,,elson ,,grammar ,,school ,,literature ,,book ,,four ,,by ,,william ,h4 ,,elson ,,superintendent ,,of ,,schools1 ,,cleveland1 ,,ohio ,,and ,,christine ,,keck ,,principal ,,of ,,sigsbee ,,school1 ,,grand ,,rapids1 ,,mich4 #aiab ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,part ,i--,famous ,rides1 ,selections from ,shakespeare and other ,poets1 and ,studies in ,rhythm4 ,,famous ,,rides3 ,,paul ,,revere',s ,,ride1 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,,the ,,leap ,,of ,,roushan ,,beg1 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,,the ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,light ,,brigade ,,at ,,balaklava1 ,alfred1 ,lord ,tennyson ,,the ,,diverting ,,history ,,of ,,john ,,gilpin1 ,william ,cowper ,,how ,,they ,,brought ,,the ,,good ,,news ,,from ,,ghent ,,to ,,aix1 ,robert ,browning ,,incident ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,camp1 ,robert ,browning ,,herv ,,riel1 ,robert ,browning ,,studies ,,in ,,rhythm3 ,,the ,,bugle ,,song1 ,alfred1 ,lord ,tennyson ,,the ,,brook1 ,alfred1 ,lord ,tennyson ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,chattahoochee1 ,sidney ,lanier ,,the ,,cataract ,,of ,,lodore1 ,robert ,southey ,,the ,,bells1 ,edgar ,allan ,poe ,,annabel ,,lee1 ,edgar ,allan ,poe ,,opportunity1 ,edward ,rowland ,sill ,,nature3 ,,to ,a ,,waterfowl1 ,william ,cullen ,bryant ,,the ,,skylark1 ,james ,hogg ,,to ,a ,,skylark1 ,percy ,bysshe ,shelley ,,the ,,cloud1 ,percy ,bysshe ,shelley ,,apostrophe ,,to ,,the ,,ocean1 ,lord ,byron ,,stories3 ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,sennacherib1 ,lord ,byron ,,the ,,eve ,,before ,,waterloo1 ,lord ,byron ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,bard1 ,lord ,byron ,,marco ,,bozzaris1 ,fitz-,greene ,halleck ,,the ,,burial ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,moore1 ,charles ,wolfe ,,absalom1 ,nathaniel ,parker ,wills ,,lochinvar1 ,sir ,walter ,scott ,,parting ,,of ,,marmion ,,and ,,douglas1 ,sir ,walter ,scott ,,for ,a' ,,that ,,and ,a' ,,that1 ,robert ,burns ,,selections ,,from ,,shakespeare3 ,,mercy1 ,the ,merchant of ,venice ,,the ,,seven ,,ages ,,of ,,man1 ,as ,you ,like ,it ,,polonius',s ,,advice1 ,hamlet ,,man1 ,hamlet ,,hamlet',s ,,soliloquy1 ,hamlet ,,reputation1 ,othello ,,wolsey ,,and ,,cromwell1 ,king ,henry ,,viii ,,cassio ,,and ,,iago1 ,othello ,,part ,,ii--,great ,american ,authors ,,washington ,,irving ,,rip ,,van ,,winkle ,,the ,,voyage ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne ,,the ,,great ,,stone ,,face ,,my ,,visit ,,to ,,niagara ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe ,a ,,descent ,,into ,,the ,,maelstr,m ,,the ,,raven ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow ,,evangeline3 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,acadie ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,ship ,,john ,,greenleaf ,,whittier ,,snow-,,bound ,,the ,,ship ,,builders ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,,the ,,chambered ,,nautilus ,,the ,,deacon',s ,,masterpiece2 ,,or ,,the ,,wonderful ,,one-,,hoss ,,shay ,,old ,,ironsides ,,the ,,boys ,,the ,,last ,,leaf ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell ,,the ,,vision ,,of ,,sir ,,launfal ,,yussouf ,,sidney ,,lanier ,,the ,,marshes ,,of ,,glynn ,,part ,,iii--,patriotic ,selections ,,regulus ,,before ,,the ,,roman ,,senate1 ,epes ,sargent ,,the ,,return ,,of ,,regulus1 ,elijah ,kellogg ,,spartacus ,,to ,,the ,,gladiators1 ,elijah ,kellogg ,,merit ,,before ,,birth1 ,sallust ,,rienzi',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,romans1 ,mary ,russell ,mitford ,,emmet',s ,,vindication ,robert ,emmet ,,king ,,phillip ,,to ,,the ,,white ,,settler1 ,edward ,everett ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,quebec1 ,francis ,parkman ,,england ,,and ,,her ,,colonies1 ,edmund ,burke ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,wealth1 ,benjamin ,franklin ,,speech ,,on ,a ,,resolution ,,to ,,put ,,virginia ,,into ,a ,,state ,,of ,,defence1 ,patrick ,henry ,,the ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country1 ,edward ,everett ,hale ,,love ,,of ,,country1 ,sir ,walter ,scott ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte1 ,charles ,phillips ,,the ,,true ,,grandeur ,,of ,,nations1 ,charles ,sumner ,,the ,,evils ,,of ,,war1 ,henry ,clay ,,peace1 ,,the ,,policy ,,of ,a ,,nation1 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun ,,the ,,first ,,settlement ,,of ,,new ,,england1 ,daniel ,webster ,,supposed ,,speech ,,of ,,john ,,adams1 ,daniel ,webster ,,south ,,carolina ,,and ,,the ,,union1 ,robert ,hayne ,,reply ,,to ,,hayne1 ,daniel ,webster ,,dedication ,,speech ,,at ,,gettysburg1 ,abraham ,lincoln ,,lincoln1 ,,the ,,great ,,commoner1 ,edwin ,markham ,o ,,captain1 ,,my ,,captain1 ,walt ,whitman ,,farewell ,,address1 ,george ,washington ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,our ,,fathers1 ,henry ,ward ,beecher ,,the ,,american ,,flag1 ,j4 ,r4 ,drake ,,warren',s ,,address ,,at ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill1 ,john ,pierpont ,,columbus1 ,joaquin ,miller ,,recessional--,a ,,victorian1 ,rudyard ,kipling ,a ,,definition ,,of ,a ,,gentleman1 ,cardinal ,newman ,,course ,,of ,,reading ,in the ,,elson ,,readers selections are grouped according to theme or authorship4 ,this arrangement1 however1 is not intended to fix an order for reading in class2 its purpose is to emphasise classification1 facilitate comparison1 and enable pupils to appreciate similarities and contrasts in the treatment of like themes by different authors4 ,to give variety1 to meet the interests at different seasons and festivals1 and to go from prose to poetry and from long to short selections1 a carefully planned order of reading should be followed4 ,such an order of reading calls for a full consideration of all the factors mentioned above4 ,the ,course here offered meets these ends but may easily be varied to fit local conditions4 ,,first ,,half-,,year ,,biography ,,of ,,hawthorne ,,the ,,great ,,stone ,,face ,,my ,,visit ,,to ,,niagara ,,the ,,diverting ,,history ,,of ,,john ,,gilpin ,,how ,,they ,,brought ,,the ,,good ,,news ,,incident ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,camp ,,herv ,,riel ,,columbus 7,,columbus',s ,,birthday1 ,,oct4 #ab7 ,,supposed ,,speech ,,of ,,john ,,adams ,,speech ,,of ,,resolution ,,to ,,put ,,virginia ,,into ,a ,,state ,,of ,,defence ,,the ,,eve ,,before ,,waterloo ,,the ,,bugle ,,song ,,biography ,,of ,,holmes ,,the ,,chambered ,,nautilus ,,the ,,deacon',s ,,masterpiece ,,old ,,ironsides ,,the ,,boys ,,the ,,last ,,leaf ,,merit ,,before ,,birth ,,webster-,,hayne ,,debate ,,the ,,brook ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,chattahoochee ,,the ,,cataract ,,of ,,lodore ,,biography ,,of ,,poe ,a ,,descent ,,into ,,the ,,maelstr,m ,,the ,,raven ,,annabel ,,lee ,,the ,,bells ,,biography ,,of ,,whittier 7,,whittier',s ,,birthday1 ,,dec4 #ag7 ,,snow-,,bound 7,,whittier',s ,,birthday1 ,,dec4 #ag7 ,,the ,,ship-,,builders 7,,whittier',s ,,birthday1 ,,dec4 #ag7 ,,regulus ,,before ,,the ,,roman ,,senate ,,the ,,return ,,of ,,regulus ,,spartacus ,,to ,,the ,,gladiators ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,wealth 7,,franklin',s ,,birthday1 ,,jan1 #ag7 ,,emmet',s ,,vindication ,,marco ,,bozzaris ,,rienzi',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,romans ,,biography ,,of ,,lanier 7,,lanier',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #c7 ,,the ,,marshes ,,of ,,glynn 7,,lanier',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #c7 ,,second ,,half-,,year ,,love ,,of ,,country ,,warren',s ,,address ,,peace1 ,,the ,,policy ,,of ,a ,,nation ,,the ,,american ,,flag 7,,lincoln',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #ab7 ,,lincoln1 ,,the ,,great ,,commoner 7,,lincoln',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #ab7 ,,dedication ,,speech 7,,lincoln',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #ab7 ,o ,,captain1 ,,my ,,captain 7,,washington',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bb7 ,,farewell ,,address 7,,washington',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bb7 ,,biography ,,of ,,lowell 7,,lowell',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bb7 ,,the ,,vision ,,of ,,sir ,,launfal 7,,lowell',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bb7 ,,yussouf 7,,lowell',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bb7 ,,biography ,,of ,,longfellow 7,,longfellow',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bg7 ,,evangeline 7,,longfellow',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bg7 ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,ship 7,,longfellow',s ,,birthday1 ,,feb4 #bg7 ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte ,,the ,,evils ,,of ,,war ,,biography ,,of ,,irving 7,,irving',s ,,birthday1 ,,april #c7 ,,rip ,,van ,,winkle 7,,irving',s ,,birthday1 ,,april #c7 ,,the ,,voyage 7,,irving',s ,,birthday1 ,,april #c7 ,,paul ,,revere',s ,,ride 7,,april #ai7 ,,the ,,leap ,,of ,,roushan ,,beg ,,the ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,light ,,brigade ,,selections ,,from ,,shakespeare 7,,shakespeare',s ,,birthday1 ,,april #bc7 ,,to ,a ,,water ,,fowl ,,the ,,skylark ,,to ,a ,,skylark 7,,spring ,,and ,,arbor ,,day7 ,,the ,,cloud ,,apostrophe ,,to ,,the ,,ocean ,,absalom ,,lochinvar ,,parting ,,of ,,marmion ,,and ,,douglas ,,for ,a' ,,that ,,and ,a' ,,that ,,king ,,philip ,,to ,,the ,,white ,,settler ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,quebec ,,england ,,and ,,her ,,colonies ,,the ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country ,,opportunity ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,sennacherib ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,bard ,,the ,,burial ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,moore ,,the ,,true ,,grandeur ,,of ,,nations ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,our ,,fathers ,,the ,,recessional ,,introduction ,this book is designed to furnish reading material of choice literary and dramatic quality4 ,the selections for the most part are those that have stood the test of time and are acknowledged masterpieces4 ,the groupings into the separate parts will aid both teachers and pupils in the classification of the material1 indicating at a glance the range and variety of the literature included4 ,part ,one deals with poetry1 and it is believed the poems offered in this group are unsurpassed4 ,no effort on the teacher's part will be needed to arouse the enthusiasm of pupils who read the series of famous rides with which this group opens4 ,the thrill of delight which children feel as they read of ,a hurry of hoofs in a village street1 or ,charging an army while all the world wondered1 may lead to the stronger and more enduring emotions of patriotism and devotion4 ,john ,gilpin's ,ride1 which has furnished amusement for generations of old and young1 finds a place here4 ,the rhythmic movement of these poems makes a natural transition to those selections especially designed as studies in rhythm4 ,the series of nature poems and selections from ,shakespeare complete a group of choice literary creations4 ,part ,two is given to a study of the great ,american authors1 and no apology is needed either for the choice of material or for the prominence given to this group4 ,it is especially suited to parallel and supplement the work of this grade in ,american history4 ,part ,three contains patriotic selections and some of the great orations4 ,these are lofty and inspiring in style1 within the grasp of the pupils1 and are especially helpful in developing power of expression4 ,it is not expected that the order of selections will be followed4 ,on the contrary1 each teacher will follow the order which will best suit her own plans and purposes4 ,while there is much material in the book that will re-enforce lessons in history1 geography1 and nature study1 yet it is not for this that these selections should be studied1 but rather for the pleasure that comes from reading beautiful thoughts beautifully expressed4 ,the reading lesson should therefore be a study of literature1 and it should lead the children to find beauty of thought and imagery1 fitness in figures of speech1 and delicate shades of meaning in words4 ,literature is an art1 and the chief aim of the reading lesson is to discover and interpret its art qualities4 ,in this way children learn how to read books and are enabled to appreciate the literary treasures of the race4 ,the business of the reading book is to furnish the best available material for this purpose4 ,it is worth while to make a thorough study of a few well-chosen selections4 ,through the power gained in this way children are enabled to interpret and enjoy other selections without the aid of the teacher4 ,if the class work is for the most part of the intensive kind1 the pupils will read the remaining lessons alone for sheer pleasure1 which is at once the secret and goal of good teaching in literature4 ,moreover1 they will exercise a discriminating taste and judgment in their choice of reading matter4 ,to love good literature1 to find pleasure in reading it and to gain power to choose it with discrimination are the supreme ends to be attained by the reading lesson4 ,for this reason1 some selections should be read many times for the pleasure they give the children4 ,in music the teacher sometimes calls for expressions of preference among songs3 ,what song shall we sing1 children8 ,so in reading1 ,what selection shall we read8 is a good question for the teacher to ask frequently4 ,thus children come to make familiar friends of some of the stories and poems1 and find genuine enjoyment in reading these again and again4 ,good results may also be obtained by assigning to a pupil a particular lesson which he is expected to prepare4 ,on a given day he will read to the class the selection assigned to him4 ,the orations are especially suited to this mode of treatment4 ,the pupil who can read one selection well has gone a long way toward being a good reader4 ,the teacher who said to her pupils1 ,i shall read to you tomorrow1 recognized this truth and knew the value of an occasional exercise of that kind4 ,good pedagogy approves of a judicious use of methods of imitation in teaching reading4 ,the biographies are intended to acquaint the children with the personal characteristics and lives of the authors1 making them more interesting and real to the children1 giving them the human touch and incidentally furnishing helpful data for interpreting their writings4 ,in this connection1 the authors have1 by permission1 drawn freely from ,professor ,newcomer's ,english and ,american ,literatures4 ,helps to ,study include questions and notes designed to stimulate inquiry on the part of pupils and to suggest fruitful lines of study4 ,only a few points are suggested1 to indicate the way1 and no attempt is made to cover the ground adequately2 this remains for the teacher to do4 ,while placing emphasis primarily on the thought-getting process the formalities of thought-giving must not be overlooked4 ,the technique of reading1 though always subordinate and secondary to the mastery of the thought1 nevertheless claims constant and careful attention4 ,good reading requires clear enunciation and correct pronunciation and these can be secured only when the teacher steadily insists upon them4 ,the increase of foreign elements in our school population and the influence of these upon clearness and accuracy of speech furnish added reason for attention to these details4 ,special drill exercises should be given and the habit of using the dictionary freely should be firmly established in pupils4 ,the ready use of the dictionary and other reference books for pronunciation and meaning of words1 for historical and mythical allusions should be steadily cultivated4 ,without doubt much of the reading accepted in the public schools is seriously deficient in these particulars4 ,the art of good reading can be cultivated by judicious training and the school should spare no pains to realize this result4 ,professor ,clark1 in his book on ,how to ,teach ,reading1 sets forth the four elements of vocal expression--,time1 ,pitch1 ,quality and ,force4 ,we quote a few of the sentences from his treatment of each of these elementary topics4 ,i4 ,,time4 ,time1 then1 refers to the rate of vocal movement4 ,it may be fast1 or moderate1 or slow1 according to the amount of what may be called the collateral thinking accompanying the reading1 of any given passage4 ,to put it another way3 a phrase is read slowly because it means much2 because the thought is large1 sublime1 deep4 ,the collateral thinking may be revealed by an expansive paraphrase4 ,for instance1 in the lines ,not a drum was heard1 not a funeral note ,as his corse to the rampart we hurried1 why do we read slowly8 ,the paraphrase answers the question4 ,it was midnight4 ,there lay our beloved leader1 who should have been borne in triumphal procession to his last resting place4 ,bells should have tolled1 cannon thundered1 and thousands should have followed his bier4 ,but now1 alas1 by night1 by stealth1 without even a single drum tap1 in fear and dread1 we crept breathless to the rampart4 ,this1 or any one of a hundred other paraphrases1 will suffice to render the vocal movement slow4 ,and so it is with all slow time4 ,let it be remembered that a profound or sublime thought may be uttered in fast time2 but that when we dwell upon that thought1 when we hold it before the mind1 the time must necessarily be slow4 ,if a child read too rapidly1 it is because his mind is not sufficiently occupied with the thought2 if he read too slowly1 it is because he does not get the words2 or because he is temperamentally slow2 or because1 and this is the most likely explanation1 he is making too much of a small idea4 ,to tell him to read fast or slow is but to make him affected1 and1 incidentally1 even if unconsciously1 to impress upon him that reading is a matter of mechanics1 and not of thought-getting and thought-giving4 ,,ii4 ,,pitch4 ,by ,pitch is meant everything that has to do with the acuteness or gravity of the tone--in other words1 with keys1 melodies1 inflections and modulations4 ,when we say of one that he speaks in a high key1 we should be understood as meaning that his pitch is prevailingly high2 and that the reverse is true when we say of one that he speaks in a low key4 ,while it is true that the key differs in individuals1 yet experience shows that within a note or two1 we all use the same keys in expressing the same states of minds4 ,the question for us is1 what determines the key8 ,it can be set down as a fixed principle1 that controlled mental states are expressed by low keys1 while the high keys are the manifestation of the less controlled mental conditions4 ,drills in inflections as such are of very little value1 and potentially very harmful4 ,most pupils have no difficulty in making proper inflections1 so that for them class drills are time wasted2 for those whose reading is monotonous1 because of lack of melodic variety1 the best drills are those which teach them to make a careful analysis of the sentences1 and those which awaken them to the necessity of impressing the thought upon others4 ,we have learned that when a pupil has the proper motive in mind and is desirous of conveying his intention to another1 a certain melody will always manifest that intention4 ,the melody1 then1 is the criterion of the pupil's purpose4 ,the moment a pupil loses sight of a phrase and its relation to the other phrases1 that moment his melody betrays him4 ,,iii4 ,,quality4 ,quality manifests emotional states4 ,by ,quality we mean that subtle element in the voice by which is expressed at one time tenderness1 at another harshness1 at another awe1 and so on through the whole gamut of feeling4 ,the teacher now knows that emotion affects the quality of tone4 ,let him then use this knowledge as he has learned to use his knowledge of the other criteria4 ,we recognize instinctively the qualities that express sorrow1 tenderness1 joy1 and the other states of feeling4 ,when the proper quality does not appear it is because the child has no feeling1 or the wrong feeling1 generally the former4 ,there is but one way to correct the expression1 i4 e41 by stimulating the imagination4 ,,iv4 ,,force4 ,force manifests the degree of mental energy4 ,when we speak in a loud voice1 there is much energy2 when softly1 there is little4 ,do not tell the child to read louder4 ,if you do1 you will get loudness--that awful grating schoolboy loudness--without a particle of expression in it4 ,many a child reads well1 but is bashful4 ,when we tell him to read louder1 he braces himself for the effort and kills the quality1 which is the finer breath and spirit of oral expression1 and gives us a purely physical thing--force4 ,put your weak-voiced readers on the platform2 let them face the class and talk to you1 seated in the middle of the room1 and you will get all the force you need4 ,on the whole1 we have too much force1 rather than too little4 ,let the teacher learn that we want quality1 not quantity1 and our statement of the mental action behind force will be of much benefit in creating the proper conditions4 ,to discriminating teachers it will be apparent that this book is not the usual school reader4 ,on the contrary it differs widely from this in the cultural value of the selections1 in the classification and arrangement of material1 in the variety of interest to which it appeals1 and in the abundance of classic literature from ,american authors which it contains4 ,it aims to furnish the best in poetry and prose to be found in the literature of the ,english-speaking race and to furnish it in abundance4 ,if these familiar old selections1 long accepted as among the best in literature1 shall be the means of cultivating in pupils a taste for good reading1 the book will have fulfilled its purpose4 ,for permission to use valuable selections from their lists1 acknowledgment is due to ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin and ,company1 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 and ,the ,whitaker and ,ray ,company4 ,grateful acknowledgment is also made to those teachers who have given valuable suggestions and criticisms in the compilation of this book4 ,,the ,,authors4 ,april1 #aiji4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we live in deeds1 not years1 in thoughts1 not breaths2 ,in feelings1 not in figures on a dial4 ,,philip ,,james ,,bailey4 ,,part ,i4 ,,famous ,,rides1 ,,selections ,,from ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,other ,,poets1 ,,and ,,studies ,,in ,,rhythm 99 99 99 99 99 ,,paul ,,revere',s ,,ride ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow ,listen1 my children1 and you shall hear ,of the midnight ride of ,paul ,revere1 ,on the eighteenth of ,april1 in ,seventy-five3 ,hardly a man is now alive ,who remembers that famous day and year4 ,he said to his friend3 ,if the ,british march ,by land or sea from the town tonight1 ,hang a lantern aloft in the belfry-arch ,of the ,north ,church tower1 as a signal-light1-- ,one if by land1 and two if by sea2 ,and ,i on the opposite shore will be1 ,ready to ride and spread the alarm ,through every ,middlesex village and farm1 ,for the country-folk to be up and to arm4 ,then he said good night1 and with muffled oar ,silently rowed to the ,charlestown shore1 ,just as the moon rose over the bay1 ,where1 swinging wide at her moorings1 lay ,the ,somerset1 ,british man-of-war3 ,a phantom ship1 with each mast and spar ,across the moon1 like a prison-bar1 ,and a huge black hulk1 that was magnified ,by its own reflection in the tide4 ,meanwhile1 his friend through alley and street ,wanders and watches with eager ears1 ,till in the silence around him he hears ,the muster of men at the barrack-door1 ,the sound of arms1 and the tramp of feet1 ,and the measured tread of the grenadiers ,marching down to their boats on the shore4 ,then he climbed to the tower of the church1 ,up the wooden stairs1 with stealthy tread1 ,to the belfry-chamber overhead1 ,and startled the pigeons from their perch ,on the sombre rafters1 that round him made ,masses and moving shapes of shade1-- ,up the trembling ladder1 steep and tall1 ,to the highest window in the wall1 ,where he paused to listen and look down ,a moment on the roofs of the town1 ,and the moonlight flowing over all4 ,beneath1 in the churchyard1 lay the dead ,in their night-encampment on the hill1 ,wrapped in silence so deep and still1 ,that he could hear1 like a sentinel's tread1 ,the watchful night-wind1 as it went ,creeping along from tent to tent1 ,and seeming to whisper1 ,all is well6 ,a moment only he feels the spell ,of the place and the hour1 the secret dread ,of the lonely belfry and the dead2 ,for suddenly all his thoughts are bent ,on a shadowy something far away1 ,where the river widens to meet the bay1-- ,a line of black1 that bends and floats ,on the rising tide1 like a bridge of boats4 ,meanwhile1 impatient to mount and ride1 ,booted and spurred1 with a heavy stride1 ,on the opposite shore walked ,paul ,revere4 ,now he patted his horse's side1 ,now gazed at the landscape far and near1 ,then impetuous stamped the earth1 ,and turned and tightened his saddle-girth2 ,but mostly he watched with eager search ,the belfry-tower of the old ,north ,church1 ,as it rose above the graves on the hill1 ,lonely1 and spectral1 and sombre1 and still4 ,and lo6 as he looks1 on the belfry's height1 ,a glimmer1 and then a gleam of light6 ,he springs to the saddle1 the bridle he turns1 ,but lingers and gazes1 till full on his sight ,a second lamp in the belfry burns6 ,a hurry of hoofs in a village-street1 ,a shape in the moonlight1 a bulk in the dark1 ,and beneath from the pebbles1 in passing1 a spark ,struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet3 ,that was all6 ,and yet1 through the gloom and the light1 ,the fate of a nation was riding that night2 ,and the spark struck out by that steed1 in his flight1 ,kindled the land into flame with its heat4 ,he has left the village and mounted the steep1 ,and beneath him1 tranquil and broad and deep1 ,is the ,mystic1 meeting the ocean tides2 ,and under the alders1 that skirt its edge1 ,now soft on the sand1 now loud on the ledge1 ,is heard the tramp of the steed as he rides4 ,it was twelve by the village-clock ,when he crossed the bridge into ,medford town4 ,he heard the crowing of the cock1 ,and the barking of the farmer's dog1 ,and felt the damp of the river-fog ,that rises after the sun goes down4 ,it was one by the village-clock ,when he galloped into ,lexington4 ,he saw the gilded weathercock ,swim in the moonlight as he passed1 ,and the meeting-house windows1 blank and bare1 ,gaze at him with a spectral glare1 ,as if they already stood aghast ,at the bloody work they would look upon4 ,it was two by the village-clock ,when he came to the bridge in ,concord town4 ,he heard the bleating of the flock1 ,and the twitter of birds among the trees1 ,and felt the breath of the morning-breeze ,blowing over the meadows brown4 ,and one was safe and asleep in his bed ,who at the bridge would be first to fall1 ,who that day would be lying dead1 ,pierced by a ,british musket-ball4 ,you know the rest4 ,in the books you have read ,how the ,british regulars fired and fled1-- ,how the farmers gave them ball for ball1 ,from behind each fence and farmyard-wall1 ,chasing the redcoats down the lane1 ,then crossing the fields to emerge again ,under the trees at the turn of the road1 ,and only pausing to fire and load4 ,so through the night rode ,paul ,revere2 ,and so through the night went his cry of alarm ,to every ,middlesex village and farm1-- ,a cry of defiance1 and not of fear1-- ,a voice in the darkness1 a knock at the door1 ,and a word that shall echo forevermore6 ,for1 borne on the night-wind of the ,past1 ,through all our history1 to the last1 ,in the hour of darkness and peril and need1 ,the people will waken and listen to hear ,the hurrying hoof-beats of that steed1 ,and the midnight-message of ,paul ,revere4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what message did ,paul ,revere bear8 ,read an account of the battle of ,lexington and observe how nearly this poem is true to history4 ,who were ,john ,hancock and ,samuel ,adams8 ,what does the second stanza tell you8 ,the seventh stanza8 ,does this poem call your attention chiefly to the horse1 the rider1 or the message8 ,sketch a map locating ,boston1 ,charlestown1 ,medford1 ,lexington1 ,concord4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 the fate of a nation was riding that night gaze at him with a spectral glare the spark struck out by that steed in his flight kindled the land into flame with its heat sombre red-coats fearless and fleet 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,leap ,,of ,,roushan ,,beg ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow ,mounted on ,kyrat strong and fleet1 ,his chestnut steed with four white feet1 ,roushan ,beg1 called ,kurroglou1 ,son of the road and bandit chief1 ,seeking refuge and relief1 ,up the mountain pathway flew4 ,such was the ,kyrat's wondrous speed1 ,never yet could any steed ,reach the dust-cloud in his course4 ,more than maiden1 more than wife1 ,more than gold and next to life ,roushan the ,robber loved his horse4 ,in the land that lies beyond ,erzeroum and ,trebizond1 ,garden-girt1 his fortress stood2 ,plundered khan1 or caravan ,journeying north from ,koordistan1 ,gave him wealth and wine and food4 ,seven hundred and fourscore ,men at arms his livery wore1 ,did his bidding night and day2 ,now1 through regions all unknown1 ,he was wandering1 lost1 alone1 ,seeking1 without guide1 his way4 ,suddenly the pathway ends1 ,sheer the precipice descends1 ,loud the torrent roars unseen2 ,thirty feet from side to side ,yawns the chasm2 on air must ride ,he who crosses this ravine4 ,following close in his pursuit1 ,at the precipice's foot ,reyhan the ,arab of ,orfah ,halted with his hundred men1 ,shouting upward from the glen1 ,la ,illh ilia ,allh6 ,gently ,roushan ,beg caressed ,kyrat's forehead1 neck and breast2 ,kissed him upon both his eyes1 ,sang to him in his wild way1 ,as upon the topmost spray ,sings a bird before it flies4 ,o my ,kyrat1 ,o my steed1 ,bound and slender as a reed1 ,carry me this peril through6 ,satin housings shall be thine1 ,shoes of gold1 ,o ,kyrat mine1 ,o thou soul of ,kurroglou6 ,soft thy skin as silken skein1 ,soft as woman's hair thy mane1 ,tender are thine eyes and true2 ,all thy hoofs like ivory shine1 ,polished bright2 ,o life of mine1 ,leap1 and rescue ,kurroglou6 ,kyrat1 then1 the strong and fleet1 ,drew together his four white feet1 ,paused a moment on the verge1 ,measured with his eye the space1 ,and into the air's embrace ,leaped as leaps the ocean surge4 ,as the ocean surge o'er sand ,bears a swimmer safe to land1 ,kyrat safe his rider bore2 ,rattling down the deep abyss ,fragments of the precipice ,rolled like pebbles on a shore4 ,roushan's tasseled cap of red ,trembled not upon his head2 ,careless sat he and upright2 ,neither hand nor bridle shook1 ,nor his head he turned to look1 ,as he galloped out of sight4 ,flash of harness in the air1 ,seen a moment1 like the glare ,of a sword drawn from its sheath2 ,thus the phantom horseman passed1 ,and the shadow that he cast ,leaped the cataract underneath4 ,reyhan the ,arab held his breath ,while this vision of life and death ,passed above him4 ,allahu6 ,cried he4 ,in all ,koordistan ,lives there not so brave a man ,as this ,robber ,kurroglou6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what does the first stanza tell8 ,the second8 ,what is the purpose of the fifth stanza8 ,what comparison is found in the seventh stanza8 ,in the eighth8 ,in the ninth8 ,what do we mean by figure of speech8 ,illustrate4 ,state in your own words the thought in the eleventh stanza4 ,in next to the last stanza give the meaning of the last three lines4 ,what lesson of heroism does this poem give you8 ,whom should you call the hero of this tale8 ,who is ,allah8 ,where is ,koordistan8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 phantom verge caravan abyss garden-girt cataract 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,light ,,brigade ,,at ,,balaklava ,,alfred1 ,,lord ,,tennyson ,half a league1 half a league1 ,half a league onward1 ,all in the valley of ,death ,rode the six hundred4 ,forward1 the ,light ,brigade6 ,charge for the guns6 he said3 ,into the valley of ,death ,rode the six hundred4 ,forward1 the ,light ,brigade6 ,was there a man dismay'd8 ,not tho' the soldier knew ,some one had blunder'd3 ,theirs not to make reply1 ,theirs not to reason why1 ,theirs but to do and die3 ,into the valley of ,death ,rode the six hundred4 ,cannon to right of them1 ,cannon to left of them1 ,cannon in front of them ,volley'd and thunder'd2 ,storm'd at with shot and shell1 ,boldly they rode and well1 ,into the jaws of ,death1 ,into the mouth of ,hell ,rode the six hundred4 ,flash'd all their sabres bare1 ,flash'd as they turn'd in air ,sabring the gunners there1 ,charging an army1 while ,all the world wonder'd2 ,plunged in the battery-smoke ,right thro' the line they broke2 ,cossack and ,russian ,reel'd from the sabre-stroke ,shatter'd and sunder'd4 ,then they rode back1 but not1 ,not the six hundred4 ,cannon to right of them1 ,cannon to left of them1 ,cannon behind them ,volley'd and thunder'd2 ,stormed at with shot and shell1 ,while horse and hero fell1 ,they that had fought so well ,came through the jaws of ,death ,back from the mouth of ,hell1 ,all that was left of them1 ,left of six hundred4 ,when can their glory fade6 ,oh the wild charge they made6 ,all the world wondered4 ,honor the charge they made6 ,honor the ,light ,brigade1 ,noble six hundred6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,alfred ,tennyson was born in that memorable birth year1 #ahji1 which brought into the world a company of the greatest men of the century1 including ,darwin1 ,gladstone1 ,lincoln1 ,poe1 ,chopin1 and ,mendelssohn4 ,he was one of twelve children who lived together a healthful life of study and sport4 ,gathering the other children about him he held them captive with his stories of knightly deeds--tales drawn partly from his reading and partly from his fertile fancy4 ,they lived again the thrilling life of joust and tournament4 ,past the house in the village of ,somersby1 in ,lincolnshire1 where his father was rector1 flowed a brook1 in all probability the brook that came from haunts of coot and hern444 to bicker down a valley4 ,he was a student at ,cambridge1 where he met and became deeply attached to ,arthur ,henry ,hallam1 whose death not long afterward inspired the poem ,in ,memoriam4 ,in #ahej1 upon ,wordsworth's death1 ,tennyson was made poet laureate and the poem commemorating the heroic charge at ,balaklava in #ahed1 ,the ,charge of the ,light ,brigade1 shows how he adorned this office4 ,in #ahhd the queen raised him to the peerage1 and from that time he was known as ,lord ,tennyson4 ,he lived as much in retirement as was possible1 part of the time making his home in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,he died in #ahib and was buried in the ,poets' ,corner in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the event which this poem describes occurred at ,balaklava in the ,crimea1 ,october #beth1 #ahed4 ,of six hundred seven men only about one hundred fifty survived4 ,the order to charge1 bearing the signature of ,lord ,lucan1 was delivered by ,captain ,nolan to the ,earl of ,cardigan1 who was in command of the ,light ,brigade4 ,nolan was killed in the charge while ,cardigan survived4 ,the death of ,nolan made it impossible to determine whether the signature to the order was genuine or forged4 ,it was in this war that ,florence ,nightingale rendered such noble service as hospital nurse4 ,she arrived at ,balaklava ten days after this charge4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,on your map find ,balaklava on the ,black ,sea4 ,what nation attacked the ,russians8 ,what was the significance of ,sevastopol8 ,what is a brigade8 ,a light brigade8 ,what is meant by charging an army8 ,who had blundered8 ,what lines tell you that obedience is the first duty of the soldier8 ,what line tells you how vain and hopeless was this charge8 ,how does the poem impress you8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,valley of ,death half a league the mouth of ,hell the jaws of ,death dismay'd volley'd and thunder'd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,diverting ,,history ,,of ,,john ,,gilpin ,,william ,,cowper ,john ,gilpin was a citizen ,of credit and renown1 ,a trainband captain eke was he ,of famous ,london town4 ,john ,gilpin's spouse said to her dear1 ,though wedded we have been ,these twice ten tedious years1 yet we ,no holiday have seen4 ,tomorrow is our wedding day1 ,and we will then repair ,unto the ,bell at ,edmonton1 ,all in a chaise and pair ,my sister1 and my sister's child1 ,myself1 and children three1 ,will fill the chaise1 so you must ride ,on horseback after we4 ,he soon replied1 ,i do admire ,of womankind but one1 ,and you are she1 my dearest dear1 ,therefore1 it shall be done4 ,i am a linen-draper bold1 ,as all the world doth know1 ,and my good friend1 the calender1 ,will lend his horse to go4 ,quoth ,mrs4 ,gilpin1 ,that's well said3 ,and for that wine is dear1 ,we will be furnished with our own1 ,which is both bright and clear4 ,john ,gilpin kissed his loving wife2 ,o'erjoyed was he to find ,that1 though on pleasure she was bent1 ,she had a frugal mind4 ,the morning came1 the chaise was brought1 ,but yet was not allowed ,to drive up to the door1 lest all ,should say that she was proud4 ,so three doors off the chaise was stayed1 ,where they did all get in2 ,six precious souls1 and all agog ,to dash through thick and thin4 ,smack went the whip1 'round went the wheels1 ,were never folks so glad2 ,the stones did rattle underneath ,as if ,cheapside were mad4 ,john ,gilpin at his horse's side ,seized fast the flowing mane1 ,and up he got1 in haste to ride1 ,but soon came down again2 ,for saddle-tree scarce reached had he1 ,his journey to begin1 ,when1 turning round his head1 he saw ,three customers come in4 ,so down he came2 for loss of time1 ,although it grieved him sore1 ,yet loss of pence1 full well he knew1 ,would trouble him much more4 ',twas long before the customers ,were suited to their mind1 ,when ,betty screaming came down stairs1-- ,the wine is left behind6 ,good lack6 quoth he1 yet bring it me1 ,my leathern belt likewise1 ,in which ,i bear my trusty sword ,when ,i do exercise4 ,now ,mrs4 ,gilpin1 careful soul1 ,had two stone bottles found1 ,to hold the liquor that she loved1 ,and keep it safe and sound4 ,each bottle had a curling ear1 ,through which the belt he drew1 ,and hung a bottle on each side1 ,to make his balance true4 ,then1 over all1 that he might be ,equipped from top to toe1 ,his long red cloak1 well brushed and ,he manfully did throw4 ,now see him mounted once again1 ,upon his nimble steed1 ,full slowly pacing o'er the stones ,with caution and good heed4 ,but finding soon a smoother road ,beneath his well-shod feet1 ,the snorting beast began to trot1 ,which galled him in his seat4 ,so ,fair and softly ,john he cried1 ,but ,john he cried in vain2 ,that trot became a gallop soon1 ,in spite of curb and rein4 ,so stooping down1 as needs he must ,who cannot sit upright1 ,he grasped the mane with both his hands1 ,and eke with all his might4 ,his horse1 which never in that sort ,had handled been before1 ,what thing upon his back had got ,did wonder more and more4 ,away went ,gilpin1 neck or nought2 ,away went hat and wig2 ,he little dreamed when he set out ,of running such a rig4 ,the wind did blow1 the cloak did fly1 ,like streamer long and gay1 ,till1 loop and button failing both1 ,at last it flew away4 ,then might all people well discern1 ,the bottles he had slung2 ,a bottle swinging at each side1 ,as hath been said or sung4 ,the dogs did bark1 the children screamed1 ,up flew the windows all1 ,and every soul cried out1 ,well done6 ,as loud as he could bawl4 ,away went ,gilpin--who but he8 ,his fame soon spread around2 ,he carries weight1 he rides a race6 ',tis for a thousand pound6 ,and still1 as fast as he drew near1 ',twas wonderful to view1 ,how in a trice the turnpike men ,their gates wide open threw4 ,and now1 as he went bowing down ,his reeking head full low1 ,the bottles twain behind his back ,were shattered at a blow4 ,down ran the wine into the road1 ,most piteous to be seen1 ,which made his horse's flanks to smoke ,as they had basted been4 ,but still he seemed to carry weight1 ,with leathern girdle braced2 ,for all might see the bottle necks ,still dangling at his waist4 ,thus all through merry ,islington ,these gambols he did play1 ,until he came unto the wash ,of ,edmonton so gay2 ,and there he threw the wash about ,on both sides of the way1 ,just like unto a trundling mop1 ,or a wild goose at play4 ,at ,edmonton his loving wife ,from the balcony spied ,her tender husband1 wondering much ,to see how he did ride4 ,stop1 stop1 ,john ,gilpin6 ,here's the house6 ,they all at once did cry2 ,the dinner waits and we are tired4 ,said ,gilpin1 ,so am ,i6 ,but yet his horse was not a whit ,inclined to tarry there2 ,for why8 his owner had a house ,full ten miles off1 at ,ware4 ,so like an arrow swift he flew1 ,shot by an archer strong2 ,so did he fly--which brings me to ,the middle of my song4 ,away went ,gilpin1 out of breath1 ,and sore against his will1 ,till1 at his friend the calender's1 ,his horse at last stood still4 ,the calender1 amazed to see ,his neighbor in such trim1 ,laid down his pipe1 flew to the gate1 ,and thus accosted him3 ,what news8 what news8 your tidings tell2 ,tell me you must and shall2 ,say why bareheaded you are come1 ,or why you come at all8 ,now ,gilpin had a pleasant wit1 ,and loved a timely joke2 ,and thus unto the calender1 ,in merry guise1 he spoke3 ,i came because your horse would come2 ,and1 if ,i well forbode1 ,my hat and wig will soon be here3-- ,they are upon the road4 ,the calender1 right glad to find ,his friend in merry pin1 ,returned him not a single word1 ,but to the house went in2 ,whence straight he came with hat and wig2 ,a wig that flowed behind1 ,a hat not much the worse for wear1 ,each comely in its kind4 ,he held them up and in his turn ,thus showed his ready wit3 ,my head is twice as big as yours1 ,they1 therefore1 needs must fit4 ,but let me scrape the dirt away ,that hangs upon your face2 ,and stop and eat1 for well you may ,be in a hungry case4 ,said ,john1 ,it is my wedding day1 ,and all the world would stare1 ,if wife should dine at ,edmonton ,and ,i should dine at ,ware4 ,so1 turning to his horse1 he said1 ,i am in haste to dine2 ',twas for your pleasure you came here1 ,you shall go back for mine4 ,ah6 luckless speech and bootless boast1 ,for which he paid full dear2 ,for while he spake1 a braying ass ,did sing most loud and clear2 ,whereat his horse did snort1 as he ,had heard a lion roar1 ,and galloped off with all his might1 ,as he had done before4 ,away went ,gilpin1 and away ,went ,gilpin's hat and wig3 ,he lost them sooner than at first2 ,for why8--they were too big4 ,now ,mistress ,gilpin1 when she saw ,her husband posting down ,into the country far away1 ,she pulled out half a crown2 ,and thus unto the youth she said1 ,that drove them to the ,bell1 ,this shall be yours when you bring back ,my husband safe and well4 ,the youth did ride1 and soon did meet ,john coming back amain2 ,whom in a trice he tried to stop ,by catching at his rein2 ,but not performing what he meant ,and gladly would have done1 ,the frightened steed he frighted more1 ,and made him faster run4 ,away went ,gilpin1 and away ,went postboy at his heels1 ,the postboy's horse right glad to miss ,the lumbering of the wheels4 ,six gentlemen upon the road1 ,thus seeing ,gilpin fly1 ,with postboy scampering in the rear1 ,they raised the hue and cry2-- ,stop thief6 stop thief6 a highwayman6 ,not one of them was mute2 ,and all and each that passed that way ,did join in the pursuit4 ,and now the turnpike gates again ,flew open in short space2 ,the toll-men thinking as before1 ,that ,gilpin rode a race4 ,and so he did1 and won it too1 ,for he got first to town2 ,nor stopped till where he had got up ,he did again get down4 ,now let us sing ,long ,live the ,king1 ,and ,gilpin1 long live he2 ,and when he next doth ride abroad ,may ,i be there to see6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical3 ,william ,cowper1 #agca-ahjj1 was a famous ,english poet4 ,his poems range from religious to humorous subjects4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what was the occasion of the ride8 ,what tells you that the linen-draper lived over his shop8 ,which stanza is most amusing8 ,why did people think ,john ,gilpin rode for a wager8 ,edmonton--a suburb of ,london4 ,the ,bell--the ,inn4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 calender eke chaise and pair frugal gambols trainband repair he carries weight for that wine is dear turnpike basted bootless boast the postboy's horse right glad to miss the lumbering of the wheels 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,they ,,brought ,,the ,,good ,,news ,,from ,,ghent ,,to ,,aix ,,robert ,,browning ,i sprang to the stirrup1 and ,joris1 and he2 ,i galloped1 ,dirck galloped1 we galloped all three2 ,good speed6 cried the watch1 as the gate-bolts undrew2 ,speed6 echoed the wall to us galloping through2 ,behind shut the postern1 the lights sank to rest1 ,and into the midnight we galloped abreast4 ,not a word to each other2 we kept the great pace ,neck by neck1 stride by stride1 never changing our place2 ,i turned in my saddle and made its girths tight1 ,then shortened each stirrup1 and set the pique right1 ,rebuckled the cheek-strap1 chained slacker the bit1 ,nor galloped less steadily ,roland a whit4 ',twas moonset at starting2 but while we drew near ,lokeren1 the cocks crew and twilight dawned clear2 ,at ,boom1 a great yellow star came out to see2 ,at ,dffeld1 'twas morning as plain as could be2 ,and from ,mecheln church-steeple we heard the half-chime1 ,so ,joris broke silence with1 ,yet there is time6 ,at ,aershot1 up leaped of a sudden the sun1 ,and against him the cattle stood black every one1 ,to stare through the mist at us galloping past1 ,and ,i saw my stout galloper ,roland at last1 ,with resolute shoulders1 each butting away ,the haze1 as some bluff river headland its spray3 ,and his low head and crest1 just one sharp ear bent back ,for my voice1 and the other pricked out on his track2 ,and one eye's black intelligence1--ever that glance ,o'er its white edge at me1 his own master1 askance ,and the thick heavy spume-flakes which aye and anon ,his fierce lips shook upwards in galloping on4 ,by ,hasselt1 ,dirck groaned2 and cried ,joris1 ,stay spur6 ,your ,roos galloped bravely1 the fault's not in her1 ,we'll remember at ,aix--for one heard the quick wheeze ,of her chest1 saw the stretched neck and staggering knees1 ,and sunk tail1 and horrible heave of the flank1 ,as down on her haunches she shuddered and sank4 ,so1 we were left galloping1 ,joris and ,i1 ,past ,looz and past ,tongres1 no cloud in the sky2 ,the broad sun above laughed a pitiless laugh1 ',neath our feet broke the brittle bright stubble like chaff2 ,till over by ,dalhem1 a dome-spire sprang white1 ,and ,gallop1 gasped ,joris1 for ,aix is in sight6 ,how they'll greet us6--and all in a moment his roan ,rolled neck and croup over1 lay dead as a stone2 ,and there was my ,roland to bear the whole weight ,of the news which alone could save ,aix from her fate1 ,with his nostrils like pits full of blood to the brim1 ,and with circles of red for his eye-sockets' rim4 ,then ,i cast loose my buffcoat1 each holster let fall1 ,shook off both my jack-boots1 let go belt and all1 ,stood up in the stirrup1 leaned1 patted his ear1 ,called my ,roland his pet-name1 my horse without peer2 ,clapped my hands1 laughed and sang1 any noise1 bad or good1 ,till at length into ,aix ,roland galloped and stood4 ,and all ,i remember is--friends flocking round ,as ,i sat with his head 'twixt my knees on the ground2 ,and no voice but was praising this ,roland of mine1 ,as ,i poured down his throat our last measure of wine1 ,which 7the burgesses voted by common consent7 ,was no more than his due who brought good news from ,ghent4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,robert ,browning was born in a suburb of ,london in #ahab4 ,his four grandparents were respectively of ,english1 ,german1 ,scotch1 and ,creole birth4 ,after his marriage with the poet1 ,elizabeth ,barrett1 he lived in ,italy1 where in the old palace ,casa ,guidi1 in ,florence1 they spent years of rare companionship and happiness4 ,after her death he returned to ,england1 but spent most of his summers abroad4 ,on the ,grand ,canal1 in ,venice1 the gondoliers point out a palace where at his son's home1 ,browning died in #ahhi4 ,he was buried in the ,poets' ,corner1 ,westminster ,abbey4 ,browning's poems are not easy to read1 because he condenses so much into a word or phrase and he often leaves large gaps to be filled in by the reader's imagination4 ,any one can make selections of lines and even entire poems from ,tennyson1 ,poe1 ,southey1 and ,lanier1 in which the poet has created for us verbal music and beauty4 ,browning1 however1 is not so much concerned with this side of poetry as he is with portraying correctly the varied emotions of the human soul4 ,love in the largest sense1 as the divine principle working through all nature1 is at the very center of ,browning's creed4 ,his is the heartiest1 happiest1 most beautiful poetic voice that his age has read4 ,he stands apart from most others of his kind and age in the positiveness of his religious faith1 a faith that is based upon a conviction of the conquering universality of love and self-sacrifice4 ,how ,they ,brought the ,good ,news is without historical basis2 the ride occurred only in the imagination of the poet4 ,the inspiration came from ,browning's longing for a horseback gallop over the ,english downs4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find ,ghent and ,aix la ,chapelle on your map4 ,what was probably the nature of the good news carried by the messengers8 ,how many messengers were there8 ,what makes you think so8 ,what does the fifth stanza tell you8 ,what tells you the praise given ,roland8 ,the rhythm suggests the gallop of the horses4 ,in which lines is this suggestion most marked8 ,indicate the rhythmic movement4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 postern pique askance burgesses stirrup twilight haunches holster ,good speed6 cried the watch as the gate-bolts undrew ,with resolute shoulders each butting away ,the haze1 as some bluff river headland its spray 99 99 99 99 99 ,,incident ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,camp ,,robert ,,browning ,you know1 we ,french stormed ,ratisbon3 ,a mile or so away1 ,on a little mound1 ,napoleon ,stood on our storming-day2 ,with neck out-thrust1 you fancy how1 ,legs wide1 arms locked behind1 ,as if to balance the prone brow ,oppressive with its mind4 ,just as perhaps he mused1 ,my plans ,that soar1 to earth may fall1 ,let once my army-leader1 ,lannes1 ,waver at yonder wall1-- ,out 'twixt the battery-smokes there flew ,a rider1 bound on bound ,full-galloping2 nor bridle drew ,until he reached the mound4 ,then off there flung in smiling joy1 ,and held himself erect ,by just his horse's mane1 a boy3 ,you hardly could suspect-- 7,so tight he kept his lips compressed1 ,scarce any blood came through7 ,you looked twice ere you saw his breast ,was all but shot in two4 ,well1 cried he1 ,emperor1 by ,god's grace1 ,we've got you ,ratisbon6 ,the marshal's in the market-place1 ,and you'll be there anon ,to see your flag-bird flap his vans ,where ,i1 to heart's desire1 ,perched him6 ,the chief's eye flashed2 his plans ,soared up again like fire4 ,the chiefs eye flashed2 but presently ,softened itself1 as sheathes ,a film the mother eagle's eye ,when her bruised eaglet breathes3 ,you're wounded6 ,nay1 the soldier's pride ,touched to the quick1 he said3 ,i'm killed1 sire6 ,and his chief beside1 ,smiling1 the boy fell dead4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,on your map find ,ratisbon on the ,danube ,river4 ,what picture have you of ,napoleon from reading this poem8 ,what word used figuratively tells you of the rider's speed8 ,tell the story of the boy rider4 ,what was the mission of the boy who rode alone8 ,was his heroism greater because he was alone8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 stormed soar prone waver battery-smokes vans sheathes film 99 99 99 99 99 ,,herv ,,riel ,,robert ,,browning ,on the sea and at the ,hogue1 sixteen hundred ninety-two1 ,did the ,english fight the ,french--woe to ,france6 ,and the thirty-first of ,may1 helter-skelter through the blue1 ,like a crowd of frightened porpoises a shoal of sharks pursue1 ,came crowding ship on ship to ,st4 ,malo on the ,rance1 ,with the ,english fleet in view4 ',twas the squadron that escaped1 with the victor in full chase2 ,first and foremost of the drove1 in his great ship1 ,damfreville2 ,close on him fled1 great and small1 ,twenty-two good ships in all2 ,and they signalled to the place1 ,help the winners of a race6 ,get us guidance1 give us harbor1 take us quick--or1 quicker still1 ,here's the ,english can and will6 ,then the pilots of the place put out brisk and leapt on board2 ,why1 what hope or chance have ships like these to pass8 laughed they3 ,rocks to starboard1 rocks to port1 all the passage scarred and scored1-- ,shall the ,formidable here1 with her twelve and eighty guns1 ,think to make the river-mouth by the single narrow way1 ,trust to enter--where 'tis ticklish for a craft of twenty tons1 ,and with flow at full beside8 ,now1 'tis slackest ebb of tide4 ,reach the mooring8 ,rather say1 ,while rock stands or water runs1 ,not a ship will leave the bay6 ,then was called a council straight4 ,brief and bitter the debate3 ,here's the ,english at our heels2 would you have them take in tow ,all that's left us of the fleet1 linked together stern and bow1 ,for a prize to ,plymouth ,sound8 ,better run the ships aground6 7,ended ,damfreville his speech74 ,not a minute more to wait6 ,let the captains all and each ,shove ashore1 then blow up1 burn the vessels on the beach6 ,france must undergo her fate4 ,give the word6 ,but no such word ,was ever spoke or heard3 ,for up stood1 for out stepped1 for in struck1 amid all these1-- ,a captain8 a lieutenant8 a mate1--first1 second1 third8 ,no such man of mark1 and meet ,with his betters to compete6 ,but a simple ,breton sailor1 pressed by ,tourville for the fleet1 ,a poor coasting-pilot1 he1---,herv ,riel1 the ,croisickese4 ,and ,what mockery or malice have we here8 cried ,herv ,riel4 ,are you mad1 you ,malouins8 ,are you cowards1 fools1 or rogues8 ,talk to me of rocks and shoals8--me1 who took the soundings1 tell ,on my fingers every bank1 every shallow1 every swell1 ',twixt the offing here and ,grve1 where the river disembogues8 ,are you bought by ,english gold8 ,is it love the lying's for8 ,morn and eve1 night and day1 ,have ,i piloted your bay1 ,entered free and anchored fast at the foot of ,solidor4 ,burn the fleet1 and ruin ,france8 ,that were worse than fifty ,hogues6 ,sirs1 they know ,i speak the truth6 ,sirs1 believe me1 there's way6 ,only let me lead the line1 ,have the biggest ship to steer1 ,get this ,formidable clear1 ,make the others follow mine1 ,and ,i lead them1 most and least1 by a passage ,i know well1 ,right to ,solidor past ,grve1 ,and there lay them safe and sound2 ,and if one ship misbehave1-- ,keel so much as grate the ground1 ,why1 ,i've nothing but my life1--here's my head6 cries ,herv ,riel4 ,not a minute more to wait4 ,steer us in1 then1 small and great6 ,take the helm1 lead the line1 save the squadron6 cried its chief4 ,captains1 give the sailor place6 ,he is ,admiral1 in brief4 ,still the north-wind1 by ,god's grace6 ,see the noble fellow's face ,as the big ship1 with a bound1 ,clears the entry like a hound1 ,keeps the passage1 as its inch of way were the wide sea's profound6 ,see1 safe thro' shoal and rock1 ,how they follow in a flock1 ,not a ship that misbehaves1 not a keel that grates the ground1 ,not a spar that comes to grief6 ,the peril1 see1 is past4 ,all are harbored to the last1 ,and just as ,herv ,riel hollas ,anchor6 sure as fate1 ,up the ,english come1--too late6 ,so1 the storm subsides to calm3 ,they see the green trees wave ,on the heights o'erlooking ,grve4 ,hearts that bled are stanched with balm4 ,just our rapture to enhance1 ,let the ,english rake the bay1 ,gnash their teeth and glare askance ,as they cannonade away6 ',neath rampired ,solidor pleasant riding on the ,rance6 ,how hope succeeds despair on each captain's countenance6 ,out burst all with one accord1 ,this is paradise for hell6 ,let ,france1 let ,france's king1 ,thank the man that did the thing6 ,what a shout1 and all one word1 ,herv ,riel6 ,as he stepped in front once more2 ,not a symptom of surprise ,in the frank blue ,breton eyes1-- ,just the same man as before4 ,then said ,damfreville1 ,my friend1 ,i must speak out at the end1 ,though ,i find the speaking hard2 ,praise is deeper than the lips2 ,you have saved the king his ships2 ,you must name your own reward4 ,faith1 our sun was near eclipse6 ,demand whate'er you will1 ,france remains your debtor still4 ,ask to heart's content1 and have6 or my name's not ,damfreville4 ,then a beam of fun outbroke ,on the bearded mouth that spoke1 ,as the honest heart laughed through ,those frank eyes of ,breton blue3-- ,since ,i needs must say my say1 ,since on board the duty's done1 ,and from ,malo ,roads to ,croisic ,point1 what is it but a run6 ,since 'tis ask and have1 ,i may-- ,since the others go ashore-- ,come6 ,a good whole holiday6 ,leave to go and see my wife1 whom ,i call the ,belle ,aurore6 ,that he asked and that he got1--nothing more4 ,name and deed alike are lost3 ,not a pillar nor a post ,in his ,croisic keeps alive the feat as it befell2 ,not a head in white and black ,on a single fishing-smack1 ,in memory of the man but for whom had gone to wrack ,all that ,france saved from the fight whence ,england bore the bell4 ,go to ,paris3 rank on rank ,search the heroes flung pell-mell ,on the ,louvre1 face and flank6 ,you shall look long enough ere you come to ,herv ,riel4 ,so1 for better and for worse1 ,herv ,riel1 accept my verse6 ,in my verse1 ,herv ,riel1 do thou once more ,save the squadron1 honor ,france1 love thy wife the ,belle ,aurore6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find on your map3 ,saint ,malo1 le ,croisic 7,st4 ,croisic71 ,plymouth ,sound1 ,paris4 ,what forfeit did ,herv ,riel propose in case he failed to pilot the ships safely in8 ,what ships were seeking harbor8 ,who were the porpoises and who the sharks8 ,what reward did he claim8 ,what comparison is found in the first stanza8 ,what do stanzas three and four tell8 ,in what way is the hero's memory perpetuated8 ,the rhythm gives spirit to the poem4 ,which lines or stanzas are most spirited8 ,what line gives the key-note to ,herv ,riel's character8 ,contrast ,herv ,riel with the local pilots4 ,saint ,malo--noted for its high tides4 ,rance--name of a river4 ,the ,hogue--a cape on the ,french coast4 ,malouins--residents of ,saint ,malo4 ,tourville--the ,french admiral4 ,grve--name given the beach4 ,solidor--the old fortress4 ,belle ,aurore--the dawn4 ,croisickese--inhabitants of ,croisie4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,worse than fifty ,hogues ,clears the entry like a hound ,just the same man as before ,he is ,admiral1 in brief ,keeps the passage as its inch of way were the wide sea's profound ,search the heroes flung pell-mell on the ,louvre1 face and flank pressed disembogues rampired bore the bell 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,bugle ,,song 7,from ,the ,princess7 ,,alfred1 ,,lord ,,tennyson ,the splendor falls on castle walls ,and snowy summits1 old in story2 ,the long light shakes across the lakes1 ,and the wild cataract leaps in glory4 ,blow1 bugle1 blow1 set the wild echoes flying2 ,blow1 bugle2 answer1 echoes1 dying1 dying1 dying4 ,o1 hark6 ,o1 hear6 how thin and clear1 ,and thinner1 clearer1 farther going6 ,o1 sweet and far from cliff and scar1 ,the horns of ,elfland1 faintly blowing6 ,blow1 let us hear the purple glens replying2 ,blow1 bugle2 answer1 echoes1 dying1 dying1 dying4 ,o1 love1 they die in yon rich sky2 ,they faint on hill or field or river4 ,our echoes roll from soul to soul1 ,and grow forever and forever4 ,blow1 bugle1 blow1 set the wild echoes flying2 ,and answer1 echoes1 answer1 dying1 dying1 dying4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,why does the poet use splendor instead of sun-set1 and summits instead of mountains8 ,line #b--,what is meant by old in story8 ,line #c--,why does the poet use shakes8 ,line l#c--,to what does they relate8 ,line l#e--;,explain4 ,line l#e--,why does the poet use roll8 ,line l#f--,they die and faint while our echoes roll and grow4 ,note that grow is the important word4 ,note the refrain and the changes in its use2 in the first stanza--the bugle2 in the second--the echo2 in the third--the spiritual echo4 ,point out lines that have rhyme within themselves4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 wild echoes cliff and scar horns of ,elfland rich sky purple glens 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,brook ,,alfred1 ,,lord ,,tennyson ,i come from haunts of coot and hern1 ,i make a sudden sally1 ,and sparkle out among the fern1 ,to bicker down a valley4 ,by thirty hills ,i hurry down1 ,or slip between the ridges1 ,by twenty thorps1 a little town1 ,and half a hundred bridges1 ,till last by ,philip's farm ,i flow ,to join the brimming river1 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i chatter over stony ways1 ,in little sharps and trebles2 ,i bubble into eddying bays1 ,i babble on the pebbles4 ,with many a curve my banks ,i fret ,by many a field and fallow1 ,and many a fairy foreland set ,with willow-weed and mallow4 ,i chatter1 chatter1 as ,i flow ,to join the brimming river1 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i wind about1 and in and out1 ,with here a blossom sailing1 ,and here and there a lusty trout1 ,and here and there a grayling4 ,and here and there a foamy flake ,upon me1 as ,i travel ,with many a silvery water-break ,above the golden gravel1 ,and draw them all along1 and flow ,to join the brimming river1 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i steal by lawns and grassy plots1 ,i slide by hazel covers2 ,i move the sweet forget-me-nots ,that grow for happy lovers4 ,i slip1 ,i slide1 ,i gloom1 ,i glance1 ,among my skimming swallows2 ,i make the netted sunbeams dance ,against my sandy shallows1 ,i murmur under moon and stars ,in brambly wildernesses2 ,i linger by my shingly bars1 ,i loiter round my cresses2 ,and out again ,i curve and flow ,to join the brimming river1 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,these stanzas are part of a longer poem called ,the ,brook4 ,in this poem ,tennyson personifies the brook4 ,why8 ,in what lines do the words and the rhythm suggest the sound of the brook8 ,which lines do this most successfully8 ,point out words that seem to you especially appropriate in giving the thought4 ,where in the poem do we find a meaning for the following lines3 ,oh6 of all the songs sung ,no songs are so sweet ,as the songs with refrains ,which repeat and repeat4 ,how does the repetition of chatter influence the melody of the first line in the sixth stanza8 ,how does it affect the thought8 ,find another place in the poem where an expression is repeated4 ,was this done for the sake of the rhythm1 or the thought1 or for both8 ,alliteration is the repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of two or more words in close succession4 ,find lines in which alliteration is used e4 g4 sudden sally1 field and fallow1 etc4 ,what does this add to the poem8 ,indicate the rhythm of the first four lines by placing them in these curves3 _/ _/ _/ _/ ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 coot and hern 7heron7 bicker thorps fairy foreland willow weed and mallow grayling water-break covers brambly shingly bars eddying fallow babble cresses brimming sharps and trebles skimming swallows netted sunbeams 99 99 99 99 99 ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,chattahoochee ,,sidney ,,lanier ,out of the hills of ,habersham1 ,down the valleys of ,hall1 ,i hurry amain to reach the plain1 ,run the rapid and leap the fall2 ,split at the rock and together again1 ,accept my bed1 or narrow or wide1 ,and flee from folly on every side ,with a lover's pain to attain the plain ,far from the hills of ,habersham1 ,far from the valleys of ,hall4 ,all down the hills of ,habersham1 ,all through the valleys of ,hall1 ,the rushes cried1 ,abide1 abide1 ,the wilful water-weeds held me thrall1 ,the laving laurel turned my tide1 ,the ferns and the fondling grass said1 ,stay1 ,the dewberry dipped for to work delay1 ,and the little reeds sighed1 ,abide1 abide1 ,here in the hills of ,habersham1 ,here in the valleys of ,hall4 ,high o'er the hills of ,habersham1 ,veiling the valleys of ,hall1 ,the hickory told me manifold ,fair tales of shade2 the poplar tall ,wrought me her shadowy self to hold2 ,the chestnut1 the oak1 the walnut1 the pine1 ,overleaning1 with flickering meaning and sign1 ,said3 ,pass not so cold1 these manifold ,deep shades of the hills of ,habersham1 ,these glades in the valleys of ,hall4 ,and oft in the hills of ,habersham1 ,and oft in the valleys of ,hall1 ,the white quartz shone1 and the smooth brook stone ,did bar me of passage with friendly brawl2 ,and many a luminous jewel lone 7,crystals clear or a-cloud with mist1 ,ruby1 garnet1 or amethyst7 ,made lures with the lights of streaming stone ,in the clefts of the hills of ,habersham1 ,in the beds of the valleys of ,hall4 ,but oh6 not the hills of ,habersham1 ,and oh6 not the valleys of ,hall ,avail2 ,i am fain for to water the plain4 ,downward the voices of ,duty call2 ,downward to toil and be mixed with the main4 ,the dry fields burn and the mills are to turn1 ,and a myriad flowers mortally yearn1 ,and the lordly main from beyond the plain ,calls o'er the hills of ,habersham1 ,calls through the valleys of ,hall4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,the ,south has given us two most melodious singers1 ,poe and ,lanier4 ,when only nineteen ,sidney ,lanier enlisted in the ,confederate army1 and the close of the war found him broken in health1 with little else in the world than a brave wife and a brave heart4 ,when his health permitted he played the flute in an orchestra in ,baltimore4 ,the rhythm1 the rhyme and the melodious words of his poetry all show him the passionate lover of music that he was4 ,among his prose writings1 ,the ,boy's ,froissart and ,the ,boy's ,king ,arthur are of especial interest to young readers4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find the ,chattahoochee river on your map with its source in the hills of ,habersham and its course through the valleys of ,hall4 ,compare this poem with ,tennyson's ,the ,brook4 ,what is peculiar in the phrases3 run the rapid1 flee from folly1 wilful waterweeds1 loving laurel1 etc4 ,find alliteration in other lines4 ,what is added to the poem by alliteration8 ,notice the rhythm in the third line of the first stanza4 ,what is the peculiarity of the eighth line of the first stanza8 ,find lines in the other stanzas which contain rhymes4 ,notice the last word in each of these lines4 ,what two things have you found out8 ,lanier believed that poetry is a kind of music4 ,does the rhythm in this poem sustain this definition8 ,point out lines that are especially musical and pleasing4 ,habersham1 ,hall--,counties in northern ,georgia4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 laving laurel fondling grass friendly brawl made lures lordly main run the rapid leap the fall hurry amain veiling the valleys flickering meaning the mills are to turn ,i am fain for to water the plain 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,cataract ,,of ,,lodore ,,robert ,,southey4 ,how does the water ,come down at ,lodore8 ,my little boy asked me ,thus1 once on a time2 ,and1 moreover1 he tasked me ,to tell him in rhyme4 ,anon at the word1 ,there first came one daughter1 ,and then came another1 ,to second and third ,the request of their brother1 ,and to hear how the water ,comes down at ,lodore1 ,with its rush and its roar1 ,as many a time ,they had seen it before4 ,so ,i told them in rhyme-- ,for of rhymes ,i had store2 ,and 'twas my vocation ,for their recreation ,that so ,i should sing2 ,because ,i was ,laureate ,to them and the king4 ,from its sources1 which well ,in the tarn on the fell2 ,from its fountains ,in the mountains1 ,its rills and its gills2 ,through moss and through brake1 ,it runs and it creeps ,for a while1 till it sleeps ,in its own little lake4 ,and thence1 at departing1 ,awakening and starting1 ,it runs through the reeds1 ,and away it proceeds1 ,through meadow and glade1 ,in sun and in shade1 ,and through the wood shelter1 ,among crags in its flurry1 ,helter-skelter1 ,hurry-skurry4 ,here it comes sparkling1 ,and there it lies darkling2 ,now smoking and frothing ,in tumult and wrath in1 ,till1 in this rapid race ,on which it is bent1 ,it reaches the place ,of its steep descent4 ,the cataract strong ,then plunges along1 ,striking and raging1 ,as if a war waging ,its caverns and rocks among2 ,rising and leaping1 ,sinking and creeping1 ,swelling and sweeping1 ,showering and springing1 ,flying and flinging1 ,writhing and ringing1 ,eddying and whisking1 ,spouting and frisking1 ,turning and twisting1 ,around and around ,with endless rebound2 ,smiting and fighting1 ,a sight to delight in2 ,confounding1 astounding1 ,dizzying1 and deafening the ear with its sound1 ,collecting1 projecting1 ,receding and speeding1 ,and shocking and rocking1 ,and darting and parting1 ,and threading and spreading1 ,and whizzing and hissing1 ,and dripping and skipping1 ,and hitting and splitting1 ,and shining and twining1 ,and rattling and battling1 ,and shaking and quaking1 ,and pouring and roaring1 ,and waving and raving1 ,and tossing and crossing1 ,and flowing and going1 ,and running and stunning1 ,and foaming and roaming1 ,and dinning and spinning1 ,and dropping and hopping1 ,and working and jerking1 ,and guggling and struggling1 ,and heaving and cleaving1 ,and moaning and groaning1 ,and glittering and frittering1 ,and gathering and feathering1 ,and whitening and brightening1 ,and quivering and shivering1 ,and hurrying and skurrying1 ,and thundering and floundering2 ,dividing and gliding and sliding1 ,and falling and brawling and sprawling1 ,and driving and riving and striving1 ,and sprinkling and twinkling and wrinkling1 ,and sounding and bounding and rounding1 ,and bubbling and troubling and doubling1 ,and grumbling and rumbling and tumbling1 ,and chattering and battering and shattering2 ,retreating and beating and meeting and sheeting1 ,delaying and straying and playing and spraying1 ,advancing and prancing and glancing and dancing1 ,recoiling1 turmoiling1 and toiling and boiling1 ,and gleaming and streaming and steaming and beaming1 ,and rushing and flushing and brushing and gushing1 ,and flapping and rapping and clapping and slapping1 ,and curling and whirling and purling and twirling1 ,and thumping and plumping and bumping and jumping4 ,and dashing and flashing and splashing and clashing2 ,and so never ending1 but always descending1 ,sounds and motions forever and ever are blending1 ,all at once1 and all o'er1 with a mighty uproar3 ,and this way the water comes down at ,lodore4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical3 ,robert ,southey1 #aggd-ahdc1 was a great ,english poet4 ,in #ahac he was made poet laureate4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,who was laureate8 ,what is it to be laureate8 ,who was the king to whom ,southey was poet-laureate8 ,to whom beside the king does he say he is laureate8 ,what do you think he means by this8 ,find this cataract on your map 7,derwent ,river in ,cumberland74 ,what is a cataract8 ,have you ever seen one8 ,find changes in rhythm as the stream advances4 ,where in the poem does ,southey first use lines in which two words rhyme8 ,in which three words rhyme8 ,why does the poet use all these rhymes8 ,compare the first and second stanzas as to rate4 ,point out lines that are especially pleasing to you4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 cataract tarn brake glade helter-skelter hurry-skurry vocation recreation fell 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,bells ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe ,hear the sledges with the bells-- ,silver bells6 ,what a world of merriment their melody foretells6 ,how they tinkle1 tinkle1 tinkle1 ,in the icy air of night6 ,while the stars that oversprinkle ,all the heavens1 seem to twinkle ,with a crystalline delight2 ,keeping time1 time1 time1 ,in a sort of ,runic rhyme1 ,to the tintinnabulation that so musically wells ,from the bells1 bells1 bells1 bells1 ,bells1 bells1 bells-- ,from the jingling and the tinkling of the bells4 ,hear the mellow wedding-bells1 ,golden bells6 ,what a world of happiness their harmony foretells6 ,through the balmy air of night ,how they ring out their delight6 ,from the molten-golden notes1 ,and all in tune1 ,what a liquid ditty floats ,to the turtle-dove that listens1 while she gloats ,on the moon6 ,oh1 from out the sounding cells ,what a gush of euphony voluminously wells6 ,how it swells6 ,how it dwells ,on the ,future6 how it tells ,of the rapture that impels ,to the swinging and the ringing ,of the bells1 bells1 bells-- ,of the bells1 bells1 bells1 bells1 ,bells1 bells1 bells-- ,to the rhyming and the chiming of the bells6 ,hear the loud alarum bells-- ,brazen bells6 ,what a tale of terror1 now1 their turbulency tells6 ,in the startled ear of night ,how they scream out their affright6 ,too much horrified to speak1 ,they can only shriek1 shriek1 ,out of tune1 ,in a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire1 ,in a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic fire ,leaping higher1 higher1 higher1 ,with a desperate desire1 ,and a resolute endeavor1 ,now--now to sit or never1 ,by the side of the pale-faced moon4 ,oh1 the bells1 bells1 bells6 ,what a tale their terror tells ,of despair6 ,how they clang1 and clash1 and roar6 ,what a horror they outpour ,on the bosom of the palpitating air6 ,yet the ear it fully knows1 ,by the twanging ,and the clanging1 ,how the danger ebbs and flows2 ,yet the ear distinctly tells1 ,in the jangling1 ,and the wrangling1 ,how the danger sinks and swells1 ,by the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells-- ,of the bells-- ,of the bells1 bells1 bells1 bells1 ,bells1 bells1 bells-- ,in the clamor and the clangor of the bells6 ,hear the tolling of the bells-- ,iron bells6 ,what a world of solemn thought their monody compels6 ,in the silence of the night1 ,how we shiver with affright ,at the melancholy menace of their tone6 ,for every sound that floats ,from the rust within their throats ,is a groan4 ,and the people--ah1 the people-- ,they that dwell up in the steeple1 ,all alone1 ,and who tolling1 tolling1 tolling1 ,in that muffled monotone1 ,feel a glory in so rolling ,on the human heart a stone-- ,they are neither man nor woman-- ,they are neither brute nor human-- ,they are ,ghouls2 ,and their king it is who tolls2 ,and he rolls1 rolls1 rolls1 ,rolls1 ,a paean from the bells6 ,and his merry bosom swells ,with the paean of the bells6 ,and he dances1 and he yells2 ,keeping time1 time1 time1 ,in a sort of ,runic rhyme1 ,to the paean of the bells-- ,of the bells3 ,keeping time1 time1 time1 ,in a sort of ,runic rhyme1 ,to the throbbing of the bells-- ,of the bells1 bells1 bells-- ,to the sobbing of the bells2 ,keeping time1 time1 time1 ,as he knells1 knells1 knells1 ,in a happy ,runic rhyme1 ,to the rolling of the bells-- ,of the bells1 bells1 bells-- ,to the tolling of the bells1 ,of the bells1 bells1 bells1 bells-- ,bells1 bells1 bells-- ,to the moaning and the groaning of the bells4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,edgar ,allan ,poe was born in ,boston on ,january #aith1 #ahji4 ,both his parents were members of a theatrical troupe then playing in ,boston4 ,he was left an orphan at the age of three years1 and was adopted by a wealthy ,virginia planter and by him educated in ,england and elsewhere4 ,owing to his erratic habits1 ,poe's foster-father disowned him1 and after that life for him was a constant battle with poverty4 ,his prose tales abound in adventure1 allegory1 and the supernatural4 ,his poetry is full of imagery1 beauty1 and melody4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what kinds of bells does the poet seek to reproduce the sound of8 ,which bells has he described best8 ,point out words particularly suited to express the sound they describe4 ,which lines are especially musical and pleasing8 ,what can you say of the fire-bells of today8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 euphony tintinnabulation expostulation ,runic crystalline palpitating 99 99 99 99 99 ,,annabel ,,lee ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe ,it was many and many a year ago1 ,in a kingdom by the sea1 ,that a maiden there lived whom you may know ,by the name of ,annabel ,lee2 ,and this maiden she lived with no other thought ,than to love and be loved by me4 ,i was a child and she was a child1 ,in this kingdom by the sea3 ,but we loved with a love that was more than love-- ,i and my ,annabel ,lee2 ,with a love that the wingd seraphs of heaven ,coveted her and me4 ,and this was the reason that1 long ago1 ,in this kingdom by the sea1 ,a wind blew out of a cloud1 chilling ,my beautiful ,annabel ,lee2 ,so that her highborn kinsmen came ,and bore her away from me1 ,to shut her up in a sepulchre ,in this kingdom by the sea4 ,the angels1 not half so happy in heaven1 ,went envying her and me-- ,yes6--that was the reason 7as all men know1 ,in this kingdom by the sea7 ,that the wind came out of the cloud by night1 ,chilling and killing my ,annabel ,lee4 ,but our love it was stronger by far than the love ,of those who were older than we-- ,of many far wiser than we-- ,and neither the angels in heaven above1 ,nor the demons down under the sea1 ,can ever dissever my soul from the soul ,of the beautiful ,annabel ,lee3 ,for the moon never beams1 without bringing me dreams ,of the beautiful ,annabel ,lee2 ,and the stars never rise1 but ,i feel the bright eyes ,of the beautiful ,annabel ,lee2 ,and so1 all the night-tide1 ,i lie down by the side ,of my darling1--my darling1--my life and my bride1 ,in the sepulchre there by the sea1 ,in her tomb by the sounding sea4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,like ,the ,bells1 this poem is musical and the words are chosen with reference to this quality4 ,notice that the repetition of the word many adds to the music of the first line4 ,find other lines in which a word is repeated for the sake of melody4 ,find lines in which rhymes occur4 ,mention lines that are especially pleasing to you4 ,what reason is given for the death of ,annabel ,lee8 ,why did the angels covet and envy the lovers8 ,how strong was this love8 ,why does not the lover feel separated from ,annabel ,lee8 ,do you like this poem8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 winged seraphs sounding sea sepulchre highborn kinsmen coveted envying 99 99 99 99 99 ,,opportunity ,,edward ,,rowland ,,sill ,this ,i beheld1 or dreamed it in a dream3-- ,there spread a cloud of dust along a plain2 ,and underneath the cloud1 or in it1 raged ,a furious battle1 and men yelled1 and swords ,shocked upon swords and shields4 ,a prince's banner ,wavered1 then staggered backward1 hemmed by foes4 ,a craven hung along the battle's edge1 ,and thought1 ,had ,i a sword of keener steel-- ,that blue blade that the king's son bears1--but this ,blunt thing--6 he snapt and flung it from his hand1 ,and lowering crept away and left the field4 ,then came the king's son1 wounded1 sore bestead1 ,and weaponless1 and saw the broken sword1 ,hilt-buried in the dry and trodden sand1 ,and ran and snatched it1 and with battle-shout ,lifted afresh he hewed his enemy down1 ,and saved a great cause that heroic day4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical3 ,edward ,rowland ,sill was born in ,connecticut in #ahda4 ,he graduated at ,yale and lived most of his life in ,california1 being for some years professor of ,english language and literature at the ,state ,university4 ,sill was a true poet1 but the whole of his literary output is contained in two slender volumes4 ,his poems are noted for their compressed thought4 ,the selection here given shows this quality4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what do you learn from this poem8 ,where was the craven when he decided his sword was useless8 ,what word shows that he was there of his own choice8 ,what kind of sword had the craven8 ,what words tell you that he was greatly needed in the thick of the conflict8 ,what kind of sword had the king's son8 ,how long did the king's son look at the discarded sword before using it8 ,if the battle represents life1 and the craven and the king's son are types of the people in the world1 what do you think the swords represent8 ,why is this poem called ,opportunity8 ,can you think of another title which might be given to it8 ,such a story as this is called an allegory4 furious--,what is a furious battle8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 craven bestead hung along the battle's edge shocked hemmed by foes 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,a ,,waterfowl ,,william ,,cullen ,,bryant ,whither1 midst falling dew1 ,while glow the heavens with the last steps of day1 ,far through their rosy depths dost thou pursue ,thy solitary way8 ,vainly the fowler's eye ,might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong1 ,as1 darkly painted on the crimson sky1 ,thy figure floats along4 ,seek'st thou the plashy brink ,of weedy lake1 or marge of river wide1 ,or where the rocking billows rise and sink ,on the chafed ocean-side8 ,there is a ,power whose care ,teaches thy way along that pathless coast1-- ,the desert and illimitable air1-- ,lone wandering1 but not lost4 ,all day thy wings have fanned1 ,at that far height1 the cold1 thin atmosphere1 ,yet stoop not1 weary1 to the welcome land1 ,though the dark night is near4 ,and soon that toil shall end2 ,soon shalt thou find a summer home1 and rest1 ,and scream among thy fellows2 reeds shall bend ,soon o'er thy sheltered nest4 ,thou'rt gone2 the abyss of heaven ,hath swallowed up thy form2 yet on my heart ,deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given1 ,and shall not soon depart4 ,he who1 from zone to zone1 ,guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight1 ,in the long way that ,i must tread alone ,will lead my steps aright4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,william ,cullen ,bryant was born in #agid in ,western ,massachusetts4 ,his education was carried on in the district school4 ,at home he had the use of an exceptionally fine library1 for that period1 and he made the most of its opportunities4 ,in #ahaf he secured a license to practice law1 and journeyed on foot to ,plainfield1 ,mass41 to look for a place to open an office4 ,he felt forlorn and desolate1 and the world seemed big and cold4 ,in this mood1 while pausing on his way to contemplate the beauty of the sunset1 he saw a solitary bird wing its way along the horizon4 ,he watched it until it was lost in the distance4 ,then he pursued his journey with new courage and on arriving at the place where he was to stop for the night1 he sat down and wrote this beautiful poem of faith and hope4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what lines tell you the time of day8 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,why8 ,what lines give you the most beautiful picture8 ,what does the poet learn from the waterfowl8 ,note that the rhythm gives the impression of the bird's flight4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 thy solitary way rosy depths thin atmosphere the fowler's eye long way welcome land that toil shall end tread alone boundless sky last steps of day certain flight lone wandering but not lost chafed ocean-side pathless coast the abyss of heaven hath swallowed up thy form 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,skylark ,,james ,,hogg4 ,bird of the wilderness1 ,blithesome and cumberless1 ,sweet be thy matin o'er moorland and lea6 ,emblem of happiness1 ,blest is thy dwelling place1-- ,o to abide in the desert with thee6 ,wild is thy lay and loud1 ,far in the downy cloud1 ,love gives it energy1 love gave it birth4 ,where on thy dewy wing1 ,where art thou journeying8 ,thy lay is in heaven1 thy love is on earth1 ,o'er fell and fountain sheen1 ,o'er moor and mountain green1 ,o'er the red streamer that heralds the day1 ,over the cloudlet dim1 ,over the rainbow's rim1 ,musical cherub1 soar1 singing1 away6 ,then1 when the gloaming comes1 ,low in the heather blooms1 ,sweet will thy welcome and bed of love be6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,james ,hogg was born in ,ettrick1 ,scotland1 in #aggj1 and was known as the ,ettrick ,shepherd1 because he followed the occupation of a shepherd until he was thirty4 ,the beautiful selection here given was doubtless inspired by the poet's early communion with ,nature4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,from this poem what can you tell of the home of the skylark8 ,of its nature8 ,why is the lark called an emblem of happiness8 ,name something that might be called an emblem of strength2 of sorrow4 ,what pictures do the following words make to you3 wilderness1 moor1 lea1 fell1 heather-bloom8 ,what is the red streamer that heralds the day8 ,what does the word dewy suggest as to the habits of the bird8 ,what do matin and gloaming signify8 ,in the poem what tells you the nest is near the ground8 ,why is downy used to describe cloud8 ,what makes lines #ac and #ad so musical8 ,indicate the rhythm of the first six lines by writing them in groups as shown in the following curves3 _/ _/ ,bird of the wil-der-ness 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,a ,,skylark ,,percy ,,bysshe ,,shelley ,hail to thee1 blithe ,spirit6 ,bird thou never wert1 ,that from ,heaven1 or near it1 ,pourest thy full heart ,in profuse strains of unpremeditated art4 ,higher still and higher ,from the earth thou springest ,like a cloud of fire2 ,the blue deep thou wingest ,and singing still dost soar1 and soaring ever singest4 ,in the golden lightning ,of the sunken sun1 ,o'er which clouds are bright'ning1 ,thou dost float and run2 ,like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun4 ,the pale purple even ,melts around thy flight2 ,like a star of heaven1 ,in the broad daylight ,thou art unseen1--but yet ,i hear thy shrill delight1 ,keen as are the arrows ,of that silver sphere1 ,whose intense lamp narrows ,in the white dawn clear ,until we hardly see--we feel that it is there4 ,all the earth and air ,with thy voice is loud1 ,as1 when ,night is bare1 ,from one lonely cloud ,the moon rains out her beams1 and ,heaven is overflowed4 ,what thou art we know not2 ,what is most like thee8 ,from rainbow clouds there flow not ,drops so bright to see ,as from thy presence showers a rain of melody4 ,like a ,poet hidden ,in the light of thought1 ,singing hymns unbidden ,till the world is wrought ,to sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not3 ,like a high-born maiden ,in a palace tower1 ,soothing her love-laden ,soul in secret hour ,with music sweet as love1--which overflows her bower3 ,like a glow-worm golden ,in a dell of dew1 ,scattering unbeholden ,its arial hue ,among the flowers and grass which screen it from the view3 ,like a rose embowered ,in its own green leaves1 ,by warm winds deflowered1 ,till the scent it give ,makes faint with too much sweet those heavy-winged thieves3 ,sound of vernal showers ,on the twinkling grass1 ,bain-awakened flowers1 ,all that ever was ,joyous and clear and fresh1 thy music doth surpass1 ,teach us1 ,sprite or ,bird1 ,what sweet thoughts are thine2 ,i have never heard ,praise of love or wine ,that panted forth a flood of rapture so divine4 ,chorus ,hymeneal1 ,or triumphal chaunt1 ,matched with thine1 would be all ,but an empty vaunt1 ,a thing wherein we feel there is some hidden want4 ,what objects are the fountains ,of thy happy strain8 ,what fields or waves or mountains8 ,what shapes of sky or plain8 ,what love of thine own kind8 what ignorance of pain8 ,with thy clear keen joyance ,languor cannot be2 ,shadow of annoyance ,never came near thee2 ,thou lovest--but ne'er knew love's sad satiety4 ,waking or asleep ,thou of death must deem ,things more true and deep ,than we mortals dream-- ,or how could thy notes flow in such a crystal stream8 ,we look before and after1 ,and pine for what is not2 ,our sincerest laughter ,with some pain is fraught2 ,our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought4 ,yet if we could scorn ,hate and pride and fear2 ,if we were things born ,not to shed a tear1 ,i know not how thy joy we ever should come near4 ,better than all measures ,of delightful sound1 ,better than all treasures ,that in books are found1 ,thy skill to poet were1 thou scorner of the ground6 ,teach me half the gladness ,that thy brain must know1 ,such harmonious madness ,from my lips would flow1 ,the world should listen then--as ,i am listening now4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,percy ,bysshe ,shelley was born in #agib4 ,he was an ,english poet who traveled much in ,europe1 and found ,italy especially to his liking4 ,his life was short and full of storm and stress1 although he never allowed his personal sufferings to embitter his spirit4 ,while only thirty1 on a pleasure cruise off the coast of ,italy1 he was drowned4 ,to a ,skylark and ,the ,cloud are rare poems because of their wonderful harmony of sound4 ,the skylark is found in northern ,europe4 ,it is noted for its lofty flights and wonderful song4 ,note that ,shelley1 ,wordsworth1 and ,james ,hogg have all written poems about the skylark4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what country is the home of these poets8 ,what does this fact suggest to you8 ,explain the simile in the fifth stanza4 ,in the sixth4 ,in the seventh stanza what two words are contrasted8 ,note the four comparisons--stanzas eight1 nine1 ten and eleven4 ,which do you like best8 ,why8 ,in line #hf emphasize the first word and explain the stanza4 ,in line #ie emphasize the fifth word and explain the stanza4 ,in line #if to end1 what does ,shelley say would be the result if a poet could feel such joy as the little bird seems to feel8 ,if we had no dark days do you think we could appreciate the bright days8 ,if we had no sadness could we appreciate the songs of gladness8 ,if ,shelley had never experienced sadness could he have written this beautiful poem of gladness8 ,explain the following3 ,there is no music in the life ,that sounds with empty laughter wholly2 ,there's not a string attuned to mirth ,but has its chord in melancholy4 ,what does the skylark mean to ,shelley8 ,if we think only of being happy shall we be very helpful to others8 ,make a list of all the names he gives the skylark4 ,enumerate the expressions ,shelley uses in characterizing the song4 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,why8 wert rhymes with heart4 7,in ,england the sound is broad1 err74 even--a contraction of evening4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 profuse strains panted forth heavy-winged thieves unpremeditated art rain of melody harmonious madness shrill delight flood of rapture float and run rains out triumphant chaunt scattering unbeholden 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,cloud ,,percy ,,bysshe ,,shelley ,i bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers1 ,from the seas and the streams2 ,i bear light shade for the leaves when laid ,in their noon-day dreams2 ,from my wings are shaken the dews that waken ,the sweet buds every one1 ,when rocked to rest on their mother's breast1 ,as she dances about the sun4 ,i wield the flail of the lashing hail1 ,and whiten the green plains under2 ,and then again ,i dissolve it in rain1 ,and laugh as ,i pass in thunder4 ,i sift the snow on the mountains below1 ,and their great pines groan aghast2 ,and all the night 'tis my pillow white1 ,while ,i sleep in the arms of the blast1 ,sublime on the towers of my skyey bowers1 ,lightning1 my pilot1 sits2 ,in a cavern under is fettered the thunder1-- ,it struggles and howls by fits2 ,over earth and ocean1 with gentle motion1 ,this pilot is guiding me1 ,lured by the love of the genii that move ,in the depths of the purple sea2 ,over the rills1 and the crags1 and the hills1 ,over the lakes and the plains1 ,wherever he dream1 under mountain or stream1 ,the spirit he loves remains2 ,and ,i1 all the while1 bask in heaven's blue smile1 ,whilst he is dissolving in rains4 ,the sanguine sunrise1 with his meteor eyes1 ,and his burning plumes outspread1 ,leaps on the back of my sailing rack1 ,when the morning-star shines dead1 ,as on the jag of a mountain-crag1 ,which an earthquake rocks and swings1 ,an eagle1 alit1 one moment may sit1 ,in the light of its golden wings4 ,and when sunset may breathe1 from the lit sea beneath1 ,its ardors of rest and love1 ,and the crimson pall of eve may fall ,from the depth of heaven above1 ,with wings folded ,i rest1 on mine airy nest1 ,as still as a brooding dove4 ,that orbd ,maiden1 with white fire laden1 ,whom mortals call the ,moon1 ,glides glimmering o'er my fleece-like floor1 ,by the midnight breezes strewn2 ,and wherever the beat of her unseen feet1 ,which only the angels hear1 ,may have broken the woof of my tent's thin roof1 ,the stars peep behind her1 and peer6 ,and ,i laugh to see them whirl and flee1 ,like a swarm of golden bees1 ,when ,i widen the rent in my wind-built tent1 ,till the calm rivers1 lakes1 and seas1 ,like strips of the sky fallen through me on high1 ,are each paved with the moon and these4 ,i bind the sun's throne with a burning zone1 ,and the moon's with a girdle of pearl2 ,the volcanoes are dim1 and the stars reel and swim1 ,when the whirlwinds my banner unfurl4 ,from cape to cape1 with a bridge-like shape1 ,over a torrent of sea1 ,sun-beam proof1 ,i hang like a roof1 ,the mountains its columns be4 ,the triumphal arch through which ,i march ,with hurricane1 fire1 and snow1 ,when the powers of the air are chained to my chair1 ,is the million-colored bow2 ,the sphere-fire above its soft colors wove1 ,while the moist earth was laughing below4 ,i am the daughter of earth and water1 ,and the nursling of the sky2 ,i pass through the pores of the ocean and shores2 ,i change1 but ,i can not die4 ,for after the rain1 when1 with never a stain1 ,the pavilion of heaven is bare1 ,and the winds and sunbeams1 with their convex gleams1 ,build up the blue dome of air1 ,i silently laugh at my own cenotaph1 ,and out of the caverns of rain1 ,like a sprite from the gloom1 like a ghost from the tomb1 ,i rise and unbuild it again4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,in this poem ,shelley personifies the ,cloud4 ,why8 ,what does the second stanza mean to you8 ,the third stanza relates to the sun2 what comparisons are made8 ,what comparisons are found in the fourth stanza8 ,read the last stanza and tell what lesson the poem teaches4 ,what line tells you8 ,what pictures do you get from the fifth stanza8 ,which stanza is most musical and pleasing8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 sanguine sunrise pavilion of heaven reel and swim meteor eyes caverns of rain million-colored bow burning plumes fleece-like floor sphere-fire orbed maiden wind-built tent cenotaph 99 99 99 99 99 ,,apostrophe ,,to ,,the ,,ocean 7,from ,childe ,harold1 ,canto ,,iv47 ,,lord ,,byron ,there is a pleasure in the pathless woods1 ,there is a rapture on the lonely shore1 ,there is society1 where none intrudes1 ,by the deep sea1 and music in its roar2 ,i love not man the less1 but nature more1 ,from these our interviews1 in which ,i steal ,from all ,i may be1 or have been before1 ,to mingle with the universe1 and feel ,what ,i can ne'er express1 yet cannot all conceal4 ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ,ocean--roll6 ,ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain2 ,man marks the earth with ruin--his control ,stops with the shore2 upon the watery plain ,the wrecks are all thy deed1 nor doth remain ,a shadow of man's ravage1 save his own1 ,when1 for a moment1 like a drop of rain1 ,he sinks into thy depths1 with bubbling groan-- ,without a grave1 unknelled1 uncoffined1 and unknown4 ,his steps are not upon thy paths--thy fields ,are not a spoil for him--thou dost arise ,and shake him from thee2 the vile strength he wields ,for earth's destruction thou dost all despise1 ,spurning him from thy bosom to the skies1 ,and send'st him1 shivering in thy playful spray1 ,and howling to his gods1 where haply lies ,his petty hope in some near port or bay1 ,and dashest him again to earth3 there let him lay4 ,the armaments which thunder-strike the walls ,of rock-built cities1 bidding nations quake1 ,and monarchs tremble in their capitals1 ,the oak leviathans1 whose huge ribs make ,their clay creator the vain title take ,of lord of thee1 and arbiter of war3 ,these are thy toys1 and1 as the snowy flake1 ,they melt into thy yeast of waves1 which mar ,alike the ,armada's pride1 or spoils of ,trafalgar4 ,thy shores are empires changed in all save thee-- ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,carthage1 what are they8 ,thy waters washed them power while they were free1 ,and many a tyrant since2 their shores obey ,the stranger1 slave1 or savage2 their decay ,has dried up realms to deserts2 not so thou2 ,unchangeable save to thy wild waves' play4 ,time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow3 ,such as creation's dawn beheld1 thou rollest now4 ,thou glorious mirror1 where the ,almighty's form ,glasses itself in tempests2 in all time1 ,calm or convulsed--in breeze or gale or storm1 ,icing the pole1 or in the torrid clime ,dark-heaving2 boundless1 endless1 and sublime-- ,the image of ,eternity--the throne ,of the ,invisible2 even from out thy slime ,the monsters of the deep are made2 each zone ,obeys thee2 thou goest forth1 dread1 fathomless1 alone4 ,and ,i have loved thee1 ,ocean6 and my joy ,of youthful sports was on thy breast to be ,borne1 like thy bubbles1 onward3 from a boy ,i wantoned with thy breakers--they to me ,were a delight2 and if the freshening sea ,made them a terror--'twas a pleasing fear2 ,for ,i was as it were a child of thee1 ,and trusted to thy billows far and near1 ,and laid my hand upon thy mane--as ,i do here4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,george ,gordon ,byron was born in ,london the year before the outbreak of the ,french ,revolution4 ,at the age of ten1 upon the death of his grand-uncle he became ,lord ,byron4 ,he traveled extensively through ,europe1 spending much time in ,italy4 ,at ,pisa he formed a warm friendship for the poet ,shelley4 ,so deeply was he moved by his impulses toward liberty and freedom that in the summer of #ahbc he left ,genoa with a supply of arms1 medicines1 and money to aid the ,greeks in their struggle for independence4 ,in the following year he became commander-in-chief at ,missolonghi1 but he died of a fever before he had an opportunity to actually engage in battle4 ,hearing the news1 the boy ,tennyson1 dreaming at ,somersby on poetic greatness1 crept away to weep and carve upon sandstone the words1 ,byron is dead4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,in the first stanza why pathless woods and lonely shore8 ,in the second and third stanzas ,byron contrasts the ocean and the earth in their relation to man4 ,line #ab--,what two words require emphasis8 ,line #ac--,with what is watery plain contrasted8 ,line #ad--,with what is thy contrasted8 ,line #bb--,what word requires emphasis8 ,in the fourth stanza what contrast does ,byron make8 ,what does the fifth stanza tell8 ,the sixth8 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,why8 ,which lines are the most beautiful8 ,the ,invincible ,armada--an immense ,spanish fleet consisting of one hundred thirty vessels1 sailed from ,corunna in #aehh and attacked the ,english fleet but suffered defeat4 ,this event furnished ,southey the inspiration for a poem1 ,the ,spanish ,armada4 ,trafalgar--one of ,lord ,nelson's great sea-fights1 occurring off ,cape ,trafalgar on the coast of ,spain in #ahje4 ,here he defeated the combined fleets of ,france and ,spain1 but was himself killed4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 unknelled uncoffined unknown playful spray oak leviathans yeast of waves ,these are thy toys ,the ,armada's pride spoils of ,trafalgar rock-built glasses itself fathomless 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,sennacherib ,,lord ,,byron ,the ,assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold1 ,and his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold2 ,and the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea1 ,when the blue wave rolls nightly on deep ,galilee4 ,like the leaves of the forest when summer is green1 ,that host with their banners at sunset were seen2 ,like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath flown1 ,that host on the morrow lay withered and strown4 ,for the ,angel of ,death spread his wings on the blast1 ,and breathed in the face of the foe as he passed2 ,and the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill1 ,and their hearts but once heaved1 and forever grew still6 ,and there lay the steed with his nostril all wide1 ,but through it there rolled not the breath of his pride2 ,and the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf1 ,and cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf4 ,and there lay the rider distorted and pale1 ,with the dew on his brow and the rust on his mail2 ,and the tents were all silent1 the banners alone1 ,the lances unlifted1 the trumpet unblown4 ,and the widows of ,ashur are loud in their wail1 ,and their idols are broke in the temple of ,baal2 ,and the might of the ,gentile1 unsmote by the sword1 ,hath melted like snow in the glance of the ,lord6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,sennacherib was ,king of ,assyria4 ,his army invaded ,judea and besieged ,jerusalem but was overthrown2 #ahe1jjj of his men were destroyed in a single night4 ,sennacherib returned in haste with the remnant to his own country4 ,for the ,bible story of this event read #b ,kings ,,xix4 #f-cf4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find ,assyria and ,galilee on your map4 ,note the development3 #a4 ,brilliant outset of the ,assyrian cavalry4 #b4 ,their summer changes to winter4 #c4 ,the angel turns their sleep into death4 #d4 ,the steed and the rider4 #e4 ,the mourning4 #f4 ,their idols powerless to help them4 #g4 ,their religion broken down4 #h4 ,their power melted like snow4 ,what two comparisons are found in the first stanza8 ,note the movement and rhythm4 ,point out the fitness of the two similes in the second stanza4 ,find a comparison in the sixth stanza4 ,ashur--,assyria4 ,baal--the sun-god worshipped by the ,assyrians4 ,indicate the rhythm of the four lines of the second stanza by writing them in groups under curves as on page #dg3 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 cohorts sheen host unsmote idols are broke 7broken7 purple and gold withered and strown rock-beating surf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,eve ,,before ,,waterloo 7,from ,childe ,harold1 ,canto ,,iii47 ,,lord ,,byron ,there was a sound of revelry by night1 ,and ,belgium's capital had gathered then ,her beauty and her chivalry1 and bright ,the lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men4 ,a thousand hearts beat happily2 and when ,music arose with its voluptuous swell1 ,soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again1 ,and all went merry as a marriage bell4 ,but1 hush6 hark6 a deep sound strikes like a rising knell6 ,did ye not hear1 it8--,no2 'twas but the wind1 ,or the car rattling o'er the stony street4 ,on with the dance6 let joy be unconfined2 ,no sleep till morn1 when ,youth and ,pleasure meet ,to chase the glowing hours with flying feet6 ,but1 hark6 that heavy sound breaks in once more1 ,as if the clouds its echo would repeat2 ,and nearer1 clearer1 deadlier than before6 ,arm6 arm6 it is--it is the cannon's opening roar6 ,within a windowed niche of that high hall ,sate ,brunswick's fated chieftain2 he did hear ,that sound the first amidst the festival1 ,and caught its tone with ,death's prophetic ear2 ,and when they smiled because he deemed it near1 ,his heart more truly knew that peal too well ,which stretched his father on a bloody bier1 ,and roused the vengeance blood alone could quell2 ,he rushed into the field1 and1 foremost fighting1 fell4 ,ah6 then and there was hurrying to and fro1 ,and gathering tears1 and tremblings of distress1 ,and cheeks all pale1 which but an hour ago ,blushed at the praise of their own loveliness2 ,and there were sudden partings1 such as press ,the life from out young hearts1 and choking sighs ,which ne'er might be repeated3 who could guess ,if ever more should meet those mutual eyes1 ,since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise6 ,and there was mounting in hot haste3 the steed1 ,the mustering squadron1 and the clattering car1 ,went pouring forward with impetuous speed1 ,and swiftly forming in the ranks of war2 ,and the deep thunder peal on peal afar2 ,and near1 the beat of the alarming drum ,roused up the soldier ere the morning star2 ,while thronged the citizens with terror dumb1 ,or whispering with white lips1 ,the foe6 ,they come6 they come6 ,and wild and high the ,cameron's ,gathering rose6 ,the war note of ,lochiel1 which ,albyn's hills ,have heard--and heard1 too1 have her ,saxon foes3 ,how in the noon of night that pibroch thrills1 ,savage and shrill6 ,but with the breath which fills ,their mountain pipe1 so fill the mountaineers ,with the fierce native daring which instills ,the stirring memory of a thousand years1 ,and ,evan's1 ,donald's fame rings in each clansman's ears6 ,and ,ardennes waves above them her green leaves1 ,dewy with ,nature's tear-drops1 as they pass1 ,grieving1 if aught inanimate e'er grieves1 ,over the unreturning brave--alas6 ,ere evening to be trodden like the grass ,which now beneath them1 but above shall grow ,in its next verdure1 when this fiery mass ,of living valor1 rolling on the foe1 ,and burning with high hope1 shall molder cold and low4 ,last noon beheld them full of lusty life1 ,last eve in ,beauty's circle proudly gay2 ,the midnight brought the signal sound of strife-- ,the morn1 the marshaling in arms--the day1 ,battle's magnificently stern array6 ,the thunderclouds close o'er it1 which when rent ,the earth is covered thick with other clay1 ,which her own clay shall cover1 heaped and pent1 ,rider and horse--friend1 foe--in one red burial blent6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,on the evening of ,june #ae1 #ahae1 the ,duchess of ,richmond gave a ball at ,brussels4 ,wellington's officers1 at his request1 were present1 his purpose being to conceal the near approach of battle4 ,napoleon1 the leader of the ,french army1 was the military genius of the age2 ,wellington1 the leader of the ,english forces1 had1 ,tennyson tells us1 gained a hundred fights nor ever lost an ,english gun4 ,these two great generals now met for the first time4 ,the event was of supreme interest to all the world4 ,the engagement that followed next day was fought at ,quatre ,bras2 the great battle of ,waterloo took place ,june #ahth1 ,sunday4 ,read ,thackeray's ,vanity ,fair for description of this night in ,brussels4 ,this is a great martial poem--the greatest inspired by this event4 ,note the movement of the poem4 ,the revelry1 the beauty and the chivalry1 the music and the merry-making1 the alarm1 the hurrying to and fro1 the gathering tears1 the mounting in hot haste1 the whispering with white lips1 the ,scotch music1 the green leaves of ,ardennes1 the closing scene4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find ,belgium's capital on your map2 also ,waterloo1 twelve miles away4 ,what does the first stanza tell8 ,the second stanza8 ,note the differences between the fourth and fifth stanzas4 ,the sixth stanza describes the ,scottish martial music--,what purpose does this stanza serve in the poem8 ,which lines do you like best8 ,why8 ,which is the most beautiful stanza8 ,what words seem to be especially appropriate8 ,note the rhythm and the change in movement4 ,cameron's ,gathering--,the ,cameron ,highlander's call to arms4 ,lochiel--,donald ,cameron of ,lochiel was a famous highland chieftain4 ,read the poem ,lochiel's ,warning4 ,albyn--name given poetically to northern ,scotland1 the ,highland region4 ,pibroch--martial music upon the bagpipe4 ,evan's1 ,donald's fame--,evan ,cameron 7another ,lochiel7 and his grandson1 ,donald1 were famous ,highland chiefs4 ,ardennes--,arden1 a forest on the ,meuse river between ,brussels and ,waterloo1 called ,arden by ,shakespeare in ,as ,you ,like ,it4 car--a cart4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 voluptuous swell rising knell glowing hours opening roar terror dumb noon of night stirring memory revelry chivalry mustering squadron clattering car pouring forward impetuous speed unreturning brave rolling on the foe magnificently stern clansman inanimate verdure blent 99 99 99 99 99 ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,bard 7,from ,don ,juan1 ,canto-,,iii47 ,,lord ,,byron ,the isles of ,greece1 the isles of ,greece6 ,where burning ,sappho loved and sung1 ,where grew the arts of war and peace1 ,where ,delos rose and ,phoebus sprung6 ,eternal summer gilds them yet1 ,but all1 except their sun1 is set4 ,the ,scian and the ,teian muse1 ,the hero's harp1 the lover's lute1 ,have found the fame your shores refuse2 ,their place of birth alone is mute ,to sounds which echo further west ,than your sires' ,islands of the ,blest4 ,the mountains look on ,marathon-- ,and ,marathon looks on the sea2 ,and musing there an hour alone1 ,i dreamed that ,greece might still be free3 ,for1 standing on the ,persian's grave1 ,i could not deem myself a slave4 ,a king sat on the rocky brow ,which looks o'er sea-born ,salamis2 ,and ships by thousands lay below1 ,and men in nations2--all were his6 ,he counted them at break of day-- ,and when the sun set1 where were they8 ,and where are they8 and where art thou ,my country8 ,on thy voiceless shore ,the heroic lay is tuneless now-- ,the heroic bosom beats no more4 ,and must thy lyre1 so long divine1 ,degenerate into hands like mine8 ',tis something in the dearth of fame1 ,though linked among a fettered race1 ,to feel at least a patriot's shame1 ,even as ,i sing1 suffuse my face2 ,for what is left the poet here8 ,for ,greeks a blush--for ,greece a tear4 ,must we but weep o'er days more blest8 ,must we but blush8--,our fathers bled4 ,earth1 render back from out thy breast ,a remnant of our ,spartan dead6 ,of the three hundred grant but three1 ,to make a new ,thermopyl6 ,what1 silent still8 and silent all8 ,ah1 no2 the voices of the dead ,sound like a distant torrent's fall1 ,and answer1 ,let one living head1 ,but one1 arise--we come1 we come6 ',tis but the living who are dumb4 ,in vain--in vain3 strike other chords2 ,fill high the cup with ,samian wine6 ,leave battles to the ,turkish hordes1 ,and shed the blood of ,scio's vine6 ,hark6 rising to the ignoble call-- ,how answers each bold bacchanal6 ,you have the ,pyrrhic dance as yet-- ,where is the ,pyrrhic phalanx gone8 ,of two such lessons1 why forget ,the nobler and the manlier one8 ,you have the letters ,cadmus gave-- ,think you he meant them for a slave8 ,the tyrant of the ,chersonese ,was freedom's best and bravest friend2 ,that tyrant was ,miltiades6 ,o that the present hour would lend ,another despot of the kind6 ,such chains as his were sure to bind4 ,trust not for freedom to the ,franks-- ,they have a king who buys and sells-- ,in native swords and native ranks ,the only hope of courage dwells2 ,but ,turkish force and ,latin fraud ,would break your shield1 however broad4 ,place me on ,sunium's marbled steep1 ,where nothing1 save the waves and ,i ,may hear our mutual murmurs sweep2 ,there1 swan-like1 let me sing and die2 ,a land of slaves shall ne'er be mine-- ,dash down yon cup of ,samian wine6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,the decline of ,greece is the theme of this poem4 ,byron represents a ,greek poet as contrasting ancient and modern ,greece1 showing that1 in modern ,greece1 all except their sun is set4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what does the first stanza tell8 ,what are the arts of war and peace8 ,what nation is meant by the ,franks8 ,i could not deem myself a slave4 ,why8 ,line #ai--relates to ,xerxes4 ,lines #bc1 #bd4 ,explain these lines1 ,explain lines #fg1 #gj4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,sappho ,delos ,phoebus ,marathon ,persian's grave ,salamis eternal summer rocky brow voiceless shore heroic lay fettered race dearth of fame ,of the three hundred grant but three1 ,to make a new ,thermopyl 99 99 99 99 99 ,,marco ,,bozzaris ,,fitz-,,greene ,,halleck ,at midnight1 in his guarded tent1 ,the ,turk was dreaming of the hour ,when ,greece1 her knee in suppliance bent1 ,should tremble at his power4 ,in dreams1 through camp and court he bore ,the trophies of a conqueror2 ,in dreams1 his song of triumph heard2 ,then wore his monarch's signet-ring2 ,then pressed that monarch's throne--a king3 ,as wild his thoughts1 and gay of wing1 ,as ,eden's garden-bird4 ,at midnight1 in the forest shades1 ,bozzaris ranged his ,suliote band1 ,true as the steel of their tried blades1 ,heroes in heart and hand4 ,there had the ,persian's thousands stood1 ,there had the glad earth drunk their blood1 ,on old ,plata's day3 ,and now there breathed that haunted air1 ,the sons of sires who conquered there1 ,with arms to strike1 and soul to dare1 ,as quick1 as far as they4 ,an hour passed on--the ,turk awoke2 ,that bright dream was his last3 ,he woke--to hear his sentries shriek1 ,to arms6 they come6 the ,greek6 the ,greek6 ,he woke--to die mid flames and smoke1 ,and shout and groan1 and sabre-stroke1 ,and death-shots falling thick and fast ,as lightnings from the mountain-cloud2 ,and heard1 with voice as trumpet loud1 ,bozzaris cheer his band3 ,strike6--till the last armed foe expires2 ,strike6--for your altars and your fires2 ,strike6--for the green graves of your sires2 ,god--and your native land6 ,they fought--like brave men1 long and well2 ,they piled the ground with ,moslem slain2 ,they conquered--but ,bozzaris fell1 ,bleeding at every vein4 ,his few surviving comrades saw ,his smile1 when rang their proud--,hurrah1 ,and the red field was won3 ,then saw in death his eyelids close1 ,calmly as to a night's response1 ,like flowers at set of sun4 ,but to the hero1 when his sword ,has won the battle for the free1 ,thy voice sounds like a prophet's word1 ,and in its hollow tones are heard ,the thanks of millions yet to be4 ,bozzaris6 with1 the storied brave ,greece nurtured in her glory's time1 ,rest thee--there is no prouder grave1 ,even in her own proud clime4 ,we tell thy doom without a sigh2 ,for thou art ,freedom's now1 and ,fame's-- ,one of the few1 the immortal names ,that were not born to die4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,fitz-,greene ,halleck was born in ,connecticut1 ,july #h1 #agij1 and died ,november #ai1 #ahfg4 ,of his poems1 ,marco ,bozzaris is probably the best known4 ,marco ,bozzaris1 leader of the ,greek revolution1 was1 killed ,august #bj1 #ahbc1 in an attack upon the ,turks near ,missolonghi1 a ,greek town4 ,his last words were3 ,to die for liberty is a pleasure1 not a pain4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,over whom did the ,turk dream he gained a victory8 ,what might be the trophies of a conqueror8 ,upon whom would a monarch confer the privilege of wearing his signet ring8 ,trace the successive steps by which the ,turk in his dream rises to the summit of his ambition4 ,what other immortal names do you know8 ,suliote--natives of ,suli1 a mountainous district in ,albania 7,european ,turkey74 ,plata's day refers to the victory of the ,greeks over the ,persians on this field #dgi ,b4 ,c4 ,moslem--,mohammedans--name given the ,turks4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 tried blades haunted air storied brave 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,burial ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,moore ,,charles ,,wolfe ,not a drum was heard1 not a funeral note1 ,at his corse to the rampart we hurried2 ,not a soldier discharged his farewell shot ,o'er the grave where our hero we buried4 ,we buried him darkly at dead of night1 ,the sods with our bayonets turning1 ,by the struggling moonbeams' misty light1 ,and the lantern dimly burning4 ,no useless coffin inclosed his breast1 ,nor in sheet nor in shroud we wound him2 ,but he lay like a warrior taking his rest1 ,with his martial cloak around him4 ,few and short were the prayers we said1 ,and we spike not a word of sorrow2 ,but we steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead1 ,and we bitterly thought of the morrow4 ,we thought1 as we hollowed his narrow bed1 ,and smoothed down his lonely pillow1 ,that the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his head1 ,and we far away on the billow4 ,lightly they'll talk of the spirit that's gone1 ,and o'er his cold ashes upbraid him2 ,but little he'll reck1 if they let him sleep on ,in the grave where a ,briton has laid him4 ,but half of our heavy task was done ,when the clock struck the hour for retiring2 ,and we heard the distant and random gun ,that the foe was sullenly firing4 ,slowly and sadly we laid him down1 ,from the field of his fame fresh and gory2 ,we carved not a line1 we raised not a stone1 ,but we left him alone with his glory4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,charles ,wolfe1 a ,british clergyman1 was born at ,dublin1 ,december #ad1 #agia1 and died at ,cork1 ,february #ba1 #ahbc4 ,his poem1 ,the ,burial of ,sir ,john ,moore1 is the only one of his works now widely read4 ,historical3 ,sir ,john ,moore1 an ,english general1 was killed 7,january #af1 #ahji7 in an engagement between the ,english and the army of ,napoleon at ,corunna1 in ,spain4 ,in accordance with an expressed wish1 he was buried at night on the battlefield4 ,in ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 ,london1 a monument was erected to his memory1 and a stone also marks the spot where he was buried on the ramparts1 at ,corunna4 ,note that it was from this port that the ,spanish ,armada sailed4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,who tells the story of the poem8 ,what is the narrator's feeling for ,sir ,john ,moore8 ,how do you know8 ,what impressions of ,sir ,john ,moore do you get from reading this poem8 ,which stanza or stanzas do you like best8 ,why8 ,select the lines that seem to you most beautiful and memorize them4 ,which is the greater memorial1 a monument of stone or bronze1 or such a poem as this8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 corse upbraid rampart random bayonets sullenly shroud rock spirit struggling ,not a soldier discharged his farewell shot ,the struggling moonbeam ,we bitterly thought of the morrow 99 99 99 99 99 ,,absalom ,,nathaniel ,,parker ,,willis ,the waters slept4 ,night's silvery veil hung low ,on ,jordan's bosom1 and the eddies curled ,their glassy rings beneath it1 like the still1 ,unbroken beating of the sleeper's pulse4 ,the reeds bent down the stream2 the willow leaves1 ,with a soft cheek upon the lulling tide1 ,forgot the lifting winds2 and the long stems1 ,whose flowers the water1 like a gentle nurse1 ,bears on its bosom1 quietly gave way1 ,and leaned in graceful attitudes to rest4 ,how strikingly the course of nature tells1 ,by its light heed of human suffering1 ,that it was fashioned for a happier world6 ,king ,david's limbs were weary4 ,he had fled ,from far ,jerusalem2 and now he stood1 ,with his faint people1 for a little rest1 ,upon the shore of ,jordan4 ,the light wind ,of morn was stirring1 and he bared his brow ,to its refreshing breath2 for he had worn ,the mourner's covering1 and he had not felt ,that he could see his people until now4 ,they gathered round him on the fresh green bank1 ,and spoke their kindly words2 and as the sun ,rose up in heaven1 he knelt among them there1 ,and bowed his head upon his hands to pray4 ,oh1 when the heart is full--when bitter thoughts ,come crowding thickly up for utterance1 ,and the poor1 common words of courtesy ,are such an empty mockery--how much ,the bursting heart may pour itself in prayer6 ,he prayed for ,israel2 and his voice went up ,strongly and fervently4 ,he prayed for those ,whose love had been his shield2 and his deep tones4 ,grew tremulous4 ,but oh6 for ,absalom-- ,for his estranged1 misguided ,absalom-- ,the proud1 bright being who had burst away ,in all his princely beauty1 to defy ,the heart that cherished him--for him he poured1 ,in agony that would not be controlled1 ,strong supplication1 and forgave him there1 ,before his ,god1 for his deep sinfulness4 ,the pall was settled4 ,he who slept beneath ,was straightened for the grave2 and as the folds ,sunk to the still proportions1 they betrayed ,the matchless symmetry of ,absalom4 ,his hair was yet unshorn1 and silken curls ,were floating round the tassels as they swayed ,to the admitted air1 as glossy now ,as when1 in hours of gentle dalliance1 bathing ,the snowy fingers of ,judea's daughters4 ,his helm was at his feet2 his banner1 soiled ,with trailing through ,jerusalem1 was laid1 ,reversed1 beside him2 and the jeweled hilt1 ,whose diamonds lit the passage of his blade1 ,rested1 like mockery1 on his covered brow4 ,the soldiers of the king trod to and fro1 ,clad in the garb of battle2 and their chief1 ,the mighty ,joab1 stood beside the bier1 ,and gazed upon the dark pall steadfastly1 ,as if he feared the slumberer might stir4 ,a slow step startled him4 ,he grasped his blade ,as if a trumpet rang2 but the bent form ,of ,david entered1 and he gave command1 ,in a low tone1 to his few followers1 ,and left him with his dead4 ,the ,king stood still ,till the last echo died2 then1 throwing off ,the sackcloth from his brow1 and laying back ,the pall from the still features of his child1 ,he bowed his head upon him1 and broke forth ,in the resistless eloquence of woe3 ,alas1 my noble boy1 that thou shouldst die6 ,thou1 who wert made so beautifully fair6 ,that death should settle in thy glorious eye1 ,and leave his stillness in this clustering hair6 ,how could he mark thee for the silent tomb1 ,my proud boy1 ,absalom8 ,cold is thy brow1 my son1 and ,i am chill ,as to my bosom ,i have tried to press thee6 ,how ,i was wont to feel my pulses thrill1 ,like a rich harp-string1 yearning to caress thee1 ,and hear thy sweet ',my father6' from these dumb ,and cold lips1 ,absalom6 ,but death is on thee4 ,i shall hear the gush ,of music1 and the voices of the young2 ,and life will pass me in the mantling blush1 ,and the dark tresses to the soft winds flung-- ,but thou no more1 with thy sweet voice1 shalt come ,to meet me1 ,absalom6 ,and oh6 when ,i am stricken1 and my heart1 ,like a bruised reed1 is waiting to be broken1 ,how will its love for thee1 as ,i depart1 ,yearn for thine ear to drink its last deep token6 ,it were so sweet1 amid death's gathering gloom1 ,to see thee1 ,absalom6 ,and now1 farewell6 ',tis hard to give thee up1 ,with death so like a gentle slumber on thee2 ,and thy dark sin6 ,oh1 ,i could drink the cup1 ,if from this woe its bitterness had won thee4 ,may ,god have called thee1 like a wanderer1 home1 ,my lost boy1 ,absalom6 ,he covered up his face1 and bowed himself ,a moment on his child2 then1 giving him ,a look of melting tenderness1 he clasped ,his hands convulsively1 as if in prayer2 ,and1 as if strength were given him of ,god1 ,he rose up calmly1 and composed the pall ,firmly and decently1 and left him there1 ,as if his rest had been a breathing sleep4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,nathaniel ,parker ,willis was born in ,maine in #ahjf4 ,he was a graduate of ,yale and was an early contributor to various periodicals1 including the ,youths' ,companion1 which magazine had been founded by his father4 ,the selection here given is regarded as the poet's masterpiece4 ,historical3 ,absalom1 the son of ,david1 ,king of ,israel1 rebelled against his father4 ,david sent his army to put down the rebellion1 but said to his captains1 ,deal gently for my sake with the young man1 even with ,absalom4 ,in spite of this entreaty1 ,absalom was slain by ,joab1 a captain in ,david's army4 ,the first forty-one lines relate to events preceding the battle1 the remainder to events following the battle4 ,read #b ,samuel ,,xviii4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find the ,jordan on your map4 ,locate the ,dead ,sea2 the wood of ,ephraim where ,absalom was killed4 ,describe the picture you see when you read the first stanza4 ,what do we call such expressions as ,night's silvery veil8 ,what is night's silvery veil8 ,the willow leaves with a soft cheek upon the lulling tide1 ,forgot the lifting winds--,what does this mean8 ,why lulling tide8 ,what flowers does the poet mean in the eighth line8 ,is the poet true to nature in what he says of them8 ,show why4 ,select two words or expressions that seem to you to be especially beautiful or fit1 and tell why4 ,do you like the selection8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 waters slept melting tenderness fashioned for a happier world lifting winds mantling blush straightened for the grave estranged breathing sleep resistless eloquence bruised reed still proportions ,whose diamonds lit the passage of his blade 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lochinvar 7,from ,marmion47 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott ,o1 young ,lochinvar is come out of the ,west1-- ,through all the wide ,border his steed was the best2 ,and1 save his good broadsword1 he weapons had none1-- ,he rode all unarmed and he rode all alone4 ,so faithful in love1 and so dauntless in war1 ,there never was knight like the young ,lochinvar4 ,he stayed not for brake1 and he stopped not for stone1 ,he swam the ,esk river1 where ford there was none2 ,but ere he alighted at ,netherby gate1 ,the bride had consented1 the gallant came late3 ,for a laggard in love1 and a dastard in war1 ,was to wed the fair ,ellen of brave ,lochinvar4 ,so boldly he entered the ,netherby hall1 ',mong bridesmen1 and kinsmen1 and brothers1 and all3 ,then spoke the bride's father1 his hand on his sword 7,for the poor1 craven bridegroom said never a word71 ,o1 come ye in peace here1 or come ye in war1 ,or to dance at our bridal1 young ,lord ,lochinvar8 ,i long wooed your daughter1--my suit you denied2-- ,love swells like the ,selway1 but ebbs like its tide2 ,and now am ,i come1 with this lost love of mine1 ,to lead but one measure1 drink one cup of wine4 ,there are maidens in ,scotland more lovely by far1 ,that would gladly be bride to the young ,lochinvar6 ,the bride kissed the goblet2 the knight took it up1 ,he quaffed off the wine1 and he threw down the cup4 ,she looked down to blush1 and she looked up to sigh1 ,with a smile on her lips1 and a tear in her eye4 ,he took her soft hand1 ere her mother could bar1-- ,now tread we a measure6 said young ,lochinvar4 ,so stately his form1 and so lovely her face1 ,that never a hall such a galliard did grace2 ,while her mother did fret1 and her father did fume1 ,and the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume1 ,and the bridemaidens whispered1 ',twere better1 by far1 ,to have matched our fair cousin with young ,lochinvar4 ,one touch to her hand1 and one word in her ear1 ,when they reached the hall-door1 and the charger stood near1 ,so light to the croupe the fair lady he swung1 ,so light to the saddle before her he sprung6 ,she is won6 we are gone1 over bank1 bush1 and scaur2 ,they'll have fleet steeds that follow1 quoth young ,lochinvar4 ,there was mounting 'mong ,grmes of the ,netherby clan2 ,forsters1 ,fenwicks1 and ,musgraves1 they rode1 and they ran2 ,there was racing and chasing on ,cannobie ,lee1 ,but the lost bride of ,netherby ne'er did they see4 ,so daring in love1 and so dauntless in war1 ,have ye e'er heard of gallant like young ,lochinvar8 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,walter ,scott was born in ,edinburgh1 in #agga4 ,he loved the romance of ,scotland's history and legends4 ,a collection of legendary ballads1 songs1 and traditions1 published by him early in life met with such immediate success that it confirmed him in his resolution to devote himself to literary pursuits4 ,the two selections here given1 are taken from his second metrical romance1 ,marmion4 ,later ,scott turned his attention to prose and became the creator of the historical novel1 of which ,ivanhoe1 ,kenilworth1 and ,woodstock are conspicuous examples4 ,he died in #ahcb1 and lies buried in one of the most beautiful ruins in ,scotland1 ,dryburgh ,abbey4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,find ,esk ,river and ,solway ,firth on your map4 ,scott describes the tides of ,solway ,firth in ,chapter ,,iv of his novel1 ,redgauntlet4 ,compare the rhythm with that in ,how ,they ,brought the ,good ,news4 ,what impression of ,lochinvar do the opening stanzas give you8 ,what purpose does the fourth stanza serve8 ,line #bj--;,explain this line4 ,line #df--,what was the result8 ,what picture does the sixth stanza give you8 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,which lines are most pleasing8 galliard--a gay dance4 scaur--steep bank of river4 clan--a group of related families4 ,translate into your own words3 ',they'll have fleet steeds that follow1' quoth young ,lochinvar4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 laggard brake bar charger craven bonnet and plume dastard gallant 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,parting ,,of ,,marmion ,,and ,,douglas 7,from ,marmion47 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott ,not far advanced was morning day1 ,when ,marmion did his troop array1 ,to ,surrey's camp to ride2 ,he had safe conduct for his band1 ,beneath the royal seal and hand1 ,and ,douglas gave a guide4 ,the train from out the castle drew1 ,but ,marmion stopped to bid adieu3 ,though something ,i might 'plain1 he said1 ,of cold respect to stranger guest1 ,sent hither by your king's behest1 ,while in ,tantallon's towers ,i staid2 ,part we in friendship from your land1 ,and1 noble ,earl1 receive my hand4 ,but ,douglas round him drew his cloak1 ,folded his arms1 and thus he spoke3 ,my manors1 halls1 and bowers shall still ,be open1 at my sovereign's will1 ,to each one whom he lists1 howe'er ,unmeet to be the owner's peer4 ,my castles are my king's alone1 ,from turret to foundation stone2 ,the hand of ,douglas is his own2 ,and never shall1 in friendly grasp1 ,the hand of such as ,marmion clasp4 ,burned ,marmion's swarthy cheek like fire1 ,and shook his very frame for ire2 ,and ,this to me1 he said2 ,an 'twere not for thy hoary beard1 ,such hand as ,marmion's had not spared ,to cleave the ,douglas' head6 ,and1 first1 ,i tell thee1 haughty peer1 ,he1 who does ,england's message here1 ,although the meanest in her state1 ,may well1 proud ,angus1 be thy mate3 ,and1 ,douglas1 more1 ,i tell thee here1 ,even in thy pitch of pride-- ,here1 in thy hold1 thy vassals near1 ,i tell thee1 thou'rt defied6 ,and if thou said'st1 ,i am not peer ,to any lord in ,scotland here1 ,lowland or ,highland1 far or near1 ,lord ,angus1 thou hast lied6 ,on the ,earl's cheek1 the flush of rage ,o'ercame the ashen hue of age3 ,fierce he broke forth2 ,and dar'st thou then ,to beard the lion in his den1 ,the ,douglas in his hall8 ,and hopest thou hence unscathed to go8 ,no1 by ,saint ,bride of ,bothwell1 no6 ,up draw-bridge1 grooms1--what1 warder1 ho6 ,let the portcullis fall4 ,lord ,marmion turned1--well was his need1 ,and dashed the rowels in his steed1 ,like arrow through the archway sprung2 ,the ponderous grate behind him rung3 ,to pass there was such scanty room1 ,the bars1 descending1 razed his plume4 ,the steed along the draw-bridge flies1 ,just as it trembled on the rise2 ,nor lighter does the swallow skim ,along the smooth lake's level brim2 ,and when ,lord ,marmion reached his band ,he halts1 and turns with clinched hand ,and shout of loud defiance pours1 ,and shook his gauntlet at the towers4 ,horse6 horse6 the ,douglas cried1 and chase6 ,but soon he reined his fury's pace3 ,a royal messenger he came1 ,though most unworthy of the name4 ,saint ,mary mend my fiery mood6 ,old age ne'er cools the ,douglas' blood2 ,i thought to slay him where he stood4 ',tis pity of him1 too1 he cried2 ,bold he can speak1 and fairly ride-- ,i warrant him a warrior tried4 ,with this his mandate he recalls1 ,and slowly seeks his castle halls4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,marmion1 an ,english nobleman1 is sent as an envoy by ,henry the ,eighth1 ,king of ,england1 to ,james the ,fourth1 ,king of ,scotland4 ,the two countries are on the eve of war with each other4 ,arriving in ,edinburgh1 ,marmion is entrusted by ,king ,james to the care and hospitality of ,douglas1 ,earl of ,angus1 who1 taking him to his castle at ,tantallon1 treats him with the respect due his position as representative of the king1 but at the same time dislikes him4 ,the war approaching1 ,marmion leaves to join the ,english camp4 ,this sketch describes the leave-taking4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,in what part of the castle does this conversation take place8 ,what tells you8 ,where are ,marmion's followers during this time8 ,where are ,douglas's soldiery and servants8 ,what lines tell you8 ,notice how simply ,marmion reminds ,douglas of the claim he had upon hospitality1 while in ,scotland4 ,lines #i to #ab4 ,note the claims that have always been allowed the stranger3 ,and stranger is a holy name1 ,guidance and rest and food and fire1 ,in vain he never must require4 ,what part of ,marmion's claim does ,douglas recognize8 ,which lines show this8 ,what claim does ,marmion make for one who does ,england's message8 ,what do we call one who do ,england's message at ,washington8 ,is this ,marmion's personal pride or pride of country 7patriotism78 ,read the lines in which ,marmion's personal pride shows itself in resentment of ,douglas's insults4 ,what does ,douglas forget when he threatens ,marmion8 ,line #fi4 ,which man appears to greater advantage in this scene8 train--procession4 'plain--complain4 ,tantal'lon--,douglas's castle4 warder--guard4 peer--equal4 peer--a nobleman4 ,saint ,bride--a saint belonging to the house of ,douglas1 rowel--wheel of a spur4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 pitch of pride ponderous grate swarthy cheek flush of rage level brim haughty peer ire vassals gauntlet unmeet hold 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,a' ,,that ,,and ,a' ,,that ,,robert ,,burns ,is there1 for honest poverty1 ,that hangs his head1 and a' that8 ,the coward-slave1 we pass him by2 ,we dare be poor for a' that6 ,for a' that1 and a' that1 ,our toils obscure1 and a' that2 ,the rank is but the guinea stamp1 ,the man's the gowd for a' that4 ,what though on hamely fare we dine1 ,wear hodden-gray1 an a' that2 ,gie fools their silks1 and knaves their wine1 ,a man's a man for a' that6 ,for a' that1 and a' that1 ,their tinsel show1 and a' that2 ,the honest man1 though e'er sae poor1 ,is king o' men for a' that4 ,ye see yon birkie1 ca'd a lord1 ,wha struts1 and stares1 and a' that2 ,though hundreds worship at his word1 ,he's but a coof for a' that2 ,for a' that1 and a' that1 ,his ribband1 star1 and a' that2 ,the man of independent mind1 ,he looks and laughs at a' that4 ,a prince can make a belted knight1 ,a marquis1 duke1 and a' that2 ,but an honest man's aboon his might1 ,guid faith1 he maunna fa' that6 ,for a' that1 and a' that2 ,their dignities1 and a' that2 ,the pith o' sense1 and pride o' worth1 ,are higher rank than a' that4 ,then let us pray that come it may1 ,as come it will for a' that1 ,that sense and worth1 o'er a' the earth1 ,shall bear the gree1 and a' that4 ,for a' that1 and a' that1 ,it's comin' yet1 for a' that1 ,that man to man1 the warld o'er ,shall brothers be for a' that4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical3 ,robert ,burns was born in ,ayrshire1 ,scotland1 in #agei4 ,his life was short and full of poverty and privation2 but he saw poetry in all the commonplace occurrences of every-day life4 ,his sympathy went out to all human kind and1 as the above selection shows1 he had a high regard for the real worth of man4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,does birth or station in life determine the man8 ,lines #g1 #h4 ,explain these lines4 ,lines #bi-dj4 ,what do these lines mean8 ,in the following what is omitted8 ,man's 7#bg72 ,it's 7#ch72 o'er 7#ci74 ,why did ,burns use the word coward-slave8 ,does the poet say a man is king of men because he is poor8 ,what makes a man a king among his fellowmen8 ,scotch words and their ,english equivalents3 a'--all2 wha--who2 gowd--gold2 hamely--homely2 hodden--gray--coarse gray cloth2 gie--give2 sae--so2 birkie--clever fellow2 ca'd--called2 coof--dunce2 aboon--above2 guid--good2 maunna fa'--must not try2 gree--prize4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 toils obscure pith o' sense guinea stamp ribband star belted knight 99 99 99 99 99 ,,selections ,,from ,,shakespeare #a4 ,,mercy ,,merchant ,,of ,,venice1 ,,act ,,iv41 ,,scene ,i4 ,the quality of mercy is not strained2 ,it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven ,upon the place beneath2 it is twice blessed2 ,it blesseth him that gives1 and him that takes4 ',tis mightiest in the mightiest2 it becomes ,the thrond monarch better than his crown2 ,his sceptre shows the force of temporal power1 ,the attribute to awe and majesty1 ,wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings3 ,but mercy is above the sceptred sway3 ,it is enthrond in the hearts of kings1 ,it is an attribute of ,god himself3 ,and earthly power doth then show likest ,god's1 ,when mercy seasons justice4 ,therefore1 ,jew1 though justice be thy plea1 consider this1-- ,that1 in the course of justice1 none of us ,should see salvation2 we do pray for mercy2 ,and that same prayer doth teach us all to render ,the deeds of mercy4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,william ,shakespeare1 the greatest of ,english poets1 indeed one of the greatest of the world's poets1 was born in #aefd at ,stratford-on-,avon4 ,as a young man of twenty-two1 after his marriage with ,anne ,hathaway1 he went up to ,london1 where he became connected with theaters1 first1 tradition says1 by holding horses at the doors4 ,the next twenty years he spent in ,london as an actor1 and in writing poems and plays1 later becoming a shareholder as well as an actor4 ,the last ten years of his life were spent at ,stratford1 where he died at the age of fifty-two4 ,this was the time of ,queen ,elizabeth and is known as the ,elizabethan ,age4 ,it was the age richest in genius of all kinds1 but especially in the creation of dramatic literature4 ,in the foregoing selection1 ,portia1 disguised as a lawyer1 makes this famous speech in pleading the cause of ,antonio against ,shylock4 ,notes strained--restrained shows--is the emblem of ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 temporal power sceptered sway ,earthly power doth then show likest ,god's ,when mercy seasons justice 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,,the ,,seven ,,ages ,,of ,,man ,,as ,,you ,,like ,,it1 ,,act ,,ii1 ,,scene #g4 ,,all the world's a stage1 ,and all the men and women merely players3 ,they have their exits and their entrances2 ,and one man in his time plays many parts1 ,his acts being seven ages4 ,at first1 the infant1 ,mewling and puking in the nurse's arms2 ,then the whining school-boy1 with his satchel ,and shining morning face1 creeping like snail ,unwillingly to school4 ,and then the lover1 ,sighing like furnace1 with a woeful ballad ,made to his mistress' eye-brow4 ,then a soldier1 ,full of strange oaths1 and bearded like the pard1 ,jealous in honor1 sudden and quick in quarrel1 ,seeking the bubble reputation ,even in the cannon's mouth4 ,and then the ,justice1 ,in fair round belly with good capon lined1-- ,with eyes severe1 and beard of formal cut1 ,full of wise saws and modern instances2 ,and so he plays his part4 ,the sixth age shifts ,into the lean and slippered pantaloon1 ,with spectacles on nose1 and pouch on side2 ,his youthful hose1 well saved1 a world too wide ,for his shrunk shank2 and his big manly voice1 ,turning again toward childish treble1 pipes ,and whistles in his sound4 ,last scene of all1 ,that ends this strange eventful history1 ,is second childishness1 and mere oblivion1 ,sans teeth1 sans eyes1 sans taste1 sans everything4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes ,mewling--squalling4 sudden--impetuous4 sans--without4 his--its1 which was just coming into use at this time4 formal cut--trim1 near--not shaggy as that of the soldier's1 wise saws--wise sayings4 modern instances--everyday examples1 illustrations4 strange oaths--soldiers are proverbially profane--probably satirical reference to the affectation of foreign oaths by soldiers who have been abroad4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,comparisons3 creeping like snail sighing like furnace bearded like the pard eyes severe woeful ballad mere oblivion ,seeking the bubble reputation ,even in the cannon's mouth 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,,polonius',s ,,advice ,,hamlet1 ,,act ,i1 ,,scene #c4 ,give thy thoughts no tongue1 ,nor any unproportioned thought his act4 ,be thou familiar1 but by no means vulgar3 ,the friends thou hast1 and their adoption tried1 ,grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel2 ,but do not dull thy palm with entertainment ,of each new-hatched1 unfledged comrade4 ,beware ,of entrance to a quarrel2 but1 being in1 ,bear it1 that the opposed may beware of thee4 ,give every man thine ear1 but few thy voice3 ,take each man's censure1 but reserve thy judgment ,costly thy habit as thy purse can buy1 ,but not expressed in fancy2 rich1 not gaudy3 ,for the apparel oft proclaims the man4 ,neither a borrower nor a lender be3 ,for loan oft loses both itself and friend2 ,and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry4 ,this above all1--to thine own self be true2 ,and it must follow1 as the night the day1 ,thou canst not then be false to any man4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 unproportioned--not worthy or fitting the occasion4 familiar--courteous1 friendly4 vulgar-unduly familiar4 their adoption tried--tested by long acquaintance4 dull thy palm--lose discrimination4 censure--opinion4 expressed in fancy--loud1 ostentatious4 husbandry--thrift4 ,put in your own words3 ,give thy thoughts no tongue1 ,nor any unproportioned thought his act4 ,give every man thy ear1 but few thy voice4 ,the apparel oft proclaims the man4 ,borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 hoops of steel 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 ,,man ,,hamlet1 ,,act ,,ii1 ,,scene #b4 ,what a piece of work is man6 ,how noble in reason6 ,how infinite in faculties6 ,in form and movement1 how express and admirable6 ,in action1 how like an angel6 ,in apprehension1 how like a god6 ,the beauty of the world6 ,the paragon of animals6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 express paragon infinite apprehension 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,,hamlet',s ,,soliloquy ,,hamlet1 ,,act ,,iii1 ,,scene #a4 ,to be or not to be3 that is the question3 ,whether 'tis nobler in the mind1 to suffer ,the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune1 ,or to take arms against a sea of troubles1 ,and by opposing end them4 ,to die2 to sleep2 ,no more2 and1 by a sleep to say we end ,the heartache1 and the thousand natural shocks ,that flesh is heir to4 ',tis a consummation ,devoutly to be wished4 ,to die1 to sleep2 ,to sleep8 ,perchance to dream6 ay1 there's the rub2 ,for in that sleep of death what dreams may come ,when we have shuffled off this mortal coil1 ,must give us pause3 there's the respect ,that makes calamity of so long life2 ,for who would bear the whips and scorns of time1 ,the oppressor's wrong1 the proud man's contumely1 ,the pangs of despised love1 the law's delay1 ,the insolence of office and the spurns ,that patient merit of the unworthy takes ,when he himself might his quietus make ,with a bare bodkin8 ,who would fardels bear1 ,to grunt and sweat under a weary life1 ,but that the dread of something after death1 ,the undiseover'd country1 from whose bourn ,no traveler returns1 puzzles the will ,and makes us rather bear those ills we have ,than fly to others that we know not of8 ,thus conscience does make cowards of us all2 ,and thus the native hue of resolution ,is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought1 ,and enterprises of great pitch and moment1 ,with this regard their currents turn awry1 ,and lose the name of action4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes coil--turmoil4 respect--consideration4 fardels--burdens4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 shuffled off this mortal coil puzzles the will native hue of resolution pale cast of thought great pitch and moment 99 99 99 99 99 #f4 ,,reputation ,,othello1 ,,act ,,iii1 ,,scene #c4 ,good name in man and woman1 dear my lord1 ,is the immediate jewel of their souls3 ,who steals my purse1 steals trash2 'tis something1 nothing2 ',twas mine1 'tis his1 and has been slave to thousands2 ,but he1 that filches from me my good name1 ,robs me of that which not enriches him1 ,and makes me poor indeed4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 immediate jewel of their souls ,who steals my purse steals trash 99 99 99 99 99 #g4 ,,wolsey ,,and ,,cromwell ,,king ,,henry ,,viii1 ,,act ,,iii1 ,,scene #b4 ,,wolsey3 ,farewell1 a long farewell1 to all my greatness6 ,this is the state of man3 ,today he puts forth ,the tender leaves of hope2 tomorrow blossoms1 ,and bears his blushing honors thick upon him2 ,the third day comes a frost1 a killing frost1 ,and--when he thinks1 good easy man1 full surely ,his greatness is a-ripening--nips his root2 ,and then he falls1 as ,i do4 ,i have ventured1 ,like little wanton boys that swim on bladders1 ,this many summers1 in a sea of glory2 ,but far beyond my depth3 my high-blown pride ,at length broke under me1 and now has left me1 ,weary and old with service1 to the mercy ,of a rude stream1 that must forever hide me4 ,vain pomp and glory of this world1 ,i hate ye3 ,i feel my heart new opened4 ,o1 how wretched ,is that poor man that hangs on princes' favors6 ,there is1 betwixt that smile we would aspire to1 ,that sweet aspect of princes1 and their ruin1 ,more pangs and fears than wars or women have2 ,and when he falls1 he falls like ,lucifer1 ,never to hope again4-- ,cromwell1 ,i did not think to shed a tear ,in all my miseries2 but thou hast forced me1 ,out of thy honest truth1 to play the woman4 ,let's dry our eyes2 and thus far hear me1 ,cromwell2 ,and--when ,i am forgotten1 as ,i shall be1 ,and sleep in dull cold marble1 where no mention ,of me more must be heard of--say1 ,i taught thee2 ,say1 ,wolsey--that once trod the ways of glory1 ,and sounded all the depths and shoals of honor-- ,found thee a way1 out of his wreck1 to rise in2 ,a sure and safe one1 though thy master missed it4 ,mark but my fall1 and that that ruined me4 ,cromwell1 ,i charge thee1 fling away ambition3 ,by that sin fell the angels3 how can man1 then1 ,the image of his ,maker1 hope to win by't8 ,love thyself last2 cherish those hearts that hate thee2 ,corruption wins not more than honesty3 ,still in thy right hand carry gentle peace1 ,to silence envious tongues4 ,be just1 and fear not4 ,let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's1 ,thy ,god's1 and truth's2 then1 if thou fall'st1 ,o ,cromwell1 ,thou fall'st a blessed martyr6 ,serve the king2 ,and--,prithee1 lead me in3 ,there take an inventory of all ,i have1 ,to the last penny2 'tis the king's2 my robe1 ,and my integrity to ,heaven1 is all ,i dare now call mine own4 ,o ,cromwell1 ,cromwell1 ,had ,i but served my ,god with half the zeal ,i served my king1 he would not in mine age ,have left me naked to mine enemies6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes ,this many summers--this nineteen years4 ,like ,lucifer--,see ,isaiah ,,xiv1 #ab4 ,to play the woman--to shed tears4 99 99 99 99 99 #h4 ,,cassio ,,and ,,iago ,,othello4 ,,act ,,ii4 ,,scene ,,iii4 ,iago4 ,what1 are you hurt1 lieutenant8 ,cassio4 ,ay1 past all surgery4 ,iago4 ,marry1 heaven forbid6 ,cas4 ,reputation1 reputation1 reputation6 ,o1 ,i have lost my reputation6 ,i have lost the immortal part of myself1 and what remains is bestial4 ,my reputation1 ,iago1 my reputation6 ,iago4 ,as ,i am an honest man1 ,i thought you had received some bodily wound2 there is more sense in that than in reputation4 ,reputation is an idle and most false imposition2 oft got without merit1 and lost without deserving3 you have lost no reputation at all1 unless you repute yourself such a loser4 ,what1 man6 there are ways to recover the general again3 you are but now cast in his mood1 a punishment more in policy than in malice2 even so as one would beat his offenceless dog to affright an imperious lion3 sue to him again1 and he's yours4 ,cas4 ,i will rather sue to be despised than to deceive so good a commander with so slight1 so drunken1 and so indiscreet an officer4 ,drunk8 and speak parrot8 and squabble8 swagger8 swear8 and discourse fustian with one's own shadow8 ,o thou invisible spirit of wine1 if thou hast no name to be known by1 let us call thee devil6 ,iago4 ,what was he that you followed with your sword8 ,what had he done to you8 ,cas4 ,i know not4 ,iago4 ,is't possible8 ,cas4 ,i remember a mass of things1 but nothing distinctly2 a quarrel1 but nothing wherefore4 ,o ,god1 that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains6 that we should1 with joy1 pleasance1 revel1 and applause1 transform ourselves into beasts6 ,iago4 ,why1 but you are now well enough3 how came you thus recovered8 ,cas4 ,it hath pleased the devil drunkenness to give place to the devil wrath3 one unperfectness shows me another1 to make me frankly despise myself4 ,iago4 ,come1 you are too severe a moraler3 as the time1 the place1 and the condition of this country stands1 ,i could heartily wish this had not befallen2 but1 since it is as it is1 mend it for your own good4 ,cas4 ,i will ask him for my place again2 he shall tell me ,i am a drunkard6 ,had ,i as many mouths as ,hydra1 such an answer would stop them all4 ,to be now a sensible man1 by and by a fool1 and presently a beast6 ,o strange6 ,every inordinate cup is unblessed and the ingredient is a devil4 ,iago4 ,come1 come1 good wine is a good familiar creature1 if it be well used3 exclaim no more against it4 ,and1 good lieutenant1 ,i think you think ,i love you4 ,cas4 ,i have well approved it1 sir4 ,i drunk6 ,iago4 ,you or any man living may be drunk at a time1 man4 ,i'll tell you what you shall do4 ,our general's wife is now the general3 ,i may say so in this respect1 for that he hath devoted and given up himself to the contemplation1 mark1 and denotement of her parts and graces3 confess yourself freely to her3 importune her help to put you in your place again3 she is of so free1 so kind1 so apt1 so blessed a disposition1 she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested3 this broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to splinter2 and my fortunes against any lay worth naming1 this crack of your love shall grow stronger than it was before4 ,cas4 ,you advise me well4 ,iago4 ,i protest in the sincerity of love and honest kindness4 ,cas4 ,i think it freely2 and betimes in the morning ,i will beseech the virtuous ,desdemona to undertake for me3 ,i am desperate of my fortunes if they check me here4 ,iago4 ,you are in the right4 ,good night1 lieutenant2 ,i must to the watch4 ,cas4 ,good night1 honest ,iago4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes marry--an exclamation--indeed6 cast--dismissed4 fustian--empty phrasing1 pleasance--merriment4 moraler--moralizer ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 immortal part of myself repute yourself as many mouths as ,hydra crack of your love false imposition speak parrot denotement must to the watch 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,ii ,,selections ,,from ,,great ,,american ,,authors ,he cometh unto you with a tale which holdeth children from play and old men from the chimney corner4 --,,sir ,,philip ,,sidney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,washington ,,irving ,washington's work is ended and the child shall be named after him1 so said the mother of ,washington ,irving at his birth in ,new ,york1 ,april #c1 #aghc4 ,when1 six years later1 all ,new ,york was enthusiastically greeting the first ,president of the ,united ,states1 a ,scotch servant in the ,irving family followed the ,president into a shop with the youngest son of the family and approaching him said1 ,please1 your honor1 here's a bairn was named for you4 ,washington1 putting his hand upon the boy's head1 gave him his blessing4 ,it seems eminently fitting that this boy1 who became known as the ,father of ,american ,letters1 should write the biography of the man whose name he bore1 and whom we know as the ,father of his ,country4 ,new ,york was then the capital of the country1 a city of about twenty-five thousand inhabitants1 small enough so that it was an easy matter for the city boy to get into the country4 ,new ,york itself retained many traces of its ,dutch origin1 and upon its streets could be seen men from all parts of the world4 ,here the boy grew up happy1 seeing many sides of ,american life1 both in the city and in the country4 ,he was fun-loving and social1 and could hardly be called a student4 ,he greatly preferred ,robinson ,crusoe and ,sinbad to the construing of ,latin4 ,best of all1 he liked to go exploring down to the water front to see the tall ships setting sail for the other side of the world1 or1 as he grew older1 up the ,hudson and into the ,catskills1 or to that very ,sleepy ,hollow which lives for us now because of him4 ,irving liked people1 and had many warm friends4 ,these three tastes--for people1 for books1 and for travel--his life was destined to gratify4 ,his health being delicate1 he was sent abroad at twenty-one1 and the captain of the ship he sailed in1 noting his fragile appearance1 said1 ,there's one who'll go overboard before we get across1 but he happily proved a mistaken prophet4 ,irving not only survived the voyage1 but spent two years traveling in ,italy1 ,france1 ,sicily1 and the ,netherlands4 ,the romantic spirit strong within him eagerly absorbed medival history and tradition4 ,my native country was full of youthful promise2 ,europe was rich in the accumulated treasures of age4 ,upon his return home1 ,irving was admitted to the bar1 but he never seriously turned his attention to law4 ,in #ahji he published ,a ,history of ,new ,york by ,diedrich ,knickerbocker4 ,it was a humorous history of ,new ,amsterdam1 a delicious mingling of sense and nonsense1 over which ,walter ,scott said his sides were absolutely sore with laughing4 ,while writing this history a great sorrow touched his life--the death of a young girl to whom he was deeply attached4 ,ten years later1 upon his second visit to ,europe1 ,irving published ,the ,sketch ,book4 ,it rapidly won favor both in ,england and ,america4 ,byron said of it3 ,i know it by heart2 at least there is not a passage that ,i cannot refer to immediately4 ,this second visit to ,europe was to be a short business trip1 but as it chanced1 it lasted seventeen years4 ,the first five years were spent in ,england4 ,later he went to ,spain1 and as a result of this visit1 we have a series of books dealing with ,spanish history and tradition--,the ,alhambra1 ,the ,conquest of ,granada and ,the ,life of ,columbus4 ,during all these years and in all these places1 he met and won the regard of hosts of interesting people4 ,everyone praised his books1 and everyone liked the likable ,american1 with his distinguished face and gentle manners4 ,in #ahcb ,irving was gladly welcomed back to ,america1 for many had feared that his long absence might mean permanent residence abroad4 ,the next ten years were spent in his beautiful home1 ,sunnyside1 at ,tarrytown-on-the-,hudson4 ,daniel ,webster1 ,secretary of ,state1 could find no person more gratifying to the ,spanish people1 than the author of the ,life of ,columbus and1 in #ahdb1 persuaded ,irving to represent us at the ,spanish court4 ,after four years1 he returned to ,america and passed his time almost exclusively in writing4 ,the work which he finished just before his death1 in ,november1 #ahei1 was the ,life of ,washington4 ,he was buried on a hill overlooking the river and a portion of the ,sleepy ,hollow ,valley4 ,because of the ease and smoothness of his style1 and his delicate sense of form1 ,irving delighted his own and succeeding generations of both his countrymen and his ,british cousins4 ,all his work is pervaded by the strong and winning personal quality that brought him the love and admiration of all4 ,charles ,dudley ,warner says of him3 ,the author loved good women and little children and a pure life2 he had faith in his fellow-men1 a kindly sympathy with the lowest1 without any subservience to the highest4 ,his books are wholesome1 full of sweetness and charm1 of humor without any sting1 of amusement without any stain2 and their more solid qualities are marred by neither pedantry nor pretension4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rip ,,van ,,winkle ,a ,,posthumous ,,writing ,,of ,,diedrich ,,knickerbocker ,,from ,,the ,,sketch ,,book1 ,,by ,,washington ,,irving ,by ,woden1 ,god of ,saxons1 ,from whence comes ,wensday1 that is ,wodensday4 ,truth is a thing that ever ,i will keep ,unto thylke day in which ,i creep into ,my sepulchre4 --,,cartwright4 ,the following tale was found among the papers of the late ,diedrich ,knickerbocker1 an old gentleman of ,new ,york1 who was very curious in the ,dutch history of the province1 and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers4 ,his historical researches1 however1 did not lie so much among books as among men2 for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics2 whereas he found the old burghers1 and still more their wives1 rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history4 ,whenever1 therefore1 he happened upon a genuine ,dutch family1 snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse under a spreading sycamore1 he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter1 and studied it with the zeal of a book worm4 ,the result of all these researches was a history of the province during the reign of the ,dutch governors1 which he published some years since4 ,there have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work1 and1 to tell the truth1 it is not a whit better than it should be4 ,its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy1 which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance1 but has since been completely established2 and it is now admitted into all historical collections1 as a book of unquestionable authority4 ,the old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work1 and now that he is dead and gone1 it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors4 ,he1 however1 was apt to ride his hobby his own way2 and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors1 and grieve the spirit of some friends1 for whom he felt the truest deference and affection2 yet his errors and follies are remembered more in sorrow than in anger1 and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend4 ,but however his memory may be appreciated by critics1 it is still held dear by many folk1 whose good opinion is worth having2 particularly by certain biscuit-bakers1 who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their new-year cakes2 and have thus given him a chance for immortality1 almost equal to the being stamped on a ,waterloo ,medal1 or a ,queen ,anne's ,farthing4 ,whoever has made a voyage up the ,hudson must remember the ,kaatskill ,mountains4 ,they are a dismembered branch of the great ,appalachian family1 and are seen away to the west of the river1 swelling up to a noble height1 and lording it over the surrounding country4 ,every change of season1 every change of weather1 indeed1 every hour of the day1 produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains1 and they are regarded by all the good wives1 far and near1 as perfect barometers4 ,when the weather is fair and settled1 they are clothed in blue and purple1 and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky2 but sometimes when the rest of the landscape is cloudless they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits1 which1 in the last rays of the setting sun1 will glow and light up like a crown of glory4 ,at the foot of these fairy mountains1 the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village1 whose shingle-roofs gleam among the trees1 just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape4 ,it is a little village of great antiquity1 having been founded by some of the ,dutch colonists in the early time of the province1 just about the beginning of the government of the good ,peter ,stuyvesant 7may he rest in peace671 and there were some of the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years1 built of small yellow bricks brought from ,holland1 having latticed windows and gable fronts1 surmounted with weathercocks4 ,in that same village1 and in one of these very houses 7which1 to tell the precise truth1 was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten71 there lived many years since1 while the country was yet a province of ,great ,britain1 a simple1 good-natured fellow1 of the name of ,rip ,van ,winkle4 ,he was a descendant of the ,van ,winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of ,peter ,stuyvesant1 and accompanied him to the siege of ,fort ,christina4 ,he inherited1 however1 but little of the martial character of his ancestors4 ,i have observed that he was a simple1 good-natured man2 he was1 moreover1 a kind neighbor1 and an obedient henpecked husband4 ,indeed1 to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity2 for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad1 who are under the discipline of shrews at home4 ,their tempers1 doubtless1 are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation2 and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering4 ,a termagant wife may1 therefore1 in some respects be considered a tolerable blessing1 and if so1 rip ,van ,winkle was thrice blessed4 ,certain it is1 that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village1 who1 as usual with the amiable sex1 took his part in all family squabbles2 and never failed1 whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings1 to lay all the blame on ,dame ,van ,winkle4 ,the children of the village1 too1 would shout with joy whenever he approached4 ,he assisted at their sports1 made their playthings1 taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles1 and told them long stories of ghosts1 witches1 and ,indians4 ,whenever he went dodging about the village1 he was surrounded by a troop of them1 hanging on his skirts1 clambering on his back1 and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity2 and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood4 ,the great error in ,rip's composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor4 ,it could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance2 for he would sit on a wet rock1 with a rod as long and heavy as a ,tartar's lance1 and fish all day without a murmur1 even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble4 ,he would carry a fowling-piece on his shoulder for hours together1 trudging through woods and swamps1 and up hill and down dale1 to shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons4 ,he would never refuse to assist a neighbor1 even in the roughest toil1 and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking ,indian corn1 or building stone-fences2 the women of the village1 too1 used to employ him to run their errands1 and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them4 ,in a word1 ,rip was ready to attend to anybody's business but his own2 but as to doing family duty1 and keeping his farm in order1 he found it impossible4 ,in fact1 he declared it was of no use to work on his farm2 it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country2 everything about it went wrong1 and would go wrong1 in spite of him4 ,his fences were continually falling to pieces2 his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages2 weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else2 the rain always made a point of setting in just as he had some out-door work to do2 so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management1 acre by acre1 until there was little more left than a mere patch of ,indian corn and potatoes1 yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood4 ,his children1 too1 were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody4 ,his son ,rip1 an urchin begotten in his own likeness1 promised to inherit the habits1 with the old clothes of his father4 ,he was generally seen trooping like a colt at his mother's heels1 equipped in a pair of father's cast-off galligaskins1 which he had much ado to hold up with1 one hand1 as a fine lady does her train in bad weather4 ,rip ,van ,winkle1 however1 was one of those happy mortals1 of foolish1 well-oiled dispositions1 who take the world easy1 eat white bread or brown1 whichever can be got with least thought or trouble1 and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound4 ,if left to himself1 he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment2 but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness1 his carelessness1 and the ruin he was bringing on his family4 ,morning1 noon1 and night her tongue was incessantly going1 and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence4 ,rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind1 and that1 by frequent use1 had grown into a habit4 ,he shrugged his shoulders1 shook his head1 cast up his eyes1 but said nothing4 ,this1 however1 always provoked a fresh volley from his wife2 so that he was fain to draw off his forces1 and take to the outside of the house--the only side which1 in truth1 belongs to a henpecked husband4 ,rip's sole domestic adherent was his dog ,wolf1 who was as much henpecked as his master2 for ,dame ,van ,winkle regarded them as companions in idleness1 and even looked upon ,wolf with an evil eye1 as the cause of his master's going so often astray4 ,true it is1 in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog1 he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods--but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman's tongue8 ,the moment ,wolf entered the house his crest fell1 his tail drooped to the ground1 or curled between his legs1 he sneaked about with a gallows air1 casting many a sidelong glance at ,dame ,van ,winkle1 and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle he would fly to the door with yelping precipitation4 ,times grew worse and worse with ,rip ,van ,winkle as years of matrimony rolled on2 a tart temper never mellows with age1 and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant use4 ,for a long while he used to console himself1 when driven from home1 by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages1 philosophers1 and other idle personages of the village2 which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn1 designated by a rubicund portrait of ,his ,majesty ,george the ,third4 ,here they used to sit in the shade through a long lazy summer's day1 talking listlessly over village gossip1 or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing4 ,but it would have been worth any statesman's money to have heard the profound discussions that sometimes took place1 when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands from some passing traveler4 ,how solemnly they would listen to the contents1 as drawled out by ,derrick ,van ,bummel1 the school-master1 a dapper learned little man1 who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary2 and how sagely they would deliberate upon public events some months after they had taken place4 ,the opinions of this junto were completely controlled by ,nicholas ,vedder1 a patriarch of the village1 and landlord of the inn1 at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night1 just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree2 so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial4 ,it is true he was rarely heard to speak1 but smoked his pipe incessantly4 ,his adherents1 however 7for every great man has his adherents71 perfectly understood him1 and knew how to gather his opinions4 ,when anything that was read or related displeased him1 he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently1 and to send forth short1 frequent and angry puffs2 but when pleased1 he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly1 and emit it in light and placid clouds2 and sometimes1 taking the pipe from his mouth1 and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose1 would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation4 ,from even this stronghold the unlucky ,rip was at length routed by his termagant wife1 who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage and call the members all to naught2 nor was that august personage1 ,nicholas ,vedder himself1 sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago1 who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness4 ,poor ,rip was at last reduced almost to despair2 and his only alternative1 to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife1 was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods4 ,here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree1 and share the contents of his wallet with ,wolf1 with whom he sympathized1 as a fellow-sufferer in persecution4 ,poor ,wolf1 he would say1 thy mistress leads thee a dog's life of it2 but never mind1 my lad1 whilst ,i live thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee6 ,wolf would wag his tail1 look wistfully in his master's face1 and if dogs can feel pity ,i verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with all his heart4 ,in a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day1 ,rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the ,kaatskill ,mountains4 ,he was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting1 and the still solitudes had echoed and re-echoed with the reports of his gun4 ,panting and fatigued1 he threw himself1 late in the afternoon1 on a green knoll1 covered with mountain herbage1 that crowned the brow of a precipice4 ,from an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland4 ,he saw at a distance the lordly ,hudson1 far1 far below him1 moving on its silent but majestic course1 with the reflection of a purple cloud1 or the sail of a lagging bark1 here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom1 and at last losing itself in the blue highlands4 ,on the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen1 wild1 lonely1 and shagged1 the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs1 and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun4 ,for some time ,rip lay musing on this scene2 evening was gradually advancing2 the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys2 he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village1 and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of ,dame ,van ,winkle4 ,as he was about to descend1 he heard a voice from a distance1 hallooing1 ,rip ,van ,winkle6 ,rip ,van ,winkle6 ,he looked round1 but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain4 ,he thought his fancy must have deceived him1 and turned again to descend1 when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air3 ,rip ,van ,winkle6 ,rip ,van ,winkle6--at the same time ,wolf bristled up his back1 and giving a low growl1 skulked to his master's side1 looking fearfully down into the glen4 ,rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him2 he looked anxiously in the same direction1 and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks1 and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back4 ,he was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place2 but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance1 he hastened down to yield it4 ,on nearer approach he was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger's appearance4 ,he was a short1 square-built old fellow1 with thick bushy hair1 and a grizzled beard4 ,his dress was of the antique ,dutch fashion3 a cloth jerkin strapped round the waist1 several pair of breeches1 the outer one of ample volume1 decorated with rows of buttons down the sides1 and bunches at the knees4 ,he bore on his shoulder a stout keg1 that seemed full of liquor1 and made signs for ,rip to approach and assist him with the load4 ,though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance1 ,rip complied with his usual alacrity2 and mutually relieving one another1 they clambered up a narrow gully1 apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent4 ,as they ascended1 ,rip every now and then heard long rolling peals like distant thunder1 that seemed to issue out of a deep ravine1 or rather cleft1 between lofty rocks1 toward which their rugged path conducted4 ,he paused for a moment1 but supposing it to be the muttering of one of those transient thunder-showers which often take place in mountain heights1 he proceeded4 ,passing through the ravine1 they came to a hollow1 like a small amphitheatre1 surrounded by perpendicular precipices1 over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches1 so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud4 ,during the whole time ,rip and his companion had labored on in silence2 for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain1 yet there was something strange and incomprehensible about the unknown1 that inspired awe and checked familiarity4 ,on entering the amphitheatre1 new objects of wonder presented themselves4 ,on a level spot in the centre was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins4 ,they were dressed in a quaint outlandish fashion2 some wore short doublets1 others jerkins1 with long knives in their belts1 and most of them had enormous breeches of similar style with that of the guide's4 ,their visages1 too1 were peculiar2 one had a large beard1 broad face1 and small piggish eyes2 the face of another seemed to consist entirely of nose1 and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat1 set off with a little red cock's tail4 ,they all had beards1 of various shapes and colors4 ,there was one who seemed to be the commander4 ,he was a stout old gentleman1 with a weather-beaten countenance2 he wore a laced doublet1 broad belt and hanger1 high-crowned hat and feather1 red stockings1 and high-heeled shoes1 with roses in them4 ,the whole group reminded ,rip of the figures in an old ,flemish painting in the parlor of ,dominie ,van ,shaick1 the village parson1 which had been brought over from ,holland at the time of the settlement4 ,what seemed particularly odd to ,rip was1 that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves1 yet they maintained the gravest faces1 the most mysterious silence1 and were1 withal1 the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed4 ,nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls1 which1 whenever they were rolled1 echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder4 ,as ,rip and his companion approached them1 they suddenly desisted from their play1 and stared at him with such fixed1 statue-like gaze1 and such strange1 uncouth1 lack-lustre countenances1 that his heart turned within him1 and his knees smote together4 ,his companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons1 and made signs to him to wait upon the company4 ,he obeyed with fear and trembling2 they quaffed the liquor in profound silence1 and then returned to their game4 ,by degrees ,rip's awe and apprehension subsided4 ,he even ventured1 when no eye was fixed upon him1 to taste the beverage1 which he found had much of the flavor of excellent ,hollands4 ,he was naturally a thirsty soul1 and was soon tempted to repeat the draught4 ,one taste provoked another2 and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often that at length his senses were overpowered1 his eyes swam in his head1 his head gradually declined1 and he fell into a deep sleep4 ,on waking1 he found himself on the green knoll whence he had first seen the old man of the glen4 ,he rubbed his eyes--it was a bright1 sunny morning4 ,the birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes1 and the eagle was wheeling aloft1 and breasting the pure mountain breeze4 ,surely1 thought ,rip1 ,i have not slept here all night4 ,he recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep4 ,the strange man with a keg of liquor--the mountain ravine--the wild retreat among the rocks--the woe-begone party at ninepins--the flagon--,oh6 that flagon6 that wicked flagon6 thought ,rip--what excuse shall ,i make to ,dame ,van ,winkle8 ,he looked round for his gun1 but in place of the clean1 well-oiled fowling-piece1 he found an old firelock lying by him1 the barrel incrusted with rust1 the lock falling off1 and the stock worm-eaten4 ,he now suspected that the grave roisterers of the mountain had put a trick upon him1 and1 having dosed him with liquor1 had robbed him of his gun4 ,wolf1 too1 had disappeared1 but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge4 ,he whistled after him1 and shouted his name1 but all in vain2 the echoes repeated his whistle and shout1 but no dog was to be seen4 ,he determined to revisit the scene of the last evening's gambol1 and if he met with any of the party1 to demand his dog and gun4 ,as he rose to walk1 he found himself stiff in the joints1 and wanting in his usual activity4 ,these mountain beds do not agree with me1 thought ,rip1 and if this frolic should lay me up with a fit of the rheumatism1 ,i shall have a blessed time with ,dame ,van ,winkle4 ,with some difficulty he got down into the glen2 he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening2 but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it1 leaping from rock to rock1 and filling the glen with babbling murmurs4 ,he1 however1 made shift to scramble up its sides1 working his toilsome way through thickets of birch1 sassafras1 and witchhazel1 and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grapevines that twisted their coils or tendrils from tree to tree1 and spread a kind of network in his path4 ,at length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheatre2 but no traces of such opening remained4 ,the rocks presented a high1 impenetrable wall1 over which the torrent came tumbling in a sheet of feathery foam1 and fell into a broad1 deep basin1 black from the shadows of the surrounding forest4 ,here1 then1 poor ,rip was brought to a stand4 ,he again called and whistled after his dog2 he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows1 sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice2 and who1 secure in their elevation1 seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man's perplexities4 ,what was to be done8 the morning was passing away1 and ,rip felt famished for want of his breakfast4 ,he grieved to give up his dog and gun2 he dreaded to meet his wife2 but it would not do to starve among the mountains4 ,he shook his head1 shouldered the rusty fire-lock1 and1 with a heart full of trouble and anxiety1 turned his steps homeward4 ,as he approached the village he met a number of people1 but none whom he knew1 which somewhat surprised him1 for he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country round4 ,their dress1 too1 was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed4 ,they all stared at him with equal marks of surprise1 and whenever they cast their eyes upon him1 invariably stroked their chins4 ,the constant recurrence of this gesture induced ,rip1 involuntarily1 to do the same1 when1 to his astonishment1 he found his beard had grown a foot long6 ,he had now entered the skirts of the village4 ,a troop of strange children ran at his heels1 hooting after him1 and pointing at his gray beard4 ,the dogs1 too1 not one of which he recognized for an old acquaintance1 barked at him as he passed4 ,the very village was altered2 it was larger and more populous4 ,there were rows of houses which he had never seen before1 and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared4 ,strange names were over the doors--strange faces at the windows1--everything was strange4 ,his mind now misgave him2 he began to doubt whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched4 ,surely this was his native village1 which he had left but the day before4 ,there stood the ,kaatskill ,mountains--there ran the silver ,hudson at a distance--there was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been--,rip was sorely perplexed--,that flagon last night1 thought he1 has addled my poor head sadly6 ,it was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house1 which he approached with silent awe1 expecting every moment to hear the shrill voice of ,dame ,van ,winkle4 ,he found the house gone to decay--the roof fallen in1 the windows shattered1 and the doors off the hinges4 ,a half-starved dog that looked like ,wolf was skulking about it4 ,rip called him by name1 but the cur snarled1 showed his teeth1 and passed on4 ,this was an unkind cut indeed--,my very dog1 sighed poor ,rip1 has forgotten me6 ,he entered the house1 which1 to tell the truth1 ,dame ,van ,winkle had always kept in neat order4 ,it was empty1 forlorn1 and apparently abandoned4 ,this desolateness overcame all his connubial fears--he called loudly for his wife and children--the lonely chambers rang for a moment with his voice1 and then again all was silence4 ,he now hurried forth1 and hastened to his old resort1 the village inn--but it1 too1 was gone4 ,a large1 rickety wooden building stood in its place1 with great gaping windows1 some of them broken and mended with old hats and petticoats1 and over the door was painted1 ,the ,union ,hotel1 by ,jonathan ,doolittle4 ,instead of the great tree that used to shelter the quiet little ,dutch inn of yore1 there now was reared a tall naked pole1 with something on the top that looked like a red night-cap1 and from it was fluttering a flag1 on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes--all this was strange and incomprehensible4 ,he recognized on the sign1 however1 the ruby face of ,king ,george1 under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe2 but even this was singularly metamorphosed4 ,the red coat was changed for one of blue and buff1 a sword was held in the hand instead of a sceptre1 the head was decorated with a cocked hat1 and underneath was painted in large characters1 ,,general ,,washington4 ,there was1 as usual1 a crowd of folk about the door1 but none that ,rip recollected4 ,the very character of the people seemed changed4 ,there was a busy1 bustling1 disputatious tone about it1 instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquillity4 ,he looked in vain for the sage ,nicholas ,vedder1 with his broad face1 double chin1 and fair long pipe1 uttering clouds of tobacco-smoke instead of idle speeches2 or ,van ,bummel1 the schoolmaster1 doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper4 ,in place of these1 a lean bilious-looking fellow1 with his pockets full of hand bills1 was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens--elections--members of congress--liberty--,bunker's ,hill--heroes of seventy-six--and other words1 which were a perfect ,babylonish jargon to the bewildered ,van ,winkle4 ,the appearance of ,rip1 with his long grizzled heard1 his rusty fowling-piece1 his uncouth dress1 and an army of women and children at his heels1 soon attracted the attention of the tavern-politicians4 ,they crowded round him1 eying him from head to foot with great curiosity4 ,the orator bustled up to him1 and1 drawing him partly aside1 inquired on which side he voted8 ,rip stared in vacant stupidity4 ,another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm1 and1 rising on tiptoe1 inquired in his ear1 ,whether he was ,federal or ,democrat8 ,rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question2 when a knowing1 self-important old gentleman1 in a sharp cocked hat1 made his way through the crowd1 putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed1 and planting himself before ,van ,winkle1 with one arm akimbo1 the other resting on his cane1 his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating1 as it were1 into his very soul1 demanded in an austere tone1 what brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder and a mob at his heels1 and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village8--,alas6 gentlemen1 cried ,rip1 somewhat dismayed1 ,i am a poor quiet man1 a native of the place1 and a loyal subject of the king1 ,god bless him6 ,here a general shout burst from the bystanders--,a tory6 a tory6 a spy6 a refugee6 hustle him6 away with him6 ,it was with great difficulty that the self-important man in the cocked hat restored order2 and1 having assumed a tenfold austerity of brow1 demanded again of the unknown culprit what he came there for1 and whom he was seeking8 ,the poor man humbly assured him that he meant no harm1 but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors1 who used to keep about the tavern4 ,well--who are they8--name them4 ,rip bethought himself a moment1 and inquired1 ,where's ,nicholas ,vedder8 ,there was a silence for a little while1 when an old man replied1 in a thin1 piping voice3 ,nicholas ,vedder6 why1 he is dead and gone these eighteen years6 ,there was a wooden tombstone in the churchyard that used to tell all about him1 but that's rotten and gone too4 ,where's ,brom ,dutcher8 ,oh1 he went off to the army in the beginning of the war2 some say he was killed at the storming of ,stony ,point--others say he was drowned in a squall at the foot of ,antony's ,nose4 ,i don't know--he never came back again4 ,where's ,van ,bummel1 the schoolmaster8 ,he went off to the wars too1 was a great militia general1 and is now in ,congress4 ,rip's heart died away at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends1 and finding himself thus alone in the world4 ,every answer puzzled him too1 by treating of such enormous lapses of time1 and of matters which he could not understand3 war--,congress--,stony ,point2 he had no courage to ask after any more friends1 but cried out in despair1 ,does nobody here know ,rip ,van ,winkle8 ,oh1 ,rip ,van ,winkle6 exclaimed two or three1 ,oh1 to be sure6 that's ,rip ,van ,winkle yonder1 leaning against the tree4 ,rip looked1 and beheld a precise counterpart of himself1 as he went up the mountain3 apparently as lazy1 and certainly as ragged4 ,the poor fellow was now completely confounded4 ,he doubted his own identity1 and whether he was himself or another man4 ,in the midst of his bewilderment1 the man in the cocked hat demanded who he was1 and what was his name8 ,god knows1 exclaimed he1 at his wit's end2 ,i'm not myself--,i'm somebody else--that's me yonder--no--that's somebody else got into my shoes--,i was myself last night1 but ,i fell asleep on the mountain1 and they've changed my gun1 and everything's changed1 and ,i'm changed1 and ,i can't tell what's my name1 or who ,i am6 ,the bystanders began now to look at each other1 nod1 wink significantly1 and tap their fingers against their foreheads4 ,there was a whisper1 also1 about securing the gun1 and keeping the old fellow from doing mischief1 at the very suggestion of which the self-important man in the cocked hat retired with some precipitation4 ,at this critical moment a fresh1 comely woman pressed through the throng to get a peep at the gray-bearded man4 ,she had a chubby child in her arms1 which1 frightened at his looks1 began to cry4 ,hush1 ,rip1 cried she1 hush1 you little fool2 the old man won't hurt you4 ,the name of the child1 the air of the mother1 the tone of her voice1 all awakened a train of recollections in his mind4 ,what is your name1 my good woman8 asked he4 ,judith ,gardenier4 ,and your father's name8 ,ah1 poor man1 ,rip ,van ,winkle was his name1 but it's twenty years since he went away from home with his gun1 and never has been heard of since1--his dog came home without him2 but whether he shot himself1 or was carried away by the ,indians1 nobody can tell4 ,i was then but a little girl4 ,rip had but one question more to ask2 and he put it with a faltering voice3-- ,where's your mother8 ,oh1 she too had died but a short time since2 she broke a blood-vessel in a fit of passion at a ,new ,england peddler4 ,there was a drop of comfort at least1 in this intelligence4 ,the honest man could contain himself no longer4 ,he caught his daughter and her child in his arms4 ,i am your father6 cried he--,young ,rip ,van ,winkle once--old ,rip ,van ,winkle now6 ,does nobody know poor ,rip ,van ,winkle8 ,all stood amazed1 until an old woman1 tottering out from among the crowd1 put her hand to her brow1 and peering under it in his face for a moment1 exclaimed1 ,sure enough1 it is ,rip ,van ,winkle--it is himself6 ,welcome home again1 old neighbor--,why1 where have you been these twenty long years8 ,rip's story was soon told1 for the whole twenty years had been to him but as one night4 ,the neighbors stared when they heard it2 some were seen to wink at each other1 and put their tongues in their cheeks2 and the self-important man in the cocked hat1 who1 when the alarm was over1 had returned to the field1 screwed down the corners of his mouth and shook his head--upon which there was a general shaking of the head throughout the assemblage4 ,it was determined1 however1 to take the opinion of old ,peter ,vanderdonk1 who was seen slowly advancing up the road4 ,he was a descendant of the historian of that name1 who wrote one of the earliest accounts of the province4 ,peter was the most ancient inhabitant of the village1 and well versed in all the wonderful events and traditions of the neighborhood4 ,he recollected ,rip at once1 and corroborated his story in the most satisfactory manner4 ,he assured the company that it was a fact1 handed down from his ancestor the historian1 that the ,kaatskill ,mountains had always been haunted by strange beings4 ,that it was affirmed that the great ,hendrick ,hudson1 the first discoverer of the river and country1 kept a kind of vigil there every twenty years1 with his crew of the ,half-moon2 being permitted in this way to revisit the scenes of his enterprise1 and keep a guardian eye upon the river and the great city called by his name4 ,that his father had once seen them in their old ,dutch dresses playing at ninepins in a hollow of the mountain2 and that he himself had heard1 one summer afternoon1 the sound of their balls like distant peals of thunder4 ,to make a long story short1 the company broke up1 and returned to the more important concerns of the election4 ,rip's daughter took him home to live with her2 she had a snug well-furnished house1 and a stout cheery farmer for a husband1 whom ,rip recollected for one of the urchins that used to climb upon his back4 ,as to ,rip's son and heir1 who was the ditto of himself1 seen leaning against the tree1 he was employed to work on the farm2 but evinced an hereditary disposition to attend to anything else but his business4 ,rip now resumed his old walks and habits2 he soon found many of his former cronies1 though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time2 and preferred making friends among the rising generation1 with whom he soon grew into great favor4 ,having nothing to do at home1 and being arrived at that happy age when a man can be idle with impunity1 he took his place once more on the bench at the inn door1 and was reverenced as one of the patriarchs of the village1 and a chronicle of the old times before the war4 ,it was some time before he could get into the regular track of gossip1 or could be made to comprehend the strange events that had taken place during his torpor4 ,how that there had been a revolutionary war--that the country had thrown off the yoke of old ,england--and that1 instead of being a subject of his ,majesty ,george the ,third1 he was now a free citizen of the ,united ,states4 ,rip1 in fact1 was no politician2 the changes of states and empires made but little impression on him2 but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned1 and that was--petticoat government4 ,happily that was at an end2 he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony1 and could go in and out whenever he pleased1 without dreading the tyranny of ,dame ,van ,winkle4 ,whenever her name was mentioned1 however1 he shook his head1 shrugged his shoulders1 and cast up his eyes1 which might pass either for an expression of resignation to his fate1 or joy at his deliverance4 ,he used to tell his story to every stranger that arrived at ,mr4 ,doolittle's hotel4 ,he was observed1 at first1 to vary on some points every time he told it1 which was1 doubtless1 owing to his having so recently awaked4 ,it at last settled down precisely to the tale ,i have related1 and not a man1 woman1 or child in the neighborhood but knew it by heart4 ,some always pretended to doubt the reality of it1 and insisted that ,rip had been out of his head1 and that this was one point on which he always remained flighty4 ,the old ,dutch inhabitants1 however1 almost universally gave it full credit4 ,even to this day they never hear a thunder-storm of a summer afternoon about the ,kaatskill1 but they say ,hendrick ,hudson and his crew are at their game of ninepins2 and it is a common wish of all henpecked husbands in the neighborhood1 when life hangs heavy on their hands1 that they might have a quieting draught out of ,rip ,van ,winkle's flagon4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,the three stages of the story are3 ,the sleep1 the return1 the recognition4 ,through them all personal identity remains4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,rip ,van ,winkle--the man3 his characteristics1 habits1 family4 ,the place3 the village1 the inn1 the surroundings1 the times4 ,the autumn ramble3 the woods1 the dog1 the gun1 the ,hudson1 the stranger1 the ninepins company1 the flagon1 the waking--the changed scenes4 ,the afternoon of the day1 the afternoon of the year 7autumn71 and the afternoon of life 7old man7 are chosen by the author4 ,what is the fitness in selecting a village near the mountains8 ,why choose a village at all8 ,note the civic progress of the people--the change from a royal dependency to an independent republic4 ,locate on the map the scene of this selection and tell the period in which it occurred4 ,point out parts of the story that tell you when it happened4 ,select descriptions in this selection that are especially pleasing4 ,words and ,phrases1 for ,discussion puzzled peddler self-important man enormous austere vacant stupidity fatigued ,tory well-oiled disposition grizzled cocked hat torrent of household eloquence transient ruby face desolateness gaping windows 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,voyage ,from ,the ,sketch ,book1 by ,,washington ,,irving ,ships1 ships1 ,i will descrie you ,amidst the main1 ,i will come and try you1 ,what you are protecting1 ,and projecting1 ,what's your end and aim4 ,one goes abroad for merchandise and trading4 ,another stays to keep his country from invading1 ,a third is coming home with rich and wealthy lading4 ,halloo6 my fancie1 whither wilt thou go8 --,,old ,,poem4 ,to an ,american visiting ,europe1 the long voyage he has to make is an excellent preparative4 ,the temporary absence of worldly scenes and employments produces a state of mind peculiarly fitted to receive new and vivid impressions4 ,the vast space of waters that separates the hemispheres is like a blank page in existence4 ,there is no gradual transition1 by which1 as in ,europe1 the features and population of one country blend almost imperceptibly with those of another4 ,from the moment you lose sight of the land you have left1 all is vacancy until you step on the opposite shore1 and are launched at once into the bustle and novelties of another world4 ,in traveling by land there is a continuity of scene and a connected succession of persons and incidents1 that carry on the story of life1 and lessen the effect of absence and separation4 ,we drag1 it is true1 a lengthening chain1 at each remove of our pilgrimage2 but the chain is unbroken3 we can trace it back link by link2 and we feel that the last still grapples us to home4 ,but a wide sea voyage severs us at once4 ,it makes us conscious of being cast loose from the secure anchorage of settled life1 and sent adrift upon a doubtful world4 ,it interposes a gulf1 not merely imaginary1 but real1 between us and our homes--a gulf subject to tempest1 and fear1 and uncertainty1 rendering distance palpable1 and return precarious4 ,such1 at least1 was the case with myself4 ,as ,i saw the last blue line of my native land fade away like a cloud in the horizon1 it seemed as if ,i had closed one volume of the world and its concerns1 and had time for meditation1 before ,i opened another4 ,that land1 too1 now vanishing from my view1 which contained all most dear to me in life2 what vicissitudes might occur in it--what changes might take place in me1 before ,i should visit it again6 ,who can tell1 when he sets forth to wander1 whither he may be driven by the uncertain currents of existence2 or when he may return2 or whether it may ever be his lot to revisit the scenes of his childhood8 ,i said that at sea all is vacancy2 ,i should correct the expression4 ,to one given to day-dreaming1 and fond of losing himself in reveries1 a sea voyage is full of subjects for meditation3 but then they are the wonders of the deep1 and of the air1 and rather tend to abstract the mind from worldly themes4 ,i delighted to loll over the quarter-railing1 or climb to the maintop1 of a calm day1 and muse for hours together on the tranquil bosom of a summer's sea2 to gaze upon the piles of golden clouds just peering above the horizon1 fancy them some fairy realms1 and people them with1 a creation of my own2--to watch the gentle undulating billows1 rolling their silver volumes1 as if to die away on those happy shores4 ,there was a delicious sensation of mingled security and awe with which ,i looked down from my giddy height1 on the monsters of the deep at their uncouth gambols4 ,shoals of porpoises tumbling about the bow of the ship1 the grampus slowly heaving his huge form above the surface2 or the ravenous shark1 darting1 like a spectre1 through the blue waters4 ,my imagination would conjure up all that ,i had heard or read of the watery world beneath me2 of the finny herds that roam its fathomless valleys2 of the shapeless monsters that lurk among the very foundations of the earth2 and of those wild phantasms that swell the tales of fishermen and sailors4 ,sometimes a distant sail1 gliding along the edge of the ocean1 would be another theme of idle speculation4 ,how interesting this fragment of a world1 hastening to rejoin the great mass of existence6 ,what a glorious monument of human invention2 which has in a manner triumphed over wind and wave2 has brought the ends of the world into communion2 has established an interchange of blessings1 pouring into the sterile regions of the north all the luxuries of the south2 has diffused the light of knowledge and the charities of cultivated life2 and has thus bound together those scattered portions of the human race1 between which nature seemed to have thrown an insurmountable barrier4 ,we one day descried some shapeless object drifting at a distance4 ,at sea1 everything that breaks the monotony of the surrounding expanse attracts attention4 ,it proved to be the mast of a ship that must have been completely wrecked2 for there were the remains of handkerchiefs1 by which some of the crew had fastened themselves to this spar1 to prevent their being washed off by the waves4 ,there was no trace by which the name of the ship could be ascertained4 ,the wreck had evidently drifted about for many months2 clusters of shell-fish had fastened about it1 and long sea-weeds flaunted at its sides6 ,but where1 thought ,i1 is the crew8 ,their struggle has long been over--they have gone down amidst the roar of the tempest--their bones lie whitening among the caverns of the deep4 ,silence1 oblivion1 like the waves1 have closed over them1 and no one can tell the story of their end4 ,what sighs have been wafted after that ship6 what prayers offered up at the deserted fireside of home6 ,how often has the mistress1 the wife1 the mother1 pored over the daily news1 to catch some casual intelligence of this rover of the deep6 ,how has expectation darkened into anxiety--anxiety into dread--and dread into despair6 ,alas6 not one memento may ever return for love to cherish4 ,all that may ever be known1 is1 that she sailed from her port1 and was never heard of more6 ,the sight of this wreck1 as usual1 gave rise to many dismal anecdotes4 ,this was particularly the case in the evening1 when the weather1 which had hitherto been fair1 began to look wild and threatening1 and gave indications of one of those sudden storms which will sometimes break in upon the serenity of a summer voyage4 ,as we sat round the dull light of a lamp in the cabin1 that made the gloom more ghastly1 every one had his tale of shipwreck and disaster4 ,i was particularly struck with a short one related by the captain4 ,as ,i was once sailing1 said he1 in a fine stout ship across the banks of ,newfoundland1 one of those heavy fogs which prevail in those parts rendered it impossible for us to see far ahead even in the daytime2 but at night the weather was so thick that we could not distinguish any object at twice the length of the ship4 ,i kept lights at the mast-head1 and a constant watch forward to look out for fishing smacks1 which are accustomed to lie at anchor on the banks4 ,the wind was blowing a smacking breeze1 and we were going at a great fate through the water4 ,suddenly the watch gave the alarm of 'a sail ahead6'--it was scarcely uttered before we were upon her4 ,she was a small schooner1 at anchor1 with her broadside towards us4 ,the crew were all asleep1 and had neglected to hoist a light4 ,we struck her just amidships4 ,the force1 the size1 the weight of our vessel bore her down below the waves2 we passed over her and were hurried on our course4 ,as the crashing wreck was sinking beneath us1 ,i had a glimpse of two or three half-naked wretches rushing from her cabin2 they just started from their beds to be swallowed shrieking by the waves4 ,i heard their drowning cry mingling with the wind4 ,the blast that bore it to our ears swept us out of all farther hearing4 ,i shall never forget that cry6 ,it was some time before we could put the ship about1 she was under such headway4 ,we returned1 as nearly as we could guess1 to the place where the smack had anchored4 ,we cruised about for several hours in the dense fog4 ,we fired signal guns1 and listened if we might hear the halloo of any survivors3 but all was silent--we never saw or heard anything of them more4 ,i confess these stories1 for a time1 put an end to all my fine fancies4 ,the storm increased with the night4 ,the sea was lashed into tremendous confusion4 ,there was a fearful1 sullen sound of rushing waves1 and broken surges4 ,deep called unto deep4 ,at times the black column of clouds overhead seemed rent asunder by flashes of lightning which quivered along the foaming billows1 and made the succeeding darkness doubly terrible4 ,the thunders bellowed over the wild waste of waters1 and were echoed and prolonged by the mountain waves4 ,as ,i saw the ship staggering and plunging among these roaring caverns1 it seemed miraculous that she regained her balance1 or preserved her buoyancy4 ,her yards would dip into the water3 her bow was almost buried beneath the waves4 ,sometimes an impending surge appeared ready to overwhelm her1 and nothing but a dexterous movement of the helm preserved her from the shock4 ,when ,i retired to my cabin1 the awful scene still followed me4 ,the whistling of the wind through the rigging sounded like funereal wailings4 ,the creaking of the masts1 the straining and groaning of bulk-heads1 as the ship labored in the weltering sea1 were frightful4 ,as ,i heard the waves rushing along the sides of the ship1 and roaring in my very ear1 it seemed as if ,death were raging round this floating prison1 seeking for his prey3 the mere starting of a nail1 the yawning of a seam1 might give him entrance4 ,a fine day1 however1 with a tranquil sea and favoring breeze1 soon put all these dismal reflections to flight4 ,it is impossible to resist the gladdening influence of fine weather and fair wind at sea4 ,when the ship is decked out in all her canvas1 every sail swelled1 and careering gayly over the curling waves1 how lofty1 how gallant she appears--how she seems to lord it over the deep6 ,i might fill a volume with the reveries of a sea voyage1 for with me it is almost a continual reverie--but it is time to get to shore4 ,it was a fine sunny morning when the thrilling cry of land6 was given from the mast-head4 ,none but those who have experienced it can form an idea of the delicious throng of sensations which rush into an ,american's bosom1 when he first comes in sight of ,europe4 ,there is a volume of associations with the very name4 ,it is the land of promise1 teeming with every thing of which his childhood has heard1 or on which his studious years have pondered4 ,from that time until the moment of arrival1 it was all feverish excitement4 ,the ships of war1 that prowled like guardian giants along the coast2 the headlands of ,ireland1 stretching out into the channel2 the ,welsh mountains1 towering into the clouds2 all were objects of intense interest4 ,as we sailed up the ,mersey ,i reconnoitred the shores with a telescope4 ,my eye dwelt with delight on neat cottages1 with their trim shrubberies and green grass plots4 ,i saw the mouldering ruin of an abbey overrun with ivy1 and the taper spire of a village church rising from the brow of a neighboring hill--all were characteristic of ,england4 ,the tide and wind were so favorable that the ship was enabled to come at once to the pier4 ,it was thronged with people2 some1 idle lookers-on1 others1 eager expectants of friends or relatives4 ,i could distinguish the merchant to whom the ship was consigned4 ,i knew him by his calculating brow and restless air4 ,his hands were thrust into his pockets2 he was whistling thoughtfully1 and walking to and fro1 a small space having been accorded him by the crowd1 in deference to his temporary importance4 ,there were repeated cheerings and salutations interchanged between the shore and the ship1 as friends happened to recognize each other4 ,i particularly noticed one young woman of humble dress1 but interesting demeanor4 ,she was leaning forward from among the crowd2 her eye hurried over the ship as it neared the shore1 to catch some wished-for countenance4 ,she seemed disappointed and agitated2 when ,i heard a faint voice call her name4 ,it was from a poor sailor who had been ill all the voyage1 and had excited the sympathy of every one on board4 ,when the weather was fine1 his messmates had spread a mattress for him on deck in the shade1 but of late his illness had so increased that he had taken to his hammock1 and only breathed a wish that he might see his wife before he died4 ,he had been helped on deck as we came up the river1 and was now leaning against the shrouds1 with a countenance so wasted1 so pale1 so ghastly1 that it was no wonder even the eye of affection did not recognize him4 ,but at the sound of his voice1 her eye darted on his features2 it read1 at once1 a whole volume of sorrow2 she clasped her hands1 uttered a faint shriek1 and stood wringing them in silent agony4 ,all now was hurry and bustle4 ,the meetings of acquaintances--the greetings of friends--the consultations of men of business4 ,i alone was solitary and idle4 ,i had no friend to meet1 no cheering to receive4 ,i stepped upon the land of my forefathers--but felt that ,i was a stranger in the land4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,why did the author realize so clearly the extent of the journey he had undertaken8 ,how many days do you think ,irving was on the ocean8 ,what change has taken place in the method of ocean travel since he made this voyage8 ,find words and lines which tell you the kind of vessel in which he crossed the ocean4 ,had ,irving greater opportunity for observing the monsters of the deep than is afforded people crossing the ocean at the present day8 ,why do you think so8 ,what does ,irving say is a glorious monument of human invention8 ,name some inventions which seem to you more worthy of this designation4 ,find the paragraph which describes the mast of a ship that was wrecked4 ,how does this description compare with his description of the monsters of the deep8 ,which description in this selection do you like best8 ,why8 ,what do you think of ,irving's powers of description8 ,what does this sketch tell you of ,irving's own character8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 undulating billows idle speculation reconnoitred delicious sensation dread abbey wild phantasms despair anxiety monument of human invention prowled like guardian giants light of knowledge insurmountable barrier dismal anecdotes 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne ,the ancestors of ,hawthorne1 unlike those of most of the ,new ,england writers1 were not of the clergy1 but were seamen1 soldiers1 and magistrates4 ,concerning one of these1 a judge who dealt harshly with the ,salem witches1 ,hawthorne writes3 ,i take shame upon myself for their sakes and yet strong traits of their nature have intertwined themselves with mine4 ,hawthorne was born in ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 ,july #d1 #ahjd1 and when only four years old lost his father1 a sea captain4 ,the happiest years of his boyhood were spent at his uncle's home in the forests of ,maine4 ,here he loved to wander through the woods1 afterwards recording carefully his observations4 ,his early education was rather irregular2 however1 for a time he had for schoolmaster1 ,worcester1 the author of the dictionary4 ,at ,bowdoin college his studies were largely literary4 ,his life at college is chiefly remarkable for the friendships formed there4 ,both ,franklin ,pierce1 who later became president of the ,united ,states1 and ,longfellow1 the poet1 were members of his class4 ,after graduation in #ahbe1 while ,longfellow was traveling in many lands and yielding himself to the charm of medival history and legend1 ,hawthorne drifted into a strange mode of life1 virtually disappearing from the world for a dozen years and living in actual solitude4 ,i have made a captive of myself1 he wrote to ,longfellow1 and put me into a dungeon2 and now ,i cannot find the key to let myself out4 ,but the key was found4 ,the appreciation of ,elizabeth and ,sophia ,peabody and the deep affection for the latter acted as a spur to get him into active life4 ,at thirty-eight he married ,sophia ,peabody and took up courageously enough a life of poverty and hard literary work at ,concord in the ,old ,manse1 which had formerly been ,emerson's home4 ,there he came to know and value the friendship of ,emerson1 who we may well believe was the inspiration of the allegory of the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,in curious contradiction with his natural love for solitude1 ,hawthorne became interested in the experiment of communal life and spent the year before his marriage at ,brook ,farm1 where a number of literary men tried to live simply and happily by combining intellectual and manual work4 ,during the years of his solitude he wrote incessantly and composed many of those sketches of the fancy which won for him his peculiar place in literature4 ,many of these sketches appeared in the collection ,twice ,told ,tales4 ,for children he has written the little stories and biographies of ,grandfather's ,chair and the story of ,greek and ,roman ,myths in his ,wonder-,book and ,tanglewood ,tales4 ,sin and the effect of guilt upon human conduct are the problems in his great romances4 ,many of our literary men have held public positions1 sometimes to help out the meager financial returns of literary work1 but more often because they would bring honor to these positions4 ,hawthorne successively filled the offices of weigher and gauger in the ,boston ,custom ,house1 collector of customs at ,salem1 and ,american consul at ,liverpool1 having been appointed as consul by his old friend ,president ,pierce4 ,after four years' residence in ,england he resigned his consulship and spent several years in travel on the continent1 spending two winters in ,rome4 ,here he conceived his ,marble ,faun1 which1 though given an ,italian setting1 embodies the same problem of conscience that we find in his earlier ,scarlet ,letter4 ,in ,june1 #ahfj1 he returned to ,america4 ,he was deeply agitated by the ,civil ,war1 the more so because his sympathies were not entirely with his ,northern friends4 ,in ,may1 #ahfd1 his old friend ,general ,pierce suggested that they make a journey to the scenes of their college days4 ,on their way they stopped at ,plymouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 and there1 early on the morning of the nineteenth1 he passed quietly away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,great ,,stone ,,face ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne ,one afternoon1 when the sun was going down1 a mother and her little boy sat at the door of their cottage1 talking about the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,they had but to lift their eyes1 and there it was plainly to be seen1 though miles away1 with the sunshine brightening all its features4 ,and what was the ,great ,stone ,face8 ,embosomed amongst a family of lofty mountains1 there was a valley so spacious that it contained many thousand inhabitants4 ,some of these good people dwelt in log-huts1 with the black forest all around them1 on the steep and difficult hillsides4 ,others had their homes in comfortable farm-houses1 and cultivated the rich soil on the gentle slopes or level surfaces of the valley4 ,others1 again1 were congregated into populous villages1 where some wild1 highland rivulet1 tumbling down from its birthplace in the upper mountain region1 had been caught and tamed by human cunning1 and compelled to turn the machinery of cotton-factories4 ,the inhabitants of this valley1 in short1 were numerous1 and of many modes of life4 ,but all of them1 grown people and children1 had a kind of familiarity with the ,great ,stone ,face1 although some possessed the gift of distinguishing this grand natural phenomenon more perfectly than many of their neighbors4 ,the ,great ,stone ,face1 then1 was a work of ,nature in her mood of majestic playfulness1 formed on the perpendicular side of a mountain by some immense rocks1 which had been thrown together in such a position as1 when viewed at a proper distance1 precisely to resemble the features of the human countenance4 ,it seemed as if an enormous giant1 or a ,titan1 had sculptured his own likeness on the precipice4 ,there was the broad arch of the forehead1 a hundred feet in height2 the nose1 with its long bridge2 and the vast lips1 which1 if they could have spoken1 would have rolled their thunder accents from one end of the valley to the other4 ,true it is1 that if the spectator approached too near1 he lost the outline of the gigantic visage1 and could discern only a heap of ponderous and gigantic rocks1 piled in chaotic ruin one upon another4 ,retracing his steps1 however1 the wondrous features would again be seen2 and the farther he withdrew from them1 the more like a human face1 with all its original divinity intact1 did they appear2 until1 as it grew dim in the distance1 with the clouds and glorified vapor of the mountains clustering about it1 the ,great ,stone ,face seemed positively to be alive4 ,it was a happy lot for children to grow up to manhood or womanhood with the ,great ,stone ,face before their eyes1 for all the features were noble1 and the expression was at once grand and sweet1 as if it were the glow of a vast1 warm heart1 that embraced all mankind in its affections1 and had room for more4 ,it was an education only to look at it4 ,according to the belief of many people1 the valley owed much of its fertility to this benign aspect that was continually beaming over it1 illuminating the clouds1 and infusing its tenderness into the sunshine4 ,as we began with saying1 a mother and her little boy sat at their cottage-door1 gazing at the ,great ,stone ,face1 and talking about it4 ,the child's name was ,ernest4 ,mother1 said he1 while the ,titanic visage smiled on him1 ,i wish that it could speak1 for it looks so very kindly that its voice must needs be pleasant4 ,if ,i were to see a man with such a face1 ,i should love him dearly4 ,if an old prophecy should come to pass1 answered his mother1 we may see a man1 some time or other1 with exactly such a face as that4 ,what prophecy do you mean1 dear mother8 eagerly inquired ,ernest4 ,pray tell me all about it6 ,so his mother told him a story that her own mother had told to her1 when she herself was younger than little ,ernest2 a story1 not of things that were past1 but of what was yet to come2 a story1 nevertheless1 so very old1 that even the ,indians1 who formerly inhabited this valley1 had heard it from their forefathers1 to whom1 as they affirmed1 it had been murmured by the mountain streams1 and whispered by the wind among the tree-tops4 ,the purport was1 that1 at some future day1 a child should be born hereabouts1 who was destined to become the greatest and noblest personage of his time1 and whose countenance1 in manhood1 should bear an exact resemblance to the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,not a few old-fashioned people1 and young ones likewise1 in the ardor of their hopes1 still cherished an enduring faith in this old prophecy4 ,but others1 who had seen more of the world1 had watched and waited till they were weary1 and had beheld no man with such a face1 nor any man that proved to be much greater or nobler than his neighbors1 concluded it to be nothing but an idle tale4 ,at all events1 the great man of the prophecy had not yet appeared4 ,o mother1 dear mother6 cried ,ernest1 clapping his hands above his head1 ,i do hope that ,i shall live to see him6 ,his mother was an affectionate and thoughtful woman1 and felt that it was wisest not to discourage the generous hopes of her little boy4 ,so she only said to him1 ,perhaps you may4 ,and ,ernest never forgot the story that his mother told him4 ,it was always in his mind1 whenever he looked upon the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,he spent his childhood in the log-cottage where he was born1 and was dutiful to his mother1 and helpful to her in many things1 assisting her much with his little hands1 and more with his loving heart4 ,in this manner1 from a happy yet often pensive child1 he grew up to be a mild1 quiet1 unobtrusive boy1 and sun-browned with labor in the fields1 but with more intelligence brightening his aspect than is seen in many lads who have been taught at famous schools4 ,yet ,ernest had had no teacher1 save only that the ,great ,stone ,face became one to him4 ,when the toil of the day was over1 he would gaze at it for hours1 until he began to imagine that those vast features recognized him1 and gave him a smile of kindness and encouragement1 responsive to his own look of veneration4 ,we must not take upon us to affirm that this was a mistake1 although the ,face may have looked no more kindly at ,ernest than at all the world besides4 ,but the secret was that the boy's tender and confiding simplicity discerned what other people could not see2 and thus the love1 which was meant for all1 became his peculiar portion4 ,about this time there went a rumor throughout the valley1 that the great man1 foretold from ages long ago1 who was to bear a resemblance to the ,great ,stone ,face1 had appeared at last4 ,it seems that1 many years before1 a young man had migrated from the valley and settled at a distant seaport1 where1 after getting together a little money1 he had set up as a shopkeeper4 ,his name--but ,i could never learn whether it was his real one1 or a nickname that had grown out of his habits and success in life--was ,gathergold4 ,being shrewd and active1 and endowed by ,providence with that inscrutable faculty which develops itself in what the world calls luck1 he became an exceedingly rich merchant1 and owner of a whole fleet of bulky-bottomed ships4 ,all the countries of the globe appeared to join hands for the mere purpose of adding heap after heap to the mountainous accumulation of this one man's wealth4 ,the cold regions of the north1 almost within the gloom and shadow of the ,arctic ,circle1 sent him their tribute in the shape of furs2 hot ,africa sifted for him the golden sands of her rivers1 and gathered up the ivory tusks of her great elephants out of the forests2 the ,east came bringing him the rich shawls1 and spices1 and teas1 and the effulgence of diamonds1 and the gleaming purity of large pearls4 ,the ocean1 not to be behindhand with the earth1 yielded up her mighty whales1 that ,mr4 ,gathergold might sell their oil1 and make a profit on it4 ,be the original commodity what it might1 it was gold within his grasp4 ,it might be said of him1 as of ,midas in the fable1 that whatever he touched with his finger immediately glistened1 and grew yellow1 and was changed at once into sterling metal1 or1 which suited him still better1 into piles of coin4 ,and1 when ,mr4 ,gathergold had become so very rich that it would have taken him a hundred years only to count his wealth1 he bethought himself of his native valley1 and resolved to go back thither1 and end his days where he was born4 ,with this purpose in view1 he sent a skilful architect to build him such a palace as should be fit for a man of his vast wealth to live in4 ,as ,i have said above1 it had already been rumored in the valley that ,mr4 ,gathergold had turned out to be the prophetic personage so long and vainly looked for1 and that his visage was the perfect and undeniable similitude of the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,people were the more ready to believe that this must needs be the fact1 when they beheld the splendid edifice that rose1 as if by enchantment1 on the site of his father's old weather-beaten farm-house4 ,the exterior was of marble1 so dazzlingly white that it seemed as though the whole structure might melt away in the sunshine1 like those humbler ones which ,mr4 ,gathergold1 in his young play-days1 before his fingers were gifted with the touch of transmutation1 had been accustomed to build of snow4 ,it had a richly ornamented portico1 supported by tall pillars1 beneath which was a lofty door1 studded with silver knobs1 and made of a kind of variegated wood that had been brought from beyond the sea4 ,the windows1 from the floor to the ceiling of each stately apartment1 were composed1 respectively1 of but one enormous pane of glass1 so transparently pure that it was said to be a finer medium than even the vacant atmosphere4 ,hardly anybody had been permitted to see the interior of this palace2 but it was reported1 and with good semblance of truth1 to be far more gorgeous than the outside1 insomuch that whatever was iron or brass in other houses was silver or gold in this2 and ,mr4 ,gathergold's bedchamber1 especially1 made such a glittering appearance that no ordinary man would have been able to close his eyes there4 ,but1 on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,gathergold was now so inured to wealth1 that perhaps he could not have closed his eyes unless where the gleam of it was certain to find its way beneath his eyelids4 ,in due time1 the mansion was finished2 next came the upholsterers1 with magnificent furniture2 then1 a whole troop of black and white servants1 the harbingers of ,mr4 ,gathergold1 who1 in his own majestic person1 was expected to arrive at sunset4 ,our friend ,ernest1 meanwhile1 had been deeply stirred by the idea that the great man1 the noble man1 the man of prophecy1 after so many ages of delay1 was at length to be made manifest to his native valley4 ,he knew1 boy as he was1 that there were a thousand ways in which ,mr4 ,gathergold1 with his vast wealth1 might transform himself into an angel of beneficence1 and assume a control over human affairs as wide and benignant as the smile of the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,full of faith and hope1 ,ernest doubted not that what the people said was true1 and that now he was to behold the living likeness of those wondrous features on the mountain-side4 ,while the boy was still gazing up the valley1 and fancying1 as he always did1 that the ,great ,stone ,face returned his gaze and looked kindly at him1 the rumbling of wheels was heard1 approaching swiftly along the winding road4 ,here he comes6 cried a group of people who were assembled to witness the arrival4 ,here comes the great ,mr4 ,gathergold6 ,a carriage1 drawn by four horses1 dashed round the turn of the road4 ,within it1 thrust partly out of the window1 appeared the physiognomy of the old man1 with a skin as yellow as if his own ,midas-hand had transmuted it4 ,he had a low forehead1 small1 sharp eyes1 puckered about with innumerable wrinkles1 and very thin lips1 which he made still thinner by pressing them forcibly together4 ,the very image of the ,great ,stone ,face6 shouted the people4 ,sure enough1 the old prophecy is true2 and here we have the great man come1 at last6 ,and1 what greatly perplexed ,ernest1 they seemed actually to believe that here was the likeness which they spoke of4 ,by the roadside there chanced to be an old beggar-woman and two little beggar-children1 stragglers from some far-off region1 who1 as the carriage rolled onward1 held out their hands and lifted up their doleful voices1 most piteously beseeching charity4 ,a yellow claw--the very same that had clawed together so much wealth--poked itself out of the coach-window1 and dropt some copper coins upon the ground2 so that1 though the great man's name seems to have been ,gathergold1 he might just as suitably have been nicknamed ,scattercopper4 ,still1 nevertheless1 with an earnest shout1 and evidently with as much good faith as ever1 the people bellowed1-- ,he is the very image of the ,great ,stone ,pace6 ,but ,ernest turned sadly from the wrinkled shrewdness of that sordid visage1 and gazed up the valley1 where1 amid a gathering mist1 gilded by the last sun beams1 he could still distinguish those glorious features which had impressed themselves into his soul4 ,their aspect cheered him4 ,what did the benign lips seem to say8 ,he will come6 ,fear not1 ,ernest2 the man will come6 ,the years went on1 and ,ernest ceased to be a boy4 ,he had grown1 to be a young man now4 ,he attracted little notice from the other inhabitants of the valley2 for they saw nothing remarkable in his way of life1 save that1 when the labor of the day was over1 he still loved to go apart and gaze and meditate upon the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,according to their idea of the matter1 it was a folly1 indeed1 but pardonable1 inasmuch as ,ernest was industrious1 kind1 and neighborly1 and neglected no duty for the sake of indulging this idle habit4 ,they knew not that the ,great ,stone ,face had become a teacher to him1 and that the sentiment which was expressed in it would enlarge the young man's heart1 and fill it with wider and deeper sympathies than other hearts4 ,they knew not that thence would come a better wisdom than could be learned from books1 and a better life than could be moulded on the defaced example of other human lives4 ,neither did ,ernest know that the thoughts and affections which came to him so naturally1 in the fields and at the fireside1 and wherever he communed with himself1 were of a higher tone than those which all men shared with him4 ,a simple soul1--simple as when his mother first taught him the old prophecy1--he beheld the marvelous features beaming adown the valley1 and still wondered that their human counterpart was so long in making his appearance4 ,by this time poor ,mr4 ,gathergold was dead and buried2 and the oddest part of the matter was1 that his wealth1 which was the body and spirit of his existence1 had disappeared before his death1 leaving nothing of him but a living skeleton1 covered over with a wrinkled1 yellow skin4 ,since the melting away of his gold1 it had been very generally conceded that there was no such striking resemblance1 after all1 betwixt the ignoble features of the ruined merchant and that majestic face upon the mountainside4 ,so the people ceased to honor him during his lifetime1 and quietly consigned him to forgetfulness after his decease4 ,once in a while1 it is true1 his memory was brought up in connection with the magnificent palace which he had built1 and which had long ago been turned into a hotel for the accommodation of strangers1 multitudes of whom came1 every summer1 to visit that famous natural curiosity1 the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,thus1 ,mr4 ,gathergold being discredited and thrown into the shade1 the man of prophecy was yet to come4 ,it so happened that a native-born son of the valley1 many years before1 had enlisted as a soldier1 and1 after a great deal of hard fighting1 had now become an illustrious commander4 ,whatever he may be called in history1 he was known in camps and on the battle-field under the nickname of ,old ,blood-and-,thunder4 ,this war-worn veteran1 being now infirm with age and wounds1 and weary of the turmoil of a military life1 and of the roll of the drum and the clangor of the trumpet1 that had so long been ringing in his ears1 had lately signified a purpose of returning to his native valley1 hoping to find repose where he remembered to have left it4 ,the inhabitants1 his old neighbors and their grown-up children1 were resolved to welcome the renowned warrior with a salute of cannon and a public dinner2 and all the more enthusiastically1 it being affirmed that now1 at last1 the likeness of the ,great ,stone ,face had actually appeared4 ,an aid-de-camp of ,old ,blood-and-,thunder1 traveling through the valley1 was said to have been struck with the resemblance4 ,moreover the schoolmates and early acquaintances of the general were ready to testify1 on oath1 that1 to the best of their recollection1 the aforesaid general had been exceedingly like the majestic image1 even when a boy1 only that the idea had never occurred to them at that period4 ,great1 therefore1 was the excitement throughout the valley2 and many people1 who had never once thought of glancing at the ,great ,stone ,face for years before1 now spent their time in gazing at it1 for the sake of knowing exactly how ,general ,blood-and-,thunder looked4 ,on the day of the great festival1 ,ernest1 with all the other people of the valley1 left their work1 and proceeded to the spot where the sylvan banquet was prepared4 ,as he approached1 the loud voice of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,battleblast was heard1 beseeching a blessing on the good things set before them1 and on the distinguished friend of peace in whose honor they were assembled4 ,the tables were arranged in a cleared space of the woods1 shut in by the surrounding trees1 except where a vista opened eastward1 and afforded a distant view of the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,over the general's chair1 which was a relic from the home of ,washington1 there was an arch of verdant boughs1 with the laurel profusely intermixed1 and surmounted by his country's banner1 beneath which he had won his victories4 ,our friend ,ernest raised himself on his tiptoes1 in hopes to get a glimpse of the celebrated guest2 but there was a mighty crowd about the tables anxious to hear the toasts and speeches1 and to catch any word that might fall from the general in reply2 and a volunteer company1 doing duty as a guard1 pricked ruthlessly with their bayonets at any particularly quiet person among the throng4 ,so ,ernest1 being of an unobtrusive character1 was thrust quite into the background1 where he could see no more of ,old ,blood-and-,thunder's physiognomy than if it had been still blazing on the battle-field4 ,to console himself1 he turned towards the ,great ,stone ,face1 which1 like a faithful and long-remembered friend1 looked back and smiled upon him through the vista of the forest4 ,meanwhile1 however1 he could overhear the remarks of various individuals1 who were comparing the features of the hero with the face on the distant mountain-side4 ',tis the same face1 to a hair6 cried one man1 cutting a caper for joy4 ,wonderfully like1 that's a fact6 responded another4 ,like6 why1 ,i call it ,old ,blood-and-,thunder himself1 in a monstrous looking-glass6 cried a third4 ,and why not8 ,he's the greatest man of this or any other age1 beyond a doubt4 ,and then all three of the speakers gave a great shout1 which communicated electricity to the crowd1 and called forth a roar from a thousand voices1 that went reverberating for miles among the mountains1 until you might have supposed that the ,great ,stone ,face had poured its thunder-breath into the cry4 ,all these comments1 and this vast enthusiasm1 served the more to interest our friend2 nor did he think of questioning that now1 at length1 the mountain-visage had found its human counterpart4 ,it is true1 ,ernest had imagined that this long-looked-for personage would appear in the character of a man of peace1 uttering wisdom1 and doing good1 and making people happy4 ,but1 taking an habitual breadth of view1 with all his simplicity1 he contended that ,providence should choose its own method of blessing mankind1 and could conceive that this great end might be effected even by a warrior and a bloody sword1 should inscrutable wisdom see fit to order matters so4 ,the general6 the general6 was now the cry4 ,hush6 silence6 ,old ,blood-and-,thunder's going to make a speech4 ,even so2 for1 the cloth being removed1 the general's health had been drunk1 amid shouts of applause1 and he now stood upon his feet to thank the company4 ,ernest saw him4 ,there he was1 over the shoulders of the crowd1 from the two glittering epaulets and embroidered collar upward1 beneath the arch of green boughs with intertwined laurel1 and the banner drooping as if to shade his brow6 ,and there1 too1 visible in the same glance1 through the vista of the forest1 appeared the ,great ,stone ,face6 ,and was there1 indeed1 such a resemblance as the crowd had testified8 ,alas1 ,ernest could not recognize it6 ,he beheld a war-worn and weather-beaten countenance1 full of energy1 and expressive of an iron will2 but the gentle wisdom1 the deep1 broad1 tender sympathies1 were altogether wanting in ,old ,blood-and-,thunder's visage2 and even if the ,great ,stone ,face had assumed his look of stern command1 the milder traits would still have tempered it4 ,this is not the man of prophecy1 sighed ,ernest to himself1 as he made his way out of the throng4 ,and must the world wait longer yet8 ,the mists had congregated about the distant mountain-side1 and there were seen the grand and awful features of the ,great ,stone ,face1 awful but benignant1 as if a mighty angel were sitting among the hills1 and enrobing himself in a cloud-vesture of gold and purple4 ,as he looked1 ,ernest could hardly believe but that a smile beamed over the whole visage1 with a radiance still brightening1 although without motion of the lips4 ,it was probably the effect of the western sunshine1 melting through the thinly diffused vapors that had swept between him and the object that he gazed at4 ,but--as it always did--the aspect of his marvelous friend made ,ernest as hopeful as if he had never hoped in vain4 ,fear not1 ,ernest1 said his heart1 even as if the ,great ,face were whispering him1--fear not1 ,ernest2 he will come4 ,more years sped swiftly and tranquilly away4 ,ernest still dwelt in his native valley1 and was now a man of middle age4 ,by imperceptible degrees1 he had become known among the people4 ,now1 as heretofore1 he labored for his bread1 and was the same simple-hearted man that he had always been4 ,but he had thought and felt so much1 he had given so many of the best hours of his life to unworldly hopes for some great good to mankind1 that it seemed as though he had been talking with the angels1 and had imbibed a portion of their wisdom unawares4 ,it was visible in the calm and well-considered beneficence of his daily life1 the quiet stream of which had made a wide green margin all along its course4 ,not a day passed by1 that the world was not the better because this man1 humble as he was1 had lived4 ,he never stepped aside from his own path1 yet would always reach a blessing to his neighbor4 ,almost involuntarily1 too1 he had become a preacher4 ,the pure and high simplicity of his thought1 which1 as one of its manifestations1 took shape in the good deeds that dropped silently from his hand1 flowed also forth in speech4 ,he uttered truths that wrought upon and moulded the lives of those who heard him4 ,his auditors1 it may be1 never suspected that ,ernest1 their own neighbor and familiar friend1 was more than an ordinary man2 least of all did ,ernest himself suspect it2 but1 inevitably as the murmur of a rivulet1 came thoughts out of his mouth that no other human lips had spoken4 ,when the people's minds had had a little time to cool1 they were ready enough to acknowledge their mistake in imagining a similarity between ,general ,blood-and-,thunder's truculent physiognomy and the benign visage on the mountain-side4 ,but now1 again1 there were reports and many paragraphs in the newspapers1 affirming that the likeness of the ,great ,stone ,face had appeared upon the broad shoulders of a certain eminent statesman4 ,he1 like ,mr4 ,gathergold and ,old ,blood-and-,thunder1 was a native of the valley1 but had left it in his early days1 and taken up the trades of law and politics4 ,instead of the rich man's wealth and the warrior's sword1 he had but a tongue1 and it was mightier than both together4 ,so wonderfully eloquent was he1 that whatever he might choose to say1 his auditors had no choice but to believe him2 wrong looked like right1 and right like wrong2 for when it pleased him1 he could make a kind of illuminated fog with his mere breath1 and obscure the natural daylight with it4 ,his tongue1 indeed1 was a magic instrument3 sometimes it rumbled like the thunder2 sometimes it warbled like the sweetest music4 ,it was the blast of war1--the song of peace2 and it seemed to have a heart in it1 when there was no such matter4 ,in good truth1 he was a wondrous man2 and when his tongue had acquired him all other imaginable success1--when it had been heard in halls of state1 and in the courts of princes and potentates1--after it had made him known all over the world1 even as a voice crying from shore to shore1--it finally persuaded his countrymen to select him for the ,presidency4 ,before this time1--indeed1 as soon as he began to grow celebrated1--his admirers had found out the resemblance between him and the ,great ,stone ,face2 and so much were they struck by it1 that throughout the country this distinguished gentleman was known by the name of ,old ,stony ,phiz4 ,the phrase was considered as giving a highly favorable aspect to his political prospects2 for1 as is likewise the case with the ,popedom1 nobody ever becomes ,president without taking a name other than his own4 ,while his friends were doing their best to make him ,president1 ,old ,stony ,phiz1 as he was called1 set out on a visit to the valley where he was born4 ,of course1 he had no other object than to shake hands with his fellow citizens1 and neither thought nor cared about any effect which his progress through the country might have upon the election4 ,magnificent preparations were made to receive the illustrious statesman2 a cavalcade of horsemen set forth to meet him at the boundary line of the ,state1 and all the people left their business and gathered along the wayside to see him pass4 ,among these was ,ernest4 ,though more than once disappointed1 as we have seen1 he had such a hopeful and confiding nature1 that he was always ready to believe in whatever seemed beautiful and good4 ,he kept his heart continually open1 and thus was sure to catch the blessing from on high when it should come4 ,so now again1 as buoyantly as ever1 he went forth to behold the likeness of the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,the cavalcade came prancing along the road1 with a great clattering of hoofs and a mighty cloud of dust1 which rose up so dense and high that the visage of the mountain-side was completely hidden from ,ernest's eyes4 ,all the great men of the neighborhood were there on horseback2 militia officers1 in uniform2 the member of ,congress2 the sheriff of the county2 the editors of newspapers2 and many a farmer1 too1 had mounted his patient steed1 with his ,sunday coat upon his back4 ,it really was a very brilliant spectacle1 especially as there were numerous banners flaunting over the cavalcade1 on some of which were gorgeous portraits of the illustrious statesman and the ,great ,stone ,face1 smiling familiarly at one another1 like two brothers4 ,if the pictures were to be trusted1 the mutual resemblance1 it must be confessed1 was marvelous4 ,we must not forget to mention that there was a band of music1 which made the echoes of the mountains ring and reverberate with the loud triumph of its strains2 so that airy and soul-thrilling melodies broke out among all the heights and hollows1 as if every nook of his native valley had found a voice1 to welcome the distinguished guest4 ,but the grandest effect was when the far-off mountain precipice flung back the music2 for then the ,great ,stone ,face itself seemed to be swelling the triumphant chorus1 in acknowledgment that1 at length1 the man of prophecy was come4 ,all this while the people were throwing up their hats and shouting with enthusiasm so contagious that the heart of ,ernest kindled up1 and he likewise threw up his hat1 and shouted1 as loudly as the loudest1 ,huzza for the great man6 ,huzza for ,old ,stony ,phiz6 ,but as yet he had not seen him4 ,here he is1 now6 cried those who stood near ,ernest4 ,there6 ,there6 ,look at ,old ,stony ,phiz and then at the ,old ,man of the ,mountain1 and see if they are not as like as two twin-brothers6 ,in the midst of all this gallant array came an open barouche1 drawn by four white horses2 and in the barouche1 with his massive head uncovered1 sat the illustrious statesman1 ,old ,stony ,phiz himself4 ,confess it1 said one of ,ernest's neighbors to him1 the ,great ,stone ,face has met its match at last6 ,now1 it must be owned that1 at his first glimpse of the countenance which was bowing and smiling from the barouche1 ,ernest did fancy that there was a resemblance between it and the old familiar face upon the mountain-side4 ,the brow1 with its massive depth and loftiness1 and all the other features1 indeed1 were boldly and strongly hewn1 as if in emulation of a more than heroic1 of a ,titanic model4 ,but the sublimity and stateliness1 the grand expression of a divine sympathy1 that illuminated the mountain visage and etherealized its ponderous granite substance into spirit1 might here be sought in vain4 ,something had been originally left out1 or had departed4 ,and therefore the marvelously gifted statesman had always a weary gloom in the deep caverns of his eyes1 as of a child that has outgrown its playthings or a man of mighty faculties and little aims1 whose life1 with all its high performances1 was vague and empty1 because no high purpose had endowed it with reality4 ,still1 ,ernest's neighbor was thrusting his elbow into his side1 and pressing him for an answer4 ,confess6 confess6 ,is not he the very picture of your ,old ,man of the ,mountain8 ,no6 said ,ernest1 bluntly1 ,i see little or no likeness4 ,then so much the worse for the ,great ,stone ,face6 answered his neighbor2 and again he set up a shout for ,old ,stony ,phiz4 ,but ,ernest turned away1 melancholy1 and almost despondent3 for this was the saddest of his disappointments1 to behold a man who might have fulfilled the prophecy1 and had not willed to do so4 ,meantime1 the cavalcade1 the banners1 the music1 and the barouches swept past him1 with the vociferous crowd in the rear1 leaving the dust to settle down1 and the ,great ,stone ,face to be revealed again1 with the grandeur that it had worn for untold centuries4 ,lo1 here ,i am1 ,ernest6 the benign lips seemed to say4 ,i have waited longer than thou1 and am not yet weary4 ,fear not2 the man will come4 ,the years hurried onward1 treading in their haste on one another's heels4 ,and now they began to bring white hairs1 and scatter them over the head of ,ernest2 they made reverend wrinkles across his forehead1 and furrows in his cheeks4 ,he was an aged man4 ,but not in vain had he grown old3 more than the white hairs on his head were the sage thoughts in his mind2 his wrinkles and furrows were inscriptions that ,time had graved1 and in which he had written legends of wisdom that had been tested by the tenor of a life4 ,and ,ernest had ceased to be obscure4 ,unsought for1 undesired1 had come the fame which so many seek1 and made him known in the great world1 beyond the limits of the valley in which he had dwelt so quietly4 ,college professors1 and even the active men of cities1 came from far to see and converse with ,ernest2 for the report had gone abroad that this simple husbandman had ideas unlike those of other men1 not gained from books1 but of a higher tone1--a tranquil and familiar majesty1 as if he had been talking with the angels as his daily friends4 ,whether it were sage1 statesman1 or philanthropist1 ,ernest received these visitors with the gentle sincerity that had characterized him from boyhood1 and spoke freely with them of whatever came uppermost1 or lay deepest in his heart or their own4 ,while they talked together1 his face would kindle1 unawares1 and shine upon them1 as with a mild evening light4 ,pensive with the fulness of such discourse1 his guests took leave and went their way2 and passing up the valley1 paused to look at the ,great ,stone ,face1 imagining that they had seen its likeness in a human countenance1 but could not remember where4 ,while ,ernest had been growing up and growing old1 a bountiful ,providence had granted a new poet to this earth4 ,he1 likewise1 was a native of the valley1 but had spent the greater part of his life at a distance from that romantic region1 pouring out his sweet music amid the bustle and din of cities4 ,often1 however1 did the mountains which had been familiar to him in his childhood lift their snowy peaks into the clear atmosphere of his poetry4 ,neither was the ,great ,stone ,face forgotten1 for the poet had celebrated it in an ode1 which was grand enough to have been uttered by its own majestic lips4 ,this man of genius1 we may say1 had come down from heaven with wonderful endowments4 ,if he sang of a mountain1 the eyes of all mankind beheld a mightier grandeur reposing on its breast1 or soaring to its summit1 than had before been seen there4 ,if his theme were a lovely lake1 a celestial smile had now been thrown over it1 to gleam forever on its surface4 ,if it were the vast old sea1 even the deep immensity of its dread bosom seemed to swell the higher1 as if moved by the emotions of the song4 ,thus the world assumed another and a better aspect from the hour that the poet blessed it with his happy eyes4 ,the ,creator had bestowed him1 as the last best touch to his own handiwork4 ,creation was not finished till the poet came to interpret1 and so complete it4 ,the effect was no less high and beautiful1 when his human brethren were the subject of his verse4 ,the man or woman1 sordid with the common dust of life1 who crossed his daily path1 and the little child who played in it1 were glorified if he beheld them in his mood of poetic faith4 ,he showed the golden links of the great chain that intertwined them with an angelic kindred2 he brought out the hidden traits of a celestial birth that made them worthy of such kin4 ,some1 indeed1 there were1 who thought to show the soundness of their judgment by affirming that all the beauty and dignity of the natural world existed only in the poet's fancy4 ,let such men speak for themselves1 who undoubtedly appear to have been spawned forth by ,nature with a contemptuous bitterness2 she having plastered them up out of her refuse stuff1 after all the swine were made4 ,as respects all things else1 the poet's ideal was the truest truth4 ,the songs of this poet found their way to ,ernest4 ,he read them after his customary toil1 seated on the bench before his cottage-door1 where for such a length of time he had filled his repose with thought1 by gazing at the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,and now as he read stanzas that caused the soul to thrill within him1 he lifted his eyes to the vast countenance beaming on him so benignantly4 ,o majestic friend1 he murmured1 addressing the ,great ,stone ,face1 is not this man worthy to resemble thee8 ,the ,face seemed to smile1 but answered not a word4 ,now it happened that the poet1 though he dwelt so far away1 had not only heard of ,ernest1 but had meditated much upon his character1 until he deemed nothing so desirable as to meet this man1 whose untaught wisdom walked hand in hand with the noble simplicity of his life4 ,one summer morning1 therefore1 he took passage by the railroad1 and1 in the decline of the afternoon1 alighted from the cars at no great distance from ,ernest's cottage4 ,the great hotel1 which had formerly been the palace of ,mr4 ,gathergold1 was close at hand1 but the poet1 with his carpetbag on his arm1 inquired at once where ,ernest dwelt1 and was resolved to be accepted as his guest4 ,approaching the door1 he there found the good old man1 holding a volume in his hand1 which alternately he read1 and then1 with a finger between the leaves1 looked lovingly at the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,good evening1 said the poet4 ,can you give a traveler a night's lodging8 ,willingly1 answered ,ernest2 and then he added1 smiling1 ,methinks ,i never saw the ,great ,stone ,face look so hospitably at a stranger4 ,the poet sat down on the bench beside him1 and he and ,ernest talked together4 ,often had the poet held intercourse with the wittiest and the wisest1 but never before with a man like ,ernest1 whose thoughts and feelings gushed up with such a natural freedom1 and who made great truths so familiar by his simple utterance of them4 ,angels1 as had been so often said1 seemed to have wrought with him at his labor in the fields2 angels seemed to have sat with him by the fireside2 and1 dwelling with angels as friend with friends1 he had imbibed the sublimity of their ideas1 and imbued it with the sweet and lowly charm of household words4 ,so thought the poet4 ,and ,ernest1 on the other hand1 was moved and agitated by the living images which the poet flung out of his mind1 and which peopled all the air about the cottage-door with shapes of beauty1 both gay and pensive4 ,the sympathies of these two men instructed them with a profounder sense than either could have attained alone4 ,their minds accorded into one strain1 and made delightful music which neither of them could have claimed as all his own1 nor distinguished his own share from the other's4 ,they led one another1 as it were1 into a high pavilion of their thoughts1 so remote1 and hitherto so dim1 that they had never entered it before1 and so beautiful that they desired to be there always4 ,as ,ernest listened to the poet1 he imagined that the ,great ,stone ,face was bending forward to listen too4 ,he gazed earnestly into the poet's glowing eyes4 ,who are you1 my strangely gifted guest8 he said4 ,the poet laid his finger on the volume that ,ernest had been reading4 ,you have read these poems1 said he4 ,you know me1 then1--for ,i wrote them4 ,again1 and still more earnestly than before1 ,ernest examined the poet's features2 then turned towards the ,great ,stone ,face2 then back1 with an uncertain aspect1 to his guest4 ,but his countenance fell2 he shook his head1 and sighed4 ,wherefore are you sad8 inquired the poet4 ,because1 replied ,ernest1 all through life ,i have awaited the fulfilment of a prophecy2 and1 when ,i read these poems1 ,i hoped that it might be fulfilled in you4 ,you hoped1 answered the poet1 faintly smiling1 to find in me the likeness of the ,great ,stone ,face4 ,and you are disappointed1 as formerly with ,mr4 ,gathergold1 and ,old ,blood-and-,thunder1 and ,old ,stony ,phiz4 ,yes1 ,ernest1 it is my doom4 ,you must add my name to the illustrious three1 and record another failure of your hopes4 ,for--in shame and sadness do ,i speak it1 ,ernest--,i am not worthy to be typified by yonder benign and majestic image4 ,and why8 asked ,ernest4 ,he pointed to the volume4 ,are not those thoughts divine8 ,they have a strain of the ,divinity1 replied the poet4 ,you can hear in them the far-off echo of a heavenly song4 ,but my life1 dear ,ernest1 has not corresponded with my thought4 ,i have had grand dreams1 but they have been only dreams1 because ,i have lived--and that1 too1 by my own choice--among poor and mean realities4 ,sometimes even--shall ,i dare to say it8--,i lack faith in the grandeur1 the beauty1 and the goodness1 which my own works are said to have made more evident in nature and in human life4 ,why1 then1 pure seeker of the good and true1 shouldst thou hope to find me1 in yonder image of the divine8 ,the poet spoke sadly1 and his eyes were dim with tears4 ,so1 likewise1 were those of ,ernest4 ,at the hour of sunset1 as had long been his frequent custom1 ,ernest was to discourse to an assemblage of the neighboring inhabitants in the open air4 ,he and the poet1 arm in arm1 still talking together as they went along1 proceeded to the spot4 ,it was a small nook among the hills1 with a gray precipice behind1 the stern front of which was relieved by the pleasant foliage of many creeping plants that made a tapestry for the naked rock1 by hanging their festoons from all its rugged angles4 ,at a small elevation above the ground1 set in a rich framework of verdure1 there appeared a niche1 spacious enough to admit a human figure1 with freedom for such gestures as spontaneously accompany earnest thought and genuine emotion4 ,into this natural pulpit ,ernest ascended1 and threw a look of familiar kindness around upon his audience4 ,they stood1 or sat1 or reclined upon the grass1 as seemed good to each1 with the departing sunshine falling obliquely over them1 and mingling its subdued cheerfulness with the solemnity of a grove of ancient trees1 beneath and amid the boughs of which the golden rays were constrained to pass4 ,in another direction was seen the ,great ,stone ,face1 with the same cheer1 combined with the same solemnity1 in its benignant aspect4 ,ernest began to speak1 giving to the people of what was in his heart and mind4 ,his words had power1 because they accorded with his thoughts2 and his thoughts had reality and depth1 because they harmonized with the life which he had always lived4 ,it was not mere breath that this preacher uttered2 they were the words of life1 because a life of good deeds and holy love was melted into them4 ,pearls1 pure and rich1 had been dissolved into this precious draught4 ,the poet1 as he listened1 felt that the being and character of ,ernest were a nobler strain of poetry than he had ever written4 ,his eyes glistening with tears1 he gazed reverentially at the venerable man1 and said within himself that never was there an aspect so worthy of a prophet and a sage as that mild1 sweet1 thoughtful countenance1 with the glory of white hair diffused about it4 ,at a distance1 but distinctly to be seen1 high up in the golden light of the setting sun1 appeared the ,great ,stone ,face1 with hoary mists around it1 like the white hairs around the brow of ,ernest4 ,its look of grand beneficence seemed to embrace the world4 ,at that moment1 in sympathy with a thought which he was about to utter1 the face of ,ernest assumed a grandeur of expression1 so imbued with benevolence1 that the poet1 by an irresistible impulse1 threw his arms aloft1 and shouted1-- ,behold6 ,behold6 ,ernest is himself the likeness of the ,great ,stone ,face6 ,then all the people looked1 and saw that what the deep-sighted poet said was true4 ,the prophecy was fulfilled4 ,but ,ernest1 having finished what he had to say1 took the poet's arm1 and walked slowly homeward1 still hoping that some wiser and better man than himself would by and by appear1 bearing a resemblance to the ,,great ,,stone ,,face4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what part of the description of the ,great ,stone ,face do you like the best8 ,what influence had this ,face upon the valley8 ,upon the clouds8 ,upon the sunshine8 ,show how each of the four characters failed to realize the ideal4 ,what purpose do you think ,hawthorne had in creating these characters8 ,why did so many people think that each of these men was the image of the ,great ,stone ,face8 ,why did not ,ernest think so8 ,what were the characteristics of the ideal8 ,what words name them8 ,what does the ,great ,stone ,face symbolize8 ,what words tell you the source of ,ernest's power8 ,what lines tell you of his humility8 ,summarize his characteristics4 ,what pictures do you find in the selection8 ,point out sentences that contain examples of alliteration4 ,find a humorous sentence4 ,who were the ,titans8 ,who was ,midas8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 infusing its tenderness into the sunshine transform himself into an angel of beneficence the mountain visage had found its human counterpart a kind of illuminated fog the prophecy was fulfilled 99 99 99 99 99 ,,my ,,visit ,,to ,,niagara ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne ,never did a pilgrim approach ,niagara with deeper enthusiasm than mine4 ,i had lingered away from it1 and wandered to other scenes1 because my treasury of anticipated enjoyments1 comprising all the wonders of the world1 had nothing else so magnificent1 and ,i was loath to exchange the pleasures of hope for those of memory so soon4 ,at length the day came4 ,the stage-coach1 with a ,frenchman and myself on the back seat1 had already left ,lewiston1 and in less than an hour would set us down in ,manchester4 ,i began to listen for the roar of the cataract1 and trembled with a sensation like dread1 as the moment drew nigh1 when its voice of ages must roll1 for the first time1 on my ear4 ,the ,french gentleman stretched himself from the window1 and expressed loud admiration1 while1 by a sudden impulse1 ,i threw myself back and closed my eyes4 ,when the scene shut in1 ,i was glad to think1 that for me the whole burst of ,niagara was yet in futurity4 ,we rolled on1 and entered the village of ,manchester1 bordering on the falls4 ,i am quite ashamed of myself here4 ,not that ,i ran like a madman to the falls1 and plunged into the thickest of the spray1--never stopping to breathe1 till breathing was impossible2 not that ,i committed this1 or any other suitable extravagance4 ,on the contrary1 ,i alighted with perfect decency and composure1 gave my cloak to the black waiter1 pointed out my baggage1 and inquired1 not the nearest way to the cataract1 but about the dinner-hour4 ,the interval was spent in arranging my dress4 ,within the last fifteen minutes1 my mind had grown strangely benumbed1 and my spirits apathetic1 with a slight depression1 not decided enough to be termed sadness4 ,my enthusiasm was in a deathlike slumber4 ,without aspiring to immortality1 as he did1 ,i could have imitated that ,english traveller1 who turned back from the point where he first heard the thunder of ,niagara1 after crossing the ocean to behold it4 ,many a ,western trader1 by the by1 has performed a similar act of heroism with more heroic simplicity1 deeming it no such wonderful feat to dine at the hotel and resume his route to ,buffalo or ,lewiston1 while the cataract was roaring unseen4 ,such has often been my apathy1 when objects1 long sought1 and earnestly desired1 were placed within my reach4 ,after dinner--at which an unwonted and perverse epicurism detained me longer than usual--,i lighted a cigar and paced the piazza1 minutely attentive to the aspect and business of a very ordinary village4 ,finally1 with reluctant step1 and the feeling of an intruder1 ,i walked towards ,goat ,island4 ,at the toll-house1 there were farther excuses for delaying the inevitable moment4 ,my signature was required in a huge ledger1 containing similar records innumerable1 many of which ,i read4 ,the skin of a great sturgeon1 and other fishes1 beasts1 and reptiles2 a collection of minerals1 such as lie in heaps near the falls2 some ,indian moccasins1 and other trifles1 made of deer-skin and embroidered with beads2 several newspapers1 from ,montreal1 ,new ,york1 and ,boston1--all attracted me in turn4 ,out of a number of twisted sticks1 the manufacture of a ,tuscarora ,indian1 ,i selected one of curled maple1 curiously convoluted1 and adorned with the carved images of a snake and a fish4 ,using this as my pilgrim's staff1 ,i crossed the bridge4 ,above and below me were the rapids1 a river of impetuous snow1 with here and there a dark rock amid its whiteness1 resisting all the physical fury1 as any cold spirit did the moral influences of the scene4 ,on reaching ,goat ,island1 which separates the two great segments of the falls1 ,i chose the right-hand path1 and followed it to the edge of the ,american cascade4 ,there1 while the falling sheet was yet invisible1 ,i saw the vapor that never vanishes1 and the ,eternal ,rainbow of ,niagara4 ,it was an afternoon of glorious sunshine1 without a cloud1 save those of the cataracts4 ,i gained an insulated rock1 and beheld a broad sheet of brilliant and unbroken foam1 not shooting in a curbed line from the top of the precipice1 but falling1 headlong down from height to depth4 ,a narrow stream diverged from the main branch1 and hurried over the crag by a channel of its own1 leaving a little pine-clad island and a streak of precipice between itself and the larger sheet4 ,below arose the mist1 on which was painted a dazzling sunbow with two concentric shadows1--one1 almost as perfect as the original brightness2 and the other1 drawn faintly round the broken edge of the cloud4 ,still ,i had not half seen ,niagara4 ,following the verge of the island1 the path led me to the ,horseshoe1 where the real1 broad ,st4 ,lawrence1 rushing along on a level with its banks1 pours its whole breadth over a concave line of precipice1 and thence pursues its course between lofty crags towards ,ontario4 ,a sort of bridge1 two or three feet wide1 stretches out along the edge of the descending sheet1 and hangs upon the rising mist1 as if that were the foundation of the frail structure4 ,here ,i stationed myself in the blast of wind1 which the rushing river bore along with it4 ,the bridge was tremulous beneath me1 and marked the tremor of the solid earth4 ,i looked along the whitening rapids1 and endeavored to distinguish a mass of water far above the falls1 to follow it to their verge1 and go down with it1 in fancy1 to the abyss of clouds and storm4 ,casting my eyes across the river1 and every side1 ,i took in the whole scene at a glance1 and tried to comprehend it in one vast idea4 ,after an hour thus spent1 ,i left the bridge1 and by a staircase1 winding almost interminably round a post1 descended to the base of the precipice4 ,from that point1 my path lay over slippery stones1 and among great fragments of the cliff1 to the edge of the cataract1 where the wind at once enveloped me in spray1 and perhaps dashed the rainbow round me4 ,were my long desires fulfilled8 ,and had ,i seen ,niagara8 ,oh that ,i had never heard of ,niagara till ,i beheld it6 ,blessed were the wanderers of old1 who heard its deep roar1 sounding through the woods1 as the summons to an unknown wonder1 and approached its awful brink1 in all the freshness of native feeling4 ,had its own mysterious voice been the first to warn me of its existence1 then1 indeed1 ,i might have knelt down and worshipped4 ,but ,i had come thither1 haunted with a vision of foam and fury1 and dizzy cliffs1 and an ocean tumbling down out of the sky1--a scene1 in short1 which nature had too much good taste and calm simplicity to realize4 ,my mind had struggled to adapt these false conceptions to the reality1 and finding the effort vain1 a wretched sense of disappointment weighed me down4 ,i climbed the precipice1 and threw myself on the earth1 feeling that ,i was unworthy to look at the ,great ,falls1 and careless about beholding them again4 ,all that night1 as there has been and will be for ages past and to come1 a rushing sound was heard1 as if a great tempest were sweeping through the air4 ,it mingled with my dreams1 and made them full of storm and whirlwind4 ,whenever ,i awoke1 and heard this dread sound in the air1 and the windows rattling as with a mighty blast1 ,i could not rest again1 till looking forth1 ,i saw how bright the stars were1 and that every leaf in the garden was motionless4 ,never was a summer night more calm to the eye1 nor a gale of autumn louder to the ear4 ,the rushing sound proceeds from the rapids1 and the rattling of the casements is but an effect of the vibration of the whole house1 shaken by the jar of the cataract4 ,the noise of the rapids draws the attention from the true voice of ,niagara1 which is a dull1 muffled thunder1 resounding between the cliffs4 ,i spent a wakeful hour at midnight1 in distinguishing its reverberations1 and rejoiced to find that my former awe and enthusiasm were reviving4 ,gradually1 and after much contemplation1 ,i came to know1 by my own feelings1 that ,niagara is indeed a wonder of the world1 and not the less wonderful1 because time and thought must be employed in comprehending it4 ,casting aside all preconceived notions1 and preparation to be dire-struck or delighted1 the beholder must stand beside it in the simplicity of his heart1 suffering the mighty scene to work its own impression4 ,night after night1 ,i dreamed of it1 and was gladdened every morning by the consciousness of a growing capacity to enjoy it4 ,yet ,i will not pretend to the all-absorbing enthusiasm of some more fortunate spectators1 nor deny that very trifling causes would draw my eyes and thoughts from the cataract4 ,the last day that ,i was to spend at ,niagara1 before my departure for the ,far ,west1 ,i sat upon the ,table ,rock4 ,this celebrated station did not now1 as of old1 project fifty feet beyond the line of the precipice1 but was shattered by the fall of an immense fragment1 which lay distant on the shore below4 ,still1 on the utmost verge of the rock1 with my feet hanging over it1 ,i felt as if suspended in the open air4 ,never before had my mind been in such perfect unison with the scene4 ,there were intervals1 when ,i was conscious of nothing but the great river1 lolling calmly into the abyss1 rather descending than precipitating itself1 and acquiring tenfold majesty from its unhurried motion4 ,it came like the march of ,destiny4 ,it was not taken by surprise1 but seemed to have anticipated1 in all its course through the broad lakes1 that it must pour their collected waters down this height4 ,the perfect foam of the river1 after its descent1 and the ever-varying shapes of mist1 rising up1 to become clouds in the sky1 would be the very picture of confusion1 were it merely transient1 like the rage of a tempest4 ,but when the beholder has stood awhile1 and perceives no lull in the storm1 and considers that the vapor and the foam are as everlasting as the rocks which produce them1 all this turmoil assumes a sort of calmness4 ,it soothes1 while it awes the mind4 ,leaning over the cliff1 ,i saw the guide conducting two adventurers behind the falls4 ,it was pleasant1 from that high seat in the sunshine1 to observe them struggling against the eternal storm of the lower regions1 with heads bent down1 now faltering1 now pressing forward1 and finally swallowed up in their victory4 ,after their disappearance1 a blast rushed out with an old hat1 which it had swept from one of their heads4 ,the rock1 to which they were directing their unseen course1 is marked1 at a fearful distance on the exterior of the sheet1 by a jet of foam4 ,the attempt to reach it appears both poetical and perilous to a looker-on1 but may be accomplished without much more difficulty or hazard than in stemming a violent northeaster4 ,in a few moments1 forth came the children of the mist4 ,dripping and breathless1 they crept along the base of the cliff1 ascended to the guide's cottage1 and received1 ,i presume1 a certificate of their achievement1 with three verses of sublime poetry on the back4 ,my contemplations were often interrupted by strangers who came down from ,forsyth's to take their first view of the falls4 ,a short1 ruddy1 middle-aged gentleman1 fresh from ,old ,england1 peeped over the rock1 and evinced his approbation by a broad grin4 ,his spouse1 a very robust lady1 afforded a sweet example of maternal solicitude1 being so intent on the safety of her little boy that she did not even glance at ,niagara4 ,as for the child1--he gave himself wholly to the enjoyment of a stick of candy4 ,another traveller1 a native ,american1 and no rare character among us1 produced a volume of ,captain ,hall's tour1 and labored earnestly to adjust ,niagara to the captain's description1 departing1 at last1 without one new idea or sensation of his own4 ,the next comer was provided1 not with a printed book1 but with a blank sheet of foolscap1 from top to bottom of which1 by means of an ever-pointed pencil1 the cataract was made to thunder4 ,in a little talk which we had together1 he awarded his approbation to the general view1 but censured the position of ,goat ,island1 observing that it should have been thrown farther to the right1 so as to widen the ,american falls1 and contract those of the ,horseshoe4 ,next appeared two traders of ,michigan1 who declared1 that1 upon the whole1 the sight was worth looking at2 there certainly was an immense water-power here2 but that1 after all1 they would go twice as far to see the noble stone-works of ,lockport1 where the ,grand ,canal is locked down a descent of sixty feet4 ,they were succeeded by a young fellow1 in a homespun cotton dress1 with a staff in his hand1 and a pack over his shoulders4 ,he advanced close to the edge of the rock1 where his attention1 at first wavering among the different components of the scene1 finally became fixed in the angle of the ,horseshoe falls1 which is1 indeed the central point of interest4 ,his whole soul seemed to go forth and be transported thither1 till the staff slipped from his relaxed grasp1 and falling down--down--down--struck upon the fragment of the ,table ,rock4 ,in this manner ,i spent some hours1 watching the varied impression1 made by the cataract1 on those who disturbed me1 and returning to unwearied contemplation1 when left alone4 ,at length my time came to depart4 ,there is a grassy footpath through the woods1 along the summit of the bank1 to a point whence a causeway1 hewn in the side of the precipice1 goes winding down to the ,ferry1 about half a mile below the ,table ,rock4 ,the sun was near setting1 when ,i emerged from the shadow of the trees1 and began the descent4 ,the indirectness of my downward road continually changed the point of view1 and showed me1 in rich and repeated succession1 now1 the whitening rapids and majestic leap of the main river1 which appeared more deeply massive as the light departed2 now1 the lovelier picture1 yet still sublime1 of ,goat ,island1 with its rocks and grove1 and the lesser falls1 tumbling over the right bank of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 like a tributary stream2 now1 the long vista of the river1 as it eddied and whirled between the cliffs1 to pass through ,ontario toward the sea1 and everywhere to be wondered at1 for this one unrivalled scene4 ,the golden sunshine tinged the sheet of the ,american cascade1 and painted on its heaving spray the broken semi-circle of a rainbow1 heaven's own beauty crowning earth's sublimity4 ,my steps were slow1 and ,i paused long at every turn of the descent1 as one lingers and pauses who discerns a brighter and brightening excellence in what he must soon behold no more4 ,the solitude of the old wilderness now reigned over the whole vicinity of the falls4 ,my enjoyment became the more rapturous1 because no poet shared it1 nor wretch devoid of poetry profaned it2 but the spot so famous through the world was all my own6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,why was ,hawthorne's first impression of ,niagara a disappointment8 ,how did ,hawthorne come to know that ,niagara is a wonder of the world8 ,what feelings did ,niagara produce in ,hawthorne8 ,what effect on the reader did ,hawthorne seek in this story8 ,what does ,hawthorne say is necessary in order to appreciate nature8 ,what relation has ,niagara to the geography of the country1 its animal and vegetable life1 its trade and industry8 ,what is the effect on one's feelings when he considers that the vapor and the foam are as everlasting as the rocks which produce them8 ,niagara grew on ,hawthorne4 ,justify this4 ,note the comments of other observers based upon their interpretation of ,niagara4 ,do you think one who sees nothing in ,niagara except a mass of rock and water1 vapor and sunshine1 could appreciate its beauty1 grandeur1 and sublimity8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 insulated rapturous abyss of clouds eddied and whirled epicurism convoluted voice of ages mysterious voice unrivaled scene ,eternal ,rainbow majestic leap 99 99 99 99 99 ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe ,so irregular was the life of ,edgar ,allan ,poe and so strong were the prejudices of his critics that not only his character and habits of life1 but even the simplest facts of his biography1 are surrounded with mystery and are subjects of doubt and dispute4 ,by everything1 but the accident of birth1 ,poe belongs to the ,south4 ,his father was from ,baltimore and his mother was of ,english birth4 ,they were both members of a theatrical company playing in ,boston at the time of ,poe's birth1 ,january #ai1 #ahji4 ,at the age of three he was left an orphan by the death of his mother4 ,a wealthy ,scotchman of ,virginia1 ,mr4 ,john ,allan1 adopted him and brought him up in luxury--a much spoiled child1 everywhere petted for his beauty and precocity4 ,he was sent to school in a suburb of ,london and upon his return to ,america entered the ,university of ,virginia1 a proud1 reserved1 and self-willed youth4 ,here he led an irregular life1 so that ,mr4 ,allan was forced to withdraw him from school and gave him work in his office4 ,the routine of office work was very distasteful to ,poe and he ran away to ,boston1 where he published his first volume of poems4 ,here he enlisted in the army1 but when ,mr4 ,allan heard of his whereabouts he secured his discharge and obtained an appointment for him1 as a cadet1 at ,west ,point4 ,the severe discipline of that school proved irksome to his restless nature and after a few months he brought upon himself his dismissal4 ,at the age of twenty-two he found himself adrift with nothing further to expect from ,mr4 ,allan4 ,literature presented itself as his most natural vocation4 ,he had written poetry from the pure love of it1 but now actual poverty drove him to the more remunerative prose writing4 ,he engaged in journalistic work in ,baltimore1 living with his aunt1 ,mrs4 ,clemm1 and her daughter1 ,virginia4 ,two years later he married ,virginia ,clemm1 a mere child2 but ,poe1 whose reverence for women was his noblest trait1 loved her and cared for her through poverty and ill-health1 until her death eleven years later1 a short time before his own4 ,his life was a melancholy one1 a fierce struggle and final defeat4 ,in #ahdi1 on his way to ,new ,york from ,richmond1 chance brought him and election day together in the city of ,baltimore4 ,he was found in an election booth1 delirious1 and died a few days later4 ,poe was a keen critic of the literary men of his day1 but he applied the same standards to himself4 ,he was constantly re-writing and polishing what he had written4 ,poe's greatness lay in his imaginative1 work--his tales and his poems4 ,the tales may be said to constitute a distinct addition to the world's literature4 ,from time immemorial1 there have been tales in prose and in verse1 tales legendary1 romantic1 and humorous1 but never any quite like ,poe's4 ,the appeal of his poetry is to the sentiment of beauty--the one appeal1 which according to his theory is the final justification of any poem4 ,language is made to yield its utmost of melody4 ,the ,raven was first published in ,january1 #ahde1 and immediately became and remains one of the most widely known of ,english poems4 ,it can be mentioned anywhere1 without apology or explanation and there is scarcely a lover of melodious verse who cannot repeat many of its lines and stanzas4 ,every reader of ,poe's prose will be impressed with the charm of the language itself1 the fascination of the vivid scenes and the magic touch like the ,necromancer's wand1 which removes these scenes into the uncharted realm of the supernatural and invests them with a kind of sacred awe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,descent ,,into ,,the ,,maelstr,m ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe ,,we had now reached the summit of the loftiest crag4 ,for some minutes the old man seemed too much exhausted to speak4 ,not long ago1 said he at length1 and ,i could have guided you on this route as well as the youngest of my sons2 but1 about three years past1 there happened to me an event such as never happened before to mortal man--or at least such as no man ever survived to tell of--and the six hours of deadly terror which ,i then endured have broken me up body and soul4 ,you suppose me a very old man--but ,i am not4 ,it took less than a single day to change these hairs from a jetty black to white1 to weaken my limbs1 and to unstring my nerves1 so that ,i tremble at the least exertion1 and am frightened at a shadow4 ,do you know ,i can scarcely look over this little cliff without getting giddy8 ,the little cliff1 upon whose edge he had so carelessly thrown himself down to rest that the weightier portion of his body hung over it1 while he was only kept from falling by the tenure of his elbow on its extreme and slippery edge--this little cliff arose1 a sheer unobstructed precipice of black shining rock1 some fifteen or sixteen hundred feet from the world of crags beneath us4 ,nothing would have tempted me to within half a dozen yards of its brink4 ,in truth so deeply was ,i excited by the perilous position of my companion1 that ,i fell at full length upon the ground1 clung to the shrubs around me1 and dared not even glance upward at the sky--while ,i struggled in vain to divest myself of the idea that the very foundations of the mountain were in danger from the fury of the winds4 ,it was long before ,i could reason myself into sufficient courage to sit up and look out into the distance4 ,you must get over these fancies1 said the guide1 for ,i have brought you here that you might have the best possible view of the scene of that event ,i mentioned--and to tell you the whole story with the spot just under your eye4 ,we are now1 he continued1 in that particularizing manner which distinguished him--we are now close upon the ,norwegian coast--in the sixty-eighth degree of latitude--in the great province of ,nordland--and in the dreary district of ,lofoden4 ,the mountain upon whose top we sit is ,helseggen1 the ,cloudy4 ,now raise yourself up a little higher--hold on to the grass if you feel giddy--so--and look out1 beyond the belt of vapor beneath us1 into the sea4 ,i looked dizzily1 and beheld a wide expanse of ocean1 whose waters wore so inky a hue as to bring at once to my mind the ,nubian geographer's account of the ,mare ,tenebrarum4 ,a panorama more deplorably desolate no human imagination can conceive4 ,to the right and left1 as far as the eye could reach1 there lay outstretched1 like ramparts of the world1 lines of horridly black and beetling cliff1 whose character of gloom was but the more forcibly illustrated by the surf which reared high up against it its white and ghastly crest1 howling and shrieking forever4 ,just opposite the promontory upon whose apex we were placed1 and at a distance of some five or six miles out at sea1 there was visible a small1 bleak-looking island2 or1 more properly1 its position was discernible through the wilderness of surge in which it was enveloped4 ,about two miles nearer the land arose another of smaller size1 hideously craggy and barren1 and encompassed at various intervals by a cluster of dark rocks4 ,the appearance of the ocean1 in the space between the more distant island and the shore1 had something very unusual about it4 ,although1 at the time1 so strong a gale was blowing landward that a brig in the remote offing lay to under a double-reefed trysail1 and constantly plunged her whole hull out of sight1 still there was here nothing like a regular swell1 but only a short1 quick1 angry cross-dashing of water in every direction--as well in the teeth of the wind as otherwise4 ,of foam there was little except in the immediate vicinity of the rocks4 ,the island in the distance1 resumed the old man1 is called by the ,norwegians ,vurrgh4 ,the one midway is ,moskoe4 ,that a mile to the northward is ,ambaaren4 ,yonder are ,iflesen1 ,hoeyholm1 ,kieldholm1 ,suarven1 and ,buckholm4 ,farther off--between ,moskoe and ,vurrgh--are ,otterholm1 ,flimen1 ,sandflesen1 and ,skarholm4 ,these are the true names of the places--but why it has been thought necessary to name them at all is more than either you or ,i can understand4 ,do you hear anything8 ,do you see any change in the water8 ,we had now been about ten minutes upon the top of ,helseggen1 to which we had ascended from the interior of ,lofoden1 so that we had caught no glimpse of the sea until it had burst upon us from the summit4 ,as the old man spoke1 ,i became aware of a loud and gradually increasing sound1 like the moaning of a vast herd of buffaloes upon an ,american prairie2 and at the same moment ,i perceived that what seamen term the chopping character of the ocean beneath us1 was rapidly changing into a current which set to the eastward4 ,even while ,i gazed1 this current acquired a monstrous velocity4 ,each moment added to its speed--to its headlong impetuosity4 ,in five minutes the whole sea1 as far as ,vurrgh1 was lashed into ungovernable fury2 but it was between ,moskoe and the coast that the main uproar held its sway4 ,here the vast bed of the waters1 seamed and scarred into a thousand conflicting channels1 burst suddenly into frenzied convulsion--heaving1 boiling1 hissing--gyrating in gigantic and innumerable vortices1 and all whirling and plunging on to the eastward with a rapidity which water never elsewhere assumes1 except in precipitous descents4 ,in a few minutes more there came over the scene another radical alteration4 ,the general surface grew somewhat more smooth1 and the whirlpools1 one by one1 disappeared1 while prodigious streaks of foam became apparent where none had been seen before4 ,these streaks1 at length1 spreading out to a great distance1 and entering into combination1 took unto themselves the gyratory motion of the subsided vortices1 and seemed to form the germ of another more vast4 ,suddenly--very suddenly--this assumed a distinct and definite existence1 in a circle of more than a mile in diameter4 ,the edge of the whirl was represented by a broad belt of gleaming spray2 but no particle of this slipped into the mouth of the terrific funnel1 whose interior1 as far as the eye could fathom it1 was a smooth1 shining and jet-black wall of water1 inclined to the horizon at an angle of some forty-five degrees1 speeding dizzily round and round with a swaying and sweltering motion1 and sending forth to the winds an appalling voice1 half shriek1 half roar1 such as not even the mighty cataract of ,niagara ever lifts up in its agony to ,heaven4 ,the mountain trembled to its very base1 and the rock rocked4 ,i threw myself upon my face1 and clung to the scant herbage in an excess of nervous agitation4 ,this1 said ,i at length1 to the old man--this can be nothing else than the great whirlpool of the ,maelstrm4 ,so it is sometimes termed1 said he4 ,we ,norwegians call it the ,moskoe-strm1 from the island of ,moskoe in the midway4 ,the ordinary accounts of this vortex had by no means prepared me for what ,i saw4 ,that of ,jonas ,ramus1 which1 is perhaps the most circumstantial of any1 cannot impart the faintest conception either of the magnificence or of the horror of the scene--or of the wild bewildering sense of the novel which confounds the beholder4 ,i am not sure from what point of view the writer in question surveyed it1 nor at what time2 but it could neither have been from the summit of ,helseggen1 nor during a storm4 ,there are some passages of his description1 nevertheless1 which may be quoted for their details1 although their effect is exceedingly feeble in conveying an impression of the spectacle4 ,between ,lofoden and ,moskoe1 he says1 the depth of the water is between thirty-six and forty fathoms2 but on the other side1 toward ,ver 7,vurrgh7 this depth decreases so as not to afford a convenient passage for a vessel1 without the risk of splitting on the rocks1 which happens even in the calmest weather4 ,when it is flood1 the stream runs up the country between ,lofoden and ,moskoe with a boisterous rapidity2 but the roar of its impetuous ebb to the sea is scarce equaled by the loudest and most dreadful cataracts1 the noise being heard several leagues off2 and the vortices or pits are of such an extent and depth that if a ship comes within its attraction it is inevitably absorbed and carried down to the bottom1 and there beat to pieces against the rocks2 and when the water relaxes1 the fragments thereof are thrown up again4 ,but these intervals of tranquillity are only at the turn of the ebb and flood1 and in calm weather1 and last but a quarter of an hour1 its violence gradually returning4 ,when the stream is most boisterous1 and its fury heightened by a storm1 it is dangerous to come within a ,norway mile of it4 ,boats1 yachts1 and ships have been carried away by not guarding against it before they were within its reach4 ,it likewise happens frequently that whales come too near the stream1 and are overpowered by its violence2 and then it is impossible to describe their howling and bellowings in their fruitless struggles to disengage themselves4 ,a bear once1 attempting to swim from ,lofoden to ,moskoe1 was caught by the stream and borne down1 while he roared terribly1 so as to be heard on shore4 ,large stocks of firs and pine trees1 after being absorbed by the current1 rise again broken and torn to such a degree as if bristles grew upon them4 ,this plainly shows the bottom to consist of craggy rocks1 among which they are whirled to and fro4 ,this stream is regulated by the flux and reflux of the sea--it being constantly high and low water every six hours4 ,in the year #afde1 early in the morning of ,sexagesima ,sunday1 it raged with such noise and impetuosity that the very stones of the houses on the coast fell to the ground4 ,in regard to the depth of the water1 ,i could not see how this could have been ascertained at all in the immediate vicinity of the vortex4 ,the forty fathoms must have reference only to portions of the channel close upon the shore either of ,moskoe or ,lofoden4 ,the depth in the center of the ,moskoe-strm must be immeasurably greater2 and no better proof of this fact is necessary than can be obtained from even the sidelong glance into the abyss of the whirl which may be had from the highest crag of ,helseggen4 ,looking down from this pinnacle upon the howling ,phlegethon below1 ,i could not help smiling at the simplicity with which the honest ,jonas ,ramus records1 as a matter difficult of belief1 the anecdotes of the whales and the bears2 for it appeared to me1 in fact1 a self-evident thing that the largest ships of the line in existence1 coming within the influence of that deadly attraction1 could resist it as little as a feather the hurricane1 and must disappear bodily and at once4 ,the attempts to account for the phenomenon--some of which1 ,i remember1 seemed to me sufficiently plausible in perusal--now wore a very different and unsatisfactory aspect4 ,the idea generally received is that this1 as well as three smaller vortices among the ,feroe ,islands1 have no other cause than the collision of waves rising and falling1 at flux and reflux1 against a ridge of rocks and shelves1 which confines the water so that it precipitates itself like a cataract2 and thus the higher the flood rises1 the deeper must the fall be1 and the natural result of all is a whirlpool or vortex1 the prodigious suction of which is sufficiently known by lesser experiments4--,these are the words of the ,encyclopaedia ,brittanica4 ,kircher and others imagine that in the center of the channel of the ,maelstrm is an abyss penetrating the globe1 and issuing in some very remote part--the ,gulf of ,bothnia being somewhat decidedly named in one instance4 ,this opinion1 idle in itself1 was the one to which1 as ,i gazed1 my imagination most readily assented2 and1 mentioning it to the guide1 ,i was rather surprised to hear him say that1 although it was the view almost universally entertained of the subject by the ,norwegians1 it nevertheless was not his own4 ,as to the former notion he confessed his inability to comprehend it2 and here ,i agreed with him--for1 however conclusive on paper1 it becomes altogether unintelligible1 and even absurd1 amid the thunder of the abyss4 ,you have had a good look at the whirl now1 said the old man1 and if you will creep round this crag1 so as to get in its lee1 and deaden the roar of the water1 ,i will tell you a story that will convince you ,i ought to know something of the ,moskoe-strm4 ,i placed myself as desired1 and he proceeded4 ,myself and my two brothers once owned a schooner-rigged smack of about seventy tons burden1 with which we were in the habit of fishing among the islands beyond ,moskoe1 nearly to ,vurrgh4 ,in all violent eddies at sea there is good fishing1 at proper opportunities1 if one has only the courage to attempt it2 but among the whole of the ,lofoden coastmen we three were the only ones who made a regular business of going out to the islands1 as ,i tell you4 ,the usual grounds are a great way lower down to the southward4 ,there fish can be got at all hours1 without much risk1 and therefore these places are preferred4 ,the choice spots over here among the rocks1 however1 not only yield the finest variety1 but in far greater abundance2 so that we often got in a single day what the more timid of the craft could not scrape together in a week4 ,in fact1 we made it a matter of desperate speculation--the risk of life standing instead of labor1 and courage answering for capital4 ,we kept the smack in a cove about five miles higher up the coast than this2 and it was our practice1 in fine weather1 to take advantage of the fifteen minutes' slack to push across the main channel of the ,moskoe-strm1 far above the pool1 and then drop down upon anchorage somewhere near ,otterholm1 or ,sandflesen1 where the eddies are not so violent as elsewhere4 ,here we used to remain until nearly time for slack-water again1 when we weighed and made for home4 ,we never set out upon this expedition without a steady side wind for going and coming--one that we felt sure would not fail us before our return--and we seldom made a miscalculation upon this point4 ,twice1 during six years1 we were forced to stay all night at anchor on account of a dead calm1 which is a rare thing indeed just about here2 and once we had to remain on the grounds nearly a week1 starving to death1 owing to a gale which blew up shortly after our arrival1 and made the channel too boisterous to be thought of4 ,upon this occasion we should have been driven out to sea in spite of everything 7for the whirlpools threw us round and round so violently that1 at length1 we fouled our anchor and dragged it7 if it had not been that we drifted into one of the innumerable cross currents--here to-day and gone to-morrow--which drove us under the lee of ,flimen1 where1 by good luck1 we brought up4 ,i could not tell you the twentieth part of the difficulties we encountered 'on the ground'--it is a bad spot to be in1 even in good weather--but we made shift always to run the gauntlet of the ,moskoe-strm itself without accident2 although at times my heart has been in my mouth when we happened to be a minute or so behind or before the slack4 ,the wind sometimes was not as strong as we thought it at starting1 and then we made rather less way than we could wish1 while the current rendered the smack unmanageable4 ,my eldest brother had a son eighteen years old1 and ,i had two stout boys of my own4 ,these would have been of great assistance at such times1 in using the sweeps1 as well as afterward in fishing--but1 somehow1 although we ran the risk ourselves1 we had not the heart to let the young ones get into the danger--for1 after all said and done1 it was a horrible danger1 and that is the truth4 ,it is now within a few days of three years since what ,i am going to tell you occurred4 ,it was on the tenth of ,july1 #ah--1 a day which the people of this part of the world will never forget--for it was one in which blew the most terrible hurricane that ever came out of the heavens4 ,and yet all the morning1 and indeed until late in the afternoon1 there was a gentle and steady breeze from the southwest1 while the sun shone brightly1 so that the oldest seaman among us could not have foreseen what was to follow4 ,the three of us--my two brothers and myself--had crossed over to the islands about two o'clock ,p4,m41 and soon nearly loaded the smack with fine fish1 which1 we all remarked1 were more plenty that day than we had ever known them4 ,it was just seven1 by my watch1 when we weighed and started for home1 so as to make the worst of the ,strm at slack water1 which we knew would be at eight4 ,we set out with a fresh wind on our starboard quarter1 and for some time spanked along at a great rate1 never dreaming of danger1 for indeed we saw not the slightest reason to apprehend it4 ,all at once we were taken aback by a breeze from over ,helseggen4 ,this was most unusual--something that had never happened to us before--and ,i began to feel a little uneasy1 without exactly knowing why4 ,we put the boat on the wind1 but could make no headway at all for the eddies1 and ,i was upon the point of proposing to return to the anchorage1 when1 looking astern1 we saw the whole horizon covered with a singular copper-colored cloud that rose with the most amazing velocity4 ,in the meantime the breeze that had headed us off fell away1 and we were dead becalmed1 drifting about in every direction4 ,this state of things1 however1 did not last long enough to give us time to think about it4 ,in less than a minute the storm was upon us--in less than two the sky was entirely overcast--and what with this and the driving spray1 it became suddenly so dark that we could not see each other in the smack4 ,such a hurricane as then blew it is folly to attempt describing4 ,the oldest seaman in ,norway never experienced anything like it4 ,we had let our sails go by the run before it cleverly took us2 but1 at the first puff1 both our masts went by the board as if they had been sawed off--the mainmast taking with it my youngest brother1 who had lashed himself to it for safety4 ,our boat was the lightest feather of a thing that ever sat upon water4 ,it had a complete flush deck1 with only a small hatch near the bow1 and this hatch it had always been our custom to batten down when about to cross the ,strm1 by way of precaution against the chopping seas4 ,but for this circumstance we should have foundered at once--for we lay entirely buried for some moments4 ,how my elder brother escaped destruction ,i cannot say1 for ,i never had an opportunity of ascertaining4 ,for my part1 as soon as ,i had let the foresail run1 ,i threw myself flat on deck1 with my feet against the narrow gunwale of the bow1 and with my hands grasping a ringbolt near the foot of the foremast4 ,it was mere instinct that prompted me to do this--which was undoubtedly the very best thing ,i could have done--for ,i was too much flurried to think4 ,for some moments we were completely deluged1 as ,i say1 and all this time ,i held my breath1 and clung to the bolt4 ,when ,i could stand it no longer ,i raised myself upon my knees1 still keeping hold with my hands1 and thus got my head clear4 ,presently our little boat gave herself a shake1 just as a dog does in coming out of the water1 and thus rid herself1 in some measure1 of the seas4 ,i was now trying to get the better of the stupor that had come over me1 and to collect my senses so as to see what was to be done1 when ,i felt somebody grasp my arm4 ,it was my elder brother1 and my heart leaped for joy1 for ,i had made sure that he was overboard--but the next moment all this joy was turned into horror--for he put his mouth close to my ear1 and screamed out the word ',moskoe-strm6' ,no one will ever know what my feelings were at that moment4 ,i shook from head to foot as if ,i had had the most violent fit of the ague4 ,i knew what he meant by that one word well enough--,i knew what he wished to make me understand4 ,with the wind that now drove us on1 we were bound for the whirl of the ,strm1 and nothing could save us6 ,you perceive that in crossing the ,strm channel1 we always went a long way up above the whirl1 even in the calmest weather1 and then had to wait and watch carefully for the slack--but now we were driving right upon the pool itself1 and in such a hurricane as this6 ',to be sure1' ,i thought1 'we shall get there just about the slack--there is some little hope in that'--but in the next moment ,i cursed myself for being so great a fool as to dream of hope at all4 ,i knew very well that we were doomed1 had we been ten times a ninety-gun ship4 ,by this time the first fury of the tempest had spent itself1 or perhaps we did not feel it so much as we scudded before it2 but at all events the seas1 which at first had been kept down by the wind1 and lay flat and frothing1 now got up into absolute mountains4 ,a singular change1 too1 had come over the heavens4 ,around in every direction it was still as black as pitch1 but nearly overhead there burst out1 all at once1 a circular rift of clear sky--as clear as ,i ever saw--and of a deep bright blue--and through it there blazed forth the full moon with a luster that ,i never before knew her to wear4 ,she lit up everything about us with the greatest distinctness--but1 oh ,god1 what a scene it was to light up6 ,i now made one or two attempts to speak to my brother--but1 in some manner which ,i could not understand1 the din had so increased that ,i could not make him hear a single word1 although ,i screamed at the top of my voice in his ear4 ,presently he shook his head1 looking as pale as death1 and held up one of his fingers1 as if to say listen6 ,at first ,i could not make out what he meant--but soon a hideous thought flashed upon me4 ,i dragged my watch from its fob4 ,it was not going4 ,i glanced at its face by the moonlight1 and then burst into tears as ,i flung it far away into the ocean4 ,it had run down at seven o'clock6 ,we were behind the time of the slack1 and the whirl of the ,strm was in full fury6 ,when a boat is well built1 properly trimmed1 and not deep laden1 the waves in a strong gale1 when she is going large1 seem always to slip from beneath her--which appears very strange to a landsman--and this is what is called riding1 in sea phrase4 ,well1 so far we had ridden the swells very cleverly2 but presently a gigantic sea happened to take us right under the counter1 and bore us with it as it rose--up--up--as if into the sky4 ,i would not have believed that any wave could rise so high4 ,and then down we came with a sweep1 a slide1 and a plunge1 that made me feel sick and dizzy1 as if ,i was falling from some lofty mountain-top in a dream4 ,but while we were up ,i had thrown a quick glance around--and that one glance was all-sufficient4 ,i saw our exact position in an instant4 ,the ,moskoe-strm whirlpool was about a quarter of a mile dead ahead--but no more like the everyday ,moskoe-strm1 than the whirl as you now see it is like a mill-race4 ,if ,i had not known where we were1 and what we had to expect1 ,i should not have recognized the place at all4 ,as it was1 ,i involuntarily closed my eyes in horror4 ,the lids clenched themselves together as if in a spasm4 ,it could not have been more than two minutes afterwards until we suddenly felt the waves subside1 and were enveloped in foam4 ,the boat made a sharp half turn to larboard1 and then shot off in its new direction like a thunderbolt4 ,at the same moment the roaring noise of the water was completely drowned in a kind of shrill shriek--such a sound as you might imagine given out by the waterpipes of many thousand steam vessels1 letting off their steam all together4 ,we were now in the belt of surf that always surrounds the whirl2 and ,i thought1 of course1 that another moment would plunge us into the abyss--down which we could only see indistinctly on account of the amazing velocity with which we were borne along4 ,the boat did not seem to sink into the water at all1 but to skim like an air-bubble upon the surface of the surge4 ,her starboard side was next the whirl1 and on the larboard arose the world of ocean we had left4 ,it stood like a huge writhing wall between us and the horizon4 ,it may appear strange1 but now1 when we were in the very jaws of the gulf1 ,i felt more composed than when we were only approaching it4 ,having made up my mind to hope no more1 ,i got rid of a great deal of that terror which unmanned me at first4 ,i suppose it was despair that strung my nerves4 ,it may look like boasting--but what ,i tell you is truth--,i began to reflect how magnificent a thing it was to die in such a manner1 and how foolish it was in me to think of so paltry a consideration as my own individual life1 in view of so wonderful a manifestation of ,god's power4 ,i do believe that ,i blushed with shame when this idea crossed my mind4 ,after a little while ,i became possessed with the keenest curiosity about the whirl itself4 ,i positively felt a wish to explore its depths1 even at the sacrifice ,i was going to make2 and my principal grief was that ,i should never be able to tell my old companions on shore about the mysteries ,i should see4 ,these1 no doubt1 were singular fancies to occupy a man's mind in such extremity--and ,i have often thought since1 that the revolutions of the boat around the pool might have rendered me a little light-headed4 ,there was another circumstance which tended to restore my self-possession2 and this was the cessation of the wind1 which could not reach us in our present situation--for1 as you saw yourself1 the belt of surf is considerably lower than the general bed of the ocean1 and this latter now towered above us1 a high1 black1 mountainous ridge4 ,if you have never been at sea in a heavy gale1 you can form no idea of the confusion of mind occasioned by the wind and spray together4 ,they blind1 deafen1 and strangle you1 and take away all power of action or reflection4 ,but we were now1 in a great measure1 rid of these annoyances--just as death-condemned felons in prisons are allowed petty indulgences1 forbidden them while their doom is yet uncertain4 ,how often we made the circuit of the belt it is impossible to say4 ,we careered round and round for perhaps an hour1 flying rather than floating1 getting gradually more and more into the middle of the surge1 and then nearer and nearer to its horrible inner edge4 ,all this time ,i had never let go of the ringbolt4 ,my brother was at the stern1 holding on to a small empty water-cask which had been securely lashed under the coop of the counter1 and was the only thing on deck that had not been swept overboard when the gale first took us4 ,as we approached the brink of the pit he let go his hold upon this1 and made for the ring1 from which1 in the agony of his terror1 he endeavored to force my hands1 as it was not large enough to afford us both a secure grasp4 ,i never felt deeper grief than when ,i saw him attempt this act--although ,i knew he was a madman when he did it--a raving maniac through sheer fright4 ,i did not care1 however1 to contest the point with him4 ,i knew it could make no difference whether either of us held on at all2 so ,i let him have the bolt1 and went astern to the cask4 ,this there was no great difficulty in doing2 for the smack flew round steadily enough1 and upon an even keel--only swaying to and fro1 with the immense sweeps and swelters of the whirl4 ,scarcely had ,i secured myself in my new position1 when we gave a wild lurch to starboard1 and rushed headlong into the abyss4 ,i muttered a hurried prayer to ,god1 and thought all was over4 ,as ,i felt the sickening sweep of the descent1 ,i had instinctively tightened my hold upon the barrel1 and closed my eyes4 ,for some seconds ,i dared not open them--while ,i expected instant destruction1 and wondered that ,i was not already in my death-struggles with the water4 ,but moment after moment elapsed4 ,i still lived4 ,the sense of falling had ceased2 and the motion of the vessel seemed much as it had been before1 while in the belt of foam1 with the exception that she now lay more along4 ,i took courage and looked once again upon the scene4 ,never shall ,i forget the sensations of awe1 horror1 and admiration with which ,i gazed about me4 ,the boat appeared to be hanging1 as if by magic1 midway down1 upon the interior surface of a funnel vast in circumference1 prodigious in depth1 and whose perfectly smooth sides might have been mistaken for ebony1 but for the bewildering rapidity with which they spun around1 and for the gleaming and ghastly radiance they shot forth1 as the rays of the full moon1 from that circular rift amid the clouds which ,i have already described1 streamed in a flood of golden glory along the black walls1 and far away down into the inmost recesses of the abyss4 ,at first ,i was too much confused to observe anything accurately4 ,the general burst of terrific grandeur was all that ,i beheld4 ,when ,i recovered myself a little1 however1 my gaze fell instinctively downward4 ,in this direction ,i was able to obtain an unobstructed view1 from the manner in which the smack hung on the inclined surface of the pool4 ,she was quite upon an even keel--that is to say1 her deck lay in a plane parallel with that of the water--but this latter sloped at an angle of more than forty-five degrees1 so that we seemed to be lying upon our beam-ends4 ,i could not help observing1 nevertheless1 that ,i had scarcely more difficulty in maintaining my hold and footing in this situation1 than if we had been upon a dead level2 and this1 ,i suppose1 was owing to the speed at which we revolved4 ,the rays of the moon seemed to search the very bottom of the profound gulf2 but still ,i could make out nothing distinctly1 on account of a thick mist in which everything there was enveloped1 and over which there hung a magnificent rainbow1 like that narrow and tottering bridge which ,mussulmans say is the only pathway between ,time and ,eternity4 ,this mist1 or spray1 was no doubt occasioned by the clashing of the great walls of the funnel1 as they all met together at the bottom--but the yell that went up to the heavens from out of that mist1 ,i dare not attempt to describe4 ,our first slide into the abyss itself1 from the belt of foam above1 had carried us to a great distance down the slope2 but our farther descent was by no means proportionate4 ,round and round we swept--not with any uniform movement1 but in dizzying swings and jerks1 that sent us sometimes only a few hundred yards--sometimes nearly the complete circuit of the whirl4 ,our progress downward1 at each revolution1 was slow1 but very perceptible4 ,looking about me upon the wide waste of liquid ebony on which we were thus borne1 ,i perceived that our boat was not the only object in the embrace of the whirl4 ,both above and below us were visible fragments of vessels1 large masses of building timber and trunks of trees1 with many smaller articles1 such as pieces of house furniture1 broken boxes1 barrels1 and staves4 ,i have already described the unnatural curiosity which had taken the place of my original terrors4 ,it appeared to grow upon me as ,i drew nearer and nearer to my dreadful doom4 ,i now began to watch1 with a strange interest1 the numerous things that floated in our company4 ,i must have been delirious--for ,i even sought amusement in speculating upon the relative velocities of their several descents toward the foam below4 ',this fir tree1' ,i found myself at one time saying1 'will certainly be the next thing that takes the awful plunge and disappears1'--and then ,i was disappointed to find that the wreck of a ,dutch merchant ship overtook it and went down before4 ,at length1 after making several guesses of this nature1 and being deceived in all--this fact--the fact of my invariable miscalculation1 set me upon a train of reflection that made my limbs again tremble1 and my heart beat heavily once more4 ,it was not a new terror that thus affected me1 but the dawn of a more exciting hope4 ,this hope arose partly from memory1 and partly from present observation4 ,i called to mind the great variety of buoyant matter that strewed the coast of ,lofoden1 having been absorbed and then thrown forth by the ,moskoe-strm4 ,by far the greater number of the articles were shattered in the most extraordinary way--so chafed and roughened as to have the appearance of being stuck full of splinters--but then ,i distinctly recollected that there were some of them which were not disfigured at all4 ,now ,i could not account for this difference except by supposing that the roughened fragments were the only ones which had been completely absorbed--that the others had entered the whirl at so late a period of the tide1 or1 from some reason1 had descended so slowly after entering1 that they did not reach the bottom before the turn of the flood came1 or of the ebb1 as the case might be4 ,i conceived it possible1 in either instance1 that they might thus be whirled up again to the level of the ocean1 without undergoing the fate of those which had been drawn in more early or absorbed more rapidly4 ,i made1 also1 three important observations4 ,the first was1 that as a general rule1 the larger the bodies were1 the more rapid their descent2 the second1 that1 between two masses of equal extent1 the one spherical1 and the other of any other shape1 the superiority in speed of descent was with the sphere2 the third1 that1 between two masses of equal size1 the one cylindrical1 and the other of any other shape1 the cylinder was absorbed the more slowly4 ,since my escape1 ,i have had several conversations on this subject with an old schoolmaster of the district2 and it was from him that ,i learned the use of the words 'cylinder' and 'sphere4' ,he explained to me--although ,i have forgotten the explanation--how what ,i observed was1 in fact1 the natural consequence of the forms of the floating fragments1 and showed me how it happened that a cylinder1 swimming in a vortex1 offered more resistance to its suction1 and was drawn in with greater difficulty1 than an equally bulky body1 of any form whatever4 ,there was one startling circumstance which went a great way in enforcing these observations1 and rendering me anxious to turn them to account1 and this was that1 at every revolution1 we passed something like a barrel1 or else the yard or the mast of a vessel1 while many of these things1 which had been on our level when ,i first opened my eyes upon the wonders of the whirlpool1 were now high up above us1 and seemed to have moved but little from their original station4 ,i no longer hesitated what to do4 ,i resolved to lash myself securely to the water-cask upon which ,i now held1 to cut it loose from the counter1 and to throw myself with it into the water4 ,i attracted my brother's attention by signs1 pointed to the floating barrels that came near us1 and did everything in my power to make him understand what ,i was about to do4 ,i thought at length that he comprehended my design--but1 whether this was the case or not1 he shook his head despairingly1 and refused to move from his station by the ringbolt4 ,it was impossible to reach him2 the emergency admitted of no delay2 and so1 with a bitter struggle1 ,i resigned him to his fate1 fastened myself to the cask by means of the lashings which secured it to the counter1 and precipitated myself with it into the sea1 without another moment's hesitation4 ,the result was precisely what ,i had hoped it might be4 ,as it is myself who now tell you this tale--as you see that ,i did escape--and as you are already in possession of the mode in which this escape was effected1 and must therefore anticipate all that ,i have farther to say-,i will bring my story quickly to conclusion4 ,it might have been an hour1 or thereabout1 after my quitting the smack1 when1 having descended to a vast distance beneath me1 it made three or four wild gyrations in rapid succession1 and1 bearing my loved brother with it1 plunged headlong1 at once and forever1 into the chaos of foam below4 ,the barrel to which ,i was attached sunk very little farther than half the distance between the bottom of the gulf and the spot at which ,i leaped overboard1 before a great change took place in the character of the whirlpool4 ,the slope of the sides of the vast funnel became momently less and less steep4 ,the gyrations of the whirl grew1 gradually1 less and less violent4 ,by degrees1 the froth and the rainbow disappeared1 and the bottom of the gulf seemed slowly to uprise4 ,the sky was clear1 the winds had gone down1 and the full moon was setting radiantly in the west1 when ,i found myself on the surface of the ocean1 in full view of the shores of ,lofoden1 and above the spot where the pool of the ,moskoe-strm had been4 ,it was the hour of the slack1 but the sea still heaved in mountainous waves from the effects of the hurricane4 ,i was borne violently into the channel of the ,strm1 and in a few minutes was hurried down the coast into the 'grounds' of the fishermen4 ,a boat picked me up--exhausted from fatigue--and 7now that the danger was removed7 speechless from the memory of its horror4 ,those who drew me on board were my old mates and daily companions1 but they knew me no more than they would have known a traveler from the spirit-land4 ,my hair1 which had been raven-black the day before1 was as white as you see it now4 ,they say1 too1 that the whole expression of my countenance had changed4 ,i told them my story--they did not believe it4 ,i now tell it to you--and ,i can scarcely expect you to put more faith in it than did the merry fishermen of ,lofoden4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,locate the scene of this story on your map4 ,how does the hero account for his apparent age8 ,what do you learn from ,jonas ,ramus's description of the whirlpool8 ,how does the ,encyclopedia ,britannica account for the vortex8 ,what was the theory of ,kircher8 ,briefly relate in your own words the hero's story of his experience in the ,maelstrm4 ,what tempted him into the whirlpool8 ,account for his miscalculation as to the time of the slack4 ,what three observations did the hero make8 ,how did he make his escape8 ,from this story what do you think of ,poe's powers of imagination and description8 ,what other authors have you read that have similar powers8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 circumstantial bleak-looking double-reefed gyrating prodigious impetuosity promontory encompassed inevitably deplorably desolate gleaming spray boisterous rapidity fruitless struggles desperate speculation terrific grandeur frenzied convulsions precipitous descents sufficiently plausible belt of foam collision of waves flood of golden glory wild waste of liquid ebony chaos of foam the gyrations of the whirl 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,raven ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe ,once upon a midnight dreary1 while ,i pondered1 weak and weary1 ,over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore1-- ,while ,i nodded1 nearly napping1 suddenly there came a tapping1 ,as of some one gently rapping1 rapping at my chamber door4 ',tis some visitor1 ,i muttered1 tapping at my chamber door3 ,only this and nothing more4 ,ah1 distinctly ,i remember it was in the bleak ,december1 ,and each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor4 ,eagerly ,i wished the morrow2--vainly ,i had sought to borrow ,from my books surcease of sorrow--sorrow for the lost ,lenore1 ,for the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name ,lenore3 ,nameless here for evermore4 ,and the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain ,thrilled me--filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before2 ,so that now1 to still the beating of my heart1 ,i stood repeating ',tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door1 ,some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door3 ,this it is and nothing more4 ,presently my soul grew stronger2 hesitating then no longer1 ,sir1 said ,i1 or ,madam1 truly your forgiveness ,i implore2 ,but the fact is ,i was napping1 and so gently you came rapping1 ,and so faintly you came tapping1 tapping at my chamber door1 ,that ,i scarce was sure ,i heard you--here ,i opened wide the door3-- ,darkness there and nothing more4 ,deep into that darkness peering1 long ,i stood there wondering1 fearing1 ,doubting1 dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before2 ,but the silence was unbroken1 and the stillness gave no token1 ,and the only word there spoken was the whispered word1 ,lenore8 ,this ,i whispered1 and an echo murmured back the word1 ,lenore3 ,merely this and nothing more4 ,back into the chamber turning1 all my soul within me burning1 ,soon again ,i heard a tapping somewhat louder than before4 ,surely1 said ,i1 surely that is something at my window lattice2 ,let me see1 then1 what thereat is1 and this mystery explore2 ,let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore3 ',tis the wind and nothing more4 ,open here ,i flung the shutter1 when1 with many a flirt and flutter1 ,in there stepped a stately ,raven of the saintly days of yore4 ,not the least obeisance made he2 not a minute stopped or stayed he2 ,but1 with mien of lord or lady1 perched above my chamber door1 ,perched upon a bust of ,pallas just above my chamber door3 ,perched1 and sat1 and nothing more4 ,then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling ,by the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore1-- ,though thy crest be shorn and shaven1 thou1 ,i said1 art sure no craven1 ,ghastly grim and ancient ,raven wandering from the ,nightly shore3 ,tell me what thy lordly name is on the ,night's ,plutonian shore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,much ,i marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly1 ,though its answer little meaning--little relevancy bore2 ,for we cannot help agreeing that no living human being ,ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door1 ,bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door1 ,with such name as ,nevermore4 ,but the ,raven1 sitting lonely on the placid bust1 spoke only ,that one word1 as if his soul in that one word he did outpour1 ,nothing further then he uttered1 not a feather then he fluttered1 ,till ,i scarcely more than muttered1--,other friends have flown before2 ,on the morrow he will leave me1 as my ,hopes have flown before4 ,then the bird said1 ,nevermore4 ,startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken1 ,doubtless1 said ,i1 what it utters is its only stock and store1 ,caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful ,disaster ,followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore3 ,till the dirges of his ,hope that melancholy burden bore ,of ',never--nevermore4' ,but the ,raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling1 ,straight ,i wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and bust and door2 ,then1 upon the velvet sinking1 ,i betook myself to linking ,fancy unto fancy1 thinking what this ominous bird of 'yore1 ,what this grim1 ungainly1 ghastly1 gaunt1 and ominous bird of yore ,meant in croaking ,nevermore4 ,this ,i sat engaged in guessing1 but no syllable expressing ,to the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core2 ,this and more ,i sat divining1 with my head at ease reclining ,on the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er1 ,but whose velvet violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er ,she shall press1' ah1 nevermore6 ,then1 methought1 the air grew denser1 perfumed from an unseen censer ,swung by seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor4 ,wretch1 ,i cried1 thy ,god hath lent thee by these angels he hath sent thee ,respite--respite and nepenthe from thy memories of ,lenore6 ,quaff1 oh1 quaff this kind nepenthe1 and forget this lost ,lenore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,prophet6 said ,i1 thing of evil6 prophet still1 if bird or devil6 ,whether ,tempter sent1 or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore1 ,desolate yet all undaunted1 on this desert land enchanted ,on this home by ,horror haunted--tell me truly1 ,i implore3 ,is there1 is there balm in ,gilead8--tell me--tell me1 ,i implore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,prophet6 said ,i1 thing of evil6 prophet still1 if bird or devil6 ,by that ,heaven that bends above us1 by that ,god we both adore1 ,tell this soul with sorrow laden if1 within the distant ,aidenn1 ,it shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name ,lenore3 ,clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name ,lenore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,be that word our sign of parting1 bird or fiend6 ,i shrieked1 upstarting3 ,get thee back into the tempest and the ,night's ,plutonian shore6 ,leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken6 ,leave my loneliness unbroken6 quit the bust above my door6 ,take thy beak from out my heart1 and take thy form from off my door6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,and the ,raven1 never flitting1 still is sitting1 still is sitting ,on the pallid bust of ,pallas just above my chamber door2 ,and his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming1 ,and the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor3 ,and my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor ,shall be lifted--nevermore6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what is the theme of this poem8 ,what gives it its musical quality8 ,mention parts that you think are especially beautiful4 ,find examples of alliteration4 ,what does the refrain add to this poem8 ,what is the meaning of ,night's ,plutonian shore8 ,of what is the raven a symbol8 ,why does the poet call the bust of ,pallas pallid8 ,what is the significance of the last stanza8 ,from this poem1 in what would you say ,poe's poetry excels8 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ghost surcease entreating obeisance craven ominous censer seraphim nepenthe dying ember fantastic terrors saintly days tufted floor pallid bust radiant maiden dirges of his ,hope bird of yore balm in ,gilead 99 99 99 99 99 ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow ,in ,the ,courtship of ,miles ,standish ,longfellow has made us acquainted with his ancestors1 ,john ,alden and ,priscilla ,mullens1 passengers of the ,mayflower4 ,of such ancestry ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow was born in ,portland1 ,maine1 ,february #bg1 #ahjg4 ,his birthplace was at that time a beautiful and busy town1 a forest city with miles of sea beach and a port where merchant vessels from the ,west ,indies exchanged sugar and rum for the products of the forest and the fisheries of ,maine4 ,we are told that he was a boy true1 high-minded and noble2 active1 eager1 often impatient2 handsome in appearance and the sunlight of the home4 ,his conduct at school was very correct and amiable--he read much and was always studious and thoughtful4 ,the first book which fascinated his imagination was ,irving's ,sketch-,book4 ,indeed there is a resemblance between the gentle ,irving and the gentle ,longfellow which is expressed in the prose of one and the poetry of the other4 ,longfellow's education was obtained in ,portland and at ,bowdoin ,college1 ,brunswick1 ,maine1 where he had for classmates several youths who afterward became famous1 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott1 and ,franklin ,pierce4 ,upon ,longfellow's graduation1 the trustees of the college1 having decided to establish a chair of modern languages1 proposed that this young graduate1 of scholarly and literary tastes1 should fit himself for this position4 ,three years1 therefore1 he spent in delightful study and travel in ,france1 ,spain1 ,italy1 and ,germany4 ,here was laid the foundation for his scholarship1 and1 as in ,irving on his first ,european trip1 there was kindled that passion for romantic lore which followed him through life and which gave color and direction to much of his work4 ,he mastered the language of each country visited in a remarkably short time1 and many of the choicer poems found in these languages he has given to us in the ,english4 ,after five years at ,bowdoin1 ,longfellow was invited in #ahcd to the chair of modern languages in ,harvard ,college4 ,again he was given an opportunity to prepare himself by a year of study abroad4 ,in #ahcf he began his active work at ,harvard and took up his residence in the historic ,craigie ,house1 overlooking the ,charles ,river--a house in which ,washington had been quartered for some months when he came to ,cambridge in #agge to take command of the ,continental forces4 ,longfellow was thenceforth one of the most prominent members of that group of men including ,sumner1 ,hawthorne1 ,agassiz1 ,lowell1 and ,holmes1 who gave distinction to the ,boston and ,cambridge of earlier days4 ,for twenty years ,longfellow filled the professorship of modern languages at ,harvard and was one of the best beloved instructors at the university4 ,he resigned that he might devote himself to writing and was succeeded at ,harvard by ,james ,russell ,lowell4 ,though ,longfellow wrote in prose and is the author of many shorter poems1 his reputation is mainly based upon his longer poems4 ,longfellow was a great admirer of the ,german poet1 ,goethe1 to whose ,hermann and ,dorothea we are indebted for much of the form and no doubt some of the story of ,evangeline4 ,the story of ,acadie was told first to ,hawthorne by a friend of both authors2 but the tale was hardly dark enough to suit the fancy of ,hawthorne1 whereas to ,longfellow it seemed to have in it precisely those elements of faith and devotion that make the widest appeal4 ,in a collection of poems published in #ahej appeared the poem of ,longfellow's highest patriotic reach1 the allegory of ,the ,building of the ,ship4 ,a friend of ,lincoln recited this poem to him1 and when the lines of its closing apostrophe to the ship of state were reached1 with tears in his eyes the president said1 ,it is a great gift to be able to stir men like that4 ,in his poem1 ,hiawatha1 ,longfellow chose the metre of the ,finnish epic ,kalevala1 which is peculiarly suited to the tales of primitive people4 ,the worthiest and most picturesque traditions of the ,american ,indian are woven into a connected story whose charm is greatly heightened by the novel melody of the verse4 ,in #ahfa the happiness of ,longfellow's home life was broken by the death of his wife1 who was fatally burned4 ,he turned from this sorrow and the anxieties of the ,civil ,war to the more mechanical work of writing tales and making translations4 ,the ,tales of a ,wayside ,inn appeared in #ahfc1 and seven years later he published his translation of ,dante's ,divine ,comedy4 ,on ,longfellow's seventy-second birthday the children of ,cambridge presented him with a chair made from the wood of the ,village ,blacksmith's chestnut tree4 ,he died ,march #bd1 #ahhb1 aged seventy-five4 ,in #ahhd a bust of him was placed in the ,poets' ,corner of ,westminster ,abbey--,england's gracious tribute to the renown of ,america's best loved poet4 ,,evangeline3 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,acadie ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow ,,prelude ,this is the forest primeval4 ,the murmuring pines and the hemlocks1 ,bearded with moss1 and in garments green1 indistinct in the twilight1 ,stand like ,druids of eld1 with voices sad and prophetic1 ,stand like harpers hoar1 with beards that rest on their bosoms4 ,loud from its rocky caverns1 the deep-voiced neighboring ocean ,speaks1 and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest4 ,this is the forest primeval2 but where are the hearts that beneath it ,leaped like the roe1 when he hears in the woodland the voice of the huntsman8 ,where is the thatch-roofed village1 the home of ,acadian farmers1-- ,men whose lives glided on like rivers that water the woodlands1 ,darkened by shadows of earth1 but reflecting an image of heaven8 ,waste are those pleasant farms1 and the farmers forever departed6 ,scattered like dust and leaves1 when the mighty blasts of ,october ,seize them1 and whirl them aloft1 and sprinkle them far o'er the ocean4 ,naught but tradition remains of the beautiful village of ,grand-,pr4 ,ye who believe in affection that hopes1 and endures1 and is patient1 ,ye who believe in the beauty and strength of woman's devotion1 ,list to the mournful tradition still sung by the pines of the forest2 ,list to a ,tale of ,love in ,acadie1 home of the happy4 ,,part ,,the ,,first4 ,i4 ,in the ,acadian land1 on the shores of the ,basin of ,minas1 ,distant1 secluded1 still1 the little village of ,grand-,pr ,lay in the fruitful valley4 ,vast meadows stretched to the eastward1 ,giving the village its name1 and pasture to flocks without number4 ,dikes1 that the hands of the farmers had raised with labor incessant1 ,shut out the turbulent tides2 but at stated seasons the floodgates ,opened and welcomed the sea to wander at will o'er the meadows4 ,west and south there were fields of flax1 and orchards and cornfields ,spreading afar and unfenced o'er the plain2 and away to the northward ,blomidon rose1 and the forests old1 and aloft on the mountains ,sea-fogs pitched their tents1 and mists from the mighty ,atlantic ,looked on the happy valley1 but ne'er from their station descended4 ,there1 in the midst of its farms1 reposed the ,acadian village4 ,strongly built were the houses1 with frames of oak and of chestnut1 ,such as the peasants of ,normandy built in the reign of the ,henries4 ,thatched were the roofs1 with dormer-windows2 and gables projecting ,over the basement below protected and shaded the doorway4 ,there in the tranquil evenings of summer1 when brightly the sunset ,lighted the village street1 and gilded the vanes on the chimneys1 ,matrons and maidens sat in snow-white caps and in kirtles ,scarlet and blue and green1 with distaffs spinning the golden ,flax for the gossiping looms1 whose noisy shuttles within doors ,mingled their sound with the whir of the wheels and the songs of the maidens4 ,solemnly down the street came the parish priest1 and the children ,paused in their play to kiss the hand he extended to bless them4 ,reverend walked he among them2 and up rose matrons and maidens1 ,hailing his slow approach with words of affectionate welcome4 ,then came the laborers home from the field1 and serenely the sun sank ,down to his rest1 and twilight prevailed4 ,anon from the belfry ,softly the ,angelus sounded1 and over the roofs of the village ,columns of pale blue smoke1 like clouds of incense ascending1 ,rose from a hundred hearths1 the homes of peace and contentment4 ,thus dwelt together in love these simple ,acadian farmers1-- ,dwelt in the love of ,god and of man4 ,alike were they free from ,fear1 that reigns with the tyrant1 and envy1 the vice of republics4 ,neither locks had they to their doors1 nor1 bars to their windows2 ,but their dwellings were open as day and the hearts of the owners2 ,there the richest was poor1 and the poorest lived in abundance4 ,somewhat apart from the village1 and nearer the ,basin of ,minas1 ,benedict ,bellefontaine1 the wealthiest farmer of ,grand-,pr1 ,dwelt on his goodly acres2 and with him1 directing his household1 ,gentle ,evangeline lived1 his child1 and the pride of the village4 ,stalworth and stately in form was the man of seventy winters2 ,hearty and hale was he1 an oak that is covered with snow-flakes2 ,white as the snow were his locks1 and his cheeks as brown as the oak-leaves4 ,fair was she to behold1 that maiden of seventeen summers2 ,black were her eyes as the berry that grows on the thorn by the wayside1 ,black1 yet how softly they gleamed beneath the brown shade of her tresses6 ,sweet was her breath as the breath of kine that feed in the meadows4 ,when in the harvest heat she bore to the reapers at noontide ,flagons of home-brewed ale1 ah6 fair in sooth was the maiden4 ,fairer was she when1 on ,sunday morn1 while the bell from its turret ,sprinkled with holy sounds the air1 as the priest with his hyssop ,sprinkles the congregation1 and scatters blessings upon them1 ,down the long street she passed1 with her chaplet of beads and her missal1 ,wearing her ,norman cap and her kirtle of blue1 and the ear-rings ,brought in the olden time from ,france1 and since1 as an heir-loom1 ,handed down from mother to child1 through long generations4 ,but a celestial brightness--a more ethereal beauty-- ,shone on her face and encircled her form1 when1 after confession1 ,homeward serenely she walked with ,god's benediction upon her4 ,when she had passed1 it seemed like the ceasing of exquisite music4 ,firmly builded with rafters of oak1 the house of the farmer ,stood on the side of a hill commanding the sea2 and a shady ,sycamore grew by the door1 with a woodbine wreathing around it4 ,rudely carved was the porch1 with seats beneath2 and a footpath ,led through an orchard wide1 and disappeared in the meadow4 ,under the sycamore-tree were hives overhung by a penthouse1 ,such as the traveler sees in regions remote by the roadside1 ,built o'er a box for the poor1 or the blessed image of ,mary4 ,farther down1 on the slope of the hill1 was the well with its moss-grown ,bucket1 fastened with iron1 and near it a trough for the horses4 ,shielding the house from storms1 on the north1 were the barns and the farm-yard2 ,there stood the broad-wheeled wains and the antique ploughs and the harrows2 ,there were the folds for the sheep2 and there1 in his feathered seraglio1 ,strutted the lordly turkey1 and crowed the cock1 with the self-same ,voice that in ages of old had startled the penitent ,peter4 ,bursting with hay were the barns1 themselves a village4 ,in each one ,far o'er the gable projected a roof of thatch2 and a staircase1 ,under the sheltering eaves1 led up to the odorous cornloft4 ,there too the dove-cot stood1 with its meek and innocent inmates ,murmuring ever of love2 while above in the variant breezes ,numberless noisy weathercocks rattled and sang of mutation4 ,thus1 at peace with ,god and the world1 the farmer of ,grand-,pr ,lived on his sunny farm1 and ,evangeline governed his house-hold4 ,many a youth1 as he knelt in the church and opened his missal1 ,fixed his eyes upon her as the saint of his deepest devotion2 ,happy was he who might touch her hand or the hem of her garment6 ,many a suitor came to her door1 by the darkness befriended1 ,and1 as he knocked and waited to hear the sound of her foot-steps1 ,knew not which beat the louder1 his heart or the knocker of iron2 ,or1 at the joyous feast of the ,patron ,saint of the village1 ,bolder grew1 and pressed her hand in the dance as he whispered ,hurried words of love1 that seemed a part of the music4 ,but among all who came young ,gabriel only was welcome2 ,gabriel ,lajeunesse1 the son of ,basil the blacksmith1 ,who was a mighty man in the village1 and honored of all men2 ,for since the birth of time1 throughout all ages and nations1 ,has the craft of the smith been held in repute by the people4 ,basil was ,benedict's friend--,their children from earliest child-hood ,grew up together as brother and sister2 and ,father ,felician1 ,priest and pedagogue both in the village1 had taught them their letters ,out of the selfsame book1 with the hymns of the church and the plain-song4 ,but when the hymn was sung1 and the daily lesson completed1 ,swiftly they hurried away to the forge of ,basil the blacksmith4 ,there at the door they stood1 with wondering eyes to behold him ,take in his leathern lap the hoof of the horse as a plaything1 ,nailing the shoe in its place2 while near him the tire of the cartwheel ,lay like a fiery snake1 coiled round in a circle of cinders4 ,oft on autumnal eyes1 when without in the gathering darkness ,bursting with light seemed the smithy1 through every cranny and crevice1 ,warm by the forge within they watched the laboring bellows1 ,and as its panting ceased1 and the sparks expired in the ashes1 ,merrily laughed1 and said they were nuns going into the chapel4 ,oft on sledges in winter1 as swift as the swoop of the eagle1 ,down the hillside bounding1 they glided away o'er the meadow4 ,oft in the barns they climbed to the populous nests on the rafters1 ,seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone1 which the swallow ,brings from the shore of the sea to restore the sight of its fledglings2 ,lucky was he who found that stone in the nest of the swallow6 ,thus passed a few swift years1 and they no longer were children4 ,he was a valiant youth1 and his face1 like the face of the morning1 ,gladdened the earth with its light1 and ripened thought into action4 ,she was a woman now1 with the heart and hopes of a woman4 ,sunshine of ,saint ,eulalie was she called2 for that was the sunshine ,which1 as the farmers believed1 would load their orchards with apples2 ,she too would bring to her husband's house delight and abundance1 ,filling it full of love and the ruddy faces of children4 ,,ii4 ,now had the season returned1 when the nights grow colder and longer1 ,and the retreating sun the sign of the ,scorpion enters4 ,birds of passage sailed through the leaden air1 from the icebound1 ,desolate northern bays to the shores of tropical islands4 ,harvests were gathered in2 and wild with the winds of ,september ,wrestled the trees of the forest1 as ,jacob of old with the angel4 ,all the signs foretold a winter long and inclement4 ,bees1 with prophetic instinct of want1 had hoarded their honey ,till the hives overflowed2 and the ,indian hunters asserted ,cold would the winter be1 for thick was the fur of the foxes4 ,such was the advent of autumn4 ,then followed that beautiful season1 ,called by the pious ,acadian peasants the ,summer of ,all-,saints6 ,filled was the air with a dreamy and magical light2 and the landscape ,lay as if new-created in all the freshness of childhood4 ,peace seemed to reign upon earth1 and the restless heart of the ocean ,was for a moment consoled4 ,all sounds were in harmony blended4 ,voices of children at play1 the crowing of cocks in the farmyards1 ,whir of wings in the drowsy air1 and the cooing of pigeons1 ,all were subdued and low as the murmurs of love1 and the great sun ,looked with the eye of love through the golden vapors around him2 ,while arrayed in its robes of russet and scarlet and yellow1 ,bright with the sheen of the dew1 each glittering tree of the forest ,flashed like the plane-tree the ,persian adorned with mantles and jewels4 ,now recommenced the reign of rest and affection and stillness4 ,day with its burden and heat had departed1 and twilight descending ,brought back the evening star to the sky1 and the herds to the homestead4 ,pawing the ground they came1 and resting their necks on each other1 ,and with their nostrils distended inhaling the freshness of evening4 ,foremost1 bearing the bell1 ,evangeline's beautiful heifer1 ,proud of her snow-white hide1 and the ribbon that waved from her collar1 ,quietly paced and slow1 as if conscious of human affection4 ,then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from the seaside1 ,where was their favorite pasture4 ,behind them followed the watch-dog1 ,patient1 full of importance1 and grand in the pride of his instinct1 ,walking from side to side with a lordly air1 and superbly ,waving his bushy tail1 and urging forward the stragglers2 ,regent of flocks was he when the shepherd slept2 their protector1 ,when from the forest at night1 through the starry silence1 the wolves howled4 ,late1 with the rising moon1 returned the wains from the marshes1 ,laden with briny hay1 that filled the air with its odor4 ,cheerily neighed the steeds1 with dew on their manes and their fetlocks1 ,while aloft on their shoulders the wooden and ponderous saddles1 ,painted with brilliant dyes1 and adorned with tassels of crimson ,nodded in bright array1 like hollyhocks heavy with blossoms4 ,patiently stood the cows meanwhile1 and yielded their udders ,unto the milkmaid's hand2 whilst loud and in regular cadence ,into the sounding pails the foaming streamlets descended4 ,lowing of cattle and peals of laughter were heard in the farmyard1 ,echoed back by the barns4 ,anon they sank into stillness2 ,heavily closed1 with a jarring sound1 the valves of the barn doors1 ,battled the wooden bars1 and all for a season was silent4 ,in-doors1 warm by the wide-mouthed fireplace1 idly the farmer ,sat in his elbow-chair1 and watched how the flames and the smoke-wreaths ,struggled together like foes in a burning city4 ,behind him1 ,nodding and mocking along the wall with gestures fantastic1 ,darted his own huge shadow1 and vanished away into darkness4 ,faces1 clumsily carved in oak1 on the back of his arm-chair ,laughed in the nickering light1 and the pewter plates on the dresser ,caught and reflected the flame1 as shields of armies the sunshine4 ,fragments of song the old man sang1 and carols of ,christmas1 ,such as at home1 in the olden time1 his fathers before him ,sang in their ,norman orchards and bright ,burgundian vineyards4 ,close at her father's side was the gentle ,evangeline seated1 ,spinning flax for the loom that stood in the corner behind her4 ,silent awhile were its treadles1 at rest was its diligent shuttle1 ,while the monotonous drone of the wheel1 like the drone of a bagpipe1 ,followed the old man's song1 and united the fragments together4 ,as in a church1 when the chant of the choir at intervals ceases1 ,footfalls are heard in the aisles1 or words of the priest at the altar1 ,so1 in each pause of the song1 with measured motion the clock clicked4 ,thus as they sat1 there were footsteps heard1 and1 suddenly lifted1 ,sounded the wooden latch1 and the door swung back on its hinges4 ,benedict knew by the hob-nailed shoes it was ,basil the blacksmith1 ,and by her beating heart ,evangeline knew who was with him4 ,welcome6 the farmer exclaimed1 as their footsteps paused on the threshold1 ,welcome1 ,basil1 my friend6 ,come1 take thy place on the settle ,close by the chimney-side1 which is always empty without thee2 ,take from the shelf overhead thy pipe and the box of tobacco2 ,never so much thyself art thou as when1 through the curling ,smoke of the pipe or the forge1 thy friendly and jovial face gleams ,round and red as the harvest moon through the mist of the marshes4 ,then1 with a smile of content1 thus answered ,basil the blacksmith1 ,taking with easy air the accustomed seat by the fireside3-- ,benedict ,bellefontaine1 thou hast ever thy jest and thy ballad6 ,ever in cheerfullest mood art thou1 when others are filled with ,gloomy forebodings of ill1 and see only ruin before them4 ,happy art thou1 as if every day thou hadst packed up a horseshoe4 ,pausing a moment1 to take the pipe that ,evangeline brought him1 ,and with a coal from the embers had lighted1 he slowly continued3-- ,four days now are passed since the ,english ships at their anchors ,ride in the ,gaspereau's mouth1 with their cannon pointed against us4 ,what their design may be is unknown2 but all are commanded ,on the morrow to meet in the church1 where his ,majesty's mandate ,will be proclaimed as law in the land4 ,alas6 in the meantime ,many surmises of evil alarm the hearts of the people4 ,then made answer the farmer3--,perhaps some friendlier purpose ,brings these ships to our shores4 ,perhaps the harvests in ,england ,by the untimely rains or untimelier heat have been blighted1 ,and from our bursting barns they would feed their cattle and children4 ,not so thinketh the folk in the village1 said warmly the blacksmith1 ,shaking his head as in doubt2 then1 heaving a sigh1 he continued3-- ,louisburg is not forgotten1 nor ,beau ,sjour1 nor ,port ,royal4 ,many already have fled to the forest1 and lurk on its outskirts1 ,waiting with anxious hearts the dubious fate of tomorrow4 ,arms have been taken from us1 and warlike weapons of all kinds2 ,nothing is left but the blacksmith's sledge and the scythe of the mower4 ,then with a pleasant smile made answer the jovial farmer3-- ,safer are we unarmed1 in the midst of our flocks and our cornfields1 ,safer within these peaceful dikes besieged by the ocean1 ,than were our fathers in forts1 besieged by the enemy's cannon4 ,fear no evil1 my friend1 and tonight may no shadow of sorrow ,fall on this house and hearth2 for this is the night of the contract4 ,built are the house and the barn4 ,the merry lads of the village ,strongly have built them and well2 and1 breaking the glebe round about them1 ,filled the barn with hay1 and the house with food for a twelvemonth4 ,ben ,leblanc will be here anon1 with his papers and inkhorn4 ,shall we not then be glad1 and rejoice in the joy of our children8 ,as apart by the window she stood1 with her hand in her lover's1 ,blushing ,evangeline heard the words that her father had spoken1 ,and1 as they died on his lips1 the worthy notary entered4 ,,iii ,bent like a laboring oar1 that toils in the surf of the ocean1 ,bent1 but not broken1 by age was the form of the notary public2 ,shocks of yellow hair1 like the silken floss of the maize1 hung ,over his shoulders2 his forehead was high2 and glasses with horn bows ,sat astride on his nose1 with a look of wisdom supernal4 ,father of twenty children was he1 and more than a hundred ,children's children rode on his knee1 and heard his great watch tick4 ,four long years in the times of the war had he languished a captive1 ,suffering much in an old ,french fort as the friend of the ,english4 ,now1 though warier grown1 without all guile or suspicion1 ,ripe in wisdom was he1 but patient1 and simple1 and childlike4 ,he was beloved by all1 and most of all by the children2 ,for he told them tales of the ,loup-garou in the forest1 ,and of the goblin that came in the night to water the horses1 ,and of the white ,ltiche1 the ghost of a child who unchristened ,died1 and was doomed to haunt unseen the chambers of children2 ,and how on ,christmas eve the oxen talked in the stable1 ,and how the fever was cured by a spider shut up in a nutshell1 ,and of the marvelous powers of four-leaved clover and horseshoes1 ,with whatsoever else was writ in the lore of the village4 ,then up rose from his seat by the fireside ,basil the blacksmith1 ,knocked from his pipe the ashes1 and slowly extending his right hand1 ,father ,leblanc1 he exclaimed1 thou hast heard the talk in the village1 ,and1 perchance1 canst tell us some news of these ships and their errand4 ,then with modest demeanor made answer the notary public1-- ,gossip enough have ,i heard1 in sooth1 yet am never the wiser2 ,and what their errand may be ,i know not better than others4 ,yet am ,i not of those who imagine some evil intention ,brings them here1 for we are at peace2 and why then molest us8 ,god's name6 shouted the hasty and somewhat irascible blacksmith2 ,must we in all things look for the how1 and the why1 and the wherefore8 ,daily injustice is done1 and might is the right of the strongest6 ,but1 without heeding his warmth1 continued the notary public1-- ,man is unjust1 but ,god is just2 and finally justice ,triumphs2 and well ,i remember a story1 that often consoled me1 ,when as a captive ,i lay in the old ,french fort at ,port ,royal4 ,this was the old man's favorite tale1 and he loved to repeat it ,when his neighbors complained that any injustice was done them4 ,once in an ancient city1 whose name ,i no longer remember1 ,raised aloft on a column1 a brazen statue of ,justice ,stood in the public square1 upholding the scales in its left hand1 ,and in its right a sword1 as an emblem that justice presided ,over the laws of the land1 and the hearts and homes of the people4 ,even the birds had built their nests in the scales of the balance1 ,having no fear of the sword that flashed in the sunshine above them4 ,but in the course of time the laws of the land were corrupted2 ,might took the place of right1 and the weak were oppressed1 and the mighty ,ruled with an iron rod4 ,then it chanced in a nobleman's palace ,that a necklace of pearls was lost1 and ere long a suspicion ,fell on an orphan girl who lived as maid in the household4 ,she1 after form of trial condemned to die on the scaffold1 ,patiently met her doom at the foot of the statue of ,justice4 ,as to her ,father in heaven her innocent spirit ascended1 ,lo6 o'er the city a tempest rose2 and the bolts of the thunder ,smote the statue of bronze1 and hurled in wrath from its left hand ,down on the pavement below the clattering scales of the balance1 ,and in the hollow thereof was found the nest of a magpie1 ,into whose clay-built walls the necklace of pearls was inwoven4 ,silenced1 but not convinced1 when the story was ended1 the blacksmith ,stood like a man who fain would speak1 but findeth no language2 ,all his thoughts were congealed into lines on his face1 as the vapors ,freeze in fantastic shapes on the window-panes in the winter4 ,then ,evangeline lighted the ,brazen lamp on the table1 ,filled1 till it overflowed1 the pewter tankard with home-brewed ,nut-brown ale1 that was famed for its strength in the village of ,grand-,pr2 ,while from his pocket the notary drew his papers and inkhorn1 ,wrote with a steady hand the date and the age of the parties1 ,naming the dower of the bride in flocks of sheep and in cattle4 ,orderly all things proceeded1 and duly and well were completed1 ,and the great seal of the law was set like a sun on the margin4 ,then from his leathern pouch the farmer threw on the table ,three times the old man's fee in solid pieces of silver2 ,and the notary rising1 and blessing the bride and the bridegroom1 ,lifted aloft the tankard of ale and drank to their welfare4 ,wiping the foam from1 his lip1 he solemnly bowed and departed1 ,while in silence the others sat and mused by the fireside1 ,till ,evangeline brought the draught-board out of its corner4 ,soon was the game begun4 ,in friendly contention the old men ,laughed at each lucky hit1 or unsuccessful manoeuvre1 ,laughed when a man was crowned1 or a breach was made in the king-row4 ,meanwhile apart1 in the twilight gloom of a window's embrasure1 ,sat the lovers and whispered together1 beholding the moon rise ,over the pallid sea and the silvery mist of the meadows4 ,silently one by one1 in the infinite meadows of heaven1 ,blossomed the lovely stars1 the forget-me-nots of the angels4 ,thus was the evening passed4 ,anon the bell from the belfry ,rang out the hour of nine1 the village curfew1 and straightway ,rose the guests and departed2 and silence reigned in the household4 ,many a farewell word and sweet good-night on the door-step ,lingered long in ,evangeline's heart1 and filled it with gladness4 ,carefully then were covered the embers that glowed on the hearth-stone1 ,and on the oaken stairs resounded the tread of the farmer4 ,soon with a soundless step the foot of ,evangeline followed4 ,up the staircase moved a luminous space in the darkness1 ,lighted less by the lamp than the shining face of the maiden4 ,silent she passed through the hall1 and entered the door of her chamber4 ,simple that chamber was1 with its curtains of white1 and its clothes-press ,ample and high1 on whose spacious shelves were carefully folded ,linen and woollen stuffs1 by the hand of ,evangeline woven4 ,this was the precious dower she would bring to her husband in marriage1 ,better than flocks and herds1 being proofs of her skill as a house-wife4 ,soon she extinguished her lamp1 for the mellow and radiant moonlight ,streamed through the windows1 and lighted the room1 till the heart of the maiden ,swelled and obeyed its power1 like the tremulous tides of the ocean4 ,ah6 she was fair1 exceeding fair to behold1 as she stood with ,naked snow-white feet on the gleaming floor of her chamber6 ,little she dreamed that below1 among the trees of the orchard1 ,waited her lover and watched for the gleam of her lamp and her shadow4 ,yet were her thoughts of him1 and at times a feeling of sadness ,passed o'er her soul1 as the sailing shade of clouds in the moonlight ,flitted across the floor and darkened the room for a moment4 ,and1 as she gazed from the window1 she saw serenely the moon pass ,forth from the folds of a cloud1 and one star follow her footsteps1 ,as out of ,abraham's tent young ,ishmael wandered with ,hagar4 ,,iv4 ,pleasantly rose next morn the sun on the village of ,grand-,pr4 ,pleasantly gleamed in the soft1 sweet air the ,basin of ,minas1 ,where the ships1 with their wavering shadows1 were riding at anchor4 ,life had long been astir in the village1 and clamorous labor ,knocked with its hundred hands at the golden gates of the morning4 ,now from the country around1 from the farms and neighboring hamlets1 ,came in their holiday dresses the blithe ,acadian peasants4 ,many a glad good-morrow and jocund laugh from the young folk ,made the bright air brighter1 as up from the numerous meadows1 ,where no path could be seen but the track of wheels in the greensward1 ,group after group appeared1 and joined1 or passed on the highway4 ,long ere noon1 in the village all sounds of labor were silenced4 ,thronged were the streets with people2 and noisy groups at the house-doors ,sat in the cheerful sun1 and rejoiced and gossiped together4 ,every house was an inn1 where all were welcomed and feasted2 ,for with this simple people1 who lived like brothers together1 ,all things were held in common1 and what one had was another's ,yet under ,benedict's roof hospitality seemed more abundant3 ,for ,evangeline stood among the guests of her father2 ,bright was her face with smiles1 and words of welcome and gladness ,fell from her beautiful lips1 and blessed the cup as she gave it4 ,under the open sky1 in the odorous air of the orchard1 ,bending with golden fruit1 was spread the feast of betrothal4 ,there in the shade of the porch were the priest and the notary seated2 ,there good ,benedict sat1 and sturdy ,basil the blacksmith4 ,not far withdrawn from these1 by the cider-press and the beehives1 ,michael the fiddler was placed1 with the gayest of hearts and of waistcoats4 ,shadow and light from the leaves alternately played on his snow-white ,hair1 as it waved in the wind2 and the jolly face of the fiddler ,glowed like a living coal when the ashes are blown from the embers4 ,gayly the old man sang to the vibrant sound of his fiddle1 ,tous les ,bourgeois de ,chartres1 and ,le ,carillon de ,dunkerque1 ,and anon with his wooden1 shoes beat time to the music4 ,merrily1 merrily whirled the wheels of the dizzying dances ,under the orchard-trees and down the path to the meadows2 ,old folk and young together1 and children mingled among them4 ,fairest of all the maids was ,evangeline1 ,benedict's daughter6 ,noblest of all the youths was ,gabriel1 son of the blacksmith4 ,so passed the morning away4 ,and lo6 with a summons sonorous ,sounded the bell from its tower1 and over the meadows a drum beat4 ,thronged ere long was the church with men4 ,without1 in the churchyard1 ,waited the women4 ,they stood by the graves1 and hung on the headstones ,garlands of autumn-leaves and evergreens fresh from the forest4 ,then came the guard from the ships1 and marching proudly among them ,entered the sacred portal4 ,with loud and dissonant clangor ,echoed the sound of their brazen drums from ceiling and casement1-- ,echoed a moment only1 and slowly the ponderous portal ,closed1 and in silence the crowd awaited the will of the soldiers4 ,then uprose their commander1 and spake from the steps of the altar1 ,holding aloft in his hands1 with its seals1 the royal commission4 ,you are convened this day1 he said1 by his ,majesty's orders4 ,clement and kind has he been2 but how you have answered his kindness ,let your own hearts reply6 ,to my natural make and my temper ,painful the task is ,i do1 which to you ,i know must be grievous4 ,yet must ,i bow and obey1 and deliver the will of our monarch3 ,namely1 that all your lands1 and dwellings1 and cattle of all kinds ,forfeited be to the crown2 and that you yourselves from this province ,be transported to other lands4 ,god grant you may dwell there ,ever as faithful subjects1 a happy and peaceable people6 ,prisoners now ,i declare you1 for such is his ,majesty's pleasure6 ,as1 when the air is serene in the sultry solstice of summer1 ,suddenly gathers a storm1 and the deadly sling of the hailstones ,beats down the farmer's corn in the field1 and shatters his windows1 ,hiding the sun1 and strewing the ground with thatch from the house-roofs1 ,bellowing fly the herds1 and seek to break their enclosures2 ,so on the hearts of the people descended the words of the speaker4 ,silent a moment they stood in speechless wonder1 and then rose ,louder and ever louder a wail of sorrow and anger1 ,and1 by one impulse moved1 they madly rushed to the door-way4 ,vain was the hope of escape2 and cries and fierce imprecations ,bang through the house of prayer2 and high o'er the heads of the others ,rose1 with his arms uplifted1 the figure of ,basil the blacksmith1 ,as1 on a stormy sea1 a spar is tossed by the billows4 ,flushed was his face and distorted with passion2 and wildly he shouted1-- ,down with the tyrants of ,england6 we never have sworn them allegiance6 ,death to these foreign soldiers1 who seize on our homes and our harvests6 ,more he fain would have said1 but the merciless hand of a soldier ,smote him upon the mouth1 and dragged him down to the pavement4 ,in the midst of the strife and tumult of angry contention1 ,lo6 the door of the chancel opened1 and ,father ,felician ,entered1 with serious mien1 and ascended the steps of the altar4 ,raising his reverend hand1 with a gesture he awed into silence ,all that clamorous throng2 and thus he spake to his people2 ,deep were his tones and solemn2 in accents measured and mournful ,spake he1 as1 after the tocsin's alarum1 distinctly the clock strikes4 ,what is this that ye do1 my children8 what madness has seized you8 ,forty years of my life have ,i labored among you1 and taught you1 ,not in word alone1 but in deed1 to love one another6 ,is this the fruit of my toils1 of my vigils and prayers and privations8 ,have you so soon forgotten all lessons of love and forgiveness8 ,this is the house of the ,prince of ,peace1 and would you profane it ,thus with violent deeds and hearts overflowing with hatred8 ,lo6 where the crucified ,christ from ,his cross is gazing upon you6 ,see6 in those sorrowful eyes what meekness and holy compassion6 ,hark6 how those lips still repeat the prayer1 ',o ,father1 forgive them6' ,let us repeat that prayer in the hour when the wicked assail us1 ,let us repeat it now1 and say1 ',o ,father1 forgive them6' ,few were his words of rebuke1 but deep in the hearts of his people ,sank they1 and sobs of contrition succeeded the passionate outbreak1 ,and they repeated his prayer1 and said1 ,o ,father1 forgive them6 ,then came the evening service4 ,the tapers gleamed from the altar2 ,fervent and deep was the voice of the priest1 and the people responded1 ,not with their lips alone1 but their hearts2 and the ,ave ,maria ,sang they1 and fell on their knees1 and their souls1 with devotion translated1 ,rose on the ardor of prayer1 like ,elijah ascending to heaven4 ,meanwhile had spread in the village the tidings of ill1 and on all sides ,wandered1 wailing1 from house to house the women and children4 ,long at her father's door ,evangeline stood1 with her right hand ,shielding her eyes from the level rays of the sun1 that1 descending1 ,lighted the village street with mysterious splendor and roofed each ,peasant's cottage with golden thatch1 and emblazoned its windows4 ,long within had been spread the snow-white cloth on the table2 ,there stood the wheaten loaf1 and the honey fragrant with wild flowers2 ,there stood the tankard of ale1 and the cheese fresh brought from the dairy2 ,and at the head of the board the great arm-chair of the farmer3 ,thus did ,evangeline wait at her father's door1 as the sunset ,threw the long shadows of trees o'er the broad ambrosial meadows4 ,ah6 on her spirit within a deeper shadow had fallen1 ,and from the fields of her soul a fragrance celestial ascended1-- ,charity1 meekness1 love1 and hope1 and forgiveness1 and patience6 ,then1 all forgetful of self1 she wandered into the village1 ,cheering with looks and words the disconsolate hearts of the women1 ,as o'er the darkening fields with lingering steps they departed1 ,urged by their household cares1 and the weary feet of their children4 ,down sank the great red sun1 and in golden1 glimmering vapors ,veiled the light of his face1 like the ,prophet descending from ,sinai4 ,sweetly over the village the bell of the ,angelus sounded4 ,meanwhile1 amid the gloom1 by the church ,evangeline lingered4 ,all was silent within2 and in vain at the door and the windows ,stood she1 and listened and looked1 until1 overcome by emotion1 ,gabriel6 cried she aloud with tremulous voice2 but no answer ,came from the graves of the dead1 nor the gloomier grave of the living4 ,slowly at length she returned to the tenantless house of her father4 ,smouldered the fire on the hearth1 on the board stood the supper untasted4 ,empty and drear was each room1 and haunted with phantoms of terror4 ,sadly echoed her step on the stair and the floor of her chamber4 ,in the dead of the night she heard the whispering rain fall ,loud on the withered leaves of the sycamore-tree by the window4 ,keenly the lightning flashed2 and the voice of the echoing thunder ,told her that ,god was in heaven1 and governed the world ,he created6 ,then she remembered the tale she had heard of the justice of ,heaven2 ,soothed was her troubled soul1 and she peacefully slumbered till morning4 ,v4 ,four times the sun had risen and set2 and now on the fifth day ,cheerily called the cock to the sleeping maids of the farm-house4 ,soon o'er the yellow fields1 in silent and mournful procession1 ,came from the neighboring hamlets and farms the ,acadian women1 ,driving in ponderous wains their household goods to the sea-shore1 ,pausing and looking back to gaze once more on their dwellings1 ,ere they were shut from sight by the winding road and the wood-land4 ,close at their sides their children ran1 and urged on the oxen1 ,while in their little hands they clasped some fragments of playthings4 ,thus to the ,gaspereau's mouth they hurried2 and there on the sea-beach ,piled in confusion lay the household goods of the peasants4 ,all day long between the shore and the ships did the boats ply2 ,all day long the wains came laboring down from the village4 ,late in the afternoon1 when the sun was near to his setting1 ,echoing far o'er the fields came the roll of drums from the churchyard4 ,thither the women and children thronged4 ,on a sudden the church-doors ,opened1 and forth came the guard1 and marching in gloomy procession ,followed the long-imprisoned1 but patient1 ,acadian farmers1 ,even as pilgrims1 who journey afar from their homes and their country1 ,sing as they go1 and in singing forget they are weary and wayworn1 ,so with songs on their lips the ,acadian peasants descended ,down from the church to the shore1 amid their wives and their daughters4 ,foremost the young men came2 and1 raising together their voices1 ,sang they with tremulous lips a chant of the ,catholic ,missions3-- ,sacred heart of the ,saviour6 ,o inexhaustible fountain6 ,fill our hearts this day with strength and submission and patience6 ,then the old men1 as they marched1 and the women that stood by the wayside ,joined in the sacred psalm1 and the birds in the sunshine above them ,mingled their notes therewith1 like voices of spirits departed4 ,half-way down to the shore ,evangeline waited in silence1 ,not overcome with grief1 but strong in the hour of affliction1-- ,calmly and sadly waited1 until the procession approached her1 ,and she beheld the face of ,gabriel pale with emotion4 ,tears then rilled her eyes1 and1 eagerly running to meet him1 ,clasped she his hands1 and laid her head on his shoulder1 and whispered1-- ,gabriel6 be of good cheer6 for if we love one another ,nothing1 in truth1 can harm us1 whatever mischances may happen6 ,smiling she spake these words2 then suddenly paused1 for her father ,saw she1 slowly advancing4 ,alas6 how changed was his aspect6 ,gone was the glow from his cheek1 and the fire from his eye1 and his footstep ,heavier seemed with the weight of the weary heart in his bosom4 ,but with a smile and a sigh1 she clasped his neck and embraced him1 ,speaking words of endearment where words of comfort availed not4 ,thus to the ,gaspereau's mouth moved on that mournful procession4 ,there disorder prevailed1 and the tumult and stir of embarking4 ,busily plied the freighted boats2 and in the confusion ,wives were torn from their husbands1 and mothers1 too late1 saw their children ,left on the land1 extending their arms1 with wildest entreaties4 ,so unto separate ships were ,basil and ,gabriel carried1 ,while in despair on the shore ,evangeline stood with her father4 ,half the task was not done when the sun went down1 and the twilight ,deepened and darkened around2 and in haste the refluent ocean' ,fled away from the shore1 and left the line of the sand-beach ,covered with waifs of the tide1 with kelp and the slippery seaweed4 ,farther back in the midst of the household goods and the wagons1 ,like to a gypsy camp1 or a leaguer after a battle1 ,all escape cut off by the sea1 and the sentinels near them1 ,lay encamped for the night the houseless ,acadian farmers4 ,back to its nethermost caves retreated the bellowing ocean1 ,dragging adown the beach the rattling pebbles1 and leaving ,inland and far up the shore the stranded boats of the sailors4 ,then1 as the night descended1 the herds returned from their pastures2 ,sweet was the moist still air with the odor of milk from their udders2 ,lowing they waited1 and long1 at the well-known bars of the farm-yard1-- ,waited and looked in vain for the voice and the hand of the milkmaid4 ,silence reigned in the streets2 from the church no ,angelus sounded1 ,rose no smoke from the roofs1 and gleamed no lights from the windows4 ,but on the shores meanwhile the evening fires had been kindled1 ,built of the drift-wood thrown on the sands from wrecks in the tempest4 ,found them shapes of gloom and sorrowful faces were gathered1 ,voices of women were heard1 and of men1 and the crying of children4 ,onward from fire to fire1 as from hearth to hearth in his parish1 ,wandered the faithful priest1 consoling and blessing and cheering1 ,like unto shipwrecked ,paul on ,melita's desolate seashore4 ,thus he approached the place where ,evangeline sat with her father1 ,and in the flickering light beheld the face of the old man1 ,haggard and hollow and wan1 and without either thought or emotion1 ,e'en as the face of a clock from which the hands have been taken4 ,vainly ,evangeline strove with words and caresses to cheer him1 ,vainly offered him food2 yet he moved not1 he looked not1 he spake not1 ,but1 with a vacant stare1 ever gazed at the flickering fire-light4 ,benedicite6 murmured the priest1 in tones of compassion4 ,more he fain would have said1 but his heart was full1 and his accents ,faltered and paused on his lips1 as the feet of a child on a threshold1 ,hushed by the scene he beholds1 and the awful presence of sorrow4 ,silently1 therefore1 he laid his hand on the head of the maiden1 ,raising his eyes full of tears to the silent stars that above them ,moved on their way1 unperturbed by the wrongs and sorrows of mortals4 ,then sat he down at her side1 and they wept together in silence4 ,suddenly rose from the south a light1 as in autumn the blood-red ,moon climbs the crystal walls of heaven1 and o'er the horizon ,titan-like stretches its hundred hands upon mountain1 and meadow1 ,seizing the rocks and the rivers1 and piling huge shadows together4 ,broader and ever broader it gleamed on the roofs of the village1 ,gleamed on the sky and the sea1 and the ships that lay in the roadstead4 ,columns of shining smoke uprose1 and flashes of flame were ,thrust through their folds and withdrawn1 like the quivering hands of a martyr4 ,then as the wind seized the gleeds and the burning thatch1 and1 uplifting1 ,whirled them aloft through the air1 at once from1 a hundred house-tops ,started the sheeted smoke with flashes of flame intermingled4 ,these things beheld in dismay the crowd on the shore and on shipboard4 ,speechless at first they stood1 then cried aloud in their anguish1 ,we shall behold no more our homes in the village of ,grand-,pr6 ,loud on a sudden the cocks began to crow in the farmyards1 ,thinking the day had dawned2 and anon the lowing of cattle ,came on the evening breeze1 by the barking of dogs interrupted4 ,then rose a sound of dread1 such as startles the sleeping encampments ,far in the western prairies of forests that skirt the ,nebraska1 ,when the wild horses affrighted sweep by with the speed of the whirlwind1 ,or the loud bellowing herds of buffaloes rush to the river4 ,such was the sound that arose on the night1 as the herds and the horses ,broke through their folds and fences1 and madly rushed o'er the meadows4 ,overwhelmed with the sight1 yet speechless1 the priest and the maiden ,gazed on the scene of terror that reddened and widened before them2 ,and as they turned at length to speak to their silent companion1 ,lo6 from his seat he had fallen1 and stretched abroad on the seashore ,motionless lay his form1 from which the soul had departed4 ,slowly the priest uplifted the lifeless head1 and the maiden ,knelt at her father's side1 and wailed aloud in her terror4 ,then in a swoon she sank1 and lay with her head on his bosom4 ,through the long night she lay in deep1 oblivious slumber2 ,and when she woke from the trance1 she beheld a multitude near her4 ,faces of friends she beheld1 that were mournfully gazing upon her1 ,pallid1 with tearful eyes1 and looks of saddest compassion4 ,still the blaze of the burning village illumined the landscape1 ,reddened the sky overhead1 and gleamed on the faces around her1 ,and like the day of doom it seemed to her wavering senses4 ,then a familiar voice she heard1 as it said to the people1-- ,let us bury him here by the sea4 ,when a happier season ,brings us again to our homes from the unknown land of our exile1 ,then shall his sacred dust be piously laid in the churchyard4 ,such were the words of the priest4 ,and there in haste by the sea-side1 ,having the glare of the burning village for funeral torches1 ,but without bell or book1 they buried the farmer of ,grand-,pr4 ,and as the voice of the priest repeated the service of sorrow1 ,lo6 with1 a mournful sound like the voice of a vast congregation1 ,solemnly answered the sea1 and mingled its roar with the dirges4 ',twas the returning tide1 that afar from the waste of the ocean1 ,with the first dawn of the day1 came heaving and hurrying landward4 ,then recommenced once more the stir and noise of embarking2 ,and with the ebb of that tide the ships sailed out of the harbor1 ,leaving behind them the dead on the shore1 and the village in ruins4 ,,part ,,the ,,second4 ,i4 ,many a weary year had passed since the burning of ,grand-,pr1 ,when on the falling tide the freighted vessels departed1 ,bearing a nation1 with all its household goods1 into exile1 ,exile without an end1 and without an example in story4 ,far asunder1 on separate coasts1 the ,acadians landed2 ,scattered were they1 like flakes of snow1 when the wind from the northeast ,strikes aslant through the fogs that darken the ,banks of ,newfoundland4 ,friendless1 homeless1 hopeless1 they wandered from city to city1 ,from the cold lakes of the ,north to sultry ,southern savannas1-- ,from the bleak shores of the sea to the lands where the ,father of ,waters ,seizes the hills in his hands1 and drags them down to the ocean1 ,deep in their sands to bury the scattered bones of the mammoth4 ,friends they sought and homes2 and many1 despairing1 heart-broken1 ,asked of the earth but a grave1 and no longer a friend nor a fireside4 ,written their history stands on tablets of stone in the churchyards4 ,long among them was seen a maiden who waited and wandered1 ,lowly and meek in spirit1 and patiently suffering all things4 ,fair was she and young2 but1 alas6 before her extended1 ,dreary and vast and silent1 the desert of life1 with its pathway ,marked by the graves of those who had sorrowed and suffered before her1 ,passions long extinguished1 and hopes long dead and abandoned1 ,as the emigrant's way o'er the ,western desert is marked by ,camp-fires long consumed1 and bones that bleach in the sunshine4 ,something there was in her life incomplete1 imperfect1 unfinished2 ,as if a morning of ,june1 with all its music and sunshine1 ,suddenly paused in the sky1 and1 fading1 slowly descended ,into the east again1 from whence it late had arisen4 ,sometimes she lingered in towns1 till1 urged by the fever within her1 ,urged by a restless longing1 the hunger and thirst of the spirit1 ,she would commence again her endless search and endeavor2 ,sometimes in churchyards strayed1 and gazed on the crosses and tombstones1 ,sat by some nameless grave1 and thought that perhaps in its bosom ,he was already at rest1 and she longed to slumber beside him4 ,sometimes a rumor1 a hearsay1 an inarticulate whisper1 ,came with its airy hand to1 point and beckon her forward4 ,sometimes she spake with those who had seen her beloved and known him1 ,but it was long ago1 in some far-off place or forgotten4 ,gabriel ,lajeunesse6 said they2 ,oh1 yes6 we have seen him4 ,he was with ,basil the blacksmith1 and both have gone to the prairies2 ,coureurs-des-bois are they1 and famous hunters and trappers4 ,gabriel ,lajeunesse6 said others2 ,oh2 yes6 we have seen him4 ,he is a voyageur in the lowlands of ,louisiana4 ,then would they say1 ,dear child6 why dream and wait for him longer8 ,are there not other youths as fair as ,gabriel8 others ,who have hearts as tender and true1 and spirits as loyal8 ,here is ,baptiste ,leblanc1 the notary's son1 who has loved thee ,many a tedious year2 come1 give him thy hand and be happy6 ,thou art too fair to be left to braid ,st4 ,catherine's tresses4 ,then would ,evangeline answer1 serenely but sadly1 ,i cannot6 ,whither my heart has gone1 there follows my hand1 and not elsewhere4 ,for when the heart goes before1 like a lamp1 and illumines the pathway1 ,many things are made clear1 that else lie hidden in darkness4 ,and thereupon the priest1 her friend and father confessor1 ,said1 with a smile1 ,o daughter6 thy ,god thus speaketh within thee6 ,talk not of wasted affection1 affection never was wasted2 ,if it enrich not the heart of another1 its waters1 returning ,back to their springs1 like the rain1 shall fill them full of refreshment2 ,that which the fountain sends forth returns again to the fountain4 ,patience2 accomplish thy labor2 accomplish thy work of affection6 ,sorrow and silence are strong1 and patient endurance is godlike4 ,therefore accomplish thy labor of love1 till the heart is made godlike1 ,purified1 strengthened1 perfected1 and rendered more worthy of heaven6 ,cheered by the good man's words1 ,evangeline labored and waited4 ,still in her heart she heard the funeral dirge of the ocean1 ,but with its sound there was mingled a voice that whispered1 ,despair not6 ,thus did that poor soul wander in want and cheerless discomfort1 ,bleeding1 barefooted1 over the shards and thorns of existence4 ,let me essay1 ,o ,muse6 to follow the wanderer's footsteps2-- ,not through each devious path1 each changeful year of existence2 ,but as a traveler follows a streamlet's course through the valley3 ,far from its margin at times1 and seeing the gleam of its water ,here and there1 in some open space1 and at intervals only2 ,then drawing nearer its bank1 through sylvan glooms that conceal it1 ,though he behold it not1 he can hear its continuous murmur2 ,happy1 at length1 if he find a spot where it reaches an outlet4 ,,ii4 ,it was the month of ,may4 ,far down the ,beautiful ,river1 ,past the ,ohio shore and past the mouth of the ,wabash1 ,into the golden stream of the broad and swift ,mississippi1 ,floated a cumbrous boat1 that was rowed by ,acadian boatmen4 ,it was a band of exiles3 a raft1 as it were1 from the shipwrecked ,nation1 scattered along the coast1 now floating together1 ,bound by the bonds of a common belief and a common misfortune2 ,men and women and children1 who1 guided by hope or by hearsay1 ,sought for their kith and their kin among the few-acred farmers ,on the ,acadian coast1 and the prairies of fair ,opelousas4 ,with them ,evangeline went1 and her guide1 the ,father ,felician ,onward o'er sunken sands1 through a wilderness sombre with forests1 ,day after day they glided adown the turbulent river2 ,night after night1 by their blazing fires1 encamped on its borders4 ,now through rushing chutes1 among green islands1 where plumelike ,cotton-trees nodded their shadowy crests1 they swept with the current1 ,then emerged into broad lagoons1 where silvery sandbars ,lay in the stream1 and along the wimpling waves of their margin1 ,shining with snow-white plumes1 large flocks of pelicans waded4 ,level the landscape grew1 and along the shores of the river1 ,shaded by china-trees1 in the midst of luxuriant gardens1 ,stood the houses of planters1 with negro cabins and dove-cots4 ,they were approaching the region where reigns perpetual summer1 ,where through the ,golden ,coast1 and groves of orange and citron1 ,sweeps with majestic curve the river away to the eastward4 ,they1 too1 swerved from their course2 and1 entering the ,bayou of ,plaquemine1 ,soon were lost in a maze of sluggish and devious waters1 ,which1 like a network of steel1 extended in every direction4 ,over their heads the towering and tenebrous boughs of the cypress ,met in a dusky arch1 and trailing mosses in midair ,waved like banners that hang on the walls of ancient cathedrals4 ,deathlike the silence seemed1 and unbroken1 save by the herons ,home to their roosts in the cedar-trees returning at sunset1 ,or by the owl1 as he greeted the moon with demoniac laughter4 ,lovely the moonlight was as it glanced and gleamed on the water1 ,gleamed on the columns of cypress and cedar sustaining the arches1 ,down through whose broken vaults it fell as through chinks in a ruin4 ,dreamlike1 and indistinct1 and strange were all things around them2 ,and o'er their spirits there came a feeling of wonder and sadness1-- ,strange forebodings of ill1 unseen1 and that cannot be compassed4 ,as1 at the tramp of a horse's hoof on the turf of the prairies1 ,far in advance are closed the leaves of the shrinking mimosa1 ,so1 at the hoof-beats of fate1 with sad forebodings of evil1 ,shrinks and closes the heart1 ere the stroke of doom has attained it4 ,but ,evangeline's heart was sustained by a vision1 that faintly ,floated before her eyes1 and beckoned her on through the moonlight4 ,it was the thought of her brain that assumed the shape of a phantom4 ,through those shadowy aisles had ,gabriel wandered before her1 ,and every stroke of the oar now brought him nearer and nearer4 ,then in his place1 at the prow of the boat1 rose one of the oarsmen1 ,and1 as a signal sound1 if others like them peradventure ,sailed on those gloomy and midnight streams1 blew a blast on his bugle4 ,wild through the dark colonnades and corridors leafy the blast rang1 ,breaking the seal of silence and giving tongues to the forest4 ,soundless above them the banners of moss just stirred to the music4 ,multitudinous echoes awoke and died in the distance1 ,over the watery floor1 and beneath the reverberant branches2 ,but not a voice replied2 no answer came from the darkness2 ,and when the echoes had ceased1 like a sense of pain was the silence4 ,then ,evangeline slept2 but the boatmen rowed through the midnight1 ,silent at times1 then singing familiar ,canadian boat-songs1 ,such as they sang of old on their own ,acadian rivers1 ,and through the night were heard the mysterious sounds of the desert1 ,far off1--indistinct1--as of wave or wind in the forest1 ,mixed with the whoop of the crane and the roar of the grim alligator4 ,thus ere another noon they emerged from those shades2 and before them ,lay1 in the golden sun1 the lakes of the ,atchafalaya4 ,water-lilies in myriads rocked on the slight undulations ,made by the passing oars1 and1 resplendent in beauty1 the lotus ,lifted her golden crown above the heads of the boatmen4 ,faint was the air with the odorous breath of magnolia blossoms1 ,and with the heat of noon2 and numberless sylvan islands1 ,fragrant and thickly embowered with blossoming hedges of roses1 ,near to whose shores they glided along1 invited to slumber4 ,soon by the fairest of these their weary oars were suspended4 ,under the boughs of ,wachita willows1 that grew by the margin1 ,safely their boat was moored2 and scattered about on the greensward1 ,tired with their midnight toil1 the weary travelers slumbered4 ,over them vast and high extended the cope of a cedar4 ,swinging from its great arms1 the trumpet-flower and the grapevine ,hung their ladder of ropes aloft like the ladder of ,jacob1 ,on whose pendulous stairs the angels ascending1 descending1 ,were the swift humming-birds1 that flitted from blossom to blossom4 ,such was the vision ,evangeline saw as she slumbered beneath it4 ,filled was her heart with love1 and the dawn of an opening heaven ,lighted her soul in sleep with the glory of regions celestial4 ,nearer and ever nearer1 among the numberless islands1 ,darted a light1 swift boat1 that sped away o'er the water1 ,urged on its course by the sinewy arms of hunters and trappers4 ,northward its prow was turned1 to the land of the bison and beaver4 ,at the helm sat a youth1 with countenance thoughtful and careworn4 ,dark and neglected locks overshadowed his brow1 and a sadness ,somewhat beyond his years on his face was legibly written4 ,gabriel was it1 who1 weary with waiting1 unhappy and restless1 ,sought in the ,western wilds oblivion of self and of sorrow4 ,swiftly they glided along1 close under the lee of the island1 ,but by the opposite bank1 and behind a screen of palmettos2 ,so that they saw not the boat1 where it lay concealed in the willows2 ,and undisturbed by the dash of their oars1 and unseen1 were the sleepers2 ,angel of ,god was there none to awaken the slumbering maiden4 ,swiftly they glided away1 like the shade of a cloud on the prairie4 ,after the sound of their oars on the tholes had died in the distance1 ,as from a magic trance the sleepers awoke1 and the maiden ,said with a sigh to the friendly priest1 ,o ,father ,felician6 ,something says in my heart that near me ,gabriel wanders4 ,is it a foolish dream1 an idle and vague superstition8 ,or has an angel passed1 and revealed the truth to my spirit8 ,then1 with a blush1 she added1 ,alas for my credulous fancy6 ,unto ears like thine such words as these have no meaning4 ,but made answer the reverend man1 and he smiled as he answered1-- ,daughter1 thy words are not idle2 nor are they to me without meaning1 ,feeling is deep and still2 and the word that floats on the surface ,is as the tossing buoy1 that betrays where the anchor is hidden4 ,therefore trust to thy heart1 and to what the world calls illusions4 ,gabriel truly is near thee2 for not far away to the southward1 ,on the banks of the ,tche1 are the towns of ,st4 ,maur and ,st4 ,martin4 ,there the long-wandering bride shall be given again to her bridegroom1 ,there the long-absent pastor regain his flock and his sheepfold4 ,beautiful is the land1 with its prairies and forests of fruit-trees2 ,under the feet a garden of flowers1 and the bluest of heavens ,bending above1 and resting its dome on the walls of the forest4 ,they who dwell there have named it the ,eden of ,louisiana4 ,and with these words of cheer they arose and continued their journey4 ,softly the evening came4 ,the sun from the western horizon ,like a magician extended his golden wand o'er the landscape2 ,twinkling vapors arose2 and sky and water and forest ,seemed all on fire at the touch1 and melted and mingled together4 ,hanging between two skies1 a cloud with edges of silver1 ,floated the boat1 with its dripping oars1 on the motionless water4 ,filled was ,evangeline's heart with inexpressible sweetness4 ,touched by the magic spell1 the sacred fountain of feeling ,glowed with the light of love1 as the skies and waters around her4 ,then from a neighboring thicket the mocking-bird1 wildest of singers1 ,swinging aloft on a willow spray that hung o'er the water1 ,shook from his little throat such floods of delirious music1 ,that the whole air and the woods and the waves seemed silent to listen4 ,plaintive at first were the tones and sad2 then soaring to madness ,seemed they to follow or guide the revel of frenzied ,bacchantes4 ,single notes were then heard1 in sorrowful1 low lamentation2 ,till1 having gathered them all1 he flung them abroad in derision1 ,as when1 after a storm1 a gust of wind through the tree-tops ,shakes down the rattling rain in a crystal shower on the branches4 ,with such a prelude as this1 and hearts that throbbed with emotion1 ,slowly they entered the ,tche1 where it flows through the green ,opelousas1 ,and1 through the amber air1 above the crest of the woodland1 ,saw the column of smoke that arose from a neighboring dwelling2-- ,sounds of a horn they heard1 and the distant lowing of cattle4 ,,iii4 ,near to the bank of the river1 o'ershadowed by oaks from whose branches ,garlands of ,spanish moss and of mystic mistletoe flaunted1 ,such as the ,druids cut down with golden hatchets at ,yule-tide1 ,stood1 secluded and still1 the house of the herdsman4 ,a garden ,girded it round about with a belt of luxuriant blossoms1 ,filling the air with fragrance4 ,the house itself was of timbers ,hewn from the cypress-tree1 and carefully fitted together4 ,large and low was the roof2 and on slender columns supported1 ,rose-wreathed1 vine-encircled1 a broad and spacious veranda1 ,haunt of the humming-bird and the bee1 extended around it4 ,at each end of the house1 amid the flowers of the garden1 ,stationed the dove-cots were1 as love's perpetual symbol1 ,scenes of endless wooing1 and endless contentions of rivals4 ,silence reigned o'er the place4 ,the line of shadow and sunshine ,ran near the tops of the trees2 but the house itself was in shadow1 ,and from its chimney-top1 ascending and slowly expanding ,into the evening air1 a thin blue column of smoke rose4 ,in the rear of the house1 from the garden gate1 ran a pathway ,through the great groves of oak to the skirts of the limitless prairie1 ,into whose sea of flowers the sun was slowly descending4 ,full in his track of light1 like ships with shadowy canvas ,hanging loose from their spars in a motionless calm in the tropics1 ,stood a cluster of trees1 with tangled cordage of grapevines4 ,just where the woodlands met the flowery surf of the prairie1 ,mounted upon his horse1 with ,spanish saddle and stirrups1 ,sat a herdsman1 arrayed in gaiters and doublet of deerskin4 ,broad and brown was the face that from under the ,spanish sombrero ,gazed on the peaceful scene1 with the lordly look of its master4 ,round about him were numberless herds of kine that were grazing ,quietly in the meadows1 and breathing the vapory freshness ,that uprose from the river1 and spread itself over the landscape4 ,slowly lifting the horn that hung at his side1 and expanding ,fully his broad1 deep chest1 he blew a blast1 that resounded ,wildly and sweet and far1 through the still damp air of the evening4 ,suddenly out of the grass the long white horns of the cattle ,rose like flakes of foam on the adverse currents of ocean4 ,silent a moment they gazed1 then bellowing rushed o'er the prairie1 ,and the whole mass became a cloud1 a shade in the distance4 ,then1 as the herdsman turned to the house1 through the gate of the garden ,saw he the forms of the priest and the maiden advancing to meet him4 ,suddenly down from his horse he sprang in amazement1 and forward ,rushed with extended arms and exclamations of wonder2 ,when they beheld his face1 they recognized ,basil the blacksmith4 ,hearty his welcome was1 as he led his guests to the garden4 ,there in an arbor of roses with endless question and answer ,gave they vent to their hearts1 and renewed their friendly embraces1 ,laughing and weeping by turns1 or sitting silent and thoughtful4 ,thoughtful1 for ,gabriel came not2 and now dark doubts' and misgivings ,stole o'er the maiden's heart2 and ,basil1 somewhat embarrassed1 ,broke the silence and said1 ,if you came by the ,atchafalaya1 ,how have you nowhere encountered my ,gabriel's boat on the bayous8 ,over ,evangeline's face at the words of ,basil a shade passed4 ,tears came into her eyes1 and she said1 with a tremulous accent1 ,gone8 is ,gabriel gone8 and1 concealing her face on his shoulder1 ,all her o'erburdened heart gave way1 and she wept and lamented4 ,then the good ,basil said1--and his voice grew blithe as he said it1-- ,be of good cheer1 my child2 it is only to-day he departed4 ,foolish boy6 he has left me alone with my herds and my horses1 ,moody and restless grown1 and tired and troubled1 his spirit ,could no longer endure the calm of this quiet existence4 ,thinking ever of thee1 uncertain and sorrowful ever1 ,ever silent1 or speaking only of thee and his troubles1 ,he at length had become so tedious to men and to maidens1 ,tedious even to me1 that at length ,i bethought me1 and sent him ,unto the town of ,adayes to trade for mules with the ,spaniards4 ,thence he will follow the ,indian trails to the ,ozark ,mountains1 ,hunting for furs in the forests1 on rivers trapping the beaver4 ,therefore be of good cheer2 we will follow the fugitive lover2 ,he is not far on his way1 and the ,fates and the streams are against him4 ,up and away to-morrow1 and through the red dew of the morning1 ,we will follow him fast1 and bring him back to his prison4 ,then glad voices were heard1 and up from the banks of the river1 ,borne aloft on his comrades' arms1 came ,michael the fiddler4 ,long under ,basil's roof had he lived1 like a god on ,olympus1 ,having no other care than dispensing music to mortals4 ,far renowned was he for his silver locks and his fiddle4 ,long live ,michael1 they cried1 our brave ,acadian minstrel6 ,as they bore him aloft in triumphal procession2 and straightway ,father ,felician advanced with ,evangeline1 greeting the old man ,kindly and oft1 and recalling the past1 while ,basil1 enraptured1 ,hailed with hilarious joy his old companions and gossips1 ,laughing loud and long1 and embracing mothers and daughters4 ,much they marveled to see the wealth of the ci-devant blacksmith1 ,all his domains and his herds1 and his patriarchal demeanor2 ,much they marveled to hear his tales of the soil and the climate1 ,and of the prairies1 whose numberless herds were his who would take them2 ,each one thought in his heart1 that he1 too1 would go and do likewise4 ,thus they ascended the steps1 and1 crossing the breezy veranda1 ,entered the hall of the house1 where already the supper of ,basil ,waited his late return2 and they rested and feasted together4 ,over the joyous feast the sudden darkness descended4 ,all was silent without1 and1 illuming the landscape with silver1 ,fair rose the dewy moon and the myriad stars2 but within doors1 ,brighter than these1 shone the faces of friends in the glimmering lamplight4 ,then from his station aloft1 at the head of the table1 the herdsman ,poured forth his heart and his wine together in endless profusion4 ,lighting his pipe1 that was filled with sweet ,natchitoches tobacco1 ,thus he spake to his guests1 who listened1 and smiled as they listened3-- ,welcome once more1 my friends1 who so long have been friendless and homeless1 ,welcome once more to a home1 that is better perchance than the old one6 ,here no hungry winter congeals our blood like the rivers2 ,here no stony ground provokes the wrath of the farmer2 ,smoothly the ploughshare runs through the soil1 as a keel through the water4 ,all the year round the orange-groves are in blossom2 and grass grows ,more in a single night than a whole ,canadian summer4 ,here1 too1 numberless herds run wild and unclaimed in the prairies2 ,here1 too1 lands may he had for the asking1 and forests of timber ,with a few blows of the axe are hewn and framed into houses4 ,after your houses are built1 and your fields are yellow with harvests1 ,no ,king ,george of ,england shall drive you away from your homesteads1 ,burning your dwellings and barns1 and stealing your farms and your cattle4 ,speaking these words1 he blew a wrathful cloud from his nostrils1 ,and his huge1 brawny hand came thundering down on the table1 ,so that the guests all started2 and ,father ,felician1 astounded1 ,suddenly paused1 with a pinch of snuff half-way to his nostrils4 ,but the brave ,basil resumed1 and his words were milder and gayer3-- ,only beware of the fever1 my friends1 beware of the fever6 ,for it is not like that of our cold ,acadian climate1 ,cured by wearing a spider hung round one's neck in a nutshell6 ,then there were voices heard at the door1 and footsteps approaching ,sounded upon the stairs and the floor of the breezy ,veranda4 ,it was the neighboring ,creoles and small ,acadian planters1 ,who had been summoned all to the house of ,basil the herdsman4 ,merry the meeting was of ancient comrades and neighbors3 ,friend clasped friend in his arms2 and they who before were as strangers1 ,meeting in exile1 became straightway as friends to each other1 ,drawn by the gentle bond of a common country together4 ,but in the neighboring hall a strain of music1 proceeding ,from the accordant strings of ,michael's melodious fiddle1 ,broke up all further speech4 ,away1 like children delighted1 ,all things forgotten beside1 they gave themselves to the maddening ,whirl of the dizzy dance1 as it swept and swayed to the music1 ,dreamlike1 with beaming eyes and the rush of fluttering garments4 ,meanwhile1 apart1 at the head of the hall1 the priest and the herdsman ,sat1 conversing together of past and present and future2 ,while ,evangeline stood like one entranced1 for within her ,olden memories rose1 and loud in the midst of the music ,heard she the sound of the sea1 and an irrepressible sadness ,came o'er her heart1 and unseen she stole forth into the garden4 ,beautiful was the night4 ,behind the black wall of the forest1 ,tipping its summit with silver1 arose the moon4 ,on the river ,fell here and there through the branches a tremulous gleam of the moonlight1 ,like the sweet thoughts of love on a darkened and devious spirit4 ,nearer and round about her1 the manifold flowers of the garden ,poured out their souls in odors1 that were their prayers and confessions ,unto the night1 as it went its way1 like a silent ,carthusian4 ,fuller of fragrance than they1 and as heavy with shadows and night-dews1 ,hung the heart of the maiden4 ,the calm and the magical moonlight ,seemed to inundate her soul with indefinable longings1 ,as1 through the garden gate1 beneath the brown shade of the oak-trees1 ,passed she along the path to the edge of the measureless prairie4 ,silent it lay1 with a silvery haze upon it1 and fire-flies ,gleaming and floating away in mingled and infinite numbers4 ,over her head the stars1 the thoughts of ,god in the heavens1 ,shone on the eyes of man1 who had ceased to marvel and worship1 ,save when a blazing comet was seen on the walls of that temple1 ,as if a hand had appeared and written upon them1 ,upharsin4 ,and the soul of the maiden1 between the stars and the fire-flies1 ,wandered alone1 and she cried1 ,o ,gabriel6 ,o my beloved6 ,art thou so near unto me1 and yet ,i cannot behold thee8 ,art thou so near unto me1 and yet thy voice does not reach me8 ,ah6 how often thy feet have trod this path to the prairie6 ,ah6 how often thine eyes have looked on the woodlands around me6 ,ah6 how often beneath this oak1 returning from labor1 ,thou hast lain1 down to rest1 and to dream of me in thy slumbers6 ,when shall these eyes behold1 these arms be folded about thee8 ,loud and sudden and near the note of a whippoorwill sounded ,like a flute in the woods2 and anon1 through the neighboring thickets1 ,farther and farther away it floated and dropped into silence4 ,patience6 whispered the oaks from oracular caverns of darkness2 ,and1 from the moonlit meadow1 a sigh responded1 ,to-morrow6 ,bright rose the sun next day2 and all the flowers of the garden ,bathed his shining feet with their tears1 and anointed his tresses ,with the delicious balm that they bore in their vases of crystal4 ,farewell6 said the priest1 as he stood at the shadowy threshold2 ,see that you bring us the ,prodigal ,son from his fasting and famine1 ,and1 too1 the ,foolish ,virgin1 who slept when the bridegroom was coming4 ,farewell6 answered the maiden1 and1 smiling1 with ,basil descended ,down to the rivers brink1 where the boatmen already were waiting4 ,thus beginning their journey with morning1 and sunshine1 and gladness1 ,swiftly they followed the flight of him who was speeding before them1 ,blown by the blast of fate like a dead leaf over the desert4 ,not that day1 nor the next1 nor yet the day that succeeded1 ,found they trace of his course1 in lake or forest or river1 ,nor1 after many days1 had they found him2 but vague and uncertain ,rumors alone were their guides through a wild and desolate country2 ,till1 at the little inn of the ,spanish town of ,adayes1 ,weary and worn1 they alighted1 and learned from the garrulous landlord ,that on the day before1 with horses and guides and companions1 ,gabriel left the village1 and took the road of the prairies4 ,,iv4 ,far in the ,west there lies a desert land1 where the mountains ,lift1 through perpetual snows1 their lofty and luminous summits4 ,down from their jagged1 deep ravines1 where the gorge1 like a gateway1 ,opens a passage rude to the wheels of the emigrant's wagon1 ,westward the ,oregon flows and the ,walleway and ,owyhee4 ,eastward1 with devious course1 among the ,wind-river ,mountains1 ,through the ,sweet-water ,valley precipitate leaps the ,nebraska2 ,and to the south1 from ,fontaine-qui-bout and the ,spanish sierras1 ,fretted with sands and rocks1 and swept by the wind of the desert1 ,numberless torrents1 with ceaseless sound1 descend to the ocean1 ,like the great chords of a harp1 in loud and solemn vibrations4 ,spreading between these streams are the wondrous1 beautiful prairies1 ,billowy bays of grass ever rolling in shadow and sunshine1 ,bright with luxuriant clusters of roses and purple amorphas4 ,over them wander the buffalo herds1 and the elk and the roebuck2 ,over them wander the wolves1 and herds of riderless horses2 ,fires that blast and blight1 and winds that are weary with travel2 ,over them wander the scattered tribes of ,ishmael's children1 ,staining the desert with blood2 and above their terrible wartrails ,circles and sails aloft1 on pinions majestic1 the vulture1 ,like the implacable soul of a chieftain slaughtered in battle1 ,by invisible stairs ascending and scaling the heavens4 ,here and there rise smokes from the camps of these savage marauders2 ,here and there rise groves from the margins of swift-running rivers2 ,and the grim1 taciturn bear1 the anchorite monk of the desert1 ,climbs down their dark ravines to dig for roots by the brookside1 ,and over all is the sky1 the clear and crystalline heaven1 ,like the protecting hand of ,god inverted above them4 ,into this wonderful land1 at the base of the ,ozark ,mountains1 ,gabriel far had entered1 with hunters and trappers behind him4 ,day after day1 with their ,indian guides1 the maiden and ,basil ,followed his flying steps1 and thought each day to o'ertake him4 ,sometimes they saw1 or thought they saw1 the smoke of his camp-fire ,rise in the morning air from the distant plain2 but at nightfall1 ,when they had reached the place1 they found only embers and ashes4 ,and1 though their hearts were sad at times and their bodies were weary1 ,hope still guided them on1 as the magic ,fata ,morgana ,showed them her lakes of light1 that retreated and vanished before them4 ,once1 as they sat by their evening fire1 there silently entered ,into the little camp an ,indian woman1 whose features ,wore deep traces of sorrow1 and patience as great as her sorrow4 ,she was a ,shawnee woman returning home to her people1 ,from the far-off hunting grounds of the cruel ,comanches1 ,where her ,canadian husband1 a coureur-des-bois1 had been murdered4 ,touched were their hearts at her story1 and warmest and friendliest welcome ,gave they1 with words of cheer1 and she sat and feasted among them ,on the buffalo-meat and the venison cooked on the embers4 ,but when their meal was done1 and ,basil and all his companions1 ,worn with the long day's march and the chase of the deer and the bison1 ,stretched themselves on the ground1 and slept where the quivering fire-light ,flashed on their swarthy cheeks1 and their forms wrapped up in their blankets1 ,then at the door of ,evangeline's tent she sat and repeated ,slowly1 with soft1 low voice1 and the charm of her ,indian accent1 ,all the tale of her love1 with its pleasures1 and pains1 and reverses4 ,much ,evangeline wept at the tale1 and to know that another ,hapless heart like her own had loved and had been disappointed4 ,moved to the depths of her soul by pity and woman's compassion1 ,yet in her sorrow pleased that one who had suffered was near her1 ,she in turn related her love and all its disasters4 ,mute with wonder the ,shawnee sat1 and when she had ended ,still was mute2 but at length1 as if a mysterious horror ,passed through her brain1 she spake1 and repeated the tale of the ,mowis2 ,mowis1 the bridegroom of snow1 who won and wedded a maiden1 ,but1 when the morning came1 arose and passed from the wigwam1 ,fading and melting away and dissolving into the sunshine1 ,till she beheld him no more1 though she followed far into the forest4 ,then1 in those sweet1 low tones1 that seemed like a weird incantation1 ,told she the tale of the fair ,lilinau1 who was wooed by a phantom1 ,that1 through the pines o'er her father's lodge1 in the hush of the twilight1 ,breathed like the evening wind1 and whispered love to the maiden1 ,till she followed his green and waving plume through the forest1 ,and nevermore returned1 nor was seen again by her people4 ,silent with wonder and strange surprise1 ,evangeline listened ,to the soft flow of her magical words1 till the region around her ,seemed like enchanted ground1 and her swarthy guest the enchantress4 ,slowly over the tops of the ,ozark ,mountains the moon rose1 ,lighting the little tent1 and with a mysterious splendor ,touching the sombre leaves1 and embracing and filling the woodland4 ,with a delicious sound the brook rushed by1 and the branches ,swayed and sighed overhead in scarcely audible whispers4 ,filled with the thoughts of love was ,evangeline's heart1 but a secret1 ,subtile sense crept in of pain and indefinite terror1 ,as the cold1 poisonous snake creeps into the nest of the swallow4 ,it was no earthly fear4 ,a breath from the region1 of spirits ,seemed to float in the air of night2 and she felt for a moment ,that1 like the ,indian maid1 she1 too1 was pursuing a phantom4 ,and with this thought she slept1 and the fear and the phantom had vanished4 ,early upon the morrow the march was resumed1 and the ,shawnee ,said1 as they journeyed along1--,on the western slope of these mountains ,dwells in his little village the ,black ,robe chief of the ,mission4 ,much he teaches the people1 and tells them of ,mary and ,jesus2 ,loud laugh their hearts with joy1 and weep with pain1 as they hear him4 ,then1 with a sudden and secret emotion1 ,evangeline answered1 ,let us go to the ,mission1 for there good tidings await us6 ,thither they turned their steeds2 and behind a spur of the mountains1 ,just as the sun went down1 they heard a murmur of voices1 ,and in a meadow green and broad1 by the bank of a river1 ,saw the tents of the ,christians1 the tents of the ,jesuit ,mission4 ,under a towering oak1 that stood in the midst of the village1 ,knelt the ,black ,robe chief with his children4 ,a crucifix fastened ,high on the trunk of the tree1 and overshadowed by grapevines1 ,looked with its agonized face on the multitude kneeling beneath it4 ,this was their rural chapel4 ,aloft1 through the intricate arches ,of its aerial roof1 arose the chant of their vespers1 ,mingling its notes with the soft susurrus and sighs of the branches4 ,silent1 with heads uncovered1 the travelers1 nearer approaching1 ,knelt on the swarded floor1 and joined in the evening devotions4 ,but when the service was done1 and the benediction had fallen ,forth from the hands of the priest1 like seed from the hands of the sower1 ,slowly the reverend man advanced to the strangers1 and bade them ,welcome2 and when they replied1 he smiled with benignant expression1 ,hearing the homelike sounds of his mother-tongue in the forest1 ,and1 with words of kindness1 conducted them into his wigwam4 ,there upon mats and skins they reposed1 and on cakes of the maize-ear ,feasted1 and slaked their thirst from the water-gourd of the teacher4 ,soon was their story told2 and the priest with solemnity answered3-- ,not six suns have risen and set since ,gabriel1 seated ,on this mat by my side1 where now the maiden reposes1 ,told me this same sad tale2 then arose and continued his journey6 ,soft was the voice of the priest1 and he spake with an accent of kindness2 ,but on ,evangeline's heart fell his words as in winter the snowflakes ,fall into some lone nest from which the birds have departed4 ,far to the north he has gone1 continued the priest2 but in autumn1 ,when the chase is done1 will return again to the ,mission4 ,then ,evangeline said1 and her voice was meek and submissive1 ,let me remain with thee1 for my soul is sad and afflicted4 ,so seemed it wise and well unto all2 and betimes on the morrow1 ,mounting his ,mexican steed1 with his ,indian guides and companions1 ,homeward ,basil returned1 and ,evangeline stayed at the ,mission4 ,slowly1 slowly1 slowly the days succeeded each other1-- ,days and weeks and months2 and the fields of maize that were springing ,green from the ground when a stranger she came1 now waving about her1 ,lifted their slender shafts1 with leaves interlacing1 and forming ,cloisters for mendicant crows and granaries pillaged by squirrels4 ,then in the golden weather the maize was husked1 and the maidens ,blushed at each blood-red ear1 for that betokened a lover1 ,but at the crooked laughed1 and called it a thief in the cornfield4 ,even the blood-red ear to ,evangeline brought not her lover4 ,patience6 the priest would say2 have faith1 and thy prayer will be answered6 ,look at this delicate plant that lifts its head from the meadow1 ,see how its leaves all point to the north1 as true as the magnet2 ,it is the compass-flower1 that the finger of ,god has suspended ,here on its fragile stalk to direct the traveler's journey ,over the sea-like1 pathless1 limitless waste of the desert4 ,such in the soul of man is faith4 ,the blossoms of passion1 ,gay and luxuriant flowers1 are brighter and fuller of fragrance1 ,but they beguile us1 and lead us astray1 and their odor is deadly4 ,only this humble plant can guide us here1 and hereafter ,crown us with asphodel flowers1 that are wet with the dews of nepenthe4 ,so came the autumn1 and passed1 and the winter--yet ,gabriel came not2 ,blossomed the opening spring1 and the notes of the robin and bluebird ,sounded sweet upon wold and in wood1 yet ,gabriel came not4 ,but on the breath of the summer winds a rumor was wafted ,sweeter than song of bird1 or hue or odor of blossom4 ,far to the north and east1 it said1 in the ,michigan forests1 ,gabriel had his lodge by the banks of the ,saginaw ,river4 ,and1 with returning guides1 that sought the lakes of ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,saying a sad farewell1 ,evangeline went from the ,mission4 ,when over weary ways1 by long and perilous marches1 ,she had attained at length the depths of the ,michigan forests1 ,found she the hunter's lodge deserted and fallen to ruin6 ,thus did the long sad years glide on1 and in seasons and places ,divers and distant far was seen the wandering maiden2-- ,now in the ,tents of ,grace of the meek ,moravian ,missions1 ,now in the noisy camps and the battle-fields of the army1 ,now in secluded hamlets1 in towns and populous cities4 ,like a phantom she came1 and passed away unremembered4 ,fair was she and young1 when in hope began the long journey2 ,faded was she and old1 when in disappointment it ended4 ,each succeeding year stole something away from her beauty1 ,leaving behind it1 broader and deeper1 the gloom and the shadow4 ,then there appeared and spread faint streaks of gray o'er her forehead1 ,dawn of another life1 that broke o'er her earthly horizon1 ,as in the eastern sky the first faint streaks of the morning4 ,v4 ,in that delightful land which is washed by the ,delaware's waters1 ,guarding in sylvan shades the name of ,penn the apostle1 ,stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded4 ,there all the air is balm1 and the peach is the emblem of beauty1 ,and the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest1 ,as if they fain would appease the ,dryads whose haunts they molested4 ,there from the troubled sea had ,evangeline landed1 an exile1 ,finding among the children of ,penn a home and a country4 ,there old ,ren ,leblanc had died2 and when he departed1 ,saw at his side only one of all his hundred descendants4 ,something at least there was in the friendly streets of the city1 ,something that spake to her heart1 and made her no longer a stranger2 ,and her ear was pleased with the ,thee and ,thou of the ,quakers1 ,for it recalled the past1 the old ,acadian country1 ,where all men were equal1 and all were brothers and sisters4 ,so1 when the fruitless search1 the disappointed endeavor1 ,ended1 to recommence no more upon earth1 uncomplaining1 ,thither1 as leaves to the light1 were turned her thoughts and her footsteps4 ,as from a mountain's top the rainy mists of the morning ,roll away1 and afar we behold the landscape below us1 ,sun-illumined1 with shining rivers and cities and hamlets1 ,so fell the mists from her mind1 and she saw the world far below her1 ,dark no longer1 but all illumined with love2 and the pathway ,which she had climbed so far1 lying smooth and fair in the distance4 ,gabriel was not forgotten4 ,within her heart was his image1 ,clothed in the beauty of love and youth1 as last she beheld him1 ,only more beautiful made by his deathlike silence and absence4 ,into her thoughts of him time entered not1 for it was not4 ,over him years had no power2 he was not changed1 but transfigured2 ,he had become to her heart as one who is dead1 and not absent2 ,patience and abnegation of self1 and devotion to others1 ,this was the lesson a life of trial and sorrow had taught her4 ,so was her love diffused1 but1 like to some odorous spices1 ,suffered no waste nor loss1 though filling the air with aroma4 ,other hope had she none1 nor wish in life1 but to follow1 ,meekly with reverent steps1 the sacred feet of her ,saviour4 ,thus many years she lived as a ,sister of ,mercy2 frequenting ,lonely and wretched roofs in the crowded lanes of the city1 ,where distress and want concealed themselves from the sunlight4 ,where disease and sorrow in garrets languished neglected4 ,night after night when the world was asleep1 as the watchman repeated ,loud1 through the gusty streets1 that all was well in the city1 ,high at some lonely window he saw the light of her taper4 ,day after day1 in the gray of the dawn1 as slow through the suburbs ,plodded the ,german farmer1 with flowers and fruits for the market1 ,met he that meek1 pale face1 returning home from its watchings4 ,then it came to pass that a pestilence fell on the city1 ,presaged by wondrous signs1 and mostly by flocks of wild pigeons1 ,darkening the sun in their flight1 with naught in their craws but an acorn4 ,and1 as the tides of the sea arise in the month of ,september1 ,flooding some silver stream1 till it spreads to a lake in the meadow1 ,so death flooded life1 and1 o'erflowing its natural margin1 ,spread to a brackish lake the silver stream of existence4 ,wealth had no power to bribe1 nor beauty to charm1 the oppressor2 ,but all perished alike beneath the scourge of his anger2-- ,only1 alas6 the poor1 who had neither friends nor attendants1 ,crept away to die in the almshouse1 home of the homeless4 ,then in the suburbs it stood1 in the midst of meadows and woodlands2-- ,now the city surrounds it2 but still1 with its gateway and wicket ,meek1 in the midst of splendor1 its humble walls seem to echo ,softly the words of the ,lord3--,the poor ye always have with you4 ,thither1 by night and by day1 came the ,sister of ,mercy4 ,the dying ,looked up into her face1 and thought1 indeed1 to behold there ,gleams of celestial light encircle her forehead with splendor1 ,such as the artist paints o'er the brows of saints and apostles1 ,or such as hangs by night o'er a city seen at a distance4 ,unto their eyes it seemed the lamps of the city celestial1 ,into whose shining gates erelong their spirits would enter4 ,thus1 on a ,sabbath morn1 through the streets1 deserted and silent1 ,wending her quiet way1 she entered the door of the almshouse4 ,sweet on the summer air was the odor of flowers in the garden1 ,and she paused on her way to gather the fairest among them1 ,that the dying once more might rejoice in their fragrance and beauty4 ,then1 as she mounted the stairs to the corridors1 cooled by the east-wind1 ,distant and soft on her ear fell the chimes from the belfry of ,christ ,church1 ,while1 intermingled with these1 across the meadows were wafted ,sounds of psalms1 that were sung by the ,swedes in their church at ,wicaco4 ,soft as descending wings fell the calm of the hour on her spirit2 ,something within her said1 ,at length thy trials are ended2 ,and1 with light in her looks1 she entered the chambers of sickness4 ,noiselessly moved about the assiduous1 careful attendants1 ,moistening the feverish lip1 and the aching brow1 and in silence ,closing the sightless eyes of the dead1 and concealing their faces1 ,where on their pallets they lay1 like drifts of snow by the roadside4 ,many a languid head1 upraised as ,evangeline entered1 ,turned on its pillow of pain to gaze while she passed1 for her presence ,fell on their hearts like a ray of the sun on the walls of a prison4 ,and1 as she looked around1 she saw how ,death1 the consoler1 ,laying his hand upon many a heart1 had healed it forever4 ,many familiar forms had disappeared in the night time2 ,vacant their places were1 or filled already by strangers4 ,suddenly1 as if arrested by fear or a feeling of wonder1 ,still she stood1 with her colorless lips apart1 while a shudder ,ran through her frame1 and1 forgotten1 the flowerets dropped from her fingers1 ,and from her eyes and cheeks the light and bloom of the morning4 ,then there escaped from her lips a cry of such terrible anguish1 ,that the dying heard it1 and started up from their pillows4 ,on the pallet before her was stretched the form of an old man4 ,long1 and thin1 and gray were the locks that shaded his temples2 ,but1 as he lay in the morning light1 his face for a moment ,seemed to assume once more the forms of its earlier manhood2 ,so are wont to be changed the faces of those who are dying4 ,hot and red on his lips still burned the flush of the fever1 ,as if life1 like the ,hebrew1 with blood had besprinkled its portals1 ,that the ,angel of ,death might see the sign1 and pass over4 ,motionless1 senseless1 dying1 he lay1 and his spirit exhausted ,seemed to be sinking down through infinite depths in the darkness1 ,darkness of slumber and death1 forever sinking and sinking4 ,then through those realms of shade1 in multiplied reverberations1 ,heard he that cry of pain1 and through the hush that succeeded ,whispered a gentle voice1 in accents tender and saintlike1 ,gabriel6 ,o my beloved6 and died away into silence4 ,then he beheld1 in a dream1 once more the home of his childhood2 ,green ,acadian meadows1 with sylvan rivers among them1 ,village1 and mountain1 and woodlands2 and1 walking under their shadow1 ,as in the days of her youth1 ,evangeline rose in his vision4 ,tears came into his eyes2 and as slowly he lifted his eyelids1 ,vanished the vision away1 but ,evangeline knelt by his bedside4 ,vainly he strove to whisper her name1 for the accents unuttered ,died on his lips1 and their motion revealed what his tongue would have spoken4 ,vainly he strove to rise2 and ,evangeline1 kneeling beside him1 ,kissed his dying lips1 and laid his head on her bosom4 ,sweet was the light of his eyes2 but it suddenly sank into darkness1 ,as when a lamp is blown out by a gust of wind at a casement4 ,all was ended now1 the hope1 and the fear1 and the sorrow1 ,all the aching of heart1 the restless1 unsatisfied longing1 ,all the dull1 deep pain1 and constant anguish of patience6 ,and1 as she pressed once more the lifeless head to her bosom1 ,meekly she bowed her own1 and murmured1 ,father1 ,i thank thee6 ,still stands the forest primeval2 but far away from its shadow1 ,side by side1 in their nameless graves1 the lovers are sleeping4 ,under the humble walls of the little ,catholic churchyard1 ,in the heart of the city1 they lie1 unknown and unnoticed4 ,daily the tides of life go ebbing and flowing beside them1 ,thousands of throbbing hearts1 where theirs are at rest and forever1 ,thousands of aching brains1 where theirs no longer are busy1 ,thousands of toiling hands1 where theirs have ceased from their labors1 ,thousands of weary feet1 where theirs have completed their journey6 ,still stands the forest primeval2 but under the shade of its branches ,dwells another race1 with other customs and language4 ,only along the shore of the mournful and misty ,atlantic ,linger a few ,acadian peasants1 whose fathers from exile ,wandered back to their native land to die in its bosom4 ,in the fisherman's cot the wheel and the loom are still busy2 ,maidens still wear their ,norman caps and their kirtles of homespun1 ,and by the evening fire repeat ,evangeline's story1 ,while from its rocky caverns the deep-voiced1 neighboring ocean ,speaks1 and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,the early history of ,nova ,scotia records the conflict for supremacy between the ,french and the ,english4 ,by the ,french the country was called ,acadie1 ,the ,acadians were essentially ,french in blood and in their sympathies1 though the ,english were from time to time in authority over the country4 ,at one time the ,english demanded an oath of allegiance from the ,acadians4 ,this they refused unless it should be so modified as to exempt them from bearing arms against ,france4 ,it was finally decided to remove the ,acadians from the country1 scattering them throughout the colonies in such a way as to prevent their concerted action in attempting to return to their homes4 ,accordingly they were driven on board the ,english transports and three thousand of them sent out of the country4 ,in the confusion incident to their removal1 families and friends were separated1 in many cases never to meet again4 ,the story of ,evangeline is a recital of such separation4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,into what parts is the poem divided8 ,with what does ,part ,first deal8 ,part ,second8 ,what purpose do the introductory lines to ,part ,first serve8 ,which lines give you the best picture of ,acadie8 ,which lines best describe the ,acadians8 ,explain3 ,there the richest was poor1 and the poorest lived in abundance4 ,what characteristics had ,evangeline8 ,find lines that tell you4 ,what picture does the poem give you of the home of ,evangeline8 ,who was ,gabriel8 ,describe the visit of ,basil and ,gabriel4 ,what were the characteristics of ,father ,leblanc8 ,which lines in ,longfellow's description of the contract and the evening scene at the farmer's are the most beautiful8 ,describe the betrothal feast in your own words4 ,what message did the voice of the thunder convey to ,evangeline8 ,describe in your own words the embarkation1 and the death of ,evangeline's father4 ,note the devotion of ,evangeline as shown in her wanderings in search of ,gabriel in the ,united ,states3 ,the visit of ,evangeline to the ,acadian settlement in ,louisiana1 the southern home of ,basil2 ,evangeline and ,basil follow ,gabriel to the ,west2 ,evangeline as a ,sister of ,mercy in ,philadelphia2 ,gabriel found dying2 ,the concluding stanza of the poem4 ,which of the above descriptions impressed you most8 ,which is most pathetic8 ,which do you like best8 ,trace the journeyings of ,evangeline on your map4 ,find the lines that describe the burning of ,grand-,pr4 ,what can you say about this description8 ,in this poem there are many beautiful descriptions4 ,what kinds of scenery are described8 ,what kinds of people are described8 ,what had a life of sorrow taught ,evangeline8 ,which lines tell you8 ,what led her to devote herself to the service of others8 ,what finally became her sole hope and wish8 ,why does this poem endure8 ,do you like it8 ,why8 ,which lines do you think are most beautiful8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,this is the forest primeval ,naught but tradition remains of ,grand ,pre ,list to a ,tale of ,love in ,acadie1 home of the happy ,darkened by shadows of earth1 but reflecting an image of heaven ,under the open sky1 in the odorous air of the orchard ,fairest of all the maids was ,evangeline1 ,benedict's daughter ,noblest of all the youths was ,gabriel1 son of the blacksmith 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,ship ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow ,build me straight1 ,o worthy ,master6 ,staunch and strong1 a goodly vessel1 ,that shall laugh at all disaster1 ,and with wave and whirlwind wrestle6 ,the merchant's word ,delighted the ,master heard2 ,for his heart was in his work1 and the heart ,giveth grace unto every ,art4 ,a quiet smile played round his lips1 ,as the eddies and dimples of the tide ,play round the bows of ships1 ,that steadily at anchor ride4 ,and with a voice that was full of glee1 ,he answered1 ,ere long we will launch ,a vessel as goodly1 and strong1 and staunch1 ,as ever weathered a wintry sea6 ,and first with nicest skill and art1 ,perfect and finished in every part1 ,a little model the ,master wrought1 ,which should be to the larger plan ,what the child is to the man1 ,its counterpart in miniature2 ,that with a hand more swift and sure ,the greater labor might be brought ,to answer to his inward thought4 ,and as he labored his mind ran o'er ,the various ships that were built of yore1 ,and above them all1 and strangest of all1 ,towered the ,great ,harry1 crank and tall1 ,whose picture was hanging on the wall1 ,with bows and stern raised high in air1 ,and balconies hanging here and there1 ,and signal lanterns and flags afloat1 ,and eight round towers1 like those that frown ,from some old castle1 looking down ,upon the drawbridge and the moat1 ,and he said1 with a smile1 ,our ship1 ,i wis1 ,shall be of another form than this6 ,it was of another form1 indeed2 ,built for freight1 and yet for speed1 ,a beautiful and gallant craft2 ,broad in the beam1 that the stress of the blast1 ,pressing down upon sail and mast1 ,might not the sharp bows overwhelm2 ,broad in the beam1 but sloping aft ,with graceful curve and slow degrees1 ,that she might be docile to the helm1 ,and that the currents of parted seas1 ,closing behind1 with mighty force1 ,might aid and not impede her course4 ,in the ship-yard stood the ,master1 ,with the model of the vessel1 ,that should laugh at all disaster1 ,and with wave and whirlwind wrestle6 ,covering many a rood of ground1 ,lay the timber piled around2 ,timber of chestnut1 and elm1 and oak1 ,and scattered here and there1 with these1 ,the knarred and crooked cedar knees2 ,brought from regions far away1 ,from ,pascagoula's sunny bay1 ,and the banks of the roaring ,roanoke6 ,ah6 what a wondrous thing it is ,to note how many wheels of toil ,one thought1 one word1 can set in motion6 ,there's not a ship that sails the ocean1 ,but every climate1 every soil1 ,must bring its tribute1 great or small1 ,and help to build the wooden wall6 ,the sun was rising o'er the sea1 ,and long the level shadows lay1 ,as if they1 too1 the beams would be ,of some great1 airy argosy1 ,framed and launched in a single day1 ,that silent architect1 the sun1 ,had hewn and laid them every one1 ,ere the work of man was yet begun4 ,beside the ,master1 when he spoke1 ,a youth1 against an anchor leaning1 ,listened1 to catch his slightest meaning4 ,only the long waves1 as they broke ,in ripples on the pebbly beach1 ,interrupted the old man's speech4 ,beautiful they were1 in sooth1 ,the old man and the fiery youth6 ,the old man1 in whose busy brain ,many a ship that sailed the main ,was modelled o'er and o'er again2-- ,the fiery youth1 who was to be ,the heir of his dexterity1 ,the heir of his house1 and his daughter's hand1 ,when he had built and launched from land ,what the elder head had planned4 ,thus1 said he1 will we build this ship6 ,lay square the blocks upon the slip1 ,and follow well this plan of mine4 ,choose the timbers with greatest care2 ,of all that is unsound beware2 ,for only what is sound and strong ,to this vessel shall belong4 ,cedar of ,maine and ,georgia pine ,here together shall combine4 ,a goodly frame1 and a goodly fame1 ,and the ,,union be her name6 ,for the day that gives her to the sea ,shall give my daughter unto thee6 ,the ,master's word ,enraptured the young man heard2 ,and as he turned his face aside1 ,with a look of joy and a thrill of pride1 ,standing before ,her father's door1 ,he saw the form of his promised bride4 ,the sun shone on her golden hair1 ,and her cheek was glowing fresh and fair1 ,with the breath of morn and the soft sea air4 ,like a beauteous barge was she1 ,still at rest on the sandy beach1 ,just beyond the billow's reach2 ,but he ,was the restless1 seething1 stormy sea6 ,ah1 how skilful grows the hand ,that obeyeth ,love's command6 ,it is the heart1 and not the brain1 ,that to the highest doth attain1 ,and he who followeth ,love's behest ,far exceedeth all the rest6 ,thus with the rising of the sun ,was the noble task begun1 ,and soon throughout the ship-yard's bounds ,were heard the intermingled sounds ,of axes and of mallets1 plied ,with vigorous arms on every side2 ,plied so deftly and so well1 ,that1 ere the shadows of evening fell1 ,the keel of oak for a noble ship1 ,scarfed and bolted1 straight and strong1 ,was lying ready1 and stretched along ,the blocks1 well placed upon the slip4 ,happy1 thrice happy1 every one ,who sees his labor well begun1 ,and not perplexed and multiplied1 ,by idly waiting for time and tide6 ,and when the hot1 long day was o'er1 ,the young man at the ,master's door ,sat with the maiden calm and still1 ,and within the porch1 a little more ,removed beyond the evening chill1 ,the father sat1 and told them tales ,of wrecks in the great ,september gales1 ,of pirates upon the ,spanish ,main1 ,and ships that never came back again1 ,the chance and change of a sailor's life1 ,want and plenty1 rest and strife1 ,his roving fancy1 like the wind1 ,that nothing can stay and nothing can bind1 ,and the magic charm of foreign lands1 ,with shadows of palms1 and shining sands1 ,where the tumbling surf1 ,o'er the coral reefs of ,madagascar1 ,washes the feet of the swarthy ,lascar1 ,as he lies alone and asleep on the turf4 ,and the trembling maiden held her breath ,at the tales of that awful1 pitiless sea1 ,with all its terror and mystery1 ,the dim dark sea1 so like unto ,death1 ,that divides and yet unites mankind6 ,and whenever the old man paused1 a gleam ,from the bowl of his pipe would awhile illume ,the silent group in the twilight gloom1 ,and thoughtful faces1 as in a dream2 ,and for a moment one might mark ,what had been hidden by the dark1 ,that the head of the maiden lay at rest ,tenderly1 on the young man's breast6 ,day by day the vessel grew1 ,with timbers fashioned strong and true1 ,sternson and keelson and sternson-knee1 ,till1 framed with perfect symmetry1 ,a skeleton ship rose up to view6 ,and around the bows and along the side ,the heavy hammers and mallets plied1 ,till after many a week1 at length1 ,wonderful for form and strength1 ,sublime in its enormous bulk1 ,loomed aloft the shadowy hulk6 ,and around it columns of smoke1 upwreathing1 ,rose from the boiling1 bubbling1 seething1 ,cauldron1 that glowed1 ,and overflowed1 ,with the black tar1 heated for the sheathing4 ,and amid the clamors ,of clattering hammers1 ,he who listened heard now and then ,the song of the ,master and his men3-- ,build me straight1 ,o worthy ,master1 ,staunch and strong1 a goodly vessel1 ,that shall laugh at all disaster1 ,and with wave and whirlwind wrestle6 ,with oaken brace and copper band1 ,lay the rudder on the sand1 ,that1 like a thought1 should have control ,over the movement of the whole2 ,and near it the anchor1 whose giant hand ,would reach down and grapple with the land1 ,and immovable and fast ,hold the great ship against the bellowing blast6 ,and at the bows an image stood1 ,by a cunning artist carved in wood1 ,with robes of white1 that far behind ,seemed to be fluttering in the wind4 ,it was not shaped in a classic mould1 ,not like a ,nymph or ,goddess of old1 ,or ,naiad rising from the water1 ,but modeled from the ,master's daughter4 ,on many a dreary and misty night1 ',t will be seen by the rays of the signal light1 ,speeding along through the rain and the dark1 ,like a ghost in its snow-white sark1 ,the pilot of some phantom hark1 ,guiding the vessel1 in its flight1 ,by a path none other knows aright6 ,behold1 at last1 ,each tall and tapering mast ,is swung into its place2 ,shrouds and stays ,holding it firm and fast6 ,long ago1 ,in the deer-haunted forests of ,maine1 ,when upon mountain and plain ,lay the snow1 ,they fell1--those lordly pines6 ,those grand1 majestic pines6 ',mid shouts and cheers ,the jaded steers1 ,panting beneath the goad1 ,dragged down the weary1 winding road ,those captive kings so straight and tall1 ,to be shorn of their streaming hair1 ,and1 naked and bare1 ,to feel the stress and the strain ,of the wind and the reeling main1 ,whose roar ,would remind them for evermore ,of their native forests they should not see again4 ,and everywhere ,the slender1 graceful spars ,poise aloft in the air1 ,and at the mast-head1 ,white1 blue1 and red1 ,a flag unrolls the ,stripes and ,stars4 ,ah6 when the wanderer1 lonely1 friendless1 ,in foreign harbors shall behold ,that flag unrolled1 ',t will be as a friendly hand ,stretched out from his native land1 ,filling his heart with memories sweet and endless6 ,all is finished6 and at length ,has come the bridal day ,of beauty and of strength4 ,to-day the vessel shall be launched6 ,with fleecy clouds the sky is blanched1 ,and o'er the bay1 ,slowly1 in all his splendors dight1 ,the great sun rises to behold the sight4 ,the ocean old1 ,centuries old1 ,strong as youth1 and as uncontrolled1 ,paces restless to and fro1 ,up and down the sands of gold4 ,his beating heart is not at rest2 ,and far and wide1 ,with ceaseless flow1 ,his beard of snow ,heaves with the heaving of his breast4 ,he waits impatient for his bride4 ,there she stands1 ,with her foot upon the sands1 ,decked with flags and streamers gay1 ,in honor of her marriage day1 ,her snow-white signals fluttering1 blending1 ,bound her like a veil descending1 ,ready to be ,the bride of the gray old sea4 ,on the deck another bride ,is standing by her lover's side4 ,shadows from the flags and shrouds1 ,like the shadows cast by clouds1 ,broken by many a sunny fleck1 ,fall around them on the deck4 ,the prayer is said1 ,the service read1 ,the joyous bridegroom bows his head2 ,and in tears the good old ,master ,shakes the brown hand of his son1 ,kisses his daughter's glowing cheek ,in silence1 for he cannot speak1 ,and ever faster ,down his own the tears begin to run4 ,the worthy pastor-- ,the shepherd of that wandering flock1 ,that has the ocean for its wold1 ,that has the vessel for its fold1 ,leaping ever from rock to rock-- ,spake1 with accents mild and clear1 ,words of warning1 words of cheer1 ,but tedious to the bridegroom's ear4 ,he knew the chart ,of the sailor's heart1 ,all its pleasures and its griefs1 ,all its shallows and rocky reefs1 ,all those secret currents1 that flow ,with such resistless undertow1 ,and lift and drift1 with terrible force1 ,the will from its moorings and its course4 ,therefore he spake1 and thus said he3-- ,like unto ships far off at sea1 ,outward or homeward bound1 are we1 ,before1 behind1 and all around1 ,floats and swings the horizon's bound1 ,seems at its distant rim to rise ,and climb the crystal wall of the skies1 ,and then again to turn and sink1 ,as if we could slide from its outer brink4 ,ah6 it is not the sea1 ,it is not the sea that sinks and shelves1 ,but ourselves ,that rock and rise ,with endless and uneasy motion1 ,now touching the very skies1 ,now sinking into the depths of ocean4 ,ah6 if our souls but poise and swing ,like the compass in its brazen ring1 ,ever level and ever true ,to the toil and the task we have to do1 ,we shall sail securely1 and safely reach ,the ,fortunate ,isles1 on whose shining beach ,the sights we see1 and the sounds we hear1 ,will be those of joy and not of fear6 ,then the ,master1 ,with a gesture of command1 ,waved his hand2 ,and at the word1 ,loud and sudden there was heard1 ,all around them and below1 ,the sound of hammers1 blow on blow1 ,knocking away the shores and spurs4 ,and see6 she stirs6 ,she starts1--she moves1--she seems to feel ,the thrill of life along her keel1 ,and1 spurning with her foot the ground1 ,with one exulting1 joyous bound1 ,she leaps into the ocean's arms6 ,and lo6 from the assembled crowd ,there rose a shout1 prolonged and loud1 ,that to the ocean seemed to say1 ,take her1 ,oh bridegroom1 old and gray1 ,take her to thy protecting arms1 ,with all her youth and all her charms6 ,how beautiful she is6 ,how fair ,she lies within those arms1 that press ,her form with many a soft caress ,of tenderness and watchful care6 ,sail forth into the sea1 ,o ship6 ,through wind and wave1 right onward steer6 ,the moistened eye1 the trembling lip1 ,are not the signs of doubt or fear4 ,sail forth into the sea of life1 ,o gentle1 loving1 trusting wife1 ,and safe from all adversity ,upon the bosom of that sea ,thy comings and thy goings be6 ,for gentleness and love and trust ,prevail o'er angry wave and gust2 ,and in the wreck of noble lives ,something immortal still survives6 ,thou1 too1 sail on1 ,o ,ship of ,state6 ,sail on1 ,o ,,union1 strong and great6 ,humanity with all its fears1 ,with all the hopes of future years1 ,is hanging breathless on thy fate6 ,we know what ,master laid thy keel1 ,what ,workmen wrought thy ribs of steel1 ,who made each mast1 and sail1 and rope1 ,what anvils rang1 what hammers beat1 ,in what a forge and what a heat ,were shaped the anchors of thy hope6 ,fear not each sudden sound and shock1 ',t is of the wave and not the rock2 ',t is but the flapping of the sail1 ,and not a rent made by the gale6 ,in spite of rock and tempest's roar1 ,in spite of false lights on the shore1 ,sail on1 nor fear to breast the sea6 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 are all with thee1 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 our prayers1 our tears1 ,our faith triumphant o'er our fears1 ,are all with thee1--are all with thee6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,quote the lines that tell the kind of ship the ,master is to build4 ,what comparison does the ,master use in speaking of the model8 ,what does ,longfellow say that one thought can do8 ,explain lines #hd to #ic4 ,account for the name given the ship by the ,master4 ,describe the daughter in your own words4 ,explain3 ,it is the heart1 and not the brain1 ,that to the highest doth attain4 ,quote the song of the ,master and his men4 ,what uses are assigned to each of the following3 the rudder1 the anchor1 the image at the bows4 ,read the description of those lordly pines4 ,what does ,longfellow say the flag of the ship will be to the wanderer8 ,longfellow comments on the marriage of the ship with the sea4 ,explain the figure of speech4 ,memorize the pastor's words4 ,describe the launching in your own words4 ,have you ever seen a ship launched8 ,what does the building of the ship symbolize8 ,memorize the apostrophe to the ship of state and explain the symbol in detail4 ,find examples of alliteration4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 airy argosy heir of his dexterity slip scarfed ,like a beauteous barge was she moat knarred 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,greenleaf ,,whittier ,the year #ahjg was the birth year of both ,whittier and ,longfellow--two poets in whom the love of human nature is a marked trait4 ,little of the scholar1 however1 is to be found in the ,new ,england ,quaker whose lot it was to pass from plow to politics1 and from politics to literature4 ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier was born in ,east ,haverhill1 a rugged1 hilly section of ,essex ,county1 ,massachusetts4 ,in the southern part of this same county lies ,salem1 where three years earlier ,hawthorne was born4 ,the home of ,whittier was in a country district1 and to this day no roof is in sight from the old homestead4 ,the house1 considerably more than a hundred years old at the time of the poet's birth1 was built by his great-great-grandfather4 ,the ,whittiers were mostly stalwart men1 six feet in height1 who lived out their three-score years and ten2 but the poet1 though his years were more than any of his immediate ancestors1 fell a little short of the family stature1 and was of slender frame4 ,snow-bound gives us a faithful picture of the ,whittier homestead and household1 as they were eighty years ago4 ,the life they lived there was one utterly without luxury1 and with few means of culture4 ,there were perhaps thirty hooks in the house1 largely ,quaker tracts and journals4 ,of course there was the ,bible1 and through all his poetry ,whittier reverts to the ,bible for phrases and images as naturally as ,longfellow turns to mediaeval legend4 ,memorable were the evenings when the school teacher came and read to the family from books he brought with him1--one most memorable1 when the book was a copy of ,burns4 ,on ,whittier's first visit to ,boston1 an occasion honored by his wearing boughten buttons on his homespun coat1 and a broad-brim hat made by his aunt out of pasteboard covered with drab velvet1 he purchased a copy of ,shakespeare4 ,he attended the district school a few weeks each winter1 and when he was nineteen he completed his scanty education with a year at an academy at ,haverhill4 ,from the time when the reading of ,burns woke the poet in him1 he was constantly writing rhymes1 covering his slate with them1 and sometimes copying them out painstakingly on paper4 ,without ,whittier's knowledge1 his sister sent one of his poems to a paper in a neighboring town4 ,the ,editor became interested in his contributor and1 as the story goes1 drove out to the country home and ,whittier was called in from the field to meet the smart young newspaper man4 ,thus began his literary career4 ,he became an ,editor in ,boston and later in ,hartford1 but the work proving too trying for his delicate health1 he returned to the farm4 ,meanwhile1 he was contributing verse to the newspapers4 ,during this time he was elected to the ,legislature of ,massachusetts and had some prospects of being nominated for ,congress4 ,later in life he returned again and again to the purely lyrical notes which he had taken up in his youth4 ,two subjects always appealed strongly to ,whitter's poetic imagination4 ,one is the slender body of legendary lore that has come down to us from the colonial days of ,new ,england1 including a few tales of the trials and persecutions of the early ,quaker4 ,skipper ,ireson's ,ride belongs to this group of ballads4 ,the other favorite field of ,whittier's poetic fancy was the humble rural life of his own childhood--,in ,school-,days and ,snow-,bound belong to this class of ,new ,england idyls4 ,the latter will always be a favorite with ,american readers1 both for its simple rustic pictures1 and for its deep religious faith4 ,whittier never married4 ,the little romances of his youth slipped quietly into memories1 and imparted a finer tone to the poetry of his maturer years4 ,he died at ,hampton ,falls1 ,new ,hampshire1 in the eighty-fifth year of his age4 ,holmes was the only one of the ,new ,england singers left to mourn his departure3 ,best loved and saintliest of our singing train1 ,earth's noblest tributes to thy name belong4 ,a lifelong record closed without a stain1 ,a blameless memory shrined in deathless song4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,snow-,,bound ,a ,,winter ,,idyl ,,john ,g4 ,,whittier ,the ,sun that brief ,december day ,rose cheerless over hills of gray1 ,and1 darkly circled1 gave at noon ,a sadder light than waning moon4 ,slow tracing down the thickening sky ,its mute and ominous prophecy1 ,a portent seeming less than threat1 ,it sank from sight before it set4 ,a chill no coat1 however stout1 ,of homespun stuff could quite shut out4 ,a hard1 dull bitterness of cold1 ,that checked1 mid-vein1 the circling race ,of life-blood in the sharpened face1 ,the coming of the snow-storm told4 ,the wind blew east2 we heard the roar ,of ,ocean on his wintry shore1 ,and felt the strong pulse throbbing there ,beat with low rhythm our inland air4 ,meanwhile we did our nightly chores1-- ,brought in the wood from out of doors1 ,littered the stalls1 and from the mows ,raked down the herd's-grass for the cows3 ,heard the horse whinnying for his corn2 ,and1 sharply clashing horn on horn1 ,impatient down the stanchion rows ,the cattle shake their walnut bows2 ,while1 peering from his early perch ,upon the scaffold's pole of birch1 ,the cock his crested helmet bent ,and down his querulous challenge sent ,unwarmed by any sunset light ,the gray day darkened into night1 ,a night made hoary with the swarm ,and whirl-dance of the blinding storm1 ,as zigzag wavering to and fro ,crossed and recrossed the winged snow3 ,and ere the early bedtime came ,the white drift piled the window-frame1 ,and through the glass the clothes-line posts ,looked in like tall and sheeted ghosts4 ,so all night long the storm roared on3 ,the morning broke without a sun2 ,in tiny spherule traced with lines ,of ,nature's geometric signs1 ,in starry flake and pellicle ,all day the hoary meteor fell2 ,and1 when the second morning shone1 ,we looked upon a world unknown1 ,on nothing we could call our own4 ,around the glistening wonder bent ,the blue walls of the firmament1 ,no cloud above1 no earth below1-- ,a universe of sky and snow6 ,the old familiar sights of ours ,took marvelous shapes2 strange domes and towers ,rose up where sty or corn-crib stood1 ,or garden-wall or belt of wood2 ,a smooth white mound the brush-pile showed1 ,a fenceless drift what once was road2 ,the bridle-post an old man sat ,with loose-flung coat and high cocked hat2 ,the well-curb had a ,chinese roof2 ,and even the long sweep1 high aloof1 ,in its slant splendor1 seemed to tell ,of ,pisa's leaning miracle4 ,a prompt1 decisive man1 no breath ,our father wasted3 ,boys1 a path6 ,well pleased1 7for when did farmer boy ,count such a summons less than joy87 ,our buskins on our feet we drew2 ,with mittened hands1 and caps drawn low1 ,to guard our necks and ears from snow1 ,we cut the solid whiteness through2 ,and1 where the drift was deepest1 made ,a tunnel walled and overlaid ,with dazzling crystal3 we had read ,of rare ,aladdin's wondrous cave1 ,and to our own his name we gave1 ,with many a wish the luck were ours ,to test his lamp's supernal powers4 ,we reached the barn with merry din1 ,and roused the prisoned brutes within4 ,the old horse thrust his long head out1 ,and grave with wonder gazed about2 ,the cock his lusty greeting said1 ,and forth his speckled harem led2 ,the oxen lashed their tails1 and hooked1 ,and mild reproach of hunger looked2 ,the hornd patriarch of the sheep1 ,like ,egypt's ,amun roused from sleep1 ,shook his sage head with gesture mute1 ,and emphasized with stamp of foot4 ,all day the gusty north-wind bore ,the loosened drift its breath before2 ,low circling round its southern zone1 ,the sun through dazzling snow-mist shone4 ,no church-bell lent its ,christian tone ,to the savage air1 no social smoke ,curled over woods of snow-hung oak4 ,a solitude made more intense ,by dreary-voicd elements1 ,the shrieking of the mindless wind1 ,the moaning tree-boughs swaying blind1 ,and on the glass the unmeaning beat ,of ghostly finger-tips of sleet4 ,beyond the circle of our hearth ,no welcome sound of toil or mirth ,unbound the spell1 and testified ,of human life and thought outside4 ,we minded that the sharpest ear ,the buried brooklet could not hear1 ,the music of whose liquid lip ,had been to us companionship1 ,and1 in our lonely life1 had grown ,to have an almost human tone4 ,as night drew on1 and1 from the crest ,of wooded knolls that ridged the west1 ,the sun1 a snow-blown traveler1 sank ,from sight beneath the smothering bank1 ,we piled with care our nightly stack ,of wood against the chimney-back1-- ,the oaken log1 green1 huge1 and thick1 ,and on its top the stout back-stick2 ,the knotty forestick laid apart1 ,and filled between with curious art ,the ragged brush2 then1 hovering near1 ,we watched the first red blaze appear1 ,heard the sharp crackle1 caught the gleam ,on whitewashed wall and sagging beam1 ,until the old1 rude-furnished room ,burst1 flower-like1 into rosy bloom2 ,while radiant with a mimic flame ,outside the sparkling drift became ,and through the bare-boughed lilac-tree ,our own warm hearth seemed blazing free4 ,the crane and pendent trammels showed1 ,the ,turk's heads on the andirons glowed2 ,while childish fancy1 prompt to tell ,the meaning of the miracle1 ,whispered the old rhyme3 ,under the tree1 ,when fire outdoors burns merrily1 ,there the witches are making tea4 ,the moon above the eastern wood ,shone at its full2 the hill-range stood ,transfigured in the silver flood1 ,its blown snows flashing cold and keen1 ,dead white1 save where some sharp ravine ,took shadow1 or the sombre green ,of hemlocks turned to pitchy black ,against the whiteness of their back4 ,for such a world and such a night ,most fitting that unwarming light1 ,which only seemed where'er it fell ,to make the coldness visible4 ,shut in from all the world without1 ,we sat the clean-winged hearth about1 ,content to let the north-wind roar ,in baffled rage at pane and door1 ,while the red logs before us beat ,the frost-line back with tropic heat2 ,and ever1 when a louder blast ,shook beam and rafter as it passed1 ,the merrier up its roaring draught ,the great throat of the chimney laughed1 ,the house-dog on his paws outspread ,laid to the fire his drowsy head1 ,the cat's dark silhouette on the wall ,a couchant tiger's seemed to fall2 ,and1 for the winter fireside meet1 ,between the andirons' straddling feet1 ,the mug of cider simmered slow1 ,the apples sputtered in a row1 ,and1 close at hand1 the basket stood ,with nuts from brown ,october's wood4 ,what matter how the night behaved8 ,what matter how the north-wind raved8 ,blow high1 blow low1 not all its snow ,could quench our hearth-fire's ruddy glow4 ,o ,time and ,change6--with hair as gray ,as was my sire's that winter day1 ,how strange it seems1 with so much gone ,of life and love1 to still live on6 ,ah1 brother6 only ,i and thou ,are left of all that circle now1-- ,the dear home faces whereupon ,that fitful firelight paled and shone4 ,henceforward1 listen as we will1 ,the voices of that hearth are still2 ,look where we may1 the wide earth o'er1 ,those lighted faces smile no more4 ,we tread the paths their feet have worn1 ,we sit beneath their orchard trees1 ,we hear1 like them1 the hum of bees ,and rustle of the bladed corn2 ,we turn the pages that they read1 ,their written words we linger o'er1 ,but in the sun they cast no shade1 ,no voice is heard1 no sign is made1 ,no step is on the conscious floor6 ,yet ,love will dream and ,faith will trust 7,since ,he who knows our need is just7 ,that somehow1 somewhere1 meet we must4 ,alas for him who never sees ,the stars shine through his cypress-trees6 ,who1 hopeless1 lays his dead away1 ,nor looks to see the breaking day ,across the mournful marbles play6 ,who hath not learned1 in hours of faith1 ,the truth to flesh and sense unknown1 ,that ,life is ever lord of ,death1 ,and ,love can never lose its own6 ,we sped the time with stories old1 ,wrought puzzles out1 and riddles told1 ,or stammered from our school-book lore ,the chief of ,gambia's golden shore4 ,our father rode again his ride ,on ,memphremagog's wooded side2 ,sat down again to moose and samp ,in trapper's hut and ,indian camp2 ,lived o'er the old idyllic ease ,beneath ,st4 ,franois' hemlock trees2 ,again for him the moonlight shone ,on ,norman cap and bodiced zone2 ,again he heard the violin play ,which led the village dance away1 ,and mingled in its merry whirl ,the grandam and the laughing girl4 ,or1 nearer home1 our steps he led ,where ,salisbury's level marshes spread ,mile-wide as flies the laden bee2 ,where merry mowers1 hale and strong1 ,swept1 scythe on scythe1 their swaths along ,the low green prairies of the sea4 ,we shared the fishing off ,boar's ,head1 ,and round the rocky ,isles of ,shoals ,the hake-broil on the driftwood coals2 ,the chowder on the sand-beach made1 ,dipped by the hungry1 steaming hot1 ,with spoons of clam-shell from the pot4 ,we heard the tales of witchcraft old1 ,and dream and sign and marvel told ,to sleepy listeners as they lay ,stretched idly on the salted hay1 ,adrift along the winding shores1 ,when favoring breezes deigned to blow ,the square sail of the gundalow1 ,and idle lay the useless oars4 ,our mother1 while she turned her wheel ,or run the new-knit stocking-heel1 ,told how the ,indian hordes came down ,at midnight on ,cochecho town1 ,and how her own great-uncle bore ,his cruel scalp-mark to fourscore4 ,recalling1 in her fitting phrase1 ,so rich and picturesque and free 7,the common unrhymed poetry ,of simple life and country ways71 ,the story of her early days1-- ,she made us welcome to her home2 ,old hearths grew wide to give us room2 ,we stole with her a frightened look ,at the gray wizard's conjuring-book1 ,the fame whereof went far and wide ,through all the simple country-side2 ,we heard the hawks at twilight play1 ,the boat-horn on ,piscataqua1 ,the loon's weird laughter far away2 ,we fished her little trout-brook1 knew ,what flowers in wood and meadow grew1 ,what sunny hillsides autumn-brown ,she climbed to shake the ripe nuts down1 ,saw where in sheltered cove and bay ,the ducks' black squadron anchored lay1 ,and heard the wild geese calling loud ,beneath the gray ,november cloud4 ,then1 haply1 with a look more grave1 ,and soberer tone1 some tale she gave ,from painful ,sewel's ancient tome1 ,beloved in every ,quaker home1 ,of faith fire-winged by martyrdom1 ,or ,chalkley's ,journal1 old and quaint1-- ,gentlest of skippers1 rare sea-saint6-- ,who1 when the dreary calms prevailed1 ,and water-butt and bread-cask failed1 ,and cruel1 hungry eyes pursued ,his portly presence1 mad for food1 ,with dark hints muttered under breath ,of casting lots for life or death1 ,offered1 if ,heaven withheld supplies1 ,to be himself the sacrifice4 ,then1 suddenly1 as if to save ,the good man from his living grave1 ,a ripple on the water grew1 ,a school of porpoise flashed in view4 ,take1 eat1 he said1 and be content2 ,these fishes in my stead are sent ,by ,him who gave the tangled ram ,to spare the child of ,abraham4 ,our uncle1 innocent of books1 ,was rich in lore of fields and brooks1 ,the ancient teachers never dumb ,of ,nature's unhoused lyceum4 ,in moons and tides and weather wise1 ,he read the clouds as prophecies1 ,and foul or fair could well divine1 ,by many an occult hint and sign1 ,holding the cunning-warded keys ,to all the woodcraft mysteries2 ,himself to ,nature's heart so near ,that all her voices in his ear ,of beast or bird had meanings clear1 ,like ,apollonius of old1 ,who knew the tales the sparrows told1 ,or ,hermes1 who interpreted ,what the sage cranes of ,nilus said2 ,a simple1 guileless1 childlike man1 ,content to live where life began2 ,strong only on his native grounds1 ,the little world of sights and sounds ,whose girdle was the parish bounds1 ,whereof his fondly partial pride ,the common features magnified1 ,as ,surrey hills to mountains grew ,in ,white of ,selborne's loving view1-- ,he told how teal and loon he shot1 ,and how the eagle's eggs he got1 ,the feats on pond and river done1 ,the prodigies of rod and gun2 ,till1 warming with the tales he told1 ,forgotten was the outside cold1 ,the bitter wind unheeded blew1 ,from ripening corn the pigeons flew1 ,the partridge drummed i' the wood1 the mink ,went fishing down the river-brink4 ,in fields with bean or clover gay1 ,the woodchuck1 like a hermit gray1 ,peered from the doorway of his cell2 ,the muskrat plied the mason's trade1 ,and tier by tier his mud-walls laid2 ,and from the shagbark overhead ,the grizzled squirrel dropped his shell4 ,next1 the dear aunt1 whose smile of cheer ,and voice in dreams ,i see and hear1-- ,the sweetest woman ever ,fate ,perverse denied a household mate1 ,who1 lonely1 homeless1 not the less ,found peace in love's unselfishness1 ,and welcome whereso'er she went1 ,a calm and gracious element1 ,whose presence seemed the sweet income ,and womanly atmosphere of home1-- ,called up her girlhood memories1 ,the huskings and the apple-bees1 ,the sleigh-rides and the summer sails1 ,weaving through all the poor details ,and homespun warp of circumstance ,a golden woof-thread of romance4 ,for well she kept her genial mood ,and simple faith of maidenhood2 ,before her still a cloud-land lay1 ,the mirage loomed across her way2 ,the morning dew1 that dried so soon ,with others1 glistened at her noon2 ,through years of toil and soil and care1 ,from glossy tress to thin gray hair1 ,all unprofaned she held apart ,the virgin fancies of the heart4 ,be shame to him of woman born ,who had for such but thought of scorn4 ,there1 too1 our elder sister plied ,her evening task the stand beside2 ,a full1 rich nature1 free to trust1 ,truthful and almost sternly just1 ,impulsive1 earnest1 prompt to act1 ,and make her generous thought a fact1 ,keeping with many a light disguise ,the secret of self-sacrifice4 ,o heart sore-tried6 thou hast the best ,that ,heaven itself could give thee1--rest1 ,rest from all bitter thoughts and things6 ,how many a poor one's blessing went ,with thee beneath the low green tent ,whose curtain never outward swings6 ,as one who held herself a part ,of all she saw1 and let her heart ,against the household bosom lean1 ,upon the motley-braided mat ,our youngest and our dearest sat1 ,lifting her large1 sweet1 asking eyes1 ,now bathed within the fadeless green ,and holy peace of ,paradise4 ,oh1 looking from some heavenly hill1 ,or from the shade of saintly palms1 ,or silver reach of river calms1 ,do those large eyes behold me still8 ,with me one little year ago3-- ,the chill weight of the winter snow ,for months upon her grave has lain2 ,and now1 when summer south-winds blow ,and brier and harebell bloom again1 ,i tread the pleasant paths we trod1 ,i see the violet-sprinkled sod1 ,whereon she leaned1 too frail and weak ,the hillside flowers she loved to seek1 ,yet following me where'er ,i went ,with dark eyes full of love's content4 ,the birds are glad2 the brier-rose fills ,the air with sweetness2 all the hills ,stretch green to ,june's unclouded sky2 ,but still ,i wait with ear and eye ,for something gone which should be nigh1 ,a loss in all familiar things1 ,in flower that blooms1 and bird that sings4 ,and yet1 dear heart6 remembering thee1 ,am ,i not richer than of old8 ,safe in thy immortality1 ,what change can reach the wealth ,i hold8 ,what chance can mar the pearl and gold ,thy love hath left in trust with me8 ,and while in life's late afternoon1 ,where cool and long the shadows grow1 ,i walk to meet the night that soon ,shall shape and shadow overflow1 ,i cannot feel that thou art far1 ,since near at need the angels are2 ,and when the sunset gates unbar1 ,shall ,i not see thee waiting stand1 ,and1 white against the evening star1 ,the welcome of thy beckoning hand8 ,brisk wielder of the birch and rule1 ,the master of the district school ,held at the fire his favored place2 ,its warm glow lit a laughing face ,fresh-hued and fair1 where scarce appeared ,the uncertain prophecy of beard4 ,he teased the mitten-blinded cat1 ,played cross-pins on my uncle's hat1 ,sang songs1 and told us what befalls ,in classic ,dartmouth's college halls4 ,born the wild ,northern hills among1 ,from whence his yeoman father wrung ,by patient toil subsistence scant1 ,not competence and yet not want1 ,he early gained the power to pay ,his cheerful1 self-reliant way2 ,could doff at ease his scholar's gown ,to peddle wares from town to town2 ,or through the long vacation's reach ,in lonely lowland districts teach1 ,where all the droll experience found ,at stranger hearths in boarding round1 ,the moonlit skater's keen delight1 ,the sleigh-drive through the frosty night1 ,the rustic party1 with its rough ,accompaniment of blind-man's-buff1 ,and whirling plate1 and forfeits paid1 ,his winter task a pastime made4 ,happy the snow-locked homes wherein ,he tuned his merry violin1 ,or played the athlete in the barn1 ,or held the good dame's winding yarn1 ,of mirth-provoking versions told ,of classic legends rare and old1 ,wherein the scenes of ,greece and ,rome ,had all the commonplace of home1 ,and little seemed at best the odds ',twixt ,yankee peddlers and old gods2 ,where ,pindus-born ,arachthus took ,the guise of any grist-mill brook1 ,and dread ,olympus at his will ,became a huckleberry hill4 ,a careless boy that night he seemed2 ,but at his desk he had the look ,and air of one who wisely schemed1 ,and hostage from the future took ,in traind thought and lore of book4 ,another guest that winter night ,flashed back from lustrous eyes the light4 ,unmarked by time1 and yet not young1 ,the honeyed music of her tongue ,and words of meekness scarcely told ,a nature passionate and bold1 ,strong1 self-concentred1 spurning guide1 ,its milder features dwarfed beside ,her unbent will's majestic pride4 ,she sat among us1 at the best1 ,a not unfeared1 half-welcome guest1 ,rebuking with her cultured phrase ,our homeliness of words and ways4 ,a certain pard-like1 treacherous grace ,swayed the lithe limbs and dropped the lash1 ,lent the white teeth their dazzling flash2 ,and under low brows1 black with night1 ,rayed out at times a dangerous light2 ,the sharp heat-lightnings of her face ,presaging ill to him whom ,fate ,condemned to share her love or hate4 ,a woman tropical1 intense ,in thought and act1 in soul and sense1 ,she blended in a like degree ,the vixen and the devotee1 ,revealing with each freak or feint ,the temper of ,petruchio's ,kate1 ,the raptures of ,siena's saint4 ,her tapering hand and rounded wrist ,had facile power to form a fist2 ,the warm1 dark languish of her eyes ,was never safe from wrath's surprise4 ,brows saintly calm and lips devout ,knew every change of scowl and pout2 ,and the sweet voice had notes more high ,and shrill for social battle-cry4 ,since then what old cathedral town ,has missed her pilgrim staff and gown1 ,what convent-gate has held its lock ,against the challenge of her knock6 ,through ,smyrna's plague-hushed thoroughfares1 ,up sea-set ,malta's rocky stairs1 ,gray olive slopes of hills that hem ,thy tombs and shrines1 ,jerusalem1 ,or startling on her desert throne ,the crazy ,queen of ,lebanon ,with claims fantastic as her own1 ,her tireless feet have held their way2 ,and still1 unrestful1 bowed and gray1 ,she watches under ,eastern skies1 ,with hope each day renewed and fresh1 ,the ,lord's quick coming in the flesh1 ,whereof she dreams and prophesies6 ,where'er her troubled path may be1 ,the ,lord's sweet pity with her go6 ,the outward wayward life we see1 ,the hidden springs we may not know4 ,nor is it given us to discern ,what threads the fatal sisters spun1 ,through what ancestral years has run ,the sorrow with the woman born1 ,what forged her cruel chain of moods1 ,what set her feet in solitudes1 ,and held the love within her mute1 ,what mingled madness in the blood1 ,a lifelong discord and annoy1 ,water of tears with oil of joy1 ,and hid within the folded bud ,perversities of flower and fruit4 ,it is not ours to separate ,the tangled skein of will and fate1 ,to show what metes and bounds should stand ,upon the soul's debatable land1 ,and between choice and ,providence ,divide the circle of events2 ,but ,he who knows our frame is just1 ,merciful and compassionate1 ,and full of sweet assurances ,and hope for all the language is1 ,that ,he remembereth we are dust6 ,at last the great logs1 crumbling low1 ,sent out a dull and duller glow1 ,the bull's-eye watch1 that hung in view1 ,ticking its weary circuit through1 ,pointed with mutely-warning sign ,its black hand to the hour of nine4 ,that sign the pleasant circle broke3 ,my uncle ceased his pipe to smoke1 ,knocked from its bowl the refuse gray1 ,and laid it tenderly away1 ,then roused himself to safely cover ,the dull red brand with ashes over4 ,and while1 with care1 our mother laid ,the work aside1 her steps she stayed ,one moment1 seeking to express ,her grateful sense of happiness ,for food and shelter1 warmth and health1 ,and love's contentment more than wealth1 ,with simple wishes 7not the weak1 ,vain prayers which no fulfilment seek1 ,but such as warm the generous heart1 ,o'er-prompt to do with ,heaven its part7 ,that none might lack1 that bitter night1 ,for bread and clothing1 warmth and light4 ,within our beds awhile we heard ,the wind that round the gables roared1 ,with now and then a ruder shock1 ,which made our very bedsteads rock4 ,we heard the loosened clapboards tost1 ,the board-nails snapping in the frost2 ,and on us1 through the unplastered wall1 ,felt the lightsifted snow-flakes fall2 ,but sleep stole on1 as sleep will do ,when hearts are light and life is new2 ,faint and more faint the murmurs grew1 ,till in the summer-land of dreams ,they softened to the sound of streams1 ,low stir of leaves1 and dip of oars1 ,and lapsing waves on quiet shores4 ,next morn we wakened with the shout ,of merry voices high and clear2 ,and saw the teamsters drawing near ,to break the drifted highways out4 ,down the long hillside treading slow ,we saw the half-buried oxen go1 ,shaking the snow from heads uptost1 ,their straining nostrils white with frost4 ,before our door the straggling train ,drew up1 an added team to gain4 ,the elders threshed their hands a-cold1 ,passed1 with the cider-mug1 their jokes ,from lip to lip2 the younger folks ,down the loose snow-banks1 wrestling1 rolled1 ,then toiled again the cavalcade ,o'er windy hill1 through clogged ravine1 ,and woodland paths that wound between ,low drooping-pine-boughs winter-weighed4 ,from every barn a team afoot1 ,at every house a new recruit1 ,where1 drawn by ,nature's subtlest law1 ,haply the watchful young men saw ,sweet doorway pictures of the curls ,and curious eyes of merry girls1 ,lifting their hands in mock defense ,against the snow-balls' compliments1 ,and reading in each missive tost ,the charm which ,eden never lost4 ,we heard once more the sleigh-bells' sound2 ,and1 following where the teamsters led1 ,the wise old ,doctor went his round1 ,just pausing at our door to say1 ,in the brief autocratic way ,of one who1 prompt at ,duty's call1 ,was free to urge her claim on all1 ,that some poor neighbor sick abed ,at night our mother's aid would need4 ,for1 one in generous thought and deed1 ,what mattered in the sufferer's sight ,the ,quaker matron's inward light1 ,the ,doctor's mail of ,calvin's creed8 ,all hearts confess the saints elect ,who1 twain1 in faith1 in love agree1 ,and melt not in an acid sect ,the ,christian pearl of charity6 ,so days went on3 a week had passed ,since the great world was heard from last4 ,the ,almanac we studied o'er1 ,read and reread our little store ,of books and pamphlets1 scarce a score2 ,one harmless novel1 mostly hid ,from younger eyes1 a book forbid1 ,and poetry1 7or good or bad1 ,a single book was all we had17 ,where ,ellwood's meek1 drab-skirted ,muse1 ,a stranger to the heathen ,nine1 ,sang1 with a somewhat nasal whine1 ,the wars of ,david and the ,jews4 ,at last the floundering carrier bore ,the village paper to our door4 ,lo6 broadening outward as we read1 ,to warmer zones the horizon spread2 ,in panoramic length unrolled ,we saw the marvel that it told4 ,before us passed the painted ,creeks1 ,and daft ,mc,gregor on his raids ,in ,costa ,rica's everglades4 ,and up ,taygetus winding slow ,rode ,ypsilanti's ,mainote ,greeks1 ,a ,turk's head at each saddle bow6 ,welcome to us its week-old news1 ,its corner for the rustic ,muse1 ,its monthly gauge of snow and rain1 ,its record1 mingling in a breath ,the wedding bell and dirge of death2 ,jest1 anecdote1 and love-lorn tale1 ,the latest culprit sent to jail2 ,its hue and cry of stolen and lost1 ,its vendue sales and goods at cost1 ,and traffic calling loud for gain4 ,we felt the stir of hall and street1 ,the pulse of life that round us beat2 ,the chill embargo of the snow ,was melted in the genial glow2 ,wide swung again our ice-locked door1 ,and all the world was ours once more6 ,clasp1 ,angel of the backward look ,and folded wings of ashen gray ,and voice of echoes far away1 ,the brazen covers of thy book2 ,the weird palimpsest old and vast1 ,wherein thou hid'st the spectral past2 ,where1 closely mingling1 pale and glow ,the characters of joy and woe2 ,the monographs of outlived years1 ,or smile-illumined or dim with tears1 ,green hills of life that slope to death1 ,and haunts of home1 whose vistaed trees ,shade off to mournful cypresses ,with the white amaranths underneath4 ,even while ,i look1 ,i can but heed ,the restless sands' incessant fall1 ,importunate hours that hours succeed1 ,each clamorous with its own sharp need1 ,and duty keeping pace with all4 ,shut down and clasp the heavy lids2 ,i hear again the voice that bids ,the dreamer leave his dream midway ,for larger hopes and graver fears3 ,life greatens in these later years1 ,the century's aloe flowers today6 ,yet1 haply1 in some lull of life1 ,some ,truce of ,god which breaks its strife1 ,the worldling's eyes shall gather dew1 ,dreaming in throngful city ways ,of winter joys his boyhood knew2 ,and dear and early friends--the few ,who yet remain--shall pause to view ,these ,flemish pictures of old days2 ,sit with me by the homestead hearth1 ,and stretch the hands of memory forth ,to warm them at the wood-fire's blaze6 ,and thanks untraced to lips unknown ,shall greet me like the odors blown ,from unseen meadows newly mown1 ,or lilies floating in some pond1 ,wood-fringed1 the wayside gaze beyond2 ,the traveler owns the grateful sense ,of sweetness near1 he knows not whence1 ,and1 pausing1 takes with forehead bare ,the benediction of the air4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what does snow-bound mean8 ,find a line in the poem which explains the title4 ,where is the scene of the poem laid8 ,find lines in the poem that tell you this4 ,of whom did the circle gathered around the fire consist8 ,what members of the family are not described in the poem8 ,why8 ,which one of the group can you see most plainly8 ,why8 ,select the lines which please you most in the description of each4 ,read four lines which show that the evening's pleasure was not disturbed by the storm4 ,in what respects does the room described differ from one in your home8 ,how long was the family snow-bound8 ,of what did their library consist8 ,what does ,whittier tell us about the brook8 ,what other poem have you read which describes a brook in ,winter8 ,by whom was it written8 ,what messenger put the household again in touch with the outside world8 ,what did he bring8 ,explain1 what ,whittier means by saying the family looked on nothing they could call their own after the heavy snow8 ,what is the meaning of the reference to ,pisa's leaning miracle8 ,who was ,aladdin8 ,what were his lamp's supernal powers8 ,what effect did the moonlight have upon the night8 ,of what are cypress trees a symbol8 ,what do the stars shining through the cypress trees symbolize8 ,what is the voice which ,whittier says bids the dreamer leave his dream6 ,what lines do you think best show the poet's appreciation of beauty in nature8 ,choose the lines which you like best as showing his deep affections4 ,read lines which show his faith4 ,of what is the poet thinking when he speaks of the restless sands' incessant fall8 ,to what mythological characters does he refer when he speaks of the threads the fatal sisters spun8 ,what mythological characters are meant by the heathen ,nine8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,apollonius ,hermes ,egypt's ,amun ,surrey hills silhouette ,white of ,selborne clean-winged hearth4 ,petruchio'a ,kate ,siena's saint cranes of ,nilua 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,ship-,,builders ,,john ,,greenleaf ,,whittier ,the sky is ruddy in the east1 ,the earth is gray below1 ,and1 spectral in the river-mist1 ,the ship's white timbers show4 ,then let the sounds of measured stroke ,and grating saw begin2 ,the broad-axe to the gnarled oak1 ,the mallet to the pin6 ,hark6--roars the bellows1 blast on blast1 ,the sooty smithy jars1 ,and fire-sparks1 rising far and fast1 ,are fading with the stars4 ,all day for us the smith shall stand ,beside that flashing forge2 ,all day for us his heavy hand ,the groaning anvil scourge4 ,from far-off hills1 the panting team ,for us is toiling near2 ,for us the raftsmen down the stream ,their island barges steer4 ,rings out for us the axe-man's stroke ,in forests old and still1-- ,for us the century-circled oak ,falls crashing down his hill4 ,up6--up6--in nobler toil than ours ,no craftsmen bear a part3 ,we make of ,nature's giant powers ,the slaves of human ,art4 ,lay rib to rib and beam to beam1 ,and drive the treenails free2 ,nor faithless joint nor yawning seam ,shall tempt the searching sea6 ,where'er the keel of our good ship ,the sea's rough field shall plough1-- ,where'er her tossing spars shall drip ,with salt-spray caught below-- ,that ship must heed her master's beck1 ,her helm obey his hand1 ,and seamen tread her reeling deck ,as if they trod the land4 ,her oaken ribs the vulture-beak ,of ,northern ice may peel2 ,the sunken rock and coral peak ,may grate along her keel2 ,and know we well the painted shell ,we give to wind and wave1 ,must float1 the sailor's citadel1 ,or-sink1 the sailor's grave6 ,ho6--strike away the bars and blocks1 ,and set the good ship free6 ,why lingers on these dusty rocks ,the young bride of the sea8 ,look6 how she moves adown the grooves1 ,in graceful beauty now6 ,how lowly on the breast she loves ,sinks down her virgin prow6 ,god bless her6 wheresoe'er the breeze ,her snowy wing shall fan1 ,aside the frozen ,hebrides1 ,or sultry ,hindostan6 ,where'er1 in mart or on the main1 ,with peaceful flag unfurled1 ,she helps to wind the silken chain ,of commerce round the world6 ,be hers the ,prairie's golden grain1 ,the ,desert's golden sand1 ,the clustered fruits of sunny ,spain1 ,the spice of ,morning-land6 ,her pathway on the open main ,may blessings follow free1 ,and glad hearts--welcome back again ,her white sails from the sea6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what time of day is indicated in the first and second stanzas8 ,what tells you this8 ,how does the smith scourge the anvil8 ,what effect does the poet fancy this has upon the anvil8 ,which of these two thoughts do you suppose first occurred to the poet8 ,what are the island barges8 ,what is a century-circled oak8 ,did you ever see one8 ,what is ,whittier's idea of a shipbuilder's work8 ,in what way would a yawning seam tempt the sea8 ,what is the painted shell8 ,how is a ship launched8 ,what other poem have you read which describes the launching of a ship8 ,who wrote it8 ,which poem do you like better8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion41 gnarled oak faithless joint coral peak the sailor's citadel snowy wing ,desert's golden sand spice of ,morningland 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes's birth year1 #ahji1 was made memorable on both sides of the ,atlantic by the births of ,lincoln1 ,tennyson1 ,poe1 and ,gladstone4 ,his father1 of colonial descent1 was a ,congregational minister at ,cambridge4 ,on his mother's side--the ,wendells or ,vondels--he was of ,dutch descent4 ,holmes was brought up very simply in the old gambrel-roofed house1 half parsonage and half farm house4 ,he read the ,new ,england ,primer1 ,pilgrim's ,progress and such poems as were to be found in the early school books4 ,later he was a student at ,harvard1 a member of the class of #ahbi1 which1 while not to be compared for literary genius with the ,bowdoin class of #ahbe1 was one of ,harvard's most famous classes4 ,not long after his graduation1 the class of #ahbi began to held annual dinners and ,holmes was regularly called upon to furnish an ode for the occasion4 ,it was on the thirtieth anniversary that he wrote and recited ,the ,boys4 ,in #ahhi1 at the sixtieth anniversary1 he wrote the last class poem1 ,after the ,curfew4 ,it was in the first year after his graduation that his verses went into type and then he says he had his first attack of lead poisoning4 ,after leaving ,harvard he studied law for a while and then turned to medicine and surgery1 spending two years in study in ,paris4 ,it is a singular coincidence and shows his double work in life1 that in #ahcf when he published his first volume of poems he also took his degree as doctor of medicine4 ,as a physician he was always deeply interested in the problems of heredity and he wrote several novels in which inherited characteristics play an important part4 ,it was in ,september1 #ahcj1 that ,holmes chanced to read in a newspaper of the proposal of the ,navy ,department to dismantle the frigate ,constitution1 which had done such good service in #ahab but which was then lying1 old and unseaworthy1 in the navy yard at ,charleston4 ,he wrote at once with a lead pencil on a scrap of paper the stirring verses ,old ,ironsides and sent them to the ,boston ,daily ,advertiser1 from which they were copied in all the papers of the country4 ,the frigate was converted into a school-ship1 and ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes became known as a poet4 ,on every public occasion which could be enlivened or dignified by a special poem1 ,dr4 ,holmes was called upon4 ,such a position is a trying one and one to which only men with a sense of humor are often called4 ,the doctor rarely refused to respond2 so that nearly one-half of his verse is of this occasional character4 ,much of his verse is in lighter vein1 but of the serious1 surest in their hold upon his readers are ,the ,last ,leaf and ,the ,chambered ,nautilus4 ,but ,holmes1 while he had a genuine gift of song1 was no persistent singer like ,longfellow or ,whittier1 and so he reached almost the age of fifty without feeling that the reading public had any special interest in him4 ,then in #aheg1 when the ,atlantic ,monthly was established1 and ,lowell took the editorship only on condition that ,holmes would be a contributor1 he wrote the ,autocrat of the ,breakfast ,table4 ,in this role of talker1 comfortable1 brilliant1 and witty1 ,holmes made friends wherever the ,autocrat was read4 ,holmes's intellect remained bright and he continued an active worker into extreme old age4 ,in #ahij he published his last volume1 ,over the ,teacups4 ,as one by one this brilliant company of ,new ,england writers left the world1 ,holmes sang to each a farewell song4 ,when his own time came he was really ,the ,last ,leaf upon the ,tree4 ,the end came peacefully as he was talking to his son1 ,october #g1 #ahid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chambered ,,nautilus ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,this is the ship of pearl1 which1 poets feign1 ,sails the unshadowed main-- ,the venturous bark that flings ,on the sweet summer wind its purpled wings1 ,in gulfs enchanted1 where the ,siren sings1 ,and coral reefs lie bare1 ,where the cold sea-maids rise to sun their streaming hair4 ,its webs of living gauze no more unfurl2 ,wrecked is the ship of pearl6 ,and every chambered cell1 ,where its dim dreaming life was wont to dwell1 ,as the frail tenant shaped his growing shell1 ,before thee lies revealed-- ,its irised ceiling rent1 its sunless crypt unsealed6 ,year after year beheld the silent toil ,that spread his lustrous coil2 ,still1 as the spiral grew1 ,he left the past year's dwelling for the new1 ,stole with soft step its shining archway through1 ,built up its idle door1 ,stretched in his last-found home1 and knew the old no more4 ,thanks for the heavenly message brought by thee1 ,child of the wandering sea1 ,cast from her lap1 forlorn6 ,prom thy dead lips a clearer note is born ,than ever ,triton blew from wreathed horn6 ,while on mine ear it rings1 ,through the deep caves of thought ,i hear a voice that sings3 ,build thee more stately mansions1 ,o my soul1 ,as the swift seasons roll6 ,leave thy low-vaulted past6 ,let each new temple1 nobler than the last1 ,shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast1 ,till thou at length art free1 ,leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what does the word nautilus mean8 ,what thought must have been in the mind of those who gave the chambered nautilus this name8 ,who does ,holmes tell us have given expression to this fancy8 ,can you think of any bodies of water which might be called enchanted gulfs8 ,give reasons for your answer4 ,what are coral reefs8 ,where are they found8 ,what kind of beings--were sea-maids supposed to be8 ,what are they more commonly called8 ,to whom is the poet speaking8 ,what name do we give to such a speech8 ,how does the soul build mansions8 ,in what directions must a dome be extended to make it more vast8 ,what does the poet mean by the outgrown shell of the soul8 ,what is the lesson of the poem8 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,its webs of living gauze no more unfurl dim dreaming life sunless crypt caves of thought lustrous coil cast from her lap forlorn low-vaulted past irised ceiling life's unresting sea 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,deacon',s ,,masterpiece3 ,,or ,,the ,,wonderful ,,one-,,hoss ,,shay ,a ,,logical ,,story ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,have you heard of the wonderful one-hoss shay1 ,that was built in such a logical way ,it ran a hundred years to a day1 ,and then1 of a sudden1 it----ah1 but stay1 ,i'll tell you what happened without delay1 ,scaring the parson into fits1 ,frightening people out of their wits1-- ,have you ever heard of that1 ,i say8 ,seventeen hundred and fifty-five4 ,georgius ,secundus was then alive1-- ,snuffy old drone from the ,german hive4 ,that was the year when ,lisbon-town ,saw the earth open and gulp her down1 ,and ,braddock's army was done so brown1 ,left without a scalp to its crown4 ,it was on the terrible ,earthquake-day ,that the ,deacon finished the one-hoss shay4 ,now in building of chaises1 ,i tell you what1 ,there is always somewhere a weakest spot1-- ,in hub1 tire1 felloe1 in spring or thill1 ,in panel1 or crossbar1 or floor1 or sill1 ,in screw1 bolt1 thoroughbrace1--lurking1 still1 ,find it somewhere you must and will1-- ,above or below1 or within or without1-- ,and that's the reason1 beyond a doubt1 ,a chaise breaks down1 but doesn't wear out4 ,but the ,deacon swore1 7as ,deacons do1 ,with an ,i dew vum1 or an ,i tell yeou17 ,he would build one shay to beat the taown ',n' the keounty 'n' all the kentry raoun'2 ,it should be so built that it couldn' break daown4 --,fur1 said the ,deacon1 't's mighty plain ,thut the weakes' place mus' stan' the strain2 ',n' the way t' fix it1 uz ,i maintain1 is only jest ,t' make that place uz strong uz the rest4 ,so the ,deacon inquired of the village folk ,where he could find the strongest oak1 ,that couldn't be split nor bent nor broke1-- ,that was for spokes and floor and sills2 ,he sent for lancewood to make the thills2 ,the crossbars were ash1 from the straightest trees1 ,the panels of white-wood1 that cuts like cheese1 ,but lasts like iron for things like these2 ,the hubs of logs from the ,settler's ellum1-- ,last of its timber1--they couldn't sell 'em1 ,never an axe had seen their chips1 ,and the wedges flew from between their lips1 ,their blunt ends frizzled like celery-tips2 ,step and prop-iron1 bolt and screw1 ,spring1 tire1 axle1 and linchpin too1 ,steel of the finest1 bright and blue2 ,thoroughbrace1 bison-skin1 thick and wide2 ,boot1 top1 dasher1 from tough old hide ,found in the pit when the tanner died4 ,that was the way he put her through4-- ,there6 said the ,deacon1 naow she'll dew4 ,do6 ,i tell you1 ,i rather guess ,she was a wonder1 and nothing less6 ,colts grew horses1 beards turned gray1 ,deacon and deaconess dropped away1 ,children and grandchildren--where were they8 ,but there stood the stout old one-hoss shay ,as fresh as on ,lisbon-earthquake-day6 ,,eighteen ,,hundred2--it came and found ,the ,deacon's masterpiece strong and sound4 ,eighteen hundred increased by ten2-- ,hahnsum kerridge they called it then4 ,eighteen hundred and twenty came2-- ,running as usual2 much the same4 ,thirty and forty at last arrive1 ,and then came fifty1 and ,,fifty-,,five4 ,little of all we value here ,wakes on the morn of its hundredth year ,without both feeling and looking queer4 ,in fact1 there's nothing that keeps its youth1 ,so far as ,i know1 but a tree and truth4 7,this is a moral that runs at large2 ,take it4--,you're welcome4--,no extra charge47 ,first of ,november1--the ,earthquake-day4-- ,there are traces of age in the one-hoss shay1 ,a general flavor of mild decay1 ,but nothing local1 as one may say4 ,there couldn't be--for the ,deacon's art ,had made it so like in every part ,that there wasn't a chance for one to start4 ,for the wheels were just as strong as the thills1 ,and the floor was just as strong as the sills1 ,and the panels just as strong as the floor1 ,and the whippletree neither less nor more1 ,and the back-crossbar as strong as the fore1 ,and spring and axle and hub encore4 ,and yet1 as a whole1 it is past a doubt ,in another hour it will be worn out6 ,first of ,november1 fifty-five6 ,this morning the parson takes a drive4 ,now1 small boys1 get out of the way6 ,here comes the wonderful one-hoss shay1 ,drawn by a rat-tailed1 ewe-necked bay4 ,huddup6 said the parson4--,off went they4 ,the parson was working his ,sunday's text1-- ,had got to fifthly1 and stopped perplexed ,at what the--,moses--was coming next4 ,all at once the horse stood still1 ,close by the meet'n'-house on the hill4 ,first a shiver1 and then a thrill1 ,then something decidedly like a spill1-- ,and the parson was sitting upon a rock1 ,at half-past nine by the meet'n'-house clock-- ,just the hour of the ,earthquake shock6 ,what do you think the parson found1 ,when he got up and stared around8 ,the poor old chaise in a heap or mound1 ,as if it had been to the mill and ground4 ,you see1 of course1 if you're not a dunce1 ,how it went to pieces all at once1-- ,all at once1 and nothing first1-- ,just as bubbles do when they burst4 ,end of the wonderful one-hoss shay1 ,logic is logic4 ,that's all ,i say4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,how does ,holmes account for the fact that a chaise breaks down1 but doesn't wear out8 ,what kind of chaise did the ,deacon decide to build8 ,on what principle did he expect to do this8 ,read the lines in which the ,deacon states the result of his experience with chaises4 ,what do you think of his reasoning8 ,to what besides the building of a chaise might this principle be applied8 ,to what does the poet compare the breaking down of the chaise8 ,read lines which show the serious side of the poet's nature4 ,read the lines by means of which he passes from seriousness to jest4 ,do you think ,holmes expects his readers to believe this story8 ,give reason for your answer4 ,what was his purpose in writing it8 ,what has the reading of this poem done for you8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,georgius ,secundus ,lisbon earthquake day from the ,german hive ,braddock's army 99 99 99 99 99 ,,old ,,ironsides ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,ay1 tear her tattered ensign down6 ,long has it waved on high1 ,and many an eye has danced to see ,that banner in the sky3 ,beneath it rung the battle shout1 ,and burst the cannon's roar3-- ,the meteor of the ocean air ,shall sweep the clouds no more6 ,her deck1 once red with heroes' blood1 ,where knelt the vanquished foe1 ,when winds were hurrying o'er the flood1 ,and waves were white below1 ,no more shall feel the victor's tread1 ,or know the conquered knee2-- ,the harpies of the shore shall pluck ,the eagle of the sea6 ,o better that her shattered hulk ,should sink beneath the wave2 ,her thunders shook the mighty deep1 ,and there should be her grave3 ,nail to the mast her holy flag1 ,set every threadbare sail1 ,and give her to the god of storms1 ,the lightning and the gale6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,old ,ironsides was the name given the frigate ,constitution4 ,it was proposed by the ,secretary of the ,navy to dispose of the ship as it had become unfit for service4 ,popular sentiment did not approve of this4 ,it was said a ship which was the pride of the nation should continue to be the property of the ,navy and be rebuilt for service when needed4 ,holmes wrote this poem at the time of this discussion4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,of what does the first stanza treat8 ,the second8 ,what does the third stanza tell you8 ,to what does tattered ensign refer8 ,what is ,the meteor of the ocean air8 ,what is meant by lines #ae and #af8 ,where does ,holmes say should be the grave of ,old ,ironsides8 ,why8 ,explain lines #bc and #bd4 ,which lines do you like best8 ,why8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 sweep the clouds conquered knee mighty deep vanquished foe ,the god of storms threadbare sail victor's tread shattered hulk 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,boys ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,has there any old fellow got mixed with the boys8 ,if there has1 take him out1 without making a noise4 ,hang the ,almanac's cheat and the ,catalogue's spite6 ,old ,time is a liar6 ,we're twenty tonight6 ,we're twenty6 ,we're twenty6 ,who says we are more8 ,he's tipsy1--young jackanapes6--show him the door6 ,gray temples at twenty8--,yes6 white if we please2 ,where the snow-flakes fall thickest there's nothing can freeze6 ,was it snowing ,i spoke of8 ,excuse the mistake6 ,look close1--you will see not a sign of a flake6 ,we want some new garlands for those we have shed1-- ,and these are white roses in place of the red4 ,we've a trick1 we young fellows1 you may have been told1 ,of talking 7in public7 as if we were old3-- ,that boy we call ,doctor1 and this we call ,judge2 ,it's a neat little fiction1--of course it's all fudge4 ,that fellow's the ,speaker1--the one on the right2 ,mr4 ,mayor1 my young one1 how are you tonight8 ,that's our ,member of ,congress1 we say when we chaff2 ,there's the ,reverend ,what's his name8--don't make me laugh4 ,that boy with the grave mathematical look ,made believe he had written a wonderful book1 ,and the ,,royal ,,society thought it was true6 ,so they chose him right in2 a good joke it was1 too6 ,there's a boy1 we pretend1 with a three-decker brain1 ,that could harness a team with a logical chain2 ,when he spoke for our manhood in syllabled fire1 ,we called him ,the ,justice1 but now he's ,the ,squire4 ,and there's a nice youngster of excellent pith1-- ,fate tried to conceal him by naming him ,smith2 ,but he shouted a song for the brave and the free1-- ,just read on his medal1 ,my country1 444 of thee6 ,you hear that boy laughing8--,you think he's all fun2 ,but the angels laugh1 too1 at the good he has done2 ,the children laugh loud as they troop to his call1 ,and the poor man that knows him laughs loudest of all6 ,yes1 we're boys1--always playing with tongue or with pen1-- ,and ,i sometimes have asked1--,shall we ever be men8 ,shall we always be youthful1 and laughing1 and gay1 ,till the last dear companion drops smiling away8 ,then here's to our boyhood1 its gold and its gray6 ,the stars of its winter1 the dews of its ,may6 ,and when we have done with our life-lasting toys1 ,dear ,father1 take care of thy children1 ,,the ,,boys4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,historical3 ,this poem was read by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes at a reunion of his college class thirty years after their graduation4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,who were the boys8 ,what was the ,almanac's cheat8 ,what catalogue do you think ,holmes meant8 ,how could it be interpreted as showing spite against the boys8 ,how did the poet defend gray temples at twenty8 ,what was the significance in early times of the garland or wreath upon the head8 ,what do you think the garlands which the poet imagines his classmates have shed represent8 ,of what does ,holmes say their new garlands were made8 ,what might the new garlands represent8 ,what fancy does the poet carry out in the next stanza8 ,what song did the nice youngster write8 ,what is his full name8 ,what word is omitted from the line of the song quoted by ,holmes8 ,how do you think ,holmes felt toward the laughing boy8 ,why do you think so8 ,can you name anything besides1 tongue and pen with which men may be said to play8 ,what time of life is meant by the gold8 ,by the gray8 ,how much of this poem is fun8 ,which stanza do you like best8 ,why8 ,what do you know about ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes from this poem8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,royal ,society three-decker brain excellent pith life-lasting toys 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,last ,,leaf ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,i saw him once before1 ,as he passed by the door1 ,and again ,the pavement stones resound1 ,as he totters o'er the ground ,with his cane4 ,they say that in his prime1 ,ere the pruning-knife of ,time ,cut him down1 ,not a better man was found ,by the ,crier on his round ,through the town4 ,but now he walks the streets1 ,and he looks at all he meets ,sad and wan1 ,and he shakes his feeble head1 ,that it seems as if he said1 ,they are gone4 ,the mossy marbles rest ,on the lips that he has prest ,in their bloom1 ,and the names he loved to hear ,have been carved for many a year ,on the tomb4 ,my grandmamma has said1-- ,poor old lady1 she is dead ,long ago1-- ,that he had a ,roman nose ,and his cheek was like a rose ,in the snow4 ,but now his nose is thin1 ,and it rests upon his chin ,like a staff1 ,and a crook is in his back1 ,and a melancholy crack ,in his laugh4 ,i know it is a sin ,for me to sit and grin ,at him here2 ,but the old three-cornered hat1 ,and the breeches1 and all that1 ,are so queer6 ,and if ,i should live to be ,the last leaf upon the tree ,in the spring1 ,let them smile1 as ,i do now1 ,at the old forsaken bough ,where ,i cling4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what was the office of the ,crier8 ,what has done away with the necessity for such service8 ,at what time was the costume described in the seventh stanza worn8 ,what great men can you mention who are pictured in this dress8 ,what makes the description of the old man so vivid8 ,how does he resemble the last leaf on the tree8 ,of whom is ,holmes thinking when he says ,let them smile8 ,what is added to the picture of the last leaf by the words ,is the spring8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 pruning knife of ,time mossy marbles 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell was born at ,cambridge in the beautiful house known as ,elmwood4 ,he was more fortunate than most ,americans1 for in this same house he lived and died4 ,the dwelling at ,elmwood was like ,craigie ,house1 an historic place of ,revolutionary memories4 ,the secluded1 ample grounds made a fine rural refuge for a youth of poetic fancies4 ,nor was there only wealth for the nature-lover of outdoors2 there were also treasures for the lover of books within4 ,the ,lowell library was the accumulation of several generations of scholarly men1 and ,lowell from early youth was familiar with books which ,whittier even in the studious leisure of old age never looked into4 ,lowell was twelve years younger than ,longfellow and was a sophomore when ,longfellow went to ,harvard as professor of ,romance languages4 ,at ,harvard ,lowell distinguished himself especially in literary matters4 ,in the last year of his residence he was one of the editors of the college magazine and was also elected class poet4 ,although he studied law1 he was never attracted to the practice of it4 ,lowell1 like ,whittier1 could turn from the heat and strife of public affairs to the solace of pure poetry4 ,inspired by the legend of the ,holy ,grail1 he wrote within forty-eight hours1 so we are told1 the poem of knightly aspiration and brotherly love1 ,the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal4 ,in #ahef1 upon ,longfellow's resignation1 ,lowell was appointed professor of ,romance ,languages at ,harvard1 and1 like ,longfellow1 he remained for twenty years4 ,in #aheg a new magazine to which ,holmes had given the name ,atlantic ,monthly was established and ,lowell was its first editor4 ,in #ahgg ,lowell was appointed minister to ,spain1 where ,irving had been sent more than thirty years before2 and in #ahhj he was transferred to the court of ,st4 ,james4 ,here he distinguished himself by tact1 courtesy1 and wisdom and won the admiration of the ,english people4 ,returning to ,america in #ahhe ,lowell continued to write1 and delivered addresses when his strength would permit4 ,he spent his time among his books and lived peacefully at ,elmwood1 where he died in #ahia at the age of seventy-two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,vision ,,of ,,sir ,,launfal ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell ,,prelude ,,to ,,part ,,first ,over his keys the musing organist4 ,beginning doubtfully and far away1 ,first lets his fingers wander as they list1 ,and builds a bridge from ,dreamland for his lay3 ,then1 as the touch of his loved instrument ,gives hope and fervor1 nearer draws his theme1 ,first guessed by faint auroral flushes sent ,along the wavering vista of his dream4 99 99 99 99 99 ,not only around our infancy ,doth heaven with all its splendors lie2 ,daily1 with souls that cringe and plot1 ,we ,sinais climb and know it not4 ,over our manhood bend the skies2 ,against our fallen and traitor lives ,the great winds utter prophecies2 ,with our faint hearts the mountain strives2 ,its arms outstretched1 the ,druid wood ,waits with its benedicite2 ,and to our age's drowsy blood ,still shouts the inspiring sea4 ,earth gets its price for what ,earth gives us2 ,the beggar is taxed for a corner to die in1 ,the priest hath his fee who comes and shrives us4 ,we bargain for the graves we lie in2 ,at the ,devil's booth are all things sold1 ,each ounce of dross costs its ounce of gold2 ,for a cap and bells our lives we pay1 ,bubbles we buy with a whole soul's tasking3 ',tis heaven alone that is given away1 ',tis only ,god may be had for the asking2 ,no price is set on the lavish summer2 ,june may be had by the poorest comer4 ,and what is so rare as a day in ,june8 ,then1 if ever1 come perfect days2 ,then ,heaven tries earth if it be in tune1 ,and over it softly her warm ear lays2 ,whether we look1 or whether we listen1 ,we hear life murmur1 or see it glisten2 ,every clod feels a stir of might1 ,an instinct within it that reaches and towers1 ,and1 groping blindly above it for light1 ,climbs to a soul in grass and flowers2 ,the flush of life may well be seen ,thrilling back over hills and valleys2 ,the cowslip startles in meadows green1 ,the buttercup catches the sun in its chalice1 ,and there's never a leaf or a blade too mean ,to be some happy creature's palace2 ,the little bird sits at his door in the sun1 ,atilt like a blossom among the leaves1 ,and lets his illumined being o'errun ,with the deluge of summer it receives2 ,his mate feels the eggs beneath her wings1 ,and the heart in her dumb breast flutters and sings2 ,he sings to the wide world1 and she to her nest1-- ,in the nice ear of ,nature which song is the best8 ,now is the high-tide of the year1 ,and whatever of life hath ebbed away ,comes flooding back with a ripply cheer1 ,into every bare inlet and creek and bay2 ,now the heart is so full that a drop overfills it1 ,we are happy now because ,god wills it2 ,no matter how barren the past may have been1 ',tis enough for us now that the leaves are green2 ,we sit in the warm shade and feel right well ,how the sap creeps up and the blossoms swell2 ,we may shut our eyes1 but we cannot help knowing ,that skies are clear and grass is growing2 ,the breeze comes whispering in our ear1 ,that dandelions are blossoming near1 ,that maize has sprouted1 that streams are flowing1 ,that the river is bluer than the sky1 ,that the robin is plastering his house hard by2 ,and if the breeze kept the good news back1 ,for other couriers we should not lack2 ,we could guess it all by yon heifer's lowing1-- ,and hark6 how clear bold chanticleer1 ,warmed with the new wine of the year1 ,tells all in his lusty crowing6 ,joy comes1 grief goes1 we know not how3 ,everything is happy now1 ,everything is upward striving2 ',tis as easy now for the heart to be true ,as for grass to be green or skies to be blue1-- ',tis the natural way of living3 ,who knows whither the clouds have fled8 ,in the unscarred heaven they leave no wake2 ,and the eyes forget the tears they have shed1 ,the heart forgets its sorrow and ache2 ,the soul partakes the season's youth1 ,and the sulphurous rifts of passion and woe ,lie deep 'neath a silence pure and smooth1 ,like burnt-out craters healed with snow4 ,what wonder if ,sir ,launfal now ,remembered the keeping of his vow8 ,,part ,,first ,i4 ,my golden spurs now bring to me1 ,and bring to me my richest mail1 ,for tomorrow ,i go over land and sea ,in search of the ,holy ,grail2 ,shall never a bed for me be spread1 ,nor shall a pillow be under my head1 ,till ,i begin my vow to keep2 ,here on the rushes will ,i sleep1 ,and perchance there may come a vision true ,ere day create the world anew4 ,slowly ,sir ,launfal's eyes grew dim1 ,slumber fell like a cloud on him1 ,and into his soul the vision flew4 ,,ii4 ,the crows flapped over by twos and threes1 ,in the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees1 ,the little birds sang as if it were ,the one day of summer in all the year1 ,and the very leaves seemed to sing on the trees2 ,the castle alone in the landscape lay ,like an outpost of winter1 dull and gray3 ',twas the proudest hall in the ,north ,countree1 ,and never its gates might opened be1 ,save to lord or lady of high degree2 ,summer besieged it on every side1 ,but the churlish stone her assaults defied2 ,she could not scale the chilly wall1 ,though around it for leagues her pavilions tall ,stretched left and right1 ,over the hills and out of sight2 ,green and broad was every tent1 ,and out of each a murmur went ,till the breeze fell off at night4 ,,iii4 ,the drawbridge dropped with a surly clang1 ,and through the dark arch a charger sprang1 ,bearing ,sir ,launfal1 the maiden knight1 ,in his gilded mail1 that flamed so bright ,it seemed the dark castle had gathered all ,those shafts the fierce sun had shot over its wall ,in his siege of three hundred summers long1 ,and1 binding them all in one blazing sheaf1 ,had cast them forth3 so1 young and strong1 ,and lightsome as a locust-leaf1 ,sir ,launfal flashed forth in his unscarred mail1 ,to seek in all climes for the ,holy ,grail4 ,,iv4 ,it was morning on hill and stream and tree1 ,and morning in the young knight's heart2 ,only the castle moodily ,rebuffed the gifts of the sunshine free1 ,and gloomed by itself apart2 ,the season brimmed all other things up ,full as the rain fills the pitcher-plant's cup4 ,v4 ,as ,sir ,launfal made morn through the darksome gate1 ,he was 'ware of a leper1 crouched by the same1 ,who begged with his hand and moaned as he sate2 ,and a loathing over ,sir ,launfal came2 ,the sunshine went out of his soul with a thrill1 ,the flesh 'neath his armor did shrink and crawl1 ,and midway its leap his heart stood still ,like a frozen waterfall2 ,for this man1 so foul and bent of stature1 ,rasped harshly against his dainty nature1 ,and seemed the one blot on the summer morn1-- ,so he tossed him a piece of gold in scorn4 ,,vi4 ,the leper raised not the gold from the dust3 ,better to me the poor man's crust1 ,better the blessing of the poor1 ,though ,i turn me empty from his door2 ,that is no true alms which the hand can hold2 ,he gives nothing but worthless gold ,who gives from a sense of duty2 ,but he who gives but a slender mite1 ,and gives to that which is out of sight1 ,that thread of the all-sustaining ,beauty ,which runs through all and doth all unite1-- ,the hand cannot clasp the whole of his alms1 ,the heart outstretches its eager palms1 ,for a god goes with it and makes it store ,to the soul that was starving in darkness before4 ,,prelude ,,to ,,part ,,second ,down swept the chill wind from the mountain peak1 ,from the snow five thousand summers old2 ,on open wold and hilltop bleak ,it had gathered all the cold1 ,and whirled it like sleet on the wanderer's cheek2 ,it carried a shiver everywhere ,from the unleafed boughs and pastures bare2 ,the little brook heard it and built a roof ',neath which he could house him1 winter-proof2 ,all night by the white stars' frosty gleams ,he groined his arches and matched his beams2 ,slender and clear were his crystal spars ,as the lashes of light that trim the stars2 ,he sculptured every summer delight ,in his halls and chambers out of sight2 ,sometimes his tinkling waters slipt ,down through a frost-leaved forest-crypt1 ,long1 sparkling aisles of steel-stemmed trees ,bending to counterfeit a breeze2 ,sometimes the roof no fretwork knew ,but silvery mosses that downward grew2 ,sometimes it was carved in sharp relief ,with quaint arabesques of ice-fern leaf2 ,sometimes it was simply smooth and clear ,for the gladness of heaven to shine through1 and here ,he had caught the nodding bulrush-tops ,and hung them thickly with diamond-drops1 ,that crystalled the beams of moon and sun1 ,and made a star of every one3 ,no mortal builder's most rare device ,could match this winter-palace of ice2 ',twas as if every image that mirrored lay ,in his depths serene through the summer day1 ,each fleeting shadow of earth and sky1 ,lest the happy model should be lost1 ,had been mimicked in fairy masonry ,by the elfin builders of the frost4 ,within the hall are song and laughter1 ,the cheeks of ,christmas grow red and jolly1 ,and sprouting is every corbel and rafter ,with lightsome green of ivy and holly2 ,through the deep gulf of the chimney wide ,wallows the ,yule-log's roaring tide2 ,the broad flame-pennons droop and flap ,and belly and tug as a flag in the wind2 ,like a locust shrills the imprisoned sap1 ,hunted to death in its galleries blind2 ,and swift little troops of silent sparks1 ,now pausing1 now scattering away as in fear1 ,go threading the soot-forest's tangled darks ,like herds of startled deer4 ,but the wind without was eager and sharp1 ,of ,sir ,launfal's gray hair it makes a harp1 ,and rattles and wrings ,the icy strings1 ,singing1 in dreary monotone1 ,a ,christmas carol of its own1 ,whose burden still1 as he might guess1 ,was ,shelterless1 shelterless1 shelterless6 ,the voice of the seneschal flared like a torch ,as he shouted the wanderer away from the porch1 ,and he sat in the gateway and saw all night ,the great hall-fire1 so cheery and bold1 ,through the window-slits of the castle old1 ,build out its piers of ruddy light ,against the drift of the cold4 ,,part ,,second ,i4 ,there was never a leaf on bush or tree1 ,the bare boughs rattled shudderingly2 ,the river was dumb and could not speak1 ,for the weaver ,winter its shroud had spun2 ,a single crow on the tree-top bleak ,from his shining feathers shed off the cold sun2 ,again it was morning1 but shrunk and cold4 ,as if her veins were sapless and old1 ,and she rose up decrepitly ,for a last dim look at earth and sea4 ,,ii4 ,sir ,launfal turned from his own hard gate1 ,for another heir in his earldom sate2 ,an old1 bent man1 worn out and frail1 ,he came back from seeking the ,holy ,grail2 ,little he recked of his earldom's loss1 ,no more on his surcoat was blazoned the cross1 ,but deep in his soul the sign he wore1 ,the badge of the suffering and the poor4 ,,iii4 ,sir ,launfal's raiment thin and spare ,was idle mail 'gainst the barbed air1 ,for it was just at the ,christmas time2 ,so he mused1 as he sat1 of a sunnier clime1 ,and sought for a shelter from cold and snow ,in the light and warmth of long ago2 ,he sees the snake-like caravan crawl ,o'er the edge of the desert1 black and small1 ,then nearer and nearer1 till1 one by one1 ,he can count the camels in the sun1 ,as over the red-hot sands they pass ,to where1 in its slender necklace of grass1 ,the little spring laughed and leapt in the shade1 ,and with its own self like an infant played1 ,and waved its signal of palms4 ,,iv4 ,for ,christ's sweet sake1 ,i beg an alms2-- ,the happy camels may reach the spring1 ,but ,sir ,launfal sees naught save the grewsome thing1 ,the leper1 lank as the rain-blanched bone1 ,that cowers beside him1 a thing as lone ,and white as the ice-isles of ,northern seas ,in the desolate horror of his disease4 ,v4 ,and ,sir ,launfal said1 ,i behold in thee ,an image of ,him who died on the tree2 ,thou also hast had thy crown of thorns1 ,thou also hast had the world's buffets and scorns1 ,and to thy life were not denied ,the wounds in the hands and feet and side3 ,mild ,mary's ,son1 acknowledge me2 ,behold1 through him1 ,i give to ,thee6 ,,vi4 ,then the soul of the leper stood up in his eyes ,and looked at ,sir ,launfal1 and straightway he ,remembered in what a haughtier guise ,he had flung an alms to leprosie1 ,when he caged his young life up in gilded mail ,and set forth in search of the ,holy ,grail4 ,the heart within him was ashes and dust2 ,he parted in twain his single crust1 ,he broke the ice on the streamlet's brink1 ,and gave the leper to eat and drink3 ',twas a mouldy crust of coarse brown bread1 ',twas water out of a wooden bowl1-- ,yet with fine wheaten bread was the leper fed1 ,and 'twas red wine he drank with his thirsty soul4 ,,vii4 ,as ,sir ,launfal mused with a downcast face1 ,a light shone round about the place2 ,the leper no longer crouched at his side1 ,but stood before him glorified1 ,shining and tall and fair and straight ,as the pillar that stood by the ,beautiful ,gate1-- ,himself the ,gate whereby men can ,enter the temple of ,god in ,man4 ,,viii4 ,his words were shed softer than leaves from the pine1 ,and they fell on ,sir ,launfal as snows on the brine1 ,that mingle their softness and quiet in one ,with the shaggy unrest they float down upon2 ,and the voice that was calmer than silence said1 ,lo1 it is ,i1 be not afraid6 ,in many climes1 without avail1 ,thou hast spent thy life for the ,holy ,grail2 ,behold1 it is here1--this cup which thou ,didst fill at the streamlet for ,me but now2 ,this crust is ,my body broken for thee2 ,this water ,his blood that died on the tree2 ,the ,holy ,supper is kept1 indeed1 ,in whatso we share with another's need3 ,not what we give1 but what we share1-- ,for the gift without the giver is bare2 ,who gives himself with his alms feeds three1-- ,himself1 his hungering neighbor1 and ,me4 ,,ix4 ,sir ,launfal awoke as from a swound3-- ,the ,grail in my castle here is found6 ,hang my idle armor up on the wall1 ,let it be the spider's banquet-hall2 ,he must be fenced with stronger mail ,who would seek and find the ,holy ,grail4 ,x4 ,the castle gate stands open now1 ,and the wanderer is welcome to the hall ,as the hangbird is to the elm-tree bough2 ,no longer scowl the turrets tall1 ,the ,summer's long siege at last is o'er2 ,when the first poor outcast went in at the door1 ,she entered with him in disguise1 ,and mastered the fortress by surprise2 ,there is no spot she loves so well on ground1 ,she lingers and smiles there the whole year round2 ,the meanest serf on ,sir ,launfal's land ,has hall and bower at his command2 ,and there's no poor man in the ,north ,countree ,but is lord of the earldom as much as he4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,into what two parts does the poem divide8 ,what purpose does the prelude to each part serve8 ,what were the conditions under which ,sir ,launfal set out in search of the ,holy ,grail8 ,how did the sight of the leper affect the young knight when he flashed forth from his castle8 ,how did the leper explain his refusal of the alms tossed him8 ,what picture does the prelude to ,part ,second give you8 ,contrast it with that of the prelude to ,part ,first4 ,describe ,sir ,launfal's appearance on his return from his quest4 ,what had he lost while on his search8 ,what had he gained8 ,describe the second meeting with the leper4 ,how much of this story was a dream8 ,explain why you think so4 ,with what line does ,lowell begin the account of ,sir ,launfal's vision8 ,what effect did the dream or vision have upon ,sir ,launfal8 ,what do you think is the great lesson of this poem8 ,of whom is ,sir ,launfal a type8 ,what does the cold grim castle represent8 ,find lines in the prelude to ,part ,first which show the first stirring of ,sir ,launfal's spiritual nature4 ,what influences prompted this8 ,why did ,lowell choose a leper to confront ,sir ,launfal8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 ,we ,sinais climb and know it not ,behold it is here--the ,grail in my castle here is found ,with our faint hearts the mountain strives ,then ,heaven tries earth if it be in tune ,for a god goes with it ,himself the ,gate whereby men can ,enter the temple of ,god in ,man ,she entered with him in disguise ,he must be fenced with stronger mail 99 99 99 99 99 ,,yussouf ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell ,a stranger came one night to ,yussouf's tent1 ,saying1 ,behold one outcast and in dread1 ,against whose life the bow of power is bent1 ,who flies1 and hath not where to lay his head2 ,i come to thee for shelter and for food1 ,to ,yussouf1 called through all our tribes ',the ,good4' ,this tent is mine1 said ,yussouf1 but no more ,than it is ,god's2 come in1 and be at peace2 ,freely shalt thou partake of all my store ,as ,i of ,his who buildeth over these ,our tents ,his glorious roof of night and day1 ,and at whose door none ever yet heard ',nay4' ,so ,yussouf entertained his guest that night1 ,and1 waking him ere day1 said3 ,here is gold2 ,my swiftest horse is saddled for thy flight2 ,depart before the prying day grow bold4 ,as one lamp lights another1 nor grows less1 ,so nobleness enkindleth nobleness4 ,that inward light the stranger's face made grand1 ,which shines from all self-conquest2 kneeling low1 ,he bowed his forehead upon ,yussouf's hand1 ,sobbing3 ,o1 ,sheik1 ,i cannot leave thee so2 ,i will repay thee2 all this thou hast done ,unto that ,ibrahim who slew thy son6 ,take thrice the gold1 said ,yussouf1 for with thee ,into the desert1 never to return1 ,my one black thought shall ride away from me2 ,first-born1 for whom by day and night ,i yearn1 ,balanced and just are all of ,god's decrees2 ,thou art avenged1 my first-born1 sleep in peace6 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,where do you think the scene of this poem was laid8 ,give the reason for your answer4 ,what do you know of the habits of people who live in tents8 ,what virtues would men living in this way most admire8 ,why8 ,how do you think ,yussouf had won his title of ,the ,good8 ,to what does the stranger compare himself8 ,what does the bending of the bow signify8 ,to what tribes does the stranger refer8 ,what do you learn of ,yussouf's character from the second and third stanzas8 ,what emotions made the stranger's face grand8 ,what do you suppose ,yussouf's one black thought had been8 ,how did he avenge his son8 ,when does ,yussouf show himself most noble8 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 prying day self-conquest nobleness enkindleth nobleness for whom by day and night ,i yearn 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sidney ,,lanier ,sidney ,lanier is a poet of the ,south who year by year appeals to a larger number of lovers of good literature4 ,he was born in ,georgia of ,huguenot and ,scotch ancestry and when only a small lad showed great talent and love for music4 ,his mother encouraged him in this1 and from beginning with clapping bones it was not long before he learned to play on the guitar1 banjo1 violin1 and flute4 ,on the ,christmas when he was seven years old he was given a small one-keyed flute1 and from that time on the flute became his favorite instrument4 ,when he grew to manhood he became first flutist in the ,baltimore orchestra4 ,so passionately fond was he of music that he could scarcely decide between that and poetry as his choice for a profession4 ,he was graduated from a ,georgia college at the age of eighteen1 and in the following year1 #ahfa1 he enlisted in the ,southern army4 ,his younger brother1 ,clifford1 of whom he was very fond1 also enlisted1 and when opportunities for promotion came to both they declined rather than be separated4 ,they engaged in many battles1 but ,sidney ,lanier found time1 even during the war1 to continue his study4 ,in #ahfd he was taken prisoner1 while doing duty as a signal officer1 and spent five months in ,point ,lookout prison4 ,he came home from the hardships of war broken in health1 so that from that time on his life was one fierce struggle against disease4 ,from the time when as a boy he spent hours in his father's library reading the tales of ,king ,arthur1 the stories of romantic chivalry were of absorbing interest to him4 ,he understood and loved boys1 for he had four of his own1 and for these he has written ,the ,boy's ,froissart1 ,the ,boy's ,king ,arthur and the ,knightly ,legends of ,wales4 ,in #ahgi he was appointed lecturer on ,english literature at the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 and his prospects were at last brightening when two years later he died4 ,during the last seven years of his life1 struggling ever with poverty and pain1 he wrote his one volume of poetry4 ,his poems show his great faith--indeed1 his poem1 ,the ,marshes of ,glynn1 is religion set to music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,marshes ,,of ,,glynn ,,sidney ,,lanier ,o braided dusks of the oak and woven shades of the vine1 ,while the riotous noonday sun of the ,june day long did shine ,ye held me fast in your heart and ,i held you fast in mine2 ,but now when the noon is no more1 and riot is rest1 ,and the sun is a-wait at the ponderous gate of the ,west1 ,and the slant yellow beam down the wood aisle doth seem ,like a lane into heaven that leads from a dream1-- ,aye1 now1 when my soul all day hath drunken the soul of the oak1 ,and my heart is at ease from men1 and the wearisome sound of the stroke ,of the scythe of time and the trowel of trade is low1 ,and belief overmasters doubt1 and ,i know that ,i know1 ,and my spirit is grown to a lordly great compass within1 ,that the length and the breadth and the sweep of the marshes of ,glynn ,will work me no fear like the fear they have wrought me of yore ,when length was fatigue1 and when breadth was but bitterness sore1 ,and when terror and shrinking and dreary unnamable pain ,drew over me out of the merciless miles of the plain1-- ,oh1 now1 unafraid1 ,i am fain to face ,the vast1 sweet visage of space4 ,to the edge of the wood ,i am drawn1 ,i am drawn1 ,where the gray beach glimmering runs1 as a belt of the dawn1 ,for a mete and a mark ,to the forest dark3-- ,so3 ,affable live oak1 leaning low1-- ,thus--with your favor--soft1 with a reverent hand1 7,not lightly touching your person1 lord of the land67 ,bending your beauty aside1 with a step ,i stand ,on the firm-packed sand1 ,free ,by a world of marsh1 that borders a world of sea4 ,sinuous southward and sinuous northward the shimmering band ,of the sand beach fastens the fringe of the marsh to the folds of the land4 ,vanishing1 swerving1 evermore curving again into sight1 ,softly the sand beach wavers away to a dim gray looping of light4 ,and what if behind me to westward the wall of the woods stands high8 ,the world lies east3 how ample the marsh and the sea and the sky6 ,a league and a league of marsh grass1 waist-high1 broad in the blade1 ,green1 and all of a height1 and unflecked with a light or a shade1 ,stretch leisurely off1 in a pleasant plain1 ,to the terminal blue of the main4 ,oh1 what is abroad in the marsh and the terminal sea8 ,somehow my soul seems suddenly free ,from the weighing of fate and the sad discussion of sin1 ,by the length and the breadth and the sweep of the marshes of ,glynn4 ,ye marshes1 how candid and simple and nothing-withholding and free ,ye publish yourselves to the sky and offer yourselves to the sea6 ,tolerant plains1 that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun1 ,ye spread and span like the catholic man who hath mightily won ,god out of knowledge and good out of infinite pain ,and sight out of blindness and purity out of a stain4 ,as the marsh hen secretly builds on the watery sod1 ,behold ,i will build me a nest on the greatness of ,god6 ,i will fly in the greatness of ,god as the marsh hen flies ,in the freedom that fills all the space 'twixt the marsh and the skies3 ,by so many roots as the marsh grass sends in the sod ,i will heartily lay me a-hold on the greatness of ,god3 ,oh1 like to the greatness of ,god is the greatness within ,the range of the marshes1 the liberal marshes of ,glynn4 ,and the sea lends large1 as the marsh3 lo1 out of his plenty the sea ,pours fast3 full soon the time of the flood tide must be3 ,look how the grace of the sea doth go ,about and about through the intricate channels that flow ,here and there1 ,everywhere1 ,till his waters have flooded the uttermost creeks and the low-lying lanes1 ,and the marsh is meshed with a million veins1 ,that like as with rosy and silvery essences flow ,in the rose-and-silver evening glow4 ,farewell1 my lord ,sun6 ,the creeks overflow3 a thousand rivulets run ',twixt the roots of the sod2 the blades of the marsh grass stir2 ,passeth a hurrying sound of wings that westward whir2 ,passeth1 and all is still2 and the currents cease to run2 ,and the sea and the marsh are one4 ,how still the plains of the waters be6 ,the tide is in his ecstasy2 ,the tide is at its highest height3 ,and it is night4 ,and now from the ,vast of the ,lord will the waters of sleep ,roll in on the souls of men1 ,but who will reveal to our waking ken ,the forms that swim and the shapes that creep ,under the waters of sleep8 ,and ,i would ,i could know what swimmeth below when the tide comes in ,on the length and the breadth of the marvelous marshes of ,glynn4 ,,helps ,,to ,,study4 ,notes and ,questions4 ,what can you tell of the coastal plain in ,georgia8 ,what effect on the poet had the dusks of the oak at noon8 ,at sunset what appealed more strongly to him8 ,how does the poet account for his lack of fear of the marshes now8 ,in the marsh region what is lord of the land8 ,what characteristics of the marshes does the poet point out8 ,what comparisons are found in lines fifty to fifty-five8 ,to what does the poet compare the extent of the marshes of ,glynn8 ,in this region when does the flood tide come8 ,what tells you8 ,which picture in the poem do you like best8 ,explain3 ,passeth a hurrying sound of wings that westward whir4 ,what is the meaning of the last nine lines8 ,do you like this poem8 ,why8 ,what can you tell of the author8 ,point out parts that you like best4 ,find examples of alliteration4 ,why does the poet repeat ,i am drawn8 ,select lines that are especially beautiful4 ,words and ,phrases for ,discussion4 glimmering ,vanishing swerving ,like a lane into heaven that leads from a dream ,bending your beauty aside intricate channels uttermost creeks ,glynn--a county in ,georgia which borders on the ,atlantic4 live oak--a species of oak found along the coasts of the southern states4 catholic man--a broad-minded man4 braided dusks--shadows of branches crossing one another4 woven shades--shadows interlacing4 riotous noonday sun--beating down hard4 ye held me fast in your heart--attracted and delighted me4 ,i held you fast in mine--loved1 enjoyed4 riot is rest--the heat of the day is past1 all is quiet4 a-wait--waiting4 ponderous gate--vast western horizon at sunset4 wood aisle--path of sun's rays in the woods at sunset4 drunken the soul of the oak--absorbed its strength4 scythe of time--symbol of death4 trowel of trade--symbol of industry4 belief overmasters doubt--inner confidence1 faith takes the place of uncertainty4 ,i know that ,i know--become self-confident thro' a ,power greater than self4 ,my spirit grows to a lordly great compass within--,my soul becomes its own confident guide1 relying on a ,power greater than self4 ,when length was fatigue--tiresome to look at--he was unable to understand it4 breadth was but bitterness sore--so vast as to be disappointing and beyond his ability to know and control4 drew over me out of the merciless miles of the plain--,the vastness of the marshes filled him with fear and awe4 sweet visage of space--,he came to love the view of the marshes4 belt of the dawn--the line where the gray beach and the woods come together is like the horizon at daybreak4 ,for a mete and a mark--a line to measure and distinguish the limits of the marsh4 affable live oak--friendly1 kindly4 lord of the land--the oak tree4 sinuous southward--irregular line connecting wood and marsh4 fastens the fringe of the marsh to the folds of the land--the line which marks the coming together of the marsh and the land--the shimmering band4 gray looping of light--the light reflected or thrown back from the woods in the dim distance4 terminal blue of the main--the sea coast1 the coast line4 weighing of fate--serious thoughts of the future4 publish yourselves--to show or to expose4 offer yourselves--the sea overruns the marsh4 ,tolerant plains--generous1 broad1 liberal4 mightily won ,god out of ,knowledge--won thro' kindness and love1 and broad-mindedness4 good out of infinite pain--was helped by suffering to become noble and true4 build me a nest on the greatness of ,god--to establish himself on the principles of the great ,power4 lay me a-hold on the greatness of ,god--to lay hold of this ,heavenly beauty and goodness and greatness4 liberal marshes--great1 broad4 ,thro' these he learned the beauty of greatness and of broad-mindedness in man1 and from that to the greatness of ,god was but a natural step4 sea lends large--sends its waters out in tides over the marsh country twice a day4 grace of the sea--the generous waters of the sea4 rosy and silvery essences--relates to the color of the water in the channel1 as determined by the setting sun's rays4 passeth a hurrying sound of wings--a sound of wings hurrying past4 is in his ecstasy--the tide has reached its highest point--it is the moment of accomplishment2 the task is finished4 ,vast of the ,lord--,the influence of ,god upon men is compared to that of the tides of the sea upon the marshes4 waking ken--,who can tell us the meaning of our dreams8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,iii ,,orations ,,and ,,patriotic ,,selections ,stirred up with high hopes of living to be brave men and worthy patriots1 dear to ,god and famous to all ages4 --,,john ,,milton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,regulus ,,before ,,the ,,roman ,,senate ,,epes ,,sargent ,it ill becomes me1 ,senators of ,rome1 me1 ,regulus1 after having so often stood in this venerable assembly1 clothed with the supreme dignity of the republic1 to stand before you to-day1 a captive1--the captive of ,carthage4 ,though outwardly free1 yet the heaviest of chains1 the pledge of a ,roman ,consul1 makes me the bondsman of the ,carthaginians4 ,they have my promise to return to them in the event of the failure of this their embassy4 ,but1 ,conscript ,fathers1 ,senators1 there is but one course to be pursued4 ,abandon all thought of peace6 ,reject the overtures of ,carthage6 ,reject them wholly and unconditionally6 ,what8 ,what8 ,give back to her a thousand able-bodied men1 and receive in return this one1 attenuated1 war-worn1 fever-wasted frame1--this weed1 whitened in a dungeon's darkness1 pale and sapless1 which no kindness of the sun1 no softness of the summer breeze1 can ever restore to life and vigor8 ,it must not1 shall not be6 ,oh1 were ,regulus what he was once1 before captivity had unstrung his sinews and enervated his limbs1 he might pause2 he might think he were worth a thousand of the foe2 he might say1 ,make the exchange1 ,rome shall not lose by it6 ,but now1 alas1 'tis gone1--that impetuosity of strength which could once make him a leader indeed1 to penetrate a phalanx1 or guide a pursuit4 ,his very armor would be a burden now6 ,his battlecry would be drowned in the din of onset6 ,his sword would fall harmless upon his opponents shield6 ,but if he cannot live1 he can at least die1 for his country4 ,do not deny him this supreme consolation4 ,consider6 ,every indignity1 every torture which ,carthage shall heap on his dying hours1 will be better than a trumpet's call to your armies4 ,they will remember only ,regulus1 their fellow-soldier and their leader4 ,they will forget his defeats4 ,they will regard only his services to the ,republic4 ,tunis1 ,sicily1 ,sardinia1 every well-fought field1 won by his blood and theirs1 will flash on their remembrance and kindle their avenging wrath6 ,and so shall ,regulus1 though dead1 fight as he never fought before against the foe4 ,conscript ,fathers1 there is another theme1--my family4 ,forgive the thought4 ,to you and to ,rome1 ,i commit them4 ,i leave no legacy but my name1 no testament but my example4 ,and you1 ambassadors of ,carthage1 now in this august presence1 ,i have spoken1 not as you expected4 ,i am your captive4 ,lead me back to whatever fate may await me4 ,doubt not that you shall find that to ,roman hearts country is dearer than life1 and integrity more precious than freedom4 ,epes ,sargent1 #ahab-ahhj1 was an ,american author and journalist4 ,for a number of years he was editor of the ,boston ,evening ,transcript4 ,historical3 ,regulus was a celebrated ,roman general4 ,as consul he led the ,roman forces against the ,carthaginians and defeated them in a number of engagements1 but finally was himself defeated and taken prisoner by the ,carthaginians4 ,after five years of captivity he was sent to ,rome to negotiate for peace and an exchange of prisoners4 ,though he had been promised his liberty1 if the ,romans should accept the treaty1 yet when he appeared before the ,roman senate1 he denounced the terms most emphatically4 ,accordingly he returned to ,carthage1 where he suffered a cruel death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,return ,,of ,,regulus ,,elijah ,,kellogg ,the beams of the rising sun had gilded the lofty domes of ,carthage1 and given1 with its rich and mellow light1 a tinge of beauty even to the frowning ramparts of the outer harbor4 ,sheltered by the verdant shores1 a hundred triremes were riding proudly at their anchors1 their brazen beaks glittering in the sun1 their streamers dancing in the morning breeze1 while many a shattered plank and timber gave evidence of desperate conflict with the fleets of ,rome4 ,no murmur of business or of revelry arose from the city4 ,the artisan had forsaken his shop1 the judge his tribunal1 the priest the sanctuary1 and even the stern stoic had come forth from his retirement to mingle with the crowd that1 anxious and agitated1 were rushing toward the senate-house1 startled by the report that ,regulus had returned to ,carthage4 ,onward1 still onward1 trampling each other under foot1 they rushed1 furious with anger1 and eager for revenge4 ,fathers were there1 whose sons were groaning in fetters2 maidens1 whose lovers1 weak and wounded1 were dying in the dungeons of ,rome1 and gray-haired men and matrons1 whom the ,roman sword had left childless4 ,but when the stern features of ,regulus were seen1 and his colossal form towering above the ambassadors who had returned with him from ,rome2 when the news passed from lip to lip that the dreaded warrior1 so far from advising the ,roman senate to consent to an exchange of prisoners1 had urged them to pursue1 with exterminating vengeance1 ,carthage and ,carthaginians1--the multitude swayed to and fro like a forest beneath a tempest1 and the rage and hate of that tumultuous throng vented itself in groans1 and curses1 and yells of vengeance4 ,but calm1 cold1 and immovable as the marble walls around him1 stood the ,roman2 and he stretched out his hand over that frenzied crowd1 with gesture as proudly commanding as though he still stood at the head of the gleaming cohorts of ,rome4 ,the tumult ceased2 the curse1 half muttered1 died upon the lip2 and so intense was the silence1 that the clanking of the brazen manacles upon the wrists of the captive fell sharp and full upon every ear in that vast assembly1 as he thus addressed them3-- ,ye doubtless thought--for ye judge of ,roman virtue by your own--that ,i would break my plighted oath1 rather than1 returning1 brook your vengeance4 ,i might give reasons for this1 in ,punic comprehension1 most foolish act of mine4 ,i might speak of those eternal principles which make death for one's country a pleasure1 not a pain4 ,but1 by great ,jupiter6 methinks ,i should debase myself to talk of such high things to you2 to you1 expert in womanly inventions2 to you1 well-skilled to drive a treacherous trade with simple ,africans for ivory and gold6 ,if the bright blood that fills my veins1 transmitted free from godlike ancestry1 were like that slimy ooze which stagnates in your arteries1 ,i had remained at home1 and broke my plighted oath to save my life4 ,i am a ,roman citizen2 therefore have ,i returned1 that ye might work your will upon this mass of flesh and bones1 that ,i esteem no higher than the rags that cover them4 ,here1 in your capital1 do ,i defy you4 ,have ,i not conquered your armies1 fired your towns1 and dragged your generals at my chariot wheels1 since first my youthful arms could wield a spear8 ,and do you think to see me crouch and cower before a tamed and shattered senate8 ,the tearing of flesh and rending of sinews is but pastime compared with the mental agony that heaves my frame4 ,the moon has scarce yet waned since the proudest of ,rome's proud matrons1 the mother upon whose breast ,i slept1 and whose fair brow so oft had bent over me before the noise of battle had stirred my blood1 or the fierce toil of war nerved my sinews1 did1 with fondest memory of bygone hours1 entreat me to remain4 ,i have seen her1 who1 when my country called me to the field1 did buckle on my harness with trembling hands1 while the tears fell thick and fast down the hard corselet scales--,i have seen her tear her gray locks and beat her aged breast1 as on her knees she begged me not to return to ,carthage6 and all the assembled senate of ,rome1 grave and reverend men1 proffered the same request4 ,the puny torments which ye have in store to welcome me withal1 shall be1 to what ,i have endured1 even as the murmur of a summer's brook to the fierce roar of angry surges on a rocky beach4 ,last night1 as ,i lay fettered in my dungeon1 ,i heard a strange1 ominous sound2 it seemed like the distant march of some vast army1 their harness clanging as they marched1 when suddenly there stood by me ,xanthippus1 the ,spartan general1 by whose aid you conquered me1 and1 with a voice as low as when the solemn wind moans through the leaflless forest1 he thus addressed me3-- ',roman1 ,i come to bid thee curse1 with thy dying breath1 this fated city3 know that in an evil moment1 the ,carthaginian generals1 furious with rage that ,i had conquered thee1 their conqueror1 did basely murder me4 ,and then they thought to stain my brightest honor4 ,but1 for this foul deed1 the wrath of ,jove shall rest upon them here and hereafter4' ,and then he vanished4 ,and now1 go bring your sharpest torments4 ,the woes ,i see impending over this guilty realm shall be enough to sweeten death1 though every nerve and artery were a shooting pang4 ,i die6 but my death shall prove a proud triumph2 and1 for every drop of blood ye from my veins do draw1 your own shall flow in rivers4 ,woe to thee1 ,carthage6 ,woe to the proud city of the waters6 ,i see thy nobles wailing at the feet of ,roman senators6 thy citizens in terror6 thy ships in flames6 ,i hear the victorious shouts of ,rome6 ,i see her eagles glittering on thy ramparts4 ,proud city1 thou art doomed6 ,the curse of ,god is on thee--a clinging1 wasting curse4 ,it shall not leave thy gates till hungry flames shall lick the fretted gold from off thy proud palaces1 and every brook runs crimson to the sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spartacus ,,to ,,the ,,gladiators ,,elijah ,,kellogg ,it had been a day of triumph in ,capua4 ,lentulus1 returning with victorious eagles1 had amused the populace with the sports of the amphitheatre to an extent hitherto unknown even in that luxurious city4 ,the shouts of revelry had died away2 the roar of the lion had ceased2 the last loiterer had retired from the banquet1 and the lights in the palace of the victor were extinguished4 ,the moon1 piercing the tissue of fleecy clouds1 silvered the dewdrop on the corselet of the ,roman sentinel1 and tipped the dark waters of ,volturnus with wavy1 tremulous light4 ,it was a night of holy calm1 when the zephyr sways the young spring leaves1 and whispers among the hollow reeds its dreamy music4 ,no sound was heard but the last sob of some weary wave1 telling its story to the smooth pebbles of the beach1 and then all was still as the breast when the spirit has departed4 ,in the deep recesses of the amphitheatre a band of gladiators were crowded together1--their muscles still knotted with the agony of conflict1 the foam upon their lips1 and the scowl of battle yet lingering upon their brows1--when ,spartacus1 rising in the midst of that grim assemblage1 thus addressed them3-- ,ye call me chief1 and ye do well to call him chief who1 for twelve long years1 has met upon the arena every shape of man or beast that the broad ,empire of ,rome could furnish1 and yet never has lowered his arm4 ,and if there be one among you who can say that1 ever1 in public fight or private brawl1 my actions did belie my tongue1 let him step forth and say it4 ,if there be three in all your throng dare face me on the bloody sand1 let them come on6 ,yet1 ,i was not always thus1 a hired butcher1 a savage chief of savage men4 ,my father was a reverent man1 who feared great ,jupiter1 and brought to the rural deities his offerings of fruits and flowers4 ,he dwelt among the vineclad rocks and olive groves at the foot of ,helicon4 ,my early life ran quiet as the brook by which ,i sported4 ,i was taught to prune the vine1 to tend the flock2 and then1 at noon1 ,i gathered my sheep beneath the shade1 and played upon the shepherd's flute4 ,i had a friend1 the son of our neighbor2 we led our flocks to the same pasture1 and shared together our rustic meal4 ,one evening1 after the sheep were folded1 and we were all seated beneath the myrtle that shaded our cottage1 my grandsire1 an old man1 was telling of ,marathon and ,leuctra1 and how1 in ancient times1 a little band of ,spartans1 in a defile of the mountains1 withstood a whole army4 ,i did not then know what war meant2 but my cheeks burned4 ,i knew not why2 and ,i clasped the knees of that venerable man1 till my mother1 parting the hair from off my brow1 kissed my throbbing temples1 and bade me go to rest1 and think no more of those old tales and savage wars4 ,that very night the ,romans landed on our shore1 and the clash of steel was heard within our quiet vale4 ,i saw the breast that had nourished me trampled by the iron hoof of the warhorse2 the bleeding body of my father flung amid the blazing rafters of our dwelling4 ,to-day ,i killed a man in the arena1 and when ,i broke his helmet clasps1 behold6 he was my friend6 ,he knew me1--smiled faintly1--gasped1--and died2 the same sweet smile that ,i had marked upon his face when1 in adventurous boyhood1 we scaled some lofty cliff to pluck the first ripe grapes1 and bear them home in childish triumph4 ,i told the praetor he was my friend1 noble and brave1 and ,i begged his body1 that ,i might burn it upon the funeral-pile1 and mourn over him4 ,ay1 on my knees1 amid the dust and blood of the arena1 ,i begged that boon1 while all the ,roman maids and matrons1 and those holy virgins they call vestal1 and the rabble1 shouted in mockery1 deeming it rare sport1 forsooth1 to see ,rome's fiercest gladiator turn pale1 and tremble like a very child1 before that piece of bleeding clay2 but the praetor drew back as if ,i were pollution1 and sternly said1 ',let the carrion rot6 ,there are no noble men but ,romans6' ,and he1 deprived of funeral rites1 must wander1 a hapless ghost1 beside the waters of that sluggish river1 and look--and look--and look in vain to the bright ,elysian ,fields where dwell his ancestors and noble kindred4 ,and so must you1 and so must ,i1 die like dogs6 ,o ,rome6 ,rome6 thou hast been a tender nurse to me6 ,ay1 thou hast given to that poor1 gentle1 timid shepherd-lad1 who never knew a harsher sound than a flute-note1 muscles of iron and a heart of flint2 taught him to drive the sword through rugged brass and plaited mail1 and warm it in the marrow of his foe6 to gaze into the glaring eyeballs of the fierce ,numidian lion1 even as a smooth-cheeked boy upon a laughing girl4 ,and he shall pay thee back till thy yellow ,tiber is red as frothing wine1 and in its deepest ooze thy life-blood lies curdled6 ,ye stand here now like giants1 as ye are6 the strength of brass is in your toughened sinews2 but to-morrow some ,roman ,adonis1 breathing sweet odors from his curly locks1 shall come1 and with his lily fingers pat your brawny shoulders1 and bet his sesterces upon your blood6 ,hark6 ,hear ye yon lion roaring in his den8 ',tis three days since he tasted meat2 but to-morrow he shall break his fast upon your flesh2 and ye shall be a dainty meal for him4 ,if ye are brutes1 then stand here like fat oxen waiting for the butcher's knife2 if ye are men1 follow me6 strike down yon sentinel1 and gain the mountain passes1 and there do bloody work as did your sires at old ,thermopyl6 ,is ,sparta dead8 ,is the old ,grecian spirit frozen in your veins1 that you do crouch and cower like base-born slaves beneath your master's lash8 ,o comrades6 warriors6 ,thracians6 if we must fight1 let us fight for ourselves2 if we must slaughter1 let us slaughter our oppressors2 if we must die1 let us die under the open sky1 by the bright waters1 in noble1 honorable battle4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,this is a supposed speech of ,spartacus written by ,elijah ,kellogg1 a ,new ,england clergyman4 ,spartacus was a ,thracian by birth1 who served in the ,roman army4 ,having deserted1 he was taken prisoner1 sold as a slave1 and trained as a gladiator at ,capua4 ,he escaped and gathered about him a large army of slaves and gladiators1 with whom he intended to push northward and allow them all to return to their homes4 ,they1 however1 after attacking many towns1 were finally overcome4 ,spartacus himself died in battle1 and six thousand slaves were crucified on the road from ,capua to ,rome4 ,capua was a city of great luxury1 containing an amphitheater nearly as large as the ,coliseum at ,rome4 ,the ancients attached great importance to the rites of burial1 and believed that the soul could not reach the ,elysian ,fields unless the body had been buried4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,merit ,,before ,,birth ,,translated ,,from ,,sallust ,you have committed to my conduct1 ,o ,romans1 the war against ,jugurtha4 ,the patricians take offence4 ,they say1 ,why1 he has no family statues4 ,he can point to no illustrious ancestors4 ,what of that8 ,will dead ancestors or motionless statues fight battles8 ,can your general appeal to them in the hour of extremest danger8 ,how wise it would be1 surely1 to intrust your army to some untried person without a single scar1 but with any number of ancestral statues1--who knows not the simplest rudiments of military service1 but is very perfect in pedigree6 ,i have known such holiday heroes1 raised1 because of family1 to positions for which they had no fitness4 ,but1 then1 in the moment of action they were obliged1 in their ignorance and trepidation1 to intrust every movement1 even the most simple1 to some subaltern1 some despised plebeian4 ,what they have seen in books1 ,i have seen written on battlefields1 with steel and blood4 ,they sneer at my mean origin4 ,where1--and may the gods bear witness1--where1 but in the spirit of man1 is nobility lodged8 ,tell these despicable railers that their haughty lineage cannot make them noble1 nor will my humble birth make me base4 ,i profess no indifference to noble descent2 but when a descendant is dwarfed in the comparison1 it should be a shame1 and not a matter to boast of6 ,i can show the standards1 the armor1 and the spoils which ,i have in person wrested from the vanquished4 ,i can show the scars of many wounds received in combating the enemies of ,rome4 ,these are my statues6 ,these are my honors1 to boast of2 not inherited by accident1 but earned by toil1 by abstinence1 by valor1 amid clouds of dust and seas of blood4 ,their titles date from similar acts of their ancestors2 but these detractors did not even dare to appear on the field as spectators4 ,these are my credentials6 ,these1 ,o ,romans1 are my titles of nobility6 ,tell me1 are they not as deserving of your confidence and reward as those of which any patrician of them all can boast8 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,sallust1 the author of this selection1 was a famous ,roman historian of the first century ,b4 ,c4 ,caius ,marius was the son of a small farmer and worked his way up from this humble origin to the highest position1 that of consul1 in spite of the determined opposition of the senate1 and the aristocracy4 ,by the vote of the ,roman people1 he was given command of the army in the campaign against ,jugurtha1 a prince who had usurped the ,numidian throne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rienzi',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,romans ,,mary ,,russell ,,mitford ,friends6 ,i come not here to talk4 ,you know too well ,the story of our thralldom4 ,we are slaves6 ,the bright sun rises to his course1 and lights ,a race of slaves6 he sets1 and his last beam ,falls on a slave6--not such as1 swept along ,by the full tide of power1 the conqueror leads ,to crimson glory and undying fame1 ,but base1 ignoble slaves--slaves to a horde ,of petty tyrants2 feudal despots2 lords1 ,rich in some dozen paltry villages1 ,strong in some hundred spearmen2 only great ,in that strange spell--a name4 ,each hour dark fraud1 ,or open rapine1 or protected murder1 ,cry out against them4 ,but this very day1 ,an honest man1 my neighbor--there he stands-- ,was struck--struck like a dog1 by one who wore ,the badge of ,ursini1 because1 forsooth1 ,he tossed not high his ready cap in air1 ,nor lifted up his voice in servile shouts ,at sight of that great ruffian6 ,be we men1 ,and suffer such dishonor8--,men1 and wash not ,the stain away in blood8 ,such shames are common4 ,i have known deeper wrongs4 ,i that speak to you1 ,i had a brother once1 a gracious boy1 ,full of gentleness1 of calmest hope1 ,of sweet and quiet joy3 there was the look ,of heaven upon his face1 which limners give ,to the beloved disciple4 ,how ,i loved ,that gracious boy6 ,younger by fifteen years1 ,brother at once and son6 ,he left my side1 ,a summer bloom on his fair cheek1 a smile ,parting his innocent lips3 in one short hour1 ,the pretty1 harmless boy was slain6 ,i saw ,the corse1 the mangled corse1 and then ,i cried ,for vengeance6 ,rouse ye1 ,romans6 rouse ye1 slaves6 ,have ye brave sons8 ,look in the next fierce brawl ,to see them die4 ,have ye fair daughters8 ,look ,to see them live1 torn from your arms1 distained1 ,dishonored2 and1 if ye dare call for justice1 ,be answered by the lash6 ,yet this is ,rome1 ,that sat on her seven hills1 and from her throne ,of beauty ruled the world6 ,yet we are ,romans6 ,why1 in that elder day1 to be a ,roman ,was greater than a king6 ,and1 once again1-- ,hear me1 ye walls1 that echoed to the tread ,of either ,brutus6--once again1 ,i swear1 ,the ,eternal ,city shall be free6 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,mary ,russell ,mitford1 born in #aghg1 was an ,english writer of miscellaneous works4 ,among her most noted productions is the tragedy ,rienzi1 which was presented in ,london in #ahbh4 ,it is the story of the ,roman patriot1 ,rienzi1 who led a revolution at ,rome in #acdg4 ,he overthrew the power of the aristocracy and introduced many reforms in the government4 ,after establishing himself in power1 however1 he is said to have become in turn haughty and arbitrary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,emmet',s ,,vindication ,,my ,,lords3 ,what have ,i to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced on me1 according to law8 ,i have nothing to say that can alter your predetermination1 nor that it will become me to say with any view to the mitigation of that sentence which you are here to pronounce1 and ,i must abide by4 ,but ,i have that to say which interests me more than life1 and which you have labored to destroy4 ,i have much to say why my reputation should be rescued from the load of false accusation and calumny which has been heaped upon it4 ,were ,i only to suffer death1 after being adjudged guilty by your tribunal1 ,i should bow in silence1 and meet the fate that awaits me without a murmur2 but the sentence of law which delivers my body to the executioner will1 through the ministry of that law1 labor1 in its own vindication1 to consign my character to obloquy2 for there must be guilt somewhere--whether in the sentence of the court1 or in the catastrophe1 posterity must determine4 ,the man dies1 but his memory lives4 ,that mine may not perish--that it may live in the respect of my countrymen--,i seize upon this opportunity to vindicate myself from some of the charges alleged against me4 ,when my spirit shall be wafted to a more friendly port2 when my shade shall have joined the bands of those martyred heroes who have shed their blood1 on the scaffold and in the field1 in defense of their country and virtue2 this is my hope--,i wish that my memory and name may animate those who survive me1 while ,i look down with complacency on the destruction of that perfidious government which upholds its domination by blasphemy of the ,most ,high1 which displays its powers over man as over the beasts of the forest1 which sets man upon his brother1 and lifts his hand1 in the name of ,god1 against the throat of his fellow who believes or doubts a little more or less than the government standard--a government which is steeled to barbarity by the cries of the orphans and the tears of the widows which its cruelty has made4 ,i swear by the throne of ,heaven1 before which ,i must shortly appear--by the blood of the murdered patriots who have gone before me--that my conduct has been1 through all this peril and all my purposes1 governed only by the convictions which ,i have uttered1 and no other view than that of the emancipation of my country from the superinhuman oppression under which she has so long and too patiently travailed2 and that ,i confidently and assuredly hope1 wild and chimerical as it may appear1 that there is still union and strength in ,ireland to accomplish this noble enterprise4 ,my country was my idol4 ,to it ,i sacrificed every selfish1 every endearing sentiment2 and for it ,i now offer up my life6 ,i acted as an ,irishman1 determined on delivering my country from the yoke of a foreign and unrelenting tyranny1 and from the more galling yoke of a domestic faction1 its joint partner and perpetrator in the patricide1 whose reward is the ignominy of existing with an exterior of splendor and a consciousness of depravity4 ,it was the wish of my heart to extricate my country from this doubly riveted despotism4 ,i wished to place her independence beyond the reach of any power on earth4 ,i wished to exalt her to that proud station in the world which ,providence had fitted her to fill4 ,let no man dare1 when ,i am dead1 to charge me with dishonor2 let no man attaint my memory by believing that ,i could have engaged in any cause but that of my country's liberty and independence1 or that ,i could have become the pliant minion of power in the oppression or the miseries of my countrymen4 ,i would not have submitted to a foreign oppressor1 for the same reason that ,i would resist the domestic tyrant2 in the dignity of freedom ,i would have fought upon the threshold of my country1 and her enemies should enter only by passing over my lifeless corpse4 ,am ,i1 who lived but for my country1 and who have subjected myself to the vengeance of the jealous and wrathful oppressor1 and to the bondage of the grave1 only to give my countrymen their rights and my country her independence--am ,i to be loaded with calumny1 and not to be suffered to resent or repel it8 ,no6 ,god forbid6 ,if the spirits of the illustrious dead participate in the concerns and cares of those who are dear to them in this transitory life1 ,o ever dear and venerated shade of my departed father1 look down with scrutiny on the conduct of your suffering son1 and see if ,i have even for a moment deviated from those principles of morality and patriotism which it was your care to instill into my youthful mind1 and for an adherence to which ,i am now to offer up my life6 ,my ,lords1 you are all impatient for the sacrifice4 ,the blood which you seek is not congealed by the artificial terrors which surround your victim2 it circulates warmly and unruffled through the channels which ,god created for noble purposes1 but which you are bent to destroy1 for purposes so grievous that they cry to ,heaven6 ,be ye patient2 ,i have but a few words more to say4 ,i am going to my silent grave2 my lamp of life is nearly extinguished2 my race is run2 the grave opens to receive me1 and ,i sink into its bosom4 ,i have but one request to ask at my departure from this world--it is the charity of its silence4 ,let no man write my epitaph2 for1 as no one who knows my motives dare now vindicate them1 let not prejudice or ignorance asperse them4 ,let them and me repose in obscurity and peace1 and my tomb remain uninscribed1 until other times and other men can do justice to my character4 ,when my country shall take her place among the nations of the earth1 then1 and not till then1 let my epitaph be written6 ,i have done4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,during the latter part of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth1 the spirit of independence was abroad4 ,the ,american ,revolution was followed by the ,french ,revolution1 and in #ahjc ,robert ,emmet1 an ,irish patriot1 headed a band to gain independence for ,ireland4 ,after an unsuccessful attempt to take the arsenal and castle at ,dublin1 he fled to the ,wicklow mountains1 whence he planned to escape to the continent4 ,contrary to the advice of his friends1 he determined to have a last interview with his sweetheart1 but the delay proved fatal to him4 ,he was seized and condemned to death4 ,this extract is from the remarkably eloquent speech with which he vainly defended himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,king ,,philip ,,to ,,the ,,white ,,settler ,,edward ,,everett ,think of the country for which the ,indians fought4 ,who can blame them8 ,as ,philip looked down from his seat on ,mount ,hope1 that glorious eminence1 that ----throne of royal state1 which far ,outshone the wealth of ,ormus and of ,ind1 ,or where the gorgeous ,east1 with richest hand1 ,showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold1-- as he looked down1 and beheld the lovely scene which spread beneath1 at a summer sunset1 the distant hill-tops glittering as with fire1 the slanting beams streaming across the waters1 the broad plains1 the island groups1 the majestic forest1--could he be blamed1 if his heart burned within him1 as he beheld it all passing1 by no tardy process1 from beneath his control1 into the hands of the stranger8 ,as the river chieftains--the lords of the waterfalls and the mountains--ranged this lovely valley1 can it be wondered at1 if they beheld with bitterness the forest disappearing beneath the settler's ax--the fishing-place disturbed by his saw-mills8 ,can we not fancy the feelings with which some strong-minded savage1 the chief of the ,pocomtuck ,indians1 who should have ascended the summit of the ,sugar-loaf ,mountain 7rising as it does before us1 at this moment1 in all its loveliness and grandeur71--in company with a friendly settler1--contemplating the progress already made by the white man1 and marking the gigantic strides with which he was advancing into the wilderness1 should fold his arms and say1 ,white man1 there is eternal war between me and thee6 ,i quit not the land of my fathers1 but with my life4 ,in those woods1 where ,i bent my youthful bow1 ,i will still hunt the deer2 over yonder waters ,i will still glide1 unrestrained1 in my bark canoe4 ,by those dashing waterfalls ,i will still lay up my winter's store of food2 on these fertile meadows ,i will still plant my corn4 ,stranger1 the land is mine6 ,i understand not these paper rights4 ,i gave not my consent1 when1 as thou sayest1 these broad regions were purchased1 for a few baubles1 of my fathers4 ,they could sell what was theirs2 they could sell no more4 ,how could my fathers sell that which the ,great ,spirit sent me into the world to live upon8 ,they knew not what they did4 ,the stranger came1 a timid suppliant1--few and feeble1 and asked to lie down on the red man's bear-skin1 and warm himself at the red man's fire1 and have a little piece of land to raise corn for his women and children2 and now he is become strong1 and mighty1 and bold1 and spreads out his parchments over the whole1 and says1 ',it is mine4' ,stranger6 there is not room for us both4 ,the ,great ,spirit has not made us to live together4 ,there is poison in the white man's cup2 the white man's dog barks at the red man's heels4 ,if ,i should leave the land of my fathers1 whither shall ,i fly8 ,shall ,i go to the south1 and dwell among the graves of the ,pequots8 ,shall ,i wander to the west1 the fierce ,mohawk1--the man-eater1--is my foe4 ,shall ,i fly to the east1 the great water is before me4 ,no1 stranger2 here ,i have lived1 and here will ,i die2 and if here thou abidest1 there is eternal war between1 me and thee4 ,thou hast taught me thy arts of destruction2 for that alone ,i thank thee4 ,and now take heed to thy steps2 the red man is thy foe4 ,when thou goest forth by day1 my bullet shall whistle past thee2 when thou liest down by night1 my knife is at thy throat4 ,the noonday sun shall not discover thy enemy1 and the darkness of midnight shall not protect thy rest4 ,thou shalt plant in terror1 and ,i will reap in blood2 thou shalt sow the earth with corn1 and ,i will strew it with ashes2 thou shalt go forth with the sickle1 and ,i will follow after with the scalping-knife2 thou shalt build1 and ,i will burn1--till the white man or the ,indian perish from the land4 ,go thy way for this time in safety1--but remember1 stranger1 there is eternal war between me and thee6 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,edward ,everett was a celebrated ,american orator and statesman4 ,his career was varied1 but he will be remembered chiefly through his essays and orations4 ,he was in turn clergyman1 professor of ,greek at ,harvard1 representative in ,congress1 governor of ,massachusetts1 minister to ,england1 president of ,harvard1 and secretary of state4 ,he died at the close of the ,civil ,war4 ,this extract is from an address delivered at ,bloody ,brook1 ,south ,deerfield1 ,mass41 ,september #cj1 #ahce1 in commemoration of the death of many colonists in that spot during ,king ,philip's ,war1 ,september #ah1 #afge4 ,king ,philip1 son of ,massasoit1 was an ,indian chief who resented the coming of the white man and1 gathering many ,indian tribes about him1 waged bitter war against the colonists4 ,he himself was killed at ,mount ,hope1 ,rhode ,island4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,quebec 7,from ,montcalm and ,wolfe47 ,,francis ,,parkman ,the sun rose1 and1 from the ramparts of ,quebec1 the astonished people saw the ,plains of ,abraham glittering with arms1 and the dark-red lines of the ,english forming in array of battle4 ,breathless messengers had borne the evil tidings to ,montcalm1 and far and near his wide-extended camp resounded with the rolling of alarm drums and the din of startled preparation4 ,he1 too1 had had his struggles and his sorrows4 ,the civil power had thwarted him2 famine1 discontent1 and disaffection were rife among his soldiers2 and no small portion of the ,canadian militia had dispersed from sheer starvation4 ,in spite of all1 he had trusted to hold out till the winter frosts should drive the invaders from before the town2 when1 on that disastrous morning1 the news of their successful temerity fell like a cannon-shot upon his ear4 ,still he assumed a tone of confidence4 ,they have got to the weak side of us at last1 he is reported to have said1 and we must crush them with our numbers4 ,with headlong haste1 his troops were pouring over the bridge of the ,st4 ,charles1 and gathering in heavy masses under the western ramparts of the town4 ,could numbers give assurance of success1 their triumph would have been secure2 for five ,french battalions and the armed colonial peasantry amounted in all to more than seven thousand five hundred men4 ,full in sight before them stretched the long1 thin lines of the ,british forces1 the half-wild ,highlanders1 the steady soldiery of ,england1 and the hardy levies of the provinces1--less than five thousand in number1 but all inured to battle1 and strong in the full assurance of success4 ,yet1 could the chiefs of that gallant army have pierced the secrets of the future1 could they have foreseen that the victory which they burned to achieve would have robbed ,england of her proudest boast1 that the conquest of ,canada would pave the way for the independence of ,america1 their swords would have dropped from their hands1 and the heroic fire have gone out within their hearts4 ,it was nine o'clock1 and the adverse armies stood motionless1 each gazing on the other4 ,the clouds hung low1 and1 at intervals1 warm light showers descended1 besprinkling both alike4 ,the coppice and cornfields in front of the ,british troops were filled with ,french sharp-shooters1 who kept up a distant1 spattering fire4 ,here and there a soldier fell in the ranks1 and the gap was filled in silence4 ,at a little before ten1 the ,british could see that ,montcalm was preparing to advance1 and1 in a few moments1 all his troops appeared in rapid motion4 ,they came on in three divisions1 shouting after the manner of their nation1 and firing heavily as soon as they came within range4 ,in the ,british ranks1 not a trigger was pulled1 not a soldier stirred2 and their ominous composure seemed to damp the spirits of the assailants4 ,it was not till the ,french were within forty yards that the fatal word was given1 and the ,british muskets blazed forth at once in one crashing explosion4 ,like a ship at full career1 arrested with sudden ruin on a sunken rock1 the ranks of ,montcalm staggered1 shivered1 and broke before that wasting storm of lead4 ,the smoke1 rolling along the field1 for a moment shut out the view2 but when the white wreaths were scattered on the wind1 a wretched spectacle was disclosed2 men and officers tumbled in heaps1 battalions resolved into a mob1 order and obedience gone2 and when the ,british muskets were leveled for a second volley1 the masses of the militia were seen to cower and shrink with uncontrollable panic4 ,for a few minutes1 the ,french regulars stood their ground1 returning a sharp and not ineffectual fire4 ,but now1 echoing cheer on cheer1 redoubling volley on volley1 trampling the dying and the dead1 and driving the fugitives in crowds1 the ,british troops advanced and swept the field before them4 ,the ardor of the men burst all restraint4 ,they broke into a run1 and with unsparing slaughter chased the flying multitude to the gates of ,quebec4 ,foremost of all1 the light-footed ,highlanders dashed along in furious pursuit1 hewing down the ,frenchmen with their broadswords1 and slaying many in the very ditch of the fortifications4 ,never was victory more quick or more decisive4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,francis ,parkman is one of ,america's greatest historians4 ,he took for his theme the great conflict between the ,english1 the ,french1 and the ,indians on the frontiers of the northern new world4 ,he was not only a historian of genius1 but was gifted with a delightful style4 ,his books are full of the fragrance of woods and streams and the fresh1 free air of the plains and the mountains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,england ,,and ,,her ,,colonies ,,edmund ,,burke ,england's hold of the colonies is in the close affection which grows from common names1 from kindred blood1 from similar privileges1 and equal protection4 ,these are ties which1 though light as air1 are as strong as links of iron4 ,let the colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated with your government2 they will cling and grapple to you1 and no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their allegiance4 ,but let it once be understood that your government may be one thing1 and their privileges another2 that these two things may exist without any mutual relation--the cement is gone2 the cohesion is loosened2 and everything hastens to decay and dissolution4 ,as long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority of this country as the sanctuary of liberty1 the sacred temple consecrated to our common faith2 wherever the chosen race and sons of ,england worship freedom1 they will turn their faces toward you4 ,the more they multiply1 the more friends you will have2 the more ardently they love liberty1 the more perfect will be their obedience4 ,slavery they can have anywhere4 ,it is a weed that grows in every soil4 ,they may have it from ,spain2 they may have it from ,prussia2 but1 until you become lost to all feelings of your true interest and your natural dignity1 freedom they can have from none but you4 ,this is the commodity of price of which you have the monopoly4 ,this is the true ,act of ,navigation1 which binds to you the commerce of the colonies1 and through them secures to you the wealth of the world4 ,deny them this participation of freedom1 and you break that sole bond which originally made1 and must still preserve1 the unity of the empire4 ,do not entertain so weak an imagination as that your registers and your bonds1 your affidavits and your sufferances1 are what form the great securities of your commerce4 ,do not dream that your letters of office1 and your instructions1 and your suspending clauses1 are the things that hold together the great contexture of this mysterious whole4 ,these things do not make your government4 ,dead instruments1 passive tools as they are1 it is the spirit of the ,english communion that gives all their life and efficacy to them4 ,it is the spirit of the ,english constitution1 which1 infused through the mighty mass1 pervades1 feeds1 unites1 invigorates1 vivifies every part of the empire1 even down to the minutest member4 ,is it not the same virtue which does everything for us here in ,england8 ,do you imagine1 then1 that it is the land tax which raises your revenue8 ,that it is the annual vote in the committee of supply which gives you your army8 ,or that it is the mutiny bill which inspires it with bravery and discipline8 ,no6 surely no6 ,it is the love of the people2 it is their attachment to their government1 from the sense of the deep stake they have in such a glorious institution1 which gives you your army and your navy1 and infuses into both that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble and your navy nothing but rotten timber4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,edmund ,burke was a ,british statesman of ,irish birth1 who lived at the time of the ,american ,revolution4 ,while ,william ,pitt opposed1 in the ,house of ,lords1 the policy of the ,british government1 ,edmund ,burke delivered1 in the ,house of ,commons1 his famous speech on the ,conciliation of the ,colonies1 ,march #bb1 #agge4 ,this extract is taken from the closing paragraphs of this celebrated speech4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,wealth ,,benjamin ,,franklin ,,courteous ,,reader3 ,i have heard that nothing gives an author so great pleasure as to find his works respectfully quoted by others4 ,judge1 then1 how much ,i must have been gratified by an incident ,i am going to relate to you4 ,i stopped my horse1 lately1 where a great number of people were collected at an auction of merchants' goods4 ,the hour of the sale not being come1 they were conversing on the badness of the times2 and one of the company called to a plain1 clean old man1 with white locks3 ,pray1 ,father ,abraham1 what think you of the times8 ,will not these heavy taxes quite ruin the country8 ,how shall we ever be able to pay them8 ,what would you advise us to do8 ,father ,abraham stood up and replied3 ,if you would have my advice1 ,i will give it to you in short2 for 'a word to the wise is enough1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,they joined in desiring him to speak his mind1 and1 gathering around him1 he proceeded as follows3 ,friends1 said he1 the taxes are indeed very heavy2 and1 if those laid on by the ,government were the only ones we had to pay1 we might more easily discharge them2 but we have many others1 and much more grievous to some of us4 ,we are taxed twice as much by our idleness1 three times as much by our pride1 and four times as much by our folly2 and of these taxes the commissioners can not ease or deliver us by allowing an abatement4 ,however1 let us hearken to good advice1 and something may be done for us4 ',heaven helps them that help themselves1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,it would be thought a hard government that should tax its people one tenth part of their time to be employed in its service2 but idleness taxes many of us much more2 sloth1 by bringing on diseases1 absolutely shortens life4 ',sloth1 like rust1 consumes faster than labor wears2 while the used key is always bright1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,how much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep6 forgetting that 'the sleeping fox catches no poultry1' and that there will be sleeping enough in the grave4 ',lost time is never found again2 and what we call time enough1 always proves little enough4' ,let us1 then1 be up and doing1 and doing to the purpose2 so by diligence shall we do more with less perplexity4 ',drive thy business1 and let not that drive thee'2 and 'early to bed1 and early to rise1 makes a man healthy1 wealthy1 and wise1' as ,poor ,richard says4 ,so1 what signifies wishing and hoping for better times8 ,we may make these times better if we bestir ourselves4 ',industry need not wish1 and he that lives upon hopes will die fasting4' ',there are no gains without pains2 then help hands1 for ,i have no lands4' ',he that hath a trade1 hath an estate2 and he that hath a calling1 hath an office of profit and honor'2 but then the trade must be worked at1 and the calling well followed1 or neither the estate nor the office will enable us to pay our taxes4 ,work while it is called to-day1 for you know not how much you may be hindered to-morrow4 ',one to-day is worth two to-morrows1' as ,poor ,richard says2 and further1 ',never leave that till to-morrow which you can do to-day4' ,if you were a servant1 would you not be ashamed that a good master should catch you idle8 ,are you1 then1 your own master8 ,be ashamed to catch yourself idle1 when there is so much to be done for yourself1 your family1 and your country4 ,it is true1 there is much to be done1 and perhaps you are weak-handed2 but stick to it steadily1 and you will see great effects2 for 'constant dropping wears away stones1' and 'little strokes fell great oaks4' ,but with our industry we must likewise be steady1 settled1 and careful1 and oversee our own affairs with our own eyes1 and not trust too much to others2 for1 as ,poor ,richard says1 ',three removes are as bad as a fire'2 and again1 ',keep thy shop1 and thy shop will keep thee'2 and again1 ',if you would have your business done1 go2 if not1 send'2 and again1 ',the eye of the master will do more work than both his hands'2 and again1 ',want of care does us more damage than want of knowledge4' ,so much for industry1 my friends1 and attention to one's own business2 but to these we must add frugality1 if we would make our industry more certainly successful4 ,a man may1 if he knows not how to save as he gets1 keep his nose to the grindstone all his life1 and die not worth a groat at last4 ',if you would be wealthy1 think of saving as well as of getting4' ,away with your expensive follies1 and you will not then have so much cause to complain of hard times1 heavy taxes1 and chargeable families2 for 'what maintains one vice would bring up two children4' ,beware of little expenses4 ',many a little makes a mickle'2 ',a small leak will sink a great ship4' ,here you are all got together at this sale of fineries and knickknacks4 ,you call them goods1 but1 if you do not take care1 they will prove evils to some of you4 ,you expect they will be sold cheap1 and perhaps they may be1 for less than cost2 but1 if you have no occasion for them1 they must be dear to you4 ,remember what ,poor ,richard says3 ',buy what thou hast no need of1 and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries4' ',silks1 satins1 scarlet1 and velvets put out the kitchen fire4' ,these are not the necessaries of life2 they can scarcely be called the conveniences2 and yet1 only because they look pretty1 how many want to have them6 ,by these and other extravagances1 the greatest are reduced to poverty1 and forced to borrow of those whom they formerly despised1 but who1 through industry and frugality1 have maintained their standing4 ',if you would know the value of money1 go and try to borrow some2 for he that goes a-borrowing goes a-sorrowing'2 and1 indeed1 so does he that lends to such people1 when he goes to get it again4 ,it is as truly folly for the poor to ape the rich1 as for the frog to swell in order to equal the ox4 ,after all1 this pride of appearance can not promote health1 nor ease pain2 it makes no increase of merit in the person2 it creates envy2 it hastens misfortunes4 ,but what madness it must be to run in debt for superfluities6 ,think what you do when you run in debt3 you give to another power over your liberty4 ,if you can not pay at the time1 you will be ashamed to see your creditor2 you will be in fear when you speak to him2 you will make poor1 pitiful1 sneaking excuses1 and by degrees come to lose your veracity1 and sink into base1 downright lying2 for 'the second vice is lying1 the first is running in debt1' as ,poor ,richard says2 and again1 ',lying rides upon debt's back4' ,this doctrine1 my friends1 is reason and wisdom2 but industry1 and frugality1 and prudence may all be blasted without the blessing of ,heaven4 ,therefore ask that blessing humbly1 and be not uncharitable to those that at present seem to want it1 but comfort and help them4 ,the old gentleman ended his harangue4 ,the people heard it1 and approved the doctrine1 and immediately practiced the contrary1 just as if it had been a common sermon2 for the auction opened1 and they began to buy extravagantly4 ,i found the good man had thoroughly studied my almanac1 and digested all ,i had dropped on these topics during the course of twenty-five years4 ,the frequent mention he made of me must have tired any one else2 but my vanity was wonderfully delighted with it1 though ,i was conscious that not a tenth part of the wisdom was my own which he ascribed to me1 but rather the gleanings that ,i had made of the sense of all ages and nations4 ,however1 ,i resolved to be the better for the echo of it2 and1 although ,i had at first determined to buy stuff for a new coat1 ,i went away resolved to wear my old one a little longer4 ,reader1 if thou wilt do the same1 thy profit will be as great as mine4--,i am1 as ever1 thine to serve thee4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,these are paragraphs selected from ,benjamin ,franklin's ,way to ,wealth1 about which he has the following to say in his ,autobiography3 ,in #agcb1 ,i first published my ,almanac1 under the name of ',richard ,saunders'2 it was continued by me about twenty-five years1 and commonly called ',poor ,richard's ,almanac4' ,i filled all the little spaces that occurred between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences1 chiefly such as inculcated industry and frugality as the means of procuring wealth1 and thereby securing virtue4 ,these proverbs1 which contained the wisdom of many ages and nations1 ,i assembled and formed into a connected discourse1 prefixed to the ,almanac of #ageg as the harangue of a wise old man to the people attending an auction4 ,the bringing all these scattered counsels thus into a focus enabled them to make greater impression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,speech ,,on ,a ,,resolution ,,to ,,put ,,virginia ,,into ,a ,,state ,,of ,,defence ,,by ,,patrick ,,henry ,,mr4 ,,president1--,no man thinks more highly than ,i do of the patriotism1 as well as abilities1 of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the ,house4 ,but different men often see the same subject in different lights2 and1 therefore1 ,i hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen1 if1 entertaining1 as ,i do1 opinions of a character very opposite to theirs1 ,i shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve4 ,this is no time for ceremony4 ,the question before the ,house is one of awful moment to this country4 ,for my own part1 ,i consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery2 and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate4 ,it is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth1 and fulfil the great responsibility which we hold to ,god and our country4 ,should ,i keep back my opinions at such a time1 through fear of giving offence1 ,i should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country1 and of an act of disloyalty towards the ,majesty of ,heaven1 which ,i revere above all earthly kings4 ,mr4 ,president1 it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope4 ,we are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth1 and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts4 ,is this the part of wise men1 engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty8 ,are we disposed to be of the number of those who1 having eyes1 see not1 and having ears1 hear not1 the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation8 ,for my part1 whatever anguish of spirit it may cost1 ,i am willing to know the whole truth2 to know the worst1 and to provide for it4 ,i have but one lamp by which my feet are guided2 and that is the lamp of experience4 ,i know of no way of judging of the future but by the past4 ,and judging by the past1 ,i wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the ,british ,ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the ,house8 ,is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received8 ,trust it not1 sir2 it will prove a snare to your feet4 ,suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss4 ,ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land4 ,are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation8 ,have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love8 ,let us not deceive ourselves1 sir4 ,these are the implements of war and subjugation-- the last arguments to which kings resort4 ,i ask1 sir1 what means this martial array1 if its purpose be not to force us to submission8 ,can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it8 ,has ,great ,britain any enemy1 in this quarter of the world1 to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies8 ,no1 sir1 she has none4 ,they are meant for us2 they can be meant for no other4 ,they are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the ,british ,ministry have been so long forging4 ,and what have we to oppose to them8 ,shall we try argument8 ,sir1 we have been trying that for the last ten years4 ,have we anything new to offer upon the subject8 ,nothing4 ,we have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable2 but it has been all in vain4 ,shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication8 ,what terms shall we find1 which have not been already exhausted8 ,let us not1 ,i beseech you1 sir1 deceive ourselves longer4 ,sir1 we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on4 ,we have petitioned2 we have remonstrated2 we have supplicated2 we have prostrated ourselves before the throne1 and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ,ministry and ,parliament4 ,our petitions have been slighted2 our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult2 our supplications have been disregarded2 and we have been spurned1 with contempt1 from the foot of the throne6 ,in vain1 after these things1 may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation4 ,there is no longer any room for hope4 ,if we wish to be free--if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged1 and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon1 until the glorious abject of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight6 ,i repeat it1 sir1 we must fight6 ,an appeal to arms and to the ,god of ,hosts is all that is left us6 ,they tell us1 sir1 that we are weak2 unable to cope with so formidable an adversary4 ,but when shall we be stronger8 ,will it be the next week1 or the next year8 ,will it be when we are totally disarmed1 and when a ,british guard shall be stationed in every house8 ,shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction8 ,shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot8 ,sir1 we are not weak1 if we make a proper use of those means which the ,god of nature hath placed in our power4 ,three millions of people1 armed in the holy cause of liberty1 and in such a country as that which we possess1 are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us4 ,besides1 sir1 we shall not fight our battles alone4 ,there is a just ,god who presides over the destinies of nations1 and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us4 ,the battle1 sir1 is not to the strong alone2 it is to the vigilant1 the active1 the brave4 ,besides1 sir1 we have no election4 ,if we were base enough to desire it1 it is now too late to retire from the contest4 ,there is no retreat but in submission and slavery6 ,our chains are forged6 ,their clanking may be heard on the plains of ,boston6 ,the war is inevitable--and let it come6 ,i repeat it1 sir1 let it come6 ,it is in vain1 sir1 to extenuate the matter4 ,gentlemen may cry1 ,peace1 peace6--but there is no peace4 ,the war is actually begun6 ,the next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms6 ,our brethren are already in the field6 ,why stand we here idle8 ,what is it that gentlemen wish8 ,what would they have8 ,is life so dear1 or peace so sweet1 as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery8 ,forbid it1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i know not what course others may take2 but as for me1 give me liberty or give me death6 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,patrick ,henry was an ,american patriot and orator whose eloquent speech was a powerful force in moulding public opinion at the time of the ,revolution4 ,this famous speech was made in the ,virginia ,convention1 ,march #bh1 #agge1 and is an appeal to place the colonies in a state of defence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country ,,edward ,,everett ,,hale ,i first came to understand anything about the man without a country one day when we over-hauled a dirty little schooner which had slaves on board4 ,an officer was sent to take charge of her1 and1 after a few minutes1 he sent back his boat to ask that someone might be sent him who could talk ,portuguese4 ,but none of the officers did2 and just as the captain was sending forward to ask if any of the people could1 ,nolan stepped out and said he should be glad to interpret1 if the captain wished1 as he understood the language4 ,the captain thanked him1 fitted out another boat with him1 and in this boat it was my luck to go4 ,there were not a great many of the negroes2 most of them were out of the hold and swarming all round the dirty deck1 with a central throng surrounding ,vaughan4 ,tell them they are free1 ,nolan1 said ,vaughan2 and tell them that ,i will take them all to ,cape ,palmas4 ,cape ,palmas was practically as far from the homes of most of them as ,new ,orleans or ,rio ,janeiro was2 that is1 they would be eternally separated from home there4 ,and their interpreters1 as we could understand1 instantly said1 ,ah1 non ,palmas4 ,the drops stood on poor ,nolan's white forehead1 as he hushed the men down1 and said3 ,he says1 ',not ,palmas4' ,he says1 ',take us home1 take us to our own country1 take us to our own house1 take us to our own pickaninnies and our own women4' ,he says he has an old father and mother who will die if they do not see him4 ,and this one says1 choked out ,nolan1 that he has not heard a word from1 his home in six months4 ,even the negroes stopped howling1 as they saw ,nolan's agony1 and ,vaughan's almost equal agony of sympathy4 ,as quick as he could get words1 ,vaughan said3 ,tell them1 yes1 yes1 yes2 tell them they shall go to the ,mountains of the ,moon1 if they will4 ,and after some fashion ,nolan said so4 ,and then they all fell to kissing him again4 ,but he could not stand it long2 and getting ,vaughan to say he might go back1 he beckoned me down into our boat4 ,as we lay back in the stern-sheets and the men gave way1 he said to me3 ,youngster1 let that show you what it is to be without a family1 without a home1 and without a country4 ,and if you are ever tempted to say a word or to do a thing that shall put a bar between you and your family1 your home1 and your country1 pray ,god in his mercy to take you that instant home to his own heaven4 ,think of your home1 boy2 write and read1 and talk about it4 ,let it be nearer and nearer to your thought1 the farther you have to travel from it2 and rush back to it when you are free1 as that poor black slave is doing now4 ,and for your country1 boy1 and the words rattled in his throat1 and for that flag1 and he pointed to the ship1 never dream a dream but of serving her as she bids you1 though the service carry you through a thousand terrors4 ,no matter what happens to you1 no matter who flatters you or who abuses you1 never look at another flag4 ,remember1 that behind all these men you have to do with1--behind officers1 and government1 and people even--there is the ,country ,herself1 your ,country1 and that you belong to ,her as you belong to your own mother4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,this is an extract from ,the ,man ,without a ,country1 a book written by ,edward ,everett ,hale1 a clergyman and author 7#ahbb-aiji74 ,he was a grand-nephew of ,nathan ,hale1 of ,revolutionary fame4 ,the ,man without a ,country is the story of ,philip ,nolan1 a young officer of the ,united ,states army4 ,on account of his intimacy with ,aaron ,burr1 he was court-martialed and1 having expressed the wish never to hear the name of his country again1 was banished and sentenced to live upon a government boat1 where no one was allowed to mention his country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,love ,,of ,,country 7,from ,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel1 ,canto ,,vi47 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott ,breathes there the man with soul so dead1 ,who never to himself hath said3-- ,this is my own1 my native land6 ,whose heart hath ne'er within him burned1 ,as home his footsteps he hath turned ,from wandering on a foreign strand8 ,if such there breathe1 go1 mark him well2 ,for him no minstrel raptures swell2 ,high though his titles1 proud his name1 ,boundless his wealth as wish can claim2 ,despite those titles1 power1 and pelf1 ,the wretch concentered all in self1 ,living1 shall forfeit fair renown1 ,and1 doubly dying1 shall go down ,to the vile dust1 from whence he sprung1 ,unwept1 unhonored1 and unsung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte ,,charles ,,phillips ,he is fallen6 ,we may now pause before that splendid prodigy1 which towered among us like some ancient ruin1 whose frown terrified the glance its magnificence attracted4 ,grand1 gloomy1 and peculiar1 he sat upon the throne1 a sceptered hermit1 wrapt in the solitude of his own originality4 ,a mind1 bold1 independent1 and decisive1--a will despotic in its dictates--an energy that distanced expedition1 and a conscience pliable to every touch of interest1 marked the outline of this extraordinary character--the most extraordinary1 perhaps1 that1 in the annals of this world1 ever rose1 or reigned1 or fell4 ,flung into life in the midst of a revolution that quickened every energy of a people who acknowledge no superior1 he commenced his course1 a stranger by birth1 and a scholar by charity6 ,with no friend but his sword1 and no fortune but his talents1 he rushed into the lists where rank and wealth and genius had arrayed themselves1 and competition fled from him as from the glance of destiny4 ,he knew no motive but interest--he acknowledged no criterion but success--he worshiped no ,god but ambition1 and1 with an ,eastern devotion1 he knelt at the shrine of his idolatry4 ,subsidiary to this1 there was no creed that he did not profess1 there was no opinion that he did not promulgate2 in the hope of a dynasty1 he upheld the ,crescent2 for the sake of a divorce1 he bowed before the ,cross2 the orphan of ,st4 ,louis1 he became the adopted child of the ,republic2 and1 with a parricidal ingratitude1 on the ruins both of the throne and tribune1 he reared the throne of his despotism4 ,a professed ,catholic1 he imprisoned the ,pope2 a pretended patriot1 he impoverished the country2 and1 in the name of ,brutus1 he grasped--without remorse and wore without shame the diadem of the ,caesars4 ,through this pantomime of policy1 fortune played the clown to his caprices4 ,at his touch1 crowns crumbled1 beggars reigned1 systems vanished1 the wildest theories took the color of his whim1 and all that was venerable1 and all that was novel1 changed places with the rapidity of a drama4 ,even apparent defeat assumed the appearance of victory1--his flight from ,egypt confirmed his destiny1--ruin itself only elevated him to empire4 ,but1 if his fortune was great1 his genius was transcendent2 decision flashed upon his counsels2 and it was the same to decide and to perform4 ,to inferior intellects his combinations appeared perfectly impossible1 his plans perfectly impracticable2 but1 in his hands1 simplicity marked their development1 and success vindicated their adoption4 ,his person partook the character of his mind1--if the one never yielded in the cabinet1 the other never bent in the field4 ,nature had no obstacle that he did not surmount--space no opposition that he did not spurn3 and whether amid ,alpine rocks1 ,arabian sands1 or ,polar snows1 he seemed proof against peril1 and empowered with ubiquity4 ,the whole continent trembled at beholding the audacity of his designs1 and the miracle of their execution4 ,skepticism bowed to the prodigies of his performance2 romance assumed the air of history2 nor was there aught too incredible for belief1 or too fanciful for expectation1 when the world saw a subaltern of ,corsica waving his imperial flag over her most ancient capitals4 ,all the visions of antiquity became commonplace in his contemplation2 kings were his people--nations were his outposts2 and he disposed of courts1 and crowns1 and camps1 and churches1 and cabinets1 as if they were titular dignitaries of the chess-board4 ,amid all these changes1 he stood immutable as adamant4 ,it mattered little whether in the field or in the drawing-room1 with the mob or the levee--wearing the ,jacobin bonnet or the iron crown--banishing a ,braganza1 or espousing a ,hapsburg--dictating peace on a raft to the ,czar of ,russia1 or contemplating defeat at the gallows of ,leipsic--he was still the same military despot4 ,in this wonderful combination1 his affectations of literature must not be omitted4 ,the jailer of the press1 he affected the patronage of letters2 the proscriber of books1 he encouraged philosophy2 the persecutor of authors and the murderer of printers1 he yet pretended to the protection of learning4 ,such a medley of contradictions1 and at the same time1 such an individual consistency1 were never united in the same character4 ,a royalist--a republican and an emperor--a ,mohammedan--a ,catholic and a patron of the synagogue--a subaltern and a sovereign--a traitor and a tyrant--a ,christian and an infidel--he was1 through all his vicissitudes1 the same stern1 impatient1 inflexible original--the same mysterious1 incomprehensible self--a man without a model and without a shadow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,true ,,grandeur ,,of ,,nations ,,by ,,charles ,,sumner ,the flowers of gentleness1 of kindliness1 of fidelity1 of humanity1 which flourish in unregarded luxuriance in the rich meadows of peace1 receive unwonted admiration when we discern them in war1 like violets shedding their perfume on the perilous edges of the precipice1 beyond the smiling borders of civilization4 ,god be praised for all the examples of magnanimous virtue which he has vouchsafed to mankind6 ,god be praised that the ,roman emperor1 about to start on a distant expedition of war1 encompassed by squadrons of cavalry and by golden eagles which moved in the winds1 stooped from his saddle to listen to the prayer of the humble widow1 demanding justice for the death of her son6 ,god be praised that ,sidney1 on the field of battle1 gave with dying hand the cup of cold water to the dying soldier6 ,that single act of self-forgetful sacrifice has consecrated the fenny field of ,zutphen far1 oh1 far beyond its battle2 it has consecrated thy name1 gallant ,sidney1 beyond any feat of thy sword1 beyond any triumph of thy pen4 ,but there are hands out-stretched elsewhere than on fields of blood for so little as a cup of cold water2 the world is full of opportunities for deeds of kindness4 ,let me not be told1 then1 of the virtues of war4 ,let not the acts of generosity and sacrifice which have triumphed on its fields be invoked in its defense4 ,in the words of ,oriental imagery1 the poisonous tree1 though watered by nectar1 can produce only the fruit of death4 ,as we cast our eyes over the history of nations1 we discern with horror the succession of murderous slaughters by which their progress has been marked4 ,as the hunter traces the wild beast1 when pursued to his lair1 by the drops of blood on the earth1 so we follow man1 faint1 weary1 staggering with wounds1 through the black forest of the past1 which he has reddened with his gore4 ,oh1 let it not be in the future ages as in those which we now contemplate4 ,let the grandeur of man be discerned in the blessings which he has secured2 in the good he has accomplished2 in the triumphs of benevolence and justice2 in the establishment of perpetual peace4 ,and peace has its own peculiar victories1 in comparison with which ,marathon and ,bannockburn and ,bunker ,hill1 fields held sacred in the history of human freedom1 shall lose their lustre4 ,our own ,washington rises to a truly heavenly stature--not when we follow him over the ice of the ,delaware to the capture of ,trenton--not when we behold him victorious over ,cornwallis at ,yorktown--but when we regard him1 in noble deference to justice1 refusing the kingly crown which a faithless soldiery proffered1 and at a later day upholding the peaceful neutrality of the country1 while he received unmoved the clamor of the people wickedly crying for war4444 ,to this great work let me summon you4 ,that future which filled the lofty visions of the sages and bards of ,greece and ,rome1 which was foretold by the prophets and heralded by the evangelists1 when man in happy isles or in a new paradise shall confess the loveliness of peace1 may be secured by your care1 if not for yourselves1 at least for your children4 ,believe that you can do it1 and you can do it4 ,the true golden age is before you1 not behind you4 ,let it not be said that the age does not demand this work4 ,the mighty conquerors of the past from their fiery sepulchres demand it2 the blood of millions unjustly shed in war crying from the ground demands it2 the voices of all good men demand it2 the conscience even of the soldier whispers peace4 ,there are considerations springing from our situation and condition which fervently invite us to take the lead in this great work4 ,to this should bend the patriotic ardor of the land2 the ambition of the statesman2 the efforts of the scholar2 the pervasive influence of the press2 the mild persuasion of the sanctuary2 the early teachings of the school4 ,here1 in ampler ether and diviner air1 are untried fields for exalted triumphs1 more truly worthy the ,american name than any snatched from rivers of blood4 ,war is known as the last reason of kings4 ,let it be no reason of our republic4 ,let us renounce and throw off forever the yoke of a tyranny more oppressive than any in the annals of the world4 ,as those standing on the mountain tops first discern the coming beams of morning1 let us1 from the vantage-ground of liberal institutions1 first recognize the ascending sun of a new era4 ,lift high1 the gates and let the ,king of glory in--the ,king of true glory1 of peace4 ,i catch the last words of music from the lips of innocence and beauty-- ,and let the whole earth be filled with his glory6 ,it is a beautiful picture in ,grecian story that there was at least one spot1 the small island of ,delos1 dedicated to the gods1 and kept at all times sacred from war1 where the citizens of hostile countries met and united in a common worship4 ,so let us dedicate our broad country4 ,the temple of honor shall be surrounded by the temple of concord1 so that the former can be entered only through the portals of the latter2 the horn of abundance shall overflow at its gates2 the angel of religion shall be the guide over its steps of flashing adamant2 while within1 ,justice1 returned to the earth from her long exile in the skies1 shall rear her serene and majestic front4 ,and the future chiefs of the republic1 destined to uphold the glories of a new era1 unspotted by human blood1 shall be the first in peace1 and the first in the hearts of their countrymen4 ,but while we seek these blissful glories for ourselves1 let us strive to extend them to other lands4 ,let the bugles sound the truce of ,god to the whole world forever4 ,let the selfish boast of the ,spartan women become the grand chorus of mankind1 that they have never seen the smoke of an enemy's camp4 ,let the iron belt of martial music which now encompasses the earth be exchanged for the golden cestus of peace1 clothing all with celestial beauty4 ,and now1 on this ,sabbath of our country1 let us lay a new stone in the grand temple of universal peace1 whose dome shall be as lofty as the firmament of heaven1 as broad and comprehensive as the earth itself4 ,biographical3 ,charles ,samuer was an ,american statesman noted for his oratory4 ,his speeches were marked by soundness of reason1 and the fifteen published volumes of them make an imposing addition to our literature4 ,this selection is taken from his address ,the ,true ,grandeur of ,nations1 which was delivered in ,tremont ,temple1 ,boston1 ,july #d1 #ahde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,evils ,,of ,,war ,,henry ,,clay ,the drying up a single tear has more ,of honest fame1 than shedding seas of gore4--,byron4 ,war1 pestilence1 and famine1 by the common consent of mankind1 are the three greatest calamities which can befall our species2 and war1 as the most direful1 justly1 stands foremost and in front4 ,pestilence and famine1 no doubt for wise although inscrutable purposes1 are inflictions of ,providence1 to which it is our duty1 therefore1 to bow with obedience1 humble submission1 and resignation4 ,their duration is not long1 and their ravages are limited4 ,they bring1 indeed1 great affliction1 while they last1 but society soon recovers from their effects4 ,war is the voluntary work of our own hands1 and whatever reproaches it may deserve1 should be directed to ourselves4 ,when it breaks out1 its duration is indefinite and unknown1--its vicissitudes are hidden from our view4 ,in the sacrifice of human life1 and in the waste of human treasure1--in its losses and in its burdens1--it affects both belligerent nations1 and its sad effects of mangled bodies1 of death1 and of desolation1 endure long after its thunders are hushed in peace4 ,war unhinges society1 disturbs its peaceful and regular industry1 and scatters poisonous seeds of disease and immorality1 which continue to germinate and diffuse their baneful influence long after it has ceased4 ,dazzling by its glitter1 pomp1 and pageantry1 it begets a spirit of wild adventure and romantic enterprise1 and often disqualifies those who embark in it1 after their return from the bloody fields of battle1 for engaging in the industrious and peaceful vocations of life4 ,history tells the mournful tale of conquering nations and conquerors4 ,the three most celebrated conquerors1 in the civilized world1 were ,alexander1 ,caesar1 and ,napoleon4 ,the first1 after ruining a large portion of ,asia1 and sighing and lamenting that there were no more worlds to subdue1 met a premature and ignoble death4 ,his lieutenants quarreled and warred with each other as to the spoils of his victories1 and finally lost them all4 ,csar1 after conquering ,gaul1 returned with his triumphant legions to ,rome1 passed the ,rubicon1 won the battle of ,pharsalia1 trampled upon the liberties of his country1 and expired by the patriot hand of ,brutus4 ,but ,rome ceased to be free4 ,war and conquest had enervated and corrupted the masses4 ,the spirit of true liberty was extinguished1 and a long line of emperors succeeded1 some of whom were the most execrable monsters that ever existed in human form4 ,and ,napoleon1 that most extraordinary man1 perhaps1 in all history1 after subjugating all continental ,europe1 occupying almost all its capitals1--seriously threatening proud ,albion itself1--and decking the brows of various members of his family with crowns torn from the heads of other monarchs1 lived to behold his own dear ,france itself in possession of his enemies1 was made himself a wretched captive1 and far removed from country1 family1 and friends1 breathed his last on the distant and inhospitable rock of ,st4 ,helena4 ,the ,alps and the ,rhine had been claimed1 as the natural boundaries of ,france1 but even these could not be secured in the treaties1 to which she was reduced to submit4 ,do you believe that the people of ,macedon or ,greece1 of ,rome1 or of ,france1 were benefited1 individually or collectively1 by the triumphs of their captains8 ,their sad lot was immense sacrifice of life1 heavy and intolerable burdens1 and the ultimate loss of liberty itself4 ,biographical3 ,henry ,clay was one of the most prominent statesmen of his time1 serving as speaker of the ,house for ten years1 as secretary of state for four years1 and as senator from ,kentucky for twenty years4 ,he was the author of the compromise measures in #ahej1 and was known as the ,great ,pacificator1 and the ,great ,compromiser4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,peace1 ,,the ,,policy ,,of ,a ,,nation ,,john ,c4 ,,calhoun ,i am opposed to war1 as a friend to human improvement1 to human civilization1 to human progress and advancement4 ,never1 in the history of the world1 has there occurred a period so remarkable4 ,the chemical and mechanical powers have been investigated and applied to advance the comforts of human life1 in a degree far beyond all that was ever known before4 ,civilization has been spreading its influence far and wide1 and the general progress of human society has outstripped all that had been previously witnessed4 ,the invention of man has seized upon1 and subjugated two great agencies of the natural world1 which never before were made the servants of man4 ,i refer to steam and to electricity1 under which ,i include magnetism in all its phenomena4 ,we have been distinguished by ,providence for a great and noble purpose1 and ,i trust we shall fulfill our high destiny4 ,again1 ,i am opposed to war1 because ,i hold that it is now to be determined whether two such nations as these shall exist for the future1 as friends or enemies4 ,a declaration of war by one of them against the other1 must be pregnant with miseries1 not only to themselves1 but to the world4 ,another reason is1 that mighty means are now put into the hands of both1 to cement and secure a perpetual peace1 by breaking down the barriers of commerce1 and uniting them more closely in an intercourse mutually beneficial4 ,if this shall be accomplished1 other nations will1 one after another1 follow the fair example1 and a state of general prosperity1 heretofore unknown1 will gradually unite and bless the nations of the world4 ,and far more than all4 ,an intercourse like this points to that inspiring day which philosophers have hoped for1 which poets have seen in their bright dreams of fancy1 and which prophecy has seen in holy vision1--when men shall learn war no more4 ,who can contemplate a state of the world like this1 and not feel his heart exult at the prospect8 ,and who can doubt that1 in the hand of an ,omnipotent ,providence1 a free and unrestricted commerce shall prove one of the greatest agents in bringing it about8 ,finally1 ,i am against war1 because peace--peace is preminently our policy4 ,our great mission1 as a people1 is to occupy this vast domain1--there to level forests1 and let in upon their solitude the light of day2 to clear the swamps and morasses1 and redeem them to the plow and the sickle2 to spread over hill and dale the echoes of human labor1 and human happiness1 and contentment2 to fill the land with cities and towns2 to unite its opposite extremities by turnpikes and railroads2 to scoop out canals for the transmission of its products1 and open rivers for its internal trade4 ,war can only impede the fulfillment of this high mission of ,heaven2 it absorbs the wealth and diverts the energy which might be so much better devoted to the improvement of our country4 ,all we want is peace1--established peace2 and then time1 under the guidance of a wise and cautious policy1 will soon effect for us all the rest4 ,where we find that natural causes will of themselves work out good1 our wisdom is to let them work2 and all our task is to remove impediments4 ,in the present case1 one of the greatest of these impediments is found in our impatience4 ,yes2 time--ever-laboring time--will effect everything for us4 ,our population is now increasing at the annual average of six hundred thousand4 ,let the next twenty-five years elapse1 and our increase will have reached a million a year1 and1 at the end of that period1 we shall count a population of forty-five millions4 ,before that day it will have spread from ocean to ocean4 ,the coast of the ,pacific will then be as densely populated and as thickly settled with villages and towns as is now the coast of the ,atlantic4 ,if we can preserve peace1 who shall set bounds to our prosperity1 or to our success8 ,with one foot planted on the ,atlantic and the other on the ,pacific1 we shall occupy a position between the two old continents of the world1--a position eminently calculated to secure to us the commerce and the influence of both4 ,if we abide by the counsels of common sense1--if we succeed in preserving our constitutional liberty1 we shall then exhibit a spectacle such1 as the world never saw4 ,i know that this one great mission is encompassed with difficulties2 but such is the inherent energy of our political system1 and such its expansive capability1 that it may be made to govern the widest space4 ,if by war we become great1 we can not be free2 if we will be both great and free1 our policy is peace4 ,biographical3 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun was a distinguished ,american statesman4 ,he is noted for his advocacy of the annexation of ,texas and his maintenance of the cause of peace1 when war with ,great ,britain was threatened by the claims of the ,united ,states to ,oregon4 ,this selection is from one of his speeches in the ,senate on that subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,first ,,settlement ,,of ,,new ,,england ,,daniel ,,webster ,the hours of this day are rapidly flying1 and this occasion will soon be passed4 ,neither we nor our children can expect to behold its return4 ,they are in the distant regions of futurity1 they exist only in the all-creating power of ,god1 who shall stand here1 a hundred years hence1 to trace1 through us1 their descent from the ,pilgrims1 and to survey1 as we have now surveyed1 the progress of the country during the lapse of a century4 ,we would anticipate their concurrence with us in our sentiments of deep regard for our common ancestors4 ,we would anticipate and partake of the pleasure with which they will then recount the steps of ,new ,england's advancement4 ,on the morning of that day1 although it will not disturb us in our repose1 the voice of acclamation and gratitude1 commencing on the rock of ,plymouth1 shall be transmitted through millions of the sons of the ,pilgrims1 till it lose itself in the murmurs of the ,pacific seas4 ,we would leave for the consideration of those who shall occupy our places1 some proof that we hold the blessings transmitted from our fathers in just estimation2 some proof of our attachment to the cause of good government1 and ardent desire to promote everything which may enlarge the understandings and improve the hearts of men4 ,and when1 from the long distance of a hundred years1 they shall look back upon us1 they shall know1 at least1 that we possessed affections which1 running backward and warming with gratitude for what our ancestors have done for our happiness1 run forward also to our posterity1 and meet them with cordial salutation1 ere yet they have arrived on the shore of being4 ,advance1 then1 ye future generations6 ,we would hail you1 as you rise in your long succession1 to fill the places which we now fill1 and to taste the blessings of existence1 where we are passing1 and soon shall have passed1 our human duration4 ,we bid you welcome to the healthful skies and the verdant fields of ,new ,england4 ,we greet your accession to the great inheritance which we have enjoyed4 ,we welcome you to the blessings of good government and religious liberty4 ,we welcome you to the treasures of science and the delights of learning4 ,we welcome you to the transcendent sweets of domestic life1 to the happiness of kindred1 and parents1 and children4 ,we welcome you to the immeasurable blessings of rational existence1 the immortal hope of ,christianity1 and the light of everlasting truth6 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,daniel ,webster stands out as ,america's foremost orator4 ,his eloquence1 enhanced by the force of his personality1 was equally great whether answering an opponent in the ,senate1 pleading a case as a lawyer1 or in the more dispassionate orations of anniversary occasions4 ,he was the champion of the national idea and of complete union1 and therefore bitterly opposed ,hayne and ,calhoun4 ,he supported ,clay in the compromise measures of #ahej4 ,his supremacy in ,american statesmanship1 as senator1 and as secretary of state1 makes him the notablest of our notabilities4 ,these are the closing paragraphs from his oration delivered at ,plymouth1 ,december #bb1 #ahbj1 on the two hundredth anniversary of the landing of the ,pilgrims4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,supposed ,,speech ,,of ,,john ,,adams ,,daniel ,,webster ,sink or swim1 live or die1 survive or perish1 ,i give my hand and my heart to this vote4 ,it is true1 indeed1 that in the beginning we aimed not at independence4 ,but there is a divinity which shapes our ends4 ,the injustice of ,england has driven us to arms2 and1 blinded to her own interest1 she has obstinately persisted1 till independence is now within our grasp4 ,we have but to reach forth to it1 and it is ours4 ,why1 then1 should we defer the declaration8 ,if we postpone independence1 do we mean to carry on or to give up the war8 ,do we mean to submit1 and consent that we shall be ground to powder1 and our country and its rights trodden down in the dust8 ,i know we do not mean to submit4 ,we never shall submit6 ,the war1 then1 must go on2 we must fight it through4 ,and if the war must go on1 why put off the declaration of independence8 ,that measure will strengthen us4 ,it will give us character abroad4 ,nations will then treat with us1 which they never can do while we acknowledge ourselves subjects in arms against our sovereign4 ,if we fail1 it can be no worse for us4 ,but we shall not fail4 ,the cause will raise up armies2 the cause will create navies4 ,the people--the people1 if we are true to them1 will carry us1 and will carry themselves1 gloriously through this struggle4 ,i care not how fickle other people have been found4 ,i know the people of these colonies2 and ,i know that resistance to ,british aggression is deep and settled in their hearts1 and cannot be eradicated4 ,sir1 the declaration of independence will inspire the people with increased courage4 ,instead of a long and bloody war for the restoration of privileges1 for redress of grievances1 set before them the glorious object of entire independence1 and it will breathe into them anew the spirit of life4 ,read this declaration at the head of the army2 every sword will be drawn1 and the solemn vow uttered to maintain it or perish on the bed of honor4 ,publish it from the pulpit2 religion will approve it1 and the love of religious liberty will cling around it1 resolved to stand with it1 or fall with it4 ,send it to the public halls2 proclaim it there2 let them see it1 who saw their brothers and their sons fall on the field of ,bunker ,hill1 and in the streets of ,lexington and ,concord1 and the very walls will cry out in its support4 ,o ,sir1 ,i know the uncertainty of human affairs1 but ,i see1 ,i see clearly through this day's business4 ,you and ,i1 indeed1 may rue it4 ,we may not live to see the time this declaration shall be made good4 ,we may die2 die colonists2 die slaves2 die1 it may be ignominiously1 and on the scaffold4 ,be it so3 be it so4 ,if it be the pleasure of ,heaven that my country shall require the poor offering of my life1 the victim shall be ready at the appointed hour of sacrifice1 come when that hour may4 ,but while ,i do live1 let me have a country1 or at least the hope of a country1 and that a free country4 ,but whatever may be our fate1 be assured--be assured that this declaration will stand4 ,it may cost treasure1 and it may cost blood2 but it will stand1 and it will richly compensate for both4 ,through the thick gloom of the present ,i see the brightness of the future1 as the sun in heaven4 ,we shall make this a glorious1 an immortal day4 ,when we are in our graves1 our children will honor it4 ,they will celebrate it with thanksgiving1 with festivity1 with bonfires1 and illuminations4 ,on its annual return they will shed tears1 copious1 gushing tears2 not of subjection and slavery1 not of agony and distress1 but of exultation1 of gratitude1 and of joy4 ,sir1 before ,god1 ,i believe the hour is come4 ,my judgment approves the measure1 and my whole heart is in it4 ,all that ,i have1 and all that ,i am1 and all that ,i hope in this life1 ,i am now ready here to stake upon it2 and ,i leave off as ,i began1 that1 live or die1 survive or perish1 ,i am for the declaration4 ,it is my living sentiment1 and1 by the blessing of ,god1 it shall be my dying sentiment2 independence now1 and independence forever4 ,historical3 ,boston was deeply moved1 on ,july #d1 #ahbf1 by the news of the death of ,john ,adams1 just fifty years after the signing of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,he was not only conscious of the significance of the day1 but had spoken of his colleague1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 and the fact that ,jefferson would survive him4 ,a few days later1 news came from ,virginia that ,jefferson had died on the same day1 a few hours earlier than ,adams4 ,the whole country was deeply affected by this remarkable coincidence4 ,on the second of ,august a public memorial meeting was held in ,faneuil ,hall1 ,boston1 at which ,daniel ,webster delivered an oration on ,adams and ,jefferson4 ,in this speech1 merely a part of the oration1 ,webster represents what ,adams might have said at the time of the ,declaration of ,independence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,south ,,carolina ,,and ,,the ,,union ,,robert ,,hayne ,i shall make no profession of zeal for the interests and honor of ,south ,carolina4 ,if there be one state in the ,union that may challenge comparison with any other1 for a uniform1 zealous1 ardent1 and uncalculating devotion to the ,union1 that state is ,south ,carolina4 ,from the very commencement of the ,revolution up to this hour1 there is no sacrifice1 however great1 she has not cheerfully made1 no service she has ever hesitated to perform4 ,she has adhered to you in your prosperity2 but in your adversity she has clung to you with more than filial affection4 ,no matter what was the condition of her domestic affairs1 though deprived of her resources1 divided by parties1 or surrounded with difficulties1 the call of the country has been to her as the voice of ,god4 ,domestic discord ceased at the sound2 every man became at once reconciled to his brethren1 and the sons of ,carolina were all seen crowding together to the temple1 bringing gifts to the altar of their common country4 ,what was the conduct of the ,south during the ,revolution8 ,i honor ,new ,england for her conduct in that glorious struggle4 ,but great as is the praise which belongs to her1 ,i think at least equal honor is due the ,south4 ,they espoused the quarrel of their brethren with a generous zeal which did not suffer them to stop to calculate their interest in the dispute4 ,favorites of the mother country1 possessed of neither ships nor seamen to create a commercial rivalship1 they might have found in their situation a guaranty that their trade would be forever fostered and protected by ,great ,britain4 ,but1 trampling on all considerations either of interest or of safety1 they rushed into the conflict1 and1 fighting for principle1 periled all in the sacred cause of freedom4 ,never were there exhibited in the history of the world higher examples of noble daring1 dreadful suffering1 and heroic endurance than by the ,whigs of ,carolina during the ,revolution4 ,the whole state1 from the mountains to the sea1 was overrun by an overwhelming force of the enemy4 ,the fruits of industry perished on the spot where they were produced1 or were consumed by the foe4 ,the plains of ,carolina drank up the most precious blood of her citizens4 ,black and smoking ruins marked the places which had been the habitations of her children4 ,driven from their homes into the gloomy and almost impenetrable swamps1 even there the spirit of liberty survived1 and ,south ,carolina1 sustained by the example of her ,sumters and her ,marions1 proved1 by her conduct1 that1 though her soil might be overrun1 the spirit of her people was invincible4 ,historical3 ,in ,january of #ahcj1 ,senator ,foote of ,connecticut introduced into the ,senate a resolution regarding the sale of public lands4 ,the subject of state rights being uppermost in their minds1 the debaters wandered off into a discussion of the ,constitution4 ,senator ,robert ,y4 ,hayne of ,south ,carolina1 in a brilliant speech set forth the doctrine of nullification1 and ,daniel ,webster answered him in one of the greatest speeches ever delivered4 ,this extract and the following are taken from this memorable debate1 when for the first time the two opposing theories of the ,constitution1 the state and he national1 were clearly set forth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reply ,,to ,,hayne ,,daniel ,,webster ,i shall not acknowledge that the honorable member goes before me in regard for whatever of distinguished talent or distinguished character ,south ,carolina has produced4 ,i claim part of the honor1 ,i partake in the pride1 of her great name4 ,i claim them for countrymen1 one and all4 ,the ,laurenses1 the ,rutledges1 the ,pinckneys1 the ,sumters1 the ,marions--,americans all--whose fame is no more to be hemmed in by state lines than their talents and patriotism were capable of being circumscribed within the same narrow limits4 ,in their day and generation1 they served and honored the country1 and the whole country2 and their renown is of the treasures of the whole country4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i shall enter upon no encomium upon ,massachusetts2 she needs none4 ,there she is4 ,behold her1 and judge for yourselves4 ,there is her history2 the world knows it by heart4 ,the past1 at least1 is secure4 ,there is ,boston1 and ,concord1 and ,lexington1 and ,bunker ,hill2 and there they will remain forever4 ,the bones of her sons1 fallen in the great struggle for independence1 now lie mingled with the soil of every state from ,new ,england to ,georgia2 and there they will lie forever4 ,and1 sir1 where ,american liberty raised its first voice1 and where its youth was nurtured and sustained1 there it still lives1 in the strength of its manhood1 and full of its original spirit4 ,if discord and disunion shall wound it2 if party strife and blind ambition shall hawk and tear it2 if folly and madness1 if uneasiness under salutary and necessary restraint1 shall succeed in separating it from that ,union by which alone its existence is made sure1--it will stand1 in the end1 by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked2 it will stretch forth its arm1 with whatever vigor it may still retain1 over the friends who gather round it2 and it will fall at last1 if fall it must1 amidst the proudest monuments of its own glory and on the very spot of its origin4 ,i cannot persuade myself to relinquish this subject without expressing my deep conviction1 that1 since it respects nothing less than ,,the ,,union ,,of ,,the ,,states1 it is of most vital and essential importance to the public happiness4 ,i profess1 sir1 in my career hitherto1 to have kept steadily in view the prosperity and honor of the whole country and the preservation of our federal ,union4 ,it is to that ,union we owe our safety at home and our consideration and dignity abroad4 ,it is to that ,union that we are chiefly indebted for whatever makes us most proud of our country4 ,that ,union we reached only by the discipline of our virtues in the severe school of adversity4 ,it had its origin in the necessities of disordered finance1 prostrate commerce1 and ruined credit1 ,under its benign influences1 these great interests immediately awoke1 as from the dead1 and sprang forth with newness of life4 ,every year of its duration has teemed with fresh proofs of its utility and its blessings2 and1 although our territory has stretched out wider and wider1 and our population spread farther and farther1 they have not outrun its protection or its benefits4 ,it has been to us a copious fountain of national1 social1 and personal happiness4 ,i have not allowed myself to look beyond the ,union1 to see what might lie hidden in the dark recess behind4 ,i have not coolly weighed the chances of preserving liberty1 when the bonds that unite us together shall be broken asunder4 ,i have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion1 to see whether1 with my short sight1 ,i can fathom the depth of the abyss below2 nor could ,i regard him as a safe counselor in the affairs of this government1 whose thoughts should be mainly bent on considering1 not how the ,union should be best preserved1 but how tolerable might be the condition of the people when it shall be broken up and destroyed4 ,while the ,union lasts1 we have high1 exciting1 gratifying prospects spread out before us1 for us and our children4 ,beyond that1 ,i seek not to penetrate the veil4 ,god grant that1 in my day1 at least1 that curtain may not rise1--that on my vision never may be opened what lies behind4 ,when my eyes shall be turned to behold1 for the last time1 the sun in heaven1 may ,i not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious ,union--on ,states dissevered discordant1 belligerent1--on a land rent with civil feuds1 or drenched1 it may be1 in fraternal blood6 ,let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic1 now known and honored throughout the earth1 still full high advanced1 its arms and trophies streaming in their original luster1 not a stripe erased or polluted1 nor a single star obscured1 bearing for its motto1 no such miserable interrogatory as1 ,what is all this worth8 nor those other words of delusion and folly1 ,liberty first and ,union afterward2 but everywhere1 spread all over in characters of living light1 blazing on all its ample folds1 as they float over the sea and over the land1 and in every wind under the whole heavens1 that other sentiment1 dear to every true ,american heart1--,,liberty ,,and ,,union1 ,,now ,,and ,,forever1 ,,one ,,and ,,inseparable6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dedication ,,speech ,,at ,,gettysburg4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent1 a new nation1 conceived in ,liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war2 testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battle-field of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of that field1 as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but1 in a larger sense1 we can not dedicate--we can not consecrate--we can not hallow--this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note1 nor long remember what we say here1 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us the living1 rather1 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 ,historical3 ,at the dedication of the national cemetery at ,gettysburg1 ,november #ai1 #ahfc1 ,president ,lincoln was asked to be present and say a few words4 ,this address has become a classic4 ,edward ,everett1 the orator who had delivered the long address of the day wrote to ,mr4 ,lincoln1 ,i should be glad if ,i could flatter myself that ,i came as near the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes4 ,several versions of the speech have appeared1 but the one here printed was given out by ,president ,lincoln himself as the authorized version4 ,see ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address1 ,century ,magazine1 ,feb41 #ahid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lincoln1 ,,the ,,great ,,commoner ,,edwin ,,markham ,when the ,norn-,mother saw the ,whirlwind ,hour1 ,greatening and darkening as it hurried on1 ,she bent the strenuous ,heavens and came down ,to make a man to meet the mortal need4 ,she took the tried clay of the common road-- ,clay warm yet with the genial heat of ,earth1 ,dashed through it all a strain of prophecy2 ,then mixed a laughter with the serious stuff4 ,it was a stuff to wear for centuries1 ,a man that matched the mountains1 and compelled ,the stars to look our way and honor us4 ,the color of the ground was in him1 the red earth2 ,the tang and odor of the primal things-- ,the rectitude and patience of the rocks2 ,the gladness of the wind that shakes the corn2 ,the courage of the bird that dares the sea2 ,the justice of the rain that loves all leaves2 ,the pity of the snow that hides all scars2 ,the loving kindness of the wayside well2 ,the tolerance and equity of light ,that gives as freely to the shrinking weed ,as to the great oak flaring to the wind-- ,to the grave's low hill as to the ,matterhorn ,that shoulders out the sky4 ,and so he came4 ,from prairie cabin up to capitol ,one fair ideal led our chieftain on4 ,forevermore he burned to do his deed ,with the fine stroke and gesture of a king4 ,he built the rail-pile as he built the ,state1 ,pouring his splendid strength through every blow1 ,the conscience of him testing every stroke1 ,to make his deed the measure of a man4 ,so came the ,captain with the mighty heart3 ,and when the step of ,earthquake shook the house ,wrenching the rafters from their ancient hold1 ,he held the ridge-pole up1 and spiked again ,the rafters of the ,home4 ,he held his place-- ,held the long purpose like a growing tree-- ,held on through blame and faltered not at praise4 ,and when he fell in whirlwind1 he went down ,as when a kingly cedar green with boughs ,goes down with a great shout upon the hills1 ,and leaves a lonesome place against the sky4 ,biographical3 ,edwin ,markham was born in ,oregon1 taught school in ,california1 and more recently has been a resident of ,brooklyn4 ,his poem ,the ,man with the ,hoe brought him immediate fame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o ,,captain6 ,,my ,,captain6 ,,walt ,,whitman ,o ,captain6 my ,captain6 our fearful trip is done1 ,the ship has weather'd every rack1 the prize we sought is won1 ,the port is near1 the bells ,i hear1 the people all exulting1 ,while follow eyes the steady keel1 the vessel grim and daring2 ,but ,o heart6 heart6 heart6 ,o the bleeding drops of red1 ,where on the deck my ,captain lies1 ,fallen cold and dead4 ,o ,captain6 my ,captain6 rise up and hear the bells2 ,rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills1 ,for you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding1 ,for you they call1 the swaying mass1 their eager faces turning2 ,here1 ,captain6 dear father6 ,this arm beneath your head6 ,it is some dream that on the deck ,you've fallen cold and dead4 ,my ,captain does not answer1 his lips are pale and still1 ,my father does not feel my arm1 he has no pulse nor will1 ,the ship is anchor'd safe and sound1 its voyage closed and done1 ,from fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won2 ,exult1 ,o shores6 and ring1 ,o bells6 ,but ,i with mournful tread1 ,walk the deck my ,captain lies1 ,fallen cold and dead4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,walt ,whitman will always be remembered as the author of this poem4 ,it differs from his other poems in that it shows a great deal of attention to form1 to metre1 and rhyme4 ,he wrote not so much with the aim to please as to arouse and uplift4 ,he was very democratic in his taste1 and loved to mingle with the crowds on the ferries and omnibuses4 ,at different times he was school teacher1 carpenter1 and journalist4 ,this poem was written in appreciation of ,lincoln1 at the time of his death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,extracts ,,from ,,washington',s ,,farewell ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,people ,friends and ,fellow-,citizens1 ,the period for a new election of a ,citizen1 to administer the ,executive ,government of the ,united ,states1 being not far distant1 and the time actually arrived1 when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person1 who is to be clothed with that important trust1 it appears to me proper1 especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice1 that ,i should now apprise you of the resolution ,i have formed1 to decline being considered among the number of those1 out of whom a choice is to be made4444 ,the unity of government1 which constitutes you one people1 is also now dear to you4 ,it is justly so2 for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence1--the support of your tranquillity at home and your peace abroad1 of your safety1 of your prosperity1 of that very liberty which you so highly prize4 ,but as it is easy to foresee that1 from different causes and from different quarters1 much pains will be taken1 many artifices employed1 to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth2 as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively1 though often covertly and insidiously1 directed1--it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness2 that you should cherish a cordial1 habitual1 and immovable attachment to it2 accustoming yourself to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity2 watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety2 discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can1 in any event1 be abandoned2 and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest1 or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts4 ,to the efficacy and permanency of your union a government for the whole is indispensable4 ,no alliances1 however strict1 between the parts can be an adequate substitute2 they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced4 ,sensible of this momentous truth1 you have improved your essay1 by the adoption of the constitution of a government better calculated than your former for an intimate union1 and for the efficacious management of your common concerns4 ,this government1 the offspring of our own choice1 uninfluenced and unawed1 adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation1 completely free in its principles1 in the distribution of its powers1 uniting security with energy1 and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment1 has a just claim to your confidence and your support4 ,respect for its authority1 compliance with its laws1 acquiescence in its measures1 are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty4 ,the basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitution of government2 but the constitution which at any time exists1 till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people1 is sacredly obligatory upon all4 ,the very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government4 ,all obstructions to the executions of the laws1 all combinations and associations1 under whatever plausible character1 with the real design to direct1 control1 counteract1 or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities1 are destructive of this fundamental principle and of fatal tendency4 ,they serve to organize faction1 to give it an artificial and extraordinary force2 to put1 in the place of the delegated will of the nation1 the will of a party1 often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community2 and1 according to the alternate triumphs of different parties1 to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction1 rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels and modified by mutual interests4 ,however combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends1 they are likely1 in the course of time and things1 to become potent engines by which cunning1 ambitious1 and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people1 and to usurp for themselves the reins of government2 destroying afterward the very engines which had lifted them to unjust dominion4 ,toward the preservation of your government and the permanency of your present happy state1 it is requisite not only that you steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority1 but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles1 however specious the pretexts4 ,one method of assault may be to effect1 in the forms of the constitution1 alterations which will impair the energy of the system1 and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown4 ,in all the changes to which you may be invited1 remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of governments as of other human institutions2 that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country2 that facility in changes1 upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion1 exposes to perpetual change1 from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion2 and remember especially that for the efficient management of your common interest in a country so extensive as ours1 a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable4 ,liberty itself will find in such a government1 with powers properly distributed and adjusted1 its surest guardian4 ,it is1 indeed1 little else than a name where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction1 to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws1 and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property4 ,it is important1 likewise1 that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution1 in those intrusted with its administration1 to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres1 avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another4 ,the spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one1 and thus to create1 whatever the form of government1 a real despotism4 ,a just estimate of that love of power and proneness to abuse it1 which predominates in the human heart1 is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position4 ,the necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power1 by dividing and distributing it into different depositories1 and constituting each the guardian of the public weal against invasion by the others1 has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern2 some of them in our country and under our own eyes4 ,to preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them4 ,if1 in the opinion of the people1 the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be in any particular wrong1 let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the constitution designates4 ,but let there be no change by usurpation2 for1 though this1 in one instance1 may be the instrument of good1 it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed4 ,the precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit1 which the use can at any time yield4 ,of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity1 religion and morality are indispensable supports4 ,in vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism1 who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness1 these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens4 ,the mere politician1 equally with the pious man1 ought to respect and to cherish them4 ,a volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity4 ,let it simply be asked1 where is the security for property1 for reputation1 for life1 if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice8 ,and let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion4 ,whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure1 reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle4 ,it is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government4 ,the rule1 indeed1 extends with more or less force to every species of free government4 ,who1 that is a sincere friend to it1 can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric8 ,promote then1 as an object of primary importance1 institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge4 ,in proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion1 it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened4 ,in offering to you1 my countrymen1 these counsels of an old and affectionate friend1 ,i dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression ,i could wish2 that they will control the usual current of the passions1 or prevent our nation from running the course1 which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations4 ,but1 if ,i may even flatter myself1 that they may be productive of some partial benefit1 some occasional good2 that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit1 to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue1 to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism2 this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare1 by which they have been dictated4 ,how far in the discharge of my official duties1 ,i have been guided by the principles which have been delineated1 the public records and other evidences of my conduct must witness to you and to the world4 ,to myself1 the assurance of my own conscience is1 that ,i have at least believed myself to be guided by them4 ,though1 in reviewing the incidents of my administration1 ,i am unconscious of intentional error1 ,i am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that ,i may have committed many errors4 ,whatever they may be ,i fervently beseech the ,almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend4 ,i shall also carry with me the hope1 that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence2 and that1 after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal1 the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion1 as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest4 ,relying on its kindness in this as in other things1 and actuated by that fervent love towards it1 which is so natural to a man1 who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations2 ,i anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat1 in which ,i promise myself to realize1 without alloy1 the sweet enjoyment of partaking1 in the midst of my fellow-citizens1 the benign influence of good laws under a free government1 the ever favorite object of my heart1 and the happy reward1 as ,i trust1 of our mutual cares1 labors1 and dangers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,our ,,fathers ,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher ,we are called upon to cherish with high veneration and grateful recollections the memory of our fathers4 ,both the ties of nature and the dictates of policy demand this4 ,and surely no nation had ever less occasion to be ashamed of its ancestry1 or more occasion for gratification in that respect2 for1 while most nations trace their origin to barbarians1 the foundations of our nation were laid by civilized men1 by ,christians4 ,many of them were men of distinguished families1 of powerful talents1 of great learning and of preeminent wisdom1 of decision of character1 and of most inflexible integrity4 ,and yet not unfrequently they have been treated as if they had no virtues2 while their sins and follies have been sedulously immortalized in satirical anecdote4 ,the influence of such treatment of our fathers is too manifest4 ,it creates and lets loose upon their institutions the vandal spirit of innovation and overthrow2 for1 after the memory of our fathers shall have been rendered contemptible1 who will uphold and sustain their institutions8 ,the memory of our fathers should be the watch-word of liberty throughout the land2 for1 imperfect as they were1 the world before had not seen their like1 nor will it soon1 we fear1 behold their like again4 ,such models of moral excellence1 such apostles of civil and religious liberty1 such shades of the illustrious dead looking down upon their descendants with approbation or reproof1 according as they follow or depart from the good way1 constitute a censorship inferior only to the eye of ,god2 and to ridicule them is a national suicide4 ,the doctrines of our fathers have been represented as gloomy1 superstitious1 severe1 irrational1 and of a licentious tendency4 ,but when other systems shall have produced a piety as devoted1 a morality as pure1 a patriotism as disinterested1 and a state of society as happy1 as have prevailed where their doctrines have been most prevalent1 it may be in season to seek an answer to this objection4 ,the persecutions instituted by our fathers have been the occasion of ceaseless obloquy upon their fame4 ,and1 truly1 it was a fault of no ordinary magnitude1 that sometimes they did persecute4 ,but let him whose ancestors were not ten times more guilty cast the first stone1 and the ashes of our fathers will no more be disturbed4 ,theirs was the fault of the age1 and it will be easy to show that no class of men had1 at that time1 approximated so nearly to just apprehensions of religious liberty2 and that it is to them that the world is now indebted for the more just and definite views which now prevail4 ,the superstition and bigotry of our fathers are themes on which some of their descendants1 themselves far enough from superstition1 if not from bigotry1 have delighted to dwell4 ,but when we look abroad and behold the condition of the world1 compared with the condition of ,new ,england1 we may justly exclaim1 ,would to ,god that the ancestors of all the nations had been not only almost1 but altogether such bigots as our fathers were4 ,biographical3 ,henry ,ward ,beecher was a noted preacher1 orator1 and writer4 ,for forty years he was pastor of ,plymouth ,church1 ,brooklyn4 ,he lectured extensively throughout the country1 taking up the great issues of his time4 ,he died in #ahhg at the age of seventy-four4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,american ,,flag ,j4 ,e4 ,,drake ,when ,freedom1 from her mountain height1 ,unfurled her standard to the air1 ,she tore the azure robe of night1 ,and set the stars of glory there2 ,she mingled with its gorgeous dyes ,the milky baldric of the skies1 ,and striped its pure celestial white ,with streakings of the morning light2 ,then1 from his mansion in the sun1 ,she called her eagle-bearer down1 ,and gave into his mighty hand ,the symbol of her chosen land6 ,majestic monarch of the cloud1 ,who rear'st aloft thy regal form1 ,to hear the tempest-trumpings loud1 ,and see the lightning lances driven1 ,when strive the warriors of the storm1 ,and rolls the thunder-drum of heaven-- ,child of the sun6 to thee 'tis given ,to guard the banner of the free1 ,to hover in the sulphur smoke1 ,to ward away the battle-stroke1 ,and bid its blendings shine afar1 ,like rainbows on the cloud of war1 ,the harbingers of victory6 ,flag of the brave6 thy folds shall fly1 ,the sign of hope and triumph high1 ,when speaks the signal trumpet tone1 ,and the long line comes gleaming on1 ,ere yet the life-blood1 warm and wet1 ,has dimmed the glistening bayonet1 ,each soldier's eye shall brightly turn ,to where thy sky-born glories burn2 ,and as his springing steps advance1 ,catch war and vengeance from the glance4 ,and when the cannon's mouthings loud1 ,heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud1 ,and gory sabres rise and fall1 ,like shoots of flame on midnight's pall2 ,then shall thy meteor glances glow1 ,and cowering foes shall sink below ,each gallant arm that strikes beneath ,that awful messenger of death4 ,flag of the seas6 on ocean's wave ,thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave2 ,when death1 careering on the gale1 ,sweeps darkly round the bellied sail1 ,and frighted waves rush wildly back ,before the broadside's reeling rack1 ,each dying wanderer of the sea1 ,shall look at once to heaven and thee1 ,and smile to see thy splendors fly ,in triumph o'er his closing eye4 ,flag of the free heart's hope and home6 ,by angel hands to valor given2 ,thy stars have lit the welkin dome1 ,and all thy hues were born in heaven4 ,forever float that standard sheet6 ,where breathes the foe but falls before us1 ,with ,freedom's soil beneath our feet1 ,and ,freedom's banner streaming o'er us8 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,the name of ,joseph ,rodman ,drake is inseparably associated with that of his friend1 ,fitz-,greene ,halleck4 ,together they contributed a series of forty poems to the ,new ,york ,evening ,post4 ,among these was ,the ,american ,flag1 the last four lines of which were written by ,halleck1 to replace those written by ,drake3 ,as fixed as yonder orb divine1 ,that saw thy bannered blaze unfurled1 ,shall thy proud stars resplendent shine1 ,the guard and glory of the world4 ,drake was a youth of many graces of both mind and body1 who wrote verses as a bird sings--for the pure joy of it4 ,his career was cut short by death when he was only twenty-five years old4 ,of him ,halleck wrote3 ,none knew thee but to love thee1 ,nor named thee but to praise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,warren',s ,,address ,,at ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill ,,john ,,pierpont ,stand6 the ground's your own1 my braves6 ,will ye give it up to slaves8 ,will ye look for greener graves8 ,hope ye mercy still8 ,what's the mercy despots feel8 ,hear it in that battle peal6 ,read it on yon bristling steel6 ,ask it--ye who will4 ,fear ye foes who kill for hire8 ,will ye to your homes retire8 ,look behind you6 they're afire6 ,and1 before you1 see ,who have done it6--,from the vale ,on they come6--and will ye quail8-- ,leaden rain and iron hail ,let their welcome be6 ,in the ,god of battles trust6 ,die we may--and die we must3 ,but1 ,o where can dust to dust ,be consigned so well1 ,as where heaven its dews shall shed1 ,on the martyred patriot's bed1 ,and the rocks shall raise their head1 ,of his deeds to tell8 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,john ,pierpont was a ,unitarian clergyman of ,connecticut1 who published several volumes of poetry4 ,general ,joseph ,warren was one of the generals in command of the patriot army at the battle of ,bunker ,hill1 and was killed in the battle4 ,he was counted one of the bravest and most unselfish patriots of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,in this poem we have the poet's idea of how ,general ,warren inspired his men4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,columbus ,,joaquin ,,miller ,behind him lay the gray ,azores1 ,behind the ,gates of ,hercules2 ,before him not the ghosts of shores1 ,before him only shoreless seas4 ,the good mate said3 ,now must we pray1 ,for lo6 the very stars are gone4 ,brave ,admiral1 speak1 what shall ,i say8 ,why1 say 'sail on6 sail on6 and on6' ,my men grow mutinous day by day2 ,my men grow ghastly wan and weak4 ,the stout mate thought of home2 a spray ,of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek4 ,what shall ,i say1 brave ,admiral1 say1 ,if we sight naught but seas at dawn8 ,why1 you shall say at break of day1 ',sail on6 sail on6 and on6' ,they sailed and sailed1 as winds might blow4 ,until at last the blanched mate said3 ,why1 now not even ,god would know ,should ,i and all my men fall dead4 ,these very winds forget their way1 ,for ,god from these dread seas is gone1 ,now speak1 brave ,admiral1 speak and say-- ,he said3 ,sail on6 sail on6 and on6 ,they sailed4 ,they sailed4 ,then spake the mate2 ,this mad sea shows his teeth to-night4 ,he curls his lip1 he lies in wait1 ,with lifted teeth1 as if to bite6 ,brave ,admiral1 say but one good word3 ,what shall we do when hope is gone8 ,the words leapt like a leaping sword2 ,sail on6 sail on6 and on6 ,then1 pale and worn1 he kept his deck1 ,and peered through darkness4 ,ah1 that night ,of all dark nights6 ,and then a speck-- ,a light6 ,a light6 ,a light6 ,a light6 ,it grew1 a starlit flag unfurled6 ,it grew to be ,time's burst of dawn4 ,he gained a world2 he gave that world ,its grandest lesson3 ,on6 sail on6 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,cincinnatus ,heine ,miller 7,joaquin hoa'kin ,miller7 was born in ,indiana in #ahda4 ,joining the general movement to the ,west after the discovery of gold1 his parents moved to the ,pacific coast in #ahej4 ,he died in #aiad4 ,in point of power1 workmanship1 and feeling1 among all the poems written by ,americans1 we are inclined to give first place to ',the ,port of ,ships1' or ',columbus1' by ,joaquin ,miller4--,london ,athenaeum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recessional--,a ,,victorian ,,ode ,,rudyard ,,kipling ,god of our fathers1 known of old-- ,lord of our far-flung battle line-- ,beneath whose awful hand we hold ,dominion over palm and pine-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,the tumult and the shouting dies-- ,the ,captains and the ,kings depart-- ,still stands ,thine ancient sacrifice1 ,an humble and a contrite heart4 ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,far-called1 our navies melt away-- ,on dune and headland sinks the fire-- ,lo1 all our pomp of yesterday ,is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre6 ,judge of the ,nations1 spare us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,if1 drunk with sight of power1 we loose ,wild tongues that have not ,thee in awe-- ,such boasting as the ,gentiles use1 ,or lesser breeds without the ,law-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget6 ,for heathen heart that puts her trust ,in reeking tube and iron shard-- ,all valiant dust that builds on dust1 ,and guarding calls not ,thee to guard4 ,for frantic boast and foolish word1 ,thy ,mercy on ,thy ,people1 ,lord6 ,amen4 ,biographical and ,historical3 ,rudyard ,kipling was born ,christmas ,week1 #ahfe1 in ,bombay4 ,after school life in ,england1 he returned to ,india at the age of seventeen1 to do journalistic work4 ,his tales of ,indian4 life and his ballads describing the life of the ,british soldier won immediate favor4 ,perhaps he is best known to the boys and girls as the author of the ,jungle ,books4 ,from #ahib to #ahif he lived in the ,united ,states4 ,this poem1 which appeared in #ahig1 at the time of the ,queen's ,jubilee1 struck a warning note against the arrogance of power4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,definition ,,of ,a ,,gentleman ,,cardinal ,,newman ,it is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain4 ,this description is both refined and1 as far as it goes1 accurate4 ,he is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembarrassed action of those about him2 and he concurs with their movements rather than takes the initiative himself4 ,his benefits may be considered as parallel to what are called comforts or conveniences in arrangements of a personal nature3 like an easy-chair or a good fire1 which do their part in dispelling cold and fatigue1 though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat without them4 ,the true gentleman in like manner carefully avoids whatever may cause a jar or a jolt in the minds of those with whom he is cast2--all clashing of opinion1 or collision of feeling1 all restraint1 or suspicion1 or gloom1 or resentment2 his great concern being to make every one at their ease and at home4 ,he has his eyes on all his company2 he is tender toward the bashful1 gentle toward the distant1 and merciful toward the absurd2 he can recollect to whom he is speaking2 he guards against unseasonable allusions1 or topics which may irritate2 he is seldom prominent in conversation1 and never wearisome4 ,he makes light of favors while he does them1 and seems to be receiving when he is conferring4 ,he never speaks of himself except when compelled1 never defends himself by a mere retort2 he has no ears for slander or gossip1 is scrupulous in imputing motives to those who interfere with him1 and interprets everything for the best4 ,he is never mean or little in his disputes1 never takes unfair advantage1 never mistakes personalities or sharp sayings for arguments1 or insinuates evil which he dare not say out4 ,from a long-sighted prudence1 he observes the maxim of the ancient sage1 that we should ever conduct ourselves toward our enemy as if he were one day to be our friend4 ,he has too much good sense to be affronted at insults2 he is too well employed to remember injuries1 and too indolent to bear malice4 ,he is patient1 forbearing1 and resigned1 on philosophical principles2 he submits to pain because it is inevitable1 to bereavement because it is irreparable1 and to death because it is his destiny4 ,if he engages in controversy of any kind1 his disciplined intellect preserves him from the blundering discourtesy of better1 perhaps1 but less educated minds2 who1 like blunt weapons1 tear and hack instead of cutting clean1 who mistake the point in argument1 waste their strength on trifles1 misconceive their adversary1 and leave the question more involved than they find it4 ,he may be right or wrong in his opinion1 but he is too clear-headed to be unjust2 he is as simple as he is forcible1 and as brief as he is decisive4 ,nowhere shall we find greater candor1 consideration1 indulgence3 he throws himself into the minds of his opponents1 he accounts for their mistakes4 ,he knows the weakness of human reason as well as its strength1 its province1 and its limits4 ,biographical3 ,john ,henry ,newman1 #ahja-ahij1 a distinguished ,prelate was born in ,london4 ,he graduated from ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford1 and became noted both as a scholar and a writer4 ,lead1 ,kindly ,light1 a poem of rare beauty1 was written by him while on a voyage in the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,this selection is from his book1 ,the ,idea of a ,university4 ,he was made a cardinal in #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glossary abandon 7a-ban'dun71 give up4 abatement 7a-bat'ment71 putting an end to4 abbey 7ab'i71 monastery2 convent4 abnegation 7ab'ne-ga'shun71 denial4 aboon 7a-boon'71 ,scotch for above4 ,absalom 7ab'sa-lom71 absolute 7ab'so-lut71 without any limits or conditions4 abstinence 7ab'sti-nens71 refraining from certain kinds of pleasures4 abstract 7ab-strakt'71 separate4 abyss 7a-bis'71 a bottomless gulf4 ,acadie 7a'ka'de'71 accession 7ak-sesh'un71 coming into possession of4 acord 7a-kord'71 blend4 acost 7a'kost'71 approach2 speak to4 acumulate 7a-ku'mu-lat71 collect2 store up4 acuracy 7ak'u-ra-si71 exactness4 acurately 7ak'u-rat-li71 precisely4 acquiescence 7ak'wi-es'ens71 a yielding or agreeing4 ,act of ,navigation 7act of nav'i-ga'shun71 an ordinance passed by the ,british ,parliament for the ,american colonies by which goods were to be imported to the colonies free of duty for a period of years1 provided all goods were sent out of the colonies in ,british ships4 adamant 7ad'a-mant71 a stone of extreme hardness4 adapt 7a-dapt71 fit2 change to suit4 ,adayes 7a-da'yes71 an early settlement in southwestern ,united ,states4 addled 7ad'ld71 rotten2 confused1 adequate 7ad'e-kwat71 fully sufficient4 adherence 7ad-her'ens71 steady attachment4 adherent 7ad-her'ent71 clinging2 a follower4 adieu 7a-du'71 good-by1 farewell4 adjust 7a-just'71 fit2 to put in order4 administer 7ad-min'is-ter71 manage or conduct 7public affairs72 tender an oath4 admiral 7ad'mi-ral71 a naval officer of the highest rank4 ado 7a-doo'71 trouble1 fuss4 ,adonis 7a-do'nis71 in ,greek mythology1 a youth of marvelous beauty4 adoption 7a-dop'shun71 acceptance adrift 7a-drift'71 floating at the mercy of the wind and waves4 advent 7ad'vent71 coming1 approach adversary 7ad'ver-sa-ri71 one opposed1 a foe4 adverse 7ad'vers71 contrary4 aerial 7a-e'ri-al71 pertaining to the air2 lofty4 ,aershot 7ar'skot71 the town ,aerschot in ,belgium1 #bc miles northeast of ,brussels4 affable 7af'a-bl71 friendly1 gracious4 affectation1 7af'ek-ta'shun71 an attempt to assume what is not natural or real4 affidavit 7af'i-da'vit71 a sworn statement in writing4 aft 7aft71 near or towards the stern of a vessel4 ,agassiz 7ag'a-se71 a celebrated ,swiss-,american naturalist who came to the ,united ,states in #ahdf4 ,he was professor of geology at ,harvard4 aggression 7a-gresh'un71 attack4 aghast 7a-gasf71 terrified4 agitate 7aj'i-tat71 stir up2 discuss4 agog 7a-gog'71 eager4 agony 7ag'o-ni71 great pain4 aid de camp 7ad'de-kamp'2 ad'de-kan'71 an officer who assists a general in correspondence and in directing movements4 ,aidenn 7a'den71 paradise 7from the ,arabic word for ,eden1 used by ,poe for the sake of the rhyme74 ,aix 7aks71 a city in ,prussia1 founded by the ,romans and a favorite residence of ,charlemagne4 ,aix-la-,chapelle 7aks'la-sha'pel71 is the ,french name and ,aachen the ,german4 akimbo 7a-kim'bo71 with hand on the hip and elbow turned outward4 alacrity 7a-lak'ri-ti71 cheerful readiness4 ,aladdin 7a-lad'in71 in the ,arabian ,nights' ,entertainments1 the possessor of a wonderful lamp with magic charms4 alarum 7a-lar'um71 an old form for alarm4 ,albion 7al'bi-un71 an ancient name of ,england1 ,albyn 7al'bin71 ,alexander 7al'eg-zan'der71 surnamed the ,great1 was a famous conqueror who lived in the fourth century ,b4 ,c42 founder of ,alexandria in ,egypt4 alienate 7al'yen-at71 make strange2 take away4 all-absorbing 7ol-ab-sorb'ing71 taking up completely4 ,allah 7al'la71 in the ,mohammedan faith1 the name for ,god4 ,allahu 7al-la'hoo71 probably a ,persian ejaculation4 all-besetting 7ol-be-set'ing71 surrounding on all sides4 allege 7a-lej'71 declare2 affirm4 allegiance 7a-le-jans71 loyalty4 allegory 7al'e-go-ri71 description of one thing under the image of another2 parable4 alliance 7a-li'ans71 union of interests2 league4 alloy 7a-loi'71 a baser metal mixed with a finer4 aloe 7al'e71 a fragrant plant growing in warm climates2 the ,american aloe is the century plant4 alteration 7ol'ter-a'shun71 making different2 change4 alternately 7al-ter'nat-li7 by turns4 alternative 7al-tur'na-tiv71 a choice between two or more things4 amain 7a-man'71 with full force4 amaranth 7am'a-ranth71 an imaginary flower supposed never to fade4 ,ambaaren 7am'ba-ar'en71 ambassador 7am-bas'a-der71 a minister representing his ruler or country at a foreign court4 ambition 7am-bish'un71 desire for honor or power4 ambrosial 7am-bro'zhi-al71 pertaining to the fabled food of the gods1 which immortalized them4 amendment 7a-mend'ment71 a change for the better2 a change in a bill or motion by adding or omitting4 amiable 7a'mi-a-b'l71 lovable1 goodnatured4 amidships 7a-mid'ships71 in the middle of a ship4 amorpha 7a-mor'fa71 a plant belonging to the pea family and having blue-violet flowers4 amphitheatre 7am'fi-the'a-ter71 an oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space4 ample 7am'p'l71 abundant2 full4 ,amun 7a'mon71 an ,egyptian deity generally represented as a ram4 anchorite 7an'ko-rit71 one who renounces the world and secludes himself1 a hermit4 andirons 7and'i'urnz71 metallic stands to support wood in a fireplace4 anecdote 7an'ek-dot71 a short narrative of some particular incident4 ,angel of ,death4 ,see ,exodus1 chapter #ab ,angel of the backward look2 memory ,angelus 7an'je-lus71 the bell tolled in the morning1 at noon1 and in the evening to tell the faithful the time for prayer4 ,angus 7an'gus71 annals 7an'alz71 historical records4 anon 7a-non'71 in a little while4 anticipate 7an-tis'i-pat71 count upon in advance2 foresee4 antique 7an-tek'71 old4 antiquity 7an-tik'wi-ti71 great age apathetic 7ap'a-thet'ik71 without feeling4 apathy 7ap'a-thi71 lack of feeling4 apex 7a'peks71 summit2 point4 apology 7a-pol'e-ji71 an acknowledgment for some injurious act2 an excuse4 ,apolonius 7ap-po-lo'ni-us71 a philosopher and wonder-worker who lived at about the same time as ,christ4 apostrophe 7a-pos'tro-fe71 a speech or address to some person or thing absent or present4 ,apostrophe to the ,ocean1 appalling 7a-pol'ing71 terrifying4 apparel 7a-par'el71 clothing4 apparent 7a-par'ent71 clear1 plainly to be seen4 appealing 7a-pel'ing71 calling for aid or sympathy4 apprehension 7ap're-hen'shun71 a taking hold of2 anxiety4 apprise 7a-priz'71 inform4 approbation 7ap'ro-ba'shun71 liking2 consent4 approximate 7a-prok'si-mat71 approach2 nearly exact4 arabesque 7ar'a-besk'71 a kind of ornament1 brought to high perfection by ,arabian artists and consisting of lines1 figures1 fruits1 flowers1 and men variously grouped4 ,arachthus 7a-rak'thus71 the ancient name of a river in ,greece2 modern ,arta4 arbiter 7ar'bi-ter71 one appointed to determine a controversy2 umpire4 architect 7ar'ki-tekt71 one who is skilled in planning1 designing1 and constructing buildings4 ,ardennes 7ar-den'71 ardent 7ar'dent71 burning2 passionate4 ardor 7ar'der71 heat2 zeal4 arduous 7ar'du-us71 hard1 difficult4 arena 7a-re'na71 the sanded area in the central part of a ,roman amphitheater4 argosy 7ar'go-si71 a large merchant vessel4 argument 7ar'gu-ment71 proof or reasons in a controversy4 ,armada 7ar-ma'da71 armament 7ar'ma-ment71 arms1 ships and other equipment for war4 aroma 7a-ro'ma71 fragrance2 a spicy perfume4 array 7a-ra'71 clothe2 an orderly collection4 arrogance 7ar'e-gans71 pride with contempt of others4 artifice 7ar'ti-fis71 workmanship2 artful trick4 artisan 7ar'ti-zan71 one skilled in some art or trade4 ascertain 7as'er-tan'71 learn for certain4 ,ashur 7a'shoor71 askance 7a-skans'71 sideways4 aspect 7as'pekt71 look4 asperse 7as-purs'71 sprinkle2 defame4 asphodel 7as'fo-del71 a lily1 in ,greek mythology the special flower of the dead4 ,the ,english daffodil is derived from this ,greek word4 aspiration 7as'pi-ra'shun71 strong wish1 high desire4 assail 7a-sal'71 attack violently4 assailant 7a-sal'ant71 one who attacks4 assault 7a-solt'71 a violent attack4 assemblage 7a-sem'blaj71 a company of people gathered together4 assiduity 7as'i-du'i-ti71 constant attention2 industry4 assiduous 7a-sid'u-us71 busy2 persevering4 assign 7a-sin'71 give over4 ,assyria 7a-sir'i-a71 an ancient state in ,asia1 east of the ,tigris river4 astern 7a-sturn'71 in the rear part of the ship4 astounding 7as-tound'mg71 astonishing4 asunder 7a-sun'der71 apart4 ,atchafalaya 7ach'a-fa-li'a71 an outlet of the ,red and ,mississippi rivers in southern ,louisiana4 atilt 7a-tilf71 balanced lightly4 ,atlantic ,monthly1 a magazine first published in #aheg1 with ,lowell as editor4 attain 7a-tan'71 reach2 accomplish4 attaint 7a-tant'71 corrupt2 disgrace4 attenuated 7a-ten'u-at'ed71 thinned1 slender4 attitude 7at'i-tud71 position2 feeling4 attribute 7a-trib'ut71 give2 refer4 attribute 7at'ri-but71 characteristic2 quality4 audacity 7o-das'i-ti71 boldness4 audible 7o'di-b'l71 capable of being heard4 auditor 7o'di-ter71 a hearer4 august 7o-gust'71 majestic2 solemn4 auroral 7o-ro'ral71 pertaining to the dawn1 rosy4 austere 7es-ter'71 severe4 austerity 7os-ter'i-ti71 severity2 severe simplicity4 authentic 7o-then'tik71 true2 genuine4 autocrat 7e'to-krat71 an absolute ruler4 avail 7a-val'71 help2 be of use4 ,ave ,maria 7a'va ma-re'a71 ,hail ,mary1 first words of a ,roman ,catholic prayer to the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the words are those of the ,angel ,gabriel1 hence the prayer is called the ,angelus4 avenge 7a-venj'71 punish in order to execute justice4 aversion 7a-vur'shun71 dislike4 avert 7a-vurt'71 turn aside4 awry 7a-ri'71 turned or twisted3 crooked4 aye and anon 7a and a-non'71 continually4 ,azores 7a-zorz'71 a group of islands in the ,atlantic belonging to ,portugal1 and #hjj miles west of it4 azure 7azh'ur71 the clear blue color of the sky4 ,baal 7ba'al71 the supreme god o6 the ,assyrians1 ,babylonish jargon 7bab'ilo'nish71 unintelligible language4 ,see story of the tower of ,babel4 ,gen4 ,,xi4 bacchanal 7bak'a-nal71 a carouser2 a follower of ,bacchus1 the god of wine4 ,bacchantes 7ba-kan'tez71 priestesses of ,bacchus1 the god of wine4 bairn 7barn71 ,scottish name for a child4 ,balaklava 7ba'la-kla'va71 a city in the ,crimea on the ,black ,sea4 baldric 7bol'drik71 a broad belt worn over the shoulder and under the opposite arm4 ballad 7bal'ad71 a short poem telling a story4 balm 7bam71 anything that soothes pain4 balm in ,gilead 7bam in gil'e-ad71 a biblical expression meaning comfort or healing1 balmy 7bam'i71 mild2 soothing2 fragrant4 bandit 7ban'dit71 an outlaw4 baneful 7ban'fool71 injurious4 ,bannockburn 7ban'uk-burn71 a battlefield in ,scotland upon which ,robert ,bruce defeated the ,english4 ,baptiste ,le-blanc 7ba'tesf le blan'71 bar 7bar71 the legal profession4 bard 7bard71 a poet4 barge 7barj71 a boat4 barometer 7ba-rom'e-ter71 an instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere4 barouche 7ba-robsh'71 four-wheeled carriage1 with a falling top1 and two double seats on the inside4 barrack 7bar'ak71 a building for soldiers1 especially when in garrison1 barrier 7bar'i-er71 an obstruction or limit4 bask 7bask71 warm2 lie comfortably1 baste 7bast71 drip fat on meat in roasting4 battery 7bat'er-i71 two or more pieces of artillery in the field4 bayonet 7ba'e-net71 a dagger fitted on the muzzle of a musket4 bayou 7bi'oo71 an inlet from a gulf1 lake1 or large river4 ,beau ,se-jour 7bo-sa-zhoer'71 a ,french fort upon the neck of land connecting ,acadia and the mainland4 ,it had just been taken by the ,british1 beard the lion1 defy4 ,beautiful ,gate1 an entrance to the temple in ,jerusalem4 ,see ,acts ,,iii-#b and ,john ,x-#g4 ,beautiful ,river1 the ,ohio4 beck 7bek71 call4 beetling 7be'tling71 projecting1 jutting out4 ,beg 7bag71 begotten 7be-got'n71 caused to exist2 born4 beguile 7be-gil'71 relieve the tedium or weariness of1 entertain4 belfry 7bel'fri71 a bell tower4 ,bell1 name of an inn4 ,belle ,aurore 7bel e-ror'71 the dawn4 bell or book1 religious ceremony4 ,belle-fontaine 7bel-fon-tan'71 belligerent 7be-lij'er-ent71 waging war4 bellows 7bel'oz71 an instrument for driving air through a tube4 belted knight1 girt with a belt as an honorary distinction4 benedicite 7ben'e-d'is'i-te71 a chant or hymn1 the ,latin version of which begins with this word2 an exclamation corresponding to ,bless you6 benediction 7ben'e-dik'shun71 a blessing4 beneficence 7be-nef'i-sens71 goodness or charity4 benign 7be-nin'71 of a kind disposition4 benignant 7be-nig'nant71 kind4 beseech 7be-sech'71 entreat4 bestead 7be-sted'71 put in peril4 bestial 7bes'chal71 beastly2 vile4 bestow 7be-sto'71 give2 grant4 betrothal 7be-troth'al71 contract to anyone for a marriage4 beverage 7bev'er-aj71 drink4 bicker 7bik'er71 move quickly with a pattering noise1 bier 7her71 a frame on which a corpse is borne to the grave4 bigot 7big'ut71 one blindly devoted to his own opinion2 narrow-minded4 bigotry 7big'ut-ri71 narrow-mindedness4 biography 7bi-eg'ra-fi71 the written history of a person's life4 birkie 7bur'ki71 blanch 7blanch71 take the color out of2 whiten4 blasphemy 7blas'fe-mi71 impious speech against ,god or sacred things4 blast 7blast71 a violent gust of wind4 blazoned 7bla'z'nd71 adorned1 depicted in color4 blithe 7blith71 gay1 joyous4 blithesome 7blitn'sum71 happy1 gay1 ,blomidon 7blo'mi-dun71 a mountain in ,nova ,scotia4 bodkin 7bod'km71 a pointed implement for making holes in cloth4 bondsman 7bondz'man71 one who gives security for another4 bonnet and plume1 a soft cap worn by men in ,scotland4 ,boom 7bom71 a town in ,belgium4 boon 7boon71 a gift2 bountiful2 gay4 bootless 7bpot'les71 useless4 ,border 7bor'der71 the frontier between ,england and ,scotland1 bore the bell1 carried off the prize4 ,a bell was formerly used as a prize in races4 bosky 7bos'ki71 woody or bushy4 bosom 7booz'um71 the breast4 ,bothnia 7both'nr-a71 ,gulf of the northern arm of the ,baltic ,sea between ,finland and ,sweden4 bountiful 7boun'ti-fobl71 liberal4 bourn 7born71 a boundary2 limit4 bow 7bou71 the forward part of a ship1 7bo7 to rhyme with tow4 ,bowdoin 7bo'd'n71 in ,brunswick1 ,maine1 college from which ,longfellow graduated in #ahbe4 ,bozzaris1 ,marco 7bo-zar'is4 ,mar'ko71 brackish 7brak'ish71 saltish2 distasteful4 ,braddock 7brad'uk71 a ,british general who met defeat and was killed in #agee4 ,braganza 7bra-gan'za71 a reigning family of ,portugal4 brake 7brak71 a fern2 a thicket4 brawl 7brol71 noise3 quarrel4 breach 7brech71 an opening in2 a break4 breakers 7brak'erz71 waves breaking into foam against the shore4 breeches 7brich'ez71 trousers4 ,breton1 7bret'un71 a province of ,france4 brig 7brig71 a two-masted vessel4 brigade 7bri-gad'71 a body of troops larger than a regiment4 brink 7brink71 verge or edge4 ,british ,ministry1 the ,british ,government4 ,briton 7brit'un71 a native of ,england4 broadside 7brod'sid'71 the side of a ship above the water line1 from bow to quarter4 broadsword 7brod'sord'71 a sword with a broad blade and cutting edge4 ,brook ,farm1 a farm near ,boston1 where an experiment in agriculture and education was tried by a group of literary people4 ,brunswick 7brunz-wik71 ,duke of ,brunswick 7,frederick ,william7 was killed in the engagement described1 ,brutus 7broq'tus71 a ,roman politician who joined in the assassination of ,caesar4 ,buckholm 7buk'hom71 buffcoat 7buf'kot71 a military coat made of buff leather4 buffet 7buf'et71 a blow4 bulkhead 7bulk'hed'71 a wall to resist pressure of earth or water4 ,bunker ,hill1 a hill near ,boston where a famous battle was fought4 bouyancy 7bou'an-si71 lightness4 burger 7bur'get71 an inhabitant of a borough4 burgesses 7bur'jes-es71 citizens of a borough4 ,burgundian 7bur-gun'di-an71 pertaining to ,burgundy1 a province of ,france on the ,rhone river4 buskin 7bus'kin71 a covering for the foot and leg1 worn by tragic actors4 cad 7ca'd71 ,scotch for called4 cadence 7ka'dens71 a fall of the voice2 rhythm4 ,cadmus 7kad'mus71 in ,greek legend the founder of ,thebes and introducer of the letters of the ,greek alphabet4 ,caesar4 ,julius 7se'zar71 7l#jj ,b4 ,c4-#dd ,b4 ,c471 a famous ,roman general1 statesman and writer4 ,caius ,marius 7ka'yus ma're-us71 calamity 7ka-lam'i-ti71 misfortune2 disaster4 calender 7kal'en-der71 one whose business it is to press cloth or paper between cylindrical rollers4 calumny 7kal'um-ni71 slander4 ,calvin's creed4 ,calvin was a celebrated reformer whose doctrines are noted for their severity4 ,cameron 7kam'er-eri71 candid 7kan'did71 frank2 open4 ,cannobie ,lee 7kan'e-be le71 a lea or large open space in ,scotland4 cannonade 7kan'un-ad'71 a discharging of cannon4 capacity 7ka-pas'i-ti71 power4 cap and bells1 the tokens or signs of a jester or clown1 therefore1 foolish pleasures4 ,cape ,palmas 7pal'mas71 a promontory on the coast of ,liberia1 western ,africa4 caper 7ka'per71 cutting a caper1 to leap about in a frolicsome manner4 capon 7ka'pon71 choice chicken4 caprice 7ka-pres'71 whim1 fancy4 ,capua 7cap'u-a71 an ancient city in ,italy near ,naples1 famous for its wealth and luxury4 career 7ka-rer'71 move rapidly4 carrion 7kar'i-un71 dead and decaying flesh of an animal4 ,carthage 7kar'thaj71 an ancient city in northern ,africa4 ,its wars with ,rome are known as the ,punic ,wars4 casement 7kas'ment71 a hinged window sash4 casual 7kazh'u-al71 happening without regularity4 catholic 7kath'e-lik71 liberal cauldron 7kol'drun71 a large kettle causeway 7koz wa71 raised road over wet ground4 cavalcade 7kav'al-kad'71 a procession of persons on horseback4 celestial 7se-les'chal71 heavenly1 divine4 cenotaph 7sen'o-taf71 a monument to one buried elsewhere4 censer 7sen'ser71 a vessel in which incense is burned4 censorship 7sen'sor-ship71 office or power to examine papers for the press and suppress what is thought harmful4 censure 7sen'shfir71 blame4 century-circled 7sen'tu-ri-sur'k'ld71 having a hundred circles1 indicating its age4 cessation 7se-sa'shun71 pause1 stop4 cestus 7ses'tus71 girdle4 chaise 7shaz71 a two-wheeled carriage4 chalice 7chal'is71 a cup4 ,chalkley's ,journal4 ,thomas ,chalkley was a traveling ,quaker preacher4 ,his journal1 published in #agdg1 told of his many wonderful experiences4 ,chambered ,nautilus 7cham'berd no'ti-lus71 a shellfish belonging to the highest class of mollusks4 chancel 7chan'sel71 that part of a church containing the altar4 chanticleer 7chan'ti-kler71 a cock1 so called from his clear voice in crowing4 chaos 7ka-os71 disorder4 chaotic 7ka-ot'ik71 confused4 chaplet 7chap'let71 wreath4 characterize 7char'ak-ter-iz71 describe4 chasm 7kaz'm71 deep opening1 gap4 ,chattahoochee 7chat'a-hoo'chi71 a river in ,georgia which forms part of its western boundary4 chaunt 7chant71 song1 especially one that is solemn and slow4 ,cheapside 7chep'sid71 the central east-and-west street of ,london1 formerly a market4 ,chepe is the old ,english word for market4 ,chersonese 7kur'so-nez71 ,athenians who had colonized the peninsula between the ,hellespont and the ,gulf of ,melos4 ,miltiades ruled over them4 chimerical 7ki-mer'i-kal71 unreal1 fantastic4 chivalry 7shiv'al-ri71 manners of knighthood1 courtesy4 chowder 7chou'der71 a dish made of fresh fish or clams1 biscuit1 etc41 stewed together4 chronicle 7kron'i-k'l71 historical record4 churlish 7chur'lish71 rough1 ill bred4 ci devant 7se'de-van'71 former4 circuit 7sur'kit71 a regular journey from place to place2 the district journeyed over4 circumscribe 7sur'kum-skrib'7 inclose1 encircle4 citadel 7 sit'a-del71 fortress4 civil feuds 7siv'il fuds71 quarrels within one's own country4 clamor 7klam'er71 an outcry2 uproar4 clan 7klan71 clang 7klang71 strike together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound4 clangor 7klanger71 a sharp1 harsh1 ringing sound4 clapboard 7klap'bord71 a narrow board1 thicker at one edge than at the other1 for weatherboarding houses4 cleave 7klev71 cling2 open or crack4 cleft 7kleft71 crack1 crevice4 clement 7klem'ent71 mild4 clergy 7klur'ji71 a body of ministers of the gospel4 cloud-vesture 7kloud-ves'tur71 clothing of clouds4 ,cochecho 7ko-che'cho71 ,indian name for ,dover1 ,n4 ,h4 cocked hat 7kokt71 a hat with the brim turned up4 cohesion 7ko-he'zhun71 close union4 cohort 7ko'hort71 in the ancient ,roman army1 a body of about #ejj soldiers4 coil 7koil71 trouble2 the body4 coincidence 7ko-in'si-dens71 a happening at the same time4 colossal 7ko-los'al71 of enormous size4 ,comanches 7ko-man'chez71 a tribe of ,indians noted for their warlike character4 comely 7kum'li71 pleasing4 comment 7kom'ent71 meditate upon2 a remark or criticism4 commissioner 7ko-mish'un-er7 an officer having charge of some department of public service4 commodity 7ko-mod'i-ti71 goods1 wares4 communal 7kom'u-nal71 having property in common4 commune 7ko-mun'71 take counsel4 communicate 7ko-mu'm-kat71 make known4 communion 7ko-mun'yun71 intercourse4 compass 7kum'pas71 size1 capacity4 compensate 7kom'pen-sat71 recompense or reward4 compete 7kom-pet'71 seek or strive for the same thing4 competence 7kom'pe-tens71 property sufficient for comfort4 complacency 7kom-pla'sen-si71 self-satisfaction4 compliance 7kom-pli'ans71 yielding4 comply 7kom-pli'71 yield1 assent4 component 7kom-po'nent71 composing2 an ingredient4 comport 7kom-port'71 agree or suit conduct4 compose 7kom-poz'71 put together3 quiet4 composition 7kom'po-zish'un71 combination1 make-up4 composure 7kom-po'zhur71 calm4 comprehend 7kom'pre-hend'71 understand4 comprehension 7kom'pre-hen'shun71 perception1 understanding4 comprehensive 7,kom'pre-hen'siv71 including much4 compressed 7kom-prest'7 pressed together4 comprise 7kom-priz'71 include4 compromise 7kom'pro-miz71 an agreement in which all parties concerned give up something4 concave 7kon'kav71 hollow and curved in4 conceal 7kon-sel'71 hide from observation4 concede 7kon-sed'71 grant or allow4 conceive 7kon-sev'71 understand3 think4 concenter 7kon-sen'ter71 bring to1 or meet in a common center2 condense1 concentrate 7kon'sen-trat71 bring to1 or meet in a common center2 condense4 concentric 7kon-sen'trik71 having a common center4 conception 7kon-sep'shun71 formation in the mind of an image or notion4 conciliate 7kon-sil'i-at71 reconcile1 pacify4 conclusive 7kon-kloo'siv71 convincing2 final4 concord 7kon'kord71 state of agreement2 harmony4 concurrence 7kon-kur'ens71 agreement in opinion4 conduce 7kon-dus'7 lead or tend4 confound 7kon-found'7 confuse2 blend4 congeal1 7kon-jel'71 freeze2 thicken4 congregate 7kon'gre-gat71 assemble4 conjure 7kon-joor'71 call on solemnly4 conjure 7kun'jer71 call forth or expel by magic arts4 conjuring book 7kun'jer-ing71 a copy of ,cornelius' ,agrippa's ,magic1 printed in #afeg4 connubial 7ko-nu'bi-al71 pertaining to marriage4 ,conscript ,fathers 7kon'skript71 a translation of a certain form used in addressing the senate of ancient ,rome4 consecrate 7kon'se-krat71 dedicate1 hallow4 conservative 7kon-sur'va-tiv71 opposed to change2 safe4 consign 7kon-sin'71 intrust2 deliver4 consistent 7koti-,sis'tent71 not contradictory2 having harmony among its parts4 construe 7kon'stroo71 interpret1 explain4 consul 7kon'sul71 commercial agent of a government in a foreign country2 a magistrate4 consume 7kon-sum'7 destroy2 swallow up4 consummation 7kon's'u-ma'shun71 achievement2 end4 contagious 7kon-ta'jus71 catching4 contemplate 7kon'tem-plat71 view2 study4 contemptible 7kon-temp'ti-b'l71 deserving disdain2 despised4 contemptuous 7kon-temp'tu-us71 scornful4 contention 7kon-ten'shun71 strife4 contexture 7kon-teks'tur71 system1 texture4 continuity 7kon'ti-nu'i-ti71 the being continuous4 contrite 7kon'trit71 humbly penitent4 contrition 7kon-trish'un71 self reproach4 contumely 7kon'tu-me-li71 disdain1 scorn4 convene 7kon-ven'71 assemble4 convex 7kon'veks71 rising or swelling into a rounded form2 opposite from concave4 convoluted 7kon'vo-lut'ed71 rolled together1 one part upon another4 convulse 7kon-vuls'7 contract violently and irregularly4 coof 7koof71 coot 7koot71 a kind of duck4 copious 7ko'pi-us71 plentiful4 coppice 7kop is71 a grove of growth4 corbel 7kor'bel71 a bracket4 cordage 7kor'daj71 anything made of rope or cord4 corroborate 7ko-rob'o-rat71 make more certain1 confirm4 corrupt 7ko-rupt'71 change from good to bad4 corse 7kors71 a corpse4 corselet 7kors'let71 breastplate4 ,corsica 7kor'si-ka71 an island in the ,mediterranean1 belonging to ,france1 the birthplace of ,napoleon4 ,cossacks 7kos'aks71 a military people inhabiting the steppes of ,russia4 council 7koun'sil71 assembly or meeting1 assembly for advice4 counsel 7koun'sel71 interchange of opinions2 advise4 countenance 7koun'ti-nans71 appearance of the face1 the features4 counterfeit 7koun'ter-fit71 that which resembles another thing2 carry on a deception4 counterpart 7koun'ter-part'71 a copy1 duplicate4 ,coureur-de-bois 7koo'rur'de-bwa'71 a class of men1 ,french by birth1 who1 through long association with the ,indians were only half civilized4 ,their chief occupation was conducting the canoes of the traders along the lakes and rivers of the interior4 courier 7koo'rl-er71 a messenger4 ,court of ,st4 ,james1 the official name of the ,british court4 ,st4 ,james's ,palace was formerly the royal residentce4 courteous 7kur'te-us71 polite4 courtesy 7kur'te-si71 good breeding4 cove 7kov71 a small inlet or bay4 covertly 7kuv'ert-li71 secretly4 covet 7kuv'et71 long for4 craft 7kraft71 art or skill2 a vessel4 crag 7krag71 steep1 rugged rock4 ,craigie ,house 7krag'i71 the house in ,cambridge in which ,longfellow lived from #ahcf until his death4 ,during the ,revolution1 it had been ,washington's headquarters4 crane 7kran71 an iron arm fastened to a fireplace and used for supporting kettles over the fire1 cranny 7kran'i71 a chink4 crank 7krank71 top-heavy4 craven 7kra'v'n71 coward2 faint-hearted4 craw 7kro71 crop or stomach4 credentials 7kre-den'shalz71 testimonies of the bearer's right to recognition4 creditor 7kred'i-ter71 one to whom money is due4 credulous 7kred'e-lus71 apt to believe on slight evidence4 ,creeks 7krekz71 a powerful confederation of ,indians who occupied the greater part of ,alabama and ,georgia4 crescent 7kres'ent71 the increasing moon2 anything shaped like a new moon2 emblem of the ,turkish ,empire4 crest 7krest71 upper curve of a horse's neck4 crevice 7krev'is71 a narrow crack4 crier 7kri'er71 one who gives notice by proclamation4 criterion 7kri-te'ri-un71 standard of judging4 critic 7krit',ik71 one skilled in judging4 critical 7krit'i-kal71 decisive2 important4 ,croisickese 7kroiz'i-kez71 an inhabitant of ,croisic1 a small fishing-village near the mouth of the ,loire4 ,here ,browning wrote ,herve ,riel4 ,cromwell1 ,oliver 7#aeii-afeh71 commander-in-chief of the parliamentary forces in the struggle with ,charles ,i of ,england4 cronies 7kro'niz71 intimate companions4 cross 7kros71 emblem of the ,roman ,catholic church4 croupe 7kroop71 the place on the horse behind the saddle4 crucifix 7kroo'si'fiks71 a representation of the figure of ,christ upon the cross4 cruise 7krooz71 a voyage in various directions4 crypt 7kript71 a vault2 cell for burial purposes4 crystaline 7kris'tal-in71 pure2 transparent2 consisting of crystal4 culprit 7kul'prit71 a criminal4 cumberless 7kum'ber-les71 without care4 cumbrous 7kum'brus71 burdensome4 cunning 7kun'ing71 skill4 cunning-warded keys1 knowledge which comes only from close observation and which is hidden from the less observant4 curb 7kurb71 to keep in check4 curfew 7kur'fu71 an evening bell1 originally to cover fires and retire to rest4 curlew 7kur'lu71 a wading bird1 having a long1 curved bill4 custom 7kus'tum71 duty or toll imposed by law on commodities imported or exported4 cylindrical 7si-lin'dri-kal71 having the form of a cylinder4 ,dalhem 7dal'em71 town in ,belgium4 dalliance 7dal'i-ans71 delay2 interchange of caresses4 ,damfreville 7dam'fre-vil71 commander of the fleet4 ,dante's ,divine ,comedy 7dan'te71 celebrated ,italian poem in three parts1 ,hell1 ,purgatory1 ,paradise4 dapper 7dap'er71 little and active2 trim4 darkling 7dark'ling71 gloomy4 ,dartmouth 7dart'muth71 college at ,hanover1 ,n4 ,h4 dastard 7das'tard71 coward4 daunted 7dant'ed71 dismayed4 dauntless 7dant'les71 fearless4 ,david4 dead of night1 middle of the night4 dearth 7durth71 want1 lack4 debatable 7de-bat'a-b'l71 open to question or dispute4 decease 7de-ses'71 death4 decisive 7de-si'siv71 positive1 final4 decorum 7de-ko'rum71 proper conduct4 decree 7de-kre'71 law2 decision given by a court or umpire4 decrepit 7de-krep'it71 worn out with age4 deeming 7dem'mg71 thinking4 defaced 7de-fast'71 disfigured1 marred4 defer 7de-fur'71 postpone2 yield to the wishes of another4 deference 7def'er-ens71 respect4 defiance 7de-fi'ans71 disposition to resist4 defile 7de-fil'71 pass between hills4 deflower 7de-flou'er71 deprive of flowers2 take away the beauty of4 defy 7de-fi'71 dare4 degenerate 7de-jen'er-at71 grow worse or meaner4 deities 7de'i-tiz71 heathen gods4 delegate 7del'e-gat71 send as one's representative4 deliberate 7de-lib'er-at71 not hasty2 7de-lib'er-at71 weigh in one's mind4 delineate 7de-lin'e-at71 represent by sketch2 describe4 delirious 7de-lir'i-us71 wild with feeling4 ,delos 7de'los71 the smallest island of the ,cyclades1 according to legend originally a floating island and the birthplace of ,apollo4 deluge 7del'uj71 flood4 delusion 7de-lu'zhun71 deception for want of knowledge4 delusive 7de-lu'siv71 deceptive4 demeanor 7de-men'er71 behavior4 demon 7de'mon71 evil spirit4 demoniac 7de-mo'ni-ak71 like a demon4 denotement 7de-not'ment71 sign or indication4 deplorably 7de-plor'a-bli71 grievously4 depositories 7de-poz'i-to-riz71 place where anything is stored for keeping4 depravity 7de-prav'i-ti71 corruption1 wickedness4 derision 7de-rizh'un71 insult4 descent 7de-sent'71 a passing downward4 descried 7de-skrid'71 saw1 beheld4 desert 7dez'ert71 solitary2 empty4 designate 7des'ig-nat71 point out4 desist 7de-zist'71 stop4 desolateness 7des'e-lat-nes71 state of being desolate or lonely4 despair 7de-spar'71 give up hope4 desperate 7des'per-at71 hopeless1 reckless4 despicable 7des'pi-ka-b'l71 fit to be despised2 mean4 despondent 7de-spon'dent71 low spirited4 despotism 7des'pot-iz'm71 tyranny4 destined 7des'tind71 marked out4 destiny 7des'ti-ni71 doom1 fate4 detained 7de-tand'71 kept back or from2 delayed4 detract 7de-trakt'71 take away4 detractor 7de-trak'ter71 one who slanders4 deviate 7de'vi-at71 go put of the way4 device 7de-vis'71 design2 invention4 devious 7de'vi-us71 wandering4 devoid 7de-void'71 destitute4 devotee 7dev'o-te'71 one wholly devoted4 devoutly 7de-vout'li71 earnestly4 dexterity 7deks-ter'i-ti71 skill4 dexterous 7deks'ter-us71 skillful1 artful4 diffuse 7di-fuz'71 spread4 dight 7dit71 adorn4 dignities 7dig-'ni-tiz71 honors4 dike 7dik71 embankment to prevent flooding4 diligence 7dil'i-jens71 industry4 dinning 7din'ing71 incessant talking4 dire-struck1 struck with terror4 dirge 7durj71 funeral hymn4 discern 7di-zurn'71 see1 detect4 discipline 7dis'i-plin71 training2 punishment4 disconsolate 7dis-kon'so-lat71 sorrowful1 comfortless4 discordant 7dis-kor'dant71 not harmonious4 discountenance 7dis-koun'te-nans71 not approve of2 discourage4 discourse 7dis-kors'71 conversation4 discredit 7dis-kred'it71 disbelief4 disembogue 7dis'em-bog'71 discharge2 flow out4 disguise 7dis-giz'71 change the appearance of4 dismember 7dis-mem'ber71 disjoint4 disperse 7dis-purs'71 scatter4 disputation 7dis'pu-ta'shun71 dispute1 a reasoning on opposite sides4 disqualify 7dis-kwol'i-fi71 render unfit4 dissever 7di-sev'er71 part in two4 dissolution 7dis'o-lu'shun71 separating into parts4 dissonant 7dis'o-nant71 sounding harshly1 discordant4 distaff 7dis'taf71 a staff holding a bunch of flax1 tow1 or wool1 from which thread is spun by hand4 distended 7dis-tend'ed71 lengthened out4 distorted 7dis-tort'ed71 twisted1 wrested4 ditto 7dit'o71 exact copy4 diverge 7di-vurj'71 extend from a common point in different directions4 divers 7di'verz71 several1 different4 divert 7di-vurt'71 turn aside4 divest 7di-vest'71 deprive2 strip4 divine 7di-vin'71 godlike2 foretell4 divinity 7di-vin'i-ty71 deity1 ,god4 docile 7dos'il71 easily managed4 doctrine 7dok'trin71 principle of faith4 doff 7dof71 put off 7dress74 doling 7dol'n'g71 giving out scantily or grudgingly4 domestic 7do-mes'tik71 pertaining to one's home4 domination 7dom'i-na'shun71 exercise of power in ruling2 authority4 dormer-window 7dor'mer71 a vertical window in a sloping roof4 double-reefed trysail1 a sail reduced in extent doubly to adapt it to the force of the wind4 doublet 7dub'let71 a close-fitting coat1 formerly worn4 dower 7dou'er71 that with which one is gifted or endowed4 drama 7dra'ma71 a picture of human life1 especially for representation on the stage4 draught 7draft71 act of drinking4 drawbridge1 a bridge which may be raised or let down4 drink the cup1 a biblical expression meaning endure4 dross 7dros71 waste matter1 dregs4 ,druids 7droo'idz71 ancient ,celtic priests4 dubious 7du'bi-us71 doubtful1 questionable4 dune 7dun71 a low hill of drifting sand4 dynasty 7di'nas-ti71 sovereignty1 dominion4 ebony 7eb'un-i71 a hard wood capable of a fine polish2 black ecstasy 7ek'sta-si71 a state of over-mastering feeling2 height4 eddy 7ed'i71 move in a circle2 whirling4 edifice 7ed'i-fis71 splendid building4 effected 7e-fekt'ed71 accomplished1 efficacious 7ef'i-ka'shus71 capable of producing a desired effect4 efficacy 7ef'i-ka-si71 force4 efficient 7e-fish'ent71 active1 helpful4 effulgence 7e-ful'jens71 great luster or brightness4 eke 7ek71 also4 election 7e-lek'shun71 choice elevation 7el'e-va'shun71 height4 elfin 7el'fin71 relating to little elves or fairies4 ,elfland 7elf'land71 fairy land4 ,elijah 7e-li'ja71 ,,ii ,kings1 #b1 #aa4 eloquence 7el'o-kwens71 effective speech4 ,ellwond1 ,thomas1 a ,quaker1 who was a friend of ,milton1 and wrote a long poem on ,king ,david4 ,elysian ,fields 7e-lizh'an71 the fabled dwelling place of happy souls after death4 emancipation 7e-man'si-pa'shun71 freedom4 embargo 7em-bar'go71 restraint embassy 7em'ba-si71 a solemn message4 ember 7em'ber71 a lighted coal1 smoldering amid ashes4 emblazon 7em-bla'z'n71 illuminate1 make light and beautiful4 emblem 7em'blem71 visible sign of an idea4 embosomed 7em-booz'und71 sheltered4 embrasure 7em-bra'zhur71 a window having its sides slanted on the inside4 emerge 7e-murj'71 appear4 emergency 7e-mur'jen-si71 necessity4 eminence 7em'i-nens71 height4 eminently 7em'i-nent-li71 highly4 emulation 7em'u-la'shun71 great desire to excel1 enchantress 7en-chan'tres71 a wicked fairy1 who weaves spells over her victims4 encomium 7en-ko'mi-um71 high praise4 encompass 7en-kum'pas71 surround1 encore 7an-kor'1 an'kor71 again2 the same4 encounter 7en-koun'ter71 a meeting face to face4 encroach 7en-kroch'71 enter gradually into anothers rights4 ,encyclopaedia ,britannica 7en-si'klo-pe'di-a bri-tan'i-ka71 a dictionary of the arts1 sciences1 and literature4 endeavor 7en-dev'er71 effort4 endow 7en-dou'71 enrich4 enervate 7en'er-vat71 weaken4 enhance 7en-hans'71 increase4 enjoin 7en-join'71 urge4 enraptured 7en-rap'turd71 delighted beyond measure4 ensign 7en'sin71 banner2 national flag4 entreaty 7en-tret'i71 an earnest request4 envelop 7en-vel'up71 wrap in4 epaulet 7ep'o-let71 a shoulder ornament worn by military and naval officers1 and indicating differences of rank4 epic 7ep'ik71 an heroic poem4 epicurism 7ep'i-kur-iz'm71 pleasures of the table4 epitaph 7ep'i-taf71 inscription on a tomb4 equip 7e-kwip'71 furnish or fit out4 equity 7ek'wi-ti71 fairness1 impartial justice4 era 7e'ra71 a period of time4 eradicate 7e-rad'i-kat71 destroy utterly4 ,erzeroum 7erz'room'71 the principal city of ,turkish ,armenia4 ,esk 7esk71 a river in ,scotland flowing into the ,solway ,firth4 espouse 7es-pouz'71 make one's own2 marry4 essay 7e-sa'71 try1 essence 7es'ens71 substance4 essential 7e-sen'shal71 indispensably necessary4 estate 7es-tat'71 possession2 wealth4 estranged 7es-tranjd'71 indifferent4 eternal 7e-tur'nal71 endless2 perpetual4 ,eternal ,city1 ,rome4 ether 7e'ther71 an extremely fine fluid1 lighter than air1 supposed to pervade all space beyond the atmosphere of the earth4 ethereal 7e-the're-al71 spiritlike2 heavenly4 ,evan 7e'van71 ,evangeline 7e-van'je-len71 the gentle ,acadian maiden1 and subject of the poem4 evangelists 7e-van'jel-istz71 writers of the gospels4 evince 7e-vins'71 show clearly4 ewe-necked 7u'nekt'71 having a thin1 hollow neck4 excess 7ek-ses'71 that which exceeds the ordinary limit1 extravagance4 exclusive 7eks-kloo'siv71 shutting out others4 execration 7ek'se-kra'shun71 a cursing2 execution 7ek'se-ku'shun71 carrying to effect4 executive 7eg-zek'u-tiv71 a chief magistrate or officer who administers the government2 the governing person4 exempt 7eg-zempt'71 free4 exertion 7eg-zur'shun71 effort4 exhausted 7eg-zos'ted71 tired out1 wearied4 exit 7ek'sit71 departure of a player from the stage after performing his part4 expanse 7eks-pans'71 extent1 a continuous area4 expedition 7eks'pe-dish'un71 excursion1 voyage4 expert 7eks-purt'71 skillful4 expire 7ek-spir'71 die4 explicit 7eks-plis'it71 distinctly stated1 clear4 expostulation 7eks-pos'tu-la'shun71 earnest reasoning or remonstrance4 express 7eks-pres'71 exact1 clear1 exterior 7eks-te'ri-er71 outside4 exterminate 7eks-tur'mi-nat71 drive away1 root out4 external 7eks-tur'nal71 outside1 foreign4 extract 7eks'trakt71 a selection2 short part of a book or writing4 extravagance 7eks-trav'a-gans71 want of moderation1 lavishness4 extremity 7eks-trem'i-ti71 greatest peril4 extricate 7eks'tri-kat71 free4 exult 7eg-zult'71 be in high spirits2 triumph4 facile 7fas'il71 ready4 faculty 7fak'ul-ti71 mental power4 fain 7fan71 willingly4 fallow 7fal'o71 land plowed but not seeded4 ,faneuil ,hall 7fan'l71 a building in ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 where ,revolutionary orators frequently addressed public meetings4 fantastic 7fan-tas'tik71 grotesque2 imaginary4 fatal sisters1 this refers to the three ,fates of ,greek mythology1 spinners of the thread of life4 ,the first1 ,clotho1 spins the thread of life1 the second1 ,lachesis1 determines its length1 and the third1 ,atropos1 cuts it4 ,the ,greek ,fates have their counterpart in the ,norse ,norns4 ,fata ,morgana 7fa'ta mor-ga'na71 a mirage at sea4 ,the spectator on shore sees images of men1 houses1 and ships1 sometimes on the sea2 so-called because formerly regarded as the work of a fairy of this name4 ,father of ,waters1 a fanciful name given by the ,indians to the ,mississippi ,river4 fathom 7fath'um71 find the depth of2 measure of length containing six feet4 ,fatigue 7fa-teg'71 weariness from labor or exertion4 ,federal 7fed'er-al71 a friend of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states at its adoption4 feign 7fan71 pretend4 feint 7fant71 pretense4 ,felician1 ,father 7fe-lish'an71 felicity 7fe-lis'i-ti71 happiness4 fell 7fel71 a rocky hill4 felloe 7fel'o71 the outside rim of a wheel supported by the spokes4 felon 7fel'un7 one guilty of a crime4 ,fenwick 7fen wik71 a ,scotch family4 ,feroe 7fer'o71 a group of islands in the ,north ,sea between the ,shetlands and ,iceland4 fervently 7fur'vent-li71 earnestly4 festoons 7fes-toonz'71 green vines or leaves hanging in a curve1 garlands4 fettered 7fet'erd71 bound4 feudal 7fu'dal71 the feudal ystem1 by which the holding of land depended upon rendering military service to the king or feudal lord during the ,middle ,ages4 filch 7filch71 steal4 filial 7fil'yal71 dutiful as a child to his parent4 film 7film71 a thin1 slight covering4 finance 7fi-nans'71 public money4 finny herd1 a school of fish4 firmament 7fur'ma-ment71 heavens4 fishing smack1 a small sloop-rigged vessel used for fishing along the coast4 flag-bird1 a poetic word for standard4 flagon 7flag'un71 a vessel with a narrow mouth for holding liquor4 flail 7flal71 a wooden instrument for threshing out grain by hand4 flame pennons1 7flam-pen'un71 swallow-tailed flags4 flank 7flank71 the side of an animal1 between the ribs and hip4 flaunt 7riant71 display with pride or in a showy manner4 ,flemish 7flem'ish71 pertaining to ,flanders1 ,one of the provinces of ,belgium4 ,a favorite subject of ,flemish painters was the family group around the fireside4 ,flimen 7flim''n71 floundering 7floun'der-ing71 tossing and tumbling4 flurry 7flur'i71 hurry4 flux 7fluks71 the setting in of the tide toward the shore4 fondling 7fond'ling71 caressing4 ,fontaine quibout 7fon-tan'ke-boo71 ,foolish ,virgins1 this refers to the parable of the ,ten ,virgins1 ,matthew #be2 #a-ac4 foolscap 7foolz'kap71 long folio writing paper named from its watermark1 the fool's cap and bells4 ford 7ford71 a place where water may be crossed on foot by wading4 forebode 7for-bod'71 foretell despondingly4 forfeit 7for'fit71 lose the right to a thing by some error or crime4 formidable 7for'mi-da-b'l71 alarming1 dangerous4 ,forsters 7for'sterz71 a ,scotch family4 ,fortunate ,isles1 imaginary isles where the souls of the good are made happy4 foster 7fos'ter71 encourage2 support fouled 7fould71 entangled4 fowler 7foul'er71 one who hunts wild fowl4 fragile 7fraj'il71 frail1 weak4 ,franks1 a ,germanic people on the ,rhine river1 who afterward founded the ,french monarchy4 fraternal 7fra-tur'nal71 brotherly fraught 7frot71 mixed4 frenzied 7fren'zid71 furious1 wild4 frequent 7fre-kwent'71 visit often4 fret work 7fret'wurk'71 ornamental raised work1 as carving4 frigate 7frig'ate71 formerly a warship4 ,froissart 7froi'sart71 a celebrated ,french chronicler who wrote a history of the fourteenth century4 frontier 7fron'ter71 the boundary or limits of a country4 frugal 7froo'gal71 thrifty4 fudge 7fuj71 nonsense4 funeral pile1 a pile of wood upon which the dead are burned4 funereal 7fu-ne're-al71 mournful4 furrows 7fur'oz71 wrinkles4 fustian 7fus'chan71 ,see note futurity 7fu-tu'ri-ti71 time to come4 ,gabriel ,la jeunesse 7ga'bri-el la-zhu-nes'71 ,galilee 7gal'i-le71 a lake in the northern province of ,palestine4 gall 7gol71 chafe1 annoy4 gallant 7ga-lant'71 a man attentive to ladies4 ,in ,lochinvar pronounced gal'lant on account of meter4 galliard 7gal'yard71 galligas'kins 7gal'i-gas'kinz71 loose hose2 leather leg guards4 gallows 7gal'oz71 guilty1 ready to be executed4 ,gambia 7gam'bi-a71 an ,english colony in western ,africa along the river ,gambia4 ,the chief of ,gambia's golden shore is a line in a school book1 ,the ,american ,preceptor1 which was used when ,whittier was a boy4 gambol 7gam'bol71 a sportive prank2 a frolic4 gambrel-roofed 7gam'brel71 a curved roof4 gaping 7gap'ing71 yawning4 garrulous 7gar'oo-lus71 wordy2 chattering4 ,gaspereau 7gas-per-o'71 a river in ,king's county1 ,nova ,scotia1 flowing into the ,basin of ,minas4 ,gates of ,hercules 7hur'ku-lez71 the ,strait of ,gibraltar4 gauge 7gaj71 estimate2 a measure4 gauger 7gaj'er71 an officer1 whose business it is to find the contents of casks4 gauntlet 7gant'let71 a long glove covering the wrist4 genial 7je'ni-al2 jen'yal71 cheerful1 kindly4 genie 7je'ni71 a good or evil spirit4 ,pl4 genii4 genius 7jen'yus71 one who has high mental powers4 ,gentile 7jen'tll71 one who is not a ,jew4 geometric 7je'e-met'trik71 referring to the figures used in geometry1 the branch of mathematics which treats of the measurement of lines1 angles1 surfaces1 and solids4 ,georgius ,secundus 7jor'jus sek-und'us71 ,george the ,second1 king of ,great ,britain4 germinate 7jur'mi nat71 bud1 sprout4 gesture 7jes'tur71 a movement of the face1 body1 or limbs to express ideas4 ,ghent 7gent71 capital of province of east ,flanders1 ,belgium4 ghoul 7gool71 an oriental demon1 supposed to feed upon dead human bodies4 ,in ,the ,bells pronounced gol on account of rhyme4 gigantic 7ji-gan-tik71 large4 gill 7gil71 a deep narrow valley through which a river flows4 glade 7glad71 a cleared space in a forest4 gladiator 7glad'i-a'ter71 in ancient ,rome a swordsman who fought in the arena with other men or animals4 glebe 7gleb71 turf1 sod4 gleed 7gled71 a burning coal4 gloaming 7glom'ing71 twilight4 gloat 7glot71 stare or gaze earnestly often with a feeling of cruelty4 ,glynn 7glin71 a county in southeastern ,georgia4 goad 7god71 a pointed instrument to urge on a beast4 gorgeous 7gor'jus71 showy1 magnificent4 gory 7gor'i71 bloody4 gowd 7god3 good71 the ,scotch name for gold4 ,graemes 7gramz71 the name of a ,scotch clan1 sometimes spelled ,graham4 grampus 7gram'pus71 a large toothed fish1 valued for its oil4 granary 7gran'a-ri71 a storehouse for grain4 grandeur 7gran'dur71 majesty1 loftiness4 ,grand ,pre' 7gran-pra'71 a village in ,king's county1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,the woll means great meadow4 grapple 7grap'l71 seize4 grave 7grav71 cut letters or figures on a hard substance with a chisel4 grayling 7gray'ling71 a fish somewhat like a trout4 ,great ,harry1 the name of a ship4 grenadier 7gren'a-der'71 in olden times a soldier armed with grenades1 iron shells filled with powder and thrown among the enemy4 ,the word is now applied to a member of the ,grenadier ,guards4 ,greve 7grav71 grewsome 7groo'sum71 frightful4 groat 7grot71 an old ,english silver coin worth four pence4 groin 7groin71 bring together in a curve4 guaranty 7gar'an-ti71 security4 guid 7giid71 guinea stamp 7gin'i71 the mark or impress upon a guinea-an old ,english coin worth about five dollars4 guise 7giz71 shape2 cloak4 gundalow 7gun'da-le71 another form for gondola 7gon'do-la74 gyratory 7ji'ra-te-ri71 winding1 whirling around a central point4 ,habersham 7hab'er-sham71 a county in northeast ,georgia4 ,the ,chattahoochee rises in this county4 habit 7hab'it71 a garment2 behavior1 ,hagar 7ha'gar71 ,see ,genesis #ba1 #ad-ba4 hake-broil 7hak-broil71 a seafish like the cod1 cooked over a beach fire4 ,half-,moon1 name of a boat on which ,henry ,hudson entered ,new ,york bay and explored the ,hudson river4 ,hall1 a county in northern ,georgia intersected by the ,chattahoochee river4 halloo 7ha-loo'71 call4 hallow 7hal'e71 consecrate1 make holy4 ,hampton ,falls 7hamp'tun71 a town in ,rockingham county1 ,new ,hampshire1 seven miles north of ,newburyport1 ,massachusetts4 hapless 7hap'les71 unfortunate4 ,hapsburg 7haps'burg71 a princely ,german family to which ,maria ,louise1 wife of ,napoleon1 belonged4 harangue 7ha-rang'71 an address or speech to a crowd4 harbinger 7har'bm-jer71 a forerunner2 usher in4 harem 7ha'rem71 a family of wives belonging to one man4 harpy 7har'pi71 one of the three daughters of ,neptune and ,terra1 having a woman's face and body and sharp claws like a vulture2 a buzzard4 ,hasselt 7has'elt71 a town in ,belgium4 haunch 7hanch71 the hip1 part of body between the ribs and thigh4 ,haverhill 7ha'ver-il71 city in ,essex county1 ,massachusetts4 hazard 7haz'ard71 chance2 danger1 risk4 heather 7heth'er71 a small1 evergreen flowering shrub with rose-colored flowers native to ,scotland and northern ,europe4 heave 7hev71 force from the breast1 as a sigh4 ,hebrides 7heb'ri-dez71 islands off the western coast of ,scotland4 ,helicon 7hel'i-kon71 a famous mountain in ,greece4 ,helseggen 7hel-seg 'n71 helter-skelter 7hel'ter-skel'ter71 in hurry and confusion4 henpecked 7hen'pekt'71 governed by one's wife4 herald 7her'ald71 usher in2 announce4 herbage 7ur'baj2 hur'baj71 grass1 pasture4 hereditary 7he-red'i-ta-ri71 passing from an ancestor to a descendant4 ,hermes 7hur'mez71 an ancient ,egyptian wiseman1 the scribe of the gods1 who interpreted the truth of the gods to the people4 ,in ,greek mythology1 the messenger of the gods4 hermit 7hur'mit71 one who has retired from society and lives in solitude4 hern 7hern71 short form for heron1 a water bird4 ,herve ,riel 7hur-va're-el'7 hilarious 7hi-la'ri-us71 noisy2 merry4 hilt 7hilt71 the handle of a sword4 ,hindostan 7hin'doo-stan71 the central peninsula of ,asia4 hoary 7hor'i71 gray with age4 ,hoeyholm 7ho'a-hom7 ,hogue 7hog71 ,see note4 hold 7hold71 a castle1 stronghold4 hollas 7ho-loz'71 calls out4 holster 7hol'ster71 a horseman's case for a pistol4 ,holy ,grail 7ho'li gral71 the cup or bowl from which ,christ drank at the ,last ,supper4 ,holy ,supper1 ,christ's last supper with ,his disciples4 horde 7hord71 a wandering tribe2 a vast multitude4 hospitality 7hos'pi-tal'i-ti71 the practice of entertaining friends and strangers with kindness4 hostage 7hos'taj71 a person who remains in the hands of another for the fulfilment of certain conditions2 pledge4 housings 7houz'ingz71 pl4 trappings2 a cover for a horse's saddle4 hover 7huv'er71 hang fluttering in the air4 ,huddup 7hu-dup'71 a ,new ,england interjection addressed to a horse meaning ,get along4 hue 7hu71 color2 hue and cry1 a loud outcry with which thieves were anciently pursued4 ,huguenot 7hu'ge-not71 a ,french ,protestant of the sixteenth century4 hurry-skurry 7hur'ri-skur'ri71 confused bustle4 husbandman 7huz'band-man71 a tiller of the soil1 a farmer4 ,hydra 7hi'dra71 in classical mytholology1 the water serpent with nine heads slain by ,hercules3 each head1 on being cut off1 became two4 ,hymeneal 7hi'me-ne'al71 referring to marriage2 from ,hymen1 the ,greek god of marriage4 hypothesis 7hi-poth'e-sis71 something not proved1 but taken for granted for the purpose of argument4 hyssop 7his'up71 a fragrant plant whose leaves have a strong taste4 ,ibrahim 7e'bra-hem71 the ,arabic for ,abraham4 ideal 7i-de'al71 an imaginary standard of perfection2 faultless4 identity 7i-den'ti-ti71 sameness1 the being the same4 ,i dew vum1 a mild ,new ,england oath1 ,i do vow4 idyl 7i-dil71 a short poem describing country life4 ,iflesen 7ef-la'sen7 ignoble 7ig-no'b'l71 not noble1 low4 ignominy 7ig'no-min-i71 dishonor4 ,illah 7e'la71 the ,arabic for the ,god4 ,la illah illa ,allah means ,allah is the ,god4 illconcerted 7il-kon-sur'ted71 poorly-planned and executed4 illimitable 7i-lim'it-a-b'l71 vast1 immeasurable4 illuminate 7i-lu'mi-nat71 brighten with light4 illusion 7i-lu'zhun71 an unreality4 imbibe 7im-bib'71 receive1 absorb4 imbue 7im-bu'71 tinge deeply4 immemorial 7im'e-mo'ri-al71 extending beyond reach of memory or record4 immortal 7i-mor'tal71 lasting forever4 immutable 7i-mu'ta-b'l71 unchangeable4 impede 7im-ped'71 hinder4 impediment 7im-ped'i-ment71 hindrance4 impel 7im-pel'71 urge on1 drive4 impending 7im-pend'ing71 overhanging1 threatening4 impenetrable 7im-pen'e-tra-b'l71 cannot be entered4 imperceptible 7im'per-sep'ti-b'l71 not easily seen or noticed4 imperious 7im-pe'ri-us71 haughty1 kingly4 impetuous 7im-pet'u-us71 rushing violently2 hasty4 implacable 7im-pla'ka-b'l71 not to be pacified2 unforgiving4 importtune 7im'por-tun'71 urge constantly4 imposition 7im'po'-zish'un71 deceit2 fraud4 imposture 7im-pos'tur71 cheat2 trick4 imprecation 7im'pre-ka'shun71 a curse2 an evil wish4 impulse 7im'puls71 a mental force directly urging to action4 impunity 7im-pu'ni-ti71 freedom from punishment or injury4 inanimate 7in-an'i-mat71 without life4 inarticulate 7in'ar-tik'u-lat71 without voice1 indistinct4 incantation 7in'kan-ta'shun71 a magical charm said or sung4 incessant 7in-ses'ant71 continuing without interruption4 incident 7in'si-dent71 event4 incident to1 in connection with4 inclement 7in-klem'ent71 severe2 stormy4 incompetent 7in-kom'pe-tent71 unfit2 incapable4 incomprehensible 7in-kom'pre-hen'si-b'l71 cannot be understood4 incongruous 7in-kon'grob-us71 unsuitable1 unfit4 incredible 7in-kred'i-b'l71 hard to believe4 inculcate 7in-kul'kat71 teach2 instill4 ,ind 7ind71 short form for ,india4 indefinable 7in'de-fin'a-b'l71 cannot be described4 independent 7in'de-pen'dent71 free2 self-reliant4 indiscreet 7in'dis-kret'71 foolish4 indispensable 7in'dis-pen'sa-b'l71 absolutely necessary4 induced 7in-dust'71 caused1 lead into4 indulgence 7in-dul'jens71 a favor granted4 inevitable 7in-ev'i-ta-b'l71 certain1 unavoidable4 inexhaustible 7in'eg-zos'ti-b'l71 cannot be emptied2 unfailing4 infidel 7in'fi-del71 an unbeliever4 infinite 7in'fi-nit71 immeasurable1 perfect4 infraction 7in-frak'shun71 a breaking1 especially of the law4 infuse 7in-fuz'71 pour into1 shed4 ingredient 7in-gre'di-ent71 a part of a mixture4 inhale 7in-hal'71 draw into the lungs4 inherent 7in-her'ent71 inborn1 natural4 innovation 7in'e-va'shun71 something new or contrary to custom4 innumerable 7i-nu'mer-a-b'l71 cannot be numbered4 inscrutable 7in-skroo'ta-b'l71 not able to be understood4 insidious 7in-sid'i-us71 sly1 deceitful4 insolence 7in'so-lens71 impudence4 inspire 7in-spir'71 to fill with hope4 instance 7in'stans71 instill 7in-stil'71 bring to mind1 insulated 7in'su-latf ed71 separated4 insuperable 7in-su'per-a-b'l71 cannot be overcome4 insurmountable 7in'sur-moun'ta-b'l71 impassable4 intact 7in-takt'71 untouched2 whole integrity 7in-teg'ri-ti71 honesty4 intelligence 7in-tel'i-jens71 news1 intercourse 7in'ter-kors71 interchange of thought and feeling2 trade4 interminably 7in-tur'mi-na-bli71 endlessly4 internal 7in-tur'nal71 inland2 inside4 interpose 7in-ter-poz'71 place between4 interpret 7in-tur'pret71 tell the meaning of4 interrogatory 7in'te-rog'a-to-ri71 a question4 interval 7in'ter-val71 a space of time between any two events4 interview 7in'ter-vu71 a meeting face to face4 intolerable 7in-tol'er-a-b'l71 not capable of being endured4 intricate 7in'tri-kat71 entangled4 intrigue 7in-treg'71 a plot or conspiracy4 intruder 7in-trood'er71 one who enters without invitation4 inundate 7in'un-dat71 cover with a flood4 inured 7in-urd'71 accustomed4 invade 7in-vad'71 enter for conquest or plunder4 invariably 7in-va'ri-a-bli71 constantly4 inventory 7in'ven-to-ri71 catalogue or list of goods1 furniture1 etc41 with cost attached4 invigorate 7in-vig'or-at71 refresh1 give life to4 invincible 7in-vin'si-b'l71 not able to be overcome or conquered4 inviolate 7in-vl'e-lat71 uninjured4 involuntarily 7in-vorun-ta-ri-li71 not under control of the will2 unwillingly4 irascible 7i-ras'i-b'l2 i-ras'71 easily angered4 ire 7ir71 anger4 irised 7i'rist71 having beautiful colors1 like the rainbow4 irksome 7urk'sum71 tedious1 tiresome4 irrational 7i-rash'un-al71 without reason4 ,ishmael 7ish'ma-el71 ,genesis #ba4ad-ba4 ,islands of the ,blest1 mythical islands supposed to be in the ,western ,ocean where the favorites of the gods were conveyed at death and dwelt in ever-lasting joy4 ,islington 7iz'ling-tun71 a district in the north of ,london4 ,israel 7iz'ra-el71 the descendants of ,israel1 or ,jacob4 ,i wis 7i-wis'71 surely1 certainly4 jackanapes'1 a short form of ,jack of ,apes1 an impertinent fellow4 ,jacob's ,ladder 7ja'kub71 ,genesis #bh1 #ab4 jaded 7jad'eti71 tired by overwork4 jargon 7jar'gon71 a confused1 unintelligible language4 jerkin 7jur'kin71 a jacket or short coat4 ,jerusalem 7je-roo'sa-lem71 the capital of the ,jewish people4 ,jesuit 7jez'u-it71 one of a ,roman ,catholic religious order called ,the ,society of ,jesus1 founded by ,ignatius ,loyola in #aedc4 ,joab 7jo'ab71 the captain of the host of the army during nearly the whole of ,david's reign4 jocund 7jok'und71 merry1 gay4 ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 a university in ,baltimore1 ,maryland4 ,joris 7jor'is71 the ,flemish word for ,george4 journalistic 7jur'nal-is'tik71 referring to journalism1 newspaper1 or magazine articles4 ,jove 7jov71 the short form for ,jupiter4 jovial 7jo'vi-al71 merry1 jolly4 ,jugurtha 7joo-gur'tha71 junto 7jun'to71 a secret council to talk over affairs of government4 ,jupiter 7joo'pi-ter71 in ,roman mythology1 the supreme god of heaven4 ,in ,greek mythology1 known as ,zeus4 justification 7jus'ti-fi-ka'shun71 defense2 support by proof4 ,kaatskill 7kats'kil71 a group of mountains of the ,appalachian system in ,new ,york state4 ,kalevala 7ka'la-va'la71 ,the land of heroes1 the title of the national epic of ,finland4 keel 7kel71 the lowest timber of a vessel1 to which the ribs are attached4 keelson 7kel'sun71 a beam laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel to strengthen it4 kelp 7kelp71 a large1 coarse seaweed4 ken 7ken71 knowledge1 khan 7kan2 kan71 an ,asiatic prince2 an ,eastern inn4 ,kieldholm 7keld'hom71 kine 7kin71 cattle4 ,king ,arthur1 a mythical ,british king1 founder of the ,knights of the ,round ,table1 made famous in ,tennyson's ,idylls of the ,king4 kinsman 7kmz'man71 a relative4 kirtle 7kur't'l71 a garment4 kith and kin1 friends and relatives4 knarred 7nard71 the poetic form of gnarled1 knotted4 ,knickerbocker ,dietrich 7nik'er-bok'er de'trik71 knoll 7nol71 a little1 round hill4 ,koordistan 7koor'di-stan71 a region of western ,asia1 mostly in ,turkey1 but partly in ,persia4 ,kurroglou 7koor'e-glou71 ,kyrat 7ke'rat71 lacklustre 7lak'lus'ter71 wanting brightness4 lade 7lad71 draw water2 put load on or in4 lading 7lad'ing71 that which makes a load or cargo4 laggard 7lag'ard71 a slow person4 lagoon 7la-goon'71 a shallow channel or lake4 lamentably 7lam'en-ta-bli71 sadly4 lance 7lans71 a long spear carried by a horseman4 languor 7lan'ger71 a state of mind or body caused by exhaustion1 weariness4 ,lanier1 ,sydney 7la-ner'71 ,lannes 7,ian71 one of ,napoleon's generals4 lapse 7laps71 a passing away slowly4 larboard 7lar'bord71 the left-hand side of a ship to one on board facing the bow1 port4 ,lascar 7las'kar71 a native sailor or cooly of ,india4 lashing 7lash'ing71 cord2 strike quickly or cut4 ,latin 7lat'in7 ,latium1 a country of ,italy in which ,rome was situated1 hence ,roman1 the language of the ancient ,romans4 latticed window 7lat'ist71 crossed open work of wood or metal1 forming a window4 laureate 7le're-it71 the ,english court poet4 laurel 7le'rel71 an evergreen shrub having sweet-smelling leaves1 ,laurens 7lo'rens71 the name of an old southern family4 ,john and ,henry ,laurens are famous statesmen of ,revolutionary times4 laving 7lav'ing71 bathing4 lavish 7lav'ish71 extravagant4 lay 7la71 song4 lea 7le71 a grassy field4 league 7leg71 a measure of distance equal to about three miles4 leaguer 7le'ger71 a camp4 ,lebanon 7leb'a-non71 a mountain range in ,syria4 ,le ,carillon de ,dunkerque 7le kar'i-lon-de-dun'kurk71 a popular song1 the tune of which was played on the ,dunkirk chimes4 ledger 7lej'er71 the principal account book of a business firm4 lee 7le71 the calm1 sheltered side4 legacy 7leg'a-si71 a gift1 by will1 of money or property4 legend 7lej'end71 a wonderful story of the past having no historical proof4 legibly 7lej'i-bli71 plainly ,lentulus 7len'tu-lus71 a ,roman politician who lived in the first century1 ,b4 ,c4 leper 7lep'er71 one afflicted with leprosy4 leprosy 7lep'ro-si71 a loathsome skin disease4 ,letiche 7la-tesh'71 ,leuctra 7luk'tra71 a ,spartan pass4 levee 7lev'e71 a morning reception held by a person of rank4 leviathan 7le-vi'a-than71 a large water animal described in the ,book of ,job1 hence anything huge4 levy 7lev'i71 collect troops by authority4 liberal 7lib'er-al71 wide1 spacious4 licentious 7li-sen'shus71 unrestrained1 both morally and legally4 lieutenant 7lu-ten'ant71 an officer ranking just below a captain in the army and a commander in the navy4 ,lilinau 7lil'i-no'71 limner 7lim'ner71 a painter who illumines books or parchments4 linchpin 7linch'pin'71 the pin which goes through the end of the axle of a wheel and keeps it in place4 lineage 7lin'e-aj71 family4 linendraper 7lin'en-dra'per71 one who deals in linen4 list 7list71 will4 pl4 n4 an enclosing for a tournament4 listlessly 7list'les-li71 in an indifferent manner4 literature 7lit'er-a-tur71 the written or printed literary productions of a country or period of time4 lithe 7lith71 easily bent1 pliable4 livery 7liv'er-i71 a uniform4 loath 7loth71 unwilling4 local 7lo'kal71 belonging to a particular place4 ,lochiel 7lok-el'71 ,lodore 7lo-dor'71 a cataract in the ,derwent river in ,england4 ,lofoden 7lo-fo'den71 a group of islands off the coast of northern ,norway4 logical 7loj'i-kal71 according to reason4 ,lokeren 7lo'ker-en71 a town in ,belgium4 loon 7loon71 a northern web-footed water bird whose note sounds like a laugh4 looping 7loop'ing71 fold4 loose 7loos71 unbind4 ,looz 7looz71 a town in ,belgium4 lore 7lor71 knowledge4 ,loupgaroo 7loo'ga'roo'71 meaning a ,were-wolf1 a person who1 according to the superstition of the ,middle ,ages1 became a wolf in order to devour children4 ,lucifer 7lu'si-fer71 luminous 7lu'mi-nus71 giving out light4 lure 7lur71 anything used as an enticement2 entice4 lusty 7lus'ti71 healthy1 vigorous4 luxuriant 7luks-u'ri-ant71 very abundant4 lyceum 7li-se'um71 originally the grove at ,athens where ,aristotle taught2 an academy4 ,maelstrm 7mal'strom71 a whirlpool on the coast of ,norway4 magnanimous 7mag-nan'i-mus7 great of mind2 heroic4 magpie 7mag'pi71 a chattering bird belonging to the crow family4 main 7man71 ocean1 ,mainote 7mi'not71 ,maina was the gathering place for the ,greek troops who1 under the ,greek general1 ,ypsilanti1 fought for ,greek independence4 maintop 7man'top'71 a platform at the head of the main-mast of a square-rigged vessel4 malice 7mal'is71 wicked intention to injure others4 malleable 7mal'e-a-b'l71 capable of being shaped by beating or by pressure4 mallow 7mal'o71 a weed4 ,malo 7ma'lo71 ,malouins 7mal'e-wins71 ,malta 7mol'ta71 a rocky fortified island belonging to ,great ,britain1 and situated in the ,mediterranean ,sea south of ,sicily4 manacles 7man'a-k'lz71 chains for the hand or wrist4 mandate 7man'dat71 command4 manifest 7man'i-fest71 known4 manifestation 7man'i-fes-ta'shun71 sign4 manifold 7man'i-fold71 many in number4 manoeuvre 7ma-noo'ver71 a skillful movement with a certain aim or plan4 manor 7man'er71 a district over which a feudal lord ruled subject to the commands of his court-baron or lord4 mantling blush1 color or glow of youth spreading over the face4 manual 7man'u-al71 made or performed by the hand4 ,marathon 7mar'-a-thon71 a plain in ,greece #ah miles northeast of ,athens1 the scene of a famous battle between the ,greeks and the ,persians4 marauders 7ma-rod'erz71 rovers in search of plunder4 ,mare ,ten'ebra'rum 7mar ten'e-bra'-rum71 ,latin words meaning sea of darkness4 marge 7marj71 poetic form for margin or edge4 ,marion 7mar'i-on71 the name of an old southern family1 to which ,francis ,marion1 a ,revolutionary general1 belonged4 ,marmion 7mar'mi-on71 marquis 7mar'kwis71 a nobleman of ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany next in rank below a duke4 marshal 7mar'shal71 direct or lead2 in the ,french army1 the highest military officer4 mart 7mart71 short form for market4 martial 7mar'shal71 suited for war4 marveled 7mar'veld71 to be astonished4 maternal 7ma-tur'nal71 motherly4 mathematical 7math'e-mat'i-kal71 precise4 matin 7mat'in71 morning worship1 prayers or songs4 ,matterhorn 7mat'er-horn71 a high mountain peak in the ,swiss ,alps4 maxim 7mak'sim71 a true saying1 proverb4 ,mc,gregor 7mak-greg'er71 a ,scotch nobleman who tried to establish a colony in ,porto ,rico4 meager 7me'ger71 scanty1 poor4 ,mecheln 7mek'lin71 a town in ,belgium4 ,medford 7med'ferd71 a small town near ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 mediaeval 7me'di-e'val2 med'i71 belonging to the ,middle ,ages1 eighth to fifteenth centuries1 ,a4 ,d4 meditate 7med'i-tat71 muse or ponder4 medium 7me'di-um71 substance4 meet 7met71 fit4 melancholy 7mel'an-kol-i71 gloomy4 ,melita 7mel'i-ta71 an island1 where the apostle ,paul1 a prisoner on the way to ,rome1 was shipwrecked1 modern ,malta4 mellow 7mel'o71 softened by years2 tender4 memento 7me-men'to71 a hint or relic to awaken memory4 ,memphremagog 7mem'fre-ma'gog71 a lake on the border of ,vermont and ,canada4 menace 7men'as71 threaten1 danger4 mendicant 7men'di-kant71 practicing beggary4 ,mersey 7mur'zi71 a river in ,england1 on which ,liverpool is situated4 metamorphose 7met'a-mor'foz71 change into a different form4 mete 7met71 measure2 limit4 methinks 7me-thinks'71 it seems to me4 mewling 7mul'mg71 mickle 7mik'l71 much1 great4 ,midas 7mi'das71 a king1 in fable1 whose touch turned things to gold4 mien 7men71 outward appearance or look4 militia 7mi-lish'a71 the whole military force of a nation2 citizens enrolled and trained for the protection of a state4 ,miller1 ,joaquin' 7mil'er wa-ken'71 ,miltiades 7mil-ti'a-dez71 commander of the ,athenian army who conquered the ,persians at ,marathon4 mimosa 7mi-mo'sa71 plants with pods including the sensitive plants4 ,minas1 ,basin of 7mi-nas71 a bay in the northwestern part of the ,bay of ,fundy4 miniature 7min'i-a-tur71 done on a very small scale4 minion 7min'yun71 a flattering servant or dependent4 miraculous 7mi-rak'u-lus71 wonderful4 mirage 7me-razh'71 an illusion of the eye by which objects like ships at sea are seen inverted or oases appear to travelers in the desert4 miscalculation 7mis-kal'ku-la'-shun71 a wrong judgment4 missal 7mis'al71 a mass-book4 mitigate 7mit'i-gat71 make less severe or painful4 mitigation 7mit'i-ga'shun71 relief2 lessening4 moccasin 7mok'a-sin71 a shoe made of soft leather worn by the ,american ,indian4 mockery 7mok'er-i71 imitating reality1 but not real2 sham4 mode 7mod71 manner of doing or being2 custom4 ,mohawk 7mo'hok71 a tribe of ,indians4 molder 7mol'der71 turn into dust by natural decay4 moment 7mo'ment71 importance2 consequence1 monody 7mon'e-di71 a mournful poem or song for one voice4 monograph 7mon'o-graf71 a paper written on one particular subject or on some branch of it4 monopoly 7mo-nop'o-li71 possession of the whole of anything4 monotone 7mon'o-ton71 a single unvaried tone or sound4 monotony 7mo-not'o-ni71 a tiresome sameness4 ,montcalm 7mont-kam'71 an officer commanding the ,french troops at ,quebec4 moorings 7mobr'ingz71 the place where a vessel is anchored4 moorland 7moor'land71 a waste land covered with patches of heather1 a low shrub4 moraler 7mor'al-er71 ,moravian 7mo-ra'vi-an71 one of a sect called ,united ,brethren1 organized in ,moravia in the fifteenth century4 ,moskoe 7mos'ko71 ,probably ,poe had in mind the ,mos'kenaso island4 ,moslem 7moz'lem2 mos71 motive 7mo'tiv71 the reason for actions4 motley-braided 7mot'li-brad'ed71 interlaced with many colors4 mouldering 7mol'der-ing71 crumbling4 multitudinous 7mul'tl-tu'di-nus71 numerous4 ,muse 7muz71 the goddess who is supposed to inspire poets4 muse 7muz71 think4 ,musgraves 7mus'gravz71 a clan or family of ,scotland4 ,mussulmans 7mus'ul-manz71 ,mohammedans1 ,the tottering bridge which ,mussulmans say is the only pathway between ,time and ,eternity is the bridge which extends over hell and which has been described as being finer than a hair and sharper than the edge of a sword4 muster 7mus'ter71 the gathering of troops or ships for war4 mutation 7mu-ta'shun71 change4 mutiny 7mu'ti-ni71 a revolt against one's superior officers or any rightful authority1 especially applied to sailors or soldiers4 mutual 7mu'tu-al71 having something in common4 ,mystic 7mis'tik71 a river in ,massachusetts4 naiad 7na'yad2 ni'ad71 a water nymph1 fabled to preside over some lake1 river1 brook1 or fountain4 necromancer 7nek'ro-man'ser71 one who foretells future events by pretending to communicate with the dead4 nectar 7nek'tar71 in ,greek mythology1 the divine wine of the gods served in golden drinking-cups by ,hebe1 the goddess of ,youth4 nepenthe 7ne-pen'the71 a drug supposed1 by the ancient ,greeks1 to have the power of causing forgetfulness of sorrow4 ,netherby 7neth'er-bi71 the name of a ,scotch family or clan4 niche 7nich71 a hollow1 generally within the thickness of a wall1 for a statue or other erect ornament4 night-tide1 night-time4 ,nilus 7nil'us71 the ,latin word for ,nile4 ,nine1 referring to the nine ,muses of ,greek mythology1 goddesses of ,song1 ,dance1 ,music1 and ,poetry1 companions of ,apollo1 who1 in their light flowing draperies1 danced and sang on ,olympus4 nine-pins 7nin'pinz71 a game played with ninepins or pieces of wood set on end at which a wooden ball is bowled to knock them down4 ,nineveh 7nin'e-ve71 the famous capital of the ,assyrian empire1 which was entirely destroyed in the fall of the empire4 ,normandy 7nor'man-di71 an ancient province of ,france occupied by the ,northmen or ,normans during their invasion4 ,norn-,mother 7norn71 in ,norse mythology1 the ,norns corresponded to the ,fates in ,greek myths4 notary 7no'ta-ri71 a public officer who examines legal papers to make certain that they are genuine or true and sets the seal of his office upon the same4 ,nubian geographer 7nu'bi-an je-og'ra-fer71 ,poe1 in all probability1 refers to the ,african geographer1 ,ptolemy4 #aej ,a4 ,d4 nullification 7nul'i-fi-ka'shun71 an act giving the ,state the right to cancel a law of ,congress4 ,numidian lion 7nu-mid'i-an71 the fierce animals which attacked the gladiators in the arena were brought from ,numidia1 a country in northern ,africa4 nurtured 7nur'turd71 nourished1 trained4 nymph 7nimf71 a goddess presiding over mountains1 forests1 meadows1 or waters4 obeisance 7e-ba'sans2 e-be'71 a sign of respect2 a bow4 obligatory 7ob'li-ga-to-ri2 ob-lig'-a-to-ri71 required1 binding in law or conscience4 obliquely 7ob-lek'li71 in a slanting manner4 oblivion 7eb-liv'i-un71 a forgetting or being forgotten4 obloquy 7ob'lo-kwi71 slander1 reproach4 obsequious 7ob-se'kwi-us71 promptly obedient to the will of others2 cringing4 obstacle 7ob'sta-k'l71 a hindrance4 occult 7o-kult'71 secret4 ode 7od71 a short poem1 which might be sung4 odorous 7o'der-us71 fragrant4 offenceless 7o-fens'les71 harmless4 offing 7of'ing71 that part of the sea where there is deep water and no need of a pilot4 ,olympus 7o-lim'pus71 a mountain in ,thessaly1 fabled as the home of the gods4 ominous 7om'i-nus71 foreboding evil4 omnipotent 7om-nip'e-tent71 all powerful4 ,opelou'sas 7op'e-loo'sas71 an early settlement in south central ,louisiana4 opponent 7o-po'nent71 foe4 opposed 7o-pozd'71 enemy1 oppressive 7o-pres'iv71 heavy1 burdensome4 oracular 7e-rak'u-lar71 like oracles or answers of the gods to questions about future events4 orb 7orb71 a poetical word for sun1 moon1 or star4 ,oregon 7or'e-go-n71 a name by which the ,columbia river was first known4 ,ormus 7or'mus71 an ancient ,persian city1 noted for its wealth4 ,othello 7e-thel'o71 a ,moorish general in the service of the ,venetians4 ,otterholm 7ot'er-hom71 overture 7e'ver-tur71 an offer ,owyhee 7e-wi'he71 a river in northern ,nevada4 paean 7pe'an71 a song of triumph4 pageant 7paj'ent2 pa'jent71 spectacular exhibition or display4 palimpsest 7pal'imp-sest71 a parchment written upon twice1 the first writing having been erased4 pall 7pol71 a black cloth thrown over a coffin at a funeral4 palladium 7pa-la'di-um71 the statue of ,pallas1 on the preservation of which depended the safety of ,troy1 hence an effectual safeguard4 ,pallas 7pal'as71 ,pallas ,athene1 the ,grecian goddess of ,wisdom1 called also ,athene1 and identified at a later period with the ,roman ,minerva4 pallet 7pal'et71 a small and mean bed4 pallid 7pal'id71 wan4 palpable 7pal'pa-b'l71 capable of being touched and felt2 plain1 evident4 palpitate 7pal'pi-tat71 beat rapidly and strongly4 paltry' 7pol'tri71 small1 worthless1 trifling4 panorama 7pan'e-ra'ma71 a complete view in every direction4 pantomime 7pan'to-mim71 a dramatic representation by actors who use only dumb show4 paragon 7par'a-gon71 a model pattern of perfection4 parchment 7parch'ment71 skin of sheep or goat1 etc41 prepared for writing4 pard 7pard71 a leopard4 parricide 7par'i-sid71 one who murders his own father1 or any ancestor4 participate 7par-tis'i-pat71 have a share in common with others2 to take part4 particularize 7par-tik'u-lar-iz71 to state in detail4 ,pascagoula 7pas'ka-goo'la71 a river in ,mississippi flowing into the ,gulf of ,mexico4 patriarch 7pa'tri-ark71 ,father and ruler of a family2 a venerable old man4 patrician 7pa-trish'an71 one of high birth2 a nobleman4 patricide 7pat'ri-sid71 murder of one's father2 the crime of murdering one's father4 patrimonial 7pat'ri-mo'ni-al71 inherited from an ancestor4 pavilion 7pa-vil'yun71 a tent1 a large temporary building4 peasant 7pez'ant71 tiller of the soil in ,european countries4 peasantry 7pez'ant-ri71 peasants1 collectively4 pedagogue 7ped'a-gog71 teacher of children2 a schoolmaster4 pedantry 7ped'ant-ri71 vain display of learning4 pedigree 7ped'i-gre71 a line of ancestors2 descent4 peer 7per71 one of the same rank2 an equal2 member of the ,british nobility4 pellicle 7pel'i-k'l71 a crystallized film4 pell-mell 7pel'-mel'71 in utter confusion4 pendent 7pen'dent71 something which hangs1 depends1 or is suspended4 penetrate 7pen'e-trat71 enter into3 understand4 penitent 7pen'i-tent71 feeling sorrow on account of offence4 ,penitent ,peter1 ,luke #bb1 #ed-fb4 pensive 7pen'siv71 thoughtful2 sad4 pent 7pent71 penned or shut up4 penthouse 7pent'hous'71 a shed sloping from the main wall or building1 as over a door or window4 ,pequot 7pe'kwot71 a former tribe of ,north ,american ,indians1 the most dreaded of all in southern ,new ,england4 peradventure 7per'ad-ven'tur71 by chance2 perhaps4 perceive 7per-sev'71 obtain knowledge of through the senses2 see4 perceptible 7per-sep'ti-b'l71 capable of being perceived4 perfidious 7per-fid'i-us71 false to a trust reposed4 perpetrator 7pur'pe-tra'ter71 one who does or performs4 perpetual 7per-pet'u-al71 continuing forever1 endless4 perplexity 7per-plek'si-ti71 bewilderment2 doubt4 persecution 7pur'se-ku'shun71 pursuing to injure2 injury4 perseverance 7pur'se-ver'ans71 continuing in a given cause2 persistence4 perusal 7pe-rooz'al71 a careful reading through4 pervade 7per-vad'71 spread through-out2 pass through4 pervasive 7per-va'siv71 having the power to spread throughout4 perverse 7per-vurs'71 turned aside or away from the right1 contrary4 perversity 7per-vur'si-ti71 the quality of being perverse4 pestilence 7pes'ti-lens71 any contagious disease that is devastating4 pestilent 7pes'ti-lent71 destructive2 troublesome4 ,petruchio's ,kate 7pe-troo'chi-o71 ,petruchio--a character in ,shakespeare's play1 ,taming the ,shrew4 ,his wife1 ,kate1 is called a shrew on account of her ill-temper4 petty 7pet'i71 small1 trifling4 pewter 7pu'ter71 a hard1 tough1 but easily fusible alloy of tin with lead4 phalanx 7fa'lanks71 a body of troops in close array2 combination of people firmly united4 phantom 7fan'tum71 that which has only apparent existence1 a ghost4 phenomenon 7fe-nom'e-non71 pl4 phenomena1 that which strikes one as strange1 unusual1 or unaccountable2 an appearance4 philanthropist 7fi-lan'thro-pist71 one who loves mankind1 and seeks to promote the good of others4 philosopher 7fi-los'o-fer71 one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom2 one devoted to the search after wisdom4 phiz 7fiz71 the face2 a humorous abbreviation for physiognomy4 ,phlegethon 7fleg'e-thon71 in ,greek mythology1 a river of fire in the lower world4 phlegm 7flem71 sluggishness of temperament2 dullness4 ,phoebus 7fe'bus71 or ,phoebus ,apollo in ,greek and ,roman mythology1 one of the great ,olympian gods and giver of light and life4 ,leader of the ,muses and ,god of music4 physical 7fiz'i-kal71 pertaining to nature2 relating to the bodily structure as opposed to things mental4 physiognomy 7fiz'i-og'no-mi71 the face or countenance4 pibroch 7pe'brok71 a ,highland air2 air played on bagpipes when ,highlanders go to battle4 picturesque 7pik'tur-esk'71 forming a pleasing picture4 pillage 7pil'aj71 something taken by force2 plunder4 pin 7pin71 mood1 ,pinckney1 ,william 7pink'ni71 an ,american lawyer and diplomatist of a fine old southern family4 ,pindusborn ,aracthus 7pin'dus1 a-rak'thus71 a river in ,greece1 ,pindus-born because it rises in the ,pindus mountains4 pinion 7pin'yun71 a feather2 quill2 a wing4 pinnacle 7pin'a-k'l71 a lofty peak2 the very topmost point4 ,pisa 7pe'za71 small town in ,italy1 famous for its leaning tower4 ,piscataqua 7pis-kit'a-kwa71 a river in ,new ,hampshire4 pitch and moment1 impetus or speed4 pitch of pride1 in the very place where ,douglas's pride is centered4 pitcher plant1 a plant with leaves shaped like pitchers4 pith o' sense1 the force1 strength1 or essence of sense4 plain 7plan71 complain4 ,plains of ,abraham1 an elevated plain just beyond ,quebec to the southwest2 the scene of the battle of ,quebec4 plain-song1 a short1 comprehensive prayer1 adapted to a particular day or occasion1 recited in one tone4 ,plaquemine 7plak'men71 ,bayou of 7bi'oo7 an inlet from the ,mississippi river in ,louisiana4 planetree1 an ,oriental tree1 rising with a straight1 smooth branching ,stem to a great height2 the sycamore or buttonwood4 plashy 7plash'i71 watery2 splashy ,plataea's day 7pla-te'a71 plausible 7plo'zi-b'l71 praiseworthy2 reasonable4 pleasance 7plez'ans71 pleasure2 merriment4 plebeian 7ple-be'yan71 of or pertaining to the common people4 pliant 7pli'ant71 capable of plying or bending2 flexible4 policy 7pol'i-si71 prudence or wisdom in the management of public and private affairs4 pollute 7po-lut'71 make foul1 impure1 or unclean4 pomp 7pomp71 show of magnificence or splendor4 ponder 7pon'der71 think or deliberate4 ponderous 7pon'der-us71 very heavy2 weighty4 ,popedom 7pop'dum71 place1 office1 or dignity of the pope4 populous 7pop'u-lus71 containing many inhabitants4 porpoise 7por'pus71 a sea fish closely allied to the dolphin4 port 7port71 the left side of a ship1 looking forward4 portal 7por'tal71 a door or gate4 portcullis 7port-kul'is71 a grating of iron or of timbers pointed with iron1 hung over the gateway of a fortress4 portent 7por'tent71 a sign of coming calamity4 portico 7por'ti-ko71 a colonnade2 covered space before a building4 postern 7pos'tern71 back door or gate1 especially of a castle4 potent 7po'tent71 powerful1 having great authority4 potentate 7po'ten-tat71 monarch4 praetor 7pre'tor71 a civil officer among the ancient ,romans1 precarious 7pre-ka'ri-us71 riot to be depended on2 dangerous4 precedent 7pre-sed'ent71 going before4 precedent 7pres'e-dent71 a decision serving as a rule for future determination in similar cases4 precipitate 7pre-sip'i-tat71 overhasty1 rash2 to fall with steep descent4 precocity 7pre-kos'i-ti71 development more than is natural at a given age4 preconceive 7pre'kon-sev'71 form an idea or opinion in the mind beforehand4 predetermination 7pre'de-tur'mi-na'shun71 a decision reached beforehand4 preeminent 7pre-em'i-nent71 above other things of exalted station4 pregnant 7preg'nant71 heavy with important contents or significance4 prejudice 7prej'oo-dis71 judgment formed without due examination2 to bias the mind of4 prelude 7prel'ud71 introductory performance4 premature 7pre'ma-tur'71 ripe before the proper time4 presage 7pre'saj71 n4 sign1 presentiment4 presage 7pre-saj'71 foretell4 presuppose 7pre'su-poz'71 take for granted4 pretension 7pre-ten'shun71 laying claim to more than is due4 prevalent 7prev'a-lent71 generally existing2 widespread4 primal 7pri'mal71 first2 original4 prithee 7prith'e71 a corruption of pray thee1 generally used without the ,i4 privation 7pri-va'shun71 depriving or taking away2 getting along without4 proclaim 7pro-klam'71 make known by public announcement4 prodigal 7prod'i-gal71 given to extravagant spending4 ,prodigal ,son1 ,luke #ae1 #aa-cb4 prodigious 7pro-dij'us71 very great2 immense4 prodigy 7prod'i-ji71 a marvel or wonder4 profess 7por-fes7 admit freely4 proffer 7prof-er71 offer for acceptance4 profound 7pro-found'7 reaching too the bottom of a matter2 deep4 profuse 7pre-fus'71 pouring forth bountifully2 lavish4 progenitor 7pro-jen'i-ter71 ancestor2 forefather4 projecting 7pro-jekt'ing71 planning2 throwing forward4 promontory 7prom'un-to-ri71 high point of land projecting into the sea4 promulgate 7pro-mul'gat71 make known1 proclaim4 prone 7pron71 prostrate1 flat2 inclined1 disposed4 proportionate 7pro-por'shun-at71 at the same rate4 proscribe 7pro-skrib'71 doom to destruction2 denounce4 prostrate 7pros'trat71 lying at length with the body extended on the ground4 provoke 7pre-vok'71 call forth1 irritate4 prudence 7proo'dens71 wisdom in the way of caution and provision4 puke 7puk71 vomit4 ,punic 7pu'nik71 pertaining to the ,carthaginians1 whom the ,romans considered unworthy of trust1 hence1 faithless4 purling 7pur'ling71 eddy2 also1 to make a murmuring sound as water does in running over an obstruction4 purport 7pur'port71 meaning4 pursue 7pur-su'71 follow with a view to overtake2 chase4 ,pyrrhic 7pir'ik71 ,pyrrhic dance1 a ,greek martial dance4 ,pyrrhic phalanx1 a phalanx such as was used by ,pyrrhus1 king of ,epirus4 quaff 7kwaf71 drink4 ,queen of ,lebanon 7,leba-nen71 ,lady ,hester ,stanhope1 niece of ,william ,pitt4 ,she established herself in the ,lebanon hills near ,jerusalem1 awaiting the second coming of ,christ4 quell 7kwel71 subdue2 repress4 querulous 7kwer'oo-lus71 apt to find fault4 quick 7kwik71 vital part4 quietus 7kwi-e'tus71 that which silences claim2 death4 rack 7rak71 danger4 radical 7rad'i-kal71 proceeding directly from the root4 railer 7ral'er71 one who scoffs4 raiment 7ra'ment71 clothing4 rampart 7ram'part71 defense4 rampire 7ram'pir71 same as rampart4 ,rance 7rans71 a river in ,france4 random 7ran'dum71 want of direction3 chance4 rapine 7rap',tn71 a plundering1 rapture 7rap'tur71 pleasure1 delight4 ,ratisbon 7rat'is-bon71 town in ,bavaria1 ,germany1 called ,regensburg by the ,germans4 ravage 7rav'aj71 desolation by violence4 ravenous 7rav''n-us71 devouring with great eagerness4 raze 7raz71 lay level with the ground4 rebuff 7re-buf71 sudden check4 rebuke 7re-buk'71 check or silence with reproof2 chide4 recall 7re-kol'71 call back2 remember4 recede 7re-sed'71 retreat2 move back4 recess 7re-ses'71 part of a room formed by the receding of a wall4 recessional 7re-sesh'un-al71 a hymn sung while the choir and clergy are leaving the church at the close of a service4 reciprocate 7re-sip'ro-kat71 a mutual giving and returning4 reck 7rek71 heed4 recoil 7re-koil'71 drawing back4 recollection 7rek'o-lek'shun71 something called to mind4 reconcile 7rek'on-sil71 pacify1 settle4 reconnoiter 7rek'o-noi'ter7 examine with the eye1 survey4 recreation 7rek're-a'shun71 amusement4 recruit 7re-kroot'71 repair by fresh supplies2 reinforcement4 rectitude 7rek'ti-tud71 honesty4 recurrence 7re-kur'ens71 the act of returning from time to time4 redress 7re-dres'71 set right a wrong4 reek 7rek71 send forth vapor or smoke1 reeking tube1 guns and cannons4 reel 7rel71 stagger4 refluent 7ref'loo-ent71 flowing back4 reflux 7re'fluks71 ebb4 refugee 7ref'u-je'71 one who flees to a place of safety4 refuse 7ref'us71 waste matter4 regal 7re'gal71 royal4 regent 7re'jent71 ruler4 ,regulus 7reg'u-lus71 reiterate 7re-it'er-at71 repeat again and again4 relax 7re-laks'71 slacken4 relevant 7rel'e-vant71 bearing upon the case in hand4 relief 7re-lef71 in art1 projection of a figure above the ground on which it is formed4 reluctant 7re-luk'tant71 unwilling4 remnant 7rem'nant71 that which remains after a part is removed4 remonstrate 7re-mon'strat71 present and urge reasons in opposition to an act4 removes 7re-moovz'71 a transfer of one's business or belongings from one place to another4 remuneration 7re-mu'ner-a'shun71 payment4 renown 7re-noun'71 fame4 rent 7rent71 broken4 repair 7re-par'71 go4 reputation 7rep'u-ta'shun71 estimation in which one is held4 repute 7re-put'71 estimate4 requisite 7rek'wi-zit71 something required4 research 7re-surch'71 continued search after truth4 reserve 7re-surv'71 withhold from present use for another purpose or time4 resignation 7rez'ig-na'shun71 a giving up a claim1 possession or office1 etc4 resistless 7re-zist'les71 powerless to withstand2 helpless4 resolute 7rez'e-lut71 determined4 respectively 7re-spek'tiv-li71 relating to each4 respite 7res'pit71 a putting off4 restoration 7res'to-ra'shun71 a bringing back to a former condition4 retain 7re-tan'71 keep4 retreat 7re-tret'71 departure2 shelter4 reveal 7re-vel'71 disclose4 revelry 7rev'el-ri71 noisy festivity4 reverberate 7re-vur'ber-at71 echo4 reverence 7rev'er-ens71 a mingled feeling of awe and admiration4 reverend 7rev'er-end71 worthy of respect4 revery 7rev'er-i71 day dream4 reviving 7re-viv'ing71 returning to life4 ,reyhan 7ra-han'71 ribband 7rib'band'71 a ribbon4 rife 7rif71 prevailing4 rift 7rift71 an opening made by splitting4 riot 7ri ut71 tumult4 rise 7riz2 ris71 cause2 occasion4 rite 7rit71 solemn observance4 rivet 7riv'et71 fasten firmly4 riving 7riv'ing71 splitting4 roan 7ron71 brown or black color1 with gray or white interspersed4 roister 7rois'ter71 a blustering1 noisy fellow4 romance 7ro-mans'71 tale or novel4 ,romance languages1 the languages which were originally dialects of ,latin1 as ,french1 ,spanish1 ,italian4 ,roos 7roos71 ,roushan ,beg 7roo'shan-bag71 routed 7rout'ed71 overpowered4 routine 7roo-ten'71 a round of business or pleasure frequently returning4 ,royal ,society1 a society of ,london for improving natural knowledge4 rub 7rub71 hindrance4 rubicund 7roo'bi-kund71 ruddy1 red4 rudiment 7roo'di-ment71 a beginning or first step4 rumor 7roo'mer71 hearsay1 common talk4 runic 7roo'nik71 pertaining to the written language of the ancient ,norsemen4 rural 7roo'ral71 pertaining to the country4 rustic 7rus'tik71 unpolished4 ruthlessly 7rooth'les-li71 in a cruel manner4 ,rutledge 7rut'lej71 the name of an illustrious family in ,south ,carolina--one of them was a signer of the declaration of ,independence and governor of the state4 sabre 7sa'ber71 a sword with a broad1 heavy blade1 usually curved4 sackcloth 7sak'kloth'71 a garment worn in mourning or penitence4 saddle-girth 7sad'l-gurth71 that which fastens on the saddle4 saddletree1 frame of a saddle4 sage 7saj71 wise4 ,saint 7sant71 ,catherine's tresses 7kath'er-in7 in the ,roman church1 ,st4 ,catherine is noted for her vows never to marry4 ,to braid ,st4 ,catherine's tresses applies to one who does not marry4 ,eulalie 7u-la'li71 ,st4 ,eulalie's day is the #abth of ,february4 ,if the sun shines on that day1 there will be a plentiful apple harvest4 ,francois 7fran'swa'71 a small river in ,quebec4 ,helena 7he-le'na71 island off the coast of ,africa2 the place of ,napoleon's exile4 ,louis 7loo'i71 ,louis ,,ix1 king of ,france4 ,napoleon received his education at his country's expense4 ,malo 7ma'le71 city in ,france noted for its high tides4 ,maur 7mor71 town on the ,teche river in ,louisiana4 ,salamis 7sal'a-mis71 an island in the ,gulf of ,aegina1 ,greece1 famous for a great naval battle1 #dhj ,b4 ,c4 ,salisbury 7solz'ber-i71 a town in northeastern ,massachusetts near ,whittier's home4 ,sallust 7sal'ust71 a ,roman historian who accompanied ,caesar on his ,african campaign4 sally 7sal'i71 an excursion from the usual course4 salutary 7sal'u-ta-ri71 wholesome4 salutation 7sal'u-ta'shun71 greeting4 ,samian 7sa'mi-an71 pertaining to the island of ,samos4 sanctuary 7sank'tu-a-ri71 a sacred place2 a place of refuge4 ,sandflesen 7sand-fla'sen71 sanguine 7san'gwin71 hopeful4 ,sappho 7saf'o71 a ,greek woman who lived about #fjj ,b4 ,c41 famous for her lyric poetry4 sark 7sark71 a skirt4 sassafras 7sas'a-fras71 an ,american tree of the ,laurel family4 satiety 7sa-ti'e-ti71 fullness beyond desire4 satirical 7sa-tir'i-kal71 cutting or sarcastic4 savanna 7sa-van'a71 tract of level land covered with grass or reeds1 but without trees4 ,saxon 7sak'sun71 ,english1 scar 7skar71 a bare place on a mountain side4 scarf 7skarf71 in carpentry a certain kind of joint forming a continuous piece4 scaur 7skar71 sceptic 7skep'tik71 a doubter of fact4 schooner 7skoon'er71 a vessel with three1 four1 and even with six masts similarly rigged4 ,scian 7si'an71 pertaining to ,scio1 claimed by some to be the birth-place of ,homer1 who is called the ,scian muse1 ,scio 7si'e71 an island in the ,aegean ,sea noted for its wine4 scoff 7skof71 sneer4 score 7skor71 furrow4 ,scorpion 7skor'pi-un71 a constellation2 the eighth sign of the zodiac4 scrupulous 7skroo'pu-lus71 exact4 scrutiny 7skroo'ti-ni71 close examination4 scud 7skud71 move swiftly4 sculpture 7skulp'tur71 carve4 seal and hand1 a letter with the seal and signature of the king1 season 7se'z'n71 temper4 sedulous 7sed'u-lus71 diligent1 earnest4 seethe 7seth71 boil4 segment 7seg'ment71 a part cut off4 ,selborne 7sel'born71 a parish in ,england1 noted on account of ,gilbert ,white's ,natural ,history of ,selborne4 semblance 7sem'blans71 likeness4 seneschal 7sen'e-shal71 officer in a prince's house4 ,sennacherib 7se-nak'er-ib71 sensation 7sen-sa'shun71 feeling obtained through the senses2 state of excited feeling or that which causes4 sentiment 7sen'ti-ment71 opinion sentinel 7sen'ti-nel71 soldier set to guard an army or camp4 sentry 7sen'tri71 guard4 sepulchre 7sep'ul-ker71 grave2 bury4 seraglio 7se-ral'yo71 a harem4 seraph 7ser'af71 an angel4 serenity 7se-ren'i-ti71 calmness4 serf 7surf71 a slave bound to work on a certain estate and sold with it4 servile 7sur'vil71 like a slave2 cringing4 session 7sesh'un71 meeting4 sesterce 7ses'ters71 an ancient ,roman coin4 settie 7set''l71 a high-backed bench4 ,sewel 7su'al71 ,william ,sewel wrote a ponderous history of the ,quakers4 ,sexagesima 7sek'sa-jes'i-ma71 the second ,sunday before ,lent4 sever 7sev'er71 disjoin4 shade 7shad71 ghost4 shard 7shard71 a fragment of any hard substance4 sharps and trebles1 musical notes4 ,shawnee 7sho-ne'71 a tribe of ,indians4 ,their name means ,southerners4 sheathe 7sheth71 cover with something which protects4 sheen 7shen71 brightness4 ,sheik 7shek71 chief magistrate of an ,arabian village4 shelves 7shelvz71 slopes4 shifty 7shif'ti71 changable4 shingly 7shm'gli71 covered with gravel or pebbles4 shoal 7shol71 a bar which makes the water shallow4 shrew 7shroo71 a scold4 shrewdness 7shrood'nes71 sharp-wittedness4 shrive 7shriv71 to hear confession and pardon4 shroud 7shroud71 set of ropes staying a ship's masts4 shuffle 7shuf'l71 to rid one's self of4 sicklied 7sik'lid71 made sickly4 ,sidney 7sid'ni71 ,sir ,philip1 an ,english author and general of exceptionally fine feeling4 ,sienas saint 7sye'na71 ,st4 ,catherine1 the patron saint of ,siena4 silhouette 7sil'oo-et'71 profile portrait in black4 similitude 7si-mil'i-tud71 resemblance4 ,sinai 7si'ni71 the mountain near1 which the ,israelites encamped1 and where the law was given to ,moses4 ,sinbad 7sin'bad71 or ,sindbad1 a character in the ,arabian ,nights1 who made seven wonderful voyages4 sinew 7sin'u71 that which supplies strength or power2 a tendon or tissue4 sinuous 7sin'u-us71 winding1 curving in and out4 sire 7sir71 a father4 ,siren 7si'ren71 one of the three fabled sea nymphs1 whose singing lured mariners to destruction4 site 7sit71 situation4 ,skarholm 7skar'hom71 skepticism 7skep'ti-siz'm71 doubt or uncertainty4 skirt 7skurt71 surround4 skulk 7skulk71 hide sneakingly4 slack 7slak71 loosen2 not pressing4 sledge 7slej71 a sleigh4 ,sleepy ,hollow1 a locality in ,tarrytown1 ,new ,york4 slip 7slip71 an inclined plane on which a vessel is built4 sloth 7sloth71 slowness4 smack 7smak71 small coasting vessel4 smelt 7smelt71 melt ore so as to separate and refine metal4 solace 7sol'as71 comfort in grief4 solicitude 7so-lis'i-tud71 concern4 ,solidor 7sol'i-dor71 a fortress on the ,rance river4 soliloquy 7se-lil'e-kwi71 a talking to one's self4 solstice 7sol'stis71 point in the earth's orbit at which the sun is farthest from the equator2 winter solstice at about ,december #bb1 summer solstice about ,june #ba4 ,solway 7sol'wa71 an arm of the ,irish ,sea between ,england and ,scotland1 noted for the rapidity of its tides4 sombre 7som'ber71 sad4 sombrero 7som-bra'ro71 broad-brimmed hat worn in ,spain and ,spanish ,america4 sonorous 7so-no'rus71 loud sounding4 sophomore 7sof'o-mor71 one belonging to the second of the four classes in an ,american college4 sordid 7sor'did71 base4 sorebestead 7sor-be-sted'71 being put in great peril4 ,southey1 ,robert 7south'i71 7#aggd-ahdc71 an ,english poet of the ,lake ,school4 ,he was made poet-laureate in #ahac4 sovereign 7sov'er-in71 monarch4 spacious 7spa'shus71 vast in extent4 ,spanish ,main1 the name formerly given to the southern part of the ,caribbean ,sea and the adjoining coast1 covering the route of the ,spanish treasure ships4 spar 7spar71 round timber used on a mast4 ,spartan 7spar'tan71 an inhabitant of ,sparta2 one of great endurance4 spawn 7spon71 bring forth4 species 7spe'shez71 a kind4 specious 7spe'shus71 showy4 spectacle 7spek'ta-k'l71 something exhibited to view4 spectre 7spek'ter71 ghost4 spherule 7sfer'ool71 a little sphere4 spiral 7spi'ral71 winding like the thread of a screw4 spontaneous 7spon-ta'ne-us71 proceeding from a natural feeling1 not forced4 spouse 7spouz71 husband or wife4 sprite 7sprit71 fairy4 spume-flakes 7spum71 flakes of froth or foam4 spur 7spur71 a pricking implement fastened to a rider's heel4 spurn 7spurn71 scorn4 squadron 7skwod'run71 a detachment of war vessels under command of a flag-officer4 squall 7skwol71 sudden and violent gust of wind4 stagnate 7stag'nat71 cease to flow1 become dull4 stalwart 7stol'wert71 brave1 strong4 stalworth 7stol'wurth71 brave1 strong4 stanchion 7stan'shun71 bar for confining cattle in a stall4 starboard 7star'bord71 side of a vessel on the right hand of one on board facing the bow4 staunch 7stanch71 stop the flow of4 stemson 7stem'sun71 a piece of curved timber bolted to the stem in a ship's frame4 sterile 7ster'il71 barren4 sterling 7stur'ling71 genuine4 stern 7sturn71 after end of a vessel4 sternsonknee 7sturn'sun-ne71 the continuation of a vessel's keelson to which the stern-post is secured by bolts4 stirrup 7stir'up71 a ring for supporting a horseman's foot4 stoic 7sto'ik71 one who appears to be indifferent to pleasure or pain4 ,stony ,point1 a fort on the west bank of the ,hudson1 captured by the ,british in #aggi and retaken by the ,american forces under ,anthony ,wayne4 storied 7sto'rid71 having an interesting history4 strained 7strand71 forced4 strenuous 7stren'u-us71 earnest2 active1 vigorous4 sturgeon 7stur'jun71 a large fish common on the coasts and in large rivers and lakes4 ,suarven 7swar'ven71 subaltern 7sub-pi'tern71 an officer of inferior position1 usually below the rank of a captain4 subjugation 7sub'joo-ga'shun71 the act of conquering or subduing4 sublime 7sub-lim'71 majestic4 submission 7sub-mish'un71 a yielding to power or authority4 subservience 7sub-sur'vi-ens71 the state of being subordinate2 yielding4 subside 7sub-sid'71 cease from action1 be calm4 subsidiary 7sub-sid'i-a-ri71 assisting4 subsistence 7sub-sis'tens71 means of support4 substantial 7sub-stan'shal71 real2 firm4 subtile 7sub'til2 sut'l71 difficult of understanding4 suburb 7sub'urb71 an outlying part of a city4 subvert 7sub-vurt'71 overthrow4 suction 7suk'shun71 a sucking in4 sue 7su71 seek after2 plead4 sufferance 7suf'er-ans71 endurance4 suffuse 7su-fus'71 overspread4 ,suliote 7soo'li-et71 sultry 7sul'tri71 very hot and moist4 summons 7sum'unz71 call by authority to appear at a place named4 ,sumter 7sum'ter71 an illustrious family of ,south ,carolina4 ,thomas ,sumter was a ,revolutionary general4 sunder 7sun'der71 sever4 ,sunium 7su'ni-um71 an ancient city on a promontory in southeastern ,greece4 ,it contains the white marble ruins of a temple to ,athene1 a famous landmark from the sea4 superb 7su-purb'71 magnificent4 superfluity 7su'per-floo'i-ti71 a greater quantity than is wanted4 superinhuman 7su'per-in-hu'man71 attended with cruelty to a very great degree4 supernal 7su-pur'nal71 being in a higher place2 heavenly4 supernatural 7su'per-nat'u-ral71 being beyond the powers or law of nature4 superstition 7su'per-stish'un71 a reverence for or fear of what is unknown or mysterious4 supine 7su-pin'71 indolent2 inattentive4 suppliance 7sup'li-ans71 entreaty4 surcease 7sur'ses'71 end4 surcoat 7sur'kot'71 a coat worn over the other garments1 especially the long1 flowing coat of the knights worn over the armor4 surf 7surf71 swell of the sea breaking upon the shore4 surge 7surj71 a large wave or billow2 rise high and roll4 surgery 7sur'jer-i71 art of healing by manual operation4 surly 7sur'li71 ill-natured1 sullen4 surmise 7sur-miz'71 suspicion2 imagine without certain knowledge4 surmount 7stir-mount'71 rise above2 conquer4 ,surrey 7sur'i71 an ,english nobleman1 ,earl of ,surrey1 lieutenant of the northern counties1 a county in ,england4 survive 7sur-viv'71 outlive2 continue to live4 suspect 7sus-pekt'71 an object of suspicion2 mistrust4 susurrus 7su-sur'us71 a whisper or murmur4 swanlike 7swon'lik71 referring to the tradition that the swan sings a most beautiful song just before death4 swarthy 7swor'thi71 being of a dark hue or dusky complexion4 swath 7swoth2 swoth71 whole sweep of a scythe or machine4 sweep 7swep71 a pole swinging on a tall post1 to raise and lower a bucket for drawing water4 swoon 7swoon71 faint4 sylvan 7sil'van71 forestlike2 rustic4 symbol 7sim'bol71 emblem4 symmetry 7sim'e-tri71 due proportion of several parts of a body to each other2 beauty and balance of form4 symptom 7simp'tum71 sign2 token4 synagogue 7sin'a-gog71 ,jewish congregation or place for worship4 taciturn 7tas'i-turn71 habitually silent4 tang 7tang71 a strong taste4 tankard 7tank'ard71 large drinking vessel4 ,tantallon 7tan-tal'on71 a castle in ,scotland1 the stronghold of the ,douglas family4 taper 7ta'per71 gradually growing smaller4 tapestry 7tap'es-tri71 hangings of wool or silk with gold or silver threads producing a pattern or picture4 tarn 7tarn71 a small mountain lake4 ,tartar 7tar'tar71 an inhabitant of ,tartary1 central ,asia2 an irritable or violent person4 ,taygetus 7ta'ge-tus71 7p4 #bhc1 pronounced ta-ge'tus on account of rhythm71 highest mountain range in southern ,greece4 ,teche 7tesh71 a small stream in ,louisiana4 teeming 7tem'ing71 bringing forth1 abounding4 teeth of the wind1 grasp of the wind4 ,teian 7te'yan71 pertaining to ,te'os1 an ancient ,greek city in ,asia ,minor1 the birthplace of the ,greek poet ,anac'reon1 who is called the ,teian ,muse4 temerity 7te-mer'i-ti71 contempt of danger2 boldness4 temper 7tem'per71 soften4 temporal 7tem'po-ral71 pertaining to time or this world2 not lasting4 temporary 7tem'po-ra-ri71 lasting for a time only4 tenant 7ten'ant71 occupant4 tenantless 7ten'ant-les71 unoccupied4 tendril 7ten'dril71 a slender leafless portion of a plant which attaches itself to a supporting body4 tenebrous 7ten'e-brus71 dark1 gloomy4 tenor 7ten'er71 general course2 conduct4 tenure 7ten'ur71 a holding4 termagant 7tur'ma-gant71 scolding2 violent2 a scold4 terminal 7tur'mi-nal71 boundary1 end4 testament 7tes'ta-ment71 a will or bequest4 thatch 7thach71 straw1 rushes1 etc4 theme 7them71 a topic on which one writes or speaks4 ,in music1 a short melody from which a set of variations is developed4 theory 7the'o-ri71 an idea2 a plan4 thereat 7thar-at'71 on that account4 ,thermopylae 7ther-mop'i-le71 a narrow pass in ,greece1 the scene of a famous conflict in the ,persian wars4 ,a small army of ,greeks defended the pass against a vast army of ,persians under ,xerxes4 thill 7thil71 shaft of a carriage4 thole 7thol71 pin set in the gunwale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum for the oar in rowing4 thorough-brace 7thur'o-bras'71 a leather strap supporting the body of a carriage4 thorp 7thorp71 a small village4 ,thracian 7thra'shan71 pertaining to ,thrace1 in early times the entire region north of ,greece4 thrall 7throl71 slave1 bondman4 thylke 7thilk71 the same4 tinsel 7tin'sel71 something shiny and gaudy1 more showy than valuable4 tintinnabulation 7tin'ti-nab'u-la'shun71 a word coined by ,poe to represent the sound of bells4 ,titan 7ti'tan71 enormous1 like the ancient giants in ,greek mythology4 titular 7tit'u-lar71 existing in title or name only4 tocsin 7tok'sin71 an alarm bell4 tolerable 7tol'er-a-b'l71 capable of being endured4 tolerant 7tol'er-ant71 indulgent1 allowing4 tollmen 7tol'men71 men who gather toll or tax4 tome 7tom71 a large book4 ,tongres 7ton'gr'71 a town in ,belgium4 torpor 7tor'por71 dullness4 torrent 7tor'ent71 a violent stream as of water or lava4 ,tory 7to'ri71 a supporter of the king4 ,tourville 7toor'vel71 ,tous les ,bourgeois' de ,chartres 7too la boor-zhwa' de shartr71 the title of an old ,french song4 tradition 7tra-dish'un71 custom or practice long observed2 oral delivery of information from father to son4 ,trafalgar 7tra-fal'gar71 traffic 7traf'ik71 commerce4 trainband 7tran'band71 a band or company of an organized military force instituted by ,james ,i dissolved by ,charles ,,ii but reorganized later4 trait 7trat71 distinguishing mark or feature4 traitor 7tra'ter71 one who betrays a trust4 tranquil 7tran'kwil71 calm4 transcendent 7tran-sen'dent71 very excellent1 surpassing others4 transfigure 7trans-fig'ur71 change the appearance of2 make more beautiful4 transient 7tran'shent71 not lasting2 staying for a short time4 transition 7tran-sizh'un71 passing from one condition or place to another4 transitory 7tran'si-to-ri71 fleeting4 transmutation 7trans'mu-ta'shun71 the changing from one form or condition to another4 travail 7trav'al71 toil2 produce with severe exertion4 treacherous 7trech'er-us71 faithless4 ,trebizond 7treb'i-zond'71 province in northeastern ,asia ,minor4 treble1 7treb'l71 increase threefold4 treenails 7tre'nalz71 long wooden pins used in fastening planks of a vessel to the timbers or to each other4 tremor 7tre'mor2 trem'or71 a trembling4 tremulous 7trem'u-lus71 quivering2 affected with fear or timidity4 trepidation 7trep'i-da'shun71 fear4 tribulashun 7trib'u-la'shun71 that which causes distress4 tribunal 7tri-bu'nal71 a court2 seat of a judge4 tributary 7trib'u-ta-ri71 inferior2 contributing4 trice 7tris71 a very short time4 trireme 7tri'rem71 an ancient galley or vessel with three tiers of oars4 ,triton 7tri'ton71 a sea god1 son of ,neptune and his trumpeter4 triumphal 7tri-um'fal71 in honor of a victory4 trophy 7tro'fi71 anything preserved as a memorial4 ,truce of ,god1 in #ajdj the church drew up a compact which forbade any fighting between sunset on ,wednesday and sunrise on the following ,monday4 truculent 7truk'u-lent71 fierce4 trysail 7tri'sal'71 a fore-and-aft sail1 bent to a gaff1 and hoisted on a lower mast--used chiefly as a storm sail4 tumultuous 7tu-mul'tu-us71 boisterous1 riotous4 ,tunis 7tu'nls71 a country in ,n4 ,africa1 one of the ,barbary states4 turbulent 7tur'bu-lent71 producing commotion2 restless4 turf 7turf71 sod4 turmoil 7tur'moil71 worrying confusion4 turnpike 7turn'pik'71 tollgate2 a turnpike road4 turret 7tur'et71 a small tower at the angle of a large building4 ,tuscarora 7tus-ka-ro'ra71 a tribe of ,indians who1 when first known1 lived in ,north ,carolina4 ,after years of warfare with the colonists1 the remnant joined the ,iroquois in ,new ,york4 twang 7twang71 sound with a quick1 harsh noise4 typify 7tip'i-fi71 represent by a type1 model1 or resemblance4 tyranny 7tir'a-ni71 cruel government or discipline2 severity4 ,tyre 7tir71 a famous maritime city of ,phoenicia4 ubiquity 7u-blk'wi-ti71 existence everywhere at the same time4 ultimate 7ul'ti-mat71 incapable of further analysis2 final4 unbeholden 7un'be-hol'd'n71 not indebted4 uncalculating 7un-kal'ku-lat'ing71 not estimating4 unconditional 7un'kon-dish'un-al71 made without conditions4 unconfined 7un-kon-find'71 not bound or limited4 uncouth 7un-kooth'71 awkward4 undulating 7un'du-lat'ing71 moving backward and forward1 or up and down in waves4 unfledged 7un-flejd'71 not feathered1 hence not fully developed4 unfurl 7un-furl'71 unfold4 unison 7u'ni-sun71 harmony4 universal 7u'ni-vur'sal71 including the whole number1 quantity1 or space2 all-reaching4 unknelled 7un-neld'71 having no bell tolled at funeral or death4 unmeet 7un-met'71 not suitable4 unobtrusive 7un'ob-troo'siv71 modest4 unperturbed 7un-per-turbd'71 not troubled or confused4 unpremeditated 7un-pre-med'i-tat'ed71 not thought out beforehand4 unprofaned 7un-pro-fand'71 not violated1 as anything sacred4 unproportioned 7un-pro-por'shund71 not having the right relation of one portion to another4 unrestrained 7un-re-strand'71 not kept in check or curbed4 unrivalled 7un-ri'vald71 having competitor4 unscathed 7un-skathd'71 not injured4 unwonted 7un-wun'ted71 unaccustomed4 upbraid 7tip-brad'71 reproach or blame4 ,upharsin 7u-far'sin71 ,see ,daniel #e1 #be4 upholsterer 7up-hol'ster-er71 one who provides curtains1 coverings1 hangings1 etc4 urchin 7ur'chin71 a roguish child4 ,ursini 7ur-se'ne71 a prominent noble family in ,rome4 usurp 7u-zurp'71 seize and hold a possession by force4 utterance 7ut'er-ans71 the act of speech4 vague 7vag71 uncertain4 valiant 7val'yant71 courageous4 valor 7val'er71 personal bravery4 van 7van71 the front of an army vandal 7van'dal71 one who wilfully destroys any work of art or literature4 vane 7van71 weathercock4 vanquish 7van'kwish71 conquer or get the better of4 vantage-ground 7van'taj-ground71 condition which gives one advantage over another4 variant 7va'ri-ant71 different4 variegated 7va'ri-e-gat'ed71 having marks of different colors4 vassal 7vas'al71 a subject or servant4 vaunt 7vant71 boast4 vehement 7ve'he-ment71 acting with great force2 violent4 velocity 7ve'-los'i-ti71 speed4 vendue 7ven-du'71 an auction4 venerable 7ven'er-a-b'l71 deserving honor and respect4 venerate 7ven'er-at71 regard with respect and awe4 vengeance 7ven'jans71 punishment inflicted in return for injury2 revenge4 vent 7vent71 outlet4 venture 7ven'tur71 risk4 veracity 7ve-ras'i-ti71 truthfulness4 verdant 7vur'dant71 green4 verdure 7vur'dur71 greenness4 verge 7vurj71 edge1 brink4 verily 7ver'i-li71 beyond doubt or question1 truly4 vernal 7vur'nal71 pertaining to the spring4 version 7vur'shun71 a translation1 account4 vestal 7ves'tal71 a virgin consecrated to ,vesta2 nun4 veteran 7vet'er-an71 one grown old in service4 vibrant 7vi'brant71 tremulous4 vibration 7vi-bra'shun71 quick motion to and fro4 vicinity 7vi-sin'i-ti71 neighborhood4 vicissitude 7vi-sis'i-tud71 regular change or succession from one thing to another4 vigil 7vij'il71 watch4 vindicate 7vin'di-kat71 justify4 virago 7vi-ra'go71 a woman of extraordinary size1 strength1 and courage4 virtually 7vur'tu-al-li71 being in essence or effect1 not in fact4 visage 7viz'aj71 the face4 vision 7vizh'un71 that which is seen4 vista 7vis'ta71 view between intervening objects4 vivid 7viv'id71 true to life2 bright4 vivify 7viv'i-fi71 make alive4 vixen 7vik's'n71 a cross1 ill-tempered woman4 vocation 7vo-ka'shun71 occupation4 vociferous 7vo-sif'er-us71 noisy4 void 7void71 empty2 being without4 volley 7vol'i71 a burst of many things at once4 ,volturnus 7vol-toor'nus71 a river in ,italy4 voluminous 7vo-lu'mi-nus71 of great volume or bulk4 voluptuous 7ve-lup'tu-us71 full of pleasure2 luxurious4 vortices 7vor'ti-sez71 whirlpools4 vouchsafe 7vouch-saf'71 condescend to grant2 assure4 voyageur 7vwa'ya'zhur'71 a traveler2 ,canadian term used for one employed in transporting goods to the ,northwest4 vulture 7vul'tur71 a bird which feeds on dead flesh of animals or birds4 ,vurrgh 7vurg71 ,wachita 7wa'shi-ta71 wafted 7waft'ed71 floated along lightly on air or water4 wail 7wal71 weep4 wain 7wan71 wagon4 wake 7wak71 trace4 wallet 7wol'et71 knapsack2 pocket-book4 ,walleway 7wal'e-wa71 probably ,longfellow had reference to the ,wallowa river in northeastern ,oregon4 wan 7won71 pale4 wanton 7won'tun71 reckless4 wantoned 7won'tund71 played4 warder 7wor'der71 guard4 ,ware 7war71 a town in ,england about #bj miles north of ,london4 warld 7warld71 world4 warp 7worp71 the threads extending lengthwise in a loom1 and crossed by the woof4 wary 7wa'ri2 war'i71 cautious1 watchful4 wash 7wosh71 bog or marsh4 watch 7woch71 period during which one serves as a sentinel or guard4 water-butt 7wo'ter-but71 a large1 open-headed cask1 set up on end to contain water4 ,waterloo 7wo'ter-loo'71 a village near ,brussels where ,napoleon met defeat4 ,so complete and so decisive was the disaster that ,waterloo has come to mean defeat4 waver 7wa'ver71 totter2 unsettled4 weather-cock1 figure often in the form of a cock1 turning with the wind and showing its direction4 weird 7werd71 pertaining to witchcraft2 wild4 welkin 7wel'kin71 vault of heaven2 sky4 welter 7wel'ter71 roll or tumble about4 ,wert 7wurt71 were 7pronounce to rhyme with art74 ,westminster ,abbey 7west'min-ster71 a former church in ,london1 the burial place of many kings1 statesmen1 and authors4 whig 7h'wig71 one of a political party in ,england1 also in ,america2 opposed to ,tories4 whipple-tree 7hwip'l-tre'71 bar to which the traces of a harness are fastened for drawing a carriage4 whisking 7hwisk'ing71 moving nimbly and with velocity4 whit 7hwit71 the smallest part imaginable4 ,white1 ,gilbert 7hwit71 an eminent ,english naturalist1 who was born in ,selborne and was the author of ,natural ,history of ,selborne4 ,wicaco 7we-ka'ko71 wimpling 7wim'pling71 rippling4 wis 7wis71 think4 wistful 7wist'fool71 longing4 witchhazel 7wich'-ha-z'l71 ,american tree or shrub which blossoms late in ,autumn4 withhold 7with-hold'71 keep back4 wizard 7wiz'ard71 a magician4 woebegone 7wo'be-gon'71 distressed with grief4 wold 7wold71 a plain or low hill4 ,wolfe1 ,charles 7woolf71 an ,irish clergyman and poet1 born #agia4 ,wolsey1 ,thomas 7wool'si71 a celebrated ,english statesman and cardinal4 ,he gained the ill-will of ,henry ,,viii by his conduct in the matter of the ,king's divorce4 wont 7wunt71 custom or habit4 woof 7woof71 the threads crossing the warp in a woven fabric4 ,worcester1 ,joseph ,emerson 7woos'ter71 wrack 7rak71 ruin4 writhe 7rith71 twist4 wrought 7rot71 made4 ,xanthippus 7zan-thip'us71 a ,spartan commander who won a victory over ,regulus in #bee ,b4,c4 yacht 7yot71 light vessel for pleasure trips4 yard 7yard71 a long1 slender timber to support and extend a ship's sail4 yeoman 7yo'man71 a common man of a reputable class4 ,ypsilanti 7ip'se-lan'te71 a celebrated ,greek patriot who in #ahbj became a leader in the movement for ,greek independence4 ,yulelog 7yool'-log'7 a large log of wood1 formerly put on the hearth on ,christmas ,eve1 as the foundation of the fire4 ,it was brought in with much ceremony4 zeal 7zel71 enthusiasm4 zone 7zon71 girdle4 ,zutphen 7zut'fen71 a town in the ,netherlands4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney was wounded before it in #aehf4