between it 
and the ,washington ,monument  were     
provided for4 ,a law approved in #aija  
provided for construction  of the       
,general ,grant ,memorial at the east   
end of the ,mall at the base  of        
,capitol ,hill1 while a memorial to     
,gen4 ,george ,g4 ,meade1 located in    
relation to the ,grant ,memorial1 was   
subsequently 7#aibf7 accepted from  the 
,state of ,pennsylvania4 ,in #aibd the  
,arlington ,memorial ,bridge was        
approved4    ,illustration3 ,,park      
,,areas ,,acquired ,,to ,,july #a1 #aich
    ,in #aiaj the ,national ,commission 
of ,fine ,arts was set up to--          
advise upon the location of statues1    
fountains1 and monuments in the         
public squares1 streets1 and parks in   

the ,district of ,columbia1 and    upon 
the selection of models for statues1    
fountains1 and monuments    erected     
under the authority of the ,united      
,states and upon the    selection of the
 artists for the execution of the same4 
,this commission1 which has numbered in 
its membership the greatest  architects 
and artists of the country1 has helped  
greatly not only in  raising the        
standard of the public works of art but 
also in securing  the adoption of       
important parts of the #aija plan4      
,with the general paving of streets1 the
 filling of vacant lots with  houses1   
and the increasing automobile traffic1  
it became necessary  to provide safe    
play places for children and necessary  
recreation  facilities for adults4 ,in  
response to this demand1 a system of    
playgrounds was adopted and a           
playgrounds department set up in #aiaa4 
,while all these projects were good and 
necessary1 they failed to keep  pace    
with the needs of the rapidly growing   

city4 ,intrusted to different  executive
 authorities1 these efforts could not be
 properly coordinated1  and occasionally
 were designed without the fullest      
consideration of  other projects        
affected by them4 ,the proposed system  
of playgrounds was  not extended as     
intended1 and even if it had been would 
have proved  inadequate4 ,lands         
recommended for park use in #aija were  
built on with  expensive improvements   
and put to private or commercial uses4  
,the progress made in the quarter       
century #aija to #aibf was so           
unsatisfactory that a ,park and         
,planning ,commission was established   
7#aibd1 amended #aibf7--      to develop
 a comprehensive1 consistent1 and       
coordinated plan for    the ,national   
,capital and its environs in the ,states
 of ,maryland and    ,virginia1 to      
preserve the flow of water in ,rock     
,creek1 to prevent    pollution of ,rock
 ,creek and the ,potomac and ,anacostia 
,rivers1 to    preserve forests and     

natural scenery in and about            
,washington1 and to    provide for the  
comprehensive1 systematic1 and          
continuous development    of park1      
parkway1 and playground systems of the  
,national ,capital and    its environs  
99 99 994    ,besides its city-planning 
work1 this commission recommended a     
complete  system of city parks1         
playgrounds1 and recreation centers1 as 
well as a  system of regional parks4    
,the main new city park feature is a    
circumferential parkway joining  the old
 ,civil ,war forts built to defend the  
city against attack1  but now too near  
urban development to be of any military 
efficacy4  ,but the sites of the forts  
themselves1 besides the interest of the 
remains of the military works1 are      
excellently suited for local  parks1 and
 because of their commanding positions  
afford many unique  and magnificent     
views1 while the drive joining them1    
besides giving  opportunity for an      
unusually picturesque pleasure drive1   

will provide  very much-needed cross    
connections of great traffic value      
between the  radial streets entering the
 city4    ,there is to be a series of   
neighborhood recreation centers from #aj
 to  #bj acres in size for each         
residential community1 with playgrounds 
for  small children interspersed at     
intervals of about half a mile4 ,the    
recreation system is to comprise fields 
for major sports and swimming  pools and
 constitutes a reasonable effort to meet
 the policy that  8every child shall    
have a place to play40    ,the regional 
park system contemplates the acquisition
 of the shores  of the ,potomac from    
,mount ,vernon to and including ,great  
,falls as  a memorial park in memory of 
,george ,washington4 ,this will include 
an area of unique historical and scenic 
value of such picturesque               
attractiveness as can not be found in   
such close proximity to any other  great
 city1 and a possible natural playground
 within reach of millions  of the city  

dwellers of the ,atlantic seaboard4     
,the new memorial highway to ,mount     
,vernon is an important element of  this
 project1 which was completed in #aicb4 
,in the north end of the  project1 near 
,great ,falls1 are the remains of the   
,old ,potomack ,canal1  of which ,george
 ,washington himself supervised the     
construction1 while  on the ,maryland   
shore is the ,chesapeake and ,ohio      
,canal1 formally  initiated by          
,president ,john ,quincy ,adams in      
#ahbh1 and a most perfect  example of   
the type of canal which brought about   
the development of our  country in the  
first half of the nineteenth century4   
,its quiet waters  and overgrown towpath
 and banks have unusual charm and afford
 a most  charming and interesting       
contrast with the torrential river below
 in  its rugged canyon4    ,as a natural
 terminal on the ,maryland bank of the  
river1 nearly  opposite ,mount ,vernon1 
is picturesque old ,fort ,washington    
designed by  ,major ,l',enfant after the

 ,war of #ahab1 and one of the          
best-preserved  forts of this type in   
the ,south ,atlantic ,states4 ,from its 
parapet  one can enjoy one of the best  
views of the ,capital ,city ,l',enfant  
so  gloriously and successfully planned4
    ,the regional park system also      
proposes the extension of ,rock ,creek  
,park into ,maryland and various other  
similar connections with projects  in   
the ,district of ,columbia4 ,perhaps the
 most important is the  opportunity for 
a parkway1 like the ,bronx ,parkway1    
between ,washington  and ,baltimore1    
following up the ,anacostia ,valley1    
,northwest ,branch1 and  ,indian ,creek4
    ,the recommendations of the         
,national ,capital ,park and ,planning  
,commission as to parks were given      
legislative sanction by the act         
approved ,may #bi1 #aicj1 and are being 
carried out as fast as funds  are made  
available4 ,the opportunities here for a
 nearly ideal park  and playground      
system are so unusual that the entire   

country must  be interested in seeing   
their early completion4 ,other cities   
can  have monumental buildings1 but no  
other large city can still have at      
reasonable cost the park and            
recreational facilities essential to the
  amenities of life and the raising of a
 new generation under conditions        
assuring1 for poor and rich alike1 a    
sound mind in a sound body4             
,illustration3 ,,lafayette ,,park1      
,,showing ,,statue ,,of ,,gen4 ,,andrew 
,,jackson      ,,lafayette ,,park       
,the ,l',enfant plan shows the ground   
now known as ,lafayette ,park1 or       
,lafayette ,square1 comprising about #g 
acres1 to have been a part of the       
,president's ,park1 extending on the    
north side from ,h ,street southward  to
 the ,monument ,grounds1 between        
,fifteenth and ,seventeenth ,streets4   
,similarly1 the subsequent ,ellicott    
plan and the ,dermott plan make         
provision for such a spacious park to   
surround the ,president's ,house4       

,these plans show no street dividing    
,lafayette ,park from the ,white ,house 
,grounds4    ,when ,l',enfant prepared  
his plan this was a neglected area1 a   
common  without trees4 ,a race course   
was laid out1 in #agig1 on the west side
 of  the grounds1 extending westward to 
,twentieth ,street4 ,huts for workmen   
who helped build the ,president's ,house
 were erected on the grounds1 and  when 
these were removed a market was         
established there4 ,this was later      
relocated farther to the center of the  
town1 on ,pennsylvania ,avenue1  between
 ,seventh and ,ninth ,streets4 ,thomas  
,jefferson first undertook  really to   
improve the grounds and marked the east 
and west limits as  they are to-day1    
called ,madison ,place and ,jackson     
,place1 respectively4    ,until #ahaf   
the only important building that had    
been erected adjacent  to ,lafayette    
,park was ,st4 ,john's ,church4 ,then1  
in #ahah1 the ,dolly  ,madison ,house   
was built1 and in #ahai the ,decatur    

,house4 ,from then on  and for more than
 #ej years following ,lafayette ,park   
became the center  of social life in    
,washington4 ,nearly every house        
surrounding it became  noted for its    
historical associations4 ,however1 the  
park seems to have  been neglected the  
greater part of this period4 ,in #ahdj  
there was an  ordinary fence around it4 
,just when this park area took the name 
of ,lafayette ,park is not  definitely  
known4 ,as has been said1 originally    
this area was a part  of the            
,president's ,park1 and ,d4 ,b4 ,warden1
 in his volume entitled  8,description  
of the ,district of ,columbia10         
published in #ahaf1 refers  to it as    
such by saying1 in connection with rates
 of fare for hackney  carriages--       
,from the ,president's ,square to       
,greenleaf's ,point1 and also to        
,hamburg    ,wharf1 or to the western   
limits of the city1 the rate is but #be 
cents1 and half the distance one-half   
that sum4    ,in his voluminous history 

of ,lafayette ,square1 ,gist ,blair     
states--      ,its name has come from   
the people and arose after this visit of
    ,lafayette to the city in #ahbd4    
,illustration3 ,,the ,,lincoln          
,,memorial    ,again1 speaking of the   
many social events held in ,washington  
during  this visit of ,lafayette1 ,mr4  
,blair says3      ,socially1 the season 
of #ahbd-be was the most brilliant      
,washington had    seen1 so it is       
natural to understand how everyone at   
this time may    have started to call   
this square ,lafayette ,square4    ,in  
the office of the ,national ,park       
,service1 ,department of the ,interior1 
there is a map dated #aheb1 on which    
,lafayette ,park is shown to be         
separated from the ,white ,house        
,grounds4 ,the first printed report of  
the  ,commissioner of ,public           
,buildings1 on file in that office1 is  
of the  year #aheg4 ,in that report     
there is a reference to ,lafayette      
,square with  an account of certain work

 being done there in that year4         
,during more than a quarter of a century
 past the grounds have been  properly   
maintained as a park4 ,to-day there are 
five notable monuments  in ,lafayette   
,park2 namely1 the ,jackson1 ,lafayette1
 ,rochambeau1 ,von  ,steuben1 and the   
,kosciuszko4      ,,potomac ,,parks     
,it is of interest to note from the     
,l',enfant plan of #agia the absence  of
 land in the area known to-day as ,west 
and ,east ,potomac ,parks4              
,seventy-five years ago the area had    
developed into a marshy region1  which  
became so malarial as to affect         
seriously the health of residents  of   
the city4 ,in #aija the ,mc,millan ,park
 ,commission decided to extend  the axis
 of the ,mall westward three-fourths of 
a mile1 and as a result  one of the     
greatest and most remarkable            
developments in city planning  has been 
accomplished1 for at that time1 in      
connection with the park  improvement   
project1 the location of the ,lincoln   

,memorial and the  ,arlington ,memorial 
,bridge was determined upon in plan1    
together with  the ,rock ,creek and     
,potomac ,parkway development4 ,the     
dredging of these  swampy regions by the
 ,united ,states ,engineer ,office      
resulted in the  creation of ,west      
,potomac ,park1 comprising #cid acres4  
,east ,potomac ,park is located along   
the ,potomac ,river not far from the    
,lincoln ,memorial and has developed    
during the past few years into the  most
 prominent recreational park of the     
city4 ,the golf course1 field  house1   
and picnic groves are features of the   
park4 ,it is one of the  three great    
island parks of the world and comprises 
#cbg acres of land  reclaimed from the  
,potomac ,river1 with a water front of  
#c miles4 ,the  park is bounded by a    
motor drive1 which is lined with        
,japanese cherry  trees4 ,a canal to    
cross the park1 connecting ,washington  
,channel with  the ,potomac ,river1 is  
in plan4      ,,japanese ,,cherry       

,,trees    ,the ,japanese cherry trees  
along the ,tidal ,basin and the ,potomac
 ,park  ,driveway attract thousands of  
visitors to ,washington during the      
cherry  blossom season1 which is early  
in ,april of each year4 ,they are the   
gift  of the city of ,tokyo to the      
,national ,capital4 ,upon arrival the   
first  consignment of #b1jjj trees was  
found to be infected by fungous diseases
  and insect pests1 and thereupon they  
were destroyed4 ,in the winter  of      
#aiaa-ab the city of ,tokyo renewed the 
gift1 and in ,march1 #aiab1 a           
consignment of #c1jbj trees arrived in  
,washington4 ,these were examined  by   
experts of the ,department of           
,agriculture and pronounced healthy     
specimens4    ,illustration3 ,,meridian 
,,hill ,,park--,,upper ,,garden         
,illustration3 ,,meridian ,,hill        
,,park--,,lower ,,garden                
,arrangements were made immediately for 
planting them4 ,mrs4 ,william  ,howard  
,taft planted the first tree and        

,viscountess ,chinda the second  early  
in ,april4 ,when the news was received  
in ,japan that the trees had  been      
successfully planted1 the following     
message from ,mayor ,ozaki1 of  ,tokyo1 
was received3      ,it will remain to   
the citizens of ,tokyo a pleasing memory
 as well as    civic pride that their   
small offering will be permitted to     
contribute    to the advancement of the 
beautiful ,capital of the great         
,republic    which they all admire4     
,the cherry trees of ,washington are    
almost entirely of the flowering        
species1 of the single and double       
blossom varieties2 the former1  planted 
at the edge of the ,tidal ,basin1 appear
 first4 ,there they are  near1 also1 to 
the ,washington ,monument and the       
,lincoln ,memorial1  and with their     
tinted blossoms present a charming      
vista4 ,the  double-flowering variety in
 ,east ,potomac ,park appears about two 
weeks  later4      ,,meridian ,,hill    
,,park    ,meridian ,hill ,park is      

located between ,fifteenth and          
,sixteenth and ,w  and ,euclid ,streets 
,,nw4 ,it comprises about #ab acres4    
,the design for  improving the park has 
been completed and approved and a       
large-scale  model of the southern      
portion prepared for special study in   
carrying  out the details4    ,in design
 ,meridian ,hill ,park is similar to an 
,italian garden1  containing an upper   
and a lower garden1 and as a formal     
garden of its  kind there is no other   
like it in the ,united ,states4 ,the    
upper garden  extends from ,euclid      
,street about #ijj feet south on a      
practically level  stretch of mall to   
the grand terrace1 which forms the cross
 axis of  the park4 ,concert groves and 
promenades1 with niches for statues and 
monuments in the hemlock hedge1 are     
features of the upper garden4 ,this     
part of the park has been for the most  
part completed4    ,from the terrace a  
commanding view of the city is obtained4
 ,immediately  to the south is a        

cascade1 descending to a pool in the    
lower garden4  ,east of the pool there  
is a statue of ,president ,buchanan1    
erected by  authority of ,congress as   
the gift of ,harriet ,lane ,johnston to 
the  ,united ,states4 ,in the lower     
garden there is also a great exedra1    
forming the main point from which to    
view the cascades4 ,along the sides  of 
the lower garden are walks amidst       
planting1 leading to the upper  garden4 
,the main entrance to ,meridian ,hill   
,park is on ,sixteenth ,street4  ,a     
tablet here suggests the name given to  
the park4 ,it bears this  inscription3  
,,the ,,stone ,,marking ,,the           
,,washington ,,meridian ,,was ,,formerly
 ,,located    #eb ,,feet #i ,,inches    
,,west ,,of ,,this ,,tablet1 ,,which    
,,was ,,presented ,,by ,,the    ,,army  
,,and ,,navy ,,chapter ,,of ,,the       
,,daughters ,,of ,,the ,,american       
,,revolution1    #ahjd-aibc4            
,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,rock ,,creek
 ,,park    ,on the grand terrace is a   

copy of the famous ,dubois statue of    
,jeanne  d',arc1 given by the ,socit des
 ,femmes de ,france  ,new ,york to the  
,national ,capital4 ,there is also a    
statue of ,dante in the lower garden1   
the gift of ,chevalier ,carlo ,barsotti1
 editor of a leading ,italian  newspaper
 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,an armillary     
sphere is in the great exedra  of the   
lower garden4    ,while a million       
dollars could not buy the land occupied 
by ,meridian  ,hill ,park1 it is of     
interest to know that for the #aaj      
acres1 which  extended from what is now 
,florida ,avenue to ,columbia ,road and 
east of  ,sixteenth ,street1 ,commodore 
,porter paid #ac1jjj in #ahaf4          
,,rock ,,creek ,,park    ,one of the    
largest and most beautiful natural parks
 in the world  is ,rock ,creek ,park1   
extending from the ,william ,howard     
,taft ,bridge  northward to the boundary
 line of the ,district of ,columbia1 and
  comprising #a1fcb acres4 ,congress    
authorized the creation of the park  in 

#ahij1 with an appropriation of #aj1jjj4
 ,adjacent to the park is the  ,national
 ,zoological ,park4    ,illustration3   
,,joaquin ,,miller ,,cabin ,,in ,,rock  
,,creek ,,park    ,illustration3 ,,plan 
,,of ,,anacostia ,,park      ,,anacostia
 ,,park    ,the plan for the development
 of this project provides for the       
reclamation of what are known as the    
,anacostia ,flats1 along the  ,anacostia
 ,river1 on the east side of the        
,district of ,columbia1 into  ,anacostia
 ,park1 of #a1ajj acres4 ,the distance  
from the point near the  ,war ,college  
to the ,district line is about #f miles4
 ,the park will be one  of the largest  
and most beautiful waterside parks in   
this country4 ,the  breaking of ground  
for the park took place ,august #b1     
#aibc4    ,as has been related1 more    
than three centuries ago1 or in the     
summer  of #afjh1 ,capt4 ,john ,smith1  
in an exploration of the tributaries of 
the ,chesapeake ,bay1 landed on these   
very banks4 ,he found a tribe of        

peaceful ,indians1 the ,nacotchtant     
7,anacostans71 numbering some #hj men1  
kind and well disposed1 who did their   
best to content ,captain ,smith and  his
 fellow explorers4 ,these ,indians no   
doubt made their home in this           
neighborhood on account of the abundance
 of game4    ,one of the largest        
water-lily gardens1 the ,shaw ,lily     
,gardens1 is  situated opposite ,mount  
,hamilton1 on the east side of the      
,anacostia  ,river4 ,it is thought these
 ultimately will become part of the     
,anacostia  ,park4 ,the ,anacostia is   
also a popular place for fishing1 and it
 is  expected fish ponds will be        
established there later4    ,a large    
stadium and playground at the end of    
,east ,capitol ,street1  adjoining      
,anacostia ,park1 is proposed4 ,the     
,national ,arboretum will be  adjacent  
to it from ,mount ,hamilton eastward4   
,,national ,,arboretum    ,the movement 
to establish a ,national ,arboretum was 
first definitely  proposed by ,hon4     

,james ,wilson1 ,secretary of           
,agriculture1 in his report  for the    
fiscal year #ahii--      ,one in which  
can be brought together for study all   
the trees that    will grow in          
,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 99 99 99          
furnishing complete material    for the 
investigations of the ,department of    
,agriculture1 and so    managed as to be
 a perennial means of botanical         
education4    ,in #aiah the ,commission 
of ,fine ,arts1 at the request of the   
,house  ,committee on the ,library1 made
 a study of the problem of the location 
of a proposed botanical garden and      
arboretum4 ,after an elaborate  study1  
conducted with the help of the          
,department of ,agriculture1 the        
commission recommended the purchase of  
,mount ,hamilton and adjacent  land1 and
 ,hickey ,hill1 together with the lands 
between those heights  and the          
,anacostia marshes1 in northeast        
,washington4 ,the report of the         
commission encountered opposition1 but  

its logic has prevailed4                
,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,national    
,,arboretum ,,prepared ,,by ,,the       
,,national  ,,commission ,,of ,,fine    
,,arts    ,the act providing for the    
establishment of the ,national          
,arboretum1  approved ,march #d1 #aibg1 
is one of the few measures that survived
 the  filibuster in the ,senate on the  
closing day of that session1 because of 
the untiring efforts of ,senator        
,charles ,l4 ,mc,nary1 of ,oregon1      
chairman  of the ,senate ,committee on  
,agriculture and ,forestry4 ,hon4       
,robert  ,luce1 chairman of the         
,committee on the ,library1 handled the 
bill in  the ,house of ,representatives4
 ,the sum of #cjj1jjj was authorized by 
the act for the ,national ,arboretum1   
and this amount was subsequently        
appropriated4 ,the act provided also for
 the appointment by the  ,secretary of  
,agriculture of an advisory council in  
relation to the plan  and development of
 the ,national ,arboretum4 ,to serve on 

this council the  ,secretary of         
,agriculture appointed the following    
persons3    ,frederic ,a4 ,delano1      
,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 member of the     
,board of ,regents1  ,smithsonian       
,institution4    ,henry ,s4 ,graves1    
,new ,haven1 ,conn41 dean of the ,school
 of ,forestry1 ,yale  ,university2      
fellow of the ,society of ,american     
,foresters2 and formerly  president of  
the ,american ,forestry ,association4   
,harlan ,p4 ,kelsey1 ,salem1 ,mass41    
member and former president of the      
,american ,association of ,nurserymen4  
,john ,c4 ,merriam1 ,washington1 ,d4    
,c41 president of the ,carnegie         
,institution of ,washington2 member of  
the ,national ,academy of ,sciences  and
 of the ,national ,research ,council4   
,mrs4 ,frank ,b4 ,noyes1 ,washington1   
,d4 ,c41 chairman of the ,district of   
,columbia committee of the ,garden ,club
 of ,america4    ,frederick ,law        
,olmsted1 ,brookline1 ,mass41 member and
 former president of  the ,american     

,society of ,landscape ,architects4     
,mrs4 ,harold ,i4 ,pratt1 ,glen ,cove1  
,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 secretary of the
  ,garden ,club of ,america4    ,robert 
,pyle1 ,west ,grove1 ,pa41 president of 
the ,american ,horticultural  ,society  
and a director of the ,society of       
,american ,florists and  ,ornamental    
,horticulturists4    ,vernon ,kellogg1  
permanent secretary of the ,national    
,research ,council4    ,it is proposed  
to purchase about #ejj acres1 #djj of   
which1 including  ,mount ,hamilton and  
adjacent portions of ,anacostia ,park1  
have already  been secured4 ,thirty-two 
distinct varieties of soils suited to   
the  growth of trees and plants have    
been found in this area4    ,due to mild
 climatic conditions in ,washington1 at 
the gateway of the  ,south1 where there 
is neither the extreme cold of the      
,north nor the  extreme heat of the     
,south1 many varieties of trees and     
plants of  both ,north and ,south will  
grow1 making it one of the most         

favorable  localities in the ,united    
,states for the establishment of a      
,national  ,arboretum4 ,many countries  
which have established an arboretum in  
their  capital cities have provided not 
only an attractive place of public      
interest but also the source of millions
 of dollars in revenue4                 
,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol ,,upon   
,,its ,,restoration1 #ahbg              
,,chapter ,,xx    ,,architecture ,,of   
,,early ,,days      ,,the ,,capitol     
,illustration3 ,,design ,,of ,,the      
,,capitol1 ,,by ,,thornton1 #ahjj       
,when the seat of government was moved  
from ,philadelphia to ,washington  in   
the year #ahjj there had been erected   
for the purposes of the  ,government a  
small rectangular building1 familiarly  
known to-day as  the ,supreme ,court    
section of the ,capitol1 and in this    
building were  housed the ,senate1 the  
,house of ,representatives1 the ,supreme
 ,court1  the courts of the ,district of
 ,columbia1 and the library1 now known  

as  the ,library of ,congress4 ,south of
 this building was a large vacant       
space1 practically the extension of     
,east ,capitol ,street4 ,through this   
area people from the western and eastern
 parts of the city passed to  and fro4  
,conveniently located in that section   
now occupied by the  central portion    
were two wells1 which for many years    
furnished water  to citizens residing in
 that vicinity1 for the ,capitol        
,grounds were  then occupied by         
residences4 ,south of this vacant space 
were the  foundations of another        
building1 equal in area and intended to 
compare  in cubic contents with the     
portion already erected and occupied4   
,for  some time after the inauguration  
of ,president ,jefferson but little was 
done toward the erection of the southern
 building1 now known as the  ,statuary  
,hall section1 except that the          
foundation walls progressed  slowly1 and
 within the area of these walls there   
was built a #a-story  elliptical-shaped 

building of brick construction1 known to
 the people  of that period as 8,the    
,oven10 designed for the accommodation  
of the  ,house of ,representatives and  
occupied until #ahjg1 when the ,hall of 
the  ,house of ,representatives was     
completed4 ,in #ahjj there were #cb     
,senators  and #ajf ,members of the     
,house4    ,illustration3 ,,the         
,,capitol1 ,,from ,,pennsylvania        
,,avenue1 #ahcj    ,illustration3       
,,capitol1 ,,from ,,the ,,west1         
,,showing ,,the ,,tripoli ,,column      
,thomas ,jefferson sought the assistance
 of the best talent of the  country to  
complete the ,capitol1 and on ,march #f1
 #ahjc1 appointed  ,benjamin ,h4        
,latrobe1 whose fame as an architect had
 caused his  services to be in such     
great demand in several cities that he  
could  not immediately take up his      
residence in ,washington4 ,but he       
arranged  to assume the duties of       
,architect of the ,capitol by personal  
visits to  the city and made a thorough 

study of the plans for the ,capitol4    
,the  plans for the ,hall of the ,house 
of ,representatives as developed by ,mr4
  ,latrobe required sculptural          
decoration1 and this was made the       
subject  of an interesting letter on    
,march #f1 #ahje1 addressed to ,philip  
,mazzei1  an ,italian physician1 asking 
for assistance in selecting a sculptor3 
,by direction of the ,president of the  
,united ,states ,i take the liberty     
to apply to you for your assistance in  
procuring for us the services    of a   
good sculptor in the erection of the    
public buildings in this    city1       
especially the ,capitol4                
,illustration3 ,,senate ,,chamber1 #ahcj
    ,illustration3 ,,house ,,of         
,,representatives ,,chamber1 #ahcj      
,illustration3 ,,early ,,view ,,of ,,the
 ,,white ,,house      ,the ,capitol was 
begun at a time when the country was    
entirely    destitute of artists1 and   
even of good workmen in the branches of 
architecture1 upon which the superiority

 of public over private    buildings    
depends4 ,the north wing1 therefore1    
which is carried up1    although the    
exterior is remarkably well finished as 
to the masonry1    is not a good        
building4 ,for two or three years after 
the removal of    ,congress to this city
 the public works were entirely         
discontinued4 ,in    the year #ahjc1    
however1 they were resumed1 and under   
the patronage    of the ,president and  
the annual appropriations by ,congress  
the south    wing of the ,capitol has   
been begun and carried on4 ,it is now so
    far advanced as to make it necessary
 that we should have as early    as     
possible the assistance of a good       
sculptor of architectural    decorations
 99 99 994    ,the principal sculpture  
required was #bd ,corinthian capitals1  
#b feet  #d inches in diameter at their 
feet and open enriched entablatures of  
#adg feet 7both ,english measure7 in    
length4 ,also five panels 7tavole7      
enriched with foliage and an eagle of   

colossal size in the frieze1 the        
distance between the tips of the        
extended wings to be #ab feet #f inches4
  ,as to material1 yellowish sandstone  
of fine grain was to be used4           
,illustration3 ,,plan1 ,,in ,,black1    
,,showing ,,part ,,first ,,occupied ,,by
 ,,congress1  #ahjj    ,the later       
history of the ,capitol will be found on
 page #bai4      ,,the ,,white ,,house  
,the most definite description of the   
,white ,house as it existed during  its 
earlier days is to be found in ,american
 ,scenery1 published in  ,london in     
#ahdj and edited by ,nathaniel ,parker  
,willis1 who writes as  follows3        
,the residence of the ,chief ,magistrate
 of the ,united ,states resembles    the
 country seat of an ,english nobleman in
 its architecture and size2    but it is
 to be regretted that the parallel      
ceases when we come to    the grounds4  
,by itself it is a commodious and       
creditable building1    serving its     
purpose without too much state for a    

republican country1    yet likely1 as   
long as the country exists without      
primogeniture and    rank1 to be        
sufficiently superior to all other      
dwelling houses to    mark it as the    
residence of the ,nation's chief4       
,illustration3 ,,view ,,showing         
,,terrace ,,on ,,south ,,side ,,of ,,the
 ,,white ,,house1  #ahbg      ,the      
,president's ,house stands near the     
center of an area of some #bj    acres1 
occupying a very advantageous elevation1
 open to the view    of the ,potomac and
 about #dd feet above high water1 and   
possessing    from its balcony one of   
the loveliest prospects in our          
country--the    junction of the two     
branches of the ,potomac which border   
the ,district    and the swelling and   
varied shores beyond of the ,states of  
,maryland    and ,virginia4 ,the        
building is #agj feet front and #hf deep
 and is built    of white freestone1    
with ,ionic pilasters1 comprehending two
 lofty    stories1 with a stone         

balustrade4 ,the north front is         
ornamented    with a portico sustained  
by four ,ionic columns1 with three      
columns    of projection1 the outer     
intercolumniation affording a shelter   
for    carriages to drive under4 ,the   
garden front on the river is varied     
by what is called a rusticated basement 
story1 in the ,ionic style1    and by a 
semicircular projecting colonnade of six
 columns1 with two    spacious and airy 
flights of steps leading to a balustrade
 on the    level of the principal story4
      ,the interior of the ,president's 
,house is well disposed and possesses   
one superb reception room and two oval  
drawing-rooms 7one in each    story7 of 
very beautiful proportions4 ,the other  
rooms are not    remarkable1 and there  
is an inequality in the furniture of the
    whole house 7owing to the           
unwillingness and piecemeal manner with 
which ,congress votes any moneys for its
 decoration7 which destroys    its      
effect as a comfortable dwelling4 ,the  

oval rooms are carpeted    with ,gobelin
 tapestry1 worked with the national     
emblems1 and are    altogether in a more
 consistent style than the other parts  
of the    house4 ,it is to be hoped that
 ,congress will not always consider the 
furniture of the ,president's ,house as 
the scapegoat of all sumptuary    and   
aristocratic sins1 and that we shall    
soon be able to introduce    strangers  
not only to a comfortable and           
well-appointed1 but to a    properly    
served and nicely kept1 ,presidential   
,mansion4    ,the ,white ,house as it is
 at present is described on page #bfa4  
,,octagon ,,house    ,octagon ,house is 
a beautiful example of early ,american  
architecture4  ,it is situated at the   
corner of ,eighteenth ,street and ,new  
,york ,avenue  ,,nw41 two blocks west of
 the ,white ,house1 and was built in the
 year #ahjj  by ,col4 ,john ,tayloe from
 designs by the ,architect of the       
,united ,states  ,capitol1 ,dr4 ,william
 ,thornton4 ,it is said ,president      

,washington himself  selected the site  
for his friend4    ,the building is a   
fine1 octagonal brick structure1        
,georgian in design1  with a central    
circular hall and a noteworthy          
staircase4 ,the materials  used in its  
construction1 including beautiful       
sculptured mantels1 were  brought from  
,england4 ,gardens surrounded it1 and   
the old brick stables  and smokehouse   
still close the vista from the stair    
landing4    ,the house was the center of
 official and social life as the home of
  the ,tayloe family4 ,it achieved      
particular distinction when used as the 
,executive ,mansion by ,president       
,madison for more than a year after the 
burning of the ,white ,house by the     
,british in #ahad4    ,the building was 
later used at various times as a        
,government office  building4 ,the      
,government ,hydrographic ,office1 with 
its drafting rooms1  was located there1 
and the building was also used for      
storage4 ,during  the #aci years it     

appears to have suffered little from    
damage and  deterioration4              
,illustration3 ,,octagon ,,house    ,the
 ,octagon ,house became the home of the 
,american ,institute of  ,architects on 
,january #a1 #ahii1 through the         
particular efforts of  ,charles ,f4     
,mc,kim1 ,cass ,gilbert1 and ,frank     
,miles ,day1 former presidents  of the  
institute1 and complete ownership of the
 property was acquired  in the year     
#aijb4    ,one of its present treasures 
is the table on which the treaty of     
,ghent  was signed by ,president        
,madison4      ,,dolly ,,madison ,,house
    ,the ,dolly ,madison ,house1 at the 
corner of ,h ,street and ,madison ,place
  ,,nw41 adjacent to ,lafayette ,square1
 was built by ,dolly ,madison's         
brother-in-law in #ahah4                
,illustration3 ,,dolly ,,madison ,,house
    ,after the death of ,president      
,madison in #ahcc ,mrs4 ,madison        
returned to  ,washington and resided in 
the house until her death in #ahdi4 ,in 

her  day it was a little gray residence1
 but a place where she presided as  a   
charming hostess for many years4 ,the   
purchase by ,congress of the  ,madison  
,papers for #cj1jjj made it possible for
 her to live there4 ,born  in the year  
#agfh1 she became intimately acquainted 
with many who took  part in the         
,revolutionary ,war1 and through her    
long life linked her  generation with   
that of the present day4    ,among the  
men and women of importance who were    
frequent visitors in her  home1 who     
exerted an influence to strengthen the  
seat of government and  became noted    
characters in ,american history1 were   
,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,john  ,quincy ,adams1   
,henry ,clay1 ,daniel ,webster1 ,mrs4   
,alexander ,hamilton1 ,mrs4  ,stephen   
,decatur1 ,mrs4 ,william ,thornton1     
,mrs4 ,tobias ,lear1 and ,gen4 ,john    
,peter ,van ,ness4    ,during the ,civil
 ,war the house was occupied by ,gen4   
,george ,b4  ,mc,clellan1 at that time  
in command of the ,army of the ,potomac1

 and  about the year #ahhe the house was
 purchased by the ,cosmos ,club1 which  
now occupies it4      ,,decatur ,,house 
,the ,decatur ,house1 located at the    
corner of ,h ,street and ,jackson ,place
  ,,nw41 was designed by ,benjamin      
,latrobe and built about #ahai by       
,commodore  ,stephen ,decatur1 it is    
said1 from ,barbary pirates' prize      
money4    ,illustration3 ,,decatur      
,,house    ,scarcely had the house been 
completed and through the trophies of   
the  naval hero made a place of great   
interest when1 on ,march #bb1 #ahbj1    
,decatur was mortally wounded in a duel 
with ,commodore ,james ,barron  which   
took place at ,bladensburg1 ,md4        
,decatur died in his home that  night   
and was buried at ,kalorama1 a prominent
 estate in those days in  northwest     
,washington4    ,thereupon ,henry ,clay1
 who was then a ,member of the ,house of
  ,representatives and subsequently     
,secretary of ,state in the ,cabinet of 
,john ,quincy ,adams1 occupied the      

,decatur ,house4 ,after the ,civil ,war 
the  house was bought by ,gen4 ,edward  
,h4 ,beale1 a friend of ,general ,grant4
 ,it  was inherited by ,truxton ,beale1 
who resided there many years4           
,,other ,,historical ,,houses    ,other 
houses adjacent to ,lafayette ,square   
and the ,white ,house grounds  which    
became historically important were3     
,the ,cameron ,house1 adjacent to the   
,dolly ,madison ,house1 was built in    
#ahbh by ,benjamin ,ogle ,tayloe4 ,later
 it was altered somewhat to suit the    
fine taste of ,mrs4 ,cameron1 wife of   
,james ,donald ,cameron1 who served  as 
a ,senator from the ,state of           
,pennsylvania from #ahgg to #ahig4 ,the 
,cameron ,house to-day is occupied by   
the ,cosmos ,club1 which1 as has been   
stated1 also occupies the ,dolly        
,madison ,house4 ,the beautiful gardens 
surrounding it are a source of much     
pleasure4    ,the ,van ,ness ,mansion   
formerly stood on the site now occupied 
by the ,pan  ,american ,building1 near  

,seventeenth ,street and ,constitution  
,avenue4    ,illustration3 ,,van ,,ness 
,,mansion    ,the ,rodgers ,house was   
occupied by ,secretary of ,state ,seward
 at the  time he and his son were nearly
 fatally stabbed on the night ,president
  ,lincoln was assassinated4 ,in #ahie  
the house was torn down to make way  for
 an opera house1 called the ,lafayette  
,square ,opera ,house1 and later  the   
,belasco ,theater4    ,john ,hay1       
,secretary of ,state under ,presidents  
,mc,kinley and ,roosevelt1  lived at    
,sixteenth and ,h ,streets4    ,the home
 of ,george ,bancroft was at ,no4 #afbc 
,h ,street4 ,here he completed  his     
,history of the ,united ,states4        
,illustration3 ,,lock ,,of ,,the ,,old  
,,chesapeake ,,and ,,ohio ,,canal1      
,,georgetown    ,the historian ,henry   
,adams1 grandson of ,president ,john    
,quincy ,adams1  lived at #afje ,h      
,street4    ,lord ,ashburton lived in   
the large square house next to the old  
,arlington ,hotel1 at ,h ,street and    

,vermont ,avenue4 ,charles ,sumner also 
lived near by4    ,the ,corcoran ,house 
stood at the corner of ,h ,street and   
,connecticut  ,avenue1 where now stands 
the ,chamber of ,commerce of the ,united
 ,states4  ,in that house ,daniel       
,webster lived while ,secretary of      
,state under  ,presidents ,william      
,henry ,harrison and ,zachary ,taylor4  
,the original ,corcoran ,gallery of ,art
 ,building stands at the corner of      
,pennsylvania ,avenue and ,seventeenth  
,street4    ,no4 #bb ,jackson ,place1   
now the home of the ,women's ,city      
,club1 was the  house of ,president     
,polk's ,secretary of ,war1 ,william ,l4
 ,marcy4 ,the house  was occupied by    
,president and ,mrs4 ,roosevelt for a   
few months while the  ,white ,house was 
being restored in #aija4                
,,georgetown    ,georgetown was laid out
 pursuant to an act of the ,province of 
,maryland  dated ,june #h1 #agea1 passed
 in response to a petition of a number  
of  inhabitants1 who stated that 8there 

was a convenient place for a town  on   
the ,potomac ,river above the mouth of  
,rock ,creek10 and recommended  that #fj
 acres be there laid out for a town4    
,the town was never  incorporated as a  
city1 but was commonly called the city  
of ,georgetown  as a consequence of the 
casual reference to it by that title in 
numerous acts of ,congress4    ,the     
general supposition is that ,georgetown 
was so named in honor of  ,george ,,ii1 
then the reigning sovereign of ,great   
,britain1 but it is  also contended that
 it was named as a compliment to ,george
 ,gordon and  ,george ,beall1 the owners
 of the #fj-;acre tract1 and from whom  
the site  was obtained4 ,the town was   
subsequently surveyed and divided into  
#hj  lots4 ,on ,december #be1 #aghi1 the
 town was incorporated by an act of the 
,general ,assembly of ,maryland1 with a 
mayor1 recorder1 aldermen1 and  common  
council4 ,the first mayor was appointed 
for a term of one year1  to commence    
,january #a1 #agij4    ,the streets in  

the part of ,georgetown laid out under  
the act of ,june  #h1 #agea1 were       
acquired by the public in practically   
the same manner in  which the title to  
the original streets of the city of     
,washington was  derived4    ,georgetown
 was enlarged by numerous additions1    
until1 as calculated by  the surveyor of
 the ,district of ,columbia1 it embraced
 about #edc acres4  ,its charter was    
revoked by the act of ,congress of      
,february #ba1 #ahga1  by which its name
 was retained as a topographical        
designation until  its consolidation    
with ,washington by the act of ,february
 #aa1 #ahie1  which stated it 8shall be 
known as and shall constitute a part of 
the  city of ,washington40 ,by this act 
the ,commissioners of the ,district of  
,columbia were authorized to change the 
names of the streets and avenues  of    
,georgetown to conform to those of      
,washington as far as practicable4  ,at 
the time of the consolidation the       
population of ,georgetown was about     

#ae1jjj4    ,illustration3 ,,old        
,,aqueduct ,,bridge    ,illustration3   
,,francis ,,scott ,,key ,,bridge        
,soon after its establishment           
,georgetown became a prominent port1 and
  one of the interesting places there   
to-day is the old customhouse4 ,a       
number of mills1 the ruins of which can 
still be seen1 were there4  ,it is said 
that flour shipped in colonial times    
from ,georgetown to  ,europe was so good
 that consignees did not think it       
necessary to open  the barrels for      
inspection4 ,tobacco and corn were the  
two other chief  exports4 ,georgetown   
,university was established in #aghi1   
the year ,george  ,washington was       
inaugurated as the first ,president of  
the ,republic4 ,the  ,chesapeake and    
,ohio ,canal1 #ahb miles long1 commenced
 in #ahbh1 had its  beginning in        
,georgetown4 ,it cost #ac1jjj1jjj4      
,georgetown's exports in  #agib amounted
 to #cdh1eci4 ,much coal was also       
shipped to ,alexandria for  towns on the

 ,atlantic coast4    ,georgetown also   
became noted for the many fine houses   
which were built  there1 such as ,tudor 
,place1 ,woodley1 the ,oaks1 ,montrose1 
the ,bowie  ,mansion1 and ,bellevue1    
later known as the ,rittenhouse         
,mansion4 ,in the  early days1 while    
houses in the new ,federal ,city were   
being built1 many  ,members of ,congress
 preferred to travel the dusty road from
 the ,capitol  to ,georgetown because of
 the suitable residences there in which 
they  could live4    ,among the mansions
 near ,georgetown1 to be mentioned here1
 is ,arlington  ,mansion 7described     
fully on page #cji71 built in #ahjb by  
,george  ,washington ,parke ,custis1 the
 adopted son of ,president ,washington4 
,the  original ,arlington estate        
comprised #f1jjj acres4 ,the design of  
the  portico of the house resembles that
 of the ,temple of ,theseus at ,athens1 
which stands to-day one of the          
best-preserved buildings of antiquity4  
,mr4 ,custis lived there till his death 

in #aheg4 ,he entertained ,lafayette  at
 ,arlington during his visit to the     
,united ,states in #ahbd4      ,,francis
 ,,scott ,,key ,,mansion    ,the        
,francis ,scott ,key ,mansion1 at       
,georgetown1 stands remodeled as a      
store building on old ,bridge ,street1  
now ,m ,street1 one-half block from  the
 ,francis ,scott ,key ,bridge4          
,originally it was a #c-story 8colonial0
  brick building1 which stood there as  
such until about the year #aiag1  when  
the ,francis ,scott ,key ,bridge was    
built to replace the old ,aqueduct      
,bridge4    ,entering the front door at 
the left of the building1 there was a   
spacious hall extending through the     
entire house4 ,at the right of the  hall
 were two large parlors4 ,in the        
basement was the dining room1  kitchen1 
and 8cold room10 a room bricked up and  
used as a refrigerator  and pantry4 ,in 
the second story were two large bedrooms
 and a large  hall4 ,the third story    
contained four bedrooms4 ,the window    

frames were  small1 #d by #f inches1    
supported in heavy sashes1 as was the   
custom in  building such houses4    ,in 
the rear of the house was a beautiful   
garden1 which sloped  gracefully to the 
river4 ,the ,chesapeake  ,ohio ,canal   
was later built  through it4 ,this area 
is now occupied by factories1           
warehouses1 and  store buildings4       
,illustration3 ,,francis ,,scott ,,key  
,,house    ,mr4 ,key1 an attorney and   
poet1 lived here with his family many   
years1  and resided here at the time of 
the bombardment of ,fort ,mc,henry4     
,near  by was his law office1 a little  
brick building4    ,illustration3       
,,house ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,days ,,in  
,,georgetown ,,on ,,old ,,bridge 7,m7   
,,street    ,in #ahad1 while the        
,british fleet was in ,chesapeake ,bay1 
,mr4 ,key  attempted to secure the      
release of his friend ,dr4 ,william     
,beane1 of  ,marlboro1 ,md41 who had    
been captured4 ,he was held on shipboard
 during  the shelling of ,fort ,mc,henry

 on the night of ,september #ac4 ,key's 
anxiety became intense4 ,with the first 
approach of dawn ,mr4 ,key turned  his  
eyes in the direction of the fort and   
its flag1 but darkness had  given place 
to a heavy fog4 ,finally1 through a     
vista in the smoke  and vapor he could  
dimly see the flag of his country4      
,overjoyed and  inspired by the sight1  
he composed ,the ,star-,spangled        
,banner4 ,this is  now our national     
anthem by an act of ,congress approved  
,march #c1 #aica1  as follows3      ,be 
it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of 
,representatives of the    ,united      
,states of ,america in ,congress        
assembled1 ,that the composition        
consisting of words and music known as  
,the ,star-,spangled ,banner is         
designated the national anthem of the   
,united ,states of ,america4    ,the    
historic flag that flew over ,fort      
,mc,henry is on exhibition at the       
,historical ,museum of the ,smithsonian 
,institution4      ,,tudor ,,place      

,illustration3 ,,tudor ,,place1         
,,thirty-,,first ,,and ,q ,,streets     
,tudor ,place1 located at ,thirty-first 
and ,q ,streets ,,nw41 is one of the    
fine examples of the architecture of the
 early days of the ,republic  in        
,washington4 ,it was designed by ,dr4   
,william ,thornton1 ,architect of  the  
,capitol1 and built about #ahje by      
,thomas ,peter1 who was one of the      
original landowners of the ,district of 
,columbia4 ,mr4 ,peter married  ,martha 
,parke ,custis1 ,mrs4 ,washington's     
granddaughter4 ,tudor ,place is  still  
the residence of lineal descendants of  
,martha ,washington and  contains many  
heirlooms of the family4 ,general       
,lafayette and other  distinguished     
visitors were entertained here4         
,illustration3 ,,rock ,,creek ,,church  
,tudor ,place to-day is well preserved1 
and its gardens give it added  beauty4  
,illustration3 ,,tudor ,,place1         
,,showing ,,gardens ,,on ,,the ,,east   
,,side      ,,rock ,,creek ,,church     

7,,st4 ,,paul',s7 ,,in ,,rock ,,creek   
,,cemetery    ,rock ,creek ,church is to
 the north of the ,soldiers' ,home4 ,the
 original  building was erected by the  
people of the ,eastern ,branch and ,rock
 ,creek  in #agai in what was then ,st4 
,paul's ,parish1 and was for many years 
the  oldest parish church in the        
,district of ,columbia4 ,it was rebuilt 
in  #agge and remodeled in #ahfh4 ,it   
burned on ,april #f1 #aiba1 but was     
again  rebuilt4    ,in #agbf the        
separation of this parish from ,st4     
,john's 7,georgetown7  marked a         
religious era in the future ,national   
,capital4 ,of the seven men  appointed  
to establish the town of ,georgetown1   
five were officers of  this parish4     
,in the cemetery surrounding the church 
is the famous ,adams ,memorial by       
,saint-,gaudens4      ,,christ ,,church 
,although ,washington had been planned  
as a city in #agia1 it did not  become  
the actual seat of government until     
#ahjj4 ,it was necessary1  therefore1   

for those desiring a ,protestant        
,episcopal ,church in  ,washington to   
apply to the ,maryland ,assembly4 ,this 
application was  made and an act passed 
to form a new parish to be known as     
,washington  ,parish4    ,on ,may #be1  
#agie1 a meeting was held1 and the      
parish of ,christ ,church1  ,washington 
,parish1 was incorporated and vestrymen 
elected4 ,at this  meeting ,rev4 ,george
 ,ralph was appointed the first rector4 
,the first services were held in an old 
building1 originally used as a  tobacco 
barn1 located on ,new ,jersey ,avenue   
near ,d ,street ,,se4    ,illustration3 
,,old ,,tobacco ,,barn    ,on ,may #f1  
#ahjf1 two offers of sites for a new    
church were made4 ,the  one by ,william 
,prout--the present site--was accepted1 
and in #ahjg the  present building was  
erected4 ,three free pews were set      
aside--one for  the use of the          
,president of the ,united ,states2 one  
for ,mr4 ,prout1 the  donor of the land2
 and the third for the rector4 ,the     

church stands on ,g  ,street1 near      
,seventh ,,se4    ,for many years each  
incoming ,president was notified that a 
pew had  been reserved for his use4     
,during their terms of office           
,presidents  ,jefferson1 ,madison1 and  
,monroe worshiped in ,christ ,church4   
,during  all these years the fame of the
 church has grown1 from its antiquity   
as the mother church of the ,capital and
 from its spiritual work and            
ministrations4    ,a history of the     
parish would not be complete without    
some notice of  its burying ground      
7illustrated on page #dd74              
,illustration3 ,,christ ,,church    ,on 
,march #cj1 #ahab1 ,henry ,ingle deeded 
to ,christ ,church vestry a square  of  
ground known as square #aaae1 and the   
name of ,washington ,parish  ,burial    
,ground was given it4 ,on ,may #cj1     
#ahdi1 the vestry changed it  to        
,washington ,cemetery4 ,yet in popular  
nomenclature it is known  as            
,congressional ,cemetery4 ,title can be 

traced back to its early  connection    
with the ,national ,legislature4    ,on 
,april #ae1 #ahaf1 the vestry assigned  
#ajj sites for the interment of         
deceased ,members of ,congress4 ,on     
,december #ae1 #ahbc1 #cjj more sites   
were donated for the same purpose4      
,congress afterwards bought more  sites 
and erected small freestone cenotaphs1  
which form a conspicuous  feature1 made 
sundry appropriations for improvements1 
and began to add  its name to the       
cemetery4 ,many ,congressmen and        
,government officials  are buried there1
 including ,tobias ,lear1 private       
secretary and friend  of ,george        
,washington1 who died in #ahaf2 ,dr4    
,william ,thornton1 who drew  the       
original plans of the ,capitol1 and died
 ,march #bh1 #ahbh2 ,george  ,hadfield1 
an assistant architect of the ,capitol2 
,george ,clinton1  of ,new ,york1 and   
,elbridge ,gerry1 of ,massachusetts1    
,vice ,presidents  of the ,united       
,states4 ,the cemetery1 located at      

,eighteenth ,street  and ,pennsylvania  
,avenue ,,se41 is adjacent to the       
,anacostia ,river and  comprises #cj    
acres4      ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,church    
,st4 ,john's ,church1 sometimes called  
the ,president's ,church1 while  not the
 oldest in the city1 has a history which
 is unique4 ,probably  no other church  
of any denomination in the ,united      
,states has had  throughout its history 
such a distinguished roster of          
communicants as  has ,st4 ,john's1      
located at ,sixteenth and ,h ,streets   
,,nw4    ,the title1 the 8,president's  
,church10 was derived in this way3 ,in  
#ahaf1  before the church was           
consecrated or any pews sold1 a         
committee from  the vestry was          
instructed to make the offer of a pew to
 ,president  ,madison4 ,he accepted and 
thereafter occupied pew ,no4 #bh even   
more  frequently than his pew in ,christ
 ,church4 ,the custom of preserving a   
pew for the ,president has been         
continued1 and a number have regularly  

worshiped there4    ,situated in the    
heart of official ,washington1 for a    
century it has been  the place of       
worship of ,presidents1 ,cabinet        
officers1 distinguished  soldiers and   
diplomats1 and leaders in the           
professional life of the  city4 ,in the 
year #ahab there were two ,episcopal    
churches within  the present city       
limits--,christ ,church1 ,navy ,yard1   
and ,st4 ,john's1  ,georgetown4 ,there  
was need for a third1 caused by the fact
 that the  ,white ,house and            
departmental buildings were erected at a
 point almost  midway between these two4
 ,washington in those days undoubtedly  
seemed  a city of magnificent distances4
 ,so1 on ,april #f1 #ahab1 a committee  
was  appointed by the vestry of the     
mother parish of ,christ ,church to meet
  the situation4 ,then came the ,war of 
#ahab1 when both the city and the       
public buildings suffered1 and it was   
not until ,september #ad1 #ahae1  that  
the corner stone of ,st4 ,john's1       

,washington1 was laid4    ,illustration3
 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,church    ,jonathan  
,elliott1 in his history of the         
,district published in #ahca1  said of  
,st4 ,john's ,church3      ,it was built
 of brick1 covered with rough stucco1 in
 the form of a    ,grecian cross2 but   
being too small for its congregation1 in
 #ahbj it    was enlarged by lengthening
 its western arm1 to the form of a      
,latin    cross2 and a portico and tower
 were also added4    ,illustration3     
,,early ,,view ,,of ,,st4 ,,john',s     
,,church    ,the most notable changes   
were made in #ahfc1 when a sanctuary was
  added1 the interior remodeled1 and    
many fine additions put in place4       
,since that time there have been few    
changes of importance save in the       
interior decorations and sanctuary      
beautification4 ,the eye can not  glance
 in any direction without seeing some   
memorial4 ,over the altar  is a brass   
cross1 commemorating ,president ,arthur4
 ,in the west wall is  a window         

commemorating ,presidents ,madison1     
,monroe1 and ,van ,buren4 ,a  window in 
the east wall commemorates ,presidents  
,tyler1 ,harrison1 and  ,taylor4 ,over  
the south gallery is a memorial window  
to ,gen4 ,winfield  ,scott4 ,the        
atmosphere of the old church is vibrant 
of memories4 ,but  ,st4 ,john's is far  
from being entirely a church of         
memories4 ,it has  made possible several
 undertakings of institutional character
 in the  diocese4      ,,the ,,courts   
,,of ,,the ,,district ,,of ,,columbia   
,the ,district of ,columbia ,courthouse 
is situated in ,judiciary ,square1      
along ,indiana ,avenue1 facing south1   
with ,john ,marshall ,place  immediately
 in front of it1 leading down a slope of
 #cj feet to  ,pennsylvania ,avenue4 ,it
 is the old city hall1 now used for the 
,supreme  ,court of the ,district of    
,columbia1 and is one of the oldest     
buildings  in the city4 ,designed by the
 ,english architect1 ,george ,hadfield1 
the  corner stone was laid ,august #bb1 

#ahbj4 ,the building is #bej feet long1 
#dg feet high1 and #aff feet deep4 ,each
 of the wings is #ej feet wide4 ,its    
style resembles the classical type of   
architecture which received an  impetus 
during the period from #ahcj to #ahdj1  
when the ,patent ,office1  the old ,post
 ,office1 and the ,department of the    
,treasury ,buildings were  erected4 ,it 
was remodeled by the ,architect of the  
,capitol1 and in #aibj1  a century after
 the corner stone was laid1 was         
officially rededicated  as the ,united  
,states ,courthouse4 ,it will be at the 
head of the new  municipal center which 
has been authorized by ,congress to     
occupy four  squares1 two on each side  
of ,john ,marshall ,place4    ,the      
,district of ,columbia as the seat of   
the ,federal ,government of the  ,united
 ,states of ,america was without a court
 from #agia until ,february  #i1 #ahja4 
,in the latter year the ,circuit ,court 
of the ,district of  ,columbia was      
organized under the provisions of the   

act of ,congress  providing a judiciary 
for the said ,district4 ,from #agij     
until the year  #ahja all litigation    
arising within the ,district was        
disposed of by the  ,maryland courts1 at
 ,annapolis4    ,the first session of   
the circuit court was held in ,market   
,square1  ,alexandria1 situated in the  
territory ceded by ,virginia4 ,the first
  session on the ,maryland side was held
 in ,washington on ,march #bc1 #ahja1   
in the old brick ,capitol1 occupying a  
room adjoining the ,senate ,chamber     
which had been assigned to the ,supreme 
,court of the ,united ,states4 ,the     
circuit court was rather nomadic1       
occupying a number of sites before  the 
city hall was finally built in #ahbj as 
its permanent home4 ,it was  in the     
,capitol at the time of the ,war of     
#ahab and was removed to 8,mr4          
,carroll's house0 near the ,capitol4    
,after the war the court returned to    
the ,capitol and sat continuously until 
#ahai4 ,after passing through many      

heartbreaking annoyances1 the court     
finally settled in the building  erected
 for municipal affairs and for the local
 courts1 located in what  is now known  
as ,judiciary ,square4    ,as time      
progressed the judicial system expanded1
 the local government  underwent radical
 changes1 and the edifice erected to    
house a dual  tenancy was acquired by   
the ,united ,states and assigned to the 
circuit  court as a permanent home4 ,it 
remained there until the court was      
abolished by ,congress on ,march #c1    
#ahfc4    ,when ,president ,lincoln     
entered the ,white ,house just before   
the rupture  between the ,north and     
,south1 he was not satisfied with the   
personnel of  the circuit court4 ,he    
prevailed upon ,congress to abolish the 
circuit  court and provide for its      
successor--history hints this was a     
political  move--and also that the      
,president be supported by a judicial   
system  upon which he could rely for    
complete loyalty to his administration4 

,he believed that at least two of the   
justices were in sympathy with  the     
,south and would use means to embarrass 
his administration4 ,the  thought in his
 mind was that more satisfaction could  
be derived by  the abolition of the     
court and the enactment of a new        
judicial system  entirely friendly to   
his ideas of personal liberty and       
justice than  through the suspension of 
the writ of habeas corpus4              
,illustration3 ,,district ,,of          
,,columbia ,,supreme ,,court ,,building1
 ,,by ,,george  ,,hadfield4    ,congress
 complied with ,president ,lincoln's    
wishes1 and on ,march #c1  #ahfc1       
created the ,supreme ,court of the      
,district of ,columbia1 giving  him the 
appointment of the new justices and the 
clerk4 ,this court was  to have all the 
jurisdiction of its predecessor--which  
by statute and  decisions of the        
,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states  
had greater powers  than any of the     
,united ,states circuit courts--not only

 a court of local  jurisdiction1 but    
also a court of admiralty1 equity       
between residents  and nonresidents1    
common-law jurisdiction1 and the right  
of mandamus  and common-law certiorari  
over all ,government officials1 with an 
appellate branch to be composed of three
 of the five justices to review  the    
decisions of its special terms4    ,on  
,may #d1 #ahfc1 the court organized and 
promulgated rules of practice4  ,from   
that date until ,february #i1 #ahic1 it 
held its appellate  jurisdiction4 ,the  
members of the bar previous to that date
 had  interceded with ,congress for a   
separate court of appeals in order to   
circumvent any comment against the      
supreme court owing to the close        
association of its justices sitting as  
an appellate tribunal to review  the    
decisions of their brothers holding the 
special terms4 ,this was  accomplished4 
,on ,february #i1ahic1 the court of     
appeals was created4 ,it  is now        
composed of five justices1 as against   

three provided for in the  organic act4 
,with its probate court--district court1
 embracing admiralty1  condemnation of  
adulterated articles under the pure-food
 act2 the  widening of streets1 and the 
condemnation of alleys and privately    
owned property for carrying out the     
enlargement and beautification of       
,washington2 its purely local           
jurisdiction to settle disputes in      
equity  and law2 the jurisdiction over  
,government officials and inferior      
courts  of the ,district--it is taxed to
 the limit of human endeavor to keep up 
with the tide of modern requirements and
 hold all who come within its           
jurisdiction to an orderly and legal    
course of conduct4 ,its opinions  have  
always received wide notice and are     
continually quoted in ,state  and       
,federal courts4    ,many noted cases   
have been disposed of1 as disclosed by  
its records4  ,president ,grant was sued
 for damages for false arrest of an     
individual4  ,when the case was tried   

the verdict of the jury was in favor of 
the  ,president4 ,the trial of ,charles 
,j4 ,guiteau for the assassination of   
,president ,garfield was held here1 and 
after a long-drawn-out and stormy       
session covering many weeks the assassin
 was convicted4 ,the famous  oil-scandal
 cases against ,doheny and ,sinclair1   
involving the bribery of  ,albert ,b4   
,fall1 a former ,secretary of the       
,interior1 were tried by this  court4   
,many other cases of note could be      
mentioned1 but space will not  permit4  
,under the various acts of ,congress1   
the number of justices has  gradually   
increased until at the present time the 
destiny of this court  is in the control
 of ten justices4 ,the bench as         
constituted to-day  is composed of a    
chief justice1 the ,hon4 ,alfred ,a4    
,wheat1 and the  following associate    
justices1 the ,hon4 ,jennings ,bailey1  
the ,hon4 ,peyton  ,gordon1 the ,hon4   
,jesse ,corcoran ,adkins1 the ,hon4     
,oscar ,r4 ,luhring1 the  ,hon4 ,joseph 

,w4 ,cox1 the ,hon4 ,james ,m4 ,proctor1
 the ,hon4 ,f4 ,dickinson  ,letts1 the  
,hon4 ,daniel ,w4 ,o',donoghue1 and the 
,hon4 ,bolitha ,j4 ,laws4    ,the       
orphans' court in the ,district of      
,columbia1 as constituted by the  act of
 #ahja1 continued until #ahgj1 when its 
functions were transferred  to one of   
the justices of the ,supreme ,court of  
the ,district of ,columbia  holding a   
special term for probate business2 the  
register of wills is  also clerk of the 
probate court4    ,justice-of-the-peace 
courts continued until #aiab1 when they 
were  superseded by the present         
municipal court1 with a jurisdiction in 
debt  and landlord and tenant cases1    
replevin and tort actions not exceeding 
#a1jjj1 and the right of litigants to   
apply to the court of appeals for  a    
writ of error if they feel aggrieved4   
,a police court1 divided into two       
branches--municipal and ,federal--with  
appeal to the ,court of ,appeals of the 
,district of ,columbia1 is presided     

over by judges4      ,,old ,,land       
,,office ,,building    ,one of the      
interesting historic landmarks in the   
,national ,capital is  the old ,land    
,office ,building at ,seventh and       
,eighth and ,e and ,f ,streets  ,,nw41  
where it occupies an entire square4 ,it 
was designed by ,robert  ,mills in #ahcj
 and constructed of marble from ,new    
,york and ,maryland  under the          
supervision of ,thomas ,u4 ,walter1     
,architect of the ,capitol1 at  a cost  
exceeding #b1jjj1jjj4 ,it was built     
during that decade when the  ,patent    
,office and the ,department of the      
,treasury ,buildings1 similar in  their 
classical type of architecture1 were    
authorized by ,congress and  placed     
under way during the administration of  
,president ,jackson4    ,this building  
was erected as the first permanent      
building for the ,post  ,office         
,department and of the city post office4
    ,here1 in #ahdd1 the first telegraph
 office in the ,united ,states and of   

the world was opened and operated by ,s4
 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 the site being  marked 
by a bronze plaque in the wall on the   
east side of the building4    ,the first
 attempt to determine longitude by      
telegraph also was made in  this        
building in #ahdf4 ,earlier in the      
century a building stood here  in which 
the first theatrical performance in the 
,national ,capital  was given4 ,the     
site1 too1 was at one time considered   
for the ,botanic  ,garden4 ,until #ahhj 
this section was the residential        
district of the  city4    ,during the   
,world ,war the building was occupied by
 ,gen4 ,enoch ,crowder1  in charge of   
the ,national ,selective ,draft ,board4 
,on his return from  ,france1 ,general  
,pershing made it his headquarters4     
,since his retirement  the building has 
been occupied in part by the ,united    
,states ,tariff  ,commission4      ,,old
 ,,patent ,,office ,,building           
,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,william          
,,thornton    ,the original two         

buildings burned1 whereupon ,congress   
authorized the  erection of a new       
,patent ,office ,building according to  
the designs of  ,robert ,mills1         
architect4 ,the present building was    
begun in #ahcg and  completed in #ahfg4 
,doctor ,thornton was the first         
,commissioner4 ,it  occupies two        
squares1 at ,seventh and ,ninth and ,f  
and ,g ,streets ,,nw41  at the site     
where ,l',enfant had indicated in his   
plan there should be  a great national  
church4 ,it is a monumental marble      
building1 ,doric in  its style of       
architecture1 and with its large        
pediments and columns--in  design and   
size like those of the                  
,parthenon--creates the impression  of  
simple dignity and beauty that is       
eternal4 ,models of ,american           
inventions to the number of #bjj1jjj    
were kept in this building until  the   
new ,national ,museum was built4 ,the   
,patent ,office has been moved  into the
 new ,department of ,commerce ,building4

 ,it is one of the large  bureaus of the
 ,department of ,commerce4      ,,the   
,,washington ,,monument    ,on ,august  
#g1 #aghc1 the year that witnessed the  
treaty of peace at  ,paris1 ,congress   
ordered--      ,that an equestrian      
statue of ,general ,washington be       
erected at the    place where ,congress 
shall be established1 99 99 99 in honor 
of ,george    ,washington1 the          
illustrious ,commander in ,chief of the 
,armies of the    ,united ,states of    
,america during the ,war which          
vindicated and secured    their liberty1
 sovereignty1 and independence4         
,illustration3 ,,old ,,patent ,,office  
,,building1 ,,now ,,civil ,,service     
,,commission  ,,building    ,but no     
action was taken to carry out this      
legislation4 ,the monument  was to have 
been executed by ,ceracchi1 a ,roman    
sculptor1 and paid for  by contributions
 of individuals4 ,as has been mentioned1
 a site for  it was marked on the       
,l',enfant map of the city of           

,washington at the  intersection on the 
,mall of the axis of the ,capitol and   
the ,white ,house4    ,as ,president1 by
 his wise administration of the affairs 
of the new  ,republic1 ,general         
,washington so added to his fame and so 
won the  gratitude of his countrymen    
that on his death a select joint        
committee  of both ,houses of ,congress 
was appointed to consider a suitable    
manner  of paying honor to his memory4  
,thus1 on ,december #bc1 #agii1 on      
motion  of ,john ,marshall in the ,house
 of ,representatives1 it was resolved by
  ,congress--      ,that a marble       
monument be erected by the ,united      
,states in the    ,capitol1 at the city 
of ,washington1 and that the family of  
,general    ,washington be requested to 
permit his body to be deposited under   
it2    and that the monument be so      
designed as to commemorate the great    
events of his military and political    
life4    ,it was then proposed to make  
an area in front of the ,capitol        

available  for the monument1 and an     
appropriation of #ajj1jjj was proposed  
to  carry the resolution into effect4   
,instead of an equestrian statue1 by    
the terms of this resolution the        
monument was to take the form of a      
8mausoleum of ,american granite and     
marble1 in pyramidal form1 #ajj feet    
square at the base and of a             
proportionate height40    ,on ,january  
#a1 #ahja1 the ,house of                
,representatives passed a bill          
appropriating #bjj1jjj for the monument4
 ,the ,senate1 however1 did not  concur 
in this act1 due1 it is thought1 to     
political questions that  absorbed the  
attention of ,congress and the people   
until the ,war of #ahab4    ,in #ahaf   
the ,general ,assembly of ,virginia     
endeavored to secure the  consent of    
,judge ,bushrod ,washington1 then       
proprietor of ,mount ,vernon1  to have  
the remains of ,president ,washington   
removed to ,richmond1 there  to be      
marked by a fitting monument to his     

memory4    ,when this came to the       
attention of ,congress a select joint   
committee  was appointed which          
recommended that a tomb should be       
prepared in the  foundations of the     
,capitol for the remains of ,george     
,washington and  that a monument should 
be erected to his memory4 ,but this plan
 failed1  because ,judge ,bushrod       
,washington declined to consent to the  
removal of  the body of ,george         
,washington from the vault at ,mount    
,vernon1 where  it had been placed in   
accordance with ,washington's express   
wish4  ,nevertheless1 a vault appears to
 have been prepared beneath the center  
of the ,dome and ,rotunda of the        
,capitol and beneath the floor of the   
crypt4    ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of    
,,the ,,washington ,,monument1 ,,by     
,,robert ,,mills    ,in #ahcc a group of
 public-spirited citizens organized the 
,washington  ,national ,monument        
,society1 for the purpose of erecting 8a
 great  ,national ,monument to the      

memory of ,washington at the seat of the
  ,federal ,government40 ,the first     
meeting was held on ,september #bf1     
#ahcc1  in the city hall1 now the       
,district of ,columbia ,supreme ,court  
,building4  ,chief ,justice ,john       
,marshall1 then #gh years of age1 was   
chosen the  first president of the      
society4 ,the population of the ,united 
,states  had grown from #c1cbi1bad in   
#agij to #ab1hff1jbj in #ahcj1 with #bh 
,states  in the ,union at that time4 ,in
 #ahce the president of the society1    
,john  ,marshall1 died and was succeeded
 in the office by ex-,president ,james  
,madison1 who took steps to inaugurate a
 national campaign to secure            
contributions through agents appointed  
to collect funds4 ,upon the death  of   
,mr4 ,madison the society amended its   
constitution so that thereafter  the    
,president of the ,united ,states should
 be ex officio its president4  ,the     
first to so occupy the office was       
,andrew ,jackson4    ,the progress of   

the society was at first slow1 and in   
#ahcf only about  #bh1jjj had been      
collected4 ,in #ahcf advertisements were
 published by  order of the society     
inviting designs from ,american artists1
 but no  limitation was placed upon the 
form of the design4 ,it was determined  
by the society1 and so recommended1 that
 any plans submitted should             
8harmoniously blend durability1         
simplicity1 and grandeur40 ,the         
estimated cost for the proposed monument
 was not less than #a1jjj1jjj4  ,a great
 many designs were submitted1 but the   
one selected among the  number was that 
of ,robert ,mills1 a well-known and     
eminent architect  of that period4 ,this
 plan was published4 ,it is the design  
of an  obelisk #ejj feet high and #gj   
feet at the base1 rising from a circular
  colonnaded building #ajj feet high and
 #bej feet in diameter1 surrounded  by  
#cj columns of massive proportions1     
being #ab feet in diameter and #de  feet
 high4 ,there was to be an equestrian   

group over the portal4 ,the  interior   
was designed to be 8a spacious gallery  
and rotunda10 which  was to be a        
national pantheon1 adorned by statues of
 the ,colonial  ,fathers1 paintings     
commemorative of battle scenes of the   
,revolution1  and a colossal statue of  
,george ,washington4 ,the feature of the
 pantheon  surrounding the shaft was    
never formally adopted by the society as
 a  part of the ,monument4 ,its first   
purpose was to secure the necessary     
funds for the shaft4    ,by ,december   
#aj1 #ahch1 the funds of the society had
 reached #cj1ggi4hd1  and the following 
year a restriction of a contribution to 
the sum of  #a appears to have been     
removed4 ,in #ahdf the society1 through 
its ex  officio president1 ,james ,k4   
,polk1 made another appeal1 stating the 
society wished to proceed with the      
erection of the ,washington ,monument1  
and it was hoped legislation would be   
enacted at the following session  of    
,congress to provide a location for it4 

,by a resolution adopted  ,february #bi1
 #ahdg1 the ,united ,states consuls     
abroad were also invited  to solicit    
subscriptions 8for the erection of a    
suitable ,national  ,monument to the    
memory of ,washington from ,american    
citizens1 seamen1  and others of liberal
 patriotic feelings40 ,in that year the 
fund was  increased to #gj1jjj4         
,congress thereupon1 in ,january1 #ahdh1
 granted  authority for the erection of 
the ,washington ,monument on public     
reservation ,no4 #c1 on the plan of the 
city of ,washington1 containing  upward 
of #cj acres1 where the ,monument now   
stands1 near the ,potomac  ,river1 west 
of the ,capitol and south of the        
,president's house4 ,as has  been       
related1 the actual location of the     
,monument was fixed at a point  more    
east and south of the position indicated
 in the plan of ,l',enfant1  because it 
was somewhat more elevated ground and   
regarded more secure  for the           
foundation4 ,the original intersection  

had been marked by  ,thomas ,jefferson  
by a small monument1 known as the       
,jefferson pier4 ,in  the ,mc,millan    
,park ,commission plan of #aija the site
 of this pier is  indicated for a       
circular pool4    ,illustration3 ,,the  
,,washington ,,monument ,,under         
,,construction1 #ahgb    ,on ,july #d1  
#ahdh1 under a bright sky1 in the       
presence of the ,president  and ,vice   
,president of the ,united ,states1      
,senators and ,representatives  in      
,congress1 heads of the executive       
departments and other officers of  the  
,government1 the judiciary1             
representatives of foreign governments1 
military organizations1 associations of 
many descriptions1 delegations  from the
 ,states and ,territories and from      
several ,indian tribes1 the  corner     
stone was laid4 ,hon4 ,robert ,c4       
,winthrop1 ,speaker of the ,house of    
,representatives1 delivered the oration4
 ,three distinguished persons of        
,george ,washington's time were present 

on this notable occasion3 ,mrs4  ,dolly 
,madison2 ,mrs4 ,alexander ,hamilton1   
widow of the first ,secretary  of the   
,treasury2 and ,george ,washington      
,parke ,custis1 the adopted son of      
,george ,washington4    ,the corner     
stone laid1 the society began operations
 to lay foundations  and to raise the   
shaft4 ,every precaution was taken to   
test the  understrata where the         
foundations were laid4 ,at a depth of   
#bj feet  a solid bed of gravel was     
reached2 the strata were found to be    
very  compact1 requiring a pick to break
 them up4    ,by ,january1 #ahec1 the   
,monument was #abf feet high1 and in    
about six  years from the date of the   
laying of the corner stone it had       
reached  the height of #aeb feet4       
,during this period the society         
continued most  actively at work in the 
raising of funds to carry the ,monument 
forward4  ,in #ahed1 however1 an act    
occurred at the ,monument which created 
much  indignation and public discussion 

through the country4 ,a block of        
marble1 which had originally stood in   
the ,temple of ,concord at ,rome1  and  
which had been sent by the ,pope to be  
set in the wall of the  ,monument1 was  
stolen1 and no trace of it was ever     
found4 ,at the time  contributions of   
stones from societies1 municipalities1  
and the several  ,states were being     
encouraged1 so the ,pope's stone was not
 an unusual  gift4 ,the disappearance of
 the stone angered and estranged a large
 body  of citizens and discouraged the  
collection of public contributions1  so 
that all construction work ceased4 ,by  
#ahed1 #bcj1jjj had been  spent on the  
structure1 and funds for it were now    
exhausted4 ,in #ahei  ,congress passed  
an act incorporating the ,washington    
,national ,monument  ,society for the   
purpose of completing the ,monument4 ,in
 #ahfi ,senator ,nye  introduced a bill 
to insure completion of the ,monument1  
and several  like bills were introduced 
during the next few years4 ,on ,february

  #bb1 #ahgc1 a committee of the ,house 
of ,representatives recommended an      
appropriation of #bjj1jjj4 ,it was      
estimated that #gjj1jjj would be        
required to finish the shaft1           
constructing also a suitable base1 and  
that the work would be completed by     
,july #d1 #ahgf1 the one hundredth      
anniversary of ,american independence4  
,this gave the needed impetus to  the   
completion of the project4    ,vigorous 
campaigns for funds were conducted in   
the ,states1 and campaign  meetings were
 held in several large cities4 ,in      
,june1 #ahgf1 the society  published a  
further appeal1 signed by its officers4 
,president ,grant was  ex officio       
president of the society at the time4   
,on ,august #b1 #ahgf1  ,senator ,john  
,sherman offered a concurrent resolution
 in the ,senate  that the ,monument to  
commemorate the achievements of ,george 
,washington  in behalf of the ,republic 
be completed during the centennial year4
  ,a bill appropriating #bjj1jjj for the

 project was approved by the  ,president
 that day4 ,at the same time a special  
board of officers was  detailed from the
 ,corps of ,engineers to investigate and
 report on the  sufficiency of the      
foundations4    ,illustration3          
,,uncompleted ,,washington ,,monument   
,,as ,,it ,,appeared ,,from #aheb  ,,to 
#ahgh    ,the board appointed in #ahgf  
reported that the foundations were not  
sufficient1 and the first work          
undertaken by the ,government consisted 
in underpinning the structure4 ,this was
 accomplished under the  direction of   
,lieut4 ,col4 ,thomas ,lincoln ,casey1  
afterwards ,chief of  ,engineers1       
,united ,states ,army1 who was the      
engineer in charge of  construction of  
the ,state1 ,war1 and ,navy ,building at
 the time1 and  later of the            
,congressional ,library ,building4      
,colonel ,casey was assisted  by ,capt4 
,george ,w4 ,davis1 ,united ,states     
,infantry1 later major general1  who was
 afterwards relieved by ,bernard ,r4    

,green1 ,c4 ,e4 ,the work of  excavating
 beneath the ,monument was commenced    
,january #bh1 #ahgi1 and the  new       
foundation was finished ,may #bi1 #ahhj4
 ,colonel ,casey stated in his  report3 
,the project or design of the work is an
 obelisk #eej feet in height1    faced  
with white marble and backed with       
dressed granite rock4 ,of this          
structure #aef feet is already finished4
      ,the base of the ,monument is #ee 
feet square1 the top will be #cd feet #f
    inches square1 and it will be       
crowned with a pyramidion1 or roof1 #ej 
feet in height4      ,the proportions of
 the parts of this obelisk are in exact 
accordance    with the classic          
proportions of parts of this style of   
architecture1    as determined after    
careful research by ,hon4 ,george ,p4   
,marsh1    ,american minister at ,rome4 
,the shaft as proportioned1 both in     
dimensions and weight1 will be          
entirely stable as against winds that   
could exert a pressure of #ajj    pounds

 or more per square foot upon any face  
of the structure4      ,the project     
includes the preparation of the         
foundation so as to    enable it to     
carry this structure4 ,this preparation 
or strengthening    consists in making  
the existing foundation wider and       
deeper1 in order    to distribute the   
weight over a greater area1 and in      
bringing upon    each square foot of the
 earth pressed no greater weight than it
 is    known to be able to sustain4     
,the mass of concrete beneath the old   
foundation is #abf feet #f inches       
square1 #ac feet #f inches in depth1 and
 extends #ah feet within the outer  edge
 of the old foundation and #bc feet #c  
inches beyond this line4 ,in  placing   
this work1 #gj per cent of the area of  
the earth upon which the  ,monument was 
standing was removed4    ,the second    
part of the strengthening of the        
foundation consisted in  constructing a 
continuous buttress beneath the shaft   
and extending  out upon the concrete    

slab1 so as to distribute the pressure  
over the  foundation4 ,in this operation
 sections of the rubble masonry were    
removed and replaced with concrete4 ,as 
compared with the original  bulk of the 
old foundation1 #ea per cent of its     
contents was removed  and #dh per cent  
of the area of the base of the shaft    
undermined4 ,the  new foundation rests  
on a bearing surface #abf feet #f inches
 square1  or #af1jjb square feet1 as    
compared with #f1djj square feet for the
 old  foundation4    ,the entire work of
 underpinning was accomplished without  
causing the  slightest crack or the     
least opening in any joint of that      
portion of  the ,monument already       
constructed1 which1 including the       
foundation1 was  #hj feet square at its 
base4 ,the new foundation rests upon a  
bed of fine  sand #b feet in thickness1 
below which is a bed of bowlders and    
gravel4  ,borings were made in this     
deposit for a depth of #ah feet without 
passing through it4 ,thus1 as completed1

 the new foundation covers two  and a   
half times as much area and extends #ac 
feet deeper than the  old one1 being #cf
 feet #aj inches in depth4 ,the bottom  
of the work is  only #b feet above the  
level of high tide in the ,potomac4 ,no 
settlement  has occurred to date4       
,illustration3 ,,the ,,washington       
,,monument ,,as ,,seen ,,from ,,the     
,,mall ,,grounds    ,work was resumed on
 the shaft in #ahhj4 ,the first #ac     
courses--#bf  feet--were faced with     
white marble from ,massachusetts4 ,the  
remainder  is ,maryland white marble    
similar to that used in the lower       
section4  ,the new work was backed with 
dressed ,new ,england granite to the    
#deb-;foot elevation1 above which the   
walls are entirely of marble1 of        
through-and-through blocks1 and from the
 #dgj-;foot level1 where the  ribs of   
the pyramidion begin1 the courses are   
secured to each other  by mortise and   
tenon joints cut in the builds and beds 
of the stone4  ,during the working      

season of #ahhj1 #bf feet were added to 
the shaft2  in #ahha there were added   
#gd feet2 in #ahhb1 #ij feet2 in #ahhc1 
#gj feet2  in #ahhd1 #ij feet4 ,these   
additions brought the walls of the shaft
 to a  height of #ejj feet on ,august   
#i1 #ahhd4 ,the pyramidion topping the  
shaft  is supported on #ab marble ribs1 
which spring from the interior faces of 
the walls of the well1 beginning at the 
#dgj-;foot level4 ,the covering  slabs  
are #g inches in thickness and are      
supported upon projections or  spurs on 
the marble ribs4 ,the pyramidion has a  
vertical height of #ee  feet #e inches  
and consists of #bfb separate stones4   
,the weight of  the pyramidion is #cjj  
tons4 ,the capstone1 which weighs #c1cjj
 pounds1  was set in place on ,december 
#f1 #ahhd4 ,over it is a small pyramid  
of  pure aluminum #e4f inches at its    
base1 #h4i inches high1 and weighs #ajj 
ounces1 the largest piece of this metal 
ever cast in any country to  that time4 
,the following inscriptions appear on   

the four faces of the  aluminum         
capstone3      ,,joint ,,commission ,,at
 ,,setting ,,of ,,capstone3    ,,chester
 ,a4 ,,arthur1 ,m4 ,e4 ,,bell1 ,,edward 
,,clark1 ,,john ,,newton1    ,,act ,,of 
,,august #b1 #ahgf4      ,,corner       
,,stone ,,laid ,,on ,,bed ,,of          
,,foundation ,,july #d1 #ahdh4          
,,first ,,stone ,,at ,,height ,,of #aeb 
,,feet ,,laid ,,august #g1 #ahhj4       
,,capstone ,,set ,,december #f1 #ahhd4  
,,chief ,,engineer ,,and ,,architect1   
,,col4 ,,thomas ,,lincoln ,,casey1      
,,corps ,,of    ,,engineers4            
,,assistants3 ,,george ,w4 ,,davis1     
,,captain ,,fourteenth ,,infantry2      
,,bernard ,,green1 ,,civil ,,engineer2  
,,master ,,mechanic1 ,p4 ,h4            
,,mclaughlin4      ,,laus ,,deo4    ,the
 entire height has been made slightly   
greater than ten times the  breadth of  
the base1 producing an obelisk that for 
grace and delicacy  of outline is not   
excelled by any of the larger ,egyptian 
monoliths1  while in dignity and        

grandeur it surpasses any that can be   
mentioned4  ,the ,monument tapers       
one-fourth of an inch to the foot1 being
 #ae feet  thick at the base and #ah    
inches thick at the top of the shaft4   
,when the  capstone was set in place a  
salute was fired by artillery stationed 
near the base1 while the national flag  
was unfurled to the breeze in  the      
rigging far above4 ,the cost of the     
,monument was #a1cjj1jjj4 ,to  the      
criticism that the obelisks of old were 
monoliths1 the reply was  made that this
 ,monument to ,washington will not be   
less significant  or stately because of 
being made up of many separate stones1  
for our  country has been proud to give 
examples of both political and material 
structures which owe their strength to  
union2 and this ,monument  embodies the 
idea of our national motto1 ,e ,pluribus
 ,unum4    ,illustration3 ,,the         
,,washington ,,monument    ,with a view 
of having the ,states of the ,union     
properly represented  in the ,monument  

the society extended an invitation for  
each ,state to  furnish for insertion in
 the interior walls a block of marble or
 other  durable stone--a production of  
its soil--of the following dimensions3  
#d feet long1 #b feet high1 and with a  
bed of from #ab to #ah inches1 the  name
 of the ,state to be cut thereon in     
large letters1 and if desirable  to the 
donor1 the ,state's coat of arms also4  
,later1 this invitation to  contribute  
memorial blocks of stone was extended to
 embrace such a gift  from a foreign    
government4 ,in response to these       
invitations many rich  and durable      
blocks of stone were received which now 
adorn the interior  walls of the shaft  
7in #aibi the memorial stones numbered  
#ahg7 from all  parts of the world1     
including one from the ,parthenon at    
,athens1 the  ruins of ancient          
,carthage1 and the tomb of ,napoleon at 
,st4 ,helena4  ,these memorial stones   
begin at a height of #cj feet and end at
 #bij feet4    ,great preparations were 

made for dedication of the ,monument4   
,this  took place on ,february #ba1     
#ahhe1 with ,hon4 ,john ,sherman1       
chairman of  the commission1 presiding4 
,several descendants and relatives of   
the  ,washington family were present4   
,the orator of the day was again the    
,hon4 ,robert ,c4 ,winthrop1 who as     
,speaker of the ,house of               
,representatives  had delivered the     
oration at the laying of the corner     
stone ,july #d1  #ahdh4 ,his oration on 
this occasion was read1 as illness      
prevented him  from being present4      
,among those in ,washington to-day who  
witnessed  the dedication is ,hon4      
,william ,tyler ,page1 then serving as a
 page in  the ,house2 later becoming    
,clerk of the ,house of ,representatives
 and  executive secretary of the ,george
 ,washington ,bicentennial ,commission4 
,thus when we are reminded of the three 
friends of ,george ,washington  who were
 present at the corner-stone laying of  
the ,washington ,monument  we must      

indeed admit that we even of this day   
are not far removed from  him and his   
times1 and that our ,republic is still  
young1 though greater  achievements have
 been wrought in the past #ajj years    
than in the  previous #a1jjj years of   
the world's history4    ,the efforts of 
the ,washington ,national ,monument     
,society had at last  been realized1 and
 the ,american people beheld the        
consummation of their  desire--a great  
monument erected at the seat of the     
,federal ,government  to the name and   
memory of ,george ,washington4    ,the  
interior is lighted by electricity1     
affording an opportunity to see  the    
memorial stones4 ,ascent is made by     
means of an elevator and an iron        
stairway1 supported by #h vertical iron 
columns--#d columns terminating  at a   
height of #ejj feet and #d within the   
roof at #eag feet--which  sustain the   
elevator machinery above4 ,the iron     
stairway consists of  short flights1    
strung along the north and south sides  

of the wall1  connecting with iron      
platforms #d feet #h inches wide 7to a  
height of  #aej feet7 and #g feet #aj   
inches wide1 #bj feet apart on a side1  
and  extending along the east and west  
walls4 ,there are #ej flights and #ijj  
steps4 ,from these steps and platforms  
the inscriptions may be read4    ,in    
#aibf a new elevator was installed4 ,it 
is of the electrically  driven1         
gearless1 single wrap1 traction type1   
with a speed of #ejj feet  per minute   
and a lifting capacity of #f1jjj pounds1
 exclusive of the  weight of the car and
 cables4 ,it is equipped with a         
micro-leveling  device1 which insures   
exact leveling of the car at landings   
and  also makes possible the operation  
of the elevator at slow speed in  case  
of failure of the main motor1 thus      
eliminating the danger of  stalling the 
car between landings4 ,it accommodates  
#cj persons and  makes #ab trips per    
hour4 ,there are #h windows at a height 
of #ejd feet  above ground--#b windows  

in each of the #d faces of the          
pyramidion--#d  feet above the          
#ejj-;foot landing4 ,these windows      
measure #ah inches  by #c feet on three 
sides1 and on the east side #b feet by  
#c feet4  ,looking to the east from the 
windows one sees the stately ,capitol2  
to the north1 across the ,president's   
,park1 the beautiful mansion of  the    
,chief ,magistrate2 to the northeast1   
the ,soldiers' ,home2 to the  northwest1
 the great residential section1 the     
,naval ,observatory1 and  the           
,washington ,cathedral2 to the west the 
beautiful ,potomac ,river1  as it winds 
its way for miles past the city1 and    
,arlington ,national  ,cemetery1 the    
,nation's most sacred resting place for 
those who served  in defense of their   
country2 and as we follow the ,potomac  
southward  there is ,alexandria1 #f     
miles beyond1 and in the faint distance 
,mount  ,vernon1 where is the tomb of   
the immortal ,washington4 ,and on that  
lofty  height1 the greatest single piece

 of masonry in the world1 we think  also
 of other high structures--the ,empire  
,state ,building1 with #hf  stories1    
#a1bdh feet2 ,chrysler ,building1 #fh   
stories1 #a1jdf feet2 ,bank  of         
,manhattan1 #fe stories1 #hch feet2     
,woolworth ,tower #fj stories1 #gib     
feet2 ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance    
,building1 #gjj feet2 ,the ,new ,york   
,life  ,insurance ,building1 #faj feet1 
at the site of the former famous        
,madison  ,square ,garden2 ,singer      
,tower1 #fab feet2 spires of ,cologne   
,cathedral1 #ebd  feet2 spire of ,old   
,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 #ejh feet2       
,pyramids of ,cheops1  #dhj feet2 ,book 
,tower1 ,detroit1 #dgb feet2 ,victoria  
,tower1 ,westminster1  #cbe feet2       
,statue of ,liberty1 #cag feet2         
,bennington ,battle ,monument1  #cjf    
feet2 the ,capitol1 #bhg feet2 ,bunker  
,hill ,monument at ,boston1 #bba  feet4 
,in #ahij ,daniel ,h4 ,burnham completed
 the ,masonic ,temple1 in  ,chicago1    
8the tallest building in the world10 #ba

 stories high1 among  the first of      
all-steel construction4 ,in ,new ,york  
,city the caisson for  high-building    
foundation work was first adopted in the
 ,manhattan ,life  ,insurance ,building1
 near ,exchange ,place on ,broadway1 in 
#ahid4 ,built on  a foundation of       
bedrock #ee feet below the surface1 the 
structure of #ah  stories was built #cej
 feet in height from the sidewalk4      
,the masonry constructed by the         
,government is the best known to the    
engineering art1 and the weight is so   
distributed that1 subject to a  wind    
pressure of #ajj pounds per square foot 
on any face1 corresponding  to a wind   
velocity of #ade miles per hour1 the    
,monument would have a  large factor of 
safety against overturning4 ,the entire 
weight is #ha1abj  tons4 ,the weight of 
the foundations is #cf1iab tons1 and    
there is a  maximum pressure on the     
underlying soil of #i tons per square   
foot4    ,in the morning the ,monument  
catches the first rays of the sun4 ,in  

stormy weather the top stands like a    
mountain peak1 immovable1 as  seen      
amidst clouds4 ,so1 indeed1 does the    
great and noble ,washington  overtower  
all of his contemporaries of the        
,revolutionary ,war and  the formative  
period of this ,republic4 ,the          
,washington ,monument  has been         
fittingly described as typifying the    
character of ,george  ,washington--lofty
 in its grandeur1 plain in its          
simplicity1 and white  in its purity4   
,the following is a quotation from the  
oration of ,speaker  ,winthrop delivered
 at the laying of the corner stone on   
,july #d1 #ahdh3      ,lay the corner   
stone of a monument which shall         
adequately bespeak    the gratitude of  
the whole ,american people to the       
illustrious ,father    of his ,country4 
,build it to the skies2 you can not     
outreach the    loftiness of his        
principles6 ,found it upon the massive  
and eternal    rock2 you can not make it
 more enduring than his fame4 ,construct

 it    of peerless ,parian marble2 you  
can not make it purer than his life4    
,exhaust upon it the rules and          
principles of ancient and modern art2   
you can not make it more proportionate  
than his character4      ,,soldiers'    
,,home    ,in the ,united ,states the   
founding of a soldiers' home dates from 
,march  #c1 #ahea1 when an act of       
,congress was passed and approved 8to   
found a  military asylum for the relief 
and support of invalid and disabled     
soldiers of the ,army of the ,united    
,states40 ,for years before this1       
however1 the principal officers of the  
,army1 particularly ,maj4 ,gen4         
,winfield ,scott1 had given the subject 
attention and had made special  efforts 
to procure the needed legislation4 ,in  
,february1 #ahdh1 ,general  ,scott      
transmitted to the ,secretary of ,war a 
draft for #ajj1jjj as part  of the      
tribute levied by him on the ,city of   
,mexico for the benefit of  the ,army1  
and he expressed the hope that it might 

be allowed to go to  the credit of an   
,army asylum4    ,this home for the     
,regular ,army was established in the   
,district of  ,columbia in #ahea-eb4 ,it
 is located about #c miles due north    
from the  ,capitol4 ,the original       
purchase of land was #bef acres4        
,additional tracts  added since the     
original purchase make a total of #ejj  
acres4    ,illustration3 ,,united       
,,states ,,soldiers' ,,home    ,the     
south part of the main building is named
 for ,gen4 ,winfield ,scott1  the       
founder of the home2 the addition on the
 north for ,gen4 ,william  ,t4 ,sherman4
 ,constructed of white marble2 it was   
commenced in #aheb  and completed in    
#ahia2 is of ,norman ,gothic design1    
#bea feet long  by #aeh feet wide1 and  
has a clock tower2 it will accommodate  
#cgj  members and contains a library and
 billiard hall4    ,the old homestead   
building near to and west of the ,scott 
,building  is named after ,gen4 ,robert 
,anderson1 of ,fort ,sumter renown1 to  

commemorate the fact of his early       
advocacy of and great interest in  the  
establishment of the home4 ,it was the  
home of the first members  and has      
frequently been used as the summer      
residence of the ,president4  ,president
 ,buchanan occupied it in #ahef-ahfj1   
,president ,lincoln in  #ahfa-ahfd1     
,president ,hayes in #ahgg-ahhj1 and    
,president ,arthur in  #ahhb-ahhd4      
,president ,garfield thought of         
occupying it in the summer of  #ahha4   
,the eastern building--especially for   
members--was the first erected  and is  
called the ,king ,building1 after ,surg4
 ,b4 ,king1 for #ac years the  attending
 surgeon and secretary and treasurer of 
the home4    ,the brick quarters        
northwest of the ,sherman ,building1    
erected in #ahhc1  is called the        
,sheridan ,building1 in honor of ,gen4  
,philip ,h4 ,sheridan1  who was the     
president of the board of commissioners 
when the building  was erected4    ,more
 recently built structures are the      

,grant ,building1 completed in  #aiaa1  
of white marble1 accommodating #bgb     
members and containing the  hall of the 
general mess1 mess kitchen1 and cold    
storage4    ,stanley ,hall1 named for a 
former governor of the home1 was        
completed in  #ahig1 and is the general 
amusement hall1 seating about #gjj      
persons4    ,a neat chapel1 built of red
 stone1 was completed in #ahga4         
,religious  worship--,protestant and    
,roman ,catholic--is regularly observed4
    ,a well-designed hospital was       
completed in #ahgf and is known as the  
,barnes ,building4 ,the ,forwood        
,building and the ,la ,garde ,building  
have  since been added4 ,the maximum    
capacity of the present hospital is #ejj
  beds4 ,it is not only for the sick1   
but is an infirmary for the aged and    
helpless members4    ,the home maintains
 a library of #bj1che volumes1 with     
newspapers and  magazines1 which are    
added to yearly as funds will permit4   
,a portion of the spacious grounds is   

cultivated for the benefit of the  home2
 but the largest part is woodland1 and  
through it all1 taking  advantage of its
 topography1 nearly #aj miles of graded 
macadamized  roads have been            
constructed1 winding through groves of  
selected trees  of native and foreign   
varieties and over the open ground1     
commanding  fine views of the city1 the 
,potomac ,river1 and the surrounding    
country  for miles4 ,the park is open to
 the public4    ,soldiers of #bj years' 
service1 and men1 whether pensioners or 
not1 who  disabled by wounds or disease 
in the service and in the line of duty  
and have been honorably discharged from 
the ,army are admitted to the  home4    
,illustration3 ,,cabin ,,john ,,bridge  
,,cabin ,,john ,,bridge    ,erected     
about #ahfj by ,gen4 ,montgomery ,g4    
,meigs1 this bridge spans ,cabin  ,john 
,run1 about #g miles northwest of       
,washington4 ,it is a part of the       
aqueduct system1 and the arch spanning  
the stream is #bbj feet across  at the  

base and #aje feet in height4 ,the      
entire length of the bridge is  #ehd    
feet4 ,the thickness of the bridge above
 the arch is #ad feet1 and  it is #bj   
feet in width4 ,until a few years ago it
 was the largest stone  arch in the     
world4      ,,ford',s ,,theater         
,ford's ,theater ,building1 in which    
,president ,lincoln was assassinated    
while attending a performance on the    
night of ,april #ad1 #ahfe1 is on the   
east side of ,tenth ,street between ,e  
and ,f ,streets ,,nw4    ,the building  
was originally a ,baptist ,church and   
used as such for more  than #ae years4  
,it was used as a theater less than     
three years--from  #ahfb to #ahfe--;and 
never as such after the night of the    
assassination4  ,taken over immediately 
by ,secretary of ,war ,edwin ,m4        
,stanton1 it was  made over into a      
#c-story building for use of the ,war   
,department and  was so used for many   
years4 ,now it is a ,government         
building1 housing  in part a portion of 

the ,oldroyd collection from the        
,lincoln museum4  ,on ,april #i1 #ahic1 
while repairs were being made1 the three
 floors  collapsed1 killing #bb clerks  
and injuring #fh4    ,the residence of  
,harry ,c4 ,ford1 who was manager of the
 theater for his  father1 ,john ,t4     
,ford1 stood adjacent to the theater on 
the right4      ,,lincoln ,,museum ,,and
 ,,the ,,oldroyd ,,collection ,,of      
,,lincolniana    ,across the street from
 ,ford's ,theater stands a red brick    
house 7,no4 #eaf  ,tenth ,street ,,nw47 
to which ,president ,lincoln1 after     
being shot about  #aj4cj o'clock on the 
night of ,april #ad1 #ahfe1 was carried 
and where1  after an interval of #i     
hours1 he died at #bb minutes after #g  
o'clock the  following morning without  
regaining consciousness4    ,the room to
 which the martyred ,president was      
brought is a little front  one on the   
main floor4 ,in size and simplicity it  
was a room like that  of the log cabin  
in ,kentucky in which the great man was 

born4 ,as a man  of the people1 though  
they had elevated him to the highest    
position  the ,nation could bestow on   
any of its citizens1 he died amidst     
simple  surroundings as one of them4    
,the house was purchased by the ,united 
,states ,government in #ahig for        
#cj1jjj2 the ,oldroyd ,lincoln ,memorial
 ,collection was purchased for  #ej1jjj 
and taken over by the ,government       
,september #a1 #aibf4 ,it is now  under 
the jurisdiction of the ,national ,park 
,service1 and is visited by  many       
thousands each year4    ,illustration3  
,courtesy of ,leet ,brothers            
,,ford',s ,,theater    ,illustration3   
,,the ,,house ,,in ,,which ,,president  
,,lincoln ,,died    ,mr4 ,oldroyd       
gathered in the course of #ej years     
upward of #c1jjj articles  pertaining to
 the martyred ,president4 ,these can be 
seen by visitors  to the house4 ,the    
room in which ,abraham ,lincoln died has
 been kept as  nearly as possible as it 
was when ,lincoln passed away and when  

,stanton  said1 8,now he belongs to the 
ages40    ,the following are some of the
 articles that can be seen3 ,wreaths    
that lay upon the casket in ,washington 
and at the final burial in              
,springfield1 ,ill41 and a rose taken   
from his bosom just before the  casket  
was closed--faded1 but hermetically     
sealed in a small glass  case1 it still 
appears a rose4 ,there is also in the   
house furniture  used by ,mrs4 ,lincoln 
in ,springfield1 including her          
cookstove2 the plain  office desk and   
chair ,abraham ,lincoln used while      
practicing law with  ,william ,h4       
,herndon2 a plain black and white shawl 
that he wore in place  of an overcoat1  
as men did in those days2 the last bit  
of writing he  did2 the ,bible his      
mother1 ,nancy ,hanks1 gave to him      
before she died1  when he was not yet #i
 years of age1 and from which he was    
taught to  read2 the desk upon which    
much of the ,emancipation ,proclamation 
was  written2 also many documents1      

prints1 and books describing his life4  
,,chapter ,,xxi    ,,public ,,and       
,,semipublic ,,buildings      ,,the     
,,capitol    ,the site for the ,capitol1
 or the ,federal ,house1 as selected by 
,l',enfant1 is on what was then known as
 ,jenkin's ,hill1 #hh feet above the    
level of the ,potomac ,river4    ,the   
northwest cornerstone of the main       
building was laid on ,september  #ah1   
#agic1 by ,president ,washington with   
,masonic ceremonies4 ,the building  is  
of ,virginia sandstone from quarries on 
,aquia ,creek4    ,the north wing was   
finished in #ahjj and the south wing in 
#ahaa4 ,a  wooden passageway connected  
them4 ,congress convened there for the  
first  time at the second session of the
 ,sixth ,congress1 which began ,november
  #ag1 #ahjj1 and ended ,march #c1      
#ahja4    ,the original designs were    
prepared by ,dr4 ,william ,thornton1 and
 the  work was done under the direction 
of ,stephen ,h4 ,hallet1 ,james ,hoban1 
and ,george ,hadfield4 ,benjamin ,h4    

,latrobe was the architect4 ,washington 
and ,jefferson favored the classical    
type of architecture for the  building1 
and it was adopted4    ,on ,august #bd1 
#ahad1 the interior of both wings was   
destroyed by fire  set by the ,british4 
,many books of the small ,library of    
,congress housed  in the building at    
that time were burned1 whereupon        
,congress purchased  the library of     
,thomas ,jefferson at ,monticello4 ,the 
damage to the  ,capitol was immediately 
repaired4    ,in #ahah the central      
portion of the building was commenced   
under the  architectural superintendence
 of ,charles ,bulfinch1 architect1 of   
,boston4 ,the original building was     
finally completed in #ahbg4 ,its cost1  
including the grading of the grounds1   
alterations1 and repairs1 up to  #ahbg1 
was #b1dcc1hdd4ac4    ,because of the   
growth of the ,republic1 after half a   
century it became  necessary to build a 
,senate ,chamber on the north and a     
,house of  ,representatives ,chamber on 

the south4 ,the cornerstone of the      
extensions  to the ,capitol which       
increased it to its present size was    
laid on  ,july #d1 #ahea1 by ,president 
,fillmore4 ,daniel ,webster was the     
orator of  the day4 ,this work was      
prosecuted under the direction of       
,thomas ,u4  ,walter1 ,architect of the 
,capitol until #ahfe1 when he resigned1 
and was  completed under the supervision
 of ,edward ,clark4 ,the ,house         
extension  was first occupied for       
legislative purposes ,december #af1     
#aheg1 and the  ,senate extension       
,january #d1 #ahei4    ,the white marble
 used in the walls is from              
,massachusetts and that in  the columns 
from ,maryland4    ,illustration3       
,courtesy of ,commercial ,photo ,co4    
,,the ,,capitol    ,the entire length of
 the building from north to south is    
#gea feet #d  inches and its greatest   
dimension from east to west is #cej     
feet4 ,the  area covered by the building
 is #c acres4    ,the ,dome of the      

original central building was           
constructed of wood1  covered with      
copper4 ,the present structure of cast  
iron was commenced  in #ahef1 and       
completed in #ahfe4 ,the entire weight  
of iron used is  #h1iji1bjj pounds4     
,the ,dome is crowned by the bronze     
,statue of ,freedom1 #ai feet #f inches 
high and weighing #ad1ihe pounds4 ,it   
was modeled by the sculptor ,thomas     
,crawford4 ,the height of the ,dome     
above the base line of the east front   
is #bhg feet #e inches4 ,the height from
 the top of the balustrade of the       
building is #bag feet #aa inches4 ,the  
greatest diameter at the base is  #ace  
feet #e inches4    ,the ,rotunda is #ig 
feet #f inches in diameter1 and its     
height from  the floor to the top of the
 canopy is #ahj feet #c inches4 ,the    
canopy  overhanging the ,dome1          
portraying the ,apotheosis of           
,washington1 was  painted by ,brumidi4  
,the ,rotunda frieze1 #fe feet above the
 floor1 making a circle #cjj feet  in   

length around the walls1 illustrates    
important periods in ,american  history4
    ,paintings in the ,rotunda are as   
follows3      ,the ,landing of ,columbus
 on ,san ,salvador1 ,october #ab1 #adib1
 by    ,vanderlyn4      ,the ,discovery 
of the ,mississippi by ,de ,soto1 #aeda1
 by ,w4 ,h4 ,powell4      ,the ,baptism 
of ,pocahontas1 ,jamestown1 ,va41 #afac1
 by ,john ,g4 ,chapman4      ,the       
,embarkation of the ,pilgrims from      
,delft-,haven1 ,july #bb1 #afbj1 by     
,robert ,w4 ,weir4      ,the ,signing of
 the ,declaration of ,independence1     
,philadelphia1 ,july #d1    #aggf1 by   
,john ,trumbull4      ,the ,surrender of
 ,burgoyne1 ,saratoga1 ,october #ag1    
#aggg1 by ,john    ,trumbull4      ,the 
,surrender of ,cornwallis1 ,yorktown1   
,va41 ,october #ai1 #agha1 by ,john     
,trumbull4      ,the ,resignation of    
,general ,washington1 ,december #bc1    
#aghc1 by ,john    ,trumbull4    ,the   
,senate ,chamber is #aac feet #c inches 
in length by #hj feet #c inches  in     

width and #cf feet in height4 ,the      
galleries will accommodate #fhb         
persons4 ,the ,house of ,representatives
 ,chamber is #aci feet in length  by #ic
 feet in width and #cf feet in height4  
,in #ahjj the ,chambers were  lighted by
 lamps and tallow candles1 and the #adb 
,representatives  were seated in chairs4
 ,to-day there are #dce ,members of the 
,house  of ,representatives1 in addition
 to #b ,delegates and #b ,resident      
,commissioners1 who are seated on       
benches1 which are arranged in a        
semicircle like those of the theater of 
,dionysius4 ,to-day the ,capitol  is    
lighted by electricity and equipped with
 a modern ventilating system4    ,the   
room later occupied by the ,supreme     
,court of the ,united ,states was  the  
,senate ,chamber until #ahei4 ,previous 
to that time the court occupied  the    
room immediately beneath1 now used as a 
law library4    ,beautiful paintings by 
,brumidi1 ,trumbull1 and others adorn   
the ,capitol1  and many statues1 gift of

 the ,states1 may be seen in ,statuary  
,hall1  set apart as such in #ahfd1     
being formerly the ,house of            
,representatives  ,chamber4             
,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol ,,at     
,,night    ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of 
,,freedom    ,massive bronze doors by   
,rogers1 depicting scenes from the life 
of  ,christopher ,columbus1 are at the  
main entrance1 the east1 and open from  
the portico to the ,rotunda4 ,they call 
to mind the ,ghiberti doors in          
,florence4    ,there are #bd columns of 
,maryland sandstone1 #cj feet high1 in  
the  central portico4 ,statues by       
,greenough and ,persico flank the steps4
    ,the ,capitol is to-day the most    
significant building in this country4   
,its assessed value in #aicj for        
building and grounds was #de1jjj1jjj4   
,on the east portico of the ,capitol    
newly elected ,presidents of the        
,united ,states take the oath of office4
      ,,statue ,,of ,,freedom    ,as has
 been stated1 the ,statue of ,freedom   

surmounting the ,dome of the  ,capitol  
is the work of one of ,america's great  
artists1 ,thomas ,crawford4  ,the       
modeling was done in ,rome1 and at the  
time of his death1 in #aheg1  he was    
endeavoring to secure the necessary     
funds for the casting of  it at the     
,royal ,foundry at ,munich4 ,on ,april  
#ai1 #aheh1 the plaster  model was      
shipped from ,leghorn1 ,italy1 and after
 a perilous voyage to  ,new ,york it    
arrived in ,washington in ,april1 #ahei4
 ,at that time work  on completion of   
the ,capitol was proceeding under the   
supervision of  ,thomas ,u4 ,walter1    
architect4    ,on ,may #bd1 #ahfj1 the  
,secretary of ,war1 in a statement      
concerning the  casting of the statue   
stated that--      it will be cast by   
,clark ,mills and he will be paid for   
his services    and for the rent of his 
foundry at ,mills ,avenue toward        
,bladensburg1    where the ,andrew      
,jackson equestrian was cast in #ahec   
and necessary    expenses at the rate of

 #djj per month and that the material1  
fuel1    labor1 etc41 will be paid for  
by the ,government4    ,this arrangement
 had been entered into and the work had 
progressed to  quite an extent1 when    
,captain ,meigs1 who had returned to    
duty at the  ,capitol1 issued a formal  
statement of the existence of war1 on   
,may  #ae1 #ahfa1 suspending work on the
 ,capitol extension and the new ,dome4  
,but subsequently1 even though the      
existence of war between the ,states    
handicapped the ,government1 the        
necessary arrangements for completing   
the ,dome and for casting the statue    
were made4 ,the statue was hoisted  in  
place on the ,dome amid a salute of #ce 
guns on ,december #b1 #ahfc4    ,the    
original model of the statue may be seen
 to-day in the rotunda of  the ,museum  
of ,history ,building of the            
,smithsonian ,institution4      ,,bronze
 ,,doors ,,of ,,the ,,capitol    ,these 
bronze doors1 the central and most      
elaborate of the ,capitol1  were modeled

 by ,randolph ,rogers at ,rome in #aheh1
 and cast at the ,royal  ,bavarian      
,foundry in ,munich by ,ferdinand von   
,muller1 director1 at a cost  of        
#ag1jjj4 ,each of the doors is #ai feet 
high and #e feet wide4 ,they are        
surmounted by a semicircular            
transom-panel or lunette representing   
the  landing of ,columbus in the ,new   
,world on ,october #ab1 #adib4 ,the     
casing  border is a decorative scheme   
composed of anchors1 rudders1 and armor2
  four figures in low relief typify     
,asia1 ,africa1 ,europe1 and ,america4  
,at  the top of the casing arch is a    
bust of ,columbus4    ,illustration3    
,,bronze ,,doors ,,at ,,main ,,entrance 
,,to ,,the ,,capitol1 ,,by ,,rogers     
,each of the doors is separated into    
four panels1 portraying scenes in       
alto-relief from life of ,columbus4     
,the lowest panel on the left-hand door 
pictures ,columbus before the  ,council 
of ,salamanca4 ,then follows his        
departure from the ,convent of ,la      

,rabida for the ,spanish ,court4 ,the   
next is the audience before ,ferdinand  
and ,isabella1 and the last the sailing 
from ,palos on the first voyage4    ,the
 top panel on the right-hand door       
represents the first encounter  with the
 ,indians4 ,the next the triumphal entry
 into ,barcelona4 ,then  follows        
,columbus in chains1 and the last       
depicts the death of the  discoverer4   
,the borders of the separate doors each 
contain eight figures  representing     
prominent personages of the fifteenth   
century who played  important parts in  
the events connected with the discovery 
of ,america4      ,,bronze ,,doors ,,of 
,,the ,,senate ,,wing    ,the bronze    
doors of the ,senate wing were designed 
by ,thomas ,crawford1  sculptor1 though 
the actual work of executing the plaster
 models was  done by ,william ,h4       
,rinehart4 ,they represent ,crawford's  
last work as a  sculptor4 ,it was first 
contemplated that one of the doors      
should be  cast at the ,royal ,bavarian 

,foundry in ,munich and that the other  
door  should be cast in this country4   
,the death of ,thomas ,crawford in #aheg
  and the subsequent occurrence of the  
,civil ,war caused many of the plans  to
 be changed4 ,the doors1 the first of   
that kind in ,america1 were  finally    
cast in #ahfh at ,chicopee1 ,mass41 by  
,james ,t4 ,ames1 and the  expense1     
#ej1jjj1 was far greater than was       
anticipated at the time when  it was    
planned to have the work done in this   
country4 ,they weigh #ad1jjj  pounds4   
,the sculptor1 ,rinehart1 received about
 #i1jjj4    ,each of the doors consists 
of three panels and a medallion         
picturing  events of the ,revolutionary 
,war4    ,the upper panel of the        
right-hand door contains a              
representation of  the death of ,general
 ,warren at the ,battle of ,bunker ,hill
 on ,june #ag1  #agge2 the center panel 
shows ,general ,washington rebuking     
,gen4 ,charles  ,lee at the ,battle of  
,monmouth1 ,n4 ,j41 on ,june #bh1 #aggh2

 the lower panel  pictures the storming 
of a redoubt at ,yorktown1 ,va41 led by 
,alexander  ,hamilton1 on ,october #ad1 
#agha2 the medallion at the bottom      
represents a  conflict between a        
,hessian soldier and a ,new ,jersey     
farmer4    ,the medallion at the bottom 
of the left-hand door represents ,peace 
and ,agriculture4 ,above is a panel     
showing ,general ,washington passing    
underneath an arch of flowers at        
,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 while on his way to  
,new ,york ,city to be inaugurated as   
the first ,president of the ,united     
,states2 the middle panel represents    
,washington taking the oath of  office  
as ,president1 which was administered by
 ,chancellor ,livingston  on ,april #cj1
 #aghi--the ,united ,states ,supreme    
,court had not as yet been  organized1  
so that the oath could not be           
administered by the ,chief  ,justice4   
,the top panel represents ,president    
,washington laying the  corner stone of 
the ,capitol on ,september #ah1 #agic4  

,illustration3 ,,bronze ,,doors ,,at    
,,the ,,senate ,,wing1 ,,by ,,crawford  
,,bronze ,,doors ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of
 ,,representatives ,,wing    ,the bronze
 doors of the ,house of ,representatives
 resemble in general  outline and       
arrangement the bronze doors of the     
,senate4 ,each door  consists of three  
panels and a medallion picturing events 
in ,american  history4 ,the design is   
that of ,thomas ,crawford1 sculptor1 but
 the  modeling and completion was that  
of ,william ,h4 ,rinehart4 ,the models  
after being transported to this country 
remained for a long time in  storage and
 were finally cast by ,m4 ,h4 ,mosman1  
at ,chicopee1 ,mass41 who  had succeeded
 to or continued the business           
organization of ,james ,t4  ,ames1 by   
whom the ,senate doors were cast4       
,the doors were installed in the autumn 
of #aije1 the cost to the  ,government  
being #de1jjj4    ,the upper panel of   
the left-hand door portrays the         
,massacre of ,wyoming1  ,july #ag1      

#aggh2 the center panel the ,battle of  
,lexington1 ,april #ai1  #agge2 the     
lower panel presentation of flag to     
,gen4 ,william ,moultrie for  his       
defense of ,sullivans ,island1          
,charleston ,harbor1 ,june #bh1 #aggf2  
and  the medallion at the bottom shows  
the death of ,general ,montgomery in    
the attack on ,quebec1 ,december #ca1   
#agge4    ,the upper panel of the       
right-hand door depicts the reading of  
the  ,declaration of ,independence2 the 
center panel the signing of the ,paris  
treaty of peace between the ,united     
,states and ,great ,britain1 ,september 
#c1 #aghc2 the lower panel ,washington's
 farewell to his officers at ,new       
,york1 ,december #d1 #aghc2 and the     
medallion at the bottom contains a      
seated figure of ,franklin in his study4
      ,,the ,,congress ,,of ,,the       
,,united ,,states    ,congress is one of
 the three coordinate branches of the   
,united ,states  ,government4 ,it is the
 legislative branch and consists of a   

,senate1  to which the ,members1 two    
from each ,state1 are elected for a term
 of  six years2 and the ,house of       
,representatives1 to which the ,members 
are elected for a term of two years4    
,the membership is based on the         
population of the ,united ,states1 and  
in ,january1 #aici1 numbered #dce       
,members4 ,the apportionment is made    
among the several ,states in the  ratio 
that the whole number of persons in each
 ,state bears to the total  population  
of the country4 ,states arrange for     
their own congressional  districts after
 the number of ,members of the ,house of
 ,representatives  from each ,state has 
been determined upon4 ,there are in the 
,house1 also1  #b ,territorial          
,delegates--#a each from ,alaska and    
,hawaii--and #b ,resident               
,commissioners--#a from the             
,commonwealth of the ,philippines and #a
 from  ,puerto ,rico4 ,they have the    
right to debate but not to vote4        
,illustration3 ,,bronze ,,doors ,,at    

,,the ,,house ,,of ,,representatives    
,,wing1 ,,by  ,,crawford                
,illustration3 ,,senate ,,chamber       
,illustration3 ,,house ,,of             
,,representatives ,,chamber    ,the     
,constitution provides that ,congress   
shall assemble on ,january #c of  each  
year 7#bjth amendment72 and each        
,congress usually consists of two       
sessions4    ,illustration3 ,,senate    
,,office ,,building    ,the powers of   
,congress are set forth in ,article ,i1 
section #h of the  ,constitution1 which 
is divided into #ah clauses4 ,the power 
to raise  revenue originates in the     
,house of ,representatives1 which       
carries  the burden in providing        
necessary appropriations2 the ,senate   
has the  power of confirming or         
rejecting appointments made by the      
,president  and to ratify treaties4     
,measures are originated in the form of 
bills  or resolutions1 which are        
thereupon referred to committees for    
report  before being introduced in the  

,senate or ,house of ,representatives4  
,the age requirement for eligibility as 
a ,member of the ,house of              
,representatives is #be years1 and for  
the ,senate #cj years2 each person  must
 have been a citizen of the ,united     
,states for seven years and a  citizen  
of the ,state from which elected4       
,members of ,congress are by the        
,constitution granted exemption from    
arrest under certain conditions while   
attending the sessions of their         
respective ,houses and in going to and  
returning from such sessions1  8and for 
any speech or debate in either ,house1  
they shall not be  questioned in any    
other place40    ,the proceedings and   
debates in ,congress are published in   
the  ,congressional ,record1 which is   
printed daily at the ,government        
,printing  ,office with such rapidity   
that even though a session of ,congress 
may  continue until late in the night a 
copy of the ,record is at hand for  each
 ,member the following morning4         

,illustration3 ,,old ,,house ,,of       
,,representatives ,,office ,,building   
,illustration3 ,,new ,,house ,,of       
,,representatives ,,office ,,building   
,a bill or resolution1 to become a law1 
must be passed by both the  ,house of   
,representatives and the ,senate and    
approved by the ,president4  ,if there  
are points of disagreement in the       
,senate or ,house of  ,representatives  
in the enactment of legislation1 each   
body appoints  conferees to settle the  
points in dispute4 ,the ,president has  
the  power to veto a bill1 but the      
measure can become law if reconsidered  
and passed by both the ,senate and the  
,house of ,representatives by  a        
two-thirds majority4 ,occasionally the  
,president makes use of the  8pocket    
veto02 that is1 if the bill was passed  
within #aj days 7,sundays  excepted7 of 
the adjournment of ,congress1 the       
,president may retain  7pocket7 the     
bill1 which is thus killed at the end of
 the session  without the interposition 

of a direct veto1 and without risking   
the  chances of its passage over the    
veto4 ,if the ,president does not       
interpose the ordinary veto1 a bill     
becomes law at the expiration of #aj    
days4    ,illustration3 ,,union         
,,station    ,the ,president is given   
authority by the ,constitution to       
convene either  or both ,houses of      
,congress in extraordinary session4     
,,senate ,,and ,,house ,,of             
,,representatives ,,office ,,buildings  
,the ,senate and ,house ,office         
,buildings1 the former flanking the     
,capitol  to the north and the latter to
 the south1 were designed by ,carrere   
,hastings1 architects1 and are in the   
classical style of architecture4  ,a new
 ,house ,office ,building1 designed by  
the ,allied ,architects1 ,inc41  of     
,washington1 has recently been          
completed1 and also the ,east ,wing of  
the ,senate ,office ,building1 designed 
by ,wyeth  ,sullivan1 architects of     
,washington4 ,each ,senator is provided 

with offices of from two to three       
rooms1 and likewise each                
,representative1 excepting a few whose  
offices  are in the ,capitol4           
,,union ,,station    ,in the design of  
the station much thought was given to   
the  architectural features4 ,since     
,greece and ,rome have furnished        
architectural inspiration for so many of
 the public buildings of  ,washington1 a
 freely interpreted classic may be      
considered as the  recognized           
architecture of these structures2 and as
 the new station was  to be the         
monumental gateway to the ,national     
,capital1 it seemed fitting  that the   
architectural motives should be drawn   
from the triumphal  arches of ,rome4    
,they inspired ,mr4 ,burnham to design  
the ,union ,station  as he did4         
,construction work was begun in ,august1
 #aijb1 the terminal  opened ,october   
#bg1 #aijg1 and was completed in ,april1
 #aijh4    ,some of the elements        
entering into the design of the terminal

 were  unique4 ,in most cities the      
probable future growth and nature of    
the traffic plays an important part in  
the planning of a passenger  terminal4  
,washington has very little suburban    
traffic2 and as it will  never become a 
commercial center1 the question of      
providing for future  growth was of     
minor importance4 ,the main problem was 
how to care for  and provide against    
abnormal conditions1 which arise at     
least once  every four years4 ,the      
handling of inauguration crowds had     
always been  a heavy expense to the     
railroads1 because they had to provide  
such  elaborate temporary facilities4   
,on the other hand1 to provide adequate 
permanent facilities meant a large      
expenditure1 with the attendant  heavy  
carrying charges4 ,on account of the    
dilapidated condition of the  passenger 
facilities owned by the companies1 and  
the urgent need of  larger and better   
terminals1 a union terminal seemed to   
show advantages  over the separate      

stations provided for in the acts of    
#aija4    ,illustration3 ,courtesy of   
,commercial ,photo ,co4    ,,union      
,,station--,,concourse    ,the layout   
embraces every feature and facility     
involved in the  construction of a      
first-class terminal1 including a depot 
building  planned and constructed after 
the most modern lines1 and containing   
every feature for the convenience1      
comfort1 and pleasure of the  traveling 
public2 the most complete and up-to-date
 facilities for  conducting the business
 of a large railroad station2 a main    
power  plant for furnishing power of    
every kind required for the successful  
operation of the station and yards2 a   
large and completely equipped  express  
terminal for caring for the express     
business handled by the  companies2 a   
modern commodious roundhouse and shop   
layout for caring  for repairs to       
equipment2 the most complete            
interlocking layout and                 
intercommunication system ever          

constructed2 one of the most complete   
passenger-equipment yards ever built2   
and a track system covering yards  and  
main tracks within the                  
passenger-terminal zone aggregating     
about #fj  miles of single track4       
,the station building proper is #fbf    
feet #aj inches long and #baj feet #i   
inches wide1 exclusive of the space     
taken up by the columns in front of  the
 central pavilion or main portico4 ,the 
front and ends are made up of  groups of
 semicircular arches characteristic of  
,roman architecture4 ,the  main portico 
or central pavilion consists of #c      
arches1 each #bi feet #f  inches wide   
and #dh feet #i inches high4 ,flanking  
it on either side are #g  arches1 each  
#ab feet #d inches wide and #bd feet #h 
inches high1 while the  end pavilions   
are composed of arches #bb feet wide and
 #ch feet #f inches  high4    ,the west 
end is made up of #e arches #ai feet #b 
inches wide and #cg feet  #g inches     
high1 and #a arch #ab feet #d inches    

wide and #bd feet #h inches  high4 ,the 
former are used as exits for carriages  
from the carriage  porch1 the latter to 
carry out the open portico treatment    
across the  front4 ,at the east end     
leading to the open portico are #b      
windows with  arch treatment1 and there 
are #e arches #ab feet #f inches wide   
and #bd  feet #h inches high1 #a arch   
#bb feet wide and #ch feet #f inches    
high1  leading to a carriage pavilion4  
,the east pavilion leads to a suite of  
rooms for the use of the  ,president and
 the guests of the ,nation1 the west    
pavilion to the  carriage porch at the  
west end of the ticket lobby4 ,the      
central and end  pavilions are connected
 by a portico or loggia from #ad feet #f
 inches to  #af feet #f inches wide1 the
 portico and pavilions forming a        
continuous  covered porch the entire    
length of the structure1 and affording  
protection from the elements4 ,the east 
and west wings of the building  are #fi 
feet #g inches above the floor level1   

and the domes over the  carriage        
entrances are #gh feet #c inches above  
the same point4 ,the  dome over the main
 waiting room is #abb feet #aj inches   
high4    ,illustration3 ,,union         
,,station--,,waiting ,,room    ,the     
concourse in the rear of the main       
building is #gfj feet long and #acj     
feet wide1 exceeding by nearly nine feet
 the length of the ,capitol4 ,it  is    
covered by a segmental arched ceiling   
#de feet high in the center and  #bb    
feet at the springing line above the    
main floor4 ,about #dj per cent  of the 
ceiling area is of glass1 the remainder 
is artistically coffered  ornamental    
plaster4 ,the concourse is divided by   
the usual train fence  into two         
sections1 that on the station side being
 #hc feet and that on  the track side   
#dg feet wide4    ,there are #cb tracks 
leading to the station--#bj on the level
 of the  waiting rooms and #ab depressed
 below the street level a distance of   
#bj  feet4 ,two tubes of the            

,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 and        
,southern ,railway  ,co41 each #af feet 
wide1 run from the station south along  
,first ,street  between the ,library of 
,congress and the ,capitol for about a  
mile4  ,at the ,fountain of ,neptune the
 tunnel is #dj feet below the surface4  
,approximately #bhe trains enter and    
leave the railway station each day2  the
 daily number of passengers is          
approximately #cj1jjj4    ,the general  
waiting room has a clear width of #abj  
feet1 is #bai  feet long1 exclusive of  
the colonnades1 and is covered by a     
,roman  barrel-vaulted ceiling1 its     
highest point1 exclusive of coffers1    
being #if feet above the floor level4   
,the decorations are sunken  panels     
patterned after the baths of            
,diocletian4 ,it is lighted by a        
semicircular window #gb feet in diameter
 at the east end1 by three  semicircular
 windows in the south side and five on  
the north side1 each  #bg feet in       
diameter1 and by the glass roof over the

 ticket lobby at  the west end4         
,imperial ,rome at her greatest did not 
possess a hall of  such proportions4    
,the ,union ,station is built of        
,vermont white granite4 ,in the         
construction of this massive building   
,mr4 ,burnham set a standard for  civic 
improvement for the construction of     
railroad terminals in this  country4    
,the complete architectural treatment of
 the front elevation of the  station    
includes six stone statues and four     
eagles1 the former over  the central    
pavilion1 and the latter over the       
carriage entrances at  the east and west
 ends4 ,this statuary is placed in front
 of the great  friezes over the main    
entrance arches and over the carriage   
archways  and1 with the inscriptions in 
the panels between1 have been made a    
special architectural feature4          
,before the adoption of the scheme a    
number of suggestions for the  subjects 
of the statues and inscriptions were    
secured1 ranging from  the explorers and

 discoverers of this country to the     
various inventors  who have had most to 
do with the development of              
transportation4 ,the  general           
architectural treatment of the building1
 however1 was such  as to preclude the  
usual portrait statues4 ,to make them   
take their  place as part of the        
architecture required that they be      
limited to  allegorical draped figures1 
forming simple1 massive silhouettes     
against  the vast frieze4 ,in the       
development of the complete scheme1     
embracing  the subjects for the         
statuary1 with appropriate inscriptions 
in the  intervening panels1 the late    
,charles ,w4 ,eliot1 former president of
  ,harvard ,university1 was consulted4  
,the result is an appropriate and       
adequate treatment of the decorative    
frieze over the doorway of the          
vestibule to the ,capital of the        
,nation4    ,the general decorative     
features of the main entrance to the    
building  consist of six massive stone  

columns1 two on each side and one in    
front  of each pier supporting the main 
arches4 ,upon pedestals on the tops  of 
these columns the granite statues1 about
 #ah feet high1 are placed1  those on   
the west side of the entrance           
representing ,prometheus and  ,thales1  
typifying ,fire and ,electricity1 those 
on the east side ,ceres  and            
,archimedes1 typifying ,agriculture and 
,mechanics1 while ,freedom and          
,imagination are depicted by the central
 figures4 ,those on the west  side      
represent two of the great forces       
connected with the operation of         
railroads1 while those on the east owe  
much of their development and  wealth to
 the railroads4 ,the central figures    
typify the atmosphere of  freedom in    
which the inventive imagination has been
 able to accomplish  such great results4
 ,the columns flanking the carriage     
entrances are  surmounted by stone      
eagles about #h feet high4    ,the      
following inscriptions are cut in the   

granite panels over the main  entrance3 
,west 7,prometheus and ,thales7         
,,fire--,,greatest ,,of ,,discoveries   
,,enabling ,,man ,,to ,,live ,,in       
,,various ,,climates    ,,use ,,many    
,,foods--,,and ,,compel    ,,the        
,,forces ,,of ,,nature ,,to ,,do ,,his  
,,work      ,,electricity--,,carrier    
,,of ,,light ,,and ,,power    ,,devourer
 ,,of ,,time ,,and ,,space--,,bearer    
,,of ,,human ,,speech ,,over ,,land     
,,and ,,sea    ,,great ,,servant ,,of   
,,man--,,itself ,,unknown      ,,thou   
,,hast ,,put ,,all ,,things ,,under     
,,his ,,feet      ,central 7,freedom and
 ,imagination7      ,,sweetener ,,of    
,,hut ,,and ,,of ,,hall    ,,bringer    
,,of ,,life ,,out ,,of ,,naught         
,,freedom ,o ,,fairest ,,of ,,all       
,,the ,,daughters ,,of ,,time ,,and     
,,thought      ,,man',s ,,imagination   
,,has ,,conceived ,,all    ,,numbers    
,,and ,,letters--,,all ,,tools1         
,,vessels    ,,and ,,shelters--,,every  
,,art ,,and ,,trade--,,all              

,,philosophy ,,and ,,poetry--,,and ,,all
 ,,polities      ,,the ,,truth ,,shall  
,,make ,,you ,,free      ,east 7,ceres  
and ,archimedes7      ,,the             
,,farm--,,best ,,home ,,of ,,the        
,,family--,,main    ,,source ,,of       
,,national ,,wealth--,,foundation ,,of  
,,civilized ,,society--,,the ,,natural  
,,providence      ,,the ,,old ,,mechanic
 ,,arts--,,controlling ,,new            
,,forces--,,build ,,new ,,highways ,,for
 ,,goods    ,,and ,,men--,,override     
,,the ,,ocean--,,and ,,make    ,,the    
,,very ,,ether ,,carry ,,human ,,thought
      ,,the ,,desert ,,shall ,,rejoice  
,,and ,,blossom    ,,as ,,the ,,rose    
,in the panels over the entrances to the
 carriage porch and state  apartment the
 following inscriptions are cut3        
,carriage ,porch 7south elevation7      
,,he ,,that ,,would ,,bring ,,home ,,the
    ,,wealth ,,of ,,the ,,indies ,,must 
,,carry    ,,the ,,wealth ,,of ,,the    
,,indies ,,with ,,him    ,,so ,,it ,,is 
,,in ,,travelling--,a ,,man    ,,must   

,,carry ,,knowledge ,,with ,,him    ,,if
 ,,he ,,would ,,bring ,,home ,,knowledge
      ,state ,apartment 7south          
elevation7      ,,let ,,all ,,the ,,ends
 ,,thou ,,aimest ,,at ,,be    ,,thy     
,,country',s1 ,,thy ,,god',s1 ,,and     
,,truth',s1    ,,be ,,noble1 ,,and ,,the
 ,,nobleness ,,that    ,,lies ,,in      
,,other ,,men--,,sleeping ,,but         
,,never ,,dead--,,will ,,rise ,,in      
,,majesty    ,,to ,,meet ,,thine ,,own  
,state ,apartment 7east elevation7      
,,welcome ,,the ,,coming    ,,speed     
,,the ,,parting ,,guest      ,,virtue   
,,alone ,,is ,,sweet ,,society    ,,it  
,,keeps ,,the ,,key ,,to ,,all          
,,heroic ,,hearts ,,and ,,opens ,,you   
,a ,,welcome ,,in ,,them ,,all    ,the  
decorations immediately in front of and 
along the sides of the east  and west   
entrances consist of stone balustrades  
upon which at proper  intervals are     
ornamental lamp posts4    ,immediately  
in front of the main entrance to the    
,union ,station there  are three        

ornamental iron flagstaffs #aaj feet in 
height1 the ornamental  base and        
decorative portions of which are in     
bronze4 ,these were  designed by ,d4 ,h4
 ,burnham  ,co41 architects of the      
,union ,station4    ,since the          
completion of the ,union ,station in    
#aijh there have also been  placed on   
the ,plaza the ,columbus ,memorial      
,fountain in front of the main          
entrance1 and two large fountains1 one  
on each side of the memorial4    ,all   
stone used in the decoration of the     
,plaza1 except that in the bowls  of the
 fountains1 is ,vermont white granite1  
from the same quarry as  that used in   
the station building4 ,the fountain     
bowls are of ,maine  green granite4 ,the
 upper bowls are #ac feet in diameter   
and cut from  a single piece of stone2  
the lower bowls are #bb feet #f inches  
in  diameter1 the rims being made from  
eight separate pieces of granite4  ,the 
bottoms of these bowls are of reinforced
 concrete and are lined  with sheet     

lead4      ,,washington ,,city ,,post   
,,office    ,the ,washington ,city ,post
 ,office moved into its present quarters
 on  ,september #e1 #aiad4 ,the building
 faces on ,massachusetts ,avenue and    
extends from ,north ,capitol ,street to 
,first ,street ,,ne4    ,at the time of 
occupancy it was considered the model   
post office  for the rest of the        
country1 being provided with the most   
modern  mail-handling equipment that    
human ingenuity could devise4 ,there are
  conveyor belts through a tunnel under 
the streets for bringing the  enormous  
amount of ,government mail from the     
,government ,printing ,office  directly 
into the post office1 where it is made  
up for dispatch to  trains2 other belts 
for conveying mail from one section of  
the office  to another2 bucket lifts for
 raising mail from a lower to a higher  
floor2 gravity chutes to send mail from 
an upper to a lower level2  miniature   
trolley systems to carry smaller amounts
 of mail1 or even  single important     

letters1 from one section of the        
workroom floor to  another2 and other   
devices to save footsteps of the        
employees and  conserve their time4     
,the building is three stories above the
 ground level and two stories  below4   
,the two upper floors and one of the    
lower ones are given over to  ,post     
,office ,department activities1 such as 
the ,postal ,savings ,division1  the    
,division of ,stamps1 the ,division of  
,equipment and ,supplies1 and  others4  
,the building is so constructed that the
 maximum of natural  daylight is        
permitted to enter4 ,it has no heating  
plant of its own1  being supplied with  
heat from the plant located at ,first   
and ,e ,streets  ,,se4 that supplies the
 ,capitol1 ,senate and ,house ,office   
,buildings1 and  the ,government        
,printing ,office4 ,the necessary pipes 
are brought into  the building through  
underground tunnels4    ,illustration3  
,,washington ,,city ,,post ,,office     
,there are approximately #f acres of    

floor space available for the           
,washington ,post ,office4 ,this        
additional space was secured by a new   
addition4 ,it was thought at the time   
the post office moved into its new      
quarters that the floor space provided  
would be ample to take care of  all     
increases in the volume of mail for a   
period of #ej years4 ,in a few  years   
the office far outgrew this space1 and  
,congress appropriated for  an addition 
to the building about equal in size to  
the original one4  ,the construction of 
this addition cost #d1jjj1jjj4    ,the  
original building cost #c1jbh1jjj1 and  
the general style of the  architecture  
is that of the monumental work of ,roman
 times and was  designed by ,peirce     
,anderson1 architect1 to harmonize with 
the ,union  ,station1 which adjoins1 and
 to which it is connected by a covered  
bridge1 over which mail to and from the 
trains is trucked4    ,the main exterior
 motive consists of an ,ionic colonnade 
flanked by  corner pavilions treated    

with round arches1 inclosed in a strong 
frame  of columns and pilasters and     
surmounted by solid attics carrying     
inscriptions as follows3                
,,messenger ,,of ,,sympathy ,,and ,,love
    ,,servant ,,of ,,parted ,,friends   
,,consoler ,,of ,,the ,,lonely    ,,bond
 ,,of ,,the ,,scattered ,,family        
,,enlarger ,,of ,,the ,,common ,,life   
,,carrier ,,of ,,news ,,and ,,knowledge 
,,instrument ,,of ,,trade ,,and         
,,industry    ,,promoter ,,of ,,mutual  
,,acquaintance    ,,of ,,peace ,,and    
,,of ,,good ,,will    ,,among ,,men     
,,and ,,nations    ,many visitors to    
,washington will stop and read these    
inscriptions  and1 being interested in  
the authorship thereof1 will make       
inquiry  concerning it4 ,research shows 
that the originals were prepared by ,dr4
  ,charles ,w4 ,eliot1 at that time     
president of ,harvard ,university1 but  
that some slight changes were made in   
the text by the late ,president  ,wilson
 to the extent of the alteration of some

 three or four words4 ,it  is this      
revision that appears on the building4  
,the material of the exterior of the    
building is ,vermont white granite  and 
is the same as that used in the         
construction of the ,union ,station4    
,the general treatment of the main      
lobby1 which is #bej feet in length1  is
 that of a high cella1 #cj feet wide and
 #ec feet high1 and surrounded  by an   
order of pilasters in ,tavernelle       
marble4 ,the adjoining vestibules  are  
ornamented by #bd monolithic columns of 
gray-green granite from  ,new           
,hampshire4 ,these columns are #b feet  
and #d inches in diameter and  #bj feet 
in height4 ,the floor is of ,tennessee  
marble1 laid in patterns  of pinks and  
grays4 ,the main lobby ceiling has an   
elaborate coffered  design inspired from
 the best period of the ,italian        
,renaissance4    ,illustration3         
,,library ,,of ,,congress    ,the gross 
receipts of the ,washington ,post       
,office have increased from  #a1gib1iag 

in #aiad to nearly #g1jjj1jjj in #aich4 
,in order to make postal facilities as  
easily accessible as possible1  there   
are located throughout the city #ca     
classified and #da contract  stations4  
,to properly transport mail from the    
main office to the various  stations1   
electric-line terminals1 steamboat      
wharves1 and aviation  fields1 and to   
make collections from the street letter 
boxes and  deliver parcel-post packages1
 the office operates a fleet of fully   
#ajj  ,government-owned automobile      
trucks4    ,designed by ,graham         
,anderson1 ,probst  ,white and built of 
white ,vermont  granite1 the addition   
was completed in #aicg and it doubled   
the size of  the city post office4      
,,library ,,of ,,congress    ,the       
,library of ,congress1 the world's      
largest and most elaborate  building    
devoted wholly to library uses1 occupies
 two city squares east  of and facing   
the ,capitol ,grounds1 also an addition 
recently completed4    ,the architecture

 is of the ,italian ,renaissance order1 
from plans made  by ,j4 ,j4 ,smithmeyer 
and ,paul ,pelz1 and modified by ,edward
 ,p4 ,casey4 ,the  exterior walls are of
 ,new ,hampshire granite4 ,fifty masters
 of painting  and sculpture worked      
together to make it a treasure house of 
the best  contemporary ,american art1   
fit to shelter one of the greatest      
libraries  of the world4 ,army engineers
 superintended its construction4        
,begun in #ahhf1 completed in #ahig1 the
 building measures #cdj feet  by #dgj   
feet and covers about #c acres4 ,its    
cost to date has been  #g1hfh1iea4 ,the 
addition was designed by ,pierson       
,wilson1 architects  of ,washington1 and
 built of ,georgia marble4    ,in front 
of the ,library is a bronze fountain by 
,hinton ,perry1 sculptor1  representing 
the ,court of ,neptune4    ,the grand   
stair hall of the entrance pavilion is  
of ,italian white  marble1 is           
particularly beautiful at night1 when   
visitors delight to  see it4 ,it leads  

to the great rotunda1 which is the      
reading room4 ,to  the right are the    
library rooms of ,senators and          
,representatives and  the periodical    
room4 ,to the left are the rooms for the
 blind and the  conservatory of music4  
,on the second floor at the head of the 
staircase is ,elihu ,vedder's  famous   
mosaic1 ,minerva4 ,on this floor also   
are on exhibition the  original         
,declaration of ,independence1 the      
original ,constitution of the  ,united  
,states1 and the ,gutenberg ,bible4 ,to 
the right is the prints  division1 now  
called the division of fine arts1 and to
 the left the  manuscripts division4    
,illustration3 ,,library ,,of           
,,congress--,,grand ,,staircase    ,the 
reading room contains the card-index    
catalogue of the books in  the ,library1
 will accommodate #a1jjj readers at a   
time1 and is free to  any reader over   
#af years of age4 ,the alcoves are      
devoted to books on  particular         
subjects4    ,the reading room is under 

the dome1 which is #ajj feet in diameter
  and #aie feet high to the lantern4 ,in
 the lantern of the dome is a  female   
figure indicating ,human ,understanding1
 and on the collar  surrounding the     
lantern1 #aej feet in circumference1 is 
the ,evolution  of ,civilization1       
symbolic of the #ab nations and epochs  
which have  contributed to the world's  
advance--both great works of art by     
,edwin  ,howland ,blashfield4 ,the dome 
is beautifully decorated1 and the series
  of statues in bronze by famous        
,american sculptors at intervals on the 
balustrade encircling the rotunda make  
the scene impressive4    ,the pillars in
 the rotunda are #dj feet high1 the     
windows #cb feet wide4    ,there are #af
 bronze statues surrounding the railing 
of the gallery  under the dome1         
representing leaders in great fields of 
learning1 as  follows3      ,religion3  
,moses the great lawgiver1 holding the  
,tables of the ,law1    given at ,mount 
,sinai1 by ,charles ,henry ,niehaus2    

,st4 ,paul1 with sword    and scroll1 by
 ,john ,donoghue4      ,commerce3       
,christopher ,columbus1 by ,paul        
,bartlett2 ,robert ,fulton1    holding a
 model of his first steamboat1          
,clermont1 by ,lewis ,potter4           
,history3 ,herodotus1 the 8,father of   
,history10 by ,daniel ,chester          
,french2 ,edward ,gibbon1 author of the 
,decline and ,fall of the ,roman        
,empire1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,niehaus4      ,art3
 ,michelangelo1 by ,paul ,bartlett2     
,beethoven1 by ,theodor ,bauer4         
,philosophy3 ,plato1 by ,john ,j4       
,boyle2 ,francis ,bacon1 by ,john ,j4   
,boyle4      ,poetry3 ,homer1 by        
,augustus ,saint-,gaudens2 ,shakespeare1
 by ,frederick    ,w4 ,mac,monnies4     
,law3 ,solon1 by ,f4 ,wellington        
,ruckstuhl2 ,james ,kent1 by ,george ,e4
    ,bissell4      ,science3 ,newton1 by
 ,cyrus ,e4 ,dallin2 ,joseph ,henry1 by 
,herbert ,adams4    ,numerous paintings1
 mosaics1 and inscriptions adorn the    
interior walls4  ,the dark ,tennessee1  

the red ,numidia1 and the shades of     
yellow ,sienna  marble give the room a  
rich color effect4    ,when the         
collection of a million books was moved 
from the crowded  ,capitol it was       
believed that the increase for the next 
hundred years  had been amply provided  
for2 but before #ae years had passed it 
had been  found necessary to roof over  
one of the four great open courts 7more 
than a quarter of an acre in extent7 and
 fill it with a #aj-story steel         
bookstack to hold #a1ejj1jjj volumes4   
,by #aibg another court had been  filled
 with a #ad-story stack4 ,two years     
later four levels were added to  the    
first of these court stacks1 making the 
two equal4    ,to meet the great        
increase in the future1 ,congress       
appropriated for  the purchase of a     
square and a half of land to the        
eastward and the  construction of an    
annex building costing #i1cjj1jjj4 ,to  
the annex will  be transferred the      
copyright office1 card division1        

printery1 and  bindery1 but leaving room
 in it for eight or ten million volumes 
of  less active material1 such1 for     
example1 as the #ig1jjj volumes of bound
  newspapers4 ,there are #bj acres of   
floor space in the new building4    ,the
 ,library's resources for research are  
unsurpassed in the ,western             
,hemisphere2 its service as a national  
library is unexcelled4 ,the  printed    
book collection on ,june #cj1 #aich1    
totaled #e1eia1jjj1 surpassed  in       
numbers only by that of the ,bibliothque
 ,national in ,paris1 and  increasing at
 a greater rate than those in any other 
library4 ,last year  #aif1jjj volumes   
were added4    ,illustration3 ,,library 
,,of ,,congress ,,addition    ,founded  
in #ahjj by an act appropriating #e1jjj 
for the purchase of  8books for the use 
of both ,houses of ,congress10 the      
,library continued1  down to the        
midpoint of its #aci years of history1  
to be no more than  its name implies--a 
collection for the use of the ,national 

,legislature4  ,by #ahfe the ,library   
had attained a growth of #hb1jjj        
volumes1 which  was notable among       
,american libraries neither in size nor 
in service  rendered4    ,the           
collections include the library of      
,thomas ,jefferson 7#f1gfj volumes1  the
 nucleus of the present collections1    
purchased for #bc1iej in #ahae71  the   
,peter ,force and the ,toner collections
 of ,american history1 the  ,smithsonian
 ,institution's unequaled collection of 
the proceedings of  learned societies of
 the world1 the ,yudin collection of    
,russian books  7with later additions   
probably the largest outside of         
,russia71 the  collection of ,john ,boyd
 ,thacher 7fifteenth-century books1 and 
books  on the ,french ,revolution1 early
 ,americana1 autographs of ,european    
notables71 the ,schiff-,deinard         
collection of ,hebrew literature1 and   
#acj1jjj ,chinese books1 understood to  
be one of the largest and               
best-organized collections outside the  

,orient4 ,most notable among  recent    
accessions is the ,vollbehr collection  
of #c1jjj fifteenth-century  books      
7incunabula71 for whose purchase        
,congress appropriated #a1ejj1jjj  in   
,july1 #aicj4 ,the gem of this group is 
the ,gutenberg ,bible1 one of the  three
 extant perfect copies on vellum of the 
first great book printed  in ,europe    
from movable type 7,a4 ,d4 #adej-adee74 
,illustration3 ,,library ,,of           
,,congress--,,reading ,,room            
,manuscripts relating chiefly to        
,american history are among the         
,library's greatest treasures4 ,the     
reproducing by photography of           
manuscript materials for ,american      
history in foreign archives and         
libraries1 which since #aibg has formed 
so significant a portion of the         
division's work1 has added more than    
#b1jjj1jjj pages to the resources  which
 students of that history can use in    
,washington without going to  ,europe4  
,chief among originals beyond all price 

are the ,declaration of  ,independence1 
the ,constitution of the ,united        
,states--both added in  #aiba--the      
personal papers of ,president           
,washington1 many ,presidents1 and      
other statesmen4    ,the ,library is    
rich in music4 ,this collection numbers 
over #a1aid1jjj  pieces and volumes1    
surpassed only in two or three ,european
 libraries4  ,an auditorium of #ejj     
seats1 given and richly endowed by ,mrs4
 ,elizabeth  ,sprague ,coolidge1        
provides free concerts and lectures4    
,other notable groups are #a1djj1jjj    
maps and views2 #edb1jjj engravings  and
 other pictorial reproductions1         
including the splendid ,pennell         
collections2 the law library 7#djd1jjj  
volumes74 ,the social and  political    
sciences are represented by #hij1ejj    
volumes1 language and  literature by    
#cej1jjj1 history by #dbj1jjj1 and pure 
science by #bfe1ejj4    ,the most recent
 important development in service is the
 division of  aeronautics1 established  

through a benefaction of #adj1jjj from  
the  ,daniel ,guggenheim ,fund for      
,aeronautics1 now supplemented by an    
annual  congressional appropriation4    
,special facilities for serious research
 include some #ej individual  study     
rooms and 7elsewhere7 #abe special desks
 or tables4 ,interlibrary  loans for    
investigators whose work is likely to   
advance the boundaries  of knowledge are
 sent far and wide through the ,united  
,states and some  abroad4    ,there is a
 service for blind readers which last   
year loaned #db1jjj  volumes in embossed
 type to some #c1jjj readers in the     
,united ,states4    ,printed catalogue  
cards1 numbering #aaj1jjj1jjj1 prepared 
by the ,library  for its own catalogues1
 are sold at cost to some #f1cjj other  
libraries1  effecting for the           
subscribers prodigious savings in their 
cataloguing  bills but yielding a       
revenue to the ,treasury of #cbh1dje4   
,until very recently ,congress alone    
provided the funds to meet all the      

,library's expenses1 excepting one gift 
of #bj1jjj received in #aijd4  ,but in  
#aibe the ,library of ,congress ,trust  
,fund ,board was created by  ,congress1 
the ,secretary of the ,treasury and the 
,librarian of ,congress  being ex       
officio chairman and secretary of the   
board1 respectively4  ,the act          
authorized the board to receive and     
invest funds for permanent  endowments1 
and the ,librarian to receive gifts of  
money for immediate  disbursement4      
,already endowments aggregating about   
#b1jjj1jjj and  gift funds of #a1dae1jjj
 for immediate expenditure have been    
received  and have yielded an income    
from #aibe to #aich of #gbf1jjj4 ,these 
new  resources add to the bibliographic 
apparatus and support a project  for    
developing an archive of ,american folk 
song4 ,one endowment yields  #d1jjj per 
year for the purchase of recent         
,hispanic literature and  employs a     
consultant to suggest items for purchase
 in this particular  field4             

,illustration3 ,,the ,,declaration ,,of 
,,independence ,,and ,,the              
,,constitution    ,six consultants1 men 
of professional rank and experience1 are
 engaged  7without any administrative   
duties7 in advising the maturer users of
  the ,library in their investigations4 
,this unique service is to be found     
nowhere else in libraries4    ,notable  
among gifts are those of ,john ,d4      
,rockefeller1 jr4--one of  #dej1jjj for 
the acquisition in facsimile copies of  
source material for  ,american history  
existing in the archives of foreign     
countries1 and  another of #bej1jjj for 
the development of a great union        
catalogue of  important books in other  
,american libraries4    ,the scheme of  
classification1 covering #e1jjj printed 
pages1 has been  adopted in #hj large   
libraries in ,america and ,europe4      
,herbert ,putnam1 the ,librarian1 took  
office on ,april #e1 #ahii4    ,the     
,library staff1 organized in #cj        
divisions1 consists of #a1jee  persons1 

of whom #ehe are doing library work     
proper2 #acf handle the  copyright      
business1 which since #ahgj has been    
under direction of  the ,librarian2 #bjd
 constitute the building force1 which   
guards the  building day and night1     
keeps it in beautiful order1 attends to 
heating1 lighting1 and ventilating the  
#ae acres of floor space1 vacuum        
cleans--the year round--the #afb miles  
of books1 and looks after the  countless
 other mechanical matters4 ,the         
remainder 7#aaa persons7 are  printers  
and bookbinders engaged on ,library     
work1 but under the ,public  ,printer's 
direction2 #ai are engaged on special   
projects4      ,,folger ,,shakespeare   
,,library    ,when ,henry ,c4 ,folger1  
of ,new ,york ,city1 decided to build   
the library  his first thought was to   
have this monument to the glory of      
,shakespeare  designed in harmony with  
the architecture of ,shakespeare's time4
  ,however1 the library being in        
,washington1 very near the ,capitol1 the

  ,house of ,representatives and ,senate
 ,office ,buildings1 and the ,library   
of ,congress 7to which group was added  
the ,supreme ,court ,building71 made  it
 appear somewhat dangerous to introduce 
,elizabethan architecture in  such a    
classical frame4    ,after a conference 
with ,dr4 ,paul ,cret1 architect1 and   
,alexander ,b4  ,trowbridge1 consultant1
 ,mr4 ,folger agreed with this view1 and
 a white  marble structure of classic   
design was agreed upon4 ,however1 if the
  faades of a building are part of the  
scenery1 once the door is passed1  it is
 quite legitimate to harmonize the      
interiors with the collections  therein 
displayed4 ,it was with this end in view
 that the general plan  was studied and 
adopted4    ,illustration3 ,,folger     
,,shakespeare ,,library    ,the         
requirements of the donor necessitated a
 reading room as free as  possible from 
disturbance1 and to find1 for the       
benefit of the public1  a room where    
could be displayed some selected        

material--books1 prints1  costumes1     
paintings1 and works of art relating to 
,shakespeare4 ,an  exhibition room and  
theater were laid out to form a somewhat
 separated  unit4 ,the location of this 
reading room on the courtyard side away 
from  the street noise is also more     
favorable to study4 ,below the reading  
room are two stories of stacks fully    
lighted by the courtyard4    ,the       
exhibition hall and the reading room    
form the center of the plan4  ,the east 
wing is occupied by the lecture         
room-theater1 which has its  own lobby1 
and can be used at night independently  
of the rest of the  building4 ,the      
retiring rooms and dressing rooms are in
 the basement1  and stairs lead to the  
balcony4    ,the west wing is occupied  
by the administration4 ,on the main     
floor are  the founder's rooms and the  
offices of the director1 his assistants1
  and clerks4 ,on the second floor are  
the library staff workrooms and  five   
private study rooms for scholars4       

,the over-all size of the building is   
#bbf feet by #aaa feet4 ,it rises  to a 
height of #dh feet on a property #cfd   
feet by #ahf feet4 ,work was  started in
 ,november #aibi4 ,the faades were to   
harmonize in masses  and material with  
classic ,washington4 ,a quiet modern    
,georgia marble  faade1 with silver     
grilles and balconies1 was designed1    
using1  as principal decoration1 a set  
of nine bas-reliefs illustrating        
,shakespeare's plays and some           
inscriptions emphasizing its purpose of 
memorial to a great poet4               
,illustration3 ,,exhibition             
,,hall--,,folger ,,shakespeare ,,library
    ,the sculptural theme is based on   
the following plays3 ,macbeth1 ,romeo   
and ,juliet1 ,king ,lear1 ,julius       
,caesar1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1    
,the  ,merchant of ,venice1 ,richard the
 ,third1 ,hamlet1 and ,henry the        
,fourth4  ,their execution was entrusted
 to ,john ,gregory of ,new ,york4 ,they 
are  placed so as to have more          

importance than the usual frieze--below 
each  window of the exhibition room1 at 
the proper height for the passer-by1    
and along a marble terrace raised #c    
feet above the street level4            
,illustration3 ,,smithsonian            
,,institution      ,,smithsonian        
,,institution    ,the ,smithsonian      
,institution was established by act of  
,congress in  #ahdf1 under the terms of 
the will of ,james ,smithson1 an        
,englishman1  who in #ahbf bequeathed   
his fortune to the ,united ,states to   
found1  at ,washington1 under the name  
of the 8,smithsonian ,institution10 an  
establishment for the 8increase and     
diffusion of knowledge among men40  ,the
 ,institution is legally an             
establishment1 having as its members the
  ,president of the ,united ,states1 the
 ,vice ,president1 the ,chief ,justice1 
and the ,president's ,cabinet4 ,it is   
governed by a ,board of ,regents4 ,the  
,secretary of the ,smithsonian          
,institution is its executive officer   

and  the director of its activities4    
,the building was designed by ,james    
,renwick1 architect4    ,the regents are
 empowered to accept gifts without      
action of ,congress1  in furtherance of 
the purpose of the ,institution1 and to 
administer  trusts in accordance        
therewith4 ,throughout its history1 the 
,smithsonian  ,institution has conducted
 and encouraged important scientific    
researches1 explorations1 and           
investigations1 which have contributed  
largely to the advancement of knowledge1
 and thereby accomplishing  the         
8increase of knowledge40 ,the 8diffusion
 of knowledge0 is carried  on through   
several series of publications based on 
its researches  and collections1 through
 its museum and art gallery exhibits1   
and  through an extensive               
correspondence4 ,the ,smithsonian issues
 #ac series  of scientific publications 
which are distributed free to libraries1
  learned societies1 and educational    
institutions throughout the world4  ,it 

also maintains a library of #hgf1jjj    
volumes1 which consists mainly  of      
transactions of learned societies and   
scientific periodicals4    ,the         
,institution has charge of the ,national
 ,museum1 the ,national ,gallery  of    
,art1 the ,national ,collection of ,fine
 ,arts1 the ,freer ,gallery of ,art1    
the ,international ,exchange ,service1  
the ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology1    
the ,national ,zoological ,park1 and the
 ,astrophysical ,observatory 7with      
several field stations74    ,the ,united
 ,states ,national ,museum is the       
depository of the national  collections4
 ,it is rich in the natural history1    
geology1 paleontology1  archeology1 and 
ethnology of ,america1 and has large and
 important  collections illustrating    
,american history1 including military   
and naval  material1 and also valuable  
series relating to arts and industries4 
,it is an educational and research      
museum and issues scientific            
publications4 ,its aeronautical         

collection includes the airplane ,the   
,spirit of ,st4 ,louis1 deposited by    
,col4 ,charles ,a4 ,lindbergh in the    
spring of #aibh4    ,the ,national      
,gallery of ,art is a bureau of the     
,smithsonian ,institution  created by   
joint resolution of ,congress approved  
,march #bd1 #aicg1 as  a result of the  
gift of ,andrew ,w4 ,mellon to the      
,nation of his art  collection of       
masterpieces valued at #ej1jjj1jjj and  
#aj1jjj1jjj to  erect a building to     
house it4 ,the above act accepting ,mr4 
,mellon's  gift provided that the art   
collections already in possession of the
  ,smithsonian ,institution and         
therefore designated the ,national      
,gallery  of ,art should thereafter be  
known as the ,national ,collection of   
,fine  ,arts4 ,the ,national ,gallery of
 ,art is administered for the           
,smithsonian  ,institution1 in which    
title is vested1 by a ,board of         
,trustees4 ,the  monumental marble      
building1 designed by ,john ,russell    

,pope1 is now under  construction on the
 site on the north side of the ,mall    
between ,fourth  and ,seventh ,streets4 
7,see p4 #bha for illustration47    ,the
 ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology is     
engaged particularly in the  collection 
of information relating to the ,american
 ,indians4 ,the  ,national ,zoological  
,park has an area of #age acres and is  
located  adjacent to ,rock ,creek ,park4
 ,its collection comprises about #c1jjj 
animals4      ,,government ,,printing   
,,office    ,the ,government ,printing  
,office1 in which the printing and      
bookbinding  for the various branches of
 the ,national ,government is executed1 
is  located on ,north ,capitol ,street  
between ,g and ,h ,streets ,,nw4        
,covering  almost a city block with its 
eight-story1 red-brick building1 this   
plant is the best-equipped and is       
reputed to be the largest printing      
office of its kind in the world4        
,printing for the ,government of the    
,united ,states was first mentioned     

during the initial session of ,congress1
 in #aghi1 in the form of a             
recommendation to that body that        
proposals be invited for 8printing the  
laws and other proceedings of           
,congress40    ,the first specific      
appropriation for public printing was   
passed in  #agid1 when an expenditure of
 #aj1jjj was authorized for 8firewood1  
stationery1 and printing40    ,between  
#ahjd and #ahad1 ,congress had no fixed 
policy in relation to  printing4 ,a     
contract system by the lowest bidder was
 adopted4 ,the plan  prevailed for #e   
years but was very unsatisfactory1 and  
,congress was  compelled to look for a  
better method4 ,in ,december1 #ahah1    
both houses  passed a resolution        
appointing a joint committee to         
8consider and  report whether any       
further provisions of law are necessary 
to insure  dispatch1 accuracy1 and      
neatness in printing the documents of   
the two  ,houses of ,congress40 ,the    
inquiries by this committee led them to 

,new  ,york and ,philadelphia1 where    
they studied printing costs and methods1
  and upon returning to ,washington they
 made a report declaring most           
emphatically for the establishment of a 
national printing office as  the only   
means by which ,congress could secure   
necessary printing at  reasonable costs4
    ,no definite action was taken on the
 report1 with the result that for  the  
next forty-odd years the method of      
handling public printing was  constantly
 changing4 ,some years there was a      
8,printer to the ,senate0  and a        
8,printer to the ,house10 both elected  
by a ballot of ,congress1  and in other 
years there was a 8,superintendent of   
,public ,printing40  ,altogether it was 
expensive and impractical1 and by act of
 ,congress on  ,june #bc1 #ahfj1 a      
national printing office was authorized4
 ,on ,february  #ai1 #ahfa1 #ace1jjj was
 appropriated1 and with this money the  
printing  establishment of ,joseph ,t4  
,crowell1 located at ,h and ,north      

,capitol  ,streets1 ,washington1 ,d4    
,c41 was purchased1 upon approval of the
 ,joint  ,committee on ,printing4 ,this 
building had been constructed in #ahef  
by  ,cornelius ,wendell1 as a private   
office4 ,the building at that time was  
#bdc by #fa feet1 #d stories high1 but  
by subsequent appropriations up  to     
#ahgf several additions were made to the
 original structure4    ,illustration3  
,,the ,,united ,,states ,,government    
,,printing ,,office    ,the plant1 as   
taken over in #ahfa1 employed between   
#cjj and #djj persons  and evidently    
was1 for that period1 very complete4 ,it
 consisted of  a drying room1 pressroom1
 wetting room1 job room1 folding room1  
reading room1 office1 bindery1 machine  
shop1 boiler house1 and  stable4 ,among 
some of the items of equipment were #a  
timepiece1 #e  wrenches1 one #dj-;horse 
engine1 #ajd pressboards1 #b wetting    
tubs1 and  a large assortment of book   
and job type4 ,the reading room had     
eight  armchairs1 two pine desks1 and   

one mahogany desk4 ,the bindery had but 
few machines1 with only #b ruling and #b
 cutting machines1 but the list  carried
 #aj pairs of shears1 #d bodkins1 and   
other minor equipment4 ,the  pressroom  
had #bc ,adams presses and #c cylinder  
presses4 ,with the stable  came two     
horses1 one wagon1 and one carryall1 and
 the boiler house had  one #fj-;horse   
boiler1 #ebe feet of fire hose1 five    
buckets1 etc4    ,on ,march #bc1 #ahfa1 
,president ,lincoln appointed ,hon4     
,john ,defrees1 of  ,indiana1 as the    
,superintendent of ,public ,printing4   
,he reported that  at once the cost of  
work decreased at least #ae percent from
 the old  contract prices4    ,on ,march
 #c1 #ahgc1 the printing of the debates 
of ,congress1 then known  as the        
,congressional ,globe and handled under 
private contract1 was  taken over by the
 ,government ,printing ,office and      
thereafter became the  ,congressional   
,record4    ,in #ahgf1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,m4    
,clapp1 then ,congressional ,printer1   

was designated  the first ,public       
,printer1 at a yearly salary of #c1fjj4 
,composing rooms  employed #ebj persons1
 pressroom #bji1 and bindery #eia2 in   
all1 #a1cfa  persons were on the roll4  
,the total yearly pay roll was #ghf1dic4
 ,it  cost #ahh1aih to print the        
,congressional ,record in #ahgf1 while  
binding  of all kinds cost #djb1jfi1    
paper #bih1bea1 and the total output of 
the  ,office was charged at #a1fag1dfi4 
,the total purchase of machinery and    
equipment in that year was only #cdb4ej4
    ,in #ahgh the building known as the 
,globe ,vault was purchased from the    
private owner1 together with the bound  
and unbound volumes of the              
,congressional ,globe and all the       
stereotyped plates4 ,the price paid was 
#ajj1jjj4    ,fireproof extensions to   
the ,government ,printing ,office were  
erected in  #ahgi and #ahhj4 ,in #ahhb  
the first fire escapes were installed1  
and force  pumps proved such an         
attraction to the public that the       

apparatus had to  be covered with       
canvas4 ,bows and arrows were also      
provided which would  enable life lines 
to be 8shot0 through the upper windows4 
,by the act of ,january #ab1 #ahie1 the 
,office of the ,superintendent of       
,documents was established in the       
,government ,printing ,office4          
,previously  it was a part of the       
,interior ,department4 ,the principal   
functions of  the office were the       
preparation of the official catalogs and
 indexes of  the ,government and        
distribution and sale of ,government    
publications4    ,the ,office was placed
 under operation of the civil-service   
law ,august  #a1 #ahie4 ,in the same    
year the ,annex ,building1 formerly used
 by the  ,superintendent of ,documents1 
was constructed1 and in the following   
year  the ,public ,printer reported the 
total floor space of the entire ,office 
had increased to #h acres4    ,in #ahih 
,congress appropriated #aij1jjj for the 
purchase of ground  occupied by the     

present building4 ,in #ahii the building
 was started4 ,it  was completed about  
#d years thereafter1 at a cost of       
#b1dcj1jjj4    ,in #aijc a small space  
in the ,old ,building was set aside as  
the 8sick  room40 ,its equipment        
consisted of a cot1 blanket1 and a small
 supply of  medicines contributed by the
 employees4 ,this was the nucleus from  
which  developed the first emergency    
hospital in any ,government             
establishment  and was the initial step 
toward scientific medical and surgical  
service4 ,in #aijg an emergency room was
 installed and an additional  physician 
and matron were assigned to that        
service4    ,the first linotype machine 
and the first monotype keyboard  were   
installed in #aijd4 ,in #aiab electric  
trucks displaced the  horse-and-wagon   
delivery4 ,in #aiae the ,government     
,printing ,office was an  exhibitor at  
the ,panama-,pacific ,international     
,exposition held in ,san  ,francisco1   
,calif4    ,between #aiba and #aicd     

several innovations were made4 ,a few of
 the  outstanding are as follows3 ,the  
eighth floor was remodeled and raised   
to provide room for the ,cafeteria1     
,harding ,hall1 recreation rooms1  rest 
rooms1 and large space for productive   
work4 ,the ,cafeteria serves  around    
#b1hjj meals daily1 and ,harding ,hall1 
seating #a1bjj1 is devoted  to social   
activities of employees and may be      
quickly converted into a  ballroom1 a   
motion-picture theater1 or a forum4     
,recreational activities  include       
orchestra1 baseball clubs1 bowling      
alleys1 dances1 moving  pictures and    
lectures1 annual excursions1 and similar
 affairs4 ,the  photo-engraving plant   
was also added as one of the new        
mechanical  departments and is also     
located on the eighth floor4 ,a roof    
garden was  built1 covering practically 
the entire building4 ,the emergency     
hospital  was enlarged1 and wards for   
men and women were provided1 with beds1 
toilets1 and shower baths4    ,two      

hundred apprentices received training   
for occupational pursuits in  the       
various printing and bindery trades     
represented in the ,office4    ,a       
testing laboratory was established in   
the ,office for the purpose  of         
standardizing all materials1 supplies1  
and stock used in the  manufacture of   
printing4    ,the boiler and generating 
rooms were abolished1 and the purchase  
of  electric current and steam from the 
,capital ,power ,plant was started4     
,since #aicd1 under the direction of    
,public ,printer ,a4 ,e4 ,giegengack1   
the ,government ,printing ,office has   
continued to grow not only in size  but 
also in public esteem4 ,under his       
leadership1 appropriations for  a       
much-needed building program were       
granted by ,congress1 and the  erection 
of a warehouse and an eight-story1      
red-brick addition to  the main         
,printing ,office building was          
accomplished4 ,the cost of this         
building program1 which included        

buildings1 machinery and equipment1     
furnishings1 the expense of moving1 and 
other incidentals1 amounted to          
#g1gjj1jjj4    ,among the many          
noteworthy improvements inaugurated for 
the betterment  of service to the       
,government1 to the public1 and to the  
#e1ejj employees  of the ,office1 are   
the following3    ,the establishment of 
a department of typography1 through     
which there  are incorporated into      
,government printing the accepted       
improvements  in the field of           
typography2 the standardization of a    
type-metal alloy  for all type-casting  
machines2 the installation of a more    
efficient  cost-finding and pay-roll    
bookkeeping system2 the reestablishment 
of  the ,government ,printing ,office   
,apprentice ,school2 and encouragement  
of  greater employee participation in   
all social1 fraternal1 and welfare      
activities sponsored by the ,office4    
,uncle ,sam's ,book ,shop sold #aj      
million copies from its list of #fe1jjj 

publications in #aicg4 ,this department 
is called the ,office of the            
,superintendent of ,documents1 which is 
located in the ,government  ,printing   
,office building1 and these ,government 
publications1 covering  almost every    
phase of human endeavor1 are for sale to
 the public at a  reasonable price4     
,,the ,,white ,,house    ,the site of   
the ,white ,house1 or the ,president's  
,house1 was selected  by ,president     
,washington4 ,it was part of the ,david 
,burnes farm1 and at  the time it was   
chosen a cornfield extended one-half    
mile south to the  ,potomac4    ,the    
cornerstone of the ,president's ,house  
was laid on ,october #ac1 #agib1  but   
not by ,george ,washington1 as the      
records show that he and his  family    
were in ,philadelphia at the time4 ,the 
design was made by ,james  ,hoban1 an   
architect of ,dublin1 ,ireland1 who won 
a #ejj prize and a lot  for the best    
plan4 ,in its exterior it somewhat      
resembles the palace of  the ,duke of   

,leinster in ,ireland4 ,that1 however1  
has ,corinthian columns  over a         
rusticated base1 showing the influence  
of the ,renaissance in  ,england2 and   
there are other distinctions in their   
classical motives4    ,the ,white ,house
 was first occupied by ,president and   
,mrs4 ,john ,adams1  who moved in the   
latter part of ,november1 #ahjj1 the    
year ,washington  became the seat of    
government4 ,at the time it was very    
incomplete1  and much discomfort was    
experienced1 particularly as to heating 
and  lighting4 ,the ,east ,room was used
 to dry the family wash4 ,the ,white    
,house was not finished until #ahbf4    
,then and for many years following it   
secured its water from springs a short  
distance to the northeast1 in  the      
vicinity of what is now ,franklin       
,square4    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,white
 ,,house--,,north ,,side    ,the        
,president's ,house1 as it was then     
called1 was considerably damaged  by    
fire by the ,british1 who threatened the

 destruction of the city  in #ahad4 ,the
 building1 except for the wings at each 
side1 which were  used for offices and  
servants' quarters1 was restored by     
,hoban4 ,of  white sandstone1 the       
building which became discolored by the 
fire was  thereupon painted white and   
has since been known as the ,white      
,house4  ,it was first lighted by gas in
 #ahdh1 and a system of heating and     
ventilating was installed in #ahec4     
,the ,white ,house was remodeled during 
the administration of ,president        
,roosevelt in #aijb1 when the ,executive
 ,office was taken out of the  building 
and placed in a temporary building to   
the west of the main  building4 ,this   
was enlarged during the administration  
of ,president ,taft  in #aiji to twice  
its former size4 ,it was further        
remodeled in #aibg by  making the       
building fireproof and constructing a   
third story out of the  attic4    ,in   
#aibi it was found necessary by         
,president ,hoover to use also the      

basement for an office4 ,in the same    
year the building was partially  burned1
 but has since been rebuilt4 ,it is     
thought by some that in the  years to   
come the remodeled ,state ,department   
,building will become the  permanent    
,executive ,office ,building1 and the   
,state ,department will have  a new     
building on the west side of ,lafayette 
,square4    ,the ,white ,house has a    
length of #ahc feet 7east and west7 and 
a width  of #he feet2 it is #eh feet    
high4 ,the portico of ,ionic columns    
forms a  porte-cochre and measures #dj  
feet by #ei feet 7east and west71 and is
  #ej feet high4    ,the building       
contains many beautiful paintings and   
other works of art1  among them a       
,gilbert ,stuart portrait of ,george    
,washington1 called the  ,lansdowne     
,stuart1 which was saved by ,dolly      
,madison by cutting the  picture from   
its frame when the ,white ,house was    
burned by the ,british  in #ahad4 ,it is
 now in the ,east ,room1 which is the   

great reception  room1 #hb feet long    
7the width of the mansion71 #dj feet    
wide1 and #bb  feet high4 ,from the     
ceiling hang three massive crystal      
chandeliers4 ,in  addition to numerous  
paintings1 large vases and other        
articles adorn  the room4    ,other     
interesting rooms are the ,state ,dining
 ,room1 the scene of  brilliant ,state  
functions2 the ,blue ,room--the         
,president's reception  room--the walls 
of which are covered with rich blue     
corded silk1 with  window hangings of   
blue2 the ,red ,room1 the walls and     
window draperies  of which are of red   
velvet2 and the ,green ,room1 which has 
on the walls  green velvet4 ,the        
wainscoting of the ,green ,room is of   
white enamel4    ,large and beautiful   
grounds bound the ,white ,house on the  
south4 ,here  the ,marine ,band plays   
every ,saturday afternoon during the    
summer  months4 ,also it is here where  
the annual ,easter egg rolling takes    
place1 always a great day for the boys  

and girls of ,washington4 ,the  area is 
called the ,white ,lot because about    
#ahej a board fence that  later was     
painted white surrounded these grounds4 
,illustration3 ,,department ,,of ,,state
 ,,building ,,as ,,it ,,will ,,appear   
,,when  ,,remodeled    ,originally the  
main entrance to the ,white ,house was  
on the south side1  while the portico on
 the opposite side was a garden where   
the family  spent their evenings4 ,this 
is the arrangement observed to-day at   
,arlington ,house and at ,mount ,vernon1
 and is an indication that in the       
colonial days the back yards of homes   
were as nicely kept as were the  front  
yards4      ,,department ,,of ,,state   
,illustration3 ,,department ,,of ,,state
 ,,building1 #ahja    ,in #aghh the     
,department of ,foreign ,affairs moved  
from ,fraunce's ,tavern  to a house     
owned by ,philip ,livingston1 on the    
west side of ,broadway1  near the       
,battery1 in ,new ,york ,city4 ,later it
 moved to another house on  the same    

street on the opposite side4 ,the       
,capital having been again  located at  
,philadelphia1 the department took up   
its abode first on  ,market ,street1    
then on the southeast corner of ,arch   
and ,sixth ,streets1  then in ,north    
,alley1 and finally at the northeast    
corner of ,fifth and  ,chestnut         
,streets1 where it remained until it was
 moved to ,washington1  except for an   
interval of three months--from ,august  
to ,november1  #agih--when it occupied  
the statehouse at ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 the
 office  being moved from ,philadelphia 
on account of an epidemic of yellow     
fever4    ,on ,july #bg1 #aghi1 the act 
establishing an executive department to 
be  called the ,department of ,foreign  
,affairs was approved2 but the ,sedgwick
  ,act1 approved ,september #ae1 #aghi1 
changed this title to the ,department   
of ,state and that of the principal     
officer to the ,secretary of ,state4  ,a
 few days later ,john ,jay1 who was     
,secretary of ,foreign ,affairs under   

the ,confederation1 was nominated to be 
,chief ,justice of the ,supreme  ,court 
and ,thomas ,jefferson to be ,secretary 
of ,state1 and both were  commissioned  
on ,september #bf4 ,jay accepted at     
once1 but continued to  discharge the   
duties of ,secretary of ,state for some 
months4 ,under  date of ,october #ac    
,president ,washington informed         
,jefferson of his  appointment1 and     
added that ,mr4 ,jay had been so        
obliging as to continue  his good       
offices4 ,when this letter was written  
,jefferson had not  returned to ,america
 from his mission to ,france4 ,upon his 
arrival ,jay  recommended to him        
favorably 8the young gentlemen in the   
office40  ,jefferson formally entered   
upon the discharge of his duties on     
,march  #bb1 #agij4    ,when the seat of
 government was established in the      
,district of ,columbia  in #ahjj the    
archives and the seven employees of the 
,department of  ,state were crowded into
 the ,treasury ,office1 a building of   

#cj rooms1  to the east of the ,white   
,house4 ,it was the only ,government    
building  sufficiently completed to     
receive them4 ,john ,marshall was then  
,secretary of ,state4 ,on ,august #bg1  
#ahjj1 the ,department of ,state was    
removed to one of the ,seven ,buildings 
on ,pennsylvania ,avenue and            
,nineteenth ,street ,,nw4    ,it has    
been interesting to determine positively
 the name of this  historic group of    
buildings1 because some confusion has   
arisen through  there being in #ahjj two
 groups or rows of houses1 near to one  
another1  one called the ,six ,buildings
 and the other the ,seven ,buildings4   
,christian ,hines1 in his ,early        
,recollections of ,washington ,city     
7#ahff71  says1 when giving a list of   
the few houses standing in the year     
#ahjj3      ,one square between         
,pennsylvania ,avenue and ,k and        
,twenty-first and    ,twenty-second     
,streets1 the ,six ,buildings1 three    
stories high1    owners and occupants   

not recollected 99 99 994 ,one square   
bounded by    ,pennsylvania ,avenue and 
,i and ,nineteenth and ,twentieth       
,streets1 #aj    houses--one #c-story   
frame1 occupied by a ,mr4 ,middleton2   
one #b-,story    frame1 owned and       
occupied by ,william ,waters1 ,esq41 and
 the ,seven    ,buildings1 brick1 #c    
stories high4    ,samuel ,c4 ,busey1 in 
his ,pictures of the ,city of           
,washington in the  ,past 7#ahih71      
refers to and confirms ,hines's         
statements as to these  two sets of     
buildings1 and adds that in the ,six    
,buildings was located  ,o',neal's      
famous hotel4 ,all writers apparently   
agree that the first  home of the       
,department of ,state in ,washington was
 in the house on the  northwest corner  
of ,pennsylvania ,avenue and ,nineteenth
 ,street4 ,this row  of buildings--,nos4
 #aija-aiac ,pennsylvania ,avenue--is   
still standing1  though it has undergone
 considerable change4    ,from the early
 part of #ahbj to ,november1 #ahff1 the 

,department of ,state  was located at   
the corner of ,fifteenth ,street and    
,pennsylvania ,avenue  ,,nw41 in what   
was known as the ,executive ,building4  
,the picture shown  below was given to  
,william ,mc,neir1 chief of the division
 of accounts  of that department1 by    
,thomas ,ridgate1 who found it in the   
attic of  the old building4 ,it will be 
noted from the picture1 which shows the 
,treasury ,department ,building columns 
at the extreme left1 that it  was taken 
before the building was razed to make   
room for the north  wing of the present 
,treasury ,department ,building2 the    
rest of the new  building had at that   
time been erected4 ,of this building    
,jonathan ,eliot  states1 in his        
,historical ,sketches of the ,ten ,mile 
,square1 describing  ,washington in     
#ahcj3      ,at the distance of about   
#bjj yards1 on the east of the          
,president's    house1 are situated two 
buildings for the ,department of ,state 
and of    the ,treasury2 and at the same

 distance on the west are two others for
    the ,war and ,navy ,departments4    
,these buildings are all of the same    
dimensions and construction2 they are   
#afj feet long and #ee feet wide1    of 
brick1 two stories in height2 they are  
divided in their length by    a broad   
passage1 with rooms on each side1 and a 
spacious staircase    in the center4    
,the two most northerly buildings are   
ornamented with    an ,ionic portico of 
six columns and pediment4 ,the grounds  
about    these offices have been        
graduated and planted of late years1 and
 the    shrubbery begins to present a   
pleasing appearance4    ,illustration3  
,,executive ,,building1 #ahbj-ahff      
,w4 ,k4 ,force1 in his ,picture of      
,washington for #ahej1 said1 speaking of
  the northeast ,executive ,building3   
,the first floor is occupied by the     
,fifth ,auditor of the ,treasury at     
the east end1 and the ,second           
,comptroller of the ,treasury at the    
west    end4 ,on the second floor are   

the apartments of the ,secretary of     
,state    and his suite2 also the       
library of the department1 containing   
some    ten or twelve thousand volumes4 
,john ,quincy ,adams was ,secretary of  
,state when the move to this new  home  
was made1 and thereafter followed a long
 list of distinguished  ,secretaries1   
the last to occupy this building being  
,william ,h4 ,seward1  from #ahfa to    
#ahfi4    ,the north wing of the present
 ,treasury ,department ,building bears  
on its  exterior wall on ,fifteenth     
,street a tablet1 erected ,april #cj1   
#aibi1  by the ,kiwanis ,club of        
,washington1 in cooperation with the    
,committee  on ,marking ,points of      
,historic ,interest1 which contains the 
following  inscription3                 
,,friendship ,,between ,,the ,,united   
,,states ,,and ,,canada ,,was           
,,developed ,,and    ,,strengthened ,,by
 ,,the ,,signing ,,of ,,the             
,,webster-,,ashburton ,,treaty1 ,,on    
,,august #i1 #ahdb1 ,,in ,,the ,,old    

,,state ,,department ,,building ,,which 
,,stood ,,on    ,,this ,,site4 ,,this   
,,treaty ,,established ,,the            
,,northeastern ,,boundary ,,between     
,,the ,,two ,,countries4    ,on ,march  
#c1 #ahga1 ,congress appropriated half a
 million dollars to start  work on the  
,state1 ,war1 and ,navy ,departments    
,building4 ,the act provided3      ,for 
the construction under the direction of 
the ,secretary of ,state1    on the     
southern portion of the premises now    
occupied by the ,war and    ,navy       
,departments1 of a building which will  
form the south wing of a    building    
that1 when completed1 will be similar in
 ground plan and    dimensions to the   
,treasury ,building and provide         
accommodations for    the ,state1 ,war1 
and ,navy ,departments4    ,the original
 plans were drawn by ,thomas ,u4        
,walter1 a noted ,philadelphia          
architect1 who designed the ,dome of the
 ,capitol and the completed  ,treasury  
,building1 but ,a4 ,b4 ,mullett1        

,supervising ,architect of the          
,treasury1 undertook the work1 and      
finally only the interior conformed  to 
the original plans4    ,the building was
 erected in five different sections4    
,the south wing  was commenced in #ahga 
and completed in time for the           
,department of  ,state to move in ,july 
#a1 #ahge4 ,the east wing was commenced 
in #ahgb  and completed seven years     
later1 so that on ,april #af1 #ahgi1 the
 ,war  and ,navy ,departments moved into
 that wing4 ,the old ,war ,department   
,building1 which had occupied the site  
of the north wing of the present        
building1 was demolished in #ahgi1 and  
the new building or north wing  was     
completed three years later1 the ,war   
,department moving into it in           
,december1 #ahhb4 ,the west and center  
wings were the last to be erected1  work
 on them commencing ,march #ca1 #ahhc1  
and being completed ,january  #ca1      
#ahhh4 ,for a long time each wing was   
necessarily separated by a  solid       

wall--and later by an iron grill1 or    
gates in the corridors--but  finally    
these disappeared1 and the beauty of the
 long corridors as they  now are        
appeared4 ,the total cost of the whole  
building was slightly  more than        
#aj1jjj1jjj1 and appropriations therefor
 spread over a period  of #ag years4    
,separate permanent buildings for the   
,war and the ,navy  ,departments are now
 to be erected1 these two departments   
being housed  at present largely in     
temporary buildings4 ,the ,department of
 ,state  alone remains in the building4 
,in #aiaj a building for the ,department
 of ,state was recommended for a  site  
along ,fifteenth ,street1 south of      
,pennsylvania ,avenue1 where now  the   
,department of ,commerce has been built4
 ,in #aiag it was recommended  that a   
,department of ,state ,building be      
erected on the west side of  ,lafayette 
,square4    ,in the new ,federal        
building program ,congress has provided 
that the  present ,state1 ,war1 and     

,navy ,building be remodeled to conform 
in  design to the ,treasury ,department 
,building1 and to be known as the       
,department of ,state ,building4 ,the   
building will thus properly balance  the
 ,white ,house4 ,congress made a fund of
 #c1jjj1jjj available for this  work4   
,the ,secretary of the ,treasury        
appointed ,waddy ,wood1 architect  of   
,washington1 to prepare the design1     
which has been approved by the          
,commission of ,fine ,arts4 ,however1   
the project has been held in abeyance4  
,the ,department of ,state was created  
as the first department of the          
,government in #aghi1 in order to help  
the ,president in carrying on our       
foreign relations4 ,however1 in the     
early years of our country the          
,department of ,state not only had      
charge of foreign affairs1 but1 as      
,thomas ,jefferson1 the first ,secretary
 of ,state1 once wrote1 it also had     
charge of all important matters of      
domestic government as well1 except     

matters of war and finance4 ,in the     
early days the ,secretary of ,state     
even managed the mint4 ,until #ahdi he  
had charge of the ,patent ,office1      
until #ahei handled all copyright       
matters1 and until #ahej the census  of 
the ,united ,states was taken under his 
direction4 ,before the ,civil  ,war1    
,united ,states judges1 marshals1 and   
attorneys all received their            
instructions from the ,department of    
,state1 but in #ahgj a new ,department  
of ,justice was established to take care
 of these matters1 and little  by little
 much of the domestic work was taken    
from this department and  put under new 
departments1 such as the ,department of 
the ,interior1 the  ,department of      
,labor1 and the ,department of          
,commerce4 ,therefore1 to-day  the      
,department of ,state devotes most of   
its time to handling foreign  affairs1  
although it is still the custodian1 or  
the keeper1 of the  great seal1 the     
official seal of the ,government of the 

,united ,states4  ,when ,congress passes
 new laws the original copies are kept  
in this  department1 and when there is  
any correspondence between the various  
,states of the ,union and the ,federal  
,government it is carried on through    
the ,department of ,state4    ,the      
,secretary of ,state has a force of some
 #iej people in the department  in      
,washington1 and about #c1hjj people    
scattered over all the world in  the    
,foreign ,service of the ,united        
,states4 ,the department in ,washington 
is divided into #ce divisions and       
offices1 each with its special work  to 
perform4 ,six divisions have charge of  
matters pertaining to foreign           
countries--,south and ,central ,america2
 the ,far ,east1 as ,china1 ,japan1  and
 ,siam2 the division of ,western        
,european affairs2 ,eastern ,european   
affairs2 a division of the ,near ,east2 
and the ,mexican division4    ,one of   
the largest offices in the department is
 the passport division1  which issues   

passports to ,american citizens         
traveling in foreign  countries4 ,last  
year #acd1gcg ,americans obtained       
passports so that they  might travel    
abroad1 the fees for which amounted to  
nearly #a1ejj1jjj1  almost enough to pay
 the entire expenses of the ,department 
of ,state4    ,illustration3            
,,department ,,of ,,the ,,treasury      
,,building    ,when foreigners wish to  
come to this country they must first go 
to one  of our ,american consuls to     
obtain a visa or a permit4 ,the         
immigration  of foreigners into this    
country is now restricted by law4       
,therefore our  consuls examine the     
foreigners abroad1 so that they may know
 before  starting on their journey      
whether they will be allowed to remain  
in  this country4 ,the visa division of 
the ,department of ,state has charge  of
 that work4    ,whenever there are      
expositions or meetings of various kinds
 abroad1  and it is decided that the    
,united ,states ,government shall take  

part  in them1 such participation has to
 be arranged through another of the     
divisions of the ,department of ,state4 
,as many as #aej cables are sent  every 
day to all parts of the world1 which are
 taken care of in the  department's     
telegraph office4 ,in many foreign      
countries our ,government  is now buying
 and constructing its own buildings for 
our ambassadors  and consuls1 and one of
 the offices in the department attends  
to these  matters4    ,the ,secretary of
 ,state is assisted in the direction of 
all these  officers and offices by an   
,under ,secretary of ,state1 four       
,assistant  ,secretaries of ,state1 and 
a legal adviser4 ,the ,united ,states   
has an  ambassador or minister in #ed   
different countries of the world4 ,there
  are #cad foreign commercial cities    
where the ,united ,states has a consul  
general1 consul1 vice consul1 or        
consular agent1 who1 among other        
duties1 help steamship lines and great  
business establishments to  promote     

commerce with the ,united ,states4 ,our 
consuls protect and assist  the hundreds
 of ,american missionaries whose        
stations are in remote  foreign regions 
of the world4 ,in addition to their many
 duties they  help thousands of visitors
 during trips abroad who seek advice4   
,and  when an ,american is visiting in a
 foreign land1 even though scenery and  
ruins that recall civilizations of past 
ages give him pleasure1 there  is       
nothing that gives him more joy than to 
see in such places the ,stars  and      
,stripes waving over a ,united ,states  
consulate4      ,,department ,,of ,,the 
,,treasury    ,the ,department of the   
,treasury was created by act of         
,congress ,september  #b1 #aghi4 ,robert
 ,morris1 of ,pennsylvania1 financier   
and statesman1  one of the ,signers of  
the ,declaration of ,independence1 was  
the first  financial officer of the     
,government and was ,superintendent of  
,finance  from #agha to #aghd4 ,upon the
 resignation of ,morris the powers      

conferred  upon him by the ,continental 
,congress were transferred to the ,board
  of the ,treasury4 ,this board served  
until ,alexander ,hamilton1 of ,new     
,york1 the first ,secretary of the      
,treasury1 assumed office4 ,hamilton    
served from ,september #aa1 #aghi1 to   
,january #ca1 #agie1 thus serving under 
,president ,washington4 ,since the      
formation of the ,government there  have
 been #ej ,secretaries of the ,treasury2
 the present incumbent1 ,hon4  ,henry   
,morgenthau1 jr41 of ,new ,york1 assumed
 office ,january #a1 #aicd4 ,the        
,secretary of the ,treasury1 of course1 
has supervision over the finances  of   
the ,government4 ,the annual estimates1 
however1 since #aiba have been          
transmitted to ,congress by the         
,director of the ,budget for the        
,president  of the ,united ,states4     
,the first building of the ,treasury    
,department situated at this location   
east of the ,white ,house was a small   
wooden structure1 called the  ,state and

 ,treasury ,departments ,building4 ,it  
was built at the time the  seat of      
government was established in the       
,district of ,columbia in  #ahjj and    
comprised #cj rooms4 ,this original     
building was burned by the  ,british    
during the invasion of ,washington in   
#ahad4 ,a second building  was erected4 
,this was destroyed by fire in #ahcc4   
,in #ahcf ,congress  authorized the     
erection of 8a fireproof building of    
such dimensions  as may be required for 
the present and future accommodations40 
,also  the material for the building was
 to be similar to that used for the     
,capitol and the ,white ,house4 ,the    
architect was ,mr4 ,robert ,mills1 who  
at the same time was designing the      
,patent ,office ,building and later  won
 the competition for the design of the  
,washington ,monument4 ,when it  came to
 the question of location of the new    
building1 it is said that  ,president   
,andrew ,jackson1 becoming impatient at 
the delay1 said 8,here1  right here1 is 

where ,i want the corner stone laid40   
,thus the building  stands where it is  
to-day4 ,in #ahci the department was    
installed in the  unfinished building4  
,the ,treasury ,building consists of a  
#d-story rectangle around a large       
central court2 this court is divided by 
a corridor of offices4 ,on the  west the
 building faces the beautiful ,white    
,house ,grounds1 its north  side is on  
,pennsylvania ,avenue1 its east front   
runs along ,fifteenth  ,street1 and its 
south side overlooks a half-mile stretch
 of park  leading down to the ,potomac  
,river4    ,the building completed in   
#ahdb included only the middle portion  
of  the present east wing and the       
central corridor and offices4 ,the south
  wing was completed in #ahfa1 the west 
wing in #ahfd1 and the north wing  in   
#ahfi4 ,it is an imposing granite       
structure4 ,in design it is pure        
,grecian1 furnishing what is claimed to 
be one of the finest examples  of this  
style of architecture in ,washington1 if

 not in the entire  country4 ,there are 
great pediments on the north1 south1 and
 west sides4  ,monolithic columns of the
 ,ionic order adorning the faades are   
the  distinguishing feature of the      
building architecturally4 ,there are #gb
 of  these columns1 each #cf feet in    
height1 #cj being set to form an        
unbroken  colonnade #cda feet long on   
the east front4 ,most of the granite    
used was  brought to ,washington in     
sailing vessels from ,maine4 ,the       
building has  #dhh rooms and cost over  
#f1jjj1jjj4    ,the department long ago 
outgrew the building4 ,the personnel in 
,washington now numbers more than       
#bb1jjj1 with some #bf main bureaus and 
divisions4 ,at present ,department of   
the ,treasury bureaus occupy1 in        
addition to the main building1 #i entire
 buildings and part of #f other         
buildings owned by the ,government and  
#e rented quarters4 ,the ,treasury      
,annex is an imposing building1 designed
 by ,cass ,gilbert1 across              

,pennsylvania ,avenue on the north4     
,congress has authorized its extension  
to ,h ,street4    ,the ,department of   
the ,treasury is the central agency     
through which the  ,federal ,government 
conducts its financial affairs4         
,generally speaking1  it receives and   
has custody of all funds paid to the    
,government and  disburses all moneys of
 the ,government4 ,at the head of the   
department  are the ,secretary of the   
,treasury1 the ,under ,secretary of the 
,treasury1  and three ,assistant        
,secretaries of the ,treasury1 whose    
offices are all  located in the main    
building4    ,the receipts of the       
,government come chiefly from           
internal-revenue  collections and       
customs duties4 ,the ,bureau of         
,internal ,revenue  administers and     
enforces the internal-revenue laws and  
collects all  internal-revenue taxes4   
,the personnel of this bureau has been  
brought  together and now occupies a    
beautiful new building recently         

completed  as part of the development   
along the ,mall4 ,import duties or      
customs are  collected by the ,bureau of
 ,customs4    ,disbursements of         
,government funds can be made only on   
the authorization  of ,congress4 ,when  
any payment is authorized1 a warrant    
signed by the  ,secretary of the        
,treasury and countersigned by the      
,comptroller ,general  of the ,united   
,states is drawn4 ,upon this authority  
payment is made4 ,the  division of      
bookkeeping and warrants1 under the     
general supervision of  the commissioner
 of accounts and deposits1 keeps        
complete records of  all appropriation  
accounts as well as of public moneys    
covered into the  ,treasury and of      
warrants authorizing disbursements4     
,the ,treasurer of the ,united ,states  
is charged with responsibility for  the 
actual receipt and disbursement of all  
public moneys that may be  deposited in 
the ,united ,states ,treasury and in all
 other depositaries  authorized to      

receive deposits of ,government funds   
for credit in the  account of the       
,treasurer of the ,united ,states4 ,he  
has also many other  fiscal duties4     
,the public-debt service handles the    
records and operations pertaining  to   
the issue and retirement of the public  
debt and the interest  payments thereon1
 under the supervision of the           
commissioner of the  public debt4       
,the ,bureau of the ,mint manufactures  
the coin circulating medium of the      
country4 ,it maintains mints at         
,philadelphia1 ,san ,francisco1 and     
,denver  for the coinage of money1 as   
well as assay offices in ,new ,york and 
elsewhere4 ,the ,bureau of ,engraving   
and ,printing at ,washington engraves   
and prints notes1 bonds1 securities1    
stamps1 checks1 etc4    ,the            
,comptroller of the ,currency is charged
 under the law with the  supervision of 
national banks4    ,illustration3 ,,view
 ,,northwest ,,from ,,the ,,washington  
,,monument      ,,other ,,important     

,,buildings    ,lack of space in this   
book makes it necessary merely to       
mention the  more important of the other
 monumental buildings in the ,national  
,capital4 ,detailed information         
concerning them may be found in the     
author's ,washington the ,national      
,capital and in other books on          
,washington4 ,they should be studied in 
connection with the buildings  described
 in this chapter4    ,attention is      
called first to the group of monumental 
semipublic  buildings1 classical in     
design1 on ,seventeenth ,street north of
  ,constitution ,avenue and along that  
,avenue from ,seventeenth ,street west  
to the ,potomac ,river4 ,it has been    
said that nowhere else in the world  is 
there such a fine group of marble       
buildings4      ,,the ,,corcoran        
,,gallery ,,of ,,art    ,this ,gallery  
had its beginning in the year #ahfi4 ,it
 ranks as one of  the great art         
galleries in the ,united ,states4 ,the  
present building 7at  ,new ,york ,avenue

 and ,seventeenth ,street7 was designed 
by ,ernest ,flagg1  architect1 and      
completed in #ahig4 ,it is built of     
,georgia marble4 ,it  houses rare       
masterpieces of painting and sculpture4 
,,the ,,american ,,national ,,red       
,,cross    ,adjacent to the ,corcoran   
,gallery on the south1 the ,american    
,national  ,red ,cross occupies three   
large buildings constructed of ,vermont 
marble4  ,they were designed by         
,trowbridge  ,livingston1 architects1 of
 ,new ,york  ,city4 ,the ,red ,cross had
 its beginning during the ,civil ,war4  
,in #aije the  organization was         
chartered by ,congress along its present
 lines4 ,there  are #e1ejj1jjj adult    
members and #h1ejj1jjj ,junior members  
7as of ,june  #cj1 #aich74              
,,memorial ,,continental ,,hall    ,the 
next building to the south is the       
headquarters of the ,national  ,society 
of the ,daughters of the ,american      
,revolution4 ,it faces  ,seventeenth    
,street1 was designed by ,edward ,pearce

 ,casey1 architect1  built of ,vermont  
marble1 and completed in #aije4 ,the    
cornerstone was  laid ,april #ai1 #aijd1
 the anniversary of the ,battle of      
,lexington4 ,on  that date the          
organization holds its convention in    
,washington each  year4 ,it was founded 
,october #aa1 #ahij1 and on ,february   
#a1 #aich1  numbered #adb1gdd members1  
with about #b1ejj chapters in all parts 
of the  ,united ,states4                
,,constitution ,,hall    ,another of the
 ,society's buildings1 facing           
,eighteenth ,street1 in this  square1 is
 the leading auditorium of the city4 ,it
 was designed by ,john  ,russell ,pope1 
architect1 built of ,alabama limestone1 
and completed in  ,october1 #aibi4 ,the 
auditorium seats #d1jjj persons4 ,on    
page #bgh there is  a picture of the    
building4 ,the mural decorations of the 
interior are by  ,j4 ,monroe ,hewlett1  
architect4      ,,the ,,pan ,,american  
,,building    ,this building1 at the    
corner of ,seventeenth ,street and      

,constitution  ,avenue1 is considered by
 some to be the most beautiful in       
,washington4  ,it was designed by       
,albert ,c4 ,kelsey and ,paul ,p4 ,cret1
 architects1 in  the ,spanish-classical 
style of architecture4 ,it was built of 
,georgia  marble and was dedicated      
,april #bf1 #aiaj4 ,it is the           
headquarters of the  #ba ,republics of  
the ,pan ,american ,union4 ,in it is the
 famous ,hall of the  ,americas4 ,andrew
 ,carnegie contributed #hej1jjj toward  
the building1 and  the ,united ,states  
,government contributed the #e-;acre    
tract1 on which  stood the ,van ,ness   
,mansion 7#ahae7 and the ,david ,burnes 
cottage1 which  stood there in the days 
of ,george ,washington4      ,,the ,,new
 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior     
,,building    ,designed by ,waddy ,b4   
,wood1 architect1 the new ,department of
 the  ,interior building occupies two   
squares between ,c and ,e and           
,eighteenth  and ,nineteenth ,streets4  
,it is built of ,indiana limestone and  

is the  largest air-conditioned office  
building in the world4      ,,public    
,,health ,,service ,,building    ,this  
building1 designed by ,j4 ,h4 de,sibour1
 architect1 is classical in  design and 
built of white ,georgia marble4 ,it was 
completed in #aicc4 ,it  is four stories
 in height and houses the large and     
growing office of  the ,surgeon ,general
 of the ,united ,states and his staff of
 assistants4  ,in its location on       
,constitution ,avenue it forms a part of
 the frame for  the ,lincoln ,memorial4 
,,federal ,,reserve ,,board ,,building  
,completed in #aicg1 this building forms
 the center of the group  of monumental 
marble buildings along ,constitution    
,avenue west of  ,seventeenth ,street4  
,the design1 by ,paul ,p4 ,cret1        
architect1 is based  on classical       
motives4 ,it is built of white ,georgia 
marble4 ,it is the  headquarters        
building for the ,federal ,reserve      
,board4 ,in it is a large  mosaic map of
 the ,united ,states by ,ezra ,winter1  

mural painter1 showing  the location of 
the #ab ,federal ,reserve branch banks  
in the different  sections of the       
country4      ,,national ,,academy ,,of 
,,sciences    ,this building1 designed  
by ,bertram ,g4 ,goodhue1 architect1 is 
immediately east of the ,federal        
,reserve ,board building4 ,it is        
classical  in design and built of white 
marble from ,dover1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the        
building  was dedicated by ,president   
,coolidge in ,april1 #aibd4 ,the        
interior is  decorated with paintings   
and decorations by ,hildreth ,meiere and
 ,albert  ,herter2 the sculptural       
decorations are by ,lee ,lawrie4        
,,american ,,institute ,,of ,,pharmacy  
,immediately north of the ,lincoln      
,memorial stands the ,american          
,institute  of ,pharmacy4 ,it was       
designed by ,john ,russell ,pope1       
architect1 and built  of white ,vermont 
marble4 ,it is classical in its style of
 architecture1  and in its location west
 of the ,national ,academy of ,sciences 

completes  the group of buildings on    
,constitution ,avenue that form a frame 
for the  ,lincoln ,memorial4 ,the       
building is the headquarters of the     
druggists  in the ,united ,states4 ,more
 than #ad1jjj druggists subscribed      
toward  the building fund4 ,the         
,pharmacopoeia of the ,united ,states1  
under  which prescriptions and drugs are
 standardized1 is supervised by the     
,institute4      ,,scottish ,,rite      
,,temple    ,this building1 at          
,sixteenth and ,p ,streets ,,nw41 is the
 headquarters of  the ,supreme ,council 
of the ,thirty-third ,degree1 of the    
,ancient and  ,accepted ,scottish ,rite 
of ,freemasonry of the ,southern        
,jurisdiction4  ,it is modeled after the
 tomb of ,mausolus1 at ,halicarnassus1  
in ,asia  ,minor1 which was regarded by 
the ancients as one of the ,seven       
,wonders  of the ,world4 ,its #cc ,ionic
 columns are #cc feet tall1 suggesting  
the #cc  degrees of ,masonry4 ,on each  
side of the main entrance is a colossal 

sphinx1 symbolic of ,divine ,wisdom and 
,power1 executed by ,a4 ,a4 ,weinman1   
sculptor4 ,the building was designed by 
,john ,russell ,pope1 architect4        
,,carnegie ,,institution ,,of           
,,washington    ,at #afth and ,p        
,streets ,,nw4 is the ,carnegie         
,institution of ,washington4  ,the      
building was designed by ,carrre and    
,hastings1 and shows an  influence of   
the ,french classical style of          
architecture4      ,,chamber ,,of       
,,commerce ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states 
,dedicated in #aibe1 this building1 at  
,connecticut ,avenue and ,h ,streets    
,,nw41 is classical in its style of     
architecture and is adapted to modern   
office requirements4 ,it was designed by
 ,cass ,gilbert1 architect4 ,fully      
#ac1jjj business men representing almost
 #bjj cities of the ,united ,states     
contributed toward the building4        
,,national ,,geographic ,,society       
,the ,national ,geographic ,society1    
organized in #ahhh1 8for the increase   

and diffusion of geographic knowledge10 
is the largest educational and          
scientific body in the world4    ,in its
 #ej years the society has sponsored a  
series of notable  explorations1        
discoveries1 and research activities of 
our times1 and  it has developed its    
unique and beautifully illustrated      
,national  ,geographic ,magazine as a   
means of disseminating geographic       
information  among its world-wide       
membership4    ,illustration3 ,,national
 ,,geographic ,,society                 
,illustration3 ,,constitution ,,hall    
,the society's administrative and       
editorial offices1 at ,sixteenth and ,m 
,streets ,,nw41 were enlarged by an     
addition which extends its handsome  and
 dignified headquarters along a         
#bad-;foot frontage4 ,a commodious and  
modern office building at ,third ,street
 and ,randolph ,place ,,ne41 is used    
for mailing its magazine1 maps1 and     
communications to its world-wide        
membership4    ,in its editorial1       

research1 technical1 photographic1 and  
clerical  departments1 and in the       
publishing of the ,national ,geographic 
,magazine1  the society now employs more
 than #hjj persons4 ,it is the largest  
non-,government user of the ,national   
,capital's post office facilities4      
,the society's members1 numbering       
#a1aej1jjj 7,december1 #aich71 represent
  every community of #ajj or more       
persons in the ,united ,states1 while   
its  foreign membership of #ahc1gji     
includes residents in every country1    
colony1 principality1 and mandated area 
of the world which has any  semblance of
 a postal system4    ,to each member    
goes monthly the ,national ,geographic  
,magazine1 which  has been called the   
foremost educational periodical in the  
world2 each  member also receives every 
map and panoramic illustration as       
issued4  ,thus the society has          
distributed among its more than a       
million member  homes some #bj1jjj1jjj  
wall maps1 in color1 in addition to the 

numerous  sketch maps which accompany   
articles in the magazine4    ,the       
society's weekly lectures1 which are    
held in ,constitution ,hall1  have      
become a part of the intellectual life  
of the ,national ,capital4  ,since their
 inception more than #a1djj explorers1  
statesmen1 and  world travelers of note 
have addressed the ,washington meetings4
 ,such  explorers as ,rear ,admiral     
,peary1 ,sir ,francis ,younghusband1    
,capt4 ,roald  ,amundsen1 ,colonel      
,lindbergh1 and ,rear ,admiral ,byrd    
have related their  findings to the     
society's members2 also such noted      
travelers as the  late ,viscount ,bryce1
 former ,ambassador ,jusserand1 the late
 ,william  ,howard ,taft1 and ,colonel  
,roosevelt1 after his return from his   
,african  game hunt and his ,amazon     
expedition4    ,when these lectures are 
of general interest they are reprinted  
and  illustrated in the magazine for the
 society's entire membership4    ,at its
 ,sixteenth ,street headquarters the    

society maintains a library of          
up-to-date geographic information1      
comprising some #bj1jjj volumes1 in     
addition to maps1 periodicals1 and      
reports from foreign governments and    
geographic societies4    ,the leading   
universities of the city1 such as       
,georgetown ,university1  founded #aghi2
 ,george ,washington ,university1       
founded #ahba2 ,catholic  ,university1  
founded #ahhi2 ,american ,university1   
founded #ahic2 ,howard  ,university1    
founded #ahfg2 ,columbia ,institution   
for the ,deaf1 founded  #aheg2 and      
,trinity ,college1 ,brookland1 founded  
#ahig2 also have their  monumental      
buildings4    ,in the ,triangle group   
are to be found3 ,department of         
,commerce ,building1  ,york  ,sawyer1   
architects2 ,department of ,labor and   
,interstate ,commerce  ,commission      
,building1 ,arthur ,brown1 architect2   
,post ,office ,department  ,building1   
,delano  ,aldrich1 architects2          
,department of ,justice ,building1      

,zantzinger1 ,borie  ,medary1           
architects2 ,internal ,revenue          
,building1  ,louis ,simon1 architect2   
,national ,archives ,building1 ,john    
,russell ,pope1  architect2 ,federal    
,trade ,commission 7,apex7 ,building1   
,bennett1 ,parsons   ,frost1 architects4
    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,triangle     
,,group ,,of ,,public ,,buildings       
,,along  ,,constitution ,,avenue        
,illustration3 ,,the ,,national         
,,gallery ,,of ,,art    ,illustration3  
,,the ,,national ,,archives ,,building  
,illustration3 ,,the ,,makers ,,of ,,the
 ,,constitution    ,illustration3 ,,the 
,,signers ,,of ,,the ,,declaration ,,of 
,,independence    ,other buildings are3 
,the ,central ,heating ,plant 7for      
heating #ge  buildings71 ,paul ,p4      
,cret1 architect2 ,bureau of ,engraving 
and ,printing1  ,w4 ,b4 ,olmstead1      
architect2 ,smithsonian ,institution    
7begun in #ahdf71  ,james ,renwick1     
architect2 ,national ,museum ,building1 
,hornblower   ,marshall1 architects2    

,freer ,gallery of ,art1 ,charles ,a4   
,platt1  architect2 ,department of      
,agriculture ,building1 ,rankin1        
,kellogg  ,crane1  architects2          
,department of ,agriculture ,south      
,building1 the ,supervising  ,architect2
 ,naval ,observatory2 ,state1 ,war1 and 
,navy ,building1 ,a4 ,b4  ,mullett1     
supervising architect2 ,old ,pension    
,office ,building 7,general  ,accounting
 ,office72 ,army ,war ,college1 ,mc,kim1
 ,mead  ,white1 architects2  ,walter    
,reed ,hospital2 ,naval ,hospital2      
,public ,library1 ,ackerman  ,ross1     
architects2 ,united ,states ,bureau of  
,standards2 ,national ,zoological ,park 
7large new buildings completed in       
#aicg72 ,national ,gallery of ,art 7now 
under construction71 ,john ,russell     
,pope1 architect4      ,,important      
,,bridges ,,of ,,washington             
,arlington ,memorial ,bridge1 ,mc,kim1  
,mead  ,white1 architects2 ,calvert     
,street ,bridge1 ,paul ,p4 ,cret1       
architect2 ,francis ,scott ,key ,bridge1

  ,nathan ,wyeth1 architect2            
,connecticut ,avenue 7,taft7 ,bridge1   
,edward ,p4  ,casey1 architect1 lions by
 ,r4 ,hinton ,perry2 ,q ,street ,bridge1
 ,glenn  ,brown and ,bedford ,brown1    
architects1 ,a4 ,phimister ,proctor1    
sculptor2  ,klingle ,ford ,bridge1      
,connecticut ,avenue1 ,paul ,p4 ,cret1  
architect2 ,new  ,chain ,bridge1        
designed under supervision of ,brig4    
,gen4 ,dan ,i4 ,sultan1  former         
,engineer ,commissioner of the ,district
 of ,columbia2 ,john ,philip  ,sousa    
,bridge1 ,southeast1 ,mc,kim1 ,mead     
,white1 architects4      ,,cathedral    
,,of ,,st4 ,,peter ,,and ,,st4 ,,paul   
7,,washington ,,cathedral7    ,the      
cathedral is situated on ,mount ,st4    
,alban1 in the northwestern part  of the
 city1 on a hill #djj feet in height1   
said to be the highest point  in the    
,district of ,columbia1 giving a superb 
view over the ,national  ,capital4      
,the cathedral1 also known as the       
,national ,cathedral1 was designed by   

,george ,f4 ,bodley1 of ,london1 and    
,henry ,vaughn1 of ,boston4 ,it is a    
typical fourteenth century ,gothic      
edifice4 ,the cornerstone was laid in   
#aijg1 and since then a large part of   
the cathedral has been completed4  ,its 
ultimate cost1 it is estimated1 will be 
#bj1jjj1jjj4 ,the central  nave is about
 complete1 the apse and north transept  
are finished as are  also several of the
 chapels1 such as the ,bethlehem        
,chapel1 the ,norman  ,chapel1 the      
,chapel of ,st4 ,john1 and the ,chapel  
of ,st4 ,mary4 ,there are  costly stones
 in the building from many parts of the 
world1 including a  stone from          
,bethlehem1 which formed the            
cornerstone4    ,illustration3          
,,washington ,,cathedral                
,illustration3 ,,washington ,,cathedral 
,illustration3 ,,national ,,shrine ,,of 
,,the ,,immaculate ,,conception    ,the 
building is constructed of limestone4   
,the sculpture and beautifully  stained 
glass windows form the principal        

decorations4    ,the total length of the
 building from the exterior of the apse 
at  the eastern end to the main entrance
 at the western end will be #ecd  feet4 
,the total spread of the transepts will 
be #bae feet1 and each  of these arms of
 the cross will be #aje feet wide4 ,the 
ground area of  the cathedral will be   
#ga1jjj square feet1 and this will be   
ample to  provide standing room for     
#bg1jjj persons or seating space for    
#g1ejj4  ,the central tower will rise to
 a height of #bfb feet and each of the  
two  western towers will be #aie feet   
high4 ,the nave will have a span of #dj 
feet and its height will be #ie feet4   
,within the cathedral are buried        
,woodrow ,wilson1 our ,world ,war       
,president2 also ,admiral ,george       
,dewey1 ,general ,nelson ,a4 ,miles1 and
  several bishops of the ,episcopal     
,church4    ,the grounds comprise #fg   
acres1 and the carefully designed       
,bishop's  ,garden forms an interesting 
feature4 ,the ,national ,cathedral      

,school for  ,girls and for ,boys and   
the ,college of ,preachers are within   
the grounds4      ,,national ,,shrine   
,,of ,,the ,,immaculate ,,conception    
,this cathedral has been designed in the
 ,roman-,byzantine style of             
architecture4 ,it is located on         
,michigan ,avenue1 ,brookland1 in the   
,catholic ,university grounds4 ,the     
cornerstone for the church was laid  in 
#aibj4 ,it is estimated that the total  
cost will be #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,the          
architects are ,maginnis  ,walsh1 of    
,boston1 and ,professor ,frederick ,v4  
,murphy1 architect1 of ,washington4     
,the building as designed is cruciform  
in plan1 with a triple apse1  at the    
focus of which is placed the central    
altar within a great  baldachin4 ,the   
apse is of vast scale and1 with the     
presbytery that  separates it from the  
transepts1 will admit of important      
ceremonies4  ,the dome will be #bej feet
 high2 the tall campanile1 or bell      
tower1  #ccj feet high4 ,the building is

 to take its place with such notable    
memorials as ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 of
 ,rome1 and ,santa ,maria del ,fiore1   
of ,florence4 ,it is to stand as a      
symbol of ,american ,catholic devotion  
to the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the availability 
of the ,byzantine tradition for the     
rendering of this idea was readily      
perceived4 ,the crypt1 capable of       
seating approximately #a1ejj persons1   
has been completed4 ,here a most        
interesting decorative scheme in terms  
of faence has been introduced  to enrich
 the effect of the vaults4 ,the central 
altar is of ,algerian  onyx4 ,the       
pavement is of ,italian marble4 ,the    
crypt is richly treated  with still     
other marbles and with mosaics4         
,,national ,,churches ,,in ,,washington 
,there is no city in the country that   
has so many representative  churches as 
the city of ,washington1 which is       
undoubtedly due to the  fact that this  
is the ,national ,capital4 ,the leading 
denominations of  the country1          

recognizing the importance of religion  
in the life of the  ,nation1 have       
erected or are raising funds for the    
erection of great  edifices1 including  
memorial churches1 fittingly to         
represent them at  the seat of          
government4    ,in chapter ,,xx         
attention has already been directed to  
the earliest  churches in ,washington4  
,,embassies ,,and ,,legations    ,among 
the notable buildings in the ,national  
,capital that have had  a distinguished 
place since the early days of the       
,republic are the  residences1          
embassies1 and legations of the         
representatives from  foreign countries4
 ,at the present time there are #ec1    
representing the  leading countries of  
the world4    ,the legation and embassy 
buildings are held territory of the     
respective  countries to which they     
belong1 and fly the flag of their       
respective  nations1 excepting on state 
occasions1 when they fly both their own 
flag and that of the ,united ,states4   

,l',enfant1 in his plan of the city1    
contemplated diplomatic buildings to    
line the ,mall4 ,but as the ,mall was   
delayed in its development for over  a  
century1 the museum type of building has
 been erected on the ,mall  and the     
diplomatic establishments located       
elsewhere4 ,in later years  the         
suggestion was offered to locate them in
 the vicinity of the ,state             
,department4    ,at the present time the
 embassies and legations are located1   
for the  most part1 in the residential  
section of northwest ,washington4 ,quite
  a number are on ,sixteenth ,street in 
the vicinity of ,meridian ,hill  ,park4 
,in more recent years several of the    
leading countries have built  new       
embassies on spacious grounds4 ,in this 
,great ,britain has taken  the lead1    
having built a large embassy on #d acres
 of ground at #cajj  ,massachusetts     
,avenue1 near the ,naval ,observatory4  
,three blocks beyond1  the ,norwegian   
,legation building has recently been    

completed4 ,in recent  years the        
,imperial ,japanese ,government built a 
new embassy at #bead  ,massachusetts    
,avenue4 ,the ,french ,government       
recently purchased the home  of ,john   
,hays ,hammond for its new embassy4     
,a list of the countries having         
embassies and legations in ,washington  
7with the exception of ,estonia1 whose  
representative is located in ,new  ,york
 ,city7 is as follows3    ,illustration3
 ,,british ,,embassy    ,illustration3  
,,italian ,,embassy      ,albania3 ,the 
,mayflower ,hotel4      ,argentina3     
#ahjf ,corcoran ,street4      ,belgium3 
#aggg ,massachusetts ,avenue4           
,bolivia3 ,fifteenth and ,k ,streets4   
,brazil3 #cjjg ,whitehaven ,street4     
,bulgaria3 #bhha ,woodland ,drive4      
,canada3 #agdf ,massachusetts ,avenue4  
,chile3 #baed ,florida ,avenue4         
,china3 #bjja ,nineteenth ,street4      
,colombia3 #aebj ,twentieth ,street4    
,costa ,rica3 #babh ,bancroft ,place4   
,cuba3 #bfcj ,sixteenth ,street4        

,czechoslovakia3 #bcdi ,massachusetts   
,avenue4      ,denmark3 #ahfh ,columbia 
,road4      ,dominican ,republic3 #bfcc 
,sixteenth ,street4      ,ecuador3 ,barr
 ,building4      ,egypt3 #bcja          
,massachusetts ,avenue4      ,el        
,salvador3 #bdjj ,sixteenth ,street4    
,estonia3 ,rockefeller ,plaza1 ,new     
,york ,city4      ,finland3 #bdaf ,tracy
 ,place4      ,france1 ,chancery3 #afja 
,v ,street4      ,germany3 #adci        
,massachusetts ,avenue4      ,great     
,britain3 #cajj ,massachusetts ,avenue4 
,greece3 #bbba ,massachusetts ,avenue4  
,guatemala3 #afad ,eighteenth ,street4  
,haiti3 #ejag ,sixteenth ,street4       
,honduras3 #bfaa ,woodley ,place4       
,hungary3 #adbd ,sixteenth ,street4     
,ireland3 #bcaj ,tracy ,place4          
,italy3 #bgjj ,sixteenth ,street4       
,japan3 #bead ,massachusetts ,avenue4   
,latvia3 #agae ,twenty-second ,street4  
,lithuania3 #bfbb ,sixteenth ,street4   
,mexico3 #bhbi ,sixteenth ,street4      
,netherlands3 #adgj ,euclid ,street4    

,nicaragua3 #aeba ,new ,hampshire       
,avenue4      ,norway3 #cdja            
,massachusetts ,avenue4      ,panama3   
#aecf ,eighteenth ,street4              
,paraguay3 ,wardman ,park ,hotel4       
,peru3 #acjj ,sixteenth ,street4        
,poland3 #bfdj ,sixteenth ,street4      
,portugal3 ,wardman ,park ,hotel4       
,rumania3 #afja ,twenty-third ,street4  
,siam3 #bcjj ,kalorama ,road4           
,spain3 #bhja ,sixteenth ,street4       
,sweden3 #bbdg ,r ,street4              
,switzerland3 #bdai ,massachusetts      
,avenue4      ,turkey3 #afjf            
,twenty-third ,street4      ,union of   
,south ,africa3 #caja ,massachusetts    
,avenue4      ,union of ,soviet         
,socialist ,republics3 #aabe ,sixteenth 
,street4      ,uruguay3 #ajaj ,vermont  
,avenue4      ,venezuela3 #bdjj         
,sixteenth ,street4      ,yugoslavia3   
#aebj ,sixteenth ,street4               
,,chapter ,,xxii    ,,the               
,,public-,,buildings ,,program          
,,new ,,buildings ,,necessary    ,as a  

result of the ,world ,war1 ,government  
departments in ,washington  became      
overcrowded1 and from #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj
 employees were housed in  temporary    
buildings4 ,this congested situation    
made a public-building  program one of  
urgent need4 ,for #dj years no real     
department building  had been erected in
 ,washington4 ,the ,department of       
,agriculture was in #dg  rented         
buildings4 ,the ,department of ,war and 
the ,department of the ,navy  were      
housed in many temporary war buildings4 
,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of #aiaj ,,for  
,,developing ,,south ,,side ,,of        
,,pennsylvania  ,,avenue      ,,plans   
,,as ,,developed    ,in #aiaj plans were
 authorized for three department        
buildings--,justice1  ,commerce and     
,labor1 and ,state--to be built along   
,fifteenth ,street1  between            
,pennsylvania ,avenue and ,b ,street    
,,nw41 now ,constitution ,avenue1  and  
the land in this locality was bought by 
the ,government1 but the  building      

project was deferred4 ,again1 in #aiac1 
,congress took up the  question of a    
public-building program1 and in #aiag a 
comprehensive  survey was made by the   
,public ,buildings ,commission of the   
needs of  the ,government for additional
 buildings4 ,at that time the area south
  of ,pennsylvania ,avenue along        
,fifteenth ,street to ,constitution     
,avenue1  which in #aiaj was proposed   
for three buildings1 was designated for 
two  buildings4 ,then came the ,world   
,war1 during which the many temporary   
war  buildings were erected4 ,president 
,coolidge in his message to ,congress   
on ,december #i1 #aibe1 called attention
 to the great need for public  buildings
 and asked for an annual appropriation  
of #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,he  said3              
,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,mall 
,,from ,,the ,,capitol ,,dome1 ,,looking
 ,,west    ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of   
,,the ,,mall ,,from ,,the ,,washington  
,,monument1 ,,looking  ,,east      ,no  
public buildings bill has been enacted  

since before the war4 ,i    am not in   
favor of an act which would be          
characterized as a general    parceling 
out of favors and that usually bears a  
name lacking in good    repute4 ,i am   
ready to approve an act similar in      
character to that    already passed by  
the ,house1 providing a lump-sum        
appropriation to    be expended under   
the direction of the ,treasury or any   
other proper    authority1 over a term  
of years1 with such annual appropriation
 as    the national finances could      
provide4    ,the public buildings act   
was approved ,may #be1 #aibf4    ,this  
marked the beginning of a               
public-buildings program in the         
,national  ,capital greater than any    
which had been undertaken by the ,united
 ,states  since the establishment of the
 seat of government along the banks of  
the ,potomac in #agij4    ,congress     
placed the public-buildings program in  
the hands of the  ,secretary of the     
,treasury1 both for ,federal buildings  

in the ,states and  for the ,district of
 ,columbia4 ,to assist him in the plans 
for new public  buildings here in the   
,national ,capital the ,secretary of the
 ,treasury  appointed a board of        
architectural consultants4 ,the         
,commission of ,fine  ,arts has been    
called upon regularly to advise in the  
development of the  plans for the new   
public buildings4    ,five years had not
 yet elapsed when the long pent-up needs
 for  buildings to accommodate public   
business finally burst their bonds in   
the act of #aibf4 ,the preparations for 
the flood had been long in the          
making--so long and so carefully        
considered1 indeed1 that the flood has  
always been under control4 ,there has   
been no haphazard planning4 ,no  hasty  
or ill-considered work has been done4   
,the harmonious development  of the     
,national ,capital has progressed in    
form that would have pleased  ,george   
,washington1 and latterly with a speed  
and vigor that would have  gladdened his

 heart4    ,in addition to the great    
public-buildings program and the        
,arlington  ,memorial ,bridge1 ,congress
 authorized during the past ten years   
many  other great projects for the      
development of the ,national ,capital   
which contribute to making ,washington  
the greatest and most beautiful         
national capital in the world4 ,among   
these are3 ,the completion of the  ,tomb
 of the ,unknown ,soldier at ,arlington1
 the restoration of ,arlington          
,mansion1 the ,mount ,vernon ,highway1  
the ,george ,washington ,memorial       
,parkway1 the enlargement of the        
,capitol ,grounds and development of    
,union ,station ,plaza1 development of  
the ,mall1 addition to the ,house       
,office ,building1 addition to the      
,library of ,congress1 ,united ,states  
,supreme ,court ,building1 ,government  
,printing ,office extension1 ,social    
,security ,building1 ,war ,department   
,building1 ,navy ,department ,building1 
new ,naval ,hospital1 ,municipal ,center

 development1 ,walter ,reed ,general    
,hospital buildings1 ,botanic ,garden   
and new conservatory near the  ,capitol1
 and a ,national ,arboretum4            
,illustration3 ,,treatment ,,of ,,the   
,,capitol ,,grounds    ,illustration3   
,,pennsylvania ,,avenue ,,between ,,the 
,,treasury ,,and ,,the  ,,capitol       
,,pennsylvania ,,avenue    ,pennsylvania
 ,avenue is the great historic avenue of
 the ,nation1  particularly that portion
 between the legislative and executive  
branches of the ,government--the        
,capitol and the ,white                 
,house--extending  a distance of #a     
mile4 ,it was named by ,congress at the 
time the plan  of ,washington was under 
consideration1 in compliment to the     
,state of  ,pennsylvania4 ,in the time  
of ,thomas ,jefferson it was a dusty    
highway1  and to add beauty to it he    
planted quick-growing poplar trees4     
,being  about at sea level in elevation1
 it was the scene of rowboats in times  
of flood as late as the year #ahhj4     

,several large department stores of  the
 city to-day had their beginning on the 
,avenue4 ,the ,evening ,star has  been  
published there for about #hi years2 its
 home1 remodeled from time  to time1    
to-day is a large and beautiful         
building4    ,since the ,l',enfant plan 
provided for giving ,pennsylvania       
,avenue  a conspicuous place in the     
development of the ,national ,capital1  
,congress decided1 by the public        
buildings act of ,may #be1 #aibf1 that  
the necessary land on the south side of 
the ,avenue from the ,capitol  to the   
,treasury should be purchased by the    
,government and monumental  buildings   
erected thereon4 ,in the ,house of      
,representatives the bill  was sponsored
 by ,congressman ,richard ,n4 ,elliott4 
,as ,chairman of the  ,committee on     
,public ,buildings and ,grounds1 he had 
a very prominent  part in furthering the
 legislation for the public buildings   
program of  the ,national ,capital and  
also for the country at large4 ,more    

public  buildings were authorized during
 the ,sixty-ninth and ,seventieth       
,congresses 7#aibe-aibi7 than in all the
 preceding ,congresses4 ,in the  ,united
 ,states ,senate the public buildings   
program was sponsored by  ,senator ,bert
 ,n4 ,fernald and after his death in    
#aibf by ,senator ,henry ,w4  ,keyes1   
,chairman of the ,committee on ,public  
,buildings and ,grounds of the  ,senate4
 ,this is the ,triangle ,plan1 which is 
now being carried out4 ,in  due time it 
is expected also that the north side    
will be developed to  correspond to the 
south side4 ,however1 several buildings 
now there may  be considered as         
established for decades to come4        
,here at ,pennsylvania ,avenue1         
connecting the ,capitol and the ,white  
,house1 we are at the heart of the      
,nation4 ,it is the ,via ,sacra of the  
great ,republic of the ,new ,world4     
,on ,september #e1 #aica1 at the        
ground-breaking ceremony for the        
,archives  ,building1 at ,pennsylvania  

,avenue and ,seventh ,street1 ,hon4     
,ferry ,k4  ,heath1 ,assistant          
,secretary of the ,treasury1 who was in 
immediate charge  of the                
public-buildings program1 said3 8,the   
story of the traffic and  parades of    
this great ,avenue would be an outline  
of the history of the  ,united ,states40
    ,the act for enlarging the ,capitol 
,grounds1 and the municipal center      
development on the north side of the    
,avenue1 gives the ,government  control 
from the ,capitol to ,sixth ,street4    
,illustration3 ,,union ,,station ,,and  
,,plaza1 ,,looking ,,north ,,from ,,the 
,,dome ,,of  ,,the ,,capitol            
,,triangle ,,development    ,upon the   
adoption of the public buildings act of 
,may #be1 #aibf1 ,hon4  ,andrew ,w4     
,mellon1 ,secretary of the ,treasury1   
took up with the ,public  ,buildings    
,commission1 and the executive          
departments that were in  immediate need
 of new buildings1 the project to place 
the building  program under way4        

,secretary ,mellon authorized the       
preparation of a  tentative study for   
new public buildings1 and after an      
interval of a  few months sketches were 
submitted to him for a series of        
buildings  monumental in character and  
intended for the most part for locations
  south of ,pennsylvania ,avenue4 ,the  
greater part of the ,triangle           
development has been completed4         
,,enlargement ,,of ,,the ,,capitol      
,,grounds ,,and ,,union ,,station       
,,plaza ,,development    ,an important  
feature of the ,mc,millan ,park         
,commission plan of #aija was  the      
creation of a series of 8,congress      
,gardens0 on the north side of the      
,capitol4 ,for many years this project  
was held in abeyance pending the        
completion of the purchase of lands4    
,the development necessitated the       
purchase of #ab squares and laying out a
 plan for this long-neglected  area at  
the entrance to the city4 ,the plan also
 provided for a new  avenue to extend   

from ,union ,station to ,pennsylvania   
,avenue1 and street  cars are routed    
accordingly4    ,in addition to the     
landscape features1 the plan1 which was 
designed by  ,bennett1 ,parsons  ,frost1
 architects of ,chicago1 provided for a 
terrace  upon which is located a        
fountain and also a large basin1 which  
reflects  the ,dome of the ,capitol4 ,to
 harmonize with this plan1 a new        
approach to  the northwest corner of the
 ,senate ,office ,building has been     
built4    ,the temporary war buildings  
and ,government hotels1 which stood on  
the  grounds a whole decade after the   
,world ,war1 have been removed1 and the 
work of developing the plan was carried 
forward as rapidly as possible  under   
the direction of ,david ,lynn1          
,architect of the ,capitol4    ,through 
this plan the ,united ,states ,capitol  
is given the appropriate  landscape     
setting which1 as the most important    
building in this  country1 it should    
have4 ,the plan joins the plan for the  

,mall1 giving  the ,capitol the open    
approach from the west and embellishing 
,union  ,square at the head of the      
,mall4      ,,united ,,states ,,supreme 
,,court ,,building    ,the ,united      
,states ,supreme ,court ,building is in 
classic style1 in  harmony with the     
architecture of the ,capitol and        
adjacent buildings1  and is located in  
the square east of the ,capitol1 north  
of the ,library  of ,congress1 and      
facing the ,united ,states ,senate      
,chamber4    ,the building1 #che feet   
from east to west and #cje feet from    
north to  south1 has four open          
courtyards #fd feet square4 ,the portico
 is of the  ,corinthian order1 and there
 is a low pilaster treatment around the 
building4    ,illustration3 ,photograph 
by ,commercial ,photo ,co4    ,,the     
,,united ,,states ,,supreme ,,court     
,,building    ,illustration3 ,,the      
,,united ,,states ,,supreme ,,court     
,,chamber    ,,frieze ,,by ,a4 ,a4      
,,weinman1 ,,sculptor    ,general       

designs were prepared1 and then1 to     
unify every part of the  design1 a model
 was made which was publicly exhibited  
in the ,rotunda of  the ,capitol for a  
number of months4    ,the ,supreme      
,court ,chamber is placed on the main   
axis of the plan4  ,it is characterized 
by appropriate simplicity and quiet     
dignity4  ,it is classical in style1 #hb
 feet by #ia feet square in its extreme 
dimensions1 about #fd feet square inside
 the columns1 and #de feet high  from   
floor to ceiling4    ,the second floor  
contains a law library and rooms for    
members of the  bar and conference      
rooms4    ,the third floor contains a   
law library and reading room4 ,the      
justices'  rooms are on the first floor1
 convenient to the court room4    ,a    
number of rooms for the use of lawyers  
are provided in the second  story4 ,two 
large conference rooms are provided on  
the main floor1 and  on this floor also 
rooms are provided for the ,attorney    
,general1 the  ,solicitor ,general1 the 

clerk of the ,supreme ,court1 and the   
marshal4  ,convenient rooms and special 
telephone booths have been provided for 
the press4    ,the appropriation for the
 building authorized by ,congress was   
#i1gdj1jjj4    ,the building was        
designed by ,cass ,gilbert1 architect1  
and the erection  was under the charge  
of the ,supreme ,court ,building        
,commission1 ,chief  ,justice ,charles  
,evans ,hughes1 chairman4 ,david ,lynn1 
,architect of the  ,capitol1 a member of
 the commission1 was the contracting    
officer4      ,,homes ,,of ,,the        
,,supreme ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,united   
,,states    ,the ,supreme ,court of the 
,united ,states is the major tribunal of
 one  of three coordinate branches of   
the ,government--the judicial4 ,during  
the #adh years of its existence the     
,supreme ,court has sat in eight        
different places1 always in or near the 
,capitol or place of meeting  of the    
legislative body4 ,thus it met1 first1  
in ,new ,york2 second1 in  ,independence

 ,hall1 ,philadelphia2 third1 in the    
basement of the ,capitol1  where it was 
when the ,british burned the ,capitol in
 #ahad2 fourth1 while  the ,capitol was 
being rebuilt the ,supreme ,court       
occupied the residence  of the clerk of 
the court2 fifth1 when the ,capitol     
wings were built it  moved into its     
former chamber2 sixth1 when driven out  
by an explosion  and fire in #ahih it   
occupied the committee room of the      
,senate ,committee  on the ,district of 
,columbia1 of which ,senator ,mc,millan 
was chairman1  and also sat for a brief 
period in the ,judiciary ,committee     
,room4    ,it then moved back into what 
was the old ,senate ,chamber until #ahei
  which was designed by ,benjamin       
,latrobe1 after the model of a ,greek   
theater1 a semicircular hall with a     
low-domed ceiling4 ,it is historic4     
,here ,webster replied to ,hayne2 here  
,calhoun debated with ,clay and         
,webster2 and in it the ,electoral      
,commission sat which decided the       

presidential contest between ,hayes and 
,tilden in #ahgg4          ,,chapter    
,,xxiii    ,,the ,,government ,,of ,,the
 ,,district ,,of ,,columbia      ,the   
first ,government of the ,district of   
,columbia consisted of three            
,commissioners appointed by the         
,president of the ,united ,states4 ,then
 #ba  mayors served from #ahjb to #ahga4
    ,a ,territorial form of government1 
consisting of a governor1 a board of    
public works1 and a legislative         
assembly1 was provided for by an act  of
 ,congress of ,february #ba1 #ahga4 ,the
 legislative assembly consisted  of #aa 
members1 called a council1 and #bb other
 members1 called a  house of delegates4 
,the ,district also had a ,delegate in  
the ,house of  ,representatives of the  
,united ,states4 ,the governor and the  
board of  public works were appointed by
 the ,president of the ,united ,states1 
and the legislative assembly was elected
 by the people4 ,this form of           
government lasted three years1 until    

,june #bj1 #ahgd1 when ,congress        
provided that the ,district should be   
governed by three commissioners1        
appointed by the ,president4 ,this was  
known as the temporary form of          
government and lasted until ,june #cj1  
#ahgh4    ,thereupon the ,congress1 by  
an act approved ,june #aa1 #ahgh1       
created the  present form of government 
of the ,district of ,columbia1 to become
  effective ,july #a1 #ahgh4 ,by this   
act the ,district was created a         
municipal corporation with right to sue 
and be sued4    ,the act provided for   
the appointment of three commissioners1 
two of  them to be selected by the      
,president from persons residing in the 
,district of ,columbia for a period of  
three years preceding their             
appointment4 ,the third member was to be
 an officer of the ,engineer  ,corps1   
,united ,states ,army1 detailed by the  
,president1 and to be  known as the     
engineer commissioner4 ,the appointments
 of the civilian  commissioners are for 

a period of three years1 or until their 
successors are appointed4 ,the detail of
 the engineer commissioner is at  the   
pleasure of the ,president4 ,this detail
 is usually about four years4    ,while 
the ,district has a municipal form of   
government1 ,congress1 by  various      
statutory enactments1 has treated it as 
a branch of the ,united  ,states        
,government by including it in          
legislation applying to the  executive  
departments1 such as the budget and     
accounting act1 the act  classifying the
 salaries of ,federal employees1 and the
 act providing  for retirement of       
,federal employees4    ,in the act of   
,june #aa1 #ahgh1 it was provided that  
the expenses of the  government of the  
,district should be borne #ej per cent  
by the ,united  ,states ,government and 
#ej per cent from the revenues of the   
,district of  ,columbia1 raised by      
taxation4 ,this method of financing     
remained in  force from #ahgh until     
#aibj4 ,in that year the proportionate  

expense was  changed by ,congress so    
that #fj per cent of the expenditures   
was raised  by taxation and #dj per cent
 was contributed by the ,federal        
,government4  ,this provision continued 
in force until the year #aibe1 when     
,congress  determined on a lump-sum     
contribution of #i1jjj1jjj annually1 the
  balance of the expenses to be raised  
by taxation2 the amounts of money       
appropriated have varied since then4    
,the heads of the various departments   
make recommendations to the             
commissioner in charge of their         
respective departments1 and each        
commissioner brings these               
recommendations to meetings of the board
 of  commissioners1 which are held on   
,tuesday and ,friday of each week4 ,the 
secretary to the board of commissioners 
records the action on these             
recommendations and acts as executive   
officer of the board by issuing  orders 
and carrying on correspondence4    ,not 
all of the municipal duties are1        

however1 vested in the board of         
commissioners4 ,the management of the   
public schools is vested in a  school   
board of nine members appointed by the  
justices of the ,supreme  ,court of the 
,district of ,columbia4 ,the ,public    
,library1 with its  branches1 is managed
 by a board of trustees appointed by the
 board of  commissioners4 ,the penal1   
charitable1 and correctional            
institutions are  managed by a board of 
public welfare appointed by the         
commissioners4  ,the public utilities   
are under a public-utilities commission1
  consisting of two civilians1 appointed
 by the ,president1 and the  engineer   
commissioner1 who is a member ex        
officio4 ,the public parks  are under   
the jurisdiction of the ,department of  
the ,interior1 which  is also in charge 
of public buildings and grounds4 ,the   
water supply  is under an ,army engineer
 officer1 designated the district       
engineer1  but the distribution of the  
water is under the jurisdiction of the  

commissioners4 ,the zoning of private   
property as to height of building1  use 
of building1 area of ground to be built 
upon1 is handled by a  zoning           
commission1 of which the three          
commissioners are members and1 in       
addition thereto1 the ,architect of the 
,capitol and the ,director of the       
,national ,park ,service4    ,the       
justices of the ,supreme ,court of the  
,district of ,columbia and the  judges  
of the police1 municipal1 and juvenile  
courts are appointed by  the ,president1
 as is also the recorder of deeds4      
,the ,national ,capital ,park and       
,planning ,commission has been created  
by  ,congress to advise the             
commissioners as to the planning of the 
city in  laying out new and changing old
 highways4 ,this commission purchases   
all land for parks and playgrounds4 ,the
 land so purchased for parks  is placed 
under the ,department of the ,interior  
and the land for  playgrounds under the 
commissioners4    ,all expenditures for 

municipal purposes1 including the       
schools1 parks1  water supply1 land     
purchases1 etc41 are appropriated by    
,congress  annually1 and are based upon 
estimates submitted by the heads of the 
,district government and the other      
officials hereinbefore named4    ,these 
estimates are submitted by the          
,commissioners to the ,director of  the 
,budget1 a ,federal official1 and when  
approved are submitted by  the          
,president to ,congress1 together with  
the estimates of the ,federal           
,government4 ,before submitting such    
estimates the ,commissioners fix upon  a
 tax rate which they believe should not 
be exceeded4 ,this tax rate is  such    
that1 when applied to the taxable value 
of real1 personal1 and  intangible      
property in the ,district of ,columbia1 
it will raise the  funds necessary to   
meet the estimates of the appropriations
 submitted  to the ,director of the     
,budget4 ,the present rate of taxation  
for real  and personal property is #a4ge

 per #ajj1 based on full value4 ,for    
intangible personal property1 such as   
money in bank1 stocks and bonds1  etc41 
the rate is #e per thousand4    ,for the
 fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aich1 the
 assessed value of land  in the         
,district of ,columbia was #dhj1dgc1gah1
 and of improvements  #gac1jbe1cfh1 a   
total of #a1aic1dii1jhf4    ,the        
assessed value of tangible personal     
property for the same year was          
#ha1eff1ajg4 ,the value of intangible   
personal property was #ege1dgb1jgj4     
,the budget estimate as submitted by the
 ,president to ,congress each year  is  
reviewed by subcommittees of the        
,appropriations ,committees of the      
,house and ,senate1 and the total amount
 of the ,appropriation is fixed by      
,congress and approved by the           
,president4    ,under the provisions of 
the ,constitution1 all legislation      
affecting  the ,district of ,columbia   
must be passed by ,congress4 ,the advice
 of the  ,commissioners is usually      

sought before such legislation is       
enacted4    ,what has been stated is but
 a brief outline of the government of   
the  ,district of ,columbia4 ,it can    
readily be seen that the ,district has a
  dual status as a municipal corporation
 and as a branch of the ,federal        
,government4 ,this situation has no     
parallel in any other city of the       
,united ,states4 ,the ,district is also 
unique in having no bonded debt4  ,all  
of its expenses are borne from current  
revenues4    ,the residents of the      
,district of ,columbia do not enjoy the 
privilege  and obligation of suffrage4  
,on the question of whether the people  
should be allowed to vote in national   
elections and in local elections  there 
is a division of opinion4               
,illustration3 ,,arlington ,,cemetery1  
,,arlington ,,mansion1 ,,and ,,fort     
,,myer          ,,chapter ,,xxiv        
,,arlington ,,national ,,cemetery       
,,history ,,of ,,arlington    ,the land 
comprising the ,arlington estate1 #a1ajj

 acres1 was sold  by ,gerard ,alexander 
to ,john ,parke ,custis in ,december1   
#aggh1 for a  consideration of #aa1jjj  
,virginia currency4 ,john ,parke ,custis
 never  lived at ,arlington1 and on his 
death in #agha his son1 ,george         
,washington  ,parke ,custis1 inherited  
the ,arlington estate4 ,mr4 ,custis     
lived at ,mount  ,vernon1 however1 until
 after the death of ,martha ,washington1
 which  occurred on ,may #bb1 #ahjb4 ,he
 then took possession of the tract1     
changed  the name to ,arlington1 after  
an old family seat on the eastern shore 
of  ,virginia4 ,while he was building   
the mansion he lived in a small cottage 
on the ,potomac4 ,the two wings were    
built first4 ,the central portion  of   
the house1 with its massive columns1 is 
said to have been built  from plans     
drawn by ,george ,hadfield1 an ,english 
architect1 who came to  this country    
with the intention of designing the new 
,capitol4 ,the date  when the mansion   
was completed is uncertain1 but ,mrs4   

,robert ,e4 ,lee is  authority for the  
statement that it was completed just    
before the ,civil  ,war4 ,the family    
lived in the wings for many years4      
,in #ahjd ,mr4 ,custis married ,mary    
,lee ,fitzhugh1 daughter of ,william    
,fitzhugh1 of ,chatham1 at ,alexandria1 
,va4 ,to this union four children  were 
born1 but only one1 ,mary ,ann ,randolph
 ,custis 7born ,october #a1  #ahjh71    
lived4 ,on ,june #cj1 #ahca1 she became 
the wife of ,lieut4 ,robert ,e4  ,lee4  
,upon the death of her father1 in #aheg1
 title to the estate passed  to ,mrs4   
,lee4    ,on ,may #bd1 #ahfa1 ,union    
troops occupied ,arlington1 and it soon 
became  an armed camp4 ,under an act of 
,congress passed ,june #ag1 #ahfb1      
certain  commissioners of the           
,government were appointed to levy and  
collect  taxes in ,virginia and         
elsewhere2 and if default in payment was
 made1  to sell the real estate upon    
which the taxes were levied4 ,prior to  
,january1 #ahfd1 the commissioners had  

adopted a rule by which payment of      
taxes in the district where the         
,arlington property was located would   
not be accepted unless tendered by the  
owner in person4 ,mrs4 ,lee could  not  
comply with this rule1 so she sent a    
cousin1 ,mr4 ,fendall1 to pay  the      
taxes4 ,the money was refused1 and he   
was informed that ,mrs4 ,lee  must be   
present in person4    ,on ,january #aa1 
#ahfd1 there was due only the sum of    
#ib4jg on the #a1ajj  acres of the      
,arlington estate1 together with a #ej  
per cent penalty1  when the property was
 sold 8according to law10 as stated in  
the tax  certificate4 ,the ,united      
,states acquired title to the property  
at public  auction by the payment of    
#bf1jjj4    ,illustration3 ,,arlington  
,,mansion--,,reception ,,hall    ,upon  
the death of ,mrs4 ,lee1 in #ahgc1 her  
eldest son1 ,george ,washington  ,custis
 ,lee1 according to the will of his     
grandfather1 ,george ,washington  ,parke
 ,custis1 became entitled to the        

,arlington estate4 ,he at once  took    
steps looking to the recovery of the    
property4 ,after petitioning  ,congress 
in vain1 he began suit in ejectment in  
#ahgg at ,alexandria1  ,va4 ,in #ahgi   
the ,united ,states ,circuit ,court for 
the ,eastern ,district  of ,virginia    
decided he was entitled to the estate   
and that the ,united  ,states did not   
have lawful title4 ,the ,department of  
,justice carried  the case to the       
,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 which  
decided that the  property belonged to  
,mr4 ,lee4 ,the ,united ,states was thus
 faced with  the question of whether to 
disinter the remains of thousands of    
soldiers and sailors and vacate the     
property1 part of which had become  a   
military post1 or purchase the same4    
,however1 ,mr4 ,lee was willing  to sell
 ,arlington for #aej1jjj4 ,on ,march #c1
 #ahhc1 the ,forty-seventh  ,congress   
appropriated the necessary money1 and on
 ,march #ca ,mr4 ,lee  executed a deed  
which conveyed the title to the ,united 

,states4 ,the  deed was recorded at the 
,alexandria ,county ,courthouse on the  
#adth  day of ,may1 #ahhc1 just #bb     
years1 less #aj days1 from the day1 ,may
 #bd1  #ahfa1 when ,general ,scott's    
soldiers crossed the ,potomac ,river and
 took  possession4    ,mary ,randolph1  
wife of ,david ,meade ,randolph1 and a  
relative of the  ,custis family1 is the 
first person known to have been buried  
at  ,arlington4 ,in ,april1 #ahec1 ,mrs4
 ,custis1 wife of the owner of the      
estate1 ,george ,washington ,parke      
,custis1 died and was laid to rest in a 
little plot of ground beneath huge oaks 
not far from the mansion house4  ,the   
master of ,arlington died on ,october   
#aj1 #aheg1 and was laid beside  his    
wife4 ,to-day their graves may be seen1 
surmounted by simple marble  shafts1    
within an iron-fenced inclosure1 where  
lilies-of-the-valley  cover the ground  
in profusion4 ,the ,quartermaster       
,general's ,department  has recently    
erected a marker beside the grave of    

,mrs4 ,randolph1 giving  a short history
 of her life4      ,,arlington ,,as ,a  
,,national ,,cemetery    ,gen4          
,montgomery ,c4 ,meigs1 ,quartermaster  
,corps1 ,united ,states ,army1 was  the 
first to suggest to ,president ,lincoln 
that the estate be converted  into a    
military cemetery1 and in #ahfd1 by     
order of ,secretary of ,war  ,stanton1  
#bjj acres were set apart and dedicated 
as a national cemetery  for the burial  
of ,union soldiers and sailors4         
,however1 the first man to  be buried   
there was a ,confederate soldier who    
died in the hospital ,may  #ac1 #ahfd4  
,there are buried in ,arlington a small 
number of those who fought in the       
,revolutionary ,war and some who were in
 the ,war of #ahab4 ,their remains  were
 removed to ,arlington from an abandoned
 cemetery in #ahib4 ,thousands  of men  
who died in the ,civil ,war are buried  
there1 with veterans of the             
,spanish-,american ,war and the         
,philippine campaign1 and now the       

veterans  of the ,world ,war are        
steadily being added to the number4     
,illustration3 ,,arlington ,,national   
,,cemetery--,,memorial ,,amphitheater   
,in front of ,arlington ,house is the   
tomb of ,maj4 ,pierre ,charles          
,l',enfant1 engineer1 artist1 and       
soldier1 who1 under the direction of    
,president ,washington and ,thomas      
,jefferson1 designed the plans for the  
city of ,washington4      ,,arlington   
,,memorial ,,amphitheater    ,on ,may   
#e1 #ahfh1 ,gen4 ,john ,a4 ,logan1      
commander in chief of the ,grand  ,army 
of the ,republic1 issued the following  
general order 7,no4 #aa73      ,the     
#cjth of ,may1 #ahfh1 is designated for 
the purpose of strewing with    flowers 
or otherwise decorating the graves of   
comrades who died in    defense of their
 country1 99 99 99 posts and comrades   
will1 in their own    way1 arrange such 
fitting services and testimonials of    
respect as    circumstances may permit4 
,there has been an annual observance of 

this ceremony in all the  national      
cemeteries of the country since this    
order was promulgated4    ,for years a  
vine-covered pergola1 erected by the    
,quartermaster's  ,department of the    
,army1 was used for the ,memorial ,day  
exercises4 ,when  it was found to be    
entirely inadequate to accommodate the  
increasing  number of people who        
attended the exercises1 it was decided  
to erect  a suitable building which     
would serve not only as a memorial to   
our  soldiers and sailors but which     
would also provide an assembly place for
  those attending such exercises as     
might be held in the cemetery grounds4  
,accordingly1 the first steps toward    
this end were taken in #aijc1 when  the 
necessity for such a building and the   
appropriateness of its  erection were   
first suggested by the commander of the 
,department of the  ,potomac1 ,grand    
,army of the ,republic4 ,preliminary    
sketches and plans  were prepared in    
#aije and presented to ,congress by the 

,secretary of  the ,treasury1 but no    
action was taken until #aijh1 when the  
,arlington  ,memorial ,amphitheater     
,commission was created1 and an         
appropriation  of #e1jjj to secure and  
present more detailed plans for the     
proposed  memorial was made4 ,no further
 action was taken by ,congress for five 
years1 when1 by the act of ,march #c1   
#aiac1 the construction of a  memorial  
amphitheater and chapel1 in accordance  
with plans prepared  by ,carrere        
,hastings1 architects1 of ,new ,york    
,city1 was authorized4  ,ground was     
broken ,march #a1 #aiae1 the corner     
stone was laid ,october #ac1  #aiae1 and
 the memorial was dedicated ,may #ae1   
#aibj4    ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tomb   
,,of ,,the ,,unknown ,,soldier ,,of     
,,the ,,world ,,war    ,the main feature
 of the structure consists of an        
open-air amphitheater1  elliptical in   
plan1 with a seating capacity of about  
#d1jjj persons4  ,its diameter1 north   
and south axis1 is #bjj feet1 and #aeb  

feet on its  east and west axis4 ,it has
 a height of approximately #cj feet4    
,the  amphitheater is inclosed by a     
marble colonnade with entrances at the  
ends of the principal axis4 ,the main   
entrance is from the east1 and  this    
section contains a reception hall and   
stage on the main floor1  a museum room 
or 8,valhalla0 on the second floor1 and 
a chapel in  the basement4 ,under the   
floor of the colonnade1 crypts are      
provided  for the burial of             
distinguished soldiers1 sailors1 and    
marines4 ,the  amphitheater1 erected at 
a cost of #hbe1jjj is built of white    
marble  from ,vermont4 ,inscriptions    
commemorate the great wars of the       
,united  ,states4    ,immediately to the
 east of the main entrance is the ,tomb 
of the ,unknown  ,soldier1 which was    
completed by the ,war ,department in    
accordance with  plans that provide also
 for a great approach to the tomb and   
the  amphitheater4      ,,tomb ,,of     
,,the ,,unknown ,,soldier    ,at the    

time when the rites for the ,unknown    
,soldier were solemnized1  on ,november 
#aa1 #aiba1 the time for preparation was
 so short that the  location of the tomb
 on the terrace in front of the         
amphitheater was  quickly decided upon4 
,the casket was inclosed in what was    
designed  to be the base of a monument  
which was to be erected later4 ,the     
preliminary work was designed by ,thomas
 ,hastings1 of the firm of  ,carrere    
,hastings1 architects of the            
amphitheater4    ,five years later1 on  
,july #c1 #aibf1 ,congress authorized   
the ,secretary of  ,war to secure by    
competition designs for a monument to   
cost #ej1jjj1  and provided that the    
accepted design should be subject to the
 approval  of the ,arlington            
,amphitheater ,commission 7the          
,secretaries of ,war  and of the ,navy71
 the ,american ,battle ,monuments       
,commission1 and the  ,commission of    
,fine ,arts4 ,a competition was held1 in
 which there were  #ci competitors1 #e  

of whom were selected to enter the final
 stage4 ,the  final award was made to   
,thomas ,hudson ,jones1 sculptor1 and   
,lorimer  ,rich1 architect1 of ,new     
,york ,city4    ,the competitors        
generally based their designs on such a 
modification  of the terrace as would   
place the monument at the head of a     
flight  of steps1 the approaches to     
which called for rearrangement of the   
immediate foreground of the terrace4    
,congress accepted the winning  design1 
and a supplemental appropriation was    
made for carrying out the  design4 ,the 
work of completing the ,tomb of the     
,unknown ,soldier was  in charge of the 
,quartermaster ,general of the ,army4   
,the cost of the  memorial1 constructed 
of ,colorado ,yule marble1 was #djj1jjj4
    ,within this marble sarcophagus     
rests the remains of the ,unknown       
,soldier1 a hero of the ,world ,war4    
,the ,republic has bestowed upon him    
its most cherished decoration for valor1
 the ,congressional ,medal of  ,honor1  

and all the major nations associated    
with ,america in the ,great  ,war have  
similarly honored his memory and the    
memory of the thousands  of his comrades
 who laid down their lives in that      
titanic struggle4    ,illustration3     
,,arlington ,,national                  
,,cemetery--,,maine ,,monument ,,and    
,,the  ,,memorial ,,amphitheater        
,illustration3 ,,tomb ,,of ,l',,enfant  
,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,gen4     
,,george ,,washington          ,,chapter
 ,,xxv    ,,statues ,,and ,,monuments#a 
#a ,a complete list of the statues and  
monuments will be found in the          
,appendix1 p4 #cdg4      ,,statue ,,of  
,,gen4 ,,george ,,washington    ,the    
most precious work of art in the ,united
 ,states is the life mask of  ,george   
,washington by the noted ,french        
sculptor1 ,jean ,antoine ,houdon1  who  
in #aghe was commissioned by the ,state 
of ,virginia to execute a  marble statue
 of ,george ,washington4 ,houdon crossed
 the ocean1 setting  sail from ,paris1  

,france1 on ,july #bb of that year for  
this purpose1 in  company with ,benjamin
 ,franklin4 ,for #aj days he was a guest
 of ,general  ,washington at ,mount     
,vernon1 making studies and a cast4     
,having made his  models1 ,houdon       
returned to ,france1 reaching home on   
,january #d1 #aghf4  ,it took him two   
years to model and carve the statue1 and
 the completed  work arrived at         
,richmond in #aghh4 ,eight years later  
the statue was  installed in the rotunda
 of the ,state capitol1 where it stands 
to-day4  ,the statue represents         
,washington in the uniform of a         
,revolutionary  officer2 and1 according 
to ,john ,marshall1 his intimate friend1
 this  three-quarter view corresponds   
more to the exact likeness of           
,washington  than any other portrait4 ,a
 copy of this statue is in the ,rotunda 
of the  ,capitol1 the gift of the ,state
 of ,virginia to the ,nation4 ,the life 
mask  is at ,mount ,vernon4             
,,tripoli ,,column    ,this was the     

first and only monument that stood in   
,washington for a  period of #bf years4 
,it was erected in memory of the heroes 
that fell  before ,tripoli in #ahjd4 ,it
 had been made at the expense of        
officers  of the ,navy and was brought  
from ,italy in the ,u4 ,s4 ,s4          
,constitution  to the navy yard1 where  
it was erected in #ahjh under the       
direction of  ,benjamin ,h4 ,latrobe1   
,architect of the ,capitol4 ,afterwards1
 when in #ahad  the navy yard was burned
 by the ,british1 it was placed at the  
west  side of the ,capitol4 ,during the 
reconstruction and enlargement of the   
,capitol to its present size it was     
removed4    ,in ,november1 #ahfj1 it was
 taken to the ,united ,states ,naval    
,academy at  ,annapolis1 where it stands
 to-day4    ,the chief motif of the     
monument is an artistically designed1   
simple  ,doric column1 surmounted by an 
eagle4 ,it was procured through the     
efforts of ,admiral ,porter1 who        
commissioned a noted ,italian sculptor  

of  the time1 ,micali1 of ,leghorn1 to  
execute the monument4    ,illustration3 
,,tripoli ,,column1 ,,at ,,annapolis1   
,,md4      ,,statue ,,of ,,george       
,,washington    ,this statue is by      
,horatio ,greenough1 who1 born in       
,boston in #ahje1 was  a noted ,american
 sculptor of the early days of the      
,republic4 ,he was  the first ,american 
deliberately to choose sculpture as a   
profession  and to go abroad for serious
 study4 ,he became absorbed with art as 
he  saw it in ,italy1 and those who have
 seen the massive ,roman statuary  of   
the ,farnese collection at ,naples1 in  
addition to the priceless  collections  
of statuary of classical times at ,rome 
and ,florence1 can  make due allowance  
for the conception of the ponderous     
figure of ,george  ,washington by       
,greenough when he was commissioned by  
,congress in #ahcb  to execute the      
statue4 ,he was at work on the statue   
for eight years1  during the period of  
the classical revival in this country1  

marked by  the construction of the      
,patent ,office1 the old ,post ,office1 
and the  ,treasury ,department          
,buildings4    ,the statue is #ab feet  
high1 and of ,carrara marble4 ,it cost  
#dd1jjj4  ,after many perils by sea and 
land1 it reached this city in #ahdc4 ,at
 the  ,capitol it was found that the    
doors were not large enough to permit   
its  passage1 and they were temporarily 
widened to admit the statue1 where  it  
was given a place in the ,rotunda1 but  
its immense weight was too  heavy for   
the floor1 and it was transferred to the
 plaza in front of  and facing the      
,capitol4 ,it remained there for over   
half a century1 and  in #aijh was       
removed to the ,national ,museum4       
,this statue of ,washington in ,roman   
toga1 seated in a curule chair1  was    
often ridiculed4 ,one wrote that        
,washington was supposed to be  saying1 
as he pointed in two directions1 8,my   
body is at ,mount ,vernon1  my clothes  
are in the ,patent ,office40            

,nevertheless1 the statue had its       
friends4 ,in #ahda ,edward ,everett     
wrote of it1 8,i regard ,greenough's    
,washington as one of the greatest works
 of sculpture of modern times40  ,it is 
an art treasure of the past1 and as such
 is rightly cherished  to-day4          
,,statue ,,of ,,gen4 ,,andrew ,,jackson 
,this statue in ,lafayette ,square1     
north of the ,white ,house1 is the      
first equestrian statue cast in the     
,united ,states4 ,it is the work of     
,clark ,mills1 sculptor1 who1 while he  
was in the ,south preparing to go       
abroad1 was persuaded to come to        
,washington and submit to ,members of   
,congress sketches of an equestrian     
statue4 ,they were so highly pleased    
with them that ,mills was commissioned  
to produce the statue1 and to do  this  
he built a foundry in northeast         
,washington at a place now called       
,mills ,avenue4 ,the cost of the statue 
was #cb1jjj4 ,congress appropriated     
#bj1jjj and the ,jackson ,democratic    

,association of ,washington the         
balance4 ,congress also appropriated    
#h1jjj for the pedestal4 ,the  statue   
was unveiled ,january #h1 #ahec1 the    
thirty-eighth anniversary of  ,jackson's
 victory at ,new ,orleans4 ,stephen ,a4 
,douglas1 then a ,united  ,states       
,senator1 delivered the oration4        
,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,george   
,,washington    ,illustration3 ,,statue 
,,of ,,gen4 ,,andrew ,,jackson          
,illustration3 ,,the ,,adams ,,memorial 
,repeated attempts have been made in the
 past #be years to relocate the  statue1
 but without success4 ,it has been      
suggested that it be placed at  the     
north steps of the ,treasury ,department
 ,building4 ,some years ago the         
suggestion was made to have the statue  
exchange places with the ,general       
,washington ,statue in ,washington      
,circle4 ,it met with strong objection4 
,to relocate the statue would require an
 act of ,congress4 ,however1 the  statue
 is regarded a landmark in the city1    

and1 as heretofore stated1  it is the   
first equestrian statue cast in the     
,united ,states1 having  thus added     
historic interest4      ,,adams         
,,memorial    ,the ,adams ,memorial1 a  
veiled female figure in bronze1 by      
,saint-,gaudens1  in ,rock ,creek       
,cemetery1 was erected in #ahia4 ,under 
the carpet of pine  needles the bodies  
of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,adams are     
buried4 ,there is no  inscription2 not  
even a date on the architectural        
features1 designed by  ,stanford ,white4
 ,thick planting of pines and shrubs    
completely secludes  the monument4      
,friends of the sculptor deplore the    
fact that this1 his  masterpiece1 has   
come to be known as the ,statue of      
,grief1 as such a  title is wholly at   
variance with the artist's conception4  
,it is1 in  fact1 a monument without a  
name1 though the artist preferred the   
title1  8,the ,peace of ,god40 ,the     
sculptor endeavored to comprise in the  
figure  the thought of the philosophy of

 the ages--the great mystery of the     
human race and of history--that being   
called man and his destiny4 ,it  is a   
world-famous monument1 and each year    
thousands of visitors to  the ,national 
,capital gladly travel the #d miles     
directly north of the  ,capitol to see  
it4      ,,statue ,,of ,,general        
,,lafayette    ,the statue of ,general  
,lafayette is situated on the southeast 
corner of  ,lafayette ,square4 ,it is a 
heroic bronze statue by ,alexander      
,falguiere  and ,antoine ,mercie1 noted 
,french sculptors4 ,the statue stands on
 a  marble pedestal1 on the north side  
of which are two cherubs holding up  the
 inscription3      ,,by ,,the ,,congress
 ,,in ,,commemoration ,,of ,,the        
,,services ,,rendered ,,by    ,,general 
,,lafayette ,,and ,,his ,,compatriots   
,,during ,,the ,,struggle ,,for ,,the   
,,independence ,,of ,,america           
,congress appropriated #ej1jjj for the  
statue and pedestal1 and it was         
completed in ,april1 #ahia4 ,it is #de  

feet high4 ,on the east side are  two   
heroic ,french naval figures1 ,comte    
d',estaing 7north7 and ,comte de        
,grasse 7south71 and an anchor4 ,on the 
west side are two heroic ,french  ,army 
officers who served during the          
,revolution1 ,comte de ,rochambeau      
7south7 and ,chevalier ,duportail       
7north71 and a mortar4 ,on the south    
side of the pedestal is a figure        
symbolizing ,america1 lifting up a      
sword to ,general ,lafayette1 with the  
inscription3      ,,to ,,general        
,,lafayette ,,and ,,his ,,compatriots1  
#aggg-aghc    ,there were no ceremonies 
of dedication1 but the statue is        
annually the  scene of ceremonies1      
including the presentation of a wreath  
by some  patriotic organization1 such as
 the ,sons of the ,american ,revolution1
 on  ,lafayette's ,birthday1 ,september 
#f4      ,,statue ,,of ,,alexander ,r4  
,,shepherd    ,the statue standing in   
front of the ,district ,building1 at    
,fourteenth  ,street and ,pennsylvania  

,avenue ,,nw41 was unveiled ,may #c1    
#aiji4 ,the cost  of its erection1      
#aj1aib4fg1 was defrayed by public      
subscription in the  city of            
,washington4    ,the statue is the work 
of ,u4 ,s4 ,j4 ,dunbar1 sculptor4 ,it   
perpetuates  the memory of a man who in 
the face of great opposition            
accomplished  wonders for the ,national 
,capital4    ,mr4 ,shepherd1 for the    
years #ahgc and #ahgd1 was ,governor of 
the ,district  of ,columbia1 and        
previous to that had been vice president
 and executive  officer of the board of 
public works1 which inaugurated a       
program  for municipal improvement that 
led to the transformation of the city   
in that day1 as has been heretofore     
described4 ,driven from the city1  he   
went to ,mexico and accumulated a       
fortune1 returning later to             
,washington4 ,his tomb is in ,rock      
,creek ,cemetery1 not far from the      
famous  ,adams ,memorial4      ,,statue 
,,of ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow   

,this bronze statue is situated at the  
intersection of ,eighteenth ,street  and
 ,connecticut ,avenue1 at ,m ,street    
,,nw41 in one of the many triangular    
reservations that are so numerous in    
,washington and which1 in addition  to  
furnishing sites for monuments1 help to 
make the city so attractive4  ,it was   
presented to the ,national ,capital by  
the ,longfellow ,memorial  ,association 
and unveiled ,may #ae1 #aiji4 ,congress 
appropriated #d1jjj for  the pedestal   
and furnished the site4 ,the pedestal is
 of ,milford pink  granite1 polished4   
,the statue is the work of ,william     
,couper1 sculptor4  ,longfellow1 in     
academic gown1 is seated4      ,,statue 
,,of ,,john ,,witherspoon    ,this      
statue stands in front of the ,church of
 the ,covenant1 on  ,connecticut        
,avenue1 near that of ,longfellow4      
,congress provided the site  and        
pedestal at a cost of #d1jjj4 ,it is the
 work of ,william ,couper1  sculptor4   
,it was presented to the ,united ,states

 by the ,witherspoon  ,memorial         
,association1 and unveiled ,may #bj1    
#aiji4    ,john ,witherspoon was a      
,presbyterian clergyman1 at one time    
president  of what is now ,princeton    
,university1 and one of the signers of  
the  ,declaration of ,independence1 the 
only clergyman among the signers of     
that famous document4    ,illustration3 
,,statue ,,of ,,general ,,lafayette     
,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,henry    
,,wadsworth ,,longfellow                
,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,john     
,,witherspoon    ,illustration3 ,,grand 
,,army ,,of ,,the ,,republic ,,memorial 
,on the north side of the pedestal is a 
quotation from ,witherspoon1 made       
during the ,war for ,independence1 as   
follows3      ,,for ,,my ,,own ,,part1  
,,of ,,property ,i ,,have ,,some1 ,,of  
,,reputation ,,more4 ,,that             
,,reputation ,,is ,,staked1 ,,that      
,,property ,,is ,,pledged ,,on ,,the    
,,issue ,,of ,,this    ,,contest1 ,,and 
,,although ,,these ,,grey ,,hairs ,,must

 ,,soon ,,descend ,,into ,,the          
,,sepulchre1 ,i ,,would ,,infinitely    
,,rather ,,that ,,they ,,descend        
,,thither ,,by ,,the    ,,hand ,,of     
,,the ,,executioner ,,than ,,desert ,,at
 ,,this ,,crisis ,,the ,,sacred ,,cause 
,,of ,,my ,,country      ,,memorial ,,of
 ,,the ,,grand ,,army ,,of ,,the        
,,republic ,,to ,,dr4 ,,benjamin        
,,franklin  ,,stephenson    ,this       
memorial was presented to the ,united   
,states by the ,grand ,army of  the     
,republic1 in commemoration of ,dr4     
,benjamin ,franklin ,stephenson1        
organizer and founder of the ,grand     
,army of the ,republic1 and stands  near
 ,pennsylvania ,avenue at ,seventh      
,street ,,nw4    ,the monument is a     
solid granite shaft1 in form a          
triangular pyramid4  ,the bronze figures
 represent three great principles4      
,fraternity1  symbolized by a soldier   
and a sailor1 is on the west side4 ,over
 the  group is the inscription3         
#ahfa-ahfe    ,underneath is a bronze   

medallion of ,doctor ,stephenson1 also  
the badge  of the ,grand ,army of the   
,republic1 obverse and reverse being    
shown1 and  the inscription3            
,,grand ,,army ,,of ,,the ,,republic1   
,,organized ,,at ,,decatur1 ,,illinois1 
,,april #f1    #ahff1 ,,by ,,benjamin   
,,franklin ,,stephenson1 ,m4 ,d4    ,on 
the southeast side of the shaft is a    
female figure representing  ,loyalty1   
holding a shield and drawn sword1 and an
 inscription3      ,,who ,,knew ,,no    
,,glory ,,but ,,his ,,country',s ,,good 
,on the northeast side ,charity is      
represented by a woman protecting a     
child1 with the inscription3      ,,the 
,,greatest ,,of ,,these ,,is ,,charity  
,the monument cost #de1jjj1 of which    
#aj1jjj was appropriated by  ,congress  
for the pedestal1 by act of ,march #d1  
#aijg4 ,it is the work of  ,j4 ,massey  
,rhind1 sculptor4 ,the monument was     
unveiled ,july #c1 #aiji1  during the   
administration of ,president ,taft1 who 
delivered an address  on the occasion4  

,,statue ,,of ,,gen4 ,,casimir ,,pulaski
    ,the ,pulaski monument1 completed in
 #aiaj1 and dedicated ,may #aa1 #aiaj1  
the same day as was the ,kosciuszko     
monument1 is an equestrian by           
,kasimiriez ,chodzinski1 sculptor1 and  
stands on ,pennsylvania ,avenue1  at    
,thirteenth ,street ,,nw4 ,it cost      
#ee1jjj1 which was appropriated by      
,congress4    ,illustration3 ,,statue   
,,of ,,general ,,casimir ,,pulaski      
,the monument represents ,general       
,pulaski in his military uniform seated 
on his horse 8in action40 ,the pedestal1
 which is #i feet high1 is by  ,albert  
,r4 ,ross1 architect4 ,it rests on a    
large platform1 measuring #bj  by #af   
feet4 ,the equestrian1 with its         
pedestal1 is one of the best in  the    
city4      ,,zero ,,milestone    ,the   
,zero ,milestone takes the place of the 
itinerary column planned  by ,l',enfant 
for a place #a mile east of the         
,capitol1 8from which all  distances of 
places through the continent were to be 

calculated40 ,that  column never was    
built4    ,the ,zero ,milestone is      
immediately south of the ,white ,house  
grounds4  ,it is a block of granite #d  
feet high with a bronze compass design  
on top1 and stands on the meridian of   
the ,district of ,columbia4 ,the        
monument shows on the street side the   
designation ,zero ,milestone1  with the 
insignia of the ,motor ,transport       
,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,the             
inscriptions on the other three sides   
show that it constitutes a point  from  
which distances may be measured on      
highways of the ,united ,states         
radiating from ,washington1 and that it 
was the starting point of the           
transcontinental motor-transport convoys
 over the ,lincoln and the  ,bankhead   
,highways in #aiai and #aibj1           
respectively4 ,the monument was         
authorized by act of ,congress approved 
,june #e1 #aibj4 ,it was designed by    
,horace ,w4 ,peaslee1 architect1 of     
,washington4      ,,dupont ,,memorial   

,the ,dupont ,memorial ,fountain1 at    
,dupont ,circle1 was designed by ,daniel
  ,chester ,french1 sculptor1 and ,henry
 ,bacon1 architect4 ,the fountain was   
dedicated on ,may #ag1 #aiba1 and cost  
#ajj1jjj4 ,it replaces a portrait       
statue of ,admiral ,dupont4 ,the top    
bowl1 in one piece1 is #ac feet in      
diameter4    ,there are three figures on
 the supporting column of the fountain1 
representing ,the ,sea1 ,the ,wind1 and 
,the ,stars4 ,the picture used in this  
book shows the figure typifying ,the    
,sea4 ,the fountain is of ,georgia      
marble4      ,,statue ,,of ,,jeanne     
,d',,arc    ,this statue1 a copy of the 
celebrated ,paul ,dubois statue1 one of 
the  masterpieces of modern art standing
 in front of ,rheims ,cathedral1 is     
situated on the grand terrace of        
,meridian ,hill ,park4    ,the statue is
 not large1 measuring in length #aj feet
 and in height #i  feet4 ,the pedestal  
is about #f feet high4 ,the casting was 
done under the  direction of the        

,ministre des ,beaux ,arts1 in ,paris4  
,the pedestal was  designed by ,mc,kim1 
,mead  ,white1 architects1 of ,new ,york
 ,city4    ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of 
,,jeanne ,d',,arc    ,illustration3     
,,dupont ,,memorial ,,fountain          
,illustration3 ,,zero ,,milestone       
,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,dante    
,illustration3 ,,gen4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant   
,,memorial    ,congress authorized the  
erection of the statue on public grounds
 in the  ,national ,capital1 and the    
,commission of ,fine ,arts advised in   
the matter  of location and design of   
the pedestal4    ,in ,may1 #aiaf1 the   
commission received a communication from
 ,mme4 ,carlo  ,polifeme1 ,president    
,fondatrice1 ,le ,lyceum ,socit des     
,femmes de ,france   ,new ,york1 to this
 effect3      ,le ,lyceum ,socit des    
,femmes de ,france  ,new ,york1 in a    
spirit    of patriotism1 nurtured by    
exile1 inspired with a deep sense of    
the friendship that binds our two sister
 ,republics1 animated by a    sympathy  

born of closer and closer relations1    
8,le ,lyceum0 intends    to perpetuate  
these sentiments by erecting1 in their  
new home1 a    monument to ,jeanne      
d',arc1 emblem of ,patriotism1 emblem of
 ,love and    ,peace4 ,the statue of our
 ,french heroine will be built to the   
glory of    womanhood1 dedicated by the 
women of ,france in ,new ,york to the   
women    of ,america1 and offered to the
 city of ,washington4    ,the ,president
 and his excellency the ,french         
ambassador attended the  unveiling1     
which took place on ,january #f1 #aibb1 
the five hundred and  tenth anniversary 
of the birth of ,jeanne d',arc4    ,the 
life of ,jeanne d',arc has been         
eulogized by the greatest of writers1   
and to-day she is revered as one of the 
world's great liberators4 ,her  spirit  
of patriotism and devotion has thrilled 
the ages4      ,,statue ,,of ,,dante    
,the statue of ,dante1 standing in      
,meridian ,hill ,park1 was given to the 
,national ,capital by ,chevalier ,carlo 

,barsotti1 editor of ,il ,progresso     
,italo-,americano1 in behalf of the     
,italians of the ,united ,states in     
commemoration of the six hundredth      
anniversary of the death of ,dante      
,alighieri1 and unveiled on ,december   
#a1 #aiba4 ,it is in bronze1 #ab feet   
high1 and is the work of ,commendatore  
,ettore ,ximenes1 sculptor1 of  ,rome4  
,the artist has represented ,dante in   
the gown of a scholar and  crowned with 
a laurel wreath4    ,the statue received
 an appropriate landscape setting upon  
the  completion of the lower garden of  
,meridian ,hill ,park4      ,,gen4 ,u4  
,s4 ,,grant ,,memorial    ,the ,grant   
,memorial1 situated at the head of the  
,mall1 in ,union ,square1  near the     
,capitol1 was authorized by ,congress in
 #aija1 at a cost of  #bej1jjj1 the     
largest expenditure for statuary ever   
made by this  ,government4 ,it is said  
to be the second largest equestrian     
statue in  the world1 being exceeded    
only by the ,victor ,emmanuel in ,rome1 

which is  less than one-half foot       
higher4    ,the monument consists of a  
marble platform #beb feet in length and 
#fi  feet at its greatest width1 with   
steps on each side4 ,in the center is  a
 pedestal #bb feet #f inches high1 on   
the top of which is a monumental  bronze
 figure of ,general ,grant on horseback 
watching a battle4 ,the  horse is #ag   
feet #f inches high1 two and one-half   
times life-size2 the  monument is nearly
 #dj feet high4 ,the top of ,general    
,grant's army hat is  #fe feet above the
 platform4 ,the weight of the statue is 
#aj1ejj pounds4    ,illustration3 ,,gen4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant ,,memorial--,,cavalry  
,,group    ,illustration3 ,,gen4 ,u4 ,s4
 ,,grant ,,memorial--,,artillery ,,group
    ,illustration3 ,,gen4 ,u4 ,s4       
,,grant ,,memorial    ,the infantry is  
represented by two bronze tablets at    
each side of the  pedestal4    ,on the  
platform at the right a cavalry charge  
is in progress4 ,there are  seven horses
 in the group4    ,on the platform at   

the left a battery of artillery is going
 into  action4 ,there are five horses   
and four soldiers in this group4    ,in 
these groups the sculptor has given     
particular attention to  portraying the 
army equipment of the period4    ,four  
great bronze lions are at each corner of
 the main pedestal1  guarding the flag4 
,for the inscription the memorial has   
the single word  8,grant40    ,the      
monument was cast by the ,roman ,bronze 
,works1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4  ,y41 and was 
dedicated ,april #bg1 #aibb4 ,edward    
,pearce ,casey was the  architect4 ,the 
sculptor1 ,henry ,merwin ,shrady1 died  
on ,april #ab1 a few  days before the   
dedication4 ,the monument represents his
 most notable  work4      ,,statue ,,of 
,,edmund ,,burke    ,the statue of the  
eloquent defender of the rights of the  
,american  ,colonies in the ,british    
,parliament is situated in a triangle at
 the  intersection of ,massachusetts    
,avenue and ,eleventh ,street ,,nw4 ,it 
is a  copy of the statue at ,bristol1   

,england1 which city ,burke represented 
in ,parliament4 ,it was designed by the 
late ,havard ,thomas1 and is  an        
excellent example of the work of one of 
the celebrated ,english  sculptors of   
recent times4 ,the statue was given by  
,sir ,charles ,cheers  ,wakefield1      
,bart41 through the ,sulgrave           
,institution4 ,the pedestal was         
designed by ,horace ,w4 ,peaslee1       
architect1 of ,washington4 ,the statue  
was unveiled ,october #ab1 #aibb1 and   
accepted on the part of the ,united     
,states by the late ,hon4 ,john ,w4     
,weeks1 ,secretary of ,war4             
,,statue ,,of ,,alexander ,,hamilton    
,this statue in bronze1 about #i feet in
 height1 is on the south steps of  the  
,treasury ,department ,building4 ,james 
,e4 ,fraser is the sculptor4 ,the       
pedestal is of pink ,milford granite and
 was designed by ,henry ,bacon1         
architect4    ,if ,alexander ,hamilton1 
who was the first ,secretary of the     
,treasury1  waited for more than a      

century to obtain representation in a   
capital  in part located through his    
sagacity and for the building of the    
department his genius created1 at least 
the result was well worth  the delay4   
,by common consent the standing bronze  
figure of ,hamilton1  dressed in a      
typical colonial costume1 is notable for
 virility and  charm4 ,it was unveiled  
,may #ag1 #aibc4    ,illustration3      
,,statue ,,of ,,edmund ,,burke          
,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,alexander
 ,,hamilton          ,,appendix         
,,statues ,,and ,,monuments             
----------------------------------------
---------------------------     ,name   
and location     ,sculptor and          
,date         ,cost                     
architect                               
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,adams ,memorial1 ,rock,augustus        
,erected #ahia4;,gift of ,henry         
,creek ,cemetery4     ,saint-,gaudens4  
,adams1                                 

historian4                              
,bishop ,francis      ,augustus         
,lukeman1  ,unveiled ,oct4,gift to city4
    ,asbury 7equestrian71sculptor4      
#ae1 #aibd4        #afth and ,harvard   
,sts4                                   
,commodore ,john      ,john ,j4 ,boyle1 
,unveiled ,may ,act of    ,barry1       
,franklin     ,sculptor4          #af1  
#aiad4    ,congress1    ,park4          
#ej1jjj4                                
,william ,jennings    ,gutzon ,borglum1 
,unveiled ,may ,gift to city4    ,bryan1
 ,potomac ,park4,sculptor4          #c1 
#aicd4                                  
,buchanan ,memorial1  ,h4 ,schuler1     
,unveiled     ,do4    ,meridian ,hill   
,park4 sculptor2 ,william  ,june #bf1   
,gordon ,beecher1    #aicj4             
architect4                              
,edmund ,burke1 #abth  ,havard ,thomas1 
,unveiled     ,do4    ,st4 and          
sculptor2 ,horace ,w4,oct4 #ab1         
,massachusetts ,ave4  ,peaslee1         
architect4#aibb4                        

,butt-,millet ,memorial,daniel ,c4      
,french1  ,erected #aiac4;,do4          
,fountain1 south of  sculptor2          
,white ,house4        ,thomas ,hastings1
                                        
architect4                              
,colonial ,settlers   ,delos ,smith1    
,april #be1    ,do4    ,monument1       
,ellipse1  architect4         #aicf4    
facing #aeth ,street4                   
,columbus ,memorial   ,lorado ,taft1    
,unveiled     ,act of    ,fountain1     
sculptor2 ,d4 ,h4    ,june #h1          
#aiab4;,congress1    ,union ,station4   
,burnham  ,co41                         
#ajj1jjj4                               
architects4                             
,cuban ,urn1 ,potomac  ,from fragments  
#aibh4        ,gift to city    ,park4   
of ,maine ,memorial4              by    
,cuba4                                  
,louis ,j4 ,m4         ,jonathan ,s4    
,unveiled ,aug4,gift to city4           
,daguerre1           ,hartley1 sculptor4
 #ae1 #ahij4        ,smithsonian        

grounds4                                
,dante ,alighieri1    ,c4 ,ettore       
,ximenes1 ,unveiled ,dec4,do4           
,meridian ,hill ,park4 sculptor4        
#a1 #aiba4                              
,darlington ,memorial ,c4 ,p4           
,jennewein1   #aibc4        ,do4        
,fountain1 ,judiciary sculptor4         
,square4                                
,jane ,a4 ,delano      ,r4 ,tait        
,mc,kenzie1  ,unveiled ,apr4,gift of    
,nurses    ,memorial1                   
sculptor4          #bf1 #aicd4    of the
    ,red ,cross grounds4                
,red ,cross4                            
,district of ,columbia,frederick ,h4    
,november #aa1 ,gift to city4    ,world 
,war ,memorial4 ,brooke1 ,h4 ,w4        
#aica4                                  
,peaslee1 and ,nathan                   
,wyeth1 associated4                     
,dupont ,memorial     ,d4 ,c4 ,french1  
,unveiled ,may ,do4    ,fountain1       
sculptor2 ,henry    #ag1 #aiba4         
,dupont ,circle4      ,bacon1 architect4

                                        
,john ,ericsson1      ,james ,e4        
,fraser1   ,unveiled ,may ,act of       
,potomac ,park4       sculptor4         
#bi1 #aibf4    ,congress1               
#ce1jjj2 part                           
gift of                                 
,scandinavians4                         
,admiral ,david       ,vinnie ,ream     
,hoxie1 ,unveiled ,apr4,act of          
,farragut1 ,farragut  sculptor4         
#be1 #ahha4    ,congress1    ,square4   
#bj1jjj4                                
,first ,division      ,d4 ,c4 ,french1  
,unveiled ,oct4,gift to city4           
,memorial1           sculptor2 ,cass    
#d1 #aibd4         ,president's ,park4  
,gilbert1 architect4                    
,fountain1 ,botanic   ,auguste          
,bartholdi1 #ahgf4        ,brought from 
,gardens4            sculptor4          
,centennial                             
,exposition1                            
,philadelphia4                          
,benjamin ,franklin1  ,jacques          

,jouvenal1  ,erected ,jan4 ,gift to     
city4    #ajth ,st4 and        sculptor2
 after    #ag1 #ahhi4                   
,pennsylvania ,ave4   ,plassman4        
,gallaudet ,group1    ,daniel ,chester  
,erected #ahhi4;,gift of the            
,columbia ,institute  ,french1 sculptor4
               ,deaf4    for ,deaf      
,mutes4                                 
,james ,a4 ,garfield1  ,j4 ,q4 ,a4      
,ward1     ,unveiled ,may ,congress1    
,first ,st4 and       sculptor4         
#ab1 #ahhg4    #cg1ejj2 and in          
,maryland ,ave4                         
part gift4                              
,james ,cardinal      ,leo ,lentelli1   
,erected #aicb4;,gift to city4          
,gibbons1 #afth ,st4   sculptor2 ,george
                    and ,park ,rd4      
,koyl1 architect4                       
,samuel ,gompers and  ,robert ,aitken1  
,dedicated    ,do4    ,american         
,federation sculptor4          ,oct4 #g1
 #aicc4    of ,labor ,memorial1         
#ajth ,st4 and                          

,massachusetts ,ave4                    
,general ,u4 ,s4 ,grant ,henry ,m4      
,shrady1   ,dedicated    ,act of        
,memorial1 ,union     sculptor2 ,edward 
,p4,apr4 #bg1     ,congress1    ,square4
             ,casey1 architect4  #aibb4 
#bej1jjj4                               
,gen4 ,nathanael      ,h4 ,k4 ,brown1   
,erected #ahgg4;,act of    ,greene      
7equestrian71sculptor4                  
,congress1    ,maryland and             
#ej1jjj4    ,massachusetts ,aves4       
,,ne4                                   
,dr4 ,samuel ,gross1   ,a4 ,stirling    
,calder1,unveiled ,may ,gift to city4   
,smithsonian grounds4sculptor4          
#e1 #ahig4                              
,grand ,army of the   ,j4 ,massey       
,rhind1   ,unveiled ,july,gift to city1 
,republic ,memorial1  sculptor2 ,rankin1
  #c1 #aiji4     #ce1jjj2 ,act of       
#gth ,st4 and         ,kellogg  ,crane1 
,congress1    ,pennsylvania ,ave4       
architects4                     #aj1jjj 
for                                     

pedestal4                               
,hahnemann ,memorial1 ,charles ,henry   
,unveiled ,june,gift to city4    ,scott 
,circle4       ,niehaus1 sculptor4 #ba1 
#aijj4                                  
,alexander ,hamilton1 ,james ,e4        
,fraser1   ,unveiled ,may ,do4    south 
steps of      sculptor2 ,henry    #ag1  
#aibc4        ,treasury ,building4      
,bacon1 architect4                      
,gen4 ,winfield ,s4    ,henry ,j4       
,ellicott1 ,unveiled ,may ,act of       
,hancock             sculptor4          
#ab1 #ahif4    ,congress1               
7equestrian71                           
#ej1jjj4    between #gth and #hth       
,sts4 on ,pennsylvania                  
,ave4                                   
,joseph ,henry1       ,w4 ,w4 ,story1   
,unveiled ,apr4,act of    ,smithsonian  
grounds4sculptor4          #ai1 #ahhb4  
,congress1                              
#ae1jjj4                                
,gen4 ,andrew ,jackson1,clark ,mills1   
,unveiled ,jan4,act of    ,lafayette    

,park      sculptor4          #h1 #ahec4
     ,congress1    7first equestrian in 
#cb1jjj2 part    ,u4 ,s474              
gift4                                   
,jeanne d',arc4       ,paul ,dubois1    
,unveiled ,jan4,gift to city4           
sculptor4          #f1 #aibb4           
,thomas ,jefferson    ,john ,r4 ,pope1  
,under        ,act of    ,memorial1     
south of  architect4                    
construction4,congress1    ,tidal       
,basin4                                 
#c1jjj1jjj4                             
,admiral ,john ,paul   ,charles ,h4     
,niehaus1,unveiled ,apr4,act of         
,jones1 foot of #agth sculptor2 ,thomas 
#ag1 #aiab4    ,congress1    ,st4       
,hastings1                              
#ej1jjj4                                
architect4                              
,gen4 ,thaddeus       ,antoni ,popiel1  
,unveiled ,may ,gift to city4           
,kosciuszko1         sculptor4          
#aa1 #aiaj4        ,lafayette ,park4    
,general ,lafayette1  ,alexandre        

,falguire ,erected #ahia4;,act of       
,lafayette ,park4     and ,antoine      
,mercie4             ,congress1         
#ej1jjj4                                
,l',enfant ,tomb1      ,welles          
,bosworth1   ,dedicated    ,gift of     
,arlington ,national  architect4        
#aiji4        ,american    ,cemetery4   
,institute of                           
,architects4                            
,abraham ,lincoln1    ,lott ,flannery1  
,unveiled ,apr4,gift to city4           
,judiciary ,square4   sculptor4         
#ae1 #ahfh4                             
,lincoln the         ,thomas ,ball1     
,unveiled ,apr4,gift of freed           
,emancipator1 ,lincolnsculptor4         
#ad1 #ahgf4    slaves to city4    ,park4
                                        
,general ,john ,a4     ,franklin        
,simmons1  ,dedicated    ,act of        
,logan 7equestrian71 sculptor4          
,apr4 #i1 #aija4;,congress1    #acth    
,st4 and ,rhode                         
#ej1jjj2 part    ,island ,ave4          

gift4                                   
,henry ,w4 ,longfellow1,william ,couper1
    ,unveiled ,may ,gift to city2       
,connecticut ,ave4 andsculptor4         
#ae1 #aiji4    pedestal by    ,m ,st4   
,congress4                              
,martin ,luther1      ,replica of figure
  ,erected #ahhd4aj1jjj4    facing      
,thomas       by ,reitschel at          
,circle4             ,worms4            
,chief ,justice ,john  ,w4 ,w4 ,story1  
do4          ,gift to city4             
,marshall1 ,capitol   sculptor4         
grounds4                                
,gen4 ,george ,b4      ,frederick       
,unveiled ,may ,act of    ,mc,clellan   
,mac,monnies1        #b1 #aijg4         
,congress1    7equestrian71             
sculptor4                       #ej1jjj4
    ,connecticut ,ave4                  
and ,columbia ,rd4                      
,mc,millan ,fountain   ,herbert ,adams1 
,erected #aiac4;,gift to city4          
7,senator ,james71    sculptor2 ,charles
                   ,mc,millan ,park4    

,a4 ,platt1                             
architect4                              
,gen4 ,james ,b4       ,louis ,t4       
,rebisso1  ,dedicated    ,act of        
,mc,pherson           sculptor4         
,oct4 #ah1     ,congress1               
7equestrian71                           
#ahgf4        #be1jjj2 part             
,mc,pherson ,square4                    
gift to city4                           
,gen4 ,george ,g4      ,charles ,grafly1
    ,dedicated    ,gift to city by      
,meade1 ,union ,square4sculptor2 ,simon 
,oct4 #ai1     ,state of                
,simon1 architects4 #aibg4              
,pennsylvania2                          
7cost                                   
#djj1jjj74                              
,navy and ,marine     ,begni del        
,piatta1  ,erected #aice4;,gift to city2
    ,memorial1 ,columbia  sculptor2     
,harvey ,w4             base by the     
,island4             ,corbett1          
architect4             ,government4     
,francis ,g4 ,newlands ,edward ,w4      

,donn1    ,dedicated    ,gift to city4  
,memorial ,fountain1  ,jr41 architect4  
,oct4 #ab1         ,chevy ,chase        
,circle4                    #aicc4      
,nuns of the ,civil   ,jerome ,connor1  
,unveiled     ,do4    ,war ,monument1   
,rhode sculptor4          ,sept4 #bj1   
,island ,ave4 and ,m                    
#aibd4            ,st4                  
,peace ,monument1 #ast ,franklin        
,simmons1  ,dedicated    ,act of    ,st4
 and ,pennsylvaniasculptor2 ,edward     
#ahgg4        ,congress1    ,ave4       
,clark1 architect4                      
#bj1jjj2 part                           
gift to city4                           
,albert ,pike1 #c;d ,st4 ,g4            
,trentanove1     ,unveiled ,oct4,gift to
 city4    and ,indiana ,ave4            
sculptor4          #bc1 #aija4          
,gen4 ,casimir ,pulaski,k4 ,chodzinski1 
,dedicated ,may,act of    7equestrian71 
#acth  sculptor2 ,albert ,r4#aa1 #aiaj4 
,congress1    ,st4 and                  
,pennsylvania,ross1 architect4          

#ee1jjj4    ,ave4                       
,gen4 ,john ,a4        ,joseph ,a4      
,bailey1  ,erected #ahgd4;,act of       
,rawlins1 #ahth ,st4   sculptor4        
,congress1    and ,new ,york ,ave4      
#ac1jjj4                                
,general ,rochambeau1 ,f4 ,hamar1 of    
,paris1,unveiled ,may ,act of           
,lafayette ,park4     sculptor4         
#bd1 #aijb4    ,congress1               
#bb1ejj4                                
,theodore ,roosevelt  ,f4 ,l4 ,olmsted1 
,island       ,gift to city4            
,memorial1 ,theodore  landscape         
7formerly    ,act of ,may #ba1          
,roosevelt ,island4   architect2 ,john  
,r4 ,analostan7   #aicb4                
,pope1 architect4   acquired            
#aica4                                  
,benjamin ,rush1 ,naval,roland ,hinton  
,gift to city4    ,medical ,school4     
,perry1 sculptor4                       
,gen4 ,san ,martin     ,replica of one  
by  ,dedicated    ,do4    7equestrian71 
,dumont at ,buenos   ,oct4 #bh1         

,judiciary ,square4   ,aires4           
#aibe4                                  
,general ,winfield    ,henry ,k4 ,brown1
    ,erected #ahgd4;,act of    ,scott   
7equestrian71 sculptor4                 
,congress1    ,scott ,circle4           
#gg1jjj4                                
,general ,winfield    ,launt ,thompson1 
,erected #ahgc4;,gift to city4          
,scott1 ,soldiers'    sculptor4         
,home grounds4                          
,second ,division     ,john ,r4 ,pope1  
,dedicated    ,do4    ,memorial1        
architect2 ,james ,e4,july #ah1         
,president's ,park1   ,fraser1 sculptor4
  #aicf4            facing ,constitution
                                        
,avenue4                                
,serenity ,statue1    ,jose ,clara1     
,erected #aibd4;,do4    ,meridian ,hill 
,park4 sculptor4                        
,alexander ,r4        ,u4 ,s4 ,j4       
,dunbar1   ,unveiled ,may ,do4          
,shepherd1 #adth ,st4  sculptor4        
#c1 #aiji4         and ,pennsylvania    

,ave4                                   
,gen4 ,philip ,sheridan,gutzon ,borglum1
    ,unveiled ,nov4,act of              
7equestrian71       sculptor4           
#be1 #aijh4    ,congress1    ,sheridan  
,circle4                                
#ej1jjj4                                
,gen4 ,william ,t4     ,carl ,rohl      
,smith1   ,unveiled ,oct4,part gift1    
,sherman             sculptor1 and      
#ae1 #aijc4    #aa1jjj2 acts            
7equestrian71 south several others4     
of ,congress1    of ,treasury           
#abj1jjj4    ,building4                 
,gen4 ,george ,h4      ,j4 ,q4 ,a4      
,ward1     ,dedicated    ,act of        
,thomas 7equestrian71sculptor4          
,nov4 #ai1     ,congress1    ,thomas    
,circle4                         #ahgi4 
#be1jjj2 part                           
gift to city4                           
,titanic ,memorial1   ,mrs4 ,harry      
,payne   ,unveiled ,may ,gift to city4  
foot of ,new         ,whitney1 sculptor2
 #bf1 #aica4        ,hampshire ,ave4    

,henry ,bacon1                          
architect4                              
,general ,von ,steuben1,albert ,jaegers1
    ,unveiled ,dec4,act of    ,lafayette
 ,park4     sculptor4          #g1      
#aiaj4     ,congress1                   
#ej1jjj4                                
,gen4 ,artemas ,ward1  ,leonard         
,crunelle1  ,dedicated    ,gift to city4
    ,nebraska and        sculptor4      
,nov4 #c1 #aich4    ,massachusetts      
,aves4                                  
,gen4 ,george         ,clark ,mills1    
,unveiled ,feb4,act of    ,washington   
sculptor4          #bb1 #ahfj4          
,congress1    7equestrian71             
#ej1jjj4    ,washington ,circle4        
,washington ,monument4,robert ,mills1   
,dedicated    ,act of ,congress         
architect4         ,feb4 #ba1     and   
part gift                               
#ahhe4        to city4                  
,daniel ,webster1 near,g4 ,trentanove1  
,unveiled ,jan4,act of    ,scott        
,circle4       sculptor4          #ah1  

#aijj4    ,congress1                    
#d1jjj2 part                            
gift to city4                           
,john ,witherspoon1   ,wm4 ,couper1     
,unveiled ,may ,gift to city2           
,connecticut ,ave4 at sculptor4         
#bj1 #aiji4    pedestal by    ,n ,st4   
,congress4                              
,zero ,milestone4     ,h4 ,w4 ,peaslee1 
,erected #aibb4;,act of                 
architect4                              
,congress4                              
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,,bibliographical ,,list ,,of ,,books   
,,on ,,washington    ,,the ,,national   
,,capital      ,,history ,,and          
,,description      7,by courtesy of the 
,library of ,congress7        ,a        
,history of the ,national ,capital1 by  
,w4 ,b4 ,bryan4      ,a ,history of the 
,united ,states ,capitol1 by ,glenn     
,brown4      ,washington in the ,past1  
by ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,busey4      ,national  
,capital ,centennial1 #aijj1 compiled by

 ,william ,v4 ,cox4      ,with          
,americans of ,past and ,present ,days1 
by ,j4 ,j4 ,jusserand4      ,historical 
,sketches of the ,ten ,miles ,square1   
forming the ,district of    ,columbia1  
by ,jonathan ,elliott1 #ahcj4      ,the 
,improvement of the ,park ,system of the
 ,district of ,columbia4 7,s4    ,rept4 
,no4 #aff1 #egth ,cong41 #ast sess41    
#aijb47      ,park ,improvement ,papers1
 #aija4 7,s4 ,doc4 ,no4 #id1 #efth      
,cong41 #b;d sess47      ,the           
,improvement of the ,district of        
,columbia2 papers by the ,american      
,institute of ,architects1 #aijj4       
,the ,restoration of the ,white ,house4 
7,s4 ,doc4 ,no4 #aig1 #egth ,cong41 #b;d
    sess41 #aijc47      ,the ,reports of
 the ,national ,commission of ,fine     
,arts1 ,nos4 #a to #ab1    inclusive4   
,daniel ,h4 ,burnham1 ,architect and    
,planner of ,cities1 by ,charles ,moore4
      ,public ,buildings ,commission    
,reports4      ,reports of the ,national
 ,capital ,park and ,planning           

,commission4      ,reports of the       
,columbia ,historical ,society4         
,centennial ,history of the ,city of    
,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 by ,h4 ,w4 ,crew4 
,washington1 the ,city and the ,seat of 
,government1 by ,charles ,h4 ,a4        
,forbes-,lindsay4      ,the ,capital of 
,our ,country1 by the ,national         
,geographic ,society4      ,our ,capital
 on the ,potomac1 by ,helen ,nicolay4   
,origin and ,government of the ,district
 of ,columbia1 by ,william ,tindall4    
,washington3 ,its ,beginning1 ,its      
,growth1 and ,its ,future1 by ,william  
,h4    ,taft4 ,published by the         
,national ,geographic ,society4         
,washington1 ,past and ,present1 by     
,charles ,moore4      ,art and ,artists 
of the ,capitol1 by ,charles ,e4        
,fairman4 7,s4 ,doc4 ,no4    #ie1 #fith 
,cong47      ,your ,washington and      
,mine1 by ,louise ,payson ,latimer4     
,walks ,about ,washington1 by ,francis  
,ellington ,leupp4      ,washington1    
,its ,sights and ,insights1 by ,mrs4    

,harriet ,e4 ,monroe4      ,early ,days 
of ,washington1 by ,s4 ,somervell       
,mackall4      ,washington and ,its     
,romance1 by ,thomas ,n4 ,page4         
,rand-,mc,nally ,guide to ,washington   
and ,environs4      ,the ,standard      
,guide to ,washington1 by ,charles ,b4  
,reynolds4      ,rider's ,washington1 by
 ,arthur ,f4 ,rider4      ,the ,book of 
,washington1 by ,robert ,shackleton4    
,washington1 the ,national ,capital1 by 
,h4 ,p4 ,caemmerer4      ,pictures of   
the ,city of ,washington in the ,past1  
by ,dr4 ,samuel ,c4    ,busey4      ,the
 ,first ,forty ,years of ,washington    
,society1 by ,margaret ,bayard ,smith4  
,the ,story of the ,white ,house1 by    
,esther ,singleton4      ,the ,art      
,treasures of ,washington1 by ,helen ,w4
 ,henderson4      ,washington1 the      
,capital ,city1 and ,its ,part in the   
,history of the    ,nation4             
,development of the ,united ,states     
,capital4 ,addresses delivered in    the
 auditorium of the ,united ,states      

,chamber of ,commerce ,building1        
,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #be-bf1    
#aibi4 7,h4 ,doc4 ,no4 #ce1 #gast       
,cong47      ,washington1 ,city of      
,mighty ,events1 by ,david ,r4 ,barbee4 
,territorial ,government of ,washington1
 ,d4 ,c41 by ,col4 ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant  
,,iii4      ,l',enfant and ,washington1 
by ,elizabeth ,s4 ,kite4                
,washington1 ,past and ,present1 by     
,john ,c4 ,proctor4      ,washington1   
,d4 ,c41 the ,nation's ,capital1 a book 
for young people1 by    ,frances ,m4    
,fox4      ,approaching ,washington by  
,tidewater ,potomac1 by ,paul ,wilstach4
      ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,committee  
on ,marking ,points of ,historic        
,interest1    #aibi4 7,s4 ,doc4 ,no4    
#bbh1 #gjth ,cong41 #b;d sess47         
,society in ,washington1 by             
,de,benneville ,r4 ,keim4      ,letters 
from a ,senator's ,wife1 by ,mrs4       
,frances ,p4 ,keyes4      ,our ,national
 ,government2 or1 ,life and ,scenes in  
our ,national ,capital1    by ,mrs4 ,j4 

,a4 ,logan4      ,picturesque           
,washington3 ,pen and ,pencil ,sketches 
of ,its ,scenery1    ,history1          
,traditions1 ,public and ,social ,life1 
by ,joseph ,west ,moore4      ,the      
,washington ,sketch ,book1 by ,joseph   
,b4 ,varnum4      ,washington3 ,city and
 ,capital4 ,federal ,writers' ,project4 
,government    ,printing ,office1 #aicg4
      ,records of the ,columbia         
,historical ,society4                   
,,presidents ,,of ,,the ,,united        
,,states1    ,,chief ,,magistrates ,,of 
,,the ,,national ,,capital        #a4   
,,george ,,washington1 ,april #cj1      
#aghi1 to ,march #c1 #agig4      #b4    
,,john ,,adams1 ,march #d1 #agig1 to    
,march #c1 #ahja4      #c4 ,,thomas     
,,jefferson1 ,march #d1 #ahja1 to ,march
 #c1 #ahji4      #d4 ,,james ,,madison1 
,march #d1 #ahji1 to ,march #c1 #ahag4  
#e4 ,,james ,,monroe1 ,march #d1 #ahag1 
to ,march #c1 #ahbe4      #f4 ,,john    
,,quincy ,,adams1 ,march #d1 #ahbe1 to  
,march #c1 #ahbi4      #g4 ,,andrew     

,,jackson1 ,march #d1 #ahbi1 to ,march  
#c1 #ahcg4      #h4 ,,martin ,,van      
,,buren1 ,march #d1 #ahcg1 to ,march #c1
 #ahda4      #i4 ,,william ,,henry      
,,harrison1 ,march #d1 #ahda1 to ,april 
#d1 #ahda4      #aj4 ,,john ,,tyler1    
,april #f1 #ahda1 to ,march #c1 #ahde4  
#aa4 ,,james ,k4 ,,polk1 ,march #d1     
#ahde1 to ,march #c1 #ahdi4      #ab4   
,,zachary ,,taylor1 ,march #e1 #ahdi1 to
 ,july #i1 #ahej4      #ac4 ,,millard   
,,fillmore1 ,july #aj1 #ahej1 to ,march 
#c1 #ahec4      #ad4 ,,franklin         
,,pierce1 ,march #d1 #ahec1 to ,march   
#c1 #aheg4      #ae4 ,,james ,,buchanan1
 ,march #d1 #aheg1 to ,march #c1 #ahfa4 
#af4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln1 ,march #d1    
#ahfa1 to ,april #ae1 #ahfe4      #ag4  
,,andrew ,,johnson1 ,april #ae1 #ahfe1  
to ,march #c1 #ahfi4      #ah4 ,,ulysses
 ,s4 ,,grant1 ,march #d1 #ahfi1 to      
,march #c1 #ahgg4      #ai4 ,,rutherford
 ,b4 ,,hayes1 ,march #d1 #ahgg1 to      
,march #c1 #ahha4      #bj4 ,,james ,a4 
,,garfield1 ,march #d1 #ahha1 to        

,september #ai1 #ahha4      #ba4        
,,chester ,a4 ,,arthur1 ,september #bj1 
#ahha1 to ,march #c1 #ahhe4      #bb4   
,,grover ,,cleveland1 ,march #d1 #ahhe1 
to ,march #c1 #ahhi4      #bc4          
,,benjamin ,,harrison1 ,march #d1 #ahhi1
 to ,march #c1 #ahic4      #bd4 ,,grover
 ,,cleveland1 ,march #d1 #ahic1 to      
,march #c1 #ahig4      #be4 ,,william   
,,mckinley1 ,march #d1 #ahig1 to        
,september #ad1 #aija4      #bf4        
,,theodore ,,roosevelt1 ,september #ad1 
#aija1 to ,march #c1 #aiji4      #bg4   
,,william ,h4 ,,taft1 ,march #d1 #aiji1 
to ,march #c1 #aiac4      #bh4 ,,woodrow
 ,,wilson1 ,march #d1 #aiac1 to ,march  
#c1 #aiba4      #bi4 ,,warren ,g4       
,,harding1 ,march #d1 #aiba1 to ,august 
#b1 #aibc4      #cj4 ,,calvin           
,,coolidge1 ,august #c1 #aibc1 to ,march
 #c1 #aibi4      #ca4 ,,herbert         
,,hoover1 ,march #d1 #aibi1 to ,march   
#c1 #aicc4      #cb4 ,,franklin ,d4     
,,roosevelt1 ,march #d1 #aicc-          
,,quotations ,,from ,,great ,,americans 

,,on ,,washington1 ,,the ,,national     
,,capital        8,i most earnestly hope
 that in the ,national ,capital a better
    beginning will be made than anywhere
 else2 and that can be made only    by  
utilizing to the fullest degree the     
thought and the disinterested    efforts
 of the architects1 the artists1 the men
 of art1 who stand    foremost in their 
professions here in the ,united ,states 
and who ask    no other reward save the 
reward of feeling that they have done   
their    full part to make as beautiful 
as it should be the ,capital ,city of   
the ,great ,republic40      ,,theodore  
,,roosevelt4      8,if ,general         
,washington1 at a time when his country 
was a little    hemmed-in nation1       
boasting but a single seaboard1 with a  
population    of only five million1 and 
with credit so bad that lot sales1      
lotteries1 and borrowing upon the       
personal security of individuals    had 
to be resorted to in order to finance   
the new capital1 could look    to the   

future and understand that it was his   
duty to build for the    centuries to   
come and for a great nation1 how much   
more should we do    so now80           
,,william ,h4 ,,taft4      ,it is hereby
 ordered that whenever new structures   
are to be erected    in the ,district of
 ,columbia under the direction of the   
,federal    ,government which affect in 
any important way the appearance of the 
city1 or whenever questions involving   
matters of art and with which    the    
,federal ,government is concerned are to
 be determined1 final    action shall   
not be taken until such plans and       
questions have been    submitted to the 
,commission of ,fine ,arts1 designated  
under the act of    ,congress of ,may   
#ag1 #aiaj1 for comment and advice4     
7,executive order of    ,november #bh1  
#aiac47      ,,woodrow ,,wilson4        
8,we are embarking on an ambitious      
building program for the city    of     
,washington4 ,the ,memorial ,bridge is  
under way with all that it    holds for 

use and beauty4 ,new buildings are soon 
contemplated4 ,this    program should   
represent the best that exists in the   
art and science    of architecture4     
,into these structures1 which must be   
considered as    of a permanent nature1 
ought to go the aspirations of the      
nation1    its ideals1 expressed in     
forms of beauty4 ,if our country wishes 
to    compete with others1 let it not be
 in the support of armaments but    in  
the making of a beautiful capital city4 
,let it express the soul    of ,america4
 ,whenever an ,american is at the seat  
of his ,government1    however traveled 
and cultured he may be1 he ought to find
 a city of    stately proportions1      
symmetrically laid out and adorned with 
the best    that there is in            
architecture1 which would arouse his    
imagination    and stir his patriotic   
pride4 ,in the coming years ,washington 
should    be not only the art center of 
our own country but the art center of   
the world4 ,around it should center all 

that is best in science1 in    learning1
 in letters1 and in art4 ,these are the 
results that justify    the creation of 
those national resources with which we  
have been    favored40      ,,calvin    
,,coolidge4      8,this is more than the
 making of a beautiful city4 ,washington
 is    not only the ,nation's ,capital1 
it is the symbol of ,america4 ,by its   
dignity and architectural inspiration we
 stimulate pride in our    country1 we  
encourage that elevation of thought and 
character which    comes from great     
architecture40      ,,herbert ,,hoover4 
8,in the ,capital an example should be  
set for the country as a whole    in the
 matter of planning4 ,our national      
monuments will attract    seekers of the
 ideal in art4 ,more and more it will   
become the    tendency to establish the 
headquarters of societies of literature 
and    art in ,washington and to make   
bequests of collections to the ,national
    ,capital4 ,already there is a       
definite project to establish here in   

,washington a national gallery of       
painting4 ,thus the ,capital may be     
foreseen as an art center responding to 
the desire of visitors from    all over 
the world and satisfying that demand4   
,the public buildings1    as finally    
located and constructed1 should place   
,washington in the    forefront of the  
architecturally beautiful cities of the 
world40      ,,andrew ,w4 ,,mellon4     
8,the people of ,america are beginning  
to see that it is not necessary    to be
 commonplace in order to have common    
sense 99 99 994 ,they wish for          
themselves in the public buildings of   
municipalities and of ,states    and    
,nation to have the best results of time
 and the best attainments    of genius4 
,what the people desire1 their          
representatives in ,state               
legislature1 in municipal body1 and in  
the ,congress of the ,united    ,states 
desire for them4 ,the art of our        
fathers1 the art of our    private      
citizens1 is to be the art of our people

 and of our whole    people40           
,,elihu ,,root4      8,a city planned on
 such a noble scale as ,washington is   
rare in the    world4 ,it is almost     
unique4 ,one hundred years of use has   
demonstrated    its merit4 ,the plan of 
its founders should be maintained as the
 basis    for future development40      
,,cass ,,gilbert4      ,a ,,tribute     
,,from ,,viscount ,,bryce      8,in     
these circumstances may not the city of 
,washington feel that    its mission in 
life is to be the embodiment of the     
majesty and the    stateliness of the   
whole ,nation1 representing all that is 
finest    in ,american conception1 all  
that is largest and most luminous in    
,american thought2 embodying3 the       
,nation's ideal of what the ,capital    
of such a ,nation should be 99 99 99 the
 highest aspirations as to    external  
dignity and beauty that a great people  
can form for that    which is the center
 and national focus of their life40     
,,index        ,abingdon1 site of1 #aag4

      ,ackerman  ,ross1 architects1     
#bhd4      ,adams ,memorial1 #ahg1 #cbe4
      ,adams1 ,president ,john1 #dj4    
,adams1 ,president ,john ,quincy1 #de1  
#agf1 #bfh4      ,agriculture1          
,department of1 #hi1 #ade1 #bhd4        
,alexandria1 ,va41 #h1 #cg1 #aag4       
,allied ,architects1 ,inc41 of          
,washington1 #bce4      ,american       
,battle ,monuments ,commission1 #cae4   
,american ,institute of ,architects1    
#gc1 #ha1 #adf4      ,american          
,institute of ,pharmacy1 #bgg4          
,american ,university1 #bgi4            
,anacostia ,park1 #aj1 #afa4            
,arboretum1 ,national1 #afa1 #bif4      
,architecture1 classical order of1 #hf1 
#afe1 #aga1 #aif1 #bce1 #bfa4           
,archives ,building1 ,national1 #bhd4   
,arlington ,mansion1 #ahb1 #cji4        
,arlington ,memorial ,amphitheater1     
#cac4      ,arlington ,memorial ,bridge1
 #ic1 #ace1 #bhd1 #bif4      ,arlington 
,memorial ,bridge ,commission1 #ace4    
,arlington ,national ,cemetery1 #hb1    

#adb1 #cji1 #caa4      ,army ,war       
,college1 #bhd4      ,art in the ,united
 ,states1 influence on3      ,centennial
 ,celebration of #ahgf1 #fe4            
,world's ,columbian ,exposition1 #ahic1 
#fe4        ,bacon1 ,henry1 ,architect1 
#aca1 #ccc1 #cdc4      ,baltimore  ,ohio
 ,railroad ,co41 #de4      ,bancroft1   
,george1 #agg4      ,barsotti1          
,chevalier ,carolo1 gift of1 #cci4      
,bennett1 ,parsons  ,frost1 architects1 
#bhd4      ,bingham1 ,theodore ,a41     
,superintendent ,public ,buildings and  
,grounds1    #adf4      ,blair1 ,gist1  
#aec1 #aee4      ,blashfield1 ,edwin    
,howland1 mural painter1 #bdg4          
,blodgett ,hotel1 #dc4      ,boston     
,museum of ,fine ,arts1 #fe4            
,botanical ,society of ,washington1 #aa4
      ,botanic ,garden1 #bif4           
,brown1 ,arthur1 architect1 #bhd4       
,brown1 ,glenn and ,bedford1 architects1
 #bhd4      ,boundary ,stones1 ,district
 of ,columbia1 #ai4      ,bryce1        
,viscount1 #bgi1 #ceh4      ,budget1    

,director of the1 #cjg4      ,building  
,regulations of ,president ,washington1 
#ba1 #aja1 #aje4      ,bulfinch1        
,charles1 ,architect of the ,capitol1   
#bai4      ,burke1 ,edmund1 statue of1  
#cdc4      ,burnes1 ,david1 #ae4        
,burnham1 ,daniel ,h41 #gg1 #hj1 #baj1  
#bce4      ,burnham  ,co41 ,d4 ,h41 #hj1
 #bce1 #bda4        ,cabin ,john        
,bridge1 #bae4      ,calvert ,street    
,bridge1 #bhd4      ,capitol1 the3      
,bronze doors of1 #bbd4                 
,description of1 an early1 #afe4        
,description of1 a later1 #bai4         
,enlargement of1 #di1 #bai4      ,group1
 #he4      ,house of ,representatives   
wing of1 bronze doors of the1 #bbh4     
,paintings in ,rotunda of1 #bba4        
,senate wing of1 bronze doors of the1   
#bbf4      ,capitol ,grounds and ,union 
,station ,plaza1 development1 #bif1     
#cja4      ,capitol ,prison1 old1 #dc4  
,capper-,cramton ,act1 the1 #ajh1 #aea4 
,carnegie1 ,andrew1 #bgf4      ,carnegie
 ,institution of ,washington1 #bgg4     

,carrere  ,hastings1 architects1 #bce1  
#bgg1 #cac4      ,carrollsburgh1 #cg4   
,casey1 ,edward ,pearce1 architect1     
#bde1 #bge1 #bhd1 #cdc4      ,casey1    
,thomas ,lincoln1 #bje4      ,cassatt1  
,alexander ,j41 president ,pennsylvania 
,railroad ,co41 #hd4      ,catholic     
,university of ,america1 #bgi4          
,centennial ,celebration1 influence on  
,art1 #fe4      ,central ,heating ,plant
 for ,public ,buildings1 #bhd4          
,chain ,bridge1 #bhd4      ,chamber of  
,commerce of the ,united ,states of     
,america1 #bgg4      ,chesapeake  ,ohio 
,canal ,co41 #de1 #aji1 #ahb1 #ahc4     
,chicago1 #fe4      ,chief of           
,engineers1 #adg4      ,chodzinski1     
,kasimiriez1 sculptor1 #cca4            
,christ ,church1 ,alexandria1 ,va41     
#aag4      ,christ ,church1 ,washington1
 #ahg1 #aij4      ,churches in          
,washington1 ,national1 #bhi4           
,clarke1 ,gilmore ,d41 #aai4      ,clay1
 ,henry1 #ii1 #agf4      ,columbia      
,institution for the ,deaf1 #bgi4       

,columbia ,island1 #acg1 #adb4          
,columbus ,monument1 #bda4              
,commerce ,building1 ,department of1    
#bgi4      ,committee on the ,library1  
#ih1 #afa4      ,congress of the ,united
 ,states1 #bbh4      ,congressional     
,cemetery1 #aij4      ,congressional    
,record1 #bcb4      ,connogochegue      
,river1 #g4      ,constitution ,avenue1 
#ace1 #bic4      ,constitution ,hall1   
#bge4      ,constitution of the ,united 
,states3      ,provision for ,federal   
,district1 in1 #d4      ,in ,library of 
,congress1 #bdg4      ,continental      
,congress1 the3      ,cities occupied   
by1 #a4      ,inconvenienced by moving1 
#b4      ,coolidge1 ,president ,calvin1 
#bgf1 #bif4      ,coolidge1 ,mrs4       
,elizabeth ,sprague1 #bej4      ,council
 of ,fine ,arts1 #ie1 #ii4              
,corbett1 ,harvey ,w41 architect1 #aai4 
,corcoran ,gallery of ,art1 #fe1 #agi1  
#bge4      ,corcoran ,house1 #agi4      
,couper1 ,william1 sculptor1 #cbf4      
,courts of the ,district of ,columbia1  

#aic4      ,crawford1 ,thomas1 sculptor1
 #bbd1 #bbf4      ,cret1 ,paul ,p41     
architect1 #beb1 #bgf1 #bhd4            
,custis1 ,george ,washington ,parke1    
#ahb1 #bjc1 #cji4        ,dante1 statue 
of1 #aei1 #cci4      ,d',arc1 ,jeanne1  
statue of1 #aei1 #ccc4      ,daughters  
of the ,american ,revolution1 ,national 
,society of the1 #bge4      ,decatur    
,house1 #agf4      ,declaration of      
,independence1 #i4      ,in ,library of 
,congress1 #bde4      ,delano1 ,frederic
 ,a41 #afc4      ,delano  ,aldrich1     
architects1 #bhd4      ,dermott1 ,james 
,r41 plan of1 #cb4      ,district of    
,columbia1 the3      ,act establishing1 
#g      ,agreement for purchase of land 
for--        ,terms of1 #ae2            
,signers of1 #af4      ,board of        
,commissioners of1 #g1 #ajb1 #cje4      
,government of the1 #cje4      ,boundary
 stones of1 #ai4      ,description of   
#ahaj-ahae1 #da4      ,georgetown made  
part of1 #agi4      ,government of the1 
#cje4      ,highway ,plan of1 #fi4      

,one hundredth anniversary of removal of
 the seat of government to      the1    
#gc4      ,origin and form of government
 of1 #cje4      ,district of ,columbia  
,courthouse1 #aic4      ,douglas1       
,stephen ,a41 #cba4      ,downing1 ,a4  
,j41 #ade4      ,dubois1 ,paul1         
sculptor1 #ccc4      ,dunbar1 ,u4 ,s4   
,j41 sculptor1 #cbf4      ,dupont       
,memorial1 #ccc4        ,early1 ,gen4   
,jubal ,a41 #eg4      ,early settlements
 along the ,potomac1 #i4      ,eastern  
,branch1 #g1 #h1 #ac4      ,east        
,capitol ,street1 extending the ,mall   
axis eastward1 #aji1 #aaa4      ,east   
,potomac ,park1 #aee4      ,eliot1 ,dr4 
,charles ,w41 #bdj1 #bdc4               
,ellicott1 ,andrew1 #ai1 #bh1 #bi4      
,ellicott ,plan1 #bi4      ,elliott1    
,hon4 ,richard ,n41 #bii4               
,embassies and ,legations1 #bhi4        
,engraving and ,printing1 ,bureau of1   
#bgc1 #bhd4      ,expositions held in   
the ,united ,states1 #fh4               
,federal ,city1 the3      ,movement to  

establish1 #a4      ,naming streets of1 
#bj4      ,original agreement for1 #ae4 
,preliminary studies of1 #be4      ,site
 of1 #ac4      ,federal ,hall1 #e4      
,federal ,reserve ,board ,building1     
#bgf4      ,federal ,trade ,commission  
,building1 #bhd4      ,fernald1 ,senator
 ,bert ,n41 #bii4      ,flagg1 ,ernest1 
architect1 #bge4      ,folger           
,shakespeare ,library1 #beb4            
,ford's ,theater1 #eg1 #bae4      ,fort 
,drive1 #ajh1 #aaa4      ,fort ,stevens1
 #eg4      ,fort ,washington1 ,md41     
#aji1 #aea4      ,foundry ,methodist    
,church1 #de4      ,foxall1 ,henry1 #de4
      ,francis ,scott ,key ,bridge1     
#bhd4      ,fraser1 ,james ,e41         
sculptor1 #aci1 #cdc4      ,freedom1    
statue of1 #bbd4      ,freer ,gallery of
 ,art1 #hi1 #bef1 #bhd4      ,french1   
,daniel ,chester1 sculptor1 #acc1 #ccc4 
,friedlander1 ,leo1 sculptor1 #aci4     
,garden ,club of ,america1 #afc4        
,garfield ,park1 #adg4      ,general    
,accounting ,office1 #bhd4      ,george 

,washington ,bicentennial ,celebration1 
#abi4      ,george ,washington          
,birthplace ,national ,monument1 #abi4  
,george ,washington ,memorial ,parkway1 
#aae1 #bif4      ,george ,washington    
,national ,masonic ,memorial1 #aai4     
,george ,washington ,university1 #bgi4  
,georgetown1 #dj1 #dh1 #agi2            
,university1 #bgi4      ,giegengack1 ,a4
 ,e41 ,public ,printer1 #bfj4           
,gilbert1 ,cass1 architect1 #age1 #bgc1 
#bgg1 #cjd4      ,goodhue1 ,bertram     
,grosvenor1 architect1 #bgf4            
,government department building1 first1 
#bff1 #bgb4      ,government of the     
,united ,states1 the3      ,act for     
establishment of the temporary and      
permanent seat of1 #g4      ,amendment  
to act establishing1 #h4                
,government ,printing ,office1 #beg-bfa4
      ,grand ,army of the ,republic     
,memorial to ,benjamin ,f4 ,stephenson1 
#cca4      ,grant1 ,gen4 ,u4 ,s41       
,memorial #hb1 #hg1 #adh1 #cci4         
,grant1 ,president ,ulysses ,s41 #fa1   

#bjc4      ,great ,falls of the         
,potomac1 #de1 #aji1 #aae4              
,greenough1 ,horatio1 sculptor1 #cba4   
,gregory1 ,john1 sculptor1 #bed4        
,guerin1 ,jules1 mural painter1 #acc4   
,hadfield1 ,george1 architect1 #aij1    
#aic1 #bai1 #cji4      ,hallet1 ,stephen
 ,h41 #bai4      ,hamburg1 #cg4         
,hamilton1 ,alexander3      ,part taken 
in locating ,national ,capital1 #f4     
,secretary of the ,treasury1 first1     
#bga4      ,statue of1 #cdc4            
,hamilton1 ,mrs4 ,alexander1 #bjc4      
,hamilton1 ,mount1 #afa4      ,harding1 
,president ,warren ,g41 #ace4      ,hay1
 ,john1 #ia1 #agg4      ,heath1 ,hon4   
,ferry ,k41 #bii4      ,height of       
,buildings1 #ajc4      ,hewlett1 ,j4    
,monroe1 #bge4      ,highway ,plan of   
the ,district of ,columbia1 #fi4        
,hoban1 ,james1 architect of the ,white 
,house1 #bai1 #bfa4      ,hoover1       
,president ,herbert1 #bfc4      ,houdon1
 ,jean ,antoine1 sculptor1 #cai4        
,house of ,representatives ,office      

,building1 new1 #bce1 #bif4      ,howard
 ,university1 #bgi4      ,hughes1       
,charles ,evans1 ,chief ,justice of the 
,united ,states1 #cjd4                  
,independence ,hall1 #c4      ,indian   
,tribes in and about the ,district of   
,columbia1 #aj4      ,interior          
,department1 #abg1 #adc1 #bgf1 #cjf4    
,internal ,revenue1 ,bureau of1         
,building1 #bhd4      ,interstate       
,commerce ,commission ,building1 #bgi4  
,jackson1 ,president ,andrew3           
,suggests location of ,arlington        
,memorial ,bridge1 #ace4                
,department of the ,treasury ,building1 
selects site for1 #bgb4      ,statue of1
 #cba4      ,james ,creek1 #cg4         
,japanese ,cherry ,trees1 #aee4         
,jeanne d',arc statue1 #ccc4            
,jefferson ,pier1 #ia1 #bjb4            
,jefferson1 ,president ,thomas3         
,architect of the ,capitol1 appoints1   
#dj1 #afg4      ,improves ,pennsylvania 
,avenue1 #dj4      ,influence on        
architecture1 #fh1 #hf4      ,library   

of1 purchase of1 #bai1 #bdh4            
,national ,capital1 the--               
,alternate plan of1 for1 #ae4           
,founding of1 in1 part of1 #f4          
,l',enfant's plans for1 in directing1   
part of1 #be4      ,pennsylvania        
,avenue1 in the time of1 #dj1 #bii4     
,pew of1 in ,christ ,church1 #ahh4      
,secretary of ,state1 #bff4             
,streets in1 for naming1 plan of1 #bj4  
,suggests that ,l',enfant study plans of
 ,old ,world capitals1 #bd4      ,trees1
 to preserve1 desire of1 #adc4          
,washington in days of1 #cg4            
,jennewein1 ,c4 ,paul1 sculptor1 #aci4  
,john ,marshall ,place1 #aic4           
,johnson1 ,president ,andrew1 #eg4      
,johnston1 ,harriet ,lane1 #aeg4        
,jones ,point1 cornerstone of the       
,district of ,columbia at1 #ai4         
,jones1 ,thomas ,hudson1 sculptor1 #cae4
      ,justice1 ,department of1         
,building1 #bhd4        ,key1 ,francis  
,scott1 ,mansion1 #db1 #ahb4            
,keyes1 ,senator ,henry ,w41 #bii4      

,king ,map1 #cc4      ,klingle ,ford    
,bridge1 #bhd4        ,labor ,department
 ,building1 #bgi4      ,lafayette1      
,general3      ,entertained at--        
,arlington1 #ahb4        ,tudor ,place1 
#ahg4      ,mount ,vernon1 visits1 #abc1
 #abf4      ,statue of1 #cbe4           
,washington1 visits1 #de4               
,lafayette ,park1 #adg1 #aec4      ,land
 ,office ,building1 old1 #aif4          
,landscape ,architects1 ,american       
,society of1 #hb4      ,latrobe1        
,benjamin ,h41 ,architect of the        
,capitol1 #dj1 #afg1 #bai1 #cjd1        
#cai4      ,lawrie1 ,lee1 sculptor1     
#bgf4      ,lear1 ,tobias1 burial place 
of1 #aij4      ,legations1 ,embassies   
and1 #bhi4      ,l',enfant1 ,pierre     
,charles3      ,accompanies ,president  
,washington and ,commissioners to view  
site for      ,federal ,city1 #bj4      
,biography of1 #bc4      ,designs ,fort 
,washington1 #aea4      ,plan of--      
,apparently forgotten1 #di1 #ade4       
,basis of ,plan of #aija1 #hc1 #hi4     

,description of1 #be1 #cb1 #ic1 #adf4   
,influence on parks and highways1 #ajh1 
#ade1 #adg4        ,methods and features
 of1 #be4        ,preserved in ,library 
of ,congress1 #bi4        ,tomb of1 in  
,arlington1 #cac4      ,library of      
,congress1 #bde1 #bif4      ,lincoln    
,memorial1 the3      ,description of1   
#aca4      ,decorations in1 #acc4       
,on main axis with ,capitol and         
,washington ,monument1 #ia4      ,statue
 of ,abraham ,lincoln1 in1 #acc4        
,lincoln ,memorial and surrounding area1
 #ace4      ,lincoln ,memorial          
,reflecting ,basin1 #ace4      ,lincoln 
,museum1 #bae4      ,lincoln1 ,president
 ,abraham3      ,assassination of1 #bae4
      ,fort ,stevens1 under fire at1    
#eg4      ,funeral of1 #eg4             
,washington in the time of1 #ec1 #adg4  
,little ,falls of the ,potomac1 #de4    
,logan1 ,gen4 ,john ,a41 #cac4          
,longfellow1 ,henry ,wadsworth1 statue  
of1 #cbf4      ,luce1 ,robert1          
,congressman1 #afc4      ,lynn1 ,david1 

,architect of the ,capitol1 #cja1 #cjd4 
,mc,call1 ,congressman ,samuel ,w41 #ie4
      ,mc,clellan1 ,gen4 ,george ,b41   
#agf4      ,mc,kim1 ,mead  ,white1      
architects1 #acg1 #bhd1 #ccc4           
,mc,kim1 ,charles ,f41 architect1 #gg1  
#hj1 #ha1 #ia4      ,mc,kinley1         
,president ,william1 #agg4              
,mc,millan1 ,senator ,james1 #gg1 #adf1 
#cjd4      ,mc,millan ,park ,commission3
      ,members of1 #gg4      ,plans of--
        ,discussed1 #bh1 #gc1 #hc1 #aje1
 #adf4        ,important feature of1    
#cja4        ,influence on parks1 #aej4 
,mall developed1 according to1 #aji4    
,mc,nary1 ,senator ,charles ,l41 #afc4  
,madison1 ,mrs4 ,dolly1 #dc1 #age1 #bjc1
 #bfc4      ,madison1 ,dolly1 ,house1   
#aec1 #age4      ,madison1 ,president   
,james1 #dc1 #agc1 #age1 #ahh1 #bja4    
,maginnis  ,walsh1 architects1 #bhh4    
,mall1 the3      ,development of1 #hg1  
#ade1 #bif4      ,extension of1 #ia1    
#aee4      ,head of1 #hg4               
,restoring axis of1 #hi4      ,marshall1

 ,john3      ,george ,washington1       
monument to1 author of resolution for   
erecting a1      #aii4      ,chief      
,justice1 ,president ,washington        
,monument ,society1 #bja4               
,secretary of ,state1 #bff4      ,statue
 of ,washington1 comment on1 #cai4      
,maryland ,legislature1 offer of1 #b4   
,maryland ,national ,capital ,park and  
,planning ,commission1 #ajh4            
,mayors of ,washington1 #cje4           
,meade1 ,gen4 ,george ,g43      ,grand  
,review in #ahfe1 participates in1 #eg4 
,memorial to1 #hg1 #aej4      ,meigs1   
,gen4 ,montgomery ,c41 #bae1 #bbd1 #caa4
      ,mellon1 ,andrew1 ,w41 #bef1 #cja4
      ,meridian ,hill ,park1 #aeg4      
,merriam1 ,john ,c41 #afc4              
,metropolitan ,museum in ,new ,york1    
#fe4      ,mills1 ,clark1 sculptor1     
#bbd1 #cba4      ,mills1 ,robert1       
architect1 #aif1 #aig1 #bja1 #bgb4      
,mint1 the1 ,bureau of1 #bgc4           
,monroe1 ,president ,james1 ,washington 
in time of1 #de1 #aja1 #ahh4            

,moore1 ,charles1 former chairman1      
,national ,commission of ,fine ,arts1   
#hb4      ,morris1 ,robert1 #ce1 #bga4  
,morse1 ,s4 ,f4 ,b41 first telegraph    
office of1 #aif4      ,mount ,pleasant1 
#eg4      ,mount ,vernon1 #aba4         
,mount ,vernon ,memorial ,highway1 #ajh1
 #aag1 #bif4      ,mount ,vernon        
,ladies' ,association of the ,union1    
#abf4      ,mullett1 ,a4 ,b41 architect1
 #bfh1 #bhd4      ,municipal ,center1   
the1 #bif4      ,municipal ,fish ,wharf1
 #aac4      ,murphy1 ,frederick ,v41    
architect1 #bhh4        ,national       
,academy of ,sciences1 #bgf4            
,national ,capital1 the1 development of1
 #ac1 #aje4      ,national ,capital     
,park and ,planning ,commission1 #ea1   
#fi1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aje1    #aej1 #cjf4    
,national ,cathedral ,school1 #bhh4     
,national churches in ,washington1 #bhi4
      ,national ,commission of ,fine    
,arts1 #ie1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aej1 #afa1
 #bif1    #cae4      ,national          
,conference on ,city ,planning1 #hb4    

,national ,gallery of ,art1 #hi1 #bef1  
#bhd4      ,national ,geographic        
,society1 #bgg4      ,national ,museum1 
#hi1 #bef1 #bhd4      ,national ,park   
,service1 #abg1 #adc1 #bah4             
,national ,shrine of the ,immaculate    
,conception1 #bhh4      ,national       
,society of the ,daughters of the       
,american ,revolution1 #bge4      ,naval
 ,academy1 #cai4      ,naval ,hospital1 
#bhd1 #bif4      ,naval ,observatory1   
#bhd4      ,navy ,department ,building1 
#bif4      ,noyes1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,b41    
#afc4        ,octagon ,house1 #ha1 #agc4
      ,oldroyd ,collection of           
,lincolniana1 #bae4      ,olmsted1      
,frederick ,law1 jr41 landscape         
architect1 #hb1 #hg1 #afc4        ,page1
 ,william ,tyler1 #bji4      ,palisades 
of the ,potomac1 #ic4      ,pan         
,american ,union1 #bgf4      ,park      
system of the ,national ,capital1 #adc1 
#cjf4      ,partridge1 ,william ,t41    
study of ,l',enfant plan by1 #be4       
,patent ,office1 #db1 #dh1 #aig4        

,peaslee1 ,horace ,w41 architect1 #ccc1 
#cdc4      ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 #cg1  
#ade1 #bii4      ,pennsylvania ,railroad
 ,co41 #hd4      ,pension ,office       
,building1 old1 #bhd4      ,perry1      
,hinton ,r41 sculptor1 #bhd4            
,piccirilli ,brothers1 marble cutters1  
#acc4      ,platt1 ,charles ,a41        
architect1 #bhd4      ,polk1 ,president 
,james ,k41 #ea4      ,pope1 ,john      
,russell1 architect1 #beg1 #bge1 #bgg1  
#bhd4      ,porter1 ,commodore1 owner of
 ,meridian ,hill ,park site1 #aei4      
,post ,office ,department ,building1    
#dh1 #bhd4      ,potomac ,parks1 #aca1  
#aee4      ,presidents of the ,united   
,states1 list of1 #cee4      ,proctor1  
,a4 ,phimister1 sculptor1 #bhd4         
,public ,buildings ,act of #aibf1 #bif1 
#bii1 #cja4      ,public ,buildings     
,commission1 #bic1 #cja4      ,public   
,buildings ,program1 #bic4      ,public 
,health ,service ,building1 #bgf4       
,public ,library1 #bhd4      ,pulaski1  
,gen4 ,casimir1 statue of1 #cca4        

,putnam1 ,herbert1 ,librarian of        
,congress1 #beb4        ,q ,street      
,bridge1 #bhd4      ,quotations from    
great ,americans on the ,national       
,capital1 #ceg4        ,railroad into   
the ,district1 first1 #dh4      ,rankin1
 ,kellogg  ,crane1 architects1 #bhd4    
,red ,cross1 ,american ,national1 #bge4 
,renwick1 ,james1 architect1 #bef1 #bhd4
      ,rhind1 ,j4 ,massey1 sculptor1    
#cca4      ,rich1 ,lorimer1 architect1  
#cae4      ,rinehart1 ,william ,h41     
sculptor1 #bbf1 #bbh4      ,riverside   
,drive1 #ic1 #adb4      ,rock ,creek    
,cemetery1 #ahg1 #cbe4      ,rock ,creek
 ,church1 #ahg4      ,rock ,creek ,park1
 #adh1 #aei4      ,rock ,creek ,parkway1
 #ic1 #adh4      ,rockefeller1 ,john    
,d41 #abi4      ,rodgers ,house1 #agg4  
,rogers1 ,randolph1 #bbd4               
,roosevelt1 ,president ,theodore1 #hi1  
#ia1 #agi1 #bgi4      ,root1 ,elihu1    
#ia1 #ie1 #ih4      ,ross1 ,albert ,r41 
architect1 #ccc4      ,rust1 ,mrs4      
,harry ,lee1 #abi4                      

,saint-,gaudens1 ,augustus1 #gg1 #ha1   
#ia1 #cbe4      ,scottish ,rite ,temple1
 #bgg4      ,senate and ,house of       
,representatives ,office ,buildings1    
#bce4      ,seven ,buildings1 the1 #bff4
      ,shaw ,lily ,gardens1 #afa4       
,shepherd1 ,alexander ,r43              
,district of ,columbia1 ,governor of1   
#fa4      ,statue of1 #cbf4             
,sherman1 ,hon4 ,john1 #bjc1 #bji4      
,shipstead-,luce ,act1 #ie1 #ajb4       
,shrady1 ,henry ,merwin1 sculptor1 #cdc4
      ,simon1 ,louis1 architect1 #bhd4  
,six ,buildings1 the1 #ci1 #bff4        
,smith1 ,capt4 ,john1 #i1 #ac4          
,smithsonian ,institution1 #bef1 #bhd4  
,social ,security ,building1 #bif4      
,socit des ,femmes de ,france  ,new     
,york1 #aei1 #cci4      ,soldiers'      
,home1 #baa4      ,sousa ,bridge1 ,john 
,philip1 #bhd4      ,st4 ,john's        
,church1 #aec1 #aij1 #aib4              
,standards1 ,bureau of1 #bhd4           
,star1 ,evening1 #ea1 #bii4             
,star-,spangled ,banner1 national       

anthem3      ,act of ,congress          
designating1 #ahe4      ,original1 in   
,national ,museum1 #ahe4      ,state1   
,department of1 #ha1 #bfe4      ,state1 
,war1 and ,navy ,building1 #fa1 #ha1    
#bfh1 #bhd4      ,state ,zoning         
,enabling ,act1 #aja4      ,statues and 
,monuments in ,washington1 list of1     
#cdg4      ,street cars1 ,introduction  
in ,washington of1 #eg4      ,sultan1   
,brig4 ,gen4 ,dan4 ,i41 #bhd4           
,supreme ,court ,chamber1 #cjd4         
,supreme ,court ,building ,commission1  
#cjd4      ,surveyor's ,office1         
,district of ,columbia1 #cc1 #fi4       
,suter's ,tavern1 #ai4        ,taft1    
,president ,william ,howard1 #ia1 #bfc1 
#bgi1 #cca4      ,taft1 ,mrs4 ,william  
,howard1 #aeg4      ,taft1 ,william     
,howard1 ,bridge1 #aei1 #bhd4           
,thomas1 ,havard1 sculptor1 #cdc4       
,thornton1 ,dr4 ,william1 #db1 #agc1    
#ahe1 #aij1 #aig1 #bai4      ,tiber     
,creek1 #cg4      ,tobacco barn1 old    
7original ,christ ,church71 #ahh4       

,tomb of the ,unknown ,soldier1 #bif1   
#cae4      ,town ,house site1 #cb4      
,treasury1 ,department of the1 #dh1     
#bfg1 #bga4      ,trees of ,washington1 
#fc1 #aaa4      ,triangle development1  
#cja4      ,trinity ,college1 #bgi4     
,tripoli ,column1 #cai4                 
,trowbridge1 ,alexander ,b41 #beb4      
,trowbridge  ,livingston1 architects1   
#bge4      ,tudor ,place1 #ahb1 #ahe4   
,union ,army1 the1 ,grand ,review of1   
#eg4      ,union ,square1 #hg4          
,union ,station1 #hd1 #bce-bda4         
,union ,station1 ,plaza of1 #ajc1 #cja4 
,united ,states ,botanic ,garden1 #bif4 
,united ,states ,engineer ,office1 #aac4
      ,united ,states ,naval ,academy1  
#cai4      ,united ,states ,supreme     
,court ,building1 #bif1 #cja4           
,unknown ,soldier1 the3      ,burial of1
 #ace4      ,tomb of1 #adb1 #bif1 #cae4 
,van ,ness ,mansion1 #agg1 #bgf4        
,vedder1 ,elihu1 painter1 #bde4         
,virginia3      ,offer of ,legislature  
of1 #f4      ,part of ,district of      

,columbia receded to1 #ea4              
,wakefield ,national ,memorial          
,association1 #abg1 #abi4               
,wakefield1 ,va43      ,ancestors of    
,washington settle at1 #aj4             
,birthplace of ,george ,washington1     
#abg4      ,walter ,reed ,general       
,hospital1 #bhd1 #bif4      ,walter1    
,thomas ,u41 #hf1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bfh4     
,war ,department ,building1 #bif4       
,ward1 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 sculptor1  
#e4      ,warden1 ,david ,baillie1 #da4 
,washington3      ,early1 #ce4          
#ahaj-ahae1 #da4      #ahaf-ahci1 #de4  
#ahdj-ahei1 #di4      #ahfj-ahgj1 #ec4  
,improvements made in1 during           
administration of ,president ,grant1    
#fa4      ,metropolitan area of1 #aje4  
,washington1 ,col4 ,john1 #aj4          
,washington1 ,judge ,bushrod1 #abf4     
,washington1 ,president ,george3        
,appoints ,commissioners of the         
,district of ,columbia1 #ac4            
,arrives at ,suter's ,tavern1           
,georgetown1 #ai4      ,birthplace of1  

#abg4      ,capitol1 cornerstone of1    
lays1 #bai1 #bbh4      ,confers with    
,commissioners of the ,district of      
,columbia1 #bj4      ,federal ,city1    
site for1 authorized to select1 #g1 #h4 
,home of1 #aba4      ,inauguration of1  
#e4      ,l',enfant1 high regard of1    
for1 #bd4      ,potomac ,canal1         
constructs1 #d1 #aea4      ,statues of1 
#e1 #cai1 #cba4      ,trowel used at    
laying of cornerstone of ,capitol by1   
#aag1 #aah4      ,washington ,aqueduct1 
#eg4      ,washington ,cathedral1 #bhd4 
,washington ,channel and water front1   
#aac4      ,washington ,city ,post      
,office1 #bda4      ,washington         
,meridian1 #aei4      ,washington       
,monument1 the3      ,detailed          
description of1 #aig4      ,laying      
cornerstone of1 #di1 #bjb4              
,washington ,national ,airport1 #aag4   
,washington ,national ,monument         
,society1 #aii1 #bji4                   
,webster-,ashburton treaty1 tablet      
commemorating1 #bfh4      ,webster1     

,daniel3      ,capitol extension1 orator
 at laying of cornerstone of1 #i1 #bai4 
,describes ,general ,jackson1 #ace4     
,residence of1 #agi4      ,white ,house1
 the3      ,early description of1 #da1  
#aga1 #agc4      ,later description of1 
#bfa4      ,weinman1 ,a4 ,a41 sculptor1 
#bgg1 #cjc4      ,white1 ,stanford1     
architect1 #cbe4      ,wilson1 ,james1  
,secretary of ,agriculture1 #afa4       
,wilson1 ,president ,woodrow1 #bdc1     
#bhh4      ,winter1 ,ezra1 painter1     
#bgf4      ,winthrop1 ,robert ,c41 #bjb1
 #bji4      ,witherspoon1 ,john1 statue 
of1 #cbf4      ,wood1 ,waddy ,b41       
architect1 #bgf4      ,world's          
,columbian ,exposition1 #fe4      ,world
 ,war1 influence on ,washington1 #aja1  
#bic4      ,world ,war ,memorials in    
,europe1 #ii4      ,wyeth1 ,nathan ,c41 
architect1 #bhd4      ,wyeth  ,sullivan1
 architects1 #bce4        ,york         
,sawyer1 architects1 #bgi4              
,zantzinger1 ,borie  ,medary1           
architects1 #bhd4      ,zero ,milestone1

 #ccc4      ,zoning of the ,capital1    
#aja1 #ajh4      ,zoning ,commission1   
#ajc      ,zoological ,park1 ,national1 
#aei1 #bef1 #beg1 #bhd4                 
,,transcriptions ,,of ,,charts ,,and    
,,maps      ,page #ad3      ,,sketch    
,,of    ,,washington ,,in ,,embryo1     
,previous to its ,survey by ,major      
,l',,enfant4    ,compiled from the rare 
historical researches    --of--    ,dr4 
,,joseph ,m4 ,,toner1    who by special 
favor has permitted the use of his labor
 and materials    for the publication of
 a grand historical map of this         
,district    ,compilers    ,e4,f4,m4    
,,faehtz  ,f4,w4 ,,pratt4    #ahgd4     
,this sketch establishes the exact      
location    of ,hamburgh and            
,carrollsburg and    approximated metes 
and bounds    of every estate then      
embraced    within the precincts granted
    by the ,president4    ,in addition  
thereto the subsequent    avenues as    
well as several    other early          
improvements1      ,page #ag3      ,,map

 ,,showing ,,the ,,original ,,milestones
 ,,or    ,,boundary ,,stones ,,of ,,the 
,,district ,,of ,,columbia    ,,and     
,,their    ,,approximate ,,location     
,,fred ,e ,,woodward      ,page #ba3    
,,terms ,,and ,,conditions declared by  
the ,,president of the ,,united         
,,states1    this seventeenth day of    
,october1 seventeen hundred and         
ninety-one1    for regulating the       
,materials and ,manner of the ,buildings
 and    ,improvements on the ,,lots in  
the ,,city of ,,washington4      #ast4  
,that the outer and party-walls of all  
houses within the said    ,city shall be
 built of brick or stone4      #b;d4    
,that all buildings on the streets shall
 be parallel thereto1 and    may be     
advanced to the line of the street1 or  
withdrawn therefrom1    at the pleasure 
of the improver3 ,but where any such    
building is    about to be erected1     
neither the foundation or party-wall    
shall be    begun without first applying
 to the person or persons appointed by  

the ,commissioners to superintend the   
buildings within the city1    who will  
ascertain the lines of the walls to     
correspond with these    regulations4   
#c;d4 ,the wall of no house to be higher
 than forty feet to the roof in    any  
part of the city2 nor shall any be lower
 than thirty-five feet on    any of the 
avenues4      #dth4 ,that the ,person or
 persons appointed by the ,commissioners
 to    superintend the buildings may    
enter on the land of any person to set  
out the foundation and regulate the     
walls to be built between party    and  
party1 as to the breadth and thickness  
thereof4 ,which foundation    shall be  
laid equally upon the lands of the      
persons between whom    such party-walls
 are to be built1 and shall be of the   
breadth and    thickness determined by  
such person proper2 and the first       
builder    shall be reimbursed one      
moiety of the charge of such party-wall1
    or so much thereof as the next      
builder shall have occasion to make     

use of1 before such next builder shall  
any ways use or break into    the       
wall--,the charge or value thereof to be
 set by the person or    persons so     
appointed by the ,commissioners4        
#eth4 ,as temporary conveniencies will  
be proper for lodging workmen    and    
securing materials for building1 it is  
to be understood that    such may be    
erected with the approbation of the     
,commissioners3 ,but    they may be     
removed or discontinued by the special  
order of the    ,commissioners4         
#fth4 ,the way into the squares being   
designed in a special manner    for the 
common use and convenience of the       
occupiers of the respective             
squares--,the property in the same is   
reserved to the public1 so    that there
 may be an immediate interference on any
 abuse of the use    thereof by any     
individual1 to the nuisance or          
obstruction of others4    ,the          
proprietors of the ,lots adjoining the  
entrance into the squares1    on arching

 over the entrance1 and fixing gates in 
the manner the    ,commissioners shall  
approve1 shall be intitled to divide the
 space    over the arching and build it 
up with the range of that line of the   
square4      #gth4 ,no vaults shall be  
permitted under the streets1 nor any    
encroachments on the foot way above by  
steps1 stoops1 porches1 cellar    doors1
 windows1 ditches or leaning walls2 nor 
shall there be any    projection over   
the street1 other than the eves of the  
house1 without    the consent of the    
,commissioners4      #hth4 ,these       
regulations are the terms and conditions
 under and upon    which conveyances are
 to be made1 according to the deeds in  
trust of    the lands within the city4  
,george ,washington4      ,,terms of    
,,sale of ,,lots in the ,,city of       
,,washington1 the ,eighth ,day of       
,october1 #agib4      ,all ,lands       
purchased at this ,sale1 are to be      
subject to the ,terms and    ,conditions
 declared by the ,president1 pursuant to

 the ,deeds in ,trust4      ,the        
purchaser is immediately to pay one     
fourth part of the purchase    money2   
the residue is to be paid in three equal
 annual payments1    with yearly        
interest of six per cent4 on the whole  
principal    unpaid3 ,if any payment is 
not made at the day1 the payments made  
are to be forfeited1 or the whole       
principal and interest unpaid    may be 
recovered on one suit and execution in  
the option of the    ,commissioners4    
,the purchaser is to be entitled to a   
conveyance1 on the whole    purchase    
money and interest being paid1 and not  
before4 ,no bid under    ,three ,dollars
 to be received4      ,page #bg3        
,,plan    of the ,city intended for the 
,permanent ,,seat of the    ,government 
of the ,,united ,,states    ,projected  
agreeable to the direction    of the    
,,president of the ,,united ,,states    
in pursuance of an ,,act of ,,congress  
posted the    sixteenth day of ,july1   
,,mdccxc1    8establishing the          

,permanent ,seat    on the bank of the  
,potowmac0    ,by ,peter ,charles       
,l',enfant4      ,,observations         
explanatory of the ,,plan4      ,i4 ,the
 positions for the different ,grand     
,edifices and for the several    ,grand 
,squares or ,areas of different shapes  
as they are laid down were    first     
determined on the most advantageous     
ground commanding the most    extensive 
prospects1 and the better susceptible of
 such improvements    as the various    
intents of the several objects may      
require4      ,,ii4 ,lines or ,avenues  
of direct communication have been       
devised as    connect the separate and  
most distinct objects with the          
principal1    and to preserve through   
the whole a reciprocity of sight at the 
same    time4 ,attention has been paid  
to the passing of those leading ,avenues
    over the most favorable ground for  
prospect and convenience4      ,,iii4   
,north and ,south lines1 intersected by 
others running due ,east    and ,west1  

make the distribution of the ,city into 
,streets1 ,squares1    etc41 and those  
lines have been so combined as to meet  
at certain    given points with those   
divergent ,avenues so as to form on the 
spaces    8first determined0 the        
different ,squares or ,areas1 which are 
all    proportional in ,magnitude to the
 number of ,avenues leading to them4    
,breadth of the ,streets4      ,every   
grand transverse ,avenue and every      
principal divergent one1    such as the 
communication from the ,president's     
house to the ,congress    house1 etc41  
are #afj feat in breadth and thus       
divided3        #aj feet of pavement on 
each side                          #bj  
,feet      #cj feet of gravel walk      
planted with trees on each side    #fj  
#hj feet in the middle for carriage way 
#hj                                     
--- #afj    ,the other streets are of   
the following dimensions1 viz43         
,those leading to public buildings or   
markets             #acj ,feet          

,others                                 
#aaj-ij      ,in order to execute the   
above plan1 ,mr4 ,ellicott drew a true  
,meridional line by celestial           
observation which passes through the    
,area intended for the ,congress house2 
this line he crossed by another    due  
,east and ,west1 which passes through   
the same ,area4 ,these lines    were    
accurately measured and made the bases  
on which the whole plan    was executed4
 ,he ran all the lines by a ,transit    
,instrument and    determined the ,acute
 ,angles by actual measurement1 and left
 nothing    to the uncertainty of the   
,compass4      ,,references4      ,a4   
,the equestrian figure of ,george       
,washington1 a ,monument voted in       
#aghc by the late ,continental          
,congress4      ,b4 ,an historic        
,column1 also intended for a ,mile or   
itinerary ,column1    from whose station
 7a mile from the ,federal house71 all  
distances of    places through the      
,continent are to be calculated4        

,c4 ,a ,naval itinerary ,column proposed
 to be erected to celebrate the    first
 rise of a ,navy and to stand a ready   
,monument to consecrate its    progress 
and ,achievements4      ,d4 ,this       
,church is intended for ,national       
purposes1 such as public    prayer1     
thanksgivings1 funeral ,orations1 etc41 
and assigned to the    special use of no
 particular ,sect or denomination1 but  
equally open    to all4 ,it will be     
likewise a proper shelter for such      
monuments as    were voted by the late  
,continental ,congress for those heroes 
who    fell in the cause of liberty and 
for such others as may hereafter be     
decreed by the voice of a grateful      
,nation4      ,e4 ,five grand fountains 
intended with a constant spout of water4
 ,n4    ,b4 ,there are within the limits
 of the ,city about #be good springs of 
excellent water abundantly supplied in  
the driest season of the year4      ,the
 ,squares coloured yellow1 being fifteen
 in number1 are proposed to    be       

divided among the several ,states in the
 ,union for each of them to    improve1 
or subscribe a sum additional to the    
value of the land for    that purpose1  
and the improvements round the ,squares 
to be completed    in a limited time4   
,the center of each ,square will admit  
of ,statues1 ,columns1 obelisks1    or  
any other ornaments1 such as the        
different ,states may choose to         
erect1 to perpetuate not only the memory
 of such individuals whose    ,counsels 
or military achievements were           
conspicuous in giving liberty    and    
independence to this ,country1 but also 
those whose usefulness    hath rendered 
them worthy of general imitation2 to    
invite the youth    of succeeding       
generations to tread in the paths of    
those ,sages or    heroes whom their    
,country has thought proper to          
celebrate4      ,the situation of these 
,squares is such that they are the most 
advantageously and reciprocally seen    
from each other1 and as equally         

distributed over the whole ,city        
district1 and connected by spacious     
,avenues round the grand ,federal       
improvements1 and as contiguous to      
them1 and at the same time as equally   
distant from each other1 as             
circumstances would admit4 ,the         
settlements round those ,squares must   
soon become connected4      ,this mode  
of taking possession of1 and improving  
the whole ,district    at first must    
leave to posterity a grand idea of the  
patriotic    interest which promoted it4
      ,those figures coloured red1 are  
intended for use of all religious       
denominations1 on which they are to     
erect places of worship1 and    are     
proposed to be allotted to them in the  
manner as those coloured    yellow to   
the different ,states in the ,union2 but
 no burying grounds    will be admitted 
within the limits of the ,city1 an      
appropriation    being intended for that
 purpose without4 ,n4 ,b4 ,then a number
 of    ,squares or ,areas               

unappropriated1 and in situations proper
 for    ,colleges and ,academies1 and of
 which every ,society whose object is   
national may be accommodated4 ,every    
house within the ,city will stand       
square on the ,streets1 and every lot4  
even those on the divergent    ,avenues1
 will run ,square with their fronts1    
which on the most acute    angle will   
not measure less than #ef feet and many 
will be above #aaj    feet4      ,pine  
,creek1 whose water1 if necessary1 may  
supply the ,city1 being    turned into  
,james ,white's branch4                 
,perpendicular height of the      ,f4   
,i4 ,pts4      source of ,tiber ,creek1 
#bcf   #g       above the level of the  
tide in said ,creek4                    
,perpendicular height of ,james ,white's
 ,spring1 being part of ,tiber          
,creek1 above the level of the tide in  
said ,creek4      ,this branch of the   
,tiber1 is intended to be conveyed to   
the    ,president's house4      ,the    
water of this ,creek is intended to be  

conveyed on the high    ground1 where   
the ,congress house stands1 and after   
watering that    part of the city1 its  
overplus will fall from under the base  
of that    ,edifice1 and in a ,cascade  
of #bj feet in height1 and #ej in       
breadth    into the reservoir below2    
thence to run in three fills through the
    ,garden into the grand ,canal4      
,the perpendicular height of the ground 
where the ,congress house    stands1 is 
above the tide of ,tiber ,creek1 #gh    
feet4                                   
,lat4 ,congress ,house1    #ch4ec4,n4   
,long4                   #j4 #j4        
,references4      ,f4 ,grand ,cascade1  
formed of the ,water from the sources of
 the ,tiber4      ,g4 ,public walk1     
being a square of #a1bjj feet1 through  
which carriages    may ascend to the    
upper ,square of the ,federal house4    
,h4 ,grand ,avenue1 #djj feet in        
breadth1 and about a mile in length1    
bordered with gardens1 ending in a slope
 from the houses on each    side4 ,this 

avenue leads to the ,monument ,a1 and   
connects the ,congress    ,garden with  
the      ,i4 ,president's park1 and the 
,k4 ,well improved field1 being a part  
of the walk from the ,president's       
house1 of about #a1hjj feet in breadth1 
and  of a mile in length4    ,every lot1
 deep coloured red1 with green plots1   
designates some of    the situations    
which command the most agreeable        
prospects1 and which    are the best    
calculated for spacious houses and      
gardens1 such as may    accommodate     
foreign ,ministers1 etc4      ,l4       
,around this ,square1 and all along the 
,m4 ,avenue from the two bridges to the 
,federal house1 the pavement on    each 
side will pass under an ,arched way1    
under whose cover ,shops will    be most
 conveniently and agreeably situated4   
,this street is #afj feet    in breadth1
 and a mile long4      ,page #ca3       
,lat4 ,capitol    #ch3ec1 ,n    ,long   
#j3 #j4      ,,observations             
explanatory of the    ,plan4      ,i4   

,the positions for the different        
,edifices and for the several           
,squares or ,areas of different shapes1 
as they are laid down1 were    first    
determined on the most advantageous     
ground1 commanding the most    extensive
 prospects1 and the better susceptible  
of such improvements1    as either use  
or ornament may hereafter call for4     
,,ii4 ,lines or ,avenues of direct      
communication have been devised to      
connect the separate and most distant   
objects with the principal1    and to   
preserve through the whole a reciprocity
 of sight at the same    time4          
,attention has been paid to the passing 
of those leading ,avenues    over the   
most favorable ground for prospect and  
convenience4      ,,iii4 ,north and     
,south lines intersected by others      
running due ,east and    ,west1 make the
 distribution of the ,city into         
,streets1 ,squares1 c42    and those    
lines have been so combined as to meet  
at certain given    points with those   

divergent ,avenues1 so as to form on the
 ,spaces    8first determined10 the     
different ,squares or ,areas4           
,perpendicular height of the source of  
,f4 ,i4 ,pts4      ,tiber ,creek above  
the level of the      #bcf4g4      tide 
in said ,creek                          
,this branch and that of the ,tiber may 
be conveyed to the ,president's         
house4      ,the water of this ,creek   
may be conveyed on the high ground where
 the    ,capitol stands1 and after      
watering that part of the ,city1 may be 
destined to other useful purposes4      
,the perpendicular height of the ground 
where the ,capitol is to stand1    is   
above the tide of ,tiber ,creek #gh     
,feet4      ,perpendicular height of the
 ,west     ,f4 ,i4 ,pts4      branch    
above the tide in           #aae4g4     
,tiber ,creek                           
,,plan    of the ,,city of              
,washington    in the ,territory of     
,columbia1    ceded by the ,states of   
,,virginia and ,,maryland    to the     

,united ,states ,,of ,america1    and by
 them established as the    ,,seat of   
their ,,government1    after the ,year  
,,mdccc4    ,breadth of the ,streets4   
,the grand ,avenues1 and such ,streets  
as lead immediately to public    places 
are from #acj to #afj feet wide1 and may
 be conveniently divided    into foot   
ways1 walks of trees1 and a carriage    
way4 ,the other streets    are from #ij 
to #aaj feet wide4      ,in order to    
execute this plan1 ,mr4 ,ellicott drew a
 true ,meridional    line by celestial  
observation1 which passes through the   
,area intended    for the ,capitol2 this
 line he crossed by another due ,east   
and ,west    which passes through the   
same ,area4 ,these lines were accurately
    measured1 and made the basis on     
which the whole plan was executed4 ,he  
ran all the lines by a ,transit         
,instrument1 and determined the ,acute  
,angles by actual measurement1 and left 
nothing to the uncertainty of    the    
,compass4      ,page #ha3      ,,make   

,,no ,,little ,,plans2 ,,they ,,have    
,,no ,,magic    ,,to ,,stir ,,men',s    
,,blood1 ,,and ,,probably ,,themselves  
,,will ,,not ,,be ,,realized4 ,,make    
,,big ,,plans2 ,,aim    ,,high ,,in     
,,hope ,,and ,,work1 ,,remembering      
,,that ,a    ,,noble1 ,,logical         
,,diagram ,,once ,,recorded ,,will      
,,never ,,die1 ,,but ,,long ,,after ,,we
 ,,are ,,gone ,,will    ,,be ,a ,,living
 ,,thing4 ,,asserting ,,itself ,,with   
,,ever    ,,growing ,,insistency4       
,,remember ,,that ,,our    ,,sons ,,and 
,,grandsons ,,are ,,going ,,to ,,do     
,,things    ,,that ,,would ,,stagger    
,,us4 ,,let ,,your ,,watch-    ,,word   
,,be ,,order ,,and ,,your ,,beacon      
,,beauty      ,,daniel ,h4 ,,burnham    
,page #ajj3      ,,washington ,d4,c4    
,,the ,,mall--,,central ,,area          
,,study ,,for ,,development--#aicg      
,,national ,,capital ,,park ,,and       
,,planning ,,commission      ,page #ajd3
      ,,virginia ,,projects    ,,shown  
,,in ,,accordance ,,with ,,studies ,,of 

,,virginia-,,national ,,capital ,,park  
,,and ,,planning ,,commission           
,,arlington ,,county ,,zoning           
,,commission      ,,maryland ,,projects 
,,shown ,,in ,,accordance ,,with        
,,studies ,,of    ,,maryland-,,national 
,,capital ,,park    ,,and ,,planning    
,,commission    ,,washington ,,suburban 
,,sanitary ,,commission      ,,existing 
,,public ,,parks    ,,proposed ,,public 
,,parks    ,,public ,,institutions      
,,private ,,institutions    ,,cemeteries
    ,,proposed ,,airports    ,,golf     
,,country ,,clubs    ,,existing         
,,principal ,,highways    ,,proposed    
,,principal ,,highways    ,,existing    
,,intermediate ,,highways    ,,proposed 
,,intermediate ,,highways    ,,cities   
,,and ,,towns    ,,state ,,line         
,,county ,,line    ,,district ,,lines   
,page #aaj3      - ,,index -            
,,proposed ,,parkway    ,,existing      
,,park ,,lands    ,,proposed ,,park     
,,acquisition    ,,existing             
,,institutions1 ,,cemeteries ,,etc4     

,,preliminary ,,plan    ,,fort ,,drive  
,,parkway ,,connecting ,,the ,,civil    
,,war ,,forts ,,encircling ,,the ,,city 
,,washington1 ,,district ,,of ,,columbia
    ,,national ,,capital ,,park ,,and   
,,planning ,,commission    ,,lt4 ,,col4 
,u4,s4 ,,grant #c,,rd - ,,executive     
,,and ,,disbursing ,,officer    ,,maj4  
,,carey ,h4 ,,brown - ,,engineer        
,,charles ,w4 ,,elliott #b,,nd - ,,city 
,,planner    ,,february #aicg      ,page
 #aad3      -,,legend-    ,,parks       
,,public ,,grounds    ,,proposed ,,parks
    ,,private ,,institutions    ,,public
 ,,institutions    ,,proposed ,,public  
,,grounds      ,page #adi3      ,,park1 
,,parkway  ,,playground    ,,projects   
,,district ,,of ,,columbia    ,,national
 ,,capital ,,park  ,,planning           
,,commission      ,page #aeh3           
,,rock ,,creek ,,park    ,,washington1  
,d4,c4      ,,scale ,,in ,,feet         
,,office ,,of ,,public ,,buildings ,,and
 ,,public ,,parks    ,,lieut4 ,,col4    
,u4,s4 ,,grant1 #c,,rd1 ,,director      

,g4,e4 ,,clark1 ,,engineer ,,in ,,charge
 ,,of ,,surveys    ,g4,s4 ,,elliott -   
,,chief ,,of ,,party      ,,legend      
,,leave ,,car ,,or ,,bus ,,lines ,,for  
,,park    ,,macadam ,,roads    ,,dirt   
,,streets ,,or ,,roads    ,,foot ,,paths
    ,,springs ,,or ,,fountains          
,,improved ,,streets    ,,bridle ,,paths
    ,,picnic ,,groves      ,,revision   
#aicc      ,page #aga3      ,basement   
,plan    #ahjj            ,transcriber's
 ,notes        ,inconsistencies and     
7factual or linguistic7 errors in the   
text have    been retained1 except as   
mentioned under ,changes below4 ,carrere
 and    ,carrre have not been changed to
 ,carrre 7the more common spelling74    
,missing or wrong accents in ,french    
words have not been corrected4          
,several proper and geographic names are
 spelled either in their    original or 
in anglicised spelling 7or both7 or in  
variations    thereof2 these have not   
been standardised4 ,the differences 7in 
wording and structure7 between the      

,table of ,contents1 ,list of           
,illustrations and the chapter and      
section titles and illustration         
captions in the text have not been      
corrected either4      ,depending on the
 hard- and software used to read this   
text and their    settings1 not all     
elements may display as intended4       
,the quality of several of the maps and 
charts was insufficient to    display   
them fully legible and with all details 
visible1 or to    transcribe the text in
 the chart or map4      ,page #ad1 note 
in lower left corner of map3 the note in
 the source    document ends            
7unexpectedly7 in 444 several other     
early improvements1      ,page #bg1 #ca3
 ,the 7minor7 differences between the   
texts in the charts    and those in the 
transcriptions as printed in the source 
document    have not been rectified4    
,page #adf1 quote from ,l',enfant1 and  
,page #bg 7transcription from    chart73
 the minor differences between the      
quoted text and the map    have not been

 rectified4      ,page #bja1 ,by a      
resolution adopted ,february #bi1 #ahdg 
4443 #ahdg was not    a leap year4      
,changes made      ,illustrations have  
been moved outside text paragraphs4     
,some obvious minor typographical1      
spelling and punctuation errors    have 
been corrected silently4      ,where    
relevant and possible notes1 explanatory
 texts1 legends1    etc4 from           
illustrations have been transcribed     
separately2 these    transcriptions may 
be found towards the end of the text4   
,in these    transcriptions1 most of the
 7sometimes elaborate7 formatting has   
been    ignored4      ,page #db3 ,it was
 erected by ,mr4 ,blodget 444 changed to
 ,it was erected    by ,mr4             
,blodgett4444      ,page #beb3          
,alexander ,b4 ,trowridge changed to    
,alexander ,b4 ,trowbridge4      ,page  
#bhd3 ,ackermann  ,ross1 architects     
changed to ,ackerman  ,ross1            
architects2 ,a4 ,b4 ,mullet1 supervising
 architect changed to ,a4 ,b4           

,mullett1 supervising architect4        
,page #cbe3 444 for the statute and     
pedestal 444 changed to 444 for the     
statue and pedestal 4444      ,page     
#cdi3 ,antion ,popiel1 sculptor changed 
to ,antoni ,popiel1 sculptor            
,index3 some names have been            
standardised with the spelling used in  
the text4