,?is e,book produc$ by3 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 ,john ,williams1 & ,david ,/>n] ,,judaism ,by ,,israel ,,abrahams1 ,m4,a4 ,,read] ,,9 ,,talmudic ,,& ,,rabb9ic ,,lit]ature ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge ,,=eword ,! writ] has attempt$ 9 ?is volume to take up a few ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic po9ts 9 ,jewi% doctr9e & practice1 & to expla9 "s ( ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$1 s9ce ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! pres5tation is probably mu* less deta*$ ?an is ! case ) o!r volumes 9 ?is s]ies4 ,b ! diff]5ce 0 sc>cely avoidable4 ,! writ] 0 n exp\nd+ a religi\s sy/em :i* has no relation to 8 own life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! writ] is himself a ,jew1 & ?us is deeply conc]n$ p]sonally 9 ! matt]s discuss$ 9 ! book4 ,! read] mu/ be w>n$ to keep ?is fact 9 m9d ?r\gh\t4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! book mu/ suff] a loss ( objectivity2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re may be "s comp5sat+ ga9 ( int5sity4 ,! au?or tru/s1 at all ev5ts1 t1 ?\gh he has n writt5 ) indiff]5ce1 he has escap$ ! pitfall ( undue p>tiality4 ,i4 ,a4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,legacy ,,f ,,! ,,pa/ ,,ii4 ,,religion ,,z ,,law ,,iii4 ,,articles ,,( ,,fai? ,,iv4 ,,"s ,,concepts ,,( ,,judaism ,v4 ,,"s ,,obs]vances ,,( ,,judaism ,,vi4 ,,jewi% ,,my/icism ,,vii4 ,,es*atology ,,viii4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,judaism ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,judaism ,,judaism ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,legacy ,,f ,,! ,,pa/ ,! aim ( ?is little book is to pres5t 9 brief outl9e "s ( ! lead+ conceptions ( ! religion famili> s9ce ! ,*ri/ian ,era "u ! "n ,judaism4 ,! ^w ',judaism' occurs = ! fir/ "t at ab\t #ajj ,b4,c41 9 ! ,graeco-,jewi% lit]ature4 ,9 ! second book ( ! ,maccabees 7ii4 #ba1 viii4 #a71 ',judaism' signifies ! religion ( ! ,jews z contra/$ ) ,hell5ism1 ! religion ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,gal4 i4 #ac7 ! same ^w seems to d5ote ! ,ph>isaic sy/em z an anti!sis to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,hebrew ! correspond+ n\n nev] occurs 9 ! ,bible1 & x is r>e ev5 9 ! ,rabb9ic books4 ,:5 x does meet u1 ,jahadu? implies ! mono!ism ( ! ,jews z oppos$ to ! poly!ism ( ! hea!n4 ,?us ! t]m ',judaism' did n pass ?r\gh q ! same transitions z did ! "n ',jew4' ,judaism appe>s f ! fir/ z a religion transc5d+ tribal b\nds4 ,! ',jew1' on ! o!r h&1 0 orig9ally a ,judaean1 a memb] ( ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy call$ 9 ! ,bible ,judah1 & by ! ,greeks & ,romans ,judaea4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ',jew' came to include :at _h e>li] be5 ! ,nor!rn ,conf$]acy ( ,israel z well1 s t 9 ! po/-exilic p]iod ,jehudi or ',jew' means an adh]5t ( ,judaism )\t reg>d to local nationality4 ,judaism1 !n1 is "h tak5 to repres5t t lat] developm5t ( ! ,religion ( ,israel :i* began ) ! reorganisation aft] ! ,babylonian ,exile 7#ddd ,b4,c471 & 0 cry/allis$ by ! ,roman ,exile 7dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era74 ,! exact p]iod :i* w be "h seiz$ z a />t+-po9t is ! mom5t :5 ! p ( ,israel 7 los+1 nev] s f> to rega91 _! t]ritorial association ) ,pale/9e1 & 7 becom+ 7:at !y h ev] s9ce be57 a community z di/9ct f a nation4 ,!y rema9$1 x is true1 a di/9ct race1 & ?is is /ill 9 a s5se true4 ,yet at v>i\s p]iods a numb] ( proselytes h be5 admitt$1 & 9 o!r ways ! purity ( ! race has be5 affect$4 ,at all ev5ts t]ritorial nationality ceas$ f a date :i* may be r\ghly fix$ at #ace ,a4,d41 :5 ! la/ desp]ate revolt "u ,b>-,co*ba fail$1 & ,hadrian drew 8 ,roman pl\gh ov] ! city ( ,j]usalem & ! ,temple area4 ,a new city ) a new "n arose on ! ru9s4 ,! ru9s aft]w>ds reass]t$ !mselves1 & ,aelia ,capitol9a z a designation ( ,j]usalem is famili> only to ar*aeologi/s4 ,b ?\gh ! "n ( ,hadrian's new city has fad$1 ! effect ( its f\ndation rema9$4 ,aelia ,capitol9a1 ) its m>ket-places & !atre1 replac$ ! old5 n>r[-/reet$ t[n2 a ,h\se ( ,v5us re>$ its /ately =m 9 ! nor?1 & a ,sanctu>y to ,jupit] cov]$1 9 ! ea/1 ! site ( ! =m] ,temple4 ,hea!n coloni/s 7 introduc$1 & ! ,jew1 :o 0 to become 9 future c5turies an ali5 ev]y:]e1 0 made by ,hadrian an ali5 9 8 fa!rl&4 ,= ! ,roman ,emp]or d5i$ to ,jews ! "r ( entry into ,j]usalem4 ,?us ,hadrian complet$ ! "w ( ,titus1 & ,judaism 0 divorc$ f its local habitation4 ,m unres]v$ly ?an dur+ ! ,babylonian ,exile1 ,judaism 9 ! ,roman ,exile p]=ce became ! religion ( a community & n ( a /ate2 & ,israel = ! fir/ "t con/itut$ a ,*ur*4 ,b x 0 a ,*ur* ) no visible home4 ,*ri/ianity = sev]al c5turies 0 to h a c5tre at ,rome1 ,islam at ,mecca4 ,b ,judaism _h & has no c5tre at all4 ,x w be obvi\s t ! aim ( ! pres5t book makes x bo? sup]flu\s & inappropriate to discuss ! vex$ problems connect$ ) ! orig9s ( ! ,religion ( ,israel1 its aspects 9 primitive times1 its passage ?r\gh a national to an e?ical mono!ism1 its expansion into ! univ]salism ( ! second ,isaiah4 ,:at conc]ns u "h is m]ely ! legacy :i* ! ,religion ( ,israel bequea!d to ,judaism z we h def9$ x4 ,?is legacy & ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 treasur$1 enl>g$1 & adm9i/]$ w occupy u 9 ! re/ ( ?is book4 ,b ?is mu* mu/ be premis$4 ,if ! ,religion ( ,israel pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages ( totemism1 animism1 & polydemonism2 if x 0 indebt$ to ,canaanite1 ,k5ite1 ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & o!r =eign influ5ces2 if x exp]i5c$ a /age ( monolatry or h5o!ism 79 :i* ,israel recognis$ "o ,god1 b did n ?9k ( t ,god z ! only ,god ( all m57 be=e e?ical mono!ism ( ! univ]sali/ic type 0 rea*$2 if1 fur!r1 all ^! /ages & ! moral & religi\s ideas connect$ ) ea* left a m or less cle> m>k 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ,israel2 !n ! legacy :i* ,judaism receiv$ f its pa/ 0 a syncretism ( ! :ole ( ! religi\s exp]i5ces ( ,israel z int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ,israel's late/1 highe/1 mo/ approv$ /&>ds4 ,l ! ,b\rbon1 ! ,jew =gets no?+2 b unlike ! ,b\rbon1 ! ,jew is always le>n+4 ,! dome/ic /ories ( ! ,patri>*s 7 n reject$ z unpr(itable :5 ,israel became deeply impregnat$ ) ! monogam\s tea*+s ( writ]s l ! au?or ( ! la/ *apt] ( ,prov]bs2 ! "* ( ,david 0 idealis$ by ! spiritual associations ( ! ,psalt]1 p>ts ( :i* tradition ascrib$ to him2 ! e>?ly life 0 e!rialis$ & mu* ( ! sacr$ lit]ature re9t]pret$ 9 ! light ( an add$ belief 9 immortality2 ,god1 9 ! e>ly lit]ature a tribal non-moral deity1 0 9 ! lat] lit]ature a righte\s rul] :o ) ,amos & ,hosea lov$ & dem&$ righte\sness 9 man4 ,judaism took ov] z "o indivisible body ( sacr$ tea*+s bo? ! e>ly & ! lat] lit]ature 9 :i* ^! v>y+ conceptions ( ,god 7 en%r9$2 ! ,law 0 accept$ z ! guid+ rule ( life1 ! ritual ( c]emony & sacrifice 0 treasur$ z a holy memory1 & z a memory n contradictory ( ! prophetic exaltation ( inw>d religion b z consi/5t ) t exaltation1 z int]pret+ x1 z b ano!r aspect ( ,micah's enunciation ( ! dem&s ( ,god3 ',:at do? ! ,"l require ( !e b to d ju/ly1 to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8' ,judaism1 9 %ort1 includ$ = ! ,jew all t _h gone be=e4 ,b = ,/4 ,paul's attitude ( ho/ility to ! ,law1 b = ! deep-seat$ conviction t ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity 0 a d5ial ( ! ,jewi% mono!ism1 ! ,jew might h accept$ mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus z an integral "p ( ,judaism4 ,9 ! realm ( ideas :i* he conceiv$ z belong+ to 8 tradition ! ,jew 0 n logical2 he did n pick & *oose2 he absorb$ ! :ole4 ,9 ! ,jewi% !ology ( all ages we f9d ! mo/ obvi\s contradictions4 ,!re 0 no attempt at reconciliation ( su* contradictions2 !y 7 juxtapos$ 9 a me*anical mixture1 !re 0 no *emical comp\nd4 ,! ,jew 0 always a man ( moods1 & 8 religion respond$ to ^? v>y+ phases ( feel+ & belief & action4 ,h5ce su* v>y+ judgm5ts h be5 =m$ ( him & 8 religion4 ,if1 aft] ! m$iaeval philosophy _h attempt$ to sy/ematise ,judaism1 ! religion rema9$ unsy/ematic1 x is easy to und]/& t 9 ! e>li] c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era contradictions betwe5 pa/ & pres5t1 betwe5 diff]5t /rata ( religi\s ?\ght1 caus$ no tr\ble to ! ,jew s long z ^? contradictions c\ld be fitt$ into 8 g5]al s*eme ( life4 ,?\gh he 0 ! product ( developm5t1 developm5t 0 an idea =eign to 8 conception ( ! ways ( ,god ) man4 ,& to ?is ext5t he 0 "r4 ,= ?\gh m5's ideas ( ,god *ange1 ,god ,himself is *angeless4 ,! ,jew transf]r$ ! *angelessness ( ,god to m5's *ang+ ideas ab\t him4 ,) *ildlike naivete he accept$ all1 he adopt$ all1 & he syncretis$ x all z be/ he c\ld into ! loose sy/em on :i* ,ph>isaism graft$ itself4 ,! legacy ( ! pa/ ?us 0 ! pa/4 ,"o elem5t 9 ! legacy 0 negative4 ,! ,temple & ! ,sacrificial sy/em 7 gone = ev]4 ,t ?is mu/ h p[]fully affect$ ,judaism goes )\t say+4 ,synagogue replac$ ,temple1 pray] assum$ ! function ( sacrifice1 p5it5ce & n ! blood ( bulls suppli$ ! ritual ( atonem5t4 ,ev5ts _h prep>$ ! way = ?is *ange & _h prev5t$ x atta9+ ! "* ( an upheaval4 ,= synagogues _h gr[n up all ov] ! l& soon aft] ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 regul> s]vices ( pray] ) in/ruction 9 ! ,scriptures _h be5 e/abli%$ long be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era2 ! inw>d atonem5t _h be5 pref]r$ to1 or at lea/ associat$ )1 ! outw>d rite be=e ! outw>d rite 0 torn away4 ,x may be t1 z ,pr(essor ,burkitt has sugge/$1 ! awful exp]i5ces ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem & ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple produc$ )9 ,ph>isaism a moral re=mation :i* drove ! ,jew )9 & ?us spiritualis$ ,judaism4 ,= und\bt$ly ! ,ph>isee ( ! ,gospels is by no means ! ,ph>isee z we meet him 9 ! ,jewi% books4 ,!re 0 always a lat5t p[] & t5d5cy 9 ,judaism t[>ds inw>d religion2 & x may be t ?is p[] 0 int5sifi$1 ?is t5d5cy enc\rag$1 by ! loss ( ,temple & its ,sacrificial rites4 ,b ?\gh ! ,temple _h gone ! ,cov5ant rema9$4 ,n s mu* 9 "n z 9 ess5ce4 ,we d n he> mu* ( ! ,cov5ant 9 ! ,rabb9ic books1 b its _s p]vades ,judaism4 ,( all ! legacy ( ! pa/ ! ,cov5ant 0 ! mo/ inspir+ elem5t4 ,beg9n+ ) ,abraham1 ! ,cov5ant e/abli%$ a special relation betwe5 ,god & ,abraham's se$4 ',i h kn[n him1 t he may comm& 8 *ildr5 & 8 h\sehold aft] him1 t !y may keep ! way ( ! ,"l to d righte\sness & judgm5t' 7,g54 xviii4 #ai74 ,( ?is ,cov5ant1 ! outw>d sign 0 ! rite ( circumcision4 ,r5ew$ ) ,moses1 & foll[$ 9 traditional op9ion by ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ! ,s9aitic ,cov5ant 0 a fur!r l9k 9 ! bond betwe5 ,god & ,8 p4 ,( ?is ,mosaic ,cov5ant ! outw>d sign 0 ! ,sabba?4 ,x is ( no mom5t = our pres5t argum5t :e!r ,abraham & ,moses 7 hi/orical p]sons or figm5ts ( tradition4 ,a ,gamaliel w\ld h z little d\bt$ _! reality z w\ld a ,/4 ,paul4 ,& :atev] ,criticism may be do+ ) ,abraham1 x is com+ m & m to see t beh9d ! eigh?-c5tury prophets !re mu/ h t[]$ ! figure ( a1 if n ( ! traditional1 ,moses2 beh9d ! prophets a1 if n !1 ,law4 ,be t z x may1 to ! ,jew ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ,abraham & ,moses 7 real & ! ,cov5ant unalt]able4 ,by ! syncretism :i* has be5 already describ$ ,j]emiah's ,new ,cov5ant 0 n reg>d$ z new4 ,nor 0 x new2 x repres5t$ a *ange ( /ress1 n ( cont5ts4 ,:5 he said 7,j]4 xxxi4 #cc71 ',?is is ! cov5ant :i* ,i w make ) ! h\se ( ,israel1 aft] ^? days1 sai? ! ,"l2 ,i w put my law 9 _! inw>d p>ts1 & 9 _! he>t w ,i write x1' ,j]emiah1 x has be5 held1 0 mak+ ,*ri/ianity possible4 ,b he 0 also mak+ ,judaism possible4 ,"h & n[h]e else is to be f\nd ! pr9ciple :i* enabl$ ,judaism to survive ! loss ( ,temple & nationality4 ,& ! ,new ,cov5ant 0 9 no s5se inconsi/5t ) ! ,old4 ,= n only does ,j]emiah proce$ to add 9 ! self-same v]se1 ',i w be _! ,god1 & !y w be my p1' b ! ,new ,cov5ant is specifically made ) ! h\se ( ,judah & ( ,israel1 & x is associat$ ) ! p]man5ce ( ! se$ ( ,israel z a sep>ate p & ) ! ,div9e rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,jew _h no ?\ght ( analys+ ^! v]ses into ! words ( ! true ,j]emiah & ^? ( 8 editors4 ,! po9t is t ov] & above1 9 complem5t>y explanation (1 ! ,abrahamic & ,mosaic ,cov5ants ) _! ext]nal signs1 ov] & above ! ,call ( ! ,patri>* & ! ,!ophany ( ,s9ai1 0 ! ,j]emian ,cov5ant writt5 9 ,israel's he>t4 ,! ,cov5ant conf]r$ a di/9ction & impos$ a duty4 ,x 0 a bond betwe5 a graci\s ,god & a grateful ,israel4 ,x dignifi$ hi/ory1 = x int]pret$ hi/ory 9 t]ms ( provid5ce & purpose2 x transfigur$ virtue by mak+ virtue s]vice2 x 0 ! salt ( life1 = h[ c\ld pres5t degradation demoralise1 see+ t ,god 0 9 x1 to fulfil ,8 "p ( ! bond1 to hold ,israel z ,8 jewel1 ?\gh ,rome might despise8 ,! ,cov5ant made ! ,jew self-confid5t & arrogant1 b ^! v faults 7 ne$$ to save him4 ,x 0 8 only def5ce aga9/ ! _w's scorn4 ,he =got t ! correlative ( ! ,cov5ant 0 ,isaiah's ',cov5ant-,p'--mission>y to ! ,g5tiles & ! ,_w4 ,he relegat$ 8 _w-mission 7:i* ,*ri/ianity & ,islam 9 "p glori\sly fulfill$7 to a dim ,messianic future1 & 0 cont5t if 9 8 own pres5t he rema9$ fai?ful to 8 mission to himself4 ,above all1 ! legacy f ! pa/ came to ,judaism hall[$ & humanis$ by all ! exp]i5ce ( r$emption & suff]+ :i* _h m>k$ ,israel's c\rse 9 ages pa/1 & 0 to m>k 8 c\rse 9 ages to come4 ,! ,exodus1 ! ,exile1 ! ,maccabean h]oism1 ! ,roman cata/rophe2 ,prophet1 ,wise ,man1 ,prie/ & ,scribe1--all _h left _! trace4 ,judaism 0 a religion bas$ on a book & on a tradition2 b x 0 also a religion bas$ on a unique exp]i5ce4 ,! book might be misread1 ! tradition encumb]$1 b ! exp]i5ce 0 et]nally cle> & inspir+4 ,x %one ?r\gh ! ,roman ,diaspora z x aft]w>ds illum9at$ ! ,roman ,ghetto1 mak+ ! pres5t tol]able by ! memory ( ! pa/ & ! hope ( ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,religion ,,z ,,law ,! feature ( ,judaism :i* fir/ attracts an outsid]'s att5tion1 & :i* claims a front place 9 ?is survey1 is its ',nomism' or ',legalism4' ,life 0 plac$ "u ! control ( ,law4 ,n only morality1 b religion also1 0 codifi$4 ',nomism1' x has be5 truly said1 'has always =m$ a fundam5tal trait ( ,judaism1 "o ( ^: *ief aims has ev] be5 to m\ld life 9 all its v>y+ relations accord+ to ! ,law1 & to make ob$i5ce to ! comm&m5ts a necessity & a cu/om' 7,laut]ba*1 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 ix4 #cbf74 ,only ! late/ developm5t ( ,judaism is away f ?is direction4 ,individualism is n[adays replac+ ! old5 solid>ity4 ,?us1 at ! ,c5tral ,conf]5ce ( ,am]ican ,rabbis1 held 9 ,july #aijf at ,indianapolis1 a project to =mulate a sy/em ( laws = mod]n use 0 promptly reject$4 ,! *ief mod]n problem 9 ,jewi% life is j ?is3 ,to :at ext5t1 & 9 :at mann]1 c ,judaism /ill place itself "u ! reign ( ,law8 ,b = _m c5turies1 c]ta9ly up to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,religion z ,law 0 ! dom9ant conception 9 ,judaism4 ,be=e exam9+ ! validity ( ?is conception a ^w is necess>y z to ! mode 9 :i* x express$ itself4 ,conduct1 social & individual1 moral & ritual1 0 regulat$ 9 ! m9ute/ details4 ,z ! ,dayan ,m4 ,hyamson has said1 ! maxim ,de m9imis non curat lex 0 n applicable to ! ,jewi% ,law4 ,?is ,law 0 a sy/em ( op9ion & ( practice & ( feel+ 9 :i* ! great pr9ciples ( morality1 ! deepe/ conc]ns ( spiritual religion1 ! g5u9ely ess5tial requirem5ts ( ritual1 all f\nd a prom95t place4 ,to ass]t t ,ph>isaism includ$ ! small & exclud$ ! great1 t x en=c$ rules & =got pr9ciples1 t x exalt$ ! lett] & neglect$ ! _s1 is a palpable libel4 ,ph>isaism 0 f\nd$ on ,god4 ,on ?is f\ndation 0 erect$ a /ructure :i* embrac$ ! et]nal pr9ciples ( religion4 ,b ! sy/em1 x mu/ be add$1 w5t f> beyond ?is4 ,x held t !re 0 a "r & a wrong way ( do+ ?+s 9 !mselves trivial4 ,prescription rul$ 9 a /up5d\s array ( matt]s :i* o!r sy/ems delib]ately left to ! fancy1 ! judgm5t1 ! consci5ce ( ! individual4 ,law seiz$ ^u ! :ole life1 bo? 9 its inw>d exp]i5ces & outw>d manife/ations4 ,h>nack *>act]ises ! sy/em h>%ly en\gh4 ,*ri/ianity did n add to ,judaism1 x subtract$4 ,exp&+ a fam\s epigram ( ,wellhaus5's1 ,h>nack admits t ev]y?+ taught 9 ! ,gospels '0 also to be f\nd 9 ! ,prophets1 & ev5 9 ! ,jewi% tradition ( _! "t4 ,! ,ph>isees !mselves 7 9 possession ( x2 b1 un=tunately1 !y 7 9 possession ( mu* else besides4 ,) !m x 0 weight$1 d>k5$1 di/ort$1 r5d]$ ineffective & depriv$ ( its =ce by a ?\s& ?+s :i* !y also held to be religi\s1 & e :it z important z m]cy & judgm5t4 ,!y r$uc$ ev]y?+ into "o fabric2 ! good & holy 0 only "o wo( 9 a broad e>?ly w>p' 7,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 p4 #dg74 ,x is necess>y to qualify ?is judgm5t1 b x does br+ out ! all-p]vad+ness ( ,law 9 ,judaism4 ',& ?\ %alt speak ( !m :5 ?\ sitte/ 9 ?9e h\se1 :5 ?\ walke/ by ! way1 :5 ?\ lie/ d[n & :5 ?\ rise/ up' 7,deut4 vi4 #g74 ,! ,^w ( ,god 0 to occupy ! ,jew's ?\ghts con/antly2 9 8 daily employm5t & dur+ 8 manifold activities2 :5 at "w & :5 at re/4 ,& z a correlative1 ! ,law mu/ direct ?is complex life1 ! ,code mu/ au?orise action or =bid x1 mu/ turn ! ?\ghts & emotions 9 "o direction & div]t !m f ano!r4 ,no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( religions c be cit$ z a complete p>allel to ?is4 ,b incomplete p>allels ab\nd4 ,a v l>ge portion ( all m5's lives is regulat$ f )\t3 by ! ,bible & o!r sacr$ books2 by ! in/itutions & rites ( religion2 by ! law ( ! l&2 by ! impos$ rules ( accept$ guides1 poets1 philosoph]s1 physicians2 & above all by social conv5tions1 curr5t fa%ions1 & popul> maxims4 ,only 9 ! r>e/ case is an exceptional man ! mon/rosity :i*1 we are told1 e ,israelite 0 9 ! epo* ( ! ,judges--a law unto himself4 ,b 9 ,judaism1 until ! p]iod ( mod]n re=m1 ?is fact ( human life 0 n m]ely an unconsci\s truism1 x 0 consci\sly admitt$4 ,& x 0 realis$ 9 a ,code4 ,or r 9 a s]ies ( ,codes4 ,fir/ came ! ,mi%nah1 a ,code compil$ at ab\t ! ye> #bjj ,a4,d41 b ! result ( a ,ph>isaic activity ext5d+ ov] m ?an two c5turies4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity 0 produc+ ! ,gospels & ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--! "w 9 l>ge "p ( ,jews1 or ( m5 born 9 ! circle ( ,judaism--,judaism 9 its o!r manife/ation 0 work+ at ! ,code kn[n z ! ,mi%nah4 ,?is ^w means 'repetition1' or 'tea*+ by repetition'2 x 0 an oral tradition r$uc$ to writ+ long aft] mu* ( its cont5ts _h be5 sift$ 9 ! discussions ( ! s*ools4 ,9 "p e>li] & 9 "p lat] ?an ! ,mi%nah 0 ! ,midra% 7'inquiry1' 'int]pretation'71 n a ,code1 b a two-fold exposition ( ,scripture2 homiletic ) copi\s use ( p>able1 & legali/ic ) an eye to ! regulation ( conduct4 ,!n came ! ,talmud 9 two rec5sions1 ! ,pale/9ian & ! ,babylonian1 ! latt] complet$ ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 ,= "s c5turies aft]w>ds ! ,geonim 7heads ( ! ,rabb9ical ,univ]sities 9 ,p]sia7 cont9u$ to analyse & def9e ! legal prescriptions & ritual ( ,judaism1 add+ & *ang+ 9 accord ) ! ne$s ( ! day2 = ,tradition 0 a liv+1 fluid ?+4 ,!n 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,isaac ( ,fez 7,alfasi7 =mulat$ a guide to ,talmudic ,law1 & ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat] 7#aahj7 ,maimonides produc$ 8 ,/rong ,h&1 a ,code ( law & cu/om :i* influ5c$ ,jewi% life ev] aft]4 ,o!r codifications 7 made2 b f9ally1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,joseph ,c>o 7my/ic & legali/7 compil$ ! ,table ,prep>$ 7,%ul*an ,aru*71 :i*1 ) ma/]ly skill1 collect$ ! :ole ( ! traditional law1 arrang$ x "u conv5i5t heads 9 *apt]s & p>agraphs1 & c>ri$ d[n to our own day ! ,rabb9ic conception ( life4 ,"u ?is ,code1 ) m or less relaxation1 ! great bulk ( ,jews /ill live4 ,b ! revolt aga9/ x1 or emancipation f x1 is progress+ e ye>1 = ! old5 ,jewi% conception ( religion & ! old ,jewi% !ory ( life are1 z h9t$ above1 becom+ s]i\sly und]m9$4 ,n[ 9 :at prec$es !re has be5 "s int5tional ambiguity 9 ! use ( ! ^w ,law4 ,mu* ( ! misund]/&+ ( ,judaism has aris5 f ?is ambiguity4 ',law' is 9 no adequate s5se :at ! ,jews !mselves und]/ood by ! nomism ( _! religion4 ,9 mod]n times ,law & ,religion t5d m & m to sep>ate1 & to speak ( ,judaism z ,law eo ipso implies a divorce ( ,judaism f ,religion4 ,! old anti!sis betwe5 lett] & _s is b a phase ( ! same criticism4 ,law mu/ specify1 & ! lawy] int]prets ,acts ( ,p>liam5t by _! lett]2 he refuses to be guid$ by ! motives ( ! ,act1 he is conc]n$ ) :at ! ,act di/9ctly =mulates 9 set t]ms4 ,9 ?is s5se ,judaism nev] 0 a ,legal ,religion4 ,x did mo/ assidu\sly seek to get to ! und]ly+ motives ( ! writt5 laws1 & all ! expansions ( ! ,law 7 bas$ on a desire m fully to realise ! mean+ & int5tion ( ! writt5 ,code4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,law 0 look$ ^u z ! expression ( ! ,w ( ,god4 ,man 0 to yield to t ,w = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ,god is ! p]fect ideal ( goodness4 ,t ideal 0 = man to rev]e1 &1 s f> z 9 him lay1 to imitate4 ',z ,i am m]ciful1 be ?\ m]ciful2 because ,i am graci\s1 be ?\ graci\s4' ,! ',imitation ( ,god' is a notion :i* con/antly meets u 9 ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,x is bas$ on ! ,scriptural text3 ',be ye holy1 = ,i ! ,"l am holy4' ',god1 ! ideal ( all morality1 is ! f\nd] ( man's moral nature4' ,?is is ,pr(essor ,laz>us' mod]n way ( putt+ x4 ,b 9 sub/ance x is ! ,jewi% conception ?r\gh all ! ages4 ,& !re is a second reason4 ,! ,jew w\ld n h und]/ood ! possibility ( any o!r expression ( ! ,div9e ,w ?an ! expression :i* ,judaism en%r9$4 ,= ?\gh he held t ! ,law 0 some?+ impos$ f )\t1 he id5tifi$ ?is impos$ ,law ) ! law :i* 8 own moral nature posit$4 ,! ,rabbis tell u t c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! writt5 ,law c\ld h be5 rea*$ by man )\t ! ,law4 ,! ,law 0 9 l>ge "p a correspond5ce to man's moral nature4 ,?is ,rabb9ic idea ,laz>us sums up 9 ! epigram3 ',moral laws1 !n1 are n laws because !y are writt52 !y are writt5 because !y are laws4' ,! moral pr9ciple is autonom\s1 b its ar*etype is ,god4 ,! ultimate reason1 l ! highe/ aim ( morality1 %\ld be 9 itself4 ,! ?reat ( puni%m5t & ! promise ( rew>d are ! psy*ologic means to secure ! fulfilm5t ( laws1 nev] ! reasons = ! laws1 nor ! motives to action4 ,x is easy & necess>y sometimes to praise & ju/ify eudemonism1 b1 z ,laz>us adds1 ',n a /ate to be rea*$1 n a good to be won1 n an evil to be w>d$ (f1 is ! impell+ =ce ( morality1 b itself furni%es ! creative impulse1 ! supreme comm&+ au?ority' 7,e?ics ( ,judaism1 ,i4 *ap1 ii474 ,& s ! ,rabbi ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ,antigonos ( ,so*o1 put x 9 ! memorable say+3 ',be n l s]vants :o m9i/] to _! ma/] ^u ! condition ( receiv+ a rew>d2 b be l s]vants :o m9i/] to _! ma/] )\t ! condition ( receiv+ a rew>d2 & let ! ,fe> ( heav5 be ^u y' 7,abo?1 i4 #c74 ,cle>ly ! multiplication ( rules obscures pr9ciples4 ,! object ( codification1 to get at ! full mean+ ( pr9ciples1 is defeat$ by its own success4 ,= x is always easi] to foll[ rules ?an to apply pr9ciples4 ,virtues are m atta9able ?an virtue1 *>act]i/ics ?an "*4 ,& :ile x is false to ass]t t ,judaism atta*$ m importance to ritual ?an to religion1 yet1 ! two be+ plac$ on "o & ! same plane1 x is possible to f9d 9 co-exi/5ce ritual piety & moral bas5ess4 ,su* a comb9ation is ugly1 & p d n /op to ?9k :e!r ! bas5ess w\ld be m or less if ! ritual piety 7 abs5t in/ead ( pres5t4 ,b x is ! fact t on ! :ole ! ,jewi% codification ( religion did n produce ! evil results possible or ev5 likely to accrue4 ,! ,jew 0 always di/+ui%$ = 8 dome/ic virtues1 8 purity ( life1 8 sobriety1 8 *>ity1 8 devotion4 ,^! 7 ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( 8 ,law-abid+ disposition & !ory4 ,p]haps !re 0 "s lack ( en?usiasm1 some?+ too mu* ( ! temp]ate4 ,b ! facts ( life always br\ght _! corrective4 ,m>tyrdom 0 ! means by :i* ! ,jewi% consci\sness 0 kept at a gl[+ heat4 ,& z ! ,jew 0 con/antly call$ ^u to die = 8 religion1 ! religion ennobl$ ! life :i* 0 will+ly surr5d]$ = ! religion4 ,! ,messianic ,hope 0 vitalis$ by p]secution4 ,! ,jew1 devotee ( practical ideals1 became also a dream]4 ,8 visions ( ,god 7 ev] pres5t to rem9d him t ! law :i* he codifi$ 0 to him ! ,law ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,articles ,,( ,,fai? ,x is (t5 said t ,judaism left belief free :ile x put conduct into fett]s4 ,nei!r half ( ?is ass]tion is /rictly true4 ,belief 0 n free altoge!r2 conduct 0 n altoge!r controll$4 ,9 ! ,mi%nah 7,sanh$r91 x4 #a7 c]ta9 classes ( unbeliev]s are pron\nc$ portionless 9 ! _w to come4 ,among ^? exclud$ f ,p>adise are m5 :o d5y ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & m5 :o refuse ass5t to ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah1 or ,scripture4 ,?us x _c be said t belief 01 9 ! ,rabb9ic sy/em1 p]fectly free4 ,equally inaccurate is ! ass]tion t conduct 0 entirely a matt] ( prescription4 ,n only 7 m5 prais$ = works ( sup]]ogation1 p]=mance ( m ?an ! ,law requir$2 n only 7 !re important div]g5ces 9 ! practical rules ( conduct =mulat$ by ! v>i\s ,rabbis2 b !re 0 a :ole class ( actions describ$ z 'matt]s giv5 ov] to ! he>t1' delicate ref9em5ts ( conduct :i* ! law left unt\*$ & 7 a conc]n exclusively ( ! feel+1 ! private judgm5t ( ! individual4 ,! "r ( private judgm5t 0 passionately insi/$ on 9 matt]s ( conduct1 z :5 ,rabbi ,jo%ua refus$ to be guid$ z to 8 practical decisions by ! ,daught] ( ! ,voice1 ! sup]natural utt]ance f on high4 ,! ,law1 he cont5d$1 is on e>?1 n 9 heav52 & man mu/ be 8 own judge 9 apply+ ! ,law to 8 own life & "t4 ,&1 ! ,talmud adds1 ,god ,himself ann\nc$ t ,rabbi ,jo%ua 0 "r4 ,?us !re 0 nei!r complete fluidity ( doctr9e nor complete rigidity ( conduct4 ,!re 0 fre$om ( conduct )9 ! law1 & !re 0 law )9 fre$om ( doctr9e4 ,b ,dr4 ,emil ,hirs* puts ! case fairly :5 he says3 ',9 ! same s5se z ,*ri/ianity or ,islam1 ,judaism _c be cr$it$ ) ,articles ( ,fai?4 ,_m attempts h inde$ be5 made at sy/ematis+ & r$uc+ to a fix$ phraseology & sequ5ce ! cont5ts ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,b ^! h always lack$ ! "o ess5tial elem5t3 au?oritative sanction on ! "p ( a supreme ecclesia/ical body' 7,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 ii4 #adh74 ,s9ce ! epo* ( ! ,great ,sanh$r91 !re has be5 no c5tral au?ority recognis$ ?r\gh\t ,jewry4 ,! ,jewi% organisation has long be5 congregational4 ,s9ce ! f\r? c5tury !re has be5 no body ) any jurisdiction ov] ! mass ( ,jews4 ,at t date ! ,cal5d> 0 fix$ by a/ronomical calculations4 ,! ,patri>*1 9 ,babylon1 !reby volunt>ily ab&on$ ! hold he _h previ\sly _h ov] ! scatt]$ ,jews1 = x 0 no long] ! fiat ( ! ,patri>* t settl$ ! dates ( ! ,fe/ivals4 ,:ile !re 0 some?+ l a c5tral au?ority1 ! ,canon ( ,scripture _h be5 fix$ by ,synods1 b !re is no record ( any attempt to promulgate articles ( fai?4 ,dur+ ! revolt aga9/ ,hadrian an ,assembly ( ,rabbis 0 held at ,lydda4 ,x 0 !n decid$ t a ,jew mu/ yield 8 life r ?an accept safety f ! ,roman p[]1 if su* con=mity involv$ "o ( ! ?ree (f5ces3 idolatry1 murd]1 & un*a/ity 7includ+1 ince/ & adult]y74 ,b :ile ?is decision ?r[s a fav\rable light on ! ,rabb9ic !ory ( life1 x c 9 no s5se be call$ a fixation ( a cre$4 ,!re 7 num]\s synods 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b !y inv>iably dealt ) practical morals or ) ! problems :i* arose f "t to "t 9 reg>d to ! relations betwe5 ,jews & _! ,*ri/ian neighb\rs4 ,x is true t we occasionally read ( excommunications = h]esy4 ,b 9 ! case1 = in/ance1 ( ,sp9oza1 ! ,am/]dam ,synagogue 0 mu* m anxi\s to dissociate itself f ! h]esies ( ,sp9oza ?an to compel ,sp9oza to con=m to ! beliefs ( ! ,synagogue4 ,& ?\gh ?is p[] ( excommunication might h be5 employ$ by ! m$iaeval ,rabbis to en=ce ! acceptance ( a cre$1 9 po9t ( fact no su* /ep 0 ev] tak54 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,moses ,m5delssohn 7#agbh-aghf71 ! *ief ,jewi% dogma has be5 t ,judaism has no dogmas4 ,9 ! s5se assign$ above ?is is cle>ly true4 ,dogmas impos$ by an au?ority able & will+ to en=ce con=mity & puni% diss5t are non-exi/5t 9 ,judaism4 ,9 old5 times memb]%ip ( ! religion ( ,judaism 0 almo/ entirely a "q ( bir? & race1 n ( confession4 ,proselytes 7 admitt$ by circumcision & baptism1 & no?+ beyond an acceptance ( ! ,unity ( ,god & ! abjuration ( idolatry is ev5 n[ requir$ by way ( pr(ession f a proselyte4 ,at ! same "t ! e>lie/ passage put into ! public liturgy 0 ! ,%ema' 7,deut]onomy vi4 #d-i71 9 :i* ! unity ( ,god & ! duty to love ,god are express$4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 7 also recit$ daily 9 ! ,temple4 ,x is in/ructive to note ! reason giv5 = ! subsequ5t removal ( ! ,decalogue f ! daily liturgy4 ,x 0 fe>$ t "s might assume t ! ,decalogue compris$ ! :ole ( ! b9d+ law4 ,h5ce ! prom95t position giv5 to !m 9 ! ,temple s]vice 0 no long] assign$ to ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 9 ! ritual ( ! ,synagogue4 ,9 mod]n times1 h[ev]1 !re is a gr[+ practice ( read+ ! ,decalogue e ,sabba? day4 ,:at we d f9d 9 ,ph>isaic ,judaism1 & ?is is ! real answ] to ,h>nack 7supra1 p4 #ae71 is an attempt to r$uce ! :ole ,law to c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,:5 a w\ld-be proselyte acco/$ ,hillel1 9 ! reign ( ,h]od1 ) ! dem& t ! ,rabbi %\ld communicate ! :ole ( ,judaism :ile ! que/ion] /ood on "o foot1 ,hillel made ! fam\s reply3 ',:at ?\ hate/ d unto no man2 t is ! :ole ,law1 ! re/ is comm5t>y4' ,?is recalls ano!r fam\s summ>isation1 t giv5 by ,jesus lat] on 9 ! ,gospel4 ,a little m ?an a c5tury lat]1 ,akiba said t ! comm& to love "o's neighb\r is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,law4 ,b5 ,azzai *ose = ?is di/9ction ano!r s5t5ce3 ',?is is ! book ( ! g5]ations ( man1' imply+ ! equality ( all m5 9 reg>d to ! love borne by ,god = ,8 creatures4 ,ano!r ,rabbi1 ,simlai 7?ird c5tury71 has ?is rem>kable say+3 ',six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts 7 imp>t$ unto ,moses1 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five negative 79 correspond5ce ) ! days ( ! sol> ye>71 & two hundr$ & =ty-eight positive 79 correspond5ce ) ! numb] ( a man's limbs74 ,david came & e/abli%$ !m z elev51 z x is writt53 ,a psalm ( ,david--,"l :o %all soj\rn 9 ,?y t5t1 :o %all dwell 9 ,?y holy m\nta98 7i7 ,he t walke? uprightly & 7ii7 worke? righte\sness & 7iii7 speake? ! tru? 9 8 he>t4 7iv7 ,he t backbite? n ) 8 tongue1 7v7 nor doe? evil to 8 neighb\r1 7vi7 nor take? up a reproa* aga9/ ano!r2 7vii7 9 ^: eyes a reprobate is despis$1 7viii7 b :o hon\re? !m t fe> ! ,"l4 7ix7 ,he t swe>e? to 8 own hurt1 & *ange? n2 7x7 ,he t putte? n out 8 money to usury1 7xi7 nor take? a bribe aga9/ ! innoc5t4 ,he t doe? ^! ?+s %all nev] be mov$4 ,?us ,david r$uc$ ! ,law to elev5 pr9ciples4 ,!n came ,micah & r$uc$ !m to ?ree1 z x is writt53 ',:at do? ! ,"l require ( !e b 7i7 to d ju/ice1 7ii7 to love m]cy1 & 7iii7 to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,!n came ,habbakuk & made ! :ole ,law /& on "o fundam5tal idea1 ',! righte\s man live? by 8 fai?' 7,makko?1 #bc b74 ,?is desire to f9d "o or a few g5]al fundam5tal passages on :i* ! :ole ,scripture might be se5 to base itself is1 h[ev]1 f> remov$ f any?+ ( ! nature ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cre$s or ( ! ,mohamm$an ,kalimah4 ,& :5 we rememb] t ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees diff]$ on que/ions ( doctr9e 7su* z ! belief 9 immortality held by ! =m] & reject$ by ! latt]71 x becomes cle> t ! abs5ce ( a =mal decl>ation ( fai? mu/ h be5 delib]ate4 ,! mo/ t 0 done 0 to introduce into ! ,liturgy a p>agraph 9 :i* ! assembl$ wor%ipp]s decl>$ _! ass5t to ! tru? & p]man5t validity ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,aft] ! ,%ema' 7^: cont5ts are summ>is$ above71 ! assembl$ wor%ipp]s daily recit$ a passage 9 :i* !y said 7& /ill say73 ',true & firm is ?is ,?y ^w unto u = ev]4444 ,true is x t ,?\ art inde$ our ,god 444 & !re is none beside ,!e4' ,aft] all1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,ph>isee & ,sadducee 0 political r ?an !ological4 ,x 0 n till ,judaism came into contact1 contact alike ( attraction & repulsion1 ) o!r sy/ems t a desire or a ne$ = =mulat+ ,articles ( ,fai? 0 felt4 ,philo1 com+ "u ! ,hell5ic _s1 0 ?us ! fir/ to make ! attempt4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! tract on ! ,creation 7,de ,opifico1 lxi471 ,philo enum]ates :at he t]ms ! five mo/ beautiful lessons1 sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,^! are--7i7 ,god is2 7ii7 ,god is ,"o2 7iii7 ! ,_w 0 creat$ 7& is n et]nal72 7iv7 ! ,_w is "o1 l unto ,god 9 s+l5ess2 & 7v7 ,god ex]cises a cont9ual provid5ce = ! b5efit ( ! _w1 c>+ = ,8 creatures l a p>5t = 8 *ildr54 ,philo's lead f\nd no imitators4 ,x 0 n = _m c5turies t two causes l$ ! ,synagogue to =mulate a cre$4 ,& ev5 !n x 0 n ! ,synagogue z a body t act$1 nor 0 x a cre$ t result$4 ,! fir/ cause 0 ! rise ( sects )9 ! ,synagogue4 ,( ^! sects ! mo/ important 0 t ( ! ,k>aites or ,scripturali/s4 ,reject+ tradition1 ! ,k>aites exp\nd$ _! beliefs bo? z a ju/ification ( !mselves aga9/ ! ,traditionali/s & possibly z a rem$y aga9/ _! own t5d5cy to divide )9 _! own ord] into small] sects4 ,9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury ! ,k>aite ,judah ,hadassi ( ,con/ant9ople arrang$ ! :ole ,p5tateu* "u ! head+s ( ! ,decalogue1 mu* z ,philo _h done long be=e4 ,& s he =mulates t5 dogmas ( ,judaism4 ,^! are--7i7 ,creation 7z oppos$ to ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( ! _w72 7ii7 ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 7iii7 ,god is "o & incorporeal2 7iv7 ,moses & ! o!r canonical prophets 7 call$ by ,god2 7v7 ! ,law is ! ,^w ( ,god1 x is complete1 & ! ,oral ,tradition 0 unnecess>y2 7vi7 ! ,law mu/ be read by ! ,jew 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew2 7vii7 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem 0 ! place *os5 by ,god = ,8 manife/ation2 7viii7 ! ,resurrection ( ! dead2 7ix7 ! ,com+ ( ,messiah1 son ( ,david2 7x7 ,f9al ,judgm5t & ,retribution4 ,)9 ! ma9 body ( ! ,synagogue we h to wait = ! same mom5t = a =mulation ( ,articles ( ,fai?4 ,maimonides 7#aace-abjd7 0 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,hadassi2 he x 0 t drew up ! "o & only set ( pr9ciples :i* h ev] enjoy$ wide au?ority 9 ,judaism4 ,be=e ,maimonides !re _h be5 "s incl9ation t[>ds a cre$1 b he is ! fir/ to put "o into set t]ms4 ,maimonides 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,ari/otelianism1 & ?is gave him an impulse t[>ds a logical /atem5t ( ! t5ets ( ,judaism4 ,on ! o!r side1 he 0 deeply conc]n$ by ! criticism ( ,judaism f ! side ( ,mohamm$an !ologians4 ,! latt] cont5d$1 9 p>ticul>1 t ! biblical an?ropomorphisms 7 de/ructive ( a belief 9 ! pure spirituality ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,maimonides devot$ mu* ( 8 great treatise1 ,guide = ! ,p]plex$1 to a philosophical allegorisation ( ! human t]ms appli$ to ,god 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7,sanh$r91 ,introduction to ,*elek71 ,maimonides decl>es ',! roots ( our law & its fundam5tal pr9ciples are ?irte54' ,^! are--7i7 ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,creator2 7ii7 belief 9 ! unity ( ,god2 7iii7 belief 9 ! incorporeality ( ,god2 7iv7 belief 9 ! priority & et]nity ( ,god2 7v7 belief t to ,god & to ,god alone wor%ip mu/ be (f]$2 7vi7 belief 9 prophecy2 7vii7 belief t ,moses 0 ! greate/ ( all prophets2 7viii7 belief t ! ,law 0 reveal$ f heav52 7ix7 belief t ! ,law w nev] be abrogat$1 & t no o!r ,law w ev] come f ,god2 7x7 belief t ,god kn[s ! works ( m52 7xi7 belief 9 rew>d & puni%m5t2 7xii7 belief 9 ! com+ ( ! ,messiah2 7xiii7 belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead4' ,n[ "h we h = ! fir/ "t a set ( beliefs :i* 7 a te/ ( ,judaism4 ,maimonides leaves no d\bt z to 8 mean+4 ,= he conclud$ by say+3 ',:5 all ^! pr9ciples ( fai? are 9 ! safe keep+ ( a man1 & 8 conviction ( !m is well e/abli%$1 he !n ent]s into ! g5]al body ( ,israel'2 &1 on ! o!r h&3 ',:51 h[ev]1 a man breaks away f any "o ( ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( belief1 !n ( him x is said t he has gone out ( ! g5]al body ( ,israel & he d5ies ! root-tru?s ( ,judaism4' ,?is =mulation ( a dogmatic te/ 0 nev] confirm$ by any body ( ,rabbis4 ,no ,jew 0 ev] excommunicat$ = decl>+ 8 diss5t f ^! articles4 ,no ,jew 0 ev] call$ ^u =mally to express 8 ass5t to !m4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,s*e*t] ju/ly writes3 ',among ! ,maimoni/s we may probably include ! great majority ( ,jews1 :o accept$ ! ,?irte5 ,articles )\t fur!r "q4 ,maimonides mu/ h fill$ up a great gap 9 ,jewi% !ology1 a gap1 moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 v g5]ally p]ceiv$4 ,a c5tury _h h>dly laps$ be=e ! ,?irte5 ,articles _h become a !me = ! poets ( ! ,synagogue4 ,& almo/ e c\ntry c %[ a poem or a pray] f\nd$ on ^! ,articles' 7,/udies 9 ,judaism1 p4 #cja74 ,yet ! opposition to ! ,articles 0 bo? impressive & p]si/5t4 ,"s d5i$ altoge!r ! admissibility ( ,articles1 claim+ t ! :ole ,law & no?+ b ! ,law 0 ! ,*>t] ( ,judaism4 ,o!rs criticis$ ! ,maimoni/ ,articles 9 detail4 ,c]ta9ly !y are f> f logically drawn up1 "s p>agraphs be+ dictat$ by opposition to ,islam r ?an by positive ne$s ( ! ,jewi% position4 ,a fav\rite cond5sation 0 a small] li/ ( ?ree ,articles3 7i7 ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 7ii7 ,revelation2 & 7iii7 ,retribution4 ,^! ?ree ,articles are usually associat$ ) ! "n ( ,joseph ,albo 7#achj-addd71 ?\gh !y are some:at old]4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ^! ,articles f\nd1 9 rec5t c5turies1 m acceptance ?an ! ,maimoni/ ,?irte51 ?\gh ! latt] /ill hold _! place 9 ! or?odox ,jewi% ,pray] ,books4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,daily ,pray] ,book1 ed4 ,s+]1 p4 #hi4 ,moses ,m5delssohn 7#agbh-aghf71 :o /rongly ma9ta9$ t ,judaism is a life1 n a cre$1 made ! practice ( =mulat+ ,articles ( ,judaism unfa%ionable4 ,b n = long4 ,m & m1 ,judaic ritual has fall5 into disreg>d s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,judaism has !re=e t5d$ to express itself z a sy/em ( doctr9es r ?an z a body ( practices4 ,& !re 0 a special reason :y ! ,maimoni/ ,articles c\ld n rema94 ,ref]5ce is n meant to ! fact t _m ,jews came to d\bt ! ,mosaic orig9 ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b !re 7 lack+ 9 ! ,maimoni/ ,cre$ all emotional elem5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,maimonides1 rationali/ & anti-,my/ic z he 01 makes no all[ance = ! doctr9e ( ! ,imman5ce ( ,god4 ,!n1 ow+ to 8 unemotional nature1 he laid no /ress on all ! affect+ & mov+ associations ( ! belief 9 ! ,mission ( ,israel z ! ,*os5 ,p4 ,be=e ,maimonides1 if !re _h be5 "o dogma ( ,judaism at all1 x 0 ! ,election ( ,israel4 ,jehuda ,halevi1 ! greate/ ( ! ,hebrew poets ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _h at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 "s half c5tury be=e ,maimonides1 giv5 expression to ?is 9 ! fam\s epigram3 ',israel is to ! nations l ! he>t to ! limbs4' ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! ,cre$ ( ,maimonides has no position ( au?ority 9 ! ,synagogue1 mod]n times h witness$ no successful intrusion ( a rival4 ,mo/ writ]s ( treatises on ,judaism pref] to describe r ?an to def9e ! religi\s t5ets ( ! fai?4 ,9 ,am]ica !re h be5 sev]al sugge/ions ( a ,cre$4 ,articles ( fai? h be5 !re *iefly =mulat$ = ! reception ( proselytes4 ,?is purpose is a natural cause ( precision 9 belief2 = :ile "o :o already /&s )9 by bir? or race is r>ely call$ ^u to ju/ify 8 fai?1 ! newcom] is "u ! necessity to d s4 ,9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism x is probable t !re 0 a ,cate*ism or %ort manual ( in/ruction call$ 9 ,greek ! ,dida*e1 9 :i* ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 ,hillel's negative =m & ! ,decalogue occupi$ a front place4 ,?us we f9d1 too1 mod]n ,am]ican ,jews =mulat+ ,articles ( ,fai? z a ,proselyte ,confession4 ,9 #ahif ! ,c5tral ,conf]5ce ( ,am]ican ,rabbis adopt$ ! foll[+ five pr9ciples = su* a ,confession3 7i7 ,god ! ,only ,"o2 7ii7 ,man ,8 ,image2 7iii7 ,immortality ( ! ,s\l2 7iv7 ,retribution2 7v7 ,israel's ,mission4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few mon?s a tract1 entitl$ ',ess5tials ( ,judaism1' has be5 issu$ 9 ,london by ! ,jewi% ,religi\s ,union4 ,! au?or1 ,n4 ,s4 ,joseph1 is c>eful to expla9 t he is n putt+ =? ^! pr9ciples z 'dogmatic ,articles ( ,fai?1' & t !y are solely 'sugge/ive outl9es ( belief :i* may be gradually imp>t$ to *ildr51 ! outl9es be+ aft]w>ds fill$ up by ! tea*]4 ,b ! eight p>agraphs ( ^! ,ess5tials are at once s ably compil$ & s in=m+ z to ! mod]n tr5d ( ,jewi% belief t !y w be "h cit$ )\t comm5t4 ,accord+ !n to ?is pres5tation1 ! ,ess5tials ( ,judaism are3 '7i7 ,!re is ,"o ,et]nal ,god1 :o is ! sole ,orig9 ( all ?+s & =ces1 & ! ,s\rce ( all liv+ s\ls4 ,he rules ! univ]se ) ju/ice1 righte\sness1 m]cy1 & love4 7ii7 ,our s\ls1 emanat+ f ,god1 are immortal1 & w return to ,him :5 our life on e>? ceases4 ,:ile we are "h1 our s\ls c hold direct communion ) ,god 9 pray] & praise1 & 9 sil5t contemplation & admiration ( ,8 works4 7iii7 ,our s\ls are directly responsible to ,god = ! "w ( our life on e>?4 ,god1 be+ ,all-m]ciful1 w judge u ) lov+-k9dness1 & be+ ,all-j1 w all[ = our imp]fections2 & we1 !re=e1 ne$ no m$iator & no vic>i\s atonem5t to ensure ! future welf>e ( our s\ls4 7iv7 ,god is ! ,"o & only ,god4 ,he is ,et]nal & ,omnipres5t4 ,he n only p]vades ! entire _w1 b is also )9 u2 & ,8 ,_s helps & leads u t[>ds goodness & tru?4 7v7 ,duty %\ld be ! mov+ =ce ( our life2 & ! ?\ght t ,god is always 9 u & ab\t u %\ld incite u to lead good & b5efic5t lives1 %[+ our love ( ,god by lov+ our fell[-creatures1 & work+ = _! happ9ess & bett]m5t ) all our might4 7vi7 ,9 v>i\s bygone times ,god has reveal$1 & ev5 9 our own days cont9ues to reveal to u1 some?+ ( ,8 nature & w1 by inspir+ ! be/ & wise/ m9ds ) noble ?\ghts & new ideas1 to be convey$ to u 9 words1 s t ?is _w may con/antly improve & gr[ happi] & bett]4 7vii7 ,long ago "s ( our =efa!rs 7 ?us inspir$1 & !y h&$ d[n to u--& ?r\gh u to ! _w at l>ge--"s ( ,god's *oice/ gifts1 ! pr9ciples ( ,religion & ,morality1 n[ record$ 9 our ,bible2 & ^! spiritual gifts ( ,god h gradually spread among our fell[-m51 s t mu* ( our religion & ( its morality has be5 adopt$ by !m4 7viii7 ,till ! ma9 religi\s & moral pr9ciples ( ,judaism h be5 accept$ by ! _w at l>ge1 ! ma9t5ance by ! ,jews ( a sep>ate corporate exi/5ce is a religi\s duty incumb5t ^u !m4 ,!y are ! witnesses ( ,god1 & !y mu/ adh]e to _! religion1 %[+ =? its tru? & excell5ce to all mank9d4 ,?is has be5 & is & w cont9ue to be _! mission4 ,_! public wor%ip & private virtues mu/ be ! outw>d manife/ation ( ! fulfilm5t ( t mission4' ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"s ,,concepts ,,( ,,judaism ,?\gh !re are no accept$ ,articles ( ,fai? 9 ,judaism1 !re is a complete cons5sus ( op9ion t ,mono!ism is ! basis ( ! religion4 ,! ,unity ( ,god 0 m ?an a doctr9e4 ,x 0 associat$ ) ! noble/ hope ( ,israel1 ) ,israel's ,mission to ! _w4 ,! ,unity ( ,god 0 ev5 m ?an a hope4 ,x 0 an inspiration1 a passion4 ,= x ! ,jews 'pass$ ?r\gh fire & wat]1' endur+ tribulation & dea? = ! sake ( ! ,unity4 ,all ! ,jewi% m>tyrologies are writt5 r\nd ?is text4 ,9 "o passage ! ,talmud actually def9es ! ,jew z ! ,mono!i/4 ',:oev] repudiates ! s]vice ( o!r gods is call$ a ,jew' 7,megillah1 #ac a74 ,b ?is all-p]vad+ doctr9e ( ! ,unity did n rea* ,judaism z an ab/ract philosophical tru?4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! belief 9 ! ,unity ( ,god1 associat$ z x 0 ) ! belief 9 ! ,spirituality ( ,god1 might h be5 expect$ to lead to ! conception ( an ,absolute1 ,transc5d5t ,be+ su* z we meet 9 ,islam1 x did n s lead 9 ,judaism4 ,judaism nev] attempt$ to def9e ,god at all4 ,maimonides put ! seal on ! reluctance ( ,jewi% !ology to g beyond1 or to fall %ort (1 :at hi/oric ,judaism deliv]$4 ,judaism wav]s betwe5 ! two opposite conceptions3 absolute transc5d5talism & absolute pan!ism4 ,sometimes ,judaism speaks ) ! voice ( ,isaiah2 sometimes ) ! voice ( ,sp9oza4 ,x f\nd ! bridge 9 ! ,psalt]4 ',! ,"l is nigh unto all t call ^u ,him4' ,! ,law br\ght heav5 to e>?2 ,pray] rais$ e>? to heav54 ,z 0 rem>k$ above1 ,jewi% !ology nev] %rank f inconsi/5cy4 ,x accept$ at once ,god's =ekn[l$ge & man's free-w4 ,s x describ$ ! k ( ,god z f> above man's rea*2 yet x felt ,god ne>1 sympa!tic1 a ,fa!r & ,fri5d4 ,! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue has be5 well t]m$ a 'precipitate' ( all ! ,jewi% tea*+ z to ,god4 ,he is ! ,great1 ! ,mighty1 ! ,awful1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,k+4 ,b ,he is also ! ,fa!r1 ,help]1 ,deliv]]1 ! ,peace-,mak]1 ,support] ( ! weak1 ,heal] ( ! sick4 ,all human k is a direct manife/ation ( ,8 grace4 ,man's body1 ) all its animal functions1 is ,8 h&iwork4 ,he creat$ joy1 & made ! ,bridegroom & ! ,bride4 ,he =m$ ! fruit ( ! ,v9e1 & is ! ,s\rce ( all ! lawful pleasures ( m54 ,he is ! ,righte\s ,judge2 b ,he rememb]s t man is du/1 ,he p>dons s9s1 & ,8 lov+-k9dness is ov] all4 ,he is un*angeable1 yet rep5tance c av]t ! evil decree4 ,he is 9 heav51 yet he puts ! love & fe> ( ,him into man's v he>t4 ,he brea!d ! ,s\l into man1 & is fai?ful to ^? t sleep 9 ! grave4 ,he is ! ,reviv] ( ! dead4 ,he is ,holy1 & ,he sanctifi$ ,israel ) ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,& ! :ole is p]vad$ ) ! ?\ght ( ,god's ,unity & ! consequ5t unity ( mank9d4 ,"h aga9 we meet ! curi\s syncretism :i* we h s (t5 obs]v$4 ,god is 9 a special s5se ! ,god ( ,israel2 b ,he is unequivocally1 too1 ! ,god ( all fle%4 ,moses ,m5delssohn said t1 :5 9 ! company ( a ,*ri/ian fri5d1 he nev] felt ! remote/ desire to conv]t him to ,judaism4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! effect on ! ,jews ( ! comb9$ belief 9 ,god z ! ,god ( ,israel1 & also z ! ,god ( all m54 ,at "o "t ,judaism 0 c]ta9ly a mission>y religion4 ,b aft] ! loss ( nationality ?is quality 0 practically dormant4 ,belief 0 n necess>y to salvation4 ',! pi\s ( all nations h a "p 9 ! _w to come' may h be5 b a casual utt]ance ( an anci5t ,rabbi1 b x rose into a settl$ conviction ( lat] ,judaism4 ,moreov]1 x 0 dang]\s = ,jews to attempt any religi\s propag&a 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ?us ! pressure ( fact came to ! support ( !ory4 ,m5delssohn ev5 held t ! same religion 0 n necess>ily good = all1 j z ! same =m ( gov]nm5t may n fit equally all ! v>i\s national idiosyncrasies4 ,judaism = ! ,jew may almo/ be claim$ z a pr9ciple ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,x says to ! outsid]3 ,y may come 9 if y w1 b we w>n y :at x means4 ,at all ev5ts x does n seek to attract4 ,x is n /range t ?is attitude has l$ to unpopul>ity4 ,! reason ( ?is res5tm5t is n t m5 wi% to be invit$ to jo9 ,judaism2 x lies r 9 ! s5se t ! abs5ce ( invitation implies an arrogant res]ve4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is ! case4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,jew is incl9$ to ?9k himself sup]ior to o!r m54 ,su* a ?\ght has its pa?os4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! national z contra/$ ) ! univ]sal aspect ( ,judaism is on ! wane4 ,_m ,jewi% liturgies h1 = in/ance1 elim9at$ ! pray]s = ! re/oration ( sacrifices2 & sev]al h remov$ or spiritualis$ ! petitions = ! recov]y ( ! ,jewi% nationality4 ,mod]n re=m$ ,judaism is a univ]sali/ic ,judaism4 ,x lays /ress on ! function ( ,israel1 ! ,s]vant1 z a ',light to ! ,nations4' ,x t5ds to elim9ate ^? c]emonies & beliefs :i* are less compatible ) a univ]sal ?an )1 a racial religion4 ,mod]n ,zionism is n a real reaction aga9/ ?is t5d5cy4 ,= ,zionism is ei!r non-religi\s or1 if religi\s1 br+s to ! front :at has always be5 a corrective to ! nationalism ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,= ! sep>ation ( ,israel has ev] be5 a means to an end2 nev] an end 9 itself4 ,(t5 ! end has be5 =gott5 9 ! means1 b nev] = long4 ,! end ( ,israel's sep>at5ess is ! good ( ! _w4 ,& ! religi\s z di/9ct f ! m]ely political ,zioni/ :o ?9ks t ,judaism w\ld ga9 by a return to ,pale/9e is j ! "o :o also ?9ks t return is a necess>y prelim9>y to ! ,messianic ,age1 :5 all m5 %all fl[ unto ,zion & seek ,god !re4 ,re=m$ ,jews w\ld h to be ,zioni/s also 9 ?is s5se1 7 x n t _m ( !m no long] %>e ! belief 9 ! national aspects ( ! prophecies z to ,israel's future4 ,^! may believe t ! _w may become full ( ! k ( ,god )\t any antec$5t )drawal ( ,israel f ! _w4 ,if ,judaism z a sy/em ( doctr9e is necess>ily syncreti/ic 9 its conception ( ,god1 !n we may expect ! same syncretism 9 its !ory ( ,god's relation to man4 ,x mu/ be said at once t ! t]m '!ory' is ill-*os54 ,x is laid to ! *>ge ( ,judaism t x has no '!ory' ( ,s94 ,?is is true4 ,if virtue & righte\sness are ob$i5ce1 !n disob$i5ce is bo? vice & s94 ,no fur!r !ory 0 requir$ or possible4 ,atonem5t is rev]sion to ob$i5ce4 ,n[ x 0 said above t ! doctr9e ( ! ,unity did n rea* ,judaism z a philosophical tru? exactly def9$ & appreh5d$4 ,x came z ! result ( a long hi/oric grop+ = ! tru?1 & :5 x came x br\ght ) x old5 an?ropomorphic wrapp+s & tribal adornm5ts :i* 7 n easily to be disc>d$1 if !y ev] 7 entirely disc>d$4 ,s ) ! relation ( ,god to man 9 g5]al & ,israel 9 p>ticul>4 ,! un*angeable ,god is n susceptible to ! *ange impli$ 9 ,atonem5t4 ,b hi/ory pres5t$ to ! ,jew examples ( :at he c\ld n o!rwise int]pret ?an z reconciliation betwe5 ,god ! ,fa!r & ,israel ! wayw>d b always at he>t loyal ,son4 ,& ?is int]pretation 0 true to ! inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,man's rep5tance 0 correlat$ ) ! sorr[ ( ,god4 ,god z well z man rep5t$1 ! =m] ( puni%m5t1 ! latt] ( s94 ,! process ( atonem5t includ$ contrition1 confession1 & *ange ( life4 ,und\bt$ly ,jewi% !ology lays ! greate/ /ress on ! active /age ( ! process4 ,jewi% morali/s use ! ^w ,te%ubah 7lit]ally 'turn+' or 'return1' i4e4 a turn+ f evil or a return to ,god7 *iefly to mean a *ange ( life4 ,s9 is evil life1 atonem5t is ! bett] life4 ,! bett] life 0 atta9$ by fa/+1 pray]1 & *>ity1 by a purification ( ! he>t & a cleans+ ( ! h&s4 ,! ritual side ( atonem5t 0 s]i\sly weak5$ by ! loss ( ! ,temple4 ,! sacrificial atonem5t 0 gone4 ,no?+ replac$ x ritually4 ,h5ce ! ,jewi% t5d5cy t[>ds a practical religion 0 /r5g!n$ by its almo/ en=c$ /ress 9 atonem5t on moral bett]m5t4 ,b ?is moral bett]m5t dep5d$ on a r5ew$ communion ) ,god4 ,s9 e/rang$1 atonem5t br\ght ne>4 ,jewi% !ology reg>d$ s9 z a triumph ( ! ,yets] ,ha-ra 7! 'evil incl9ation'7 ov] ! ,yets] ,ha-tob 7! 'good incl9ation'74 ,man 0 always liable to fall a prey to 8 l[] self4 ,b su* a fall1 ?\gh usual & univ]sal1 0 n inevitable4 ,man reass]t$ 8 high] self :5 he curb$ 8 passions1 undid ! wrong he _h wr\ght to o!rs1 & turn$ aga9 to ,god ) a contrite he>t4 ,z a ta9t ( ! s\l1 s9 0 wa%$ away by ! suppliant's te>s & confession1 by 8 s5se ( loss1 8 bitt] consci\sness ( humiliation1 b )al man 0 helpless )\t ,god4 ,god 0 ne$$ = ! atonem5t4 ,israel nev] dream$ ( putt+ =w>d 8 righte\sness z a claim to p>don4 ',we are empty ( good works' is ! con/ant refra9 ( ! ,jewi% p5it5tial appeals4 ,! f9al reliance is on ,god & on ,god alone4 ,yet ,judaism took ov] f its pa/ ! an?ropomorphic belief t ,god c\ld be mov$ by man's pray]s1 contrition1 am5dm5t--especially by man's am5dm5t4 ,atonem5t 0 only real :5 ! am5dm5t began2 x only la/$ :ile ! am5dm5t endur$4 ,man mu/ n ?9k to ?r[ 8 own burd5 entirely on ,god4 ,god w help him to be> x1 & w light5 ! weight f will+ %\ld]s4 ,b be> x man c & mu/4 ,! %\ld]s mu/ be at all ev5ts will+4 ,judaism z a !ology /ood or fell by its belief t man c affect ,god4 ,if1 = in/ance1 pray] _h no validity1 !n ,judaism _h no basis4 ,judaism did n di/+ui% betwe5 ! objective & subjective efficacy ( pray]4 ,! two w5t toge!r4 ,! acceptance ( ! w ( ,god & ! incl9+ ( ,god's purpose to ! desire ( man 7 two sides ( "o fact4 ,! ,rabb9ic ,judaism did n me*anically posit1 h[ev]1 ! objective validity ( pray]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! man :o pray$ expect+ an answ] 0 reg>d$ z arrogant & s9ful4 ,a fam\s ,talmudic pray] sums up ! submissive aspect ( ! ,jew 9 ?is brief petition 7,b]a*o?1 #bi a73 ',d ,?y w 9 heav5 above1 & grant cont5tm5t ( _s to ^? t fe> ,!e bel[2 & t :i* is good 9 ,?9e eyes d4 ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 :o he>e/ pray]4' ,?is1 be x rememb]$1 0 ! pray] ( a ,ph>isee4 ,s1 too1 a v l>ge portion ( all ,jewi% pray] is n petition b praise4 ,/ill1 ,judaism believ$1 n t pray] w\ld be answ]$1 b t x c\ld be answ]$4 ,9 mod]n times ! *ief cause ( ! weak5+ ( religion all r\nd1 9 & out ( ! ,jewi% communion1 is ! gr[+ disbelief 9 ! objective validity ( pray]4 ,& a simil> rem>k applies to ! belief 9 miracles4 ,b to a mu* less ext5t4 ,all anci5t religions 7 bas$ on miracle1 & ev5 to ! lat] religi\s consci\sness a d5ial ( miracle seems to d5y ! div9e ,omnipot5ce4 ,jewi% !ology f ! ,rabb9ic age s\ght to evade ! difficulty by ! my/ic notion t all miracles 7 lat5t 9 ord]$ nature at ! creation4 ,& s ! miracul\s becomes int]connect$ ) ,provid5ce z reveal$ 9 hi/ory4 ,b ! belief 9 special miracles recurs aga9 & aga9 9 ,judaism1 & ?\gh disc>d$ by mo/ re=m$ !ologies1 mu/ be admitt$ z a prevail+ concept ( ! old] religion4 ,b ! belief 0 r 9 g5]al ?an 9 special ,provid5ce4 ,!re 0 a communal solid>ity :i* made mo/ ( ! ,jewi% pray]s communal m ?an p]sonal4 ,x is held by _m t 9 ! ,psalt] ',i' 9 ! majority ( cases means ! :ole p4 ,! s5se ( bro!rhood1 9 o!r relations besides public wor%ip1 is a p]5nial *>act]i/ic ( ,judaism4 ,ev5 m m>k$ is ?is 9 ! conception ( ! family4 ,! hall[+ ( home-life 0 "o ( ! be/ features ( ,judaism4 ,*a/ity 0 ! m>k ( m5 & wom5 alike4 ,! position ( ! ,jewi% woman 0 9 _m ways high4 ,at law %e enjoy$ c]ta9 privileges & suff]$ c]ta9 disabilities4 ,b 9 ! h\se %e 0 que54 ,monogamy _h be5 ! rule ( ,jewi% life f ! p]iod ( ! return f ! ,babylonian ,exile4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! cu/om ( monogamy 0 legalis$ 9 ,we/]n ,jewi% communities4 ,connect$ ) ! frat]nity ( ! ,jewi% communal organisation & ! incomp>able affection & mutual devotion ( ! home-life 0 ! habit ( *>ity4 ,*>ity1 9 ! s5se bo? ( almsgiv+ & ( lov+-k9dness1 0 ! virtue ( virtues4 ,! v ^w :i* 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible means righte\sness means 9 ,rabb9ic ,hebrew *>ity4 ',on ?ree ?+s ! _w /&s1' says a ,rabbi1 'on law1 on public wor%ip1 & on ! be/[al ( lov+-k9dness4' ,"s o!r concepts ( ,judaism & _! influ5ce on "* w be treat$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,"h a f9al ^w mu/ be said on ! ,hall[+ ( ,k4 ,9 "o ( ! olde/ pray]s ( ! ,synagogue1 repeat$ ?rice daily1 occurs ?is p>agraph3 ',?\ do/ graci\sly be/[ on man k1 & tea*e/ mortals und]/&+2 ,o let u be graci\sly end[$ by ,!e ) k1 und]/&+1 & disc]nm5t4 ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 graci\s ,giv] ( ,k4' ,! intellect 0 to be turn$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,god f :om intellig5ce emanat$4 ,! ,jewi% e/imate ( intellect & le>n+ l$ to "s unamiable contempt ( ! fool & ! ignoramus4 ,b ! evil t5d5cy ( id5tify+ le>n+ ) religion 0 m ?an mitigat$ by ! enc\ragem5t :i* ?is concept gave to education4 ,! ideal 0 t e ,jew mu/ be a s*ol>1 or at all ev5ts a /ud5t4 ,obscurantism c\ld n = any l5g?y p]iod lodge itself 9 ! ,jewi% camp4 ,!re 0 no le>n$ ca/e4 ,! fact t ! ,bible & mu* ( ! mo/ admir$ lit]ature 0 9 ,hebrew made mo/ ,jews bil+ual at lea/4 ,b x 0 n m]ely t k 0 useful1 t x add$ dignity to man1 & realis$ "p ( 8 possibilities4 ,! s]vice ( ! ,"l call$ = ! d$ication ( ! reason z well z = ! purification ( ! he>t4 ,! ,jew _h to ?9k z well z feel ,he _h to s]ve ) ! m9d z well z ) ! body4 ,!re=e x 0 t he 0 always anxi\s to ju/ify 8 religion to 8 reason4 ,maimonides devot$ a l>ge section ( 8 ,guide to ! explanation ( ! motives ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,& 8 example 0 imitat$4 ,! ,law 0 ! expression ( ! ,w ( ,god1 & obey$ & lov$ z su*4 ,b ! ,law 0 also ! expression ( ! ,div9e ,reason4 ,h5ce man _h ! "r & ! duty to exam9e & realise h[ 8 own human reason 0 satisfi$ by ! ,law4 ,9 a s5se ! ,jew 0 a q simple believ]4 ,b nev] a simpleton4 ',"k ! ,"l ?y ,god' 0 ! key-note ( ?is aspect ( ,jewi% !ology4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,"s ,,obs]vances ,,( ,,judaism ,! hi/orical consci\sness ( ,israel 0 vitalis$ by a unique adaptability to pres5t conditions4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! fidelity ) :i* a numb] ( anci5t fe/ivals h be5 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! ages4 ,"s ( ^! 7 tak5 ov] f pre-,israelite cults4 ,!y 7 nature fea/s1 & ^! are among ! olde/ rites ( m54 ,b1 z ,maimonides wisely said eight c5turies ago1 religi\s rites dep5d n s mu* on _! orig9s z on ! use m5 make ( !m4 ,p :o wi% to return to ! primitive usages ( ?is or t *ur* h no grasp ( ! value & significance ( c]emonial4 ,"h1 at all ev5ts1 we are n conc]n$ ) orig9s4 ,! really int]e/+ ?+ is t fea/s1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ! fields & "u ! free heav51 7 obs]v$ & enjoy$ 9 ! conf9$ /reets ( ! ,ghetto4 ,! influ5ce ( c]emonial is undy+ :5 x is b\nd up ) a community's life4 ',x is impossible to create fe/ivals to ord]4 ,"o mu/ use ^? :i* exi/1 & :]e necess>y *>ge !m ) new mean+s4' ,s writes ,mr4 ,montefiore 9 8 ,lib]al ,judaism 7p4 #aee74 ,?is is precisely :at has happ5$ ) ! ,passov]1 ,p5teco/1 & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,^! ?ree fe/ivals 7 orig9ally1 z has be5 said1 nature fea/s4 ,b !y became also pilgrim fea/s4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,temple ! pilgrimages to ,j]usalem1 ( c\rse1 ceas$1 & !re 0 an end to ! sacrificial rites connect$ ) !m all4 ,! only s5se 9 :i* !y c /ill be call$ pilgrim fea/s is t1 despite ! g5]al laxity ( ,sabba? obs]vance & ,synagogue att5dance1 ^! ?ree celebrations are n[adays occasions on :i*1 9 spr+1 summ]1 & autumn1 a l>ge section ( ! ,jewi% community contrives to w5d its way to places ( public wor%ip4 ,9 ! ,jewi% ,liturgy ! ?ree fea/s h special designations4 ,!y are call$ respectively ',! ,season ( our ,fre$om1' '! ,season ( ! ,giv+ ( our ,law1' & '! ,season ( our ,joy4' ,^! descriptions are n biblical1 nor are !y f\nd 9 ?is precise =m until ! fixation ( ! ,synagogue liturgy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b !y h _h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 p]petuat+ ! hold t ! ?ree pilgrim fea/s h on ! he>t & consci\sness ( ,israel4 ,lib]ty1 ,revelation1 ,joy--^! are a sequ5ce ( wondr\s appeal4 ,n[ x is easily se5 t ^! ideas h no indissoluble connection ) specific hi/orical traditions4 ,true1 ',fre$om' implies ! ,exodus2 ',revelation1' ! ,s9aitic !ophany2 ',joy1' ! h>ve/ m]ry-mak+s1 & p]haps "s connection ) ! biblical n>rative ( ,israel's w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness4 ,b ! connection1 ?\gh ess5tial = ! con/ruction ( ! association1 is n ess5tial = its ret5tion4 ',! ,passov]1' says ,mr4 ,montefiore 7,lib]al ,judaism1 p4 #aee71 'practically celebrates ! =mation ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,x is also ! fe/ival ( lib]ty4 ,9 view ( ^! two c5tral features1 x does n matt] t we no long] believe 9 ! miracul\s incid5ts ( ! ,exodus /ory4 ,!y are m]e trapp+s :i* c easily be disp5s$ )4 ,a fe/ival ( lib]ty1 ! =mation ( a p = a religi\s task1 a p de/9$ to become a purely religi\s community ^: cont9u$ exi/5ce has no mean+ or value except on ! gr\nd ( religion1--"h we h ideas1 :i* c fitly =m ! subject ( a ye>ly celebration4' ,aga91 z to ,p5teco/ & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ,mr4 ,montefiore writes3 ',we d n believe t any div9e or miracul\s voice1 /ill less t ,god ,himself1 audibly pron\nc$ ! ,t5 ,words4 ,b _! importance lies 9 !mselves1 n 9 _! surr\nd+s & orig94 ,lib]als z well z or?odox may !re=e jo9 9 ! fe/ival ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,p5teco/ celebrates ! def9ite union ( religion ) morality1 ! insep>able conjunction ( ! s]vice ( ,god ) ! s]vice ( man4 ,c any religi\s fe/ival h a nobl] subject8' ,f9ally1 z to tab]nacles1 ,mr4 ,montefiore ?us expresses himself3 ',= u1 to-day1 ! connection ) ! w&]+s f ,egypt1 :i* ! late/ biblical legislators attempt$1 has aga9 disappe>$4 ,tab]nacles is a h>ve/ fe/ival2 x is a nature fe/ival4 ,%\ld n a religion h a fe/ival or holy day ( ?is k9d8 ,is n ! conception ( ,god z ! rul] & su/a9] ( nature1 ! imman5t & all-p]vad+ _s1 "o aspect ( ! ,div9e1 :i* c fitly be ?\ght ( & celebrat$ ye> by ye>8 ,?us ea* ( ! ?ree great ,p5tateu*al fe/ivals may reasonably & joyfully be obs]v$ by lib]als & or?odox alike4 ,we h no ne$ or wi% to make a *ange4' ,& ( ! actual c]emonial rites connect$ ) ! ,passov]1 ,p5teco/1 & ,tab]nacles1 x is app>5tly only ! avoidance ( leav5 on ! fir/ ( ! ?ree t is reg>d$ z unimportant4 ,b ev5 !re ,mr4 ,montefiore's own feel+ is 9 fav\r ( ! rite4 ',x is1' he says1 'a matt] ( comp>ative unimportance :e!r ! practice ( eat+ unleav5$ bread 9 ! h\se = ! sev5 days ( ! ,passov] be ma9ta9$ or n4 ,^? :o appreciate ! value ( a pretty & anci5t symbol1 bo? = *ildr5 & adults1 w n easily ab&on ! cu/om4' ,?is is surely a rem>kable developm5t4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* x seems t c]ta9 fe/ivals are reta9+ _! g5]al hold because !y are becom+ public1 national holidays4 ,b 9 ,judaism ! hold is to be ma9ta9$ precisely on ! gr\nd t !re is to be no?+ national ab\t !m1 !y are to be re9t]pret$ ideally & symbolically4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ?is is possible1 & x is too e>ly to pr$ict ! v]dict ( exp]i5ce4 ,! process is 9 active incubation 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe1 b x _c be claim$ t ! eggs are hat*$ yet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,zionism has s f> _h no effect 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!re has be5 no nationalisation ( ,judaism z a result ( ! new /riv+ aft] political nationality4 ,_m :o _h previ\sly be5 deta*$ f ! ,jewi% community h be5 br\ght back by ,zionism1 b !y h n be5 re-atta*$ to ! religion4 ,!re has be5 no p]ceptible increase1 = in/ance1 9 ! numb] ( ^? :o fa/ on ! ,n9? ( ,ab1 ! anniv]s>y ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,h5ce1 f ^! & o!r consid]ations1 ( :i* limit$ space prev5ts ! specification1 x seems on ! :ole likely t1 z 9 ! pa/ s 9 ! future1 ! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,synagogue w survive by *anges 9 religi\s significance r ?an by any deep5+ ( national association4 ,except t ! ,synagogues are deck$ ) fl[]s1 :ile ! ,decalogue is solemnly inton$ f ! ,scroll ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/ has no c]emonial trapp+s ev5 ) ! or?odox4 ,passov] & ,tab]nacles /& on a diff]5t foot+4 ,! ab/5tion f leav5$ bread on ! =m] fea/ has l$ to a closely organis$ sy/em ( cleans+ ! h\ses1 an int]m9able array ( rules z to food2 :ile ! prescriptions ( ! ,law z to ! be>+ ( palm-bran*es & o!r emblems1 & ! ord9ance z to dwell+ 9 boo?s1 h surr\nd$ ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ) a consid]able1 if less ext5sive1 c]emonial4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce4 ,! ,passov] is prim>ily a fe/ival ( ! ,home1 ,tab]nacles ( ! ,synagogue4 ,9 ,europe ! habit ( actually dwell+ 9 boo?s has be5 long unusual1 ow+ to climatic consid]ations4 ,b ( late ye>s x has become cu/om>y = e ,synagogue to raise its communal boo?1 to :i* _m ,jews pay visits ( c]emony4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,passov] is p> excell5ce a home rite4 ,on ! fir/ two ev5+s 7or at all ev5ts on ! fir/ ev5+7 !re takes place ! ,s$]1 7lit]ally 's]vice'71 a s]vice ( pray]1 :i* is at ! same "t a family meal4 ,ga!r$ r\nd ! table1 on :i* are spread unleav5$ cakes1 bitt] h]bs1 & o!r emblems ( joy & sorr[1 ! family rec\nts 9 prose & song ! n>rative ( ! ,exodus4 ,! s]vice is 9 two p>ts1 betwe5 :i* comes ! ev5+ meal4 ,! hall[+ ( ! home "h atta9s its highe/ po9t4 ,unless1 inde$1 ?is di/9ction be allott$ to ! ,sabba?4 ,! rigidity ( ! laws reg>d+ ,sabba? obs]vance is und5iable4 ,movem5t 0 re/rict$1 _m acts 7 =bidd5 :i* 7 n 9 !mselves labori\s4 ,! ,sabba? 0 h$g$ 9 by a =midable array ( enactm5ts4 ,to an outside critic x is n wond]ful t ! ,jewi% ,sabba? has a repell5t look4 ,b to ! insid] ?+s we> ano!r aspect4 ,! ,sabba? 0 & is a day ( delight4 ,on x ! ,jew _h a =eta/e ( ! happ9ess ( ! _w to come4 ,! read] :o wi%es to h a spirit$1 & absolutely true1 picture ( ! ,jewi% ,sabba? _c d bett] ?an turn to ,dr4 ,s*e*t]'s excell5t ,/udies 9 ,judaism 7pp4 #bif seq474 ,z ,dr4 ,s*e*t] pi?ily puts x3 ',somebody1 ei!r ! le>n$ pr(essors1 or ! millions ( ! ,jewi% p1 mu/ be "u a delusion4' ,"r ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages ! ,sabba? grew deep] into ! affections ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 n till aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! era ( emancipation1 t a *ange occurr$4 ,mix+ ) ! _w1 & %>+ ! _w's pursuits1 ! ,jews began to f9d x h>d to obs]ve ! ,saturday ,sabba? z ( old4 ,9 /ill m rec5t times ! difficulty has increas$4 ,add$ to ?is1 ! gr[+ laxity 9 obs]vances has affect$ ! ,sabba?4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ press+ problems t face ! ,jewi% community to-day4 ,"h & !re an attempt has be5 made by small sections ( ,jews to sub/itute a ,sunday ,sabba? = ! ,saturday ,sabba?4 ,b ! plan has n prosp]$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable rites ( ! ,s]vice ( ! ,passov] eve is ! sanctification ) w9e1 a c]emony common to ! ord9>y ,sabba? eve4 ,?is rite has p]haps _h mu* to d ) ! *>act]i/ic sobriety ( ,israel4 ,w9e =ms "p ( almo/ e ,jewi% rite1 includ+ ! m>riage c]emony4 ,w9e ?us becomes associat$ ) religion1 & undue indulg5ce is a s9 z well z a vice4 ',no joy )\t w9e1' runs an old ,rabb9ic prescription4 ,joy is ! hallm>k ( ,judaism2 ',joy\s ,s]vice' its summ>y ( man's relation to ! ,law4 ,s f> is ,judaism f be+ a gloomy religion1 t x is almo/ too light-he>t$1 j z 0 ! religion ( anci5t ,greece4 ,b ! ,talmud tells u ( a class :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fir/ c5tury 7 kn[n z 'lov]s ( sorr[4' ,^! m5 7 9 love ) mis=tune2 = to e trial ( ,israel correspond$ an int]v5tion ( ! div9e salvation4 ,?is is ! secret ( ! ,jewi% gaiety4 ,! resili5ce "u tribulation 0 ! result ( a firm confid5ce 9 ! sav+ fidelity ( ,god4 ,& ! gaiety 0 temp]$ by solemnity1 z ! obs]vances1 to :i* we n[ turn1 w amply %[4 ,f> m rem>kable ?an any?+ yet discuss$ is ! *ange effect$ 9 two o!r holy days s9ce ,bible times4 ,! g5ius ( ,judaism is n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! full] mean+s :i* h be5 infus$ into ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! ,new ,ye> is ! fir/ day ( ! sev5? mon? 7,ti%ri71 :5 ! ecclesia/ical ye> began4 ,9 ! ,bible ! fe/ival is only kn[n z a 'day ( bl[+ ! %(>' 7ram's horn74 ,9 ! ,synagogue ?is rite 0 reta9$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 & x /ill is univ]sally obs]v$4 ,b ! day 0 trans=m$ into a ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ! op5+ ( a t5 days' p]iod ( ,p5it5ce :i* clos$ ) ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,"h1 too1 ! *ange effect$ 9 a biblical rite trans=m$ its "*4 ',x ne$$ a long upw>d developm5t be=e a day1 orig9ally in/itut$ on prie/ly ideas ( national s9 & collective atonem5t1 c\ld be trans=m$ into ! purely spiritual fe/ival :i* we celebrate to-day' 7,montefiore1 op4 cit41 p4 #afj74 ,b ! day is none ! less associat$ ) a /rict rite1 ! fa/4 ,x is "o ( ! few ascetic c]emonies 9 ! ,jewi% ,cal5d> z kn[n to mo/ ,jews4 ,!re is a /ra9 ( asceticism 9 "s =ms ( ,judaism1 & on ?is a few words w be said lat]4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 !re is 9 mod]n ,judaism a t5d5cy to und]rate some:at ! value ( asceticism 9 religion4 ,h5ce ! fa/ has a di/9ct importance 9 & = itself1 & x is regrettable t ! laudable desire to spiritualise ! day is lead+ to a depreciation ( ! fa/ z su*4 ,b ! real *ange is due to ! cessation ( sacrifices4 ,9 ! ,levitical ,code1 sacrifice _h a prim>y importance 9 ! s*eme ( atonem5t4 ,b ) ! loss ( ! ,temple1 ! idea ( sacrifice entirely vani%$1 & atonem5t became a matt] = ! p]sonal consci5ce4 ,x 0 h5ce=? an inw>d s5se ( s9 translat+ itself into ! bett] life4 ',to purify desire1 to ennoble ! w--?is is ! ess5tial condition ( atonem5t4 ,nay1 x is atonem5t' 7,joseph1 ,judaism z ,cre$ & ,life1 p4 #bfg2 cf4 supra1 p4 #de74 ,?is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,*ri/ian !ologians1 is a %all[ view ( atonem5t4 ,b x is at all ev5ts an attempt to apply !ology to life4 ,& its ju/ification lies 9 its success4 ,( ! o!r fe/ivals a ^w is due conc]n+ two ( !m1 :i* diff] mu* 9 significance & 9 developm5t4 ,purim & ,*anuka are _! names4 ,purim 0 probably ! anci5t ,babylonian ,saturnalia1 & x is /ill obs]v$ z a k9d ( ,c>nival by _m ,jews1 ?\gh _! numb] is decreas+4 ,= ,purim is emphatically a ,ghetto fea/4 ,& ?is description applies 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 ) :i* ! ,jewi% ,purim is associat$1 is n a book t comm5ds itself to ! mod]n ,jewi% consci\sness4 ,! hi/oricity ( ! /ory is d\bt$1 & its n>r[ outlook is n t ( prophetic ,judaism4 ,obs]v$ z m$iaeval ,jews obs]v$ x1 ,purim 0 a ?or\ghly innoc5t fe/ivity4 ,! unpleasant ta/e left by ! clos+ sc5es ( ! book 0 wa%$ (f by ! g5iality ( temp] :i* saw ! hum\rs ( ,haman's fall & nev] = a mom5t re/$ 9 a feel+ ( v9dictiv5ess4 ,b ! :ole book brea!s s nationali/ic a _s1 s uncompromis+ a belief t ! enemy ( ,israel mu/ be ! enemy ( ,god1 t x has become difficult = mod]n ,judaism to reta9 any affection = x4 ,x makes its appeal to ! p]secut$1 no d\bt3 x conveys a /irr+ lesson 9 ! provid5tial c>e ) :i* ,god wat*es ov] ,8 p3 x bids ! suff]] hope4 ,e/h]'s spl5did surr5d] ( self1 h] immortal decl>ation1 ',if ,i p]i%1 ,i p]i%1' /ill may legitimately ?rill all he>ts4 ,b ! ,c>nival has no place 9 ! life ( a ,we/]n city1 /ill less ! sectional ,c>nival4 ,! hobby-horse _h its opportunity & ! mask]s _! rights 9 ! ,ghetto1 b only !re4 ,purim ?us is n[ *iefly reta9$ z a *ildr5's fea/1 & /ill bett] z a fea/ ( *>ity1 ( ! int]*ange ( gifts betwe5 fri5ds1 & ! be/[al ( alms on ! ne$y4 ,?is is a wor?y survival4 ,*anuka1 on ! o!r h&1 gr[s e ye> into great] popul>ity4 ,?is fe/ival ( light1 :5 lamps are k9dl$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,maccabean h]oes1 has ( late be5 r$iscov]$ by ! lib]als4 ,= ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ! fe/ival ( ,*anuka 7',d$ication'7 0 obs]v$ by ! ,*ur* z well z by ! ,synagogue4 ,b = "s c5turies aft]w>ds ! significance ( ! anniv]s>y 0 obscur$4 ,x is n[ realis$ z a mom5t\s ev5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x 0 n m]ely a local triumph ( ,hebraism ov] ,hell5ism1 b x repres5ts ! re-entry ( ! ,ea/ into ! civilisation ( ! ,we/4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h occid5talis$ ! ,ori5t4 ,b ) ! success ( ! ,judaeans aga9/ ! ,seleucids & ( ! ,p>?ians aga9/ ! ,romans1 ! ,ea/ reass]t$ itself4 ,& ! newly recov]$ influ5ce has nev] aga9 be5 surr5d]$4 ,h5ce ?is fea/ is a fea/ ( ideals4 ,ye> by ye> ?is is becom+ m cle>ly se54 ,& ! symbol ( ! fea/1 light1 is itself an inspiration4 ,! ,jew is really a v s5tim5tal be+4 ,he loves symbols4 ,a good deal ( 8 fondness = ritual is due to ?is fact4 ,! outw>d m>ks ( an inn] /ate h always appeal$ to him4 ,anci5t taboos became n only consecrat$ b symbolical4 ,:e!r x be ! rite ( circumcision1 or ! use ( phylact]ies & fr+$ pray+ g>m5ts1 or ! adfixture ( little scrolls 9 metal cases on ! door-po/s1 or ! glad submission to ! diet>y laws1 9 all ^! matt]s s5tim5t play$ a consid]able "p4 ,& ! ^w s5tim5t is us$ 9 its be/ s5se4 ,ab/ract morality is well en\gh = ! philosoph]1 b m5 ( fle% & blood want _! morality express$ 9 t]ms ( feel+4 ,love ( ,god is a f9e ?+1 b ! ,jew wi%$ to d lov+ acts ( s]vice4 ,ob$i5ce to ! ,w ( ,god1 ! suppression ( ! human desires be=e t ,w1 is a great ideal4 ,b ! ,jew wi%$ to realise t he 0 obey+1 t he 0 mak+ ! self-suppression4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ ) a g5]al law ( hol9ess3 he felt impell$ to hol9ess 9 detail1 to a life 9 :i* ! laws ( bodily hygi5e 7 obey$ z "p ( ! same law ( hol9ess t impos$ ritual & moral purity4 ,mu* ( ! intricate sy/em1 ( obs]vance briefly summ>is$ 9 ?is p>agraph1 a sy/em :i* fill$ ! ,jew's life1 is pass+ away4 ,?is is l>gely because ,jews are surr5d]+ _! own orig9al !ory ( life & religion4 ,mod]n ,judaism seems to h no use = ! ritual sy/em4 ,! old] ,judaism might retort t1 if t be s1 x has no use = ! mod]n ,judaism4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cle> t mod]n ,judaism n[ realises ! mi/ake made by ! ,re=m]s ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury4 ,h5ce we are he>+1 & %all no d\bt he> m & m1 ( ! modification ( obs]vances 9 ,judaism r ?an ( _! abolition4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,jewi% ,,my/icism ',judaism is (t5 call$ ! religion ( reason4 ,x is ?is1 b x is also ! religion ( ! s\l4 ,x recognises ! value ( t my/ic insight1 ^? indef9able intuitions :i*1 tak+ up ! task at ! po9t :]e ! m9d impot5tly ab&ons x1 c>ries u /raight into ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+4 ,?us x has f\nd room bo? = ! ke5 speculator on !ological problems & = ! my/ic :o1 because he feels ,god1 decl9es to reason ab\t ,him--= a ,maimonides & a ,m5delssohn1 b also = a ,na*manides1 a ,vital1 & a ,luria' 7,m4 ,joseph1 op4 cit41 p4 #dg74 ,us$ 9 a vague way1 my/icism /&s = spiritual inw>dness4 ,religion )\t my/icism1 said ,amiel1 is a rose )\t p]fume4 ,?is say+ is no m precise & no m in=m+ ?an ,mat!w ,arnold's def9ition ( religion z morality t\*$ ) emotion4 ,nei!r my/icism nor an emotional t\* makes religion4 ,!y are z (t5 z n concomitants ( a pa?ological /ate :i* is ! d5ial ( religion4 ,b if my/icism means a p]sonal attitude t[>ds ,god 9 :i* ! he>t is active z well z ! m9d1 !n religion _c exi/ )\t my/icism4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we reg>d my/icism z :at x v (t5 is1 z an anti!sis to in/itutional religion & a revolt aga9/ au?ority & =ms1 !n x may seem at fir/ sight p>adoxical to recognise ! my/ic's claim to ! hospitality ( ,judaism4 ,t a religion :i* produc$ ! ,psalt]1 & n only produc$ x1 b us$ x ) nev] a break1 %\ld be a religion1 ) int5sely spiritual possibilities1 & its adh]5ts capable ( a vivid s5se ( ! ne>ness ( ,god1 ) an ev]-felt & nev]-satisfi$ long+ = communion ) ,him1 is :at we %\ld fully expect4 ,b ?is expectation w\ld r make u look = an expression on ! l9es ( ! #aai? ,psalm1 9 :i* ! ,law is s m>k$ly associat$ ) fre$om & spirituality4 ,judaism1 aft] all1 all[$ to au?ority & ,law a supreme place4 ,b ! my/ic relies on 8 own intuitions1 dep5ds on 8 p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,judaism1 on ! o!r h&1 is a s*eme 9 :i* p]sonal exp]i5ces only c\nt 9 s f> z !y are br\ght into ! g5]al fund ( ! communal exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 discuss+ ,judaism x is always imp]ative to disc>d all a priori probabilities4 ,judaism is ! great upsett] ( ! probable4 ,analyse a t5d5cy ( ,judaism & pr$ict its logical consequ5ces1 & !n look 9 ,judaism = consequ5ces q o!r ?an ^!4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ?+s are n :at !y ought to be4 ,! sacrificial sy/em %\ld h de/roy$ spirituality2 9 fact1 x produc$ ! ,psalt]1 '! hymnbook ( ! second ,temple4' ,ph>isaism ought to h l$ to ext]nalism2 9 fact1 x did n1 = someh[ excessive scrupulosity 9 rite & pieti/ic ex]cises w5t h& 9 h& ) simple fai? & religi\s inw>dness4 ,s1 too1 ! expression ( e?ics & religion z ,law ought to h suppress$ individuality2 9 fact1 x sometimes gave an impulse to ea* individual to try to impose 8 own concepts1 norms1 & acts z a ,law ^u ! re/4 ,ea* ?\ght v mu* = himself1 & desir$ t o!rs %\ld ?9k likewise4 ,we h already se5 t 9 matt]s ( dogma !re nev] 0 any corporate action at all2 9 anci5t times1 z n[1 x is n possible to pron\nce def9itely on ! dogmatic tea*+s ( ,judaism4 ,?\gh !re has be5 & is a c]ta9 cons5sus ( op9ion on _m matt]s1 yet nei!r 9 practice nor 9 beliefs h ! local1 ! temporal1 ! p]sonal elem5ts ev] be5 negligible4 ,9 ord] to exp\nd or def9e a t5et or rite ( ,judaism x is mo/ly necess>y to g into que/ions ( "t & place & p]son4 ,p]haps1 !n1 we ought to be prep>$ to f9d1 z 9 po9t ( fact we d f9d1 )9 ! ma9 body ( ,judaism1 & n m]ely z a freak ( occasional ecc5trics1 di/9ct my/ical t5d5cies4 ,^! t5d5cies h (t5 be5 active well inside ! sph]e ( ! ,law4 ,my/icism 01 z we %all see1 sometimes a revolt aga9/ ,law2 b x 0 (t51 9 ,judaism z 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! outcome ( a s9c]e & ev5 passionate devotion to au?ority4 ,jewi% my/icism1 9 p>ticul>1 />ts z an int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures4 ,c]ta9 tru?s 7 arriv$ at by man ei!r intuitively or rationally1 & ^! 7 h>monis$ ) ! ,bible by a process ( lift+ ! veil f ! text1 & ?us p5etrat+ to ! true mean+ hidd5 b5ea? ! lett]4 ,allegorical & esot]ic exegesis always _h ?is aim3 to f9d writt5 :at _h be5 o!rwise f\nd4 ,hon\r 0 ?us done to ! ,scriptures1 ?\gh ! latt] 7 some:at cavali]ly treat$ 9 ! process2 ,philo's doctr9e 7at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era7 & ! great canonical book ( ! m$iaeval ,cabbala1 ! ,zoh> 7beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury71 7 alike 9 ?is1 !y 7 l>gely comm5t>ies on ! ,p5tateu*4 ,maimonides 9 ! twelf? c5tury foll[$ ! same me?od1 & only diff]$ f ^! 9 ! nature ( 8 d$uctions f ,scripture4 ,?is pr9ce ( rationali/s agre$ ) ! my/ics 9 adopt+ an esot]ic exegesis4 ,b he read ,ari/otle into ! text1 :ile ! my/ics read ,plato into x4 ,!y 7 alike fai?ful to ! ,law1 or r to _! own int]pretations ( its t]ms4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is1--a l>ge portion ( ,jewi% my/icism 0 ! "w ( lawy]s4 ,"s ( ! =emo/ my/ics 7 fam\s ,talmudi/s1 m5 :o 7 appeal$ to = decisions on ritual & conduct4 ,x is a ph5om5on t con/antly meets u 9 ,jewi% !ology4 ,!re 7 ant9omian my/ics & legali/ic oppon5ts ( my/icism1 b _m1 l ,na*manides 7#aaie-abgj7 & ,joseph ,c>o 7#adhh-aege71 d\bl$ ! p>ts ( ,cabbali/ & ,talmudi/4 ,t ,jewi% my/icism comes to look l a revolt aga9/ ! ,talmud is due to ! c\rse ( m$iaeval s*ola/icism4 ,:ile ,ari/otle 0 supreme1 x 0 impossible = man to conceive z kn[able any?+ unatta9able by reason4 ,b reason mu/ always leave ,god z unkn[able4 ,my/icism did n ass]t t ,god 0 kn[able1 b x sub/itut$ some?+ else = ?is spiritual scepticism4 ,my/icism />t$ ) ! conviction t ,god 0 unkn[able by reason1 b x held t ,god 0 nev]!less realisable 9 ! human exp]i5ce4 ,accept+ & adopt+ v>i\s ,neo-,platonic !ories ( emanation1 elaborat+ !nce an intricate angelology1 ! my/ics ?rew a bridge ov] ! gulf betwe5 ,god & man4 ,philo's ,logos1 ! ,p]sonifi$ ,wisdom ( ! ,pale/9ian ,midra%1 ! demiurge ( ,gno/icism1 ! inc>nate ,*ri/1 7 all b v>i\s phases ( ?is same attempt to cross an o!rwise impassable *asm4 ,?r\gh\t its :ole hi/ory1 ,jewi% my/icism sub/itut$ m$iate creation = imm$iate creation out ( no?+1 & ! m$iate be+s 7 n creat$ b 7 emanations4 ,?is view 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,solomon ibn ,gabirol 7#ajba-ajgj74 ,god is to ,gabirol an absolute ,unity1 9 :i* =m & sub/ance are id5tical4 ,h5ce ,he _c be attributively def9$1 & man c "k ,him only by means ( be+s :i* emanate f ,him4 ,nor 0 ?is idea conf9$ to ,jewi% philosophy ( ! ,greece-,arabic s*ool4 ,! ,g]man ,cabbala1 too1 :i* ow$ no?+ directly to t s*ool1 held t ,god 0 n rationally kn[able4 ,! result mu/ be1 n m]ely to exalt vision>y m$itation ov] calm ratioc9ation1 b to place reliance on inw>d exp]i5ce in/ead ( on ext]nal au?ority1 :i* makes its appeal necess>ily to ! reason4 ,"h we see elem5ts ( revolt4 ,=1 z ,dr4 ,l4 ,g9zb]g well says1 ':ile /udy ( ! ,law 0 to ,talmudi/s ! v acme ( piety1 ! my/ics accord$ ! fir/ place to pray]1 :i* 0 consid]$ z a my/ical progress t[>ds ,god1 dem&+ a /ate ( ec/asy4' ,! ,jewi% my/ic mu/ inv5t means = induc+ su* a /ate1 = ,judaism _c endure a passive wait+ = ! mov+ _s4 ,! my/ic s\l mu/ le>n h[ to m\nt ! *>iot 7,m]kaba7 & ride into ! inmo/ halls ( ,heav54 ,mo/ly ! ec/atic /ate 0 induc$ by fa/+ & o!r ascetic ex]cises1 a necess>y prelim9>y be+ moral purity2 !n !re 7 solit>y m$itations & long night vigils2 la/ly1 prescrib$ ritual ( prov$ efficacy dur+ ! v act ( pray]4 ,?us my/icism _h a f>!r attraction = a c]ta9 class ( ,jews1 9 t x suppli$ ! miss+ elem5t ( asceticism :i* is indisp5sable to m5 m au/]ely dispos$ ?an ! av]age ,jew4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury a v /rong impetus 0 giv5 to ,jewi% my/icism by ,isaac ,luria 7#aecd-aegb74 ,8 *ief contributions to ! movem5t 7 practical1 ?\gh he d\btless taught a !oretical ,cabbala also4 ,b ,judaism1 ev5 9 its my/ical phases1 rema9s a religion ( conduct4 ,luria 0 conv9c$ t man c conqu] matt]2 ?is practical conviction 0 ! mov+ =ce ( 8 :ole life4 ,8 own mann] ( liv+ 0 sa9tly2 & he taught 8 disciples t !y too c\ld1 by p5it5ce1 confession1 pray]1 & *>ity1 evade bodily trammels & s5d _! s\ls /raight to ,god ev5 dur+ _! t]re/rial pilgrimage4 ,luria taught all ?is n only :ile submitt+ to ,law1 b "u ! /ress ( a passionate submission to x4 ,he add$ 9 p>ticul> a new beauty to ! ,sabba?4 ,_m ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ly religi\s rites connect$ n[ ) ! ,sabba? are ( 8 devis+4 ,! :ite ,sabba? g>b1 ! joy\s my/ical hymns full ( ! ,bride & ( ,love1 ! special ,sabba? foods1 ! notion ( ! 'ov]-,s\l'--^! & _m o!r ( ! ,lurian rites & fancies /ill hold wide sway 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,! 'ov]-,s\l' 0 a v inspir+ conception1 :i* c]ta9ly did n orig9ate ) ,luria4 ,accord+ to a ,talmudic ,rabbi 7,re% ,laki%1 ?ird c5tury71 on ,adam 0 be/[$ a high] s\l on ! ,sabba?1 :i* he lo/ at ! close ( ! day4 ,luria seiz$ ^u ?is my/ical idea1 & us$ x at once to spiritualise ! ,sabba? & atta* to x an ec/atic joy\sness4 ,! ritual ( ! 'ov]-,s\l' 0 an elaborate means by :i* a relation 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,b all ?is symbolism _h b ! slighte/ connection ) dogma4 ,x 0 practical ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,x em]g$ 9 a numb] ( new rites1 x bas$ itself on & became ! cause ( a deep5+ devotion to morality4 ,luria w\ld h look$ ) dismay on ! moral laxity :i* did lat] on intrude1 9 consequ5ce ( unbridl$ emotionalism & my/ic hy/]ia4 ,!re comes ! po9t :5 he t int]prets ,law emotionally is no long] ,law-abid+4 ,! ant9omian crisis ?us produc$ meets u 9 ! c>e]s ( _m :o1 l ,sabbatai ,zebi1 assum$ ! ,messianic role4 ,jewi% my/icism1 />t+ z an ascetic corrective to ! conv5tional h$onism1 lo/ its ascetic "* & deg5]at$ into lic5ti\sness4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! eighte5?-c5tury my/icism kn[n z ,*assidism1 ?\gh1 z its "n 7',sa9tl9ess'7 implies1 x 0 innoc5t en\gh at its initiation4 ,viol5t dances1 & o!r emotional & s5sual /imulations1 l$ to a /ate ( exaltation dur+ :i* ! l9e ( morality 0 ov]/epp$4 ,b !re 0 nev]!less1 z ,dr4 ,s*e*t] has %[n1 consid]able spiritual wor? & beauty 9 ,*assidism4 ,x transf]r$ ! c5tre ( gravity f ?9k+ to feel+2 x l$ away f ! wor%ip ( ,scripture to ! love ( ,god4 ,! fre% air ( religion 0 brea!d once m1 ! />s & ! op5 sky replac$ ! midnight lamp & ! college4 ,b x 0 de/9$ to raise a fog m murky ?an ! conf9$ atmosph]e ( ! /udy4 ,! man ) ! book 0 (t5 ne>] ,god ?an 0 ! man ( ! e>?4 ,! opposition ( ,talmudism aga9/ ! neo-my/icism 0 ?us on ! :ole j & salut>y4 ,?is opposition1 no d\bt1 0 bitt] *iefly :5 my/icism became revolution>y 9 practice1 :5 x invad$ ! e/abli%$ cu/oms ( legali/ic or?odoxy4 ,b x 0 also felt t my/icism w5t dang]\sly ne> to a d5ial ( ! absolute ,unity ( ,god4 ,x 0 m difficult to attack x on its !oretical ?an on its practical side1 h[ev]4 ,! ,jewi% my/ic did sometimes adopt a mo/ irritat+ policy ( delib]ately alt]+ cu/oms z ?\gh = ! v pleasure ( *ange4 ,n[ 9 mo/ religi\s controv]sies discipl9e c\nts = m ?an belief4 ,z ,salimb5e ass]ts ( 8 own day3 ',x 0 f> less dang]\s to debate 9 ! s*ools :e!r ,god really exi/$1 ?an to we> publicly & p]t9aci\sly a frock & c[l ( any b ! or?odox cut4' ,b ! ,talmudi/s' antagonism to my/icism 0 n exclusively ( ?is k9d 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,my/icism is (t5 m]e delusion4 ,9 ! la/ resort man has no o!r guide ?an 8 reason4 ,x is 8 own reason t conv9ces him ( ! limitations ( 8 reason4 ,b ^? limitations are n to be ov]pass$ by a vision>y self-introspection1 unless ?is1 too1 is subject$ to rational criticism4 ,my/icism does its true "p :5 x applies ?is criticism also to ! curr5t =ms1 conv5tions1 & in/itutions4 ,conv5tions1 =ms1 & in/itutions1 aft] all1 repres5t ! corporate wisdom1 ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( m5 ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,my/icism is ! exp]i5ce ( "o4 ,ea* does "r to te/ ! corporate exp]i5ce by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,b he mu/ n elevate himself into a law ev5 = himself4 ,t1 9 a s5t5ce1 w\ld summ>ise ! attitude ( ,judaism t[>ds my/icism4 ,x is m$ic9e1 n a food4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,es*atology ,t ! s\l has a life ( its own aft] dea? 0 a firmly fix$ idea 9 ,judaism1 ?\gh1 except 9 ! works ( philosoph]s & 9 ! lib]al !ology ( mod]n ,judaism1 ! gross] conception ( a bodily ,resurrection 0 pr$om9ant ov] ! purely spiritual idea ( ,immortality4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,maimonides1 :o =mulat$ ! belief 9 ,resurrection z a dogma ( ! ,synagogue1 himself held t ! _w to come is altoge!r free f mat]ial factors4 ,at a mu* e>li] p]iod 79 ! ?ird c5tury7 ,rab _h said 7,b]4 #ag a73 ',n z ?is _w is ! _w to come4 ,9 ! _w to come !re is no eat+ or dr9k+1 no sexual int]c\rse1 no b>t]1 no envy1 hatr$1 or cont5tion4 ,b ! righte\s sit ) _! cr[ns on _! heads1 enjoy+ ! spl5d\r ( ! ,%e*9ah 7! ,div9e ,pres5ce74' ,comm5t+ on ?is 9 v>i\s places1 ,maimonides emphatically ass]ts ! spirituality ( ! future life4 ,9 8 ,siraj he says1 ) ref]5ce to ! utt]ance ( ,rab j quot$3 ',by ! rem>k ( ! ,sages ) _! cr[ns on _! heads is meant ! pres]vation ( ! s\l 9 ! intellectual sph]e1 & ! m]g+ ( ! two into "o4444 ,by _! rem>k enjoy+ ! spl5d\r ( ! ,%e*9ah is meant t ^? s\ls w reap bliss 9 :at !y compreh5d ( ! ,creator1 j z ! ,angels enjoy felicity 9 :at !y und]/& ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,& s ! felicity & ! f9al goal consi/s 9 rea*+ to ?is exalt$ company & atta9+ ?is high pit*4' ,aga91 9 8 philosophical ,guide 7,i4 xli471 ,maimonides di/+ui%es ?ree k9ds ( 's\l'3 7#a7 ,! pr9ciple ( animality1 7#b7 ! pr9ciple ( humanity1 & 7#c7 ! pr9ciple ( intellectuality1 t "p ( man's individuality :i* c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! body1 & !re=e alone survives dea?4 ,ev5 m rem>kable is ! fact t ,maimonides enunciates ! same op9ion 9 8 ,code 7,laws ( ,rep5tance1 viii4 #b74 ,= ! ,code diff]s f ! o!r two ( ! ?ree ma9 works ( ,maimonides 9 t x is less p]sonal1 & expresses :at ! au?or conceives to be ! g5]al op9ion ( ,judaism z int]pret$ by its mo/ au?oritative tea*]s4 ,!re c be no "q b t ?is repeat$ insi/5ce ( ,maimonides has /rongly affect$ all subsequ5t ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,to him1 et]nal bliss consi/s 9 p]fect spiritual communion ) ,god4 ',he :o desires to s]ve ,god f ,love mu/ n s]ve to w9 ! future _w4 ,b he does "r & es*ews wrong because he is man1 & owes x to 8 manhood to p]fect himself4 ,?is ef=t br+s him to ! type ( p]fect man1 ^: s\l %all live 9 ! /ate t befits x1 viz4 9 ! _w to come4' ,?us ! _w to come is a /ate r ?an a place4 ,b ,maimonides' view 0 n accept$ )\t dispute4 ,x 0 inde$ q easy to cite ,rabb9ic passages 9 :i* ! _w to come is id5tifi$ ) ! bodily ,resurrection4 ,aga9/ ,maimonides 7 produc$ su* ,talmudic utt]ances z ! foll[+3 ',said ,rabbi ,*iya b4 ,joseph1 ! ,righte\s %all arise clad 9 _! g>m5ts1 = if a gra9 ( :eat :i* is buri$ nak$ comes =? ) _m g>m5ts1 h[ mu* m %all ! righte\s arise full g>b$1 see+ t !y 7 int]r$ ) %r\ds' 7,ke?ub4 #aaa b74 ,aga91 ',rabbi ,jannai said to 8 *ildr51 ,bury me n 9 :ite g>m5ts or 9 black3 n 9 :ite1 le/ ,i be n held wor?y 7( heav57 & ?us may be l a bridegroom among m\rn]s 79 ,geh5na72 nor 9 black1 le/ if ,i am held wor?y1 ,i be l a m\rn] among bridegrooms 79 heav574 ,b bury me 9 col\r$ g>m5ts 7s t my appe>ance w be p>tly 9 keep+ ) ei!r fate71' 7,sabba?1 #aad a74 ,or f9ally3 ',!y arise ) _! blemi%es1 & !n are heal$' 7,sanh4 #ia b74 ,! popul> fancy1 9 its natural long+ = a p]sonal exi/5ce aft] ! bodily dea?1 c]ta9ly seiz$ ^u ! belief 9 ,resurrection ) avidity4 ,x _h its roots p>tly 9 ! individual consci\sness1 p>tly 9 ! communal4 ,= ! ,resurrection 0 closely connect$ ) su* hopes z ^? express$ 9 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! re-animation ( ,israel's dry bones 7,ezek4 xxxvii474 ,?us popul> !ology adopt$ _m ideas bas$ on ! ,resurrection4 ,! my? ( ! ,levia?an h>dly belongs "h1 =1 widespread z x 01 x 0 c]ta9ly n reg>d$ 9 a mat]ial light4 ,! ,levia?an 0 creat$ on ! fif? day1 & its fle% w be s]v$ z a banquet = ! righte\s at ! adv5t ( ,messiah4 ,! m$iaeval poets f\nd mu* attraction 9 ?is idea1 & all[$ _! imag9ation full play conc]n+ ! details ( ! div9e repa/4 ,maimonides entirely spiritualis$ ! idea1 & 8 example 0 "h decisive4 ,! conception ( ! ,resurrection _h o!r consequ5ces4 ,z ! sc5e ( ! ,resurrection is to be ,j]usalem1 !re grew up a /rong desire to be buri$ on ! we/]n slope ( ,m\nt ,olivet4 ,9 fact1 _m burial & m\rn+ cu/oms ( ! ,synagogue orig9at$ f a belief 9 ! bodily ,resurrection4 ,b ev5 9 ! or?odox liturgy ! direct ref]5ces to x are vague & idealis$4 ,two passages ( great beauty may be cit$4 ,! fir/ is tak5 f ! ,au?oris$ ,daily ,pray] ,book 7ed4 ,s+]1 p4 #e73 ',o my ,god1 ! s\l :i* ,?\ gave/ me is pure2 ,?\ did/ create x1 ,?\ did/ =m x1 ,?\ did/ brea! x into me2 ,?\ pres]ve/ x )9 me2 & ,?\ wilt take x f me1 b wilt re/ore x unto me h]eaft]4 ,s long z ! s\l is )9 me1 ,i w give ?anks unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l my ,god & ,god ( my fa!rs1 ,sov]eign ( all works1 ,"l ( all s\ls6 ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 :o re/ore/ s\ls unto dead bodies4' ,! la/ phrase is also extant 9 ano!r read+ 9 ! ,talmud & 9 "s liturgies3 ',bless$ art ,?\1 :o revive/ ! dead1' b ! mean+ ( ! two =ms is id5tical4 ,?is passage1 be x not$1 is anci5t1 & is recit$ e morn+ at pray]4 ,! second passage is recit$ ev5 m frequ5tly1 = x is said ?rice daily1 & also =ms "p ( ! fun]al s]vice4 ,x may be f\nd 9 ! ,pray] ,book j quot$ on p4 #dd3 ',?\1 ,o ,"l1 art mighty = ev]1 ,?\ quick5e/ ! dead1 ,?\ art mighty to save4 ,?\ su/a9e/ ! liv+ ) lov+-k9dness1 quick5e/ ! dead ) great m]cy1 supporte/ ! fall+1 heale/ ! sick1 loose/ ! b\nd1 & keepe/ ,?y fai? to !m t sleep 9 ! du/4 ,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,"l ( mighty acts1 & :o resemble? ,!e1 ,o ,k+1 :o kille/ & quick5e/1 & cause/ salvation to spr+ =?8 ,yea fai?ful art ,?\ to quick5 ! dead4' ,! lat] hi/ory ( ! doctr9e 9 ! ,synagogue may be be/ summ>is$ 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,kohl]1 ^: !ological articles 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia des]ve grateful recognition4 ,:at foll[s may be read at full l5g? 9 t "w1 vol4 vi4 p4 #efg3 ',:ile m$iaeval philosophy dwelt on ! intellectual1 moral1 or spiritual nature ( ! s\l to prove its immortality1 ! ,cabbali/s endeav\r$ to expla9 ! s\l z a light f heav51 aft] ,prov]bs xx4 #bg1 & immortality z a return to ! cele/ial _w ( pure light4 ,b ! belief 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l l$ ! my/ics to ! adoption1 ) all its weird notions & sup]/itions1 ( ! ,py?agorean sy/em ( ! transmigration ( ! s\l4' ,moses ,m5delssohn reviv$ ! ,platonic =m ( ! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,!nce=? ! dogma ( ! ,resurrection 0 gradually disc>d$ until x 0 elim9at$ f ! ,pray] ,book ( ! ,re=m congregations4 ,man's future 0 ?\ght ( z ! realisation ( ^? 'high] expectations :i* are s[n1 z "p ( its v nature1 9 e human s\l4' ,! /atem5t ( ,g5esis t ',god made man 9 ,8 own image1' & ! idea convey$ 9 ! text 7#a ,samuel xxv4 #bi71 ',may ! s\l 444 be b\nd up 9 ! bundle ( life ) ! ,"l ?y ,god1' :i* z a div9e promise & a human supplication 'fill$ ! g5]ations ) com=t & hope1 receiv$ a new mean+ f ?is view ( man's future2 & ! ,rabb9ical say+ 7,b]4 #fd a73 ,! ,righte\s re/ n1 ei!r 9 ?is or 9 ! future _w1 b g f /r5g? to /r5g? until !y see ,god 9 ,zion1 appe>$ to (f] an endless vi/a to ! hope ( immortality4' ,b q ap>t f ?is indef9it5ess ( attitude z to ! mean+ ( immortality1 x is sc>cely possible to speak ( a ,jewi% ,es*atology at all4 ,! developm5t ( an ,es*atology occurr$ 9 t section ( ,jewi% op9ion :i* rema9$ on ! fr+e4 ,x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! apocalyptic lit]ature1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,greek4 ,! :ole subject _h b a small attraction = ,judaism prop]4 ,naturally !re 0 "s curiosity & "s speculation4 ,! ,day ( ! ,"l1 ) its comb9ation ( ,retribution & ,salvation1 0 pictur$ 9 v>i\s ways & ) "s elaboration ( detail4 ,p>adise & ,hell 7 mapp$ out1 & ! com=table comp>tm5ts to be occupi$ by ! sa9ts & ! mis]able qu>t]s ( s9n]s 7 specifi$ ) ! precision ( an ,ordnance ,survey4 ,purgatory 0 an in/itution n limit$ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 x _h a /rong hold on ! m$iaeval ,jewi% m9d4 ,! int]m$iate /ate 0 a fav\rite escape f ! !ological necessity ( condemn+ s9n]s to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,! ,jewi% he>t c\ld n suff] ! pa9 ( conceiv+ ,geh5na inevitable4 ,s1 "o by "o1 ^? :o might logically be committ$ !re 7 rescu$ on v>i\s pretexts4 ,9 ! end ! numb] ( ! individual s9n]s :o 7 to suff] et]nal torture c\ld be nam$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&4 ,by ! prec$+ p>agraph x is n impli$ t ,jewi% lit]ature 9 ,hebrew has n its full complem5t ( fancies1 horrible & beautiful1 reg>d+ heav5 & hell4 ,b su* fancies 7 nei!r dogmatic nor popul>4 ,!y nev] f\nd _! way into ! t5ets ( ,judaism z =mulat$ by any au?ority2 !y nev] became a mov+ p[] 9 ! life ( ! ,jewi% masses4 ,x 0 ! poets :o n\ri%$ ^! lurid ideas1 & poetry :i* has done s mu* = ! good ( religion has also done x _m a diss]vice4 ,judaism1 9 its prosaic =m1 accept$ ! ideas ( ,immortality1 ,retribution1 & s =?1 b ! real int]e/ 0 9 life "h1 n 9 life h]eaft]4 ,we c see h[ ! two 7 bridg$ ov] by ! ,jewi% conviction ( human solid>ity4 ,= twelve mon?s aft] ! dea? ( a fa!r ! son recit$ daily ! ,kaddi% pray] 7,au?oris$ ,daily ,pray] ,book1 p4 #gg74 ,?is 0 a m]e ,doxology1 op5+3 ',magnifi$ & sanctifi$ be ,8 great "n 9 ! _w :i* ,he ha? creat$ accord+ to ,8 w4 ,may ,he e/abli% ,8 k+dom dur+ y\r life & dur+ y\r days1 & dur+ ! life ( all ! h\se ( ,israel1 ev5 spe$ily & at a ne> "t1 & say ye ,am54' ,z to ! ,messianic idea ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 some?+ w be said 9 ! next *apt]4 ,b ?is ,doxology 0 believ$ efficaci\s to save ! dep>t$ s\l :5 utt]$ by ! liv+ son4 ,! g5]ations 7 ?us b\nd toge!r1 & j z ! m]its ( ! fa!rs c\ld ex]t b5ign influ5ce ov] ! err+ *ild on e>?1 s c\ld ! praises ( ! *ild move ! m]cy ( ,god 9 fav\r ( ! err+ fa!r 9 ,purgatory4 ,x 0 a beautiful expression ( ! unbreakable *a9 ( tradition1 a tradition ^: l9ks 7 human he>ts4 ,9 su* conceptions1 r ?an 9 descriptive pictures ( ,p>adise & ,geh5na1 is ! true m9d ( ,judaism to be disc]n$4 ,t ! fir/ =mal sign ( grief at ! dea? ( a p>5t %\ld be a ,doxology w n h escap$ notice4 ,god is ! ,righte\s ,judge4 ,?us1 9 ! ,es*atology ( ,judaism1 ?is idea ( ,judgm5t pr$om9ates4 ,a fav\rite passage 0 ! ,mi%nic utt]ance 7second c5tury73 ',rabbi ,eleaz> said3 ,!y t are born are de/9$ to die1 & !y t die to be br\ght to life aga91 & !y t live to be judg$4' 7,abo?1 iv4 #bi74 ,b 9 ano!r s5se1 too1 !re 0 judgm5t at dea?4 ,! sorr[ ( ! survivors1 l ! decease ( ! dep>t$1 0 to be consid]$ z ,god's do+1 & !re=e "r4 ,h5ce 9 ! v mom5t ( ! dea? ( a lov$ "o1 :5 grief 0 mo/ poignant1 ! survivor /ood =? be=e ! congregation & prais$ ,god4 ,& s ! ,burial ,s]vice is nam$ 9 ,hebrew ',zidduk ,ha-d91' i4e4 ',! ,ju/ification ( ! ,judgm5t4' ,a few s5t5ces 9 x ran ?us 7,pray] ,book1 p4 #cah73 ',! ,rock1 ,8 "w is p]fect4444 ,he rule? bel[ & above1 ,he br+e? d[n to ! grave & br+e? up aga94444 ,bless$ be ! true ,judge4' ,& p]haps m ?an all attempts to analyse beliefs & dogmas1 ! foll[+ pray]1 recit$ dur+ ! week ( m\rn+ = ! dead1 w convey to ! read] ! real attitude ( ,judaism 7at lea/ 9 its c5tral v>iety7 to "s ( ! que/ions :i* h occupi$ u 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! quotation is made f p4 #cbc ( ! same ,pray] ,book t has be5 already cit$ sev]al times above3 ',o ,"l & ,k+1 :o art full ( compassion1 9 ^: h& is ! s\l ( e liv+ ?+ & ! brea? ( all fle%1 :o kille/ & make/ alive1 :o br+e/ d[n to ! grave & br+e/ up aga91 receive1 we besee* ,!e1 9 ,?y great lov+-k9dness1 ! s\l ( our bro!r :o ha? be5 ga!r$ unto 8 p4 ,h m]cy ^u him1 p>don all 8 transgressions1 = !re is n a righte\s man ^u e>?1 :o doe? good & s9ne? n4 ,rememb] unto him ! righte\sness :i* he wr\ght1 & let 8 rew>d be ) him & 8 recomp5se be=e him4 ,o %elt] 8 s\l 9 ! %ad[ ( ,?y w+s4 ,make kn[n to ,him ! pa? ( life3 9 ,?y pres5ce is fulness ( joy2 at ,?y "r h& are pleasures = ev]more4 ,v\*safe unto him ( ! ab\nd+ happ9ess t is treasur$ up = ! righte\s1 z x is writt51 ,oh h[ great is ,?y goodness1 :i* ,?\ ha/ laid up = !m t fe> ,!e1 :i* ,?\ ha/ wr\ght = !m t tru/ 9 ,!e be=e ! *ildr5 ( m56 ',o ,"l1 :o heale/ ! brok5-he>t$ & b9de/ up _! w\nds1 grant ,?y consolation unto ! m\rn]s3 put into _! he>ts ! fe> & love ( ,!e1 t !y may s]ve ,!e ) a p]fect he>t1 & let _! latt] end be peace4 ',l "o :om 8 "m com=te?1 s w ,i com=t y1 & 9 ,j]usalem %all ye be com=t$4 ,?y sun %all no m g d[n1 nei!r %all ?y moon )draw itself2 = ! ,"l %all be ?9e ev]la/+ light1 & ! days ( ?y m\rn+ %all be end$4 ',he w de/roy dea? = ev]2 & ! ,"l w wipe away te>s f (f all faces2 & ! rebuke ( 8 p %all he take away f (f all ! e>?3 = ! ,"l ha? spok5 x4' ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,judaism ,! ,messianic ,hope has an intimate connection ) ,es*atology4 ,:]eas1 h[ev]1 ! latt] 9 s f> z x affirm$ a ,resurrection conceiv$ ( ! immortality ( ,israelites1 ! =m] conceiv$ ! ,immortality ( ,israel4 ,x is n necess>y "h to trace ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,messianic idea 9 ,judaism4 ,t ?is idea _h a /rong nationali/ic t+e is obvi\s4 ,! ,messiah 0 to be a p]son ( ,davidic desc5t1 :o w\ld be ! re/or] ( ,israel's greatness4 ,?r\gh\t ,jewi% hi/ory1 despite ! con/ant injunction to refra9 'f calculat+ ! date ( ! end1' m5 h aris5 :o h claim$ to be ,messiahs1 & ^! h mo/ly ass]t$ _! claim on nationali/ic pleas4 ,!y 7 to be k+s ( ,israel z well z inaugurators ( a new regime ( moral & spiritual life4 ,b ?\gh ?is is true )\t qualification1 x is equally true t ! philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages tri$ to remove all mat]iali/ic notions f ! ,messianic idea4 ,x is v difficult to ass]t n[adays :e!r ,judaism does or does n expect a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,a v m>k$ *ange has und\bt$ly come ov] ! _s ( ! dream4 ,on ! "o h& ! neo-,nationali/s d5y any ,messianic hopes4 ,:5 t great lead]1 ,!odor ,h]zl1 />t$ a ,zioni/ic movem5t )\t claim+ to be ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 he 0 putt+ ! seal on a f>-rea*+ *ange 9 ,jewi% s5tim5t4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gre5/one1 :o has j publi%$ an int]e/+ volume on ! ,messianic ,idea 9 ,jewi% ,hi/ory1 writes 7p4 #bgf73 ',aft] ! fir/ ,basle ,congress 7#ahig71 :5 ,zionism assum$ its pres5t political aspect1 ,dr4 ,max ,nordau1 ! vice-presid5t ( ! ,congress1 f\nd x necess>y to address an article to ! ,hebrew-read+ public1 9 :i* he disclaim$ all pret5sions ( ,messiah%ip = himself or = 8 colleague ,dr4 ,!odor ,h]zl4' ,we h ?us ?is extraord9>y situation4 ,_m or?odox ,jews /ood alo( f ! ,zioni/ic movem5t because x 0 n ,messianic1 :ile _m unor?odox ,jews jo9$ x j because ( ! movem5t's deta*m5t f ,messianic ideas4 ,x may be well to cite ,dr4 ,gre5/one's v]dict on ! :ole "q1 z ! read] may c>e to h ! op9ion ( s compet5t an au?ority ^: view diff]s f t ( ! pres5t writ]4 ',sacr$ z ,zionism is to _m ( its adh]5ts1 x _c & w n take ! place ( ! ,messianic hope4 ,zionism aims at ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,jewi% ,/ate 9 ,pale/9e "u ! protection ( ! p[]s ( ,europe4 ,! ,messianic hope promises ! e/abli%m5t1 by ! ,jews1 ( a _w-p[] 9 ,pale/9e to :i* all ! nations ( ! e>? w pay homage4 ,zionism1 ev5 9 its political aspect1 w fulfil only "o phase ( ! ,jewi% ,messianic hope4 ,z su*1 if successful1 x may contribute t[>d ! full realisation ( ! hope4 ,if n successful1 x w n deprive ! ,jews ( ! hope4 ,! ,messianic hope is wid] ?an ! emancipation ( ! ,jews1 x is m compreh5sive ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,jewi%1 politically indep5d5t ,/ate4 ,x p>ticipates 9 ! l>g] ideals ( humanity1 ! ideals ( p]fection = ! human race1 b x rema9s on ,jewi% soil1 & reta9s its peculi>ly ,jewi% significance4 ,x promises univ]sal peace1 an age ( ju/ice & ( righte\sness1 an age 9 :i* all m5 w recognise t ,god is ,"o & ,8 "n ,"o4 ,b ?is glori\s age w come ab\t ?r\gh ! reg5]ation ( ! ,jewi% p1 :i* 9 turn be effect$ by a man1 a scion ( ! h\se ( ,david1 s5t by ,god to guide !m on ! road to righte\sness4 ,! p *os5 by ,god to be ,8 mess5g]s to ! _w w !n be able to accompli% _! mission ( reg5]at+ ! _w4 ,?is 0 ! ,messianic hope proclaim$ by ! prophets & sages1 & ?is is ! ,messianic hope ( mo/ ,jews to-day1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s sections be+ only a diff]5ce 9 ! details ( ! hope' 7op4 cit41 p4 #bgh74 ,dr4 ,gre5/one surely _c mean t ! "q ( a 'p]sonal ,messiah' is a m]e detail ( ! belief4 ,yet x is on t po9t t op9ion is mo/ divid$ among ,jews4 ,! old] belief und5iably 0 :at ,dr4 ,gre5/one enunciates4 ,b = ?is belief1 none ( :at ,mr4 ,zangwill aptly t]ms ! ',dream]s ( ! ,ghetto' w\ld h f\nd ! ready acceptance t sev]al ( !m did :5 !y pres5t$ !mselves z ,messiah or 8 =]unn]s4 ,& no d\bt !re are _m ,jews :o /ill cl+ to ?is =m ( ! belief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re has be5 a sl[ b widespread t5d5cy to re9t]pret ! :ole int5tion ( ! ,messianic hope ( ,judaism4 ,9 #ahfi1 & aga9 9 #ahhe1 ,am]ican ,conf]5ces ( lib]al ,rabbis adopt$ resolutions to ! foll[+ effect3 ',! ,messianic aim ( ,israel is n ! re/oration ( ! old ,jewi% ,/ate "u a desc5dant ( ,david1 involv+ a second sep>ation f ! nations ( ! e>?1 b ! union ( all *ildr5 ( ,god 9 ! confession ( ! unity ( ,god1 s z to realise ! unity ( all rational creatures & _! call to moral sanctification4' ,?is view sees 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple & ! disp]sal ( ,israel n a puni%m5t b a /age 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ,israel's de/9y z reveal$ to ,abraham4 ,israel is ,high-,prie/1 & c only fulfil 8 mission 9 ! close neighb\rhood ( ^? to :om he is elect$ to m9i/]4 ,?is1 no less ?an ! non-,messianic ,zionism1 is a consid]able *ange f old] beliefs4 ,z a ,messianic hope x transc5ds ! visions ( ,isaiah4 ,! prophet looks =w>d to an ideal future1 a reign ( peace & felicity1 b ! nations are to fl[ to ,zion4 ,! significance ( ! *ange lies 9 ?is4 ,! ,messianic idea n[ means to _m ,jews a belief 9 human developm5t & progress1 ) ! ,jews fill+ ! role ( ! ,messianic p1 b only z primus int] p>es4 ,x is ! expression ( a g5u9e optimism4 ',"*1 no less ?an ,c>e]1' said ,george ,eliot1 'is a process & an unfold+4' ,s ) ! ,"* ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,b ?is idea ( developm5t1 unfold+1 is q mod]n 9 ! real s5se ( ! t]ms2 x is some?+ outside ! range ev5 ( ! second ,isaiah4 ,judaism 0 nev] q sure :e!r to jo9 ! ranks ( ! 'laudatores temporis acti1' or to believe t man nev] is b always to be ble/4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! p]son ( ,adam 0 end[$ ) p]fections su* z none ( 8 successors mat*$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,judaism1 z ,k5an said1 0 ?r[n =w>d into ! future4 ,t on ! :ole ,judaism has tak5 ! prospective r ?an ! retrospective view1 is ! sole ju/ification = ! mod]n conception ( ! ,messianic ,age :i* is fa/ becom+ pr$om9ant 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,! ,synagogue does n %>e ! ,roman poet's s5tim5t3 ',a race ( m5 bas] ?an _! sires ,gave bir? to u1 a prog5y m vile1 ,:o d[] ! _w ) (fspr+ vil] /ill'2 b ! ,engli% poet's tru/3 ',yet ,i d\bt n ?r\gh ! ages "o increas+ purpose runs1 ,& ! ?\ghts ( m5 are wid5$ ) ! process ( ! suns4' ,d5\nc+ ! ',calculators ( ! ,end1' a ,rabbi said 7,sanh4 #ig b73 ',all ! comput$ t]ms h pass$1 & ! matt] dep5de? n[ on rep5tance & good de$s' 7cf4 ,s4 ,s+]1 ,! ,messianic ,idea 9 ,judaism1 pp4 #a & #ah7 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,israel is n de/9$ to a ,re/oration1 if ! ,jewi% ,mission is ! propagation ( an idea1 on :at gr\nd is ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,israel z a sep>ate organisation def5sible or ju/ifi$8 ,israel is inde/ructible1 said ,jehuda ,halevi 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 c]ta9ly ,israel is unde/roy$4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ask$ :at %\ld make him believe 9 ,god1 he receiv$ 9 answ]1 '! survival ( ! ,jews4' ,dr4 ,guttmann ( ,breslau n long s9ce put =w>d a simil> plea 9 v9dication ( ! cont9u$ significance ( ,judaism4 ,9 nature all =ms die :5 _! utility is ov]2 9 hi/ory1 peoples succumb :5 _! "w 9 & = ! _w is complete4 ,%all1 he asks1 we recognise ,judaism z ! solit>y exception1 z ! unique in/ance ( ! survival ( ! unfit & ! unnecess>y8 ,! mod]n apologi/s = all religions r>ely belong to ! rank & file4 ,:e!r x be ,h>nack = ,*ri/ianity or ,mr4 ,montefiore = ,judaism1 ! v9dicators /& f> above ! av]age ( ! believ]s ^: fai? !y are v9dicat+4 ,! av]age man ne$s no def5ce = a religion :i* enables him to live & ?rive1 mat]ially & spiritually4 ,! importance ( ?is consid]ation is v great4 ,re/rict+ our att5tion to ,judaism1 x is cle> t x /ill (f]s ideals to _m1 prescribes & en=ces a moral law1 tea*es a satisfy+ doctr9e ( ,god4 ,if s1 !n x is futile to discuss :e!r ,judaism is /ill necess>y4 ,c ! _w af=d to surr5d] a s+le "o ( its =ces = good8 ,if !re are t5 millions ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 :o live1 & live n ignobly1 by ,judaism1 c x be cont5d$ t ,judaism is obsolete8 ,! fir/1 ! ma9 ju/ification ( ,judaism is its cont9u$ effici5cy1 its prov$ p[] /ill to control & inspire _m millions ( human lives4 ,!re are m p liv+ z ,jews to-day1 ?an !re 7 at any previ\s mom5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b1 l _m answ]s to que/ions1 ?is reply does n satisfy ^? :o raise ! "q4 ,i ref] exclusively to ! d\bt]s among ! ,jews !mselves1 = if ,jews 7 !mselves conv9c$ ( ! ju/ification ( ! ,jewi% sep>at5ess1 ! re/ ( ! _w w\ld be conv9c$4 ,n[1 ! ,jews :o ask ?is "q are ^? :o are n s completely giv5 ov] to ,judaism1 t !y are bl9d to ! claims ( o!r religions4 ,to !m ! "q is "o n ( absolute1 b ( comp>ative tru?4 ,judaism may /ill be a p[]1 b x may n be a desirable p[]4 ,! fur!r "q !re=e arises z to ! mission ( ,israel 9 hi/ory to come z well z 9 hi/ory pa/4 ,hi/ory seems contradict$ by ! claim made by ,judaism4 ,jews are quick en\gh to see ! weakness ( ! pret5sion made by c]ta9 sects ( dogmatic ,*ri/ianity t x is ! la/ ^w ( religion1 t all sav+ tru? 0 once = all reveal$ "s n9ete5 c5turies ago4 ,hi/ory1 says ! ,jewi% controv]siali/1 tea*es no su* lessons ( f9ality4 ,=ces appe>1 "w _! de/9$ c\rse1 & !n make way = o!r =ces4 ,! _w does n /& /ill2 x moves on4 ,!n h[ c ,judaism claim = itself a p]man5ce1 a f9ality1 :i* x mu/ d5y to e o!r sy/em1 to e o!r influ5ce :i* has 9 its turn m\ld$ human de/9y8 ,a fav\rite answ] is3 ,judaism is ! exception t proves ! rule4 ,x has be5 a p]man5t =ce 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x is argu$ t ,jewi% ideals h ex]cis$ recurr5t influ5ce at all important crises4 ,dr4 ,guttmann some:at rhetorically makes ?is id5tical claim4 ,he po9ts to ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! rise ( ,islam1 ! m$iaeval ,s*ola/icism1 ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! ,g]man ,re=mation1 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican ,puritanism1 ! mod]n humanit>ian movem5t1 z exemplifications ( ! cont9u$ p[] ( ,judaism to m\ld ! m9ds & s\ls ( m54 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is claim is j4 ,x is a valuable support to ! ,jew's allegiance to ,judaism4 ,b ev5 if ,dr4 ,guttmann's claim 7 grant$1 & x is consid]ably exagg]at$1 h[ does x help8 ,we are all agre$ z to ! debt :i* ! _w owes to ,greece4 ,t debt is a great "o4 ,is x obsolete8 ,surely n4 ,greece has aga9 & aga9 reviv$ its anci5t p[] to inspire m54 ,! _w w\ld be a poor "o to-day )\t all t ,greek culture /&s =4 ,greece did n give m5 en\gh to live by2 ,hebraism did t4 ,b ,greece made life m wor? liv+4 ,hell5ism is an ev]-recurr5t =ce 9 human civilisation4 ,yet no "o argues t because ,hell5ism is /ill necess>y1 ,hell5es are also necess>y4 ,:o cont5ds t = c>ry+ on ,greek culture y ne$ ,greeks8 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 ! case ( ,greece t gave rise to ! pr(\nd obs]vation t j z a man mu/ die to live1 s peoples mu/ die t m5 may live ?r\gh !m4 ,r5an1 :o1 among ! mod]ns1 gave fulle/ value to ?is tru?1 includ$ ,judaea ) ,greece 9 ! g5]alisation4 ,c]ta9ly z a nation1 :e!r tempor>ily or irrevocably1 ,judaea p]i%$ no less ?an ,a!ns1 t a new _w might be born4 ,& a new ,jewi% nation w\ld no m be ! old ,judaea ( ,isaiah ?an ! ,a!ns ( to-day is ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles1 or ! ,rome ( to-day ! ,rome ( ,augu/us4 ,hi/ory does n retrace its /eps4 ,a!ns fell1 & ) x ! ,a!nians4 ,:y !n1 :5 ,judaea fell1 did ! ,jews rema98 ,greek culture does n ne$ ,greeks to c>ry x on2 :y does ,jewi% culture ne$ ,jews8 ,! fir/ sugge/ion to be (f]$ is ?is3--,israel is ! prote/ant p4 ,e religi\s or moral innovator has also be5 a prote/ant4 ,socrates1 ,jesus1 ,lu!r2 ,isaiah1 ,maimonides1 ,sp9oza2 all ( !m1 besides _! contributions--v unequal contributions--to ! positive /ore ( tru?1 assum$ also ! negative attitude ( prote/]s4 ,!y refus$ to g ) ! multitude1 to acquiesce 9 curr5t conv5tions4 ,!y 7 all unpopul> & ev5 anti-popul>4 ,! ,jews z a community h fulfill$1 & are fulfill+1 ?is prote/ant function4 ,!y h be5 & are unpopul> j because ( _! prote/ant function4 ,!y refuse to g ) ! multitude2 !y refuse to acquiesce4 ,geig] us$ ?is argum5t v =cibly1 f ! spiritual po9t ( view1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ,anatole ,l]oy-,beaulieu 79 8 book ,israel among ! ,nations7 ev5 m =cibly us$ x at ! end ( ! same c5tury1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,?is +5i\s ,fr5* obs]v] cites a suspicion t '! sons ( ,jacob1 z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! human race1 repres5t a high] /ate ( evolution' 7p4 #bcb74 ,no mod]n ,jew w\ld make s prepo/]\s a claim4 ,b :5 ! same writ] sees 9 ! ,jew a diff]5t /age ( evolution1 !n he is on ! "r tack4 ,"h is a passage :i* des]ves to be quot$ aga9 & aga93 ',i h little ta/e1 ,i confess1 = uni=mity2 ,i leave t to ! ,jacob9s4 ,my ideal ( a nation is n a monoli?1 nor a bronze =m$ at a s+le ca/+4 ,x is bett] t a p %\ld be compos$ ( div]se elem5ts & ( _m races4 ,if ! ,jew diff]s f u1 s mu* ! bett]2 he is ! m likely to br+ a little v>iety into ! flat monotony ( our mod]n civilisation' 7p4 #bfa74 ,& ! same argum5t applies to religions4 ,!re is a p]man5t value to ! _w 9 ,israel's det]m9$1 prote/ant attitude4 ,! h&ful ( prote/ants :o1 9 ,elijah's day1 refus$ to b[ to ,baal & to kiss him1 7 ! real savi\rs ( _! g5]ation4 ,& ?\gh ! _w to-day is 9 no ne$ ( su* salvation1 /ill ! ,jew rema9s ! f9e/ exemplification ( ! tru? t ,god fulfils ,himself 9 _m ways1 le/ "o good cu/om %\ld corrupt ! _w4 ,!n aga91 ,judaism seems de/9$ to survive because x repres5ts at once ! ,god-idea & ! e?ical idea4 ,! lib]al ,jew1 z well z ! or?odox1 believes t no o!r religion does ?is 9 ! same way z does ,judaism4 ,putt+ x crudely1 ! ,jew w\ld p]haps admit t ,*ri/ianity has absorb$1 develop$1 enl>g$ & purifi$ ! ,hebrew e?ics1 b he w\ld1 rightly or wrongly1 ?9k t x has obscur$ by dogmatic accretions ! ,jewi% ,mono!ism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jew w\ld admit t ,islam has absorb$ & purifi$ ! ,jewi% ,mono!ism1 b has done less ( ! flatt]y ( imitation to ! ,hebrew e?ics4 ,islam has c]ta9ly a pure cre$2 x fre$ itself f ! entanglem5ts ( an?ropomorphic metaphors & conceptions ( ,god1 :i* are app>5t 9 ! e>ly /rata ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 & f :i* ,judaism1 because ( its rev]5ce = ! ,bible1 has n emancipat$ itself yet4 ,b t x c emancipate itself is becom+ progressively m cle>4 ,& ev5 if we drop comp>isons1 ,judaism /&s = a life 9 :i* goodness & ,god are ! p>am\nt int]e/s4 ,b1 beyond all1 ! ,jew believes himself to be a ,witness to ,god4 ,he ?9ks t on him1 9 "s real s5se1 dep5ds ! fulfilm5t ( ! purposes ( ,god4 ,x may be an arrogant ?\ght1 b unlike mo/ boa/s x at once humiliates & ennobles1 humiliates by ! consci\sness ( :at is1 ennobles by ! vision ( :at might be4 ,aft] enum]at+ c]ta9 e?ical & religi\s ideas :i*1 he holds1 ,judaism /ill has to tea* ! _w1 ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,joseph adds3 ',b to ! ,jew himself1 fir/ ( all1 ^! tru?s are utt]$4 ,he is to help to w9 ! _w = ! highe/ ideals4 ,b if he is to succe$1 he mu/ himself be conspicu\sly fai?ful to !m4 ,he is ! *os51 b 8 v election b9ds him to vigor\s s]vice ( tru? & righte\sness4 ,be ye clean1 ye t be> ! vessels ( ! ,"l4 ,only :5 ,israel proves by ! nobility ( 8 life t he des]ves 8 holy vocation w ! accompli%m5t ( 8 mission be at h&4 ,:5 all ! peoples ( ! e>? %all see t he is wor?ily call$ by ! "n ( ! ,"l1 ! ,div9e "n & law w be ne> to ! atta9m5t ( _! de/9$ empire ov] ! he>ts ( m5' 7,judaism z ,cre$ & ,life1 p4 #eac74 ,a community t believes itself to fill ?is place 9 ! ,div9e purpose des]ves to live4 ,its sep>ate exi/5ce is a means1 n an end2 = :5 all has be5 said1 ! "o ,god c>ries ) x ! idea ( "o humanity4 ,! ,fa!rhood ( ,god implies ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,& s1 amid all its tru/ t ! long travail ( c5turies _c fulfil itself 9 ,israel's annihilation1 amid all its p>ticul>ism1 !re so>s al(t ! belief 9 ! day :5 !re w be no religions1 b only ,religion1 :5 ,israel w come toge!r ) o!r communions1 or !y ) ,israel4 ,& s1 ?rice daily1 9 mo/ ,synagogues ( ,israel1 ?is pray] is utt]$3 ',we !re=e hope 9 ,!e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 t we may spe$ily behold ! glory ( ,?y might1 :5 ,?\ wilt remove ! abom9ations f ! e>?1 & ! idols w be utt]ly cut (f2 :5 ! _w w be p]fect$ "u ! k+dom ( ! ,almighty1 & all ! *ildr5 ( fle% w call ^u ,?y "n1 :5 ,?\ wilt turn unto ,!e all ! wick$ ( ! e>?4 ,let all ! inhabitants ( ! _w p]ceive & "k t unto ,!e e knee mu/ b[1 e tongue mu/ swe>4 ,be=e ,!e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 let !m b[ & fall2 & unto ,?y glori\s "n let !m give hon\r4 ,let !m all accept ! yoke ( ,?y k+dom1 & d ,?\ reign ov] !m spe$ily1 & = ev] & ev]4 ,= ! ,k+dom is ,?9e1 & to all et]nity ,?\ wilt reign 9 glory2 z x is writt5 9 ,?y ,law1 ,! ,"l %all reign = ev] & ev]4 ,& x is said1 ,& ! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?2 9 t day %all ! ,"l be ,"o1 & ,8 "n ,"o4' ,mod]n ,judaism1 9 %ort1 claims no f9ality b :at is express$ 9 t hope4 ,x holds itself ready to develop1 to modify1 to absorb1 to assimilate1 except 9 s f> z su* processes seem inconsi/5t ) ?is hope4 ,mod]n ,jews ?9k t 9 "s respects ! ,rabb9ic ,judaism 0 an advance on ! ,biblical2 !y ?9k fur!r t _! own mod]n ,judaism is an advance on ! ,rabb9ic4 ,judaism1 z !y conceive x1 is ! "o religion1 ) a great hi/ory beh9d x1 t does n claim ! religi\s doctr9es ( "s p>ticul> mom5t 9 its hi/ory to be ! la/ ^w on ,religion4 ,x ?9ks t ! la/ ^w is yet to be spok51 & is inspir$ ) ! confid5ce t its own cont9uance w make t la/ ^w full] & tru] :5 x comes1 if x ev] does come4 ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,judaism ,?is li/ does n include works on ! e>ly ,religion ( ,israel1 or articles 9 ! /&>d ,diction>ies ( ! ,bible4 ,= ! re/1 only works writt5 9 ,engli% are cit$1 & = ! mo/ "p ,jewi% expositions ( ,judaism4 ,articles 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia 7,new ,york & ,london1 ,funk & ,wagnalls1 #ab vols4 #aija-aijf74 ,especially ! foll[+3 ',articles ( ,fai?' 7,e4 ,g4 ,hirs*72 ',atonem5t' 7,k4 ,kohl]72 ',cabala' 7,l4 ,g9zb]g72 ',cate*isms' 7,e4 ,s*reib]72 ',conf]5ces' 7,d4 ,philipson72 ',e?ics' 7,k4 ,kohl]1 ,i4 ,broyde & ,e4 ,g4 ,hirs*72 ',es*atology' 7,k4 ,kohl]72 ',god' 7,e4 ,g4 ,hirs*72 ',hassidim' 7,s4 ,m4 ,dubn[72 ',immortality' 7,k4 ,kohl]72 ',judaism' 7,k4 ,kohl]72 ',law1 ,codification (' 7,l4 ,g9zb]g72 ',messiah' 7,m4 ,butt5wies]72 ',nomism' 7,j4 ,z4 ,laut]ba* & ,k4 ,kohl]72 ',ph>isees' 7,k4 ,kohl]72 ',ke=m ,judaism' 7,e4 ,g4 ,hirs* & ,d4 ,philipson72 ',resurrection' 7,k4 ,kohl]72 ',sabba?' 7,e4 ,g4 ,hirs* & ,j4 ,h4 ,gre5/one72 ',!ology' 7,j4 ,z4 ,laut]ba*74 ,m4 ,,fri$l&]4--,! ,jewi% ,religion 7,kegan ,paul1 #ahia74 ,j4 ,h4 ,,gre5/one4--,! ,messiah ,idea 9 ,jewi% ,hi/ory 7,philadelphia1 ,jewi% ,publication ,society ( ,am]ica1 #aijf74 ,m4 ,,joseph4--,judaism z ,cre$ & ,life 7,london1 ,macmillan1 #aijc74 ,n4 ,s4 ,,joseph4--,religion1 ,natural & ,reveal$ 7,london1 ,macmillan1 #aijf74 ,m4 ,,laz>us4--,! ,e?ics ( ,judaism 7,london1 ,macmillan2 #b vols41 #aijj-a7 ,c4 ,g4 ,,montefiore4--,hibb]t ,lectures 7,london1 ,williams & ,norgate1 #ahib1 especially ,lectures ,,vii4-,,ix474 ------,lib]al ,judaism 7,london1 ,macmillan1 #aijc74 ,s4 ,,s*e*t]4--,/udies 9 ,judaism 7,london1 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black1 #ahif74 ,e4 ,,s*ur]4--,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/ 7,ed9burgh1 ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahij74 ,s4 ,,s+]4--,au?oris$ ,daily ,pray] ,book 7,london1 ,eyre & ,spottiswoode2 _m editions74