,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,by ,,amy ,,blan*e ,,bramwell1 ,b4,sc4 ,late ,assi/ant ,mi/ress at ! ,ladies' ,college1 ,*elt5ham2 ,lectur] at ! ,cambridge ,tra9+ ,college = ,wom5 ,tea*]s ,,& ,h4 ,,millic5t ,,hughes ,lectur] on ,education & ,head ( ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5t1 ,univ]sity ,college ,s\? ,wales & ,monm\?%ire ,illu/ration ,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co ,,new ,,york3 ,,macmillan ,,co #ahid ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,,preface ,9 view ( ! gr[+ int]e/ 9 second>y education 9 ,engl&1 & ! important educational problems dem&+ solution1 ! ,gil*ri/ ,tru/ees decid$1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahic1 to s5d five wom5 tea*]s to ,am]ica = ! purpose ( /udy+ & report+ ^u ,second>y ,s*ools = ,girls & ,tra9+ ,colleges = ,wom5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ates4 ,! ,tru/ees made _! int5tion widely kn[n1 & invit$ ! gov]n+ bodies ( ! v>i\s wom5's colleges & associations ( tea*]s to submit to !m names ( p]sons specially qualifi$4 ,out ( ! li/ ( able & exp]i5c$ wom5 tea*]s ?us furni%$ to !m1 ! ,tru/ees1 aft] c>eful consid]ation ( ! qualifications ( ! num]\s c&idates1 select$ ! foll[+ five3 ,miss ,bramwell1 ,b4,sc41 ,lectur] at ! ,cambridge ,tra9+ ,college2 ,miss ,bur/all1 ,b4,a41 ,mi/ress at ! ,nor? ,london ,collegiate ,s*ool = ,girls2 ,miss ,hughes1 ,lectur] on ,education at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,c>diff2 ,miss ,page1 ,head-,mi/ress ( ! ,sk9n]s' ,company's ,s*ool = ,girls1 ,/am=d ,hill1 ,n42 & ,miss ,zimm]n1 ,mi/ress at ! ,high ,s*ool = ,girls1 ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,!y 7 aw>d$ travell+ s*ol>%ips ( "o hundr$ p\nds ea* to enable !m to sp5d two mon?s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 prosecut+ _! enquiries4 ,! five s*ol>s visit$ ,am]ica 9 ! summ] ( #ahic1 & submitt$ to ! ,tru/ees c>efully prep>$ ,reports1 two ( :i*--viz41 ^? by ,miss ,bramwell & ,miss ,hughes--are pres5t$ to ! public 9 ?is volume4 ,! ,tru/ees h aid$ 9 ! publication ( ^! ,reports because !y believe t a k ( ! educational sy/ems & exp]im5ts :i* h be5 tri$ 9 ,am]ica _c fail to be ( int]e/ & value to ^? engag$ 9 tea*+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,r4 ,d4 ,,rob]ts1 ,secret>y to ! ,gil*ri/ ,tru/ees4 ,,gil*ri/ ,,educational ,,tru/1 #ag1 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 #ahid4 ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,au?ors ,9 publi%+ ! foll[+ reports1 :i* we are enabl$ to d ?r\gh ! c\rtesy & g5]osity ( ! ,gil*ri/ ,tru/ees1 x may n be altoge!r out ( place to submit a few prefatory rem>ks4 ,:5 ! five ,s*ol>s 7 appo9t$ to visit ,am]ican ,s*ools & ,colleges 9 ! summ] ( #ahic1 x 0 f\nd advisable1 9 view ( ! magnitude ( ! task1 to some:at divide ! responsibility4 ,?ree ( ! numb] und]took to visit & report ^u in/itutions (f]+ ! means ( g5]al education1 :ile we desir$ to especially inve/igate ! provision made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s4 ,z our int]e/s ?us lay 9 "o direction1 ! ,tru/ees fur!r approv$ ( our sugge/ion t we %\ld travel & "w toge!r1 & ?is plan we f\nd mo/ helpful & satisfactory4 ,x w be se5 t we h cov]$ exactly ! same field1 b we h ?\ght x desirable to write sep>ate reports1 )\t mutual consultation1 r ?an to embody ! results ( our "w 9 a jo9t acc\nt4 ,,amy ,b4 ,,bramwell4 ,h4 ,,millic5t ,,hughes4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,new ,york ,educational ,in/itutions #a ,press ,fair #b ,p\ghkeepsie ,vass> ,college #b-c ,philadelphia ,s*ools & ,in/itutes #c-d ,bryn ,mawr #d ,we/ ,*e/] & ,mill]sville #e ,connecticut ,new ,hav51 ,new ,brita91 ,willimantic #f ,massa*usetts ,spr+field #f ,bo/on-- ,p]k9s ,in/itute = ! ,bl9d #g ,h>v>d #i ,wom5's ,annex 7,fay ,h\se7 #aj ,in/itute ( ,te*nology #aa ,wellesley #aa ,qu9cy #aa ,milton 7co-education7 #ab ,concord #ad ,syracuse ,univ]sity #ad ,ann ,arbor ,mi*igan ,/ate ,univ]sity #ad ,comm5cem5t #ae ,b5ton ,h>b\r #af ,*icago ,univ]sity #af ,_w's ,fair #ag ,educational ,congresses #ah ,univ]sity settlem5t #ai ,*autauqua #ai ,cornell ,i?aca #ai ,,report #a4 ,i4 ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,organization #bc ,advantages (f]$ to ,/ud5ts #bc ,co-education4 ,relative numb]s ( m5 & wom5 ,/ud5ts #bd ,e>ly ,normal ,s*ools #be ,! e>ly "* /ill ma9ta9$ #bf ,academic "* illu/rat$ by ! c\rses ( /udy-- 7a7 ,9 ,massa*usetts #bf 7b7 ,9 ,new ,york #bg ,argum5ts giv5 = reta9+ _! academic "* #bh ,a4 ,academic ,/udies ,importance giv5 to ,sci5ce ,tea*+ #cj ,laboratories & ,museums-- 7a7 ,at ,bridgewat]1 ,mass4 #ca 7b7 ,at ,willimantic1 ,conn4 #cb ,manual ,tra9+ #cb ,libr>ies & ,app>atus at ,willimantic1 ,conn4 #cc ,plant ,/udy at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #cd ,! 8,recitation0 ,me?od #cd ,importance giv5 to illu/ration by means ( concrete objects #cf ,/udy ( _m ,sci5ces by conc5trative me?ods #cg ,b4 ,pr(essional ,"w ,p$agogical subjects /udi$ late 9 ! ,c\rse #ci ,psy*ology & ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! s*ools ( ,connecticut #dj ,psy*ology & ,*ild-,/udy at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #da 8,me?ods0 z a subject ( /udy #db 8,me?ods0 9 ! ,model ,s*ools #dd ,unification ( /udy #de ,c4 ,practice 9 ,tea*+ ,g5]al plan ( ,practice-,"w-- 7a7 ,9 ,p5nsylvania #dh 7b7 ,9 ,new ,york #di 7c7 ,9 ,connecticut #ej ,importance atta*$ to ,model ,s*ools #ea ,special plan ( ,practice-,"w at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #ea ,d4 ,exam9ations ,/ate ,exam9ation & 8,graduation0 #eb ,e4 ,supply ( ,tea*]s ,numb] ( ,normal ,s*ool ,/ud5ts tea*+ 9 ! ,common ,s*ools #ec ,small numb] ( ,normal ,s*ool ,/ud5ts :o become ,second>y ,tea*]s #ed ,,ii4 ,,city ,,normal ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,s*ools4 ,effects ( local managem5t #ef ,a4 ,city ,normal ,s*ools ,conditions ( admission #eg ,functions ( ,normal & ,high ,s*ool comb9$ #eh ,exam9ations #fj ,b4 ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools ,emphasis ( ! practical side #fa ,sub/itute ,s]vice #fb ,bo/on ,normal ,s*ool #fb ,c\rses 9 ,massa*usetts #fd ,c\rses at ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 #fe ,psy*ological ,exp]im5ts at ,new ,hav5 #fe ,criticism lessons at ,new ,hav5 #ff ,reports ( "w ( ,/ud5ts at ,new ,hav5 #fi ,c4 ,city ,tra9+ ,classes ,! tea*+ ( read+ at ,qu9cy1 ,mass4 #gj ,c\rses 9 ,new ,york ,/ate #gb ,inadequacy ( ,tra9+ ,class ,c\rses = qualify+ = responsible "w #gc ,practice ( all[+ beg9n]s to tea* 9 ! l[e/ grades #gd ,importance atta*$ to 8,me?ods0 ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool #ge ,,iii4 ,,univ]sity ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,p$agogy4 ,a4 ,dep>tm5ts ( ,/ate ,univ]sities ,importance to ! ,/ate ( ! ,pr(essional prep>ation ( ,tea*]s #gh ,c\rses 9 ,p$agogy prop]1 & 8,tea*]s' ,c\rses0 #gh ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan #gi ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois #hj ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri #ha ,g5]al ,features ( ,/ate ,univ]sities #hc ,b4 ,dep>tm5ts ( ,univ]sities 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,new ,york ,city #hf 7a7 ,c\rses ( ,"w #hg 7b7 ,tea*]'s ,diploma #hh 7c7 ,purely pr(essional "* ( "w #hi 7d7 ,psy*ology #ij 7e7 ,hi/ory ( ,education #ia 7f7 ,me?ods ( ,sci5ce #ib 7g7 ,practice dep>tm5t #ic ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york-- 7a7 ,p$agogical ,degrees #ig 7b7 ,c\rses ( ,/udy #ig ,cornell ,univ]sity #ii ,syracuse ,univ]sity #ii ,h>v>d ,univ]sity-- 7a7 ,/ud5ts' ,inspection ( ,s*ools #ajj 7b7 ,tea*]s' ,c\rses #aja 7c7 ,connection ) ,second>y ,s*ools #aja ,cl>k ,univ]sity-- 7a7 ,"* ( "w #ajb 7b7 ,c\rses ( "w #ajb 7c7 ,psy*ological ,rese>* #ajc ,,iv4 ,,summ] ,,s*ools4 ,b5ton ,h>b\r1 ,mi*4 #aje ,englewood1 ,*icago #ajh 7a7 ,sci5ce #ajh 7b7 ,blackbo>d ,draw+ #aaj ,*autauqua #aaa ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,summ] ,s*ool #aaa ,,report ,,ii4 ,introduction ,! problem ( 8,tra9+0 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica #aaf ,repres5tative ,/ates #aag ,/ate ,sy/ems ( ,education #aah ,bureau ( ,education #aah ,ea/ & ,we/ #aah ,in/itutions = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s #abj ,normal ,s*ools ,/ate1 ,city1 & ,private ,normal ,s*ools #abj ,academic v]sus ,pr(essional ,/udies #aba ,comp>ison ) ,engli% ,elem5t>y ,tra9+ ,colleges #abb ,lack ( uni=mity 9 /&>d ( admission & l5g? ( c\rse #abc ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,p5nsylvania #abd ,c\rses laid d[n by ! ,s*ool ,law #abd ,f9al exam9ations & graduation #abf ,/ate ,c]tificates = untra9$ tea*]s #abg ,grants to ,normal /ud5ts & graduates #abh ,mill]sville ,normal ,s*ool #abi ,we/ ,*e/] ,normal ,s*ool #acj ,connecticut #aca ,conditions ( admission #acb ,provision = ,!oretical & ,practical ,"w #acb ,f9al exam9ations & graduation #acc ,new ,brita9 #acc ,! ,pr9t+ ,press 9 ! ,s*ool #acc ,practice ,s*ool at ,s\? ,man*e/] #acd ,willimantic #acd ,new ,york ,/ate ,/ati/ics ( ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools #ace ,conditions ( admission #acf-ach ,c\rses & diplomas #aci ,albany #aci ,oswego #adj ,special ,tra9+ ,c\rse #adb ,laboratory me?od ( tea*+ ,hi/ory #adc ,massa*usetts #add ,! f\nd+ ( ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools #ade ,design ( ,s*ools #ade ,c\rses #adf ,/ati/ics ( ,normal ,s*ools #adg ,fram+ham #adh ,we/field #adi 8,topics0 #adi ,s&-m\ld+ #aej ,bridgewat] #aej ,worce/] #aej ,*ild-/udy #aea ,appr5tice%ip #aeb ,plat=m ex]cises #aec ,*ildr5's ,class #aec ,tra9+ ! 8"t s5se0 #aed ,normal ,art ,s*ool #aed ,mi*igan #aee ,ypsilante ,normal ,s*ool #aee ,c\rses ( /udy #aee ,p$agogic degrees #aef ,ill9ois #aef ,/ate ,normal ,univ]sities #aeg ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool #aeg ,conditions ( admission #aeh ,graduation & po/-graduate c\rses #aei ,! ,practice ,s*ool & its use #afj-afa ,!ory ( conc5tration #afb-afe ,,city ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,organization #afe ,philadelphia #afe ,girls' ,normal ,s*ool ,c\rse #aff ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy #aff ,new ,york #afh ,normal ,s*ool #afh ,bo/on #afh ,normal ,s*ool #afh ,sub/itute s]vice #afh ,c\rse ( /udy #afi-agj ,,city ,,tra9+ ,,s*ools4 ,organization #aga ,new ,hav5 #aga ,wel* ,tra9+ ,s*ool #aga ,notes ( ,lessons #aga ,spr+field #agb ,tra9+ ,s*ool #agb ,lead+ features ( ,tra9+ ,s*ool #agc ,li/ ( ,tra9+ ,s*ools 9 ,massa*usetts #agd ,,tra9+ ,,classes4 #agd ,table ( ,tra9+ ,classes1 ,massa*usetts #age ,,p$agogical ,,dep>tm5ts ,,9 ,,univ]sities4 ,!oretical side ( tra9+ emphasiz$ #agf ,h>v>d #agg ,lectures on ,education #agg ,inspection & sup]vision ( ,s*ools #agh ,cornell #agh ,elective c\rses 9 ,philosophy c\rse #agh ,sem9>ies #agi ,mi*igan ,pr(essional ,tra9+ = ,tea*]s #agi ,reasons = provid+ ! same 7extract f ,cal5d>7 #agi-ahj ,tea*]'s diploma & c]tificate #aha ,ill9ois ,c\rse 9 ,p$agogy c\nt+ t[>ds a degree #ahb ,indiana ,c\rses 9 ,dep>tm5t ( ,p$agogies #ahc ,univ]sity ( ,city ( ,new ,york #ahc ,regul> ,/ud5ts & ,auditors #ahc ,c\rses ( ,/udy #ahc ,requirem5ts = ! ,doctorate 9 ,p$agogy #ahd ,univ]sity ( ,i[a #ahe ,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,college1 affiliat$ ) ,columbia ,college #ahe ,c\rse ( /udy lead+ to degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogy #ahf ,c]tificates #ahg ,s*ool ( ,obs]vation & ,practice #ahh ,ext5sion & publi%+ "w #ahh ,cl>k ,univ]sity at ,worce/] #ahi ,rese>* "w #ahi ,educational ,dep>tm5t #aij ,p$agogical ,sem9>y #aib ,tw(old aim ( ,educational ,dep>tm5t #aib ,,tea*]',s ,,in/itutes4 ,"* ( ,"w #aid ,v>i\s k9ds ( ,in/itutes #aie ,,summ] ,,s*ools ,,& ,,c\rses4 ,b5ton ,h>b\r #aif ,*autauqua #aif ,summ] c\rse at ,cornell #aif ,summ] ,c\rse at ,cl>k ,univ]sity #aig ,! ,prang ,sy/em #aih ,! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,,g5]al ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,t\r ,our educational que/ began 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 on ,may #bi?1 #ahic4 ,hav+ int]view$ ! ,city ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,jasp]1 :o gave valuable in=mation z to :at 0 mo/ wor? see+ 9 connection ) ! educational life ( ! city1 we proce$$ to ! ,normal ,college ( ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,! session 0 j clos+1 b we 7 able to see "s classes 9 physical tra9+ & cook]y1 & to ga9 "s insight into ! me?ods employ$ 9 o!r subjects4 ,two or ?ree days 7 mo/ pr(itably sp5t at ! ,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,college1 a sket* ( ! "w ( :i* is giv5 else:]e4 ,a ha/y visit to ,columbia ,college1 ) its annex = wom51--,b>n>d ,college1--a /ill m cursory glance at ! ,univ]sity ( ! city ( ,new ,york 7our in=mation conc]n+ :i* we 7 =tunately able to supplem5t at ,*icago71 ) an aft]noon sp5t at ! ,press ,fair1 0 all we 7 able to accompli% at ,new ,york4 ,! ,press ,fair prov$ to be a mo/ int]e/+ exhibit ( specim5s ( ! "w 9 ! public s*ools ( ,new ,york4 ,! me?ods ( tea*+ v>i\s subjects 7 set =?1 & we 7 especially /ruck1 z aga9 lat] at ! education exhibit ( ! ,_w's ,fair1 by ! app>atus & illu/rations made by ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,! p[] ( 8mak+10 :e!r ( maps 7drawn1 pa9t$1 modell$71 models 79 clay1 putty1 pap]1 wood71 pictorial illu/rations ( lessons 7hi/ory1 geography1 lit]ature1 natural sci5ce1 & ev5 ma!matics7 appe>s to be mu* m enc\rag$ 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,we made fri5ds ) sev]al ( ! s*ool *ildr5 at ! ,press ,fair1 :o prov$ mo/ eag] & int]e/+ guides1 naturally anxi\s to fully expla9 :at _h be5 s5t f _! own special s*ools4 ,decoration ,day 7,may #cj?71 on :i* ,new ,york _h a holiday1 we det]m9$ to sp5d at ,vass> ,college4 ,a pleasant railway j\rney up ! banks ( ! ,hudson ,riv] br\ght u to ! little t[n ( ,p\ghkeepsie1 two miles to ! ea/ ( :i* is ,vass> ,college4 ,"h we 7 mo/ cordially receiv$1 & sp5t ! day 9 see+ ov] ! v>i\s build+s connect$ ) x1 & he>+ lectures4 ,?is college 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfa by ,mr4 ,mat!w ,vass>1 :o provid$ ! gr\nds & build+s1 toge!r ) a su/5tation fund ( ab\t #ej1jjj4 ,he desir$1 to use 8 own words1 8to f\nd & p]petuate an in/itution :i* %\ld accompli% = "y wom5 :at our colleges are accompli%+ = "y m540 ,x l$ ! way 9 op5+ ! advantages ( a lib]al education to wom51 & holds a place 9 ! fir/ rank ( wom5's colleges 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is und5om9ational1 b1 accord+ to ! wi% ( its f\nd]1 daily pray]s are held 9 ! *apel1 & all classes meet on ,sunday = ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures4 ,9 ord] to emphasize ! dignity ( manual lab\r1 ea* /ud5t is expect$ to und]take a small %>e 9 ! h\sehold "w ( ! ,college1 at lea/1 at "s p]iod ( h] college c>e]4 ,! ord9>y c\rse is = f\r ye>s lead+ to ! degree ( ,a4,b4 ,^! f\r ye>s are kn[n respectively z ,fre%man1 ,sophomore1 ,junior1 & ,s5ior4 ,a fur!r c\rse ( two ye>s leads to ! degree ( ,a4,m41 & special c\rses are also provid$4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 9 connection ) ! college1 s*ools ( music & pa9t+1 ! latt] possess+ a v f9e collection ( ca/s4 ,!re is a uni=m annual fee ( #hj 7#djj doll>s7 = bo>d & tuition4 ,! /ud5ts' rooms are usually arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree sleep+ rooms op5+ on to a common /udy4 ,j be=e our visit ! /ud5ts _h giv5 a mo/ successful p]=mance ( ! 8,antigone40 ,f ,new ,york we w5t to ,philadelphia1 :]e ! city sup]9t5d5t1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,brooks1 k9dly expla9$ ! city sy/em ( education4 ,he is ke5ly alive to ! importance ( ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 & ample provision = ! same is made 9 ! city4 ,= ! tra9+ ( m5 tea*]s1 a ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy 7! s*eme = :i* 0 drawn up by ,dr4 ,brooks7 has lately be5 op5$ 9 connection ) ! ,boys' ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool4 ,! ,girls' ,normal ,s*ool has _h to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( high s*ool & place ( tra9+ = wom5 tea*]s1 b ,dr4 ,brooks has long urg$ ! necessity ( sep>at+ ! two1 & at ?is "t ! new build+ = ! ,girls' ,high ,s*ool is be+ erect$4 ,k9d]g>t5 tra9+ is also n neglect$1 & on our fir/ ev5+ 9 ,philadelphia we att5d$ ! comm5cem5t ex]cises ( ,mrs4 van ,kirk's ,k9d]g>t5 ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 at :i* ! graduates read essays on v>i\s educational topics1 sang songs & act$ a little sc5e1 9 :i* ! virtues ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 7 set =?4 ,! next day we 7 able to visit ! s*ool itself1 & we f\nd t1 n cont5t ) provid+ ! ord9>y graduat+ c\rse1 ,mrs4 van ,kirk has arrang$ = "o t is po/-graduate4 ,a delightful visit to ! ,drexel ,in/itute1 :i* provides = ! te*nical in/ruction ( ! city1 a glance at "o ( ! l>ge/ ,fri5ds' ,s*ools1 & an unavail+ attempt to see ov] ! ,james ,=t5 ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 0 all we _h "t = 9 ,philadelphia4 ,t5 miles f ,philadelphia1 on ! ,p5nsylvania railroad1 "o rea*es ! ,old ,wel% settlem5t ( ,bryn ,mawr1 ) its college = wom51 :i* be>s ! same "n4 ,sev]al halls & laboratory build+s1 /&+ 9 fifty acres ( gr\nd1 make an impos+ %[4 ,( all ! colleges t we visit$1 ,bryn ,mawr appe>$ ! mo/ ,engli%1 & x ne$$ ! sight ( a pres]v$ specim5 ( a wick$-look+ snake1 :i* _h be5 kill$ 9 ! gr\nds1 to conv9ce u t we 7 really on ,am]ican soil4 ,p]haps ! fact t ! ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,miss ,scott1 & ?ree ( ! ,fell[s h come !re f ,girton help$ to build up ! illusion4 ,x is a college )\t rules2 ev5 att5dance at lectures is n compulsory1 b z failure to pass at ! ye>ly exam9ations br+s ) x a reque/ to )draw f ! college1 !re is e inducem5t to att5d regul>ly4 ,! same fre$om is ext5d$ to ! *oice ( /udies4 ,in/ead ( ! f\r ye>s' c\rse ) ! m or less def9itely prescrib$ "w = ea* class :i* we f\nd at ,vass>1 ,bryn ,mawr has adopt$ ! new] plan ( ! gr\p sy/em1 :i* all[s m opportunity = specialization4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! college is ! att5tion paid to po/-graduate "w1 orig9al rese>* be+ especially enc\rag$4 ,! /ud5ts h adopt$ caps & g[ns1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are only worn )9 college prec9cts4 ,act+ on ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,brooks1 we det]m9$ to visit ! two *ief normal s*ools ( ! /ate ( ,p5nsylvania--,we/ ,*e/] & ,mill]sville4 ,! little tree-%ad$ t[n ( ,we/ ,*e/] 0 a pleasant *ange f ! heat ( ,philadelphia4 ,x is a mo/ di/9ctively ,quak] settlem5t2 ev5 ! l&lord ( ! little inn at :i* we /ay$ 0 a ,fri5d1 & wi%$ to "k if 8!e 0 travell+ all by !eself40 ,! normal s*ool is a little way out1 b easily rea*$ by means ( ! electric c>s1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ev5 ! smalle/ ,am]ican t[ns4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to u z ! fir/ co-educational normal s*ool t we _h se54 ,! d9+ & lecture rooms are us$ 9 common1 b ! dormitory accommodation is 9 two sep>ate w+s4 ,f ,we/ ,*e/] we w5t to ! normal s*ool at ,mill]sville1 ne> ,lanca/]4 ,return+ nor? ?r\gh ,new ,york1 we fir/ /opp$ at ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 a mo/ picturesque place1 fam\s z be+ ! location ( ,yale ,college4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,curtis mo/ k9dly suppli$ u ) in=mation ab\t ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut & its normal s*ools4 ,he also took u to see ! ,wel* ,tra9+ ,s*ool 9 ,new ,hav51 :i*1 h[ev]1 is else:]e describ$4 ,f ,new ,hav5 we w5t to ,h>t=d 7visit+ ! normal s*ool ( ,new ,brita9 on ! way71 & f !nce to ,willimantic1 ,s\? ,man*e/]1 & ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts4 ,at ,spr+field ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 & an int]view ) ,sup]9t5d5t ,balliet1 gave ample mat]ial = ?\ght4 ,! "w c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,balliet 9 ! city /rik+ly exemplifies :at a sup]9t5d5t may d = ! cause ( education4 ,n only does he give weekly lectures on appli$ psy*ology & k9dr$ subjects1 b he has paid special att5tion to ! elaborat+ ( me?ods ( tea*+ su* subjects z ari?metic & geometry1 geography1 ,engli% language1 etc41 on :i* he has publi%$ pamphlets1 sett+ =? ! results ( 8 ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 z 9 ,am]ica s*ools :5 inspect$ are n judg$ by results1 b by ! me?ods us$1 & ! g5]al tea*+ effici5cy1 x comes ab\t t ! "q ( me?ods holds a m important place 9 educational ?\ght ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,m "t1 !re=e1 is devot$ to _! /udy 9 normal & tra9+ s*ools1 & a sup]9t5d5t has a wide field ( influ5ce 9 ! matt] ( me?ods 9 ! city or di/rict ov] :i* he presides4 ,f ,spr+field ! normal s*ool at ,we/field 0 visit$1 & f !nce we w5t on to ,albany to see ! ,/ate ,normal ,college & ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,bo/on (f]$ a wide *oice 9 matt]s ( educational int]e/4 ,! ,p]k9s ,in/itute & ,k9d]g>t5 = ! bl9d well repaid a visit4 ,! =m]1 associat$ ) ! "n ( ,laura ,bridgman1 has n[ 9 ,hel5 ,kell] & ,annie ,?omas two wond]ful examples ( :at education may d ev5 = ^? :o lack :at at fir/ may seem ! necess>y basis = all in/ruction--! s5ses ( sight & he>+4 ,hel5 ,kell] 0 n !re at ! "t ( our visit1 b we j saw h] lat] at ,*icago4 ,:5 %e ent]$ ! ,in/itute %e1 be+ bl9d1 deaf1 & consequ5tly spee*less1 liv$ 9 a /ate ( almo/ complete isolation1 b n[1 ?r\gh ! c>eful tra9+ ( h] m>vell\sly acute s5se ( t\*1 %e c take a v full %>e 9 ! life ( ! _w4 ,%e moves ab\t q fe>lessly1 recognis+ p by a t\* ( ! h&1 speak+ easily 7ev5 sometimes 9 public71 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ^? speak+ to h] mu/ use ! h&-language1#a or let h] put h] f+]s on _! lips4 ,%e is acqua9t$ ) a good deal ( ! be/ 9 lit]ature1 & writes mo/ poetically4 ,inde$1 f h] lett]s x is difficult to suppose t %e has nev] se5 or he>d any?+4 ,h] life seems a v happy "o 9 spite ( all1 & %e makes fri5ds ev]y:]e4 ,annie ,?omas 0 at ! ,in/itute1 h[ev]1 at ! "t ( our visit4 ,%e1 l ,hel5 ,kell]1 has only ! s5se ( t\* by means ( :i* to ga9 k ( ! _w1 b %e too has le>n$ to talk1 write1 sew1 etc4 ,%e act$ z guide to u ov] ! build+1 lead+ u f room to room1 & draw+ our att5tion to v>i\s ?+s1 includ+ specim5s ( h] own "w4 ,y\ng] ?an ,hel5 ,kell]1 %e is v fond ( dress+ dolls1 & felt our dresses all ov]1 to try to get new ideas 9 dressmak+4 ,%e appe>s to h a good memory1 & c recognise p aft] a long lapse ( "t by j t\*+ _! h&s4 ,we ask$ h] ?r\gh h] tea*] if %e rememb]$ ! visit ( an ,engli%man1 :o "s ye>s be=e _h be5 !re & _h giv5 h] a little r+2 %e rememb]$ at once1 & talk$ ab\t him4 ,9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 we saw two o!r su* *ildr5--,willie ,rob9 & ,tommy ,/r+]4 ,! fir/1 a little girl1 is a pretty *ild1 & seem+ly v intellig5t4 ,x 0 wond]ful to see all ! little bl9d *ildr5 play+ ,k9d]g>t5 games1 b :5 ?is *ild came =w>d & jo9$ 9 play+ cat & m\se1 ) an evid5t ke5 s5se ( ! fun1 & ev5 sang ! songs ) ! o!rs1 f9d+ out :at 0 be+ sung by t\*+ ! ?roat ( ! *ild next to h]1 we realiz$ :at education _h done = h]4 ,! little boy1 ,tommy ,/r+] 7:o 0 admitt$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,hel5 ,kell]1 :o1 hav+ he>d ( him1 did n re/ until %e _h secur$ 8 admission71 is only at ! beg9n+ ( 8 tra9+1 & _c yet d mu*4 ,( c\rse ! fir/ "w ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( communication ) ^! *ildr5 is ! mo/ ardu\s1 & pati5t inde$ mu/ be ! tea*]s :o devote !mselves to x4 ,sev]al times we cross$ ! riv] ,*>les to ,cambridge1 = no visit to ,am]ica w\ld h be5 complete )\t "s "t sp5t 9 see+ ! lead+ ,univ]sity ( ! c\ntry4 ,x seem$ curi\s to f9d t wom5 7 /ill exclud$ f ! lectures1 al?\gh 9 ! ,wom5's ,annex !y are all[$ to "w z if = a degree4 ,x seem$ /range t su* a /ate ( ?+s c\ld exi/ 9 a l& :i* boa/s itself ( fre$om & ( ! position giv5 to wom54 ,inde$1 x really appe>s t ! ea/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica are beh9d ,engl& 9 ! matt] ( (f]+ equal educational advantages to m5 & wom54 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 ! great ,wom5's ,colleges ( ,bryn ,mawr1 ,wellesley1 ,vass> & ,smi?1 :i* (f] spl5did opportunities = "w1 b _! c\rses lead to degrees :i* are = wom5 only1 & :i* w1 = t reason alone1 nev] be consid]$ z ( su* importance z ^? :i* are also grant$ to m54 ,! ,h>v>d ,annex = ,wom5 has be5 op5$ at ,fay ,h\se1 ,cambridge4 ,pr(essors & lectur]s f ! ,univ]sity give _! lectures ov] aga9 at ! ,annex = ! b5efit ( ! wom5 /ud5ts1 :o c ?us g ?r\gh ! c\rse = a degree1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y may n receive1 hav+ to be cont5t ) a c]tificate4 ,we 7 able to be !re on ,class ,day1 on :i* ! /ud5ts invite _! fri5ds to an 8at home0 9 hon\r ( ! wom5 graduates4 ,at fir/ all assembl$ 9 ! libr>y to li/5 to appropriate spee*es1 !n !y disp]s$ into ! lecture rooms to talk to _! fri5ds1 an arrangem5t :i* gave ! ,engli% visitors opportunity to meet ! v>i\s pr(essors & lectur]s4 ,! wom5's ,class ,day1 h[ev]1 fades into insignificance by ! side ( ! m5's1 :i* is ! gala day ( ,cambridge4 ,! morn+ is devot$ to spee*es by ! /ud5ts & pr(essors1 & 9 ! aft]noon & ev5+ ! s5iors 7^? :o graduate7 h ! opportunity ( giv+ teas & 8spreads10 to :i* !y invite _! fri5ds4 ,on ! ,tree ( ,lib]ty is hung ! fam\s wrea?1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are scrambl$ = at a giv5 signal1 & danc+ & o!r ent]ta9m5ts br+ ! day to a close4 ,comm5cem5t ,day1 at :i* ! actual degrees are conf]r$1 is held "s days lat]4 ,f ,bo/on we visit$ ano!r fam\s college = wom5--,wellesley1 :i* takes rank & is conduct$ on simil> l9es to ^? ( ,vass> & ,bryn ,mawr4 ,x is q out 9 ! c\ntry1 & has beautiful build+s & gr\nds ( its own4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology well repaid a visit4 ,x is a mo/ impos+ in/itution1 e opportunity be+ af=d$ 9 x = "w ( all k9ds1 *iefly1 x is true1 = sci5tific "w 7! laboratories & v>i\s dep>tm5ts be+ mo/ spl5didly equipp$ ) app>atus71 b almo/ any subject c be /udi$ !re4 ,!re are special c\rses arrang$ = ^? :o are actually engag$ 9 tea*+4 ,we also visit$ ! ,bo/on ,normal & ,rice ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,normal ,art ,s*ool1 & ! ,lat9 ,high ,s*ool4 ,f ,bo/on1 we w5t to see ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools at ,fram+ham1 ,bridgewat] ,provid5ce 7,rhode ,isl&71 & ! o!r ,tra9+ ,s*ools at ,fall ,riv] & ,pawtucket4 ,! fame ( ! ,qu9cy ,s*ools1 ne> ,bo/on1 attract$ u ?i!r1 & we sp5t a delightful morn+ li/5+ to lessons 9 ! prim>y & gramm> grades ( "o ( ! be/4 ,x 0 ( c\rse a mix$ s*ool1 & e class _h a l>ge room to itself ) a cont9u\s blackbo>d1 all r\nd ! walls1 ( :i* con/ant use 0 made ei!r by tea*] or s*ol>s4 ,^! blackbo>ds are an ess5tial "p ( s*ool-room furniture 9 ,am]ica1 & )\t !m a great deal ( ! tea*+ c\ld n be c>ri$ on4 ,! tea*] beg9s at "o end ( ! bo>d fac+ ! class1 & c "w "r along ! side ( ! room1 ?us be+ able to leave all h] draw+s1 etc41 un]as$ dur+ ! lesson4 ,%e c also s5d any or all ( ! *ildr5 to ! blackbo>d at once to "w sums1 write or draw4 ,x 0 at ,qu9cy t ,colonel ,p>k] 7n[ at ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool7 began 8 "w z s*ool sup]9t5d5t1 & ?r\gh him ! ,qu9cy me?ods ( tea*+ atta9$ an almo/ _w-wide fame4 ,! little t[n ( ,milton1 a few miles out ( ,bo/on1 among ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 0 also a place ( int]e/4 ,we !re visit$ ! ,milton ,academy1 an end[$ s*ool1 *>t]$ z f> back z #agih1 & op5$ 9 #ahjg4 ,x is a s*ool = boys & girls1 al?\gh !re is only a bo>d+-h\se = boys4 ,! ,academy mu* resembles an ,engli% ,high ,s*ool1 9 t x provides education = *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( eight & eighte51 & has an upp] & l[] s*ool4 ,x is really a prep>atory s*ool = ,h>v>d1 ! c\rses 9 ! upp] s*ool be+ det]m9$ by ! requirem5ts = ! ,h>v>d entrance exam9ation4 ,we ask$ ! head-ma/] z to ! practical work+ ( co-education 9 a s*ool ( t k9d4 ,he appe>$ to believe 9 x1 & gave u an excell5t opportunity ( le>n+ h[ ! boys & girls !mselves reg>d$ x4 ,! upp] s*ool _h to write = t5 m9utes on "s giv5 subject1 & on ?is morn+ ! "o ann\nc$ 0 8co-education40 ,we 7 aft]w>ds all[$ to look at ! pap]s1 & 7 v mu* int]e/$ by !m4 ,ab\t half ! pupils express$ no def9ite op9ion at all--_m say+ t z !y _h nev] be5 to a s*ool on any o!r plan1 !y c\ld n judge ( ! relative m]its ( mix$ or sep>ate s*ools4 ,! re/1 h[ev]1 _h fully made up _! m9ds1 "s = & "s aga9/4 ,^? :o def5d$ ! sy/em did s on ! gr\nds ( ! high] /&>d ( "w result+ f ! rivalry betwe5 ! boys & girls1 & ( ! good influ5ce ea* _h on ! o!r--! girls mak+ ! boys g5tl]1 :ile ! boys' admiration ( c\rage t5d$ to r5d] ! girls brav]4 ,! objections br\ght aga9/ x 71 h[ev]1 almo/ m int]e/+4 ,sev]al boys object$1 because !y said !y _h to "w h>d] ?an 9 s*ools = boys only1 :ile "s ( ! girls :o did n want to take ! ,h>v>d entrance exam9ation dislik$ ! c\rse ( /udy r5d]$ necess>y by x1 & w\ld h pref]r$ to take o!r subjects4 ,accord+ to "o boy1 8girls h s mu* m "t ?an boys 7n play+ s _m games71 & !re=e c easily get _! lessons p]fect02 & ano!r bewail$ ! fact t :5 optional extra "w 0 giv5 out by ! tea*]1 8! girls always did x1 & s got m m>ks40 ,a m valid objection1 p]haps1 0 t ! s*ool _h no reputation = a?letics1 or outdoor games1 z ! girls took no int]e/ 9 !m4 ,h[ f> ?is 0 really true 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 we c\ld n judge2 b :]ev] we w5t1 we 7 /ruck ) ! fact t ,am]ican girls d n play or get en\gh ex]cise 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is dislike to outdoor ex]cise & fondness = hot rooms 7_! rooms are kept t5 to fifte5 degrees high] 9 temp]ature ?an we consid] heal?y 9 ,engl&7 are probably ! *ief causes ( ! delicacy & excitability ( ,am]ican wom54 ,"o day 0 sp5t at ,concord1 s long ! home ( ,em]son1 ,haw?orne & ,?oreau1 :]e "o realiz$ z nev] be=e :at _! lives & writ+s h meant z educat+ influ5ces 9 ,am]ica4 ,! life ( ,concord seems to be 9 ! pa/1 & x appe>s z if quietly await+ ! return ( ^? great pres5ces :i* made x fam\s4 ,! h\se once occupi$ by ! ,alcotts is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,commission] ,h>ris1 ( ,wa%+ton 7,head ( ! ,bureau ( ,education71 :o sp5ds a "p ( ea* ye> !re4 ,! ,concord s*ools are good1 & a new s*eme1 by :i* all *ildr5 )9 a radius ( t5 miles are collect$ 9 conveyances & br\ght 9 to s*ool1 has j be5 adopt$4 ,?is plan does away ) ! necessity = di/rict s*ools1 :i* are r>ely effici5t4 ,f ,bo/on we />t$ we/w>d1 & fir/ /opp$ at ,syracuse4 ,?is is ! seat ( a ,co-educational ,univ]sity1 plac$ on ! top ( ! highe/ hill1 ! view f :i* is v f9e4 ,besides ! ord9>y dep>tm5ts1 x has "o = music & "o = pa9t+1 :i* h bo? be5 c>efully organiz$4 ,!re is also an obs]vatory4 ,by way ( ,oswego1 ,niag>a & ,detroit1 we rea*$ ,ann ,arbor1 ! seat ( ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,univ]sity1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ! life ( ! t[n4 ,x is co-educational & non-resid5tial1 ! /ud5ts bo>d+ ) ! p ( ! place4 ,x appe>$ t ne>ly e h\se took 9 /ud5ts1 usually only to lodge1 b o!r h\ses op5$ _! doors at meal times1 & x 0 a curi\s sight to see /ud5ts & o!rs w5d+ _! ways ?ree times a day to c]ta9 h\ses :]e !y _h arrang$ = meals4 ,! ,univ]sity has _m dep>tm5ts1 includ+ ^? ( law1 m$ic9e & d5ti/ry4 ,two graduates ( ! la/ 7 ,engli%wom51 :o are n[ practis+ 9 ,*icago4 ,we 7 =tunate en\gh to arrive !re 9 "t = ,comm5cem5t ,day1 :5 we saw sev]al hundr$ /ud5ts receive degrees4 ,!y w5t up on to ! plat=m 9 bat*es ( tw5ty or ?irty at a "t1 & 7 !n h&$ _! diplomas4 ,nei!r ! graduates nor ! pr(essors wore any academic dress4 ,j bel[ ! plat=m1 tables 7 arrang$ :i* 7 cov]$ ) bun*es & baskets ( fl[]s & pres5ts4 ,^! 7 plac$ !re by ! fri5ds ( ! /ud5ts1 & ea* bore ! "n ( ! "o = :om x 0 int5d$4 ,at "o po9t 9 ! c]emony ^! 7 h&$ r\nd4 ,an address is usually giv5 by "s well-kn[n speak]--?is ye> by ,dr4 ,*>les ,w>n]4 ,?is ,univ]sity is ! cr[n ( ! ,mi*igan ,/ate sy/em ( education1 & its advantages are equally op5 to m5 & to wom54 ,all connect$ ) x seem$ to approve ( its be+ co-educational4 ,great fre$om is all[$ to all /ud5ts1 b he or %e :o w n "w1 & wa/es "t & opportunities1 has to leave4 ,graduation "t is also t *os5 = ! meet+ toge!r ( old /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! /ud5ts :o graduate toge!r are kn[n z ! 8class0 ( ! ye> 9 :i* !y take _! degrees--su* z ! 8class ( #ahgj10 or ( 8#ahij40 ,! memb]s ( ! v>i\s classes try to keep 9 t\* ) ea* o!r all _! lives1 & l to meet at ! ,univ]sity at ,comm5cem5t "t4 ,sev]al classes1 9 "s ( :i* ! memb]s 7 all grey-head$1 _h ?us met toge!r to talk ov] old times4 ,f ,ann ,arbor we w5t to see a ,summ] ,s*ool1 at ,b5ton ,h>b\r1 a wat]+-place on ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! s*ool 0 mo/ly att5d$ by tea*]s f ! c\ntry1 :o wi%$ to use "p ( _! holidays 9 prep>+ = "o ( ! ,tea*]s' ,/ate ,exam9ations4 ,"h we sp5t ! 8glori\s f\r?10 be+ r\s$ by fireworks at ?ree 9 ! morn+1 & oblig$ to tread ! /reets mo/ c>efully by day to avoid /epp+ on ! fire-crack]s :i* lay ab\t ev]y:]e4 ,cross+ ! lake by /eam] 7a ?ree or f\r h\rs' passage1 9 :i* we 7 q out ( sight ( l&71 we rea*$ ,*icago4 ,!re we /ay$ at ! new ,univ]sity1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 0 n !n 9 session4 ,! dormitories 7 let out to ^? :o came = ! ,educational ,congresses4 ,our fir/ sight ( x 0 n inspirit+1 = we arriv$ at night1 & ! half-f9i%$ build+s1 plac$ at int]vals on :at mu/ at no di/ant date h be5 a swamp1 look$ *e]less & =lorn4 ,?+s look$ bett] 9 ! morn+ sun%9e2 & we !n f\nd t !re 0 e promise ( its be+ a l>ge & h&some ,univ]sity4 ,x is co-educational1 l ,mi*igan1 & has1 moreov]1 ?ree wom5 on ! /aff--"o z ,dean1 "o z ,assi/ant-,pr(essor ( ,engli%1 & "o z ,lectur] 9 ,spani%4 ,x is resid5tial1 "s ( ! dormitories be+ built = wom5 & "s = m54 ,! ,_w's ,fair 0 held 9 ! p>ks adjo9+ ! ,univ]sity4 ,x w\ld take too long to describe1 b "o build+ mu/ be m5tion$--t ( ! ,lib]al ,arts1 ! top floor ( :i* 0 entirely giv5 up to educational exhibits4 ,ne>ly e c\ntry 0 repres5t$1 f ,japan--:i* really appe>s to be f> advanc$ 9 ! mak+ ( tea*+ app>atus--to ! exhibit ( our own ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 :i* 0 exce$+ly well arrang$1 & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h naturally ! lion's %>e ( ! space--ea* ,/ate hav+ a section allott$ to x4 ,9 ea* section places 7 giv5 to ! ,univ]sities1 ,normal ,s*ools1 ,public & ,private ,s*ools1 & o!r ,in/itutions4 ,specim5s ( "w1 ex]cise books1 app>atus1 7 all %[n4 ,sev]al ,/ates _h tak5 great pa9s to make ! exhibit complete4 ,"s _h collect$ valuable /ati/ics & plac$ !m on revolv+ scre5s1 "s _h publi%$ pamphlets describ+ c]ta9 bran*es ( educational "w 9 ! ,/ate2 & "s greatly height5$ ! value ( ! exhibits by plac+ "s "o 9 *>ge :o 0 compet5t to expla9 !m4 ,"s exhibits 71 ( c\rse1 mu* m valuable ?an o!rs--! ,/ates ( ,indiana1 ,massa*usetts1 ,m9nesota & ,new ,york appe>$ p]haps ! mo/ complete4 ,f ^! exhibits1 & especially f ^? 9 *>ge ( !m1 we le>n$ mu*1 & 7 able to supplem5t ! k we _h ga9$ by visit+ ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,two ,educational ,congresses 7 held1 ! fir/ "u ! ,wom5's ,bran* ( ! ,_w ,congress ,auxili>y1 began on ,july #ag?1 & ! o!r1 held "u ! *>ge ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 began on ,july #bcrd4 ,"u ea* !re 7 _m sections1 ^? = ! fir/ be+ ,high] ,education1 ,univ]sity ,ext5sion1 ,college & ,univ]sity ,/ud5ts1 ,college ,frat]nities1 ,k9d]g>t5 ,manual & ,art ,education1 ,social ,settlem5ts1 ,*autauquean ,education1 ,/5ography1 ,tea*+ ( ! ,deaf & ( ! ,bl9d4 ,= ! second3 ,high]1 ,second>y1 ,elem5t>y & ,k9d]g>t5 ,education1 ,s*ool ,sup]vision1 ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s' ,art1 ,vocal ,music1 ,te*nological1 ,indu/rial & ,manual ,bus9ess & ,physical ,education1 ,rational ,psy*ology & ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology 9 ,education4 ,on ! :ole ! ,congresses 7 disappo9t+1 ) p]haps ! exception ( t on ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology2 b ! p we met !re 7 s int]e/+ z to q make up = any loss 9 ! ,congresses !mselves4 ,all our sp>e "t we sp5t at ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,summ] ,s*ool1 ,colonel ,p>k] hav+ giv5 u free passes to all lectures4 ,!re we met tea*]s f all p>ts ( ! ,/ates & f ,canada4 ,we also visit$ ! ,univ]sity ,settlem5t 9 "o ( ! poore/ p>ts ( ,*icago4 ,x is kn[n z ,hull ,h\se1 & is conduct$ on mu* ! same l9es z ,toynbee ,hall4 ,f ,*icago we w5t to ,*autauqua1 ! huge encampm5t by ! side ( ,lake ,*autauqua1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,"h = sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye> p ga!r 7no long] 9 log huts1 b 9 hotels & bo>d+-h\ses erect$ = ! purpose7 to att5d ! summ] s*ool1 or ! religi\s meet+s1 or simply to enjoy ! social life & popul> lectures1 conc]ts1 etc41 :i* make ! "t pass quickly = !m4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 9 ! summ] does ,*autauqua ex]cise its influ5ce4 ,an elaborate sy/em ( read+ circles & education by correspond5ce has be5 e/abli%$1 & connects "o summ] meet+ ) ano!r4 ,x does educational "w among ^? :o are rea*$ 9 no o!r way1 & its influ5ce is felt n only ?r\gh\t ! ,/ates & ,am]ica g5]ally1 b ev5 9 ,europe & f> ,japan4 ,we return$ to ,new ,york ?r\gh ,i?aca1 :]e we /opp$ to see ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,a ,univ]sity ,summ] ,s*ool 0 be+ held1 & we 7 able to att5d "s lectures1 & int]view$ "o or two pr(essors4 ,a breakd[n ( ! tra9 by :i* we 7 to leave ,i?aca delay$ our j\rney1 s we arriv$ 9 ,new ,york too late to see any m in/itutions1 & sail$ f !nce feel+ sad at ! ?\ght t su* a delightful t\r 0 end$2 b glad1 too1 at ! remembrance ( ! _m fri5ds we _h made1 & feel+ t ,am]ica w\ld be no m to u a l& ( /rang]s4 ,,millic5t ,,hughes4 ,,report ,i ,,by ,,amy ,,blan*e ,,bramwell1 ,b4,sc4 ,9 mak+ my report ( obs]vations 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ! ,educational ,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i am anxi\s to po9t out1 at ! v outset1 t ! nature ( t ,sy/em 7its complexity1 its _m modifications1 & ! va/ ext5t x cov]s7 r5d]s ! "w ( draw+ g5]al conclusions f ! data suppli$ by ! obs]vations ( "o p]son a task ( extreme difficulty4 ,! difficulty is fur!r increas$ by ! fact t my p]sonal obs]vations 7 limit$ to ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,/ates ( ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mi*igan1 & ,ill9ois4 ,^! ,/ates1 al?\gh cov]+ only a small portion ( ! :ole field ( obs]vation1 diff] s greatly z reg>ds conditions & organization t !y exhibit results widely oppos$1 & furni% facts f :i* x is n easy to g5]alize4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 _m & valuable opportunities ( supplem5t+ p]sonal obs]vations by a fur!r /udy ( educational matt]s 9 ! exhibit ( ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,_w's ,fair1 & by att5d+ ! ,educational ,congresses held 9 ,*icago 9 ,july1 #ahic4 ,! meet+s held dur+ ! ,educational ,congress 71 9 !mselves1 disappo9t+4 ,nev]!less !y enabl$ me to meet educationali/s & tea*]s ( all k9ds f all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to le>n1 by p]sonal int]views1 facts :i* x w\ld h be5 impossible to ga9 by m]ely visit+ educational in/itutions4 ,i f\nd ?r\gh\t my visit t p]sonal int]views 7 an important means ( supplem5t+ ! obs]vation ( "w actually done 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 "s dep>tm5ts1 ! mo/ valuable in=mation ,i ga9$ 0 acquir$ 9 ?is way1 ?is be+ especially true 9 connection ) ! ,tra9+ ( ,second>y ,tea*]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 :]e ! subject1 al?\gh widely discuss$1 is only j beg9n+ to h any practical outcome4 ,9 report+ on ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i h *iefly conf9$ myself to ! "w done 93-- i4 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools4 ii4 ,city ,normal & ,tra9+ ,s*ools4 iii4 ,dep>tm5ts ( ,p$agogy 9 ,univ]sities & ,colleges4 ,x w be se5 t ,i make con/ant ref]5ces to me?ods ( ,sci5ce taught 9 ! tra9+ s*ools1 & adopt$ 9 _! connect$ model s*ools4 ,?is is due to ! fact t my obs]vations 7 made ) especial reg>d to t bran* ( tra9+4 ,i h n report$ on ! tra9+ ( ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s1 = al?\gh ! "q ( ,k9d]g>t5 in/ruction is "o ( great int]e/ & importance at pres5t 9 ,am]ica1 ,i _h little opportunity ( see+ & judg+ ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( tea*]s 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,i wi% to record my grateful ?anks to ^? :o s readily help$ me 9 my "w2 & to express my appreciation ( ! great k9dness & hospitality %[n ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t my visit4 ,i %\ld also l to take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ! ,gil*ri/ ,tru/ees1 ?r\gh ^: lib]ality ,i h be5 enabl$ to ga9 mu* t w be v valuable to myself1 & possibly some?+ t may be ( int]e/ or help to o!r tea*]s4 ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools are s*ools support$ :olly by a p>ticul> ,/ate1 to provide tra9$ tea*]s = ! public s*ools ( t ,/ate4 ,!y are "u ! managem5t ( ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,education1 :i* det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ,c\rse1 & arrange ! /udies4 ,mu* discretion>y p[] is1 h[ev]1 giv5 to ! pr9cipals or presid5ts ( ! respective s*ools4 ,in/ruction is usually free to ^? :o pl$ge !mselves to tea* 9 ! ,/ate1 &1 z a fur!r inducem5t1 /ud5ts att5d+ non-resid5t s*ools are all[$ to come 9 by tra9 at r$uc$ f>es1 or lodge & bo>d 9 h\ses ne> ! s*ool at a v l[ rate4 ,/ud5ts ( resid5t s*ools h rooms & bo>d 9 ! s*ool build+1 or 9 sep>ate small] halls1 or 8dormitories10 at a rate ( #aej-ahj doll>s a ye>4 ,to v ne$y /ud5ts ! ,/ate makes extra grants4 ,mo/ ( ! ,normal ,s*ools are co-educational in/itutions2 b a few admit only wom54 ,9 ! co-educational s*ools1 ! m5 & wom5 h classes & meals 9 common1 & reside 9 diff]5t p>ts ( "o build+1 or 9 adjac5t build+s4 ,x is a noticeable fact1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ ( ! co-educational ,normal ,s*ools ! wom5 /ud5ts outnumb] ! m54 ,9 ! two ,p5nsylvanian ,s*ools ,i visit$--^? at ,we/*e/] & ,mill]sville--! discrepancy betwe5 ! numb]s ( m5 & wom5 /ud5ts 0 n s great z 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 & ,new ,york1 :i* devote !mselves m /rictly to pr(essional tra9+1 i4e4 to p$agogical in/ruction & tea*+ practice4 ,hav+ enquir$ z to ! cause ( ! great] numb] ( wom5 /ud5ts1 ,i 0 told x 0 due to ! fact t tea*+1 z a pr(ession1 (f]s few attractions to m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t 9 ^? few ,normal ,s*ools :]e ! att5dance ( m5 & wom5 /ud5ts is almo/ equal ! c\rses are su* z to all[ ( _! be+ us$ by ! m5 z prep>atory c\rses = college4 ,su* an explanation seems to be corroborat$ by ! relative numb]s ( m5 & wom5 tea*]s 9 _m ( ! ,/ates4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ! numb] ( tea*]s is #aj1ife1 & ( ^! only #iib are m54 ,9 ,ill9ois1 !re are #bc1jcc tea*]s 9 ! ,common ,s*ools1 & among !m only #g1jia m54 ,9 ,new ,york1 ( ! #cb1afa tea*]s 9 ! ,/ate s*ools1 #bf1hfi are wom54 ,! fir/ ,normal ,s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #ahci4 ,! p>ticul> ne$s :i* ^! e>ly s*ools 7 int5d$ to satisfy1 & _! e>ly aims1 h influ5c$ ! c\rses ( in/ruction & l9es ( "w ( mo/ ( ! ,normal ,s*ools s9ce e/abli%$1 :e!r 9 ,massa*usetts1 or 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,! purpose ( ! e>ly s*ools at ,lex+ton & ,b>re 0 to provide m compet5t tea*]s = ! l[] grades ( s*ools1 & _! c\rse ( tra9+ embrac$3-- i4 ,! subjects ( an ord9>y s*ool curriculum1 kn[n z 8academic /udies10 z di/+ui%$ f p$agogical or 8pr(essional /udies40 ii4 ,in/ruction 9 ! ,art ( ,tea*+ & ,gov]n+4 iii4 ,practice 9 ,tea*+ 9 ! ,common ,s*ools4 ,! /&>d ( admission to ^! e>ly ,normal ,s*ools 0 l[1 & at t "t1 opportunities = any ?or\gh /udy outside univ]sities 7 few1 especially 9 ! case ( wom54 ,accord+ly _! !ory ( tra9+ gave ! greate/ importance to 8a c>eful review ( ! bran*es ( k requir$ to be taught 9 s*ools40 ,! fir/ bus9ess ( a ,normal ,s*ool 0 said1 by ,horace ,mann1 to consi/ 89 review+1 & ?or\ghly & critically ma/]+ ! rudim5ts ( elem5t>y bran*es ( k40 ,& al?\gh conditions h *ang$ mu* s9ce #ahci1 mo/ ( ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /ill pursue ! l9es ( "w adopt$ by ,massa*usetts4 ,/&>ds ( admission h be5 rais$1 c\rses ( /udy h be5 correspond+ly ext5d$1 b ! ,normal ,s*ools1 ) a few exceptions1 /ill rema9 m or less effici5t s*ools = ! tea*+ ( ord9>y subjects1 & devote half ! c\rse1 & 9 _m cases ev5 m1 to academic "w4 ,x is ?us a di/9ctive feature ( ,normal ,s*ool "w to pursue s*ool subjects side by side ) pr(essional1 or p$agogical subjects4 ,b !re seems a g5]al t5d5cy to emphasize ! academic "p1 at ! exp5se ( ! pr(essional4 ,examples ( ! c\rses ( /udy = ,massa*usetts & ,new ,york1 two ( ! =emo/ ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates 9 educational matt]s1 w indicate ?is4 ,normal ,s*ools ( ,massa*usetts4 ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 ,ari?metic1 ,algebra1 ,geometry4 ,book-keep+4 ,physics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,*emi/ry4 ,physiology1 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,geology4 ,m9]alogy1 ,geography4 ,language1 ,read+1 ,or?ography4 ,etymology1 ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric4 ,lit]ature1 ,composition4 ,p5man%ip1 ,draw+1 ,vocal ,music4 ,gymna/ics4 ,psy*ology1 ,sci5ce ( ,education1 ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,s*ool ,organization1 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,civil ,polity ( ,massa*usetts & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,hi/ory & ,s*ool ,laws ( ,massa*usetts4 ,f\r ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 ,subjects requir$ 9 ! ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse1 ) ! addition (3-- ,advanc$ ,algebra & ,geometry1 ,trigonometry1 ,survey+4 ,advanc$ ,*emi/ry1 ,physics & ,botany4 ,draw+1 ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man or ,greek4 ,! ord] ( /udies1 & ! relative l5g?s ( "t sp5t on academic & pr(essional /udies1 is det]m9$ by ! presid5t ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ! ,bridgewat] ,s*ool1 p$agogical subjects are n /udi$ sy/ematically until ! f\r? t]m or seme/]1 = ^? :o take ! ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse1 & ! sev5? seme/]1 = ^? :o take ! ,f\r ,ye>s' ,c\rse4 ,?us ) ! exception ( a s+le seme/]1 & a few h\rs ( ! fir/ seme/] giv5 to an introduction ( psy*ology1 ! :ole ( ! two ye>s or f\r ye>s is devot$ to s*ool subjects4 ,9 ! ,we/field ,s*ool1 ! la/ half-ye> ( ! ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse is devot$ to p$agogical subjects1 & ! additional "w ( ! ,f\r ,ye>s' ,c\rse is entirely academic4 ,! /udies prescrib$ = ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ,new ,york ,/ate are 9 ?ree c\rses3 i4 ,! ,engli% ,c\rse1 compris+ ! usual ,engli% subjects1 ,ma!matics & ,sci5ce4 ,?is occupies ?ree ye>s4 ii4 ,! ,classical ,c\rse1 compris+ m advanc$ ,engli% subjects1 ,ma!matics & ,sci5ce1 ) ,lat9 & ,greek1 or ,g]man & ,fr5*4 ,?is occupies f\r ye>s4 iii4 ,! ,sci5tific ,c\rse1 includ+ all subjects ( ! ,engli% ,c\rse1 ) two ye>s' /udy ( two ( ! languages1 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man4 ,! ord] ( subjects1 & relative times devot$ to academic & pr(essional /udies1 is approximately ! same = all ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,tak+ ! s*ools ( ,oswego & ,oneonta z examples1 we f9d3-- ,?ree ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 ,psy*ology1 philosophy1 hi/ory ( education & me?ods ( tea*+ v>i\s subjects1 tak5 up = ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird ye>1 & sometimes made to ext5d into ! second half ( ! same ye>4 ,f\r ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 ,! same "w1 *iefly done 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? ye>4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by "s1 t all ! ,normal ,s*ool "w is pr(essional1 9 t ?r\gh\t ! curriculum ! aim is to pres5t ! subject matt] ( in/ruction 9 ! way t ! tea*] %\ld pres5t x to 8 or h] class ( *ildr51 & s to make ! lessons model lessons4 ,i 0 pres5t at "s excell5t lessons ( ?is k9d3 a geography lesson & a hi/ory lesson 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,normal ,s*ool4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ! ne$s ( ! ,normal ,s*ool pupils !mselves1 & n ! ne$s ( imag9>y future s*ool *ildr51 h to be consid]$1 & ! ,normal ,s*ool lessons or 8recitations0 resolve !mselves into ord9>y s*ool lessons4 ,ev5 if we assume1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n ! case1 & t great skill is %[n on ! "p ( ! ,normal ,s*ool tea*]1 may n su* a plan ( tea*+ 8,me?ods0 be dang]\s1 9 t x enc\rages imitation & rigidity4 ,su* appe>s to me to be ! t5d5cy ( ! g5]ally adopt$ plan1 ( giv+ pr(essional tra9+ 9 8,me?ods10 by actual lessons 9 ! v>i\s subjects giv5 by ! ,normal ,s*ool tea*]2 & ! dang] ( enc\rag+ cut & dri$ me?ods is int5sifi$ :]e x is ! cu/om = a ,normal ,s*ool /ud5t to give a lesson to *ildr51 or h] fell[-/ud5ts 9 t subject & section ( a subject :i* has j be5 pres5t$ to h] by ! ,normal ,s*ool tea*]4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by o!rs t ap>t f any advantage :i* may accrue to ! /ud5ts f he>+ good lessons 9 ! v>i\s subjects !y w h to tea*1 x is absolutely necess>y t ea* /ud5t %\ld *ange h] /&po9t1 & review ! v>i\s bran*es ( k z a tea*]1 r ?an z a pupil4 ,?is1 x is argu$1 is secur$ by su* a plan ( tea*+ 8,me?ods40 ,z a ?ird motive1 x is held t direct tea*+ ( ord9>y s*ool subjects is necess>y be=e beg9n+ p$agogical in/ruction1 on acc\nt ( ! inadequate & unequal prep>ation :i* ! future tea*]s br+ to _! "w4 ,x seems to me t bo? ^! necessities might be obviat$ by m rigid requirem5ts = admission to ,normal ,s*ools4 ,! well-equipp$ ,high ,s*ools c d ! academic "w ( ! ,normal ,s*ools ) less ef=t ?an c ! ,normal ,s*ools !mselves2 & 7 ! /&>ds ( admission su* z to necessitate a ?or\ghly s\nd prelim9>y k 9 common s*ool subjects1 might n ! ,normal ,s*ool /ud5ts be f\nd m capable ( !mselves review+ old facts f a new /&po9t1 & ! s*ools h m "t & opportunity to c>ry out o!r means ( tra9+8 ,,academic ,,/udies4 ,x is a m>k$ feature 9 ! academic "w ( ,normal ,s*ools t great importance is giv5 to ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,"h1 z 9 ,am]ican ,s*ools 9 g5]al1 a l>ge place 9 ! curriculum is giv5 to :at is kn[n z 8nature /udy40 ,ext5sive laboratories1 = ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce1 are fitt$ up 9 mo/ ( ! s*ools2 books1 microscopes1 physical1 *emical & biological app>atus1 specim5s = obs]vation & dissection1 are suppli$ free to /ud5ts2 outdoor "w is organiz$1 wea!r-*>ts are kept daily1 & /ud5ts are enc\rag$ to use ! s*ool work%ops = mak+ simple physical app>atus = _! own use4 ,9 all ! s*ools great /ress is laid ^u practical "w by ea* individual /ud5t4 ,! foll[+ li/ %[s ! numb] ( lesson-h\rs giv5 to sci5ce at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,bridgewat]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 #a/ ye>4 #a/ t]m #ab h\rs p] week4 #bnd 0 #g 0 0 #bnd ye>4 #a/ t]m #f 0 0 #bnd 0 #e 0 0 ,f\r ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 #a/ ye>4 #a/ t]m #b 0 0 #bnd 0 #aj 0 0 #bnd ye>4 #a/ t]m #g 0 0 #bnd 0 #b 0 0 #crd ye>4 #a/ t]m #d 0 0 #bnd 0 #h 0 0 #d? ye>4 #a/ t]m #h 0 0 #bnd 0 #d 0 0 ,! s*ool1 :i* numb]s #bgd pupils1 has five laboratories--viz41 *emical1 physical1 physiological & zoological1 geological & indu/rial1 & ! equipm5t ( ^!1 & ! c>e ) :i* /ud5ts kept daily records ( laboratory "w1 7 its special features4 ,! *emical laboratory is 9 two sections3 "o = elem5t>y1 & "o = advanc$ /ud5ts1 & betwe5 ^! is a tea*]s' laboratory4 ,! /ud5ts' daily records ( "w are c>efully exam9$ by ! tea*]1 & mu* use is made1 by bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts1 ( ! cont9u\s wall slate r\nd ! class-rooms & laboratories4 ,physiology is taught by aid ( ! skeleton & life-size models1 also by ! dissection ( l[] animals1 & microscopical exam9ation ( tissues4 ,! me?ods & means adopt$ = geology & geography tea*+ at ,bridgewat] seem$ to be p>ticul>ly good4 ,9 ! s*ool museum 7 duplicate collections ( rocks & m9]als1 classifi$ on v>i\s bases2 & 9 addition to ^!1 ! s*ool possess$ two sets ( trays ( work+ specim5s1 "o set conta9+ labell$ typical class specim5s1 & ! o!r conta9+ unlabell$ specim5s = id5tification by /ud5ts4 ,books1 giv+ pr9t$ directions = "w1 int]leav$ ) blank %eets = obs]vations1 notes & draw+s1 7 provid$ = all /ud5ts4 ,i he>d two excell5t lessons 9 geography at ?is s*ool4 ,"o on ! ,slopes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 well work$ out ) ! /ud5ts 9 s&1 great c>e be+ tak5 by ! tea*] to /ate & comp>e actual di/ances1 s t ! relief-map %\ld n convey an impression ( false proportion4 ,! o!r 0 a lesson 9 map-draw+ f memory4 ,all /ud5ts _h places at ! slate r\nd ! room1 & two m9utes 7 giv5 to draw ! outl9e ( a map previ\sly prep>$4 ,!n "o m9ute 0 giv5 = ! draw+ ( a p>ticul>ly difficult isolat$ "p ( ! outl9e4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 a correct map 0 uncov]$1 & /ud5ts 7 requir$ to correct _! own draw+s4 ,aft] ! draw+s _h be5 individually criticis$ by ! tea*]1 faults 7 g5]aliz$1 & help 0 giv54 ,! special features ( ! sci5ce "w at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,willimantic1 ,connecticut1 is ! emphasis plac$ on manual tra9+1 & its practical connection ) all sci5ce tea*+4 ,all /ud5ts1 m5 & wom51 are requir$ to inv5t1 or make ) _! own h&s1 simple app>atus = tea*+ ! elem5t>y facts ( physics4 ,i saw /ud5ts 9 ! work%ops1 mak+ relief-maps & models = _! lessons4 ,"o 0 con/ruct+ a v simple model ( a wat]-:eel1 to illu/rate lessons on ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 ano!r 0 mak+ a relief-map ( pap] pulp1 on a gr\nd ( blue-pa9t$ wood4 ,9 ?is s*ool ! /ud5ts d n1 z a rule1 foll[ /at$ text-books 9 sci5ce4 ,wide read+ is enc\rag$1 & !re is an excell5t libr>y ( /&>d text-books & works ( ref]5ce4 ,!re is also a model libr>y ( *ildr5's lit]ature = ! /ud5ts' use1 & an exhibition ( ! late/ devices = 8busy-"w40 8,busy-"w0 is ! "w done alone by "o section ( a class1 :ile ! o!r is be+ directly taught by ! tea*]4 ,all sorts ( occupations are devis$ by ! clev] tea*] = impress+ facts already le>nt1 & ! 8busy-"w0 h\r is frequ5tly employ$ 9 cutt+ out outl9e maps1 sort+ beads1 c\nt+ beans1 etc4 ,! object ( ! exhibition ( 8busy-"w0 at ,willimantic is to enc\rage exam9ation & criticism ( su* devices ) reg>d to _! educational value4 ,! figures repres5t+ ! am\nt grant$ to ?is ,normal ,s*ool la/ ye>1 = 8busy-"w0 exhibits1 libr>y books1 text-books1 p]iodicals1 etc41 7 k9dly giv5 to me by ! ,pr9cipal1 & ,i note !m "h1 z an illu/ration ( ! read9ess ( ,new ,engl& ,/ates to furni% s*ool supplies & app>atus4 ,a few details ( exp5diture = ! pa/ ye>1 :i* 0 by no means an exceptional ye>1 are3 ,text-books & ,s*ool ,supplies = ,normal #a1ejj doll>s4 & ,model ,s*ool ,libr>y #ejj 0 ,p]iodicals #fj 0 ------ ,total am\nt1 #b1jfj 0 ,?us m ?an #dej 0 sp5t 9 "o ye> = libr>y mat]ials1 9 a s*ool numb]+ less ?an #aej4 ,! abundant supply ( app>atus & books = ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 & ! importance giv5 to practical "w1 are a m>k$ feature 9 all ! s*ools4 ,at ! ,albany ,normal ,s*ool = tea*]s 9 high] grades & colleges1 ! /ud5ts sp5d mo/ ( _! free aft]noons 9 mak+ physical app>atus = _! own future use4 ,! laboratory "h is well equipp$1 & ! "w is done ) great c>e1 accuracy & f9i%4 ,i saw a home-made tang5t galvanomet]1 & a ,:eat/one's bridge 9 con/ant use = some:at f9e measurem5ts4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 plant /udy receives special att5tion4 ,?is is n te*nical botany z usually und]/ood1 b is r a daily obs]vation & record ( plant surr\nd+s1 ! practical /udy ( all /ages ( plant-life4 ,a feature ( ! /udy is ! daily exhibit1 made by ! pupils 9 turn1 ( "s plant 9 bud1 leaf1 fl[] or fruit1 ) its common & sci5tific "n1 & ! place :]e x 0 ga!r$4 ,directories furni%+ in=mation respect+ ! localities ( trees & plants 9 ! neighb\rhood are made 9 ! s*ool1 & dates ( _! times ( blossom+ are not$ f ye> to ye> on special blank %eets provid$ = ! purpose4 ,moreov]1 collections ( ! woods ( diff]5t trees1 & ( leaves ( trees gr[+ )9 ! c\nty are made4 ,"w ( ?is k9d is usually done 9 ! free h\rs = indep5d5t /udy1 :i* ea* /ud5t has sev]al times dur+ ! day4 ,practical g>d5+ is also sy/ematically done 9 free "t4 ,! lessons 9 sci5ce1 unless actual laboratory lessons1 are usually giv5 9 ! =m ( 8recitations40 ,a 8recitation0 is a lesson 9 :i* c]ta9 p>ts ( a subject1 specially prep>$ be=eh&1 are contribut$ by ! pupils4 ,! tea*] asks que/ions & expla9s difficulties1 & g5]ally connects ! facts br\ght =w>d2 b ! mat]ial ( ! lesson is :olly suppli$ by ! pupils4 ,?is way ( work+ out a subject has at lea/ two di/9ct advantages ov] our own me?od ( lesson-giv+1 9 :i* ! *ief "w devolves ^u ! tea*]4 ,by ! recitation me?od ! pupils are taught h[ to use books1 h[ to ga!r f _m s\rces mat]ial = _! recitation4 ,!y also le>n to rely on _! own ef=ts 9 class-"t1 & to be al]t 9 ?\ght & spee*4 ,! disadvantages ( ! plan1 h[ev]1 seem ev5 m app>5t4 ,:]e "o text-book is *iefly us$ 9 a subject1 or ev5 :]e sev]al books are ref]r$ to1 !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to 8recite0 9 ! words ( ! book4 ,sev]al times ,i he>d lessons 9 :i* su* 8recitations0 7 accept$ by ! tea*]4 ,?is me?od1 moreov]1 seems likely to lead to too great a dep5d5ce on text-books1 & too con/ant a ref]5ce to books1 on po9ts :]e ?\ght & reflection might be bett] guides4 ,x also enc\rages digression 9 class1 & a result+ sl[ness 9 gett+ ?r\gh ! subject matt]1 unless ! tea*] be v skilful 9 conduct+ ! 8recitation40 ,! con/ant rais+ ( po9ts by ! /ud5ts1 at all p>ts ( ! discussion1 leads sometimes to wa/e ( "t by debat+ on que/ions ( m]ely individual op9ion4 ,su* results po9t to ! difficulty ( conduct+ an ord9>y recitation4 ,great skill & mu* exp]i5ce are ne$$1 be=e su* a lesson c be made completely satisfactory1 & _m are ! tea*]s' temptations to omit c>eful prep>ation4 ,z a me?od to be us$ con/antly1 & 9 all subjects1 x seems op5 to _m objections1 & to %[ b few advantages4 ,z resort$ to occasionally1 & by skilful tea*]s1 & z p>ticul>ly adapt$ to subjects su* z geography or hi/ory1 ! 8recitation0 may be made a valuable means ( tra9+4 ,! t5d5cy to booki%ness & slav]y to ^w-=ms1 :i* may seem to be enc\rag$ by ! recitation me?od ( tea*+ sci5ce 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools1 is oppos$ by a great] t5d5cy to emphasize ! concrete1 to ref] 9 all sci5ce tea*+ directly to ! objects !mselves1 to use laboratory me?ods :]ev] possible4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t are ess5tially ! me?ods ( _m ( ! ,am]ican sci5ce tea*]s1 & no pa9s are sp>$ to illu/rate all facts & pr9ciples by an appeal to ! s5ses4 ,z a result1 mu* ( ! sci5ce tea*+ is excell5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re seems a possible dang] ( pursu+ ^! excell5t me?ods too f>1 ( appeal+ to ! s5ses alone1 at /ages ( developm5t 9 ! *ild :5 reason & reflection might be appeal$ to & tru/$1 & ( g5]ally emphasiz+ ! value ( obs]vation at ! exp5se ( neglect+ ! reflective faculties4 ,9 ! excell5t ,outl9es ( ,laboratory ,"w1 us$ by "s ( ! ,normal ,s*ools1 ! dang] is to "s degree recognis$ by ,que/ions = ,?\ght & ,ref]5ce be+ plac$ at ! end ( ea* lesson-s*eme4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! que/ions are foll[$ out c>efully by ! /ud5ts1 x may /ill be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is ! be/ me?od ( ar\s+ ?\ght4 ,ano!r feature ( ! sci5ce tea*+ 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools is ! tak+ up ( _m bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,*emi/ry1 physics1 a/ronomy1 geology1 m9]alogy1 zoology1 botany1 physiology1 are /udi$ by all4 ,9 ord] t /ud5ts may be able to take up all ^!1 ! plan usually adopt$ is to conc5trate att5tion on "o sci5ce = a %ort "t1 & !n to pass on to o!r sci5ces1 until five or six h be5 tak54 ,x is seldom t ev5 "o bran* ( sci5ce is all[$ to run ?r\gh a :ole c\rse ( two ye>s4 ,! division ( sci5ce /udies = ! ,normal ,s*ool at ,new ,brita91 ,connecticut1 :]e ! sci5ce "w is mo/ c>efully done1 w illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,fir/ ,ye>3 ,*emi/ry #e recitations a week = #ac weeks4 ,physiology #e 0 0 0 #ac 0 ,physics #d 0 0 0 #dj 0 ,physical #d 0 0 0 #d 0 ,geography ,second ,ye>3 ,physics #d recitations a week = #ac weeks4 ,botany #e 0 0 0 #aj 0 ,geology #d 0 0 0 #e 0 ,biology #d 0 0 0 #aj 0 ,zoology ,:5 x is rememb]$ t no prelim9>y sci5ce is requir$ = admission to ! ,normal ,s*ools1 & t _m ( ! ent]+ /ud5ts h n done any "w 9 ! subject at all1 x seems impossible t any v ?or\gh k c be secur$ 9 a c\rse ( five1 t51 or ev5 ?irte5 weeks4 ,x may be possible = ! /ud5t to obta9 & v]ify a few sci5tific facts dur+ a %ort c\rse su* z ?is2 b !re is no "t or opportunity to realize ! ext5t or be>+ ( ! subject 9 h&1 or to /udy x adequately 9 a sci5tific way4 ,to all[ a beg9n] to feel he has complet$ a c\rse 9 geology1 botany1 or any o!r sci5ce 9 ?irte5 weeks is to enc\rage sup]ficiality1 to ar\se 9 him a feel+ ( satisfaction & atta9m5t1 & surely no?+ c be m oppos$ to ! true _s ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! ,new ,brita9 ,s*ool1 physics is c>ri$ ?r\gh fifty-?ree ( ! eighty weeks 9 ! ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse2 & ?is seems a good plan1 ev5 if1 dur+ "s "p ( ! "t1 only two or ?ree h\rs a week c be giv5 to x4 ,:5 "o sci5ce1 or possibly two1 are *iefly tak5 up1 & o!rs consid]$ m]ely accessory to ! ma9 subject ( /udy1 a m adequate k ( sci5ce & sci5tific me?od c be ga9$1 especially if ! sci5ces tak5 up are su* z botany1 & physics1 :i* illu/rate respectively diff]5t me?ods ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ t ! ,normal ,s*ool /ud5ts mu/ be prep>$ = _! future "w 9 ! ,prim>y & ,gramm> ,s*ools1 9 mo/ ( :i* ! elem5ts ( sev]al sci5ces are taught4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be rememb]$4 ,nev]!less1 ! attitude ( m9d develop$ by ! ?or\gh /udy ( "o sci5ce is ! be/ possible prep>ation = ! safe /udy ( ! elem5ts ( o!rs1 :ile a sup]ficial /udy ( ! elem5ts ( _m sci5ces is fatal to ! prop] e/imation ( facts 9 any "o ( !m4 ,,pr(essional ,,"w4 ,! purely pr(essional "w ( ! ,normal ,/ate ,s*ools consi/s (3 7a7 ,in/ruction 9 ! !ory ( education & its application4 7b7 ,actual practice 9 tea*+1 "u ! guidance ( exp]i5c$ tea*]s4 7c7 ,!ory ( education4 ,x is usual = ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates to po/pone ! /udy ( /rictly p$agogical subjects until half or m ( ! c\rse has be5 complet$4 ,s*ool me?ods are sometimes taught 9 connection ) academic subjects 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c\rse2 b su* in/ruction1 com+1 z x does1 be=e any pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( education h be5 consid]$1 or any practical exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$1 mu/ be purely empirical4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,mill]sville1 ,p5nsylvania1 s*ool managem5t is tak5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & appli$ psy*ology 7z di/+ui%$ f empirical me?ods71 hi/ory ( education1 & s*ool tea*+1 are requir$ dur+ ! second ye>4 ,if ! /ud5t takes up a fur!r sci5tific or po/-graduate c\rse1 additional pr(essional /udies are requir$--viz41 psy*ology & ! philosophy ( education1 e?ics1 logic1 & pr(essional read+4 ,9 ! ,we/*e/] ,normal ,s*ool1 ,p5nsylvania1 no pr(essional "w is tak5 up until ! second ye>4 ,!n psy*ology is /udi$1 & hi/ory ( education2 & me?ods & s*ool practice are tak54 ,! additional p$agogical /udies = ! advanc$ c\rses are ! same z at ,mill]sville4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,bridgewat]1 ,massa*usetts1 ! /ud5ts1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ! elem5ts ( psy*ology1 dur+ _! fir/ seme/]1 leave all te*nical /udies until ! f\r? seme/]1 :5 !y take up simultane\sly1 /udy ( ! body1 /udy ( ! m9d1 pr9ciples ( education & me?ods1 s*ool organization1 s*ool gov]nm5t1 hi/ory ( s*ool laws ( ,massa*usetts4 ,a fif? seme/]1 :5 x c be giv51 is devot$ entirely to pr(essional "w & actual tea*+4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,new ,brita91 ,connecticut1 psy*ology is giv5 f\r times a week dur+ mo/ ( ! two ye>s' c\rse4 ,text-books are n us$ except = ref]5ce4 ,no pure psy*ology is /udi$1 b s*ool subjects are tak5 up "o by "o1 & _! facts & me?ods ( treatm5t are us$ to illu/rate psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,! hi/ory ( education is /udi$ side by side ) ?is appli$ psy*ology2 b n mu* "t is giv5 to ?is subject 9 class4 ,! lives & works ( ! *ief educators only are tak51 & private read+ is mu* enc\rag$ z accessory to ! class "w4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,willimantic1 ,connecticut1 psy*ology is /udi$ "o h\r a day ?r\gh\t ! la/ ye>1 & is treat$ almo/ entirely f ! physiological /&po9t4 ,no special text-book is us$1 b ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 are recomm5d$ = ref]5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( education is n tak5 up sy/ematically 9 class1 b ! "w & influ5ce ( mod]n educators1 su* z ,arnold1 ,?r+1 & ,horace ,mann1 are ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 class "w 9 psy*ology is tak5 almo/ daily ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse4 ,! value attribut$ to ! subject1 & ! unique way 9 :i* x is /udi$1 toge!r ) o!r po9ts di/9ctive ( ! pr(essional "w1 give to ! ,worce/] ,s*ool a =emo/ place among ,new ,engl& ,normal ,s*ools4 ,! me?od adopt$ = its /udy is "o :i* entirely leaves ! beat5 track ( ord9>y text-books4 ,x does n1 9 ! e>li] /ages1 tr\ble ! /ud5t ) ! divisions & g5]alities ( pure psy*ology1 b r fixes 8 att5tion solely on ! *ild1 & seeks to ga9 f actual obs]vation & individual & comb9$ exp]i5ce laws :i* %all be valuable aids 9 tea*+4 8,! pr9cipal reque/s ! /ud5ts to obs]ve ! conduct ( *ildr5 9 all circum/ances--at home1 at s*ool1 9 ! /reet1 at "w1 at play1 9 conv]sation ) "o ano!r & ) adults1 & record :at !y see & he> z soon z circum/ances w p]mit40 ,! "w ?us sugge/$ has be5 organiz$ z a def9ite "p ( ! s*ool c\rse1 & al?\gh optional1 is usually tak5 up by all /ud5ts4 ,x is int5d$1 n to supplant1 b to supplem5t lat] sy/ematic in/ruction 9 psy*ology1 & is tak5 up1 n = ! sake ( ! facts ga9$1 :i* may or may n be ( intr9sic wor?1 b = ! value ( ! process ( su* obs]vation to ! tea*]4 ,9 ord] to help =w>d ! sy/ematic /udy ( *ildr51 a s*eme ( "w is drawn up4 ,records are to be made :5ev] conv5i5t1 & = ^! records blank %eets ( six diff]5t col\rs are provid$4 ,! col\rs are a means ( r\ghly classify+ ! records into six gr\ps1 ?us3 7i47 ,facts ( p]sonal obs]vation4 7ii47 ,facts relat$ by o!rs1 toge!r ) names ( record] & obs]v]4 7iii47 ,p]sonal rem9isc5ces ( *ildhood4 7iv47 ,facts ga9$ f books4 7v47 ,obs]vations on exceptional or defective *ildr54 7vi47 ,cont9u\s obs]vations4 ,ea* record mu/ conta9 ! date ( ! obs]vation1 ! obs]v]'s "n1 age1 & po/-(fice address1 z well z ! "n or initials ( ! *ild obs]v$1 its age1 sex1 nationality4 ,!re mu/ be also a /atem5t ( ! l5g? ( "t :i* has elaps$ betwe5 ! obs]vation & ! record4 ,^! records are pres]v$ & catalogu$ "u su* heads z k1 imag9ation1 feel+4 ,special att5tion is be+ direct$ to ! subject ( *ild language1 & pupils & old /ud5ts are suppli$ ) small index$ books = records 9 ?is p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,fur!r opportunities = daily obs]vation & exp]im5t 9 c]ta9 l9es ( *ild-/udy & 9 tea*+ are (f]$ 9 a newly organiz$ *ildr5's class or k9d]g>t54 ,! /ud5ts m]ely wat* ! class1 ! tea*+ be+ entirely 9 ! h&s ( two exp]i5c$ k9d]g>tn]s4 ,z ! class exi/s = ! ackn[l$g$ purpose ( exp]im5t1 tuition is free1 & ! tea*]s 9 *>ge h full lib]ty to foll[ any c\rse !y wi%4 ,:5 ,i saw ! s*ool1 a long s]ies ( daily exp]im5ts 7 be+ made1 ) a view to f9d+ out :e!r1 :5 left p]fectly free1 ! boys secur$ places next to girls by pref]5ce4 ,mu* "t is giv5 to 8,me?ods0 9 all ! ,normal ,s*ools4 ,besides ! s-call$ 8,me?ods0 taught by means ( academic /udies1 ! subject is usually tak5 up aga9 9 connection ) appli$ psy*ology4 ,! s*ool subjects1 treat$ "o by "o 9 detail1 are us$ to illu/rate pr9ciples ( education1 :ile mu* ref]5ce is made at e /age to ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( tea*] & /ud5ts4 ,_m diff]5t plans are adopt$ 9 tea*+ 8,me?ods40 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,we/*e/]1 ,i he>d a lesson :i* 0 9 ! =m ( a modifi$ 8recitation40 ,a c]ta9 po9t _h be5 *os5 = discussion4 ,! /ud5ts _h prep>$ ! subject be=eh&1 & "s _h writt5 %ort essays1 :i* !y read 9 turn4 ,aft]w>ds ! :ole class 0 que/ion$ by ! tea*]4 ,z new ideas 7 br\ght =w>d1 !y 7 not$ on ! blackbo>d by ! /ud5ts :o suppli$ !m1 until a complete sket* 0 made4 ,a discussion on 8,noise 9 ,class0 0 c>ri$ on some:at 9 ! same way4 ,at ,we/field1 ,massa*usetts1 ! lessons on 8,didactics0 are c>ri$ out on a simil> plan1 ! /ud5ts be+ call$ ^u 9 turn to furni% c]ta9 p>ts ( ! subject1 & to build up a sket* on ! blackbo>d4 ,at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,albany1 me?ods are taught ?us3--,) ea* ( ?ree t]ms ( psy*ology1 c]ta9 subjects are *os5 = consid]ation4 ,a syllabus ( "w 9 a c]ta9 subject is giv5 9 by ea* /ud5t4 ,x is c>efully discuss$ 9 class4 ,!n p>ts ( ! detail$ syllabus are tak5 9 ord]1 me?ods ( deal+ ) any p>ticul> "p discuss$1 & "o me?od decid$ ^u z be/4 ,= ! next day1 all ! /ud5ts prep>e a lesson on ! "p select$1 & any "o ( !m may be call$ ^u to give x to 8 or h] fell[-/ud5ts4 ,!n foll[s criticism by tea*] & /ud5ts4 ,! plan ( requir+ all /ud5ts to consid] detail$ me?ods 9 all subjects seems n to be altoge!r a good "o4 ,x assumes a k ( all ! subjects ( /udy on ! "p ( all /ud5ts1 a condition only atta9able at ! price ( sup]ficiality4 ,ev5 :]e a g5]al k ( subjects c be reli$ ^u1 details 9 me?od _c d o!r ?an enc\rage empiricism1 9 cases :]e ! k ( ! subject matt] is n ?or\gh & complete4 ,x w\ld seem bett]1 especially 9 ! case ( tra9+ in/itutions l t at ,albany1 design$ to give purely pr(essional tra9+ to tea*]s ( high] grades1 to enc\rage m specialization1 & to all[ all /ud5ts "s *oice ( me?od subjects1 s t dead =ms ( me?od might be made z few z possible4 ,! sy/em ( giv+ detail$ me?ods to all /imulates1 too1 a t5d5cy to rigid =ms ( lesson-giv+1 & some:at enc\rages ! idea t !re is only "o good arrangem5t ( subject matt] = a p>ticul> lesson1 & "o good way ( giv+ x4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a dang] ( all me?od-tea*+2 b x is mu* int5sifi$ :]e me?ods are discuss$ 9 great detail4 ,! actual me?ods taught 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools1 & foll[$ out 9 ! connect$ ,model ,s*ools1 v>y s mu* z reg>ds bo? pr9ciples & details1 t x is almo/ impossible to report on !m z a :ole4 ,x is a feature ( _m ( ! ,normal ,s*ools to cl+ to old me?ods1 & l9es ( "w ( tw5ty1 ?irty or =ty ye>s ago2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a few ( ! ,normal ,s*ools ,i saw--^? ( ,connecticut1 ! ,oswego ,normal ,s*ool1 & ,colonel ,p>k]'s ,s*ool1 at ,englewood1 ,*icago--seem to be lead]s 9 a campaign :i* is beg9n+ to revolutionize 8,me?ods0 9 ,am]ica4 ,! educational pr9ciple :i* is effect+ ?is re=m is ! connection or correlation ( /udies1 a !ory ! mo/ fully express$ & appli$ at ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ,ill9ois4 ,z a result ( ?is !ory1 ! h>d & fa/ l9es betwe5 ! s-call$ subjects ( /udy are be+ brok5 d[n4 ,read+ is taught 9 all ! grades ?r\gh nature /udy1 hi/ory & lit]ature2 e4g41 natural objects /udi$ by ! *ildr5 9 diff]5t grades1 or poems 9 ! select$ lit]ature = ! ye>1 s]ve z subjects = read+ lessons4 ,! *ildr5 are enc\rag$ to express _! ideas orally on ^! subjects1 & ! tea*] writes _! /atem5ts on ! blackbo>d1 & takes c>e t ! /atem5t is really ! expression ( an idea 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,:5 v>i\s s5t5ces1 giv5 by ! *ildr51 h be5 connect$ & arrang$1 ! class reads f ! bo>d1 & aft]w>ds f pr9t$ or type-writt5 copies ( :at has be5 writt54 ,?us ! *ildr5 make _! own read+ books1 & ne$ no ord9>y read+ prim]s4 ,?is me?od1 z adapt$ to ! e>lie/ /ages ( read+1 necess>ily implies ! le>n+ ( script be=e pr9t$ *>act]s1 also ! le>n+ ( words & s5t5ces z :oles1 & _! necess>y association ) ! ?\ght :i* !y express4 ,s1 too1 writ+ & draw+1 z modes ( express+ ?\ght1 are taught 9 close connection ) all o!r subjects4 ,at ,new ,brita91 ! tea*] ( draw+ 9 ! ,model ,s*ool is pres5t at all lit]ature lessons1 & *ildr5 are enc\rag$ to illu/rate _! lit]ature by draw+s or pa9t+s4 ,9 pap]s on ! 8,spontane\s ,draw+s ( ,*ildr510 read at ! ,*icago ,educational ,conf]5ce by ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes1 ( ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ,cali=nia1 he %[$ h[ mu* ( ?is illu/rative "w ( *ildr5 0 be+ us$ by himself & o!rs 9 ! cause ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,at ! ,model ,s*ool connect$ ) ! ,oswego ,normal ,s*ool1 natural hi/ory is made ! c5tral subject1 & read+1 writ+1 & draw+ are made to be> ^u x4 ,! natural hi/ory c\rse1 includ+ bo? plants & animals1 is mo/ c>efully plann$ to suit ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,z ea* plant or animal is /udi$1 x is drawn by ! *ildr51 /ories are told ab\t x1 ! *ildr5 write ab\t x1 read ab\t x1 & make x a g5]al object ( /udy = "s "t4 ,! "w is c>efully grad$ = diff]5t ages1 b ! subject or topic ( /udy is ! same ?r\gh\t ! s*ool at ! same "t4 ,at ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ,ill9ois1 all ! tea*+ is made to gr\p itself r\nd ?ree subjects--sci5ce1 geography1 hi/ory2 & ^! subjects are made to include ev]y?+ =m+ ! environm5t ( ! *ild4 ,! /udy ( =m & numb]1 in/ead ( be+ foll[$ z sep>ate subjects 9 !mselves1 are consid]$ m]ely z means ( /udy+ ^! ?ree compreh5sive subjects--z modes ( ?9k+ 9 fact4 ,he>+1 obs]v+1 & read+ are reg>d$ z diff]5t ways ( ga9+ ideas1 & z su*1 sil5t read+ is enc\rag$1 & _m devices are us$ = help+ ! *ild to get quickly & cle>ly ! ideas f ! pr9t$ or writt5 page4 ,writ+1 music1 modell+1 pa9t+1 draw+1 speak+1 are consid]$ z means ( express+ ideas ab\t objects /udi$--! act ( expression mak+ ! ideas cle>]4 ,?us1 numb] or ari?metic is taught1 n1 z is usual1 by means ( problems specially made & arrang$ 9 books ( ari?metical examples2 b 9 close connection ) any class subject4 ,i he>d "p ( a c\rse ( excell5t laboratory lessons 9 ,sci5ce1 giv5 to ,summ] ,s*ool ,/ud5ts at ?is s*ool1 & z ! me?ods employ$ 7 ^? ( ! ord9>y ,normal ,s*ool ,c\rse1 ,i may m5tion !m "h4 ,at ! end ( ea* lesson ! tea*] us$ ! num]ical results obta9$ by individual /ud5ts1 & work$ !m into ari?metical problems4 ,= example1 ! subjects us$ = successive numb] lessons 7 z foll[s3 ,conductivity ( heat 9 metals4 ,expansion ( metals by heat4 ,det]m9ation ( boil+-po9t ( fre% & salt wat]4 ,su* a treatm5t ( subjects is a /rong prote/ aga9/ r\t9e "w & rigid me?od4 ,x all[s great scope to ! tea*] by conc5trat+ att5tion on ! *ild & its ne$s1 r ?an on ! artificial divisions into s-call$ subjects1 & _! me?ods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x puts great responsibility ^u ! tea*]1 & taxes 8 skill to ! utmo/4 ,!re are _m difficulties 9 adopt+ ! plan1 "o ( ! *ief be+ ! con/ruction ( ! s*ool "t-table4 ,9 any case1 ! practical application ( su* a sy/em c only be p>tial1 until all tea*]s are en?usia/s & exp]ts2 b ! l9es ( "w seem to be true l9es1 & may be sugge/ive ( mu* t %all re=m "s ( our own old me?ods4 ,,practice ,,9 ,,tea*+4 ,x is usual = ea* ,normal ,s*ool to h atta*$ to x a ,model ,s*ool1 :i* s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( model & practis+ s*ool = /ud5ts4 ,! head ( ! ,model ,s*ool & h] assi/ants are exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 kn[n z ! critic tea*]s1 & to ! c>e & sup]vision ( ^! ! /ud5ts are submitt$ dur+ _! tra9+ 9 practical tea*+4 ,all ! ,normal ,s*ools ,i saw _h su* a ,model ,s*ool except ! "o at ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! am\nt ( "t actually devot$ to tea*+ by ea* /ud5t is diff]5t 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 & ! plans by :i* ! requir$ am\nt is secur$ = all v>y 9 ! diff]5t s*ools4 ,! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania requires ( its ,normal ,s*ool /ud5ts actual practice 9 tea*+ = "o h\r a day dur+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! la/ ye> ( ! ,c\rse2 b /ud5ts g5]ally d m ?an ?is4 ,at ,we/*e/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 ! /ud5ts g into ! ,model ,s*ool 9 sections ( six ea* morn+ aft] #aj4cj4 ,a new section is *iefly engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! *ildr51 & he>+ lessons giv5 by ! critic tea*]s or o!r /ud5ts4 ,lat]1 ! /ud5ts tea*1 b always "u sup]vision4 ,! subject matt] ( _! lessons is def9itely mapp$ out = !m by ! critic tea*]1 & !y discuss ) h] ! be/ ways ( treat+ x4 ,!re are no writt5 notes ( lessons1 & no public criticism ( lessons1 ei!r by tea*]s or /ud5ts4 ,ea* week1 meet+s ( tea*]s & /ud5ts are held1 = ! purpose ( tak+ up any po9ts not$ dur+ ! /ud5ts' "w ( ! week4 ,^! are really talks supplem5t>y to ! ord9>y me?od lectures4 ,at ,mill]sville1 ,p5nsylvania1 ea* /ud5t gives two or ?ree lessons e day = a ye>4 ,%e tea*es 9 diff]5t grades1 & takes lessons 9 diff]5t subjects1 & has also practice 9 manag+ simultane\sly sev]al divisions ( "o class4 ,at ! ,oswego ,normal ,s*ool1 "u ! regulations ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate1 ! /ud5t is 9 ! s*ools only tw5ty weeks1 b dur+ ?is "t %e has mu* responsibility4 ,%e sp5ds t5 weeks 9 a prim>y or elem5t>y grade1 & t5 weeks 9 a m advanc$ grade1 & dur+ ! :ole "t is practically responsible = h] class4 ,ea* aft]noon1 aft] ! s*ool is dismiss$1 ! tea*+ class rema9s = an h\r to discuss any po9ts ( difficulty ) ! ,head ( ! ,model ,s*ool4 ,at ,willimantic1 ,connecticut1 ! tea*+ class sp5ds its fir/ f\r weeks 9 g5]al obs]vation ( *ildr51 & he>+ lessons4 ,!n ea* /ud5t is plac$ "u ! sup]vision ( "o special critic tea*]1 & %e cont9ues "s ( ! c\rses ( "w already begun by ! critic tea*]4 ,at lea/ f\r weeks are sp5t by ea* /ud5t 9 e grade 9 ! s*ool1 fir/ 9 obs]v+1 !n 9 tea*+ "u ! criticism ( ! class tea*]4 ,! ,model ,s*ool at ,new ,brita91 ,connecticut1 is pres]v$ /rictly z a ,model ,s*ool4 ,aft] obs]v+ tea*] & class = "s "t1 ! /ud5t usually gives "o trial lesson 9 ! s*ool1 b !re is no sy/ematic tea*+ by ! /ud5t4 ,= ! actual indep5d5t practice1 ! /ud5t mu/ g to a practis+ s*ool outside ,new ,brita91 & be entirely responsible = a class = f\r mon?s4 ,at ! l>ge practis+ s*ool 9 connection ) ! ,new ,brita9 ,normal ,s*ool1 at ,s\? ,man*e/]1 ,i saw /ud5ts deal+ ) ! actual difficulties ( discipl9e & class-managem5t4 ,ea* /ud5t 0 9 *>ge ( a l>ge class ) diff]5t divisions or grades4 ,!re 7 f\r responsible1 exp]i5c$ tea*]s = ref]5ce 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 & = criticism2 b ea* /ud5t _h h] own class1 & ! s*ool ( #gjj *ildr5 0 practically manag$ by /ud5ts4 ,su* is ! g5]al plan ( practice-"w 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools4 ,mu* c>e is giv5 to ! ,model ,s*ools4 ,! class-rooms are suppli$ ) all necess>y app>atus1 & !y are bright & airy1 & well suppli$ ) fl[]s & *ildr5's books4 ,x is q cu/om>y 9 "s ( ! s*ools to give %ort p]iods 9 s*ool h\rs = private read+1 or to all[ "o *ild to read to ! o!r *ildr5 :ile !y are do+ "s k9d ( me*anical "w4 ,mu* importance is laid ^u ! obs]vation ( ! tea*+ 9 ,model ,s*ools4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is is insi/$ on too e>ly 9 ! c\rse2 inde$1 ! he>+ ( lessons is usually ! /ud5ts' fir/ "w 9 ! s*ool4 ,x w\ld be mu* m pr(itable1 & !re w\ld be less dang] ( bl9d imitation1 if ! /ud5t _h h]self previ\sly ga9$ exp]i5ce 9 tea*+4 ,z x is1 ! dang] ( imitation1 & "o-sid$ & n>r[ l9es ( tea*+ is increas$ by ! fact t "o /ud5t is *iefly "u ! sup]vision ( "o tea*]4 ,at ! ,worce/] ,normal ,s*ool !re is no ,model or practis+ ,s*ool1 b ! /ud5ts tea* 9 ! public s*ools ( ! city4 ,= ! fir/ six mon?s ( h] la/ ye> at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ! /ud5t acts z an appr5tice or pupil-tea*]1 s]v+ 9 at lea/ ?ree grades dur+ ?is "t4 ,ea* tea*] has ! direction ( only "o /ud5t1 :o may be left 9 sole *>ge ( ! class = h\rs or days4 ,"o day 9 ! week ! appr5tice-/ud5t att5ds ! ,normal ,s*ool1 :]e %e %[s h] class di>y = ! week1 & discusses any difficulties t may h aris54 ,on t day1 too1 %e takes "p 9 ! 8,plat=m ,ex]cises0 ( ! ,normal ,s*ool--viz41 ex]cises 9 :i* /ud5ts speak1 read or draw1 on ! plat=m1 9 pres5ce ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,! appr5tice-/ud5ts usually give an acc\nt to _! fell[-/ud5ts ( any?+ int]e/+ or helpful 9 _! practical "w ( ! pa/ week4 ,,exam9ations4 ,at ! end ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ,c\rse1 ,/ate exam9ations are held 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ea* s*ool exam9es its own /ud5ts1 :o1 :5 !y h satisfactorily complet$ ! requir$ c\rse ( /udy1 & pass$ ! f9al exam9ation1 receive a c]tificate1 & are said 8to graduate40 ,aft] graduation1 !y are recomm5d$ to ! ,/ate ,exam9]1 :o aw>ds a ,/ate-,tea*+ ,c]tificate valid = two ye>s4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 ! tea*] is requir$ to pres5t to ! ,/ate ,bo>d a c]tificate ( good "w f ! c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t "u :om he or %e has taught1 & also a c]tificate f 8 own s*ool bo>d4 ,he is !n entitl$ to tea* 9 8 own ,/ate = life4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool /ud5ts ( ,connecticut are submitt$ to ,/ate ,exam9ation1 b 9 ,massa*usetts no outside exam9ation is requir$4 ,/ud5ts :o "w satisfactorily ?r\gh ! c\rse1 & pass ! f9al exam9ation1 8graduate0 at ! discretion ( ! ,presid5t1 or accord+ to results ( an exam9ation set by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d ( ! city4 ,! ,/ate exam9ation ( tea*]s & mo/ ( ! f9al exam9ations ( ! ,normal ,s*ools are usually 9 academic subjects only4 ,x is n attempt$ to te/ by actual exam9ation ! degree ( skill 9 tea*+ or gov]n+4 ,,supply ,,( ,,tea*]s4 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( tea*]s :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ,normal ,s*ools relatively to ! numb] :o tea* 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate )\t previ\s tra9+1 /ati/ics are apt to be mislead+1 because1 9 _m cases1 ,normal ,/ud5ts d n take ! entire c\rse or 8graduate40 ,out ( #cgb /ud5ts enroll$ at ,new ,brita9 9 #ahhi-ahij1 only #gg complet$ ! entire c\rse2 9 #ahij-ahia1 only #fa out ( #dja graduat$2 & 9 #ahia-ahib1 out ( #ddd /ud5ts1 only #ia 7 graduates4 ,= #ahhh-ahhi ,fram+ham %[s #cj graduates out ( #bje pres5t 9 ! s*ool2 ,salem %[s #abi out ( #bib2 & ,bridgewat]1 #fi out ( #bcb4 ,9 all ^! s*ools ! c\rses are two1 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & if all ! /ud5ts complet$ ! c\rse1 ! numb] ( graduates ea* ye> w\ld be 1 1 or respectively ( ! numb] ( /ud5ts enroll$4 ,! ,report ( ,s*ool ,commission]s = #ahhh-ahhi %[s t among #ge1ebi tea*]s 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania1 !re 7 only #a1dfa /ud5ts :o complet$ ! ,normal ,s*ool ,c\rse 9 ^! ,/ates4 ,9 all ! ,/ates1 arrangem5ts are made = tea*]s :o d n g ?r\gh ! ,normal ,s*ools4 ,c]tificates ( lic5se to tea* 9 ! ,/ate = a %ort] or long] "t are grant$ accord+ to results ( ! ,/ate ,c]tificate ,exam9ation4 ,a ?ird-grade c]tificate1 entitl+ its own] to tea* = a %ort "t1 may be ex*ang$ = a second-grade c]tificate1 :5 fur!r pr(ici5cy is %[n by re-exam9ation4 ,s a second-grade c]tificate may be ex*ang$ = a life-c]tificate 9 _m ( ! ,/ates4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! exam9ations are only 9 s*ool subjects4 ,! fact t 9 a ,/ate su* z ,massa*usetts ! qualifications ( tea*]s 9 ! ,high & ,lat9 ,s*ools ( ,bo/on is /at$ m]ely z 8,education at "s respectable college ( good /&+10 %[s t ! necessity = ! pr(essional tra9+ ( tea*]s = high] or second>y s*ools is n at pres5t fully recognis$4 ,until ! la/ few ye>s1 no ,in/itution especially devot$ to ! tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s exi/$ 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates1 & ^? :o wi%$ to prep>e !mselves = ! tea*+ ( ! high] bran*es ( subjects _h no o!r means ( tra9+ ?an t (f]$ 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools4 ,at ,worce/] & ,bridgewat]1 ,college & ,univ]sity graduates may take ! p$agogical c\rse z special /ud5ts1 & s prep>e = tea*+ 9 ! high] s*ools4 ,at ! ,indiana & ,ill9ois ,normal ,s*ools1 & 9 o!r places1 !re are c\rses ( /udy *iefly or entirely pr(essional1 = college or univ]sity graduates1 if su* pres5t !mselves4 ,at ,albany1 too1 :]e ! /&>d ( admission is high1 _m ( ! /ud5ts prep>e = "w 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( special /ud5ts prep>+ = high] "w 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools is v small4 ,9 #ahia-ahib1 ! ,s\!rn ,ill9ois ,normal ,univ]sity _h only six special /ud5ts1 ! ,t]re-,haute ,normal ,s*ool1 ,indiana1 only f\r2 & we f9d 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates g5]ally t ! ,normal ,s*ools take v little "p 9 ! tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p ,normal ,s*ool /ud5ts are f\nd only 9 ! l[] grades ( public s*ools2 & college graduates1 ev5 ?\gh untra9$1 are pref]r$ z tea*]s 9 ,high ,s*ools1 good private s*ools & academies4 ,! reason = ?is is probably to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! ,normal ,s*ool itself4 ,x1 p]haps m ?an any o!r educational in/itution 9 ,am]ica1 has adh]$ to its old traditions4 ,x 0 design$ to tra9 tea*]s = ! l[] grades ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 & 9 ! e>ly days 0 prep>$ to accept ! only mat]ial at h&--w\ld-be tea*]s1 _m ( :om possess$ few intellectual qualifications1 & almo/ all 7 inadequately prep>$ = tra9+4 ,b ) ris+ /&>ds ( "w1 & increas$ facilities = good prelim9>y prep>ation1 ! ,normal ,s*ool has n yet clos$ its doors to /ud5ts ^: g5]al atta9m5ts d n qualify !m to pr(it by c\rses 9 ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,9 "o or two cases only is ! /&>d ( college graduation insi/$ ^u1 & 9 _m cases ! admission /&>d is l[] ?an t requir$ to complete ! c\rse 9 a city ,high ,s*ool4 ,h5ce x results t mo/ ( ! tea*+ 9 ,high ,s*ools & academies is giv5 into ! h&s ( pr(essionally untra9$ tea*]s--college graduates1 ^: s*ol>%ip c be reli$ ^u1 b :o h no previ\s te*nical tra9+1 r ?an to tra9$ tea*]s1 ^: k ( ! actual subject matt] ( /udies may or may n be ?or\gh4 ,! *oice1 op5 to heads ( ,second>y ,s*ools :5 appo9t+ assi/ants1 is1 moreov]1 n betwe5 good s*ol>%ip & good tra9+4 ,)\t adequate prep>ation ! tra9+ mu/ be inadequate1 & 9 _m cases cramp+ & injuri\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is only aft] ! prelim9>y prep>ation has be5 s\nd & complete t ! "w ( tra9+ c be c>ri$ out 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,,city ,,normal ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,s*ools4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools & ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools side by side sugge/s at once a fact :i* has an important be>+ on educational que/ions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--viz41 ! absolute di/9ction1 z reg>ds jurisdiction1 betwe5 s*ools outside ! limits ( a t[n or city1 "u ! sup]vision ( a ,/ate ,bo>d & ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t1 & s*ools )9 ! city radius1 & "u ! sup]vision ( a ,t[n or ,city ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 educational matt]s1 ! city areas are completely exempt f ,/ate control4 ,_! s*ools & tra9+ s*ools are manag$ by local au?orities1 & suppli$ = ! mo/ "p by local funds4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,city ,normal & ,tra9+ ,s*ools %[ ev5 great] div]sity ( me?ods & arrangem5t ?an is f\nd 9 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools1 = _! l9es ( "w & effici5cy are entirely dep5d5t ^u ! respective ,city ,bo>ds ( ,education4 ,"o effect ( local s*ool adm9i/ration is di/9ctly undesirable4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool by ! ,educational ,bo>d1 & ! election ( t ,bo>d by local vote1 produces1 9 _m cities1 a t5d5cy to display1 9 ord] to cull popul> fav\r4 ,! 8graduation ex]cises10 ye>ly public c]emonies1 held 9 connection ) almo/ all ,am]ican s*ools & colleges1 consi/1 9 ! case ( tra9+ s*ools1 ( v>i\s k9ds ( /ud5ts' & *ildr5's ex]cises1 to :i* ! public are invit$4 ,mu* valuable "t is tak5 by ! /ud5ts 9 prep>+ essays to be read & lessons to be giv5 9 public2 & 9 "s cases ! /ud5t or tea*] conducts an exam9ation ( h] class 9 ! pres5ce ( p>5ts & fri5ds4 ,sev]al su* public ex]cises ,i he>d1 b 9 all cases x 0 evid5t t true results ( tra9+1 or hone/ results ( tea*+1 7 n demon/rat$4 ,! endeav\r to impress ! audi5ce1 besides involv+ great wa/e ( "t1 seems likely to create an unconsci\s di%one/y on ! "p ( tea*]s1 /ud5ts1 & *ildr54 ,,city ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,! ,city ,normal ,s*ools are ! local tra9+ s*ools1 ma9ta9$ by ! l>g] cities = ! prep>ation ( _! own tea*]s4 ,!y require z conditions ( admission3-- i4 ,resid5ce 9 ! city4 ii4 ,satisfactory completion ( ! high s*ools c\rse ( ! city4 iii4 ,/atem5t ( int5tion to tea* 9 ! s*ools ( ! city4 ,to all ^? :o satisfy ^! conditions1 & are eighte5 ye>s ( age or m1 in/ruction is free1 & completion ( ! pr(essional c\rse entitles ! /ud5t to become a tea*] 9 any ( ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! city4 ,! ,city ,normal ,s*ools ( ,new ,york & ,philadelphia comb9e ! functions ( ,normal & ,high ,s*ools1 admitt+ /ud5ts :o d n int5d to become tea*]s to _! academic /udies1 )\t requir+ ( !m any pr(essional /udy or practice 9 tea*+4 ,! necessity ( ext5d+ ! function ( a ,normal ,s*ool 9 ?is way has aris5 f ! fact t !re are no public ,high ,s*ools = girls 9 ^! cities4 ,at ! ,normal ,college ( ! city ( ,new ,york !re are two sep>ate c\rses ( "w3-- i4 ,an academic or classical c\rse ( five ye>s4 ii4 ,a normal or tra9+ c\rse ( f\r ye>s1 ) an optional extra ye> = specializ+ 9 any bran* ( manual tra9+4 ,9 ! normal c\rse1 two full ye>s are giv5 to ! /udy ( s*ool subjects only4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> two h\rs a week1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? ye> six h\rs a week1 & 9 ! la/ half ( ! f\r? ye> ?ree h\rs a week1 are giv5 to ! /udy ( p$agogy4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? ye>1 ! ,normal /ud5ts ent] ! tra9+ or practice dep>tm5t connect$ ) ! s*ool1 & e ?ird week he> & give lessons1 & take "p 9 criticisms & discussions on tea*+4 ,at ! same "t1 !y att5d lectures & recitations 9 ,engli%1 ,lat91 mod]n languages1 natural sci5ce1 draw+ & music1 *iefly ) a view to ga9+ an insight into ! me?ods ( ^? subjects4 ,! college _h 9 ,decemb]1 #ahib1 #a1hfh /ud5ts1 ( :om #dfj _h belong$ to ! tra9+ dep>tm5t dur+ ! ye>--i4e41 _h obs]v$ & actually taught 9 ! tra9+ or practis+ s*ool4 ,z l>ge numb]s are engag$ 9 obs]v+ & tea*+ 9 "o practis+ s*ool1 mu* individual practice 9 ! actual "w ( tea*+ is impossible2 = al?\gh ! /ud5ts are divid$ into gr\ps = ! s*ool "w1 ! gr\ps are necess>ily l>ge4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y = n9ety-two /ud5ts to be 9 ! practis+ s*ool at "o "t1 a numb] too l>ge to all[ ( mu* actual tea*+ be+ done by any individual /ud5t4 ,only a small "p ( ! twelve h\rs sp5t weekly by ea* /ud5t 9 ! practis+ s*ool is giv5 to tea*+4 ,! rema9+ "t is giv5 to he>+ lessons & obs]v+ *ildr54 ,i notic$ a simil> ne$ = m practical "w 9 ! ,philadelphia ,normal ,s*ool4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,new ,york ,normal ,college1 mu* purely academic "w is done1 & v little importance is giv5 to actual s*ool-room practice4 ,/ud5ts are divid$ into six sections1 ea* gr\p conta9+ ab\t fifty4 ,a :ole division goes into ! practis+ s*ool at "o "t1 & /ays !re = two weeks only4 ,! rema9+ ?irty-eight weeks ( ! la/ s*ool ye> are entirely devot$ to ! /udy ( p$agogical subjects1 psy*ological me?ods & draw+4 ,k9d]g>t5 "w is compulsory to all dur+ ! la/ ye>4 ,! two weeks :i* ea* /ud5t sp5ds 9 ! s*ools are *iefly employ$ 9 he>+ lessons1 & obs]v+ *ildr5 & tea*]s4 ,only two days 9 ! :ole c\rse are sp5t 9 actual tea*+4 ,?is arrangem5t ( "w & di/ribution ( "t 9 ! ,philadelphia ,normal ,s*ool is se5 by ! city s*ool au?orities to be f> f satisfactory1 & a s*eme has be5 made out = a ?or\gh revision ( ! c\rse4 ,! pres5t s*ool1 :i* is inadequate = purposes ( tra9+1 is to be made into a public ,high ,s*ool = girls1 & a new ,normal ,s*ool is to be built1 9 :i* ?ree ye>s are to be devot$ to academic1 & two ye>s to pr(essional "w2 b ! two p>ts are to be kept entirely di/9ct4 ,! tra9+ c\rse is to consi/ ( elem5t>y & advanc$ sections1 & mu* m "t is to be giv5 to actual tea*+4 ,! exam9ations ( ! ,city ,normal ,s*ools are usually conduct$ by ! faculties ( ! s*ools1 "u ! sup]vision ( sub-committees ( ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,education ( ! city4 ,9 ! ,philadelphia ,s*ool1 a c]tificate is aw>d$ by a 8,committee on ! ,qualification ( ,tea*]s0 = a g5]al av]age ( #he p] c5t4 on two exam9ations4 i4 ,9 academical subjects1 at end ( ?ree ye>s4 ii4 ,9 pr(essional subjects1 at ! end ( f\r ye>s4 ,an av]age ( #he p] c5t4 on ! tea*+ 9 ! s*ool ( practice is also requir$4 ,two c]tificates are aw>d$ = l[] av]ages ( m>ks on "w ( ! c\rse1 viz43 ,an 8,assi/ant's ,c]tificate0 = av]age ( #gj p] c5t41 & a 8,trial ,c]tificate0 = less ?an an av]age ( #gj p] c5t4 on "w 9 ! s*ool ( practice4 ,su* a 8,trial ,c]tificate0 is = "o ye> only4 ,if1 at ! end ( t "t1 ! tea*+ %all be report$ z satisfactory by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,s*ools1 ! 8,trial ,c]tificate0 may be ex*ang$ = an 8,assi/ant's ,c]tificate40 ,,city ,,tra9+ ,,s*ools4 ,! ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools are purely pr(essional in/itutions4 ,!y admit only graduates ( ,high ,s*ools ( ! city1 & give !m a c\rse ( "o or two ye>s 9 !ory & practice ( tea*+4 ,! am\nt ( "t giv5 to !ory v>ies a good deal 9 ! diff]5t cities4 ,practice 9 tea*+ is usually ga9$ 9 a practis+ s*ool well equipp$ ) good tea*]s1 :o help & guide ! /ud5ts 9 _! "w4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 /ud5ts ga9 _! exp]i5ce by tea*+ "u sup]vision1 9 ! s*ools ( ! city4 ,emphasis ( ! practical side ( ! tea*]'s "w seems to be a good feature ( ! tra9+ s*ools g5]ally4 ,9 all ! ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools :i* ,i visit$ mu* opportunity 0 giv5 = actual tea*+1 & = practically deal+ ) ! problems ( discipl9e & organization 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,su* opportunities are multipli$ by ! sy/em ( sub/itute s]vice1 :i* seems to be organiz$ 9 mo/ ( ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/ud5ts ( ! tra9+ s*ools1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( _! c\rse1 are regi/]$ on a sub/itute li/1 & may be call$ to supply ! place ( tea*]s tempor>ily abs5t f ! ,common ,s*ools4 ,responsibility tak5 = a week1 or ev5 a day1 is excell5t tra9+ = future tea*]s1 & 9 cases :]e p]man5t vacancies occur ! /ud5t :o has %[n h]self capable 9 su* an em]g5cy is (t5 appo9t$ to ! po/4 ,among ! l>ge/ & mo/ successful ( ! ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools is ! ,bo/on ,normal & ,rice ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,?is1 al?\gh a ,city ,normal ,s*ool by "n1 diff]s 9 _m respects f ! ,city ,normal ,s*ools ( ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,its "w is /rictly pr(essional1 & seems to correspond r ) ! ,tra9+ ,s*ools ( o!r cities ?an ) ^? kn[n z ,normal ,s*ools4 ,! ,rice ,tra9+ ,s*ool (f]s an ord9>y c\rse ( two ye>s1 & an advanc$ c\rse = fur!r pr(essional "w4 ,! practis+ s*ool 9 ! same build+ gives ! opportunity to ! /ud5ts ( tea*+ & obs]v+ *ildr51 & beyond ?is ! 8,sup]visors ( ,public ,in/ruction0 9 ! city h made arrangem5ts = all[+ ! /ud5ts to wat* & tea* 9 "s ( ! be/ ,prim>y & ,gramm> ,s*ools ( ,bo/on4 ,completion ( ! ,bo/on ,high ,s*ool c\rse1 or college graduation1 exempts f ! entrance exam9ation ( ! s*ool4 ,!oretical in/ruction 9 p$agogical subjects is giv5 9 ! morn+1 tea*+ 9 ! practis+ s*ool occupies ! aft]noon h\rs4 ,psy*ology is tak5 almo/ e day ?r\gh\t ! c\rse4 ,!ory ( ! k9d]g>t5 is /udi$ 9 ! second t]m1 & logic 9 ! ?ird4 ,! hi/ory ( education is also tak5 9 outl9e4 8,me?ods0 ( subjects are taught 9 great detail1 & on ! same l9es z 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools--viz41 by means ( lessons 9 ! v>i\s subjects giv5 to ! /ud5ts !mselves4 ,i he>d a v int]e/+ lesson 9 me?ods ( ari?metic4 ,a class ( tw5ty girls 71 by v skilful que/ion+1 made to ?or\ghly discuss ! process ( simple addition1 & also ! me?ods ( tea*+ *ildr5 to realize numb]s great] ?an t54 ,i he>d1 too1 v skilful tea*+ 9 me?ods ( ,engli%--viz41 a lit]ature lesson1 & a fir/ lesson 9 ,engli% composition4 ,9 ! lit]ature lesson1 ! tea*] fir/ rem9d$ h] pupils ( ! v>i\s poems & prose selections /udi$ dur+ ! t]m4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 %ort explanations1 %e read selections f o!r au?ors4 ,!n ! /ud5ts 7 ask$ if ^! new selections rem9d$ !m ( any p>ts 9 ! poems already /udi$1 & :5 ! sugge/$ p>ts _h be5 quot$1 ! class 0 set to discov] :e!r ! simil>ity 0 9 ! subject matt]1 ! und]ly+ ?\ght or ! mode ( expression4 ,_m sugge/ions 7 giv5 by ! class1 & mu* int]e/ 0 ar\s$4 ,! lesson 0 a mo/ helpful illu/ration ( h[ a tea*] %\ld /imulate h] class1 & h[ %e %\ld use h] mat]ials = ! purpose ( tra9+4 ,! /udy ( me?ods ( tra9+ occupies a prom95t place 9 ! curriculum ( ! s*ool1 & includes special "w 9 illu/rative draw+ on ! blackbo>d 9 connection ) ! tea*+ ( geography1 & ! draw+ ( plants & animals4 ,z "p ( ! c\rse on gymna/ics1 ea* /ud5t1 besides /udy+ ! !ory & do+ daily drill1 mu/ act = "o t]m z lead] & tea*] ( drill1 & mu/ criticise drill lessons4 ,practical "w 9 ! s*ools is arrang$ = ea* t]m4 ,9 ! fir/ half-ye>1 ! /ud5ts' "w 9 ! tra9+ s*ool consi/s *iefly 9 obs]v+ me?ods ( tea*+1 & he>+ lessons1 "u ! guidance ( ! critic tea*]4 ,%e does n beg9 to tea* 9 ! s*ool until ! second t]m1 two weeks ( :i* %e sp5ds 9 a prim>y grade1 & two weeks 9 a high] or gramm> grade4 ,9 ! ?ird t]m %e sp5ds eight weeks 9 ! s*ools1 & 9 ! f\r? t]m f\r weeks4 ,x is usual = ea* /ud5t1 :ile 9 ! s*ools1 to give two or ?ree lessons e day1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! class tea*] ) :om %e is plac$4 ,! tea*] criticises & sugge/s 9 all cases4 ,9 ! advanc$ c\rse1 /ud5ts take up a fur!r /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( education4 ,!y also /udy ! hi/ory ( education1 give m "t to actual tea*+ 9 ! s*ools1 & act z sub/itutes 9 ! city s*ools4 ,9 addition to ! ,bo/on ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 !re are f\rte5 city tra9+ s*ools 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 all ^! ! "t ( tra9+ is fix$ f "o to two ye>s2 admission is by ! ,high ,s*ool graduation c]tificate1 or an equival5t entrance exam9ation1 & is only at fix$ annual times2 a s*ool is atta*$ = practice1 & ! tea*] at its head conducts ! tra9+ class4 ,at ! ,spr+field ,tra9+ ,s*ool ! c\rse may be ext5d$ to two ye>s4 ,a little academic "w is done 9 sci5ce dur+ ! fir/ t]m4 ,me?ods are treat$ ( by means ( lectures & discussions1 & ^!1 ) organiz$ obs]vation ( *ildr5 & a few criticism lessons1 con/itute ! practical "w f ,septemb] until ,*ri/mas4 ,at ,*ri/mas1 sy/ematic psy*ology beg9s1 & also tea*+ 9 ! s*ools = "o h\r a day4 ,! subjects ( ! lessons are *os5 by ! critic tea*]1 & ! tea*+ is 9 all cases "u sup]vision4 ,at ,ea/] ! /ud5t beg9s to tea* ?ree h\rs a day1 & occasionally has to give lessons 9 public4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n consid]$ z te/-lessons4 ,c]tificates to tea* 9 ! s*ools ( ! city are grant$ on ! results ( an exam9ation1 held by ! ,city ,bo>d ( ,education ea* ye>4 ,at ,ne:av51 ,connecticut1 ! ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ool has m ?an ?irty /ud5ts4 ,! c\rse is a ye> 9 l5g?1 ! fir/ half ( :i* is devot$ entirely to !oretical subjects1 & ! la/ half to tea*+4 ,"h1 z at ! ,worce/] ,normal ,s*ool1 ,i f\nd /ud5ts be+ introduc$ to me?ods ( psy*ological exp]im5tation1 m especially 9 ! s5ses ( sight & he>+4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ^! are special l9es ( rese>* 9 ! psy*ological laboratory ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,i saw ! records ( sev]al /ud5ts :o _h be5 f9d+ ! av]age voice pit* ( ?irty *ildr54 ,! t5d5cy 9 all ! psy*ological tea*+ "h 0 to make ! subject really exp]im5tal1 & ! results ^? ( actual obs]vation4 ,! hi/ory ( education is n taught by means ( set lectures1 b topics are ann\nc$ f "t to "t1 ) ref]5ces = ! /ud5ts' read+4 ,aft] ! class has collect$ facts on a c]ta9 subject1 ! tea*] supplem5ts ! facts already giv5 by selections f o!r books1 & ref]5ces to o!r p>ts ( ! subject4 ,9 treat+ ! hi/ory ( education 9 ea* c\ntry1 g5]al *ronological ord] is foll[$1 & ! facts ( ea* p]iod are /udi$ "u f\r heads3 ,religion1 social & political movem5ts2 ext5t ( education2 "* ( education2 me?ods ( education4 ,! s*ool has a good libr>y = ! /ud5ts' use1 & also "o = ! *ildr5 ( ! practis+ s*ool4 ,/ud5ts give "o criticism lesson dur+ ! fir/ half-ye>1 & = ?is !y write elaborate notes "u fix$ head+s prep>$ by ! head ( ! dep>tm5t1 & ! o!r /ud5ts h& 91 aft] ! lesson1 elaborate criticisms done 9 a simil> way4 ,blank s*$ules ) pr9t$ head+s1 su* z ! foll[+1 are giv5 to /ud5ts to fill up be=e giv+ ! lesson3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i4 ,,subject4 ,,ii4 ,,purpose4 ,,iii4 ,,matt]4 ,,iv4 ,,plan4 ,review ,"w ,:at4 ,h[4 ,illu/rations4 a b c ,advance ,"w a b c ,drill a b c ,v4 ,,me?od4 ,,vi4 ,,me*anical ,,details4 ,arrangem5t ( ,class4 ,di/ribution ( ,mat]ials1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i notic$ 9 s*$ules :i* _h be5 ?us fill$ up by /ud5ts t ! notes suppli$ "u ! head+ ( 8,me?od0 consi/$ entirely ( propos$ que/ions ( ! tea*]1 & assum$ answ]s by ! *ildr54 ,su* an item 9 ! prep>$ plan ( a lesson seem$ to me unadvisable1 & 9 _m cases useless4 ,ev5 if ! prep>$ que/ions 7 ask$ by ! tea*]1 ! answ]s w\ld n always be ! ones assum$1 & ! lesson w\ld be /iff1 unnatural1 & want+ 9 spontaneity4 ,broad l9es ( que/ion+ might be indicat$ 9 ! s*$ule1 r ?an ! actual que/ions to be giv54 ,?is w\ld result 9 mu* m natural me?ods ( que/ion+4 ,! outl9e = criticism giv5 to o!r /ud5ts is accord+ to ! foll[+ plan3 ,purpose ,:at4 ,:e!r accompli%$4 ,:y4 ,cause ( failure or success4 ,matt] ,am\nt--accuracy4 ,adaptation1 to purpose & to class4 ,ord] ( pres5tation4 ,plan ,complet5ess4 ,ord] ( p>ts4 ,mann] ( pres5tation4 ,me?od ,que/ions--numb]--ord]--k9d4 ,language ,relative am\nts us$ by tea*]s & pupils4 ,correctness4 ,accuracy4 ,cle>ness4 ,complet5ess4 ,adaptation4 ,illu/rations ,:at am\nt4 ,adaptation4 ,use4 ,mann] ,voice ,( tea*] & pupils4 ,me*anical details ,directions = "w4 ,di/ribution ( mat]ial4 ,control ,results ,tra9+ 9 m5tal p[]2 accuracy2 neatness2 promptitude2 expression4 ,moral ,tra9+4 ,k ga9$4 ,! sugge/ion ( ^! po9ts = criticism indicates a v complete & ?or\gh analysis ( a lesson4 ,su* an elaborate =m ( criticism1 if employ$ occasionally1 seems to me good 9 enc\rag+ a habit ( m5tal analysis 9 ^? :o he> ! lesson4 ,x may be useful1 too1 z a guide to ^? unaccu/om$ to criticis+ ex]cises1 & may be helpful 9 impress+ ! fact t a lesson is a v complex ?+1 difficult to give1 & f> rea*+ 9 its results4 ,! con/ant use ( rigid =ms1 h[ev]1 ei!r = prep>ation ( lessons1 or = _! criticism1 is to be deprecat$ z /ultify+1 & z n adapt$ to all lessons & all occasions4 ,x is probable t 9 _m cases valuable criticisms might be giv5 :i* w\ld n come "u any ( ! =mal head+s1 ev5 ?\gh ! s*$ule 7 z complete z possible4 ,= ! la/ five mon?s ! /ud5ts "w entirely "u ! direction ( tea*]s ( ! practis+ s*ool4 ,plans ( "w & lesson-subjects are discuss$ ) ! tea*]1 & :5 ! lessons are ov]1 private criticisms only are giv54 ,ea* /ud5t le>ns to make h] own maps1 *>ts & pictures1 :i* %e takes ) h] :5 %e leaves ! s*ool4 ,at ! end ( ! c\rse ( tra9+1 an elaborate report ( ! /ud5t's "w & /&+ is issu$ z reg>ds h] /&>ds2 en?usiasm2 =ce2 mann]2 language2 writ+2 que/ion+2 p[] ( illu/ration2 orig9ality2 int]e/2 ?or\ghness2 control4 ,a c]tificate qualify+ to tea* 9 ! s*ools ( ! city is giv5 to ^? :o complete ! tra9+ c\rse satisfactorily1 & :o ga9 an av]age ( #gj p] c5t4 on exam9ations at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,at ,pawtucket1 ,i saw a tra9+ s*ool ( f sev5 to n9e /ud5ts1 ) an excell5t model & practis+ s*ool atta*$4 ,! c\rse la/s = "o & a half ye>s4 ,= a :ole ye>1 ! class has in/ruction 9 !oretical subjects 9 ! morn+s1 ) obs]vation ( *ildr5 & "s lesson-giv+ 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! la/ six mon?s are sp5t by ! /ud5ts 9 ! actual *>ge ( *ildr54 ,ea* /ud5t works "u a ,model ,s*ool tea*]1 & = "o week dur+ ! half-ye> has sole *>ge & responsibility ( ! class4 ,,city ,,tra9+ ,,classes4 ,closely alli$ to ! "w ( ! ,tra9+ ,s*ools is t done by ,city ,tra9+ ,classes4 ,^! are usually f\nd 9 ! small] t[ns or cities ( ! v>i\s ,/ates4 ,! g5]al features ( ! ,tra9+ ,classes are ! same z ^? ( ! ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools4 ,! diff]5ces are ma9ly3 7#a7 ,no special model or practis+ s*ool is atta*$1 b ! /ud5ts ga9 _! exp]i5ce by tea*+ classes 9 city or t[n s*ools4 7#b7 ,! "w ( tra9+ is c>ri$ out1 n by a specially appo9t$ p]son1 z 9 ! ,tra9+ ,s*ools1 b by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools ( ! di/rict1 :o holds classes 9 pr(essional subjects1 & arranges & criticises ! "w ( ! /ud5ts4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,tra9+ ,classes1 :ile "u ! g5]al guidance ( ! heads ( ! s*ools1 :]e !y act z assi/ants1 are help$ & in/ruct$ 9 me?ods ( tea*+ v>i\s subjects by ! ,t[n ,sup]visors ( ,in/ruction1 appo9t$ = ^? special subjects4 ,! appo9tm5t ( sup]visors 9 draw+1 s++1 read+1 etc41 ^: sole "w is to visit ! s*ools & conduct & exam9e classes1 gives unity to ! me?ods 9 ! v>i\s s*ools ( a t[n1 & af=ds mu* practical help to ! /ud5t-tea*]s 9 ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,at ,qu9cy1 ,massa*usetts1 !re is a tra9+ class ( ?irty /ud5ts4 ,! pupil tea*]s act z assi/ants 9 ! s*ools1 receiv+ no comp5sation1 except ! guidance ( exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 & !oretical in/ruction f ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,!y usually tea* 9 sev]al grades dur+ ! ye>1 b ^? :o %[ special aptitude or wi% to tea* 9 any p>ticul> grade are all[$ an alt]native ( rema9+ 9 t grade4 ,at ! ,codd+ton s*ool1 "o ( ! tra9+ s*ools = ! ,qu9cy ,tra9+ ,classes1 ,i he>d v good lessons giv5 9 read+1 phonics1 numb]1 ,engli% & geography4 ,a read+ lesson1 giv5 to t5 or twelve *ildr5 ab\t sev5 ye>s old1 0 to tea* "o new ^w1 8,flag40 ,! class /ood ar\nd ! tea*] at "o "p ( ! wall slate4 ,aft] c>efully revis+ _m ( ! words le>nt 9 previ\s lessons1 ! tea*] drew a flag on ! bo>d4 ,!n %e wrote ! ^w z a :ole1 und]nea? ! draw+4 ,!n %e told a %ort /ory ab\t a flag1 wrote ! ^w 9 diff]5t col\r$ *alks1 wrote s5t5ces involv+ only kn[n words & ! new ^w 8flag40 ,:5 ! *ildr5 c\ld read ^! s5t5ces easily1 !y 7 made to pick out ! ^w 8flag40 ,"s 7 all[$ to erase ! ^w1 "s to write x aga94 ,e possible device 0 us$ 9 ! lesson to associate ! complete writt5 expression ) ! spok5 ^w & ! idea4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty m9utes1 :5 ! association 0 complete1 ! new ^w 8flag0 0 writt5 among ! li/ ( kn[n words1 kept con/antly on ! bo>d1 & ! *ildr5 7 s5t to _! seats4 ,i notic$ 9 all ! read+ lessons 9 :i* words & s5t5ces 7 taught z :oles1 t clev] tea*]s con/antly us$ ! device ( eras+ ! ^w or s5t5ce to be taught4 ,?is1 :5 skilfully done1 secures conc5tration ( att5tion on ea* ^w1 by all[+ ! *ildr5 only a limit$ "t to note its g5]al %ape1 be=e be+ requir$ to repres5t x on ! bo>d or slate4 ,! con/ant erasure & repeat$ re-writ+ ( a ^w ensure repeat$ %ort acts ( int5se att5tion on ! "p ( ! *ildr51 & s help greatly 9 ! le>n+ ( ! new ^w4 ,a lesson 9 8numb]0 or ari?metic1 giv5 to ! same class1 0 devot$ to problems 9 addition1 subtraction1 multiplication & division ( numb]s bel[ t54 ,_m devices 7 us$ = int]e/+ ! class4 ,! *ildr5 7 s5t to "w at diff]5t p>ts ( ! wall slate1 & 7 enc\rag$ to contribute problems = ! class4 ,! g5]al use ( ! wall slate is se5 to be ( great advantage1 especially 9 su* lessons z ^!4 ,by means ( x1 sup]vision ( individual "w is v easy1 & corrections c be made valuable to ! :ole class4 ,! ,tra9+ ,classes ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york %[ m uni=mity ( c\rses & me?ods ?an ^? ( _m ( ! o!r ,/ates4 ,?is is due to _! organization by ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t1 :o issues regulations & a def9ite c\rse ( /udy4 ,! c\rse is a %ort "o1 f t5 to ?irte5 weeks4 ,two h\rs ea* day is giv5 to in/ruction4 ,me?ods 9 read+1 spell+1 numb]1 language & prim>y geography are /udi$1 & obs]vation & criticism ( lessons is a def9ite "p ( ! "w4 ,actual tea*+ is done :]ev] possible2 b ?is is n a requisite4 ,! "t giv5 to ea* subject is apportion$ some:at on ! same pr9ciples z 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools--viz41 "o subject is foll[$ up = a v %ort "t1 ano!r is tak5 up 9 ! same way1 & !n ano!r4 ,on ?is plan1 only a few days c be giv5 to "s subjects4 ,! syllabus ( "w = #ahhi gives f\r days to laws ( m5tal developm5t1 sev5te5 days to s*ool economy1 t5 days to ! hi/ory ( education1 & f\r days to s*ool law4 ,o!r set times are giv5 to ,me?ods4 ,su* a c\rse1 la/+ = a v %ort "t1 & includ+ s _m subjects1 _c b be inadequate & sup]ficial :5 us$ z ! only means ( tra9+4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 su* a way is n suffici5t 9 itself to qualify = responsible "w 9 a t[n s*ool4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ^? :o h tak5 a c\rse 9 ! tra9+ class ( a city are (t5 expect$ to ga9 exp]i5ce else:]e1 be=e tak+ responsible "w 9 t city4 ,9 _m in/ances1 /ud5ts are urg$ to take ,normal ,s*ool c\rses z well4 ,x may inde$ be /at$ g5]ally1 t ! "w ( ,tra9+ ,classes is to supplem5t a long] & m ?or\gh c\rse 9 tra9+1 r ?an to tra94 ,tra9+ ,classes1 = ! mo/ "p1 provide practice "u sup]vision = ^? :o h already ga9$ "s insight into ! sci5ce ( education & me?ods ( tea*+1 b ! small am\nt ( "t giv5 to o!r sides ( tra9+ prev5ts _! "w be+ at all adequate z ! sole prep>ation = tea*]s4 ,tra9+ ,classes exi/1 & w exi/1 to meet ! ne$s ( ^? w\ld-be tea*]s :o1 9 small t[ns1 :]e !re is nei!r ,normal nor ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 _c af=d to leave _! homes to prep>e = _! "w4 ,! urg5t dem& = tra9$ tea*]s = all ! ,common ,s*ools has result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( _m in/itutions1 :i*1 :ile fulfill+ a pres5t ne$1 are exi/+ "u conditions :i* mu/ prohibit "w ( ! be/ k9d4 ,among su* in/itutions we mu/ enrol ! ,city ,tra9+ ,classes4 ,x is a noticeable fact1 t 9 bo? ,tra9+ ,s*ools & ,tra9+ ,classes1 ! beg9n]s usually practise fir/ 9 ! l[e/ grades4 ,x is consid]$ easi] to tea* little *ildr5 ?an old] ones1 & less dang]\s to ! pupils4 ,inde$1 ! heads ( _m s*ools1 f> f adopt+ ! !ory t ! prim>y tea*+ %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ skill$ & effici5t tea*]s1 give _! y\nge/ classes into ! c>e ( ^? disqualifi$ to tea* 9 high] grades1 on acc\nt ( lack ( k1 or want ( skill4 ,x may be urg$ 9 support ( ! plan ( all[+ tea*]s unqualifi$ = o!r grades ( tea*+ to become tea*]s 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 t ! k actually us$ 9 ! tea*+ ( little *ildr5 is mu* less ?an t ne$$ = "w ) eld] *ildr51 & t c]ta9 devices = keep+ *ildr5 quiet1 & = int]e/+ !m1 c be foll[$ empirically by ! unskilful tea*]4 ,b ?is argum5t1 in/ead ( sanction+ ! practice s commonly adopt$1 w\ld s]ve to %[ t x is 9 ! l[] grades t bad tea*+ c rema9 undetect$1 & results1 r ?an means1 made crit]ia ( success4 ,mu* ( ! gr[? ( ! *ild-m9d1 9 its e>ly /ages1 dep5ds on ! tea*]'s wid? ( int]e/1 a wid? only secur$ by a ?or\gh k ( ! subjects taught1 & a broad range ( subjects4 ,?is bread? ( int]e/ n only influ5ces ! class1 b reacts on ! tea*]2 = tea*]s ( "y *ildr51 hav+ little necessity to make con/ant intellectual ef=ts1 /& 9 great dang] ( becom+ intellectually n>r[$4 ,p>tly z a result ( ! fact t mo/ ( ! /ud5ts 9 ,normal & ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools are prep>$ = "w z prim>y tea*]s1 & t o!rs :o hope ev5tually to tea* 9 high] grades mu/ fir/ ga9 _! exp]i5ce 9 prim>y grades1 we f9d t mu* m att5tion is giv5 to prim>y me?ods ?an to me?ods ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,?is is true n only 9 ,practis+ ,s*ools & ,model ,s*ools1 b else:]e4 ,!re=e1 ! mo/ rapid progress 9 ,am]ican ,education has be5 connect$ ) elem5t>y tea*+4 ,! pres5t movem5t to re=m ! curriculum & me?ods ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool is only ( rec5t developm5t4 ,,univ]sity ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,p$agogy4 ,! p$agogical c\rses connect$ ) ! ,univ]sities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates diff] s mu* 9 organization & scope1 & 9 ! nature ( _! connection ) ! ,univ]sity1 t x is impossible to consid] !m "u "o compreh5sive title1 unless ! exact mean+ ( ! t]m 8,univ]sity ,dep>tm5t0 be def9$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! title 8,univ]sity ,dep>tm5t ( ,p$agogy0 is us$ to include all high] c\rses ( /udy 9 philosophy1 psy*ology1 hi/ory1 sci5ce or art ( education e/abli%$ by ,univ]sities or ,colleges ( high /&+1 9 def9ite recognition ( ! fact t ! "w ( second>y tea*+ requires di/9ct & special pr(essional or te*nical prep>ation1 beyond a s\nd g5]al education4 ,su* in/ruction may be giv5 9 connection ) ,*airs ( ,p$agogy by s]ies ( lectures on sci5ce & art ( tea*+1 !ory & practice ( tea*+1 etc41 or x may be s complete z to con/itute a s*ool ( p$agogy 9 itself1 ?or\ghly organiz$ & equipp$ to c>ry out pr(essional tra9+ 9 all its bran*es4 ,p$agogical /udy may be a s-call$ 8elective0--viz41 "o ( ! subjects *os5 by ! /ud5t to c\nt t[>ds 8 degree1 or x may be a c\rse = po/-graduates only4 ,x may consi/ m]ely ( c\rses 9 special p$agogy or 8me?ods10 by ! v>i\s pr(essors ( diff]5t subjects 9 a ,univ]sity1 or x may be *iefly ! /udy ( education f a sci5tific /&po9t1 z 9 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e exp]im5tal & physiological psy*ology is pursu$1 n ) ! view ( meet+ ! ne$s ( int5d+ tea*]s1 b ( (f]+ opportunities ( ?or\gh /udy to sci5tific exp]ts1 ^: results may be ( great value to education 9 g5]al4 ,! numb] ( ,univ]sities or ,colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* report p$agogical c\rses ( "s k9d is #aad4 ,9 _m ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ! "w is mo/ly ( ! ,normal ,s*ool type1 ) a view to prep>e = tea*+ 9 ! ,gramm> ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate1 & ! c]tificate ( pr(ici5cy giv5 on completion ( ! c\rse is n su* z to entitle ! "w to be call$ 8,high] ,in/ruction 9 ! ,!ory & ,art ( ,tea*+40 ,leav+ su* dep>tm5ts out ( consid]ation1 z n belong+ to ! field ( high] education1 ! dep>tm5ts ( p$agogy 9 connection ) ,univ]sities may1 = conv5i5ce1 be consid]$ "u two heads3 #a4 ,^? 9 connection ) ,/ate ,univ]sities4 #b4 ,^? connect$ ) o!r end[$ ,univ]sities or ,colleges ( high /&+4 ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,/ate ,,univ]sities4 ,/ate ,univ]sities1 f\nd$ 9 accordance ) ! resolution1 8,s*ools & ! means ( education %all = ev] be enc\rag$10 h naturally be5 look$ up to z ! in/itutions m fitt$ ?an any o!r to supply high] in/ruction 9 ! sci5ce & art ( tea*+4 ,! fir/ 0 e/abli%$ z ! result ( ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg1 by :i* two t[n%ips ( l& 7 appropriat$ f ! ,nor?-,we/ ,t]ritory = ! support ( a ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,s9ce !n1 tw5ty-eight ,/ates ( ! ,union h set ap>t funds1 d]iv$ f ! sale ( ,/ate l&s1 = ! f\nd+ & end[+ ( in/itutions = high] education4 ,^! univ]sities1 gradually increas+ 9 numb] & influ5ce1 & spread+ f _! orig9 9 ,ohio bo? we/ & ea/1 are dep5d5t = ! mo/ "p = _! /ud5ts ^u ! city ,high ,s*ools & o!r second>y s*ools2 & ! effici5cy ( _! "w dep5ds greatly ^u ! effici5cy ( ! prep>atory "w done 9 ^! s*ools4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sities to secure t ! second>y s*ools are well equipp$ & well taught1 & f ?is po9t ( view "o ( ! di/9ctive l9es ( "w ( a ,/ate ,univ]sity %\ld be ! pr(essional prep>ation ( second>y tea*]s4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 at ,ann ,arbor1 0 ! fir/ ,/ate ,univ]sity to recognise ! necessity ( ?is "w4 ,9 #ahgi x e/abli%$ a ,*air to give in/ruction 9 sci5ce & art ( tea*+1 & s9ce !n1 ,tra9+ & ,normal dep>tm5ts1 or c\rses 9 p$agogy1 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sities ( ,colorado1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,nevada1 ,n4 ,dakota1 ,ohio1 ,wa%+ton & o!rs4 ,9 "s ,univ]sities ! "w ( tra9+ is entirely giv5 ov] to ! p$agogical dep>tm5t & ! pr(essor ( p$agogy4 ,9 "s1 !re are no purely pr(essional dep>tm5ts1 b 8,tea*]s' ,c\rses0 are organiz$ 9 v>i\s subjects ( ! college curriculum4 ,^! c\rses are giv5 by college pr(essors ( ! v>i\s subjects1 & deal ) ! diff]5t me?ods ( treat+ ! subject4 ,9 "s ,/ate ,univ]sities1 h[ev]1 tra9+ is provid$ bo? 9 p$agogical dep>tm5ts & 8,tea*]s' ,c\rses02 & good "w 9 bo? is requir$ be=e a /ud5t c ga9 a 8,tea*]'s ,diploma40 ,:]e ! two p>ts ( ! "w are ma9ta9$ h>moni\sly toge!r1 !y mu/ greatly /r5g!n ea* o!r1 & advantages mu/ accrue bo? to ! /ud5ts & to ! "w ( tra9+ g5]ally4 ,9 su* a case ! sci5tific1 b m or less !oretical in/ruction ( ! pr(ess$ly p$agogical dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity is supplem5t$ by ! practical in/ruction1 :i* is ! result ( ! exp]i5ce ( exp]ts 9 ! respective subjects4 ,! discussion ( 8me?ods0 9 any subject1 ) a speciali/1 :o is con/antly tea*+ t subject1 mu/ be mo/ valuable to ! future tea*]1 & especially s :5 ! speciali/ c illu/rate 8 me?ods by actual class "w1 & ! le>n] is himself some:at ( a speciali/4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! d\ble l9es ( "w is also important1 :]e x occurs1 z illu/rat+ unity ( op9ion among ! presid5ts & pr(essors ( colleges z reg>ds ! ne$s & means ( tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s4 ,?us x w help on ! cause ( second>y tra9+ g5]ally4 ,"o ( ^? ,/ate ,univ]sities :i* recognise ^! two di/9ctive bran*es ( pr(essional tra9+ is ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 at ,ann ,arbor4 ,"w 9 bo? dep>tm5ts has be5 requir$ 9 ord] to ga9 a 8,tea*]'s ,diploma10 ev] s9ce ! p$agogical c\rse 0 arrang$ 9 #ahgi4 ,! /ud5t mu/ h complet$ ?ree c\rses (f]$ by ! pr(essor ( p$agogy--"o a practical c\rse 9 ! art ( tea*+ & gov]n+1 s*ool hygi5e1 s*ool law1 etc42 "o a !oretical & critical c\rse on ! pr9ciples ( tea*+ or appli$ psy*ology2 & "o o!r c\rse :i* may be ei!r3 ,hi/ory ( education1 anci5t & m$ival4 ,hi/ory ( education1 mod]n1 or1 ,s*ool ,managem5t4 ,he mu/ also h tak5 a 8,tea*]'s ,c\rse0 9 connection ) "o ( ! subjects 9 ! college curriculum--"w :i* implies n only extra pr(essional in/ruction 9 me?ods by ! college pr(essor1 b also a special exam9ation 9 ! subject matt] ( /udy4 ,beyond ! c\rses ( /udy already enum]at$ z belong+ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+ 9 ! ,mi*igan ,univ]sity1 !re is "o on ! comp>ative /udy ( educational sy/ems1 & a section = sem9>y "w4 ,?is sem9>y "w1 tak5 up 9 p$agogy1 z 9 o!r subjects1 only t[>ds ! completion ( ! c\rse1 is v mu* on ! l9es ( ! ,g]man 8,sem9>40 ,x is "w ( rese>* & discussion1 done ) ! help ( ! educational libr>y4 ,special po9ts are tak5 up by ! /ud5ts & work$ out4 ,! tea*] guides ! "w & read+1 & g5]ally conducts ! ,sem9>y4 ,z reg>ds ! "t devot$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! p$agogical curriculum1 f\r h\rs a week are giv5 to ea* ( ! c\rses on ! art ( tea*+ & ! pr9ciples ( tea*+1 ?ree h\rs a week to ea* ( ! hi/ory c\rses & ^? on s*ool sup]vision1 & two h\rs a week to ! o!r optional subjects4 ,! requir$ c\rse may be tak5 among ! graduate or po/-graduate /udies4 8,tea*]s' ,diplomas0 are pres5t$ on graduation1 provid$ ! prescrib$ c\rse has be5 tak54 ,a 8,tea*]s' ,c]tificate0 giv5 by ! ,faculty1 on ! ga9+ ( degree & diploma1 qualifies to tea* 9 any s*ool ( ! ,/ate4 ,at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,ill9ois1 ! c\rse 9 p$agogy is "w :i* c\nts t[>ds a degree4 ,x is plac$ among "o ( ! major or pr9cipal subjects ( ! 8re/rict$ electives10 t is1 "o ( six subjects1 ea* occupy+ six t]ms1 two subjects ( :i* mu/ be *os5 by ! /ud5t = graduation "w4 ,p$agogy is sugge/$ z "p ( ! "w ( ! ?ird & f\r? ye> 9 ! classical c\rse1 & :5 tak5 up = a ?ird & f\r? ye>1 aft] any ord9>y 8,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse10 x con/itutes a c\rse 9 philosophy & p$agogy4 ,! diff]5t bran*es ( p$agogy tak5 up 9 ?is way are3 ,educational psy*ology1 hygi5e1 philosophy ( education1 hi/ory ( education1 s*ool sup]vision4 ,! 8,p$agogical ,sem9>y0 is op5 only to /ud5ts :o h tak5 two o!r p$agogical c\rses4 ,psy*ology1 s*ool hygi5e1 & s*ool sup]vision1 con/itute full c\rses = a t]m--! re/ are half c\rses4 ,9 connection ) ! ,philosophical ,dep>tm5t is a c\rse ( lectures & laboratory "w 9 exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,app>atus has be5 pur*as$ & consid]ably us$ 9 mak+ psy*ological exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri !re are two di/9ct c\rses1 elem5t>y & advanc$4 ,! elem5t>y c\rse corresponds v mu* to a ,normal ,s*ool c\rse4 ,! subjects = ! fir/ ye>'s /udy are *iefly ,engli%1 algebra1 physiology1 zoology1 botany1 physical geography1 rhetoric4 ,9 ! second ye>1 p$agogics1 includ+ appli$ psy*ology1 hi/ory & s*ool organization1 are tak5 up ) hi/ory1 lit]ature1 physics1 *emi/ry & civil gov]nm5t4 ,draw+ & elocution are requir$ subjects dur+ all b "o t]m ( ! c\rse4 ,! c]tificate at ! end ( ! elem5t>y c\rse qualifies ! hold] to tea* = two ye>s 9 any public s*ool ( ! ,/ate4 ,! advanc$ c\rse leads on to ! degree ( ba*elor ( p$agogics4 ,! requir$ "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t may be tak5 by /ud5ts :o are prep>+ = degrees 9 o!r c\rses1 or by ^? :o h already a degree conf]r$ by ?is or any approv$ ,univ]sity4 ,! graduate /ud5ts may1 by select+ f\r ( ! (f]$ subjects1 & devot+ five h\rs a week to ! p$agogical "w1 complete ! c\rse 9 "o ye>4 ,o!rs1 take c]ta9 prescrib$ c\rses1 & c]ta9 optional c\rses 9 p$agogics1 dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s ( _! ord9>y graduate "w4 ,! degree entitles to a life-c]tificate to tea* 9 any ( ! public s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is noticeable1 9 connection ) ! prescrib$ c\rses 9 ?is ,univ]sity1 t ! /udy ( education1 hi/orically1 comes be=e ! consid]ation ( !ory or philosophy ( education & its application 9 s*ool "w4 ,! elective or optional /udies are f\r--viz41 s*ool sy/ems ( ,europe2 s*ool sy/ems ( ! cities & ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! educational !ories ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 ! philosophy ( ,froebel4 ,( ! o!r ,/ate ,univ]sities1 "s make p$agogics a complete c\rse = graduates or und]graduates1 :ile "s1 z at ,miss\ri1 make x an elective /udy dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s ( an ord9>y graduate c\rse4 ,:]e two complete c\rses exi/--an elem5t>y & an advanc$--9 ! same dep>tm5t1 ! di/9ction is bas$ *iefly on ! diff]5ce ( qualification ne$$ = admission4 ,/ud5ts qualifi$ to ent] ! ,univ]sity may pursue ! elem5t>y c\rse2 only ^? ( ! ?ird ye> or f\r? ye>1 or graduates1 may take up ! advanc$ c\rse4 ,z a rule1 ! /ud5ts ( ! elem5t>y c\rse tea* 9 ! ,prim>y or ,gramm> ,s*ools1 ^? ( ! advanc$ c\rses become tea*]s ( second>y s*ools & colleges4 ,! ,/ate ,univ]sities ( ,am]ica1 z a :ole1 foll[1 m or less /rictly1 ! l9es ( ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,?is is n only s z reg>ds organization m]ely1 b z reg>ds me?ods ( /udy1 & l9es ( ?\ght4 ,9 no dep>tm5t is ! ,g]man influ5ce m se5 ?an 9 t ( p$agogics1 :]e me?ods ( ! ,g]man 8,sem9>0 are increas+ly us$ & valu$ by pr(essors & advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,few ,/ate ,univ]sities hav+ p$agogical dep>tm5ts w\ld be f\nd :i* _h n begun to use ,sem9> me?ods4 ,9 _m ,univ]sities1 a 8,sem9> room10 9 :i* is a p$agogical ref]5ce libr>y1 is set ap>t especially = rese>* & conf]5ce 9 matt]s educational4 ,a natural accompanim5t ( ^! me?ods is mu* /udy ( ,g]man p$agogical !ory1 & a con/ant t5d5cy to emphasize & elaborate ,g]man l9es ( ?\ght4 ,! two great ,s*ools 9 ,am]ican psy*ology to-day1 bo? ( :i* are mak+ rapid /rides 9 progress1 & influ5c+ ! :ole ( ,am]ican education to an important ext5t1 are ! ,h]b>tians & ! ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ologi/s4 ,bo? _h _! beg9n+s 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,! mo/ mod]n feature ( ,g]man ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5ts ( ,p$agogy is1 h[ev]1 "o :i* has n yet be5 adopt$ by ,am]ican ,/ate ,univ]sities4 ,a means ( connection betwe5 ! !oretical & practical sides ( tra9+1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( a practis+ s*ool atta*$ to ! ,univ]sity1 has be5 made at ,j5a = "s "t4 ,su* a connection w\ld be ( ! greate/ value to ,am]ican ,/ate ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5ts1 b until n[ actual practical dep>tm5ts h n exi/$4 ,! in/ruction 9 univ]sity dep>tm5ts ( p$agogy1 al?\gh su* z to be ( ! greate/ possible value & /imulation z a !oretical basis = tea*+ & organiz+ 9 second>y s*ools1 is h[ev] incomplete unless opportunities are also suppli$ ( ga9+ actual exp]i5ce 9 tea*+4 ,a practis+ s*ool1 organiz$ z a "p ( ! ,univ]sity1 & hav+ z its pr9cipal "o ( ! ,univ]sity ,faculty1 might1 besides af=d+ su* a practis+ gr\nd = second>y tea*]s1 be ! means ( supply+ te/$ facts to ! tea*+ _w 9 g5]al1 & w\ld greatly help ! ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5t to fulfil its true function--t ( /imulat+ tea*]s & unify+ education 9 ! ,/ate4 ,,univ]sity ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,p$agogy ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,/ates4 ,! /udy ( p$agogy 9 connection ) ! univ]sities & colleges ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates is a dep>tm5t ( "w ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,! cons]vative attitude ( ! old] ,univ]sities1 su* z ,h>v>d & ,yale1 ) reg>d to ! recognition ( ! claims ( p$agogy to be a sci5ce1 & ! ne$s ( di/9ctly pr(essional in/ruction = ^? :o int5d to become tea*]s 9 high] s*ools & colleges1 has result$ 9 ! fact t ! tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s has1 until a few ye>s ago1 be5 almo/ entirely re/rict$ to ! ,we/]n ,/ate ,univ]sities4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t s9ce ! old] educational in/itutions ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates h recognis$ education z a sci5ce1 rapid progress has be5 made1 & "o f9ds on survey+ ! "w ( univ]sity dep>tm5ts ( p$agogy z a :ole c]ta9 features :i*1 :5 fur!r develop$1 w possibly cause univ]sity in/ruction to be ! mo/ valuable means ( tra9+ second>y tea*]s4 ,among su* l9es ( "w1 already begun 9 ^! p$agogical dep>tm5ts1 are3 i4 ,sup]vision ( second>y s*ool "w4 ii4 ,/imulation ( all tea*]s by rese>* "w 9 educational matt]s4 iii4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t by sci5tific work]s 9 ! field ( p$agogy & psy*ology ( ! results ( tea*]s' obs]vations ( *ildr5 9 ! s*ool-room1 z helpful to ! sci5tific rese>*es ( ! laboratory4 iv4 ,prep>ation & /imulation ( pr(essors ( p$agogy1 & ( tea*]s = high] s*ools & colleges4 ,a v e>ly attempt 0 made 9 ,br[n ,univ]sity1 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 to arrange c\rses 9 !ory & me?ods ( tea*+1 b ! movem5t 0 n successful4 ,little actual "w 9 ! tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s 0 done 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 until ! ,indu/rial ,education ,association ( ,new ,york ,city1 feel+ ! dem& = skilful tea*]s 9 manual tra9+1 began to organize plans = prep>+ !m = _! "w1 & s5d+ !m out daily to tea* 9 ! s*ools4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #ahhi1 ! "w _h develop$ s mu*1 n only 9 connection ) "o bran* ( tra9+1 b _m1 t ! in/itution ga9$ a provisional *>t] f ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 "u ! "n ( ! ,new ,york ,college = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s4 ,9 #ahib ! *>t] ( ! ,new ,york ,college = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s 0 made absolute1 & ! "n *ang$ to ,tea*]s' ,college4 ,an agreem5t 0 also made1 :]eby c]ta9 p$agogical c\rses 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,college are consid]$ z c\rses 9 ! ,faculty ( ,philosophy at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 & c\nt t[>ds a ,columbia ,univ]sity degree4 ,by ! same agreem5t1 qualifi$ /ud5ts ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college are admitt$ to ! c\rses 9 philosophy & p$agogy at ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,9 ?is way we may reg>d ! ,tea*]s' ,college z ! newe/ ( ,univ]sity dep>tm5ts1 al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x has develop$ & become a mo/ important & successful means ( second>y tra9+1 q ap>t f any connection ) a college or univ]sity4 ,! c\rses 9 p$agogy giv5 at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & op5 to /ud5ts ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 are3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,educational ,!ories & ,in/itutions--a c\rse giv5 ea* alt]nate ye>4 ,sy/ematic ,p$agogics2 ! ,psy*ology ( ,*ildhood2 ,pr9ciples ( ,tea*+2 7giv5 also e alt]nate ye>74 ,a ,p$agogical ,sem9> 7"o h\r a week = advanc$ /ud5ts74 ,! lectures 9 philosophy & exp]im5tal psy*ology are also op5 "u ! same conditions4 ,among !m are ! foll[+ c\rses3 7a7 ,logic & ,psy*ology2 7b7 ,e?ics2 7c7 ,introductory c\rse 9 ,physiological ,psy*ology 7lectures & laboratory "w72 7d7 ,advanc$ c\rse 9 ,physiological ,psy*ology 7exp]im5t "w 9 ! laboratory72 7e7 ,introductory c\rse 9 ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology 7lectures1 !mes & laboratory "w72 7f7 ,vision 7lectures1 reports & advanc$ laboratory "w72 7g7 ,advanc$ "w 9 ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology & ,rese>* 7individual in/ruction daily74 ,! c\rses at ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 op5 to all ,columbia ,univ]sity ,/ud5ts1 are3 i4 ,educational ,psy*ology2 ,/udy ( ,*ildr54 ii4 ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+1 ) illu/rations f ! ,k9d]g>t5 & ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,obs]vation4 iii4 ,introductory c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 iv4 ,in/itutes ( ,education1 by ,laurie4 ,ros5kranz's ,philosophy ( ,education & ,h]b>t's ,sci5ce ( ,education4 v4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ ,hi/ory 9 second>y s*ools4 ,! foll[+ c be tak5 only by advanc$ /ud5ts3 i4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ ,sci5ce 9 elem5t>y & second>y s*ools4 ii4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ ,manual ,tra9+ 9 elem5t>y & second>y s*ools4 iii4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ ,lat91 ,greek1 ,fr5* & ,g]man4 iv4 ,read+ & discussion ( ,g]man & ,fr5* p$agogical works 9 ! orig9al4 v4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ ,educational ,psy*ology4 ,obs]vation & ,practice4 vi4 ,practice 9 tea*+ & sup]vision4 ,criticism1 ,s*ool ,managem5t1 ,discipl9e4 ,c&idates = ! ,a4,b4 degree ( ,columbia ,univ]sity may specialize = ! la/ ye> 9 ! dep>tm5t ( p$agogy4 ,!y are requir$ to take two subjects1 "o z major or pr9cipal subject1 "o z m9or subject4 ,a ?ird optional subject may be tak54 ,to ga9 a ,diploma ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 a two ye>s' c\rse ( /udy is requir$4 ,?is includes3 i4 ,elem5ts ( ,psy*ology--8a c\rse to give skill 9 description & explanation ( m5tal ph5om5a & insight into ! obs]v+ & tra9+ ( *ildr540 ii4 ,educational ,!ories s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 ) a g5]al survey ( e>li] !ories4 iii4 ,a c\rse 9 ,psy*ology1 ,hi/ory ( ,education1 or 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic & ,psy*ology z appli$ to ,sci5ce & ,manual ,tra9+4 iv4 ,/udy ( range ( *ild's m5tal activities z ! basis ( prim>y in/ruction3 ! vocabul>y z a basis ( language tea*+2 ! *ild's p[] & skill ( h& z ! basis ( manual expression2 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+3 ,obs]vation lessons2 ,language1 includ+ ,read+2 ,numb]2 ,manual ,ex]cises4 v4 ,pr9ciples ( ,tea*+1 ) special ref]5ce to application ( ,psy*ology to ! cultivation ( intellectual p[]s1 ! feel+1 ! w4 ,! application ( ! pr9ciples ( education to classification1 organization1 & s*ool discipl9e4 vi4 ,obs]vation & practice tea*+1 "u sup]vision1 & indep5d5tly4 vii4 ,physical tra9+4 viii4 ,special me?ods ( "o subject ( /udy4 ,! college is di/9ctly & solely a pr(essional s*ool4 ,!re is no direct in/ruction 9 ! subject matt] ( /udy1 ! admission qualification be+ su* z to exclude all p]sons :o h n _h a satisfactory second>y education4 ,ea* college dep>tm5t provides tra9+ 9 ! pr9ciples & practice ( tea*+ ! subjects :i* m especially belong to x2 b all in/ruction is entirely f ! /&po9t ( ! tea*]4 ,x is p>ticul>ly /at$ 9 connection ) ?is tea*+1 t no /ud5t is admitt$ to a c\rse 9 ! me?ods ( any p>ticul> subject unless he c %[ himself to be pr(ici5t 9 ! subject matt] ( t bran* ( in/ruction4 ,= ^? n qualifi$1 by tra9+ or academic /&+1 to pursue ! ord9>y "w ( ! college1 x has be5 f\nd advisable to arrange an introductory c\rse to occupy "o ye>4 ,! prep>atory c\rse includes ! /udy ( ,engli%1 an introduction to sci5ce1 ei!r draw+1 dome/ic sci5ce1 or wood-c>v+1 & ei!r con/ructive geometry1 ) ! solution ( orig9al problems1 or "o bran* ( sci5ce ) laboratory "w4 ,i sp5t sev]al days 9 ?is college & he>d "s ( ! tea*+ 9 psy*ology1 & 9 sci5ce4 ,! psy*ology & hi/ory ( education are bo? two ye>s' c\rses4 ,9 psy*ology ! /ud5ts beg9 by le>n+ to make records ( _! individual obs]vation ( *ildr54 ,! *ief use ( psy*ology to ! tea*] is reg>d$ z ! mak+ him consci\s ( processes ( ?\ght1 :i* be=e might h be5 accurate1 b 7 n kn[n4 ,z ! end ( education is assum$ to be a moral end1 9 s f> z x has to d ) "* & conduct1 ! w is made ! basis ( educational psy*ology & is treat$ fir/ 9 ord]4 ,"o advantage ( su* an ord] ( treatm5t is t ! practical value ( ! /udy ( psy*ology to education c be e>ly %[n4 ,z ! :ole "q ( education is a "q ( ! guid+ & controll+ ( action1 great importance is giv5 to ! practical /udy ( action 9 its ?ree phases ( in/9ct1 w & habit4 ,ea* ( ^! is foll[$ out z f> z possible by means ( ! obs]vation ( *ildr5 at play1 or by ! /udy ( ! /ud5t's own will$ movem5ts4 ,all que/ions ( physiological psy*ology are avoid$ z mu* z possible 9 ! /udy ( psy*ology = educational purposes1 ! two reasons giv5 be+3 i4 ,t mo/ /ud5ts h n a suffici5t k ( physiology to take up physiological psy*ology4 ii4 ,t ^? :o h a suffici5t k ( physiology f9d ! correlation difficult4 ,9 beg9n+ to /udy psy*ology1 ! two aspects ( "o set ( facts & _! be>+s ^u ea* o!r _c be easily se54 ,mu* "w 9 bo? sci5ces is ne$$ be=e good "w c be done 9 physiological psy*ology4 ,! /ud5ts use ,sully1 ,james1 & ,hffd+ z text-books4 ,! l9es ( "w1 h[ev]1 are n ^? ( any p>ticul> writ] or s*ool4 ,! /ud5ts h ample opportunities ( wide read+ & rese>*1 n only 9 psy*ology1 b 9 all bran*es ( p$agogy4 ,^! are af=d$ by ! ,bryson ,p$agogical ,libr>y 9 ! college build+4 ,?is libr>y1 f\nd$ 9 connection ) ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 = ! purpose ( af=d+ opportunities ( rese>* to /ud5ts ( ! college1 is op5 to all tea*]s ( ! city & to ! public g5]ally4 ,x conta9s #e1jjj volumes1 includ+ books on p$agogy & connect$ subjects1 text-books ( all k9ds1 & ! curr5t lit]>y1 sci5tific & educational p]iodicals publi%$ 9 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( education1 ! plan adopt$ is a ?or\gh & exhau/ive treatm5t ( "o or two great educational re=m]s1 ) m]e outl9e sket*es ( o!rs4 ,! re=m]s specially consid]$ are reg>d$1 n only z educators1 b 9 all o!r possible aspects4 ,_! lives & works1 _! ideas1 ! contempor>y hi/ory ( _! own & o!r c\ntries1 are fully discuss$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 all o!r facts ( educational hi/ory are z f> z possible comp>$ )1 & illu/rat$ by1 ! facts connect$ ) ! re=m] :o has be5 specially consid]$4 ,su* a me?od seems v /imulat+ & int]e/+ to ! /ud5t1 & mu* m satisfactory1 ?an a g5]al treatm5t ( ! :ole1 sugge/$ by _m text-books on ! hi/ory ( education4 ,me?ods ( *emi/ry1 physics1 physiology-botany1 geology1 are taught by means ( actual lessons 9 ! v>i\s subjects1 giv5 by ! heads ( dep>tm5ts & _! assi/ants1 to *ildr5 9 ! practis+ s*ool4 ,/ud5ts are requir$ to obs]ve ! tea*+1 to att5d lectures & discussions ^u ! me?ods pursu$1 to le>n ! art ( exp]im5t+1 & to prep>e !mselves = direct+ laboratories4 ,!y are also guid$ & help$ 9 mak+ a c>eful inspection ( ! sci5ce tea*+ 9 ! public s*ools ( ! city4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !y are introduc$ to "s ( ! practical problems ( sci5ce tea*+ 9 ! s*ool-room1 su* z ! difficulties ( tea*+ sci5ce )\t a laboratory1 or )\t fix$ times = exp]im5t+4 ,all /ud5ts :o take sci5ce z _! major or pr9cipal subject are requir$ also to take c\rses 93--7i47 ,! use ( tools = con/ruct+ home-made app>atus2 7ii47 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( draw+ & _! applications = /ud5ts :o take special "w 9 o!r dep>tm5ts2 7iii47 ! specifi$ c\rses 9 psy*ology1 hi/ory ( education1 & sci5ce & art ( tea*+2 7iv47 outl9es ( ! lives & "w ( em95t sci5ti/s1 z illu/rat+ me?ods ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,a ,"t-,table = ! ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse 9 ,sci5ce is z foll[s3-- ,fir/ ,ye>4 ,"t4 ,,monday4 ,physics = ,high ,s*ools #i4bj-aj4ae4 ,psy*ology #aj4ej-aa4cj4 ,lecture & ,laboratory #ab4ee-b4ae4 ,,tuesday4 ,botany = ,high ,s*ools #i4bj-aj4ae4 ,,w$nesday4 ,physics = ,high ,s*ools #i4bj-aj4ae4 ,psy*ology #aj4ej-aa4cj4 ,me?ods #aa4ae-ab4ae4 ,lab4 ,practice #ab4ee-b4ae4 ,,?ursday4 ,geology = ,high ,s*ools #i4bj-aj4ae4 ,hi/ory ( ,education #aj4ej-aa4cj4 ,,friday4 ,use ( tools #i4bj-aj4ae4 ,psy*ology #aj4ej-aa4cj4 ,me?ods #aa4ae-ab4ae4 ,second ,ye>4 ,"t4 ,,monday4 ,psy*ology #aj4ej-ab4ae4 ,lect4 & ,lab4 ,in/ruction #ab4ee-b4ae4 ,,tuesday4 ,obs]v4 & ,practice #i4bj-aj4de4 ,draw+ #aj4ej-ab4ae4 ,*emi/ry = ,high ,s*ools #ab4ee-b4ae4 ,,w$nesday4 ,obs]v4 & ,practice #i4bj-aj4de4 ,lab4 ,practice #ab4ee-b4ae4 ,,?ursday4 ,obs]v4 & ,practice #i4bj-aj4de4 ,draw+ #aj4ej-ab4ae4 ,*emi/ry = ,high ,s*ools #ab4ee-b4ae4 ,,friday4 ,obs]v4 & ,practice #i4bj-aj4de4 ,! practice dep>tm5t ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college is "o ( its mo/ important features1 = a fundam5tal assumption is t practice is ! key-note ( all tra9+1 t no "o c consid] himself tra9$ :o has n taught1 & t ! future tea*] mu/ obs]ve good tea*+1 & mu/ tea* "u normal conditions4 ,! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool = ! obs]vation & practice ( ! /ud5ts ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college comprises k9d]g>t51 prim>y1 gramm> & high s*ool grades4 ,! heads ( dep>tm5ts arrange ! tea*+ ( ! /ud5ts1 & great c>e is ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! s*ool effici5t1 z ! obs]vation ( good tea*+ is consid]$ only second 9 importance to actual practice4 ,i he>d a botany lesson 9 ! practis+ s*ool1 giv5 by ! in/ructor 9 me?ods ( botany4 ,! class1 numb]+ ab\t twelve *ildr51 ( ab\t t5 ye>s ( age1 0 furni%$ ) l5ses1 & ne$les1 & a pl5tiful supply ( fl[]s4 ,ea* *ild 0 requir$ to see & exam9e all ! fl[]s t 7 giv5 to him1 to describe c>efully & exactly :at he _h obs]v$1 & to take no?+ = grant$4 ,! me?ods adopt$ 7 su* z to make ! *ildr5 orig9al inve/igators1 & ! attitude ( ! tea*] t[>ds h] subject 0 su* z to develop a _s ( rev]5ce 9 ! *ildr51 & to ar\se an int]e/ /hetic z well z sci5tific4 ,no te*nical t]ms 7 us$ 9 descriptions4 ,! botany lessons are adapt$ to ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,= example1 ! s*eme ( "w = ! ,autumn t]m is3-- ,autumn ,fl[]s4 ,h[ diff]+ f ,spr+ fl[]s 9 ,col\r4 ,size4 ,gr[?4 ,autumn ,fruits4 ,_! gr[?4 0 p>ts4 0 use to man4 0 use to animals4 ,/udy ( ,se$s4 ,gr[?4 ,me?ods ( ,di/ribution4 ,food4 ,uses = ,oil4 ,m$ic9e4 ,gra9 & h>ve/+4 ,obs]vation ( ,trees4 ,fall+ ( leaves4 ,col\rs 0 0 ,leaf-buds4 ,decidu\s trees4 ,ev]gre5 trees4 ,prep>ation = w9t] by plants4 ,se$s4 ,buds4 ,leaves4 ,! h]b>ium is n mu* us$1 b 9 autumn ea* *ild & /ud5t br+s a specim5 ( "o tree or plant4 ,all ! specim5s are kept & are us$ = ! /udy ( se$s dur+ ! w9t]4 ,twigs are br\ght into ! s*ool-room & made to gr[ 9 wat]1 se$s are gr[n 9 %av+s1 & plants ( all k9ds are wat*$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,! "w 9 geology is a special feature ( ! practis+ s*ool4 ,c\rses ( "w h be5 adapt$ by ! head ( dep>tm5t to ! l[e/ grades ( ! gramm> s*ool--viz41 to *ildr5 ab\t n9e ye>s old4 ,! "w is closely connect$ ) ! geography tea*+1 & *ildr5 are enc\rag$ to collect specim5s ( diff]5t k9ds ( build+ /one !y see1 or to br+ any o!r specim5s ( rock or m9]als4 ,trays ( qu>tz1 felsp> & mica are provid$ = ea* *ild1 = beg9n+ practical "w 9 geology4 ,aft] exam9ation ( ^! m9]als1 granite is /udi$1 & aft]w>ds gneiss1 z lead+ ! way to ! g5]al hi/ory ( rocks4 ,slag /ructures are giv5 = exam9ation1 z specim5s to illu/rate ! effects ( heat4 ,artificial geodes & lavas are also /udi$1 :5 connect+ ! hi/ory ( rocks ) _! /ructure4 ,/ud5ts :o are prep>+ to become speciali/ tea*]s 9 geology h special "w ) ! *ildr54 ,!y prep>e lessons "u ! guidance ( ! tea*]--submitt+ writt5 notes ( ! subject matt]1 b talk+ ov] ) _! head ( dep>tm5t ! propos$ me?ods ( deal+ ) ! facts4 ,!y h also special laboratory "w1 9 con/ruct+ simple app>atus1 & mak+ maps1 *>ts & draw+s4 ,! physiology lesson ,i he>d 0 giv5 to a high s*ool class1 by ! director ( ! dep>tm5t ( physiology4 ,x 0 a revision lesson1 conduct$ ) ! special object ( mak+ ! class discov] ! g5]al position ( ,man 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,! p>ticul> features ,i notic$ ab\t ! lesson 73-- 7i47 ,no te*nical t]ms 7 us$ 9 description1 if ! requir$ mean+ c\ld be express$ 9 ord9>y language4 7ii47 ,any difficulty z reg>ds animal /ructure :i* arose dur+ ! process ( classification 0 settl$ by actual ref]5ce to ! museum specim5 at h&4 ,! d\bt z to :e!r a fi% might be said to h a bra9 0 settl$ by inspection ( a haddock's bra91 br\ght f ! museum4 7iii47 ,great c>e 0 ex]cis$ by ! tea*] 9 ord] to prev5t ha/y or incorrect inf]5ces be+ drawn4 7iv47 ,!re 0 con/ant ref]5ce to text-books4 ,! pupils _h be5 taught to use a ref]5ce libr>y4 ,x is evid5t to ^? :o h wat*$ ! movem5t ( ! tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates t ! ,tea*]s' ,college ( ,new ,york has done a "w peculi>ly its own4 ,x 0 organiz$ on ! pres5t l9es1 to combat ! idea1 ev5 /ill exi/5t to "s ext5t1 t college graduation equips = successful tea*+4 ,x has done ?is1 n by emphasiz+ ! value ( pr(essional tra9+ 9 itself1 ap>t f its connection ) s*ola/ic equipm5t1 b by insi/+ t ! second>y tea*] c only be fully prep>$ = 8 "w :5 c>eful s*ola/ic prep>ation is supplem5t$ by a consid]ation ( pr9ciples & me?ods ( tea*+1 & by actual class "w4 ,mu* ( ! successful "w ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college is probably due to ! ?or\gh prep>ation requir$ be=e beg9n+ "w1 & to ! maturity ( ! /ud5ts :o take ! c\rses4 ,) su* mat]ial1 & "u su* conditions1 x is possible to make tra9+ ?or\gh & v valuable4 ,?is is especially s 9 an in/itution1 su* z ?is1 :i* c ext5d its int]e/s1 & broad5 its outlook1 by alliance ) a ,univ]sity l ,columbia1 secur+ by ?is means ! philosophical z well z ! practical /&po9t4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 e/abli%$ to give opportunities ( high] tra9+ to graduates ( colleges or ( ,normal ,s*ools1 diff]s fundam5tally f o!r dep>tm5ts ( ,univ]sities already consid]$1 9 only (f]+ its p$agogical degrees to ^? p]sons :o c %[ evid5ce ( ?ree or f\r ye>s' successful tea*+ exp]i5ce4 ,?is is a necess>y qualification = admittance to ! junior or s5ior p$agogical c\rse ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,a /ud5t :o has a college degree1 & :o is cr$it$ ) a suffici5t numb] ( att5dances dur+ two ye>s' memb]%ip ( ! s5ior class1 becomes 8,doctor ( ,p$agogy10 aft] pass+ an exam9ation on five prescrib$ c\rses ( "w1 & pres5t+ a satisfactory !sis on "s educational subject4 ,/ud5ts ( ! junior class are requir$ to pass an exam9ation 9 f\r subjects1 & to att5d ! requir$ numb] ( lectures dur+ "o ye>1 9 ord] to obta9 ! degree ( 8,ma/] ( ,p$agogy40 ,! c\rses /udi$ are3-- 7i47 ,hi/ory ( ,education f ,socrates to ! pres5t "t 7lectures & ,sem9>74 7ii47 ,psy*ology & ,e?ics1 special att5tion be+ paid to ! ,physiological ,psy*ology & ! ,psy*ology ( ,exp]im5t4 7iii47 ,in/itutes ( ,education1 includ+-- ,educational values2 inc5tives2 co-ord9ation ( /udies2 s*ool hygi5e2 s*ool organization2 *ild-/udy2 me?ods4 7iv47 ,educational classics & /hetics4 7v47 ,sy/ems ( ,education3--,european1 ,am]ican1 ,national1 ,/ate1 ,c\nty1 ,city1 ,di/rict4 ,opportunities are giv5 = visit+ s*ools 9 ! city1 & obs]v+ tea*]s & *ildr51 b no practice dep>tm5t is connect$ ) ! ,univ]sity4 ,at ,cornell ,univ]sity1 at ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 sy/ematic in/ruction 9 p$agogy is giv5 z a "p ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy4 ,!re is a pr(essor ( p$agogy1 :o gives c\rses ( lectures on3--,in/itutes ( ,education2 ,s*ool ,sy/ems & ,organization2 ,logic & ,me?odology2 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,simple problems = exp]im5tal inve/igation 9 ! psy*ological laboratory are discuss$4 ,p$agogical conf]5ces1 some:at on ! l9es ( ! ,g]man 8,conf]5z10 are arrang$1 = criticism ( s*ool reports & plans ( tea*+ v>i\s subjects2 & sem9>ies ( p$agogy & psy*ology h be5 in/itut$ = laboratory "w & orig9al rese>*4 ,beyond ^! /rictly pr(essional c\rses1 !re are c\rses 9 ,engli%1 ma!matics1 ,lat91 etc41 ) direct ref]5ce to ^? :o wi% to become tea*]s 9 ^! subjects4 ,att5dances at su* c\rses c\nts t[>ds a 8,tea*]s' ,c]tificate40 ,! 8,tea*]s' ,c]tificate0 is giv5 to graduates ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 :o h successfully pursu$ ! fir/ c\rse on ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+1 or t portion ( x :i* relates to ! g5]al !ory ( education2 & h also atta9$ m>k$ pr(ici5cy 9 a c\rse ( five h\rs' advanc$ "w p] week1 = two ye>s1 9 ea* subject = :i* ! 8,tea*]s' ,c]tificate0 is giv54 ,at ,syracuse ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 p$agogy is an elective subject dur+ ! ?ird t]ms ( ! ?ird & f\r? univ]sity ye>1 = ^? :o take ! philosophical c\rse4 ,!re are also ,normal ,c\rses giv5 by ! univ]sity pr(essors 9 _! v>i\s subjects4 ,! introduction ( p$agogy z a def9ite bran* ( ! philosophical dep>tm5t at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ important movem5ts 9 ! progress & developm5t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,tea*+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 e/abli%+ its c\rse1 8adapt$ to ! purpose ( tea*]s & p]sons int5d+ to become tea*]s10 ,h>v>d has made recognition ( ! fact t some?+ m ?an pure s*ol>%ip is ne$$ to produce ! successful tea*] or pr(essor4 ,accord+ly1 x has e/abli%$ two dep>tm5ts ( tra9+3-- i4 ,/rictly pr(essional c\rses 9 educational !ory1 hi/ory ( educational !ories & practice1 lectures on ! managem5t ( public s*ools & academies1 & on ! curriculum ( ! public s*ools2 & a sem9>y c\rse = advanc$ /ud5ts4 ii4 ,o!r c\rses 9 me?ods1 9 connection ) actual univ]sity in/ruction 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! curriculum4 ,connect$ ) ! lectures on me?ods1 & ! organization & managem5t ( public s*ools1 is ! sy/ematic inspection ( designat$ s*ools by /ud5ts1 & a detail$ report on "s phase ( s*ool life obs]v$ !re4 ,ea* /ud5t is requir$ to make a comp>ative /udy ( ! tea*+ ( a *os5 subject1 9 all ! grades ( at lea/ two s*ools2 or he may make a /udy ( sup]vision & discipl9e 9 two s*ools4 ,/ud5ts mu/ also make a comp>ative /udy ( n less ?an ?ree city s*ool sy/ems1 ( ?ree ,/ate s*ool sy/ems1 & ( ! s*ool sy/em ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,?is "w ( inspect+ & report+ is consid]$ a v important "p ( ! p$agogical c\rse4 ,! c\rses 9 me?ods1 giv5 by ! pr(essors ( diff]5t college dep>tm5ts1 are conduct$ by means ( lectures & conf]5ces 9 connection ) ,greek1 ,lat91 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 botany1 zoology1 geology & geography4 ,mo/ ( ^! 8,tea*]s' ,c\rses0 require att5dance at "s o!r college c\rse 9 ! same subject1 :]e ! pr(essor illu/rates 8 own me?od4 ,9 a few cases1 att5dance at lessons 9 ! specifi$ subjects1 9 s*ools ne> ! ,univ]sity1 is requir$4 ,! c\rses 9 p$agogy h1 until ! pres5t ye>1 be5 clos$ to all b graduates4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 ! regulations h be5 *ang$1 & p$agogical "w may n[ c\nt t[>ds a degree4 ,!re is no opportunity giv5 to ! ,h>v>d p$agogical /ud5ts = actual tea*+2 b ! connection br\ght ab\t betwe5 ! college dep>tm5t & ! second>y s*ools1 by ! con/ant att5dance ( /ud5ts 9 ! s*ool-rooms ( ! neighb\rhood1 may possibly develop into a sy/em :]e9 tra9$ /ud5ts may act z sub/itutes 9 ^! s*ools4 ,q ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ?is possible future connection1 !re is ev5 n[ an important practical relation%ip betwe5 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity & "s ( ! second>y s*ools--viz41 t ( sup]vision4 ,9 e/abli%+ a sy/em ( exam9ation ( ! tea*+ 9 su* s*ools z make application1 ,h>v>d has ackn[l$g$ ! important pr9ciple t *ief among ! functions ( an univ]sity is t ( direct+ & /imulat+ second>y education4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education at ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 is a bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,psy*ology4 ,:ile do+ mu* to advance ! cause ( ! pr(essional tra9+ ( tea*]s1 x does n /rictly adapt its c\rses to ! wants ( ! future second>y tea*]4 ,! fact t ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 unlike any o!r ,univ]sity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exi/s solely = ! purpose ( rese>*1 & admits only graduates z its /ud5ts1 det]m9es t ! p$agogical "w %all also h a special "*1 well m>k$ (f f t ( any o!r univ]sity4 ,! dep>tm5t is purely "o ( high] p$agogy4 ,its aim is /at$ to be tw(old3-- i4 ,to give in/ruction & tra9+ to ^? :o are prep>+ to be pr(essors ( p$agogy1 sup]9t5d5ts1 or tea*]s 9 high] in/itutions4 ii4 ,to make sci5tific contributions to education4 ,! "w pursu$ is 9 six c\rses1 ) an additional sem9>y c\rse4 ,^! are3-- i4 ,pres5t /atus & problems ( high] education 9 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ii4 ,outl9e ( sy/ematic psy*ology4 iii4 ,organization ( s*ools 9 ,europe4 ,typical s*ools & typical f\ndations4 iv4 ,s*ool hygi5e4 v4 ,educational re=ms4 vi4 ,motor education ( *ildr51 involv+ ! /udy ( writ+ & draw+1 manual tra9+1 play1 & gymna/ics4 ,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 an educational magaz9e edit$ by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 ! ,presid5t ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 exi/s *iefly = ! purpose ( publi%+ results ( "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,!re is a special p$agogical libr>y = rese>*1 & a complete collection ( ! curr5t educational lit]ature ( ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,among ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( psy*ology1 !re are _m ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( high] p$agogy4 ,"s ( ^! are3-- i4 ,hi/ory ( psy*ology4 ii4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology4 iii4 ,an?ropology 7! inve/igation ( my?1 cu/om1 belief74 iv4 ,e?ics 7! inve/igation ( crim9als1 paup]s1 defective classes74 v4 ,feel+ 7inve/igations ( conditions ( ! agreeable & disagreeable1 abnormal /ates1 ! hypnotic1 ! insane74 vi4 ,neurology 7rese>*es on bra9 fatigue1 etc474 ,= inve/igation 9 ^! dep>tm5ts1 !re are f\r psy*ological laboratories1 a neurological laboratory1 & an an?ropological laboratory4 ,opportunities are also giv5 to /ud5ts to obs]ve pati5ts 9 ,/ate & city lunatic hospitals1 & 9 in/itutions = ! defective & crim9al classes4 ,! dep>tm5ts ( rese>*1 mo/ closely be>+ ^u ! tea*]'s "w1 are p]haps ^? ( exp]im5tal psy*ology & neurology4 ,inve/igations on muscle & bra9 fatigue1 ! diurnal v>iations ( m5tal vig\r1 ! memory ( *ildr51 etc41 br+ results important to ! tea*]1 & especially s :5 c>ri$ out z at ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 by exp]ts 9 sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 & publi%$ qu>t]ly1 conta9s ! results ( _m ( ! rese>*es 9 ! psy*ological laboratories ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,x is to ! contribution ( new sci5tific facts to ! educational _w t ,cl>k ,univ]sity *iefly devotes itself1 & 9 do+ ?is valuable "w x has %[n itself q will+ to ackn[l$ge ! results ( obs]vation & exp]im5t ( a v diff]5t k9d f its own--viz41 t ( p>5ts & tea*]s 9 ! home & s*ool4 ,! records ( ! obs]vation ( *ildr5 made by ! /ud5ts ( ! ,worce/] ,normal ,s*ool are giv5 to ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall to be us$ 9 any way t may help true sci5tific rese>* on ! subject4 ,x is evid5t t results ga9 by approa*+ ! same problems f ! practical & sci5tific /&po9ts1 w be mu* m secure ?an !y c\ld be o!rwise1 & w supply valuable contributions to ! educational _w4 ,,summ] ,,s*ools ,,z ,,accessory ,,to ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,tra9+4 ,among ! mo/ di/9ctively ,am]ican educational in/itutions are ,summ] ,s*ools = ,tea*]s4 ,!y are meet+s organiz$ dur+ ! long summ] vacations by private individuals1 or 9 connection ) "s ,univ]sity ,normal or ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 = ! help & /imulation ( tea*]s :o h o!rwise no opportunity = tra9+4 ,! exact "* ( ! "w ( a s*ool is dep5d5t entirely ^u ! educational aims & me?ods ( ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool1 & ! purpose = :i* tea*]s give up ?ree or f\r weeks ( _! holiday to att5d a ,summ] ,s*ool may be diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases4 ,! tea*]s ( c\ntry s*ools1 inadequately prep>$ = _! "w ( tea*+1 (t5 att5d ! ,summ] ,s*ool 9 _! c\nty1 9 ord] to ga9 a ,/ate tra9+ c]tificate ( a high] grade ?an t :i* !y already possess2 :ile tea*]s 9 city s*ools1 mo/ ( :om h be5 tra9$ 9 ,normal ,s*ools1 att5d a ,summ] ,s*ool l t ( ,colonel ,p>k]1 at ,englewood1 to get /imulation = future "w1 & to pursue1 9 addition1 a sy/ematic /udy ( p$agogy4 ,graduates1 :o are tea*+ 9 s*ools & academies dur+ ! ye>1 (t5 att5d a ,summ] ,s*ool 9 connection ) an ,univ]sity1 9 ord] to pursue fur!r /udy 9 v>i\s bran*es4 ,! ,summ] ,s*ools ,i visit$ at ,b5ton ,h>b\r1 ,englewood1 ,*autauqua1 & ! ,summ] ,s*ool ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 illu/rate ! diff]5t l9es ( "w m5tion$4 ,at ,b5ton ,h>b\r1 a small t[n on ! %ores ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 a ,summ] ,s*ool 0 held = f\r weeks1 & 0 att5d$ by ab\t fifty tea*]s ( ! rural di/ricts ( ,mi*igan1 :o came to prep>e = a ?ird-grade ,tea*]s' ,c]tificate ( ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan4 ,lessons 7 giv5 9 ord9>y s*ool subjects1 p$agogy & drill f half-pa/ sev5 9 ! morn+ until ?ree or f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,i sp5t ?ree or f\r days at ?is s*ool1 he>d daily lessons 9 psy*ology1 physical culture1 civil gov]nm5t1 ,engli%1 elocution1 & o!r subjects1 & saw ! work+ ( ! s*ool g5]ally4 ,! tea*+ 9 all subjects 0 v elem5t>y1 z little previ\s k c\ld be assum$4 ,daily "w began ) ex]cises 9 :i* ! :ole s*ool took "p4 ,! s++ ( a hymn af=d$ an opportunity = a s++ lesson be+ giv5 to ! :ole s*ool1 ! pr9cipal act+ z in/ructor4 ,!n came ! read+ ( ,holy ,scripture1 or ( selections f lit]ature1 & a %ort disc\rse by ! pr9cipal1 aft] :i* /ud5ts 7 call$ ^u to give quotations f ! works ( fam\s m5 & wom51 or to recite %ort poems :i* _h be5 previ\sly prep>$4 ,at ! end ( ^! public ex]cises1 ! /ud5ts 7 requir$ to dismiss accord+ to ^w ( comm&1 to turn1 m>* to music1 & to drill z a class ( *ildr5 w\ld h be5 requir$ to d4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to tea* ! /ud5ts h[ to dismiss & drill a s*ool or class4 ,lessons 9 psy*ology 7 giv5 by ! pr9cipal4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject 0 necess>ily v elem5t>y1 &1 inde$1 sup]ficial4 ,i notic$ t ! tea*] con/antly digress$ on practical po9ts1 & seem$ to "k exactly :5 digression w\ld be ( advantage to 8 pupils4 ,daily lessons on 8,exp]im5ts0 7 also giv54 ,^! 7 talks on "s ( ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 & easy exp]im5ts %[+ h[ su* pr9ciples might be illu/rat$ 9 class4 ,capill>y attraction 0 illu/rat$ 9 a lesson ,i he>d1 & its be>+ on ev]yday life 0 %[n4 ,pupils 7 requir$ to come out ( _! seats1 & to arrange simple app>atus be=e ! class4 ,z !y 7 q unaccu/om$ to manipulate ev5 ! simple/ mat]ials1 !y seem$ to f9d consid]able difficulty ev5 9 draw+ out glass tub+ & clamp+ toge!r glass plates4 ,! feature ( ! s*ool1 p]haps1 ! mo/ int]e/+1 0 ! anxiety %[n by ^! rural tea*]s to lose no opportunity = improvem5t1 & ! ke5ness ) :i* !y foll[$ _! daily lessons4 ,"s ( !m 7 s untra9$ z to f9d great difficulty 9 foll[+ ! ^w ( comm& dur+ drill1 b ^!1 :o 7 pa9fully consci\s ( _! defects1 made rapid progress ev5 9 a week's "t4 ,summ] ,s*ools l t ( ,b5ton ,h>b\r may give real help to ! ill-prep>$ & untra9$ c\ntry tea*]s1 9 increas+ _! k1 & wid5+ _! int]e/s4 ,!y (f] advantages to ^? :o h no opportunity = tra9+1 b _! conditions are su* z to prev5t _! becom+ an adequate sub/itute = x4 ,inde$1 _! v exi/5ce ackn[l$ges ! fact t c\ntry tea*]s h no opportunities = prep>ation1 & 9 itself sanctions a c]ta9 am\nt ( sup]ficiality4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ,colonel ,p>k]'s ,summ] ,s*ool1 held 9 previ\s ye>s at ,*autauqua1 ,new ,york1 b ?is ye> at ,englewood1 ,*icago1 is to /imulate tea*]s ( all k9ds1 & to sugge/ l9es ( "w to be develop$ by !m dur+ ! ye>4 ,attract$ by ! "n & "w ( ,colonel ,p>k]1 m ?an #bjj tea*]s1 sup]9t5d5ts ( s*ools1 & p]sons int]e/$ 9 education1 came f ne>ly all ! ,/ates ( ! ,union to att5d ! ,summ] ,s*ool at ,englewood4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y s*ool /aff ( ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool at ,englewood act$ z tea*]s 9 ! ,summ] ,s*ool1 & ,colonel ,p>k] himself gave daily lectures 9 psy*ology4 ,daily lessons 7 also giv5 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 language1 & read+1 8numb]0 or ari?metic1 music1 draw+1 & also 9 voice culture1 ,sloyd1 physical culture1 blackbo>d draw+1 & o!r subjects advantage\s to ! tea*]4 ,! me?ods ( tea*+ taught 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool at ,englewood 7 expla9$ & exemplifi$ 9 ! ,summ] ,s*ool1 & ,k9d]g>t5 & prim>y classes atta*$ to ! ,normal ,s*ool 7 taught dur+ ! weeks 9 :i* ! ,summ] ,s*ool 0 held1 9 ord] to %[ ! practical application ( ! me?ods discuss$4 ,! /ud5ts select$ _! c\rses ( /udy4 ,all1 h[ev]1 7 expect$ to att5d ! psy*ology lectures4 ,! classes 9 me?ods ( tea*+ sci5ce1 me?ods ( laboratory "w1 me?ods ( tea*+ language & read+1 & me?ods ( tea*+ 8numb]0 or ari?metic1 7 ! mo/ l>gely att5d$4 ,v ke5 int]e/ 0 also tak5 9 ! blackbo>d draw+4 ,! "w 9 me?ods ( sci5ce 0 c>ri$ on by lectures1 laboratory "w by /ud5ts1 & field "w4 ,an important feature ( ! sci5ce lectures 0 ! att5tion paid to me?ods ( meteorological obs]vation4 ,blank *>ts1 to %[ ! daily range & v>iation ( temp]ature & air-pressure1 7 fill$ 9 by ! /ud5ts2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau maps 7 /udi$2 ! orig9 & c\rse ( /orms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 foll[$4 ,! relation ( sci5ce to o!r subjects1 numb]1 read+1 modell+1 pa9t+1 draw+1 writ+1 language1 0 br\ght out 9 ! lectures1 all ! in/ruction be+ su* z to sugge/ me?ods ( actually deal+ ) ! subjects be=e a class ( *ildr54 ,! laboratory "w 0 especially sugge/ive4 ,! ,summ] ,s*ool pupils did individual exp]im5tal "w1 & _h ! same in/ruction & treatm5t z a class ( *ildr5 w\ld h _h4 ,! practical sci5ce c\rse = ! ,summ] ,s*ool 03 7i47 ,mak+ a magnetic ne$le4 7ii47 ,heat4 ,conductivity ( ,metals4 7iii47 0 ,expansion ( ,metals4 7iv47 0 ,det]m9ation ( boil+-po9t ( fre% & salt-wat]4 7v47 0 ,expansion ( liquids & air4 7vi47 0 ,*emical *ange4 7vii47 ,pressure ( air4 ,pump & syphon4 7viii47 ,me*anical con/itu5ts ( soil 7#a74 7ix47 0 0 0 7#b74 7x47 ,physical prop]ties ( soils 7#a74 7xi47 0 0 0 7#b74 7xii47 ,m9]al con/itu5ts ( soils 7#a74 7xiii47 0 0 0 7#b74 7xiv47 ,transpiration ( plants4 7xv47 ,specific gravity ( m9]als4 ,field excursions 7 made weekly1 & me?ods ( conduct+ *ildr5's field excursions 7 sugge/$ & discuss$4 ,! in/ruction 9 blackbo>d draw+1 z illu/rat+ geographical =ms1 0 excell5t4 ,9 all cases1 ! /ud5ts work$ on pap] ) *>coal1 at ! same "t z ! tea*] drew on ! wall slate4 ,aft] mak+ a sket*1 ! tea*] eras$ h] "w at once1 9 ord] to secure rapidity 9 ^? :o 7 copy+4 ,! memb]s ( ! class !n di/ribut$ !mselves r\nd ! room at v>i\s p>ts ( ! wall slate1 & 7 requir$ to reproduce on ! wall slate ! draw+ !y _h j made1 ! tea*] mean:ile giv+ individual help & criticis+4 ,! subjects = blackbo>d draw+ = ! fifte5 lessons ( ! c\rse 73 7a7 ,illu/rations to %[ h[ ,blackbo>d ,draw+ c be us$4 7b7 ,hills1 valleys1 m\nta9s1 plateaus4 7c7 ,riv]-bas9s1 wat]falls1 lakes1 deltas4 7d7 ,erosion1 cliffs1 caons1 t]races1 gorges4 7e7 ,m\nta9s1 ranges1 p>allel1 etc4 7f7 ,cont95t ( ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,esquimaux huts2 ,indian wigwams2 logg+ camps4 7g7 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cotton fields1 rice swamps1 s& b>s4 7h7 ,mexico4 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,cacti2 ru9s4 7i7 ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,fiord coa/s1 volcanoes2 tropical =e/s4 7j7 ,africa4 ,des]ts1 s&-dunes1 oases1 canals4 7k7 ,abyss9ian ,highl&s3 ,nile ,bas91 pyramids1 palms4 7l7 ,au/ralia ,isl&s1 coral1 volcanoes4 7m7 ,eurasia2 plateaus ( ,?ibet & ,gobi4 7n7 ,india2 ,spa92 ,italy2 banyan trees4 7o7 ,norway & ,sw$52 glaci]s1 iceb]gs4 ,?r\gh ! k9d p]mission ( ,colonel ,p>k]1 ,i 0 able to he> all lessons & to see ! entire work+ ( ! s*ool4 ,daily visits = ne>ly a =tnight s]v$ to %[1 t mu* educational life 0 c5t]$ !re1 & t tea*]s :o occupi$ responsible positions 9 all p>ts ( ! ,/ates 7 receiv+ new light & /imulation = ! work+ out ( _! own p>ticul> problems4 ,at ! college ( ! well-kn[n summ] assembly at ,*autauqua1 ,new ,york1 !re 0 no pr(essional in/ruction = tea*]s ?is ye>4 ,i he>d "s excell5t tea*+ 9 physics1 ,g]man & ,fr5*2 b beyond ! fact t _m ( ! ,*autauqua college /ud5ts 7 tea*]s tak+ holiday c\rses ( /udy to equip !mselves bett] = future tea*+1 ! "w t ,i saw "h _h no direct be>+ ^u ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,at ,cornell ,univ]sity1 c\rses 9 p$agogy are usually giv5 9 connection ) ! summ] c\rse 9 philosophy4 ,^! are = graduate /ud5ts only4 ,psy*ology lectures1 ) exp]im5tal demon/rations1 are giv5 e day 9 ! week2 lectures on psy*ological & psy*ophysical me?od1 ) demon/rations & laboratory practice1 are deliv]$ ?ree times a week2 p$agogy & ! hi/ory ( education are /udi$ by means ( lectures & conf]5ces2 me?ods ( tea*+ ! special subject ( /udy are discuss$ 9 connection ) ! o!r summ] c\rses = graduates at ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,i 0 pres5t at a v int]e/+ meet+ ( tea*]s :o 7 att5d+ a summ] c\rse 9 ,engli%4 ,individual memb]s ( ! class gave _! own exp]i5ce z reg>ds ! tea*+ ( ,engli% & lit]ature 9 ! s*ools4 ,! /ud5ts 7 mo/ly speciali/s 9 ,engli%1 & tea*]s 9 private academies1 or ,high ,s*ools1 & an in=mal discussion ( special difficulties & me?ods :i* _h be5 actually tri$ 0 v int]e/+ & helpful to ! class z a :ole4 ,a g5]al survey ( ,summ] ,s*ools ( all k9ds seems to %[ t _! "w _c be reg>d$ z t ( 8,tra9+10 b r z accessory to x4 ,:]e ! pr9cipal or conductor ( ! ,summ] ,s*ool is a man ( en?usiasm & enlight5m5t1 tea*]s c be refre%$ & /imulat$ 9 _m ways1 by a summ] c\rse ( "w2 b to reg>d a c\rse z tra9+ :i* supplies no practice-"w1 & exi/s "u highly artificial conditions1 = a few weeks only1 is to ov]look "s ( ! mo/ important features ( tra9+4 ,z a g5]al summ>y ( ! "w ( ,tra9+1 se5 9 ,normal ,s*ools1 ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools & ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5ts1 x may be /at$3 7i47 ,t ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools1 adh]+ to old traditions1 & fail+ to insi/ on adequate & ?or\gh s*ol>%ip z an entrance qualification1 h be5 oblig$ to devote !mselves1 ei!r to secur+ t s*ol>%ip1 or to ! pursuance ( s-call$ tra9+ "u conditions ! mo/ conducive to me*anical l9es ( "w1 & dead =ms ( me?od4 7ii47 ,t ! ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ools1 be+ entirely local in/itutions1 support$ by local funds1 & only supply+ tea*]s to ! s*ools ( ! vic9ity1 are 9 dang] ( be+ cramp$ 9 _! me?ods by seek+ to w9 public fav\r4 7iii47 ,t ! ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5ts ( ,p$agogy1 especially ^? belong+ to ,/ate ,univ]sities1 are capable ( af=d+ ! wide/ & be/ opportunities = ! ?or\gh tra9+ ( prim>y & second>y tea*]s1 & 9 supply+ ^! opportunities1 !y w n only help =w>d ! cause 9 :i* !y are imm$iately engag$1 b af=d a valuable means ( unify+ & /imulat+ education g5]ally4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! good & ! bad side by side is z m>k$ a feature 9 tra9+ in/itutions z 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( ,am]ican education1 & sugge/s great rapidity ( progress 9 "s directions4 ,:]e ! tra9+ is bad1 old me?ods h be5 reta9$ "u new conditions2 & :]e good results h be5 obta9$1 !y are due to ! read9ess to try new me?ods1 & to keep 9 t\* ) ! educational progress ( ! day4 ,! /imulus to mu* t is good 9 ! pres5t tra9+ ( tea*]s 9 ,am]ica is ! psy*ological /udy ( *ildr51 :i* n[ is be+ sy/ematically organiz$ 9 a 8,national ,association = ! ,/udy ( ,*ildr540 ,n only sci5tific work]s1 b tea*]s & p>5ts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 are beg9n+ to realize ! important be>+ ( *ild-/udy ^u all educational que/ions1 & n[h]e is _! en?usiasm = matt]s educational m %[n ?an 9 _! unit$ devotion to ! solution ( ?is new problem4 ,,amy ,,blan*e ,,bramwell4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,by ,,millic5t ,,hughes4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,europe1 x is becom+ increas+ly recognis$1 t ! fact ( hav+ receiv$ a good education1 ev5 if t education h includ$ a ,univ]sity c\rse1 is no gu>antee ( fitness = ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,t "s special pr(essional prep>ation is also necess>y be=e a tea*] c be safely entru/$ ) tea*+ responsibility c h>dly be said to be any long] a matt] ( debate among ^? :o h devot$ "t & ?\ght to educational que/ions4 ,!re may be mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ way ( giv+ t prep>ation1 b t x %\ld be giv5 is becom+ m & m a =egone conclusion4 ,!re seems at la/ "s *ance t a well-e>n$ re/ may be all[$ to ! well-worn comp>ison made betwe5 ! doctor's & tea*]'s pr(essions1 ) its obvi\s moral--t j z no "r-?9k+ p>5t w\ld all[ an unqualifi$ practition] to prescribe = 8 *ild's body1 s x %\ld be impossible = t f> less und]/ood & delicate some?+1 :i* we call ! m9d1 to be entru/$ to ! c>e ( "o ^: only qualification = ! po/ is ! possession ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( useful in=mation4 ,!re are _m battles yet to be f\ght1 _m exp]im5ts yet to be tri$1 _m failures yet to be fac$1 ere all %all be agre$ on ! be/ k9d ( pr(essional tra9+ t c be giv5 to tea*]s2 yet ,i h return$ f ,am]ica enc\rag$ 9 ! belief t ! decisive battle 9 fav\r ( tra9+ has be5 f\ght & won on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 & t ! old _w & ! new may ) advantage to bo? jo9 h&s 9 ! endeav\r to discov] ! be/ ways & means ( su* tra9+4 ,& x w\ld seem especially fitt+ t ,engl& & ,am]ica %\ld ?us jo9 h&s1 =1 aft] all1 few ?+s ab\t ! ,am]icans impress$ me m ?an ! fact t !y are really ,engli%1 & t ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates really =m "p ( "o great ,engli%-speak+ nation1 ) ! h]itage ( a noble language & lit]ature1 & a common life ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,9 matt]s educational1 ! tru? ( ?is on5ess impress$ me vividly4 ,all[+ = su* diff]5ces z mu/ exi/ betwe5 an old & a new c\ntry1 x is nev]!less true t mo/ ( ! problems 9 education :i* !y are try+ to solve are ^? :i* p]plex u also1 & ( ^! ! problem ( ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s holds a place 9 ! front rank4 ,b x is a curi\s & int]e/+ fact1 t ! solution %\ld be attempt$ 9 bo? c\ntries1 & yet t s little att5tion %\ld be paid 9 ea* to :at is be+ done 9 ! o!r4 ,! ignorance t prevails among ,am]ican tea*]s z to :at is be+ attempt$ 9 ,engl& is1 ,i fe>1 only equall$ by our own ignorance ( ,am]ican educational life4 ,?is ignorance is l>gely ! result ( ! difficulty t bo? ,am]ican & ,engli% tea*]s exp]i5ce1 9 obta9+ def9ite in=mation on educational matt]s 9 connection ) ei!r c\ntry4 ,?is fact made x v difficult = me ev5 to map out my t\r1 s z to include z f> z possible :at 0 typical ( ,am]ican ,tra9+ 9 ! %ort "t at my disposal1 & _h x n be5 = ! unv>y+ k9dness & c\rtesy %[n me by ,am]ican tea*]s1 9 direct+ my notice to :at 0 be/ wor? see+1 my task w\ld h pres5t$ almo/ insup]able difficulties4 ,z x is1 ,i h1 ( c\rse1 be5 unable to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 & inde$ h be5 able to p]sonally exam9e into ! opportunities = tra9+ 9 a v few ,/ates4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ,i believe to be repres5tative ,/ates1 f a /udy ( ! means ( tra9+ 9 :i* x is possible to arrive at a v fair conclusion ( its condition 9 ! ,/ates z a :ole4 ,!y include ! foll[+3 ,p5nsylvania1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 ,mi*igan & ,ill9ois4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 =tunate 9 be+ able to supplem5t ! in=mation ?us obta9$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! _m excell5t ,/ate exhibits 9 ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,lib]al ,arts ,build+1 at ! ,_w's ,fair1 & to fur!r correct & int5sify ! impressions ,i _h receiv$ by _m conv]sations ) educationi/s f all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :om x 0 my good =tune to meet at ! ,educational ,congresses1 held at ,*icago 9 ,july4 ,9 consid]+ any ,am]ican educational "q1 !re are "o or two po9ts :i* mu/ nev] be lo/ sight (1 & p]haps x w be well to indicate !m "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re is n "o ,am]ican educational sy/em1 b _m4 ,ea* ,/ate has complete control ( its own educational matt]s1 has its own ,s*ool ,law1 sets aside common l&s1 or levies taxes = ! support ( its own s*ools1 & is responsible to no high] au?ority4 ,! only "p tak5 by ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 connection ) education has be5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,bureau ( ,education1 ! *ief functions ( :i* h be5 7#a7 ! collect+ ( /ati/ics & g5]al in=mation respect+ education 9 all ! v>i\s ,/ates1 :i* are embodi$ 9 an annual report made by ! ,commission] ( ,education1 7#b7 ! publi%+ ( monographs & circul>s ( in=mation on topics ( educational int]e/1 su* z ,co-education1 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory1 etc41 & 7#c7 ! ma9ta9+ ( a valuable ,p$agogical ,ref]5ce ,libr>y at ,wa%+ton4 ,secondly1 a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ( :i* ,mi*igan might be tak5 z repres5tative1 & ! ,ea/]n1 ( :i* ,massa*usetts might be consid]$ typical4 ,9 ! =m] we f9d a mo/ complete sy/em ( ,/ate education1 lead+ f ! ,prim>y ,s*ool "r up to ! great co-educational ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,! ,/ate ,s*ools !re h few private rivals1 & ! ,univ]sity none4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 on ! contr>y1 al?\gh ,prim>y1 ,gramm> & ,high ,s*ools are ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se1 yet ! *ildr5 ( a l>ge proportion ( ! inhabitants att5d private s*ools & academies1 :i* und]take to prep>e !m = ,h>v>d or ! ,wom5's ,colleges1 su* z ,wellesley4 ,9 fact1 few ( ^? :o ent] ^u a ,univ]sity c>e] d s /raight f ! common s*ool1 z is ! case 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,x foll[s f ?is t !re are two classes ( tea*]s to be consid]$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates--7#a7 ^? :o tea* 9 ! common s*ools 7,prim>y1 ,gramm> & ,high71 & 7#b7 ^? :o tea* 9 private s*ools & 9 ! academies4 ,^? ( ! second class are l>gely recruit$ f ! ranks ( ,college graduates1 :o rely ^u _! ,univ]sity c\rse z prep>ation = ! pr(ession ( tea*+1 & among/ :om ! idea ( a special tra9+ = _! "w has only "h & !re be5 awak5$4 ,x is ma9ly 9 connection ) ,/ate education t ! idea ( ! tra9+ ( tea*]s has be5 develop$1 al?\gh ! fact t sev]al ( ! old] ,univ]sities1 includ+ ,h>v>d1 are provid+ c\rses ( lectures on ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+ may be tak5 z a hopeful sign ( ! gradual gr[? ( ! idea among all classes ( tea*]s4 ,x w be p]haps well to enum]ate ! v>i\s means available = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n to describe m p>ticul>ly ! special features ( ! tra9+ to be obta9$ 9 ea* k9d ( in/itution4 ,tra9+ may be obta9$ at3 ,public or ,/ate4 i4 ,normal ,s*ools ,city4 ,private4 ,s*ools4 ii4 ,city ,tra9+ ,classes4 iii4 ,p$agogical ,dep>tm5ts 9 ,univ]sities4 iv4 ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes4 v4 ,summ] ,s*ools4 ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( ,normal ,s*ools to be consid]$--,/ate1 ,city & ,private4 ,x 0 my privilege to visit a good numb] belong+ to ! fir/ two classes1 b ,i 0 n =tunate en\gh to be able to inspect any ( ! ,private ,normal ,s*ools4 ,^! latt] are1 ( c\rse1 *iefly to be f\nd 9 ^? ,/ates :i* h few or no ,/ate or ,city ,normal ,s*ools4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,/ate & ,city ,normal ,s*ools is ma9ly "o ( control4 ,! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool =ms "p ( ! ,/ate ,common ,s*ool sy/em1 & is "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t & ,bo>d ( ,education1 :ile ! ,city ,normal ,s*ool belongs to ! ,city ,s*ool sy/em1 & is "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,city ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool is int5d$ to provide tea*]s = ! s*ools 9 any "p ( ! ,/ate1 :ile ! ,city ,normal ,s*ool has = its object ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! ,city s*ools alone4 ,at pres5t "o ( ! mo/ hotly debat$ que/ions 9 connection ) ,normal ,s*ools relates to ! subjects to be includ$ 9 ! curriculum4 ,%all ! ,normal ,s*ool give pr(essional tra9+ alone1 or %all x also provide in/ruction 9 ,academic subjects8 ,!re is at pres5t mu* div]g5ce ( op9ion on ! subject1 & "s s*ools are organiz$ on ! "o pr9ciple1 & "s on ! o!r4 ,at pres5t "s ( ! ,normal ,s*ools h a d\ble function to p]=m1 t ( s]v+ z ,high ,s*ools1 & at ! same "t z pr(essional ,tra9+ ,colleges4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ feel+ aga9/ ?is plan1 & a t5d5cy1 :]ev] possible1 to sep>ate ^? :o int5d to become tea*]s f ^? :o d n4 ,b _m ,normal ,s*ools1 :ile claim+ to be only pr(essional1 yet include ,academic subjects 9 _! curricula4 ,two reasons = ?is are commonly urg$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said t x is impossible to get a l>ge en\gh supply ( c&idates = tra9+ :o are suffici5tly well equipp$ = _! pr(ession f ! po9t ( view ( m]e in=mation2 & secondly1 t ev5 ^? :o h ! necess>y in=mation h acquir$ x 9 su* a way t x is almo/ useless = tea*+ purposes4 ,= su*1 a complete revision ( ! v>i\s subjects1 tak5 9 conjunction ) a consid]ation ( ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ ! same1 is reg>d$ z necess>y2 x be+ ma9ta9$ by ^? 9 fav\r ( ?is plan t x is almo/ impossible to get in/ruction 9 ! v>i\s subjects t w be ( any value to !m z tea*]s1 outside a ,normal ,s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s :o ma9ta9 t ! ,normal ,s*ool %\ld be /rictly pr(essional1 admitt+ none to its c\rses b ^? :o c give evid5ce ( hav+ _h ample academic prep>ation4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 :o believe t ! c\rses 9 academic /udies are at pres5t necess>y yet look =w>d to ! "t :5 !y w be no long] requir$4 ,!re appe>s to be a gr[+ feel+ 9 ! ,/ates 9 fav\r ( ! complete sep>ation ( ! pr(essional f ! academic c\rse1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! "q is agitat+ ! m9ds ( ^? :o h to d ) ! tra9+ ( tea*]s 9 ,am]ica1 at ! same "t t x has become a burn+ "q 9 ,engl& 9 connection ) ! tra9+ ( our ,elem5t>y ,tea*]s4 ,! ,normal ,s*ools correspond m or less closely ) our ,engli% ,elem5t>y ,tra9+ ,colleges1 & an exam9ation ( _! po9ts ( lik5ess & diff]5ce may n prove unpr(itable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be not$1 t ! abs5ce ( any uni=m /&>d ( atta9m5t1 su* z is m or less secur$ 9 ,engl& by ! fact t !re is "o gov]nm5t exam9ation = all ,colleges1 makes x possible = !re to be a great diff]5ce 9 ! rank held by diff]5t ,normal ,s*ools4 ,z ea* s*ool fixes its own /&>d ( graduation1 & ! conditions = admission1 l5g? ( c\rse & f9al te/s v>y ) ea* in/itution1 x comes ab\t t mu* dep5ds ^u ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ( :i* a giv5 tea*] is a graduate4 ,"s ,normal ,s*ools1 = in/ance1 h a c\rse ext5d+ ov] f\r ye>s1 9 o!rs x only la/s f "o to two ye>s1 :ile "s (f] a *oice ( c\rses ( v>y+ l5g?4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,elem5t>y ,tra9+ c\rse is uni=mly two ye>s 9 all ,colleges1 ! l5g? be+ only occasionally v>i$ 9 ! cases ( individuals1 z :51 on special recomm5dation1 a ?ird ye> is all[$1 or a c&idate :o has already obta9$ a c]tificate is admitt$ to a ,tra9+ ,college = "o ye>'s tra9+4 ,?is lack ( uni=mity 9 ! l5g? ( c\rse 9 ,am]ican ,normal ,s*ools is l>gely ! result ( ! abs5ce ( any "o /&>d ( admission4 ,:ile 9 ,engl& !re is "o exam9ation1 ! ,que5's ,s*ol>%ip1 :i* mu/ be pass$ by all1 except ,univ]sity graduates :o desire to ent] an ,elem5t>y ,college1 9 ,am]ica ! conditions v>y ) ea* individual ,normal ,s*ool4 ,"s require at lea/ a c]tificate ( graduation f a ,high ,s*ool1 "s h an entrance exam9ation ( _! own1 :i* none may be excus$1 :ile o!rs (f] "o to ^? :o h no c]tificates to %[4 ,"s ,normal ,s*ools are reg>d$ z af=d+ suitable prep>ation = ! ,univ]sities1 & are att5d$ by ^? :o hope to take up a ,univ]sity c\rse lat] on1 :ile o!rs grant degrees ( _! own1 or arrange special c\rses = ^? :o h tak5 degrees else:]e4 ,! fact t !re are s _m diff]5ces 9 respect ( l5g? ( c\rse & *oice ( subjects1 betwe5 ! ,normal ,s*ools ( v>i\s ,/ates & ,cities1 makes x exce$+ly difficult to =m any accurate g5]alizations4 ,x w probably1 !re=e1 be wis] at ?is po9t to give a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,normal ,s*ools :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( /udy+ 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,/ates4 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,p5nsylvania has elev5 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools1 ! two mo/ important ( :i* ,i 0 able to visit4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool ,law = ?is ,/ate provides = two c\rses ( /udy2 ! ,elem5t>y ,c\rse & ! ,sci5tific ,c\rse4 ,! fir/ ( ^! leads to ! c]tificate ,ba*elor ( ! ,elem5t 7,b4,e471 :ile ! diploma ( ! second con/itutes its hold] ,ba*elor ( ! ,sci5ces 7,b4,s474 ,! outl9es ( ^! c\rses are laid d[n by ! ,/ate z foll[s1 b ea* ,normal ,s*ool c adapt !m z seems be/4 ,mo/ ,normal ,s*ools also arrange = a ,prep>atory ,c\rse4 ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse4--,,junior ,,ye>4 ,p$agogics4--,elem5ts ( ,s*ool ,managem5t & ,me?ods4 ,language4--,or?ography & ,read+2 ,engli% ,gramm>1 includ+ ,composition2 ,lat91 suffici5t = ! introduction ( ,cs>4 ,ma!matics4--,ari?metic2 ,elem5t>y ,algebra4 ,natural ,sci5ces4--,physiology & ,hygi5e4 ,hi/orical ,sci5ces4--,geography--,physical1 ,ma!matical1 & ,political2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,civil ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,arts4--,p5man%ip1 suffici5t to be able to expla9 "s approv$ sy/em--writ+ to be submitt$ to ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s2 ,draw+1 a daily ex]cise = at lea/ tw5ty-eight weeks--"w to be submitt$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s2 ,book-keep+1 s+le entry1 sev5 weeks2 ,vocal music1 elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & att5dance ^u daily ex]cises = at lea/ "o-?ird ( a ye>4 ,manual ,tra9+4 ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse4--,,second ,,ye>4 ,p$agogics4--,psy*ology1 embrac+ ! intellect1 s5sibilities1 & w2 ,me?ods2 ,hi/ory ( ,education2 ,model ,s*ool ,"w--at lea/ tw5ty-"o weeks ( actual tea*+ daily dur+ "o p]iod ( n less ?an =ty-five m9utes2 a ,!sis on a pr(essional ,subject4 ,language4--,! outl9es ( ,rhetoric1 toge!r ) at lea/ a f\rte5 weeks' c\rse 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 includ+ ! ?or\gh /udy ( "o selection f ea* ( f\r ,engli% classics2 ,lat9--,cs>4 ,ma!matics4--,ari?metic2 ,m5suration2 ,plane ,geometry4 ,natural ,sci5ces4--,elem5t>y ,natural ,philosophy2 ,botany4 ,hi/orical ,sci5ces4--,read+ ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory 9 connection ) ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,! ,arts4--,elocution>y ,ex]cises 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,manual ,tra9+4 ,,sci5tific ,,c\rse4--,,two ,,ye>s4 ,p$agogics4--,moral ,philosophy2 ,logic2 ,philosophy ( ,education2 ,c\rse ( ,pr(essional ,read+1 ) ab/racts1 notes1 criticisms1 to be submitt$ to ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s2 a ,!sis on a pr(essional subject4 ,language4--,lat91 six books ( ,virgil1 f\r orations ( ,cic]o1 ! ,g]mania ( ,tacitus1 or a full equival5t2 an equival5t ( ,greek1 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man w be accept$ = ,sph]ical ,trigonometry1 ,analytical ,geometry1 ,calculus1 ,ma!matical ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,ma!matical ,a/ronomy2 ,lit]ature4 ,ma!matics4--,high] ,algebra2 ,solid ,geometry2 ,plane & ,sph]ical ,trigonometry & ,survey+1 ) use ( in/rum5ts2 ,analytical ,geometry2 ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus4 ,natural ,sci5ce4--,natural ,philosophy1 z mu* z 9 ,snell's ,olm/$2 ,anatomy1 ,descriptive & ,ma!matical2 ,*emi/ry2 ,geology or ,m9]alogy2 ,zoology2 ,a/ronomy4 ,hi/ory4--,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,to graduate at a ,p5nsylvanian ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 /ud5ts mu/ att5d at lea/ tw5ty-"o weeks4 ,! ,faculty fir/ exam9es ! c&idates 9 all ! bran*es ( /udy2 if !y f9d !m qualifi$ !y recomm5d !m to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s1 & c]tify t !y h complet$ ! c\rse ( /udy z requir$ by law1 & h taught ! requir$ "t 9 ! ,model ,s*ool4 ,! f9al exam9ations are conduct$ by a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s1 :o are appo9t$ by ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 f ! foll[+ classes3--! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t or ,deputy ,sup]9t5d5t1 :o is ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d1 ! ,pr9cipal ( ano!r ,normal ,s*ool1 two ,c\nty or ,bor\gh ,sup]9t5d5ts f ! ,fir/ ,di/rict1 & ! ,pr9cipal ( ?is ,normal ,s*ool4 ,ea* /ud5t mu/ receive f\r votes out ( ! five 9 ord] to pass ! exam9ation1 & to graduate4 ,! f9al exam9ation occurs ab\t two weeks be=e ,comm5cem5t1#b ! date be+ fix$ by ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! exam9ation is almo/ :olly 9 writ+1 & la/s two or ?ree days4 ,regul> graduates :o h cont9u$ _! /udies = two ye>s 7i4e4 h complet$ ei!r ! ,elem5t>y or ,sci5tific ,c\rse71 & h practis$ _! pr(ession = two ye>s 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate1 & :o h pres5t$ to ! ,faculty & ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s a c]tificate ( good moral "* & skill 9 ! ,art ( ,tea*+ f ! ,bo>d or ,bo>ds ( ,directors by :om !y 7 employ$1 c\nt]sign$ by ! prop] ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t1 receive fur!r diplomas1 con/itut+ !m ,ma/]s 9 ! ,c\rse 9 :i* !y graduat$1 & conf]r+ ^u !m "o ( ! foll[+ degrees3 ,ma/] ( ! ,elem5ts 7,m4,e472 ,ma/] ( ! ,sci5ces 7,m4,s474 ,^! diplomas conf] ^u _! hold]s ! "r to tea* ! subjects !re9 nam$1 9 ! public s*ools ( ,p5nsylvania1 )\t fur!r exam9ation4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,normal ,s*ools to grant ,/ate c]tificates to su* tea*]s 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate :o make application = ! same1 & :o fulfil ! foll[+ conditions3 i4 ,ea* applicant mu/ be tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & mu/ h taught 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate dur+ ?ree successive ye>s4 ii4 ,ea* mu/ pres5t c]tificates ( moral "*1 & skill 9 practical tea*+4 iii4 ,! exam9ation mu/ be ei!r 9 ! subjects ( ! ,elem5t>y or ,sci5tific ,c\rse1 & mu/ be tak5 at ! "t ( ! ,annual ,exam9ation ( ! ,normal ,s*ool at :i* application is made4 iv4 ,ea* applicant is requir$ to pres5t an orig9al ,!sis on "s educational subject4 ,! ,s*ool ye> is usually =ty-two weeks1 & is divid$ into two sessions--a w9t] session ( ab\t tw5ty-eight weeks f ,augu/ to ,m>*1 & a summ] ( f\rte5 weeks1 beg9n+ ) ! end ( ,m>*4 ,! usual *>ge = ! ,w9t] ,session is #adj 7ab\t #bh71 & = ! ,summ] ,session #gj 7ab\t #ad74 ,by a rec5t ,act ( ! ,legislature ! foll[+ appropriations are made by ! ,/ate to ,normal /ud5ts & graduates4 i4 ,ea* /ud5t ov] sev5te5 ye>s ( age :o %all sign a pap] decl>+ 8 int5tion to tea* 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate %all receive ! sum ( fifty c5ts 7ab\t #bs47 p] week t[>d defray+ ! exp5ses ( tuition & bo>d+4 ii4 ,ea* /ud5t :o ^u graduat+ %all sign an agreem5t to tea* 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate two full s*ool ye>s %all receive ! sum ( fifty doll>s 7ab\t #aj74 iii4 ,any /ud5t desir+ to secure ! b5efits mu/ att5d ! ,s*ool at lea/ twelve consecutive weeks1 & mu/ jo9 a class 9 ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction or ,s*ool ,managem5t4 ,^! b5efits w be d$uct$ f ! regul> exp5ses ( bo>d & tuition4 ,ab\t f\r miles f ,lanca/]1 & connect$ ) x by an electric railway1 is ! little village ( ,mill]sville1 :]e is locat$ ! olde/ ,normal ,s*ool ( ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahee1 & recognis$ z ! ,fir/ ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahei4 ,x is a co-educational s*ool ) accommodation = ab\t #ejj /ud5ts1 al?\gh p]mission is also sometimes giv5 to /ud5ts to bo>d out4 ,! build+s are typical ( ?is k9d ( ,normal ,s*ool4 ,!re is a c5tral build+ conta9+ ! ,*apel1 recitation#c & d9+-rooms1 etc41 :ile on ei!r side are two dormitories1 "o = ! m5 /ud5ts1 & "o = ! wom54 ,!re is also a gymnasium2 & two h&some build+s--a ,libr>y1 & a ,sci5ce build+ ) lecture rooms & laboratories--are 9 process ( erection4 ,!re are m wom5 /ud5ts ?an m51 & few] ( ! latt] int5d to become tea*]s 9 ! ,/ate2 (t5 !y only use ! ,normal ,s*ool z a /epp+-/one to ! ,univ]sity4 ,an excell5t ,model ,s*ool1 compris+ a ,k9d]g>t5 & eight grades1 is atta*$ to ! ,in/itution1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts obs]ve ! me?ods us$ by ! critic tea*]s 9 v>i\s subjects1 & also tea* "u sup]vision4 ,i he>d "o ( ! critic tea*]s give a model lesson on a brook bas91 & aft]w>ds deliv] a lecture to ! /ud5ts on ! tea*+ ( ,geography1 9 :i* ! special po9ts ( tea*+ me?od 9 connection ) ! brook bas91 s*ool di/rict & t[n%ip 7 dwelt ^u & discuss$4 ,i _h1 moreov]1 ! opportunity ( he>+ "o ( ! /ud5ts tea*1 & 0 also =tunate en\gh to be able to li/5 to a read+ lesson giv5 by ! head ( ! ,model ,s*ool on ! s5t5ce me?od4 ,i next visit$ ! ,normal ,s*ool at ,we/ ,*e/]1 :i* 0 />t$ 9 #ahga4 ,its build+s are on mu* ! same plan z ^? at ,mill]sville1 ) ! two w+s = m5 & wom5 /ud5ts1 & ! d9+ & recitation rooms 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,pr9cipal1 ) p>donable pride1 drew my special att5tion to ! gymnasium build+1 :i*1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! new ,yale ,gymnasium1 is believ$ to be ! mo/ complete connect$ ) any s*ool or college 9 ! ,/ates4 ,x conta9s a full supply ( ! be/ app>atus1 runn+ tracks1 ba?-rooms1 l>ge swimm+-pool1 b[l+ alleys1 ball cage1 etc4 ,a ?or\ghly tra9$ physician#d & 8 wife are 9 *>ge ( ! gymnasium1 & all ex]cise is tak5 "u _! sup]vision4 ,i 0 able to att5d sev]al ( ! classes--"o on ,s*ool ,me?od1 :i* took ! =m ( a discussion ( su* po9ts z ! foll[+3 8,:at degree ( quiet is necess>y 9 a s*ool80 8,on :at does ability to gov]n dep5d80 8,c ability to gov]n be acquir$80 ,i 0 mu* /ruck "h1 z 9 o!r ,am]ican s*ools & colleges1 ) ! ease 9 speak+1 & ! ke5 int]e/ %[n by ! /ud5ts 9 tak+ "p 9 ! discussion4 ,a lesson 9 ,ari?metic1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts made excell5t use ( t di/9ctive feature ( an ,am]ican recitation room--! cont9u\s blackbo>d1 "o on ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory1 & a lesson on physiology giv5 9 ! ,model ,s*ool1 help$ to fill up a mo/ int]e/+ morn+4 ,,connecticut4 ,!re are two ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools 9 ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut--"o at ,new ,brita91 />t$ 9 #ahej1 & ! o!r at ,willimantic1 op5$ 9 #ahhi4 ,^! s*ools h = _! object ! def9ite prep>ation ( tea*]s = "w 9 ! ,/ate s*ools1 & no enc\ragem5t is giv5 to o!r /ud5ts to ent]4 ,!y ?us diff] f ! ,p5nsylvania ,normal ,s*ools1 :i* are (t5 att5d$ by ^? :o d n int5d to become tea*]s4 ,?is diff]5ce appe>s to produce "o curi\s & in/ructive result--namely1 t :ile a l>ge numb] ( m5 /ud5ts are to be f\nd 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,normal ,s*ools1 !y are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce f ^? 9 ,connecticut4 ,?is is easily und]/ood :5 "o rememb]s t an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! tea*]s 9 ! ,common ,s*ools are wom51 & t z few m5 int5d to take up tea*+ z a p]man5t pr(ession1 !y are n likely to be f\nd 9 ^? ,normal ,s*ools1 ! c\rses ( :i* w n s]ve z /epp+-/ones to a future college or o!r c>e]4 ,nei!r ( ^! two ,s*ools are resid5tial1 b ! ,pr9cipals und]take to assi/ /ud5ts 9 f9d+ com=table accommodation4 ,bo>d & lodg+ c usually be obta9$ f #c to #d 7#ads4 to #ags47 p] week4 ,c&idates = admission mu/ ei!r 7#a7 pass an entrance exam9ation held at c]ta9 c5tres 9 ! ,/ate1 or 7#b7 pres5t a c]tificate ( graduation f a ,high ,s*ool or ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,c]tificate1 or 7#c7 h taught successfully = ?ree ye>s4 ,! c\rse is arrang$ = two ye>s1 b no /ud5t c graduate f ! s*ools unless consid]$ fit to tea* by ! ,faculty4 ,!y may ei!r rema9 long] z /ud5ts1 or if ?\ght to be hopeless may be reque/$ to )draw4 ,at bo? s*ools !re are at lea/ two p>ts to ! c\rse3 7#a7 t done 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool1 includ+ ! ,!ory ( ,education1 & special "w 9 sci5ce & o!r subjects2 & 7#b7 t done 9 ! ,model or ,tra9+ ,s*ools4 ,ea* ,s*ool has also a ,k9d]g>t51 & at ,new ,brita9 !re is a special c\rse = ! tra9+ ( ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s4 ,/ud5ts :o atta9 ! requir$ /&>d ( s*ol>%ip 9 e prescrib$ subject1 & exhibit a fair degree ( skill 9 tea*+ & gov]n+ *ildr51 & pass ! ,/ate ,exam9ation = ,tea*]s1 receive a ,diploma ( ,graduation4 ,! fitness ( any tea*] = h] pr(ession is ?us det]m9$ p>tly by ! au?orities ( ! ,normal ,s*ool1 & p>tly by ! ,/ate4 ,all necess>y text-books are free1 b /ud5ts are enc\rag$ to pur*ase a few books ( ref]5ce4 ,! aim ( ?is s*ool is entirely pr(essional1 b x is f\nd s difficult to obta9 a supply ( suffici5tly prep>$ /ud5ts t "s academic "w1 especially 9 sci5ce1 is f\nd to be necess>y1 & ea* /ud5t is expect$ to le>n to make c]ta9 sets ( app>atus1 :i* w be aft]w>ds helpful 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce 9 ! s*ools4 ,! ,pr9cipal in=m$ me t he consid]$ t ! s*ool 0 /rong] on ! practical ?an on ! !oretical side4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ! practical tra9+ ( tea*]s is mo/ ?or\ghly arrang$ =4 ,a ,model ,s*ool ( #ejj *ildr5 is atta*$ to ! s*ool1 ! classes 9 :i* are 9 ! h&s ( tra9$ & en?usia/ic tea*]s1 :o are con/antly endeav\r+ to improve exi/+ & devise new me?ods ( tea*+4 ,9 read+1 = in/ance1 ! *ildr5 make _! own read+ lesson1 ! subjects be+ tak5 f lessons on elem5t>y sci5ce1 lit]ature1 etc41 :i* !y h _h4 ,) ! help ( ! blackbo>d1 simple s5t5ces1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! lesson or its /ory1 are collect$1 & !n pr9t$ by ! s*ool pr9t+ press1 :i* proves an invaluable addition to ! s*ool app>atus4 ,draw+ is also taught almo/ entirely 9 connection ) o!r s*ool subjects1 ! illu/rat+ ( ,sci5ce1 ,hi/ory & ,geography lessons be+ ?us utiliz$4 ,dur+ ! tra9+ c\rse1 ! /ud5ts give a few lessons 9 ! ,model ,s*ool1 & sp5d a good deal ( "t 9 obs]vation4 ,b a comp>atively new & important feature 9 connection ) ! practical tra9+ is ! six mon?s :i* /ud5ts are enc\rag$ to sp5d aft] graduation at a ,practice ,s*ool :i* has be5 op5$ at ,s\? ,man*e/]4 ,"h ! graduates tea* "u sup]vision1 & obta9 t am\nt ( practice "u fav\rable circum/ances :i* is s necess>y to ! p]fect+ ( ! tea*]4 ,at ,willimantic1 z at ,new ,brita91 especial /ress is laid on prep>+ ! tea*] = ! practical "p ( ! pr(ession4 ,! *ild1 h[ev]1 is ! unit ( ! s*ool1 & on ! "r und]/&+ ( ! *ild dep5ds ! tea*]'s success 9 tea*+4 ,! *ild has bo? a body & a m9d to be tra9$1 & ! two _c be sep>at$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t a tea*] %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ea*1 & /ud5ts are !re=e expect$ to devote a good deal ( "t to ! /udy ( ,physiology 9 ! ,junior ye>1 & to ! /udy ( ,psy*ology 9 ! ,s5ior4 ,! ,model ,s*ools#e are mo/ c>efully /aff$1 & ! /ud5ts sp5d z mu* "t z possible 9 obs]v+ "w done 9 ^! s*ools4 ,dur+ ! la/ t]m ( ! c\rse1 ea* /ud5t s]ves z an assi/ant 9 ! v>i\s grades ( ! ,model ,s*ools1 ?us hav+ exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ "u ! guidance & criticism ( an exp]t 9 ea* grade4 ,! c\rse is = two ye>s1 b ! ,pr9cipal is anxi\s to h ! "t ext5d$4 ,,new ,,york ,,/ate4 ,! fir/ ,normal ,s*ool = ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 0 op5$ at ,albany 9 #ahdd4 ,!re are n[ elev5 su* s*ools 9 ! ,/ate1 two ( :i*--,albany & ,oswego--are entirely pr(essional1 :ile ! o!rs provide also = academic "w4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,normal4 ,academic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,location4 ,no4 ,av]age ,no4 ,av]age ,regi/]$4 ,att5dance4 ,regi/]$4 ,att5dance4 ,la/ ,ye>4 ,la/ ,ye>4 ,la/ ,ye>4 ,la/ ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,albany #cge #cje ,oswego #chb #cbc ,brockport #cgj #bhc #ajh #fa ,cortl& #chd #cab #ce #be ,potsdam #dij #cie #ahb #acd ,fr$onia #bec #aif #fg #di ,buffalo #ceg #bie #ab #g ,g5eseo #ece #cia #gh #fe ,new ,paltz #bbg #agj #bf #ac ,oneonta #cfe #cjd #bc #ae ,plattsburgh #adb #ajf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! foll[+ extracts f ! circul> issu$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction give ! pr9cipal features common to all ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 8,/ud5ts w be appo9t$ to ! ,normal ,s*ools by ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 ^u ! recomm5dation ( sup]9t5d5ts & s*ool commission]s4 ,^! (fic]s w be reli$ ^u to prop]ly repres5t to possible c&idates ! ne$s ( ! public s*ools = well-qualifi$ tea*]s1 & ! necessity ( pr(essional & te*nical tra9+ on ! "p ( all :o int5d to tea*4 ,no /ud5ts c be admitt$ :o h n already acquir$ a sub/antial elem5t>y education4 ,?is c be ga9$ 9 all ( ! ord9>y s*ools1 & ! pr(essional tra9+ s*ools _c be prop]ly tax$ ) "w :i* ! common s*ools c p]=m z well4 ,?r\gh ! quality ( ! "w p]=m$1 ?r\gh ! atta9m5ts & ! pr(essional _s & purpose ( graduates1 r ?an ?r\gh m]e multiplicity ( numb]s1 c ! ,normal ,s*ools be/ promote ! educational int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re is room & welcome 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools = ! graduates ( ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools1 & ev5 = ^? :o h made sub/antial advancem5t 9 ! elem5t>y c\rse )\t te*nical graduation1 provid$ t !y give promise ( becom+ successful tea*]s1 & possess ! desire to become su*2 b !re is no room = /ud5ts :o h laid no real f\ndation = pr(essional tra9+1 & :o h no well-det]m9$ purpose ab\t ! matt] & no fair conception ( ! responsibilities & obligations ( a tea*]'s occupation4 8,appo9tm5ts w ord9>ily foll[ recomm5dations1 b /ud5ts w be admitt$ or reta9$ 9 ,normal ,s*ools only :5 !y %[ s*ol>%ip & o!r qualities 9 ju/ification ( ! appo9tm5t4 8,! foll[+ =m ( recomm5dation w be us$1 & w be suppli$ f ! dep>tm5t or f any ( ! s*ools ^u application4 ,:5 fill$ out x %\ld be mail$ to ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 & :5 approv$ x w be by him s5t direct to ! s*ool4 ,no /ud5t c be appo9t$ :o is n fully sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,,to ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction3-- ,i h]eby recomm5d ( 9 ! ,c\nty ( ag$ ye>s1 z possess+ ! heal?1 s*ol>%ip1 m5tal ability & moral "* requisite = an appo9tm5t to ! ,/ate ,normal & ,tra9+ ,s*ool at ,s*ool ,commission] ,di/rict ( ! ,c\nty ( ,or1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,city ( ,dat$4 8,/ud5ts duly appo9t$1 & pres5t+ ! diplomas ( colleges1 univ]sities1 high s*ools1 academies or academic dep>tm5ts ( union s*ools1 ,/ate ,c]tificates or ,commission]'s ,c]tificates1 grant$ "u ! uni=m exam9ation sy/em1 & /ill 9 =ce1 %[+ a /&+ ( sev5ty-five p] c5t4 9 ari?metic1 gramm> & geography1 may be admitt$ at any "t & )\t exam9ation4 8,/ud5ts duly appo9t$1 b unable to pres5t ei!r ( ! above-nam$ evid5ces ( pr(ici5cy1 may be admitt$ at ! op5+ ( ea* t]m ^u duly pass+ an entrance exam9ation to be held at ! s*ool4 8,non-resid5ts ( ! ,/ate are n to be solicit$ or enc\rag$ to ent] our ,normal ,s*ools1 b su* p]sons z specially desire to d s1 & :o comply ) ! requirem5ts z to admission1 may be admitt$ ^u pay+ to ! treasur] ( ! ,local ,bo>d a tuition fee ( tw5ty doll>s p] t]m ( tw5ty weeks 9 advance4 ,no mileage fees#f w be paid to non-resid5ts4 8,no /ud5t w be receiv$ into ! academic dep>tm5t connect$ ) any ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool :o is n a bona fide resid5t ( ! t]ritory ^: p h h]et(ore giv5 ,normal ,s*ool prop]ty to ! ,/ate1 & = ^: b5efit ! ,/ate has pl$g$ itself to ma9ta9 an academic dep>tm5t4 8,tuition & ! use ( all text-books are free4 ,/ud5ts w be held responsible1 h[ev]1 = any injury or loss ( books4 ,!y are advis$ to br+ ) !m1 = ref]5ce1 any suitable books !y may h4 ,! am\nt ( f>e necess>ily paid on public conveyances 9 com+ to ! s*ool w be refund$ to ^? :o rema9 a full t]m4 8,a ye> is divid$ into two t]ms ( tw5ty weeks ea*4 ,! ,autumn t]m comm5ces on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,septemb]1 & ! ,spr+ t]m on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,febru>y4 ,!re w be an int]mission = a week dur+ ! holidays40 ,!re are ?ree c\rses ( /udy :i* c be foll[$3 an ,engli% c\rse arrang$ = ?ree ye>s1 a ,classical & a ,sci5tific arrang$ = f\r ye>s4 7,albany & ,oswego h specially arrang$ c\rses47 ,/ud5ts :o satisfactorily complete any "o ( ! above c\rses receive diplomas1 :i* s]ve z lic5ses to tea* 9 ! public s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 ,! fir/ ,normal ,s*ool ( ! ,/ate 0 locat$ at ,albany4 ,until #ahij x _h1 l mo/ ( ! o!r s*ools1 academic z well z pr(essional "w1 b x 0 !n reorganiz$ on a new plan1 "u ! title ( 8,new ,york ,/ate ,normal ,college40 ,?is ,college n[ devotes itself entirely to ! giv+ ( in/ruction 9 ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,! c\rses ( /udy are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,engli% ,c\rse1 :i* ext5ds ov] two ye>s1 & embraces ,psy*ology1 ,hi/ory & ,philosophy ( ,education1 ,me?ods ( tea*+ all ord9>y s*ool subjects1 ,s*ool ,economy & ,s*ool ,law1 ,k9d]g>t5 me?ods & practice 9 tea*+ "u criticism4 ,graduates f ?is c\rse receive a life diploma or lic5se to tea*4 #b4 ,classical ,c\rse4 ,?is is also a two ye>s' c\rse on mu* ! same l9es z ! ,engli%1 b ) ! addition ( ,me?ods ( tea*+ ,lat9 & ,greek1 or ,g]man1 or ,fr5*4 ,a mu* sev]] entrance exam9ation mu/1 h[ev]1 be pass$ to ga9 admission to ?is c\rse ?an is requir$ = ! ,engli%4 ,a life diploma & ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogy are conf]r$ on graduates f ?is c\rse4 #c4 ,supplem5t>y ,c\rse4 ,?is takes "o ye>1 :i* is devot$ to ! read+ ( lead+ educational au?ors1 ! discussion ( educational subjects1 & ! prep>ation ( an orig9al !sis4 ,^? :o take ?is c\rse 9 addition to ! ,engli% receive ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogy1 & ^? :o take x 9 addition to ! ,classical receive t ( ,ma/] ( ,p$agogy4 #d4 ,"o ye> ,c\rse = graduates f ,colleges & ,univ]sities 9 :i* !y are all[$ to select a c\rse 7approv$ by ! ,faculty7 = "o ye>1 & c receive a life diploma & ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogy4 #e4 ,k9d]g>tn]'s ,c\rse4 ,i un=tunately rea*$ ,albany too late to see ! s*ool 9 work+ ord]1 b f :at its ,pr9cipal1 ,dr4 ,milne1 told me1 x appe>s to possess ! mo/ purely pr(essional c\rse ( any ,normal ,s*ool 9 ! ,/ates4 ,,oswego4 ,! ,oswego ,s*ool 0 fir/ organiz$ z a ,city ,tra9+ ,s*ool 9 #ahfa1 b 0 adopt$ z a ,/ate ,s*ool 9 #ahfc4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is s*ool is ! hi/ory ( its ,pr9cipal1 ,dr4 ,%eldon4 ,:5 q "y1 he became int]e/$ 9 ! "q ( ! education ( ! poor ( 8 native city1 ,oswego4 ,) ! help ( fri5ds ! fir/ free s*ool 0 />t$1 b z no tea*] c\ld be f\nd1 he _h to tea* himself4 ,he 0 able1 9 #ahec1 to organize a city sy/em ( s*ools1 & became sup]9t5d5t4 ,dissatisfaction ) ! tea*+ results ( 8 s*ools l$ him to consid] ! "q ( me?ods4 ,on a visit to ,toronto1 he saw 9 ! ,national ,museum a collection ( educational appliances us$ abroad1 & especially at ! ,home & ,colonial ,tra9+ ,s*ool 9 ,london4 ,he br\ght back all ! app>atus t he c\ld1 b bo? he & 8 tea*]s realiz$ ! ne$ ( tra9+1 & f9ally "s ( !m resign$ half _! sal>ies = "o ye>1 9 ord] t a tra9+ tea*] might be br\ght ov] f ! ,home & ,colonial ,tra9+ ,college4 ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,m4 ,jones1 an ard5t disciple ( ,pe/alozzi1 came 9 response to _! reque/1 & day by day1 aft] s*ool h\rs1 %e met ?is en?usia/ic little b& ( tea*]s1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ,tra9+ ,class4 ,aft] %e left1 ^? %e _h taught 7 able to c>ry x on1 & ! tra9+ ( tea*]s 0 an e/abli%$ fact 9 ,oswego4 ,! c\rse 0 at fir/ only = "o ye>1 b 0 lat] ext5d$ to ?ree & f\r :5 ! s*ool 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,/ate4 ,) ! cons5t ( ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ! classical dep>tm5t has be5 dropp$ out ( ! ,oswego ,s*ool1 & m ext5d$ l9es ( ,engli% "w h be5 tak5 up z elective c\rses4 ,! regul> ,engli% c\rse is tak5 = ?ree ye>s1 & "o ( ^! = ! f\r?4 ,?is c\rse includes advanc$ "w 9 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 high] ,engli%1 psy*ology1 p$agogy1 draw+1 & tea*+ "u criticism1 & occupies two t]ms ( tw5ty weeks ea*4 ,^? :o %[ m>k$ tal5t = prim>y & k9d]g>t5 "w may1 aft] graduation1 be invit$ by a vote ( ! ,faculty to take an additional ye> 9 special tra9+ = k9d]g>t5 & prim>y tea*]s4 ,at ! end ( ?is c\rse diplomas are grant$1 indicat+ fitness to take *>ge ( k9d]g>t5s2 & 9 addition1 c]tificates ( special qualifications = prim>y "w are giv51 sign$ by all ! memb]s ( ! ,faculty4 ,9 ord] to meet ! increas+ dem& = tea*]s :o c und]take tra9+ "w 9 ,normal ,s*ools1 a special c\rse has be5 />t$1 :i* la/s = five mon?s1 & includes lectures 9 psy*ology1 p$agogy1 k9d]g>t5 pr9ciples & me?ods2 obs]vation ( ! "w 9 ! k9d]g>t52 att5dance ^u ! criticisms ( ! critics 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! tra9+ "w2 mak+ out criticisms on ! "w 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool ( practice & actual tea*+ "u criticism2 mak+ out "t-tables = ! diff]5t grades ( s*ools2 obs]vation ( "w 9 ! s*ool ( practice z done by practice tea*]s1 to ga9 an idea ( arrangem5t1 di/ribution & grad+ ( subject matt]2 obs]vation ( special lessons1 foll[$ by criticisms ( same4 ,a c\rse ( pr(essional read+ is prescrib$1 z well z ! prep>ation ( pap]s on v>i\s topics connect$ ) me?od & criticism4 ,occasional opportunities are provid$1 to put into practice ideal & exp]im5tal l9es ( "w1 by tea*+ classes2 & in/ruction is giv5 9 mak+ app>atus1 *>ts1 etc41 to illu/rate ! subjects taught 9 ! common s*ools4 ,tea*]s = ?is c\rse are also select$ by ! ,faculty1 on ! gr\nd ( _! sup]ior moral1 intellectual1 physical & pr(essional qualifications1 & ( special fitness = ! "w2 & on ! satisfactory completion ( ! same1 receive c]tificates1 sign$ by all ! memb]s ( ! ,faculty1 indicat+ _! fitness to act z critics & tea*]s ( me?ods 9 ,normal & ,tra9+ ,s*ools4 ,exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ 9 ! v>i\s grades ( ! public s*ools is consid]$ important be=e ent]+ ^u ?is "w4 ,x is n 9 a /rict s5se a resid5tial college1 b /ud5ts f a di/ance are expect$ to live 9 a bo>d+-h\se atta*$ to ! s*ool4 ,great /ress is laid ^u ! elaboration ( me?ods ( tea*+ ( v>i\s subjects1 & f ! ,oswego ,s*ool h come _m improvem5ts 9 ways ( tea*+4 ,p]haps ! *ief contribution to me?odology is t kn[n z ! 8laboratory0 me?od ( tea*+ hi/ory1 :i* is said to h revolutioniz$ ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 ,am]ican ,s*ools4 ,x is an adaptation ( ! sem9>y me?od introduc$ by ! ,g]man hi/orian ,ranke4 ,9 ord] to make ?is me?od possible 9 ! s*ools1 specially prep>$ text-books 7 ne$$1 & ^! ,dr4 ,%eldon's daught] und]took to write4 ,two text-books h be5 publi%$3 ,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory1 & ,/udies 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 bo? ( :i* h be5 ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,am]ican ,s*ools4 ,9 ^! books !re is pres5t$ to ! pupil a c>efully *os5 body ( orig9al hi/orical mat]ial--typical extracts f ! laws1 con/itution1 cre$s & o!r records ( ! pa/--pictures ( monum5ts1 temples1 /atues & relics1 toge!r ) que/ions ^u ?is mat]ial t te/ & tra9 ! pupil's p[]s ( judgm5t & reason4 ,9 connection also ) ! tea*+ ( hi/ory ! plan is advocat$1 & c>ri$ out 9 connection ) ! ,model ,s*ool1 ( all[+ ! *ildr5 to compile ! hi/ory ( _! own t[n1 collect+ ! in=mation = !mselves1 & record+ x 9 a manuscript book kept = ! purpose1 :i* !y c also illu/rate by orig9al draw+s ( _! own4 ,i saw a delightful hi/ory ( ,oswego compil$ 9 ?is way1 & 9 sev]al o!r t[ns ,i f\nd t s*ool *ildr5 7 und]tak+ simil> "w4 ,mo/ ( ! me?od-tea*+ is c>ri$ on by means ( discussions on topics giv54 ,i 0 able to att5d "o ( ^!1 & also to see "s ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,practice ,s*ool4 ,p]haps :at impress$ me mo/ ab\t ! s*ool 0 ! l>ge am\nt ( lib]ty all[$ to ! /ud5ts1 & ! abs5ce ( rules4 ,dr4 ,%eldon told me t ! exp]i5ce ( 8 lifetime _h only confirm$ him 9 ! belief1 t ! fulle/ fre$om is necess>y = ! "r developm5t ( "*1 & t ye> by ye> he _h giv5 8 /ud5ts an ev]-increas+ am\nt ( lib]ty4 ,! idea ( self-gov]nm5t & responsibility is inculcat$1 & r>e are ! cases 9 :i* ?is fre$om is abus$4 ,,massa*usetts4 ,to ,massa*usetts belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ l$ ! way 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,normal ,s*ools4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,education1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahch1 at once took up ! "q ( ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ! public s*ools4 ,a memb] ( ! ,bo>d1 ! ,hon4 ,edmund ,dwight1 ( ,bo/on1 (f]$ #aj1jjj on condition t ! ,legislature w\ld appropriate an equal am\nt t[>ds provid+ = su* tra9+4 ,8 (f] 0 accept$1 & ?ree ,normal ,s*ools 7 op5$1 ea* ( :i* 0 to cont9ue = ?ree ye>s z an exp]im5t4 ,! exp]im5ts prov$ completely successful4 ,!re are n[ six ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools1 :i* are "u ! direct control ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 & support$ entirely by ! ,/ate4 ,tuition is free to all :o und]take to tea* 9 ! ,/ate ,s*ools4 ,! arrangem5ts = bo>d+ v>y ) ea* s*ool4 ,! ,/ate appropriates #d1jjj p] annum to be divid$ among ^? /ud5ts ( ,normal ,s*ools :o /& 9 ne$ ( su* aid4 ,text-books & ref]5ce books are free4 #g 8,! design ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools is /rictly pr(essional2 t is1 to prep>e 9 ! be/ possible mann] ! pupils = ! "w ( organiz+1 gov]n+ & tea*+ ! public s*ools ( ! ,commonweal?4 8,to ?is end !re mu/ be ! mo/ ?or\gh k2 fir/1 ( ! bran*es ( le>n+ requir$ to be taught 9 ! s*ools2 second1 ( ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ ^? bran*es2 & ?ird1 ( "r m5tal tra9+4 8,! "t ( "o c\rse ext5ds ?r\gh a p]iod ( two ye>s2 ( ! o!r1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( f\r ye>s1 & is divid$ into t]ms ( tw5ty weeks ea*1 ) daily sessions ( n less ?an five h\rs1 five days ea* week40 ,,/udies4 ,two ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 ,ari?metic1 algebra1 geometry1 book-keep+4 ,physics1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 physiology1 botany1 zoology1 m9]alogy1 geology1 geography4 ,language1 read+1 or?ography1 etymology1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 lit]ature1 composition4 ,p5man%ip1 draw+1 vocal music1 gymna/ics4 ,psy*ology1 sci5ce & art ( education1 s*ool organization & hi/ory ( education4 ,civil polity ( ,massa*usetts & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hi/ory1 s*ool laws ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 accordance ) a vote ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 pupils are enc\rag$ to add a half-ye> to ?is c\rse ( /udy1 provid$ six mon?s ( _! entire "t be sp5t ma9ly 9 additional practice & obs]vation4 ,f\r ,ye>s' ,c\rse3 ,9 addition to ! /udies nam$ above1 ! f\r ye>s' c\rse includes advanc$ algebra & geometry1 trigonometry & survey+4 ,advanc$ *emi/ry1 physics & botany4 ,draw+1 ,engli% lit]ature1 g5]al hi/ory4 ,lat9 & ,fr5* requir$2 ,g]man & ,greek z ! pr9cipal1 & visitors %all decide4 ,?is c\rse is int5d$ to give pupils t broad culture indisp5sable to ! highe/ success 9 s*ools ( any grade1 b especially to fit !m = s]vice z tea*]s 9 high s*ools4 ,! /udies are s arrang$ t graduates f ! %ort] c\rse may complete ! f\r ye>s' c\rse 9 two additional ye>s4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics & extract are f ! ,public ,docum5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #ahic4 ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,/ati/ics ,,= ,,! ,,ye> #ahia-ib4 --------------------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ( ,/ud5ts4 ( ,graduates4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,bridgewat] #bfb #fg ,fram+ham #aei #ej ,salem #bfj #gg ,we/field #adg #cc ,worce/] #aha #cf ,normal ,art ,s*ool #bae #bd --------------------------------- #a1bbd #bhg ---------------------------------------- ------------ 8,!re are n[ 9 ! ,commonweal? six ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools1 e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( tra9+ tea*]s to tea* 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! ,normal ,s*ools are n[ well provid$ ) ! means ( communicat+ pr(essional in/ruction4 8,z a k ( ! pr9ciples & me?od ( tea*+ seems to be "o ?+1 & skill 9 ! application ( pr9ciples q ano!r1 x is necess>y t ample opportunity be giv5 9 ! tra9+ s*ools connect$ ) ! ,normal ,s*ools = practice 9 tea*+ by ! normal /ud5ts z !y /udy ! pr9ciples4 ,su* practice1 if sy/ematically & intellig5tly conduct$ dur+ ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 w prep>e ! normal graduate to ent] ^u ! practice ( 8 pr(ession ) ! advantages ( exp]i5ce4 8,if ! /&>d = admission to ! ,normal ,s*ools be rais$1 z ! ,bo>d ( ,education n[ contemplates1 !y w be reliev$ ( a l>ge am\nt ( academical "w n[ requir$1 & ( _m c&idates ^: limit$ k & capacity = acquir+ x make !m improp] subjects = pr(essional tra9+4 8,! "t has come :5 a pr(essional tra9+ %\ld be consid]$ a requisite = tea*+ 9 ! public s*ools ( ! ,commonweal?40 ,fram+ham1 ! fir/ ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 fir/ locat$ at ,lex+ton1 :]e x 0 op5$ ,july #crd1 #ahci1 ) ?ree /ud5ts4 ,9 #aheb ! s*ool 0 remov$ to ,fram+ham4 ,x admits wom5 /ud5ts only1 :o reside 9 ! bo>d+ halls atta*$ to ! s*ool4 8,! design ( ! s*ool is to give3 #a4 8,a review ( ! /udies taught 9 ! public s*ools4 #b4 8,a c>eful /udy ( ! hi/ory ( education & ! s*ool law ( ,massa*usetts4 #c4 8,a /udy ( ,psy*ology1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ true pr9ciples & good me?ods4 #d4 8,a practical application ( ^! pr9ciples & me?ods 9 tea*+4 #e4 8,a high e/imate ( ! importance & responsibility ( ! tea*]'s "w1 & an en?usiasm = x40 ,,we/field4 ,ano!r s*ool 0 op5$ at ,b>re1 ,septemb] #d?1 #ahci1 b 0 mov$ to ,we/field 9 #ahdd4 ,x is int5d$ = bo? m5 & wom5 /ud5ts1 b out ( #adg /ud5ts 9 #ahib only #g 7 m54 ,!re is a ,normal ,hall ( ,resid5ce1 erect$ & furni%$ by ! ,/ate1 at :i* ei!r m5 or wom5 /ud5ts c live4 ,! subjects tak5 are ! same z ^? 9 ! o!r ,normal ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate1 = ! two or f\r ye>s' c\rse4 ,all /udies are pursu$ on ! topical plan1 & ) special ref]5ce to ! be/ ways ( tea*+ !m4 ,e /ud5t frequ5tly takes *>ge ( a class1 & tea*es topics1 s t ?r\gh\t ! c\rse he is "u actual tra9+ z tea*]4 ,i _h ! opportunity ( he>+ a class 9 ,didactics1 conduct$ by ,pr9cipal ,gre5\gh on ! topical me?od4 ,i f\nd t 8topics0 simply meant ! heads or divisions ( subjects4 ,! /ud5ts _h be5 previ\sly giv5 topics to prep>e1 & !y 7 call$ on two at a "t to g to ! blackbo>d & write up & expla9 to ! class alt]nately ! v>i\s po9ts to be consid]$ "u ea* head4 ,^! po9ts 7 "o by "o discuss$ ) ! ,pr9cipal & o!r /ud5ts4 ,?is topical me?od is adopt$ at _m o!r s*ools & colleges4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o or two /ud5ts only are entru/$ ) topics to prep>e1 :i* !y are expect$ to be ready to expla9 to ! re/ ( ! class1 subject ( c\rse to ! criticism ( ! tea*] & discussion by ! class4 ,! /ud5ts obta9 ! necess>y practice 9 tea*+1 p>tly 9 ! above way by tea*+ ea* o!r1 & p>tly by giv+ lessons 9 ! ,model ,s*ool "u ! critic tea*]s4 ,ea* /ud5t is also requir$ to tea* = f\r weeks cont9u\sly1 & to sp5d a good deal ( "t 9 obs]v+ *ildr51 & ! "w ( ! tea*]s 9 ! ,model ,s*ool4 ,! s*ool is v well provid$ ) app>atus4 ,almo/ e subject taught has its special room ) appropriate appliances = tea*+4 ,i 0 especially /ruck by ! app>atus = tea*+ geography4 ,l>ge wood5 trays l9$ ) z9c1 & plac$ on supports s z to resemble l[ tables1 7 us$ = modell+ 9 wet s&4 ,special classes 7 held to in/ruct ! /ud5ts 9 ! art ( s&-m\ld+4 ,,worce/]4 ,bridgewat] ,normal ,s*ool 0 op5$ 9 #ahdj4 ,x receives bo? m5 & wom5 /ud5ts1 ! numb] = ?is ye> be+ #bgb1 ( :i* #eh are m51 & #bad wom54 ,!re are two ,halls ( ,resid5ce1 at :i* /ud5ts may reside4 ,f\r c\rses are possible3 #a4 ,two ye>s' c\rse4 #b4 ,?ree ye>s' or int]m$iate c\rse4 #c4 ,f\r ye>s' c\rse1 & #d4 ,po/-graduate c\rse = college graduates4 ,!re appe>s to be especially good provision = ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 ! new build+s hav+ ample laboratory accommodation4 ,worce/] is ! y\nge/ ( ! ,normal ,s*ools1 hav+ be5 op5$ 9 #ahgd4 ,x is op5 to bo? m5 & wom51 b ! latt] l>gely prepond]ate4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y two & f\r ye> c\rses1 college graduates are all[$ to take up a special elective c\rse4 ,?is s*ool has c]ta9 special features :i* di/+ui% x & require note4 ,! /udy ( psy*ology is pursu$ 9 "p by ! orig9al obs]vation ( *ildr54 ,! /ud5ts are ask$ to obs]ve ! conduct ( *ildr5 9 all circum/ances1 & to record :at !y see & he> z soon z possible1 9 a simple & concise mann]1 )\t any comm5t by ! writ]4 ,!y are advis$ to note ! usual r ?an ! unusual conduct ( ! *ildr5 obs]v$4 ,= conv5i5ce ( classification1 blanks ( five col\rs are us$3 :ite = obs]vations made by ! /ud5ts !mselves2 r$ = ^? report$ by o!rs2 yell[ = rem9isc5ces ( ! /ud5t's own *ildhood2 gre5 = records made f books1 & *ocolate = a cont9u$ s]ies ( obs]vations made on ! same *ild4 ,! date1 "n ( obs]v] & po/-(fice address2 ! "n1 sex1 nationality & age ( *ild obs]v$2 & also ! l5g? ( "t elaps+ betwe5 ! mak+ & record+ ( ! obs]vation1 are all set =? on ^! pap]s4 ,! mak+ ( ^! obs]vations is q volunt>y1 b ! /ud5ts become s int]e/$ 9 ! "w t an ev]-increas+ numb] ( reports are s5t 94 ,"s #af1jjj h already be5 collect$4 ,^! are plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 :i* has f "t to "t made use ( ! mat]ial ?us br\ght toge!r4 ,^! records are valuable 9 !mselves1 b /ill m valuable is ! tra9+ 9 obs]vation ( *ildr5 af=d$ to ! /ud5ts 9 mak+ !m4 ,! /ud5ts 9 ?is s*ool h ! opportunity be=e graduat+ ( s]v+ an appr5tice%ip z tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools ( ,worce/]4 ,! 8appr5tice0 acts z assi/ant to ! tea*] ( ! city s*ool2 takes "p 9 ! in/ruction1 managem5t & g5]al c>e ( ! pupils "u ! direction ( ! tea*]2 & is sometimes entru/$ ) ! sole *>ge ( ! s*ool dur+ ! tea*]'s abs5ce = an h\r1 a half day or a day4 ,"o /ud5t only at a "t is assign$ to any tea*]1 b ea* appr5tice s]ves 9 at lea/ ?ree grades ( s*ools4 ,! "t tak5 = ! appr5tice%ip comes j be=e ! f9al t]m 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool1 & am\nts to half a s*ool ye>4 ,b ! appr5tices sp5d "o day ( ea* week 7,w$nesday7 at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 :]e !y are occupi$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y consult ) ! tea*]1 & ) "o ano!r1 & make use ( books4 ,!y make in=mal /atem5ts to ! s*ool ( su* facts ( _! exp]i5ce z x may pr(it ! o!r pupils to "k1--conc]n+ ways ( tea*+1 cases ( discipl9e & ! l1--keep+ 9 m9d always ! private "* ( ! daily life ( ! s*ool-room1 & "u special w>n+ aga9/ revelations t might seem objectionable4 ,ea* appr5tice keeps a di>y ( ! occupation & exp]i5ce ( e day1 & ?is record is inspect$ by ! ,faculty ( ! ,normal ,s*ool4 ,! ,faculty ( ! ,normal ,s*ool h ! "r ( visit+ ! appr5tices :ile at "w1 & ( giv+ advice & sugge/ion4 ,:5 ! six mon?s are ov]1 ! tea*] ( ! s*ool makes a report on ! "w ( ! /ud5t4 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>d approves ! sy/em1 z ^? /ud5ts :o h be5 appr5tices are f\nd aft]w>ds to be ! mo/ capable tea*]s 9 ! ,worce/] public s*ools4 ,/ud5ts are n =c$ to und]go appr5tice%ip1 b mo/ *oose to d s4 ,aft] x is ov]1 !y return to ! ,normal ,s*ool = six mon?s1 be=e graduat+4 ,=ty m9utes ea* day are assign$ to 8,plat=m ,ex]cises10 :i* consi/ 9 read+1 speak+1 draw+ on ! blackbo>d1 etc41 be=e ! assembl$ s*ool4 ,!y are f\nd to be v useful 9 help+ ! /ud5ts to ov]come n]v\sness4 ,ea* /ud5t c *oose h] own "t & subject1 b at lea/ n9e mu/ be ready to take "p ea* day4 ,no ex]cise is to be prep>$ = m ?an f\r m9utes1 b z que/ions may be ask$ by ! tea*]s or o!r /ud5ts1 & criticism is sometimes (f]$1 !y (t5 take long]4 ,a new & int]e/+ feature ( ! s*ool is ! *ildr5's class :i* has j be5 />t$4 ,betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty *ildr5 betwe5 ?ree & five h be5 admitt$4 ,no *>ge is made = tuition1 & x is und]/ood t ! class c be taught 9 any way ?\ght good by ! ,pr9cipal4 ,?is class af=ds a good field = *ild-/udy & exp]im5t 9 me?ods ( elem5t>y tea*+4 ,x is 9 *>ge ( an exp]i5c$ k9d]g>tn]4 ,i 0 att5tively li/5+ to a lecture on ,psy*ology1 giv5 by ,pr9cipal ,russell1 :5 sudd5ly1 to my amazem5t1 ! :ole class rose & left ! room :ile he 0 /ill speak+4 ,to my surprise1 he did n seem at all di/urb$1 & he !n proce$$ to expla91 t f9d+ t mo/ /ud5ts 7 defici5t 9 8"t s5se10 su* a necess>y possession = a tea*]1 he _h adopt$ ! plan ( mak+ ! /ud5ts keep _! own "t at lectures4 ,! ,normal ,art ,s*ool1 ,bo/on1 aims at tra9+ art tea*]s & sup]visors = ! ,/ate4 ,two c\rses are (f]$--"o ( f\r ye>s' tra9+ 9 ! sci5tific & arti/ic bran*es & _! practical application to indu/ry1 & "o ( two ye>s' tra9+ = ! "w ( tea*+ or sup]vis+ ,art 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! foll[+ is a compreh5sive plan ( ! "w ( ?is second c\rse3 ,fir/ ,ye>3 #a4 ,elem5ts ( psy*ology4 #b4 ,outl9e c\rse ( draw+ = ,prim>y & ,gramm> ,s*ools4 #c4 ,practice tea*+4 ,second ,ye>3 #a4 ,hi/ory ( education4 #b4 ,pr9ciples & me?ods ( tea*+4 #c4 ,outl9e c\rse ( draw+ = ,high & ,ev5+ ,s*ools4 #d4 ,practice tea*+4 #e4 ,practical details ( sup]visor's "w4 #f4 ,pres5tation ( ! subject ( draw+ by ea* pupil be=e a body ( assum$ tea*]s4 ,,mi*igan4 ,! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan ma9ta9s only "o ,normal ,s*ool1 b1 z we %all see lat]1 ?is ,/ate has o!r means ( provid+ = ! tra9+ ( its tea*]s4 ,?is s*ool is locat$ at ,ypsilante1 & is n resid5tial4 ,x is op5 to m5 & wom51 & tuition is free to ^? :o und]take to tea* 9 ! ,/ate ,s*ools4 ,graduates f recognis$ ,high ,s*ools1 approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education ^u recomm5dation ( ! ,faculty1 are admitt$ )\t exam9ation1 & are cr$it$ ) advanc$ "w already done4 ,o!r c&idates mu/ pass an entrance exam9ation4 ,! s*ool (f]s ?ree classes ( c\rses3 #a4 ,^? cov]+ ?ree ye>s ( in/ruction lead+ to a c]tificate1 :i* is a lic5se to tea* 9 ! s*ools ( ,mi*igan = a p]iod ( five ye>s2 ( ^! !re are two1 "o especially = k9d]g>tn]s1 & ! o!r to prep>e tea*]s = ! rural s*ools & = ! l[] ,high ,s*ool grades4 #b4 ,c\rses cov]+ f\r ye>s1 lead+ to a diploma & a life-c]tificate4 ,( ^! !re are _m to *oose f1 b all are m or less di/9ctly lit]>y1 sci5tific or classical4 #c4 ,advanc$ c\rses1 lead+ to ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogics & a life-c]tificate4 ,"o = graduates ( any ( ! f\r ye> c\rses1 & c be complet$ 9 two ye>s4 ,any "o hold+ an academic degree f ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 or f an incorporat$ college1 may receive ! degree ( ,b4,pd4 by sp5d+ "o half-ye> at ! s*ool1 & att5d+ pr(essional in/ruction = #bej h\rs1 & tea*+ "u sup]vision = #ajj h\rs4 ,any p]son hold+ ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogics ( ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool may1 ^u application1 receive ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,p$agogics ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ,he %all furni% evid5ce satisfactory to ! ,faculty t he has be5 engag$ 9 tea*+ or 9 s*ool sup]vision cont9u\sly1 & ) pron\nc$ success1 = five ye>s s9ce receiv+ ! ,ba*elor's degree4 7b7 ,he %all prep>e & pres5t a !sis acceptable to ! said ,faculty1 ^u "s subject connect$ ) ! hi/ory1 sci5ce1 or art ( education1 ! ,faculty res]v+ ! "r to assign ! subject ( su* !sis4 ,! design ( ! ,s*ool is pr(essional--i4e41 only ^? /ud5ts are admitt$ :o int5d to tea*1 b a l>ge portion ( ! v>i\s c\rses is devot$ to academic "w4 ,! s*ool is directly "u ! control ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 :i* grants all c]tificates1 diplomas & degrees ^u recomm5dation ( ! ,faculty4 ,,ill9ois4 ,?is ,/ate1 :i*1 l t ( ,mi*igan1 is typical ( ! ,we/1 has provid$ two ,normal ,s*ools1 kn[n "u ! some:at impos+ names ( ! 8,ill9ois ,/ate ,normal ,univ]sity10 & ! 8,s\!rn ,ill9ois ,/ate ,normal ,univ]sity40 ,nei!r ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are purely pr(essional s*ools4 ,! fir/ ( !m has ?ree dep>tm5ts--,normal1 ,tra9+ & ,high ,s*ool1 :ile ! second has also ?ree--,normal1 ,high ,s*ool & ,prep>atory4 ,tuition is free 9 ! ,normal ,dep>tm5t ( bo? s*ools1 to ^? :o int5d to tea* 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! c\rses 9 ! ,normal ,dep>tm5ts are usually = ?ree ye>s1 b may be ext5d$ to f\r1 & at ! completion ( any c\rse a diploma is grant$4 ,! "w is v l>gely academic1 & 9 ! fir/ ye> h>dly any really pr(essional "w is done4 ,"o ( ! ,c\nties ( ,ill9ois--,cook--possesses a ,normal ,s*ool :i*1 al?\gh n te*nically a ,/ate ,s*ool1 yet is s 9 reality1 or inde$ some?+ wid]1 = x attracts to itself /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ! ,/ates4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,cook ,c\nty ,s*ool1 or p]haps q z (t5 z ,colonel ,p>k]'s ,s*ool4 ,x is situat$ at ,englewood1 a suburb ( ,*icago1 & has a /ud5t's hall atta*$ to ! s*ool1 :]e /ud5ts may obta9 bo>d & lodg+4 ,z a s*ool x is probably unique1 & z su* exce$+ly difficult to e/imate4 ,:5 visit+ x1 ! *>m ( ! ,s*ool falls ^u "o1 ! en?usiasm ( ,colonel ,p>k] & 8 b& ( tea*]s creates an atmosph]e ( inspiration :i* dis>ms criticism1 & few w\ld come away )\t feel+ t ! _w 0 bett] ?an !y ?\ght1 & a little *ild ! mo/ beautiful ?+ to be f\nd on ! e>?4 ,i ?9k t x is 9 ?is g5u9e love & c>e = *ildr5 t ! real /r5g? ( ! ,s*ool lies1 & t if x c cont9ue to s5d out tea*]s :o really love & und]/& *ildr51 x ne$ fe> no outside criticism4 ,a *ance rem>k ( ,colonel ,p>k]'s seem$ to me typical ( ! _s ( ! ,s*ool3 8,i d n want any ( ! *ildr5 to "k t ,i am n "o ( !m40 ,! foll[+ extracts f 8 report to ! ,cook ,c\nty ,bo>d expla9 ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! ,s*ool3 #a4 ,any graduate 7f\r ye>s' c\rse7 ( an accr$it$ ,high ,s*ool1 or a graduate ( a college or univ]sity1 w be admitt$ to ! ,pr(essional ,tra9+ ,class1 on pres5tation ( diploma4 #b4 ,a tea*] ( ?ree ye>s' successful exp]i5ce 9 a ,grad$ ,s*ool1 & hold+ a fir/-class c]tificate1 w be admitt$ on pres5tation ( said c]tificate1 & c]tificates ( success z a tea*]4 ,c&idates ) ! above cr$5tials w be admitt$ to ! ,pr(essional ,tra9+ ,class at any "t4 #a4 ,/ud5ts mu/ be memb]s ( ! ,pr(essional ,tra9+ ,class at lea/ "o ye> ( =ty weeks be=e !y are eligible = graduation4 #b4 ,:5ev]1 aft] "o ye>1 ! memb]s ( ! ,faculty are conv9c$ t a /ud5t has ! necess>y k1 skill & gov]n+ p[] to tea* & manage a s*ool satisfactorily1 ! said c&idate is recomm5d$ = graduation to ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools grants to ea* graduate a c]tificate to tea* 9 ,cook ,c\nty1 outside ( ,*icago1 fir/ or second grade1 ^u 8 own exam9ation & ! recomm5dation ( ! ,pr9cipal4 ,fir/-grade c]tificates are giv5 to ^? graduates :o h manife/$ dur+ _! c\rse m>k$ ability 9 /udy & tea*+4 ,elective c\rses are all[$ to ^? /ud5ts only :o h receiv$ diplomas ( graduation4 ,graduates ( ! ,pr(essional ,tra9+ ,class may elect = a "o or two ye>s' c\rse any "o ( ! foll[+ po/-graduate c\rses3 #a4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,tra9+ ,class1 physical tra9+1 elocution4 #b4 ,hi/ory1 geography & lit]ature4 #c4 ,sci5ce1 art & manual tra9+4 #d4 ,ma!matics & manual tra9+4 #e4 ,modell+1 pa9t+1 draw+ & manual tra9+4 #f4 ,physical tra9+1 elocution1 ! ,dels>te sy/em ( expression1 music1 anatomy1 physiology & hygi5e4 #g4 ,advanc$ c\rse 9 psy*ology1 p$agogics & me?ods4 ,9 all elective c\rses psy*ology1 p$agogics & me?ods are includ$4 ,! ,practice ,s*ool consi/s ( eight grades 7n9e rooms7 & ! k9d]g>t54 ,!re are two fir/ prim>y rooms 7,a & ,b74 ,ea* room 9 ! ,practice ,s*ool is "u ! imm$iate *>ge ( a critic tea*]1 :o tea*es ! pupils 9 h] room1 & sup]vises ! practice tea*+ 9 h] grade4 ,! ,practice ,s*ool1 ) ! exception ( ! k9d]g>t51 is a public s*ool ( ! city ( ,*icago4 ,! ,practice ,s*ool is an ess5tial feature 9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,! entire pr(essional "w ( ! s*ool is conc5trat$ ^u ! tea*+ & tra9+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,"o h\r ea* day is devot$ to tea*+ 9 ! ,practice ,s*ool by memb]s ( ! ,pr(essional ,tra9+ ,class4 ,! ,practice ,s*ool is divid$1 = ! purpose ( practice tea*+1 into =ty or m gr\ps1 ea* gr\p consi/+ ( f six to t5 pupils4 ,two gr\ps are unit$1 =m+ "o section2 two sections are unit$ to =m a division4 ,pupil tea*]s are v c>efully select$ = m]it1 z 7#a7 heads ( gr\ps2 7#b7 lead]s ( sections2 7#c7 tea*]s ( divisions2 7#d7 special assi/ants4 ,pupil tea*]s n ?us *os5 are assi/ants to gr\p lead]s4 ,! purpose ( ^! divisions into gr\ps1 etc41 is to give ea* pupil-tea*] z mu* practice z possible4 ,! tea*] beg9s ) a small numb] ( pupils1 & advances1 z tea*+ p[] increases1 to ! lead]%ip ( a section1 a division1 & at la/ to a special assi/ant's position4 ,! latt] position requires ! ability to tea* & gov]n an entire grade or room4 ,! entire "w ( ! ,pr(essional ,tra9+ ,class is1 9 reality1 prep>ation = practice tea*+1--prep>ation 9 k1 !ory & me?ods4 ,! c\rse ( "w = ! ,tra9+ ,class includes ! foll[+ subjects3 #a4 ,psy*ology1 p$agogics1 ! hi/ory ( education & me?ods ( tea*+4 #b4 ,sci5ce 9 prim>y & gramm> s*ools4 #c4 ,geography ) modell+1 pa9t+1 draw+ & *alk modell+ z means ( geographical /udy4 #d4 ,hi/ory & lit]ature4 #e4 ,ma!matics2 numb]1 ari?metic1 =m & geometry4 #f4 ,art1 includ+ modell+1 pa9t+ & draw+4 #g4 ,physical tra9+1 elocution1 ! ,dels>te sy/em ( expression & vocal music4 #h4 ,manual tra9+1 pa/e-bo>d & wood sloyd & con/ruction ( app>atus = sci5ce tea*+4 ,! special tea*] at ! head ( ea* dep>tm5t pres5ts ! conditions = ! k ne$$ = tea*+ 8 or h] subject1 & decides :e!r ! pupil-tea*] has ! requisite k & skill to prep>e a plan = tea*+4 ,! special tea*] also tea*es ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( 8 subject1 & sup]vises ! practice-"w 9 8 dep>tm5t ?r\gh\t all ! grades4 ,! practice tea*+ is divid$ into t5 p]iods = "o ye>1 "o p]iod cont9u+ = "o mon?4 ,ea* pupil-tea*] is requir$ to prep>e "o plan = tea*+1 ea* mon?1 ^u a subject select$ by ! critic tea*]1 "u ^: direct sup]vision ! pupil-tea*] is to "w4 ,?is plan mu/ be approv$ by ! critic tea*]1 & also by ! special tea*] 9 *>ge ( ! subject taught1 be=e ! "o :o prep>es ! plan is p]mitt$ to tea*4 ,ea* mon?1 c]ta9 gr\p1 section & division lead]s are transf]r$ f grade to grade 9 ord] t e pupil :o has requisite ability & skill may tea* 9 ! eight grades dur+ ! c\rse4 ,:5ev] a pupil-tea*] has rea*$ ! rank ( special assi/ant1 he or %e is s5t out to ! c\nty s*ools to act z sub/itute#h ^u ! ord] ( ! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! c\rse ( /udy foll[$ 9 ! s*ool is ! application ( a doctr9e or !ory ( education1 call$ ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tration4 ,^u ?is !ory x 0 my privilege to he> ,colonel ,p>k] lecture f "t to "t1 & ! foll[+ is a %ort synopsis ( 8 lectures z drawn up by himself4 8,9 ?is !ory1 ! subjects ( ?\ght & /udy are ! natural sci5ces1 geography & hi/ory4 ,! unity ( ^! subjects is f\nd 9 ! /udy ( life--! laws ( life--& ! laws :i* support life4 8,! laws ( life ent] into ! *ild ?r\gh education1 & become ! ess5tials 9 8 intellectual & moral "*4 8,=m1 geometry1 numb] & ari?metic are ! indisp5sable means = ! /udy & inve/igation ( ! laws ( ! univ]se act+ ?r\gh matt]2 !re=e =m & numb] mu/ be /udi$ 9 ord] to und]/& any & all subjects ( ?\ght4 8,att5tion is ! "o mode ( /udy4 ,att5tion may be divid$ into ?ree modes ( ?9k+3 7#a7 obs]vation1 7#b7 he>+ language1 7#c7 read+ or book /udy4 ,! subjects or objects ( att5tion are ! natural sci5ces1 geography & hi/ory--!re=e obs]vation1 he>+ language1 & read+ are ! means ( kn[+ & ?9k+4 ,! subjects ( kn[+ & ?9k+ %\ld be imm$iately educative4 ,!re=e1 all acts ( att5tion1 obs]vation1 he>+ language & read+ %\ld be conc5trat$ ^u ^! subjects1 & objects ( intr9sic ?\ght4 ,= example3 all read+ %\ld be ! mo/ educative ?9k+1 & !re=e %\ld consi/ ( ! pure/ & mo/ ?\ghtful lit]ature4 ,e ^w & s5t5ce le>n$ by ! pupil %\ld be le>n$ "u ! imm$iate impulse ( intr9sic ?\ght4 8,"u ! !ory ( conc5tration1 ! modes ( expression--ge/ure1 music1 modell+1 pa9t+1 draw+1 spee* & writ+1 are us$ z ! direct & imm$iate means ( int5sify+ intr9sic ?\ght1 & "u ^! impulses & /imuli ! te*nical =ms ( expression 9 ea* mode are adequately acquir$4 8,! c5tral & sole design ( conc5tration is ! h>moni\s developm5t ( individual "*--k1 skill1 are means1 n ends--! et]nal is ! end4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! application ( ?is doctr9e ( conc5tration requires ! highe/ grade ( k1 skill1 art & devotion to human developm5t4 8,consid]+ ?is c\rse ( /udy f ! /&po9t ( #8k = ! sake ( k1' tak+ ! subjects pres5t$ 9 ! light ( #8go+ ov]1' #8go+ ?r\gh1' #8be+ m>k$ ^u1' #8f9al te/s by writt5 exam9ations1' !re mu/ be a hopeless confusion2 ! burd5 w\ld be great] ?an any corps ( tea*]s c\ld possibly be>4 8,a c\rse ( /udy is a means to an end1 & t end ! full developm5t ( all ! possibilities = good & gr[? 9 a human be+4 ,x %\ld consi/ ( all ! subjects ( ?\ght1 ! g]ms ( :i* a *ild spontane\sly assimilates & enjoys be=e he ent]s s*ool4 ,a c\rse ( /udy %\ld be v c>efully arrang$ & adapt$ to ! successive /ages or /eps ( developm5t4 8,its application1 h[ev]1 dep5ds :olly ^u ! k & skill ( ! tea*]1 ! tea*] :o wat*es closely & sympa!tically e movem5t ( h] pupil's m9d2 ! tea*] :o looks ^u a c\rse ( /udy z a ri* /oreh\se ( m5tal food1 to be pres5t$ z ! m9d ne$s x1 or reject$ :5 ! conditions are n fav\rable to gr[?4 8,foll[+ or #8go+ ov]' a c\rse ( /udy belongs to ! trade ( s*ool keep+1 & n to ! art ( tea*+4 8,?is c\rse ( /udy _c be und]/ood by /udy+ ! "w ( "o grade alone--x mu/ be /udi$ z a :ole & appli$ ) ! compreh5sive k ( ! :ole4 8,! f9al decision z to :at %\ld be appli$ to ea* individual pupil mu/ be left to ! tea*] ( t pupil4 8,no au?ority outside ( ! tea*] ( a pupil c possibly det]m9e :at t pupil ne$s at any giv5 mom5t4 8,grad+ & promotion1 prop]ly und]/ood1 are economical means ( kn[+ & help+ ea* individual pupil4 8,! c\rse ( /udy 9 its be/ =m & la/ analysis is ! be/ means ( help+ ea* *ild1 & ( help+ ea* *ild to be ( imm$iate & ess5tial aid to all 8 mates40 ,,city ,,normal ,,s*ools4 ,v simil> to ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools 9 organization & curriculum are ^? ma9ta9$ by c]ta9 cities4 ,( ^! ! ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york & ,bo/on s*ools may be tak5 z repres5tatives4 ,su* s*ools belong to ! ,city ,s*ool sy/ems1 & are "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,city ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,graduates f ^! s*ools are suppos$ to tea* 9 ! public s*ools ( ! city4 ,at ,philadelphia ! ,normal ,s*ool is 9 a transition /ate4 ,hi!rto ! ,girls' ,normal ,s*ool has at ! same "t be5 ! ,girls' ,high ,s*ool1 & x 0 only possible to make a di/9ction 9 l5g? ( c\rse betwe5 ^? :o 7 go+ to tea* & ^? :o 7 n--! f\r? ye> be+ especially devot$ to pr(essional "w4 ,! t5d5cy 9 su* a s*ool w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 to emphasize ! academic "w at ! exp5se ( ! pr(essional4 ,accord+ to ! new s*eme1 ! ,high ,s*ool & ,normal ,s*ool w be sep>at$1 & ! latt] be purely pr(essional4 ,admission to ! ,normal ,s*ool w only be grant$ aft] a ?ree ye>s' c\rse at ! ,high ,s*ool1 & ! =m] w h a c\rse ( its own = two ye>s4 ,! pres5t c\rse ( /udy & ! future s*eme are subjo9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,subjects to be /udi$ 9 ! two ye>s' c\rse at ! new ,girls' ,normal ,s*ool1 ,philadelphia3 #a4 ,educational ,psy*ology4 #b4 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+4 #c4 ,s*ool ,economy4 #d4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #e4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,education4 #f4 ,me?ods 9 ,ma!matics4 #g4 ,me?ods 9 ,language & ,lit]ature4 #h4 ,me?ods 9 ,hi/ory1 ,sociology1 & ,civics4 #i4 ,me?ods 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 #aj4 ,me?ods 9 ,physics & ,*emi/ry4 #aa4 ,me?ods 9 ,elocution4 #ab4 ,me?ods 9 ,vocal ,music4 #ac4 ,me?ods 9 ,modell+ & ,draw+4 #ad4 ,me?ods 9 ,k9d]g>t54 #ae4 ,me?ods 9 ,gymna/ics & ,physical ,tra9+4 #af4 ,me?ods 9 ,sew+ & ,fitt+4 #ag4 ,me?ods 9 ,wood-"w1 etc4 #ah4 ,obs]vation 9 ,model ,s*ool4 #ai4 ,practice 9 ,model ,s*ool4 #bj4 ,discussion ( ,obs]vation & ,practice4 #ba4 ,educational ,read+ & ,orig9al ,inve/igation4 ,m5tion mu/ also be made ( ! provision made = ! tra9+ ( m5 tea*]s 9 ! new ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy :i* has be5 op5$ 9 connection ) ! ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool = boys4 ,! /ud5ts mu/ be graduates ( ! latt]1 or ( simil> in/itutions4 ,! c\rse is = "o ye>1 & includes pr(essional subjects only4 ,! ,new ,york ,normal ,college is conduct$ 9 ! same way z ! pres5t "o at ,philadelphia1 x be+ at once a ,high & ,normal ,s*ool4 ,,pres5t ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,9 ,,philadelphia ,,girls' ,,normal ,,& ,,high ,,s*ool4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,9 ,,! ,,girls' ,,normal ,,s*ool4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d #d? ,ye>4 #crd ,ye>4 #bnd ,ye>4 #a/ ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature4 ,rhetoric4 ,gramm>4 ,education4 ,!me ,writ+4 ,!me ,writ+4 ,composition4 ,read+ ( ,hi/ory ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,engli% ,language2 ,engli% ,classics4 includ+ ! ,language2 /udy ( ! includ+ ! d]ivations1 /udy ( ! =mations1 etc41 d]ivations1 ( words4 =mations1 ,engli% etc41 ( words4 ,lit]ature4 ,read+ ( ,read+ ( ,engli% ,engli% ,classics4 ,classics4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,m5tal & ,elocution4 ,elocution4 ,moral ,sci5ce 9 _! relations to ,education4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,ma!matics4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,me?ods ,high] ,g5]al ,review ( ,algebra4 ( ,tea*+4 ,ari?metic2 ,ari?metic4 ,ari?metic4 includ+ ,geometry4 ,m5suration1 ,algebra4 ,pr9ciples ( ,acc\nts & ,book-keep+4 ,geometry4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sci5ce4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,philosophy ,*emi/ry4 ,zoology4 ,physical & me?od ,natural ,geology4 ,geography4 ( ! ,philosophy4 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,botany4 ,k9d]g>t54 ,a/ronomy4 ,human ,physiology & ,hygi5e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,hi/ory4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,draw+2 ) ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,hi/ory & ,civil in/ruction ,gov]nm5t ( 9 me?ods ( ! ,unit$ tea*+ ?is ,/ates4 /udy4 ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,draw+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,s*ool ,draw+4 ,draw+4 ,draw+4 organisation & managem5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sew+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,modell+ 9 ,sew+4 ,sew+4 ,sew+4 ,clay4 ,cook+4 ,in/ruction 9 ! ,gifts & ,occupations ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,music4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,music4 ,music4 ,music4 ,music4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,physical ex]cises ?r\gh\t ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ye>s4 #b4 ,laboratory "w 9 *emi/ry :5 possible4 #c4 ,laboratory "w z f> z possible 9 physics4 #d4 ,draw+ to include ! treatm5t ( ,geometric ,draw+1 ,con/ruction1 ,decoration1 ,repres5tation1 & ,object ,draw+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,bo/on ,,normal ,,s*ool4 ,! ,bo/on ,normal ,s*ool is ( ! pr(essional type1 ) an ord9>y c\rse ( a ye> & a half1 al?\gh _m /ud5ts /ay = a po/-graduate c\rse4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 9 ?is s*ool is pursu$ ) special ref]5ce to tea*+1 & is z foll[s3 #a4 ,psy*ology & ,logic4 #b4 ,pr9ciples ( ,education4 #c4 ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction & ,discipl9e4 #d4 ,physiology & ,hygi5e4 #e4 ,! ,/udies ( ! ,prim>y & ,gramm> ,s*ools4 #f4 ,obs]vation & ,practice 9 ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 #g4 ,obs]vation & ,practice 9 ! o!r ,public ,s*ools4 #h4 ,sci5ce ( ,language4 #i4 ,phonetics4 #aj4 ,gymna/ics4 #aa4 ,vocal ,music4 #ab4 ,draw+ & ,blackbo>d ,illu/ration4 #ac4 ,special /udy ( ! ,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,k9d]g>t51 = ^? memb]s ( ! po/-graduate class :o desire to qualify !mselves = tea*+ 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,! /ud5ts practise & obs]ve 9 ! ,rice ,tra9+ ,s*ools1 & 9 ! po/-graduate class sub/itute s]vice beg9s--i4e41 any city s*ool hav+ a tea*] abs5t may apply = a /ud5t to take h] place4 ,,bo/on ,,normal ,,s*ool4--,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy4 ,,fir/ ,,t]m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,h\rs p] ,no4 ( ,,subjects4 week4 weeks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,psy*ology #e #bj ,physiology & ,hygi5e #d #af ,ari?metic #d #d ,language-- ,oral ,expression & ,composition #c #i ,p5man%ip #c #c ,gramm> #c #h ,geography #d #bj ,draw+ #b #bj ,vocal ,music #a #bj ,gymna/ics-- ,!ory #a #bj ,practice #ab m9utes daily4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,second ,,t]m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,h\rs p] ,no4 ( ,,subjects4 week4 weeks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,pr9ciples ( ,education #e #af ,language-- ,read+1 includ+ ,phonics #d #h ,spell+ #d #b ,lit]ature #d #d ,gramm> #d #b ,ari?metic #d #af ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce-- ,m9]als #c #e ,plants #c #aa ,draw+ #b #ab ,=m #b #d ,vocal ,music #a #af ,gymna/ics-- ,!ory #a #af ,practice #ab m9utes daily4 ,obs]vation & ,practice 9 ! ,public ,s*ools all day1 #d weeks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,?ird ,,t]m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,h\rs ,no4 ( ,,subjects4 p] week4 weeks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,pr9ciples ( ,education #e #g ,logic #e #c ,language-- ,oral ,expression & ,composition #d #c ,sci5ce ( ,language #d #d ,hi/ory #d #c ,ari?metic #c #aj ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce-- ,plants #d #b ,animals #d #f ,col\r #d #b ,draw+ #a #aj ,k9d]g>t5 #b #aj ,gymna/ics-- ,!ory #a #aj ,practice #ab m9utes daily4 ,obs]vation & ,practice 9 ,public ,s*ools all day1 #aj weeks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,po/-,,graduate ,,c\rse4 ,! "w ( ! po/-graduate class includes3 #a4 ,a fur!r /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( education1 ) special ref]5ce to _! application 9 tea*+ ! diff]5t subjects ( ! regul> c\rse1 & 9 s*ool discipl9e2 #b4 ,! hi/ory ( education4 ,,city ,,tra9+ ,,s*ools4 ,9 sev]al cities an ord9>y s*ool is set ap>t = ! special tra9+ ( tea*]s1 & is presid$ ov] by a head-mi/ress capable ( giv+ in/ruction 9 ! !ory ( education4 ,9 su* a s*ool ! ord9>y tea*+ ( ! *ildr5 is l>gely c>ri$ on by ! /ud5ts1 :o at c]ta9 h\rs receive in/ruction 9 ,me?ods1 etc4 ,^! /ud5ts (t5 receive a small sum 9 return = _! s]vices4 ,i 0 able to visit sev]al ( ^! ,tra9+ ,s*ools1 includ+ ^? at ,new ,hav5 7,connecticut71 ,fall ,riv] 7,rhode ,isl&71 ,pawtucket 7,rhode ,isl&71 ,spr+field 7,massa*usetts71 & ,albany 7,new ,york74 ,at ,new ,hav5 a mo/ int]e/+ ,tra9+ ,s*ool is c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ! ,wel* ,s*ool4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty /ud5ts 9 tra9+ = "o ye>4 ,! v>i\s classes ( ! s*ool are 9 *>ge ( regul> tea*]s1 :o tea* almo/ entirely dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye>1 = ! /ud5ts devote five or six mon?s to ! /udy ( !ory alone1 only giv+ a few criticism lessons dur+ t "t4 ,= ! second half ( ! ye> ! /ud5ts tea* m 9 ! s*ools1 & are sup]vis$ bo? by ! critic tea*] & ! regul> tea*] ( ! class4 ,notes ( lessons are prep>$ 9 v>i\s ways--sometimes ! /ud5ts are requir$ simply to put ! matt] ( _! lessons into a s]ies ( logical /atem5ts1 sometimes ! matt] & illu/rations alone are giv51 & sometimes ! lesson is writt5 out z x is to be giv5 9 ! ord] ( /atem5ts & que/ions4 ,on ! completion ( ! ye>'s tra9+ ! /ud5ts are usually appo9t$ z sub/itute tea*]s to ! di/ricts1 at a small fix$ sal>y1 & obta9 p]man5t po/s z vacancies occur4 ,at ! ,spr+field ,tra9+ ,s*ool f t5 to sixte5 /ud5ts take ! c\rse1 :i* is usually = "o ye>1 b c be tak5 9 two4 ,tuition is free to ^? liv+ 9 ! city1 a *>ge ( ab\t #aj be+ made to ^? f a di/ance4 ,/ud5ts ent] 9 ! autumn1 & devote ! fir/ t]m to !oretical "w1 only giv+ a few criticism lessons1 & sp5d+ "s "t 9 obs]v+ ! "w ( ! s*ool1 & c>efully record+ obs]vations4 ,! "w 9 psy*ology is p>tly bas$ on ! obs]vation ( individual *ildr51 & p>tly c>ri$ on by discussion classes4 ,! /ud5ts also att5d lectures giv5 by ,sup]9t5d5t ,balliet to all ! tea*]s ( ! city4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> !y take ! city exam9ation 9 ord] to graduate4 ,9 ,janu>y !y beg9 to tea* = an h\r a day 9 ! s*ool1 & 9 ! summ] t]m ?is is increas$ to ?ree h\rs a day4 ,at ! end ( ! c\rse !y give lessons 9 public1 b !y are n c\nt$ z necess>y = graduation4 ,"s ( ! lead+ features ( ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,x is incorporat$ ) a city or t[n ,grad$ ,s*ool cov]+ f f\r to eight ye>s' "w4 ,?is s*ool is us$ z a place = obs]vation & practice4 #b4 ,! ,practice ,s*ool1 or s*ool ( obs]vation1 employs "o or m regul> tea*]s1 :o conduct ! tra9+ class4 ,9 mo/ ,tra9+ ,s*ools1 8tra9]s0 are reli$ ^u = mu* ( ! tea*+4 #c4 ,! c\rse 9 ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool includes a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( tea*+ & ! hi/ory ( education1 ) practice 9 ! art4 #d4 ,! l5g? ( ! t]m ( /udy & practice is fix$1 ext5d+ f "o to two ye>s 9 ! great] numb] ( s*ools4 #e4 ,a new class is admitt$ at a fix$ "t2 ! admissions are annual or semi-annual4 #f4 ,! maximum numb] ( tra9]s is prescrib$4 #g4 ,admissions are made by a c\rse ( /udies previ\sly pursu$1 or by exam9ation4 ,mo/ require ! equival5t ( a f\r ye>s' c\rse 9 a ,high ,s*ool4 #h4 ,all provide = dropp+ unpromis+ /ud5ts f ! roll4 #i4 ,mo/ all[ "s comp5sation to tra9]s aft] ! fir/ t]m4 ,a li/ ( ,tra9+ ,s*ools 9 ,massa*usetts is app5d$4 ,x is tak5 f a useful little pamphlet drawn up = ! in=mation ( visitors to ! ,_w's ,fair ,educational ,exhibit4 ,,table ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,s*ools ,,report$1 #ahia-ib4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,graduates4 ,p]iod ,grades4 ,regul> ,annual ( ,tea*]s4 ,av]age4 ,tra9+4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,adams #e #a ,cambridge #ae #a ,fall ,riv] #ab #a ,hav]hill #ad #a ,holyoke #ab #a ,lawr5ce #ab #a ,i4-,,vi4 #b ,l[ell #cb #a ,i4-,,ix4 #f ,lynn #ab ,new ,b$=d #ad #a #b ,newburyport #d #a #a ,nor? ,adams #f ,pittsfield #h #b ,spr+field #h #a ,i4-,,vii4 #g ,taunton #a ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,tra9+ ,,classes4 ,9 _m cities tra9+ classes are held = "o ye>4 ,! /ud5ts are di/ribut$ among/ ! be/ s*ools ( ! city or t[n1 & ! in/ruction & criticism is giv5 by ! ,sup]9t5d5t & ! highe/ tea*]s4 ,,table ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,classes1 ,,massa*usetts4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,graduates4 ,av]age ,"t ( ,rem>ks ,numb] ,tra9+4 f ,sup]9t5d5ts4 p] ,annum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,*elsea #ag #a ye>4 ,practice limit$ to f\r city s*ools1 normal graduates pref]r$4 ,cl9ton #e 0 ,n equal to normal graduates4 ,concord #f 0 ,all urg$ to att5d normal s*ools4 ,d$ham #f 0 ,h+ham #h 0 ,n giv5 s*ool 9 t[n until exp]i5ce is ga9$ else:]e4 ,leom9/] #f 0 ,mald5 0 ,no tea*] employ$ n a normal graduate or p]son ( exp]i5ce4 ,qu9cy #cj 0 ,wat]t[n #d 0 ,graduates expect$ to tea* out ( t[n be=e be+ employ$ at home4 ,weym\? #ad 0 ,woburn #e 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,p$agogical ,,dep>tm5ts ,,9 ,,univ]sities4 ,x has be5 se5 t a c]ta9 numb] ( college graduates ent] ! ,normal ,s*ools = a c\rse ( tra9+1 b mo/ ( ! lead+ ,univ]sities ( ,am]ica are n[ provid+ c\rses 9 ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,education = ^? :o desire to prep>e = ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,i 0 able to visit a good _m ( ^! p$agogical dep>tm5ts1 & 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! "w ,i saw4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 diff]s s widely 9 ! v>i\s in/itutions 9 :i* x is c>ri$ on t x is h>dly possible to make any v g5]al /atem5ts conc]n+ x4 ,9 "s univ]sities ! only provision made = ! special prep>ation ( tea*]s is 9 connection ) special classes held by ! pr(essor or lectur] on any subject1 = ^? :o wi% to discuss ) him ! tea*+ ( x4 ,h[ev] insuffici5t = tra9+ purposes ?is plan may be1 x yet has1 ,i believe1 v special advantages to recomm5d x1 n ! lea/ be+ ! influ5ce t may be ?us ex]t$ by ! ,univ]sity ?r\gh ^? :o are ab\t to become tea*]s on ! ,s*ools4 ,9 addition to ^! discussions1 "s provide = a few lectures on ,p$agogy1 & 9 o!rs1 aga91 ,p$agogy may be tak5 z an elective subject1 & c\nt t[>ds an ord9>y degree4 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,h>v>d1 ,cornell1 ,mi*igan1 ,ill9ois1 ,syracuse & o!rs h adopt$ "o or o!r ( ^! plans4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york grants degrees 9 p$agogy1 :ile at ! ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 to :i* only graduates are admitt$1 education may be tak5 z "p ( ! ,ph4,d4 "w4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! c\rses ( tra9+ provid$ at ^! ,univ]sities is almo/ entirely !oretical1 little or no attempt be+ made to arrange = practical "w4 ,9 s f> z ?is is n arrang$ =1 ! tra9+ seems to fall %ort ( ! ideal1 x be+ surely ne>ly z bad to attempt to tra9 tea*]s )\t provid+ = practical "w z to tea* *emi/ry )\t giv+ any "t to ! laboratory1 or to tra9 a doctor )\t arrang+ = hospital "w4 ,probably ! fact t a c\rse on p$agogics is usually tak5 at ! same "t z o!r subjects1 & also t ^? :o take su* c\rses v (t5 d n int5d to tea* 9 ! s*ools1 b r to take po/s z lectur]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 etc41 has caus$ ?is side ( tra9+ to be neglect$1 & a /ill /rong] reason is to be f\nd 9 ! location ( s _m ( ! ,univ]sities at a di/ance f ! s*ools4 ,9 _m places1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd t ! "q 0 be+ fac$1 & s*emes consid]$ = ! introduc+ ( practical "w4 ,h>v>d has begun to realize its responsibility ) respect to ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 & a subdivision ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy is devot$ to ,education1 ! foll[+ c\rses be+ arrang$ =3 #a4 ,c\rse ( twelve lectures on ,topics 9 ,psy*ology ( int]e/ to tea*]s4 #b4 ,c\rse = ,graduates & ,und]graduates3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,educational ,!ories & ,practices4 #c4 ,c\rse prim>ily = graduates3 7a7 ,organization ( ,public ,s*ools & ,academies4 7b7 ,! ,!ory ( ,tea*+4 ,^! c\rses are1 h[ev]1 b %ort1 & int5d$ to be tak5 at ! same "t z o!r subjects4 ,!re is z yet no attempt to arrange = a complete c\rse ( tra9+1 b e prospect t f ! beg9n+ already made !re may develop a graduate s*ool = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,h>v>d has already realiz$ its responsibility 9 respect to ! inspection & sup]vision ( s*ools1 = :i* ,i 0 giv5 to und]/& v special arrangem5ts are be+ made1 & x w be b a /ep fur!r = x to provide su* tra9+ = ! tea*]s x s5ds out to ^! s*ools z %all fit !m duly = _! "w4 ,!re are c]ta9 elective c\rses all[$ 9 ! philosophy c\rse1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cornell1 :i* really con/itute a p$agogical dep>tm5t4 ,!y include ! foll[+3 #a4 ,in/itutes ( ,education 7,lectures74 #b4 ,s*ool ,sy/ems & ,organizations 7,lectures74 #c4 ,p$agogic ,conf]5ce1 ,discussions & ,essays on ,educational topics1 & reports on visits to s*ools4 #d4 ,hi/ory ( ,education 7,lectures74 #e4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y4 ,x is und]/ood t none mu/ take ^! c\rses unless !y also "k some?+ ( physiology1 psy*ology & logic4 ,^! c\rses may ei!r be att5d$ s z to c\nt t[>ds a degree or may be tak5 z graduate "w4 ,! only arrangem5t = practical "w is 9 connection ) ! visits to s*ools = purposes ( obs]vation4 ,! location ( ! ,univ]sity on ! top ( a hill ov]look+ ,i?aca1 al?\gh mo/ advantage\s 9 _m o!r respects1 w\ld make ! arrang+ = "w 9 ! s*ools or ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,obs]vation a matt] ( s]i\s difficulty4 ,sem9>ies are held 9 mo/ subjects1 at :i* ! tea*+ me?ods are discuss$1 & ?us opportunity is af=d$ to ^? /ud5ts :o are specializ+ 9 any subject ) ! int5tion ( aft]w>ds tea*+ x1 to /udy x f ! po9t ( view ( ! tea*] z well z ( ! le>n]4 ,to ,mi*igan belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ ,univ]sity to und]take to provide pr(essional tra9+ = tea*]s4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,payne 0 made ! fir/ pr(essor ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+ 9 #ahgi1 & on 8 leav+ ! ,univ]sity ,pr(essor ,h9sdale c>ri$ on ! "w4#i ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,mi*igan ,univ]sity expla9s ! views held by its faculty z to ! importance ( ! tra9+ ( tea*]s3 8,! aims ( ! ,univ]sity 9 provid+ in/ruction 9 ! ,sci5ce & ! ,art ( ,tea*+ are3 8#a4 ,to fit ,univ]sity /ud5ts = ! high] positions 9 ! public s*ool s]vice4 8,x is a natural function ( ! ,univ]sity1 z ! head ( our sy/em ( public in/ruction1 to supply ! dem& made ^u x = furni%+ ! l>g] public s*ools ) sup]9t5d5ts1 pr9cipals1 & assi/ants4 ,ye> by ye> ^! important positions are fall+ m & m into ! h&s ( m5 t h receiv$ _! education 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,till rec5tly ! tra9+ giv5 to our graduates has be5 almo/ purely lit]>y2 x has lack$ ! pr(essional "* t alone gives special fitness = ! successful managem5t ( s*ools & s*ool sy/ems4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,univ]sity (f]s /ud5ts t wi% to become tea*]s ample facilities = pr(essional /udy4 8#b4 ,to promote ! /udy ( educational sci5ce4 8,! e/abli%m5t ( a *air ( tea*+ is a recognition ( ! tru? t ! art ( education has its correlative sci5ce2 & t ! processes ( ! s*ool-room c become rational only by develop+ & tea*+ ! pr9ciples t und]lie ^! processes4 ,sy/ems ( public in/ruction are ev]y:]e on trial1 & ! f9al crit]ia by :i* !y are to /& or fall mu/ be f\nd 9 a philosophical /udy ( ! educat+ art4 8#c4 ,to tea* ! hi/ory ( education1 & ( educational sy/ems & doctr9es4 8,! supreme "r ( ! s*ool is to gr[2 & mu* hurtful int]f]5ce might be avoid$ by asc]ta9+ ! direction ( educational progress & ! hi/ory ( educational ?\ght4 8#d4 ,to secure to tea*+ ! rights1 pr]ogatives1 & advantages ( a pr(ession4 8#e4 ,to give a m p]fect unity to our ,/ate educational sy/em by br++ ! second>y s*ools into clos] relations ) ! ,univ]sity40 ,! ,tea*]'s diploma is giv5 to a /ud5t at ! "t ( receiv+ a ,ba*elor's degree1 provid$ he has complet$ ?ree ,c\rses ( /udy (f]$ by ! pr(essor ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+1 viz41 ,c\rses #a & #b1 & "o ( ,c\rses #c1 #e1 #d1 #f1 or #g1 &1 also1 at lea/ "o ( ! ,tea*]s' ,c\rses (f]$ by o!r pr(essors1 & by special exam9ation has %[n su* m>k$ pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,c\rse *os5 z qualifies him to give in/ruction 9 ! same4 ,! diploma is also giv5 to a graduate /ud5t at ! "t ( receiv+ a ,ma/]'s or a ,doctor's degree1 provid$ he has pursu$ tea*+ z a major or a m9or /udy1 & has also tak5 a ,tea*]'s ,c\rse 9 "s o!r dep>tm5t4 ,by au?ority ( an ,act ( ! ,/ate legislature1 pass$ 9 #ahia1 ! ,faculty ( ?is ,dep>tm5t give a ,tea*]'s ,c]tificate to any p]son :o takes a ,ba*elor's1 ,ma/]'s1 or ,doctor's degree1 & also receives a ,tea*]'s diploma z provid$ above4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! ,act1 ! c]tificate giv5 by ! ,faculty 8%all s]ve z a legal c]tificate ( qualification to tea* 9 any ( ! s*ools ( ?is ,/ate1 :5 a copy !re( %all h be5 fil$ or record$ 9 ! (fice ( ! legal exam9+ (fic] or (fic]s ( ! c\nty t[n%ip1 city1 or di/rict40 ,to meet ^! special requirem5ts ! foll[+ c\rses h be5 arrang$3-- ,fir/ ,c\rse3 #a4 ,practical3 ! arts ( tea*+ & gov]n+2 me?ods ( in/ruction & g5]al s*ool-room practice2 s*ool hygi5e3 s*ool law4 ,recitations & lectures4 #c4 ,hi/ory ( education3 anci5t & m$ival4 ,recitations & lectures4 ,text-book3 ,compayr's ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy4 #e4 ,s*ool sup]vision2 embrac+ g5]al s*ool managem5t1 ! art ( grad+ & arrang+ c\rses ( /udy1 ! conduct ( in/itutes1 etc4 ,recitations & lectures4 ,text-book2 ,payne's *apt]s on ,s*ool ,sup]vision4 ,second ,c\rse3 #b4 ,!oretical & critical2 ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! arts ( tea*+ & gov]n+4 ,lectures4 #d4 ,hi/ory ( education2 mod]n4 ,recitations & lectures4 ,text-book2 ,compayr's ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy4 #f4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( educational sy/ems1 dome/ic & =eign4 ,lectures4 #g4 ,sem9>y4 ,/udy & discussion ( special topics 9 ! ,hi/ory & ,philosophy ( ,education4 ,special ,tea*]s' ,c\rses are also arrang$ = 9 mo/ subjects1 & att5dance at "o at lea/ ( ^! is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 ! ,tea*]'s diploma4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois has a c\rse 9 ,p$agogy :i* may c\nt t[>ds a degree4 ,x may c\nt t[>ds mo/ ( ! degrees grant$1 b = ! degree 9 philosophy & p$agogy1 & :i* implies a f\r ye>s' c\rse1 ! arrangem5t is z foll[s3-- ,! fir/ & second ye>s ( ?is c\rse may be ^? ( any c\rse 9 ! ,college ( ,lit]ature4 ,,?ird ,,ye>4 #a4 ,psy*ology2 ,*emi/ry or ,hi/ory2 ,lat91 ,g]man or ,fr5*4 #b4 ,logic2 ,zoology1 or ,hi/ory1 ,lat91 ,g]man1 or ,fr5*4 #c4 ,philosophy ( ,education2 ,geology1 or ,hi/ory2 ,lat91 ,g]man or ,fr5*4 ,,f\r? ,,ye>4 #a4 ,hi/ory ( ,education2 ,educational ,psy*ology2 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,engli% 7half c\rse72 ,elocution4 #b4 ,s*ool hygi5e2 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory 7,engl&72 ,engli%1 7half c\rse72 ,elocution4 #c4 ,s*ool ,sup]vision2 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y2 ,political ,economy1 or ,con/itutional ,hi/ory 7,u4,s472 ,engli%1 7half c\rse72 ,elocution4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana possesses a dep>tm5t ( p$agogics ! c\rses ( :i* c\nt t[>ds a degree4 ,!re are ?ree c\rses4 ,i4 7a7 ,educational ,psy*ology 7a k ( ,psy*ology be+ presuppos$74 7b7 ,! ,s*ool z an ,in/itution4 7c7 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,,ii4 7a7 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 7b7 ,didactics4 7c7 ,city ,s*ool ,sy/ems4 7d7 ,s*ool ,sup]vision4 ,,iii4 7a7 ,contempor>y ,education4 7b7 ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,indiana4 7c7 ,philosophy ( ,education4 ,special ,tea*]s' ,c\rses 9 c]ta9 subjects are also giv54 ,! ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 is bas$ ^u ! idea t a degree %\ld foll[ successful tea*+4 ,x has ?ree pr(essors & a lectur]4 ,only ^? are admitt$ z regul> /ud5ts :o are graduates ( ,colleges1 or ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,normal ,s*ools1 b o!rs may1 at ! discretion ( ! ,faculty1 be admitt$ z auditors4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahij & has _h #acd /ud5ts4 ,! c\rses ( /udy are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #b4 ,psy*ology & ,e?ics4 #c4 ,in/itutes ( ,education4 #d4 ,educational ,classics & /hetics4 #e4 ,sy/ems ( ,education4 ,= ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,p$agogy a !sis to be kn[n z ! 8,!sis = ! ,doctorate 9 ,p$agogy0 has to be submitt$ = approval to ! ,faculty4 ,?is !sis mu/ discuss a subject belong+ to ! field ( "o ( ! c\rses ( /udy1 & mu/ %[ orig9al treatm5t1 or give evid5ce ( indep5d5t rese>*4 ,ea* /ud5t :o has be5 a memb] ( ! ,s5ior ,class = two or m ye>s w be entitl$ to ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,p$agogy ^u ! foll[+ conditions3-- #a4 ,he mu/ h be5 cr$it$ ) att5dance ^u ! requir$ lectures4 #b4 ,he mu/ h be5 cr$it$ ) att5dance ^u ! requir$ sem9>ia4 #c4 ,he mu/ h pass$ an exam9ation ^u ea* ( ! five c\rses4 #d4 ,he mu/ h pres5t$ ! prescrib$ f9al !sis1 & h receiv$ approval ( ! same4 #e4 ,he mu/ h pres5t$ ^u ent]+ ! ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy a c]ta9 c]tificate %[+ f\r ye>s' successful exp]i5ce 9 s*ool-room "w4 ,ea* /ud5t ( ! ,s*ool :o has be5 a memb] ( ! ,junior ,class = "o or m ye>s1 & a resid5t /ud5t at lea/ "o ye>1 w be entitl$ to ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,p$agogy ^u ! foll[+ conditions3-- #a4 ,he mu/ h be5 cr$it$ ) att5dance ^u ! requir$ lectures4 #b4 ,he mu/ h pass$ ! exam9ation ^u ea* ( ! f\r c\rses fir/ nam$4 #c4 ,he mu/ pres5t a c]tificate %[+ ?ree ye>s' successful exp]i5ce 9 s*ool-room "w4 ,! ,i[a ,univ]sity 0 ! fir/ to all[ p$agogics to c\nt t[>ds a degree4 ,graduates ( ! ,univ]sity :o h includ$ 9 _! c\rse ! ye>'s c\rse ( p$agogy may1 aft] two ye>s ( successful tea*+1 be grant$ ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,didactics4 ,!re is at ,new ,york an ,in/itution :i* appe>$ to me to be unique 9 ,am]ica1 b ( :i* ! "w m ne>ly resembl$ ! be/ ,second>y ,tra9+ z c>ri$ on 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an any o!r :i* ,i _h ! opportunity ( /udy+4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,new ,york ,college = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s4 ,x receiv$ its *>t] f ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 9 #ahhi1 con/itut+ x a ,tra9+ ,college ) ! p[] ( grant+ pr(essional degrees4 ,?is ye>1 h[ev]1 x ent]s on a new phase ( its life1 hav+ be5 affiliat$ ) ! ,columbia ,college at ,new ,york4 ,columbia ,college _h already made provision = lectures on ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,education1 b its connection ) ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 w enable x to (f] 9 addition ! advantages ( tra9+ 9 ! practical art ( tea*+ to its /ud5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is felt to be an advantage to ! ,tea*]s' ,college to be alli$ ) a ,college ( ,univ]sity rank--,columbia ,college--:i* w ?us %[ by example t x is possible to comb9e bo? !oretical & practical tra9+ 9 a ,univ]sity ,c\rse4 ,! full c\rse ( /udy lead+ to ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogy occupies two ye>s4 ,all c&idates = admission mu/ pass an entrance exam9ation unless !y are graduates f ,colleges or o!r specifi$ ,in/itutions4 ,! ord9>y c\rse ( /udy includes ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,psy*ology 7pure & appli$74 #b4 ,hi/ory & ,pr9ciples ( ,education4 #c4 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+4 #d4 ,obs]vation & ,practice 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,obs]vation & ,practice4 #e4 ,s*ool ,organization & ,adm9i/ration 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many4 #f4 ,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 #g4 ,tea*+ ( ,natural ,sci5ce & con/ruction ( simple illu/rative ,app>atus4 #h4 ,manual ,tra9+ 7?is includes ,=m ,/udy1 ,draw+1 ,dome/ic ,economy1 ,me*anical ,draw+ & ,wood ,work+74 ,all are recomm5d$ to take ! g5]al ,c\rse by special opportunities (f]$ to ^? :o wi% to become speciali/s4 ,any tea*] ( high s*ol>%ip & exp]i5ce may come to ! ,college = "o ye> & take up an advanc$ elective c\rse4 ,i4 ,! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,p$agogy & ! ,college diploma1 respectively1 are conf]r$1 ^u recomm5dation ( ! ,faculty1 ^u su* /ud5ts1 be+ duly qualifi$ c&idates = ! same1 z h complet$ a c\rse ( /udy cov]+ two ye>s1 z foll[s3-- ,requir$ "w 9 ! foll[+ ,dep>tm5ts3 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory & ,in/itutes ( ,education4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,k9d]g>t51 ,c\rse ,i4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,=m ,/udy & ,draw+1 ,c\rse ,i4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,physical ,tra9+4 ,elective3 ,a major c\rse or m9or c\rses4 ,,ii4 ,! ,college ,c]tificate is conf]r$1 ^u recomm5dation ( ! ,presid5t1 ! ,dean1 & ! ,pr(essor 9 *>ge ( any dep>tm5t1 ^u su* qualifi$ c&idates z h complet$ a c\rse ( /udy cov]+ "o ye>1 z foll[s3-- ,requir$3 ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory & ,in/itutes ( ,education4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,physical ,culture4 ,elective3 ,9 any dep>tm5t1 a major c\rse1 toge!r ) su* o!r m9or c\rses z w suffice to make up ! requir$ am\nt ( "w4 ,,iii4 ,! ,dep>tm5tal ,c]tificate1 ,major or ,m9or1 is conf]r$1 ^u recomm5dation ( ! pr(essors 9 *>ge ( ! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* /udies lead+ to ?is c]tificate are pursu$1 ^u su* qualifi$ c&idates z h complet$ a c\rse ( /udy z foll[s3-- ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory & ,in/itutes ( ,education1 ,c\rse ,i4 ,9 any dep>tm5t or dep>tm5ts1 ei!r ,major or ,m9or c\rses4 ,!re is also a two ye>s' c\rse = ! tra9+ ( ,k9d]g>tn]s1 on ! completion ( :i* a c]tificate is grant$1 & a po/-graduate c\rse = ^? :o desire x4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-six /ud5ts 7 9 tra9+ :5 ,i visit$ x1 & ( ^! only ?ree or f\r 7 m54 ,! :ole c\rse ( tra9+ c5tres r\nd ! ,s*ool ( ,obs]vation & ,practice4 ,! lectur]s on me?od also tea* 9 ! s*ool1 & are responsible !re = ! tea*+ ( _! own special subjects4 ,!y give lessons on ^!1 :i* are li/5$ to by ! /ud5ts1 & !y also criticise lessons giv5 by ! latt]4 ,a good deal ( ! "t devot$ to ! /udy ( me?ods is employ$ 9 ! le>n+ h[ to make simple app>atus & illu/rations4 ,classes are held on ,saturdays = ^? :o are engag$ 9 tea*+ dur+ ! re/ ( ! week4 ,! college has also und]tak5 ! publication ( a s]ies ( pamphlets on educational subjects4 ,! :ole "w ( ?is college impress$ me z be+ ( a v high "*1 & !re 0 su* an atmosph]e ( life & en?usiasm t x w\ld seem t tea*]s mu/ g =? f !nce inspir$ ) a love = _! "w & a det]m9ation to advance x by e means 9 _! p[]4 ,x is j ?is r\s+ to en?usiasm :i* seems to lie at ! root ( tra9+1 & ! sure/ means ( br++ ?is ab\t is = ^? :o und]take x to be en?usia/ic !mselves4 ,i _h ! opportunity ( talk+ to mo/ ( ! lectur]s1 & %all n readily =get ! ke5 int]e/ & pleasure !y all seem$ to take 9 _! special dep>tm5ts1 ! read9ess1 nay eag]ness1 ) :i* !y appe>$ to welcome new ideas & "w !m out1 & ! will+ness ) :i* !y %>$ ) o!rs ! results ( _! own exp]i5ce & rese>*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! _m in/itutions :i* ,i visit$ 0 ! ,cl>k ,univ]sity at ,worce/]4 ,x is entirely devot$ to ,graduate "w1 & consi/s ( a gr\p ( five dep>tm5ts3 #a4 ,ma!matics2 #b4 ,physics2 #c4 ,*emi/ry2 #d4 ,biology2 #e4 ,psy*ology 7) sub-dep>tm5t ( ,education74 ,two or ?ree ye>s' "w at ! ,univ]sity & an orig9al !sis are ! requirem5ts = ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,!re is no v cle>ly m>k$ l9e betwe5 pr(essors & /ud5ts4 ,/ud5ts are (t5 speciali/s1 & z su* ask$ to give %ort c\rses 9 _! special subjects1 & pr(essors & lectur]s att5d ea* o!r's c\rses4 ,doc5ts1 or ^? :o1 hav+ fulfill$ c]ta9 conditions1 desire to und]take rese>* "w1 are provid$ ) rooms & app>atus = _! "w4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 is especially int]e/$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,! foll[+ outl9e ( ! c\rse is f ! ,univ]sity ,cal5d>3-- 8,,education4--,?is has be5 made a sub-dep>tm5t ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,psy*ology1 & n[ (f]s a c\rse :i* c be tak5 z a ,m9or = ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,its "w is 9 ! close/ connection ) ! "w 9 psy*ology & an?ropology1 & 9 "p bas$ on ^!4 ,! "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t is int5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! foll[+ classes ( m53 8,fir/4--,^? int5d+ to tea* "s o!r speciality1 b :o wi% a g5]al survey ( ! hi/ory1 pres5t /ate1 me?ods1 & rec5t advances 9 ! field ( univ]sity1 pr(essional1 & te*nical education4 8,second4--,^? :o desire to become pr(essors ( p$agogy1 or heads or in/ructors 9 normal s*ools1 sup]9t5d5ts1 or o!rwise to become exp]ts 9 ! "w ( education40 ,! programme ( ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t includes c\rses ^u ! foll[+ subjects3 ,i4 7a7 ,*ild-,/udy4 7b7 ,educational ,psy*ology4 7c7 ,s*ool ,hygi5e4 ,,ii4 7a7 ,pr9ciples ( ,education4 7b7 ,hi/ory ( ,education & ,re=ms4 7c7 ,me?ods1 ,devices1 ,app>atus1 etc4 ,,iii4 7a7 ,organization ( ,s*ools 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 7b7 ,typical ,s*ools & ,special ,f\ndations4 7c7 ,motor ,education1 includ+ manual tra9+1 physical education1 etc4 7d7 ,moral ,education4 7e7 ,ideals4 ,,iv4 ,high] ,education1 includ+ univ]sity "w1 te*nical education2 tra9+ 9 law1 m$ic9e1 & !ology2 rec5t progress1 pres5t /ate & prospects ( ! mo/ advanc$ education 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 includ+ our own4 ,! c\rses 9 education = #ahic-id are z foll[s3-- ,dr4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall's ,c\rses3 7,a7 ,pres5t /atus & problems ( ,high] ,education 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,"o h\r weekly1 half a ye>4 7,b7 ,outl9e ( ,sy/ematic ,p$agogy4 ,"o h\r weekly1 half a ye>4 ,dr4 ,burnham's ,c\rses3 7,c7 ,organization ( s*ools 9 ,europe1 especially ! s*ools ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 & ,engl&4 ,typical s*ools describ$1 & educational pr9ciples illu/rat$ by !m1 exp\nd$ & discuss$4 ,ref]5ces made to important lit]ature1 & ! "w may s]ve z an outl9e = fur!r /udy4 ,"o h\r a week1 half a ye>4 7,d7 ,s*ool ,hygi5e1 foll[+ & supplem5t+ 8 8,outl9es ( ,s*ool ,hygi5e10 & consid]+ special topics4 ,"o h\r a week1 half a ye>4 7,e7 ,educational re=ms1 involv+ ! discussion ( a few fundam5tal educational pr9ciples & ! pres5tation ( *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,"o h\r a week1 half a ye>4 7,f7 ,motor ,education ( *ildr54 ,?is c\rse w endeav\r to elucidate ! pr9ciples t %\ld gov]n ?is side ( education1 & w involve ! /udy ( writ+1 draw+1 manual tra9+1 & ( play & gymna/ics z means ( motor education4 ,! c\rse may include also ! /udy ( motor tra9+ & muscul> developm5t 9 relation to intellectual ability & moral "*4 ,"o h\r a week1 half a ye>4 7,g7 ,! "w ( ! ,sem9>y1 once a week ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 w be1 = ! mo/ "p1 adapt$ to individual /ud5ts4 ,x is hop$ t ea* /ud5t w select1 aft] conf]5ce ) ,presid5t ,hall & ,dr4 ,burnham1 a topic = special inve/igation4 ,! results ( su* /udy may be publi%$4 ,! c\rses z ann\nc$ above may be modifi$ some:at z ! ne$s ( ! /ud5ts or o!r circum/ances may require4 ,! libr>y ( ! dep>tm5t is especially ri* 9 =eign educational lit]ature1 & a consid]able am\nt ( illu/rative app>atus has be5 collect$4 ,! ,worce/] ,public ,libr>y & ! libr>y ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society are also accessible to /ud5ts4 ,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y is publi%$ by ?is dep>tm5t1 & (f]s facilities = pr9t+ dige/s1 reviews1 & m valuable pap]s prep>$ by ! memb]s ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,?is dep>tm5t has ! tw(old aim ( 7#a7 prep>+ pr(essors1 sup]9t5d5ts & tea*]s = _! future "w1 & 7#b7 mak+ contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 ,! second ( ^! aims is be+ vigor\sly tak5 up1 rese>* ( "s k9d be+ expect$ f e "o4 ,! fact t !re is no s*ool ( obs]vation 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sity is ( c\rse a drawback to ! complete c>ry+ out ( bo? ( ! above aims4 ,visits1 = purposes ( obs]vation1 are h[ev] made to s*ools 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! records n[ numb]+ "s fifte5 ?\s& made by ! /ud5ts ( ! ,worce/] ,normal ,s*ool1 9 connection ) ! /udy ( *ildr51 are available = ref]5ce1 & a s*eme = e/abli%+ a ,univ]sity ,s*ool is ev5 n[ "u consid]ation4 ,%\ld ?is s*eme become a reality1 we might look =w>d hopefully to gett+ fre% light on _m s*ool problems4 ,"o especially1 to :i* ,dr4 ,hall drew my att5tion1 might well h its solution attempt$ 9 su* a s*ool4 ,x conc]ns ! duty ( tea*]s t[>d ! bright1 quick-work+ *ildr5 9 a s*ool4 ,9 e class "s w be f\nd :o "w quick] & h m intellectual p[] ?an ! o!rs1 & at ! same "t "s :o are dull & sl[-witt$4 ,n[ ! p[] ( detect+ & direct+ "o's tea*+ to ! latt] is (t5 made ! te/ ( a good tea*]1 & 9 a v true s5se x may be said to be s4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ! "q1 & ^? ( u :o h taught _c fail to h (t5 be5 consci\s t :ile ! ne$$ att5tion & explanations are be+ giv5 to ! dull ones1 ! "t ( ! quick-work+ *ildr5 is be+ practically wa/$4 ,z ,dr4 ,hall po9ts out1 we h p]haps n yet realiz$ h[ mu* p[] is lo/ to ! _w 9 consequ5ce4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ exp]im5t to select su* bright1 quick-witt$ *ildr51 & putt+ !m into a class by !mselves1 9 *>ge ( an able tea*]1 to note ! results ( ?us all[+ !m to "w at _! own rate4 ,! ,cl>k ,univ]sity is un=tunately n op5 to wom51 if ! summ] s*ool 7to :i* !y are admitt$7 be n consid]$4 ,/ud5ts are expect$ to possess a read+ k ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man languages1 & a k ( ,elem5t>y ,psy*ology is also consid]$ desirable4 ,!re are _m o!r ,univ]sities :i* h op5$ m or less complete p$agogical dep>tm5ts2 b ^! :i* h be5 describ$ w suffice to give a g5]al idea ( ! c\rses (f]$ 9 !m4 ,on ! :ole x appe>$ to me t :ile 9 ,am]ica excell5t provision is made 9 _m ( ! ,/ates = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ! ,prim>y ,s*ools on ! "o h&1 & = ! positions ( pr(essors1 lectur]s1 sup]9t5d5ts on ! o!r1 f> too little att5tion is giv5 to ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ! ,high1 ,collegiate & ,private ,s*ools4 ,high ,s*ool tea*]s are ma9ly ^? :o h work$ _! way up ?r\gh ! grades 7sal>ies t5d to increase ) ! grade1 :i* br+s ab\t t inexp]i5c$ tea*]s are too (t5 put to ! l[] classes71 :ile ! tea*]s 9 ,collegiate & ,private ,s*ools h usually tak5 up ! "w /raight f college )\t any special prep>ation at all4 ,engl& & ,wales h1 ,i ?9k1 made mu* bett] provision = ! tra9+ ( su* tea*]s1 b ,i ?9k we h a good deal to le>n f ,am]ica 9 provid+ = ! tra9+ ( lectur]s1 s*ool inspectors1 etc41 etc41 & p]haps also 9 ! matt] ( sett+ ! seal ( ,univ]sity approval ^u tra9+1 by ! be/[al ( educational degrees4 ,,tea*]s' ,,in/itutes4 ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes =m an integral "p ( mo/ /ate & city sy/ems ( education4 ,!y h be5 def9$ z 8normal s*ools ) a v %ort c\rse10 & ?is def9ition is sub/antially correct4 ,! "w done by !m is ( mu* ! same "* z t done 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools1 & !y h ! same end 9 view--t ( mak+ tea*]s m fit = _! pr(ession4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 v>y some:at 9 "*1 & x w be p]haps well to di/+ui% betwe5-- #a4 ,^? :i* are held on ,saturdays = tea*]s 9 ! city or di/rict1 & :i* are usually conduct$ by ! sup]9t5d5t1 :o gives lectures on ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+1 discusses educational problems & me?ods1 or foll[s out ) !m a c\rse ( read+4 ,att5dance at ^! in/itutes is (t5 made compulsory1 & loss ( "p ( sal>y is sometimes made ! p5alty = non-att5dance4 ,by ! /ati/ics return$ f n9ety-six cities hold+ in/itutes1 x appe>s t =ty-f\r ?us en=ce att5dance4 #b4 ,^? la/+ = ab\t six to t5 days1 hav+ %ort c\rses 9 c]ta9 subjects1 & especially on ! !ory ( tea*+4 ,^! are usually ^? organiz$ by ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t1 :o has h[ev] ! p[] ( delegat+ ! conduct ( ^! in/itutes to o!r p]sons :om he may deem qualifi$4 ,aga91 att5dance at _m ( ^! is made compulsory4 #c4 ,su* in/itutes z are held at "s c\ntry or sea-side place = a l5g? ( "t1 v>y+ f a =tnight to six weeks4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are mo/ly />t$ by private ag5cies1 & h little besides ! "n to di/+ui% !m f ,summ] ,s*ools4 ,! summ] meet+ ( tea*]s at ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d is kn[n z an ,in/itute1 & is ( ?is class4 ,! ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes d n aim at supply+ a complete c\rse ( ,tra9+1 b r at supplem5t+ ! "w ( ! ,normal ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,,summ] ,,s*ools ,,& ,,c\rses4 ,a ,summ] ,s*ool seems to diff] f an ,in/itute ma9ly 9 relation to ! am\nt ( pr(essional "w und]tak54 ,x is usually op5 = f f\r to six weeks1 & has a great v>iety ( c\rses4 ,i 0 able to att5d sev]al ( ^!1 & 0 k9dly all[$ to he> "s ( ! lectures giv5 & to obs]ve ! "w4 ,"o ( ^! held at ,b5ton ,h>b\r1 ,mi*igan1 0 *iefly att5d$ by ^? di/rict tea*]s :o wi%$ to prep>e = ! tea*]s' exam9ations4 ,x 0 really a private ,normal ,s*ool1 :i* us$ its build+s 9 ,july = a ,summ] ,s*ool4 ,! subjects giv5 7 ma9ly ^? necess>y = ! tea*]s' c]tificates1 ) "s classes on ,me?ods1 & ,s*ool ,managem5t & ,drill & ,elocution4 ,( q a diff]5t k9d 0 t held at ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool4 ,?is 0 almo/ entirely pr(essional1 & held on mu* ! same l9es z ! ord9>y "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! ,summ] ,assembly at ,*autauqua includes a ,summ] ,s*ool1 :i* aga9 may be said to include a special c\rse = tea*]s1 call$ ! ,tea*]s' ,retreat4 ,9 addition to ! ,summ] ,s*ools1 !re are summ] c\rses provid$ = tea*]s at _m univ]sities4 ,cornell ,univ]sity makes special provision = su* a c\rse1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an ann\ncem5t4 8,9 ! summ] ( #ahib1 c\rses ( in/ruction 7 (f]$ by pr(essors & in/ructors ( ?is ,univ]sity 9 ,botany1 ,*emi/ry1 ,ma!matics1 ,philosophy1 ,physics1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,draw+1 & ,physical ,tra9+4 ,! ,summ] ,s*ool has n[ be5 made an integral "p ( ! ,univ]sity1 & = ! summ] ( #ahic1 c\rses are (f]$ 9 ! foll[+ subjects3 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,elocution1 ,philosophy1 ,p$agogy1 ,hi/ory1 ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 ,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,botany1 ,draw+ & ,art1 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,physical ,tra9+4 ,)\t exclud+ o!rs qualifi$ to take up ! "w1 ^! c\rses are (f]$ = ! special b5efit ( tea*]s4 ,!y af=d a practical s*eme ( univ]sity ext5sion1 by :i* ! tea*]s !mselves are taught "u univ]sity in/ructors1 by univ]sity me?ods1 & ) access to univ]sity libr>ies1 museums1 & laboratories4 ,! c\rses are op5 to wom5 z well z to m51 & ! same facilities = "w are ext5d$ to ^! /ud5ts z to ! regul> /ud5ts ( ! univ]sity4 ,! am\nt ( "w impli$ 9 ^! c\rses is s great t /ud5ts are advis$ to conf9e _! att5tion to "o or two subjects4 ,e opportunity w be giv5 = orig9al rese>* "u ! guidance & ) ! assi/ance ( memb]s ( ! in/ruct+ corps40 ,9 #ahib a summ] c\rse 9 ,psy*ology & ,p$agogy 0 held = two weeks at ! ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,all ! res\rces ( ! ,univ]sity--books1 app>atus1 etc4--7 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! /ud5ts4 ,ab\t sev5ty m5 & wom5 att5d$4 ,o!r univ]sities arrange = simil> c\rses1 b ^! two suffice to indicate ! l9es ( "w4 ,! ,prang sy/em1 :i* aims at ! complete organization ( ,=m ,/udy1 ,draw+ & ,col\r tea*+ 9 ! s*ools1 dem&s also ! tra9+ ( its tea*]s4 ,! sy/em is be+ introduc$ into an ev]-increas+ numb] ( s*ools1 & necessitates "s prep>ation on ! "p ( ! tea*] 9 ord] t its pr9ciples %all be rightly und]/ood & effectively c>ri$ out4 ,?is prep>ation is be+ c>ri$ on by correspond5ce4 ,! c\rses ( /udy are def9itely arrang$1 & ! /ud5t *ooses ! "o %e desires4 ,! text-books & mat]ials are s5t to h]2 %e works lessons at home1 & =w>ds to ! in/ructors ! results ( su* "w--clay modell+1 pap]-fold+1 draw+1 etc41 writt5 obs]vation ex]cises describ+ ! appe>ance ( models plac$ 9 prescrib$ positions1 writt5 outl9es = v>i\s class ex]cises1 toge!r ) any que/ions %e desires to ask4 ,?is "w is exam9$ & return$ to ! /ud5t ) full criticisms4 ,at ! end ( ! c\rse a c]tificate is aw>d$ to ^? :o h successfully complet$ x4 ,?is plan ( tra9+ appe>s to answ] well1 & w ensure ! success ( ! sy/em4 ,,millic5t ,,hughes4 ,butl] ,tann]1 ,! ,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 & ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n ! ord9>y deaf-&-dumb language1--= :i* sight w\ld be requir$1--b a special v>iety 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( ! speak] are convey$ by means ( v>y+ pressure on diff]5t p>ts ( ! h& ( ! "o spok5 to4 #b ,! t]m 8,comm5cem5t0 is always us$ 9 ,am]ica to indicate ! c]emony :i* takes place at ! end ( a ,s*ool or ,college c\rse4 ,! idea appe>s to be t ! close ( ! ,college c>e] really m>ks ! beg9n+ ( life 9 ! _w4 #c ,! ^w 8recitation0 is always us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to signify lesson1 class or lecture4 ,its use 9 ?is ext5d$ s5se may be expla9$ by ! fact t 9 e>ly days ( ,am]ican education 7& ! practice /ill survives to a great] ext5t ?an is desirable7 tea*+ a class m]ely impli$ ! he>+ ( lessons le>nt by he>t f a text-book4 #d i4e41 speciali/ 9 ! subject ( physical ex]cise4 #e ,! ,connecticut ,s*ool ,law provides = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( su* s*ools = ! b5efit ( ! /ud5ts4 #f i4e41 all[ance to cov] railway or o!r f>es4 #g ,x %\ld be not$ t al?\gh ! design ( ^! s*ools is pr(essional1 yet 9 all ( !m academic /udies are pursu$4 #h ,! idea ( mak+ special provision = a supply ( tea*]s to act z sub/itutes 9 case ( em]g5cy is almo/ univ]sal 9 ! ,/ates4 ,9 _m cities a c]ta9 numb] ( tea*]s receiv+ regul> sal>y are set ap>t = ?is "w alone1 :ile 9 "s places /ud5ts 9 a ,normal ,s*ool or ,tra9+ ,classes und]take su* "w by special arrangem5t4 #i ,! ,univ]sity ( ,i[a _h1 h[ev]1 9 #ahgc made p$agogics a sub-dep>tm5t ( g5]al philosophy4 ,z e>ly z #ahfj a c\rse ( lectures on ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+ _h be5 giv5 by ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,dr4 ,gregory1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,ar*aic or v>iant spell+ has be5 reta9$4 ,! table on page #afg has be5 re=matt$ f ! orig9al to bett] fit a n>r[ scre54 ,! cov] image = ?is e,book 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is ent]$ into ! public doma94