,illu/ration3 8,grizzly ,giant10 a ,big ,tree 9 ,m>iposa ,grove1 ,cali=nia ,,elem5t>y ,,woodwork+ ,,by ,,edw9 ,w4 ,,fo/] ,,g9n ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,london ,,copyright1 #aijc ,,by ,,edw9 ,w4 ,,fo/] ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ #be4a ,! ,a!num ,press ,,g9n ,,company ,,cambridge ,,massa*usetts ,,preface ,?is text has be5 prep>$ = ! purpose ( furni%+ ! pupil ) ! ess5tial facts ab\t tools & _! uses4 ,h[ev] effici5t ! in/ruction may be & h[ev] att5tive ! pupil1 x is impossible = him to fully grasp & compreh5d dur+ a demon/ration ! names ( tools & te*nical t]ms1 mo/ ( :i* are new to him4 ,?is applies ) equal =ce to ! mann] ( us+ ! tools & to ! me?ods ( work+4 ,! function ( ! text is to supplem5t ! in/ruction ( ! tea*]4 ,x is int5d$ to ga!r up & arrange 9 a logical ord] ! facts :i* ! pupil has already be5 told4 ,by ?is means ^! facts w become fix$ 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil & he w "w ) a bett] und]/&+ & make great] progress4 ,x is believ$ t ! text c be us$ to ! greate/ advantage by requir+ ! pupil to read up ! subjects pres5t$ 9 class imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! lesson4 ,frequ5t rapid reviews & occasional writt5 te/s are v effective4 ,no c\rse ( /udy 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( models is pres5t$4 ,x is h>dly possible = any two s*ools to foll[ ! same s]ies ( models4 ,local conditions necess>ily affect ! *oice ( a c\rse1 :ile new & bett] designs are be+ br\ght out cont9u\sly4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! tools are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages is ! "o t has seem$ mo/ natural4 ,!y may be tak5 up1 h[ev]1 9 any conv5i5t & logical ord]4 ,x is ) ! e>ne/ hope t nature /udy & manual "w may be closely correlat$1 t ,"p ,,ii is add$4 ,no bett] p]iod c be select$ 9 :i* to /udy trees1 _! leaves1 b>k1 wood1 etc41 ?an :5 ! /ud5t is work+ ) wood1 le>n+ by exp]i5ce its gra91 h>dness1 color1 & value 9 ! arts4 ,occasional talks on ! broad] topics ( =e/ry1 its economic aspects1 climatic effects1 influ5ce on ra9fall1 ! fl[ ( riv]s1 floods1 dr\ghts1 etc41 w be f\nd int]e/+ z well z in/ructive1 & su* int]e/ %\ld be in/ill$ into e ,am]ican boy & girl4 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ! ,fi%1 ,=e/1 & ,game ,commission ( ,new ,york /ate = ! s]ies ( ,adirondack lumb]+ sc5es1 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,=e/ry = ! views ( ,cali=nia ,big ,trees4 ,,edw9 ,w4 ,,fo/]4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,"p ,i4 ,,tools ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction #c ,g5]al directions reg>d+ c>e ( tools & b5*4 ,plan ( "w & division ( tools into gr\ps4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,measur+ & ,m>k+ ,tools #e ,! rule3 divisions2 me?od ( us+4 ,! try-squ>e3 me?od ( h&l+4 ,! fram+ squ>e4 ,! m>k+ gauge4 ,! bevel4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,cutt+ ,tools #aa ,saws3 necessity = two classes2 %ape ( tee?2 set2 tap]s2 me?od ( hold+4 ,backsaw2 use ( b5* hook4 ,! turn+ saw4 ,! plane3 use ( cap iron2 names ( p>ts4 ,adju/m5t ( plane4 ,use ( lev] & adju/+ screw2 positions = plan+4 ,! jack plane4 ,! smoo? plane4 ,jo9t]s2 action ( %ort & long planes4 ,! block plane4 ,! wood5 plane4 ,! *isel3 size ( cutt+ angle2 effect ( c>eless %>p5+4 ,! fram+ & firm] *isels2 prop] positions = horizontal & v]tical cutt+4 ,%>p5+ on oil/one4 ,brace & bit4 ,c5t] & aug] bits2 gimlet & c\nt]s9k bits4 ,! spoke%ave4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,miscellane\s ,tools & ,me?ods ( ,"w #ca ,! hamm]2 use ( nail pun*4 ,! mallet4 ,! screw-driv]4 ,s&pap]1 use (4 ,squ>+ up /ock2 me?od expla9$ 9 detail4 ,lay+ out "w2 me?od ( lay+ out a typical jo9t4 ,secur+ p>ts2 use ( glue & h& screws4 ,nails2 me?od ( us+ cut nails4 ,screws2 me?od ( us+ r\nd-head & flat-head screws4 ,me*anical draw+4 ,! draw+ in/rum5ts expla9$1 & me?od ( mak+ complete work+ draw+s describ$4 ,scale draw+s4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,wood ,*apt] ,v4 ,lumb]+ & ,mill+ #ea ,! =e/2 fell+ trees & float+ logs to ! mill4 ,! =m+ & break+ up ( log jams4 ,! log boom & mod]n sawmills4 ,timb] & lumb] def9$4 ,annual r+s2 m$ull>y rays2 =mation ( gra94 ,*>act]i/ics & defects 9 wood4 ,w>p+ & %r9kage4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,broad-,leav$ ,trees3 ! ,oaks #fe ,:ite oak4 ,po/ oak4 ,mossy-cup oak4 ,black & black-jack oak4 ,r$ oak4 ,sc>let & p9 oaks4 ,*e/nut oak4 ,live oak4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,broad-,leav$ ,trees3 ! ,maples #gf ,sug> & ,norway maples4 ,silv] & r$ maples4 ,sycamore maple4 ,moosewood4 ,maple keys4 ,a%-leav$ maple4 ,japan maples4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,broad-,leav$ ,trees hav+ ,comp\nd ,leaves #he ,horse-*e/nut4 ,buckeye4 ,! hickories4 ,black walnut & butt]nut4 ,locu/4 ,honey locu/4 ,a%4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,broad-,leav$ ,trees hav+ ,simple ,leaves #id ,elm4 ,! bir*es4 ,bee*4 ,iron wood4 ,buttonball4 ,sweet gum4 ,tulip4 ,basswood4 ,will[4 ,! popl>s4 ,sassafras4 ,mulb]ry4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,ev]gre5s #aaa ,:ite p9e4 ,georgia p9e4 ,yell[ p9e4 ,hemlock4 ,spruce4 ,cypress4 ,balsam fir4 ,! c$>s4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,big ,trees ( ,cali=nia #abc ,,elem5t>y ,,woodwork+ ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,9 ord] to obta9 good results 9 ! us+ ( tools x is necess>y to "k _! con/ruction1 h[ to prop]ly %>p5 & adju/ !m1 & ! correct me?od ( h&l+ !m4 ,x is also ess5tial to "k h[ to lay out & "w ! mat]ial or /ock4 ,c>elessness or a lack ( k is inv>iably foll[$ by a failure4 ,x is m important at fir/ to "w c>efully & accurately ?an rapidly4 8,tools are made to be us$1 n abus$40 ,!y mu/ be kept clean & %>p & %\ld be us$ only = ! purpose int5d$4 ,wipe !m (f occasionally ) an oily rag or wa/e to prev5t !m f ru/+4 ,put away all tools n 9 use & keep ! top ( ! b5* clean4 ,d n m>k x ) a p5cil or scrat* x ) a knife4 ,d n cut into x ) ! *isel or all[ o!r tools to m>k or deface x4 ,:5 us+ glue1 %ellac1 or simil> mat]ials1 cov] ! top ( ! b5*2 or1 bett] /ill1 d ! "w on a table provid$ = t purpose4 ,! plan ( "w 9 mak+ all models is 9 g5]al ! same & is z foll[s3 ,fir/4 8,squ>+ up0 ! /ock4 ,second4 8,lay+ out0 ! "w4 ,?ird4 ,cutt+ to ! l9es4 ,:5 ! article is compos$ ( two or m pieces a f\r? /ep may be add$1 namely1 fitt+ & secur+ ! p>ts4 ,! tools us$ may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,lay+-out tools4 ,^! include ! rule1 try-squ>e1 m>k+ gauge1 bevel1 & knife4 ,second4 ,cutt+ tools4 ,9 ?is gr\p are ! saw1 plane1 *isel1 spoke%ave1 bit1 & knife4 ,?ird4 ,miscellane\s tools1 su* z ! hamm]1 mallet1 screw-driv]1 brace 7or bit/ock71 & o!rs n s common4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,measur+ ,,& ,,m>k+ ,,tools #a4 ,! ,rule4 ,! /&>d unit ( l5g? is ! y>d1 b ! foot is commonly us$ = all measurem5ts 9 woodwork4 ,if ! rule be twelve in*es long x is kn[n z a foot rule1 & if tw5ty-f\r in*es long x is call$ a two-foot rule4 ,! in*es are subdivid$ into halves1 qu>t]s1 eigh?s1 & 9 "s cases sixte5?s4 ,rules are usually ( boxwood or maple1 ) brass jo9ts1 & are commonly made to fold once or twice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! ,rule ,! rule is q ?ick1 & if laid flat ^u ! "w to be measur$ errors w usually foll[4 ,x %\ld be /ood on edge s t ! p5cil or knife po9t may t\* ! divisions on x & ! wood at ! same "t4 ,! prop] position :5 lay+ out measurem5ts is %[n 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #b74 ,consecutive measurem5ts %\ld be laid (f )\t mov+ ! rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,me?ods ( us+ ! ,rule3 ,a1 incorrect2 ,b1 correct #b4 ,! ,try-,squ>e4 ,! try-squ>e has two di/9ct uses3 fir/1 to act z a guide = ! p5cil or knife po9t 9 lay+ out l9es across ! gra9 at "r angles to ! edge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d2 second1 = te/+ or try+ ! adjo9+ sides to see if !y are squ>e ) ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! ,try-,squ>e ,! try-squ>e may be made entirely ( iron or /eel1 b sometimes ! beam ,a is ( wood ) a brass /rip ,c to protect x & to take ! we>4 ,! blade ,b is ( /eel & is divid$1 l a rule1 into in*es & fractions ( an in*4 ,try-squ>es are made 9 sev]al sizes1 ! mo/ conv5i5t = g5]al use be+ six in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,me?ods ( us+ ! ,try-,squ>e ,9 us+ ! try-squ>e ! beam %\ld be held firmly aga9/ ! face or edge ( ! /ock4 ,:5 work+ ne> ! end ( ! piece1 if ! beam projects1 rev]se its position4 ,= nice1 accurate "w ! knife po9t in/ead ( ! p5cil %\ld be us$ = l9+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to saw (f ! end ( ! /ock x is fir/ necess>y to m>k or squ>e cle> ar\nd x ) ! knife & try-squ>e4 ,9 do+ ?is ! beam ( ! try-squ>e mu/ be us$ aga9/ ! "w face & jo9t edge only4 ,l>ge squ>es made ( /eel 9 "o piece are call$ fram+ squ>es1 & are us$ by c>p5t]s & o!rs = r\gh or l>ge "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! ,fram+ ,squ>e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! ,m>k+ ,gauge #c4 ,! ,m>k+ ,gauge4 ,! m>k+ gauge is %[n 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,a is ! gauge /ick1 ,b ! gauge block1 ,s ! set screw1 & ,p ! m>k+ po9t1 or spur4 ,! gauge /ick is graduat$ l a rule into in*es & fractions1 beg9n+ at ! /eel m>k+ po9t2 b z ! latt] is n always exactly 9 ! "r place ! graduations are n entirely reliable4 ,x is saf] !n to set ! gauge ) ! rule 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,hold gauge bottom side up 9 left h& & rule 9 "r4 ,place end ( rule aga9/ gauge block & ! measurem5t desir$ at spur4 ,turn set screw4 ,! gauge is !n accurately set4 ,9 ! cut ! gauge is set at "o in* & is ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,sett+ ! ,m>k+ ,gauge ,to gauge a l9e p>allel to ! edge ( a block hold ! tool firmly1 ) ?umb & =ef+] encircl+ gauge block4 ,tip ! tool away f y until ! m>k+ po9t 7spur7 b>ely t\*es ! wood & pu% ! tool away f 7nev] t[>d7 y4 ,! l9e made %\ld be z f9e z a knife l9e4 ,a little practice is ne$$ to give ! prop] control1 z ! m>k+ po9t t5ds to foll[ ! gra9 ( ! wood1 :i* is usually n /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,hold+ ! ,m>k+ ,gauge ,a good plan is to use a small piece ( prep>$ /ock z a practice block1 lay+ out l9es a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t1 !n an eigh?1 & f9ally a sixte5?4 #d4 ,! ,bevel4 ,! bevel diff]s f ! try-squ>e 9 hav+ a movable blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! ,bevel ,?is tool may be us$ to lay out l9es at any angle f z]o to #ahj degrees4 ,! blade may be fix$ firmly at any desir$ angle by simply turn+ ! set screw4 ,! me?od ( us+ x is simil> to t ( ! try-squ>e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,cutt+ ,,tools #e4 ,saws4 ,! saw might be describ$ z a succession ( *isels1 "o back ( ! o!r4 ,we c readily und]/& ! action ( ! saw by mak+ cuts ) a n>r[ *isel along ! gra9 ( a piece ( wood1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj at a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,cutt+ ) & across ! ,gra9 ) a ,n>r[ ,*isel ,! little pieces ( wood remov$ 9 ?is way are simil> to ! sawdu/ made by ! saw1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! saw ! tee? are n>r[] & ! little pieces consequ5tly small]1 & in/ead ( "o *isel doz5s are be+ pu%$ =w>d at "o "t4 ,a saw ) ^! *isel-%ap$ tee?1 & us$ = cutt+ along ! gra91 is call$ a ripsaw4 ,t ?is tool w n cut s readily across ! gra9 may easily be prov$ by aga9 resort+ to ! n>r[ *isel & attempt+ to repeat ! fir/ exp]im5t4 ,! wood w act z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj at b1 splitt+ along ! gra9 9 bo? directions4 ,x is q evid5t1 !n1 t a tool = cutt+ across ! gra9 mu/ be con/ruct$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! ,saw ,cont9u+ ?is exp]im5t1 let u cut ! fib]s ) a knife po9t 9 two p>allel l9es across ! gra91 close toge!r1 z at c4 ,x w be f\nd t ! wood betwe5 ^! l9es may n[ be easily remov$ ) ! n>r[ *isel4 ,?is fact is made ! basis on :i* we con/ruct ! crosscut saw4 ,e too? is %>p5$ to a po9t1 "o on ! "r side1 ! next on ! left1 giv+ two p>allel l9es ( %>p po9ts design$ to cut ! fib]s1 z 0 done 9 our exp]im5t ) ! knife4 ,fig4 #ab %[s ! end view ( ! crosscut tee? enl>g$4 ,obs]ve t n only are ! alt]nate tee? %>p5$ on opposite sides1 b ea* too? is b5t outw>d f ! body ( ! saw4 ,?is b5d+ is call$ set1 & is design$ to make ! saw cut1 or k]f1 wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! saw1 t ! latt] may pass easily ?r\gh ! wood aft] ! tee? h done _! "w4 ,if x 7 n = ?is set1 ! fib]s w\ld spr+ back aga9/ ! body ( ! saw aft] ! tee? _h pass$ & make ! "w v labori\s4 ,:5 a saw is prop]ly set x %\ld pass ?r\gh ! wood easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,tee? ( ,crosscut ,saw ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,tee? ( ,ripsaw ,! tee? ( ! ripsaw are also set1 b1 z w be se5 9 ! sket*1 ! bottoms are flat l a *isel in/ead ( po9t$ l ^? ( ! crosscut tee?4 ,beside ! end views ( ! two k9ds ( tee?1 ! side views1 :i* are also diff]5t1 are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,we are incl9$ to ?9k ( ! saw z a v commonplace article1 yet a c>eful exam9ation w prove t ! greate/ c>e & skill are ne$$ 9 its manufacture4 ,obs]ve t ! body1 :i* mu/ be ( ! be/ /eel1 tap]s1 be+ consid]ably wid] at ! h&le ?an at ! opposite end4 ,?is is to give /r5g?1 & to prev5t buckl+1 or b5d+1 z ! tool is pu%$ =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,body ( ,saw1 %[+ ,tap]s ,mo/ delicate measurem5ts mu/ be made1 h[ev]1 to discov] t n only ! wid? b ! ?ickness increases f ,a to ,b1 & decreases f ,c to ,d4 ,h[ c>efully ?is tap]+ mu/ be done c be realiz$ :5 we "k t ! diff]5ce 9 ?ickness f ,a to ,b is only ?ree "o-?\s&?s ( an in*1 & f ,c to ,d twelve "o-?\s&?s at end ,a & five "o-?\s&?s at end ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,me?od ( hold+ ! ,saw ,! saw %\ld be held 9 ! "r h&1 ) ! left grasp+ ! bo>d4 ,! ?umb ( ! left h& acts z guide1 ! saw is tilt$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 & drawn t[>d ! work] at ! fir/ /roke4 ,?is tool %\ld be us$ )\t ex]t+ mu* pressure1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al rule t we d our be/ "w ) tools :5 we "w easily & delib]ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! ,backsaw ,_m v>ieties ( saws are design$ = special purposes1 includ+ ^? :i* cut /one & metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,me?od ( us+ ! ,backsaw & ,b5* ,hook #f4 ,backsaw4 ,! backsaw is a crosscut saw ) small tee?1 & has a heavy /eel backpiece1 ,fig4 #ag1 to prev5t b5d+4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f ! ord9>y crosscut v>ieties1 :i* b5d readily4 ,! purpose ( ! backsaw is to make f9e1 /raight cuts 9 delicate1 accurate "w4 ,! /eel back ,b is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! ?9 blade1 b on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ,b no cut c be made deep] ?an ! l9e ,c4 ,?is tool w cut 9 any direction ) ref]5ce to ! gra91 b is prim>ily a crosscut saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,! ,b5* ,hook ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,turn+ ,saw #g4 ,! ,turn+ ,saw4 ,9 ord9>y "w ! saw is suppos$ to cut to a /raight l9e1 b !re are c]ta9 classes ( "w :]e x is desirable to foll[ a curv$ l9e1 & consequ5tly a special tool is necess>y4 ,! turn+ saw %[n 9 ! cut is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! h&les hold+ ! saw blade may be turn$ 9 any direction ) ref]5ce to ! frame4 #h4 ,! ,plane4 ,! plane r$uces our r\gh lumb] to plan$1 or dress$1 /ock4 ,! cutt+ "p is a ?91 wide *isel call$ ! plane iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! ,plane ,iron 9 ,action ,fig4 #bj %[s ! position ( ! plane iron 9 op]ation4 ,assume ! iron to be mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ on a piece ( wood4 ,! %>p po9t w\ld ent] ! bo>d &1 %\ld ! gra9 be unfavorable1 />t a splitt+ action1 z %[n at a4 ,we wi% to smoo? ! wood in/ead ( r\gh+ x1 & mu/ 9 "s way /op ! splitt+4 ,?is is accompli%$ by plac+ a cap iron on ! plane iron1 z %[n at b4 ,! cap b5ds & breaks ! %av+ be=e ! splitt+ action has a *ance to beg91 & gives ! spiral =m s famili> 9 wood %av+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,plane ,iron1 ,cap1 & ,set ,screw ,! cap is firmly fa/5$ to ! plane iron by a /\t screw1 & ?is :ole comb9ation is fa/5$ 9 ! ?roat ( ! plane by a clamp 7,fig4 #bb74 ,! op5+ on ! bottom ( ! plane ?r\gh :i* ! cutt+ edge protrudes is call$ ! m\? ( ! plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,sectional ,views ( ,iron ,plane #i4 ,adju/m5t ( ,plane4 ,!re are two ways ( adju/+ a mod]n iron plane1--by means ( ! set screw s1 & ( ! lev] l4 ,screw s l[]s or raises ! plane iron s t we may take a ?9 or ?ick %av+1 & lev] l /raight5s ! iron1 :i* is liable to project m on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 & w !n take a %av+ ?ick] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,be=e us+ ! plane always exam9e x c>efully4 ,inv]t ! tool1 hold+ x t[>d ! light ) ! toe t[>d y1 & glance along ! bottom4 ,if ! iron projects1 obs]ve :e!r x is ev51 & if n1 move ! lev] until x is4 ,= a ?9 %av+ ! cutt+ edge %\ld appe> z a black l9e ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,= a heavy %av+ turn ! brass screw until ! iron projects slightly4 ,9 us+ ! plane avoid a /oop+ position4 ,/& ) ! "r side to ! b5* & ) ! %\ld]s ?r[n back4 ,let ! pressure ( ! left h& be great] at ! beg9n+ & t ( ! "r h& at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! tool %\ld re/ p]fectly flat on ! wood f />t to f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,irons ( ,smoo? & ,jack ,planes #aj4 ,! ,jack ,plane4 ,! ord9>y plane iron has a /raight edge1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #bc1 b :5 a l>ge quantity ( wood is to be remov$ ! iron is %>p5$ 9 ! %ape %[n at b4 ,?is curv$ iron w cut out ! wood 9 holl[s1 leav+ ridges betwe51 & x is necess>y to foll[ ?is jack plane ) a f9] "o hav+ a /raight edge 9 ord] to smoo? ! surface4 ,! jack plane might be call$ a r\gh+ plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,relative ,sizes ( ,smoo? & ,jack ,planes ,! l[] figure is a jack plane #aa4 ,! ,smoo? ,plane4 ,! smoo?+ plane is %ort] ?an ! jack plane1 its object be+ to smoo? ! surface )\t reg>d to /raight5+ x1 z x is suppos$ t ! /raight5+ has previ\sly be5 done4 ,! cap iron 9 ! smoo? plane %\ld be set f a sixte5? to a ?irty-second ( an in* f ! cutt+ edge ( ! plane iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,action ( ,%ort & ,long ,planes #ab4 ,jo9t]s4 ,= /raight5+ v r\gh & unev5 /ock a long plane is necess>y 7,fig4 #be74 ,9 ! illu/ration let l9e ab repres5t ! edge ( a v unev5 bo>d4 ,a %ort plane c w\ld simply foll[ ! hills & holl[s1 smoo?+ b n /raight5+ x1 :ile a long plane1 z %[n at d1 w\ld m]ely cut (f ! top ( ! high places1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 & w\ld n t\* ! bottoms ( ! holl[s until all ! elevations 7 level$2 9 o!r words1 until ! surface 0 /raight5$4 ,su* planes1 :i* are (t5 ?ree feet long or m1 are call$ jo9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,! ,block ,plane #ac4 ,! ,block ,plane4 ,to squ>e ! end ( a piece ( /ock ! conditions are q diff]5t f ^? j describ$ :]e we 7 plan+ ) ! gra94 ,9 end plan+ no cap iron is necess>y1 ! plane iron 9 ! block plane be+ rev]s$ ) bevel side up4 ,?is tool requires m c>e ?an ! o!rs1 z ! /roke is usually q %ort1 & if ! cutt+ edge is all[$ to rea* ! f>!r corn]1 ! latt] w be brok5 (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,me?od ( us+ ,block ,plane ,to avoid ?is error ! plane mu/ be lift$ up be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e a4 ,! piece is !n rev]s$1 & plan$ z %[n by arr[ b4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole end is smoo!d1 )\t ru9+ ! corn]s4 ,besides ^! /&>d planes !re are _m pat5t & special ones = cutt+ tongues1 grooves1 beads1 etc4 #ad4 ,! ,wood5 ,plane4 ,al?\gh ! iron-bodi$ planes j describ$ are n[ 9 common use1 ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 plane is /ill ! favorite ( _m woodwork]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,! ,wood5 ,plane ,?is tool1 :ile lack+ "s ( ! adju/m5ts ( ! iron plane1 0 mu* simpl] & conta9$ a small] numb] ( p>ts4 ,! iron & cap 7 held 9 position by a wood5 w$ge1 :i* 0 driv5 9 by a light bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,! workman remov$ ! iron & w$ge by turn+ ! plane upside d[n & /rik+ ! =w>d "p a light d[nw>d bl[ on ! b5*1 :ile ! ?ickness ( ! %av+ 0 increas$ by a light tap on ! plane iron4 ,"o ( ! *ief objections to ! wood5 plane 0 its liability to we> & w>p1 s t x became necess>y to /raight51 or jo9t1 ! face4 ,no su* difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 ! iron-bodi$ plane4 #ae4 ,! ,*isel4 ,! *isel is "o ( ! simple/ =ms ( cutt+ tools4 ,! size ( ! angle a dep5ds on ! k9d ( mat]ial to be cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,cutt+ ,angle ( ,*isel ,a *isel = cutt+ wood mu/ be %>p5$ to an angle ( f #cj to #ce degrees4 ,by c>eless %>p5+ an extra bevel is sometimes =m$1 z %[n at b4 ,! cutt+ angle is !n no %>p] ?an if ! *isel 7 %ap$ l t %[n by dott$ l9es1 & c>e mu/ always be tak5 :5 %>p5+ to keep ! l9e cd /raight1 s t angle a w be ! real cutt+ angle4 ,two classes ( *isels are 9 common use3 ! fram+ *isel us$ = heavy "w1 su* z ! frames ( build+s2 & ! firm] *isel4 ,! fram+ *isel is /rong & heavy1 & has a h&le capable ( )/&+ ! bl[s ( a mallet4 ,! firm] *isel is design$ = f9] & light] "w )\t ! mallet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,! ,fram+ ,*isel ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,! ,firm] ,*isel ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,prop] ,position = ,horizontal ,*isel+ ,! *isel mu/ be %>p if we wi% to d good & accurate "w1 & a cut on ! h& made by su* a %>p tool is liable to be a deep "o4 ,special c>e mu/ be us$ 9 h&l+ x1 keep+ bo? h&s away f ! cutt+ edge1 z %[n 9 ! sket*1 & plac+ x :5 n 9 use :]e x _c be pu%$ (f ! b5* on to ! floor or ! /ud5t's feet4 ,fig4 #cb %[s ! me?od ( us+ ! tool on horizontal "w1 & ,fig4 #cc = v]tical cutt+4 ,= ?is k9d ( "w only a small portion ( ! cutt+ edge c be us$1 ! /ud5t judg+ = himself h[ heavy a cut to take by ! h>dness ( ! wood & am\nt ( /r5g? requir$4 ,good "w c nev] be done :5 "o has to ex]t all 8 /r5g? on ! tool4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ :5 we "w easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,prop] ,position = ,v]tical ,*isel+ ,bett] "w c usually be done ) ! *isel if1 in/ead ( pu%+ x /raight ahead or /raight d[nw>d1 we incl9e x some:at s z to secure a slight p>+ action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,%>p5+ ,*isel on ,oil/one ,:5 ! *isel becomes dull1 unless its edge has be5 nick$ or ru9$ by "s accid5t1 x is only necess>y to %>p5 x on ! oil/one4 ,hold ! tool ) ! bevel flat on ! /one4 ,a drop or two ( oil may be us$ to lubricate ! /one1 ! tool be+ work$ back & =? on ! face ( x4 ,especial c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid a rock+ motion1 :i* w produce a curv$ edge in/ead ( a flat "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,common ,=ms ( ! ,brace ,aft] ! rubb+1 rev]se ! *isel1 lay ! flat side firmly on ! /one1 & draw t[>d y4 ,?is is to /raight5 ! wire edge :i* has be5 turn$ ov] by ! rubb+4 ,! wire edge may !n be remov$ by draw+ ! cutt+ edge across ! end ( a block ( wood4 ,:5 ! *isel is nick$ or v dull x mu/ be gr\nd on ! gr9d/one4 #af4 ,brace & ,bit4 ,! old-fa%ion$ aug]s & gimlets h giv5 way to ! mod]n brace & bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! ,c5t] ,bit ,! brace1 :i* is sometimes call$ ! bit/ock1 all[s bo? h&s to be us$ cont9u\sly1 :i* 0 n true ( ! old-fa%ion$ aug]4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ! brace are 9 use1 ! ones %[n 9 ! cuts be+ common4 ,bits are design$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 ! "n be+ appli$ to a tool :i* is to be turn$ by ! brace4 ,! old-fa%ion$ c5t] bit %[n 9 ! cut possess$ mo/ ( ! ess5tials ( a good bor+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,! ,aug] ,bit ,! %>p spur 9 ! c5t] all[$ ! hole to be accurately plac$4 ,! lip on ! out] edge cut ! fib]s 9 a circle be=e ! *isel edge began to remove ! wood1 & s a smoo? hole c\ld be bor$2 b consid]able pressure 0 necess>y to =ce ! tool ?r\gh ! wood4 ,! progress t has be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( tools c be easily appreciat$ by comp>+ ?is c5t] bit ) ! mod]n aug] bit4 ,ref]r+ to ! sket* 7,fig4 #ch71 ,b ,b are two knife po9ts1 or nibs1 :i* cut ! wood fib]s be=e ! *isel edges1 or lips1 ,c ,c1 c t\* ! wood4 ,! po9t ,a all[s u to accurately place ! c5t] ( ! hole :]e we wi% x1 & ! screw back ( ,a draws ! tool into ! wood z x revolves4 ,?is "p is kn[n z ! spur1 or worm4 ,on ?is class ( bits no pressure is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,details ( ,aug] ,bit ,! opposite end ( ! bit1 call$ ! %ank1 fits into ! brace4 ,any tool ) su* a %ank1 & design$ = use ) ! brace1 is a bit4 ,we h screw-driv] bits1 gimlet bits1 aug] bits1 etc4 ,on ! %ank ( an aug] bit w be f\nd a numb]4 ,?is is ! num]ator ( a fraction ^: d5om9ator is #af4 ,if we f9d ?is numb] to be #d1 x is a 1 or a -in* bit4 ,if ! numb] is #af1 we h a 1 or a "o-in* bit1 etc41 always ref]r+ to ! diamet] ( ! hole :i* ! tool w bore4 ,9 us+ ! brace & bit c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! bit %ank is f> en\gh 9 ! brace to be fa/5$ securely1 & t ! tool is held at "r angles to ! wood4 ,x may appe> f ! front to be p]fectly v]tical1 yet by /epp+ to "o side & look+ at x f ano!r position x w frequ5tly be f\nd f> f v]tical4 ,:5 />t+ a hole x is well to d ?is sev]al times until assur$ t ! tool is work+ 9 a true upright position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,! ,gimlet ,bit ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,! ,c\nt]s9k ,bit ,! gimlet bit is us$ = small holes1 su* z we make = screws4 ,9 ?is case ! hole mu/ be c\nt]sunk to receive ! screw head1 :5 flat-head$ screws are us$4 ,! c\nt]s9k bit is %[n 9 ! cut1 & its purpose is m fully expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on screws4 #ag4 ,! ,spoke%ave4 ,! spoke%ave is practically a %ort plane ) h&les at ! side s t ! tool may be drawn or pu%$4 ,x may be adju/$ by means ( screws to take light or heavy %av+s1 & is us$ pr9cipally to smoo? curv$ surfaces4 ,! =m+ ( a hamm] h&le is a good illu/ration ( ! k9d ( "w x w d4 ,x may be work$ t[>d or away f ! work]1 & is an exce$+ly h&y tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,! ,iron ,spoke%ave ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,miscellane\s ,,tools ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,"w #ah4 ,hamm]4 ,! c>p5t]'s hamm] is us$ pr9cipally to drive or )draw nails4 ,! v>i\s trades h hamm]s made specially = _! ne$s2 ?us we h ma*9i/s'1 ro(]s'1 uphol/]]s'1 /onecutt]s'1 & o!r hamm]s1 b ! claw hamm] %[n 9 ! sket* is ! "o commonly us$ by work]s 9 wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,! ,claw ,hamm] ,! head a 7,fig4 #dc7 is ( /eel1 ) ! face b specially h>d5$ s t x may n be d5t$ by ! nails4 ,notice ! l5g? ( ! h&le h4 ,?is l5g? did n simply happ54 ,_h x be5 int5d$ to hold ! tool 9 ! position %[n at ,a1 ! h&le w\ld n h be5 made s long4 ,! prop] position is t %[n at ,b4 ,position ,a is frequ5tly tak5 by beg9n]s1 & %\ld be /udi\sly avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,us+ ! ,hamm] ,a nail may be )drawn ) ! claw1 & be kept /raight = fur!r use by a little c>e4 ,hav+ />t$ ! nail slightly1 place a small block ( wood "u ! hamm] head1 z %[n at ,c4 ,%\ld ! nail be an unusually long "o1 ! size ( ! block may be increas$ z ! nail comes out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,common ,=ms ( ,nail ,pun*1 or 8,set0 ,9 driv+ nails c>e mu/ always be tak5 n to m> ! surface ( ! wood by /rik+ ! nail head aft] x has become ev5 ) ! surface1 z ?is produces a depression & ru9s any f9e surface4 ,if x is desirable to s9k ! nail head bel[ ! surface1 a nail pun*1 or set1 is us$4 ,?is is always necess>y :5 ! surface is to be plan$ aft] ! nail+4 #ai4 ,! ,mallet4 ,! mallet might be describ$ z a hamm] ) a wood5 head1 & is us$ :5ev] we wi% to deliv] a bl[ :i* %all be less conc5trat$ ?an t ( ! hamm]4 ,x is us$ 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( heavy *isel+1 su* z h\se fram+1 & gives a bl[ :i* does n %att] ! tool h&le z a hamm] w\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,! ,mallet ,! use ( ! mallet is well illu/rat$ by ! mak+ ( a mortise-&-t5on jo9t1 ! *isel & mallet be+ us$ to cut ! op5+ kn[n z ! mortise1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 #bj4 ,screw-,driv]4 ,! screw-driv] is p]haps ! mo/ common ( h\sehold tools1 & is probably abus$ m ?an any o!r4 ,! h&le is usually flatt5$ s t ! h& may grip x m tightly1 b occasionally a r\nd or flut$ h&le is se54 ,pat5t spiral screw-driv]s h come into use 9 rec5t ye>s1 b :]e consid]able =ce is requir$ ! brace & screw-driv] bit are m effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,cutt+ a ,mortise #ba4 ,s&pap]4 8,s&pap] is ! la/ resort ( a poor workman40 ,?is /atem5t has be5 made by _m tea*]s to _m ?\s&s ( /ud5ts1 & is true 9 _m cases2 b !re are c]ta9 k9ds ( "w :]e s&pap]1 if prop]ly us$1 is all[able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,! ,screw-,driv] ,x mu/ always be kept 9 m9d t a surface :i* has be5 s&pap]$ has become 8gritty10 i4e4 ! f9e s& has come (f & is m or less imb$d$ 9 ! wood4 ,consequ5tly s&pap]+ mu/ n be done until all tool "w has be5 f9i%$1 z ! grit w take ! edge (f ! be/ tool1 & ! f9] ! edge ! m quickly w x be ru9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,an ,ex]cise involv+ ! ,use ( ,s&pap] ,aga91 a s&pap]$ surface is always a scrat*$ surface1 & ! f9e/ ( scrat*$ surfaces _c comp>e ) ! p]fectly smoo?1 sat9y surface produc$ by a %>p plane4 ,h[ev]1 !re are _m places :]e nei!r ! plane nor spoke%ave c be us$1 & "h x is all[able to use s&pap] aft] ! tool "w has be5 c>ri$ z f> z practicable4 ,fig4 #dh is a case :]e s&pap] may be us$ ) propriety4 ,! bevels 9 ?is lesson are to be *isel$ & !n s&pap]$ ) a s&pap] block1--! block 9 ?is case be+ simply a small piece ( wood ) squ>e edges1 ab\t :i* ! s&pap] is fa/5$ closely4 ,curv$ articles1 su* z ! hamm] h&le1 mu/ disp5se ) ! block1 ! s&pap] be+ held 9 ! h&4 #bb4 ,squ>+ up ,/ock4 ,?is t]m simply means to r$uce a piece ( saw$ or r\gh lumb] to "o hav+ smoo?1 flat sides at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ( def9ite l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness 7see ,fig4 #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,! ,successive ,/eps 9 squ>+ up ,/ock ,fir/4 ,/raight5 "o face ) =e plane1 jack plane1 or jo9t]1 & smoo? ) smoo?+ plane4 ,?is face1 call$ ! work+ face1 becomes ! basis f :i* all ! o!r sides are squ>$4 ,second4 ,plane "o ( ! adjo9+ edges & make squ>e ) ! work+ face4 ,?is edge1 kn[n z ! jo9t edge1 mu/ be ?or\ghly te/$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? ) ! try-squ>e1 & mu/ be squ>e ) ! work+ face at e po9t4 ,?ird4 ,set m>k+ gauge at requir$ wid? & ) gauge block aga9/ ! jo9t edge1 gauge a f9e l9e on work+ face4 ,f\r?4 ,plane d[n second edge to gauge l9e1 j drawn1 squ>+ ! edge ) work+ face4 ,fif?4 ,set gauge to requir$ ?ickness & gauge l9e on bo? edges f work+ face4 ,six?4 ,plane face p>allel to work+ face d[n to ! two gauge l9es4 ,?is gives ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,x only rema9s n[ to secure ! requir$ l5g?4 ,sev5?4 ,squ>e knife l9e ar\nd ! f\r smoo!d sides ) knife & try-squ>e z ne> "o end z possible1 c>efully obs]v+ ! precautions giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,eigh?4 ,f ! l9e j drawn1 measure ! requir$ l5g? along edge ( work+ face & squ>e a l9e on ! f\r sides at ! la/ po9t1 z at fir/ end4 ,n9?4 ,block-plane fir/ end to knife l9es4 ,if ! second l9e is m ?an an eigh? ( an in* f ! end ( block1 saw to ! knife l9e ) backsaw1 & block-plane smoo? & squ>e4 ,! above me?od %\ld always be foll[$ 9 prep>+ /ock = lay+ out ! ex]cise4 #bc4 ,lay+ ,out4 ,let x be assum$ t ! ex]cise to be execut$ is ! middle lap jo9t %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,successive ,/eps 9 lay+ out & mak+ a ,middle ,lap ,jo9t ,fir/4 ,squ>e up /ock1 leav+ ends r\gh4 ,second4 ,lay (f ! l5g? ( ea* piece1 9 ?is case #d in*es1 ) an eigh? ( an in* betwe5 = saw+1 z at a4 ,?ird4 ,squ>e all ! l9es ar\nd f\r sides4 ,f\r?4 ,saw to end l9es & block-plane ends4 ,fif?4 ,lay (f wid? ( op5+ 9 piece ,no4 #a & squ>e l9es across face & halfway d[n on bo? edges4 ,six?4 ,measure l5g? ( lap on ,no4 #b1 squ>e ! l9e across bottom & halfway up ! sides4 ,gauge ! horizontal l9es ll f work+ face4 ,sev5?4 ,saw pieces ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b ap>t & block-plane ends4 ,eigh?4 ,saw to ! l9es1 *isel1 & fit ! pieces4 ,al?\gh ! above is ! me?od ( lay+ out a typical jo9t1 ea* problem w require special treatm5t & "h ! /ud5t w be guid$ by 8 in/ructor4 #bd4 ,secur+ ,p>ts4 ,_m articles made ( wood consi/ ( sev]al pieces fa/5$ toge!r4 ,:5 two pieces are fitt$ toge!r ! surfaces ( contact are call$ a jo9t4 ,!re are _m k9ds & %apes 9 jo9]y1 & usually "s extra fa/5+ is requir$ to hold ! pieces toge!r4 ,^! aids are glue1 nails1 & screws2 :ile on heavy con/ruction /ill o!rs1 su* z w$ges1 p9s1 & d[els are us$4 ,! fir/ ?ree are commonly us$ 9 small "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,! ,h& ,screw ,glue is ( two k9ds1 fi% & animal4 ,bo? are made f refuse matt]1--animal glue be+ manufactur$ f su* products z bone1 horn1 ho(s1 & hide4 ,! dry glue 9 ! =m ( *ips mu/ be dissolv$ 9 wat] & heat$1 be+ appli$ :ile hot4 ,liquid glues sold 9 cans ready = use are n[ v common & require no heat+4 ,9 mak+ a glu$ jo9t x is usually necess>y to hold ! pieces tightly toge!r until ! glue has set1 or h>d5$1 & z ?is takes "s "t1 h& screws built on ! pr9ciple ( ! vise are resort$ to4 ,fig4 #eb %[s two pieces glu$ toge!r & fa/5$ 9 a pair ( h& screws4 ,c>e mu/ always be tak5 to keep ! jaws ( ! latt] p>allel4 ,at a ?is is %[n done prop]ly1 :ile at b is %[n a c>eless me?od :i*1 ( c\rse1 w spoil ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,me?od ( us+ ! ,h& ,screw ,9 glu+ on ! end gra9 a prelim9>y1 or siz+1 coat ( glue mu/ fir/ be made to fill up ! pores1 :i* act v mu* l a sponge4 ,?is coat %\ld be all[$ to dry1 or p>tially dry1 be=e apply+ ! f9al coat2 o!rwise ! pieces w be held weakly1 if at all4 ,beg9n]s are incl9$ to use too l>ge a quantity1 & ?is t5d5cy %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 "s cases nails are us$ toge!r ) ! glue1 z at ! corn]s ( picture frames4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ?is in/ance to nail 9 only "o direction1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,mit] ,jo9t at ,corn] ( ,picture ,frame #be4 ,nails4 ,! nails 9 common use are ( two k9ds1 cut & wire4 ,two views ( a cut nail are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed1 a be+ ! side view & b ! front view4 ,notice t 9 ! front view ! sides conv]ge l a w$ge1 :ile 9 ! side view !y are p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,use ( ,cut ,nails ,c>e mu/ always be tak5 t ! po9t does n ent] ! wood z %[n at c1 z ! wood w be split by ! w$ge action2 d %[s ! prop] me?od4 ,/eel wire nails are n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,!y are made f wire & are consequ5tly r\nd 9 section1 ) a comp>atively %>p po9t4 ,!re are two di/9ct k9ds1 nam$ flat head & bung head4 ,flat-head wire nails1 z ! "n implies1 h ?91 flat heads1 :i* prev5t ! nail f be+ driv5 b5ea? ! surface4 ,bung-head wire nails1 or brads z ! small] sizes are call$1 h v small heads1 :i* all[ ! nail to be sunk bel[ ! surface4 ,?is is done by means ( ! nail pun*1 or set1 & is necess>y :5 ! surface is to be plan$ aft] ! nail+4 #bf4 ,screws4 ,screws are mu* us$1 & all[ ! pieces to be readily tak5 ap>t4 ,!y are divid$ into two classes1 flat head & r\nd head1 & are ( /eel or brass4 ,/eel screws are ei!r blu$ or bright4 ,bright screws are poli%$ & blu$ screws are produc$ by treat+ ! bright ones ) heat or an acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,me?ods ( us+ ,screws ,fig4 #ee %[s a flat-head screw at a & a r\nd-head at b4 ,flat heads are us$ = ! m common "w :]e x is desirable to h ! screw head flu% 7ev57 ) ! surface or bel[ x1 :ile r\nd heads are us$ :]e ?is is n necess>y4 ,9 ! latt] case r\nd heads are us$ p>tly because !y are m ornam5tal4 ,flat heads mu/ always be flu% or bel[ ! surface1 & 9 all b ! s(te/ woods x is necess>y n only to bore a hole = ! screw1 b also to c\nt]s9k x ) a c\nt]s9k bit 9 ord] t x may receive ! head4 ,two me?ods ( fa/5+ ) flat-head screws are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,sket* ,a %[s ! two pieces ( wood 9 position1 ! hole bor$ 9 upp] piece 7only7 & c\nt]sunk2 ,b %[s ! screw 9 position4 ,9 ?is case ! screw head is visible4 ,x is occasionally desirable to hide ! screw entirely4 ,sket* ,c %[s ! hole prep>$ = ! screw2 ,d %[s ! screw 9 position & a circul> wood5 plug driv5 9 ov] x4 ,! plug is !n level$ ) ! surface & ! screw completely hidd54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,p]spective & ,me*anical ,draw+ #bg4 ,me*anical ,draw+4 ,a me*anical1 or work+1 draw+ is q diff]5t f a pictorial draw+ su* z an arti/ produces4 ,! arti/'s draw+ repres5ts objects z !y appe>1 :ile ! me*anical draw+ repres5ts !m z !y really are4 ,?+s 9 nature d n look z !y are4 ,= example1 :5 we /& on a railroad track ! rails appe> to conv]ge until !y seem to meet 9 ! di/ance4 ,we "k t ?is is n ! case1 t ! rails are really ev]y:]e equally di/ant4 ,! optical illusion ( ! rails meet+ at ! horizon is call$ p]spective4 ,me*anical1 or con/ructive1 draw+ takes no acc\nt ( p]spective4 ,9 ,fig4 #ef a is ! p]spective repres5tation ( a track1 :ile b %[s a track by me*anical draw+4 ,9 a work+ draw+ m ?an "o view is necess>y to %[ ! true %ape ( an object4 ,9 ,fig4 #eg is %[n ! me*anical draw+ ( a cyl9d]1--! front view1 z its "n implies1 be+ ! image x w\ld make 9 a mirror held be=e x v]tically1 & ! top view ! image x w\ld make 9 a mirror held directly ov] x horizontally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,me*anical ,draw+ ( a ,cyl9d] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,me*anical ,draw+ ( ,end ,lap ,jo9t ,occasionally ?ree views are necess>y4 ,fig4 #eh a %[s ! front1 top1 & side views ( an end lap jo9t4 ,! complete work+ draw+ ( ?is jo9t1 ) all ! necess>y dim5sions1 is %[n at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,draw+ ,bo>d %[+ ,t ,squ>e & ,triangles 9 ,position ,9 mak+ draw+s ( ?is k9d ! greate/ accuracy is requir$ & special in/rum5ts are necess>y4 ,! draw+ bo>d on :i* ! pap] is fa/5$ mu/ be p]fectly flat1 ) "o ( its edges /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,! ,t ,squ>e ,! ,t squ>e is us$ = guid+ ! p5cil or p5 :5 draw+ horizontal l9es4 ,! two triangles t t 7,fig4 #ei7 are us$ = draw+ v]tical & oblique l9es1 & a pair ( compasses is ne$$ = circles & arcs ( circles4 ,ea* triangle conta9s "o "r angle1 ! "o on ! left be+ kn[n z a ?irty-sixty triangle because ! two rema9+ angles are ?irty degrees & sixty degrees respectively4 ,! "o on ! "r is call$ a =ty-five-degree triangle because x has two =ty-five-degree angles4 ,! position ( ,t squ>e & triangle :5 draw+ v]tical l9es is t %[n 9 ! sket*1 ! l9e be+ drawn f ! ,t squ>e upw>d4 ,horizontal l9es are drawn f left to "r4 ,! rule us$ 9 me*anical draw+ is call$ a scale1 & %\ld n be us$ = draw+ l9es4 ,its purpose is measur+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,! ,triangles us$ 9 ,me*anical ,draw+ ,9 mak+ a draw+ ! fir/ /ep is to det]m9e ! spac+4 ,! size ( ! pap] may be measur$1 ! numb] ( views are kn[n1 & also ! size ( ea*4 ,! views %\ld be s arrang$ t ! spaces betwe5 w be 9 good proportion4 ,x is a good plan to make fir/ a free-h& sket*1 putt+ on dim5sions & figur+ ! spaces be=e beg9n+ actual "w on ! me*anical draw+4 ,fig4 #fb at a %[s a free-h& sket* ( a s+le dovetail jo9t1 & b ! me*anical draw+ complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,draw+s ( a ,s+le ,dovetail ,jo9t ,all dim5sions mu/ be giv51 & z f> z possible !y %\ld be s plac$ z n to int]f]e ) ! cle>ness ( ! draw+4 ,neat1 small arr[heads & pla91 cle> figures add to ! g5]al appe>ance1 j z does c>eful lett]+ 9 titles & all pr9t$ words4 ,a draw+ :i* is made ! exact size ( ! object repres5t$ is kn[n z a full-siz$ draw+2 b = l>ge objects su* a me?od w\ld necessitate l>ge & unh&y %eets ( draw+ pap]4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 su* cases to make :at is call$ a scale draw+4 ,a scale draw+ may be half1 qu>t]1 or eigh? size1 & ! fact is pr9t$ "u ! title 9 small] lett]s1 ?us3 in* #a in*1 or in* #a in*4 ,o!r scales may be us$4 ,9 map mak+1 = example1 a sixte5? ( an in* may repres5t "o1 t51 or ev5 a hundr$ miles4 ,:atev] scale is us$1 h[ev]1 ! dim5sions mu/ always give ! exact size ( ! object repres5t$4 ,,elem5t>y ,,woodwork+ ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,v ,,wood ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,! ,=e/1 ,norway ,spruce1 ,bav>ia1 ,g]many #bh4 ,lumb]+ & ,mill+4 ,x is well to rememb]1 :5 us+ wood = any purpose1 t x 0 once "p ( a liv+ tree :i* _h roots1 b>k1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 & t ! tree began life z a little sapl+1 :i* grew tall] & l>g] = ye>s be=e x c\ld be call$ a tree1 & t x 0 betwe5 fifty & a hundr$ ye>s old be=e x 0 l>ge en\gh to cut d[n = timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,fell+ a ,tree ,! lumb]man selects trees :i* h l>ge1 /raight trunks4 ,!y are usually cut ) ! ax1 al?\gh ! fir/ cut is (t5 made p>tially ?r\gh ! trunk ) a saw4 ,! bran*es are !n *opp$ (f & ! body ( ! tree cut into l5g?s conv5i5t = h&l+4 ,!y are roll$ into a /ream & float$ d[n ! riv] to a sawmill1 or1 9 case !re is no riv] ne> by1 are c>t$ on sl$s or wagons to ! railroad & !nce to ! mill4 ,! cutt+ ( ! trees is usually done 9 w9t]1 ! float+ ( ! logs1 or riv] driv+ z x is call$1 beg9n+ ) ! break+ up ( ! ice 9 ! spr+4 ,riv] driv+ is a v int]e/+ & dang]\s bus9ess4 ,logs w (t5 get caught sidewise & ! :ole riv] f %ore to %ore become jamm$ s tightly t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( logs are /opp$ 9 _! c\rse1 =m+ an imm5se dam :i* ! lumb]m5 call a log jam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,a ,skidway ( ,adirondack ,spruce ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,riv] ,driv]s break+ up a 8,log ,jam0 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,log ,boom & ,lumb] ,piles at ,tupp] ,lake1 ,n4,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,a ,mod]n ,gang ,saw--,int]ior ( ,mod]n ,sawmill ,to break up ?is jam v (t5 requires mu* labor & great d>+ on ! "p ( ! driv]s1 :o we> spik$ %oes & are arm$ ) long poles hav+ %>p /eel po9ts4 ,:5 su* a jam breaks up1 ! cra%+ ( ! logs & ru% ( wat] c be he>d = miles4 ,hav+ f9ally rea*$ ! mill1 ! logs float 9 ! riv]1 inclos$ 9 a log boom1 until ! mill m5 are ready to saw !m into planks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,a ,mod]n ,sawmill ,! boom consi/s ( logs *a9$ toge!r & /ret*$ across ! riv] j z a f5ce is built on l& to inclose cattle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,! ,circul> ,saw--,int]ior ( ,sawmill ,! sawmill ( to-day is a mass ( automatic ma*9]y1 & aft] ! log ent]s x is n t\*$ by human h&s until x comes out z lumb] ( v>i\s sizes ready to be load$ on boats or c>s4 ,logs are saw$ into timb]1 planks1 or bo>ds1 & ^! =ms are call$ lumb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,a ,l>ge ,b& ,saw ,timb] ref]s to all ( ! l>ge/ sizes1 su* z beams & joi/s4 ,planks are wide /rips ov] "o in* ?ick1 & bo>ds are "o in* or less 9 ?ickness1 v>y+ 9 wid? & l5g?4 ,lumb] may be plan$ at a plan+ mill1 & is !n kn[n z dress$ lumb]4 ,x may be dress$ on "o1 two1 or all sides4 ,dress$ /ock :i* is free f knots1 %akes1 & sapwood is call$ cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,end ( ,log1 %[+ ,annual ,r+s & ,m$ull>y ,rays ,by exam9+ ! end ( a log we c le>n a great deal ( ! life ( ! tree4 ,x is made up ( a numb] ( irregul> r+s & ( l9es radiat+ f ! c5t] & runn+ 9 ne>ly /raight l9es t[>d ! b>k4 ,! numb] ( r+s tells u ! age ( ! tree1 z a new r+ is add$ ea* ye>4 ,z ! tree gr[s1 ! old wood ne> ! c5t] becomes compress$ & dry & is kn[n z ! he>twood1 :ile t portion betwe5 ! he>twood & b>k is call$ sapwood4 ,9 "s woods ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! he>twood & sapwood is v m>k$4 ,9 ebony1 = in/ance1 ! he>twood is coal black & ! sapwood :ite4 ,! sket* %[s half a log1 ! annual r+s be+ indicat$1 & also ! radial l9es1 call$ m$ull>y rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,log cut l5g?wise1 %[+ h[ 8,gra90 is =m$ ,look+ at ! l5g? ( ! log we see t ! l9es 9 a bo>d1 :i* we call ! gra91 are really ! edges ( ! annual r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,%[+ ,wea!r ,*ecks & 8,%ake0 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ! =e/ t ! w9d sways ! trees to su* an ext5t t ! annual r+s sep>ate & slide "o )9 ! o!r2 ?is produces a defect 9 ! wood call$ a %ake 7see s1 ,fig4 #gd74 ,!re are o!r *>act]i/ics ( wood kn[n z w>p+ & %r9kage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,aft] a tree has be5 cut d[n ! cut end at fir/ looks l ,fig4 #gb4 ,if x is all[$ to lie = "s "t expos$ to ! wea!r1 its appe>ance *anges to ,fig4 #gd4 ,?is is due to ! evaporation ( ! sap1 & z !re is m sap t[>d ! outside1 ! %r9kage is greate/ !re & becomes less t[>d ! c5t] :]e ! he>twood is comp>atively dry4 ,?is is an important fact to "k1 because if we _h cut ! log1 :ile x 0 /ill gre51 into planks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge1 ! bo>ds w\ld h curl$ up or w>p$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,%[+ ,effect ( ,w>p+ ,besides w>p+1 ! evaporation ( ! sap causes ! :ole tree to %r9k 9 diamet]1 & consequ5tly our planks w t5d to become n>r[]4 ,?is is call$ %r9kage1 & 9 "s woods am\nts to a qu>t] ( an in* to ! foot1 :i* means t a plank saw$ twelve in*es wide w1 aft] a few mon?s1 measure only elev5 & ?ree qu>t] in*es4 ,:5 we con/ruct any?+ 9 wood we mu/ always consid] h[ ! object w be affect$ by w>p+ & %r9kage1 rememb]+ t ! %r9kage is only across ! gra94 ,let u consid] ! problem ( con/ruct+ a draw+ bo>d to see h[ w>p+ & %r9kage may be ov]come4 ,if we make x ( "o piece1 l ,a 7,fig4 #gg71 ! bo>d w soon *ange its %ape to t %[n 9 ,b1 :i* w\ld make x useless = me*anical draw+1 z a p]fectly flat surface is necess>y4 ,we c ov]come ! w>p+ by screw+ heavy cleats on "o side across ! gra91 z %[n at ,c4 ,! cleats w\ld ne$ to be heavy or ! w>p+ =ce w\ld b5d !m4 ,a bett] way w\ld be to build ! bo>d up ( sev]al n>r[ /rips glu$ toge!r1 z ! w>p+ ( "o w\ld be c\nt]act$ by ! w>p+ ( its neighbors 9 opposite directions2 b to make d\bly sure1 cleats fa/5$ ) tongue & groove jo9t %\ld be add$ at ! ends1 z %[n at ,d4 ,?is has an advantage ov] ! fir/ me?od1 z ! cleats 9 ,c are (t5 9 ! way & make ! bo>d clumsy to h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,con/ruction4 ,me?ods ( ov]com+ ,w>p+ & ,%r9kage ,! /ud5t w f9d _m evid5ces ab\t ! h\se ( h[ ! woodwork] has tri$ to prev5t w>p+ & %r9kage1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! panel$ doors1 tables1 etc4 ,! wood ( ! v>i\s trees diff]s greatly 9 h>dness1 ev5ness ( gra91 durability1 etc41 & e boy %\ld "k n only :at our woods are us$ =1 b he %\ld also "k ! trees :5 he sees !m4 ,we are indebt$ to ! trees = _m ?+s besides wood4 ,!y give u delightful %ade & coolness 9 summ]2 _m ( !m produce delici\s fruit & nuts2 f !m we obta9 su* valuable products z maple sirup & sug>2 :ile t>1 pit*1 turp5t9e1 rubb]1 & tann9 are only a few ( ! _m tree products4 ,! h\ses we live 91 ! *airs we sit on1--9 fact1 mo/ ( our furniture1 ev5 to ! frames ( our pictures1 ! c>s we ride 91 & ! v p5cils we write )1 are ( wood :i* 0 once "p ( ! liv+ =e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,a ,l>ge ,tree be+ mov$ by a ,mod]n ,tree ,mov]1 %[+ ,root ,=mation ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,broad-,,leav$ ,,trees3 ,,! ,,oaks ,our ,am]ican trees may be divid$ r\ghly into two classes3 7#a7 ^? :i* keep _! leaves ! ye> r\nd1 kn[n z ev]gre5s2 7#b7 ^? ^: leaves drop (f 9 ! fall1 call$ broad-leav$1 or decidu\s trees1 9 di/9ction f ! ev]gre5s1 ^: leaves are usually ne$le-%ap$4 ,among ! broad-leav$ family are su* trees z ! oak1 *e/nut1 hickory1 maples1 elms1 etc42 & among ! ev]gre5s or cone-be>+ trees are ! p9es1 spruces1 hemlocks1 firs1 & c$>s4 ,! oak family is a v important "o1 ! wood be+ h>d & /rong & ! tree a /urdy1 heal?y1 & well-kn[n specim5 ( tree life4 ,:ite oak is p]haps ! mo/ common memb] ( ! oak family4 ,x gr[s to a v l>ge size & has a leaf ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,obs]ve c>efully ! outl9e ( ! leaf & comp>e x ) ! sket* ( ! next =m4 ,! :ite oak1 l all oaks1 be>s acorns1 & its timb] is us$ z a /&>d :5 comp>+ diff]5t k9ds ( wood4 ,if we say t ! /r5g? ( :ite p9e is "o half1 we mean "o half t ( :ite oak1 & 9 all timb] calculations :ite oak is ! /&>d1 j z ! y>d & mile are /&>ds ( l5g?4 ,9 "w :i* requires /r5g?1 su* z c>riage mak+1 %ipbuild+1 & coop]age1 :ite oak is us$ v ext5sively4 ,! qu>t]$ oak us$ s mu* = furniture is obta9$ by cutt+ ! logs 9 a special mann]4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ gives a beautiful mottl$ effect ) ! silv] rays spread out 9 irregul> :ite spla%es on a d>k backgr\nd4 ,we might sep>ate ! oak into two di/9ct gr\ps3 7#a7 ^? trees ^: acorns rip5 9 "o season2 7#b7 ^? :i* require two ye>s4 ,! acorns ( ?is latt] gr\p rema9 on ! tree ?r\gh\t ! fir/ w9t] & rip5 ! second summ]4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ! :ite oak j m5tion$1 ! po/ oak1 *e/nut oaks1 mossy-cup oak1 & live oak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,typical ,leaf ( ! ,:ite ,oak ,9 ! second class are ! r$1 sc>let1 black1 p91 laurel1 & will[ oaks4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! leaves ( ^! trees is s great t we ne$ nev] mi/ake "o = ! o!r4 ,notice ! cut ( ! r$ oak & comp>e x ) t ( ! :ite oak4 ,! latt] has r\nd$ lobes1 :ile ! r$-oak leaf has %>p po9ts & ! f+]s ( ! leaf are ind5t$ aga9 ) small] tee?4 ,! diff]5t trees 9 ! :ite-oak family all h leaves ) r\nd$ lobes1 & mo/ ( ^? 9 ! r$-oak gr\p h po9t$ ones1 yet !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family1 j z among human be+s4 ,we c tell at a glance :e!r a man is a negro1 a ,*9aman1 or a :ite man4 ,if a :ite man1 he may be a ,fr5*man or an ,am]ican2 & aga91 if an ,am]ican1 he may belong to ! ,jones family4 ,b all ! memb]s ( ! ,jones family d n look alike & we "k "o f ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,leaf ( ! ,po/ ,oak ,?is is true ( trees4 ,no two are alike1 & we c tell f obs]vation :e!r a tree is an ev]gre5 or a broad-leav$ tree1 :e!r x belongs to ! :ite-oak gr\p2 & aft] /udy+ trees a little we c tell :e!r a memb] ( ?is gr\p is a :ite oak1 a po/ oak1 or a mossy-cup oak4 ,comp>e ! po/-oak leaf 7,fig4 #hj7 ) t ( ! :ite oak4 ,!re is n a great diff]5ce 9 =m1 b ! po/-oak leaf is ?ick1 lea!ry1 & d>k gre51 :ile ! :ite oak has a beautiful ?91 light gre5 leaf1 :i* turns r$ 9 ! fall4 ,! po/ oak is a r\gh] & co>s] tree ?an ! o!r1 & is sometimes call$ iron oak on acc\nt ( its v h>d1 t\gh wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,leaf ( ,mossy-,cup ,oak #bi4 ,! ,mossy-,cup ,oak4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful oaks we h 9 ,am]ica gr[s 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/1 & is only r>ely f\nd 9 our p>ks 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is call$ ! mossy-cup oak because ! l>ge acorn :i* x be>s is surr\nd$ by a bu%y fr+e :i* almo/ hides ! nut4 ,?is acorn is a sight nev] to be =gott54 ,! leaf is l>g] ?an t ( ! :ite oak1 & al?\gh ! two leaves look some:at alike1 ! divisions ( ! mossy-cup leaf are n z regul> z ^? ( ! :ite oak1 & x is n s ?9 & delicate4 ,its wood is v /rong & is valuable = _m purposes1 su* z boats1 c>riages1 f>m+ implem5ts1 railroad ties1 & coop]age4 #cj4 ,black ,oak & ,black-jack ,oak4 ,^! two trees are usually f\nd gr[+ 9 wild places1 & ! black-jack oak is (t5 call$ b>r5 oak f ! fact t x frequ5ts bleak & b>r5 pla9s1 su* z ! s&y /ret*es ( ,new ,j]sey & ,long ,isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,leaves ( ,black ,oak & ,black-jack ,oak 7,black-jack on "r7 ,! sket* %[s ! diff]5ce 9 ! leaves1 t ( ! black-jack hav+ only ?ree ma9 lobes1 or divisions1 :ile ! black oak has five4 ,h[ev]1 ! leaves ( ^! two trees v>y consid]ably1 & "o mu/ always look = ! typical leaf1 :i* is ! "o %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! black-jack is a small1 %rubby tree1 ) bran*es (t5 twi/$ & contort$1 & its wood is n v valuable except z fuel or = mak+ *>coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,leaf ( ,r$ ,oak ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,wood ( ! ,r$ ,oak1 %[+ ?ree sections4 ,! "o on ! left %[s annual r+s obta9$ by a horizontal cut ?r\gh ! tree4 ,c5tral view %[s v]tical cut at c5t] ( tree4 ,view on "r %[s v]tical cut betwe5 c5t] & b>k z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! acorns require two seasons = rip5+1 z d ^? ( ! r$1 sc>let1 & p9 oaks4 #ca4 ,! ,r$ ,oak4 ,! r$ oak is "o ( our l>ge/ & mo/ noble trees1 gr[+ tall] ev5 ?an ! :ite oak1 & may always be di/+ui%$ by its v l>ge1 %9y1 d>k gre5 leaves4 ,its b>k is also mu* smoo!r & d>k] ?an ! :ite oak4 ,its acorn is v bitt] & c easily be recogniz$ by its %all[ cup & by its l>ge size4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( ! two-ye> acorns4 ,! wood ( ! r$ oak is d>k] ?an t ( ! :ite1 & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( furniture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,sc>let ,oak #cb4 ,! ,sc>let ,oak4 ,?is tree is (t5 confus$ ) ! r$1 b a glance at ! leaves w %[ a great diff]5ce4 ,t ( ! sc>let has deep] ind5tations & is mu* m sl5d] & skeleton-l 9 %ape4 ,x takes its "n f ! bright sc>let or r$ t+e x takes on :5 ! leaves *ange color 9 ! fall4 #cc4 ,! ,p9 ,oak4 ,! p9-oak leaf is mu* m readily conf\nd$ ) ! sc>let oak ?an t ( any o!r tree4 ,9 fact1 no two trees h leaves s ne>ly alike z ^! two2 yet a glance at two typical leaves plac$ side by side w %[ consid]able diff]5ce4 ,! p9-oak leaf is small] ?an ! o!r1 & 9 proportion to its size ! ind5tations are n s deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,p9 ,oak ,! p9-oak tree has a great _m small bran*lets1 or /ems1 :i* give ! tree ! appe>ance ( a bundle ( p9s1 especially :5 ! leaves are (f 9 w9t]4 ,x is a beautiful tree & is n[ be+ plant$ v ext5sively z a %ade tree4 ,x is h>dy1 & /&s city air v well inde$4 ,its b>k is ri* 9 tannic acid1 :i* is us$ 9 tann+ lea!r4 ,! oak family is su* a l>ge & valuable "o t we _c af=d to pass x ov] lightly4 ,9 ! ,s\? gr[s ! will[ oak1 fam\s = its %ade & its leaves1 :i* resemble ^? ( ! will[4 ,a little f>!r nor? we f9d1 along ! ,ohio valley1 ! %+le oak1 s call$ f ! fact t its wood is mo/ly made into %+les4 ,x is also kn[n z ! laurel oak1 because its leaves are %ap$ l ^? ( ! laurel1 al?\gh n s glossy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,p9 ,oak 9 ,w9t] ,?is is su* an odd %ape = an oak leaf t "o w\ld be likely to pass x by & n recognize x b = ! fact t x be>s acorns4 ,?is is always ! te/1--8,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m40 ,if we meet a new tree :i* seems n to be an oak because its leaves are new to u1 & x be>s acorns1 we may be sure x is an oak4 ,a v int]e/+ gr\p ( trees :i* come "u ?is head are ! *e/nut oaks4 ,at fir/ glance "o w\ld take "o ( ^! trees to be a *e/nut1 b x be>s acorns & mu/ !re=e be an oak4 ,! sket* %[s ! two leaves side by side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,*e/nut ,*e/nut ,oak ,let u exam9e !m closely4 ,al?\gh !y slightly resemble ea* o!r1 by look+ c>efully we see t ! tee? on ! *e/nut leaf are po9t$1 :ile ^? on ! *e/nut oak are decid$ly r\nd$4 ,!re is also a diff]5ce 9 proportion1 z ! *e/nut leaf is long & n>r[1 :ile t ( ! *e/nut oak is broad]4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( *e/nut oak1 b _! leaves are q simil> & !y all belong to ! :ite-oak gr\p & rip5 _! acorns 9 "o season4 ,!y gr[ to a l>ge size1 "o fam\s f ,revolution>y times at ,fi%kill-on-!-,hudson measur+ sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,! acorns are sweet & are eag]ly s\ght aft] by ! squirrels4 ,! wood is durable 9 expos$ places & is us$ = coop]age1 railroad ties1 & f5c+4 #cd4 ,! ,live ,oak4 ,no li/ ( ,am]ican oaks w\ld be complete )\t ! live oak4 ,?is is a s\!rn tree & is rem>kable 9 _m ways4 ,its leaf has no ind5tations1 rema9s gre5 all w9t]1 & is ?ick & lea!ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,leaf ( ,live ,oak ,! wood is extremely heavy1 a cubic foot weigh+ ne>ly sixty p\nds4 ,x is z h>d z x is heavy1 & al?\gh x takes a high poli% & has a f9e gra91 x soon dulls ! edge ( a tool4 ,be=e ! age ( /eel1 :5 all %ips 7 wood51 x 0 mu* us$ 9 %ipbuild+1 & ! gov]nm5t b\ght l>ge tracts ( l& :]e live oak grew abundantly1 s t ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy %\ld nev] lack ! necess>y timb]4 ,x gr[s along ! ,atlantic coa/1 s\? f ,virg9ia1 & along ! ,gulf to ,texas4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,broad-,,leav$ ,,trees3 ,,! ,,maples ,x is ! maple family to :i* we are indebt$ = mu* ( ! glori\s color+ ( our autumn l&scapes4 ,x is true t all trees play _! "p 9 ! g5]al color s*eme1 b = ! brilliant r$s & sc>lets ( ! fall foliage we mu/ look to ! maples4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ^w maple we are apt to h visions ( o!r ?+s besides trees4 ,maple & sug> or sirup seem to g toge!r1 & 9 fact "s ( u d n "k t !re are o!r maples besides ! sug> maple4 ,?is f9e ,am]ican tree is "o ( :i* we %\ld be pr\d4 ,n only is x a h&some l>ge tree1 valuable = its %ade & ! beautiful colors x we>s 9 ! fall1 b its wood is h>d & valuable1--x is (t5 call$ rock maple1--& besides all ^! good qualities x furni%es u ) our maple sirup & sug>4 ,! process ( mak+ maple sug> is q int]e/+ & may be divid$ into two /ages1--ga!r+ ! sap1 & boil+ d[n4 ,v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 (t5 z e>ly z ,m>*1 ! sap beg9s to fl[ up ?r\gh ! tree4 ,! f>m] kn[s by exp]i5ce :5 to tap ! tree1 :i* he does by bor+ a ?ree-qu>t] in* hole ) an aug]4 ,into ?is hole he ins]ts a sp\t ( wood or iron ?r\gh :i* ! lifeblood ( ! tree--! sap--fl[s 9 a /eady drip1 drip1 drip1 into a pail or bucket plac$ b5ea? to cat* x4 ,! sap comes 9 drops ab\t z regul>ly z ! ticks ( a clock1 "o a second4 ,?is cont9ues = two or ?ree weeks1 until ea* tree has yield$ some?+ l tw5ty-five gallons4 ,z x takes five gallons ( sap to produce a p\nd ( sug>1 ea* tree yields ab\t five p\nds ( maple sug>4 ,9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york !re are maple groves conta9+ ?\s&s ( trees1 & "o f>m alone produces five ?\s& p\nds ( sug> 9 a season4 ,/range z x may seem1 ?is excessive ble$+ ( ! trees does n kill !m unless improp]ly done4 ,! f>m] mu/ n tap !m at ! wrong "t nor 9 too _m places4 ,! tree w /& a great deal if prop]ly treat$1 b h>% treatm5t w kill x4 ,! boil+ process is v simple4 ,! sap is p\r$ into l>ge boil]s or evaporators & boil$ until x becomes a sirup4 ,! old-fa%ion$ te/ to f9d out :5 ! boil+ _h be5 c>ri$ on long en\gh 0 to drop a little ( ! hot sirup into ! sn[ or into a cold di%4 ,if x h>d5$1 ! boil+ 0 f9i%$4 ,fig4 #ij %[s ! leaf ( ! sug> maple1 also t leaf :i* is mo/ (t5 conf\nd$ ) x1 viz41 ! ,norway maple4 ,obs]ve ! two closely4 ,! sug> maple has blunt1 r\nd$ po9ts & is ?ick1 :ile ! ,norway has %>p po9ts1 :i* are m num]\s1 & ! leaf is mu* ?9n] & m delicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,sug> ,maple ,norway ,maple ,! sug> maple gr[s tall] & does n ca/ s d5se a %ade z ! ,norway1 :i* is a l[-gr[+ tree ) close1 d>k foliage4 #ce4 ,! ,silv] ,maple4 ,! "o :i* naturally comes next 9 ! li/ is ! silv]1 s(t1 or :ite maple1 z x is v>i\sly t]m$4 ,f ! gr\nd up to ! topmo/ leaf ! :ole "* ( ?is tree sugge/s ! ^w ?or\ghbr$4 ,clean-cut1 ref9$1 /rong1 & heal?y 9 e detail1 ! silv] maple is a ?+ ( beauty & might truly be call$ ! acme ( p]fection 9 tree life4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! "u side ( ! leaf is silv]y :ite4 ,! upp] side be+ d>k gre5 gives a beautiful effect :5 ! w9d /irs ! foliage1 :i* z a :ole has ! grace & droop+ effect ( ! ,am]ican elm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,! ,silv] ,maple ,! ,r$ ,maple ,?is description does n always fit1 h[ev]1 z x is plant$ ext5sively 9 cities :]e horses gnaw ! f9e b>k2 smoke1 soot1 & coal gas discolor ! leaves2 & ! cat]pill>s complete ! "w ( de/roy+ its beauty4 ,yet x /ill lives1 ev5 if x does n ?rive "u su* h>% treatm5t4 ,its wood is :ite1 s(t1 & n v valuable4 #cf4 ,! ,r$ ,maple4 ,a relative ( ! silv] maple & "o :i* might be mi/ak5 = x is ! r$1 swamp1 or wild maple4 ,x is ?is tree :i* displays ! brighte/ r$s 9 autumn4 ,ref]r+ to ! sket* x w be se5 t ! leaf is small] & ?ree-f+]$ in/ead ( five1 z 9 ! silv] v>iety4 ,! /em ( ?is leaf is also r$ dur+ ! entire season1 z if x c\ld n wait = autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,! ,sycamore ,maple #cg4 ,! ,sycamore ,maple4 ,9 ! r[s on r[s ( maples s common 9 our t[ns & cities "o w (t5 f9d a leaf l>g]1 heavi]1 & co>s] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,?is v>iety1 l ! ,norway1 is an importation f ,europe1 kn[n z ! sycamore maple because ( its resemblance to ! sycamore leaf4 ,x is easily id5tifi$ by its l>ge size1 co>s5ess1 ! v long1 ?ick r$ /em1 & by ! fact t its entire edge is f9ely too!d1--9 :i* po9t x diff]s f all ! =ego+ v>ieties4 ,its value z a %ade tree is ne>ly equal to ! ,norway1 & 9 ,europe x is (t5 plant$ 9 pref]5ce to all o!r maples4 #ch4 ,! ,/rip$ ,maple4 ,gr[+ 9 ! %ade ( o!r trees & =m+ "p ( ! und]gr[? ( our ,nor? woods is a small tree kn[n z ! /rip$ maple1 f ! /ripes :i* run up & d[n its b>k4 ,! ,new ,engl& "n = ?is little m\nta9 tree is moosewood1 f ! fact t ! moose is v fond ( ! b>k & twigs1 :i* =m 8 *ief food 9 w9t]4 ,! leaves are q l>ge1 b v ?91 s(t1 & delicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,! ,/rip$ ,maple1 or ,moosewood #ci4 ,maple ,keys4 ,! fruit1 or se$s1 ( all ! maples are kn[n z w+$4 ,! flat1 ?9 "p gives ! se$ a swirl+ motion z x drops f ! tree4 ,?is is ! way nature has ( spread+ ! se$ ov] a l>ge area s t m trees may be />t$ 9 life4 ,_m tree se$s are w+$1 b ! maple se$ or key is s l>ge & s common t e "o mu/ at "s "t h notic$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,maple 8,keys10 a ,common ,=m ( ,w+$ ,se$s #dj4 ,! ,a%-,leav$ ,maple4 ,! a%-leav$ maple is a leaf v common 9 our p>ks4 ,x has no resemblance to o!r maple leaves1 yet x be>s ! unmi/akable maple key1--8,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m40 ,x is !re=e a maple4 ,! box eld]1 or a%-leav$ maple1 is int]e/+ because x is our only maple hav+ a comp\nd leaf2 t is1 a leaf /em ) sev]al di/9ct leaflets4 ,comp\nd leaves are v common 7notice ! hickory leaf & ! horse-*e/nut71 b n on maples1 & our a%-leav$ maple is a curiosity4 ,x delights 9 swampy places1 b gr[s almo/ any:]e4 ,x is a small tree1 & its wood is n especially valuable except = mak+ pap] pulp4 ,nor? ,am]ica has only n9e v>ieties ( maple1 :ile ,*9a & ,japan h m ?an ?irty4 ,inde$1 x is to ,japan1 ^: =e/s are l>gely made up ( maples1 t we are indebt$ = "s ( ! mo/ da9ty & exquisite trees to be f\nd4 ,! ,japan maples plant$ s ext5sively on our lawns & 9 our p>ks h su* a v>iety ( =m & color t no writt5 description c d !m ju/ice4 ,fig4 #if w give "s idea ( _! %ape & delicacy4 ,! colors1 :i* ( c\rse _c be %[n1 range f d>k purple to ! mo/ delicate comb9ations ( :ite & gre54 ,! f9e/ ( ^! da9ty leaves be>s a /rong] resemblance to an o/ri* plume ?an to any?+ 9 ! l9e ( tree leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,a%-,leav$ ,maple1 or ,box ,eld] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,japan ,maples ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,broad-,,leav$ ,,trees ,,hav+ ,,comp\nd ,,leaves ,! beg9n] is (t5 9 d\bt z to :e!r a twig ) sev]al leaves is a comp\nd leaf or a numb] ( simple leaves4 ,?is is a v easy ?+ to decide4 ,at ! end ( ! leaf /em1 :]e ! leaf jo9s ! twig or bran*1 is always a little bud4 ,:5 ! leaf drops (f 9 ! fall ! bud rema9s1 & 9 ! spr+ beg9s to swell & f9ally develops into a leaf4 ,?is bud !n is ! promise ( next ye>'s leaf1 & x is always f\nd at ! base ( ! leaf /em1 z %[n at ,a4 ,!re is no su* bud at ! base ( ! leaflet on ! comp\nd leaf1 z %[n at ,b4 ,if !n we f9d no bud at ,b1 we mu/ look f>!r d[n until we discov] x at ,c4 ,?is furni%es ! te/ & we "k t our specim5 is a comp\nd leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,me?od ( di/+ui%+ ,comp\nd & ,simple ,leaves ,?is class ( leaf is v common1 z our horse-*e/nuts1 buckeyes1 hickories1 & walnuts all h comp\nd leaves4 ,! horse-*e/nut is n a native ,am]ican tree1 b 0 import$ f ,europe1 :]e x is a great favorite4 ,! leaflets numb] five or sev51 always an odd numb]1 & !y radiate f "o c5tral po9t1 ! odd "o 9 ! c5t] usually be+ ! l>ge/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,! ,horse-,*e/nut ,x is v int]e/+ to wat* ^! leaves z !y come out ( ! /icky buds 9 ! spr+4 ,!y unfold & gr[ v rapidly & soon ! tree br+s =? l>ge pyramidal clu/]s ( beautiful fl[]s4 ,! l>ge1 neat br[n nuts :i* come lat] 9 ! season d n seem to be v useful1 yet !y are s solid & %9y t e boy delights to ga!r !m4 ,an ,am]ican tree closely resembl+ ! horse-*e/nut is ! buckeye4 ,! leaflets on ! buckeye leaf numb] five1 sometimes sev51 & radiate l ! horse-*e/nut f a common c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,buckeye ,hickory ,?is tree is well kn[n ?r\gh ! ,ohio valley1 :]e x is v common1 ,ohio be+ call$ ! ,buckeye ,/ate4 ,! nuts are n edible1 b ! wood is v t\gh & /rong & is us$ ext5sively 9 mak+ f>m implem5ts4 ,comp>e ! leaf ( ! buckeye & ! hickory %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,bo? leaves are comp\nd1 & ea* has five leaflets1 b !y are q diff]5t1 because ! hickory leaflets are arrang$ on opposite sides ( ! leaf-/alk in/ead ( radiat+ f "o po9t4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( hickory1 includ+ ! %agb>k1 or %ellb>k1 ! pignut1 & pecan4 ,! "n %agb>k hickory is tak5 f ! peculi> appe>ance ( ! b>k1 :i* hangs 9 loose pieces ne>ly a foot long & gives ! tree a v %aggy effect4 ,%ellb>k is ano!r common "n = ?is tree4 ,! nut :i* ?is tree be>s is h>d & ?ick1 b ! k]nel is v sweet1 & is consid]$ by "s sup]ior to all o!r hickory nuts4 ,! pignut hickory is s call$ because ! nuts 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry are us$ to fe$ ! pigs4 ,x is also call$ broom hickory4 ,! nuts are small & become bitt] aft] hav+ la9 a:ile4 ,! wood1 h[ev]1 l all ! hickories1 is valuable1 be+ h>d & t\gh4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 /r5g? & t\ghness4 ,oak is /rong1 b n t\gh4 ,hickory is bo? h>d & t\gh4 ,a t\gh wood is "o :i* w /& b5d+ )\t break+4 ,a wood :i* w b5d easily b is n /rong _c be call$ t\gh4 ,x mu/ be bo? /rong & ela/ic1 & hickory has bo? ( ^! qualities4 #da4 ,! ,pecan4 ,we usually ?9k ( ! pecan nut z diff]5t f ! hickory1 yet !y belong to ! same family4 ,! pecan hickory is a s\!rn tree :i* delights 9 ! w>m climate s\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 & 9 ,texas is f\nd z a gr& =e/ giant "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 produc+ an enorm\s crop ( ! sweete/ & mo/ delicately flavor$ nuts4 ,! leaf has n9e leaflets & occasionally z _m z fifte54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,black ,walnut ,butt]nut #db4 ,! ,black ,walnut & ,butt]nut4 ,p]haps no two trees are s difficult = ! city boy or girl to di/+ui% z ! butt]nut & black walnut4 ,bo? h comp\nd leaves1 ! numb] ( leaflets v>y+ f n9e to sev5te5 = ! butt]nut & f fifte5 to tw5ty-?ree = ! black walnut4 ,a leaf hav+ fifte5 leaflets1 !n1 might belong to ei!r tree if !re 7 no o!r way to di/+ui% !m4 ,! tee? on ! black-walnut leaflet are l>g] & %>p] ?an on ! butt]nut1 & ! fuzzy /em is lack+4 ,! gre5 nuts1 too1 are diff]5t1 ! black walnuts be+ j ab\t ! size & %ape ( gre5 lemons1 ! butt]nuts long] & ?9n]2 b ! unmi/akable feature is ! odor4 ,hav+ once smell$ ! cru%$ leaves ( a butt]nut & a black walnut1 a p]son w !reaft] ne$ no o!r te/4 ,! use ( black-walnut lumb] = mak+ furniture 0 at "o "t v common4 ,! great supply ( ?is valuable wood has be5 exhau/$ & o!r woods h become fa%ionable4 ,x is /ill us$ = gun/ocks1 = :i* purpose no?+ seems bett] suit$4 ,butt]nut is a light-color$ wood1 b takes a good poli% & is occasionally us$ 9 cab9et "w4 #dc4 ,! ,locu/s4 ,! locu/ family is a l>ge "o2 its memb]s all be> comp\nd leaves1 & _! fruit is 9 ! =m ( beans in/ead ( nuts4 ,! common yell[ or black locu/ is fam\s = its h>d1 durable wood1 its delicate light gre5 leaves1 & its :ite fl[]s4 ,! tree is n v beautiful :5 ! leaves are (f1 b its wood is s valuable t its beauty is n consid]$4 ,! wood is yell[ & becomes v h>d aft] x has dri$4 ,! honey locu/ is ano!r common memb] ( ?is family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,! ,locu/ ,! ,honey ,locu/ #dd4 ,! ,honey ,locu/4 ,its leaves are mu* f9] & some:at resemble f]ns4 ,x may always be kn[n by ! dang]\s %>p-po9t$ ?orns :i* gr[ all ov] ! tree4 ,^! ?orns are unusually l>ge1 sometimes be+ f\nd 9 great bun*es & z long z six in*es4 ,its fruit is a long1 ?91 br[ni% pod1 :i* is sweet & conta9s little light br[n beans4 ,! wood is /rong & durable4 #de4 ,! ,a%4 ,e boy :o has own$ a r[boat kn[s t o>s are made ( wood f ! a%4 ,?is is because ! o> mu/ be ela/ic z well z /rong1 & ! timb] ( ! a% tree supplies ^! two qualities4 ,! a% is "o ( our talle/ & noble/ =e/ trees4 ,x is r slim 9 build1 ) beautiful clean %9y gre5 foliage4 ,! memb]s ( ?is gr\p seem to be fond ( colors1 & we h ! :ite a%1 r$ a%1 gre5 a%1 blue a%1 & black a%4 ,!re are slight diff]5ces 9 ! leaves & se$s1 b1 z 9 o!r trees1 :5 we h once se5 an a% se$ we c always !reaft] di/+ui% an a% tree4 ,fig4 #ajb %[s ! se$ ( ! r$ a%4 ,x is a w+$ se$1 ) ! se$ "p inclos$ by ! w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,r$ ,a% ,! comp\nd leaf ( ! :ite a% has f five to sev5 leaflets & ! black a% has f sev5 to elev54 ,! wood is h>d1 t\gh1 & ela/ic1 has a h&some gra91 & is us$ = _m purposes besides mak+ o>s1 su* z furniture1 c>riages1 & ^? f>m implem5ts :i* require /r5g?4 ,! ,indian c\ld f9d no bett] wood = 8 b[1 & ev5 ,cupid is said to h fir/ made 8 arr[s ( a%4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,broad-,,leav$ ,,trees ,,hav+ ,,simple ,,leaves #df4 ,! ,elm4 ,! elm is ! well-kn[n %ade tree ( ,new ,engl&4 ,its tall1 graceful =m is famili> to e visitor & native ( t section ( c\ntry1 :]e x is f\nd along e roadway & 9 e city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,! ,am]ican ,elm ,:o c ?9k ( ,new ,engl& )\t its noble elms8 ,x w\ld inde$ be a diff]5t c\ntry4 ,! elm may be said to repres5t ,new ,engl& "*1--dignifi$1 /urdy1 graceful1 & ref9$4 ,be+ tall1 ) foliage well up1 ! g5]al %ape ( ! tree gives ! desir$ %ade1 yet does n ob/ruct ! view2 :ile its /ately dignity gives an air ( com=t & repose to ! gr\nds1 :i* x seems to protect f ! elem5ts4 ,its wood is valuable = c]ta9 k9ds ( "w1 be+ t\gh & /rong1 b x is n suitable = cab9etwork1 z x is difficult to poli%4 ,x is us$ consid]ably = :eel hubs & 9 coop]age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,leaf ( ,am]ican ,elm ,obs]ve ! edge ( ! elm leaf c>efully4 ,! tee? n only curve gracefully t[>d ! extreme tip ( ! leaf1 b !y are !mselves also too!d1--a =m kn[n z d\ble-too!d4 ,! leaf is co>se & r\gh to ! t\*1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! bir* family1 ^: leaves x slightly resembles4 ,!re are sev]al elms fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,at ,cambridge is ! old elm "u :i* ,george ,wa%+ton drew 8 sword & took comm& ( ! ,am]ican ,army on ,july #c1 #agge2 !re are sev]al o!r 8,wa%+ton ,elms0 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :ile ,new ,hav5 is kn[n z ! ,city ( ,elms4 ,william ,p5n made 8 fam\s treaty ) ! ,indians "u ! bran*es ( a magnific5t elm1 :i* rema9$ /&+ until x 0 ov] two hundr$ ye>s old1 :5 x 0 f9ally bl[n d[n4 ,! spot has be5 m>k$ by a m>ble column4 ,! tree is call$ ! ,am]ican1 or :ite1 elm1 & we h sev]al o!r v>ieties gr[+ wild1 includ+ ! well-kn[n slipp]y elm1 s call$ because ! inn] b>k is slipp]y & edible4 #dg4 ,! ,bir*es4 ,if ! black bir* ) its sweet1 aromatic b>k is n kn[n to a boy1 ! :ite1 or canoe1 bir* is sure to be4 ,x seems to be ! fate ( ?is beautiful tree to be disfigur$ by e w&]+ y\? :o has /r5g? en\gh to te> (f a /rip ( its pap]-l b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,leaf ( ,black ,bir* ,! leaf ( ! black1 or sug>1 bir* may be di/+ui%$ f ! elm by its smoo?ness & ?9ness4 ,its base is slightly he>t%ap$1 ! edge is d\ble-too!d1 ! t5d] b>k on ! twigs is sweet to ! ta/e1 & ! leaves gr[ 9 pairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,bir*es bord]+ a ,canal #dh4 ,:ite ,bir*4 ,! fam\s :ite1 pap]1 or canoe bir* has a leaf some:at broad] ?an ! black v>iety1 b )\t ! he>t%ap$ base4 ,its b>k is its peculi> feature & _c be mi/ak54 ,x comes (f 9 lay]s & possesses a res9\s quality :i* makes x wat]pro(1 a fact fully appreciat$ by ! ,indians1 :o con/ruct$ _! canoes ( x4 ,! wood is h>d & t\gh4 #di4 ,gray ,bir*4 ,a small] tree1 kn[n z ! gray bir*1 also has :ite b>k1 b x is n z p]fect z t ( ! canoe bir*1 does n peel 9 lay]s1 & has triangul> black spots on ! trunk b5ea? e limb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,leaf ( ,gray ,bir* ,x loves b>r51 rocky places1 ab&on$ f>ms1 etc41 & is sometimes call$ old field bir*4 ,x has a f9e1 delicate foliage1 :i* is n duplicat$ 9 ! =e/4 ,ea* leaf sw+s f a long1 sl5d] /em1 & e pass+ breeze gives x a trembl+ effect1 l ! asp54 ,! leaf =m is v odd1--a broad1 flat base1 & !n a long1 graceful curve out to a f9e po9t1 ! :ole edge be+ f9ely d\ble-too!d4 #ej4 ,! ,bee*4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! leaf =ms ( ! bir* & bee* is v m>k$4 ,bo? h too!d edges1 b 9 ! bee* ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? are s rem>kably %all[ t "o has to se>* = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,a ,rem>kable ,gr[? ( ,bee*es 9 ,great] ,new ,york ,!re has be5 a common belief = g5]ations t ! bee* is pro( aga9/ lightn+1 & rec5t exp]im5ts prove t bee* wood (f]s consid]ably great] resi/ance to ! electric curr5t ?an oak1 popl>1 or will[2 s our ance/ors 7 p>tly "r4 ,! wood is h>d1 /rong1 & t\gh1 & w take a high poli%4 #ea4 ,hornbeam4 ,closely relat$ to ! bee*es are two little trees :i* h delicate bir*like foliage & wood ( great h>dness1--! hornbeam1 or blue bee*1 & ! hop hornbeam1 or ironwood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,leaf ( ,am]ican ,bee* ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,ironwood1 or ,hop ,hornbeam ,! leaves ( ^! two v>ieties are q simil>1 t ( ! ironwood be+ some:at ! l>g]4 ,! "n hop hornbeam is d]iv$ f ! fruit1 :i* resembles ! hop1 & ! "n ironwood f ! great /r5g? & h>dness ( ! wood4 #eb4 ,buttonball4 ,no li/ ( trees w\ld be complete :i* did n include ^? ?ree =e/ giants1 buttonball1 tulip1 & sweet gum4 ,! names buttonwood1 buttonball1 sycamore1 & plane tree1 z ! same tree is call$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 all apply to t f9e ,am]ican tree :i* %$s its b>k z well z its leaves1 leav+ a gho/ly mon>* ( tree life1 :i* produces an enorm\s crop ( buttonballs s well kn[n to c\ntry boys & girls4 ,! leaves are 9 proportion to ! size ( ! tree1 (t5 measur+ a foot 9 l5g?1 & be+ frequ5tly cov]$ on ! "u side ) a :ite d[n call$ fungus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,leaf ( ,buttonwood ,! wood ( ! sycamore1 z x is incorrectly call$1 is valuable = cab9etwork1 hav+ a beautiful gra9 & tak+ a high poli%4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to "w1 & has a t5d5cy to w>p4 #ec4 ,sweet ,gum4 ,! sweet-gum tree also produces a crop ( balls1 or se$ pods1 b al?\gh ! same size z ! buttonballs1 !y ne$ nev] be confus$1 z ! gum balls are cov]$ ) some:at %>p po9ts1 :ile ! buttonballs are comp>atively smoo?4 ,! leaves ( ! sweet gum1 or liquid amb]--s call$ f ! amb]-color$ gum ! tree gives out--rem9d "o ( ! />fi%1 be+ five-f+]$ & decid$ly diff]5t f any leaf 9 ! =e/4 ,! tree gr[s to a height ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & its wood is a h&some br[n color ) f9e & intricate m>k+s4 ,x w>ps badly1 b is valu$ = wood turn+ on acc\nt ( its s(tness & ev5 gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,sweet ,gum1 or ,liquid ,amb] #ed4 ,tulip4 ,! lumb] furni%$ by ! tulip tree1 commonly call$ :itewood1 is less liable to w>p ?an gum wood1 & is some:at h>d]4 ,j :y x %\ld be call$ :itewood is n cle>1 z x is mu* d>k] ?an :ite p9e & ( a gre5i%-yell[ color4 ,! leaf ( ! tulip tree is v peculi>1 hav+ only f\r po9ts1 )\t any small tee?1 & ) an outl9e s odd t "o (t5 wond]s if nature did n use a pair ( scissors 9 cutt+ x out4 ,ea* leaf /&s out aggressively on a long /em4 ,! glory ( ! tree--:i* gives x its "n--is ! mass ( tulip-%ap$ fl[]s x be>s 9 ! spr+4 ,!y are l>ge & brilliant1 yell[i%-gre5 9 color1 ) da%es ( r$1 & develop a n>r[1 light-br[n cone1 :i* rema9s on ! tree all w9t]4 ,! tree ?rives be/ s\? ( ! ,ohio valley1 :]e x is frequ5tly f\nd f five to sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ,indians =m]ly made _! dug\t canoes f its trunk1 & 9 "s sections x is /ill call$ canoe wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,tulip1 or ,:itewood #ee4 ,basswood1 or ,l9d54 ,a v valuable gr\p ( trees = bo? %ade & timb] are ! basswoods1 or l9d5s4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 ! ,european l9d5 ?riv+ "h z readily z our native v>ieties4 ,^! trees may always be di/+ui%$ by ! leaves1 :i* are he>t%ap$ & lopsid$1 i4e4 "o side f ! middle l9e be+ always l>g] ?an ! o!r1 z if two leaves ( diff]5t sizes _h be5 jo9$ along ! c5t]4 ,?is is a v common feature among c]ta9 classes ( trees1 su* z ! elms4 ,ano!r rem>kable feature is ! se$1 or bract1 %[n 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #aae74 ,! tree is sug>-loaf 9 %ape1 gives a d5se %ade1 & has sweet fl[]s s fragrant t x is sometimes call$ ! bee tree1 because ! bees sw>m all ov] x 9 ! summ] "t4 ,its timb] is valuable1 be+ free f knots & ( su* an ev5 gra9 t x is mu* s\ght aft] = "s k9ds ( c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,am]ican ,l9d51 or ,basswood1 %[+ ! ,sug>-,loaf ,=m ( ! ,tree ,! famili> cig>-/ore ,indian is usually c>v$ f basswood4 ,among ! broad-leav$ trees !re are /ill sev]al famili> families1 all lov$ by "s ( u = "s reason4 ,! will[ is always a /rik+ tree1 n only because ( its weep+ or droop+ appe>ance1 b also because we usually associate x ) wat]4 ,:at is m common 9 ! c\ntry ?an a /ream hidd5 by ! will[s :i* cr[d its bank & dip d[n into ! cle> wat]6 ,!n1 too1 we wat* x = ! fir/ sign ( spr+1 & fri5ds 9 diff]5t /ates (t5 vie ) ea* o!r to discov] ! fir/ pussy will[1 ! "n giv5 to ! s(t1 d[ny buds :i* appe> (t5 be=e ! sn[ has melt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,leaf & ,bract ( ,l9d5 ,! will[ is de> to boys1 because on ! gre5 twigs 9 spr+ ! b>k c be sep>at$ f ! wood & a :i/le or simple flute manufactur$4 ,! wood ( ! will[ is n v valuable1 be+ us$ *iefly by pulp mak]s1 b x gr[s :]e no o!r trees c exi/1 be+ f\nd ne>ly all ov] ! _w1 & creep+ ne>] to ! nor? pole ?an any o!r broad-leav$ tree except ! bir*4 ,x has ov] "o hundr$ & fifty v>ieties1 :i* v>y f small %rubs up to trees a hundr$ feet high4 ,its s(t & g5tle beauty is suffici5t excuse = its exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,a ,weep+ ,will[ #ef4 ,! ,popl>s4 ,9 ! popl>s we h a gr\p ( trees simil> to ! will[s 9 "s ways b v diff]5t 9 o!rs4 ,! wood is weak & ( little use except = fuel & pap] pulp1 b !re ! lik5ess ends4 ,to ?is family belongs ! quak+ asp51 ^: leaves are cont9ually trembl+1--9 fact1 ! :ole family is a re/less "o1 ! con/ant motion be+ due to ! %ape ( ! long /ems1 :i* are flatt5$4 ,! p ( ,scotl& h a sup]/ition t x 0 ( asp5 wood t our ,savi\r's cross 0 made1 & t ! tree %iv]s 9 con/ant remembrance ( t fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,asp5 ,asp5 ,popl>1 or ,l>ge-,too!d ,asp5 ,beside ! quak+ asp5 is ! l>ge-too!d asp51 ! ,lomb>dy popl>1 & ! cottonwood4 ,! ,lomb>dy is ! spirelike tree :i* seems to rea* t[>d ! cl\ds1 & its tall1 n>r[ =m is famili> 9 _m sections ( our c\ntry1 al?\gh ! tree 0 orig9ally import$ f ,europe4 ,cottonwood & balm ( ,gilead are two well-kn[n memb]s ( ?is family4 ,cottonwood is be/ kn[n 9 ! ,we/1 :]e x (t5 con/itutes ! *ief & only gr[? along ! wat] c\rses1 & balm ( ,gilead is kn[n z "o ( our common city %ade trees4 ,?is latt] tree1 (t5 call$ ! balsam1 is really an important tree ( ! great nor?we/]n c\ntry1 be+ f\nd pl5tifully 9 ! ,klondike1 & (t5 =m+ 9 t f> nor!rn c\ntry great =e/s ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ext5t4 ,x is us$ z a %ade tree because x /&s ! smoke & gas ( ! city :]e _m o!r trees p9e away & die4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,cottonwood1 or ,c>ol9a ,popl> #eg4 ,sassafras4 ,we f9d _m freaks 9 ! tree _w1 & nature seems to h tri$ to see h[ odd %e really c\ld be2 = in/ance1 on ! sassafras tree we f9d ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( leaves1 hav+ "o1 two1 & ?ree divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,sassafras ,?is tree1 :i* 9 ! nor!rn /ates is usually q small1 gr[s "u favorable conditions to a height ( fifty feet4 ,x is not$ = ! pleasant ta/e ( its leaves1 twigs1 & roots1 :i* are us$ consid]ably 9 flavor+ m$ic9es4 #eh4 ,mulb]ry4 ,ano!r tree not$ = ! peculi> %ape ( its leaves is ! mulb]ry4 ,!re are ?ree common k9ds1 nam$1 f ! color ( _! b]ries1 r$1 black1 & :ite4 ,x is ! :ite mulb]ry ^: leaves are ! food ( ! silkworm4 ,! leaves ( ?is tree are q regul>1 b ^? ( ! r$ & black v>y app>5tly z !y please4 ,no two leaves seem to be alike ei!r 9 size or %ape1 & !y are v s(t & d[ny4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,r$ ,mulb]ry1 %[+ ,v>iation 9 ,leaf ,=m ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,ev]gre5s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,:ite ,p9es at ,we/bury1 ,long ,isl& ,! ev]gre5 trees1 s call$ because _! ne$le-l leaves rema9 on ! tree all w9t]1 are fully z int]e/+ z ! broad-leav$ trees4 ,)\t !m our l&scapes 9 w9t] w\ld be mu* m b>r5 & bleak1 & _! %ade is v pleasant 9 summ]4 ,a p9e =e/ ) its fre% balsam air & ne$le-cov]$ floor is a sight to be long rememb]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,a ,view %[+ h[ ,ev]gre5s help to enri* ! ,l&scape4 ,arbor ,vit ,h$ges ,! wood ( ! ev]gre5s is usually class$ among ! s(t timb]s1 al?\gh ! yell[ p9e is f> f s(t4 #ei4 ,:ite ,p9e4 ,! k+ among ev]gre5s is usually admitt$ to be ! :ite p9e4 ,its s(t1 blui%-gre5 foliage1 ! widespread+ bran*es1 & ! value ( its f9e1 ev5-gra9$ wood give x ! fir/ rank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,ne$les & ,cone ( ,:ite ,p9e ,p9es h ne$le-%ap$ leaves :i* gr[ 9 gr\ps ( two1 ?ree1 or five4 ,:ite p9e ne$les gr[ 9 gr\ps ( five & are f ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,! cones :i* conta9 ! se$s are ab\t five in*es long4 ,! tree gr[s tall & /raight1 & =m]ly grew 9 great =e/s cov]+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles2 ! wood is s free f pit* & is s easily work$ ) tools t ^! great =e/s h be5 almo/ annihilat$ by ! lumb]man's ax1 & :ite-p9e timb] has become q exp5sive4 ,x takes _m ye>s = a tree to gr[ l>ge en\gh = timb]1 & unless we are m economical 9 ! future :ite p9e w be only a memory4 #fj4 ,georgia ,p9e4 ,! s\!rn yell[ p9e1 or ,georgia p9e1 is a v diff]5t tree f its nor!rn c\s91 ! :ite p9e1 furni%+ u ) a res9\s yell[ wood1 mu* h>d] ?an :ite p9e1 & a beautiful & valuable mat]ial = ! int]iors ( build+s4 ,x is also v durable & is frequ5tly us$ = expos$ places1 su* z ! decks ( %ips4 ,! ne$les are v long1 measur+ a foot & sometimes fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! se$ cones are f six to t5 in*es long1 & ! scales h little prickles on _! ends4 ,! tree gr[s ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn /ates f ,virg9ia to ,texas1 & ! cutt+ ( its timb] is a valuable indu/ry ( ! ,s\?4 #fa4 ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,! common yell[ p9e mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! long-leav$ ,georgia p9e4 ,! =m] has ne$les gr[+ ?ree 9 a bun*1 & ! latt] %ort ne$les ?ree or f\r in*es long1 gr[+ two & sometimes ?ree 9 a gr\p4 ,! cone ( ! common yell[ p9e is also v mu* small]1 be+ only two in*es long4 ,its wood is v valuable & is us$ = floor+1 ceil+1 & int]ior f9i%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,hemlock ,!re are sev]al less important k9ds ( p9e1 su* z ! nor!rn & ,j]sey scrub p9es1 & ! r$1 or ,norway p9e4 ,spruce1 hemlock1 & fir are well-kn[n memb]s ( ! ev]gre5 family4 #fb4 ,hemlock is a graceful1 da9ty-look+ tree1 ) droop+ bran*es & little ne$les n ov] half an in* long4 ,x is a nor!rn tree except along ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s1 :]e x ext5ds z f> s\? z ,alabama4 ,! se$ cones are ! t9ie/ br[n ?+s to be f\nd among ! common trees4 ,!y are no long] ?an ! hemlock ne$les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,hemlock on ! ,w9t] ,l&scape4 ,sn[ ,sc5e ,! wood is n z valuable z p9e1 splitt+ v easily & be+ afflict$ ) %akes1 a defect caus$ by ! annual lay]s or r+s break+ away f ea* o!r :5 ! trees are sway$ by ! w9t] /orms4 ,! b>k is valuable1 h[ev]1 z x is ri* 9 tann94 #fc4 ,spruce4 ,! tall1 d>k1 cone-%ap$ ev]gre5 trees :i* ornam5t s _m ( our old f>m doory>ds are usually "s species ( spruce4 ,! spruce is sometimes mi/ak5 = ! balsam fir1 :i* is s commonly us$ = ,*ri/mas trees1 b !y are s diff]5t t !y ne$ nev] be confus$4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( spruce1 includ+ ! r$1 black1 :ite1 & ,norway1 b !y all be> a family resemblance4 ,look+ at ! end ( a spruce twig1 x w be f\nd t ! ne$les completely surr\nd x4 ,?is is n true ( ! fir4 ,!n ! spruce ne$les are %>p at ! tip1 :ile ! fir ne$les are blunt4 ,?is family is di/9ctly a nor!rn gr\p1 be+ f\nd z f> nor? z ,hudson ,bay & =m+ d5se =e/s1 p>ticul>ly on m\nta9 sides4 ,"o may (t5 see on ! /eep slopes ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! broad-leav$ trees & ! ev]gre5s1 ! d>k spruces ext5d+ cle> up to ! summit4 ,! r$ spruce is f\nd z f> s\? z ,t5nessee1 b 9 t latitude x gr[s only at high elevations4 ,x has cones ab\t "o & a half in*es long1 & its wood is light1 s(t1 & close-gra9$4 ,! wood is us$ = ! s\nd+-bo>ds ( musical in/rum5ts & = ! frames ( build+s4 ,! black spruce is ! nor!rn bro!r ( ! r$1 & is really a ,canadian tree :i* occasionally rea*es d[n into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x rea*es ! ,mack5zie ,riv] on ! nor? & cov]s l>ge areas 9 ,manitoba4 ,x takes its "n f ! d>k1 somb] color ( its foliage1 :i* seems almo/ black aga9/ ! sn[y hillsides4 ,! cones are ! same size z on ! r$ spruce1 b !y p]si/ 9 rema9+ on ! tree = sev]al ye>s4 ,! wood is s(t & weak & is us$ = s\nd+-bo>ds1 pulp1 & light fram+ = h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,black ,spruce ,! :ite spruce is simil> to ! o!r two1 b light] 9 color1 cones a trifle long] & s(t]1 & ne$les m sl5d]4 ,x is a nor!rn tree2 its wood is v :ite & cle>-gra9$1 & is us$ = f9i%+ ! int]ior ( h\ses4 ,norway spruce1 z its "n implies1 is an importation f ,europe1 :]e its maje/ic height graces ! m\nta9s f ! ,alps to ,norway & ,sw$54 ,x gr[s v tall1 sometimes a hundr$ & fifty feet1 & fl\ri%es z well 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,europe4 ,! cones are f\r or five in*es long4 ,its wood is kn[n 9 ,europe z deal4 #fd4 ,cypress4 ,9 ! swamps ( our s\!rn /ates1 f ,m>yl& s\? along ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 are f\nd great d>k =e/s ( ! bald cypress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,cypress ,!y gr[ directly out ( ! wat] & are fam\s = a peculi> =mation ( ! roots call$ cypress knees1--lumpy gr[?s :i* come up out ( ! wat] z if !y 7 9 se>* ( air4 ,! cypress is a tall1 spirelike tree1 :i* has ! mo/ delicate1 fea!ry ne$les imag9able4 ,!y drop (f 9 ! fall1 s t ! tree is sometimes call$ decidu\s cypress4 ,! cones are r\ndi% & ab\t an in* long4 ,! timb] furni%$ by ?is tree is v h&some 9 gra9 & valuable = _m p>ts ( build+s1 especially inside f9i%+4 #fe4 ,! ,balsam ,fir1 or our fam\s ,*ri/mas tree1 is not$ = its great heal+ qualities4 ,9 fact1 sanit>ia = invalids1 especially consumptives1 are frequ5tly built 9 ! mid/ ( great fir =e/s1 t ! suff]]s may inhale ! pure m\nta9 air1 lad5 z x is ) ! odors ( ! balsam fir4 ,! ne$les are (t5 us$ to fill pill[s1 :i* are said to soo! tir$ & worn-out p to sleep4 ,we are all famili> ) ! sweet1 woodsy smell ( ! ,*ri/mas tree4 ,no o!r tree c take its place4 ,x br+s visions ( ! c\ntry1 ( ! woods & fields & fl[]s1 & x w always be de> to u4 ,! balsam fir c always be di/+ui%$ f ! spruce by ! fact t ! ne$les only come out at ! sides ( ! twig in/ead ( f all directions1 z 9 ! spruce1 & its end is blunt1 :]eas t ( ! spruce is %>ply po9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,balsam ,fir ,! b>k ( ! tree is gray & has t9y bli/]s :i* conta9 ! balsam1 ,canada balsam x is usually call$1 well kn[n = its heal+ qualities4 ,! cones are f two to f\r in*es long1 /& upright on ! bran*es1 & ! wood is n v valuable4 #ff4 ,! ,c$>s4 ,no li/ ( ev]gre5 trees w\ld be complete )\t ! c$>s4 ,9 ?is gr\p is ! well-kn[n h$ge tree1 arbor vit1 sometimes errone\sly call$ :ite c$>4 ,x is fam\s = its flatt5$1 bright gre51 scaly leaves1 ) _! /rong1 pung5t odor4 ,?is tree is usually s trimm$ t we h v little k z to its real %ape & height if all[$ to gr[ naturally2 b x is said to rea* a height ( fifty feet "u favorable conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,arbor ,vit #fg4 ,:ite ,c$>4 ,! real :ite c$> has a m delicate leaf & is fond ( cool swamps4 ,x has a conical %ape & is mu* l>g] ?an ! arbor vit1 rea*+ sometimes n9ety feet4 ,! wood is v valuable1 be+ s(t b durable1 & is us$ = %+les1 po/s1 & boats4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( endur+ ! *anges su* z po/s or o!r /ructural memb]s are oblig$ to )/& 9 contact ) ! soil1 & ranks next to yell[ locu/ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 #fh4 ,r$ ,c$> is ! tree :i* supplies our lead p5cils4 ,x is rem>kable = its /raight1 ev5 gra91 & ! ease ) :i* x c be work$4 ,?is is ! famili> tree ( our roadside1 :]e ! birds :o fea/ on ! c$> b]ries h /ood on ! f5ce rails & unconsci\sly plant$ r[s ( c$>s = future g5]ations by dropp+ ! se$s on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,r$ ,c$> gr[+ along ,roadside f ,se$ dropp$ by ,birds ,! r$ c$> seems to gr[ :]e o!r trees _c exi/1 b l o!r trees responds to good treatm5t & rea*es its be/ developm5t 9 ! balmy & luxuriant ,s\?4 ,x is f\nd f ,ma9e to ,florida & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,9 ! ,nor? x r>ely gr[s ov] tw5ty feet high1 & is ( compact gr[?1 b 9 ,florida x rea*es eighty feet4 ,! leaves are rem>kable 9 t !re are two %apes1 ! %>p or awl-%ap$1 & ! scale-%ap$1 gr[+ ^u ! same bran*4 ,! wood is valuable = _m purposes & has be5 us$ s ext5sively t x is becom+ sc>ce4 ,florida has furni%$ ! _w ) r$ c$> = lead p5cils = ye>s1 & x is said t dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 ! :ole s\!rn coa/ 0 blockad$1 ! ,european manufactur]s 7 oblig$ to sc\r ! _w to f9d a sub/itute = ! ,florida c$>4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,big ,,trees ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,big ,trees sc>r$ by ,fire at ! ,base4 ,r$wood ,mead[1 ,cali=nia ,ea* section ( c\ntry has its own peculi> trees1 & ^? describ$ h be5 ma9ly repres5tative ( ! ea/]n /ates2 b no li/ ( ,am]ican trees w\ld be complete )\t ! 8big trees10 z !y are commonly call$1 ( ,cali=nia4 ,! annual r+s ( ^! giants %[ !m to be f two ?\s& to f\r ?\s& ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,big ,trees1 8,g5]al ,grant0 & 8,g5]al ,%]man10 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 8,g5]al ,grant10 a ,big ,tree1 ,m>iposa ,grove1 ,cali=nia ,x is h>d to realize ?is great age4 ,x means t = c5turies & c5turies be=e ! :ite m5 came ^! k+s ( ! =e/s look$ d[n on g5]ations & g5]ations ( ,indian tribes4 ,!y may ev5 h se5 ! com+ ( ! fir/ ,indians4 ,:at wond]ful tales !y might relate if !y c\ld only talk6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,r$wood ,logs 9 ,humboldt ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia ,on t fateful day ov] f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! ?ree little c>avels ( ,columbus sight$ ! ,we/ ,indies1 ^! ho>y old trees 7 tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s old4 ,!y %\ld be sacr$ to e ,am]ican1 & n "o %\ld ev] be cut d[n = lumb]4 ,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( big trees1 ! r$wood & ! s-call$ 8big trees10 :i* are ! l>ge/ trees 9 ! _w4 ,!y bo? belong to ! cone-be>+ 7conif]\s7 gr\p1 & ! ne$les are only ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* long & ! little cones an in*4 ,! wood is r$di%1 z ! "n implies1 n unlike r$ c$>1 b is s(t] & is us$ = _m purposes on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! big trees are n[ c>efully gu>d$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,"o grove alone :i* conta9s sev5 hundr$ ( ^! f9e trees1 call$ ! ,m>iposa ,grove1 has be5 res]v$ z a national p>k1 & is wat*$ c>efully to keep out =e/ fires1 etc4 ,_m ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! trees are giv5 names4 ,"o is call$ 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab910 because ( a peculi> op5+ at ! base4 ,! mo/ fam\s p]haps is ! 8,grizzly ,giant40 ,?is "o is n9ety-?ree feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! gr\nd1 & its fir/ bran* is two hundr$ feet above ! e>? & eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is consid]$ ! l>ge/ tree 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,r$wood ,logs bla/$ ap>t = ,easi] ,h&l+ 7a v wa/eful me?od7 ,we c get "s idea ( :at ^! figures repres5t :5 we "k t x takes five m5 ?ree weeks to cut "o d[n1 & t ! co/ ( fell+ "o ( ^! mon/]s is five hundr$ doll>s4 ,a /ump ( "o ( ^! trees is s l>ge t dances h be5 held on x1 & on "o v l>ge "o a ballroom has be5 built = ?is special purpose4 ,z "o ,cali=nian has said1 8,! r$wood =e/s are app>5tly imp]i%able1 except ?r\gh ! ax1 z ! trees are r>ely injur$ by fire4 ,! r$wood is ! only lumb] t c take ! place ( ! :ite p9e1 answ] z a satisfactory sub/itute = mahogany & black walnut1 displace oak = railroad ties1 cypress & c$> = %+les1 & surpass all o!r woods = durability :5 9 contact ) ! e>? or :5 expos$ to moi/ure40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,imm5se ,flock ( ,%eep be+ h]d$ illegally 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,=e/ ,res]vation4 7,!y kill ! "y se$l+ trees7 ,,index ,annual r+s1 #ei ,a%1 #ib ,asp51 #ajg ,b& saw1 #eh ,basswood1 #ajc ,bee*1 #ii ,b5*1 c>e (1 #c ,b5* hook1 #ae ,bevel1 #aj ,big ,trees ( ,cali=nia1 #abc ,bir*es1 #if ,bit1 aug]1 #bg aug]1 details (1 #bh c5t]1 #bg c\nt]s9k1 #bi gimlet1 #bi ,black walnut1 #hi ,brace1 common =ms (1 #bf & bit1 #bg ,bract ( l9d51 #aje ,buckeye1 #hg ,butt]nut1 #hi ,buttonwood1 #aja ,cap iron1 #ag ,c$>1 #abj ,*isel1 cutt+ angle (1 #bc firm]1 #bd fram+1 #bd me?ods ( us+1 #bd %>p5+1 #be ,clamp iron ( plane1 #ah ,comp\nd leaves1 #he ,cottonwood1 or ,c>ol9a popl>1 #ajh ,cutt+ tools1 #aa ,cypress1 #aah ,dovetail4 ,see ,jo9t ,draw+ bo>d1 #de1 #fb ,elm1 ,am]ican1 #id ,ev]gre5s1 #aaa ,fell+ trees1 #eb ,fir1 balsam1 #aah ,fram+ squ>e1 #h ,gang saw1 #ee ,glue1 use (1 #ci ,gra9 ( wood1 #ei ,gr\ps ( tools1 #d ,gum1 sweet1 or liquid amb]1 #aja ,hamm]1 claw1 #ca use (1 #cb ,h& screw1 use (1 #dj ,hemlock1 #aae ,hickory1 #hg ,honey locu/1 #ia ,hornbeam1 #ajj ,horse-*e/nut1 #hf ,ironwood1 #ajj ,jo9t1 def9ition (1 #ci dovetail1 #dg end lap1 #dd middle lap1 #ch mit]1 #da ,jo9t edge1 #cg ,jo9t]s1 #ba ,lay+ out "w1 #ch ,l9d51 or basswood1 #ajc ,locu/1 #ia ,log boom1 #ee ,log jam1 #ec ,logs1 r$wood1 #abf ,lumb]+ & mill+1 #ea ,mallet1 #cc ,maple1 a%-leav$1 #hb ,japan1 #hd ,norway1 #gh r$1 #hj silv]1 #gh /rip$1 #ha sug>1 #gf sycamore1 #hj ,maple keys1 #hb ,m>k+ gauge1 #h ,me*anical draw+1 #dc ( end lap jo9t1 #dd ( cyl9d]1 #dd ,m$ull>y rays1 #ei ,miscellane\s tools1 #ca ,mortise1 cutt+ a1 #cd ,mulb]ry1 #aji ,nail set or pun*1 #cb ,nails1 cut & wire1 #da me?od ( us+ cut1 #da )draw+1 #cb ,oak1 black & black-jack1 #fi *e/nut1 #gd live1 #ge mossy-cup1 #fh p91 #gb po/1 #fg r$1 #gj sc>let1 #ga :ite1 #ff ,oil/one1 use (1 #be ,pecan1 #hi ,p]spective draw+ & con/ructive draw+ comp>$1 #dc ,p9e1 ,georgia1 #aad :ite1 #aac yell[1 #aad ,plan ( "w1 #d ,plane1 #ag adju/m5ts on1 #ah block1 #ba block1 me?od ( us+1 #bb jack1 #ai smoo?1 #bj wood51 #bb ,plane iron 9 action1 #ag ,popl>s1 #ajf ,riv] driv+1 #ec ,rule1 use (1 #f ,s&pap]1 use (1 #cd ,sassafras1 #ajh ,saw1 back1 #ae circul>1 #eg me?od ( hold+1 #ad turn+1 #af ,saw tap]s1 #ad ,saw tee?1 %ape (1 #ac ,saw too? action1 #aa ,saw too? set1 #ac ,sawmill1 #ee ,saws1 #aa ,scale draw+1 #dh ,screw-driv]1 #cc ,screws1 v>ieties (1 & me?ods ( us+1 #db ,sections ( r$ oak1 #gj ,set screw ( plane iron1 #ag ,%ake 9 wood1 #fj ,%r9kage1 #fa ,spoke%ave1 #bi ,spruce1 #aaf ,/ock1 squ>+ up1 #cf ,sycamore1 #aja ,t squ>e1 use (1 #de ,timb] & lumb]1 #eh ,trees1 broad-leav$1 or decidu\s1 #fe ,triangles1 use (1 #de ,try-squ>e1 use (1 #f ,tulip1 or :itewood1 #ajb ,w>p+1 #fa ,wea!r *ecks1 #fj ,will[1 #ajf ,work+ face1 #cg