,illustration3 ,a ,,pupil ,,in ,,working ,,costume1 ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners1 ,,glynde1 ,,sussex4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,,gardening ,,for ,,women ,,by ,,the ,,hon4 ,,frances ,,wolseley ,,principal ,,of ,,the ,,glynde ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,,in ,,sussex ,,with ,,thirty-,,two ,,illustrations ,,cassell ,,and ,,company1 ,,limited ,,london1 ,,paris1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,toronto ,,and ,,melbourne #aijh ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,contents ,,part ,i ,,chapter ,i ,,page ,,gardening ,,as ,a ,,profession ,,for ,,women #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,training ,,required #g ,,chapter ,,iii ,,landscape ,,gardening #ab ,,chapter ,,iv ,,jobbing ,,gardening ,,and ,,floral ,,decoration #ba ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,teaching ,,of ,,nature-,,study #bh ,,chapter ,,vi ,,some ,,hints ,,upon ,,taking ,,up ,a ,,post ,,as ,,head ,,gardener #cd ,,chapter ,,vii ,,dress ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners #ed ,,chapter ,,viii ,,cottage ,,and ,,food #fd ,,chapter ,,ix ,,market ,,gardening #gj ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,medical ,,aspect ,,of ,,gardening ,,for ,,women #gg ,,chapter ,,xi ,,women ,,gardeners ,,for ,,south ,,africa #hi ,,chapter ,,xii ,,italian ,,pot ,,gardens3 ,a ,,suggestion #ih ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,for ,,those ,,who ,,hesitate ,,to ,,employ ,,lady ,,gardeners #aje ,,part ,,ii ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,colleges ,,and ,,schools ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,,in ,,great ,,britain #aaf ,,chapter ,,xv ,,continental ,,schools ,,and ,,colleges #afj ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,schools ,,and ,,colleges ,,in ,,america #bji ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,gardening ,,and ,,nature-,,study ,,in ,,canada ,,and ,,australia #bcb ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,training ,,grounds ,,for ,,market ,,gardeners #bec ,,appendix ,,useful ,,information ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners #bgc ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,to ,,face ,,page ,a ,pupil in ,working ,costume1 ,school for ,lady ,gardeners1 ,glynde1 ,sussex ,frontispiece ,the 8,walled ,garden0 at the ,house of ,field-,marshal ,viscount ,wolseley1 ,k4,p4 #d ,model by ,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,sewell of a ,children's ,garden1 exhibited at the ,whitechapel ,country in ,town ,exhibition #ab ,the ,hanging ,gardens1 ,ratton ,park1 ,sussex #bj ,a ,page from a ,boy's 8,nature-,study0 ,sketch ,book #cj ,the ,countess ,bathurst's ,garden1 ,pinbury1 near ,cirencester #cf ,the ,yew ,tree ,avenue1 known as 8the ,nun's ,walk10 in the ,countess ,bathurst's ,garden1 ,pinbury1 near ,cirencester #dd ,miss ,e4 ,douglas in her ,greenhouse at ,shedfield ,grange1 ,botley1 ,hants #dh ,miss ,hester ,perrin at ,work in her ,brother's ,garden at ,fortfield ,house1 ,terenure1 ,co4 ,dublin #ed ,in the ,garden at ,fortfield ,house1 ,terenure1 ,co4 ,dublin #fj ,in the ,garden at ,fortfield ,house1 ,terenure1 ,co4 ,dublin #fd ,boxing ,bulbs for ,forcing at ,miss ,bateman's ,market ,garden1 ,bashley ,nursery1 ,new ,milton1 ,hants #gd ,the ,ruins ,gardens1 ,slougham ,place1 ,sussex #hf ,the ,yews at ,hutton ,john1 ,cumberland #ib ,an ,italian ,pot ,garden #ajb ,italian ,orange ,pots and ,oil ,jars #ajd ,the ,ruins1 ,ratton ,park1 ,sussex #aaj ,the ,cottage1 ,school of ,lady ,gardeners1 ,glynde1 ,sussex #aah ,gathering ,roses for ,pot ,pourri1 ,school of ,lady ,gardeners1 ,glynde1 ,sussex #abj 8,potting03 ,students at ,work1 ,reading ,university #abf ,at ,work in the ,vinery1 ,studley ,college for ,lady ,gardeners #acf ,preparing the ,frames at ,studley ,college for ,lady ,gardeners #adj ,students at the ,school of ,pomology and ,horticulture1 ,marienfelde1 near ,berlin #aff ,school for ,lady ,gardeners1 ,holtenau1 near ,kiel1 ,schleswig-,holstein #ahh ,students at ,hastum ,school1 ,norway #bjj ,students at ,work at the ,agdatorp ,school of ,gardening1 ,sweden #bjb ,students at ,work at the ,espens ,school for ,lady ,gardeners1 ,sweden #bjf ,avenue leading to 8,lowthorpe10 ,croton1 ,massachusetts1 ,mrs4 ,low's ,school for ,lady ,gardeners #bbj ,southern ,entrance to 8,lowthorpe10 ,croton1 ,massachusetts1 ,mrs4 ,low's ,school for ,lady ,gardeners #bbb ,the ,marchioness of ,sligo's ,garden1 ,mount ,browne1 near ,guildford #beb ,captain ,colthurst ,vesey's ,garden1 ,lucan1 ,ireland #bef ,rose ,garden1 ,danny1 ,sussex #bfb ,,introduction ,how often it is that ,fate places us amongst people whose characters1 pursuits1 and tastes we do not know6 ,we hesitate how best to melt that barrier of icy reserve and shyness behind which we ,english remain frozen4 ,how can we speedily break through the reserve which rises up between us and the stranger near us8 ,there is at least one subject of conversation which usually calls forth a response--it is gardening4 ,whether our neighbour be politician1 soldier1 architect1 or painter1 he will surely listen with interest to the mention of a garden4 ,he will tell us of some newly-discovered plant1 a flower show that he went to see1 or he will expatiate upon the beauties of ,south ,african bulbs4 ,we may be sure that if he himself is no gardener1 he has someone dear to him who is a lover of flowers4 ,after a hard day's work in the ,city1 he will gladly turn his thoughts to the peace and quiet of a walled-in country garden1 where the hum of bees and the scent of sweet briar or rosemary bring happiness and contentment4 ,it is the same with country people1 who live in our quiet ,english villages that are as yet unspoilt by the dust of motors and the noise of holiday-makers4 ,a little chat over the garden wall in the cool of evening1 about the luxuriant growth of the peas1 the beauty of madonna lilies gleaming white against the dark timber of the cottage1 or the special size of this year's roses1 will often make a lasting friendship4 ,no make-believe pastime is gardening with them2 it is their true recreation4 ,their lives have been passed amidst fields1 trees1 beautiful hedgerows1 and consequently they look upon these objects as friends4 ,surely this love of ,nature is wholesome both to body and mind1 and greatly to be encouraged by all who wish for the well-being of ,england and her ,colonies4 ,are we not shown the vast importance of keeping our rural population away from towns8 ,do we not thus endeavour with every means in our power to improve the cultivation of our land8 ,county ,council lectures1 flower shows1 cottage-garden competitions1 ,nature-study courses1 training colleges are provided for this purpose4 ,but1 perhaps1 the surest way of all is to make our boys and girls fond of bee-keeping1 fruit growing1 gardening and all other industries of country life4 ,it is with them that future success lies1 and by teaching them to tend small gardens of their own1 and compete for prizes in tidiness and artistic arrangement of flower plots1 we shall continue a love for the country in future generations4 ,to keep them away from the gloom1 squalor1 and temptations of large towns is what we all wish to achieve4 ,well-tilled1 wisely-worked farms1 orchards1 gardens1 bring us prosperity2 but we gain a love of ,nature1 too1 from contact with such things4 ,this must soften people4 ,it brings us nearer ,god4 8,a garden is a lovesome thing1 ,god wot6 ,rose plot1 ,fringed pool1 ,ferned grot-- ,the veriest school ,of peace2 and yet the fool ,contends that ,god is not-- ,not ,god6 in gardens6 when the eve is cool8 ,nay1 but ,i have a sign2 ',tis very sure ,god walks in mine40#a #a ,from 8,my ,garden10 one of the collected poems of ,t4 ,e4 ,brown4 ,by kind permission of ,messrs4 ,macmillan and ,co4 ,it is not alone amongst our village people that we hope for steady development in the cultivation of our soil4 ,they unconsciously assimilate much from what they see carried out in the vicarage garden1 the manor-house orchard1 and the large park4 ,these must set the example both in tidiness1 artistic arrangement1 and well-grown produce4 ,education in taste1 as well as scientific knowledge1 is required for the heads of these gardens4 ,we know that in ,japan gardening and flower arrangement have attained wonderful perfection4 ,there it is necessary to learn for seven years before a requisite amount of skill is acquired4 ,not only are artistic effects studied1 but flowers are used as modes of expression4 ,different colours and combinations convey distinct meanings4 ,surely we ,western races should also look upon a garden as of the same artistic value as a beautiful picture1 or a many-coloured1 skilfully wrought piece of embroidery8 ,in short1 so ancient a craft should be as intelligently and carefully studied as any ,fine ,art4 ,a garden is a living picture4 ,the painter having found a subject1 studies each detail4 ,surroundings1 background1 the position it should occupy upon the canvas1 what portion is to be accurately depicted1 which objects are to be omitted or only faintly indicated3 all these points are considered before he takes up his brush4 ,a gardener must do likewise4 ,sometimes1 when ground is not yet laid out1 he must do more4 ,he then has to think some years ahead and imagine what this bare piece of meadow will be when plants have grown in it4 ,the lay of the land1 the character of the soil1 the relation of the house with the garden--all have to be weighed before planting is commenced4 ,therefore1 our gardeners must be artists as well as successful cultivators of plants4 ,true gardening gives scope for much sympathy and feeling4 ,there is a soft repose in grey and pale pink4 ,an arbour with such colouring invites thoughtfulness1 quiet contemplation2 whereas orange or bright yellow may1 in some sad moments1 be obtrusive1 or jar upon our feelings4 ,a brilliant bed of scarlet poppies1 if put in the right natural surroundings1 are gay with joie de vivre1 whilst gentle pansies appear to look with melting human kindness as they raise their little faces appealingly towards us4 ,good effects have been gained by planting large1 bold clumps of ,pampas grass in empty spaces4 ,the situation must be very carefully selected or it is apt to strike a discord4 ,in the solemn graveyard it soothes2 the waving plumes seem to bow down in sympathy with the mourners4 ,a real artist gardener not only has aptitude for placing right lines1 and forming rich1 telling colour effects1 but he also understands the personality of flowers1 the sentiments of colours and scent4 ,a painter's instinct tells him where the varied colours of a mixed border are allowable1 and how elsewhere a touch of strong1 brilliant colour is wanted to lead again to a shaded path of mystery4 ,in order to successfully accomplish this ,fine ,art gardening1 which we in ,england are now ambitious to have1 artistic1 well-educated1 refined head gardeners are needed4 ,from our ,colonies1 too1 comes a cry for skilled and well-instructed 8heads40 ,there they have plenty of hands to do mechanical work1 numbers of 8coolies0 to do menial jobs1 but they want more intelligent directors and guides to industry4 ,again1 in our schools1 we require for the children those who sympathise with school garden work and ,nature-study4 ,these1 then1 are the ambitions of lady gardeners4 ,they do not wish to supplant able1 clever men head-gardeners1 nor even to compete with them4 ,they do desire1 however1 to assist as far as their strength allows1 by lending intelligence1 good taste1 refinement1 towards securing better cultivation of our great country4 ,what they lack in physical strength they endeavour to compensate by other equally important1 yet softer1 womanly qualities4 ,this book has two objects in view4 ,it hopes1 by means of practical advice--in fact1 by some it may be considered somewhat ,spartan counsel--to draw attention to what is required of lady gardeners4 ,the other aim is to show employers what would be gained by appointing them2 at the same time to disarm any mistaken illusion which may have arisen that ladies wish to supplant men gardeners4 ,they merely intend to supplement and increase the good work which men are doing for our land4 ,,gardening ,,for ,,women ,part ,i ,,chapter ,i ,,gardening ,,as ,a ,,profession ,,for ,,women ,daughters of many professional men are obliged to earn a living4 ,it often happens that the head of the family1 after years of hard work1 has to retire owing either to illness or age4 ,his pension is a small one1 and it becomes necessary for his daughters1 as well as his sons1 to make a career for themselves4 ,they have been accustomed1 perhaps1 to a comfortable home1 with a considerable number of luxuries1 and the question as to the best method of earning a living must necessarily be a difficult one4 ,in this connection it is1 ,i hope1 pardonable to quote a passage from ,mrs4 ,creighton's recent article upon women's education1 which created great interest among those concerned with the welfare of young women4 ,she wrote3--8,it is tolerably well agreed what men should be2 but social conditions which produce a preponderance of the female population and make it impossible for some women1 however much they may desire it1 to be married1 are inconvenient and disturbing to the views of most men4 8,the existence of women who1 whether they like it or not1 are bound to work for their livelihood1 is1 as a rule1 only unwillingly recognised as an exception2 the existence of women who claim to have a life of their own is still more upsetting to all ideas of a well-constituted universe40 ,a somewhat mistaken idea is sometimes held that women who are obliged to follow a definite career are less likely to marry than their sisters who remain at home in quiet surroundings4 ,it is often found1 however1 that of the daughters1 say1 of a country clergyman living in some remote corner of ,england1 it is those out in the world as secretaries1 companions1 or gardeners who do marry4 ,not only has a wider sphere of life brought them friends1 but their knowledge of the world has taught them how to keep them4 ,they have larger interests1 broader views1 and are therefore happier than their sisters1 who remain at home in village surroundings4 ,they should1 too1 be better helpmates to men leading active lives4 ,if they are sensible1 wise1 good women1 they should not lose by contact with people of different types any of that gentleness and softness which are the chief attractions of a woman4 ,the choice of a career depends largely upon the character and bringing up of a girl4 ,unless she is fond of out-of-door life1 however1 she must not think of becoming a gardener1 and she will probably find that her parents look somewhat critically upon this profession4 ,they have an uncomfortable feeling that the head of a private garden is only a kind of servant1 and in market1 jobbing1 or landscape gardening they see a life of constant digging and delving2 a struggle to compete with the strength of a working man4 ,the disadvantages--many days of rain and wind1 early rising1 disagreeable menial jobs--all assume larger proportions to them than the benefits that are to be derived4 ,parents are perfectly right to point out all these drawbacks to their daughter4 ,they should be fully realised and weighed before she embarks upon such a career4 ,professional gardening is no child's play4 ,it means at least three years of diligent study and hard work before any considerable remuneration can be sought4 ,let the girl who is leaving college carefully view all sides of the question1 and1 above all1 let her wait until she is twenty before she takes any decisive step4 ,having reached years of discretion1 and being full grown and strong in health1 the advantages of a gardener's life will probably attract her4 ,if1 during her childhood1 she has had the care of a plot of ground in the home garden1 or has had bees or poultry under her charge1 it will be pain and grief to her to leave these pursuits and live in the confinement of a town4 ,the thought of a stuffy ,london typewriting office1 and the long1 dark evenings in cheap lodgings1 will be repulsive to her4 ,she will miss the wide1 open stretches of sky1 the coming and going of the seasons4 ,how she will long for a sight of cowslips in the meadows and the fresh1 sweet scent of gorse4 ,perhaps1 if she is a governess or companion1 she may live in the country and have all these pleasures1 but will she fully relish them if she has no freedom8 ,her evenings may possibly not be her own1 and during the day1 too1 she will have to accommodate her wishes to those of others4 ,the well-known lines of ,richard ,jefferies will constantly recur to her1 and she will see the wisdom of them4 8,let us be always out of doors among trees and grass and rain and wind and sun4 ,let us get out of these indoor1 narrow1 modern days1 whose twelve hours somehow have become shortened1 into the sunlight and the pure wind4 ,a something that the ancients called divine can be found and felt there still40 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,walled ,,garden0 ,,at ,,the ,,house ,,of ,f4,m4 ,,viscount ,,wolseley1 ,k4,p4 ,,the ,,roses ,,were ,,planted ,,and ,,pruned ,,by ,,the ,,lady ,,gardeners4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,the profession of gardening offers a considerable amount of freedom1 the refining influence of poetry and beauty1 contact with intelligent1 interesting people1 and health and happiness to body and mind4 ,these1 to an active1 out-of-door1 young woman are very great advantages4 ,then1 too1 there are different branches of the profession1 so that a selection is possible as to which best suits her talents4 ,should she be fond of teaching1 she can hold classes in ,nature ,study or botany2 if she has taste and talent for drawing1 she can take up landscape gardening4 ,with a small amount of capital to invest1 she may start a market garden1 with every prospect of success4 ,there are1 too1 the higher branches of horticulture1 such as the treatment of rare greenhouse plants1 hybridisation1 cross-fertilisation1 and the handling of orchids4 ,all these intensely interesting1 intellectual matters require such dainty skill1 so much thought1 that there is no doubt whatever they are suited to ladies4 ,many who practise in these branches employ women to execute the minute operations that are so often entailed1 because their light touch is better adapted to the purpose than the heavy hand of a man4 ,few women have up to the present studied long enough to surpass men in these matters1 but there is a certain future for them in such work if they persevere in study4 ,it must be borne in mind that horticulture is still a comparatively new profession for women1 and that unless those who enter it strive to give full time and application to learning its details they cannot hope to be successful4 ,some few failures have occurred already1 much to the regret of all keenly interested onlookers4 ,these have been caused by anxiety to earn something before proficient knowledge had been acquired4 ,it is the same1 ,i believe1 in all new professions2 and it is only now1 after many years of striving1 that women have attained success as sick nurses1 secretaries1 and teachers4 ,the first who went into the arena made mistakes1 and possibly paved the way for their successors1 who noted the causes of failure1 and mended their ways4 ,let us hope that this will be the case in horticulture1 for there is no reason why women should not succeed in it4 ,moreover1 we have already some brilliant examples of success4 ,those who are thinking of taking it up should spare no pains to gain a complete education1 for only then1 when they are themselves worth something1 can they expect remuneration4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,training ,,required ,there are various ways of obtaining the necessary training to be a lady gardener4 ,both at home and abroad numerous colleges and schools exist where young women are well instructed in all branches of ,horticulture4 ,a college course is necessary1 but if a girl is not more than twenty years of age 7and it is advisable that she should not be much younger when she commences her training7 it will help her to be apprenticed for a year or two first in a private garden4 ,should she prefer1 it will be better still to spend two years at a small school where instruction is more individual and personal than in a large college4 ,here the students are few in number1 and carefully selected1 and it is possible to learn in the same way that the working man learned1 when he began as a garden boy4 ,the pupil will be ordered to do menial jobs1 such as turning manure1 wheeling refuse1 sweeping leaves1 or mowing a lawn4 ,this comparative drudgery must be gone through in order to understand how to direct others4 ,even wheeling a barrow full of soil and washing out pots is interesting if the heart be in the profession and there is the wish to succeed4 ,in a private garden or small school1 too1 it will be possible to follow the ultimate use the pots are put to1 after they are washed1 and the reason for each operation will be more easily made apparent than is the case in a large college1 where lectures and theoretical classes are sometimes put before practice4 ,when there is a large number of students1 too1 it is impossible that all should take part in each operation4 ,personal interest in the garden is apt to be lost sight of1 and teaching becomes a 8demonstration10 where the expert does the work1 and the students look on4 ,they cannot thus learn in the only thorough way1 by working themselves4 ,in a college course1 hours are often suited to the requirements of expert lecturers1 and students are apt to ignore the fixed hours of work observed in a private garden4 ,i have known students to whom it never occurred that it might not be agreeable to the family to hear the sound of raking on a gravel path outside the breakfast room1 and who were unconscious of its being an offence against garden etiquette for them to shout remarks to fellow students across the flower beds4 ,then1 too1 fixed school holidays1 which are necessary in large communities1 sometimes interfere with the possibility of seeing certain operations performed4 ,i therefore strongly advocate a course of manual work1 like that of the garden boy1 as an introduction to more serious training4 ,this routine work will enable the pupil to understand college lectures1 when the time comes to attend them4 ,theoretic teaching can then be applied to the treatment of soil and plants4 ,not possessed of the strength and facility for manual work of a man1 the girl student must make up for this deficiency by intelligent reasoning4 ,she should follow closely in the footsteps of science1 and have a reason for each operation4 ,what is heard in the chemistry laboratory has to be applied in practice in the garden4 ,when the dismal herbaceous border1 upon which so much money has been spent1 is seen1 the cause of failure will be known4 ,after all the talk1 trouble and expense1 why does it lack colour8 ,surely some ingredient in the soil is missing--dress it with lime1 put more manure or leaf mould1 as the case may be4 ,i believe that some people imagine that a lady gardener is intended always to remain at work amongst the swept-up leaves and garden refuse6 ,but if her intelligence is not sufficient to make her soar speedily beyond the powers of a #a a week man gardener1 she had better take up other work1 for she certainly cannot compete with him in physical strength4 ,a course of study for two or three years1 such as ,i have described1 is certainly not too lengthy4 ,each plant1 shrub1 tree1 goes through the same phases once in each year4 ,although these processes are repeated year after year1 they may be subjected to variations of weather and temperature4 ,different treatment is probably necessary each year4 ,time only can show this4 ,books teach much and so also do lectures1 but only when supplemented by practical experience1 will they make a competent gardener4 ,the intending girl-gardener should make up her mind from the beginning that she must spend money on a three years' course of training4 ,it should be taken in the way that best suits the individual case2 there need never be regret for the money spent upon it4 ,it is only by skill and knowledge that employment will eventually be secured4 ,therefore the beginner should do some practical work in a garden1 and cram botany1 chemistry1 and physics into her head4 ,when she has a free day1 or if other opportunity occurs1 visits should be made to other gardens4 ,then it will be possible to learn the names and habits of new plants1 and1 by studying a different treatment of them1 the powers of observation will be increased4 ,after college training an effort should be made to get a subordinate paid post1 for whatever branch of ,horticulture it is decided to specialise in4 ,no attempt should be made to superintend a large garden until1 as they say of children1 the student has learned 8to feel her feet40 ,i propose to give a short account of the different branches available from which a selection can be made4 ,it will be convenient to divide them into two classes3-- ,a4 ,which require training and education only3-- ,i4--,landscape ,gardening4 ,,ii4--,jobbing ,gardening4 ,,iii4--,head gardener in a private garden4 ,b4 ,which requires capital as well as training and education3-- ,market ,gardening4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,landscape ,,gardening ,this wide field of study is one which women are well suited to1 provided they have brains and good taste4 ,in order to be really successful1 imagination is required1 as well as other qualities that are needed by an ordinary head gardener4 ,no amount of study or training can adapt an inartistic woman to this profession1 but given artistic feeling1 the power of conveying her ideas to her employers and to those working for her1 great possibilities are within reach4 ,many fail1 perhaps1 by a headstrong desire to carry out their own plans2 they do not regard sufficiently the views and wishes of those for whom they work4 ,a considerable amount of tact is necessary1 in order to obtain the confidence of the owner of the garden4 ,having ascertained his requirements1 and made these the centre of the scheme1 the woman-gardener's imagination should help to fill in all details4 ,illustration3 ,,model ,,by ,,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,,sewell ,,of ,a ,,children',s ,,garden1 ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,whitechapel ,,country ,,in ,,town ,,exhibition4 ,,illustration ,,of ,,what ,,can ,,be ,,shown ,,of ,a ,,garden ,,by ,,means ,,of ,a ,,model4 ,photograph by ,clarke and ,hyde4 ,i assume that the candidate for such a position has had a good general education1 and is well grounded in botany and botanical geography4 ,it is necessary that she should be able to draw1 and a knowledge of simple plane geometry and geometrical drawing is essential4 ,she must be able to make a sketch plan showing the proposed alterations with their measurements4 ,in some cases1 where the employer is not himself a draughtsman or does not read a ground plan easily1 the lady gardener may find it useful to have recourse to a different system for conveying her meaning to him4 ,i have seen a rough model made in cardboard to represent the house1 and real soil used to surround it1 with little twigs placed here and there in imitation of trees or hedges4 ,this is a somewhat childish means of experimenting upon future alterations1 but in cases where the owner is undecided or unable completely to grasp the effect which will be attained by moving soil1 or planting trees1 the model may be exceedingly useful4 ,the soil can be so easily shifted from side to side with the hands1 a tree planted here1 a dividing hedge placed there1 until the desired effect is attained4 ,then1 too1 it may convey well to the contractor 7who possibly undertakes the whole alteration7 the exact amount of labour that he will have to expend4 ,another way of conveying ideas for proposed alterations is by means of a 8prophetic drawing40 ,that is to say1 if a rose arbour is to be made1 a sketch1 with finished details of what it should look like two years hence1 when the roses have climbed to the summit of the pergola1 may influence the owner in his decision to put the matter in hand4 ,it is important that all these methods of conveying intentions should be studied4 ,a slight acquaintance with geology will be useful in forming rock work4 ,most of these subjects1 together with surveying1 can be learnt at a ,municipal ,school1 but the more thoroughly they are acquired the better4 ,methodical habits are essential4 ,so many women1 compelled to earn a living1 fail in this4 ,they do not note expenses carefully2 they are not business-like in rendering an account of wages paid out2 and they do not trouble to obtain estimates of work to be done4 ,the education of women is much at fault in these respects1 but certainly1 until this lack of business qualities is replaced by methodical ways1 we shall be considered the reverse of helpful4 ,it will greatly assist the young gardener if visits are paid to many gardens1 both private ones as well as market gardens4 ,small cottage gardens or wayside hedgerows should not be despised2 much can be learnt by looking at both4 ,the plants that are natural to the climate and soil are at once detected in this way1 and knowledge is obtained as to what will most speedily lend itself to an effect of foliage or colour4 ,often1 the chance arrangement of a large mass of gypsophila with bright coloured nasturtiums interwoven with its feathery flowers1 or pansies springing up between an old paved path1 may give ideas for a large garden4 ,the 8,traveller's ,joy10 and blackberries1 that grow so rampantly on chalk1 will make a pergola look clothed before a rarer plant could grow three feet up it4 ,if possible1 a trip abroad should be taken2 it would give fresh ideas1 if the fields of mauve autumn crocuses in ,france1 or the terraces and vineyards of ,italy1 could be seen4 ,there are so many different ways of building pergolas1 training creepers1 and tying vines to posts4 ,if we adopt some of these foreign styles in ,england it gives a touch of ,italy to our tame ,english gardens4 ,copious notes should be made of all that is seen1 and the knowledge thus acquired can be readily applied to designs for gardens here4 ,all books on landscape gardening1 new and old1 must be studied2 many old-fashioned plans of mazes and beds can so easily be used or adapted to modern grounds1 and with some knowledge of architecture1 it will be easy to place the right design near a house4 ,all gardens must be chiefly considered with a view to improving the appearance of the house4 ,this must be the starting point and first consideration4 ,planting specimen trees and lovely plants is of secondary moment4 ,no school or college can teach good taste2 some people will learn it instinctively1 others will never acquire it4 ,with constant observation and copious notes1 artistic feeling in gardening may certainly be increased4 ,it will be helpful to know the habits1 mode of growth1 etc41 of trees1 shrubs1 and garden plants4 ,their time of flowering1 and appearance1 are more important matters for consideration than the actual ability to grow them4 ,a head gardener can cultivate them1 when the broad effects of colour have been planned and decided upon4 ,as much knowledge as possible must be gained concerning soils1 manures1 road making1 draining1 pond making1 levelling1 embanking1 and there must be the ability roughly to calculate the cost of such operations4 ,by apprenticeship1 or by going to watch someone who is making large and extensive alterations1 much can be learnt4 ,facility is acquired in estimating the time that is taken in carting soil1 or loading manure1 by watching a large staff of men at work2 experience can thus be gained as to the best method to map out work4 ,it is so essential to save labour and untidiness4 ,a job that has to be done twice over is distressing to all concerned4 ,the organisation of work can only be arrived at by planning out each detail beforehand1 and orders can at once be given as to where the excavated soil is to be placed so that it may1 at a future time1 be handy for a further development of the plan4 ,we are considering this branch of gardening as one that may be gone in for without capital4 ,when the training is completed it will be best to advertise for work4 ,the terms for paying a preliminary visit and giving general advice should be stated4 ,after this1 should an understanding with an employer be arrived at1 the further charges will depend upon the way in which the work has to be carried out4 ,perhaps it may only be necessary to pay an occasional visit to the scene of operations and see how the head gardener is executing his orders4 ,in this case a guinea or more a visit would be the remuneration4 ,it may answer the purpose better to obtain the services of a local contractor1 and having explained the whole plan carefully to him1 let him quote a price for the fulfilment of the contract4 ,the fees would then be so much per cent4 upon the total4 ,under all circumstances it will be necessary to deal tactfully with the men who do the work4 ,the ideal way of carrying out landscape gardening would be to have a staff of permanent workmen1 who would accompany the landscape gardener to the various gardens1 and carry out her directions4 ,how much more quickly things would often go1 if she had her own men to rely upon4 ,as this1 however1 means capital1 it should not be considered here1 and stress can only be laid upon the necessity for making orders concise and clear1 and studying the characters of the various workpeople1 so as to succeed in obtaining the largest value possible out of their services4 ,the power of interesting them in their work is a useful adjunct4 ,often a friendly word1 or placing some slight responsibility upon a workman1 will double the amount he tries to do4 ,at first it will be difficult to obtain work4 ,any successful plans that are carried out gratis for friends are sure to lead to further employment1 and each good thing achieved will bring other opportunities4 ,should there still be time on hand1 perhaps an architect may be found who is willing to secure the help of a well-trained garden designer4 ,no fixed rules for obtaining employment can be laid down4 ,ambition and keen desire to get on will steer best to the right channel for seeking work4 ,several municipal authorities are willing to employ women as landscape gardeners4 ,should it be possible for women to make a success of private garden designs1 it would surely help towards their appointment to larger spheres of landscape garden work4 ,the laying out of parks1 squares1 and garden cities could be handed over to them1 and what a large source of interest this would be4 ,it is unfortunate that we in ,england attach so little importance to the study of forestry4 ,in none of our agricultural colleges is it taught in the same thorough way as in ,germany4 ,a great future might be open to a lady who studied this subject4 ,it might be possible to induce a consulting forester in ,england1 ,scotland1 or1 better still1 in ,germany1 to take a pupil4 ,this subject1 if fully mastered1 would be of the greatest use in carrying out large alterations in public parks or private grounds4 ,to any lady with a love of nature1 the possession of taste1 and possibly the wish to improve and add to the beauty of our ,english country homes1 this branch of gardening will greatly appeal4 ,what a pleasurable sensation it is to see a lovely picture growing daily more like the plan that was roughly sketched out4 ,how satisfactory to watch the building up of that stately terrace beneath the house1 which puts the finishing touch to the beauty of the building itself4 ,without a terrace1 the house would appear insignificant and poor--now it seems to have grown in dignity and stateliness4 ,what pleasant days1 too1 can be spent in noting the happy results of garden-making1 such as we see in the great yew trees of ,levens1 the grand ,avenues of ,le ,ntre1 at ,versailles1 or the clever grouping of trees in many an ,english park4 ,here we1 who come some two hundred years after1 reap the full benefit of what then had the appearance only of a flat field dotted with stiff little baby trees4 ,we can follow the old plans and ideas1 but by using quicker growing materials it is possible to develop a picture under our eyes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hanging ,,gardens1 ,,ratton ,,park1 ,,sussex4 ,,laid ,,out ,,by ,,the ,,hon4 ,,mrs4 ,,freeman-,,thomas4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,jobbing ,,gardening ,,and ,,floral ,,decoration ,often1 as we drive through ,london suburbs1 we see remains of some former stately ,georgian house4 ,perhaps1 a hundred and fifty years ago1 when it was built1 it stood isolated1 with only a quiet country village near by4 ,in the gardens were hedges of rosemary and lavender1 fruitful pear trees were trained upon high walls1 a slender little lady in a flowered brocade made sweet pot pourri with pink rose leaves4 ,all that now remains of the garden is a small ,adams summer house1 built up into the wall1 having a quaint shaped ,dutch roof4 ,a charming outlook it was when 8,my ,lady0 watched for 8,my ,lord0 riding home from ,london4 ,all that now brings to us a touch of romance is the undisturbed yew hedge and a few box-edged formal beds4 ,the garden has been divided off into villa plots4 ,everywhere these villas spring up4 ,we see long roads of them in each suburb2 in seaside towns1 watering places1 and golfing centres we find them too4 ,each house has a garden1 which is not necessarily large enough to supply the family with vegetables1 but usually a small1 level lawn is contrived for tennis or croquet2 and a small portion near the road is kept gay with flowers4 ,it is amusing1 as we walk along1 to compare taste in gardening at ,clarence ,house with that displayed next door at ,highclere ,villa2 to note how preferable is the natural arrangement of well-grown tea-roses in one1 to the star-shaped beds of stiff geraniums in another4 ,who looks after these small gardens8 ,often an uneducated working man1 whose chief idea is to keep them tidy4 ,this is commendable1 but tidiness is not the only pleasurable feature of a garden4 ,to plan successful combinations of colour really brings happiness1 to have means of tending little bits of tender1 precious plants1 gifts of friends1 is what contents us4 ,it would help many owners of such gardens to hand them over to the care of a lady4 ,the size of the piece of ground is not too much for her to look after1 the work is not arduous4 ,in fact1 she can limit her work to a given number of days a week1 or even half days4 ,this kind of jobbing gardening1 although well paid1 would only content those who are obliged to live at home and require some light garden work1 after their course of training is completed4 ,it is remunerative1 very little responsibility is entailed1 and1 to a certain extent1 it is possible to combine it with home duties4 ,the interest of it need not be restricted to the actual manual labour of mowing and rolling the small lawn and planting out seedlings4 ,a small greenhouse is perhaps attached1 and pleasant social intercourse may be had1 if the owner is also interested in gardening4 ,to those who are ambitious for a wider scope to their capacity1 this kind of jobbing gardening will be insufficient4 ,if they have a little capital and some experience1 it will well repay them to start a small nursery garden and not only supply labour for these villa gardens1 but also sell plants to them4 ,some business capacity is necessary1 but if1 in addition1 strong1 healthy plants are raised1 there is no limit to the possibilities of such a business4 ,should friends combine in such an undertaking1 it can be worked without assistance from working men4 ,if1 however1 as is very likely to occur1 the staff of lady assistants is called upon to give advice in laying out small gardens1 arranging plants in window boxes1 decorating rooms for concerts1 dances1 etc41 men would have to be employed to do the heavy work4 ,the planning1 organising1 and directing is what ladies should excel in4 ,by procuring large instalments of bulbs1 raising quantities of perennials from seed1 keeping up a plentiful supply of bedding-out plants on their own land1 a satisfactory effect can be produced in many villa gardens at comparatively small cost4 ,for a fixed sum per annum the jobbing gardener could undertake to keep in good order1 plant and tend all in each small garden4 ,it is easily estimated that this kind of work becomes1 after the first outlay1 exceedingly remunerative and interesting4 ,there is employment for old and young1 strong and delicate2 a happy combination of interests and tastes is what should perhaps be most sought for by the staff of ladies in such an enterprise4 ,secretarial work1 planning tempting price lists1 would fall to the lot of one1 whilst landscape gardening would belong to another4 ,in all branches of horticulture the remuneration to be obtained by a lady should not be less than that earned by a man4 ,she is indeed entitled to receive even more than a man head gardener1 as compensation for her superior taste and good education4 ,the particulars which ,i am able to give of ,mrs4 ,chamberlain's work on p4 #beg show how large a sphere can be covered by jobbing gardening1 and in ,miss ,agar's account 7p4 #bec7 will be found particulars of the remuneration that can be usually claimed by a lady expert4 ,floral decoration may be combined with jobbing gardening1 or it may be undertaken apart from any other interests4 ,all will agree that the work of arranging flowers is undoubtedly suited to ladies4 ,it needs good taste1 an eye for colour1 lightness of touch and great patience4 ,these qualities are possessed by most young gentlewomen1 but if they are not natural to them1 practice will1 as a rule1 teach sufficient for the execution of the mechanical part of the work4 ,the preliminary stage of training is perhaps least tempting1 for it involves long1 tiring hours1 spent in a hot1 unrestful florist's shop4 ,it will be found best to serve an apprenticeship in this way for some months4 ,possibly the people met there are not very obliging or polished2 often work has to be done under extreme pressure1 as many orders have to be ready at the same moment1 and the freshness of flowers has to be greatly considered4 ,bouquets1 dinner-tables1 all have to be postponed until the last safe moment4 ,consequently there remains but little time for enjoyment of completed work1 and there is very scant appreciation4 ,work which has to be hurried is seldom pleasing4 ,being chiefly mechanical1 however1 it rapidly becomes easier to carry out the different orders1 and then real enjoyment begins4 ,the business becomes interesting to the novice when she is sufficiently trusted to exert her imagination1 and make suggestions as to blending different flowers and foliage4 ,from the moment when she comes into contact with those who give the order1 that best incentive1 personal interest1 is aroused4 ,as in the case of jobbing gardening1 it is possible for a girl to live at home and yet have floral decoration as a daytime interest4 ,this1 too1 is a saving4 ,the premium for acquiring experience is a heavy one4 ,it varies according to the position and reputation of the florist's shop1 but it is never less than #ae1 and it often reaches #ej4 ,during the first year it is not usual to obtain a salary4 ,there are exceptions to this rule1 as will be seen on p4 #beg1 in the account of the ,women's ,gardening ,association4 ,only those who have tried it know what tiring work flower arrangement is1 and only strong1 able-bodied girls should contemplate such a profession4 ,success1 as in all undertakings1 comes after long perseverance and patience4 ,the ideal method of carrying on this business is to have a nursery garden and raise suitable flowers in it to supply one's own shop4 ,it is then merely necessary to superintend1 and give general ideas as to arrangement4 ,with thorough business habits and very good taste1 there is no saying what sum might not be realised by a woman in this direction4 ,like millinery or dressmaking1 it needs a combination of qualities1 and is essentially a woman's art4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,teaching ,,of ,,nature-,,study ,when1 at ,christmas time1 we search the shelves of a ,london book shop1 to find fresh 8,golliwog0 adventures or new fairy tales1 are we not struck by the importance given to another class of child's book8 8,the ,fairchild ,family10 8,struwelpeter10 ,hans ,andersen's tales1 books that we were brought up upon1 are superseded by a totally new kind4 ,anything relating to living things1 birds1 mammals1 plants1 wild flowers1 fruit1 is what we now give our children4 ,in short1 nature-study1 and everything connected with it1 is the fashion4 ,it forms not only an important part of education1 but it also is recreation4 ,possibly we encourage it as a reversion from over-much science and book-learning1 which is apt to produce a somewhat unhealthy1 overstrained1 nervous condition4 ,the philosophy of the 8,simple ,life10 which is preached so much1 is a reaction from these abnormal conditions to the natural1 healthy order of existence4 ,up to now1 we stand only upon the threshold of these new ideas1 we hardly realise the wealth and meaning of this new philosophy4 ,we only know that a still greater use is in store for it1 and that1 through it1 greater happiness will ensue for us4 ,the right application of nature study and all that it embraces1 to the education of children1 is one of the most important developments of our day4 ,all those who are ambitious for the prosperity of our future ,england should give very careful consideration to these matters4 ,more and more we learn that the first endeavour of a school is to teach people to live4 ,this new study tends to connect school teaching with life at home4 ,by means of such schooling1 our children acquire from earliest days habits of observation4 ,they appreciate all wonders and beauties of natural objects around them4 ,lovely wild flowers on our downs1 many grasses in our meadows1 clouds1 stars1 all become real friends4 ,illustration3 ,obs3 the wild clematis4 ,ther3 reg4 #gj4 ,sidenote3 ,july #abth ,obs3 smut on oats4 ,it is a small black powdery fungus4 ,bar3 reg3 #cj-a_/bj ,ther3 3 #fh4 ,sidenote3 ,july #acth ,obs a chrysalis of the horse bot fly4 ,obs evening primrose in a hedge4 ,bar3 reg3 #cj-a_/bj4 ,ther3 #ias #gdsh ,a ,,page ,,from ,a ,,boy',s ,,nature ,,study ,,sketch-,,book4 ,a ,,pupil ,,of ,,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,williams4 ,,hurstpierpoint1 ,,sussex4 7,see opposite ,plate47 ,love of nature1 which familiarity with her beauty breeds1 is not only wholesome for children of the upper classes4 ,it is good for them1 but more especially do we need an increase of such knowledge amongst the poor little waifs and strays of our great cities and towns1 who have so few bright moments in their dull grey lives4 ,if these nature study classes can help them1 should we not do our utmost to encourage more ladies to take up this form of study in order to impart it to them with sympathy8 ,illustration3 ,illus4 ,wild ,clematis ,smut on ,oats ,stag ,beetle4 ,a ,,page ,,from ,a ,,boy',s ,,nature ,,study ,,sketch-,,book4 ,a ,,pupil ,,of ,,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,williams1 of ,,hurstpierpoint1 ,,sussex4 ,then1 too1 in our country villages1 is it not wise to foster in young people a love of everything connected with country life8 ,will it not help largely to induce them to remain on the land and not migrate to the hardships and squalor of crowded towns8 ,the two chief aims of education are to draw out individuality and personality4 ,this is certainly accomplished with success when we see representations as are shown herewith from a child's nature study diary4 ,we in ,england are sadly behind ,germany and ,america in this branch of education4 ,it is only a short time ago that children in our schools were encouraged to bring objects from out-of-doors into the schoolroom for examination4 ,they were asked to make collections of lichen1 ferns1 or wild fruits2 and what charming devices one has seen1 wrought by ingenuity out of all these lovely things4 ,now1 however1 we have made a decided stride1 for by means of school gardens1 which gradually replace the dreary bit of asphalt playground1 we go out to seek objects in their natural surroundings4 ,soon1 teachers in our elementary schools1 possessing the ,froebel and kindergarten certificate and a ,government teacher's certificate1 will doubtless be fired with ambition2 will vie with each other in improving upon this system of education4 ,we shall have others following the example of the late ,miss ,lucy ,r4 ,latter4 ,she it was who did such good work in this respect as head infants' mistress of the ,invicta ,road ,council ,school1 ,westcombe ,park4 ,having carefully studied the question in ,italy1 ,france1 and the ,united ,states1 she was given a commission by the ,government of the ,maharajah to start school gardens in connection with the public school system of ,mysore4 ,teachers were prepared by her to carry on the work2 and let us hope that1 although gloom has been cast by her sudden death1 they will yet have been inspired by her to continue their efforts4 ,there is no doubt that the school garden successfully developed is the pivot round which nature-study revolves1 and as time goes on it will be seen more and more that gardening and nature-study have much in common4 ,those ladies who have talent for teaching1 and have been through a course of gardening1 will find many openings for work4 ,a garden1 although artificial1 is far less so than a schoolroom1 and it combines scope for general education1 quite apart from mere manual horticultural teaching4 ,i am informed by one of the greatest authorities upon this subject that science mistresses do not exist in sufficient numbers to supply the demand for them4 ,in this country it is a great recommendation for a woman to be able to teach nature-study1 and there is no difficulty in the way of a post being obtained by one who possesses knowledge and who can impart it4 ,as new training colleges and secondary girls' schools are instituted1 the demand will become greater1 and it is in the realms of possibility that there may be women teachers of nature-study wanted in ,south ,africa and in ,india1 though ,canada and ,australia are capable of supplying all the teachers they want themselves4 ,those who are interested in this subject will do well to read the ,notes in the ,swanley ,college and other reports in the second part of this volume4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,some ,,hints ,,upon ,,taking ,,up ,a ,,post ,,as ,,head ,,gardener ,i assume that a candidate for a position as head gardener has been through a two years' course of study at one of the ,horticultural ,colleges or at a school1 and has been under-gardener for a year or more in a private garden4 ,no doubt she has learnt how to grow flowers1 vegetables1 and fruit1 but it is possible that she does not know much about the routine work which she will now have to superintend4 ,as principal of the ,glynde ,school for ,lady ,gardeners1 ,i have had to study this subject1 and the following notes1 some of which are compiled with the help of a former superintendent1 ,miss ,j4 ,s4 ,turner1 are offered for use4 ,a lady gardener is still somewhat of an experiment to owners of gardens1 and1 therefore1 each one who takes up the work is1 in a sense1 the pioneer of a new profession for women2 it rests with her to make or mar the success of future lady gardeners4 ,if she is a failure1 or does not give satisfaction1 it may prevent other employers from engaging lady gardeners4 ,this should not1 however1 be allowed to discourage or intimidate an applicant for such a post4 ,there is no doubt that a lady1 with superior education1 tact and taste1 should succeed where many men have failed4 ,it must be borne in mind that the employer's pleasure has to be studied1 and that the men will have to be managed with firmness and strict fairness4 ,where these points are carried out intelligently1 the success of an intensely interesting career is fairly secured4 ,if possible1 it is advisable that the duties should commence at ,michaelmas1 which is the beginning of the agricultural and horticultural year4 ,if a start is made in the spring1 most of the praise or blame that ensues during the remainder of the horticultural year belongs by right to the previous gardener4 ,autumn and winter are the seasons for laying a good foundation1 for forming plans1 and cleaning up4 8,well begun is half done10 but it is more than 8half done0 in gardening4 ,unless the winter foundation is correctly laid1 the summer superstructure will be wrong1 or there is a chance of there being no structure at all4 ,the first thing for a lady 8head0 to do is to have a good look round4 ,she must see what crops are still on the ground1 what preparation has been made for winter and spring crops1 and the state the houses and frames are in4 ,everything under her care must be clean and in good order4 ,her aim is to fulfil all requirements of the family which she serves1 and1 in order to succeed1 she must ascertain their wants4 ,these vary with each family1 and it is not possible to lay down any fixed rules4 ,many questions that will need answering should be noted down1 and an interview should be requested of the lady of the house1 or whoever is most interested in the garden4 ,i will only draw attention to a few points which need consideration1 and these can either be decided by the gardener herself1 should she be given a free hand1 or settled by the employer4 7#a7 ,the hours of work and holidays for the garden staff4 ,arrangements should be made also for power to dismiss any subordinate who is lazy or misbehaves2 and this should be acted upon without hesitation upon the first proof of neglect4 7#b7 ,the payment of men1 and the number of extra ones allowed for additional work4 ,in large gardens1 this matter comes under the estate department1 but in small gardens the head gardener deals with it4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,countess ,,bathurst',s ,,garden1 ,,pinbury1 ,,near ,,cirencester ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 7#c7 ,the days and hours that will be most convenient for the despatch of routine work1 such as mowing1 tidying1 etc4 ,some ladies have weekend parties1 and require the place to look especially neat on ,sundays4 ,there may be small but necessary rules about sweeping and tidying the carriage drive1 cleaning and washing garden steps or benches1 the position of seats1 tents1 croquet hoops1 marking tennis courts1 etc4 ,the employer's wishes should be ascertained1 orders given accordingly1 and it should be seen that these are carried out4 7#d7 ,the days and hours for picking flowers for the house4 ,if it is the gardener's duty to arrange the cut flowers1 this must be gone into carefully1 as it is probably one of the most important matters in the eyes of the lady of the house4 ,should the family be in ,london1 there will be fixed days for sending flowers1 vegetables1 and fruit to them2 all these matters have to be carefully noted4 ,the amount of green foliage required for mixing with cut flowers also varies with different people's taste4 ,it must be ascertained whether many pot plants are required in the sitting-rooms1 or if cut flowers are chiefly used2 and if so1 which are the favourite kinds and colours4 ,it will then be easy to decide which plot of ground should be used as a reserve garden for cut flowers1 and what proportion of mignonette1 violets1 lilies of the valley1 etc41 will be needed for decoration4 7#e7 ,another matter1 which only the lady of the house can decide1 will be the arrangements for bedding out1 or the grouping and colouring required for herbaceous borders4 ,if she has taste1 and is artistic1 it is necessary only to carry out her plans4 ,possibly she may leave the matter to the gardener2 in which case visits should be made to a few neighbouring gardens to ascertain what plants and climbers are best suited to the climate and soil4 ,having put the plans on paper1 an estimate can be formed of the quantity of bulbs1 plants1 shrubs1 or climbers required for the whole garden4 ,the autumn is the best time to order these4 ,there remains then a further point upon which advice should be asked4 7#f7 ,the ordering of seeds1 plants1 tools1 and garden requisites may be in the gardener's department1 or it may be managed by the estate4 ,in any case1 it will be a good plan to touch upon these matters to the employer4 ,unimportant as they may appear1 it is wise for him to deal with local tradesmen1 and1 therefore1 a stranger to the neighbourhood will have to learn their names1 and what things they each excel in4 ,the carting of purchases from the station to the garden is a matter for careful consideration4 ,should this be done by the estate1 it must be borne in mind that1 when the yearly accounts are sent in1 the estate will wish to appear economical as regards its own requirements1 and if the gardener is not on good terms with the agent or bailiff1 it is possible that the total at the bottom of the garden expense column may be surprisingly large4 ,my advice1 therefore1 is to make friends with the estate department4 ,when pea boughs1 and timber for rails are needed1 when locks are to be repaired1 or hinges fixed1 it is good to have a friend at court4 7#g7 ,occasionally matters are put under a gardener's direction which can hardly be called garden work4 ,the washing down of drains1 cleaning away leaves from the roof gutters1 brushing snow off the roof1 emptying receptacles of refuse1 burning waste paper from the house1 may fall to a lady gardener's lot4 ,in any case1 when specific duties are ascertained1 no responsibility connected with them should be handed over to subordinates4 ,washing a drain down is not1 perhaps1 an especially elevating task1 and it may be urged that any fool can do it4 ,it will only be done1 however1 and well done1 if the men know that a look-out is being kept for their neglect or carelessness4 ,if they are sometimes unexpectedly watched it will be found that the work is well done1 and instead of their thinking less of their 8head10 they will respect her all the more4 ,if a holiday is asked for them sometimes1 or a kind act is performed for their wives or children1 they will work with a good will which should be encouraging to their chief4 ,it is not very probable that anyone1 after only two or three years' training1 will soar at once to the height of being head gardener on an estate1 or of having the direction of many labouring men4 ,i have noted most of the points of importance for a start in the garden profession2 they must be added to from experience as the ladder is mounted towards success4 ,i have not1 so far1 touched upon the main point for consideration1 whether the garden be large or small4 ,this is the vegetable garden4 ,it will be necessary1 without loss of time1 to interview the cook1 and ask what vegetables are most required4 8,different people1 different opinions2 some like apples1 some like onions40 ,do not grow what is not wanted4 ,it is well to try and make friends with the cook1 for if not1 any failure in the vegetable course at dinner will be laid to the gardener's door4 ,they will be too young or too old1 too tender or too tough1 or it will be said that the cook has expressed an opinion that 8no one couldn't cook them vegetables which that there lady gardener sends in40 ,therefore1 spare no pains to be friends with the head of the kitchen1 for success or failure may depend much upon her opinion4 ,a few compliments upon her skill in cooking will be a good preliminary to any explanations that may have to be made in introducing a new vegetable to her notice4 ,i have heard of a sad instance of the ,mont d',or butter beans that were given to the pigs 8because they were yellow40 ,in this case1 had the cook been interviewed beforehand1 those lovely golden beans would not have been cast 8like pearls before swine40 ,the requirements of houses as regards flowers and vegetables vary very much1 and it will only be by asking advice of the lady and the cook that a gardener can guess at all what she is expected to send into the house4 ,the first year will naturally be somewhat of an experiment in this respect1 and it will be well to point out these difficulties to the employer1 for fear he considers that there is either undue extravagance or too economical a saving of produce4 ,having interviewed the cook1 the next thing is to arrange the crops4 ,for an ordinary kitchen garden of one acre1 the following should generally be ordered4 ,peas #f qts4 ,broad ,beans #b-c qts4 ,french ,beans qt4 ,runner ,beans lb4 ,spinach #a qt4 ,winter spinach #h ozs4 ,mustard and ,cress #a qt4 each4 ,beet #b ozs4 ,carrots #b ozs4 ,leek #a oz4 ,lettuce1 ,summer #a oz4 ,lettuce1 ,winter oz4 ,onions1 ,spring #d ozs4 ,onions1 ,autumn #a oz4 ,parsley #b ozs4 ,parsnips #a oz4 ,salsify #a oz4 ,turnips #d ozs4 ,endive #a oz4 ,radish #a pint4 ,kale #a oz4 ,brussels ,sprouts #a oz4 ,cauliflower 7of sorts7 #a oz4 ,broccoli 7of sorts7 #a ozs4 ,cabbage #a oz4 ,red ,cabbage oz4 ,savoys oz4 ,celery #a pkt4 ,cheap plants can be bought of these latter1 and also marrows and cucumbers4 ,if the garden is a small one1 it will be more economical to do this than to raise them from seed4 ,the above are ordinary vegetables2 for special ones1 such as cardoons1 chicory1 etc41 a small packet of seed will be sufficient4 ,there are three vegetables not usually grown1 but which are most useful4 ,they are3-- ,phnix ,kale4--,will stand the most severe winter1 and the more it is cut in the late winter or spring1 the more it will shoot4 ,seakale ,beet 7not ,spinach ,beet74--,can be cut all the autumn4 ,it will stand an ordinary winter1 and will furnish another cut in spring when vegetables are scarce4 ,it has a broader midrib than spinach beet1 is perfectly white1 and is cooked like seakale4 ,the green blade can be used as spinach4 ,couve ,tronchuda4--,is used much in the same way as seakale beet4 ,cut the lower leaves first1 and use the thick fleshy leaf-stalks2 when the lower leaves are done1 there still remains very good cabbage on the top4 ,sutton calls it 8rather tender10 but it is not always necessary to protect it in winter4 ,it will be found useful to obtain a large chart of the vegetables usually grown1 and the time of sowing1 planting1 and cutting4 ,this can be obtained from the ,stores 7,book department74 ,if a rough plan of the garden can be obtained1 it will be of help2 if not1 a copy book should be bought1 and on one page a rough sketch made of each plot1 with the length and breadth marked upon it4 ,this need not necessarily be drawn to scale4 ,upon the opposite page should be put the crop which is on the ground4 ,probably someone can supply information as to what crop was previously there1 and when the ground was last trenched and manured4 ,any notes that can be made in this respect will be useful4 ,it is a good plan to divide the garden under cultivation roughly into four quarters1 disregarding1 for the moment1 that part which is under permanent crops1 such as asparagus1 rhubarb1 etc4 ,by trenching and manuring one plot every year1 it can be arranged for each quarter to have a good dressing at least once every four years4 ,bastard trenching is generally better than trenching2 and the more constantly the ground is stirred the better4 ,as farmyard manure is often scarce1 and labour for thorough trenching is expensive or difficult to obtain1 it will be found that doing a quarter of the ground each year is a sure way of getting it all under cultivation4 ,this1 and digging in the refuse1 will supply the necessary humus4 ,between times dig as deep as possible and use artificial manure4 ,the reason for ascertaining the crops that have been grown before is to enable some sort of rotation to be practised4 ,it is impossible1 in gardening1 to do this as perfectly as in agriculture1 but there are a few things which it is well to bear in mind4 ,the three fundamental rules are as follows3-- 7#a7 ,plants of the same natural order should not follow each other4 7#b7 ,crops which have occupied the same ground for several years should be succeeded by others of short duration4 ,this gives an opportunity for constantly stirring and cleaning the ground4 7#c7 ,plants grown for their roots1 or bulbs1 should not be followed by others grown for the same purpose4 ,plants grown for their seeds should also not succeed each other4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,yew ,,tree ,,avenue ,,known ,,as 8,,the ,,nun',s ,,walk10 ,,in ,,the ,,countess ,,bathurst',s ,,garden1 ,,pinbury1 ,,near ,,cirencester4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,in a small garden1 it is best to grow only early potatoes4 ,others can be bought as cheaply as they can be grown1 and the space they would occupy is valuable4 ,a piece of ground may be under early potatoes2 these should be cleared by the middle of ,june1 when a sowing of peas can be made1 selecting one of the early varieties for a late crop4 ,when they come off1 they can be followed by turnips1 which are drawn off during the winter4 ,in ,january the ground can be bastard trenched1 but not manured4 ,let it lie fallow awhile2 then put in carrots1 parsnips1 or beet4 ,the order can be varied indefinitely1 so long as the rules are followed1 and the plot of ground kept well trenched1 and manured every fourth year4 ,the next things to consider are the crops still on the ground1 and those coming on4 ,in a fairly well-managed garden late peas1 runner beans1 cauliflowers1 and marrows all 8in cut10 should still be found in the autumn4 ,the runner beans and the marrows should bear until they are cut down by frost4 ,their bearing capacity can be prolonged by careful picking1 by a mulch of well-rotted manure1 or with a drenching of liquid manure1 according to whether the season is wet or dry4 ,if there is likely to be a shortage of winter stuff1 fully ripe marrows can be hung up in an airy place1 and runner beans put down with salt4 ,a breadth of celery should be found coming into use1 and parsnips that will stand until they are required4 ,the main crop of carrots and beet will still be there to store1 and there should be a break of sprouts1 kale1 and other things to come in later4 ,if the supply is likely to run short1 it will not be too late to plant cabbage and colewort4 ,first then1 clear off all crops that are over1 such as peas1 early cauliflower1 and potatoes4 ,burn all this refuse1 as well as the weeds1 and return it to the ground4 ,keep on hoeing4 ,if there is no winter spinach in1 make a sowing at once1 and also make a sowing of turnips4 ,october is the great storing month4 ,take up all beet1 carrots1 and parsnips2 but artichokes and salsify are best left where they are4 ,corn salad can be sown1 to come up in early spring4 ,cauliflowers should be pricked out into a cold frame where they can be protected from frost4 ,all leaves should be swept up and stored in a heap1 to make leaf mould4 ,in the process they will generate steady heat1 and if a frame can be spared it should be put over them4 ,tender plants can be stored in it1 or winter salad grown in it4 ,by now the work will have got into swing1 and the routine of it has consequently been acquired4 ,any mistakes or omissions that have occurred will have been rectified4 ,as the crops come off1 settle what it is intended to put in next1 and prepare the ground accordingly4 ,some things require little or no manure2 others need much4 ,all ground is better for being stirred1 therefore keep on digging4 ,war must be waged against all weeds2 between the rows of greens1 decayed leaves should be removed4 ,all crops that are likely to be injured by frost must be protected4 ,now is a good moment to see about obtaining a supply of pea and bean sticks1 flower stakes and canes4 ,two important matters can be done in bad weather1 when the land cannot be worked4 ,stakes may be sorted out in sizes1 pointed and tied into bundles1 and put away in a shed4 ,any painting of stakes1 tubs1 or labels can also be done1 and it will be found a good plan to go over the stock of tools4 ,there is much more work that ,i could suggest1 but if the hints already given are carried out1 a good start will have been made4 ,by taking in a practical garden paper1 such as 8,the ,gardener0 7#a;d4 per week71 8,the ,journal of ,horticulture0 7#b;d4 per week71 or the 8,gardener's ,chronicle0 7#c;d4 per week71 a reminder of the regular rotation of work will be secured4 ,by reading these it will be seen exactly when to harvest fruit1 prune shrubs and roses1 clean over borders1 layer carnations1 etc4 ,all details connected with these different operations will have been learned at college1 so ,i need not add another to the many gardening books that will already have been read4 ,i want to draw attention to one quality that a lady head-gardener may find herself in need of4 ,it is humility4 ,i do not know a profession in which this is more necessary than in gardening4 ,because all difficulties of the soil in a chalky southern county have been learned1 the requirements of that poor land mastered1 and preparations made to guard against the violent attacks of the south-west wind1 do not suppose that these same torments exist necessarily in other counties4 ,enemies and insect pests will be found1 but they may not always be the same kind4 ,the good advice and hints1 therefore1 that may be obtained from smock-frocked residents in the neighbourhood should not be despised4 ,they have1 perhaps1 never been further than the nearest town close by2 reading and writing are difficulties which they cannot overcome1 but they have fully taken in how to grow vegetables and flowers on their own bit of land4 ,watch the time of year they undertake different simple operations1 and learn to do likewise4 ,disappointment may be saved if they are humbly watched4 ,bitter experience has taught these men1 and1 by taking their advice1 one may learn quickly what a lifetime has shown them4 ,illustration3 ,,miss ,e4 ,,douglas ,,in ,,her ,,greenhouse ,,at ,,shedfield ,,grange1 ,,botley ,,hants4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,,tools ,the lady-gardener can turn her attention to the question of tools when she has carefully looked round her new garden and when she knows how many men are to be employed4 ,a list should then be made of those that are wanted1 and they should all be ordered together1 as by that means they will be cheaper4 ,those of an inferior quality should not be obtained just for the sake of saving a few shillings4 ,they are dear at any price1 so the best should be had and treated well4 ,i have known instances of spades that 8came to pieces in my 'and10 as the housemaid says4 ,if they broke off at the first trial of a lady gardener1 they certainly would do so when used by a man4 ,therefore all spades and forks should be obtained from a trustworthy manufacturer4 ,in some cases1 a tool for each person employed will be required4 ,in other instances1 one or two of each kind will be enough1 according to the size of the garden4 ,of these 8sets0 had better be ordered4 ,spades4--,a spade must be chosen to fit the user1 and ,nos4 #b and #c are the most generally serviceable4 ,one with a solid socket is strongest1 and if the bend of the handle is right1 it will not be appreciably heavier than others4 ,forks4--,a digging fork or grape with four prongs may be either flat or round4 ,for general use1 the round pronged ones are best1 as they can be used for stirring the ground1 digging potatoes1 or forking manure4 ,when digging1 a flat pronged fork is strongest4 ,rakes4--,these can be obtained with iron or steel teeth1 three to a set1 in sizes of #af in41 #ab in41 and #h in4 ,the end teeth and head should be in one piece1 the other teeth rivetted1 and very slightly curved4 ,the socket should be long1 and have at least three holes for rivets4 ,draw hoes should be two to a set1 #i in4 and #d in42 the blades of steel welded to an iron neck which is slightly curved or swan-necked1 as it is easier then to keep free of weeds4 ,dutch hoes should be two to a set1 #i in4 and #f in4 ,trowels4--,a trowel should be chosen not too concave in the blade4 ,a small mason's trowel is useful4 ,a strong pruning knife will be required for each person4 ,besides these tools1 there will be required1 according to the size of the garden1 one or two shovels1 several manure forks1 some wooden rakes1 and two or three dibbers4 ,a garden roller4 ,a pick with one end sharpened to a point1 and the other wedge shaped4 ,a crowbar1 pitch bar1 or punch4 ,a couple of hammers and a wooden mallet4 ,an edging iron4 ,a pair of shears for cutting grass verges4 ,a pair of straight hedge shears4 ,a pair of lopping shears4 ,one or two pairs of secateurs4 ,a large axe and a couple of hatchets4 ,the ,american are best1 or if these cannot be had1 those with ,american handles should be obtained4 ,several scythes4 ,a couple of saws1 one an ordinary carpenter's saw1 the other a pruning saw4 ,a cross-cut1 to be used by two men1 is very useful4 ,one or two garden lines and reels4 ,a measuring rod1 #aj ft4 long1 and marked in feet and quarters4 ,a diamond for cutting panes of glass4 ,several wheelbarrows4 ,a hand barrow4 ,several baskets or trugs4 ,watering cans4 ,mowing machine4 ,this will depend upon the amount of grass2 but in a garden of any considerable size two will be required1 one large one for the lawns1 and a small one1 #aj in4 or #ab in4 wide1 for borders and edges4 ,for the first1 the ,american make is light1 cheap1 and simple in construction1 but as they have no back roller1 they will not work on narrow borders4 ,the 8,pennsylvania10 to be worked by a man and a boy1 and a small 8,green10 will probably be the most suitable4 ,it must be seen that the tools are kept in first rate order4 ,a grindstone1 one worked with a treadle1 will be necessary4 ,if good tools are bought and kept clean1 well oiled1 and sharp1 they will last a long time2 and those that have been used are the easiest to work with4 ,they are broken in1 as it were4 ,it will be advisable1 upon the first opportunity1 to clear out every hole and corner1 and get rid of the rubbish4 ,old tools1 however1 should never be thrown away1 as wooden handles will turn into dibbers and measuring pegs4 ,short handles will do for trowels1 etc4 ,old spades can be cut down1 re-sharpened1 and used for digging amongst shrubs and in herbaceous borders4 ,when they are past work1 they can be put into the ground1 blade upwards1 as foot scrapers4 ,old forks can have their prongs shortened and turned down at right angles1 or nearly so1 to the helve4 ,they are then useful as drag hoes for loosening soil among young crops4 ,it is a good plan1 in a garden where extra labour is employed1 and when neat and tidy habits cannot always be expected from the labouring men1 to have receptacles for different kinds of refuse4 ,there should be one for crocks1 another for glass1 a third for paper1 and one for bits of wood4 ,it should be seen each night that tools are carefully put away clean4 ,no pains should be spared to master thoroughly the mechanism of mowing machines4 ,the lady-gardener must also know how to stoke a greenhouse furnace1 and repair broken glass in frames4 ,if these matters have been learned in student days there will be no difficulty for her in directing men4 ,should she be unable herself to put a piece of glass into a frame1 she must not be angry with her workman if he fixes it insecurely4 ,as thorough master of her trade1 she will make herself respected4 ,care1 too1 should be taken from the first to look ahead1 as regards what has to be purchased1 such as pots1 soil1 manure1 peat1 nails1 raffia4 ,it is provoking in finishing a job to be delayed because1 at the right moment1 some necessary article was not ordered4 8,thinking ahead0 in this way is a habit1 and can be acquired4 ,it is well never to be without a pocket-book and pencil1 to jot down at once any things that may be required or jobs which need attention4 ,illustration3 ,,miss ,,hester ,,perrin ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,her ,,brother',s ,,garden ,,at ,,fortfield ,,house1 ,,terenure1 ,,co4 ,,dublin ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency ,,chapter ,,vii ,,dress ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,the question of clothes is always an important one to the feminine mind4 ,it is impossible to lay down any fixed rules as regards the costume best adapted to a lady gardener4 ,chief considerations are neatness and suitability to the climate4 ,it is best to have few clothes1 and to have them good4 ,it should be remembered that lady gardeners usually must brush their skirts1 and possibly have to clean their own boots4 ,a small cottage does not afford much space1 so nothing should be bought which is not absolutely necessary4 ,underclothing4--,wool should be worn next to the skin1 both in winter and summer1 and the weight of clothes varied according to the weather4 ,a plain fitting flannel belt to cover the waist and abdomen is advisable4 ,this is worn next the skin1 whether the usual underwear be merino or not4 ,knickerbockers1 and not petticoats1 should be worn4 ,for winter wear1 ready-made blue or black stockinette ones are best4 ,cheap ready-made cotton ones are useful for summer2 or they can be obtained in khaki drill1 should that material be preferred4 ,blouse or ,shirt4--,this should be of the simplest1 untrimmed make4 ,for student days1 when there are digging and other exertions to be performed1 a turn-down flannel collar1 with a tie1 will give most freedom of movement4 ,for a head gardener1 a stand-up linen collar will give a neat appearance4 ,in winter a flannel or ,scotch wincey blouse is warm4 ,for summer1 a tussore silk one is cool4 ,wincey and silk cost more than flannel and cotton1 but they wear longer1 and do not shrink in the wash1 so the expense in the end is the same4 ,a strong leather belt round the waist will keep both skirt and blouse neat4 ,if one or two swivels and spring hooks are fixed to it1 a knife1 keys1 etc41 can be attached1 and thus will always be at hand4 ,skirt and ,coat4--,several of these are needed1 all thoroughly business-like and tailor made4 ,the skirts should clear the ankles well1 and be very even all round4 ,nothing looks worse than one that hangs lower at the back than in front4 ,care should1 therefore1 be taken to get the tailor to see to this4 ,in rough weather1 one should be worn with a #c in4 or #d in4 lining of thin waterproof inside4 ,this enables one to wash off the mud with a sponge1 and it will help preserve the dress4 ,thin waterproof is preferable to leather for this purpose1 as it is lighter1 and does not hang like a log round the wearer when she has been out in the rain for some time4 ,the colour of the coat and skirt should depend upon what will least show the soil when it rubs off as tools are handled or heavy mud is walked through4 ,for winter1 homespun1 ,scotch1 ,west of ,england1 or ,irish tweed should be worn2 a heather mixture or light brown are best1 as these show dust less than darker colours4 ,in summer1 navy blue looks smart and workmanlike1 but will get dirty easily1 so it should only be kept for when clean jobs are undertaken4 ,blue fishwife's flannel is inexpensive1 and washes well4 ,a loose coat or ,norfolk jacket of the same material as the skirt is useful to slip over a blouse when the weather is cold1 or after work is finished4 ,it should be seen that the tailor gives two comfortable deep pockets1 and makes a wide collar with a flap1 by which it can be fastened at the neck in rainy weather4 ,unless the necessity of these details is pointed out1 he will probably skimp cloth and work4 ,the tailor should be consulted as to the material best suited1 an explanation having been given to him of the hard wear to which it will be put4 ,several colleges and schools for lady gardeners have designed special costumes for their students1 but although some are becoming to slim1 graceful figures1 they are by no means suited to all1 and are somewhat too conspicuous to be really desirable4 ,waterproof or aqua scutum4--,this will be needed for stormy weather and night work2 and the latter is preferable1 as it is pleasanter to work in than a mackintosh4 ,hat4--,in summer1 a shady1 thick straw hat looks best4 ,it should not be 8floppy10 as this is troublesome in windy weather1 and it must be plain1 not trimmed with chiffon or flowers4 ,a bit of ribbon round it is all that is wanted4 ,although a sun-bonnet is picturesque1 it is hot and close1 for it keeps off the air as well as the sun4 ,the old-fashioned plan of putting a couple of cabbage leaves in the crown of the hat is not to be despised1 should the heat be felt very much4 ,for winter1 a soft felt hat or cap will be required4 ,boots4--,this is the most important item of all1 and one1 curiously enough1 usually neglected by lady gardeners4 ,i often notice that students1 when they begin work1 wear ready-made and badly-made articles of the thickness only of paper4 ,boots are better than shoes1 but they must be good4 ,cheap boots are dear at any price4 ,if possible to afford it1 they should be made to order1 for a good many hours of the day will be spent in them4 ,it is well to have a few nails in the soles2 those made of aluminium are best4 ,from #a to #a ozs4 will be sufficient for a pair of boots1 and the difference in weight between them and the ordinary tackets is worth the extra cost4 ,boots should never be blacked1 but always greased4 ,this makes them warm in winter and wonderfully cool in summer2 they are then really waterproof4 ,if they are dressed once or twice a week with ,gishurstine1 they will wear well1 and keep soft and pliable4 ,a #as4 tin will last a long time4 ,castor oil1 too 7the cheap veterinary kind71 is also excellent4 ,two pairs of boots are necessary so that they can be worn on alternate days1 and thus be properly dried4 ,there is a foolish1 old-fashioned rule in some gardens that the men must have their boots neatly blacked on ,monday mornings4 ,this should not be encouraged4 ,the best way to dry boots1 when absolutely soaked through1 is as follows3--,take #b or #c lb4 of oats1 and heat them in the oven2 when the boots are taken off1 stand them in a pail1 and pour the hot oats up to the top of the polish4 ,the oats absorb moisture1 and as the boot dries they will swell1 and act as a last4 ,the same oats may be used over and over again4 ,to clean brown boots ,bucknell's saddle soap is better than any of the patent preparations4 ,stockings4--,for winter wear1 stockings should be knitted of soft1 thick wool4 ,woven ones are the best in summer4 ,if1 when the mid-day hour of rest arrives1 boots and stockings are wet through1 they should be changed at once4 ,it is false economy to neglect to do this1 for a rheumatic future may be the outcome4 ,it will be found1 however1 that1 if they are not wet1 there will be less suffering from tired feet when the same stockings and boots are kept on all day4 ,if they are removed1 and a rest is taken in easy shoes during dinner time1 the feet will swell1 cause pain1 and blisters will probably rise when a fresh pair of boots are put on for the afternoon4 ,beginners usually have to put up with tender feet until they become accustomed to heavy boots4 ,for this reason1 thick stockings are preferable4 ,it will be found that camphorated ,eau de ,cologne cools the feet4 ,another and better remedy is ,balm of ,bethesda1 which can be had from most chemists4 ,the feet should be soaked in warm water1 and while still damp a few drops of the balm rubbed in4 ,this should be done every night until a cure is effected4 ,it may be necessary to repeat the remedy each spring when the first warm days arrive4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,at ,,fortfield ,,house1 ,,terenure1 ,,co4 ,,dublin4 ,,where ,,miss ,,hester ,,perrin ,,devotes ,,much ,,time ,,to ,,the ,,successful ,,cultivation ,,of ,,bulbs ,,and ,,plants4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,leggings4--,these1 too1 are important1 and should be of leather1 and similar to those worn by men4 ,buttons or spring fastenings are to be avoided4 ,the spiral strap fastening with a buckle is the most practical1 and brown leather is better than black1 as it is more easily cleaned4 ,cloth leggings1 gaiters or puttees should not be worn2 they are troublesome to clean4 ,gloves4--,thick leather gloves are useful when working among thorns and thistles4 ,many jobs1 such as thinning out small things1 pruning and nailing1 cannot be properly done in gloves4 ,when working among wet vegetables1 they only make the hands cold1 and encourage chilblains4 ,hands will wash1 but it is as well to be provided with a bottle of nail-cleaning fluid1 a box of orange sticks1 and a little cotton wool4 ,a hand nail brush must not be used1 but soap and water should be vigorously applied4 ,apron or ,overall4--,this will keep the skirt clean1 and if there is a large pocket in the front it will be useful to keep scissors1 a knife1 raffia1 or string in it for tying roses to pergolas1 or picking flowers4 ,a blue serge apron looks best1 or an overall made of sacking1 with a belt round the waist1 is neat4 ,,other ,,requisites ,medicine ,chest4--,there will often be exposure to rough weather4 ,a bottle of ,eau de ,cologne saturated with camphor is a necessity4 ,it should be rubbed on the skin after washing1 and it will tone it up and keep the surface smooth4 ,it is a good hair tonic1 and relieves headache2 it also takes away toothache1 and twenty drops on a lump of sugar will generally prevent a cold after working in damp weather4 ,scrubbs' cloudy ammonia put into a very hot bath is refreshing after a hard day4 ,quinine is indispensable to those who can take it4 ,i need mention no other requisites for a medicine cupboard1 as1 unless one is strong and active1 a gardener's life will not be chosen4 ,the chief risk that arises is that of taking cold1 especially when work necessitates going in and out of a greenhouse1 and thus being subjected to unusual changes of temperature4 ,to guard against this1 a knitted woollen golfing blouse should be kept handy4 ,it is so thick1 that it will keep out the coldest1 most piercing wind1 and can be easily slipped over the flannel blouse when leaving a greenhouse4 ,bicycle4--,should there not be a cart for the gardener's use1 a bicycle is indispensable4 ,visits to other gardens are of interest if only for the sake of comparison4 ,often1 too1 by making friends with neighbouring gardeners1 cuttings of new plants or seeds can be exchanged4 ,a basket can be fixed to the handle-bars of the bicycle1 in which can be put books and papers1 whilst larger things are tied to the carrier behind4 ,it will be found useful to understand the management of a repair outfit for punctures4 ,the more independent of outside help a lady gardener is1 the better she will get on1 and the happier she will be4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,cottage ,,and ,,food ,the question of finding a suitable cottage for a lady gardener is sometimes considered a difficulty by employers4 ,but this need not be so4 ,as a rule1 the cottage stands alone in the kitchen garden1 or near by1 and what is large enough for a married man with many children will suit a lady admirably4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,at ,,fortfield ,,house1 ,,terenure1 ,,co4 ,,dublin4 ,,belonging ,,to ,l4 ,,perrin ,,hatchell1 ,,esq41 ,,and ,,in ,,which ,,miss ,,hester ,,perrin ,,devotes ,,much ,,time ,,and ,,labour4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,a lady gardener will want either a companion or a servant1 as it is too tiring for her to cook and manage for herself after a hard day's work4 ,there are several ways of arranging this comfortably4 ,should the salary be a large one1 it will be best to have a servant to cook and undertake all household duties4 ,if the cost of a resident servant is too great1 it will probably be possible to make some arrangement with a woman in the village4 ,she will come for so many hours a day for cleaning and rough work1 and the cooking can be dealt with by the gardener herself4 ,as1 however1 it is extremely important that she should keep in good health1 ,i urge that she should endeavour1 by some arrangement or other1 to get the cooking and house work done for her4 ,there is sure to be an extra bedroom in the cottage1 and should it be impossible to keep a servant1 it can probably be arranged to have either a friend or a garden student as companion1 who is willing to take over these small responsibilities4 ,often there are ladies training for ,colonial work1 who would gladly come and manage1 in exchange for board and lodging4 ,vegetables are allowed to a gardener1 and1 therefore1 she can easily afford to pay for the board of someone who helps her4 ,sometimes milk is provided for the use of a head gardener1 and also coals4 ,before a post is accepted it should be ascertained exactly to what she is entitled1 and then a calculation should be made as to how expenses can best be met4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that good1 well-cooked food often saves a doctor's bill2 so no pains should be spared to live well4 ,the greater variety that can be managed in the case of food1 the better the health will be4 ,women living alone are very apt1 from laziness1 to fall into a habit of drinking tea and eating only bread and butter4 ,work certainly cannot be done on this2 solid food is absolutely necessary4 ,with a view to assisting lady gardeners to undertake their own cooking in cases of emergency1 ,i am able1 through the kindness of ,miss ,j4 ,s4 ,turner1 to give a few hints which may1 ,i hope1 be of use4 ,for roasting1 an ,american roaster1 which can be placed in the oven and requires no attention for basting1 is necessary4 ,if there is a close range1 the earthenware ,french casseroles and marmites are nicer than saucepans4 ,there are many ,american 8notions0 too1 that save labour4 ,asbestos mats for placing under saucepans on a closed stove only cost #d;d4 each1 and prevent the contents burning4 ,aluminium utensils are much better than those of iron or tin4 ,they cost more1 but are indestructible1 and easily kept clean4 ,to commence with1 the following utensils should be provided3-- #a large saucepan4 ,it should be the largest that can be fitted on the stove1 and a steamer to fit it is also required4 #a spirit lamp for quickly boiling hot water or eggs4 #a small saucepan4 #a double saucepan or porringer4 #a kettle4 #a gourmet boiler4 #a ,american roaster4 #c frying pans for meat1 fish1 and eggs4 #a oven tin4 #a pudding bowl4 #b pie dishes4 #b basins4 #b jugs4 #a teapot4 #a coffee pot4 #a bowl for mixing paste4 ,pastry board and rolling-pin4 ,cups1 glasses1 knives1 forks1 spoons1 egg-cups and table-cloths will be needed4 ,with the above-mentioned articles most things can be done1 and other utensils can be added as required4 ,breakfast4--,breakfast should consist of porridge and milk1 a boiled or poached egg1 and a rasher of bacon if necessary4 ,the porridge should be made overnight4 ,half a breakfast cup of ,provost or ,quaker ,oats1 with a good pinch of salt1 should be put into a saucepan4 ,a cup and a half of boiling water must be poured over it and well stirred4 ,put on the lid1 and allow the whole to boil for ten to twenty minutes4 ,leave it by the side of the stove all night1 and it will only want heating up in the morning1 which can be done on a paraffin stove4 ,do not forget to put water in the lower half of the saucepan4 ,it will only take a few minutes to boil an egg or fry some bacon4 ,when going out early in summer1 it may be convenient to make a hot cup of tea1 and for this the spirit lamp will be useful4 ,midday meal4--,if lunch has to be prepared by oneself1 bread and cheese1 cold meat1 soup1 a hard-boiled egg with salad1 will be the most easily managed4 ,tinned food should not be relied upon2 it is dear and unwholesome4 ,if a hot luncheon can be obtained it will be better4 ,i only give the above suggestions to those who have to manage for themselves4 ,supper4--,as work ceases at #f p4m41 there will be plenty of time to prepare a meal for #g4cj p4m4 ,a gourmet boiler is most useful4 ,put in meat1 potatoes1 onions1 etc41 and a teacupful of water4 ,place the boiler in a large saucepan1 and fill up with water to the rim of the boiler4 ,if this be put on the fire at luncheon time1 a good stew will be ready in two hours1 and a still better one in eight hours' time4 ,one visit to replenish the water in the saucepan will be necessary ,beefsteak pudding1 too1 can be left on for hours1 with the assurance that it will be all the nicer for long cooking4 ,many dishes can be prepared beforehand1 and heated up when required4 ,it only needs a little thinking out4 ,coffee4--,buy the whole berries roasted4 ,grind them as they are wanted4 ,small mills can be procured cheaply4 ,put the coffee in an earthenware coffee jug1 and place it upon the stove for ten minutes or until it gets thoroughly heated4 ,pour on boiling water1 and let it stand for five minutes4 ,stir it up1 and then let it settle4 ,tea4--,should the locality be one where the water is 8hard10 8,hardwater tea0 should be obtained4 ,this is economical4 ,other blends are expensive1 because the water does not extract the full flavour1 and more tea has to be used4 ,milk4--,if milk is bought1 get new milk1 and do not skim it4 ,put it into a jug as soon as it is received4 ,let it stand twelve to twenty-four hours according to the season1 and stir it well before it is used ,butter4--,an icicle butter box1 to hold from #a lb4 upwards1 can be obtained1 and if butter is kept in this box it will be firm even on the warmest day4 ,pot au feu4--,when tired after a day's work1 and not up to cooking1 this and ,pepperpot or ,lancashire ,hot ,pot 7the recipes in ,mrs4 ,beeton's cookery book7 will be found a great stand-by4 ,the pot merely has to be put on the stove1 and in a few minutes a respectable meal is ready4 ,life in the open air gives a good appetite1 and1 as a rule1 no difficulty will be found in responding to it1 if these slight instructions are followed4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,market ,,gardening ,this is a branch of horticulture which requires great consideration and careful reflection1 before a lady undertakes it4 ,it needs both brains and capital4 ,market gardening resembles that larger sphere of jobbing combined with nursery gardening which is described towards the end of ,chapter ,,iv4 ,possibly less artistic sense is necessary1 but far larger business capacity is essential4 ,to succeed at all everything grown must be of the best quality1 and suit the prevailing demand4 ,there are fashions in flowers and vegetables1 and these have to be studied and responded to4 ,then1 too1 in order to sell to ,london or other big markets1 advance must be kept of others4 ,it well repays to have green peas a fortnight before your neighbour1 and more money is made if the supply of choice vegetables can be prolonged throughout the winter months4 ,then1 again1 white flowers sell better than others4 ,these and many other tricks of the trade are not learned in an amateur way4 ,they have to be studied under a competent master4 ,flowers have to be picked before the sun has opened them2 they have to be packed with skill1 and only certain kinds will travel well4 ,experience is necessary in order to know the right kind of foliage to send away with flowers4 ,so much1 indeed1 has to be learnt which cannot well be acquired at a college1 that ,i strongly advise apprenticeship for a year or two to a nursery gardener4 ,if it is preferred to study first at a school where surplus flowers and vegetables are sold1 a good foundation of knowledge can be laid1 which is considerably added to later in a market garden4 ,i would suggest at least four years' training for this particular branch of ,horticulture4 ,an apprentice might well suppose that many secrets of the trade would be revealed to her4 ,but this may prove to be a mistake4 ,business people are cautious as to what information they impart1 and possibly more is to be acquired by keeping eyes and ears well open4 ,constant and careful inquiries should be made as to the price obtained for various vegetable produce1 and the most likely quarters where there is a demand for it in that particular part of the country4 ,i am inclined to think1 however1 that the most useful business information is to be gained during the first year or two's work in one's own garden4 ,it is gloomy to foretell such things1 but mistakes are sure to happen1 and from experience comes knowledge4 ,to lose one's own money hurts more than to see others lose4 ,should the intending market gardener be a free agent1 and able to select any part of ,england for her garden1 there are two important matters for her to weigh4 ,where will be the best market1 and what land has the most plentiful supply of water8 ,probably for the first venture the neighbourhood of a large seaside town1 a watering-place or golf links1 will be a safer market than ,london1 which is so large and well supplied4 ,it should be ascertained who the most likely customers will be--schools1 boarding-houses1 private families1 etc41 and the garden should be adapted to supply their wants4 ,many are the ways of arranging work in a market garden4 ,a lady of ample means can afford to keep an experienced foreman1 a large staff1 and horses and vans4 ,by paying the head man so much per cent4 upon the sale of produce1 his interest in the concern will be kept alive4 ,in this case a thoroughly dependable and honest man is necessary4 ,should more scope for energy be needed it will be advisable for the principal to do the secretarial work1 decide the rotation of crops1 conduct the sale transactions1 as well as attend to the social part of the business4 ,she should also supervise most of the operations and have good skilled labour to carry out all manual work4 ,if it can be avoided a field should not be converted into a market garden4 ,the money that necessarily has to be spent at the start will more quickly be repaid if land is worked which has been used as a garden before4 ,however good the soil1 climate1 and situation may be1 a garden can only barely pay its way during the first two years on account of the many expenses that have to be met4 ,as opinions can best be formed by hearing real experiences1 ,i propose inserting the following letter1 written by one who has known what it is to overcome obstacles1 and finally reach well-earned success4 ,this interesting letter and several detailed accounts of market gardens given on p4 #bec show what a suitable career this is for a woman4 ,one1 too1 which will bring not only health and happiness from work in the open1 but considerable remuneration1 if it be carefully and well conducted4 ,,bashley ,,nursery1 ,,new-,,milton1 ,,hampshire1 ,october #aath1 #aijg4 ,,dear ,,madam1-- ,in answer to your request for information about my market garden here1 ,i think it will be best if ,i give you a short history of the undertaking4 ,i bought six acres of land here fifteen years ago1 with a view to start a garden on a more or less remunerative footing4 ,i had been brought up in a town1 but had always been fond of botany--of plants as individuals--and as years went on1 felt drawn to a country life4 ,i got to know something of cultivated plants by studying in the ,botanic ,gardens at ,cambridge1 where ,i lived4 ,i hired a quarter-acre allotment in a field let out in that way4 ,i got very much interested in it1 and decided to go in for a country life with a garden1 which ,i hoped to make pay its way1 if not more4 ,i studied gardening for two years with a family who had taken up market gardening in ,wales1 and proceeded to buy a small plot of land to begin upon4 ,i had enough capital to start a place and build a small house for myself1 and1 fortunately enough1 means to live upon in a somewhat bare way4 ,i did not feel the least sanguine of making ends more than meet1 and this was fortunate1 as for many years it was a most unpromising and expensive undertaking4 ,i was entirely without business knowledge in general1 or of any of the detailed knowledge of the horticultural trade1 and also1 being town-bred1 ,i was led into many errors4 ,the soil proved poor and sour from lack of draining1 and thickly infested with wire-worms1 and being far from any town 7,bournemouth1 nine miles1 being the nearest7 there was absolutely no local demand for anything4 ,i should say one of the main points in starting any place of the kind is to be near some town4 ,i had not originally intended to go in for market gardening1 but circumstances seemed to favour it more than any other branch1 of gardening1 so after many misgivings and qualms at further sinking of capital1 ,i put up a block of five greenhouses1 each #ajj feet by #ab feet4 ,this necessitated having a skilled man to live on the place1 and consequently the building of a cottage1 as there was none near4 ,i intended to grow tomatoes for ,bournemouth market1 followed by chrysanthemums and other winter crops4 ,the first season of tomato growing proved enough of a success to encourage me to persevere1 and ,i bought a horse and van to begin a trade with ,bournemouth shops1 and engaged a man as salesman4 ,on the whole this proved a success from the first4 ,our chief crops to start with were tomatoes in the houses1 followed by chrysanthemums for cut flowers in the winter1 and out of doors a variety of plants for cut flowers1 especially early flowering chrysanthemums1 also strawberries1 rhubarb1 and vegetable marrows4 ,after a short time we took up narcissus1 forcing for a spring crop1 followed by bedding plants in pots and boxes1 and a variety of pot-plants1 such as genistas1 ferns1 cyclamen1 freesia1 and pelargoniums4 ,illustration3 ,,boxing ,,bulbs ,,for ,,forcing ,,at ,,miss ,,bateman',s ,,market ,,garden1 ,,bashley ,,nursery1 ,,new ,,milton1 ,,hants4 ,after a few years ,i bought nine acres more1 adjoining the first field1 and two years ago ,i bought another small field of four acres4 ,a few years ago ,i was able greatly to improve our water supply1 and to put up an engine for pumping all water used in the houses1 and to build a second cottage for workmen4 ,my original staff consisted of one labourer2 it is now about nine men and boys4 ,last year ,i was able to add a large tomato house #ajj feet by #cj feet1 and a small fernery4 ,whilst living here the neighbourhood has become a residential one1 and consequently a good deal of trade has come from the immediate locality4 ,a good many people are glad to have their gardens superintended1 or to have suggestions about the laying out of their borders4 ,i cannot say ,i have ever found it a very remunerative undertaking2 it has certainly been a laborious one1 but to me it has been immensely enjoyable4 ,other crops we grow out of doors are gooseberries1 raspberries and currants1 and large quantities of roots1 such as pansies1 polyanthus1 wallflower1 forget-me-not1 for spring bedding4 ,among the out-of-door flowers for cutting the chief are3 narcissi1 chrysanthemums1 roses1 carnations1 violets1 gypsophila1 sweet-peas1 marguerites1 dahlias1 astors1 coreopsis1 mignonette1 gladioli1 ,spanish iris1 ponies1 scabious1 alstromria1 daisies1 and many others4 ,we also have a number of herbaceous plants and a good many shrubs to supply retail customers4 ,i am1 yours faithfully1 ,a4 ,,bateson4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,medical ,,aspect ,,of ,,gardening ,,for ,,women ,anxious parents often ask whether gardening is a really healthy occupation for their daughters4 ,these doubts1 shared by many1 are perhaps not so easily dispelled as1 at the outset1 might be supposed4 ,we are all prone to view with suspicion any project which has for its purpose the fitting of women for the more arduous tasks of life4 8,for men must work and women must weep0 is what we are accustomed to hear4 ,we know that amongst all primitive peoples it has been found that women are capable physically of carrying out hard work in the open4 ,we have evidence to prove that crofter women1 those engaged at coal-pit mouths1 women peasants in ,france and ,germany1 ,north ,american ,indians1 ,african races and the aborigines of ,australia1 are not less long-lived than their more favoured sisters in leisured countries4 ,amongst civilised races1 however1 the principle is upheld that only light tasks are relegated to women1 and surely so it should be4 ,the charm of woman lies in her softness and gentleness4 ,must we not preserve this above all else8 ,thus the father of a family views with alarm the profession of a gardener1 when it is first suggested to him for one of his daughters4 ,it seems undesirable to him that she1 who has been accustomed to gentle living and refinement1 should lead the monotonous1 solitary life which he pictures it to be4 ,he sees her1 in imagination1 constantly weeding and digging amongst plants1 without leisure during the day for any of the relaxation to be found in mental employment or development1 and returning home at night physically exhausted4 ,her mother thinks that rough exposure to all weathers will play havoc with a good complexion2 visions of a brown sunburnt face1 or a wrinkled parchment one1 knotted fingers1 stiff joints1 uneven shoulders1 rise up to alarm her4 ,many are the prophetic croaks that the young girl hears about rheumatism and age before its time1 or misgivings as to the results of digging and trenching and the bad effect they may have on back and hip muscles4 ,i know one young woman who was so frightened lest she should develop a huge hump on her back from stooping1 like the old road-mender whom she met daily1 that she always laid down quite flat on her bed1 during rest hours1 to counteract any harm that might be likely to come to her4 ,it is most natural that many should be alarmed and have a strong disinclination to advise gardening as a healthy profession4 ,i cannot help thinking that they may alter their views when they realise fully that it is not hard manual work that is needed of women in this profession4 ,they are not meant to do spade-work like the ordinary labouring man2 we have plenty of fine1 strong hulking men who do this1 but we do need more directing heads to plan out work and guide others4 ,this is what lady gardeners are to do4 ,it has become evident1 in recent years1 that women have determined to shake themselves free from former occupations and interests4 ,they intend to apply their energy in new directions4 ,frequently1 it must be admitted by all1 they are successful4 ,practical experience shows us that women can acquit themselves with honour and success in games and in the pursuit of sports1 which formerly were reserved only for men4 ,hunting1 shooting1 golf1 cricket1 swimming1 hockey1 climbing and walking are acknowledged to be fields of activity in which women may safely indulge4 ,in ,jane ,austen's day such pursuits were considered not only dangerous to health1 but likely to produce awkwardness of figure and ungainliness of movement4 ,physical activity was supposed to unfit young girls for society4 ,things are changed since then1 and although many of us see with regret some loss of feminine softness and charm in occasional specimens of the new woman1 we cannot put all the evils to the profession of gardening4 ,there must always1 ,i suppose1 be eccentric individuals who exaggerate their peculiarities1 but these exist in all professions1 and classes4 ,much attention is now paid to the physical development of girls and young women in our schools1 and we cannot fail to see the immense advantage gained by comparison through this over the results of early ,victorian education4 ,we have all1 it is to be hoped1 learnt that open air life is no longer a privileged form of existence suited only to men4 ,we know that it is1 when carried out on sensible lines of moderation1 immensely helpful to women4 ,the medical world has lately been awakened to the importance of improving the physique of our young people4 ,both ,sir ,lauder ,brunton and ,sir ,john ,cockburn 7chairman of the ,swanley ,horticultural ,college for ,women7 have impressed this fact openly upon the world4 ,we see daily before us leisured women who from lack of pleasant1 wholesome interests and bodily exercise1 without scope for reasonable aspirations1 have become anmic parodies of the sex4 ,the insidious malady which dogs the steps of a nation's progress towards highly cultured1 unlimited leisure and freedom1 masquerades under the old-fashioned term 8ennui0 or the new-fangled names of nervous exhaustion1 break-down1 overwork 7671 hysteria1 decadence4 ,i believe ,i am justified in saying that medical men1 who can appreciate the often aimless1 humdrum existence of many women of the wealthier classes and the debility of those in our large towns1 find in gardening a good agent for the removal of such evils4 ,possibly a year spent in rising early1 out in sun and rain1 with simple food1 pure interests1 physical exercise1 does more for some than many medicine bottles1 rest cures1 ,swedish movements1 and other modern remedies4 ,the same may be said for those who are mentally troubled--insane1 that is1 in a legal sense4 ,the managers of our asylums are appreciating more each year the benefits to be derived by occupations4 ,in this instance such interests act not only upon the individual1 but also upon the health of a nation4 ,no one who has given the least attention to the advances made in the modern treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis can fail to recognise that open-air treatment has proved to be of immense value to sufferers from consumption1 and that by its means cure1 in the real sense of the term1 may be established4 ,it is a matter of national gratification that this sensible mode of cure should have been initiated in this country1 by ,bodington and ,mac,cormac1 years before it was adopted elsewhere4 ,it is an instance of our national slowness to do what is obviously right1 that our ,continental neighbours have1 till recent years1 outstripped us in the perfection of these methods of cure4 ,our own pioneers1 too1 have been subjected to ridicule and temporary obloquy4 ,we now know that though outdoor life at high altitudes is especially successful in the treatment of tuberculosis1 high altitude is not a necessity4 ,a cure can be effected in the lower altitudes of our own country1 so long as the principle is maintained of a constantly 8open window40 ,quite recently practical proof has been brought forward by ,dr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,paterson1 of the ,brompton ,hospital ,sanatorium at ,frimley1 which shows that even the success of the ,continental patterns of sanatoria can be greatly enhanced by allowing the sufferers to work in the gardens4 ,by giving them this healthy employment they harden themselves1 and instead of being confirmed idlers1 they leave the institution vigorous in muscle1 as well as healed of their lung trouble4 ,the patients1 men and women1 are encouraged to execute all the lighter duties of gardeners1 and the more robust of the men are allowed to excavate and trench ground4 ,all minor ailments1 such as nasal catarrh1 or 8common cold10 bronchitis1 sore throat1 headaches and muscular rheumatism1 are remediable by means of a life regulated in accordance with the principle of the 8open window40 ,it can hardly be doubted1 therefore1 that if those exercises which take the form of outdoor games are in part replaced by the more primitive and infinitely more profitable ones of gardening and botanical study1 the same excellent effects will be realised4 ,those who advocate gardening for women do not seek to deprive them of intellectual pursuits through a constant devotion to physical effort4 ,they wish to secure to them the certain assurance of a healthy physical state by moderate devotion to a refined and pleasant occupation4 ,direct experience is fortunately available to carry conviction on this point to those who consider it with proper calmness and reasonableness4 ,healthy women who have essayed the experiment of gardening have no sort of doubt as to the beneficial results to be derived from it4 ,again and again it has been found1 not only by devotees themselves1 but by others whose training as medical men and women has enabled them to detect any undesirable results1 that gardening is little short of an unmixed blessing4 ,one distinguished medical authority who has made the agricultural education of women a life-long study1 says that the young women who have taken up gardening as a profession are in consequence 8as lithe as panthers and of splendid physique40 ,not only1 therefore1 does such a life increase muscular development and consequently help circulatory1 respiratory1 digestive and other normal processes1 but it helps to make a healthy mind4 ,if a serious bit of thinking has to be done1 a piece of trenching or some purely mechanical exercise will greatly assist the brain4 ,to quote a passage upon digging from ,mr4 ,halsham's admirable book1 8,every ,man ,his ,own ,gardener10 8,you will find that the mind is not merely left free for all the valuable reflections which may occur to it1 but that the attention necessary for the job takes up and keeps employed and quiet some subordinate activities of the understanding which in times of repose are often decidedly troublesome40 ,i should like to quote a passage1 too1 from ,ruskin's 8,sesame and ,lilies10 which seems to me very applicable to the case in point4 ,in showing us the power of woman1 he says3 8,the first of our duties to her--no thoughtful persons now doubt this--is to secure for her such physical training and exercise as may confirm her health1 and perfect her beauty1 the highest refinement of that beauty being unattainable without splendour of activity and of delicate strength4 ,to perfect her beauty1 ,i say1 and increase its power1 it cannot be too powerful1 nor shed its sacred light too far2 only remember that all physical freedom is vain to produce beauty without a corresponding freedom of heart40 ,then follows the quotation which we all know so well1 and which shows us the 8vital feeling of delight0 which true love of nature1 and all the lovely things in nature1 give us--8,thus1 then1 you have first to mould her physical frame1 and then1 as the strength she gains will permit you1 to fill and temper her mind with all knowledge and thoughts which tend to confirm its natural instincts of justice1 and refine its natural taste of love40 ,i ask what can more readily lead to the fulfilment of this ideal than a life of quiet1 peaceful interests in the company of the pure and lovable companionship of flowers8 ,what can bring healthier happiness than watching for those harbingers of the new flower year1 the little green heads of ,winter ,aconite that come pushing so determinedly through the brown earth1 and are followed later by little golden heads of flower8 ,what can give greater intellectual and artistic pleasure and scope for imagination than planning the herbaceous border which is to be bright with colour all the year8 ,careful study and much reading are needed1 but happy evenings fly speedily by1 as you gaze into the fire and plan a lovely summer dream garden4 ,then1 too1 there is the interest of arranging work for others1 marshalling the men at your command and apportioning the work to their different characters and temperaments4 ,it is indeed no monotonous1 unintellectual life4 ,a report has been received from one of our modern university colleges where lectures are provided upon various subjects4 ,it tells us that women students are occasionally absent owing to indisposition from lectures and demonstrations upon history and classics1 but that they attend with regularity those upon gardening4 ,this is a flattering statement as regards the interest of horticulture4 ,several of the reports of foreign schools which ,i am able to give1 through the kindness of their directors1 show that other nations are in advance of us in two points1 at least1 connected with this branch of study4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ruins ,,gardens1 ,,slougham ,,place1 ,,sussex4 ,,laid ,,out ,,by ,,the ,,hon4 ,,mrs4 ,,charles ,,sergisson4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,in ,germany1 ,holland1 and ,italy1 great stress is laid upon the ultimate use of horticultural courses4 ,they are intended especially to fit young women to be useful in their own homes1 either while living with their parents1 or later when they marry or have homes of their own4 ,this applies to women with means who are not obliged to earn a living4 ,they are considered1 with a knowledge of fruit culture1 flower and vegetable gardening1 jam making and fruit preserving1 to become valuable adjuncts to the household4 ,the word 8,hausfrau0 nowadays includes these garden matters1 and we in ,england might profitably follow this example4 ,if a young woman marries well and has servants who do all these things for her1 she will still never regret having herself mastered difficulties1 and probably she will be better served by being able with experience to criticise the work of others4 ,then1 too1 we notice in the foreign syllabuses that a doctor's certificate of health is required before a young girl thinks of studying gardening4 ,it is certainly advisable that the family doctor should give advice before any decision is made as to the vocations of young women4 ,this should be all the more insisted upon1 when the would-be student suffers from some malady1 whether it appears to be but a trifling one or not4 ,it is a practical certainty that many minor maladies and symptoms are entirely removed when a suitable life is led4 ,on the other hand1 others apparently equally insignificant are harbingers of grave illness4 ,it is possible that these remain dormant1 or are not accentuated in the ordinary quiet routine life at home1 but assume grave proportions as the result of the greater physical requirements of work in a garden4 ,therefore1 parents should ask advice of a doctor before encouraging their daughters to take up gardening4 ,it probably will be found by those who are able to adopt it as a profession1 that there will be fewer aimless and useless existences1 and that there will be many more happy1 long-lived people4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,women ,,gardeners ,,for ,,south ,,africa ,there is small doubt that the subject of emigration to ,south ,africa appeals to young ,englishwomen1 buoyant with youth and hopefulness1 ambitious for adventure4 ,a singular fascination exists about that virgin soil1 clear air1 brilliant sunlight4 ,we know that nurses1 teachers1 mothers' helps1 servants are needed there4 ,unhesitatingly we recommend young women who belong to these professions to go to ,south ,africa4 ,they must thoroughly weigh beforehand the hardship of leaving home1 and fully realise the obstacles they will have to overcome in a new country4 ,having faced these difficulties1 they can1 however1 be confident of success1 for the refining influence of women is fully appreciated in what are still somewhat uncivilised surroundings4 8,is this so with lady gardeners1 are they likely to prove useful in ,south ,africa80 ,this is a question often asked1 and still somewhat difficult to answer4 ,experience of the subject is meagre1 and the idea of sending ladies as gardeners to our colonies is a new one4 ,we have had brilliant examples of success1 and at the present moment a lady gardener at ,bloemfontein is doing good work4 ,miss ,hewetson's report to the ,south ,african ,colonisation ,society1 on ,cape ,colony ,fruit-farming1 tells us1 perhaps1 most about the subject1 and we feel that her views can guide us1 as her supervision of the work of ,kaffirs for a year and a half gave her personal experience in the matter4 ,we know that there are vast possibilities of fruitful cultivation if only there existed more skilled1 directing heads4 ,what a change might be made in the production of the soil1 if educated guides superintended the merely mechanical work of ,kaffirs6 ,it is intelligence and enlightenment that are needed1 brains that are wanted more than hands4 ,we are told that it takes three busy months to prune fruit trees on a large ,cape ,colony farm4 ,these fruit trees make only moderate growth1 as in ,england1 but in ,natal growth is tropically luxuriant1 and in pruning much wood has to be left for shade1 otherwise the fruit becomes sunbaked4 ,to carry out properly such operations intelligence is necessary4 ,then1 again1 we know that fruit packing and grading are large undertakings on many farms4 ,we read of a farm with #cj1jjj fruit trees and several vineyards1 and can readily understand1 not only the number of hands needed to sort and pack fruit1 but the necessity of having clever overseers to speed on such work4 ,old inhabitants assure us that large profits could be made in dairying1 poultry-rearing1 bee-keeping1 or flower-growing by ,english ladies who were earnest and adaptable1 and possessed of capital as well as brains4 ,the climate does not allow a white woman to dig or to undertake heavy work1 but her services should be valuable to organise work for the natives4 ,until we have more definite examples of success1 it is unwise to urge ladies to go to ,south ,africa as gardeners4 ,the safest course is1 perhaps1 to relate the steps that have up to now been taken1 and leave all decision to the good judgment of those who contemplate taking up a profession which holds out decidedly good prospects to ladies who can face some degree of adventure4 ,much depends upon the natural taste and ambition of a woman4 ,with good health1 energy1 and intelligence1 people usually succeed in any country4 ,the most important matter that has so far been undertaken is the organisation of a colonial branch of training at ,swanley ,college for lady gardeners4 ,here1 students are put through a course1 intended to fit them1 to a certain degree1 for posts on fruit farms1 dairy farms1 and private gardens in ,south ,africa4 ,this training at home1 excellent as it is1 must1 however1 be supplemented by apprenticeship in the colony itself4 ,the difficulties of a foreign land cannot be grasped in ,england4 ,a college for lady gardeners in ,south ,africa itself is what is really needed1 and no doubt in time it will be started4 ,meanwhile1 until it is in existence1 it is necessary for those who contemplate going as gardeners to the colonies to learn as much as possible at home4 ,a two years' course should be taken in fruit-growing1 packing1 jam-making1 bee-keeping1 etc4 ,these subjects1 if thoroughly understood in our climate1 will present fewer difficulties1 and will be easier to deal with in new surroundings4 ,an application to ,mrs4 ,hopkinson1 chairwoman of the ,south ,african ,colonisation ,society's ,agricultural ,committee1 and of the colonial branch of the ,horticultural ,college1 ,swanley1 will secure all necessary information4 ,the ,south ,african ,colonisation ,society offers advice as to climate conditions4 ,it is also constantly looking out for possible openings in ,south ,africa1 where experience of soil1 climate and cultivation can be acquired4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,yews ,,at ,,hutton ,,john1 ,,cumberland4 ,,which ,,the ,,speaker ,,and ,,mrs4 ,,lowther ,,have ,,rented4 ,,the ,,artistic ,,arrangement ,,of ,,the ,,borders ,,is ,,mrs4 ,,lowther',s ,,special ,,care4 ,however successful one may be in out-of-door pursuits in ,england1 the knowledge will still be inadequate in the colonies4 ,the chance of success will lie in undertaking work with a spirit of pure humility4 ,only after a thorough course of instruction in the country itself can the management of a post of any degree of responsibility be attempted4 ,one considerable source of difficulty is the question of a white woman as overseer being left unprotected among ,kaffirs4 ,in small gardens1 with only one 8boy10 this danger is reduced1 but in large ones it is almost a necessity that two ladies should protect each other4 ,the proportion of men to women is about seven to one1 and1 therefore1 some may consider that ,south ,africa will not be1 as regards lady gardeners1 a woman's country for another fifty years4 ,that it will be so then1 we who are anxious to see the better cultivation of our great colony1 upon lines indicated for us by ,cecil ,rhodes1 venture to hope4 ,when ,englishwomen have firmly established a good reputation as landscape gardeners1 directing experts and teachers in the mother country1 they will doubtless be welcomed with enthusiasm in our colonies4 ,to those who are not deterred from making an attempt at gardening in ,south ,africa by these few difficulties1 ,i venture to give the following practical hints1 which ,i am allowed to publish by the kindness of the ,south ,african ,colonisation ,society3-- ,,board ,,and ,,lodging ,in ,cape ,colony from #e to #h per month ,in ,natal #d #ajs4 #h ,in ,rhodesia #i #aa ,in the ,transvaal #g #aj ,in ,orange ,river ,colony #f #h ,laundry in ,cape ,colony costs from #hs4 to #ajs4 per month4 ,in the other colonies it is generally from #bs4 to #hs4 per doz4 articles1 irrespective of size4 ,,outfit ,the same clothes are needed in ,south ,africa as in ,england1 except that furs are not necessary1 and a larger supply of washing dresses1 etc41 are needed for the longer summers4 ,wool of some sort must always be worn next the skin1 even if it is only a cholera belt in the hottest weather1 on account of the sudden falls in the temperature4 ,in the ,transvaal and ,orange ,river ,colony the winters are bitterly cold1 and warm underwear is there very necessary4 ,warm wraps are essential1 as the nights seem bitterly cold by contrast to the hot1 sunny days4 ,washing fabrics should be chosen of fast colours2 white linen1 holland and ,tussore silk wear the best4 ,light unwashable materials are unwise1 as the dust is terrible all over the country1 and there are no good cleaners4 ,black and dark-coloured materials are inadvisable1 as also most kinds of grey1 as they become stained with red dust4 ,rough mixture tweeds in greens1 browns and reds are most useful1 or any other warm1 light1 dust-proof material4 ,brown shoes and stockings are better than black ones1 and a good supply should be taken1 as the wear is harder than at home4 ,gauze and chiffon veils are a great comfort in a dust storm1 and it is wise to have a cushion for travelling4 ,a thick mackintosh1 overshoes1 and a warm rug are essential4 ,it is economical to provide a really serviceable outfit1 calculated to last for some time1 as clothes obtained in the colony are both more expensive and less satisfactory than in ,england4 ,,fares 7#bnd ,class ,union-,castle ,intermediate ,steamers7 ,to ,cape ,town #bj #aes4 to #ba #acs4 ,to ,algoa ,bay #ba #acs4 #bc #is4 ,to ,east ,london #bb #aas4 #bd #gs4 ,to ,durban #bd #aas4 #f;d4 #bf #is4 ,n4,b4--,at least #a #ajs4 should be allowed for landing expenses1 and about #a for tips on board ship 7the stewardess expects from #es4 to #ajs41 according to the amount of attention required on the voyage1 and the cabin steward and table steward will expect #es4 each4 ,subscriptions to games and other tips are optional74 ,an ,emergency ,fund of a few pounds should also be kept in hand4 ,passengers are met at the various ports by ,south ,african ,colonisation ,society agents1 and they can stay at the ,hostels of the ,south ,african ,colonisation ,society1 where board and lodging are provided for from #cs4 #f;d4 per day4 ,a girl with a long railway journey before her would do well to provide herself with food at the port of landing2 tea and coffee can always be obtained en route4 ,besides the regulation cabin trunk 7this must not exceed #ad inches in height1 #b feet in breadth1 or #c feet in length71 it is wise to have two smaller boxes in preference to one big one1 as they are more convenient for transit in ,south ,africa1 and are less likely to get damaged in loading and unloading on board ship4 ,second-class passengers are allowed #be cubic feet of baggage free on the ship2 any excess is charged #as4 #f;d4 per cubic foot4 ,on the ,south ,african ,railways #ge lbs4 only of luggage is allowed free to second-class passengers2 all excess is charged according to scale4 ,girls going to towns1 who possess bicycles in good condition1 are advised to take them1 but they will have to pay duty on them--as much as #aes4 in all probability2 also the train freightage is heavy4 ,on the boat they are shipped as luggage without extra charge if the #be cubic feet of baggage be not exceeded4 ,introductions to residents in ,south ,africa are given to everyone going out under the auspices of the ,s4,a4,c4,s41 so that all may find friends on arriving in the new country4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,italian ,,pot ,,gardens3 ,a ,,suggestion ,a well-known ,french horticulturist1 director of many parks1 once gave most flattering praise to an ,english garden4 ,he called it 8un jardin intime40 ,these three words sum up what most of us wish our gardens to be4 ,we bring to them1 from other countries1 plants that recall pleasant memories4 ,as we watch these growing happily in our herbaceous borders1 thoughts come to us of those who gave them1 of happy meetings1 and unforgotten scenes4 ,in ,england we make real friends of our gardens2 we confide many secrets to their safe keeping4 ,owing to a temperate climate1 we have long in which to mark the slow development of bud and blossom4 ,the time of flowering is late1 and it remains all the longer for our enjoyment4 ,when spring flowers are over1 there are lovelier ones to look forward to4 ,we have not to combat the heat and drought which so speedily bring summer beauty to an end in ,italian gardens4 ,it is1 no doubt1 on account of climate that abroad the bedding-out system has been adopted1 and thus much of that intimacy with herbaceous plants1 which we have1 is there unknown4 ,our ,english gardens are tended carefully and steadily all the year round2 a feeling of rest and peace pervades them4 ,in ,italy a garden is neglected during the winter1 whilst the ,signoria are away4 ,beds and paths are left unweeded1 all vegetation appears to be dead1 and the gardener occupies himself only with vines1 vegetables and plants growing in pots1 which later will be the chief means of dressing-up the grounds4 ,most ,tuscan villas in winter have the appearance of a ,palace of ,sleep4 ,we wonder how it will be possible1 when the ,fairy ,prince arrives1 to transform disorder into a well-kept1 beautiful place4 ,we realise as we see so wonderful a change occur1 how valuable a touch of this surprise would be to our old-fashioned ,english homes4 ,it would improve not only the appearance of our gardens1 but enhance the architectural beauty of our houses4 ,this sudden transformation is brought about upon the first really warm spring day1 as if by the stroke of a fairy's wand4 ,then the doors of the orangery are flung open1 and ornamental pots of all sizes and shapes are brought out by means of rollers and stood in striking positions in the pleasure grounds4 ,during the last few years we have been shown in ,england1 through the good taste and skill of ,mrs4 ,watts and others1 what can be done in the way of terra-cotta work for the adornment of gardens4 ,there is nothing new to us in the lovely boxes1 sundials1 fountains1 vases and pots that we see designed1 but we have not all1 perhaps1 succeeded in mastering the art of the ,italian in placing these objects1 with striking effect1 in masses4 ,with a view to studying this we wandered round many gardens in ,tuscany4 ,we were shown lovely loggias overhung with climbing roses2 masses of tall graceful arums and many coloured carnations in pots1 stood beneath them in cool shade4 ,flowering bushes outside were carpeted with sweet-smelling violets1 walls and arbours were hidden under lavender wistaria1 white and pink camellias lit up the borders of shrubberies4 ,nothing1 of all this luxuriant vegetation1 was arranged quite in accordance with our ,english taste4 ,we were dissatisfied1 until one day we chanced upon a garden which seemed to combine successful herbaceous arrangement with ornamental pot decoration4 ,a narrow country lane1 hedged in on either side by cypresses1 led to the front of the villa4 ,the terrace1 with old-fashioned stone seats built into the corners of the wall1 invited the passer-by to rest beneath the shade of an overhanging sycamore and look down upon a lovely stretch of country below4 ,near by1 dense box hedges sheltered some plantations of fruit trees1 all pink and white with blossom1 while beneath grew delicious scented narcissus4 ,the shadows played upon the grey and green of the olive gardens1 and deep blue in the distance were the hills round ,fiesole4 ,florence itself was hidden1 but close to us the stately ,certosa crowned her dome-shaped hill4 ,to the left1 an opening in the hills showed us the misty plain of ,prato1 looking like a still lake in dreamland dotted with small white ships4 ,the villa door stood temptingly open1 and ascending a flight of stone steps we entered the small1 cool1 paved court4 ,it was different from most courtyards4 ,in the place of orange trees in pots there were flower beds amidst the paving4 ,each was round in shape and contained a graceful lilac bush carpeted with mauve violas4 ,in the centre of the court was a well with ornamental ironwork railings1 against which stood handsome ,amaryllis lilies in pots4 ,the walls of the house had roses climbing up them2 so robust were they that their stems had twined around the iron window gratings1 making1 with their thorns1 a double security against attack4 ,the whole effect was cool and quiet--a good preparation for the blaze of colour which met us1 as we passed under the dark archway into the garden itself4 ,what struck us most1 when first we saw it1 was the height above the ground to which colour had been raised1 by planting shrubs in large ornamental terra-cotta pots4 ,it will be seen upon the plan1 that these not only stand upon the paths and walls1 but are arranged at intervals1 in the very midst of the herbaceous borders4 ,large grey stones1 about a foot above the level of the flower bed1 are placed for the pots to stand upon4 ,a groove1 in the form of a cross1 is cut in the stone1 to allow the drainage from the pot to run off easily4 ,these stones and the lower portion of the pots are partially hidden by groups of irises1 ponies1 aquilegias and roses1 growing in the border4 ,just a touch of the terra-cotta flowerpot with its handsome ornamentation of wreaths1 is seen above the blue and white of the irises or the many-coloured ranunculuses1 and then1 above1 high up1 we get the foliage and colour of the shrub which is planted in the pot4 ,it is certainly a most effective way of giving height and variety to a flat1 rather uninteresting piece of ground4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,italian ,,pot ,,garden ,,in ,,order ,,to ,,shew ,,the ,,lay ,,ovt ,,of ,,the ,,garden ,,more ,,distintcly ,,the ,,pots ,,only ,,are ,,shewn4 ,,on ,,the ,,plan ,,the ,,pots ,,are ,,indicated ,,thvs ,,drawn ,,from ,,plans ,,made ,,by ,,miss ,,mary ,,campion4 ,most of the pots had lemons or oranges growing in them4 ,in our country it is possible to have these only in the more sheltered parts1 but laurustinus1 box trees1 bays1 lilacs1 hydrangeas or roses could be used instead4 ,even should the pots occasionally have to stand empty1 they are so exceedingly handsome and decorative in themselves1 that they only improve the general appearance of the garden4 ,they are made in different shapes and sizes4 ,some are very elaborately ornamented1 but the kind of which a sketch is given are the simplest and most dignified4 ,no one who has seen an ,italian garden1 so arranged1 can dispute the beauty of it4 ,it may be suggested that in ,england it would be difficult to protect the terra-cotta from cracking in frosty weather4 ,experience in southern counties has been favourable1 and should it not be so in colder places1 they can be put under cover for the winter months4 ,the plan which is given is from drawings made by the kindness of ,miss ,m4 ,g4 ,campion4 ,although it is rather elaborate1 it could easily be modified for a small garden4 ,it represents about an acre of land1 which is cleverly arranged to allow of the combined cultivation of fruit trees1 flowers and vegetables4 ,it is closed in upon every side4 ,the house shelters it from the east wind1 the long orangery casts a shadow upon the south side and makes it possible to have a lovely bed of lilies of the valley near by4 ,on the north1 besides the trees1 is a high wall4 ,the west is the most exposed1 as it has a hornbeam hedge through which small openings are cut1 to show the hills with vineyards outside the grounds4 ,against the hedges stand large1 empty oil jars1 in terra-cotta1 their graceful shapes showing well against the dark green4 ,round the central fountain is a #c-;ft4 wall1 wide enough to have pink ,bourbon roses1 in pots1 standing upon it4 ,each of the four smaller fountains forms the centre of a little plot of ground4 ,these plots are divided into four beds4 ,each bed is large enough to have several pink and white blossomed fruit trees and some gooseberry bushes4 ,amongst them are planted spring-flowering bulbs such as narcissus1 tulips1 etc41 for cutting4 ,other beds have smaller fruit trees1 or currant bushes and roses alternate4 ,the dark red-green foliage of the rose bushes contrasts with the fresh green of other plants4 ,a few plots are reserved for vegetables1 but1 as a rule1 these are close to a border of flowers2 therefore1 the garden1 although small1 is ornamental as well as useful4 ,from below the windows of the house comes a delicious scent of freesias1 and as we look more closely1 we see orange-red tulips planted amongst them1 the deeper notes of orange in the freesias corresponding with the colour of the tulips4 ,the plan1 if carefully studied1 will give a good idea1 therefore1 of a successful combination of permanent herbaceous borders1 improved1 dressed up1 and heightened by the addition of ornamental terra-cotta pot decoration4 ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,orange ,,pots ,,and ,,oil ,,jars4 ,,drawn ,,from ,,sketches ,,by ,,miss ,,mary ,,campion4 ,,to ,,be ,,obtained ,,from ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,lady ,,gardeners1 ,,glynde1 ,,sussex4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,for ,,those ,,who ,,hesitate ,,to ,,employ ,,lady ,,gardeners ,many ladies who own large gardens take personal interest in the arrangement of the grounds4 ,not only do they wish to have beautiful1 sweet smelling flowers in glasses and bowls to adorn their rooms2 they also aspire to have plants grouped harmoniously in herbaceous borders and in formal beds4 ,there has arisen a kind of competition to have as good a garden1 if not a better one1 than our neighbour4 ,in the case of some specially gifted and energetic ladies1 lovely gardens have been created1 through their directions being carefully followed by the head gardener4 ,some illustrations of such are given in this volume4 ,possessed of complete knowledge about the flowers best suited to the soil and position1 having carefully studied the height1 time of flowering1 and prettiest combinations of colour for beds1 they are competent to direct themselves4 ,it sometimes occurs1 however1 that the lady of the house is willing to devote a small amount of time to planning garden effects1 but family and social duties call her away4 ,she can only give general directions to the clever gardener1 and leave him to carry them out4 ,although many men are skilled in growing fine specimen plants1 few are sufficiently well educated1 or possessed of the natural taste requisite to execute their employer's wishes4 ,i hope no one will suppose that1 because this book is intended to be a guide to lady gardeners1 ,i am narrow-minded enough to think in a depreciative way of men gardeners4 ,some of them are personal friends whom ,i respect1 esteem1 and who1 ,i am aware1 have done infinitely better work than any lady has so far achieved4 ,many are not only gardeners1 they are artists as well4 ,i have the highest opinion of them and their profession4 ,i do feel strongly1 however1 that there is a large field open to young gentlewomen anxious to take up this work4 ,there are many gardens1 too1 where a change has necessarily to be made1 and the owners will benefit by substituting a lady in the place of a man1 as head gardener4 ,i should like to draw the attention of employers to two important points connected with this subject3 #a4 ,a lady must be selected2 not a 8would-be0 one4 ,only if she is this at heart1 will she have authority over men working for her4 #b4 ,she should have the same salary as a man4 ,a lady gardener must not be considered an economy4 ,many people without consciences think they can exact the same amount of manual work from a young woman that they would expect from a man4 ,they also imagine1 because she is a woman1 they can pay her lower wages4 ,pay her well1 and treat her well4 ,her honesty and intelligence will save expense in the end1 but do not economise upon her salary4 ,the advantages to be gained by the employer1 should he appoint a lady as head gardener1 are these3 7#a7 ,scientific knowledge and true artistic taste4 ,owing to a college training1 and first-rate general education1 she should have better scientific knowledge than the ordinary labouring man who has worked his way up from village schooldays1 through the different grades of a gardener's life1 to be head over others of his own class4 ,she will possess a good grounding in botany and the science of soils4 ,in short1 she can reason scientifically4 ,instead of saying1 8,oh1 so-and-so won't ever grow here1 the soil does not suit it10 she will be able to ascertain what quality is lacking in the ground1 and by adding an ingredient secure proper growth4 ,thus1 an end will be made to the often erroneous ideas of a foreman1 who1 because he does not know the requirements of a plant1 gives up the idea of growing it1 or continues absolutely satisfied with the weedy specimen under his care4 ,a lady gardener1 too1 owing to her early surroundings1 the study of pictures1 gardens1 and beautiful objects1 should possess greater capacity for appreciating fully the requirements of the lady of the house4 ,plans for the arrangements of flower beds1 shrubbery1 borders1 surprises of all sorts1 are more speedily1 more satisfactorily decided upon when two people meet upon the ground of similarity of education4 7#b7 ,taste in colour4 ,this is more developed with the majority of women than with men4 ,we have so many opportunities1 at the fortnightly exhibitions of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 of seeing the latest productions of beautiful flowers4 ,then1 too1 there are books1 such as ,robinson's 8,english ,flower ,garden10 ,kelway's ,manual1 ,wright's 8,beautiful ,gardens10 to guide us4 ,they show us plans for grouping colours harmoniously in herbaceous borders4 ,nowadays we all know what we want to achieve1 but we often fail to find the right one to fulfil our imaginings4 ,it hurts the eye to see scarlet geraniums growing near mauve asters1 or the delicate pink of the ,dorothy ,perkins rose killed by being placed near a glaring red brick wall4 ,the lady gardener should1 by her natural taste and good judgment1 avoid such mistakes of arrangement both in the ordering of plants for flower borders1 and in the decoration of flowers in rooms4 ,a dinner-table should be an easy matter for her to plan4 ,lightness of touch will enable her to succeed in mixing graceful1 soft foliage with suitable flowers4 ,she will accomplish this in less time than the average man gardener4 ,week-end parties are a favoured form of entertaining1 and often the lady of the house is busy in ,london during the week1 only arriving at her country house just before her guests4 ,it will give her a pleasant sensation of ease if she has someone at home to whom she can absolutely entrust the decoration of her rooms and dinner-table4 ,then1 too1 another important matter is the selection1 gathering1 and packing up of suitable flowers to send away4 ,my experience has always been that men gardeners do not study this sufficiently4 ,they gather beautiful carnations1 pentstemon1 irises1 or whatever their speciality may be1 but forget that suitable green or coloured foliage must be mixed with them to show off the blossom4 ,knowing the very great difficulties of arranging flowers in glasses1 a lady will be more careful about this than a man4 7#c7 ,honesty and trustworthiness4 ,the lady gardener is a gentlewoman1 and1 therefore1 we presume she possesses these qualities4 ,i do not mean to cast the faintest aspersion upon the honesty of men gardeners6 ,there have been instances of dishonesty and drunkenness amongst them1 and as a class they are certainly open to greater temptations than a lady4 ,many owners of moderately large places1 where perhaps no agent or bailiff is kept1 are forced to be absent for some months each year2 others fill high positions in diplomacy1 and are obliged to spend some years away from home4 ,to such1 it will be a satisfaction to feel that they leave a capable lady at the head of affairs4 ,someone is at home who can be trusted1 and will report to them if things are not going on as they would wish4 ,i am often questioned as to whether a lady can possibly exert authority and influence over a working man4 ,i am certain1 if she is the right kind of woman1 she can4 ,let her1 without hesitation1 dismiss the first drunken under-gardener she meets with1 and the others will respect her1 and not try to take advantage of her because she is a woman4 7#d7 ,as companions4 ,the above remarks apply chiefly to a large flower and vegetable garden4 ,i think women are equally suited to small posts4 ,we often hear of a maiden lady living in the country who needs company4 ,she would be pleased if a nice1 cheerful1 bright girl lived with her to share her pleasure in the garden4 ,the strength and vigour of the young girl would compass things which the elderly lady could not attempt unassisted4 ,thus companionship would be added to the joy of gardening4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ruins1 ,,ratton ,,park1 ,,sussex4 ,,which ,,the ,,hon4 ,,mrs4 ,,freeman-,,thomas ,,has ,,enlivened ,,with ,,charming ,,box-,,edged ,,beds ,,of ,,bright ,,flowers4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,then1 also1 we know of many a young married woman with a large family of children1 whose limited means necessitate a country life4 ,the children are sent to school1 and return home only in holiday time1 or they have daily teachers who leave them after lessons4 ,surely an arrangement might be made by which some of their free time could be turned to profitable1 and yet pleasant account1 by their working a little in the garden under the direction of the lady gardener4 ,children love planting and digging4 ,if encouraged1 they will take the greatest interest in beautifying a garden4 ,some lessons in nature study1 too1 could be given occasionally to increase their love for a country life4 ,this comparatively new idea of having someone to talk over garden arrangements with1 in a friendly and more or less companionable way1 usually smiles upon the woman of the house4 ,she1 at last1 sees within her reach the possibility of achieving artistic effects which she has long thought of in her day dreams1 but has failed to get carried out4 ,against the dark green yew hedge1 how lovely will be the group of tall1 stately pink hollyhocks1 with pale rose-coloured annual larkspurs1 ,japanese anemones1 and silver-foliaged plants intermingled with them6 ,what lovely combinations of plants bearing similar coloured foliage she can arrange to plant together6 ,there will be irises1 ,german and ,spanish ones1 then the white drooping bells of hyacinth candicans1 followed by scarlet tritomas and montbretias1 bringing their brightness to cheer dull autumn days4 ,how satisfactorily she now will be able to maintain a constant succession of colour in herbaceous borders throughout the year6 ,in short1 the advent of a lady gardener is pleasing to her4 ,her husband will probably not approve the innovation4 8,if ,i see the poor thing out working in a heavy downpour of rain1 ,i shall feel a brute not to go and help her10 he will say as he smokes his pipe reflectively1 and meditates over the follies of womenkind4 ,but1 ,i ask1 what man head gardener need work in rain8 ,if he does1 he will probably do more harm than good1 by making a mess of the ground4 ,need he1 wet or fine1 do much manual labour8 ,no6 his duties lie chiefly in directing the men under his charge2 in executing the lighter1 but more intricate work of pruning1 thinning out grapes1 and secretarial duties4 ,above all1 he must plan the succession of crops4 ,all these matters can be done equally well1 if not more speedily1 by an educated woman4 ,as this book aims at introducing lady gardeners to employers1 ,i should like to ask for these gentlewomen the good treatment1 absolute trust1 gentle handling1 which their position entitles them to receive4 ,without the entire confidence of their masters1 no ladies would wish to take up a post1 but with their support1 and the power to dismiss those under their authority who they find are dishonest or undeserving1 lady gardeners should be absolutely successful4 ,no longer need there be that frequent termination to all pleasure in a large garden1 when the head gardener grows only what he likes1 and not what his master requires4 ,how often1 when shown round a large place1 one is struck by the remark1 8,oh1 ,dibber never lets us have violets or carnations1 all his interest is centred in vegetable growing02 or 8,truman gives all his time to preparing plants for exhibition2 he is certainly very successful in winning prizes1 but we come off badly1 as all the best things are sent to exhibitions60 ,instead1 therefore1 of having someone to contend with1 or a man whose obstinacy has to be circumvented before a bunch of sweet peas can be brought into the house1 you will have a friend who will endeavour to give you all she can successfully grow1 and whose taste and judgment can be relied upon4 ,every year the number of women students at horticultural colleges increases4 ,the profession appeals to many1 and there are now a large number who1 having completed their education1 are seeking posts4 ,up to the present time1 the supply is in excess of the demand4 ,this is1 ,i believe1 the case with all professions until they have become firmly established4 ,employers still hesitate to try a lady gardener4 ,then1 too1 the ladies who up to now have desired to have women head gardeners1 have usually possessed large gardens1 needing many hands to work them4 ,it is natural that the young woman who but lately was a student1 superintended and guided in all her undertakings by a teacher1 hesitates about managing a large garden4 ,there are many such who still hold back in diffidence1 hoping to obtain a small post first4 ,i sincerely trust1 when this is fully realised by those interested in the success of women horticulturalists1 that many owners of medium sized or small gardens will come forward and offer posts to women4 ,a garden of one or two acres1 with a small greenhouse1 and only one or two labourers for rough work1 will be best suited to a newly fledged lady gardener4 ,she should be able to manage this1 and two or three years spent in it will be a good preparation for a post entailing larger responsibilities4 ,i do not think that anyone who is generous spirited enough to offer such posts to ladies will repent the act4 ,part ,,ii ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,colleges ,,and ,,schools ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,the following syllabuses of ,british colleges and schools are submitted for the use of ladies interested in gardening4 ,it is hoped that they may assist all those who1 in ,england or abroad1 have the management of such training centres4 ,by means of them it will be easy to compare notes as to the various methods of imparting practical information2 the form in which foreign syllabuses are staged may inspire fresh ideas4 ,i should like to add that ,i do not1 of course1 consider what ,i am able to give of these particulars as in any way comprehensive2 but it has been my endeavour to insert only details of colleges and schools that have been in existence some time4 ,i have received the syllabuses and many interesting notes through the kindness of those who have at heart the wish that ladies should succeed in the profession of horticulture4 ,,the ,,thatcham ,,fruit ,,and ,,flower ,,farm ,,school ,,of ,,gardening1 ,,henwick1 ,,near ,,newbury ,principals3 ,,lily ,,hughes ,,jones1 ,f4,r4,h4,s42 ,,mary ,,peers1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 7#ast ,class ,certificates and ,bee ,experts7 ,the farm is situated on high ground in the ,kennet ,valley1 facing south1 one and three-quarter miles from ,newbury1 two miles from ,thatcham ,station1 about twelve miles from ,reading1 and one-quarter mile from the ,bath ,road4 ,the residence is a roomy old farm-house1 facing south4 ,its position is thoroughly healthy1 #djj feet above sea level4 ,an old-fashioned garden lies to one side of the house1 and four acres of land on the other side1 on which the main crops are grown1 consisting of hardy fruits1 perennials1 and other crops4 ,the farm is conducted as a market garden for business purposes4 ,students will thus see practical work--the object being to provide outdoor work of the healthiest kind1 and at the same time to give a thoroughly practical knowledge of country life--knowledge that may be used as a means of livelihood or in superintending a garden1 and will1 in any case1 be of unfailing interest and use in after life4 ,it is not intended to take a large number of students1 so that each student will have individual attention1 and her capacity be carefully studied4 ,the greatest care is taken with regard to the food of the students1 and their health carefully guarded4 ,,practical ,,work ,horticulture4--,instruction in all branches of outdoor gardening2 specialities being made of herbaceous plants1 violets1 and fruit4 ,bee-,keeping4--,instruction in the management of bees1 including lectures and coaching for the ,b4 ,b4 ,k4 ,a4 ,experts' ,examinations4 ,practical work and manipulation is carried on in the farm apiary4 ,carpentering4--,students are instructed in the workshop in the making of various gardening and bee-keeping appliances4 ,jam ,factory4--,jam making is taught in the small factory which was instituted for the production of homemade preserves4 ,a ,french garden has now been added1 and a competent ,frenchman teaches this branch only4 ,it is worked upon the lines of the famous 8,marache0 system1 and differs in every detail from an ,english garden4 ,all vegetables and fruits are brought on out of season4 ,at present we have #djj frames1 all made1 glazed1 painted1 by the students1 and #a1jjj cloches4 ,two other ,french gardens have been started in ,england1 and have proved successful4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cottage1 ,,school ,,of ,,lady ,,gardeners1 ,,glynde1 ,,sussex4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,,theoretical ,,work ,horticulture4--,complete courses of instruction are given in the various branches of horticulture1 including ,entomology1 ,soils and ,manures4 #b;,botany1 for ,r4 ,h4 ,s4 ,examinations4 ,lectures on the elements of morphology and physiology of flowering plants1 with practical work1 can be attended4 #b ,these lectures are optional4 ,students also get a thorough insight into packing1 purchasing1 and marketing produce4 ,floral ,work4--,demonstrations are given in bouquet-making and floral arrangements4 ,session4--,the year is divided into three terms of about thirteen weeks each4 ,fees4--,for the full course1 including everything with the exception of botany lectures1 #ee per annum4 ,botany1 #cjs4 per term1 in addition4 ,extras4--,a small fee of #es4 per annum is charged for the use of all tools in various departments4 ,all fees payable in advance at the beginning of each term4 ,a term's notice of removal of any student must be given1 in writing1 to the principal1 otherwise a term's fees will be charged4 ,application for forms of entrance and further details to be addressed to the principals4 ,it is advisable to train for a period not shorter than two years1 as experience necessary for success in an after career cannot be gained in less time4 ,short courses of instruction are arranged when desired4 ,,instruction ,,in ,,practical ,,gardening ,,for ,,ladies1 ,,glynde1 ,,near ,,lewes1 ,,sussex ,principal3 ,,the ,,hon4 ,,frances ,,wolseley ,patrons3 ,,the ,,lady ,,ardilaun1 ,,miss ,g4 ,,jekyll1 ,,miss ,,white1 ,e4 ,o4 ,,greening1 ,,esq41 ,w4 ,,robinson1 ,,esq41 ,,mrs4 ,,charles ,,earle1 ,,miss ,,willmott ,the school was founded in #aija-b1 and is supervised by the ,hon4 ,frances ,wolseley4 ,the number of students is limited1 and great care is taken as to their selection4 ,a personal interview and the highest references are required before admission4 ,the following arrangements for the course of work are a development upon specialised lines of the scheme which has up to now existed4 ,the chief objects of the course are3-- ,to give a thorough foundation in the management of all the more hardy garden plants4 ,to improve taste in the laying out and arrangement of gardens4 ,to teach the daily routine work of a private garden1 so essential to those who1 later1 wish to become private head gardeners4 ,to give students responsibility and thus enable them more easily to be competent to undertake posts when their course of training is completed4 ,a competent1 practical superintendent gives instruction in flower1 fruit and vegetable growing4 ,in addition to this well-known advisory experts visit the school from time to time and give lectures upon the theory and special branches of horticulture4 ,h4 ,edmonds1 ,esq41 ,b4,sc41 of the ,municipal ,school at ,brighton1 lectures upon ,botany and the ,chemistry of the ,soil4 ,mr4 ,back gives demonstrations upon fruit culture4 ,mr4 ,paris lectures upon ,bee-keeping4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,d4 ,foster1 ,head of the ,engineering ,department of the ,brighton ,technical ,college1 has undertaken to lecture upon ,land ,surveying4 ,a special feature of the garden is the arrangement of ,italian ,oil ,jars and ,lemon ,pots4 ,illustration3 ,,gathering ,,roses ,,for ,,pot ,,pourri1 ,,school ,,of ,,lady ,,gardeners ,,glynde1 ,,sussex ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,students are encouraged to take personal interest in all alterations and improvements made in the gardens4 ,attention is given to the every-day work of a garden1 comprising3--,the care of grass1 paths and beds2 mowing1 sweeping and general tidiness2 digging1 trenching and other ground operations1 raising plants from seeds and cuttings1 their subsequent treatment2 culture of herbaceous alpine plants and roses2 forcing violets1 ,dutch bulbs1 richardias1 etc42 watering1 ventilation and other points of glass-house management4 ,gathering and packing flowers and general varieties of vegetables for market is carried out4 ,fruit is grown1 including bush1 standards1 espaliers and strawberries4 ,arrangements are made by which students can visit local gardens4 ,they are required to keep notes of these visits and to answer in writing questions upon them4 ,the advantages thus gained to students1 in comparing their own work with that of those having life-long experience1 will be a special feature of the school4 ,students are encouraged to stay two years if it is found that their special needs can be provided for4 ,in any case they should not stay less than one year4 ,advice is given as to their future4 ,a half-holiday is given once a week when the necessary work allows4 ,this implies that quiet times alternate with busy ones1 and it is necessary that a high standard in the appearance of a garden should be maintained4 ,fees for practical instruction1 #aj per annum1 payable after a week's mutual trial4 ,should the student1 owing to any serious breach of discipline1 be asked to leave at ,miss ,wolseley's wish1 this sum is refunded4 ,the lectures of experts are #b per annum extra4 ,preparation for ,royal ,horticultural ,society's ,examination1 #a extra1 but only two-year students go in for this4 ,lodgings1 conveniently near the gardens1 where several students board together1 can be secured at #ags4 per week1 for board and lodging4 ,each student defrays these expenses4 ,,university ,,college1 ,,reading ,principal3 ,w4 ,m4 ,,childs1 ,m4,a41 ,keble ,college1 ,oxford 7,professor of ,modern ,history74 ,director of the ,department of ,agriculture and ,horticulture3 ,professor ,,john ,,percival1 ,m4,a41 ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,assistant ,directors3 ,,edward ,,brown1 ,f4,l4,s4 7,agriculture72 ,,charles ,,foster1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 7,horticulture74 ,registrar3 ,,francis ,h4 ,,wright4 ,the day classes of the college are open to men and women students over the age of sixteen4 ,students who do not live at their own homes are required to reside in the college hostels or in lodgings licensed by the college4 ,women students in residence for not less than one session 7three terms7 are required to reside in the college hostels1 unless they have received the principal's permission to reside elsewhere4 ,,courses ,,in ,,horticulture ,the ,department of ,agriculture and ,horticulture was founded in #ahic4 ,its work is carried on under the inspection of the ,board of ,agriculture4 ,courses in ,horticulture consist of lectures and laboratory work in the college and of practical work in the college garden and fruit station4 ,the college garden1 four acres in extent1 adjoins the main college buildings in ,london ,road1 ,reading4 ,it consists of vegetable and flower gardens and orchard1 and is provided with horticultural buildings4 ,the houses1 greenhouses1 vineries 7early and late71 peach house1 etc41 are used for plant and fern growing1 general florist work1 market work1 and the culture of grapes1 pot fruit trees1 etc4 ,students spend upwards of twenty hours per week in the garden1 and1 in addition1 pay frequent visits to neighbouring private gardens1 as well as to ,messrs4 ,sutton and ,sons' ,trial ,grounds1 the exhibitions of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 and the ,royal ,gardens1 ,kew4 ,besides instruction and practice in the routine operations of the garden1 students are placed in charge of sections of both indoor and outdoor work4 ,in their second year they may specialise in market and florists' work1 or in fruit growing1 in preparation for work at home or in the ,colonies4 ,in all cases they pay special attention to the business side of horticulture and assist in the work of marketing and book-keeping4 ,during their two sessions' course1 students may take advantage of the workshop1 and of the instruction in carpentry1 etc41 provided1 to learn how to make up boxes1 staging1 and how to repair1 glaze1 and paint4 ,in addition to preparing for the college diploma or certificate1 students may also prepare for the examinations of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society or of the ,board of ,education1 ,south ,kensington4 ,during the session #aije-f1 eleven acres of the college farm at ,shinfield1 two and a half miles from ,reading1 were planted as a fruit station4 ,on this station students will be able to study modern methods of fruit and vegetable cultivation on a commercial scale4 ,courses of instruction have been arranged as follows3-- ,the diploma in horticulture is awarded at the end of a two years' course in the science and practice of horticulture4 ,the course is designed for students who intend to take up horticulture as a career4 ,it provides training in the sciences on which the practice of horticulture is based1 in market and florist work1 and in fruit-growing4 ,each session of the course extends over forty weeks1 including the thirty weeks of the ordinary college session1 together with ten weeks of practical work only1 arranged to suit the convenience of individual students4 ,the diploma with distinction in special subjects is awarded to students who1 having gained the diploma1 spend a third year at the college pursuing special studies1 and who pass the examination prescribed4 ,the course is adapted to the requirements of those who may become teachers of horticulture or specialists in some particular branch of horticulture4 ,note4--,the above diplomas are granted by the ,oxford and ,reading ,joint ,committee1 on which are represented the college1 the ,university of ,oxford1 the ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 and the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,the certificate in horticulture 7granted by the college7 is awarded to students who have followed a one-year course at the college 7forty weeks7 and have satisfied the examiners in the subjects of the first year examination for the diploma4 ,the subjects of examination for the diploma and certificate are as follows3-- ,diploma 7,first ,year7 and ,certificate #a4 ,theory and practice of horticulture 7including composition of soils1 cultivation1 the use of tools and manures2 the vegetable garden1 flower garden1 rose garden1 rock garden2 orchard1 lawn1 shrubbery2 aquatic and bog plants74 #b4 ,botany 7theoretical and practical74 #c4 ,general chemistry and physics 7theoretical and practical74 #d4 ,book-keeping4 ,diploma 7,second ,year7 #a4 ,theory and practice of horticulture 7including more advanced study of soils and manures1 cultivation under glass1 forcing1 methods of dealing with fungoid diseases and insect pests1 improvement of plants by budding1 hybridisation1 etc41 packing and marketing1 florists' work1 storage of fruit74 #b4 ,botany 7theoretical and practical74 #c4 ,entomology 7theoretical and practical74 ,the fees for the above full courses are as follows3-- ,for students who have resided for not less than a year in the ,county ,borough of ,reading or the administrative ,counties of ,berkshire1 ,oxfordshire1 or ,buckinghamshire1 #ah the session of forty weeks2 for other students1 #bd the session4 ,students may1 however1 enter for shorter periods than one year1 and may take courses of practical work1 together with such lectures as may suit their requirements4 ,the fees are3--,for five weeks1 #g #gs41 for ten weeks1 #aj #ajs4 ,in addition to the above fees1 all students pay the registration fee of one shilling per session1 and there are entrance fees for examinations4 ,the cost of board and lodging at the college hostels is #bas4 per week 7for a cubicle71 or #bes4 to #cjs4 7for a study bedroom74 ,diplomas are not awarded to candidates under the age of twenty-one4 ,scholarships tenable at the college are awarded from time to time by the ,county ,councils of ,berkshire1 ,buckinghamshire1 ,oxfordshire1 ,dorset1 ,hampshire1 ,somersetshire1 and ,gloucestershire4 ,application should be made to the ,education ,secretaries of these counties4 ,courses in ,agriculture1 ,dairying1 and ,poultry-keeping are held at the college4 ,practical instruction is given at the ,college ,farm1 ,shinfield1 the ,british ,dairy ,institute1 ,reading1 and the ,college ,poultry ,farm1 ,theale4 ,,list ,,of ,,women ,,students ,,who ,,have ,,passed ,,the ,,examinations ,,for ,,the ,,diploma ,,in ,,horticulture #aijd4--;,ellen ,c4 ,wallace4 #aijf4--;,caroline ,pellew1 ,lilian ,s4 ,tuckett1 ,brenda ,m4 ,young4 #aijg4--;,dorothy ,m4 ,cayley1 ,dorothy ,a4 ,e4 ,dyson1 ,adelaide ,m4 ,taylor1 ,henrietta ,c4 ,tuke4 ,illustration3 8,,potting03 ,,students ,,at ,,work1 ,,reading ,,university4 ,,the ,,horticultural ,,college1 ,,swanley ,principal3 ,,miss ,f4 ,r4 ,,wilkinson ,vice-,principal and ,secretary3 ,,miss ,m4 ,,kekewich ,lady ,superintendent3 ,,mrs4 ,,watson1 ,south ,bank1 ,swanley ,,lecturers ,bee-keeping1 ,w4 ,,herrod1 ,f4 ,e4 ,s4 ,book-keeping1 ,h4 ,w4 ,,kersey 7,lecturer on ,book-keeping1 ,wye ,college74 ,botany1 ,vegetable ,pathology1 ,r4 ,j4 ,,tabor1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,dairy1 ,,miss ,,dawson1 ,n4 ,d4 ,d4 7,certificate ,midland ,dairy ,institute74 #c;,entomology1 ,f4 ,v4 ,,theobald1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 7,lecturer on ,entomology1 ,wye ,college74 ,gardening1 ,,miss ,,villiers-,,stuart4 #c;,greenhouse ,construction1 ,f4 ,a4 ,,fawkes4 ,horticultural ,science and ,rural ,economy1 ,f4 ,j4 ,,baker1 ,a4,r4,c4,sc4 ,,lond4 ,manual ,training1 ,w4 ,,herrod4 ,poultry1 ,,miss ,,dawson4 #c ,courses in these subjects are given once in two years4 ,head ,gardener3 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,,lawson ,there is also a staff of under-gardeners and labourers4 ,the college is situated seventeen and a half miles from ,london1 and one and a half miles from ,swanley ,junction ,station on the ,south ,eastern and ,chatham ,railway4 ,women were admitted in #ahib1 the college being the first place to open its doors to women students who wished to obtain a thorough training in horticulture4 ,it stands in forty-three acres of freehold land1 allotted to flower1 kitchen1 market gardens1 fruit plantations1 playing fields1 also conservatories and glass-houses for market work4 ,lecture rooms and laboratories form part of the college1 while adjoining are a workshop1 farm buildings1 apiary1 dairy1 poultry runs1 etc4 ,it aims at giving a thorough training to fit women to become market growers1 gardeners in private places1 teachers of nature-study and colonists1 or to enable them to manage their own property4 ,,courses ,,of ,,instruction ,the full horticultural course lasts two years1 and consists of practical work out of doors and under glass1 with lectures on scientific principles4 ,diplomas or certificates are awarded to students who have qualified4 ,,colonial ,,branch ,courses are specially arranged for intending colonists1 which1 in addition to gardening1 include a simple training in cooking1 housework1 laundry1 needlework1 and hygiene4 ,,nature-,,study ,,course ,a course for training ,garden and ,nature-,study mistresses in botany1 zoology1 geology1 meteorology1 and simple gardening1 extends over one year4 ,a holiday course for school teachers is held in ,august1 and affords special opportunities for field work1 gardening1 dairying1 etc4 ,,short ,,courses ,in the spring and summer terms1 courses are arranged1 lasting six weeks4 ,these include the following subjects3--gardening1 dairying1 poultry-keeping1 bee-keeping1 and fruit preserving4 ,,admission ,,and ,,fees ,the fees1 which1 include all expenses except medical attendance1 fire in bedroom1 laundress1 books1 and small charge for loan of microscope and tools1 and the extras stated below1 are1 for a cubicle1 from #hj a year of three terms1 study-bedroom from #if a year of three terms1 out-students from #dj a year of three terms1 colonial students from #af #es4 per term4 ,at the examination held in ,april1 #aijg1 by the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 sixteen students from the college competed1 and secured places among #adb competitors3-- ,first class1 #h2 second class1 #f2 third class1 #b4 ,,scholarships ,the ,county ,councils of ,kent1 ,london1 ,norfolk1 and ,staffordshire offer scholarships at the college to residents in their own counties4 ,as the regulations are not identical1 intending competitors should apply to the secretaries of the respective ,education ,committees for particulars4 ,kent4--,f4 ,w4 ,,crook1 ,esq41 ,kent ,education ,office1 ,caxton ,house1 ,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,london4--,the ,executive ,officer1 ,education ,office1 ,victoria ,embankment4 ,staffordshire4--,,graham ,,balfour1 ,esq41 ,county ,council ,offices1 ,stafford4 ,norfolk4--,the ,,secretary1 ,county ,council ,education ,offices1 ,norwich4 ,since #ahib1 #daj students have attended the college courses4 ,through the kindness of ,miss ,f4 ,r4 ,wilkinson1 ,i am able to quote the following interesting statistics3-- ,,after-,,careers ,,of ,,students ,landscape gardeners1 #c2 market gardeners1 #be2 head gardeners1 #bf2 under gardeners1 #ac2 working in home garden1 #di2 8jobbing0 gardeners1 #i2 teaching1 #bc2 working at science1 #e2 poultry-keeping1 #b2 manageress milk dept1 #a2 principals in gardening schools1 #b2 apiarist1 #a2 at ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,glasnevin1 #b4 ,,average ,,salaries ,landscape gardeners1 two guineas a week to two guineas a day2 head gardeners1 highest1 #ajj a year with rooms1 light and vegetables2 lowest1 #bj a year resident2 under gardeners1 highest1 #hj non-resident2 lowest1 #ahs4 a week1 cottage and coals2 schools1 highest1 #fe resident2 lowest1 #cj resident2 institution1 highest1 #ge resident2 lowest1 #bj resident2 jobbing1 #ds4 to #gs4 a day2 companion gardener1 highest1 #ajj resident2 lowest1 #cj resident4 ,,nature ,,study ,the following syllabus may be of interest1 although the course has already taken place 7,july1 #aijg74 ,it will show what an important place ,nature ,study takes in the education of women4 ,a course for helping those who are desirous of extending their knowledge of ,nature ,study will be held at the ,horticultural ,college1 ,swanley4 ,most of the instruction will be given 7weather permitting7 out of doors1 rambles in the country under the guidance of experienced teachers being the chief feature4 ,miss ,hibbert-,ware 7,science ,mistress1 ,queen ,margaret's ,school1 ,scarborough7 and ,mr4 ,tabor 7,resident ,science ,lecturer7 will lead combined excursions for studying birds1 pond life1 insects1 wild flowers1 trees1 grasses1 etc41 in their different environments4 ,the college gardens1 greenhouses1 orchards1 farm1 and fruit-preserving appliances will be in working order1 and students will be able to obtain an insight into the work carried on in each department4 ,miss ,m4 ,agar will give demonstrations and instructions in simple gardening1 and on the care of school gardens4 ,demonstrations in dairying and poultry-keeping will be given by ,miss ,m4 ,dawson 7,n4,d4,d4 and ,certificate ,midland ,dairy ,institute71 who will explain the chief points of farm operations during the year4 ,as far as possible the open-air studies will take place within easy distance of the college1 but excursions will be arranged to districts with varying soils and climate1 and the accompanying variety of natural objects4 ,students having bicycles are advised to bring them4 ,it is hoped to combine the natural history excursions with points of antiquarian1 artistic1 and other interest in outlying districts1 and endeavour will be made to render the course useful1 both for home life and school work4 ,,fees 7,payable in advance or on arrival7 ,for teachers and those training to be teachers1 including tuition1 board1 and lodging1 and expenses of excursions1 #e #es42 single room2 extra1 #ajs4 #f;d42 to those not engaged in teaching an extra fee will be charged of #a #as4 ,,studies ,,in ,,plant ,,life ,,and ,,plant ,,geography ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,tabor1 ,f4,l4,s4 7,resident ,science ,lecturer71 and ,m4 ,,wilson1 ,b4,,sc4 ,,lond4 ,the work of this course will be arranged on the assumption that most of the students will have had some previous training in elementary botany4 ,its objects will be to extend their knowledge of plants in the field1 and especially of the various plant associations and their adaptation to their surroundings4 ,for this purpose excursions will be arranged to study the flora of woods1 ponds and streams1 moors and heaths1 fresh and salt water marshes4 ,an explanatory lecture1 illustrated with lantern slides1 will be given on the eve of each excursion1 in which the special features to be noted in the next day's work will be described4 ,the special subject for this year's course will be 8,common ,british ,trees and ,shrubs10 and on alternate days laboratory work will be provided1 in order that students may become familiar with the distinguishing characters of their leaves1 twigs1 buds1 etc41 to enable them to identify these plants in summer and winter4 ,facilities will be provided for making collections of common plants for subsequent reference4 ,students are recommended to bring a flora and a vasculum4 ,if time permits1 a demonstration will be given towards the end of the course on the arrangement and carrying out of simple experiments in plant physiology4 ,,studies ,,in ,,pond ,,life1 ,,insects ,,and ,,birds1 ,,geology ,,and ,,astronomy ,by ,,miss ,,hibbert-,,ware 7,science ,mistress at ,queen ,margaret's ,school1 ,scarborough7 ,pond ,life4--,the management of aquaria4 ,the life-history1 breathing1 adaptations1 etc41 of the various aquatic creatures obtained on the excursions4 ,insect ,life4--,some garden friends and foes 7e4g41 ladybird1 cockchafer74 ,birds4--,the habits and call notes of common ,british birds so far as they can be studied during ,august4 ,opportunity will be given to students of learning to identify the birds from museum specimens1 and also of preparing the skins of birds and small mammals for class use4 ,geology4--,the origin1 composition1 and history of some common rocks and fossils1 especially those observed and collected on the excursions4 ,astronomy4--,the subjects of four of the evening lectures will be3 #a4 ,the solar system2 #b and #c4 ,the starry heavens2 #d4 ,the earth as a member of the solar system4 ,a part of these lectures will be held out-of-doors4 ,n4,b4--,students are recommended to bring note-books containing both blank and lined pages and paint boxes4 ,,garden ,,lectures ,,and ,,demonstrations ,by ,,miss ,m4 ,,agar 7,college ,diploma1 ,landscape ,gardener to the ,metropolitan ,public ,gardens ,association7 ,sowing ,seeds4--,seed-bed1 temperature1 moisture1 depth of sowing1 vitality of seed1 pricking out seedlings--potting on4 ,propagation by ,cuttings4--,nodes1 internodes1 growing points1 callus1 formation of roots--potting on4 7,supplementary3 ,propagation by leaves1 roots1 8ringing stems407 ,budding4--,scion1 stocks1 time for budding4 ,pruning4--,fruit trees1 bush fruits1 roses4 ,demonstrations will be given in the grounds with the exception of pruning1 for which the time of the year is unsuitable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the last published report of the ,swanley ,college will be found of interest4 ,,report3 ,,december #ca,,st1 #aijf ,during the past year gratifying progress can be reported in each department of the college work4 ,the value to women of systematic training in the various branches of horticulture is becoming more and more widely recognised from both the utilitarian and educational standpoints4 ,it opens the door to attractive and remunerative employment in many directions1 while it serves as an admirable complement to the mental training of the ,high ,school or the ,university4 ,no one doubts that healthy occupation in the open air for a couple of years or so goes far towards counteracting the morbid tendencies which occasionally result from exclusive attention to literary studies1 and promotes moral no less than physical development4 ,that the advantages offered by ,swanley in this respect are appreciated is evidenced by the number of students who attend solely to cultivate those faculties for which the ordinary school or college makes no provision1 and to acquire a knowledge of natural and physical phenomena that will prove of increasing interest throughout their lives4 ,for those destined for a professional career1 whether as teachers or gardeners1 the opportunities are daily increasing4 ,the growth of gardens1 as instruments of education1 in connection with elementary and secondary schools within the past two or three years has been remarkable4 ,the number of elementary school gardens has risen from #cgi in #aijc to #egj in #aije according to the last report of the ,board of ,education4 ,in #aijf there was a very considerable advance1 but the exact figures have not yet been issued1 nor are any statistics available in regard to secondary schools4 ,the great difficulty in every county is the scarcity of teachers qualified to undertake gardening and general nature-study4 ,for these duties the training at ,swanley affords an excellent preparation4 ,lord ,onslow1 when1 as ,president of the ,board of ,agriculture1 he distributed the prizes in ,july1 #aijd1 particularly emphasised this point4 ,a student who has followed the complete course may obtain a position as gardening or nature-study mistress at a secondary school1 or as a peripatetic teacher of those subjects for a group of elementary day schools4 ,with the object of assisting those already engaged in such tuition as well as those who contemplate a similar appointment1 the college now provides a ,special ,third-year ,course in natural history4 ,the demand for well-trained gardeners1 capable of acting as the head and assuming the responsibility for a large private garden1 exceeds the supply4 ,applications have again and again to be refused4 ,these posts are desirable in themselves1 and furnish infinite scope for the exercise of individual taste and skill4 ,we are glad to note that the salaries offered are somewhat higher than formerly1 but they are still often insufficient to attract the best and most promising students4 ,,studley ,,horticultural ,,college1 ,,studley1 ,,warwickshire ,founder3 ,,the ,,countess ,,of ,,warwick ,warden3 ,,miss ,,mabel ,c4 ,,faithful ,,staff ,,of ,,instructors ,horticulture1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,iggulden1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 and ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,sarsons2 ,botany1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,groves1 ,m4,a4 7,,cantab72 ,poultry1 ,,mr4 ,,george ,a4 ,,palmer2 ,dairy ,farming and ,agriculture1 ,dairy ,instructress1 ,,miss ,k4 ,a4 ,,baynes1 ,n4,d4,d41 ,b4,d4,f4,a41 ,diploma2 ,book-keeping and ,business ,training1 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,m4 ,,long 7,chartered ,accountant72 ,apiculture1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,herrod1 ,f4,e4,s42 ,fruit ,bottling and ,jam ,making1 ,,miss ,,cran2 ,cooking ,lessons1 ,,miss ,,faithfull4 ,studley ,castle is situated about two and a half miles from ,studley ,station 7,midland ,railway7 on a branch line between ,birmingham and ,evesham4 ,illustration3 ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,vinery1 ,,studley ,,college ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners4 ,students may enter for a course of instruction in any of the following groups3-- 7a7 ,horticulture and ,bee-keeping4--,certificate course two years2 diploma course three years4 7b7 ,dairy ,work1 ,poultry and ,bee-keeping4--,certificate course one year2 diploma course two years4 ,the ,session 7year7 is of #dj weeks' duration1 and consists of three terms of about thirteen weeks each1 beginning respectively in ,september1 ,january1 and ,may4 ,students are advised to enter at the commencement of the session1 in ,september1 although they can be admitted at any time4 ,an examination in each group is held at the end of every term4 ,a final examination is held at the end of the session 7,july71 and ,studley ,college certificates and diplomas are awarded to successful candidates who have completed their full course4 ,short courses of instruction lasting either six or ten weeks are held at the college1 the subjects taught being in accordance with the work done in each department at the particular time of year4 ,studley ,college grants diplomas and certificates to those students who have completed their training1 and who have passed the necessary examinations4 ,it is believed that these diplomas and certificates will have a distinct value in the educational and business world1 as being the distinctions awarded to skilled and practical workers4 ,the arrangements for the horticultural sections are as follow3-- ,certificate in horticulture1 both practical and theoretical1 will be granted after two years' training2 it will include horticulture1 botany1 soils and manures1 entomology1 and book-keeping4 ,the diploma in horticulture will only be granted after three years' training4 ,,scheme ,,of ,,work #a4--,students may prepare for either or both the examinations of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society and ,studley ,college certificate and diploma4 7a7 ,the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4--,this examination is held in ,april or ,may1 and includes3-- ,the ,elementary ,principles on which ,horticultural practice is based3 7#a7 ,soils2 7#b7 ,requirements of growth--water1 heat1 air2 7#c7 ,seeds2 7#d7 ,roots2 7#e7 ,stems and ,branches2 7#f7 ,leaves2 7#g7 ,tubers and ,bulbs2 7#h7 ,growth and ,development2 7#i7;,flowers2 7#aj7;,fruit2 7#aa7,seed2 7#ab7 ,variation and ,selection2 7#ac7 ,names and ,orders of ,common ,garden ,plants1 ,trees1 etc4 ,horticultural ,operations and ,practice4--7#a7 ,elements of ,surveying and ,landscape ,gardening2 7#b7 ,choice of ,site for ,garden2 7#c7 ,description and use of ,implements2 7#d7 ,operations connected with the ,cultivation of the ,land2 7#e7 ,propagation2 7#f7 ,fruit ,culture2 7#g7 ,vegetable ,culture2 7#h7 ,flower ,culture2 7#i7 ,manures2 7#aj7 ,hybridisation and ,selection2 7#aa7 ,arboriculture2 7#ab7 ,insect and ,fungus ,pests4 ,practical ,work4--,this includes the care of lawns 7mowing and rolling71 paths and beds2 weeding1 potting2 planting and propagating flowers and vegetables2 mixing soils2 seed sowing4 ,work in kitchen and flower gardens1 shrubberies1 greenhouses1 frames1 and hot beds4 ,budding1 grafting1 pruning1 and planting4 ,rotation of crops4 ,orchard work4 ,cultivation of tomatoes1 cucumbers1 and melons4 ,planting of herbaceous borders4 ,classification of plants1 fertilisation4 ,diseases of plants4 ,labelling plants and seeds4 ,table decorations1 wreath and bouquet making4 ,bee-keeping4--,students are prepared for the #ast1 #bnd1 and #crd ,class ,experts' ,examination of the ,british ,bee-keepers' ,association and are fully instructed in apiculture1 both in theory and practice4 ,fruit bottling and preserving4--,course of instruction in fruit bottling and preserving1 jam making1 etc41 will be held during the fruit season 7,june to ,october74 ,students can join for two weeks at a time or longer4 ,fee1 including board and residence1 #e #es4 for two weeks4 ,marketing department and business training4--,students1 on the completion of their full course1 may take a course for three months in the marketing department1 at the usual fees4 ,this will enable them to obtain a knowledge of this important branch1 which it is impossible for them to get during their regular period of training4 ,students may enter for this branch alone if desired4 ,the course includes3--,business methods2 the markets1 and methods of buying and selling goods2 packing2 railway rates1 etc4 ,manual training4--,instruction in manual training and woodwork is given by the college carpenter1 and includes3--,tools1 their names and uses1 proper methods of using and sharpening2 simple joints1 etc4 ,construction of portable poultry-house and appliances2 beehives and appliances1 garden appliances1 and various articles of general utility4 ,,fees ,all fees are required to be paid terminally in advance1 i4e41 on or before the first day of each term4 ,a full term's notice in writing must be given to the ,warden before the removal of any student from the college2 in default of which notice payment of the term's fees will be required4 ,notice of removal received after a term has begun will take effect at the end of the term next ensuing4 ,short courses3--,students may enter for these at any time when they are arranged4 ,all fees must be paid in advance4 ,in no cases can fees be returned4 ,,resident ,,students ,full training1 with board and residence at the college1 in horticulture1 or dairy and poultry work3 cubicle1 #hj a year2 study-bedroom1 #ajj and #abj a year4 ,short courses for ten weeks3 cubicle1 #be2 study-bedroom1 #cj4 ,short courses for six weeks3 cubicle1 #ae2 study-bedroom1 #ah4 ,bee-keeping is optional1 and may be combined with either of the above courses1 an additional fee of #e #es4 a year1 or #b #bs4 a term1 being charged4 ,fruit bottling and preserving3--,two weeks' course1 including board and residence1 #e #es4 ,manual training and carpentering1 #c #cs4 a year1 or #a #ajs4 a term4 ,cooking lessons1 #a #es4 a term4 ,extra charges3 ,use of microscopes1 #es4 a year2 use of gardening tools1 #es4 a year2 use of carpentering tools1 #es4 a year4 ,illustration3 ,,preparing ,,the ,,frames ,,at ,,studley ,,college ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners4 ,,non-,,resident ,,students ,non-resident students can be received at the college under certain conditions4 ,fees for instruction in each department1 #bes4 a week1 or #ac #fs4 #h;d4 per term4 ,candidates for admission to the college are requested to write to the ,warden for full particulars and admission form1 which must be filled in with the name1 age1 and experience of the intending student1 the particular course of study which she wishes to follow1 and her ultimate object in seeking instruction4 7,these admission forms will be regarded as strictly confidential4 ,after receiving notification that her application has been accepted1 the intending student will be liable for a term's fees47 ,the ,warden of the college prefers to interview intending students previous to admission whenever possible4 ,the college is open to visitors1 but they are asked to make an appointment beforehand4 ,the best route is from ,euston1 #i4bj1 reaching ,birmingham #aa4cj2 train for ,studley1 #ab o'clock1 from same station2 returning from ,studley1 #d4ch1 and ,birmingham1 #g o'clock4 ,studley can also be reached from ,paddington1 ,g4,w4,r41 vi ,evesham4 ,students must be in residence at the college on the day previous to the commencement of a term4 ,,royal ,,botanic ,,society ,,of ,,london ,,practical ,,gardening ,,school ,,for ,,ladies ,held in the ,,society',s ,,gardens1 ,,regent',s ,,park1 and officially recognised by the ,technical ,education ,board of the ,london ,county ,council4 ,the course of instruction extends over three years1 and commences on ,october #ast4 ,,subjects3 ,,first ,,year ,outdoor ,work4--,ground operations1 implements used2 levelling with borning rods2 draining2 formation of paths1 beds1 and lawns2 trenching1 digging and hoeing2 preparation for planting1 etc42 care of lawns--mowing with machine1 sweeping1 weeding1 and rolling2 flower gardening--herbaceous borders1 pricking off1 planting2 staking1 tying and watering2 vegetable and fruit garden--double digging1 manuring2 preparation of seed beds2 arating the soil4 ,indoor ,work4--,cleaning and crocking pots2 materials required for composts2 potting1 watering1 cleaning1 staking1 tying and top-dressing plants2 propagation by cuttings1 as geraniums1 etc42 pricking off seedlings4 ,,second ,,year ,outdoor ,work4--,preparing and storing manure1 methods of application2 care of lawns1 flower and kitchen garden1 shrubbery1 fernery1 etc42 sowing vegetable and flower seeds1 and planting tubers2 growing vegetables1 flowers and fruits2 outdoor tomato culture4 ,indoor ,work4--,horticultural buildings1 repairing1 painting and glazing2 propagation by division of roots1 stems1 and tubers2 forcing and retarding2 insects and fungoid pests2 methods of extermination2 melon1 cucumber and tomato culture4 ,theoretical ,work4--,suitable manures for various soils2 principles of hot-water heating4 ,,third ,,year ,pruning trees and shrubs2 mowing with scythe2 special classes of plants2 hybridisation and selection2 care of conservatory1 plant houses1 frames and pits2 spraying plants2 mushroom culture2 vine and fig culture2 budding and grafting2 labelling4 ,theoretical ,work4--,keeping garden accounts1 stock books1 stores1 etc42 purchase of pots1 gravel1 sand1 peat1 manure1 etc42 elementary meteorology2 theory of landscape gardening2 plant parasites2 sprays and washes for insect pests2 classes and laboratory work in botany and horticultural chemistry4 ,the society undertakes that each pupil shall be given opportunities for studying and practising each of the above subjects1 but it cannot guarantee that in every case the order of the above list will be adhered to4 ,,fees ,,for ,,the ,,above ,,course ,first year1 #bj2 second year1 #ae2 third year1 #aj4 ,floral decoration is #a4 #as4 per annum4 ,a year's course in gardening is given to ladies who possess gardens in the country4 ,early application should be made to the superintendent1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,bryant ,sowerby1 ,botanic ,gardens1 ,regent's ,park4 99 99 99 99 99 ,amongst the rules ,i see that pupils must attend at the gardens at #i4cj a4m4 in summer1 and #aj a4m4 in winter1 and are allowed an interval of one hour and a half 7#ab4cj to #b7 in the middle of the day4 ,six students having passed out of the ,royal ,botanic ,gardens are working their own gardens4 ,two have started as market gardeners4 ,several are working as jobbing gardeners and companion gardeners4 ,,the ,,edinburgh ,,school ,,of ,,gardening ,,for ,,women1 ,,corstorphine1 ,,edinburgh ,,miss ,,barker ,,and ,,miss ,,morison1 ,diplomes of ,swanley ,horticultural ,college2 ,certificated ,gardeners1 ,royal ,botanic ,garden1 ,edinburgh ,the objects of this school are to prepare women for the various branches of practical professional gardening--to fit them for managing a market garden1 or for taking charge of private gardens--and to give instruction to those who wish to devote themselves with intelligence to gardening as a private interest4 ,situation4--,the gardens are situated on the south slope of ,corstorphine ,hill1 in a charming district just beyond the suburbs of ,edinburgh4 ,they are within two miles of the west end of the city1 within three minutes' walk of the 'bus service1 and within seven minutes' walk of ,corstorphine railway station4 ,the position is eminently suitable both for gardening and for residence4 ,grounds4--,part of the garden is devoted to growing for market1 and students are taught how to work a market garden through all its stages--from the preparation of the ground and sowing the seeds to the packing of the produce for the market4 ,in this department is included the growing of stuff under glass1 such as tomatoes1 cucumbers1 flowers1 etc4 ,another department deals with the requirements of good private gardens1 and includes a vinery1 peach-house1 mushroom-house1 rose garden1 herbaceous border1 and kitchen garden4 ,practical ,instruction4--,the practical instruction includes all the details of actual work1 such as hoeing1 digging1 care of glass-houses1 propagation of plants by seeds1 cuttings1 etc42 planting-out1 thinning1 potting1 pruning1 gathering1 and packing4 ,demonstrations1 in which the students take a practical part1 are given by experts in bee-keeping and floral decoration1 including bouquet-making1 sprays and button-holes1 table decoration1 and wreaths4 ,theoretical ,instruction4--,all intelligent practical work must include a certain amount of theoretical instruction in order to explain the reasons for the various operations necessary4 ,at the same time a more formal and exact study of the sciences underlying the practice of gardening is necessary1 and in order to obtain this the students attend certain classes at the ,edinburgh and ,east of ,scotland ,college of ,agriculture4 ,students are prepared for the ,royal ,horticultural ,society's ,examination4 ,the ,curriculum4--,the full curriculum extends over two years4 ,shorter courses may be arranged for those who wish to study with a view to private instruction only1 and do not propose to follow gardening as a profession4 ,the ,diploma4--,every care is taken in the arrangements for practical instruction1 lectures and examinations1 to ensure that the diploma shall be a reliable guarantee of thorough efficiency in the theory and practice of gardening4 ,it will be granted only to students who have taken part in the regular practical work of the school for two years1 and have passed satisfactorily examinations in the following subjects3-- ,horticulture 7,royal ,horticultural ,society's ,examination71 practical horticulture1 botany1 agricultural chemistry1 book-keeping4 ,boarding arrangements4--,both resident and non-resident students are received4 ,resident students live with the principals1 ,miss ,barker and ,miss ,morison4 ,two references are required from each student4 ,terms4--,the session is divided into three terms1 beginning respectively in ,may1 ,october1 and ,january4 ,students are advised to begin either in ,may or in ,october4 ,fees4--,resident students1 #gj a year2 resident students1 with separate bedroom1 #hf2 non-resident students1 with dinner and tea1 #dj4 ,fees are payable at the beginning of each term4 ,a term's notice is required before a student leaves1 otherwise the fee for the term will be charged4 ,examiner in ,practical ,horticulture--,,mr4 ,,berry1 ,east of ,scotland ,college of ,agriculture4 ,,classes ,,taken ,,at ,,the ,,edinburgh ,,and ,,east ,,of ,,scotland ,,college ,,of ,,agriculture ,horticulture1 ,,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,berry4 ,agricultural ,chemistry1 ,a4 ,,lauder1 ,d4,,sc4 ,agricultural ,natural ,history1 ,r4 ,s4 ,,macdougall1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,class ,,taken ,,at ,,the ,,heriot-,,watt ,,college ,botany 7,advanced and ,elementary71 ,r4 ,s4 ,,macdougall1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,the ,,year',s ,,work ,the following sketch calendar of the actual work shared in by the students month by month may be of service to those who have little practical acquaintance with gardening4 ,no sketch of this kind can show all the details of daily work1 and the separation into months is merely for convenience1 as in almost every case the work of one month overlaps with that of another4 ,certain operations1 such as hoeing and weeding1 extend throughout the greater part of the year2 plants under glass require daily attention1 and1 in addition1 there is the specialised culture required by special classes of plants--vines1 peaches1 tomatoes1 etc4--which is not indicated in this calendar3-- ,january4--,in this month there is much important work to be done under glass and in the forcing-houses4 ,seeds are sown almost daily--flower seeds1 such as annual carnations1 petunias1 antirrhinums1 etc42 and vegetables1 such as lettuce1 leeks1 onions1 cauliflowers1 cucumbers1 tomatoes1 etc4 ,there are also the gathering and packing of forced flowers and rhubarb1 and the forcing of these and other plants4 ,when possible1 seed-beds are prepared in the open4 ,february4--,much of ,january's work is continued this month4 ,seed-sowing goes on1 some of it in the open4 ,plants sown in ,january have to be potted and pricked out in pans and boxes4 ,watering1 heating1 and ventilation in the various glass-houses require great attention4 ,the taking of chrysanthemum cuttings is continued from last month4 ,march4--,this is perhaps the busiest month of the garden year4 ,the preparation of seed-beds and the cleaning of the ground must be completed1 as well as the sowing of almost every vegetable that is in the garden1 of hardy annual flowers in the open1 and of half-hardy annuals in frames4 ,strawberries are planted1 young tomatoes potted on1 cucumbers attended to1 and more seed sown for late crops4 ,rooted chrysanthemum cuttings have to be potted on4 ,april4--,much time this month must be devoted to seedlings to prevent overcrowding and weakening4 ,cauliflowers are planted out1 and vegetable marrows sown in pots for planting out later4 ,more sowings of vegetables and of hardy annuals are made1 and half-hardy annuals are hardened-off previous to planting in the open4 ,may4--,in this month sowings are repeated of all vegetables required for succession4 ,celery plants are pricked out and trenches prepared4 ,cabbages are planted out2 runner beans are sown2 weeding and hoeing go on constantly4 ,june4--,the gathering1 bunching1 and packing of cut flowers form an important part of this month's work4 ,celery is put in trenches2 mushroom-beds are prepared4 ,much attention is required by tomatoes and cucumbers4 ,july4--,flowers for cutting are now more plentiful1 and1 in addition1 the smaller fruits have to be gathered and packed for market4 ,carnations have to be layered1 and strawberry runners pegged down4 ,broccoli and cabbage are planted out2 biennial and perennial flowers may still be sown4 ,august and ,september4--,these months are the school holidays4 ,the chief work in the garden is the continued gathering and packing of fruit and flowers1 and keeping the ground clean4 ,october4--,bulbs are potted to be forced when well rooted2 wallflower is transplanted to its blooming quarters2 chrysanthemums are brought in1 and celery is earthed up4 ,vacant plots of ground can be made ready for winter by digging and manuring4 ,november4--,some bulbs can be planted out in the open2 plants ready for forcing are brought in4 ,cucumbers for an early crop are sown now1 and mustard and cress are sown weekly4 ,the glass and brickwork of the houses are thoroughly cleaned4 ,when weather permits1 the pruning of fruit-trees and bushes is carried on in this and the other winter months4 ,chrysanthemums are bunched and packed for market4 ,december4--,rhubarb is brought in for forcing2 vines are pruned1 and peach-trees trained4 ,in bad weather1 work is carried on in the glass-houses or the potting-shed1 or the time is allowed for study4 ,,royal ,,botanic ,,gardens1 ,,glasnevin1 ,,dublin1 ,,ireland ,f4 ,w4 ,moore1 ,esq41 ,director of the above gardens1 is kind enough to admit two ladies as students in horticulture4 ,no fees are charged1 and there is no remuneration of any sort given4 ,there is no syllabus1 as the students work under the immediate direction of ,mr4 ,moore4 ,they obtain a thorough knowledge of general garden practice4 ,cross pollination1 collecting seeds1 fruit pruning1 and all kinds of work1 both indoors and out-of-doors1 is taught4 ,it is not possible to obtain a more general gardening experience than is given here4 ,all lectures are free4 ,the places are usually taken some years in advance4 ,the first two ladies came on ,july #a1 #ahih1 and eighteen in all have passed through up to #aijg4 ,of these1 the following are at present actively employed as follows3-- ,lucy ,douglas1 ,county ,council ,instructor in ,horticulture1 ,co4 ,cavan2 ,jane ,langley1 gardening1 laying out gardens1 giving advice1 good employment in ,co4 ,waterford2 ,katherine ,kinnear1 market and nursery gardening in ,scotland2 ,rose ,pollock1 private secretary and assistant to ,f4 ,w4 ,moore1 ,esq41 ,botanic ,gardens1 ,dublin2 ,jean ,rogers1 working as head gardener2 ,christina ,carlyon1 instructor in horticultural college in ,south ,africa2 ,jane ,garner1 working her own garden1 and botanical and horticultural teacher in ,dublin2 ,emmeline ,crocker1 head gardener over a large garden in ,cornwall2 ,may ,crosbie1 working her own garden4 ,the students can obtain comfortable and cheap rooms in ,dublin1 in order to attend daily at the gardens4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,county ,council has organised classes for gardeners1 which ladies may attend at ,,the ,,london ,,county ,,council ,,norwood ,,technical ,,institute1 ,,knight',s ,,hill1 ,,west ,,norwood ,the following are the syllabuses3 ,,botany 7,,theoretical ,,and ,,practical71 #es4 ,,per ,,course ,stage ,i4--7,elementary73 ,fridays1 #i-aj2 ,practical ,class1 #g4cj-i4 ,stage ,,ii4 7,advanced73 ,fridays1 #f4cj-g4cj2 ,practical ,class1 #g4cj-i ,lecturer3 ,,miss ,,eva ,,whitley1 ,b4,,sc4 ,,stage ,i4 7,covering the ,london ,matriculation ,syllabus7 ,elementary4--,the study of the typical flowering plant2 the form and function of the plant organs and the variations which adapt them to special conditions2 the inflorescence2 the pollination and fertilisation of flowers1 fruits and seeds2 germination2 the nutrition1 respiration and growth of plants2 the movements exhibited by plants2 the outlines of the cellular structure of plants2 elements of plant classification1 with special reference to some of the more important ,british natural orders4 ,,stage ,,ii4 7,covering the ,inter-,science ,syllabus7 ,advanced4--,more advanced work in the subjects taken in the elementary course4 ,study of typical members of the larger sub-divisions of the plant world 7pinus1 picra1 selaginella1 aspidium1 funaria1 pellia1 fucus1 spirogyra1 hmatococcus1 agaricus1 eurotium1 puccinia1 parmelia1 collema1 pythium1 mucor1 saccharomyces71 and of additional natural orders to those taken in ,stage ,i42 plant cology4 ,in the practical class specimens are examined and described1 microscopic preparations made1 and a few of the simpler experiments illustrative of physiological processes are carried out4 ,two or three museum visits are arranged during the session4 ,these classes should prove useful and interesting to those engaged in horticulture and the allied callings4 ,,gardening1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,per ,,course ,lecturer3 ,,chas4 ,h4 ,,curtis1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,tuesdays1 #g4de-i4ae ,,syllabus ,introduction4--,need for better methods4 ,how to plant4 ,soils4--,kinds and values4 ,cultivation and improvement4 ,manures and their value for certain crops and soils4 ,propagation4 ,seeds and seedlings4 ,cuttings and layers4 ,budding and grafting4 ,spring-flowering bulbs4 ,selections4 ,planting and potting4--,chrysanthemums for garden and greenhouses4 ,small fruits4--,varieties for town and suburban gardens4 ,pruning and training4 ,choice fruits2 peaches1 nectarines1 figs1 grapes and melons4 ,beautiful trees and shrubs4--,flowering1 deciduous and evergreen4 ,rock1 wall1 and water gardening4 ,lawns and walks4 ,fences and screens4 ,edgings4 ,window1 balcony1 and home gardening4 ,garden design and improvement4 ,the use and abuse of garden tools4 ,herbaceous borders4 ,selections and times of flowering4 ,summer bedding plants and flowers4 ,autumn flowers4 ,conservatory and greenhouse4 ,annual and biennial plants4 ,roses for summer and autumn4 ,vegetable culture4--,root crops4 ,onions1 leeks1 and shallots4 ,cauliflowers1 winter greenstuffs4 ,salads4 ,peas for small gardens1 beans1 marrows1 tomatoes4 ,asparagus1 seakale1 mushrooms4 ,forcing4 ,the syllabus is subject to alteration to meet the needs of the class4 ,each lecture will be illustrated by specimens1 demonstration1 blackboard diagrams1 etc4 ,several outings and daylight demonstrations will be arranged during the session4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ladies may attend the following courses arranged by the ,london ,county ,council at ,,brownhill ,,road ,,evening ,,science1 ,,art1 ,,etc41 ,,commercial ,,centre1 ,,catford1 ,s4,e4 ,five shillings the session is charged to students over sixteen1 and #bs4 #f;d4 to those under sixteen1 for one or more subjects1 including science and art4 ,,biology ,,and ,,nature ,,study ,instructor3 ,,mr4 ,g4 ,,alford ,in the first stage1 students will investigate the external features1 general structure1 mode of life1 surroundings1 life-history1 and habits of flowering plants1 yeast1 frog1 amba1 etc4 ,in the second stage the subjects of the elementary class will be studied more fully1 together with the earthworm1 crayfish1 dogfish1 pine1 fern1 selaginella4 ,the practical work will deal with nutrition1 respiration1 etc41 including dissection and the microscopic examination of the smaller organisms4 ,,horticulture ,instructor3 ,,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,smith ,this course of lectures is arranged specially for those who take an interest in gardening4 ,the syllabus of instruction deals with3 the cultivation of vegetables1 hardy fruit1 etc42 the management of the orchard house1 flower garden1 flowers under glass1 seed growing1 propagation1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ladies may attend the courses offered by the ,london ,county ,council at ,,bloomfield ,,road ,,evening ,,commercial ,,and ,,science ,,and ,,art ,,centre1 ,,plumstead ,five shillings the session for one or more subjects1 including science and art1 for students over sixteen4 ,for those under sixteen1 #bs4 #f;d4 per session for one or more subjects4 ,,botany--,,stages ,i4 ,,and ,,ii4 ,instructor3 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,bolas ,the lectures will cover but not be confined to the syllabus of the ,board of ,education4 ,every assistance will be given to those engaged in the teaching of ,nature study4 ,practical work with experiments forms a special feature of the course4 ,formation of collections of dried specimens of leaves1 fruits1 seeds1 etc4 ,special study of ,british wild flowers4 ,occasional botanical rambles and visits to places of botanical interest4 ,text ,books3--,stage ,i4--,oliver's 8,elementary ,botany40 ,stage ,,ii4--,lowson's 8,second ,stage ,botany40 ,,horticulture ,,stage ,i4--,this stage provides an elementary course on the science of plant life and soil1 and will be taught chiefly by experiment and observation4 ,plant life4--,seeds4 ,roots4 ,leaves structure1 transpiration1 formation of starch4 ,stems4 ,buds4 ,flowers4 ,fruits4 ,seeds4 ,annuals1 biennials1 bulbs1 tubers1 perennials4 ,the soil4--,plant food4 ,origin and composition of soils4 ,how plants appropriate food from the soil4 ,,stage ,,ii4--,soil and situation4--,conditions which render land suitable to particular forms of horticulture4 ,market gardening4 ,hardy fruit growing4 ,nursery stock4 ,cultivation under glass4 ,proximity to markets or stations4 ,cost of labour and manure4 ,conditions of tenure4 ,arrangements4--,design of a garden to suit particular purposes4 ,shelter hedges and wind breaks4 ,water supply4 ,roadways and paths4 ,tillage4--,the various operations and tools required4 ,drainage4 ,the amelioration of the soil by liming1 claying1 the incorporation of lightening materials on clay soils4 ,composts and manures4--,loam1 peat1 leaf mould1 farmyard manure1 liquid manure1 artificial manures4 ,vegetables4--,the cultivation of the standard vegetables in the open air 7#a7 for show1 7#b7 for private consumption1 7#c7 for market work4 ,preparation of land1 time of sowing1 manures1 management1 insect pests1 harvesting and storing of each crop4 ,the character of the leading varieties of the cabbage1 kale1 broccoli1 cauliflower1 lettuce1 spinach1 etc41 celery1 turnips1 beet1 carrots1 parsnips1 potatoes1 onions1 peas and beans1 asparagus and seakale1 tomatoes in the open air4 ,succession of crops4 ,forcing4 ,growth of tomatoes1 beans1 cucumbers1 etc41 under glass4 ,mushrooms under glass and in sheds4 ,hardy fruit4--,preparation of the land1 planting1 pruning and root management1 manures4 ,spraying4 ,leading varieties of strawberries1 gooseberries1 raspberries1 currants1 apples1 plums1 pears and cherries1 filberts and other nuts4 ,renovation of old fruit trees4 ,orchard house4--,peaches1 nectarines1 figs1 apricots1 cherries1 etc4 ,insect pests1 etc4 ,the flower garden4--,hardy and half-hardy annuals4 ,bedding out4 ,the herbaceous border4 ,the rock garden and hardy fernery4 ,management of roses1 etc41 for show4 ,flowers under glass4--,azaleas1 ericas1 etc41 lily of the valley1 etc41 rose1 chrysanthemums1 etc4 ,shrubs and trees4--,flowering shrubs1 etc4 ,seed growing4--,saving and storing seed4 ,cross fertilisation and hybridising4 ,selection and fixation of new varieties4 ,propagation4--,division1 offsets4 ,bulbous plants4 ,soft and hard wooded cuttings4 ,layering4 ,stocks for fruit trees1 etc4 ,grafting and budding4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ladies may attend the course of instruction offered by the ,london ,county ,council at ,,kilmorie ,,road ,,evening ,,commercial ,,and ,,art ,,centre1 ,,forest ,,hill1 ,s4,e4 ,five shillings fee per session is charged to students over sixteen1 and #bs4 #f;d4 per session to those under sixteen4 ,,horticulture ,the syllabus of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society will be taken ,elementary principles on which horticultural practice is based4--,soils1 good and bad2 their mineral composition2 chemical nature of fertilisers and their respective values4 ,the physiological values of water1 heat1 and air in plant growth4 ,the structure of seeds and their modes of germination2 the chemical phenomena of germination2 the movements of seedlings and the uses of them4 ,the functions of roots2 their anatomical structure2 hindrances to healthy root-action and their remedies4 ,the uses of stems and branches2 the anatomical structure of ordinary dicotyledonous and of a monocotyledonous stem4 ,the physiological functions of leaves1 and the action of light upon them4 ,the structure of tubers and other subterranean stems2 the structure of bulbs and buds2 the general phenomena of vegetative multiplication4 ,the physiological processes undergone in growth and development2 the structure of an active cell1 and the process of cell-division and the formation of tissues4 ,the structure of flower-buds and of flowers2 the methods of pollination1 natural and artificial4 ,the process of impregnation of the ovule1 and the formation of embryo and endosperm4 ,the classification and description of fruits2 the changes and development during ripening4 ,the general characters of the commoner families of plants in cultivation4 ,the origin of species4 ,horticultural operations and practice4--,elements of surveying and landscape gardening4 ,choice of site for garden4 ,description and use of implements under each head4 ,operations connected with the cultivation of the land1 with explanations and illustrations of good and bad methods2 digging and trenching2 draining1 hoeing1 stirring the soil1 and weeding2 watering2 preparation of seed beds2 rolling and raking1 sowing1 transplanting and thinning2 potting1 planting2 aspects1 positions1 and shelter2 staking2 earthing and blanching1 etc4 ,propagation1 elementary principles2 cuttings1 buddings and grafting1 stocks used1 layering1 division1 branch pruning1 root pruning2 old and young trees and bushes4 ,training4 ,fruit culture3 ,open air and under glass2 small fruits2 apples and pears2 stone fruits2 gathering and storing2 packing and marketing4 ,general knowledge of fruits1 and selection of varieties4 ,vegetable culture3 tubers and roots2 green vegetables2 fruit and seeds2 rotation of crops1 and selection of varieties4 ,flower culture1 outside and under glass4 ,manures and their application4 ,improvement of plants by cross-breeding1 hybridisation and selection4 ,arboriculture3 trees and shrubs and their culture4 ,insect and ,fungus pests2 prevention and treatment4 ,examination4--,royal ,horticultural ,society in ,april4 ,,particulars ,,regarding ,,school ,,gardens ,,at ,,schools ,,maintained ,,by ,,the ,,london ,,county ,,council ,there are at present a number of schools maintained by the ,council where gardens exist4 ,as a rule these gardens are kept in condition by the caretaker or by the teachers and pupils4 ,in such cases it is the practice to allow an annual expenditure in respect of the garden1 the amount varying from #ajs4 to #b4 ,in one case1 namely1 ,bailey's ,lane ,mixed ,school1 ,south ,tottenham1 an annual expenditure of #c #cs4 is allowed1 but at this school cottage gardening is taken as a grant-earning subject1 the ,head ,master being recognised as a qualified teacher by the ,board of ,education4 ,with this exception the gardens are used for the purposes of instruction in botany and nature study4 ,special teachers are not engaged for the purpose of giving instruction in gardening4 ,the ,council has at present under consideration the general question of the formation and maintenance of gardens in certain schools1 and it is proposed that all work in connection therewith shall be carried out by a staff of gardeners employed by the ,council1 and that the gardens shall be utilised for the purpose of instruction of the pupils in nature study by the teachers on the staff4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,continental ,,schools ,,and ,,colleges ,,belgium ,i am told upon good authority that although up to the present moment no schools of horticulture have been founded for ladies1 the ,government is contemplating the institution of one4 ,in #aijg six young ladies joined the classes of the ,government ,school of ,horticulture at ,ghent4 ,at the ,vilvorde ,government ,school of ,horticulture three young women 7foreigners7 followed the school training1 and one of them received a diploma4 ,quite recently a horticultural section has been opened in the ,pensionnat d',hiverl1 and three young ladies have joined it4 ,belgium possesses many coles mnagres agricoles for women1 but these are more for agricultural or farming supervision4 ,at the ,horticultural ,congress held in #aijg at ,st4 ,crond 7in the province of ,lunbourg71 ,m4 de ,vuyst read an interesting paper in favour of gardening instruction for ladies4 ,mademoiselle ,rossignon in her admirable private school for girls at #hf1 ,rue ,gachard1 ,avenue ,louise1 ,brussels1 has organised classes where gardening is taught4 ,here1 each girl has the management of a plot of ground1 and elementary landscape gardening from simple designs is shown4 ,besides being taught the use to which land can be put for the cultivation of vegetables1 fruit and flowers1 students can learn preserving and cooking fruits and vegetables4 ,,denmark ,i have received the following report from the ,national ,council of ,women of ,denmark1 ,copenhagen4 ,there are in ,denmark no horticultural colleges for women only4 ,but the colleges and schools admit women1 and usually on the same conditions as men4 ,i4--,,den ,,kongelige ,,veterinor ,,and ,,land ,,bohojskole 7,the ,royal ,veterinary and ,agricultural ,college71 ,,copenhagen 7,public ,state ,institution71 has also a division for horticulture4 ,the training is chiefly theoretical1 and does not include practical gardening1 which must be learned elsewhere4 ,the course lasts for two years 7of two terms each71 and leads up to a state examination2 the candidate who successfully passes this has the title of 8havebrugskandidat40 ,certain entrance qualifications are required4 ,the entrance fee is #aj kr41#d the fee per term 7two terms a year71 about #ej kr42 the examination fees1 ,part ,i41 #ae kr42 ,part ,,ii41 #be kr4 ,scholarships may be obtained4 ,the college is not residential1 and the students are not subject to any rules out of school hours4 ,women are admitted on exactly the same terms as men1 but very few have hitherto graduated--only one before #ahid1 and six after that time4 #d ,one krone #as4 #a;d4 ,the instruction is partly oral1 partly in writing1 partly work in the laboratories4 ,botanical excursions are held nearly every week in the spring and autumn4 ,practical training in surveying and levelling is given in ,july of the first year's course4 ,,syllabus3 ,,lectures1 ,,classes1 ,,practical ,,work1 ,,and ,,demonstration ,first ,year's ,course ,lessons per week4 ,first term4 ,second term4 ,mechanical physics and optics #c #b ,chemical physics #b #b ,meteorology #b #a ,chemistry #d #d ,geology and knowledge of soils #d #d ,botany #d #d ,general horticulture #b #b ,laying out of gardens and cultivation of ornamental plants #b #a ,horticultural zoology #a #a ,practical chemistry #i #i ,surveying 7,oct4 #ast to ,may #aeth7 #d #b ,drawing #f #f ,second ,year's ,course ,general horticulture #c #b ,cultivation of vegetables #b #b ,orchard and nursery gardening #e #b ,laying out of gardens and cultivation of ornamental plants #b #c ,forcing of useful plants #b #c ,horticultural botany #d #d ,pathology of plants #b #b ,horticultural zoology #a ,agricultural chemistry #a #f ,comparing of garden plans #f #f ,practical horticulture #b #b ,,the ,,examinations ,,comprise3-- ,part ,i4 7after the first year's course7 ,physics and meteorology1 oral2 chemistry1 oral1 practical and written2 knowledge of soils1 oral2 botany1 oral2 surveying and levelling1 practical drawing4 ,part ,,ii4 7after the second year's course7 7,no one is admitted to ,part ,,ii4 who has not passed satisfactorily in ,part ,i47 ,general horticulture1 oral and written2 cultivation of vegetables1 oral and written2 orchard and nursery gardening1 oral and written2 laying out of gardens1 etc41 oral and written2 forcing of useful plants1 oral2 horticultural botany1 oral2 pathology of plants1 oral2 horticultural zoology1 oral2 agricultural chemistry1 practical and written2 composing of garden plans4 ,,ii4--,,havebrugshojskolen 8,,vilvorde0 ,,pr4 ,,charlottenlund1 ,,near ,,copenhagen ,this is a residential school for gardeners1 both men and women4 ,a full course is of two or two-and-a-half years1 comprising both practical and theoretical training4 ,the preferable age for students is from eighteen to twenty4 ,to be admitted the student must have been occupied with gardening for two years4 ,if there is room students without this qualification may be admitted1 but these must stay three years at the school4 ,in the summer theory is studied from #f till #aj a4m41 practical work1 #aj4cj a4m4 till #e4cj p4m42 in the winter1 theory is from #b till #f p4m41 practical work1 #g4cj a4m4 till #a p4m4 ,the examinations are controlled by the ,education ,department4 ,they are both theoretical and practical4 ,eight women have been trained during the three years since this examination was instituted4 ,the school itself is more than twenty-five years old4 ,the fees for board1 lodging1 and instruction are on an average #ce kroner per month for the first year1 and #cb kroner per month for the second year4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,royal ,,gardens ,,at ,,rosenborg ,,castle1 ,,copenhagen ,both men and women pupils are received1 for a two years' course4 ,the training is chiefly practical4 ,theoretical instruction is given during winter in two lessons of two hours each a week in the mornings1 and three lessons of two hour each in the afternoons4 ,in summer there are some lessons in botany4 ,during their training men get #aj kr4 a month the first year1 #bd kr4 the second4 ,women get nothing the first year1 #aj kr4 a month the second1 but then they have not exactly the same work4 ,a practical examination can be entered for after five years' practical gardening3 sometimes old students come back after some years to go in for this examination4 ,not many women have been trained at ,rosenborg1 and only one has had an appointment there--for a short time after her training4 99 99 99 99 99 ,several estates and market gardens take women as pupils1 but the training is only practical4 ,very few women earn an independent living as gardeners2 market gardening is usually considered rather hard work for women1 and1 besides1 requires capital1 and no woman has hitherto obtained a superior situation in any of the larger gardens1 public or private4 ,when they obtain a post they are usually paid less than the men for the same work4 ,upon the whole1 gardening in ,denmark does not seem at present to be a very recommendable career for women who have to earn their living by it4 ,on the other hand1 many women now study it for use in their own homes4 ,thus there are ,state-aided courses for cottagers' wives and daughters both at ,kjarhave and at a few other schools4 ,teachers go through a course of gardening in order to be able to teach in the school gardens4 ,,germany ,i am permitted to publish the following extracts1 and they have been kindly put into ,english for me by a friend4 ,they give an interesting description of the commencement of a school which is now one of the most famous in ,germany4 ,i am told1 upon good authority1 that posts for lady gardeners are easily obtained2 in fact1 that the demand is greater than the supply4 ,the salaries vary from #djj marks to #b1jjj marks and free living4 ,the posts are chiefly in private gardens1 sanatoria1 and house-keeping schools4 ,,dr4 ,,elvira ,,castner',s ,,school ,,of ,,pomology ,,and ,,horticulture1 ,,marienfelde ,by ,,marie ,c4 ,,vorwerk ,in #ahgg a ,german lady-student was living in the ,american seaport of ,baltimore4 ,she loved in her leisure hours to seek the harbour and watch the ships come and go4 ,one day in autumn she saw with astonishment1 from a train of perhaps fifteen to twenty coaches1 an immense quantity of small square boxes unloaded and brought to a ship4 ,on inquiry as to their contents1 where they came from1 and whither bound1 she was told they were apples from ,california1 destined for ,germany1 and that this fruit was sent every year in increasing numbers to ,germany and other ,european countries4 ,illustration3 ,,students ,,at ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,pomology ,,and ,,horticulture ,,marienfelde1 ,,near ,,berlin4 ,why should ,germany import foreign fruit8 ,has she not in all her provinces tracts of land with conditions and climate suitable for fruit and vegetable growing1 and why should not ,german women earn a livelihood by horticulture8 ,from these questions1 which the student asked herself in the harbour of ,baltimore1 has arisen the ,horticultural ,school of ,marienfelde4 ,in the meantime the lady was naturally inclined to continue her chosen career of dentistry1 to finish her studies1 and begin to earn her living4 ,but the idea would not rest6 ,whoever comes to ,marienfelde to-day and sees there the stately building in its large garden1 or has met a lady-gardener1 trained at ,marienfelde1 in her thoroughly satisfying calling1 must acknowledge what splendid results have sprung from this idea of the ,german student in the distant ,american commercial town4 ,a bee-hive with the inscription1 8,no reward without diligence10 is carved over one of the entrance-doors of the school2 a suitable escutcheon as warning and incentive to the entering students1 and not less as a reminder of the origin of the school and the busy life of its foundress4 ,elvira ,castner was a chemist's daughter1 born in #ahdd in a small town of western ,prussia1 and was a very lively1 clever child4 ,that she might not have to go from home for her education1 her parents sent her to a boys' school1 kept by a very scholarly pastor2 there she eagerly studied every subject up till then reserved for boys4 ,after two years at a seminary in ,posen1 she passed her teacher's examination4 ,she liked her calling as teacher1 but owing to throat trouble had to give up this profession4 ,she went to ,berlin for five years1 and her health being re-established1 her long-restrained love for medicine woke to new life4 ,liberal ,berlin granted her what had been unattainable in the provinces4 ,she returned from ,baltimore in #ahgh1 with her degree as dental-surgeon1 set up as a dentist in ,berlin1 and soon gained an extensive practice4 ,her mother and sisters came to reside with her1 and one of her sisters1 after taking her dental degree in ,america1 became her assistant4 ,having attained her object1 there came a time of comparative rest1 in which the idea of ,german ,horticulture stepped again into the foreground4 ,leisure hours were utilised for botanical study1 holiday tours to visit various horticultural schools1 pomological institutions and model-gardens in ,reutlingen1 ,stuttgart1 ,switzerland1 etc4 ,in the year #ahhi an opportunity occurred to purchase in the neighbourhood of ,berlin a small piece of ground where her acquired theoretical knowledge might be put into practice4 ,dr4 ,elvira ,castner1 with her family1 occupied part of the double house built on the ground1 while the remainder was let4 ,a market garden was laid out--the rougher work being done by the porter's wife4 ,the sisters took charge of the remainder1 aided by the counsel of their mother1 an experienced farmer4 ,the first practical trial of a ,school of ,horticulture for women was made at this time by the wife of the ,counsellor of ,commerce for ,charlottenburg4 ,dr4 ,elvira ,castner thought herself fortunate to see her idea so soon realised1 and gave the school her warmest interest4 ,as vice-president of the ,berlin society for the benefit of women1 she had opportunity to know it well4 ,the society protected the school1 and appointed a commission for the promotion of pomology and horticulture1 of which ,miss ,castner was chairman4 ,accompanied by this committee she visited the ,charlottenburger school1 and came back quite disillusioned4 ,that school of horticulture was not to her mind2 the tending of flowers was undertaken1 but without any solid instruction1 and fruit and vegetable cultivation were never mentioned4 ,at the first sitting of the commission1 she gave her ideas on the subject of a ,school for ,horticulture1 and was requested to embody them in a report1 so as to reach a larger public4 ,in complying with this desire she answered clearly and convincingly the three questions3 #a4 ,should more be done in our ,fatherland for pomology and horticulture8 #b4 ,is it possible for women to follow a gardener's calling1 and to earn a living by it8 #c4 ,how would an educated woman1 after sufficient training1 find opportunity to practise this calling8 ,the report was published in several papers1 and ,dr4 ,castner received letters from all parts1 asking where the school of horticulture was to be found1 carried out on these principles4 ,a determined little lady1 ,frau ,rackau1 from ,jena1 came to ,berlin to present herself at this school4 ,it seemed the propitious moment to start the school2 friends thronged round1 circumstances were favourable4 ,an attempt by the formation of a company to interest a larger public failed miserably1 and courageous ,dr4 ,castner1 inspired by the need of giving to ,german women the new calling of practical gardening1 opened on the #ast ,october1 #ahid1 the first ,german female ,school of ,horticulture1 with seven scholars4 ,the other part of the ,friedenauer house happened to be free2 it was turned into living-and classrooms for the future scholars4 ,the necessary tools were obtained1 and so the work began1 though differently from ,miss ,castner's first intentions4 ,as it had not been possible to rouse the active interest of educated ,german women1 particularly those living in the country1 the school could not be limited to their own country-women1 as had been the original plan4 ,our statistical tables plainly show how largely foreigners are in the majority4 ,the difficulties of the beginning were successfully overcome2 the garden1 now three acres1 attracted students in growing numbers4 ,in ,april1 #ahie1 ten new scholars joined the original seven1 and in the next year seventeen were added4 ,from that time a regular increase went on4 ,yet many hindrances remained4 ,if women were indifferent1 gardeners showed the liveliest1 though not friendly1 interest in the scheme1 and it took years to convince them they would not be harmed by the new ideas4 ,prominent men like ,professors ,wittenack1 ,herren1 ,ascherson1 ,sorauer1 ,garden-,inspector ,lindemint1 and others1 whose judgment carried great weight1 were most sceptical4 ,they feared1 not without cause1 that the training for women1 as was too common1 would be imperfect4 ,some examinations1 at which they were present on the invitation of ,dr4 ,elvira ,castner1 convinced them of the thoroughness of our work1 and with just pride we count them now amongst our truest friends4 ,the establishment soon won general respect4 ,house and garden at ,friedenau became too small1 and a move was made in ,october1 #ahii1 to ,marienfelde1 where the garden of ten acres and the large house promised to be sufficient for years to come4 ,miss ,castner gave up her dental practice and devoted herself entirely to the school4 ,the interest of ,german women was at last awakened1 and what was impossible ten years previously was now imitated in ,godesberg and other places4 ,schools of horticulture1 on the ,marienfelde model1 were started4 ,next comes the question of the training and the after career of the students4 ,the prospectus and plan of studies of the institution abundantly answer the first question4 ,i believe ,i can rightly say one seldom finds such an excellent organisation1 with so harmonious an intermingling of theory and practice4 ,the gardener's calling is thoroughly practical1 but theoretical instruction cannot be left in the background4 ,in our school only the afternoon hours belong to scientific exposition1 the whole morning is devoted to practical work4 ,this is more necessary1 as most ladies come to us without the slightest preliminary knowledge1 and an obligatory previous apprenticeship was part of our ideal scheme4 ,it is no slight task for a head-gardener to overlook and occupy in the garden fifty to sixty ladies1 many without former training4 ,a suitable organisation1 formed in the course of years1 considerably lightens this task1 and the number of students in the gardens might be doubled without causing ,herr ,cornelius 7our present head-gardener7 much more trouble4 ,each lady learns to begin and finish her task without help2 second year students are allowed partly to arrange their own work for each season1 and are responsible for their management of it4 ,the ten-acre garden is not sufficient to employ the many students1 although all the work is done by the ladies2 more ground has been added1 and1 in addition1 each class undertakes to keep in order one or two private gardens in the colony4 ,what becomes of all the students after training8 ,do they find really satisfactory posts8 ,up till now the situations offered cannot be filled1 there not being sufficient candidates4 ,the great varieties in the exercise of this calling1 which in my opinion are not nearly exhausted1 promise to all women1 giving themselves to it1 a suitable and pleasant occupation4 ,all nerve and lung sanatoria1 as well as ,nature ,cure establishments1 on whose patients garden work exercises such a beneficial effect1 all house-keeping schools1 kindergarten1 benevolent institutions and orphanages will1 it is to be hoped1 in a few years1 consider the appointment of a trained lady gardener a matter of course4 ,then come posts in private gardens1 in town or country1 nursery gardens1 soon it is to be hoped school gardens1 and all new schools of horticulture4 ,a glance at our statistics shows that proportionately few scholars of the two years' course undergo the examination1 and later take situations4 ,this is explained by the different scholars who come here1 and who may be divided into three classes3-- #a4 ,those who actually prepare for a profession4 #b4 ,so-called 8hospitantinnen10 mostly ailing ladies1 ordered by a doctor work in the open air4 #c4 ,young girls between sixteen and eighteen years of age1 who in healthy open-air work seek relaxation after school time1 and a substitute for the usual year in a boarding-school4 ,this state of affairs is not likely to last much longer4 ,new institutions will branch off2 some1 perhaps1 only for delicate women1 others reserved for young girls4 ,,statistical ,,observations ,the school was from ,october #a1 #ahid1 to ,april #a1 #aijd1 attended by ,two years' scholars #aad ,one year scholars #ca ,scholars less than a year #cc ,special students #ed --- ,total #bcb ,april #a1 #aijd4 ,scholars received #ac ,april #a1 #aijd4 ,special scholars received #g ,may1 #aijd4 ,special scholars received #b --- #bed ,till ,april #a1 #aijd1 course completed by #gg scholars4 ,of those ,in situations #ch ,occupied at home #ah ,self-supporting on their own account #i ,married #d ,studying botany and chemistry #b ,occupation and residence unknown #f --- ,total #gg ,in the school #cg --- ,total #aad ,there remain in the school #cg scholars #ac #ej #i special students4 ,,nationalities ,german #bah ,dutch #h ,norwegian #d ,italian #a ,bulgarian #a ,russian #ad ,austrian #e ,american #a ,swiss #a ,roumanian #a --- ,total #bed ,for five years our horticultural school has given a course for teachers1 which is held in two divisions of fourteen days1 one in spring1 the other in ,august4 ,a quite special programme is sketched out for it1 and everything necessary for regulating a school garden is taught to teachers in the shortest possible way4 ,teachers must carry out all the tasks given1 by themselves4 ,twenty-five teachers have taken advantage of this course1 four of these from ,knigsberg1 in ,east ,prussia4 ,,the ,,following ,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,prospectus ,,of ,,the ,,marienfelde ,,school ,,show ,,its ,,present ,,development 7,formerly ,friedenau1 near ,berlin7 ,,object ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,the intention of the ,school of ,pomology and ,horticulture is1 by theoretical instruction and practical work1 to fit women and girls of good education to take posts as professional gardeners1 or to turn their acquired knowledge into money by the cultivation of their own ground4 ,above all1 they learn that intelligent cultivation of the soil brings better crops and produce1 and with better sale a higher value to the ground1 and that all the necessary work can be carried on with success by women4 ,those scholars who wish to qualify as gardeners must go through a two years' course4 ,at the expiry of this an examination is held1 which confers a leaving certificate on the successful candidates4 ,those who have not attended the course regularly or have not accomplished the desired quantity of practical or theoretical work1 or who do not wish to undergo the examination1 as well as those who1 after a one year's course1 leave the institution1 receive1 if they wish it1 a certificate of attendance at the school4 ,a4--,,course ,,for ,,scholars ,the course is for two years1 and pupils are admitted at the beginning of ,april and ,october of each year4 ,the theoretical instruction embraces these branches3-- #a4 ,pomology4--,planting1 cultivation1 care of fruit-trees and berry bushes1 improvement1 pruning1 knowledge of species1 preservation and sale of fruit1 forcing under glass1 pot fruit culture4 #b4 ,viticulture4--,planting and training of the vine4 #c4 ,cultivation of vegetables on waste land1 sale and preserving1 hot-beds4 #d4 ,flower culture4--,special attention given to the rose 7propagation and improvement74 #e4 ,arboriculture4--,cultivation1 increase and description of the chief kinds of woods with information of their decorative value for landscape gardening4 #f4 ,landscape gardening and design4--,sketches and plans of gardens and pleasure-grounds4 #g4 ,land surveying and levelling4 #h4 ,lessons in soils and manures4 #i4 ,botany1 anatomy1 physiology4--,systems1 morphology and geography of plants1 diseases of plants4 #aj4 ,chemistry4--,the most important constituents of organic and inorganic chemistry1 and the most important minerals for plants4 #aa4 ,zoology4--,animals hurtful or beneficial to pomology and horticulture4 #ab4 ,geometry4 #ac4 ,binding1 tying4 #ad4 ,bee-rearing43 #ae4 ,the most important and practical legal knowledge4 #af4 ,book-keeping and correspondence4 #ag4 ,instruction in management4 ,the practical work is carried on under the guidance and supervision of a head-gardener1 which work must be done unconditionally according to the arrangement of the head or his substitute3 ,work begins in summer at seven o'clock1 in winter at eight4 ,the plan of work1 containing all details1 is settled at the beginning of every session4 ,holidays of three weeks at ,christmas1 and of fourteen days in summer4 ,the students must leave the institution during the ,christmas holidays1 owing to the necessary yearly repairs4 ,permission to remain is only given in urgent cases4 ,irregular attendance at the institution is a cause of dismissal before the end of the course4 ,the course ends with the examination4 ,bee-rearing is practically undertaken4 ,those ladies interested in poultry-breeding get the opportunity to acquire the rudiments of this knowledge4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,admission ,necessary conditions of admission are a healthy body fit for the work1 and education in the first class of a secondary girls' school4 ,to this must be added a short account of one's life4 ,minors must have the written consent of their father1 whose agreement to bear all the expenses of attending the school must be given4 ,,dress ,for practical work a special dress is prescribed3 reform-dress of coarse woollen stuff 7linen in summer7 and an apron4 ,in the wet season of the year wooden shoes must be worn4 ,students provide at their own cost3 garden knife1 grafting and fertilising knife1 stock shears1 tree saws and pocket scissors4 ,instruments and the suitable clothing can be purchased after entry into the institution1 as there is no variation in the dress 7stuff1 colour1 and cut74 ,those scholars received as boarders must bring with them mattress and feather-bed 7bedsteads with spiral spring-mattresses are provided7 as well as bed-linen1 towels1 serviettes1 spoons1 knives and forks4 ,bedsteads and other large pieces of furniture may not be brought or procured4 ,scholars are not accepted under sixteen years4 ,b4--,,course ,,for ,,special ,,students #a4 ,for those who1 on account of ill-health1 want to occupy themselves for a time in the open air4 ,these have only practical work1 and do not take part in the theoretical instruction4 ,admission from ,april to ,october1 or for a longer or shorter time4 #b4 ,those who wish to take theoretical instruction along with the other4 ,admission ,april and ,october4 ,c4--,,special ,,course #a4 ,course for teachers of fourteen days' duration in spring1 and the same in autumn4 #b4 ,course for owners of gardens 7,february-,march71 lasting four weeks4 ,care of fruit-trees and pruning4 ,,fees ,scholars 7,course ,a7 whose parents do not reside in the near neighbourhood of ,marienfelde must live in the institution1 so far as there is room4 ,if all places are filled1 other boarding-houses will be recommended4 ,board in the school 7without laundry7 amounts to #d per month1 instruction #bes41 and are both paid quarterly1 the first term beforehand4 ,the cost of board in other pensions is from #d #ajs4 to #e per month1 according to size of room4 ,monthly fee for ,course ,a 7first quarter in advance71 #a #es42 monthly fee for ,course ,b#a 7one month payable in advance71 #a #aes42 monthly fee for ,course ,b#b 7a quarter payable in advance71 #a #aes42 monthly fee for ,course ,c#a 7each division in advance71 #ajs42 monthly fee for ,course ,c#b 7payable in advance71 #b4 ,scholars who wish to leave the institution before the end of the course must give three months' notice2 this can only be done in ,january and ,june4 ,should a pupil leave for any cause whatever in the middle of a quarter no reduction is made1 and board and fees must be paid for the next term4 ,for the six winter months 7,october to ,april7 #cs4 per month for heating1 and each session #cs4 for use of garden utensils1 are levied from each scholar4 ,it is expected and supposed that each scholar will conduct herself as a lady1 in and out of the institution4 ,unladylike behaviour1 as well as contravention of the rules of the house1 necessary to the maintenance of discipline1 may be punished by dismissal from the school4 ,principal and ,owner3 ,,elvira ,,castner4 ,,dr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,pomological ,,and ,,horticultural ,,school ,,for ,,women1 ,,at ,,wolfenb,,ttel ,conducted by ,,martha ,,breymann ,,objects ,,and ,,instruction ,the object of the two-years' course is to give the most comprehensive instruction in horticulture1 so as to afford ladies the opportunity of fitting themselves for an independent career in husbandry2 or by a one year's course to be able to occupy their time usefully and happily in cultivating their own ground4 ,besides the correct working of the ground1 the aim is to teach the pupils to know for themselves the most necessary work and its proper execution1 and to turn them out practical gardeners and capable1 observant characters4 ,the forenoon1 till the pause for breakfast1 is kept exclusively for practical work1 which daily amounts to five or six hours4 ,the field of activity is the nine-acre garden of the 8,breymann ,educational ,institute for ,young ,girls10 with pleasure-grounds1 greenhouses1 forcing-beds1 vegetable-fields1 nursery1 etc4 ,the opportunity to learn bee-culture is also given4 ,the theoretical instruction serves to explain and so to support the practical work4 ,it comprises3 #a4 ,botany4--,plant life4 #b4 ,elementary chemistry1 for the better understanding of the transformations of matter1 instruction in manures1 analysis of soils4 #c4 ,fruit and vegetable culture4 #d4 ,flower growing4 #e4 ,arboriculture4 #f4 ,forcing4 #g4 ,zoology 7the foes of plants and their destruction74 #h4 ,garden design4 ,theoretical instruction is given every afternoon from one to two hours4 ,thursday afternoons are at the students' disposal4 ,holidays are in winter from the #aeth of ,december till the #aeth of ,january4 ,during this time the institution is closed4 ,as an exception1 if specially desired1 leave is granted for a fortnight at whichever date suits best1 viz41 #ast to #aeth ,april1 ,july1 or ,october2 in those weeks theoretical instruction is not given4 ,stipulations4--#a1 ,good education2 #b1 excellent health2 #c1 obedience to the regulations of the house4 ,order and punctuality are expected4 ,notice must be given of absence from a meal1 or after ten o'clock at night4 ,there are three principal meals1 and early and afternoon coffee4 ,the food is simple1 but carefully prepared4 ,the fees amount to #bej marks per quarter1 to be paid quarterly in advance4 ,the institution can only be left after a quarter's notice4 ,for heating and lighting the bedroom 7if desired7 an extra charge is made4 ,exceptional use1 such as a fire the whole day1 or light after ten p4m41 is naturally more4 ,a heated general room for study is at every one's disposal4 ,on leaving and at ,christmas #cs4 for attendance is added to the account4 ,each student must bring3 ,feather-bed 7not bedstead or mattress71 bed-cover1 sheets1 towels1 serviettes1 and table-cover4 ,an exception is made for foreigners1 to whom these articles are lent for a fee4 ,any further information will be readily given4 ,letters of recommendation can be shown4 ,,the ,,marienburg ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,station3 ,,leutesdorf ,pier3 ,,andernach 7with ferry connection to ,leutesdorf7 ,,course ,,for ,,educated ,,women ,,in ,,horticulture ,,and ,,forcing ,marienburg lies close to the ,rhine1 in ,leutesdorf4 ,the larger agricultural property1 with ornamental park1 fruit and vegetable garden1 greenhouses1 hot-beds belonging to ,neuwied1 a neighbouring country residence1 serve as the practical field of work for the school4 ,all the labour needed is done by the students4 ,the school is in two buildings1 with single-and double-bedded rooms for the reception of twenty ladies4 ,hot and cold water is laid on1 with bath-rooms and central heating4 ,comfortably furnished sitting-rooms give the opportunity for social intercourse during off-time4 ,this school gives educated girls and women the chance to acquire the requisite practice and knowledge to work a garden correctly and independently4 ,practical and theoretical instruction are both given1 but the greater value is placed on thoroughly comprehensive practical knowledge4 ,i4--,,two ,,years' ,,course ,for those ladies who wish to fit themselves for a gardener's calling1 and later take posts as gardeners on estates1 in villa gardens1 sanatoria1 house-keeping schools1 educational institutions1 etc4 7#b1jjj have taken situations with salary1 six without74 ,a4--,,practical ,,instruction ,pomology3 ,hybridisation1 care1 forcing1 sale4 ,vegetable culture3 ,open-air and forcing1 sale4 ,floriculture3 ,hardy and hot-house flowers1 balcony and room decoration1 arranging1 making wreaths4 ,commercial gardening3 ,sale and despatch1 with practical book-keeping4 ,landscape gardening3 ,designing1 laying out and care of gardens4 ,basket weaving1 joinery1 glazing4 ,b4--,,theoretical ,,instruction ,pomology3 ,breeding1 pruning1 forcing1 knowledge of species4 ,vegetable culture and forcing4 ,flower propagation and hot-houses1 forcing4 ,forestry3 ,description and crossing of the most important trees for landscape gardening4 ,landscape gardening4 ,legal knowledge4 ,book-keeping and correspondence4 ,botany3 ,morphology1 anatomy1 physiology1 systems1 geography of plants1 plant diseases4 ,zoology3 ,animals useful and hurtful to horticulture4 ,chemistry3 ,soils and manures4 ,geometry and surveying4 ,theoretical instruction is given by a head-gardener1 a highly-educated scientific master1 and by the principal herself4 ,the head-gardener instructs in the practical department with the help of a basket-maker and joiner for those branches4 ,admission to the course is in the beginning of ,april and ,october4 ,as a means of judging the proficiency of our scholars a small exhibition of garden products1 and sketches and designs of gardens1 is held yearly in the institution1 about the end of ,september or beginning of ,october4 ,an inspection of the exhibition1 and also of the garden1 is willingly permitted to anyone interested4 ,at the close of the second year the scholars receive a certificate after examination4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,admission ,scholars must have passed through the first class in a secondary girls' school1 and have a healthy1 robust constitution4 ,age not over thirty4 ,a medical certificate and a short autobiography must be added to the report4 ,a special dress is required for practical work4 ,this1 as well as garden shears and saws1 is provided at the student's cost2 all other implements belong to the school1 and are used without payment4 ,from #ast to #aeth every quarter there is no theoretical instruction4 ,extra leave1 if wanted1 should be asked for then4 ,classes are stopped for four weeks at ,christmas1 and scholars can only remain in the institution at this time by special permission4 ,,fees ,for board and lodging1 exclusive of heating and laundry1 in double-bedded room1 #d #ajs42 single-bedded room1 #e monthly4 ,for instruction #a monthly is charged4 ,fees are to be paid quarterly in advance 7from #af #ajs4 to #ah47 ,in the two winter quarters #aes4 extra for heating are charged4 ,arrears are not allowed4 ,anyone wishing to leave before the end of the course must give three months' notice1 or pay a quarter's fees2 such notice will only be received at the beginning of each quarter4 ,the following articles are to be brought3--,table silver and cutlery1 fruit-knife1 serviette-ring 7all plainly marked71 serviettes1 towels1 pillows1 sheets1 and soiled linen-bag4 ,bedstead and mattress are supplied4 ,,ii4--,,one ,,year',s ,,course ,for those ladies who wish to work their own gardens1 and for young girls who1 after the strain of school life1 seek re-invigoration in healthy1 refreshing activity for body and mind4 ,these receive the same instruction as for the first year of the regular course1 but no certificate4 ,in other respects the conditions of the full course hold good4 ,ladies who already have elementary knowledge1 and only wish to take the second year's course1 must undergo a preliminary examination4 ,,iii4--,,special ,,students ,can enter for a shorter time1 to try if the calling of gardener suits them1 so that later they can take a course of one or two years4 ,this class1 as well as those who want to improve their health by occupation in the open air1 only take part in practical instruction4 ,they will find near the ,leutesdorf school a good boarding-house1 where the charge is #cjs4 monthly4 ,entry on the #ast or #aeth of every month4 ,scholars under eighteen years of age are in the special charge of the principal1 and without her permission may not leave the institution4 ,practical instruction is divided into four hours in the morning and two in the afternoon4 ,theoretical instruction is given from one to two hours daily in the afternoon4 ,scholars are free on ,saturday afternoon and ,sunday4 ,from time to time excursions with the students are undertaken to inspect the surrounding country1 gardens and pleasure-grounds1 and nurseries4 ,punctuality and order are required of every student4 ,the rules of the school and house must be rigidly observed4 ,,marie ,c4 ,,vorwerk1 ,,elsbeth ,,von ,,zibzewik 7,owners and ,principals7 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,house #a4 ,scholars must appear punctually at meals2 exceptions are to be notified to the housekeeper4 ,in case of illness only will meals be served in the bedroom4 ,dress must be changed for dinner and supper4 #b4 ,before first breakfast scholars must put away anything lying about their rooms1 make beds1 and open the windows4 #c4 ,paper1 flowers1 hair1 or other insoluble articles may not be put in the basin4 #d4 ,the scholars must clean clothes and shoes1 except their working boots4 #e4 ,servants and assistants are not to be asked for any extra service2 tips and presents are forbidden2 at ,christmas and on leaving every scholar puts something into a money-box for the servants4 #f4 ,rooms and passages may not be entered with garden boots4 #g4 ,boxes and soiled linen are to be kept on the ground floor4 #h4 ,after dinner till #b o'clock and after #aj p4m4 perfect quiet must prevail4 ,lamps in the school-and business-rooms1 as well as in the corridor1 are put out at #aj p4m4 #i4 ,nails may not be knocked in the walls of the rooms without permission2 it is also forbidden to fasten articles on the walls with ordinary or drawing-pins4 #aj4 ,any damage to the house or furniture must be pointed out at once to the principals1 and made good4 #aa4 ,all complaints are to be made to the principals4 ,,school ,,regulations #a4 ,the scholars must attend theoretical and practical instruction regularly2 leave of absence only from the principals4 ,whoever misses more than six weeks' instruction in one session cannot be admitted to the examination4 #b4 ,practical work occupies six hours1 theoretical from one to two hours daily4 ,work begins in summer at #g o'clock1 in winter at #h o'clock in the morning4 ,saturday afternoon and ,sunday are holidays4 #c4 ,scholars whose week it is to be in management1 or at work in the hot-houses1 must remain in the establishment1 even in their free time1 and look after their departments4 #d4 ,only half of the scholars at most can get leave in the first fortnight of a quarter4 ,permission should therefore be sought in good time4 ,those employed in the hot-houses or as overseers can obtain leave in case of urgency only1 and must put in a substitute during their absence4 #e4 ,permission for a week's leave is to be obtained at latest eight days in advance1 for one or several days the day before4 ,only urgent cases permit an exception4 ,to be provided3--#a reform winter dress with bloomers2 #b reform summer dresses with #b bloomers2 #b blue linen aprons2 #a cap1 and #b linen hats2 #a pair strong boots and gaiters2 some books1 drawing materials1 grafting-saw1 tree-shears1 garden-knife1 grafting and fertilising knives1 yard-stick1 materials for basket-making4 ,anyone maliciously violating the regulations of the house or school is dismissed4 ,,school ,,of ,,horticulture ,,for ,,ladies1 ,,at ,,holtenau1 ,,near ,,kiel1 ,,schleswig-,,holstein 8,i willingly comply with the request to contribute a short report of my work in connection with the above institution1 which ,i founded in #aija4 8,it is beautifully situated on an elevation gently sloping south towards ,kiel ,harbour1 near the ,kaiser ,wilhelm ,canal4 ,it contains two hot-houses1 eighty forcing frames1 about #ejj fruit trees of all sorts and kinds1 a grand assortment of shrubs1 ornamental trees and conifers4 ,two alleys of high-grown pear trees 7interlaced7 in the shape of a large cross form the centre of the garden4 8,i opened the school with five pupils2 at present there are seventeen4 ,the course of training is two years for those who wish to take up gardening as a profession1 and one year for amateurs4 8,the study is twofold3 ,practical and theoretical4 ,our practical course comprises3--,fruit growing3 ,how to grow best dessert fruit on large and small farm trees4 ,harvesting the fruit4 ,storing and packing it4 ,there are about forty different kinds of apples1 thirty-five pear and fifteen plum trees4 ,preserving various fruits in various ways4 ,then there is the annual grafting of wild trees1 the culture of farm trees1 of high standard and half-high standards4 ,we also grow apples1 pears1 and peaches in pots and tubs4 ,vegetable growing includes forcing in the hot-house and frames1 as well as cultivation of all suitable kinds in the open field4 ,i teach preserving and wintering of vegetables4 ,in flower growing we specially take those pot plants that sell well1 as3 ,chrysanthemum indicum1 ,primula obconica and chinensis1 cyclamen1 begonias1 amaryllis1 hyacinths1 tulips1 cineraria1 etc4 ,but of course we also cultivate exotics4 ,illustration3 ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners1 ,,holtenau1 ,,near ,,kiel ,,schleswig-,,holstein4 8,in the open we cultivate the favourite spring and summer flowers1 annual and perennial roses1 etc4 ,thus we obtain abundant material for cut flowers1 which serve for teaching the pupils to make up bouquets1 table decorations1 etc4 ,we use the garden stuff first of all for our own household1 but the remainder--by far the larger part--is sold in ,kiel1 thus teaching the pupils the actual market value of their materials4 8,at the ,schleswig-,holstein ,horticultural ,exhibition in #aijf our school gained four first and three second prizes2 several diplomas2 and the silver ,state medal for fruit-packing4 8,for landscape gardening we have small plantations1 where every year we train new trees by means of slips1 suckers1 shoots1 and heaping up4 ,we have had orders to plan and lay out several gardens in ,kiel and ,holtenau4 8,now and then visits are arranged to the various nurseries1 market gardens1 private gardens of importance1 or the ,botanical ,gardens at ,kiel1 so as to give the pupils opportunity of seeing other plants and other ways of arranging and growing4 8,our scientific course comprises3--,botany1 chemistry1 mineralogy 7taught by a ,university man71 drawing 7by the municipal head-gardener74 ,drawing includes3 ,geometrical problems1 drawing plans of small and large gardens1 then designs of pupils' own making2 correct calculation of expenses1 and working plans in detail4 8,land surveying and levelling are first taught theoretically1 then practically4 ,much importance is attached to a thoroughly accurate drawing of plans1 as it is excellent practice for the eye for all things pertaining to gardening4 ,in regard to plan drawing we have had many successes4 ,at the before-mentioned ,schleswig-,holstein ,horticultural ,show in ,kiel1 ,september1 #aijf1 five pupils exhibited their own designs in garden plans1 with schemes for working them1 and bill of costs attached1 which gained distinctions2 two pupils received the ,ehrenpreis1 given by ,h4,h4 ,duchess ,caroline ,mathilde of ,schleswig-,holstein-,glcksburg4 ,at the exhibition in ,bremen in #aijg two pupils earned honourable mention by the ,horticultural ,society4 8,then we have lessons on soil1 manure1 zoology1 arboriculture1 and how to lay out plantations4 ,our practical subjects are thoroughly entered into1 and treated also from their scientific basis4 8,as a test of the work done by the pupils there is an annual exhibition of garden produce of all kinds1 and of the pupils' drawings1 in the hall of the ,institution4 ,friends and experts are invited4 ,we have had cheering visits of inspection from the ,kieler ,horticultural ,club and the ,frauenverein4 8,after the two years' learning is completed the pupils receive a testimonial as to their qualifications and achievements4 ,but no examination is held1 as ,i hold that not being held by qualified ,government examiners they are practically useless4 ,my aim is to give my pupils a thoroughly sound practical education4 8,there is a great demand for well trained lady gardeners1 and one who is skillful commands a good social position4 ,i have so many offers for trained pupils that the demand far overreaches the supply4 ,salaries commence with about #cj1 including food1 and treatment as a member of the family4 ,many of my pupils are filling situations on estates1 schools for economy1 sanatoria1 private gardens1 etc4 ,two former pupils are now teachers of horticulture at the ,household ,school for ,women at ,reifenstein1 near ,leinefelde 7,prov4 ,saxony71 and at ,maidburg1 near ,kempen 7,prov4 ,posen74 ,one pupil has been gardener-in-chief at the large training home for girls near ,berlin2 then she went to ,america1 where she is manager of a large private garden in ,new ,york4 ,another pupil occupied the post as paid assistant at an extensive vegetable growing plantation near ,kiel1 and was able to work as fast and satisfactorily as the male assistants4 ,other pupils again1 including some ,danes and ,norwegians1 cultivate their own gardens or take situations in their own country4 ,still another pupil founded1 about two years ago1 a ,horticultural ,school at ,wolfenbttel 7,brunswick71 following the same principles as taught at my school4 8,there is no difficulty in finding really good situations for skilful workers1 and gardening has proved a blessing to many of our sex4 8,,marta ,,back4 8,,holtenau1 ,september1 #aijg40 ,the above account gives such a graphic description that ,i need only add the terms4 ,a thorough education and good health are required of those applying for vacancies4 ,the terms are3--#ej marks per quarter4 ,pension for students the first year1 #ge marks per month2 pension for students the second year1 #gj marks per month4 ,this must be paid three months in advance4 ,,auguste-,f,,rster ,,institution1 ,,oberzwehren 7,,kreis ,,cassel7 ,the ,kassel ,society for the ,education of ,women has provided in the ,auguste-,frster ,institute a country school where young girls and women may obtain a thorough training in three different departments3 viz41 horticulture1 domestic economy1 and poultry and pig-rearing1 etc4 ,the instruction1 combining theoretical information and practical work1 is given by accomplished female teachers4 ,six to eight scholars can be taken for each department4 ,the duration and direction of the course are regulated by the result aimed at4 ,the time of study in each department lasts a year2 scholars1 who intend to make use of their training in their own home1 can take a half-year's course4 ,students are not permitted to take the different courses concurrently4 ,those who successfully pass an examination1 held at the end of the year's course1 receive a certificate of proficiency4 ,these certificates are of special importance to those who wish to earn their living in the gardener's calling1 or as housekeepers4 ,the year's course and certificate are also valuable to those who become teachers of domestic economy in rural house-keeping schools1 as the regulation examination for domestic economy does not include such special country subjects as horticulture1 poultry-rearing1 etc4 ,for those who have already attended similar institutions1 and wish further instruction without intending to make money by it1 a shorter course of study1 under special conditions1 is arranged4 ,the instruction comprises3--,theoretical instruction in the different branches and conditions of plant-culture4 ,practical work3 ,fruit and vegetable culture1 raising plants in the open air and under glass1 care of plants in hot-houses and in rooms1 care of ornamental grounds1 decoration of dwelling-rooms and verandahs with plants and cut-flowers4 ,to those students who intend to become professional gardeners a longer attendance at our establishment is recommended1 or a continuance of training in a nursery or private garden2 a thorough initiation into the high calling of gardener is not possible in a shorter time4 ,any who have taken the year's course1 and desire more advanced training1 can attend the ,state horticultural institutions as out-students4 ,the ,kassel ,chamber of ,agriculture has granted the ,frster ,institution the use of the means of instruction provided in the ,oberzwehren ,pomological ,institute1 a remarkably well-conducted establishment4 ,the ,auguste-,frster ,institution at the same time aims to attract educated women to settle in the country1 by affording them practical guidance in social work4 ,for this object1 instruction in handicrafts1 knitting1 sewing1 mending1 cutting-out1 cooking1 washing1 and ironing is given 7chiefly in winter7 to the women1 young girls1 and children of the surrounding villages4 ,ladies with good preparatory knowledge are admitted as voluntary helpers1 if they intend to devote themselves in earnest to social work in the country1 and if there is room in the institution4 ,,holland ,the following notes were sent me by a lady in ,holland1 and have been kindly put into ,english by a friend4 ,they describe briefly the school recently opened near ,the ,hague 7,station of ,rijswyk74 ,the name of the school is 8,huis te ,lande10 and it is built in the style of an ,english country house4 ,it is managed by ,mesdames ,j4 ,,kuyst and ,c4 ,,pompe4 ,on a medallion over the entrance the following motto is inscribed4 8,think great thoughts1 do great deeds40 ,the students are all girls of good position and well educated4 ,they must speak at least three modern languages1 and have a good knowledge of botany and geography4 ,otherwise they could not profit by the course2 it is therefore preferable if they have been at a high school4 ,they must have taste for gardening4 ,a medical certificate is required1 showing that they are physically fit for the work4 ,the directors of this school do their best to correct the idea1 which many doctors have1 that gardening is suitable to invalids4 ,the institution is not intended as a ,sanatorium1 and only healthy1 active girls are wanted1 and those who evince a strong inclination for out-of-door life4 ,the school is especially intended for the daughters of those who inhabit cottages or villas having small gardens attached4 ,as a rule these gardens leave much to be desired in the way of cultivation4 ,they are too small for a gardener1 and are worked by a labourer1 who knows but little about the cultivation of flowers4 ,it is hoped that the school training will enable these young ladies to manage and cultivate their home gardens4 ,it is considered1 in ,holland1 that the time for ladies to earn a living by gardening has not yet arrived4 ,both practical and theoretical work is taught1 but the former is considered the most advantageous4 ,if the students know how to do the work themselves1 they can show their workmen4 ,at the same time theory will help them to understand the why and wherefore of operations4 ,on three mornings a week1 from #i to #ab1 theory is taught4 ,the rest of the time is for practical work4 ,a lecture hall is attached to the school2 there is also a special laboratory1 which students are only allowed to use under the supervision of those who understand chemistry4 ,a coffee room is provided for students who live too far away to return home for dinner4 ,there is also a dressing-room1 and from here a door opens into the one acre of flower garden and arboretum1 which is surrounded by frames and glass-houses4 ,in the middle of the grounds is a spacious workshop1 which can be warmed4 ,some of the glass-houses are for flowers1 and others for fruit4 ,they contain many pots with small fruit trees1 in full fruit1 and peach trees4 ,the whole is under good and practical management4 ,only six students are at present admitted at a time4 ,terms are #cjj guelders a year4 ,,government ,,winter ,,school ,,for ,,gardening 7,,horticulture7 ,,aalsmeer1 ,,boskoop1 ,,naaldwijk1 ,,tiel ,practical experiments are also carried out during the summer at ,aalsmeer4 ,age of ,admission4--#af4 ,requirements4--,knowledge of the ,dutch language1 of arithmetic1 geography1 rudiments of ,german and ,english4 ,some idea of gardening 7to be given verbally74 ,fees4--,fl4 #aj1 for two winter terms4 ,pupils without means can receive free admission from the ,minister of the ,interior4 ,the fee for the summer term at ,aalsmeer is fl4 #be4 ,implements or tools4--,cost fl4 #i or fl4 #aj4 ,the theoretical instruction comprises physics1 chemistry1 botany and zoology1 all branches of horticulture1 the ,dutch language1 arithmetic1 book-keeping1 and1 if desired1 ,english and ,german commercial correspondence4 ,drawing for the laying out of gardens4 ,practical instruction comprises3--,different kinds of work in the proof gardens1 with ,government subsidy2 experiments in cultivation1 manuring and grafting4 ,during the second year this work is also carried out in the gardens of other horticulturists and gardeners4 ,diploma can be obtained after two years4 ,course of instruction for pruning4--,there is a course of instruction for pruning at ,tiel1 for a fee of fl4 #b4ej4 ,temporary local winter terms are given by ,government teachers in gardening with the aim of preparing the lady teachers of the temporary winter terms4 ,the course extends over three years1 during which time a hundred lessons per year are given4 ,the diploma obtainable is the ,degree of ,primary ,instruction for ,horticulture1 and the course is open only to those who hold the degree as teacher of ,primary ,instruction4 ,there is no fee4 ,temporary winter terms are arranged by gardening societies1 with ,government subsidies4 ,there is no fee1 and at the conclusion of the term of instruction a certificate is granted4 ,,course ,,of ,,horticultural ,,study ,,at ,,the ,,academy ,,at ,,leiden ,requirements4--,instruction received at the ,high ,school1 or diploma for ,secondary ,primary ,instruction1 knowledge of foreign languages4 ,fees4--,for the theory lessons1 one hour a week1 fl4 #cj for three months2 for the theory lessons1 two hours a week1 fl4 #ej for three months2 for the theory lessons1 three hours a week1 fl4 #fj for three months4 ,the course extends over one and a half to two years4 ,there is also a similar course of study at the ,grningen ,academy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,other ,schools of ,gardening in ,holland are3-- ,the ,sempercrescens at ,naarden1 ,bussum4 7,fees1 fl4 #cjj1 implements and tools1 fl4 #aj47 ,flora ,horticultural ,school at ,watergraafsmeer 7,middenweg1 #hi74 ,age of admission1 #ad4 ,fees1 fl4 #bej2 implements and tools1 fl4 #bj2 knowledge of the ,dutch language1 writing1 arithmetic1 geography1 are necessary4 ,a course of study is given by ,mr4 van der ,wissel1 ,huize ,soltane1 ,epe4 ,,italy ,,women',s ,,institute ,,of ,,agriculture ,,and ,,domestic ,,economy1 ,,cascine1 ,,florence1 #aijg ,this institute was founded on the initiative of several ladies1 with the object of instructing girls in the different branches of agriculture and domestic economy1 by giving them theoretical and practical ideas1 which will enable them to employ their valuable energy in the domain of agriculture and good house-keeping4 ,the school opens its classes in ,november4 ,the training lasts six months4 ,the classrooms are in the left wing of the grand ducal palace1 on the ,piazzole del ,re1 in the public park of the ,cascine1 very near the station of the electric tramway1 which places the school within twenty minutes from the centre of the town4 ,the close vicinity of the horticultural establishment of the ,royal ,school of ,pomology and ,horticulture1 possessing gardens1 hot-houses1 orchards1 vineyards1 and kitchen gardens covering more than #ej acres of ground1 together with the splendid position of the institute in the middle of the ,cascine ,park1 combine to offer the best possible conditions for the practical teaching of agriculture1 horticulture1 dairy work1 bee-keeping1 etc4 ,the curriculum includes agriculture1 house-keeping1 hygiene1 chemistry1 book-keeping1 cooking4 ,the programme of each class is as follows3-- ,agriculture4--,elements of morphology or vegetable physiology4 ,climatic conditions4 ,elements of agronomy4 ,cultivation of herbaceous plants4 ,fruit culture3 starting an orchard1 and cultivation of pear1 apple1 peach1 cherry1 plum and apricot trees2 storing and drying fruit2 jam and preserve making4 ,vine and olive tree culture4 ,horticulture3 laying out a small kitchen garden1 and the cultivation of the principal kinds and varieties of vegetables4 ,gardening3 flowers and ornamental foliage plants1 trees and shrubs2 plants for the house1 flower cutting and arranging4 ,house-keeping4--,i merely mention here those points which are connected with horticulture1 such as3-- ,the cellar4--,storage of wine and oil4 ,fruit store-room4--,heating and lighting apparatus2 how to use and clean them4 ,hygiene4--,open air and close air1 meteorological factors4 ,water4--,its qualities4 ,soil4--,its fertilisation and sanitation4 ,chemistry4--,bodies1 simple and composed4 ,the soil in its relation to plant life--artificial manuring2 air1 light1 heat1 water1 drink1 food1 seasonings4 ,practical experiments4 ,book-keeping4--,domestic and patrimonial administrations2 compilation of inventories2 current accounts2 buying and selling2 ,state funds2 plain book-keeping and other methods2 book-keeping for business on a small scale2 auxiliary books2 special accounts and their books2 registry and balance account2 exercises in domestic and agricultural book-keeping4 ,cooking4--,the lessons will be as much as possible demonstrative1 and accompanied by manual practice of the more important operations of agriculture 7grafting1 pruning1 sowing1 etc471 of agricultural industries1 and also of house-keeping and cooking4 ,holiday re-unions will be held under the supervision of the patronesses of the institute1 and instructive excursions will be made4 ,admission4--,for the theoretical and practical classes the girls must be at least sixteen years old4 ,a formal request on official stamped paper must be presented1 together with the legalised birth certificate and documents proving that students have obtained--either at private or public schools--the necessary education in all ordinary knowledge4 ,there must also be a certificate of good health and of vaccination4 ,the admission fee is #aj lire 7#hs471 besides the payment of #dj lire 7#cbs471 to attend the lessons4 ,at the end of six months1 after a theoretical and practical examination1 a certificate of steady attendance and progress will be given4 ,non-residents can inquire about good and inexpensive lodgings in ,florence from the secretary of the committee of patronesses4 ,there will also be a few places for non-students who wish to attend some of the lectures4 ,they must address their request to the director of the institute and pay #cj lire 7#bjs47 for each course of lectures they wish to attend4 ,arrangements will be made for non-students attending several classes4 ,illustration3 ,,students ,,at ,,hastum ,,school1 ,,norway4 ,,norway ,the ,norwegian agricultural high school has a special class for horticulture1 and here ladies are given the highest education4 ,after two years' study they obtain the title of 8,cand-horticulture10 which means a certificated gardener4 ,before being admitted1 it is necessary to have done practical work in a garden for two years1 and to have passed an examination in a smaller school of horticulture4 ,the three following are the lower schools3-- ,,berly school for lady gardeners was established in #aija4 ,it is supported by ,government1 and has a grant of about #d1jjj kroner a year4 ,the principal is ,mr4 ,m4 ,,nilsen1 and there is a teacher besides4 ,only ten students are admitted each year1 and up to now seventy young ladies have been educated here4 ,,vaartum school for lady gardeners1 at ,stenlyaer1 is also supported by ,government1 with a grant of #d1jjj kroner a year4 ,the principal is ,mr4 ,,solstael1 and there is one teacher besides4 ,ten students are admitted yearly4 ,ladies are trained here for work in their own gardens1 as well as for other employment4 ,,hastum school for lady gardeners1 at ,kristiania1 was established in #aijf4 ,this school is inspected by ,government1 but does not receive a grant4 ,the principals are the ,misses ,,fr,,lich4 ,sixteen students are admitted yearly4 ,these schools all have practical and theoretical courses which last seven months4 ,hastum school also admits students for six-week courses4 ,instruction is given in the cultivation of fruit1 vegetables1 and flowers4 ,fruit-preserving is also taught4 ,training plants1 forcing1 frame and hot-bed culture1 chemistry1 botany1 agriculture1 and the diseases of plants are taught by lecture4 ,at the same time students have to practise out-of-doors what they have learnt theoretically4 ,from the ,norwegian horticultural high school only one lady has up to now passed out1 but about #adj ladies in all have been through the lower schools4 ,several of these have bought land to work on themselves1 others have taken posts in private gardens or in market gardens4 ,they usually receive a salary of #be-cj kr4 a month1 besides a house and food4 ,others work in their own home gardens4 ,vegetables and fruit grow well1 the flavour of them being far better than those grown further south4 ,i am told upon good authority that ,norwegian women realise more and more that a great work lies before them out-of-doors1 and they begin to prefer contact with ,nature to sedentary work in offices4 ,,sweden ,through the kindness of a friend ,i am able to give a translation of the prospectus of the ,,gardening ,,school ,,at ,,agdatorp1 a practical school for lady gardeners4 ,the summer term begins on ,april #ast4 ,the school1 which is helped by the ,state and 8,blekinge hushllningssllkap10 takes students of all classes of society4 ,illustration3 ,,students ,,at ,,work ,,at ,,the ,,agdatorp ,,school ,,of ,,gardening1 ,,sweden4 ,the chief object of the school is to spread a knowledge of gardening1 and interest in it1 amongst the daughters of the country population4 ,there are two different divisions4 ,a student of ,division ,i4 has to pay #ajj kr4 7#e #ajs47 at the commencement of the term1 and #dj kr4 7#b #es47 at the beginning of each month for board and lodging4 ,students of ,division ,,ii4 pay #ej kr4 at the beginning of the term1 and #b4bj kr4 on the #ast of each month for board and lodging4 ,the hours of instruction in ,division ,i4 are fewer1 though the fees are higher4 ,the instruction for both is similar4 ,practical and theoretical instruction is given in the following subjects3--,culture of fruit1 vegetables1 flowers1 hot-house and frame work1 raising seeds1 treatment of soil and manure1 botany4 ,special importance is attached to the use of garden produce in the house1 preserving1 and making fruit wines4 ,a course of lessons in plain cookery 7free of charge7 is arranged for those students who wish to take it4 ,from ,july #ast to ,oct4 #ast4 ,the conditions for entering the school are3--,pupils to be at least seventeen years of age1 and physically strong4 ,application for admission should be accompanied by a doctor's certificate4 ,a certificate from the upper class is also needed from those who come from elementary schools4 ,students must have their own bedding1 linen1 napkins1 candles1 and soap1 and must also provide gardening knives and scissors4 ,the latter can best be procured after they enter the school4 ,students are taken for part of the course1 after the term has begun1 for #fj kr4 per month4 ,should a student for some reason be forced to leave1 before her time is up1 no money is returned4 ,in #aijg the ,state gave one place free to daughters of farmers4 8,blekinge hushllningssllkap0 gave three places to daughters of farmers from ,blekinge4 ,the school is situated at ,agdatorp farm1 in ,nettraby1 about #ab km4 from ,karlskrona4 ,the term commences on ,april #ast and lasts until ,october #cast4 ,applications must be sent in before ,march #aeth to ,fr4 ,j4 ,,schmidt4 ,since the college was founded #gi students have passed out4 ,of this number only eight have taken posts4 ,the usual salary is from #ae kr4 per month1 board and lodging being provided4 ,some of the students have completed their training at other colleges1 others pursue the interest of gardening in their own homes4 ,it is clear that the salary mentioned is that of an under gardener1 for the salary of a head gardener in ,sweden varies from #cjj kr4 to #hjj kr41 with board and lodging2 it is also usual to give a percentage upon the sales in the garden4 ,most of the women who study for gardening in ,sweden do so in order to direct their own gardens4 ,many go through a course of training in a market garden1 and some have been educated in colleges in other countries4 ,,espen,s ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,postal ,address3 ,lnns4 ,railway ,stations3 ,kilsmo1 ,skllersta1 and ,wingaker4 ,steamboat ,pier3 ,hampetorp4 ,steamer3 8,gustav ,lagerbjelde40 ,espens is beautifully situated close to the ,lake 8,store ,hjlmaren40 ,the school was founded in #ahii4 ,the term commences on ,april #aeth and ends on ,october #aeth4 ,the teaching is both practical and theoretical4 ,the subjects taught are3 ,general gardening1 kitchen gardening1 flowers for beds and borders2 the care of hot-houses and frames1 glazing1 painting1 making mats1 preparation of frames1 sowing1 watering1 etc4 ,the cultivation of delicate vegetables and fruits such as asparagus1 tomatoes1 artichokes1 cucumbers1 melons and strawberries2 climbing plants1 grapes1 and roses2 fruit trees and berries2 preparation of soil and manure2 tying up plants2 book-keeping as applied to gardening2 the ,weck method of preserving vegetables1 fruit and berries2 making fruit syrups1 jellies1 marmalade1 fruit wines and pickles2 drying fruit1 berries1 and vegetables4 ,optional--looking after poultry4 ,the conditions for entering the school are1 that it is necessary to have passed through an elementary school1 or to have had similar education4 ,a testimonial from a clergyman or a doctor is required1 as well as a photograph of the proposed student4 ,payment in advance upon ,april #aeth1 #abe kr4 7#g7 for the whole term4 ,for board and lodgings1 all found1 #fe kr4 per month1 to be paid on ,april #aeth and ,july #aeth4 ,soap1 candles1 linen1 and bedding are provided by the students4 ,a piano is in the house4 ,there are good roads for cycling1 and excellent bathing4 ,apply to ,,stina ,,swartling1 ne ,,von ,,hofsten4 ,the number of students who have passed out since the school was founded is over #ajj4 ,most of the students1 upon the termination of their training1 return to their homes1 others take posts as gardeners1 and their salaries amount usually to from #bj kr4 to #dj kr4 per month1 board and lodging being provided for them4 ,,switzerland ,the following account of the only school for lady gardeners in the ,german-speaking part of ,switzerland1 has been very kindly sent to me by ,madame ,chaponniere1 ,president de l',alliance ,nationale de ,socits ,fminines ,suisses4 ,i give the report in her words3-- ,,cole ,,professionnelle ,d',,horticulture ,,pour ,,les ,,femmes ,,nieder-,,lenz1 ,,canton ,d',,argovie1 ,,suisse ,la seule cole professionnelle d'horticulture pour les femmes1 existant actuellement en ,suisse1 est celle de ,nieder-,lenz fonde en #aijf1 par la 8,socit d',utilit ,publique des ,femmes ,suisses10 ,nieder-,lenz1 dans un joli domaine1 situ sur la ligne de chemin-de-fer du ,seethal dans le ,canton d',argovie4 ,le programme de l'cole comprend diffrentes catgories de cours3-- #a4 ,des cours de deux annes destins aux femmes dsirant faire de l'horticulture leur profession4 #b4 ,des cours d'une anne destins aux matresses d'coles mnagres ou primaires4 ,illustration3 ,,students ,,at ,,work ,,at ,,the ,,espen,s ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,,sweden4 #c4 ,des cours d'une anne1 pour les personnes qui1 par raison de sant ou autre1 dsirent connatre la culture des fruits1 et du jardin4 #d4 ,des cours spciaux1 d'une dure de six mois1 sur les diffrentes branches du jardinage ou de la culture des arbres fruitiers4 ,le cours de deux annes est form de deux parties2 une partie pratique et une partie thorique4 ,la partie pratique comprend3-- 7a7 ,la culture des lgumes ainsi que leur emploi1 leur conservation1 et ventuellement la manire de les cuire et de les apprter4 7b7 ,culture des fleurs en plein air et en serre1 fleurs d'appartement1 dcoration1 prparation de bouquets4 7c7 ,etablissement de jardins potagers4 7d7 ,culture des arbres fruitiers1 taille1 greffe1 rcolte des fruits1 emballage1 conserves1 etc4 7e7 ,culture des baies 7fraises1 framboises1 groseilles1 myrtilles74 7f7 ,elevage de la volaille1 des lapins1 des abeilles4 ,la partie thorique comprend des leons de botanique1 de pomologie1 de zoologie1 de chimie agricole1 de gomtrie1 de dessin1 la tenue de livres et quelques notions de droit usuel4 ,l'cole d'horticulture s'est ouverte le #a;er avril #aijf1 avec huit lves pour le cours complet de deux annes et sept lves pour le cours de six mois4 ,dans le courant de l'anne huit autres lves sont entres pour un nouveau cours de deux ans4 ,la majorit des lves viennent de la ,suisse1 mais l',autriche1 ,hongrie et la ,russie en ont fourni aussi quelques-unes4 ,les conditions d'admission sont3--,avoir frquent une cole secondaire ou une cole analogue1 tre munie d'un certificat mdical de bonne sant et d'un acte d'origine1 tre ge de dix-sept ans accomplis4 ,pour les cours d'une ou de deux annes1 le prix annuel de la pension et de l'enseignement est de francs #fjj 7#bd7 payables par trimestre l'avance4 ,pour les cours d'une anne1 sans but professionnel1 francs #fj par mois1 ainsi que pour les cours spciaux de six mois4 ,les trangers paient en outre francs #cjj par an pour l'enseignement4 ,a ces diffrents cours1 il faut ajouter encore des cours de culture de quelques semaines1 donnes au printemps1 en t1 en automne1 et destines aux jeunes campagnardes des environs4 ,l'cole est sous la surveillance d'une ,commission de cinq membres1 dont la prsidente est ,madame ,coradi-,stahl 7,wiedingstrasse1 #ef1 ,zurich71 inspectrice fdrale des coles mnagres1 la secrtaire ,madame ,prof4 ,stocker-,caviezel 7,ksnacht bei ,zrich74 ,la directrice de l'cole est ,madame ,prof4 ,joss-,roser4 ,les dons reus en vue de l'installation ont atteint la somme de francs #ah1iei4cf et les dpenses pour l'installation se sont leves francs #ad1bih4gf4 ,les recettes rgulires pour cette premire anne se montent francs #i1hig4hj1 tandis que les dpenses1 loger de la proprit1 etc41 font un total de francs #ab1hhc4bh1 laissant ainsi un dcouvert de francs #b1ihe4dh4 ,il y a lieu d'esprer qu'avec l'extension prvue de l'cole et des sources de revenus nouvelles1 ce dficit ne se renouvellera pas4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,schools ,,and ,,colleges ,,in ,,america ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the conditions under which women work in ,america are very unlike those that exist in ,england4 ,schools and colleges are founded upon a different basis2 therefore work done in ,america cannot be strictly compared to that done in ,england4 ,each of the forty-five states in the ,united ,states has a college of agriculture4 ,these institutions are supported by public funds4 ,they are open to men and women alike1 and both work together4 ,that is to say1 these institutions are co-educational4 ,these colleges cover the general field of agriculture1 and1 in some1 horticultural work is especially well developed4 ,women in these institutions may take a variety of subjects1 or they may specialise in horticulture1 dairying1 home economics1 ,nature-study4 ,a number of ,government research posts in natural history are held by women4 ,they are also admitted to the instructional bodies of several ,american ,co-educational ,colleges4 ,a considerable number of the ,doctors' theses in botany from the ,university of ,chicago are by women1 and can be seen in the ,botanical ,gazette4 ,a notable thesis of late years is that by ,mrs4 ,clements1 of the ,university of ,nebraska4 ,popular attention is turned increasingly to outdoor life and to living on the land1 and the demand for horticultural schools will continue and ensure their establishment4 ,an expert tells me there is a wide field for women in horticulture in ,america4 ,positions as teachers1 lecturers1 gardeners in private gardens1 consulting gardeners in suburban districts1 market gardeners1 fruit and nut growers1 poultry and bee keepers are open4 ,the only difficulty is that the right people are not at hand to fill them4 ,the oversight of school gardens and of vacant lot cultivation in the great cities are openings appealing especially to women4 ,already there are some successful landscape gardeners4 ,miss ,beatrice ,jones1 of ,new ,york ,city1 and ,miss ,elizabeth ,lee1 of ,philadelphia1 are well known in this branch4 ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,college ,,of ,,agriculture ,,at ,,cornell ,,university1 ,,ithaca1 ,,new ,,york ,,horticulture ,the equipment is divided into two parts--that which is associated with the classroom and laboratories in the second and basement floors of the main agricultural building1 and that connected with the forcing-houses and grounds surrounding them4 #a4 ,class rooms and laboratories4--,the teaching activities are centred mainly in the headquarters of the department1 located on the second floor of the main building in the agricultural compound4 ,on this floor are a commodious lecture room with a seating capacity for #ajj students1 a recitation-room for #ce students1 a laboratory for instruction in practical and systematic pomology4 ,the laboratory will accommodate #dj students1 and is being fitted with suitable apparatus and appliances for the efficient teaching of the practical and laboratory phases of horticultural work4 ,on the same floor is the laboratory for advanced students4 ,this room has space for #bj students1 and those who are working in the graduate department or engaged in research courses are provided with suitable appliances for their special needs4 ,the remainder of this floor is devoted to museum purposes1 herbarium1 seminary-room1 and offices for the instructing staff4 ,in the basement is a laboratory with adjacent store-room for use in connection with applied work in nursery and orchard practice4 ,the capacity of this laboratory is #ej students1 so that a beginning class of #ajj may be accommodated in two sections4 ,students in elementary pomology and greenhouse management pursue work in this laboratory4 ,forcing-houses1 barn1 and fruticetum4--,the glass structures for the study of forcing crops such as flowers1 vegetables1 and fruits cover an area of about #f1jjj square feet1 and are used in connection with nearly all classes1 though more especially associated with floriculture and olericulture4 ,one house is assigned to advanced students for the working out of problems on which they are engaged4 ,another house is given over to the study of the variation of plants and the technique of plant-breeding4 ,the barn is headquarters for horticultural implements used in tilling1 pruning1 and spraying trees and plants4 ,the collection of spray machinery1 including gas engines1 traction machines1 and the like1 is full and complete4 ,thorough instruction is given in the control of orchard enemies4 ,aside from the ordinary equipment1 the garden herbarium with more than #ab1jjj sheets is an important aid in the study of systematic pomology and plant variation4 ,there is also an exceptionally fine collection of nearly #aj1jjj negatives illustrating all phases of fruit1 flower1 and vegetable growing4 ,this collection is being added to continually1 and furnishes a source for lantern slides to illustrate up-to-date methods in the management of fruit plantations1 the construction of forcing-houses1 and the growing of crops in field and under glass4 ,elementary pomology4--,a study of the methods of propagation and early care of bush and tree fruits2 the principles and practice of budding and grafting1 with special attention to the particular method of propagating each kind of fruit4 ,must be preceded by ,botany #a and #b4 ,lectures and recitations with laboratory4 ,the class will participate in a required excursion to ,geneva and vicinity4 ,another class is held on this subject particularly adapted to the needs of the special student1 and not open to those who are required to take ,botany #a and #b4 ,the class will participate in a required excursion to ,geneva and vicinity4 ,practical pomology4--,the study and practice of the planting1 fertilising1 and care of orchards2 picking1 grading1 packing and marketing of fruits4 ,pre-requisites1 ,botany and ,horticulture1 and taking ,agricultural ,botany4 ,this class will participate in a required excursion to the fruit-growing sections of ,geneva and ,rochester4 ,spraying of fruit trees4--,a study of the preparation and application of the different spray mixtures used in orchard and garden practice4 ,lectures and recitations with laboratory4 ,greenhouse construction and management4--,a study of the principles of greenhouse construction4 ,laboratory work will consist of the drawing and erection of sections illustrating the leading types of greenhouses4 ,throughout the year4 ,olericulture4--- ,a study of the principles of vegetable gardening with special reference to trucking1 accompanied by field practice in the actual growing of the plants4 ,garden and greenhouse practice4--,practical work in the forcing-houses and gardens1 with familiar talks4 ,one or two hours by appointment4 ,throughout the year4 ,limited to #ab students first term1 #ah second term4 ,sub-tropical pomology4--,a study of citrus1 and other sub-tropical fruits1 with special reference to ,american conditions4 ,systematic pomology4--,advanced course in classification and systematic study of fruits4 ,two hours4 ,literature of horticulture and landscape gardening4--,an examination of the writings of ,european and ,american authors1 with special reference to the evolution of horticultural methods4 ,open to juniors and seniors1 and required of graduates4 ,plant-breeding1 with special reference to the improvement of orchard fruits4 ,juniors and seniors2 required of graduates4 ,german horticultural reading4--,a study of periodical literature relating to horticulture4 ,each student is required to subscribe for one periodical and make translations from assigned paragraphs4 ,french of the same character and conducted in the same way4 ,investigation incident to previous courses4 ,for graduates and advanced students4 ,seminary work for advanced students4--,required of graduates4 ,one hour4 ,f41 #b-d4cj1 every two weeks beginning the first week of each term4 ,on the alternate week students are required to attend the ,seminary in ,plant ,industry4 ,,rural ,,engineering ,,and ,,architecture ,field engineering4--,lectures1 recitations and practice in surveying and plotting the farm2 designing farm buildings1 roads1 fences1 and water supply2 drainage and irrigation4 ,second half-year4 ,lectures and practice4 ,farm machinery4--,a study of the elements of mechanics and of machine design entering into the construction of all machinery1 followed by a special study of3--7a7 ,motors1 including steam boilers1 gas and steam engines1 windmills1 hydraulic rams1 water wheels1 and a brief discussion of the laws and applications of electricity2 7b7 ,farm ,machinery for tillage1 seeding1 harvesting1 threshing1 cleaning1 etc41 with a discussion of the cost1 life1 draft1 and special mechanical features of some of the machines now on the market4 ,opportunities will be afforded for special work in the second half-year4 ,,rural ,,economy ,,and ,,sociology ,rural economy4--,a study of the economic problems of agriculture4 ,rural social conditions4--,the social history1 status and progress of the rural community4 ,history of agriculture4--,an outline of the development of agriculture in its more important phases4 ,,rural ,,art ,this is a two-year course comprising the junior and senior years of the regular course in the ,college of ,agriculture2 and for those who have attained a certain degree of proficiency graduate work is offered4 ,previous to registering in this work the student must have completed the requirements of the freshman and sophomore years1 and the following3--,elementary surveying1 ,lettering and making of titles1 ,botany1 ,organography of ornamental plants1 ,elementary architecture4 ,previous to graduation the student must have completed the following subjects in addition to the regular work3--,dendrology1 ,economic entomology1 ,greenhouse construction and management1 ,field engineering1 ,municipal engineering1 ,french or ,german horticultural reading4 ,theory and sthetics of rural art and landscape design4--,deals with the principles of landscape design1 their application to specific problems1 together with discussions on the theory in all its points of application4 ,landscape design4--,first course4 ,work on practical problems in design1 paced and measured surveys1 sketch plans1 finished plans and detailed working drawings with specifications4 ,short sketch problems for study will be given from time to time4 ,the aim is to familiarise the student with the various types of plans as applied to different problems4 ,practical problems in the vicinity will be studied1 and reports1 both preliminary and final1 will be required4 ,freehand sketching4--,sketching and rendering in various media of indoor and outdoor subjects1 plans1 etc41 particularly pertaining to landscape design4 ,history of landscape design4--,a study of the chronological development of the art of landscape gardening1 its modifications in various countries and the influences which have affected its development4 ,a full study of the three types of gardening--ancient1 medival and modern1 and their relation to each other4 ,advanced problems and research in landscape design4--,the more complicated problems1 such as country estates1 parkways and civic centres1 are taken up and worked out in detail4 ,studies1 reports1 plans of arrangement1 rendered studies1 detailed drawings1 grade designs1 planting plans1 total estimates of cost and a set of specifications are worked out for two major problems4 ,minor problems and sketch problems are required from time to time4 ,seminary4--,a review of current literature and the discussion of live questions relating to various phases of landscape work1 and reports on investigations4 ,required of seniors and graduates4 ,,home ,,economics ,instruction will be given in home economics in #aijg-h4 ,information about this work may be had from the director of the ,college of ,agriculture1 as the courses are not yet ready for scheduling4 ,,drawing ,applied drawing4--- ,personal instruction in the solution of particular problems and in fitting the student to pursue certain lines of study to better advantage1 or to enable him to become proficient in a speciality4 ,,winter ,,courses ,,in ,,horticulture ,each year since the establishment of the winter courses the demand for special instruction in fruit-growing and gardening has increased4 ,the opportunities for profitable fruit-and vegetable-growing on the comparatively cheap lands of the east and within easy reach of the great markets1 are attracting capital and energy4 ,it is in response to this general demand and these opportune conditions that a winter course in horticulture is offered4 ,the various studies included in this course are intended to help the fruit-grower and gardener to manage his orchards and gardens better than in the past2 to fit those who have had some experience for positions of responsibility2 to give the beginner the salient principles and acquaint him as far as possible with the best practices of commercial and amateur fruit-growers and gardeners the country over4 ,the entrance requirements to this course are the same as to the course in general agriculture4 ,field experience will always enable the student to get a maximum of benefit from a study of this kind4 ,the course is made up of lectures1 recitations and practice1 special stress being laid on the last4 ,,special ,,expenses ,general laboratory fee1 #g4ej2 books1 #e4jj2 work suit1 #a4ej4 ,all students in this course1 except those who have previously completed satisfactorily the winter course in general agriculture1 are required to take the subjects that follow4 ,those who complete the winter course in general agriculture will not be required to take again subjects that they have already passed4 ,they should consult the professor in charge concerning substitutes for any of the subjects4 ,all students must register with the ,secretary of the ,college4 ,,required ,,subjects ,amateur and commercial fruit-growing4--,a survey of the principles and practices of fruit-growing with reference to orchard management1 handling1 packing1 storing1 transplanting and marketing of orchard products4 ,seven hours4 ,five hours of lectures a week and two afternoons a week for practice4 ,vegetable culture4--,lectures and exercises on the growing and marketing of vegetables for special and general market4 ,two hours4 ,farm ,botany4--,four hours a week4 ,two lectures and two laboratory periods4 ,fertility of the land4--,two hours4 ,there are thus fifteen hours a week of required work in this course4 ,students may elect1 with permission of the instructor concerned1 three hours a week additional by taking the following courses3-- ,,elective ,,subjects ,economic entomology4--,one hour a week4 ,plant diseases4--,three hours4 ,one hour lecture and two hours' laboratory practice4 ,horticultural reading4--,assignment of topics for abstracts and reports in standard works and current periodicals4 ,one to three hours by appointment4 ,floriculture and ornamental gardening4--,lectures and exercises on the growing and marketing of greenhouse crops1 and the principles of lawn decoration4 ,two hours a week4 ,greenhouse practice4--,in this course the student is assigned specific pieces of work in the greenhouse to be performed under the direction of the gardener4 ,one hour a week4 ,,equipment ,practically the same facilities are available to the winter course students as are offered the student in the regular course3--,the library1 one of the best in the country2 the material equipment of the forcing-houses1 including plants1 work rooms1 spray pumps and implements1 are all used in conducting the work of instruction4 ,those who desire additional information should apply to ,,john ,,craig1 ,professor of ,horticulture4 ,women are eligible on equal terms with men in all these courses of instruction--and a good many women are at work in this college4 ,the students registered in the college of agriculture 7not in the ,college of ,arts and ,sciences7 number over #cjj4 ,,lowthorpe ,,school ,,of ,,landscape ,,gardening ,,and ,,horticulture ,,for ,,women1 ,,at ,,groton1 ,,massachusetts ,founded by ,mrs4 ,,edward ,,gilchrist ,,low ,,lecturers ,landscape architecture4--,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,dawson1 with ,,olmsted ,,brothers4 ,the garden and its accessories4--,,mr4 ,,loring ,,underwood4 ,,instructors ,study of trees and shrubs4--,,miss ,,laura ,,blanchard ,,dawson4 ,drawing and garden design4--,,miss ,,gertrude ,f4 ,,sanderson4 ,surveying and engineering4--,,mr4 ,,stephen ,,child4 ,botany3 ,greenhouse work and gardening out-of-doors4--,,miss ,l4 ,l4 ,,hetzer4 ,study of trees and shrubs4--,lectures with field walks4 ,study of trees from winter buds1 and in leaf4 ,study of shrubs1 foliage1 and flowering1 with consideration of landscape value4 ,specimens from the ,arnold ,arboretum4 ,botany4--,study of plant structure1 function1 and classification4 ,the greater part of the time will be devoted to the flowering plants4 ,illustration3 ,,avenue ,,leading ,,to 8,,lowthorpe10 ,,groton1 ,,massachusetts1 ,,mrs4 ,,low',s ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners4 ,garden design4--,practice in making preliminary and finished plans4 ,designing and laying out of gardens4 ,drawing4--,freehand in black and white and water colour1 with autumn and spring sketching out of doors4 ,mechanical1 simple projections leading up to elementary study of architectural details4 ,surveying and engineering4--,such parts as have value to landscape work4 ,greenhouse work4--,care of greenhouse4 ,propagation1 by seeds1 cuttings1 layering1 budding1 and grafting4 ,carnation1 violet growing1 orchids1 etc4 ,,expenses ,tuition #ajj a year4 ,one half to be paid on entering1 the second half in ,january4 ,a limited number of students may be accommodated at ,lowthorpe4 ,single room1 #cj4jj per month1 and upwards2 double room for two1 at #cj4jj per month for each4 ,accommodation for others may be obtained in the village near by4 ,the full course comprises two years' work4 ,school year is from ,september #ae to ,june #ae4 ,vacations at ,christmas and ,easter4 ,the avenues of work that are available are3-- ,designing and planting flower gardens2 care and maintenance of rose gardens and flowering shrubs2 weekly supervising of greenhouses2 planning and laying out small estates2 planting small parks for village improvement societies4 ,all communications should be addressed to ,,lowthorpe ,,school1 ,,groton1 ,,massachusetts4 ,simmons ,college1 ,boston1 ,mass41 has1 ,i believe1 a horticultural college connected with it1 but it has not been in operation long4 ,smith ,college1 ,northampton1 ,mass41 also offers courses in practical horticulture4 ,the following letter1 written by the director of the principal school of ,forestry in ,america1 and very kindly sent to me by ,mrs4 ,low1 shows that he is of opinion that there is an opening for women in landscape gardening3 ,,yale ,,university ,,forest ,,school1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn41 ,may #bb1 #aijg4 ,,my ,,dear ,,mrs4 ,,low1-- ,i have for a long time felt that there is an opportunity for useful work by women in landscape gardening4 ,there is1 at the present time1 no place except the ,lowthorpe ,school1 where women can secure an adequate training in landscape gardening4 ,i believe that your institution is needed1 and will be appreciated4 ,i may say from my impressions upon visiting your school that you have chosen an exceedingly favourable location1 and that you have made very fine progress in the organisation of your work4 ,i want to do what ,i can to assist your school1 for ,i believe in it4 ,if ,i can be of any service in this or any other way1 ,i hope that you will feel free to call upon me4 ,sincerely yours1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,graves 7,director74 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,entrance ,,to 8,,lowthorpe10 ,,groton1 ,,mass4 ,,mrs4 ,,low',s ,,school ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,to ,,mrs4 ,,low1 ,principal of ,lowthorpe ,school for ,lady ,gardeners4 ,mrs4 ,low asks me to draw attention to the fact that the work of 8landscape design0 is the most important in her school4 ,garden and greenhouse work are secondary to this4 ,she tells me that several of her former students have become supervisors of school gardens1 in connection with the ,public ,schools or ,village ,improvement ,societies4 ,the highest salary is #fj per month1 for five months4 ,one former student has gone to ,portland1 in ,oregon1 on the ,pacific coast1 where she is told she will soon become established as a landscape gardener4 ,several women have already made a success of landscape gardening4 ,ten years hence they will be heard of all over the country4 ,at present the largest income is #hjj1 or #d1jjj4 ,the two photographs of ,lowthorpe are attractive4 ,three years ago the site of the present avenue1 leading to the house1 was a field4 ,the students surveyed the avenue under instruction1 and then did the planting4 ,they have to learn to read a surveyor's plan with ease4 ,in the oval in front of the door are ,rhododendron maximum1 which is hardy in ,massachusetts1 ferns and ,rinus ,strabus4 ,at the entrance on the right are viburnums1 cornus1 lonicera1 roses1 etc4 ,the picture of the southern entrance gives the bulb garden1 between the greenhouse and verandah1 where later on bloom lilies1 lilacs and magnolias4 ,on the left is a hedge of white rose rugosa4 ,through the arch one goes into the garden4 ,the large tree is a 8platanus occidentalis40 ,the place was an old farm when ,mrs4 ,low bought it in #aijj-a1 and we can judge by the well-kept grounds what a success she has made of it4 ,,pennsylvania ,,school ,,of ,,horticulture ,,for ,,women ,the plan of the ,pennsylvania ,school of ,horticulture for ,women has originated in the desire to offer to women an opportunity to fit themselves for an occupation at once healthful1 pleasant1 profitable1 peculiarly fitted to their gifts1 and in which they have ever taken an intelligent interest and active part4 ,our purpose is to offer to these earnest-minded women a training in the principles and practice of horticulture and allied subjects1 knowing that really skilled labour can always find a market1 helping them also to find employment in the work for which they have been thus prepared4 ,to this end we expect to open in the near future the 8,pennsylvania ,school of ,horticulture for ,women40 ,a small farm of twenty to forty acres will be obtained 7probably rented71 having upon it a comfortable dwelling with accommodation for about ten students 7at first74 ,flower and kitchen gardens and orchards will be laid out and planted4 ,teachers of skill and experience will lecture upon the principles and practice of the courses of study offered1 and will oversee all practice work done by students4 ,for the very heavy work a labourer will be employed1 but the students will do all the rest themselves under direct supervision of the teacher4 ,a competent matron or principal will be in charge of the household and will have general oversight of the students4 ,the full course will occupy two years of twelve months each1 but arrangements will be made for suitable holidays1 and full students will be advised to live in the house4 ,short courses on special subjects will also be arranged1 and it is hoped will prove attractive and useful to some who may want to specialise along certain lines4 ,the tuition and board fees will be kept down to as low a figure as possible1 and it is hoped that there will be endowed scholarships4 ,the subjects to be offered at once are3-- ,flower and kitchen gardening1 care of lawns and shrubbery1 orchards1 poultry raising1 bee-keeping1 garden carpentry1 marketing of produce4 ,later there may be added3-- ,forestry1 maple sugar growing1 preserving of fruits and vegetables1 and such other subjects as may be called for4 ,there is in ,pennsylvania no other school of this character4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,state ,college at ,state ,college1 ,centre ,county1 offers valuable and excellent instruction1 but1 like the other state colleges1 lays most of its stress on agriculture rather than on horticulture1 and gives great attention 7and necessarily so7 to experimental farm work1 and to seed and soil tests4 ,incidentally we hope to profit by these experiments and to help to spread abroad knowledge of the improvements and better methods which their experience may have proved beneficial4 ,we shall be glad to enter into communication with others interested in the subject1 and we look for the interest and support of ,pennsylvanians and many others4 ,,miss ,,jane ,b4 ,,haines1 ,secretary and ,treasurer1 ,cheltenham1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,missouri ,,botanical ,,gardens1 ,,st4 ,,louis1 ,,mo4 ,the ,trustees of the garden offer theoretical and practical instruction in gardening1 with a certain number of competitive scholarships4 ,these scholarships are not open to women4 ,the course of instruction can1 however1 be taken by women who are ready to bear their own expenses and pay the nominal fee of #be per annum4 ,only one young woman has so far completed the course4 ,this lady1 ,miss ,eda ,a4 ,sutermeister1 #afcg1 ,broadway1 ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri1 has become an accomplished landscape architect4 ,one other girl went through the greater part of the work4 ,she subsequently took charge of the floriculture at an industrial school for women1 after extensive experience in practical floriculture4 ,in addition to these two1 a number of ladies have taken various courses of study included in the outline1 or have received practical training in gardening at the ,botanical ,garden1 covering short periods of time1 and limited parts of the subject4 ,the following is taken from the last report3-- ,,instruction ,,in ,,gardening ,the requirement that instruction in gardening and horticulture should receive attention at the ,garden1 in addition to the provision of a lodging house for pupils1 led to the entire renovation of the fruit orchard some years ago1 at a cost of #ddd4dd1 and two small vegetable houses have been built for further experimental and educational use4 ,the annual expenditure on the gardening course averages #icj4cd4 ,the ,director reports that of the #ci pupils thus far enrolled1 of whom #ae completed the course1 ten are now successful florists or gardeners1 two have become landscape architects1 three hold responsible park positions1 two are college horticulturists with teaching as well as practical duties1 one is a surveyor1 one is a government plant experimenter1 and one is a forester in the ,philippine service4 ,,instruction ,,in ,,botany ,mr4 ,shaw's provision for a close connection between the ,school of ,botany1 which he had endowed in ,washington ,university1 and the ,garden has been of great assistance to the undergraduate department of the ,university1 and through the ,garden opportunities for work have been offered to graduate students1 of whom five have received the ,master's degree and six the degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy with botany as a major study4 ,the ,board expect to see a large increase in this utilisation of the ,garden facilities commensurate with the very gratifying growth of ,washington ,university4 ,indirectly the ,garden has been of much use to the young men who have served as assistants in its office1 library1 or herbarium1 or as teachers in the school of botany1 for with very few exceptions they have gone to college1 government or other positions of high responsibility in botany or horticulture1 for which their service here gave excellent training4 ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,college ,,of ,,agriculture ,,at ,,cornell ,,university1 ,,ithaca1 ,,new ,,york ,normal ,work4--,two-,year ,special ,course in ,nature-,study4--,this course is organised to help persons who expect to teach nature-study and country-life subjects in the public schools4 ,persons actually engaged in teaching1 and also all persons in the ,university who signify their intention to teach1 are eligible4 ,a certificate will be given on the completion of #fj hours in the courses prescribed below1 together with such other work in the ,college of ,agriculture as may be approved by the director4 ,designed to prepare students to teach elementary agriculture4 ,nature-,study4--,lectures and discussion of methods4 ,home ,nature-,study ,work4--,work in the training classes in the ,ithaca schools in which students are also to take part4 ,practice ,work in ,nature-,study in the public schools of ,ithaca1 comprising schoolroom work1 excursions1 and other exercises with children4 ,school ,gardens1 comprising actual garden-making with children on school grounds and in the ,university school gardens4 ,in winter the work will be conducted in the forcing houses1 where plant-growing subjects will be taken up in such a way as to adapt them to elementary school conditions4 ,seminary in ,nature-,study and ,elementary ,agriculture4--,devoted to the study of the methods of teaching nature-study and elementary agriculture1 and to the review and criticism of courses now offered in our elementary and secondary schools4 ,nature-,study4--,advanced course4 ,individual work on special problems4 ,travel ,course in ,agriculture4--,the aim of this course is to give the students an opportunity1 under competent guidance1 to see the main agricultural activities and crops not represented in ,new ,york4 ,it is open to qualified students of the ,college of ,agriculture and of other colleges4 ,,special ,,work ,opportunities are provided for persons who desire to pursue special work4 ,students must be at least eighteen years of age to take advantage of this work4 ,special ,work in ,general ,agriculture4--,this work is designed to meet the needs of young men and young women from the farm who have not the time to give to a four years' course4 ,they must satisfy the director that they are well enough grounded in the secondary school subjects to enable them to pursue the work with credit to themselves and with honour to the ,university1 and also that they desire to take the work because of direct interest in agricultural affairs4 ,they must present an honourable dismissal from the school last attended and certificates of good moral character1 and will be required to present such certificates and letters as may be desired4 ,this work is not a definite 8course0 in the sense of having a programme or a prescribed set of studies4 ,the student chooses any of the agricultural 8electives0 that he may be able to pursue4 ,certain courses are to be given by some of the departments for those who lack some of the fundamental work usually required in those subjects4 ,admission as a special student by the director does not admit to classes4 ,the student is admitted to the various classes by the heads of the departments when he has satisfied such officers that he is able to pursue the work4 ,nature-,study ,special ,course4--,this course1 of two years1 is open to teachers1 or to such students in regular ,university courses as signify their intention to teach1 who desire to prepare themselves in nature-study and country-life subjects4 ,in this course the work is largely prescribed4 ,the course comprises two categories of work3 the subject-matter studies1 and the pedagogical practice4 ,the subject-matter is secured in the regular classes of the ,university1 largely in the biological departments4 ,the pedagogical practice is to be had with children in regular nature-study classes and clubs in the public schools of ,ithaca and in school-garden work with children4 ,,extension ,,work ,the extension work of the ,college of ,agriculture is designed to help persons directly on their farms1 and to aid those who desire definite instruction but cannot take a long or regular course in agriculture in the ,university4 ,it supplements the teaching and experimenting of the ,college of ,agriculture4 ,it is professedly a popular work4 ,it endeavours to reach the common problems of the people1 to quicken the agricultural occupations1 and to inspire a greater interest in country life4 ,it is also a bureau of publicity1 whereby there is an exchange of all important matters connected with the progress of the agriculture of the ,state4 ,,argentina2 ,,buenos ,,aires ,the following information is all that ,i can ascertain4 ,there are no special horticultural colleges for ladies in this country1 but they are admitted to all the agricultural colleges4 ,they may take the same degrees as men4 ,as yet only one lady has received the highest degree accorded1 namely ,agricultural ,engineer1 and two others are now studying4 ,no opening for women in this sphere of activity has presented itself so far1 but ,i am informed that undoubtedly very soon the public will appreciate their efforts and employ them in preference to men4 ,in all public schools pupils from the fourth to sixth grades of both sexes receive notions of agriculture1 and are practically taught the care and cultivation of indoor plants4 ,in some few schools that have the necessary ground1 pupils are also instructed in cultivating vegetable and flower plants4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,gardening ,,and ,,nature-,,study ,,in ,,canada ,,and ,,australia ,the question of gardening for women in ,canada is admirably dealt with--together with that of 8,nature-,study0--in the following communication which ,i have received from ,miss ,e4 ,ritchie1 of ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,it will be seen that while 8,nature-,study0 is taking a prominent position in the curriculum of the public school--the profession of gardening for women has barely entered into consideration3-- ,i very much regret that the information ,i can now send is far from complete as regards the whole ,dominion4 ,our committee on education is not really in working order1 only two members--both from ,ontario cities--having been appointed by 8local councils10 so that ,i have myself had to collect facts from the other provinces without having local knowledge to guide me4 ,in ,canada educational matters are subject entirely to provincial control1 and the system differs in the various provinces1 so there is no ,central ,bureau of information at ,ottawa4 ,the following statements may1 ,i think1 be relied upon as correct as far as they go4 #a4 ,nature-,study is taught to some extent in the public schools all over ,canada 7,i am not quite sure about ,quebec1 about which my information is imperfect1 but ,i believe it is probably true of that province also74 ,in ,nova ,scotia1 which is a fairly representative province in such matters1 nature-study occupies a part of every day in all the schools1 and so far as my own observation goes1 it seems to be taught sensibly1 and in a way to interest the children2 they are made familiar with the growth of plants1 the habits of insects1 the appearance1 songs1 and migration of the different kinds of birds1 etc41 and are encouraged in making simple nature-observation for themselves4 ,in the higher grades this teaching merges into more specifically agricultural and scientific work4 #b4 ,school gardens are becoming more numerous throughout ,canada2 ,ontario probably takes the lead in this respect4 ,sir ,william ,macdonald1 who is devoting very large sums to the development of the more practical side of education1 has inaugurated a number of school gardens in ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,prince ,edward ,island1 and 7,i think7 ,british ,columbia4 ,as of possible interest in this connection1 ,i may mention a plan carried out by the ,halifax ,local ,council of ,women to encourage a love of gardening among city children4 ,seeds of six hardy varieties of flowers are bought wholesale in the spring1 and sold through the school teachers to children desiring them at cost price4 ,each child for six cents 7threepence7 got a package containing small packages of the six kinds of seed1 and simple printed directions for sowing and caring for them4 ,an exhibition of flowers grown from these seeds was held in the month of ,august1 and prizes given for the best bouquets1 and also for 8compositions0 on the raising of flowers4 ,last year some #f1jjj children bought the seeds1 and the exhibition of flowers was quite remarkable1 even the children from the poorer parts of the city having done remarkably well4 ,i am in hopes other 8local councils0 will follow us in this work4 #c4 ,in regard to the status and prospects of professional women gardeners in ,canada1 ,i have been unable to get much information4 ,few1 if any women here1 have deliberately chosen this calling as their life's work4 ,it must be remembered that almost every woman living in the country in ,canada1 whether married or not1 has to do a large part1 often all1 of her own housework1 servants of any kind being1 except in the towns1 almost unobtainable--in the ,north-,west ,provinces absolutely so2 this renders it difficult for her to undertake outdoor work that would occupy a great part of her time4 ,i think all gentlewomen thinking of settling in the rural parts of ,canada should fully realise the bearings of that most troublesome enigma1 8the servant problem10 which we have in its extremest form in this country4 ,apart from this ,i should imagine that gardening1 in the neighbourhood of a good market1 might be carried on by women with very satisfactory results--some capital and good business ability being supposed4 ,i do not think there would be at present many openings in ,canada for lady teachers of gardening1 as such subjects as 8nature-study10 etc41 are taught in the public schools by teachers of other subjects1 and in the private schools 7which1 though the wealthier parents send their children to them1 are generally inferior from a pedagogical point of view to the public or free schools7 nature-study is very little attended to4 ,a career for women that might offer inducements to some is that of 8orchardist10 which in ,nova ,scotia especially pays well1 and is in many ways agreeable4 ,i know of many married women who assist their husbands in the apple orchards1 and at least one1 a widow1 ,i think1 who owns and manages a large orchard with great success2 and there are probably many others4 ,of course1 capital is required1 and some knowledge of local conditions4 #d4 ,in regard to opportunities for the education of lady gardeners1 ,i may say that in all agricultural and other colleges supported by public money women are received and taught on precisely the same terms as men4 ,this includes the ,agricultural ,college at ,truro1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,prince of ,wales ,college1 ,charlottetown1 ,prince ,edward ,island 7which has agricultural courses71 the ,agricultural ,college at ,guelph1 ,ontario1 and the ,macdonald ,college at ,st4 ,anne1 ,bellevue1 ,quebec4 ,the latter is said to be the most advanced and well-equipped institution of its kind in ,america4 ,,the ,,macdonald ,,school ,,gardens ,the following information relative to the ,school ,garden movement is taken from a paper written by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,cowley1 and originally published in the ,queen's ,quarterly4 ,in the spring of #aijd a group of school gardens went into operation in each of the provinces of ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia and ,prince ,edward ,island4 ,these school gardens are associated with ,sir ,william ,c4 ,macdonald's plans for the improvement of ,canadian schools1 and they constitute a notable feature of the general scheme devised by ,professor ,james ,w4 ,robertson1 director of the ,macdonald educational movement4 ,at a meeting of the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society1 in #ahij1 a paper on horticultural education for children was read by ,mr4 ,henry ,lincoln ,clapp1 master of ,george ,putnam ,school1 ,roxbury1 ,mass4 ,at this school a garden was established the following year as a result of the interest awakened4 ,this garden1 which appears to have been the first of its kind in the ,united ,states1 was devoted exclusively to native wild plants until #aija1 when a vegetable plot was added4 ,here and there within the past decade1 and with various objects in view1 the idea has been employed by private citizens1 charitable associations1 commercial firms1 horticultural societies1 and a few educational institutions1 but as yet the school garden has not become an organic feature of any state system of education4 ,in ,canada the school garden idea has also received some recognition prior to the ,macdonald movement4 ,for several years a very successful and quite extensive garden for boys has been conducted at ,broadview1 ,toronto1 by ,captain ,atkinson1 of the ,boys' ,brigade ,institute4 ,here and there throughout the ,dominion1 floriculture has been encouraged to some extent in the elementary schools4 ,under the aggressive advocacy of ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,mac,kay1 ,superintendent of ,education1 whose faith in all branches of nature-study has been fully justified by his works1 ,nova ,scotia has taken a leading place in establishing school gardens4 ,in #aijc there were #eb school gardens in the province4 ,last ,july #gi in all were reported4 ,the special courses in agriculture and nature-study1 recently provided for teachers1 has had a considerable influence in promoting the school garden movement1 though outside the ,macdonald gardens few are yet more than temporary efforts of the teacher for the time being4 ,it is apparent that three leading motives underlie the origin and growth of school gardens in ,europe3--7#a7 to provide a convenient means of supplementing the teachers' income1 thereby simplifying the problem of maintaining the public school2 7#b7 to promote a practical knowledge of horticulture and agriculture1 thereby increasing the national prosperity2 7#c7 to furnish means and material for the practical study of botany as a desirable department of scientific knowledge4 ,the vast majority of ,european school gardens look to utility4 ,of the few that recognise the importance of the educational end1 nearly all stop short at the acquisition of a certain amount of scientific information and the habit of careful observation4 ,on the other hand1 the ,macdonald ,school ,gardens1 while designed to encourage the cultivation of the soil as an ideal life-work1 are intended to promote above all things else symmetrical education of the individual4 ,they do not aim at education to the exclusion of utility1 but they seek education through utility1 and utility through education4 ,the garden is the means1 the pupil is the end4 ,the ,macdonald ,school ,gardens are a factor in an educational movement1 and for this reason ,professor ,robertson sought to have them brought under the ,education ,department1 and not under the ,department of ,agriculture1 in each province4 ,the fact that the various provinces already referred to have passed orders in council incorporating the ,macdonald ,school ,gardens into their educational systems at once places these school gardens on a broader educational basis than that occupied by the school gardens of any other state or country4 ,the ,ontario ,government has provided special courses at ,guelph to train teachers in the practical educational aspects of this new work4 ,an initial grant of one hundred dollars1 as well as an annual grant1 is offered to any rural school section establishing a school garden4 ,at ,truro1 and elsewhere in the ,maritime ,provinces1 suitable courses for teachers are also provided4 ,in ,new ,brunswick1 annual grants of thirty dollars to the ,board of ,trustees are given where a garden is established at an elementary school4 ,in ,quebec1 extensive preparations for the training of teachers in the new lines of education are under way4 ,the ,macdonald ,school ,gardens not only have a recognised place in the provincial systems of education1 but they are attached to the ordinary rural schools1 owned by the school corporation and conducted under the authority of the school trustees and the express approval of the ratepayers4 ,the work of the garden is recognised as a legitimate part of the school programme1 and it is already interwoven with a considerable part of the other studies4 ,the garden is becoming the outer classroom of the school1 and the plots are its blackboards4 ,the garden is not an innovation1 or an excrescence1 or an addendum1 or a diversion4 ,it is a happy field of expression1 an organic part of the school in which the boys and girls work among growing things and grow themselves in body and mind and spiritual outlook4 ,the true relation of the garden to the school has been in good part established by the travelling instructors whom ,professor ,robertson appointed to supervise the work in each province4 ,these instructors were chosen as teachers of experience in rural schools1 and were sent for special preparation1 at the expense of the ,macdonald fund1 to ,chicago1 ,cornell1 ,columbia1 and ,clark universities1 and to the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college1 ,guelph4 ,,the ,,school ,,gardens ,,of ,,carleton ,,county1 ,,ontario ,the county of ,carleton was selected by ,prof4 ,robertson for the initiation of school gardens in ,ontario1 and the work that is being carried on here is typical of what is being done in the other four provinces4 ,in all five gardens have been established under the ,macdonald fund in ,carleton ,county4 ,two of these are placed at ,carp and ,galetta1 points on the ,canada ,atlantic ,railway1 distant twenty and thirty-three miles respectively from ,ottawa4 ,a third is located at ,richmond1 a small incorporated village in the heart of the county1 distant from the capital about twenty miles by stage4 ,the remaining gardens are situated at ,north ,gower and ,bowesville1 the former about twenty-five miles and the latter five miles from the city4 ,as the five schools at which these gardens have been established are from seven to fifteen miles apart1 the experiment is being brought fairly under the scrutiny of the entire county4 ,the garden at ,richmond is within a short distance of the grounds of the ,county ,agricultural ,society1 and will annually be open to the inspection of many hundred visitors to the fair4 ,already the gardens have attracted much local attention1 and last autumn the products of the gardens won about a hundred dollars in prizes1 given both by the agricultural societies and by private citizens who have taken a generous interest in this educational experiment4 ,after full discussion with trustees and ratepayers each garden was established under the direct approval and control of the school board concerned1 and in harmony with the already existing regulations of the ,education ,department1 which provide in a general way for instruction in agriculture and nature-study1 and also for enlarging school grounds4 ,it is worthy of note that while the ratepayers interested were not indifferent to the question of expense involved1 they paid special attention to the fact that they were being asked to take up an experiment of a very novel nature which required a marked departure from the beaten path of elementary school work4 ,thus the educational aspects of school gardens were specially considered1 the result being that the people have taken up the enterprise with an open-minded interest that has already carried the experiment far on the way to success4 ,the size of the gardens1 including the usual school grounds1 is in each case two acres1 excepting the garden at ,richmond1 which contains three acres4 ,where additional land had to be acquired1 the ,macdonald fund bore half the cost1 as also the whole cost of fencing and preparing the garden1 erecting garden shed and providing the necessary tools1 etc4 ,the cost of maintenance of the garden is likewise met by the ,macdonald fund for a period of three years4 ,for the same period ,sir ,william ,macdonald pays the salary of the travelling instructor1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gibson1 who visits each garden one day per week to assist the teachers in directing the garden work of the pupils1 to give lessons in certain practical aspects of nature-study1 and generally to encourage the association of the garden work with the ordinary exercises of the classrooms4 ,one of the most useful accessories to the school garden is the garden shed1 which is used for storing tools and produce1 and for carrying on work not suited to the classroom1 such as preparing tickets and labels1 analysing soils1 assorting seeds1 arranging plants1 etc4 ,the average cost of the garden sheds is about seventy-five dollars4 ,they are of various shapes and sizes1 according to the number of pupils to be accommodated4 ,a popular plan is that of a shed1 ten feet by twenty feet1 with an extension on one side about five feet wide1 and finished as a greenhouse4 ,this obviates the necessity of having special hot-beds4 ,the garden tools are disposed along the walls of the shed in places numbered to accord with the numbering of the pupils' plots4 ,along one side of each shed is a bench or table of plain boards1 about eighteen inches wide1 running close to the wall1 along which are several small windows giving abundant light to pupils engaged in practical work4 ,the chief tools and implements requisite to the school garden are hoes1 rakes1 hand weeders1 garden lines1 one or two spades and shovels1 a wheelbarrow1 hammer1 saw1 nails1 etc4 ,the pupils1 as a rule1 require only hoes1 rakes and hand weeders4 ,those pupils who are sufficiently mature to work a plot by themselves1 or along with a companion1 can get along very well with hoes and rakes of the average size4 ,in one case1 where smaller tools were supplied1 the pupils abandoned them after a little practice for those of the standard size4 ,while the plan of laying out the gardens varies according to soil1 surface and location1 the arrangement of the ,bowesville garden suggests the general features that have been kept in view4 ,these include a belt of ornamental native trees and shrubs surrounding the grounds2 two walks1 each about one hundred yards long1 between rows of trees2 a playground about half an acre in area for boys2 a lawn of about a quarter of an acre for the girls1 bordered with some light and graceful shade1 such as the cut-leaf birch2 a small orchard1 in which are grown a few varieties of the fruit trees most profitable to the district2 a forest plot1 in which the most important ,canadian trees will be grown from seed and by transplanting2 a plot for cultivating the wild herbs1 vines and shrubs of the district2 space for individual plots and special experimental plots2 an attractive approach to the school1 including open lawn1 large flowering plants1 foliage1 rockery1 ornamental shrubs1 etc4 ,the special experimental plots are1 as a rule1 larger than the individual plots4 ,they are used for such purposes as the special study of rotation of crops1 values of fertilisers1 effects of spraying1 selection of seeds1 merits of soils1 productiveness and quality of different varieties of crops1 and many other similar subjects4 ,at one school a special study was made of corn1 clover1 tomatoes1 and cabbage2 at another beans1 peas1 beets1 and potatoes occupied the experimental plots2 and at still another1 some extra attention was given to plots of pumpkins1 squash1 cabbage1 and cauliflower4 ,at all the gardens special plots will be devoted to small fruits1 such as strawberries1 raspberries1 gooseberries1 and currants4 ,the experimental plots vary in area from #bjj to #b1jjj square feet1 but where the extent of ground is restricted the experiments may be successfully carried out on plots of a much smaller average size4 ,the gardens are managed throughout on the basis of individual ownership1 individual effort and individual responsibility on the part of the pupils4 ,at all the gardens the pupils are given plots that are solely their own4 ,according to the age and strength of the pupils1 these plots vary in size from #gb square feet to #abj square feet4 ,at some schools each pupil has two plots1 one for vegetables1 etc41 and the other for flowers4 ,in other cases the flowers and vegetables are kept in different parts of the same plot4 ,the former plan presents no inconvenience1 and is found to contribute to the general appearance of the garden4 ,at one of the school gardens the pupils' plots were uniformly #aj feet wide by #bj feet in length1 each plot being worked in partnership1 a junior pupil working with a senior pupil in each case4 ,though very good results were secured by this method1 the instructor considers the individual method preferable1 and will pursue it in future4 ,,nova ,,scotia ,nature-study is here taken very seriously4 ,the following extracts from a leaflet issued to every teacher in the province by the ,educational ,department will show how thoroughly and systematically the matter is dealt with4 ,,local 8,,nature0 ,,observations ,this sheet is provided for the purpose of aiding teachers to interest their pupils in observing the times of the regular procession of natural phenomena each season4 ,first1 it may help the teacher in doing some of the 8,nature0 lesson work of the ,course of ,study2 secondly1 it may aid in procuring valuable information for the locality and province4 ,two copies are provided for each teacher who wishes to conduct such observations1 one to be preserved as the property of the section for reference from year to year2 the other to be sent in with the return to the inspector1 who will transmit it to the superintendent for examination and compilation4 ,what is desired is to have recorded in these forms the dates of the first leafing1 flowering and fruiting of plants and trees2 the first appearance in the locality of birds migrating north in spring or south in autumn1 etc4 ,while the objects specified here are given so as to enable comparison to be made between the different sections of the province1 it is very desirable that other local phenomena of a similar kind be recorded4 ,every locality has a flora1 fauna1 climate1 etc41 more or less distinctly its own2 and the more common trees1 shrubs1 plants1 crops1 etc41 are those which will be most valuable from a local point of view in comparing the characters of a series of seasons4 ,teachers will find it one of the most convenient means for the stimulation of pupils in observing all natural phenomena when going to and from the school1 and some pupils radiate as far as two miles from the schoolroom4 ,the 8nature-study0 under these conditions would thus be mainly undertaken at the most convenient time1 without encroaching on school time2 while on the other hand it will tend to break up the monotony of school travel1 fill an idle and wearisome hour with interest1 and be one of the most valuable forms of educational discipline4 ,the eyes of a whole school daily passing over a whole school section will let very little escape notice1 especially if the first observer of each annually recurring phenomenon receives credit as the first observer of it for the year4 ,the observations will be accurate1 as the facts must be demonstrated by the most undoubted evidence1 such as the bringing of the specimens to the school when possible or necessary4 ,to all observers the following most important1 most essential principles of recording are emphasised3 ,better no date1 ,,no ,,record1 than a ,,wrong ,,one or a ,,doubtful one4 ,sports out of season due to very local conditions not common to at least a small field1 should not be recorded except parenthetically4 ,the date to be recorded for the purposes of compilation with those of other localities should be the first of the many of its kind following immediately after it4 ,for instance1 a butterfly emerging from its chrysalis in a sheltered cranny by a southern window in ,january would not be an indication of the general climate1 but of the peculiarly heated nook in which the chrysalis was sheltered2 nor would a flower in a semi-artificial1 warm shelter give the date required4 ,when these sports out of season occur1 they might also be recorded1 but within a parenthesis to indicate the peculiarity of some of the conditions affecting their early appearance4 ,these schedules should be sent in to the inspector with the annual school returns in ,july1 containing the observations made during the whole school year and back as far as the preceding ,july 7if possible71 when the schedule of the previous school year was necessarily completed and sent in4 ,a duplicate copy of the schedule of observations should be securely attached to the school register for the year1 so that the series of annual observations may be preserved in each locality4 ,the new register has a page for such records4 ,remember to fill in carefully and distinctly the date1 locality1 and other blanks at the head of the schedule on the next page2 for if either the date or the locality or the name of the responsible compiler should be omitted the whole paper is worthless and cannot be bound up for preservation in the volume of ,the ,phenological ,observations4 ,,phenological ,,observations1 ,,canada 7#aijf ,,schedule7 ,for the year ending ,july1 #aij4 ,province ,county ,district locality or ,school ,section ,no4 ,the estimated length and breadth of the locality within which the following observations were made miles4 ,estimated distance from the sea-coast miles4 ,estimated altitude above the sea level feet4 ,slope or general exposure of the region ,general character of the soil and surface ,proportion of forest and its character ,does the region include lowlands or intervales8 and if so name the main river or stream ,or is it all substantially highlands8 ,any other peculiarity tending to affect vegetation8 ,the most central ,post ,office of the locality or region ,,name ,,and ,,address ,,of ,,the ,,teacher ,,or ,,other ,,compiler ,,when ,,when ,,of ,,the ,,observations ,,responsible ,,for ,,their ,,first ,,becoming ,,accuracy4 ,seen4 ,common4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,wild ,,plants1 ,,etc4--,,nomenclature as in 8,spotton0 or 8,gray's ,manual40 ,alder 7,alnus incana71 catkins shedding pollen ,aspen 7,populus tremuloides71 ,mayflower 7,epiga repens71 flowering ,field ,horsetail 7,equisetum arvense71 shedding spores ,blood-root 7,sanguinaria ,canadensis71 flowering ,white ,violet 7,viola blanda71 flowering ,etc41 etc41 etc4 ,,cultivated ,,plants1 ,,etc4 ,red ,currant 7,ribes rubrum71 flowering fruit ripe ,black ,currant 7,ribes nigrum71 flowering fruit ripe ,cherry 7,prunus ,cerasus71 flowering fruit ripe ,plum 7,prunus domestica71 flowering ,etc41 etc41 etc4 ,,farming ,,operations1 ,,etc4 ,ploughing begun ,sowing begun ,planting of ,potatoes begun ,shearing of ,sheep ,hay ,cutting ,grain ,cutting ,potato ,digging 7,,meteorological ,,phenomena74 ,opening of 7a7 ,rivers1 7b7 ,lakes without currents ,last ,snow 7a7 to whiten ground1 7b7 to fly in air ,last ,spring ,frost 7a7 8hard0 7b7 8hoar0 ,water in ,streams1 ,rivers1 etc41 7a7 highest1 7b7 lowest ,first ,autumn ,frosts 7a7 8hoar0 7b7 8hard0 ,first ,snow 7a7 to fly in air1 7b7 to whiten ground ,closing of 7a7 ,lakes without currents1 7b7 ,rivers ,number of ,thunder-storms 7with dates of each7 ,jan---------------1 ,feb---------------1 ,mar--------------- ,apr---------------1 ,may---------------1 ,june-------------- ,july--------------1 ,aug---------------1 ,sept-------------- ,oct---------------1 ,nov---------------1 ,dec--------------- ,going ,north,going ,south or coming or leaving in ,spring4 in ,fall4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,migration ,,of ,,birds1 ,,etc4 ,wild ,duck migrating ,wild ,geese migrating ,song ,sparrow 7,melospiza fasciata7 ,american ,robin 7,turdus migratorius7 ,slate-coloured ,snow ,bird 7,junco hiemalis7 ,spotted ,sand ,piper 7,actitis macularia7 ,meadow ,lark 7,sturnella magna7 ,kingfisher 7,ceryle ,alcyon7 ,etc41 etc41 etc4 ,,australia ,,victoria ,,school ,,of ,,horticulture ,,in ,,richmond ,,park1 ,,melbourne ,the site covers #cc acres of ground4 ,in #ahij the ,government decided to start here an institution for the training of orchardists and small settlers1 and during the past eight years much has been done to provide for teaching the regular and casual students1 and those visitors calling in search of special information4 ,classroom instruction is given in horticultural science1 vegetable pathology1 botany1 physical and commercial geography1 entomology2 measuring1 levelling1 designing1 and plotting of homesteads1 orchards1 small farm and garden areas1 and the most approved methods of raising and managing fruit trees and plants4 ,practical work includes the propagation and management of orchard trees1 citrons1 table grapes1 bush fruits2 harvesting1 storing1 packing1 marketing1 drying and canning fruit2 vegetable culture2 clearing1 grading1 and trenching land2 management of soils1 manures1 drainage1 and villa gardening4 ,the principal and his assistant carry out this programme by affording lessons daily in the classroom and field4 ,in #ahii women students were first admitted4 ,they have for the most part devoted their attention to the designing and making of villa gardens1 vegetables and herb culture1 and the special cultivation of table grapes and lemons--branches of commercial horticulture most suited to women4 ,previous to #aijc instruction was free1 but a fee of #e per annum is now charged4 ,there is a steady advance in the number of students1 and every indication of the school doing generally helpful work in the service of the ,state4 ,the school year extends from ,february to ,december4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the tabulated return on the following page of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in #aija is of interest4 ,only those subjects bearing reference specially to horticulture are mentioned4 ,a lady near ,melbourne has recently bought a place and laid out a garden4 ,there is about one acre of ground1 and a five-roomed cottage with various outhouses1 etc4 ,the whole cost about #djj1 and has since increased in value4 ,a telephone is attached1 and a good many people in ,melbourne ring up when they want flowers4 ,these are despatched direct to the buyers by train1 the station being only ten minutes' walk from the house4 ,all the flowers are hardy ones4 ,the work is done by a gardener1 who comes when wanted1 and the rest is done by the lady herself4 ,there has not so far been much profit1 as it has only been started two years4 ,as the garden is now well-established1 it is supposed it will pay well in ,august1 ,september1 ,october1 and ,november1 which are the best months in ,melbourne4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,persons ,in ,business following ,employers on their own ,receiving ,relatives ,agricultural of ,labour4 account1 but ,salary or assisting4 ,pursuits4 not ,wages4 employing labour4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,males,f'm'es,males,f'm'es,males,f'm'es, males,f'm'es ,market ,gardeners #hei #ai #a1fdg #cb #a1eah #i #egf #acb ,fruit ,growers ,orchardists #dic #dd #hfh #ia #gjj #dc #dfe #agb ,hop1 ,cotton1 ,tea1 ,coffee ,grower #aj #b #g -- #dh #dh #i #b ,tobacco ,grower #aj -- #be -- #bd -- #a -- ,vine ,grower ,vigneron #agd #ah #gb #h #a1aca #f #hf #ci ,horticulturist #bcg #g #ega #ag #b1acb #g #ajg #ci ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,new ,,south ,,wales 8,we are a young community and also a small one1 otherwise we should have had at least a small college for lady gardeners ere now10 is the answer that comes to my inquiry on the subject4 ,i am told1 however1 that there is fine scope for such a thing1 and that the women of ,new ,south ,wales are quite ready for it4 ,up to now they have chiefly confined themselves to bettering the conditions of labour in those departments voluntarily sought by women1 rather than to forming new schemes4 ,,tasmania ,accounts which come to us of the possibilities of the successful cultivation of fruits1 trees and plants are all favourable4 ,the mildness of the winter and the great amount of sunshine cause very rapid growth and production of fruit4 ,plants that will not survive an ,english winter need no protection here4 ,we learn1 too1 that the acreage of gardens and orchards is steadily on the increase4 ,there are so far no training schools for lady gardeners1 and no posts are held by them either in private gardens or market gardens4 ,the jam factories employ women1 but these belong to the working classes4 ,nothing definite can therefore be held out as to the future for lady gardeners1 beyond the certainty that the more directing heads we have1 superintending the development of these orchards and gardens1 the more successful they will be4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,marchioness ,,of ,,sligo',s ,,garden1 ,,mount ,,browne1 ,,near ,,guildford4 ,,under ,,the ,,management ,,of ,a ,,lady ,,gardener4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,training ,,grounds ,,for ,,market ,,gardeners4 ,special opportunities are afforded to those who intend to devote their attention to the study of market-garden work4 ,i am enabled1 by the courtesy of the principals1 to give the following information concerning some successful market gardens which are conducted by ladies1 and where pupils are received4 ,this ,i have supplemented with details of such facilities as are offered by public bodies for courses of instruction in the work4 ,,the ,,violet ,,nurseries ,,at ,,henfield1 ,,sussex4 ,proprietors3 ,,misses ,a4 ,,and ,d4 ,,allen-,,brown4 ,the ,violet ,nurseries1 instituted a few years ago in a small garden1 now extend over several acres1 and are carried forward on practical business lines4 ,the ,misses ,allen-,brown1 specialist violet growers1 do the entire work of the nurseries1 with the assistance of a boy and of any pupils who may be with them4 ,pupils are received on payment of five guineas premium for a year's tuition4 ,the instruction given is entirely practical4 ,arrangements are made to obtain rooms for pupils in the village1 the charges being 7approximately7 one guinea for a single room and board1 and fifteen shillings each for a room shared4 ,the work of the year is1 in general3--,in spring1 the taking of cuttings and planting out2 in summer1 the tending of plants and cutting of runners2 in autumn1 the lifting into frames1 and the selling1 packing and despatching of plants and flowers2 in winter1 the picking of blossoms and the tending of plants in frames4 ,of the four1 spring is the busiest and most instructive season for violet-growers1 but it is advisable that pupils should1 if possible1 remain in the nurseries for the full year4 ,the work is exceedingly healthy--above all other open-air employments--owing to the fact that the smell of violets has medicinal qualities4 ,the pleasure of the work proves its ample reward1 apart from the pecuniary success1 to all who give themselves to it1 unreservedly1 with physical and mental vigour4 ,amongst ladies who are supervising1 or themselves undertaking1 market gardens1 are the following4 ,they all write hopefully about their work1 but seem of one accord in thinking that it is only by the combination of their brains and the work of a labouring man that success ensues4 ,,miss ,,dora ,,groome1 at ,heath ,nursery ,gardens1 ,petersfield1 has the largest nursery garden in the neighbourhood1 but only employs men4 ,,miss ,a4 ,,cross1 ,cleveland1 ,bere ,alston1 ,devon1 writes that1 having been trained at ,studley ,college1 she has lately started a nursery garden4 ,at present the garden is only three-quarters of an acre in extent1 but it is proposed to add to it each year4 ,it will be eventually a fruit and asparagus market garden1 supplemented by poultry and milking goats4 ,,miss ,,birtell and her sisters have a violet farm at the ,cottage1 ,shripney1 near ,bognor4 ,they do all the work in connection with the violets themselves1 and also make the frames and glaze and paint the lights4 ,a labouring man does the rough digging4 ,miss ,birtell has two acres of land and about half of it is devoted only to the violets4 ,,holly ,,bush ,,nursery1 ,,chesnut ,,lane1 ,,amersham1 ,,bucks ,,miss ,m4 ,,agar and ,,miss ,m4 ,g4 ,,holmes1 directors of this garden1 are willing to take ladies as students in simple land surveying and plan drawing4 ,terms for tuition are #b #bs4 per week2 and if students live at the nursery1 #cjs4 a week is charged for board and lodging4 ,gardening students will probably be admitted shortly1 but the garden has not been started long enough to take these at present4 ,miss ,agar is a garden designer4 ,the following are particulars of her nursery garden3-- ,the ,nursery undertakes the laying out1 stocking1 and up-keep of gardens1 and provides seeds1 bulbs1 plants1 shrubs1 and all garden requisites4 ,skilled gardening labour is supplied at #ds4 a day4 ,yearly or monthly contracts can be made4 ,advisory work is undertaken at a guinea for the first visit1 and half-a-guinea for subsequent visits2 or two guineas a week with all expenses4 ,,miss ,a4 ,,bateson1 ,bashley ,nursery1 ,new ,milton1 ,hants1 has a most successful market garden1 described on p4 #gc4 ,she sometimes takes students1 and her terms are #dj premium for a year's work without residence2 #ajj per annum premium with board and residence4 ,,miss ,,dixon1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 holding the ,horticultural ,college1 ,swanley1 diploma1 and #ast class ,horticultural certificate1 ,south ,kensington1 assisted by ,,miss ,,eve1 ,r4,h4,s41 receives students at ,elmcroft ,nursery1 ,westergate1 ,chichester1 suitable rooms being provided in the village4 ,the house stands in two acres of ground1 four miles from ,bognor1 and six from ,chichester4 ,both soil and climate are good4 ,there are #cjj ft4 of glass1 in which are grown melons1 cucumbers1 tomatoes1 peaches1 strawberries1 forced rhubarb and seakale1 early vegetables1 roses1 chrysanthemums1 bulbs1 etc4 ,outside are grown roses1 sweet peas1 violets1 and other flowers2 vegetables of all sorts1 and fruit4 ,poultry and ducks are kept1 and there is also jam making and fruit bottling4 ,the produce is chiefly sent to ,bognor1 ,chichester1 and ,manchester1 and private orders are supplied for weekly hampers of vegetables1 eggs1 and cut flowers4 ,a man is kept to help with the rough work4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,colthurst ,,vesey',s ,,garden1 ,,lucan1 ,,ireland4 ,,for ,,many ,,years ,,his ,,mother1 ,,mrs4 ,,vesey1 ,,has ,,made ,,the ,,garden ,,her ,,personal ,,interest4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,in #aijg ,miss ,dixon obtained the ,r4,h4,s4 ,silver ,medal for melons1 and second prize for fruit1 flowers1 and jam from the ,women's ,agricultural and ,horticultural ,international ,union4 ,although the following is not a school for instruction in horticulture1 ,i should like to mention it1 as young ladies are taught floral decoration and other matters1 which may prove of great use to them1 if they wish to start job gardening or decoration for themselves4 ,the ,women's ,london ,gardening ,association1 established in #ahia1 undertakes floral decorations of all kinds4 ,cut flowers supplied regularly by contract1 and arranged if desired4 ,wreaths1 crosses1 sprays1 bouquets1 baskets1 dinner-tables1 receptions1 ballrooms1 platforms1 weddings1 etc4 ,table decorations are a speciality4 ,jobbing gardening work is also done4 ,contracts are taken to keep in order1 and furnish1 gardens1 conservatories1 window-boxes1 balconies1 roof-gardens1 etc41 by the year or season4 ,advice is given on the management of country or suburban gardens at reasonable fees4 ,lawns are sown and kept in order1 gravel is supplied1 soils1 fibre1 sand1 flowerpots1 retail4 ,seeds1 bulbs1 etc4 ,the above is under the management of ,mrs4 ,t4 ,chamberlain1 and all communications should be addressed to her at #ajg1 ,pimlico ,road1 ,chelsea1 ,s4,w4 ,the nursery is in ,st4 ,ann's ,place1 ,milman ,street1 ,chelsea1 and the old wells in it were once in ,sir ,thomas ,more's garden4 ,mrs4 ,chamberlain takes one or two young ladies from time to time1 as apprentices or improvers to learn jobbing gardening1 florist's work1 or both if desired4 ,terms for improvers who have already had some training1 #ajs4 per week to start with4 ,the terms for a course1 #cj4 ,the ladies find their own board and lodging4 ,after three months1 ,mrs4 ,chamberlain pays them #bs4 #f;d4 per week1 and after six months #es4 per week4 ,for the last quarter of their training1 ladies receive #gs4 #f;d4 per week4 ,sometimes ladies are taken for four months1 upon payment by them of #aj #ajs4 ,should it prove desirable1 they can1 at the end of this time1 pay a further sum and remain a year4 ,pupils are expected to be ready to do anything required1 and are not allowed to pick and choose their work4 ,the following extracts from the report of the ,,women',s ,,international ,,agricultural ,,club will serve to show the scope of its object and work4 ,the club has as its premises the ,manor ,house1 ,bredon's ,norton1 near ,tewkesbury1 ,worcestershire4 ,there are few more beautiful spots in rural ,england than the little village of ,bredon's ,norton in ,worcestershire1 nestling as it does at the base of the lofty ,bredon ,hill and overlooking the fertile valley of the ,severn4 ,the club-house stands on a gentle eminence1 and from its broad terraces may be viewed some of the most lovely scenery in ,england4 ,abruptly behind it rises the ,bredon ,beacon ,hill1 of which a great poet wrote3 8,twelve lovely counties saw the blaze ,from ,bredon's lonely height40 ,the hill is crowned by the remains of a ,roman encampment1 thrown up1 it is said1 during the wars of the ,romans against ,boadicea1 the ,queen of the ,iceni4 ,the hopeless intellectual outlook of agricultural pursuits dissevered from contact with the foremost thought and scientific experiments of to-day has driven the enterprising progressive workers of both sexes from the land to the towns4 ,miss ,woodhull1 of ,norton ,park1 ,bredon's ,norton1 near ,tewkesbury1 who has gone deeply into the agricultural problem1 more especially the great need for the extension of intensive culture1 has retained a fine old ,elizabethan manor house on her estate1 which she has renovated and filled with beautiful old furniture for the club4 ,since the lighter branches of agriculture have taken such a prominent place on the list of suitable occupations for women1 there has been a great demand for some place where the subjects could be studied for short or long periods4 ,though short courses are held no college as yet has filled this want4 ,where a large number of students are together it is necessary to have a certain number of rules which compel them to lead the ordinary college life4 ,in many cases it is not convenient to do this1 and so many a woman who sometimes finds she has a week or two at her disposal and would very much like to come to a place of this sort is debarred from doing so4 ,it is hoped this club will do much to solve the problem of what is to be done with the healthy1 energetic unmarried woman of the present day1 who has a little capital1 and who wishes to live in the country1 instead of leading a narrow and restricted life in towns4 ,in ,bredon's ,norton in a simple way she can live her own life1 have congenial employment1 and at the same time add to her income without being cut off from associating with people of her own standing1 or debarred from intellectual occupations1 which is so often the result if an isolated country life is led devoted entirely to agricultural pursuits4 ,the result1 so far1 is satisfactory4 ,the scheme is in its second year1 and has earned a right to its recognition by the public4 ,since ,january1 #aijf1 several cottages have been secured in the village1 and have been made suitable for gentlewomen to reside in4 ,these have all been taken by those who carry on whatever work they are interested in4 ,some members have taken up half-acre plots1 and among other things are growing tomatoes in large quantities4 ,the club is unique of its kind2 while combining opportunities for the higher intellectual pursuits and attracting those who have travelled and read extensively1 it enables those who wish to specialise in the lighter branches of agriculture to carry out their work under the following conditions3 #a4 ,members staying at the club will be able to take lessons in gardening1 dairy or poultry work1 or bee-keeping1 for long or short periods4 #b4 ,members who have trained at any of the existing colleges can reside at the club and rent small plots1 from half an acre upwards1 which will enable them to make a start either in market gardening or otherwise with very little outlay4 #c4 ,a horticultural school is carried on in connection with the club4 ,the younger students under the necessary supervision will live in separate houses4 #d4 ,members can attend the higher courses at ,cheltenham ,ladies' ,college4 #e4 ,members who reside in the village or immediate neighbourhood can obtain all meals at the club at a very moderate tariff4 ,this is an important item1 as gentlewomen are often deterred from settling in the country on account of the great difficulty of getting anyone to do the necessary cooking and housework2 by being able to obtain their meals they are more or less independent of the servant question and manage very well with occasional help4 ,the library contains standard books of reference in the lighter branches of agriculture1 besides a wide range of other subjects1 together with the principal ,english and foreign magazines4 ,an experienced secretary and typist is at the disposal of members4 ,the telephone is attached to the club2 the principal houses and cottages in the village are connected by telephone4 ,the club house is situated #ajf miles from ,london1 #af miles from ,gloucester1 #ad miles from ,worcester1 #ad miles from ,evesham1 #aa miles from ,cheltenham1 #aa miles from ,malvern1 #e miles from ,tewkesbury1 and #e miles from ,pershore4 ,,tariff ,resident members3 breakfast1 #as42 dinner 7middle day71 #as4 #f;d42 afternoon tea1 #f;d4 and #i;d42 high tea1 #as42 plain late dinner1 #bs4 #f;d42 supper1 #as4 #f;d42 cocoa and cake1 #c;d4 ,rooms from #as4 #f;d4 per night4 ,meals for non-resident members1 permanently living in cottages1 #aes4 per week4 ,,list ,,of ,,charges ,,visitors ,terms per week1 #b guineas1 to include3 ,breakfast1 #as42 dinner 7middle day71 #as4 #f;d42 afternoon tea1 #f;d42 supper1 #as4 #f;d42 room1 #as4 #f;d4 ,rooms from #as4 #f;d4 per night4 ,meals for non-resident visitors as per charges on tariff card4 ,,week-,,end ,,visitors ,from middle day1 ,saturday1 to middle day1 ,monday1 #ags4 #f;d4 7to include breakfast1 mid-day dinner1 afternoon tea1 and supper1 also room74 ,arrangements can be made for boarding dogs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following scheme is in operation under the ,department of ,agriculture and ,technical ,instruction for ,ireland4 ,any woman1 of whose qualifications the above department approves1 is eligible for the post of instructor under this scheme1 which1 by permission1 ,i am allowed to reproduce4 ,it will be seen that the actual appointment rests with the local authorities4 ,miss ,lucy ,douglas1 in ,cavan1 is at present the only woman gardener employed under it4 ,illustration3 ,,rose ,,garden1 ,,danny1 ,,sussex4 ,,the ,,roses ,,are ,,pruned ,,and ,,attended ,,to ,,by ,,miss ,,alice ,,campion4 ,photograph by ,pictorial ,agency4 ,,scheme ,,of ,,instruction ,,in ,,horticulture ,,and ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,bees1 #aijg-h #a4 ,the department are prepared1 provided a suitable instructor in horticulture and bee-keeping can be obtained1 to approve of the appointment of at least one such person for each county in ,ireland4 ,in the case of new appointments no person shall be eligible for the position of instructor in the county of which he is a native1 or in which he permanently resides4 #b4 ,the department will1 as far as possible1 assist the county committee in obtaining an instructor1 by supplying the names of persons qualified for the post4 ,if a county committee should find it impossible to obtain a person competent to give instruction in both branches the department may sanction the employment of separate instructors for each subject4 #c4 ,the remuneration of the instructor shall not1 unless in exceptional circumstances1 exceed #b per week1 in addition to expenses of locomotion1 which include second or third-class railway fare1 as decided by the county committee1 car hire when necessary1 or a bicycle allowance not exceeding #b;d4 per mile in lieu thereof4 #d4 ,the employment of the instructor under this scheme shall not continue beyond the #cjth of ,september1 #aijh1 and is terminable at any time previous to that date by the giving of four weeks' notice in writing on either side4 #e4 ,it will be the duty of the instructor to give demonstrations and1 if approved1 to deliver lectures on horticultural subjects1 such as soils1 manures1 vegetable1 fruit1 and flower cultivation1 plant diseases1 and insect pests--to visit gardens and orchards1 and give practical demonstrations on spraying1 planting1 pruning and grafting of fruit trees--to conduct such experiments and other demonstrations in the spring and summer as may be approved by the department--to select suitable land for this purpose--to supervise the sowing of the seeds and manures1 and the keeping of the plots free from weeds--to weigh the produce1 tabulate the figures1 and prepare a report on the results--to give instruction in the principles and practice of modern bee-keeping--to deal with diseases of bees1 plants1 and trees--to advise farmers1 cottagers1 and others interested in land1 as to the planting of trees1 etc41 for shelter and ornament--to reply to letters from those seeking his advice on horticultural and bee-keeping subjects--to report to the department and to the county committee on the progress of his work either weekly or otherwise1 as may be required2 and generally to give his whole time to the work and to do all in his power to further the interests of horticulture and bee-keeping in the county4 #f4 ,the instructor shall report to the county committee on all cases of foul brood which may come under his notice4 ,he may1 subject to the consent of the owner of the bees being previously obtained by him1 destroy infected stocks by burning them1 and shall take all due precautions against the spread of the disease4 ,he must advise in writing the county committee of each case in which stocks are so destroyed1 and the county committee may1 if they think fit1 pay to the owners of such stocks a sum not exceeding #es4 for each stock destroyed1 provided that the amount set aside in the county scheme for compensation under this clause shall not be exceeded4 ,it will also be his duty to report to the county committee the names and addresses of persons in the possession of gooseberry bushes on which he has detected1 or has reasonable grounds for suspecting the existence of1 ,american gooseberry mildew4 #g4 ,for the purposes of this scheme the county should be divided into circuits4 ,the instructor should work for three or four weeks in each circuit1 and give lectures and demonstrations during that time4 ,in cases1 however1 where an instructor may be employed to give instruction in bee-keeping only it will not be necessary to divide the county into circuits4 ,in such instances demonstrations can be arranged for at centres from which applications have been made through the secretary of the county committee for his services4 ,the instructor will visit gardens1 orchards or apiaries in the district1 and give such information on practical subjects as the circumstances of the case may suggest4 ,the county committee are alone responsible for the selection of centres for lectures and demonstrations4 ,no work of this nature should be undertaken by the instructor1 though it is desirable that he should be consulted4 #h4 ,it will be the duty of the county committee to select centres at which the lectures and demonstrations will be given1 and to appoint at each centre a local committee1 with an honorary secretary1 who should select the school and arrange for the hiring1 lighting1 and warming of the room in which the lectures will be delivered4 ,in selecting centres the county committee should have particular regard to districts in which lectures and demonstrations may not have been given in previous years4 ,it will also be the duty of the county committee to undertake the responsibility of seeing that the instructor's time is fully and usefully employed4 ,the county committee shall keep a separate account of all expenditure under this scheme1 and shall furnish detailed statements of such expenditure as may from time to time be required by the department4 #i4 ,where it is considered desirable to arrange for lectures1 the lectures should be given in schoolrooms or other suitable public rooms in the evenings1 and should be held in rural centres4 ,towns and the larger villages should be avoided1 as experience has shown that the greatest success attends those lectures which are given in the rural parts of a county4 ,the local committee at each centre should be responsible for appointing a representative chairman for each lecture as well as for the distribution of the short syllabus of the lectures which will be prepared by the lecturer as soon as he is appointed4 ,the local committee should undertake to have posters and handbills1 which will be supplied by the secretary of the county committee1 effectively displayed and distributed throughout their district4 ,copies of these posters and handbills should be forwarded to the department at least a week prior to the commencement of each course of lectures4 ,each lecture should be followed by a discussion1 during which persons interested in horticulture and bee-keeping will be invited to ask questions4 ,where a course of lectures has already been given a new syllabus should be presented4 #aj4 ,the county committee may purchase fruit1 forest and other trees1 shrubs1 or plants1 in bulk1 and resell them at cost price1 including carriage1 to farmers1 cottagers and other residents in the county4 ,as1 however1 it has come to the knowledge of the department that trees and plants infested with disease have been imported into ,ireland1 it will be necessary for county committees who intend to put this clause into operation to invite from nurserymen tenders for the supply of trees1 etc41 to be guaranteed free from disease1 and before acceptance to submit the tenders to the department for examination4 ,the department may1 if they think it advisable1 inspect the trees1 etc41 that are offered for sale1 and satisfy themselves that they are suitable and free from disease4 #aa4 ,the horticultural demonstrations should commence early in autumn and be continued throughout the whole year4 #ab4 ,in each circuit one demonstration plot may be provisionally selected for the purpose of growing fruit1 vegetables1 and flowers1 and showing improved methods of cultivation1 but no new plots shall be selected in a county if a sufficient number of suitable plots have been established in previous years4 ,before sanctioning the establishment of a new plot the department will inspect the site with a view to determining the suitability of the land1 etc4 7a7 ,in counties in which a sufficient number of suitable plots already exist the committee shall make provision for the continuance of the plots at a cost not to exceed #a #es4 per plot4 7,see ,list ,a on p4 #bgj47 ,all requisite labour must be given gratuitously by the owner of the plot1 who will be entitled to the produce4 7b7 ,in cases where it is necessary to establish new plots the department will require compliance with the following regulations3-- 7#a7 ,plots must not exceed a quarter of an acre in extent1 or be less than one-eighth of an acre 7quarter-acre plots are recommended74 7#b7 ,no new plot shall be established save at a convenient centre adjacent to a main road4 7#c7 ,plots should be selected on sites which are properly fenced4 ,should1 however1 any fencing be necessary1 the materials 7i4e41 a sufficient quantity of wire with wooden posts7 may be supplied by the committee1 provided funds have been allocated for the purpose in the county scheme2 the fencing to be put up by the owner of the plot at his own expense4 ,in no case will the department approve of expensive fencing and gates being supplied by the county committee to a plot owner4 7#d7 ,the aspect of each plot and the nature of the soil must be suitable for fruit and vegetable growing4 ,necessary improvements1 such as drainage1 must be carried out1 and when required farmyard manure must be supplied by the plot owner without expense to the committee4 7#e7 ,the owner of the plot must sign an undertaking to continue the plot for three years4 7#f7 ,the necessary labour must be given gratuitously by the persons providing the plots--the produce to be their property4 ,the cost of trees1 etc41 required for planting a new plot must not exceed #c4 7,see ,list ,b on p4 #bga47 #ac4 ,the department's approval in writing must be obtained before any expense is incurred in connection with the establishment of a plot1 and application for such approval must be accompanied in each case by a detailed report from the instructor4 #ad4 ,no action shall be taken by the county committee towards putting this scheme1 or any part thereof1 into operation until the sanction of the department has been obtained in writing4 #ae4 ,in all matters of dispute relating to this scheme the decision of the department shall be final4 ,,list ,a ,,list ,,of ,,vegetables1 ,,etc41 ,,recommended ,,for ,a ,,horticultural ,,demonstration ,,plot 7,,not ,,exceeding ,,one-,,fourth ,,acre7 ,,already ,,established ,,estimated ,,cost ,,about #a #es4 #j;d4 ,vegetables ,description4 ,quantity4 ,beans1 ,broad #a qt4 ,beans1 ,french pt4 ,beans1 ,runner pt4 ,brussels ,sprouts oz4 ,broccoli oz4 ,cabbage1 ,early #c oz4 ,cabbage1 ,savoy oz4 ,cauliflower oz4 ,carrot #b oz4 ,celery #ajj plants4 ,kale1 ,curly oz4 ,leek #a oz4 ,lettuce #a oz4 ,onion #c oz4 ,onion1 ,potato #a st4 ,parsnip #b oz4 ,parsley #a oz4 ,peas #c qts4 ,potatoes1 ,early 7to be boxed7 #d st4 ,potatoes1 ,late 7to be boxed7 #d st4 ,turnips #b oz4 ,vegetable ,marrow #a packet4 ,flowers ,candituft #a packet each4 ,canterbury ,bells #a ,larkspur #a ,lupin #a ,mignonette #a ,nasturtium #a ,sunflower #a ,wallflower #a ,sweet ,pea #a pt4 ,artificial ,manures ,muriate of ,potash #c stone4 ,nitrate of ,soda #c ,superphosphate #d ,,list ,b ,,list ,,of ,,fruit ,,trees1 ,,plants ,,and ,,seeds1 ,,etc41 ,,recommended ,,for ,a ,,new ,,horticultural ,,demonstration ,,plot ,,of ,,one-,,fourth ,,acre ,,in ,,extent ,,estimated ,,cost ,,about #c ,fruit ,description4 ,quantity4 ,apples1 ,bush on ,paradise ,stock #f trees4 ,pears1 ,bush on ,quince ,stock #b ,plums1 ,bush #b ,currants1 ,red #c bushes4 ,currants1 ,white #c ,currants1 ,black #f ,gooseberries #ab ,raspberries #bd canes4 ,strawberries #ajj plants4 ,vegetables ,beans1 ,broad #a qt4 ,beans1 ,french pt4 ,beans1 ,runner pt4 ,brussels ,sprouts oz4 ,broccoli oz4 ,cabbage1 ,early #c oz4 ,cabbage1 ,savoy oz4 ,cauliflower oz4 ,carrot #b oz4 ,celery #ajj plants4 ,kale1 ,curly oz4 ,leek #a oz4 ,lettuce #a oz4 ,mint #c plants4 ,marjoram #c ,onion 7,autumn-sown7 #ajj ,onion #c oz4 ,onion1 ,potato #a stone4 ,parsnip #b oz4 ,parsley #a oz4 ,peas #c qts4 ,potatoes1 ,early 7to be boxed7 #d st4 ,potatoes1 ,late 7to be boxed7 #d st4 ,rhubarb #f plants4 ,sage #c ,thyme #c ,turnips #b oz4 ,vegetable ,marrow #a packet4 ,flowers ,candituft #a packet4 ,canterbury ,bells #a ,dahlias #b plants4 ,larkspur #a packet4 ,lupin #a ,mignonette #a ,nasturtium #a ,roses #d plants4 ,sunflower #a packet4 ,wallflower #a ,sweet ,pea #a pint4 ,artificial ,manures ,muriate of ,potash #c st4 ,nitrate of ,soda #c st4 ,superphosphate #d st4 ,,appendix ,,useful ,,information ,,for ,,lady ,,gardeners ,,hints ,,for ,,laying ,,out ,,flower ,,beds ,a ,lady ,gardener may have to arrange new ornamental flower beds1 and a few hints about pegging out the shape may be useful4 ,it does not always follow that a design for a formal flower plot works out as well in reality as it does upon paper4 ,in order to gain a good impression of what their effect will be when finished they should be marked out with pegs and white tape or string tied round these to show the outline of the future beds4 ,that is1 if ground that has already been broken up is being dealt with4 ,should1 however1 a wide stretch of lawn have to be marked out in flower beds1 a capital plan is to draw the outline of them with a whitewash brush upon the grass1 in the same way that a lawn tennis court is marked4 ,having ascertained that no improvement or alteration will be necessary1 work can then be commenced with the turf cutter4 ,it is convenient1 for drawing circular or other beds1 to have a garden compass4 ,should this not be handy1 a couple of stout iron pins and a length of rope will answer the purpose4 ,the compass consists of a stout iron pin and a light1 flat rod of wood six to ten feet long1 with holes drilled the whole length1 one inch apart4 ,one end of the rod has a perfectly round ring1 which will turn easily on the pin4 ,a second pin or rod about three feet long is needed as a marker4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a ,in making a circular bed 7,fig4 #a71 the centre is first determined on1 and the stout pin is driven in through the ring4 ,the marking pin is then placed in the hole corresponding to the required radius4 ,with it the circle is drawn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c ,when using a cord1 instead of the wooden marking pin1 it must be stretched tight on the centre pin1 and the radius measured along it from the pin4 ,the marker is then passed through the rope and bound in place with a piece of twine or soft wire4 ,care should be taken1 when marking1 that the rope rests either on the ground or parallel to it4 ,a circular bed is the easiest of all to set out1 but it is the foundation of several others4 ,the easiest are polygons of four1 six1 and eight sides4 ,to lay out a four-sided polygon 7,fig4 #b71 equal a square3 ,lay off the diagonal ,a ,b4 ,lay off ,c ,d at right angles to ,a ,b1 and join ,a ,d1 ,d ,b1 ,b ,c1 ,c ,a4 ,to lay out a six-sided bed 7,fig4 #c71 equal a hexagon3 ,from the centre ,c draw a circle with radius ,c #a4 ,then from #a with the same radius cut the circle at #b1 from #b cut it at #c1 and so on4 ,then join #a #b1 #b #c1 #c #d1 etc4 ,to lay out an eight-sided bed1 equal an octagon 7,fig4 #d73 ,draw a circle1 lay off the diameters ,a ,b1 ,c ,d at right angles to each other4 ,next bisect the four right angles at ,e ,f ,g ,h1 and join ,a ,e1 ,e ,c1 ,c ,g1 ,g ,b1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f ,these three are the most usual figures1 but it is easy to draw any number of sides to your polygon you may require4 ,first draw a circle1 and lay off any diameter ,a ,b4 ,divide ,a ,b into as many equal parts as you want sides 7in ,fig4 #e it is five1 as that is the most usual number required1 but it may be seven or nine or any other number74 ,from ,a and ,b with radius ,a ,b describe the arcs cutting each other at ,c4 ,from ,c draw a line to figure #b on the diagonal and produce it till it cuts the circle at ,d4 ,then from ,d with radius ,a ,d cut the circle at #b1 from #b cut it at #c1 and so on1 and join #a #b1 #b #c1 #c #d1 #d #e4 ,with a circle1 too1 it is easy to lay out a star bed with four1 six1 or eight points 7,fig4 #f71 or a half moon4 ,rectangular beds are also most easily set out by means of a circle4 ,in a diamond the line should bisect the diagonal4 ,the only other shape in general use is an oval1 and this is not built up on the circle4 ,first determine the length and breadth ,a ,b1 ,c ,d 7,fig4 #g74 ,bisect ,a ,b and make ,c ,d perpendicular to it at the point of bisection ,o4 ,from ,c with radius ,o ,a1 cut ,a ,b in ,e ,f4 ,these points are the form of the oval4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g ,drive a stake in at ,e ,f and ,c1 and put a cord round the three stakes4 ,tie the ends together1 and take out the stake at ,c1 and keeping the loop of cord taut1 draw ,c ,b ,d ,a1 which will be a perfect oval4 ,the shape of the flower beds having been decided and cut out1 attention will not only have to be given to drainage1 soil1 and manure1 but the proper shape and building up of soil will have to be considered before planting takes place4 ,this is a matter rather insufficiently studied4 ,it varies according to the surrounding position1 arrangement of the garden and soil4 ,in some herbaceous borders where height at the back of the border is an advantage1 it is well to build the soil up so3-- ,illustration ,by this means tall flowers like hollyhocks1 sunflowers1 etc41 have additional height given to them4 ,in formal beds1 circular ones or others1 the building up of the soil takes place from the sides to the centre--so3-- ,illustration ,in other long1 narrow beds the appearance is so3-- ,illustration ,i have to thank ,miss ,j4 ,s4 ,turner for many of the above notes4 ,,how ,,to ,,mark ,,out ,a ,,lawn ,,tennis ,,court ,the following are the laws laid down by the ,lawn ,tennis ,association for the year #aijg4 ,illustration3 ,,single-,,handed ,,court ,illustration3 ,,full ,,court ,for the single-handed game1 the court is #bg feet in width1 and #gh feet in length4 ,it is divided across the middle by a net1 the ends of which are attached to the tops of two posts1 which stand #c feet outside the court on each side4 ,the height of the net is #c feet #f inches at the posts1 and #c feet in the centre4 ,at each end of the court1 parallel with the net1 and at a distance of #ci feet from it1 are drawn the ,base ,lines1 the extremities of which are connected by the ,side ,lines4 ,half-way between the ,side ,lines1 and parallel with them1 is drawn the ,half-,court ,line1 dividing the space on each side of the net into two equal parts1 called the ,right and ,left ,courts4 ,on each side of the net1 at a distance of #ba feet from it1 and parallel with it1 are drawn the ,service ,lines4 ,the marking of the part of the ,half-,court ,line1 between the ,service ,lines and the ,base ,line1 may be omitted1 with the exception of a small portion at the centre of each ,base ,line1 as indicated in the plans4 ,the plan here given is not the most generally used1 but it may be the best adapted to the ground or to the requirements of the owner of the garden4 ,for the three-handed and four handed games1 the court is #cf feet in width4 ,within the ,side-,lines1 at a distance of #d feet from them1 and parallel with them1 are drawn the ,service ,side ,lines4 ,in other respects1 the court is similar to that which is described for a single-handed game 7,fig4 #a74 ,fig4 #b is the plan most generally used in private grounds2 it is usual to continue the 8,service ,side ,lines0 as far as the ,base-,lines1 as shown in the dotted line ,b in the plan4 ,keep the net loose from the posts when the ground is not used4 ,for instructions as to the rolling1 mowing1 and general treatment of lawns1 croquet and tennis courts1 read ,sutton's 8,management of ,lawns40 ,the following is the best way of making a mixture for marking boundary lines upon grass courts4 ,dissolve ordinary lump whitening in water1 and use it when it is about the consistency of cream4 ,a tumbler of milk or a small quantity of builders' size1 mixed with it1 will preserve the lines from being washed out and destroyed by rain4 ,the mixture is made in a pail or watering pot1 and the tank of the marking machine is filled from it4 ,after using the washer1 the whitening should be emptied1 and the tank washed1 for if allowed to remain1 it hardens and has to be broken up4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,croquet ,,lawn ,,how ,,to ,,lay ,,out ,a ,,croquet ,,ground ,the following regulations are those laid down in #aijg1 and are authorised by the ,croquet ,association4 ,the ground shall be rectangular1 #ce yards in length by #bh yards in width1 with a defined boundary4 ,a flag shall be placed at each corner1 and corner spots1 #c feet from both boundaries1 shall be accurately defined4 ,points on the boundary1 #c feet from each corner flag1 shall be marked by white pegs1 not exceeding inch in diameter1 and #c inches above the ground4 ,the above is for a full-sized ground1 but for smaller ones any multiple of #e #d is correct4 ,the hoops shall be of round iron1 not less than inch1 and not more than inch in diameter1 and shall stand #ab inches out of the ground1 and be firmly fixed4 ,the crown shall be straight1 and at right angles to the uprights1 which shall be not less than #c inches1 or more than #d inches apart 7inside measurement7 from the ground upwards4 ,the turning and the winning pegs shall be of wood1 a uniform diameter above the ground of #a inches4 ,they shall stand #ah inches above the ground4 ,the setting of the hoops and pegs shall be in accordance with the diagram given4 ,permission for publishing this has kindly been given by ,messrs4 ,john ,jaques ,son1 #ajb1 ,hatton ,garden1 ,london4 ,measurements3--,pegs in centre line of ground1 #g yards from the nearest boundary2 hoops up centre line of ground1 #g yards from peg and #g yards apart2 corner hoops1 #g yards from centre line and #g yards from the nearest boundaries4 ,it is important in lifting the hoops for rolling and mowing1 to fill up the holes with a mixture of fine dry earth and sand before replacing the hoops4 ,by this means they are kept rigid and upright4 ,when the croquet season is over the hoops are put away and painted during the winter4 ,the best way to do this is to rub the hoops down well with fine sandpaper1 and repaint them with good oil colour4 ,use it thin1 and put on two or three coats4 ,it is preferable to one thick coat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following notes may be useful to ladies who are seeking posts3-- ,,the ,,central ,,bureau ,,for ,,the ,,employment ,,of ,,women1 #i1 ,,southampton ,,street1 ,,high ,,holborn1 ,w4,c4 7#bnd ,floor7 ,two minutes from ,british ,museum1 ,central ,london ,railway2 two minutes from ,piccadilly and ,brompton ,railway1 ,holborn ,station4 ,telegrams3 8,einheit40 ,telephone3 #dheh ,central4 ,chairman3 ,,the ,,marchioness ,,of ,,salisbury ,vice-,chairman3 ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,haitland ,hon4 ,treasurer3 ,h4 ,,john ,,falk1 ,,esq4 ,secretary3 ,,miss ,m4 ,g4 ,,spencer ,,objects ,,of ,,the ,,central ,,bureau #a4 ,to prevent unemployment1 and the evils resulting therefrom4 #b4 ,to help women1 especially those of good education1 to help themselves1 by guiding them into suitable permanent work4 #c4 ,to promote the training of the unprepared1 and thus raise the general standard of efficiency4 #d4 ,to maintain records of women desiring employment1 and of employers having vacancies4 #e4 ,to collect and circulate information as to various occupations4 #f4 ,to study and record the fluctuations of demand and supply in various occupations4 #g4 ,to publish advertisement lists1 newspapers1 and other printed matter1 by which the purposes of the society may be advanced4 #h4 ,to promote and co-operate with other bureaus and societies having objects wholly or partly similar4 ,nature of the ,work4--,the work of the ,central ,bureau consists largely in counteracting those evils of social prejudice and defective training which have hitherto prevented many women of the educated class from being able to earn their own livelihood4 ,it therefore includes not only what is ordinarily understood to be the work of an employment registry1 but also the more laborious and less immediately remunerative business of investigating possible openings for employment1 promoting sound schemes for apprenticeship and training1 and so advising and helping women as to enable them to make their services of genuine value to the community4 ,did space permit1 it would be possible to give a long list of those women who have been enabled1 through guidance received at the bureau1 to fill satisfactorily positions of considerable responsibility and importance4 ,by a carefully considered system of indexing and tabulation1 the ,central ,bureau is able to make the results of its work available for the purposes of the statistician and the economic inquirer4 ,the advantages of this system have been recognised by the committees of other women's employment bureaus1 which have now1 with few exceptions1 adopted the same method of tabulation4 ,but while endeavouring to introduce improvements in method1 the council of the ,central ,bureau are far from losing sight of the individual needs of each employer and applicant for work1 realising that upon the full comprehension of individual circumstances the success of the work depends4 ,,registry ,,fees ,,for ,,applicants 7,those for employers seem unnecessary for our purpose here7 ,registration1 covering a period of three months1 #as4 #f;d2 ,suiting fees1 permanent posts on salaries not exceeding #ajs4 per week1 non-resident1 #bs4 #f;d42 resident1 #es42 not exceeding #aes4 per week1 non-resident1 #cs4 #i;d42 resident1 #gs4 #f;d43 not exceeding #bjs4 per week1 non-resident1 #es42 resident1 #ajs43 not exceeding #cjs4 per week1 non-resident1 #gs4 #f;d42 resident1 #aes42 not exceeding #djs4 per week1 non-resident1 #ajs42 resident1 #bjs4--being half per cent4 on first year's salary1 non-resident2 and one per cent4 on first year's salary1 resident4 ,temporary posts not exceeding three months1 one per cent4 on salary for the term1 but not less than #bs4 #f;d4 ,temporary post not exceeding one week1 #as4 #f;d4 ,suiting fees in every case are payable on engagement4 ,hours of interviews1 #aa4cj to #a1 and #b4cj to #d4cj1 excepting ,monday mornings and ,saturdays4 ,in order to save time1 callers are asked to write for appointments4 ,fees for consultation1 #f;d4 and #as4 ,publications4--,the ,central ,bureau publishes ,women's ,employment 7price #a;d41 post free1 #a;d474 ,the issue of this publication1 which appears on the first ,friday in the month1 contains articles on employment subjects1 written by experts1 together with advertisements1 and information as to training4 ,intermediate lists of vacant situations and workers disengaged are published fortnightly at the same price4 ,women's ,employment 7including the intermediate ,lists7 may also be obtained from the ,secretary of the ,central ,bureau on payment of #cs4 per annum4 ,the ,central ,bureau has also published a pamphlet entitled the ,finger ,post 7price #as4 #f;d471 containing #gj articles1 written by experts1 on professions for educated women4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,women',s ,,institute1 #ib1 ,,victoria ,,street1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,here1 information is given of every kind upon social subjects1 training for professions1 board1 education1 etc4 ,a member is entitled to have six questions a year answered free2 non-members pay a small fee4 ,recreations of various sorts are also given1 and three programmes are issued yearly of lectures1 conferences1 debates1 social and musical afternoons and evenings4 ,the library is well provided with books on subjects of interest to women1 and on sociology4 ,the institute was founded in #ahig1 in the hope1 which has already been fulfilled1 that it might be able to provide something of the nature of a central office or 8clearing house0 of the various departments of woman's work which are now scattered over the whole field of ,english social life4 ,it is no part of the aim of the institute itself to take up any department of work in competition with existing societies1 much less to interfere in any way with their management4 ,its object is rather to make the work of existing societies better known1 through its ,information ,bureau1 through the circulation of literature1 through meetings and conferences held within its walls1 and lastly1 by bringing the workers in one department into touch with those in another1 by means of frequent social gatherings4 ,,what ,,the ,,institute ,,offers ,,to ,,individual ,,members ,the social side of the institute has been organised with the double object3-- #a4 ,of bringing workers into friendly communication4 #b4 ,of offering to isolated workers some of the recreation to which all workers are entitled4 ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,features ,,are3-- #a4 ,a weekly 8,at ,home0 held by the executive committee4 #b4 ,lectures and debates4 #c4 ,a musical society4 #d4 ,an art society4 #e4 ,a recreation department4 #f4 ,a circulating library of special books4 #g4 ,a voluntary workers' association for philanthropic work4 ,it is not desired that women should join the institute in the expectation that it should be a direct means of enabling them to obtain work1 but a register is kept of members' requirements1 and the institute co-operates with the ,central ,bureau for the ,employment of ,women in the interests of its own members4 ,,conditions ,,of ,,membership ,men1 as well as women1 are eligible for membership4 ,agreement to abide by and be subject to the rules and bye-laws of the institute for the time being in force4 ,terms for general members 7men and women73 ,annual subscription1 #a #as4 ,terms for ,american1 ,colonial and ,foreign members 7men and women73 ,annual subscription1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,office hours3 #aj to #f1 except ,saturdays1 when the institute is open #aj to #a4 ,the institute is closed on ,bank ,holidays and for one month at the end of summer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,those who are strangers in ,london and are doubtful where to stay while they are seeking for posts may be glad to know of the following3 ,,brabazon ,,house1 ,,ltd4 ,hopkinson ,house1 #hh1 ,vauxhall ,bridge ,road1 ,s4,w4 ,brabazon ,house1 ,moreton ,street1 ,s4,w4 ,single rooms1 with use of sitting-rooms1 piano1 and papers1 #gs4 #f;d4 to #ahs4 #f;d4 a week2 double rooms1 #abs4 to #ahs4 #f;d4 a week2 cubicles1 #es41 #es4 #f;d41 #fs41 #fs4 #f;d41 and #gs4 ,ladies are expected to provide their own soap1 towels1 toilet covers1 and serviettes4 ,each lady is required to give two references4 ,by the night3 room1 #bs4 to #cs42 cubicle1 #as4 #f;d4 ,by the meal3 breakfast1 #f;d42 lunch1 #i;d42 tea1 #d;d42 dinner1 #as4 ,hours of meals3 breakfast1 #g4de to #h4de a4m42 lunch1 #a p4m42 tea1 #d4cj p4m42 dinner1 #g4cj p4m4 ,sundays3 breakfast1 #h4de to #i4cj a4m42 dinner1 #a4cj p4m42 tea1 #e p4m42 supper1 #h4de p4m4 ,tariff3 breakfast and late dinner with full meals on ,sundays1 #hs4 #f;d4 per week2 lunch and afternoon tea provided if required2 full board 7by the week71 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a reduction will be made to those unable to be present at all the dinners4 ,managing ,director and ,secretary3 ,,miss ,,lindsey4 ,,printed ,,by ,,cassell ,,and ,,company1 ,,limited1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,obvious printers'1 punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently4 #b4 ,where hyphenation is in doubt1 it has been retained as in the original4 #c4 ,superscripts are represented using the caret character1 e4g4 ,dr4 or ,xxx4 #d4 ,italics are shown as xxx4