,transcrib]'s ,note ,italics are indicat$ ) und]scores1 boldface ) equals signs1 & sup]scripts ) text or text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,salt ,,company',s ,,br9e ,,res]voirs ,,at ,,rode ,,hea?1 ,,*e%ire1 ,%[+ ! ,br9e be+ pump$ up f a dep? ( #bej feet ,frontispiece ,,pitman',s ,,common ,,commodities ,,& ,,indu/ries ,,salt ,,& ,,! ,,salt ,,indu/ry ,,by ,,alb]t ,f4 ,,calv]t1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,salt ,,9 ,,*e%ire02 8,,! ,,salt ,,deposits ,,( ,,! ,,_w02 ,,etc4 ,,london ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 #a ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,e4,c4#d ,,ba?1 ,,melb\rne ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,london1 ,,ba?1 ,,melb\rne ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,preface ,! fact t salt is almo/ univ]sally di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 & has be5 work$ 9 a numb] ( c\ntries f "t immemorial1 w expla9 ! impossibility1 9 ! limit$ space at my disposal1 to consid] ! m9]al & its manufacture compreh5sively z ! /aple ( a _w-indu/ry4 ,! salt deposits ( ,*9a1 ,india1 ,russia1 ,japan1 & ,au/ria w\ld ea* require a volume ( ! size ( ?is if ! subject 0 to be ev5 adequately repres5t$4 ,i h1 !re=e1 d>$ to assume t ! public w accept a book practically re/rict$ to "o phase ( ! matt]1 & all[ me to conc5trate ^u our ,*e%ire salt di/rict & its indu/ry4 ,caes>'s sal9ators1 :o f\nd ! natives ( ,*e%ire procur+ br9e f little natural spr+s 9 ! neighb\rhoods ( ,nor?wi* & ,nantwi*1 taught !m to boil ! br9e & precipitate ! salt cry/als 9 op5 pans set ov] op5 fires1 & 9 ! foll[+ #a1gjj ye>s all ! salt ( ,*e%ire 0 manufactur$ by t process4 ,) ! discov]y ( rock salt 9 #afgj1 m9+ 0 introduc$1 & = ano!r #bjj ye>s bo? rock salt & br9e salt 7 produc$4 ,b f causes :i* ,i h describ$1 ! m9es collaps$ 9 rapid succession f ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & fre% wat] break+ into ! ab&on$ work+s conv]t$ !m into ! br9e res]voirs f :i* ! salt-m5 h s9ce obta9$ _! inexhau/ible supplies ( br9e4 ,b1 al?\gh ! salt indu/ry is "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! c\ntry1 x has receiv$ scant treatm5t at ! h&s ( au?ors1 & ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! trade has be5 conduct$ by a comp>atively small gr\p ( m5 :o h resi/$ all attempts ( outsid]s to p>ticipate 9 ei!r _! secrets or _! pr(its4 ,! desire = in=mation has be5 consi/5tly rebuk$1 & practical details relat+ to bor+s1 work+ exp5ses1 levels ( br9e1 & quantities rais$ h be5 jeal\sly conceal$4 ,x 0 my good =tune to be able to prosecute mo/ ( my rese>*es on ! spot1 & to supplem5t ! k ga9$ f books1 pamphlets1 sci5tific pap]s & p]iodicals1 ) mat]ial conta9$ 9 private records & docum5ts plac$ at my disposal1 & in=mation obta9$ by ^w ( m\?4 ,!re is romance 9 e indu/ry1 & a modicum ( x ent]s into ! developm5t ( ! ,*e%ire salt trade2 b = ! mo/ "p ! /ory is a *ronicle ( bitt] /ruggles to ma9ta9 a monopoly1 ( money ?r[n away1 ( produce sold at ru9\s loss1 ( obsolete me?ods /ubbornly p]si/$ )1 & ( h>d%ip & inju/ice call\sly inflict$--9 a ^w1 ( ! sordid det]m9ation ( ! salt magnates to cru% competition & control prices4 ,! me?ods ( ! ,d>k ,ages surviv$ bo? 9 ! manufacture & ! m>ket+ ( ! produce1 & ! indu/ry has m ?an once be5 r$uc$ almo/ to ru9 ?r\gh ! w> ( ext]m9ation 9 :i* = s _m ye>s ! salt-m5 7 engag$4 ,x is n a pretty /ory1 b x is "o ( unusual int]e/2 & ,i h endeav\r$ 9 ! tell+ ( x to reta9 ! int]e/ & pres]ve ! ess5tial facts4 ,,alb]t ,f4 ,,calv]t4 ,,roy/on1 ,,eton ,,av5ue1 ,n4 ,w4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,preface iii ,i4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,salt #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,salt ,,indu/ry #h ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*e%ire ,,wi*es #cb ,,iv4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,br9e ,,processes #ef ,v4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,*e%ire ,,deposits #hc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*e%ire ,,subsid5ces #ig ,,vii4 ,,late/ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,salt-,,mak+ #abe ,,viii4 ,,! ,,salt ,,m>ket #adb ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,salt ,,company',s ,,br9e ,,res]voirs ,,at ,,rode ,,hea?1 ,,*e%ire ,frontispiece ,,anci5t ,,salt ,,works #ac ,,anci5t ,,salt ,,works #ai ,,wieliezka ,,salt ,,m9es #ba ,,slanicu1 ,,rumania1 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,salt ,,m9e #be ,,wieliezka ,,salt ,,m9es #bi ,,subsid5ce ,,( ,,l&1 ,,nor?wi* #da ,,dunkirk ,,subsid5ce1 ,,nor?wi* #di ,,! ,,canal-,,bur/ ,,& ,,l&slip ,,ne> ,,nor?wi* ,,9 #aijg #ei ,a ,,salt ,,/ore-,,%$ #fg ,,witton ,,brook1 ,,subm]g5ce ,,( ,,agricultural ,,l& #ge ,,work+ ,,9 ,,dang]\s ,,gr\nd ,,aft] ,,subsid5ce1 ,,dunkirk ,,lake1 ,,nor?wi* #ha ,,/reet-,,rais+ ,,9 ,,progress--,,high ,,/reet1 ,,nor?wi* #hi ,,?is ,,road ,,0 ,,rais$ ,,tw5ty ,,feet ,,9 ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s4 ,,none ,,( ,,^! ,,build+s ,,is ,,n[ ,,/&+--,,nor?wi* #ic ,,int]ior ,,p5ny',s ,,lane ,,m9e1 ,,nor?wi* #ii ,,rem>kable ,,subsid5ce ,,9 ,,nor?wi* #aaa ,a ,,r[ ,,( ,,op5 ,,pans #aai ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,f\r ,,scott ,,pat5t ,,d\ble ,,effect ,,salt ,,evaporators1 ,,) ,,automatic ,,salt ,,dis*>g]s1 ,,salt ,,conveyors1 ,,& ,,hydro-,,extractors #aca ,,! ,,hodgk9son ,,pat5t ,,salt-,,mak+ ,,plant #acg ,,salt ,,& ,,! ,,salt ,,indu/ry ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,salt 8,salt0 0 ! "n :i* 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ place to ! residue left by ! evaporation ( sea-wat]1 b ! designation 0 subsequ5tly employ$ to include ! o!r sub/ances held 9 solution 9 ! sea1 &1 at a /ill lat] p]iod1 ! "n 0 /ill fur!r ext5d$ by *emi/s to cov] all ! comb9ations ( a base & an acid :i* are n[ class$ z 8salts40 ,sodium1 or sodic *loride ,na ,cl1 :i* is n[ di/+ui%$ z 8common salt10 is an example ( ! simple/ type ( *emical salt1 its molecule consi/+ ( "o atom ( ! metal sodium comb9$ ) "o atom ( ! gas *lor9e1 bo? sodium & *lor9e be+ mono-val5t elem5ts1 i4e41 "o atom ( ea* be+ able to unite )1 or displace f a comp\nd1 "o atom ( hydrog54 ,rock-salt is r>ely f\nd 9 an absolutely pure anhydr\s /ate1 9 :i* x is col\rless & p]fectly transp>5t4 ,9 mo/ rock-salt m9es su* specim5s are reg>d$ z curiosities1 b 9 ! deposits ( ,nevada & ( ,wieliezka1 9 ,hung>y 7:]e ! salt1 conta9+ #ajj p] c5t4 ,na,cl1 is ! pure/ 9 ! _w71 l>ge masses ( q transp>5t salt are enc\nt]$4 ,! :ite opaque mass :i* ! ord9>y p]son is accu/om$ to ?9k ( z rock-salt1 is ! purifi$ product ( comm]ce4 ,! col\r ( sea-wat] is affect$ by its p]c5tage ( salt1 ! col\r *ang+ f blue to gre5 z ! quantity ( salt decreases2 b sea-salt is g5]ally :ite1 al?\gh n transp>5t ow+ to ! pres5ce ( m9ute p>ticles ( wat]1 air1 etc41 9 its int]cry/all9e spaces4 ,b rock-salt is nev] m ?an :iti% incl9+ to grey1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 x is col\r$ by e>? or m9]al impurities4 ,! ,salt ,range 9 ! ,panjab yields a sub/ance t v>ies f p9k to r$1 accord+ to ! diff]5t quantities ( iron pres5t z impurities4 ,t f\nd at ,m>/on1 9 ,*e%ire1 v>ies f yell[ to r$ & br[ni%-r$ 9 col\r4 ,small blocks ( transp>5t salt ( a deep sapphire blue are occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,wieliezka m9es4 ,! col\r disappe>s on heat+1 & :5 ! salt is gr\nd to p[d]4 ,x is attribut$ by "s *emi/s to ! pres5ce ( sub*loride ( sodium1 by o!rs to ! pres5ce ( ?9 cavities hav+ p>allel surfaces ) gas inclusions4 ,common salt1 :i* is class$ z 8sweet0 to di/+ui% x f ! bitt]-ta/+ salts ( magnesium1 has a peculi> sal9e ta/e :i* ga9s 9 pung5cy ) ref9em5t1 & 9 its pure /ate is od\rless4 ,9 solution1 ! smalle/ quantity p]ceptible to ! ta/e is ab\t #ae gra9s to ! litre1 r\ghly1 #fh gra9s to ! gallon4 ,common salt is highly soluble 9 cold wat]1 & r m s 9 hot wat]1 b :ile x dissolves slightly 9 alcohol1 nei!r e!r nor oil has any effect ^u x4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] at #fj ,f4 7#aee ,c47 w dissolve #cei p>ts ( *emically pure ,na,cl4 ,a saturat$ solution ( common salt1 !re=e1 conta9s #bfdb p] c5t4 ,na,cl4 ,! increase ( solubility ( ,na,cl 9 proportion to ! rise 9 temp]ature1 calculat$ by ,gay ,lussac & ,poggiale1 is p>ticul>ly m>k$ betwe5 #ajj deg4 & #aaj deg41 :5 boil+ po9t is pass$1 ! increase am\nt+ to #gd p>ts ( #aj deg41 z comp>$ ) an increase ( "o #aji p>ts betwe5 freez+ & boil+ po9ts4 ,9 a d\ble solution ( ,na,cl & "s o!r m soluble salt1 z sodium or magnesium sulphate or magnesium *loride1 ! solubility ( sodium *loride is v greatly r$uc$4 ,! evaporation ( br9e is slightly less rapid ?an t ( ord9>y pure wat]1 & ! boil+ po9t ( br9e v>ies ) ! am\nt ( ,na,cl pres5t 9 solution1 f #ajjba deg4 :5 only #a p] c5t4 ,na,cl is pres5t1 to #ajhii deg4 :5 ! solution conta9s #bid p] c5t4 ( ,na,cl4 ,a saturat$ solution ( ref9$ table-salt 7i4e41 a solution conta9+ #bfd p] c5t4 ,na,cl7 has1 at normal temp]atures1 specific gravity #ab4 ,salt cry/als h specific gravity #bafg at a temp]ature ( #ag4 ,! salt :i* sep>ates at high temp]ature conta9s no wat] ( cry/allization4 ,b :5 ! !rmomet] falls mu* bel[ -#ae ,c4 ! cry/als h ! composition ,na,cl4#b;,h,o & are prismatic 9 %ape4 ,:5 heat$1 ^! give up _! wat] ( cry/allization & take ! simple composition ,na,cl4 ,pure sodium *loride is n deliquesc5t 7i4e41 x does n dissolve & become liquid by absorb+ moi/ure f ! air71 b1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( magnesium *loride 7"o ( ! mo/ deliquesc5t sub/ances kn[n71 all except ! mo/ ref9$ table-salt appe>s to be s to a slight ext5t4 ,ev5 ! f9e/ table-salt is slightly hygroscopic1 its cry/als absorb+ z mu* z #f p] c5t4 moi/ure f a damp atmosph]e4 ,9 "s ( ! m9es ( ,*e%ire & ,au/ria ! v f9e sal9e du/ t is diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e is f\nd by ! m9]s to be extremely irritat+ to ! eyes & lungs1 b all ! m usual k9ds ( salt are suffici5tly hygroscopic to indicate pla9ly ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,sodic *loride melts at a v high temp]ature1 & at a /ill high] temp]ature x evaporates1 :ile at :ite heat x =ms ?ick cl\ds4 ,x w\ld be suppos$ t 9 ! same ocean areas1 ! proportion ( ! salt cont5ts1 except :]e m>k$ diff]5ces 9 temp]ature occur1 w\ld be fairly con/ant1 b x has be5 demon/rat$ t1 ev5 :]e masses ( wat] ( v>y+ d5sities are sup]impos$ ^u ea* o!r1 no v complete process ( diffusion takes place betwe5 !m1 & practical salt-mak]s are famili> ) diff]5ces 9 d5sity :i* occur 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same salt pan4 ,! h>dness ( a m9]al dep5ds ^u ! degree ( cohesion ( its p>ticles2 b al?\gh no unit ( h>dness has be5 det]m9$ ^u1 & !re=e no accurate me?od ( measur+ h>dness has be5 arriv$ at1 m9]als h be5 approximately class$ 9 a comp>ative table ( t5 sub/ances1 ( :i* talc is plac$ at "o end & diamond at ! o!r4 ,9 ?is table1 rock salt appe>s 9 ! second place1 & its h>dness is e/imat$ at #be4 ,its cohesion or p[] ( support+ pressure is1 !re=e1 ab\t twice z great z t ( bricks1 & ! practical advantage ( ?is prop]ty is fully employ$ 9 rock-salt m9es1 :]e gall]ies & ro(s are support$ ^u pill>s ( salt4 ,common salt is a cry/all9e sub/ance :i* cry/allizes 9 ! ,isometric1 ,monometric1 or ,tess]al sy/em4 ,t is to say1 ea* cry/al has ?ree equal p]p5dicul> planes ( symmetry & six equal diagonal planes ( symmetry4 ,! cry/als g5]ally =m cubes hav+ six rectangul> & equilat]al faces4 ,:5 ^! =m on ! surface ( br9e ! sides (t5 collapse1 giv+ ! di/9ctive 8hopp]-%ap$0 =ms4 ,m r>ely ! cry/als =m 9 octah$ra1 hav+ eight equal1 equilat]al triangul> faces1 or 9 long ne$les "u c]ta9 modify+ conditions4 ,! holl[ quadrangul> pyramidal =m ) an irregul> inn] surface arrang$ 9 /eps1 :i* manufactur$ salt g5]ally takes1 is ! result ( cont9u\s depositions ( cry/als f a con/antly saturat$ solution ( br9e dur+ a consid]able p]iod1 be+ sup]impos$ lay] aft] lay] ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 8 exhau/ive explanation ( ^! ph5om5a1 giv5 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 ,m5deleff says3 8,if a solution ( sodium *loride be sl[ly heat$ f above1 :]e ! evaporation takes place1 ! upp] lay] w become saturat$ be=e ! l[] & cool] lay]s1 & !re=e cry/allization w beg9 on ! surface1 & ! cry/als fir/ =m$ w float--hav+ also dri$ f above--on ! surface until !y become q soak$4 ,be+ heavi] ?an ! solution ! cry/als are p>tially imm]s$ 9 x1 & ! foll[+ cry/allization1 also proce$+ on ! surface1 w only =m cry/als by ! side ( ! orig9al cry/als4 ,a funnel is =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x w be borne on ! surface l a boat 7if ! liquid be quiesc5t7 because x w gr[ m f ! upp] edges4 ,we c ?us und]/& ?is1 at fir/ sight1 /range funnel-=m ( cry/alliz$ salt4 ,to expla9 :y ! cry/allization "u ! above conditions beg9s at ! surface & n at ! l[] edges1 x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! specific gravity ( a cry/al ( sodium *loride is #baf1 & t a solution saturat$ at #be conta9s #bfg p] c5t4 ( salt & has a specific gravity #abjjd at #be2 at #ae a saturat$ solution conta9s #bfe p] c5t4 ( salt & has a specific gravity #abjc at #ae4 ,h5ce1 a solution saturat$ at a high] temp]ature is specifically light]1 not)/&+ ! great] am\nt ( salt x conta9s4 ,) _m sub/ances1 surface cry/allization _c take place1 because _! solubility increases m rapidly ) ! temp]ature ?an _! specific gravity decreases4 ,9 ?is case ! saturat$ solution w always be 9 ! l[] lay]s1 :]e also ! cry/allization w take place40 ,! ac\/ic prop]ties ( common salt r5d] x an excell5t m$ium = ! transmission ( s\nd1 & z x possesses 9 a high degree ! p[] ( /ay+ decomposition 9 dead organisms1 x is1 p]haps1 ! commone/ ( all pres]vatives4 ,x is l>gely ow+ to its pres]vative prop]ty t common salt is an absolute necessity to ! life ( man & ! high] animals1 f a qu>t] to half an ounce a day be+ suffici5t to prev5t ! putrefaction ( food 9 ! dige/ive tract 9 ! case ( an adult4 ,9 agriculture1 salt is n only valuable z a de/roy] ( we$s & insect life1 b us$ sp>+ly & ) k1 x =ms an excell5t manure2 :ile its m /rictly *emical value 9 ! manufacture ( soda1 *lor9e1 etc41 causes x to play an important "p 9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,ev5 at ! highe/ temp]atures1 heat _c effect ! decomposition ( common salt4 ,at a r$ heat1 pure sodic *loride melts & becomes liquid1 & if cool$ aga91 a solid cry/all9e mass is =m$4 ,ord9>y salt fuses at a l[] temp]ature & volatilizes :5 heat$ 9 an op5 vessel4 ,b ev5 9 a clos$ vessel ! pure/ salt w volatilize at a :ite heat4 ,:5 gases or fluids are pres5t 9 ! cry/all9e cavities1 heat causes decrepitation4 ,on ! subject ( ! composition ( br9e1 x is only necess>y to add t x is s extremely v>iable t no two di/ricts produce br9e spr+s ( ! same /r5g? & d5sity1 :ile ! composition ( ocean br9e v>ies n only f ocean to ocean1 b also = diff]5t p>ts & diff]5t dep?s 9 ! same plane ( wat]1 & ) ! diff]5t di/ances f ! m\?s ( l>ge riv]s4 ,9 ! ,*e%ire di/rict1 ! ,br9e te/ or ,sal9omet] is graduat$ to %[ ounces 9 ! gallon2 b ! gallon is ! old ,w9*e/] ,gallon ( #bca cub4 94 & n ! ,imp]ial ,gallon ( #bggbgd cub4 94 ,^! are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! proportion ( #aj to #ab1 !re=e ! ,imp]ial ,gallon w conta9 m ?an ! old gallon4 ,fully saturat$ br9e by ! ,sal9omet] conta9s #db oz4 7#b lb4 #aj oz471 !re=e1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,gallon #ejd oz4 ,z br9es v>y f #b lb4 #h oz41 or #dj oz4 old measure1 or #c lb4 or #dh oz4 ,imp]ial to #b lb4 #aj oz41 or #c lb4 #b oz4 ,imp]ial1 s #a1jjj gallons1 :i* has be5 *os5 z ! measure = assess+ br9e-pump]s--"u ! ,br9e ,pump+ ,comp5sation = ,subsid5ce ,act ( #ahia--w conta9 "u ! old measurem5t #b1fbe lb4 & "u ! ,imp]ial #c1abe lb4 ( salt4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,salt ,,indu/ry ,salt1 be+ exi/5t 9 all animal & vegetable life1 is coeval ) life itself2 x 0 pres5t 9 ! fir/ h]bage :i* gave n\ri%m5t to ! fir/ bea/ t1 9 its turn1 became food = ! fir/ omnivor\s man4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 man consum$ ! sal9e ess5ces t 7 requir$ to pres]ve 8 body 9 heal?1 9 ! =m ( sodium *loride1 :i* he absorb$ 9 ! uncook$ fle% ( animals1 birds1 & fi%es1 & 9 raw gre5-foods4 ,! h]bivor\s animals 7 equally dep5d5t ^u salt1 &1 f9d+ x 9 only inf9itesimal quantities 9 ! grasses ^u :i* !y f$1 in/9ct direct$ !m to ! sea swamp pa/urage & to ! outcropp+ salt deposits4 ,s long z man's diet consi/$ ( uncook$ foods1 8 fre% meat provid$ him ) a suffici5cy ( salt1 b directly he employ$ a cook-pot 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 food1 ! boil+ processes d5ud$ x ( #gj p] c5t4 ( its natural salt1 & x became necess>y = him to make up ! defici5cy4 ,x mu/ h be5 at ?is p]iod t 8 h]ds direct$ 8 att5tion to ! 8salt licks0 f :i* !y satisfi$ _! own sal9e wants1 & enabl$ him to secure salt z a di/9ct & sep>ate condim5t4 ,x is probable t1 f ! ,palaeoli?ic ,age d[n to ! "t ( ! e>ly ,roman writ]s1 man 0 cont5t to season 8 victuals by ! simple process ( lick+ a piece ( rock-salt1 & we h no record to indicate ! p]iod :5 salt 0 fir/ employ$ 9 ! cook+ ( food4 ,f v>ieties ( gra9 & fragm5ts ( pott]y t h be5 discov]$ 9 ! dwell+s ( ! cave-m5 ( ,belgium1 x is suppos$ t salt 0 employ$ 9 ! cook+ ( :eat & b>ley "s five ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,?irte5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 fi% pres]v$ 9 salt 0 eat5 9 ,anci5t ,troy1 &1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! ,egyptians n only salt$ ducks1 quails1 & a species ( s>d9e :i* inhabit$ ! ,nile1 b also employ$ salt or br9e z an antiseptic 9 prep>+ ! bodies ( ! illu/ri\s dead = ! process ( embalm+4 ,we _c det]m9e ! p]iod 9 :i* salt came to be reg>d$ z a symbol ( sanctity or ent]$ into ! religi\s c]emonials ( ! anci5ts4 ,we "k t 9 ! ,levitical ,law1 promulgat$ 9 #aejj ,b4,c41 e meat-(f]+ 0 season$ ) salt1 & salt is ref]r$ to 9 ! 8,v]bal ,in/ructions0 :i* 7 enunciat$ by ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 five c5turies lat]4 ,by ! "t ( ,py?agoras1 ab\t #fjj ,b4,c41 salt 0 reg>d$ z ! emblem ( ju/ice1 b :o %all say :5 ! ,arabs fir/ employ$ x z a tok5 ( fri5d%ip1 or ! ,*9ese (f]$ _! fir/ oblation to ,phelo1 ! salt deity ( ,cele/ial wor%ip8 ,we read 9 ,h]odotus t c>avans br\ght salt f ,nor? ,africa1 & ,s*leid5 tells u t ! prie/s ( ,egypt pref]r$ ! salt ( ,hammom5 to t evaporat$ f sea-wat]2 b ^! ref]5ces d n help u to fix ! date :5 salt became an article ( comm]ce1 or tell u :5 or :]e or by :om x 0 fir/ produc$ 9 a manufactur$ =m4 ,x 0 rock-salt :i* ! ,egyptians procur$ f ! salt bas9 ( ! ,sah>a1 & rock-salt f ! m>g9 ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 ! v>iety t is ref]r$ to by ! compil]s ( ,biblical hi/ory4 ,b1 al?\gh ! natural crude product 0 probably ! sole =m 9 :i* x 0 kn[n 9 ! ,we/]n _w by ! ,anci5ts1 & ?r\gh ! vaunt$ gold5 epo*s ( ,babylon1 ,byzantium1 & ,greece1 ! ,*9ese--:o _h inv5t$ explosives be=e ! ,romans _h p]fect$ ! catapult1 & _h le>nt to navigate by ! compass :ile yet ! m>9]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 dep5d5t ^u ! />s & _! wits--_h probably be5 famili> = ages ) a salt manufactur$ by a process1 ! orig9 ( :i* !y _h =gott51 b ! practice ( :i* 0 to rema9 9 op]ation1 almo/ )\t revision1 = fur!r ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( salt 9 ! ,*9ese language is f\nd 9 ! annals ( ! ,emp]or ,yu 7#bbje-baig ,b4,c471 :o ord]$ ! prov9ce ( ,%antung to supply ! ,c\rt ) t commodity4 ,dur+ ! ,*[ dyna/y 7#aabb-bdi ,b4,c47 ! adm9i/ration ( ! salt indu/ry 0 conduct$ by ,c\rt (ficials1 b ! ,cr[n monopoly ( salt 0 n in/itut$ until ! days ( ,kuan ,*ung1 :o di$ #fde ,b4,c4 ,betwe5 ,a4,d4 #efa & ,a4,d4 #ehc1 ref]5ces to v>i\s taxes on salt lead u to ! conclusion t salt 0 produc$ at t p]iod f sea-wat]1 salt m>%es1 & salt spr+s1 & at ! pres5t day salt is produc$ 9 ,*9a 9 ?ree v>ieties--sea-salt1 lake-salt1 & well-salt4 ,z ! success ( ! boil+ op]ation 7:i* ant$at$ by unnumb]$ c5turies ! comp>atively mod]n indu/ry ( extract+ salt f sea-wat] by evaporation 9 ! sun7 dep5ds ma9ly on ! condition ( ! br9e & ! "t all[$ 9 ea* /age ( ! process1 ! details 7 ! subject ( _m s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ! pursuit ( ! p]fect sy/em1 b s9ce ab\t ! twelf? c5tury ! foll[+ me?od has be5 consi/5tly foll[$ by ! ,*9ese salt-mak]s4 ,! :ole ( ! sea-%ore 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! salt works is measur$ out & divid$ into a numb] ( small1 regul> squ>es2 ! surface lay] 9 ea* is dug out2 ! bottom ( ea* pit ?us =m$ is !n /rewn ) /raw1 & ! e>? t has be5 remov$ is ?r[n back ^u x4 ,:5 ^! br9e ov5s1 z !y 7 call$--:i* are %ap$ l *e/s1 #i ft4 long1 #b ft4 broad1 & #c ft4 deep--are prep>$1 !y are soak$ ) sea-wat]4 ,! sea-wat] 9 ! int]ior ( ! ov5s =ms br9e1 & fl[s ?r\gh little dit*es into wells :i* h be5 dug = its reception4 ,f ^! wells1 :i* are ab\t #h ft4 deep1 ! br9e is drawn out & c>ri$ to ! boil+ ov5s4 ,^! br9e ov5s are furni%$ ) l>ge evaporat+ pans1 ?ree to five ( :i* are atta*$ to ea* ov54 ,! boil+ takes place at once & is cont9u$ )\t int]ruption1 f #aa p4m4 until #aj4cj on ! foll[+ morn+1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! salt is tak5 out six times4 ,z soon z ! salt beg9s to h>d51 pods ( ! tsao-*io tree are ?r[n into ! pans1 9 ord] t ! p>ticles ( salt may comb9e m quickly1 & z soon z x is precipitat$1 x is remov$ & ! pans are refill$ ) fre% br9e4 ,on an av]age1 #fjj ca?s ( ! be/ br9e yield #adj ca?s ( pure salt1 :i* is produc$ 9 ?ree qualities & col\rs--:ite1 d>k1 & yell[4 ,! :ite is ! be/1 ! d>k is less e/eem$1 & ! yell[1 :i* is mu* inf]ior1 has a bitt] ta/e4 ,s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,*9ese h produc$ salt by sol> evaporation ( salt wat]1 accord+ to a simple b satisfactory process4 ,pits are dug on ! sea-%ore & bamboos are laid crosswise ov] !m4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) d\ble mats1 & s& is /rewn ov] ! top4 ,e morn+ & ev5+ ! cov]+ ( s& is soak$ ) sea-wat] by ! tide1 & ! salt liquor f9ds its way into ! pits4 ,z soon z ! wat] has rec$$1 ! salt work]s appe> ) flam+ bundles ( /raw1 to te/ ! sal9e "* ( ! moi/ure1 :i* is n reg>d$ z fully impregnat$ unless ! salt vap\r aris+ f ! pits ext+ui%es ! fire4 ,! br9e ?us produc$ is drawn (f & run into second>y or cry/alliz+ ponds1 ! level ( :i* is set a foot or s bel[ ! fir/ s]ies ( pits4 ,! second>y ponds1 :i* are small] & ( less dep?1 are provid$ ) c>efully-roll$1 h>d clay bottoms4 ,:5 a suffici5tly ?ick cry/all9e deposit has be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! second>y ponds1 workm51 />t+ at ! c5tre1 scrape ! bottoms1 work+ outw>d spirally & f9i%+ at ! corn] ( ! pond1 :]e ! co>se cry/all9e product is collect$ & all[$ to dra94 ,:5 dra9$ & dri$1 ! salt is ready = transf] to ! m>ket4 ,9 ,japan1 :]e ! manufacture ( sea-salt by boil+ or by spontane\s evaporation 0 introduc$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! process is simil> to t employ$ 9 ,*9a1 b 9 "s p>ts ( ! k+dom ! evaporation bas9 g5]ally employ$ 9 sol> evaporation is disp5s$ )4 ,9 ! latt] me?od1 a level field is =m$ close to ! sea & spr9kl$ ov] ) f9e s&4 ,sea-wat] is !n p\r$ into ! field1 &1 aft] evaporation ( ! wat]1 ! salt cry/allizes & adh]es to ! s&4 ,! mixture ( salt & s& is next ?r[n into a k9d ( extract+ app>atus & sea-wat] is p\r$ ^u x1 :]eupon ! salt is dissolv$ & filt]$ 9 ! =m ( a ?ick salt liquid4 ,9 o!r ,japanese salt fields ! conc5trat$ liquor is p\r$ into a cry/allization bas9 prep>$ = ! purpose1 &1 ^u evaporation ( ! wat] by ! sun's heat1 ! salt cry/allizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,salt ,,works ,a4 ,wood5 ,ladle4 ,b4 ,cask4 ,c4 ,tub4 ,d4 ,! ,ma/]4 ,e4,assi/ant4 ,f4 ,! ,ma/]'s ,wife4 ,g4 ,wood5 ,spade4 ,h4 ,bo>ds4 ,i4 ,salt-baskets4 ,k4 ,hoe4 ,l4 ,rake4 ,m4 ,/raw4 ,n4 ,b[ls4 ,o4 ,bucket = ,blood4 ,p4 ,be] ,tank>d4 ,f an ,old ,pr9t ,publi%$ 9 #aeef ,9 ,italy mo/ ( ! salt is made by sol> evaporation4 ,! salt gr\nds1 :i* occupy ext5sive areas1 are furni%$ ) res]voirs = ! prep>ation ( ! sea-wat] by saturation & = ! deposit ( salt4 ,! =m] are kn[n z cond5s]s & ! latt] z cry/alliz+ b$s1 & 9 bo? ! "w is c>ri$ on by sol> evaporation only4 ,e salt-gr\nd1 or salt-g>d51 z x is call$1 has a fe$+ *annel = ! infl[ ( sea-wat]1 a dra9age *annel1 & a network ( int]nal *annels at l[ & high levels1 z are requir$ = immission or dra9age purposes4 ,9 ,portugal & ,spa91 salt is made by sol> evaporation f sea-wat]1 & al?\gh !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al me?ods1 !y apply only to details reg>d+ ! areas ( ! salt-gr\nds or ! sizes ( ! res]voirs4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood t all comm]cial salt is produc$ ei!r f ! sea or f rock-salt4 ,sea-wat] is evaporat$ to precipitate its salt ei!r by ! heat ( ! sun or by artificial heat4 ,rock-salt is m9$ & ref9$ = m>ket purposes1 & x is resolv$ into br9e f :i* ! salt is extract$ by sol> heat or ! process ( boil+1 b :e!r ! sal9es are obta9$ f salt lakes or f natural br9e spr+s1 or are prep>$ by flood+ salt deposits ) wat] & pump+ x out 9 ! =m ( fully saturat$ br9e1 rock-salt is ! f\ndation = !m all4 ,& 9 all ! processes ( manufacture ! basic pr9ciple is ! same1 & consi/s ( apply+ heat to drive (f ! liquid :i* conta9s ! salt & collect+ ! cry/all9e deposit :i* rema9s4 ,! pr9ciple ( :at is describ$ z ! boil+ process is fundam5tal & unalt]able1 & = ?\s&s ( ye>s ! plant & ut5sils employ$ 9 ! process und]w5t no mat]ial *ange4 ,s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&1 v>iations 9 ! %ape1 size1 & capacity ( ! pans h be5 introduc$1 & exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ! re-arrangem5t ( ! receptacles & r$i/ribution ( ! furnaces1 :ile coal fuel has be5 sub/itut$ = /raw & wood1 b x is only 9 ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s t any mat]ial success has be5 a*iev$ 9 ! matt] ( economiz+ & accel]at+ ! process ( production1 controll+ ! heat 9 ord] to regulate ! gra9 ( ! salt1 produc+ m ?an "o grade ( salt 9 "o op]ation1 or ( automatically & cont9u\sly collect+ ! salt z x is precipitat$ f ! br9e4 ,! e>lie/ exact & detail$ description t we h ( salt-mak+ appe>s 9 ,de ,re ,metallica1 a fam\s "w by ,georgius ,agricola1 ( ,saxony1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aeef1 & :i* = ! foll[+ #ahj ye>s1 rema9$ ! /&>d text-book on m9+ & metallurgy4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xii ( ?is "w1 ! prep>ation ( :i* occupi$ ,agricola = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 he gives ! exhau/ive p>ticul>s relat+ to ! boil+ process f :i* ! ensu+ acc\nt is compil$4 ,aft] expla9+ ! me?od by :i* sea-wat] is receiv$ into ! fir/ s]ies ( prep>$ tr5*es1 9 :i* ! fir/ /age ( evaporation takes place & is !reaft] c>ri$ into ! second bas9s1 :]e x is ?ick5$ by fur!r evaporation to ! con/itu5cy 9 :i* x is ready to be conv]t$ into salt1 ,agricola tells u t ! liquor is !n boil$ 9 pans plac$ 9 %$s arrang$ = ! purpose4 ,ea* %$ is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ "p is /or$ ! firewood or /raw1 & 9 ! second is ! fireplace on :i* is plac$ ! caldron4 ,to ! "r ( ! caldron is a tub = ! br9e t is to be conv]t$ into salt1 & on ! left is a b5* ^u :i* ! salt is plac$ be=e be+ remov$ to ! ?ird comp>tm5t1 :]e x is m\ld$ into cones or tablets & left to dry 9 ! w>m air4 ,! fireplaces are made #h ft4 long & #g ft4 wide2 if wood is burn$ 9 !m !y are ne>ly #d ft4 high1 b if /raw fuel is us$1 !y are #f ft4 9 height4 ,! caldrons are rectangul>1 #h ft4 long & #g ft4 wide1 & #f 94 deep4 ,!y are made ( %eets ( iron or lead1 8n v ?ick s t ! wat] is heat$ m quickly by ! fire & is boil$ away rapidly40 ,to prev5t ! br9e f leak+ out at ! po9ts :]e ! metal plates are fa/5$ ) rivets1 ! caldrons are sme>$ ov] ) a cem5t ( ox-liv]1 or ox-blood1 mix$ ) a%es4 ,z soon z ! fir/ dipp]ful ( br9e is p\r$ f ! br9e tub into ! caldron1 ! wood or /raw is ignit$ 9 ! fireplace4 ,if ! firewood consi/s ( faggots or bru%wood1 ! salt w be :ite1 b if /raw is burn$ ! salt is n infrequ5tly blacki% f ! sp>ks :i* rise ) ! smoke & settle ^u ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to accel]ate ! cond5sation ( ! br9e1 ! salt-mak] adds & mixes into x bullock's blood1 or calf's blood1 or buck's blood1 :i* dissolves & is di/ribut$ into all ! corn]s ( ! caldron4 ,:5 ! boil+ wat] seems to be mix$ ) scum1 x is skimm$ ) a ladle1 & f ! fir+ ( ! furnace to ! skimm+ ( ! boil+ scum is ! "w ( half an h\r4 ,aft] ?is x boils d[n = ano!r qu>t] ( an h\r1 & !reaft] x beg9s to cond5se into salt4 ,:5 ! br9e comm5ces to ?ick5 ) ! heat1 x is /irr$ assidu\sly ) a wood5 spatula1 & !n all[$ to boil = an h\r4 ,at ?is /age be] is add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! caldron1 :i* is protect$ f ! w9d by bo>ds1 & ! salt is !n )drawn ) a %ovel & ?r[n into baskets4 ,! rema9+ br9e is all[$ to boil = ano!r ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 :5 ! salt is aga9 remov$ & plac$ 9 ! dry+ comp>tm5t4 ,9 ?is mann] ! salt]s alt]nately boil ! br9e & collect ! salt1 8day & night1 ) ! exception only ( ! annual fea/ days40 ,no caldron is able to /& ! fire = m ?an half a ye>4 ,new caldrons are wa%$ out ?ree times 9 ! fir/ two weeks1 & aft]w>ds once a week4 ,9 ?is mann] ! incru/ations fall f ! bottom ( ! caldron1 & if ?is is n done ! salt w\ld h to be made m sl[ly ov] a fi]c] fire1 :i* n only requires m br9e b burns ! plates ( ! caldron4 ,if any cracks make _! appe>ance 9 ! caldron1 !y are fill$ up ) cem5t4 ,! salt made dur+ ! fir/ two weeks 9 a new caldron is usually inf]ior 9 quality1 be+ /a9$ by ! ru/ at ! bottom :]e incru/ations h n yet adh]$4 ,agricola's description is full ( te*nical exactness 9 reg>d to ^? p>ts ( ! app>atus & ! process :i* are ( comp>atively insignificant int]e/1 b x is1 un=tunately1 sil5t ab\t details on :i* full] in=mation w\ld be useful4 ,he tells u ! capacity ( ! tubs 9 :i* ! br9e is cons]v$1 b n ( ! caldrons 9 :i* x is boil$1 & we _c calculate ! quantity by ! dim5sions ( ! receptacles1 s9ce he omits to m5tion ! dep? to :i* !y are fill$4 ,he expla9s t x takes half an h\r to fill ! baskets ) ! salt t is drawn f ! caldron1 b z he does n give u ! dim5sions ( ! baskets employ$1 or ! am\nt ( wood or /raw consum$1 we _c det]m9e ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to make a c]ta9 quantity ( salt1 or ! co/ 9 fuel4 ,b1 cond5s$ & simplifi$ by ! elim9ation ( extrane\s p>ticul>s & complex te*nicalities1 ! =ego+ enables u to obta9 a fair idea ( ! me?ods employ$ by ! salt] ( ,halle1 9 ,saxony1 assi/$ by 8 wife z help] & a y\?ful /ok]--work+ nak$1 on acc\nt ( ! great heat1 save = a /raw cap & a bree* clo?--9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! subject ( ! =mation ( rock-salt deposits w be treat$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 9 :i* a description w be giv5 ( rock-salt m9+ 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! primitive me?ods t *>act]iz$ ! br9e indu/ry h be5 adh]$ to ) equal t5acity 9 ! w9n+ ( rock-salt4 ,x is extraord9>y t1 9 ! manufacture & 9 ! m9+ ( salt1 ea* successive g5]ation ( salt-m51 9 inh]it+ _! me?ods f _! =efa!rs1 or adapt+ !m f ! m9]s ( ano!r c\ntry1 h always pres]v$ ! int5se cons]vatism t appe>s to be insep>able f ! indu/ry1 & h resi/$ all innovations t h promis$ to simplify or exp$ite _! lab\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,salt ,,works ,a4 ,%$s4 ,b4 ,pa9t$ ,signs4 ,c4 ,fir/ ,room4 ,d4 ,second ,room4 ,e4 ,?ird ,room4 ,f4 ,w9d[s4 ,g4 ,w9d[ 9 ,ro(4 ,h & ,i4 ,wells4 ,k4 ,casks4 ,l4 ,pole4 ,m4 ,=k$ ,re/+ ,/icks ,f an ,old ,pr9t ,publi%$ 9 #aeef ,x w\ld be an int]m9able & unpr(itable und]tak+ to conduct ! read] ^u a t\r ( ! salt m9es ( ! _w1 & expla9 ! diff]5t me?ods t are adopt$ to con=m ) ! local & geological conditions :i* obta9 9 ! v>i\s salt regions4 ,! sy/ems foll[$ 9 mo/ c\ntries are gov]n$ by traditions t h _! orig9 9 immemorial times1 & ! disposition to p]petuate ! op]ations )\t *ange ?r\gh succe$+ ages is1 p]haps1 traceable to ! races t "w ! m9es r ?an to ! deposits 9 :i* !y "w4 ,! process ( sol> evaporation :i* is employ$ to-day on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,adriatic is practically ! same z x 0 :5 ! civilization ( ,*9a 0 9 its infancy2 ! implem5ts & me?ods 9 pres5t use 9 ! salt m9es ( ,au/ria1 ,russia1 & ,rumania 7 introduc$ by ! discov]]s ( ! lodes 9 ! d>ke/ ages4 ,we _c ev5 fix ! comp>atively rec5t p]iod 9 :i* x 0 decre$ t ! ,rumanian m9es ( ,tirgu-,ocna & ,ocnele-,m>i %\ld be exploit$ by convict lab\r1 :ile ! ,slavic m9e 0 to f9d employm5t = free work]s only4 ,e c\ntry1 e salt di/rict1 & almo/ e m9e has its peculi> & di/+ui%+ rules1 cu/oms1 & me?ods ( "w1 :i* are int]e/+ 9 !mselves b ( insuffici5t importance to w>rant detail$ consid]ation 9 a treatise ( ?is scope4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 salt regions & m9es :i*1 by reason ( _! magnitude & ! possession ( unprec$5t$ features1 h obta9$ rank among ! less] wond]s ( ! _w1 & = ?is reason we mu/ devote a little space to 8! ,great ,salt0 ( ,wieliezka1 9 ,hung>y1 & to ! great ,rumanian salt deposits4 ,! fam\s m9es ( ,wieliezka1 9 ! l[] ,c>pa?ians1 ab\t eight miles f ! city ( ,crac[--) _! und]gr\nd roads1 h\ses1 & monum5ts2 _! *ur*es1 ball-rooms1 & re/aurants2 _! lakes1 bridges1 & railway /ations--con/itute a city commemorative ( ! art & indu/ry ( bygone p]iods1 & pres5t a spectacle1 weird & spl5did1 t rem9ds "o ( ! m>vels ( ! ,?\s&-&-,"o ,nights4 ,! ,wieliezka sy/em1 :i* has be5 9 op]ation s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ext5ds ov] an area ( ab\t twelve squ>e miles1 & rea*es a maximum dep? ( "s #ab1jjj ft4 ,! v>i\s gall]ies at pres5t accessible h an aggregate l5g? ( #fe miles1 & ! total l5g? ( m9+ railways is ab\t ?irty miles4 ,ea* m9e consi/s ( five /oreys4 ,! fir/ /orey is ab\t #bjj ft4 bel[ ! surface1 & betwe5 ! diff]5t /oreys a body ( e>? or salt f #hj ft4 to #ajj ft4 ?ick is left4 ,z 9 ,nor?wi*1 _m ( ! old work+s 9 ,wieliezka h fall5 91 & :ole *amb]s & /reets h be5 engulf$ 9 ! holes4 ,broad /aircases connect ! v>i\s /oreys1 ea* ( :i* boa/s its di/9ctive *amb]s & ?or\ghf>es4 ,! air 9 ! upp] levels is mu* m moi/ ?an 9 ! l[] excavations1 ) ! result t ! salt /atues 9 ^! ap>tm5ts are gradually los+ _! %ape4 ,! head ( "o is ne>ly gone1 ! arms ( ano!r are wa/$2 :ile ! deep] furr[s1 :i* are obs]vable ^u ! sculptur$ bodies1 give !m a grotesque appe>ance4 ,! smoke ( lamps & wicks adds to ! moi/ure ( ! air & d>k5s ! surface ( ! /atues1 :i* might be c>v$ 9 black m>ble4 ,onw>d & d[nw>d "o proce$s1 ! /airways appe> to be innum]able2 ! visitor loses all s5se ( dep?1 di/ance1 & direction2 *amb]s & passages lead to fur!r *amb]s & passages1 until ! t\r ( ! work+s leaves "o ) a dom9at+ impression ( limitless repetition4 ,ev]y?+ is ( solid salt1 except :]e "s insecure ro( is support$ by huge timb]s or a wood5 bridge is ?r[n ov] "s va/ *asm4 ,z dep? is atta9$ ! air gr[s dri] & pur]1 & ! po9ts & faces ( ! rock become m cry/all9e & beautiful4 ,onw>d & d[nw>d /ill1 ?r\gh labyr9?s ( %afts1 gall]ies1 & *amb]s1 up crook$ passages1 & "u vault$ ar*ways1 t lead into innum]able1 unnam$ small] ap>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wieliezka ,,salt ,,m9es1 ,,galicia4 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,francis ,,joseph ,,ball ,,room1 ,,made ,,( ,,salt4 ,,! ,,*&eli]s ,,are ,,made ,,( ,,poli%$ ,,salt ,,cry/als ,gr\ps & gangs ( m9]s1 nak$ to ! hips1 are ev]y:]e busy ) pick1 mallet1 & w$ge1 ) :i* !y block out & sep>ate ! salt slabs f ! solid mass4 ,! process has ! simplicity ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 fir/ employ$4 ,! blocks are m>k$ out on ! surface ( ! rock by grooves4 ,"o side is !n deep5$ to ! requir$ ?ickness1 & ! face is split (f by w$ges ins]t$ "u ! block4 ,x is !n divid$ into pieces ( #ajj lb4 ea* & remov$ to ! %afts1 :]e x is hoi/$1 /age aft] /age1 to ! surface4 ,! numb] ( lab\r]s cont9ually engag$ is f "o to two ?\s&4 ,! m9]s1 :o are muscul>1 heal?y-look+ m51 are divid$ into gangs4 ,! "w is c>ri$ on 9 %ifts ( six h\rs ea*1 & 9 ea* %ift a gang w qu>ry out ab\t #a1jjj lb4 weight ( salt4 ,! ,let[ ball-room1 :i* lies at a dep? ( #baf ft4 bel[ ! surface1 dates f #agej1 & has be5 ! sc5e ( _m ,royal visits & spl5did ent]ta9m5ts4 ,"o end ( ! spaci\s *amb] is adorn$ ) a colossal ,au/rian eagle1 & 9 an alcove at ! opposite end is set up a cry/al ?rone4 ,! giant *amb] :i* be>s ! "n ( ,mi*al[ice1 a fe>some & /up5d\s excavation1 0 complet$ 9 #agja1 z ! result ( =ty ye>s ( cont9u\s lab\r4 ,x is #ei ft4 long by #ib ft4 broad1 & ! ro(1 support$ by a wood5 framework1 has a height ( #aah ft4 ,! *amb] is lit by a salt *&eli] furni%$ ) #cjj electric bulbs4 ,! ,francis ,joseph ball-room is ano!r ( ! wond]s ( ?is subt]ranean city4 ,x is an imm5sely l>ge & imm5sely l(ty ap>tm5t1 lit by six l>ge *&eli]s fa%ion$ ( cry/all9e rock-salt4 ,salt /atues ( ,vulcan & ,neptune1 :i* adorn ! hall1 reflect ! electric light f myriad brilliant po9ts & angles1 & contribute to ! g5]al impression ( fla%+ spl5d\r :i* ! sc5e conveys4 ,b5ea? ^! great reception rooms1 are small] halls1 ea* beautiful 9 itself1 be>+ ! names ( royal or pr9cely p]sonages4 ,massive pyramids ( salt & sculptur$ monum5ts1 ) c>v$ inscriptions1 p]petuate ! memories ( ,emp]ors & ,empresses ( ,au/ria1 or commemorate _! visits to ! m9es4 ,ne> to ! ,let[ ball-room is ! celebrat$ ,/4 ,an?ony's ,*apel1 :i* 0 hewn 9 #afih1 & = upw>ds ( two c5turies has be5 ! resort ( ?\s&s ( ! dev\t4 ,! ve/ibule 9 ! *apel consi/s ( a symmetrical ar*way ) figures at ! sides4 ,! int]ior is beautifi$ by an alt> be>+ a sculptur$ repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion1 & flank$ by salt effigies ( kneel+ monks4 ,h>d by ,/4 ,an?ony's ,*apel a magnific5t %r9e is hewn 9 "o ( ! passages1 peopl$ ) figur$ sa9ts1 :i* leads to ! ,que5's ,*apel1 ) ! sup]bly-*isell$ alt> & its view ( ,be?lehem c>v$ 9 ! solid salt4 ,! c5tral railway /ation 9 ! ?ird /orey1 & ! great re/aurant1 ) its pond]\s pill>s & its long vi/a ( lattic$ gall]ies1 are among ! _m m>vels ( ! m9es1 b no?+ x conta9s is s wond]ful z ! subt]ranean lake1 ly+ #gjj ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! wat]s ( ! lake are d>k1 ?ick1 & heavy1 & z ! boat glides ov] its surface ! slumb]\s wavelets roll up aga9/ ! sides ( ! grotto ) a gho/-l swi%4 ,a pond]\s solitude ov] weighs all4 ,! ,/yx alone ( all ! leg5d>y riv]s ( dea? c\ld rival ?is 9 /illness4 ,! boat is guid$ ?r\gh ! ,/ephanie & ,rudolf grottoes by ropes runn+ on pulleys along ! sides ( ! curi\s craft1 & ! boatman1 ) 8 h&s re/+ on ! /]n1 pu%es x ) 8 feet brac$ aga9/ ! rope4 ,( ! sixte5 lakes 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! m9e1 ?is is ! only "o ^u :i* visitors are all[$ to g4 ,! report ( a gun fir$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! lake fills ! vault ) long & l+]+ e*oes1 & ! voice ( ! boatman s\nds l a giant's voice upris+ f ! dep?s ( *aos4 ,! illum9ation ( ! m9e is arrang$ accord+ to a regul> t>iff bas$ on ! numb] ( visitors %>+ ! exp5se4 ,= any numb] ( p]sons up to tw5ty1 ! illum9ation1 :i* compreh5ds ! employm5t ( ov] a ?\s& c&les & electric lamps1 co/s ab\t n9ety %ill+s1 b = an additional sov]eign1 :i* is *>g$ :5 a p>ty numb]s ov] ?irty p]sons1 ! :ole m9e becomes a blaze ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,salt ,,m9e ,,at ,,slanicu1 ,,rumania ,?is fam\s m9e has be5 work$ s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,s]i\s calamities at ,wieliczka are n[ practically unkn[n1 ow+ to ! c>e ex]cis$ by ! (ficials1 b m9or accid5ts are unavoidable4 ,"s few ye>s ago a huge mass ( rock-salt1 weigh+ "s #bjj tons1 fell f ! ro( ( "o ( ! *amb]s2 9 #ahfh ! m9es 7 flood$ by ! bur/+ ( a subt]ranean salt lake2 & a fire 9 #ahae result$ 9 ! loss ( sev]al hundr$ lives4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! m9es conta9s ! record ( sev]al t]rible disa/]s1 includ+ an inc5di>y fire 9 #aeaj1 :i* caus$ a great numb] ( dea?s1 & ano!r fire 9 #afdd1 :i* rag$ = ov] a ye>1 & consum$ all ! p1 horses1 & mules :o 7 9 ! m9e :5 ! fire occurr$4 ,! work+ ( ! ?ree great ,rumanian salt deposits pres5t o!r examples ( ! p]si/5t survival ( anci5t me?ods1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t an attempt 0 made at "o "t to introduce mod]n ma*9]y4 ,x 0 demon/rat$ t ! ma*9e produc$ m salt 9 a giv5 "t1 & t ! wa/e ( ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! salt att5dant ^u manual lab\r & ! use ( picks 0 sav$1 b z ! supply ( salt is practically inexhau/ible1 & !re is no limit set ^u ! "t ( w9n+ x1 & z man-p[]1 especially convict man-p[]1 is *eap] ?an ma*9]y1 ! au?orities soon rev]t$ to ! old sy/em4 ,9 ! ,slanic m9e1 9 :i* ! salt is cry/all9e1 :ite1 & almo/ absolutely pure1 ! free lab\r]s1 ( :om ab\t #ejj are employ$1 are divid$ into gangs ( six m54 ,ea* man takes an oblong piece ( ! floor ( ! m9e1 ab\t z big z an ord9>y tomb/one1 &1 us+ 8 pick1 scoops r\nd x a n>r[ groove ab\t #e 94 deep4 ,?is done1 he summons ! re/ ( 8 gang1 &1 /&+ beside him on ! slab1 !y raise & br+ d[n _! picks simultane\sly at ! ^w ( comm&4 ,=ce is necess>y1 b rhy?mical accuracy 9 ! plant+ ( ! bl[ is m ess5tial1 & by long practice ! m5 h become s extraord9>ily exp]t t !y sc>cely ev] div]ge a hair's bread? f ! po9t at :i* !y aim4 ,9 a few m9utes ! p]si/5t bl[s deta* ! slab1 :i* ! six m5 raise ) ! aid ( a lev]4 ,! gang proce$ f slab to slab until all six h be5 deta*$ & lift$1 aft] :i* ea* man breaks 8 own slab into *unks & loads x into a truck = removal to ! %aft1 ?r\gh :i* x is haul$ to ! surface4 ,an exp]t m9]'s e>n+s at ?is "w range f half a cr[n to ?ree %ill+s a day4 ,! convicts employ$ 9 ! ,tirgu-,ocna & ,ocnele-,m>i m9es are paid f sixp5ce to eightp5ce a day = _! "w1 &1 save t lib]ty & ! hospitality ( ! local tav]ns are d5i$ !m1 _! condition is little worse ?an t ( ! free lab\r]s4 ,z capital puni%m5t does n obta9 9 ,rumania1 ! convict m9]s include murd]]s1 brig&s1 & ! wor/ class ( crim9als1 & arm$ soldi]s escort !m to & fro betwe5 ! prison & ! m9e1 & rema9 on gu>d :ile !y are at "w4 ,da%es = lib]ty us$ to be common1 & organiz$ attempts to escape h also be5 attempt$1 b n[1 on ! fir/ sign ( suspici\s behavi\r on ! "p ( ! convicts1 ! ord] is giv5 = ! :ole gang to ?r[ !mselves flat ^u ! gr\nd4 ,z ^? :o disobey ! ord] are imm$iately %ot1 in/antane\s compliance ) ! comm& is usually obs]v$4 ,on "o occasion a body ( disaffect$ convicts _h rec\rse to a =m ( passive resi/ance1 & :5 ! day's "w 0 ov] !y refus$ to leave ! m9e4 ,! gu>ds & ov]se]s !reupon )drew & left ! mut9e]s to reflect 9 an intol]ably salt atmosph]e ^u ! virtues ( fre% wat]1 ( :i* !y _h no supply4 ,aft] two days ( torture1 ! m5 capitulat$4 ,b ! "w ( sup]9t5d+ ! convicts 9 ! m9es is a delicate & dang]\s task4 ,! ov]se]s are compell$ to mix ) ! m51 & x is b ! "w ( a few sil5t m9utes = a gang to ov]p[] an unpopul> (ficial & squeeze ! brea? out ( 8 body4 ,z ! murd] is a communal affair1 & ! practice ( mak+ an example ( "o man p\r l'enc\rag] les autres is n adopt$ 9 ,rumania1 ! ext5t ( puni%m5t inflict$ ^u ! :ole gang is less ?an w\ld be met$ out to individual (f5d]s4 ,z ! salt res]ves 9 ! ?ree pr9cipal m9es ( ,rumania are e/imat$ at #h1ggd1jjj1jjj tons1 & ! annual extraction has nev] exce$$ #aej1jjj tons1 x foll[s t1 at ! pres5t rate ( progress1 ! deposits _c be exhau/$ = sev]al mill5niums4 ,:]e ! salt deposits are compos$ ( a m9]al t is :ite1 od\rless1 & practically pure1 z 9 ! ,wieliezka sy/em & ! m9es ( ,rumania1 & p>ticul>ly if lab\r is abundant & *eap1 & ! indu/ry is a monopoly ( ! ,/ate1 rock-salt m9+ w always hold its own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wieliezka ,,salt ,,m9es1 ,,galicia4 ,,! ,,railway ,,/ation ,,on ,,! ,,?ird ,,level ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 ! old op5-pan sy/em ( evaporat+ salt f br9e produc$ only two tons ( salt = ! consumption ( a ton ( fuel1 rock-salt c\ld be rais$1 purifi$1 & m>ket$ 9 competition ) :ite salt1 b ! mod]n boil+ processes h effect$ su* sub/antial improvem5ts & consequ5t economical advantages1 t ! rock-salt indu/ry appe>s to be doom$ to decay4 ,rock-salt1 z qu>ri$ f its native b$1 is f\nd 9 _m v>iations ( col\r1 f grey & yell[ to gre5 & brick r$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! impurities ( ! locality 9 :i* ! deposit lies1 & su* salt mu/ be cleans$ f all traces ( iron1 clay1 gypsum1 or bitum5 be=e x is fit = dome/ic use4 ,_m processes h be5 exp]im5t$ ) = ! removal ( impurities4 ,"o ( ! mo/ plausible me?ods 0 bas$ on ! fact t salt fuses at a temp]ature ( ab\t #a1gej degrees1 & ! !ory 0 to remove all impurities f ! fluid mass by ! ag5cy ( compress$ air4 ,! pr9ciple 0 unsuccessfully exp]im5t$ ) 9 ,wrtemb]g ne>ly half a c5tury ago1 b a mod]n adaptation ( ! process claim$ to be m successful4 ,! molt5 mat]ial1 9 ?is case1 ran into rotat+ pans & gradually ov]fl[$2 & x 0 !n %ovell$ into ano!r receptacle &1 :ile subject$ to ! action ( compress$ air1 rais$ by small buckets to a c]ta9 height & empti$ into incl9$ scre5s1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 automatically grad$4 ,x 0 claim$ t f ! "t ( ca/+ ! crude mat]ial into ! furnace1 until ! p]fect :ite salt appe>$1 ! process occupi$ only fifte5 m9utes1 & t rock-salt c\ld be brok5 9 ! m9e1 transport$1 fus$1 & pack$ ready = table use 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ma/]-pat5t = ?is process 0 tak5 out1 ! late/ br9e-evaporat+ sy/ems 7 unp]fect$1 & !re 0 "s possibility t ! inv5tion might be capable ( tak+ ! rock-salt direct f ! m9e1 elim9at+ at "o /roke all its impurities1 & 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or two deliv]+ into ! w>eh\se an anhydr\s salt 8at a fraction ( ! co/ ( ! ord9>y process0 ( evaporat+ salt f br9e4 ,b by ! "t t ?is bold claim 0 put =w>d on behalf ( ! process1 ! admitt$ total co/ ( production _h be5 advanc$ f #ds4 to #es4 #h;d4 p] ton1 :ile ! late/ pat5t br9e-evaporat+ sy/em 0 produc+ ! manufactur$ article at a total inclusive co/ ( #cs4 #f;d4 p] ton4 ,s9ce !n1 ?is rock process 0 in/all$ 9 ,mexico1 p]sev]$ ) = a :ile1 & f9ally disc>d$ because1 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,bonney1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul1 8! exp]im5t prov$ a failure40 ,ev5 if ! late/ br9e process has n 8relegat$ rock-salt m9+ into ! limbo ( ext9ct ent]prises10 x appe>s c]ta9 t x w nev] be able to be work$ 9 competition ) ! process by :i* salt is manufactur$ direct f br9e :]e br9e is available4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,*e%ire ,,wi*es ,if we turn f ! /udy ( salt z "o ( ! /aples ( _w indu/ry to ! hi/ory ( ! salt indu/ry 9 ,engl&1 we f9d t x is practically compris$ 9 ! records ( ! developm5t ( ! trade 9 rock-salt & br9e 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e%ire4 ,! fir/ docum5t>y ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( sal9e deposits 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! me?od ( native manufacture & ( ! introduction ( ! op5-pan sy/em ( salt-mak+1 dates f ! "t ( ! ,roman occupation4 ,! ,caes>ean soldi]s1 :o p5etrat$ z f> nor? z ! ,nor?wi* di/rict1 f\nd ! p obta9+ salt by ! process ( p\r+ br9e ^u faggots ( *>coal & scrap+ away ! resultant cry/all9e =mation4 ,a little spr+ :i* exi/$ at t p]iod 9 ,%ea? ,/reet1 ,nor?wi*1 furni%$ ! ,romans ) a limit$ supply ( br9e1 & f ?is s\rce1 ) ! crude plant improvis$ on ! spot1 !y produc$ ! fir/ salt ev] manufactur$ 9 ,engl& by ! boil+ ( br9e 9 op5 pans4 ,! ,britons nam$ ! br9e spr+ at ,nantwi* 8,hella? ,w510 or ! ,:ite ,pit1 on acc\nt ( ! :it5ess ( ! salt produc$ f its wat]s2 :ile ! spr+ at ,nor?wi* receiv$ ! "n ( 8,hella? ,du10 or ! ,black ,pit4 ,! suffix 8wi*0 may h be5 introduc$ into ,*e%ire direct f ! ,vik+s ( ! ,nor?1 or br\ght !re by way ( ! s\?-ea/]n c\nties4 ,9 ,camd5's ,britannia 7publi%$ 9 ,lat9 9 #afjg1 & translat$ by ,philemon ,holl&1 #afaj71 we read t ! ^w ,wiccij 8may seeme to h be5e d]iv$ ( ^? salt pittes t ! old ,engli%m5 9 _! language nam$ ,wi*es10 & ,william ,smi?1 a ,*e%ire ,man & au?or ( a "w :i* is kn[n z ,k+'s ,vale ,royal 7#afef edition71 says3 8,! h\se 9 :i* ! salt is boil$ is call$ ! ,wy*h\se2 :5ce may be guess$ :at wy* signifies1 & :y all ^? t[ns :]e !re are salt-spr+s or salt made are call$ by ! "n ( wy*1 viz41 ,namptwy*1 ,nor?wy*1 ,middlewy*1 ,droitwy*40 ,b ! ,norse ^w wig & ! ,anglo-,saxon wic signifi$1 9 ! orig9al1 a dwell+-place1 & 9 ! latt] =m ( wi*1 x is se5 9 ! names ( ,woolwi*1 ,norwi*1 ,h>wi*1 ,s&wi*1 etc4 ,! ,norse & ,dani% pirates :o visit$ our coa/s to pillage & procure salt1 e/abli%$ wigs--aft]w>ds wi*es or hamlets--on ! bays & inlets1 & :]ev] !y locat$ !mselves !y proce$$ to make bay-salt4 ,! ^w wi*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 became id5tifi$ n ) ! village b ) ! salt manufacture t 0 c>ri$ on !re1 & :5 ! ,*e%ire t[ns develop$ ! indu/ry !y may easily h adopt$ ! nom5clature t 0 already reg>d$ z indicative ( ! manufacture4 ,9 ! records ( ,droitwi*1 :i* 0 also call$ ,durt-wi* 8by reason ( ! wetti% gr\nd on :i* x /&s10 we le>n t 9 ! ye> #haf1 ,k5ulph1 ,k+ ( ! ,m]cians1 gave ,hamilton & t5 h\ses 9 ,wi* toge!r ) _! salt-furnaces1 to ! *ur* ( ,worce/]1 & t 9 #ijf ! same *ur* 0 end[$ by ,edwy1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ) ,fep/one & five salt-furnaces2 b ! next e>lie/ ref]5ces to ! ,*e%ire ,wi*es mu/ be se>*$ = among ! entries 9 ,domesday ,book1 :i* 0 prep>$ betwe5 #ajhd & #ajhf4 ,william ! ,conqu]or's au?oriz$ inquiry z to ! sev]al places 9 :i* salt 0 be+ made1 & ! p]sons :o _h held proprietorial rights 9 !m s9ce ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 0 productive ( mu* detail$ in=mation4 ,f ! z9cograph reproduction ( ! orig9al made by ,mr4 ,william ,beaumont 9 #ahfc1 x w\ld appe> t ! ,*e%ire br9e-spr+s & salt works 7 /rictly held1 & 7 subject to c]ta9 well-def9$ cu/oms4 ,9 sev]al localities ! exi/5ce ( solit>y salt-h\ses is m5tion$1 & x w\ld seem safe to inf] t ! supply ( br9e 0 obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity & ! salt 0 only made = local consumption4 ,salt-mak+ = comm]cial purposes 0 conf9$ to ,nantwi*1 9 ,w>munde/ron ,hundr$1 & ,nor?wi* & ,middlewi* 9 ! ,hundr$ ( ,milde/vic1 &1 al?\gh no figures relat+ to output or rev5ues are giv51 ! laws gov]n+ ! trade1 ! prices *>g$1 & ! me?od ( divid+ ! moneys accru+ f r5ts & sales are concisely set =? 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs-- 8,milde/vic hundr$4 ,hugh & ,william held ( ! ,e>l ,rode ,godric & ,ravesa held x = two manors & 7 free m540 8,9 ! same hundr$ ( ,milde/vic !re 0 a ?ird ,wi* call$ ,norwi* 7,nor?wi*71 :i* 0 9 f>m at eight p\nds4 ,9 x !re 7 ! same laws & cu/oms z 9 ! o!r ,wi*es1 & ! ,k+ & ! ,e>l divid$ ! receipts 9 ! l mann]4 ,all ! ?anes :o held salt-h\ses 9 ?is ,wi* gave no ,friday's boil+s ( salt ! ye> ?r\gh4 ,:oev] br\ght a c>t1 ) two or m ox51 f ano!r %ire1 gave #d p5ce = ! toll4 ,a man f ! same %ire gave = 8 c>t #b p5ce )9 ! ?ird night aft] 8 return home4 ,if he all[$ ! ?ird night to pass1 he 0 f9$ #dj %ill+s4 ,a man f ano!r %ire paid #a p5ny = a horse load4 ,b a man f ! same %ire paid #a /yca )9 ! ?ird night aft] 8 return1 z a=esaid4 ,a man liv+ 9 ! same hundr$1 if he c>t$ salt ab\t ?r\gh ! same c\nty to sell1 gave a p5ny = e c>t1 = z _m times z he load$ x4 ,if he c>ri$ salt on a horse to sell1 he gave #a p5ny at ,m>t9mas4 ,:oso did n pay x at t "t 0 f9$ #dj %ill+s4 ,all ! o!r cu/oms 9 ! ,wi*es are ! same4 ,?is manor 0 wa/e :5 ,e>l ,hugh receiv$ x4 ,x is n[ wor? #ce %ill+s40 8,nantwi*4--,9 ,k+ ,edw>d's "t !re 0 a ,wi* 9 ,w>munde/ron hundr$1 9 :i* !re 0 a well = mak+ salt1 & betwe5 ! ,k+ & ,e>l ,edw9 !re 7 #h salt-h\ses1 s divid$ t ( all _! issues & r5ts ! ,k+ _h two p>ts & ! ,e>l ! ?ird4 ,b besides ^!1 ! ,e>l _h "o salt-h\se adjo9+ 8 manor ( ,acatone 7,acton7 :i* 0 8 own4 ,f ?is salt-h\se ! ,e>l _h suffici5t salt = 8 h\se ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,b if he sold any f !nce1 ! ,k+ _h twop5ce1 & ! ,e>l a ?ird p5ny1 = ! toll4 ,9 ! same ,wi* _m m5 f ! c\ntry _h salt-h\ses1 ( :i* ?is 0 ! cu/om-- 8,f our ,"l's ,asc5sion to ,m>t9mas1 anyone hav+ a salt-h\se might c>ry home salt = 8 own h\se4 ,b if he sold any ( x ei!r !re1 or else:]e 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e/]1 he paid toll to ! ,k+ & ! ,e>l4 ,:oev] aft] ,m>t9mas c>ri$ away salt f any salt-h\se except ! ,e>l's1 "u 8 cu/om a=esaid1 paid toll1 :e!r ! salt 0 8 own or pur*as$4 ,^! a=esaid #h salt-h\ses ( ! ,k+ & ! ,e>l1 9 e week t salt 0 boil$ or !y 7 us$ on a ,friday1 r5d]$ #af boil+s ( salt1 ( :i* #ae made a horse-load4 ,f our ,"l's ,asc5sion to ,m>t9mas1 ! salt-h\ses ( ! o!r m5 did n give ^! ,friday's boil+s4 ,b f ,m>t9mas to our ,"l's ,asc5sion1 ^! boil+s 7 giv5 accord+ to cu/om1 z f ! salt-h\ses ( ! ,k+ & ! ,e>l4 ,all ^! salt-h\ses1 bo? ( ! "l & o!r p1 7 surr\nd$ on "o "p by a c]ta9 riv]1 & on ! o!r "p by a dit*4 ,:osoev] committ$ a =feiture )9 ^! b\nds1 might make am5ds1 ei!r by ! paym5t ( #b %ill+s1 or by #cj boil+s ( salt1 except 9 ! case ( homicide1 or ( a !ft1 = :i* ! ?ief 0 adjudg$ to die4 ,^! la/1 if done "h1 7 dealt ) z 9 ! re/ ( ! %ire4 ,if out ( ! prescrib$ circuit ( ! salt-h\ses1 any p]son )9 ! c\nty )held ! toll1 & 0 convict$ !re(1 he br\ght x back & 0 f9$ #dj %ill+s1 if a free man2 or if n free1 #d %ill+s4 ,b if he c>ri$ ! toll into ano!r %ire1 :]e x 0 dem&$ ! f9e 0 ! same4 ,9 ,k+ ,edw>d's "t1 ?is ,wi*1 ) all pleas 9 ! same hundr$1 r5d]$ #ba p\nds 9 f>m4 ,:5 ,e>l ,hugh receiv$ x1 except only "o salt-h\se1 x 0 wa/e4 ,william ,maldeb5g n[ holds ( ! ,e>l ! same ,wi*1 ) all ! cu/oms !reto belong+1 & all ! same hundr$1 :i* is rat$ at #dj %ill+s1 ( :i* #cj %ill+s are put on ! l& ( ! said ,william1 & #aj %ill+s on ! l& ( ! ,bi%op1 & ! l&s ( ,ri*>d & ,gilb]t :i* !y h 9 ! same hundr$1 & ! ,wi* is let to f>m at #aj p\nds40 8,middlewi*4--,9 ,milde/vi* hundr$ !re is ano!r ,wi* betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! ,e>l4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ! salt-h\ses 7 n ! "l's1 b !y _h ! same laws & cu/oms t h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,wi*1 & ! cu/oms 7 divid$ betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! ,e>l 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is ,wi* 0 let to f>m = #h p\nds & ! hundr$ :]e9 x 01 = #dj %ill+s4 ,! ,k+ _h two p>ts1 & ! ,e>l ! ?ird4 ,:5 ,e>l ,hugh receiv$ x1 x 0 wa/e4 ,! ,e>l n[ holds x1 & x is let to f>m = #be %ill+s1 & two wa9-loads ( salt4 ,b ! hundr$ is wor? #dj %ill+s4 ,f ^! two ,wi*es1 :oev] c>ri$ away b\ght salt 9 a wa9 drawn by f\r ox5 or m1 paid #d;d4 = ! toll2 b if by two ox51 #b p5ce if ! salt 7 two horse-loads4 ,a man f ano!r hundr$ gave #b;d4 = a horse-load4 ,b a man ( ! same hundr$ gave only a halfp5ny = a horse-load4 ,:oev] load$ 8 wa9 s t ! axle broke )9 a league ( ei!r ,wi*1 gave #b %ill+s to ! ,k+'s or ! ,e>l's (fic]s1 if he 7 ov]tak5 )9 ! league4 ,9 l mann]1 he :o load$ 8 horse1 s z to break its back1 gave #b %ill+s if ov]tak5 )9 ! league1 b no?+ if ov]tak5 beyond x4 ,:oev] made two horse-loads ( salt out ( "o1 0 f9$ #dj %ill+s if ! (fic]s ov]took him4 ,if he 0 n f\nd1 no?+ 0 to be exact$ f any o!r4 ,m5 on foot f ano!r hundr$ buy+ salt1 paid #b;d4 = eight m5's loads4 ,m5 ( ! same hundr$ paid #a;d4 = ! same numb] ( su* loads40 ,! fir/ private record relat+ to salt appe>s 9 ! f\ndation de$ ( ,comb]m]e ,abbey1 dat$ #aacb1 9 :i* ,hugh ,malbane1 ! f\nd]1 caus$ x to be writt53 8,& ,i also grant to ! same monks ! f\r? "p ( ! t[n ( ,wy*1 & ty! ( my salt & ( ! salt pits t are m9e1 & salt ( ,bless$ ,m>y ! ,virg91 & salt on ,friday1 & salt = ! ,abbot's table z freely z ,i h x at my table40 ,anci5t ,de$s 9 ! ,record ,(fice conta9 occasional ref]5ce to salt prop]ties 9 ! ?irte5? & fifte5? c5turies :i* %[ t salt 0 made 9 limit$ quantities 9 ,cambridge%ire & at ,rye1 ,mim]a1 & ,brembre 7=m]ly ,hay]skys71 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,sussex4 ,prote/s aga9/ ! importation ( salt f abroad1 & ( salt-mak+ by =eign]s contr>y to ! lib]ties & anci5t cu/oms ( ! bor\gh ( ,nor?wi*1 are record$ 9 ! ,h>leian ,,mss4 ,9 response to a compla9t made on behalf ( ! burgesses & inhabitants ( ,nor?wi* conc]n+ ! mis*iev\s irregul>ities committ$ 9 ! mak+ ( salt by 8p'sons =rayne & n inhabit+ w_/?9 ! ,s t[ne10 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii issu$ an ,ord] to ! ,ju/ice & ,*amb]la9e ( ! ,c\nty ,palat9e ( ,*e/] to ! effect3 8,,:]e=e we w & comm& y t 9 any case su* =rayne p'son or p'sons n inhabit+ )9 ! s_/d t[ne1 d1 or h]eaft] at any "t %all attempt to use make+ ( salt contr>y to ! lib_/erties & anci5t cu/omes ( ! same )9 ! same t[ne )\t lyc5ce ( ! burgess & ! rul]s !re(4 ,,t !n )\t delay ye & e!r ( y f tyme to tyme ^u complaynt or ( ! rul]s & govnors ( ! same t[ne d s5d = all & e su* =rayne p'sons z d or h]eaft] %all attempt to make any salt )9 ! s_/d t[ne ( ,nor?wi* contr>y to ! libties & anci5t cu/omes ( ! same1 )\t ! ass5t & agreem_/t ( ! s_/d ,burgess & rul] by o_/r writts ( subp3 to appe> be=e y 9 o_/ ,ca/le ( ,*e/] at !re appe>ance to puni% & re=me !m3 ,& also fur!r to ord] !m z "r & good consci5ce %all require accord+ to ! lawes & cu/omes h]etobe=e us$ n[ 9 o!r wy*es !re abts w_/?9 o_/r s_/d ,c\nty ,palatyne1 = ! re=macon ( su* transgressions fayle ye n h]e( z ye maye int5d to please u40 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,tudors1 ! salt-mak]s ( ,*e%ire 7 compos$ ( natives & 8=rayn]s10 or resid5ts born outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! c\nty1 & 9 ! ,nor?wi* ,book ( ,ord]s is giv5 a li/ ( t5 8outli]s0 9 ! t[n ( ,nor?wi* :o occupi$ betwe5 !m no few] ?an eighty-n9e salt pans or leads4 ,al?\gh we h no in=mation z to ! exact size & capacity ( ! evaporat+ pans ( ! p]iod1 x is evid5t t !y 7 made to a regulation scale1 & we read t x 0 ! bus9ess ( an (fic] ( ! ,c\rt ,leet to exam9e ! leads & see t !y con=m$ ) ! /&>d dim5sions4 ,if ! prescrib$ measurem5ts 7 exce$$1 ! (ficial cut a piece out ( ! corn] ( ! pan ) a pair ( %e>s ) :i* he 0 furni%$ = ! purpose1 s z to r$uce its capacity to ! legal limit4 ,only ?ree ( ^! old salt-pans h be5 recov]$1 &1 ( ^!1 "o 0 cut up & sold z old lead4 ,"o :i* 0 drawn out ( ! riv] at ,nor?wi* 9 #ahff 0 =w>d$ by ! ,riv] ,weav] ,tru/ees to ! ,w>r+ton ,exhibition1 & 0 transf]r$ subsequ5tly to ! ,nor?wi* ,museum4 ,?is pan measures #c ft4 #h 94 long on "o side1 & #c ft4 #d 94 on ! o!r2 x has a wid? ( #b ft4 #h 941 & is #d 94 deep4 ,! ?ickness ( ! lead is ab\t half an in*4 & ! weight ( ! pan is #b cwt41 #a qr4 #ah lb4 ,!re are rais$ patt]ns on ea* end ( ! pan1 :i* 0 evid5tly ca/1 & ! sides are r\nd$ up f ! bottom4 ,9 #ahgh1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,a%ton's ,salt ,works at ,witton1 0 f\nd a small] pan made out ( a %eet ( lead #b ft4 #h 94 squ>e4 ,! %eet 0 b5t up to =m a pan & ! corn]s 7 hamm]$ toge!r4 ,?is lead is #be 94 squ>e by #c 94 9 dep?1 & has a capacity ( ab\t #g gallons4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! reign ( ,james ,i we h p>ticul>s ( ! salt di/ricts 9 ,camd5's ,britannia1 & 9 a lett] receiv$ 9 ,febru>y1 #afje1 f ,*omley writt5 by "o ,george ,johnson4 ,camd5 expla9s t ! ,*e%ire ,wi*es 7 s-call$ because 8!re bee "h v notable salt pits & _m salt spr+s (t5-"t h be5 f\nd :i* not)/&+ are /opp$ up1 because x 0 provid$ 7z wee read7 t = ! sav+ ( woods1 salt %\ld n be boil$ b 9 c]ta9 places40 ,illu/ration3 ,,subsid5ce ,,ne> ,,! ,,dane ,,bridge1 ,,nor?wi* ,meagre z ^! acc\nts are 9 exact p>ticul>s1 !y con/itute ! only in=mation we h conc]n+ ! supply & treatm5t ( br9e 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly days ( ! indu/ry1 &1 consequ5tly1 !y invite att5tion4 ,camd5 is responsible = ! foll[+ details-- 8,at ,nor?wi* !re is a deep & pl5tiful br9e pit ) /airs ab\t x1 by :i*1 :5 !y h drawn ! wat] 9 _! lea!rn buckets1 !y asc5d1 half nak$1 to _! tr\ghs & fill !m1 f :5ce x is convey$ to ! wi*-h\ses ab\t :i* !re /& on e side _m /akes & piles ( wood4 8,nantwi*4--,!re is b "o salt pit "h 7!y call x ! br9e pit7 di/ant ab\t #ad ft4 f ! riv]4 ,f ?is br9e pit !y convey wat] by wood5 tr\ghs into ! h\ses adjo9+1 :]e !re /& ready little b>rels1 fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* !y fill ) t wat]2 & at ! notice ( a bell1 !y pres5tly make a fire "u _! leads1 :]e( !y h six 9 e h\se = boil+ ! wat]4 ,^! are att5d$ by #8,wall]s'--a "n probably d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon weall]e1 a boil]2 ,g]man1 wall51 to boil--:o ) little wood5 rakes1 draw ! salt out ( ! bottom ( !m & put x 9 baskets1 out ( :i* ! liquor runs1 b ! salt rema9s & settles4444 8,! dep? ( ! salt spr+s is 9 "s places n above ?ree or f\r y>ds4 ,9 ,nantwi* ! pit is full #g y>ds 7deep7 f ! foot+ ab\t ! pit3 :i* is guess$ to be ! natural height ( ! gr\nd1 ?\gh ! bank be #f foot high]1 accid5tally rais$ by rubbi% ( long mak+ salt or 8wall+10 z !y call x4 ,9 two places )9 our ,t[n%ip1 ! spr+ breaks up s 9 ! mead[s z to fret away n only ! grass1 b "p ( ! e>?1 :i* lies l a brea* at lea/ half a foot or m l[] ?an ! turf ( ! mead[3 & ha? a salt liquid ous+ 7ooz+7 z x 7 out ( ! me$ b v g5tly4 8,droitwi* possesses ?ree f\nta9es yield+ pl5ty ( wat] to make salt (1 divid$ asund] by a little brooke ( fre% wat] pass+ betwe5e1 by a peculi> gift ( nature spr+ out3 out ( :i* mo/ pure :ite salt is boil$ = six mon?s e ye>e1 to wit1 f ,midsomm] to ,midw9t]1 9 _m set =naces r\nd ab\t3 :]e) a mighty deal ( wood is consum$1 ,fak5ham ,=e/ 7:]e trees grew sometime ?ick]71 & ! woods r\nd ab\t1 if m5 hold _! peace1 w by _! ?9ness1 make manife/ m & m44440 ,( ! two wells ( salt-wat] at ,middlewi*1 :i* are sep>at$ by a small brook1 we are only told t 8"o /&s n op5 b at c]ta9 set times1 because folke will+ly /eale ! wat]e !re(1 z be+ ( great v]tue & efficacie40 ,m in=mative on ess5tial po9ts is ! unkn[n correspond5t ( ,george ,johnson1 :o writes z foll[s-- 8,namptwi*4 8,!re is 9 ! t[n ( ,namptwi* two hundr$ & sixte5 salt-h\ses ( six leads apeece1 & e ( ! said h\ses do? sp5d 9 wood p] annum eight p\nds s z !re is sp5t 9 wood ye>ly )9 ! said t[n 9 omnibus annis4444 #agbh 8,middlewi*4 8,!re is1 9 ! said t[n1 "o hundr$ & sev5 salt h\ses ( six leads apeece1 & "o ( f\r leads & e ( ! said h\ses do? sp5d ye>ly 9 wood ! sum ( #ac4 #f4 #h1 s z !re is sp5t e ye> )9 ! said t[n1 #adce4 #d4 #j4 8,nor?wi*4 8,! said ,nor?wi* is a ,burr[ & hold5 ( ! ,e>le ( ,*e/] by ! s]vice ( twelve arm$ m5 to s]ve at ! ,wat]gate 9 ,*e/] 9 ! "t ( w>s betwixt ,engl& & ,wales4 ,!re is1 9 ! same t[ne or ,burr[1 "o hundr$ & ?irte5 salt h\ses1 e "o conta9+ f\r leads apeece1 & "o odd lead & "o f\r leads :i* 0 giv5 to ! ,e>l ( ,d]by by ! ,burgesses1 occupi]s ( ! said ,t[n1 = ! portion ( 8 h\se1 & no l& 9 ! ,t[n = x1 & e f\r leads mu/ h 9 provision ( wood1 n9e qu>t]s & s rateable1 :e!r x be f\r leads or six leads1 s t !re is sp5t 9 wood 9 ! said t[n #ajbf qu>t]s & a peece aft] ! rate ( five score to ! hundr$ & aft] ! rate ( =ty %ill+s p] ,qu>t] comes to #bjef4 #aj4 ,sp5t 9 ! wi* h\ses ye>ly 9 wood1 #ebai4 #ad40 ,! p>ticul>s :i* are giv5 ( ! salt manufacture 9 ! ,wi*es 9 #afje & #afjg by ,george ,johnson's correspond5t & by ,camd51 are repeat$ ) only ! slighte/ v>iation half a c5tury lat] 9 ,k+'s ,vale ,royal4 ,b 9 ! latt] acc\nt we are able to glean a little m in=mation ab\t ! t[ns !mselves4 ,conc]n+ ,nor?wi*1 we are told t x _h ! mis*ance to be burnt 9 ,july1 ,anno #adch1 & 0 8mo/ "p mis]ably consum$ ) fire10 9 ,decemb]1 #aehc4 8,b ?r\gh ! ,b5evol5ce ga!r$ ?r\gh\t ! ,realm1 x is new build$1 & is 9 z good case or r bett] ?an be=e40 ,! t[n 9 #afef 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* 0 call$ ! ,cross1 :ile a 8v fair *ur* ( /one10 call$ ,nor?wi* ,*ur*1 /ood 8)\t ! ,t[n's-end40 ,b al?\gh x 0 call$ ,nor?wi* ,*ur*1 we are told t x 0 only a *apel & its prop] "n 0 ,witton2 a comb9ation ( co9cid5ces :i* caus$ ! *ronicl] to conclude 8t ! t[n 0 nam$ fir/ ,nor?wi*1 aft] ! f9d+ ( ! salt40 ,( ,nantwi*1 we are only in=m$ t ! t[n 0 visit$ 9 #afag by ! graci\s ,k+'s ,mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/ie1 :o1 ) 8 own eyes beheld ! mann] ( ! br9e well & ! lab\rs ( ! draw]s ( br9e--:o1 9 ! c\rse ( _! "w1 8sp5d ! colde/ day 9 fro/ & sn[1 )\t any clo?+ m ?an a %irt ) great *e]fulnesse0--& 8) 8 own h& mo/ pr9cely rew>d$ !m40 ,middlewi* is describ$ by ! same au?ority z no m>ket t[n3 8yet may x pass among/ !m1 z well = ! bigness !re(1 z also x ha? ,burgesses & o!r privileges1 z ! o!r wi*es h1 yet x ha? a small m>ket ( fle% & o!r ?+s e ,saturday1 & ye>ly two fairs3 t is to say on ,asc5sion ,day & ,/4 ,luke's ,day4 ,x ha? div]s /reets & lanes1 z ,k+ ,/reet1 ,k9d]ton ,/reet1 ,wi* ,h\se ,/reet1 ,lewis ,/reet1 ,:eelock ,/reet3 ,pepp] ,lane3 ,c[ ,lane & ,dog ,lane4 ,b ! *iefe/ place ( all is a broad place 9 ! midde/ ( ! ,t[n1 9 mann] ( a m>ket place1 call$ ! ,k+'s ,mexon40 ,a l>ge accumulation ( matt] ( great local & antiqu>ian int]e/ is to be f\nd 9 ! ,nor?wi* ,book ( ,ord]s1 ! ,c\rt ,rolls1 & ! ,wall+ ,booke ( ,nor?wi*1 :i* consi/ ( docum5ts & records relat+ to ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[n & ! regulation ( its salt indu/ry ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! 8,anci5t ,cu/omes ( ! ,burr[ & ,t[n ( ,nor?wi*10 ! inv5tory ( 8,! ,lib]ties & ,privil$ges ( ,burgesses10 & ! ,ord]s 8conc]n+ ! mak+ ( salt10 7 collect$ & set d[n by ,pet] ,w>burton1 ( ,*e/]1 ,esquire1 ,/ew>d ( ,nor?wi*1 & aft]w>ds a ,ju/ice ( ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas at ,we/m9/]4 ,at a ,c\rt held on #ah? ,decemb]1 #afjh1 ?is compilation1 8s full ( int]e/ & in/ruction10 0 ratifi$ & confirm$ by ,?omas ,b]r+ton1 ,g5tleman1 ,/ew>d ( ! said ,c\rt1 & a jury ( ,burgesses1 & ,?omas ,poole1 ,g5tleman1 ,cl]k ( ! said ,c\rt1 0 in/ruct$ to write !m into a ,booke 8to ! end ! same may rema9 ^u record to future ages40 ,! ,n9e ,cu/omes1 numb]$ #aj to #ah1 :i* 7 writt5 9 #afch1 7 supplem5t$ 9 #afda by o!r ,n9e ,cu/omes1 numb]$ #a to #i1 :i* _h be5 8h]et(ore omitt$ m]ely ?r\gh =getfulness40 ,( ! eighty-f\r ,ord]s relat+ to salt-mak+ :i* appe> 9 ^! records1 ! fir/ sixty-"o 7 agre$ ^u by 8,! ,/ew>d & ,jury at ,div]se ,c\rts0 up to #afbi1 ! sev5 foll[+ 7 add$ 9 #afcj1 & sev5 m appe>$ on ! rolls be=e ,ma/] ,poole made a fair copy ( ! ,ord]s 9 #afch4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> eight fur!r regulations 7 issu$4 ,ord] ,no4 #hd be>s ! date ( ,decemb]1 #afef1 & only ?ree subsequ5t unnumb]$ enactm5ts 7 includ$ up to #afff1 :5 ! record comes to an end4 ,al?\gh ^! old ,ord]s 7#afbi-afff7 include directions relat+ to ! g5]al behavi\r ( ! t[nspeople1 injunctions conc]n+ ! sales ( liquor & but*]s' meat1 ! malpractices ( begg+ at m5's doors1 pik+ or /eal+ wood1 8sc\ld+ or *ide+ 444 to ! tr\ble or disquietness ( ! good & hone/ neighb\rs10 & rules = ! ma9t5ance ( cleanl9ess 9 ! /reets & public places & ! publication & pres]vation ( ,proclamations put =? by ! ,k+1 ! bulk ( ! laws are fram$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /aple indu/ry ( ! di/rict4 ,no detail connect$ ) salt-mak+1 f ! draw+ ( ! br9e to ! transport ( ! manufactur$ product1 is left to *ance or ! discretion ( ! individual4 ,! rights & privileges ( ,burgesses1 & p>ticul>ly ( su* z occupy salt-h\ses or wall+s1 are set =? 9 ! ,anci5t ,cu/omes1 b 9 all p>ticul>s relat+ to ! mak+ ( salt1 ! ,ord]s are p>am\nt & precise4 ,space does n p]mit ( ! reproduction "h ( ! :ole ( ! regulations1 b a few ( ! ,items may be quot$ z evid5ce ( ! c>e & ?or\ghness ) :i* !y 7 fram$4 8#g4 ,item4 ,x is ord]$ t no man %all ent] into ! ,lead-look]'s book any m wall+ or occupation = "o ,wi*-h\se ?an six leads wall+ ^u pa9e = e (f5ce 444 #ajs40 8#ae4 ,item4 ,t if any ,p]son or ,p]sons receive into _! ,h\ses any ,wood by ,night or by day by ! way ( ,ex*ange = ,c&les1 ,meat or ,dr9k e su* ,p]son z well ! ,*ang] z ! ,receiv] %all pay f9e to ! ,"l = e default #es4 or to be puni%$ by ! ,/ew>d40 8#ag4 ,item4 ,t e ,wall] %all sell ! salt %e make? by ! ,walme or ,cranock & n by ! sack or load1 & at ! price :i* ! (fic]s sett d[n to be ! com'on price ( ! ,t[ne ^u pa9s = e default #cs4 & also to make up ! full price to h] ,mr4 ^u h] wages40 8#ah4 ,item4 ,t no ,wall] nor no o!r ,p]son %all make any fire 9 ! ,wi*-h\se /reets 9 ! night "t1 & e su* (f5ce to be pres5t$ by ! ,bailiffe at any s+le ,c\rt & puni%$ by ! ,/ew>d accord+ to 8 discretion40 8#bb4 ,item4 ,t no p]son %all deliv] any bryne to be c>ry$ out ( ?is ,t[ne ei!r 9 ,hodge heads or ,b>rels 7except ^u ,woem5's heads7 ^u pa9e to =feit to ! ,"l = e su* (f5ce 444 #bjs40 8#bd4 ,item4 ,t !re %\ld be left at e pile made at ! end ( any ,wi*-h\se or ,wood roome a y>d & a halfe betwe5 ! said pile & ! ,cre/ ( ! ,pavem5t to ! int5t t waynes may h bett] passage ^u pa9e ( #fs4 #h;d4 pres5table at any s+le ,c\rt40 8#bf4 ,item4 ,x is ord]$ t no ,p]son f h5ce=? %all be suff]$ to wall or occupy any ,odd ,lead z #c1 #e or #g1 b #b1 #d or #f ,leads = avoid+ ( tr\ble to ! (fic]s except 9 su* case z _c be rem$i$ ^u pa9e ( 444 #ajs40 8#bg4 ,item4 ,x is ord]$ t h5ce=? no ,p]son %all occupie ,wall+ unless !y fir/ cont9ue a h\sehold] = ! space ( ?ree ye>s & aft] su* "t expir$ to be all[$ by ! ,/ew>d or 8 ,deputy1 & ! ,lead-look]s 7except he be a ,burgess7 ^u pa9e to =feit = e lead 444 #acs4 #d;d40 8#cc4 ,item4 ,t all ,inhabitants & ,occupi]s ( ! ,t[ne d aide & assi/ lawfully e ,(fic] ( ! ,t[ne 9 ,execut+ _! (fice lawfully ^u pa9e e "o t (f5de? to pay = e (f5ce 444 #ajs40 8#dj4 ,item4 ,x is ord]$ t if any ,wall] be f\nd mak+ ( ,c\rse ,salt :5 !y might make x bett] if !y w\ld1 ! ,lead-look]s or ,salt-view]s s f9d+ !m & mak+ pres5tm5t !re( e'ry su* ,wall] s (f5d+ %all f9e to yr ,"l = e'ry (f5ce !re9 444 #b;d40 8#dc4 ,item4 ,we d also ord] t e ,occupi]s' ,leads ( ?is t[n %all h5ce=? be made ,t5n /one weight a peece to ! pan be=e !y be ca/1 ^u pa9e ( ! ,lead-ca/]s =feiture to ! ,"l ( ?is ,t[ne = e default 9 ca/+ any ,leads contr>y to ?is ord] ! sum ( 444 #ajs40 8#fc4 ,item4 ,x is also ord]$ t e occupi] ( ,wall+ or 8 ,wall]1 or 8 ,s]vts %all weekly make cleane ye pavemt agt _! ,wi*-,h\ses "o y>d & a half f ! middle ( ! pavem5t ^u pa9e to =feit = e su* (f5ce 444 #ab;d40 ,duly set =? 9 ^! records are ! =ms ( oa?s to be adm9i/]$ by ! ,c\rt to ^? :o 8%all well & truly execute ! (fice0 ( ,con/able1 ,lead-look]1 ,ov]se]1 ,salt-view]1 ,assessor1 ,kill] ( ,salt1 ,m>ket ,look]1 ,seal] & ,se>*] ( ,lea!r1 ,ale-,ta/]2 ,skav+]1 ,gutt] ,view]1 ,wood ,t5d]1 or ,pan ,cutt]4 ,ea* ( ^! important (fic]s 9 ! prescrib$ =m mu/ 8swe> by ! holy ,cont5ts ( ?is ,booke10 to 8sp>e no man = any love1 fav\r or affection0 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 sev]al duties b 8( all ,defaults & ,defects t y f9d 9 ! execution ( yor (fice y %all pres5t at e ,s+le ,c\rt to be hold5 aft] su* ,default made--,s help y ,god40 ,! compil] ( ,vale ,royal 7#afef7 does n admit t he is indebt$ to ! ,nor?wi* ,book ( ,ord]s = 8 in=mation1 b he alludes 9 g5]al t]ms to ! 8au!ntique rules & cu/omes0 :i* regulate ! mann] ( mak+ salt 9 ! ,*e%ire wi*es1 & adds3 8,all ^! ?+s ,i leave to be read o!r :]e1 kn[+ well _! jeal\s love to be su* t[>ds ?is _! belov$ commodity z ,i %\ld soon incur "s repreh5sion = be+ too busie to look n>r[ly ^u su* a beauty40 ,illu/ration3 ,,dunkirk ,,subsid5ce1 ,,ne> ,,nor?wi* ,9 8,a ,copie ( ,! ,wall+ booke ( ,nor?w*10 among/ ! ,h>leian ,,mss41 ! e>lie/ li/ ( occupi]s ( wi*-h\ses ) ! numb] ( leads1 toge!r ) ! names ( su* p]sons z _h wi*-h\ses ( ,inh]itance 9 ! t[n1 ) _! numb] ( leads1 0 compil$ 9 #aefe1 & gives a total ( 8five score & ?irte5e ,salt h\ses & "o lead40 ,a li/ ( own]s & ( salt-h\ses arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a /reet directory 0 drawn up 9 #aeic1 &1 ab\t #afjj1 a revis$ li/1 compil$ 9 accordance ) ! location ( ! h\ses1 & giv+ ! numb] ( leads 9 ea*1 0 supplem5t$ by a /reet plan ( ! t[n4 ,9 ! li/ ( #aehi x is record$ t-- 8,our ,sov]aigne lady ! que5e ha? two salt-h\ses ( free occupa'ion1 & t\lfree w? all & "o is ,judg] ( ,cog%all40 ,9 ! li/ ( #afjd1 ! ,k+ appe>s z ! own] ( two salt-h\ses1 & x is assumable t ,8 ,maje/y acquir$ an additional half ( a salt-h\se 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 s9ce1 9 ! m detail$ compilation drawn up 9 #afje1 we read t-- 8,our ,sov]aigne ,"l ! ,k+s ,majty ha? two ,salt-h\se & a halfe :i* be bo? t[le free & ff9e free & is ,judg] ( ,cock%all40 ,! ,k+'s "n z ! own] ( 8#b t[le free & f9e free0 salt-h\ses heads ! li/ = #afai & t = #afcf-afch4 ,?is la/ conta9s ! names ( =ty-six lords & own]s ( salt-h\ses1 hav+ an aggregate ( ov] #djj leads4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to repeat ! leg5d ei!r at ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ea* succe$+ li/ t-- 8,!re is & tyme out ( mynd ha? be5 )9 ! ,t[ne ( ,nor?wi* #aab f\r leads & "o odde lead & noe m2 & f\r leads call$ ! ,runn+ ,wi*-h\se4 ,soe ! totall is #aac f\r leads & "o odde lead40 ,?is =mula 0 evid5tly only a fable4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! figures & ! /atem5t 0 po9t$ out by a scribe 9 #afcj1 :o1 hav+ ca/ up ! numb] ( leads tabulat$ 9 ! li/ ( #aehi1 app5d$ ! foll[+ note3 8,^! leads answ]e b unto #cjh leads :]eas !re is #dec leads ye>ly wall$ = ut pateat ante3 soe t !re want$ #ade leads to make up ! full acc\mpt = #cjh leads & #ade leads make b j #dec40 ,!re are ab\t #dej leads acc\nt$ = 9 ! next li/1 :i* 0 drawn up 9 #aeic1 b ! cl]k p]si/$ 9 ! assumption t :at _h be5 8"t out ( mynd0 c\ld suff] no *ange1 & he =mally decl>$1 despite 8 own figures to ! contr>y1 t 8! totall "s is #aac f\r leads & "o odde lead1 :i* /& 9 ! ,t[ne r[e z is be=e writt5 & decl>$40 ,on folio #fa ( "o ( ! ,h>leian ,,mss41 foll[+ ! li/ ( ,nor?wi* salt-own]s = ! ye>s #afcf-ch1 are undat$ li/s ( salt-own]s ( ,middlewi* & ,nantwi*4 ,! cl]k admits ! incomplet5ess ( ! li/ ( tw5ty-two own]s 9 ,middlewi*1 b he expla9s t ! names he gives are 8z manie z ,i c le>ne = ! p's5t10 & he adds1 8,b ! numb] ( _! sev'all & respective h[ses & leads ,i _c le>ne40 ,only five own]s appe> 9 ! returns = ,nantwi*1 & ! meagre p>ticul>s t ! cl]k has be5 able to acquire respect+ ! o!r salt di/ricts ( ,*e%ire are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ note3 8,!re is ano!r ,wi*e :]e !re is a great /ore ( ,salt made 9 ,*e%ire ,& w* is ( greate ,antiquitie call$ ,fulwi*1 also ,durtwi*1 & my ,lo3 ,br]eton is an own] ( sev'all wi*-h\ses !ire4 ,b :oe are own]s ( ! re/ ,i _c le>ne40 ,nantwi* 0 long fam\s among ! ,wi*es = its production ( ! f9e/ & be/ :ite salt4 ,! ,wel% nam$ x ,hella? ,w51 & ! ,london ,magaz9e1 9 #agej1 translat$ ! words z ! 8,:ite ,salt ,t[n10 b !re is no ref]5ce to ! quality or col\r ( its output 9 ! pres5t "n1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,wel% ^w 8nant10 a vale1 & ! ,saxon 8wy*e40 ,t its salt 0 good1 pl5tiful1 & ( consid]able comm]cial value w\ld seem to be %[n by ! fact t "u ! ,saxons ! supplies 7 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9ces & nobles1 & ,william ! ,conqu]or _h n be5 9 ,engl& m ?an a ye> be=e he divid$ ! salt production ( ,nantwi* betwe5 himself & ,e>l ,edw91 :o own$ "s salt-h\ses 9 ! di/rict4 ,accord+ to ,lel&1 !re 7 #djj salt works at ,nantwi* 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 b ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to #baf "u ,elizabe?1 & 9 #afbd only #ajh 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,nantwi* 0 describ$ 9 ! ,london ,magaz9e ( #agej z ! l>ge/ & mo/ consid]able t[n 9 ! c\nty next to ,*e/]1 b its salt indu/ry at t p]iod 0 fa/ decl9+4 ,an ,act ( ,p>liam5t :i* _h be5 obta9$ 9 #agcd to ext5d ! navigation ( ! riv] ,weav] f ,w9s=d to ,nantwi*1 0 nev] put into op]ation4 ,9 #aggh ! salt works _h be5 r$uc$ to two1 ea* conta9+ five l>ge pans ( wr\ght iron4 ,! ,nantwi* salt indu/ry 0 practically moribund 9 #ahdi1 b "s tw5ty-five tons p] week 7 produc$ by "o mak] until #ahef1 :i* is ! la/ ye> 9 :i* salt 0 made 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 #ahia a company 0 regi/]$ = ! purpose ( acquir+ prop]ty 9 ,nantwi* & manufactur+ salt f br9e1 b ! necess>y f9ancial support 0 n =?com+ & ! project 0 ab&on$4 ,! decl9e ( ! ,nantwi* salt indu/ry is ascrib$ 9 ,poole's ,hi/ory ( ,*e%ire 7#aggh7 to v>i\s causes1 includ+ ! frequ5t de/ruction by fire ( ! works 9 ! t[n--8f\rte5 ( :i* 9 ! memory ( p]sons liv+ lately1 hav+ be5 de/roy$ 9 "o day02 to ! discov]y & exploitation ( new salt spr+s 9 adjac5t localities2 & to ! sup]ior advantages 9 ! matt] ( accessibility :i* 7 possess$ by ,nor?wi* & ,w9s=d4 ,nor?wi*1 describ$ by ! ,wel% z ,hella?-du1 became ! *ief ( ! ,*e%ire salt t[ns 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & its output ( br9e is /ill great] ?an t ( any o!r di/rict4 ,9 #afje1 ,nor?wi* _h #ddi leads1 aga9/ #fdb leads at ,middlewi* & #a1bif leads at ,nantwi*1 b ! comp>ative sup]iority ( ! br9e pump$ at ,nantwi* ov] t ( h] rivals is demon/rat$ by ! relative am\nt ( boil+ requir$ to precipitate ! salt4 ,9 ,nor?wi*1 ! annual exp5diture = wood fuel 0 #b1jef2 ,middlewi*1 ) ne>ly "o-?ird m leads1 consum$ wood fuel to ! am\nt ( #a1dce ye>ly2 :ile ,nantwi*1 work+ twice z _m leads z ,middlewi*1 & ne>ly ?ree times ! numb] op]at$ at ,nor?wi*1 _h an annual wood bill ( only #a1gbh4 ,9 #afgj1 ,w9s=d1 :i* _h only j />t$ z a salt produc]1 _h two salt works 9 op]ation on a small scale4 ,9 #afge1 ,"l ,br]eton ignor$ ! output ( ,w9s=d 9 8 calculation ( ! total annual salt production ( ! ,*e%ire works at #bf1ibg tons4 ,9 #ahgh1 or practically two c5turies lat]1 ! ,*e%ire output ( salt 0 calculat$ at #b1jee1jjj tons1 made up z foll[s3 ,w9s=d & ,di/rict1 #a1jcf1jjj tons2 ,nor?wi* & ,di/rict1 #hhj1jjj tons2 ,middlewi* & ,di/rict1 #ba1jjj tons2 & ! newly-develop$ ,s&ba* ,di/rict1 #aah1jjj tons4 ,b :ile ,w9s=d has surpass$ h] old] competitors 9 ! matt] ( salt production1 ,nor?wi* is /ill ! comm]cial c5tre ( ! indu/ry & ! greate/ produc] ( br9e2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! o!r di/ricts1 ! br9e is conv]t$ into salt on ! spot1 ! ,nor?wi* br9e1 to ! am\nt ( hundr$s ( millions ( gallons annually1 is pump$ out ( ! neighb\rhood ?r\gh ! ,m>bury pipe1 to be employ$ 9 ! *emical works ( ,brunn]1 ,mond ,co41 & be manufactur$ into salt at ! ,salt ,union's works at ,we/on ,po9t4 ,comp>$ ) ! o!r salt-mak+ c5tres1 ! record ( ,middlewi* is ( slight importance1 & al?\gh ! anci5t t[n boa/s an hon\rable place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*e%ire ,wi*es1 x n[ takes a second>y position among ! salt-produc+ di/ricts4 ,lawton1 9 ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! ,*e%ire salt region1 is a comp>atively mod]n entrant into ! local indu/ry1 = al?\gh ! place is ( hi/oric importance z ! sc5e ( ! discov]y ( ! bottom b$ ( salt 9 #aggi1 :ite salt has only be5 manufactur$ !re = some?+ ov] #acj ye>s4 ,! deposits1 :i* are f\nd at a consid]able height above sea-level1 are ( great b undef9$ magnitude1 z ! l[e/ /rata has be5 bor$ ?r\gh = a ?ickness ( #gb feet1 )\t p5etrat+ ! =mation4 ,! rock salt "h 0 ackn[l$g$ to be pur] ?an any previ\sly enc\nt]$ 9 ,*e%ire1 & ! br9e d]iv$ !refrom1 conta9+ #bfajj *loride sodium by weight1 yields on evaporation an exceptionally high class ( :ite salt4 ,! ,comm]cial ,salt ,company1 ,ltd41 :i* 0 =m$ to "w ! ,hodgk9son ,pat5t ,salt-mak+ ,process1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce mu/ be made lat]1 h _! works at ,lawton1 :]e !y are mo/ conv5i5tly situat$ 9 ! important matt]s ( transport & fuel1 be+ on ! canal :i* br+s !m ne>] to ! m>kets ( ! ,midl& ,c\nties ?an any o!r salt works 9 ! c\ntry1 & obta9+ _! coal f work+s )9 two miles ( ! prop]ty4 ,! rock salt =mation is s va/ t ! supply ( br9e1 if n actually inexhau/ible1 w all[ ( an enorm\s production ( salt = _m g5]ations to come4 ,! output ( :ite salt at ,lawton = ne>ly a c5tury & a half has n appreciably deplet$ ! deposits & is n at pres5t be+ drawn ^u1 z ! ,comm]cial ,salt ,company are pump+ f an excell5t 8br9e run0 :i* is pump$ )\t ! damage to prop]ty & subsid5ce ( l& t h occurr$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,*e%ire salt di/ricts4 ,! *ronicle ( ! salt indu/ry ( ,w9s=d is "o ( ! romances ( comm]ce4 ,until ! riv] ,weav] 0 made navigable1 ! ,w9s=d salt manufacture 0 limit$ to ! output ( only f\r pans ( unrecord$ dim5sions1 :i* 7 probably work$ by ,middlewi* mak]s4 ,9 #ageh1 ! fir/ ye> 9 :i* ! ,w9s=d %ipp+s 7 record$ sep>ately1 ! export ( :ite salt 0 #a1jee tons4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,w9s=d s5t #dd1chd tons d[n ! riv] ,weav]1 &1 9 ! ye> #ahej1 _! %ipm5ts _h increas$ to #cbd1bdi tons4 ,?is output _h ris5 9 #ahhj to #gid1hbd tons ( :ite salt4 ,9 ! ensu+ t5 ye>s !re 0 a slight increase1 foll[$ by a %>p decl9e 79 #ahij7 to #eja1edh tons1 or a fall f ! high-wat] m>k ( #hcd1cjf tons 9 #ahha1 ( no less ?an #ccb1geh tons4 ,! decl9e 9 ! ,w9s=d make ( salt 0 n arre/$ by ! =mation ( ! ,salt ,union 9 #ahhh1 & t5 ye>s lat] ! output ( :ite salt _h decreas$ to #djc1dee tons1 & ! export ( rock-salt f ,w9s=d1 :i* _h recomm5c$ ) an output ( #ada tons 9 #ahef & ris5 to #bh1bcf tons 9 #ahhf1 ceas$ 9 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,developm5t ,,( ,,br9e ,,processes ,x has be5 said t ,de ,re ,metallica ( ,georgius ,agricola1 publi%$ 9 #aeef1 0 reg>d$ z ! /&>d text-book on ! subject = ne>ly two c5turies1 & 9 t long p]iod ! me?od he describes ( salt-mak+ by ! artificial evaporation ( br9e und]w5t no mat]ial *ange4 ,b f ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 v>i\s attempts 7 made to effect improvem5ts 9 ! op5-pan process 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! hi/ory ( ^! endeav\rs is set =? 9 a sequ5ce ( int]e/+ publications4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ^! is an article1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl&1 9 #affi1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,william ,jackson1 9 ! =m ( a cate*ism1 gives a numb] ( p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! salt spr+s ( ,nantwi* & ! ways ( salt-mak+ z practis$ 9 t t[n4 ,x appe>s f ?is acc\nt t ea* ( ! salt h\ses 0 /ill furni%$ ) six leads1 b "o le>ns t ?is numb] ( leads _h1 9 ! case ( ! majority ( ! salt-h\ses1 be5 conv]t$ into f\r iron-pans1 r m ?an #c ft4 squ>e by ab\t #f 94 deep1 & conta9+ ! same quantity ( br9e z 0 previ\sly di/ribut$ among ! six leads2 :ile /ill m rec5tly ! f\r pans _h be5 aga9 *ang$ into two l>g] pans1 & "s salt-mak]s _h re-fa%ion$ ^! two receptacles into "o great pan4 ,! description :i* ,dr4 ,jackson gives ( ! process is s concise & lucid t x may be reproduc$ "h )\t ! alt]ation ( a ^w4 ,! "q t he prop\nds to himself is-- 8,:at is ! mann] ( _! 7! salt-mak]s7 "w8 or :at "t ( boil+ ! salt wat]8 ,:e!r !y use any peculi> ?+ to make x granulate1 &1 if s1 :at t is80 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 reply1 he says3 8,!y use = _! fuel pitcoals br\ght out ( ,/af=d%ire4 ,^! pans are set ^u iron b>s1 brick$ 9 v close4 ,!y fir/ fill _! pans ) br9e out ( ! pit3 :i* comes to !m 9 sev]al wood5 gutt]s3 !n !y put into _! pans among/ ! br9e1 a c]ta9 mixture1 made ( ab\t #bj gallons ( br9e1 & two qu>ts ( calves'1 c[s'1 &1 *iefly1 %eep's blood4 ,( ?is mixture !y put ab\t #b qu>ts into a pan t holds ab\t #cfj qu>ts ( br9e3 ?is bloody br9e at ! fir/ boil+ ( ! pan br+s up a scum :i* !y are c>eful to skim (f3 !y cont9ue _! fire z quick z !y c till half ! br9e be wa/$1 & ?is !y call boil+ ^u ! fre%4 ,b :5 x is half boil$ away1 !y fill _! pans aga9 ) new br9e out ( ! %ip 7s !y call a great ci/]n by _! pan sides1 into :i* _! br9e runs ?r\gh ! wood5 gutt]s f ! pump1 t /&s 9 ! pit7 !n !y put into ! pan two qu>ts ( ! mixture foll[+3 !y take a qu>t ( :ite ( eggs1 beat !m ) z mu* br9e1 z be=e 0 done ) ! blood2 & ?us t :i* !y call ! :ites is made4 ,z soon z ?is is 91 !y boil %>ply till ! second scum arise3 !n scum x (f z be=e1 & boil v g5tly till x corne2 to procure :i*1 :5 "p ( ! br9e is wa/$ !y put into ea* pan ( ! size a=esaid1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a p9t ( ! be/ & /ronge/ ale !y c get3 ?is makes a mom5t>y ebullition1 :i* is soon ov]1 & !n !y abate _! fires yet n s b t !y keep x boil+ all ov] ?\gh g5tly3 = ! workm5 say t if !y boil fa/ "h1 x wa/es _! salt4 ,aft] all _! lea* br9e is 91 !y boil g5tly till a k9d ( scum comes on x l a ?9 ice3 :i* is ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! salt3 !n t s9ks & ! br9e ev]y:]e ga!rs into cornes at ! bottom to x1 :i* !y g5tly rake toge!r ) _! loots1 ?is !y cont9ue till !re is b v little br9e left 9 ! pan3 !n ) _! loots !y take x up1 ! br9e dropp+ f x1 & ?r[ x into _! b>r[s1 :i* are cases made ) flat cleft wick]s1 9 ! %ape almo/ ( a sug> loaf1 ! bottom upp]mo/4 ,:5 ! b>r[ is full !y let x /& s = an h\r & a half 9 ! tr\gh :]e x dra9s out all ! lea* br9e1 !n !y remove x into _! ho?\se beh9d _! works made !re by two tunnels "u _! pans1 c>ri$ back = t purpose4 ,! lea* br9e t runs f ! b>r[s !y put into ! next boil+1 = x is to _! advantage be+ salt melt$ & want+ only h>d5+4 8,?is "w is p]=m$ 9 two h\rs 9 ! small] pans1 :i* are %all[]1 & g5]ally boil _! br9e m away3 :]e=e _! salt w la/ bett]1 ?\gh x does n granulate s well1 because :5 ! br9e is wa/$1 ! fire & /irr+ breaks ! cornes4 ,b ?is salt weighs heavi] & melts n s soon3 & !re=e is b\ght = _m sales to a di/ance4 ,b 9 ! great] pans1 :i* are usually deep]1 !y are above half an h\r long] 9 boil+2 b because !y take _! salt out ( _! br9e1 & only h>d5 x 9 _! ho?\se1 x is apt] to melt away 9 a moi/ air3 yet ( ?is sort ( salt ! long] ! gra9 is1 ! long] x endures3 & g5]ally ?is is ! bett] granulat$ & ! cle>]1 ?\gh ! o!r be ! :it]4 ,& ,i ?9k x is r ! tak+ ( ! salt out ( ! br9e be=e x is wa/$1 t causes ! granulat+ ( x1 ?an ! ale1 to :i* ! workm5 impute x4 8,!y nev] cov] _! pans at all1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( boil+4 ,!y h _! h\ses l b>ns op5 up to ! ?at* ) a cov]-hole or two to v5t ! /eam ( ! pans40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,canal-,,bur/ ,,& ,,l&slip1 ,,ow+ ,,to ,,subsid5ce ,,ne> ,,nor?wi*1 #ba,,/ ,,july1 #aijg ,on ! subject ( ! supply & quality ( ! br9e obta9$ at ,nantwi* & ,middlewi*1 ,dr4 ,jackson expla9s t ! spr+s are ri* or poor 9 a d\ble s5se1 z a spr+ may be ri* 9 salt b poor 9 ! quantity ( br9e x af=ds4 ,?us1 ! *ief pit at ,middlewi* conta9$ a ri* br9e yield+ a full f\r? "p ( salt1 b ! supply 0 s meagre t ! inhabitants 7 8limit$ to _! proportions out ( x10 & _! requirem5ts 7 made up out ( pits furni%+ a weak] br9e4 ,! pit at ,nantwi* 0 s pl5tiful z to supply all ! salt]s1 b :ile ! br9e conta9$ only a six? "p ( salt1 8su* quick use ( x extremely /r5g!ns ! br9e1 p]haps to a degree little less ?an t ( ,middlewi* pit40 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t t fre%ly drawn br9e is ri*] ?an ! liquor t has /ood = "s days 9 ! pit1 ,dr4 ,jackson te/ifi$1 z ! result ( p]sonal exp]im5t1 t 8a qu>t ( br9e1 :5 ! pit has be5 drawn (f ?ree or f\r days fir/1 to supply five or six wi*-h\ses1 has yield$ an ounce & a half m ( salt ?an at ano!r "t1 :5 x has _h a re/ ( a week or !reab\ts40 ,9 ! ,droitwi* locality ( ,worce/]%ire1 ! quality ( ! br9e closely resembl$ t ( ! ,*e%ire salt spr+s4 ,9 ! acc\nt by ,dr4 ,?omas ,ra/el1 publi%$ 9 #afgh 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ! writ] says3 8,9 ! great pit at ,upwi*1 we h at once ?ree sorts ( br9e1 :i* we call by ! names ( fir/-man1 middle-man1 & la/-man1 ^! sorts be+ ( diff]5t /r5g?s4 ,! br9e is drawn by a pump3 t :i* is 9 ! bottom is fir/ pump$ out2 :i* is t we call fir/-man1 etc4 ,a qu>t measure ( ?is br9e weighs #bi ounces troy1 b ( di/ill$ wat] only #bd ounces4 ,?is br9e yields ab\t a f\r? "p ( salt2 s t f\r tons ( br9e make ab\t a ton ( salt4 ,! o!r two sorts less1 or #bh ounces4 ,& ! pit yields #dej bu%els ( salt p] day4 ,9 ! be/ pit at ,ne!rwi* a qu>t ( br9e weighs #bh ounces & a half2 ?is pit is #ah feet deep & #d broad1 & yields z mu* br9e e #bd h\rs z makes ab\t #dj bu%els ( salt4 ,! wor/ pit at ,ne!rwi* is ( ! same bread? & dep? z ! =m]3 a qu>t ( br9e out ( :i* weighs #bg ounces & yields z mu* br9e daily z makes ab\t #cj bu%els ( salt40 ,al?\gh ,dr4 ,ra/el's acc\nt ( ! salt-mak+ me?ods 9 use at ,droitwi* co9cides ) t employ$ ab\t ! same p]iod 9 ,*e%ire1 he expla9s "o or two m9or v>iants & ! reason ( _! adoption4 8,! vats we boil ! br9e 910 he writes1 8are made ( lead1 ca/ into a flat plate #e feet & a half long & #c feet ov]3 hav+ ! side & ends beat5 up1 & a little rais$ 9 ! middle1 :i* are set ^u brickwork call$ ov5s1 9 :i* is a grate to make ! fire on1 & an a%-hole :i* we call a trunk4 ,9 "s seals are #f ( ^! pans1 9 "s #e1 "s #d1 "s #c1 "s #b4 ,9 ea* ( ^! pans is boil$ at a "t z mu* br9e z makes #c pecks ( :ite salt4 ,= cl>ify+ ! salt we %\ld h little ne$1 7 x n = du/ accid5tally fall+ into ! br9e4 ,! br9e ( itself be+ s cle> t no?+ c be cle>]4 ,= cl>ify+ x1 we use no?+ b ! :ites ( eggs1 ( :i* we take a qu>t] ( a :ite1 & put x into a gallon or two ( br9e1 :i* be+ beat5 ) ! h&1 la!rs z if x 7 soap1 a small quantity ( :i* fro? put into ea* vat raises all ! scum1 ! :ite ( "o egg cl>ify+ #bj bu%els ( salt1 by :i* means our salt is z :ite z any?+ c be3 nei!r has x any ill sav\r1 z t salt has t is cl>ifi$ ) blood4 ,= granulat+ x we use no?+ at all1 = ! br9e is s /rong ( itself1 t unless x be (t5 /irr$1 x w make salt z l>ge gra9$ z bay-salt4 ,i h boil$ br9e to a c&y height1 & x has produc$ clods ( salt z cle> z ! cle>e/ alum1 l ,isle ( ,may salt3 s t we are necessitat$ to put a small quantity ( ros9 into ! br9e1 to make ! gra9 ( ! salt small40 8,if x is ask$ :y we use n iron pans z 9 ,*e%ire10 ,dr4 ,ra/el concludes1 8,i answ] !re h be5 trials made ( bo? =g$ iron pans & ca/ iron4 ,! =m] ! /r5g? ( ! br9e s corrodes1 t x quickly we>s !m out1 ! latt] ! br9e breaks40 ,! fir/ s]i\s attempt to effect a real improvem5t 9 ! mak+ ( salt f br9e 0 communicat$ to ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty 9 #agdf by ,?omas ,l[ndes1 & "u ! title ( 8,,br9e ,,salt ,,improv$ or ! ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,salt f ,br9e1 t %all be z good or bett] ?an ,,fr5* ,,bay-,,salt40 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye> 9 a h&somely pr9t$1 block-type bro*ure ( #dj pages by ,s4 ,au/91 ( ,newgate ,/reet1 ,l[ndes1 :o _h sp5t 8 infancy 9 ,middlewi* & _h acquir$ 9 8 y\? a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! ,*e%ire mann] ( salt-mak+1 employ$ sev]al ye>s 9 travell+ 9 ,france1 dur+ :i* he /udi$ ! process employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( salt by sol> evaporation f sea-wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ro*elle4 ,at ?is "t ! bay-salt ( ,ro*elle 0 reg>d$ by m]*ants1 victuall]s1 & fi%]m5 z ! be/ 9 ,europe4 ,he aft]w>ds visit$ ,holl& = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :y ! ,dut* :ite h]r+s 7 sup]ior to ^? cur$ 9 ,engl&1 & he le>n$ t ! cause 0 expla9$ by ! me?od employ$ by ! ,dut* 9 purify+ _! salt4 ,arm$ ) ! k he _h acquir$ 9 ,france & ,holl&1 & all[+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,engli% br9es1 ,l[ndes (f]$ to ent] into an agreem5t ) ! ,admiralty to supply !m ) a bett] article ?an ! ,fr5* bay-salt1 made by ! foll[+ process-- 8,let a ,*e%ire salt-pan 7:i* commonly conta9s ab\t eight hundr$ gallons7 be fill$ ) ,br9e1 to )9 ab\t an in* ( ! top2 !n make & light ! fire2 & :5 ! ,br9e is j lukew>m1 put 9 ab\t an ounce ( blood f ! but*]'s1 or ! :ites ( two eggs2 let ! pan boil ) all possible viol5ce2 z ! scum rises take x (f2 :5 ! fre% or wat]y "p is pretty well decreas$1 ?r[ into ! pan ! ?ird "p ( a p9t ( new ale1 or t quantity ( bottoms ( malt-dr9k2 ^u ! ,br9e's beg9n+ to gra91 ?r[ into x ! quantity ( a small nutmeg ( fre% butt]2 & :5 ! liquor has sail$ = ab\t half an h\r1 t is1 has produc$ a good deal ( ,salt1 draw ! pan1 9 o!r words1 take out ! ,salt4 ,by ?is "t ! fire w be greatly abat$1 & s w ! heat ( ! liquor4 ,let no m fewel be ?r[n on ! fire2 b let ! ,br9e g5tly cool1 till "o c j be> to put "o's h& into x2 keep ! ,br9e ( t heat z ne> z possible2 & :5 x has work$ = "s "t1 & is beg9n+ to gra91 ?r[ 9 ! quantity ( a small nutmeg ( fre% butt]2 & ab\t two m9utes aft] t1 scatt] ?r\gh\t ! pan1 z equally z may be1 an ounce & ?ree qu>t]s ( clean common ,allom pulv]iz$ v f9e2 & !n in/antly1 ) ! common iron-scrape-pan /ir ! ,br9e v briskly 9 e "p ( ! pan1 = ab\t a m9ute2 !n let ! pan settle1 & con/antly fe$ ! fire1 s t ! ,br9e may nev] be q scald+ hot1 nor ne> s cold z lukew>m2 let ! pan /& work+ ?us1 = ab\t ?ree days & nights1 & !n draw x4 8,! ,br9e rema9+ w by ?is "t be s cold1 t x w n "w at all2 !re=e fre% ,coals mu/ be ?r[n ^u ! fire1 & ! ,br9e mu/ boil = ab\t half an h\r1 b n ne> s viol5tly z be=e ! fir/ draw+2 !n1 ) ! usual in/rum5t1 take out su* ,salt z is beg9n+ to fall1 7z !y t]m x7 & put x ap>t2 n[ let ! pan settle & cool4 ,:5 ! ,br9e becomes no hott]1 ?an "o c j be> to put ones h& into x1 proce$ 9 all respects z be=e2 only let ! quantity ( ,allom n exce$ an ounce & a qu>t]4 ,& 9 ab\t eight & =ty h\rs aft] draw ! pan40 ,?is process1 z w be se51 involv$ ! use ( mu* sl[] fires ?an 7 usually employ$ 9 ,*e%ire1 & all[$ ! liquor to simm] in/ead ( boil+ = a long] p]iod4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,mr4 ,l[ndes propos$ to use a l>ge proportion ( c9d]s 9 8 furnaces1 8s9ce long boil+ ) great fires n only deprives salt ( its _s & /r5g?1 b causes its gra9 to become loose & s(t1 s9ce c9d]s are bett] ?an coals 9 pres]v+ a con/ant1 equal1 & g5tle heat40 ,9 ord] to correct ! ill-effects suff]$ by ! salt ?r\gh be+ made 9 an enclos$1 int5sely hot room1 fill$ ) /eam & smoke1 he _h rec\rse to ! use ( alum1 :i*1 he claim$1 w\ld re/ore to ! salt its 8natural cubical %oot & give x a prop] h>dness40 ,he fur!r claim$ t by ?is process ! hot-h\ses or dry+-h\ses c\ld be disp5s$ )1 wa/e 9 c>riage w\ld be avoid$1 & ! pans w\ld la/ ?ree times z long2 :ile1 9 ord] to anticipate ! inevitable objections ( ! salt-mak]s & dispel ! pret5d$ difficulties t ! workm5 w\ld f9d 9 execut+ 8 directions1 ! inv5tor expla9$ t he _h be5 c>eful to accommodate 8 process1 z ne> z possible1 8to ! pres5t practice 9 ,*e%ire40 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,admiralty1 ! ,college ( ,physicians conduct$ sev]al exam9ations ( salt made by ! ,l[ndes process1 & report$ t x 0 89 all respects1 a /rong & pure salt1 equal at lea/1 if n pref]able to any we are acqua9t$ )40 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is te/imonial1 ,mr4 ,l[ndes appli$ to ! ,admiralty to all[ him a six mon?s' trial to prove ! goodness ( 8 salt = dome/ic purposes1 twelve mon?s to prove its excell5ce = ! purpose ( ! ,fi%]y ( ,am]ica1 & two ye>s 9 :i* to prove its efficacy 9 pres]v+ beef & pork = ! ,royal ,navy4 ,if 9 ?is s]ies ( te/s x %\ld be prov$ t salt made by 8 process equall$ ,fr5* bay-salt1 he propos$ t !y %\ld pay him a total sum ( #g1jjj1 & %\ld ! trials demon/rate ! slighte/ inf]iority1 he w\ld be cont5t to make 8 c\ntry a pres5t ( 8 lab\rs4 ,:5 ! ,admiralty decl9$ to ent] into negotiations ) him1 ,mr4 ,l[ndes laid 8 s*eme be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* petition$ ! ,k+ to in/ruct ! ,admiralty to make ! te/s on ! inv5tor's t]ms1 b ! sudd5 dea? ( ,l[ndes 9 #agdh clos$ ! controv]sy4 ,b ! det]m9ation to br+ ! art ( salt-mak+ to 8great] p]fection0 0 n ab&on$1 al?\gh1 z ,dr4 ,william ,br[nrigg admitt$1 ! success a*iev$ by ,?omas ,l[ndes 0 ?\ght by "s p 8to sup]s$e ! necessity ( any fur!r attempts = improv+ or ext5d+ our salt manufacture40 ,br[nrigg comm5d$ ,l[ndes's me?od & te/ifi$ to ! purity & /r5g? ( 8 salt :i* _h be5 exhibit$ be=e ! ,college ( ,physicians1 b he ma9ta9$ t by o!r me?ods a pur] & /rong] salt might be made at a less exp5se4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,dr4 ,br[nrigg's objection to ! ,l[ndes' me?od 0 t x 0 appli$ only to salt made f br9e1 or a solution ( ,engli% rock-salt (t5 prep>$ ) impure wat]1 & t ! salt s produc$1 9 8 op9ion1 0 inf]ior to m>9e salt4 ,br[nrigg1 only half realiz+ ,l[ndes's int5tion1 w\ld appe> to h grasp$ ! fact t 8 process aim$ at economy ( fuel comb9$ ) uni=mity 9 ! degree & di/ribution ( heat1 b he does n seem to h appreciat$ ! value ( ! improvem5t anticipat$ !refrom4 ,x mu/ by ?is "t h become evid5t to sci5tific inve/igators & practical salt-m5 t ! solution ( ! problems ( economical manufacture & increas$ output lay 9 ! application & regulation ( heat4 ,*ri/oph] ,*rysel1 ( ,leipsic1 aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( 8great indu/ry1 mu* pa9s1 & co/0 sp5t 9 ! practice & /udy ( salt-mak+ 9 ,*e%ire1 publi%$ ! result ( 8 lab\rs 9 #aghg4 ,*rysel claim$ t by 8 me?od 8) ! lea/ ,fire & ,coal ! mo/ ,salt c be made & ! greate/ ,pr(it receiv$ su* z 9 no o!r way c possibly happ510 b curi\sly en\gh ! improvem5t = :i* he obta9$ a ,royal ,pat5t1 0 prim>ily bas$ ^u a m advantage\s arrangem5t ( ! br9e pans1 :ile ! improvem5t effect$ 9 ! furnace 0 treat$ z a matt] ( only subsidi>y importance4 ,*rysel demon/rat$ 8 me?od at ,bye ,flat1 ne> ,nor?wi*1 9 ,*e%ire1 9 ,june1 #aggf4 ,! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1 ! same pan 0 us$ 9 te/+ bo? ! old & ! new me?ods1 ! same two salt-boil]s 7 employ$ 9 conduct+ bo? op]ations1 & ! am\nts ( fuel consum$ & salt produc$ 7 c>efully weigh$ & atte/$4 ,! results 7 record$ 9 ! foll[+ report furni%$ by ! ,liv]pool ,ag5t ( ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,k5t's salt-works at ,bye ,flat-- ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,salt ,,/ore-,,%$ 8,9 ?ree #8fir+s' ( #b ,furnaces "u a salt pan set up on ! old plan t5 ye>s ago & con/antly work$ till ! pres5t "t--#bd feet long3 #ae feet broad & #ab in*es deep--fill$ ) ,br9e ?ree times 9 a half week1 & boil$ d[n ea* "t 9 #bd h\rs & ! salt drawn out !re 0 burnt #e tons ( ,coal & made #g tons #ca bu%els1 or #aee cwts4 ( salt4 8,aft] ! exp]im5t ! ,pat5tee1 ,mr4 ,*ri/oph] ,*rysel1 set up ! same pan on 8 improv$ ,pat5t ,me?od1 & !n 9 ?ree simil> fir+s 9 half a week z be=e !re 0 only burnt #c tons #e cwt4 ( coal & made #h tons #b cwts4 or #afb cwts4 ( salt#b tons #aj cwts4 ( salt p] ton ( fuel40 ,*rysel says 9 8 treatise t ! pan m5tion$ 9 8 exp]im5ts--#bd ft4 long1 #ae ft4 broad1 & #ab 94 deep--w be reg>d$ by 8 ,g]man read]s z ( ph5om5al bigness1 b he expla9s t 9 ,engl& x is look$ ^u z only a m$ium-siz$ receptacle4 ,! pans 9 use 9 ,*e%ire at ?is p]iod 7 ( v>i\s sizes1 b ! t5d5cy 0 to introduce pans ( increas+ dim5sions4 8,inde$ ,i c ) all tru? say10 he writes1 8t 9 ,engl& ,i h se5 ) my own eyes1 pans two1 ?ree & f\r times z big 7z ! "o he us$ at ,bye ,flat7 & h measur$ !m ) my own h&s1 & h prov$ ea* "o design$ly & h se5 & m>k$ & become p]suad$ t f l>ge salt pans ! great] advantage & ! mo/ not$ *eapness 9 ! manufacture ( salt dep5d & proce$40 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts ) pans ( all sizes1 he prov$ t 9 a small pan1 #h ft4 squ>e & #i 94 deep1 heat$ ) "o furnace1 he obta9$ 9 five weeks a cle> pr(it ( #ce #aes4 #b;d41 :ile 9 "o pan1 comp\nd$ out ( five ( ! small pans1 & heat$ ) two furnaces1 ! pr(it ( "o week's work+ 0 #db #aes4 #e;d41 or a net additional pr(it ( #g #js4 #c;d41 & ! sav+ ( f\r weeks 9 "t & lab\r4 ,he fur!r exp]im5t$ ) ?ree ( ! l>ge/ pans = "o week1 ) ! foll[+ results-- 8,! fir/--#cf by #be feet & #ac in*es deep hold+ #ige cubic feet ( ,br9e--burnt 9 #c ,furnaces 9 "o week #ab tons ( coal & made #cb tons #b cwts4 ( salt4 8,! second--#dj by #bg ft4 & #ac in*es deep hold+ #aagj cubic feet ( br9e--burnt 9 #c ,furnaces 9 a week #ae tons #ah cwts4 ( coal & made #cd tons ( salt4 8,! ?ird--#eb by #bf feet & #ac in*es deep hold+ #adfd cubic feet ( ,br9e--burnt 9 #d ,furnaces 9 "o week1 #bd tons ( coal & made #fb tons ( salt40 ,*rysel is himself amaz$ t pans conta9+ #cfj1 #ijj1 & ev5 #a1djj cubic feet ( br9e c be boil$ into salt 9 ! same space ( "t1 & he is feign to admit t 8up to n[1 nobody1 to my k1 has prov$ :at l5g?1 bread?1 & dep? ( pan is calculat$ to make ! mo/ salt ) ! lea/ consumption ( coal4 ,consequ5tly ev]y:]e are to be f\nd _m diff]5t pans1 & o!r v>ieties are cont9ually be+ te/$4 ,& ,i myself _c feel t ,i am capable ( decid+ ! "q1 nev]!less ,i w1 f my exp]i5ce & consci5ti\s conviction1 say :at ,i consid] is ! be/1 *eape/1 & mo/ reliable pan = ?is purpose40 ,aft] long se>*1 & close inquiry 9 num]\s salt-works1 & z ! result ( 8 /udy ( salt-mak+ 9 pans ( e size1 ,*rysel came to ! conclusion t a s+le pan--8#bf feet long1 #ah feet broad1 & #ab in*es deep1 ) two furnaces1 9 a roomy salt-works ) suffici5t room = ! workm5 & baskets on bo? sides ( ! pan0--0 to be pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,b ?is consid]$ judgm5t 0 am5d$ aft] fur!r application to ! problem by advocat+ an increase 9 l5g? )\t *ang+ ! bread? ( ! pan4 ,8 ultimate v]dict 0 9 fav\r ( a pan #eb ft4 long1 #ah ft4 broad1 & #a ft4 deep1 ) a capacity ( #icf cubic feet ( br9e1 equipp$ ) two furnaces1 & he decl>$ t ?is pan1 produc+ ab\t #fch cwt4 ( salt p] week1 at a co/ ( #aj #es4 #f;d4 = fuel1 & sell+ = #abg #aes4 #f;d41 & giv+ a pr(it ( #aag #ajs4 0 8! p]fect article40 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 ,*rysel's pat5t 0 pr9cipally conc]n$ ) ! arrangem5t ( ! br9e pans1 :i* 7 s arrang$ z to obta9 ! maximum am\nt ( heat f ! fuel consum$ 9 ! furnaces1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts he evolv$ an improv$1 if by no means a p]fect1 furnace4 ,! peculi> nature ( ! sup]iority effect$ 0 bas$ on ! common k t x is ! natural t5d5cy ( fire heat & smoke to escape into ! op5 air & disappe>4 ,he proce$s3 8,if1 h[ev]1 !y are conf9$ & %ut up 9 a furnace "u a salt pan !y /ill require an op5+ to escape to ! *imney else ! fire _c burn & is ext+ui%$4 ,if h[ev] ! op5+ & place ( exit into ! draughts & *imney is too l>ge & wide1 z x is g5]ally1 & p>ticul>ly "u salt pans1 n only w ! draught ( ,air cause ,wood & ,coal to be m rapidly consum$ & *ang$ into ,a%es :i* w *oke ! fire b also ! fireheat & smoke w1 by ! draught ( ! air1 ha/5 into ! draughts & *imney1 & ! bottom ( ! pan w h>dly be t\*$ & sc>cely half ! "w be done4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! op5+ & exit into ! draughts & *imney has a prop] proportion1 accord+ to ! diff]5t sizes ( ! ,pans & to ! requisite ,fire 9 ! ,furnace "u ! pan1 ! ,fireheat & ,smoke w be long] conta9$ "u ! pan & t1 /eadily com+ f ! ,furnace1 w be increas$ & /r5g!n$1 s t d\ble "w "u ! pan w result1 & wood or coal w n s rapidly be burnt to a%es b la/ long] & consequ5tly d m "w4 ,all t is requir$ 9 ?is is to calculate ! ma!matical proportion betwe5 ! diff]5t sizes ( ! pans1 ! ,furnace & ! ,fires & betwe5 ! op5+ & ,exit into ! draughts & *imney1 & to apply x40 ,x w be recogniz$ t bo? ,l[ndes & ,*rysel 7 on ! way to ! solution ( ! problem ( ! p]fect salt-mak+ plant :5 !y devot$ !mselves to ! improvem5t ( ! furnace1 b ano!r c5tury & a half 0 to elapse be=e ! secret t elud$ _! ef=ts %\ld be reveal$4 ,! luckless ,furnival1 "s fifty ye>s lat] ?an ,*rysel1 approa*$ ne>ly to ! goal to :i* !y 7 all /riv+1 & he1 9 common ) 8 =]unn]s1 _h 8 %>e ( ! savage jeal\sy & p]secution t ! salt-m5 h ev] visit$ ^u ^? :o v5ture into ! li/s ) !m4 8,no malice has be5 want+ to br+ a disreputation ^u my salt2 & e wick$ art w be practis$ to r5d] its virtues ineffectual4 ,! ,salt ,commission]s are my av[$ enemies2 = ! misc>ry+ ( my attempts w be _! ga940 ,?us wrote poor ,l[ndes1 & ,*rysel _h simil> gr\nds = compla9t4 8,be=e ! above pro( 7! result ( 8 exp]im5t at ,bye ,fleet7 0 made op5ly1 nobody believ$ 9 ! anticipat$ sav+10 he says1 8b ev]ybody d\bt$ & "s decl>$ x to be impossible4 ,aft]1 h[ev]1 ! ?+ 0 made kn[n1 ev]ybody on ! contr>y 0 9 a /ate ( wond]m5t4 ,9 a %ort "t wond] 0 *ang$ into envy1 ill-w & malice1 & _m attempts 7 made to suppress me & de/roy my pat5t1 al?\gh x 0 n possible = any "o to po9t out any failures or errors40 ,we %all see pres5tly h[ ! salt-m5 dealt ) _! successor1 ,william ,furnival4 ,h5ry ,holl&1 writ+ 9 #ahjh on 8,! ,production ( ,salt ,br9e10 furni%es "s reliable details conc]n+ ! manufacture ( br9e-salt z x 0 conduct$ 9 ,*e%ire at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ?is au?ority3 8,! pans us$ 9 ,*e%ire1 = ! evaporat+ ( ! br9e1 are n[ made ( wr\ght iron4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! v>y v mu*2 b1 9 g5]al1 ^? ( mod]n erection are consid]ably l>g] ?an :at 7 9 use a few ye>s ago2 & !y usually conta9 f #fjj to #hjj sup]ficial feet4 ,"o or two pans ( /ill l>g] dim5sions h be5 erect$1 ea* conta9+ ne>ly #a1jjj feet4 ,_! usual =m is t ( an oblong squ>e1 & _! dep? f #ab to #af in*es4 ,to a pan conta9+ #fjj to #hjj sup]ficial feet1 !re are usually ?ree furnaces1 f six & a half to sev5 feet long1 & #bj to #bd in*es wide4 ,! grates are f two & a half to ?ree feet f ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,! furnace-doors are s+le1 & !re are no doors to ! a%-pits4 8,! diff]5t pans are usually p>tition$ out f ea* o!r1 & !re is a sep>ate pan-h\se to ea* pan4 ,)9 ?is pan-h\se1 at "o end is ! coal-hole2 ! *imney occupies ! o!r end1 !re is a walk along ! two rema9+ sides ( ! pan1 five or six feet wide2 & betwe5 ^! walks & ! sides ( ! pan-h\se1 :i* are g5]ally ( wood1 long b5*es f\r or five feet wide1 are fix$1 on :i* ! salt is plac$ 9 conical baskets to dra9 aft] x has be5 tak5 out ( ! pan2 a wood5 or slat$ ro( is plac$ ov] ! pan-h\se1 ) l\vres to all[ ! /eam to pass freely out4 8,! manufacture is conduct$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 or r heat is appli$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 to effect ! evaporation ( ! wat] ( solution2 & accord+ to ^! diff]5t degrees ( heat1 ! product is ! /ov$ or lump salt2 common salt2 ! l>ge gra9$ flaky2 & l>ge gra9$ or fi%]y salt40 ,9 ! mak+ ( /ov$ salt1 ! br9e 0 br\ght to a boil+ heat--:i* 9 br9e fully saturat$ is #bbf degrees ( ,fahr5heit--& ! pan 0 twice fill$ 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! mak+ ( common salt1 ! br9e 0 fir/ br\ght to boil+ heat1 = ! d\ble purpose ( exp$it+ saturation & cle>+ ! br9e ( any e>?y cont5ts1 & !n1 mod]at+ ! fires1 ! process ( cry/allization 0 complet$ ) ! br9e heat$ to #afj or #agj degrees ( ,fahr5heit4 ,! pan 9 :i* common salt 0 made 0 fill$ only once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! l>ge gra9$1 flaky salt 0 made ) an evaporation conduct$ at ! heat ( #acj or #adj degrees1 & ! pan 0 fill$ once 9 e =ty-eight h\rs2 :ile 9 ! case ( fi%]y salt1 ! br9e 0 br\ght to a heat ( f #ajj to #aaj degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 & five or six days 7 requir$ to evaporate ! wat] ( solution4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! sev]al processes1 v>i\s additions 7 (t5 made to ! br9e1 ) ! view ( promot+ ! sep>ation ( any e>?y mixture1 or ! m ready cry/allization ( ! salt4 ,^! additions v>i$ 9 diff]5t works1 & _m ( !m seem to h be5 made f ill-f\nd$ prejudices )\t any exact idea z to _! probable effects4 ,! pr9cipal additions made at v>i\s times 7 acids1 animal jelly & glut51 vegetable mucilage1 new or /ale ale1 :eat-fl\r1 res91 butt]1 & alum4 ,holl& believ$ t ! addition ( acids to ! br9e 0 an innovation bas$ ^u ! mi/ak5 idea t ! use ( acid acc\nt$ = ! sup]iority ( ! ,dut* salt1 b at ! "t at :i* he wrote ! practice _h be5 discont9u$ 9 ,*e%ire4 ,animal jelly & glut5 = cle>+ ! br9e & promot+ ! sep>ation ( ! e>?y cont5ts1 7 mu* us$ 9 pref]5ce to blood1 :i*1 :ile excell5t = ! purpose :5 fre%1 0 difficult to procure 9 suffici5t quantity & to pres]ve f putrefaction4 ,:ite ( eggs1 glue1 & jelly procur$ by boil+ c[s' & calves' feet1 7 also f\nd to answ] p]fectly well = ! purpose ( cl>ify+ br9e1 b ! use ( new or /ale ale & be] gr\nds z a br9e cl>ifi]1 _h be5 ab&on$ z inefficaci\s by ,*e%ire salt-m54 ,dr4 ,br[nrigg 0 ( op9ion t salt-boil]s _h little to plead 9 fav\r ( ! addition ( butt] dur+ ! evaporation process1 beyond immemorial cu/om1 b ,holl& consid]$ ! salt-mak]s _h ample gr\nds = _! belief t butt] assi/$ ! granulation ( ! salt & made ! br9e 8"w m k9dly40 ,on ! "q ( ! addition ( alum op9ions v>i$4 ,l[ndes ascrib$ ! sup]iority ( 8 salt to ! use ( alum1 b ,br[nrigg decl>$ t 8! goodness ( ,mr4 ,l[ndes' salt does n seem to be ow+ to ! alum ) :i* x is mix$1 b may be attribut$ *iefly to ! g5tle heat us$ 9 ! prep>ation40 ,illu/ration3 ,,witton ,,brook1 ,,nor?wi*4 ,,subm]g$ ,,tract ,,( ,,agricultural ,,l& ,holl& combat$ ! g5]al impression obta9+ at ! "t1 t salt =m$ f ! same br9e v>i$ by ! application ( diff]5t degrees ( heat1 n only 9 ext]nal appe>ance b also 9 quality1 & ! equally preval5t idea t salt =m$ f natural br9e 0 inf]ior 9 its p[] ( pres]v+ animal fle% to bay-salt4 ,he prov$ by quotation & exp]im5t t su* prejudices 7 entirely unf\nd$1 & proce$$ to %[ t ! action ( bay-salt is exactly simil> to t ( ! l>ge-gra9$ salt1 & t nei!r v>iety has any advantage ov] ! salt prep>$ by a boil+ heat except 9 ! size & compactness ( its cry/als & 9 its conta9+ a some:at small] proportion ( ! wat] ( cry/allization2 & z ! l>ge-gra9$ fi%]y salt is m ?an equal to ! bay salt 9 ^! important po9ts1 x at lea/ equals ! latt] 9 its p[] ( pres]v+ animal fle% or provisions4 ,! fir/ p]son :o introduc$ /eam heat into ! manufacture ( salt1 &1 9 s do+1 anticipat$ ! revolution>y improvem5ts :i* 7 a*iev$ "s ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury lat] by ! ,vacuum ,sy/em & ! ,hodgk9son ,pat5t ,salt-,mak+ ,process1 0 ,william ,furnival4 ,= our k ( ! int5tions & a*ievem5ts ( ?is bold & p]sev]+ innovator we h to rely almo/ entirely ^u 8 8,/atem5t ( ,facts1 ,humbley & ,respectfully submitt$ to ! ,consid]ation ( ,8 ,maje/y1 ,8 ,maje/y's ,m9i/]s1 & ,bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t40 ,9 ?is docum5t we h a /ory ( oppression1 conspiracy1 & p]secution :i* ! au?or describes z 8unp>allel$ 9 free ,engl&10 & s9ce 8 n>ration ( ! treatm5t he endur$ has nev] be5 refut$1 we mu/ conclude t ! gi/ ( :at he writes is sub/antially true4 ,x is to be regrett$ t 9 ?is only available acc\nt ( 8 activities1 ,furnival is s int5t ^u expos+ ! wrongs to :i* he _h be5 subject$ t he omits to furni% u ) a detail$ description ( 8 process4 ,we "k t 9 #ahbc ,furnival erect$ works at ,droitwi* & comm5c$ mak+ salt1 & we h 8 assurance t 8 pat5t answ]$ e expectation he _h =m$ ( x4 ,moreov]1 its work+ 0 inve/igat$ by ,messrs4 ,s4 ,f[l]1 ,f>don ,co41 :o1 on #ag? ,april1 #ahbd1 c]tifi$ t ! advantages ( ! ,furnival me?od ov] all exi/+ processes1 consi/$-- 8,fir/ly4--,9 ! sav+ ( fuel :i* may be /at$ at ab\t "o-half4 8,secondly4--,9 ! production ( twice ! quantity ( salt1 z usually made 9 vessels ( ! same size1 9 a giv5 space ( "t4 8,?irdly4--,9 ! sup]ior quality ( ! salt1 aris+ out ( ! regul> di/ribution ( heat to ! bottom ( ! br9e pan40 ,9 ,april1 #ahbe1 ,furnival dispos$ ( 8 salt prop]ty at ,&]ton1 & ?ree ye>s lat]1 to a mon?1 he b\ght prop]ty at ,m>/on = #a1eej4 ,on ?is gr\nd he erect$ works cov]+ an area ( ab\t twelve acres1 & in/all$ "s ?ree miles ( pannage at a co/ ( upw>ds ( #ace1jjj1 capable ( produc+ "s #acj1jjj tons ( salt p] annum4 ,he subsequ5tly b\ght & />t$ to erect works int5d$1 :5 f9i%$1 to occupy ne>ly six acres ( gr\nd at ,m>/on4 ,he ass]t$ t ^! ,:>ton & ,m>/on prop]ties 7 ! only two 9 ! k+dom possess+ ! peculi> advantages ( inexhau/ible supplies ( fully saturat$ br9e & dry rock-salt on ! same premises1 & he claim$ t he c\ld n only deliv] rock-salt at fully #be to #cj p] c5t4 less ?an any o!r m9e 9 ! c\ntry1 b1 fur!r1 t ! salt made on 8 pr9ciple 0 admitt$ to be sup]ior 9 quality1 ow+ to ! regul> di/ribution ( heat1 by :i* m uni=m & sup]ior cry/als 7 produc$4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahbi1 he op5$ negotiations 9 two sep>ate qu>t]s to lease on royalty c]ta9 portions ( 8 salt-works at ,:>ton1 & two committees1 ea* consi/+ ( ?ree m51 7 appo9t$ by ! prospective t5ants to inve/igate ! sy/em4 ,on #bbnd ,augu/1 #ahbi1 ! two committees drew up a jo9t report1 f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+-- 8,! fir/ committee ent]$ ^u ! inve/igation on ! #ae? ,augu/1 #ahbi2 rema9$ on duty eight h\rs2 0 !n reliev$ by ! second = ! l p]iod1 & s cont9u$ ! inve/igation1 alt]nately sup]9t5d+ ! weigh+ & deliv]y ( ! coals & salt1 & tak+ note ( ! temp]atures e h\r4 8,! foll[+ is ! result ( work+ = #afb h\rs1 a /eam boil]1 con/antly f$ ) br9e1 ! specific gravity f #bc to #beajj?s4 ,l5g? ( ! boil]1 #bj ft42 wid?1 #h ft4 ,a triangul> flue pan1 #hj ft42 wid?1 #h ft4 ,a triangul> /eam pan1 #ajaf 942 wid?1 #h ft4 =m+ a surface ( #a1fab sup]ficial ft4 ( br9e4 ,! quantity ( coal consum$ 0 #h tons4 ,! quantity ( f9e salt produc$ 0 #cef cwt4 ,ditto ( common & fi%]y #djd -------- ,mak+ #gfj cwt4 8,be+ a product ( f\r & a half tons ( salt = e ton ( coals consum$40 ,x w be conv5i5t "h to expla9 :at became ( ^! sev]al ,furnival prop]ties1 & !n describe v briefly ! /ages :i* l$ to ! inv5tor's inc>c]ation 9 ,horsemong] ,lane ,gaol & caus$ him to address 8 ,/atem5t ( ,facts to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,april1 #ahbe1 he sold 8 works at ,&]ton to ! ,briti% ,rock & ,salt ,company1 :i* cont9u$ to %ip salt until #ahbi4 ,! ,m>/on prop]ty appe>s to h be5 work$ until #ahdg4 ,! ,:>ton works 7 manag$ by ,tru/ees until #ahci1 :5 !y 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,national ,pat5t ,salt ,company1 :i* became "o ( ! mo/ important firms 9 ! ,w9s=d trade4 ,9 #ahge1 ,ju/ice ,mani/y1 ! surviv+ leasehold]1 transf]r$ 8 int]e/s to ,/ubbs ,bro!rs1 :o1 9 #ahhh1 dispos$ ( ! bus9ess to ! ,salt ,union4 ,furnival _h no soon] e/abli%$ himself z a salt-mak] at ,&]ton ?an ! old salt proprietors1 8:o _h contriv$ 9 ! pa/ to ru9 all1 or any "o :o %\ld d>e to ent] ! li/s aga9/ !m10 became s]i\sly al>m$ at ! app>5t magnitude ( 8 plans & ! great improvem5ts :i* ?reat5$ bo? _! exorbitant pr(its & _! hi!rto un*all5g$ monopoly4 ,furnival1 to employ a colloquialism1 proce$$ to 8back himself bo? ways40 ,hav+ m ?an once prov$ 8 /r5g? by break+ up 8! ,coalition0 7:i* ! old proprietors _h =m$ to regulate ! output & price ( salt71 & br++ d[n ! price ( common salt f #bjs4 to #hs4 p] ton1 he (f]$ to erect 8 pat5t app>atus at 8 own co/ & risk on ! works ( 8 weal?y rivals1 & to all[ !m two-?irds ( ! sav+ effect$ by its application4 ,accord+ to ,furnival's unsupport$ b uncontradict$ acc\nt1 !y ridicul$ 8 (f]1 decl>+ t !y want$ none ( 8 pat5ts1 t !y c\ld comm& _! own pr(its 9 defiance ( him1 & t !y w\ld nev] sanction any improvem5ts or innovations 9 ! trade4 ,furnival1 :o _h secur$ pat5ts = ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s1 !reaft] gave 8 ,engli% competitors a re/ & proce$$ to erect salt-works at ,rott]dam & ,gh5t capable ( tak+ ne>ly #fj1jjj tons ( rock salt annually f ! ,briti% m>ket4 ,b ! ,engli% salt ref9]s prompt$ _! ,dut* & ,belgian confrres to br+ (ficial discr$it ^u ! ent]prise1 & ,furnival & 8 p>tn] 7 compell$ to ab&on _! works1 :i* _h co/ !m #ac1jjj to erect1 & to =go ! #cc1jjj !y 7 to h receiv$ = _! pat5t rights4 ,furnival return$ to ,engl& & set up 8 salt-works at ,:>ton1 :]e he 8produc$ "s ( ! f9e/ rock-salt 9 ! k+dom40 ,! old proprietors decid$ t no sacrifice 0 too great t w\ld h ! effect ( cru%+ ?is competitor4 ,!y l[]$ ! price ( rock-salt #ej p] c5t41 & kept manufactur$ salt s l[ t e e/abli%m5t 0 work$ at a loss4 ,a meet+ ( proprietors1 conv5$ to consid] ! situation1 resolv$ t :ile 8!y deeply lam5t$ ! l[ price ( salt1 !y consid]$1 at ! same "t1 t x w\ld n be prud5t to raise ! price until ,mr4 ,furnival 0 dispos$ (40 ,! salt manufactur]s admitt$1 9 a circul> publi%$ 9 #ahbi1 t ?is cutt+-out op]ation _h1 9 f\r & a half ye>s1 involv$ ! trade 9 a loss ( #bhb1aid #ads41 b x _h ! effect ( fright5+ away ,furnival's f9ancial support]s1 & l&$ him 9 fur!r mis=tunes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work+ ,,9 ,,dang]\s ,,gr\nd ,,aft] ,,subsid5ce1 ,,dunkirk ,,lake1 ,,nor?wi* ,9 #ahbf1 ,furnival _h ent]$ into a contract ) a ,pet] ,b\va9 to erect a salt-works 9 ! ,isle ( ,rh1 b ! mon? t 0 requir$ to prove ! capabilities ( ! pat5t plant 0 suffici5t to demon/rate ! comm]cial wor?lessness ( ! ,fr5*man1 & ,furnival cut 8 loss & return$ to ,engl&4 ,b\va9 br\ght a claim aga9/ him = ! loss ( prospective pr(its & obta9$ a judgm5t = #h1jjj1 aga9/ :i* ,furnival appeal$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation 9 ,p>is4 ,be=e ! case 0 he>d1 ,furnival 0 inveigl$ to ! ,ne!rl&s by a =g$ invitation1 purport+ to come f a weal?y ,belgian salt-ref9]1 driv5 ov] ! fronti]1 arre/$ 9 ,france at ! suit ( ,b\va91 & ?r[n into gaol4 ,f9d+ t legal r$ress 0 unobta9able1 ,furnival escap$ f prison aft] f\r mon?s' inc>c]ation1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcj1 0 aga9 9 ,*e%ire4 ,he 0 engag$ 9 a bitt] & protract$ alt]cation ) 8 two sets ( t5ants 9 ! ,:>ton salt-works 9 ,augu/1 #ahcb1 :5 he 0 arre/$ = ! non-paym5t ( 8 debt ( #h1ahj to ,b\va91 & lodg$ 9 ,horsemong] ,lane ,gaol4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahcc1 he br\ght an action = p]jury aga9/ ,b\va91 :o fl$ to ,france to escape ! w>rant t 0 issu$ = 8 arre/1 b ?is moral victory br\ght ,furnival nei!r release nor amelioration ( 8 lot1 & he f\nd himself 8f\lly & unju/ly *>g$ by a b& ( conspirators1 defeat$ 9 e attempt to obta9 ju/ice1 & left )\t a hope or prospect ( be+ able to v9dicate himself1 or extricate himself f a conf9em5t m close ?an t aw>d$ to a felon40 ,! end ( ,furnival ne$ n occupy u2 he came into ! salt trade 9 #ahbb ) a suffici5cy ( f9ancial back+1 an unusual /ock ( confid5ce & en]gy1 & a pat5t :i* 8creat$ a s5sation ?r\gh ! :ole salt trade02 we take our leave ( him elev5 ye>s lat] 9 a debtors' gaol--a victim to ! me?ods :i* ! ,*e%ire salt proprietors inv>iably adopt$ 9 ridd+ !mselves ( an obtrusive competitor4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,=mation ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,*e%ire ,,deposits ,! !ories prop\nd$ & ! conclusions arriv$ at on ! subject ( ! =mation ( ! ,*e%ire salt b$s d n diff] 9 any important p>ticul> f ^? :i* h be5 put =w>d1 inve/igat$1 & accept$ ) reg>d to rock-salt deposits 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 b1 because ( ! enorm\s geologic & climatic *anges t h occurr$ 9 ! ,engli% c\nty s9ce a salt bas9 0 9 c\rse ( =mation !re1 sci5ti/s 7 sl[] 9 accept+ ^? conclusions 9 respect ( our home deposits ?an 9 ! case ( ! salt areas :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,runn ( ,kut*1 at ,lake ,elton1 or ,black ,gulph on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! facts t ! *ief accompanim5t ( e kn[n deposit ( rock-salt is clay1 & t clay is deposit$ 9 wat]1 =m$ ! basis ( ! errone\s !ory t because salt is a deposit out ( wat]1 & sea-wat] conta9s salt1 all salt b$s mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 ! sea4 ,b salt does n mix me*anically ) wat] & has n be5 deposit$ l s$im5t>y rocks2 x =ms a solution1 & n until ! solution becomes sup]-saturat$ does x cry/allize out4 ,n[ sea-wat] r>ely conta9s m ?an #c p] c5t4 ( salt1 & s9ce ! solution mu/ conta9 at lea/ #bf p] c5t4 ( salt be=e ! salt w cry/allize out1 &1 provid$ x is left f contact ) ! air1 a solution ( ?is /r5g? may be left = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t )\t a s+le p>ticle ( salt deposit+1 ! old !ory t all salt b$s 7 deposit$ 9 ! sea _h to be ab&on$4 ,! !ory ( ! sea-wat] deposition ( salt b$s hav+ be5 dispos$ (1 x 0 long a popul> idea t ! b$s ( rock-salt ow$ _! =mation to volcanic action4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,?ompson 0 ( op9ion t "s enorm\s electrical =ce _h be5 at "w 9 its cry/allization2 ,pr(essor ,silve/ri f\nd quantities ( *loride ( sodium v>y+ f #ej to #ij p] c5t4 9 diff]5t sublimations 9 ! lava :i* 0 erupt$ f ,etna 9 #ahfc2 ,buns5 discov]$ a consid]able b less important sublimation ( *loride ( sodium 9 ! lava erupt$ f ,hekla 9 #ahed2 & ,g4 ,f4 ,rodwell & ,h4 ,m4 ,eld] also recogniz$ small traces ( sodic *loride z "o ( ! products ( volcanic action4 ,9 a pap] contribut$ to ! ,man*e/] ,geological ,society1 9 #ahdb1 on 8,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ! ,salt ,field ( ,*e%ire10 s respect$ an au?ority z ,orm]od /at$ 8 conclusions z foll[s-- 87a7 ,t f ! li?ological "* ( ! accompany+ b$s & p>t+s1 & f ! regul>ity 9 ! ?ickness ( ! respective b$s1 z f> z ! same 7 n[ kn[n1 ^! salt b$s 71 9 8 op9ion1 deposit$ f an aque\s m5/ruum1 & _h n be5 inject$4 87b7 ,t f ! abs5ce ( m>9e rema9s1 f ! salt deposits conta9+ matt] n f\nd 9 ! ocean1 & f simil> b$s ( salt n be+ 9 any place kn[n to h be5 =m$ f ! ocean1 he consid]$ t !re 7 n satisfactory reasons = ascrib+ ! orig9 ( ! salt f\nd 9 ! new r$ s&/one ( ,engl& to m>9e deposits4 87c7 ,t f ! m9]als f\nd associat$ ) ! salt1 & adjo9+ r$ s&/one rocks1 be+ simil> to ^? f\nd toge!r ) x 9 volcanic di/ricts 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 t f =m] or pres5t volcanic action be+ app>5t at localities 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe1 at :i* b$s ( salt ( simil> "* are f\nd1 & ! orig9 ( :i* c be evid5tly trac$ to t cause1 & f ! salt b$s 9 ,engl& be+ always f\nd accompani$ by neighb\r+ traces ( volcanic action1 he consid]$ t !re 7 satisfactory reasons = ascrib+ ! orig9 ( ! salt fields ( ,engl& to volcanic ag5cy40 ,orm]od 0 n only conv9c$ t ! ,*e%ire deposits 7 ! result ( volcanic action :i* _h impregnat$ neighb\r+ lagoons & =m$ ! aque\s m5/ruum f :i* ^? b$s 7 precipitat$1 b t ^! lakes lay 9 depressions ( ! upp] ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 & t ! alt]nation ( ! /rata ( rock & salt _h aris5 f subsid5ces1 foll[$ or accompani$ by fre% dis*>ges ( ! same impregnat+ matt]4 ,?is !ory is unt5able1 = beyond ! fact t salt has be5 eject$ 9 volcanic eruptions !re is practically no?+ to support x4 ,volcanic action is always accompani$ by int5se heat1 & ! fact t ! pure rock cry/al is "o ( sl[ gr[? 9 a cool liquid1 & is n ( rapid =mation 9 a hot fluid1 conclusively disposes ( ! volcanic !ory4 ,p>ticles ( *loride ( sodium 9 volcanic ejections 7 no explanation ( ! =mation ( huge deposits ( rock-salt1 & s9ce x 0 realiz$ t salt 9 l>ge quantity c only be obta9$ f salt wat]1 & t x _c be got naturally f ! sea1 x became evid5t t :at man does 9 isolat+ tracts ( sea-wat] to produce salt by sol> evaporation1 mu/ h be5 practis$ by nature on an ext5sive scale 9 all ages4 ,& z an isolat$ tract ( salt wat] is a salt lake1 we are direct$ to ! obvi\s conclusion t all rock-salt =mations h be5 deposit$ 9 salt lakes4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory we h ! evid5ce ( ! salt-=m+ process t is n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,s\!rn ,russia1 ,am]ica1 & ,india4 ,x is evid5t t at "o "t ! l[-ly+ c\ntry to ! we/ & nor? ( ! ,caspian ,sea 0 "p ( t inl& sea1 & t1 :5 its surface 0 contract$ by %r9kage1 ! retreat+ wat] left beh9d x num]\s swamps1 :i* n[ =m salt lakes1 & tracts ( int]v5+ l& :i*1 9 ! dry season1 are cov]$ ) a sal9e affloresc5ce4 ,! l>ge quantities ( salt :i*1 9 ord9>y seasons are deposit$ 9 ^! salt lakes1 are collect$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,india !re are _m salt lakes1 su* z ,lake ,sambhur1 9 ,rajpootana1 :i* 9 ! ra9y season has a l5g? ( f fifte5 to tw5ty miles1 b 9 ! dry season is only ?ree or f\r miles long1 ! rema9d] ( its c\rse consi/+ ( a succession ( small salt pools alt]nat+ ) /ret*es ( salt-encru/$ gr\nd4 ,9 ! great des]t ( ,mongolia _m squ>e miles ( c\ntry are spread ) salt incru/ations2 & 9 ,am]ica simil> tracts are f\nd :i* once =m$ ! b$s ( consid]able lakes4 ,9 ,nevada1 at ! s9k ( ! ,c>son ,riv]1 is an area ( five squ>e miles :i* 0 once ! b$ ( a salt lake4 ,! fam\s ,great ,salt ,lake1 betwe5 ! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s & ! ,nevadas 9 ,am]ica1 is ! rema9s ( a l>ge inl& sea :i* once cov]$ ! di/rict1 & %\ld ! climate become dri] ?an x is n[1 ! %r9kage1 :i* w5t on = ages1 w be resum$1 & a huge salt deposit w be =m$4 ,! salt lakes 9 ra9less di/ricts soon dry up1 & ! salt1 be+ quickly deposit$1 is almo/ pure1 b su* in/ances are n usual1 &1 9 deal+ ) exi/+ salt-deposit+ lakes1 we f9d cont9ual ref]5ces to ! salt & clay mixtures1 or alt]nations ( ! deposits4 ,h]r ,ce* tells u t ! ye>ly lay]s ( salt 9 ,lake ,elton are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a lay] ( black mud2 b5ea? ! f\r? lay] is f\nd black clay1 & b5ea? ?is are fur!r lay]s ( salt ( a m solid quality4 ,s*leid51 9 speak+ ( ,lake ,elton1 says3 8,on ?is old salt is deposit$ a blacki% mud lay] 7salt clay7 :i* sep>ates ! salt f ! next succe$+ lay]4 ,9 #ahje ,gbel bor$1 9 ! v %all[ lake1 ab\t #a miles f ! %ore4 ,he f\nd =ty-two di/9ctly sep>at$ lay]s ( rock salt1 ! upp]mo/ f #a to #d in*es ?ick1 ! l[e/ #i in*es ?ick4 ,! deep] he bor$ ! m solid ! salt 01 & ! m pure4 ,at ! hundr$? lay] ! salt 0 s h>d t ! iron tool broke40 ,f ! =ego+1 :i* are among a great collection ( accept$ data1 x w be se5 t1 9 :atev] qu>t] ( ! _w salt lakes occur1 ! same *>act]i/ics are enc\nt]$1 viz41 salt deposit+ on mud & cov]$ by mud4 ,e %[] ( ra9 creates a c]ta9 am\nt ( mud or s&1 & e brook & /ream runn+ into ! salt lakes dur+ ! ra9y season br+s 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! mud repres5ts ! wet season ( ! ye>1 & ! salt ! dry season4 ,! geological conditions mu/ h be5 ! same :5 salt 0 deposit$ 9 ,*e%ire1 & ) ! in/ances ( mod]n salt-=m+ regions be=e u1 & ! /rata ( ! ,*e%ire salt c\ntry to guide u1 x mu/ be conclud$ t ! g5esis ( rock-salt1 modifi$ by local circum/ances1 mu/ h be5 ! same 9 e case4 ,inde$1 9 ! face ( ! evid5ce1 x seems c]ta9 t ! ,*e%ire b$s ( rock-salt h be5 cry/alliz$ out ( ! saturat$ wat]s ( salt lakes1 & t _! admixture ( m>l has be5 caus$ by /reams runn+ into ! lakes dur+ ! wet seasons1 & t ! peculi> amorph\s mixture ( m>l & salt kn[n z rock-salt is ! result ( ! cont9ual gr[? ( pure salt cry/als1 & _! p>tial de/ruction by mud-be>+ fre% wat]s4 ,?is conclusion on ! subject1 :i* is n[ g5]ally accept$1 is bas$ on ! !ory t ! ,*e%ire salt lake 0 situat$ 9 a des]t1 or m probably a salty /eppe1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & t ! climate 0 divid$ into wet & dry seasons4 ,! pres5ce ( rock-salt supports ^! ideas1 because ! m>ls c\ld only be =m$ 9 p]iods ( heavy ra9fall1 & ! salt c\ld only cry/allize out 9 dry1 wat]-evaporat+ p]iods4 ,x is fur!r evid5t t ! lake1 ?\gh ext5sive 9 area1 0 %all[1 & t ! dry seasons produc$ ext5sive %r9kages & caus$ salt to =m 9 ! saturat$ wat] t rema9$ 9 ! deep] p>ts1 :ile ! occurr5ce ( ! deep deposits 9 a %all[ lake is expla9$ by ! con/antly v>y+ elevation & depression ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! difficulty ( expla9+ h[ ! salt 9 ?is lake c\ld be r5ew$ to enable ! wat]s to g on deposit+ = a geologic age is recogniz$1 b x is no great] ?an t :i* is pres5t$ by scores ( exi/+ salt lakes out ( :i* ?\s&s ( tons ( salt are tak5 annually )\t caus+ any app>5t dim9ution 9 ! salt :i* =ms ye> by ye>4 ,& :5 x is consid]$ t1 9 a lake hav+ a probable area ( f #ejj to #a1jjj squ>e miles1 ! kn[n salt deposits d n occupy #ej squ>e miles1 & 9 _m portions conta9 #ej p] c5t4 ( m>l1 ! difficulty does n seem to be insup]able4 ,x is1 moreov]1 safe to conclude t1 :5 ! b> rose t ev5tually cut (f ! ,*e%ire lake f ! sea1 x w\ld be _m ye>s be=e ! high tides ceas$ to wa% ov] x & repl5i% ! lake1 & ,dr4 ,ball's !ory z to ! enormity ( ! tides t occurr$ 9 pa/ ages--ow+ to ! moon be+ ne>] to ! e>? ?an at pres5t--reveals a means by :i* ! lake might cont9ue to receive fre% accessions ( sea-wat] = _m g5]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/reet-,,rais+ ,,9 ,,progress--,,high ,,/reet1 ,,nor?wi* ,irrespective ( all !ories1 ! out/&+ fact rema9s t enorm\s b$s ( salt 7 deposit$ 9 ! ,*e%ire salt lake1 & an exam9ation ( ! /rata 9 ! app5d$ ,nor?wi* section w enable ! salt to tell its own hi/ory4 ,dep?4 ,?ickness4 ,ft4 94 ,ft4 94 #a #f #a #f ,soil4 #i #j #g #f ,drift compos$ ( br[n s& mix$ ) clay v>y+ f #a to #ajj ft4 9 ?ickness4 #bg #j #ah #j ,br[n clay ) gre5/one1 etc41 b\ld]s4 #acb #j #aje #j ,m>l 9 ?9 b&s1 br[n & blue ) ?9 b$s & /reaks ( gypsum to ! rock head4 #baf #j #hd #j ,rock-salt1 top b$4 #bbb #j #f #j ,upp] blue m>l/one mix$ ) br[n1 :i* falls on exposure4 #bbi #j #g #j ,br[n m>l & m>l/one1 ) ve9 ( r$ rock-salt4 #bcd #j #e #j ,l[] blue m>l/one1 v compact1 h>d1 & does n fall on exposure4 7,?is =ms ! f\ndation = ! w$g+-curb ( ! %aft cyl9d]s47 #bdf #j #ab #j ,m>l & rock-salt mix$ 9 ab\t equal p>ts4 #ccj #j #hd #j ,rock-salt1 bottom b$4 #ccd #j #d #j ,br[n & blue m>l/one1 ) rock-salt4 #dag #j #hc #j ,ditto ) ?9 ve9s ( rock-salt1 ramify+ 9 v>i\s directions4 #cbj #j #c #j ,rock-salt1 almo/ pure4 #eja #j #ha #j ,br[n & blue m>l/one1 ) ?9 ve9s ( rock-salt4 #ejg #j #f #j ,rock-salt1 almo/ transp>5t4 #ebe #j #ah #j ,h>d blue m>l/one1 n sunk ?r\gh4 ,! =mation has only be5 bor$ ?r\gh to a dep? ( #ebe ft41 :]e we f9d an unpi]c$ /ratum1 #ah ft4 ?ick1 ( h>d m>l4 ,above x are #f ft4 ( pure rock-salt1 !n #ha ft41 ( m>l ) ?ick ve9s ( rock-salt1 !n #c ft4 ( ne>ly pure salt1 !n #hc ft4 ( m>l ) ?9 ve9s ( salt1 & above x #d ft4 ( m>l & salt4 ,s f> x is evid5t t ! wet seasons pr$om9at$1 & t m>l 0 deposit$ f> m ext5sively ?an salt4 ,= a "t1 a cycle ( dry seasons prevail$2 a great *ange occurr$1 & a b$ ( rock-salt1 #hd ft4 9 ?ickness1 0 deposit$4 ,9 o!r p>ts1 ! b$ ( rock-salt v>ies f #hj ft4 to ov] #ajj ft4 9 ?ickness1 none ( :i* is p]fectly pure1 & n m ?an #bj ft4 ( x is suffici5tly pure to be ( comm]cial use4 ,! greatly *ang$ seasons are indicat$ by ^! =mations4 ,a portion ne> ! bottom1 conta9+ less clay1 %[s a less copi\s or less protract$ ra9fall1 & ^! p]iods 7 foll[$ by wet seasons & ! pres5ce ( mu* clay4 ,aft] a "t1 s mu* ra9 fell t = a p]iod suffici5tly long = ab\t #cj ft4 ( m>l to deposit1 practically no salt =m$4 ,"h & !re 9 ?is deposit are ve9s ( salt1 & z ^! are p]p5dicul> & run z if deposit$ 9 rifts or cracks ( ! m>l1 ! salt d\btless belongs to ! next p]iod1 :5 ano!r *ange occurr$ & ano!r b$ ( salt1 v>y+ f #ej to #hj ft4 9 ?ickness1 0 deposit$4 ,! :ole ( ?is b$ is fairly full ( m>l1 &1 = an untold p]iod1 m>ls 7 deposit$1 cov]+ up ! rock-salt4 ,! cycles ( great] or less ra9falls are traceable 9 ! v>y+ prepond]ance ( m>ls1 9 ! cry/allization ( salt1 & 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! rock-salt is f\nd4 ,ea* m9ute cube />ts z a cry/al f "s indep5d5t po9t ( rock salt1 & ^! increase 9 numb]s until !y =m a mass ( cry/allization possess+ no di/9ct l9es or features4 ,_h ! dry season cont9u$ = a long p]iod a ?ick mass ( rock-salt w\ld h be5 =m$4 ,! floor ( ! lake w\ld h be5 cov]$ ) salt cry/als1 l ! cry/al floor ( a m9e1 & ! mom5t ! ra9y season comm5c$1 & ! brooks began to br+ 9 fre% wat] & mud1 ^! cry/als1 be+ attack$ by non-saturat$ wat]1 imm$iately lo/ _! %>p angles & became cov]$ ) a f9e lay] ( mud4 ,z soon z ! cry/als became completely cov]$ !y ceas$ to dissolve1 b ! angles & cubes disappe>$1 & a %apeless mass ( mix$ salt & mud 0 =m$4 ,) ! next dry season1 cry/allization aga9 set 9 & ano!r cry/al floor 0 produc$1 to be aga9 de/roy$ by ! succe$+ wet season4 ,?is con/ant gr[? & de/ruction ( cry/als w5t on = ages1 until ! salt b$s 7 =m$ & ! wat] ceas$ to become sup]-saturat$4 ,sci5tific exploration "w & a great numb] ( bor+s h enabl$ u to =m a fairly accurate e/imate ( ! area ( ! ,*e%ire salt-b$s1 except 9 ! region to ! nor? ( ! deposits1 :]e sy/ematic exam9ation has /ill to be und]tak54 ,)\t quot+ ! exact locations ( bore-holes & di/ances betwe5 !m--p>ticul>s :i* w\ld convey little or no?+ to ! g5]al read]--x may be broadly /at$ t ! prov$ salt area 9 ! ,nor?wi* di/rict is ab\t f\r squ>e miles1 :ile ! increas+ quantity ( m>l t is mix$ ) ! salt to ! nor?w>d fav\rs ! probability t ! b$s soon die out 9 t direction4 ,! ,w9s=d salt di/rict comprises an area ( six squ>e miles1 :ile x is calculat$1 ) less precis5ess1 t ! ,middlewi*1 ,nantwi*1 & ,lawton di/ricts all conta9 l>ge quantities ( rock-salt4 ,at ! bore-hole at ,m>/on1 :i* appe>s to be on ! highe/ prov$ portion ( ! salt-b$1 ! salt is f\nd at #dg ft4 bel[ ordnance datum1 & f ?is c5tral po9t ! surface ( ! salt falls away g5tly 9 e direction4 ,mr4 ,james ,?ompson1 a recogniz$ local au?ority ^u salt & salt-m9+1 writ+ on ! subject ne>ly fifty ye>s ago1 gave ! ?ickness ( ! upp] b$ ( rock-salt at ab\t tw5ty-five y>ds1 b t ?ickness 0 only ma9ta9$ )9 a circle ( ab\t ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce1 beyond :i* he f\nd t x ?9n$ (f rapidly on ! upp] surface4 ,! ext5t ( ! second or bottom b$1 f :i* all ! rock-salt produc$ 9 ,*e%ire s9ce #aghj has be5 extract$1 is less cle>ly def9$1 b x is kn[n to und]lie n only ! :ole ( ! upp] b$1 b a fur!r consid]able area 9 all directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?is ,,road ,,0 ,,rais$ ,,tw5ty ,,feet ,,9 ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s4 ,,none ,,( ,,^! ,,build+s ,,is ,,n[ ,,/&+ ,pr(essor ,?ompson1 9 calculat+ ! p]iod ( "t t 0 requir$ to lay ! salt cont5ts compris$ 9 ^! deposits1 fix$ ^u an in* 9 t5 ye>s z a fair e/imate ( ! rate ( progress at :i* x 0 accumulat$1 & f\nd t x mu/ h tak5 #ba1jjj ye>s to lay #fj yds4 ( rock-salt4 ,) ?is figure be=e u1 x is int]e/+ to /udy ! foll[+ calculation ( ! salt cont5ts ( ! ,*e%ire deposits & ( ! quantity ( m9]al t is extract$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>? 9 ! =m ( br9e to produce ! salt t is made 9 ! ,*e%ire di/ricts4 ,calculat+ ! ,nor?wi* salt area at #c squ>e miles or #a1ibj acres or #i1bib1hjj squ>e y>ds1 & ,tak+ ! upp] b$ ( rock-salt at an av]age ( #be yds4 ?ick1 we h #bcb1cbj1jjj cubic yds4 ( rock-salt4 ,tak+ ! specific gravity ( rock-salt at #babe1 a cubic y>d ( rock-salt weighs #cb cwts41 !re=e weight ( rock-salt 9 upp] b$ #bcb1jbj1jjj #cb tons _/ #bj #cga1gjb1jjj tons4 ,tak+ ! bottom b$ z ext5d+ ov] ! same area1 b hav+ a ?ickness ( #ce yds41 we f9d 9 x-- #i1bib1hjj #ce #cb _/ #bj #ebj1cif1hjj tons1 or1 9 bo? b$s toge!r1 #hib1ajh1hjj tons4 ,! ,w9s=d di/rict1 tak+ ! b$s ( rock-salt at an av]age ?ickness ( #fe yds41 :i* is #e yds4 less ?an ! figure giv5 by ,dick9son1 we h #a1icb1ijb1djj tons4 ,z ! :ole ( ! :ite salt has be5 manufactur$ f br9e d]iv$ f ! rock-salt1 x repres5ts s _m tons ( rock-salt pump$ up4 ,n[1 z ! specific gravity ( rock-salt is #babe1 a cubic y>d conta9s #cb cwts4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we f9d ! cubic y>ds ( rock-salt pump$ up annually 9 ea* di/rict to be1 viz4-- ,9 ,,w9s=d ,,di/rict-- #fhg1jjj #bj _/ #cb #dbi1cge cubic yds4 ,9 ,,nor?wi* ,,di/rict-- #ehg1jjj #bj _/ #cb #cff1hge cubic yds4 ,9 ,,middlewi* ,,di/rict-- #ad1jjj #bj _/ #cb #h1gej cubic yds4 ,9 ,,s&ba* ,,di/rict-- #gh1jjj #bj _/ #cb #dh1gej cubic yds4 ,mak+ a total ( #hec1gej cubic yds4 ,?is repres5ts #agfe acres ( #a yd4 ?ick4 ,?is is entirely indep5d5t ( ! rock-salt1 :i*1 at a l[ e/imate1 equals #abj1jjj tons p] annum1 or1 say1 #ge1jjj cubic yds41 or #aee acres ( #a yd4 ?ick4 ,9 ^! calculations no all[ance has be5 made = wa/age1 & ?is is v l>ge4 ,dur+ ! ye> e pan requires pick+ f six to twelve times1 ! /ov$ (t5] ?an ! common4 ,?is necessitates ! pan be+ swept out & an enorm\s quantity ( br9e wa/$4 ,besides ?is1 ! pan scale conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( salt4 ,aga91 9 draw+ ! salt out ( ! pans a l>ge quantity ( br9e is wa/$4 ,add to ?is also ! leakage 9 pipes1 ov]fl[ ( ci/]ns1 leakage ?r\gh defective pans1 etc41 & ! total ( wa/age w be v l>ge4 ,x is sc>cely possible to e/imate ?is1 b if we calculate #aj p] c5t4 we %all be "u ! m>k4 ,?us1 = wa/e1 we may set d[n #acf1fjj tons4 ,?is w\ld repres5t #he1jge cubic yds41 or #agfe acres #a yd4 ?ick4 ,we ?us see t #bjife acres ( rock-salt #a yd4 ?ick is e ye> consum$ 9 ! ,*e%ire salt di/rict4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,*e%ire ,,subsid5ces ,! salt indu/ry ( ,*e%ire may be divid$ into ?ree p]iods1 viz43 ! natural br9e p]iod1 ! rock-salt p]iod1 & ! prep>$ br9e p]iod4 ,f ,saxon times up to ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! manufacture ( :ite salt f br9e _h be5 cont9u$ )\t int]ruption1 b ! output _h nev] be5 l>ge4 ,9 #afge ! production ( ! ?ree 8,wi*es0 0 return$ at #bj1jjj tons1 & all ! evid5ce %[s t ! total annual make _h nev] exce$$ #cj1jjj tons4 ,9 #afgj1 rock-salt 0 discov]$ 9 ! c\nty1 & = ! next hundr$ ye>s1 al?\gh br9e cont9u$ to be work$1 rock-salt m9+ 0 ! *ief produc+ indu/ry4 ,) ! collapse ( ! m9es1 ! salt proprietors turn$ once m to ! br9e supply1 ^u :i* ,*e%ire has s9ce ris5 to its pres5t comm]cial em95ce z "o ( ! great salt-mak+ c5tres ( ! _w4 ,9 #afgj1 a rock ( natural salt 0 discov]$ on ! ,m>bury ,e/ate1 ab\t "o mile nor? ( ,nor?wi*1 by "o ,john ,jackson1 ( ,halton1 :o 0 engag$ at ! "t 9 8se>*+ = coals on behalf ( ! ,"l ( ! ,soil 7or ,manor1 ,i %\ld say71 ,william ,m>bury1 ( ,m>bury1 ,esquire40 ,! ev5t 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,mr4 ,adam ,m>t9dale 9 a lett] dat$ #ab? ,decemb]1 #afgj4 ,he add$ t ! liquid issu+ f ! rock 0 8a vigor\s %>p br9e beyond any ( ! spr+s made use ( 9 our salt works10 &1 be+ ask$ by ! ,royal ,society to visit ! place & s5d a fur!r report1 he subsequ5tly wrote3 8,! rock ( salt1 by ! relation ( ! workm51 is betwe5 #cc & #cd y>ds di/ant f ! surface ( ! e>?1 ab\t #cj :]e( are already digg$ & !y hope to be at ! ,flagg :i* cov]s ! salt rock ab\t ?ree weeks h5ce4444 ,t piece ( natural salt :i* ! in/rum5t br\ght up 7div]s saw x1 a pure ore7 0 z h>d z alum & z pure40 ,! records ( ! rock-salt m9+ p]iod are s+ul>ly incomplete1 inexact1 & disappo9t+4 ,x is n kn[n = c]ta9 :i* 0 ! fir/ m9e sunk aft] ! discov]y ( ! salt-b$ 9 #afgj4 ,x may h be5 ! "o :i* is describ$ z 8v ne> to a small brook :i* dra9s ,m>bury ,m]e & jo9s ! ,witton ,brook1 ne> ! ,buttevant ,bridge on ! ,m>bury ,e/ate40 ,or x may h be5 ano!r e>ly m9e :i* 0 situat$ 8close to a small runnel or gutt] :i* runs into ?is small brook ne> ! ,dairy ,h\se ,f>m b passes across ! l& ( ,mr4 ,lyons & ov] ! old ,m>/on m9e40 ,if ! curi\s inquir] is n yet satisfi$ ) ^! conjectures1 he is fur!r in=m$ t !re is yet ano!r subsid5ce ( an old m9e1 8close to ! ,=ge ,lane or road lead+ to ,budwor? across ! ,fields1 :]e ! road bran*es (f at ! cottages & salt-works ( ,mr4 ,lyons' prop]ty 444 & ?is m9e is probably ! e>lie/ sunk40 ,b if little is kn[n ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! salt-m9+ indu/ry 9 ,*e%ire1 !re is n mu* m to be le>nt ab\t its developm5t & ultimate decay4 ,to-day1 only ! ,adelaide ,m>/on ,m9e at ,nor?wi* is work+1 & ( ! n9ete5 m9es t 7 op5 9 ,*e%ire 9 #ahha1 only n9e 7 at "w1 :ile f an undat$ plan & key %[+ ! rock-salt m9es 9 ! ,nor?wi* di/rict1 :i* 0 probably publi%$ a few ye>s e>li]1 we le>n t ( ! fifty rock-salt m9es t _h be5 ab&on$1 twelve _h be5 sunk to ! bottom b$ & ! re/ _h be5 work$ z top-b$ m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,p5ny',s ,,lane ,,m9e1 ,,nor?wi* ,! /ory ( ! exploitation ( ! top & bottom b$s is "o t is soon told4 ,! top b$ 0 work$ until ! m9es began to fall 9 & ! subsequ5t break+ 9 ( fre% wat] conv]t$ ! old work+s into br9e res]voirs4 ,9 #aggi1 ! discov]y ( ! l[] b$ ( rock-salt at ,lawton prompt$ ! own]s ( ! ,m>/on ,m9e at ,nor?wi* to s9k bel[ ! top b$ 9 :i* !y 7 work+1 &1 9 #agha1 a trial %aft :i* 0 sunk f ! top m9e by means ( a horse g91 demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! bottom deposit 9 t di/rict4 ,o!r own]s transf]r$ _! op]ations f ! top to ! bottom b$1 & = ! next fifty ye>s practically all ! rock-salt 0 excavat$ f t s\rce4 ,9 #ahcj ! ro(s 9 ^! work+s began to crack1 & att5tion 0 direct$ to ! insuffici5cy ( ! pill>s by :i* !y 7 support$4 ,a compet5t surveyor1 :o did n hesitate to decl>e t ! work+s 7 9 a dang]\sly insecure condition1 0 reg>d$ z an al>mi/ by ! old salt proprietors1 :o commission$ o!r 8exp]ts0 to exam9e ! pits1 & 7 satisfi$ ) _! assurance t !y consid]$ ea* pit to be entirely free f any dang]1 & t !y %\ld n hesitate to "w 9 any ( !m4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! ro( ( ! fir/ bottom-b$ m9e fell 91 o!rs collaps$ 9 rapid succession1 & by #ahdj "s tw5ty m9es _h collaps$1 let 9 wat]1 & become fill$ ) br9e4 ,9 #ahha1 only n9e rock-salt m9es 7 at "w1 & eight ( ^! _h a comb9$ area ( #abc acres4 ,rock-salt m9+ 9 ,engl& is a dead indu/ry1 b x w be ( int]e/ to outl9e v briefly ! me?ods t 7 employ$ 9 ,*e%ire dur+ ! comp>atively %ort p]iod ( its exi/5ce4 ,! old top-b$ m9es 7 op]at$1 9 ! fir/ place1 ) "o %aft to ea* m9e1 & !y 7 v5tilat$ by means ( an air-pipe & a fan4 ,a horse g9 0 us$ = w9d+1 b ! w9d+-%aft 9 :i* ! g9 rope work$ did n g into ! rock-salt1 b only to )9 a %ort di/ance ( x1 & x 0 out ( ?is %aft1 at a di/ance ( #b or #c yds4 f ! bottom1 t a side drift 0 driv54 ,f ?is side drift a w9dlass pit 0 sunk into ! rock-salt1 & x 0 up ?is w9dlass pit t ! rock-salt 0 drawn to ! drift & !nce tak5 to & up ! g9 %aft1 ! "p ( ! g9 %aft bel[ ! drift be+ us$ z a sump or lodgm5t = wat]4 ,^! top-b$ work+s did n usually ext5d m ?an #ajj yds4 f ! %aft1 b1 z ! numb] ( ! m9es increas$1 ! work+s f adjo9+ %afts occasionally become connect$4 ,9 ?is way "o %aft became a d[nca/ & ! o!r an upca/1 & ! air-pipe & fan at ea* 7 able to be disp5s$ )4 ,! ?ickness ( rock-salt work$ av]ag$ f #cj to #cf ft41 & pill>s ( natural rock-salt1 usually ab\t #e yds4 squ>e1 7 left to support ! ro( & sup]9cumb5t /rata4 ,al?\gh ! bottom-b$ m9es 7 work$ ^u ! same plan1 ! inadequacy ( ! supports employ$ 9 ! top-m9es 0 rectifi$ by an increase 9 ! size ( ! support+ pill>s & 9 ! ?ickness ( ! rock-salt ro( t 0 left betwe5 !m4 ,/eam eng9es ) direct %afts to ! bottoms ( ! m9es 7 sub/itut$ = ! horse-g9s & w9dlasses1 & improv$ me?ods 7 introduc$ = prev5t+ wat] f break+ into ! %afts4 ,two w9d+-%afts 7 sunk1 plac$ ab\t #aj to #ae yds4 ap>t1 & a pump-%aft 0 sunk to ! dep? to :i* ! surface wat] p5etrat$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ precautions tak5 9 ! rock-salt %afts1 & aft]w>ds 9 br9e %afts :5 !y came to be sunk ?r\gh rock-salt1 0 to protect ! sides f ! ravages ( fre% wat]4 ,all ! %afts 7 ro($ ov] to keep out ra9 or sn[1 & ! wood cas+1 :i* 0 orig9ally us$1 0 replac$1 9 #ahde1 by ca/-iron tub+s1 simil> 9 con/ruction to ^? us$ 9 colli]y %afts4 ,z soon z ! m9]s _h sunk ! %aft to ! dep? ( ! sole or floor ( ! m9e & _h made an op5+ l>ge en\gh = _! purpose1 !y proce$$ to bla/ (f en\gh rock to =m a *amb] ab\t #e ft4 high4 ,?is =m$1 !y advanc$ by bla/+ (f ! rock-salt f ! face ( ! seam4 ,! salt 0 load$ into waggons1 :i* ran along small railways to ! m\? ( ! %aft4 ,! m5 engag$ 9 bla/+ ! rock & squ>+ ! walls & pill>s 7= ^! 7 left q squ>e & well hewn7 7 call$ m9]s2 ^? :o load$ ! trucks & convey$ !m to ! %aft 7 f]ri]s4 ,!y 7 a f9e set ( m51 & _! occupation1 comp>$ ) coal-m9+1 0 a v heal?y "o4 ,! m9es 7 ( an equable temp]ature1 & 7 suffici5tly w>m = ! m5 to disp5se ) _! %irts4 ,be+ l(ty1 ! air 0 pure1 except :5 excessive bla/+ 0 und]tak54 ,! greate/ numb] ( m5 employ$ 9 "o pair ( %afts 0 ab\t eighty1 & ! quantity ( bla/+ p[d] us$ by t numb] 9 ! c\rse ( a day av]ag$ #a cwt4 ,safety fuses 7 seldom us$1 ! *>ge be+ fir$ by a /raw fill$ ) f9e p[d]1 :i* 0 light$ f a c&le4 ,_m ( ! m9es 7 ( consid]able size1 & "s ( !m increas$ at ! rate ( ab\t an acre annually4 ,! quantity ( rock-salt m9$ 0 small comp>$ ) coal4 ,no m9e 9 ! di/rict yield$ above #dj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,rock-salt is m free f dang] ?an mo/ k9ds ( m9+2 no explosions occur1 = !re are no delet]i\s gases1 & accid5ts are r>e4 ,9 a g5]al way ! rock-salt /rata are rem>kably free f c>bonic acid gas1 & 9 only "o in/ance 9 ,nor?wi*1 & twice at ,mead[ ,bank1 ,w9s=d1 does fire-damp appe> to h be5 met )1 & !n only at pipe ve9s & 9 v small quantity4 ,!re are no falls ( e>?1 z 9 coal m9es1 = ! rock-salt is extremely t5aci\s1 & ! m9]s nev] und]m9e x b bla/ x1 :i* is a mu* saf] op]ation4 ,! two great dang]s to :i* rock-salt m9+ is expos$1 ?\gh !y r>ely result 9 loss to human life1 are ! fall+ 9 ( ! m9e bodily1 or ( ! %afts & neighb\r+ e>?s1 & ! break+ 9 ( br9e ei!r at ! head ( ! top-rock %aft or f old m9es1 long disus$1 & full ( br9e4 ,nei!r ! "n ( ! fir/ m9e t fell 91 nor ! date ( its collapse1 is record$4 ,we "k t a m9e 9 ,witton fell 9 9 #agej1 & ano!r to ! nor? ( ! ,nor?wi* ,t[n ,bridge foll[$ 9 #agei1 & t _m o!rs collaps$ be=e #aggj4 ,lakes1 or 8fla%es0 z !y are call$ locally1 h =m$ ov] ! l>g] ( ^! s9k+s1 b ! sites are m commonly m>k$ by :at are kn[n z rock-pit holes1 & l>ge tracts ( c\ntry are scor$ ) ^! funnel-%ap$ ind5tations4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a numb] ( ^! old m9es 7 work$ ) pill>s t 7 too few & sl5d] = ! purpose1 & ^! supports gradually weak5$ to _! ultimate collapse "u ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t e>?s4 ,z ! s9k+ did n take place ev5ly all ov] ! m9e1 b mo/ frequ5tly occurr$ ne> ! %afts & at ! greate/ di/ance f ! sides ( ! cavity1 ! ro( w\ld curve d[n t[>ds ! s9k+ c5tre & ! fall+-9 =m$ ! ,v-%ap$ ap]tures on ! surface :i* are describ$ z rock-pit holes4 ,b1 :ile 9 a p]c5tage ( cases ! collapse ( ! m9e c\ld be trac$ to ! cra%+ ( ! pill>s1 ! de/ruction ( ! majority ( ! m9es 0 caus$ directly by ! influx ( wat]1 al?\gh ?is wat]1 hav+ become saturat$ ) salt1 w\ld1 if undi/urb$1 cause no fur!r havoc 9 ! int]ior ( ! m9e4 ,b ! manufacture ( :ite salt f br9e1 :i* 0 tempor>ily surpass$ 9 importance by ! rock-salt indu/ry1 0 n discont9u$1 & a copi\s supply ( br9e fl[+ ov] ! rock head ( ! upp] b$1 0 tapp$ by %afts & pump$ to ! surface4 ,:51 ab\t #ahej1 ?is supply %[$ signs ( fail+1 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! enorm\s res]voirs ( br9e 9 ! old inundat$ m9es1 into :i* _h dra9$ a great quantity ( ! rock-head br9e4 ,! attempt to pump br9e out ( ! ab&on$ work+s 0 successful1 & = "s ye>s an abundant supply 0 obta9$4 ,aft] #ahgj ! pump+ op]ations caus$ fur!r collapses1 ! l& ov]ly+ ! m9es subsid$1 & lakes 7 =m$ :i*1 at int]vals1 broke into ! p>tially exhau/$ res]voirs1 &1 p\r+ ?r\gh ! top-rock work+s into ! m9es 9 ! bottom b$ ( salt1 repl5i%$ ! supply ( br9e4 ,a great collapse :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,dunkirk di/rict 9 #ahhj let d[n ! wat]s ( ,cranage ,brook & ! ,wadebrook1 toge!r ) a huge quantity f ! riv] ,weav]4 ,! subsid5ce result$ 9 ! =mation ( a l>ge lake1 :i*1 foll[+ ^u a lat] subsid5ce 9 ! same area1 sudd5ly disappe>$ into ! e>? & lit]ally flood$ all ! und]ly+ /rata4 ,surprise has frequ5tly be5 express$ t 9 a salt c\ntry 9 :i* br9e has be5 manufactur$ = ov] tw5ty c5turies1 ! exi/5ce ( ! rock-salt deposits %\ld only h be5 discov]$ 9 ! la/ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t n only 0 ! br9e ! be/ cu/odian ( ! secret ( its own s\rce1 b t1 :5 ! problem ( ! supply _h be5 solv$1 ! dang] ( tapp+ & controll+ x _h /ill to be ov]come4 ,:5 ! supply ( br9e 9 _m ( ! spr+s 0 cut into1 x prov$ s copi\s t ! s9k]s _h to flee = _! lives & to asc5d ! %aft among ! br9e4 ,! fact t ! dep? at :i* ! br9e w\ld be enc\nt]$ 0 unkn[n1 expla9$ ! inability to provide a safegu>d aga9/ ! sudd5 inru% ( br9e1 b subsequ5t obs]vation %[$ t :5 ! workm5 met ) ! 8flag10 or b$ ( h>d m>l/one t exi/$ above ! top ( ! rock-salt 9 _m di/ricts1 ! br9e might be expect$ to be f\nd at high pressure4 ,x 0 !n ! practice to case ! %aft sides d[n to ! flag to prev5t ! entrance ( surface wat]1 & ei!r to bl[ ?r\gh ! flag ) p[d] or pi]ce x ) bor+ rods4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! %aft 0 sunk to ! approximate po9t ( enc\nt] ) ! br9e1 & cas$ ) iron cyl9d]s1 ! bottom cyl9d] be+ furni%$ ) an iron bottom pi]c$ ) two pipe holes4 ,a column ( pipes 0 erect$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & a set ( bor+ rods 0 let d[n ea* pipe1 s t :5 ! flag 0 bor$ ?r\gh1 ! br9e rose until x atta9$ its level 9 ! pipes1 :ile by means ( a tap atta*$ to ea* pipe x 0 possible to /op ! entry ( ! br9e & to empty ! %aft4 ,9 ! br9e-%afts employ$ 9 ! case ( ! old rock-salt m9es1 9 :i* ! br9e 0 met ) at a mu* high] pressure ?an 9 ! rock-head br9e-%afts1 ! tapp+ op]ation 0 att5d$ ) extraord9>y difficulties4 ,! br9e 9 ! old work+s rose to a height correspond+ ) t atta9$ by ! br9e f\nd at ! rock-head1 & z x _h to be tapp$ ?r\gh a pill> ne> ! bottom ( ! old work+s1 ! pressure 0 proportionately high]4 ,:5 ! hole+ 0 fir/ effect$ into ! br9e 9 ! old bottom-b$ work+s1 ! ru% ( ! incom+ br9e 0 s /rong t x pass$ ?r\gh ! two #e 94 bore holes & rose up a #d ft4 %aft to a height ( #fg yds4 9 eight m9utes4 ,! %aft = tapp+ ?is supply ( br9e 0 sunk 9 a pill> ( rock-salt1 & a drift1 fitt$ ) two #e 94 bore-holes1 0 work$ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ face & into ! br9e4 ,:5 ^! bore-holes 7 knock$ ?r\gh1 ! br9e ent]$ ) ! report ( a cannon1 & ! eng9e] & 8 assi/ant1 leav+ _! tools beh9d !m1 leapt into ! bucket & 7 ha/ily drawn up ! %aft1 closely pursu$ by ! ris+ br9e4 ,an improv$ process = tapp+ ! br9e1 :i* entirely remov$ ! dang] att5d+ ! op]ation1 0 subsequ5tly introduc$4 ,?is 0 effect$ by bor+ ! la/ "p ( ! ma9 bore-hole ?r\gh a /uff+-box at ! o!r end--an innovation :i* prev5t$ br9e f escap+ dur+ ! bor+4 ,a drift1 ) ! usual 94 bore-hole 9 advance1 0 driv5 #fa yds4 into ! b>ri]1 until ! small bore-hole %[$ t only #aj yds4 rema9$ betwe5 ! face & ! br9e t 0 kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! old work+s4 ,into ?is rema9+ #aj yds4 ( b>ri] a hole #aa 94 9 diamet] 0 bor$ until ne>ly ?r\gh1 & a closely-fitt$ pipe 0 ins]t$ into ! hole = a di/ance ( #g ft4 ,! pipe 0 #aj ft4 long1 b at #g ft4 f ! inn] end 0 a disc #c ft4 9 diamet] to re/ aga9/ ! face ( ! drift1 leav+ ! rema9+ #c ft4 ( pipe 9 ! drift4 ,ab\t midway betwe5 ! disc & ! out] end ( ! pipe1 7 plac$ two /rong iron uprights1 let into a tr5* cut #a ft4 deep 9 solid rock-salt 9 ! ro( & floor to secure ! pipe aga9/ ! pressure4 ,^! two uprights 7 plac$ close toge!r at ! top & bottom1 b 9 ! middle !y 7 curv$ s z to =m a circle = ! pipe to pass betwe5 !m4 ,! face ( ! drift aga9/ :i* ! disc _h to re/1 hav+ be5 c>efully dress$1 & a disc ( india-rubb] cov]$ ) r$ lead hav+ be5 plac$ betwe5 ! iron disc & ! dress$ face ( rock-salt1 ! iron disc 0 secur$ up tight aga9/ ! face by means ( six set screws4 ,a /op-valve 0 !n fitt$ to ! out] end ( ! pipe1 & to ?is1 = ! tempor>y purpose only ( complet+ ! bore-hole1 0 atta*$ an end piece ) a /uff+ box & a hole 9 x l>ge en\gh = ! bore rod to be work$ ?r\gh4 ,! bore rock 0 !n )drawn &1 ! valve be+ clos$1 ! /uff+ box & ! tempor>y end piece 7 remov$4 ,a range ( pipes 0 atta*$ to ! /op-valve &1 9 ?is range1 ! br9e 0 tak5 ?r\gh ! old work+s & up "o ( ! %afts to ! surface4 ,_m geologi/s h subscrib$ to ! !ory t ! ,*e%ire m]es 7 =m$ by subsid5ces :i* occurr$ 9 pre-hi/oric times1 b ! evid5ce bas$ on ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! mod]n subsid5ces proves t ! latt] 7 ! result ( artificial & readily-id5tifi$ causes4 ,lel&1 9 #aecc1 reports a s9k+ ne> ,comb]m]e & ! =mation ( a pit conta9+ salt-wat]2 9 #afeg a small s9k+ occurr$ at ,bickley1 ne> ,malpas2 & a ?ird took place 9 #agac at ,weav] ,hall1 to ! s\? ( ,w9s=d4 ,no traces ( any ( ^! subsid5ces n[ rema91 b1 f ! descriptions h&$ d[n to u1 ^! s9k+s belong$ to ! class ( funnel-%ap$ holes & 7 ( limit$ diamet] & no great dep?4 ,( ! mod]n subsid5ces1 :i* are ( ?ree k9ds1 we h no docum5t>y evid5ce prior to #aggg1 & ! e>lie/ di/9ct record belongs to ! ye> #agij4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t day ?is class ( s9k+ has cont9u$ to increase 9 ext5t ye> by ye>4 ,9 #agij ! s9k+ portion along ! ,witton ,brook 0 record$ z be+ #acj yds4 long by #ij yds4 wide4 ,9 #ahcg1 ! subsid5ce _h obta9$ an area ( #a1bcj yds4 long by #acj yds4 wide4 ,9 #ahaa1 ab\t #bj /atute acres 9 ,witton comm5c$ s9k+1 & 9 ! ensu+ ?irty-?ree ye>s "s portions ( ?is area _h sunk #bd ft4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! piece ( wat] call$ ! ,top ( ! ,brook _h subsid$ ov] an area ( #d1cgj ft4 by #a1dgj ft41 & 9 ! same ye> x 0 e/imat$ t no less ?an #b1gjj acres ( l& 9 ,nor?wi* & ,w9s=d 7 inundat$4 ,^! mod]n subsid5ces usually consi/ ( funnel-%ap$ holes caus$ by ! fall+-9 ( top-rock m9es1 & ( tr\gh-%ap$ holl[s :i* _c be connect$ ) rock-salt m9+1 & are frequ5tly f\nd 9 places f> remov$ f ! localities ( ! old work+s4 ,( two doz5 subsid5ces1 two are ne>ly f\r miles di/ant f ! ne>e/ old work+s or f ! br9e %afts1 fifte5 are upw>ds ( two miles1 & only "o is less ?an a mile f ei!r a m9e or a pump+ /ation4 ,! subsid5ces c\ld n be caus$ by volcanic action or ! %ock ( e>?quakes1 z no?+ ( ! k9d has occurr$ 9 ! di/ricts1 & x is impossible to expla9 !m by ! action ( natural br9e spr+s runn+ to wa/e 9 ! brooks or riv]s1 because x is kn[n t no su* spr+s n[ exi/1 :ile evid5ce accumulat$ f all p>ts ( ! _w confirms ! conclusion t :]e br9e spr+s escape into ! /reams1 no subsid5ce has ev] occurr$4 ,yet x is evid5t 9 ,*e%ire t "s subt]ranean d5udation mu/ be tak+ place :i* is remov+ portions ( ! l[] /rata & all[+ ! sup]-incumb5t e>?s to s9k into ! excavations ?us made4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 b ev5 ^? p ^: int]e/s h caus$ !m to seek = alt]native causes mu/ realize t x c only be attribut$ to ! simple & mo/ obvi\s ag5cy4 ,:5 ! numb] ( br9e pits 0 multipli$ & ! natural spr+s ( a weak solution ( salt decreas$ 9 volume1 x 0 necess>y to s9k d[n to ! rock-head br9e1 :i* 0 a highly-saturat$ solution consi/+ ( "o "p salt to ?ree p>ts wat]4 ,:5 ?is supply is pump$ up1 its place is tak5 by fre% wat]1 :i*1 fl[+ ov] ! rock-b$s1 takes up its quota ( salt on its way to ! pump+ %afts1 & is rais$ to ! surface 9 ! =m ( br9e4 ,x is n ! pres5ce ( wat] ov] ! b$s ( salt or 9 ! old salt work+s :i* causes ! damage1 because :5 su* wat] has tak5 up salt to ! ext5t ( a f\r? ( its bulk1 x rema9s inactive & makes no fur!r ravages ^u ! m9]al e>?s ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,b :5 ! saturat$ br9e is pump$ up & its place is tak5 ) a new supply ( wat] :i* collects its tribute f ! salt /rata1 & t wat]1 9 its turn1 is rais$1 to be replac$ by m1 & :5 x is kn[n t ea* #ajj tons ( wat] t trav]ses ! salt-b$ to ! pumps c>ries away ) x #be tons ( solid e>?1 ! "w ( de/ruction t is cont9ually go+ on is expla9$4 ,x may be conv5i5t to expla9 at ?is po9t t ! subsid5ces caus$ by ?is simple op]ation ( remov+ rock-salt f ! e>? 9 ! =m ( br9e are divid$ into ?ree classes1 viz4-- #a4 ,%all[ tr\ghs1 ) sides n t]rac$ or brok5 up4 #b4 ,v %all[ depressions ext5d+ ov] consid]able areas4 #c4 ,deep tr\ghs1 mu* brok5 up1 & ) /epp$ or t]rac$ sides4 ,) ^! ?ree classes 9 m9d1 x is easy to foll[ ! results ( ! action ( ! subt]ranean br9e & associate ! causes ) ! effects produc$4 ,at fir/ ! wat] fl[$ ov] ! salt 9 irregul> *annels & rea*$ ! pump+ c5tres by devi\s r\tes1 b aft] a "t x made def9$ c\rses = itself exactly z ! ra9fall c>ves out = itself *annels on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! und]gr\nd /reams ( br9e all gravitate t[>ds ! pumps1 wid5+ & deep5+ z ! cont9ually r5ew$ wat] takes up its supply ( salt4 ,:]e ! e>?s ov]ly+ ^! br9e 8runs0 are n too t5aci\s1 !y soon foll[ ! holl[ or tr\gh =m$ on ! surface ( ! salt b$1 & a correspond+ holl[ or tr\gh is =m$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ! holl[ =ms at an e>ly /age1 x r>ely atta9s any consid]able dep?1 = ! s9k+ e>?s imp$e ! c\rse ( ! fl[+ br9e /ream & cause ! fluid to spread & be diffus$ ov] a wid] area4 ,^! subsid5ces are ! %all[ tr\ghs1 n /epp$ or t]rac$ on ! sides1 & are be/ se5 9 /reets & roads :]e ! weight ( ! h\ses & ! con/ant passage ( traffic cause ! e>?s to gradually foll[ ! wa/+ surface ( ! salt4 ,:]e1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! %afts1 ! wat] has n =m$ = itself a def9ite *annel1 x p]colates ov] a wide area4 ,! d5udation 9 su* cases is m g5]ally spread1 & a v ext5sive %all[ tr\gh or bas9 is =m$4 ,aga91 :]e ! pump+ /ations are close toge!r1 or 9 ! same l9e1 ! v>i\s rivulets or /reams ( br9e conv]ge into "o broad & deep *annel1 9 :i* ! d5udation proce$s ) great rapidity4 ,! magnitude ( ^! *annels causes ! sup]-incumb5t gr\nd to subside swiftly1 =m+ deep tr\ghs ) /epp$ or t]rac$ sides1 :]e ! e>?s h brok5 away 9 huge masses4 ,:]e ! e>? consi/s ( /rong m>ls & a k9d ( flag/one !y are v t5aci\s & rema9 susp5d$ = a consid]able "t ov] ^! deep] cavities4 ,:5 !y w be> no long]1 a sudd5 fall occurs 9 "o spot1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( tons ( susp5d$ e>?s fall into ! tr\gh bel[1 =c+ out ! /ream ( br9e at ! weak] places & leav+ a huge1 crat]-%ap$ hole on ! surface1 :i* fills ) wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rem>kable ,,subsid5ce ,,9 ,,nor?wi* ,9 addition to ! ?ree classes ( subsid5ces already m5tion$1 !re is ano!r :i* is ! result ( a comb9ation ( collapses ( ! surface e>? caus$ by ! rock-salt m9+ op]ations1 & ! d5udation ( subt]ranean /rata caus$ by ! pump+ ( br9e4 ,! pump+ f ! res]voirs =m$ by ! flood+ ( ! old m9es does n empty ^! huge receptacles1 z ! place ( ! br9e is cont9u\sly retak5 by fre% wat]1 :i* naturally gravitates to ^! c5tres & proce$s to dissolve & take up its quota ( rock-salt4 ,:5 a subsid5ce occurs on ! site ( ^! old work+s x is ( ! mo/ de/ructive nature1 & z all ! top-rock m9es 7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( /reams & brooks1 ! surface wat]s fl[ into ! cavity until x is fill$ to ! level ( ! e>? & all[s ! /reams to pursue _! prop] c\rse4 ,b z fa/ z ! fre% wat] becomes saturat$ & is pump$ to ! surface1 ! ov]ly+ /ream or brook lets 9 fur!r supplies ( fre% wat] to fill ! vacuum1 & ! "w ( int]nal de/ruction is foll[$ by fur!r subsid5ces ( ! susp5d$ e>?s4 ,! imm5se bodies ( wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,nor?wi* & ,w9s=d1 locally call$ 8,fla%es10 :i* cov] a total area ( _m hundr$s ( acres1 are ! "w ( subsid5ces4 ,! ,fla%es are n %all[ swamps1 b lakes v>y+ 9 dep? ov] _m acres1 f a few y>ds to #ej ft4 ,! l>ge/ ,fla%1 kn[n z ! ,top ( ! ,brook & resembl+ ! lett] ,l 9 %ape1 has a l5g? 9 ea* arm ( ab\t half a mile1 an av]age bread? ( a qu>t] ( a mile1 & atta9s a dep? ( #aej ft4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ^! subsid5ces1 writt5 9 #ahgi1 we read3 8,! :ole ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict /ill s9ks rapidly1 & ye> by ye> ! wat] cov]s m gr\nd4 ,! l& subsides gradually "h2 b :5 we g a qu>t] ( a mile to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,top ( ! ,brook1 we come across a subsid5ce ( a /ill m al>m+ "*4 ,"h ! gr\nd s9ks bodily 9 imm5se masses to a great dep?4 ,a t9y brook or dit* t a *ild c\ld skip across pass$ ov] flat fields "s five ye>s ago4 ,gradually ! l& began to s9k1 & cracks op5$ 9 ! surface "r across ! c\rse ( ! brook4 ,! wat] w5t d[n ! crevices4 ,! l& imm$iately sank m rapidly2 huge cracks1 wide en\gh = a man to slip d[n1 =m$1 & v soon a di/rict ext5d+ fully "o ?\s& feet 9 l5g? by z _m 9 bread?1 sank rapidly to a dep? ( =ty or fifty feet 9 ! c5tre1 & 0 fill$ up to a c]ta9 height ) wat]1 :i* cov]$ ! h$ges & trees4 ,at times cracks op5$ 9 ! bottom ( ?is lake1 & ! :ole ( ! wat] ru%+ rapidly bel[1 caus$ /ill m ext5sive s9k+40 ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y subsid5ces1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 occurr$ 9 ,dunkirk1 on ! outskirts ( ,nor?wi*1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhj4 ,! e>lie/ intimation ( imp5d+ di/urbance on an unusual scale 0 a rumbl+ subt]ranean noise1 ! viol5t bubbl+ ( ! wat] 9 all ! surr\nd+ pools1 & ! upru%+ ( air & f\l gas ?r\gh rifts :i* its passage tore 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 quickly discov]$ t ,w9*am ,brook1 a *annel ( wat] ne>ly #bj ft4 9 wid?1 _h brok5 into ! e>? ab\t #a1jjj ft4 f its entrance into ! ,top ( ! ,brook1 & ! upru% ( air f ! old m9es1 0 caus$ by ! =ce ( ! desc5d+ wat]s4 ,a s]ies ( al>m+1 b comp>atively small1 subt]ranean displacem5ts caus$ ext5sive rifts 9 ! gr\nd ab\t ,a%ton ,salt-works1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by a sudd5 explosion 9 a neighb\r+ pool1 :i* eject$ a geys] ( mud & wat] "s #cj ft4 into ! air4 ,9 ! ru9 t ensu$1 /acks ( timb]1 an eng9e & boil]1 a salt pan1 & o!r mat]ial disappe>$ into ! gap+ e>?1 & a massive *imney /ack1 "s #ij ft4 high & #i ft4 squ>e at ! base1 tilt$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( subsid5ce & collaps$ ) a t]rible cra%4 ,sc>cely _h ?is subsid5ce ceas$1 says ! writ] 9 ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 8:5 an enorm\s s9k+ ( ! :ole ( ,a%ton's ,old ,rock ,pit ,hole & ! surr\nd+ l&1 = an area ( ov] five hundr$ feet 9 diamet]1 took place1 leav+ two v deep holes4 ,! l& 0 riv5 & crack$ all r\nd1 & fell 9 /eps ( two feet4 ,ov] t5 ?\s& tons ( wat] w5t d[n into ! subt]ranean cavities4 ,a huge br9e ci/]n 0 riv5 9 two1 & ! br9e all lo/2 & two l>ge brick kilns cut completely 9 halves1 & ! bricks scatt]$ ab\t4 ,! :ole surface ( ! ,weav] & ! ,top ( ! ,brook 0 l[]$ fully a foot ov] "o hundr$ & sixty acres 9 ab\t f\r h\rs2 & if we add to ?is ! :ole ( ! wat] ( ! ,w9*am ,brook = twelve h\rs1 we %all f9d1 on a c>eful computation1 t n less ?an six hundr$ ?\s& tons ( wat] ru%$ bel[40 ,f ! "t ( ! 8,great ,subsid5ce10 z ?is ev5t is describ$1 ! s9k+ has be5 cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! locality4 ,9 "s places mead[s h be5 conv]t$ into swamps1 roads h sunk fully #cj ft4 bel[ _! orig9al level1 & small brooks h become lakes ( _m acres 9 ext5t2 sunk5 & di/ort$ f5ces1 roads1 & /reams are common objects ( ! c\ntry-side1 ! t5ure ( pa/oral l&s is prec>i\s1 & prop]ty is valueless = build+ purposes2 & no?+ b its inexhau/ible res]ves ( br9e saves ! di/rict f ab&onm5t z a place accurs$4 ,! %all[1 gradual1 almo/ imp]ceptible subsid5ces :i* occurr$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[ns ( ,nor?wi* & ,w9s=d 7 at fir/ infrequ5t & ( comp>ative unimportance1 b z "t w5t on ! damage to prop]ty increas$ s rapidly t1 9 #ahfj1 ! h\se-own]s ( ,nor?wi* comb9$ 9 an unsuccessful attempt to obta9 legal r$ress4 ,by #ahhj1 _m p>ts ( ! t[ns 7 r5d]$ unfit = habitation4 ,9 ,nor?wi* alone1 ne>ly #djj h\ses & o!r prop]ty to ! value ( ov] #ajj1jjj 7 m or less s]i\sly affect$1 :ile wat]-ma9s1 sew]s1 & gas-pipes 7 be+ cont9ually repair$2 h\ses 7 condemn$1 pull$ d[n & rebuilt1 & bridges _h to be rais$4 ,! r5ts ( _m lots ( prop]ty 7 absorb$ 9 keep+ !m 9 repair1 & 9 "s di/ricts prop]ty _h be5 rais$ & rebuilt ?ree times 9 elev5 ye>s4 8,! area ( ! mis*ief is ext5d+ ye>ly10 wrote ,mr4 ,?omas ,w>d 9 #ahha1 8& a l>g] proportion ( prop]ty is becom+ affect$1 & m & m l& is s9k+ b5ea? ! wat] & increas+ ! area ( ! already exi/+ ext5sive lakes4 ,v few1 except ^? conv]sant ) ! di/rict1 h ! slighte/ k ( ! am\nt ( suff]+ caus$ to prop]ty own]s by ?is subsid+ ( ! l&40 ,= ov] half a c5tury ! appe>ance ( ,nor?wi*1 ) its undulat+ /reets1 its ram%ackle1 dilapidat$ h\ses1 its fissur$ walls1 & its sy/em ( %or+ & bolt+-up ( prop]ty to po/pone z long z possible its inevitable condemnation & demolition1 has pres5t$ a tragico-comic spectacle4 8,if a /rang] 7 to be set d[n "s morn+ 9 ! t[n ( ,nor?wi*10 wrote a ,times correspond5t1 8)\t any previ\s k ( its peculi>ities1 he w\ld be /ruck ) a />tl+ & novel spectacle4 ,he w\ld see build+s ( e sort1 f ! humble1 two-/orey$ cottage ( ! artisan to ! solidly built *ur* or *apel1 /&+ _m degrees out ( ! p]p5dicul>1 & sugge/ive1 all ( !m1 7 x n = ! props & iron /ays ) :i* !y are secur$1 ( "s rec5t convulsion ( nature4 ,9 ma9 ?or\ghf>es & back /reets alike !re are h\ses ^: slop+ floors & crack$ walls w\ld l5d consid]able col\r to su* an ef=t ( ! imag9ation4 ,! inhabitants seem to take ?is tumble-d[n /ate ( _! dwell+s q z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 to make ! be/ ( a condition ( ?+s f :i* !re is absolutely no escape4 ,! effects describ$ are produc$1 n inde$ by any sudd5 cata/rophe1 b by a sl[1 ?\gh equally effective process ( subsid5ce1 :i* may be detect$ 9 cont9u\s op]ation ov] ne>ly ! :ole area ( ! ,*e%ire salt field1 & :i* w cont9ue to op]ate s long z ! e>? yields its va/ /ores ( salt = human consumption40 ,b al?\gh newspap] repres5tatives c\ld philosophize ^u ! matt]-(-fact _s 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! salt t[ns fac$ exi/5ce 9 _! tumble-d[n surr\nd+s1 & ! salt proprietors desir$ t !y %\ld make ! be/ ( a condition ( ?+s f :i* !y wi%$ !m to believe !re 0 absolutely no amelioration or escape1 a feel+ ( res5tm5t 0 rapidly gr[+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! p ( ,nor?wi* & ,w9s=d 7 be+ pump$ out ( _! h\ses & out ( _! l&s1 & ! future held e promise ( a cont9uation & ext5sion ( ! damage4 ,"l ,delam]e1 :o1 z an own] & lett] ( salt l&s1 b5efit$ by ! br9e indu/ry & suff]$ f ! depr$ation x wr\ght1 admitt$ ! damage & ! cause !re(4 ,inde$1 nobody b ! salt proprietors d\bt$ t ! pump]s 7 :olly responsible = ! de/ruction1 & mo/ p recogniz$ t _! wrong-do+ 0 tw(old 9 "*4 ,/&+ on ! anci5t assumption 9 law t ev]y?+ b5ea? a man's prop]ty belongs to ! own]1 ! own]s ( prop]ty 9 ! affect$ di/ricts cont5d$ t !y 7 n only be+ depriv$ ( ! rock-salt :i* legally belong$ to !m1 b 7 fur!r despoil$ by hav+ _! l& made wor?less by ! ab/raction ( ! salt = :i* !y receiv$ no paym5t4 ,! ju/ice ( ! prote/ 0 obvi\s1 & x became a public "q h[ f> ^! op]ations1 useful 9 !mselves1 b involv+ consequ5ces ( a disa/r\s nature1 %\ld be all[$ to proce$4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhj1 ! ,daily ,news ask$ :o 0 to comp5sate ! suff]]s1 :o _h nei!r caus$ nor contribut$ to ! disa/]4 ,foll[+ ! failure ( ! prop]ty own]s to obta9 comp5sation f ! salt proprietors = ! damage attributable to ! pump+ op]ations1 an application 0 made to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,riv] ,weav] to devote a portion ( _! surplus rev5ue = comp5sation purposes4 ,! application 0 refus$1 & an appeal to ,qu>t] ,sessions fail$4 ,! evil 0 all[$ to drag on until #ahga1 :5 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 9 response to repres5tations made to !m by ! ,nor?wi* ,salt ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 in/ruct$ ,mr4 ,joseph ,dick9son to report ^u ! salt di/ricts ( ,*e%ire4 ,mr4 ,dick9son1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ,inspectors ( ,m9es 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 aft] a prolong$ inve/igation1 report$ 8 conclusions t ! subsid5ces & ! result+ damages to prop]ty 7 caus$ by ! pump+ ( br9e1 :i* con/itut$ a public dang] & inflict$ heavy losses ^u _m p]sons totally unconnect$ ) ! salt indu/ry4 ,a fur!r report by ,colonel ,cox1 corroborat+ ! conclusions arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,dick9son1 came be=e ,p>liam5t 9 #ahgi1 & ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 ! local ,bo>ds decid$ to promote ! ,*e%ire ,salt ,di/ricts ,comp5sation ,bill1 8to make provision = ! assessm5t1 levy1 & application = comp5sation = damage by subsid5ce ( l& 9 ! salt di/ricts ( ! ,c\nty ( ,*e%ire1 & = o!r purposes40 ,! salt proprietors ex]t$ e ef=t to fru/rate ! plans ( ! promot]s ( ! ,bill2 !y decl>$ t a tax ^u salt w\ld cripple ! trade & ru9 ! entire neighb\rhood2 !y endeav\r$ to create local ill-feel+ by insi/+ t ! movem5t 0 an attempt ( ! prop]ty-own]s to saddle ! ratepay]s ) ! exp5se ( ! propos$ measure4 ,briefly /at$1 ! case t ! promot]s 7 ask$ to make requir$ !m to prove 7a7 ! subsid5ce 9 ! salt di/rict2 7b7 t ! subsid5ce 0 caus$ by ! pump+ ( br9e = ! manufacture ( salt2 7c7 t ! subsid5ce 0 ( a mo/ ext5sive & s]i\s "*1 & affect$ ! prop]ty ( p]sons d]iv+ no b5efit ei!r f ! manufacture ( salt 9 ! =m ( comp5sation f ! salt manufactur]s = ! salt extract$1 or = damage done to ! prop]ty by su* ab/raction2 7d7 t !re 0 no legal rem$y = ! injury suff]$2 &1 f9ally1 7e7 t ! moneys requir$ to adequately comp5sate = ! injury done1 if levi$ ^u ! manufacture ( salt1 w\ld n injuri\sly affect ! salt indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,r[ ,,( ,,op5 ,,pans ,a copy ( ! ,bill 0 lodg$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhj2 x 0 read a fir/ & second "t on #ba/ ,janu>y & #d? ,febru>y1 #ahha1 & ref]r$ to a ,select ,committee1 :i* comm5c$ sitt+ on #e? ,may1 & on ! #bj? ( ! same mon? ann\nc$ _! unanim\s op9ion t ! preamble ( ! ,bill _h n be5 prov$4 ,9 ! preamble ( ! ,bill x 0 e/imat$ t a contribution n exce$+ ?reep5ce = e ton ( salt 9 br9e 9 ! di/rict cov]$ by ! ,act w\ld be suffici5t to provide ! requir$ comp5sation4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! ,bill decl>$ t a comp5sation tax ^u ! salt trade w\ld sev]ely injure ! indu/ry & act z a re/ra9t ^u trade2 !y put =w>d exp]t witnesses to cont5d t if ! br9e--:i* !y cont5d$ 0 produc$ by ra9fall p]colat+ ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t /rata & rea*+ ! salt--0 n pump$ out1 x w\ld run away to ! sea1 & ! consequ5t subsid5ce ( l& & injury to prop]ty w\ld n be arre/$4 ,! !ory t br9e1 9 quantity suffici5t = ! manufacture ( #a1fjj1jjj tons ( salt p] annum w\ld1 )\t pump+1 h be5 c>ri$ away into ! riv]s by natural ag5cy & deposit$ 9 ! sea1 0 support$ by su* +5i\s mis/atem5t & misrepres5tation1 & ! fictiti\s in/ances ( br9e spr+s ov]fl[+ & caus+ damage 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w 7 quot$ ) s mu* speci\s au?ority t !y succe$$ 9 wreck+ ! ,bill4 ,aft] a fur!r t5 ye>s ( cont9u$ subsid5ces & att5dant damage to public & private prop]ty1 ! ,br9e ,pump+ 7,comp5sation = ,subsid5ce7 ,bill 0 introduc$ 9 #ahia1 to au?orize ! =mation ( ,comp5sation ,di/ricts & ,bo>ds1 ) p[] to levy a ye>ly rate n exce$+ ?reep5ce p] #a1jjj gallons ( br9e pump$4 ,%ortly aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,bill1 ! action ( ,nor?wi*1 :i* memorializ$ = ! =mation ( ! :ole ( ! ,c\nty ( ,*e%ire into "o di/rict = purposes ( comp5sation1 l$ to an inquiry by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 z ! result ( :i* ,middlewi* & ,s&ba* 7 exclud$4 ,! ,provisional ,ord] unit+ ,nor?wi* & ,w9s=d 9 "o area 0 oppos$ by ,w9s=d1 & a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se1 9 #ahic1 qua%$ ! ,provisional ,ord] & made ,nor?wi* an indep5d5t comp5sation di/rict4 ,! next great /ruggle 9 ! salt di/rict1 kn[n locally z ! ,battle ( ! ,br9e1 arose out ( ! action ( ! ,salt ,union1 :i*1 9 #aiji1 enl>g$ its works at ,we/on ,po9t ) ! int5tion ( manufactur+ salt at t place f br9e pump$ at ,m>/on1 ne> ,nor?wi*1 #aa miles di/ant4 ,9 pursuance ( _! policy ( /all+ (f competition & safegu>d+ _! monopoly1 ! ,salt ,union1 9 #ahij1 _h successfully petition$ aga9/ ! ,bill t 0 promot$ to obta9 p[]s to convey br9e f ,*e%ire to be made into salt at ,widnes1 9 ,lanca%ire1 & at ,middlewi* !y _h obta9$ an injunction to re/ra9 trade competitors f lay+ pipes "u "o ( ! /reets ( ! t[n = ! conveyance ( br9e f _! own pumps to _! own salt-pans4 ,9 #agff1 #ahcc1 & #ahfa1 ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,canal1 ! ,gr& ,junction ,railway1 & ! ,we/ ,*e%ire ,railway1 respectively1 receiv$ au?orizations f ,p>liam5t1 b 9 ea* in/ance a clause 0 ins]t$ prohibit+ ! sev]al companies f convey+ or p]mitt+ to be convey$ 9 or ^u any "p ( _! prop]ties1 any br9e = ! mak+ ( salt to any di/rict beyond ! di/rict 9 :i* salt 0 !n made4 ,9 #ahhd1 :5 ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway s\ght to ga9 ! repeal ( ! br9e clause 9 ord] to enable br9e to be c>ri$ f "o salt t[n%ip to ano!r adjo9+1 ,p>liam5t refus$ to sanction ev5 su* a limit$ modification ( ! prohibition4 ,! logical objection :i* ! salt di/ricts oppos$ to ! removal f ! sev]al pump+ c5tres ( ! br9e ^u :i* ! prosp]ity ( ! t[ns entirely dep5d$1 _h ?us consi/5tly be5 upheld by ,p>liam5t1 b 9 ! face ( ^! facts1 & ( _! previ\s attitude on ! subject1 ! ,salt ,union insi/$ ^u _! "r to c>ry br9e f ,m>/on to ,we/on ,po9t1 & ann\nc$ _! int5tion to def5d _! position to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]4 ,x mu/ be expla9$ t ! ,m>bury ,pipe ,l9e _h be5 laid 9 #ahhb by ! ,m]sey ,salt ,br9e ,company1 :o c>ri$ x1 by agreem5t1 across l&s belong+ to private l&[n]s & ov] a canal belong+ to ! ,nor? ,/af=d ,railway4 ,! railway made a =mal prote/1 b an amicable settlem5t 0 ultimately rea*$ by :i* ! ,m]sey ,salt ,company agre$ to pay ! ,nor? ,/af=d ,company #e a ye> & to remove ! pipe on receipt ( a ?ree mon?s' notice4 ,! railway company appe> to h p]si/$ ) _! opposition 9 ord] to =ce an admission f ! ,m]sey ,company t !y possess$ no p]man5t "r to c>ry ! pipe across _! canal1 b ! conc]n 0 ( su* trifl+ importance t x 0 practically ignor$ by ! p ( ! di/rict1 & = tw5ty ye>s aft] ! prop]ty ( ! ,m]sey ,salt ,company & ! ,m>bury ,br9e ,pipe _h be5 acquir$ by ! ,salt ,union1 ! "q ( ! removal ( br9e f ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* x 0 rais$ _h f\nd all classes ( ! salt community unit$ aga9/ su* proposals4 ,b ) ! completion ( ! works at ,we/on ,po9t1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,m>bury ,pipe & ! in/allation ( p[]ful eng9es1 capable ( driv+ millions ( gallons ( br9e f ,m>bury to be conv]t$ into salt at ! sea-bo>d1 a new m5ace 0 organiz$ aga9/ :i* ! ,urban ,au?orities & ,local ,c\ncils made a long & spirit$1 if fruitless1 resi/ance4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aiaj1 ! ,nor? ,/af=d ,railway s]v$ ! ,salt ,union ) a notice to remove _! pipe l9e f ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,canal by ! end ( ! foll[+ ,m>*1 & ! ,salt ,union prov+ obdurate1 ! t[ns ( ,nor?wi*1 ,w9s=d1 & ,middlewi* promot$ ! ,br9e ,pump+ 7,*e%ire7 ,bill1 8to regulate ! conveyance ( br9e pump$1 rais$ & gott50 9 ! c\nty4 ,! orig9al draft1 :i* propos$ to p]mit ! removal ( br9e by pipe to a di/ance ( ?ree miles )9 ! c\nty f ! place at :i* x 0 rais$1 0 am5d$ to p]mit manufactur]s to c>ry br9e by pipe f "o set ( works to ano!r 9 _! own occupation1 & !y fur!r attempt$ to meet ! alleg$ rights ( ! ,salt ,union by ! ins]tion ( a clause all[+ ! ,m>bury ,pipe to be us$ = ! conveyance ( br9e to ! ext5t ( #bej million gallons a ye>4 ,b ! ,salt ,union decl9$ all conciliatory ov]tures1 & combat$ ! ,bill be=e ! ,select ,committee on ! gr\nds t x 0 a proposal to alt] ! common law ( ,engl& & int]f]e ) ! sacr$ rights ( prop]ty4 ,! injury t 0 s\ght to be done1 n only to ! ,salt ,union b to ! export trade ( ! c\ntry1 0 enl>g$ ^u1 & ! ,committee may h be5 impress$ by ! assurance t ! ,union1 s f> f int5d+ to leave ,w9s=d & ,nor?wi*1 expect$ to d an ev5 great] trade 9 ^? di/ricts 9 ! future ?an _h be5 done !re 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ! result1 ! ,salt ,union's insi/5ce ^u ! legality ( a c\rse ( action :i* !y _h previ\sly d5\nc$ & oppos$ z totally illegal1 c>ri$ s mu* weight ) ! ,select ,committee1 t !y made an unsav\ry meal ( ! ,p>liam5t>y decisions ( #agff1 #ahcc1 #ahfa1 #ahij1 #ahia1 & #ahic1 & ann\nc$ t ! ,bill c\ld n proce$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,late/ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,salt-,,mak+ ,9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ! salt-mak+ indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 x w be obs]v$ t1 until ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! old op5-pan sy/em defi$ improvem5t1 & ! salt-mak]s f g5]ation to g5]ation successfully resi/$ ! endeav\rs ( all :o sugge/$ innovations or h9t$ t bett] me?ods c\ld be introduc$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,x is true t exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! sizes & arrangem5t ( ! pans1 t coal replac$ wood & /raw z fuel1 t ! locomotive sup]s$$ ! wa9 z a means ( transport+ salt f ! works to ! m>kets1 & t pumps 7 employ$ in/ead ( buckets to raise ! br9e & deposit x 9 ! ci/]ns :i* suppli$ ! pans2 b ^! sev]al developm5ts produc$ no *ange 9 ! sy/em ( manufacture1 :i* consi/$ ( light+ a fire b5ea? a pan ( br9e1 driv+ (f ! wat] 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 & collect+ ! salt cry/als t =m & s9k to ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,! salt-m5 7 devot$ to _! primitive1 rule-(-?umb me?ods1 & ! mo/ ent]pris+ among !m reg>d$ ! process z unimprovable4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( salt-works !re 0 no attempt at eng9e]+ exactness2 ! size ( ! pans 0 regulat$ r\ghly by ! dim5sions ( ! plates ( :i* !y 7 made2 & ! heights ( ! brickwork ( ! furnaces1 etc41 0 usually reckon$ by c\rses ( bricks4 ,! fireman1 ! real salt-mak]1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to att5d to ! fires & see t ! prop] degree ( heat 0 ma9ta9$ to produce ! v>iety ( salt requir$1 did 8 "w almo/ entirely by rule-(-?umb4 ,x 0 only r>ely t a !rmomet] 0 us$4 ,! te*nical k acquir$ by exp]i5ce enabl$ a man to see at a glance :e!r ! pan 0 work+ prop]ly1 & ! quantity & quality ( ! salt %[$ :e!r 8 "w _h be5 well or ill done4 ,! late ,?omas ,w>d 0 a greatly respect$ au?ority1 "o ( ! mo/ reliable exp]ts ( ! ,salt ,union1 & a volum9\s writ] & indefatigable lectur] on e aspect ( ! subject ( salt1 b he fail$ to p]suade himself t x 0 ev5 ?9kable t ! op5-pan sy/em %\ld ev] be ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( a m sci5tific1 m rapid1 or m economical process4 ,mr4 ,w>d admitt$ t ! process 0 ar*aic1 b he 0 at pa9s to demon/rate t ! trade 0 ju/ifi$ 9 desir+ x to rema9 s4 ,he argu$ t ! price ( salt 0 s l[1 & ! product 0 s bulky1 t co/ly & elaborate app>atus 0 bo? inappropriate & ineffective4 ,he comp>$ ! life ( an ord9>y op5 salt-pan ) t ( any ( ! innum]able pat5t$ pans t _h be5 tri$1 & f\nd t ! anci5t article produc$ salt at less co/ ?an ! pat5t contraptions1 & 0 f> easi] to repair4 8,! *ief bus9ess ( ! salt manufactur]10 ,mr4 ,w>d wrote 9 #ahid1 8is to utilize to ! be/ purpose1 = ! production ( salt1 ! heat obta9$ f ! fuel4 ,to ?is end1 innum]able pat5ts h be5 tak5 out1 b few h be5 s successful z ! simple application ( direct heat to op5 pans4 ,! me?od seems a v primitive "o1 & mo/ visitors to salt-works ?9k !y c improve ^u :at !y consid] a rude1 antiquat$ sy/em4 ,i h _h br\ght be=e me1 & h se5 work+1 scores ( pat5t$ plans4 ,9 all1 or ne>ly all1 ! idea 0 to economize heat2 & if ! :ole ( salt manufactur+ consi/$ 9 evaporat+ ! greate/ quantity ( wat] ) ! lea/ quantity ( fuel1 d\btless _m ( ! s*emes w\ld succe$ in/ead ( fail1 z !y d n[40 ,s9ce ! op5-pan sy/em ( manufactur+ salt f br9e 0 9 g5]al & un9t]rupt$ use 9 ?is c\ntry f ! "t ( ,julius ,caes> to )9 a few ye>s ago1 we mu/ /udy ! int]im developm5ts f direct-fire to vacuum pan evaporation 9 ! indu/ry ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,! salt spr+s 9 ,new ,york ,/ate 7 discov]$ by ,jesuit mission>ies ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! manufacture ( salt on a comm]cial scale 0 n begun until #aghh1 :5 ! indu/ry 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,syracuse4 ,sol> salt is /ill manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities at ,syracuse1 :]e ! evaporat+ surface cov]s an area ( ov] #ab1jjj1jjj squ>e feet1 & ! season's output am\nts to ab\t #c1ejj1jjj bu%els ( salt1 b betwe5 ! sol> & ! vacuum processes ! ,am]ican salt-m5 h exploit$ ! ,pan & ! ,kettle processes ( direct-fire evaporation1 & ! ,/eam ,kettle & ! ,gra+] processes ( /eam evaporation2 all ( :i* me?ods are employ$ to-day 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ! ,pan process1 sev]al pans1 hav+ a wid? ( #bj to #bd ft41 a l5g? ( #ajj ft4 9 two sections1 & a dep? ( #ab 941 are plac$ "u "o ro(4 ,adjo9+ ?is front r[ ( pans at ! back are arrang$ a second r[ ( pans1 #bj to #bd ft4 wide1 #cj ft4 long1 & #ab 94 deep1 set f #ab to #af 94 high] ?an ! front pans1 to enable ! easy transf] ( br9e by syphon f ! back to ! front pan4 ,! grates are #c to #d ft4 wide1 by #e to #f ft4 long1 & ! pan bottoms1 :i* are directly ov] ! fires are protect$ f a too int5se heat by fire-brick ar*es1 :i* decrease 9 wid? f ! front to ! back ( ! pan1 :ile ! air spaces betwe5 ! ar*es increase 9 wid? 9 ! same direction4 ,beyond #bj ft4 f ! front ( ! fir/ section ( ! pan !y cease altoge!r4 ,to convey ! heat z close to ! pan bottom z possible1 beyond ! la/ ar*1 ! flues are usually fill$ 9 ) e>? or pla/]1 & ?us ! di/ance betwe5 ! pan & flue bottom is betwe5 #c & #d ft41 or ev5 less1 at ! end ( ! fir/ pan1 :]e a p]p5dicul> wall1 call$ a bridge wall1 r$uces ! space to ab\t #a to #b ft41 ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion pass "u ! back pan & f9ally into a common *imney4 ,aft] ! pans are prop]ly cleans$ !y are :ite-wa%$ ) a ?9 milk ( lime to prev5t _! ru/+ be=e !y become ?or\ghly heat$2 ! fires are />t$1 & ! pans are fill$ by syphons to a dep? ( ab\t #f 94 ) br9e f ! back pans4 ,! =m] are s ins]t$ t a con/ant fl[ ( br9e passes f ! back pans into ! la/ section ( ! front pans1 & f ^! "u ! p>tition into ! fir/ section4 ,into ! back pan fl[s a con/ant /ream f ! outside ci/]n1 until ! front pans are suffici5tly full1 :5 ! fl[ is /opp$4 ,aft] a suffici5t am\nt ( salt has collect$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ! front pan x is remov$ to ! 8drip0 = dra9age4 ,?is is call$ draw+ or rak+ ! pans4 ,! front pans are refill$ f ! back pan 9 :i* ! br9e has become consid]ably heat$1 & ?us is prev5t$ a too rapid cool+ ( ! br9e 9 ! front pan1 :i* w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! =mation ( a prop]ly gra9$ salt4 ,= ! same reason1 ! p>tition is plac$ 9 ! front pan1 s9ce x prev5ts any cold br9e f com+ sudd5ly into ! fir/ section1 b is compell$ to ent] at ! bottom ( ! pan1 :]e ! temp]ature is at ! highe/4 ,= ! purpose ( aid+ ! =mation ( f9e gra9$ salt1 butt]1 specially prep>$ s(t soap1 gelat9e1 or :ite glue are add$1 & :5 ?is v>iety ( salt is made ! pans are drawn e #de to #fj m9utes4 ,9 ! manufacture ( co>s] gra9$ salt1 ! draw+ ( ! pans take place at int]vals ( f two to twelve h\rs1 :ile ! temp]ature is r$uc$ f #bbi ,f4 to z l[ z #adh ,f41 accord+ to ! size ( ! gra94 ,! ,kettle process1 :i* is exclusively employ$ on ! ,onondaga ,salt ,res]vation1 consi/s ( f #fj to #ajj hemisph]ical ca/-iron kettles susp5d$ or hung on 8lugs0 or p9s 9 two p>allel flues1 call$ ar*es1 end+ 9 "o *imney1 :i* has a height ( #ej to #ajj ft41 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! flues4 ,9 front ! ar*es are provid$ ) ca/-iron1 flat-topp$ grates1 #c ft4 9 wid? & #e ft4 long1 p]=at$ ) holes 94 9 diamet] & #a 94 ap>t4 ,^! are well adapt$ = ! burn+ ( an?racite du/1 :i* is n[ exclusively us$ = ! purpose4 ,! necess>y artificial draught is furni%$ by a pressure bl[]4 ,! kettles are f #bc to #bf 94 9 dep?1 & f #c ft4 #aj 94 to #d ft4 #b 94 9 diamet]1 ) a capacity ( #ajj to #aej gallons4 ,! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! kettle to ! top ( ! grate is #c ft4 #f 941 ) a solid fire-brick ar* 9 ea*1 ext5d+ some:at beyond ! l5g? ( ! grate4 ,! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! kettle to ! cr[n ( ?is ar* is #aj to #ab 94 ,beyond ! grate ! fire-brick ar*es are con/ruct$ 9 sections1 ! air spaces betwe5 ! ar*es increas+ 9 size ) ! advanc+ di/ance f ! grates4 ,?is con/ruction all[s ! heat$ gases to pass ?r\gh ^! spaces )\t /rik+ ! kettle bottoms directly4 ,:ile ! di/ance betwe5 ! bottom ( ! front kettle & ! top ( ! grate is #c ft4 #f 941 ^! flues decrease 9 dep? z !y advance t[>ds ! *imney1 s t "u ! la/ kettle ! di/ance is b #f or #h 94 ,! kettles are hung z close z possible ) _! rims aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! space betwe5 ! walls & kettles above ! lugs is prop]ly cov]$ by masonry1 etc41 = ! purpose ( conf9+ all ! heat z mu* z possible )9 ! two ar*es4 ,! sy/em ( kettles is f$ by means ( a conduit connect$ ) l>ge wood5 ci/]ns situat$ outside ! build+ & suffici5tly elevat$ to supply ! br9e conta9$ !re9 by gravity to ! kettles 9 ! block4 ,! manufacture prop] ( salt is comm5c$ by light+ ! fires "u ! kettles & fill+ !m p>tly ) br9e z soon z !y become w>m1 & f )9 #c to #d 94 ( ! top :5 evaporation has well comm5c$4 ,:5 salt comm5ces to sep>ate1 ! pan is )drawn & ! evaporation is all[$ to g on undi/urb$ till a suffici5t am\nt ( salt has sep>at$1 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! kettle are well /irr$ ) ! ladle & dipp$ into ! basket re/+ on ! s-call$ basket-/icks laid across ! rim ( ! kettle4 ,:ile ! process ( tak+ ! salt f ! kettle is go+ on1 ! workman op5s ! faucet = a few m9utes to add "s fre% br9e to ! conc5trat$ pickle ( ! kettle1 & wa%es ! salt1 s to speak1 ) ?is mixture1 !reby free+ x z mu* z possible f ! adh]+ calcium sulphate & ! calcium & magnesium *lorides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,f\r ,,scott ,,pat5t ,,d\ble ,,effect ,,salt ,,evaporators1 ,,) ,,automatic ,,salt ,,dis*>g]s1 ,,salt ,,convey]s1 ,,& ,,hydro-,,extractors ,! pann+ process1 ?\gh c>ri$ out 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 w n completely remove f ! kettle all ! sep>at$ calcium sulphate1 b "s ( x1 toge!r ) sep>at$ salt1 w bake on ! bottom & sides1 =m+ an incru/ation con/antly increas+ 9 ?ickness1 ?\gh at e refill+ ( ! kettle ) fre% br9e mu* ( ?is adh]+ salt re-dissolves4 ,?is incru/ation increases mu* m rapidly 9 ! front kettles ?an 9 ^? ne>] to ! *imney1 s9ce1 a front kettle is usually drawn e #d or #e h\rs1 :ile a back kettle (t5 requires f #bd to #cf h\rs be=e a suffici5t am\nt ( salt has sep>at$4 ,moreov]1 a front kettle holds #aej gallons ( br9e1 :ile ^? ne>e/ ! *imney conta9 b #ajj gallons4 ,usually1 9 #e or #f days ! incru/ation becomes s ?ick t x int]f]es v mat]ially ) ! evaporation1 caus+ a great loss ( fuel1 z gypsum is "o ( ! poore/ conductors ( heat4 ,! workman !re=e draws ! salt f ! kettle1 removes ! rema9+ br9e to )9 a few gallons1 & refills ! kettle ) fre% wat]4 ,aft] a cont9u\s boil+ ( ab\t half an h\r1 ! great] "p ( ! adh]+ salt has dissolv$ & ! re/ ( ! incru/ation c easily be remov$4 ,! "t a salt block is 9 op]ation is betwe5 #aj & #ae days1 & ! manufactur$ salt1 accord+ to ! ,/ate laws1 rema9s undi/urb$ = #ad days = dra9age4 ,a salt block usually cools suffici5tly 9 #bd h\rs = ! kettles1 grates1 ar*es1 etc41 to be prop]ly clean$ & made ready = ! next run1 s t ab\t two runs c be accompli%$ p] mon?4 ,! quantity ( salt produc$ 9 #bd h\rs 9 a good salt block1 ) av]age good coal du/ & br9e1 is f #ejj to #fjj bu%els ( #ef lbs4 ea*1 & ! am\nt obta9able by ! burn+ ( #a ton ( #b1jjj lb4 ( ?is fuel v>ies f #de to #ej bu%els4 ,!re are two salt blocks at ! ,wyom+ ,valley1 at ,w>saw1 9 :i* ! ,onondaga kettles are heat$ by /eam in/ead ( direct fire4 ,"h1 9 place ( ! brick ar*es 9 :i* ! kettles are hung at ,syracuse1 !y are support$ by a framework1 & ea* kettle is surr\nd$ by a /eam jacket cov]$ ) a non-conductor4 ,moreov]1 ! kettle is made mu* ?9n] = ! bett] transmission ( ! heat4 ,! /eam ent]s ! jacket at ! upp] end ( ! kettle at "o side1 & ! cond5s$ wat] escapes by a valve bel[ x1 to be return$ to ! /eam boil]4 ,! me?od ( manufacture ( ! salt does n diff] 9 any p>ticul> f ! ,onondaga me?od4 ,! gra9] or ,mi*igan process is1 l ! 8kettle me?od10 a purely ,am]ican inv5tion1 & consi/s 9 pass+ live or exhau/ /eam ?r\gh a set ( iron pipes imm]s$ 9 long1 %all[ wood5 or iron vats4 ,^! vats re/ on a /rong wood5 frame4 ,!y are f #ajj to #aej ft4 long1 usually #ab ft4 wide1 & f #bj to #bd 94 deep2 provid$ ) f\r or six /eam pipes hav+ a diamet] ( #d to #e 941 & hung on p5dants #d to #f 94 above ! bottom ( ! vats4 ,^! pipes are )9 a few feet ( ! same l5g? z ! gra9]1 & s arrang$ t ! salt c be conv5i5tly remov$ t[>ds ! out] side ( ! gra9]4 ,to obta9 ! be/ effect 9 a gra9] sy/em1 ! temp]ature ( ! heat$ br9e is kept at or ne> ! boil+-po9t :5 no lift+ or removal ( salt is 9 progress4 ,to d ?is an abundance ( high-pressure /eam mu/ fir/ be suppli$ to ! gra9]s1 &1 secondly1 ! con/ant supply ( br9e requir$ = ! gra9]s :ile evaporation is go+ on1 mu/ ent] at a temp]ature b little l[] ?an t ( ! br9e 9 ! gra9]4 ,= ?is purpose two l>ge tanks1 call$ settl]s1 are employ$1 :i* are usually z long & wide z ! gra9]s1 b #f ft4 deep1 & provid$ ) f\r r[s ( /eam pipes ab\t #a ft4 above ! floor to heat ! cold br9e drawn into !m f ! outside ci/]ns z requir$4 ,al?\gh ! six r[s ( /eam pipes 9 ! gra9] h an entire l5g? ( f #eej to #gej ft4 7susp5d$ 9 ! br9e #d to #f 94 above ! bottom ( ! gra9] & ) #h to #aj 94 ( br9e above !m7 & a heat+ surface ( f #gjj to #a1jjj squ>e feet1 a great deal ( ! /eam suppli$ to !m is n cond5s$1 &1 !re=e1 passes f ! gra9] pipes into ! settl] pipes 7sometimes pass+ ?r\gh a /eam trap to sep>ate ! cond5s$ wat]7 to heat ! br9e ( ! settl]s4 ,! ma9 difficulty ) :i* ! manufactur]s ( ,new ,york ,/ate h to cont5d is ! calcium sulphate4 ,9 fact1 x is ?is impurity :i* causes ! int]ruption ( ! process1 & ! labori\s clean+ out1 :e!r ! kettle1 ! pan1 ! gra9]1 or ! vacuum pan is us$4 ,x n only entails a great loss ( heat 9 consequ5ce ( its sl[ conductivity1 b x also causes ! ov]heat+ ( ! metal expos$ to direct fire1 :]ev] ?is is employ$4 ,sugge/ions & exp]im5ts h be5 made to ov]come ?is difficulty1 involv+ ! exp5diture ( great sums ( money1 b )\t any practical results z f> z me*anical means are conc]n$4 ,f ! "t ( ! introduction ( ! op5-pan sy/em 9 ,*e%ire1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury x 0 f\nd impossible1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! furnaces employ$ 9 ! process1 to ma9ta9 a suffici5tly high & uni=m temp]ature to produce salt :i*1 )\t gr9d+1 is m>ket$ z f9e/ table salt1 or to make m ?an #b tons ( salt f ! consumption ( #a ton ( coal4 ,exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( economiz+ fuel appe>$ de/9$ to p]petual failure1 & ! h&-/ok+ ( ! furnaces entail$ s _m v>iations ( temp]ature t ! production ( salt cry/als ( uni=m size 0 impossible4 ,!n1 )9 ! same decade1 two processes 7 inv5t$ :i*1 betwe5 !m1 solv$ ! problems t _h hi!rto elud$ all ! ef=ts ( ! sci5ti/1 ! eng9e]1 & ! practical salt-man4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! advantages secur$ by ! op]ation ( ! ,vacuum ,sy/em1 :i* comes to u f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 "u atmosph]ic pressure1 br9e boils at a temp]ature ( #bbf ,f41 :]eas 9 a vacuum ( #bh 94 m]cury1 ! boil+ temp]ature is r$uc$ to ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,x w ?us be se5 t evaporation 9 vacuo r5d]s x possible to use multiple effect app>atus )\t caus+ unduly high pressure 9 ! fir/ vessel1 & x has ?is fur!r advantage1 t ! l[-pressure /eam1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! evaporation gives up its lat5t heat1 :]eas if ! /eam w5t to ! cond5s] direct f ! eng9e1 ! heat employ$ 9 ! /eam eng9e w\ld be only ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! heat conta9$ 9 /eam at #agj lb4 & ! /eam at #e lb4 pressure4 ,by multiple effect evaporation1 a great economy 9 ! am\nt ( /eam requir$ is effect$4 ,betwe5 ! evaporation ( br9e & t ( o!r liquors1 ! *ief diff]5ce to be not$ is t 9 ! multiple effect sy/em1 ea* pan or unit is suppli$ ) its br9e indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 & gra9+ goes on 9 ! pans1 :]eas 9 conc5trat+ o!r liquors ! pans are f$ f ! fir/ to ! second & f ! second to ! ?ird4 ,! removal ( ! salt f ea* pan has1 !re=e1 to be arrang$ =4 ,! me?od ( work+ a triple-effect plant may be briefly describ$ z foll[s-- ,ea* ( ! ?ree pans hav+ be5 *>g$ ) br9e to ! prop] level1 exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es is admitt$ to ! cal&ria ( ! fir/ pan 9 :i* ! highe/ temp]ature is ma9ta9$4 ,! br9e 9 ?is pan becomes quickly heat$1 & ! /eam giv5 (f ent]s ! cal&ria ( ! second pan1 :]e x s]ves to raise ! temp]ature ( ! br9e4 ,aft] do+ its "w 9 ! second /age1 ! /eam is cond5s$1 & ?us creates a p>tial vacuum 9 ! fir/ pan4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure be+ ?us r$uc$1 viol5t ebullition ( ! br9e 9 ! fir/ pan results4 ,! same process takes place 9 ! second pan1 ow+ to ! cal&ria ( ! ?ird pan act+ z a cond5s] ( ! vap\r & produc+ a vacuum4 ,! vap\r giv5 (f by ! br9e 9 ! ?ird pan is cond5s$ by means ( a jet cond5s]4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t ! highe/ vacuum & ! l[e/ temp]ature exi/ 9 ! ?ird pan1 :ile ! highe/ temp]ature & l[e/ vacuum are f\nd 9 ! fir/ pan4 ,z ! salt is precipitat$ x falls to ! bottom ( ! pans4 ,! bottom ( ea* vacuum pan is connect$ ) ! boot ( a cont9u\s bucket elevator1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 a ca/-iron1 wat]-tight cas+ to a level suffici5tly above t ( ! br9e 9 ! pans to ensure t !y %all be br9e-seal$4 ,! salt is deliv]$ into waggons & ! br9e dra9age returns to ! pans4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( ! salt cry/als v>ies ) ! purpose = :i* !y are requir$4 ,= table salt !y are subject$ to gr9d+1 b = export !y are simply all[$ to dra94 ,! g5]al aim ( ! ,vacuum app>atus is to divide ! boil+ process into two /ages1 9 ord] to prep>e ! br9e be=eh& by purification1 & out ( ! purifi$ br9e to produce ! pure/ salt possible--*iefly by boil+ "u atmosph]ic pressure--& to acquire ano!r liquor ( ! highe/ cont5t 9 m$ium salt4 ,balzb]g1 9 8 ,die ,erdesalz ,erzeugung1 has to admit t ! process results 9 ! mo/ complete purification ( ! common salt1 b 9 ! conclusion ( 8 critical summ>y ( ! vacuum plant1 he says3 8,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t a complicat$ ma*9e1 :i* only ga9s1 at a high co/1 advantages t c be a*iev$ by m economical & simpl] means is ( no use 9 practical bus9ess4 ,! "q !n arises z to :e!r x is necess>y1 = ! production ( dome/ic or table salt1 to h pure *loride ( sodium1 & :e!r x pays to use complicat$ ma*9]y to atta9 ?is end40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hodgk9son ,,pat5t ,,salt-,,mak+ ,,plant ,:ile ! l>ge/ size triple-effect vacuum plants are capable ( turn+ out #a1jjj tons ( salt p] diem1 ) br9e at or ne> saturation1 & produce ab\t #f tons ( salt = ! combu/ion ( #a ton ( coal1 x is a v exp5sive process to op]ate z well z to in/all4 ,! co/ ( ! plant ranges f #bf1jjj to #ajj1jjj1 & a l>ge p]c5tage ( skill$ lab\r is requir$ 9 its manipulation4 ,b1 despite ! high initial co/1 & ! fact t x only makes "o grade ( salt1 x is extremely complicat$1 & has to be /opp$ = #d h\rs 9 ea* #bd = ! purpose ( boil+ out & clean+ up ! pans1 ! vacuum plant is a highly effici5t piece ( me*anism1 & = a :ile x rema9$ ! be/ & mo/ economic sy/em on ! m>ket4 ,b ! ,vacuum process 0 n de/9$ to rema9 long )\t a rival4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! m]its ( ! ,am]ican inv5tion _h sc>cely obta9$ recognition :5 a new furnace 0 design$ :i*1 :5 appli$ to ! op5-pan sy/em & subject$ to practical te/s1 prov$ an entire success4 ,! late ,james ,hodgk9son1 ! pat5tee1 0 n a salt-man1 b ! head ( a ,man*e/] firm ( eng9e]s & ma*9]y manufactur]s1 & x 0 a pr(essional visit to a salt-works :i* reveal$ to him ! crudity ( ! br9e-boil+ op]ation & gave him ! idea ( adapt+ to ! salt furnaces a me*anical /ok] ( 8 own inv5tion1 :i* 0 already be+ op]at$ = o!r manufactur+ purposes4 ,9 ! developm5t ( 8 idea1 & ) 8 me*anical /ok] z its f\ndation1 he p]fect$ ! ,hodgk9son ,pat5t ,salt-,mak+ ,process1 ! advantages ( :i* ov] all o!r processes = ! manufacture ( salt f br9e h be5 summ>iz$ by ,sir ,?omas ,h4 ,holl&1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 "u ! foll[+ six heads-- #a4 ,complete utilization ( ! heat d]iv$ f ! fuel employ$4 #b4 ,! absolute ma9t5ance uni=mly ( ?is heat4 #c4 ,! fact t f9ely-divid$ fir/-quality table salt c be produc$ 9 ! dry =m fit = dispat* to ! m>ket )\t gr9d+ or o!r prep>ation4 #d4 ,! fact t co>sely cry/alliz$ salt c be produc$ at ! same "t z ! f9e/ table salt4 #e4 ,t ! proportion ( ! diff]5t grades ( salt c be v>i$ at w1 z well z ma9ta9$ con/antly1 to suit ! v>y+ requirem5ts ( ! m>ket4 #f4 ,! automatic & cont9u\s removal ( ! salt z fa/ z x is precipitat$ f ! br9e4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! ,hodgk9son plant consi/ ( 7a7 a me*anically-/ok$ furnace = ! production ( heat2 7b7 a prim>y clos$ evaporat+ pan1 #cj ft4 9 diamet]2 7c7 two second>y circul> pans1 #be ft4 9 diamet]2 7d7 f\r op5 rectangul> pans1 #fj ft4 by #be ft42 7e7 a s]ies ( fold$ /eam-jacket$ pipes = heat+ ! infl[+ br9e by ! wa/e /eam2 & 7f7 a cond5s+ arrangem5t to produce a p>tial vacuum 9 ! clos$ pans4 ,! ,hodgk9son furnace is n plac$ "u ! pan1 z 9 ! old sy/em1 b 9 front ( ! plant1 & ! heat$ gases pass "u ! prim>y pan1 :]e ! temp]ature ranges betwe5 #a1hjj & #b1jjj;,f4 ,9 ?is prim>y pan is made a f9] & bett] salt ?an c be manufactur$ by any o!r sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,moreov]1 by means ( ! me*anically-/ok$ furnace1 & ! consequ5t uni=m high temp]ature1 x is possible1 = ! fir/ "t1 to control ! "* ( ! salt produc$4 ,:]e ! temp]ature v>ies1 z 9 ! op5-pan sy/em1 cry/als ( v>y+ %apes & sizes are produc$1 & ?is mix$ salt mu/ be gr\nd to make x suitable = table purposes4 ,:]e /eam heat is employ$1 z 9 ! vacuum process1 ! temp]ature is n high en\gh to make cry/als ( ! smalle/ size4 ,by ! ,hodgk9son sy/em ! prim>y pan produces a precipitation :i* requires no gr9d+1 :i* fl[s 9 a cascade ( salt f ! pan1 & c be deliv]$ to ! consum] )\t hav+ come into contact ) ! h& ( man 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! op]ation4 ,! heat$ gases1 hav+ pass$ "u ! prim>y pan1 are !n divid$ & s5t "u ! two second>y pans1 & f !nce !y pass "u ! op5 rectangul> pans1 ! gases be+ di/ribut$ by ! brok5 columns ( brickwork on :i* ! pans /&4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gases pass+ "u ! op5 pans comm5ces at ab\t #fjj ,f41 & gradually decreases to ab\t #bjj ,f4 "u ! f>!/ pans4 ,by ! automatic regulation ( ! temp]ature1 ! wa/e gases are utiliz$ to produce salts ( ! v>i\s degrees ( co>s5ess requir$ = ! dairy1 ! /ock-y>d1 & fi%]y purposes4 ,9 ! two second>y clos$ pans1 f9ely divid$ table salt is also produc$1 b x is possible1 by op5+ ! manhole traps 9 ! cov]s1 to increase ! size ( ! cry/al & make dairy salt 9 ^! pans4 ,! co>s] cry/als & flake salts are made 9 ! op5 pans 9 :i* ! cry/allization is at ! l[e/ rate4 ,! gra9 ( ! salt c be alt]$ at w4 ,9 ord] to meet any *ange 9 ! m>ket requirem5ts1 co>s] salt c be produc$ at a mom5t's notice 9 ! second>y pans4 ,"o v m>k$ sup]iority ( ! :ole sy/em ov] all o!r processes is se5 9 ! fact t a *ange 9 ! type ( salt produc$ c be imm$iately effect$1 & a con/ant & uni=m output ( any comb9ation ( products c be absolutely gu>ante$4 ,! improvem5ts :i* ! ,hodgk9son plant has effect$ 9 ! op5-pan sy/em are3 ! increas$ production ( f #b to #g tons ( salt f ! combu/ion ( #a ton ( coal1 ! production ( ! f9e/ table salt )\t gr9d+1 & ( e grade ( salt f ! fl\r-f9e table to ! co>se/ fi%]y salt1 9 "o & ! same op]ation1 & ! sav+ ( "t t is requir$ 9 all o!r processes = scrap+ & clean+ ! pans4 ,its sup]iority ov] ! ,vacuum sy/em lies 9 ! facts t its initial co/ is ab\t #d1jjj1 z aga9/ any?+ f #bf1jjj to #ajj1jjj2 t ! majority ( ! "w be+ automatic1 ! exp5se ( specially tra9$1 skill$ lab\r is disp5s$ )2 t x is op]at$ = #bd h\rs a day z aga9/ #bj2 requires no gr9d+ process 9 ! manufacture ( table salt2 & produces e grade ( salt simultane\sly4 ,sir ,?omas ,holl&1 :ile /udy+ ! ,hodgk9son process 9 op]ation1 is said to h exclaim$3 8,?is is n an improvem5t1 x is a revolution02 & 9 8 subsequ5t report ^u ! process1 he has decl>$ t x 8has an enorm\s advantage ov] any kn[n process = ! production ( salt40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,salt ,,m>ket ,al?\gh no purpose w\ld be s]v$ by deal+ 9 detail ) o!r ( ! _m s*emes t h be5 elaborat$ 9 ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s = ! improvem5t ( br9e salt manufacture1 ! complete li/ ( pat5ts t h be5 tak5 out = ! purpose con/itutes a record ( almo/ unreliev$ failure :i* w\ld occupy _m pages4 ,x has always be5 obvi\s to e intellig5t inve/igator outside ! little circle ( salt proprietors1 t ! op5-pan process 0 a survival ( ! d>k ages1 b ! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! precipitation ( salt f br9e is s simple t ! equal difficulty pres5t$ itself to ! practical salt-m51 ( ei!r effect+ fur!r simplification or ( secur+ fur!r economies by ! elaboration ( ! process4 ,individuals 9 e g5]ation recogniz$ t ! me?ods ( m$iaevalism cri$ al\d = revision1 b ! salt trade resolutely & consi/5tly set _! faces1 & _! h&s1 aga9/ e sugge/$ innovation4 ,! salt-m5 7 ! av[$ enemies ( ,?omas ,l[ndes1 !y drove ,*rysel back to ,saxony1 !y load$ ,furnival ) mis=tune & l&$ him 9 gaol4 ,9 #ahij1 an (ficial ( ! ,salt ,union reflect$ ) grim complaisance t1 al?\gh no trade _h _h m pat5ts appli$ to x ?an ! salt trade1 no trade c\ld %[ s l>ge a p]c5tage ( failures 9 ! matt] ( re=m$ me?ods1 & s9ce all ! companies t _h br\ght =w>d new plants & processes 9 competition ) ! ,salt ,union _h come %ort ( success1 he pi\sly conclud$ t ! sy/em :i* _h surviv$ ! trial ( g5]ations mu/ be ! fitte/4 ,! opposition ( ! salt trade to ! introduction ( new me?ods ( manufacture is expla9$ by ! fact t ! pr(its accru+ f ! old1 clumsy1 crude1 & wa/eful process 7 s l>ge t ! proprietors c\ld see no possible reason = welcom+ innovations4 ,moreov]1 ! manufacture "u e/abli%$ conditions 0 9 ! h&s ( a comp>atively small numb] ( mak]s1 :o c\ld n adopt new measures )\t lett+ 9 m m51 & ! long t5ure ( _! monopoly made ! salt-m5 intol]ant ( a competitive sy/em4 ,opposition 0 s abom9able to !m t1 :ile !y w\ld comb9e z "o man to keep out ! d>+ intrud]1 or to cru% su* an "o if he succe$$ 9 gett+ 91 !y 7 n at all av]se f employ+ simil> tactics = ! purpose ( ext]m9at+ "o ano!r4 ,al?\gh x _h co/ !m ov] a qu>t] ( a million /]l+ to dispose ( ,william ,furnival1 ! game ( price-cutt+ 0 n discont9u$ aft] #ahcc4 ,9 ord] to safegu>d !mselves aga9/ ! p]iodical falls 9 prices1 :i*1 if p]si/$ 91 w\ld mean :olesale ru91 all sorts ( associations1 syndicates1 tru/s1 committees1 & pools 7 =m$ = ! regulation ( /ocks & prices1 b ea* successive comb9ation 0 successively ab&on$1 & 0 foll[$ by ano!r p]iod ( bitt] jeal\sy & trad+ loss4 ,betwe5 #ahdf & #ahhj1 ! trade 0 be+ cont9ually reorganiz$ = (f5sive & def5sive comm]cial purposes1 b1 9 #ahha1 x 0 admitt$ t1 9 spite ( all attempts to enc\rage a bett] feel+ among ! lead+ manufactur]s1 8! _s ( envy1 hate1 malice1 & all un*>itabl5ess1 :i* has s long be5 ! bane ( ! salt trade1 has aga9 become rampant10 ) ! result t ! price ( common salt--#ds41 less ! brok]s' disc\nt ( #e p] c5t4--0 ! l[e/ t x _h t\*$ s9ce ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,two ye>s lat] x 0 decl>$ t ! trade1 in/ead ( be+ rul$ by common s5se & bus9ess exp]i5ce1 0 be+ ru9$ by p]sonal animosities & trade jeal\sies4 ,! files ( ! ,nor?wi* ,gu>dian at ?is p]iod *ronicle ! developm5t ( a /ate ( affairs :i* mu/ be almo/ )\t p>allel 9 any o!r trade4 ,dur+ #ahhc ! viol5t competition cont9u$1 result+ 9 heavy loss1 ! clos+ ( _m works1 & a l>ge increase 9 bankruptcies4 ,9 #ahhd1 ! ,gu>dian decl>$ t 8! battle is fa/ becom+ a w> ( giants4444 ,capital is %[+ itself1 almo/ ev]y:]e1 a remorseless ,jugg]naut1 cru%+ ?\s&s ( victims b5ea? its pond]\s :eels40 ,9 t ye> a proposal to =m ! trade into "o huge company 0 fru/rat$ by ! bitt]ness ( int]nal jeal\sies4 ,fur!r attempts to br+ all ! salt proprietors into a comb9ation = mutual protection & pr(it 7 made & ab&on$ f ! same cause4 8,x is easy to make laws & regulations & to c>ry !m out successfully :5 m5 are gov]n$ by ! ord9>y laws ( bus9ess & common s5se10 comm5t$ ! ,gu>dian 9 #ahhf1 8b :5 s5tim5t or passion is all[$ to int]f]e1 x is impossible ei!r to make s5sible laws or c>ry !m out successfully :5 made40 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahhh1 we read t 8! great /ruggle = ma/]y /ill goes on02 9 ,april1 8! process ( exhau/ion is n yet complete10 & ! deplorable /ate ( ! salt trade 0 attribut$ to 8a few m5 :o seem to h made m money ?an !y "k :at to d )1 & are sp5d+ x 9 see+ :at am\nt ( injury !y c d to ea* o!r1 & z a necess>y consequ5ce to numb]s ( o!rs :o are innoc5t ( (f5ce40 ,9 ,may1 a correspond5t ( ! same j\rnal deplor$ ! mat]ial damage ! trade 0 suff]+ ?r\gh ! p]v]sity & selfi%ness ( ! salt proprietors1 & he came to ! conclusion t _! object 0 8n really to d bus9ess b to kill "o ano!r out40 8,is !re m morality10 he ask$1 89 ! man ( means />v+ out ! man )\t means by sell+1 bel[ co/ ( make1 ?an !re w\ld be 9 /opp+ him on ! highway & pick+ 8 pocket8444 ,:5 ! int5tion 9 ! two cases is ! same--! plund] or ru9 ( ! oppon5t--h[ c ! morality diff]8 ,x does seem a mo/ griev\s ?+ t :5 ! great] numb] 9 ! trade are anxi\s to d bus9ess at a pr(it to !mselves 444 !y %\ld be prev5t$ because a few--a v few--%\ld ?9k only ( !mselves1 & c>e no?+ = ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 & c>ry on ! fight to ! bitt] end1 caus+ enorm\s suff]+ & di/ress44440 8,we c see v cle>ly10 he conclud$1 8t if some?+ is n done %ortly to br+ ab\t a bett] /ate ( affairs1 "s def5sive action mu/ be tak5 by ^? firms outside ! pres5t /rife :i* w result 9 no good to ! p>ties n[ responsible = ! mis*ief40 ,! 8def5sive action0 ref]r$ to 0 already be+ =mulat$1 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahhh1 0 issu$ ! prospectus ( ! ,salt ,union ,limit$1 :i* 0 =m$ ) a capital ( #d1jjj1jjj = ! purpose ( consolidat+ ! und]tak+s ( ! ,salt ,proprietors 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 8) a view to end+ reckless competition :i* injuri\sly affects ! salt indu/ry )\t conf]r+ any adequate advantage on ! public40 ,by virtue ( ! sixty-f\r agreem5ts1 cov]+ ! pur*ase ( prop]ties involv+ ! inclusive paym5t ( #c1gjd1eai1 ! ,union became ! greate/ salt proprietors 9 ! _w1 & ! success ( ! flotation 0 describ$ z 8almo/ unprec$5t$40 ,app>5tly ! only two newspap]s t _h ! lea/ dubiety conc]n+ ! success ( ! v5ture 7 ,! ,times & ! ,nor?wi* ,gu>dian4 ,! ,times1 :ile recogniz+ t ! prim>y object ( ! movem5t1 viz41 t ( 8curtail+ supply & creat+ an artificial sc>city0--w\ld be ga9$ if an effective monopoly c\ld be secur$1 po9t$ out t3 8,! ,syndicate has n acquir$ ! control ( all ! m9es or works at :i* salt is produc$1 & unless !y d ?is !y w n h an absolute monopoly40 ,! ,gu>dian admitt$ t ) c>eful managem5t ! company w\ld prosp]1 b1 speak+ f its intimate k ( ! _s :i* animat$ ! salt-trade1 x cauti\sly pr$ict$ t ! fir/ few mon?s' op]ations w\ld %[ :e!r ! ent]prise c\ld g on successfully4 8,! s*eme is a gigantic "o1 & may prove ei!r a great bless+ or a great curse1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples on :i* x is conduct$4 ,let u hope t a _s ( ju/ice & fairness t[>ds %>ehold]s1 s]vants1 & ! public at l>ge w make ! s*eme a bless+40 ,! w>n+ voic$ by ,! ,times ) reg>d to ! ,salt ,union's ineffici5t monopoly 0 ju/ifi$ almo/ imm$iately by ! issue ( prospectuses ( rival salt s*emes1 & al?\gh opposition ( ?is k9d 0 treat$ by ! ,union ) affect$ contempt1 & ! public 0 assur$ t ! insignificant salt l&s secur$ by ra% outsid]s 7 8su* z to break ! he>ts ( all inve/ors :o might visit !m10 ! fact rema9$1 z 0 not$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhi1 t 8! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 9 connection ) salt has be5 ! cont9u\s fall 9 ! price ( ,salt ,union %>es40 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! valuation ( ! ,union's acquisitions 0 made did n transpire1 b ,! ,times und]/ood t 8! sell+ price has be5 q satisfactory to ! v5dors10 & ! ,*airman ( ! ,union1 9 #ahif1 0 feign to confess t 8nev] 7 cov5ants s +5i\sly fram$ z to cause lawsuits40 ,x is n ov]/at+ ! case to say t ! t]ms ^u :i* ! ,salt ,union pur*as$ _! prop]ties provides "o ( ! mo/ amaz+ in/ances ( reckless optimism 9 ! hi/ory ( comp>atively mod]n f9ance1 & ! subsequ5t adm9i/ration ( ! ,company's affairs 0 z un=tunate z ! prelim9>y settlem5ts _h be5 disa/r\s4 ,9 "o law case ) a v5dor f :om !y _h pur*as$ = #fjj1jjj a prop]ty :i* _! own repres5tative valu$ at #djj1jjj1 !y _h to pay a fur!r #fj1jjj1 & !y settl$ ano!r action by sell+ = #abe1jjj a tract ( l& :i* !y _h orig9ally acquir$ = #cgb1jjj4 ,9 #ahie1 !y increas$ _! capital to #d1bjj1jjj by issue ( fur!r deb5tures to ! am\nt ( #bjj1jjj2 &1 9 #aija1 ! capitalization ( ! ,union 0 r$uc$ to #b1fjj1jjj4 ,up to #aiac1 !y _h paid away #aag1dea = directors' fees1 travell+ exp5ses1 etc41 #ii1bcf = prelim9>y & ,p>liam5t>y exp5ses1 law *>ges1 etc41 & #gbc1ihe = adm9i/ration *>ges1 & f #ahif to #aiad !y _h only paid 79 #aijg7 "o divid5d ( p] c5t4 on ! ord9>y %>es4 ,,index ,agricola 7,georgius7 on salt-mak+1 #ae1 #ah1 #ef ,am]ica1 salt-mak+ 91 #abg-ace --1 vacuum sy/em 91 #ace ,br9e1 battle ( !1 #aba --1 composition (1 #g --1 economy 9 production (1 by ,furnival1 #gh --1 evaporation (1 #c --1 ,dr4 ,jackson on ! process1 #ef-fj --1 old res]voirs (1 #ajd --1 output at ,nor?wi*1 #ec --1 treatm5t (1 9 e>ly days1 #dj ,br9e-mak+1 me?ods ( ,dr4 ,jackson1 ,ra/el1 ,l[ndes1 ,br[nrigg1 ,*rysel1 ,furnival1 ,holl&1 #ef-gc ,br9e-tapp+1 improv$ process describ$1 #ajf1 #ajg ,camd5's ,britannia1 d]ivation ( suffix 8wi*10 #cb --1 supply & treatm5t ( br9e describ$1 #dj1 #db ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 a subsid5ce describ$1 #aac1 #aad ,*e%ire1 ! 8wi*es0 (1 #cb1 #cd --1 ext5t ( deposits 91 #hc-if ,*rysel1 p]secution (1 #ga ,domesday ,book1 ref]5ces to salt works 9 ,*e%ire1 rules gov]n+ ! trade1 #cd-cg ,droitwi*1 salt-mak+ !re1 ,a4,d4 #haf1 #cc ,furnival1 ,wm41 introduces /eam heat1 #gf --1 economy 9 production by2 al>m ( salt proprietors1 #gh --1 p]secution (1 a victim to ,*e%ire salt proprietors1 #gf-hb --1 8 pat5ts1 #gg2 --1 8 end1 #hb ,hodgk9son 7,jas471 8 sy/em1 #gf1 #ach-ada ,holl& 7,philemon71 #cb ,holl& 7,sir ,?os471 8 eulogy ( ! ,hodgk9son process1 #ada ,jackson1 7,dr4 ,w471 #ef ,johnson 7,geo471 acc\nt ( treatm5t ( br9e by1 #db1 #dc ,k+'s ,vale ,royal1 p>ticul>s relat+ to ,*e%ire salt di/ricts1 #dc1 #dd ,lakes1 or 8,fla%es10 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aab1 #aac ,l[ndes 7,?os471 improv$ me?od ( br9e-mak+ by1 #fb1 #fe --1 p]secution (1 #ga ,m>bury1 discov]y ( salt at1 9 #afgj1 #ig ,m>bury ,pipe1 #ed1 #abb1 #abc ,m>t9dale 7,adam71 ,communication to ,royal ,soc41 #ig ,m5deleff1 on cry/allization1 #e ,middlewi* own]s & numb] ( salt-h\ses at1 #ea --1 output at1 #ed ,nantwi* own]s & numb] ( salt-h\ses at2 decl9e ( indu/ry at1 #ea1 #ec ,nevada1 rock-salt at1 #c ,new ,york1 salt-spr+s 92 me?ods employ$ !re1 #abg ,nor?wi*1 ,adelaide ,m>/on m9e1 #ih --1 e>lie/ manufacture 9 ,engl&1 #cb --1 output ( br9e at1 #ec --1 ! 8,wall+ ,booke0 (1 #dh ,orm]od1 on ! orig9 ( ! salt field ( ,*e%ire1 #hd1 #he ,ra9falls1 cycles (1 affect+ salt deposits1 #ia ,ra/el 7,dr4 ,?os471 me?od ( evaporation ( br9e at ,droitwi*1 #fj-fb ,rock-salt1 pure/ 9 ,hung>y1 #a2 r>ely f\nd pure1 ib4 ,rock-salt ,m9+--a dead indu/ry2 me?od ( work+1 #aja-ajc ,royal ,society1 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ef1 #fj ,rumania1 deposits 91 #bj1 #bf --1 e/imat$ res]ves & annual output1 #bh ,salt1 ,adelaide ,m>/on m9e1 #ih --1 anci5t ord]s conc]n+1 #dd-dh --1 beg9n+s ( ! indu/ry1 #h1 #i1 #aj --1 *emi/ry & prop]ties (1 #a --1 ,*9ese me?ods ( mak+1 #aa --1 col\r (1 #b --1 convict lab\r1 #bj --1 cry/als 91 #d --1 decl9e ( indu/ry at ,nantwi*1 #eb1 #ec --1 dep? & ?ickness ( deposit at ,nor?wi*1 #ij --1 discov]y (1 at ,m>bury 9 #afgj1 #ig --1 ,domesday ,book--ref]5ce to salt 9 ,a4,d4 #ajhd1 #cc --1 e>lie/ manufacture 9 ,engl&1 #cb --1 effect ^u sea-wat]1 #b --1 exp]im5ts = removal ( impurities 91 #cj1 #ca --1 =mation & ext5t ( ,*e%ire deposits1 #hc-if --1 importation (1 #ch --1 ,italian me?od ( mak+1 #ab --1 ,japanese me?ods ( mak+1 #ab --1 lectures on1 by ,w>d 7,?os471 #abf --1 ,m5deleff on1 #f --1 me?od ( work+ top & bottom b$s1 #ajj --1 "n fir/ giv51 #a --1 ,portuguese & ,spani% me?od ( mak+1 #ad --1 pres]vative prop]ty (1 #f1 #i --1 ,ra/el's acc\nt ( cl>ify+1 #fa1 #fb --1 solubility (1 #b --1 symbol ( sanctity1 #i --1 !ories respect+ deposits1 #he-ij --1 ,pr(4 ,?ompson's calculations1 #ib-if --1 value 9 agriculture1 #f ,salt-b$s1 area ( ,*e%ire1 #ib 8,salt-licks10 #h ,salt-mak]s1 cons]vatism (1 #ah ,salt-mak+1 me?ods (1 #abe-abi --1 me?ods employ$ 9 ,am]ica1 #abg1 #ace --1 processes (1 #abg --1 vacuum sy/em1 #ace1 et seqq4 ,salt-,m>ket1 !1 #adb-adg --1 m9es1 collapse (1 v>i\s dates1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh ,salt-pans1 recov]y ( old1 #ci ,salt-trade1 competition 91 #add1 #ade ,salt ,union1 #ed -- --1 alleg$ rights (1 #abc1 #abd -- --1 8,battle ( ! ,br9e10 #aba -- --1 br9e c>ry+ by1 #abb1 #abc -- --1 l>ge capital (1 #ade -- --1 newspap] comm5ts1 #adf-adg -- --1 opposition to new processes by1 #adb -- --1 ,:>ton ,works1 #gi-ha ,subsid5ces1 #ig-abc --1 causes (1 #ajh-aab --1 describ$ #aac --1 damage to prop]ty1 #aae1 #aaf --1 ,comp5sation ,bill1 #abj1 #aba --1 legal aspects (1 #aag-aba --1 res5tm5t ( t[nspeople1 #aag --1 pump]s responsible =1 #aag ,?ompson 7,pr(4 ,jas471 8 calculations1 #ib-if 8,wall]s10 d]ivation ( "n1 #dj 8,wall+ ,booke ( ,nor?wi*0 7,h>leian ,,ms4 9 ,briti% ,museum conta9+ e>lie/ li/ ( 8wi*-h\ses0 & _! own]s71 #dh1 #ej1 #ea ,w>d 7,?os471 lectur] on salt1 #abf 8,wi*10 d]ivation ( ! "n1 #cc ,wieliezka rock-salt at1 #a --1 works at1 #bj-bf ,w9s=d1 output at1 #ec1 #ee ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,ba?1 ,engl& ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,ar*aic spell+s 7 reta9$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4