,,! ,,inequality ,,( ,,human ,,races ,,! ,,r5aissance ,by ,,ar?ur1 ,,c\nt ,,gob9eau4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay on ,c\nt ,gob9eau's ,life-,"w by ,dr4 ,osc> ,levy4 ,"o ,vol41 ,demy #hvo1 ,illu/rat$ #ajs net ,,! ,,"y ,,nietzs*e ,by ,,frau ,f,,r/] ,,nietzs*e4 ,"o ,volume1 ,demy #hvo1 ,price #aes net ,,! ,,lonely ,,nietzs*e ,by ,,frau ,f,,r/] ,,nietzs*e4 ,"o ,volume1 ,royal #hvo1 ,price #aes net ,,nietzs*e ,by ,,george ,,br&es ,"o ,volume1 ,demy #hvo1 #fs net ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann ,,! ,,inequality ,,( ,,human ,,races ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,de ,,gob9eau ,,translat$ ,,by ,,adrian ,,coll9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,introduction ,,by ,,dr4 ,,osc> ,,levy1 ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,au?oris$ ,,engli% ,,v]sion ,,( ,,nietzs*e',s ,,works ,illu/ration ,,william ,,he9emann ,,london ,,mcmxv ,london ,william ,he9emann #aiae ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,introduction vii ,,f ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,d$ication xi ,,au?or',s ,,preface xv ,i4 ,,! ,,mortal ,,disease ,,( ,,civilizations ,,& ,,societies ,,proce$s ,,f ,,g5]al ,,causes ,,common ,,to ,,!m ,,all #a ,,ii4 ,,fanaticism1 ,,luxury1 ,,corruption ,,( ,,morals1 ,,& ,,irreligion ,,d ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,lead ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,societies #g ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relative ,,m]it ,,( ,,gov]nm5ts ,,has ,,no ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,a ,,nation',s ,,life #ai ,,iv4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,deg5]ation02 ,,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,racial ,,elem5ts2 ,,h[ ,,societies ,,are ,,=m$ ,,& ,,brok5 ,,up #bc ,v4 ,,racial ,,inequality ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,in/itutions #cf ,,vi4 ,,nations1 ,,:e!r ,,progress+ ,,or ,,/agnat+ ,,are ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,regions ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!y ,,live #ed ,,vii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,nei!r ,,creates ,,nor ,,*anges ,,! ,,capacity ,,= ,,civilization #fc ,,viii4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,civilization02 ,,social ,,developm5t ,,has ,a ,,tw(old ,,orig9 #gg ,,ix4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,civilization0 7cont9u$72 ,,diff]5t ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,civiliz$ ,,societies2 ,,our ,,civilization ,,is ,,n ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,^? ,,:i* ,,h ,,gone ,,be=e #hi ,x4 ,,"s ,,an?ropologi/s ,,reg>d ,,man ,,z ,,hav+ ,a ,,multiple ,,orig9 #ajf ,,xi4 ,,racial ,,diff]5ces ,,are ,,p]man5t #aag ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,races ,,7 ,,physiologically ,,sep>at$1 ,,& ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,,=m$ ,,by ,,_! ,,int]-,,mixture4 ,,!y ,,are ,,unequal ,,9 ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,beauty #ada ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,human ,,races ,,are ,,intellectually ,,unequal2 ,,mank9d ,,is ,,n ,,capable ,,( ,,inf9ite ,,progress #aed ,,xiv4 ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,inequality ,,( ,,races 7cont9u$74 ,,diff]5t ,,civilizations ,,are ,,mutually ,,repulsive2 ,,hybrid ,,races ,,h ,,equally ,,hybrid ,,civilizations #afh ,,xv4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,languages ,,are ,,unequal1 ,,& ,,correspond ,,p]fectly ,,9 ,,relative ,,m]it ,,to ,,! ,,races ,,t ,,use ,,!m #ahb ,,xvi4 ,,recapitulation2 ,,! ,,respective ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,great ,,races2 ,,! ,,sup]iority ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,type1 ,,&1 ,,)9 ,,?is ,,type1 ,,( ,,! ,,aryan ,,family #bje ,,introduction ,,to ,,gob9eau',s 8,,inequality ,,( ,,human ,,races0 ,?\gh _m p h accus$ ?is age ( irreligion1 !re is at lea/ "o po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 mod]n ,europe & t pre-,*ri/ian ,era to :i* our pres5t religion is due4 ,j z 9 anci5t ,pale/9e1 !re are liv+ among/ u two k9ds ( prophets--! prophets ( evil & disa/]1 & ^? ( bliss1 or1 z ,europe likes to call x1 ( 8progress40 ,z 9 ,pale/9e ( old ! public usually sides ) ! light]1 ! optimi/ic1 ! m com=table sort ( p1 ) ! prophets ( bliss1 :ile ,"t & ,fate inv>iably decide 9 fav\r ( ! /]n] & gloomi] individuals1 ! prophets ( evil4 ,9 ! _w to-day z well z 9 ,pale/9e ( old1 ! prophets ( bliss are ! false prophets2 ! prophets ( evil1 to-day z ( yore1 are ! true ones4 ,su* a true prophet 0 ,c\nt ,ar?ur de ,gob9eau4 ,ev5 8 fri5ds--^? few fri5ds :om he ga9$ at ! end ( 8 life--/ill ?\ght him unduly pessimi/ic4 ,old ,wagn]1 :o introduc$ him to ! ,g]man public1 ?\ght ( bright5+ 8 gloom by a little ,*ri/ian fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 9 ord] to make ! pill m palatable to t great public1 :i* he1 ! great ,/age-manag]1 knew s well4 ,o!r ,g]mans--,*amb]la91 ,s*emann1 & ! ,gob9eau s*ool--p\r$ a great deal ( wat] into 8 w9e1 sweet5$ x ) patriotic syrups1 adult]at$ x ) _! own pleasant inv5tions1 :i* 7 all too readily swall[$ by a gullible & cr$ul\s g5]ation4 ,b /]n old ,gob9eau knew ! _w bett] ?an 8 "y & *e]ful (fspr+4 ,he _h se5 ?r\gh all t boi/]\s gaiety ( ! age1 all its brea?less lab\r1 all its te*nical advancem5t1 all its mat]iali/ic progress1 & _h diagnos$1 beh9d x t muddle ( moral values :i* our =efa!rs h bequea!d to u & :i* 9 our g5]ation has only become a great] muddle /ill4 ,! cata/rophe :i* ,gob9eau _h prophesi$ to an ,ari/ocracy :i* _h =gott5 its tradition1 to a ,democracy :i* _h no root 9 reality1 to a ,*ri/ianity :i* he ?\ght entirely ineffici5t1 is n[ ^u u4 ,"u ! /ress ( ! pres5t mis=tunes1 we frequ5tly he> t all our previ\s op9ions ne$ revision1 t we h to =get _m ?+s & to le>n afre% /ill m1 t we mu/ try to build up our civilization on a saf] basis1 t we mu/ reconsid] & recon/ruct ! values receiv$ f =m] ages4 ,x is !re=e our duty1 ,i ?9k1 to turn back to ^? prophets :o accus$ our =efa!rs ( be+ on ! road to de/ruction1 all ! m s z ^! prophets 7 likewise true poets :o tri$ z su* to po9t out ! "r road1 endeav\r+ to rem$y1 z f> z _! insight w5t1 ! evil ( _! "t4 ,?is is ! be/1 & ,i tru/ a p]fectly satisfactory1 reason = ! translation ( 8,! ,inequality ( ,human ,races40 ,?is book1 writt5 z e>ly z #ahec1 is no d\bt a y\?ful & some:at bewild]+ p]=mance1 b x gives u ! basis ( ,gob9eau's cre$1 8 belief 9 ,race & ,ari/ocracy z ! fir/ condition ( civilization1 8 disbelief 9 ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 8 di/ru/ 9 ! efficacy ( religion & morality4 ,! latt] k9d ( scepticism br+s him into relation%ip ) ,nietzs*e1 :o has ev5 acc5tuat$ ,c\nt ,gob9eau's suspicions & :o has br&$ our morality z ,slave-,morality1 & consequ5tly z h>mful to good gov]nm5t4 ,:at a ,europe )\t ,ma/]s1 b ) pl5ty ( ,half-ma/]s & ,slaves1 0 driv+ at1 ,gob9eau =esaw z well z ,nietzs*e4 ,i s9c]ely hope t no intellig5t read] w ov]look ?is sceptical attitude ( ,gob9eau t[>ds religion1 because t is a po9t ( great importance at ! pres5t "t1 :5 our fai? w c]ta9ly ?rive aga9 on a mis=tune1 :i*1 by ! propagation ( slave-values1 x indirectly has caus$4 ,x is ?is scepticism aga9/ ! ,*ur* & its ,semitic values1 :i* sep>ates a ,gob9eau f ,disraeli1 to :om o!rwise--9 8 rejection ( ,buckle1 ,d>w91 & _! sci5ce1 9 8 praise ( ,race & ,ari/ocracy1 & 9 8 prophecy ( evil--he is s ne>ly relat$4 ,disraeli /ill believ$ 9 a ,*ur* bas$ ^u a revival ( ! old pr9ciples1 ,gob9eau1 l ,nietzs*e1 _h no hope :atev] 9 ?is respect4 ,x is ! great m]it ( bo? ,nietzs*e & ,gob9eau1 t !y 7 n1 l ,disraeli1 try+ to revive a corpse1 b t !y frankly ackn[l$g$1 ! "o t ! corpse 0 dead1 ! o!r t x 0 positively poison+ ! air4 ,! occasional b[s :i* ,gob9eau makes to ! ,*ur* _c1 ,i repeat1 mislead any s]i\s critics ( 8 "w1 especially if !y likewise consult 8 lat] books1 ab\t :i*1 by ! way1 ,i h spok5 at great] l5g? else:]e4#a ,bo? ,sp9oza & ,montaigne _h ! same laudable habit1 & !y did n mean x ei!r4 ,= ! fir/ bus9ess ( a great free?9k] is n to be mi/ak5 = a little "o2 8 greate/ mis=tune is to be 8und]/ood0 by ! wrong class ( p1 & ?us an occasional b[ to ! old & v5]able ,p[]--ap>t f ! safety :i* x procures--protects him f an (f5sive h&%ake ) en?usia/ic & unbalanc$ disciples & apo/les4 ,,osc> ,,levy ,,g5eva1 ,july #aiae ,,f ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,d$ication 7#ahed7b ,,to ,,8 ,,maje/y ,,george ,v1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,hanov] ,! great ev5ts--! bloody w>s1 ! revolutions1 & ! break+ up ( laws--:i* h be5 rife = s _m ye>s 9 ! ,/ates ( ,europe1 are apt to turn m5's m9ds to ! /udy ( political problems4 ,:ile ! vulg> consid] m]ely imm$iate results1 & heap all _! praise & blame on ! little electric sp>k t m>ks ! contact ) _! own int]e/s1 ! m s]i\s ?9k] w seek to discov] ! hidd5 causes ( ^! t]rible upheavals4 ,he w desc5d1 lamp 9 h&1 by ! obscure pa?s ( philosophy & hi/ory2 & 9 ! analysis ( ! human he>t or ! c>eful se>* among ! annals ( ! pa/ he w try to ga9 ! ma/]-key to ! enigma :i* has s long baffl$ ! imag9ation ( man4 ,l e "o else1 ,i h felt all ! prick+s ( curiosity to :i* our re/less mod]n _w gives rise4 ,b :5 ,i tri$ to /udy1 z completely z ,i c\ld1 ! =ces und]ly+ ?is _w1 ,i f\nd ! horizon ( my inquiry gr[+ wid] & wid]4 ,i _h to pu% fur!r & fur!r into ! pa/1 &1 =c$ by analogy almo/ 9 spite ( myself1 to lift my eyes fur!r & fur!r into ! future4 ,x seem$ t ,i %\ld aspire to "k n m]ely ! imm$iate causes ( ! plagues t are suppos$ to *a/5 u1 b also to trace ! m remote reasons = ^? social evils :i* ! mo/ meagre k ( hi/ory w %[ to h prevail$1 9 exactly ! same =m1 among all ! nations t ev] liv$1 z well z ^? :i* survive to-day--evils t 9 all likelihood w exi/ among nations yet unborn4 ,fur!r1 ! pres5t age1 ,i ?\ght1 (f]$ peculi> facilities = su* an inquiry4 ,:ile its v re/lessness urges u on to a k9d ( hi/orical *emi/ry1 x also makes our lab\rs easi]4 ,! ?ick mi/s1 ! pr(\nd d>kness t f "t immemorial veil$ ! beg9n+s ( civilizations diff]5t f our own1 n[ lift & dissolve "u ! sun ( sci5ce4 ,an analytic me?od ( m>vell\s delicacy has made a ,rome1 unkn[n to ,livy1 rise be=e u "u ! h&s ( ,niebuhr1 & has unravell$ = u ! tru?s t lay hid among ! leg5d>y tales ( e>ly ,greece4 ,9 ano!r qu>t] ( ! _w1 ! ,g]manic peoples1 s long misund]/ood1 appe> to u n[ z great & maje/ic z !y 7 ?\ght b>b>\s by ! writ]s ( ! ,lat] ,empire4 ,egypt op5s its subt]ranean tombs1 translates its hi]oglyphs1 & reveals ! age ( its pyramids4 ,assyria lays b>e its palaces ) _! endless inscriptions1 :i* _h till ye/]day be5 buri$ b5ea? _! own ru9s4 ,! ,iran ( ,zoroa/] has held no secrets f ! se>*+ eyes ( ,burn\f1 & ! ,v$as ( e>ly ,india take u back to ev5ts n f> f ! dawn ( creation4 ,f all ^! conque/s toge!r1 s important 9 !mselves1 we ga9 a l>g] & tru] und]/&+ ( ,hom]1 ,h]odotus1 & especially ( ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,bible1 t deep well ( tru?1 ^: ri*es we c only beg9 to appreciate :5 we g d[n into x ) a fully enlight5$ m9d4 ,^! sudd5 & unexpect$ discov]ies are naturally n always beyond ! rea* ( criticism4 ,!y are f> f giv+ u complete li/s ( dyna/ies1 or an unbrok5 sequ5ce ( reigns & ev5ts4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! fragm5t>y nature ( _! results1 _m ( !m are admirable = my pres5t purpose1 & f> m fruitful ?an ! mo/ accurate *ronological tables w\ld be4 ,i welcome1 mo/ ( all1 ! revelation ( mann]s & cu/oms1 ( ! v portraits & co/umes1 ( vani%$ peoples4 ,we "k ! condition ( _! art4 ,_! :ole life1 public & private1 physical & moral1 is unroll$ be=e u1 & x becomes possible to recon/ruct1 ) ! aid ( ! mo/ au!ntic mat]ials1 t :i* con/itutes ! p]sonality ( races & ma9ly det]m9es _! value4 ,) su* a treasury ( k1 new or newly und]/ood1 to draw ^u1 no "o c claim any long] to expla9 ! complicat$ play ( social =ces1 ! causes ( ! rise & decay ( nations1 9 ! light ( ! purely ab/ract & hypo!tical argum5ts suppli$ by a sceptical philosophy4 ,s9ce we h n[ an abundance ( positive facts cr[d+ ^u u f all sides1 ris+ f e sepul*re1 & ly+ ready to e seek]'s h&1 we may no long]1 l ! !ori/s ( ! ,revolution1 =m a collection ( imag9>y be+s out ( cl\ds1 & amuse ourselves by mov+ ^! *im]as ab\t l m>ionettes1 9 a political environm5t manufactur$ to suit !m4 ,! reality is n[ too press+1 too well kn[n2 & x =bids games l ^!1 :i* are always unseasonable1 & sometimes impi\s4 ,!re is only "o tribunal compet5t to decide rationally ^u ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( man1 & t is hi/ory--a sev]e judge1 ,i confess1 & "o to :om we may well fe> to appeal 9 an age s wret*$ z our own4 ,n t ! pa/ is itself )\t /a94 ,x includes ev]y?+1 & s may well h _m faults1 & m ?an "o %ameful d]eliction ( duty1 to confess4 ,! m5 ( to-day might ev5 be ju/ifi$ 9 fl\ri%+ 9 its face "s new m]its ( _! own4 ,b suppose1 z an answ] to _! *>ges1 t ! pa/ sudd5ly call$ up ! gigantic %ades ( ! h]oic ages1 :at w\ld !y say !n8 ,if x reproa*$ !m ) hav+ compromis$ ! names ( religi\s fai?1 political hon\r1 & moral duty1 :at w\ld !y answ]8 ,if x told !m t !y are no long] fit = any?+ b to "w out ! k ( :i* ! pr9ciples _h already be5 recogniz$ & laid d[n by itself2 t ! virtue ( ! anci5ts has become a laugh+-/ock1 t en]gy has pass$ f man to /eam1 t ! light ( poetry is out1 t its great prophets are no m1 & t :at m5 call _! int]e/s are conf9$ to ! mo/ pitiful tasks ( daily life2--h[ c\ld !y def5d !mselves8 ,!y c\ld m]ely reply t n e beautiful ?+ is dead :i* has be5 swall[$ up 9 sil5ce2 x may be only sleep+4 ,all ages1 !y might say1 h beheld p]iods ( transition1 :5 life grapples ) suff]+ & 9 ! end arises victori\s & spl5did4 ,j z ,*alda 9 its dotage 0 succe$$ by ! "y & vigor\s ,p]sia1 tott]+ ,greece by virile ,rome1 & ! deg5]ate rule ( ,augu/ulus by ! k+doms ( ! noble ,teutonic pr9ces1 s ! races ( mod]n times w rega9 _! lo/ y\?4 ,?is 0 a hope ,i myself *]i%$ = a brief mom5t1 & ,i %\ld l to h at once flung back 9 ! tee? ( ,hi/ory its accusations & gloomy =ebod+s1 _h ,i n be5 sudd5ly /ruck ) ! deva/at+ ?\ght1 t 9 my hurry ,i 0 putt+ =w>d some?+ t 0 absolutely )\t pro(4 ,i began to look ab\t = pro(s1 & s1 9 my sympa?y = ! liv+1 0 m & m driv5 to plumb to _! dep?s ! secrets ( ! dead4 ,!n1 pass+ f "o induction to ano!r1 ,i 0 gradually p5etrat$ by ! conviction t ! racial "q ov]%ad[s all o!r problems ( hi/ory1 t x holds ! key to !m all1 & t ! inequality ( ! races f ^: fusion a p is =m$ is en\gh to expla9 ! :ole c\rse ( its de/9y4 ,e "o mu/ h _h "s inkl+ ( ?is colossal tru?1 = e "o mu/ h se5 h[ c]ta9 agglom]ations ( m5 h desc5d$ on "s c\ntry1 & utt]ly trans=m$ its way ( life2 h[ !y h %[n !mselves able to /rike out a new ve9 ( activity :]e1 be=e _! com+1 all _h be5 sunk 9 torpor4 ,?us1 to take an example1 a new era ( p[] 0 op5$ = ,great ,brita9 by ! ,anglo-,saxon invasion1 ?anks to a decree ( ,provid5ce1 :i* by s5d+ to ?is isl& "s ( ! peoples gov]n$ by ! sword ( y\r ,maje/y's illu/ri\s ance/ors1 0 to br+ two bran*es ( ! same nation "u ! sceptre ( a s+le h\se--a h\se t c trace its glori\s title to ! dim s\rces ( ! h]oic nation itself4 ,recogniz+ t bo? /rong & weak races exi/1 ,i pref]r$ to exam9e ! =m]1 to analyse _! qualities1 & especially to foll[ !m back to _! orig9s4 ,by ?is me?od ,i conv9c$ myself at la/ t ev]y?+ great1 noble1 & fruitful 9 ! works ( man on ?is e>?1 9 sci5ce1 art1 & civilization1 d]ives f a s+le />t+-po9t1 is ! developm5t ( a s+le g]m & ! result ( a s+le ?\ght2 x belongs to "o family alone1 ! diff]5t bran*es ( :i* h reign$ 9 all ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,inequality ,,( ,,human ,,races ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,mortal ,,disease ,,( ,,civilizations ,,& ,,societies ,,proce$s ,,f ,,g5]al ,,causes ,,common ,,to ,,!m ,,all ,! fall ( civilizations is ! mo/ /rik+1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ obscure1 ( all ! ph5om5a ( hi/ory4 ,x is a calamity t /rikes fe> into ! s\l1 & yet has always some?+ s my/]i\s & s va/ 9 res]ve1 t ! ?9k] is nev] we>y ( look+ at x1 ( /udy+ x1 ( grop+ = its secrets4 ,no d\bt ! bir? & gr[? ( peoples (f] a v rem>kable subject = ! obs]v]2 ! successive developm5t ( societies1 _! ga9s1 _! conque/s1 _! triumphs1 h some?+ t vividly takes ! imag9ation & holds x captive4 ,b all ^! ev5ts1 h[ev] great "o may ?9k !m1 seem to be easy ( explanation2 "o accepts !m z ! m]e outcome ( ! intellectual gifts ( man4 ,once we recognize ^! gifts1 we are n a/oni%$ at _! results2 !y expla91 by ! b>e fact ( _! exi/5ce1 ! great /ream ( be+ ^: s\rce !y are4 ,s1 on ?is score1 !re ne$ be no difficulty or hesitation4 ,b :5 we see t aft] a "t ( /r5g? & glory all human societies come to _! decl9e & fall--all1 ,i say1 n ?is or t2 :5 we see 9 :at awful sil5ce ! e>? %[s u1 scatt]$ on its surface1 ! wrecks ( ! civilizations t h prec$$ our own--n m]ely ! fam\s civilizations1 b also _m o!rs1 ( :i* we "k no?+ b ! names1 & "s1 t lie z skeletons ( /one 9 deep _w-old =e/s1 & h n left u ev5 ?is %ad[ ( a memory2 :5 ! m9d returns to our mod]n ,/ates1 reflects on _! extreme y\?1 & confesses t !y are a gr[? ( ye/]day1 & t "s ( !m are already toppl+ to _! fall3 !n at la/ we recognize1 n )\t a c]ta9 philosophic %udd]1 t ! words ( ! prophets on ! in/ability ( mortal ?+s apply ) ! same rig\r to civilizations z to peoples1 to peoples z to ,/ates1 to ,/ates z to individuals2 & we are =c$ to affirm t e assemblage ( m51 h[ev] +5i\s ! network ( social relations t protects x1 acquires on ! v day ( its bir?1 hidd5 among ! elem5ts ( its life1 ! se$ ( an inevitable dea?4 ,b :at is ?is se$1 ?is pr9ciple ( dea?8 ,is x uni=m1 z its results are1 & d all civilizations p]i% f ! same cause8 ,at fir/ sight we are tempt$ to answ] 9 ! negative2 = we h se5 ! fall ( _m empires1 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 amid ! cla% ( ev5ts t _h no lik5ess "o to ! o!r4 ,yet1 if we pi]ce bel[ ! surface1 we soon f9d t ?is v necessity ( com+ to an end1 t weighs imp]i\sly on all societies )\t exception1 presupposes su* a g5]al cause1 :i*1 ?\gh hidd51 _c be expla9$ away4 ,:5 we />t f ?is fix$ pr9ciple ( natural dea?--a pr9ciple unaffect$ by all ! cases ( viol5t dea?1--we see t all civilizations1 aft] !y h la/$ "s "t1 betray to ! obs]v] "s little symptoms ( uneas9ess1 :i* are difficult to def9e1 b n less difficult to d5y2 ^! are ( a l nature 9 all times & all places4 ,we may admit "o obvi\s po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! fall ( ,/ates & t ( civilizations1 :5 we see ! same k9d ( culture sometimes p]si/+ 9 a c\ntry "u =eign rule & wea!r+ e /orm ( calamity1 at o!r times be+ de/roy$ or *ang$ by ! slighte/ brea? ( a contr>y w9d2 b we are1 9 ! end1 m & m driv5 to ! idea t ! pr9ciple ( dea? :i* c be se5 at ! base ( all societies is n only inh]5t 9 _! life1 b also uni=m & ! same = all4 ,to ! elucidation ( ?is great fact ,i h devot$ ! /udies ( :i* ,i "h give ! results4 ,we mod]ns are ! fir/ to h recogniz$ t e assemblage ( m51 toge!r ) ! k9d ( culture x produces1 is doom$ to p]i%4 ,=m] ages did n believe ?is4 ,among ! e>ly ,asiatics1 ! religi\s consci\sness1 mov$ by ! spectacle ( great political cata/rophes1 z if by "s app>ition f ano!r _w1 attribut$ !m to ! ang] ( heav5 smit+ a nation = its s9s2 !y 71 x 0 ?\ght1 a *a/isem5t meet to br+ to rep5tance ! crim9als yet unpuni%$4 ,! ,jews1 mis9t]pret+ ! mean+ ( ! ,cov5ant1 suppos$ t _! ,empire w\ld nev] come to an end4 ,rome1 at ! v mom5t :5 %e 0 ne>+ ! precipice1 did n d\bt t h] own empire 0 et]nal4#c ,b ! k ( lat] g5]ations has increas$ ) exp]i5ce2 & j z no "o d\bts ( ! mortal /ate ( humanity1 because all ! m5 :o prec$$ u are dead1 s we firmly believe t ! days ( peoples are numb]$1 h[ev] great ! numb] may be2 = all ^? :o held dom9ion be=e u h n[ fall5 out ( ! race4 ,! wisdom ( ! anci5ts yields little t ?r[s light on our subject1 except "o fundam5tal axiom1 ! recognition ( ! f+] ( ,god 9 ! conduct ( ?is _w2 to ?is firm & ultimate pr9ciple we mu/ adh]e1 accept+ x 9 ! full s5se 9 :i* x is und]/ood by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is c]ta9 t no civilization falls to ! gr\nd unless ,god wills x2 & :5 we apply to ! mortal /ate ( all societies ! sacr$ =mula us$ by ! anci5t prie/hoods to expla9 "s /rik+ cata/rophes1 :i* !y wrongly consid]$ z isolat$ facts1 we are ass]t+ a tru? ( ! fir/ importance1 :i* %\ld gov]n ! se>* = all ! tru?s ( ?is _w4 ,add1 if y w1 t all societies p]i% because !y are s9ful--& ,i w agree ) y2 ?is m]ely sets up a true p>allel to ! case ( individuals1 f9d+ 9 s9 ! g]m ( de/ruction4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 !re is no objection to say+ t human societies %>e ! fate ( _! memb]s2 !y contract ! /a9 f !m1 & come to a l end4 ,?is is to reason m]ely by ! light ( nature4 ,b :5 we h once admitt$ & pond]$ ^! two tru?s1 we %all f9d no fur!r help1 ,i repeat1 9 ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts4 ,t wisdom tells u no?+ def9ite z to ! ways 9 :i* ! ,div9e w moves 9 ord] to compass ! dea? ( peoples2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 driv5 to consid] ^! ways z ess5tially my/]i\s4 ,x is seiz$ ) a pi\s t]ror at ! sight ( ru9s1 & admits too easily t ! fall5 peoples c\ld n h be5 ?us %ak51 /ruck d[n1 & hurl$ into ! gulf1 except by ! aid ( miracles4 ,i c readily believe t c]ta9 ev5ts h _h a miracul\s elem5t1 s f> z ?is is /at$ by ,scripture2 b :]e1 z is usually ! case1 ! =mal te/imony ( ,scripture is want+1 we may legitimately hold ! anci5t op9ion to be incomplete & un5light5$4 ,we may1 9 fact1 take ! opposite view1 & recognize t ! heavy h& ( ,god is laid )\t ceas+ on our societies1 z ! effect ( a decision pron\nc$ be=e ! rise ( ! fir/ p2 & t ! bl[ falls accord+ to rule & =ekn[l$ge1 by virtue ( fix$ edicts1 inscrib$ 9 ! code ( ! univ]se by ! side ( o!r laws :i*1 9 _! rigid sev]ity1 gov]n organic & inorganic nature alike4 ,we may ju/ly reproa* ! philosophy ( ! e>ly sacr$ writ]s ) a lack ( exp]i5ce2 & s1 we may say1 !y expla9 a my/]y m]ely by enunciat+ a !ological tru? :i*1 h[ev] c]ta91 is itself ano!r my/]y4 ,!y h n pu%$ _! inquiries s f> z to obs]ve ! facts ( ! natural _w4 ,b at lea/ "o _c accuse !m ( misund]/&+ ! greatness ( ! problem & scrat*+ = solutions at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 !y h be5 cont5t to /ate ! "q 9 l(ty language2 & if !y h n solv$ x1 or ev5 ?r[n light ^u x1 at lea/ !y h n made x a bre$] ( errors4 ,?is puts !m f> above ! rationali/ic s*ools & all _! works4 ,! great m9ds ( ,a!ns & ,rome =mulat$ ! !ory1 accept$ by lat] ages1 t ,/ates1 civilizations1 & peoples1 are de/roy$ only by luxury1 effem9acy1 misgov]nm5t1 fanaticism1 & ! corruption ( morals4 ,^! causes1 tak5 s+ly or toge!r1 7 decl>$ to be responsible = ! fall ( human societies2 ! natural coroll>y be+ t 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! causes !re c be no solv5t :atev]4 ,! f9al conclusion is t societies1 m =tunate ?an m51 die only a viol5t dea?2 & if a nation c be imag9$ z escap+ ! de/ructive =ces ,i h m5tion$1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n la/ z long z ! e>? itself4 ,:5 ! anci5ts inv5t$ ?is !ory1 !y did n see :]e x 0 lead+ !m2 !y reg>d$ x m]ely z a buttress = _! e?ical notions1 to e/abli% :i* 01 z we "k1 ! sole aim ( _! hi/orical me?od4 ,9 _! n>rative ( ev5ts1 !y 7 s tak5 up ) ! idea ( br++ out ! admirable influ5ce ( virtue1 & ! deplorable effects ( vice & crime1 t any?+ :i* m>r$ ! h>mony ( ?is excell5t moral picture _h little int]e/ = !m1 & s 0 g5]ally =gott5 or set aside4 ,?is me?od 0 n only false & petty1 b also _h v (t5 a diff]5t result f t int5d$ by its au?ors2 = x appli$ ! t]ms 8virtue0 & 8vice0 9 an arbitr>y way1 z ! ne$s ( ! mom5t dictat$4 ,yet1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! !ory is excus$ by ! /]n & noble s5tim5t t lay at ! base ( x2 & if ! g5ius ( ,plut>* & ,tacitus has built m]e romances & libels on ?is f\ndation1 at any rate ! libels are g5]\s1 & ! romances sublime4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld %[ myself z indulg5t to ! use t ! au?ors ( ! eighte5? c5tury h made ( ! !ory4 ,b !re is too great a diff]5ce betwe5 _! ma/]s & !mselves4 ,! =m] _h ev5 a quixotic devotion to ! ma9t5ance ( ! social ord]2 ! latt] 7 eag] = novelty & furi\sly b5t on de/ruction4 ,! anci5ts made _! false ideas be> a noble prog5y2 ! mod]ns h produc$ only mon/r\s abortions4 ,_! !ory has furni%$ !m ) arms aga9/ all pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 :i* !y h reproa*$ 9 turn ) tyranny1 fanaticism1 & corruption4 ,! ,voltairean way ( 8prev5t+ ! ru9 ( society0 is to de/roy religion1 law1 indu/ry1 & comm]ce1 "u ! pretext t religion is ano!r "n = fanaticism1 law = despotism1 indu/ry & comm]ce = luxury & corruption4 ,:]e s _m errors reign1 ,i c]ta9ly agree t we h 8bad gov]nm5t40 ,i h n ! lea/ desire to write a polemic2 my object is m]ely to %[ h[ an idea common to ,?ucydides & ! ,abb ,raynal c produce q opposite results4 ,x makes = cons]vatism 9 ! "o1 = an an>*ic cynicism 9 ! o!r--& is an error 9 bo?4 ,! causes usually giv5 = ! fall ( nations are n necess>ily ! real causes2 & ?\gh ,i will+ly admit t !y may come to ! surface 9 ! dea?-agony ( a p1 ,i d5y t !y h en\gh p[]1 en\gh de/ructive en]gy1 to draw on1 by !mselves1 ! irrem$iable cata/rophe4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fanaticism1 ,,luxury1 ,,corruption ,,( ,,morals1 ,,& ,,irreligion ,,d ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,lead ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,societies ,i mu/ fir/ expla9 :at ,i und]/& by a 8society40 ,i d n mean ! m or less ext5d$ sph]e )9 :i*1 9 "s =m or o!r1 a di/9ct sov]eignty is ex]cis$4 ,! ,a!nian democracy is n a 8society0 9 our s5se1 any m ?an ! ,k+dom ( ,magadha1 ! empire ( ,pontus1 or ! ,caliphate ( ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ! ,fatimites4 ,!y are fragm5ts ( societies1 :i*1 no d\bt1 *ange1 coalesce1 or break up accord+ to ! natural laws t ,i am inve/igat+2 b _! exi/5ce or dea? does n imply ! exi/5ce or dea? ( a society4 ,_! =mation is usually a m]e transitory ph5om5on1 hav+ b a limit$ or indirect influ5ce on ! civilization 9 :i* !y arise4 ,:at ,i mean by a 8society0 is an assemblage ( m5 mov$ by simil> ideas & ! same in/9cts2 _! political unity may be m or less imp]fect1 b _! social unity mu/ be complete4 ,?us ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,india1 & ,*9a 71 or /ill are1 ! !atre :]e di/9ct & sep>ate societies h play$ out _! own de/9ies1 save :5 ^! h be5 br\ght = a "t into conjunction by political tr\bles4 ,z ,i %all speak ( ! p>ts only :5 my argum5t applies to ! :ole1 ,i %all use ! words 8nation0 or 8p0 ei!r 9 ! wide or ! n>r[ s5se1 )\t any room = ambiguity4 ,i return n[ to my ma9 subject1 :i* is to %[ t fanaticism1 luxury1 corruption ( morals1 & irreligion d n necess>ily br+ ab\t ! ru9 ( nations4 ,all ^! ph5om5a h be5 f\nd 9 a highly develop$ /ate1 ei!r 9 isolation or toge!r1 among peoples :i* 7 actually ! bett] = !m--or at any rate n ! worse4 ,! ,aztec ,empire 9 ,am]ica seems to h exi/$ ma9ly 8= ! great] glory0 ( fanaticism4 ,i _c imag9e any?+ m fanatical ?an a society l t ( ! ,aztecs1 :i* re/$ on a religi\s f\ndation1 cont9ually wat]$ by ! blood ( human sacrifice4 ,x has be5 d5i$1#d p]haps ) "s tru?1 t ! anci5t peoples ( ,europe ev] practis$ ritual murd] on victims :o 7 reg>d$ z innoc5t1 ) ! exception ( %ipwreck$ sailors & prison]s ( w>4 ,b = ! anci5t ,mexicans "o victim 0 z good z ano!r4 ,) a f]ocity recogniz$ by a mod]n physiologi/#e z *>act]i/ic ( ! races ( ! ,new ,_w1 !y massacr$ _! fell[-citiz5s on _! alt>s1 )\t pity1 )\t fl9*+1 & )\t discrim9ation4 ,?is did n prev5t _! be+ a p[]ful1 indu/ri\s1 & weal?y p1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly = _m ages h gone on fl\ri%+1 reign+1 & ?roat-cutt+1 _h n ! g5ius ( ,h]n&o ,cortes & ! c\rage ( 8 companions /epp$ 9 to put an end to ! mon/r\s exi/5ce ( su* an ,empire4 ,?us fanaticism does n cause ! fall ( ,/ates4 ,luxury & effem9acy h no bett] claims ?an fanaticism4 ,_! effects are to be se5 only 9 ! upp] classes2 & ?\gh !y assum$ diff]5t =ms 9 ! anci5t _w1 among ! ,greeks1 ! ,p]sians1 & ! ,romans1 ,i d\bt :e!r !y 7 ev] br\ght to a great] pit* ( ref9em5t ?an at ! pres5t day1 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,russia--especially 9 ! la/ two4 ,& x is j ^! two1 ,engl& & ,russia1 t1 ( all ! ,/ates ( mod]n ,europe1 seem to be gift$ ) a peculi> vitality4 ,aga91 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,v5etians1 ! ,g5oese1 & ! ,pisans cr[d$ _! %ops ) ! treasures ( ! :ole _w2 !y display$ !m 9 _! palaces1 & c>ri$ !m ov] e sea4 ,b !y 7 c]ta9ly none ! weak] = t4 ,?us luxury & effem9acy are 9 no way ! necess>y causes ( weakness & ru94 ,aga91 ! corruption ( morals1 h[ev] t]rible a sc\rge x may be1 is n always an ag5t ( de/ruction4 ,if x 71 ! milit>y p[] & comm]cial prosp]ity ( a nation w\ld h to v>y directly ) ! purity ( its morals2 b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,! curi\s idea t ! e>ly ,romans _h all ! virtues#f has n[ be5 rightly giv5 up by mo/ p4 ,we no long] see any?+ v edify+ 9 ! patricians ( ! e>ly ,republic1 :o treat$ _! wives l slaves1 _! *ildr5 l cattle1 & _! cr$itors l wild bea/s4 ,if !re 7 /ill any advocates to plead _! unrighte\s cause by argu+ f an assum$ 8v>iation 9 ! moral /&>d ( diff]5t ages10 x w\ld n be v h>d to %[ h[ flimsy su* an argum5t is4 ,9 all ages ! misuse ( p[] has excit$ equal indignation4 ,if ! rape ( ,lucrece did n br+ ab\t ! expulsion ( ! k+s1 if ! tribunate#g 0 n e/abli%$ ow+ to ! attempt ( ,appius ,claudius1 at any rate ! real causes t lay beh9d ^! two great revolutions1 by cloak+ !mselves "u su* pretexts1 reveal ! /ate ( public morality at ! "t4 ,no1 we _c acc\nt = ! great] vig\r ( all e>ly peoples by alleg+ _! great] virtue4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 !re has be5 no human society1 h[ev] small1 t has n conta9$ ! g]m ( e vice4 ,& yet1 h[ev] burd5$ ) ?is load ( depravity1 ! nations seem to m>* on v com=tably1 & (t51 9 fact1 to owe _! greatness to _! dete/able cu/oms4 ,! ,sp>tans enjoy$ a long life & ! admiration ( m5 m]ely ow+ to _! laws1 :i* 7 ^? ( a robb]-/ate4 ,0 ! fall ( ! ,phnicians due to ! corruption t gnaw$ _! vitals & 0 dissem9at$ by !m ov] ! :ole _w8 ,n at all2 on ! contr>y1 ?is corruption 0 ! ma9 in/rum5t ( _! p[] & glory4 ,f ! day :5 !y fir/ t\*$ ! %ores ( ! ,greek isl&s1#h & w5t _! way1 *eat+ _! cu/om]s1 robb+ _! ho/s1 abduct+ wom5 = ! slave-m>ket1 /eal+ 9 "o place to sell 9 ano!r--f t day1 x is true1 _! reputation fell n unreasonably l[2 b !y did n prosp] any ! less = t1 & !y hold a place 9 hi/ory :i* is q unaffect$ by all ! /ories ( _! gre$ & trea*]y4 ,f> f admitt+ ! sup]ior moral "* ( e>ly societies1 ,i h no d\bt t nations1 z !y gr[ old] & s draw ne>] _! fall1 pres5t a f> m satisfactory appe>ance f ! c5sor's po9t ( view4 ,cu/oms become less rigid1 r\gh edges become s(t5$1 ! pa? ( life is made easi]1 ! rights exi/+ betwe5 man & man h _h "t to become bett] def9$ & und]/ood1 & s ! !ories ( social ju/ice h rea*$1 little by little1 a high] degree ( delicacy4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,greeks ov]?rew ! ,empire ( ,d>ius1 or :5 ! ,go?s ent]$ ,rome1 !re 7 probably f> m hone/ m5 9 ,a!ns1 ,babylon1 & ! imp]ial city ?an 9 ! glori\s days ( ,h>modius1 ,cyrus ! ,great1 & ,val]ius ,publicola4 ,we ne$ n g back to ^? di/ant epo*s1 b may judge !m by ourselves4 ,p>is is c]ta9ly "o ( ! places on ?is e>? :]e civilization has t\*$ its highe/ po9t1 & :]e ! contra/ ) primitive ages is mo/ m>k$2 & yet y w f9d a l>ge numb] ( religi\s & le>n$ p admitt+ t 9 no place & "t 7 !re s _m examples ( practical virtue1 ( s9c]e piety1 ( sa9tly lives gov]n$ by a f9e s5se ( duty1 z are to be met to-day 9 ! great mod]n city4 ,! ideals ( goodness are z high n[ z !y ev] 7 9 ! l(tie/ m9ds ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & !y h laid aside ! bitt]ness1 ! /ra9 ( /]nness & savag]y--,i 0 almo/ say+1 ( p$antry--t sometimes col\r$ !m 9 t age4 ,& s1 z a set-(f to ! frightful p]v]sities ( ! mod]n _s1 we f9d1 9 ! v temple :]e t _s has set up ! high alt> ( its p[]1 a /rik+ contra/1 :i* nev] appe>$ to =m] c5turies 9 ! same consol+ light z x has to our own4 ,i d n ev5 believe t !re is a lack ( great m5 9 p]iods ( corruption & decad5ce2 & by 8great m50 ,i mean ^? mo/ ri*ly end[$ ) en]gy ( "* & ! mascul9e virtues4 ,if ,i look at ! li/ ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors 7mo/ ( !m1 by ! way1 z high above _! subjects 9 m]it z !y 7 9 rank7 ,i f9d names l ,trajan1 ,anton9us ,pius1 ,septimius ,sev]us1 & ,jovian2 & bel[ ! ?rone1 ev5 among ! city mob1 ,i see ) admiration all ! great !ologians1 ! great m>tyrs1 ! apo/les ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 to say no?+ ( ! virtu\s ,pagans4 ,/rong1 brave1 & active spirits fill$ ! camps & ! ,italian t[ns2 & "o may d\bt :e!r 9 ! "t ( ,c9c9natus1 ,rome held1 9 proportion1 s _m m5 ( em95ce 9 all ! walks ( practical life4 ,! te/imony ( ! facts is conclusive4 ,?us m5 ( /rong "*1 m5 ( tal5t & en]gy1 s f> f be+ unkn[n to human societies 9 ! "t ( _! decad5ce & old age1 are actually to be f\nd 9 great] abundance ?an 9 ! days :5 an empire is "y4 ,fur!r1 ! ord9>y level ( morality is high] 9 ! lat] p]iod ?an 9 ! e>li]4 ,x is n g5]ally true to say t 9 ,/ates on ! po9t ( dea? ! corruption ( morals is any m virul5t ?an 9 ^? j born4 ,x is equally d\btful :e!r ?is corruption br+s ab\t _! fall2 = "s ,/ates1 f> f dy+ ( _! p]v]sity1 h liv$ & gr[n fat on x4 ,"o may g fur!r1 & %[ t moral degradation is n necess>ily a mortal disease at all2 =1 z aga9/ ! o!r maladies ( society1 x has ! advantage ( be+ curable2 & ! cure is sometimes v rapid4 ,9 fact1 ! morals ( any p>ticul> p are 9 cont9ual ebb & fl[ ?r\gh\t its hi/ory4 ,to g no fur!r afield ?an our own ,france1 we may say t1 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies1 ! conqu]$ race ( ! ,gallo-,romans 7 c]ta9ly bett] ?an _! conqu]ors f a moral po9t ( view4 ,tak5 individually1 !y 7 n always _! inf]iors ev5 9 c\rage & ! milit>y virtues4#i ,9 ! foll[+ c5turies1 :5 ! two races _h begun to int]m+le1 !y seem to h det]iorat$2 & we h no reason to be v pr\d ( ! picture t 0 pres5t$ by our de> c\ntry ab\t ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,b 9 ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5?1 a great *ange came ov] ! sc5e4 ,society _h succe$$ 9 h>moniz+ its mo/ discordant elem5ts1 & ! /ate ( morals 0 reasonably good4 ,! ideas ( ! "t 7 n fav\rable to ! little casui/ries t keep a man f ! "r pa? ev5 :5 he wi%es to walk 9 x4 ,! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7 times ( t]rible conflict & p]v]sity4 ,brig&age reign$ supreme4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w2 & ! decad5ce 0 %[n 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,9 view ( ! debau*]y1 ! tyranny1 & ! massacres ( t age1 ( ! complete )]+ ( all ! f9] feel+s 9 e section ( ! ,/ate--9 ! nobles :o plund]$ _! ville9s1 9 ! citiz5s :o sold _! c\ntry to ,engl&1 9 a cl]gy t 0 false to its pr(essions--"o might h ?\ght t ! :ole society 0 ab\t to cra% to ! gr\nd & bury its %ame deep "u its own ru9s4444 ,! cra% nev] came4 ,! society cont9u$ to live2 x devis$ rem$ies1 x beat back its foes1 x em]g$ f ! d>k cl\d4 ,! sixte5? c5tury 0 f> m reputable ?an its pr$ecessor1 9 spite ( its orgies ( blood1 :i* 7 a pale reflection ( ^? ( ! prec$+ age4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's day is n su* a %ameful memory z ! massacre ( ! ,armagnacs4 ,f9ally1 ! ,fr5* p pass$ f ?is semi-b>b>\s twilight into ! pure spl5d\r ( day1 ! age ( ,fnelon1 ,bossuet1 & ! ,montausi]4 ,?us1 up to ,l\is ,,xiv1 our hi/ory %[s a s]ies ( rapid *anges f good to evil1 f evil to good2 :ile ! real vitality ( ! nation has little to d ) its moral condition4 ,i h t\*$ lightly on ! l>g] curves ( *ange2 to trace ! multitude ( less] *anges )9 ^! w\ld require _m pages4 ,to speak ev5 ( :at we h all b se5 ) our own eyes1 is x n cle> t 9 e decade s9ce #aghg ! /&>d ( morality has v>i$ enorm\sly8 ,i conclude t ! corruption ( morals is a fleet+ & un/able ph5om5on2 x becomes sometimes worse & sometimes bett]1 & s _c be consid]$ z necess>ily caus+ ! ru9 ( societies4 ,i mu/ exam9e "h an argum5t1 put =w>d 9 our "t1 :i* nev] ent]$ p's heads 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 b z x fits 9 admirably ) ! subject ( ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ,i c\ld n f9d a bett] place 9 :i* to speak ( x4 ,_m p h come to ?9k t ! end ( a society is at h& :5 its religi\s ideas t5d to weak5 & disappe>4 ,!y see a k9d ( connexion betwe5 ! op5 pr(ession ( ! doctr9es ( ,z5o & ,epicurus at ,a!ns & ,rome1 ) ! consequ5t ab&onm5t 7accord+ to !m7 ( ! national cults1 & ! fall ( ! two republics4 ,!y fail to notice t ^! are virtually ! only examples t c be giv5 ( su* a co9cid5ce4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire at ! "t ( its fall 0 :olly "u ! sway ( ! ,magi4 ,tyre1 ,c>?age1 ,juda1 ! ,aztec & ,p]uvian mon>*ies 7 /ruck d[n :ile fanatically cl++ to _! alt>s4 ,?us x _c be ma9ta9$ t all ! peoples ^: exi/5ce z a nation is be+ de/roy$ are at t mom5t expiat+ ! s9 !y committ$ 9 des]t+ ! fai? ( _! fa!rs4 ,fur!r1 ev5 ! two examples t g to support ! !ory seem to prove mu* m ?an !y really d4 ,i d5y absolutely t ! anci5t cults 7 ev] giv5 up 9 ,rome or ,a!ns1 until ! day :5 !y 7 supplant$ 9 ! he>ts ( all m5 by ! victori\s religion ( ,*ri/4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i believe t !re has nev] be5 a real brea* ( cont9uity 9 ! religi\s beliefs ( any nation on ?is e>?4 ,! outw>d =m or inn] mean+ ( ! cre$ may h *ang$2 b we %all always f9d "s ,gallic ,teutates mak+ way = ! ,roman ,jupit]1 ,jupit] = ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 )\t any int]val ( unbelief1 9 exactly ! same way z ! dead give up _! inh]itance to ! liv+4 ,h5ce1 z !re has nev] be5 a nation ( :i* "o c\ld say t x _h no fai? at all1 we h no "r to assume t 8! lack ( fai? causes ! de/ruction ( ,/ates40 ,i q see ! gr\nds on :i* su* a view is bas$4 ,its def5d]s w tell u ( 8! notori\s fact0 t a little be=e ! "t ( ,p]icles at ,a!ns1 & ab\t ! age ( ! ,scipios at ,rome ! upp] classes became m & m prone1 fir/ to reason ab\t _! religion1 !n to d\bt x1 & f9ally to give up all fai? 9 x1 & to take pride 9 be+ a!i/s4 ,little by little1 we %all be told1 ! habit ( a!ism spread1 until !re 0 no "o ) any pret5sions to intellect at all :o did n defy "o augur to pass ano!r )\t smil+4 ,?is op9ion has a gra9 ( tru?1 b is l>gely false4 ,say1 if y w1 t ,aspasia1 at ! end ( h] little supp]s1 & ,llius1 9 ! company ( 8 fri5ds1 made a virtue ( mock+ at ! sacr$ beliefs ( _! c\ntry2 no "o w contradict y4 ,b !y w\ld n h be5 all[$ to v5t _! ideas too publicly2 & yet !y liv$ at ! two mo/ brilliant p]iods ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory4 ,! imprud5t conduct ( 8 mi/ress all b co/ ,p]icles himself v de>2 we rememb] ! te>s he %$ 9 op5 c\rt1 te>s :i* w\ld n ( !mselves h secur$ ! acquittal ( ! fair infidel4 ,?9k1 too1 ( ! (ficial language held by contempor>y poets1 h[ ,sophocles & ,ari/ophanes succe$$ s*ylus z ! /]n *ampions ( outrag$ deity4 ,! :ole nation believ$ 9 its gods1 reg>d$ ,socrates z a revolution>y & a crim9al1 & wi%$ to see ,anaxagoras br\ght to trial & condemn$4444 ,:at ( ! lat] ages8 ,did ! impi\s !ories ( ! philosoph]s succe$ at any "t 9 rea*+ ! masses8 ,n = a s+le day4 ,scepticism rema9$ a luxury ( ! fa%ionable _w & ( t _w alone4 ,"o may call x useless to speak ( ! ?\ghts ( ! pla9 citiz5s1 ! c\ntry folk1 & ! slaves1 :o _h no influ5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & c\ld n impose _! ideas on _! rul]s4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 a v real influ5ce2 & ! pro( is t until paganism 0 at its la/ gasp1 _! temples & %r9es _h to be kept go+1 & _! acolytes to be paid4 ,! mo/ em95t & enlight5$ m51 ! mo/ f]v5t 9 _! unbelief1 _h n only to accept ! public hon\r ( we>+ ! prie/ly robe1 b to und]take ! mo/ disagreeable duties ( ! cult--!y :o 7 accu/om$ to turn ov]1 day & night1 manu diurna1 manu nocturna1 ! pages ( ,lucretius4 ,n only did !y g ?r\gh ^! rites on c]emonial occasions1 b !y us$ _! scanty h\rs ( leisure1 h\rs snat*$ ) difficulty f ! life-&-dea? game ( politics1 9 compos+ treatises on augury4 ,i am ref]r+ to ! great ,julius4#aj ,well1 all ! emp]ors aft] him _h to hold ! (fice ( high-prie/1 ev5 ,con/ant9e4 ,he1 c]ta9ly1 _h f> /rong] reason ?an all 8 pr$ecessors = %ak+ (f a yoke s degrad+ to 8 hon\r z a ,*ri/ian pr9ce2 yet he 0 =c$ by public op9ion1 t blaz$ up = ! la/ "t be=e be+ ext+ui%$ = ev]1 to come to t]ms ) ! old national religion4 ,?us x 0 n ! fai? ( ! pla9 citiz5s1 ! c\ntry folk1 & ! slaves t 0 ( small acc\nt2 x 0 ! !ories ( ! m5 ( culture t matt]$ no?+4 ,!y prote/$ 9 va91 9 ! "n ( reason & good s5se1 aga9/ ! absurdities ( paganism2 ! mass ( ! p nei!r w\ld nor c\ld give up "o belief be=e !y _h be5 provid$ ) ano!r4 ,!y prov$ once m ! great tru? t x is affirmation1 n negation1 :i* is ( s]vice 9 ! bus9ess ( ?is _w4 ,s /rongly did m5 feel ?is tru? 9 ! ?ird c5tury t !re 0 a religi\s reaction among ! high] classes4 ,! reaction 0 s]i\s & g5]al1 & la/$ till ! _w def9itely pass$ into ! arms ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 fact1 ! supremacy ( philosophy rea*$ its highe/ po9t "u ! ,anton9es & began to decl9e soon aft] _! dea?4 ,i ne$ n "h g deeply into ?is "q1 h[ev] int]e/+ x may be = ! hi/orian ( ideas2 x w be en\gh = me to %[ t ! revolution ga9$ gr\nd z ! ye>s w5t on1 & to br+ out its imm$iate cause4 ,! old] ! ,roman _w became1 ! great] 0 ! "p play$ by ! army4 ,f ! emp]or1 :o inv>iably came f ! ranks1 d[n to ! pettie/ (fic] 9 8 ,prtorian gu>d & ! prefect ( ! mo/ unimportant di/rict1 e (ficial _h begun 8 c>e] on ! p>ade-gr\nd1 "u ! v9e-/aff ( ! c5turion2 9 o!r words !y _h all sprung f ! mass ( ! p1 ( ^: unqu5*able piety ,i h already spok54 ,:5 !y _h scal$ ! heights ( (fice1 !y f\nd confront+ !m1 to _! int5se annoyance & dismay1 ! anci5t ari/ocracy ( ! municipalities1 ! local s5ators1 :o took pleasure 9 reg>d+ !m z up/>ts1 & w\ld gladly h turn$ !m to ridicule if !y _h d>$4 ,?us ! real ma/]s ( ! ,/ate & ! once pr$om9ant families 7 at dagg]s drawn4 ,! comm&]s ( ! army 7 believ]s & fanatics--,maxim91 = example1 & ,gal]ius1 & a hundr$ o!rs4 ,! s5ators & decurions /ill f\nd _! *ief delight 9 ! lit]ature ( ! sceptics2 b z !y actually liv$ at c\rt1 t is to say among soldi]s1 !y 7 =c$ to adopt a way ( speak+ & an (ficial set ( op9ions :i* %\ld n put !m to any risk4 ,gradually an atmosph]e ( devotion spread ?r\gh ! ,empire2 & ?is l$ ! philosoph]s !mselves1 ) ,euhem]us at _! head1 to inv5t sy/ems ( reconcil+ ! !ories ( ! rationali/s ) ! ,/ate religion--a movem5t 9 :i* ! ,emp]or ,julian 0 ! mo/ p[]ful _s4 ,!re is no reason to give mu* praise to ?is r5aissance ( pagan piety1 = x caus$ mo/ ( ! p]secutions "u :i* our m>tyrs h suff]$4 ,! masses1 ^: religi\s feel+s _h be5 w\nd$ by ! a!i/ic sects1 _h bid$ _! "t s long z !y 7 rul$ by ! upp] classes4 ,b z soon z ! empire _h become democratic1 & ! pride ( ^! classes _h be5 br\ght l[1 !n ! populace det]m9$ to h _! rev5ge4 ,!y made a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 9 _! victims1 & cut ! ?roats ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :om !y took = philosoph]s1 & accus$ ( impiety4 ,:at a diff]5ce !re 0 betwe5 ?is & an e>li] age6 ,! really sceptical pagan 0 ,k+ ,agrippa1 :o wi%$ to he> ,/4 ,paul m]ely out ( curiosity4#aa ,he li/5$ to him1 disput$ ) him1 took him = a madman1 b did n dream ( puni%+ him = ?9k+ diff]5tly f himself4 ,ano!r example is ! hi/orian ,tacitus1 :o 0 full ( contempt = ! new sect>ies1 b blam$ ,n]o = 8 cruelty 9 p]secut+ !m4 ,agrippa & ,tacitus 7 ! real unbeliev]s4 ,diocletian 0 a politician rul$ by ! clam\rs ( 8 p2 ,decius & ,aurelian 7 fanatics l _! subjects4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t _h def9itely gone ov] to ,*ri/ianity1 :at a task x 0 to br+ ! diff]5t peoples into ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*6 ,9 ,greece !re 0 a s]ies ( t]rible /ruggles1 9 ! ,univ]sities z well z 9 ! small t[ns & villages4 ,! bi%ops _h ev]y:]e su* difficulty 9 ou/+ ! little local div9ities t v (t5 ! victory 0 due less to argum5t & conv]sion ?an to "t1 pati5ce1 & diplomacy4 ,! cl]gy 7 =c$ to make use ( pi\s frauds1 & _! +5uity replac$ ! deities ( wood1 mead[1 & f\nta91 by sa9ts1 m>tyrs1 & virg9s4 ,?us ! feel+s ( rev]5ce cont9u$ )\t a break2 = "s "t !y 7 direct$ to ! wrong objects1 b !y at la/ f\nd ! "r road4444 ,b :at am ,i say+8 ,c we be s c]ta9 t ev5 9 ,france !re are n to be f\nd to ?is day a few places :]e ! t5acity ( "s odd sup]/ition /ill gives tr\ble to ! p>i% prie/8 ,9 ,ca?olic ,brittany1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 a bi%op _h a long /ruggle ) a village-p t clung to ! wor%ip ( a /one idol4 ,9 va9 0 ! gross image ?r[n into ! wat]2 its fanatical admir]s always fi%$ x out aga91 & ! help ( a company ( infantry 0 ne$$ to break x to pieces4 ,we see f ?is :at a long life paganism _h--& /ill has4 ,i conclude t !re is no good reason = hold+ t ,rome & ,a!ns 7 = a s+le day )\t religion4 ,s9ce !n1 a nation has nev]1 ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 giv5 up "o fai? be=e be+ duly provid$ ) ano!r1 x is impossible to claim t ! ru9 ( nations foll[s f _! irreligion4 ,i h n[ %[n t fanaticism1 luxury1 & ! corruption ( morals h n necess>ily any p[] ( de/ruction1 & t irreligion has no political reality at all2 x rema9s to discuss ! influ5ce ( bad gov]nm5t1 :i* is well wor? a *apt] to itself4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,relative ,,m]it ,,( ,,gov]nm5ts ,,has ,,no ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,a ,,nation',s ,,life ,i "k ! difficulty ( my pres5t task4 ,t ,i %\ld ev5 v5ture to t\* on x w seem a k9d ( p>adox to _m ( my read]s4 ,p are conv9c$1 & rightly conv9c$1 t ! good adm9i/ration ( good laws has a direct & p[]ful influ5ce on ! heal? ( a p2 & ?is conviction is s /rong1 t !y attribute to su* adm9i/ration ! m]e fact t a human society goes on liv+ at all4 ,"h !y are wrong4 ,!y w\ld be "r1 ( c\rse1 if x 7 true t nations c\ld exi/ only 9 a /ate ( well-be+2 b we "k t1 l individuals1 !y c (t5 g on = a long "t1 c>ry+ )9 !m ! se$s ( "s fell disease1 :i* may sudd5ly break out 9 a virul5t =m4 ,if nations inv>iably di$ ( _! suff]+s1 n "o w\ld survive ! fir/ ye>s ( its gr[?2 = x is precisely 9 ^? ye>s t !y %[ ! wor/ adm9i/ration1 ! wor/ laws1 & ! greate/ disord]4 ,b 9 ?is respect !y are ! exact opposite ( ! human organism4 ,! greate/ enemy t ! latt] has to fe>1 especially 9 infancy1 is a cont9u\s s]ies ( illnesses--we "k be=eh& t !re is no resi/+ ^!2 to a society1 h[ev]1 su* a s]ies does no h>m at all1 & hi/ory gives u abundant pro( t ! body politic is always be+ cur$ ( ! longe/1 ! mo/ t]rible & deva/at+ attacks ( disease1 ( :i* ! wor/ =ms are ill-conceiv$ laws & an oppressive or neglig5t adm9i/ration4#ab ,we w fir/ try to make cle> 9 :at a 8bad gov]nm5t0 consi/s4 ,x is a malady t seems to take _m =ms4 ,x w\ld be impossible ev5 to enum]ate !m all1 = !y are multipli$ to inf9ity by ! diff]5ces 9 ! con/itutions ( peoples1 & 9 ! place & "t ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b if we gr\p ^! =ms "u f\r ma9 head+s1 !re are v few v>ieties t w n be includ$4 ,a gov]nm5t is bad :5 x is set up by a =eign ,p[]4 ,a!ns exp]i5c$ ?is k9d ( gov]nm5t "u ! ,?irty ,tyrants2 !y 7 driv5 out1 & ! national _s1 f> f dy+ "u _! oppressive rule1 0 temp]$ by x to a great] h>dness4 ,a gov]nm5t is bad :5 x is bas$ on conque/1 pure & simple4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury practically ! :ole ( ,france pass$ "u ! yoke ( ,engl&4 ,x em]g$ /rong] ?an be=e1 & ent]$ on a c>e] ( great brilliance4 ,*9a 0 ov]run & conqu]$ by hordes ( ,mongols2 x manag$ to expel !m beyond its bord]s1 aft] sapp+ _! vitality 9 a mo/ extraord9>y way4 ,s9ce t "t ,*9a has fall5 into a new s]vitude2 b al?\gh ! ,man*us h already enjoy$ m ?an a c5tury ( sov]eignty1 !y are on ! eve ( suff]+ ! same fate z ! ,mongols1 & h pass$ ?r\gh a simil> p]iod ( weakness4 ,a gov]nm5t is especially bad :5 ! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s becomes vitiat$1 & ceases to op]ate 9 ! heal?y & vigor\s way x did at fir/4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! milit>y _s & ! idea ( social fre$om2 t[>ds ! end ( ,philip ,,ii's reign x =got its orig9 & began to deg5]ate4 ,!re has nev] be5 a c\ntry :]e all !ories ( conduct _h become m obsolete1 :]e ! executive 0 m feeble & discr$it$1 :]e ! organization ( ! *ur* itself 0 s op5 to criticism4 ,agriculture & indu/ry1 l ev]y?+ else1 7 /ruck d[n & all b buri$ 9 ! morass :]e ! nation 0 decay+4444 ,b is ,spa9 dead8 ,n at all4 ,! c\ntry ( :i* s _m despair$ has giv5 ,europe ! glori\s example ( a desp]ate resi/ance to ! =tune ( our arms2 & at ! pres5t mom5t x is p]haps 9 ,spa91 ( all ! mod]n ,/ates1 t ! feel+ ( nationality is mo/ int5se4 ,f9ally1 a gov]nm5t is bad :51 by ! v nature ( its in/itutions1 x gives col\r to an antagonism betwe5 ! supreme p[] & ! mass ( ! p1 or betwe5 diff]5t classes ( society4 ,?us1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we see ! k+s ( ,engl& & ,france engag$ 9 a /ruggle ) _! great vassals1 & ! peasants fly+ at ! ?roats ( _! ov]lords4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1 ! fir/ effects ( ! new fre$om ( ?\ght 7 ! civil w>s ( ! ,hussites1 ! ,anabapti/s1 & all ! o!r sect>ies4 ,a little be=e t1 ,italy 0 9 su* di/ress ?r\gh ! division ( ! supreme p[]1 & ! qu>rel ov] ! fragm5ts betwe5 ! ,emp]or1 ! ,pope1 ! nobles1 & ! communes1 t ! masses1 n kn[+ :om to obey1 (t5 end$ by obey+ nobody4 ,did ?is cause ! ru9 ( ! :ole society8 ,n at all4 ,its civilization 0 nev] m brilliant1 its indu/ry m productive1 its influ5ce abroad m inconte/able4 ,i c well believe t sometimes1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! /orms1 a wise & pot5t law-giv] came1 l a sunbeam1 to %$ ! light ( 8 b5efic5ce on ! peoples he rul$4 ,! light rema9$ only = a %ort space2 & j z its abs5ce _h n caus$ dea?1 s its pres5ce did n br+ life4 ,= ?is1 ! times ( prosp]ity w\ld h _h to be frequ5t & ( long duration4 ,b upright pr9ces 7 r>e 9 t age1 & are r>e 9 all ages4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( !m h _! detractors1 & ! happie/ pictures are full ( %ad[4 ,d all hi/orians alike reg>d ! "t ( ,k+ ,william ,,iii z an era ( prosp]ity = ,engl&8 ,d !y all admire ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! ,great1 )\t res]ve8 ,on ! contr>y2 ! critics are all at _! po/s1 & _! arr[s "k :]e to f9d _! m>k4 ,& yet ^! are1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ regulat$ & mo/ fruitful p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ourselves & our neighb\rs4 ,good gov]nm5ts are s ?9ly s[n on ! soil ( ! ages1 & ev5 :5 !y spr+ up1 are s )]$ by criticism2 political sci5ce1 ! highe/ & mo/ intricate ( all sci5ces1 is s incomm5surate ) ! weakness ( man1 t we _c s9c]ely claim t nations p]i% f be+ ill-gov]n$4 ,?ank heav5 !y h ! p[] ( soon becom+ accu/om$ to _! suff]+s1 :i*1 9 _! wor/ =ms1 are inf9itely pref]able to an>*y4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial /udy ( hi/ory w be en\gh to %[ t h[ev] bad may be ! gov]nm5t t is dra9+ away ! life-blood ( a p1 x is (t5 bett] ?an _m ( ! adm9i/rations t h gone be=e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,deg5]ation02 ,,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,racial ,,elem5ts2 ,,h[ ,,societies ,,are ,,=m$ ,,& ,,brok5 ,,up ,h[ev] little ! _s ( ! =ego+ pages may h be5 und]/ood1 no "o w conclude f !m t ,i atta* no importance to ! maladies ( ! social organism1 & t1 = me1 bad gov]nm5t1 fanaticism1 & irreligion are m]e unmean+ accid5ts4 ,on ! contr>y ,i q agree ) ! ord9>y view1 t x is a lam5table ?+ to see a society be+ gradually und]m9$ by ^! fell diseases1 & t no am\nt ( c>e & tr\ble w\ld be wa/$ if a rem$y c\ld only be f\nd4 ,i m]ely add t if ^! poison\s blossoms ( disunion are n graft$ on a /rong] pr9ciple ( de/ruction1 if !y are n ! consequ5ces ( a hidd5 plague m t]rible /ill1 we may re/ assur$ t _! ravages w n be fatal & t aft] a "t ( suff]+ m or less drawn out1 ! society w em]ge f _! toils1 p]haps ) /r5g? & y\? r5ew$4 ,! examples ,i h br\ght =w>d seem to me conclusive1 ?\gh _! numb] might be indef9itely increas$4 ,?r\gh "s su* reason+ z ?is ! ord9>y op9ions ( m5 h at la/ come to conta9 an in/9ctive p]ception ( ! tru?4 ,x is be+ dimly se5 t "o ought n to h giv5 su* a prepond]ant importance to evils :i* 7 aft] all m]ely d]ivative1 & t ! true causes ( ! life & dea? ( peoples %\ld h be5 s\ght else:]e1 & be5 drawn f a deep] well4 ,m5 h begun to look at ! inn] con/itution ( a society1 by itself1 q ap>t f all circum/ances ( heal? or disease4 ,!y h %[n !mselves ready to admit t no ext]nal cause c\ld lay ! h& ( dea? on any society1 s long z a c]ta9 de/ructive pr9ciple1 inh]5t 9 x f ! fir/1 born f its womb & n\ri%$ on its entrails1 _h n rea*$ its full maturity2 on ! o!r h&1 s soon z ?is de/ructive pr9ciple _h come into exi/5ce1 ! society 0 doom$ to c]ta9 dea?1 ev5 ?\gh x _h ! be/ ( all possible gov]nm5ts--9 exactly ! same way z a sp5t horse w fall dead on a concrete road4 ,a great /ep 9 advance 0 made1 ,i admit1 :5 ! "q 0 consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view1 :i* 0 anyh[ mu* m philosophic ?an ! "o tak5 up be=e4 ,bi*at1#ac z we "k1 did n seek to discov] ! great my/]y ( exi/5ce by /udy+ ! human subject f ! outside2 ! key to ! riddle1 he saw1 lay )94 ,^? :o foll[$ ! same me?od1 9 our own subject1 7 travell+ on ! only road t really l$ to discov]ies4 ,un=tunately1 ?is excell5t idea ( !irs 0 ! result ( m]e in/9ct2 its logical implications 7 n c>ri$ v f>1 & x 0 %att]$ on ! fir/ difficulty4 8,yes10 !y cri$1 8! cause ( de/ruction lies hidd5 9 ! v vitals ( ! social organism2 b :at is ?is cause80 8,deg5]ation10 0 ! answ]2 8nations die :5 !y are compos$ ( elem5ts t h deg5]at$40 ,! answ] 0 excell5t1 etymologically & o!rwise4 ,x only rema9$ to def9e ! mean+ ( 8nation t has deg5]at$40 ,?is 0 ! rock on :i* !y f\nd]$2 a deg5]ate p meant1 !y said1 8,a p :i* ?r\gh bad gov]nm5t1 misuse ( weal?1 fanaticism1 or irreligion1 _h lo/ ! *>act]i/ic virtues ( its ance/ors40 ,:at a fall is !re6 ,?us a p dies ( its endemic diseases because x is deg5]ate1 & is deg5]ate because x dies4 ,?is circul> argum5t m]ely proves t ! sci5ce ( social anatomy is 9 its infancy4 ,i q agree t societies p]i% because !y are deg5]ate1 & = no o!r reason4 ,?is is ! evil condition t makes !m :olly unable to )/& ! %ock ( ! disa/]s t close 9 ^u !m2 & :5 !y c no long] endure ! bl[s ( adv]se =tune1 & h no p[] to raise _! heads :5 ! sc\rge has pass$1 !n we h ! sublime spectacle ( a nation 9 agony4 ,if x p]i%1 x is because x has no long] ! same vig\r z x _h ( old 9 battl+ ) ! dang]s ( life2 9 a ^w1 because x is deg5]ate4 ,i repeat1 ! t]m is excell5t2 b we mu/ expla9 x a little bett]1 & give x a def9ite mean+4 ,h[ & :y is a nation's vig\r lo/8 ,h[ does x deg5]ate8 ,^! are ! que/ions :i* we mu/ try to answ]4 ,up to ! pres5t1 m5 h be5 cont5t ) f9d+ ! ^w1 )\t unveil+ ! reality t lies beh9d4 ,?is fur!r /ep ,i %all n[ attempt to take4 ,! ^w deg5]ate1 :5 appli$ to a p1 means 7z x ought to mean7 t ! p has no long] ! same intr9sic value z x _h be=e1 because x has no long] ! same blood 9 its ve9s1 cont9ual adult]ations hav+ gradually affect$ ! quality ( t blood4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh ! nation be>s ! "n giv5 by its f\nd]s1 ! "n no long] connotes ! same race2 9 fact1 ! man ( a decad5t "t1 ! deg5]ate man prop]ly s call$1 is a diff]5t be+1 f ! racial po9t ( view1 f ! h]oes ( ! great ages4 ,i agree t he /ill keeps some?+ ( _! ess5ce2 b ! m he deg5]ates ! m att5uat$ does ?is 8some?+0 become4 ,! het]og5e\s elem5ts t h5ce=? prevail 9 him give him q a diff]5t nationality--a v orig9al "o1 no d\bt1 b su* orig9ality is n to be envi$4 ,he is only a v di/ant k9sman ( ^? he /ill calls 8 ance/ors4 ,he1 & 8 civilization ) him1 w c]ta9ly die on ! day :5 ! primordial race-unit is s brok5 up & swamp$ by ! influx ( =eign elem5ts1 t its effective qualities h no long] a suffici5t fre$om ( action4 ,x w n1 ( c\rse1 absolutely disappe>1 b x w 9 practice be s beat5 d[n & enfeebl$1 t its p[] w be felt less & less z "t goes on4 ,x is at ?is po9t t all ! results ( deg5]ation w appe>1 & ! process may be consid]$ complete4 ,if ,i manage to prove ?is proposition1 ,i %all h giv5 a mean+ to ! ^w 8deg5]ation40 ,by %[+ h[ ! ess5tial quality ( a nation gradually alt]s1 ,i %ift ! responsibility = its decad5ce1 :i* ?us becomes1 9 a way1 less %ameful1 = x weighs no long] on ! sons1 b on ! nephews1 !n on ! c\s9s1 !n on collat]als m or less remov$4 ,& :5 ,i h %[n by examples t great peoples1 at ! mom5t ( _! dea?1 h only a v small & insignificant %>e 9 ! blood ( ! f\nd]s1 into ^: inh]itance !y come1 ,i %all !reby h expla9$ cle>ly en\gh h[ x is possible = civilizations to fall--! reason be+ t !y are no long] 9 ! same h&s4 ,at ! same "t ,i %all be t\*+ on a problem :i* is mu* m dang]\s ?an t :i* ,i h tri$ to solve 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,?is problem is3 8,are !re s]i\s & ultimate diff]5ces ( value betwe5 human races2 & c ^! diff]5ces be e/imat$80 ,i w beg9 at once to develop ! s]ies ( argum5ts t t\* ! fir/ po9t2 !y w indirectly settle ! second also4 ,to put my ideas into a cle>] & m easily intelligible =m ,i may comp>e a nation to a human body1 :i*1 accord+ to ! physiologi/s1 is con/antly r5ew+ all its p>ts2 ! "w ( trans=mation t goes on is incessant1 & aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s ! body reta9s h>dly any ( its =m] elem5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! old man1 !re are no traces ( ! man ( middle age1 9 ! adult no traces ( ! y\?1 nor 9 ! y\? ( ! *ild2 ! p]sonal id5tity 9 all ^! /ages is kept purely by ! succession ( inn] & out] =ms1 ea* an imp]fect copy ( ! la/4 ,yet ,i w admit "o diff]5ce betwe5 a nation & a human body2 9 ! =m] !re is no "q ( ! 8=ms0 be+ pres]v$1 = ^! are de/roy$ & disappe> ) enorm\s rapidity4 ,i w take a p1 or bett]1 a tribe1 at ! mom5t :51 yield+ to a def9ite vital in/9ct1 x provides itself ) laws & beg9s to play a "p 9 ! _w4 ,by ! m]e fact ( its wants & p[]s increas+1 x inevitably f9ds itself 9 contact ) o!r simil> associations1 & by w> or peaceful measures succe$s 9 incorporat+ !m ) itself4 ,n all human families c rea* ?is fir/ /ep2 b x is a /ep t e tribe mu/ take if x is to rank "o day z a nation4 ,ev5 if a c]ta9 numb] ( races1 !mselves p]haps n v f> advanc$ on ! ladd] ( civilization1 h pass$ ?r\gh ?is /age1 we _c prop]ly reg>d ?is z a g5]al rule4 ,inde$1 ! human species seems to h a v great difficulty 9 rais+ itself above a rudim5t>y type ( organization2 ! transition to a m complex /ate is made only by ^? gr\ps ( tribes1 t are em95tly gift$4 ,i may cite1 9 support ( ?is1 ! actual condition ( a l>ge numb] ( communities spread ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,^! backw>d tribes1 especially ! ,polynesian negroes1 ! ,samoy$es & o!rs 9 ! f> nor?1 & ! majority ( ! ,african races1 h nev] be5 able to %ake !mselves free f _! impot5ce2 !y live side by side 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,! /rong] massacre ! weak]1 ! weak] try to move z f> away z possible f ! /rong]4 ,?is sums up ! political ideas ( ^! embryo societies1 :i* h liv$ on 9 _! imp]fect /ate1 )\t possibility ( improvem5t1 z long z ! human race itself4 ,x may be said t ^! mis]able savages are a v small "p ( ! e>?'s population4 ,grant$2 b we mu/ take acc\nt ( all ! simil> peoples :o h liv$ & disappe>$4 ,_! numb] is incalculable1 & c]ta9ly includes ! va/ majority ( ! pure-blood$ yell[ & black races4 ,if !n we are driv5 to admit t = a v l>ge numb] ( human be+s x has be51 & always w be1 impossible to take ev5 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds civilization2 if1 aga91 we consid] t ^! peoples are scatt]$ ov] ! :ole face ( ! e>? "u ! mo/ v>y+ conditions ( climate & environm5t1 t !y live indiff]5tly 9 ! tropics1 9 ! temp]ate zones1 & 9 ! ,arctic circle1 by sea1 lake1 & riv]1 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/1 9 ! grassy pla9s1 9 ! arid des]ts1 we mu/ conclude t a "p ( mank9d1 is 9 its own nature /rick5 ) a p>alysis1 :i* makes x = ev] unable to take ev5 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds civilization1 s9ce x _c ov]come ! natural repugnance1 felt by m5 & animals alike1 to a cross+ ( blood4 ,leav+ ^! tribes1 t are incapable ( civilization1 on "o side1 we come1 9 our j\rney upw>ds1 to ^? :i* und]/& t if !y wi% to increase _! p[] & prosp]ity1 !y are absolutely compell$1 ei!r by w> or peaceful measures1 to draw _! neighb\rs )9 _! sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,w> is und\bt$ly ! simpl] way ( do+ ?is4 ,accord+ly1 !y g to w>4 ,b :5 ! campaign is f9i%$1 & ! crav+ = de/ruction is satisfi$1 "s prison]s are left ov]2 ^! prison]s become slaves1 & z slaves1 "w = _! ma/]s4 ,we h class di/9ctions at once1 & an indu/rial sy/em3 ! tribe has become a little p4 ,?is is a high] rung on ! ladd] ( civilization1 & is n necess>ily pass$ by all ! tribes :i* h be5 able to rea* x2 _m rema9 at ?is /age 9 *e]ful /agnation4 ,b !re are o!rs1 m imag9ative & en]getic1 ^: ideas so> beyond m]e brig&age4 ,!y manage to conqu] a great t]ritory1 & assume rights ( own]%ip n only ov] ! inhabitants1 b also ov] _! l&4 ,f ?is mom5t a real nation has be5 =m$4 ,! two races (t5 cont9ue = a "t to live side by side )\t m+l+2 & yet1 z !y become indisp5sable to ea* o!r1 z a community ( "w & int]e/ is gradually built up1 z ! pride & ranc\r ( conque/ beg9 to ebb away1 z ^? bel[ naturally t5d to rise to ! level ( _! ma/]s1 :ile ! ma/]s h a ?\s& reasons = all[+1 or ev5 = promot+1 su* a t5d5cy1 ! mixture ( blood f9ally takes place1 ! two races cease to be associat$ ) di/9ct tribes1 & become m & m fus$ into a s+le :ole4 ,! _s ( isolation is1 h[ev]1 s innate 9 ! human race1 t ev5 ^? :o h rea*$ ?is advanc$ /age ( cross+ refuse 9 _m cases to take a /ep fur!r4 ,!re are "s peoples :o are1 z we "k positively1 ( mix$ orig91 b :o keep _! feel+ = ! clan to an extraord9>y degree4 ,! ,arabs1 = example1 d m ?an m]ely spr+ f diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,semitic /ock2 !y belong at "o & ! same "t to ! s-call$ families ( ,%em & ,ham1 n to speak ( a va/ numb] ( local /ra9s t are int]m+l$ ) ^!4 ,nev]!less1 _! atta*m5t to ! tribe1 z a sep>ate unit1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( _! national "* & _! political hi/ory4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 ?\ght possible to attribute _! expulsion f ,spa9 n only to ! actual break+ up ( _! p[] !re1 b also1 to a l>ge ext5t1 to _! be+ cont9ually divid$ into small] & mutually antagoni/ic gr\ps1 9 ! /ruggles = promotion among ! ,arab families at ! petty c\rts ( ,val5tia1 ,tol$o1 ,cordova1 & ,gr5ada4#ad ,we may say ! same ab\t ! majority ( su* peoples4 ,fur!r1 :]e ! tribal sep>ation has brok5 d[n1 a national feel+ takes its place1 & acts ) a simil> vig\r1 :i* a community ( religion is n en\gh to de/roy4 ,?is is ! case among ! ,arabs & ! ,turks1 ! ,p]sians & ! ,jews1 ! ,p>sees & ! ,h9dus1 ! ,ne/orians ( ,syria & ! ,kurds4 ,we f9d x also 9 ,european ,turkey1 & c trace its c\rse 9 ,hung>y1 among ! ,magy>s1 ! ,saxons1 ! ,walla*ians1 & ! ,croats4 ,i "k1 f :at ,i h se5 ) my own eyes1 t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,france1 ! c\ntry :]e races are m+l$ m ?an p]haps any:]e else1 !re are little communities to be f\nd to ?is day1 :o feel a repugnance to m>ry+ outside _! own village4 ,i ?9k ,i am "r 9 conclud+ f ^! examples1 :i* cov] all c\ntries & ages1 includ+ our own1 t ! human race 9 all its bran*es has a secret repulsion f ! cross+ ( blood1 a repulsion :i* 9 _m ( ! bran*es is inv9cible1 & 9 o!rs is only conqu]$ to a slight ext5t4 ,ev5 ^? :o mo/ completely %ake (f ! yoke ( ?is idea _c get rid ( ! few la/ traces ( x2 yet su* peoples are ! only memb]s ( our species :o c be civiliz$ at all4 ,?us mank9d lives 9 ob$i5ce to two laws1 "o ( repulsion1 ! o!r ( attraction2 ^! act ) diff]5t =ce on diff]5t peoples4 ,! fir/ is fully respect$ only by ^? races :i* c nev] raise !mselves above ! elem5t>y complet5ess ( ! tribal life1 :ile ! p[] ( ! second1 on ! contr>y1 is ! m absolute1 z ! racial units on :i* x is ex]cis$ are m capable ( developm5t4 ,"h especially ,i mu/ be concrete4 ,i h j tak5 ! example ( a p 9 embryo1 ^: /ate is l t ( a s+le family4 ,i h giv5 !m ! qualities :i* w all[ !m to pass into ! /ate ( a nation4 ,well1 suppose !y h become a nation4 ,hi/ory does n tell me :at ! elem5ts 7 t con/itut$ ! orig9al gr\p2 all ,i "k is t ^! elem5ts fitt$ x = ! trans=mation :i* ,i h made x und]go4 ,n[ t x has gr[n1 x has only two possibilities4 ,"o or o!r ( two de/9ies is inevitable4 ,x w ei!r conqu] or be conqu]$4 ,i w give x ! bett] "p1 & assume t x w conqu]4 ,x w at ! same "t rule1 adm9i/]1 & civilize4 ,x w n g ?r\gh its prov9ces1 s[+ a useless h>ve/ ( fire & massacre4 ,monum5ts1 cu/oms1 & in/itutions w be alike sacr$4 ,x w *ange :at x c usefully modify1 & replace x by some?+ bett]4 ,weakness 9 its h&s w become /r5g?4 ,x w behave 9 su* a way t1 9 ! words ( ,scripture1 x w be magnifi$ 9 ! sight ( m54 ,i d n "k if ! same ?\ght has already /ruck ! read]2 b 9 ! picture :i* ,i am pres5t+--& :i* 9 c]ta9 features is t ( ! ,h9dus1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,p]sians & ! ,mac$onians--two facts appe> to me to /& out4 ,! fir/ is t a nation1 :i* itself lacks vig\r & p[]1 is sudd5ly call$ ^u to %>e a new & a bett] de/9y--t ( ! /rong ma/]s into ^: h&s x has fall52 ?is 0 ! case ) ! ,anglo-,saxons1 :5 !y _h be5 subdu$ by ! ,normans4 ,! second fact is t a pick$ race ( m51 a sov]eign p1 ) ! usual /rong prop5sities ( su* a p to cross its blood ) ano!r's1 f9ds itself h5ce=? 9 close contact ) a race ^: inf]iority is %[n1 n only by defeat1 b also by ! lack ( ! attributes t may be se5 9 ! conqu]ors4 ,f ! v day :5 ! conque/ is accompli%$ & ! fusion beg9s1 !re appe>s a noticeable *ange ( quality 9 ! blood ( ! ma/]s4 ,if !re 7 no o!r modify+ influ5ce at "w1 !n--at ! end ( a numb] ( ye>s1 :i* w\ld v>y accord+ to ! numb] ( peoples t compos$ ! orig9al /ock--we %\ld be confront$ ) a new race1 less p[]ful c]ta9ly ?an ! bett] ( its two ance/ors1 b /ill ( consid]able /r5g?4 ,x w\ld h develop$ special qualities result+ f ! actual mixture1 & unkn[n to ! communities f :i* x sprang4 ,b ! case is n g5]ally s simple z ?is1 & ! int]m+l+ ( blood is n conf9$ = long to ! two con/itu5t peoples4 ,! empire ,i h j be5 imag9+ is a p[]ful "o1 & its p[] is us$ to control its neighb\rs4 ,i assume t !re w be new conque/s2 &1 e "t1 a curr5t ( fre% blood w be m+l$ ) ! ma9 /ream4 ,h5ce=?1 z ! nation gr[s1 :e!r by w> or treaty1 its racial "* *anges m & m4 ,x is ri*1 comm]cial1 & civiliz$4 ,! ne$s & ! pleasures ( o!r peoples f9d ample satisfaction 9 its capitals1 its great t[ns1 & its ports2 :ile its myriad attractions cause _m =eign]s to make x _! home4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 we might truly say t a di/9ction ( ca/es takes ! place ( ! orig9al di/9ction ( races4 ,i am will+ to grant t ! p ( :om ,i am speak+ is /r5g!n$ 9 its exclusive notions by ! mo/ =mal comm&s ( religion1 & t "s dreadful p5alty lurks 9 ! backgr\nd1 to awe ! disob$i5t4 ,b s9ce ! p is civiliz$1 its "* is s(t & tol]ant1 ev5 to ! contempt ( its fai?4 ,its oracles w speak 9 va92 !re w be bir?s outside ! ca/e-limits4 ,e day new di/9ctions w h to be drawn1 new classifications inv5t$2 ! numb] ( social grades w be increas$1 & x w be almo/ impossible to "k :]e "o is1 amid ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! subdivisions1 t *ange f prov9ce to prov9ce1 f canton to canton1 f village to village4 ,9 fact1 ! condition w be t ( ! ,h9du c\ntries4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 ! ,brahman :o has %[n himself s t5aci\s ( 8 ideas ( sep>ation2 ! =eign peoples he civiliz$ h nev] fa/5$ ^! cramp+ fett]s on _! %\ld]s1 or any rate h long s9ce %ak5 !m (f4 ,9 all ! ,/ates t h made any advance 9 intellectual culture1 ! process has n be5 *eck$ = a s+le mom5t by ^? desp]ate %ifts to :i* ! law-giv]s ( ! ,aryav>ta 7 put1 9 _! desire to reconcile ! prescriptions ( ! ,code ( ,manu ) ! irresi/ible m>* ( ev5ts4 ,9 e o!r place :]e !re 7 really any ca/es at all1 !y ceas$ to exi/ at ! mom5t :5 ! *ance ( mak+ a =tune1 & ( becom+ fam\s by useful discov]ies or social tal5ts1 became op5 to ! :ole _w1 )\t di/9ction ( orig94 ,b also1 f t same day1 ! nation t 0 orig9ally ! active1 conqu]+1 & civiliz+ p[] began to disappe>2 its blood became m]g$ 9 t ( all ! tribut>ies :i* x _h attract$ to its own /ream4 ,g5]ally ! dom9at+ peoples beg9 by be+ f> few] 9 numb] ?an ^? !y conqu]2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 races t =m ! basis ( ! population 9 imm5se di/ricts are extremely prolific--! ,celts1 = example1 & ! ,slavs4 ,?is is yet ano!r reason = ! rapid disappe>ance ( ! conqu]+ races4 ,aga91 _! great] activity & ! m p]sonal "p !y take 9 ! affairs ( ! ,/ate make !m ! *ief m>k = attack aft] a disa/r\s battle1 a proscription1 or a revolution4 ,?us1 :ile by _! v g5ius = civilization !y collect r\nd !m ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 :i* !y are to be absorb$1 !y are ! victims1 fir/ ( _! orig9al smallness ( numb]1 & !n ( a ho/ ( second>y causes :i* comb9e toge!r = _! de/ruction4 ,x is fairly obvi\s t ! "t :5 ! disappe>ance takes place w v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,yet x does f9ally come to pass1 & is ev]y:]e q complete1 long be=e ! end ( ! civilization :i* ! victori\s race is suppos$ to be animat+4 ,a p may (t5 g on liv+ & work+1 & ev5 gr[+ 9 p[]1 aft] ! active1 g5]at+ =ce ( its life & glory has ceas$ to exi/4 ,does ?is contradict :at ,i h said above8 ,n at all2 = :ile ! blood ( ! civiliz+ race is gradually dra9$ away by be+ p>cell$ out among ! peoples t are conqu]$ or annex$1 ! impulse orig9ally giv5 to ^! peoples /ill p]si/s4 ,! in/itutions :i* ! dead ma/] _h inv5t$1 ! laws he _h prescrib$1 ! cu/oms he _h initiat$--all ^! live aft] him4 ,no d\bt ! cu/oms1 laws1 & in/itutions h q =gott5 ! _s t in=m$ _! y\?2 !y survive 9 di%on\r$ old age1 e day m sapless & rott54 ,b s long z ev5 _! %ad[s rema91 ! build+ /&s1 ! body seems to h a s\l1 ! pale gho/ walks4 ,:5 ! orig9al impulse has work$ itself out1 ! la/ ^w has be5 said4 ,no?+ rema9s2 ! civilization is dead4 ,i ?9k ,i n[ h all ! data necess>y = grappl+ ) ! problem ( ! life & dea? ( nations2 & ,i c say positively t a p w nev] die1 if x rema9s et]nally compos$ ( ! same national elem5ts4 ,if ! empire ( ,d>ius _h1 at ! battle ( ,arbela1 be5 able to fill its ranks ) ,p]sians1 t is to say ) real ,aryans2 if ! ,romans ( ! lat] ,empire _h _h a ,s5ate & an army ( ! same /ock z t :i* exi/$ at ! "t ( ! ,fabii1 _! dom9ion w\ld nev] h come to an end4 ,s long z !y kept ! same purity ( blood1 ! ,p]sians & ,romans w\ld h liv$ & reign$4 ,9 ! long run1 x might be said1 a conqu]or1 m irresi/ible ?an !y1 w\ld h appe>$ on ! sc5e2 & !y w\ld h fall5 "u a well-direct$ attack1 or a long siege1 or simply by ! =tune ( a s+le battle4 ,yes1 a ,/ate might be ov]?r[n 9 ?is way1 b n a civilization or a social organism4 ,invasion & defeat are b ! d>k cl\ds t = a "t blot out ! day1 & !n pass ov]4 ,_m examples might be br\ght =w>d 9 pro( ( ?is4 ,9 mod]n times ! ,*9ese h be5 twice conqu]$4 ,!y h always =c$ _! conqu]ors to become assimilat$ to !m1 & to respect _! cu/oms2 !y gave mu*1 & took h>dly any?+ 9 return4 ,!y drove out ! fir/ invad]s1 & 9 "t w d ! same ) ! second4 ,! ,engli% are ! ma/]s ( ,india1 & yet _! moral hold ov] _! subjects is almo/ non-exi/5t4 ,!y are !mselves influ5c$ 9 _m ways by ! local civilization1 & _c succe$ 9 /amp+ _! ideas on a p t fe>s its conqu]ors1 b is only physically dom9at$ by !m4 ,x keeps its s\l erect1 & its ?\ghts ap>t f !irs4 ,! ,h9du race has become a /rang] to ! race t gov]ns x to-day1 & its civilization does n obey ! law t gives ! battle to ! /rong4 ,ext]nal =ms1 k+doms1 & empires h *ang$1 & w *ange aga92 b ! f\ndations on :i* !y re/1 & f :i* !y spr+1 d n necess>ily *ange ) !m4 ,?\gh ,hyd]abad1 ,lahore1 & ,delhi are no long] capital cities1 ,h9du society none ! less p]si/s4 ,a mom5t w come1 9 "o way or ano!r1 :5 ,india w aga9 live publicly1 z %e already does privately1 "u h] own laws2 &1 by ! help ei!r ( ! races actually exi/+ or ( a hybrid proce$+ f !m1 w assume aga91 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 a political p]sonality4 ,! haz>d ( w> _c de/roy ! life ( a p4 ,at mo/1 x susp5ds its animation = a "t1 & 9 "s ways %e>s x ( its outw>d pomp4 ,s long z ! blood & in/itutions ( a nation keep to a suffici5t degree ! impress ( ! orig9al race1 t nation exi/s4 ,:e!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,*9ese1 its conqu]or has1 9 a purely mat]ial s5se1 great] en]gy ?an itself2 :e!r1 l ! ,h9du1 x is mat*$1 9 a long & ardu\s trial ( pati5ce1 aga9/ a nation1 su* z ! ,engli%1 9 all po9ts its sup]ior2 9 ei!r case ! ?\ght ( its c]ta9 de/9y %\ld br+ consolation--"o day x w be free4 ,b if1 l ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans ( ! lat] ,empire1 ! p has be5 absolutely dra9$ ( its orig9al blood1 & ! qualities conf]r$ by ! blood1 !n ! day ( its defeat w be ! day ( its dea?4 ,x has us$ up ! "t t heav5 grant$ at its bir?1 = x has completely *ang$ its race1 & ) its race its nature4 ,x is !re=e deg5]ate4 ,9 view ( ! prec$+ p>agraph1 we may reg>d z settl$ ! vex$ "q z to :at w\ld h happ5$ if ! ,c>?ag9ians1 in/ead ( fall+ be=e ! =tunes ( ,rome1 _h become ma/]s ( ,italy4 ,inasmu* z !y belong$ to ! ,phnician /ock1 a /ock inf]ior 9 ! citiz5-virtues to ! races t produc$ ! soldi]s ( ,scipio1 a diff]5t issue ( ! battle ( ,zama c\ld n h made any *ange 9 _! de/9y4 ,if !y _h be5 lucky on "o day1 ! next w\ld h se5 _! luck recoil on _! heads2 or !y might h be5 m]g$ 9 ! ,italian race by victory1 z !y 7 by defeat4 ,9 any case ! f9al result w\ld h be5 exactly ! same4 ,! de/9y ( civilizations is n a matt] ( *ance2 x does n dep5d on ! toss ( a co94 ,x is only m5 :o are kill$ by ! sword2 & :5 ! mo/ r$\btable1 w>like1 & successful nations h no?+ b val\r 9 _! he>ts1 milit>y sci5ce 9 _! heads1 & ! laurels ( victory 9 _! h&s1 )\t any ?\ght t rises above m]e conque/1 !y always end m]ely by le>n+1 & le>n+ badly1 f ^? !y h conqu]$1 h[ to live 9 "t ( peace4 ,! annals ( ! ,celts & ! ,nomadic hordes ( ,asia tell no o!r tale ?an ?is4 ,i h n[ giv5 a mean+ to ! ^w deg5]ation2 & s h be5 able to attack ! problem ( a nation's vitality4 ,i mu/ next proce$ to prove :at = ! sake ( cle>ness ,i h _h to put =w>d z a m]e hypo!sis2 namely1 t !re are real diff]5ces 9 ! relative value ( human races4 ,! consequ5ces ( prov+ ?is w be consid]able1 & cov] a wide field4 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ lay a f\ndation ( fact & argum5t capable ( hold+ up su* a va/ build+2 & ! f\ndation _c be too complete4 ,! "q ) :i* ,i h j be5 deal+ 0 only ! gateway ( ! temple4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,racial ,,inequality ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,in/itutions ,! idea ( an orig9al1 cle>-cut1 & p]man5t inequality among ! diff]5t races is "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ widely held op9ions 9 ! _w4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ at ?is1 :5 we consid] ! isolation ( primitive tribes & communities1 & h[ 9 ! e>ly ages !y all us$ to 8retire into _! %ell02 a great numb] h nev] left ?is /age4 ,except 9 q mod]n times1 ?is idea has be5 ! basis ( ne>ly all !ories ( gov]nm5t4 ,e p1 great or small1 has begun by mak+ inequality its *ief political motto4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( all sy/ems ( ca/e1 ( nobility1 & ( ari/ocracy1 9 s f> z ! la/ is f\nd$ on ! "r ( bir?4 ,! law ( primog5iture1 :i* assumes ! pre-em95ce ( ! fir/ born & 8 desc5dants1 is m]ely a coroll>y ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,) x g ! repulsion felt = ! =eign] & ! sup]iority :i* e nation claims = itself ) reg>d to its neighb\rs4 ,z soon z ! isolat$ gr\ps h begun to int]m+le & to become "o p1 !y gr[ great & civiliz$1 & look at ea* o!r 9 a m fav\rable light1 z "o f9ds ! o!r useful4 ,!n1 & only !n1 d we see ! absolute pr9ciple ( ! inequality1 & h5ce ! mutual ho/ility1 ( races que/ion$ & und]m9$4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! majority ( ! citiz5s h mix$ blood fl[+ 9 _! ve9s1 !y erect into a univ]sal & absolute tru? :at is only true = !mselves1 & feel x to be _! duty to ass]t t all m5 are equal4 ,!y are also mov$ by praisewor?y dislike ( oppression1 a legitimate hatr$ t[>ds ! abuse ( p[]2 to all ?9k+ m5 ^! ca/ an ugly %ad[ on ! memory ( races :i* h once be5 dom9ant1 & :i* h nev] fail$ 7= su* is ! way ( ! _w7 to ju/ify to "s ext5t _m ( ! *>ges t h be5 br\ght aga9/ !m4 ,f m]e declamation aga9/ tyranny1 m5 g on to d5y ! natural causes ( ! sup]iority aga9/ :i* !y are declaim+4 ,! tyrant's p[] is1 to !m1 n only misus$1 b usurp$4 ,!y refuse1 q wrongly1 to admit t c]ta9 qualities are by a fatal necessity ! exclusive inh]itance ( su* & su* a /ock4 ,9 fact1 ! m het]og5e\s ! elem5ts ( :i* a p is compos$1 ! m complac5tly does x ass]t t ! mo/ diff]5t p[]s are1 or c be1 possess$ 9 ! same measure by e fraction ( ! human race1 )\t exception4 ,?is !ory is b>ely applicable to ^! hybrid philosoph]s !mselves2 b !y ext5d x to cov] all ! g5]ations :i* 71 are1 & ev] %all be on ! e>?4 ,!y end "o day by summ+ up _! views 9 ! words :i*1 l ! bag ( olus1 conta9 s _m /orms--8,all m5 are bro!rs40#ae ,?is is ! political axiom4 ,w\ld y l to he> x 9 its sci5tific =m8 8,all m510 say ! def5d]s ( human equality1 8are furni%$ ) simil> intellectual p[]s1 ( ! same nature1 ( ! same value1 ( ! same compass40 ,^! are n p]haps _! exact words1 b !y c]ta9ly give ! "r mean+4 ,s ! bra9 ( ! ,huron ,indian conta9s 9 an undevelop$ =m an intellect :i* is absolutely ! same z t ( ! ,engli%man or ! ,fr5*man6 ,:y !n1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages1 has he n inv5t$ pr9t+ or /eam-p[]8 ,i %\ld be q ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ our ,huron :y1 if he is equal to our ,european peoples1 8 tribe has nev] produc$ a ,cs> or a ,*>lemagne among its w>riors1 & :y 8 b>ds & sorc]]s h1 9 "s inexplicable way1 neglect$ to become ,hom]s & ,gal5s4 ,! difficulty is usually met by ! bless$ phrase1 8! pr$om9at+ influ5ce ( environm5t40 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 an isl& w n see ! same miracles ( civilization z a cont95t1 ! same p w be diff]5t 9 ! nor? f :at x is 9 ! s\?1 =e/s w n all[ ( developm5ts :i* are fav\r$ by op5 c\ntry4 ,:at else8 ! humidity ( a m>%1 ,i suppose1 w produce a civilization :i* w\ld inevitably h be5 /ifl$ by ! dryness ( ! ,sah>a6 ,h[ev] +5i\s ^! little hypo!ses may be1 ! te/imony ( fact is aga9/ !m4 ,9 spite ( w9d & ra91 cold & heat1 /]ility & fruitfulness1 ! _w has se5 b>b>ism & civilization fl\ri%+ ev]y:]e1 "o aft] ! o!r1 on ! same soil4 ,! bruti% fellah is tann$ by ! same sun z scor*$ ! p[]ful prie/ ( ,memphis2 ! le>n$ pr(essor ( ,b]l9 lectures "u ! same inclem5t sky t once beheld ! wret*$ exi/5ce ( ! ,f9ni% savage4 ,! curi\s po9t is t ! !ory ( equality1 :i* is held by ! majority ( m5 & s has p]meat$ our cu/oms & in/itutions1 has n be5 p[]ful en\gh to ov]?r[ ! evid5ce aga9/ x2 & ^? :o are mo/ conv9c$ ( its tru? pay homage e day to its opposite4 ,no "o at any "t refuses to admit t !re are great diff]5ces betwe5 nations1 & ! ord9>y spee* ( m51 ) a nave inconsi/5cy1 confesses ! fact4 ,9 ?is x is m]ely imitat+ ! practice ( o!r ages :i* 7 n less conv9c$ ?an we are--& = ! same reason--( ! absolute equality ( races4 ,:ile cl++ to ! lib]al dogma ( human bro!rhood1 e nation has always manag$ to add to ! names ( o!rs c]ta9 qualifications & epi!ts t sugge/ _! unlik5ess f itself4 ,! ,roman ( ,italy call$ ! ,grco-,roman a ,grculus1 or 8little ,greek10 & gave him ! monopoly ( c[>dice & empty *att]4 ,he ridicul$ ! ,c>?ag9ian settl]1 & pret5d$ to be able to pick him out among a ?\s& = 8 litigi\s "* & 8 want ( fai?4 ,! ,alex&rians 7 held to be witty1 insol5t1 & s$iti\s4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,anglo-,norman k+s accus$ _! ,fr5* subjects ( lightness & incon/ancy4 ,to-day1 e "o talks ( ! 8national *>act]i/ics0 ( ! ,g]man1 ! ,spani>d1 ! ,engli%man1 & ! ,russian4 ,i am n ask+ :e!r ! judgm5ts are true or n4 ,my sole po9t is t !y exi/1 & are adopt$ 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,?us1 if on ! "o h& human societies are call$ equal1 & on ! o!r we f9d "s ( !m frivol\s1 o!rs s]i\s2 "s av>ici\s1 o!rs ?riftless2 "s passionately fond ( fight+1 o!rs c>eful ( _! lives & en]gies2--x /&s to reason t ^! diff]+ nations mu/ h de/9ies :i* are also absolutely diff]5t1 &1 9 a ^w1 unequal4 ,! /rong] w play ! p>ts ( k+s & rul]s 9 ! trag$y ( ! _w4 ,! weak] w be cont5t ) a m humble position4 ,i d n ?9k t ! usual idea ( a national "* = ea* p has yet be5 reconcil$ ) ! belief1 :i* is j z widely held1 t all peoples are equal4 ,yet ! contradiction is /rik+ & flagrant1 & all ! m s]i\s because ! mo/ ard5t democrats are ! fir/ to claim sup]iority = ! ,anglo-,saxons ( ,nor? ,am]ica ov] all ! nations ( ! same cont95t4 ,x is true t !y ascribe ! high position ( _! fav\rites m]ely to _! political con/itution4 ,b1 s f> z ,i "k1 !y d n d5y t ! c\ntrym5 ( ,p5n & ,wa%+ton1 are1 z a nation1 peculi>ly prone to set up lib]al in/itutions 9 all _! places ( settlem5t1 &1 :at is m1 to keep !m go+4 ,is n ?is v t5acity a wond]ful *>act]i/ic ( ?is bran* ( ! human race1 & ! m preci\s because mo/ ( ! societies :i* h exi/$1 or /ill exi/1 9 ! _w seem to be )\t x8 ,i d n flatt] myself t ,i %all be able to enjoy ?is inconsi/5cy )\t opposition4 ,! fri5ds ( equality w no d\bt talk v l\dly1 at ?is po9t1 ab\t 8! p[] ( cu/oms & in/itutions40 ,!y w tell me once m h[ p[]fully ! heal? & gr[? ( a nation are influ5c$ by 8! ess5tial quality ( a gov]nm5t1 tak5 by itself10 or 8! fact ( despotism or lib]ty40 ,b x is j at ?is po9t t ,i too %all oppose _! argum5ts4 ,political in/itutions h only two possible s\rces4 ,!y ei!r come directly f ! nation :i* has to live "u !m1 or !y are inv5t$ by a p[]ful p & impos$ on all ! ,/ates t fall )9 its sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ! fir/ hypo!sis4 ,a p obvi\sly adapts its in/itutions to its wants & in/9cts2 & w bew>e ( lay+ d[n any rule :i* may ?w>t ! "o or ! o!r4 ,if1 by "s lack ( skill or c>e1 su* a rule is laid d[n1 ! consequ5t feel+ ( discom=t leads ! p to am5d its laws1 & put !m into m p]fect h>mony ) _! express objects4 ,9 e autonom\s ,/ate1 ! laws1 we may say1 always emanate f ! p2 n g5]ally because x has a direct p[] ( mak+ !m1 b because1 9 ord] to be good laws1 !y mu/ be bas$ ^u ! p's po9t ( view1 & be su* z x might h ?\ght out = itself1 if x _h be5 bett] in=m$4 ,if "s wise law-giv] seems1 at fir/ sight1 ! sole s\rce ( "s piece ( legislation1 a ne>] view w %[ t 8 v wisdom has l$ him m]ely to give out ! oracles t h be5 dictat$ by 8 nation4 ,if he is a judici\s man1 l ,lycurgus1 he w prescribe no?+ t ! ,dorian ( ,sp>ta c\ld n accept4 ,if he is a m]e doctr9aire1 l ,draco1 he w draw up a code t w soon be am5d$ or repeal$ by ! ,ionian ( ,a!ns1 :o1 l all ! *ildr5 ( ,adam1 is incapable ( liv+ = long "u laws t are =eign to ! natural t5d5cies ( 8 real self4 ,! entrance ( a man ( g5ius into ?is great bus9ess ( law-mak+ is m]ely a special manife/ation ( ! enlight5$ w ( ! p2 if ! laws simply fulfill$ ! fanta/ic dreams ( "o individual1 !y c\ld n rule any p = long4 ,we _c admit t ! in/itutions ?us inv5t$ & m\ld$ by a race ( m5 make t race :at x is4 ,!y are effects1 n causes4 ,_! influ5ce is1 ( c\rse1 v great2 !y pres]ve ! special g5ius ( ! nation1 !y m>k out ! road on :i* x is to travel1 ! end at :i* x mu/ aim4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !y are ! ho?\se :]e its in/9cts develop1 ! arm\ry t furni%es its be/ weapons = action4 ,b !y d n create _! creator2 & ?\gh !y may be a p[]ful elem5t 9 8 success by help+ on ! gr[? ( 8 innate qualities1 !y w fail mis]ably :5ev] !y attempt to alt] ^!1 or to ext5d !m beyond _! natural limits4 ,9 a ^w1 !y _c a*ieve ! impossible4 ,ill-fitt+ in/itutions1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) _! consequ5ces1 h play$ a great "p 9 ! _w4 ,:5 ,*>les ,i1 by ! evil c\nsels ( ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d1 wi%$ to =ce absolute mon>*y on ! ,engli%1 ! ,k+ & 8 m9i/] 7 walk+ on ! blood-/a9$ morass ( political !ory4 ,:5 ! ,calv9i/s dream$ ( br++ ! ,fr5* "u a gov]nm5t t 0 at once ari/ocratic & republican1 !y 7 j z f> away f ! "r road4 ,:5 ! ,reg5t#af tri$ to jo9 h&s ) ! nobles :o 7 conqu]$ 9 #afeb1 & to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t by intrigue1 z ! co-adjutor & 8 fri5ds _h desir$1#ag h] ef=ts pleas$ nobody1 & (f5d$ equally ! nobility1 ! cl]gy1 ! ,p>liam5t1 & ! ,?ird ,e/ate4 ,only a few tax-f>m]s 7 pleas$4 ,b :5 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic promulgat$ aga9/ ! ,moors ( ,spa9 8 t]rible1 ?\gh necess>y1 measures ( de/ruction2 :5 ,napoleon re-e/abli%$ religion 9 ,france1 flatt]$ ! milit>y _s1 & organiz$ 8 p[] 9 su* a way z to protect 8 subjects :ile co]c+ !m1 bo? ^! sov]eigns1 hav+ /udi$ & und]/ood ! special "* ( _! p1 7 build+ _! h\se ^u a rock4 ,9 fact1 bad in/itutions are ^? :i*1 h[ev] well !y look on pap]1 are n 9 h>mony ) ! national qualities or caprices1 & s d n suit a p>ticul> ,/ate1 ?\gh !y might be v successful 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,!y w\ld br+ only an>*y & disord]1 ev5 if !y 7 tak5 f ! /atute-book ( ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 o!r in/itutions are good = ! opposite reason1 ?\gh !y might be condemn$1 f a p>ticul> po9t ( view or ev5 absolutely1 by ! political philosoph] or ! morali/4 ,! ,sp>tans 7 small 9 numb]1 ( high c\rage1 ambiti\s1 & viol5t4 ,ill-fitt+ laws might h turn$ !m into a m]e set ( pettifogg+ knaves2 ,lycurgus made !m a nation ( h]oic brig&s4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t x4 ,z ! p is born be=e ! laws1 ! laws take aft] ! p2 & receive f x ! /amp :i* !y are aft]w>ds to impress 9 _! turn4 ,! *anges made 9 in/itutions by ! lapse ( "t are a great pro( ( :at ,i say4 ,i h already m5tion$ t z nations become great]1 m p[]ful1 & m civiliz$1 _! blood loses its purity & _! in/9cts are gradually alt]$4 ,z a result1 x becomes impossible = !m to live happily "u ! laws t suit$ _! ance/ors4 ,new g5]ations h new cu/oms & t5d5cies1 & pr(\nd *anges 9 ! in/itutions are n sl[ to foll[4 ,^! are m frequ5t & f>-rea*+ 9 proportion z ! race itself is *ang$2 :ile !y are r>]1 & m gradual1 s long z ! p is m ne>ly ak9 to ! fir/ f\nd]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e modifications ( ! /ock h be5 sl[] &1 up to n[1 less v>i$ ?an 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry1 we /ill see ! in/itutions ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies =m+ ! base ( ! social /ructure4 ,we f9d !re1 almo/ 9 its fir/ vig\r1 ! communal organization ( ! ,plantag5ets & ! ,tudors1 ! same me?od ( giv+ ! nobility a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ! same gradations ( rank 9 ?is nobility1 ! same respect = old families temp]$ ) ! same love ( l[-born m]it4 ,s9ce ,james ,i1 h[ev]1 & especially s9ce ! ,union "u ,que5 ,anne1 ! ,engli% blood has be5 m & m prone to m+le ) t ( ! ,scot* & ,iri%1 :ile o!r nations h also help$1 by imp]ceptible degrees1 to modify its purity4 ,! result is t innovations h be5 m frequ5t 9 our "t ?an ev] be=e1 ?\gh !y h always rema9$ fairly fai?ful to ! _s ( ! orig9al con/itution4 ,9 ,france1 int]mixture ( race has be5 f> m common & v>i$4 ,9 "s cases1 by a sudd5 turn ( ! :eel1 p[] has ev5 pass$ f "o race to ano!r4 ,fur!r1 on ! social side1 !re h be5 complete *anges r ?an modifications1 & ^! 7 m or less f>-rea*+1 z ! gr\ps t successively held ! *ief p[] 7 m or less diff]5t4 ,:ile ! nor? ( ,france 0 ! prepond]at+ elem5t 9 national politics1 feudalism--or r a deg5]ate p>ody ( feudalism--ma9ta9$ itself ) fair success2 & ! municipal _s foll[$ its =tunes4 ,aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,engli%1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! re/oration ( national indep5d5ce "u ,*>les ,,vii1 ! c5tral prov9ces1 :i* _h tak5 ! *ief "p 9 ?is revolution & 7 f> less ,g]manic 9 race ?an ! di/ricts beyond ! ,loire1 naturally saw _! ,gallo-,roman blood pr$om9ant 9 ! camp & ! c\ncil-*amb]4 ,!y comb9$ ! ta/e = milit>y life & =eign conque/--! h]itage ( ! ,celtic race--) ! love ( au?ority t 0 innate 9 _! ,roman blood2 & !y turn$ ! curr5t ( national feel+ 9 ?is direction4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury !y l>gely prep>$ ! gr\nd on :i*1 9 #aeii1 ! ,aquitanian support]s ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 less ,celtic ?\gh /ill m ,roman ?an !mselves1 laid ! f\ndation /one ( ano!r & great] edifice ( absolute p[]4 ,:5 ,p>is1 ^: population is c]ta9ly a museum ( ! mo/ v>i$ e?nological specim5s1 _h f9ally ga9$ dom9ion ov] ! re/ ( ,france ow+ to ! c5traliz+ policy fav\r$ by ! ,s\!rn "*1 x _h no long] any reason to love1 respect1 or und]/& any p>ticul> t5d5cy or tradition4 ,?is great capital1 ?is ,t[] ( ,babel1 broke ) ! pa/--! pa/ ( ,fl&]s1 ,poit\1 & ,langu$oc--& dragg$ ! :ole ( ,france into ceaseless exp]im5ts ) doctr9es t 7 q out ( h>mony ) its anci5t cu/oms4 ,we _c !re=e admit t in/itutions make peoples :at !y are 9 cases :]e ! peoples !mselves h inv5t$ ! in/itutions4 ,b may we say ! same ( ! second hypo!sis1 :i* deals ) cases :]e a nation receives its code f ! h&s ( =eign]s p[]ful en\gh to en=ce _! w1 :e!r ! p l x or n8 ,!re are a few cases ( su* attempts2 b ,i confess ,i _c f9d any :i* h be5 c>ri$ out on a great scale by gov]nm5ts ( real political g5ius 9 anci5t or mod]n times4 ,_! wisdom has nev] be5 us$ to *ange ! actual f\ndations ( any great national sy/em4 ,! ,romans 7 too clev] to try su* dang]\s exp]im5ts4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h nev] done s2 & ! successors ( ,augu/us1 l ! conqu]or ( ,d>ius1 7 cont5t to rule ov] a va/ mosaic ( nations1 all ( :i* clung to _! own cu/oms1 habits1 laws1 & me?ods ( gov]nm5t4 ,s long z !y & _! fell[-subjects rema9$ racially ! same1 !y 7 controll$ by _! rul]s only 9 matt]s ( taxation & milit>y def5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t t mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,_m ( ! peoples subdu$ by ! ,romans _h c]ta9 features 9 _! codes s outrage\s t _! exi/5ce c\ld n be tol]at$ by ,roman s5tim5t2 = example1 ! human sacrifices ( ! ,druids1 :i* 7 visit$ ) ! sev]e/ p5alties4 ,well1 ! ,romans1 = all _! p[]1 nev] succe$$ 9 completely /amp+ out ^! b>b>\s rites4 ,9 ,n>bonese ,gaul ! victory 0 easy1 z ! native population _h be5 almo/ entirely replac$ by ,roman coloni/s4 ,b 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! tribes 7 wild]1 ! resi/ance 0 m ob/9ate2 & 9 ! ,breton ,p59sula1 :]e settl]s f ,engl& 9 ! f\r? c5tury br\ght back ! anci5t cu/oms ) ! anci5t blood1 ! p cont9u$1 f m]e feel+s ( patriotism & love ( tradition1 to cut m5's ?roats on _! alt>s z (t5 z !y d>$4 ,! /ricte/ sup]vision did n succe$ 9 tak+ ! sacr$ knife & tor* out ( _! h&s4 ,e revolt began by re/or+ ?is t]rible feature ( ! national cult2 & ,*ri/ianity1 /ill pant+ ) rage aft] its victory ov] an immoral poly!ism1 hurl$ itself ) %udd]+ horror aga9/ ! /ill m hide\s sup]/itions ( ! ,armorici4 ,x de/roy$ !m only aft] a long /ruggle2 = z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury %ipwreck$ sailors 7 massacr$ & wrecks plund]$ 9 all ! p>i%es on ! seabo>d :]e ! ,cymric blood _h kept its purity4 ,^! b>b>\s cu/oms 7 9 accordance ) ! irresi/ible in/9cts ( a race :i* _h n yet become suffici5tly mix$1 & s _h se5 no reason to *ange its ways4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 mod]n times especially t we f9d examples ( in/itutions impos$ by a conqu]or & n accept$ by 8 subjects4 ,intol]ance is "o ( ! *ief notes ( ,european civilization4 ,consci\s ( its own p[] & greatness1 x f9ds itself confront$ ei!r by diff]5t civilizations or by peoples 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,x treats bo? k9ds ) equal contempt2 & z x sees ob/acles to its own progress 9 ev]y?+ t is diff]5t f itself1 x is apt to dem& a complete *ange 9 its subjects' po9t ( view4 ,! ,spani>ds1 h[ev]1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,dut*1 & ev5 ! ,fr5*1 did n v5ture to pu% _! innovat+ t5d5cies too f>1 :5 ! conqu]$ peoples 7 at all consid]able 9 numb]4 ,9 ?is !y copi$ ! mod]ation t 0 =c$ on ! conqu]ors ( antiquity4 ,! ,ea/1 & ,nor? & ,we/ ,africa1 %[ cle> pro( t ! mo/ enlight5$ nations _c set up in/itutions unsuit$ to ! "* ( _! subjects4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ,briti% ,india lives its anci5t life1 "u its own immemorial laws4 ,! ,javanese h lo/ all political indep5d5ce1 b are v f> f accept+ any in/itutions l ^? ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,!y cont9ue to live b\nd z !y liv$ free2 & s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,europe fir/ turn$ h] face t[>ds ! ,ea/1 we _c f9d ! lea/ trace ( any moral influ5ce ex]t$ by h]1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! peoples %e has mo/ completely conqu]$4 ,n all ^!1 h[ev]1 h be5 s num]\s z to =ce self-control on _! ,european ma/]s4 ,9 "s cases ! p]suasive tongue has be5 back$ by ! /]n argum5t ( ! sword4 ,! ord] has gone =? to aboli% exi/+ cu/oms1 & put 9 _! place o!rs :i* ! ma/]s knew to be good & useful4 ,has ! attempt ev] succe$$8 ,am]ica provides u ) ! ri*e/ field = ga!r+ answ]s to ?is "q4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! ,spani>ds reign$ )\t *eck1 & to :at end8 ,!y uproot$ ! anci5t empires1 b br\ght no light4 ,!y f\nd$ no race l !mselves4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! me?ods 7 diff]5t1 b ! results j z negative4 ,9 fact1 !y h be5 /ill m unfruitful1 /ill m disa/r\s f ! po9t ( view ( humanity4 ,! ,spani% ,indians1 are1 at any rate1 extremely prolific1#ah & h ev5 trans=m$ ! blood ( _! conqu]ors1 :o h n[ dropp$ to _! level4 ,b ! ,r$sk9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h )]$ at ! t\* ( ! ,anglo-,saxon en]gy4 ,! few :o rema9 are gr[+ less e day2 & ^? few are z unciviliz$1 & z incapable ( civilization1 z _! =efa!rs4 ,9 ,oceania1 ! facts po9t to ! same conclusions2 ! natives are dy+ out ev]y:]e4 ,we sometimes manage to take away _! arms1 & prev5t !m f do+ h>m2 b we d n *ange _! nature4 ,:]ev] ! ,european rules1 !y dr9k br&y in/ead ( eat+ ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! only new cu/om :i* our active m9ds h be5 q successful 9 impos+2 x does n m>k a great /ep 9 advance4 ,!re are 9 ! _w two ,gov]nm5ts =m$ on ,european models by peoples diff]5t f u 9 race2 "o 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! o!r at ,san ,dom+o4 ,a %ort sket* ( ^! two ,gov]nm5ts w be en\gh to %[ ! impot5ce ( all attempts to set up in/itutions :i* are n sugge/$ by ! national "*4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s ! repres5tative sy/em is to be se5 9 all its maje/y4 ,!re is a ,h\se ( ,lords1 a ,h\se ( ,commons1 an executive ,m9i/ry1 a reign+ ,k+2 no?+ is want+4 ,b all ?is is m]e ornam5t4 ,! real motive p[] t keeps ! ma*9e go+ is a body ( ,prote/ant mission>ies4 ,)\t !m1 ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons w\ld n "k :i* way to turn1 & w\ld soon cease to turn at all4 ,to ! mission>ies alone belongs ! cr$it ( furni%+ ! ideas1 ( putt+ !m into a palatable =m1 & impos+ !m on ! p2 !y d ?is ei!r by ! influ5ce !y ex]t on _! neophytes1 or1 9 ! la/ resort1 by ?reats4 ,ev5 s1 ,i r ?9k t if ! mission>ies _h no?+ b ,k+ & ,p>liam5t to "w )1 !y might /ruggle = a "t ) ! /upidity ( _! s*ol>s1 b w\ld be =c$ 9 ! end to take !mselves a l>ge & prom95t "p 9 ! managem5t ( affairs4 ,?is w\ld %[ _! h& too obvi\sly2 & s !y avoid x by appo9t+ a m9i/ry t consi/s simply ( m5 ( ,european race4 ,! :ole bus9ess is ?us a matt] ( agreem5t betwe5 ! ,prote/ant mission & its nom9ees2 ! re/ is m]ely = %[4 ,z to ! ,k+1 ,kamehameha ,,iii1 he appe>s to be a pr9ce ( consid]able p>ts4 ,he has giv5 up tattoo+ 8 face1 & al?\gh he has n yet conv]t$ all ! c\rti]s to 8 views1 he already exp]i5ces ! well-e>n$ satisfaction ( see+ no?+ on _! faces & *eeks b *a/e designs1 trac$ 9 ?9 outl9e4 ,! bulk ( ! nation1 ! l&$ nobility & ! t[nspeople1 cl+1 9 ?is & o!r respects1 to _! old ideas4 ,! ,european population ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s is1 h[ev]1 swoll5 e day by new arrivals4 ,!re are _m reasons = ?is4 ,! %ort di/ance sep>at+ ! ,hawaiian ,k+dom f ,cali=nia makes x a v int]e/+ focus = ! cle>-sight$ en]gy ( ! :ite race4 ,des]t]s f ! :al+ vessels or mut9\s sailors are n ! only coloni/s2 m]*ants1 speculators1 adv5tur]s ( all k9ds1 flock to ! isl&s1 build h\ses1 & settle d[n4 ,! native race is gradually t5d+ to mix ) ! invad]s & disappe>4 ,i am n sure t ! pres5t repres5tative & indep5d5t sy/em ( adm9i/ration w n soon give place to an ord9>y gov]nm5t ( delegates1 controll$ by "s great p[]4 ,b ( ?is ,i am c]ta91 t ! in/itutions t are br\ght 9 w end by e/abli%+ !mselves firmly1 & ! fir/ day ( _! triumph w necess>ily be ! la/ = ! natives4 ,at ,san ,dom+o ! indep5d5ce is complete4 ,!re are no mission>ies to ex]t a veil$ & absolute p[]1 no =eign m9i/ry to c>ry out ,european ideas2 ev]y?+ is left to ! inspiration ( ! p itself4 ,its ,spani% "p consi/s ( mulattoes1 ( :om ,i ne$ say no?+4 ,!y seem to imitate1 well or badly1 all t is mo/ easily grasp$ 9 our civilization4 ,!y t5d1 l all hybrids1 to id5tify !mselves ) ! m cr$itable ( ! races to :i* !y belong4 ,?us !y are capable1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( reproduc+ our cu/oms4 ,x is n among !m t we mu/ /udy ! "q 9 its ess5ce4 ,let u cross ! m\nta9s t sep>ate ! ,republic ( ,san ,dom+o f ! ,/ate ( ,hayti4 ,we f9d a society ( :i* ! in/itutions are n only p>allel to our own1 b are d]iv$ f ! late/ pron\ncem5ts ( our political wisdom4 ,all t ! mo/ enlight5$ lib]alism has proclaim$ = ! la/ sixty ye>s 9 ! delib]ative assemblies ( ,europe1 all t has be5 writt5 by ! mo/ en?usia/ic *ampions ( man's dignity & indep5d5ce1 all ! decl>ations ( rights & pr9ciples--^! h all f\nd _! e*o on ! banks ( ! ,artibonite4 ,no?+ ,african has rema9$ 9 ! /atute law4 ,all memories ( ! l& ( ,ham h be5 (ficially expung$ f m5's m9ds4 ,! ,/ate language has nev] %[n a trace ( ,african influ5ce4 ,! in/itutions1 z ,i said be=e1 are completely ,european4 ,let u consid] h[ !y h>monize ) ! mann]s ( ! p4 ,we are 9 a diff]5t _w at once4 ,! mann]s are z deprav$1 brutal1 & savage z 9 ,dahomey or among ! ,fellatahs4#ai ,!re is ! same b>b>ic love ( f9]y c\pl$ ) ! same indiff]5ce to =m4 ,beauty consi/s 9 col\r1 & s long z a g>m5t is ( flam+ r$ & edg$ ) t9sel1 ! own] does n tr\ble ab\t its be+ l>gely 9 holes4 ,! "q ( cleanl9ess nev] ent]s anyone's head4 ,if y wi% to approa* a high (ficial 9 ?is c\ntry1 y f9d y\rself be+ introduc$ to a gigantic negro ly+ on 8 back1 on a wood5 b5*4 ,8 head is envelop$ 9 a torn & dirty h&k]*ief1 surm\nt$ by a cock$ hat1 all ov] gold lace4 ,an imm5se sword hangs f 8 %apeless body4 ,8 embroid]$ coat lacks ! f9al p]fection ( a wai/coat4 ,our g5]al's feet are cas$ 9 c>pet slipp]s4 ,d y wi% to "q him1 to p5etrate 8 m9d1 & le>n ! nature ( ! ideas he is revolv+ !re8 ,y w f9d him z uncultur$ z a savage1 & 8 be/ial self-satisfaction is only equall$ by 8 pr(\nd & incurable laz9ess4 ,if he deigns to op5 8 m\?1 he w roll y out all ! commonplaces :i* ! newspap]s h be5 inflict+ on u = ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,! b>b>ian kn[s !m all by he>t4 ,he has o!r int]e/s1 ( c\rse1 & v diff]5t int]e/s2 b no o!r ideas4 ,he speaks l ,b>on ,holba*1 argues l ,monsieur de ,grimm1 & has ultimately no s]i\s preoccupation except *ew+ tobacco1 dr9k+ alcohol1 disemb[ell+ 8 enemies1 & conciliat+ 8 sorc]]s4 ,! re/ ( ! "t he sleeps4 ,! ,/ate is divid$ among two factions4 ,^! are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a c]ta9 incompatibility1 n ( political !ory1 b ( sk94 ,! mulattoes are on "o side1 ! negroes on ! o!r4 ,! =m] h c]ta9ly m intellig5ce & are m op5 to ideas4 ,z ,i h already rem>k$ 9 ! case ( ,san ,dom+o1 ! ,european blood has modifi$ ! ,african "*4 ,if ^! m5 7 set 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge :ite population1 & s _h good models con/antly be=e _! eyes1 !y might become q useful citiz5s4 ,un=tunately ! negroes are = ! "t be+ sup]ior 9 /r5g? & numb]s4 ,al?\gh _! racial memory ( ,africa has its orig91 9 _m cases1 z f> back z _! gr&fa!rs1 !y are /ill completely "u ! sway ( ,african ideals4 ,_! greate/ pleasure is idl5ess2 _! mo/ cog5t argum5t is murd]4 ,! mo/ int5se hatr$ has always exi/$ betwe5 ! two p>ties 9 ! isl&4 ,! hi/ory ( ,hayti1 ( democratic ,hayti1 is m]ely a long s]ies ( massacres2 massacres ( mulattoes by negroes1 or ( negroes by mulattoes1 accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r held ! re9s ( p[]4 ,! con/itution1 h[ev] enlight5$ x may pret5d to be1 has no influ5ce :atev]4 ,x sleeps h>mlessly ^u ! pap] on :i* x is writt54 ,! p[] t reigns un*eck$ is ! true _s ( ^! peoples4 ,accord+ to ! natural law already m5tion$1 ! black race1 belong+ z x does to a bran* ( ! human family t is incapable ( civilization1 *]i%es ! deepe/ feel+s ( repulsion t[>ds all ! o!rs4 ,?us we see ! negroes ( ,hayti viol5tly driv+ out ! :ites & =bidd+ !m to ent] _! t]ritory4 ,!y w\ld l to exclude ev5 ! mulattoes2 & !y aim at _! ext]m9ation4 ,hatr$ ( ! =eign] is ! ma9spr+ ( local politics4 ,ow+1 fur!r1 to ! innate laz9ess ( ! race1 agriculture is aboli%$1 indu/ry is n ev5 m5tion$1 comm]ce becomes less e day4 ,! hide\s increase ( mis]y prev5ts ! gr[? ( population1 :i* is actually be+ dim9i%$ by ! cont9ual w>s1 revolts1 & milit>y executions4 ,! inevitable result is n f> (f4 ,a c\ntry ( :i* ! f]tility & natural res\rces us$ to enri* g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( plant]s w become a des]t2 & ! wild goat w roam alone ov] ! fruitful pla9s1 ! magnific5t valleys1 ! sublime m\nta9s1 ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,antilles4#bj ,let u suppose = a mom5t t ! peoples ( ?is unhappy isl& c\ld manage to live 9 accordance ) ! _s ( _! sev]al races4 ,9 su* a case !y w\ld n be influ5c$1 & s 7( c\rse7 ov]%ad[$ by =eign !ories1 b w\ld f\nd _! society 9 free ob$i5ce to _! own in/9cts4 ,a sep>ation betwe5 ! two col\rs w\ld take place1 m or less spontane\sly1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n )\t "s acts ( viol5ce4 ,! mulattoes w\ld settle on ! seabo>d1 9 ord] to keep cont9ually 9 t\* ) ,europeans4 ,?is is _! *ief wi%4 ,"u ,european direction !y w\ld become m]*ants 7& especially money-brok]s71 lawy]s1 & physicians4 ,!y w\ld tight5 ! l9ks ) ! high] elem5ts ( _! race by a cont9ual cross+ ( blood2 !y w\ld be gradually improv$ & lose _! ,african "* 9 ! same proportion z _! ,african blood4 ,! negroes w\ld )draw to ! int]ior & =m small societies l ^? ( ! runaway slaves 9 ,san ,dom+o itself1 9 ,m>t9ique1 ,jamaica1 & especially 9 ,cuba1 :]e ! size ( ! c\ntry & ! dep? ( ! =e/s baffle all pursuit4 ,amid ! v>i$ & tropical vegetation ( ! ,antilles1 ! ,am]ican negro w\ld f9d ! necessities ( life yield$ him 9 abundance & )\t lab\r by ! fruitful e>?4 ,he w\ld return q freely to ! despotic1 patri>*al sy/em t is naturally suit$ to ^? ( 8 bre?r5 on :om ! conqu]+ ,mussulmans ( ,africa h n yet laid _! yoke4 ,! love ( isolation w\ld be at once ! cause & ! result ( 8 in/itutions4 ,tribes w\ld be =m$1 & become1 at ! end ( a %ort "t1 =eign & ho/ile to ea* o!r4 ,local w>s w\ld con/itute ! sole political hi/ory ( ! diff]5t cantons2 & ! isl&1 ?\gh x w\ld be wild1 ?9ly peopl$1 & ill-cultivat$1 w\ld yet ma9ta9 a d\ble population4 ,?is is n[ condemn$ to disappe>1 ow+ to ! fatal influ5ce wield$ by laws & in/itutions t h no relation to ! m9d ( ! negro1 8 int]e/s1 & 8 wants4 ,! examples ( ,san ,dom+o & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s are conclusive4 ,b ,i _c leave ?is "p ( my subject )\t t\*+ on a simil> in/ance1 ( a peculi> "*1 :i* /rongly supports my view4 ,i cit$ fir/ a ,/ate :]e ! in/itutions1 impos$ by ,prote/ant prea*]s1 are a m]e *ildi% copy ( ! ,briti% sy/em4 ,i !n spoke ( a gov]nm5t1 mat]ially free1 b spiritually b\nd by ,european !ories2 :i* x tries to c>ry out1 ) fatal consequ5ces = ! unhappy population4 ,i w n[ br+ =w>d an in/ance ( q a diff]5t k9d2 ,i mean ! attempt ( ! ,jesuits to civilize ! natives ( ,p>aguay4#ba ,^! mission>ies h be5 univ]sally prais$ = _! f9e c\rage & l(ty intellig5ce4 ,! bitt]e/ enemies ( ! ,ord] h n be5 able to )hold a w>m tribute ( admiration = !m4 ,if any in/itutions impos$ on a nation f )\t ev] _h a *ance ( success1 x 0 c]ta9ly ^? ( ! ,jesuits1 bas$ z !y 7 on a p[]ful religi\s s5tim5t1 & support$ by all ! l9ks ( association t c\ld be devis$ by an exact & subtle k ( human nature4 ,! ,fa!rs 7 p]suad$1 z s _m o!rs h be51 t b>b>ism occupies ! same place 9 ! life ( peoples z infancy does 9 ! life ( a man2 & t ! m rud5ess & savag]y a nation %[s1 ! y\ng] x really is4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to br+ _! neophytes to ! adult /age1 !y treat$ !m l *ildr51 & gave !m a despotic gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 z unyield+ 9 its real aims1 z x 0 mild & graci\s 9 its outw>d appe>ance4 ,! savage tribes ( ,am]ica h1 z a rule1 democratic t5d5cies2 mon>*y & ari/ocracy are r>ely se5 among !m1 & !n only 9 a v limit$ =m4 ,! natural "* ( ! ,gu>anis1 among :om ! ,jesuits came1 did n diff] 9 ?is respect f t ( ! o!r tribes4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 _! intellig5ce 0 relatively high]1 & _! f]ocity p]haps a little less1 ?an 0 ! case ) mo/ ( _! neighb\rs2 !y _h1 too1 9 "s degree1 ! p[] ( conceiv+ new ne$s4 ,ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& s\ls 7 collect$ toge!r 9 ! mission villages1 "u ! control ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,all t exp]i5ce1 unremitt+ /udy1 & ! liv+ _s ( *>ity _h taught ! ,jesuits1 0 n[ drawn ^u2 !y made untir+ ef=ts to secure a quick1 ?\gh la/+1 success4 ,9 spite ( all _! c>e1 !y f\nd t _! absolute p[] 0 n suffici5t to keep _! s*ol>s on ! "r road1 & !y _h frequ5t pro(s ( ! want ( solidity 9 ! :ole /ructure4 ,! pro( 0 complete1 :5 9 an evil h\r ! edict ( ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a end$ ! reign ( piety & intellig5ce 9 ,p>aguay4 ,! ,gu>anis1 depriv$ ( _! spiritual guides1 refus$ to tru/ ! laym5 set ov] !m by ! ,cr[n ( ,spa94 ,!y %[$ no atta*m5t to _! new in/itutions4 ,!y felt once m ! call ( ! savage life1 & to-day1 ) ! exception ( ?irty-sev5 /raggl+ little villages on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana1 ! ,p>aguay1 & ! ,uruguay--villages 9 :i* ! population is1 no d\bt1 p>tly hybrid--! re/ ( ! tribes h return$ to ! woods1 & live !re 9 j z wild a /ate z ! we/]n tribes ( ! same /ock1 ,gu>anis & ,cirionos4 ,i d n say t !y keep all ! old cu/oms 9 _! orig9al =m1 b at any rate _! pres5t ones %[ an attempt to revive ! anci5t practices1 & are directly desc5d$ f !m2 = no human race c be unfai?ful to its in/9cts1 & leave ! pa? t has be5 m>k$ out = x by ,god4 ,we may believe t if ! ,jesuits _h cont9u$ to direct _! missions 9 ,p>aguay1 _! ef=ts w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h _h bett] results4 ,i admit x2 b1 9 accordance ) our univ]sal law1 ?is c\ld only h happ5$ on "o condition--t a s]ies ( ,european settlem5ts %\ld h be5 gradually made 9 ! c\ntry "u ! protection ( ! ,jesuits4 ,^! settl]s w\ld h m+l$ ) ! natives1 h fir/ modifi$ & !n completely *ang$ _! blood4 ,a ,/ate w\ld h aris51 be>+ p]haps a native "n & boa/+ t x _h sprung f ! soil2 b x w\ld actually h be5 z ,european z its own in/itutions4 ,?is is ! end ( my argum5t z to ! relation betwe5 in/itutions & races4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,nations1 ,,:e!r ,,progress+ ,,or ,,/agnat+1 ,,are ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,regions ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!y ,,live ,i mu/ n[ consid] :e!r ! developm5t ( peoples is affect$ 7z _m writ]s h ass]t$7 by climate1 soil1 or geographical situation4 ,& al?\gh ,i h briefly t\*$ on ?is po9t 9 speak+ ( environm5t1#bb ,i %\ld be leav+ a real gap 9 my !ory if ,i did n discuss x m ?or\ghly4 ,suppose t a nation lives 9 a temp]ate climate1 :i* is n hot en\gh to sap its en]gies1 or cold en\gh to make ! soil unproductive2 t its t]ritory conta9s l>ge riv]s1 wide roads suitable = traffic1 pla9s & valleys capable ( v>i$ cultivation1 & m\nta9s fill$ ) ri* ve9s ( ore--we are usually l$ to believe t a nation s fav\r$ by nature w be quick to leave ! /age ( b>b>ism1 & w pass1 ) no difficulty1 to t ( civilization4#bc ,we are j z ready to admit1 z a coroll>y1 t ! tribes :i* are burnt by ! sun or numb$ by ! et]nal ice w be mu* m liable to rema9 9 a savage /ate1 liv+ z !y d on no?+ b b>r5 rocks4 ,x goes )\t say+1 t on ?is hypo!sis1 mank9d is capable ( p]fection only by ! help ( mat]ial nature1 & t its value & greatness exi/ pot5tially outside itself4 ,?is view may seem attractive at fir/ sight1 b x has no support :atev] f ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,n[h]e is ! soil m f]tile1 ! climate mild]1 ?an 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,!re is an abundance ( great riv]s4 ,! gulfs1 ! bays1 ! h>b\rs1 are l>ge1 deep1 magnific5t1 & innum]able4 ,preci\s metals c be dug out almo/ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! vegetable _w yields 9 abundance1 & almo/ ( its own accord1 ! necess>ies ( life 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms2 :ile ! animals1 mo/ ( :i* are good = food1 are a /ill m valuable s\rce ( weal?4 ,& yet ! great] "p ( ?is happy l& has be5 occupi$1 = c5turies1 by peoples :o h n succe$$1 to ! slighte/ ext5t1 9 exploit+ _! treasures4 ,"s h />t$ on ! road to improvem5t4 ,9 m ?an "o place we come ^u an att5uat$ k9d ( culture1 a rudim5t>y attempt to extract ! m9]als4 ,! travell] may /ill1 to 8 surprise1 f9d a few useful arts be+ practis$ ) a c]ta9 +5uity4 ,b all ^! ef=ts are v humble & uncoord9at$2 !y are c]ta9ly n ! beg9n+s ( any def9ite civilization4 ,9 ! va/ t]ritory betwe5 ,lake ,erie & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! ,riv] ,miss\ri & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1#bd !re c]ta9ly exi/$1 9 remote ages1 a nation :i* has left rem>kable traces ( its pres5ce4 ,! rema9s ( build+s1 ! inscriptions engrav$ on rocks1 ! tumuli1#be ! mummies1 %[ t x _h rea*$ an advanc$ /ate ( m5tal culture4 ,b !re is no?+ to prove a v close k9%ip betwe5 ?is my/]i\s p & ! tribes t n[ w&] ov] its tombs4 ,suppose1 if y w1 t !re 0 "s relation betwe5 !m1 :e!r by way ( blood or ( slav]y1 & t ?us ! natives ( to-day did le>n f ! anci5t lords ( ! c\ntry1 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! arts !y practise s imp]fectly2 ?is only makes u wond] ! m t !y %\ld h f\nd x impossible to c>ry any fur!r :at !y _h be5 taught4 ,9 fact1 ?is w\ld supply "o m reason = my belief t n e p w\ld be capable ( civilization1 ev5 if x *ose ! mo/ fav\r$ spot on e>? z its settlem5t4 ,inde$1 civilization is q indep5d5t ( climate & soil1 & _! adaptability to man's wants4 ,india & ,egypt are bo? c\ntries :i* h _h to be artificially f]tiliz$2#bf yet !y are fam\s c5tres ( human culture & developm5t4 ,9 ,*9a1 c]ta9 regions are naturally f]tile2 b o!rs h ne$$ great lab\r to fit !m = cultivation4 ,*9ese hi/ory beg9s ) ! conque/ ( ! riv]s4 ,! fir/ b5efits conf]r$ by ! anci5t ,emp]ors 7 ! op5+ ( canals & ! dra9+ ( m>%es4 ,9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 t beheld ! spl5d\r ( ! fir/ ,assyrian empire1 & is ! maje/ic sc5e ( our mo/ sacr$ recollections--9 ?is region1 :]e :eat is said to gr[ ( its own accord1#bg ! soil is naturally s unproductive t va/ works ( irrigation1 c>ri$ out 9 ! tee? ( e difficulty1 h be5 ne$$ to make x a fit abode = man4 ,n[ t ! canals are de/roy$ or fill$ up1 /]ility has resum$ its anci5t reign4 ,i am !re=e incl9$ to believe t nature did n fav\r ^! regions z mu* z we are apt to ?9k4 ,b ,i w n discuss ! po9t4 ,i w grant1 if y l1 t ,*9a1 ,egypt1 ,india1 & ,assyria1 conta9$ all ! conditions ( prosp]ity1 & 7 em95tly suit$ = ! f\nd+ ( p[]ful empires & ! developm5t ( great civilizations4 ,b1 we mu/ also admit1 ^! conditions 7 ( su* a k9d t1 9 ord] to receive any b5efit f !m ! inhabitants mu/ h rea*$ be=eh&1 by o!r means1 a high /age ( social culture4 ,?us1 = ! comm]ce to be able to make use ( ! great wat]ways1 manufactures1 or at any rate agriculture1 mu/ h already exi/$2 aga91 neighb\r+ peoples w\ld n h be5 attract$ to ^! great c5tres be=e t[ns & m>kets _h gr[n up & prosp]$4 ,?us ! great natural advantages ( ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,assyria1 imply n only a consid]able m5tal p[] on ! "p ( ! nations t pr(it$ by !m1 b ev5 a civilization go+ back beyond ! day :5 ^! advantages began to be exploit$4 ,we w n[ leave ^! specially fav\r$ regions1 & consid] o!rs4 ,:5 ! ,phnicians1 9 ! c\rse ( _! migration1 left ,tylos1 or "s o!r isl& 9 ! s\?-ea/1 & settl$ 9 a portion ( ,syria1 :at did !y f9d 9 _! new home8 ,a des]t & rocky coa/1 =m+ a n>r[ /rip ( l& betwe5 ! sea & a range ( cliffs t seem$ to be curs$ ) ev]la/+ b>r5ness4 ,!re 0 no room = expansion 9 su* a place1 = ! girdle ( m\nta9s 0 unbrok5 on all sides4 ,& yet ?is wret*$ c\ntry1 :i* %\ld h be5 a prison1 became1 ?anks to ! indu/ry ( its inhabitants1 a cr[n /udd$ ) temples & palaces4 ,! ,phnicians1 :o seem$ = ev] condemn$ to be a set ( fi%-eat+ b>b>ians1 or at mo/ a mis]able crew ( pirates1 71 z a fact1 pirates on a gr& scale2 !y 7 also clev] & ent]pris+ m]*ants1 bold & lucky speculators4 8,yes10 x may be object$1 8necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion2 if ! f\nd]s ( ,tyre & ,sidon _h settl$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,damascus1 !y w\ld h be5 cont5t to live by agriculture1 & w\ld probably h nev] become a fam\s nation4 ,mis]y %>p5$ _! wits1 & awak5$ _! g5ius40 ,!n :y does x n awak5 ! g5ius ( all ! tribes ( ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,oceania1 :o f9d !mselves 9 a simil> condition8 ,! ,kabyles ( ,morocco are an anci5t race2 !y h c]ta9ly _h a long "t = reflection1 &1 :at is m /rik+ /ill1 h _h e reason to imitate ! cu/oms ( _! bett]s2 :y !n h !y nev] ?\ght ( a m fruitful way ( alleviat+ _! wret*$ness ?an m]e brig&age on ! high seas8 ,:y1 9 ! ,indian ar*ipelago1 :i* seems creat$ = trade1 & 9 ! ,pacific isl&s1 :]e int]communication is s easy1 are ne>ly all ! comm]cial advantages 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s--,*9ese1 ,malays1 & ,arabs8 ,& :]e half-ca/e natives or o!r mix$ races h be5 able to %>e 9 ^! advantages1 :y has ! trade at once fall5 (f8 ,:y is ! int]nal ex*ange ( commodities c>ri$ on m & m by elem5t>y me?ods ( b>t]8 ,! fact is1 t = a comm]cial /ate to be e/abli%$ on any coa/ or isl&1 some?+ m is necess>y ?an an op5 sea1 & ! pressure ex]t$ by ! b>r5ness ( ! l&--some?+ m1 ev51 ?an ! lessons le>n$ f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs2 ! native ( ! coa/ or ! isl& mu/ be gift$ ) ! special tal5t t alone c lead him to pr(it by ! tools t lie to 8 h&1 & alone c po9t him ! road to success4 ,x is n en\gh to %[ t a nation's value 9 ! scale ( civilization does n come f ! f]tility--or1 to be m precise1 ! inf]tility--( ! c\ntry :]e x happ5s to live4 ,i mu/ also prove t ?is value is q indep5d5t ( all ! mat]ial conditions ( environm5t4 ,= example1 ! ,arm5ians1 %ut up 9 _! m\nta9s--! same m\nta9s :]e1 = g5]ations1 s _m o!r peoples h liv$ & di$ 9 b>b>ism--_h already rea*$ a high /age ( civilization 9 a v remote age4 ,yet _! c\ntry 0 almo/ entirely cut (f f o!rs2 x _h no communication ) ! sea1 & c\ld boa/ ( no great f]tility4 ,! ,jews 7 9 a simil> position4 ,!y 7 surr\nd$ by tribes speak+ ! dialects ( a language cognate ) _! own1 & = ! mo/ "p closely connect$ ) !m 9 race2 yet !y outdi/anc$ all ^! tribes4 ,!y became w>riors1 f>m]s1 & trad]s4 ,_! me?od ( gov]nm5t 0 extremely complicat$2 x 0 a mixture ( mon>*y & !ocracy1 ( patri>*al & democratic rule 7?is la/ be+ repres5t$ by ! assemblies & ! prophets71 all 9 a curi\s equilibrium4 ,"u ?is gov]nm5t !y liv$ ?r\gh long ages ( prosp]ity & glory1 & by a sci5tific sy/em ( emigration !y conqu]$ ! difficulties t 7 put 9 ! way ( _! expansion by ! n>r[ limits ( _! t]ritory4 ,& :at k9d ( t]ritory 0 x8 ,mod]n travell]s "k :at an am\nt ( organiz$ ef=t 0 requir$ f ! ,israelite f>m]s1 9 ord] to keep up its artificial f]tility4 ,s9ce ! *os5 race ceas$ to dwell 9 ! m\nta9s & ! pla9s ( ,pale/9e1 ! well :]e ,jacob's flocks came d[n to dr9k has be5 fill$ up ) s&1 ,nabo?'s v9ey>d has be5 invad$ by ! des]t1 & ! bramble fl\ri%es 9 ! place :]e /ood ! palace ( ,ahab4 ,& :at did ! ,jews become1 9 ?is mis]able corn] ( ! e>?8 ,!y became a p t succe$$ 9 ev]y?+ x und]took1 a free1 /rong1 & intellig5t p1 & "o :i*1 be=e x lo/1 sword 9 h&1 ! "n ( an indep5d5t nation1 _h giv5 z _m le>n$ m5 to ! _w z x _h m]*ants4#bh ,! ,greeks !mselves c\ld n :olly congratulate !mselves on _! geographical position4 ,_! c\ntry 0 a wret*$ "o1 = ! mo/ "p4 ,arcadia 0 belov$ ( %eph]ds1 ,botia claim$ to be de> to ,demet] & ,triptolemus2 b ,arcadia & ,botia play a v m9or "p 9 ,greek hi/ory4 ,! ri* & brilliant ,cor9? itself1 fav\r$ by ,plutus & ,aphrodite1 is 9 ?is respect only 9 ! second rank4 ,to :i* city belongs ! *ief glory8 ,to ,a!ns1 :]e ! fields & olive-groves 7 p]petually cov]$ ) grey du/1 & :]e /atues & books 7 ! ma9 articles ( comm]ce2 to ,sp>ta also1 a city buri$ 9 a n>r[ valley1 at ! foot ( a mass ( rocks :i* ,victory _h to cross to f9d h] out4 ,& :at ( ! mis]able qu>t] ( ,latium t 0 *os5 = ! f\ndation ( ,rome8 ,! little riv] ,tib]1 on ^: banks x lay1 fl[$ d[n to an almo/ unkn[n coa/1 t no ,greek or ,phnician %ip _h ev] t\*$1 save by *ance2 0 x ?r\gh h] situation t ,rome became ! mi/ress ( ! _w8 ,no soon] did ! :ole _w lie at ! feet ( ! ,roman eagles1 ?an ! c5tral gov]nm5t f\nd t its capital 0 ill-plac$2 & ! long s]ies ( insults to ! et]nal city began4 ,! e>ly emp]ors _h _! eyes turn$ t[>ds ,greece1 & ne>ly always liv$ !re4 ,:5 ,tib]ius 0 9 ,italy he /ay$ at ,capri1 a po9t fac+ ! two halves ( ! empire4 ,8 successors w5t to ,antio*4 ,"s ( !m1 9 view ( ! importance ( ,gaul1 w5t z f> nor? z ,treves4 ,f9ally1 an edict took away ev5 ! title ( *ief city f ,rome & conf]r$ x on ,milan4 ,if ! ,romans made "s /ir 9 ! _w1 x 0 c]ta9ly 9 spite ( ! position ( ! di/rict f :i* _! fir/ armies issu$ =?4 ,com+ d[n to mod]n hi/ory ,i am ov]:elm$ by ! multitude ( facts t support my !ory4 ,i see prosp]ity sudd5ly leav+ ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s1 a cle> pro( t x 0 n insep>ably atta*$ to !m4 ,! great comm]cial cities ( ! ,middle ,ages grew up 9 places :]e no political philosoph] ( an e>li] "t w\ld h ?\ght ( f\nd+ !m4 ,novgorod rose 9 ! mid/ ( an ice-b\nd l&2 ,brem5 on a coa/ almo/ z cold4 ,! ,hanseatic t[ns 9 ! c5tre ( ,g]many 7 built 9 regions plung$1 z x seem$1 9 immemorial slumb]4 ,v5ice em]g$ f a deep gulf 9 ! ,adriatic4 ,! balance ( political p[] 0 %ift$ to places sc>cely he>d ( be=e1 b n[ gleam+ ) a new spl5d\r4 ,9 ,france ! :ole /r5g? 0 conc5trat$ to ! nor? ( ! ,loire1 almo/ beyond ! ,se9e4 ,lyons1 ,t\l\se1 ,n>bonne1 ,m>seilles1 & ,bordeaux fell f ! high dignity to :i* !y _h be5 call$ by ! ,romans4 ,x 0 ,p>is t became ! important city1 ,p>is1 :i* 0 too f> f ! sea = purposes ( trade1 & :i* w\ld soon prove too ne> to escape ! invasions ( ! ,norman pirates4 ,9 ,italy1 t[ns =m]ly ( ! l[e/ rank became great] ?an ! city ( ! ,popes4 ,rav5na rose f its m>%es1 ,amalfi began its long c>e] ( p[]4 ,*ance1 ,i may rem>k1 _h no "p 9 ^! *anges1 :i* c all be expla9$ by ! pres5ce1 at ! giv5 po9t1 ( a victori\s or p[]ful race4 ,9 o!r words1 a nation does n d]ive its value f its position2 x nev] has & nev] w4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! p :i* has always giv5--& always w give--to ! l& its moral1 economic1 & political value4 ,i add1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 t ,i h no wi% to d5y ! importance ( geographical position = c]ta9 t[ns1 :e!r !y are trade-c5tres1 ports1 or capitals4 ,! argum5ts t h be5 br\ght =w>d1#bi 9 ! case ( ,con/ant9ople & especially ( ,alex&ria1 are indisputable4 ,!re c]ta9ly exi/ diff]5t po9ts :i* we may call 8! keys ( ! e>?40 ,?us we may imag9e t :5 ! i/hmus ( ,panama is pi]c$1 ! p[] hold+ ! t[n t is yet to be built on ! hypo!tical canal1 might play a great "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b ?is "p w be play$ well1 badly1 or ev5 n at all1 accord+ to ! intr9sic excell5ce ( ! p 9 "q4 ,make ,*agres into a l>ge city1 let ! two seas meet "u its walls1 & assume t y are free to fill x ) :at settl]s y w4 ,y\r *oice w f9ally det]m9e ! future ( ! new t[n4 ,suppose t ,*agres is n exactly 9 ! be/ position to develop all ! advantages com+ f ! junction ( ! two oceans2 !n1 if ! race is really wor?y ( its high call+1 x w remove to "s o!r place :]e x may 9 p]fect fre$om "w out its spl5did de/9y4#cj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,*ri/ianity ,,nei!r ,,creates ,,nor ,,*anges ,,! ,,capacity ,,= ,,civilization ,aft] my argum5ts on ! subject ( in/itutions & climates1 ,i come to ano!r1 :i* ,i %\ld really h put be=e all ! re/2 n t ,i ?9k x /rong] ?an !y are1 b because ! facts on :i* x is bas$ naturally comm& our rev]5ce4 ,if my conclusions 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s are admitt$1 two po9ts become increas+ly evid5t3 fir/1 t mo/ human races are = ev] incapable ( civilization1 s long z !y rema9 unmix$2 secondly1 t su* races are n only )\t ! inn] impulse necess>y to />t !m on ! pa? ( improvem5t1 b also t no ext]nal =ce1 h[ev] en]getic 9 o!r respects1 is p[]ful en\gh to turn _! cong5ital b>r5ness into f]tility4 ,"h we %all be ask$1 no d\bt1 :e!r ! light ( ,*ri/ianity is to %9e 9 va9 on entire nations1 & :e!r "s peoples are doom$ nev] to behold x at all4 ,"s writ]s h answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,!y h n scrupl$ to contradict ! promise ( ! ,gospel1 by d5y+ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! new law1 :i* is precisely t ( be+ accessible to all m54 ,_! view m]ely re/ates ! old =mula ( ! ,hebrews1 to :i* x returns by a little l>g] gate ?an t ( ! ,old ,cov5ant2 b x returns all ! same4 ,i h no desire to foll[ ! *ampions ( ?is idea1 :i* is condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 nor h ,i ! lea/ difficulty 9 admitt+ t all human races are gift$ ) an equal capacity = be+ receiv$ into ! bosom ( ! ,*ri/ian ,communion4 ,"h !re is no imp$im5t aris+ f any orig9al diff]5ce betwe5 races2 = ?is purpose _! inequalities are ( no acc\nt4 ,religions & _! foll[]s are n1 z has be5 assum$1 di/ribut$ 9 zones ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is n true t ,*ri/ianity mu/ rule f ?is m]idian to t1 :ile f su* & su* a po9t ,islam takes up ! sceptre1 hold+ x only z f> z a c]ta9 impassable fronti]1 & !n hav+ to deliv] x into ! h&s ( ,buddhism or ,brahmanism1 :ile ! feti*i/s ( ! tribe ( ,ham divide among !mselves ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ians are f\nd 9 all latitudes & all climates4 ,/ati/ics1 inaccurate p]haps1 b /ill approximately true1 %[ u a va/ numb] ( !m1 ,mongols w&]+ 9 ! pla9s ( ,upp] ,asia1 savages hunt+ on ! tablel& ( ! ,cordill]as1 ,eskimos fi%+ 9 ! ice ( ! ,arctic circle1 ev5 ,*9ese & ,japanese dy+ "u ! sc\rge ( ! p]secutor4 ,! lea/ obs]vation w %[ ?is1 & w also prev5t u f fall+ into ! v common error ( confus+ ! univ]sal p[] ( recogniz+ ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity & foll[+ its precepts1 ) ! v diff]5t faculty t leads "o human race1 & n ano!r1 to und]/& ! e>?ly conditions ( social improvem5t1 & to be able to pass f "o rung ( ! ladd] to ano!r1 s z to rea* f9ally ! /ate :i* we call civilization4 ,! rungs ( ?is ladd] are ! measure ( ! inequality ( human races4 ,x 0 held1 q wrongly1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 t ! doctr9e ( r5unciation1 a corn]-/one ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 ess5tially oppos$ to social developm5t2 & t p to :om ! highe/ virtue consi/s 9 despis+ ! ?+s "h bel[1 & 9 turn+ _! eyes & he>ts1 )\t ceas+1 t[>ds ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 w n d mu* to help ! progress ( ?is _w4 ,! v imp]fection ( man may s]ve to rebut su* an argum5t4 ,!re has nev] be5 any s]i\s reason to fe> t he w r5\nce ! joys ( e>?2 & ?\gh ! c\nsels ( religion 7 expressly direct$ to ?is po9t1 we may say t !y 7 pull+ aga9/ a curr5t t !y knew to be irresi/ible1 & 7 m]ely dem&+ a great deal 9 ord] to obta9 a v little4 ,fur!r1 ! ,*ri/ian precepts are a great aid to society2 !y plane away all r\ghness1 !y p\r ! oil ( *>ity on all social relations1 !y condemn viol5ce1 =ce m5 to appeal to ! sole au?ority ( reason1 & s ga9 = ! _s a pl5itude ( p[] :i* works 9 a ?\s& ways = ! good ( ! fle%4 ,aga91 religion elevates ! m9d by ! metaphysical & intellectual "* ( its dogmas1 :ile ?r\gh ! purity ( its moral ideal x t5ds to free ! _s f a ho/ ( corrosive vices & weaknesses1 :i* are dang]\s to mat]ial progress4 ,?us1 z aga9/ ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we are "r 9 call+ ,*ri/ianity a civiliz+ p[]--b only )9 c]ta9 limits2 if we take ! words 9 too wide a s5se1 we %all f9d ourselves drawn into a maze ( error4 ,*ri/ianity is a civiliz+ =ce 9 s f> z x makes a man bett] m9d$ & bett] mann]$2 yet x is only indirectly s1 = x has no idea ( apply+ ?is improvem5t 9 morals & intellig5ce to ! p]i%able ?+s ( ?is _w1 & x is always cont5t ) ! social conditions 9 :i* x f9ds its neophytes1 h[ev] imp]fect ! conditions may be4 ,s long z x c pull out ! noxi\s we$s t /ifle ! well-be+ ( ! s\l1 x is indiff]5t to ev]y?+ else4 ,x leaves all m5 z x f9ds !m--! ,*9ese 9 8 robes1 ! ,eskimo 9 8 furs1 ! fir/ eat+ rice1 & ! second eat+ :ale-blubb]4 ,x does n require !m to *ange _! way ( life4 ,if _! /ate c be improv$ z a direct consequ5ce ( _! conv]sion1 !n ,*ri/ianity w c]ta9ly d its be/ to br+ su* an improvem5t ab\t2 b x w n try to alt] a s+le cu/om1 & c]ta9ly w n =ce any advance f "o civilization to ano!r1 = x has n yet adopt$ "o itself4 ,x uses all civilizations & is above all4 ,!re are pro(s 9 abundance1 & ,i w speak ( !m 9 a mom5t2 b ,i mu/ fir/ make ! confession t ,i h nev] und]/ood ! ultra-mod]n doctr9e :i* id5tifies ! law ( ,*ri/ & ! int]e/s ( ?is _w 9 su* a way t x creates f _! union a fictiti\s social ord] :i* x calls 8,*ri/ian civilization40 ,!re is c]ta9ly su* a ?+ z a pagan civilization1 j z !re is a ,brahman1 ,buddhi/1 or ,jewi% civilization4 ,societies h exi/$1 & /ill exi/1 :i* are absolutely bas$ on religion4 ,religion has giv5 !m _! con/itution1 drawn up _! laws1 settl$ _! civic duties1 m>k$ out _! fronti]s1 & prescrib$ _! =eign policy4 ,su* societies h only be5 able to p]si/ by plac+ !mselves "u a m or less /rict !ocracy4 ,we c no m imag9e _! liv+ )\t _! rites & cre$s ?an we c imag9e ! rites & cre$s exi/+ by !mselves1 )\t ! p4 ,! :ole ( antiquity 0 m or less 9 ?is condition4 ,roman /atesman%ip c]ta9ly inv5t$ ! legal tol]ance ( cre$s1 & a decad5t !ology produc$ a va/ sy/em ( fusion & assimilation ( cults2 b ^! belong$ to ! late/ age ( paganism1 :5 ! fruit 0 already rott5 on ! tree4 ,:ile x 0 "y & fl\ri%+1 !re 7 z _m ,jupit]s1 ,m]curies1 & ,v5uses1 z !re 7 t[ns4 ,! god 0 a jeal\s god1 9 a s5se q diff]5t f ! jeal\sy ( ! ,jewi% ,god2 he 0 /ill m exclusive1 & recogniz$ no "o b 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 ?is _w & ! next4 ,e anci5t civilization rose to greatness "u ! gis ( "s div9ity1 ( "s p>ticul> cult4 ,religion & ! ,/ate 7 unit$ s closely & insep>ably t ! responsibility = all t happ5$ 0 %>$ betwe5 !m4 ,we may speak1 if we w1 ( 8f9d+ traces ( ! cult ( ! ,tyrian ,h]acles 9 ! public policy ( ,c>?age02 b ,i ?9k t we c really id5tify ! effects ( ! doctr9es taught by ! prie/s ) ! policy ( ! suffetes & ! tr5d ( social developm5t4 ,aga91 ,i h no d\bt t ! dog-head$ ,anubis1 ,isis ,nei?1 & ! ,ibises taught ! m5 ( ! ,nile valley all t !y knew & practis$4 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 act$ 9 ?is respect q diff]5tly f all prec$+ religions2 ?is 0 its greate/ innovation4 ,unlike !m1 x _h no *os5 p4 ,x 0 address$ to ! :ole _w1 n only to ! ri* or ! poor4 ,f ! fir/ x receiv$ f ! ,holy ,gho/ ! gift ( tongues1#ca t x might speak to ea* man 9 ! language ( 8 c\ntry1 & proclaim ! ,gospel by means ( ! ideas & images t ea* nation c\ld be/ und]/&4 ,x did n come to *ange ! outw>d "p ( man1 ! mat]ial _w2 x taught him to despise ?is outw>d "p1 & 0 only conc]n$ ) 8 inn] self4 ,we read 9 a v anci5t apocryphal book1 8,let n ! /rong man boa/ ( 8 /r5g?1 nor ! ri* man ( 8 ri*es2 b let him :o w be glorifi$ glorify himself 9 ! ,"l40#cb ,/r5g?1 ri*es1 worldly p[]1 & ! way ( ambition--all ^! h no mean+ = our law4 ,no civilization :atev] has excit$ its envy or contempt2 & because ( ?is r>e imp>tiality1 & ! consequ5ces t 7 to fl[ f x1 ! law c\ld rightly call itself 8,ca?olic10 or univ]sal4 ,x does n belong exclusively to any civilization4 ,x did n come to bless any "o =m ( e>?ly exi/5ce2 x rejects none1 & w\ld purify all4 ,! canonical books1 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! /ories ( ! mission>ies ( all ages1 are fill$ ) pro(s ( ?is indiff]5ce to ! outw>d =ms ( social life1 & to social life itself4 ,provid$ t a man believes1 & t none ( 8 daily actions t5d to transgress ! ord9ances ( religion1 no?+ else matt]s4 ,( :at importance is ! %ape ( a ,*ri/ian's h\se1 ! cut & mat]ial ( 8 clo!s1 8 sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ! measure ( tyranny or lib]ty 9 8 public in/itutions8 ,he may be a fi%]man1 a hunt]1 a pl\ghman1 a sailor1 a soldi]--:atev] y l4 ,9 all ^! diff]5t employm5ts is !re any?+ to prev5t a man--to :atev] nation he belong1 ,engli%1 ,turki%1 ,sib]ian1 ,am]ican1 ,hott5tot--f receiv+ ! light ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?8 ,absolutely no?+2 & :5 ?is result is atta9$1 ! re/ c\nts = v little4 ,! savage ,galla c rema9 a ,galla1 & yet become z /aun* a believ]1 z pure a 8vessel ( election10 z ! holie/ prelate 9 ,europe4 ,x is "h t ,*ri/ianity %[s its /rik+ sup]iority to o!r religions1 9 its peculi> quality ( grace4 ,we mu/ n take ?is away1 9 def]5ce to a fav\rite idea ( mod]n ,europe1 t some?+ ( mat]ial utility mu/ be f\nd ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! holie/ ?+s4 ,dur+ ! eighte5 c5turies t ! ,*ur* has exi/$1 x has conv]t$ _m nations4 ,9 all ^! x has all[$ ! political conditions to reign un*eck$1 j z x f\nd !m at fir/4 ,x began by prote/+ to ! _w ( antiquity t x did n wi% to alt] 9 ! slighte/ degree ! outw>d =ms ( society4 ,x has be5 ev5 reproa*$1 on occasion1 ) an excess ( tol]ance 9 ?is respect2 comp>e1 = example1 ! attitude ( ! ,jesuits t[>ds ! ,*9ese c]emonies4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 f9d t ,*ri/ianity has ev] giv5 ! _w a unique type ( civilization to :i* all believ]s _h to belong4 ,! ,*ur* adapts itself to ev]y?+1 ev5 to ! mud-hut2 & :]ev] !re is a savage too /upid ev5 to und]/& ! use ( %elt]1 y are sure to f9d a devot$ mission>y sitt+ beside him on ! h>d rock1 & ?9k+ ( no?+ b h[ to impress 8 s\l ) ! ideas ess5tial to salvation4 ,*ri/ianity is ?us n a civiliz+ p[] 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 x c be embrac$ by ! mo/ diff]5t races )\t /unt+ _! gr[?1 or mak+ dem&s on !m t !y _c fulfil4 ,i said above t ,*ri/ianity elevates ! s\l by ! sublimity ( its dogmas1 & enl>ges ! intellect by _! subtlety4 ,?is is only true 9 s f> z ! s\l & intellect to :i* x appeals are capable ( be+ enl>g$ & elevat$4 ,its mission is n to be/[ ! gift ( g5ius1 or to provide ideas = ^? :o are )\t !m4 ,nei!r g5ius nor ideas are necess>y = salvation4 ,inde$ ! ,*ur* has expressly decl>$ t x pref]s ! weak & l[ly to ! /rong4 ,x gives only :at x wi%es to receive4 ,x f]tilizes b does n create4 ,x supports b does n lift on high4 ,x takes ! man z he is1 & m]ely helps him to walk4 ,if he is lame1 x does n ask him to run4 ,if ,i op5 ! 8,lives ( ! ,sa9ts10 %all ,i f9d _m wise m5 among !m8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! company ( ! bless$ ones ^: "n & memory are hon\r$ by ! ,*ur* consi/s ma9ly ( ^? :o 7 em95t = _! virtue & devotion2 b1 ?\gh full ( g5ius 9 all t conc]n$ heav51 !y _h none = ! ?+s ( e>?4 ,:5 ,i see ,/4 ,rosa ( ,lima hon\r$ equally ) ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! int]cession ( ,/4 ,zita valu$ no less ?an t ( ,/4 ,t]esa2 :5 ,i see all ! ,anglo-,saxon sa9ts1 mo/ ( ! ,iri% monks1 ! unsav\ry h]mits ( ! ,egyptian ,!baid1 ! legions ( m>tyrs :o sprang f ! dregs ( ! p & :om a sudd5 fla% ( c\rage & devotion rais$ to %9e et]nally 9 glory--:5 ,i see all ^! v5]at$ to ! same ext5t z ! clev]e/ apologi/s ( dogma1 z ! wise/ *ampions ( ! fai?1 !n ,i f9d myself ju/ifi$ 9 my conclusion t ,*ri/ianity is n a civiliz+ p[]1 9 ! n>r[ & worldly s5se ( ! phrase4 ,j z x m]ely asks ( e man :at he has himself receiv$1 s x asks no?+ ( any race b :at x is capable ( giv+1 & does n set x 9 a high] place among ! civiliz$ races ( ! e>? ?an its natural p[]s give x a "r to expect4 ,h5ce ,i absolutely d5y ! egalit>ian argum5t :i* id5tifies ! possibility ( adopt+ ! ,*ri/ian fai? ) t ( an unlimit$ intellectual gr[?4 ,mo/ ( ! tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7 receiv$ c5turies ago into ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*2 b !y h always rema9$ savages1 ) no und]/&+ ( ! ,european civilization unfold+ itself be=e _! eyes4 ,i am n surpris$ t ! ,*]okees ( ,nor? ,am]ica h be5 l>gely conv]t$ by ,me?odi/ mission>ies2 b x w\ld greatly a/oni% me if ?is tribe1 :ile x rema9$ pure 9 blood1 ev] manag$ to =m "o ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 or ex]t any influ5ce 9 ,congress4 ,i f9d x q natural also t ! ,dani% ,lu!rans & ! ,moravians %\ld h op5$ ! eyes ( ! ,eskimos to ! light ( fai?2 b ,i ?9k x equally natural t _! disciples %\ld h rema9$ 9 ! social condition 9 :i* !y _h be5 /agnat+ = ages4 ,aga91 ! ,sw$i% ,lapps are1 z we might h expect$1 9 ! same /ate ( b>b>ism z _! ance/ors1 ev5 ?\gh c5turies h pass$ s9ce ! gospel fir/ br\ght !m ! message ( salvation4 ,all ^! peoples may produce--p]haps h produc$ already--m5 conspicu\s = _! piety & ! purity ( _! lives2 b ,i d n expect to see le>n$ !ologians among !m1 or skilful soldi]s1 or clev] ma!maticians1 or great arti/s4 ,9 o!r words !y w = ev] exclude ! select company ( ! f9e spirits :o clasp h&s across ! ages & cont9ually r5ew ! /r5g? ( ! dom9ant races4 ,/ill less w ^? r>e & mighty g5iuses appe> :o are foll[$ by _! nations1 9 ! pa?s !y m>k out = !mselves1 only if ^? nations are !mselves able to und]/& !m & g =w>d "u _! direction4 ,ev5 z a matt] ( ju/ice we mu/ leave ,*ri/ianity absolutely out ( ! pres5t "q4 ,if all races are equally capable ( receiv+ its b5efits1 x _c h be5 s5t to br+ equality among m54 ,its k+dom1 we may say1 is 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se 8n ( ?is _w40 ,_m p are accu/om$ to judge ! m]its ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! light ( ! prejudices natural to our age2 & ,i fe> t1 9 spite ( :at ,i h said above1 !y may h "s difficulty 9 gett+ rid ( _! inaccurate ideas4 ,ev5 if !y agree on ! :ole ) my conclusions1 !y may /ill believe t ! scale is turn$ by ! indirect action ( religion on conduct1 ( conduct on in/itutions1 ( in/itutions on ! :ole social ord]4 ,i _c admit any su* action4 ,my oppon5ts w ass]t t ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! mission>ies1 nay1 _! m]e pres5ce1 w be en\gh to *ange appreciably ! political condition ( ! conv]ts & _! ideas ( mat]ial well-be+4 ,!y w say1 = example1 t ^! apo/les ne>ly always 7?\gh n inv>iably7 come f a nation m advanc$ ?an t to :i* !y are prea*+2 ?us !y w ( _! own accord1 almo/ by in/9ct1 *ange ! m]ely human cu/oms ( _! disciples1 :ile !y are re=m+ _! morals4 ,suppose ! mission>ies h to d ) savages1 plung$ 9 an abyss ( wret*$ness ?r\gh _! own ignorance4 ,!y w in/ruct !m 9 useful arts & %[ !m h[ m5 escape f fam9e by "w on ! l&4 ,aft] provid+ ! necess>y tools = ?is1 !y w g fur!r1 & tea* !m h[ to build bett] huts1 to re> cattle1 to control ! wat]-supply--bo? 9 ord] to irrigate _! fields1 & to prev5t inundations4 ,little by little !y w manage to give !m en\gh ta/e = matt]s ( ! intellect to make !m use an alphabet1 & p]haps1 z ! ,*]okees h done1#cc inv5t "o = !mselves4 ,f9ally1 if !y are exceptionally successful1 !y w br+ _! cultivat$ disciples to imitate s exactly ! cu/oms ( :i* ! mission>ies h told !m1 t !y w possess1 l ! ,*]okees & ! ,creeks on ! s\? bank ( ! ,arkansas1 flocks ( valuable %eep1 & ev5 a collection ( black slaves to "w on _! plantations4 ,!y w be completely equipp$ = liv+ on ! l&4 ,i h expressly *os5 z examples ! two races :i* are consid]$ to be ! mo/ advanc$ ( all4 ,yet1 f> f agree+ ) ! advocates ( equality1 ,i _c imag9e any m /rik+ in/ances ?an ^! ( ! g5]al incapacity ( any race to adopt a way ( life :i* x c\ld n h f\nd = itself4 ,^! two peoples are ! isolat$ remnant ( _m nations :i* h be5 driv5 out or annihilat$ by ! :ites4 ,!y are naturally on a diff]5t plane f ! re/1 s9ce !y are suppos$ to be desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,alleghany race to :i* ! great ru9s f\nd to ! nor? ( ! ,mississippi are attribut$4#cd ,"h is already a great inconsi/5cy 9 ! argum5ts ( ^? :o ass]t t ! ,*]okees are ! equals ( ! ,european races2 = ! fir/ /ep 9 _! pro( is t ^! ,alleghany tribes are ne> ! ,anglo-,saxons precisely because !y are !mselves sup]ior to ! o!r races ( ,nor? ,am]ica6 ,well1 :at has happ5$ to ^! *os5 peoples8 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t took _! anci5t t]ritories f bo? ! tribes1 &1 by means ( a special treaty1 made !m emigrate to a def9ite region1 :]e sep>ate places ( settlem5t 7 m>k$ out = !m4 ,"h1 "u ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w> & ! direct guidance ( ,prote/ant mission>ies1 !y 7 =c$ to take up _! pres5t mode ( life1 :e!r !y lik$ x or n4 ,! writ] f :om ,i borr[ ^! details--& :o has himself tak5 !m f ! great "w ( ,gallat9#ce--says ! numb] ( ! ,*]okees is cont9ually increas+4 ,8 argum5t is t at ! "t :5 ,adair visit$ !m1 _! w>riors 7 e/imat$ at #bcjj1 :ile to-day ! sum-total ( _! population is calculat$ to be #ae1jjj2 ?is figure includes1 x is true1 ! #abjj negro slaves :o h become _! prop]ty4 ,he also adds1 h[ev]1 t _! s*ools are1 l _! *ur*es1 9 ! h&s ( ! mission>ies1 & t ^! mission>ies1 be+ ,prote/ants1 are = ! mo/ "p m>ri$ m5 ) :ite *ildr5 or s]vants1 & probably also a sort ( g5]al /aff ( ,europeans1 act+ z cl]ks1 & ! l4 ,x ?us becomes v difficult to e/abli% ! fact ( any real increase 9 ! numb] ( ! natives1 :ile on ! o!r h& x is v easy to appreciate ! /rong pressure t mu/ be ex]t$ by ! ,european race ov] its pupils4#cf ,! possibility ( mak+ w> is cle>ly tak5 away f !m2 !y are exil$1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! ,am]ican p[]1 :i* is too va/ = !m to compreh5d1 & are1 ,i believe1 s9c]ely conv]t$ to ! religion ( _! ma/]s4 ,!y are k9dly treat$ by _! spiritual guides & conv9c$ ( ! necessity = work+1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* "w is und]/ood by _! ma/]s1 if !y are n to die ( hung]4 ,"u ^! conditions ,i c q imag9e t !y w become successful agriculturi/s1 & w le>n to c>ry out ! ideas t h be5 d9n$ into !m1 day 91 day out1 )\t ceas+4 ,by ! ex]cise ( a little pati5ce & by ! judici\s use ( hung] z a spur to gre$1 we c tea* animals :at !y w\ld nev] le>n by in/9ct4 ,b to cry out at our success w\ld be to rate mu* l[] ?an x is ! intellig5ce ev5 ( ! humble/ memb] ( ! human family4 ,:5 ! village fairs are full ( le>n$ animals go+ ?r\gh ! mo/ complicat$ tricks1 c we be surpris$ t m51 :o h be5 submitt$ to a rigor\s tra9+ & cut (f f all means ( escape or relaxation1 %\ld manage to p]=m ^? functions ( civiliz$ life :i*1 ev5 9 a savage /ate1 !y might be able to und]/&1 )\t hav+ ! desire to practise !m8 ,! result is a matt] ( c\rse2 & anyone :o is surpris$ at x is putt+ man f> bel[ ! c>d-play+ dog or ! horse :o ord]s 8 d9n]6 ,by arbitr>ily ga!r+ "o's premises f ! 8intellig5t actions0 ( a few human gr\ps1 "o ends 9 be+ too easily satisfi$1 & 9 com+ to feel en?usiasms :i* are n v flatt]+ ev5 to ^? :o are _! objects4 ,i "k t "s le>n$ m5 h giv5 col\r to ^! r obvi\s comp>isons by ass]t+ t betwe5 "s human races & ! l>g] apes !re is only a slight diff]5ce ( degree1 & none ( k9d4 ,z ,i absolutely reject su* an insult to humanity1 ,i may be also all[$ to take no notice ( ! exagg]ations by :i* x is usually answ]$4 ,i believe1 ( c\rse1 t human races are unequal2 b ,i d n ?9k t any ( !m are l ! brute1 or to be class$ ) x4 ,! l[e/ tribe1 ! mo/ backw>d & mis]able v>iety ( ! human species1 is at lea/ capable ( imitation2 & ,i h no d\bt t if we take "o ( ! mo/ hide\s bu%m51 we c\ld develop--,i d n say 9 him1 if he is already gr[n up1 b 9 8 son or at any rate 8 gr&son--suffici5t intellig5ce to make 8 acts correspond to a c]ta9 degree ( civilization1 ev5 if ?is requir$ "s consci\s ef=t ( /udy on 8 "p4 ,are we to inf] t ! p to :i* he belongs c\ld be civiliz$ on our model8 ,?is w\ld be a ha/y & sup]ficial conclusion4 ,f ! practice ( ! arts & pr(essions inv5t$ "u an advanc$ civilization1 x is a f> cry to t civilization itself4 ,fur!r1 ?\gh ! ,prote/ant mission>ies are an indisp5sable l9k betwe5 ! savage tribe & ! c5tral civiliz+ p[]1 is x c]ta9 t ^! mission>ies are equal to ! task impos$ on !m8 ,are !y ! ma/]s ( a complete sy/em ( social sci5ce8 ,i d\bt x4 ,if communications 7 sudd5ly cut (f betwe5 ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & its spiritual legates among ! ,*]okees1 ! travell] w\ld f9d 9 ! native f>ms1 at ! end ( a few ye>s1 "s new practices t he _h n expect$4 ,^! w\ld result f ! mixture ( :ite & ,indian blood2 & our travell] w\ld look 9 va9 = any?+ m ?an a v pale copy ( :at is taught at ,new ,york4 ,we (t5 he> ( negroes :o h le>nt music1 :o are cl]ks 9 bank+-h\ses1 & :o "k h[ to read1 write1 c\nt1 dance1 & speak1 l :ite m54 ,p are a/oni%$ at ?is1 & conclude t ! negro is capable ( ev]y?+6 ,& !n1 9 ! same brea?1 !y w express surprise at ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,slav civilization & our own4 ,! ,russians1 ,poles1 & ,s]bians 7!y w say71 ev5 ?\gh !y are f> ne>] to u ?an ! negroes1 are only civiliz$ on ! surface2 ! high] classes alone p>ticipate 9 our ideas1 ow+ to ! cont9ual admixture ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man blood4 ,! masses1 on ! o!r h&1 are inv9cibly ignorant ( ! ,we/]n _w & its movem5ts1 al?\gh !y h be5 ,*ri/ian = s _m c5turies--9 _m cases be=e we 7 conv]t$ ourselves6 ,! solution is simple4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 imitation & conviction4 ,imitation does n necess>ily imply a s]i\s brea* ) h]$it>y in/9cts2 b no "o has a real "p 9 any civilization until he is able to make progress by himself1 )\t direction f o!rs4#cg ,:at is ! use ( tell+ me h[ clev] "s p>ticul> savages are 9 guid+ ! pl\gh1 9 spell+1 or read+1 :5 !y are only repeat+ ! lessons !y h le>nt8 ,%[ me r1 among ! _m regions 9 :i* negroes h liv$ = ages 9 contact ) ,europeans1 "o s+le place :]e1 9 addition to ! religi\s doctr9es1 ! ideas1 cu/oms1 & in/itutions ( ev5 "o ,european p h be5 s completely assimilat$ t progress 9 !m is made z naturally & spontane\sly z among ourselves4 ,%[ me a place :]e ! introduction ( pr9t+ has _h results1 simil> to ^? 9 ,europe1 :]e our sci5ces are br\ght to p]fection1 :]e new applications are made ( our discov]ies1 :]e our philosophies are ! p>5ts ( o!r philosophies1 ( political sy/ems1 ( lit]ature & art1 ( books1 /atues1 & pictures6 ,b ,i am n really s exact+ & n>r[-m9d$ z ,i seem4 ,i am n s]i\sly ask+ t a p %\ld adopt our :ole individuality at ! same "t z our fai?4 ,i am will+ to admit t x %\ld reject our way ( ?9k+ & /rike out q a diff]5t "o4 ,well !n6 let me see our negro1 at ! mom5t :5 he op5s 8 eyes to ! light ( ! ,gospel1 sudd5ly realiz+ t 8 e>?ly pa? is z d>k & p]plex$ z 8 spiritual life 0 be=e4 ,let me see him creat+ = himself a new social ord] 9 8 own image1 putt+ ideas into practice t h hi!rto ru/$ unus$1 tak+ =eign notions & m\ld+ !m to 8 purpose4 ,i w wait long = ! "w to be f9i%$2 ,i m]ely ask t x may be begun4 ,b x has nev] be5 begun2 x has nev] ev5 be5 attempt$4 ,y may se>* ?r\gh all ! pages ( hi/ory1 & y w n f9d a s+le p t has atta9$ to ,european civilization by adopt+ ,*ri/ianity1 or has be5 br\ght by ! great fact ( its conv]sion to civilize itself :5 x 0 n civiliz$ already4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i %all f9d1 9 ! va/ tracts ( ,s\!rn ,asia & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe1 ,/ates fus$ toge!r out ( m5 ( v diff]5t religions4 ,! unalt]able ho/ility ( races1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd side by side ) t ( cults2 we c di/+ui% ! ,pa?an :o has become a ,*ri/ian f ! conv]t$ ,h9du1 j z easily z we sep>ate to-day ! ,russian ( ,or5burg f ! nomad ,*ri/ian tribes among :i* he lives4 ,once m1 ,*ri/ianity is n a civiliz+ p[]1 & has excell5t reasons = n be+ s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,civilization02 ,,social ,,developm5t ,,has ,a ,,tw(old ,,orig9 ,"h ,i mu/ ent] on a digression vital to my argum5t4 ,at e turn ,i am us+ a ^w involv+ a circle ( ideas :i* x is v necess>y to def9e4 ,i am cont9ually speak+ ( 8civilization10 & _c help do+ s2 = x is only by ! exi/5ce 9 "s measure1 or ! complete abs5ce1 ( ?is attribute t ,i c gauge ! relative m]its ( ! diff]5t races4 ,i ref] bo? to ,european civilization & to o!rs :i* may be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,i mu/ n leave ! slighte/ vagu5ess on ?is po9t1 especially z ,i diff] f ! celebrat$ writ] :o alone 9 ,france has made x 8 special bus9ess to fix ! mean+ & prov9ce ( ?is p>ticul> ^w4 ,guizot1 if ,i may be all[$ to dispute 8 great au?ority1 beg9s 8 book on 8,civilization 9 ,europe0 by a confusion ( t]ms :i* leads him into s]i\s error4 ,he calls civilization an ev5t4 ,! ^w ev5t mu/ be us$ by ,guizot 9 a less positive & accurate way ?an x usually is--9 a wide1 unc]ta91 ela/ic s5se t x nev] be>s2 o!rwise1 x does n prop]ly def9e ! mean+ ( ! ^w civilization at all4 ,civilization is n an ev5t1 x is a s]ies1 a *a9 ( ev5ts l9k$ m or less logically toge!r & br\ght ab\t by ! int]-action ( ideas :i* are (t5 !mselves v complex4 ,!re is a cont9ual br++ to bir? ( fur!r ideas & ev5ts4 ,! result is sometimes incessant movem5t1 sometimes /agnation4 ,9 ei!r case1 civilization is n an ev5t1 b an assemblage ( ev5ts & ideas1 a /ate 9 :i* a human society subsi/s1 an environm5t ) :i* x has manag$ to surr\nd itself1 :i* is creat$ by x1 emanates f x1 & 9 turn reacts on x4 ,?is /ate is univ]sal 9 a s5se 9 :i* an ev5t nev] is4 ,x admits ( _m v>iations :i* x c\ld n survive if x 7 m]ely an ev5t4 ,fur!r1 x is q indep5d5t ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t2 x makes z mu* progress "u a despotism z "u ! free/ democracy1 & x does n cease to exi/ :5 ! conditions ( political life are modifi$ or ev5 absolutely *ang$ by civil w>4 ,?is does n mean t we may m or less neglect ! =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y are intimately b\nd up ) ! heal? ( ! social organism2 its prosp]ity is impair$ or de/roy$ if ! *oice ( gov]nm5t is bad1 fav\r$ & develop$ if ! *oice is good4 ,b we are n conc]n$ "h ) m]e que/ions ( prosp]ity4 ,our subject is m s]i\s4 ,x deals ) ! v exi/5ce ( peoples & ( civilization2 & civilization has to d ) c]ta9 elem5tal conditions :i* are indep5d5t ( politics1 & h to look f> deep] = ! motive-=ces t br+ !m into be+1 direct1 & exp& !m1 make !m fruitful or b>r5 &1 9 a ^w1 m\ld _! :ole life4 ,9 face ( su* root-que/ions z ^!1 consid]ations ( gov]nm5t1 prosp]ity1 & mis]y naturally take a second place4 ,! fir/ place is always & ev]y:]e held by ! "q 8to be or n to be10 :i* is z supreme = a p z = an individual4 ,z ,guizot does n seem to h realiz$ ?is1 civilization is to him n a /ate or an environm5t1 b an ev5t2 & he f9ds its g5]at+ pr9ciple 9 ano!r ev5t1 ( a purely political "*4 ,if we op5 8 eloqu5t & fam\s book1 we %all come ^u a mass ( hypo!ses calculat$ to set 8 lead+ idea into relief4 ,aft] m5tion+ a c]ta9 numb] ( situations to :i* human societies might come1 ! au?or asks 8:e!r common in/9ct w\ld recognize 9 ^! ! conditions "u :i* a p civilizes itself1 9 ! natural s5se ( ! ^w40 ,! fir/ hypo!sis is z foll[s3 8,consid] a p ^: ext]nal life is easy & luxuri\s4 ,x pays few taxes1 & is 9 no di/ress4 ,ju/ice is fairly adm9i/]$ betwe5 man & man4 ,9 fact1 its mat]ial & moral life is c>efully kept 9 a /ate ( in]tia1 ( torpor1 ,i w n say ( oppression1 because !re is no feel+ ( ?is1 b at any rate ( repression4 ,! case is n unexampl$4 ,!re h be5 a l>ge numb] ( little ari/ocratic republics1 :]e ! subjects h be5 treat$ 9 ?is way1 l %eep1 well look$ aft] &1 9 a mat]ial s5se1 happy1 b )\t any intellectual or moral activity4 ,is ?is civilization8 ,& is su* a p civiliz+ itself80 ,i d n "k :e!r x is actually civiliz+ itself2 b c]ta9ly ! p ( :om he speaks might be v 8civiliz$40 ,o!rwise1 we %\ld h to rank among savage tribes or b>b>ians all ! ari/ocratic republics1 ( anci5t & mod]n times1 :i* ,guizot confess$ly includes z in/ances ( 8 hypo!sis4 ,! g5]al in/9ct w\ld c]ta9ly be (f5d$ by a me?od t =bids n only ! ,phnicians1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & ! ,sp>tans to ent] ! temple ( civilization1 b also ! ,v5etians1 ! ,g5oese1 ! ,pisans1 & all ! free ,imp]ial cities ( ,g]many1 9 a ^w all ! p[]ful municipalities ( ! la/ few c5turies4 ,?is conclusion seems 9 itself too viol5tly p>adoxical to be admitt$ by ! common s5se to :i* x appeals2 b besides ?is1 x has1 ,i ?9k1 to face a /ill great] difficulty4 ,^! little ari/ocratic ,/ates :i*1 ow+ to _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 ,guizot refuses to accept z capable ( civilization1 h nev]1 9 mo/ cases1 possess$ a special & unique culture4 ,h[ev] p[]ful _m ( !m may h be51 !y 7 9 ?is respect assimilat$ to peoples :o 7 diff]5tly gov]n$1 b v ne> !m 9 race2 !y m]ely %>$ 9 a common civilization4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! ,c>?ag9ians & ! ,phnicians 7 at a great di/ance f ea* o!r1 !y 7 nev]!less unit$ by a simil> =m ( culture1 :i* _h its prototype 9 ,assyria4 ,! ,italian republics took "p 9 ! movem5t ( ideas & op9ions :i* 7 dom9ant 9 ! neighb\r+ mon>*ies4 ,! ,imp]ial t[ns ( ,swabia & ,?ur+ia 7 q indep5d5t politically1 b 7 o!rwise :olly )9 ! sweep ( ! g5]al progress or decad5ce ( ! ,g]man race4 ,h5ce :ile ,guizot is di/ribut+ 8 ord]s ( m]it among ! nations accord+ to _! degree ( political lib]ty & _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 he is really mak+ cleavages1 )9 races1 t he _c ju/ify1 & assum+ diff]5ces t d n exi/4 ,a m detail$ discussion ( ! po9t w\ld h>dly be 9 place "h1 & ,i pass on4 ,if ,i did op5 su* an argum5t1 ,i %\ld beg9 7& rightly ,i ?9k7 by refus+ to admit t ,pisa1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 & ! re/ 7 9 any way inf]ior to t[ns su* z ,milan1 ,naples1 & ,rome4 ,guizot himself anticipates su* an objection4 ,he does n all[ t a p is civiliz$1 8:i* is gov]n$ mildly1 b kept 9 a /ate ( repression02 yet he also refuses civilization to ano!r p 8^: mat]ial life is less easy & luxuri\s1 ?\gh /ill tol]able1 yet ^: moral & intellectual ne$s h n be5 neglect$4444 ,9 ! p ,i am suppos+10 he says1 8pure & noble s5tim5ts are fo/]$4 ,_! religi\s & e?ical beliefs are develop$ to a c]ta9 degree1 b ! idea ( fre$om is ext9ct4 ,e "o has 8 %>e ( tru? dol$ out to him2 no "o is all[$ to seek x = himself4 ,?is is ! condition into :i* mo/ ( ! ,asiatic nations1 ! ,h9dus1 = example1 h fall52 _! manly qualities are sapp$ by ! dom9ation ( ! prie/s40 ,?us into ! same limbo z ! ari/ocratic peoples mu/ n[ be ?ru/ ! ,h9dus1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,etruscans1 ! ,p]uvians1 ! ,tibetans1 ! ,japanese1 & ev5 ! di/ricts subject to mod]n ,rome4 ,i w n t\* on ,guizot's la/ two hypo!ses1 = ! fir/ two h s re/rict$ ! mean+ ( civilization t sc>cely any nation ( ! e>? c rightly lay claim to x any m4 ,9 ord] to d s a p w\ld h to live "u in/itutions 9 :i* p[] & fre$om 7 equally m+l$1 & mat]ial developm5t & moral progress co-ord9at$ 9 "o p>ticul> way4 ,gov]nm5t & religion w\ld h /rict limits drawn r\nd !m1 beyond :i* !y w\ld n be all[$ to advance4 ,f9ally1 ! subjects w\ld necess>ily possess rights ( a v def9ite k9d4 ,on su* an assumption1 ! only civiliz$ peoples w\ld be ^? ^: gov]nm5t is bo? con/itutional & repres5tative4 ,?us1 ,i %\ld n be able to save any ( ! ,european nations f ! indignity ( be+ ?ru/ into b>b>ism2 &1 z ,i %\ld be always measur+ ! degree ( civilization ) ref]5ce to "o s+le & unique political /&>d1 ,i %\ld gradually come to reject ev5 ^? con/itutional /ates t made a bad use ( _! ,p>liam5ts1 & keep ! prize exclusively = ^? :i* us$ !m well4 ,9 ! end ,i %\ld be driv5 to consid] only "o nation1 ( all t h ev] liv$1 z truly civiliz$--namely1 ! ,engli%4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 full ( respect & admiration = ! great p ^: p[] & prodigi\s de$s are witness$ 9 e corn] ( ! _w by _! victories1 _! indu/ry1 & _! comm]ce4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 feel t ,i am b\nd to respect & admire no o!r4 ,x seems to me a confession altoge!r too cruel & humiliat+ to mank9d1 to say t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ages1 x has only succe$$ 9 produc+ ! full fl[] ( civilization on a little isl& 9 ! we/]n ocean1 & t ev5 !re ! true pr9ciple 0 n discov]$ be=e ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,su* a conception seems1 y mu/ all[1 a little n>r[4 ,& !n consid] its dang]4 ,if civilization dep5ds on a p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t1 !n reason1 obs]vation1 & sci5ce w soon h no voice 9 ! "q at all2 p>ty-feel+ alone w decide4 ,"s bold spirits w be f\nd to foll[ _! own pref]5ces1 & refuse to ! ,briti% in/itutions ! hon\r ( be+ ! ideal ( human p]fection2 all _! en?usiasm w be giv5 to ! sy/em e/abli%$ at ,petrograd or ,vi5na4 ,_m p1 p]haps ! majority ( ^? liv+ betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,pyr5ees1 w hold t1 9 spite ( "s defects1 ,france is /ill ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! mom5t t a decision z to culture becomes a matt] ( p]sonal feel+1 agreem5t is impossible4 ,! mo/ highly develop$ man w be he :o holds ! same views z oneself z to ! respective duties ( rul] & subjects2 :ile ! un=tunate p :o happ5 to ?9k diff]5tly w be b>b>ians & savages4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 w "q ! logic ( ?is1 or dispute t a sy/em t c lead to su* a conclusion is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 v incomplete4 ,= my own "p1 ,guizot's def9ition seems to me inf]ior ev5 to t giv5 by ,william von ,humboldt3 8,civilization is ! humaniz+ ( peoples bo? 9 _! outw>d cu/oms & in/itutions1 & 9 ! inw>d feel+s t correspond to ^!40#ch ,! defect "h is ! exact opposite ( t :i* ,i h v5tur$ to f9d 9 ,guizot's =mula4 ,! cord is too loose1 ! field ( application too wide4 ,if civilization is acquir$ m]ely by s(tness ( temp]1 m ?an "o v primitive tribe w h ! "r to claim x 9 pref]5ce to "s ,european nation t may be r r\gh 9 its "*4 ,!re are "s tribes1 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean & else:]e1 :i* are v mild & in(f5sive1 v easy ( approa*2 & yet no "o1 ev5 :ile prais+ !m1 has ev] dream$ ( sett+ !m above ! surly ,norwegians1 or ev5 at ! side ( ! f]oci\s ,malays1 :o are clad 9 flam+ robes made by !mselves1 :o sail ! seas 9 %ips !y h clev]ly built ) _! own h&s1 & are ! t]ror1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ intellig5t ag5ts1 ( ! c>ry+ trade to ! ,ea/]n ports ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,s em95t a ?9k] z von ,humboldt c\ld n fail to see ?is2 by ! side1 !re=e1 ( civilization1 & j "o grade above x1 he places culture4 8,by culture10 he says1 8a p :i* is already humaniz$ 9 its social relations atta9s to art & sci5ce40 ,accord+ to ?is hi]>*y1 we f9d ! second age ( ! _w#ci fill$ ) affectionate & sympa!tic be+s1 poets1 arti/s1 & s*ol>s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 9 _! own nature1 /& outside ! gross] =ms ( "w2 !y are z alo( f ! h>d%ips ( w> z !y are f till+ ! soil or practis+ ! ord9>y trades4 ,! leisure-"t all[$ = ! ex]cise ( ! pure intellect is v small1 ev5 9 times ( ! greate/ happ9ess & /ability2 & !re is an incessant /ruggle go+ on ) ,nature & ! laws ( ! univ]se to ga9 ev5 ! b>e means ( subsi/5ce4 ,?is be+ s1 we c easily see t our ,b]l9 philosoph] is less conc]n$ ) describ+ realities ?an ) tak+ c]ta9 ab/ractions :i* seem to him great & beautiful 7z inde$ !y are71 end[+ !m ) life1 & mak+ !m act & move 9 a sph]e z ideal z !y are !mselves4 ,any d\bts t might rema9 on ?is po9t are soon dispell$ :5 we come to ! culm9at+-po9t ( ! sy/em1 :i* consi/s ( a ?ird grade1 high] ?an ! o!rs4 ,"h /&s ! 8completely =m$ man10 9 ^: nature is 8some?+ at once high] & m p]sonal1 a way ( look+ at ! univ]se by :i* all ! impressions ga!r$ f ! intellectual & moral =ces at "w ar\nd him are weld$ h>moni\sly toge!r & tak5 up into 8 "* & s5sibility40 ,9 ?is r elaborate s]ies ! fir/ /age is ?us ! 8civiliz$ man10 t is1 ! s(t5$ or humaniz$ man2 ! next is ! 8cultur$ man10 ! poet1 arti/1 & s*ol>1 & ! la/ is ! highe/ po9t ( developm5t ( :i* our species is capable1 ! 8completely =m$ man10--( :om 7if ,i und]/& ! doctr9e aright7 we c ga9 an exact idea f :at we are told ( ,goe! & 8 8,olympian calm40 ,! pr9ciple at ! base ( ?is !ory is m]ely ! va/ diff]5ce :i* von ,humboldt sees betwe5 ! g5]al level ( a p's civilization & ! /age ( p]fection rea*$ by a few great individuals4 ,?is diff]5ce is s great t civilizations q =eign to our own--t ( ! ,brahmans1 = in/ance--h be5 able1 s f> z we "k1 to produce m5 f> sup]ior 9 "s ways to ^? t are mo/ admir$ among ourselves4 ,i q agree ) von ,humboldt on ?is po9t4 ,x is q true t our ,european society gives u nei!r ! mo/ sublime ?9k]s1 nor ! greate/ poets1 nor ev5 ! clev]e/ arti/s4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! great s*ol>'s op9ion1 t1 9 ord] to def9e & criticize civilization g5]ally1 we mu/1 if only = a mom5t1 be c>eful to %ake (f our prejudices ) reg>d to ! details ( "s p>ticul> type4 ,we mu/ n ca/ our net s widely z to include ! man 9 von ,humboldt's fir/ /age1 :om ,i refuse to call civiliz$ m]ely because he happ5s to be mild 9 "*4 ,on ! o!r h& we mu/ n be s n>r[ z to reject e "o b ! philosoph] ( ! ?ird /age4 ,?is w\ld limit too /rictly ! scope ( all human endeav\r aft] progress1 & pres5t its results z m]ely isolat$ & individual4 ,von ,humboldt's sy/em does hon\r to ! wid? & subtlety ( a noble m9d1 & may be comp>$1 9 its ess5tially ab/ract nature1 ) ! frail worlds1 imag9$ by ! ,h9du philosoph]s1 :i* are born f ! bra9 ( a sleep+ god1 rise into ! !r l ! ra9b[-col\r$ bubbles bl[n by a *ild1 & !n break & give place to o!rs accord+ to ! dreams t lightly hov] r\nd ! ,div9e slumb]4 ,! nature ( my inve/igations keeps me on a l[] & m prosaic level2 ,i wi% to arrive at results t are a little m )9 ! range ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,! re/rict$ angle ( my vision =bids me to consid]1 z ,guizot does1 ! measure ( prosp]ity enjoy$ by human societies1 or to contemplate1 ) von ,humboldt1 ! high peaks on :i* a few great m9ds sit 9 solit>y spl5d\r2 my inquiries conc]n m]ely ! am\nt ( p[]1 mat]ial z well z moral1 t has be5 develop$ among ! mass ( a p4 ,x has made me uneasy1 ,i confess1 to see two ( ! mo/ fam\s m5 ( ! c5tury los+ !mselves 9 by-ways2 & if ,i am to tru/ myself to foll[ a diff]5t road f !irs1 ,i mu/ survey my gr\nd1 & g back z f> z possible = my premises1 9 ord] to rea* my goal )\t /umbl+4 ,i mu/ ask ! read] to foll[ me ) pati5ce & att5tion ?r\gh ! w9d+ pa?s 9 :i* ,i h to walk1 & ,i w try to illum9ate1 z f> z ,i c1 ! inh]5t obscurity ( my subject4 ,!re is no tribe s degrad$ t we _c discov] 9 x ! in/9ct to satisfy bo? its mat]ial & its moral ne$s4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 races lies 9 ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! two sides ( ?is in/9ct are balanc$4 ,among ! mo/ primitive peoples !y are nev] ( equal int5sity4 ,9 "s1 ! s5se ( ! physical ne$ is upp]mo/1 9 o!rs1 ! t5d5cy to contemplation4 ,?us ! bruti% hordes ( ! yell[ race seem to be dom9at$ by ! ne$s ( ! body1 ?\gh !y are n q )\t gleams ( a spiritual _w4 ,on ! o!r h& to mo/ ( ! negro tribes t h rea*$ ! same /age ( developm5t1 action is less ?an ?\ght1 & ! imag9ation gives a high] value to ! ?+s unse5 ?an ^? t c be h&l$4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( civilization1 ,i d n reg>d ?is z a reason = plac+ ! negroes on a high] level2 = ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies %[s t !y are no m capable ( be+ civiliz$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,ages h pass$ )\t _! do+ any?+ to improve _! condition2 !y are all equally p[]less to m+le act & idea 9 suffici5t /r5g? to bur/ _! prison walls & em]ge f _! degradation4 ,b ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( human progress ,i always f9d ?is tw(old /ream ( in/9ct1 9 :i* n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r curr5t pr$om9ates2 & ,i w try to trace its pa? z ,i g up ! scale ( civilization4 ,above ! ,samoy$es1 z above "s ( ! ,polynesian negroes1 come ! tribes t are n q cont5t ) a hut made ( bran*es or ) =ce z ! only social relation1 b desire some?+ bett]4 ,^! tribes are rais$ "o /ep above absolute b>b>ism4 ,if !y belong to ^? races to :om action is m ?an ?\ght1 we %all see !m improv+ _! tools1 _! arms1 & _! ornam5ts1 sett+ up a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! w>riors are m important ?an ! prie/s1 develop+ ideas ( ex*ange1 & already %[+ a fair aptitude = comm]ce4 ,_! w>s w /ill be cruel1 b w t5d m & m to become m]e pillag+ exp$itions2 9 fact1 mat]ial com=t & physical enjoym5t w be ! ma9 aim ( ! p4 ,i f9d ?is picture realiz$ 9 _m ( ! ,mongolian tribes2 also1 9 a high] =m1 among ! ,qui*uas & ,aym>as ( ,p]u4 ,! opposite condition1 involv+ a great] deta*m5t f m]e bodily ne$s1 w be f\nd among ! ,dahomeys ( ,we/ ,africa1 & ! ,kaffirs4 ,i n[ cont9ue ! j\rney upw>ds1 & leave ! gr\ps 9 :i* ! social sy/em is n /rong en\gh to impose itself ov] a l>ge population1 ev5 aft] a fusion ( blood4 ,i pass to ^? 9 :i* ! racial elem5ts are s /rong t !y grip fa/ ev]y?+ t comes )9 _! rea*1 & draw x into !mselves2 !y f\nd ov] imm5se tracts ( t]ritory a supreme dom9ion re/+ on a basis ( ideas & actions t are m or less p]fectly co-ord9at$4 ,= ! fir/ "t we h rea*$ :at c be call$ a civilization4 ,! same int]nal diff]5ces t ,i br\ght out 9 ! fir/ two /ages appe> 9 ! ?ird2 !y are 9 fact f> m m>k$ ?an be=e1 z x is only 9 ?is ?ird /age t _! effects are ( any real importance4 ,f ! mom5t :5 an assemblage ( m51 :i* began z a m]e tribe1 has s wid5$ ! horizon ( its social relations z to m]it ! "n ( a p1 we see "o ( ! two curr5ts ( in/9ct1 ! mat]ial & ! intellectual1 fl[+ ) great] =ce ?an be=e1 accord+ z ! sep>ate gr\ps1 n[ fus$ toge!r1 7 orig9ally borne along by "o or ! o!r4 ,?us1 diff]5t results w foll[1 & diff]5t qualities ( a nation w come to ! surface1 accord+ z ! p[] ( ?\ght or t ( action is dom9ant4 ,we may use "h ! ,h9du symbolism1 & repres5t :at ,i call ! 8intellectual curr5t0 by ,prakriti1 ! female pr9ciple1 & ! 8mat]ial curr5t0 by ,puru%a1 ! male pr9ciple4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no blame or praise atta*+ to ei!r ( ^! phrases2 !y m]ely imply t ! "o pr9ciple is f]tiliz$ by ! o!r4#dj ,fur!r1 we c see1 at "s p]iods ( a p's exi/5ce1 a /rong oscillation betwe5 ! two pr9ciples1 "o ( :i* alt]nately prevails ov] ! o!r4 ,^! *anges dep5d on ! m+l+ ( blood t inevitably takes place at v>i\s times4 ,_! consequ5ces are v important1 & s5sibly alt] ! "* ( ! civilization by impair+ its /ability4 ,i c ?us divide peoples into two classes1 z !y come pr$om9antly "u ! action ( "o or o!r ( ^! curr5ts2 ?\gh ! division is1 ( c\rse1 9 no way absolute4 ,at ! head ( ! 8male0 category ,i put ! ,*9ese2 ! ,h9dus be+ ! prototype ( ! opposite class4 ,aft] ! ,*9ese come mo/ ( ! peoples ( anci5t ,italy1 ! ,romans ( ! ,e>ly ,republic1 & ! ,g]manic tribes4 ,9 ! opposite camp are rang$ ! nations ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,!y take _! place beh9d ! m5 ( ,h9du/an4 ,:5 we foll[ ! nations d[n ! ages1 we f9d t ! civilization ( ne>ly all ( !m has be5 modifi$ by _! oscillation betwe5 ! two pr9ciples4 ,! peoples ( ,nor!rn ,*9a 7 at fir/ almo/ entirely mat]iali/ic4 ,by a gradual fusion ) tribes ( diff]5t blood1 especially ^? 9 ! ,yunnan1 _! outlook became less purely utilit>ian4 ,! reason :y ?is developm5t has be5 arre/$1 or at lea/ has be5 v sl[1 = c5turies pa/1 is because ! 8male0 con/itu5ts ( ! population are f> great] 9 quantity ?an ! slight 8female0 elem5t 9 its blood4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,europe ! mat]iali/ic /ra91 contribut$ by ! be/ ( ! ,g]manic tribes1 has be5 cont9ually /r5g!n$ by ! influx ( ,celts & ,slavs4 ,b z ! :ite peoples drift$ m & m t[>ds ! s\?1 ! male influ5ces gradually lo/ _! =ce & 7 absorb$ by an excess ( female elem5ts1 :i* f9ally triumph$4 ,we mu/ all[ "s exceptions to ?is1 = example 9 ,pi$mont & ,nor!rn ,spa94 ,pass+ n[ to ! o!r division1 we see t ! ,h9dus h 9 a high degree ! feel+ ( ! sup]natural1 t !y are m giv5 to m$itation ?an to action4 ,z _! e>lie/ conque/s br\ght !m ma9ly into contact ) races organiz$ along ! same l9es z !mselves1 ! male pr9ciple c\ld n be suffici5tly develop$ among !m4 ,9 su* an environm5t _! civilization 0 n able to advance on ! mat]ial side z x _h on ! intellectual4 ,we may contra/ ! anci5t ,romans1 :o 7 naturally mat]iali/ic1 & only ceas$ to be s aft] a complete fusion ) ,greeks1 ,africans1 & ,ori5tals _h *ang$ _! orig9al nature & giv5 !m a totally new temp]am5t4 ,! int]nal developm5t ( ! ,greeks resembl$ t ( ! ,h9dus4 ,i conclude f su* facts z ^! t e human activity1 moral or intellectual1 has its orig9al s\rce 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two curr5ts1 8male0 or 8female02 & only ! races :i* h "o ( ^! elem5ts 9 abundance 7)\t1 ( c\rse1 be+ q de/itute ( ! o!r7 c rea*1 9 _! social life1 a satisfactory /age ( culture1 & s atta9 to civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,civilization0 7cont9u$72 ,,diff]5t ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,civiliz$ ,,societies2 ,,our ,,civilization ,,is ,,n ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,^? ,,:i* ,,h ,,gone ,,be=e ,:5 a nation1 belong+ to ei!r ! male or female s]ies1 has ! civiliz+ in/9ct s /rongly t x c impose its laws on va/ multitudes ( m52 :5 x is s =tunate z to be able to satisfy _! inn] ne$s1 & appeal to _! he>ts z well z _! heads2 f ?is mom5t a culture is br\ght into be+4 ,?is g5]al appeal is ! ess5tial note ( ! civiliz+ in/9ct1 & its greate/ glory4 ,?is alone makes x a liv+ & active =ce4 ,! int]e/s ( individuals only fl\ri% 9 isolation2 & social life always t5ds1 to "s ext5t1 to mutilate !m4 ,= a sy/em ( ideas to be really fruitful & conv9c+1 x mu/ suit ! p>ticul> ways ( ?\ght & feel+ curr5t among ! p to :om x is (f]$4 ,:5 "s special po9t ( view is accept$ by ! mass ( a p z ! basis ( _! legislation1 x is really because x fulfils1 9 ! ma91 _! mo/ *]i%$ desires4 ,! male nations look pr9cipally = mat]ial well-be+1 ! female nations are m tak5 up ) ! ne$s ( ! imag9ation2 b1 ,i repeat1 z soon z ! multitudes enrol !mselves "u a bann]1 or--to speak m exactly--z soon z a p>ticul> =m ( adm9i/ration is accept$1 a civilization is born4 ,ano!r inv>iable m>k ( civilization is ! ne$ t is felt = /ability4 ,?is foll[s imm$iately f :at ,i h said above2 = ! mom5t t m5 h admitt$1 z a community1 t "s special pr9ciple is to gov]n & unite !m1 & h cons5t$ to make individual sacrifices to br+ ?is ab\t1 _! fir/ impulse is to respect ! gov]n+ pr9ciple--z mu* = :at x br+s z = :at x dem&s--& to decl>e x un%akable4 ,! pur] a race keeps its blood1 ! less w its social f\ndations be liable to attack2 = ! g5]al way ( ?\ght w rema9 ! same4 ,yet ! desire = /ability _c be entirely satisfi$ = long4 ,! admixture ( blood w be foll[$ by "s modifications 9 ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! p1 & ^! aga9 by an it* = *ange 9 ! build+ itself4 ,su* *ange w sometimes mean real progress1 especially 9 ! dawn ( a civilization1 :5 ! gov]n+ pr9ciple is usually rigid & absolute1 ow+ to ! exclusive pr$om9ance ( "s s+le race4 ,lat]1 ! t9k]+ w become incessant1 z ! mass is m het]og5e\s & loses its s+l5ess ( aim2 & ! community w n always be able to congratulate itself on ! result4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z x rema9s "u ! guidance ( ! orig9al impulse1 x w n cease1 :ile hold+ fa/ to ! idea ( bett]+ its condition1 to foll[ a *im]a ( /ability4 ,fickle1 un/able1 *ang+ e h\r1 x yet ?9ks itself et]nal1 & m>*es on1 z t[>ds "s goal 9 ,p>adise4 ,x cl+s to ! doctr9e 7ev5 :ile cont9ually d5y+ x 9 practice7 t "o ( ! *ief m>ks ( civilization is to borr[ a "p ( ,god's immutability = ! pr(it ( man4 ,:5 ! lik5ess obvi\sly does n exi/1 x takes c\rage1 & consoles itself by ! conviction t soon1 at any rate1 x w atta9 to ! ,div9e attribute4 ,by ! side ( /ability1 & ! co-op]ation ( individual int]e/s1 :i* t\* ea* o!r )\t be+ de/roy$1 we mu/ put a ?ird & a f\r? *>act]i/ic ( civilization1 sociability1 & ! hatr$ ( viol5ce--9 o!r words ! dem& t ! head1 & n ! fi/s1 %all be us$ = self-def5ce4 ,^! la/ two features are ! s\rce ( all m5tal improvem5t1 & s ( all mat]ial progress2 x is to ^! especially t we look = ! evid5ce z to :e!r a society is advanc$ or n4#da ,i ?9k ,i may n[ sum up my view ( civilization by def9+ x z a /ate ( relative /ability1 :]e ! mass ( m5 try to satisfy _! wants by peaceful means1 & are ref9$ 9 _! conduct & intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is =mula are compris$ all ! peoples :om ,i h m5tion$ up to n[ z be+ civiliz$1 :e!r !y belong to "o or ! o!r class4 ,assum+ t ! conditions are fulfill$1 we mu/ n[ inquire :e!r all civilizations are equal4 ,i ?9k n4 ,! social ne$s ( ! *ief peoples are n felt ) ! same int5sity or direct$ t[>ds ! same objects2 ?us _! conduct & intellig5ce w %[ great diff]5ces 9 k9d1 z well z 9 degree4 ,:at are ! mat]ial ne$s ( ! ,h9du8 ,rice & butt] = 8 food1 & a l95 clo? = 8 raim5t4 ,we may c]ta9ly be tempt$ to ascribe ?is simplicity to conditions ( climate4 ,b ! ,tibetans live 9 a v sev]e climate1 & are yet mo/ rem>kable = _! ab/95ce4 ,! ma9 int]e/ ( bo? ^! peoples is 9 _! religi\s & philosophical developm5t1 9 provid+ = ! v insi/5t dem&s ( ! m9d & ! _s4 ,?us !re is no balance kept betwe5 ! male & female pr9ciples4 ,! scale is too heavily weight$ on ! intellectual side1 ! consequ5ce be+ t almo/ all ! "w done "u ?is civilization is exclusively devot$ to ! "o end1 to ! detrim5t ( ! o!r4 ,huge monum5ts1 m\nta9s ( /one1 are *isell$ & set up1 at a co/ ( toil & ef=t t /agg]s ! imag9ation4 ,colossal build+s cov] ! gr\nd--& ) :at object8 to hon\r ! gods4 ,no?+ is made = man--except p]haps ! tombs4 ,by ! side ( ! m>vels produc$ by ! sculptor1 lit]ature1 ) no less vig\r1 creates h] ma/]pieces4 ,! !ology1 ! metaphysics1 are z v>i$ z !y are subtle & +5i\s1 & man's ?\ght goes d[n1 )\t fl9*+1 into ! immeasurable abyss4 ,9 lyric poetry fem99e civilization is ! pride ( humanity4 ,b :5 ,i pass f ! k+dom ( ideals & visions to t ( ! useful inv5tions1 & ! !oretical sci5ces on :i* !y re/1 ,i fall at once f ! heights into ! dep?s1 & ! brilliant day gives place to night4 ,useful discov]ies are r>e2 ! few t appe> are petty & /]ile2 ! p[] ( obs]vation practically does n exi/4 ,:ile ! ,*9ese 7 cont9ually inv5t+1 ! ,h9dus conceiv$ a few ideas1 :i* !y did n take ! tr\ble to "w out4 ,aga9 ! ,greeks _h1 z we "k f _! lit]ature1 _m sci5tific notions t 7 unwor?y ( !m2 :ile ! ,romans1 aft] pass+ ! culm9at+-po9t 9 _! hi/ory1 c\ld n advance v f>1 al?\gh !y did m ?an ! ,greeks2 = ! mixture ( ,asiatic blood1 t absorb$ !m ) />tl+ rapidity1 d5i$ !m ! qualities :i* are indisp5sable = a pati5t inve/igation ( nature4 ,yet _! adm9i/rative g5ius1 _! legislation1 & ! useful build+s t 7 set up ?r\gh\t ! ,empire are a suffici5t witness to ! positive nature ( _! social ideas at a c]ta9 p]iod2 !y prove t if ,s\!rn ,europe _h n be5 s quickly cov]$ by ! cont9ual /ream ( coloni/s f ,asia & ,africa1 positive sci5ce w\ld h won ! day1 & ! ,g]manic pione]s w\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 h lo/ a few ( _! laurels4 ,! conqu]ors ( ! fif? c5tury br\ght into ,europe a _s ( ! same ord] z t ( ! ,*9ese1 b ) v diff]5t p[]s4 ,x 0 equipp$1 to a f> great] ext5t1 ) ! fem99e qualities1 & unit$ ! two motive-=ces f> m h>moni\sly4 ,:]ev] ?is bran* ( ! human family 0 dom9ant1 ! utilit>ian t5d5cies1 ?\gh 9 a nobl] =m1 are unmi/akable4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,holl&1 & ,hanov]1 !y ov]ride ! o!r in/9cts ( ! p4 ,x is ! same 9 ,belgium1 & also 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 :]e !re is always a wond]fully quick compreh5sion ( any?+ ) a practical be>+4 ,z we g fur!r s\? ^! t5d5cies become weak]4 ,?is is n due to ! fi]c] action ( ! sun1 = ! ,catalans & ! ,pi$montese c]ta9ly live 9 a hott] climate ?an ! m5 ( ,prov5ce or ,bas-,langu$oc2 ! sole cause is ! influ5ce ( blood4 ,! female or fem9iz$ races occupy ! great] "p ( ! globe1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! great] "p ( ,europe4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,teutonic gr\p & "s ( ! ,slavs1 all ! races 9 our "p ( ! _w h ! mat]ial in/9cts only 9 a slight degree2 !y h already play$ _! p>ts 9 =m] ages & _c beg9 aga94 ,! masses1 9 _! inf9ite gradations f ,gaul to ,celtib]ian1 f ,celtib]ian to ! nameless mixture ( ,italians & o!r ,lat9 races1 =m a desc5d+ scale1 s f> z ! *ief p[]s 7?\gh n all ! p[]s7 ( ! male pr9ciple are conc]n$4 ,our civilization has be5 creat$ by ! m+l+ ( ! ,g]manic tribes ) ! races ( ! anci5t _w1 ! union1 t is to say1 ( pre-em95tly male gr\ps ) races & fragm5ts ( races cl++ to ! decay$ remnants ( ! anci5t ideas4 ,! ri*ness1 v>iety1 & f]tility ( inv5tion = :i* we hon\r our mod]n societies1 are ! natural1 & m or less successful1 result ( ! maim$ & disp>ate elem5ts :i* our ,g]manic ance/ors in/9ctively knew h[ to use1 temp]1 & disguise4 ,our own k9d ( culture has two g5]al m>ks1 :]ev] x is f\nd2 x has be5 t\*$1 h[ev] sup]ficially1 by ! ,g]manic elem5t1 & x is ,*ri/ian4 ,?is second *>act]i/ic 7to repeat :at ,i h said already7 is m m>k$ ?an ! o!r1 & leaps fir/ to ! eye1 because x is an outw>d feature ( our mod]n ,/ate1 a sort ( v>ni% on its surface2 b x is n absolutely ess5tial1 z _m nations are ,*ri/ian--& /ill m might become ,*ri/ian--)\t =m+ a "p ( our circle ( civilization4 ,! fir/ *>act]i/ic is1 on ! contr>y1 positive & decisive4 ,:]e ! ,g]manic elem5t has nev] p5etrat$1 our special k9d ( civilization does n exi/4 ,?is naturally br+s me to ! "q :e!r we c call our ,european societies entirely civiliz$2 :e!r ! ideas & actions t appe> on ! surface h ! roots ( _! be+ deep d[n 9 ! mass ( ! p1 & !re=e :e!r _! effects correspond ) ! in/9cts ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,?is leads to a fur!r "q3 d ! l[] /rata ( our populations ?9k & act 9 accordance ) :at we call ,european civilization8 ,_m h admir$1 & ) good reason1 ! extraord9>y unity ( ideas & views t guid$ ! :ole body ( citiz5s 9 ! ,greek /ates ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,! conclusions on e ess5tial po9t 7 (t5 ho/ile to ea* o!r2 b !y all d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,9 politics1 "s want$ m or less democracy1 "s m or less olig>*y4 ,9 religion1 "s *ose to wor%ip ! ,eleus9ian ,demet]1 o!rs ,a!ne ,p>!nos4 ,z a matt] ( lit]>y ta/e1 s*ylus might be pref]r$ to ,sophocles1 ,alcu to ,p9d>4 ,b1 at bottom1 ! ideas discuss$ 7 all su* z we might call national2 ! disputes turn$ m]ely on po9ts ( proportion4 ,! same 0 ! case at ,rome1 be=e ! ,punic ,w>s2 ! civilization ( ! c\ntry 0 uni=m & unque/ion$4 ,x rea*$ ! slave ?r\gh ! ma/]2 all %>$ 9 x to a diff]5t ext5t1 b none %>$ 9 any o!r4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,punic ,w>s among ! ,romans1 & f t ( ,p]icles1 & especially ( ,philip1 among ! ,greeks1 ?is uni=mity t5d$ m & m to break d[n4 ,! mixture ( nations br\ght ) x a mixture ( civilizations4 ,! result 0 a v complex & le>n$ society1 ) a culture f> m ref9$ ?an be=e4 ,b x _h "o /rik+ disadvantage2 bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ,hellas1 x exi/$ m]ely = ! upp] classes1 ! l[] /rata be+ left q ignorant ( its nature1 its m]its1 & its aims4 ,roman civilization aft] ! great ,asiatic w>s 01 no d\bt1 a p[]ful manife/ation ( human g5ius2 b x really embrac$ none b ! ,greek rhetoricians :o suppli$ its philosophical basis1 ! ,syrian lawy]s :o built up = x an a!i/ic legal sy/em1 ! ri* m5 :o 7 engag$ 9 public adm9i/ration or money-mak+1 & f9ally ! leisur$ voluptu>ies :o did no?+ at all4 ,by ! masses x 01 at all times1 m]ely tol]at$4 ,! peoples ( ,europe und]/ood no?+ ( its ,asiatic & ,african elem5ts1 ^? ( ,egypt _h no bett] idea ( :at x br\ght !m f ,gaul & ,spa91 ^? ( ,numidia _h no appreciation ( :at came to !m f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,?us1 bel[ :at we might call ! social classes1 liv$ innum]able multitudes :o _h a diff]5t civilization f t ( ! (ficial _w1 or 7 n civiliz$ at all4 ,only ! m9ority ( ! ,roman p held ! secret1 & atta*$ any importance to x4 ,we h "h ! example ( a civilization t is accept$ & dom9ant1 no long] ?r\gh ! convictions ( ! peoples :o live "u x1 b by _! exhau/ion1 _! weakness1 & _! indiff]5ce4 ,9 ,*9a we f9d ! exact contr>y4 ,! t]ritory is ( c\rse imm5se1 b f "o end to ! o!r !re is ! same _s among ! native ,*9ese--,i leave ! re/ out ( acc\nt--& ! same grasp ( _! civilization4 ,:atev] its pr9ciples may be1 :e!r we approve ( its aims or n1 we mu/ admit t ! "p play$ by ! masses 9 _! civilization %[s h[ well !y und]/& x4 ,! reason is n t ! c\ntry is free 9 our s5se1 t a democratic feel+ ( rivalry impels all to d _! be/ 9 ord] to secure a position gu>ante$ !m by law4 ,n at all2 ,i am n try+ to pa9t an ideal picture4 ,peasants & middle classes alike h little hope1 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom at any rate1 ( ris+ by %e] =ce ( m]it4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! ,empire1 9 spite ( ! (ficial promises ) reg>d to ! sy/em ( exam9ations by :i* ! public s]vices are fill$1 no "o d\bts t ! places are all res]v$ = memb]s ( ! (ficial families1 & t ! decision ( ! pr(essors is (t5 affect$ m by money ?an by s*ol>%ip2#db b ?\gh %ipwreck$ ambitions may bewail ! evils ( ! sy/em1 !y d n imag9e t !re c\ld be a bett] "o1 & ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s is ! object ( un%akable admiration to ! :ole p4 ,education 9 ,*9a is rem>kably g5]al & widespread2 x ext5ds to classes consid]ably bel[ ^? :i*1 9 ,france1 might conceivably feel ! want ( x4 ,! *eapness ( books1#dc ! numb] & ! l[ fees ( ! s*ools1 br+ a c]ta9 measure ( education )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody4 ,! aims & _s ( ! laws are g5]ally well und]/ood1 & ! gov]nm5t is pr\d ( hav+ made legal k accessible to all4 ,!re is a /rong in/9ct ( repulsion aga9/ radical *anges 9 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,a v tru/wor?y critic on ?is po9t1 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,davis1 ! ,briti% ,commission] 9 ,*9a1 :o has n only liv$ 9 ,canton b has /udi$ its affairs ) ! close/ application1 says t ! ,*9ese are a p ^: hi/ory does n %[ a s+le attempt at a social revolution1 or any alt]ation 9 ! outw>d =ms ( p[]4 ,9 8 op9ion1 !y are be/ describ$ z 8a nation ( /eady cons]vatives40 ,! contra/ is v /rik+1 :5 we turn to ! civilization ( ! ,roman _w1 :]e *anges ( gov]nm5t foll[$ ea* o!r ) />tl+ rapidity "r up to ! com+ ( ! nor!rn peoples4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ?is great society1 & at e "t1 we c f9d populations s deta*$ f ! exi/+ ord] z to be ready = ! wilde/ exp]im5ts4 ,no?+ 0 left untri$ 9 ?is long p]iod1 no pr9ciple respect$4 ,prop]ty1 religion1 ! family 7 all call$ 9 "q1 & _m1 bo? 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 7 incl9$ to put ! novel !ories into practice4 ,absolutely no?+ 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w re/$ on a solid f\ndation1 n ev5 ! unity ( ! ,empire1 s necess>y "o w\ld ?9k = ! g5]al safety4 ,fur!r1 x 0 n only ! armies1 ) _! ho/s ( improvis$ ,cs>s1 :o 7 cont9ually batt]+ at ?is ,palladium ( society2 ! emp]ors !mselves1 beg9n+ ) ,diocletian1 _h s little belief 9 ! mon>*y1 t !y e/abli%$ ( _! own accord a division ( p[]4 ,at la/ !re 7 f\r rul]s at once4 ,n a s+le in/itution1 n a s+le pr9ciple1 0 fix$1 9 ?is unhappy society1 :i* _h no bett] reason = cont9u+ to exi/ ?an ! physical impossibility ( decid+ on :i* rock x %\ld f\nd]2 until ! mom5t came :5 x 0 cru%$ 9 ! vigor\s arms ( ! ,nor?1 & =c$ at la/ to become some?+ def9ite4 ,?us we f9d a complete opposition betwe5 ^! two great societies1 ! ,cele/ial & ! ,roman ,empires4 ,to ! civilization ( ,ea/]n ,asia ,i w add t ( ! ,brahmans1 :i* is also ( extraord9>y /r5g? & univ]sality4 ,if 9 ,*9a e "o1 or ne>ly e "o1 has rea*$ a c]ta9 level ( k1 ! same is ! case among ! ,h9dus4 ,ea* man1 accord+ to 8 ca/e1 %>es 9 a _s t has la/$ = ages1 & kn[s exactly :at he ought to le>n1 ?9k1 & believe4 ,among ! ,buddhi/s ( ,tibet & o!r p>ts ( ,upp] ,asia1 no?+ is r>] ?an a peasant :o _c read4 ,e "o has simil> convictions on ! important matt]s ( life4 ,d we f9d ! same uni=mity among ,europeans8 ,! "q is n wor? ask+4 ,! ,grco-,roman civilization has no def9itely m>k$ col\r1 ei!r ?r\gh\t ! nations z a :ole1 or ev5 )9 ! same p4 ,i ne$ n speak ( ,russia or mo/ ( ! ,au/rian ,/ates2 ! pro( w\ld be too easy4 ,b consid] ,g]many or ,italy 7especially ,s\? ,italy72 ,spa9 %[s a simil> picture1 ?\gh 9 fa9t] l9es2 ,france is 9 ! same position z ,spa94 ,take ! case ( ,france4 ,i w n conf9e myself to ! fact1 :i* always /rikes ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]1 t betwe5 ,p>is & ! re/ ( ,france !re is an impassable gulf1 & t at ! v gates ( ! capital a new nation beg9s1 :i* is q diff]5t f t liv+ )9 ! walls4 ,on ?is po9t !re is no room = d\bt1 & ^? :o base _! conclusions1 z to ! unity ( ideas & ! fusion ( blood1 on ! =mal unity ( our ,gov]nm5t1 are "u a great illusion4 ,n a s+le social law or root-pr9ciple ( civilization is und]/ood 9 ! same way 9 all our dep>tm5ts4 ,i d n ref] m]ely to ! peoples ( ,norm&y1 ,brittany1 ,anj\1 ,lim\s91 ,gascony1 & ,prov5ce2 e "o kn[s h[ little "o is l ! o!r1 & h[ !y v>y 9 _! op9ions4 ,! important po9t is t1 :ile 9 ,*9a1 ,tibet1 & ,india ! ideas ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( civilization are famili> to all classes1 ?is is n at all ! case among ourselves4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y & accessible facts are seal$ my/]ies to mo/ ( our rural populations1 :o are absolutely indiff]5t to !m2 = usually !y c nei!r read nor write1 & h no wi% to le>n4 ,!y _c see ! use ( su* k1 nor ! possibility ( apply+ x4 ,9 su* a matt]1 ,i put no tru/ 9 ! promises ( ! law1 or ! f9e %[ made by in/itutions1 b r 9 :at ,i h se5 = myself1 & 9 ! reports ( c>eful obs]v]s4 ,diff]5t gov]nm5ts h made ! mo/ praisewor?y attempts to raise ! peasants f _! ignorance2 n only are ! *ildr5 giv5 e opportunity = be+ educat$ 9 _! villages1 b ev5 adults1 :o are made conscripts at tw5ty1 f9d 9 ! regim5tal s*ools an excell5t sy/em ( in/ruction 9 ! mo/ necess>y subjects4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ^! provisions1 & ! fa!rly anxiety ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 spite ( ! compelle intr>e#dd :i* x is cont9ually d9n+ into ! e>s ( its ag5ts1 ! agricultural classes le>n no?+ :atev]4 ,l all ^? :o h liv$ 9 ! prov9ces1 ,i h se5 h[ p>5ts nev] s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool )\t obvi\s reluctance1 h[ !y reg>d ! h\rs sp5t !re z a m]e wa/e ( "t1 h[ !y )draw !m at once on ! slighte/ pretext & nev] all[ ! compulsory numb] ( ye>s to be ext5d$4 ,once he leaves s*ool1 ! "y man's fir/ duty is to =get :at he has le>nt4 ,?is is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a po9t ( hon\r ) him2 & 8 example is foll[$ by ! dis*>g$ soldi]s1 :o1 9 _m p>ts ( ,france1 are n only a%am$ ( hav+ le>nt to read & write1 b ev5 affect to =get _! own language1 & (t5 succe$ 9 do+ s4 ,h5ce ,i c\ld m easily approve all ! g5]\s ef=ts t h be5 s fruitlessly made to educate our rural populations1 if ,i 7 n conv9c$ t ! k put be=e !m is q unsuitable1 & t at ! root ( _! app>5t indiff]5ce !re is a feel+ ( inv9cible ho/ility to our civilization4 ,"o pro( lies 9 _! attitude ( passive resi/ance2 b ! spectre ( ano!r & m conv9c+ argum5t appe>s be=e me1 z soon z ,i see any in/ance ( ?is ob/9acy be+ ov]come1 "u app>5tly fav\rable circum/ances4 ,9 "s respects ! attempts at education are succe$+ bett] ?an be=e4 ,9 our ea/]n dep>tm5ts & ! great manufactur+ t[ns !re are _m workm5 :o le>n ( _! own accord to read & write4 ,!y live 9 a circle :]e su* k is obvi\sly useful4 ,b z soon z !y h a suffici5t grasp ( ! rudim5ts1 h[ d !y use !m8 ,g5]ally z a means ( acquir+ ideas & feel+s :i* are n[ no long] in/9ctively1 b actively1 oppos$ to ! social ord]4 ,! only exception is to be f\nd 9 ! agricultural & ev5 ! indu/rial population ( ! ,nor?-we/1 :]e k up to an elem5t>y po9t is f> m widespread ?an 9 any o!r "p1 & :]e x is n only reta9$ aft] ! s*ool "t is ov]1 b is usually made to s]ve a good end4 ,z ^! populations h mu* m aff9ity ?an ! o!rs to ! ,g]manic race1 ,i am n surpris$ at ! result4 ,we see ! same ph5om5on 9 ,belgium & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,if we g on to consid] ! fundam5tal beliefs & op9ions ( ! p1 ! diff]5ce becomes /ill m m>k$4 ,) reg>d to ! beliefs we h to congratulate ! ,*ri/ian religion on n be+ exclusive or mak+ its dogmas too n>r[4 ,if x _h1 x w\ld h /ruck "s v dang]\s %oals4 ,! bi%ops & ! cl]gy h to /ruggle1 z !y h done = ^! five1 t51 fifte5 c5turies1 aga9/ ! /ream ( h]$it>y t5d5cies & prejudices1 :i* are ! m =midable z !y are h>dly ev5 admitt$1 & s c nei!r be f\ght nor conqu]$4 ,!re is no enlight5$ prie/ :o does n "k1 aft] 8 mission-"w 9 ! villages1 ! deep cunn+ ) :i* ev5 ! religi\s peasant w cont9ue to *]i%1 9 8 inmo/ he>t1 "s traditional idea t comes to ! surface only at r>e mom5ts1 9 spite ( himself4 ,8 complete confid5ce 9 8 p>i% prie/ j /ops %ort ( :at we might call 8 secret religion4 ,does he m5tion x to him8 he d5ies x1 w admit no discussion1 & w n budge an in* f 8 convictions4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! taciturnity t1 9 e prov9ce1 is ! ma9 attitude ( ! peasant 9 face ( ! middle classes2 x raises too an insup]able b>ri] betwe5 him & ev5 ! mo/ popul> l&[n]s 9 8 canton4 ,) ?is view ( civilization on ! "p ( ! majority ( ! p :o are suppos$ to be mo/ deeply atta*$ to x1 ,i c well believe t an approximate e/imate ( t5 millions )9 our circle ( culture1 & tw5ty-six millions outside x1 w\ld be1 if any?+1 an "u-/atem5t4 ,if our rural populations 7 m]ely brutal & ignorant1 we might n take mu* notice ( ?is cleavage1 b console ourselves ) ! delusive hope ( gradually w9n+ !m ov]1 & absorb+ !m 9 ! multitudes t are already civiliz$4 ,b ^! peasants are l c]ta9 savage tribes3 at fir/ sight !y seem bruti% & un?9k+1 = !y are outw>dly self-effac+ & humble4 ,b if "o digs ev5 a little b5ea? ! surface1 into _! real life1 "o f9ds t _! isolation is volunt>y1 & comes f no feel+ ( weakness4 ,_! likes & dislikes are n a matt] ( *ance2 ev]y?+ obeys a logical sequ5ce ( def9ite ideas4 ,:5 ,i spoke j n[ ( religion1 ,i might also h po9t$ out h[ v f> remov$ our moral doctr9es are f ^? ( ! peasants1#de :at a diff]5t s5se !y give to ! ^w delicacy1 h[ ob/9ately !y cl+ to _! cu/om ( reg>d+ e "o :o is n ( peasant /ock 9 ! same way z ! m5 ( remote antiquity view$ ! =eign]4 ,x is true !y d n murd] him1 ?anks to ! /range & my/]i\s t]ror inspir$ by laws !y h n !mselves made2 b !y d n conceal _! hatr$ & di/ru/ ( him1 & !y take great pleasure 9 annoy+ him1 if !y c d x )\t risk4 ,does ?is mean t !y are ill-natur$8 ,no1 n among !mselves--we may cont9ually see !m do+ ea* o!r little k9dnesses4 ,!y simply look on !mselves z a race ap>t1 a race 7if we may believe !m7 :i* is weak & oppress$1 & oblig$ to deal crook$ly1 b :i* also keeps its /iff-neck$ & contemptu\s pride4 ,9 "s ( our prov9ces ! workman ?9ks himself ( f> bett] blood & old] /ock ?an 8 =m] ma/]4 ,family pride1 9 "s ( ! peasants1 is at lea/ equal to t ( ! nobility ( ! ,middle ,ages4#df ,we _c d\bt x2 ! l[] /rata ( ! ,fr5* p h v little 9 common ) ! surface4 ,!y =m an abyss ov] :i* civilization is susp5d$1 & ! deep /agnant wat]s1 sleep+ at ! bottom ( ! gulf1 w "o day %[ _! p[] ( dissolv+ all t comes 9 _! way4 ,! mo/ tragic crises ( h] hi/ory h delug$ ! c\ntry ) blood1 )\t ! agricultural population play+ any "p except t :i* 0 =c$ on x4 ,:]e its imm$iate int]e/s 7 n engag$1 x let ! /orms pass by )\t tr\bl+ itself 9 ! lea/4 ,^? :o are a/oni%$ & sc&aliz$ by su* call\sness say t ! peasant is ess5tially immoral--:i* is bo? unju/ & untrue4 ,! peasants look on u almo/ 9 ! light ( enemies4 ,!y und]/& no?+ ( our civilization1 !y %>e 9 x unwill+ly1 & ?9k !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 pr(it+1 z f> z !y c1 by its mis=tunes4 ,if we put aside ?is antagonism1 :i* is sometimes active b g5]ally in]t1 we ne$ n hesitate to all[ !m "s high moral qualities1 h[ev] /rangely ^! may1 at times1 be manife/$4 ,i may apply to ! :ole ( ,europe :at ,i h j said ( ,france1 & conclude t mod]n civilization includes f> m ?an x absorbs2 9 ?is x resembles ! ,roman ,empire4 ,h5ce "o _c be confid5t t our /ate ( society w la/2 & ,i see a cle> pro( ( ?is 9 ! smallness ( its hold ev5 ov] ! classes rais$ a little above ! c\ntry population4 ,our civilization may be comp>$ to ! tempor>y isl&s ?r[n up 9 ! sea by subm>9e volcanoes4 ,expos$ z !y are to ! de/ructive action ( ! curr5ts1 & robb$ ( ! =ces t fir/ kept !m 9 position1 !y w "o day break up1 & _! fragm5ts w be hurl$ into ! gulf ( ! all-conqu]+ waves4 ,x is a sad end1 & "o :i* _m noble races be=e ourselves h _h to meet4 ,! bl[ _c be turn$ aside2 x is inevitable4 ,! wise man may see x com+1 b c d no?+ m4 ,! mo/ consummate /atesman%ip is n able = "o mom5t to c\nt]act ! immutable laws ( ! _w4 ,b ?\gh ?us unkn[n1 despis$1 or hat$ by ! majority ( ^? :o live "u its %ad[1 our civilization is yet "o ( ! mo/ glori\s monum5ts ev] erect$ by ! g5ius ( man4 ,x is c]ta9ly n di/+ui%$ by its p[] ( inv5tion2 b putt+ ?is aside1 we may say t x has greatly develop$ ! capacity = und]/&+1 & s = conque/4 ,to mi/ake no?+ is to take ev]y?+4 ,if x has n f\nd$ ! 8exact sci5ces10 x has at lea/ made !m exact1 & fre$ !m f errors to :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 !y 7 m liable ?an any o!r bran* ( k4 ,?anks to its discov]ies1 x kn[s ! mat]ial _w bett] ?an all ! societies :i* h gone be=e4 ,x has guess$ "s ( its *ief laws1 x c describe & expla9 !m1 & borr[ f !m a m>vell\s /r5g? t passes a hundr$fold ! /r5g? ( a man4 ,little by little1 by a skilful use ( induction1 x has recon/ruct$ l>ge p]iods ( hi/ory ( :i* ! anci5ts nev] suspect$ ! exi/5ce4 ,! fur!r we are f primitive times1 ! m cle>ly c we see !m1 & p5etrate _! my/]ies4 ,?is is a great po9t ( sup]iority1 & "o :i* we mu/1 9 fairness1 all[ to our civilization4 ,b :5 we h admitt$ ?is1 %\ld we be "r 9 conclud+1 z is usually done1 )\t reflexion1 t x is sup]ior to all ! civilizations t h ev] exi/$1 & to all ^? t exi/ at ! pres5t day8 ,yes & no4 ,yes1 because ! extreme div]sity ( its elem5ts all[s x to re/ on a p[]ful basis ( comp>ison & analysis1 & s to assimilate at once almo/ any?+2 yes1 because ?is p[] ( *oice is fav\rable to its developm5t 9 _m diff]5t directions2 yes aga91 because1 ?anks to ! impulse ( ! ,g]manic elem5t 7:i* is too mat]iali/ic to be a de/ructive =ce7 x has made itself a morality1 ! wise prescriptions ( :i* 7 g5]ally unkn[n be=e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c>ry ?is idea ( its greatness s f> z to reg>d x z hav+ an absolute & unqualifi$ sup]iority1 !n ,i say no1 ! simple fact be+ t x excels 9 practically no?+ :atev]4 ,9 politics1 we see x 9 bondage to ! cont9ual *ange br\ght ab\t by ! diff]5t requirem5ts ( ! races :i* x includes4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,naples1 & ,russia1 its pr9ciples are /ill fairly /able1 because ! populations are m homog5e\s1 or at any rate =m gr\ps ( ! same k9d1 ) simil> in/9cts4 ,b ev]y:]e else1 especially 9 ,france1 ,c5tral ,italy1 & ,g]many--:]e v>iations ( race are inf9ite--!ories ( gov]nm5t c nev] rise to ! rank ( accept$ tru?s1 & political sci5ce is a matt] ( cont9ual exp]im5t4 ,z our civilization is unable to h any sure confid5ce 9 itself1 x is )\t ! /ability t is "o ( ! mo/ important qualities m5tion$ 9 my def9ition4 ,?is weakness is to be f\nd nei!r 9 ! ,buddhi/ & ,brahman societies1 nor 9 ! ,cele/ial ,empire2 & ^! civilizations h 9 ?is respect an advantage ov] ours4 ,! :ole p is at "o 9 its political beliefs4 ,:5 !re is a wise gov]nm5t1 & ! anci5t in/itutions are be>+ good fruit1 e "o is glad4 ,:5 !y are 9 clumsy h&s1 & injure ! commonweal?1 !y are piti$ by ! citiz5s z a man pities himself2 b !y nev] cease to be respect$4 ,!re is sometimes a desire to purify !m1 b nev] to sweep !m away or replace !m by o!rs4 ,x does n ne$ v ke5 eyes to see "h a gu>antee ( long life :i* our civilization is v f> f possess+4 ,9 art1 our inf]iority to ,india1 z well z to ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,am]ica1 is v m>k$4 ,nei!r 9 sublimity nor beauty h we any?+ to comp>e ) ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity4 ,:5 our day has drawn to its close1 & ! ru9s ( our t[ns & monum5ts cov] ! face ( ! l&1 ! travell] w discov] no?+1 9 ! =e/s & m>%es t w skirt ! ,?ames1 ! ,se9e1 & ! ,rh9e1 to rival ! gorge\s ru9s ( ,phil1 ,n9eveh1 ,a!ns1 ,salsette1 & ! valley ( ,t5o*titlan4 ,if future ages h some?+ to le>n f u 9 ! way ( positive sci5ce1 ?is is n ! case ) poetry1 z is cle>ly prov$ by ! despair+ admiration t we s ju/ly feel = ! intellectual wond]s ( =eign civilizations4 ,s f> z ! ref9em5t ( mann]s is conc]n$1 we h obvi\sly *ang$ = ! worse4 ,?is is %[n by our own pa/ hi/ory2 !re 7 p]iods :5 luxury1 elegance1 & sumptu\sness 7 und]/ood f> bett] & practis$ on a f> m lavi% scale ?an to-day4 ,pleasure 0 c]ta9ly conf9$ to a small] numb]4 ,comp>atively few 7 9 :at we %\ld call a /ate ( well-be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we admit 7z we mu/7 t ref9em5t ( mann]s elevates ! m9ds ( ! multitudes :o look on1 z well z ennobl+ ! life ( a few fav\r$ individuals1 t x spreads a v>ni% ( beauty & gr&eur ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & t ^! become ! common inh]itance ( all--!n our civilization1 :i* is ess5tially petty on its ext]nal side1 _c be comp>$ to its rivals4 ,i may add1 f9ally1 t ! active elem5t di/+ui%+ any civilization is id5tical ) ! mo/ /rik+ quality1 :atev] x may be1 ( ! dom9ant race4 ,! civilization is modifi$ & trans=m$ accord+ to ! *anges und]gone by ?is race1 & :5 ! race itself has disappe>$1 c>ries on = "s "t ! impulse orig9ally receiv$ f x4 ,?us ! k9d ( ord] kept 9 any society is ! be/ index to ! special capacities ( ! p & to ! /age ( progress to :i* !y h atta9$3 x is ! cle>e/ mirror 9 :i* _! individuality c be reflect$4 ,i see t ! long digression1 into :i* ,i h /ray$1 has c>ri$ me fur!r ?an ,i expect$4 ,i d n regret x1 = x has enabl$ me to v5t c]ta9 ideas t ! read] might well keep 9 m9d4 ,b x is n[ "t to return to ! ma9 c\rse ( my argum5t1 ! *a9 ( :i* is /ill f> f be+ complete4 ,i e/abli%$ fir/ t ! life or dea? ( societies 0 ! result ( int]nal causes4 ,i h said :at ^! causes are1 & describ$ _! ess5tial nature1 9 ord] t !y may be m easily recogniz$4 ,i h %[n t !y are g5]ally ref]r$ to a wrong s\rce2 & 9 look+ = "s sign t c\ld always di/+ui% !m1 & indicate _! pres5ce1 ,i f\nd x 9 ! capacity to create a civilization4 ,z x seem$ impossible to discov] a cle> conception ( ?is t]m1 x 0 necess>y to def9e x1 z ,i h done4 ,my next /ep mu/ be to /udy ! natural & unv>y+ ph5om5on :i* ,i h id5tifi$ z ! lat5t cause ( ! life & dea? ( societies4 ,?is1 z ,i h said1 consi/s 9 ! relative wor? ( ! diff]5t races4 ,logic requires me to make cle> at once :at ,i und]/& by ! ^w race4 ,?is w be ! subject ( ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,"s ,,an?ropologi/s ,,reg>d ,,man ,,z ,,hav+ ,a ,,multiple ,,orig9#dg ,we mu/ fir/ discuss ! ^w race 9 its physiological s5se4 ,a good _m obs]v]s1 :o judge by fir/ impressions & s take extreme views1 ass]t t !re are su* radical & ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 human families t "o mu/ refuse !m any id5tity ( orig94#dh ,! writ]s :o adh]e to su* a notion assume _m o!r g5ealogies by ! side ( t f ,adam4 ,to !m !re is no orig9al unity 9 ! species1 or r !re is no s+le species2 !re are ?ree or f\r1 or ev5 m1 :i* produce p]fectly di/9ct types1 & ^! aga9 h unit$ to =m hybrids4 ,! support]s ( ?is !ory easily w9 belief by cit+ ! cle> & /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 c]ta9 human gr\ps4 ,:5 we see be=e u a man ) a yell[i% sk91 scanty hair & be>d1 a l>ge face1 a pyramidal skull1 small /ature1 ?ick-set limbs1 & slant+ eyes ) ! sk9 ( ! eyelids turn$ s mu* outw>ds t ! eye w h>dly op5#di--we recognize a v well-m>k$ type1 ! ma9 features ( :i* x is easy to be> 9 m9d4 ,f him we turn to ano!r--a negro f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 tall1 /rong-look+1 ) ?ick-set limbs & a t5d5cy to fat4 ,8 col\r is no long] yell[i%1 b entirely black2 8 hair no long] ?9 & wiry1 b ?ick1 co>se1 woolly1 & luxuriant2 8 l[] jaw juts out1 ! %ape ( ! skull is :at is kn[n z progna?\s4 8,! long bones /& out1 ! front ( ! tibia & ! fibula are m convex ?an 9 a ,european1 ! calves are v high & rea* above ! knee2 ! feet are q flat1 & ! heel-bone1 in/ead ( be+ ar*$1 is almo/ 9 a /raight l9e ) ! o!r bones ( ! foot1 :i* is v l>ge4 ,! h& is simil>ly =m$40 ,:5 we look = a mom5t at an individual ( ?is type1 we are involunt>ily rem9d$ ( ! /ructure ( ! monkey1 & are incl9$ to admit t ! negro races ( ,we/ ,africa come f a /ock t has no?+ 9 common1 except ! human =m1 ) ! ,mongolian4 ,we come next to tribes ^: appe>ance is /ill less flatt]+ to ! self-love ( mank9d ?an t ( ! ,congo negro4 ,oceania has ! special privilege ( provid+ ! mo/ ugly1 degrad$1 & repulsive specim5s ( ! race1 :i* seem to h be5 creat$ ) ! express purpose ( =m+ a l9k betwe5 man & ! brute pure & simple4 ,by ! side ( _m ,au/ralian tribes1 ! ,african negro himself assumes a value & dignity1 & seems to d]ive f a nobl] s\rce4 ,9 _m ( ! wret*$ inhabitants ( ?is ,new ,_w1 ! size ( ! head1 ! extreme ?9ness ( ! limbs1 ! fami%$ look ( ! body1 are absolutely hide\s4 ,! hair is flat or wavy1 & g5]ally woolly1 ! fle% is black on a f\ndation ( grey4 ,:51 aft] exam9+ ^! types1 tak5 f all ! qu>t]s ( ! globe1 we f9ally come back to ! inhabitants ( ,europe1 & ( ,s\? & ,we/ ,asia1 we f9d !m s sup]ior 9 beauty1 9 j proportion ( limb & regul>ity ( feature1 t we are at once tempt$ to accept ! conclusions ( ^? :o ass]t ! multiplicity ( races4 ,n only are ^! peoples m beautiful ?an ! re/ ( mank9d1 :i* is1 ,i confess1 a pe/il5t congregation ( ugl9ess2#ej n only h !y _h ! glory ( giv+ ! _w su* admirable types z a ,v5us1 an ,apollo1 a ,f>nese ,h]cules2 b also !re is a visible hi]>*y ( beauty e/abli%$ f anci5t times ev5 among !mselves1 & 9 ?is natural ari/ocracy ! ,europeans are ! mo/ em95t1 by _! grace ( outl9e & /r5g? ( muscul> developem5t4 ,! mo/ reasonable view appe>s to be t ! families into :i* man is divid$ are z di/9ct z are animals ( diff]5t species4 ,su* 0 ! conclusion drawn f simple obs]vation1 & s long z only g5]al facts 7 9 "q1 x seem$ irrefutable4 ,camp] 0 "o ( ! fir/ to r$uce ^! obs]vations to "s k9d ( sy/em4 ,he 0 no long] satisfi$ ) m]ely sup]ficial evid5ce1 b wi%$ to give 8 pro(s a ma!matical f\ndation2 he tri$ to def9e anatomically ! diff]5ces betwe5 races4 ,he succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a /rict me?od t left no room = d\bt1 & 8 views ga9$ ! num]ical accuracy )\t :i* !re c be no sci5ce4 ,8 me?od 0 to take ! front "p ( ! skull & measure ! incl9ation ( ! pr(ile by means ( two l9es :i* he call$ ! facial l9es4 ,_! int]section =m$ an angle1 ! size ( :i* gave ! degree ( elevation atta9$ by ! race to :i* ! skull belong$4 ,"o ( ^! l9es connect$ ! base ( ! nose ) ! orifice ( ! e>2 ! o!r 0 tang5tial to ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! =ehead & ! jut ( ! upp] jaw4 ,on ! basis ( ! angle ?us =m$1 he con/ruct$ a scale includ+ n only man b all k9ds ( animals4 ,at ! top /ood ! ,european2 & ! m acute ! angle1 ! fur!r 0 ! di/ance f ! type :i*1 accord+ to ,camp]1 0 ! mo/ p]fect4 ,?us birds & fi%es %[$ small] angles ?an ! v>i\s mammals4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( ape rea*$ #db1 & ev5 #ej4 ,!n came ! heads ( ! ,african negro & ! ,kalmuck1 :i* t\*$ #gj4 ,! ,european /ood at #hj1 &1 to quote ! inv5tor's own words1 :i* are v flatt]+ to our own type1 8,on ?is diff]5ce ( #aj ! sup]ior beauty ( ! ,european1 :at "o might call 8 #8comp>ative beauty1' dep5ds2 ! #8absolute beauty' t is s /rik+ 9 "s ( ! works ( anci5t sculpture1 z 9 ! head ( ,apollo & ! ,m$usa ( ,sosicles1 is ! result ( a /ill great] angle1 am\nt+ 9 ?is in/ance to #ajj40ea ,?is me?od 0 attractive by its simplicity4 ,unhappily1 ! facts are aga9/ x1 z aga9/ s _m sy/ems4 ,by a s]ies ( accurate obs]vations1 ,ow5 %[$ t1 9 ! case ( monkeys1 ,camp] _h /udi$ ! skulls only ( ! "y animals2 b s9ce1 9 ! adults1 ! gr[? ( ! tee? & jaws1 & ! developm5t ( ! zygomatic ar*1 7 n accompani$ by a correspond+ enl>gem5t ( ! bra91 ! num]ical diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & human skulls 0 mu* great] ?an ,camp] _h suppos$1 s9ce ! facial angle ( ! black orang-outang or ! highe/ type ( *impanzee 0 at mo/ #cj or #ce4 ,f ?is to ! #gj ( ! negro & ! ,kalmuck ! gap 0 too great = ,camp]'s scale to h any significance4 ,camp]'s !ory made consid]able use ( phr5ology4 ,he attempt$ to discov] a correspond+ developm5t ( in/9ct z he m\nt$ 8 scale f ! animals to man4 ,b "h too ! facts 7 aga9/ him4 ,! elephant1 = example1 ^: intellig5ce is c]ta9ly great] ?an ! orang-outang's1 has a f> m acute facial angle2 & ev5 ! mo/ docile & intellig5t monkeys d n belong to ! species :i* are ! 8highe/0 9 ,camp]'s s]ies4 ,beside ^! two great defects1 ! me?od is v op5 to attack 9 t x does n apply to all ! v>ieties ( ! human race4 ,x leaves out ( acc\nt ! tribes ) pyramidally %ap$ heads1 :o =m1 h[ev]1 a /rik+ division by !mselves4 ,blum5ba*1 :o held ! field aga9/ 8 pr$ecessor1 elaborat$ a sy/em 9 8 turn2 ?is 0 to /udy a man's head f ! top4 ,he call$ 8 discov]y norma v]ticalis1 ! 8v]tical me?od40 ,he 0 confid5t t ! comp>ison ( heads accord+ to _! wid? br\ght out ! *ief diff]5ces 9 ! g5]al configuration ( ! skull4 ,accord+ to him1 ! /udy ( ?is "p ( ! body is s pregnant ) results1 especially 9 its be>+ on national "*1 t x is impossible to measure all ! diff]5ces m]ely by l9es & angles2 to rea* a satisfy+ basis ( classification1 we mu/ consid] ! heads f ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we c take 9 at "o glance ! greate/ numb] ( v>ieties4 ,8 idea 01 9 outl9e1 z foll[s3 8,arrange ! skulls t y wi% to comp>e 9 su* a way t ! jaw-bones are on ! same horizontal l9e2 9 o!r words1 let ea* re/ on its l[] jaw4 ,!n /& beh9d ! skulls & fix ! eye on ! v]tex ( ea*4 ,9 ?is way y w be/ see ! v>ieties ( %ape t h mo/ to d ) national "*2 ^! consi/ ei!r 7#a7 9 ! direction ( ! jaw-bone & maxill>y1 or 7#b7 9 ! bread? or n>r[ness ( ! oval outl9e pres5t$ by ! top half ( ! skull1 or 7#c7 9 ! flatt5$ or vault$ =m ( ! frontal bone40#eb ,blum5ba*'s sy/em result$ 9 ! division ( mank9d into five ma9 categories1 :i* 7 9 _! turn subdivid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( types & classes4 ,?is classification 0 ( v d\btful value4 ,l t ( ,camp]1 x ov]look$ _m important *>act]i/ics4 ,x 0 p>tly to escape su* objections t ,ow5 propos$ to exam9e skulls1 n f ! top1 b f ! bottom4 ,"o ( ! *ief results ( ?is new me?od 0 to %[ su* a /rong & def9ite l9e ( diff]5ce betwe5 a man & an orang-outang t x became = ev] impossible to f9d ! l9k t ,camp] imag9$ to exi/ betwe5 ! two species4 ,9 fact1 "o glance at ! two skulls1 f ,ow5's po9t ( view1 is en\gh to br+ out _! radical diff]5ce4 ,! diamet] f front to back is long] 9 ! orang-outang ?an 9 man2 ! zygomatic ar*1 in/ead ( be+ :olly 9 ! front "p ( ! base1 is 9 ! middle1 & occupies j a ?ird ( its diamet]4 ,f9ally ! position ( ! occipital orifice1 :i* has su* a m>k$ influ5ce on g5]al /ructure & habits1 is q diff]5t4 ,9 ! skull ( a man1 x is almo/ at ! c5tre ( ! base2 9 t ( an orang-outang1 x is a six? ( ! way f ! h9d] end4#ec ,ow5's obs]vations h1 no d\bt1 consid]able value2 ,i w\ld pref]1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ rec5t ( ! craniological sy/ems1 :i* is at ! same "t1 9 _m ways1 ! mo/ +5i\s1 ,i mean t ( ! ,am]ican s*ol> ,morton1 adopt$ by ,c>us4#ed ,9 outl9e ?is is z foll[s3 ,to %[ ! diff]5ce ( races1 ,morton & ,c>us />t$ f ! idea1 t ! great] ! size ( ! skull1 ! high] ! type to :i* ! individual belong$1 & !y set out to inve/igate :e!r ! developm5t ( ! skull is equal 9 all ! human races4 ,to solve ?is "q1 ,morton took a c]ta9 numb] ( heads belong+ to :ites1 ,mongols1 negroes1 & ,r$sk9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,he /opp$ all ! op5+s ) cotton1 except ! =am5 magnum1 & completely fill$ ! inside ) c>efully dri$ gra9s ( pepp]4 ,he !n comp>$ ! numb] ( gra9s 9 ea*4 ,?is gave him ! foll[+ table3 ,numb] (,av]age,maximum,m9imum skulls numb] numb] numb] measur$4 ( ( ( gra9s4gra9s4gra9s4 ,:ite races #eb #hg #aji #ge ,yell[ races,mongols #aj #hc #ic #fi ,malays #ah #ha #hi #fd ,r$sk9s #adg #hb #ajj #fj ,negroes #bi #gh #id #fe ,! results set d[n 9 ! fir/ two columns are c]ta9ly v curi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i atta* little importance to ^? 9 ! la/ two2 = if ! extraord9>y v>iations f ! av]age 9 ! second column are to h any real significance1 ,morton %\ld h tak5 a f> great] numb] ( skulls1 & fur!r1 h giv5 details z to ! social position ( ^? to :om ! skulls belong$4 ,he 0 probably able to procure1 9 ! case ( ! :ites & ! ,r$sk9s1 heads :i* _h belong$ to m5 at any rate above ! l[e/ level ( society1 :ile x is n likely t he _h access to ! skulls ( negro *iefs1 or ( ,*9ese m&>9s4 ,?is expla9s h[ he has be5 able to assign ! numb] #ajj to an ,am]ican ,indian1 :ile ! mo/ intellig5t ,mongol :om he has exam9$ does n rise above #ic1 & is ?us inf]ior ev5 to ! negro1 :o rea*es #id4 ,su* results are a m]e matt] ( *ance4 ,!y are q incomplete & unsci5tific2 9 su* que/ions1 h[ev]1 "o _c be too c>eful to avoid judgm5ts f\nd$ m]ely on individual cases4 ,i am incl9$ !re=e to reject altoge!r ! second half ( ,morton's calculations4 ,i mu/ also "q "o detail 9 ! o!r half4 ,9 ! second column1 !re is a cle> gradation f ! numb] #hg1 indicat+ ! capacity ( ! :ite man's skull1 to ! numb]s #hc & #gh = ! yell[ & black man respectively4 ,b ! figures #hc1 #ha1 #hb1 = ! ,mongols1 ,malays1 & ,r$sk9s1 give av]age results :i* evid5tly %ade into "o ano!r2 all ! m s1 because ,c>us does n hesitate to c\nt ! ,mongols & ,malays z ! same race1 & consequ5tly to put ! numb]s #hc & #ha toge!r4 ,b1 9 t case1 :y all[ ! numb] #hb to m>k a di/9ct race1 & ?us create arbitr>ily a f\r? great division ( mank9d8 ,?is anomaly1 h[ev]1 actually buttresses ! weak po9t 9 ,c>us' sy/em4 ,he likes to ?9k t1 j z we see our planet pass ?r\gh ! f\r /ages ( day & night1 ev5+ & morn+ twilight1 s !re mu/ be 9 ! human species f\r subdivisions correspond+ to ^!4 ,he sees "h a symbol1 :i* is always a temptation = a subtle m9d4 ,c>us yields to x1 z _m ( 8 le>n$ fell[-c\ntrym5 w\ld h done 9 8 place4 ,! :ite races are ! nations ( ! day2 ! black ^? ( ! night2 ! yell[ ^? ( ! ,ea/]n1 & ! r$ ^? ( ! ,we/]n twilight4 ,we may easily guess ! +5i\s comp>isons sugge/$ by su* a picture4 ,?us1 ! ,european nations1 ow+ to ! brilliance ( _! sci5tific k & ! cle> outl9es ( _! civilization1 are obvi\sly 9 ! full gl>e ( day1 :ile ! negroes sleep 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance1 & ! ,*9ese live 9 a half-light t gives !m an incomplete1 ?\gh p[]ful1 social developm5t4 ,z = ! ,r$sk9s1 :o are gradually disappe>+ f ! e>?1 :]e c we f9d a m beautiful image ( _! fate ?an ! sett+ sun8 ,unhappily1 comp>ison is n pro(1 & by yield+ too easily to ?is poetic impulse1 ,c>us has a little damag$ 8 f9e !ory4 ,! same *>ge also may be levell$ at ?is z at ! o!r e?nological doctr9es2 ,c>us does n manage to include 9 a sy/ematic :ole ! v>i\s physiological diff]5ces betwe5 "o race & ano!r4#ee ,! support]s ( ! !ory ( racial unity h n fail$ to seize on ?is weak po9t1 & to claim t1 :]e we _c arrange ! obs]vations on ! %ape ( ! skull 9 su* a way z to con/itute a pro( ( ! orig9al sep>ation ( types1 we mu/ no long] consid] ! v>iations z po9t+ to any radical diff]5ce1 b m]ely reg>d !m z ! result ( second>y & isolat$ causes1 ) no specific relevance4 ,! cry ( victory may be rais$ a little too soon4 ,x may be h>d to f9d ! correct me?od1 )\t be+ necess>ily impossible4 ,! 8unit>ians10 h[ev]1 d n admit ?is res]vation4 ,!y support _! view by obs]v+ t c]ta9 tribes t belong to ! same race %[ a v diff]5t physical type4 ,!y cite1 = in/ance1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! hybrid ,malayo-,polynesian family1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! proportion 9 :i* ! elem5ts are m+l$ 9 ea* case4 ,if gr\ps 7!y say7 ) a common orig9 c %[ q a diff]5t con=mation ( features & skull1 ! unity ( ! human race _c be disprov$ along ^! l9es at all4 ,h[ev] =eign ! negro or ,mongol type may appe> to ,european eyes1 ?is is no evid5ce ( _! diff]5t orig92 ! reasons :y ! human families h div]g$ w be f\nd ne>] to h&1 & we may reg>d ^! physiological deviations m]ely z ! result ( c]ta9 local causes act+ = a def9ite p]iod ( "t4#ef ,9 face ( s _m objections1 good & bad1 ! *ampions ( multiplicity tri$ to ext5d ! sph]e ( _! argum5ts4 ,rely+ no long] on ! m]e /udy ( skulls1 !y pass$ to t ( ! individual man z a :ole4 ,9 ord] to prove 7z is q true7 t ! diff]5ces d n m]ely lie 9 ! facial appe>ance & ! bony con=mation ( ! head1 !y br\ght =w>d o!r important diff]5ces ) reg>d to ! %ape ( ! pelvis1 ! proportions ( ! limbs1 ! col\r ( ! sk91 & ! nature ( ! capill>y sy/em4 ,camp] & o!r an?ropologi/s _h already recogniz$ t ! pelvis ( ! negro %[$ c]ta9 peculi>ities4 ,dr4 ,vrolik pu%$ ^! inquiries fur!r1 & obs]v$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! male & female pelvis 0 f> less m>k$ 9 ! ,european1 :ile 9 ! negro race he saw 9 ! pelvis ( bo? sexes a consid]able approximation to ! brute4 ,assum+ t ! configuration ( ! pelvis necess>ily affect$ t ( ! embryo1 he inf]r$ a diff]5ce ( orig94#eg ,web] attack$ ?is !ory1 ) little result4 ,he _h to recognize t "s =mations ( ! pelvis 7 f\nd 9 "o race m frequ5tly ?an 9 ano!r2 & all he c\ld d 0 to %[ t !re 7 "s exceptions to ,vrolik's rule1 & t c]ta9 ,am]ican1 ,african1 & ,mongolian specim5s %[$ =mations t 7 usually conf9$ to ,europeans4 ,?is does n prove v mu*1 especially z1 9 speak+ ( ^! exceptions1 ,web] does n seem to h inquir$ :e!r ! peculi> configuration 9 "q might n result f a mixture ( blood4 ,) reg>d to ! size ( ! limbs1 ! oppon5ts ( a common orig9 ass]t t ! ,european is bett] proportion$4 ,! answ]--:i* is a good "o--is t we h no reason to be surpris$ at ! ?9ness ( ! extremities 9 peoples :o live ma9ly on vegetables or h n g5]ally en\gh to eat4 ,b z aga9/ ! argum5t f ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! bu/ among ! ,qui*uas1 ! critics :o refuse to recognize ?is z a specific diff]5ce are on less firm gr\nd4 ,_! cont5tion t ! developm5t among ! m\nta9e]s ( ,p]u is expla9$ by ! height ( ! ,&es1 is h>dly s]i\s4 ,!re are _m m\nta9-peoples 9 ! _w :o are q diff]5tly con/itut$ f ! ,qui*uas4#eh ,! next po9t is ! col\r ( ! sk94 ,! unit>ians d5y ?is any specific influ5ce1 fir/ because ! col\r dep5ds on facts ( climate1 & is n p]man5t--a v bold ass]tion2 secondly because ! col\r is capable ( inf9ite gradation1 pass+ ins5sibly f :ite to yell[1 f yell[ to black1 )\t %[+ a really def9ite l9e ( cleavage4 ,?is proves no?+ b ! exi/5ce ( a va/ numb] ( hybrids1 a fact :i* ! unit>ians are cont9ually neglect+1 to ! great prejudice ( _! !ory4 ,z to ! specific "* ( ! hair1 ,fl\r5s is ( op9ion t ?is is no argum5t aga9/ an orig9al unity ( race4 ,aft] ?is rapid review ( ! div]g5t !ories ,i come to ! great sci5tific /ronghold ( ! unit>ians1 an argum5t ( great weight1 :i* ,i h kept to ! end--,i mean ! ease ) :i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! human family create hybrids1 & ! f]tility ( ^! hybrids4 ,! obs]vations ( naturali/s seem to prove t1 9 ! animal or vegetable _w1 hybrids c be produc$ only f alli$ species1 & t1 ev5 s1 !y are condemn$ to b>r5ness4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t betwe5 relat$ species int]c\rse1 al?\gh possibly f]tile1 is repugnant1 & usually has to be effect$ by trick]y or =ce4 ,?is w\ld t5d to %[ t 9 ! free /ate ! numb] ( hybrids is ev5 m limit$ ?an :5 controll$ by man4 ,we may conclude t ! p[] ( produc+ f]tile (fspr+ is among ! m>ks ( a di/9ct species4 ,z no?+ leads u to believe t ! human race is outside ?is rule1 !re is no answ] to ?is argum5t1 :i* m ?an any o!r has s]v$ to hold 9 *eck ! =ces oppos$ to unity4 ,we he>1 x is true1 t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,oceania ! native wom5 :o h become mo!rs by ,europeans are no long] fitt$ = impregnation by _! own k9d4 ,assum+ ?is to be true1 we might make x ! basis ( a m pr(\nd inquiry2 b1 s f> z ! pres5t discussion goes1 we c\ld n use x to weak5 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! f]tility ( human hybrids & ! inf]tility ( all o!rs2 x has no be>+ on any conclusions t may be drawn f ?is pr9ciple4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,racial ,,diff]5ces ,,are ,,p]man5t ,! ,unit>ians say t ! sep>ation ( ! races is m]ely app>5t1 & due to local influ5ces1 su* z are /ill at "w1 or to accid5tal v>iations ( %ape 9 ! ance/or ( "s p>ticul> bran*4 ,all mank9d is1 = !m1 capable ( ! same improvem5t2 ! orig9al type1 ?\gh m or less disguis$1 p]si/s 9 unabat$ /r5g?1 & ! negro1 ! ,am]ican savage1 ! ,tungusian ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 c atta9 a beauty ( outl9e equal to t ( ! ,european1 & w\ld d s1 if !y 7 br\ght up "u simil> conditions4 ,?is !ory _c be accept$4 ,we h se5 above t ! /ronge/ sci5tific ramp>t ( ! ,unit>ians lay 9 ! f]tility ( human hybrids4 ,up to n[1 ?is has be5 v difficult to refute1 b p]haps x w n always be s2 at any rate1 ,i %\ld n ?9k x wor? :ile to pause ov] ?is argum5t if x 7 n support$ by ano!r1 ( a v diff]5t k9d1 :i*1 ,i confess1 gives me m conc]n4 ,x is said t ,g5esis does n admit ( a multiple orig9 = our species4 ,if ! text is cle>1 positive1 p]emptory1 & inconte/able1 we mu/ b[ our heads2 ! greate/ d\bts mu/ yield1 reason c only decl>e h]self imp]fect & inf]ior1 ! orig9 ( mank9d is s+le1 & ev]y?+ t seems to prove ! contr>y is m]ely a delusive appe>ance4 ,x is bett] to let d>kness ga!r r\nd a po9t ( s*ol>%ip1 ?an to ent] ! li/s aga9/ su* an au?ority4 ,b if ! ,bible is n explicit1 if ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* 7 writt5 to %$ light on q o!r que/ions ?an ^? ( race1 h be5 misund]/ood1 & if )\t do+ !m viol5ce "o c draw a diff]5t mean+ f !m1 !n ,i %all n hesitate to g =w>d4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 ackn[l$ge t ,adam is ! ance/or ( ! :ite race4 ,! scriptures are evid5tly meant to be s und]/ood1 = ! g5]ations d]iv+ f him are c]ta9ly :ite4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 !re is no?+ to %[ t1 9 ! view ( ! fir/ compil]s ( ! ,adamite g5ealogies1 ^? outside ! :ite race 7 c\nt$ z "p ( ! species at all4 ,n a ^w is said ab\t ! yell[ races1 & x is only an arbitr>y int]pretation ( ! text t makes u reg>d ! patri>* ,ham z black4 ,( c\rse ! translators & comm5tators1 9 call+ ,adam ! common ance/or ( all m51 h _h to enrol among 8 desc5dants all ! peoples :o h liv$ s9ce 8 "t4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! ,european nations are ( ! /ock ( ,japhet1 hi!r ,asia 0 occupi$ by ! ,semites1 & ! regions ( ,africa by ! ,hamites1 :o are1 z ,i say1 unreasonably consid]$ to be ( negro orig94 ,! :ole s*eme fits admirably toge!r--= "o "p ( ! _w4 ,b :at ab\t ! o!r "p8 ,x is simply left out4 ,= ! mom5t1 ,i d n insi/ on ?is l9e ( argum5t4 ,i d n wi% to run c\nt] to ev5 lit]al int]pretations ( ! text1 if !y are g5]ally accept$4 ,i w m]ely po9t out t we might1 p]haps1 d\bt _! value1 )\t go+ beyond ! limits impos$ by ! ,*ur*2 & !n ,i w ask :e!r we may admit ! basic pr9ciple ( ! unit>ians1 su* z x is1 & yet someh[ expla9 ! facts o!rwise ?an !y d4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i w simply ask :e!r indep5d5tly ( any "q ( an orig9al unity or multiplicity1 !re may n exi/ ! mo/ radical & f>-rea*+ diff]5ces1 bo? physical & moral1 betwe5 human races4 ,! racial id5tity ( all ! diff]5t k9ds ( dog is admitt$ by ,frdric ,cuvi] among o!rs2#ei b no "o w\ld say t 9 all dogs1 )\t di/9ction ( species1 we f9d ! same %apes1 in/9cts1 habits1 & qualities4 ,! same is true ( horses1 bulls1 be>s1 & ! l4 ,ev]y:]e we see id5tity ( orig91 div]sity ( ev]y?+ else1 a div]sity s deep t x _c be lo/ except by cross+1 & ev5 !n ! products d n return to a real id5tity ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s long z ! race is kept pure1 ! special *>act]i/ics rema9 un*ang$1 & are reproduc$ = g5]ations )\t any appreciable diff]5ce4 ,?is fact1 :i* is indisputable1 has l$ "s to ask :e!r 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( dome/ic animals we c recognize ! %apes & in/9cts ( ! primitive /ock4 ,! "q seems = ev] insoluble4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! =m & nature ( a primitive type1 & to be c]ta9 h[ f> ! specim5s we see to-day deviate f x4 ,! same problem is rais$ 9 ! case ( a l>ge numb] ( vegetables4 ,man especially1 ^: orig9 (f]s a m int]e/+ /udy ?an t ( all ! re/1 seems to resi/ all explanation1 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! diff]5t races h nev] d\bt$ t ! orig9al ance/or ( ! :ole species _h precisely _! own *>act]i/ics4 ,on ?is po9t1 & ?is alone1 tradition is unanim\s4 ,! :ite peoples h made = !mselves an ,adam & an ,eve t ,blum5ba* w\ld h call$ ,caucasian2 :]eas 9 ! 8,arabian ,nights0--a book :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly trivial1 is a m9e ( true say+s & well-obs]v$ facts--we read t "s negroes reg>d ,adam & 8 wife z black1 & s9ce ^! 7 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 ,god mu/ also be black & ! angels too1 :ile ! prophet ( ,god 0 naturally too ne> div9ity to %[ a :ite sk9 to 8 disciples4 ,unhappily1 mod]n sci5ce has be5 able to provide no clue to ! labyr9? ( ! v>i\s op9ions4 ,no likely hypo!sis has succe$$ 9 light5+ ?is d>kness1 & 9 all probability ! human races are z diff]5t f _! common ance/or1 if !y h "o1 z !y are f ea* o!r4 ,i w !re=e assume )\t discussion ! pr9ciple ( unity2 & my only task1 9 ! n>r[ & limit$ field to :i* ,i am conf9+ myself1 is to expla9 ! actual deviation f ! primitive type4 ,! causes are v h>d to dis5tangle4 ,! !ory ( ! unit>ians attributes ! deviation1 z ,i h already said1 to habits1 climate1 & locality4 ,x is impossible to agree ) ?is4#fj ,*anges h c]ta9ly be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! con/itution ( races1 s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory1 by su* ext]nal influ5ces2 b !y d n seem to h be5 important en\gh to be able to expla9 fully ! _m vital div]g5ces t exi/4 ,?is w become cle> 9 a mom5t4 ,i w suppose t !re are two tribes :i* /ill be> a resemblance to ! primitive type1 & happ5 to be liv+1 ! "o 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry 9 ! int]ior ( a cont95t1 ! o!r on an isl& 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean4 ,! atmosph]e & ! food conditions ( ea* w be q diff]5t4 ,i w assume t ! "o has _m ways ( obta9+ food1 ! o!r v few4 ,fur!r1 ,i w place ! =m] 9 a cold climate1 ! second "u a tropical sun4 ,by ?is means ! ext]nal contra/ betwe5 !m w be complete4 ,! c\rse ( "t w add its own weight to ! action ( ! natural =ces1 & !re is no d\bt t ! two gr\ps w gradually accumulate "s special *>act]i/ics :i* w di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r4 ,b ev5 aft] _m c5turies no vital or organic *ange w h tak5 place 9 _! con/itution4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t we f9d peoples ( a v simil> type1 liv+ on opposite sides ( ! _w & "u q diff]5t conditions1 ( climate & ev]y?+ else4 ,e?nologi/s are agre$ on ?is po9t & "s h ev5 believ$ t ! ,hott5tots are a ,*9ese colony--a hypo!sis impossible on o!r gr\nds--on acc\nt ( _! lik5ess to ! inhabitants ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4#fa ,9 ! same way1 "s h se5 a great resemblance betwe5 ! portraits we h ( ! anci5t ,etruscans & ! ,araucans ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 features & g5]al %ape ! ,*]okees seem almo/ id5tical ) _m ( ! ,italian peoples1 su* z ! ,calabrians4 ,! usual type ( face among ! inhabitants ( ,auv]gne1 especially ! wom51 is f> less l ! ord9>y ,european's ?an t ( _m ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?us :5 we grant t nature c produce simil> types 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries1 "u diff]5t conditions ( life & climate1 x becomes q cle> t ! human races d n take _! qualities f any ( ! ext]nal =ces t are active at ! pres5t day4 ,i w\ld n1 h[ev]1 d5y t local conditions may fav\r ! deep5+ ( "s p>ticul> sk9-col\r1 ! t5d5cy to obesity1 ! developm5t ( ! *e/ muscles1 ! l5g!n+ ( ! arms or ! l[] limbs1 ! increase or decrease ( physical /r5g?4 ,b1 ,i repeat1 ^! are n ess5tial po9ts2 & to judge f ! v slight diff]5ce made by ! alt]ation ( local conditions 9 ! %ape ( ! body1 !re is no reason to believe t !y h ev] _h v mu* influ5ce4 ,?is is an argum5t ( consid]able weight4 ,al?\gh we d n "k :at cataclysmal *anges may h be5 effect$ 9 ! physical organization ( ! races be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory1 we may at lea/ obs]ve t ?is p]iod ext5ds only to ab\t half ! age attribut$ to our species4 ,if = ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ! d>kness is imp5etrable1 we /ill h ano!r p]iod ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 ( :i* we c g "r back to ! beg9n+ 9 ! case ( c]ta9 nations4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t ! races :i* 7 !n kn[n1 & :i* h rema9$ relatively pure s9ce t "t1 h n greatly *ang$ 9 _! outw>d appe>ance1 al?\gh "s ( !m no long] live 9 ! same places1 & s are no long] affect$ by ! same ext]nal causes4 ,take1 = example1 ! ,arabs ( ! /ock ( ,i%mael4 ,we /ill f9d !m1 j z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 n only 9 ! p>*$ des]ts ( _! own l&1 b 9 ! f]tile1 & (t5 damp1 regions ( ,malab> & ! ,corom&el ,coa/1 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,indies1 & on _m po9ts ( ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa1 :]e !y are1 z a fact1 m mix$ ?an any:]e else4 ,traces ( !m are /ill f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,r\ssillon1 ,langu$oc1 & ! ,spani% coa/1 al?\gh almo/ two c5turies h pass$ away s9ce _! invasion4 ,if ! m]e influ5ce ( environm5t _h ! p[]1 z is suppos$1 ( sett+ up & tak+ away ! limits betwe5 organic types1 x w\ld h n all[$ ^! to p]si/ s long4 ,! *ange ( place w\ld h be5 foll[$ by a correspond+ *ange ( =m4 ,aft] ! ,arabs1 ,i w m5tion ! ,jews1 :o are /ill m rem>kable 9 ?is connexion1 z !y h settl$ 9 l&s ) v diff]5t climates f t ( ,pale/9e1 & h giv5 up _! anci5t mode ( life4 ,! ,jewi% type has1 h[ev]1 rema9$ mu* ! same2 ! modifications x has und]gone are ( no importance & h nev] be5 en\gh1 9 any c\ntry or latitude1 to *ange ! g5]al "* ( ! race4 ,! w>like ,re*abites ( ! ,arabian des]t1 ! peaceful ,portuguese1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,poli% ,jews--!y all look alike4 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ closely "o ( ! la/ k9d4 ,8 features & pr(ile cle>ly betray$ 8 orig94 ,8 eyes especially 7 un=gettable4 ,?is d5iz5 ( ! nor?1 ^: imm$iate ance/ors _h liv$1 = _m g5]ations1 9 ! sn[1 seem$ to h be5 j tann$ by ! rays ( ! ,syrian sun4 ,! ,semitic face looks exactly ! same1 9 its ma9 *>act]i/ics1 z x appe>s on ! ,egyptian pa9t+s ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 & m2 & we f9d x also1 9 an equally /rik+ & recognizable =m1 "u ! mo/ v>i$ & disp>ate conditions ( climate4 ,! id5tity ( desc5dant & ance/or does n /op at ! features2 x cont9ues also 9 ! %ape ( ! limbs & ! temp]am5t4 ,! ,g]man ,jews are usually small] & m sl5d] 9 build ?an ! m5 ( ,european race among :om !y h liv$ = c5turies4 ,fur!r1 ! m>riageable age is mu* e>li] among !m ?an among _! fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ano!r race4#fb ,?is1 by ! way1 is an ass]tion diametrically oppos$ to ! op9ion ( ,pri*>d1 :o 9 8 zeal = prov+ ! unity ( ! species1 tries to %[ t ! age ( pub]ty1 = ! two sexes1 is ! same ev]y:]e & 9 all races4#fc ,! reasons :i* he advances are drawn f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! case ( ! ,jews1 &1 9 ! case ( ! ,arabs1 f ! religi\s law ( ! ,koran1 by :i* ! age ( m>riage is fix$1 = girls1 at fifte51 & ev5 79 ! op9ion ( ,abu-,hanifah7 at eighte54 ,^! two argum5ts seem v que/ionable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,biblical evid5ce is n admissible on ?is po9t1 z x (t5 includes facts t contradict ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,s>ah1 = example1 0 br\ght to b$ ( a *ild 9 extreme old age1 :5 ,abraham himself _h rea*$ a hundr$ ye>s2#fd to su* an ev5t ord9>y reason+ _c apply4 ,secondly1 z to ! views & ord9ances ( ! ,mohamm$an law1 ,i may say t ! ,koran did n int5d m]ely to make sure ( ! physical fitness ( ! woman be=e au?oriz+ ! m>riage4 ,x wi%$ h] also to be f> en\gh advanc$ 9 education & intellig5ce to be able to und]/& ! s]i\s duties ( h] new position4 ,?is is %[n by ! pa9s tak5 by ! prophet to prescribe t ! girl's religi\s in/ruction %all be cont9u$ to ! "t ( h] m>riage4 ,x is easy to see :y1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! day %\ld h be5 put (f z long z possible & :y ! law-giv] ?\ght x s important to develop ! reason+ p[]s1 in/ead ( be+ z ha/y 9 8 ord9ances z nature is 9 h]s4 ,?is is n all4 ,aga9/ ! s]i\s evid5ce br\ght =w>d by ,pri*>d1 !re are "s conclusive argum5ts1 ?\gh ( a light] nature1 t decide ! "q 9 fav\r ( my view4 ,! poets1 9 _! /ories ( love1 are conc]n$ m]ely ) %[+ _! h]o9es 9 ! fl[] ( _! beauty1 )\t ?9k+ ( _! moral developm5t2 & ! ,ori5tal poets h always made _! girl-lov]s y\ng] ?an ! age prescrib$ by ! ,koran4 ,zuleika & ,leila are c]ta9ly n yet f\rte54 ,9 ,india1 ! diff]5ce is /ill m m>k$4 ,sakuntala w\ld be a m]e *ild 9 ,europe4 ,! be/ age ( love = an ,indian girl is f n9e to twelve ye>s4 ,x is a v g5]al op9ion1 long accept$ & e/abli%$ among ! ,indian1 ,p]sian1 & ,arab races1 t ! spr+ ( life1 = a woman1 fl[]s at an age t we %\ld call a little precoci\s4 ,our own writ]s h = long foll[$ ! lead1 9 ?is matt]1 ( _! ,roman models4 ,^!1 l _! ,greek tea*]s1 reg>d$ fifte5 z ! be/ age4 ,s9ce our lit]ature has be5 influ5c$ by ,nor!rn ideas1#fe we h se5 9 our novels no?+ b girls ( eighte51 or ev5 old]4 ,return+ n[ to m s]i\s argum5ts1 we f9d !m equally abundant4 ,9 addition to :at ,i h said ab\t ! ,g]man ,jews1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 _m p>ts ( ,switz]l& ! sexual developm5t ( ! p is s sl[ t1 9 ! case ( ! m51 x is n always complete at tw5ty4 ,! ,bohemians1 or ,z+>is1 yield ano!r set ( results1 :i* are easily v]ifi$4 ,!y %[ ! same e>ly developm5t z ! ,h9dus1 :o are ak9 to !m2 & "u ! mo/ inclem5t skies1 9 ,russia & 9 ,moldavia1 !y /ill keep ! expression & %ape ( ! face & ! physical proportions1 z well z ! ideas & cu/oms1 ( ! p>iahs4#ff ,i d n1 h[ev]1 mean to oppose ,pri*>d on e po9t4 ,"o ( 8 conclusions ,i gratefully adopt1 namely t 8diff]5ce ( climate occasions v little1 if any1 important div]sity z to ! p]iods ( life & ! physical *anges to :i* ! human con/itution is subject40#fg ,?is rem>k is v true1 & ,i w\ld n dream ( conte/+ x4 ,i m]ely add t x seems to contradict to "s slight ext5t ! pr9ciples o!rwise upheld by ! le>n$ ,am]ican physiologi/ & antiqu>y4 ,! read] w n fail to see t ! "q on :i* ! argum5t "h turns is t ( ! p]man5ce ( types4 ,if we h %[n t ! human races are ea*1 z x 71 %ut up 9 _! own individuality1 & c only issue f x by a mixture ( blood1 ! unit>ian !ory w f9d itself v h>d-press$4 ,x w h to recognize t1 if ! types are ?us absolutely fix$1 h]$it>y1 & p]man5t1 9 spite ( climate & lapse ( "t1 mank9d is no less completely & def9itely split into sep>ate p>ts1 ?an x w\ld be if specific diff]5ces 7 due to a real div]g5ce ( orig94 ,x n[ becomes an easy matt] = u to ma9ta9 ?is important conclusion1 :i* we h se5 to be amply support$1 9 ! case ( ! ,arabs1 by ! evid5ce ( ,egyptian sculpture1 & also by ! obs]vation ( ,jews & gipsies4 ,at ! same "t !re is no reason = reject+ ! valuable help giv5 by ! pa9t+s 9 ! temples & und]gr\nd *amb]s 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 :i* equally %[ ! p]man5ce ( ! ,negro type1 ) its woolly hair1 progna?\s head1 & ?ick lips4 ,! rec5t discov]y ( ! bas-reliefs at ,khorsabad confirm :at 0 already kn[n f ! sculptur$ tombs ( ,p]sepolis1 & !mselves prove1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 t ! ,assyrians are physiologically id5tical ) ! peoples :o occupy _! t]ritory at ! pres5t day4 ,if we _h a simil> body ( evid5ce ) reg>d to o!r races /ill liv+1 ! result w\ld be ! same4 ,! fact ( ! p]man5ce ( types w\ld m]ely be m fully demon/rat$4 ,x is en\gh h[ev] to h e/abli%$ x 9 all ! cases :]e obs]vation 0 possible4 ,x is n[ = ^? :o disagree to propose objections4 ,!y h no means ( do+ s1 & _! l9e ( def5ce %[s !m ei!r contradict+ !mselves f ! />t1 or mak+ "s ass]tion q contr>y to ! obvi\s facts4 ,= example1 !y say t ! ,jewi% type has *ang$ ) ! climate1 :]eas ! facts %[ ! opposite4 ,!y base _! argum5t on ! exi/5ce 9 ,g]many ( _m fair-hair$ ,jews ) blue eyes4#fh ,= ?is to h any value f ! unit>ian po9t ( view1 climate w\ld h to be reg>d$ z ! sole1 or at any rate ! *ief1 cause ( ! ph5om5on2 :]eas ! unit>ians !mselves admit t ! col\r ( ! sk91 eyes1 & hair 9 no way dep5ds ei!r on geographical situation or on ! influ5ce ( cold or heat4#fi ,!y rightly m5tion ! pres5ce ( blue eyes & fair hair among ! ,c+alese2#gj !y ev5 notice a consid]able v>iation f light br[n to black4 ,aga91 !y admit t ! ,samoy$es & ,tungusians1 al?\gh liv+ on ! bord]s ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 are v sw>?y4#ga ,?us ! climate c\nts = no?+ s f> z ! col\r+ ( ! sk91 hair1 & eyes is conc]n$4 ,we mu/ reg>d !m ei!r z hav+ no significance at all1 or z vitally b\nd up ) race4 ,we "k1 = example1 t r$ hair is n1 & nev] has be51 r>e 9 ! ,ea/2 & s no "o ne$ be surpris$ to f9d x to-day 9 "s ,g]man ,jews4 ,su* a fact has no influ5ce1 "o way or ! o!r1 on ! !ory ( ! p]man5ce ( types4 ,! unit>ians are no m =tunate :5 !y call 9 hi/ory to help !m4 ,!y give only two in/ances to prove _! !ory--! ,turks & ! ,magy>s4 ,! ,asiatic orig9 ( ! =m] is tak5 z self-evid5t1 z well z _! close relation to ! ,f9ni% /ocks ( ! ,o/iaks & ! ,lapl&]s4 ,h5ce !y _h 9 primitive times ! yell[ face1 prom95t *eek-bones1 & %ort /ature ( ! ,mongols4 ,hav+ settl$ ?is po9t1 our unit>ian turns to _! desc5dants ( to-day2 & f9d+ !m ( a ,european type1 ) long ?ick be>ds1 eyes almond-%ap$1 b no long] slant+1 he concludes triumphantly1 f ?is utt] trans=mation ( ! ,turks1 t !re is no p]man5ce 9 race4#gb 8,"s p10 he says 9 effect1 8h c]ta9ly suppos$ 9 !m a mixture ( ,greek1 ,georgian1 & ,circassian blood4 ,b ?is mixture has be5 only p>tial4 ,n all ,turks h be5 ri* en\gh to buy wives f ! ,caucasus2 n all h _h h>ems fill$ ) :ite slaves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hatr$ felt by ! ,greeks t[>ds _! conqu]ors1 & religi\s antipa?y 9 g5]al1 h be5 unfav\rable to su* alliances2 ?\gh ! two peoples live toge!r1 !y are j z mu* sep>at$ 9 _s at ! pres5t "t z on ! fir/ day ( ! conque/40#gc ,^! reasons are m speci\s ?an solid4 ,we c only admit provisionally ! ,f9ni% orig9 ( ! ,turki% race4 ,up to n[1 x has be5 support$ only by a s+le argum5t1 ! aff9ity ( language4 ,i w %[ lat] h[ ! argum5t f language1 :5 tak5 alone1 is peculi>ly op5 to d\bt & criticism4 ,assum+ h[ev] t ! ance/ors ( ! ,turki% p belong$ to ! yell[ race1 we c easily %[ t !y _h excell5t reasons = keep+ !mselves ap>t f x4 ,f ! "t :5 ! fir/ ,turanian hordes desc5d$ f ! nor?-ea/ to t :5 !y made !mselves ma/]s ( ! city ( ,con/ant9e1 a p]iod compris+ _m c5turies1 great *anges pass$ ov] ! _w2 & ! ,we/]n ,turks suff]$ _m vicissitudes ( =tune4 ,!y 7 9 turn victors & vanqui%$1 slaves & ma/]s2 & v div]se 7 ! peoples among :om !y settl$4 ,accord+ to ! annali/s1#gd ! ,oghuzes1 _! ance/ors1 came d[n f ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 &1 9 ! "t ( ,abraham liv$ 9 ! imm5se /eppes ( ,upp] ,asia t ext5d f ! ,katai to ,lake ,aral1 f ,sib]ia to ,tibet4 ,?is is ! anci5t & my/]i\s doma9 t 0 /ill inhabit$ by _m ,g]manic peoples4#ge ,x is a curi\s fact t z soon z ,ea/]n writ]s beg9 to speak ( ! peoples ( ,turke/an1 !y praise _! beauty ( face & /ature4#gf ,hyp]bolic expressions are ! rule1 9 ?is connexion2 & z ^! writ]s _h ! beautiful types ( ! anci5t _w be=e _! eyes1 z a /&>d1 x is n v likely t _! en?usiasm %\ld h be5 ar\s$ by ! sight ( creatures s incontrov]tibly ugly & repulsive z ! ord9>y specim5s ( ! ,mongolian race4 ,?us 9 spite ( ! l+ui/ic argum5t1 :i* may itself be wrongly us$1#gg we might /ill make out a good case = our view4 ,b we w conc$e ! po9t1 & admit t ! ,oghuzes ( ! ,altai 7 really a ,f9ni% p2 & we w pass on to ! ,mohamm$an p]iod1 :5 ! ,turki% tribes 7 e/abli%$1 "u diff]5t names & v>i$ circum/ances1 9 ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,osmanlis did n z yet exi/1 & _! ance/ors1 ! ,seljukians1 7 already closely connect$ 9 blood ) ! races ( ,islam4 ,! *iefs ( ?is p1 su* z ,gayas$d9-,keikosrev1 9 #abcg1 freely int]m>ri$ ) ,arab wom54 ,!y did bett] /ill2 = ,as$d91 ! "m ( ano!r l9e ( ,seljukian pr9ces1 0 a ,*ri/ian4 ,9 all c\ntries ! *iefs wat* m jeal\sly ?an ! common p ov] ! purity ( _! race2 & :5 a *ief %[$ himself s free f prejudice1 x is at lea/ p]missible to assume t 8 subjects 7 n m scrupul\s4 ,z ! cont9ual raids ( ! ,seljukians (f]$ !m e opportunity to seize slaves ?r\gh\t ! va/ t]ritory :i* !y ov]ran1 !re is no d\bt t1 f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! anci5t ,oghuz /ock1 ) :i* ! ,seljukians ( ,rm claim$ a di/ant k9%ip1 0 p]meat$ to a great ext5t ) ,semitic blood4 ,f ?is bran* sprang ,osman1 ! son ( ,ortoghrul & fa!r ( ! ,osmanlis4 ,! families t collect$ r\nd 8 t5t 7 n v num]\s4 ,8 army 0 no m ?an a robb]-b&2 & if ! e>ly successors ( ?is nomad ,romulus 7 able to increase x1 !y did s m]ely by foll[+ ! practice ( ! f\nd] ( ,rome1 & op5+ _! t5ts to anyone :o wi%$ to ent]4 ,x may be assum$ t ! fall ( ! ,seljukian ,empire help$ to s5d recruits ( _! own race to ! ,osmanlis4 ,x is cle> t ?is race _h und]gone consid]able *ange2 besides1 ev5 ^! new res\rces 7 n en\gh1 = f ?is "t ! ,turks began to make sy/ematic slave-raids1 ) ! express object ( increas+ _! own population4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,urkan1 at ! in/ance ( ,khalil ,*5d]eli ! ,black1 f\nd$ ! ,gu>d ( ,janiss>ies4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 only a ?\s& /rong4 ,b "u ,mohamm$ ,,iv ! new gu>d numb]$ #adj1jjj2 & z up to ?is "t ! ,turks _h be5 c>eful to fill up ! ranks only ) ,*ri/ian *ildr5 tak5 f ,pol&1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 or f ,european ,turkey itself1 & !n conv]t$ to ,islam1 !re 7 9 f\r c5turies at lea/ #ejjj heads ( families :o infus$ ,european blood into ! ve9s ( ! ,turki% nation4 ,! racial admixture did n end "h4 ,! ma9 object ( ! piracy practis$ on su* a l>ge scale ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean 0 to fill up ! h>ems4 ,fur!r 7a /ill m conclusive fact7 !re 0 no battle1 :e!r lo/ or won1 t did n increase ! numb] ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! males *ang$ _! religion1 & c\nt$ h5ce=? z ,turks4 ,aga91 ! c\ntry surr\nd+ ! field ( battle 0 ov]run by ! troops & yield$ !m all ! wom5 !y c\ld seize4 ,! plund] 0 (t5 s abundant t !y _h difficulty 9 dispos+ ( x2 ! mo/ beautiful girl 0 b>t]$ = a jackboot4#gh ,:5 we consid] ?is 9 connexion ) ! population ( ,asiatic & ,european ,turkey1 :i* has1 z we "k1 nev] exce$$ twelve millions1 we see cle>ly t ! argum5ts = or aga9/ ! p]man5ce ( racial type f9d no support :atev] 9 ! hi/ory ( su* a mix$ p z ! ,turks4 ,?is is s self-evid5t1 t :5 we notice1 z we (t5 d1 "s *>act]i/ic features ( ! yell[ race 9 an ,osmanli1 we _c attribute ?is directly to 8 ,f9ni% orig92 x is simply ! effect ( ,slav or ,t>t> blood1 exhibit+1 at second h&1 ! =eign elem5ts x _h itself absorb$4 ,hav+ f9i%$ my obs]vations on ! e?nology ( ! ,ottomans1 ,i pass to ! ,magy>s4 ,! unit>ian !ory is back$ by su* argum5ts z ! foll[+3 8,! ,magy>s are ( ,f9ni% orig91 & alli$ to ! ,lapl&]s1 ,samoy$es1 & ,eskimos4 ,^! are all p ( l[ /ature1 ) wide faces & prom95t *eek-bones1 yell[i% or dirty br[n 9 col\r4 ,! ,magy>s1 h[ev]1 are tall & well set up2 _! limbs are long1 supple & vigor\s1 _! features are ( m>k$ beauty1 & resemble ^? ( ! :ite nations4 ,! ,f9ns h always be5 weak1 un9tellig5t1 & oppress$4 ,! ,magy>s take a high place among ! conqu]ors ( ! _w4 ,!y h enslav$ o!rs1 b h nev] be5 slaves !mselves4 ,?us1 s9ce ! ,magy>s are ,f9ns1 & are s diff]5t1 physically & morally1 f all ! o!r bran*es ( _! primitive /ock1 !y mu/ h *ang$ enorm\sly40#gi ,if su* a *ange _h really tak5 place1 x w\ld be s extraord9>y z to defy all explanation1 ev5 by ! unit>ians1 h[ev] great ! modifications t may be assum$ 9 ^! p>ticul> types2 = ! trans=mation-sc5e w\ld h tak5 place betwe5 ! end ( ! n9? c5tury & ! pres5t day1 t is1 9 ab\t #hjj ye>s4 ,fur!r1 we "k t 9 ?is p]iod ,/4 ,/eph5's fell[-c\ntrym5 h n int]m>ri$ to any great ext5t ) ! nations among :om !y live4 ,happily = common s5se1 !re is no ne$ = surprise1 z ! argum5t1 ?\gh o!rwise p]fect1 makes "o vital mi/ake--! ,hung>ians are c]ta9ly n ,f9ns4 ,9 a well-writt5 article1 ,a4 de ,g]&o#hj has explod$ ! !ories ( ,s*lotz] & 8 foll[]s4 ,by weighty argum5ts drawn f ,greek & ,arab hi/orians & ,hung>ian annali/s1 by facts & dates t defy criticism1 he has prov$ ! k9%ip ( ! ,transylvanian tribe ( ! ,siculi ) ! ,huns1 & ! id5tity 9 primitive times ( ! =m] ) ! la/ invad]s ( ,pannonia4 ,?us ! ,magy>s are ,huns4 ,"h we %all no d\bt be met by a fur!r objection1 namely t ?\gh ?is argum5t may po9t to a diff]5t orig9 = ! ,magy>s1 x connects !m j z intimately z ! o!r ) ! yell[ race4 ,?is is an error4 ,! "n 8,huns0 may d5ote a nation1 b x is also1 hi/orically speak+1 a collective ^w4 ,! mass ( tribes to :i* x ref]s is n homog5e\s4 ,among ! cr[d ( peoples enroll$ "u ! bann] ( ,attila's ance/ors1 c]ta9 b&s1 kn[n z ! 8,:ite ,huns10 h always be5 di/+ui%$4 ,9 ^! ! ,g]manic elem5t pr$om9at$4#ha ,contact ) ! yell[ races _h c]ta9ly affect$ ! purity ( _! blood4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t ?is2 ! fact is betray$ at once by ! r angul> & bony features ( ! ,magy>4 ,! language is v closely relat$ to "s ,turki% dialects4 ,?us ! ,magy>s are ,:ite ,huns1 ?\gh !y h be5 wrongly made out to be a yell[ race1 a confusion caus$1 by _! int]m>riages 9 ! pa/ 7:e!r volunt>y or o!rwise7 ) ,mongolians4 ,!y are really1 z we h %[n1 cross-bre$s ) a ,g]manic basis4 ,! roots & g5]al vocabul>y ( _! language are q diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,g]manic family2 b exactly ! same 0 ! case ) ! ,scy?ians1 a yell[ race speak+ an ,aryan dialect1#hb & ) ! ,sc&9avians ( ,neu/ria1 :o 71 aft] "s ye>s ( conque/1 l$ to adopt ! ,celto-,lat9 dialect ( _! subjects4#hc ,no?+ w>rants ! belief t lapse ( "t1 diff]5ce ( climate1 or *ange ( cu/oms %\ld h turn$ a ,lapl&] or an ,o/iak1 a ,tungusian or a ,p]mian1 into a ,/4 ,/eph54 ,i conclude1 f ?is refutation ( ! only argum5ts br\ght =w>d by ! unit>ians1 t ! p]man5ce ( racial types is beyond dispute2 x is s /rong & inde/ructible t ! mo/ complete *ange ( environm5t has no p[] to ov]?r[ x1 s long z no cross+ takes place4 ,:atev] side1 !re=e1 "o may take 9 ! controv]sy z to ! unity or multiplicity ( orig9 possess$ by ! human species1 x is c]ta9 t ! diff]5t families are to-day absolutely sep>ate2 = !re is no ext]nal influ5ce t c\ld cause any resemblance betwe5 !m or =ce !m into a homog5e\s mass4 ,! exi/+ races con/itute sep>ate bran*es ( "o or _m primitive /ocks4 ,^! /ocks h n[ vani%$4 ,!y are n kn[n 9 hi/orical times at all1 & we _c =m ev5 ! mo/ g5]al idea ( _! qualities4 ,!y diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 ! %ape & proportion ( ! limbs1 ! /ructure ( ! skull1 ! int]nal con=mation ( ! body1 ! nature ( ! capill>y sy/em1 ! col\r ( ! sk91 & ! l2 & !y nev] succe$$ 9 los+ _! *>act]i/ic features except "u ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! cross+ ( blood4 ,?is p]man5ce ( racial qualities is q suffici5t to g5]ate ! radical unlik5ess & inequality t exi/s betwe5 ! diff]5t bran*es1 to raise !m to ! dignity ( natural laws1 & to ju/ify ! same di/9ctions be+ drawn ) reg>d to ! physiological life ( nations1 z ,i %all %[1 lat]1 to be applicable to _! moral life4 ,ow+ to my respect = a sci5tific au?ority :i* ,i _c ov]?r[1 &1 /ill m1 = a religi\s int]pretation t ,i c\ld n v5ture to attack1 ,i mu/ resign myself to leav+ on "o side ! grave d\bts t are always oppress+ me z to ! "q ( orig9al unity2 & ,i w n[ try to discov] z f> z ,i c1 ) ! res\rces t are /ill left to me1 ! probable causes ( ^! ultimate physiological diff]5ces4 ,z no "o w v5ture to d5y1 !re broods ov] ?is grave "q a my/]i\s d>kness1 big ) causes t are at ! same "t physical & sup]natural4 ,9 ! inmo/ recesses ( ! obscurity t %r\ds ! problem1 reign ! causes :i* h _! ultimate home 9 ! m9d ( ,god2 ! human _s feels _! pres5ce )\t div9+ _! nature1 & %r9ks back 9 awful rev]5ce4 ,x is probable t ! e>?ly ag5ts to :om we look = ! key ( ! secret are !mselves b in/rum5ts & petty spr+s 9 ! great ma*9e4 ,! orig9s ( all ?+s1 ( all ev5ts & movem5ts1 are n inf9itely small1 z we are (t5 pleas$ to say1 b on ! contr>y s va/1 s immeasurable by ! poor foot-rule ( man's intellig5ce1 t :ile we may p]haps h "s vague suspicion ( _! exi/5ce1 we c nev] hope to lay h&s on !m or atta9 to any sure discov]y ( _! nature4 ,j z 9 an iron *a9 t is meant to lift up a great weight x frequ5tly happ5s t ! l9k ne>e/ ! object is ! smalle/1 s ! proximate cause may (t5 seem insignificant2 & if we m]ely consid] x 9 isolation1 we t5d to =get ! long s]ies t has gone be=e4 ,?is alone gives x mean+1 b ?is1 9 all its /r5g? & might1 d]ives f some?+ t human eye has nev] se54 ,we mu/ n !re=e1 l ! fool 9 ! old adage1 wond] at ! p[] ( ! roseleaf to make ! wat] ov]fl[2 we %\ld r ?9k t ! reason ( ! accid5t lay 9 ! dep?s ( ! wat] t fill$ ! vessel to ov]fl[+4 ,let u yield all respect to ! primal & g5]at+ causes1 t dwell f> (f 9 heav51 & )\t :i* no?+ w\ld exi/2 consci\s ( ! ,div9e p[] t moves !m1 !y rightly claim a "p ( ! v5]ation we pay to _! ,inf9ite ,creator4 ,b let u ab/a9 f speak+ ( !m "h4 ,x is n fitt+ = u to leave ! human sph]e1 :]e alone we may hope to meet ) c]ta9ty4 ,all we c d is to seize ! *a91 if n by ! la/ small l9k1 at any rate by t "p ( x :i* we c see & t\*1 )\t try+ to cat* at :at is beyond our rea*--a task too difficult = mortal man4 ,!re is no irrev]5ce 9 say+ ?is2 on ! contr>y1 x expresses ! s9c]e conviction ( a weakness t is insurm\ntable4 ,man is a new-com] 9 ?is _w4 ,geology--proce$+ m]ely by induction1 b attack+ its problems 9 a m>vell\sly sy/ematic way--ass]ts t man is abs5t f all ! olde/ /rata ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,!re is no trace ( him among ! fossils4 ,:5 our ance/ors appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 an already ag$ _w1 ,god1 accord+ to ,scripture1 told !m t !y w\ld be its ma/]s & h dom9ion ov] ev]y?+ on e>?4 ,?is promise 0 giv5 n s mu* to !m z to _! desc5dants2 = ^! fir/ feeble creatures seem to h be5 provid$ ) v few means1 n m]ely ( conqu]+ ! :ole ( nature1 b ev5 ( resi/+ its weake/ attacks4#hd ,! e!real heav5s _h se51 9 =m] epo*s1 be+s f> m impos+ ?an man rise f ! muddy e>? & ! deep wat]s4 ,mo/ ( ^! gigantic races _h1 no d\bt1 disappe>$ 9 ! t]rible revolutions 9 :i* ! inorganic _w _h %[n a p[] s immeasurably beyond t possess$ by animate nature4 ,a great numb]1 h[ev]1 ( ^! mon/r\s creatures 7 /ill liv+4 ,e region 0 haunt$ by h]ds ( elephants & rh9oc]oses1 & ev5 ! ma/odon has left traces ( its exi/5ce 9 ,am]ican tradition4#he ,^! la/ remnants ( ! mon/]s ( an e>li] day 7 m ?an en\gh to impress ! fir/ memb]s ( our species ) an uneasy feel+ ( _! own inf]iority1 & a v mode/ view ( _! problematic royalty4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! animals f :om !y _h to wre/ _! disput$ empire4 ,^! c\ld 9 ! la/ resort be f\ght1 by craft if n by =ce1 & 9 default ( conque/ c\ld be avoid$ by flight4 ,! case 0 q diff]5t ) ,nature1 t imm5se ,nature t surr\nd$ ! primitive families on all sides1 held !m 9 a close grip1 & made !m feel 9 e n]ve h] awful p[]4#hf ,! cosmic causes ( ! anci5t cataclysms1 al?\gh feebl]1 7 always at "w4 ,p>tial upheavals /ill di/urb$ ! relative positions ( e>? & ocean4 ,sometimes ! level ( ! sea rose & swall[$ up va/ /ret*es ( coa/2 sometimes a t]rible volcanic eruption w\ld vomit f ! dep?s ( ! wat]s "s m\nta9\s mass1 to become "p ( a cont95t4 ,! _w 0 /ill 9 travail1 & ,jehovah _h n calm$ x by 8see+ t x 0 good40 ,?is g5]al lack ( equilibrium necess>ily react$ on atmosph]ic conditions4 ,! /rife ( e>?1 fire1 & wat] br\ght ) x complete & rapid *anges ( heat1 cold1 dryness1 & humidity4 ,! exhalations f ! gr\nd1 /ill %ak5 ) e>?quake1 _h an irresi/ible influ5ce on liv+ creatures4 ,! causes t envelop$ ! globe ) ! brea? ( battle & suff]+ c\ld n b increase ! pressure br\ght to be> by nature on man4 ,diff]5ces ( climate & environm5t act$ on our fir/ p>5ts f> m effectively ?an to-day4 ,cuvi]1 9 8 8,treatise on ! revolutions ( ! globe10 says t ! inorganic =ces ( ! pres5t day w\ld be q incapable ( caus+ convulsions & upheavals1 or new arrangem5ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 su* z ^? to :i* geology be>s witness4 ,! *anges t 7 wr\ght 9 ! pa/ on h] own body by ! awful might ( nature w\ld be impossible to-day2 %e _h a simil> p[] ov] ! human race1 b has x no long]4 ,h] omnipot5ce has be5 s lo/1 or at lea/ s weak5$ & :ittl$ away1 t 9 a p]iod ( ye>s cov]+ r\ghly half ! life ( our species on ! e>?1 %e has br\ght ab\t no *ange ( any importance1 mu* less "o t c be comp>$ to t by :i* ! diff]5t races 7 = ev] m>k$ (f f ea* o!r4#hg ,two po9ts are c]ta93 fir/ t ! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! bran*es ( our race 7 fix$ 9 ! e>lie/ epo* ( our t]re/rial life2 secondly1 t 9 ord] to imag9e a p]iod :5 ^! physiological cleavages c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t1 we mu/ g back to ! "t :5 ! influ5ce ( natural causes 0 f> m active ?an x is n[1 "u ! normal & heal?y conditions4 ,su* a "t c\ld be none o!r ?an t imm$iately aft] ! creation1 :5 ! e>? 0 /ill %ak5 by its rec5t cata/rophes & )\t any def5ce aga9/ ! fe>ful effects ( _! la/ dea?-?roes4 ,assum+ ! unit>ian !ory1 we _c give any lat] date = ! sep>ation ( types4 ,no argum5t c be bas$ on ! accid5tal deviations f ! normal :i* are sometimes f\nd 9 c]ta9 individual in/ances1 & :i*1 if transmitt$1 w\ld c]ta9ly give rise to important v>ieties4 ,)\t includ+ su* de=mities z a hump-back1 "s curi\s facts h be5 collect$ :i* seem1 at fir/ sight1 to be ( value 9 expla9+ ! div]sity ( races4 ,to cite only "o in/ance1 ,pri*>d#hh quotes ,bak]'s acc\nt ( a man ^: :ole body1 ) ! exception ( 8 face1 0 cov]$ ) a sort ( d>k %ell1 resembl+ a l>ge collection ( w>ts1 v h>d & call\s1 & ins5sible to pa92 :5 cut1 x did n ble$4 ,at diff]5t p]iods ?is curi\s cov]+1 aft] rea*+ a ?ickness ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 w\ld become deta*$1 & fall (f2 x 0 !n replac$ by ano!r1 simil> 9 all respects4 ,f\r sons 7 born to him1 all resembl+ _! fa!r4 ,"o surviv$2 b ,bak]1 :o saw him 9 infancy1 does n say :e!r he rea*$ manhood4 ,he m]ely inf]s t s9ce ! fa!r has produc$ su* (fspr+1 8a race ( p may be propagat$ by ?is man1 hav+ su* rugg$ coats & cov]+s z himself2 & if ?is %\ld ev] happ51 & ! accid5tal orig9al be =gott51 x is n improbable !y might be deem$ a diff]5t species ( mank9d40 ,su* a conclusion is possible4 ,individuals1 h[ev]1 :o are s diff]5t z ^! f ! species 9 g5]al1 d n transmit _! *>act]i/ics4 ,_! po/]ity ei!r returns to ! regul> pa? or is soon ext+ui%$4 ,all ?+s t deviate f ! natural & normal ord] ( ! _w c only borr[ life = a "t2 !y are n fitt$ to keep x4 ,o!rwise1 a succession ( /range accid5ts w\ld1 long be=e ?is1 h set mank9d on a road f> remov$ f ! physiological conditions :i* h obta9$1 )\t *ange1 ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,we mu/ conclude t imp]man5ce is "o ( ! ess5tial & basic features ( ^! anomalies4 ,we c\ld n include 9 su* a category ! woolly hair & black sk9 ( ! negro1 or ! yell[ col\r1 wide face1 & slant+ eyes ( ! ,*9aman4 ,^! are all p]man5t *>act]i/ics2 !y are 9 no way abnormal1 & s _c come f an accid5tal deviation4 ,we w n[ give a summ>y ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,9 face ( ! difficulties (f]$ by ! mo/ lib]al int]pretation ( ! ,biblical text1 & ! objection f\nd$ on ! law regulat+ ! g5]ation ( hybrids1 x is impossible to pron\nce categorically 9 fav\r ( a multiplicity ( orig9 = ! human species4 ,we mu/ !re=e be cont5t to assign a l[] cause to ^? cle>-cut v>ieties ( :i* ! ma9 quality is und\bt$ly _! p]man5ce1 a p]man5ce t c only be lo/ by a cross+ ( blood4 ,we c id5tify ?is cause ) ! am\nt ( climatic en]gy possess$ by ! e>? at a "t :5 ! human race _h j appe>$ on its surface4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! =ces t inorganic nature c\ld br+ into play 7 f> great] !n ?an any?+ we h kn[n s9ce1 & "u _! pressure racial modifications 7 accompli%$ :i* w\ld n[ be impossible4 ,probably1 too1 ! creatures expos$ to ^! trem5d\s =ces 7 m liable to be affect$ by !m ?an exi/+ types w\ld be4 ,man1 9 8 e>lie/ /ages1 assum$ _m un/able =ms2 he did n p]haps belong1 9 any def9ite mann]1 to ! :ite1 r$1 or yell[ v>iety4 ,! deviations t trans=m$ ! primitive *>act]i/ics ( ! species into ! types e/abli%$ to-day 7 probably mu* small] ?an ^? t w\ld n[ be requir$ = ! black race1 = example1 to become assimilat$ to ! :ite1 or ! yell[ to ! black4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 we %\ld h to reg>d ,adamite man z equally diff]5t f all ! exi/+ human gr\ps2 ^! w\ld h radiat$ all ar\nd him1 ! di/ance betwe5 him & any gr\p be+ d\ble t betwe5 "o gr\p & ano!r4 ,h[ mu* ( ! primitive type w\ld ! peoples ( ! diff]5t races h subsequ5tly reta9$8 ,m]ely ! mo/ g5]al *>act]i/ics ( our species1 ! vague resemblances ( %ape common to ! mo/ di/ant gr\ps1 & ! possibility ( express+ _! wants by articulate s\nds--b no?+ m4 ,! rema9+ features peculi> to primitive man w\ld h be5 completely lo/1 by ! black z well z ! non-black races2 & al?\gh we are all orig9ally desc5d$ f him1 we %\ld h ow$ to outside influ5ces ev]y?+ t gave u our di/9ctive & special "*4 ,h5ce=? ! human races1 ! product ( cosmic =ces z well z ( ! primitive ,adamic /ock1 w\ld be v slightly1 if at all1 relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! p[] ( giv+ bir? to f]tile hybrids w\ld c]ta9ly be a p]petual pro( ( orig9al connexion2 b x w\ld be ! only "o4 ,z soon z ! primal diff]5ces ( environm5t _h giv5 ea* gr\p its isolat$ "*1 z a possession = ev]--its %ape1 features1 & col\r--f t mom5t ! l9k ( primal unity w\ld h be5 sudd5ly snapp$2 ! unity1 s f> z influ5ce on racial developm5t w5t1 w\ld be actually /]ile4 ,! /rict & unassailable p]man5ce ( =m & feature to :i* ! e>lie/ hi/orical docum5ts be> witness w\ld be ! *>t] & sign-manual ( ! et]nal sep>ation ( races4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h[ ,,! ,,races ,,7 ,,physiologically ,,sep>at$1 ,,& ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,,=m$ ,,by ,,_! ,,int]-,,mixture4 ,,!y ,,are ,,unequal ,,9 ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,beauty ,! "q ( cosmic influ5ces is "o t ought to be fully cle>$ up1 z ,i am conf9+ myself to argum5ts bas$ on x4 ,! fir/ problem ) :i* ,i h to deal is ! foll[+3--8,h[ c\ld m51 ^: common orig9 implies a s+le />t+-po9t1 h be5 expos$ to su* a div]sity ( influ5ces f )\t80 ,aft] ! fir/ sep>ation ( races1 ! gr\ps 7 already num]\s en\gh to be f\nd "u totally diff]5t conditions ( climate2 h[ !n1 consid]+ ! imm5se difficulties !y _h to cont5d aga9/1 ! va/ =e/s & m>%y pla9s !y _h to cross1 ! s&y or sn[y des]ts1 ! riv]s1 lakes1 & oceans--h[1 ) all ^! ob/acles1 did !y manage to cov] di/ances :i* civiliz$ man to-day1 ) all 8 develop$ p[]1 c only surm\nt ) great toil & tr\ble8 ,to answ] ^! objections1 we mu/ try to discov] :]e ! human species _h its orig9al home4 ,a v anci5t idea1 adopt$ also by "s great mod]n m9ds1 su* z ,cuvi]1 is t ! diff]5t m\nta9-sy/ems mu/ h s]v$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture = c]ta9 races4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! :ite races1 & ev5 c]ta9 ,african v>ieties ^: skull is %ap$ l our own1 _h _! fir/ settlem5t 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,! yell[ race came d[n f ! ice-b\nd heights ( ! ,altai4 ,aga91 ! tribes ( progna?\s negroes built _! fir/ huts on ! s\!rn slopes ( ,m\nt ,atlas1 & made ?is ! />t+-po9t ( _! fir/ migrations4 ,?us1 ! frightful places ( ! e>?1 difficult ( access & full ( gloomy horror--torr5ts1 cav]ns1 icy m\nta9s1 et]nal sn[s1 & impassable abysses--7 actually m famili> to primitive ages ?an any o!rs2 :ile all ! t]rors ( ! unkn[n lurk$1 = our fir/ ance/ors1 9 ! uncov]$ pla9s1 on ! banks ( ! great riv]s1 on ! coa/s ( ! lakes & seas4 ,! *ief motive urg+ ! anci5t philosoph]s to put =w>d ?is !ory1 & ! mod]ns to revive x1 seems to h be5 ! idea t1 9 ord] to pass successfully ?r\gh ! great physical crises ( ! _w1 mank9d mu/ h collect$ on ! m\nta9 heights1 :]e ! floods & inundations c\ld n rea* !m4 ,?is l>ge & g5]al int]pretation ( ! tradition ( ,ar>at may suit p]haps ! lat] epo*s1 :5 ! *ildr5 ( m5 _h cov]$ ! face ( ! e>?2 b x is q inapplicable to ! "t ( relative calm t m>k$ _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,x is also contr>y to all !ories z to ! unity ( ! species4 ,aga91 m\nta9s f ! remote/ times h be5 ! object ( pr(\nd t]ror & religi\s awe4 ,on !m has be5 set1 by all my?ologies1 ! abode ( ! gods4 ,x 0 on ! sn[y peak ( ,olympus1 x 0 on ,m\nt ,m]u t ! ,greeks & ! ,brahmans imag9$ _! div9e synods4 ,x 0 on ! summit ( ! ,caucasus t ,prome!us suff]$ ! my/]i\s puni%m5t ( 8 /ill m my/]i\s crime4 ,if m5 _h begun by mak+ _! home 9 ! remote heights1 x is n likely t _! imag9ation w\ld h caus$ !m to raise ^! to ! height ( heav5 itself4 ,we h a scant respect = :at we h se5 & kn[n & trodd5 und]foot4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no div9ities b ^? ( ! wat]s & ! pla9s4 ,h5ce ,i incl9e to ! opposite belief1 t ! flat & uncov]$ regions witness$ ! fir/ /eps ( man4 ,?is is1 by ! way1 ! ,biblical notion4#hi ,aft] ! fir/ settlem5ts 7 made 9 ^! p>ts1 ! difficulties ( acc\nt+ = migrations are s5sibly dim9i%$2 = flat regions are g5]ally cut by riv]s & rea* d[n to ! sea1 & s !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ to und]take ! difficult task ( cross+ =e/s1 des]ts1 & great m>%es4 ,!re are two k9ds ( migrations1 ! volunt>y & ! unexpect$4 ,! =m] are out ( ! "q 9 v e>ly times4 ,! latt] are m possible1 & m probable too1 among %iftless & unprep>$ savages ?an among civilis$ nations4 ,a family huddl$ toge!r on a drift+ raft1 a few un=tunate p surpris$ by an inru% ( ! sea1 cl++ to trunks ( trees1 & caught up by ! curr5ts--^! are en\gh to acc\nt = a transplantation ov] long di/ances4 ,! weak] man is1 ! m is he ! sport ( inorganic =ces4 ,! less exp]i5ce he has1 ! m slavi%ly does he respond to accid5ts :i* he c nei!r =esee nor avoid4 ,!re are /rik+ examples ( ! ease ) :i* m5 c be c>ri$1 9 spite ( !mselves1 ov] consid]able di/ances4 ,?us1 we he> t 9 #afif two l>ge canoes f ,ancorso1 conta9+ ab\t ?irty savages1 m5 & wom51 7 caught 9 a /orm1 & aft] drift+ aimlessly "s "t1 f9ally arriv$ at ,samal1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ?ree hundr$ leagues f _! />t+-po9t4 ,aga91 f\r natives ( ,ulea 7 c>ri$ out to sea 9 a canoe by a sudd5 squall4 ,!y drift$ ab\t = eight mon?s1 & rea*$ at la/ "o ( ! ,radack ,isl&s1 at ! ea/]n end ( ! ,c>ol9e ,ar*ipelago1 aft] an involunt>y voyage ( #eej leagues4 ,^! un=tunate m5 liv$ solely on fi%1 & c>efully collect$ e drop ( ra9 !y c\ld4 ,:5 ra9 fail$ !m1 !y div$ into ! dep?s ( ! sea & drank ! wat] !re1 :i*1 !y say1 is less salt4 ,naturally1 :5 !y rea*$ ,radack1 ! travell]s 7 9 a deplorable /ate2 b !y soon ralli$1 & 7 ev5tually re/or$ to heal?4#ij ,^! two examples are a suffici5t witness = ! rapid diffusion ( human gr\ps 9 v diff]5t regions1 & "u ! mo/ v>i$ local conditions4 ,if fur!r pro(s 7 requir$1 we might m5tion ! ease ) :i* insects1 plants1 & te/aceans are c>ri$ all ov] ! _w2 x is1 ( c\rse1 unnecess>y to %[ t :at happ5s to su* ?+s may1 a =tiori1 happ5 m easily to man4#ia ,! l&-te/aceans are ?r[n into ! sea by ! de/ruction ( ! cliffs1 & are !n c>ri$ to di/ant %ores by means ( curr5ts4 ,zoophytes atta* !mselves to ! %ells ( molluscs or let _! t5tacles float on ! surface ( ! sea1 & s are driv5 along by ! w9d to =m di/ant colonies4 ,! v trees ( unkn[n species1 ! v sculptur$ planks1 ! la/ ( a long l9e1 :i* 7 ca/ up on ! ,can>ies 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & by provid+ a text = ! m$itations ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus pav$ ! way = ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w--ev5 ^! probably c>ri$ on _! surface ! eggs ( insects2 & ^! eggs 7 hat*$1 by ! heat eng5d]$ by new sap1 f> f _! place ( orig9 & ! l& :]e liv$ ! o!rs ( _! k9d4 ,?us !re is no?+ aga9/ ! notion t ! fir/ human families might soon h be5 sep>at$1 & liv$ "u v diff]5t conditions ( climate1 9 regions f> ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,b x is n necess>y1 ev5 "u pres5t circum/ances1 = ! places to be f> ap>t1 9 ord] to ensure a v>iation 9 ! temp]ature1 & 9 ! local conditions result+ f x4 ,9 m\nta9\s c\ntries l ,switz]l&1 ! di/ance ( a few miles makes su* a diff]5ce 9 ! soil & atmosph]e1 t we f9d ! flora ( ,lapl& & ,s\!rn ,italy practically side by side2 simil>ly 9 ,isola ,madre1 on ,lago ,maggiore1 oranges1 great cacti1 & dw>f palms gr[ 9 ! op51 9 full view ( ! ,simplon4 ,we ne$ n conf9e ourselves to m\nta9s2 ! temp]ature ( ,norm&y is l[] ?an t ( ,j]sey1 :ile 9 ! n>r[ triangle =m$ by ! ,we/]n coa/s ( ,france1 ! vegetation is ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*4#ib ,! contra/s mu/ h be5 trem5d\s1 ev5 ov] ! smalle/ areas1 9 ! days t foll[$ ! fir/ appe>ance ( our species on ! globe4 ,! selfsame place might easily become ! !atre ( va/ atmosph]ic revolutions1 :5 ! sea retreat$ or advanc$ by ! inundation or dry+ up ( ! neighb\r+ regions2 :5 m\nta9s sudd5ly rose 9 enorm\s masses1 or sank to ! common level ( ! e>?1 s t ! pla9s cov]$ :at once 0 _! cre/s2 & :5 tremors1 t %ook ! axis ( ! e>?1 & by affect+ its equilibrium & ! incl9ation ( ! poles to ! ecliptic1 came to di/urb ! g5]al economy ( ! planet4 ,we may n[ consid] t we h met all ! objections1 t might be urg$ z to ! difficulty ( *ang+ "o's place & climate 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w4 ,!re is no reason :y "s gr\ps ( ! human family %\ld n h gone f> afield1 :ile o!rs 7 huddl$ toge!r 9 a limit$ area & yet 7 expos$ to v v>i$ influ5ces4 ,x is ?us t ! second>y types1 f :i* are desc5d$ ! exi/+ races1 c\ld h come into be+4 ,z to ! type ( man fir/ creat$1 ! ,adamite1 we w leave him out ( ! argum5t altoge!r2 = x is impossible to "k any?+ ( 8 specific "*1 or h[ f> ea* ( ! lat] families has kept or lo/ its lik5ess to him4 ,our inve/igation w n take u fur!r back ?an ! races ( ! second /age4 ,i f9d ^! races naturally divid$ into ?ree1 & ?ree only--! :ite1 ! black1 & ! yell[4#ic ,if ,i use a basis ( division sugge/$ by ! col\r ( ! sk91 x is n t ,i consid] x ei!r correct or happy1 = ! ?ree categories ( :i* ,i speak are n di/+ui%$ exactly by col\r1 :i* is a v complex & v>iable ?+2 ,i h already said t c]ta9 facts 9 ! con=mation ( ! skeleton are f> m important4 ,b 9 default ( inv5t+ new names--:i* ,i d n consid] myself ju/ifi$ 9 do+--,i mu/ make my *oice f ! vocabul>y already 9 use4 ,! t]ms may n be v good1 b !y are at any rate less op5 to objection ?an any o!rs1 especially if !y are c>efully def9$4 ,i c]ta9ly pref] !m to all ! designations tak5 f geography or hi/ory1 = ^! h ?r[n an already confus$ subject into fur!r confusion4 ,s ,i may say1 once = all1 t ,i und]/& by :ite m5 ! memb]s ( ^? races :i* are also call$ ,caucasian1 ,semitic1 or ,japhetic4 ,by black m5 ,i mean ! ,hamites2 by yell[ ! ,altaic1 ,mongol1 ,f9ni%1 & ,tat> bran*es4 ,^! are ! ?ree primitive elem5ts ( mank9d4 ,!re is no m reason to admit ,blum5ba*'s tw5ty-eight v>ieties ?an ,pri*>d's sev52 = bo? ^! s*emes include notori\s hybrids4 ,x is probable t none ( ! ?ree orig9al types 0 ev] f\nd 9 absolute simplicity4 ,! great cosmic ag5ts _h n m]ely br\ght into be+ ! ?ree cle>-cut v>ieties2 !y _h also1 9 ! c\rse ( _! action1 caus$ _m sub-species to appe>4 ,^! 7 di/+ui%$ by "s peculi> features1 q ap>t f ! g5]al "* :i* !y _h 9 common ) ! :ole bran*4 ,racial cross+ 0 n necess>y to create ^! specific modifications2 !y exi/$ be=e any int]bre$+ took place at all4 ,x w\ld be fruitless to try to id5tify !m to-day 9 ! hybrid agglom]ation t con/itutes :at we call ! 8:ite race40 ,x w\ld be equally impossible ) reg>d to ! yell[ race4 ,p]haps ! black type has to "s ext5t kept itself pure2 at any rate x has rema9$ ne>] its orig9al =m1 & ?us %[s at fir/ sight :at1 9 ! case ( ! o!r great human divisions1 is n giv5 by ! te/imony ( our s5ses1 b may be admitt$ on ! /r5g? ( hi/orical pro(4 ,! negroes h always p]petuat$ ! orig9al =ms ( _! race1 su* z ! progna?\s type ) woolly hair1 ! ,h9du type ( ! ,kamaun & ! ,deccan1 & ! ,pelagian ( ,polynesia4 ,new v>ieties h c]ta9ly be5 creat$ f _! int]mixture2 ?is is ! orig9 ( :at we may call ! 8t]ti>y types10 :i* are se5 9 ! :ite & yell[ races1 z well z ! black4 ,mu* has be5 made ( a notewor?y fact1 :i* is us$ to-day z a sure crit]ion = det]m9+ ! racial purity ( a nation4 ,?is fact is ! resemblance ( face1 %ape1 & g5]al con/itution1 includ+ ge/ure & c>riage4 ,! fur!r ^! resemblances g1 ! less mixture ( blood is !re suppos$ to be 9 ! :ole p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m cross+ !re has be51 ! great] diff]5ces we %all f9d 9 ! features1 /ature1 walk1 & g5]al appe>ance ( ! individuals4 ,! fact is inconte/able1 & valuable conclusions may be drawn f x2 b ! conclusions are a little diff]5t f ^? hi!rto made4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( obs]vations by :i* ! fact 0 discov]$ 0 c>ri$ out on ! ,polynesians4 ,n[1 ^! are f> f be+ ( pure race2 !y come f mixtures1 9 diff]5t proportions1 ( yell[ & black4 ,h5ce ! complete transmission ( ! type t we see to-day among ! ,polynesians %[s1 n ! purity ( ! race1 b simply t ! m or less num]\s elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$ h at la/ be5 fus$ 9 a full & homog5e\s unity4 ,ea* man has ! same blood 9 8 ve9s z 8 neighb\r1 & s !re is no reason :y he %\ld diff] physically f him4 ,j z bro!rs & si/]s are (t5 mu* alike1 z be+ produc$ f l elem5ts1 s1 :5 two races h be5 s completely amalgamat$ t !re is no gr\p 9 ! result+ p 9 :i* ei!r race pr$om9ates1 an artificial type is e/abli%$1 ) a k9d ( factiti\s purity2 & e new-born *ild be>s its impress4 ,:at ,i h def9$ z ! 8t]ti>y type0 might 9 ?is way easily acquire ! quality t is wrongly appropriat$ to a p ( absolutely pure race--namely ! lik5ess ( ! individual memb]s to ea* o!r4 ,?is c\ld be atta9$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t at ?is /age1 z ! diff]5ces betwe5 two v>ieties ( ! same type are relatively slight4 ,9 a family1 = example1 :]e ! fa!r & "m belong to diff]5t nations1 ! *ildr5 w be l "o or ! o!r1 b !re w be little *ance ( any real id5tity ( physical *>act]i/ics betwe5 !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p>5ts are bo? f ! same national /ock1 su* an id5tity w be easily produc$4 ,we mu/ m5tion ano!r law be=e go+ fur!r4 ,cross+ ( blood does n m]ely imply ! fusion ( ! two v>ieties1 b also creates new *>act]i/ics1 :i* h5ce=? furni% ! mo/ important /&po9t f :i* to consid] any p>ticul> sub-species4 ,examples w be giv5 lat]2 mean:ile ,i ne$ h>dly say t ^! new & orig9al qualities _c be completely develop$ unless !re has previ\sly be5 a p]fect fusion ( ! p>5t-types2 o!rwise ! t]ti>y race _c be consid]$ z really e/abli%$4 ,! l>g] ! two nations are1 ! great] w naturally be ! "t requir$ = _! fusion4 ,b until ! process is complete1 & a /ate ( physiological id5tity br\ght ab\t1 no new sub-species w be possible1 z !re is no "q ( normal developm5t f an orig9al1 ?\gh composite s\rce1 b m]ely ( ! confusion & disord] t are always eng5d]$ f ! imp]fect mixture ( elem5ts :i* are naturally =eign to ea* o!r4 ,our actual k ( ! life ( ^! t]ti>y races is v slight4 ,only 9 ! mi/y beg9n+s ( human hi/ory c we cat* a glimpse1 9 c]ta9 places1 ( ! :ite race :5 x 0 /ill 9 ?is /age--a /age :i* seems to h be5 ev]y:]e %ort-liv$4 ,! civiliz+ in/9cts ( ^! *os5 peoples 7 cont9ually =c+ !m to mix _! blood ) t ( o!rs4 ,z = ! black & yell[ types1 !y are m]e savages 9 ! t]ti>y /age1 & h no hi/ory at all4#id ,to ! t]ti>y races succe$ o!rs1 :i* ,i w call 8quat]n>y40 ,! ,polynesians1 sprung f ! mixture ( black & yell[1#ie ! mulattoes1 a bl5d ( :ite & black1--^! are among ! peoples belong+ to ! quat]n>y type4 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 once m1 t ! new type br+s ! *>act]i/ics peculi> to itself m or less into h>mony ) ^? :i* recall its tw(old desc5t4 ,:5 a quat]n>y race is aga9 modifi$ by ! int]v5tion ( a new type1 ! result+ mixture has great difficulty 9 becom+ /able2 its elem5ts are br\ght v sl[ly into h>mony1 & are comb9$ 9 v irregul> proportions4 ,! orig9al qualities ( :i* x is compos$ are already weak5$ to a consid]able ext5t1 & become m & m neutraliz$4 ,!y t5d to disappe> 9 ! confusion t has gr[n to be ! ma9 feature ( ! new product4 ,! m ?is product reproduces itself & crosses its blood1 ! m ! confusion increases4 ,x rea*es inf9ity1 :5 ! p is too num]\s = any equilibrium to h a *ance ( be+ e/abli%$--at any rate1 n be=e long ages h pass$4 ,su* a p is m]ely an awful example ( racial an>*y4 ,9 ! individuals we f9d1 "h & !re1 a dom9ant feature rem9d+ u 9 no unc]ta9 way t blood f e s\rce runs 9 _! ve9s4 ,"o man w h ! negro's hair1 ano!r ! eyes ( a ,teuton1 a ?ird w h a ,mongolian face1 a f\r? a ,semitic figure2 & yet all ^! w be ak96 ,?is is ! /ate 9 :i* ! great civiliz$ nations are to-day2 we may especially see pro(s ( x 9 _! sea-ports1 capitals1 & colonies1 :]e a fusion ( blood is m easily br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,cadiz1 & ,con/ant9ople1 we f9d traits recall+ e bran* ( mank9d1 & t )\t go+ outside ! circle ( ! walls1 or consid]+ any b ! s-call$ 8native population40 ,! l[] classes w give u examples ( all k9ds1 f ! progna?\s head ( ! negro to ! triangul> face & slant+ eyes ( ! ,*9aman2 =1 especially s9ce ! ,roman ,empire1 ! mo/ remote & div]g5t races h contribut$ to ! blood ( ! inhabitants ( our great cities4 ,comm]ce1 peace1 & w>1 ! f\nd+ ( colonies1 ! succession ( invasions1 h all help$ 9 _! turn to increase ! disord]2 & if "o c\ld trace1 "s way back1 ! g5ealogical tree ( ! fir/ man he met1 he w\ld probably be surpris$ at ! /range company ( ance/ors among :om he w\ld f9d himself4#if ,we h %[n t races diff] physically f ea* o!r2 we mu/ n[ ask if !y are also unequal 9 beauty & muscul> /r5g?4 ,! answ] _c be long d\btful4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ! human gr\ps to :i* ! ,european nations & _! desc5dants belong are ! mo/ beautiful4 ,"o has only to comp>e ! v>i\s types ( m5 scatt]$ ov] ! e>?'s surface to be conv9c$ ( ?is4 ,f ! almo/ rudim5t>y face & /ructure ( ! ,pelagian & ! ,pe*]ay to ! tall & nobly proportion$ figure ( ,*>lemagne1 ! intellig5t regul>ity ( ! features ( ,napoleon1 & ! impos+ maje/y t exhales f ! royal c\nt5ance ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 !re is a s]ies ( gradations2 ! peoples :o are n ( :ite blood approa* beauty1 b d n atta9 x4 ,^? :o are mo/ ak9 to u come ne>e/ to beauty2 su* are ! deg5]ate ,aryan /ocks ( ,india & ,p]sia1 & ! ,semitic peoples :o are lea/ infect$ by contact ) ! black race4#ig ,z ^! races rec$e f ! :ite type1 _! features & limbs become incorrect 9 =m2 !y acquire defects ( proportion :i*1 9 ! races t are completely =eign to u1 end by produc+ an extreme ugl9ess4 ,?is is ! anci5t h]itage & indelible m>k ( ! great] numb] ( human gr\ps4 ,we c no long] subscribe to ! doctr9e 7reproduc$ by ,helvetius 9 8 book on ! 8,human ,intellect07 :i* reg>ds ! idea ( ! beautiful z purely artificial & v>iable4 ,all :o /ill h scruples on t po9t %\ld consult ! admirable 8,essay on ! ,beautiful0 ( ! ,pi$montese philosoph]1 ,giob]ti2 & _! d\bts w be laid to re/4 ,n[h]e is x bett] br\ght out t beauty is an absolute & necess>y idea1 admitt+ ( no arbitr>y application4 ,i take my /& on ! solid pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ,giob]ti1 & h no hesitation 9 reg>d+ ! :ite race z sup]ior to all o!rs 9 beauty2 ^!1 aga91 diff] among !mselves 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y approa* or rec$e f _! model4 ,?us ! human gr\ps are unequal 9 beauty2 & ?is inequality is rational1 logical1 p]man5t1 & inde/ructible4 ,is !re also an inequality 9 physical /r5g?8 ,! ,am]ican savages1 l ! ,h9dus1 are c]ta9ly our inf]iors 9 ?is respect1 z are also ! ,au/ralians4 ,! negroes1 too1 h less muscul> p[]2#ih & all ^! peoples are inf9itely less able to be> fatigue4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 betwe5 purely muscul> /r5g?1 :i* m]ely ne$s to sp5d itself = a s+le in/ant ( victory1 & ! p[] ( keep+ up a prolong$ resi/ance4 ,! latt] is f> m typical ?an ! =m]1 ( :i* we may f9d examples ev5 9 notori\sly feeble races4 ,if we take ! bl[ ( ! fi/ z ! sole crit]ion ( /r5g?1 we %all f9d1 among v backw>d negro races1 among ! ,new ,zeal&]s 7:o are usually ( weak con/itution71 among ,lasc>s & ,malays1 c]ta9 individuals :o c deliv] su* a bl[ z well z any ,engli%man4 ,b if we take ! peoples z a :ole1 & judge !m by ! am\nt ( lab\r t !y c g ?r\gh )\t fl9*+1 we %all give ! palm to ^? belong+ to ! :ite race4 ,! diff]5t gr\ps )9 ! :ite race itself are z unequal 9 /r5g? z !y are 9 beauty1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce is less m>k$4 ,! ,italians are m beautiful ?an ! ,g]mans or ! ,swiss1 ! ,fr5* or ! ,spani%4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,engli% %[ a high] type ( physical beauty ?an ! ,slav nations4 ,9 /r5g? ( fi/1 ! ,engli% are sup]ior to all ! o!r ,european races2 :ile ! ,fr5* & ,spani% h a great] p[] ( resi/+ fatigue & privation1 z well z ! inclem5cy ( extreme climates4 ,! "q is settl$1 s f> z ! ,fr5* are conc]n$1 by ! t]rible campaign 9 ,russia4 ,ne>ly all ! ,g]mans & ! nor!rn troops1 accu/om$ ?\gh !y 7 to v l[ temp]atures1 sank d[n 9 ! sn[2 :ile ! ,fr5* regim5ts1 ?\gh !y paid _! awful tribute to ! rig\rs ( ! retreat1 7 yet able to save mo/ ( _! numb]4 ,?is sup]iority has be5 attribut$ to _! bett] moral education & milit>y _s4 ,b su* an explanation is insuffici5t4 ,! ,g]man (fic]s1 :o p]i%$ by hundr$s1 _h j z high a s5se ( hon\r & duty z our soldi]s _h2 b ?is did n prev5t !m f go+ "u4 ,we may conclude t ! ,fr5* h c]ta9 physical qualities t are sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,g]mans1 :i* all[ !m to brave ) impunity ! sn[s ( ,russia z well z ! burn+ s&s ( ,egypt4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,human ,,races ,,are ,,intellectually ,,unequal2 ,,mank9d ,,is ,,n ,,capable ,,( ,,inf9ite ,,progress ,9 ord] to appreciate ! intellectual diff]5ces betwe5 races1 we ought fir/ to asc]ta9 ! degree ( /upidity to :i* mank9d c desc5d4 ,we "k already ! highe/ po9t t x c rea*1 namely civilization4 ,mo/ sci5tific obs]v]s up to n[ h be5 v prone to make out ! l[e/ types z worse ?an !y really are4 ,ne>ly all ! e>ly acc\nts ( a savage tribe pa9t x 9 hide\s col\rs1 f> m hide\s ?an ! reality4 ,!y give x s little p[] ( reason & und]/&+1 t x seems to be on a level ) ! monkey & bel[ ! elephant4 ,x is true t we f9d ! contr>y op9ion4 ,if a capta9 is well receiv$ 9 an isl&1 if he meets1 z he believes1 ) a k9d & hospitable welcome1 & succe$s 9 mak+ a few natives d a small am\nt ( "w ) 8 sailors1 !n praises are %[]$ on ! happy p4 ,!y are decl>$ to be fit = any?+ & capable ( ev]y?+2 & sometimes ! en?usiasm bur/s all b\nds1 & swe>s x has f\nd among !m "s high] intellig5ces4 ,we mu/ appeal f bo? judgm5ts--h>% & fav\rable alike4 ,! fact t c]ta9 ,tahitians h help$ to repair a :al] does n make _! nation capable ( civilization4 ,because a man ( ,tonga-,tabu %[s goodwill to /rang]s1 he is n necess>ily op5 to ideas ( progress4 ,simil>ly1 we are n entitl$ to degrade a native ( a hi!rto unkn[n coa/ to ! level ( ! brute1 j because he receives 8 fir/ visitors ) a flight ( arr[s1 or because he is f\nd eat+ raw liz>ds & mud pies4 ,su* a banquet does n c]ta9ly connote a v high intellig5ce or v cultivat$ mann]s4 ,b ev5 9 ! mo/ hide\s cannibal !re is a sp>k ( ! div9e fire1 & to "s ext5t ! flame ( und]/&+ c always be k9dl$ 9 him4 ,!re are no tribes s l[ t !y d n pass "s judgm5ts1 true or false1 j or unju/1 on ! ?+s ar\nd !m2 ! m]e exi/5ce ( su* judgm5ts is en\gh to %[ t 9 e bran* ( mank9d "s ray ( intellig5ce is kept alive4 ,x is ?is t makes ! mo/ degrad$ savages accessible to ! tea*+s ( religion & di/+ui%es !m 9 a special mann]1 ( :i* !y are !mselves consci\s1 f ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t bea/s4 ,are h[ev] ^! moral possibilities1 :i* lie at ! back ( e man's consci\sness1 capable ( inf9ite ext5sion8 ,d all m5 possess 9 an equal degree an unlimit$ p[] ( intellectual developm5t8 ,9 o!r words1 has e human race ! capacity = becom+ equal to e o!r8 ,! "q is ultimately conc]n$ ) ! inf9ite capacity = improvem5t possess$ by ! species z a :ole1 & ) ! equality ( races4 ,i d5y bo? po9ts4 ,! idea ( an inf9ite progress is v s$uctive to _m mod]n philosoph]s1 & !y support x by decl>+ t our civilization has _m m]its & advantages :i* our diff]5tly tra9$ ance/ors did n possess4 ,!y br+ =w>d all ! ph5om5a t di/+ui%$ our mod]n societies4 ,i h spok5 ( ^! already2 b ,i am glad to be able to g ?r\gh !m aga94 ,we are told t our sci5tific op9ions are tru] ?an !y 72 t our mann]s are1 z a rule1 k9dly1 & our morals bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,especially ) reg>d to political lib]ty1 !y say1 h we ideas & feel+s1 beliefs & tol]ances1 t prove our sup]iority4 ,!re are ev5 "s hopeful !ori/s :o ma9ta9 t our in/itutions %\ld lead u /raight to t g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides :i* 0 s\ght s long1 & ) su* ill-success1 s9ce ! "t :5 ! anci5t navigators report$ t x 0 n 9 ! ,can>ies4444 ,a little m s]i\s consid]ation ( hi/ory w %[ :at tru? !re is 9 ^! high claims4 ,we are c]ta9ly m le>n$ ?an ! anci5ts4 ,?is is because we h pr(it$ by _! discov]ies4 ,if we h amass$ m k ?an !y1 x is m]ely because we are _! heirs & pupils1 & h cont9u$ _! "w4 ,does x foll[ t ! discov]y ( /eam-p[] & ! solution ( a few me*anical problems h br\ght u on ! way to omnisci5ce8 ,at mo/1 our success may lead u to explore all ! secrets ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,be=e we a*ieve ?is conque/1 !re are _m ?+s to d :i* h n ev5 be5 begun1 nay ( :i* ! v exi/5ce is n yet suspect$2 b ev5 :5 ! victory is ours1 %all we h advanc$ a s+le /ep beyond ! b>e affirmation ( physical laws8 ,we %all1 ,i agree1 h greatly increas$ our p[] ( influ5c+ nature & h>ness+ h] to our s]vice4 ,we %all h f\nd diff]5t ways ( go+ r\nd ! _w1 or recogniz$ def9itely t c]ta9 r\tes are impossible4 ,we %all h le>nt h[ to move freely ab\t 9 ! air1 &1 by m\nt+ a few miles ne>] ! limits ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 discov]$ or cle>$ up c]ta9 a/ronomical or o!r problems2 b no?+ m4 ,all ?is does n lead u to inf9ity4 ,ev5 if we _h c\nt$ all ! planet>y sy/ems t move ?r\gh space1 %\ld we be any ne>]8 ,h we le>nt a s+le ?+ ab\t ! great my/]ies t 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts8 ,we h1 m]ely1 s f> z ,i c see1 *ang$ ! previ\s me?ods ( circl+ ! cave :]e ! secret lies4 ,we h n pi]c$ its d>kness "o in* fur!r4 ,aga91 admitt+ t we are 9 c]ta9 directions m enlight5$1 yet we mu/ h lo/ all trace ( _m ?+s t 7 famili> to our remote ance/ors4 ,c we d\bt t at ! "t ( ,abraham f> m 0 kn[n ab\t primeval hi/ory ?an we "k to-day8 ,h[ _m ( our discov]ies1 made by *ance or ) great lab\r1 are m]ely re-discov]ies ( =gott5 k6 ,fur!r1 h[ inf]ior we are 9 _m respects to ^? :o h liv$ be=e u6 ,z ,i said above1 9 a diff]5t connexion1 c "o comp>e ev5 our mo/ spl5did works to ! m>vels /ill to be se5 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,greece1 & ,am]ica8 ,& ^! be> witness to ! vani%$ magnific5ce ( _m o!r build+s1 :i* h be5 de/roy$ f> less by ! heavy h& ( "t ?an by ! s5seless ravages ( man4 ,:at are our arts1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,a!ns8 ,:at are our ?9k]s1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,alex&ria & ,india8 ,:at are our poets1 by ! side ( ,valmiki1 ,kalidasa1 ,hom]1 & ,p9d>8 ,our "w is1 9 fact1 diff]5t f !irs4 ,we h turn$ our m9ds to o!r inquiries & o!r ends ?an ^? pursu$ by ! e>li] civiliz$ gr\ps ( mank9d4 ,b :ile till+ our new field1 we h n be5 able to keep f]tile ! l&s already cultivat$4 ,we h advanc$ on "o flank1 b h giv5 gr\nd on ! o!r4 ,x is a poor comp5sation2 & f> f prov+ our progress1 x m]ely means t we h *ang$ our position4 ,= a real advance to h be5 made1 we %\ld at lea/ h pres]v$ 9 _! integrity ! *ief intellectual treasures ( ! e>li] societies1 & set up1 9 addition1 c]ta9 great & firmly bas$ conclusions at :i* ! anci5ts _h aim$ z well z ourselves4 ,our arts & sci5ces1 us+ !irs z ! />t+-po9t1 %\ld h discov]$ "s new & pr(\nd tru?s ab\t life & dea?1 ! g5esis ( liv+ creatures1 & ! basic pr9ciples ( ! univ]se4 ,on all ^! que/ions1 mod]n sci5ce1 z we imag9e1 has lo/ ! vision>y gleam t play$ r\nd ! dawn ( antiquity1 & its own ef=ts h m]ely br\ght x to ! humiliat+ confession1 8,i seek & d n f9d40 ,!re has be5 no real progress 9 ! intellectual conque/s ( man4 ,our p[] ( criticism is c]ta9ly bett] ?an t ( our =efa!rs4 ,?is is a consid]able ga91 b x /&s alone2 &1 aft] all1 criticism m]ely means classification1 n discov]y4 ,z = our s-call$ new ideas on politics1 we may all[ ourselves to be m disrespectful to !m ?an to our sci5ces4 ,! same f]tility 9 !oriz+1 on :i* we s pride ourselves1 0 to be f\nd at ,a!ns aft] ! dea? ( ,p]icles4 ,anyone may be conv9c$ ( ?is by read+ aga9 ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes1 & all[+ = satirical exagg]ation2 !y 7 recomm5d$ by ,plato himself z a guide to ! public life ( ! city ( ,a!ne4 ,we h always despis$ su* comp>isons1 s9ce we p]suad$ ourselves t a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 our pres5t social ord] & ! anci5t ,greek ,/ate 0 creat$ by slav]y4 ,x made = a m f>-rea*+ demagogy1 ,i admit2 b t is all4 ,p spoke ( slaves 9 ! same way z "o speaks to-day ( workm5 & ! l[] classes2 &1 fur!r1 h[ v advanc$ ! ,a!nians mu/ h be51 :5 !y tri$ to please _! s]vile population aft] ! battle ( ,arg9us6 ,let u n[ turn to ,rome4 ,if y op5 ! lett]s ( ,cic]o1 y w f9d ! ,roman orator a mod]ate ,tory ( to-day4 ,8 republic is exactly l our con/itutional societies1 9 all t relates to ! language ( p>ties & ,p>liam5t>y squabbles4 ,!re too1 9 ! l[] dep?s1 see!d a population ( degrad$ slaves1 ) revolt ev] 9 _! he>ts1 & sometimes 9 _! fi/s also4 ,we w leave ?is mob on "o side2 & we c d x ! m readily z ! law did n recognize _! civil exi/5ce4 ,!y did n c\nt 9 politics1 & _! influ5ce 0 limit$ to times ( upro>4 ,ev5 !n1 !y m]ely c>ri$ out ! comm&s ( ! revolution>ies ( free bir?4 ,reg>d+1 !n1 ! slaves z ( no acc\nt1 does n ! ,=um (f] u all ! con/itu5ts ( a mod]n social ,/ate8 ,! populace1 dem&+ bread & games1 free doles & ! "r to enjoy !m2 ! middle class1 :i* succe$$ 9 its aim ( monopoliz+ ! public s]vices2 ! patriciate1 always be+ trans=m$ & giv+ gr\nd1 always los+ its rights1 until ev5 its def5d]s agre$1 z _! "o means ( def5ce1 to refuse all privileges & m]ely claim lib]ty = all2--h we n "h an exact correspond5ce ) our own "t8 ,does anyone believe t ( ! op9ions we he> express$ to-day1 h[ev] v>i\s !y may be1 !re is a s+le "o1 or any %ade ( "o1 t 0 n kn[n at ,rome8 ,i spoke above ( ! lett]s writt5 f ! ,tusculan ,villa3 !y conta9 ! ?\ghts ( a ,cons]vative ) progressive lean+s4 ,z aga9/ ,sulla1 ,pompeius & ,cic]o 7 ,lib]als4 ,!y 7 n lib]al en\gh = ,cs>1 & 7 too mu* s = ,cato4 ,lat]1 "u ! ,pr9cipate1 we f9d a mod]ate ,royali/ 9 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ?\gh "o :o lov$ tranquillity4 ,he 0 aga9/ excessive lib]ty = ! p1 & excessive p[] = ! ,emp]or4 ,8 views 7 positivi/2 he ?\ght little ( ! vani%$ spl5d\rs ( ! age ( ! ,fabii1 & pref]r$ ! prosaic adm9i/ration ( a ,trajan4 ,n ev]yone agre$ ) him4 ,_m fe>$ ano!r insurrection l t ( ,sp>tacus1 & ?\ght t ! ,emp]or c\ld n make too despotic a use ( 8 p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! prov9cials ask$ =1 & obta9$1 :at we %\ld call con/itutional gu>antees2 :ile ,sociali/ op9ions f\nd s highly plac$ a repres5tative z ! ,gallic ,emp]or ,gaius ,junius ,po/umus1 :o set d[n1 among 8 subjects = declamation1 ,dives et paup] inimici1 8,! ri* & ! poor are natural enemies40 ,9 fact1 e man :o _h any claim to %>e 9 ! enlight5m5t ( ! "t /rongly ass]t$ ! equality ( ! human race1 ! "r ( all m5 to h _! "p 9 ! good ?+s ( ?is _w1 ! obvi\s necessity ( ! ,grco-,roman civilization1 its p]fection & ref9em5t1 its c]ta9ty ( a future progress ev5 beyond its pres5t /ate1 &1 to cr[n all1 its exi/5ce = ev]4 ,^! ideas 7 n m]ely ! pride & consolation ( ! pagans2 !y inspir$ also ! firm hopes ( ! fir/ & mo/ illu/ri\s ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ^: views ,t]tullian 0 ! self-con/itut$ int]pret]4#ii ,f9ally--to complete ! picture ) a la/ /rik+ trait--! mo/ num]\s p>ty ( all 0 =m$ by ! indiff]5t1 ! p :o 7 too weak or timid1 too sceptical or contemptu\s1 to f9d tru? 9 ! mid/ ( all ! div]g5t !ories t pass$ kaleidoscopically be=e _! eyes2 :o lov$ ord] :5 x exi/$1 & 7s f> z !y c\ld7 endur$ disord] :5 x came2 :o 7 always wond]+ at ! progress ( mat]ial com=ts unkn[n to _! fa!rs1 & :o1 )\t wi%+ to ?9k too mu* ( ! o!r side1 consol$ !mselves by repeat+ ov] & ov] aga91 8,wond]ful are ! works ( to-day60 ,!re w\ld be m reason to believe t we h made improvem5ts 9 political sci5ce1 if we _h inv5t$ "s ma*9]y t 0 unkn[n1 9 its ess5tials1 be=e our "t4 ,su* a glory is n ours4 ,limit$ mon>*ies1 = example1 h be5 famili> to e age1 & curi\s in/ances c be se5 among c]ta9 ,am]ican tribes1 :i* 9 o!r respects h rema9$ savage4 ,democratic & ari/ocratic republics ( all k9ds1 balanc$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s ways1 h exi/$ 9 ! ,new z well z ! ,old ,_w4 ,tlaxcala is j z good an example z ,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 & ,mecca be=e ,mohamm$'s "t4 ,ev5 if x 7 %[n t we _h ourselves made "s second>y improvem5ts 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t1 w\ld ?is be en\gh to ju/ify su* a sweep+ ass]tion z t ! human race is capable ( unlimit$ progress8 ,let u be z mode/ z t wise/ ( k+s1 :5 he said1 8,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun40#ajj ,we come n[ to ! "q ( mann]s4 ,ours are said to be g5tl] ?an ^? ( ! o!r great human societies2 b ?is is v d\btful4 ,!re are "s rhetoricians to-day :o w\ld l to aboli% w> betwe5 nations4 ,!y h tak5 ?is !ory f ,s5eca4 ,c]ta9 wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ _h also1 on ?is subject1 views t are precisely simil> to ^? ( ! ,moravian bro!rhood4 ,b ev5 if ! fri5ds ( univ]sal peace succe$$ 9 mak+ ,europe disgu/$ ) ! idea ( w>1 !y w\ld /ill h to br+ ab\t a p]man5t *ange 9 ! passions ( mank9d4 ,nei!r ,s5eca nor ! ,brahmans obta9$ su* a victory4 ,x is d\btful :e!r we are to succe$ :]e !y fail$2 especially z we may /ill see 9 our fields & our /reets ! bloody traces left by our s-call$ 8humanity40 ,i agree t our pr9ciples are pure & elevat$4 ,does our practice correspond to !m8 ,be=e we congratulate ourselves on our a*ievem5ts1 let u wait till our mod]n c\ntries c boa/ ( two c5turies ( peace1 z c\ld ,roman ,italy1#aja ! example ( :i* has un=tunately n be5 foll[$ by lat] ages2 = s9ce ! beg9n+ ( mod]n civilization fifty ye>s h nev] pass$ )\t massacres4 ,! capacity = inf9ite progress is1 ?us1 n %[n by ! pres5t /ate ( our civilization4 ,man has be5 able to le>n "s ?+s1 b has =gott5 _m o!rs4 ,he has n add$ "o s5se to 8 s5ses1 "o limb to 8 limbs1 "o faculty to 8 s\l4 ,he has m]ely explor$ ano!r region ( ! circle 9 :i* he is conf9$1 & ev5 ! comp>ison ( 8 de/9y ) t ( _m k9ds ( birds & insects does n always inspire v consol+ ?\ghts z to 8 happ9ess 9 ?is life4 ,! bees1 ! ants1 & ! t]mites h f\nd = !mselves1 f ! day ( _! creation1 ! k9d ( life t suit$ !m4 ,! la/ two1 9 _! communities1 h inv5t$ a way ( build+ _! h\ses1 lay+ 9 _! provisions1 & look+ aft] _! eggs1 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( naturali/s c\ld be nei!r alt]$ nor improv$4#ajb ,su* z x is1 x has always be5 suffici5t = ! small wants ( ! creatures :o use x4 ,simil>ly ! bees--) _! mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 :i* admits ( ! deposition ( ! sov]eign b n ( a social revolution--h nev] = a s+le day turn$ aside f ! mann] ( life t is mo/ suitable to _! ne$s4 ,metaphysicians 7 all[$ = a long "t to call animals ma*9es1 & to assign ! cause ( _! movem5ts to ,god1 :o 0 ! 8s\l ( ! brutes10 anima brutorum4 ,n[ t ! habits ( ^! s-call$ automata are /udi$ 9 a m c>eful way1 we h n m]ely giv5 up ?is contemptu\s !ory2 we h ev5 recogniz$ t in/9ct has a capacity t raises x almo/ to ! dignity ( reason4 ,9 ! bee-k+dom1 we see ! que5s a prey to ! ang] ( _! subjects2 ?is implies ei!r a _s ( mut9y 9 ! latt]1 or ! inability ( ! =m] to fulfil _! lawful obligations4 ,we see too ! t]mites sp>+ _! conqu]$ enemies1 & !n mak+ !m prison]s1 & employ+ !m 9 ! public s]vice by giv+ !m ! c>e ( ! "y4 ,:at are we to conclude f su* facts z ^!8 ,our mod]n ,/ates are c]ta9ly m complicat$1 & satisfy our ne$s 9 l>g] measure3 b :5 ,i see ! savage w&]+ on 8 way1 fi]ce1 sull51 idle1 & dirty1 lazily dragg+ 8 feet along 8 uncultivat$ gr\nd1 c>ry+ ! po9t$ /ick t is 8 only weapon1 & foll[$ by ! wife :om he has b\nd to him by a m>riage-c]emony consi/+ solely 9 an empty & f]oci\s viol5ce2#ajc :5 ,i see ! wife c>ry+ h] *ild1 :om %e w kill ) h] own h&s if he falls ill1 or ev5 if he worries h]2#ajd :5 ,i see ?is mis]able gr\p "u ! pressure ( hung]1 sudd5ly /op1 9 its se>* = food1 be=e a hill peopl$ by intellig5t ants1 gape at x 9 wond]1 put _! feet ?r\gh x1 seize ! eggs & dev\r !m1 & !n )draw sadly into ! holl[ ( a rock1--:5 ,i see all ?is1 ,i ask myself :e!r ! insects t h j p]i%$ are n m highly gift$ ?an ! /upid family ( ! de/roy]1 & :e!r ! in/9ct ( ! animals1 re/rict$ z x is to a small circle ( wants1 does n really make !m happi] ?an ! faculty ( reason :i* has left our poor humanity nak$ on ! e>?1 & a ?\s& times m expos$ ?an any o!r species to ! suff]+s caus$ by ! unit$ ag5cy ( air1 sun1 ra91 & sn[4 ,man1 9 8 wret*$ness1 has nev] succe$$ 9 inv5t+ a way ( provid+ ! :ole race ) clo!s or 9 putt+ !m beyond ! rea* ( hung] & ?ir/4 ,x is true t ! k possess$ by ! l[e/ savage is m ext5sive ?an t ( any animal2 b ! animals "k :at is useful to !m1 & we d n4 ,!y hold fa/ to :at k !y h1 b we (t5 _c keep :at we h ourselves discov]$4 ,!y are always1 9 normal seasons1 sure ( satisfy+ _! ne$s by _! in/9cts4 ,b !re are num]\s tribes ( m5 t f ! beg9n+ ( _! hi/ory h nev] be5 able to rise above a /9t$ & prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,s f> z mat]ial well-be+ goes1 we are no bett] ?an ! animals2 our horizon is wid] ?an !irs1 b1 l !irs1 x is /ill cramp$ & b\nd$4 ,i h h>dly insi/$ en\gh on ?is un=tunate t5d5cy ( mank9d to lose on "o side :at x ga9s on ! o!r4 ,yet ?is is ! great fact t condemns u to w&] ?r\gh our intellectual doma9s )\t ev] succe$+1 9 spite ( _! n>r[ limits1 9 hold+ !m all at ! same "t4 ,if ?is fatal law did n exi/1 x might well happ5 t at "s date 9 ! dim future1 :5 man _h ga!r$ toge!r all ! wisdom ( all ! ages1 kn[+ :at he _h p[] to "k & possess+ all t 0 )9 8 rea*1 he might at la/ h le>nt h[ to apply 8 weal?1 & live 9 ! mid/ ( nature1 at peace ) 8 k9d & no long] at grips ) mis]y2 & hav+ ga9$ tranquillity aft] all 8 /ruggles1 he might f9d 8 ultimate re/1 if n 9 a /ate ( absolute p]fection1 at any rate 9 ! mid/ ( joy & abundance4 ,su* happ9ess1 ) all its limitations1 is n ev5 possible = u1 s9ce man unle>ns z fa/ z he le>ns2 he _c ga9 intellectually & morally )\t los+ physically1 & he does n hold any ( 8 conque/s /rongly en\gh to be c]ta9 ( keep+ !m always4 ,we mod]ns believe t our civilization w nev] p]i%1 because we h discov]$ pr9t+1 /eam1 & gunp[d]4 ,has pr9t+1 :i* is no less kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,tonk9 & ,annam#aje ?an 9 ,europe1 manag$ to give !m ev5 a tol]able civilization8 ,!y h books1 & _m ( !m--books :i* are sold f> *eap] ?an ours4 ,h[ is x t ^! peoples are s weak & degrad$1 s ne> ! po9t :]e civiliz$ man1 /r5g?less1 c[>dly1 & corrupt$1 is inf]ior 9 intellectual p[] to any b>b>ian :o may seize ! opportunity to cru% him8#ajf ,! reason is1 t pr9t+ is m]ely a means & n an end4 ,if y use x to dissem9ate heal?y & vigor\s ideas1 x w s]ve a mo/ fruitful purpose & help to ma9ta9 civilization4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! intellectual life ( a p is s debas$ t no "o any long] pr9ts su* works ( philosophy1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature1 z c give /rong n\ri%m5t to a nation's g5ius2 if ! degrad$ press m]ely s]ves to multiply ! unheal?y & poison\s compilations ( en]vat$ m9ds1 if its !ology is ! "w ( sect>ies1 its politics ( libell]s1 its poetry ( lib]t9es1--!n h[ & :y %\ld ! pr9t+-press be ! savi\r ( civilization8 ,because copies ( ! great ma/]pieces c be easily multipli$1 x is suppos$ t pr9t+ helps to pres]ve !m2 & t 9 times ( intellectual b>r5ness1 :5 !y h no o!r competitors1 pr9t+ c at lea/ make !m accessible to ! nobl] m9ds ( ! age4 ,?is is ( c\rse true4 ,yet if a man is to tr\ble himself ab\t an anci5t book at all1 or ga9 any improvem5t f x1 he mu/ already h ! preci\s gift ( an enlight5$ m9d4 ,9 evil times1 :5 public virtue has left ! e>?1 anci5t writ+s are ( little acc\nt1 & no "o c>es to di/urb ! sil5ce ( ! libr>ies4 ,a man mu/ be already wor? some?+ be=e he ?9ks ( ent]+ ^! augu/ portals2 b 9 su* times no "o is wor? any?+4444 ,fur!r1 ! l5g? ( life assur$ by ,gut5b]g's discov]y to ! a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d is greatly exagg]at$4 ,) ! exception ( a few works :i* are f "t to "t repr9t$1 all books are dy+ to-day1 z manuscripts di$ 9 ! old days4 ,sci5tific works especially1 :i* are publi%$ 9 editions ( a few hundr$ copies1 soon disappe> f ! common /ock4 ,!y c /ill be f\nd1 ?\gh ) difficulty1 9 l>ge collections4 ,! intellectual treasures ( antiquity 7 9 exactly ! same case2 &1 ,i repeat1 le>n+ w n save a p :i* has fall5 into its dotage4 ,:at h become ( ! ?\s&s ( admirable books publi%$ s9ce ! fir/ pr9t+-press 0 set up8 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 =gott54 ,_m ( ^? t are /ill spok5 ( h no long] any read]s1 :ile ! v names ( ! au?ors :o 7 9 dem& fifty ye>s ago are gradually fad+ f memory4 ,9 ! attempt to height5 ! influ5ce ( pr9t+1 too little /ress has be5 laid on ! great diffusion ( manuscripts t prec$$ x4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire1 opportunities = education 7 v g5]al1 & books mu/ h be5 v common inde$1 if we look at ! extraord9>y numb] ( out-at-elb[s gramm>ians1 ^: pov]ty1 lic5ti\sness1 & passionate se>* = enjoym5t live = u 9 ! ,satyricon ( ,petronius4 ,!y sw>m$ ev5 9 ! smalle/ t[ns1 & may be comp>$ to ! noveli/s1 lawy]s1 & j\rnali/s ( our own age4 ,ev5 :5 ! decad5ce 0 complete1 anyone :o want$ books c\ld get !m4 ,virgil 0 read ev]y:]e4 ,! peasants :o he>d 8 praises took him = a dang]\s en*ant]4 ,! monks copi$ him4 ,!y copi$ also ,pl9y1 ,dioscorides1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ev5 ,catullus & ,m>tial4 ,f ! great numb] ( m$ival manuscripts t rema9 aft] s mu* w> & pillage1 aft] ! burn+ ( s _m ca/les & abbeys1 we may guess t f> m copies ?an "o ?9ks 7 made ( contempor>y works1 lit]>y1 sci5tific1 & philosophical4 ,we exagg]ate ! real s]vices done by pr9t+ to sci5ce1 poetry1 morality1 & civilization2 x w\ld be bett] if we m]ely t\*$ lightly on ^! m]its & spoke m ( ! way 9 :i* ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ is cont9ually help+ all k9ds ( religi\s & political int]e/s4 ,pr9t+1 ,i say aga91 is a m>vell\s tool2 b :5 head & h& fail1 a tool _c "w by itself4 ,gunp[d] has no m p[] ?an pr9t+ to save a society t is 9 dang] ( dea?4 ,! k ( h[ to make x w c]ta9ly nev] be =gott54 ,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! half-civiliz$ peoples :o use x to-day z mu* z we d ourselves1 ev] look ^u x f any o!r po9t ( view ?an t ( de/ruction4 ,z = /eam-p[] & ! v>i\s indu/rial discov]ies1 !y too1 l pr9t+1 are mo/ excell5t means1 b n ends 9 !mselves4 ,i may add t "s processes :i* began z sci5tific discov]ies end$ z matt]s ( r\t9e1 :5 ! intellectual movem5t t gave !m bir? _h /opp$ = ev]1 & ! !oretical secrets at ! back ( ! processes _h be5 lo/4 ,f9ally1 mat]ial well-be+ has nev] be5 any?+ b an excresc5ce on civilization2 no "o has ev] he>d ( a society t p]si/$ solely ?r\gh its k ( h[ to travel quickly & make f9e clo!s4 ,all ! civilizations be=e our own h ?\ght1 z we d1 t !y 7 set firmly on ! rock ( "t by _! un=gettable discov]ies4 ,!y all believ$ 9 _! immortality4 ,! ,incas & _! families1 :o travell$ swiftly 9 _! palanqu9s on ! excell5t roads1 fifte5 hundr$ miles long1 t /ill l9k ,cuzco to ,quito1 7 c]ta9ly conv9c$ t _! conque/s w\ld la/ = ev]4 ,"t1 ) "o bl[ ( 8 w+1 has hurl$ _! empire1 l s _m o!rs1 into ! utt]mo/ abyss4 ,^! k+s ( ,p]u also _h _! sci5ces1 _! ma*9]y1 _! p[]ful eng9es1 at ! "w ( :i* we /ill /& amaz$ )\t be+ able to guess _! con/ruction4 ,!y too knew ! secret ( c>ry+ enorm\s masses f place to place4 ,!y built =tresses by pil+1 "o ^u ! o!r1 blocks ( /one ?irty-eight feet long & eighte5 wide1 su* z may be se5 9 ! ru9s ( ,tihuanaco1 to :i* ^! gigantic build+-mat]ials mu/ h be5 br\ght f a di/ance ( _m miles4 ,d we "k ! means us$ by ! eng9e]s ( ?is vani%$ p to solve su* a problem8 ,no m ?an we "k h[ ! va/ ,cyclopean walls 7 con/ruct$1 ! ru9s ( :i*1 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 /ill defy ! ravages ( "t4 ,we mu/ n confuse ! causes ( a civilization ) its results4 ,! causes disappe>1 & ! results are =gott51 :5 ! _s t gave !m bir? has dep>t$4 ,if !y p]si/1 x is because ( a new _s t takes hold ( !m1 & (t5 succe$s 9 giv+ q a new direction to _! activities4 ,! human m9d is always 9 motion4 ,x runs f "o po9t to ano!r1 b _c be 9 all places at once4 ,x exalts :at x embraces1 & =gets :at x has ab&on$4 ,held prison] = ev] )9 a circle ^: b\nds x may n ov]/ep1 x nev] manages to cultivate "o "p ( its doma9 )\t leav+ ! o!rs fall[4 ,x is always at ! same "t sup]ior & inf]ior to its =be>s4 ,mank9d nev] goes beyond itself1 & s is n capable ( inf9ite progress4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,inequality ,,( ,,races 7cont9u$74 ,,diff]5t ,,civilizations ,,are ,,mutually ,,repulsive4 ,,hybrid ,,races ,,h ,,equally ,,hybrid ,,civilizations ,if ! human races 7 equal1 ! c\rse ( hi/ory w\ld =m an affect+1 glori\s1 & magnific5t picture4 ,! races w\ld all h be5 equally intellig5t1 ) a ke5 eye = _! true int]e/s & ! same aptitude = conque/ & dom9ation4 ,e>ly 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 !y w\ld h gladd5$ ! face ( ! e>? ) a cr[d ( civilizations1 all fl\ri%+ at ! same "t1 & all exactly alike4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! mo/ anci5t ,sanscrit peoples 7 f\nd+ _! empire1 &1 by means ( religion & ! sword1 7 cov]+ ,nor!rn ,india ) h>ve/s1 t[ns1 palaces1 & temples2 at ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ ,assyrian ,empire 0 cr[n+ ! pla9s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates ) its spl5did build+s1 & ! *>iots & horsem5 ( ,nimr\d 7 defy+ ! f\r w9ds1 we %\ld h se51 on ! ,african coa/1 among ! tribes ( ! progna?\s negroes1 ! rise ( an enlight5$ & cultur$ social /ate1 skilful 9 adapt+ means to ends1 & 9 possession ( great weal? & p[]4 ,! ,celts1 9 ! c\rse ( _! migrations1 w\ld h c>ri$ ) !m to ! extreme we/ ( ,europe ! necess>y elem5ts ( a great society1 z well z "s t9cture ( ! anci5t wisdom ( ! ,ea/2 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h f\nd1 among ! ,ib]ian peoples spread ov] ! face ( ,italy1 9 ,gaul & ,spa9 & ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 rivals z well s*ool$ z !mselves 9 ! e>ly traditions1 z exp]t z !y 9 ! arts & inv5tions requir$ = civilization4 ,mank9d1 at "o ) itself1 w\ld h nobly walk$ ! e>?1 ri* 9 und]/&+1 & f\nd+ ev]y:]e societies resembl+ ea* o!r4 ,all nations w\ld h judg$ _! ne$s 9 ! same way1 ask$ nature = ! same ?+s1 & view$ h] f ! same angle4 ,a %ort "t w\ld h be5 suffici5t = !m to get into close contact ) ea* o!r & to =m ! complex network ( relations t is ev]y:]e s necess>y & pr(itable = progress4 ,! tribes t 7 unlucky en\gh to live on a b>r5 soil1 at ! bottom ( rocky gorges1 on ! %ores ( ice-b\nd seas1 or on /eppes = ev] swept by ! nor? w9ds--^! might h _h to battle aga9/ ! unk9dness ( nature = a long] "t ?an ! m fav\r$ peoples4 ,b 9 ! end1 hav+ no less wisdom & und]/&+ ?an ! o!rs1 !y w\ld n h be5 backw>d 9 discov]+ t ! rig\rs ( a climate has its rem$ies4 ,!y w\ld h %[n ! intellig5t activity we see to-day among ! ,danes1 ! ,norwegians1 & ! ,icel&]s4 ,!y w\ld h tam$ ! rebelli\s soil1 & =c$ x1 9 spite ( itself1 to be productive4 ,9 m\nta9\s regions1 we %\ld h f\nd !m lead+ a pa/oral life1 l ! ,swiss1 or develop+ indu/ries l ^? ( ,ca%m]e4 ,if _! climate _h be5 s bad1 & its situation s unfav\rable1 t !re 0 obvi\sly no?+ to be done ) x1 !n ! ?\ght w\ld h /ruck !m t ! _w 0 l>ge1 & conta9$ _m valleys & k9dly pla9s2 !y w\ld h left _! ungrateful c\ntry1 & soon h f\nd a l& :]e !y c\ld turn _! en]gy & intellig5ce to good acc\nt4 ,!n ! nations ( ! e>?1 equally enlight5$ & equally ri*1 "s by ! comm]ce ( _! see?+ m>itime cities1 "s by ! agriculture ( _! va/ & fl\ri%+ prairies1 o!rs by ! indu/ries ( a m\nta9\s di/rict1 o!rs aga9 by ! facilities = transport af=d$ !m by _! c5tral position--all ^!1 9 spite ( ! tempor>y qu>rels1 civil w>s1 & s$itions insep>able f our condition z m51 might soon h devis$ "s sy/em ( balanc+ _! conflict+ int]e/s4 ,civilizations id5tical 9 orig9 w\ld1 by a long process ( give & take1 h end$ by be+ almo/ exactly alike2 "o might !n h se5 e/abli%$ t f$]ation ( ! _w :i* has be5 ! dream ( s _m c5turies1 & :i* w\ld inevitably be realiz$ if all races 7 actually gift$1 9 ! same degree1 ) ! same p[]s4 ,b we "k t su* a picture is purely fanta/ic4 ,! fir/ peoples wor?y ( ! "n came toge!r "u ! inspiration ( an idea ( union :i* ! b>b>ians :o liv$ m or less ne> !m n only fail$ to conceive s quickly1 b nev] conceiv$ at all4 ,! e>ly peoples emigrat$ f _! fir/ home & came across o!r peoples1 :i* !y conqu]$2 b ^! aga9 nei!r und]/ood nor ev] adopt$ ) any intellig5ce ! ma9 ideas 9 ! civilization :i* _h be5 impos$ on !m4 ,f> f %[+ t all ! tribes ( mank9d are intellectually alike1 ! nations capable ( civilization h always prov$ ! contr>y1 fir/ by ! absolutely diff]5t f\ndations on :i* !y bas$ _! /ates1 & secondly by ! m>k$ antipa?y :i* !y %[$ to ea* o!r4 ,! =ce ( example has nev] awak5$ any in/9ct1 9 any p1 :i* did n spr+ f _! own nature4 ,spa9 & ! ,gauls saw ! ,phnicians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,c>?ag9ians1 set up fl\ri%+ t[ns1 "o aft] ! o!r1 on _! coa/s4 ,b bo? ,spa9 & ! ,gauls refus$ to copy ! mann]s & ! gov]nm5t ( ^! great trad+ p[]s4 ,:5 ! ,romans came z conqu]ors1 !y only succe$$ 9 introduc+ a diff]5t _s by fill+ _! new dom9ions ) ,roman colonies4 ,?us ! case ( ! ,celts & ! ,ib]ians %[s t civilization _c be acquir$ )\t ! cross+ ( blood4 ,consid] ! position ( ! ,am]ican ,indians at ! pres5t day4 ,!y live side by side ) a p :i* always wi%es to increase 9 numb]s1 to /r5g!n its p[]4 ,!y see ?\s&s ( %ips pass+ up & d[n _! wat]ways4 ,!y "k t ! /r5g? ( _! ma/]s is irresi/ible4 ,!y h no hope :atev] ( see+ _! native l& "o day deliv]$ f ! conqu]or2 _! :ole cont95t is h5ce=?1 z !y all "k1 ! inh]itance ( ! ,european4 ,a glance is en\gh to conv9ce !m ( ! t5acity ( ^? =eign in/itutions "u :i* human life ceases to dep5d1 = its cont9uance1 on ! abundance ( game or fi%4 ,f _! pur*ases ( br&y1 guns1 & blankets1 !y "k t ev5 _! own co>se ta/es w\ld be m easily satisfi$ 9 ! mid/ ( su* a society1 :i* is always invit+ !m to come 91 & :i* seeks1 by bribes & flatt]y1 to obta9 _! cons5t4 ,x is always refus$4 ,!y pref] to flee f "o lonely spot to ano!r2 !y bury !mselves m & m 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 ab&on+ all1 ev5 ! bones ( _! fa!rs4 ,!y w die out1 z !y "k well2 b !y are kept1 by a my/]i\s feel+ ( horror1 "u ! yoke ( _! unconqu]able repulsion f ! :ite race1 & al?\gh !y admire its /r5g? & g5]al sup]iority1 _! consci5ce & _! :ole nature1 9 a ^w1 _! blood1 revolts f ! m]e ?\ght ( hav+ any?+ 9 common ) x4 ,9 ,spani% ,am]ica less av]sion is felt by ! natives t[>ds _! ma/]s4 ,! reason is t !y 7 =m]ly left by ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t "u ! rule ( _! ,caciques4 ,! ,gov]nm5t did n try to civilize !m2 x all[$ !m to keep _! own laws & cu/oms1 &1 provid$ !y became ,*ri/ians1 m]ely requir$ !m to pay tribute4 ,!re 0 no "q ( colonization4 ,once ! conque/ 0 made1 ! ,spani>ds %[$ a lazy tol]ance to ! conqu]$1 & only oppress$ !m spasmodically4 ,?is is :y ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica are less unhappy ?an ^? ( ! nor?1 & cont9ue to live on1 :]eas ! neighb\rs ( ! ,anglo-,saxons w be pitilessly driv5 d[n into ! abyss4 ,civilization is incommunicable1 n only to savages1 b also to m enlight5$ nations4 ,?is is %[n by ! ef=ts ( ,fr5* goodwill & conciliation 9 ! anci5t k+dom ( ,algi]s at ! pres5t day1 z well z by ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,engli% 9 ,india1 & ! ,dut* 9 ,java4 ,!re are no m /rik+ & conclusive pro(s ( ! unlik5ess & inequality ( races4 ,we %\ld be wrong to conclude t ! b>b>ism ( c]ta9 tribes is s innate t no k9d ( culture is possible = !m4 ,traces may be se51 among _m savage peoples1 ( a /ate ( ?+s bett] ?an t obta9+ n[4 ,"s tribes1 o!rwise sunk 9 bruti%ness1 hold to traditional rules1 ( a curi\s complexity1 9 ! matt] ( m>riage1 inh]itance1 & gov]nm5t4 ,_! rites are unmean+ to-day1 b !y evid5tly g back to a high] ord] ( ideas4 ,! ,r$ ,indians are br\ght =w>d z an example2 ! va/ des]ts ov] :i* !y roam are suppos$ to h be5 once ! settlem5ts ( ! ,alleghanians4#ajg ,o!rs1 su* z ! natives ( ! ,m>ianne ,isl&s1 h me?ods ( manufacture :i* !y _c h inv5t$ !mselves4 ,!y h& !m d[n1 )\t ?\ght1 f fa!r to son1 & employ !m q me*anically4 ,:5 we see a p 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism1 we mu/ look m closely be=e conclud+ t ?is has always be5 _! condition4 ,we mu/ take _m o!r facts into acc\nt1 if we w\ld avoid error4 ,"s peoples are caught 9 ! sweep ( a k9dr$ race2 !y submit to x m or less1 tak+ ov] c]ta9 cu/oms1 & foll[+ !m out z f> z possible4 ,on ! disappe>ance ( ! dom9ant race1 ei!r by expulsion1 or by a complete absorption 9 ! conqu]$ p1 ! latt] all[s ! culture1 especially its root pr9ciples1 to die out almo/ entirely1 & reta9s only ! small "p x has be5 able to und]/&4 ,ev5 ?is _c happ5 except among nations relat$ by blood4 ,?is 0 ! attitude ( ! ,assyrians t[>ds ! ,*aldean culture1 ( ! ,syrian & ,egyptian ,greeks t[>ds ! ,greeks ( ,europe1 ( ! ,ib]ians1 ,celts1 & ,illyrians 9 face ( ! ,roman ideas4 ,if ! ,*]okees1 ! ,cata:as1 ! ,muskhogees1 ! ,sem9oles1 ! ,nat*ez1 & ! l1 /ill %[ "s traces ( ! ,alleghanian intellig5ce1 ,i _c inde$ inf] t !y are ( pure blood1 & directly desc5d$ f ! orig9at+ /ock--?is w\ld mean t a race t 0 once civiliz$ c lose its civilization2--,i m]ely say t if any ( !m d]ives f ! anci5t conqu]+ type z its s\rce1 ! /ream is a muddy "o1 & has be5 m+l$ ) _m tribut>ies on ! way4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ! ,*]okees w\ld nev] h fall5 into b>b>ism4 ,z = ! o!r & less gift$ tribes1 !y seem to repres5t m]ely ! dregs ( ! indig5\s population1 :i* 0 =c$ by ! =eign conqu]ors to comb9e toge!r to =m ! basic elem5ts ( a new social /ate4 ,x is n surpris+ t ^! remnants ( civilization %\ld h pres]v$1 )\t und]/&+ !m1 laws1 rites1 & cu/oms inv5t$ by m5 clev]] ?an !mselves2 !y nev] knew _! mean+ or !oretical pr9ciples1 or reg>d$ !m z any?+ b objects ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation4 ,! same argum5t applies to ! traces ( me*anical skill f\nd among !m4 ,! me?ods s admir$ by travell]s may well h be5 ultimately d]iv$ f a f9] race t has long disappe>$4 ,sometimes we mu/ look ev5 fur!r = _! orig94 ,?us1 ! work+ ( m9es 0 kn[n to ! ,ib]ians1 ,aquitanians1 & ! ,bretons ( ! ,scilly ,isles2 b ! secret 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,upp] ,asia1 & !nce br\ght long ago by ! ance/ors ( ! ,we/]n peoples 9 ! c\rse ( _! migration4 ,! natives ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s are almo/ ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ,polynesia4 ,_! looms1 _! c>v$ canoes1 _! ta/e = trade & navigation put a deep b>ri] betwe5 !m & ! o!r negroes4 ,x is n h>d to see h[ !y come to h ^! p[]s4 ,!y owe !m to ! ,malay blood 9 _! ve9s2 & z1 at ! same "t1 _! blood is f> f be+ pure1 _! racial gifts h surviv$ only 9 a /unt$ & degrad$ =m4 ,we mu/ n !re=e inf]1 f ! traces ( civilization exi/+ among a b>b>\s p1 t x has ev] be5 really civiliz$4 ,x has liv$ "u ! dom9ion ( ano!r tribe1 ( k9dr$ blood b sup]ior to x2 or p]haps1 by m]ely liv+ close to ! o!r tribe1 x has1 feebly & humbly1 imitat$ its cu/oms4 ,! savage races ( to-day h always be5 savage1 & we are "r 9 conclud+1 by analogy1 t !y w cont9ue to be s1 until ! day :5 !y disappe>4 ,_! disappe>ance is inevitable z soon z two entirely unconnect$ races come into active contact2 & ! be/ pro( is ! fate ( ! ,polynesians & ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! prec$+ argum5t has e/abli%$ ! foll[+ facts3 7i7 ,! tribes :i* are savage at ! pres5t day h always be5 s1 & always w be1 h[ev] high ! civilizations ) :i* !y are br\ght into contact4 7ii7 ,= a savage p ev5 to g on liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( civilization1 ! nation :i* creat$ ! civilization mu/ be a nobl] bran* ( ! same race4 7iii7 ,?is is also necess>y if two di/9ct civilizations are to affect ea* o!r to any ext5t1 by an ex*ange ( qualities1 & give bir? to o!r civilizations comp\nd$ f _! elem5ts4 ,t !y %\ld ev] be fus$ toge!r is ( c\rse out ( ! "q4 7iv7 ,! civilizations t proce$ f two completely =eign races c only t\* on ! surface4 ,!y nev] coalesce1 & ! "o w always exclude ! o!r4 ,i w say m ab\t ?is la/ po9t1 z x has n be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$4 ,! =tune ( w> br\ght ! ,p]sian civilization face to face ) ! ,greek1 ! ,greek ) ! ,roman1 ! ,egyptian ) bo? ,roman & ,greek2 simil>ly ! mod]n ,european civilization has confront$ all ^? exi/+ to-day 9 ! _w1 especially ! ,arabian4 ,! relations ( ,greek ) ,p]sian culture 7 manifold & inevitable4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,hell5ic population--! ri*e/1 if n ! mo/ indep5d5t--0 conc5trat$ 9 ! t[ns ( ! ,syrian littoral1 & 9 ! colonies ( ,asia ,m9or & ! ,eux9e4 ,^! 71 soon aft] _! f\ndation1 absorb$ 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,great ,k+2 ! inhabitants liv$ "u ! eye ( ! satrap1 ?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t !y reta9$ _! democratic in/itutions4 ,aga91 ,greece prop]1 ! ,greece t 0 free1 0 always 9 close contact ) ! cities ( ! ,asiatic coa/4 ,7 ! civilizations ( ! two c\ntries ev] fus$ into "o8 ,we "k !y 7 n4 ,! ,greeks reg>d$ _! p[]ful enemies z b>b>ians1 & _! contempt 0 probably return$ ) int]e/4 ,! two nations 7 cont9ually com+ into contact1 b _! political ideas1 _! private habits1 ! inn] mean+ ( _! public rites1 ! scope ( _! art1 & ! =ms ( _! gov]nm5t1 rema9$ q di/9ct4 ,at ,ecbatana only "o au?ority 0 recogniz$2 x 0 h]$it>y1 & limit$ 9 c]ta9 traditional ways1 b 0 o!rwise absolute4 ,9 ,hellas ! p[] 0 subdivid$ among a cr[d ( diff]5t sov]eigns4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 mon>*ical at ,sp>ta1 democratic at ,a!ns1 ari/ocratic at ,sicyon1 tyrannic 9 ,mac$onia--a /range m$ley6 ,among ! ,p]sians1 ! ,/ate religion 0 f> ne>] to ! primitive idea ( emanation2 x %[$ ! same t5d5cy to unity z ! gov]nm5t itself did1 & _h a moral & metaphysical significance t 0 n )\t a c]ta9 philosophic dep?4 ,! ,greek symbolism1 on ! o!r h&1 0 conc]n$ m]ely ) ! v>i\s outw>d appe>ances ( nature1 & issu$ 9 a glorification ( ! human =m4 ,religion left ! bus9ess ( controll+ a man's consci5ce to ! laws ( ! ,/ate2 z soon z ! due rites 7 p]=m$1 & 8 me$ ( hon\r paid to ! local god or h]o1 ! (fice ( fai? 0 complete4 ,fur!r1 ! rites !mselves1 ! gods1 & ! h]oes1 7 diff]5t 9 places a few miles ap>t4 ,if1 9 "s sanctu>ies l ,olympia or ,dodona1 we seem to f9d ! wor%ip1 n ( "s special =ce ( nature1 b ( ! cosmic pr9ciple itself1 su* a unity only makes ! div]sity ( ! re/ m rem>kable2 = ?is k9d ( wor%ip 0 conf9$ to a few isolat$ places4 ,besides1 ! oracle ( ,dodona & ! cult ( ! ,olympian ,zeus 7 =eign importations4 ,z = ! private cu/oms ( ! ,greeks1 x is h>dly necess>y to %[ h[ mu* !y diff]$ f ^? ( ! ,p]sians4 ,= a ri*1 pleasure-lov+1 & cosmopolitan y\? to imitate ! habits ( rivals f> m luxuri\s & outw>dly ref9$ ?an ! ,greeks1 0 to br+ himself into public contempt4 ,until ! "t ( ,alex&]--9 o!r words1 dur+ ! great1 fruitful & glori\s p]iod ( ,hell5ism--,p]sia1 9 spite ( its cont9ual pressure1 c\ld n conv]t ,greece to its civilization4 ,) ! com+ ( ,alex&]1 ?is 0 curi\sly confirm$4 ,m5 believ$ = a mom5t1 :5 !y saw ,hellas conqu]+ ! k+dom ( ,d>ius1 t ,asia 0 ab\t to become ,greek1 or1 /ill bett]1 t ! acts ( viol5ce wr\ght 9 ! madness ( a s+le night by ! conqu]or aga9/ ! monum5ts ( ! c\ntry 71 9 _! v excess1 a pro( ( contempt z well z hatr$4 ,b ! burn] ( ,p]sepolis soon *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,! *ange 0 s complete t 8 design at la/ became app>5t2 x 0 to sub/itute himself purely & simply = ! dyna/y ( ! ,a*aem5idae1 & to rule l 8 pr$ecessor or ! great ,x]xes1 ) ,greece z an appanage ( 8 empire4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,p]sian social sy/em might h absorb$ t ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( all ,alex&]'s au?ority1 no?+ ( ! k9d happ5$4 ,8 g5]als & soldi]s nev] became us$ to see+ him 9 8 long cl++ robe1 we>+ a turban on 8 head1 surr\nd$ by eunu*s & d5y+ 8 c\ntry4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 8 sy/em 0 cont9u$ by "s ( 8 successors2 !y 71 h[ev]1 =c$ to mitigate x4 ,& :y1 z a fact1 7 !y able to f9d ! middle t]m :i* became ! normal condition ( ! ,asiatics ( ! coa/ & ! ,grco-,egyptians8 ,simply because _! subjects consi/$ ( a mix$ population ( ,greeks1 ,syrians1 & ,arabs1 :o _h no reason to refuse ! compromise4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! races rema9$ di/9ct1 all t]ms ( union 7 impossible1 & ea* c\ntry held to its national culture4 ,simil>ly1 "r up to ! la/ days ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! hybrid civilization t 0 dom9ant all ov] ! ,ea/1 includ+ ,greece prop]1 _h become mu* m ,asiatic ?an ,greek1 ow+ to ! great prepond]ance ( ,asiatic blood 9 ! mass ( ! p4 ,! intellectual life1 x is true1 took pride 9 be+ ,hell5ic4 ,b x is n h>d to f9d1 9 ! ?\ght ( ! "t1 an ,ori5tal /ra9 vitaliz+ all ! products ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 su* z ! 8c5traliz$ /ate0 idea ( ! ,grco-,syrian juri/s4 ,we see h[ ! diff]5t racial elem5ts 7 balanc$1 & to :i* side ! scale incl9$4 ,o!r civilizations may be comp>$ 9 ! same way2 & be=e end+ ?is *apt]1 ,i w say a few words ab\t ! relation betwe5 ,arab culture & our own4 ,no "o c d\bt _! mutual repulsion4 ,our m$ival ance/ors _h opportunities ( see+ at close qu>t]s ! m>vels ( ! ,mussulman ,/ate1 :5 !y will+ly s5t _! sons to /udy 9 ! s*ools ( ,cordova4 ,yet no?+ ,arabian rema9s 9 ,europe outside ! nations t h a t+e ( ,i%maeliti% blood4 ,brahmanic ,india %[$ no m eag]ness ?an ourselves to come to t]ms ) ,islam1 & has1 l u1 resi/$ all ! ef=ts ( its ,mohamm$an ma/]s4 ,to-day1 x is our turn to deal ) ! rema9s ( ,arab civilization4 ,we h>ry & de/roy ! ,arabs1 b we d n succe$ 9 *ang+ !m1 al?\gh _! civilization is n itself orig9al1 & s %\ld h less p[] ( resi/ance4 ,x is notori\s t ! ,arabian p1 itself weak 9 numb]s1 cont9ually incorporat$ ! remnants ( ! races x _h conqu]$ by ! sword4 ,! ,mussulmans =m a v mix$ population1 ) an equally hybrid culture1 ( :i* x is easy to dis5tangle ! elem5ts4 ,! conqu]+ nucleus did n1 be=e ,mohamm$1 consi/ ( a new or unkn[n p4 ,its traditions 7 held 9 common ) ! ,semite & ,hamite families f :i* x 0 orig9ally d]iv$4 ,x 0 br\ght into conflict ) ! ,phnicians & ! ,jews1 & _h ! blood ( bo? 9 its ve9s4 ,x play$ a middleman's "p 9 _! ,r$ ,sea trade1 & on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,india & ,africa4 ,x did ! same1 lat]1 = ! ,p]sians & ! ,romans4 ,_m ,arab tribes took "p 9 ! political life ( ,p]sia "u ! ,arsacid & ,sassanid1 :ile "s ( _! pr9ces1 l ,od5a?us1#ajh 7 proclaim$ ,cs>1 "s ( _! pr9cesses1 l ,z5obia1 daught] ( ,amru & ,que5 ( ,palmyra1 won a glory t 0 di/9ctively ,roman1 & "s ( _! adv5tur]s1 l ,philip1 ev5 rais$ !mselves to ! ,imp]ial purple4 ,?us ?is hybrid nation _h nev] ceas$1 f ! mo/ anci5t times1 to make itself felt among ! p[]ful societies among :i* x liv$4 ,x _h associat$ itself ) _! "w1 & l a body half sunk 9 wat]1 half expos$ to ! sun1 conta9$ at "o & ! same "t elem5ts ( b>b>ism & ( an advanc$ civilization4 ,mohamm$ inv5t$ ! religion t 0 be/ fitt$ to ! m5tal /ate ( 8 p1 :]e idolatry f\nd _m foll[]s1 b :]e ,*ri/ianity1 di/ort$ by h]etics & ,judaiz]s1 made j z _m proselytes4 ,9 ! religi\s sy/em ( ! ,prophet ( ,kore% ! reconciliation betwe5 ! law ( ,moses & ! ,*ri/ian fai? 0 m complete ?an 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is problem _h greatly ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,ca?olics1 & 0 always pres5t to ! ,ori5tal consci5ce4 ,h5ce ,mohamm$'s gift _h already an appetiz+ appe>ance1 & besides1 any !ological novelty _h a good *ance ( ga9+ conv]ts among ! ,syrians & ,egyptians4 ,to cr[n all1 ! new religion came =w>d sword 9 h&2 ?is 0 ano!r gu>antee ( success among ! masses1 :o _h no common bond ( union1 o!r ?an ! /rong conviction ( _! helplessness4 ,x 0 ?us t ,islam came =? f ! des]t4 ,arrogant1 un9v5tive1 & ) a civilization t 0 already1 = ! mo/ "p1 ,grco-,asiatic1 x f\nd ! gr\nd prep>$ = x4 ,its recruits1 on ! ,ea/ & ,s\? coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 _h already be5 saturat$ ) ! complex product :i* x 0 br++ to !m1 & :i* 9 turn x reabsorb$4 ,! new cult1 t _h borr[$ its doctr9es f ! ,*ur*1 ! ,synagogue1 & ! g>bl$ traditions ( ! ,h$jaz & ! ,yem51 ext5d$ f ,bagdad to ,montpelli]2 & ) ! cult came its ,p]sian & ,roman laws1 its ,grco-,syrian#aji & ,egyptian sci5ce1 & its sy/em ( adm9i/ration1 :i* 0 tol]ant f ! fir/1 z is natural :]e !re is no unity 9 ! ,/ate organism4 ,we ne$ n be a/oni%$ at ! rapid progress 9 ref9em5t made by ! ,mussulmans4 ,! great] "p ( ! p _h m]ely *ang$ _! habits = ! "t be+4 ,:5 !y began to play ! "p ( apo/les 9 ! _w1 _! id5tity 0 n at once recogniz$2 !y _h n be5 kn[n "u _! old names = "s "t4 ,ano!r important po9t mu/ be rememb]$4 ,9 ?is v>i$ collection ( peoples1 ea* no d\bt contribut$ its %>e to ! common welf>e4 ,b :i* ( !m _h giv5 ! fir/ pu% to ! ma*9e1 & :i* direct$ its motion = ! %ort "t x la/$8 ,:y1 ! little nucleus ( ,arab tribes t _h come f ! int]ior ( ! p59sula1 & consi/$1 n ( philosoph]s1 b ( fanatics1 soldi]s1 conqu]ors1 & rul]s4 ,arab civilization 0 m]ely ! old ,grco-,syrian civilization1 modifi$ by ,p]sian admixture1 & reviv$ & rejuv5at$ by ! new1 %>p brea? ( a g5ius4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ready to make concessions1 x c\ld n come to t]ms ) any =m ( society t _h a diff]5t orig9 f its own1 any m ?an ! ,greek culture c\ld ) ! ,roman1 al?\gh ^! 7 s ne> to ea* o!r & liv$ side by side = s _m c5turies )9 ! same ,empire4 ,! prec$+ p>agraphs are en\gh to %[ h[ impossible x is t ! civilizations belong+ to racially di/9ct gr\ps %\ld ev] be fus$ toge!r4 ,! irreconcilable antagonism betwe5 diff]5t races & cultures is cle>ly e/abli%$ by hi/ory1 & su* innate repulsion mu/ imply unlik5ess & inequality4 ,if x is admitt$ t ! ,european _c hope to civilize ! negro1 & manages to transmit to ! mulatto only a v few ( 8 own *>act]i/ics2 if ! *ildr5 ( a mulatto & a :ite woman _c really und]/& any?+ bett] ?an a hybrid culture1 a little ne>] ?an _! fa!r's to ! ideas ( ! :ite race1--9 t case1 ,i am "r 9 say+ t ! diff]5t races are unequal 9 intellig5ce4 ,i w n adopt ! ridicul\s me?od t is unhappily only too de> to our e?nologi/s4 ,i w n discuss1 z !y d1 ! moral & intellectual /&+ ( individuals tak5 "o by "o4 ,i ne$ n inde$ speak ( morality at all1 z ,i h already admitt$ ! p[] ( e human family to receive ! light ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its own way4 ,z to ! "q ( intellectual m]it1 ,i absolutely refuse to make use ( ! argum5t1 8e negro is a fool40#aaj ,my ma9 reason = avoid+ x is t ,i %\ld h to recognize1 = ! sake ( balance1 t e ,european is intellig5t2 & heav5 keep me f su* a p>adox6 ,i w n wait = ! fri5ds ( equality to %[ me su* & su* passages 9 books writt5 by mission>ies or sea-capta9s1 :o decl>e t "s ,yol( is a f9e c>p5t]1 "s ,hott5tot a good s]vant1 t "s ,kaffir dances & plays ! viol91 & "s ,bamb>a kn[s ari?metic4 ,i am ready to admit )\t pro( all ! m>vels ( ?is k9d t anyone c tell me1 ev5 ab\t ! mo/ degrad$ savages4 ,i h already d5i$ t ev5 ! l[e/ tribes are absolutely /upid4 ,i actually g fur!r ?an my oppon5ts1 z ,i h no d\bt t a fair numb] ( negro *iefs are sup]ior1 9 ! weal? ( _! ideas1 ! syn!tic p[] ( _! m9ds1 & ! /r5g? ( _! capacity = action1 to ! level usually rea*$ by our peasants1 or ev5 by ! av]age specim5s ( our half-educat$ middle class4 ,b1 ,i say aga91 ,i d n take my /& on ! n>r[ gr\nd ( individual capacity4 ,x seems to me unwor?y ( sci5ce to cl+ to su* futile argum5ts4 ,if ,mungo ,p>k or ,l&] h giv5 a c]tificate ( intellig5ce to "s negro1 :at is to prev5t ano!r travell]1 :o meets ! same phnix1 f com+ to a diametrically opposite conclusion8 ,let u leave ^! pu]ilities1 & comp>e toge!r1 n m51 b gr\ps4 ,:51 z may happ5 "s day1 we h c>efully inve/igat$ :at ! diff]5t gr\ps c & _c d1 :at is ! limit ( _! faculties & ! utmo/ rea* ( _! intellig5ce1 by :at nations !y h be5 dom9at$ s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory--!n & !n only %all we h ! "r to consid] :y ! high] individuals ( "o race are inf]ior to ! g5iuses ( ano!r4 ,we may !n g on to comp>e ! p[]s ( ! av]age m5 belong+ to ^! types1 & to f9d out :]e ^! p[]s are equal & :]e "o surpasses ! o!r4 ,b ?is difficult & delicate task _c be p]=m$ until ! relative position ( ! diff]5t races has be5 accurately1 & to "s ext5t ma!matically1 gaug$4 ,i d n ev5 "k if we %all ev] get cle> & undisput$ results1 if we %all ev] be free to g beyond a m]e g5]al conclusion & come to su* close grips ) ! m9or v>ieties z to be able to recognize1 def9e1 & classify ! l[] /rata & ! av]age m9ds ( ea* nation4 ,if we c d ?is1 we %all easily be able to %[ t ! activity1 en]gy1 & intellig5ce ( ! lea/ gift$ individuals 9 ! dom9ant races1 are great] ?an ! same qualities 9 ! correspond+ specim5s produc$ by ! o!r gr\ps4#aaa ,mank9d is ?us divid$ into unlike & unequal p>ts1 or r into a s]ies ( categories1 arrang$1 "o above ! o!r1 accord+ to diff]5ces ( intellect4 ,9 ?is va/ hi]>*y !re are two great =ces always act+ on ea* memb] ( ! s]ies4 ,^! =ces are cont9ually sett+ up movem5ts t t5d to fuse ! races toge!r2 !y are1 z ,i h already indicat$1#aab 7i7 resemblance 9 g5]al bodily /ructure & 7ii7 ! common p[] ( express+ ideas & s5sations by ! modulation ( ! voice4 ,i h said en\gh ab\t ! fir/ ( ^!1 & h %[n ! true limits )9 :i* x op]ates4 ,i w n[ discuss ! second po9t1 & inquire :at is ! relation betwe5 ! p[] ( a race & ! m]it ( its language2 9 o!r words1 :e!r ! /ronge/ races h ! be/ idioms1 & if n1 h[ ! anomaly may be expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,languages ,,are ,,unequal1 ,,& ,,correspond ,,p]fectly ,,9 ,,relative ,,m]it ,,to ,,! ,,races ,,t ,,use ,,!m ,if a degrad$ p1 at ! l[e/ rung ( ! racial ladd]1 ) z little significance = ! 8male0 z = ! 8female0 progress ( mank9d1 c\ld possibly h inv5t$ a language ( philosophic dep?1 ( /hetic beauty & flexibility1 ri* 9 *>act]i/ic =ms & precise idioms1 fitt$ alike to express ! sublimities ( religion1 ! graces ( poetry1 ! accuracy ( physical & political sci5ce1--su* a p w\ld c]ta9ly possess an utt]ly useless tal5t1 t ( inv5t+ & p]fect+ an in/rum5t :i* _! m5tal capacity w\ld be too weak to turn to any acc\nt4 ,we %\ld h1 9 su* a case1 to believe t our obs]vation has be5 sudd5ly br\ght to a /op1 n by some?+ unkn[n or un9telligible 7z (t5 happ5s7 b by a m]e absurdity4 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is tantaliz+ answ] seems ! correct "o4 ,if we take ! races z !y are to-day1 we mu/ admit t ! p]fection ( idiom is v f> f correspond+1 9 all cases1 to ! degree ( civilization rea*$4 ,! tongues ( mod]n ,europe1 to speak ( no o!rs1 are unequal 9 m]it1 & ! ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful d n necess>ily belong to ! mo/ advanc$ p4 ,fur!r1 !y are "o & all va/ly inf]ior to _m languages :i* h be5 at diff]5t times spok5 9 ! _w4 ,a /ill m curi\s fact is t ! languages ( :ole gr\ps ( peoples :i* h /opp$ at a l[ level ( culture may be ( consid]able m]it4 ,?us ! net ( language1 ) its v>i$ me%es1 might seem to h be5 ca/ ov] mank9d at r&om1 ! silk & ! gold sometimes cov]+ rude1 f]oci\s1 & mis]able tribes1 :ile wise & le>n$ peoples are /ill caught 9 ! hemp1 ! wool1 & ! horsehair4 ,happily1 ?is is s only 9 appe>ance4 ,if1 ) ! aid ( hi/ory1 we apply our doctr9e ( ! diff]5ce ( races1 we %all soon f9d t our pro(s ( _! intellectual inequality are ev5 /r5g!n$4 ,! e>ly philologi/s 7 d\bly 9 error1 :5 !y ?\ght1 fir/ t all languages are =m$ on ! same pr9ciple1 secondly t language 0 inv5t$ m]ely "u ! /ress ( mat]ial ne$s4 ,9 ! =m] po9t !y 7 influ5c$ by ! unit>ian doctr9e t all human gr\ps h a common orig94 ,) reg>d to language1 d\bt is n ev5 possible4 ,! modes ( =mation are completely diff]5t2 & :e!r ! classifications ( philology require revision or n1 we _c believe = a mom5t t ! ,altaic1 ,aryan1 & ,semitic families 7 n f ! fir/ absolutely =eign to ea* o!r4 ,no?+ is ! same4 ,! vocabul>y has its own peculi> "* 9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps4 ,!re is a diff]5t modulation ( ! voice 9 ea*4 ,9 "o1 ! lips are us$ to produce ! s\nds2 9 ano!r1 ! contraction ( ! ?roat2 9 ano!r ! nasal passage & ! upp] "p ( ! head4 ,! composition ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 accord+ z !y confuse or di/+ui% ! v>i\s %ades ( ?\ght1 po9ts equally to a diff]5ce ( orig94 ,! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ! div]g5ce 9 ?\ght & feel+ betwe5 "o gr\p & ano!r are se5 9 ! inflexions ( ! sub/antive & ! conjugations ( ! v]b4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! philosoph] tries to give an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( language by a process ( purely ab/ract conjecture1 & beg9s by conceiv+ an 8orig9al man10 )\t any specific racial or l+ui/ic "*1 he />ts f an absurdity1 & cont9ues on ! same l9es4 ,!re is no su* be+ z 8man0 9 ! ab/ract2 & ,i am especially sure t he w n be discov]$ by ! inve/igation ( language4 ,i _c argue on ! basis t mank9d />t$ f "s "o po9t 9 its creation ( idiom4 ,!re 7 _m po9ts ( dep>ture1 because !re 7 _m =ms ( ?\ght & feel+4#aac ,! second view1 ,i ?9k1 is j z false4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !re w\ld h be5 no developm5t save z dictat$ by necessity4 ,! result w\ld be t ! 8male0 races w\ld h a ri*] & m accurate language ?an ! 8female02 fur!r1 z mat]ial ne$s are conc]n$ ) objects appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 & especially ) actions1 ! ma9 factor ( human spee* w\ld be vocabul>y4 ,!re w\ld be no necessity = ! syntax & grammatical /ructure to advance beyond ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y comb9ations4 ,a s]ies ( s\nds m or less l9k$ toge!r is always en\gh to express a ne$2 & a ge/ure1 z ! ,*9ese "k well1 is an obvi\s =m ( comm5t>y1 :5 ! phrase is obscure )\t x4#aad ,n only w\ld ! syn!tic p[] ( language rema9 undevelop$2 x w\ld also be ! poor] = disp5s+ ) h>mony1 quantity1 & rhy?m4 ,= :at is ! use ( melody :5 ! sole object is to obta9 "s positive result8 ,a language1 9 fact1 w\ld be a m]e *ance collection ( arbitr>y s\nds4 ,c]ta9 que/ions are app>5tly cle>$ up by su* a !ory4 ,*9ese1 ! tongue ( a mascul9e race1 seems to h be5 at fir/ develop$ ) a purely utilit>ian aim4 ,! ^w has nev] ris5 above a m]e s\nd1 & has rema9$ monosyllabic4 ,!re is no evolution ( vocabul>y1 no root giv+ bir? to a family ( d]ivatives4 ,all ! words are roots2 !y are n modifi$ by suffixes1 b by ea* o!r1 accord+ to a v crude me?od ( juxtaposition4 ,! gramm> is extremely simple2 :i* makes ! phraseology v monoton\s4 ,! v idea ( /hetic value is exclud$1 at any rate = e>s t are accu/om$ to ! ri*1 v>i$1 & abundant =ms1 ! inexhau/ible comb9ations ( happi] tongues4 ,we mu/ h[ev] add t ?is may n be ! impression produc$ on ! ,*9ese !mselves2 & _! spok5 language c]ta9ly aims at "s k9d ( beauty1 s9ce !re are def9ite rules gov]n+ ! melodic sequ5ce ( s\nds4 ,if x does n succe$ 9 be+ s euphoni\s z o!r languages1 we mu/ /ill recognize t x aims at euphony no less ?an !y4 ,fur!r1 ! prim>y elem5ts ( ,*9ese are some?+ m ?an a m]e heap+ toge!r ( useful s\nds4#aae ,i admit t ! mascul9e races may be m>k$ly inf]ior 9 /hetic p[] to ! o!rs1#aaf & _! inf]iority may be reproduc$ 9 _! idioms4 ,?is is %[n1 n m]ely by ! relative pov]ty ( ,*9ese1 b also by ! c>eful way 9 :i* c]ta9 ,we/]n races h robb$ ,lat9 ( its f9e/ rhy?mic qualities1 & ,go?ic ( its sonority4 ,! inf]iority ( our mod]n languages1 ev5 ! be/ ( !m1 to ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 is self-evid5t1 & corresponds exactly to ! m$iocrity ( ! ,*9ese civilization & our own1 s f> z art & lit]ature are conc]n$4 ,i admit t ?is diff]5ce1 alone ) o!rs1 may s]ve to m>k (f ! languages ( ! mascul9e races4 ,!y /ill1 h[ev]1 h a feel+ = rhy?m 7less ?an t ( ! anci5t tongues1 b /ill p[]ful71 & make a real attempt to create & obey laws ( correspond5ce betwe5 s\nds & ! =ms by :i* ?\ght is modifi$ 9 spee*4 ,i conclude t ev5 9 ! languages ( mascul9e races !re /ill flick]s ! intellectual sp>k1 ! feel+ = beauty & logic2 ?is feel+1 z well z t ( mat]ial ne$1 mu/ preside at ! bir? ( e language4 ,i said above t if mat]ial ne$ _h reign$ alone1 a set ( any *ance s\nds w\ld h be5 en\gh = human necessities1 9 ! fir/ ages ( man's exi/5ce4 ,su* a !ory _c be ma9ta9$4 ,s\nds are n assign$ to ideas by pure *ance4 ,! *oice is gov]n$ by ! in/9ctive recognition ( a c]ta9 logical relation betwe5 noises he>d outw>dly by man's e> & ideas t 8 ?roat or tongue wi%es to express4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury m5 7 greatly /ruck by ?is tru?4 ,un=tunately1 x 0 caught 9 ! net ( etymological exagg]ation s *>act]i/ic ( ! "t2 & its results 7 s absurd t !y ju/ly fell into disrepute4 ,= a long "t ! be/ m9ds 7 w>n$ (f ! l& t _h be5 s /upidly exploit$ by ! e>ly pione]s4 ,!y are n[ beg9n+ to return to x aga91 & if !y h le>nt prud5ce & re/ra9t 9 ! bitt] s*ool ( exp]i5ce1 !y may arrive at valuable conclusions4 ,)\t pu%+ a !ory1 true 9 itself1 into ! realm ( *im]as1 we may all[ t primitive spee* knew h[ to use z f> z possible ! diff]5t impressions receiv$ by ! e>1 9 ord] to =m c]ta9 classes ( words2 9 creat+ o!rs x 0 guid$ by ! feel+ ( a my/]i\s relation betwe5 c]ta9 ab/ract ideas & "s p>ticul> noises4 ,?us1 = example1 ! s\nd ( seems to sugge/ dea? & dissolution1 t ( v or w1 vagu5ess 9 ! moral or physical realm1 v[s1 w9d1 & ! l2 s sugge/s />kness & /&+ fa/1 m mat]nity1 & s on4#aag ,su* a !ory is suffici5tly well f\nd$ = u to take x s]i\sly1 if kept )9 due limits4 ,b x mu/ be us$ ) great circumspection1 if we are n to f9d ourselves 9 ! d>k pa?s :]e ev5 common s5se is soon l$ a/ray4 ,! la/ p>agraph may %[1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 t mat]ial ne$ is n ! only elem5t t produces a language1 b t ! be/ ( man's p[]s h help$ 9 ! task4 ,s\nds 7 n appli$ arbitr>ily to ideas & objects1 & 9 ?is respect m5 foll[$ a pre-e/abli%$ ord]1 "o side ( :i* 0 manife/$ 9 !mselves4 ,?us ! primitive tongues1 h[ev] crude & poor !y may h be51 conta9$ all ! elem5ts f :i* _! bran*es might at a lat] "t be develop$ 9 a logical & necess>y sequ5ce4 ,w4 von ,humboldt has obs]v$1 ) 8 usual acut5ess1 t e language is indep5d5t ( ! w ( ^? :o speak x4 ,x is closely b\nd up ) _! intellectual condition1 & is beyond ! rea* ( arbitr>y caprice4 ,x _c be alt]$ at w1 z is curi\sly %[n by ! ef=ts t h be5 made to d s4 ,! ,bu%m5 h inv5t$ a sy/em ( *ang+ _! language1 9 ord] to prev5t its be+ und]/ood by ! un9itiat$4 ,we f9d ! same cu/om among c]ta9 tribes ( ! ,caucasus4 ,b all _! ef=ts come to no m ?an ! m]e ins]tion ( a subsidi>y syllable at ! beg9n+1 middle1 or end ( words4 ,take away ?is p>asitic elem5t1 & ! language rema9s ! same1 *ang$ nei!r 9 =ms nor syntax4 ,de ,sacy has discov]$ a m ambiti\s attempt1 9 ! language call$ 8,balabalan40 ,?is curi\s idiom 0 inv5t$ by ! ,sufis1 to be us$ 9 _! my/ical books1 ) ! object ( wrapp+ ! speculations ( _! !ologians 9 /ill great] my/]y4 ,!y made up1 on no special plan1 ! words t seem$ to !m to s\nd mo/ /rangely to _! e>s4 ,if h[ev] ?is s-call$ language did n belong to any family & if ! mean+ giv5 to its s\nds 0 entirely arbitr>y1 yet ! pr9ciples ( euphony1 ! gramm> & ! syntax1 ev]y?+ 9 fact :i* gives a language its special "*1 bore ! unmi/akable /amp ( ,arabic & ,p]sian4 ,! ,sufis produc$ a j>gon at once ,aryan & ,semitic1 & ( no importance :atev]4 ,! pi\s colleagues ( ,djelat-,edd9-,rumi 7 n able to inv5t a language2 & cle>ly ?is p[] has n be5 giv5 to any s+le man4#aah ,h5ce ! language ( a race is closely b\nd up ) its intellig5ce1 & has ! p[] ( reflect+ its v>i\s m5tal /ages1 z !y are rea*$4 ,?is p[] may be at fir/ only implicit4#aai ,:]e ! m5tal developm5t ( a race is faulty or imp]fect1 ! language suff]s to ! same ext5t4 ,?is is %[n by ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 & ! ,semitic gr\p1 z well z by ,*9ese1 9 :i* ,i h already po9t$ out a utilit>ian t5d5cy correspond+ to ! intellectual b5t ( ! p4 ,! sup]abundance ( philosophical & e?nological t]ms 9 ,sanscrit corresponds to ! g5ius ( ^? :o spoke x1 z well z its ri*ness & rhy?mic beauty4 ,! same is ! case ) ,greek2 :ile ! lack ( precision 9 ! ,semitic tongues is exactly p>allel$ by ! "* ( ! ,semitic peoples4 ,if we leave ! cl\dy heights ( ! remot] ages1 & come d[n to ! m famili> regions ( mod]n hi/ory1 we %all be1 z x 71 presid+ at ! bir? ( _m new tongues2 & ?is w make u see ) ev5 great] cle>ness h[ fai?fully language mirrors ! g5ius ( a race4 ,z soon z two nations are fus$ toge!r1 a revolution takes place 9 _! respective languages2 ?is is sometimes sl[1 sometimes sudd51 b always inevitable4 ,! languages are *ang$ &1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 die out z sep>ate entities4 ,! new tongue is a compromise betwe5 !m1 ! dom9ant elem5t be+ furni%$ by ! spee* ( ! race t has contribut$ mo/ memb]s to ! new p4#abj ,?us1 f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,g]manic dialects ( ,france h _h to yield gr\nd1 n to ,lat91 b to ! l+ua romana1 ) ! revival ( ! ,gallo-,roman p[]4#aba ,celtic1 too1 _h to retreat be=e ! ,italian coloni/s4 ,x did n yield to ,italian civilization2 9 fact1 "o might say1 t1 ?anks to ! numb] ( ^? :o spoke x1 ,celtic f9ally ga9$ a k9d ( victory4 ,= aft] ! complete fusion ( ! ,gauls1 ! ,romans1 & ! nor!rn tribes1 x 0 ,celtic t laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n ,fr5* syntax1 aboli%$ ! /rong acc5tuation ( ,g]manic z well z ! sonority ( ,lat91 & introduc$ its own equable rhy?m4 ,! gradual developm5t ( ,fr5* is m]ely ! effect ( ?is pati5t lab\r1 t w5t on1 )\t ceas+1 "u ! surface4 ,aga91 ! reason :y mod]n ,g]man has lo/ ! /rik+ =ms to be se5 9 ! ,go?ic ( ,bi%op ,ulfilas lies 9 ! pres5ce ( a /rong ,cymric elem5t 9 ! mid/ ( ! small ,g]manic population t 0 /ill left to ! ea/ ( ! ,rh9e1#abb aft] ! great migrations ( ! six? & foll[+ c5turies ( our era4 ,! l+ui/ic results ( ! fusion ( two peoples are z individual z ! new racial "* itself4 ,"o may say g5]ally t no language rema9s pure aft] x has come into close contact ) a diff]5t language4 ,ev5 :5 _! /ructures are totally unlike ea* o!r1 ! vocabul>y at any rate suff]s "s *anges4 ,if ! p>asitic language has any /r5g? at all1 x w c]ta9ly attack ! o!r 9 its rhy?mic quality1 & ev5 9 ! un/able p>ts ( its syntax4 ,?us language is "o ( ! mo/ fragile & delicate =ms ( prop]ty2 & we may (t5 see a noble & ref9$ spee* be+ affect$ by b>b>\s idioms & pass+ itself into a k9d ( relative b>b>ism4 ,by degrees x w lose its beauty2 its vocabul>y w be impov]i%$1 & _m ( its =ms obsolete1 :ile x w %[ an irresi/ible t5d5cy to become assimilat$ to its inf]ior neighb\r4 ,?is has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,walla*ian & ,rhtian1 ,kawi & ,birman4 ,! two latt] h be5 leav5$ ) ,sanscrit elem5ts2 b 9 spite ( ?is noble alliance1 !y h be5 decl>$ by compet5t judges to be inf]ior to ,delaw>e4#abc ,! gr\p ( tribes speak+ ?is dialect are ( ! ,l5ni-,l5apes family1 & !y orig9ally rank$ high] ?an ! two yell[ peoples :o 7 caught 9 ! sweep ( ,h9du civilization4 ,if1 9 spite ( _! primitive sup]iority1 !y are n[ inf]ior to ! ,asiatics1 x is because ^! live "u ! influ5ce ( ! social in/itutions ( a noble race & h pr(it$ by !m1 ?\gh 9 !mselves !y are ( slight acc\nt4 ,contact ) ! ,h9dus has be5 en\gh to raise !m "s way 9 ! scale1 :ile ! ,l5apes1 :o h nev] be5 t\*$ by any su* influ5ce1 h n be5 able to rise above _! pres5t civilization4 ,9 a simil> way 7to take an obvi\s example7 ! "y mulattoes :o h be5 educat$ 9 ,london or ,p>is may %[ a c]ta9 v5e] ( culture sup]ior to t ( "s ,s\!rn ,italian peoples1 :o are 9 po9t ( m]it inf9itely high]2 = once a mulatto1 always a mulatto4 ,:5 !re=e we come ^u a savage tribe ) a language bett] ?an t ( a m civiliz$ nation1 we mu/ exam9e c>efully :e!r ! civilization ( ! latt] really belongs to x1 or is m]ely ! result ( a slight admixture ( =eign blood4 ,if s1 a l[ type ( native language help$ out by a hybrid mixture ( =eign idioms may well exi/ side by side ) a c]ta9 degree ( social culture4#abd ,i h already said t1 z ea* civilization has a special "*1 we mu/ n be surpris$ if ! poetic & philosophic s5se 0 m develop$ among ! ,h9dus & ! ,greeks ?an among ourselves2 :]eas our mod]n societies are m>k$ r by _! practical1 sci5tific1 & critical _s4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 we h m en]gy & a great] g5ius = action ?an ! conqu]ors ( ,s\!rn ,asia & ,hellas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ yield !m ! fir/ place 9 ! k+dom ( beauty1 & "h our languages naturally mirror our humble position4 ,! /yle ( ! ,indian & ,ionian writ]s takes a m p[]ful flight t[>ds ! sph]e ( ! ideal4 ,language1 9 fact1 :ile be+ an excell5t index ( ! g5]al elevation ( races1 is 9 a special degree ! measure ( _! /hetic capacities4 ,?is is ! "* x assumes :5 we use x z a means ( comp>+ diff]5t civilizations4 ,to br+ out ?is po9t fur!r1 ,i w v5ture to "q a view put =w>d by ,william von ,humboldt1 t 9 spite ( ! obvi\s sup]iority ( ! ,mexican to ! ,p]uvian language1 ! civilization ( ! ,incas 0 yet f> above t ( ! p ( ,anahuac4#abe ,! ,p]uvian cu/oms 7 c]ta9ly m g5tle ?an ! ,mexican2 & _! religi\s ideas 7 z in(f5sive z ^? ( ,montezuma's subjects 7 f]oci\s4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 _! social condition 0 m>k$ by f> less en]gy & v>iety4 ,_! crude despotism nev] develop$ into m ?an a dull k9d ( communism2 :]eas ! ,aztec civilization _h made v>i\s political exp]im5ts ( great complexity4 ,its milit>y sy/em 0 f> m vigor\s2 & ?\gh ! use ( writ+ 0 equally unkn[n 9 bo? empires1 x seems t poetry1 hi/ory1 & e?ics1 :i* 7 ext5sively /udi$ at ! "t ( ,cortes1 w\ld h advanc$ fur!r 9 ,mexico ?an 9 ,p]u1 ! in/itutions ( :i* 7 col\r$ by an ,epicurean indiff]5tism t 0 highly unfav\rable to intellectual progress4 ,cle>ly we mu/ reg>d ! m active p z sup]ior4 ,von ,humboldt's view is simply a consequ5ce ( ! way 9 :i* he def9es civilization4#abf ,)\t go+ ov] ! same gr\nd aga91 ,i 0 yet b\nd to cle> up ?is po9t2 = if two civilizations _h really be5 able to develop 9 inv]se ratio to ! m]its ( _! respective languages1 ,i %\ld h _h to give up ! idea ( any necess>y connexion betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( a p & ! value ( ! language spok5 by x4 ,b ,i _c d ?is1 9 view ( :at ,i h already said ab\t ,greek & ,sanscrit1 z comp>$ ) ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man4 ,x w\ld be1 h[ev]1 a v difficult task to assign a reason1 along ^! l9es1 = ! exact c\rse tak5 by ! language ( a hybrid p4 ,we h seldom suffici5t k ei!r ( ! quantity or quality ( ! int]mixture ( blood to be able prop]ly to trace its effects4 ,yet ^! racial influ5ces p]si/1 & if !y are n unravell$1 we may easily come to false conclusions4 ,x is j because ! connexion betwe5 race & language is s close1 t x la/s mu* long] ?an ! political unity ( ! diff]5t peoples1 & may be recogniz$ ev5 :5 ! peoples are gr\p$ "u new names4 ,! language *anges ) _! blood1 b does n die out until ! la/ fragm5t ( ! national life has disappe>$4 ,?is is ! case ) mod]n ,greek4 ,sadly mutilat$1 robb$ ( its weal? ( gramm>1 impov]i%$ 9 ! numb] ( its s\nds1 ) ! pure /ream ( its vocabul>y tr\bl$ & muddy1 x has none ! less reta9$ ! impress ( its orig9al =m4#abg ,9 ! intellectual _w x corresponds to ! sulli$ & defl[]$ ,p>!non1 :i* fir/ became a *ur* = ! ,greek popes1 & !n a p[d]-magaz9e2 :i* _h its p$im5ts & columns %att]$ 9 a ?\s& places by ! ,v5etian bullets ( ,moros9i2 b :i* /ill /&s1 = ! wond] & adoration ( ! ages1 z a model ( pure grace & unadorn$ maje/y4 ,n e race has ! p[] ( be+ fai?ful to ! tongue ( its ance/ors4 ,?is makes our task /ill m difficult1 :5 we try to det]m9e ! orig9 or relative value ( diff]5t human types by ! help ( philology4 ,n only d languages *ange )\t any obvi\s reason1 at any rate f ! racial po9t ( view2 b !re are also c]ta9 nations :i* give up _! own language altoge!r1 :5 !y are br\ght = "s "t into contact ) a =eign race4 ,?is happ5$1 aft] ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 9 ! case ( ! m enlight5$ nations ( ,we/]n ,asia1 su* z ! ,c>ians1 ,cappadocians1 & ,arm5ians4 ,! ,gauls are ano!r in/ance1 z ,i h already said4 ,yet all ^! peoples br\ght a =eign elem5t into ! conqu]+ tongue1 :i* 0 trans=m$ 9 its turn4 ,?us !y c\ld all be reg>d$ z us+ _! own intellectual tools1 ?\gh to a v imp]fect ext5t2 :ile o!rs1 m t5aci\s ( !irs1 su* z ! ,basques1 ! ,b]b]s ( ,m\nt ,atlas1 & ! ,ekkhilis ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 speak ev5 at ! pres5t day ! same tongue z 0 spok5 by _! mo/ primitive ance/ors4 ,b !re are c]ta9 peoples1 ! ,jews = example1 :o seem nev] to h held to _! ance/ral spee* at all2 & we c discov] ?is indiff]5ce f ! "t ( _! e>lie/ migrations4 ,:5 ,t]ah left ! l& ( 8 fa!rs1 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 he c]ta9ly _h n le>nt ! ,canaaniti% tongue t h5ce=? became ! national spee* ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,x 0 probably influ5c$ to "s ext5t by _! e>li] recollections1 & 9 _! m\? became a special dialect ( ! v anci5t language :i* 0 ! "m ( ! e>lie/ ,arabic we "k1 & ! lawful inh]itance ( tribes closely alli$ to ! black ,hamites4#abh ,yet n ev5 to ?is language 7 ! ,jews to rema9 fai?ful4 ,! tribes :o 7 br\ght back f captivity by ,z]ubbabel _h =gott5 x dur+ _! %ort /ay ( sixty-two ye>s by ! riv]s ( ,babylon4 ,_! patriotism 0 pro( aga9/ exile1 & /ill burn$ ) its orig9al fire2 b ! re/ _h be5 giv5 up1 ) rem>kable facility1 by a p :i* is at ! same "t jeal\s ( its own traditions & extremely cosmopolitan4 ,j]usalem 0 rebuilt1 & its inhabitants reappe>$1 speak+ an ,aramaic or ,*aldean j>gon1 :i* may h _h "s slight resemblance to ! spee* ( ! fa!rs ( ,abraham4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ?is dialect (f]$ only a feeble resi/ance to ! invasion ( ,hell5i/ic ,greek1 :i* assail$ ! ,jewi% m9d on all sides4 ,h5ce=? all ! works produc$ by ,jewi% writ]s appe>$ 9 ! new dress1 :i* fitt$ !m m or less elegantly1 & copi$ to "s ext5t ! old ,attic fa%ions4 ,! la/ canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z well z ! works ( ,philo & ,josephus1 are ,hell5i/ic 9 _s4 ,:5 ! ,holy ,city 0 de/roy$1 & ! ,jewi% nation scatt]$1 ! fav\r ( ,god dep>t$ f !m1 & ! ,ea/ came aga9 into its own4 ,hebrew culture broke ) ,a!ns z x _h brok5 ) ,alex&ria1 & ! language & ideas ( ! ,talmud1 ! tea*+ ( ! s*ool ( ,tib]ias1 7 aga9 ,semitic1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( ,arabic1 sometimes 9 t ( ! 8language ( ,canaan10 to use ,isaiah's phrase4 ,i am speak+ ( :at 0 h5ce=? to be ! sacr$ language ( religion & ! ,rabbis1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! true national spee*4 ,9 _! ev]yday life1 h[ev]1 ! ,jews us$ ! tongue ( ! c\ntry :]e !y settl$2 &1 fur!r1 ^! exiles 7 kn[n ev]y:]e by _! special acc5t4 ,!y nev] succe$$ 9 fitt+ _! vocal organs to _! adopt$ language1 ev5 :5 !y _h le>nt x f *ildhood4 ,?is goes to confirm :at ,william von ,humboldt says z to ! connexion betwe5 race & language be+ s close t lat] g5]ations nev] get q accu/om$ to pron\nce correctly words t 7 unkn[n to _! ance/ors4#abi ,:e!r ?is be true or n1 we h 9 ! ,jews a rem>kable pro( ( ! fact t "o mu/ n always assume1 at fir/ sight1 a close connexion betwe5 a race & its language1 = ! language may n h belong$ to x orig9ally4#acj ,we see h[ cauti\sly we mu/ tread if we attempt to inf] an id5tity ( race f ! aff9ity1 or ev5 ! resemblance1 ( languages4 ,n only h mo/ ( ! nations ( ,we/]n ,asia & ne>ly all ^? ( ,s\!rn ,europe m]ely adapt$ ! spee* ( o!rs to _! own use1 :ile leav+ its ma9 elem5ts unt\*$2 b !re are also "s :o h tak5 ov] languages absolutely =eign to !m1 to :i* !y h made no contribution :atev]4 ,! latt] case is c]ta9ly r>]1 & may ev5 be reg>d$ z an anomaly4 ,b its m]e exi/5ce is en\gh to make u v c>eful 9 admitt+ a =m ( pro( 9 :i* su* exceptions are possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce !y are exceptions1 & are n met ) s (t5 z ! opposite case1 ( a national tongue be+ pres]v$ = c5turies by ev5 a weak nation2 s9ce we also see h[ a language is assimilat$ to ! p>ticul> "* ( ! p t has creat$ x1 & h[ its *anges are 9 exact proportion to ! successive modifications 9 ! p's blood2 s9ce ! "p play$ by a language 9 =m+ its d]ivatives v>ies ) ! num]ical /r5g?1 9 ! new gr\ps1 ( ! race t speaks x1 we may ju/ly conclude t no nation c h a language ( great] value ?an itself1 except "u special circum/ances4 ,z ?is po9t is ( consid]able importance1 ,i w try to br+ x out by a new l9e ( pro(4 ,we h already se5 t ! civilization ( a composite p does n include all its social classes4#aca ,! racial influ5ces t 7 at "w 9 ! l[] /rata f ! fir/ /ill g on2 & !y prev5t ! direct+ =ces ( ! national culture f rea*+ ! dep?s at all1--if !y d1 _! action is weak & transitory4 ,9 ,france1 ab\t five-eigh?s ( ! total population play m]ely an unwill+ & passive "p 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n ,european culture1 & t only by fits & />ts4 ,) ! exception ( ,great ,brita91 ( :i* ! insul> position produces a great] unity ( type1 ! proportion is ev5 high] 9 ! re/ ( ! ,cont95t4 ,i w speak ( ,france at great] l5g?1 z an in/ance ( ! exact correspond5ce betwe5 language & racial type2 = 9 ,france we h a p>ticul> in/ance t /rik+ly confirms our ma9 !sis4 ,we "k little1 or r we h no real evid5ce at all1 ( ! phases :i* ,celtic & ru/ic ,lat9#acb pass$ ?r\gh be=e !y met & coalesc$4 ,nev]!less1 ,/4 ,j]ome & 8 contempor>y ,sulpicius ,sev]us tell u 7! =m] 9 8 8,comm5t>ies0 on ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 ! second 9 8 8,dialogue on ! virtues ( ! ,ea/]n ,monks07 t 9 _! "t at lea/ two languages 7 g5]ally spok5 9 ,gaul4 ,!re 01 fir/1 ,celtic1 :i* 0 pres]v$ on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e 9 s pure a =m1 t x rema9$ id5tical ) ! language spok5 by ! ,galatians ( ,asia ,m9or1 :o _h be5 sep>at$ f _! "m c\ntry = m ?an six c5turies4#acc ,secondly1 !re 0 ! language call$ 8,gallic10 :i* accord+ to a comm5tator1 c only h be5 a =m1 already brok5 d[n1 ( ,popul> ,lat94 ,?is f\r? c5tury dialect1 :ile diff]5t f ! ,gallic ( ,treves1 0 spok5 nei!r 9 ! ,we/ nor 9 ,aquita9e4 ,x 0 f\nd only 9 ! c5tre & s\? ( :at is n[ ,france1 & 0 itself probably split up into two great divisions4 ,x is ! common s\rce ( ! curr5ts1 m or less ,lat9iz$1 :i* 7 m+l$ ) o!r elem5ts 9 diff]5t proportions1 & =m$ lat] ! langue d'oil & ! l+ua romana1 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,i w speak fir/ ( ! latt]4 ,9 ord] to br+ x into be+1 all t 0 necess>y 0 a slight alt]ation 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,lat91 & ! introduction ( a few syntactical notions borr[$ f ,celtic & o!r languages till !n unkn[n 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe4 ,! ,imp]ial colonies _h br\ght 9 a fair numb] ( ,italian1 ,african1 & ,asiatic elem5ts4 ,! ,burgundian1 & especially ! ,go?ic1 invasions add$ ano!r1 :i* 0 m>k$ by consid]able h>mony1 livel9ess1 & sonority4 ,its vocabul>y 0 fur!r increas$ aft] ! inroads ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,?us ! l+ua romana became1 9 its rhy?mic quality1 q di/9ct f ,gallic1 & soon assum$ a "* ( its own4 ,x is true t we d n f9d ?is 9 its p]fection1 9 ! 8,oa? ( ! ,sons ( ,ludwig ! ,pi\s10 z we d lat] 9 ! poems ( ,raimbaut de ,vaqueiras or ,b]tran de ,born4#acd ,yet ev5 9 ! 8,oa?0 we c recognize ! language = :at x is2 x has already acquir$ its ma9 features1 & its future pa? is cle>ly mapp$ out4 ,x =m$ h5ce=? 79 its diff]5t dialects ( ,lim\s91 ,prov5al1 & ,auv]gnat7 ! spee* ( a p ( z mix$ an orig9 z any 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 a ref9$ & supple language1 witty1 brilliant1 & satirical1 b )\t dep? or philosophy4 ,x 0 ( t9sel r ?an gold1 & _h nev] be5 able to d m ?an pick up a few +ots on ! surface ( ! ri* m9es t lay op5 to x4 ,)\t any s]i\s pr9ciples1 x 0 de/9$ to rema9 an in/rum5t ( indiff]5ce1 ( univ]sal scepticism & mock]y4 ,x did n fail to be us$ z su*4 ,! p c>$ = no?+ b pleasure & p>ade4 ,brave to a fault1 beyond measure gay1 sp5d+ _! passion on a dream1 & _! vitality on idle toys1 !y _h an in/rum5t t 0 exactly suit$ to _! "*1 & :i*1 ?\gh admir$ by ,dante1 0 put to no bett] use 9 poetry ?an to tag satires1 love-songs1 & *all5ges1 & 9 religion to support h]esies su* z t ( ! ,albig5ses1 a pe/il5t ,mani*eism1 )\t value ev5 = lit]ature1 f :i* an ,engli% au?or1 9 no way ,ca?olic 9 8 sympa?ies1 congratulates ! ,papacy on hav+ deliv]$ ! ,middle ,ages4#ace ,su* 0 ! l+ua romana ( old1 & su* d we f9d x ev5 to-day4 ,x is pretty r ?an beautiful1 & %[s on ! surface h[ little x is fitt$ to s]ve a great civilization4 ,0 ! langue d'oil =m$ 9 a simil> way8 ,obvi\sly n4 ,h[ev] ! ,celtic1 ,lat91 & ,g]manic elem5ts 7 fus$ 7= we _c be c]ta9 on ?is po9t1 9 ! abs5ce ( records go+ back to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! language#acf71 x is at any rate cle> t x rose f a /rongly m>k$ antagonism betwe5 ! ?ree tongues1 & t x w\ld ?us h a "* & en]gy q incompatible ) su* compromises & adaptations z ^? :i* gave bir? to ! l+ua romana4 ,9 "o mom5t ( its life1 ! langue d'oil 0 p>tly a ,g]manic tongue4 ,9 ! writt5 rema9s t h surviv$1 we f9d "o ( ! be/ qualities ( ! ,aryan languages1 ! p[] ( =m+ comp\nds4 ,?is p[]1 x is true1 is limit$2 & ?\gh /ill consid]able1 is less ?an 9 ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 & ,g]man4 ,9 ! n\ns1 we f9d a sy/em ( inflexion by suffix1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 an ease 9 inv]t+ ! ord] :i* mod]n ,fr5* has lo/1 & :i* ! language ( ! sixte5? c5tury reta9$ only to a slight ext5t1 its inv]sions be+ ga9$ at ! exp5se ( cle>ness4 ,aga91 ! vocabul>y ( ! langue d'oil includ$ _m words br\ght 9 by ! ,franks4#acg ,?us x began by be+ almo/ z mu* ,g]manic z ,gallic2 ,celtic elem5ts appe>$ 9 its second /age1 & p]haps fix$ ! melodic pr9ciples ( ! language4 ,! be/ possible tribute to its m]its is to be f\nd 9 ! successful exp]im5t ( ,littr1#ach :o translat$ ! fir/ book ( ! 8,iliad0 lit]ally1 l9e = l9e1 into ,fr5* ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,su* a t\r de =ce w\ld be impossible 9 mod]n ,fr5*4 ,su* a language belong$ to a p t 0 evid5tly v diff]5t f ! inhabitants ( ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,x 0 m deeply atta*$ to ,ca?olicism2 its politics 7 p]meat$ by a lively idea ( fre$om1 dignity1 & indep5d5ce1 its in/itutions _h no aim b utility4 ,?us ! mission set be=e ! popul> lit]ature 0 n to express ! fancies ( ! m9d or he>t1 ! freaki%ness ( a univ]sal scepticism1 b to put toge!r ! annals ( ! nation1 & to set d[n :at 0 at t "t reg>d$ z ! tru?4 ,x is to ?is temp] ( ! p & _! language t we owe ! great rhym$ *ronicles1 especially 8,g>9 le ,loh]a910 :i* be> witness1 ?\gh x has s9ce be5 d5i$1 to ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,nor?4 ,un=tunately1 s9ce ! compil]s ( ^! traditions1 & ev5 _! orig9al au?ors1 ma9ly aim$ at pres]v+ hi/orical facts or satisfy+ _! desire = positive & solid results1 poetry 9 ! true s5se1 ! love ( =m & ! se>* = beauty1 does n always bulk z l>ge z x %\ld 9 _! long n>ratives4 ,! lit]ature ( ! langue d'oil 01 above all1 utilit>ian2 & s ! race1 ! language1 & ! lit]ature 7 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,! ,g]manic elem5t 9 ! race1 h[ev]1 be+ f> less ?an ! ,gallic basis or ! ,roman accretions1 naturally began to lose gr\nd4 ,! same ?+ took place 9 ! language2 ,celtic & ,lat9 advanc$1 ,g]manic retreat$4 ,t noble spee*1 :i* we "k only at its highe/ /age1 & :i* might h ris5 ev5 high]1 began to decl9e & become corrupt$ t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! fifte5?1 x 0 no m ?an a patois1 f :i* ! ,g]manic elem5ts _h completely disappe>$4 ,! treasury 0 exhau/$2 & :at rema9$ 0 an illogical & b>b>\s anomaly 9 ! mid/ ( ! progress ( ,celtic & ,lat94 ,?us 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! revival ( classical /udies f\nd ! language 9 ru9s1 & tri$ to remodel x on ! l9es ( ,greek & ,lat94 ,?is 0 ! pr(ess$ aim ( ! writ]s ( ?is great age4 ,!y did n succe$1 & ! sev5te5? c5tury1 wisely see+ t ! irresi/ible m>* ( ev5ts c\ld 9 no wise be curb$ by ! h& ( man1 set itself m]ely to improve ! language f )92 = e day x 0 assum+ m & m ! =ms be/ suit$ to ! dom9ant race1 ! =ms1 9 o!r words1 into :i* ! grammatical life ( ,celtic _h =m]ly be5 ca/4 ,al?\gh bo? ! langue d'oil & ,fr5* prop] are m>k$ by a great] unity ?an ! l+ua romana 7s9ce ! mixture ( races & languages t gave bir? to !m 0 less complex7 yet !y h produc$ sep>ate dialects :i* survive to ?is day4 ,x is n do+ ^! too mu* hon\r to call !m dialects1 n patois4 ,!y arose1 n f ! corruption ( ! dom9ant type1 ) :i* !y 7 at lea/ contempor>y1 b f ! diff]5t proportions 9 :i* ! ,celtic1 ,lat91 & ,g]manic elem5ts1 t /ill make up ! ,fr5* nationality1 7 m+l$4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,se9e1 we f9d ! dialect ( ,pic>dy2 ?is is1 9 vocabul>y & rhy?mic quality1 v ne> ,flemi%1 ( :i* ! ,g]manic "* is too obvi\s to be dwelt ^u4 ,flemi%1 9 ?is respect1 %[s ! same p[] ( *oice z ! langue d'oil1 :i* c\ld 9 a c]ta9 poem1 )\t ceas+ to be itself1 admit =ms & expressions tak5 bodily f ! language spok5 at ,arras4#aci ,z we g s\? ( ! ,se9e t[>ds ! ,loire1 ! ,celtic elem5ts 9 ! prov9cial dialects gr[ m num]\s4 ,9 ,burgundian1 & ! dialects ( ,vaud & ,savoy1 ev5 ! vocabul>y has _m traces ( ,celtic2 ^! are n f\nd 9 ,fr5*1 :]e ! pr$om9ant factor is ru/ic ,lat94#adj ,i h %[n above#ada h[ f ! sixte5? c5tury ! influ5ce ( ! nor? _h giv5 gr\nd be=e ! gr[+ prepond]ance ( ! peoples beyond ! ,loire4 ,! read] has m]ely to comp>e ! pres5t sections on language ) my =m] rem>ks on blood to see h[ close is ! relation betwe5 ! spee* ( a p & its physical con/itution4#adb ,i h dealt 9 detail ) ! special case ( ,france1 b ! pr9ciple c\ld easily be illu/rat$ f ! re/ ( ,europe2 & x w\ld be se51 z a univ]sal rule1 t ! successive *anges & modifications ( a language are n1 z "o usually he>s1 ! "w ( c5turies4 ,if !y 71 ,ekkhili1 ,b]b]1 ,eusk>a1 & ,bas-,breton w\ld long h disappe>$2 & yet !y /ill survive4 ,! *anges 9 language are caus$ by correspond+ *anges 9 ! blood ( successive g5]ations1 & ! p>allelism is exact4 ,i mu/ "h expla9 a ph5om5on to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 namely ! r5unciation by c]ta9 racial gr\ps 7"u pressure ( special necessity1 or _! own nature7 ( _! native tongue 9 fav\r ( "o :i* is m or less =eign to !m4 ,i took ! ,jews & ! ,p>sees z examples4 ,!re are o!rs m rem>kable /ill2 = we f9d1 9 ,am]ica1 savage tribes speak+ languages sup]ior to !mselves4 ,9 ,am]ica1 by a curi\s /roke ( fate1 ! mo/ en]getic nations h develop$1 s to speak1 9 secret4 ,! art ( writ+ 0 unkn[n to !m1 & _! hi/ory prop] beg9s v late & is ne>ly always v obscure4 ,! ,new ,_w conta9s a great numb] ( peoples :i*1 ?\gh !y are neighb\rs & d]ive 9 diff]5t directions f a common orig91 h v little resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to d',orbigny1 ! s-call$ 8,*iquitean gr\p0 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica is compos$ ( tribes1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ conta9 ab\t #aejj s\ls1 & ! lea/ num]\s #ej & #cjj4 ,all ^!1 ev5 ! smalle/1 h di/9ct languages4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s c only be ! result ( a complete racial an>*y4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 ,i am n at all surpris$ to see _m ( ^! tribes1 l ! ,*iquitos1 9 possession ( a complicat$ & app>5tly sci5tific language4 ,! words us$ by ! m5 are sometimes diff]5t f ^? ( ! wom52 & 9 e case :5 a man borr[s "o ( ! wom5's phrases1 he *anges ! t]m9ations4 ,:]e su* luxury 9 vocabul>y is possible1 ! language has surely rea*$ a v ref9$ /age4 ,un=tunately1 side by side ) ?is we f9d t ! table ( num]als does n g mu* fur!r ?an t54 ,su* pov]ty1 9 ! mid/ ( s mu* c>eful elaboration1 is probably due to ! ravag+ h& ( "t1 aid$ by ! b>b>\s condition ( ! natives to-day4 ,:5 we see anomalies l ^!1 we _c help recall+ ! sumptu\s palaces1 once m>vels ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* h come1 by "s revolution1 into ! h&s ( rude peasants4 ,! eye may rove ) admiration ov] delicate columns1 elegant trellis-"w1 sculptur$ por*es1 noble /aircases1 & /rik+ gables--luxuries :i* are useless to ! wret*$ness t lives "u !m2 = ! ru9$ ro(s let 9 ! ra91 ! floors crack1 & ! worm eats into ! m\ld]+ walls4 ,i c n[ say ) c]ta9ty t1 ) reg>d to ! special "* ( races1 philology confirms all ! facts ( physiology & hi/ory4 ,its conclusions h[ev] mu/ be h&l$ ) extreme c>e1 & :5 !y are all we h to g ^u1 x is v dang]\s to re/ cont5t ) !m4 ,)\t ! slighte/ d\bt1 a p's language corresponds to its m5tality1 b n always to its real value = civilization4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ?is1 we mu/ fix our eyes solely on ! race by :i*1 & = :i*1 ! language 0 at fir/ design$4 ,n[ ) ! exception ( ! negroes1 & a few yell[ gr\ps1 we meet only quat]n>y races 9 record$ hi/ory4 ,all ! languages we "k are ?us d]ivative1 & we _c ga9 ! lea/ idea ( ! laws gov]n+ _! =mation except 9 ! comp>atively lat] /ages4 ,our results1 ev5 :5 confirm$ by hi/ory1 _c be reg>d$ z infallibly prov$4 ,! fur!r we g back1 ! dimm] becomes ! light1 & ! m hypo!tical ! nature ( any argum5ts drawn f philology4 ,x is exasp]at+ to be ?r[n back on ^! :5 we try to trace ! progress ( any human family or to discov] ! racial elem5ts t make x up4 ,we "k t ,sanscrit & ,z5d are ak94 ,t is some?+2 b _! common roots are seal$ to u4 ,! o!r anci5t tongues are 9 ! same case4 ,we "k no?+ ( ,eusk>a except itself4 ,z no analogue to x has be5 discov]$ up to n[1 we are ignorant ( its hi/ory1 & :e!r x is to be reg>d$ z itself primitive or d]iv$4 ,x yields u no positive k z to :e!r ! p :o speak x are racially simple or composite4 ,e?nology may well be grateful = ! help giv5 by philology4 ,b ! help mu/ n be accept$ unconditionally1 or any !ories bas$ on x alone4#adc ,?is rule is dictat$ by a necess>y prud5ce4 ,all ! facts1 h[ev]1 m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] g to prove t1 orig9ally1 !re is a p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 ! intellectual virtues ( a race & ^? ( its native spee*2 t languages are1 9 consequ5ce1 unequal 9 value & significance1 unlike 9 _! =ms & basic elem5ts1 z races are also2 t _! modifications1 l ^? ( races1 come m]ely f int]mixture ) o!r idioms2 t _! qualities & m]its1 l a p's blood1 disappe> or become absorb$1 :5 !y are swamp$ by too _m het]og5e\s elem5ts2 f9ally1 t :5 a language ( a high] ord] is us$ by "s human gr\p :i* is unwor?y ( x1 x w c]ta9ly become mutilat$ & die out4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh x is (t5 difficult to inf] at once1 9 a p>ticul> case1 ! m]its ( a p f ^? ( its language1 x is q c]ta9 t 9 !ory ?is c always be done4 ,i may ?us lay x d[n1 z a univ]sal axiom1 t ! hi]>*y ( languages is 9 /rict correspond5ce ) ! hi]>*y ( races4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,recapitulation2 ,,! ,,respective ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,great ,,races2 ,,! ,,sup]iority ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,type1 ,,&1 ,,)9 ,,?is ,,type1 ,,( ,,! ,,aryan ,,family ,i h %[n ! unique place 9 ! organic _w occupi$ by ! human species1 ! pr(\nd physical1 z well z moral1 diff]5ces sep>at+ x f all o!r k9ds ( liv+ creatures4 ,consid]+ x by itself1 ,i h be5 able to di/+ui%1 on physiological gr\nds alone1 ?ree great & cle>ly m>k$ types1 ! black1 ! yell[1 & ! :ite4 ,h[ev] unc]ta9 ! aims ( physiology may be1 h[ev] meagre its res\rces1 h[ev] defective its me?ods1 x c proce$ ?us f> ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! negroid v>iety is ! l[e/1 & /&s at ! foot ( ! ladd]4 ,! animal "*1 t appe>s 9 ! %ape ( ! pelvis1 is /amp$ on ! negro f bir?1 & =e%ad[s 8 de/9y4 ,8 intellect w always move )9 a v n>r[ circle4 ,he is n h[ev] a m]e brute1 = beh9d 8 l[ rec$+ br[1 9 ! middle ( 8 skull1 we c see signs ( a p[]ful en]gy1 h[ev] crude its objects4 ,if 8 m5tal faculties are dull or ev5 non-exi/5t1 he (t5 has an int5sity ( desire1 & s ( w1 :i* may be call$ t]rible4 ,_m ( 8 s5ses1 especially ta/e & smell1 are develop$ to an ext5t unkn[n to ! o!r two races4#add ,! v /r5g? ( 8 s5sations is ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( 8 inf]iority4 ,all food is good 9 8 eyes1 no?+ disgu/s or repels him4 ,:at he desires is to eat1 to eat furi\sly1 & to excess2 no c>rion is too revolt+ to be swall[$ by him4 ,x is ! same ) od\rs2 8 inord9ate desires are satisfi$ ) all1 h[ev] co>se or ev5 horrible4 ,to ^! qualities may be add$ an in/ability & caprici\sness ( feel+1 t _c be ti$ d[n to any s+le object1 & :i*1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 d away ) all di/9ctions ( good & evil4 ,we might ev5 say t ! viol5ce ) :i* he pursues ! object t has ar\s$ 8 s5ses & inflam$ 8 desires is a gu>antee ( ! desires be+ soon satisfi$ & ! object =gott54 ,f9ally1 he is equally c>eless ( 8 own life & t ( o!rs3 he kills will+ly1 = ! sake ( kill+2 & ?is human ma*9e1 9 :om x is s easy to ar\se emotion1 %[s1 9 face ( suff]+1 ei!r a mon/r\s indiff]5ce or a c[>dice t seeks a volunt>y refuge 9 dea?4 ,! yell[ race is ! exact opposite ( ?is type4 ,! skull po9ts =w>d1 n backw>d4 ,! =ehead is wide & bony1 (t5 high & project+4 ,! %ape ( ! face is triangul>1 ! nose & *9 %[+ none ( ! co>se protub]ances t m>k ! negro4 ,!re is fur!r a g5]al pron5ess to obesity1 :i*1 ?\gh n conf9$ to ! yell[ type1 is f\nd !re m frequ5tly ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,! yell[ man has little physical en]gy1 & is incl9$ to apa?y2 he commits none ( ! /range excesses s common among negroes4 ,8 desires are feeble1 8 w-p[] r ob/9ate ?an viol5t2 8 long+ = mat]ial pleasures1 ?\gh con/ant1 is kept )9 b\nds4 ,a r>e glutton by nature1 he %[s f> m discrim9ation 9 8 *oice ( food4 ,he t5ds to m$iocrity 9 ev]y?+2 he und]/&s easily en\gh any?+ n too deep or sublime4#ade ,he has a love ( utility & a respect = ord]1 & kn[s ! value ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om4 ,he is practical1 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he does n dream or !orize2 he inv5ts little1 b c appreciate & take ov] :at is useful to him4 ,8 :ole desire is to live 9 ! easie/ & mo/ com=table way possible4 ,! yell[ races are ?us cle>ly sup]ior to ! black4 ,e f\nd] ( a civilization w\ld wi% ! backbone ( 8 society1 8 middle class1 to consi/ ( su* m54 ,b no civiliz$ society c\ld be creat$ by !m2 !y c\ld n supply its n]ve-=ce1 or set 9 motion ! spr+s ( beauty & action4 ,we come n[ to ! :ite peoples4 ,^! are gift$ ) reflective en]gy1 or r ) an en]getic intellig5ce4 ,!y h a feel+ = utility1 b 9 a s5se f> wid] & high]1 m c\rage\s & ideal1 ?an ! yell[ races2 a p]sev]ance t takes acc\nt ( ob/acles & ultimately f9ds a means ( ov]com+ !m2 a great] physical p[]1 an extraord9>y in/9ct = ord]1 n m]ely z a gu>antee ( peace & tranquillity1 b z an indisp5sable means ( self-pres]vation4 ,at ! same "t1 !y h a rem>kable1 & ev5 extreme1 love ( lib]ty1 & are op5ly ho/ile to ! =malism "u :i* ! ,*9ese are glad to vegetate1 z well z to ! /rict despotism :i* is ! only way ( gov]n+ ! negro4 ,! :ite races are1 fur!r1 di/+ui%$ by an extraord9>y atta*m5t to life4 ,!y "k bett] h[ to use x1 & s1 z x w\ld seem1 set a great] price on x2 bo? 9 _! own p]sons & ^? ( o!rs1 !y are m sp>+ ( life4 ,:5 !y are cruel1 !y are consci\s ( _! cruelty2 x is v d\btful :e!r su* a consci\sness exi/s 9 ! negro4 ,at ! same "t1 !y h discov]$ reasons :y !y %\ld surr5d] ?is busy life ( !irs1 t is s preci\s to !m4 ,! pr9cipal motive is hon\r1 :i* "u v>i\s names has play$ an enorm\s "p 9 ! ideas ( ! race f ! beg9n+4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t ! ^w hon\r1 toge!r ) all ! civiliz+ influ5ces connot$ by x1 is unkn[n to bo? ! yell[ & ! black man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! :ite peoples 9 ! :ole field ( ! intellect is balanc$ by an inf]iority 9 ! int5sity ( _! s5sations4 ,9 ! _w ( ! s5ses1 ! :ite man is f> less gift$ ?an ! o!rs1 & s is less tempt$ & less absorb$ by consid]ations ( ! body1 al?\gh 9 physical /ructure he is f> ! mo/ vigor\s4#adf ,su* are ! ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! human race4 ,i call !m second>y types1 z ,i ?9k myself oblig$ to omit all discussion ( ! ,adamite man4 ,f ! comb9ation1 by int]m>riage1 ( ! v>ieties ( ^! types come ! t]ti>y gr\ps4 ,! quat]n>y =mations are produc$ by ! union ( "o ( ^! t]ti>y types1 or ( a pure-blood$ tribe1 ) ano!r gr\p tak5 f "o ( ! two =eign species4 ,bel[ ^! categories o!rs h appe>$--& /ill appe>4 ,"s ( ^! are v /rongly *>act]iz$1 & =m new & di/9ct po9ts ( dep>ture1 com+ z !y d f races t h be5 completely fus$4 ,o!rs are incomplete1 & ill-ord]$1 &1 "o might ev5 say1 anti-social1 s9ce _! elem5ts1 be+ too num]\s1 too disp>ate1 or too b>b>\s1 h _h nei!r ! "t nor ! opportunity = comb9+ to any fruitful purpose4 ,no limits1 except ! horror excit$ by ! possibility ( inf9ite int]mixture1 c be assign$ to ! numb] ( ^! hybrid & *equ]$ races t make up ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to ass]t t e mixture is bad & h>mful4 ,if ! ?ree great types _h rema9$ /rictly sep>ate1 ! supremacy w\ld no d\bt h always be5 9 ! h&s ( ! f9e/ ( ! :ite races1 & ! yell[ & black v>ieties w\ld h crawl$ = ev] at ! feet ( ! l[e/ ( ! :ites4 ,su* a /ate is s f> ideal1 s9ce x has nev] be5 beheld 9 hi/ory2 & we c imag9e x only by recogniz+ ! undisput$ sup]iority ( ^? gr\ps ( ! :ite races :i* h rema9$ ! pure/4 ,x w\ld n h be5 all ga94 ,! sup]iority ( ! :ite race w\ld h be5 cle>ly %[n1 b x w\ld h be5 b\ght at ! price ( c]ta9 advantages :i* h foll[$ ! mixture ( blood4 ,al?\gh ^! are f> f c\nt]balanc+ ! defects !y h br\ght 9 _! tra91 yet !y are sometimes to be comm5d$4 ,arti/ic g5ius1 :i* is equally =eign to ea* ( ! ?ree great types1 arose only aft] ! int]m>riage ( :ite & black4 ,aga91 9 ! ,malayan v>iety1 a human family 0 produc$ f ! yell[ & black races t _h m intellig5ce ?an ei!r ( its ance/ors4 ,f9ally1 f ! union ( :ite & yell[1 c]ta9 int]m$i>y peoples h sprung1 :o are sup]ior to ! purely ,f9ni% tribes z well z to ! negroes4 ,i d n d5y t ^! are good results4 ,! _w ( art & great lit]ature t comes f ! mixture ( blood1 ! improvem5t & ennoblem5t ( inf]ior races--all ^! are wond]s = :i* we mu/ ne$s be ?ankful4 ,! small h be5 rais$4 ,un=tunately1 ! great h be5 l[]$ by ! same process2 & ?is is an evil t no?+ c balance or repair4 ,s9ce ,i am putt+ toge!r ! advantages ( racial mixtures1 ,i w also add t to !m is due ! ref9em5t ( mann]s & beliefs1 & especially ! temp]+ ( passion & desire4 ,b ^! are m]ely transitory b5efits1 & if ,i recognize t ! mulatto1 :o may become a lawy]1 a doctor1 or a bus9ess man1 is wor? m ?an 8 negro gr&fa!r1 :o 0 absolutely savage1 & fit = no?+1 ,i mu/ also confess t ! ,brahmans ( primitive ,india1 ! h]oes ( ! ,iliad & ! ,%ahnameh1 ! w>riors ( ,sc&9avia--! glori\s %ades ( noble races t h disappe>$--give u a high] & m brilliant idea ( humanity1 & 7 m active1 intellig5t1 & tru/y in/rum5ts ( civilization & gr&eur ?an ! peoples1 hybrid a hundr$ times ov]1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,& ! blood ev5 ( ^! 0 no long] pure4 ,h[ev] x has come ab\t1 ! human races1 z we f9d !m 9 hi/ory1 are complex2 & "o ( ! *ief consequ5ces has be5 to ?r[ into disord] mo/ ( ! primitive *>act]i/ics ( ea* type4 ,! good z well z ! bad qualities are se5 to dim9i% 9 int5sity ) repeat$ int]mixture ( blood2 b !y also scatt] & sep>ate (f f ea* o!r1 & are (t5 mutually oppos$4 ,! :ite race orig9ally possess$ ! monopoly ( beauty1 intellig5ce1 & /r5g?4 ,by its union ) o!r v>ieties1 hybrids 7 creat$1 :i* 7 beautiful )\t /r5g?1 /rong )\t intellig5ce1 or1 if intellig5t1 bo? weak & ugly4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! quantity ( :ite blood 0 increas$ to an indef9ite am\nt by successive infusions1 & n by a s+le admixture1 x no long] c>ri$ ) x its natural advantages1 & (t5 m]ely increas$ ! confusion already exi/+ 9 ! racial elem5ts4 ,its /r5g?1 9 fact1 seem$ to be its only rema9+ quality1 & ev5 its /r5g? s]v$ only to promote disord]4 ,! app>5t anomaly is easily expla9$4 ,ea* /age ( a p]fect mixture produces a new type f div]se elem5ts1 & develops special faculties4 ,z soon z fur!r elem5ts are add$1 ! va/ difficulty ( h>moniz+ ! :ole creates a /ate ( an>*y4 ,! m ?is increases1 ! m d ev5 ! be/ & ri*e/ ( ! new contributions dim9i% 9 value1 & by _! m]e pres5ce add fuel to an evil :i* !y _c abate4 ,if mixtures ( blood are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b5eficial to ! mass ( mank9d1 if !y raise & ennoble x1 ?is is m]ely at ! exp5se ( mank9d itself1 :i* is /unt$1 abas$1 en]vat$1 & humiliat$ 9 ! p]sons ( its noble/ sons4 ,ev5 if we admit t x is bett] to turn a myriad ( degrad$ be+s into m$iocre m5 ?an to pres]ve ! race ( pr9ces ^: blood is adult]at$ & impov]i%$ by be+ made to suff] ?is di%on\rable *ange1 yet !re is /ill ! un=tunate fact t ! *ange does n /op "h2 = :5 ! m$iocre m5 are once creat$ at ! exp5se ( ! great]1 !y comb9e ) o!r m$iocrities1 & f su* unions1 :i* gr[ ev] m & m degrad$1 is born a confusion :i*1 l t ( ,babel1 ends 9 utt] impot5ce1 & leads societies d[n to ! abyss ( no?+ness :5ce no p[] on e>? c rescue !m4 ,su* is ! lesson ( hi/ory4 ,x %[s u t all civilizations d]ive f ! :ite race1 t none c exi/ )\t its help1 & t a society is great & brilliant only s f> z x pres]ves ! blood ( ! noble gr\p t creat$ x1 provid$ t ?is gr\p itself belongs to ! mo/ illu/ri\s bran* ( our species4 ,( ! multitude ( peoples :i* live or h liv$ on ! e>?1 t5 alone h ris5 to ! position ( complete societies4 ,! rema9d] h gravitat$ r\nd ^! m or less indep5d5tly1 l planets r\nd _! suns4 ,if !re is any elem5t ( life 9 ^! t5 civilizations t is n due to ! impulse ( ! :ite races1 any se$ ( dea? t does n come f ! inf]ior /ocks t m+l$ ) !m1 !n ! :ole !ory on :i* ?is book re/s is false4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! facts are z ,i say1 !n we h an irrefragable pro( ( ! nobility ( our own species4 ,only ! actual details c set ! f9al seal ( tru? on my sy/em1 & !y alone c %[ ) suffici5t exactness ! full implications ( my ma9 !sis1 t peoples deg5]ate only 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>i\s admixtures ( blood :i* !y und]go2 t _! deg5]ation corresponds exactly to ! quantity & quality ( ! new blood1 & t ! rude/ possible %ock to ! vitality ( a civilization is giv5 :5 ! rul+ elem5ts 9 a society & ^? develop$ by racial *ange h become s num]\s t !y are cle>ly mov+ away f ! homog5eity necess>y to _! life1 & x !re=e becomes impossible = !m to be br\ght into h>mony & s acquire ! common in/9cts & int]e/s1 ! common logic ( exi/5ce1 :i* is ! sole ju/ification = any social bond :atev]4 ,!re is no great] curse ?an su* disord]1 = h[ev] bad x may h made ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 x promises /ill worse = ! future4 ,,note4--,! 8t5 civilizations0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph are z foll[s4 ,!y are fully discuss$ 9 ! subsequ5t books ( ! 8,inequality ( ,races10 ( :i* ! pres5t volume =ms ! fir/4 ,i4 ,! ,indian civilization1 :i* rea*$ its highe/ po9t r\nd ! ,indian ,ocean1 & 9 ! nor? & ea/ ( ! ,indian ,cont95t1 s\?-ea/ ( ! ,brahmaputra4 ,x arose f a bran* ( a :ite p1 ! ,aryans4 ,,ii4 ,! ,egyptians1 r\nd :om collect$ ! ,e?iopians1 ! ,nubians1 & a few small] peoples to ! we/ ( ! oasis ( ,ammon4 ,?is society 0 creat$ by an ,aryan colony f ,india1 t settl$ 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,nile4 ,,iii4 ,! ,assyrians1 ) :om may be class$ ! ,jews1 ! ,phnicians1 ! ,lydians1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & ! ,hymi>ites4 ,!y ow$ _! civiliz+ qualities to ! great :ite invasions :i* may be gr\p$ "u ! "n ( ! desc5dants ( ,%em & ,ham4 ,! ,zoroa/rian ,iranians :o rul$ "p ( ,c5tral ,asia "u ! names ( ,m$es1 ,p]sians1 & ,bactrians1 7 a bran* ( ! ,aryan family4 ,,iv4 ,! ,greeks1 :o came f ! same ,aryan /ock1 z modifi$ by ,semitic elem5ts4 ,v4 ,! ,*9ese civilization1 aris+ f a cause simil> to t op]at+ 9 ,egypt4 ,an ,aryan colony f ,india br\ght ! light ( civilization to ,*9a also4 ,in/ead h[ev] ( becom+ mix$ ) black peoples1 z on ! ,nile1 ! colony became absorb$ 9 ,malay & yell[ races1 & 0 re9=c$1 f ! nor?-we/1 by a fair numb] ( :ite elem5ts1 equally ,aryan b no long] ,h9du4 ,,vi4 ,! anci5t civilization ( ! ,italian p59sula1 ! cradle ( ,roman culture4 ,?is 0 produc$ by a mixture ( ,celts1 ,ib]ians1 ,aryans1 & ,semites4 ,,vii4 ,! ,g]manic races1 :i* 9 ! fif? c5tury trans=m$ ! ,we/]n m9d4 ,^! 7 ,aryans4 ,,viii4-,x4 ,! ?ree civilizations ( ,am]ica1 ! ,alleghanian1 ! ,mexican1 & ! ,p]uvian4 ,( ! fir/ sev5 civilizations1 :i* are ^? ( ! ,old ,_w1 six belong1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! ,aryan race1 & ! sev5?1 t ( ,assyria1 owes to ?is race ! ,iranian ,r5aissance1 :i* is1 hi/orically1 its be/ title to fame4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe is inhabit$ at ! pres5t "t by gr\ps ( :i* ! basis is :ite1 b 9 :i* ! non-,aryan elem5ts are ! mo/ num]\s4 ,!re is no true civilization1 among ! ,european peoples1 :]e ! ,aryan bran* is n pr$om9ant4 ,9 ! above li/ no negro race is se5 z ! initiator ( a civilization4 ,only :5 x is mix$ ) "s o!r c x ev5 be initiat$ into "o4 ,simil>ly1 no spontane\s civilization is to be f\nd among ! yell[ races2 & :5 ! ,aryan blood is exhau/$ /agnation sup]v5es4 ,,index ,abraham1 #abc ,abu-,hanifah1 #abc ,a*aem5idae1 #agf ,adair1 #gb ,adam1 #aah-i1 #ade s*ylus1 #ad1 #ii ,agrippa1 #ag ,albig5ses1 #aih ,alcu1 #id ,alex&] ! ,great1 #dd1 #age-f1 #aic ,alex&ria1 #fa ,alex&rians1 #ch1 #agf ,algi]s1 #aga ,alleghany race1 #ga1 #agb ,altaic languages1 #ahc ,altai ,m\nta9s1 #abh1 #ada ,amalfi1 #fa ,am]ica1 ,anglo-,saxons ( ,nor?1 #ci1 #ga1 #afj n4 ,anabapti/s1 #bj ,anaxagoras1 #ad ,ancorso1 #adc ,&es1 #aae ,anglo-,saxons1 #cj1 #fi ,annam1 #afd ,anne1 ,que51 #db ,antilles1 #ej ,antio*1 #fj ,anton9es1 #ae ,anton9us ,pius1 #aa ,anubis1 #ff ,apollo1 #ajh-i ,appius ,claudius1 #i ,arabs1 #ba1 #eh1 #abb-e1 #agg-i ,aral1 ,lake1 #abh ,aramaic1 #aid ,ar&a1 ,c\nt (1 #eb ,ar>at1 ,m\nt1 #adb ,araucans1 #aai ,arbela1 #cc ,arcadia1 #ei ,arg9us1 #aeh ,ari/ophanes1 #ad1 #aeg ,ari/otle1 #aff ,arkansas1 #ga ,armagnacs1 #ab ,arm5ians1 #eh1 #aic ,arsacid1 #agg ,artibonite1 #dh ,aryan languages1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aii ,aryav>ta1 #cb ,as$d91 #abi ,a%ik-,pa*a-,zadeh1 #acj n4 ,aspasia1 #ad ,assyria1 #b1 #g1 #ef1 #gi ,assyrians1 #hg1 #abf ,a!ne1 #id ,a!nians1 #g2 religion1 #ac1 #ag2 art & politics1 #aeg-h ,a!ns1 #ei1 #ajd ,atlas1 ,m\nt1 #ada ,attila1 #acb ,aurelian1 #ag ,auv]gne1 #aba ,aym>as1 #he ,aztecs1 #h1 #ac1 #aib ,bab]1 #abi n4 ,babylon1 #aj1 #aid ,bagdad1 #agh ,bak]1 #acg-h ,balabalan1 #ahh ,bamb>as1 #ahj ,b>r[1 #aba n4 ,basques1 #aid ,belgium1 #ib1 #ii ,b]b]s1 #aid1 #bja ,b]l91 climate (1 #ch ,b]n>d1 ,/41 #fi ,bi*at1 #bd ,birman1 #aij ,blum5ba*1 #aji-aj1 #aai1 #adf ,botia1 #ei ,bordeaux1 #fj ,born1 ,b]tran de1 #aig ,bossuet1 #ab ,brahmans1 #cb1 #fe2 civilization1 #hc1 #ig1 #bji2 religion1 #adb2 pacifism1 #afa ,brazil1 #abe n4 ,brem51 #fj ,breton1 language1 #bja ,brittany1 #ag1 #dd1 #aja n4 ,buddhi/s1 #fe1 #ig ,burgundian1 #bja ,bu%m51 #ahg ,caciques1 #aga ,cadiz1 #aej ,cs>1 ,julius1 #ae1 #aeh ,calabrians1 #aba ,calv9i/s1 #da ,camp]1 #ajh-aj ,can>ies1 #add1 #aee ,cappadocians1 #aic ,capri1 #fj ,c>ians1 #aic ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 #agc ,c>?age1 #ac ,c>?ag9ians1 #ce1 #ch1 #ff1 #gi ,c>us1 #ed n41 #gd n41 #aaa-d1 #adi ,catalans1 #ib ,cata:as1 #agb ,cato1 #aeh ,catullus1 #aff ,caucasian1 #aai1 #adf ,caucasus1 #abg1 #ada-b1 #ahg ,celtic languages1 #ahi-ij1 #aif-bja ,celts1 #cb1 #ce1 #agb ,*agres1 #fa ,*>lemagne1 #aej ,*>les ,i1 ( ,engl&1 #da2 ,,vii1 ( ,france1 #dc ,*]okees1 #fi1 #ga-b1 #gd1 #aba1 #agb ,*9a1 #g1 #bj2 climate (1 #ef-g ,*9ese1 #cc2 z trad]s1 #eh2 ,*9ese ,*ri/ians1 #fd-e2 mat]ial civilization1 #hg1 #ie-g2 p]man5t *>act]i/ics1 #ach2 language1 #ahd-e ,*iquitos1 #bjb ,*lodwig1 #afj n4 ,*ri/ianity1 its fight aga9/ paganism1 #de2 relation to civilization1 *ap4 vii passim ,cic]o1 #aeh ,c9c9natus1 #aa ,c+alese1 #abf ,cirionos1 #ec ,civilization1 ,guizot's def9ition1 #hj-a2 von ,humboldt's def9ition1 #hb2 ,gob9eau's def9ition1 #ia2 li/ ( --s1 #baa-ab ,co-adjutor1 #da ,columbus1 #add ,confucius1 #gd n4 ,con/ant9e1 #ae ,con/ant9ople1 #fa1 #abh1 #aej ,coptic1 #ahe n4 ,cordill]as1 !1 #fd ,cordova1 #bi1 #agg ,cor9?1 #ei ,corom&el ,coa/1 #abb ,cortes1 #h1 #aib ,creeks1 #ga ,croats1 #bi ,cuba1 #ea ,cuvi]1 #aah1 #acf1 #ada ,cuzco1 #afg ,cyrus ! ,great1 #aj ,dahomey1 #dh1 #he ,damascus1 #eg ,dante1 #aih ,d>ius1 #aj1 #cc1 #agf ,davis1 #if ,deccan1 #adg ,decius1 #ag ,deg5]ation1 mean+ (1 #be ,delaw>e1 #aij ,delhi1 #cd ,demet]1 #ei1 #id ,diocletian1 #ag1 #if ,djelat-,edd9-,rumi1 #ahh ,dodona1 #age ,draco1 #dj ,druids1 #dd ,ecbatana1 #age ,egypt1 #b1 #g1 #ef ,egyptians1 #cj1 #hj2 civilization1 #hg2 relations ) ,islam1 #agh ,ekkhili1 #bja ,engl&1 luxury 91 #h2 *ange 9 in/itutions1 #db ,engli%1 z rul]s ( ,india1 #cd2 civilization1 #ha1 #ib1 #ig-ajb ,epicurus1 #ac ,erie1 ,lake1 #ee ,eskimos1 #fd-e1 #fi1 #aca ,etruscans1 #hj1 #aba ,euhem]us1 #af ,euphrates1 #ef ,europeans1 physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics (1 #ajg-h & *aps4 x1 xii1 xvi1 passim ,eusk>a1 #bja1 #bjc ,eve1 #aai ,fabii1 #cc1 #aei ,f>nese ,h]cules1 #ajh ,fatimites1 #g ,fellatahs1 #dh ,fnelon1 #ab ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 #da ,f9ns1 #ch1 #abg-cb1 #adf ,fl\r5s1 #aaf ,france1 luxury 91 #h2 "u ,engli% rule1 #bj2 *ange 9 in/itutions1 #dc ,frankl91 #ahj n4 ,franks1 #aii ,fr5*1 civilization (1 #ha1 #ib2 p[] ( resi/ance1 #aeb2 language1 #ahi1 #aif-bja ,gal]ius1 #af ,galla1 #fg ,gallat91 #gb ,gallo-,romans1 #aa1 #aig ,g>9 le ,loh]a91 #bjj-a ,gauls1 !1 indep5d5ce (1 #agj ,gayas$d9-,keikosrev1 #abi ,g5esis1 ,book (1 #aag-h ,g5oese1 #h1 #gi ,g]&o1 #acb ,g]manic tribes1 #hg1 #ia1 #ic1 #abh2 language1 #ahi-ij1 #aih-i ,g]many1 religi\s w>s 91 #ba ,giob]ti1 #aea ,goe!1 #hc1 #ahe n4 ,go?ic1 #aij ,go?s1 #aj1 #aig ,greece1 #b1 #g2 ,*ri/ianity 91 #ag2 climate (1 #ei ,greeks1 #h1 #aj2 civilization1 #hg-h1 #ib1 #id2 religion1 #adb2 relation to ,p]sians1 #agd-f2 language1 #aia-d ,gr5ada1 #bi ,grimm1 ,monsieur de1 #di ,gu>anis1 #eb-c ,guizot1 #gg-hb ,gut5b]g1 #afe ,ham1 #bi1 #dh ,hamites1 #aah1 #adf ,hanov]1 #ib ,hanseatic t[ns1 #fj ,h>modius1 #aj ,hawaii1 #dg ,hayti1 #dh-ea ,h$jaz1 #agh ,helvetius1 #aea ,h5ry ,,iv1 ( ,france1 #dc ,h]acles1 ,tyrian1 #ff ,h9dus1 #bi-cj1 #gf2 civilization1 #hj1 #hg1 #ia2 age ( m>riage among1 #abd ,holba*1 ,b>on1 #di ,holl&1 #ib1 #ii ,hom]1 #aeg ,hott5tots1 #aba1 #ahj ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 #abi n41 #acb n41 #acg n41 #add n4 ,humboldt1 ,w4 von1 #hb-d1 #ahc n41 #ahg1 #aib1 #aie ,hung>y1 #bi ,huns1 #acb ,huron1 #cg ,hussites1 #bj ,hybrids1 f]tility (1 #aae-g ,hyd]abad1 #cd ,ib]ians1 #agb-c ,ibn ,foszlan1 #afj n4 ,iliad1 !1 #aii1 #bji ,illyrians1 #agb ,india1 #g2 gov]nm5t (1 by ! ,engli%1 #cd2 climate1 #ef-g2 art1 #ajd ,indians1 ,nor?-,am]ican1 see ,r$sk9s ,indians1 ,s\?-,am]ican1 #aga ,i%mael1 #abb1 #agg ,isis1 #ff ,isola ,madre1 #add ,jamaica1 #ea ,james ,i1 ( ,engl&1 #db ,janiss>ies1 #acj ,japanese1 #fd1 #hj ,japhet1 #aah ,javanese1 #de1 #aga ,j]ome1 ,/41 #aig ,jesuits1 #ea-c1 #fh1 #abe n4 ,jews1 #c1 #bi2 gr[?1 #eh-i2 religion1 #ff2 physical id5tity1 #abb-c2 language1 #aid-e ,jovian1 #aa ,juda1 #ac ,julia1 #ae n4 ,julian1 #af ,jupit]1 #ac ,kabyles1 #eg ,kaffirs1 #he1 #ahj ,kalidasa1 #aeg ,kalmucks1 #ajh ,kamaun1 #adg ,kamehameha ,,iii1 #dg ,katai ,m\nta9s1 #abh ,kawi1 #aij ,khalil ,*5d]eli1 #acj ,khorsabad1 #abf ,kirghiz-,kasaks1 #acb ,klemm1 #hf n4 ,koran1 #abc-d ,krapff1 #abe n4 ,kurds1 #bi ,lllius1 #ad ,lahore1 #cd ,l&]1 #ahj ,langu$oc1 #abb ,langue d'oil1 #aig1 #aii-bja ,lapps1 #fi1 #abg1 #aca1 #acc ,lat91 ru/ic1 #aif-g ,leila1 #abd ,l5ni-,l5apes1 #ee n41 #aij-a ,l+ua romana1 #ahi1 #aig-i ,littr1 #aii ,london1 mixture ( races 91 #aej ,l\is ,,xiv1 #ab1 #ba1 #aea ,lucrece1 #i ,ludolf1 #aad n4 ,lu!rans1 ,dani%1 #fi ,lycurgus1 #dj1 #db ,lyons1 #fj ,macaulay1 ,"l1 #aih ,mac$onians1 !1 #cj1 #age ,magadha1 #g ,magi1 #ac ,magy>s1 #bi1 #aca-c ,malab>1 #abb ,malays1 #eh1 #aaa-c1 #aeb1 #bjh ,man*us1 #bj ,manu1 ,code (1 #cb ,m>cius1 ,ancus1 #ae n4 ,m>ianne ,isl&s1 !1 #agb ,m>seilles1 #fj ,m>tial1 #aff ,m>t9ique1 #ea ,maxim91 #af ,m$usa1 #aji ,me9]s1 #ajg n4 ,memphis1 #ch ,m]u1 #adb ,mexico1 ,gulf (1 #ee ,mi]is1 #aac n4 ,milan1 #fj ,mississippi1 #ga ,miss\ri1 #ee ,mohamm$ans1 #ea1 #agg-i ,mohamm$ ,,iv1 #acj ,mohamm$ 7! ,prophet71 #agg-h ,mongols1 #bj2 ,mongol ,*ri/ians1 #fd2 mat]ial civilization1 #he2 physical *>act]i/ics1 #aaa-e1 #aej4 ,see also ,yell[ ,races ,montausi]1 !1 #ab ,montpelli]1 #agh ,moors1 #da ,moravians1 #fi1 #afa ,moros9i1 #aic ,morton1 #aaa ,mulattoes1 #adi1 #bji ,muskhogees1 #agb ,mussulmans1 see ,mohamm$ans ,napoleon1 #da1 #aea ,n>bonese ,gaul1 #dd ,n>bonne1 #fj ,nat*ez1 #agb ,negroes1 incapacity = civilization1 #gd-e2 physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics1 *aps4 x1 xii1 xvi1 passim ,n]o1 #ag ,ne/orians1 #bi ,neu/ria1 #acc ,new ,zeal&]s1 #aeb ,nimr\d1 #afh ,n9eveh1 #ajd ,norm&y1 climate (1 #add ,normans1 #ca1 #fj ,novgorod1 #fj ,numidia1 #id ,nu%irwan1 #abh n4 ,oceania1 #df1 #eg1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #afb ,od5a?us1 #agg ,oghuzes1 #abh-i ,olympia1 #age ,olympus1 ,m\nt1 #adb d',orbigny1 #afc n41 #bjb ,or5burg1 #gf ,ortoghrul1 #abi ,osman1 #abi-cj ,osmanlis1 #abi-cj ,o/iaks1 #abg1 #acc ,o?omi1 #ahe n4 ,ow51 #aji-aa ,pale/9e1 climate (1 #ei ,palmyra1 #agg ,panama1 #fa ,p>aguay1 #ea-c1 #abe n4 ,p>ana1 #ec ,p>is1 #aj1 #dc1 #fj2 mixture ( races 91 #aej ,p>k1 ,mungo1 #ahj ,p>sees1 #bi ,p>!non1 #aic ,pa?ans1 #gf ,paul1 ,/41 #ag ,pe*]ay1 #aej ,pelagian1 #aej ,p5n1 #ci ,p]icles1 #ad1 #id1 #aeg ,p]mians1 #acc ,p]sepolis1 #abf1 #agf ,p]sians1 #h1 #ac1 #bi-cj1 #cc2 relation to ,greeks1 #agd-f2 relation to ,arabs1 #agh-i ,p]u1 #ac1 #he ,p]uvians1 #hj1 #aae2 civilization1 #afg2 language1 #aib ,phil1 #ajd ,philip ( ,mac$on1 #id ,philip ! ,arabian1 #agg ,phnicians1 #i1 #ce1 #eg1 #gi ,pic>dy1 #bja ,pi$mont1 #hg ,p9d>1 #id1 #aeg ,pisans1 #h1 #gi ,plato1 #aeg1 #aff ,pl9y1 #aei1 #aff ,plut>*1 #e ,polynesians1 #bg1 #he1 #adg ,pompeius1 #aeh ,pontus1 #g ,po/umus1 ,c4 ,junius1 #aei ,prtorian ,gu>d1 #af ,prakriti1 #hf ,pri*>d1 #h1 #gc1 *ap4 x passim1 #abc1 #abe1 #acg1 #adf ,prome!us1 #adb ,puru%a1 #hf ,quat]n>y type1 #adi ,qui*uas1 #he1 #aae ,quito1 #afg ,radack ,isl&s1 !1 #adc ,rav5na1 #fa ,raynal1 ,abb1 #f ,re*abites1 #abb ,r$sk9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 _! treatm5t1 #df2 skull-measurem5t1 #aaa-b2 exclusiv5ess1 #agj-a ,reg5t ( ,france 7,anne ( ,au/ria71 #da ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #ee ,roman ,empire1 fall (1 #b-c1 #cc ,romans1 #h1 #i2 civilization1 #hg1 #ib1 #id-g2 mod]nity1 #aeh-i2 diffusion ( books among1 #aff ,rome1 luxury 91 #h2 religion 91 #ac1 #ag1 #ff2 climate (1 #ei-fj ,rosa1 ,/41 #fh ,r\ssillon1 #abb ,rub5s1 #aac n4 ,rm1 #abi ,russia1 #h1 #aeb ,russians1 #gf de ,sacy1 #ahg ,sakuntala1 #abd ,salsette1 #ajd ,samal1 #adc ,samoy$es1 #bg1 #he1 #abg1 #aca ,san ,dom+o1 #dh-ea ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 #df-g ,sanscrit1 #ahh-ia1 #bjc ,s>ac5s1 #aig ,s>ah1 #abc ,sassanid1 #agg ,saxons1 #bi ,sc&9avians1 #acc1 #bji ,s*lotz]1 #acb ,scilly ,isles1 #agc ,scipio1 #ad1 #ce ,scy?ians1 #abi n41 #acc ,seljukians1 #abi-cj ,sem9oles1 #agb ,semites1 #bi1 #aah1 #adf ,semitic languages1 #ahd1 #ahh-i ,s5eca1 #afa ,septimius ,sev]us1 #aa ,%ahnameh1 !1 #bji ,%>uz1 #abh ,%elley1 #cg n4 ,%em1 #bi ,siamese1 #afd n4 ,siculi1 #acb ,sicyon1 #age ,sidon1 #eg ,slavs1 #cb1 #gd1 #ib ,socrates1 #ad ,sophocles1 #ad ,spa91 #bj2 ,arabs 91 #bi ,spani>ds1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #df1 #eb2 indep5d5ce (1 #agj ,sp>ta1 #ei1 #age ,sp>tacus1 #aei ,sp>tans1 #i1 #dj1 #gi ,squi]1 #ee n4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's day1 #ab ,/raf=d1 ,e>l (1 #da ,suetonius1 #ae n4 ,sufis1 #ahh ,sulla1 #aeh ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 #aig ,swabia1 #gi ,switz]l&1 #abd2 climate (1 #add ,syria1 #gi ,syrians1 #id1 #agb1 #agg-i ,tacitus1 #e1 #ag ,tahitians1 #aed ,talmud1 #aie ,tat>s1 #adf ,t*+iz1 #abi n4 ,t5o*titlan1 #ajd ,t]ah1 #aid ,t]esa1 ,/41 #fi ,t]ti>y type1 #adg ,t]tullian1 #aei ,teutates1 #ac ,!baid1 #fi ,?irty ,tyrants1 #bj ,?ucydides1 #f ,?ur+ia1 #gi ,tib]ius1 #fj ,tibetans1 #hj1 #ia1 #ig ,tigris1 #ef ,tihuanaco1 #afg ,tlaxcala1 #aei ,tocqueville1 de1 #gb n4 ,tol$o1 #bi ,tonga-,tabu1 #aed ,tonk91 #afd ,t\l\se1 #fj ,t\ra9e1 #ajj n4 ,trajan1 #aa1 #aei ,treves1 #fj1 #aig ,tribunate1 !1 #i ,triptolemus1 #ei ,tungusians1 #aag1 #abg1 #acc ,turanians1 #abh ,turke/an1 #abh ,turkey1 #bi ,turks1 #bi1 #abg-ca ,tylos1 #eg ,tyre1 #ac1 #eg ,ulea1 #adc ,ulfilas1 #aij ,ur1 #aid ,urkan1 #acj ,uruguay1 #ec ,val5tia1 #bi ,val]ius ,publicola1 #aj ,valmiki1 #aeg ,vaqueiras1 ,raimbaut de1 #aih ,v5etians1 #h1 #gi ,v5ice1 #fj ,v5us1 #ajh ,virgil1 #aff ,voltaire1 #e ,vrolik1 #aad-e ,walla*ians1 #bi1 #aij ,wanikas1 #abe n4 ,wa%+ton1 #ci ,:ite races1 def9ition1 #adf2 see also ,europeans ,william ,,iii1 ( ,engl&1 #ba1 #ha ,x]xes1 #agf ,yell[ races1 physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics (1 *aps4 x1 xii1 xvi passim2 def9ition1 #adf2 see also ,mongols ,yem51 #agh ,yol(s1 #ahj ,yo-kiao-li1 #abe n4 ,yunnan1 #hg ,zama1 battle (1 #ce ,z5d1 #bja ,z5o1 #ad ,z5obia1 #agg ,z]ubbabel1 #aid ,z+>is1 #abd1 #aie n4 ,zita1 ,/41 #fi ,zuleika1 #abd ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,ballantyne ,,press ,,london ,,ed9burgh ----- ,footnote #a3 ,see my ,introduction to ,c\nt ,gob9eau's 8,r5aissance0 7,he9emann74 ,footnote #b3 ,?is d$ication & ! foll[+ preface apply to ! :ole "w1 ( :i* ! pres5t volume conta9s ! fir/ book4 ,! rema9+ books are occupi$ by a detail$ exam9ation ( ! civilizations m5tion$ at ! end ( ?is volume1 & x is ( ^! z well z ! pres5t book t ! au?or is ?9k+1 9 8 preface1 :5 speak+ ( 8 imitators4 ,a few passages 9 ! d$ication t relate exclusively to ^! books h be5 omitt$4--,tr4 ,footnote #c3 ,amde ,?i]ry1 ,la ,gaule s\s l'adm9i/ration roma9e1 vol4 i1 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #d3 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,web]1 ,lucani ,ph>salia 7,leipzig1 #ahbh71 vol4 i1 pp4 #abb-c1 note4 ,footnote #e3 ,pri*>d1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man40 ,dr4 ,m>tius is /ill m explicit4 ,cf4 ,m>tius & ,spix1 ,reise 9 ,brasili51 vol4 i1 pp4 #cgi-hj4 ,footnote #f3 ,balzac1 ,lettre madame la du*esse de ,montausi]4 ,footnote #g3 ,! p[] ( ! ,tribunate 0 reviv$ aft] ,appius's decemvirate 9 #dej ,b4,c41 b ! (fice _h be5 f\nd$ m ?an =ty ye>s be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consul> tribunes 7 fir/ elect$ aft] #dej 79 #dde72 b ! consul> tribunate c\ld h>dly be describ$ z a 8great revolution40 ,! au?or may be confus+ ! two tribunates4--,tr4 ,footnote #h3 ,cp4 ,hom]1 8,odyssey10 ,,xv1 #dae sqq4 ,footnote #i3 ,augu/9 ,?i]ry1 ,rcits des temps mrov+i5s2 see especially ! /ory ( ,mummolus4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cs>1 ! democrat & sceptic1 knew h[ to hold language contr>y to 8 op9ions :5 x 0 necess>y4 ,8 fun]al oration on 8 aunt is v curi\s3 8,on ! "m's side10 he said1 8,julia 0 desc5d$ f k+s2 on h] fa!r's1 f ! immortal gods3 = ! ,m>cian ,reges1 ^: "n h] "m bore1 7 sprung f ,ancus ,m>cius1 :ile ,v5us is ! ance/ress ( ! ,julii1 ! clan to :i* belongs ! family ( ! ,cs>s4 ,?us 9 our blood is m+l$ at ! same "t ! sanctity ( k+s1 :o are ! mightie/ ( m51 & ! awful maje/y ( ! gods1 :o hold k+s !mselves 9 _! p[]0 7,suetonius1 8,julius10 p4 #f74 ,no?+ c\ld be m mon>*ical2 & also1 = an a!i/1 no?+ c\ld be m religi\s4 ,footnote #aa3 ,acts xxvi1 #bd1 #bh1 #ca4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! read] w und]/& t ,i am n speak+ ( ! political exi/5ce ( a c5tre ( sov]eignty1 b ( ! life ( a :ole society1 or ! span ( a :ole civilization4 ,! di/9ction drawn at ! beg9n+ ( *ap4 ii mu/ be appli$ "h4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! celebrat$ physiologi/ 7#agga-ahjb71 & au?or ( ,l',anatomie gnrale4--,tr4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is atta*m5t ( ! ,arab tribes to _! racial unity %[s itself sometimes 9 a v curi\s mann]4 ,a travell] 7,m4 ,fulg5ce ,fresnel1 ,i ?9k7 says t at ,djiddah1 :]e morals are v lax1 ! same ,b$\9 girl :o w sell h] fav\rs = ! smalle/ piece ( money w\ld ?9k h]self di%on\r$ if %e contract$ a legal m>riage ) ! ,turk or ,european to :om %e contemptu\sly l5ds h]self4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! man ,( virtu\s s\l comm&s n1 nor obeys2 ,p[]1 l a desolat+ pe/il5ce1 ,pollutes :ate'er x t\*es2 & ob$i5ce1 ,bane ( all g5ius1 virtue1 fre$om1 tru?1 ,makes slaves ( m51 & ( ! human frame ,a me*aniz$ automaton4 ,,%elley1 8,que5 ,mab40 ,footnote #af3 ,anne ( ,au/ria1 "m ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--,tr4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,comte de ,sa9t-,prie/1 9 an excell5t article 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 has rightly %[n t ! p>ty cru%$ by ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu _h no?+ 9 common ) feudalism or ! great ari/ocratic me?ods ( gov]nm5t4 ,montmor5cy1 ,c9q-,m>s1 & ,m>illac tri$ to ov]?r[ ! ,/ate m]ely 9 ord] to obta9 fav\r & (fice = !mselves4 ,! great ,c>d9al 0 q innoc5t ( ! 8murd] ( ! ,fr5* nobility10 ) :i* he has be5 s (t5 reproa*$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,a4 von ,humboldt1 ,exam5 critique de l'hi/oire de la gographie du n\veau cont95t1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #abi-cj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ! articles ( ,gu/ave d',alaux 9 ! ,revue des deux ,mondes4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! colony ( ,san ,dom+o1 be=e its emancipation1 0 "o ( ! places :]e ! luxury & ref9em5t ( weal? _h rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,x 01 to a sup]ior degree1 :at ,havana has become ?r\gh its comm]cial activity4 ,! slaves are n[ free & h set _! own h\se 9 ord]4 ,?is is ! result6 ,footnote #ba3 ,consult1 on ?is subject1 ,pri*>d1 d',orbigny1 ,a4 von ,humboldt1 c4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see above1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e ,c>us1 b] unglei*e ,befhigung d] v]s*i$55 ,m5s*heit/mme fr h"h gei/ige ,entwickelung 7,leipzig1 #ahdi71 p4 #if et passim4 ,footnote #bd3 ,pri*>d1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man10 sec4 #cg4 ,see also ,squi]1 8,obs]vations on ! ,aborig9al ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley40 ,footnote #be3 ,! special con/ruction ( ^! tumuli & ! num]\s in/rum5ts & ut5sils !y conta9 are occupy+ ! att5tion ( _m em95t ,am]ican antiqu>ies4 ,x is impossible to d\bt ! great age ( ^! monum5ts4 ,squi] is p]fectly "r 9 f9d+ a pro( ( ?is 9 ! m]e fact t ! skeletons discov]$ 9 ! tumuli fall to pieces :5 br\ght into ! slighte/ contact ) ! air1 al?\gh ! conditions = _! pres]vation are excell5t1 s f> z ! quality ( ! soil is conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bodies :i* lay buri$ "u ! cromle*s ( ,brittany1 & :i* are at lea/ #ahjj ye>s old1 are p]fectly firm4 ,h5ce we may easily imag9e t !re is no relation betwe5 ^! anci5t inhabitants ( ! l& & ! tribes ( ! pres5t day--! ,l5ni-,l5apes & o!rs4 ,i mu/ n end ?is note )\t prais+ ! indu/ry & res\rce %[n by ,am]ican s*ol>s 9 ! /udy ( ! antiquities ( _! cont95t4 ,f9d+ _! lab\rs greatly h9d]$ by ! extreme brittl5ess ( ! skulls !y _h exhum$1 !y discov]$1 aft] _m abortive attempts1 a way ( p\r+ a prep>ation ( bitum5 into ! bodies1 :i* solidifies at once & keeps ! bones f crumbl+4 ,?is delicate process1 :i* requires inf9ite c>e & quickness1 seems1 z a rule1 to be entirely successful4 ,footnote #bf3 ,anci5t ,india requir$ a va/ am\nt ( cle>+ on ! "p ( ! fir/ :ite settl]s4 ,see ,lass51 ,indis*e ,alt]tumskunde1 vol4 i4 ,z to ,egypt1 comp>e ,buns51 gypt5s ,/elle 9 d] ,weltges*i*te1 z to ! f]tilization ( ! ,fay\m1 a va/ "w execut$ by ! e>ly k+s4 ,footnote #bg3 8,!y say t x spontane\sly produces :eat1 b>ley1 beans1 & sesame1 & all ! edible plants t gr[ 9 ! pla9s0 7,syncellus74 ,footnote #bh3 ,salvador1 ,hi/oire des ,juifs4 ,footnote #bi3 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d91 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 ,footnote #cj3 ,we may cite1 on ! subject treat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ! op9ion ( a le>n$ hi/orian1 ?\gh x is r trucul5t 9 tone3 8,a l>ge numb] ( writ]s are conv9c$ t ! c\ntry makes ! p2 t ! ,bav>ians or ! ,saxons 7 pr$e/9$ by ! nature ( ! soil to become :at !y are to-day2 t ,prote/antism does n suit ! ,s\?1 nor ,ca?olicism ! ,nor?1 & s on4 ,"s ( ! p :o int]pret hi/ory 9 ! light ( _! meagre k1 n>r[ sympa?ies1 & limit$ intellig5ce w\ld l to %[ t ! nation ( :i* we are speak+ 7! ,jews7 possess$ su* & su* qualities--:e!r ^! g5tlem5 und]/& ! nature ( ! qualities or n--m]ely f hav+ liv$ 9 ,pale/9e in/ead ( ,india or ,greece4 ,b if ^! great s*ol>s1 :o are s clev] 9 prov+ ev]y?+1 w\ld condesc5d to reflect t ! soil ( ! ,holy ,l& has conta9$ 9 its limit$ area v diff]5t peoples1 ) diff]5t ideas & religions1 & t betwe5 ^! v>i\s peoples & _! successors at ! pres5t day !re h be5 inf9ite degrees ( div]sity1 al?\gh ! actual c\ntry has rema9$ ! same--!y w\ld !n see h[ little influ5ce is ex]t$ by mat]ial conditions on a nation's "* & civilization40 ,ewald1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 vol4 i1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #ca3 ,acts ii1 #d1 #h1 #i-aa4 ,footnote #cb3 ,apocryphal ,gospels3 8,! ,/ory ( ,joseph ! ,c>p5t]10 *ap4 i4 ,footnote #cc3 ,pri*>d1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man10 sec4 #da4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ce3 8,synopsis ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,footnote #cf3 ,i h discuss$ ,pri*>d's facts )\t que/ion+ _! value4 ,i might1 h[ev]1 h simply d5i$ !m1 & %\ld h _h on my side ! weighty au?ority ( ,a4 de ,tocqueville1 :o 9 8 great "w on 8,democracy 9 ,am]ica0 ref]s to ! ,*]okees 9 ^! words3 8,! pres5ce ( half-bre$s has fav\r$ ! v rapid developm5t ( ,european habits among ! ,indians4 ,! half-bre$ %>es ! enlight5m5t ( 8 fa!r )\t entirely giv+ up ! savage cu/oms ( 8 "m's race4 ,he is ?us a natural l9k betwe5 civilization & b>b>ism4 ,:]ev] half-bre$s exi/ & multiply we see ! savages gradually *ang+ _! cu/oms & social conditions0 78,democracy 9 ,am]ica10 vol4 iii74 ,de ,tocqueville ends by prophesy+ t al?\gh ! ,*]okees & ! ,creeks are half-bre$s & n natives1 z ,pri*>d says1 !y w nev]!less disappe> 9 a %ort "t ?r\gh ! encroa*m5t ( ! :ite race4 ,footnote #cg3 ,9 discuss+ ! li/ ( rem>kable negroes :i* is giv5 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ,blum5ba* & c\ld easily be supplem5t$1 ,c>us well says t among ! black races !re has nev] be5 any politics or lit]ature or any develop$ ideas ( art1 & t :5 any individual negroes h di/+ui%$ !mselves x has always be5 ! result ( :ite influ5ce4 ,!re is n a s+le man among !m to be comp>$1 ,i w n say to "o ( our m5 ( g5ius1 b to ! h]oes ( ! yell[ races--= example1 ,confucius4 7,c>us1 op4 cit47 ,footnote #ch3 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] die ,kawi-spra*e auf d] ,insel ,java1 ,introduction1 vol4 i1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,i4e4 ! _w 9 its second /age ( improvem5t4 ,footnote #dj3 ,klemm 7,allgeme9e ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit7 divides ! races ( m5 into 8active0 & 8passive40 ,i d n "k 8 book1 & s _c tell if 8 idea agrees ) my own4 ,b x is natural t if we foll[ ! same pa? we %\ld light ^u ! same tru?4 ,footnote #da3 ,x is also 9 connexion ) ^! t we f9d ! ma9 cause ( ! false judgm5ts pass$ on =eign peoples4 ,because ! ext]nals ( _! civilization are unlike ! correspond+ p>ts ( our own1 we are (t5 apt to inf] ha/ily t !y are ei!r b>b>ians or ( less wor? ?an ourselves4 ,no?+ c\ld be m sup]ficial1 & s m d\btful1 ?an a conclusion drawn f su* premises4 ,footnote #db3 8,x is /ill only 9 ,*9a t a poor /ud5t c (f] himself = ! ,imp]ial exam9ation & come out a great man4 ,?is is a spl5did feature ( ! social organization ( ! ,*9ese1 & _! !ory is c]ta9ly bett] ?an any o!r4 ,un=tunately1 its application is f> f p]fect4 ,i am n "h ref]r+ to ! errors ( judgm5t & corruption on ! "p ( ! exam9]s1 or ev5 to ! sale ( lit]>y degrees1 an exp$i5t to :i* ! ,gov]nm5t is sometimes driv5 9 times ( f9ancial /ress44440 7,f4 ,j4 ,mohl1 8,annual ,report ( ! ,socit ,asiatique10 #ahdf74 ,footnote #dc3 ,john ,f4 ,davis1 8,! ,*9ese0 7,london1 #ahdj73 8,?ree or f\r volumes ( any ord9>y "w ( ! octavo size & %ape may be _h = a sum equival5t to two %ill+s4 ,a ,canton booksell]'s manuscript catalogue m>k$ ! price ( ! f\r books ( ,confucius1 includ+ ! comm5t>y1 at a price r "u half-a-cr[n4 ,! *eapness ( _! common lit]ature is occasion$ p>tly by ! mode ( pr9t+1 b p>tly also by ! l[ price ( pap]40 ,footnote #dd3 8,=ce !m to ent]40 ,footnote #de3 ,a nurse ( ,t\ra9e put a bird into ! h&s ( ! ?ree-ye>-old boy ( :om %e 0 9 *>ge1 & enc\rag$ him to pull out its w+s & fea!rs4 ,:5 ! p>5ts blam$ h] = tea*+ su* wick$ness1 %e repli$1 8,x is to make him pr\d40 ,?is answ]1 giv5 9 #ahdg1 goes back directly to ! educational maxims 9 vogue at ! "t ( ,v]c+etorix4 ,footnote #df3 ,a v few ye>s ago !re 0 a "q ( elect+ a *ur*w>d5 9 a little obscure p>i% ( ,fr5* ,brittany1 t "p ( ! old prov9ce :i* ! true ,bretons call ! 8,wel%10 or 8=eign10 c\ntry4 ,! *ur* c\ncil1 compos$ ( peasants1 delib]at$ = two days )\t be+ able to make up _! m9ds2 = ! c&idate be=e !m1 ?\gh ri* & well e/eem$ z a good man & a good ,*ri/ian1 0 a 8=eign]40 ,! c\ncil w\ld n move f its op9ion1 al?\gh ! 8=eign]'s0 fa!r1 z well z himself1 _h be5 born 9 ! di/rict2 x 0 /ill rememb]$ t 8 gr&fa!r1 :o _h be5 dead = _m ye>s & _h nev] kn[n any memb] ( ! c\ncil1 0 an immigrant f ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! daught] ( a peasant-proprietor makes a msalliance if %e m>ries a tailor or a mill] or ev5 a f>m]1 if he works = wages4 ,x does n matt] :e!r ! husb& is ri*] ?an %e is2 h] crime is (t5 puni%$1 j ! same1 by a fa!r's curse4 ,is n ?is case exactly l t ( ! *ur*w>d58 ,footnote #dg3 ,?is *apt] 01 ( c\rse1 writt5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 or ! 8,desc5t ( ,man02 see au?or's preface4--,tr4 ,footnote #dh3 ,^! views are quot$ by ,fl\r5s 7,eloge de ,blum5ba*1 ,mmoire de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces71 :o himself diss5ts f !m4 ,footnote #di3 ,?is & ! o!r illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are tak5 f ,pri*>d1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man40 ,footnote #ej3 ,me9]s 0 s /ruck ) ! repulsive appe>ance ( ! great] "p ( humanity t he imag9$ a v simple sy/em ( classification1 conta9+ only two categories--! beautiful1 namely ! :ite race1 & ! ugly1 :i* includes all ! o!rs 7,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit74 ,! read] w see t ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to g ?r\gh all ! e?nological !ories4 ,i only m5tion ! mo/ important4 ,footnote #ea3 ,pri*>d1 op4 cit4 7#bnd edition1 #ahde71 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #eb3 ,pri*>d1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aag-ah4 ,footnote #ed3 ,c>us1 op4 cit41 f :i* ! foll[+ details are tak54 ,footnote #ee3 ,!re are "s app>5tly trivial diff]5ces :i* are1 h[ev]1 v *>act]i/ic4 ,a c]ta9 fullness at ! side ( ! l[] lip1 t we see among ,g]mans & ,engli%1 is an example4 ,?is m>k ( ,g]manic orig9 may also be f\nd 9 "s faces ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool1 9 ! ,rub5s ,madonna at ,dresd51 9 ! ,satyrs & ,nymphs 9 ! same collection1 9 a ,lute-play] ( ,mi]is1 c4 ,no craniological me?od c take acc\nt ( su* details1 ?\gh !y h a c]ta9 importance1 9 view ( ! mix$ "* ( our races4 ,footnote #ef3 ,job ,ludolf1 ^: data on ?is subject 7 necess>ily v incomplete & inf]ior to ^? we h n[1 is none ! less oppos$ to ! op9ion accept$ by ,pri*>d4 ,8 rem>ks on ! black race are /rik+ & unansw]able1 & ,i _c resi/ ! pleasure ( quot+ !m3 8,x is n my purpose to speak "h ab\t ! blackness ( ! ,e?iop2 mo/ p may1 if !y w1 attribute x to ! heat ( ! sun & ! torrid zone4 ,yet ev5 )9 ! sun's equatorial pa? !re are peoples :o1 if n :ite1 are at lea/ n q black4 ,_m :o live outside ei!r tropic are fur!r f ! ,equator ?an ! ,p]sians or ,syrians--= in/ance1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :o1 h[ev]1 are absolutely black4 ,if y say t blackness belongs solely to ,africa & ! sons ( ,ham1 y mu/ /ill all[ t ! ,malab>s & ! ,c+alese & o!r ev5 m remote peoples ( ,asia are equally black4 ,if y reg>d ! climate & soil z ! reason1 !n :y d n :ite m5 become black :5 !y settle d[n 9 ^! regions8 ,if y take refuge 9 #8hidd5 qualities1' y w\ld d bett] to confess y\r ignorance at once0 7,jobus ,ludolfus1 ,comm5t>ium ad ,hi/oriam ?iopicam74 ,i w add a %ort & conclusive passage ( ,mr4 ,pick]+4 ,he speaks ( ! regions inhabit$ by ! black race 9 ^! words3 8,exclud+ ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremes1 ) ! tablel& ( ,abyss9ia1 x holds all ! m temp]ate & f]tile p>ts ( ! ,cont95t40 ,?us x is j :]e we f9d mo/ ( ! pure negroes t x is lea/ hot 444 7,pick]+1 8,! ,races ( ,man & _! ,geographical ,di/ribution40 ,! essay is to be f\nd 9 ! 8,records ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,explor+ ,exp$ition dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahch-db10 vol4 ix74 ,footnote #eg3 ,pri*>d1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #eh3 ,nei!r ! ,swiss nor ! ,tyrolese1 nor ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&1 nor ! ,balkan ,slavs1 nor ! ,himalaya tribes h ! same hide\s appe>ance z ! ,qui*uas4 ,footnote #ei3 ,annales du ,musum1 vol4 xi1 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! unit>ians are cont9ually br++ =w>d comp>isons betwe5 man & ! animals 9 support ( _! !ory2 ,i h j be5 us+ su* a l9e ( argum5t myself4 ,x only applies1 h[ev]1 )9 limits1 & ,i c\ld n hone/ly avail myself ( x 9 speak+ ( ! modification ( species by climate4 ,9 ?is respect ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! animals is radical & 7"o might almo/ say7 specific4 ,!re is a geography ( animals1 z !re is ( plants2 b !re is no geography ( man4 ,x is only 9 c]ta9 latitudes t c]ta9 vegetables1 mammals1 reptiles1 fi%es1 & molluscs c exi/2 man1 9 all 8 v>ieties1 c live equally well ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! case ( ! animals ?is fully expla9s a va/ numb] ( diff]5ces 9 organization2 & ,i c easily believe t ! species t _c cross a c]ta9 m]idian or rise to a c]ta9 height above sea-level )\t dy+ are v dep5d5t ^u ! influ5ce ( climate & quick to betray its effects 9 _! =ms & in/9cts4 ,x is j1 h[ev]1 because man is absolutely free f su* bondage t ,i refuse to be always comp>+ 8 position1 9 face ( ! =ces ( nature1 ) t ( ! animals4 ,footnote #fa3 ,b>r[ is ! au?or ( ?is !ory1 :i* he bases on c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance 9 ! %ape ( ! head & ! yell[i% col\r ( ! sk9 9 ! natives ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,a travell]1 ^: "n ,i =get1 has ev5 br\ght additional evid5ce by obs]v+ t ! ,hott5tots usually we> a head-dress l ! conical hat ( ! ,*9ese4 ,footnote #fb3 ,mll]1 ,h&bu* d] ,physiologie des ,m5s*51 vol4 ii1 p4 #fci4 ,footnote #fc3 ,pri*>d1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man10 #bnd edition1 pp4 #dhd et sqq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,g5esis xxi1 #e4 ,footnote #fe3 ,we mu/ make an exception 9 ! case ( ,%akespe>e1 :o is pa9t+ a picture ( ,italy4 ,?us 9 ,romeo & ,juliet ,capulet says3 8,my *ild is yet a /rang] 9 ! _w1 ,%e ha? n se5 ! *ange ( f\rte5 ye>s2 ,let two m summ]s )] 9 _! pride ,ere we may ?9k h] ripe to be a bride40 ,to :i* ,p>is answ]s3 8,y\ng] ?an %e are happy mo!rs made40 ,footnote #ff3 ,accord+ to ,krapff1 a ,prote/ant mission>y 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 ! ,wanikas m>ry at twelve1 boys & girls alike 7,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cag74 ,9 ,p>aguay ! ,jesuits introduc$ ! cu/om1 :i* /ill holds among _! disciples1 ( m>ry+ ! boys at ?irte5 & ! girls at t54 ,wid[s ( elev5 & twelve are to be se5 9 ?is c\ntry 7,a4 d',orbigny1 ,l',homme amrica91 vol4 i1 p4 #dj74 ,9 ,s\? ,brazil ! wom5 m>ry at t5 or elev54 ,m5/ruation bo? appe>s & ceases at an e>ly age 7,m>tius & ,spix1 ,reise 9 ,brasili5 vol4 i1 p4 #chb74 ,su* quotations might be inf9itely ext5d$2 ,i w only cite "o m4 ,9 ! novel ( ,yo-kiao-,li ! ,*9ese h]o9e is sixte5 ye>s old1 & h] fa!r is 9 despair t at su* an age %e is n yet m>ri$6 ,footnote #fg3 ,pri*>d1 p4 #dhf4 ,footnote #fh3 ,x has be5 s9ce discov]$ t ?is fairness1 9 c]ta9 ,jews1 is due to a mixture ( ,t>t> blood2 9 ! #i? c5tury a tribe ( ,*as>s w5t ov] to ,judaism & int]m>ri$ ) ! ,g]man-,poli% ,jews 7,kuts*]a1 ,die ,*as>574--,tr4 ,footnote #fi3 ,ed9burgh ,review1 8,e?nology or ! ,sci5ce ( ,races10 ,octob] #ahdh1 pp4 #ddd-h3 8,!re is probably no evid5ce ( orig9al div]sity ( race :i* is s g5]ally reli$ ^u z t d]iv$ f ! col\r ( ! sk9 & ! "* ( ! hair 444 b x w n1 we ?9k1 /& ! te/ ( a s]i\s exam9ation44440 ,footnote #gj3 ,ibid41 p4 #dec3 8,! ,c+alese are describ$ by ,dr4 ,davy z v>y+ 9 col\r f light br[n to black4 ,! preval5t hue ( _! hair & eyes is black1 b hazel eyes & br[n hair are n v uncommon2 grey eyes & r$ hair are occasionally se51 ?\gh r>ely1 & sometimes ! light blue or r$ eye & flax5 hair ( ! ,alb9o40 ,footnote #ga3 ,ed9burgh ,review1 8,! ,samoy$es1 ,tungusians1 & o!rs liv+ on ! bord]s ( ! ,icy ,sea h a dirty br[n or sw>?y complexion40 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid41 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ibid41 p4 #dci 7summ>iz$74 ,footnote #gd3 ,hamm]1 ,ges*i*te des ,osmanis*5 ,rei*s1 vol4 i1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ritt]1 ,erdkunde1 ,asi51 vol4 i1 pp4 #dcc1 #aaae1 c42 ,tass51 ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fe2 ,b5fey1 ,ers* & ,grub]'s ,encyclopdie1 ,indi51 p4 #ab4 ,a4 von ,humboldt calls ?is fact "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ( our "t 7,asie c5trale1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fci74 ,f ! po9t ( view ( hi/orical sci5ce ?is is absolutely true4 ,footnote #gf3 ,nu%irwan1 :o reign$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 m>ri$ ,%>uz1 daught] ( ! ,turki% ,khan4 ,%e 0 ! mo/ beautiful woman ( h] "t 7,haneb]g1 ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 vol4 i1 p4 #ahg74 ,! ,%ahnameh gives _m facts ( ! same k9d4 ,footnote #gg3 ,j z ! ,scy?ians1 a ,mongolian race1 _h adopt$ an ,aryan tongue1 s !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 ! view t ! ,oghuzes 7 an ,aryan race1 al?\gh !y spoke a ,f9ni% dialect4 ,?is !ory is curi\sly support$ by a nave phrase ( ! travell] ,rubruquis1 :o 0 s5t by ,/4 ,l\is to ! rul] ( ! ,mongols4 8,i 0 /ruck10 says ! good monk1 8by ! lik5ess borne by ?is pr9ce to ! late ,m4 ,jean de ,beaumont1 :o 0 equally ruddy & fre%-look+40 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 int]e/$1 z he well might be1 by su* a rem>k1 adds ) no less good s5se1 8,?is po9t ( physiognomy is especially wor? not+ if we rememb] t ! family ( ,t*+iz 0 probably ,turki%1 & n ,mongolian40 ,he confirms 8 conclusion by add+ t 8! abs5ce ( ,mongolian *>act]i/ics /rikes u also 9 ! portraits :i* we h ( ! desc5dants ( ,bab]1 ! rul]s ( ,india0 7,asie c5trale1 vol4 i1 p4 #bdh & note74 ,footnote #gh3 ,hamm]1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #ddh3 8,! battle aga9/ ! ,hung>ians 0 hotly conte/$ & ! booty consid]able4 ,s _m boys & girls 7 seiz$ t ! mo/ beautiful female slave 0 ex*ang$ = a jackboot1 & ,a%ik-,pa*a-,zadeh1 ! hi/orian1 :o himself took "p 9 ! battle & ! plund]1 c\ld n sell five boy-slaves at ,skopi = m ?an #ejj pia/res40 ,footnote #gi3 8,e?nology10 c41 p4 #dci3 8,! ,hung>ian nobility 444 is prov$ by hi/orical & philological evid5ce to h be5 a bran* ( ! great ,nor!rn ,asiatic /ock1 closely alli$ 9 blood to ! /upid & feeble ,o/iaks & ! untamable ,lapl&]s40 ,footnote #hj3 ,essai hi/orique sur l'orig9e des ,hongrois 7,p>is1 #ahdd74 ,footnote #ha3 ,! curr5t op9ions ab\t ! peoples ( ,c5tral ,asia w1 x seems1 h to be greatly modifi$4 ,x c no long] be d5i$ t ! blood ( ! yell[ races has be5 cross$ m or less consid]ably by a :ite /ra94 ,?is fact 0 n suspect$ be=e1 b x ?r[s a d\bt on all ! anci5t notions on ! subject1 :i* mu/ n[ be revis$ 9 ! light ( x4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt makes a v important obs]vation ) reg>d to ! ,kirghiz-,kasaks1 :o are m5tion$ by ,m5&] ( ,byzantium & ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5etes4 ,he rightly %[s t :5 ! =m] speaks ( a ,kirghiz 77 concub9e giv5 by ! ,turki% ,%agan ,di?ubul to ,zem>*1 ! envoy ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9 ,,ii1 9 #efi1 he is ref]r+ to a girl ( mix$ blood4 ,%e corresponds exactly to ! beautiful ,turki% girls :o are s prais$ by ! ,p]sians1 & :o 7 z little ,mongolian 9 type z ?is ,kirghiz 7,asie c5trale1 vol4 i1 p4 #bcg1 c42 vol4 ii1 pp4 #acj-ca74 ,footnote #hb3 ,s*aff>ik1 ,slavis*e ,alt]tm]1 vol4 i1 p4 #bgi et pass4 ,footnote #hc3 ,aug4 ,?i]ry1 ,hi/oire de la ,conqute d',anglet]re1 vol4 i1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #hd3 ,lyell1 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology10 vol4 i1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #he3 ,l9k1 ,die ,urwelt und das ,alt]tum1 vol4 i1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #hf3 ,l9k1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #hg3 ,cuvi]1 op4 cit4 ,comp>e also1 on ?is po9t1 ! op9ion ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt3 8,9 ! epo*s prec$+ ! exi/5ce ( ! human race ! action ( ! =ces 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe mu/1 z ! e>?'s cru/ increas$ 9 ?ickness1 h modifi$ ! temp]ature ( ! air & made ! :ole e>? habitable by ! products :i* we n[ reg>d z exclusively tropical4 ,aft]w>ds ! spatial relation ( our planet to ! c5tral body 7! sun7 began1 by means ( radiation & cool+ d[n1 to be almo/ ! sole ag5t 9 det]m9+ ! climate at diff]5t latitudes4 ,x 0 also 9 ^! primitive times t ! ela/ic fluids1 or volcanic =ces1 inside ! e>?1 m p[]ful ?an !y are to-day1 made _! way ?r\gh ! oxidiz$ & imp]fectly solidifi$ cru/ ( our planet0 7,asie c5trale1 vol4 i1 p4 #dg74 ,footnote #hh3 ,second edition1 pp4 #ib-d4 ,! man 0 born 9 #agbg4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,g5esis ii1 #h1 #aj1 #ae4 ,footnote #ij3 ,lyell1 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology10 vol4 ii1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #ia3 ,alex&] von ,humboldt does n ?9k t ?is hypo!sis c apply to ! migration ( plants4 8,:at we "k10 he says1 8( ! delet]i\s action ex]t$ by sea-wat]1 dur+ a voyage ( #ejj or #fjj leagues1 ov] ! reproductive p[] ( mo/ gra9s1 does n fav\r ! !ory ( ! migration ( vegetables by means ( ocean curr5ts4 ,su* a !ory is too g5]al & compreh5sive0 7,exam5 critique de l'hi/oire de la gographie du n\veau cont95t1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gh74 ,footnote #ib3 ,alex&] von ,humboldt gives ! law det]m9+ ^! facts 9 ! foll[+ passage 7,asie c5trale1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bc73 8,! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce ( climatology is ! accurate k ( ! inequalities ( a cont95t's surface 7hypsometry74 ,)\t ?is k we are apt to attribute to elevation :at is really ! effect ( o!r causes1 act+1 9 l[-ly+ regions1 on a surface ( :i* ! curve is cont9u\s ) t ( ! sea1 along ! iso!rmic l9es 7i4e4 l9es along :i* ! temp]ature is ! same740 ,by call+ att5tion to ! multiplicity ( influ5ces act+ on ! temp]ature ( any giv5 geographical po9t1 ,von ,humboldt %[s h[ v diff]5t conditions ( climate may exi/ 9 places t are q ne> ea* o!r1 indep5d5tly ( _! height above sea-level4 ,?us 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,irel&1 on ! ,gl5>n coa/1 !re is a region1 on ! same p>allel ( latitude z ,knigsb]g 9 ,prussia1 :i* produces myrtles gr[+ 9 ! op5 air q z vigor\sly z 9 ,portugal2 ?is region is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ^? r\nd x4 8,!re are h>dly any fro/s 9 w9t]1 & ! heat 9 summ] is n en\gh to rip5 ! grapes4444 ,! pools & small lakes ( ! ,f>oe ,isl&s are n froz5 ov] dur+ ! w9t]1 9 spite ( ! latitude 7#fb74444 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! ,devon%ire coa/1 ! myrtle1 ! camelia iaponica1 ! fu*sia cocc9ea1 & ! ,boddleya globosa fl\ri% 9 ! op51 un%elt]$1 ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4444 ,at ,salcombe ! w9t]s are s mild t orange-trees h be5 se51 ) fruit on !m1 %elt]$ by a wall & protect$ m]ely by scre5s0 7pp4 #adg-dh74 ,footnote #ic3 ,i w expla9 9 due c\rse ! reasons :y ,i d n include ! ,am]ican ,indian z a pure & primitive type4 ,i h already giv5 indications ( my view on p4 #aab4 ,"h ,i m]ely subscribe to ! op9ion ( ,fl\r5s1 :o also recognizes only ?ree great subdivisions ( ! species--^? ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,! names call = criticism b ! divisions are 9 ! ma9 correct4 ,footnote #id3 ,c>us gives 8 p[]ful support to ! law ,i h laid d[n1 namely t ! civiliz+ races are especially prone to mix _! blood4 ,he po9ts out ! imm5se v>iety ( elem5ts compos+ ! p]fect$ human organism1 z aga9/ ! simplicity ( ! inf9itesimal be+s on ! l[e/ /ep 9 ! scale ( creation4 ,he d$uces ! foll[+ axiom3 8,:5ev] !re is an extreme lik5ess betwe5 ! elem5ts ( an organic :ole1 its /ate _c be reg>d$ z ! expression ( a complete & f9al developm5t1 b is m]ely primitive & elem5t>y0 7b] die unglei*e ,befhigkeit d] v]s*i$55 ,m5s*heit/mme fr h"h gei/ige ,entwickelung1 p4 #d74 ,9 ano!r place he says3 8,! greate/ possible div]sity 7i4e4 inequality7 ( ! p>ts1 toge!r ) ! mo/ complete unity ( ! :ole1 is cle>ly1 9 e sph]e1 ! /&>d ( ! highe/ p]fection ( an organism40 ,9 ! political _w ?is is ! /ate ( a society :]e ! gov]n+ classes are racially q di/9ct f ! masses1 :ile be+ !mselves c>efully organis$ into a /rict hi]>*y4 ,footnote #ie3 ,fl\r5s 7,eloge de ,blum5ba*1 p4 xi7 describes ! ,polynesian race z 8a mixture ( two o!rs1 ! ,caucasian & ! ,mongolian40 ,caucasian is probably a m]e slip2 he c]ta9ly meant black4 ,footnote #if3 ,! physiological *>act]i/ics ( ! ance/ors are reproduc$ 9 _! desc5dants accord+ to fix$ rules4 ,?us we see 9 ,s\? ,am]ica t ?\gh ! *ildr5 ( a :ite man & a negress may h /raight s(t hair1 yet ! crisp woolly hair inv>iably appe>s 9 ! second g5]ation 7,a4 d',orbigny1 l',homme amrica91 vol4 i1 p4 #adc74 ,footnote #ig3 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! happie/ bl5d1 f ! po9t ( view ( beauty1 is t made by ! m>riage ( :ite & black4 ,we ne$ only put ! /rik+ *>m ( _m mulatto1 ,creole1 & quadroon wom5 by ! side ( su* mixtures ( yell[ & :ite z ! ,russians & ,hung>ians4 ,! comp>ison is n to ! advantage ( ! latt]4 ,x is no less c]ta9 t a beautiful ,rajput is m ideally beautiful ?an ! mo/ p]fect ,slav4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see 7among o!r au?orities71 = ! ,am]ican aborig9e1 ,m>tius & ,spix1 ,reise 9 ,brasili51 vol4 i1 p4 #bei2 = ! negroes1 ,prun]1 ,d] ,neg]1 e9e aphori/is*e ,skizze aus d] m$iz9is*5 ,topographie von ,cairo1 9 ! ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 vol4 i1 p4 #aca2 = ! muscul> sup]iority ( ! :ite race ov] all ! o!rs1 ,c>us1 op4 cit41 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ii3 ,amde ,?i]ry1 ,hi/oire de la ,gaule s\s l'adm9i/ration roma9e1 vol4 i1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,"o is sometimes l$ to consid] ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica z an orig9al creation1 peculi> to our "t2 its mo/ rem>kable feature is tak5 to be ! small am\nt ( opportunity left = ,gov]nm5t initiative or ev5 int]f]5ce4 ,yet if we ca/ our eyes ov] ! e>ly ye>s ( all ! ,/ates f\nd$ by ! :ite race1 we %all f9d exactly ! same ph5om5on4 8,self-gov]nm5t0 is no m triumphant 9 ,new ,york to-day1 ?an x 0 9 ,p>is at ! "t ( ! ,franks4 ,x is true t ! ,indians are treat$ f> less humanely by ! ,am]icans ?an ! ,gallo-,romans 7 by ! nobles ( ,*lodwig4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! racial diff]5ce betwe5 ! enlight5$ ,republicans ( ! ,new ,_w & _! victims is f> great] ?an t betwe5 ! ,g]manic conqu]or & ^? he conqu]$4 ,9 fact1 all ,aryan societies began by exagg]at+ _! indep5d5ce z aga9/ ! law & ! magi/rates4 ,! p[] ( political inv5tion possess$ by ! _w _c1 ,i ?9k1 travel outside ! b\nd>ies trac$ by two p>ticul> peoples1 "o ( !m liv+ 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,europe1 ! o!r on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 9 ! extreme s\? ( ,egypt4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! fir/ ( ^! peoples 79 ,bolg>i1 ne> ,kazan7 0 accu/om$ to 8ord] m5 ( intellig5ce to be hang$0 z a prev5tive measure4 ,we owe our k ( ?is int]e/+ fact to ! ,arabian travell] ,ibn ,foszlan 7,a4 von ,humboldt1 ,asie c5trale1 vol4 i1 p4 #did74 ,9 ! o!r nation1 liv+ at ,fazoql1 :5ev] ! k+ did n give satisfaction1 8 relations & m9i/]s came & told him s4 ,!y in=m$ him t s9ce he no long] pleas$ 8! m51 wom51 *ildr51 ox51 asses10 c41 ! be/ ?+ he c\ld d 0 to die2 !y !n proce$$ to help him to 8 dea? z spe$ily z possible 7,lepsius1 ,briefe aus gypt51 ?iopi51 und d] ,halb9sel des ,s9ai2 ,b]l91 #aheb74 ,footnote #aja3 ,amde ,?i]ry1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,m>tius & ,spix1 ,reise 9 ,brasili51 vol4 iii1 p4 #iej1 c4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,9 _m tribes ( ,oceania ! in/itution ( m>riage is conceiv$ z foll[s3--,a man sees a maid51 :o1 he ?9ks1 w suit him4 ,he obta9s h] f h] fa!r1 by means ( a few pres5ts1 among :i* a bottle ( br&y1 if he has be5 able to get "o1 holds ! mo/ di/+ui%$ place4 ,!n ! "y suitor proce$s to conceal himself 9 a ?icket1 or beh9d a rock4 ,! maid5 passes by1 ?9k+ no h>m4 ,he knocks h] d[n ) a bl[ ( 8 /ick1 beats h] until %e becomes unconsci\s1 & c>ries h] lov+ly to 8 h\se1 ba!d 9 h] blood4 ,! =malities h be5 compli$ )1 & ! legal union is accompli%$4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,d',orbigny tells h[ ,indian mo!rs love _! *ildr5 to di/raction1 & take su* c>e ( !m z to be really _! slaves4 ,if h[ev] ! *ild annoys ! "m at any "t1 !n %e dr[ns him or cru%es him to dea?1 or ab&ons him 9 ! =e/1 )\t any regret4 ,i "k no o!r example ( su* an extraord9>y *ange 7,d',orbigny1 ,l',homme amrica91 vol4 ii1 p4 #bcb74 ,footnote #aje3 8,! native ,indian trade 9 books is v active1 & _m ( ! works produc$ are nev] se5 9 ! libr>ies ( ,europeans1 ev5 9 ,india4 ,spr5g] says1 9 a lett]1 t 9 ,luckn[ alone !re are ?irte5 li?ographic e/abli%m5ts occupi$ purely 9 pr9t+ s*ool-books1 & he gives a consid]able li/ ( works ( :i* probably n "o has rea*$ ,europe4 ,! same is ! case at ,delhi1 ,agra1 ,cawnpore1 ,allahabad1 & o!r t[ns0 7,mohl1 ,rapport annuel la ,socit asiatique1 #ahea1 p4 #ib74 ,footnote #ajf3 8,! ,siamese are ! mo/ %ameless p 9 ! _w4 ,!y are at ! l[e/ po9t ( ,indo-,*9ese civilization2 & yet !y c all read & write0 7,ritt]1 ,erdkunde1 ,asi51 vol4 iii1 p4 #aaeb74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,pri*>d1 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man10 sec4 #da4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,k+ ( ,palmyra 9 ,syria1 & husb& ( ,z5obia4 ,he 0 recogniz$ by ! ,emp]or ,galli5us z co-reg5t ( ! ,ea/ 9 #bfg1 & 0 murd]$ 9 ! same ye>4--,tr4 ,footnote #aji3 8,! impulse t[>ds ?is sci5ce giv5 !m by _! k9%ip ) ! ,grco-,syrians made !m capable ( really absorb+ ! ,greek language & _s2 = ! ,arabs pref]r$ to conf9e !mselves to ! purely sci5tific results ( ,greek speculation0 7,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] die ,kawi-,spra*e1 ,introduction1 p4 cclxiii74 ,footnote #aaj3 ,! sev]e/ judgm5t on ! negro t has p]haps be5 pass$ up to n[ comes f "o ( ! pione]s ( ! doctr9e ( equality4 ,frankl9 def9es ! negro z 8an animal :o eats z mu*1 & works z little1 z possible40 ,footnote #aaa3 ,i h no hesitation 9 reg>d+ ! exagg]at$ developm5t ( in/9ct among savage races z a specific m>k ( intellectual inf]iority4 ,! %>p5+ ( c]ta9 s5ses c only be ga9$ by ! det]ioration ( ! m5tal facilities4 ,on ?is po9t1 comp>e :at ,lesson says ( ! ,papuans1 9 a pap] pr9t$ 9 ! ,annales des sci5ces naturelles1 vol4 x4 ,footnote #aab3 ,see p4 #aci4 ,footnote #aac3 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 9 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( 8 m9or works1 has admirably express$ ?is fact1 9 its ess5tials4 8,9 language10 he says1 8! "w ( "t is help$ ev]y:]e by national idiosyncrasies4 ,! *>act]i/ic features 9 ! idioms ( ! w>rior hordes ( ,am]ica & ,nor!rn ,asia 7 n necess>ily ^? ( ! primitive races ( ,india & ,greece4 ,x is n possible to trace a p]fectly equal1 & z x 7 natural1 developm5t ( any language1 :e!r x 0 spok5 by "o nation or _m0 7,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die ,ide55twickelung74 ,footnote #aad3 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] die ,kawi-,spra*e1 ,introduction4 ,footnote #aae3 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! monosyllabic quality ( ,*9ese is n really a specific m>k ( ! language at all2 & ?\gh a /rik+ *>act]i/ic1 x does n seem to be an ess5tial "o4 ,if x 71 ,*9ese w\ld be an 8isolat+0 language1 connect$ ) o!rs hav+ ! same /ructure4 ,we "k t ?is is n s4 ,*9ese belongs to ! ,tat> or ,f9ni% sy/em1 ( :i* "s bran*es are polysyllabic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d monosyllabic languages among gr\ps ) q a diff]5t orig94 ,i d n lay any /ress on ! example ( ,o?omi1 a ,mexican dialect :i*1 accord+ to du ,ponceau1 has ! monosyllabic quality ( ,*9ese1 & yet 9 o!r respects belongs to ! ,am]ican family among :i* x is f\nd1 z ,*9ese does to ! ,tat> gr\p 7see ,morton1 8,an ,inquiry into ! ,di/9ctive ,*>act]i/ics ( ! aborig9al race ( ,am]ica10 ,philadelphia1 #ahdd74 ,my reason = neglect+ ?is app>5tly important example is t ^! ,am]ican languages may "o day be recogniz$ z =m+ m]ely a va/ bran* ( ! ,tat> family2 & ?us any conclusion ,i might draw f !m w\ld simply g to confirm :at ,i h said z to ! relation ( ,*9ese to ! surr\nd+ dialects1 a relation :i* is 9 no way disprov$ by ! peculi> "* ( ,*9ese itself4 ,i f9d !re=e a m conclusive in/ance 9 ,coptic1 :i* w n easily be %[n to h any relation to ,*9ese4 ,b "h also e syllable is a root2 & ! simple affixes t modify ! root are s indep5d5t t ev5 ! det]m9+ p>ticle t m>ks ! "t ( ! v]b does n always rema9 jo9$ to ! ^w4 ,?us hon means 8to comm&02 a-hon1 8he comm&$02 b a ,moyses hon1 8,moses comm&$0 7see ,e4 ,mei]1 ,hebris*es ,wurzelwrt]bu*74 ,?us x seems possible = monosyllabism to appe> 9 e l+ui/ic family4 ,x is a k9d ( infirmity produc$ by causes :i* are n yet und]/ood2 x is n h[ev] a specific feature1 sep>at+ ! language 9 :i* x occurs f ! re/1 & sett+ x 9 a class by itself4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,goe! says 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]3 8,few ,g]mans1 & p]haps few m5 ( mod]n nations1 h ! s5se ( an /hetic :ole4 ,we only "k h[ to praise & blame details1 we c only %[ a fragm5t>y admiration40 ,footnote #aag3 ,cf4 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] die ,kawi-,spra*e1 ,introduction1 p4 xcv3 8,we may call ! s\nd t imitates ! mean+ ( a ^w symbolic1 al?\gh ! symbolic elem5t 9 spee* goes f> deep] ?an ?is4444 ,?is k9d ( imitation und\bt$ly _h a great1 & p]haps exclusive1 influ5ce ov] ! e>ly attempts at ^w-build+40 ,footnote #aah3 ,!re is probably ano!r j>gon ( ! same k9d z ,balabalan4 ,?is is call$ 8,afnsko10 & is spok5 by ! p$l>s & horse-deal]s ( ,great] ,russia1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( ,vladimir4 ,x is conf9$ to m54 ,! gramm> is entirely ,russian1 ?\gh ! roots are =eign4 7,see ,pott1 ,ers* & ,grub]'s ,encyclopdie1 ,indog]manis*] ,spra*/amm1 p4 #aaj47 ,footnote #aai3 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]1 9 an admirable passage :i* ,i _c resi/ ! temptation ( transcrib+1 %[s ! true nature ( language3 8,our age has le>nt1 by ! /udy ( ! ,h9du & especially ! ,g]manic languages1 t ! laws ( spee* are z fix$ z ^? ( organic life4 ,betwe5 diff]5t dialects1 develop+ indep5d5tly aft] _! sep>ation1 !re are /ill my/]i\s l9ks1 :i* reciprocally det]m9e ! s\nds & _! sequ5ces4 ,lit]ature & sci5ce set limits to ?is gr[?1 & arre/ p]haps "s ( its ri*] developm5ts2 b !y _c impose any law on x high] ?an t orda9$ by nature1 "m ( all ?+s4 ,ev5 a long "t be=e ! com+ ( decad5ce & bad ta/e1 languages may fall sick1 f outw>d or inw>d causes1 & suff] va/ *anges2 b s long z life rema9s 9 !m1 _! innate p[] is en\gh to heal _! w\nds1 to set _! torn limbs1 & to re/ore unity & regul>ity1 ev5 :5 ! beauty & p]fection ( ! noble plants has almo/ entirely disappe>$0 7,die ,etrusk]1 p4 #fe74 ,footnote #abj3 ,pott1 op4 cit41 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #aba3 ,t ! mixture ( idioms is proportionate to t ( ! races con/itut+ a nation _h already be5 notic$ be=e philology1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 exi/$ at all4 ,kmpf] = example says 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,japan0 7publi%$ 9 #agbi73 8,we may take x z a fix$ rule t ! settlem5t ( =eign]s 9 a c\ntry w br+ a correspond+ proportion ( =eign words into ! language2 ^! w be naturaliz$ by degrees1 & become z famili> z ! native words !mselves40 ,footnote #abb3 ,kef]/e9 %[s t ,g]man is m]ely a hybrid language made up ( ,celtic & ,go?ic 7,ansi*t5 b] die keltis*5 ,alt]tm]1 ,halle1 #ahdf-ea2 ,introduction1 p4 xxxviii74 ,grimm is ( ! same op9ion4 ,footnote #abc3 ,w4 von ,humboldt says3 8,languages1 t are app>5tly crude & unref9$1 may %[ "s /rik+ qualities 9 _! /ructure1 & (t5 d s4 ,9 ?is respect !y may q possibly surpass m highly develop$ tongues4 ,! comp>ison ( ,birman ) ,delaw>e1 n to speak ( ,mexican1 c leave no d\bt ( ! sup]iority ( ! latt]2 yet a /r& ( ,indian culture has c]ta9ly be5 int]wov5 into ,birman by ,pali0 7b] die ,kawi-,spra*e1 ,introduction1 p4 xxxiv74 ,footnote #abd3 ,?is diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! intellect ( ! conqu]or & t ( ! conqu]$ is ! cause ( ! 8sacr$ languages0 t we f9d us$ 9 ! e>ly days ( an empire2 su* z t ( ! ,egyptians1 or ! ,incas ( ,p]u4 ,^! languages are ! object ( a sup]/iti\s v5]ation2 !y are ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! upp] classes1 & (t5 ( a sac]dotal ca/e1 & !y furni% ! /ronge/ possible pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a =eign race t has conqu]$ ! c\ntry :]e !y are f\nd4 ,footnote #abe3 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] die ,kawi-,spra*e1 ,introduction1 p4 xxxiv4 ,footnote #abf3 ,see p4 #hb above4 ,footnote #abg3 ,anci5t ,greece conta9$ _m dialects1 b n s _m z ! ,greece ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 sev5ty 7 c\nt$ by ,simeon ,kavasila2 fur!r we may notice 79 connexion ) ! foll[+ p>agraph7 t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5* 0 spok5 ?r\gh\t ,greece1 & especially 9 ,attica 7,heilmay]1 quot$ by ,pott1 op4 cit41 p4 #gc74 ,footnote #abh3 ,! ,hebrews !mselves did n call _! language 8,hebrew02 !y call$ x1 q prop]ly1 ! 8language ( ,canaan0 7,isaiah xix1 #ah74 ,comp>e ,ro$ig]'s preface to ! ,hebrew gramm> ( ,ges5ius 7#af? edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahea1 p4 #g et passim74 ,footnote #abi3 ,?is is also ! view ( ,w4 ,edw>ds 78,physical ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,human ,races074 ,footnote #acj3 ,besides ! ,jews1 ,i might also m5tion ! ,gipsies4 ,!re is1 fur!r1 ! case :]e a p speaks two languages4 ,9 ,grisons almo/ all ! peasants ( ! ,engad9e speak ,r\mans* & ,g]man ) equal facility1 ! =m] among !mselves1 ! latt] to =eign]s4 ,9 ,c\rl& !re is a di/rict :]e ! peoples speak ,e/honian 7a ,f9ni% dialect7 to ea* o!r & ,li?uanian to e "o else 7,pott1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajd74 ,footnote #aca3 ,see pp4 #ig-ajb4 ,footnote #acb3 ,! way 0 n s long f ru/ic ,lat91 l+ua ru/ica ,romanorum1 to ! l+ua romana & !nce to corruption1 z x 0 f ! classical tongue1 ! precise & elaborate =ms ( :i* (f]$ m resi/ance to decay4 ,we may add t1 z e =eign legion>y br\ght 8 own prov9cial patois into ! ,gallic colonies1 ! adv5t ( a common dialect 0 ha/5$1 n m]ely by ! ,celts1 b by ! immigrants !mselves4 ,footnote #acc3 ,sulp4 ,sev]us1 ,dial4 ,i de virtutibus mona*orum ori5talium4 ,footnote #acd3 ,bo? tr\bad\rs :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury4--,tr4 ,footnote #ace3 ,macaulay1 8,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 ad init4 ,! ,albig5ses are ! special fav\rites ( revolution>y writ]s1 especially 9 ,g]many 7see ,l5au's poem1 ,die ,albig5s]74 ,nev]!less ! sect>ies ( ,langu$oc 7 recruit$ ma9ly f ! knightly ord]s & ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,_! doctr9es 7 inde$ anti-social2 & = ?is reason mu* may be p>don$ to !m4 ,footnote #acf3 ,see ! curi\s rem>ks ( ,gn9 9 8 preface to ! ,*anson de ,rol& 7edit$ #ahea74 ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,hickes1 ,!saurus litt]atur sept5trionalis2 also ,l',hi/oire littraire de ,france1 vol4 xvii1 p4 #fcc4 ,footnote #ach3 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 ,footnote #aci3 ,p4 ,pris1 ,g>9 le ,loh]a91 preface4 ,footnote #adj3 ,x may h[ev] be obs]v$ t ! acc5t ( ,vaud & ,savoy has a s\!rn r+1 /rongly rem9isc5t ( ! colony ( ,av5ticum4 ,footnote #ada3 ,see p4 #dc4 ,footnote #adb3 ,pott br+s out v well ! fact t ! diff]5t dialects ma9ta9 ! balance betwe5 ! blood ( a race & its language1 :5 he says1 8,dialects are ! div]sity 9 unity1 ! prismatic sections ( ! mono*romatic light & ! primordial ,"o0 7,ers* & ,grub]'s ,encyclopdie1 p4 #ff74 ,! phraseology is obscure2 b x %[s 8 mean+ cle>ly en\gh4 ,footnote #adc3 ,?is caution applies only :5 ! hi/ory ( a s+le p is 9 "q1 n t ( a gr\p ( peoples4 ,al?\gh "o nation may sometimes *ange its language1 ?is nev] happ5s1 & c\ld n happ51 9 ! case ( a complex ( nationalities1 racially id5tical ?\gh politically indep5d5t4 ,! ,jews h giv5 up _! national spee*2 b ! ,semitic nations z a :ole c nei!r lose _! native dialects nor acquire o!rs4 ,footnote #add3 8,ta/e & smell 9 ! negro are z p[]ful z !y are undiscrim9at+4 ,he eats ev]y?+1 & od\rs :i* are revolt+ to u are pleasant to him0 7,prun]74 ,footnote #ade3 ,c>us1 op4 cit41 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #adf3 ,m>tius obs]ves t ! ,european is sup]ior to ! col\r$ man 9 ! pressure ( ! n]v\s fluid 7,reise 9 ,brasili51 vol4 i1 p4 #bei74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,by ,,c\nt ,,ar?ur ,,de ,,gob9eau ,,translat$ ,,by ,,paul ,v4 ,,cohn1 ,,) ,,an ,,introductory ,,essay ,,on ,,c\nt ,,gob9eau',s ,,life ,,& ,,"w1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,osc> ,,levy ,"o ,volume1 ,demy #hvo1 ,illu/rat$1 #ajs net ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann ,^! five hi/orical dramas cov] ! fl[]+ "t ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance f ! rise to prom95ce ( ,savon>ola 7#adib7 to ! la/ days ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7ab\t #aefj74 ,:ile gr\p$ r\nd ! lead+ figures :o provide ! titles--,savon>ola1 ,ces>e ,borgia1 ,julius ,,ii1 ,leo ,x1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo--! plays introduce almo/ e int]e/+ "* ( ! p]iod4 ,nor are we only conc]n$ ) ! great names2 ! au?or aims at cat*+ ! _s ( ! p1 & ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( soldi]1 artisan1 trad]1 & _! wom5folk f9d ample voice 9 8 pages4 ,! ,italian ,r5aissance is an epo* ( peculi> int]e/ to ,engli% read]s1 n lea/ because ( its pr(\nd influ5ce on our own ,elizabe?an age4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ _m-sid$ p]iod 9 hi/ory3 ev5 fif?-c5tury ,greece sc>cely contribut$ s mu*--or at any rate s mu* t has surviv$-to ! _w ( politics1 art1 & ?\ght4 ,n[ :ile ?is int]e/ is amply reflect$ 9 contempor>y lit]ature1 f ! monum5tal "w ( ,symonds d[n to ! flotsam & jetsam ( ev]yday fiction1 !re is "o k9d ( man :o m ?an an hi/orian w\ld %[ insight into ?is age1 & t is a poet4 ,x is z a poet's "w t ,gob9eau's 8,hi/orical ,sc5es0 recomm5d !mselves to ! public4 ,b !re are _m k9ds ( poets2 !re is ! religi\s & moral k9d1 !re is ! irreligi\s & sub-moral k9d1 & !re is ! sup]-religi\s & sup]-moral k9d4 ,only ! la/-nam$ c und]/&1 c feel1 c sympa?ise ) su* mighty figures z ,ces>e ,borgia & ,julius ,,ii--! religi\s poet be+ incl9$ to pa9t !m z mon/]s1 ! sub-religi\s z freaks & neurotics4 ,similia similibus3 equals c only be recognis$ by _! equals1 & ,gob9eau 0 himself a type ( ! ,r5aissance flung by de/9y into an age ( l[ b\rgeois & sociali/ ideals4 ,9 a c5tury sway$ by romanticism & democracy1 ,gob9eau 0 a classic & an ari/ocrat4 ,he is a =]unn] ( ,nietzs*e 78! only ,european _s ,i %\ld c>e to conv]se )10 said ,nietzs*e ( him 9 a lett]71 & z su* is peculi>ly fitt$ to deal ) "o ( ! few p]iods t 0 n dom9at$ by ! moral law4 ,= ?is reason ,gob9eau _c fail to attract ! l>ge & ev]gr[+ circle ( /ud5ts ( ,nietzs*e 9 ?is c\ntry & ,am]ica4 8,i c only add t ?is is a volume ( s]i\s import1 wor? read+ f cov] to cov]1 a book :i* ev5 a jad$ review] closes ) a sigh ( regret t he has n got to read x all ov] aga940--,g4 ,s4 ,,lay>d 9 ! ,bookman4 8,we sc>cely "k :e!r to be m /ruck ) ! tru? or livel9ess ( ^! portraits4 ,savon>ola1 = example1 is some?+ m ?an ! ,savon>ola ( hi/ory & tradition4 ,n only is ! "* ( ! man subtly br\ght out2 n only are we made aw>e1 = ! fir/ "t1 adequately1 ( t dev\r+ egotism :i* c\ld see no?+ b self z ,god's in/rum5t1 self z ! sc\rge ( ,flor5ce1 self z ! inspir$ prophet2 b b5ea? all ?is & v\*+ = x is ! consci\sness ( ! reality ( ! man1 ! consci\sness t 8 cries ( di/ress are real cries1 & 8 mom5ts ( fi]ce aspiration & black despair g5u9e exp]i5ces4 ,m t\*+ & ev5 m lifelike is ! figure ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 a figure 9 ! ma9 famili> to u1 b end[$ ) advanc+ ye>s ) a peace ( m9d1 a lucidity ( intellig5ce1 & a bread? ( sympa?y su* z 7 =eign to its "y & /ormy epo*4 ,! la/ sc5e betwe5 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,vittoria ,colonna is a noble "o1 & c be read m ?an once ) pleasure40--,! ,morn+ ,po/4 8,a debt is due to ,dr4 ,osc> ,levy = br++ be=e ,engli% read]s ?is translation ( t great "w ( ,c\nt ,gob9eau1 9 :i*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! drama1 he reveals 8 rev]5ce = ! _s t inspir$ ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! plays con/itut+ ! book are five 9 numb]1 #8,savon>ola1' #8,ces>e ,borgia1' #8,julius ,,ii1' #8,leo ,x1' & #8,mi*ael ,angelo1'--& no?+ m brilliant has appe>$ 9 rec5t times4 ,9 scope we c only comp>e ) x ,mr4 ,h>dy's #8,dyna/s1' b no m /rik+ contra/ c\ld be conceiv$ ?an ! creations ( ^! two g5iuses4 ,?r\gh ! pages ( ^! plays moves ! :ole glitt]+ pageant ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 a mob ( soldi]s1 prie/s1 arti/s1 m5 & wom51 slay+1 plund]+1 prea*+1 poison+1 pa9t+1 riot+1 & lov+1 :ile out ( ! surg5t mass rise ! figures ( ! spl5did ?ree1 ,borgia1 ,julius1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 dom9at+ all by ! %e] greatness ( _! ideas & _! contempt = o!r m5's op9ions4 ,!y are ! great ari/ocrats ( _! "t1 & ! five plays--really "o 9 conception--are an ass]tion ( ! sav+ grace ( ari/ocracy1 ( ! glory ( race1 at a "t :5 ! democratic flood1 ^: s\rce is ,*ri/ianity1 0 beg9n+ to p\r ov] ,europe1 to ! ov]:elm+ ( all greatness ( ?\ght & art4 ,! translation1 :i* is excell5t1 is by ,paul ,v4 ,cohn40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4