,transcriber ,note ,text emphasis denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,illustration ,,neighbour',s ,,improved ,,bee-,,hives ,,for ,,taking ,,honey ,,without ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,bees4 ,illustration ,,drawings ,,and ,,detailed ,,lists ,,forwarded ,,on ,,receipt ,,of ,,postage ,,stamps #a4 ,,nutt',s ,,collateral ,,box ,,hive4 ,consists of three collateral boxes1 and octagon top box to cover the bell glass1--swarming is prevented4 ,price1 #f4 #aes4 ,stand for ditto1 #afs4 #b4 ,,neighbor',s ,,improved ,,single ,,box ,,hive4 ,working one large flat glass above1 is fitted with a ,thermometer1 c4 ,price1 complete1 #c4 #cs4 ,stand for ditto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 #c4 ,,taylor',s ,,shallow ,,box ,,or ,,eight ,,bar ,,hive4 ,consists of three boxes to of them fitted with moveable bars for the more convenient deprivation of the honey protected from the weather by a cover of wood4 ,price1 #c4 #ajs4 ,stand for ditto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 #d4 ,,taylor',s ,,amateur ,,bar ,,hive4 ,with three boxes1 furnished with seven moveable bars in each box2 this ,beehive has no additional cover1 but is made of stouter wood4--,vide page #ee1 ,taylor's ,bee ,keeper's ,manual4 ,price1 #c4 #es4 ,stand for ditto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 #e4 ,,neighbour',s ,,improved ,,cottage ,,hive4 ,working three bell glasses1 is neatly and strongly made of straw1 it has three windows in the lower ,hive1 with a thermometer affixed to the center one4 ,this ,hive will be found to possess more practical advantages and is more easy of management than any other ,beehive that has been introduced4 ,price1 complete1 #a4 #aes4 ,stand for ditto1 #ajs1 #f;d4 7,continued on page #c of ,wrapper7 ,,the ,,italian ,,alp-,,bee ,,or ,,the ,,gold ,,mine ,,of ,,husbandry3 ,,short ,,and ,,practical ,,instructions ,,to ,,breed ,,genuine ,,prolific ,,italian ,,queens2 ,,to ,,multiply ,,them ,,by ,,hundreds ,,in ,a ,,few ,,months ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,change ,,german ,,hives ,,into ,,italian ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,hermann1 ,,tamins1 ,,canton ,,graubunden1 ,,switzerland ,the ,right of ,translation into other ,languages is ,reserved4 ,,london3 ,,published ,,by ,,geo4 ,,neighbour ,,and ,,sons1 #adi1 ,,regent ,,street1 and #abg1 ,,high ,,holborn4 #ahfj4 ,in sending this little ,treatise to the ,press it has been thought desirable to present it to the ,public as a literal translation from the pen of ,m4 ,hermann1 rather than a more highly finished production in the ,english1 language4 ,we take the present opportunity of mentioning1 that the first introduction of the ,ligurian ,bee into ,england was through our agency4 ,a letter to us from ,m4 ,hermann1 dated #eth ,july1 #ahei1 7an extract from which appeared in the ,cottage ,gardener of that month7 has given rise to the interesting discussion in that periodical4 ,g4 ,n4 ,,sons4 ,,preface4 ,transcriber ,note3 the original owner of the book1 ,francis ,darwin1 decided to paste a very large bookplate covering the first three paragraphs of the ,preface4 ,a thorough search of the ,internet did not reveal any other copy of this volume4 ,as that kind of bee inhabits1 at present1 but a small strip of country1 they are very rare1 and a bee-cultivator who is in possession of such a hive can turn it into a real gold mine4 ,the interest in the ,yellow ,alp-bee is on the increase1 for it has not the less value for science generally1 because by breeding such bees one obtains an insight into their manners of life1 and many things are made clear and brought to light of which it has not been possible to obtain a knowledge before4 ,only by breeding bees of this kind one can become a bee cultivator in the full sense of the word4 ,to assist the breeder to change his own black or common bees into ,italian bees in the shortest and safest way1 and to keep the race pure1 for the purpose of a lucrative income1 is the object of this little work1 and ,i shall be glad if the contents prove a source of profit to very many friends of the bee4 ,,the ,,author4 ,illustration ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,italian ,,yellow ,,alp-,,bee4 7,apis helvetica47 ,when the ,lord created the world he placed the plants in their proper situations1 and creatures to those plants1 which were to serve as their food4 ,but man has in course of time transplanted plants and animals1 so1 that often the original country can no more be recognised4 ,in the valleys and plains man could first commence his devastations1 but the heights1 and not easy accessible mountains resisted human cultivation longer2 and it is there where we find nature in her original majesty4 ,often plants and animals will cease to thrive in a country1 because they are no more in their place assigned to them by the ,creator4 ,it is different in the steep mountains1 where nature is not accessible to cultivation2 there we find everywhere the same plants in a certain region1 as1 larches1 pines1 ,alpine-roses1 gentian2 also animals1 as1 chamois1 wild goats1 white hares1 who do not thrive well in the plains4 ,here then1 in the mountains1 must we look for the origin of animals4 ,for1 at the time of the great deluge1 all animals in the plains were1 certainly1 the first to perish1 and those in the mountains were1 in all probability1 left for posterity4 ,the yellow ,italian ,alp-bee is a mountain insect2 it is found between two mountain chains to the right and left of ,lombardy and ,rhatian ,alps1 and comprises the whole territory of ,tessir1 ,veltlin1 and ,south-,graubunden4 ,it thrives up to the height of #d1ejj feet above the level of the sea1 and appeal's to prefer the northern clime to the warmer1 for in the south of ,italy it is not found4 ,from the mountain those bees later emigrated into the plains1 but they do not thrive so well there4 ,some learned men have called them ligurian bees1 but that name has neither historical nor geographical claim1 and not one bee-cultivator of the whole district of the ,italian ,alp-bee knows what kind of insects ligurian bees are4 ,the ,alps are their native country1 therefore they are called ,yellow ,alp-bee#a or tame house bees1 in antithesis to the black ,european bees1 whom we might call common forest bees1 and who1 on the slightest touch1 fly like lightning into your face4 ,footnote #a3 ,it is not at all an indifferent matter by what name anything is called4 ,many bee-cultivators in ,german-,switzerland deceived by the name of ,ligurian bees1 and in expectation to receive a foreign race1 have purchased such bees at high prices from ,germany2 that they will not do again1 as the natural name1 ,alp-bee will immediately show where that bee is at home3 that is in ,switzerland4 ,as all good and noble things in the world are more scarce than common ones1 so there are more common black bees than of the noble yellow race1 which latter inhabit only a very small piece of country1 while the black ones are at home everywhere in ,europe1 and even in ,america4 ,the ,italian yellow bee differs from the common black bee in its longer1 slender form1 and light chrome yellow colour1 with light brimstone coloured wings1 and two orange-red girths1 each one-sixth of an inch wide4 ,working bees as well as drones have this mark4 ,the drones are further distinguished by the girths being scolloped1 like the spotted water-serpent1 and obtain an astonishing size2 almost half as corpulent again as the black drones4 ,the queen has the same marks as the working bees1 but much more conspicuous and lighter2 she is much larger than the black queen1 and easy to be singled out of the swarm1 on account of her remarkable bodily size and light colour4 ,these bees are almost transparent when the sun shines on them4 ,this race has nothing in common with the black bees2 this can be instantly seen by their ways and manner of building4 ,the cells of the ,italian bees are considerably deeper and broader than those of the black bees4 ,fifteen cells of the ,italians are as broad as sixteen cells of the black kind4 ,it must be very interesting to measure them geometrically4 ,they are extremely tender1 amiable little creatures1 and a bee-protector is not necessary with them1 as1 unprovoked1 they never sting1 least of all their own master4 ,it is a specific ,swiss bee2 the ,alps are their home1 and there they thrive beautifully2 the higher the better4 ,the exhalation of an ,italian bee-hive is pungent1 and easy to be distinguished from a ,german hive4 ,the ,italian bees have decidedly the preference4 ,if a piece of honey is anywhere about1 the ,italians are sure to be the first to find it out4 ,long before the black bees fly out1 the ,italians come1 and are industrious until late in autumn1 when the black bees have long since ceased to work4 ,everywhere they scent the honey first1 and are therefore the first to discover a weak neighbouring hive and to rob them of their stores4 ,it is seldom known that an ,italian hive will harbour ,german bees1 for the ,italians resist an attack much more courageously1 and know how to keep their house clear4 ,on the other hand1 after a few weeks1 ,italian bees will be observed to march in and out of ,german hives1 just as if they were quite at home2 such is the case if there is only one ,italian hive on the stand4 ,the cause is easily explained4 ,the ,italians belong to the long-fingered craft1 and creep into other hives1 probably to look after the stores2 then they begin to like the place1 and they stop1 joining the black people4 ,in ,germany the commencement has been made some years since to keep those bees1 but they were only obtained in a bastard condition2 many stories go the round about our dear creatures1 and virtues and vices are attributed to them which they do not possess4 ,some insist that they are larger1 others1 that they are smaller1 and others again1 that they are as large as the common black bees4 ,some say that they do not agree with other bees on the same stand2 and some are of the obstinate opinion that the ,italian bee is not pure1 and has a small portion of ,german blood1 and that it is only by their 7the ,german bee-masters7 pains1 and careful crossing with their black bee1 that a pure race can be produced4 ,it is often comical how some even make a distinction of degrees of preference1 of more or less purity of race4 ,once a friend of bees wrote to me3--,an ,italian queen that we call fine and pure has on the abdomen only a very1 very little point1 c4 ,these good people bother themselves about half or whole1 and three quarters or full blood1 and many other subtilities1 without arriving at the idea that there is no medium pure and impure4 ,what is not a pure ,italian is not ,italian at all4 ,if she is ,italian she can only produce ,italians2 but a bastard never2 just as a bastard can never produce an ,italian4 ,that which is not genuine1 is1 and remains1 spurious4 ,once1 by the pairing of the ,italian bee1 brought out of course1 there is no other guide but that of the yellow colouring4 ,all that have not on the after part a black point and a yellow abdomen1 we kill at once as being spurious1 is an expression of another bee-cultivator4 ,such an incarnate1 ,north-,german1 ,stock-,italian could not be convinced that there1 where the home of the ,italian bee is1 by far the greater number of queens are dark1 almost chesnut-brown1 and1 for all that1 there is no difference in the colour of the working bees1 whether they be produced by a light or a dark-coloured queen4 ,all ,italian ,alp-bees have the same distinctive mark1 that is1 the two orange-red girths1 no matter whether dark or light1 and a dark queen will just as well produce light ones1 as a light one produces dark queens1 and the colour has therefore not the least influence on the race1 but solely the marks of distinction4 ,the ,marquis of ,spinola has called this bee the ,apis ligustica1 but on the same ground the ,bavarians may call their bee ,apis bavaria1 or the ,berlinians theirs1 the ,apis borussia1 c4 ,the circumstance that these yellow bees are only to be found in the most perfect condition on the borders of ,graubunden1 in the ,veltlin and ,tessin1 and that1 the farther one goes from the ,alps1 the less handsome they are found2 as for example in ,nice2 until they are entirely lost in lower ,italy in the black species4 ,this circumstance speaks for itself1 that the yellow ,alp-bees have been1 through the glaciers1#b unsurmountably separated from the black bees on this side of the ,alps1 and could preserve their race in original purity1 while they might and could mix more1 by latter gradual spreading1 in lower ,italy1 ,venice1 ,genoa and ,nice with other kinds4 ,we must therefore look for the original in ,switzerland1 and can call them with as much right ,apis helvetica as the ,genoese calls them ,apis ligustica4 ,footnote #b3 ,the assertions of many ,german bee-cultivators that the ,italian bee has ,german blood1 as not even the ,alps1 like a ,chinese wall1 would prevent them from mixing with ,german bees1 may sound very well and comprehensible on paper1 but the matter would be quite changed if such a biographer would take the trouble to make1 on the spot1 inquiries which would present a scientific basis-4 ,the last ,german place from the ,julier-pass is called ,stalla1 between which place and ,poschiavo 7a distance of fifty miles7 there are no bees4 ,in ,may1 and sometimes to the end of the month1 the road leads from ,stalla by the ,julier-pass 7nine miles71 often through snow1 then ,oberengadien is passed 7where not a single bee exists71 and then through the ,bernina-pass which demands a march1 in the snow1 of about fifteen miles1 and passes are the lowest points for passage4 ,now1 ,i should like to see that swarm of bees that could take its wedding-flight from ,stalla to ,poschiavo over two mountains covered with snow 7for the snow does not melt in ,june1 and even in ,july and ,august the temperature is so low that every bee would perish7 for the purpose of mating with the nearest borderers in ,poschiavo4 ,the same may be said of the entire chain of passes1 on the ,bernhardin1 ,gotthard1 ,splugen1 ,lukmanier1 nowhere for thirty miles round is a bee to be found1 for they cannot exists where1 through the neighbourhood of the glaciers1 the air is so cooled down4 ,there is an end to the insect-world1 and we may be sure that it has not entered into the mind of an ,italian to import a hive from ,german-,switzerland1 by which ,german blood may have been brought into ,italy4 ,if the latter name were correct1 they must have spread from ,genoa1 the former ligurian shore1 into ,upper ,italy1 and by gradual removal from their ,genoese home1 they could not gain in beauty of race1 but must have degenerated in proportion the farther they went from their native country1 c4 ,but this is not so4 ,their seat is the extreme north of ,italy2 that is1 the ,italian ,switzerland1 there they have preserved their purity4 ,the proofs of an argument must not be fetched from the moon4 ,a nationality is never found on the borders1 but in the centre of a country4 ,only a short time ago it was asserted in the ,bee ,gazette of ,eichstedt1 that their cell construction is not larger than that of the black bee2 but that is another erroneous assertion which only proves that the author of such a natural history either never handled a pure ,italian bee2 or1 like a great many more ink-wasters1 hatched something in the study which is nowhere to be found in nature4 ,it does not require the use of spectacles to find a difference4 ,the cubic contents of an ,italian bee-cell is larger by thirty per cent1 and the width is one-fifteenth more than that of the ,german cell4 ,if1 therefore1 ,italian bees are bred through several generations in ,german cells1 the bees must ultimately degenerate and become smaller4 ,now as it has pleased some naturalists to name them ,apis ligustica1 ,i cannot conceive why we should not rebaptise them1 as soon as we have arrived at the conviction that our researches have been more in accordance with nature4 ,therefore courage1 and in future4 ,yellow ,alp-bee1 or1 if necessary1 that it should be latin1 ,apis helvetia1 or helvetica 7we are not good latin scholars74 #a4 ,,nature ,,of ,,bees4 ,a healthy hive contains in summer three kinds of bees #a4 ,the queen or mother-bee4 #b4 ,the drones or males4 #c4 ,the working-bees1 or imperfect females4 #b4 ,,the ,,queen4 ,in a hive there is in general only one queen who lays during the time of her highest prolificness in summer daily from #ajjj to #cjjj eggs1 and these in the best order2 one egg in a cell4 ,more than one queen the bees do not suffer4 ,should there be more1 they fly away as swarms1 or are killed by the bees4 ,the queen lays male and female eggs4 ,the male-eggs she lays in the drone cells1 and the female-eggs in the small cells of the working-bees4 ,the queen requires1 reckoning from the egg to her creeping out ten to seventeen days1 according to the weather4 #c4 ,,the ,,working-,,bees4 ,the working-bees originate out of the female-eggs4 ,there are in a hive from #fjjj to #gj1jjj4 ,they require from the egg to maturity eighteen to twenty-one days1 they then remain in the hive for ten or fourteen days before they fly out4 ,the bees are able to bring up a queen out of every working-bee's eggs1 and also from the grub if it is not above three days old4 ,in that case they elongate and increase the width of the cell in the shape of an acorn1 and give more feeding-mucilage than they are in the habit of giving to the working-bee4 ,to insure success in the cultivation it requires dexterity1 and study of the nature of bees4 ,the queen requires from the egg ten to seventeen days to her full development1 when she will fly out about from one to three days1 after her creeping out of the egg1 to be impregnated1 and then after the lapse of six or ten days more1 she commences to lay eggs4 ,then she will not fly out again unless with a swarm4 ,the bees always prepare several queen-cells at one time1 which1 however1 do not mature at the same moment4 ,the queen is only once impregnated during the whole course of her life which lasts from about three to five years4 #d4 ,,the ,,drones ,these are males4 ,there are about #b1jjj in a hive1 and then only in summer1 for1 as soon as the swarming and honey-carrying-time is over1 they are turned out as useless eaters4 ,they serve only to impregnate the queen4 ,the drones require from the egg to maturity1 twenty-one to twenty-four days4 #e4 ,,the ,,working-,,bees4 ,the working-bees mate probably with the drones1 and are1 therefore1 capable of laying eggs1 but which produce only drones2 and1 generally1 a hive in which the working-bees commence laying eggs1 is going to destruction4 ,it can soon be observed1 as they lay often two1 three1 to twenty eggs1 without order1 in one cell4 ,in such a hive there is no longer a queen1 and it is best to separate it at once or to unite it with a healthy hive1 for such demoralised people generally kill a newly added queen4 ,those1 who dispute the mating of the working-bees with the drones are in error4 ,only place young bees without a queen in a place distant from any drones1 and no eggs are ever discovered2 but1 as soon as they are brought in the neighbourhood of drones1 and they have no queens1 they lay drone-egg4 #f4 ,,breeding ,,of ,,the ,,queen4 ,for that purpose choose the largest hive1 for it is an old saying1 that a large cow will produce a large calf4--,from so fine a hive you certainly have fine young ones4 ,as it is known that out of every working-bee-egg the bees can breed a queen1 and that they often prepare as many as from six to thirty at the same time1 advantage must be taken of that fact4 ,but do not begin with the breeding of queens until the bees are sufficiently strong1 and have commenced the breeding of drones4 ,this must be particularly attended to if you want to breed afterwards pure ,italians1 for to insure their mating only with ,italian drones they must first exist1 and that in strong numbers4 #g4 ,,how ,,to ,,breed ,,italian ,,queens ,,when ,,in ,,possession ,,of ,,one ,,or ,,two ,,whole ,,italian ,,hives4 ,when you have one or two ,italian hives1 you must endeavor to put them into hives with moveable parts1 if they are not already in one4 ,then care must be taken1 that by continual feeding with good honey1 and filling up of the hive with sufficient combs1 they increase their strength and prepare a good many drones4 ,the trouble is much less if the ,italian bees are on a stand by themselves1 about #ejj or #ajjj yards from the others1 the farther the better4 ,it will be well to be cautious1 to leave one hive undivided and untouched that they continue to breed many drones1 for the divided hive will not produce any more drones in the same year1 therefore one hive must be kept strong and untouched1 so that you do not run short in drone-breeding4 ,when there are sufficient drones or drone-brood on hand1 take from a hive the ,italian queen with the third part of her people and building1 and fill up the missing two-thirds with empty and full combs4 ,this queen is now taken to a distant stand where the common or black bee is kept1 and placed in the stead of a populous hive during the absence of the most part of the bees4 ,the black bees will at first be surprised and refuse to enter1 as these two species hate each other4 ,should they entirely refuse to enter1 then remove during the flight1 the whole of the black hives standing on the same front2 the returning bees will then be frightened1 and not knowing where to go to1 will1 in the end1 willingly1 and without disturbance1 enter to the ,italian mother1 who by those means will soon get strong again2 and in about five or seven days1 will have laid sufficient eggs to part them again2 and so you can continue as long as you wish to ,italianise4 ,in that manner1 if the queen is forthwith strengthened by ,german bees1 no disturbance takes place in the breeding of drones1 you have only to put in a few drone-cells4 ,but that the ,italian mother does not receive black drones as well1 place before the fly-hole a drone-stopper to keep those customers out4 ,let us now return to the ,italian stand1 where we have taken the mother from with a third of the people4 ,meanwhile they have made preparations to begin queen-cells1 and mostly more than one1 perhaps from ten to twenty4 ,on the eleventh1 the latest on the seventeenth day1 they creep out1 and1 not to expose them to the danger of the surplus ones being killed by the bees1 they must be looked after on the eighth or ninth day1 and all queen-cells but one or two must be cut out4 ,the cut out cells are put with a honey-comb and a few handfulls of bees into a little box about four or six inches square4 ,these boxes must have wires on two1 or better1 on all four sides1 so that the bees get used to the smell of each other1 and thus become reconciled4 ,in such a box the ,italian queen-cell is put in to a hive of black bees1 which the day previous has been deprived of the queen1 and if possible in the centre or the heart of the nest4 ,the black bees cannot now enter into the box1 but become acquainted1 through the wire1 with the smell of the ,italian bees1 and by the time the queen1 who will be well taken care of by the two handfulls of bees put with her1 is matured1 the black bees will have taken a liking to her4 ,about three or five days after the adding of the queen-cell1 you must look whether the black bees have not formed queen cells of their own specie1 if so1 they must be cut out4 ,then1 the following day1 the fly-hole in the little box which has been kept shut is slowly opened1 and the black bees will gradually enter into the box and pay their homage to the new queen4 ,to prevent the mating of the queen with a black drone1 a wire must be attached before the fly-hole of the hive1 large enough for the queen and bees to fly out 7for the queen only mates in the open air7 but too small for drones1 which are in the black hive2 then the stand must be placed where the ,italian mother-hive is1 until the queen is impregnated4 ,in the same manner all queen-cells are treated 7all but one or two1 which are left in the hive for the purpose of forming a separate colony7 until all black hives are ,italianised4 ,should1 however1 a hive be impregnated where it is supposed any black drones exist1 it must be put on the stand of the black bees1 so as to have only pure ,italian drones on the ,italian breeding stand4 ,in three weeks1 with only little practice1 about fifty hives can be ,italianised4 ,when done1 and all the bees are provided with queens of ,italian origin1 then the work is much easier1 as meanwhile1 the young mothers lay ,italian drone-eggs1 and the black drones die1 or1 the ,italian drones obtain such preponderance1 that a genuine impregnation is in most cases certain4 ,for breeding1 always choose the finest mother1 if possible1 of yellow colour1 having previously convinced yourself that she has been impregnated genuinely1 that is1 by an ,italian drone1 and that she breeds1 as a proof1 handsome yellow working bees4 #h4 ,,breeding ,,of ,,drones4 ,to increase the ,italian drones as fast as possible1 deprive the ,italian mother of a hive of her drone-cells1 and place instead1 empty cells for further filling them with drone-brood1 which she will do forthwith4 ,the ,italian drone-brood hang into the black hives for hatching1 taking and destroying1 as much as possible1 their own black-broods4 ,food must not be spared with brood-hives1 as that will induce them to continue breeding4 ,so prepared1 commences now the proper culture of queens4 ,for that purpose small queen-breeding-boxes are required for it is troublesome to single out a queen in a large and populous hive and otherwise not advantageous to disturb a strong hive by ill-treatment4 ,the ground-rules for the certain pure-keeping of the ,italian race1 consist always of this3 to destroy the black drones1 and to increase the ,italian ones4 ,therefore1 it is better to take care that the ,italian bees are placed on a stand where no black drones are allowed4 ,and if now ,german people are brought to strengthen the ,italian colony then let them pass in review first and kill the black drones4 ,the work can be made much easier by letting the bees run into any weak hive1 and only through a narrow slit1 when only working-bees can pass through1 but is too narrow for drones1 so that the drones can all be kept back4 ,the next day the bees can be taken out of the hive again and used4 ,not only is the object gained to put away the drones1 but the bees are also discouraged1 so that they can be joined with others without difficulty4 ,should they have run into a hive deprived of the queen1 or only provided with queen-cells1 they will be heartily glad that a queen is given them and will not leave her4 ,the bees generally become anxious and tame if the drones and drone-brood are taken away4 ,endeavouring now1 on the one hand1 to permit no black drones on the ,italian stand1 which is kept for the improvement of the races1 and to destroy them with their drone-brood and cells1 care must be taken1 on the other hand1 that the ,italian bees breed the largest possible quantity of drones4 ,some assert that the ,italian queens lay more drone-eggs than the ,germans1 but that is not right2 they lay them in the same proportion as the black bees but it can be forwarded by the placing of drone-breeding-combs in the breeding-nest2 for the queen to fill them1 it is above all things1 necessary that the hive be populous and the weather favourable4 ,as soon as a drone-breeding-comb is filled1 it should1 without delay1 be placed in a hive deprived of the queen1 because those hives in their queenless state1 seize the opportunity to bring up drones as if they were aware that they would be necessary for the impregnation of their future queen4 ,such a hive seldom destroys drone-brood2 while hives with queens1 as a general rule1 on the approach of bad weather1 tear out the drone-brood and turn the drones away4 ,but as soon as the queen1 intended for the drone-breeding hive1 is again impregnated1 the drones would be in danger of being turned out again1 for in particular1 fresh impregnated queens do away with the drones very quickly1 therefore the impregnated queen must be taken from the drone-hive2 in that way drone hives may be kept until late in the autumn4 ,the queens intended for drone production1 particularly in bad weather1 must be stimulated with food2 so that they do not relax in laying eggs4 #i4 ,,the ,,queen-,,breeding-,,hive4 ,this is a small box with moveable parts1 more or less large does not matter4 ,the principle thing is1 that they are made of equal widths that every comb of each hive fits into any other hive4 ,about twelve inches long and six inches broad and high 7that is square7 might be about the right size4 ,lengthwise1 on the top of the inner sides1 fix two pieces of wood1 each about three-eights of an inch broad4 ,these are the supporters of the combs1 on which the combs or chips rest1 to be able to take out easily1 and to replace each comb separately4 ,better still1 if small frames instead of chips are used4 ,the top opens upwards1 and to make it fit tight1 nail or paste soft cloth or paper round the edges4 ,in the top make a hole about two inches in diameter1 which serves as a feeding hole2 for such little people want frequent feeding1 else they will often entirely go away4 #aj4 ,,supplying ,,of ,,the ,,queen-,,breeding-,,hives4 ,no4 #a4 ,that mother which has been picked out as breeding bee must be taken with part of her people and some brood-combs1 honey-combs1 and empty ones1 until the little box is quite full1 and is then placed on the stand where the ,italian bees and drones are kept4 ,after a few days1 the queen is taken with a few combs of brood and their bees1 and is put into a breeding-box4 ,no4 #b4 ,this also should well supplied with honey1 empty combs and a few ripe breeding-combs4 ,after a few days1 when the queen has established herself well and has filled the cells with brood she is to be again taken out with a few combs and some people1 and form a new colony4 ,no4 #c4 ,and so on1 until you have enough4 ,but never neglect to feed these little people well1#c particularly the one which contains the queen4 ,footnote #c3 ,else it is to be expected that some fine day they will take their departure1 when generally every one of them will leave1 for such little colonies cannot keep themselves unless it be in the high honey season4 ,meanwhile the breeding-box1 ,no4 #a1 deprived of its queen1 has prepared queen-cells1 which on the tenth day are cut out1 except one or two1 and form likewise new colonies1#d ,it must be observed that the bees which adhere to the combs or the brood1 and which guard the cells1 are taken out with them4 ,the strengthening of such colonies is done best by hanging in of ripe brood near their development1 or by young bees which always set on the combs1 and who attend to the real brood business4 ,footnote #d3 ,you must endeavour to insert the queen-cells in the middle of a comb1 where the most of the bees gather2 it is done best by cutting a diamond-shaped piece out of the comb1 and then1 loosely inserting the queen-cell cut to a similar shape4 ,if it were inserted in the lower edge1 the bees could not cover it on the approach of cold weather1 and the cell would become cold and the bee perish4 ,the same is done with the queen-cells of ,no4 #b1 and so on4 ,care must be exercised to be well supplied with all the different stages1 from the egg to the queen1 so that there are always ready ripe and half-ripe cells1 impregnated and unimpregnated queens in all stages4 ,if now1 a queen has crept out1 you must wait until she is impregnated1 and has well supplied the box with brood1 then take away the queen1 and put in from another hive a ripe queen-cell2 where the queen-cell has been taken from1 a few brood-combs must be inserted1 so that no interruption takes place4 ,if a queen1 taken away1 can always be replaced by a ripe queen-cell1 fifteen queens may be produced from one breeding-box during one summer4 ,care must be taken that there is always young brood in a queen-breeding-box1 so that in case a queen or queen-cell should meet with an accident1 the bees have a substitute1 and no interruption can occur4 ,the brood is necessary to the bees and makes them industrious4 ,therefore1 never take a queen from her people until she has well supplied them with eggs and brood4 ,frequent inspection is very necessary1 for sometimes everything may be thought to be quite in order1 and yet a hive has1 instead of a queen1 only working bees1 who1 through a longer deprivation of their queen have themselves commenced to lay eggs but out of which only drones are produced1 to the great disappointment of the cultivator4 ,this disorder can soon be observed1 for the bees lay many eggs and without order in one cell1 while the queen lays only one1 never more than two in one cell4 ,such a hive1 where the bees have commenced laying eggs1 may also be known by blowing into it1 when the bees will hum quite hollow1 while in a hive with a queen1 the humming is quite lively and cheerful4 ,if not too far gone1 the hive may be brought round by inserting a comb of healthy brood with the adhering young bees2 but if it has gone too far1 it must be united with a healthy hive1 else all trouble is lost4 ,introduced queens are killed by such demoralised people4 #aa4 ,,reserving ,,of ,,queen-,,cells4 ,often it will happen that there are more queen-cells than can be used at the moment1 for they must not be let lying about long1 else they will become cold2 and generally the brood must be protected from cold4 ,such queen-cells are placed singly into very small boxes1 if only of the size of two walnuts1 and these boxes are put in any hive on a spot where a proper degree of warmth is developed1 say1 just above the little rods which is regarded by many bee-cultivators as the honey-room in the moveable box4 ,there they can remain until wanted4 ,that a small wire-grating is placed before the little box is understood1 so that if a queen should creep out unexpectedly before required1 the bees can feed her4 ,if the queen-cells should have sustained any little injury it must be patched again directly with a little wax4 ,the best way is to warm a knife a little and to touch the cell slightly with it1 the wax-cover is then sufficiently softened to repair the damage4 ,larger injuries cannot be remedied1 and one cannot be too careful in cutting them out not to damage any of them4 #ab4 ,,queen-,,breeding ,,with ,,brood-,,comes4 ,a brood-comb may be taken from the mother-hive1#e but always with the bees adhering thereto1 and can be put in a breeding-box provided with honey and empty combs4 ,this is placed in the room of a populous hive1 to people it1 and after the lapse of ten days the queen-cells are full and covered2 they are cut out as stated before4#f ,footnote #e3 ,this is particular to be advised when there is only one ,italian queen which must be preserved to breed drones4 ,footnote #f3 ,sometimes the bees put their queen-cells together so close1 and in groups1 or opposite to each other1 that often it is not possible to cut the cells for use without damaging them4 ,these must be left1 and watch must be kept for the eleven days1 and1 as soon a as young queen creeps out1 she must be taken away1 all1 but the last yellow one which is left in the hive4 ,if a piece of about an inch square is cut off1 crossways1 from below the edge of a young brood-comb full of grub-eggs1 so that the liquid of the brood runs out1 it generally causes the bees to fix their queen-cells on that spot in the best order4 #ac4 ,,adding ,,of ,,queens4 ,the adding of the queen to hives of other races is done like the adding of queen-cells4 ,first1 the hive is deprived of the queen1 then the queen is put into the box with a little honey and two handfulls of her own bees1 and the box is then placed in the desired hive4 ,after four days it must be seen whether the black bees have commenced queen-cells4 ,if they have not the little fly-hole is opened when the bees will unite and accept the queen4 ,but if queen-cells are formed1 it is a proof that the bees are not yet inclined to accept the new queen4 ,all queen-cells must now be cut out1 and wait a few days to make them feel quite forsaken1 then the ,italian may be let in and will then be friendly received4 ,if queens or queen-cells were introduced without regard1 they would all be bitten off1 as the ,italian and black bees are two different races who hate each other4 ,it should always be looked to that the queen is first impregnated before taken from her own people to be given to another1 because1 unimpregnated queens are more exposed to the danger of being killed than already impregnated ones1 when the bees are assured of her having descendants4 #ad4 ,,particular ,,rules4 ,to cause a sufficient supply of ,italian drones care must be taken that the hives with ,italian mothers are always well provided with drone-combs1 which will cause the queen1 when they are placed in the middle of the breeding-layers1 to put in more drone-brood2 the more so by continual feeding with liquid honey4 ,the continuous feeding1 with proper strength of people is the most effective way for the production of drones4 ,by insertion of ripe breeding-combs near upon running out a hive can be most effectively and quickly strengthened4 ,further1 it must be remarked that1 as the ,italian bees build larger cells than the black bees1 it is well to give the ,italians opportunity to begin building anew4 ,it is to be supposed that those who have decided to introduce a strange race of bees1 ,italians1 must have some knowledge of bee-cultivation1 and must also possess bees of their own native race2 for one who has no idea at all of the higher branches of bee-cultivation1 for him to introduce a strange race would be money thrown away2 such an one would do better to try his experiments on common bees until he is well practised4 ,those who do not particularly care to change all their hives into pure ,italians can add the ,italian queen-cells in a box to the black bees1 and can abandon the queen creeping out to her destiny1 as to which drone she will mate with4 ,although not many ,italians are by those means gained in the first years1 there will be plenty of bastards1 and for the second year a very good foundation for ,italianizing1 because the stock is already ,italian1 and the ,italian element preponderates4 ,care must be taken to mark the original mother well1 and only to obtain posterity through her4 #ae4 ,,the ,,autumn ,,culture ,for queens it is only so far applicable1 as the period must be waited for when the black drones are killed1 and care has been taken to reserve only ,italian drones1 which is done by depriving some ,italian hives of their queens1 and also of their queen-cells1 so that they cannot breed any more queens4 ,these bees will not kill their drones4 ,by abundant feeding bees can be induced1 even in the late autumn1 to breed drones and to suffer them4 ,when the drones are driven out of a hive they must be put1 with some honey1 into a box supplied with a wire-grating1 and placed in a hive deprived of its queen4 ,after a few days they are let loose and will then soon get used to the queenless bees4 ,they may also be put into the top of a hive with a queen1 but then1 they must be kept shut in until wanted for use4 #af4 ,,in ,,the ,,early ,,spring ,queens of a pure race may be bred with advantage1 because the ,italians breed drones two or three weeks earlier than the black bees1 so that the ,italian mothers can mate when there are no ,german drones whatever4 ,however1 the finest queens are only obtained by waiting the natural time when the inclination for breeding exists2 from about a fortnight before to a fortnight after swarming time4 #ag4 ,,boxes ,,without ,,moveable ,,parts4 ,those who are not in possession of boxes with movable parts1 but yet wish to ,italianise their native bees1 have much more trouble1 and must leave it to chance whether the queen1 bred from ,italian brood1 will mate with black or ,italian drones4 ,it is difficult and not everybody's business to take the finished queen-cells from such hives2 but a clever bee-cultivator will know how to help himself even then4 ,in such a case all the people in the ,italian hive must be driven out1 and the hive put in the place of one1 or better1 two strong native hives1 during the time of their strongest flight1 and the empty hive will be populated by ,german people1 who immediately begin to make queen-cells4#g ,footnote #g3 ,here1 too1 a wire-grating may be fixed before the fly-hole1 large enough to permit free entrance to the bees1 but too narrow for drones2 this will keep the hive pure4 ,of course1 as soon the queen makes her mating-flight1 the hive is carried1 in the evening1 after sunset1 to the place where the pure ,italians are until the mating is over4 ,the two native hives are then taken away and placed on another stand1 or1 if there is only one1 on the bottom shelf of the bee-house4 ,it is always better to take away all hives with black drones1 so that here are only ,italian drones flying4 ,the loss of people will do them the less damage1 as they would without that have had to give out a swarm4 ,in order that the forced or artificial swarm from the ,italian mother-hive may soon be in full strength1 it is necessary to put the swarm into a hive already filled with combs1 which must be well fed to excite them to breed4 ,the separated ,italian hive is opened after seven days1 when the queen-cells are nearly ripe1 and divided into as many parts as there are undamaged queen-cells2 it is always better to give two cells to each part1 so that if one should get hurt1 the bees have another one ready4 ,each of such parts is taken with the bees adhering to them and put with some empty honey-combs into an empty hive4 ,supposing there were ten such parts with queen-cells1 then there would be ten colonies4 ,but these alone would give neither profit nor amusement1 and would be altogether too weak to prosper2 they must therefore undergo a forced operation by being placed in the room of a populous hive1 that is1 in the place of ten native hives during their best flight1 keeping a wire before the whole to keep out the drones1 but admitting the bees4 ,as at the beginning1 the bees of the black race will be rather shy1 caution must be had to clear the entire front of the bees of the native race1 by putting them either higher or lower2 by these means they will lose about as many people as would make a swarm which they would have had to give up all the same1 and the ten new ,italian hives will all profit by it1 get strong1 populous1 and will thrive4 ,for as soon as the bees1 returning from the field1 find no hive of their kind in the same front1 they will at last become tame and enter quietly with the ,italians4 ,but if the bees coming from the field find only one hive of black bees in the same front1 they will invariably go in the hive of their race left standing4 ,it is hardly necessary to mention that the drone-wire must be sufficiently large to allow the queen to pass4 ,on the third or fourth day before the young queen creeps out1 all new hives are brought where the mother-hive1 or the drones are kept for mating2 or all the hives with black drones may be shut up by a wire until the mating is over4 ,to make sure that the queen on her mating-excursions will find drones immediately1 there are ways to stimulate the bees1 that they will lead the drones out early in the morning2 it is done by feeding the hive very early with thinned honey1 which will cause the drones to undertake an early pleasure-trip on that day4 ,if there be an opportunity to add to a new hive formed from eggs of queen-cells an ,italian ripe drone-brood comb it is well to do so1 for by so doing the purity of race is much insured4 ,as said before1 the great knack is1 to be prepared with the proper number of drones4 ,many bee-cultivators make a great blunder in that respect1 in cutting out the drone-cells1 thinking that they are unnecessary eaters1 but not considering that1 the fewer drones there are on a stand the greater the danger of losing queens4 ,for1 natural enough1 the queen flies out to mate and to find a drone1 if she finds one immediately1 she can return home directly and the hive is saved4 ,but if the drones are scarce1 and the queen cannot soon find a lover1 she will delay her wedding-journey1 or even go home again without having gained her object2 and is1 therefore1 obliged to repeat her journeys4 ,the oftener she flies out1 and the longer she must remain out1 the more the danger that she may be destroyed during her wedding-tour4 ,this is well to be considered4 ,queens which ,i placed to mate on a distant stand1 with but few drones were always impregnated from eight to ten days later than on the principal stand1 where the drones flew in abundance4 #ah4 ,,transport ,,of ,,queens4 ,if many queens are produced1 they are principally bred for presents to other lovers of bees1 or for sale to extend the race1 and by the art to raise queens early it is in your power quickly to multiply a favourite race of bees4 ,we will now give a few hints how queens can be sent to distances4 ,for that purpose1 take a box four inches square1 in the lid of which make three or four incisions or cuts1 to admit air to the bees4 ,a piece of covered old honey is loosely wrapt up in blotting-paper and nailed firmly to the bottom of the box4 ,that the nail may not pass through the honey and the honey gets loose and smother the bees1 it is well to put a piece of pasteboard or leather1 of about two-inch square under the head of the nail1 as a lining4 ,then put the queen with a handful of her own people 7#ejj or #ajjj7 in the box and nail it down2 then wrap a loose piece of linen round the box1 so that the bees have sufficient air1 but that the light is somewhat interrupted1 to keep them quiet on the journey4 ,the blotting-paper must be wrapt round the honey in such a manner that the honey shows at one end that the bees can gradually eat it up4 ,if1 neither blotting-paper be used1 nor the honey nailed down1 there would be risk that the honey rolled about during the journey and smothered the bees1 or run out of the comb and drown the bees in it4 ,the blotting-paper takes up any honey run out1 so that the bees can only gradually eat it up4 ,it must be well understood that a queen is not sent before she is impregnated1 that is1 until she has laid eggs4 ,these boxes will stand a journey of ten days4 #ai4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,uniting ,,bees4 ,another caution must be observed on uniting of two bee-colonies4 ,bees are naturally avaricious and therefore permit every bee1 even a stranger1 laden with honey to enter4 ,this is a hint1 and advantage must be taken of this their passion4 ,before two colonies are joined together1 take care that the bees which are to be added are quite satiated with honey4 ,it does not matter if both parties have been previously well fed1 for then they are not so capable of beginning to fight4 ,bees1 well filled with honey are everywhere welcome1 and when the bees have discharged their burdens in the cells they fraternise and forget all quarrels4 ,honey is therefore a very good means of union4 ,but to sprinkle the bees only with honey1 or honey-water1 produces just the contrary effect2 they become irritated and impassioned and kill each other4 ,if1 therefore1 you desire success1 give them honey to their heart's content4 ,if a hive is to be driven out1 stop up loosely the principal hole1 blow a little smoke into it1 then turn it over and knock it gently for about ten minutes2 the object will thus be gained1 because the bees1 anticipating the danger1 will make haste to provide themselves with food for the journey4 ,a bee can suck in double her weight in provision4 ,a very sure way to strengthen ,italian queens with ,german people is1 that the ,italian queen with her company1 and a few combs are put into a box1 and1 gradually1 brood nearly running out is introduced3 not all at once1 but every one or two combs1 so that the brood running out is strong enough to cover the brood in store4 ,by so doing the queen will have an increase of people who will adhere to her1 not having known another queen yet4 ,this way of strengthening is the safest1 only too many combs must not be put in at one time1 because then1 the queen with her weak people could not produce sufficient warmth for the entire hatching of the brood4 ,there is another way to be recommended4 ,the ,italian queen with her people are put in the box1 intended for the purpose1 with a sufficient number of combs1 empty and full of honey4 ,then bees without a queen1 or which have been deprived of the queen one1 or a few days previous1 and have been confined without the least brood or combs are let into the ,italians through a small hole1 so that only one at a time can go in and must1 so to say1 beg her admittance4 ,hives where the queen has been taken from1 but which have young brood or queen-cells1 are not to be called deprived of their queen1 they have even the best hopes to bring up1 in a short time1 several queens2 for that reason they kill any new introduced queen4 #bj4 ,,the ,,feeding ,is always done best from above with a bottle1 the mouth of which is tied over with loose linen1 so that the bees can always suck in the honey without attracting robbers4 #ba4 ,,the ,,original ,,mother ,,bee ,must be particularly carefully preserved to have always1 in case of any cross-breeding1 one queen of undoubted purity4 ,to make quite sure the queen can be marked by clipping one of the wings2 she can then be easy recognised4 ,it is more certain to procure every year or two an original ,italian hive1 from their native place1 with which to freshen up the race4 ,those who have opportunities to sell ,italian bees1 which is almost everywhere the case1 will find it more than enough to their advantage1 as this little extra expense places them in position to breed pure queens with the greatest certainty1 and they will be enabled to serve their customers always with genuine ,italian ,alp-bees1 and consequently increase their sale4 ,a queen of the ,italian species lives generally from three to four years1 often to five years4 ,therefore1 with some care1 what has been missed the first year1 may1 at any rate1 be made good the second year1 if one knows how to save and preserve the mother or breeding--queen4 ,illustration ,,appendix4 ------------- ,,genuine ,,italian ,,alp-,,bees4 ,illustration ,i have appointed my friends1 ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,neighbour and ,sons1 of #abg1 ,holborn1 and #adi1 ,regent ,street1 ,london1 my sole agents for ,england1 and they will take orders1 ,i undertaking to execute the same1 at the following charges--the cost of carriage to paid by the purchaser4 ,a ,,young1 ,,yellow1 ,,impregnated ,,queen1 ,,from ,,march #ae ,,to ,,april #cj1 ,with #ejj ,bees1 for #bj shillings2 with #ajjj ,bees1 for #bb shillings2 with #ejjj ,bees1 for #ce shillings3 ,,from ,,may #a ,,to ,,june #ca1 ,with #ejj ,bees1 for #ae shillings2 with #ajjj ,bees1 for #ag shillings2 with #ejjj ,bees1 for #cj shillings3 ,,from ,,july #a ,,to ,,august #ca1 ,with #ejj ,bees1 for #aj shillings2 with #ajjj ,bees1 for #ab shillings2 with #ejjj ,bees1 for #be shillings3 ,,from ,,september #a ,,to ,,november #cj1 ,with #ejj ,bees1 for #h shillings2 with #ajjj ,bees1 for #aj shillings2 with #ejjj ,bees1 for #bj shillings4 ,queens less fine1 young as well as old1 cost #b francs each less ,,pure ,,german ,,queens1 ,,till ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,june1 ,with #ejj ,bees1 for #f shillings2 with #ajjj ,bees1 for #h shillings2 with #ejjj ,bees1 for #ae shillings3 ,,from ,,july #a ,,to ,,november #cj1 ,with #ejj ,bees1 for #c shillings2 with #ajjj ,bees1 for #d shillings2 with #ejjj ,bees1 for #f shillings4 ,illustration ,,italian ,,drones1 ,,till ,,july #cj1 #b shillings per #ajj3 ,,from ,,august #a ,,to ,,october #cj1 #c shillings per #ajj4 ,illustration ,,unimpregnated ,,young ,,italian ,,queens1 #f shillings each4 ,illustration ,,italian ,,queen ,,cells1 #c shillings each4 ,a ,,proportionate ,,discount ,,on ,,large ,,orders ,the ,bees are only provided with sufficient honey for the journey4 ,should a queen die on the journey1 ,i send another for half the price4 ,as proof1 the dead queen must be sent to me in a letter4 ,tamins1 ,canton ,graubunden1 ,h4 ,c4 ,,hermann1 ,bee ,cultivator4 ,illustration ,,the ,,ricinus ,,silkworm4 ,illustration ,this worm is particularly recommended1 as it will feed readily on linden leaves 7,dipsacus7 and ,ricinus thistles1 and therefore augurs a great future1 as the difficulty of growing mulberry trees in our northern clime was the chief hindrance4 ,by the introduction of this worm all is remedied1 and the agriculturist anticipates a brilliant future2 he will soon be able to dress in silk instead of tick4 ,the silk of this worm is not as fine1 but quite as good1 and more productive than that of the genuine silkworm4 ,i sell these insects3 ,eggs1 #ac shillings per dozen4 ,chrysalis1 #c shillings each4 ,moths1 #e shillings each4 ,and1 ,printed ,instructions1 #a shilling4 ,,london3 ,w4 ,,ostell1 ,,printer1 ,,hart ,,street1 ,,bloomsbury4 ,,george ,,neighbour ,,son',s ,,catalogue4 #f4 ,,an ,,improved ,,cottage ,,hive4 ,precisely the same in construction as the ,no4 #e described above1 but without windows or thermometer4 ,price1 complete1 #a4 #hs4 #g4 ,,the ,,ladies' ,,observatory ,,hive4 ,is of stout glass and admits of one bellglass for deprivation1 with a cover of straw for the whole1 is admirably adapted for witnessing the labour and progress of its industrious inmates1 and is an interesting addition to the conservatory or greenhouse in which it may easily be placed4 ,price1 complete1 #c1 #es4 #h4 ,,the ,,cottager ,s ,,hive4 ,is intended for the use of cottagers1 and consists of three common straw ,hives with floorboard2 it is recommended to those ,apiarians who are desirous of setting their poorer neighbours in the way of keeping bees1 on the improved system without destruction4 ,price1 #ajs4 #f;d4 #i #aj4 ,,bee ,,feeders4 ,no4 #i1 is intended to fit a drawer under wood ,hives4 ,price1 #es4 ,no4 #aj1 is for ,hives either of wood or straw1 and is used on the top of the stock ,hive4 ,zinc1 price1 #ds4 ,in earthenware1 #dc1 #f;d4 #aa #ab4 ,,fumigators4 ,used with the prepared ,fungus1 for uniting weak stocks1 c4 ,price1 #bs4 and #bs4 #f;d4 #ac4 ,,honeycutters4 ,for easily cutting out the comb4 ,price1 #es4 per pair4 #ad4 ,,taylor',s ,,improved ,,cottage ,,hive4 ,as described page #afc1 ,bee ,keeper's ,manual4 ,price1 #a4 ,is4 ,with ,stand1 #a4 #ajs4 #ae4 ,,fountain ,,bee ,,feeders4 ,price1 #fs4 #ag4 ,,single ,,bar ,,hive4 ,the ,stock ,hive is furnished with seven moveable bars1 and admits of super ,hives or glasses4 ,vide page #fa1 '',bee ,keeper's ,manual1'' ,price #b4 #abs4 ,stand1 #hs4 #ah4 ,,eight ,,bar ,,straw ,,hive4 ,similar in its arrangements to ,no2 #c1 with an outer cover of straw4 ,price1 complete with ,stand1 c41 #c4 #abs4 ,the ,stock ,hive maybe obtained separate4 ,price1 with floor board1 #aes4 #ai4 ,,huber',s ,,book ,,or ,,leaf ,,hive4 ,price1 #b4 #eh4 #bj4 ,,neighbour',s ,,patent ,,unicomb ,,observatory ,,hive4 ,is a great novelty1 being constructed with glass sides1 admitting of one comb only ,the queen bee and the hidden mysteries of the hive are continually exposed to the full light of day2 it is furnished with double glass to keep up an uniform degree o3 heat4 ,price1 in polished oak1 #c4 #cs4 #bb4 ,,golding',s ,,grecian ,,hive4 ,price1 complete with three glasses1 adapting board1 c41 #a4 #fs4 #bc4 ,,taylor',s ,,dividing ,,hive4 ,is fitted with eight moveable bars1 and takes apart in the centre1 for the purpose of forming artificial swarms4 ,two ,hives form the set complete4 ,price1 #b4 #ajs4 #bd4 ,,cover ,,of ,,zinc ,,for ,,bee ,,hives4 ,price1 #gs4 #f;d4 to #ajs4 ,ornamental covers corresponding in style with the variety of ,beehives herein described may also be obtained4 ,bee ,houses1 ,covers in all sizes1 c41 made to order4 #be4 ,,flat ,,top ,,bell ,,glasses4 ,with ventilating tube1 #ab in4 wide and #f in4 deep1 #gs4 #f;d42 #aj in4 wide and #f in4 deep1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,payne's ,glass1 #cs1 #f;d4 ,,bell ,,glasses4 #bf4 ,to contain #aj lbs41 #aj in4 high1 #g in4 wide4 ,price #es4 #j;d4 #bg4 #f #g #e #bs4 #f;d4 #bh4 #c #e #d #as4 #f;d4 #bi4 ,a new shape without knob1 may be placed on the table inverted1 with lid #e in4 by #f in4 ,price1 #ds4 #f;d4 #cj4 ,,shallow ,,glasses4 ,being so much preferable for the ,bees storing honey1 ,g4 ,n4 and ,son have introduced this season a new shape1 made of two sizes without knobs1 #i in4 wide and #d in4 deep1 #ds4 #f;d42 #ac in4 wide and #d in4 deep4 ,price1 #es1 #f;d4 #ca4 ,,bee ,,dress ,,or ,,protector4 ,to prevent being stung when operating on the ,bees4 ,price1 #es11 by post #fs4 #ca4 ,,the ,,cylindrical ,,shallow ,,wood ,,hive ,is varnished1 and will be found more durable than straw2 glasses or small hives worked on top4 ,this ,hive is only adapted for a bee house1 or where the protection is equivalent to one2 similar in principle to ,no1 #ah4 ,price of hive and floor board1 #aes42 if fitted with bars1 #afs4 #f;d4 ,common ,straw ,hives #b #f ,small ditto super ditto #b #f ,small ,wooden ,super ,hives with window #c #f ,floorboards each #bs1 #f;d1 and #c #j ,it is strongly recommended that all beehives be placed under cover1 to protect them from the sun and rain1 and that their entrance be in a south-eastern aspect4 ,treatise on the ,humane ,management of ,honey ,bees1 by ,t4 ,nutt #aj ,bee ,keeper's ,manual1 by ,h4 ,taylor #d ,the ,bee ,keeper's ,guide1 by ,i4 ,h4 ,payne #d ,prepared ,fungus in ,packets 7maybe sent by ,post for #b;d extra7 #a ,thermometers for ,nutt's ,hives 7,collateral ,boxes7 #aj ,ditto ditto 7,middle ,box7 #e ,ditto for ,cottage ,hives #d ,zinc ,slides1 ,ventilators1 c41 in sets1 for ,nutt's ,hives #aj 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcribers ,note ,the original owner of the book1 ,francis ,darwin1 decided to paste a very large bookplate covering the first three paragraphs of the ,preface4 ,a thorough search of the ,internet did not reveal any other copy of this volume4 ,so1 this notice is copied there4