,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,! ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,greek2 ,,acc5t ,,& ,,quantity4 ,a ,,philological ,,inquiry4 ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,blackie1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,su!rl& ,,& ,,knox4 ,,london3 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,mdccclii4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y4 8,sit omnibus rebus suum s5ium1 sua juv5tus2 et ut v]ba v]bis1 sic etiam sonis sonos succ$]e p]mittamus40--,,bi%op ,,g>d9]4 8,?is new pronunciation ha? s9ce prevail$1 :]eby we ,engli%m5 speak ,greek1 & are able to und]/& "o ano!r1 :i* nobody else c40--,,?omas ,,full]4 8,maxime cupio ut 9 omnibus ,academiis no/ris hodi]na ,grcorum pronuntiatio recipiatur40 --,,boissonade4 8,neque dubitamus qu9 ,,erasmus1 si 9 tantam ,grc pronuntiationis discrepantiam incidisset1 vulg>em usum intactum et salvum reliquisset40 --,,seyff>?4 8,i* gebe d] neugrie*is*5 ,aus-spra*e im ,ganz5 bei weitem d5 ,vorzug40--,,?i]s*4 8,neque enim de clo dilapsa ad nos p]v5it ,grcorum l+ua1 s$ e patria sua una cum omnibus qu habemus subsidiis1 suo ve/ita cultu prodiit1 quem toll]e aut immut>e velle esset imp]ium 9 l+uam lib]am ex]c]e40--,,wet/54 8,die sog5annte ,erasmis*e ,aus-spra*e1 wie es 9 ,deuts*l& ers*e9t1 i/ vllig grundlos1 e9 ,gebilde man weiss ni*t von wann5 es kam1 e9 ,gemis*e wel*es j$] si* zu/utzt na* eign] ,lu/ und ,willkhr40--,,liscov4 ,,! ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,greek1 c4 ,x is purely z a practical man1 & ) a direct practical result 9 view1 t ,i v5ture to put =? a few words on ! vex$ "q ( ! ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,greek4 ,he 7 a frigid p$ant1 inde$1 :o1 ) ! :ole glori\s lit]ature ( ,hellas be=e him1 & ! ri* ve9 ( ,hell5ic ,ar*ology1 sc>cely yet op5$ 9 ,scotl&1 %\ld1 = ! m]e gratification ( a subtle speculative re/lessness1 walk direct into ?is region ( philological ?orns4 ,s f> z my p]sonal curiosity 0 conc]n$1 ,sir ,john ,*eke1 wrapt 9 8 _m fold$ mantle ( ,cic]onian v]bos5ess1 & ! ,"r ,rev]5d ,/eph5 ,g>d9]'s prtorian edicts 9 fav\r ( ,greek s\nds1#a & ! ( ! old com$ian's ,attic %eep1 might h be5 all[$ to sleep undi/urb$ on ! libr>y %elves4 ,i _h settl$ ! "q long ago 9 my own m9d on broad gr\nds ( common s5se1 r ?an on any nice results t seem$ obta9able f ! inve/igations ( ! le>n$2 b ! nature ( ! public duties n[ impos$ on me does n all[ me to take my own c\rse 9 su* matt]s1 m]ely because ,i ?9k x "r4 ,i mu/ %ew to ! satisfaction ( my fell[-tea*]s & ( my /ud5ts1 t ,i am n seek+ aft] an ephem]al notoriety by ! public galvanisation ( a dead crot*et2 t any innovations :i* ,i may propose are 9 reality1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 ! political _w also1 & 9 ! ecclesia/ical1 a m]e recurr5ce to ! anci5t & e/abli%$ practice ( c5turies1 & t :atev] op9ions ,i may ent]ta9 on po9ts confess$ly op5 to debate1 ,i ent]ta9 n = myself alone1 b 9 company ) "s ( ! ripe/ s*ol>s & pr(\nde/ philologi/s ( mod]n times4 ,i h reason also = ?9k+ ) a rec5t writ]1 t ! pres5t "t is peculi>ly fav\rable = ! reconsid]ation ( ! "q2#b =1 al?\gh ,sir ,john ,*eke might h said ) "s %[ ( tru? 9 8 day1 8,grca jam l+ua nem9i patria e/10#c none b a prophetic p>tisan ( univ]sal ,russian dom9ation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean w n[ ass]t1 t ! liv+ ,greeks are n a nation & a p :o h a "r to be he>d on ! "q1 h[ _! own language is to be pron\nc$4 ,tak+ ! ,greek language z x appe>s 9 ! works ( ! le>n$ comm5tator ,corais1 9 ! poetry ( ! ,s\tzos & ,rangabe1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,p]rhbus1 s highly spok5 ( by ,niebuhr1 & 9 ! publications ( ! daily press at ,a!ns2 & tak+ ! new k+dom = no great] ?+ ?an ! intrigues ( m$dl+ diplomati/s1 its own wret*$ cabals1 & ! guns ( ,admiral ,p>k] w all[ x to be2 x is pla9 t to disreg>d ! witness ( su* a speak+ fact1 /&+ z x does ^u ! unbrok5 tradition & ca?olic philological succession ( eighte5 c5turies1 w\ld be1 mu* m manife/ly n[ ?an 9 ! days ( ! le>n$ ,,wet/51 to 8ex]cise a despotism ov] a free language10 su* z no man has a "r to claim4#d ,besides1 9 ,scotl& we h already _h our or?odox h]$it>y r\t9e 9 ?is matt] di/urb$ by ! invasion ( ,engli% tea*]s ( ! ,greek language2 an invasion1 no d\bt1 :i* our /rong national feel+ may look on ) jeal\sy1 b :i* we br\ght on ourselves by ! %ameful condition ( pro/ration 9 :i* we all[$ ! philological classes 9 our high] s*ools & colleges to lie = two c5turies2 & x 0 n to be expect$ t ^! ,engli% tea*]s1 be+ plac$ 9 a position :i* enabl$ !m to give ! law )9 a c]ta9 influ5tial circle1 %\ld sacrifice _! own traditional pronunciation ( ! ,greek language1 h[ev] arbitr>y1 to ours1 9 fav\r ( :i*1 9 "s po9ts1 !re 0 little b ! m]e cons]vatism ( an equally arbitr>y usage to plead4 ,f9d+ matt]s 9 ?is condition1 ,i feel x impossible = me to waive ! discussion ( a matt] already f]m5t+ ) all ! elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty4 ,i h !re=e tak5 ! tr\ble ( work+ my way ?r\gh ,hav]camp's two volumes1 & comp>+ ! argum5ts us$ 9 ! fam\s old ,cantabrigian controv]sy ) ^? advanc$ by a well-in=m$ mod]n memb] ( ! same le>n$ corporation4 ,i h tak5 ! le>n$ ,g]mans1 too1 z 9 duty b\nd1 on su* a "q1 into my c\nsels2 ,i h devot$ n a little "t & att5tion to ! language & lit]ature ( mod]n ,greece2 & above all1 ,i h c>efully exam9$ ^? places ( ! anci5t rhetoricians & gramm>ians t t\* ^u ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! subject4 ,) all ^! precautions1 if ,i %all n succe$ 9 mak+ conv]ts to my views1 ,i hope1 at lea/ ) reasonable m51 to escape ! imputation ( ra%ness & sup]ficiality4 #a ,ego sonorum causam tueor ex edicto possessorio1 et ut prtor1 int]dixi de possessione4 #b ,an ,essay on ! ,pronunciation ( ! ,greek ,language4 ,by ,g4 ,t4 ,,p5n+ton1 ,m4,a41 late ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,london3 ,murray4 #ahdd4 ,?is is ! "w t ,i recomm5d to ! ,engli% /ud5t :o wi%es to und]/& ! subject 9 detail1 )\t wad+ ?r\gh ! conf\nd+ mass ( p]t95t & imp]t95t matt] t ! le>n$ eloqu5ce ( m ?an ?ree c5turies has heap$ up4 #c ,sylloge scriptorum qui de l+u ,grc v]a et recta pronuntiatione ,comm5t>ios reliqu]unt2 edidit ,,hav]campus4 ,ludg4 ,bat41 #agdj4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bbj #d ,,joh4 ,,rudolfi ,,wet/5ii3 pro ,grca et g5u9a l+u ,grc pronuntiatione ,orationes ,apologetic4 ,basil2 #afhf1 p4 #bg4 ,! :ole passage is quot$ 9 ! prefix$ mottoes4 ,! exact hi/ory ( our pres5t pronunciation ( ,greek1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ,i h n le>n+ en\gh curi\sly to trace2 b "o ?+ seems to me pla91 t all ! great s*ol>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & on ! cont95t g5]ally1 9 ! fifte5?1 & ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 c\ld h kn[n no?+ ( our pres5t arbitr>y me?od ( pron\nc+2#e = !y c\ld pron\nce ,greek no o!r way ?an z !y receiv$ x f ,*rysoloras1 ,gaza1 ,lasc>is1 ,musurus1 & ! o!r native ,greeks :o 7 _! ma/]s4 ,erasmus 01 if n absolutely ! fir/1#f c]ta9ly ! fir/ s*ol> ( ext5sive ,european influ5ce & popul>ity :o v5tur$ to di/urb ! tradition ( ! ,byzant9e eld]s 9 ?is matt]2 b 8 fam\s dialogue1 ,de recta ,lat9i ,grcique s]monis pronuntiatione1 did n appe> till ! ye> #aebh1 by :i* "t s /rong a prescription _h already run 9 fav\r ( ! receiv$ me?od1 t x seems /range h[ ev5 8 le>n+ & wit %\ld h prevail$ to ov]turn x4 ,b !re are p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 ! m9ds ( m5 are naturally dispos$ to receive all sorts ( novelties2 & ! era ( ! ,re=mation 0 "o ( !m4 ,erasmus1 ?\gh a cons]vative 9 religion1 7z _m p]sons are :o are cons]vative 9 no?+ else17 pleas$ 8 free speculative :im ) all sorts ( imag9ations2 & among o!r ?+s fell--?\gh1 if :at ,wet/5 tells be true1 9 a v /range way#g--on ! notion ( purg+ ! pronunciation ( ! classical languages ( all ^? defects :i* belong$ to x1 :e!r by deg5]ate tradition or p]v]se prov9cialism1 & erect+ 9 its /ead an ideal pronunciation1 made up ( erudite conjecture & philosophical argum5tation4 ,no?+ 0 m easy ?an to prove t 9 ! c\rse ( two ?\s& ye>s ! or?oepy ( ! language ( ! ,greeks _h decl9$ consid]ably f ! p]fection 9 :i* its musical fulness _h roll$ l a riv] ( gold f ! m\? ( ,plato1 or _h be5 da%$ l a ?und]bolt ( ,jove f ! indignant lips ( ,demo/h5es2 yet m easy 0 x1 & admirable game = su* a f9e _s z ,erasmus1 to evoke ! %ades ( ,cic]o & ,qu9ctilian1 & make mir? to !m out ( a ,lat9 oration deliv]$ be=e ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 by a twitt]+ ,fr5* c\rti] & a splay-m\!d ,we/phalian b>on4#h ,x is c]ta9 also t !re are 9 t dialogue _m admirable obs]vations on ! blund]+ practices ( ! s*oolma/]s1 & ev5 ! le>n$ pr(essors1 8 contempor>ies1 :i* v _m ( !m 9 t day1 & ! great majority ev5 n[ h want$ ei!r s5se or c\rage to att5d to2 obs]vations :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 w yet be> fruit 9 ! pres5t age1 if education is to be advanc$ 9 ! only way possible1 viz41 by ^? ^: pr(ession x is to tea* o!rs1 le>n+ 9 ! fir/ place to tea* !mselves4 ,b 9 "o great po9t ( 8 ri* & v>i\s disc\rse1 ! le>n$ ,dut*man 0 m witty ?an wise1 & a*iev$ a success :]e he 0 altoge!r wrong1 or only half-"r1 t has be5 d5i$ to him :]e he is altoge!r "r4 ,:ile 8 admirable obs]vations on acc5t & quantity1 & _m ( 8 precepts on ! practical art ( tea*+ languages1 h be5 totally lo/ sight ( by ! great mass ( our classical tea*]s1 8 /rictures on ! pronunciation ( ! ,greek v[els & diph?ongs h be5 receiv$ m or less by p$agogic m5 9 all p>ts ( ,europe2 or at lea/ prevail$ s f> z to %ake ! fai? ( s*ol>s 9 ! pronunciation ( ! native ,greek1 & lead !m to inv5t a new & arbitr>y ,hell5ic utt]ance = ea* c\ntry1 an altoge!r b>b>\s conglom]ate1 made up ( mod]n national peculi>ities & scraps ( ,erasmian philology4 ,?is is a sorry /ate ( matt]s2 b z ,european s*ol>%ip !n /ood1 innovators c\ld look = no m satisfactory result4 ,nei!r ,erasmus nor ! s*ol>s :o foll[$ 8 8divisive c\rses0 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries1 7 9 possession ( philological mat]ials suffici5tly compreh5sive = settl+ s nice a po9t4 ,mu* less c\ld !y use ! mat]ials 9 _! h&s ) t _s ( calm philosophic survey1 & t t\* ( f9e critical sagacity :i* ! ripe s*ol>s ( ,g]many n[ exhibit4 ,x 0 "o ?+ to qu>rel le>n$ly ) ! pronunciation ( ,*rysoloras1 & to *uckle ) academic pride ov] ! tautophonic t5uity ( ' 1 & o!r su* +5i\sly ga!r$ scraps ( ,atticism 9 ! m\? ( a mod]n ,turki% s]f2 ano!r1 & a f> m s]i\s ?+1 to draw out a complete table ( elocution>y s\nds1 su* z !y exi/$ at any giv5 p]iod 9 ,greek lit]ature2 say at ! successive epo*s ( ,hom]1 s*ylus1 ,plato1 ,callima*us1 ,/rabo1 ,*ryso/om4 ,bi%op ,g>d9]1 !re=e1 0 "r to press ?is po9t h>d aga9/ ! ,erasmians1--8,quod v]o difficillimum dicebam neque /atuis neque potes1 ut tanquam ad punctum con/ituas sonorum modum4 ,ab usu prs5te manife/e rec$is3 s$ an ad vet]um sonorum =mam omn9o acc$as1 nihil exp$itum e/40 ,"h1 z 9 m s]i\s matt]s1 ! good ,bi%op saw t x 0 easi] to de/roy ?an to build up2 & !re=e he int]pos$ 8 int]dict despotically 9 ! ,roman /yle1 ne quid detrim5ti respublica capiat4 ,b ^! maxims ( old ,roman ari/ocracy d n apply to ! democracy ( lett]s4 ,s ! ,bi%op's philological ?und]bolt />t$ m h]etics ?an x laid4 ,! love ( lib]ty 0 n[ conjo9$ ) ! love ( orig9ality2 to speak ,greek ) ,erasmus became n[ ! sign ( academic patriotism & ! wat*word ( philological progress4 ,,=ce be+ ! *ief app>5t p[] on ! "o side1 x 0 naturally felt by ^? aga9/ :om x 0 ex]cis$1 t ,,reason 0 altoge!r on _! side4 ,! matt] 0 !re=e practically settl$ on ! side ( p]secut$ innovation2 ! subtlety ( a few academic doctors triumph$ pr\dly ov] ! long tradition ( ,byzant9e c5turies1 & ! liv+ prote/ ( millions ( m51 ) ,greek blood 9 _! ve9s & ,greek words 9 _! m\?s2 & !y :o 7 once ! few despis$ ,naz>5es ( ! s*ola/ic _w1 are n[ a sort ( philological ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 sitt+ 9 ! seat ( ,ari/>*us1 ^: dictum x is dang]\s to dispute4 #e ,see ! op9ions ( ,,scalig]1 ,,salmasius1 & "s o!rs1 quot$ by ,,wet/54 #f ,,wet/5 ref]s to a "w by ,,aldus ,,manutius de pote/ate lit]>um1 :i* ,i h n se54 #g 8,audici ,m4 ,rutg]um ,res*ium pr(essorem ,l+u ,grc 9 collegio ,baslidiano apud ,lovani5ses1 meum pi memori prceptorem1 n>rantem1 se habitasse 9 ,lili5si pdagogeo una cum ,erasmo1 eo sup]ius1 se inf]ius cubiculum obt95te4 ,h5ricum autum ,gl>eanum ,p>isiis ,lovanium v5isse1 atque ab ,erasmo 9 collegium vocatum fuisse ad pr&ium3 quo cum v5isset1 quid novi adf]ret int]rogatum dixisse 7quod 9 it9]e comm5tus erat1 quod sciret ,erasmum plus satis r]um nov>um /udiosum ac mire cr$ulum7 quosdam 9 ,grcia natos ,lutetiam v5isse1 viros ad miraculum doctos2 qui longe aliam ,grci s]monis pronunciationem usurp>5t1 quam qu vulgo 9 hisce p>tibus recepta esset3 ,eos nempe son>e pro ,vita ,beta1 pro ,,ii ita ,eta1 pro ,,ai1 ai1 pro ,,oi1 oi1 et sic 9 ct]is4 ,quo audito ,erasmum paulo po/ conscripsisse dialogum de recta ,lat9i ,grcique s]monis pronunciatione1 ut vid]etur hujus rei ipse inc5tor1 et obtulisse ,petro ,alo/5si ,typographo imprim5dum3 ,qui cum =te aliis occupatus r5u]et1 aut c]te se tam cito excud]e quam volebat non posse dic]et1 misisse libellum ,basileam ad ,frob5ium1 a quo max impressus 9 lucem prodiit4 ,v]um ,erasmum cognita fraude1 nunquam ea pronunci&i ratione po/ea usum1 nec amicis1 quibuscum famili>it] vivebat1 ut eam obs]v>5t1 prcepisse4 ,9 ejus rei fidem exhibuit ,rutg]us ipsius ,erasmi manu scriptam 9 gratiam ,damiani a ,gs ,hispani pronunciationis =mulam1 9 nullo div]sam ab ea1 qua passim docti et indocti 9 hac l+ua utuntur40 ,! v\*] = ! /ory is ,,vossius1 f ^: ,ari/>*us1 lib4 #a1 c4 #bh1 ,wet/5 quotes x4 #h ,hav]camp1 vol4 ii4 p #agd4 ,nev]!less1 ,erasmus1 ,wet/5 di/9ctly ass]ts1 7pp4 #ae1 #aae17 did n himself adopt 9 8 practice ! p]fect !ory ( ,hell5ic vocalization :i* he sket*$ out4 ,s mu* ! less cause is !re = our hav+ any hesitation 9 consid]+ ! :ole "q z n[ op51 & treat+ x exactly z if ,pr(essor ,john ,*eke1 & ,pr(essor ,?omas ,smi? ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 & ,adolphus ,mek]*us1 knight & p]petual s5ator ( ,bruges1 & ! o!r ,hav]campian hoplites _h nev] exi/$4 ,let u inquire1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r any c]ta9 data exi/ on :i* su* a matt] c be settl$ sci5tifically4 ,we %all give only ! gr& outl9es ( ! "q1 ref]r+ ! special /ud5t to ! ,engli% "w ( ,,p5n+ton already quot$1 ! ,g]man "w ( ,,liskov1 & ! ,lat9 ( ,,seyff>?4#i #i ,ueb] die ,aus-spra*e des ,grie*is*54 ,leipzig1 #ahbe4 ,de ,sonis lit]>um ,grc>um2 auctore ,,gu/avo ,,seyff>?io4 ,lipsi1 #ahbd4 ,n[1 !re are five ways by :i* ! me?od ( pronunciation us$ by any gone g5]ation ( 8articulate-speak+ m50 may be asc]ta9$1 if n ) a curi\s exactness 9 e po9t1 at lea/ ) su* an am\nt ( approximation z w be e/eem$ satisfactory by a reasonable inquir]4 ,,fir/1 we h ! imitation 9 articulate lett]s ( natural s\nds & ( ! cries ( animals4 ,!re is no?+ m c]ta9 9 ! philosophy ( language ?an t :ole classes ( words expressive ( s\nd 7 =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( a direct dramatic imitation ( ! s\nd signifi$4 ,?us ! words ,,da%1 ,,ha%1 ,,sma%1 9 our mo/ significant ,saxon tongue1 evid5tly express an action produc+ s\nd1 9 :i* ! /rong v[el s\nd ( ,a is comb9$ ) a %>p s\nd to :i* ! aspirat$ ,s 0 consid]$ ! ne>e/ approximation by ! orig9al fram] ( ! ^w4 ,s1 9 ! names expressive ( fl[+ wat]1 ! liquids ,l & ,r are obs]v$ to prepond]ate 9 all languages1 ^! be+ ! s\nds :i* are actually giv5 =? by ! natural objects s signifi$3 ?us riv]1 1 /rom1 flum51 purl1 ! ,hebrew nah> & nahal1 c4 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 if ! bird :i* we call ,,cuckoo 0 call$ by ! ,lat9s cuculus1 by ! ,greeks 1 & by ! ,g]mans kukuk1 no p]son c d\bt t ! v[el s\nds at lea/1 9 ^! words1 7 int5d$ to be a m or less exact e*o ( ! cry ( ! bird s designat$4 ,9 argu+1 h[ev]1 f su* words1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to press ! argum5t too closely2 = two ?+s are manife/--t ! orig9al fram] ( ! words might h giv51 & 9 all likelihood did give only a loose1 & n a curi\sly exact imitation ( ! s\nd or cry he meant to express2 & !n t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ! ^w may h deviat$ s f> f its orig9al pronunciation1 z to be no long] a v /rik+ lik5ess ( ! natural s\nd x is int5d$ to imitate4 ,^! consid]ations expla9 ! fact h[ ! v simple & obvi\s cry made by %eep1 :i* no *ild w mi/ake1 is express$ by ?ree v diff]5t v[els1 9 ?ree ( ! mo/ notable ,european languages1--our own bleat1 ! ,lat9 bal>e1 & ! ,greek 1 pron\nc$ l ,a 9 mate1 accord+ to ! practice ( ! ,greeks 9 ! classical age4 ,f su* words1 !re=e1 no safe conclusion c be drawn z to ! pronunciation ( any p>ticul> ^w at any p>ticul> p]iod ( a highly advanc$ civilization4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) words n =m+ any "p ( ! spok5 sy/em ( articulate spee*1 b inv5t$ expressly = ! occasion1 9 ord] to repres5t by way ( e*o c]ta9 natural s\nds4 ,9 ?is way1 %\ld we f9d 9 an old ,a!nian spell+-book ?is s5t5ce1 8! %eep cries 10 we %\ld be mo/ ju/ly entitl$ to conclude1 if n t ! ,greek ,b 0 pron\nc$ exactly l ! correspond+ lett] 9 our alphabet1 7= ! consonants are less easily fix$ d[n 9 su* imitations ( in>ticulate cries17 c]ta9ly t ,h _h ! s\nd ( our ,,ai2 & ?is conclusion w\ld be irresi/ible if o!r argum5ts 7 at h&1 su* z w pres5tly be m5tion$1 lead+ pla9ly to ! same conclusion4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 also1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to g5]alize too l>gely2 =1 /rictly speak+1 ! inf]5ce f su* a fact z ! "o suppos$1 is only t at ! p>ticul> "t & place :]e ! said book 0 compos$1 a p>ticul> v[el s\nd$ to ! e> ( ! writ] 9 a p>ticul> way2 ! pro( rema9+ p]fectly op5 t at "s o!r place dur+ ! same p]iod1 or at ! same place fifty ye>s lat]1 ! same v[el may h be5 pron\nc$ 9 a p]fectly diff]5t way4#aj4 ,^? :o are at all acqua9t$ ) ! /yle ( reason+ on su* po9ts1 exemplifi$ 9 almo/ e page ( ,hav]camp's ,collection1 w see ! necessity ( apply+ at e /ep ( _! progress ! re9 ( a /rictly logical re/ra9t4 #aj 8,if we f9d a ^w pron\nc$ 9 a giv5 mann] 9 ! "t ( ,a!nu1 we are w>rant$1 9 ! abs5ce ( pro(1 9 suppos+ x to h be5 pron\nc$ 9 ! same way 9 ! "t ( ,hom]2 & :at prevail$ 9 ,hom]'s "t may be presum$ to h cont9u$ till ! age ( ,a!nu40--,,p5n+ton1 p4 #g4 ,?is is too /rong4 ,consid]+ ! imm5se int]val ( "t & progress ( culture betwe5 ,,hom] & ,,a!n,,u1 & consid]+ ! t5d5cy to *ange inh]5t 9 human nature1 ,i c see no presumption t ! pronunciation ( ! language %\ld h rema9$ ?r\gh s _m c5turies un*ang$4 ,ano!r & a mo/ sci5tific way by :i* we may recov] ! traces ( a lo/ or?oepy1 is f ! physiological description ( ! action ( ! organs ( spee* 9 produc+ ! s\nds belong+ to c]ta9 lett]s1 z pres]v$ 9 ! works ( grammatical or rhetorical writ]s4 ,?is me?od ( pro(1 tak5 by itself1 may1 no d\bt1 fail ( giv+ complete satisfaction 9 delicate cases2 = x is extremely difficult to give su* an exact description ( ! action ( ! organs ( spee* z w enable a /ud5t ( an unkn[n language to reproduce ! s\nd1 )\t ! assi/ance ( ! liv+ voice4 ,b1 tak5 along ) o!r circum/ances1 ! pro( f ?is s\rce may be s /rong z absolutely to =ce conviction2 or at all ev5ts imp]atively to exclude c]ta9 suppositions1 :i*1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( su* a description1 w\ld h be5 admissible4 ,n[1 x happ5s mo/ =tunately = our pres5t inquiry1 t a v satisfactory scale ( ! ,greek v[el-s\nds is extant 9 ! works ( ! well-kn[n hi/orian & critic ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us ,cs>4 ,?is we %all quote at l5g? imm$iately2 & z ! au?or 0 a pr(essional rhetorician1 no high] au?ority on su* a po9t1 = ! epo* to :i* he belongs1 c be wi%$ =4#aa #aa 8,i _c help ?9k+ t if ?is treatise ( ,dionysius _h be5 9 e>ly times made a text-book 9 s*ools1 no controv]sy w\ld ev] h aris5 ^u ! pronunciation ( ! ,greek lett]s10 7except ! diph?ongs17 8or ^u ! nature ( quantity40--,,p5n+ton4 ,aga91 a v l>ge & v>i\s field ( pro( lies 9 ^? in/ances ( ! direct transf]5ce ( ! s\nds ( "o language into ^? ( ano!r1 :i* lit]>y composition sometimes requires1 & :i* are sure to occur v frequ5tly 9 an ext5sive lit]ature l ! ,greek4 ,examples ( ?is are mo/ common 9 ! case ( prop] names1 & occur especially 9 translations1 z 9 ! anci5t translations ( ! ,hebrew ,bible & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* h be5 admirably us$ = ! illu/ration ( ,greek or?oepy 9 ! "w ( ,seyff>?4 ,:5 ,/rabo1 = in/ance1 7p4 #bac17 9 ! case giv5 by ,p5n+ton1 7p4 #gc17 says ( ! inhabitants ( ! newly coloniz$ t[n ( ,como 9 ,upp] ,italy1-- 1 we le>n t ! diph?ong 0 consid]$ by an intellig5t sci5tific man 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 z be+ ei!r ! exact equipoll5t ( ! ,lat9 ,u1 or ! ne>e/ approximation to x )9 ! compass ( ,hell5ic vocalization2 & :5 we are told fur!r t ! mod]n ,greeks & ! mod]n ,italians pron\nce ! same v[els ! same way ev5 n[1 we _c = a mom5t d\bt t ! me?od ( pron\nc+ t ,greek diph?ong n[ practis$ 9 ,scotl& 7z 9 boom7 is ! correct "o4 ,f ! same passage we may legitimately draw ! inf]5ce1 ) reg>d to ! second lett] 9 ! ,greek alphabet1 t x 0 9 all probability pron\nc$ s(tly l our ,v2 = our ,b is no repres5tative :atev] ( ! ,lat9 ,v1 :e!r we suppose t lett] to h be5 pron\nc$ l ! correspond+ lett] ) u1 or l our ,w4 ,! mod]n ,g]mans1 9 ! same way1 :o h n our s\nd ( ,w1 sub/itute = x 9 _! language ! s\nd ( ,v regul>ly1 z 9 ,,wass]1 :i* !y pron\nce ,,vass]1 & _m su* words4 ,if1 !re=e1 an anci5t ,greek wi%$ to express ! lett] ,v1 & does s by 8 own ,b1 ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible1 ei!r t 8 ,b 0 pron\nc$ l our ,v1 & 0 view$ z ! exact expression ( ! ,lat9 lett] s pron\nc$1 or z an approximation to x1 if pron\nc$ l our ,w2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,greek organ be+ utt]ly incapable ( pron\nc+ ! s(t s\nd ( ! ,lat9 ,v1 & hav+ no lett] or comb9ation ( lett]s capable ( express+ x1 gave up ! attempt 9 despair1 & wrote ! s(t ,lat9 ,v ) a h>d ,greek ,b4 ,b ?is supposition is improbable1 = ?ree reasons3 ,,fir/1 because ! g5]al "* ( ! ,greek language1 z contra/$ ) ! ,roman1 0 n t ( blunt h>dness b ( liquid s(tness1 7see ,,qu9ctilian & ,,cic]o1 passim27 ,,secondly1 ! anci5t ,greeks1 9 fact1 _h a comb9ation ( lett]s by :i* !y c\ld express 9 an approximate way ! ,lat9 ,v1 namely1 1 & by :i* !y actually did s express x on _m occasions2 ,,?irdly1 ! mod]n ,greeks likewise d pron\nce ! second lett] ( ! alphabet l ! ,lat9 ,v2 & ! burd5 ( pro( lies on ^? :o ass]t t ! anci5ts pron\nc$ x o!rwise4 ,a f\r? me?od ( pro( lies 9 ! rem>ks made on ! id5tical or cognate s\nds ( syllables1 ei!r incid5tally by g5]al writ]s1 or specially by gramm>ians 9 treat+ or?ography & or?oepy2 & 9 ! accid5tal int]*ange ( lett]s 9 inscriptions & co9s4 ,( ! /rictly grammatical k9d ( evid5ce a v valuable fragm5t has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ( ,h]odian1 ! ,priscian ( ! ,greek gramm>ians1 publi%$ by ,boissonnade 9 #ahag4 ,9 ?is "w are alphabetically arrang$ l>ge classes ( words1 :i*1 :ile !y are pron\nc$ ) ! same v[el to ! e>1 are diff]5tly spelt to ! eye2 z if ,i %\ld say 9 ,engli% t ! v[el-s\nds 9 ! words ,,fair1 ,,f>e1 ,,heir1 ,,!re1 h ! same or a simil> or?oepy1 b a v diff]5t or?ography4 ,( ! o!r1 or incid5tal k9d1 may be m5tion$ ^? plays ( s\nd ) :i* epigrammatic writ]s sometimes amuse !mselves1 & ( :i* ! e*o-poems f\nd 9 "s ( ! collections ( mod]n ,lat91 are ! mo/ notable example4 ,?us1 ,erasmus1 9 ridicule ( ! ,cic]onians1 wrote two l9es1 ( :i* ! fir/1 a hexamet]1 ends ) ,cic]one1 ! ablative case ( ! great orator's ,lat9 "n1 :ile ! second l9e1 a p5tamet]1 /rik+ ! e> z a sort ( e*o ( ! fir/1 ends ) ! ,greek ^w 1 ,o y ass6 f :i* significant j+le ! inf]5ce is ready en\gh1 t ! p5ultimate syllable ( bo? ^! words1 9 ! classical pronunciation ( ,erasmus1 0 acc5t$1 & t ! s\nd ( ! v[el 9 bo? 0 ! same4 ,! pro(1 ( c\rse1 9 su* a case w\ld h be5 equally complete if ! ^w 9 ! second l9e _h be5 spelt ) a diff]5t v[el in/ead ( ) ! same4 ,fif?ly1 ,9 det]m9+ ! pronunciation ( any language at any pa/ p]iod ( its hi/ory1 its pres5tly exi/+ pronunciation1 ?\gh furni%+ no absolute pro(1 is entitl$ to be tak5 into acc\nt along ) o!r circum/ances1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any di/9ct evid5ce to ! contr>y1 mu/ be tak5 z conclusive4 ,erasmus appeal$ ) great success to ! vanity ( academic m51 :5 he said1 ) ref]5ce to ! common ,greek pronunciation 9 8 day1 8,pronuntiationem1 quam nunc hab5t eruditi1 non aliunde petunt quam a vulgo1 scis quali magi/ro20 b to ?is a le>n$ advocate ( ! exi/+ ,itacism v wisely replies1 t ev5 suppos+ x 7 true t ! vulg> pronunciation ( ,greek comes to u only f ! ,,vulg>1 ! common p1 z is well kn[n1 are g5]ally f> m t5aci\s ( h]$it>y national acc5t ?an ! upp] classes ( society2#ab ( :i* we h a famili> ,engli% example 9 ! case ( ! /\t ,york%irem51 :o h pres]v$ = two ?\s& ye>s ! deep holl[ s\nd ( u1 7say+ ,ool1 = ,hull1 c417 :i* is ! normal s\nd ( t v[el 9 all ! ,european languages4 ,9 ?is view x is pass+ /range to note1 t ! sl5d] s\nd ( ! fir/ syllable ( 1 z if writt5 heemra1 :i* is ! rule ) ! mod]n ,greeks1 is ! precise s\nd1 t 9 a passage ( ,plato is not$ z ! anci5t s\nd1 comp>$ ) ! full] s\nd1 haimra1 fa%ionable 9 8 day2#ac :ile ,ari/ophanes#ad 9 "o ( 8 plays1 introduces a cons]vative old ,sp>tan lady say+ 1 in/ead ( 2 a di/9ct pro( bo? t 0 n consid]$ id5tical ) 9 8 day1 & t x 0 !n s\nd$ z x is n[1 by "o ( ! mo/ anci5t p 9 ! ,pelasgic p59sula4 ,su* appe> to me to be ! me?ods ( pro( t lie op5 to an inquir] into ! or?oepy ( any language1 liv+ or dead1 at any giv5 p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,) ^!1 ( c\rse1 ! /ud5t mu/ comb9e su* g5]al rules on ! philosophy ( language1 & on ! habits ( human spee*1 z a little exp]i5ce ( practical philology w readily supply4 ,i n[ proce$ to /ate ! results to :i* ,i h arriv$1 by a ?or\gh /udy ( ! exi/+ evid5ces4 ,aft] t we %all make our practical inf]5ce1 & answ] a few natural objections4 #ab 8,vulgus antiqu pronuntiationis t5acissimus e/40--,,wet/54 ,comp>e ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,l4 ,ross1 bel[1 on ! antique elem5t 9 mod]n ,greek4 #ac ,pluto ,cratylus1 sec4 #gd1 ,bekk]4 #ad ,ari/ophanes1 ,lysi/4 #hf4 ,9 ! %ape ( results1 !re=e1 all t my pres5t purely practical purpose requires me to lay d[n1 ) reg>d to anci5t ,greek vocalization1 may be comb9$ 9 ! foll[+ two propositions-- ,,proposition ,i4--,x is demon/rably c]ta9 t ! me?od ( pron\nc+ ! v[els & diph?ongs g5]ally practis$ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 especially 9 ,engl&1 s9ce ! days ( ,sir ,john ,*eke1--t is f ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury--is d\btful 9 _m po9ts1 & 9 n a few mo/ important po9ts directly oppos$ to ! :ole /ream ( anci5t au?ority & tradition4 ,x is 9 fact 9 a great measure conjectural1 arbitr>y1 & caprici\s4 ,,proposition ,,ii4--,x is equally c]ta9 t ! mod]n ,greeks h decl9$ 9 sev]al mo/ important po9ts f ! purity ( ,hell5ic or?oepy1 z practis$ 9 ! mo/ classic times2 b _m ( ! /rik+ peculi>ities ( ! mod]n pronunciation c be trac$ back1 ) m or less uni=mity1 to a p]iod n f> remov$ f ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,greek lit]ature1 a p]iod c]ta9ly :5 pure ,greek 0 bo? a spok5 & a writt5 language1 & pres]v+ su* a liv+ organic p[]1 z entitl$ x by a spontane\s impulse f )9 to modify ! laws ( its own or?oepy4 ,bo? ^! propositions1 s f> z ! v[els are conc]n$1 are prov$ by a s+le glance at ! passage ( ,dionysius 7 7 already ref]r$ to1 & :i* ,i %all n[ translate3-- 8,!re are sev5 v[els2 two long1 & 1 & two %ort1 & 2 ?ree bo? long & %ort1 1 1 4 ,all ^! are pron\nc$ by ! w9d-pipe act+ on ! brea?1 :ile ! m\? rema9s 9 its simple natural /ate1 & ! tongue rema9+ at re/ takes no "p 9 ! utt]ance4 ,n[1 ! long v[els1 & ^? :i* may be ei!r long or %ort1 :5 !y are us$ z long1 are pron\nc$ ) ! /ream ( brea?1 ext5d$ & cont9u\s2 b ! %ort v[els1 & ^? us$ z %ort1 are utt]$ by a /roke ( ! m\? cut (f imm$iately on emission1 ! w9d-pipe ex]t+ its p[] only = ! %orte/ "t4 ,( all ^!1 ! mo/ agreeable s\nds are produc$ by ! long v[els1 & ^? :i* are us$ z long1 because _! s\nd cont9ues = a consid]able "t1 & !y d n sudd5ly break (f ! en]gy ( ! brea?4 ,( an inf]ior value are ! %ort v[els1 & ^? us$ z %ort1 because ! volume ( s\nd 9 !m is small & brok54 ,( ! long aga91 ! mo/ sonor\s is ! 1 :5 x is us$ z long1 = x is pron\nc$ by op5+ ! m\? to ! fulle/1 :ile ! brea? /rikes ! palate4 ,! next is 1 because 9 its =mation1 :ile ! m\? is mod]ately op51 ! s\nd is driv5 out f bel[ at ! m\? ( ! tongue1 & keep+ 9 t qu>t] does n /rike upw>ds4 ,next comes ! 1 = 9 x ! m\? is r\nd$1 & contracts ! lips1 & ! /roke ( ! m\? is s5t aga9/ ! extreme end ( ! m\?1 71 ! lips1 ,i presume47 ,inf]ior to ?is is ! 1 = 9 ?is v[el an obs]vable contraction takes place 9 ! extreme region ( ! lips1 s t ! sonor\s brea? comes out att5uat$ & compress$4 ,la/ ( all comes 1 = "h ! /roke ( ! brea? takes place ab\t ! tee?1 :ile ! op5+ ( ! m\? is small1 & ! lips contribute no?+ t[>ds giv+ ! s\nd m dignity z x passes ?r\gh4 ,( ! %ort v[els1 nei!r is sonor\s2 b o is ! lea/ agreeable1 = x p>ts ! m\? m ?an ! o!r1 & receives ! /roke ne>] ! w9d-pipe40 ,n[1 :ile e po9t ( ?is physiological description may n be curi\sly accurate1#ae !re is en\gh ( obvi\s c]ta9ty 9 x to settle "s ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( ,greek or?oepy1 s f> z ! rhetorician ( ,halic>nassus is conc]n$2 & 8 au?ority 9 ?is matt] is t ( a man ( ! highe/ skill1 :i*1 z ! daily practice ( our law c\rts %[s1 is wor? t ( a ?\s& p]sons tak5 at r&om4 ,t ! ,,itacism ( ! mod]n ,greeks did n exi/1 or 0 n all[$ by good speak]s#af 9 ! "t ( ?is writ]1 s f> z ! s+le v[els are conc]n$1 is abundantly manife/2 = n only d 1 1 1 :i* ! mod]n ,greeks id5tify1 mean diff]5t s\nds1 b ! s\nd ( ! 9 p>ticul> is remov$ z f> f ! z x c\ld well be 9 any scale ( vocalization1 :i* sets out ) ! supremacy ( ! broad ,a4 ,& if ^! s\nds 7 di/+ui%$ by poli%$ e>s 9 ! days ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 x is contr>y to all analogy ( language to suppose t 9 ! days ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,plato1 or ,p]icles1 !y %\ld h be5 conf\nd$4 ,prov9cialisms1 inde$1 & c]ta9 itaciz+ peculi>ities1 su* z t notic$ by ,plato1 7page #bd above71 !re might h be52 b t any language %\ld conf\nd its v[el-s\nds 9 its be/ days1 & di/+ui% !m 9 its days ( comm5c+ feebl5ess1 is contr>y to all t succession ( ?+s :i* we daily witness4 ,diff]5t lett]s 7 orig9ally inv5t$ to express diff]5t s\nds1 & did s naturally = a long "t1 till fa%ion & freak comb9$ ) habit1 ei!r ov]ran ! phonetic rule ( spee* by a rank gr[? ( exceptive oddities1 7z has happ5$ 9 ,engli%17 or fix$ ^u ! organs ( articulation "s /rong t5d5cy t[>ds ! pr$om9ance ( a p>ticul> s\nd1 :i* 9 process ( "t became a m>k$ idiosyncrasy1 f :i* c5turies ( sup]v5+ usage c\ld n %ake ! language free4 ,?is is :at has tak5 place 9 ,greece ) reg>d to c]ta9 v[el-s\nds4 ,b be=e pursu+ ^! obs]vations fur!r1 let u see di/9ctly :at ! special po9ts are1 t ?is rem>kable passage ( ! ,halic>nassian di/9ctly br+s out4 ,! asc]ta9$ po9ts are ^!1-- #ae ,:at he says ab\t ! tongue p]=m+ no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! v[els is manife/ly false1 z any "o may conv9ce himself by pron\nc+ ! ?ree s\nds1 au1 ai1 ee1 successively1 ) op5 m\? be=e a mirror4 ,he w ?us obs]ve a gradual elevation & advance ( ! tongue1 z ! s\nd to be emitt$ becomes m sl5d]4 #af ,?is limitation mu/ be c>efully borne 9 m9d2 = aft] ,a!ns ceas$ to be a capital1 be+ ov]:elm$ by ,alex&ria1 x /ill rema9$ a sort ( lit]>y metropolis1 giv+1 or affect+ to give1 ! law 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 long aft] its au?ority _h ceas$ practically to b9d l>ge masses ( ^? ^: usage fa%ion$ ! exi/+ language4 #a4 ,! long or sl5d] s\nd ( ! ,engli% ,a1 7z 9 lane17 is n ackn[l$g$ by ,dionysius1 nor is its exi/5ce possible "u 8 description4 ,x is altoge!r an anomaly & a mon/rosity--l s _m ?+s 9 ?is isl&--& %\ld nev] h be5 tol]at$ = a mom5t 9 ! pronunciation ( ,lat9 or ,greek4#ag #b4 ,! sl5d] s\nd ( us$ by ! ,engli% & ! mod]n ,greeks1 is an att5uation ! f>!/ possible remov$ f ! conception ( ,dionysius4 ,ab\t !re is no dispute any:]e4 #c4 ,! s\nd ( describ$ is manife/ly ! ,fr5* u1 or ,g]man he>d 9 ,brd]1 ,bhne3 a v delicate & elegant s\nd bord]+ closely on ! sl5d] s\nd ( i1 7ee1 ,engli%17 into :i* x is sometimes att5uat$ by ! ,g]mans1 & ) :i*1 by a poetical lic5se1 x is all[$ to rhyme1 7z ,brd]--ni$]17 b hav+ no connection ) ! ,engli% s\nd ( oo1 7z 9 boom17 ) :i*1 9 ,scotl&1 x is conf\nd$4 ,?is ) u is ! m unp>donable1 z our ,doric dialect 9 ! s\? possesses a simil> s\nd 9 su* words z guid1 bluid1 att5uat$ by ! ,nor!rns into ! sl5d] s\nd ( gue$1 & ble$4 ,! ,engli% s\nd ( long u is1 z ,walk] has po9t$ out1 a comp\nd s\nd1 ( :i* "o elem5t is a sort ( consonant--,y4 ,x is1 besides1 altoge!r a piece ( ,engli% idiosyncrasy1 t we h no reason to suppose ev] exi/$ any:]e1 ei!r among/ ,greeks or ,romans4#ah #d4 ,! ,engli% s\nd ( ,i is ano!r ( ,john ,bull's phonetic crot*ets1 & mu/ be utt]ly disc>d$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a comp\nd s\nd1 ( :i* ! deep v[el is ! pr$om9ant elem5t--an elem5t :i*1 we h se51 /&s at ! v opposite end ( ! ,halic>nassian's scale6 #ag ,9 "s ,engli% s*ools a small concession has be5 made to common s5se1 & to s\nd pr9ciples ( tea*+1 by conf9+ ! long sl5d] s\nd ( a to ! long 1 :ile ! %ort is pron\nc$ l ! %ort a 9 bat4 ,n[1 z *anges are n easily made 9 ,engl&1 especially among s*oolma/]s1 :o are a /iff-neck$ g5]ation ev]y:]e1 x w\ld h be5 wor? :ile :5 !y 7 mov+1 to kick ! b>b>\s ,engli% ,a out ( ! s*ola/ic _w altoge!r4 ,b _! cons]vatism 0 too /rong = ?is2 besides1 ! e>s ( _m 7 s gross t !y w\ld n h di/+ui%$1 or w\ld h sworn t !y c\ld n di/+ui%1 a long a f a %ort "o1 )\t giv+ ! =m] ! s\nd ( an entirely di/9ct v[el6 ,!re is no limit to ! nons5se t m5 w talk 9 def5ce ( an invet]ate absurdity4 #ah ,! foll[+ passage f ,,mit=d 7,p5n+ton1 p4 #cg7 may /& "h z an in/ructive lesson1 h[ bl9dly prejudice _m sometimes speak3 8,/rong national p>tiality only1 & det]m9$ habit1 c\ld lead to ! imag9ation *]i%$ by ! ,fr5* critics1 t ! ,greek 0 a s\nd s unpleasant1 produc$ by a position ( ! lips s ungraceful z ! ,fr5* ,u40--,hi/ory1 book ii4 sec4 iii41 note4 ,,scalig] 7,opuscula3 ,p>is1 #afaj1 p4 #aca7 says rightly1 8,e/ obscurissimus sonus 9 ,grca vocali 1 qu ita pronunti&a e/ ut proxime acc$at ad iota40 ,s f> z we see1 !re=e1 ! ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & mod]n ,greek me?ods ( pron\nc+ ! five v[els all dep>t 9 "s po9t f ! highe/ au?ority t c be produc$ on ! subject2 9 fact1 ! s+le v[el alone has pres]v$ its full r\nd$ purity uncorrupt$ by any p>ty4 ,b ) reg>d to ! o!r f\r v[els1 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( deflection f ! classical norm2 =1 :ile ! ,scot* err only 9 "o po9t1 1 ! mod]n ,greeks err 9 two1 & 1 7?\gh _! error is b a v nice "o 9 ! case ( 1 & has1 9 bo? cases1 long c5turies ( undeviat+ usage to /& on17 & ! ,engli% err 9 all ! f\r po9ts1 1 1 1 & 1 & t 9 ! mo/ p>adoxical & abnormal fa%ion t c\ld h be5 inv5t$1 _h x be5 ! direct purpose ( our ,oxonian & ,etonian doctors to put all classical propriety at defiance4 ,9 su* lawless an>*y has end$ ! re/oration ( ! div9e spee* ( ,plato1 s l(tily promis$ by ,sir ,john ,*eke2 & s true 9 ?is small matt] also1 is t wise p>able ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* advises re=m]s to bew>e ( putt+ new pat*es on old ve/m5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! robe ( g5u9e ,melibean purple :i* ,erasmus wi%$ to ?r[ r\nd ! %\ld]s ( ! old ,greek gods1 our ,engli% s*ol>s1 foll[+ 9 8 track ( conjectural innovation1 h produc$ an ,engli% cl[n's motley jacket1 :i* ! ,zeus ( ,olympus nev] saw1 & ev5 ,momus w\ld disda94 ,b let u proce$ to ! diph?ongs4 ,unhappily ,dionysius1 by a v unacc\ntable omission1 has giv5 u no in=mation on ?is head2 s we are left to pursue our inquiries ov] a wide field ( /ray inquiry1 & conclude f a great] mass ( mat]ials ) mu* less appe>ance ( sci5tific c]ta9ty4 ,! foll[+ results1 h[ev]1 to any man t w fairly weigh ! cumulative p[] ( ! evid5ce br\ght toge!r ) su* labori\s consci5ti\sness by ,liscov & ,seyff>?1 mu/ appe> unque/ionable3-- #a4 ,x is prov$ by evid5ce rea*+ z f> back z ! "t ( ! fir/ ,ptolemies1 t ! diph?ong 0 pron\nc$ l ! same diph?ong 9 our ,engli% ^w ga94#ai ,s ! diph?ong is pron\nc$ by ! liv+ ,greek nation4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ! evid5ce ( m ?an #bjjj ye>s 9 its fav\r1 & aga9/ ! preval5t pronunciation1 :i* gives x ! broad s\nd ( ai 9 ! ,g]man ^w ,,kais]1 rhym+ pretty ne>ly ) our ,engli% ^w ,,wis]4 #ai 8,utut sit1 id saltem nacti sumus int]pretum ,s4 sc4 s+ul>um atque omnium auctoritate ut con/et ,,ai mature atque optimis adeo ,grcorum temporibus simplici vocali ,e respondisse40--,,seyff>?1 p4 #aja4 ,see also ! ,/anza f ,,callima*us1 :]e e*oes to 1 ,epig4 xxx4 #e1 7& ,,sextus ,,empiricus adv4 ,grammat4 c4 #e47 #b4 ,! diph?ong ,,ei 0 pron\nc$ 9 ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus l ! ,engli% ee 9 se51 or ea 9 beam4#bj ,?is pronunciation x reta9s at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 we h a /rik+ pro( ( ! t5acity ) :i* a great nation cl+s to elocutional peculi>ities4 ,:at likelihood is !re t a p1 s con/ant to itself = #bjjj ye>s "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances1 %\ld1 9 ! #bjj ye>s previ\s to t p]iod1 h kn[n no?+ ( :at 0 aft]w>ds "o ( its mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics8 #bj 8,qu pote/ate lit] ,,ei fu]9t e ,grcorum tate 9 quam vet]es ,sc4 s4 int]pretes incidunt ex plurimis iisque v>iis v]bis 9 s+ulas l+uas conv]sis adeo cl>um e/ ut nulla f]e re/et causa de e dubit>e40--,,seyff>?4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t translators1 9 fact1 use x z regul>ly = ,hirek & ,yod1 z !y d ,,ai = ,tz]e1 ,segol1 & ,%eva4 #c4 ,! evid5ce = ! pronunciation ( ! diph?ong is m scanty4 ,un=tunately ! ,septuag9t translators use ?is diph?ong only once = express+ a ,hebrew "n 9 ! :ole compass ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,f o!r evid5ce1 & by a tra9 ( d$uction t appe>s some:at slipp]y1 ,seyff>? comes to ! conclusion t its orig9al pronunciation 0 probably t ( ! ,g]man oe1 f :i* x 0 by degrees s(t5$ into ! ,fr5* u1 & la/ly into ! sl5d] s\nd ( i 7ee71 :i* x n[ has4 ,b z ,i am deal+ ) c]ta9ties 9 ?is pap]1 & n ) probabilities1 x w be en\gh to say t ,,liscov has produc$ evid5ce to %ew t x 0 conf\nd$ ) i s e>ly z ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>1 be+ f\nd on a co9 ( ! great dictator = 4 ,s 9 ! co9s ( ,emp]ors ( ! second c5tury1 frequ5tly occurs = 4#ba ,t 0 n pron\nc$ exactly l 9 ! "t ( ,?ucydides1 has be5 conclud$ f a well-kn[n passage 9 8 second book1 7c4 #ed27 b ! passage is ( d\btful int]pretation1#bb & no man c tell at ?is "t ( day :at ! exact1 p]haps a v small %ade (1 diff]5ce1 0 betwe5 ! two s\nds4 #ba ,) reg>d to ?is sort ( evid5ce aris+ f wrong spelt words1 x is manife/ t a s+le example proves no?+4 ,:5 ,aunt ,*loe1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,am]ican novel1 says1 8,i'm cl> on't10 ?is is no pro( t ! ,am]icans pron\nce ! ea 9 cle> l a2 ! only conclusion is1 t c]ta9 vulg> p 9 ,am]ica pron\nce x s1 & a ^w ) a diff]5t vocalization mu/ be writt5 9 ord] to express _! peculi> me?od ( utt]ance4 ,b :5 mi/akes ( ?is k9d occur ext5sively1 & 9 qu>t]s :]e !re is no reason to suspect any?+ p>ticul>ly vulg>1 !y au?orize a conclusion z g5]al z ! fact1 especially :]e no evid5ce exi/s po9t+ 9 a diff]5t direction4 #bb ,,?i]s* uses ! passage z a pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! mod]n sl5d] s\nd4--,spra*lehre1 #af1 #e4 #d4 ,9 ! above ?ree examples1 ! ,scot* & ! ,engli% h equally conspir$ to ov]?r[ ! liv+ tradition ( two c5turies1 by an act ( arbitr>y academical conceit or p$agogic c>elessness4 ,9 ! case ( ,,ou1 we ,nor!rns h aga9 be5 happy2 :ile ! ,engli%1 ) _! fatal facility ( blund]+ 9 su* matt]s1 h inv5t$ a pronunciation ( ?is diph?ong :i* seems m natural to a gr[l+ ,saxon ma/iff ?an to ! smoo? fulness ( anci5t ,greek eloqu5ce4 ,! ,greek writ]s1 ) great uni=mity1 agree 9 express+ by ?is diph?ong ! s\nd ( ! ,lat9 u2 :ile ! mod]n ,greeks1 ) equal uni=mity1 agree 9 pron\nc+ _! z ! ,italians pron\nce u2 t is to say1 l ! ,engli% oo 9 boom4 ,seyff>? classes ?is diph?ong ) a & i1 o & e1 z a s\nd ab\t :i* !re is no controv]sy4 #e4 ,! diph?ongs ,,au & ,,eu foll[2 & 9 _! case ! contra/ betwe5 ! pronunciation ( ! liv+ ,greeks1 & t ( ^? :o are taught only out ( dead gramm>s & diction>ies1 is s /rik+1 t ! conte/ has be5 peculi>ly ke54 ,"h1 h[ev]1 z is wont to be ! case 9 m important matt]s1 x may be t aft] mu* du/y discussion1 erudite wrangl+1 & inky ho/ility1 x %all turn out t bo? p>ties are 9 ! "r4 ,on ! fir/ blu% ( ! matt]1 x seems pla9 t su* words z 1 1 1 s\nd extremely h>%1 & n accord+ to ! fam\s euphony ( ! ,attic e>1 if 9 !m ! second lett] ( ! diph?ong receive ! consonantal s\nd ( v or f giv5 by ! mod]n ,greeks4 ,,vasilefs1 ,,nafn1 ,,calefntae--^! are s\nds :i* no *a/e classic e> c tol]ate1 & :i*1 among ! ph5om5a ( human articulation1 are m naturally class$ ) su* h>% ,g]manisms z ,pf+/1 ,prob/1 c41 ?an ) any s\nd t c be imag9$ to h be5 w$d$ euphoni\sly to ,apollo's lute4 ,all ?is is v true2 & yet1 z mod]n ,g]man is n all h>%1 s anci5t ,greek1 x may be1 0 n all mell[2 & no m]e g5]al talk ab\t euphony or cacophony c1 9 s freaki% a ?+ z human spee*1 be all[$ to settle any "q ( or?oepy4 ,n[1 :5 we look into ! matt] an in* beyond ! film ( su* %all[ s*ola/ic declamation1 we f9d t s e>ly z ! "t ( ,crassus1 t is1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! diph?ong au1 :i* we pron\nce ou1 7z 9 b\nd17 & ! ,engli% l ! same v[el 9 _! own language1 7z 9 vault17 0 actually enunciat$ consonantally l av or af4 ,= ,cic]o 7,div9at4 ii4 #dj7 tells ! anecdote h[1 :5 t un=tunate soldi] 0 on 8 way to ! ,ea/1 & ab\t emb>k+ 9 a %ip at ,brundusium1 he happ5$ to meet a ,greek on ! quay call+ out ,,caunias6 by :i* call ! basket slung ov] 8 %\ld] might h pla9ly indicat$ t he meant ,,figs6 figs ( ! be/ quality 7wor?y ( a triumvir7 f ,caunus1 9 ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ,asia ,m9or2 b ! triumvir's e>--d>k de/9y brood+ 9 8 s\l--caught up ! syllables sep>ately1 z ,cav' ne eas--,,bew>e ,,h[ ,,y ,,g6 ,n[1 z no p]son pret5ds t ! v 9 caveo 0 pron\nc$ l ! u 9 causa1 or c\ld be s scann$ 9 exi/+ ,lat9 poetry1 x foll[s t ! au 9 ,caunias 0 pron\nc$ by a ,greek ( ^? times z a v or f1 exactly z ! liv+ ,greeks pron\nce x n[4 ,?is is "o example1 among ! _m t we h adduc$1 %ew+ 9 a p>ticul>ly /rik+ way h[ impossible x is = mod]n s*oolma/]s1 judg+ f m]e ab/ract consid]ations1 & bad s*ola/ic habits1 to say h[ ! anci5t ,greeks might or might n h pron\nc$ any p>ticul> comb9ation ( s\nds4 ,no d\bt ?is ,calabrian fig-m]*ant might n h pron\nc$ t comb9ation ( lett]s exactly 9 ! same way t ,p]icles did #djj ye>s e>li]1 :51 f ! tribunal on ! ,a!nian ,pnyx1 ) ! om9\s ro> ( a ?irty ye>s' w> 9 8 e>1 8he light5$ & ?und]$ & conf\nd$ ,greece20 b !re is no reason1 on ! o!r h&1 :y a ,greek fig-m]*ant & a ,greek /atesman %\ld n h pron\nc$ c]ta9 r\gh syllables 9 ! same way1 7= a great orator requires r\gh z well z smoo? syllables27 & ?is mu* at lea/ is c]ta91 ! anecdote proves t ! mod]n pronunciation ( 1 aftos1 is anci5t z well z mod]n2 & ! talk ( ^? :o w h x t ?is1 & o!r mo/ *>act]i/ic s\nds ( ! liv+ or?oepy1 7 introduc$ by ! ,turks & ! ,v5etians1 or ! ,greeks !mselves "u _! p]v]se influ5ce1 is m]e talk--talk ( t k9d 9 :i* s*ola/ic m5 are fond ( indulg+1 :51 kn[+ no?+1 !y wi% to h x appe> t !y "k ev]y?+4 ,:at 0 ! real /ate ( ! pronunciation ) reg>d to ?is & ! o!r diph?ong 9 ! days ( ,p]icles or ,plato1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,mean:ile ! result :i* ,seyff>?1 aft] a long & le>n$ inve/igation1 br+s out1 t !y 7 pron\nc$ be=e a v[el z v1 or ! ,g]man w1 & be=e a consonant z a real diph?ong1 seems probable en\gh4 ,?is agrees bo? ) ! natural laws ( elocutional physiology1 & expla9s h[ ! imp]ial "n ,,flavius 9 ,roman co9s 7,liscov1 p4 #ea7 came to be writt5 sometimes & sometimes 4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 !re is no d\bt t ! consonantal pronunciation ( ^! lett]s has = m ?an #ahjj ye>s be5 kn[n among ! ,greeks4 ,x has !re=e all ! claims t belong to a v5]able cons]vatism2 :]eas1 if we reject its title1 we ?r[ ourselves loose into an elem5t ( m]e conjecture2 z no p]son c tell u :e!r ,demo/h5es pron\nc$ 9 ! ,scot* or ,engli% way1 7suppos+ "o ( ! two to be "r27 & z = 1 :at extraord9>y feats ! human tongue c play ) x1 we may le>n f ! ,g]mans1 :o pron\nce x l oy 9 our boy--a r>e lesson to ! re/or]s ( a lo/ pronunciation h[ mu* is to be le>nt 9 su* a field f m]e argum5t & analogy6 ,let u n[ collect ! diff]5t po9ts ( ?is inquiry "u a s+le glance4 ,9 ! days ( ! fir/ ,emp]ors1 &1 9 a majority ( cases1 z e>ly z ! fir/ ,ptolemies1 ! scale ( ,greek vocalization1 accord+ to ! be/ evid5ce n[ obta9able1 0 z foll[s3-- ,lett]4 ,p[]4 ,long a1 z 9 fa!r4 ,%ort a1 0 hat4 ai1 0 pa94 e1 0 get4 o1 0 pore4 o1 0 got4 ,long 1 0 ,bhne4 ,%ort ! same %ort5$4 ,long ,i ee1 z 9 gre54 ,%ort ,i ! same %ort5$4 ,,ai ai1 z 9 pa94 ,,ei ee1 0 gre54 ,,oi ee1 0 gre54 ,,ou oo1 0 boom4 ,,au av1 af1 or8 ,,eu ev1 ef1 or8 ,n[1 9 /at+ ! results ?us1 ,i wi% x to be obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,i ?r[ no sort ( d\bt on ! possibility t 9 ! days ( ,h]odotus & ,p]icles "s ( ! diph?ongal s\nds "h decl>$ normal 9 ! days ( ! ,ptolemies & ! ,cs>s might h be5 pron\nc$ o!rwise4 ,! !ory ( ,p5n+ton1 also1 7p4 #ea71 t !re might h co-exi/$ 9 anci5t times a sy/em ( or?oepy = recit+ ! old poets1 consid]ably diff]5t f t us$ 9 common conv]sation1 may be ent]ta9$ by :osoev] pleases1 & is n )\t its uses2 b 9 ! pres5t purely practical inquiry we mu/ leave all m]e !ory out ( view4 ,x is also p]fectly op5 to ,liscov1 or any philologi/1 work+ out a sugge/ion ( ! great ,h]man1 to prove f ! int]nal analogy ( ! language1 & especially f a comp>ison ( ! mo/ anci5t dialects1#bc t orig9ally ! diph?ongs 7 pron\nc$ diff]5tly f :at !y are n[1 & 7 9 ! days ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 7,hom] unque/ionably said1 --pas1 & n pace4 ,,ii4 ,z1 #dfg27 b 9 ! pres5t inve/igation1 z a practical man1 ,i want some?+ bett] ?an g5]al probabilities & philosophical negations1 or ev5 isolat$ correct ass]tions2 ,i want a complete s*eme ( ,greek pronunciation1 = "s p>ticul> age1 congru\s )9 itself1 & /&+ on some?+ l hi/orical evid5ce4 ,?is ,i f9d only 9 ! pronunciation ( ! mod]n ,greeks1 or 9 t ( ! ,ptolemies & ,cs>s1 :i* diff]s f ! o!r only 9 a v few po9ts4 ,:at !n1 we may ask1 %\ld h9d] u f at once adopt+ ?is pronunciation8 ,no?+1 ,i imag9e1 b ! dull in]tness ( m]e cons]vatism1 7:i* 9 su* matt]s is v pot5t17 ! conceit ( academical m51 pr\d ( _! own clumsy inv5tion1 & ! dread ( ,,itacism4 ,is x n mon/r\s1 we he> x said1 t half a doz5 diff]5t v[els1 or comb9ations ( v[els1 %\ld be pron\nc$ 9 ! same way1 & t 9 su* a fa%ion z only curs yelp1 & mice squeak1 & t5u\s %ades ) feeble :9e flit ?r\gh ! airy pa?s t lead to ,pluto's unsub/antial hall8 ,n[1 ,i at once admit t ! preval5ce ( ! sl5d] s\nd ( i 7ee71 is a corruption f ! orig9al purity ( ,hell5ic vocalization1 f :i* ,i h no d\bt ! ,pelasgi1 & ! v5]able patri>*s :o put up ! lions1 n[ se5 on ! gates ( ,myc51 7 free2 b no language spok5 by a poli%$ p is free f "s corruption ( ?is k9d2 & ?is p>ticul> corruption1 l ! defects obs]vable 9 m5 ( great orig9al g5ius1 is *>act]i/ic4 ,9 su* /rongly m>k$ m5 z ,bee?ov51 ,samuel ,johnson1 & ,john ,hunt] ! physiologi/1 no?+ is m easy ?an = ! nice morali/ to po9t out half a doz5 po9ts ( "* t he c\ld h wi%$ o!rwise4 ,s x is ) language4 ,:o1 = in/ance1 w\ld n wi% to re=m ! caprici\sness ( our ,engli% sy/emless sy/em ( spell+ & pronunciation8 ,:o c say t we h n too mu* ( ! sibilant s\nd ( s & ? 9 our language8 :o w n lam5t ! want ( body 9 our vocalization1 & ! t5d5cy to ! ineffective tribra*ic & ev5 proceleusmatic acc5t 9 ! t]m9ation ( our polysyllables8 ,9 ,g]man1 aga91 :o does n indulge 9 a spurt ( indignation aga9/ 8,w5n ,i* mi* ni*t10 & o!r su* common collocations ( gutturals8 & 9 ,italian are we n s cloy$ ) nes & res1 & o!r broad tro*aic modulations1 t we long = ! resurrection ( "s ,go?ic ,qu9ctilian to inoculate ! lusci\s 8l+ua ,toscana 9 bocca ,romana10 ) a few h>% solecisms2 :ile ! ,fr5*1 :o = clev]ness & ref9em5t1 7& "s o!r ?+s also17 are a sort ( ,greeks1 d s clip & m9ce ! /\t old ,roman l+o1 :i* !y h adopt$1 t except 9 ! m\? ( fl[] girls & ballet danc]s1 _! dialect is altoge!r intol]able to _m a mascul9e e>4 ,all ^! ?+s are true2 b no sane man ?9ks ( rebell+ aga9/ su* h]$it>y *>act]i/ics ( a human language1 any m ?an he w\ld aga9/ ! +ra9$ peculi>ities ( human "*4 ,we take ^! ?+s z we f9d !m2 j z we mu/ make ! be/ ( a snub nose1 or a set ( bad tee? 9 an o!rwise pretty face4 ,s also we mu/ ev5 attune our e>s to ! ,itacism ( ! ,greeks2 o!rwise we %all assur$ly s9 aga9/ a notable *>act]i/ic ( ! language1 mu* m intimately connect$ ) ! g5ius ( t s+ul> p1 ?an _m a clipp] ( new ,greek gramm>s & fil*] ( notes to old ,attic plays imag9es4 ,:at says ,,qu9ctilian8 ,non possumus esse tam ,,graciles2 simus ,,=tiores1 7xii4 #aj47 ,n[1 ,i ask ! def5d]s ( our mod]n sy/em ( pron\nc+ ,greek 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* "s ( !m p]haps call classical & ,erasmian1 b :i* is 9 fact1 z has be5 prov$1 an incoh]5t jabb] ( b>b>isms1 :at if ! s mu* decri$ ,itacism 7 "p ( ?is gracilitas1 ?is sl5d]ness or t5uity ( anci5t ,hell5ic spee*1 by :i* x 0 to ! e> ( ! greate/ ( ,lat9 rhetoricians s /rik+ly di/+ui%$ f ! ,roman8 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! rude ,teutonic s\nds ( ou & i1 7,engli% i & ai 9 ,kais]71 t we he> s (t5 9 ,engli% ,greek1 d n answ] to ,qu9ctilian's description4 ,9 fact1 bo? ,engli% & ,scot*1 in/ead ( pres]v+ ?is natural contra/ betwe5 ,greek & ,roman enunciation1 h 9 ?is1 & 9 o!r matt]s1 7z we %all see pres5tly1 :5 we come to talk ( acc5ts17 done ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to sweep x away2 & ( no?+ am ,i m firmly conv9c$ ?an ( ?is1 t a liv+ conception ( :at ! spok5 ,greek language really 0 9 its be/ days1 w nev] be atta9$ by any s*ol> :o has n ! c\rage to kick all ! ,erasmian academic ge> aside = a season1 & take a free amble ) "s liv+ ,*ri/op\los1 or ,papadop\los1 on ! banks ( ! ,ilissus1 or r\nd ! base ( ,lycabettus4 ,?is liv+ exp]i5ce ( ! language is inde$ ! only effici5t way to argue aga9/ ! le>n$ prejudices ( academic m52 =1 z ,,?i]s* well obs]ves1 e "o laughs at t pronunciation to :i* he has n be5 accu/om$1 7,spra*lehre1 sect4 xvii4 #c27 & no man c live at ,a!ns = any "t1 )\t hav+ 8 e>s reconcil$ to a slight deviation f p]fect euphony1 or ev5 com+ to admire x1 z "o sometimes does ! lisp ( a pretty woman1 or ! squ9t ( an ar* humori/4#bd #bc ,,god(r$i ,,h]mani de em5d5da ratione ,grc grammatic1 ,lib4 i4 c4 #b1 quot$ at l5g? by ,,liscov1 p4 #ba4 #bd ,on revisal x /rikes me ,i h giv5 ! enemies ( ,itacism an unfair advantage by n /at+1 t1 :ile 9 any o!r language ! att5uation ( s _m diff]5t s\nds into "o1 might h prov$ a v griev\s evil1 !re is su* a ri*ness ( ! full s\nd ( 7:i* ! ,engli% h effac$7 & 9 ,greek1 t ! blemi% r>ely (f5ds4 ,i h to m5tion also1 t1 :ile a c]ta9 prom95ce ev5 ( ?is sl5d] s\nd seems necess>y to ! phonetic "* ( ,greek1 z di/+ui%$ f ,lat91 ,i h no objection1 9 read+ ,hom] & ! eld] poets1 77 x only = ! sake ( ! (t5 quot$ 67 to pron\nce 1 z boy 9 ,engli%1 & 1 z we d x 9 ,scotl&2 j z 9 read+ ,*auc] we may be =c$ to adopt "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ! pronunciation ( 8 day4 ,b 9 ! common use ( ! prose language1 ,i ?9k x saf] to /ick by ! tradition ( s _m c5turies1 ?an to v5ture on pat*es ( classical re/oration1 :]e x is impossible to revive a consi/5t :ole4 ,i may say also1 t if be pron\nc$ uni=mly l ! ,fr5* u1 ! itacism w be dim9i%$ by "o lett]1 :ile ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! mod]n ,greek pronunciation is s slight1 t a ,scot*man s speak+ 9 ,a!ns w be g5]ally und]/ood1 :]eas our broad ,scot* u 7oo7 besides be+ entirely )\t classical au?ority1 rec$es s f> f ! actual pronunciation ( ! ,greeks1 z to be a s]i\s b> 9 ! way ( intelligibility4 ,s mu* = ! v[el-s\nds4 ,i say no?+ ( ! consonants1 because !y are ( less consequ5ce 9 ! controv]sy4 ,i h already spok5 incid5tally ab\t 1 7p4 #ba above71 & ,i h no wi% to write a complete treatise4 ,detail$ in=mation on m9ute po9ts ( neo-,hell5ic pronunciation may be f\nd 9 ,p5n+ton's "w already quot$1 & 9 a rec5t "w by ,corpe4#be ,i n[ proce$ to ! matt] ( ,,acc5t1 :i* we %all f9d to be no less important1 b happily mu* m easily settl$4 8,9 ! pronunciation ( a ,greek ^w10 says ,,jelf1#bf 8reg>d ought to be _h bo? to acc5t & quantity20 a mo/ significant p[] ly+ 9 t ^w ,,ought1 z we "k well t _m tea*]s 9 ?is c\ntry pay a v irregul> reg>d to quantity 9 read+1 & v few1 if any1 pay any reg>d to acc5t4#bg ,b t ! proposition laid d[n by ,mr4 ,,jelf is true1 no s*ol> c d\bt = a mom5t1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,,p5n+ton1 9 ! ye> #ahdd1 mo/ evid5tly anticipat$ a great am\nt ( /olidity1 ob/9acy1 & scepticism1 among 8 academic fri5ds on ?is po9t2 ) su* m9ute & scrupul\s c>e1 & bread? ( philological prep>ation does he set himself to prove1 :at no man t _h ev] dipp$ into an anci5t ,greek gramm>1 or a common ,lat9 "w on rhetoric1 w\ld ev] dream ( d5y+4 ,h[ev]1 ,i gave myself "s tr\ble to set =? ?is matt] le>n$ly "s ye>s ago1#bh kn[+ t ,i might h to d ) p]sons n always op5 to reason1 & utt]ly imp]vi\s to nature & common s5se2 & ! ,fell[ ( ,k+'s also might h _h occasion to "k t x is "o ?+ to prick s(t fle% ) a p91 ano!r to drive nails into a /one wall4 ,! fact is1 t ! liv+ ,greek language hav+ come d[n to u ) mo/ audible acc5tuation1 & ! signs ( ^! acc5ts be+ conta9$ 9 all pr9t$ ,greek books1 & n only s1 b comm5t$ on by a long s]ies ( gramm>ians1 f ,h]odian & ,arcadius1 d[n ?r\gh ! ,hom]ic bi%op ( ,!ssalonica1 to ,gaza & ,lasc>is2 9 ?is /ate ( ! case1 if any man does n pron\nce ,greek accord+ to acc5ts1 :ile ,i d1 ! burd5 ( pro( lies ) him :o ?r[s (f all e/abli%$ au?ority 9 ! matt]1 n ) me :o ackn[l$ge x4 ,if !re is no au?ority = acc5t 9 ! anci5t gramm>ians1 !n z little is !re = quantity4 ,! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! "o z a liv+ *>act]i/ic ( ! spok5 & writt5 language ( anci5t ,greece1 /&s exactly on ! same f\ndation z ! o!r4 ,s _m anci5t gramm>s1 & comm5ts on gramm>s h be5 publi%$ )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s by ,bekk] & o!r libr>y-excavators1 t ! tea*] :o n[ requires to be taught =mally t ! anci5ts really us$ acc5ts 9 _! public elocution1 is m wor?y ( a good flogg+ ?an ! greate/ dunce 9 8 drill4 ,b :at 7 acc5ts8 ,acc5ts are an int5sion & remission 7 & 7 ( ! voice 9 articulate spee*1 :]eby "o syllable receives a m>k$ pr$om9ance ov] ! o!rs1 ?is pr$om9ance manife/+ itself pr9cipally 9 a high] note or intonation giv5 to ! acc5t$ syllable4#bi ,?is def9ition occurs fifty times if x occurs once 9 ! works ( ! anci5t gramm>ians & rhetoricians2 s ,i ne$ n tr\ble myself "h by an array ( erudite citations to prove x2 & t su* an acc5t is bo? possible & easy to br+ out 9 ! case ( any ,greek ^w1 may be exp]i5c$ by anybody :o w pron\nce ) a m>k$ rise ( ! voice on ! la/ syllable1 or ) a simil> int5sion ( vocal utt]ance on ! p5ult4 ,t ! liv+ ,greeks give a di/9ct prom95ce to ^! v syllables1 any man may le>n by seek+ !m out 9 ,man*e/] or ,london1 9 bo? :i* places !y h a *apel4 ,:y !n %\ld ,etonian s*oolma/]s1 & ,oxonian lectur]s n d ! same8 ,d !y n tea* ! doctr9e ( acc5ts8 ,h !y n translat$ ,,goettl+8 ,d !y n pr9t all _! books ) ^? v m>ks :i* ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium1 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ) provid5t cunn+1 devis$ ev5 = ?is purpose1 t we1 /udi\s academic m51 9 ! !n ,,ultima ,,?ule ( civilisation1 %\ld n[ h ! pleasure ( inton+ a philosophic p]iod z ! div9e ,plato did1 or a bla/ ( patriotic indignation z ,demo/h5es8 ,!y say !re are no acc5ts prop]ly s call$ 9 ! ,fr5* language4 ,?is ,i nev] c\ld exactly und]/&2 b d our academic m5 actually realize ?is peculi> =m ( levell$ human enunciation1 7! ( ! old gramm>ians17 )\t int5sion or remission1 by pron\nc+ ,greek altoge!r unacc5t$8 ,believe x n4 ,z if det]m9$ to produce a s*ola/ic imp]sonation ( e possible mon/rosity ) reg>d to ! f9e/ language 9 ! _w1 !y neglect ! writt5 acc5ts :i* lie be=e _! nose1 & read accord+ to ^? acc5ts :i* !y h borr[$ f ! ,lat96 & ?is directly 9 ! tee? ( ! public decl>ation ( ,,cic]o & ,,qu9ctilian1 t ,lat9 _h "o monoton\s law ( acc5tuation1 ,greek ano!r & a mu* m ri* & v>i\s "o4#cj ,&1 z if to place ! top-/one on ! pyramid ( absurdities :i* !y pile1 aft] read+ ,greek ) ?is ,lat9 acc5t 7:i* s\nds to a ,greek e> exactly z a rude ,fr5*man's fir/ attempts at ,engli% s\nd to an ,engli%man7 = "s half doz5 ye>s1 !y set s]i\sly to cram _! bra9-*amb]s ) rules h[ ,greek acc5ts %\ld be plac$1 & ex]cise _! memory & _! eye1 ) a mo/ villa9\s abuse ( function1 9 do+ t "w :i* %\ld h be5 done f ! beg9n+ by ! e>6 ,if consi/5cy c\ld h be5 look$ = f m5 involv$ 9 su* a labyr9? ( bungl+1 !re w\ld h be5 some?+ h]oic 9 ?r[+ away ! m>ks altoge!r f _! books & f _! bra9s1 z well z f _! tongue2 c]ta9ly ?is proc$ure w\ld h sav$ _m a peep+ editor a great deal ( tr\ble1 & _m a brisk "y g5tleman rid+ up 9 a ,cambridge 8coa*0 "r into ! possession ( a snug tutor%ip 9 ,tr9ity1 w\ld h travell$ on a smoo!r road1 & felt less s]i\sly h[ ! fl[]s ( anci5t lit]ature are sc>ce to be enjoy$ amid ! ?orns ( mod]n gramm> t besiege a man's f+]s & eyes f all sides4#ca ,b intellectual consi/5cy is n to be expect$ f p]sons once involv$ 9 a gross error1 any m ?an moral consi/5cy is f ?ieves2 & x is well = all p>ties t x is s2 = by ?is wise arrangem5t ( nature1 z a ?ief's /ory (t5 discov]s ! !ft x w\ld conceal1 s a philolog]'s nons5se is mo/ readily refut$ by ! remnants ( incoh]5t s5se t he _h n wit or c\rage en\gh to elim9ate4 ,besides1 ! dictum ( ,,porson /ood mighty ov] _! heads2#cb & z = ! "y m51 ! m "t t 0 wa/$ on a reasonless me?od ( tea*+ ,greek1 ! less dang] w\ld !re be ( t rude invasion ( ,,botany1 ,,geology1 ,,hi/ory1 & all ! array ( mod]n sci5ces :i* has long be5 ! special t]ror ( ,engli% academic m54 ,s !y w5t on1 & s !y g on n[1 tea*+ t p ought to acc5t on ! la/ syllable1 & yet actually acc5t+ x on ! fir/6 ,! consequ5ce ( :i* p]v]se proce$+ is n only t acc5ts are "o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s to le>n 9 ,greek1 & seldom ?or\ghly ma/]$ ev5 by ^? :o are excell5t s*ol>s o!rwise1 7see ,,jelf1 page #eb1 note71 b an accompli%$ ,engli% s*ol>1 :5 he makes 8 cont95tal t\r1 z is common en\gh 9 ^! days1 ev5 ) m5 :o h n mu* money1 f9ds t 8 p]v]se enunciation ( ! ,greek v[els1 comb9$ ) 8 utt] neglect ( acc5ts1 has put him 9 possession ( a language ( :i* he c make no use except 9 soliloquy1 & :i* any p]son c und]/& soon] ?an a native ( ! c\ntry to :i* x belongs4#cc ,he !n comes home belike & tells 8 ,engli% fri5ds t ! mod]n ,greeks are a set ( b>b>ians1 :o speak a 8swall['s jabb]10 s corrupt t no s*ol> c und]/& a ^w !y say6 ,s true is ! record :i* hone/ ,?omas ,full] has left ( ! issue ( ! notable ,hell5ic controv]sy rais$ by ,sir ,john ,*eke--8,"h ,bi%op ,g>d9]1 *ancellor ( ! univ]sity1 int]pos$ 8 p[]1 affirm+ ,*eke's pronunciation1 pret5d$ to be anci5t1 to be antiquat$4 ,he impos$ a p5alty on all su* z us$ ?is new pronunciation1 :i*1 not)/&+1 s9ce ha? prevail$1 & :]eby we ,engli%m5 speak ,greek & are able to und]/& "o ano!r1 :i* nobody else c40#cd #be ,,corpe's ,neo-,hell5ic ,greek ,gramm>4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,see also a notice ( ?is "w 9 ! ,,a!n,,um = la/ ye>1 :]e ,i am happy to obs]ve t ! op9ions advocat$ 9 ?is pap] are support$4 #bf ,greek ,gramm>4 #ahea1 sect4 #dd1 #de4 ,,donaldson 7,greek ,gramm>1 p4 #ag7 says1 #8,! acc5t is ! %>p or elevat$ s\nd ) :i* "o ( ! la/ ?ree syllables ( a ,greek ^w is regul>ly pron\nc$4 ,?is 8regul>ly0 is z significant z ,mr4 ,,jelf's 8ought40' #bg ,( c\rse ,i except ,pr(essor ,,masson ( ,belfa/1 ^: complete ma/]y ( ! liv+ dialect ( ,greece is ! object ( admiration to all :o "k him4 #bh ,classical ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 #bi ,!re is also a great] emphasis or /ress giv5 to ! acc5t$ syllable1 z is manife/ f ! pronunciation ( ! mod]n ,greeks1 & f ! /rik+ fact t 9 ! mod]n dialect1 ! unacc5t$ syllable has sometimes be5 dropt1 :ile ! acc5t$ con/itutes ! :ole mod]n ^w1 z = 1 = 4 #cj ,,qu9ctil41 lib4 i4 c4 #e2 ,,diom$4 de ,oratione1 ii42 ,,puts*4 i4 #dbf4 #ca ,,jelf1 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,gramm>1 calls ! doctr9e ( acc5t 8a difficult bran* ( s*ol>%ip40 ,! difficulty is altoge!r an artificial "o1 made by s*ola/ic m5 :o w insi/ on tea*+ by ! eye only & ! und]/&+1 :at has no mean+ at all except :5 address$ to ! e>4 ,! doctr9e ( acc5tuation 9 ,engli% has no peculi> difficulty1 pla9ly because m5 le>n x 9 ! natural way by he>+4 #cb 8,si quis igitur ve/rum ad accuratam ,grc>um lit]>um sci5tiam aspirat1 is probabilem sibi acc5tuum rationem quam maturrime comp>et1 9 propositoque p]/et scurr>um dicacitate et /ultorum d]isione immotus10 ad ,m$4 #a1 apud ,,jelf1 vol4 i4 p4 #cg4 ,i wond] if ,porson himself pron\nc$ accord+ to ! acc5ts4 ,if he did n1 he is j ano!r in/ance ( t extraord9>y incapacity ( appreh5d+ a l>ge pr9ciple t is s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% m9d4 #cc ,i may ins]t "h ! :ole ( ! passage ( ,,boissonade1 f :i* ! words 9 "o ( ! prefix$ mottoes are tak54 8,nisi quod maxime cupio1 9 omnibus academiis no/ris1 gymnasiis et s*olis hodi]na ,grcorum pronuntiatio recipiatur4 ,nam cum prorsus p]i]it antiqua pronunti&i ratio qua ,demo/h5es1 et ,sophocles1 vel ipsi ,alex&r9i sub ,ptolemis utebantur1 et f]e ridiculum sit unumquemque populum ad su l+u sonos1 atque etiam ad libitum1 ,grcorum quos legit librorum pronuntiationem ef=m>e1 id saltem boni1 admissa neot]icorum pronuntiatione1 lucrabimur1 non solum ut ,gallus homo et ,g]manus ,anglum intelligant ,grce loqu5tem et ab illo ,grce ipsi loqu5tes intelligantur1 s$ id etiam ut cum ,grcis doctis et s*ola/ica in/itutione politis confabulemur v]bis antiquorum et facillime1 si velimus1 hodi]n l+u cognitionem ac usum assequamur40--,,h]odian1 ,epim]isni1 ,,boissonade4 ,london1 #ahai4 ,prefat4 #cd ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,section vii4 ,let u n[ ask 9 a s+le s5t5ce h[ all ?is mass ( absurdity came ab\t2 = we may dep5d ^u x a :ole array ( brave philologic hoplites _c h /umbl$ on _! way sudd5ly )\t ! app>ition ( "s real or imag9>y gho/4 ,! gho/ t fright5$ !m on ! pres5t occasion1 & caus$ !m to =swe> ,,spok5 ,,acc5t 7= z we h se5 !y /uck to x on ,,pap]7 0 ,,quantity2 conc]n+ :i*1 !re=e1 we mu/ n[ inquire1 :e!r x be a real gho/ or only a :ite %eet4 ,quantity1 !y say1 _c /& be=e ,acc5t1 or r is swall[$ up by x4 ,l ho/ile religi\s sects1 or bellig]5t m$ical corporations1 !y _c meet )\t qu>rell+2 s ! public peace is consult$ by gett+ rid ( "o ( !m1 n 9 ! way ( viol5t murd]1 7= ! law does n all[ t17 b by :at c]ta9 philosophical ,*>ti/-,re=m]s us$ to call 8pa9less ext9ction40 ,!re=e !y :o speak accord+ to acc5t1 are wont to remove quantity out ( ! way noiselessly2 & !y :o speak accord+ to quantity mu/ treat acc5t 9 ! same way4 ,?is is an old /ory4 ,! ,,be> 9 ,erasmus' dialogue1 7,hav]camp1 ii4 #ie17 speak+ r>e wisdom 9 a gruff ,johnsonian sort ( /yle1 says1 8,sunt quidam adeo ,,crassi ut non di/+uant acc5tum a quantitate1 quum sit longe div]sa ratio4 ,,aliud ,,e/ ,,enim ,,acutum ,,aliud ,,diu ,,t9nire3 ,,aliud ,,int5di1 ,,aliud ,,ext5di4 ,at eruditos novi qui1 quum pronunci>5t illud 1 m$iam syllabam1 quoniam tonum habet acutum1 quantum poss5t produc]5t1 quum sit natura brevis vel brevissima potius40 ,c]ta9 le>n$ m51 x appe>s1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 c\ld n acc5t ! ^w on ! p5ult1 z x ought to be acc5t$1 )\t 9 ! same brea? mak+ t syllable long1 :i* x is n4 ,to avoid ?is blund]1 ! ,etonians1 ,oxonians1 & o!r fam\s mod]n tea*]s1 omit ! acc5t altoge!r on t syllable & on e syllable--( :i* ! "n is legion--simil>ly situat$ 9 ! ,greek language1 & ?us1 by remov+ ! cause1 are sure ( annihilat+ ! effect4 ,a v obvi\s1 b surely a v clumsy exp$i5t1 & h>dly wor?y ( ! subtlety ( ! academic m9d4 ,a man by runn+ too h>d sometimes breaks 8 legs2 & y =?) v[ to avoid 8 fate by sitt+ 9 y\r *air con/antly & tak+ no ex]cise6 ,let u see h[ ! case /&s "h4 ,! acc5t1 y say1 l5g!ns ! syllable4 ,take any ,engli% ^w 9 ! fir/ place1 7z nons5se is n s transp>5t 9 a le>n$ tongue17 & make ! exp]im5t4 ,if a ,scotsman says vesible1 y w all[1 ,i suppose1 t ! fir/ syllable ( t ^w is bo? long & acc5t$3 if an ,engli%man says viible1 'tis equally cle> t ! same syllable is /ill acc5t$1 b x is n n[ long4 ,acc5t1 !re=e1 9 ,engli% has no necess>y p[] to l5g!n ! s\nd ( ! v[el ( ! syllable on :i* x is plac$2 & if "s le>n$ m5 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 9 ! days ( ,erasmus1 or on ! banks ( ! ,isis1 9 our day1 _c acc5t a syllable )\t at ! same "t l5g!n+ x1 ?is happ5s m]ely because1 z ! ,be> says1 !y are 8,,adeo ,,crassi20 _! e>s are gross1 & h lo/--by ! du/ ( ! libr>ies1 p]haps--! heal?y p[] ( disc]n+ diff]5ces ( modulation 9 ! liv+ human voice4 ,n a few p]sons h ,i met ) among ^? :o are1 or w\ld be s*ol>s1 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o 9 ?is way ass]t t x is impossible to put ! acc5t on ! p5ult ( a ,greek ^w1 & at ! same "t1 z ! law ( ! language requires1 make ! la/ syllable long4 ,b ^! p]sons _h got _! e>s conf\nd$ by ! tradition>y j>gon ( tea*]s inculcat+ f dead books a doctr9e ( :i* !y _h no liv+ appreh5sion2 & ?is1 along ) ! utt] neglect ( musical & elocution>y culture s common among our classical devotees1 _h r5d]$ !m incapable ( p]ceiv+1 )\t an act ( special att5tion1 ! commone/ ph5om5a ( spok5 language appeal+ to ! e>4 ,9 ! ,engli% words e*o1 primrose1 & _m o!r ( ! same description1 ! acc5t & quantity /& 9 t exact relation :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,greek1 z 9 1 2 :ile 9 ! ,engli% words cld-pat$1 hosekeep]1 we h t precise disposal ( acc5t & quantity :i* occurs 9 ! ^w 1 & :i* has be5 s (t5 quot$ z a pro( t x is impossible to give effect to acc5t )\t violat+ quantity4#ce ,a v slight elocution>y culture w\ld put a /op to su* va9 talk2 b we h1 un=tunately1 too _m s*ol>s :o ga!r _! crude notions on su* subjects f a few phrases curr5t 9 ! s*ools1 )\t ev] que/ion+ _! own e>s1 ! only prop] witness ( :at is "r or wrong 9 ! matt] ( enunciation4 ,h5ce ! cumbr\s mass ( erudite nons5se on acc5t & quantity "u :i* our libr>y %elves groan2 h5ce ! ho/ ( imag9>y difficulties & impossibilities t bir*-be>+ m5 w raise :5 y tell !m to p]=m ! simple/ act ( p]ception ( :i* an unsophi/icat$ human e> is capable4 8,vel ab ,,as9is licebat hoc discrim5 disc]e10 cont9ues ! le>n$ ,be>1 8qui rud5tes corripiunt acutam vocem1 imam producunt40 ,v true2 a really wise man may le>n mu* f an ass2 b !y :o conceit !mselves to be wise1 :5 !y are n1 w le>n f nobody4 ,& s ,i conclude ) reg>d to ?is :ole matt] ( ,,quantity1 t x is only an imag9>y gho/ aft] all2 a :ite %eet :i* a s+le t\* ( ! f+] w turn aside1 or only a :ite mi/1 p]haps1 :i*1 if a brave man w only m>* up to1 he %all n "k t x is !re4 #ce ,:5 ,i 0 at ! railway /ation1 ,,skipton1 9 ,york%ire1 wait+ = a tra91 ,i he>d "o ( ! m5 call out1 8,any p]son = ,mn*/]0 ) a di/9ct & well-m>k$ dwell+ ( ! voice on ! second z well z ! fir/ syllable4 ,?is gave me a v vivid idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,greeks mu/ h pron\nc$ 1 acc5t+ ! fir/ syllable1 b dwell+ on ! second syllable ) a di/9ct prolongation ( ! voice4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i w admit--by way ( palliation = ! enorm\s blund]s t h be5 committ$ 9 ?is matt]--t 9 words ( two1 ?ree1 or m syllables1 :]e ! acc5t is on a syllable naturally %ort1 :ile ! long syllable is unacc5t$1 a c>eless speak] may readily slur ov] ! long syllable s z to make x %ort1 ?us conv]t+ an anap/ acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable1 z clndne1 into a tribra* ) ! same acc5t clndn1 a v common vulg>ism1 z we all "k4 ,! unacc5t$ syllable1 inde$1 is1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 plac$ 9 a position :]e x is n s likely to get its fair mass ( s\nd z its acc5t$ neighb\r4 ,?us1 except 9 solemn speak+1 ! fir/ syllable ( ,b,d,,nt seldom gets full weight1 ?\gh x is equally long ) its acc5t$ sequ5t2 & ! second syllable ( ,,education is vulg>iz$ into edication1 purely f ! want ( ! acc5t4 ,b t su* vulg>isms %\ld =m any b> 9 ! way ( academical m5 do+ prop] ju/ice to ! correct elocution ( ! ,greeks is really too bad4 ,! mod]n ,greeks1 inde$1 we "k1 g a /ep f>!r2#cf !y n only 9 _! common conv]sation fail to give ! due prolongation to _! long syllables1 :5 unacc5t$--mak+ no di/9ction betwe5 & --b !y actually give ext5sion z well z int5sion to all _! acc5t$ syllables1 & ?us fall into ! same s9 z respects quantity t our academicians daily commit aga9/ acc5t4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ reason :y we %\ld imag9e x necess>y to imitate !m 9 ?is idiosyncrasy4 ,to d s w\ld be = ! sake ( a sup]flu\s complim5t to ! liv+1 to cut (f "o great necess>y organ1 :]eby ! beautiful wisdom ( ! dead be+ made alive aga9 becomes ours4 ,! laws ( acc5t are a mo/ important elem5t ( ! oratory ( ,p]icles & ,demo/h5es2 b )\t quantity ! h>mony ( ,hom]'s numb]s is un9telligible4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld sacrifice ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! two great modulat+ pr9ciples ( anci5t ,hell5ic spee*4 ,! "o1 s f> f de/roy+1 does1 9 fact1 regulate to a c]ta9 ext5t1#cg & beautifully v>y ! o!r4 ,quantity )\t acc5t 7 a monoton\s level ( dre>y s+-song2 acc5t )\t quantity c be lik5$ only to a s]ies ( %>p p>allel ridges1 ) /eep n>r[ rav9es int]pos$1 b )\t ! amplitude ( grassy slope1 fl[]+ mead1 & f>-/ret*+ fields ( yell[-wav+ corn4 #cf ,see ! essay on ?is subject 9 ! second volume ( ! ,greek works ( ,pr(essor ,,rangabe ( ,a!ns4 #cg ,e practical tea*] ought to "k h[ mu* m easily ! doctr9e ( quantity may be taught ) con/ant ref]5ce to acc5t ?an )\t x2 s t pron\nc+ a ^w l 1 ! acc5t on ! p5ult1 is ! easie/ way to make ! /ud5t rememb] t ! f9al syllable ( t ^w is long4 ,b "s "o w /ill press ! "q1 ,h[ am ,i to read ,hom]8 h[ ,sophocles8 ,is x n manife/1 t if ,i read accord+ to ! spok5 acc5t1 & n accord+ to ! quantitative metre1 ?\gh ,i may pres]ve myself1 by dec5t c>e1 f grossly violat+ quantity1 ,i %all c]ta9ly fail to br+ out any?+ t ! e> ( ! mo/ h>%ly-modulat$ ,hott5tot or ,*]okee c\ld recognise z rhy?m8 ,n[ :at has be5 said hi!rto ( ! compatibility ( acc5t & quantity relates only to words tak5 sep>ately1 or z !y occur 9 ! loose succession ( unfett]$ spee*--a purely elocutional matt]3 ( ! musical elem5t ( rhy?m no?+ has be5 said4 ,t ?is mu/ modify ! s++ or recitation ( measur$ v]ses to a consid]able ext5t1 s z to make x diff]5t f ! oratorical declamation ( prose1 is evid5t2 b t !re is no su* incompreh5sible my/]y 9 ! matt]1 z "s p imag9e1 ,i hope ,i %all be able to make pla9 9 a v few words4 ,! poetry ( ! anci5ts diff]$ f ! mass ( t n[ writt5 9 no?+ m ?an 9 ?is1 t x 0 consid]$ z a liv+ elem5t ( ! exi/+ music1 & ex]cis$ 9 subjection to ! laws ( t div9e art4 ,n[ ! s++ ( words 9 music has ! effect ( br++ out m prom95tly ! mass ( vocal s\nd 9 ! words1 or :at ! prosodians 9 _! te*nical /yle call quantity1 :ile ! spok5 acc5t--unless x be id5tifi$ ) ! musical acc5t or rhy?mical beat--is apt to be ov]:elm$ altoge!r & sup]s$$4 ,t ?is mu/ be ! case ! v nature ( ! ?+ %[s2 b we h a di/9ct te/imony ( an anci5t musical writ] to ?is effect1 :i* w be useful to ^? :o 9 all matt]s are con/itutionally apt to dep5d m on au?ority ?an on reason4#ch ,?is expla9s :y1 9 ! anci5t treatises on poetical measures1 we f9d n a ^w said ab\t ! spok5 acc5t4 ,if ! full musical value ( ea* foot1 7or b>1 z we call x17 9 po9t ( v[el-fulness1 accord+ to an e/abli%$ sequ5ce be giv51 ! poet is consid]$ to h done 8 duty to ! musician2 ! rhy?mical beat1 or musical acc5t1 accompanies ! measur$ succession ( b>s1 z ) u1 b ! spok5 acc5t is disreg>d$4 ,( all ?is 9 our elocutional poetry we d1 & mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 d ! v rev]se4 ,poetry compos$ prim>ily = recitation mu/ foll[ ! laws ( spok5 spee*2 & ! spok5 acc5t be+ ! mo/ prom95t elem5t 9 t spee*1 becomes ( c\rse ! great regulator ( poetical rhy?m4 ,quantity1 z ! second>y elem5t ( spok5 spee*1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 music1 is n inde$ neglect$ altoge!r1 b left to ! free disposal ( ! poet1 s t ! te*nical /ructure ( 8 v]se is 9 no wise b\nd by x4 ,! musician !n comes 91 & f9d+ t he has no lib]ty 9 ! matt] ( ! spok5 acc5t1 7! public e> be+ altoge!r =m$ on t17 ex]cises 8 l>ge discretion 9 ! matt] ( quantity1 draw+ out1 )\t c]emony1 a spok5 quav] into a sung m9im1 or cutt+ %ort a spok5 m9im into a sung quav]4 ,n[ ?is lic5se1 famili> z x is to u1 w\ld h /rangely />tl$1 & appe>$ almo/ ludicr\s to a ,greek e>2 & by ! same effect ( m]e cu/om1 we h to expla9 ! fact1 t ! practice ( compos+ poetry1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! spok5 acc5t1 practis$ by ! anci5ts1 appe>s to u s extraord9>y4 ,9 our attempts to expla9 x1 we h sometimes altoge!r lo/ out ( view ! fact1 t music & conv]sational spee*1 ?\gh k9dr$ arts1 & arts 9 ! anci5t practice ( poetry indissolubly w$d$1 h ea* _! own di/9ctive t5d5cies & laws1 to :i* full effect _c easily be giv5 :ile !y act toge!r2 & e su* case ( jo9t action mu/ accord+ly be1 to a c]ta9 ext5t--l ! h>moni\s practice ( connubial life--a compromise4 ,my conclusion1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to ! read+ ( ,hom] & ,sophocles is1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y 7 nev] int5d$ to be read 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 t !y are n con/ruct$ on read+ pr9ciples1 & t1 :5 we d recite !m--z ! anci5ts !mselves no d\bt likewise did--we mu/ read !m 9 a mann] t makes z ne> an approa* z possible to ! musical pr9ciples on :i* !y 7 con/ruct$4 ,) reg>d to ! /rictly lyrical p>ts ( poetry1 z ,p9d> & ! tragic *oruses1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 t ! only prop] way to obta9 a full p]ception ( _! rhy?mical beauty1 is to s+ or *ant !m to any extemporiz$ melody1 7:i* w\ld be mu* m readily done 7 n music s unwor?ily neglect$ 9 our high] s*ools27 :ile ) reg>d to ! dialogic p>ts ( ! drama1 :i* 7 declaim$ & n sung by ! anci5ts !mselves1 ! tea*] mu/ take c>e to accu/om 8 pupils to a deep & mell[ fulness ( vocalization1 & a delib]ate /atel9ess ( v]bal procession1 z mu* z possible ! rev]se ( t ha/y trip ) :i* we are accu/om$ to read ! dialogue ( our dramatic poetry4 ,! musical acc5t1 or rhy?mical beat1 w1 ( c\rse1 9 su* a me?od ( recitation1 receive a m>k$ prom95ce2 ! long quantity w nev] be slurr$2 & ) reg>d to ! spok5 acc5t1 :at ,i say is ?is1 ! e> ( ! /ud5t mu/ fir/ be tra9$ 9 read+ prose nev] to omit ! acc5t1 & accu/om$ to feel1 by ! liv+ it]ation ( ! e>1 t bo? acc5t & quantity are an ess5tial "p ( ! ^w4 ,?is _m s*oolma/]s w n d1 because x requires sci5ce1 & w take a little tr\ble2 b let su* pass4 ,^? :o d s tra9 ! "y classical e>1 w f9d t 9 turn+ to poetry1 & keep+ "t ) _! foot z !y read any metre1 ! att5tive s*ol> w n only readily foll[ ! giv5 rhy?m1 & appreciate ! position ( ! musical acc5t1 7v few human be+s be+ altoge!r de/itute ( ! rhy?mical pr9ciple17 b w be able also to pres]ve ! spok5 acc5t 9 ^? places :]e ! fl[ ( ! rhy?m does n altoge!r ov]p[] x4 ,:at ,i mean is ?is4 ,9 ! l9e1 = in/ance1 ' 1 ! second ( ! ,iliad1 ! boy :o has be5 prop]ly tra9$ to put ! acc5t on ! p5ult ( 1 pres]v+ ! long quantity ( ! f9al syllable1 w1 ev5 ?\gh he reta9s t acc5t 9 ! rhy?mical declamation ( ! l9e1 f9d no imp$im5t to ! rhy?mical progress ( ! v]se1 b r an agreeable v>iety1 & an antidote aga9/ monotony2 & ?\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong effect :i* ! rhy?m always ex]cises on ! clos+ ^w ( ! l9e1 x w be difficult to give ! full effect to ! spok5 acc5t on ! antep5ultimate ( 1 :ile ! clos+ musical acc5t lies on ! p5ult1 nev]!less1 a p]son :o has be5 accu/om$ always to pron\nce ?is ^w 9 prose ) its prop] acc5t & quantity1 w br+ out ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w mu* m di/9ctly ?an is done 9 ! s+-song ( a m]ely rhy?mical recitation1 & w n spoil ! v]se1 b r improve x4 ,& if any p]son asks me h[ ,i prove t ! anci5ts read ,hom] ?is way1 ,i might cont5t myself by giv+ a ,scot* answ]1 & ask+1 ,h[ d y prove t !y read x y\r way8 ,b1 9 fact1 !re is no possibility ( _! hav+ read x o!rwise2 = hav+ once introduc$ ! habit ( read+ compositions1 con/ruct$ orig9ally on musical1 n elocutional pr9ciples1 ) t habit !y c\ld n b br+ 9 z mu* ( ! elem5t ( _! spok5 language z 0 consi/5t ) ! musical pr9ciple on :i* ! v exi/5ce ( ! composition1 z a rhy?mical "w ( art1 dep5d$2 t is to say1 !y all[$ ! musical pr9ciple ( quantitative rhy?m to prevail ov] ! elocutional pr9ciple ( acc5t1 s f> only z to produce h>mony1 n s f> z to fatigue ) monotony4 #ch --,,ari/ox5us1 apud ,,p5n+ton1 p4 #bbf4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ,i am n !oriz+ 9 all ?is1 b speak+ f exp]i5ce2 & !re=e ,i speak ) confid5ce4 ,= t5 ye>s ,i read ! ,lat9 poets 9 ,ab]de51 & ,i f\nd no difficulty 9 read+ !m s z to comb9e ! liv+ effect ( bo? acc5t & quantity1 & tea*+ ! /ud5t bo? by ! e> alone4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ,virgil1 to take an example1 9 respect ( acc5t & quantity1 may be read ?ree ways4 ,ei!r rma virmque cn ,trj qui prmus ab ris ,or1 444 cn ,trje 444 ,or1 444 cn- ,trj 444 ,i take notice ( ^! two words ,,cano & ,,troj1 only because !y are ! only two 9 :i* ! musical acc5t ( ?is l9e cla%es ) ! spok5 acc5t1 ! rules ( :i*1 ?\gh n m>k$ 9 ,lat9 books z 9 ,greek1 7 pres]v$ by ! liv+ tradition ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! acc5tual ,lat9 poetry ( _! ,s]vice1 & are obs]v$ by our s*oolma/]s z fai?fully 7)\t kn[+ x1 _m ( !m7 z !y violate ! acc5t ( ! ,greek4 ,n[1 ( ^! ?ree ways ( read+ a ,lat9 hexamet]1 ! second is ! only "o :i* proce$s ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! quantitative rhy?m exclusively1 obs]v+ ! spok5 acc5t only :]e x happ5s to co9cide ) x1 7z happ5s "h 9 f\r b>s ( ! six27 :ile ! fir/1 :i* is ! vulg> ,engli% way1 ass]ts ! dom9ancy ( ! spok5 acc5t 9 all ! six cases2 & yet1 z ! cla% only takes place 9 two cases1 pres]ves1 )\t ef=t1 7z ,i h j said ) reg>d to ,hom]17 ! fl[ ( ! musical rhy?m4 ,) t grossness ( e>1 h[ev]1 :i* ,erasmus & 8 le>n$ ,be> notic$ 9 ! le>n$ ( 8 day1 !y fall ) respect to ,lat91 plump into ! extreme error practis$ by ! mod]n ,greeks1 & _c acc5tuate ! fir/ syllable ( ,,cano1 )\t l5g!n+ x1 :ile ! f9al syllable ( ! same ^w is g5]ally depriv$ ( its natural am\nt ( s\nd1 a /range error = a p to make ) :om ,lat9 v]se mak+ 7,i %all n say ) :at propriety7 =ms s prom95t a "p ( s*ool-discipl9e2 b !re is no end to _! absurdities1 no limit to _! contradictions2 ! fact be+1 z "o ( !mselves has di/9ctly /at$1#ci t ! 8composition ( classical v]ses ) !m is almo/ entirely ,,me*anical20 & yet !y h ! assurance to hold up ?is s*ola/ic abortion to ! admiration ( ! public z "o ( ! indisp5sable elem5ts 9 ! tra9+ ( t improv$ edition ( ! anci5t ,roman--,john ,bull4 ,b to f9i%4 ,! ?ird me?od ( recitation is1 ,i ?9k1 ! correct "o4 ,x violates nei!r quantity nor acc5t1 b makes ! "o play ) an agreeable v>iety ov] ! o!r1 z we see ! iridesc5t col\rs 9 a g[n ( %ot silk4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ answ]$ ! "q satisfactorily--,h[ is ,hom] to be read8 ,if any?+ rema9s uncle>1 ,i %all be happy to communicate p]sonally ) any p]son :o has an e>4 #ci 8,our composition ( classical v]ses is almo/ entirely me*anical4 ,:5 a boy composes su* a v]se z ,insignemque canas ,neptunum v]tice cano1 h[ is he guid$ to ! prop] collocation ( ! words8 ,n by 8 e>1 c]ta9ly1 = t w\ld be /ruck precisely 9 ! same mann] if he wrote x ,insignemque cano ,neptunum v]tice canas2 no1 he le>ns f books t ! fir/ ( cano 7,i s+7 is %ort1 & ! fir/ ( canus 7ho>y7 is long4 ,hav+ s us$ !m1 _! respective quantity is /or$ up z a fact 9 8 memory1 & by degrees he rememb]s !m s well1 t :5 he sees ei!r ( !m us$ 9 a wrong place1 he ?9ks x (f5ds 8 e>1 :ile 9 tru? x only (f5ds 8 und]/&+4 ,b ,i appreh5d a ,roman boy's process ( composition w\ld be q diff]5t4 ,hav+ be5 us$ f 8 cradle to he> ! fir/ syllable ( canus take up ab\t twice z mu* "t z t ( cano1 su* a v]se z ,insignemque cano ,neptunum v]tice canas1 w\ld really hurt 8 e>1 because 9 ! second foot ! !sis w\ld be complete be=e ! syllable 0 express$1 & he w\ld h a "t or too mu*2 & 9 ! six? he c\ld n fill up ! "t ( ! arsis )\t giv+ to ! syllable a drawl+ s\nd :i* w\ld be bo? unusual & (f5sive40--,,p5n+ton1 p4 #bdi4 ,s long z su* an absurd sy/em ( writ+ v]ses1 :e!r ,lat9 or ,greek--f ! und]/&+ & n f ! e>--is practis$1 ! boys :o refuse to h any?+ to d ) prosody %ew a great deal m s5se ?an ! ma/]s :o inculcate x4 ,be=e conclud+ ^! obs]vations1 ,i h "o or two rem>ks to make on ,,mod]n ,,greek1 :i* h a vital connexion ) ! /ate ( ! argum5t4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ,i h f ! beg9n+ spok5 ( ,greek z a liv+ language1 hav+ _h a cont9u\s un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce1 ?\gh "u v>i\s & well-m>k$ modifications1 f ! days ( ,cadmus & 8 e>?-s[n brood to ! pres5t h\r4 ,n[ ! vulg> notion is1 t ,romaic1 z x us$ to be call$1 ?\gh ! pres5t ,greeks h ) a j pride1 ,i und]/&1 reject$ ! epi!t1 is n only a diff]5t dialect ( ! ,greek1 f t spok5 by ,plato & ,demo/h5es1 b a diff]5t language altoge!r1 9 ! same way t ,italian & ,spani% are languages =m$ on ,lat9 inde$1 b ) an organic type altoge!r _! own4 ,9 ?is view ,greek becomes a dead language2 & ! mass ( s*ola/ic & academical m5 :o tea* x habitually z su*1 )\t any reg>d to its exi/+ /ate1 w receive a ju/ification ( :i* !y are n sl[ to make use4 ,b ?is vulg> notion1 l _m o!rs1 has gr[n out ( p$antic prejudice1 & is support$ by %e] ignorance4 ,h[ su* a notion %\ld h got abroad is easy en\gh to expla94 ,i m5tion$ already1 t ! ,engli% s*ol>s--:o h be5 all[$ to give ! law on su* subjects--h s completely disfigur$ ! classical features ( ,greek spee*1 t :5 !y happ5 to meet ,greeks1 or to travel 9 ,greece & attempt conv]sation1 !y c make no m ( ! answ] !y receive1 ?an !y c ( ! twitt] ( swall[s1 or ! language ( any o!r bird4 ,aga91 at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 z is well kn[n1 ! majority conf9e !mselves to a v limit$ range ev5 ( /rictly classical ,greek1 s t a man may well h receiv$ high hon\rs = work+ up 8 s*ylus & 8 ,ari/otle1 & yet be q unfit to make out ! mean+ ( a pla9 mod]n ,greek book :5 he sees x2 b ! fact is1 ,i h good reason to believe1 !re is n "o among a hundr$ ( _! s*ol>s t ev] saw su* a ?+4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ consid] "u :at a sy/em ( prim classical prud]y ^! g5tlem5 are (t5 br\ght up4 ,!y are taught to believe1 & h be5 taught "h also 9 ,scotl& publicly1 t aft] a c]ta9 gold5 age ( ,attic or ,atticiz+ purity1 ! limits ( :i* are v arbitr>ily fix$1 a race ( ,greek writ]s succe$$ :o 8increas$ imm5sely ! vocabul>y ( ! language1 :ile !y injur$ its simplicity & debas$ its beauty20 & "u ! influ5ce ( ?is salut>y fe> !y reg>d ) a /rong jeal\sy :ole c5turies ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive au?ors :o d n come "u _! arbitr>y def9ition ( 8classical40 ,m5 :o ?9k t ! vocabul>y ( ! ,hell5ic language %\ld h be5 f9ally clos$ at ! "t ( ,polybius1 & :o pass a philologic int]dict aga9/ any phrase or idiom introduc$ aft] t p]iod1 w n be v likely to look ) peculi> fav\r on ! prose ( ,p]rhbus1 or ! poetry ( ,s\tzos4 ,b by a l>ge-m9d$ philologi/ all ?is prud]y is disreg>d$4 ,he kn[s t gramm>ians c z little cause a language to be corrupt$ & to die1 by any da9ty squeami%ness ( !irs1 z !y ) _! meagre art c create a s+le ^w1 or manufacture "o v]se ( a poem4 ,look+ at ! language ( ,hom] & ,plato z a real hi/orical ph5om5on1 & n z a m]e record 9 grammatical books1 he sees t x w5t on gr[+ & putt+ =? fre% buds & blossoms long aft] nice lexicograph]s _h decl>$ t x ceas$ to possess vitality4 ,a language lives z long z a p lives--a di/9ct & tangible social totality--speak+ x1 nor has x ! p[] to die at any po9t1 :]e gramm>ians may *oose to draw a l9e1 & say t its au?ors are no long] classical4 ,:at 8classical0 means is h>d to say2 b z a matt] ( fact _m p]sons w read ! ,byzant9e hi/orians ) mu* m pleasure ?an ,x5ophon's ,hell5ics1 & n be able to expla9 intelligibly :y ! ,greek ( ! "o %\ld n be consid]$ z good z ! ,greek ( ! o!r4 ,greek c]ta9ly 0 n a dead language 9 any s5se at ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ye> #adec4 ,if x is dead1 x has di$ s9ce t date2 b ! facts to ^? :o w exam9e !m1 prove t x is n dead4 ,no d\bt1 "u ! oppressive atmosph]e ( ,turki% & ,v5etian dom9ation1 ! /\t old tree began to droop visibly1 & became encru/$ ) lepr\s scabs1 & to %ew livid blot*es1 :i* 7 n pleasant to behold2 b su* a /rong c5tral vitality _h ,god plant$ 9 t noble organism1 t1 ) ! return+ breeze ( fre$om1 & ! spread ( intellig5ce s9ce ! great ye> #aghi1 ! inw>d p[] ( heal?y life began aga9 to act p[]fully1 & ! ,turki% & ,v5etian disfigurem5t dropt (f spe$ily l a m]e sk9-disease z x 02 & smoo? ,greek s\nd$ glibly aga91 n only 9 ! pulpit1 :i* 0 ! /rong refuge ( its prolong$ vitality1 b 9 ! =um & f ! ?rone4 ,^? :o d\bt :at ,i say 9 ?is matt]1 _h be/ g to ,a!ns & see2 mean:ile1 = ! sake ( ^? to :om ! subject may be altoge!r new1--& f ! g5]al p$antic n>r[ness ( our academical ,greek ,i fe> !re may be _m su*--,i %all set d[n a passage f ,p]rhbus1 & ano!r f a common ,greek newspap]1 f :i* ! fact w be abundantly evid5t t ! language ( ,hom] is n dead1 b lives1 & t 9 a /ate ( purity1 to :i*1 consid]+ ! extraord9>y duration ( its lit]>y exi/5ce--#bejj ye>s at lea/1--!re is no p>allel p]haps on ! face ( ! globe1 9 ,europe c]ta9ly n4 8 #ahbj 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 4 1 1 ' 1 1 1 40#dj 4 8 #f 4 1 ' ' 4 4 4 1 ' 4 1 40#da #dj 8 1 #ahbj #ahbi 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 #bae4 #ahcf40 #da 81 ,decemb4 #ca1 #ahea40 ,^! are z fair specim5s ( ! curr5t dialect ( ,greece z ,i c produce4 ,= x is manife/ t :ile x w\ld be q easy on ! "o h& to select a specim5 ( ! liv+ dialect writt5 by m]e m5 ( le>n+1 7z f ! works ( ,,conomus17 :i* %\ld make a mu* ne>] approa* to ! idiom ( ,x5ophon1 x w\ld be equally op5 on ! o!r to produce a brig&'s song f ! m\nta9s ( ,ac>nania conta9+ a great deal m ( ! elem5ts ( :at ! admir]s ( unmix$ ,atticism w\ld be entitl$ to call corruption4 ,b x is evid5t t a specim5 ( ! fir/ k9d w\ld be no m a fair specim5 ( ! av]age ,greek n[ spok51 ?an ! poli%$ /yle ( ,george ,bu*anan 0 ( ! av]age ,lat9 curr5t 9 8 day2 & a brig&'s song 7 j z fair a specim5 ( ! ,greek spok5 by p ( education 9 mod]n ,a!ns1 z a ballad 9 ! ,cumb]l& or ! ,crav5 dialect is ( ! ,engli% ( ,macaulay's ,hi/ory1 or ,wordswor?'s ,:ite ,doe4 ,) ?is rem>k1 by way ( explanation1 let any p]son :o c read common classical ,greek )\t a diction>y1 tell me ) :at face x c be ass]t$ t ! above is a specim5 ( a new language1 9 ! same s5se t ,italian is a diff]5t language f ,lat91 & ,dut* f ,g]man4 ,i f9d no?+ 9 ! extracts giv51 b su* slight v>iations 9 v]bal =m1 & 9 ! use ( "o or two prepositions & pron\ns1 z ! read] ( ,x5ophon w f9d 9 f> great] abundance :5 he turns to ,hom]4 ,! pr9cipal syntactic diff]5ce obs]vable is ! use ( 7= 71 ) ! subjunctive mood1 in/ead ( ! inf9itive1 :i* ! mod]n ,greeks h all[$ to drop2 b ?is is a usage1 borr[$ f ! ,lat9 ,i h (t5 ?\ght1 ( :i* v frequ5t examples occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & besides1 a m]e new fa%ion 9 ! syntactical =m ( a s5t5ce 0 nev] dreamt ( by any sane gramm>ian1 z ! suffici5t sign ( a new language4 ,9 ,engli%1 = in/ance1 we say1 ,i beg y w accept ?is1 &1 ,i beg y to accept ?is4 ,n[ suppose "o ( ^! =ms ( expression to become obsolete1 by a *ange :i* m]e fa%ion may effect any day1 & ! o!r to become all dom9ant1 c\ld1 ,i ask1 any su* *ange z ?is1 or a :ole score ( su* *anges1 be said to corrupt ! ,engli% language 9 su* a degree z to con/itute a new tongue8 ,mu* less c\ld ! introduction ( a few new words1 =m$ accord+ to ! analogy ( ! language1 be said to a*ieve su* a trans=mation1 ?\gh an academic puri/ might inde$ refuse to put su* words z 7photography71 & oov 7a /eam-boat71 into 8 lexicon4 ,z little c\ld a philosophical classical s*ol> be (f5d$ by ! loss ( ! optative mood1 7us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t s sp>+ly17 & ! sub/itution = x ( ! auxili>y v]b 1 :i*1 ?\gh x is ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce1 is j z mu* accord+ to ! g5ius ( ! ,greek language1 z ! frequ5t use ( ! o!r auxili>y v]b to be1 bo? 9 classical ,greek & ,lat94 ,in/ead ( fa/5+ ^u su* insignificant peculi>ities1 a ca?olic-m9d$ s*ol> w r be a/oni%$ to f9d t 9 ?ree columns ( a ,greek newspap] ( ! ye> #aheb1 !re d n c]ta9ly occur ?ree words t are n pure native ,greek4 ,9 fact ! language1 s f> f be+ corrupt1 z its ignorant detractors ass]t1 is ! mo/ uncorrupt language 9 ,europe1 p]haps 9 ! _w1 at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! ,g]mans boa/ ( _! l+ui/ic purity1 & s+ songs to ,h]mann :o s5t ! legions ( ,v>us ) _! l+o s bravely out ( ! ,we/phalian swamps2 b let any man comp>e a column ( a ,g]man newspap] ) a column f ! 1 or any o!r issu$ )9 ! gir? ( ,k+ ,o?o's dom9ions1 & he w und]/& t :ile ! ,greek language ev5 n[ is z a p]fectly pure ve/m5t1 ! ,g]man 9 its famili> use is defac$ by ! +ra9$ blots ( _m ages1 :i* no philologic sponge ( ,adelung or ,jacob ,grimm w ev] prevail to wa% out4 ,!re are reasons = ?is rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( language1 :i* to a ?\ghtful /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek p w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,i cont5t myself ) /at+ ! fact4 ,^! ?+s be+ s1 ! natural obs]vation t w occur to e "o1 z be>+ on our pres5t inquiry1 is1 t z ! ,greek is manife/ly a liv+ language1 & nev] 0 dead1 b only suff]+ = a season "u a cutane\s disease n[ ?r[n (f1 ^? :o speak t language are entitl$ to a decisive voice 9 ! "q h[ _! language is to be pron\nc$1 & ?is on ! m]e gr\nd t !y are alive & speak x2 & to _! decision we mu/ b[ on ! sole gr\nd ( liv+ au?ority & possessory "r4 ,= e liv+ language ex]cises ?is despotic au?ority ov] ^? :o le>n x2 & x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s t "o %\ld escape f su* a sov]eignty4 ,no d\bt !re may be c]ta9 exceptions to :i*1 = c]ta9 special philological purposes1 ?is g5]al rule ( ob$i5ce is liable2 b ! rule rema9s4 ,su* an exception1 = in/ance1 9 ! lit]ature ( our exi/+ ,engli% language1 is ! peculi> acc5tuation ( _m words t occur 9 ,%akspe>e1 & ev5 9 ,milton1 diff]5t f t n[ us$1 :]eby _! rhy?m limps to our e> 9 ! places :]e su* words occur4 ,su* exceptions1 also1 are ! dissyllabic words 9 ,*auc]1 t are n[ %ort5$ into monosyllables1 & yet mu/ be read z dissyllables by all ^? :o w enjoy ! orig9al h>mony ( ! poet's rhy?m4 ,9 ,greek1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 ! :ole quantitative value ( ! language has _h its poles inv]t$2 9 :i* practice we _c possibly foll[ ! liv+ us]s ( ! tongue1 because we le>n ! language n to speak ) !m1 z a ma9 object1 7?\gh ?is also has its uses seldom ?\ght ( by s*oolma/]s1#db7 b to read ! works ( _! anci5t poets1 ! rhy?mical value ( ^: works _! liv+ spee* dis[ns4 ,?is is a sweep+ exception to t dom9ancy ( usage :i* ,horace recognises z supreme 9 language2 b philological necessity compels2 & ! mod]n ,a!nians mu/ ev5 submit 9 su* po9ts to receive laws f le>n$ =eign]s4 ,b ) all ?is l>ge exceptive lib]ty1 we d>e n dis[n ! rule4 ,we mu/ foll[ ! au?ority ( _! liv+ dictation1 s f> z ! object we h 9 view all[s2 & if we are philosophical /ud5ts ( ! language1 our object nev] c be resolutely to ignore all k ( ! elocutional g5ius & habits ( ! liv+ p :o speak x4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d also1 ) h[ mu* great] ease a liv+ language c be acquir$ ?an a dead "o2 s t 7 x only = ! sake ( ! spe$y ma/]y ( ! anci5t dialect1 a ?or\gh practical famili>ity ) ! spok5 tongue ought fir/ to be cultivat$4 ,! pres5t practice1 inde$1 ( tea*+ ,greek 9 our s*ools & colleges1 altoge!r z a dead language1 c be reg>d$ only z a great s*ola/ic mi/ake2 & x may be confid5tly affirm$ by any p]son :o has reflect$ on ! me?od ( nature 9 tea*+ languages1 t m ,greek w be le>n$ by ?ree mon?s' well-direct$ /udy at ,a!ns1 :]e x is spok51 ?an by ?ree ye>s' devotion to ! language "u ! influ5ce ( our common s*ola/ic & academic appliances 9 ?is c\ntry4 #db ,p]haps "s classical "y g5tleman at ,ox=d or ,cambridge may be mov$ by ! consid]ation br\ght =w>d 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,i 0 mu* delight$ ) ?is really ,grecian ball1 at :i* ,i 0 ! only =eign]4 ,! ,grecian fair ,i h ev] f\nd peculi>ly agreeable 9 society4 ,!y are n 9 ! smalle/ degree ta9t$ ) ! artificial ref9em5ts & affectations ( m civilis$ life1 :ile !y h all its graces & fasc9ations2 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t z "s "o ?\ght x wor? :ile to le>n anci5t ,greek at ! age ( sev5ty1 = ! sole purpose ( read+ ! ,iliad1 s x is well wor?y ! pa9s ( le>n+ mod]n ,greek at any age1 = ! pleasure ( conv]s+1 9 h] own tongue1 ) a "y & cultivat$ ,greek beauty40--,w&]+s 9 ,greece1 by ,,george ,,co*ran1 ,esq4 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,i am n[ l$1 9 ! la/ place1 to obs]ve1 t :atev] may be ?\ght ( ,itacism & ( acc5ts1 z ! dom9ant norm = ! tea*+ ( ,greek 9 ?is c\ntry1 "o ?+ is pla91 t no s*ol> ( l>ge & ca?olic views c1 aft] :at has be5 said & prov$ 9 ?is pap]1 cont5t himself ) tea*+ ,greek accord+ to ! pres5t arbitr>y & anti-classical fa%ion only4 ,! liv+ dialect also mu/ be taught ) all its peculi>ities1 n only because ! h]oic exploits ( a mod]n ,admiral ,miaulis are z well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( a ,hell5ic /ud5t z ^? ( an anci5t ,phormion2 b = /rictly philological uses also1 & t ( m k9ds ?an "o4 ,! transcrib]s ( ! ,,mss41 = "o ?+1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 all wrote ) _! e> "u ! habitual influ5ce ( ! pronunciation :i* n[ prevails2 & 7 accord+ly con/antly liable to make mi/akes t reveal !mselves at once to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) t pronunciation1 b w only sl[ly be ga!r$ by ^? ^: e>s h n be5 tra9$ 9 ! same way4 ,b :at is ( m consequ5ce = ,hell5ic philolog]s to note accurately is1 t ! spok5 dialect ( ! ,greek tongue1 ?\gh mod]n 9 "n & =m1 is n[ise altoge!r mod]n 9 sub/ance3 b l ! conglom]ate /rata ( ! geologi/s1 conta9s imb$d$ v valuable fragm5ts ( ! olde/ language ( ! c\ntry4 ,( ?is x 7 easy to adduce pro(s f s common a book z ,pass['s ,greek-,g]man ,diction>y1 :]e occasional ref]5ce is made to ! mod]n dialect 9 illu/ration ( ! anci5t2 f :i* s\rce1 ,i presume1 ) mu* else t is ( fir/-rate excell5ce 9 lexicography1 su* ref]5ces h pass$ into ! ,engli% "w ( ,liddell & ,scott4 ,b on ?is head ,i %all cont5t myself ) simply direct+ ! /ud5t's att5tion to ! fact1 & app5d+ bel[ ! te/imony ( ,pr(essor ,ross ( ,halle--a man :o has travell$ mu* 9 ,greece1 c write ! language ) p]fect flu5cy1 & is entitl$1 if any man 9 ,europe is1 to speak ) ! voice ( au?ority on su* a po9t4#dc #dc ,9 a pap] on ! ,comp>ison ( ! ,=ms ( ! ,nom9ative ,case 9 c]ta9 ,lat9 & ,greek ,n\ns1 7,zeits*rift fr die ,alt]?ums-,wiss5s*aft4 #i ,jahrgang1 ,no4 #di17 ,pr(essor ,ross writes to ,pr(essor ,,b]gh ( ,m>burg1 z foll[s3--8,my views are f\nd$ *iefly on ! obs]vation ( ! dialect us$ by ! common p ( ,greece1 among :om & ) :om ,i liv$ s long4 ,?is dialect1 inde$1 n[ spok5 by ! ,greek %eph]ds & sailors1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 is n to be le>nt f books1 b f actual int]c\rse ) ! p1 ! majority ( philologi/s are apt to hold *eap1 b x has be5 to me a m9e ( ri* in/ruction1 & ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 at all ev5ts1 9 ref]5ce to ! non-,attic dialects ( ! ,greek tongue1 to ,lat91 ,oscan1 & ev5 ,etruscan1 m may be got f ?is s\rce ?an f ! _m bulky comm5t>ies ( ! gramm>ians ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,see :at ,i h said on ?is po9t 9 my ,reis5 auf d5 ,grie*is*5 ,inseln1 iii4 p4 #aee40 ,i h n[ f9i%$ all t ,i _h to say on ?is subject1 :i* has prov$ p]haps m f]tile ( speculative sugge/ion & ( practical direction ?an ! title at fir/ promis$4 ,:at ,i h said w at lea/ s]ve ! purpose = :i* x 0 imm$iately int5d$1 t ( ju/ify+ my conduct %\ld ,i f9d x exp$i5t to introduce any decid$ innovations 9 ! practice ( tea*+ ,greek 9 our metropolitan ,univ]sity4 ,& if x %\ld fur!r h ! effect ( induc+ any ?\ghtful tea*] to inquire into a curi\s bran* ( philology :i* he may h hi!rto ov]look$1 & to "q ! s\ndness ( ! e/abli%$ r\t9e ( classical inculcation 9 "s po9ts1 :atev] disagreeable lab\r ,i may h gone ?r\gh 9 cle>+ ! le>n$ rubbi% f s p]plex$ a pa? w n h be5 )\t its rew>d4 ,any sympa?iz+ read] :o may communicate ) me1 wi%+ t ,i %\ld expla91 reconsid]1 or modify any /atem5t "h made1 w f9d me1 ,i hope1 z will+ to li/5 z to speak1 & n m zeal\s = victory ?an = tru?4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y4