,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,! woodcut numb] #dh1 ,! ,symbol ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,mosaic41 does n exi/4 ,on page #aia1 9 ! section on ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4,paul1 ,c4 ,x,c4 is an ne> approximation ( ! actual symbol4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold & sup]scripts ?us yen4 ,sacr$ ,,& ,leg5d>y ,art4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,editions ,,( ,,mrs4 ,,jameson',s ,,works ,,on ,,sacr$ ,,& ,,leg5d>y ,,*ri/ian ,,art4 ,! ,fif? ,edition1 9 #b vols4 squ>e cr[n #hvo4 ) #ai ,et*+s on ,copp] & #ahg ,woodcuts1 price #cas4 #f;d4 ,,leg5ds ( ! ,,sa9ts & ,,m>tyrs z repres5t$ 9 ! ,f9e ,arts1 =m+ ! ,,fir/ ,,s]ies ( #8,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4' ,by ,mrs4 ,,jameson4 ,,ii4 ,,leg5ds ( ! ,,mona/ic ,,ord]s4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) #aa ,et*+s & #hh ,woodcuts4 #a vol4 #bas4 ,,iii4 ,,leg5ds ( ! ,,madonna4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) #bg ,et*+s & #afe ,woodcuts4 #a vol4 #bas4 ,,iv4 ,,hi/ory ( ,,our ,,"l z exemplifi$ 9 ,works ( ,art4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,jameson & ,lady ,,ea/lake4 ,second ,edition1 ) #ca ,et*+s & #bha ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #dbs4 ,( ^! #cab ,illu/rations1 all prep>$ specially = ! #8,hi/ory ( ,our ,"l1' ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! :ole numb] h n[ be5 engrav$ = ! fir/ "t4 #8,we h 9 ^! volumes1 p5n$ 9 a tru?-seek+ _s & illu/rat$ ) a copi\s g5]osity :i* at once elucidates & adorns ea* section ( ! subject1 contributions to ! lit]ature ( ,,*ri/ian ,,art1 = :i* e arti/ & e /ud5t ( !ology w confess debt ( private gratitude4 ,to ?\ghtful inquir]s1 ri*e/ m9es are "h op5$ = m$itation4 ,to m9ds prep>$ = deep] draughts to qu5* ! ?ir/ = k1 wells are dug & f\nta9s are made to fl[ ev5 9 ! des]t tracks ( "t :]e pilgrim's foot seldom attempts to tread4 ,we ?9k t ,lady ,,ea/lake has done special s]vice 9 br++ into popul> view recondite /ores :i* h hi!rto be5 seal$ = public use4 ,%e has1 by appeal to ! e>ly heads ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,catacombs1 by ref]5ce to ,*ri/ian s>cophagi ( ! f\r? c5tury1 to ivories z old z ! six? c5tury1 & ,greek ,,mss4 & ,byzant9e m9iatures ( ! n9? c5tury1 enabl$ ! art-/ud5t to tract ! hi/ory ( types & antetypes1 & to analyse ! rudim5t>y g]ms :i*1 f age to age accumulat+ /r5g? & gr[+ 9 comel9ess1 at l5g? issu$ =? 9 p]fect$ pictorial =m4 ,x is to ?is1 ! infancy ( art1 t at ! pres5t mom5t peculi> int]e/ atta*es4' ,,blackwood',s ,,magaz9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5a4 ,sacr$ ,,& ,leg5d>y ,art4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,jameson4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,conta9+ ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,! ,,angels ,,& ,,ar*angels1 ,,! ,,evangeli/s1 ,,! ,,apo/les1 ,,! ,,doctors ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*1 ,,& ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,magdal5e1 ,,z ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,,six? ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ahgj4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,! ,au?or v5tures to hope t1 on comp>+ ?is ,?ird ,edition ( #8,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art' ) ! two prec$+1 x w be f\nd greatly improv$1 & r5d]$ m wor?y ( ! k9d approbation & sympa?y ) :i* x has be5 receiv$4 ,! :ole has be5 c>efully revis$2 ! ref]5ces to ! pictures & o!r works ( ,art correct$ f ! late/ au?orities1 & _m new examples h be5 add$4 ,all ! ,illu/rations1 :i* 7 =m]ly et*$ on copp]1 h be5 newly et*$ on /eel2 two h be5 omitt$1 & ?ree o!rs1 z m int]e/+ & appropriate1 h be5 sub/itut$2 & twelve new woodcuts h be5 introduc$4 ,9 a "w s multif>i\s 9 its nature1 & compris+ s _m hundr$ subjects & ref]5ces1 !re may rema9 "s errors & omissions1 b !y h n occurr$ f want ( c>e2 & ,i mu/ n omit to express due ?anks = ! obs]vations & corrections :i* h be5 =w>d$ to me f "t to "t1 & :i* h be5 9 ?is ,edition c>efully att5d$ to4 ,a4 ,j4 ,janu>y #aheg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 7#ahdh47 ,?is book 0 begun six ye>s ago1 9 #ahdb4 ,x has s9ce be5 (t5 laid aside1 & aga9 resum$4 ,9 ?is long int]val1 _m useful & delightful works h be5 writt5 on ! same subject1 b /ill ! p>ticul> gr\nd ,i _h *os5 rema9$ unoccupi$2 &1 amid _m difficulties1 & ! consci\sness ( _m defici5cies1 ,i 0 enc\rag$ to proce$1 p>tly by ! pleasure ,i took 9 a task s cong5ial--p>tly by ! conviction t su* a "w has long be5 want$ by ^? :o are n cont5t$ ) a m]e manual ( ref]5ce1 or a m]e catalogue ( names4 ,?is book is int5d$ n only to be consult$1 b to be read--if x be f\nd wor? read+4 ,x has be5 writt5 = ^? :o are1 l myself1 unle>n$2 yet less1 c]ta9ly1 ) ! idea ( in/ruct+1 ?an f a wi% to %>e ) o!rs ^? pleasurable associations1 ^? ev] new & ev] v>i\s aspects ( "* & s5tim5t1 z exhibit$ 9 ,art1 :i* h be5 a s\rce ( su* vivid enjoym5t to myself4 ,?is is ! utmo/ limit ( my ambition2 &1 kn[+ t ,i _c escape criticism1 ,i am at lea/ anxi\s t !re %\ld be no mi/ake z to purpose & int5tion4 ,i hope x w be cle>ly und]/ood t ,i h tak5 ?r\gh\t ! /hetic & n ! religi\s view ( ^? productions ( ,art :i*1 9 z f> z !y are in=m$ ) a true & e>ne/ feel+1 & /eep$ 9 t beauty :i* emanates f g5ius inspir$ by fai?1 may cease to be ,religion1 b _c cease to be ,poetry2 & z poetry only ,i h consid]$ !m4 ,! difficulty ( selection & compression has be5 ! greate/ ( all my difficulties2 !re is n a *apt] 9 ?is book :i* might n h be5 m easily ext5d$ to a volume ?an compress$ into a few pages4 ,e read]1 h[ev]1 :o is int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 may supply ! omissions1 foll[ out ! sugge/ions1 & enjoy ! pleasure ( discov]+ new exceptions1 new analogies1 = himself4 ,) reg>d to ! arrangem5t1 ,i am afraid x w be f\nd liable to objections2 b x is ! be/ t1 aft] long consid]ation & _m *anges1 ,i c\ld fix ^u4 ,x is n =mal1 nor te*nical1 l t ( a catalogue or a cal5d>1 b int5d$ to lead ! fancy naturally f subject to subject z "o op5$ ^u ano!r1 ) j suffici5t ord] to keep ! m9d unp]plex$ & ! att5tion unfatigu$ amid a great div]sity ( objects1 sc5es1 /ories1 & *>act]s4 ,! au?orities = ! leg5ds h be5 ! ,leg5da ,aurea ( ,vorag9e1 9 ! old ,fr5* & ,engli% translations2 ! ,flos ,sanctorum ( ,ribad5eira1 9 ! old ,fr5* translation2 ! ,p]fetto ,leg5d>io1 editions ( ,rome & ,v5ice2 ! ,leg5de delle ,sante ,v]g9i1 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice2 ! l>ge "w ( ,baillet1 ,les ,vies des ,sa9ts1 9 ?irty-two volumes1 mo/ useful = ! hi/orical au?orities2 & ,alban ,butl]'s ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,all ^! h be5 consult$ = su* p>ticul>s ( circum/ance & "* z might illu/rate ! v>i\s repres5tations1 & !n compress$ into a n>rative z cle> z ,i c\ld r5d] x4 ,:]e "o au?ority only has be5 foll[$1 x is usually plac$ 9 ! m>g94 ,! ,fir/ ,"p conta9s ! leg5ds ( ! scriptural p]sonages & ! primitive fa!rs4 ,! ,second ,"p conta9s ^? sa9t$ p]sonages :o liv$1 or are suppos$ to h liv$1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ^: real hi/ory1 f\nd$ on fact or tradition1 has be5 s disguis$ by poetical embroid]y1 t !y h 9 "s sort ! air ( ideal be+s4 ,z ,i c\ld n und]take to g ?r\gh ! :ole cal5d>1 nor yet to make my book a catalogue ( pictures & /atues1 ,i h conf9$ myself to ! sa9ts mo/ int]e/+ & important1 & 7) v few exceptions7 to ^? works ( ,art ( :i* ,i c\ld speak f my own k4 ,! leg5ds ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans1 consid]$ m]ely 9 _! connexion ) ! revival & developm5t ( ! ,f9e ,arts 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 op5 s wide a range ( speculation1--! *>act]i/ics ( ^! religi\s en?usia/s ( bo? sexes are s full ( int]e/ & beauty z arti/ic conceptions1 & z psy*ological & philosophical /udies s extraord9>y1 t ,i c\ld n1 9 consci5ce1 compress !m into a few pages3 !y =m a volume complete 9 itself1 entitl$ #8,leg5ds ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s4' ,! little sket*es & woodcuts are trifl+ z illu/rations1 & c only assi/ ! memory & ! fancy ( ! read] b ,i regret ?is ! less1 inasmu* z ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! subject c easily illu/rate ! book = !mselves4 ,to collect a portfolio ( pr9ts1 includ+ ^? works ( art :i* are cit$ "u ea* head z examples1 ) a selection f ! hundr$s ( o!rs :i* are n cit$1 & arrange !m 9 ! same ord]--) ref]5ce1 n to s*ools1 or /yles1 or dates1 b to subject m]ely--w\ld be an amus+1 & ,i ?9k n a pr(itless1 occupation4 ,x c\ld n be done 9 ! "r _s )\t lead+ ! m9d f> beyond ! m]e pleasure ( comp>ison & criticism1 to #8?\ghts m elevate & reason+s high' ( ?+s cele/ial & t]re/rial1 z %ad[$ =? 9 =m by ! wit & ! h& ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,angel ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,introduction3 ,i4 ,( ! ,orig9 & g5]al ,significance ( ! ,leg5ds repres5t$ 9 ,art #a ,,ii4 ,( ! ,di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 ,devotional & ,hi/orical ,subjects #aa ,,iii4 ,( ! ,patron ,sa9ts ( p>ticul> ,c\ntries1 ,cities1 & ,localities #ah ,,iv4 ,( c]ta9 ,emblems & ,attributes ( g5]al ,application #bc ,v4 ,( ! ,significance ( ,col\rs4 ,conclusion #ce ,,( ,,angels ,,& ,,ar*angels4 ,,( ,,angels4 ,antiquity ( ! ,belief 9 ,angels4 ,e>ly ,notions respect+ !m4 ,h[ repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,angelic ,hi]>*ies4 ,! ,n9e ,*oirs4 ,s]aphim1 ,*]ubim4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics 9 ,pa9t+4 ,infant ,angels4 ,w+s4 ,angels ( ,dante4 ,angels z ,mess5g]s1 ,*ori/]s1 ,gu>dians4 ,z ,m9i/]s ( ,wra?4 ,z ,ag5ts 9 ! ,creation4 ,mann] 9 :i* ! pr9cipal ,pa9t]s h set =? ! ,angelic ,=ms & ,attributes #da ,,! ,,ar*angels4 ,! ,sev5 ,ar*angels4 ,! ,f\r ,ar*angels4 ,! ,?ree ,ar*angels #hg ,,/4 ,,mi*ael #id ,,/4 ,,gabriel #aah ,,/4 ,,raphael #abf ,additional ,notes on ,angels #aca ,,! ,,f\r ,,evangeli/s4 ,! e>lie/ ,types3 z ,f\r ,books2 z ,f\r ,riv]s2 z ! ,f\r ,my/]i\s ,animals2 ! ,human & ,animal ,=ms comb9$2 ) ,w+s2 z ,m5 #acb ,,/4 ,,mat!w4 ,8 ,leg5d4 ,8 ,attributes4 ,pictures f 8 ,life n common #adc ,,/4 ,,m>k4 ,8 ,leg5d4 ,devotional ,pictures3 z ,evangeli/2 z ! ,disciple ( ,pet]2 z ! ,patron ,sa9t ( ,v5ice4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,fi%]man4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,*ri/ian ,slave4 ,! ,translation ( ! ,body ( ,/4 ,m>k #adg ,,/4 ,,luke4 ,8 ,leg5d4 ,devotional ,figures4 ,attributes3 z ,evangeli/ & ,pa9t]4 ,/4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,virg9 #aed ,,/4 ,,john4 ,8 ,leg5d4 ,devotional ,pictures3 z ,evangeli/2 z ,apo/le2 z ,prophet4 ,subjects f 8 ,life2 ,leg5d ( ,/4 ,john & ! ,robb]2 ( ! two ,"y ,m52 ( ,drusiana2 ( ! ,huntsman & ! ,p>tridge4 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,john4 ,leg5d ( ! ,dea? ( ,/4 ,john4 ,leg5d ( ,galla ,placidia4 ,( ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor #aeg ,! ,six ,writ]s ( ! ,canonical ,epi/les1 z a s]ies #agb ,,! ,,twelve ,,apo/les4 ,anci5t ,types3 z ,twelve ,%eep2 z ,twelve ,doves2 z ,twelve ,m54 ,h[ gr\p$ 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,decoration4 ,9 ! ,old ,mosaics2 _! prop] place4 ,examples f v>i\s ,pa9t]s4 ,hi/orical ,subjects relat+ to ! ,twelve ,apo/les3 ! ,p5teco/2 ! ,sep>ation ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les to prea* ! ,gospel2 ! ,twelve ,baptisms2 ! ,twelve ,m>tyrdoms #agc ,,/4 ,,pet] & ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,! ,anci5t ,greek ,types4 ,examples ( ! e>ly ,treatm5t ( ^! two ,apo/les3 9 ! old ,mosaics2 9 e>ly ,sculpture2 9 ,pictures #ahe ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,8 peculi> ,attributes3 z ,apo/le & ,patron ,sa9t2 z ! ,head & ,f\nd] ( ! ,roman ,*ur*2 ,/4 ,pet] z ,pope4 ,subjects f ! ,scriptural ,life ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,leg5d>y ,/ories connect$ ) ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,simon ,magus2 ( ! #8,dom9e1 quo vadis8' ( ,processus & ,m>t9ian4 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,/4 ,pet] z ,keep] ( ! ,gates ( ,p>adise4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,/4 ,petronilla4 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 a ,s]ies ( ,subjects #aic ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,e>lie/ ,type4 ,attributes ( ,/4 ,paul3 ! ,sword4 ,subjects f 8 ,life4 ,/on+ ( ,/eph54 ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,miracles ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,8 ,m>tyrdom4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,plautilla4 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul 9 a ,s]ies ( ,subjects #bab ,,/4 ,,&rew4 ,! ,leg5d4 ,attributes4 ,hi/orical ,subjects f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,flagellation4 ,adoration ( ! ,cross4 ,m>tyrdom z repres5t$ by ,guido1 ,dom5i*9o1 & ,murillo #bbf ,,/4 ,,james ,,major4 ,/ory & ,"* z repres5t$ 9 ,scripture4 ,/4 ,james z ,patron ( ,spa94 ,! ,leg5d ( ,santiago4 ,! ,battle ( ,clavijo4 ,! ,pilgrims ( ,compo/ella4 ,! ,devotional ,figures & ,attributes ( ,/4 ,james ! ,apo/le4 ,z ,tutel> ,sa9t ( ,spa94 ,pictures f 8 ,leg5d #bcj ,,/4 ,,philip4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,idol & ! ,s]p5t4 ,devotional ,pictures & ,attributes4 ,subjects f 8 ,leg5d4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,/4 ,philip ! ,apo/le & ,/4 ,philip ! ,deacon #bda ,,/4 ,,b>?olomew4 ,! ,leg5d4 ,! ,attributes4 ,m>tyrdom #bdd ,,/4 ,,?omas4 ,orig9 ( 8 peculi> ,attribute4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,k+ ,gond(orus4 ,! ,incr$ulity ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! #8,madonna della ,c9tola4' ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,?omas #bde ,,/4 ,,james ,,m9or4 ,fir/ ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem4 ,attributes4 ,resemblance to ,*ri/4 ,subjects f 8 ,life4 ,m>tyrdom4 ,frescoes at ,padua #bej ,,/4 ,,simon ,,& ,,/4 ,,jude4 ,leg5d & ,attributes4 ,repres5t$ z ,*ildr5 #beb ,,/4 ,,mat?ias4 ,attributes #bed ,,judas ,,isc>iot4 ,scriptural ,"*4 ,leg5ds relat+ to him2 h[ repres5t$ 9 v>i\s ,subjects #bee ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]4 ,its importance z a ,sacr$ ,subject4 ,devotional :5 x repres5ts ! ,in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,hi/orical :5 x repres5ts ! ,detection ( ,judas4 ,v>i\s ,examples4 ,giotto4 ,duccio ( ,si5a4 ,angelico da ,fiesole4 ,luca ,signorelli4 ,ghirl&ajo4 ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,raphael4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,titian4 ,p\ss94 #bfa ,faults & ,mi/akes committ$ by ,pa9t]s 9 repres5t+ ! ,la/ ,supp] #bgc ,,/4 ,,b>nabas4 ,8 ,leg5d4 ,popul> at ,v5ice z ,k9sman ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,repres5t$ ) ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w #bgh ,,! ,,doctors ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,lat9 ,,fa!rs4 ,_! ,p>ticul> ,attributes4 ,_! prop] place 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,decoration4 ,subjects 9 :i* !y are introduc$ toge!r #bhj ,,/4 ,,j]ome4 ,hi/ory & ,"*4 ,influ5ce ov] ! ,roman ,wom54 ,orig9 ( 8 ,attributes4 ,leg5d ( ! ,w\nd$ ,lion4 ,devotional ,figures ( ,/4 ,j]ome3 z ,patron ,sa9t2 z ,translator ( ! ,scriptures2 z ,p5it5t4 ,subjects f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,! ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome #bhe ,,/4 ,,ambrose4 ,/ory & ,"* ( ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,! ,emp]or ,!odosius4 ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,m>tyrs ,/4 ,protasius & ,/4 ,g]vasius4 ,leg5ds relat+ to ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,! ,prefect ,mac$onius4 ,! ,nobleman ( ,tuscany4 ,devotional ,figures ( ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,8 peculi> ,attributes4 ,8 ,*ur* at ,milan2 8 ,life z repres5t$ on ! ,alt>4 ,/atue ( ,/4 ,ambrose #cjj ,,/4 ,,augu/9e4 ,"* ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,8 ,%r9e at ,pavia1 & ,bassorelievos repres5t+ 8 ,life4 ,devotional ,figures ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,repres5t$ ) 8 ,"m1 ,monica4 ,v>i\s ,subjects f 8 ,life4 ,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,augu/9e #cjh ,,/4 ,,gregory4 ,8 ,/ory & ,"*4 ,8 ,popul>ity4 ,leg5ds connect$ ) 8 ,life4 ,orig9 ( 8 ,attribute1 ! ,dove4 ,! ,supp] ( ,/4 ,gregory4 ,! ,mass ( ,/4 ,gregory4 ,! ,miracle ( ! ,br&eum4 ,/4 ,gregory releases ! ,s\l ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan4 ,! ,leg5d z repres5t$ 9 ,pictures4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,monk4 ,/4 ,gregory's ,doctr9e ( ,purgatory4 ,h[ repres5t$ #cae ,,! ,,f\r ,,greek ,,fa!rs4 ,h[ repres5t$ 9 ! ,greek ,pictures1 & by ! ,lat9 ,arti/s #cbd ,,/4 ,,john ,,*ryso/om4 ,s+ul> ,leg5ds ) reg>d to him4 ,! ,p5ance ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om4 ,z repres5t$ 9 ! ,g]man ,pr9ts4 ,by ,lucas ,crana*4 ,by ,beham4 ,by ,alb]t ,dr] #cbe ,,/4 ,,basil ,,! ,,great4 ,8 ,"*4 ,h[ repres5t$4 ,/ory ( ! ,emp]or ,val5s4 ,leg5ds :i* ref] to ,/4 ,basil #cce ,,/4 ,,a?anasius4 ,h[ repres5t$4 ,unpopul> z a ,subject ( ,art #cci ,,/4 ,,gregory ,,nazianz54 ,8 ,hi/ory & ,"*4 ,8 celebrity z a ,poet4 ,beautiful ,m9iatures relative to 8 ,life #cdj ,,/4 ,,cyril4 ,h[ repres5t$ #cdb ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,magdal5e1 ,,/4 ,,m>?a1 ,,/4 ,,laz>us1 ,,/4 ,,maxim91 ,,/4 ,,m>cella1 ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,& ,,! ,,beatifi$ ,,p5it5ts4 ,"* ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,disputes conc]n+ h] ,id5tity4 ,! ,popul> & ,scriptural ,leg5d4 ,! old ,prov5al ,leg5d4 ,! ,devotional ,repres5tations3 z ,patron ,sa9t2 z ,p5it5t4 ,sacr$ ,subjects 9 :i* %e is introduc$4 ,leg5d>y ,subjects4 ,la ,danse de la ,madele9e4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,"m & ,*ild4 ,h] ,life 9 a ,s]ies ( ,subjects4 ,leg5ds ( ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ #cdc ,,/4 ,,m>?a4 ,h] ,"*4 ,leg5ds ( ,/4 ,m>?a4 ,h[ repres5t$4 ,:]e introduc$ #cha ,,/4 ,,laz>us #chc ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,( ,,egypt4 ,! ,leg5d4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt & ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,prop] ,attributes ( ,m>y ( ,egypt4 ,/ories & ,pictures f h] ,life #che ,,m>y ,,! ,,p5it5t1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ,m>y ( ,egypt4 ,h] ,/ory4 ,l&scapes ( ,philippe de ,*ampagne #cij ,,/4 ,,?ais4 ,,/4 ,,pelagia #cic ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,woodcuts4 #a4 ,laus ,deo4 ,lib]ale di ,v]ona4 #b4 ,angel4 ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i4 #c4 ,angels s++ #8,gloria 9 ,excelsis ,deo4' ,p]ug9o4 #d4 ,s]aph4 ,greek ,emblem1 #i? ,c5tury4 #e4 ,*]ubim4 ,italian1 #ad? ,c5tury4 #f4 ,*]ubim4 ,p9turic*io4 #g4 ,*]ubim4 ,lib]ale di ,v]ona4 #h4 ,"p ( a ,glory ( ,angels4 ,ambrogio ,borgognone4 #i4 ,w+$ ,g5ius4 ,egyptian4 #aj4 ,w+$ ,figure4 ,n9eveh ,m>bles4 #aa4 ,s]aph4 ,anci5t ,greek ,mosaic4 #ab4 ,angels4 ,orcagna4 #ac4 ,fi]y ,*]ub4 ,raphael4 #ad4 ,angel1 hymn+ ! ,virg94 ,francia4 #ae4 ,pip+ ,angel4 ,gian ,bell9i4 #af4 ,greek ,angel be>+ ! ,moon4 #ag4 ,angels on ,horseback4 ,ca!dral ( ,aux]re4 #ah4 ,angels expell+ ,adam & ,eve4 ,n4 ,pisano4 #ai4 ,angels :o visit ,abraham4 ,raphael4 #bj4 ,plan ( ! ,ricc>di ,*apel4 ,flor5ce4 #ba4 ,lam5t+ ,angel4 ,campo ,santo4 #bb4 ,! ,angel wre/les ) ,jacob4 ,greek ,m9iature4 #bc4 ,greek ,angel4 ,m9iature4 #bd4 ,greek ,angels4 ,mosaic4 #be4 ,angels4 ,f4 ,granacci4 #bf4 ,angel 9 a ,crucifixion4 ,alb]t ,dr]4 #bg4 ,angels ( ! #ag? ,c5tury4 #bh4 ,angel4 ,p\ss94 #bi4 ,angels rejoic+4 ,w4 ,blake4 #cj4 ,two ,ar*angels4 ,cimabue4 #ca4 ,! ,ar*angels ,mi*ael & ,raphael4 ,campo ,santo4 #cb4 ,angels be>+ ! ,in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion4 ,campo ,santo4 #cc4 ,! ,?ree ,ar*angels be> ! ,infant ,*ri/4 #cd4 ,/4 ,mi*ael z ,patron ,sa9t4 ,angelico da ,fiesole4 #ce4 ,e>ly ,symbol ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ! ,dragon4 ,bas-relief4 #cf4 ,/4 ,mi*ael ov]comes ! ,demon4 ,m>t9 ,s*o54 #cg4 ,! same subject4 ,raphael4 #ch4 ,/4 ,mi*ael z ,patron ,sa9t4 ,mabuse4 #ci4 ,/4 ,mi*ael z ,angel ( ,judgm5t & ,"l ( ,s\ls4 ,ju/us ( ,gh5t4 #dj4 ,/4 ,mi*ael z ,"l ( ,s\ls4 ,luca ,signorelli4 #da4 ,egyptian ,symbol4 #db4 ,/4 ,gabriel4 ,lor5zo ( ,monaco4 #dc4 ,/4 ,gabriel4 ,wilhelm ( ,cologne4 #dd4 ,angel ann\nc+ ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg94 ,filippo ,lippi4 #de4 ,/4 ,gabriel4 ,van ,eyck4 #df4 ,/4 ,raphael4 ,murillo4 #dg4 ,/4 ,raphael4 ,rembr&t4 #dh4 ,! ,symbol ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,mosaic4 #di4 ,! ,tetramorph4 ,greek4 #ej4 ,symbol ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,mosaic4 #ea4 ,symbol ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,mosaic4 #eb4 ,symbol ( ,/4 ,john4 ,mosaic4 #ec4 ,symbol ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,mosaic4 #ed4 ,symbol ( ,/4 ,john4 ,m9iature4 #ee4 ,symbol ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,sculpture4 #ef4 ,my/ical ,figures ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,angelico da ,fiesole4 #eg4 ,figure f ,n9eveh4 ,briti% ,museum4 #eh4 ,w+$ ,/4 ,m>k4 ,hans ,beham4 #ei4 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,raphael4 #fj4 ,/4 ,john4 ,hans ,heml+4 #fa4 ,/4 ,john ) ! ,eagle4 ,raphael4 #fb4 ,/4 ,john z ,prophet4 ,raphael4 #fc4 ,/4 ,john 9 ! ,isl& ( ,patmos4 ,lucas van ,leyd54 #fd4 ,! ,twelve ,apo/les1 z ,%eep4 ,mosaic4 #fe4 ,/4 ,philip4 ,orcagna4 #ff4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,c>lo ,crivelli4 #fg4 ,/4 ,pet]4 ,greek ,type4 #fh4 ,/4 ,pet] ) "o ,key4 ,taddeo ,gaddi4 #fi4 ,/4 ,paul4 ,greek ,type4 #gj4 ,/4 ,pet] z ,pope4 ,cola dell' ,amatrice4 #ga4 ,rep5tance ( ,pet]4 ,bas-relief1 #crd ,c5tury4 #gb4 ,crucifixion ( ,pet]4 ,giotto4 #gc4 ,/4 ,pet]1 z ,keep] ( ! ,gates ( ,p>adise4 ,simone ,memmi4 #gd4 ,/4 ,&rew4 ,pet] ,vis*]4 #ge4 ,/4 ,james ,major4 ,giovanni ,santi4 #gf4 ,santiago slay+ ! ,moors4 ,c>reo de ,mir&a4 #gg4 ,/4 ,james ,major z ,patron4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 #gh4 ,! ,miracle ( ! ,f[ls4 ,lo ,spagna4 #gi4 ,/4 ,philip4 ,alb]t ,dr]4 #hj4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,giotto4 #ha4 ,/4 ,?omas4 ,raphael4 #hb4 ,/4 ,james ,m9or4 ,l4 van ,leyd54 #hc4 ,/4 ,mat?ias4 ,raphael4 #hd4 ,angel sw++ ! ,c5s]4 ,alb]t ,dr]4 #he4 ,/4 ,j]ome do+ ,p5ance4 ,titian4 #hf4 ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,raphael4 #hg4 ,/4 ,j]ome heal+ ! ,lion4 ,coll' ,antonio da ,fiore4 #hh4 ,v5etian ,/4 ,j]ome4 #hi4 ,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,murillo4 #ij4 #8,la ,pnit5ce de ,/4 ,jean ,*ryso/ome4' ,alb]t ,dr]4 #ia4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,/atue4 ,donatello4 #ib4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,l4 van ,leyd54 #ic4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,timoteo della ,vite4 #id4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,murillo4 #ie4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,annibale ,c>acci4 #if4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,alb]t ,dr]4 #ig4 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt dy+4 ,pietro da ,cortona4 #ih4 ,angel4 ,raphael4 ,et*+s4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,aft] ,giulio ,romano4 ,! ,orig9al ,fresco1 :i* is 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 0 cut f ! wall ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti1 at ,rome ,title ,,ii4 ,a ,v5etian ,votive ,picture 9 commemoration ( a ,pe/il5ce 7probably ! pe/il5ce ( #aeab1 9 :i* ,giorgione p]i%$74 ,/4 ,m>k1 en?ron$ z ! ,patron ,sa9t ( ,v5ice1 holds 8 ,gospel2 on ! "r ,/4 ,seba/ian & ,/4 ,ro*1 ,protectors aga9/ ! ,plague2 on ! left1 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian1 ,patron ,sa9ts ( ! ,heal+ ,art4 ,sket* aft] ,titian4 ,! ,orig9al ,picture1 rem>kable = beauty ( expression1 & spl5d\r & h>mony ( col\r1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute1 at ,v5ice #bb ,,iii4 ,angels ( ! ,planets4 ,raphael4 ,f ! f9e set ( ,engrav+s by ,l4 ,grun]1 aft] ! ,frescoes 9 ! ,cappella ,*igiana at ,rome #hj ,,iv4 #a4 ,/4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,virg94 ,aft] ! ,picture 9 ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke attribut$ to ,raphael4 #b4 ,/4 ,m>k att5d$ by ,/4 ,gregory4 ,aft] ,correggio #aef ,v4 ,! ,madonna della ,c9tola4 ,! ,virg91 z %e asc5ds to heav51 pres5ts h] girdle to ,/4 ,?omas2 :o kneels by ! tomb1 :i* is full ( roses4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,leg5d4 ,f a ,picture by ,francesco ,granacci 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y #bdh ,,vi4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]4 #a4 ,aft] ,giotto4 #b4 ,aft] ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 #c4 ,aft] ,raphael4 7,= ?is et*+ ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,george ,s*>f47 #bfa ,,vii4 ,! ,f\r ,lat9 ,fa!rs4 ,f a ,picture by ,antonio ,viv>9i1 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice #bhj ,,viii4 ,! ,five ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,draw+ f an ,anci5t ,greek ,picture 9 ! ,vatican #cbd ,,ix4 ,m>?a conducts h] ,si/] ,m>y ,magdal5e to ! ,pres5ce ( our ,"l4 ,f ! ,engrav+ by ,m>c' ,antonio1 aft] ,raphael #cha ,illu/ration3 #a ,laus ,deo6 ,introduction4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,leg5ds ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,art4 ,we _c look r\nd a picture gall]y--we _c turn ov] a portfolio ( pr9ts aft] ! old ma/]s1 nor ev5 ! mod]n engrav+s :i* p\r ^u u daily1 f ,p>is1 ,muni*1 or ,b]l9--)\t p]ceiv+ h[ _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ productions ( ,art1 m p>ticul>ly ^? :i* h desc5d$ to u f ! e>ly ,italian & ,g]man s*ools1 repres5t incid5ts & *>act]s tak5 f ! once popul> leg5ds ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is =m ( #8,h]o-,wor%ip' has become1 s9ce ! ,re=mation1 /range to u--z f> remov$ f our sympa?ies & associations z if x 7 antec$5t to ! fall ( ,babylon & relat$ to ! religion ( ,zoroa/]1 in/ead ( be+ left b two or ?ree c5turies beh9d u & closely connect$ ) ! fai? ( our =efa!rs & ! hi/ory ( civilisation & ,*ri/ianity4 ,( late ye>s1 ) a gr[+ passion = ! works ( ,art ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !re has aris5 among u a desire to compreh5d ! /ate ( feel+ :i* produc$ !m1 & ! leg5ds & traditions on :i* !y are f\nd$2--a desire to und]/&1 & to br+ to "s sur] critical te/1 repres5tations :i* h become famili> )\t be+ intelligible4 ,to enable u to d ?is1 we mu/ pause = a mom5t at ! outset2 &1 be=e we plunge into ! mid/ ( ?+s1 asc5d to high] gr\nd1 & comm& a f> wid] range ( illu/ration ?an has yet be5 attempt$1 9 ord] to take cognizance ( pr9ciples & results :i*1 if n new1 mu/ be contemplat$ 9 a new relation to ea* o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,leg5d>y ,art ( ! ,middle ,ages sprang out ( ! leg5d>y lit]ature ( ! prec$+ ages4 ,= ?ree c5turies at lea/1 ?is lit]ature1 ! only lit]ature :i* exi/$ at ! "t1 =m$ ! sole m5tal & moral n\ri%m5t ( ! p ( ,europe4 ,! romances ( ,*ivalry1 :i* long aft]w>ds succe$$1 7 conf9$ to p>ticul> classes1 & left no impress on ,art1 beyond ! m9iature illum9ations ( a few manuscripts4 ,?is leg5d>y lit]ature1 on ! contr>y1 :i* _h work$ itself into ! life ( ! p1 became1 l ! antique my?ology1 z a liv+ s\l diffus$ ?r\gh ! lovelie/ =ms ( ,art1 /ill vivid & vivify+1 ev5 :5 ! old fai? 9 its my/ical significance 0 lo/ or =gott54 ,& x is a mi/ake to suppose t ^! leg5ds _h _! sole orig9 9 ! bra9s ( dream+ monks4 ,! wilde/ ( !m _h "s basis ( tru? to re/ on1 & ! =ms :i* !y gradually assum$ 7 b ! necess>y result ( ! age :i* produc$ !m4 ,!y became ! int5se expression ( t inn] life1 :i* revolt$ aga9/ ! desolation & empt9ess ( ! outw>d exi/5ce2 ( ^? cru%$ & outrag$ sympa?ies :i* cri$ al\d = re/1 & refuge1 & solace1 & c\ld n[h]e f9d !m4 ,x w be said1 #8,9 ! pur] doctr9e ( ! ,,gospel4' ,b :]e 0 t to be f\nd8 ,! ,gospel 0 n !n ! h]itage ( ! poor3 ,*ri/1 z a com=t]1 walk$ n among m54 ,8 own bless$ tea*+ 0 inaccessible except to ! le>n$3 x 0 %ut up 9 r>e manuscripts2 x 0 p]v]t$ & sophi/icat$ by ! passions & ! bl9dness ( ^? few to :om x 0 accessible4 ,! bitt] disputes 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* relative to ! nature ( ! ,godhead1 ! subtle di/9ctions & incompreh5sible argum5ts ( ! !ologians1 ! dread ent]ta9$ by ! pr$om9ant *ur* ( any het]odox op9ions conc]n+ ! div9ity ( ! ,r$eem]1 _h all conspir$ to remove ,him1 9 8 p]sonal "* ( ,tea*] & ,savi\r1 f> away f ! he>ts ( ! b5ight$ & mis]able p--f>1 f> away into regions speculative1 my/]i\s1 spiritual1 :i!r !y c\ld n1 d>$ n foll[ ,him4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 z x has be5 rem>k$ by a di/+ui%$ writ]1 #8,*ri/ became ! object ( a remot]1 a m awful adoration4 ,! m9d began1 !re=e1 to seek out1 or eag]ly to seize1 "s o!r m mat]ial be+s 9 clos] alliance ) human sympa?ies4' ,& ! same au?or1 aft] trac+ 9 vivid & beautiful language ! dang]\s b natural consequ5ces ( ?is feel+1 ?us sums up ! result3 #8,dur+ ! p]il\s & gloomy days ( p]secution1 ! rev]5ce = ^? :o endur$ m>tyrdom = ! religion ( ,*ri/ _h gr[n up out ( ! be/ feel+s ( man's improv$ nature4 ,rev]5ce gradually grew into v5]ation1 wor%ip1 adoration3 & al?\gh ! m rigid !ology ma9ta9$ a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! hon\r %[n to ! m>tyrs1 & t address$ to ! ,r$eem] & ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! l9e 0 too f9e & invisible n to be transgress$ by excit$ popul> feel+4'#a 99 99 99 99 99 #8,we live1' says ! poet1 #8?r\gh admiration1 hope1 & love4' ,out ( ^! vital aspirations--n inde$ always #8well or wisely plac$1' b nev]1 z 9 ! hea!n my?ology1 degrad$ to vici\s & contemptible objects--arose & spread ! univ]sal passion = ! traditional hi/ories ( ! sa9ts & m>tyrs1--p]sonages ende>$ & sanctifi$ 9 all he>ts1 p>tly z examples ( ! l(tie/ virtue1 p>tly z b5ign int]cessors betwe5 suff]+ humanity & t ,deity :o1 9 e o!r light ?an z a ,god ( ,v5geance1 _h be5 veil$ f _! eyes by ! p]v]sities ( s*oolm5 & fanatics1 till ,he _h rec$$ beyond _! rea*1 almo/ beyond _! compreh5sion4 ,( ! preval5ce & ( ! incalculable influ5ce ( ?is leg5d>y lit]ature f ! sev5? to ! t5? c5tury1 t is1 j ab\t ! p]iod :5 ,mod]n ,art 0 /ruggl+ into exi/5ce1 we h a mo/ /rik+ picture 9 ,guizot's #8,hi/oire de la ,civilisation4' #8,z aft] ! siege ( ,troy 7says ?is philosophical & eloqu5t writ]7 !re 7 f\nd1 9 e city ( ,greece1 m5 :o collect$ ! traditions & adv5tures ( h]oes1 & sung !m = ! recreation ( ! p1 till ^! recitals became a national passion1 a national poetry1 s1 at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 ! traditions ( :at may be call$ ! h]oic ages ( ,*ri/ianity _h ! same int]e/ = ! nations ( ,europe4 ,!re 7 m5 :o made x _! bus9ess to collect !m1 to transcribe !m1 to read or recite !m al\d1 = ! edification & delight ( ! p4 ,& ?is 0 ! only lit]ature1 prop]ly s call$1 ( t "t4#8 ,n[1 if we g back to ! au!ntic hi/ories ( ! suff]+s & h]oism ( ! e>ly m>tyrs1 we %all f9d en\gh !re1 bo? ( ! wond]ful & ! affect+1 to ju/ify ! cr$ulity & en?usiasm ( ! unlett]$ p1 :o saw no reason :y !y %\ld n believe 9 "o miracle z well z 9 ano!r4 ,9 ^! univ]sally diffus$ leg5ds1 we may recognise ! means1 at lea/ "o ( ! means1 by :i* a m]ciful ,provid5ce1 work+ ?r\gh its own immutable laws1 _h provid$ aga9/ ! utt] depravation1 almo/ ext9ction1 ( society4 ,( ! #8,d>k ,ages1' emphatically s call$1 ! p]iod to :i* ,i allude 0 p]haps ! d>ke/2 x 0 #8( ,night's black ar* ! key-/one4' ,at a "t :5 m5 7 giv5 ov] to ! dire/ evils t c afflict humanity1--ignorance1 idl5ess1 wick$ness1 mis]y2 at a "t :5 ! e-day incid5ts ( life 7 a violation ( all ! moral in/9cts ( mank9d2 at a "t :5 all ?+s seem$ ab&on$ to a bl9d *ance1 or ! brutal law ( =ce2 :5 !re 0 no repose1 no refuge1 no safety any:]e2 :5 ! p[]ful inflict$1 & ! weak endur$1 :atev] we c conceive ( mo/ revolt+ & intol]able2 :5 slav]y 0 recognis$ by law ?r\gh\t ,europe2 :5 m5 fl$ to cloi/]s1 to %ut !mselves f oppression1 & wom5 to %ield !mselves f outrage2 :5 ! mann]s 7 h>%1 ! language gross2 :5 all ! s(t] social s5tim5ts1 z pity1 rev]5ce1 t5d]ness1 f\nd no re/+-place 9 ! actual relations ( life2 :5 = ! high] ranks !re 0 only ! fi]ce excitem5t ( w>1 & on ! humbl] classes lay ! we>y1 dre>y monotony ( a /agnant exi/5ce1 poor 9 pleasures ( e k9d1 )\t aim1 )\t hope2 !n--wondr\s reaction ( ! ineffaceable in/9cts ( good implant$ )9 u6--arose a lit]ature :i* rev]s$ ! outw>d ord] ( ?+s1 :i* ass]t$ & kept alive 9 ! he>ts ( m5 ^? pure pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity :i* 7 outrag$ 9 _! daily actions2 a lit]ature 9 :i* peace 0 repres5t$ z bett] ?an w>1 & suff]ance m dignifi$ ?an resi/ance2 :i* exhibit$ pov]ty & toil z hon\rable1 & *>ity z ! fir/ ( virtues2 :i* held up to imitation & emulation1 self-sacrifice 9 ! cause ( good & contempt ( dea? = consci5ce' sake3 a lit]ature1 9 :i* ! t5d]ness1 ! *a/ity1 ! h]oism ( woman1 play$ a conspicu\s "p2 :i* di/9ctly prote/$ aga9/ slav]y1 aga9/ viol5ce1 aga9/ impurity 9 ^w & de$2 :i* refre%$ ! fev]$ & d>k5$ _s ) images ( moral beauty & tru?2 reveal$ bright glimpses ( a bett] l&1 :]e #8! wick$ cease f tr\bl+1' & br\ght d[n ! angels ( ,god ) %9+ w+s & be>+ cr[ns ( glory1 to d battle ) ! demons ( d>kness1 to cat* ! fleet+ s\l ( ! triumphant m>tyr1 & c>ry x at once into a p>adise ( et]nal bless$ness & peace6 ,n[ ! ,leg5d>y ,art ( ! ?ree c5turies :i* comprise ! revival ( le>n+1 01 z ,i h said1 ! reflection ( ?is lit]ature1 ( ?is tea*+4 ,consid]$ 9 ?is po9t ( view1 c we easily ov]rate its int]e/ & importance8 99 99 99 99 99 ,:51 aft] ! long p]iod ( d>kness :i* foll[$ ^u ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! ,f9e ,arts began to revive1 ! fir/1 & = sev]al ages ! only1 impress !y receiv$ 0 t ( ! religi\s _s ( ! "t4 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,music1 & ,ar*itecture1 z !y em]g$ "o aft] ano!r f ! #8=mless void1' 7 press$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b x is a mi/ake to suppose t 9 adroitly adapt+ ! reviv+ ,arts to h] purposes1 9 t magnific5t _s ( calculation :i* at all times *>act]is$ h]1 ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+ select$ ! subjects1 or dictat$ ! use t 0 to be made ( !m4 ,we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 edicts & c\ncils repress+ ! popul> extravagances 9 ?is respect1 & d5\nc+ ^? apocryphal v]sions ( sacr$ ev5ts & traditions :i* _h become ! delight ( ! p4 ,b va9 7 c\ncils & edicts2 ! tide 0 too /rong to be s *eck$4 ,! ,*ur* f\nd h]self oblig$ to accept & m\ld to h] own objects ! exotic elem5ts %e c\ld n eradicate4 ,%e absorb$1 s to speak1 ! evils & errors %e c\ld n expel4 ,!re seems to h be5 at ?is "t a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! popul> leg5ds1 ) all _! wild mixture ( nor!rn & classical sup]/itions1 & ! ,*ur* leg5ds prop]ly s call$4 ,! fir/ great object to :i* reviv+ ,art 0 de/9$1 0 to r5d] ! ,*ri/ian places ( wor%ip a !atre ( in/ruction & improvem5t = ! p1 to attract & to int]e/ !m by repres5tations ( sc5es1 ev5ts1 & p]sonages1 already s famili> z to require no explanation1 appeal+2 at once to _! intellig5ce & _! sympa?ies2 embody+ 9 beautiful %apes 7beautiful at lea/ 9 _! eyes7 associations & feel+s & memories deep-root$ 9 _! v he>ts1 & :i* _h influ5c$1 9 no slight degree1 ! progress ( civilisation1 ! developm5t ( m9d4 ,^u ^! creations ( anci5t ,art we _c look z ^? did = :om !y 7 creat$2 we _c annihilate ! c5turies :i* lie betwe5 u & !m2 we _c1 9 simplicity ( he>t1 =get ! arti/ 9 ! image he has plac$ be=e u1 nor supply :at may be defici5t 9 8 "w1 ?r\gh a rev]5tially excit$ fancy4 ,we are critical1 n cr$ul\s4 ,we no long] accept ?is poly!i/ic =m ( ,*ri/ianity2 & !re is little dang]1 ,i suppose1 ( our fall+ aga9 into ! /range excesses ( sup]/ition to :i* x l$4 ,b if we h n mu* sympa?y ) mod]n imitations ( ,m$ival ,art1 /ill less %\ld we sympa?ise ) t n>r[ puritanical jeal\sy :i* holds ! monum5ts ( a real & e>ne/ fai? 9 contempt4 ,all t ,god has p]mitt$ once to exi/ 9 ! pa/ %\ld be consid]$ z ! possession ( ! pres5t2 sacr$ = example or w>n+1 & held z ! f\ndation on :i* to build up :at is bett] & pur]4 ,x %\ld seem an e/abli%$ fact1 t all revolutions 9 religion1 9 gov]nm5t1 & 9 art1 :i* beg9 9 ! _s ( scorn1 & 9 a sweep+ de/ruction ( ! antec$5t condition1 only t5d to a reaction4 ,our puritanical ance/ors *opp$ (f ! heads ( ,madonnas & ,sa9ts1 & paid vagabonds to sma% ! /ori$ w9d[s ( our ca!drals2--n[1 are ^! reject$ & outrag$ %apes ( beauty com+ back to u1 or are we n r go+ back to !m8 ,z a ,prote/ant1 ,i might fe> le/ 9 do+ s we conf\nd ! et]nal _s ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! mutable =ms 9 :i* x has deign$ to speak to ! he>ts ( m51 =ms :i* mu/ ( necessity v>y ) ! degree ( social civilisation1 & be> ! impress ( ! feel+s & fa%ions ( ! age :i* produc$ !m2 b ,i mu/ also feel t we ought to compreh5d1 & to hold 9 due rev]5ce1 t :i* has once be5 consecrat$ to holie/ aims1 :i* has %[n u :at a magnific5t use has be5 made ( ,art1 & h[ x may /ill be adapt$ to good & glori\s purposes1 if1 :ile we respect ^! "t-consecrat$ images & types1 we d n all[ !m to fett] u1 b tru/ 9 ! progressive _s ( ,*ri/ianity to furni% u ) new imp]sonations ( ! good--new comb9ations ( ! beautiful4 ,i hate ! de/ructive z ,i rev]e ! progressive _s4 ,we mu/ laugh if any "o 7 to try & p]suade u t ! sun 0 guid$ along 8 blaz+ pa? by a #8fair-hair$ god :o t\*$ a gold5 lyre2' b %all we !re=e cease to adore 9 ! ,apollo ,belv$]e ! maje/ic symbol ( light1 ! mo/ div9e imp]sonation ( intellectual p[] & beauty8 ,s ( ! correspond+ ,*ri/ian symbols3--may t "t nev] come1 :5 we %all look up to ! effigy ( ! w+$ & radiant angel trampl+ d[n ! brute-fi5d1 )\t a gl[ ( fai? 9 ! p]petual supremacy & f9al triumph ( good ov] evil6 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ab\t a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! passion1 or ! fa%ion1 = collect+ works ( ,art1 began to be g5]ally diffus$ among ! ri* & ! noble ( ?is l&2 & x is amus+ to look back & to consid] ! p]v]sions & affectations ( ! w\ld-be connoisseur%ip dur+ ?is p]iod2--! v small /ock ( ideas on :i* p set up a pret5sion to ta/e--! false notions1 ! mixture ( p$antry & ignorance1 :i* ev]y:]e prevail$4 ,! publication ( ,ri*>dson's book1 & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds's ,disc\rses1 _h ?is advantage1--t !y1 to a c]ta9 degree1 diffus$ a m elevat$ idea ( ,art z ,art1 & t !y plac$ connoisseur%ip on a bett] & tru] basis4 ,9 ^? days we _h ,inquiries into ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ta/e1 ,treatises on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+2 & we ab\nd$ 9 ,antiqu>ian ,essays on disput$ ,pictures & mutilat$ ,/atues3 b !n1 & up to a late p]iod1 any inquiry into ! true _s & significance ( works ( ,art1 z connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,religion & ,civilisation1 w\ld h appe>$ ridicul\s--or p]haps dang]\s3--we %\ld h _h ano!r cry ( #8,no ,pop]y1' & acts ( p>liam5t =bidd+ ! importation ( ,sa9ts & ,madonnas4 ,x 0 =tunate1 p]haps1 t connoisseurs m$dl$ n ) su* high matt]s4 ,!y talk$ volubly & h>mlessly ( #8h&s1' & #8ma/]s1' & #8s*ools1'--( #8drap]ies1' ( #8t9ts1' ( #8h&l+1'--( #8f9e heads1' #8f9e compositions2' ( #8! grace ( ,raphael1' & ( ! #8,correggiosity ( ,correggio4' ,! v mann] 9 :i* ! names ( ! pa9t]s 7 p$antically us$ in/ead ( ! "n ( ! subject1 is indicative ( ?is factiti\s feel+2 ! only "q at issue 01 :e!r su* a picture 0 a g5u9e #8,raphael8' su* ano!r a g5u9e #8,titian8' ,! _s ( ! "w--:e!r t 0 g5u9e2 h[ f> x 0 influ5c$ by ! fai? & ! condition ( ! age :i* produc$ x2 :e!r ! conception 0 prop]ly *>act]i/ic1 & ( :at x 0 *>act]i/ic--( ! subject8 or ( ! s*ool8 or ( ! "t8--:e!r ! treatm5t correspond$ to ! idea )9 our own s\ls1 or 0 modifi$ by ! individuality ( ! arti/1 or by receiv$ conv5tionalisms ( all k9ds8--^! 7 que/ions :i* _h n !n occurr$ to any "o2 & ,i am n sure t we are mu* wis] ev5 n[3 yet1 sett+ aside all high] consid]ations1 h[ c we d common ju/ice to ! arti/1 unless we c br+ 8 "w to ! te/ ( tru?8 & h[ c we d ?is1 unless we "k :at to look =1 :at 0 int5d$ z to incid5t1 expression1 "*8 ,"o result ( our ignorance has be5 ! admiration wa/$ on ! flimsy mann]i/s ( ! lat] ages ( ,art2 m5 :o app>5tly _h no def9ite int5tion 9 any?+ !y did1 except a da%+ outl9e1 or a delicate f9i%1 or a /rik+ & attractive managem5t ( col\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is curi\s1 ?is g5]al ignorance ) reg>d to ! subjects ( ,m$ival ,art1 m p>ticul>ly n[ t x has become a reign+ fa%ion among u4 ,we f9d no su* ignorance ) reg>d to ! subjects ( ,classical ,art1 because ! associations connect$ ) !m =m a "p ( e lib]al education4 ,d we he> any "o say1 9 look+ at ,annibal ,c>acci's picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 #8,:i* is ,sil5us1 & :i* is ,apollo8' ,:o ev] conf\nds a ,v5us ) a ,m9]va1 or a ,ve/al ) an ,amazon2 or w\ld endure an undrap$ ,juno1 or a be>dless ,jupit]8 ,ev5 ! g>d5] 9 ,zeluco knew ,neptune by 8 #8=k1' & ,vulcan by 8 #8lame leg4' ,we are inde$ s accu/om$1 9 visit+ ! *ur*es & ! gall]ies abroad1 & ! collections at home1 to ! pr$om9ance ( sacr$ subjects1 t x has become a m]e matt] ( c\rse1 & excites no p>ticul> int]e/ & att5tion4 ,we h he>d x all acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! ,*ur* & *ur*m5 7 ! fir/1 & = a long "t ! only1 patrons ( ,art4 ,9 e sacr$ edifice1 & 9 e public or private collection enri*$ f ! plund] ( sacr$ edifices1 we look = ! usual proportion ( melan*oly m>tyrdoms & fictiti\s miracles1--= ! pr$om9ance ( ,madonnas & ,magdal5es1 ,/4 ,ca!r9es & ,/4 ,j]omes3 b :y ^! %\ld pr$om9ate1 :y c]ta9 ev5ts & *>act]s f ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t %\ld be cont9ually repeat$1 & o!rs comp>atively neglect$2 :5ce ! pr$ilection = c]ta9 leg5d>y p]sonages1 :o seem$ to be multipli$ to inf9ity1 & ! r>ity ( o!rs2 ( ?is we "k no?+4 ,we h le>n$1 p]haps1 aft] runn+ ?r\gh half ! gall]ies & *ur*es 9 ,europe1 to di/+ui% a few ( ! attributes & *>act]i/ic figures :i* meet u at e turn1 yet )\t any cle> idea ( _! mean+1 d]ivation1 or relative propriety4 ,! palm ( victory1 we "k1 designates ! m>tyr triumphant 9 dea?4 ,we s f> emulate ! critical sagacity ( ! g>d5] 9 ,zeluco t we h le>n$ to di/+ui% ,/4 ,laur5ce by 8 gridiron1 & ,/4 ,ca!r9e by h] :eel4 ,we are n at a loss to recognise ! ,magdal5e's #8loose hair & lift$ eye1' ev5 :5 )\t h] skull & h] vase ( o9tm5t4 ,we le>n to "k ,/4 ,francis by 8 br[n habit & %av5 cr[n & wa/$ ard5t features2 b d we di/+ui% him f ,/4 ,an?ony1 or ,/4 ,dom9ick8 ,z = ,/4 ,george & ! dragon--f ! ,/4 ,george ( ! ,l\vre1--,raphael's1--:o sits 8 horse ) ! elegant tranquillity ( "o assur$ ( cele/ial aid1 d[n to him #8:o sw+s on a sign po/ at m9e ho/ess's door1'--he is our famili> acqua9tance4 ,b :o is t lovely be+ 9 ! fir/ blu% ( y\?1 :o1 be>+ al(t ! symbolic cross1 /&s ) "o foot on ! vanqui%$ dragon8 #8,t is a copy aft] ,raphael4' ,& :o is t maje/ic creature hold+ h] palm bran*1 :ile ! unicorn cr\*es at h] feet8 #8,t is ! fam\s ,moretto at ,vi5na4' ,are we satisfi$8--n 9 ! lea/6 b we try to look wis]1 & pass on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! old times ! pa9t]s ( ^! leg5d>y sc5es & subjects c\ld always reckon securely on c]ta9 associations & c]ta9 sympa?ies 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators4 ,we h outgr[n ^! associations1 we repudiate ^! sympa?ies4 ,we h tak5 ^! works f _! consecrat$ localities1 9 :i* !y once held ea* _! d$icat$ place1 & we h hung !m 9 our draw+-rooms & our dress+-rooms1 ov] our pianos & our side-bo>ds--& n[ :at d !y say to u8 ,t ,magdal5e1 weep+ amid h] hair1 :o once spoke com=t to ! s\l ( ! fall5 s9n]--t ,seba/ian1 arr[-pi]c$1 ^: upw>d ard5t glance spoke ( c\rage & hope to ! tyrant-ridd5 s]f1--t poor tortur$ slave1 to ^: aid ,/4 ,m>k comes sweep+ d[n f above1--c !y speak to u ( no?+ save fl[+ l9es & correct draw+ & gorge\s col\r8 mu/ we be told t "o is a ,titian1 ! o!r a ,guido1 ! ?ird a ,t9toret1 be=e we d>e to melt 9 compassion or admiration8--or ! mom5t we ref] to _! anci5t religi\s signification & influ5ce1 mu/ x be ) disda9 or ) pity8 ,?is1 z x appe>s to me1 is to take n a rational1 b r a mo/ irrational z well z a mo/ irrev]5t1 view ( ! "q2 x is to conf9e ! pleasure & improvem5t to be d]iv$ f works ( ,art )9 v n>r[ b\nds2 x is to seal up a f\nta9 ( ! ri*e/ poetry1 & to %ut out a ?\s& ennobl+ & inspir+ ?\ghts4 ,happily !re is a gr[+ appreciation ( ^! l>g] pr9ciples ( criticism z appli$ to ! /udy ( ,art4 ,p look at ! pictures :i* hang r\nd _! walls1 & h an awak5+ suspicion t !re is m 9 !m ?an meets ! eye--m ?an m]e connoisseur%ip c int]pret2 & t !y h ano!r1 a deep]1 significance ?an has be5 dream$ ( by picture deal]s & picture collectors1 or ev5 picture critics4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,to ,,be ,,drawn ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,devotional ,,& ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,subjects4 ,at fir/1 :5 ent]+ on a subject s b\ndless & s div]sifi$1 we are at a loss = "s lead+ classification :i* %all be di/9ct & intelligible1 )\t be+ me*anical4 ,x appe>s to me1 t all sacr$ repres5tations1 9 z f> z !y appeal to s5tim5t & imag9ation1 resolve !mselves into two great classes1 :i* ,i %all call ! ,,devotional & ! ,,hi/orical4 ,devotional pictures are ^? :i* portray ! objects ( our v5]ation ) ref]5ce only to _! sacr$ "*1 :e!r /&+ s+ly or 9 company ) o!rs4 ,!y place be=e u no action or ev5t1 real or suppos$4 ,!y are nei!r portrait nor hi/ory4 ,a gr\p ( sacr$ p]sonages :]e no action is repres5t$1 is call$ 9 ,italian a #8sacra conv]sazione3' ! ^w conv]sazione1 :i* signifies a society 9 :i* !re is communion1 be+ "h1 z x appe>s to me1 us$ ) peculi> propriety4 ,all subjects1 !n1 :i* exhibit to u sacr$ p]sonages1 alone or 9 gr\ps1 simply 9 ! "* ( sup]ior be+s1 mu/ be consid]$ z devotionally treat$4 ,b a sacr$ subject1 )\t los+ :olly its religi\s import1 becomes hi/orical ! mom5t x repres5ts any /ory1 incid5t1 or action1 real or imag9$4 ,all pictures :i* exhibit ! ev5ts ( ,scripture /ory1 all ^? :i* express ! actions1 miracles1 & m>tyrdoms ( sa9ts1 come "u ?is class2 & to ?is di/9ction ,i mu/ call ! att5tion ( ! read]1 reque/+ t x may be borne 9 m9d ?r\gh\t ?is "w4 ,we mu/ also recollect t a /ory1 action1 or fact may be s repres5t$ z to become a symbol expressive ( an ab/ract idea3 & "s scriptural & "s leg5d>y subjects may be devotional1 or hi/orical1 accord+ to ! s5tim5t convey$3 = example1 ! ,crucifixion & ! ,la/ ,supp] may be s repres5t$ z ei!r to exhibit an ev5t1 or to express a symbol ( our ,r$emption4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us exhibits1 9 ! catacombs1 a my/ical emblem ( ! g5]al resurrection2 9 ! gr& picture by ,seba/ian del ,piombo1 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 x is a sc5e f ! life ( our ,savi\r4 ,among ! leg5d>y subjects1 ! p5ance ( ! ,magdal5e1 & ,/4 ,m>t9 divid+ 8 cloak1 may be m]ely incid5ts1 or !y may be symbolical1 ! fir/ ( p5it5ce1 ! latt] ( *>ity1 9 ! g5]al s5se4 ,&1 aga91 !re are "s subjects :i*1 ?\gh express+ a sc5e or an action1 are :olly my/ical & devotional 9 _! import2 z ! vision ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! gr&e/ ( ! devotional subjects1 we may reckon ^? compositions :i* repres5t ! :ole cele/ial hi]>*y2 ! div9e p]sonages ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! angels & ar*angels1 & ! beatifi$ spirits ( ! j4 ,su* is ! subject call$ ! #8,p>adiso1' s (t5 met ) 9 pictures & ecclesia/ical decoration1 :]e ,*ri/ is en?ron$ 9 glory3 su* is also ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 t anci5t & popul> symbol ( ! triumph ( ,religion or ! ,*ur*2 ! ,adoration ( ! ,lamb2 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 f ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ord] ( prec$5ce 9 ^! sacr$ assemblages 0 e>ly settl$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & 0 almo/ z absolute z t ( a mod]n code ( hon\r4 ,fir/ aft] ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 z ,reg9a ,angelorum1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/3 !n1 9 ord]1 ! ,evangeli/s2 ! ,patri>*s2 ! ,prophets2 ! ,apo/les2 ! ,fa!rs2 ! ,bi%ops2 ! ,m>tyrs2 ! ,h]mits2 ! ,virg9s2 ! ,monks1 ,nuns1 & ,confessors4 ,z examples1 ,i may cite ! ,p>adiso ( ,angelico1 9 ! ,flor5ce ,academy2 ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 by ,hans ,meml+1 9 ! ,wall]/e9 collection1 :i* conta9s n less ?an fifty-two figures1 all individualis$ ) _! prop] attributes2 & :i*1 if x 7 possible1 %\ld be consid]$ 9 contra/ ) ! ,coronation by ,angelico4 ,! ,flemi% pa9t] seems to h c>ri$ 8 int5se impression ( e>?ly & individual life into ! regions ( heav52 ! ,italian1 ?r\gh a pur] inspiration1 seems to h br\ght all ,p>adise d[n be=e u ^u e>?4 ,9 ! ,adoration ( ! ,lamb by ,van ,eyck1 !re are n few] ?an two hundr$ figures4 ,= ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ! gr& compositions ( ,orcagna 9 ! ,campo ,santo1--( ,luca ,signorelli & ,angelico at ,orvieto1--& ! fresco ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 may be consult$4 ,:]e ! usual ord] is v>i$1 !re is g5]ally "s reason = x2 = in/ance1 9 ! exaltation ( a fav\rite sa9t1 z we sometimes f9d ,/4 ,dom9ick & ,/4 ,francis by ! side ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul3 & among ! m9iatures ( t extraord9>y ,,ms41 ! ,hortus ,delici>um1 n[ at ,/rasb\rg1 pa9t$ = a virg9 abbess1 !re is a #8,p>adiso' 9 :i* ! pa9t]1 ei!r by h] comm& or 9 complim5t to h]1 has plac$ ! virg9s imm$iately aft] ! angels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! repres5tation ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) sa9ts gr\p$ ar\nd !m1 is a devotional subject famili> to u f its con/ant recurr5ce4 ,x also frequ5tly happ5s t ! tutel>y sa9t ( ! locality1 or ! patron sa9t ( ! vot>y1 is repres5t$ z seat$ on a rais$ ?rone 9 ! c5tre2 & o!r sa9ts1 ?\gh "u e o!r circum/ance tak+ a sup]ior rank1 become "h accessories1 & are plac$ on ea* side or l[] d[n 9 ! picture3 = example1 :]e ,/4 ,augu/9e is en?ron$1 & ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul /& on ea* side1 z 9 a picture by ,b4 ,viv>9i1#b or :]e ,/4 ,b>b>a is en?ron$1 & ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,ca!r9e /& on ea* side1 z 9 a picture by ,matteo di ,si5a4#c ,9 su* pictures1 ! vot>y or donor is (t5 introduc$ kneel+ at ! feet ( 8 patron1 ei!r alone or accompani$ by 8 wife & o!r memb]s ( 8 family3 & to express ! excess ( 8 humility1 he is sometimes s dim9utive 9 proportion to ! colossal object ( 8 v5]ation1 z to be almo/ lo/ to sight2 we h frequ5t examples ( ?is navet ( s5tim5t 9 ! old mosaics & votive alt>-pieces2 = in/ance1 9 a beautiful old fresco at ,assisi1 :]e ! ,magdal5e1 a maje/ic figure ab\t six feet high1 holds out h] h& 9 b5$iction to a little ,franciscan fri> ab\t a foot 9 height3 b x 0 ab&on$ z b>b>\s 9 ! lat] s*ools ( ,art1 & ! vot>y1 :5 reta9$1 appe>s ( ! natural size2 z 9 ! ,madonna del ,donatore ( ,raphael#d1 :]e ,sigismond ,conti is almo/ ! f9e/ & mo/ /rik+ "p ( t ine/imable picture3 & 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,mey] family by ,holbe94#e ,:5 a bi%op is introduc$ into a gr\p ( sa9ts kneel+1 :ile all ! o!rs are /&+1 he may be suppos$ to be ! ,donatore or ,divoto1 ! p]son :o pres5ts ! picture4 ,:5 he is /&+1 he is "o ( ! bi%op-patrons or bi%op-m>tyrs1 ( :om !re are "s hundr$s1 & :o are m difficult to discrim9ate ?an any o!r pictur$ sa9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ?is leads me to ! subject ( ! s-call$ ana*ronisms 9 devotional subjects1 :]e p]sonages :o liv$ at diff]5t & di/ant p]iods ( "t are f\nd gr\p$ toge!r4 ,x is curi\s to f9d ! critics ( ! la/ c5tury treat+ ) pity & ridicule1 z ! result ( ignorance or a b>b>\s un=m$ ta/e1 ! noble/ & mo/ spiritual conceptions ( poetic art4 ,ev5 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds _h s little idea ( ! true object & feel+ ( su* repres5tations1 t he ?9ks x necess>y to apologise = ! error ( ! pa9t]1 or ! mi/ak5 piety ( 8 employ]4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! p]sonages "h br\ght toge!r 9 _! sacr$ "* belong no m to our e>?1 b to heav5 & et]nity3 = !m !re is no long] "t or place2 !y are "h assembl$ toge!r 9 ! p]petual #8communion ( sa9ts1'--immortal contempor>ies 9 t k+dom :]e ! ,angel ( ! ,apocalypse proclaim$ #8t !re %\ld be "t no long]4' ,su* gr\ps are sometimes arrang$ ) an artless solemnity1 all ! p]sonages /&+ & look+ /raight out ( ! picture at ! wor%ipp]4 ,sometimes !re is a t\* ( dramatic s5tim5t1 :i*1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! solemn devotional feel+1 lights up ! :ole ) ! *>m ( a purpose3 z 9 ! ,correggio at ,p>ma1 :]e ,/4 ,j]ome pres5ts 8 translation ( ! ,scriptures to ! infant ,*ri/1 :ile an angel turns ! leaves1 & ,m>y ,magdal5e1 symbol ( r$emption & reconciliation1 b5ds to kiss ! feet ( ! ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our ance/ors ( ! middle ages 7 n p>ticul> 9 draw+ t /rong l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! classical1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian p]iods ( hi/ory1 t we d4 ,!y saw only ,*ri/5dom e :]e2 !y reg>d$ ! pa/ only 9 relation to ,*ri/ianity4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 ! e>ly ecclesia/ical monum5ts & edifices su* a /range assemblage ( pagan1 scriptural1 & ,*ri/ian wor?ies2 z1 ,hector ( ,troy1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,k+ ,david1 ,judas ,maccabeus1 ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ,/4 ,george1 ,godfrey ( ,b\logne1 ,lucretia1 ,virg9ia1 ,judi?1 ,/4 ,elizabe?1 ,/4 ,bridget 7z 9 ! ,cross ( ,nuremburg74 ,9 ! curi\s ,manual ( ,greek ,art1 publi%$ by ,didron1 we f9d ! ,greek philosoph]s & poets ent]+ into a s*eme ( ecclesia/ical decoration1 z 9 ! c>v$ /alls 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ulm1 :]e ,solon1 ,apollonius1 ,plut>*1 ,plato1 ,sophocles1 are repres5t$1 hold+ ea* a scroll1 on :i* is inscrib$ a passage f _! works1 int]pret$ into an allusion to ! com+ ( ,*ri/3 & ,i h se5 a picture ( ! ,nativity 9 :i* ! sibyls are danc+ h&-9-h& ar\nd ! cradle ( ! new-born ,savi\r4 ,?is may appe> pr(ane to "s1 b ! compreh5sion ( ! :ole univ]se )9 ! pale ( ,*ri/ianity /rikes me z be+ 9 ! mo/ ca?olic1 z well z 9 ! mo/ poetical1 _s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is 9 devotional subjects t we commonly f9d ^? an?ropomorphic repres5tations ( ! ,div9ity :i* %ock dev\t p2 & :i* no excuse or argum5t c r5d] endurable to ^? :o see 9 !m only ignorant irrev]5ce1 or int5tional pr(an5ess4 ,x might be plead$ t ! pr(an5ess is n int5tional2 t emblems & =ms are1 9 ! imitative arts1 :at figures ( spee* are 9 language2 t only ?r\gh a figure ( spee* c any attempt be made to place ! idea ( ,almighty ,p[] be=e u4 ,famili> expressions1 consecrat$ by ,scripture usage1 repres5t ! ,deity z repos+1 wak+1 /ret*+ =? 8 h&1 sitt+ on a ?rone2 z pleas$1 angry1 v5geful1 rep5tant2 & ! anci5t pa9t]s1 speak+ ! language prop] to _! art1 appe> to h turn$ ^! emblematical words into emblematical pictures4 ,i =be> to say m on ?is po9t1 because ,i h tak5 ?r\gh\t ! poetical & n ! religi\s view ( ,art1 & ?is is an objection :i* mu/ be left1 z a matt] ( feel+1 to ! am\nt ( c&\r & k 9 ! critical read]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! sacr$ subjects1 prop]ly call$ ,,hi/orical1 we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :i* are ,scriptural1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t2 & ^? :i* are ,leg5d>y4 ,( ! fir/1 = ! pres5t2 ,i d n speak1 z !y w be fully treat$ h]eaft]4 ,! hi/orical subjects f ! lives ( ! sa9ts consi/ pr9cipally ( ,miracles & ,m>tyrdoms4 ,9 ! fir/1 x is wor? rem>k+ t we h no pictur$ miracle :i* is n imitat$ f ! ,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t 7unless x be an obvi\s emblem1 z :]e ! sa9t c>ries 8 own head74 ,!re is no act ( sup]natural p[] relat$ ( any sa9t :i* is n record$ ( "s great scriptural p]sonage4 ,! object 0 to repres5t ! fav\rite patron z a copy ( ! great univ]sal type ( b5efic5ce1 ,,*ri/ ,,our ,,r$eem]4 ,& !y 7 n satisfi$ t ! resemblance %\ld lie 9 "* only2 b %\ld emulate ! p[] ( ,*ri/ 9 8 visible actions4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! common p ( ! middle ages did n1 & c\ld n1 di/+ui% betwe5 miracles accr$it$ by ! te/imony ( ,scripture1 & ^? :i* 7 fabrications1 or at lea/ exagg]ations4 ,all miracles relat$ z div9e int]position 7 to !m equally possible1 equally cr$ible4 ,if a m ext5d$ k ( ! natural laws r5d]s u 9 ^! days less cr$ul\s1 x also %[s u t _m ?+s 7 possible1 "u p>ticul> conditions1 :i* 7 long deem$ sup]natural4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we f9d 9 ! leg5d>y pictures1 t ! bir? ( sev]al sa9ts is ann\nc$ by an angel1 or 9 a dream1 z 9 ! /ories ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,/4 ,ro*1 c4 ,!y exhibit precoci\s piety & wisdom1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 :o also calms a tempe/1 & guides ! /orm-toss$ vessel safe to l&4 ,!y walk on ! wat]1 z 9 ! /ories ( ,/4 ,raymond & ,/4 ,hyac9?2 or a riv] divides1 to let !m pass1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,/4 ,alban4 ,sa9ts are f$ & com=t$ miracul\sly1 or deliv]$ f prison by angels2 or resi/ fire1 l ! #8,?ree ,*ildr54' ,! multiplication ( bread1 & ! trans=mation ( wat] into w9e1 are /&+ miracles4 ,b ^? :i* mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 pictures1 are ! heal+ ( ! sick1 ! lame1 ! bl9d2 ! ca/+ out ( demons1 ! re/oration ( ! dead1 or "s o!r manife/ation ( compassionate & b5efic5t p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ( ! pictur$ leg5ds are p>tly scriptural1 p>tly hi/orical1 z ! /ory ( ,/4 ,pet]2 o!rs are cle>ly religi\s apologues f\nd$ on fact or tradition1 z ^? ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt & ,/4 ,*ri/oph]2 o!rs are obvi\sly & purely allegorical1 z ! ,greek /ory ( ,/4 ,sophia 7i4 e4 ,heav5ly ,wisdom1 7 & h] cele/ial prog5y1 ,/4 ,fai?1 ,/4 ,hope1 & ,/4 ,*>ity1 all m>tyr$ by ! bl9d & cruel ,pagans4 ,! names s\nd z if borr[$ f ! #8,pilgrim's ,progress2' & x is curi\s to f9d ,bunyan's allegorical leg5d1 ! fav\rite picture-book ( ! p1 appe>+ j at ! "t :5 ! leg5ds & pictures ( ! sa9ts became objects ( puritanical horror1 & supply+ _! place 9 ! popul> imag9ation4 ,m>tyrdoms are only too common3 !y pres5t to u ,*ri/ianity "u its mo/ my/ical aspect--! deification ( suff]+2 b to r5d] ^! repres5tations effective1 !y %\ld be pa!tic )\t be+ t]rible1 !y %\ld speak to u ,( melan*oly fe> subdu$ by fai?1 ,( bless$ consolations 9 di/ress2 b n ( ! horrid cruelty ( man t[>ds man4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ by my fri5d ,m4 ,rio1 7to ^: *>m+ & eloqu5t exposition ( ,*ri/ian ,art ,i ref] ) ev]-new delight17 t ! e>ly pa9t]s ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom avoid$ ^! subjects1 & t _! preval5ce 9 ecclesia/ical decoration m>k$ ! decl9e ( religi\s feel+1 & ! deg5]acy ( ,art4 ,b ?is rem>k does n apply to ,byzant9e ,art2 = we f9d f ! exact description ( a picture ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,euphemia 7bo? ! picture & ! description dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury71 t su* repres5tations 7 !n common1 & 7 appeal$ to 9 ! same mann] z n[1 to excite ! feel+s ( ! p4 ,! m>tyrdoms g5]ally met ) are ^? ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,/eph5 ,protom>tyr1 ,/4 ,laur5ce1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,^! we f9d ev]y:]e1 9 all c\ntries & localities4 ,:]e ! patron ( ! *ur* or *apel is a m>tyr1 8 m>tyrdom holds a conspicu\s place1 (t5 ov] ! high alt>1 & accompani$ by all ! mov+ circum/ances :i* c excite ! pity1 or horror1 or en?usiasm ( ! pi\s vot>ies2 b 9 ! be/ examples we f9d ! sa9t prep>+ = 8 dea?1 n suff]+ ! torm5ts actually inflict$2 s t ! m9d is elevat$ by ! s5tim5t ( 8 c\rage1 n di/urb$ & disgu/$ by ! spectacle ( 8 agonies4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,patron ,,sa9ts1 ,,:o ,,are ,,commonly ,,gr\p$ ,,toge!r ,,9 ,,works ,,( ,,art1 ,,or ,,:o ,,belong ,,to ,,p>ticul> ,,c\ntries1 ,,cities1 ,,or ,,localities4 ,:ile su* assemblages ( holy p]sons z are f\nd gr\p$ toge!r 9 devotional pictures are to be consid]$ z q indep5d5t ( *ronology1 we %all f9d t ! selection has be5 nei!r caprici\s nor arbitr>y1 &1 ) a little consid]ation1 we %all discov] ! lead+ idea 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ t1 at lea/1 :i* 0 int5d$ to be convey$ to ! m9d ( ! spectator1 & :i* 0 mu* m intelligible 9 =m] times ?an x is n[4 ,sometimes we f9d c]ta9 sa9ts plac$ 9 companion%ip1 because !y are ! jo9t patrons & protectors ( ! city or locality = :i* ! picture 0 pa9t$4 ,?us 9 ! ,bologna pictures we con/antly f9d ! bi%op ,/4 ,petronius1 ,/4 ,eloy1 ,/4 ,dom9ick1 & ! w>rior ,/4 ,proculus2 :ile 9 ! ,v5etian pictures we h p]petual ,/4 ,m>ks1 ,/4 ,georges1 & ,/4 ,ca!r9es4 ,or1 secondly1 !y are connect$ by k9dr$ p[]s & attributes4 ,?us we f9d ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ! patron aga9/ pe/il5ce1 9 company ) ,/4 ,ro*1 :o m9i/]$ to ! sick ( ! plague4 ,?us ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! two patrons ( s*ool !ology1 are (t5 f\nd 9 companion%ip4 ,:]e ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,b>b>a are f\nd toge!r1 ! fir/ figures z patroness ( ! ecclesia/ical1 & ! second ( ! milit>y1 p[]--or !y repres5t respectively ! contemplative & ! active life4 ,or1 ?irdly1 !y are comb9$ 9 ! fancy by "s inevitable association2 z ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,/eph5 are (t5 9 ! same picture1 because ,/4 ,augu/9e d$icat$ "s ( 8 mo/ eloqu5t works to ! glory ( ! m>tyr4 ,or !y 7 fri5ds on e>?1 = :i* reason ,/4 ,cyprian & ,/4 ,cornelius are plac$ toge!r4 ,or _! relics repose 9 ! same spot2 :5ce ,/4 ,/eph5 & ,/4 ,laur5ce h become almo/ insep>able4 ,:5 ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,/4 ,laur5ce are plac$ toge!r1 7z 9 a lovely composition ( ,p>migiana :]e !y sit read+ out ( ! same book17 x is because ( ! simil>ity ( _! fate1 & t ! popul> tradition suppos$ !m to be bro!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a po9t ( m g5]al importance1 & capable ( m def9ite explanation1 is ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 sacr$ p]sonages 9 p>ticul> s*ools ( ,art4 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian1 = in/ance1 are p]petually recurr+ 9 ! ,flor5t9e pictures z ! patron sa9ts ( ! ,m$ici family4 ,9 ! ,lomb>d pictures ,/4 ,ambrose is (t5 f\nd )\t 8 compe]s--n z doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 b z bi%op ( ,milan4 ,9 ! ,si5a pictures1 we may look = ! nun ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 & ,/4 ,ansano1 ! apo/le ( ! ,si5ese1 hold+ 8 bann] & palm4 ,& 9 ! ,augu/9e *apels & *ur*es1 ,/4 ,augu/9e figures1 n z doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 b z patri>* ( ! ,ord]4 ,a bi%op-m>tyr1 hold+ 8 palm1 & n o!rwise designat$ ei!r by "n or attribute1 w\ld be--9 "o if ,p]ug9o's pictures1 ,/4 ,ercolano or ,/4 ,co/anzo2 9 a ,flor5t9e picture1 ,/4 ,donato or ,/4 ,romulo2 if ! picture 7 pa9t$ 9 ! ,m>* ( ,ancona1 x w\ld probably be ,/4 ,apoll9>is ( ,rav5na2 at ,naples x w\ld be ,/4 ,janu>ius2 at ,p>is1 or 9 a picture pa9t$ = a ,fr5* *ur*1 ( :i* !re are _m 9 ,italy1 x w\ld be ,/4 ,d5is2 & 9 ,g]man pr9ts1 ,/4 ,boniface or ,/4 ,lamb]t4 ,i ne$ n fur!r multiply examples4 ,if ! locality f :i* ! picture came w sometimes det]m9e ! names ( ! p]sonages1 s ! p]sonages repres5t$ w (t5 expla9 ! purpose & int5d$ situation ( ! picture4 ,!re is 9 ,"l ,a%burton's gall]y a noble gr\p repres5t+ toge!r ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,leon>d1 ,/4 ,m>?a1 & ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,su* a comb9ation po9ts x out at once z int5d$ = a *>itable in/itution1 &1 on enquiry1 we f9d t x 0 pa9t$ = ! *apel ( a bro!rhood associat$ to r$eem prison]s1 to ransom slaves1 to "w = ! poor1 & to conv]t ! s9n] to rep5tance4 ,_m su* int]e/+ & in/ructive analogies w be po9t$ out 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages1 & ! obs]v] ( works ( ,art w discov] o!rs = himself4 ,i add "h1 9 alphabetical ord]1 ^? c\ntries & localities ( :i* ! patron sa9ts are di/+ui%$ 9 works ( ,art4#f ,,ancona3 ,/4 ,cyriacus1 ,bi%op2 & 8 "m ,anna1 ,m>tyr4 ,,arezzo3 ,/4 ,donato1 ,bi%op4 ,,a/i1 ,,nov>a1 & all ?r\gh ! cities ( ,,pi$mont & ! nor? ( ,italy1 we f9d ! ,w>rior1 ,/4 ,maurice1 & 8 companions ,/4 ,secundus1 ,/4 ,alex&]1 & ! o!r ,m>tyrs ( ! ,!ban ,legion4 ,,augsburg3 ,/4 ,ulri*1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,afra1 ,m>tyr4 ,,au/ria3 ,/4 ,leopold1 ,/4 ,/eph51 ,/4 ,maximilian1 ,/4 ,coloman4 ,,bamb]g3 ,/4 ,h5ry & ,/4 ,cunegunda1 ,emp]or & ,empress4 ,,b>celona3 ,/4 ,eulalia1 ,m>tyr4 7,9 ,spani% pictures only47 ,,bav>ia3 ,/4 ,george1 ,m>tyr4 ,,b]gamo3 ,/4 ,alex&]1 ,w>rior2 ,/4 ,grata1 ,wid[4 ,,bohemia3 ,/4 ,john ,nepomuck1 ,prie/2 ,/4 ,w5ceslaus1 ,k+2 ,/4 ,ludmilla1 ,que52 ,/4 ,vitus1 "y ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,procopius1 ,h]mit4 ,,bologna3 ,/4 ,petronius1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,dom9ick1 ,fri>2 ,/4 ,proculus1 ,w>rior ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,eloy 7,eligio71 ,bi%op & ,smi?4 ,,brescia3 ,/4 ,fau/9us & ,jovita2 ,/4 ,julia1 ,/4 ,afra1 ,m>tyrs4 ,,bruges3 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,,burgundy3 ,/4 ,&rew1 ,apo/le4 ,,cologne3 ,! ,?ree ,k+s2 ,/4 ,ursula1 ,virg9 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,g]eon1 ,w>rior ,m>tyr4 ,,como3 ,/4 ,abbondio1 ,bi%op4 ,,cortona3 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,nun & ,p5it5t4 ,,cremona3 ,/4 ,omobuono1 ,secul> ,habit4 ,,f]r>a3 ,/4 ,gem9iano1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,george1 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ,m>tyr4 ,,fiesole3 ,/4 ,romolo1 ,bi%op4 ,,flor5ce3 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/2 ,/4 ,z5obio1 ,/4 ,anton9o1 ,bi%ops2 ,/4 ,rep>ata1 ,virg9 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,damian 7! ,apo!c>y ,sa9ts1 especial patrons ( ! ,m$ici family72 ,/4 ,v]diana1 ,nun2 ,/4 ,m9iato1 ,w>rior4 ,,france3 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ,angel2 ,/4 ,dionysius 7,d5is71 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,g5evive1 ,virg92 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,bi%op4 ,,g5oa3 ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,laur5ce1 ,m>tyrs4 ,,gh5t3 ,/4 ,bavon1 ,pr9ce & ,h]mit4 ,,gr5oble3 ,/4 ,hugh ! ,c>?usian4 ,,irel&3 ,/4 ,patrick1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,bridget1 ,abbess4 ,,lucca3 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,fr$iano1 ,prie/2 ,/4 ,zita1 ,virg94 ,,liege3 ,/4 ,hub]t1 ,bi%op & ,huntsman2 ,/4 ,lamb]t1 ,bi%op4 ,,madrid3 ,/4 ,isidore1 ,lab\r]2 ,/4 ,dom9ick1 ,fri>2 7,patron ( ! ,escurial1 ,/4 ,laur5ce74 ,,mantua3 ,/4 ,&rew2 ,/4 ,b>b>a2 ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,long9us1 ,w>rior ,sa9ts4 ,,m>seilles & all ,,prov5ce3 ,/4 ,laz>us2 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal52 ,/4 ,m>?a2 ,/4 ,m>cella4 ,,mess9a3 ,/4 ,aga?a1 ,m>tyr4 ,,milan3 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,bi%op & ,doctor2 ,/4 ,g]vasius & ,/4 ,protasius1 ,m>tyrs2 ,/4 ,maurice1 ,/4 ,victor1 ,w>riors4 ,,mod5a3 ,/4 ,gem9iano1 ,bi%op4 7,9 ,pictures ( ! ,correggio ,s*ool47 ,,naples3 ,/4 ,janu>ius1 ,m>tyr4 ,,nov>a3 ,/4 ,gaud5zio1 ,bi%op4 ,,nuremburg3 ,/4 ,laur5ce1 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,sebald1 ,pilgrim & ,h]mit4 7,! latt] an important p]son 9 pictures & pr9ts ( ! ,alb]t ,dr] s*ool47 ,,padua3 ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua1 ,fri>4 ,,p>is3 ,/4 ,g5evive1 ,virg92 ,/4 ,g]ma91 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,hippolitus1 ,m>tyr4 ,,p>ma3 ,/4 ,john1 ,b42 ,/4 ,?omas ! ,apo/le2 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,monk2 ,/4 ,hil>y 7,il>io71 ,bi%op4 ,,p]ugia3 ,/4 ,ercolano & ,/4 ,co/anzo1 ,bi%ops4 ,,piac5za3 ,/4 ,ju/9a1 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,anton9us1 ,w>rior 7,!ban ,legion74 ,,pi$mont & ,,savoy3 ,/4 ,john1 ,b42 ,/4 ,maurice & ,/4 ,george1 ,w>riors2 ,/4 ,amadeus1 ,k+4 ,,pisa3 ,/4 ,rani]i1 ,h]mit2 ,/4 ,torp1 ,w>rior2 ,/4 ,ephesus & ,/4 ,potita1 ,w>riors4 7,^! only 9 ! anci5t ,pisan s*ool47 ,,rav5na3 ,/4 ,appol9>is1 ,bi%op4 ,,rim9i3 ,/4 ,juliana1 ,m>tyr4 7,a "y sa9t1 popul> all ?r\gh ! nor? & d[n ! ea/ coa/ ( ,italy47 ,,seville3 ,/4 ,le&]1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,ju/9a1 ,/4 ,ruf9a1 ,si/]s & ,m>tyrs4 7,^! are only f\nd 9 ,spani% pictures47 ,,sicily3 ,/4 ,vitus1 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,rosalia1 ,recluse 7,pal]mo72 ,/4 ,aga?a 7,mess9a71 ,/4 ,lucia 7,syracuse71 ,m>tyrs4 ,,si5a3 ,/4 ,ansano1 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 ,nun2 ,/4 ,b]n>d9o1 ,fri>4 ,,?ur+ia & all t "p ( ,,saxony3 ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y2 ,/4 ,boniface1 ,bi%op4 ,,tol$o3 ,/4 ,ildefonso1 ,bi%op2 & ,/4 ,leocadia1 ,m>tyr4 7,only 9 ,spani% pictures47 ,,treviso3 ,/4 ,lib]ale1 ,w>rior4 ,,tur93 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/2 ,/4 ,maurice1 ,w>rior4 ,,umbria3 ,all ?r\gh ?is region & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,italy1 v important 9 respect to ,art1 ! fav\rite sa9ts are--,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,fri>2 ,/4 ,cl>a1 ,nun2 ,/4 ,julian1 ,m>tyr2 & ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,virg9 ,m>tyr4 ,,val5cia3 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,m>tyr4 ,,v5ice3 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,apo/le2 ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,!odore1 ,w>riors2 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,/4 ,*ri/9a1 ,virg9 ,m>tyrs4 ,,v]celli3 ,/4 ,eusebius1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,?rone/us1 ,w>rior 7,!ban ,legion74 ,,v]ona3 ,/4 ,z5o1 ,bi%op2 ,/4 ,f]mo1 ,m>tyr2 ,/4 ,euphemia1 ,m>tyr4 ,,votive ,,pictures are ^? :i* h be5 d$icat$ 9 c]ta9 religi\s edifices1 9 fulfilm5t ( v[s2 ei!r z ! expression ( ?anksgiv+ = bless+s :i* h be5 v\*saf$1 or propitiative aga9/ calamities to be av]t$4 ,! f> great] numb] ( ^! pictures commemorate an escape f dang]1 sickness1 dea?2 & m especially1 "s visitation ( ! plague1 t t]rible & frequ5t sc\rge ( ! middle ages4 ,! significance ( su* pictures is g5]ally indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,seba/ian or ,/4 ,ro*1 ! patrons aga9/ ! plague2 or ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian1 ! heal+ & m$ical sa9ts2 accompani$ by ! patron sa9ts ( ! c\ntry or locality1 if x be a public act ( devotion2 or1 if d$icat$ by private or individual piety1 ! donor kneels1 pres5t$ by 8 own patron sa9t4 ,9 g5]al1 ?\gh n always1 ?is expressive gr\p is arrang$ 9 att5dance on ! en?ron$ ,madonna & h] div9e ,son1 z ! univ]sal protectors f all evil4 ,su* pictures are among ! mo/ int]e/+ & rem>kable ( ! works ( sacr$ ,art :i* rema9 to u1 & h (t5 a pa!tic & poetical beauty1 & an hi/orical significance1 :i* x is a *ief purpose ( ^! volumes to int]pret & illu/rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,st4 ,damian4 ,st4 ,m>k4 ,st4 ,ro*4 ,a4 ,j4 fecit ,st4 ,cosmo4 ,st4 ,seba/ian4 ,a ,v5etian votive picture aga9/ ! plague4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,emblems ,,& ,,attributes4 ,to "k some?+ ( ! attributes & emblems ( g5]al application1 z well z ^? prop] to ea* sa9t1 is absolutely necess>y2 b x w also greatly assi/ ! fancy & ! memory to und]/& _! orig9 & significance4 ,= ?is reason ,i w add a few words ( explanation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,glory1 ,,nimbus1 or ,,aureole--! ,*ri/ian attribute ( sanctity1 & us$ g5]ally to di/+ui% all holy p]sonages--is ( pagan orig94 ,x express$ ! lum9\s nebula 7,hom]1 ,il4 xxiii4 #bje71 suppos$ to emanate f1 & surr\nd1 ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 :i* /ood1 #8a %ade 9 mid/ ( its own brightness4' ,images ( ! gods 7 decorat$ ) a cr[n ( rays1 or ) />s2 & :5 ! ,roman emp]ors assum$ ! hon\rs due to div9ity1 !y appe>$ 9 public cr[n$ ) gold5 radii4 ,! colossal /atue ( ,n]o wore a circle ( rays1 imitat+ ! glory ( ! sun4 ,?is ornam5t became cu/om>y2 & n only ! fir/ ,cs>s1 b ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 adopt$ ! same div9e insignia2 & x became at l5g? s common t we f9d x on "s m$als1 r\nd ! heads ( ! consuls ( ! lat] empire4 ,consid]$ 9 ! ,ea/ z ! attribute ( p[] only1 :e!r good or evil1 we f9d1 :]ev] e>ly ,art has be5 develop$ "u ,byzant9e influ5ces1 ! nimbus ?us appli$4 ,satan1 9 _m ,greek1 ,saxon1 & ,fr5* m9iatures1 f ! n9? to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we>s a glory4 ,9 a psalt] ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,bea/ ( ! ,apocalypse ) sev5 heads has six heads surr\nd$ by ! nimbus2 ! sev5?1 w\nd$ & droop+1 is )\t ! sign ( p[]4 ,b 9 ,we/]n ,art ! associations ) ?is attribute 7 n m]ely ^? ( dignity1 b ( some?+ div9e & consecrat$4 ,x 0 = a long "t avoid$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian repres5tations z be+ appropriat$ by false gods or hea!n pride2 & :5 fir/ adopt$ does n seem cle>4#g ,! e>lie/ example cit$ is a gem ( ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury1 9 :i* ! glory r\nd 8 head seems to repres5t 8 apo!osis3 & 9 all in/ances x is evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t div9e glory & beatitude4 ,! glory r\nd ! head is prop]ly ! nimbus or aureole4 ,! oblong glory surr\nd+ ! :ole p]son1 call$ 9 ,lat9 ! vesica piscis1 & 9 ,italian ! m&orla 7almond71 f its =m1 is conf9$ to figures ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg91 or sa9ts :o are 9 ! act ( asc5d+ into heav54 ,:5 us$ to di/+ui% "o ( ! ?ree div9e p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity ! glory is (t5 cruci=m or triangul>4 ,! squ>e nimbus designates a p]son liv+ at ! "t ! "w 0 execut$4 ,9 ! frescoes ( ,giotto at ,assisi1 ! allegorical p]sonages are 9 "s in/ances di/+ui%$ by ! hexagonal nimbus4 ,9 o!r in/ances x is circul>4 ,f ! fif? to ! twelf? c5tury ! nimbus _h ! =m ( a disc or plate ov] ! head4#h ,f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? c5tury1 x 0 a broad gold5 b&1 r\nd1 or r beh9d1 ! head1 compos$ ( circle )9 circle1 (t5 adorn$ ) preci\s /ones1 & sometimes hav+ ! "n ( ! sa9t inscrib$ )9 x4 ,f ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 a bright fillet ov] ! head1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,9 pictures ! glory is always gold51 ! col\r ( light2 9 m9iatures & /a9$ glass ,i h se5 glories ( v>i\s col\rs1 r$1 blue1 or gre54#i 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,fi% 0 ! e>lie/1 ! mo/ univ]sal1 ( ! ,*ri/ian emblems1 p>tly z ! symbol ( wat] & ! rite ( baptism1 & also because ! five ,greek lett]s :i* express ! ^w ,fi% =m ! anagram ( ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is s5se we f9d ! fi% z a g5]al symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ^u ! s>cophagi ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians2 on ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs 9 ! catacombs2 on r+s1 co9s1 lamps1 & o!r ut5sils2 & z an ornam5t 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture4 ,x is usually a dolph91 :i* among ! ,pagans _h also a sacr$ significance4 ,! passage 9 ! ,gospel1 #8,foll[ me1 & ,i w make ye fi%]s ( m51' is suppos$ to h orig9at$ ! use ( ?is symbol2 & ,i may obs]ve "h1 t ! fi% plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,pet] has probably a d\ble or treble signification1 allud+ to 8 =m] occupation z a fi%]man1 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 vocation z a ,*ri/ian apo/le1 i4 e4 a fi%] ( m51 9 ! s5se us$ by ,*ri/2 & 9 ! same s5se we f9d x giv5 z an attribute to bi%ops :o 7 fam\s = conv]t+ & baptis+1 z ,/4 ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 & ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,cross4--,ab\t ! t5? c5tury ! ,fi% disappe>$1 & ! ,cross--symbol ( our r$emption1 f ! apo/olic times--became ! sole & univ]sal emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! cross plac$ 9 ! h& ( a sa9t is usually ! ,lat9 cross 7#a71 ! =m ascrib$ to ! cross on :i* our ,savi\r suff]$4 ,o!r crosses are us$ z emblems or ornam5ts1 b /ill hav+ ! same signification2 z ! ,greek cross 7#b71 9 :i* ! arms are all ( ! same l5g?2 ! transv]se cross1 on :i* ,/4 ,&rew is suppos$ to h suff]$1 9 ?is =m 7#c72 ! ,egyptian cross1 sometimes plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,philip ! apo/le1 & x 0 also ! =m ( ! crut* ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 & embroid]$ on 8 cope or robe--h5ce x is call$ ,/4 ,an?ony's cross 7#d74 ,!re is also ! ,maltese cross1 & v>i\s ornam5tal crosses4 ,! d\ble cross on ! top ( a /aff1 in/ead ( ! crosi]1 is borne by ! ,pope only2 ! /aff ) a s+le cross1 by ! ,greek bi%ops4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 ,at fir/ ! cross 0 a sign only4 ,:5 =m$ ( gold or silv]1 ! five w\nds ( ,*ri/ 7 signifi$ by a ruby or c>buncle at ea* extremity1 & "o 9 ! c5tre4 ,x 0 n till ! six? c5tury t ! cross became a ,,crucifix1 no long] an emblem b an image4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,lamb1 9 ,*ri/ian ,art1 is ! peculi> symbol ( ! ,r$eem] z ! sacrifice )\t blemi%3 9 ?is s5se x is giv5 z an attribute to ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! lamb is also ! g5]al emblem ( innoc5ce1 meekness1 mode/y2 9 ?is s5se x is giv5 to ,/4 ,agnes1 ( :om ,massillon said s beautifully1 #8peu de pudeur1 o il n'y a pas de religion2 peu de religion1 o il n'y a pas de pudeur4' ,! ,,pelican1 te>+ op5 h] brea/ to fe$ h] "y ) h] own blood1 0 an e>ly symbol ( our r$emption ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,"o or bo? ( ^! emblems are frequ5tly f\nd 9 anci5t crosses & crucifixes2 ! lamb at ! foot1 ! pelican at ! top1 ( ! cross4 ,! ,,dragon is ! emblem ( s9 9 g5]al1 & ( ! s9 ( idolatry 9 p>ticul>2 & ! dragon sla9 or vanqui%$ by ! p[] ( ! cross1 is ! p]petually recurr+ my?1 :i*1 v>i$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 we f9d runn+ ?r\gh all ! old ,*ri/ian leg5ds3 n subject to misappreh5sion 9 ! e>lie/ times2 b1 z ! cl\d ( ignorance d>k5$ & deep5$1 ! symbol 0 translat$ into a fact4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! dragon1 :i* is to u a phantasm & an allegory1 :i* 9 ! middle ages 0 ! visible %ape ( ! demon adv]s>y ( all tru? & goodness1 might h be51 z reg>ds =m1 orig9ally a fact3 = :]ev] we h dragon leg5ds1 :e!r ! sc5e be laid 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 or ,europe1 ! imput$ circum/ances & ! =m are little v>i$4 ,! dragons introduc$ into e>ly pa9t+ & sculpture s inv>iably repres5t a gigantic w+$ crocodile1 t x is presum$ !re mu/ h be5 "s common orig9 = ! type *os5 z if by common cons5t2 & t ?is common type may h be5 "s fossil rema9s ( ! ,saurian species1 or ev5 "s f>-(f dim tradition ( "o ( ^! trem5d\s reptiles surviv+ 9 ,heav5 kn[s :at va/ desolate morass or inl& lake1 & spread+ horror & deva/ation along its %ores4 ,at ,aix1 a huge fossilis$ head ( "o ( ! ,sauri 0 = a long "t pres]v$ z ! head ( ! id5tical dragon subdu$ by ,/4 ,m>?a2 & ,/4 ,j]ome relates t he _h himself beheld at ,tyre ! bones ( ! sea mon/] to :i* ,&rom$a _h be5 expos$--probably "s fossil rema9s :i* 9 ! popul> imag9ation 7 ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 told me t ! head ( a dragon 9 "o ( ! leg5d>y pictures he _h se5 9 ,italy closely resembl$ 9 =m t ( ! ,de9o!rium ,giganteum4 ,^! obs]vations h ref]5ce only to ! type adopt$ :5 ! old ,scripture allegory took =m & %ape4 ,! dragon ( ,holy ,writ is ! same z ! s]p5t1 i4 e41 p]sonifi$ s91 ! spiritual enemy ( mank9d4 ,! scriptural phrase ( ! #8jaws ( hell' is lit]ally r5d]$ 9 ! anci5t works ( ,art by ! huge jaws ( a dragon1 wide op5 & emitt+ flames1 into :i* ! s\ls ( s9n]s are tumbl$ headlong4 ,9 pictures1 s9 is also typifi$ by a s]p5t or snake2 9 ?is =m x is plac$ "u ! feet ( ! ,madonna1 sometimes ) an apple 9 its m\?2 sometimes1 b only 9 late pictures ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 w9d+ its gre5 scaly l5g? r\nd & r\nd a globe1 significant ( ! subjugation ( ! :ole e>? to ! p[] ( s9 till deliv]$ by ! ,r$eem]4 ,on ?is subject ,i %all h mu* m to say :5 treat+ ( ! pictures ( ! ,fall ( ,man1 & ! subjects tak5 f ! ,apocalypse3 = ! pres5t we ne$ only be> 9 m9d ! v>i\s significations ( ! popul> ,dragon my?1 :i* may %ad[ =? ! conque/ ov] s91 z 9 ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,m>g>et2 or ov] paganism1 z 9 ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,sylve/] & ,/4 ,george2 or sometimes a de/roy+ flood1 z 9 ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,m>?a1 :]e ! inundation ( ! ,rhone is figur$ by a dragon em]g+ f ! wat]s & spread+ ar\nd dea? & pe/il5ce1--l ! ,py?on ( ! ,grecian my?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,lion1 z an anci5t ,*ri/ian symbol1 is ( frequ5t recurr5ce1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ar*itectural decoration4 ,antiqu>ies are n agre$ z to ! exact mean+ atta*$ to ! my/ical lions plac$ 9 ! por*es ( s _m old ,lomb>d *ur*es2 sometimes ) an animal1 sometimes ) a man1 9 _! paws4 ,b we f9d t ! lion 0 an anci5t symbol ( ! ,r$eem]1 #8! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah3' also ( ! resurrection ( ! ,r$eem]2 because1 accord+ to an ori5tal fable1 ! lion's cub 0 born dead1 & 9 ?ree days its sire lick$ x into life4 ,9 ?is s5se x occurs 9 ! w9d[s ( ! ca!dral at ,b\rges4 ,9 ei!r s5se x may probably h be5 adopt$ z a frequ5t ornam5t 9 ! *ur* ut5sils1 & 9 ecclesia/ical decoration1 support+ ! pill>s 9 front1 or ! c>v$ ?rones1 c4 ,! lion also typifies solitude--! wild]ness2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 is plac$ ne> ,/4 ,j]ome & o!r sa9ts :o did p5ance1 or liv$ z h]mits 9 ! des]t2 z 9 ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,paul ! h]mit1 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt1 ,/4 ,on(rio4 ,fur!r1 ! lion z an attribute d5ot$ dea? 9 ! amphi!atre1 & ) ?is signification is plac$ ne> c]ta9 m>tyrs1 z ,/4 ,ignatius & ,/4 ,euphemia4 ,! lion1 z ! type ( =titude & resolution1 0 plac$ at ! feet ( ^? m>tyrs :o _h suff]$ ) s+ul> c\rage1 z ,/4 ,adrian & ,/4 ,natalia4#aj ,:5 o!r wild bea/s1 z wolves & be>s1 are plac$ at ! feet ( a sa9t attir$ z abbot or bi%op1 x signifies t he cle>$ wa/e l&1 out d[n =e/s1 & sub/itut$ ,*ri/ian culture & civilisation = paganism & ! lawless hunt]'s life3 su* is ! significance 9 pictures ( ,/4 ,magnus1 ,/4 ,flor5tius & ,/4 ,g]ma9 ( ,aux]re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,h>t or ,,h9d 0 also an emblem ( d\ble signification4 ,x 0 a type ( solitude & ( purity ( life1 & 0 also a type ( piety & religi\s aspiration1 adopt$ f ! =ty-second ,psalm1 #8,l z ! h>t pante? aft] ! wat]-brooks1 s pante? my s\l = !e1 ,o ,god6' ,:5 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! lion1 ! h>t1 & o!r emblems1 0 no long] pres5t to ! popul> m9d1 leg5ds 7 inv5t$ to acc\nt = !m2 & t :i* _h be5 a symbol1 became an incid5t1 or an hi/orical attribute1--z 9 ! /ories ( ! lion heal$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 or digg+ ! grave ( ,/4 ,paul2 ! miracul\s /ag :i* appe>$ to ,/4 ,eu/ace & ,/4 ,hub]t2 ! w\nd$ doe 9 ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,giles2 & ! h9d :i* spoke to ,/4 ,julian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,peacock1 ! bird ( ,juno1 0 an anci5t pagan symbol1 signify+ ! apo!osis ( an empress1 z we f9d f _m ( ! old ,roman co9s & m$als4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 accu/om$ to ?is int]pretation1 adopt$ x z a g5]al emblem ( ! mortal ex*ang$ = ! immortal exi/5ce2 &1 ) ?is signification1 we f9d ! peacock ) outspread tra9 on ! walls & ceil+s ( catacombs1 ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs1 & _m ( ! s>cophagi1 d[n to ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,x is only 9 mod]n times t ! peacock has become ! emblem ( worldly pride4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,cr[n1 z introduc$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,art1 is ei!r an emblem or an attribute4 ,x has be5 ! emblem f all antiquity ( victory1 & ( recomp5se due to sup]ior p[] or virtue4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w & ! image are us$ 9 ,scripture 9 _m passages3 = example1 #8,h5ce=? !re is laid up = me a cr[n ( glory4' ,& 9 ?is s5se1 z ! recomp5se ( ^? :o _h f\ght ! good fight to ! end1 & conqu]$1 ! cr[n became ! especial symbol ( ! glory ( m>tyrdom4 ,9 v anci5t pictures1 a h& is se5 com+ out ( heav5 hold+ a wrea? or circlet2 aft]w>ds x is an angel :o desc5ds ) a cr[n1 :i* is sometimes a coronet ( gold & jewels1 sometimes a wrea? ( palm or myrtle4 ,9 g5]al only ! female m>tyrs we> ! symbolical cr[n ( glory2 m>tyrs ( ! o!r sex hold ! cr[n 9 _! h&s1 or x is borne by an angel4 ,h5ce we may presume t ! cr[n1 :i* among ! ,jews 0 ! especial ornam5t ( a bride1 signifi$ ! bride or sp\se ( ,*ri/--"o d$icat$ to virg9ity = 8 sake2 & 9 ?is s5se1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! cr[n is plac$ on ! head ( a nun at ! mom5t ( consecration4 ,!re=e 9 ! old pictures ( female m>tyrs we may int]pret ! cr[n 9 ?is d\ble s5se1 z signify+ at once ! bride & ! m>tyr4 ,b x is necess>y also to di/+ui% betwe5 ! symbol & ! attribute3 ?us1 :]e ,/4 ,cecilia & ,/4 ,b>b>a we> ! cr[n1 x is ! symbol ( _! glori\s m>tyrdom2 :5 ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,ursula we> ! cr[n1 x is at once z ! symbol ( m>tyrdom & ! attribute ( _! royal rank z pr9cesses4 ,! cr[n is also ! symbol ( sov]eignty4 ,:5 x is plac$ on ! head ( ! ,virg91 x is z ,que5 ( ,heav51 & also z ! #8,sp\se' ( ,scripture allegory4 ,b ! cr[n is also an attribute1 & frequ5tly1 :5 worn by a sa9t or plac$ at 8 feet1 signifies t he 0 royal or ( pr9cely bir?3 z 9 ! pictures ( ,l\is ( ,france1 ,/4 ,william1 ,/4 ,elizabe?1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 & _m o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\r ,cr[ns ,! cr[ns 9 ! ,italian pictures are g5]ally a wrea?1 or a simple circle ( gold & jewels1 or a coronet radiat$ ) a few po9ts4 ,b 9 ! old ,g]man pictures ! cr[n is (t5 ( mo/ magnific5t workman%ip1 blaz+ ) jewels4 ,i h se5 a real silv] cr[n plac$ on ! figures ( c]ta9 popul> sa9ts1 b z a votive tribute1 n an emblem4 ,! ,,sword is also ei!r a symbol or an attribute4 ,z a symbol x signifies g5]ally m>tyrdom by any viol5t dea?1 &1 9 ?is s5se1 is giv5 to _m sa9ts :o did n die by ! sword4 ,z an attribute x signifies ! p>ticul> dea? suff]$1 & t ! m>tyr 9 ^: h& or at ^: feet x is plac$ 0 behead$3 9 ?is s5se x is giv5 to ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & _m o!rs4 ,x is giv5 also to ! w>rior-m>tyrs1 z ! attribute ( _! milit>y pr(ession4 ,o!r symbols ( m>tyrdom are ! ,,axe1 ! ,,lance1 & ! ,,club4 ,,arr[s1 :i* are attributes1 ,/4 ,ursula1 ,/4 ,*ri/9a1 & ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,! ,,poni>d1 giv5 to ,/4 ,lucia4 ,! ,,cauldron1 giv5 to ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,! ,,p9c]s & ,,%e>s1 ,/4 ,apollonia & ,/4 ,aga?a4 ,! ,,:eels1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,,fire & ,,flames are sometimes an emblem ( m>tyrdom & puni%m5t1 & sometimes ( religi\s f]v\r4 ,a ,,bell 0 suppos$ to h p[] to exorcise demons1 & = ?is reason is giv5 to ! haunt$ ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,! ,,%ell signifies pilgrimage4 ,! ,,skull1 p5ance4 ,! ,,anvil1 z an attribute ( m>tyrdom1 belongs to ,/4 ,adrian only4 ,! ,,palm1 ! anci5t classical symbol ( victory & triumph1 0 e>ly assum$ by ! ,*ri/ians z ! univ]sal symbol ( m>tyrdom1 & = ?is adaptation ( a pagan ornam5t !y f\nd w>rant 9 ,scripture3 ,rev4 vii4 #i1 #8,& aft] ?is ,i beheld1 &1 lo1 a great multitude /ood be=e ! ?rone clo!d ) :ite robes & ) palms 9 _! h&s4#8444 #8,& he said to me1 ,^! are !y :i* came out ( great tribulation4' ,h5ce 9 pictures ( m>tyrdoms an angel desc5ds ) ! palm2 h5ce x is figur$ on ! tombs ( e>ly m>tyrs1 & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o suff]$ 9 ! cause ( tru?1 z express+ _! f9al victory ov] ! p[]s ( s9 & dea?4 ,! s5sual ?9k ) rev]5ce ( ! palm ,:i* ! *a/e vot>y wields4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\r palm fronds ,! palm v>ies 9 =m f a small leaf to ! size ( a palm bran*1 almo/ a tree4 ,x is v small 9 ! e>ly ,italian pictures1 v l>ge 9 ! ,spani% pictures4 ,9 ! ,si5a pictures x has a bun* ( dates dep5d+ f x4 ,x is only 9 late pictures t ! palm1 ) a total disreg>d to ! sacr$ness ( its orig9al signification1 is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 or "u ! feet ( ! sa9t4 ,! ,,/&>d1 or bann]1 is also ! symbol ( victory1 ! spiritual victory ov] s91 dea?1 & idolatry4 ,x is borne by our ,savi\r aft] 8 resurrection1 & is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,maurice1 & o!r milit>y sa9ts2 9 ! h&s ( "s victori\s m>tyrs1 z ,/4 ,julian1 ,/4 ,ansano1 & ( ^? :o prea*$ ! ,gospel among infidels2 also 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,ursula & ,/4 ,rep>ata1 ! only female sa9ts1 ,i believe1 :o be> ?is attribute4 ,! ,,olive1 z ! well-kn[n emblem ( peace & reconciliation1 is figur$ on ! tombs ( ! e>ly m>tyrs2 sometimes )1 sometimes )\t1 ! dove4 ,! olive is borne z ! attribute ( peace by ! angel ,gabriel1 by ,/4 ,agnes1 & by ,/4 ,pantaleon2 sometimes also by ! angels 9 a ,nativity1 :o ann\nce #8peace on e>?4' ,! ,,dove 9 ,*ri/ian ,art is ! emblem ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 &1 besides its introduction into v>i\s subjects f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z ! ,annunciation1 ! ,baptism1 ! ,p5teco/1 x is plac$ ne> c]ta9 sa9ts :o are suppos$ to h be5 p>ticul>ly inspir$1 z ,/4 ,gregory1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,hil>ius1 & o!rs4 ,! dove is also a symbol ( simplicity & purity ( he>t1 & z su* x is introduc$ into pictures ( female sa9ts1 & especially ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,x is also ! emblem ( ! s\l2 9 ?is s5se x is se5 issu+ f ! lips ( dy+ m>tyrs1 & is f\nd 9 pictures ( ,/4 ,eulalia ( ,m]ida1 & ,/4 ,s*ola/ica ! si/] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,! ,,lily is ano!r symbol ( purity1 ( v g5]al application4 ,we f9d x 9 pictures ( ! ,virg91 & p>ticul>ly 9 pictures ( ! ,annunciation4 ,x is plac$ significantly 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,joseph1 ! husb& ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 8 /aff1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 hav+ put =? lilies2 x is giv51 z an emblem m]ely1 to ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua1 ,/4 ,dom9ick1 & ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 to express ! p>ticul> purity ( _! lives4 ,! ,,unicorn is ano!r anci5t symbol ( purity1 9 allusion to ! fable t x c\ld nev] be captur$ except by a virg9 /a9less 9 m9d & life2 x has become 9 consequ5ce ! emblem peculi>ly ( female *a/ity1 b 9 ,*ri/ian ,art is appropriate only to ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ,/4 ,ju/9a4 ,! ,,flam+ ,,he>t expresses f]v5t piety & love3 9 e>ly pictures x is giv5 to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 m]ely 9 allusion to a fam\s passage 9 8 #8,confessions2' b 9 ! lat] s*ools ( ,art x has become a g5]al & r vulg> emblem ( spiritual love3 9 ?is s5se x is giv5 to ,/4 ,!resa2 ,/4 ,m>ia ,maddal5a de' ,pazzi1 a ,flor5t9e nun2 & "s ( ! ,jesuit sa9ts4 ,! ,,book 9 ! h&s ( ! ,evangeli/s & ! ,apo/les is an attribute1 & repres5ts ! ,gospel4 ,9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,/eph5 x is ! ,old ,te/am5t2 9 ! h& ( any o!r sa9t x may be ! ,gospel1 b x may also be an emblem only1 signify+ t ! sa9t 0 fam\s = 8 le>n+ or 8 writ+s2 x has ?is s5se 9 pictures ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,/4 ,bonav5tura4 ,a ,,*ur* plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a sa9t signifies t he 0 ! f\nd] ( "s p>ticul> *ur*3 9 ?is s5se ,/4 ,h5ry be>s ! ca!dral ( ,bamb]g2 or1 t he 0 ! protector & fir/ bi%op ( ! *ur*1 z ,/4 ,petronius be>s ! ca!dral ( ,bologna4 ,i mu/ except ! s+le in/ance ( ,/4 ,j]ome2 ! *ur* 9 8 h&s signifies no p>ticul> edifice1 b1 9 a g5]al s5se1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ( :i* he 0 ! great support & "o ( ! primitive fa!rs2 to r5d] ! symbol m expressive1 rays ( light are se5 proce$+ f ! portal4 ,! ,,sc\rge 9 ! h& ( a sa9t1 or at 8 feet1 signifies ! p5ances he inflict$ ^u himself2 b 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 x signifies ! p5ance he inflict$ ^u o!rs4 ,! ,,*alice1 or ,sacram5tal ,cup1 ) ! ,ho/1 signifies ,fai?2 x is giv5 to ,/4 ,b>b>a4 ,! ,cup1 ) ! ,s]p5t1 is ! attribute ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! ,,%ip4--,! ,ark ( ,noah1 float+ safe amid ! ,deluge1 9 :i* all ?+s else 7 ov]:elm$1 0 an obvi\s symbol ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,subsequ5tly ! ,ark became a %ip4 ,/4 ,ambrose lik5s ! ,*ur* ( ,god to a %ip1 & ! ,cross to ! ma/ set 9 ! mid/ ( x4 #8,arbor qudam 9 n>i e/ crux 9 ecclesia4' ,! ,b>k ( ,/4 ,pet] toss$ 9 ! /orm1 & by ! ,r$eem] guid$ safe to l&1 0 also consid]$ z symbolical4 ,^! m+l$ associations comb9$ to give to ! emblem ( ! %ip a sacr$ significance4 ,e "o :o has be5 at ,rome w rememb] ! fam\s mosaic ( ! %ip toss$ by ! /orms1 & assail$ by demons1 call$ ,,! ,,navicella1 :i* 0 execut$ by ,giotto = ! old ,basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & is n[ "u ! ,portico1 opposite to ! pr9cipal door4 ,i believe t 9 ! pictures ( ,/4 ,ni*olas & ,/4 ,ursula ! %ip _h orig9ally a sacr$ & symbolical significance1 & t ! leg5ds 7 aft]w>ds inv5t$ or modifi$ to expla9 ! emblem1 z 9 s _m o!r in/ances4 ,! ,,an*or is ! ,*ri/ian symbol ( immovable firmness1 hope1 & pati5ce2 & 9 ?is s5se we f9d x v frequ5tly 9 ! catacombs1 & on ! anci5t ,*ri/ian gems4 ,x 0 giv5 to sev]al ( ! e>ly sa9ts z a symbol4 ,subsequ5tly a leg5d 0 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! symbol1 turn+ x into an attribute1 z 0 ! case ) ! lion & ! /ag4 ,= example3 to ,/4 ,clem5t ! an*or 0 fir/ giv5 z ! symbol ( 8 con/ancy 9 ,*ri/ian hope1 & !nce we f9d1 subsequ5tly inv5t$1 ! /ory ( 8 be+ ?r[n into ! sea ) ! an*or r\nd 8 neck4 ,on ! vane ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,clem5t 9 ! ,/r&1 ! an*or1 ! p>i% device1 0 anci5tly plac$2 & z 9 ! ,engli% fancy no an*or c be well sep>at$ f a %ip1 !y h lately plac$ a %ip on ! o!r side1--! orig9al signification ( ! an*or1 z appli$ to ,/4 ,clem5t ! m>tyr1 be+ unkn[n or =gott54 ,! ,,lamp1 ,,lant]n1 or ,,tap]1 is ! old emblem ( piety3 #8,let y\r light s %9e be=e m53'--& x also signifies wisdom4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se we f9d ?is attribute 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,gudula1 ,/4 ,g5evive ( ,p>is1 & ,/4 ,bridget2 :ile ! lamp 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,lucia signifies cele/ial light or wisdom4 ,,fl[]s & ,,fruits1 (t5 s beautifully introduc$ into ecclesia/ical works ( ,art1 may be m]ely ornam5tal2 ,crivelli1 & "s ( ! ,v5etian & ,lomb>d pa9t]s1 7 fond ( ri* fe/oons ( fruit1 & backgr\nds ( foliage & roses4 ,b 9 "s in/ances !y h a def9ite significance4 ,roses are symbolical 9 pictures ( ! ,madonna1 :o is ! #8,rose ( ,%>on4'#aa ,! wrea? ( roses on ! br[ ( ,/4 ,cecilia1 ! roses & fruits borne by ,/4 ,doro!a1 are expla9$ by ! leg5ds4 ,! apple 0 ! receiv$ emblem ( ! ,fall ( ,man & orig9al s94 ,plac$ 9 pictures ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ei!r 9 ! h& ( ! ,infant ,*ri/1 or pres5t$ by an angel1 x signifi$ ,r$emption f ! consequ5ces ( ! ,fall4 ,! pomegranate1 bur/+ op51 & ! se$s visible1 0 an emblem ( ! future--( hope 9 immortality4 ,:5 an apple1 a pe>1 or a pomegranate is plac$ 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e z ! my/ical ,sposa ( ,*ri/1 :i* cont9ually occurs1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,g]man pictures1 ! allusion is to be tak5 9 ! scriptural s5se3 #8,! fruit ( ! ,_s is love1 joy1 peace4' ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,9 v e>ly ,art we f9d col\rs us$ 9 a symbolical or my/ic s5se1 &1 until ! anci5t pr9ciples & traditions 7 :olly worn out ( memory or set aside by ! lat] pa9t]s1 c]ta9 col\rs 7 appropriate to c]ta9 subjects & p]sonages1 & c\ld n arbitr>ily be appli$ or misappli$4 ,9 ! old specim5s ( /a9$ glass we f9d ^! significations scrupul\sly att5d$ to4 ,?us3-- ,,:ite1 repres5t$ by ! diamond or silv]1 0 ! emblem ( light1 religi\s purity1 innoc5ce1 virg9ity1 fai?1 joy1 & life4 ,our ,savi\r we>s :ite aft] 8 resurrection4 ,9 ! judge x indicat$ integrity2 9 ! ri* man humility2 9 ! woman *a/ity4 ,x 0 ! col\r consecrat$ to ! ,virg91 :o1 h[ev]1 nev] we>s :ite except 9 pictures ( ! ,assumption4 ,,r$1 ! ruby1 signifi$ fire1 div9e love1 ! ,holy ,_s1 heat1 or ! creative p[]1 & royalty4 ,:ite & r$ roses express$ love & innoc5ce1 or love & wisdom1 z 9 ! g>l& ) :i* ! angel cr[ns ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,9 a bad s5se1 r$ signifi$ blood1 w>1 hatr$1 & puni%m5t4 ,r$ & black comb9$ 7 ! col\rs ( purgatory & ! ,devil4 ,,blue1 or ! sapphire1 express$ heav51 ! firmam5t1 tru?1 con/ancy1 fidelity4 ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 we> ! r$ tunic & ! blue mantle1 z signify+ heav5ly love & heav5ly tru?4#ab ,! same col\rs 7 giv5 to ,/4 ,john ! evangeli/1 ) ?is diff]5ce1--t he wore ! blue tunic & ! r$ mantle2 9 lat] pictures ! col\rs are sometimes r$ & gre54 ,,yell[1 or gold1 0 ! symbol ( ! sun2 ( ! goodness ( ,god2 initiation1 or m>riage2 fai?1 or fruitfulness4 ,/4 ,joseph1 ! husb& ( ! ,virg91 we>s yell[4 ,9 pictures ( ! apo/les1 ,/4 ,pet] we>s a yell[ mantle ov] a blue tunic4 ,9 a bad s5se1 yell[ signifies incon/ancy1 jeal\sy1 deceit2 9 ?is s5se x is giv5 to ! traitor ,judas1 :o is g5]ally habit$ 9 dirty yell[4 ,,gre51 ! em]ald1 is ! col\r ( spr+2 ( hope1 p>ticul>ly hope 9 immortality2 & ( victory1 z ! col\r ( ! palm & ! laurel4 ,,violet1 ! ame?y/1 signifi$ love & tru?3 or1 passion & suff]+4 ,h5ce x is ! col\r (t5 worn by ! m>tyrs4 ,9 "s in/ances our ,savi\r1 aft] 8 resurrection1 is habit$ 9 a violet in/ead ( a blue mantle4 ,! ,virg9 also we>s violet aft] ! crucifixion4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 :o z patron sa9t we>s ! r$ robe1 z p5it5t we>s violet & blue1 ! col\rs ( sorr[ & ( con/ancy4 ,9 ! devotional repres5tation ( h] by ,timoteo della ,vite1#ac %e we>s r$ & gre51 ! col\rs ( love & hope4 ,,grey1 ! col\r ( a%es1 signifi$ m\rn+1 humility1 & innoc5ce accus$2 h5ce adopt$ z ! dress ( ! ,franciscans 7! ,grey ,fri>s72 b x has s9ce be5 *ang$ = a d>k ru/y br[n4 ,,black express$ ! e>?1 d>kness1 m\rn+1 wick$ness1 negation1 dea?2 & 0 appropriate to ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness4 ,9 "s old illum9at$ ,,mss41 ,jesus1 9 ! ,temptation1 we>s a black robe4 ,:ite & black toge!r signifi$ purity ( life1 & m\rn+ or humiliation2 h5ce adopt$ by ! ,dom9icans & ! ,c>melites4 ,! my/ical application ( attributes & col\rs 0 m p>ticul>ly att5d$ to 9 t class ( subjects ,i h di/+ui%$ z devotional4 ,9 ! sacr$ hi/orical pictures we f9d t ! attributes are usually omitt$ z sup]flu\s1 & *>act]i/ic propriety ( col\r (t5 sacrific$ to ! g5]al effect4 ,^! introductory obs]vations & explanations w be f\nd illu/rat$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms z we proce$2 & read]s w be l$ to make comp>isons & discov] analogies & exceptions = !mselves4 ,i mu/ /op "h2--yet "o ^w m4 ,all ! productions ( ,art1 f ! "t x has be5 direct$ & develop$ by ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 may be reg>d$ "u ?ree diff]5t aspects4 #a4 ,! purely religi\s aspect1 :i* belongs to "o mode ( fai?2 #b4 ,! poetical aspect1 :i* belongs to all2 #c4 ,! arti/ic1 :i* is ! individual po9t ( view1 & has ref]5ce only to ! action ( ! intellect on ! means & mat]ial employ$4 ,!re is pleasure1 int5se pleasure1 m]ely 9 ! consid]ation ( ,art z ,art2 9 ! faculties ( comp>ison & nice discrim9ation1 br\ght to be> on objects ( beauty2 9 ! ex]cise ( a cultivat$ & ref9$ ta/e on ! productions ( m9d 9 any =m :atev]4 ,b a ?ree-fold1 or r a ?\s&-fold1 pleasure is !irs :o to a s5se ( ! poetical unite a sympa?y ) ! spiritual 9 ,art1 & :o comb9e ) delicacy ( p]ception1 & te*nical k1 m elevat$ s\rces ( pleasure1 m v>iety ( association1 habits ( m excursive ?\ght4 ,let none imag9e1 h[ev]1 t1 9 plac+ be=e ! un9itiat$ ^! unpret5d+ volumes1 ,i assume any su* sup]iority z is "h impli$4 ,l a *ild t has sprung on a little way be=e its playmates1 & caught a glimpse ?r\gh an op5+ portal ( "s v>i$ ,ed5 )91 all gay ) fl[]s1 & musical ) birds1 & haunt$ by div9e %apes :i* beckon onw>d2 &1 aft] "o raptur\s survey1 runs back & cat*es its companions by ! h& & hurries !m =w>ds to %>e ! new-f\nd pleasure1 ! yet unexplor$ region ( delight2 ev5 s x is ) me3--,i am on ! outside1 n ! inside1 ( ! door ,i op54 ,illu/ration3 #b ,aft] ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 at ,s>onno ,,"p ,i4 ,ye too mu/ fly be=e a *as+ h&1 ,angels & sa9ts 9 e hamlet m\rn$6 ,ah6 if ! old idolatry be spurn'd1 ,let n y\r radiant %apes des]t ! l&6 ,h] adoration 0 n y\r dem&1-- ,! fond he>t pr(f]'d x1--! s]vile he>t1 ,& !re=e are ye summon'd to dep>t2 ,mi*ael1 & ?\ ,/4 ,george1 ^: flam+ br& ,! ,dragon quell'd2 & valiant ,m>g>et1 ,^: rival sword a l oppon5t slew2 ,& rapt ,cecilia1 s]aph-haunt$ que5 ,( h>mony2 & weep+ ,magdal5e1 ,:o 9 ! p5it5tial des]t met ,gales sweet z ^? t ov] ,ed5 blew6 ,,wordswor?4 #8,i c j rememb]1' says a !ologian ( ! la/ c5tury1 #8:5 ! wom5 fir/ taught me to say my pray]s1 ,i us$ to h an idea ( a v5]able old man1 ( a compos$1 b5ign c\nt5ance1 ) 8 own hair1 clad 9 a morn+ g[n ( a grave-col\r$ fl[]$ damask1 sitt+ 9 an elb[-*air4' ,& he proce$s to say t1 9 look+ back to ^! beg9n+s1 he is 9 no way di/urb$ at ! grossness ( 8 infant !ology4 ,! image ?us %ap$ by ! imag9ation ( ! *ild 01 9 tru?1 m]ely "o example ( ! v>i\s =ms & conceptions fitt$ to div]s /ates & seasons1 & ord]s & degrees1 ( ! religi\s m9d1 :e!r infant or adult1 :i* repres5t ! sev]al approximations su* m9ds at su* seasons c respectively make to ! complet5ess ( fai?4 ,^! imp]fect ideas %\ld be held to be reconcil$ & compreh5d$ 9 t complet5ess1 n reject$ by x2 & ! ne>e/ approximation :i* ! greate/ ( human m9ds c accompli% is surely to be reg>d$ z mu* ne>] to ! imp]fection ( an infant9e notion ?an to ! fulness ( tru?4 ,! g[n ( fl[]$ damask & ! elb[-*air may disappe>2 ! an?ropomorphism ( *ildhood may give place to ! div9e inc>nation ( ! ,second ,p]son 9 aft]-ye>s2 & we may come to conceive ( ! ,deity z ,milton did :5 8 epi!ts 7 mo/ ab/ract3-- #8,s spake ! ,,sovran ,,pres5ce4' ,b aft] all1 ^! are b diff]5t grades ( imp]fection 9 ! =ms ( doctr9al fai?2 & if !re be a dev\t] love on ! "p ( ! *ild = :at is pictur$ 9 8 imag9ation z a v5]able old man1 ?an 9 ! philosophic poet = ! #8,sovran ,pres5ce1' ! *ild's fai? has m ( ! efficacy ( religi\s tru? 9 x ?an ! poet's & philosoph]'s4 7,vide #8,notes on ,life1' by ,,h5ry ,,taylor1 p4 #acf47 ,illu/ration3 #c ,gloria 9 excelsis ,deo6 ,( ,angels & ,ar*angels4 ,i4 ,,! ,,angels4 ,!re is some?+ s v attractive & poetical1 z well z soo?+ to our helpless f9ite nature1 9 all ! sup]/itions connect$ ) ! popul> notion ( ,angels1 t we _c wond] at _! preval5ce 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w4 ,^? nations :o ackn[l$g$ "o ,almighty ,creator1 & repudiat$ ) horror ! idea ( a plurality ( ,gods1 7 ! mo/ will+ to accept1 ! mo/ en?usia/ic 9 accept+1 ^! objects ( an int]m$iate homage2 & gladly plac$ betwe5 _! humanity & ! awful supremacy ( an unse5 ,god1 ! m9i/]+ spirits :o 7 ! ag5ts ( 8 w1 ! witnesses ( 8 glory1 ! p>tak]s ( 8 bliss1 & :o 9 _! pret]natural attributes ( love & k fill$ up t va/ space 9 ! creat$ univ]se :i* int]v5$ betwe5 mortal man & ! inf9ite1 omnipot5t ,,"l ,,( ,,all4 ,! belief 9 ^! sup]ior be+s1 dat+ f immemorial antiquity1 int]wov5 z x %\ld seem ) our v nature1 & au?oris$ by a v>iety ( passages 9 ,scripture1 has desc5d$ to our "t4 ,al?\gh ! bodily =ms assign$ to !m are all[$ to be impossible1 & m]ely allegorical1 al?\gh _! suppos$ functions z rul]s ( ! />s & elem5ts h long be5 set aside by a k ( ! natural laws1 /ill ! coexi/5ce ( _m ord]s ( be+s sup]ior 9 nature to ourselves1 b5ignly int]e/$ 9 our welf>e1 & cont5d+ = u aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil1 rema9s an article ( fai?4 ,p]haps ! belief itself1 & ! feel+ x excites 9 ! t5d] & contemplative m9d1 7 nev] m beautifully express$ ?an by our own ,sp5s]3-- ,& is !re c>e 9 heav58 ,& is !re love ,9 heav5ly spirits to ^! creatures base1 ,t may compassion ( _! evils move8 ,!re is6--else mu* m wret*$ 7 ! case ,( m5 ?an bea/s6 ,b ,o ?' exce$+ grace ,( highe/ ,god t loves 8 creatures s1 ,& all 8 works ) m]cy do? embrace1 ,t bless$ angels he s5ds to & fro ,to s]ve to wick$ man1 to s]ve 8 wick$ foe ,h[ (t d !y _! silv] b[]s leave1 ,& come to succ\r u t succ\r want8 ,h[ (t d !y ) gold5 p9ions cleave ,! flitt+ skies1 l fly+ pursuivant1 ,aga9/ f\l fi5ds1 to aid u militant8 ,!y = its fight1 !y wat*1 & duly w>d1 ,& _! bright squadrons r\nd ab\t u plant1 ,& all = love1 & no?+ = rew>d6 ,oh :y %\ld heav5ly ,god to m5 h su* reg>d6 ,x is ?is feel+1 express$ or unexpress$1 lurk+ at ! v core ( all he>ts1 :i* r5d]s ! usual repres5tations ( angels1 spite ( all incongruities ( =m1 s pleas+ to ! fancy3 we ov]look ! anatomical solecisms1 & become m9dful only ( t emblematical significance :i* ?r\gh its humanity connects x ) u1 & ?r\gh its sup]natural app5dages connects u ) heav54 ,b x is necess>y to give a brief summ>y ( ! scriptural & !ological au?orities1 relative to ! nature & functions ( angels1 be=e we c judge ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! ideas h be5 att5d$ to & c>ri$ out 9 ! arti/ic similitudes4 ,?us angels are repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t-- #a4 ,z be+s ( a high] nature ?an m51 & gift$ ) sup]ior intellig5ce & righte\sness4#ad #b4 ,z a ho/ ( att5dants surr\nd+ ! ?rone ( ,god1 & z a k9d ( cele/ial c\rt or c\ncil4#ae #c4 ,z mess5g]s ( 8 w convey$ f heav5 to e>?3 or z s5t to guide1 to correct1 to in/ruct1 to reprove1 to console4 #d4 ,z protect+ ! pi\s4 #e4 ,z puni%+ by comm& ( ! ,mo/ ,high ! wick$ & disob$i5t4#af #f4 ,z hav+ ! =m ( m52 z eat+ & dr9k+4 #g4 ,z wield+ a sword4 #h4 ,z hav+ p[] to slay4#ag ,i d n recollect any in/ance 9 :i* angels are repres5t$ 9 ,scripture z in/igat$ by human passions2 !y are m]ely ! ag5ts ( ! m]cy or ! wra? ( ! ,almighty4 ,aft] ! p]iod ( ! ,captivity1 ! ,jewi% ideas conc]n+ angels 7 consid]ably ext5d$ & modifi$ by an admixture ( ! ,*aldaic belief1 & ( ! doctr9es taught by ,zoroa/]4#ah ,x is !n t we fir/ he> ( good & bad angels1 & ( a fall5 angel or imp]sonation ( evil1 busy 9 work+ mis*ief on e>? & c\nt]act+ good2 also ( ar*angels1 :o are allud$ to by "n2 & ( gu>dian angels assign$ to nations & individuals2 & ^! =eign ideas conc]n+ ! spiritual _w1 accept$ & promulgat$ by ! ,jewi% doctors1 p]vade ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 :i* angels are f> m famili> to u z ag5ts1 m frequ5tly allud$ to1 & m di/9ctly br\ght be=e u1 ?an 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,= example3 !y are repres5t$-- #a4 ,z c\ntless4 #b4 ,z sup]ior to all human wants & weaknesses4 #c4 ,z ! deput$ mess5g]s ( ,god4 #d4 ,!y rejoice ov] ! rep5tant s9n]4 ,!y take deep int]e/ 9 ! mission ( ,*ri/4 #e4 ,!y are pres5t ) ^? :o pray2 !y be> ! s\ls ( ! j to heav54 #f4 ,!y m9i/] to ,*ri/ on e>?1 & w be pres5t at 8 second com+4#ai ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* is usually reg>d$ z ! fulle/ & mo/ correct exposition ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/1 angels are only ?ree times m5tion$1 & 9 none ( ^! in/ances does ! ^w angel fall f ! lips ( ,*ri/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o 0 deeply v]s$ 9 all ! le>n+ & philosophy ( ! ,jews1 ab\nd 9 allusions to angels1 &1 accord+ to ! usual int]pretation ( c]ta9 passages1 he %[s !m divid$ into sev]al classes4#bj ,/4 ,luke1 :o 0 ! fri5d & disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 "s say 8 conv]t1 is m direct & explicit on ! subject ( angels ?an any ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 & 8 allusions to !m mu* m frequ5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! wor%ip ( angels1 :i* ! ,jews br\ght f ,*aldea1 0 e>ly introduc$ into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! c\ncil ( ,laodicea publi%$ a decree aga9/ places ( wor%ip d$icat$ to angels "u names :i* ! ,*ur* did n recognise4 ,b nei!r w>n+ nor c\ncil seems to h _h p[] to modify ! popul> cre$1 c\nt5anc$ z x 0 by high au?ority4 ,all ! ,fa!rs are unanim\s z to ! exi/5ce ( angels good & evil4 ,!y hold t x is ev]more ! allott$ task ( good angels to def5d u aga9/ evil angels1 & to c>ry on a daily & h\rly combat aga9/ our spiritual foes3 !y tea* t ! good angels are wor?y ( all rev]5ce z ! m9i/]s ( ,god & z ! protectors ( ! human race2 t _! int]cession is to be invok$1 & _! p]petual1 invisible pres5ce to be reg>d$ z an incitem5t to good & a prev5tive to evil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n en\gh4 ,tak+ = _! f\ndation a few ,scripture texts1 & 9 p>ticul> ! classification ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! imag9ative !ologians ( ! middle ages ran into all k9ds ( extravagant subtleties reg>d+ ! be+1 ! nature1 & ! functions ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( angels4 ,except z f> z !y h be5 tak5 z au?orities 9 ,art1 ,i %all set aside ^! fanciful disquisitions1 ( :i* a m]e ab/ract w\ld fill volumes4 ,= our pres5t purpose x is suffici5t to be> 9 m9d t ! great !ologians divide ! angelic ho/ into ?ree hi]>*ies1 & ^! aga9 into n9e *oirs1 ?ree 9 ea* hi]>*y3 accord+ to ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #a4 ,s]aphim1 ,*]ubim1 ,?rones4 #b4 ,dom9ations1 ,virtues1 ,p[]s4 #c4 ,pr9c$oms1 ,ar*angels1 ,angels4 ,! ord] ( ^! d5om9ations is n ! same 9 all au?orities3 accord+ to ! ,greek =mula1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & ! ,leg5da ,aurea1 ! ,*]ubim prec$e ! ,s]aphim1 & 9 ! hymn ( ,/4 ,ambrose !y h also ! prec$5ce--,to ,!e1 ,*]ubim & ,s]aphim cont9ually d cry1 c42 b ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,dionysius seems to be admitt$ z p>am\nt1 = accord+ to ! leg5d he 0 ! conv]t & intimate fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h be5 transport$ to ! sev5? heav51 _h made him acqua9t$ ) all he _h !re beheld4 ,desire ,9 ,dionysius s int5sely wr\ght ,t he1 z ,i h done1 rang$ !m1 & nam$ ,_! ord]s1 m>%all'd 9 8 ?\ght2 444 ,= he _h le>n'd ,bo? ?is & mu* beside ( ^! our orbs ,f an eye-witness to ,heav5's my/]ies4 ,,dante1 ,p>4 #bh4 ,! fir/ ?ree *oirs receive _! glory imm$iately f ,god1 & transmit x to ! second2 ! second illum9ate ! ?ird2 ! ?ird are plac$ 9 relation to ! creat$ univ]se & man4 ,! fir/ ,hi]>*y are z c\ncillors2 ! second z gov]nors2 ! ?ird z m9i/]s4 ,! ,s]aphim are absorb$ 9 p]petual love & adoration imm$iately r\nd ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,! ,*]ubim "k & wor%ip4 ,! ,?rones su/a9 ! seat ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! ,dom9ations1 ,virtues1 ,p[]s1 are ! ,reg5ts ( />s & elem5ts4 ,! ?ree la/ ord]s1 ,pr9c$oms1 ,ar*angels1 & ,angels1 are ! protectors ( ! great ,mon>*ies on e>?1 & ! executors ( ! w ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! t]m angels is prop]ly appli$ to all ^! cele/ial be+s2 b x belongs especially to ! two la/ ord]s1 :o are br\ght into imm$iate communication ) ! human race4 ,! ^w angel1 ,greek 9 its orig91 signifies a mess5g]1 or m lit]ally a br+] ( tid+s4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,greeks entitle ,*ri/ #8,! great ,angel ( ! w ( ,god2' & ,i h se5 ,greek repres5tations ( ,*ri/ ) w+s to 8 %\ld]s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ is also an angel 9 ?is s5se2 likewise ! ,evangeli/s2 all ( :om1 z ,i %all %[ h]eaft]1 be>1 z cele/ial mess5g]s1 ! angel-w+s4 ,illu/ration3 #d ,greek ,s]aph2 w+s ( gold & crimson 7,n9? c5tury7 ,9 anci5t pictures & illum9ations :i* exhibit ! glorification ( ! ,tr9ity1 ,*ri/1 or ! ,virg91 ! hi]>*ies ( angels are repres5t$ 9 circles ar\nd !m1 orb )9 orb4 ,?is is call$ a glory ( angels4 ,9 pictures x is seldom complete3 in/ead ( n9e circles1 ! pa9t]s cont5t !mselves ) "o or two circles only4 ,! inn]mo/ circles1 ! ,s]aphim & ! ,*]ubim1 are 9 g5]al repres5t$ z heads m]ely1 ) two or f\r or six w+s1 & ( a bright-r$ or blue col\r2 sometimes ) v>iegat$ w+s1 gre51 yell[1 violet1 c4 ,?is emblem--int5d$ to %ad[ =? to human compreh5sion a pure _s gl[+ ) love & intellig5ce1 9 :i* all t is bodily is put away1 & only ! head1 ! seat ( s\l1 & w+s1 ! attribute ( _s & swiftness1 reta9$--is ( ,greek orig94 ,:5 fir/ adopt$ ,i d n "k1 b ,i h met ) x 9 ,greek ,,mss4 ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,d[n to ! elev5? c5tury ! faces 7 human1 b n *ildi%2 ! infant head 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ to express innoc5ce 9 addition to love & intellig5ce4 ,illu/ration3 #e ,*]ubim1 ,italian 7,f\rte5? c5tury7 ,su* 0 ! expressive & poetical symbol :i* deg5]at$ 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,art into ^? little fat baby heads1 ) curly hair & small w+s "u ! *91 :i* ! m !y resemble nature 9 col\r1 feature1 & detail1 ! m absurd !y become1 ! orig9al mean+ be+ :olly lo/ or p]v]t$4 ,illu/ration3 #f ,*]ub ,heads ,9 pa9t+1 :]e a glory ( angels is plac$ r\nd ! ,div9e ,be+ or ! glorifi$ ,virg91 ^? =m+ ! inn]mo/ circles are or ought to be ( a gl[+ r$1 ! col\r ( fire1 t is1 ( love2 ! next circle is pa9t$ blue1 ! col\r ( ! firmam5t1 or light1 t is1 ( k4 ,n[ z ! ^w s]aph is d]iv$ f a ,hebrew root signify+ love1 & ! ^w *]ub f a ,hebrew root signify+ to "k1 %\ld n ?is di/9ction fix ! prop] place & "n ( ! fir/ two ord]s8 ,x is admitt$ t ! spirits :i* love are ne>] to ,god ?an ^? :i* "k1 s9ce we _c "k t :i* we d n fir/ love3 t ,love & ,k1 #8! two halves ( a divid$ _w1' con/itute 9 _! union ! p]fection ( ! angelic nature2 b ! ,s]aphim1 accord+ to ! d]ivation ( _! "n1 %\ld love mo/2 _! :ole be+ is fus$1 z x 71 9 a gl[ ( adoration2 !re=e !y %\ld take ! prec$5ce1 & _! prop] col\r is r$4 ,! ,*]ubim1 #8! lords ( ^? t "k1' come next1 & are to be pa9t$ blue4 ,?us x %\ld seem t1 9 consid]+ ! religi\s pictures ( ! e>ly ages ( ,art1 we h to get rid ( c]ta9 associations z to col\r & =m1 d]iv$ f ! phraseology ( lat] poets & ! repres5tations ( lat] pa9t]s4 #8,blue-ey$ ,s]aphim1' & ! #8blue dep? ( ,s]aph's eyes1' are n to be ?\ght ( any m ?an smil+ ,*]ubim4' ,! ,s]aphim1 :]e di/+ui%$ by col\r1 are r$2 ! ,*]ubim blue3 ! prop] "*1 :]e "* is att5d$ to1 is1 9 ! ,s]aph1 adoration2 9 ! ,*]ub1 contemplation4 ,s ,milton-- ,) !e br+ ,him :o so>s on gold5 w+1 ,! ,*]ub1 ,contemplation4 ,i rememb] a little ,triptyca1 a g5u9e "w ( ,fiesole1 9 :i* "o ( ! lat]al comp>tm5ts repres5ts 8 fav\rite subject1 ! s\ls ( ! bless$ receiv$ into ,p>adise4 ,!y are mov+ f ! l[] "p ( ! picture t[>ds ! top1 along an asc5t pav$ ) fl[]s1 all 9 :ite g>m5ts & cr[n$ ) roses4 ,at "o side1 l[ d[n1 /&s a blue ,*]ub rob$ 9 drap]y spangl$ ) gold5 />s1 :o seems to enc\rage ! bless$ gr\p4 ,above are ! gates ( heav54 ,*ri/ welcomes to 8 k+dom ! beatifi$ spirits1 & on ea* side /&s a ,s]aph1 all ( a gl[+ r$1 9 spangl$ drap]y4 ,! figures are n "h m]ely heads & w+s1 b full l5g?1 hav+ all t s(t peculi> grace :i* belongs to ! pa9t]4#ba ,9 a ,coronation ( ! ,virg91#bb a glory ( ,s]aphim ov]-ar*es ! pr9cipal gr\p4 ,"h ! angelic be+s are :olly ( a bright r$ col\r3 !y are human to ! wai/1 ) h&s clasp$ 9 devotion3 ! bodies & arms cov]$ ) plumage1 b ! =ms t]m9at+ 9 w+s2 all uni=mly r$4 ,9 ! same collection is a small ,greek picture ( ,*ri/ receiv+ ! s\l ( ! ,virg92 ov] 8 head hov]s a l>ge1 fi]y-r$1 six-w+$ ,s]aph2 & on ea* side a ,s]aph ) hair & face & limbs ( gl[+ r$1 & ) :ite drap]ies4 ,vas>i m5tions an ,adoration ( ! ,magi by ,lib]ale ( ,v]ona1 9 :i* a gr\p ( angels1 all ( a r$ col\r1 /& z a cele/ial gu>d r\nd ! ,virg9 & h] div9e ,infant4#bc ,! di/9ction ( hue 9 ! r$ & blue angels we f9d :olly omitt$ t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,*]ubim ) blue1 r$1 gre51 & v>iegat$ w+s we f9d 9 ! pictures ( ,p]ug9o & o!r ma/]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 also 9 e>ly pictures ( ,raphael4 ,lib]ale di ,v]ona has giv5 u1 9 a ,madonna picture1 ,*]ub heads )\t w+s1 & ( a blue col\r1 em]g+ f gold5 cl\ds4 ,& 9 ,raphael's ,madonna di ,san ,si/o ! :ole backgr\nd is =m$ ( ,*]ubim & ,s]aphim ( a uni=m delicate blui% t+e1 z if compos$ ( air1 & melt+ away into an abyss ( gold5 glory1 ! pr9cipal figures /&+ reliev$ aga9/ ?is flood ( liv+ love & light--beautiful6 ,s are ! ,*]ubim ) _m-col\r$ w+s :i* float 9 ! firmam5t 9 ,p]ug9o's ,coronation ( ! ,virg92 b none ( ^! c be reg>d$ z s !ologically correct z ! fi]y-r$ & bright-blue ,s]aphim & ,*]ubim1 ( :i* are =m$ ! hi]>*ies & glories :i* figure 9 ! e>ly pictures1 ! /a9$ glass1 ! pa9t$ sculpture1 & ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 f ! t5? to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #g ,*]ubim 7,lib]ale di ,v]ona7 ,! next five *oirs ( angels1 ! ,?rones1 ,dom9ations1 ,pr9c$oms1 ,virtues1 ,p[]s1 ?\gh class$ & describ$ ) great exactitude by ! !ologians1 h n be5 v accurately discrim9at$ 9 ,art4 ,9 "s examples ! ,?rones h gre5 w+s1 a fi]y aureole1 & be> a ?rone 9 _! h&s4 ,! ,dom9ations1 ,virtues1 & ,p[]s sometimes be> a globe & a long sceptre surm\nt$ by a cross4 ,! ,pr9cipalities1 accord+ to ! ,greek =mula1 %\ld be> a bran* ( lily4 ,! ,ar*angels are figur$ z w>riors1 & c>ry a sword ) ! po9t upw>ds4 ,! angels are rob$ z deacons1 & c>ry a w&4 ,9 "o ( ! anci5t frescoes 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,orvieto1 !re is a complete hi]>*y ( angels1 s arrang$ z to symbolise ! ,tr9ity1 ea* ( ! n9e *oirs be+ compos$ ( ?ree angels1 b ! ,s]aphim only are di/+ui%$ by _! r$ col\r & priority ( place4 ,9 ! s\? por* ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres1 ea* ( ! n9e ord]s is repres5t$ by two angels3 9 o!r in/ances1 "o angel only repres5ts ! ord] to :i* he belongs1 & n9e angels repres5t ! :ole hi]>*y4#bd ,:]e1 h[ev]1 we meet ) gr\ps or r[s ( angels1 z 9 ! ,greek mosaics & ! e>lie/ frescoes all alike1 all ) ! ti>a1 ! long sceptre-l w&s1 & ! orb ( sov]eignty1 ,i believe ^! to repres5t ! ,p[]s & ,pr9c$oms ( ,heav54 ,! ,ar*angels alone1 z we %all see pres5tly1 h di/9ct individual names & attributes assign$ to !m4 ,illu/ration3 #h ,"p ( a ,glory ( ,angels surr\nd+ ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 a picture by ,ambrogio ,borgognone ,! angels1 g5]ally1 h ! human =m2 are w+$2 & are end[$ ) immutable happ9ess & p]petual y\?1 because !y are ev] 9 ! pres5ce ( ,him ) :om !re is no *ange & no "t4 ,!y are direct emanations ( ! beauty ( ! ,et]nal m9d1 !re=e beautiful2 creat$1 !re=e n et]nal1 b creat$ p]fect1 & immortal 9 _! p]fection3 !y are always suppos$ to be mascul9e2 p]haps = ! reason s beautifully assign$ by ,madame de ,/al1 #8because ! union ( p[] ) purity 7la =ce avec la puret7 con/itutes all t we mortals c imag9e ( p]fection4' ,!re is no su* ?+ z an old angel1 & !re=e !re ought to be no su* ?+ z an infant angel4 ,! introduction ( infant angels seems to h aris5 f ! cu/om ( repres5t+ ! reg5]ate s\ls ( m5 z new-born infants1 & p]haps also f ! words ( our ,savi\r1 :5 speak+ ( *ildr53 #8,i say unto y1 _! angels d always behold ! face ( my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54' ,su* repres5tations1 :5 religi\sly & poetically treat$ z spirits ( love1 intellig5ce1 & innoc5ce1 are ( exquisite beauty1 & h a significance :i* *>ms & elevates ! fancy2 b f ?is1 ! true & religi\s conception1 ! ,italian putti & putt9i1 & ! rosy *ubby babies ( ! ,flemi% s*ool1 are equally remote4 ,illu/ration3 #i ,egyptian w+$ g5ius 7,l\vre7 ,9 e>ly ,art1 ! angels 9 ! bloom ( adolesc5ce are always amply drap$3 at fir/1 9 ! classical tunic & pallium2 aft]w>ds 9 long l95 ve/m5ts ) ! alba & /ole1 z levites or deacons2 or z pr9ces1 ) embroid]$ robes & s&als1 & jewell$ cr[ns or fillets4 ,su* figures are common 9 ! ,byzant9e mosaics & pictures4 ,! expression1 9 ^! e>ly repres5tations1 is usually calm & impassive4 ,angels p>tially drap$ 9 loose1 flutt]+1 m]etrici\s attire1 pois$ 9 attitudes ^u cl\ds1 or ) features animat$ by human passion1 or limbs /ra9$ by human ef=t1 are ! innovations ( m mod]n ,art4 ,:ite is1 or ought to be1 ! prevail+ col\r 9 angelic drap]ies1 b r$ & blue ( v>i\s %ades are m frequ5t3 gre5 (t5 occurs2 & 9 ! ,v5etian pictures1 yell[1 or r saffron-col\r$1 robes are n unfrequ5t4 ,9 ! be/ examples ( ,italian ,art ! t9ts1 ?\gh v>i$1 are t5d] & delicate3 all d>k heavy col\rs & viol5t contra/s ( col\r are avoid$4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! e>ly ,g]man s*ool1 ! angels h ri* heavy volum9\s drap]ies ( ! mo/ int5se & vivid col\rs1 (t5 jewell$ & embroid]$ ) gold4 ,flight1 9 su* g>m5ts1 seems z difficult z x w\ld be to swim 9 coronation robes4 ,illu/ration3 #aj ,w+$ figure f ,n9eveh ,b1 :atev] be ! treatm5t z to "*1 l9eam5ts1 or dress1 w+s are almo/ inv>iably ! attribute ( ! angelic =m4 ,z emblematical app5dages1 ^! are n m]ely significant ( ! "* ( cele/ial mess5g]s1 =1 f "t immemorial1 w+s h be5 ! ,ori5tal & ,egyptian symbol ( p[]1 z well z ( swiftness2 ( ! spiritual & a]ial1 9 contradi/9ction to ! human & ! e>?ly4 ,?us1 ) ! ,egyptians1 ! w+$ globe signifi$ p[] & et]nity1 t is1 ! ,godhead2 a bird1 ) a human head1 signifi$ ! s\l2 & nondescript creatures1 ) w+s1 ab\nd n only 9 ! ,egyptian pa9t+s & hi]oglyphics1 b also 9 ! ,*aldaic & ,babylonian rema9s1 9 ! ,lycian & ,n9eveh m>bles1 & on ! gems & o!r relics ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,i h se5 on ! ,gno/ic gems figures ) f\r w+s1 two spr++ f ! %\ld]s & two f ! lo9s4 ,?is port5t\s figure1 f ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 is simil>ly con/ruct$4 7#aj47 ,9 ,etruscan ,art all _! div9ities are w+$2 & :]e ,v5us is repres5t$ ) w+s1 z 9 _m ( ! antique gems 7& by ,correggio 9 imitation ( !m71#be ^! brilliant w+s are n1 z "s h suppos$1 emblematical ( ! transitor9ess1 b ( ! might1 ! maje/y1 & ! ess5tial div9ity ( beauty4 ,9 ,scripture1 ! fir/ m5tion ( ,*]ubim ) w+s is imm$iately aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt 7,exod4 xxxi4 #b74 ,bezaleel1 ! fir/ arti/ ^: "n is record$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & :o appe>s to h be51 l ! greate/ arti/s ( mod]n times1 at once ar*itect1 sculptor1 & pa9t]1 probably d]iv$ 8 figures ( ,*]ubim ) out/ret*$ w+s1 gu>d+ ! m]cy-seat1 f ^? ,egyptian works ( ,art ) :i* ! ,israelites mu/ h be5 famili>is$4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria is s aw>e ( ! relative similitude1 t he supposes ! ,egyptians to h borr[$ f ! ,israelites1 :i* is obvi\sly ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,h[ f> ! ,*]ubim1 :i* figure 9 ! ,biblical pictures ( ! pres5t day1 resemble ! c>v$ ,*]ubim ( ,bezaleel we _c tell1 b probably ! idea & ! lead+ =ms are ! same3 = ! ark1 we "k1 0 c>ri$ into ,pale/9e2 ^! orig9al ,*]ubim 7 ! patt]n ( ^? :i* adorn$ ! temple ( ,solomon1 & ^!1 aga91 7 ! prototype aft] :i* ! imag]y ( ! second temple 0 fa%ion$4 ,al?\gh 9 ,scripture ! %ape "u :i* ! cele/ial m9i/]s appe>$ to man is n[h]e describ$1 except 9 ! visions ( ! prophets 7,dan4 x4 #e71 & !re ) a sort ( dreamy incoh]5t spl5d\r1 r5d]+ x mo/ p]il\s to clo! ! image plac$ be=e ! fancy 9 def9ite =ms1 /ill ! idea ( w+s1 z ! angelic app5dages1 is convey$ 9 _m places di/9ctly1 & occasionally ) a picturesque vividness :i* inspires & assi/s ! arti/4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,daniel1 *4 vii41 #8!y _h w+s l a f[l4' ,9 ,ezekiel1 *4i41 #8_! w+s 7 /ret*$ upw>d :5 !y flew2 :5 !y /ood1 !y let d[n _! w+s3' #8,i he>d ! noise ( _! w+s z ! noise ( great wat]s3' & 9 ,ze*>iah1 *4 v41 #8,i look$1 & behold !re came out two wom51 & ! w9d 0 9 _! w+s1 = !y _h w+s l ! w+s ( a /ork4' ,& ,isaiah1 *4 vi41 9 ! description ( ! ,s]aphim1 #8,ea* "o _h six w+s2 ) twa9 he cov]$ 8 face1 & ) twa9 he cov]$ 8 feet1 & ) twa9 he did fly4' ,by ! e>ly arti/s ?is description 0 foll[$ out 9 a mann] m consci5ti\s & rev]5tial ?an poetical4 ,illu/ration3 #aa ,s]aph 7,greek mosaic1 ,ca!dral ( ,monreale7 ,!y 7 cont5t ) a symbol4 ,b m>k h[ ,milton1 m d>+1 c\ld pa9t f ! same orig9al3-- ,a s]aph w+'d2 six w+s he wore to %ade ,8 l9eam5ts div9e3 ! pair t clad ,ea* %\ld] broad1 came mantl+ o'er 8 brea/ ,) regal ornam5t2 ! middle pair ,girt l a />ry zone 8 wai/1 & r\nd ,skirt$ 8 lo9s & ?ighs ) d[ny gold ,& col\rs dipp'd 9 heav52 ! ?ird 8 feet ,%ad['d f ei!r heel ) fea!r'd mail1 ,sky-t9ctur$ gra94 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t ,milton1 9 8 descriptions ( angels1 0 n indebt$ m]ely to ! notions ( ! old !ological writ]s1 int]pret$ & embelli%$ by 8 own fancy3 may he n1 9 8 w&]+s ?r\gh ,italy1 h beheld ) k9dl+ sympa?y "s ( ^? glori\s creations ( ,italian ,art1 :i*1 :5 ,i saw !m1 made me break out into 8 own div9e language z ! only fit utt]ance to express ^? =ms 9 words8--,b1 to return--,is x n a mi/ake to make ! w+s1 ! fea!r$ app5dages ( ! angelic =m1 z l z possible to real w+s--! w+s ( /orks1 or ! w+s ( swans1 or h]ons1 borr[$ = ! occasion8 ,"s mod]n pa9t]s1 anxi\s to make w+s look #8natural1' h done ?is2 ,del>o*e1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,inf9itely m beautiful & consi/5t are ! nondescript w+s :i* ! e>ly pa9t]s gave _! angels3--l>ge--s l>ge1 t :5 ! glori\s creature is repres5t$ z at re/1 !y droop f ! %\ld]s to ! gr\nd2 ) long sl5d] fea!rs1 ey$ sometimes l ! peacock's tra91 b$ropp$ ) gold l ! pheasant's brea/1 t9t$ ) azure & violet & crimson1 #8col\rs dipp'd 9 heav51'--!y are really angel-w+s1 n bird-w+s4 ,illu/ration3 #ab ,angels 7,orcagna7 ,illu/ration3 #ac ,fi]y ,*]ub 7,raphael7 ,orcagna's angels 9 ! ,campo ,santo are1 9 ?is respect1 peculi>ly poetical4 ,_! extremities are w+s in/ead ( limbs2 & 9 a few ( ! old ,italian & ,g]man pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury we f9d angels ^: extremities are =m$ ( light wav+ folds ( pale rose-col\r$ or azure drap]y1 or ( a sort ( vap\ry cl\d1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 ( flames4 ,! *]ubim & s]aphim :i* surr\nd ! similitude ( ,jehovah :5 ,he appe>s to ,moses 9 ! burn+ bu%1#bf are an example ( ! sublime & poetical significance :i* may be giv5 to ?is k9d ( treatm5t4 ,!y h heads & human features m>vell\s = intellig5ce & beauty2 _! hair1 _! w+s1 _! limbs1 end 9 lamb5t fires2 !y are #8cele/ial ,ard\rs bright1' :i* seem to h be+ )\t %ape4 ,dante's angels h less ( dramatic reality1 less ( ! aggr&is$ & idealis$ human pres5ce1 ?an ,milton's4 ,!y are wondr\s creatures4 ,"s ( !m h ! qua9t fanta/ic picturesqu5ess ( old ,italian ,art & ! ,alb]t ,dr] s*ool2 = in/ance1 ^? 9 ! ,purgatorio1 ) _! w+s ( a bright gre51 & _! gre5 drap]ies1 #8v]de come fogliette1' kept 9 a p]petual /ate ( undulation by ! breeze creat$ by ! fann+ ( _! w+s1 ) features too dazzl+ to be di/+ui%$3 ,b5 disc]neva 9 lor la te/a bionda1 ,ma nelle facce l' oc*io si sm>ria ,come virt *' a troppo si confonda4#bg ,& ! ,%ape1 gl[+ r$ z 9 a furnace1 ) an air f ! fann+ ( its w+s1 #8fre% z ! fir/ brea? ( w9d 9 a ,may morn+1 & fragrant z all its fl[]s4' ,t ^! & o!r passages scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,purgatorio & ! ,p>adiso assi/$ ! fancy ( ! e>li] pa9t]s1 9 portray+ _! angelic ,glories & w+$ ,beatitudes1 ,i h little d\bt2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sublime angel 9 ! ,inf]no--he :o comes spe$+ ov] ! wat]s ) va/ p9ions l sails1 sweep+ ! evil spirits 9 heaps be=e him1 #8l frogs be=e a s]p5t1' & ) a t\* ( 8 w& mak+ ! gates ( ! city ( ,dis fly op52 !n1 ) a c\nt5ance solemn & maje/ic1 & q unm9dful ( 8 wor%ipp]1 z "o occupi$ by high] matt]s1 turn+ & so>+ away--?is is q 9 ! s5tim5t ( ! gr& old ,greek & ,italian mosaics1 :i* prec$$ ,dante by "s c5turies4#bh ,b besides be+ ! w+$ mess5g]s ( ,god to man1 ! deput$ reg5ts ( ! />s1 ! rul]s ( ! elem5ts1 & ! disp5s]s ( ! fate ( nations1 angels h ano!r function 9 :i* we love to contemplate !m4 ,!y are ! *ori/]s ( heav54 ,!irs is ! privilege to s\nd t hymn ( praise :i* goes up f ?is b\ndless & h>moni\s univ]se ( suns & />s & worlds & rejoic+ creatures1 t[>ds ! ,god :o creat$ !m3 !irs is ! music ( ! sph]es-- ,!y s+1 & s++ 9 _! glory move2 !y tune div9e in/rum5ts1 nam$ aft] ^? ( e>?'s h>monies-- ,! h>p1 ! solemn pipe ,& dulcim]1 all organs ( sweet /op1 ,all s\nds on fret by /r+ or gold5 wire1 444 ,& ) songs ,& *oral symphonies1 day )\t night1 ,circle 8 ?rone rejoic+4 ,!re is no?+ m beautiful1 m attractive1 9 ,art ?an ! repres5tations ( angels 9 ?is "*4 ,sometimes !y =m a *orus r\nd ! glorifi$ ,savi\r1 :51 aft] 8 sorr[ & sacrifice on e>?1 he takes 8 ?rone 9 heav52 or1 :5 ! cr[n is plac$ on ! head ( ! ,mat]nal ,virg9 9 glory1 p\r =? _! triumphant song1 & s\nd _! silv] cl>ions on high3 sometimes !y /& or kneel be=e ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 or sit ^u ! /eps ( h] ?rone1 s++1--) su* sweet e>ne/ faces6 or play+ on _! gold5 lutes1 or pip+ cele/ial symphonies2 or !y b5d 9 a *oir f ! op5+ heav5s above1 & welcome1 ) triumphant songs1 ! lib]at$ s\l ( ! sa9t or m>tyr2 or jo9 9 ,/4 ,cecilia's hymn ( praise3 b :atev] ! sc5e1 9 ^! & simil> repres5tations1 !y appe> 9 _! natural place & vocation1 & h>monise en*ant+ly ) all our feel+s & fancies relative to ^! angelic be+s1 made up ( love & music4 ,illu/ration3 #ad ,angel 7,francia7 ,illu/ration3 #ae ,pip+ ,angel 7,gian ,bell9i7 ,mo/ beautiful examples ( ?is treatm5t occur bo? 9 e>ly pa9t+ & sculpture2 & no "o :o has w&]$ ?r\gh *ur*es & gall]ies1 ) feel+ & obs]vation awake1 c fail to rememb] su*4 ,x /ruck me z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 t ! love ( music seem$ to comb9e ) ! s5se ( h>mony 9 col\r2 n[h]e h ,i se5 musical angels s frequ5tly & s beautifully introduc$3 & :]eas ! angelic *oirs ( ,fiesole1 ,ghirl&ajo1 & ,raphael1 seem to be play+ z an act ( homage = ! delight ( ! ,div9e ,p]sonages1 ^? ( ,viv>9i & ,bell9i & ,palma appe> z if en*ant$ by _! own music2 & bo? toge!r are unit$ 9 ! gr& & beautiful angels ( ,melozzo da ,=li1 p>ticul>ly 9 "o :o is b5d+ ov] a lute1 & ano!r :o ) a triumphant & ec/atic expression /rikes ! cymbals4#bi ,comp>e ! *]ubic ho/ :o are p\r+ =? _! hymns ( triumph1 bl[+ _! uplift$ trumpets1 & t\*+ immortal h>ps & viols 9 ,angelico's #8,coronation1'#cj or 9 ,signorelli's #8,p>adiso1'#ca ) ^? lovely ,v5etian *ori/]s1 ! pip+ boys1 myrtle-cr[n$1 :o are hymn+ ,bell9i's ,madonna1#cb or ^? :o are t\*+ ! lute to ! praise & glory ( ,/4 ,ambrose 9 ,viv>9i's mo/ beautiful picture2 y w feel imm$iately ! di/9ction 9 po9t ( s5tim5t4 ,! procession ( *ant+ angels :i* once surm\nt$ ! organ 9 ! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce is a p]fect example ( musical angels appli$ to ! purpose ( decoration4 ,p]haps x 0 well to remove ?is exquisite "w ( art to a place ( safety1 :]e x c be admir$ & /udi$ z a "w ( art2 b ! removal has tak5 f x ! appropriate expression4 ,h[ !y s+6--:5 ! tones ( ! organ bur/ =?1 we might h fanci$ we he>d _! div9e voices ?r\gh ! /ream ( s\nd6 ,! exquisite little bronze *ori/]s r\nd ! high alt> ( ,/4 ,antonio 9 ,padua are ano!r example2 ,flor5t9e 9 elegance ( =m1 ,v5etian 9 s5tim5t1 int5t ^u _! own sweet song6 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a ?ird function ascrib$ to ^! angelic natures1 :i* br+s !m ev5 ne>] to our sympa?ies2 !y are ! deput$ gu>dians ( ! j & innoc5t4 ,/4 ,raphael1 ^: /ory ,i %all pres5tly relate1 is ! pr9ce ( ! gu>dian angels4 ,! ,jews held t ! angels deput$ to ,lot 7 8 gu>dian angels4#cc ,! fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* taught t e human be+1 f ! h\r ( 8 bir? to t ( 8 dea?1 is accompani$ by an angel appo9t$ to wat* ov] him4 ,! ,mahometans give to ea* ( u a good & an evil angel2 b ! e>ly ,*ri/ians suppos$ u to be att5d$ ea* by a good angel only1 :o und]takes t (fice1 n m]ely f duty to ,god1 & out ( ob$i5ce & great humility1 b z inspir$ by exce$+ *>ity & love t[>ds 8 human *>ge4 ,x w\ld require ! tongues ( angels !mselves to recite all t we owe to ^! b5ign & vigilant gu>dians4 ,!y wat* by ! cradle ( ! new-born babe1 & spread _! cele/ial w+s r\nd ! tott]+ /eps ( infancy4 ,if ! pa? ( life be difficult & ?orny1 & evil spirits "w its %ame & woe1 !y su/a9 u2 !y be> ! voice ( our compla9+1 ( our supplication1 ( our rep5tance1 up to ! foot ( ,god's ?rone1 & br+ u back 9 return a pity+ b5$iction1 to /r5g!n & to *e]4 ,:5 passion & temptation /rive = ! ma/]y1 !y enc\rage u to resi/2 :5 we conqu]1 !y cr[n u2 :5 we falt] & fail1 !y compassionate & grieve ov] u2 :5 we are ob/9ate 9 pollut+ our own s\ls1 & p]v]t$ n only 9 act b 9 w1 !y leave u--& woe to !m t are s left6 ,b ! good angel does n quit 8 *>ge until 8 protection is despis$1 reject$1 & utt]ly repudiat$4 ,wond]ful ! f]v\r ( _! love--wond]ful _! meekness & pati5ce-- :o endure f day to day ! spectacle ( ! unveil$ human he>t ) all its mis]able weaknesses & vanities1 its inord9ate desires & selfi% purposes6 ,con/ant to u 9 dea?1 !y cont5d aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness = ! emancipat$ _s3 !y ev5 visit ! suff]+ s9n] 9 purgatory2 !y keep alive 9 ! torm5t$ _s fai? & hope1 & rem9d him t ! t]m ( expiation w end at la/4 ,s ,dante#cd repres5ts ! s\ls 9 purgatory z com=t$ 9 _! mis]y2 & 7:i* has always seem$ to me a t\* ( sublime tru? & t5d]ness7 z rejoic+ ov] ^? :o 7 on e>? conspicu\s = ! v virtues :]e9 !mselves 7 defici5t4 ,:5 at l5g? ! rep5tant s\l is suffici5tly purifi$1 ! gu>dian angel be>s x to ! bosom ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! e>li] pa9t]s & sculptors did n1 app>5tly1 make ! same use ( gu>dian angels t we s (t5 meet ) 9 works ( ,mod]n ,art4 ,poetical allegories ( angels guid+ ! /eps ( *ildhood1 ext5d+ a %ield ov] innoc5ce1 wat*+ by a sick b$1 d n1 ,i ?9k1 occur be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury2 at lea/ ,i h n met ) su*4 ,! anci5t ma/]s1 :o really believ$ 9 ! p]sonal ag5cy ( our angelic gu>dians1 beheld !m ) awe & rev]5ce1 & res]v$ _! pres5ce = great & solemn occasions4 ,! angel :o pres5ts ! pi\s vot>y to ,*ri/ or ! ,virg91 :o cr[ns ,/4 ,cecilia & ,/4 ,val]ian aft] _! conque/ ov] human weakness2 ! angel :o cleaves ! air ) flight precipitant' to break ! implem5ts ( torture1 or to ext5d ! palm to ! dy+ m>tyr1 victori\s ov] pa92 ! angels :o assi/ & c>ry 9 _! arms ! s\ls ( ! j2 are1 9 ^! & all simil> examples1 repres5tations ( gu>dian angels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su*1 !n1 are ! ?ree great functions ( ! angelic ho/3 !y are ,mess5g]s1 ,*ori/]s1 & ,gu>dians4 ,b angels1 )\t ref]5ce to _! individuality or _! m9i/ry--) reg>d only to _! species & _! =m1 z ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ elevat$ ( creat$ ess5ces1 z int]m$iate betwe5 heav5 & e>?--are introduc$ into all works ( art :i* h a sacr$ purpose or "*1 & mu/ be consid]$ n m]ely z decorative accessories1 b z a k9d ( pres5ce1 z att5dant witnesses2 &1 l ! *orus 9 ! ,greek trag$ies1 look+ on :]e !y are n actors4 ,9 ar*itectural decoration1 ! *]ubim ) :i* ,solomon adorn$ 8 temple h be5 ! au?ority & example4#ce #8,)9 ! oracle he made two *]ubims1 ea* t5 cubits high1 & ) w+s five cubits 9 l5g?' 7! angels 9 ! old ,*ri/ian *ur*es on ea* side ( ! alt> correspond ) ^! *]ubim71 #8& he ov]laid ! *]ubims ) gold1 & c>v$ all ! walls ( ! h\se ) c>v$ figures ( *]ubims1 & he made doors ( olive tree1 & he c>v$ on !m figures ( *]ubims4' ,s1 9 ,*ri/ian art & ar*itecture1 angels1 ) _! beautiful c9ctur$ heads & out/ret*$ w+s & fl[+ drap]ies1 fill up e space4 ,! in/ances are s num]\s t !y w occur to e "o :o has giv5 a ?\ght to ! subject4 ,i may m5tion ! frieze ( angels 9 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel1 m]ely z an example at h&1 & :i* c be ref]r$ to at any mom5t2 also ! angels r\nd ! *oir ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 ( :i* !re are f9e ca/s 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham2 & 9 "s ( ! old *ur*es 9 ,saxony :i* cle>ly exhibit ! influ5ce ( ,byzant9e ,art--= in/ance1 at ,freyb]g1 ,m]seburg1 ,naumburg--angels ) outspread w+s fill up ! sp&rils ( ! ar*es along ! nave4 ,b1 9 ! be/ ages ( ,art1 angels 7 n m]ely employ$ z decorative accessories2 !y _h _! appropriate place & a solemn significance z a "p ( t !ological sy/em :i* ! edifice1 z a :ole1 repres5t$4 ,z a cele/ial ho/1 surr\nd+ ! ?rone ( ! ,tr9ity2 or ( ,*ri/1 z r$eem] or z a judge2 or ( ! ,virg9 9 glory2 or ! ?ron$ ,madonna & ,*ild2 _! place is imm$iately next to ! ,div9e ,p]sonages1 & be=e ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 :at is call$ a ,liturgy ( ,angels1 !y figure 9 procession ,on ea* side ( ! *oir1 s z to h ! appe>ance ( approa*+ ! alt>3 !y we> ! /ole & alba z deacons1 & be> ! implem5ts ( ! mass4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,rheims !re is a range ( colossal angels z a gr& procession along ! vaults ( ! nave1 :o appe> z approa*+ ! alt>3 ^! be> n only ! gospel1 ! missal1 ! sacram5tal cup1 ! ew]1 ! tap]1 ! cross1 c41 b also ! attributes ( sov]eignty1 cele/ial & t]re/rial3 "o c>ries ! sun1 ano!r ! moon1 a ?ird ! k+ly sceptre1 a f\r? ! globe1 a fif? ! sword2 & all ^!1 z !y approa* ! sanctu>y1 !y seem ab\t to place at ! feet ( ,*ri/1 :o /&s !re z prie/ & k+ 9 glory4 ,/atues ( angels 9 an attitude ( wor%ip on ea* side ( ! alt>1 z if ador+ ! sacrifice--or be>+ 9 triumph ! in/rum5ts ( ,*ri/'s passion1 ! cross1 ! nails1 ! spe>1 ! cr[n ( ?orns--or c>ry+ tap]s--are m common1 & mu/ be reg>d$ n m]ely z decoration1 b z a pres5ce 9 ! high solemnity4 ,illu/ration3 #af ,angel be>+ ! ,moon 7,greek1 #ab? c5tury7 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,aux]re may be se5 angels att5d+ on ! triumphant com+ ( ,*ri/2 &1 :i* is mo/ s+ul>1 !y1 z well z ,*ri/1 are on horseback 7#ag74 ,illu/ration3 #ag ,two angels on horseback ,:51 9 subjects f ,scripture hi/ory1 angels figure n m]ely z att5dants & spectators1 b z p]sonages necess>y to ! action1 !y are ei!r m9i/]s ( ! div9e wra?1 or ( ! div9e m]cy2 ag5ts ( de/ruction1 or ag5ts ( help & good c\nsel4 ,z all ^! in/ances belong to ! hi/orical sc5es ( ! ,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !y w be consid]$ sep>ately1 & ,i %all conf9e myself "h to a few rem>ks on ! introduction & treatm5t ( angels 9 "s subjects ( peculi> int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 #ah ,adam & ,eve expell$ 7,n4 ,pisano7 ,9 relat+ #8! expulsion ( ,adam & ,eve f ,p>adise1' x is n said t an angel 0 ! imm$iate ag5t ( ! div9e wra?1 b x is s repres5t$ 9 works ( ,art4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t treatm5t ,i h met )1#cf a maje/ic arm$ angel drives =? ! del9qu5ts1 & a *]ub ) six w+s /&s z gu>d be=e ! gate4 ,i f\nd ! same motif 9 ! sculptures on ! faade ( ! ,duomo at ,orvieto1 by ,niccol ,pisano4 ,9 ano!r in/ance1 an anci5t ,saxon m9iature1 ! angel is repres5t$ n z driv+ !m =?1 b clos+ ! door aga9/ !m4 ,b ^! are exceptions to ! usual mode ( treatm5t1 :i* seldom v>ies2 ! angel is n repres5t$ 9 wra?1 b calm1 & /ret*es =? a sword :i* is (t5 7lit]ally r5d]+ ! text7 a wav+ lamb5t flame4 ,i rememb] an in/ance 9 :i* ! pret]natural sword1 #8turn+ e way1' z ! =m ( a :eel ( flames4 ,an angel is expressly introduc$ z a m9i/] ( wra? 9 ! /ory ( ,balaam1 9 :i* ,i h se5 no deviation f ! obvi\s prosaic treatm5t1 r5d]+ ! text lit]ally1 #8& ! ass saw ! angel ( ! ,"l /&+ 9 ! way & 8 sword drawn 9 8 h&4' #8,! de/roy+ angel1 lean+ f heav51 pres5ts to ,david ?ree arr[s1 f :i* to *oose--w>1 pe/il5ce1 or fam9e4' ,i h f\nd ?is subject beautifully execut$ 9 sev]al ,,mss41 = in/ance1 9 ! #8,heures d',anne de ,bretagne2' also 9 pictures & 9 pr9ts4 #8,! de/roy+ angel s5t to *a/ise ! arrogance ( ,david1 is beheld /&+ betwe5 heav5 & e>? ) 8 sword /ret*$ ov] ,j]usalem to de/roy x4' ,( ?is sublime vision ,i h nev] se5 any b ! meane/ repres5tations2 none ( ! great ma/]s h treat$ x2 p]haps ,rembr&t might h giv5 u ! t]rible & glori\s angel /&+ l a %ad[ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 own int5se irradiation4 ,david fall5 on 8 face1 & ! sons ( ,ornan hid+ !mselves by _! rude ?re%+-floor1 ) t wild mixture ( ! famili> & ! une>?ly 9 :i* he alone has succe$$4 #8,! ,*a/isem5t ( ,heliodorus' has giv5 occasion to ! sublime/ composition 9 :i* human g5ius ev] attempt$ to embody ! conception ( ! sup]natural--,raphael's fresco 9 ! ,vatican4 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ! protect+ angel ( ! ,hebrew nation1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! m9i/] ( div9e wra? on ?is occasion2 b ,raphael1 9 omitt+ ! w+s1 & all exagg]ation or alt]ation ( ! human figure1 has %[n h[ unnecess>y x 0 = him to h rec\rse to ! prodigi\s & impossible 9 =m1 9 ord] to give ! sup]natural 9 s5tim5t4 ,! une>?ly w>rior & 8 une>?ly /e$--! weapon 9 8 h&1 :i* is n a sword to pi]ce1 nor a club to /rike1 b a sort ( mace1 ( :i*1 z x seems1 a t\* w\ld annihilate2 ! two att5dant spirits1 :o come glid+ above ! m>ble floor1 ) _! hair /ream+ back ) ! rapidity ( _! arial motion--are 9 ! v _s ( ,dante1 &1 z conceptions ( sup]human p[]1 sup]ior to any?+ 9 pictur$ =m :i* ,art has bequea!d to u4 ,9 call+ to m9d ! v>i\s repres5tations ( ! angels ( ! ,apocalypse let loose = de/ruction1 "o is tempt$ to exclaim1 #8,o = a w>n+ voice6' ,:5 ! ,muse ( ,milton quail$1 & fell t5 ?\s& fa?om deep into ,ba?os1 :at c\ld be expect$ f human inv5tion8 ,9 g5]al1 :]e ?is subject is attempt$ 9 pictures1 we f9d ! angels animat$1 l ^? ( ,milton 9 ! w> ( heav51 ) #8fi]ce desire ( battle1' brea?+ v5geance1 wra?1 & fury4 ,s ,alb]t ,dr]1 9 ^? wond]ful sc5es ( 8 #8,apocalypse1' has exhibit$ !m2 b "s ( ! e>ly ,italians %[ !m m]ely impassive1 conqu]+ almo/ )\t ef=t1 puni%+ )\t ang]4 ,! imm$iate in/rum5ts ( ! wra? ( ,god 9 ! day ( judgm5t are n angels1 b devils or demons1 g5]ally repres5t$ by ! old pa9t]s ) e possible exagg]ation ( hide\sness1 & z tak+ a horrible & grotesque delight 9 _! task4 ,! demons are fall5 angels1 _! de=mity a consequ5ce ( _! fall4 ,?us1 9 "s v anci5t repres5tations ( ! expulsion ( ,lucif] & 8 rebel ho/1 ! degradation ( ! =m increases ) _! di/ance f heav54#cg ,^? :o are upp]mo/ are /ill angels2 !y be> ! aureole1 ! w+s1 & ! tunic2 !y h n yet lo/ all _! orig9al brightness3 ^? bel[ !m beg9 to assume ! be/ial =m3 ! f+]s become talons1 ! heads become horn$2 & at la/1 z !y t\* ! conf9es ( ! gulf ( hell1 ! trans=mation is se5 complete1 f ! lum9\s angel into ! abom9able & mon/r\s devil1 ) s]p5t tail1 claws1 bri/les1 & tusks4 ,?is gradual trans=mation1 z !y desc5d into ! gulf ( s91 has a /rik+ allegorical significance :i* _c escape ! read]4 ,9 a ,greek ,,ms4 ( ! n9? c5tury1#ch be>+ s+ul> traces ( antique classical art 9 ! conception & attributes ( ! figures1 ,i f\nd bo? angels & demons treat$ 9 a /yle q peculi> & poetical4 ,! angels are "h gigantic1 maje/ic1 ,jove-l figures1 ) great w+s4 ,! demons are also maje/ic graceful w+$ figures1 b pa9t$ ( a dusky grey col\r 7x may orig9ally h be5 black74 ,9 "o sc5e1 :]e ,julian ! ,apo/ate goes to seek ! hea!n div9ities1 !y are ?us repres5t$1 t is1 z black angels2 %[+ t ! pa9t] _h "h assum$ ! devils or demons to be ! discr[n$ & fall5 gods ( ! antique _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! are a few ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( angels employ$ z m9i/]s ( wra?4 ,angels1 z m9i/]s ( div9e grace & m]cy1 ,( all ^? arts :i* ,deity supreme ,do? ease its he>t ( love 94 occur mu* m frequ5tly4 ,! anci5t h]esy t ,god made use ( ! ag5cy ( angels 9 ! creation ( ! _w1 & ( mank9d1 ,i mu/ notice "h1 because x has f\nd its way into ,art2 = example1 9 an old m9iature :i* repres5ts an angel hav+ be=e him a lump ( clay1 a k9d ( bau*e ( humanity1 :i* he appe>s to be m\ld+ ) 8 h&s1 :ile ! ,almighty /&s by direct+ ! "w4#ci ,?is idea1 absurd z x may appe>1 is n p]haps m absurd ?an ! notion ( ^? :o w\ld repres5t ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause z always busi$ 9 fa%ion+ or alt]+ ! =ms 9 8 visible creation1 l a pott] or any o!r me*anic4 ,b z we are occupi$ at pres5t ) ! scriptural1 n ! leg5d>y subjects1 ,i return to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! fir/ "t t we read ( an angel s5t z a mess5g] ( m]cy1 x is = ! com=t ( poor ,hag>2 :5 he f\nd h] weep+ by ! spr+ ( wat] 9 ! wild]ness1 because h] mi/ress _h afflict$ h]3 & aga91 :5 %e 0 ca/ =? & h] boy fa9t$ = ?ir/4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( ^! subjects1 ,i d n "k a s+le in/ance 9 :i* ! usual angelic =m has n be5 adh]$ to4 ,9 ! sacrifice ( ,isaac1 #8! angel ( ! ,"l calls to ,abraham out ( heav54' ,?is subject1 z ! receiv$ type ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,son ( ,god1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,we f9d x on ! s>cophagi ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies2 b 9 "o ( ! late/ only h ,i se5 a p]sonage introduc$ z /ay+ ! h& ( ,abraham1 & ?is p]sonage is )\t w+s4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! angel is sometimes 9 ! act ( tak+ ! sword out ( ,abraham's h&1 :i* expresses ! nature ( 8 message3 or he lays "o h& on 8 arm1 & ) ! o!r po9ts to ! ram :i* 0 to replace ! sacrifice1 or br+s ! ram 9 8 arms to ! alt>2 b1 :atev] ! action1 ! =m ( ! angelic mess5g] has nev] v>i$ f ! six? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #ai ,! ,angels :o visit ,abraham 7,raphael7 ,9 ! visit ( ! angels to ,abraham1 !re has be5 a v>iety caus$ by ! word+ ( ! text4 ,x is n said t ?ree angels visit$ ,abraham1 yet 9 mo/ ( ! anci5t repres5tations ! ?ree cele/ial gue/s are1 w+$ angels4 ,i ne$ h>dly obs]ve t ^! ?ree angels are assum$ to be a figure ( ! ,tr9ity1 & 9 "s old illum9ations ! int]pretation is n left d\btful1 ! angels be+ *>act]is$ z ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity1 we>+ ea* ! cruci=m nimbus3 two ( !m1 "y & be>dless1 /& beh9d2 ! ?ird1 repres5t+ ! ,fa!r1 has a be>d1 &1 be=e ,him1 ,abraham is pro/rat$4 ,beautiful = grace & simplicity is ! w+$ gr\p by ,ghib]ti1 9 :i* ! ?ree seem to /ep & move toge!r z "o4 ,m mod]n arti/s h giv5 u ! cele/ial visitants m]ely z m54 ,pre-em95t 9 ?is /yle ( conception are ! pictures ( ,raphael & ,murillo4 ,raphael "h1 z else:]e1 a true poet1 has succe$$ 9 convey+1 ) exquisite felicity1 ! s5tim5t ( p[]1 ( a heav5ly pres5ce1 & ( a my/]i\s significance4 ,! ?ree y\?s1 :o /& l9k$ toge!r h& 9 h& be=e ! ,patri>*1 ) su* an air ( b5ign & sup]ior grace1 want no w+s to %[ u t !y belong to ! c\rts ( heav51 & h b j desc5d$ to e>?-- ,s lively %9es ,9 !m div9e resemblance1 & su* grace ,! h& t =m'd !m on _! %ape ha? p\r'd4 ,murillo1 on ! contr>y1 gives u m]ely ?ree "y m51 travell]s1 & has set aside :olly bo? ! angelic & ! my/ic "* ( ! visitants4#dj ,! angels :o desc5d & asc5d ! ladd] 9 ,jacob's dream are 9 almo/ e in/ance repres5t$ 9 ! usual =m2 sometimes a few#da--sometimes 9 multitudes#db--sometimes z "o only1 :o turns to bless ! sleep] be=e he asc5ds2#dc & ! ladd] is sometimes a flight1 or a s]ies ( flights1 ( /eps asc5d+ f e>? to ! empyrean4 ,b "h x is ,rembr&t :o has %[n himself ! poet2 ! ladd] is a slant+ /ream ( light2 ! angels are my/]i\s bird-l lum9\s =ms1 :i* em]ge "o aft] ano!r f a dazzl+ f\nt ( glory1 & g float+ up & d[n1--s l a dream made visible6--,9 ,middle-,age ,art ?is vision ( ,jacob occurs v r>ely4 ,i %all h to return to x :5 treat+ ( ! subjects f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t angels are mu* m frequ5tly allud$ to ?an 9 ! ,old2 m z a reality1 less z a vision2 9 fact1 !re is no important ev5t ?r\gh\t ! ,gospels & ,acts 9 :i* angels d n appe>1 ei!r z imm$iate ag5ts1 or z visible & pres5t2 & 9 sc5es :]e !y are n di/9ctly said to be visibly pres5t1 !y are assum$ to be s invisibly1 ,/4 ,paul hav+ said expressly t #8_! m9i/ry is cont9ual4' ,x is !re=e ) und5iable propriety t1 9 works ( ,art repres5t+ ! incid5ts ( ! ,gospels1 angels %\ld figure z a p]petual pres5ce1 made visible "u su* =ms z cu/om & tradition h consecrat$4 ,i pass ov]1 = ! pres5t1 ! gr&e/1 ! mo/ important mission ( an angel1 ! ann\ncem5t br\ght by ,gabriel to ! bless$ ,virg94 ,i %all h to treat x fully h]eaft]4#dd ,! angel :o appe>s to ,joseph 9 a dream1 & ! angel :o comm&s him to flee into ,egypt1 0 9 bo? cases probably ! same angel :o hail$ ,m>y z bless$ above all wom52 b we are n told s2 & accord+ to "s comm5tators x 0 ! gu>dian angel ( ,joseph :o appe>$ to him4 ,9 ^! & o!r sc5es ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 :i* angels are describ$ z direct ag5ts1 or m]ely z a *orus ( m9i/]+ att5dants1 !y h ! usual =m1 enhanc$ by z mu* beauty1 & b5ignity1 & arial grace z ! fancy ( ! arti/ c\ld be/[ on !m4 ,9 ! ,nativity !y are se5 hov]+ on high1 p\r+ =? _! song ( triumph2 !y hold a scroll 9 _! h&s on :i* _! song is writt53 9 g5]al !re are ?ree angels2 ! fir/ s+s1 ,gloria 9 excelsis ,deo6 ! second1 ,et 9 t]ra pax6 ! ?ird1 ,hom9ibus bon voluntatis6 b 9 "s pictures ! ?ree angels are replac$ by a num]\s *oir1 :o raise ! song ( triumph 9 ! skies1 :ile o!rs are se5 kneel+ r\nd & ador+ ! ,div9e ,infant4 ,! happie/1 ! mo/ beautiful1 in/ance ,i c rememb] ( ?is p>ticul> treatm5t is ! little *apel 9 ! ,ricc>di ,palace at ,flor5ce4 ,?is *apel is 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross1 & ! frescoes are ?us dispos$3-- ,illu/ration3 #bj ,alt> #d #e #c #a #c #a #c #a #b #b ,door ,! walls #a1 #b1 & #c1 are pa9t$ ) ! j\rney ( ! ,wise ,m51 :o1 ) a long tra9 ( att5dants m\nt$ on horseback & gorge\sly app>ell$1 are se5 travell+ ov] hill & dale l$ by ! guid+ />4 ,ov] ! alt> 0 ! ,nativity 7n[ remov$72 on ea* side 7#d1 #e7 is se5 a *oir ( angels1 p]haps fifty 9 numb]1 rejoic+ ov] ! bir? ( ! ,r$eem]3 "s kneel 9 adoration1 ) arms fold$ ov] ! bosom1 o!rs (f] fl[]s2 "s come danc+ =w>d ) fl[]s 9 _! h&s or 9 ! lap ( _! robe2 o!rs s+ & make cele/ial music3 !y h glories r\nd _! heads1 all inscrib$ alike1 #8,gloria 9 excelsis ,deo6' ,! nave grace1 ! beautiful dev\t expression1 ! airy movem5ts ( ^! lovely be+s1 melt ! s\l to h>mony & joy4 ,! *apel hav+ be5 long %ut up1 & its exi/5ce sc>cely rememb]$1 ^! pa9t+s are 9 excell5t pres]vation2 & ,i saw no?+ 9 ,italy t m impress$ me ) admiration ( ! g5u9e feel+ & piety ( ! old ma/]s4 ,! *oral angels ( ,angelico da ,fiesole already describ$ are n m pure 9 s5tim5t1 & are f> less animat$1 ?an ^!4#de ,b h[ diff]5t f bo? is ! m9i/ry ( ! angels 9 "s ( ! pictures ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 bo? ,g]man & ,italian6 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y is wa%+ h] ,div9e ,infant2 angels dry ! clo!s1 or p\r out wat]3 ,joseph is plan+ a bo>d1 & angels assi/ ! ,infant ,savi\r 9 sweep+ up ! *ips4 ,9 a beautiful little ,madonna & ,*ild1 9 ,pr9ce ,wall]/e9's collection1 an angel is play+ ) ! ,div9e ,infant1 is lit]ally 8 play-fell[2 a v graceful idea1 ( :i* ,i h se5 b ?is "o in/ance4 ,9 ! ,flight into ,egypt1 an angel (t5 leads ! ass4 ,9 ! ,riposo1 a subject r>e be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 angels (f] fruit & fl[]s1 or b5d d[n ! bran*es ( ! date tree1 t ,joseph may ga!r ! fruit2 or weave ! *oral dance1 h& 9 h&1 = ! delight ( ! ,infant ,*ri/1 :ile o!rs make cele/ial music--z 9 ,v&yck's beautiful picture 9 ,"l ,a%burton's collection4 ,aft] ! ,temptation1 !y m9i/] to ! ,savi\r 9 ! wild]ness1 & spread = him a table ( refre%m5t-- 444 cele/ial food div9e1 ,ambrosial fruit1 fet*'d f ! tree ( life1 ,& f ! f\nt ( life ambrosial dr9k4 ,x is n said t angels 7 visibly pres5t at ! baptism ( ,*ri/2 b x appe>s to me t !y ought n !re=e to be suppos$ abs5t1 & t !re is a propriety 9 mak+ !m att5dants on ?is solemn occasion4 ,!y are n introduc$ 9 ! v e>lie/ examples1 ^? 9 ! catacombs & s>cophagi2 nor yet 9 ! mosaics ( ,rav5na2 because angels 7 !n r>ely figur$1 & in/ead ( ! w+$ angel we h ! s$ge-cr[n$ riv] god1 repres5t+ ! ,jordan4 ,9 ! ,greek =mula1 !y are requir$ to be pres5t #89 an attitude ( respect3' no m5tion is made ( _! hold+ ! g>m5ts ( our ,savi\r2 b x is c]ta9 t 9 ,byzant9e ,art1 & g5]ally f ! twelf? c5tury1 ?is has be5 ! usual mode ( repres5t+ !m4 ,accord+ to ! ,fa!rs1 our ,savi\r _h no gu>dian angel2 because he did n require "o3 not)/&+ ! s5se usually giv5 to ! text1 #8,he %all give 8 angels *>ge conc]n+ !e1 le/ at any "t ?\ da% ?y foot aga9/ a /one1' ! angels1 !y affirm1 7 n ! gu>dians1 b ! s]vants1 ( ,*ri/2 & h5ce1 ,i presume1 ! cu/om ( repres5t+ !m1 n m]ely z pres5t1 b z m9i/]+ to him dur+ 8 baptism4 ,! gates ( ,san ,paolo 7t5? c5tury7 af=d ! mo/ anci5t example ,i h met ) ( an angel hold+ ! raim5t ( ! ,savi\r3 !re is only "o angel4 ,giotto introduces two graceful angels kneel+ on ! bank ( ! riv]1 & look+ on ) att5tion4 ,! angel 9 ,raphael's composition b[s 8 head1 z if awe-/ruck by ! div9e recognition ( ! maje/y ( ! ,r$eem]2 & ! rev]5t mann] 9 :i* he holds ! ve/m5t is v beautiful4 ,o!r examples w "h sugge/ !mselves to ! read]1 & ,i %all resume ! subject :5 treat+ ( ! life ( our ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "o acc\nt ( our ,savi\r's agony 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 x is expressly said t an angel #8appe>$ unto him out ( heav51 /r5g!n+ him2' !re=e1 :]e ?is awful & pa!tic subject has be5 attempt$ 9 ,art1 !re is propriety 9 introduc+ a visible angel4 ,not)/&+ ! latitude ?us all[$ to ! imag9ation1 or p]haps = t v reason1 ! greate/ & ! mo/ intellig5t pa9t]s h "h fall5 into /range errors1 bo? 9 conception & 9 ta/e4 ,= in/ance1 is x n a manife/ impropriety to take ! ,scripture phrase 9 a lit]al s5se1 & place a cup 9 ! h& ( ! angel8 ,is n ! ^w cup "h1 z else:]e1 us$ z a metaphor1 signify+ ! de/9y aw>d$ by ,div9e w1 z ,*ri/ _h said be=e1 #8,ye %all dr9k ( my cup1' & z we say1 #88 cup ov]fl[e? ) bless+s'8 ,! angel1 !re=e1 :o does n b5d f heav5 to ann\nce to him ! decree he knew full well1 nor to pres5t ! cup ( bitt]ness1 b to /r5g!n & com=t him1 %\ld n be> ! cup2--/ill less ! cross1 ! sc\rge1 ! cr[n ( ?orns1 z 9 _m pictures4 ,:]e our ,savi\r appe>s b[$ to ! e>?1 pro/rate1 half swoon+ ) ! angui% ( t dread mom5t1 & an angel is se5 su/a9+ him1 !re is a true feel+ ( ! real mean+ ( ,scripture2 b ev5 9 su* examples ! effect is (t5 spoil$ by an attempt to r5d] ! sc5e at once m my/ical & m palpable4 ,?us a pa9t] equally rem>kable = ! purity ( 8 ta/e & deep religi\s feel+1 ,niccol ,p\ss91 has repres5t$ ,*ri/1 9 8 agony1 support$ 9 ! arms ( an angel1 :ile a cr[d ( *ild-angels1 v mu* l ,cupids1 appe> be=e him ) ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion2 t5 or twelve be> a huge cross2 o!rs hold ! sc\rge1 ! cr[n ( ?orns1 ! nails1 ! sponge1 ! spe>1 & exhibit !m be=e him1 z if ^! 7 ! images1 ^! ! t]rors1 :i* c\ld ov]:elm ) fe> & angui% ev5 ! human nature ( su* a ,be+6#df ,x seems to me also a mi/ake1 :5 ! angel is introduc$1 to make him m]ely an accessory 7z ,raphael has done 9 "o ( 8 e>ly pictures71 a little figure 9 ! air to help ! mean+3 s9ce ! occasion 0 wor?y ( angelic int]v5tion1 9 a visible %ape1 br++ div9e solace1 div9e sympa?y1 x %\ld be repres5t$ "u a =m ! mo/ mighty & ! mo/ b5ign t ,art c\ld compass2--b has x be5 s8 ,i c recollect no in/ance 9 :i* ! failure has n be5 complete4 ,if x be said t to r5d] ! angelic com=t] s sup]ior to ! sorr[+ & pro/rate ,r$eem] w\ld be to detract f ,8 dignity z ! pr9cipal p]sonage ( ! sc5e1 & ?us violate "o ( ! fir/ rules ( ,art1 ,i ?9k diff]5tly--,i ?9k x c\ld d s only 9 unskilful h&s4 ,repres5t$ z x ought to be1 & might be1 x w\ld inf9itely enhance ! idea ( t unimag9able angui% :i*1 z we are told1 0 comp\nd$ ( ! iniquities & sorr[s ( all humanity laid ^u ,him4 ,x 0 n ! pang ( ! ,mortal1 b ! ,immortal1 :i* requir$ ! pres5ce ( a m9i/]+ _s s5t d[n f heav5 to su/a9 him4 ,illu/ration3 #ba ,lam5t+ ,angel 9 a ,crucifixion 7,campo ,santo7 ,9 ! ,crucifixion1 angels are se5 lam5t+1 wr++ _! h&s1 av]t+ or hid+ _! faces4 ,9 ! old ,greek crucifixions1 "o angel be>s ! sun1 ano!r ! moon1 on ea* side ( ! cross3-- 444 dim sadness did n sp>e1 ,t "t1 cele/ial visages4 ,mi*ael ,angelo gives u two unw+$ colossal-look+ angel heads1 :i* pe] out ( heav5 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8 ,crucifixion 9 a mann] truly sup]natural1 z if !y sympa?is$ 9 ! consummation1 b 9 awe r ?an 9 grief4 ,angels also receive 9 gold5 cups ! blood :i* fl[s f ! w\nds ( our ,savi\r4 ,?is is a repres5tation :i* has ! au?ority ( "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & mo/ spiritual among ! old pa9t]s1 b x is to my ta/e p>ticul>ly unpleas+ & unpoetical4 ,raphael1 9 an e>ly picture1 ! only crucifixion he ev] pa9t$1 ?us introduces ! angels2 & ?is =m ( ! angelic m9i/ry is a my/ical v]sion ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,r$eem] n uncommon 9 ,italian & ,g]man pictures ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z ! scriptural & leg5d>y sc5es 9 :i* angels =m ! poetical ma*9]y w be discuss$ h]eaft] 9 detail z sep>ate subjects1 ,i %all conclude ^! g5]al & prelim9>y rem>ks ) a few words on ! *>act]i/ic /yle 9 :i* ! pr9cipal pa9t]s h set =? ! angelic =ms & attributes4 ,x appe>s t1 previ\s to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 !re 7 religi\s scruples :i* =bade ! repres5tation ( angels1 aris+ p]haps f ! sc&al caus$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* by ! wor%ip paid to ^! sup]natural be+s1 & s /rongly oppos$ by ! primitive tea*]s4 ,we d n f9d on any ( ! ,*ri/ian relics ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 nei!r 9 ! catacombs1 nor on ! vases or ! s>cophagi1 any figure :i* c\ld be suppos$ to repres5t :at we call an angel4 ,on "o ( ! late/ s>cophagi we f9d little w+$ figures1 b evid5tly ! classical w+$ g5ii1 us$ 9 ! classical mann] z ornam5t only4#dg ,9 ! second c\ncil ( ,nice1 ,john ( ,!ssalonica ma9ta9$ t angels h ! human =m1 & may be s repres5t$2 & ! ,jewi% doctors _h previ\sly decid$ t ,god consult$ 8 angels :5 ,he said1 #8,let u make man aft] our image1' & t consequ5tly we may suppose ! angels to be l m51 or1 9 ! words ( ! prophet1 #8l unto ! similitude ( ! sons ( m54'#dh 7,dan4 x4 #af47 ,b x is evid5t t1 9 ! fir/ attempt at angelic effigy1 x 0 deem$ necess>y1 9 giv+ ! human %ape1 to r5d] x z sup]human1 z impos+1 z possible3 colossal proportions1 mighty ov]%ad[+ w+s1 k+ly attributes1 ^! we f9d 9 ! e>lie/ figures ( angels :i* ,i believe exi/--! mosaics 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,agata at ,rav5na 7,a4,d4 #djj74 ,*ri/ is seat$ on a ?rone 7z 9 ! e>ly s>cophagi73 he holds ! ,gospel 9 "o h&1 & ) ! left gives ! b5$iction4 ,an angel /&s on ea* side3 !y h l>ge w+s1 & be> a silv] w&1 ! long sceptre ( ! ,grecian k+s2 !y are rob$ 9 classical drap]y1 b we> ! %ort pallium 7! #8g>b succ9ct = flight'72 _! feet are s&al$1 z prep>$ = a j\rney1 & _! hair b\nd by a fillet4 ,except 9 ! w+s & %ort pallium1 !y resemble ! figures ( ,grecian k+s & prie/s 9 ! anci5t bas-reliefs4 ,?is 0 ! truly maje/ic idea ( an angelic pres5ce 79 contradi/9ction to ! angelic emblem71 :i*1 well or ill execut$1 prevail$ dur+ ! fir/ t5 c5turies4 ,9 ! ,,ms4#di already ref]r$ to z conta9+ su* magnific5t examples ( ?is ,god-l =m & be>+1 ,i select$ "o gr\p less ru9$ ?an mo/ ( ! o!rs2 ,jacob wre/l+ ) ! angel4 ,! draw+ is wond]ful = ! p]iod1 t ( ,*>lemagne2 & see h[ ! mighty ,be+ grasps ! puny mortal1 :o 0 p]mitt$ = a :ile to resi/ him6--#8,he t\*$ ! holl[ ( ,jacob's ?igh1 & x 0 out ( jo9t'--! action is z significant z possible4 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! drap]y ( ! angel is :ite2 ! fillet b9d+ ! hair1 ! s&als1 & ! w+s1 ( purple & gold4 ,illu/ration3 #bb ,angel 7,greek ,,mss41 n9? c5tury7 ,illu/ration3 #bc ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,?is lank1 =mal angel is f ! ,greco-,italian s*ool ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,f ! elev5? to ! ?irte5? c5tury ! =ms ( ! angels became1 l all ?+s 9 ! !n degrad$ /ate ( ,byzant9e ,art1 m]ely conv5tional4 ,!y are attir$ ei!r 9 ! imp]ial or ! sac]dotal ve/m5ts1 z already describ$1 & are ri*ly ornam5t$1 ta/eless & /iff1 l>ge )\t gr&eur1 & 9 g5]al ill drawn3 z 9 ^! figures f ,monreale 7#bd74 ,illu/ration3 #bd ,greek ,angels 7,ca!dral ( ,monreale4 ,elev5? c5tury7 ,on ! revival ( ,art1 we f9d ! ,byzant9e idea ( angels ev]y:]e prevail+4 ,! angels 9 ,cimabue's fam\s #8,virg9 & ,*ild en?ron$' are gr& creatures1 r /]n2 b ?is arose1 ,i ?9k1 f 8 inability to express beauty4 ,! colossal angels at ,assisi 7,a4,d4 #abgj71 solemn sceptr$ k+ly =ms1 all alike 9 action & attitude1 appe>$ to me magnific5t 7#cj74 ,9 ! angels ( ,giotto 7,a4,d4 #acaj7 we see ! comm5cem5t ( a s(t] grace & a pur] ta/e1 fur!r develop$ by "s ( 8 s*ol>s4 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli & ,orcagna h left 9 ! ,campo ,santo examples ( ! mo/ graceful & fanciful treatm5t4 ,( ,b5ozzo's angels 9 ! ,ricc>di palace ,i h spok5 at l5g?4 ,8 ma/] ,angelico 7wor?y ! "n67 nev] rea*$ ! same p[] ( express+ ! raptur\s rejoic+ ( cele/ial be+s1 b 8 conception ( ! angelic nature rema9s unapproa*$1 unapproa*able 7,a4,d4 #adcj72 x is only 81 = x 0 ! g5tle1 passionless1 ref9$ nature ( ! recluse :i* /amp$ itself !re4 ,angelico's angels are une>?ly1 n s mu* 9 =m z 9 s5tim5t2 & sup]human1 n 9 p[] b 9 purity4 ,9 o!r h&s1 any imitation ( 8 s(t e!real grace w\ld become feeble & insipid4 ,) _! long robes fall+ r\nd _! feet1 & droop+ _m-col\r$ w+s1 !y seem n to fly or to walk1 b to float along1 #8smoo? slid+ )\t /ep4' ,bless$1 bless$ creatures6 love u1 only love u--= we d>e n task y\r s(t s]5e ,beatitude by ask+ y to help u6 ,!re is m sympa?y ) humanity 9 ,francia's angels3 !y look z if !y c\ld weep1 z well z love & s+4 ,illu/ration3 #be ,angels 7,f4 ,granacci7 ,mo/ beautiful are ! gr\ps ( ador+ angels by ,francesco ,granacci1#ej s s]5ely t5d]1 yet ) a t\* ( grave e>ne/ness :i* gives !m a "* ap>t3 !y h ! air ( gu>dian angels1 :o h dis*>g$ _! tru/1 & to :om ! ,supreme utt]ance has voic$ =?1 #8,s]vant ( ,god1 well done6' ,! angels ( ,botticelli are (t5 /iff1 & ^? ( ,ghirl&ajo sometimes fanta/ic2 b 9 bo? ,i h met ) angelic c\nt5ances & =ms :i*1 = int5se & happy expression1 c nev] be =gott54 ,"o has ! feel+1 h[ev]1 t !y us$ human models--! portrait face looks ?r\gh ! angel face4 ,?is is /ill m app>5t 9 ,mantegna & ,filippo ,lippi4 ,z we might h expect$ f ! "* ( ,fra ,filippo1 8 angels want ref9em5t3 !y h a boyi% look1 ) _! crisp curl$ hair1 & _! bold beauty2 yet "s ( !m are magnific5t = t sort ( angel-be+s suppos$ to h a volition ( _! own4 ,&rea del ,s>to's angels h ! same fault 9 a less degree3 !y h1 if n a bold1 yet a self-will$ boyi% expression4 ,p]ug9o's angels convey ! idea ( an unalt]able sweetness3 ^? ( 8 e>li] "t h mu* natural grace1 ^? ( 8 lat] "t are mann]$4 ,9 e>ly ,v5etian ,art ! angels are *>m+3 !y are happy affectionate be+s1 ) a t\* ( t voluptu\s s5tim5t1 aft]w>ds ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,9 ! contempor>y ,g]man s*ool1 angels are treat$ 9 a v extraord9>y & orig9al /yle 7#bf74 "o _c say t !y are e>?ly1 or commonplace1 /ill less are !y beautiful or div9e2 b !y h great simplicity1 e>ne/ness1 & en]gy ( action4 ,!y appe> to me conceiv$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t _s1 ) _! gr& /iff massive drap]ies1 _! jewell$ & gold5 glories1 _! w+s #8ey$ l ! peacock1 speckl$ l ! p>d1' _! int5se expression1 & ! sort ( p]sonal & passionate int]e/ !y ?r[ into _! m9i/ry4 ,?is is ! "* ( ,alb]t ,dr]'s angels especially2 ^? ( ,m>t9 ,s*o5 & ,lucus v4 ,leyd5 are ( a g5tl] _s4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's angels d n q please me1 elegant1 ref9$1 & lovely z !y are3--#8me?9ks !y smile too mu*4' ,by 8 s*ol> ,lu9i !re are "s angels 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,br]a1 sw++ c5s]s & play+ on musical in/rum5ts1 :i*1 ) ! peculi> "* ( ! ,milanese s*ool1 comb9e all ! grace ( a pur]1 l(ti] nature4 ,correggio's angels are gr& & lovely1 b !y are l *ildr5 enl>g$ & sublimat$1 n l spirits tak+ ! =m ( *ildr53 :]e !y smile x is truly1 z ,annibal ,c>acci expresses x1 #8con una naturalezza e semplicit *e innamora e s=za a rid]e con loro2' b ! smile 9 _m ( ,correggio's angel heads has some?+ sublime & spiritual1 z well z simple & natural4 ,illu/ration3 #bf ,angel4 ,g]man ,s*ool4 7,alb]t ,dr]7 ,& ,titian's angels impress me 9 a simil> mann]--,i mean ^? 9 ! glori\s ,assumption at ,v5ice--) _! *ildi% =ms & features1 b ) an expression caught f behold+ ! face ( #8our ,fa!r t is 9 heav53' x is glorifi$ infancy4 ,i rememb] /&+ be=e ?is picture1 contemplat+ ^? lovely spirits "o aft] ano!r1 until a ?rill came ov] me l t :i* ,i felt :5 ,m5delssohn play$ ! organ1 & ,i became music :ile ,i li/5$4 ,! face ( "o ( ^? angels is to ! face ( a *ild j :at t ( ! ,virg9 9 ! same picture is comp>$ ) ! faire/ ( ! daught]s ( e>?3 x is n "h sup]iority ( beauty1 b m9d & music & love1 knead$1 z x 71 into =m & col\r4 ,i h ?\ght x s+ul> & some:at unacc\ntable1 t among ! e>lie/ examples ( undrap$ boy-angels are ^? ( ,fra ,b>tolomeo--he :o on "o occasion1 at ! comm& ( ,savon>ola1 made a bonfire ( all ! undress$ figures he c\ld lay 8 h&s on4 ,b ,raphael1 excell+ 9 all ?+s1 is "h excell5t above all3 8 angels comb9e1 9 a high] degree ?an any o!r1 ! v>i\s faculties & attributes 9 :i* ! fancy loves to clo! ^! pure1 immortal1 beatifi$ creatures4 ,! angels ( ,giotto1 ( ,b5ozzo1 ( ,fiesole1 are1 if n female1 fem99e2 ^? ( ,lippi1 & ( ,a4 ,mantegna1 mascul9e2 b y _c say ( ^? ( ,raphael t !y are mascul9e or fem99e4 ,! idea ( sex is :olly lo/ 9 ! bl5d+ ( p[]1 intellig5ce1 & grace4 ,9 8 e>li] pictures grace is ! pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic1 z 9 ! danc+ & s++ angels 9 8 ,coronation ( ! ,virg94#ea ,9 8 lat] pictures ! s5tim5t 9 8 m9i/]+ angels is m spiritual1 m dignifi$4 ,z a p]fect example ( gr& & poetical feel+1 ,i may cite ! angels z #8,reg5ts ( ! ,planets1' 9 ! ,capella ,*igiana4#eb ,! cupola repres5ts 9 a circle ! creation ( ! sol> sy/em1 accord+ to ! !ological & a/ronomical 7or r a/rological7 notions :i* !n prevail$--a hundr$ ye>s be=e #8! />ry ,galileo & 8 woes4' ,9 ! c5tre is ! ,creator2 ar\nd1 9 eight comp>tm5ts1 we h1 fir/1 ! angel ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 :o seems to be li/5+ to ! div9e m&ate1 #8,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( heav52' !n foll[1 9 _! ord]1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,! "n ( ea* planet is express$ by its my?ological repres5tative2 ! ,sun by ,apollo1 ! ,moon by ,diana3 & ov] ea* presides a gr& colossal w+$ _s seat$ or recl9+ on a portion ( ! zodiac z on a ?rone4 ,i h select$ two angels to give an idea ( ?is peculi> & poetical treatm5t4 ,! union ( ! !ological & ! my?ological attributes is 9 ! classical ta/e ( ! "t1 & q ,miltonic4#ec ,9 ,raphael's *ild-angels1 ! expression ( p[] & intellig5ce1 z well z innoc5ce1 is q wond]ful2 = in/ance1 look at ! two angel-boys 9 ! ,dresd5 ,madonna di ,san ,si/o1 & ! angels1 or cele/ial g5ii1 :o be> along ! ,almighty :5 ,he appe>s to ,noah4#ed ,no "o has express$ l ,raphael ! action ( flight1 except p]haps ,rembr&t4 ,! angel :o desc5ds to cr[n ,santa ,felicit cleaves ! air ) ! action ( a swall[2#ee & ! angel 9 ,rembr&t's ,tobit so>s l a l>k ) upw>d motion1 spurn+ ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,angels ( ! ,planets f ! ,capella ,*igi4 ,mi*ael ,angelo r>ely gave w+s to 8 angels2 ,i sc>cely recollect an in/ance1 except ! angel 9 ! ,annunciation3 & 8 exagg]at$ human =ms1 8 colossal creatures1 9 :i* ! idea ( p[] is convey$ ?r\gh attitude & muscul> action1 are1 to my ta/e1 worse ?an unpleas+4 ,my admiration = ?is wond]ful man is s pr(\nd t ,i c af=d to say ?is4 ,8 angels are sup]human1 b h>dly angelic3 & :ile 9 ,raphael's angels we d n feel ! want ( w+s1 we feel :ile look+ at ^? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo t n ev5 ! #8sail-broad vans' ) :i* ,satan lab\r$ ?r\gh ! surg+ abyss ( *aos c\ld suffice to lift ^? ,titanic =ms f e>?1 & su/a9 !m 9 mid-air4 ,! gr\p ( angels ov] ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 fl++ _! mighty limbs ab\t1 & ^? t surr\nd ! desc5d+ figure ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1 may be ref]r$ to "h z *>act]i/ic examples4 ,! angels1 bl[+ _! trumpets1 puff & /ra9 l s _m troop]s4 ,surely ?is is n angelic3 !re may be p[]1 great imag9ative & arti/ic p[]1 exhibit$ 9 ! conception ( =m1 b 9 ! be+s !mselves !re is m ( ef=t ?an ( p[]3 s]5ity1 tranquillity1 beatitude1 e!real purity1 spiritual grace1 are out ( ! "q4 ,! lat] foll[]s ( 8 s*ool1 9 _! angelic z 9 _! human =ms1 c>icatur$ _! great ma/]1 & became1 to an (f5sive degree1 =c$1 extravagant1 & s5sual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we come to ! revival ( a bett] ta/e "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,c>acci1 we f9d ! angels ( t s*ool z f> remov$ f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian types z 7 _! apo/les & m>tyrs4 ,!y h (t5 great beauty1 consummate elegance1 b be> ! same relation to ! religi\s & e!real types ( ! e>ly pa9t]s t ! angels ( ,tasso be> to ^? ( ,dante4 ,turn1 = in/ance1 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 :]e ! angel is deput$ to c>ry to ,godfrey ! behe/ ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,! picture ( ! angel is di/9ctly & poetically br\ght be=e u2 he takes to himself a =m betwe5 boyhood & y\?2 8 wav+ curls are cr[n$ ) beams ( light2 he puts on a pair ( w+s ( silv] tipp$ ) gold1 ) :i* he cleaves ! air1 ! cl\ds1 ! skies2 he alights on ,m\nt ,lebanon1 & poises himself on 8 balanc$ w+s-- ,e si libr su l' adeguate p5ne4 ,?is is exactly ! angel :i* figures 9 ! be/ pictures ( ! ,c>acci & ,guido3 he is supremely elegant1 & no?+ m4 ,i mu/ n "h v5ture on m9ute criticism1 z reg>ds di/9ctive "* 9 ! cr[ds ( pa9t]s :i* sprung out ( ! eclectic s*ool4 ,x w\ld c>ry u too f>2 b "o or two g5]al rem>ks w lead ! read]'s fancy along ! pa? ,i w\ld wi% him to pursue4 ,i w\ld say1 !re=e1 t ! angels ( ,ludovico h m ( s5tim5t1 ^? ( ,annibal m ( p[]1 ^? ( ,guido m ( grace3 & ( ,guido x may be said t he excels !m all 9 ! expression ( adoration & humility2 see1 = in/ance1 ! ador+ s]aphs 9 ,"l ,ellesm]e's #8,immaculate ,conception4' ,! angels ( ,dom5i*9o1 ,gu]c9o1 & ,albano1 are to me less pleas+4 ,dom5i*9o's angels are m]ely human4 ,i nev] saw an angel 9 "o ( ,gu]c9o's pictures t _h n1 ) ! m]ely human "*1 a t\* ( vulg>ity4 ,z = ,albano1 h[ are we to discrim9ate betwe5 8 angels & 8 nymphs1 ,apollos1 & ,cupids8 ,b = ! occasion & ! appellation1 x w\ld be q impossible to di/+ui% ! ,loves t sport r\nd ,v5us & ,adonis1 f ! ,*]ubim1 s call$1 t hov] above a ,nativity or a ,riposo2 & ! little angels1 9 8 ,crucifixion1 cry s l naughty little boys1 t "o longs to put !m 9 a corn]4 ,?is m]ely hea!n grace & m]ely human s5tim5t is ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! :ole s*ool2 & no beauty ( =m or col\r c1 to ! feel+ & religi\s m9d1 r$eem su* gross violations ( propriety4 ,z = ,p\ss91 ( :om ,i ?9k ) due rev]5ce1 8 angels are (t5 exquisitely beautiful & ref9$3 !y h a *a/ity & a moral grace :i* pleases at fir/ view2 b "h aga9 ! scriptural type is neglect$ & hea!nis$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,if we comp>e ! ,cupids 9 8 ,r9aldo & ,armida1 ) ! angels :i* m9i/] to ! ,virg9 & ,*ild2 or ! ,*]ubim weep+ 9 a ,deposition1 ) ! ,amor9i :o are lam5t+ ov] ,adonis2 9 :at respect d !y diff]8 ,!y are evid5tly pa9t$ f ! same models1 ! beautiful *ildr5 ( ,titian & ,fiam+o4 ,illu/ration3 #bg ,angels 9 a ,nativity 7,sev5te5? c5tury7 ,illu/ration3 #bh ,angel3 9 a picture ( ,*ri/ heal+ ! ,sick 7,n4 ,p\ss97 ,rub5s gives u /rong well-built y\?s1 ) r$undant yell[ hair2 & *ubby nak$ babies1 z l fle% & blood1 & z natural1 z ! life3 & ^? ( ,v&yck are m elegant1 )\t be+ m angelic4 ,murillo's *ild-angels are div9e1 ?r\gh absolute beauty2 ! expression ( innoc5ce & beatitude 0 nev] m p]fectly giv52 b 9 gr&eur & p[] !y are inf]ior to ,correggio1 & 9 all t %\ld *>act]ise a div9e nature1 immeasurably bel[ ,raphael4 ,/range to say1 ! mo/ poetical pa9t] ( angels 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury is t inspir$ ,dut*man1 ,rembr&t2 n t 8 angels are scriptural2 /ill less classical2 & beautiful !y are n1 c]ta9ly--(t5 ! rev]se2 b if !y h n ! ,miltonic dignity & grace1 !y are at lea/ z une>?ly & z poetical z any ( ! angelic phantasms 9 ,dante1--unhuman1 unembodi$ creatures1 comp\nd$ ( light & d>kness1 #8! some:at betwe5 a ?\ght & a ?+1' haunt+ ! memory l app>itions4 ,= in/ance1 look at 8 ,jacob's ,dream1 at ,dulwi*2 or 8 et*+ ( ! ,angels appe>+ to ! ,%eph]ds1--break+ ?r\gh ! night1 scatt]+ ! gloom1 mak+ our eyes a*e ) excess ( glory1--! ,gloria 9 excelsis r++ ?r\gh ! fancy :ile we gaze6 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h be=e obs]v$ t angels are suppos$ to be mascul9e1 ) ! fem99e attributes ( beauty & purity2 b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]1 ,giovanni di ,s4 ,giovanni1 sc&alis$ 8 contempor>ies by introduc+ into a glory r\nd ! ,virg91 female angels 7angelesse74 ,rub5s has m ?an once committ$ ! same fault aga9/ ecclesia/ical canons & decorum2 = in/ance1 9 8 ,madonna #8aux ,anges' 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,su* ab]rations ( fancy are m]e caprices ( ! pa9t]1 improprieties inadmissible 9 high art4 ,( ! sprawl+1 flutt]+1 half-nak$ angels ( ! ,pietro da ,cortona & ,b]n9i s*ool1 & ! feeble mann]i/s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :at %all be said8 t !y are wor?y to illu/rate ,moore's ,loves ( ! ,angels8 #8non ragioniam di lor2' no1 nor ev5 look at !m6 ,i h se5 angels ( ! lat] ,italian & ,spani% pa9t]s m l op]a danc]s1 ) artificial w+s & gauze drap]ies1 dress$ to figure 9 a ballet1 ?an any?+ else ,i c\ld comp>e !m to4 ,! mo/ orig9al1 &1 9 tru?1 ! only new & orig9al v]sion ( ! ,scripture idea ( angels :i* ,i h met )1 is t ( ,william ,blake1 a poet pa9t]1 some:at mad z we are told1 if inde$ 8 madness 7 n r #8! telescope ( tru?1' a sort ( poetical clairvoyance1 br++ ! une>?ly ne>] to him ?an to o!rs4 ,8 ador+ angels float r ?an fly1 &1 ) _! half-liquid drap]ies1 seem ab\t to dissolve into light & love3 & 8 rejoic+ angels--behold !m--s5d+ up _! voices ) ! morn+ />s1 t #8s++1 9 _! glory move6' ,illu/ration3 #bi #8,all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy6' ,z reg>ds ! treatm5t ( angels 9 ! m rec5t productions ( art1 ! pa9t]s & sculptors h g5]ally adh]$ to receiv$ & kn[n types 9 =m & 9 s5tim5t4 ,! angels ( ! old ,italians1 ,giotto & ,frate ,angelico1 h be5 v well imitat$ by ,/e9le & o!rs ( ! ,g]man s*ool3 ! ,raffaelesque feel+ has be5 9 g5]al aim$ at by ! ,fr5* & ,engli% pa9t]s4 ,t5]ani _h ! old mosaics 9 8 m9d :5 he conceiv$ t magnific5t colossal ,angel ( ! ,resurrection seat$ on a tomb1 & wait+ = ! signal to s\nd 8 trumpet1 :i* ,i saw 9 8 ateli]1 prep>$ ,i believe = ! monum5t ( ! ,du*ess ,lanti4#ef 99 99 99 99 99 ,i pause "h1 = ,i h dwelt ^u ^! cele/ial ,hi]>*ies1 w+$ ,spl5d\rs1 ,pr9c$oms1 ,virtues1 ,p[]s1 till my fancy is becom+ some:at maz$ & dazzl$ by ! contemplation4 ,i mu/ leave ! read] to g into a picture-gall]y1 or look ov] a portfolio ( engrav+s1 & s pursue ! !me1 :i!rsoev] x may lead him1 & x may lead him1 9 ,hamlet's words1 #8to ?\ghts beyond ! rea*es ( 8 s\l6'#eg ,illu/ration3 #cj ,ar*angels 7,cimabue4 ,9 ,san ,francesco d',assisi7 ,,ii4 ,! ,ar*angels4 ,! ,sev5 ,:o 9 ,god's pres5ce1 ne>e/ to 8 ?rone1 ,/& ready at comm&4--,,milton4 ,hav+ treat$ ( ! cele/ial ,hi]>*y 9 g5]al1 we h n[ to consid] ^? angels :o 9 arti/ic repres5tations h assum$ an individual =m & "*4 ,^! belong to ! ord] ( ,ar*angels1 plac$ by ,dionysius 9 ! ?ird ,hi]>*y3 !y take rank betwe5 ! ,pr9c$oms & ! ,angels1 & p>take ( ! nature ( bo?1 be+1 l ! ,pr9c$oms1 ,p[]s2 &1 l ! ,angels1 ,m9i/]s & ,mess5g]s4 ,frequ5t allusion is made 9 ,scripture to ! sev5 ,angels :o /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 7,rev4 viii4 #b1 xv4 #a1 xvi4 #a1 c42 ,tobit xxii4 #ae47 ,?is 0 9 accordance ) ! popul> cre$ ( ! ,jews1 :o n only ackn[l$g$ ! supremacy ( ! ,sev5 ,spirits1 b assign$ to !m di/9ct vocations & di/9ct appellations1 ea* t]m9at+ ) ! syllable ,el1 :i* signifies ,god4 ,?us we h-- ,i4 ,,mi*ael 7i4e4 :o is l unto ,god71 capta9-g5]al ( ! ho/ ( heav51 & protector ( ! ,hebrew nation4 ,,ii4 ,,gabriel 7i4e4 ,god is my /r5g?71 gu>dian ( ! cele/ial treasury1 & preceptor ( ! patri>* ,joseph4 ,,iii4 ,,raphael 7i4e4 ! ,m$ic9e ( ,god71 ! conductor ( ,tobit2 !nce ! *ief gu>dian angel4 ,,iv4 ,,uriel 7i4e4 ! ,light ( ,god71 :o taught ,esdras4 ,he 0 also reg5t ( ! sun4 ,v4 ,,*amuel 7i4e4 "o :o sees ,god871 :o wre/l$ ) ,jacob1 & :o appe>$ to ,*ri/ at ,ge?semane4 7,b1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 ?is 0 ! angel ,gabriel47 ,,vi4 ,,jophiel 7i4e4 ! ,beauty ( ,god71 :o 0 ! preceptor ( ! sons ( ,noah1 & is ! protector ( all ^? :o1 ) an humble he>t1 seek aft] tru?1 & ! enemy ( ^? :o pursue va9 k4 ,?us ,jophiel 0 naturally consid]$ z ! gu>dian ( ! tree ( k & ! same :o drove ,adam & ,eve f ,p>adise4 ,,vii4 ,,zadkiel 7i4e4 ! ,righte\sness ( ,god71 :o /ay$ ! h& ( ,abraham :5 ab\t to sacrifice 8 son4 7,b1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 ?is 0 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael47 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* does n ackn[l$ge ^! ,sev5 ,angels by "n2 nei!r 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ! wor%ip ( angels took deep root1 nor yet 9 ! ,we/1 :]e x has be5 tacitly accept$4 ,nor h ,i met ) !m z a s]ies1 by "n1 9 any ecclesia/ical "w ( art1 ?\gh ,i h se5 a set ( old anonym\s pr9ts 9 :i* !y appe> ) di/9ct names & attributes3 ,mi*ael be>s ! sword & scales2 ,gabriel1 ! lily2 ,raphael1 ! pilgrim's /aff & g\rd full ( wat]1 z a travell]4 ,uriel has a roll & a book3 he is ! int]pret] ( judgm5ts & prophecies1 & = ?is purpose 0 s5t to ,esdras3--#8,! angel t 0 s5t unto me1 ^: "n 0 ,uriel1 gave me an answ]4' 7,esdras1 ii4 #d47 ,& 9 ,milton-- ,uriel1 = ?\ ( ^? ,sev5 ,spirits t /& ,9 sight ( ,god's high ?rone1 glori\sly bright1 ,! fir/ art wont 8 great au!ntic w ,int]pret] ?r\gh highe/ heav5 to br+4 ,illu/ration3 #ca ,! ,ar*angels ,mi*ael & ,raphael 7,campo ,santo7 ,accord+ to an e>ly ,*ri/ian tradition1 x 0 ?is angel1 & n ,*ri/ 9 p]son1 :o accompani$ ! two disciples to ,emmaus4 ,*amuel is repres5t$ ) a cup & a /aff2 ,jophiel ) a flam+ sword4 ,zadkiel be>s ! sacrificial knife :i* he took f ! h& ( ,abraham4 ,b ! ,sev5 ,angels1 )\t be+ di/+ui%$ by "n1 are occasionally introduc$ into works ( art4 ,= example1 ov] ! ar* ( ! *oir 9 ,san ,mi*ele1 at ,rav5na 7,a4,d4 #ede71 on ea* side ( ! ?ron$ ,savi\r are ! ,sev5 ,angels bl[+ trumpets l c['s horns3--#8,& ,i saw ! ,sev5 ,angels :i* /& be=e ,god1 & to !m 7 giv5 sev5 trumpets4' 7,rev4 viii4 #b1 #f47 ,9 repres5tations ( ! ,crucifixion & 9 ! ,piet1 ! ,sev5 ,angels are (t5 se5 9 att5dance1 be>+ ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion4 ,mi*ael be>s ! cross1 = he is #8! ,bann]] ( heav52' b ,i d n feel c]ta9 ( ! p>ticul> avocations ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ( ,orcagna1 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa 7#ca71 ! ,sev5 ,angels are active & important p]sonages4 ,! angel :o /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 bel[ ! ?rone ( ,*ri/1 ext5ds a scroll 9 ea* h&2 on t 9 ! "r h& is inscrib$ #8,come1 ye bless$ ( my ,fa!r1' & on t 9 ! left h&1 #8,dep>t f me1 ye accurs$3' him ,i suppose to be ,mi*ael1 ! angel ( judgm5t4 ,at 8 feet cr\*es an angel :o seems to %r9k f ! trem5d\s spectacle1 & hides 8 face3 him ,i suppose to be ,raphael1 ! gu>dian angel ( humanity4 ,! attitude has always be5 admir$--c[]+ ) horror1 yet sublime4 ,b5ea? are o!r five angels1 :o are engag$ 9 sep>at+ ! j f ! wick$1 enc\rag+ & su/a9+ ! =m]1 & driv+ ! latt] t[>ds ! demons :o are ready to snat* !m into flames4 ,^! ,sev5 ,angels h ! g>b ( pr9ces & w>riors1 ) brea/plates ( gold1 jewell$ sword-belts & ti>as1 ri* mantles2 :ile ! o!r angels :o figure 9 ! same sc5e are plum$1 & bird-l1 & hov] above be>+ ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion 7#cb74 ,aga9 we may see ! ,sev5 ,angels 9 q ano!r "*1 att5d+ on ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 9 a picture by ,taddeo ,gaddi4#eh ,"h1 in/ead ( ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion1 !y be> ! allegorical attributes ( ^? virtues = :i* t fam\s sa9t & doctor is to be rev]5c$3 "o be>s an olive-bran*1 i4e4 ,peace2 ! second1 a book1 i4e4 ,k2 ! ?ird1 a cr[n & sceptre1 i4e4 ,p[]2 ! f\r?1 a *ur*1 i4e4 ,religion2 ! fif?1 a cross & %ield1 i4e4 ,fai?2 ! six?1 flames ( fire 9 ea* h&1 i4e4 ,piety & ,*>ity2 ! sev5?1 a lily1 i4e4 ,purity4 ,illu/ration3 #cb ,9 g5]al x may be presum$ :5 sev5 angels figure toge!r1 or are di/+ui%$ f among a ho/ ( angels by dress1 /ature1 or o!r attributes1 t ^! repres5t ! #8,sev5 ,holy ,angels :o /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4' ,f\r only ( ^! ,sev5 ,angels are individualis$ by "n1 ,mi*ael1 ,gabriel1 ,raphael1 & ,uriel4 ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% tradition1 ^! f\r su/a9 ! ?rone ( ! ,almighty3 !y h ! ,greek epi!t ar*1 or *ief1 assign$ to !m1 f ! two texts ( ,scripture 9 :i* t title is us$ 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #af2 ,jude ix472 b only ! ?ree fir/1 :o 9 ,scripture h a di/9ct p]sonality1 are rev]5c$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z sa9ts2 & _! graci\s beauty1 & _! div9e pr[ess1 & _! high behe/s to mortal man1 h furni%$ "s ( ! mo/ important & mo/ poetical subjects :i* appe> 9 ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h met ( ! ,ar*angels introduc$ by "n into a "w ( art is 9 ! old *ur* ( ,san ,mi*ele at ,rav5na 7,a4,d4 #ede74 ,! mosaic 9 ! apse exhibits ,*ri/ 9 ! c5tre1 be>+ 9 "o h& ! cross z a trophy or sceptre1 & 9 ! o!r an op5 book on :i* are ! words #8,qui videt me videt et ,patrem meum4' ,on ea* side /& ,mi*ael & ,gabriel1 ) va/ w+s & long sceptres2 _! names are inscrib$ above1 b )\t ! ,sanctus & )\t ! ,glory4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t at ?is "t1 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 ! title ( ,sa9t1 ?\gh 9 use1 _h n be5 giv5 to ! ,ar*angels4 ,:51 9 ! anci5t *ur*es1 ! figure ( ,*ri/ or ( ! ,lamb appe>s 9 a circle ( glory 9 ! c5tre ( ! ro(2 & ar\nd1 or at ! f\r corn]s1 f\r angels :o su/a9 ! circle ) outspread arms1 or /& z wat*]s1 ) sceptres or lances 9 _! h&s1 ^! ,i presume to be ! f\r ,ar*angels :o su/a9 ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,examples may be se5 9 ,san ,vitale at ,rav5na2 9 ! *apel ( ,san ,z5o1 9 ,santa ,prass$e at ,rome2 & on ! ro( ( ! *oir ( ,san ,francesco d',assisi4 ,s ! f\r ,ar*angels1 /ately colossal figures1 w+$ & arm$ & sceptr$1 /& ov] ! ar* ( ! *oir 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,monreale1 at ,pal]mo4#ei ,s ! f\r angels /& at ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? & hold ! w9ds1 heads ) puff$ *eeks & di%evell$ hair4#fj 7,rev4 vii4 #a47 ,b ,i h nev] se5 ,uriel repres5t$ by "n1 or alone1 9 any sacr$ edifice4 ,9 ! picture ( ,uriel pa9t$ by ,all/on1#fa he is ! #8,reg5t ( ! ,sun1' z describ$ by ,milton2 n a sacr$ or scriptural p]sonage4 ,on a %r9e ( c>v$ ivory#fb ,i h se5 ! f\r ,ar*angels z keep+ gu>d1 two at ea* end2 ! ?ree fir/ are nam$1 z usual1 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ,/4 ,gabriel1 ,/4 ,raphael2 ! f\r? is /yl$ ,/4 ,*rub92 & ,i h se5 ! same "n inscrib$ ov] ! head ( ! angel :o expels ,adam & ,eve f ,p>adise4 ,!re is no au?ority = su* an appellation appli$ individually2 b ,i f9d1 9 a fam\s leg5d ( ! middle ages1 #8,la ,pnit5ce d',adam2' t ! angel :o gu>ds ! gates ( ,p>adise is ?us designat$3--#8,lorsque l',ange ,*rub9 vit arriv] ,se? aux portes de ,p>adis1' c4 ,! f\r ,ar*angels1 h[ev]1 seldom occur toge!r1 except 9 ar*itectural decoration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 devotional pictures ( ! ?ree ,ar*angels nam$ 9 ! canonical ,scriptures are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,!y are (t5 gr\p$ toge!r z patron sa9ts or protect+ spirits2 or !y /& r\nd ! ?rone ( ,*ri/1 or bel[ ! glorifi$ ,illu/ration3 #cc ,! ,?ree ,ar*angels 7f an anci5t ,greek picture7 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 9 an attitude ( adoration4 ,accord+ to ! ,greek =mula1 ! ?ree 9 comb9ation repres5t ! triple p[]1 milit>y1 civil1 & religi\s1 ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y3 ,/4 ,mi*ael be+ habit$ z a w>rior1 ,gabriel z a pr9ce1 & ,raphael z a prie/4 ,9 a ,greek picture1 ( :i* ,i give an outl9e1 ! ?ree ,ar*angels su/a9 9 a k9d ( ?rone ! figure ( ! y\?ful ,*ri/1 "h w+$1 z be+ ,himself ! supreme ,angel 771 & ) bo? h&s bless+ ! univ]se4 ,! ,ar*angel ,raphael has "h ! place ( dignity z repres5t+ ! ,prie/hood2 b 9 ,we/]n ,art ,mi*ael takes prec$5ce ( ! two o!rs1 & is usually plac$ 9 ! c5tre z ,pr9ce or ,*ief3 ) him1 !n1 z consid]$ individually1 we beg94 ,,/4 ,,mi*ael4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,mi*ael ,angelus4 ,ital4 ,san ,mi*ele1 ,sammi*ele4 ,fr4 ,monseigneur ,sa9t ,mi*el4 7,sept4 #bi47 #8,mi*ael1 ! ,great ,pr9ce t /&e? = ! *ildr5 ( ?y p4'--,dan4 xii4 #a4 ,x is difficult to clo! 9 adequate language ! div9e attributes ) :i* pa9t+ & poetry h inve/$ ?is illu/ri\s ar*angel4 ,jews & ,*ri/ians are agre$ 9 giv+ him ! pre-em95ce ov] all creat$ spirits4 ,all ! might1 ! maje/y1 ! radiance1 ( ,?rones1 ,dom9ations1 ,pr9c$oms1 ,virtues1 ,p[]s1 are c5tr$ 9 him4 ,9 him ,god put =? 8 /r5g? :5 ,he exalt$ him *ief ov] ! cele/ial ho/1 :5 angels w>r$ ) angels 9 heav52 & 9 him ,god %[$ =? 8 glory :5 ,he made him conqu]or ov] ! p[] ( s91 & #8ov] ! great dragon t deceiv$ ! _w4' ,to ! orig9 ( ! wor%ip paid to ?is great ar*angel ,i d>e n d m ?an allude1 le/ ,i /ray wide f my subject1 & lose myself1 & my read]s too1 9 labyr9?s ( ,ori5talism4 ,b1 9 consid]+ ! arti/ic repres5tations1 x is int]e/+ to call to m9d t ! glorification ( ,/4 ,mi*ael may be trac$ back to t primitive ,ea/]n dogma1 ! p]petual antagonism betwe5 ! ,_s ( ,good & ! ,_s ( ,evil1 mix$ up ) ! ,*aldaic belief 9 angels & _! influ5ce ov] ! de/9ies ( man4 ,x 0 subsequ5t to ! ,captivity t ! active ,_s ( ,good1 "u ! "n ( ,mi*ael1 came to be reg>d$ z ! especial protector ( ! ,hebrew nation3 ! v5]ation paid to him by ! ,jews 0 adopt$1 or r reta9$1 by ! ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians1 &1 ?\gh suppress$ = a "t1 0 reviv$ & spread ov] ! ,we/1 :]e we f9d x popul> & almo/ univ]sal f ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! leg5ds :i* h gr[n out ( a few my/ical texts ( ,scripture1 amplifi$ by ! fanciful disquisitions ( ! !ological writ]s1 place ,/4 ,mi*ael be=e u 9 ?ree great *>act]s3--#a4 ,z capta9 ( ! heav5ly ho/1 & conqu]or ( ! p[]s ( hell4 #b4 ,z "l ( s\ls1 conductor & gu>dian ( ! spirits ( ! dead4 #c4 ,z patron sa9t & pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* ,militant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,lucif]1 possess$ by ! _s ( pride & +ratitude1 refus$ to fall d[n & wor%ip ! ,son ( man1 ,mi*ael 0 deput$ to puni% 8 insol5ce1 & to ca/ him out f heav54 ,!n ,mi*ael *a9$ ! revolt$ angels 9 middle air1 :]e !y are to rema9 till ! day ( judgm5t1 be+ 9 ! mean "t p]petually tortur$ by hate1 envy1 & despair3 = !y behold man1 :om !y _h disda9$1 exalt$ z _! sup]ior2 above !m !y see ! heav5 !y h =feit$2 & b5ea? !m ! r$eem$ s\ls cont9ually ris+ f e>?1 & asc5d+ to ! pres5ce ( ,god1 :5ce !y are %ut out = ev]4 #8,n[1' says ! old ,leg5d1#fc #8if x be ask$ :]e=e ! books ( ,moses1 9 reveal+ ! disob$i5ce & ! fall ( man1 are sil5t z to ! revolt & ! fall ( ! angels1 ! reason is pla92 & 9 ?is ,god act$ accord+ to 8 wisdom4 ,=1 let u suppose t a c]ta9 p[]ful "l ha? two vassals1 bo? guilty ( ! crime ( treason1 & "o ( ^! is a nobleman ( pure & l(ty l9eage1 & ! o!r a base-born *url3--:at do? ?is "l8 ,he hangs up ! *url 9 ! m>ket-place z a w>n+ & example to o!rs2--b1 = ! nobleman1 fe>+ ! sc&al t may arise among ! p1 & p]haps also "s insult to ! (fic]s ( ! law1 ! judge causes him to be tri$ secretly1 & %uts him up 9 a dungeon2 & :5 judgm5t is pron\nc$ aga9/ him1 he s5ds to 8 prison1 & puts him privily to dea?2 & :5 "o aske? aft] him1 ! answ] is only 8,he is dead30--& no?+ m4 ,?us did ,god 9 respect to ! rebel angels ( old2 & _! fate 0 n reveal$ until ! r$emption ( man 0 accompli%$4' ,?is passage f ! old ,italian leg5d is s curi\sly *>act]i/ic ( ! feudal _s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! middle ages1 t ,i h v5tur$ to ins]t x v]batim4 ,if religion did1 9 "s degree1 modify ! in/itutions ( *ivalry1 9 a mu* great] degree did ! rul+ prejudices ( a b>b>ian age modify ! popul> ideas ( religion4 ,"h1 not)/&+ ! prim>y doctr9e ( ,*ri/--! equality ( all m5 be=e ,god1 we h ! di/9ction betwe5 noble & *url c>ri$ into ! v c\ncils ( ,heav54 ,b1 to return to ,/4 ,mi*ael3 on :om1 z ! lead] ( 8 triumphant ho/s1 ,god be/[$ _m & great privileges4 ,to him x 0 giv5 to bid s\nd ?' ar*angel trumpet1 & exalt ! bann] ( ! ,cross 9 ! day ( judgm5t2 & to him likewise 0 assign$ ! reception ( ! immortal spirits :5 releas$ by dea?4 ,x 0 8 task to weigh !m 9 a balance 7,dan4 v4 #bg2 ,ps4 lxii4 #i73 ^? ^: good works exce$$ _! dem]its1 he pres5t$ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god2 b ^? :o 7 f\nd want+ he gave up to be tortur$ 9 purgatory1 until _! s\ls1 f be+ #8z crimson1 %\ld become z :ite z sn[4' ,!re=e1 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 he is to be invok$ by ! fai?ful1 say+1 #8,o ,mi*ael1 militi cle/is signif]1 9 adjutorium no/rum v5i1 pr9ceps et propugnator6' ,la/ly1 :5 x pleas$ ! ,almighty to select f among ! nations ( ! e>? "o p to become peculi>ly 8 own1 ,he appo9t$ ,/4 ,mi*ael to be presid5t & lead] ov] t *os5 p4#fd #8,at t "t %all ,mi*ael /& up1 ! great pr9ce :i* /&e? = ! *ildr5 ( ?y p' 7,dan4 x4 #ac1 xii4 #a73 & :5 ! p[] ( ! ,synagogue 0 suppos$ to cease1 & to be replac$ by ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 s t ! ,*ri/ians became ! p ( ,god1 !n ,mi*ael1 :o _h be5 ! great pr9ce ( ! ,hebrew p1 became ! pr9ce & lead] ( ! ,*ur* militant 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & ! gu>dian ( r$eem$ s\ls1 aga9/ 8 old adv]s>y ! ,pr9ce ( ,hell4 7,rev4 xii4 #f1 #g47 ,! wor%ip paid to ,/4 ,mi*ael1 & :i* orig9at$ 9 ! f> ,ea/1 is suppos$ to h be5 adopt$ by ! ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians 9 consequ5ce ( a fam\s app>ition ( ! ,ar*angel at ,coloss1 9 ,phrygia1 :i* caus$ him to be held 9 especial hon\r by ! p ( t city1 & p]haps occasion$ ! p>ticul> w>n+ ( ,/4 ,paul address$ to ! ,colossians4 ,b al?\gh ! wor%ip ( angels 0 consid]$ among ! h]esies ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 we f9d ,con/ant9e no soon] ma/] ( ! empire1 & a baptiz$ ,*ri/ian1 ?an he d$icates a *ur* to ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael 7by 8 ,greek "n ,mi*alion71 & ?is *ur*1 "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t 9 ,con/ant9ople1 became r5[n$ = its miracles1 & ! p>5t & model ( hundr$s m ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! hon\rs paid to ,/4 ,mi*ael are ( lat] date3 t a *ur* d$icat$ to him mu/ h exi/$ 9 ,rome long be=e ! ye> #ejj seems cle>1 because at t "t x is m5tion$ z hav+ fall5 into ru94 ,b ! ,we/ _h its angelic app>itions z well z ! ,ea/1 & ,/4 ,mi*ael owes 8 wide-spread popul>ity 9 ! middle ages to ?ree fam\s visions :i* are ?us record$4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 9 ! city ( ,siponte1 9 ,apulia 7n[ ,manfr$onia71 dwelt a man nam$ ,galgano or ,g>ganus1 v ri* 9 cattle1 %eep1 & bea/s2 & z !y pa/ur$ on ! sides ( ! m\nta91 x happ5$ t a bull /ray$ & came n home3 !n ! ri* man took a multitude ( s]vants & s\ght ! bull1 & f\nd him at ! entrance ( a cave on ! v summit ( ! m\nta91 &1 be+ wro? ) ! bull1 ! ma/] ord]$ him to be sla92 b :5 ! arr[ 0 s5t f ! b[ x return$ to ! bosom ( him :o s5t x1 & he fell dead on ! gr\nd3 !n ! ma/] & 8 s]vants 7 tr\bl$1 & !y s5t to inquire ( ! bi%op :at %\ld be done4 ,! bi%op1 hav+ fa/$ & pray$ ?ree days1 beheld 9 a vision ! glori\s ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 :o desc5d$ on ! m\nta91 & told him t ! s]vant _h be5 sla9 because he _h violat$ a spot peculi>ly sacr$ to him1 & he comm&$ t a *ur* %\ld be erect$ & sanctifi$ !re to 8 hon\r4 ,& :5 !y ent]$ ! cav]n !y f\nd !re ?ree alt>s already erect$1 "o ( !m cov]$ ) a ri* embroid]$ alt>-clo? ( crimson & gold1 & a /ream ( limpid wat] spr++ f ! rock1 :i* heal$ all diseases4 ,s ! *ur* 0 built1 & ! fame ( ! vision ( ,monte ,galgano1 ?\gh = "s "t conf9$ to ! s\? ( ,italy1 spread ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & _m pilgrimages 7 made to ! spot on :i* ! angelic foot/eps _h alight$4 ,! second vision is mu* m impos+4 ,:5 ,rome 0 ne>ly depopulat$ by a pe/il5ce 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,/4 ,gregory1 aft]w>ds pope1 advis$ t a procession %\ld be made ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 s++ ! s]vice s9ce call$ ! ,great ,litanies4 ,he plac$ himself at ! head ( ! fai?ful1 & dur+ ?ree days !y p]ambulat$ ! city2 & on ! ?ird day1 :5 !y _h arriv$ opposite to ! mole ( ,hadrian1 ,gregory beheld ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael alight on ! summit ( t monum5t1 & %ea! 8 sword b$ropp$ ) blood4 ,!n ,gregory knew t ! plague 0 /ay$1 & a *ur* 0 !re d$icat$ to ! hon\r ( ! ,ar*angel3 & ! ,tomb ( ,hadrian has s9ce be5 call$ ! ,ca/le ( ,sant' ,angelo to ?is day4 ,?is1 ( all ! record$ app>itions ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 is ! only "o :i* c be call$ poetical2 x is evid5tly borr[$ f ! vision ( ! de/roy+ angel 9 ,scripture4 ,z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 a *ur* or *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,mi*ael 0 erect$ on ! summit ( ! huge monum5t1 :i* at t "t mu/ h pres]v$ mu* ( its antique magnific5ce4 ,! *ur* 0 entitl$ ,ecclesia ,sancti ,angeli usque ad ,clos4 ,! bronze /atue1 :i* 9 memory ( ?is miracle n[ surm\nts ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 0 plac$ !re 9 rec5t times by ,b5$ict ,,xiv41 & is ! "w ( a ,flemi% sculptor1 ,v]s*affelt4 ,i suppose no "o ev] look$ at ?is /atue critically--at lea/1 = myself1 ,i nev] c\ld3 nor c ,i rememb] n[1 :e!r1 z a "w ( art1 x is above or bel[ criticism2 p]haps bo?4 ,) its va/ w+s1 pois$ 9 air1 z se5 aga9/ ! deep blue skies ( ,rome1 or light$ up by ! gold5 sunset1 to me x 0 ev] l :at x 0 int5d$ to repres5t--l a vision4 ,a ?ird app>ition 0 t accord$ to ,aub]t1 bi%op ( ,avran*es 7,a4,d4 #gjf74 ,?is holy man seems to h be5 desir\s to attract to 8 own diocese a portion ( t sanctity 7& p]haps o!r advantages7 :i* ,monte ,galgano d]iv$ f ! wor%ip ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,avran*es1 9 ,norm&y1 /&s a l(ty isolat$ rock inaccessible f ! l& at high wat]1 & = ages pa/ celebrat$ z "o ( ! /ronge/ =tresses & /ate prisons 9 ,france4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*ildeb]t ,,ii41 ,/4 ,aub]t1 bi%op ( ,avran*es1 _h a vision1 9 :i* ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael comm&$ him to repair to ?is rock1 !n ! t]ror ( m>9]s1 & erect a *ur* to 8 hon\r on ! highe/ po9t1 :]e a bull w\ld be f\nd conceal$1 & x 0 to cov] z mu* space z ! bull _h trampl$ ) 8 ho(s3 he also discov]$ to ! bi%op a well-spr+ ( pure wat]1 :i* _h be=e be5 unkn[n4 ,z ! bi%op treat$ ?is comm& z a dream1 ! ,ar*angel appe>$ to him a second & a ?ird "t2 & at l5g?1 to impress x on 8 wak+ memory1 he t\*$ 8 head ) 8 ?umb1 & made a m>k or hole 9 8 skull1 :i* he c>ri$ to ! grave4 ,?is "t ! bi%op obey$1 & a small *ur* 0 built on ! spot indicat$2 aft]w>ds replac$ by ! magnific5t ,abbey ,*ur*1 :i* 0 begun by ,ri*>d duke ( ,norm&y1 9 #iff1 & f9i%$ by ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,! pov]ty ( inv5tion %[n 9 ?is leg5d1 :i* is little m ?an a repetition ( t ( ,monte ,galgano1 is v disappo9t+ to ! fancy1 consid]+ ! celebrity ( ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el z a place ( pilgrimage1 & z "o ( ! mo/ picturesque objects 9 ,european sc5]y1 ) its massive t[]s1 :i* h brav$ ! tempe/s ( a ?\s& ye>s1 ris+ f ! summit ( ! peak1 & ! sea welt]+ r\nd its base4 ,x fail$ n1 h[ev]1 9 ! effect anticipat$4 ,! wor%ip ( ,/4 ,mi*ael became popul> 9 ,france f ! n9? c5tury2 ! ,ar*angel 0 select$ z patron sa9t ( ,france1 & ( ! milit>y ord] in/itut$ 9 8 hon\r by ,l\is ,,xi4 9 #adfi4 ,! wor%ip paid to ,/4 ,mi*ael z patron sa9t ( ,norm&y naturally ext5d$ itself to ,engl& aft] ! ,norman conque/1 & *ur*es d$icat$ to ?is ar*angel ab\nd 9 all ! t[ns & cities along ! s\!rn & ea/]n %ores ( our isl&2 we also h a ,m\nt ,/4 ,mi*ael on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 9 situation & 9 "n resembl+ t on ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,at ?is day !re are few cities 9 ,*ri/5dom :i* d n conta9 a *ur* or *ur*es d$icat$ to ,/4 ,mi*ael1 "s ( !m ( great antiquity4 ,i mu/ n omit t ,/4 ,mi*ael is consid]$ z ! angel ( good c\nsel3--t #8,le vrai (fice de ,monseigneur ,sa9t ,mi*el e/ de faire gr&es revelations aux hommes en bas1 en leur donnant m\lt sa9ts conseils1' & 9 p>ticul>1 #8sur le bon n\rissem5t que le pre et la mre donn5t leurs enfans4'#fe ,x is to be regrett$ t #8,monseigneur ,sa9t ,mi*el' %\ld be f\nd r remiss 9 ?is "p ( 8 angelic functions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all n[ see h[ f> ^! v>i\s traditions & popul> notions conc]n+ ,/4 ,mi*ael h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,art4 ,9 all repres5tations ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ! lead+ idea1 well or ill express$1 is ! same4 ,he is "y & beautiful1 b #8sev]e 9 y\?ful beauty1' z "o :o c>ries on a p]petual conte/ ) ! p[]s ( evil4 ,9 ! e>li] works ( art he is rob$ 9 :ite1 ) ample _m-col\r$ w+s1 & be>s m]ely ! sceptre or ! lance surm\nt$ by a cross1 z "o :o conqu]$ by spiritual might alone4 ,b 9 ! lat] repres5tations1 ^? col\r$ by ! _s ( *ivalry1 he is ! angelic ,palad91 arm$ 9 a dazzl+ coat ( mail1 ) sword1 & spe>1 & %ield4 ,he has a l(ty op5 br[1 long fair hair float+ on 8 %\ld]s1 sometimes b\nd by a jewell$ ti>a2 sometimes1 b n (t51 %ad$ by a helmet4 ,f 8 %\ld]s spr+ two respl5d5t w+s4 ,?us we see him /&+ by ! ?rone ( ! ,madonna1 or wor%ipp+ at ! feet ( ! ,div9e ,infant2 an exquisite allegory ( spiritual & intellectual p[] protect+ purity & ador+ innoc5ce4 ,!re is a mo/ beautiful little figure by ,angelico1 ( ,/4 ,mi*ael /&+ 9 8 "* ( ar*angel & patron ( ! ,*ur* ,militant1 #8z ! w+$ sa9t2' no demon1 no attribute except ! lance & %ield4 ,! attitude1 s tranquilly elegant1 may be se5 9 ?is sket* 7#cd74 ,9 ! orig9al ! arm\r is ( a d>k crimson & gold1 ! w+s are ( ra9b[ t9ts1 vivid & delicate2 a flame ( lamb5t fire re/s on ! br[4 ,b ! s+le devotional figures ( ,/4 ,mi*ael usually repres5t him z comb9+ ! two great *>act]s ( capta9 ( ! heav5ly ho/1 & conqu]or ( ! p[]s ( hell4 ,he /&s arm$1 sett+ 8 foot on ,lucif]1 ei!r 9 ! half-human or ! dragon =m1 & is ab\t to transfix him ) 8 lance1 or to *a9 him d[n 9 ! inf]nal abyss4 ,su*1 h[ev] v>i$ 9 ! attitude1 expression1 & accessories1 is ! mo/ frequ5t & popul> repres5tation ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :5 plac$ be=e u1 z ! univ]sally receiv$ emblem ( ! f9al victory ( good ov] evil4 ,illu/ration3 #cd ,/4 ,mi*ael4 7,angelico1 ,fl4 ,acad47 ,9 ^? *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom :i* h n be5 defac$ by a bl9d de/ructive zeal1 ?is image meets u at e turn3 x salutes u 9 ! por* z we ent]1 or x %9es ^u u 9 gorge\s col\rs f ! w9d[1 or x is wrea!d into ! capitals ( columns1 or x /&s 9 its holy h]oic beauty ov] ! alt>4 ,x is s common & s 9 h>mony ) our inmo/ be+1 t we r feel its pres5ce ?an obs]ve x4 ,x is ! visible1 palpable reflection ( t great tru? /amp$ into our v s\ls1 & %ad[$ =? 9 e =m ( anci5t belief1--! f9al triumph ( ! spiritual ov] ! animal & e>?ly "p ( our nature4 ,?is is ! secret ( its p]petual repetition1 & ?is ! secret ( ! untir$ complac5cy ) :i* we reg>d x2 = ev5 9 ! mo/ ineffici5t attempts at expression1 we h always ! lead+ motif di/9ct & true1 ! w+$ virtue is always victori\s above1 & ! be/ial vice is always pro/rate bel[3 & if to ?is primal moral significance be add$ all ! *>m ( poetry1 grace1 animat$ movem5t1 :i* human g5ius has lavi%$ on ?is ev] bless$1 ev] welcome symbol1 !n1 z we look up at x1 we are #8n only t\*$1 b wak5$ & inspir$1' & ! :ole delight$ imag9ation gl[s ) fai? & hope1 & grateful triumphant sympa?y1--s at lea/ ,i h felt1 & ,i mu/ believe t o!rs h felt x too4 ,9 ! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ?is subject1 we see ! simple/ =m ( ! allegory1 lit]ally r5d]+ ! words ( ,scripture1 #8,! dragon %alt ?\ trample "u foot' 7,ps4 xci4 #ac74 ,"h !re is no risk ( a divid$ int]e/ or a misdirect$ sympa?y4 ,! demon1 grovell+ "u ! feet ( ! victori\s _s1 is n ! />-bright apo/ate :o drew aft] him ! ?ird "p ( heav52 x is ! be/ial malignant reptile3--n ! emblem ( resi/ance1 b ! emblem ( s92 n ( ! s9 t aspires1 :i*1 9 fact1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms2--no s9 aspires2--b ( ! s9 :i* degrades & brutifies1 z all s9 does4 ,9 ! lat] repres5tations1 :]e ! demon takes ! half-human %ape1 h[ev] hide\s & de=m$1 ! allegory may s be br\ght ne>] to u1 & r5d]$ m t]rible ev5 by a horrid sympa?y ) t human face1 gr9n+ 9 despite & agony2 b mu* ( ! beauty ( ! scriptural metaphor is lo/4#ff 99 99 99 99 99 ,! repres5tations ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ! dragon are s multif>i\s t ,i c only select a few among !m z examples ( ! diff]5t /yles ( treatm5t4 ,! symbol1 z su*1 is suppos$ to h orig9at$ ) ! ,gno/ics & ,arians1 & ! e>lie/ examples are to be f\nd 9 ! anci5t *ur*es on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,italy1 & ! old ,lomb>d *ur*es4 ,i h nev] se5 x 9 ! old mosaics ( ! six? c5tury1 b 9 ! contempor>y sculpture frequ5tly4 ,x w\ld be difficult to po9t to ! mo/ anci5t example1 su* is ! confusion ( dates z reg>ds d$ications1 re/orations1 alt]ations2 b ,i rememb] a c>v+ 9 :ite m>ble on ! por* ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,cortona 7ab\t ! sev5? c5tury71 :i* may be reg>d$ z an example ( ?is primitive /yle ( treatm5t3 ! illu/ration1 f a slight sket* made on ! spot1 w be bett] ?an any description 7#ce74 ,ano!r in/ance w be rememb]$ by ! travell] 9 ,italy1 ! /range antique bas-relief on ! faade ( t extraord9>y old *ur* ! ,san ,mi*ele at ,pavia2 n ! figure 9 ! por*1 :i* is mod]n1 b t :i* is above4 ,9 ! ,m5ologium ,grecum is a ,/4 ,mi*ael /&+ ) a long sceptre1 a maje/ic colossal figure1 :ile kneel+ angels adore him1 & ! demons cr\* "u 8 feet4#fg ,illu/ration3 #ce ,by ,m>t9 ,s*o53 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 attir$ 9 a long loose robe & float+ mantle1 tramples on ! demon2 he has ?r[n d[n ! %ield1 & ) 8 lance 9 bo? h&s1 b )\t ef=t1 & ev5 ) a calm angelic dignity1 prep>es to transfix 8 adv]s>y4 ,! figure is s+ul>ly elegant4 ,! demon has n "h ! usual =m ( a dragon1 b is a horrible nondescript reptile1 ) multitud9\s flexile claws1 l ^? ( a crab1 /ret*$ out to seize & entangle ! unw>y2--= an emblematical figure1 v significant 7#cf74 ,9 an old fresco by ,gu>i5te di ,padova#fh ! angel is drap$ z 9 ,m>t9 ,s*o5's figure1 b ! attitude is f> less elegant4 ,sometimes ! dragon has a small head at ! end ( 8 tail1 in/ead ( ! =k$ /+4 ,i recollect an in/ance ( ,/4 ,mi*ael transfix+ ! l>ge head1 :ile a small] angel1 also arm$1 transfixes ! o!r head4#fi ,?is is an attempt to r5d] lit]ally ! description 9 ! ,apocalypse3 #8,= _! p[] is 9 _! m\?1 & 9 _! tails3 = _! tails 7 l unto s]p5ts1 & _h heads1 & ) !m !y d hurt4' 7,rev4 ix4 #ai47 ,9 a mo/ elegant figure ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 f ! *oir ( ! ,san ,giovanni1 at ,malta1 ,i f\nd ! demon ?us *>act]is$1 ) a tail end+ 9 ! s]p5t head4 ,9 an old ,si5a picture#gj ,/4 ,mi*ael is seat$ on a ?rone3 9 "o h& a sword1 9 ! o!r ! orb ( sov]eignty2 "u 8 feet lies ! dragon mangl$ & ble$+3 a bad picture1 b curi\s = ! s+ul> treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 #cf ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,m>t9 ,s*o57 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ^! figures ( ,/4 ,mi*ael become less ideal & angelic1 & m & m *ivalr\s & picturesque4 ,9 a beautiful alt>-piece by ,&rea del ,s>to1 n[ 9 ! ,flor5ce ,academy1 !re is a f9e m>tial figure ( ! ,ar*angel1 :i*1 b = ! w+s1 might be mi/ak5 = a ,/4 ,george2 & 9 ! pr$ella und]nea?1 on a small scale1 he is conqu]or ( ! demon4 ,! peculi>ity "h is1 t ! demon1 ?\gh vanqui%$1 makes a va9 /ruggle1 & has seiz$ hold ( ! belt ( ! angel1 :o1 ) uplift$ sword1 & an action ( inf9ite grace & dignity1 looks sup]ior d[n1 z "o assur$ ( victory4 ,raphael has giv5 u ?ree figures ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 all diff]5t1 & "o ( !m tak+ rank ) 8 ma/]pieces4 ,! fir/ is an e>ly production1 pa9t$ :5 he 0 a y\? ( n9ete5 or tw5ty1 & n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 arm$ ) a %ield on :i* is a r$ cross1 8 sword rais$ to /rike1 /&s ) "o foot on a mon/]2 o!r horrible little mon/]s1 l figures 9 a dream1 are ar\nd him3 9 ! backgr\nd are se5 ! hypocrites & ?ieves z describ$ by ,dante2 ! fir/1 9 melan*oly procession1 weigh$ d[n ) lead5 c[ls2 ! o!rs1 torm5t$ by snakes3 &1 9 ! di/ance1 ! flam+ dolor\s city4 ,/4 ,mi*ael is "h ! vanqui%] ( ! ,vices4 ,x is a curi\s & fanta/ic1 r ?an poetical1 little picture4 ,! second picture1 also 9 ! ,l\vre1 0 pa9t$ by ,raphael1 9 ! maturity ( 8 tal5t1 = ,francis ,i43 ! k+ _h left to him ! *oice ( ! subject1 & he select$ ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ! milit>y patron ( ,france1 & ( t knightly ,ord] ( :i* ! k+ 0 gr& ma/]4 ,/4 ,mi*ael--n /&+1 b hov]+ on 8 pois$ w+s1 & grasp+ 8 lance 9 bo? h&s--sets "o foot lightly on ! %\ld] ( ! demon1 :o1 pro/rate1 wri!s up1 z x 71 & tries to lift 8 head & turn x on 8 conqu]or ) "o la/ gaze ( malignant rage & despair4 ,! ar*angel looks d[n ^u him ) a br[ calm & s]i\s2 9 8 beautiful face is nei!r v5geance nor disda9--9 8 attitude no ef=t2 8 =m1 a model ( y\?ful grace & maje/y1 is clo!d 9 a brilliant panoply ( gold & silv]2 an azure sc>f floats on 8 %\ld]s2 8 wide-spread w+s are ( purple1 blue1 & gold2 8 light hair is rais$1 & floats outw>d on ea* side ( 8 head1 z if f ! swiftness ( 8 d[nw>d motion4 ,! e>? emits flames1 & seems op5+ to swall[ up ! adv]s>y4 ,! =m ( ! demon is human1 b vulg> 9 its proportions1 & ( a sw>?y r$1 z if fire-sca!d2 he has ! horns & ! s]p5t-tail2 b1 f ! attitude into :i* he is ?r[n1 ! mon/r\s =m is s =e-%ort5$ t x does n disgu/1 & ! maje/ic figure ( ! ar*angel fills up ne>ly ! :ole space--fills ! eye--fills ! s\l--) its victori\s beauty4 ,illu/ration3 #cg ,! ,/4 ,mi*ael pa9t$ by ,raphael = ,francis ,i4 ,t ,milton _h se5 ?is picture1 & t :5 8 sight 0 qu5*$ ! #8w+$ sa9t' revisit$ him 9 8 d>kness1 :o c d\bt8-- ,ov] 8 lucid arms ,a milit>y ve/ ( purple fl[$ ,liveli] ?an ,meliban1 or ! gra9 ,( ,s>ra worn by k+s & h]oes old ,9 "t ( truce4 ,by 8 side1 ,z 9 a glitt]+ zodiac1 hung ! sword1 ,satan's dire dread1 & 9 8 h& ! spe>4 ,a ?ird ,/4 ,mi*ael1 design$ by ,raphael1 exi/s only z an engrav+4#ga ,! angel "h we>s a helmet1 & is classically drap$2 he /&s 9 an attitude ( repose1 8 foot on ! neck ( ! demon2 "o h& re/s on ! pummel ( 8 sword1 ! o!r holds ! lance4 ,x seems agre$ t1 z a "w ( art1 !re is only ! ,/4 ,mi*ael ( ,guido 79 ! ,capucc9i at ,rome7 :i* c be comp>$ ) t ( ,raphael2 ! mom5t *os5 is ! same2 ! treatm5t ne>ly ! same2 ! s5tim5t q diff]5t4 ,"h ! angel1 /&+1 yet sc>cely t\*+ ! gr\nd1 pois$ on 8 outspread w+s1 sets 8 left foot on ! head ( 8 adv]s>y2 9 "o h& he br&i%es a sword1 9 ! o!r he holds ! end ( a *a91 ) :i* he is ab\t to b9d d[n ! demon 9 ! bottomless pit4 ,! attitude has be5 criticis$1 & ju/ly2 ! grace is some:at mann]$1 v]g+ on ! !atrical2 b ,=sy? is too sev]e :5 he talks ( ! #8air ( a danc+-ma/]3' "o ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 we d n ?9k ab\t attitude :5 we look at ,raphael's ,/4 ,mi*ael2 9 ,guido's1 x is ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u2 b :5 we look f>!r1 ! head r$eems all2 x is s+ul>ly beautiful1 & 9 ! bl5d+ ( ! mascul9e & fem99e graces1 9 ! s]5e purity ( ! br[1 & ! fl[ ( ! gold5 hair1 !re is some?+ div9e3 a slight1 v slight expression ( scorn is 9 ! air ( ! head4 ,! fi5d is ! wor/ "p ( ! picture2 x is n a fi5d1 b a degrad$ prosaic human ruffian2 we laugh ) incr$ul\s contempt at ! idea ( an angel call$ d[n f heav5 to ov]come su* a wret*4 ,9 ,raphael ! fi5d is human1 b ! head has ! god-l ugl9ess & malignity ( a satyr2 ,guido's fi5d is only /upid & base4 ,x appe>s to me t !re is j ! same diff]5ce--! same k9d ( diff]5ce--betwe5 ! angel ( ,raphael & ! angel ( ,guido1 z betwe5 ! description 9 ,tasso & ! description 9 ,milton2 let any "o comp>e !m4 ,9 ,tasso we are /ruck by ! picturesque elegance ( ! description z a piece ( art1 ! melody ( ! v]se1 ! admirable *oice ( ! expressions1 z 9 ,guido by ! f9i%$ b some:at artificial & /udi$ grace4 ,9 ,raphael & ,milton we see only ! vision ( a #8%ape div9e4' ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful figures ( ,/4 ,mi*ael ,i ev] saw1 occurs 9 a coronation ( ! ,virg9 by ,moretto1 & is t\*$ by 8 peculi> s5tim5t ( s]i\s t5d]ness4#gb ,9 devotional pictures su* figures ( ,/4 ,mi*ael are sometimes gr\p$ poetically ) o!r p]sonages1 z 9 a mo/ beautiful picture by ,innoc5za da ,imola1#gc :]e ! ar*angel tramples on ! demon2 ,/4 ,paul /&+ on "o side1 & ,/4 ,b5$ict on ! o!r1 bo? ( :om _h /riv5 ) ! fi5d & _h ov]come him3 ! ,madonna & ,*ild are se5 9 a glory above4 ,& aga9 9 a picture by ,mabuse1#gd :]e ,/4 ,mi*ael1 z patron1 sets 8 foot on ! black gr9n+ fi5d1 & looks d[n on a kneel+ vot>y1 :ile ! vot>y1 ) 8 head turn$ away1 appe>s to be wor%ipp+1 n ! protect+ angel1 b ! ,madonna1 to :om ,/4 ,mi*ael pres5ts him 7#ch74 ,su* votive pictures are n uncommon1 & h a peculi> grace & significance4 ,"h ! ar*angel be>s ! victori\s bann] ( ! cross2--he has conqu]$4 ,9 "s in/ances he holds 9 8 h& ! head ( ! ,dragon1 & 9 all in/ances x is1 or ought to be1 ! head ( ! ,dragon :i* is transfix$3--#8,?\ %alt bruise 8 head4' ,illu/ration3 #ch ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,mabuse1 #aeaj7 ,^? repres5tations 9 :i* ,/4 ,mi*ael is n conqu]or1 b combatant1 9 :i* ! mom5t is "o ( transition1 are less frequ5t2 x is !n an action1 n an emblem1 & ! composition is hi/orical r ?an symbolical4 ,x is ! /rife ) ,lucif]2 #8:5 ,mi*ael & 8 angels f\ght aga9/ ! dragon1 & ! dragon f\ght & 8 angels1 & ! great dragon 0 ca/ out4' 7,rev4 xii4 #g47 ,9 *ur*es & *apels d$icat$ to ,/4 ,mi*ael1 or to #8! ,holy ,angels1' ?is appropriate subject (t5 occurs2 z 9 a fam\s fresco by ,sp9ello d',arezzo1 at ,arezzo4#ge ,9 ! middle ( ! composition1 ,mi*ael1 arm$ ) sword & %ield1 is se5 combat+ ! dragon ) sev5 heads1 z describ$ 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,above & ar\nd are _m angels also arm$4 ,at ! top ( ! picture is se5 an empty ?rone1 ! ?rone :i* ,lucif] _h #8set 9 ! nor?2' bel[ is se5 ,lucif]1 fall+ ) 8 angels ov] ! p>apet ( heav54 7,isaiah xiv4 #ac47 ,! pa9t] task$ 8 skill to r5d] ! trans=mation ( ! spirits ( light into spirits ( d>kness z fe>ful & z hide\s z possible2 &1 be+ a man ( a n]v\s temp]am5t1 ! cont9ual dwell+ on ^! horrors began at l5g? to tr\ble 8 bra94 ,he fanci$ t ,lucif] appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 dem&+ by :at au?ority he _h portray$ him "u an aspect s revolt+8--! pa9t] awoke 9 horror1 0 seiz$ ) deliri\s fev]1 & s di$4 ,9 8 combat ) ! dragon1 ,mi*ael is sometimes repres5t$ alone1 & sometimes z assi/$ by ! two o!r ar*angels1 ,gabriel & ,raphael3 z 9 ! fresco by ,signorelli1 at ,orvieto1 :]e "o ( ! angels1 :om we may suppose to be ,raphael1 looks d[n on ! fall+ demons ) an air ( melan*oly1 almo/ ( pity4 ,9 a picture by ,m>co ,oggione1#gf ,mi*ael has precipitat$ ! demon into ! gulf1 & hov]s above1 :ile ,raphael & ,gabriel /& bel[ on ea* side1 look+ on2 all are clo!d 9 volum9\s loose :ite drap]ies1 m l prie/s ?an w>riors2 b x is a f9e picture4 ,9 ! l>ge ,rub5s-room at ,muni*1 !re are two pictures ( ,mi*ael subdu+ ! revolt$ angels4 ,! l>ge "o1 9 :i* ,mi*ael is ! pr9cipal figure1 is n agreeable4 ,rub5s c\ld n lift himself suffici5tly above ! e>? to conceive & embody ! spiritual1 & h]oic1 & beautiful 9 "o div9e =m2 8 ,/4 ,mi*ael is vulg>4 ,! small] composition1 :]e ! fall51 or r fall+1 angels fill ! :ole space1 is a mo/ wond]ful ef=t ( arti/ic inv5tion4 ,at ! summit ( ! picture /&s ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ! %ield 9 "o h&1 9 ! o!r ! =k$ lightn+s ( div9e wra?2 & f above ! rebel ho/ tumble headlong #89 hide\s ru9 & combu/ion hurl$1' & ) su* affright & amazem5t 9 e face1 su* a d[nw>d movem5t 9 e limb1 t we recoil 9 dizzy horror :ile we look ^u x4 ,x is curi\s t ,rub5s %\ld h introduc$ female reprobate spirits3 if he int5d$ 8 picture z an allegory1 m]ely ! conque/ ( ! spiritual ov] ! s5sual1 he is excusable2 b if he meant to figure ! vision 9 ! ,apocalypse1 x is a deviation f ! prop] scriptural treatm5t1 :i* is inexcusable4 ,?is picture rema9s1 h[ev]1 z a :ole1 a p]fect miracle ( art3 ! fault is1 t we feel incl9$ to applaud z we d at "s a/oni%+ t\r de =ce2 su* at lea/ 0 my own feel+1 & ?is is n ! feel+ appropriate to ! subject4 ,?\gh ?is fam\s picture is entitl$ ! ,fall ( ! ,angels1 ,i h "s d\bts z to :e!r ?is 0 ! int5tion ( ! pa9t]2 :e!r he did n mean to express ! fall ( s9n]s1 flung by ! ,angel ( judgm5t into ! abyss ( wra? & p]dition8 ,illu/ration3 #ci ,/4 ,mi*ael z ,angel ( ,judgm5t & ,"l ( ,s\ls 7,ju/us ( ,gh5t7 ,9 ^? devotional pictures :i* exhibit ,/4 ,mi*ael z ,"l ( s\ls1 he is w+$ & un>m$1 & holds ! balance4 ,9 ea* scale sits a little nak$ figure1 repres5t+ a human s\l2 "o ( ^! is usually repres5t$ ) h&s jo9$ z 9 ?ankfulness--he is ! beato1 ! elect$2 ! o!r is 9 an attitude ( horror--he is ! reject$1 ! reprobate2 & (t51 b n necess>ily1 ! idea is complet$ by ! introduction ( a demon1 :o is grasp+ at ! desc5d+ scale1 ei!r ) 8 talons1 or ) ! long two-prong$ hook1 su* z is giv5 to ,pluto 9 ! antique sculpture4 ,sometimes ,/4 ,mi*ael is ?us repres5t$ s+ly2 sometimes v beautifully 9 ,madonna pictures1 z 9 a picture by ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,a4,d4 #adih71 :]e ,/4 ,mi*ael1 a graceful angelic figure1 ) light fl[+ hair1 kneels be=e ! ,madonna1 & pres5ts ! balance to ! ,infant1 :o seems to welcome ! pi\s little s\l :o sits 9 ! upp]mo/ scale4 ,illu/ration3 #dj ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,signorelli1 #aejj4 ,9 ! ,san ,gregorio1 ,rome7 ,i h se5 ?is idea v>i$4 ,/4 ,mi*ael /&s maje/ic ) ! balance pois$ 9 8 h&s3 in/ead ( a human figure 9 ei!r scale1 !re are weights2 on "o side is se5 a company ( five or six little nak$ %iv]+ s\ls1 z if wait+ = _! doom2 on ! o!r sev]al demons1 "o ( :om ) 8 hook is pull+ d[n ! asc5d+ scale4#gg ,) or )\t ! balance1 ,/4 ,mi*ael figures z ,"l ( s\ls :5 introduc$ into pictures ( ! ,assumption or ! ,glorification ( ! ,virg94 ,to und]/& ! :ole beauty & propriety ( su* repres5tations1 we mu/ rememb]1 t accord+ to "o ( ! leg5ds ( ! dea? ( ! ,virg9 h] _s 0 consign$ to ! c>e ( ,/4 ,mi*ael until x 0 p]mitt$ to reanimate ! spotless =m1 & ) x asc5d to heav54 ,9 "o or two in/ances only1 ,i h se5 ,/4 ,mi*ael )\t w+s4 ,9 g5]al1 an arm$ figure1 unw+$ & /&+ on a dragon1 we may presume to be a ,/4 ,george2 b :]e ! balance is introduc$1 x leaves no d\bt ( ! p]sonality--x is a ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,occasionally ! two *>act]s--! protect+ ,angel ( light & ! ,angel ( judgm5t--are unit$1 & we see ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ) ! dragon "u 8 feet & ! balance 9 8 h&4 ,?is 0 a fav\rite & appropriate subject on tombs & *apels d$icat$ to ! dead2 su* is ! beautiful bas-relief on ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 "s repres5tations ( ! la/ judgm5t1 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 in/ead ( ! bann] & cross1 be>s ! scales2 z 9 ! v curi\s bas-relief on ! faade ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,trophime at ,arles4 ,/4 ,mi*ael "h has a balance s l>ge t x is almo/ z high z himself2 x is n a m]e emblem1 b a fact2 a s\l sits 9 ea* scale1 & a ?ird is ris+ up2 ! angel holds out "o h& to assi/ him4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! same bas-relief ,/4 ,mi*ael is se5 c>ry+ a human s\l 7repres5t$ z a little nak$ figure7 & br++ x to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 a celebrat$ ,la/ ,judgm5t1 attribut$ by "s au?ors to ,john ,van ,eyck1 by o!rs to ,ju/us ( ,gh5t1 ,/4 ,mi*ael is gr&ly introduc$4#gh ,high up1 9 ! c5tre1 sits ! ,savi\r1 ) ! sev]e expression ( ! judge4 ,above him hov] f\r angels ) ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion1 & bel[ him ?ree o!rs s\nd+ trumpets 7v4 p4 #ed71--;,i suppose ! sev5 pre-em95t angels3 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ on ea* side1 & !n ! ,apo/les rang$ 9 ! usual mann]4 #8,9 ! l[] half ( ! picture /&s ,/4 ,mi*ael1 clad 9 gold5 arm\r1 s bright z to reflect 9 ! mo/ complete mann] all ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,8 figure is sl5d] & elegant1 b colossal z comp>$ to ! re/4 ,he seems to be b5d+ e>ne/ly =w>d1 a spl5did purple mantle falls f 8 %\ld]s to ! gr\nd1 & 8 l>ge w+s are compos$ ( glitt]+ peacock's fea!rs4 ,he holds ! balance2 ! scale ) ! good re/s on e>?1 b t ) ! s\ls :i* are f\nd want+ m\nts into air4 ,a demon /&s ready to receive !m1 & t[>ds ?is scale ,/4 ,mi*ael po9ts ) ! end ( a black /aff :i* he holds 9 8 "r h&4' ,?is picture1 :i* is a *ef-d'uvre ( ! e>ly ,g]man s*ool1 is n[ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y at ,dantzig4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/orical subjects 9 :i* ,/4 ,mi*ael is introduc$ exhibit him z pr9ce ( ! ,hebrew nation1 & belong prop]ly to ! ,old ,te/am5t4#gi #8,aft] ! confusion ( tongues1 & ! scatt]+ ( ! p1 :i* occurr$ on ! build+ ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 e sep>ate nation _h an angel to direct x4 ,to ,mi*ael 0 giv5 9 *>ge ! p ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,hebrews be+ c>ri$ away captive into ! l& ( ,assyria1 ,daniel pray$ t !y might be p]mitt$ to return :5 ! sev5ty ye>s ( captivity 7 ov]3 b ! ,angel ( ,p]sia oppos$ himself on ?is occasion to ! angels ,mi*ael & ,gabriel4 ,he wi%$ to reta9 ! ,jews 9 captivity1 because he 0 glad to h1 )9 ! b\nds ( 8 jurisdiction1 a p :o s]v$ ! true ,god1 & because he hop$ t 9 "t ! captive ,jews w\ld conv]t to ! tru? ! ,assyrians & ,p]sians committ$ to 8 c>e4' ,?is curi\s passage f "o ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 repres5t+ ! good angels z oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & "o ( !m z disput+ ! comm&s ( ,god1 is an in/ance ( ! confus$ ideas on ! subject ( angels :i* prevail$ 9 ! anci5t ,*ur*1 & :i* prevail1 ,i imag9e1 9 ! m9ds ( _m ev5 at ?is day4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,hag> 9 ! wild]ness1 x is ,mi*ael :o desc5ds to h] aid4 ,9 ! sacrifice ( ,isaac1 x is ,mi*ael :o /ays ! arm ( ,abraham4 ,x is ,mi*ael :o br+s ! plagues on ,egypt1 & he x is :o leads ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ! ,jews1 & ( "s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 t ?r\gh 8 angel 7n 9 p]son7 ,god spoke to ,moses f ! burn+ bu%1 & deliv]$ to him ! law on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 & t ! angel s delegat$ 0 ,mi*ael4 ,x is ,mi*ael :o combats ) ,lucif] = ! body ( ,moses4 7,jude v4 #i47 ,accord+ to "o int]pretation ( ?is curi\s passage ( ,scripture1 ! demon wi%$ to ent] & to possess ! =m ( ,moses1 9 ord] to deceive ! ,jews by p]sonat+ _! lead]2 b o!rs say1 t ,mi*ael cont5d$ = ! body1 t he might bury x 9 an unkn[n place1 le/ ! ,jews %\ld fall into ! s9 ( pay+ div9e hon\rs to _! legislator4 ,?is is a f9e picturesque subject2 ! rocky des]t1 ! body ( ,moses dead on ! e>?1 ! conte/ ( ! good & evil angel confront+ ea* o!r1--^! are gr& mat]ials6 ,x mu/ h be5 r>ely treat$1 = ,i rememb] b "o in/ance--! fresco by ,l4 ,signorelli1 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel 9 ! ,vatican4 ,x is ,mi*ael :o int]cepts ,balaam#hj :5 on 8 way to curse ! p ( ,israel1 & puts bless+s into 8 m\? in/ead ( curses3 a subject (t5 treat$1 b z a fact r ?an a vision4 ,x is ,mi*ael :o /&s be=e ,jo%ua 9 ! pla9 by ,j]i*o3--#8,& ,jo%ua said unto him1 ,art ?\ = u1 or = our adv]s>ies8 ,& he said1 ,nay2 b z capta9 ( ! ho/ ( ! ,"l am ,i n[ come4 ,& ,jo%ua fell on 8 face to ! e>?1 & did wor%ip1 & said unto him1 ,:at sai? my ,"l unto 8 s]vant8 ,& ! capta9 ( ! ,"l's ho/ said unto ,jo%ua1 ,loose ?y %oe f (f ?y foot2 = ! place :]eon ?\ /&e/ is holy4' 7,jo%ua v4 #ac-ae47 ,?is subject is v uncommon4 ,9 ! ,greek ,,ms4 already allud$ to1 ,i met ) a magnific5t example--magnific5t 9 po9t ( s5tim5t1 ?\gh half ru9$ & effac$2 ! ,god-l be>+ ( ! arm$ angel1 look+ d[n on ! pro/rate ,jo%ua1 is "h z f9e z possible4 ,x is ,mi*ael :o appe>s to ,gideon4#ha ,x is ,mi*ael :o *a/ises ,david4#hb ,x is ,mi*ael :o ext]m9ates ! army ( ,s5na*]ib2 a subject magnific5tly pa9t$ by ,rub5s4 7,"s suppose t on ?is occasion ,god made use ( ! m9i/ry ( an evil angel4#hc7 ,x is ,mi*ael :o desc5ds to deliv] ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 f ! burn+ fi]y furnace4 ,! ,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! furnace is a subject :i* appe>s v e>ly 9 ! catacombs & on ! s>cophagi z a symbol ( ! ,r$emption2--s e>ly1 t x is describ$ by ,t]tullian2#hd b 9 almo/ all ! examples giv5 !re are ?ree figures only3 :]e !re is a f\r?1 x is1 ( c\rse1 ! protect+ angel1 b he is )\t w+s4#he ,mi*ael seizes ! prophet ,habakkuk by ! hair ( ! head1 & c>ries him to ,babylon1 to ! d5 ( lions1 t he may fe$ ,daniel4#hf ,?is apocryphal subject occurs on sev]al s>cophagi4#hg ,i h se5 x also 9 illum9at$ ,,mss41 b _c at ?is mom5t ref] to x4 ,x occurs 9 a s]ies ( late ,flemi% pr9ts aft] ,hemskirk1--( :i* !re are good impressions 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael is n nam$ 9 ! ,gospels2 b 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 he plays a v important "p1 be+ deput$ by ,*ri/ to ann\nce to 8 "m h] approa*+ end1 & to receive h] s\l4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w only rem>k1 t :51 9 accordance ) ?is v anci5t leg5d1 an angel is repres5t$ kneel+ be=e ! ,madonna1 & hold+ 9 8 h& a palm surm\nt$ by />s1 or a light$ tap]1 ?is angel is n ,gabriel1 ann\nc+ ! conception ( ,*ri/1 z is usually suppos$1 b ,mi*ael1 z ! angel ( dea?4#hh ,! leg5d ( ,monte ,galgano ,i saw 9 a l>ge fresco1 9 ! ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce1 by a pa9t] ( ! ,giotto s*ool2 b 9 s bad a /ate1 t ,i c\ld only make out a bull on ! top ( a m\nta91 & a man %oot+ ) a b[ & arr[4 ,on ! opposite wall is ! combat ( ,mi*ael ) ! dragon--v spirit$1 & 9 mu* bett] pres]vation4 ,to di/+ui% ! app>ition ( ,/4 ,mi*ael on ,monte ,galgano f ! app>ition on ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el1 9 bo? ( :i* a bull & a bi%op are pr9cipal figures1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t1 9 ! la/-nam$ subject1 ! sea is always introduc$ at ! base ( ! picture1 & t ! =m] is mo/ common 9 ,italian1 & ! latt] 9 ,fr5*1 works ( art4 ,9 ! ,fr5* /a9$ glass ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ,/4 ,mi*ael is a v popul> subject1 ei!r ) ! dragon1 or ! scales1 or bo?4 ,lately1 9 remov+ ! :itewa% f ! ea/ wall ( ! nave ( ,pre/on ,*ur*1 ne> ,brighton1 0 discov]$ ! outl9e ( a gr\p ( figures repres5t+ ,/4 ,mi*ael1 fully drap$1 & ) l>ge w+s1 be>+ ! balance2 9 ea* scale a human s\l4 ,! scale conta9+ ! beato is assi/$ by a figure fully drap$1 b s ru9$ t x is n possible to say :e!r x repres5ts ! ,virg91 or ! gu>dian sa9t ( ! p]son :o caus$ ! fresco to be pa9t$4 ,i am told t 9 ! old *ur*es ( ,cornwall1 & ( ! t[ns on ! s\? coa/1 :i* _h frequ5t int]c\rse ) ,france1 effigies ( ,/4 ,mi*ael occur frequ5tly1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,on ! old ,engli% co91 !nce call$ an angel1 we h ! figure ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :o 0 "o ( ! patron sa9ts ( our ,norman k+s4 ,i mu/ n[ tru/ to ! read] to contemplate ! figures ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 s frequ5t & s v>i$ 9 ,art1 ) ref]5ce to ^! sugge/ions2 & leav+ = ! pres5t ?is radiant ,_s1 ?is bright similitude ( a primal & univ]sal fai?1 we turn to 8 angelic companions4 ,illu/ration3 #da ,egyptian hi]oglyphic ( ! ,g5ius ( ,good ov]com+ ,evil 7v4 p4 #ajh7 ,,/4 ,,gabriel4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,gabriel4 ,ital4 ,san ,gabriello1 ,san ,gabriele1 ,l',angelo ,annunziatore4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,gabriel4 #8,i am ,,gabriel1 t /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4'--,luke i4 #ai4 ,9 ^? passages ( ,scripture :]e ! ,angel ,gabriel is m5tion$ by "n1 he is br\ght be=e u 9 ! "* ( a ,mess5g] only1 & always on important occasions4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t he is s5t to ,daniel to ann\nce ! return ( ! ,jews f captivity1 & to expla9 ! vision :i* prefigures ! de/9ies ( mighty empires4 ,8 conte/ ) ! ,angel ( ! k+dom ( ,p]sia1 :5 ,/4 ,mi*ael comes to 8 assi/ance1 w\ld be a spl5did subject 9 fit h&s2 ,i d n "k t x has ev] be5 pa9t$4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! mission ( ,gabriel is yet m sublime3 he fir/ appe>s to ! high prie/ ,za*>ias1 & =etells ! bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1--a subject :i* belongs especially to ! life ( t sa9t4 ,six mon?s lat]1 ,gabriel is s5t to ann\nce ! appe>ance ( ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d4#hi ,9 ! ,jewi% tradition1 ,gabriel is ! gu>dian ( ! cele/ial treasury4 ,h5ce1 ,i presume1 ,milton has made him *ief gu>dian ( ,p>adise3-- ,betwixt ^! rocky pill>s ,gabriel sat1 ,*ief ( ! angelic gu>ds1 await+ night4 ,z ! ,angel :o ann\nc$ ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 he has be5 v5]at$ z ! ,angel :o presides ov] *ildbir?4 ,he =etells ! bir? ( ,samson1 &1 9 ! apocryphal leg5ds1 he =etells to ,joa*im ! bir? ( ! ,virg94 ,9 ! ,ea/1 he is ( great importance4 ,mahomet select$ him z 8 imm$iate tea*] & inspir]1 & he became ! great protect+ angel ( ,islamism3 h5ce betwe5 ,mi*ael1 ! protector ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & ,gabriel1 ! protector ( ! ,moslem1 !re is suppos$ to exi/ no fri5dly feel+--r ! rev]se4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,gabriel is a mu* m important p]sonage ?an ,mi*ael2 yet ,i h nev] met ) any picture 9 :i* he figures s+ly z an object ( wor%ip4 ,9 devotional pictures he figures z ! second ( ! ?ree ,ar*angels--#8,secondo fra i primi1' z ,tasso /yles him2 or 9 8 peculi> "* z ! div9e mess5g] ( grace1 #8l',angelo annunziatore4' ,he !n usually be>s 9 "o h& a lily or a sceptre2 9 ! o!r a scroll on :i* is inscrib$1 #8,,ave ,,m>ia1 ,,gratia ,,pl5a6'#ij ,! subject call$ ! ,,annunciation is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t & mo/ important1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 9 ! :ole range ( ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,x belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! hi/ory ( ! ,virg91 :]e ,i %all h occasion to treat x at l5g?2 yet z ! ,angel ,gabriel "h assumes1 by direct scriptural te/imony1 a di/9ct "n & p]sonality1 & z ! dignity & significance prop] to a subject s (t5 unwor?ily & p]v]sely treat$ dep5d v mu* on ! "* & deportm5t giv5 to ! cele/ial mess5g]1 ,i %all make a few obs]vations 9 ?is place ) respect to ! treatm5t ( ! angel1 only res]v+ ! !me 9 its g5]al be>+ = future consid]ation4 ,9 ! e>ly repres5tations ( ! ,annunciation x is treat$ z a religi\s my/]y1 & ) a solemn simplicity & purity ( feel+1 :i* is v /rik+ & graceful 9 itself1 z well z 9 h>mony ) ! peculi> mann] ( ! div9e revelation4 ,! sc5e is g5]ally a por* or portico ( a temple-l build+2 ! ,virg9 /&s 7%e is v seldom seat$1 & !n on a k9d ( rais$ ?rone72 ! angel /&s be=e h]1 at "s di/ance3 v (t51 %e is )9 ! portico2 he is )\t4 ,gabriel is a maje/ic be+1 g5]ally rob$ 9 :ite1 we>+ ! tunic & pallium l'antique1 8 fl[+ hair b\nd by a jewell$ ti>a1 ) l>ge _m-col\r$ w+s1 & be>+ ! sceptre ( sov]eignty 9 ! left h&1 :ile ! "r is ext5d$ 9 ! act ( b5$iction z well z salutation3 #8,hail6 ?\ t art highly fav\r$6 ,bless$ art ?\ among wom56' ,he is ! pr9cipal figure3 ! attitude ( ! ,virg91 ) h] drap]y drawn ov] h] head1 h] eyes droop+1 & h] h&s fold$ on h] bosom1 is always expressive ( ! utmo/ submission & humility4 ,s ,dante introduces ! image ( ! l[ly ,virg9 receiv+ ! angel z an illu/ration ( ! virtue ( ,humility3-- ,ed avea 9 atto impressa e/a favella #8,ecce ancilla ,dei6'-- & ,flaxman has admirably embodi$ ?is idea1 bo? 9 ! l(ty angel ) outspread arms1 & ! kneel+ ,virg94 ,sometimes ! angel floats 91 ) 8 arms cross$ ov] 8 bosom1 b /ill ) ! air ( a sup]ior be+1 z 9 ?is beautiful figure aft] ,lor5zo ,monaco1 f a picture 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 #db ,! two figures are n always 9 ! same picture2 x 0 a v g5]al cu/om to place ! ,virg9 & ! ,angel1 ! #8,annunziata' & ! #8,angelo annunziatore1' "o on ea* side ( ! alt>1 ! place ( ! ,virg9 be+ usually to ! "r ( ! spectator2 sometimes ! figures are half-l5g?3 sometimes1 :5 plac$ 9 ! same picture1 !y are 9 two sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 a pill>1 or "s o!r ornam5t1 runn+ up ! picture betwe5 !m2 z 9 _m old alt>-pieces1 :]e ! two figures are plac$ above or on ea* side ( ! ,nativity1 or ! ,baptism1 or ! ,m>riage at ,cana1 or "s o!r sc5e f ! life & miracles ( our ,savi\r4 ,?is subject does n appe> on ! s>cophagi2 ! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h met ) is 9 ! mosaic s]ies ov] ! ar* 9 front ( ! *oir 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 at ,rome1 execut$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,"h we h two successive mom5ts repres5t$ toge!r4 ,9 ! fir/ ! angel is s5t on 8 mission1 & appe>s fly+ d[n f heav52 ! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h se5 ( an angel 9 ! act ( flight4 ,9 ! second gr\p ! ,virg9 appe>s seat$ on a ?rone2 two angels /& beh9d h]1 suppos$ to repres5t h] gu>dian angels1 & ! angel ,gabriel /&s 9 front ) "o h& ext5d$4 ,! dresses are classical1 & !re is n a trace ( ! m$ival feel+1 or /yle1 9 ! :ole composition4 ,9 ! ,greek pictures1 ! ,angel & ! ,virg9 bo? /&2 & 9 ! ,annunciation ( ,cimabue ! ,greek =mula is /rictly adh]$ to4 ,i h se5 pictures ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 9 :i* ,gabriel ent]s z a pr9cely ambassador1 ) ?ree little angels be>+ up 8 mantle beh9d3 9 a picture 9 ! collection ( ,pr9ce ,wall]/e91 "o meek & beautiful angel be>s up ! ri* robes ( ! maje/ic ar*angel1 l a page 9 ! tra9 ( a sov]eign pr9ce4 ,b f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury we p]ceive a *ange ( feel+1 z well z a *ange ( /yle3 ! v5]ation paid to ! ,virg9 dem&$ ano!r treatm5t4 ,%e becomes n m]ely ! pr9cipal p]son1 b ! sup]ior be+2 %e is ! #8,reg9a angelorum1' & ! angel b[s to h]1 or kneels be=e h] z to a que54#ia ,?us 9 ! fam\s alt>-piece at ,cologne1 ! angel kneels2 he be>s a sceptre1 & also a seal$ roll1 z if he 7 a cele/ial ambassador deliv]+ 8 cr$5tials3 ab\t ! same p]iod we sometimes see ! angel m]ely ) 8 h&s fold$ ov] 8 brea/1 & 8 head incl9$1 deliv]+ 8 message z if to a sup]ior be+4 ,illu/ration3 #dc ,! ,angel ,gabriel 7,wilhelm ( ,cologne4 #addj7 ,i _c decide at :at p]iod ! lily fir/ replac$ ! sceptre 9 ! h& ( ! angel1 n m]ely z ! emblem ( purity1 b z ! symbol ( ! ,virg9 f ! v]se 9 ! ,canticles usually appli$ to h]3 #8,i am ! rose ( ,%>on1 & ! lily ( ! valley4' ,a lily is (t5 plac$ 9 a vase ne> ! ,virg91 or 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture3 ( all ! attributes plac$ 9 ! h& ( ! angel1 ! lily is ! mo/ usual & ! mo/ expressive4 ,! pa9t]s ( ,si5a1 :o (t5 display$ a new & orig9al s5tim5t 9 ! treatm5t ( a subject1 h repres5t$ ! angel ,gabriel z ! ann\nc] ( #8peace on e>?2' he kneels be=e ! ,virg91 cr[n$ ) olive1 & be>+ a bran* ( olive 9 8 h&1 z 9 a picture by ,taddeo ,b>toli4 ,!re is also a beautiful ,/4 ,gabriel by ,m>t9 ,s*o51 /&+1 & cr[n$ ) olive4 ,s ,dante-- ,l' angel *e v5ne 9 t]ra col decreto ,della molt' anni lagrimata pace4 ,ano!r passage 9 ,dante :i* ! pa9t]s seem to h _h be=e !m %[s u ! ,madonna z que51 & ! angel z ador+3-- #8,qual quel angel *e con tanto giuoco ,gu>da negli oc*i la no/ra reg9a ,innamorato s *e p> di fuoco8' ,ed egli a me1--#8,baldezza e leggiadria ,quanta ess] puote 9 angelo ed 9 alma ,tutta 9 lui1 e si volem *e sia6' ,x is 9 seek+ ?is baldezza e leggiadria 9 a mi/ak5 s5se t ! lat] pa9t]s h =gott5 all ! spiritual dignity ( ! ,angel ,mess5g]4 ,:]e ! angel be>s a light$ tap]1 :i* ! ,virg9 ext5ds h] h& to take f him2 or1 kneel+1 be>s 9 8 h& a palm-bran*1 surm\nt$ by sev5 or twelve />s 7#dd71 ! subject repres5t$ is n ! ann\ncem5t ( ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r1 b ! dea? ( ! ,virg91 a "p ( h] leg5d>y hi/ory :i* is r>ely treat$ & easily mi/ak52 !n ! ann\nc+ angel is n ,gabriel1 b ,mi*ael4#ib ,illu/ration3 #dd ,angel ann\nc+ ! dea? ( ! ,virg9 7,f4 ,filippo ,lippi7 ,9 old ,g]man ,art1 ! angel 9 ! ,annunciation is habit$ 9 prie/ly g>m5ts ri*ly embroid]$ 7#db74 ,! sc5e is (t5 ! b$room ( ! ,virg92 & :ile ! ann\nc+ angel ent]s & kneels at ! ?re%old ( ! door1 ! ,holy ,gho/ ent]s at ! w9d[4 ,i h se5 examples 9 :i* ,gabriel1 ent]+ at a door beh9d ! ,virg91 unfolds 8 (ficial #8,ave ,m>ia4' ,he has no lily1 or sceptre1 & %e is app>5tly consci\s ( 8 pres5ce )\t see+ him4#ic ,b 9 ! repres5tations ( ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d nei!r ! solemnity ( ! e>ly ,italian nor ! navet ( ! e>ly ,g]man s*ool2 & ?is div9e subject becomes m & m mat]ialis$ & famili>is$1 until1 los+ its spiritual "*1 x /rikes u z %ock+ly prosaic4 ,"o _c say t ! angel is inv>iably defici5t 9 dignity1 or ! ,virg9 9 grace4 ,9 ! ,v5etian s*ool & ! ,bologna s*ool we f9d occasionally v beautiful ,annunciations2 b 9 g5]al ! half-drap$ flutt]+ angels & ! girli%-look+ ,virg9s are no?+ less ?an (f5sive2 & 9 ! attempt to v>y ! s5tim5t1 ! naturali/i h "h run ! risk ( be+ mu* too natural4 ,illu/ration3 #de ,! ,ar*angel ,gabriel 7,van ,eyck7 ,9 ! ,ca!dral at ,orvieto1 ! ,annunciation is repres5t$ 9 front ( ! *oir by two colossal /atues by ,francesco ,mo*i3 to ! "r is ! angel ,gabriel1 pois$ on a m>ble cl\d1 9 an attitude s fanta/ic t he looks z if he 7 go+ to dance2 on ! o!r side /&s ! ,virg91 conceiv$ 9 a _s h[ diff]5t6--yet n less mi/ak52 %e has />t$ f h] ?rone2 ) "o h& %e grasps x1 ) ! o!r %e seems to gu>d h] p]son aga9/ ! intrud]3 maje/y at once1 & fe>1 a look ( insult$ dignity1 are 9 ! air & attitude1--#8p> *e m9acci e tema nel tempo i/esso'--b ,i ?\ght ( ,mrs4 ,siddons :ile ,i look$1 n ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,?is fault ( s5tim5t ,i saw rev]s$1 b equally 9 ! extreme1 9 ano!r example--a beautiful m9iature4#id ,! ,virg91 seat$ on ! side ( h] b$1 s9ks back al>m$1 almo/ fa9t+2 ! angel 9 a robe ( crimson1 ) a :ite tunic1 /&s be=e h]1 half turn+ away & grasp+ 8 sceptre 9 8 h&1 ) a pr\d comm&+ air1 l a magnific5t surly god--a ,jupit] :o _h receiv$ a repulse4 ,i pass ov] o!r in/ances conceiv$ 9 a ta/e ev5 m blamable--,gabriels l smirk+1 w+$ "l *amb]la9s2 & ,virg9s1 half prim1 half voluptu\s--! sanctity & high solemnity ( ! ev5t utt]ly lo/4 ,let ?is suffice = ! pres5t3 ,i may n[ leave ! read] to 8 own feel+ & discrim9ation4 ,,/4 ,,raphael4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,raphael4 ,ital4 ,san ,raffaello4 ,fr4 ,sa9t ,raphael4 ,g]4 ,d] ,heilige ,rafael4 #8,i am ,,raphael1 "o ( ! ,sev5 ,holy ,angels :i* pres5t ! pray]s ( ! ,sa9ts1 & :i* g 9 & out be=e ! glory ( ! ,,holy ,,"o4'--,tobit xii4 #ae4 ,i h already allud$ to ! e/abli%$ belief1 t e individual man1 nay1 e creat$ be+1 ha? a gu>dian angel deput$ to wat* ov] him3--#8,woe unto u1 if1 by our neglig5ce or our self-w1 we (f5d him on ^: vigilance we dep5d = help & salvation6 ,b ! pr9ce ( gu>dian spirits1 ! gu>dian angel ( all humanity1 is ,raphael2 & 9 ?is "*1 accord+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 he appe>$ to ! %eph]ds by night #8) good tid+s ( great joy1 :i* %all be = all p4' ,x is1 h[ev]1 f ! beautiful ,hebrew romance ( ,tobit t 8 attributes are ga!r$3 he is ! protector ( ! "y & innoc5t1 & he wat*es ov] ! pilgrim & ! wayf>]4 ,! "* imput$ to him 9 ! ,jewi% traditions has be5 reta9$ & amplifi$ by ,milton3 ,raphael is ! angel s5t by ,god to w>n ,adam3-- 4 4 4 4 4 ,! affable ar*angel ,raphael2 ! sociable _s t deign'd ,to travel ) ,tobias1 & secur$ ,8 m>riage ) ! sev5 times w$d$ maid4 ,& ! "* ( ! angel is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t3 8 sympa?y ) ! human race1 8 b5ignity1 8 eloqu5ce1 8 mild & social conv]se4 ,s :5 ,adam blesses him3-- 4 4 4 4 ,s9ce to "p1 ,g1 heav5ly gue/1 e!real mess5g]1 ,s5t f ^: sov]eign goodness ,i adore6 ,g5tle to me & affable ha? be5 ,?y condesc5sion1 & %all be hon\r'd ev] ,) grateful memory4 ,?\ to mank9d ,be good & fri5dly /ill1 & (t return6 ,?is "* ( b5ignity is /amp$ on all ! be/ repres5tations ( ,raphael1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n common3 !y occur pr9cipally 9 ! *apels d$icat$ to ! holy gu>dian angels2 b !re are also *ur*es & *apels d$icat$ to him s+ly4 ,! devotional figures ( ,raphael exhibit him 9 ! dress ( a pilgrim or travell]1 #88 habit fit = spe$ succ9ct1' s&als on 8 feet1 8 hair b\nd ) a fillet or diadem1 ! /aff 9 8 h&1 & sometimes a bottle ( wat] or a wallet 7panetire7 slung to 8 belt4 ,9 ?is figure by ,murillo 7#df71 f "o ( ! mo/ beautiful pictures 9 ! ,leu*t5b]g ,gall]y1 ,raphael is ! gu>dian & guide ( ! vot>y :o appe>s bel[--a bi%op :o probably bore ! same "n4#ie ,sometimes1 z gu>dian _s1 he has a sword3 ! mo/ beautiful example ,i c\ld cite ( ?is treatm5t is ! figure 9 ! ,brevi>y ( ,anne ( ,bretagne 7,a4,d4 #aejj72 he we>s a pale-gre5 tunic bord]$ ) gold1 & w+s ( a deep rose-col\r2 he has a casket or wallet slung ov] 8 %\ld] by a gold5 belt2 9 "o h& he holds a sword1 & ! o!r is rais$ ) a w>n+ ge/ure2 8 c\nt5ance1 beautiful & b5ign z possible1 yet says1 #8,take he$4' ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 he c>ries a small casket1 box1 or vase1 suppos$ to conta9 ! #8fi%y *>m' aga9/ ! evil spirits4 7,tobit vi4 #f1 #g47 ,raphael1 9 8 "* ( gu>dian angel1 is g5]ally repres5t$ z lead+ ! y\?ful ,tobias4 ,:51 9 ord] to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cele/ial & ! mortal be+1 ,tobit is figur$ s small z to look l a *ild1 & :5 ! angel we>s 8 _s-w+s1 & is n disguis$1 ! :ole subject becomes idealis$3 x is no long] an hi/orical action1 b a devotional allegory2 & ,tobias ) 8 fi% repres5ts ! ,*ri/ian1 ! believ]1 gu>d$ & guid$ ?r\gh 8 life-pilgrimage by ! angelic monitor & m9i/] ( div9e m]cy4 ,illu/ration3 #df ,/4 ,raphael 7,murillo4 ,leu*t5b]g ,gall]y7 ,!re is a small side *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,euphemia1 at ,v]ona1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,raphael4 ,! walls are pa9t$ ) frescoes f ! /ory ( ,tobit2 & ov] ! alt> is t ma/]piece ( ,c>otto1 repres5t+ ! ?ree ar*angels z ?ree graceful _s-l figures )\t w+s4 ,! alt> be+ d$icat$ to ,raphael1 he is "h ! pr9cipal figure2 he alone has ! glory encircl+ 8 head1 & takes prec$5ce ( ! o!rs2 he /&s 9 ! c5tre lead+ ,tobias1 & look+ d[n on him ) an air ( su* sa9tly & b5ign protection1 t "o feels incl9$ to say or s+1 9 ! words ( ! litany1 #8,sancte ,raphal1 adolesc5tium pudiciti def5sor1 ora pro nobis6' ,ev5 m div9e is ! ,/4 ,mi*ael :o /&s on ! "r1 ) "o h& ga!r+ up ! folds ( 8 crimson robe1 ! o!r lean+ on 8 great two-h&$ sword2 b su* a head1 su* a c\nt5ance look+ out ^u u--s e>ne/1 p[]ful1 & s]i\s6--we recognise ! ,"l ( ,s\ls1 ! ,angel ( ,judgm5t4 ,to ! left ( ,raphael /&s ,gabriel1 ! ,angel ( ,r$emption2 he holds ! lily1 & looks up to heav5 ador+3 ?is is ! lea/ expressive ( ! ?ree heads1 b /ill beautiful2 &1 on ! :ole1 ! picture left a /rong] impression on my m9d ?an any ,i _h se5 at ,v5ice1 ! glori\s ,assumption except$4 ,! col\r+ 9 its gl[+ dep? is l t ( ,giorgione4 ,vas>i tells u1 t ?is picture1 pa9t$ :5 ,c>otto 0 "y 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #adie71 0 criticis$ because ! limbs ( ! angels 7 too sl5d]2 to :i* ,c>otto1 fam\s = 8 rep>tees1 repli$1 #8,!n !y w fly ! bett]6' ,! draw+1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be conc$$1 is n ! be/ "p ( ! picture4 ,! e>lie/ picture ( ,titian :i* rema9s to u is a ,/4 ,raphael lead+ ,tobias2#if beautiful1 b n equal1 c]ta9ly1 to t ( ,c>otto4 ,raphael1 z we might naturally suppose1 pa9t$ 8 gu>dian angel & patron sa9t con amore3#ig we h by him two ,/4 ,raphaels2 ! fir/1 a little figure execut$ :5 he 0 a boy 9 ! /udio ( 8 ma/] ,p]ug9o1 is n[ on "o side ( an alt>-piece 9 ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia4 ,lat] 9 life1 & 9 "o ( 8 f9e/ works1 he has introduc$ 8 patron sa9t ) inf9ite beauty ( feel+3 9 ! ,madonna della ,pesce1#ih ! ,virg9 sits ^u h] ?rone1 ) ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 h] arms2 ! angel ,raphael pres5ts ,tobias1 :o is n "h a y\? b a *ild2 :ile ! ,infant ,*ri/ turns away f ! wise be>d$ old doctor1 :o is int5tly /udy+ 8 great book1 to welcome ! angel & 8 *>ge4 ,! head ( ! angel1 look+ up 9 ! face ( ! ,madonna1 is 9 tru? sublime3 x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e :e!r x belongs to a mascul9e or a fem99e be+2 b none c\ld d\bt t x is a div9e be+1 fill$ ) f]v5t1 en?usia/ic1 ador+ love4 ,! fi% 9 ! h& ( ,tobias has giv5 its "n to ! picture2 & ,i may z well obs]ve t 9 ! devotional pictures1 :]e ! fi% is m]ely an attribute1 express+ ,*ri/ian baptism1 x is usually v small3 9 ! /ory x is a sort ( mon/]1 :i* sprang out ( ! riv] & w\ld h dev\r$ him4 ,all ! subjects 9 :i* ! ,ar*angel ,raphael is an actor belong to ! hi/ory ( ,tobit4 ,! sc5es ( ?is beautiful scriptural leg5d--,i mu/ call x s--h be5 popul> subjects ( ,art1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! lat] s*ools1 & h be5 admirably treat$ by "s ( ! be/ ,dut* & ,flemi% pa9t]s3 ! comb9ation ( ! picturesque & poetical ) ! homely & dome/ic recomm5d$ x p>ticul>ly to ,rembr&t & 8 s*ool4 ,tobias dragg+ ! fi% a%ore1 :ile ! angel /&s by1 is a f9e picturesque l&scape subject :i* has be5 (t5 repeat$4 ,! spirit$ little sket* by ,salvator1#ii 9 :i* ! figure ( ! gu>dian angel is admirable = p[] & animat$ grace2 ! twilight effect by ,rembr&t2#ajj ano!r by ,dom5i*9o2 ?ree by ,claude2 may be cit$ z examples4 ,illu/ration3 #dg ,ar*angel 7,rembr&t7 ,9 su* pictures1 z x has be5 rightly obs]v$1 ! angel ought n to h w+s3 he is disguis$ z ! fri5dly travell]4 ,! dog1 :i* ought to be omitt$ 9 ! devotional pictures1 is "h a "p ( ! /ory1 & figures ) great propriety4 ,rembr&t pa9t$ ! p>t+ ( ,tobias & 8 p>5ts f\r times2 ,tobias l$ by ! angel1 f\r times2 ,tobias heal+ 8 fa!r1 once2 ! dep>ture ( ! angel1 twice4 ,( ?is la/ subject1 ! picture 9 ! ,l\vre may be pron\nc$ "o ( 8 f9e/2--miracul\s = true & spirit$ expression1 & = ! action ( ! so>+ angel1 :o p>ts ! cl\ds & /rikes ?r\gh ! air l a /rong swimm] ?r\gh ! waves ( ! sea 7#dg74 ,! /ory ( ,tobit1 z a s]ies ( subjects1 has be5 v frequ5tly repres5t$1 always 9 ! g5re & picturesque /yle ( ! lat] s*ools4 ,i %all h to return to x h]eaft]2 "h ,i h m]ely allud$ to ! devotional treatm5t1 9 ord] to direct att5tion to ! prop] "* ( ! ,ar*angel ,raphael4 ,& ?us we h %[n 444 h[ ,holy ,*ur* ,do? repres5t ) human c\nt5ance ,gabriel & ,mi*al1 & him :o made ,tobias :ole4--,,dante1 ,p>4 c4 iv4 ,,additional ,,notes ,,on ,,angels4 #a4 ,9 a picture by ,g5tile da ,fabriano 7,b]l9 ,gall]y1 #aacj71 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild are en?ron$1 & on ea* side ( ! ?rone is a tree1 on ! bran*es ( :i* are little r$ ,s]aphim w+$ & p]*$ l birds1 s++ & mak+ music4 ,i rememb] also a little ,dut* pr9t ( a ,riposo 7v4 #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' p4 #bef71 9 :i* five little angels are p]*$ on ! trees above1 s++ & play+ = ! solace ( ! div9e ,infant4 ,?us we h ,dante's idea ( ! ,uccelli di ,dio1 reproduc$ 9 a m famili> =m4 #b4 ,9 ! ,conv5t ( ,sant-,angelo at ,bologna1 ,camillo ,procacc9o pa9t$ ! #8,acts ( ! ,holy ,angels' 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--#a4 ,! ,fall ( ! ,dragon4 #b4 ,! ,angels drive ,adam & ,eve f ,p>adise4 #c4 ,! ?ree ,angels visit ,abraham4 #d4 ,! ,angel /ays ! arm ( ,abraham4 #e4 ,! ,angel wre/les ) ,jacob4 #f4 ,! ,angels visit ,jacob 9 a ,dream4 #g4 ,! ,angel deliv]s ! ?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! burn+ fi]y ,furnace4 #h4 ,! ,angel slays ! ,ho/ ( ,s5na*]ib4 #i4 ,! ,angel protects ,tobit4 #aj4 ,! ,puni%m5t ( ,heliodorus4 #aa4 ,! ,annunciation to ,m>y4 ,x w be rem>k$ t all ^! subjects are /rictly scriptural4 ,! ,f\r ,evangeli/s4 #8,mat!w wrote = ! ,hebrews2 ,m>k1 = ! ,italians2 ,luke1 = ! ,greeks2 = ,,all1 ! great h]ald ,john4'--,gregory ,nazianz54 ,s9ce on ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 z ! witnesses & int]pret]s ( a reveal$ religion1 ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,*ur* may be said to re/ z ^u f\r maje/ic pill>s1 we _c be surpris$ t repres5tations ( !m %\ld ab\nd1 & t _! effigies %\ld h be5 introduc$ into ,*ri/ian places ( wor%ip1 f v e>ly times4 ,g5]ally1 we f9d !m repres5t$ toge!r1 gr\p$1 or 9 a s]ies2 sometimes 9 _! collective "*1 z ! ,f\r ,witnesses2 sometimes 9 _! individual "*1 ea* z an inspir$ tea*]1 or b5efic5t patron4 ,z no au!ntic resemblances ( ^! sacr$ p]sonages h ev] be5 kn[n or ev5 suppos$ to exi/1 su* repres5tations h always be5 ei!r symbolical or ideal4 ,9 ! symbol1 ! aim 0 to embody1 "u "s emblematical image1 ! spiritual mission2 9 ! ideal portrait1 ! arti/1 left to 8 own conception1 borr[$ f ,scripture "s lead+ trait 7:5 ,scripture af=d$ any au?ority = su*71 & add+1 ) :at success 8 skill c\ld atta91 all t 8 imag9ation c\ld conceive1 z expressive ( dignity & p]suasive eloqu5ce--! look #8comm]c+ ) ! skies1' ! comm&+ =m1 ! rev]5d face1 ! ample drap]ies--he put ! book or ! p5 into 8 h&1 & ?us ! writ] & ! tea*] ( ! tru? 0 plac$ be=e u4 ,! e>lie/ type "u :i* ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s are figur$ is an emblem ( ! simple/ k9d3 f\r scrolls plac$ 9 ! f\r angles ( a ,greek cross1 or f\r books 7! ,gospels71 repres5t$ allegorically ^? :o wrote or promulgat$ !m4 ,! second type *os5 0 m poetical--! f\r riv]s :i* _h _! s\rce 9 ,p>adise3 repres5tations ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! ,savi\r1 figur$ z a lamb hold+ ! cross1 or 9 8 human =m1 ) a lamb ne> him1 /&s on an em95ce1 f :i* gu% f\r riv]s or f\nta9s1 are to be met ) 9 ! catacombs1 on anci5t s>cophagi pres]v$ among ! ,*ri/ian relics 9 ! ,vatican1 & 9 sev]al old *ur*es con/ruct$ betwe5 ! second & ! fif? c5tury4 ,at :at p]iod ! f\r my/]i\s creatures 9 ! vision ( ,ezekiel 7*4 i4 #e7 7 fir/ adopt$ z significant symbols ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 does n seem cle>4 ,! ,jewi% doctors int]pret$ !m z figur+ ! f\r ,ar*angels1--,mi*ael1 ,raphael1 ,gabriel1 ,uriel2 & aft]w>ds appli$ !m z emblems ( ! ,f\r ,great ,prophets1--,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ,daniel4 ,by ! e>ly ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians1 :o typifi$ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! transf] ( ! emblem to ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s seems obvi\s & easy2 we f9d x allud$ to z e>ly z ! second c5tury4 ,! f\r #8,bea/s' ( correspond+ =m 9 ! ,revelation 7*ap4 iv4 #g71 :i* /ood r\nd ! ?rone ( ! ,lamb1 7 likewise ?us int]pret$2 b x 0 n till ! fif? c5tury t we f9d ^! symbols assum+ a visible =m1 & introduc$ into works ( art4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury !y _h become almo/ univ]sal1 z di/9ctive attributes4 ,illu/ration3 #dh ,/4 ,mat!w 7,mosaic1 fif? c5tury7 ,! g5]al application ( ! ,f\r ,creatures to ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s is ( mu* e>li] date ?an ! sep>ate & individual application ( ea* symbol1 :i* has v>i$ at diff]5t times2 t prop\nd$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,ezekiel1 has s9ce 8 "t prevail$ univ]sally4 ,?us1 !n1 #a4 ,to ,/4 ,mat!w 0 giv5 ! ,,*]ub1 or human semblance1 because he beg9s 8 gospel ) ! human g5]ation ( ,*ri/2 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 because 9 8 gospel ! human nature ( ! ,savi\r is m insi/$ on ?an ! div9e4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t mosaics1 ! type is human1 n angelic1 = ! head is t ( a man ) a be>d4 #b4 ,/4 ,m>k has ! ,,lion1 because he has set =? ! royal dignity ( ,*ri/2 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 because he beg9s ) ! mission ( ! ,bapti/--#8! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness'--:i* is figur$ by ! lion3 or1 accord+ to a ?ird int]pretation1 ! lion 0 allott$ to ,/4 ,m>k1 because !re 01 9 ! middle ages1 a popul> belief t ! "y ( ! lion 0 born dead1 & aft] ?ree days 0 awak5$ to vitality by ! brea? ( its sire2 "s au?ors1 h[ev]1 repres5t ! lion z vivify+ 8 "y n by 8 brea?1 b by 8 ro>4 ,9 ei!r case ! application is ! same2 ! revival ( ! "y lion 0 consid]$ z symbolical ( ! resurrection1 & ,m>k 0 commonly call$ ! #8,hi/orian ( ! ,resurrection4' ,ano!r comm5tator obs]ves t ,m>k beg9s 8 gospel ) #8ro>+'--#8! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness2' & ends x fe>fully ) a curse--#8,he t believe? n %all be damn$2' & t1 !re=e1 8 appropriate attribute is ! mo/ t]rible ( bea/s1 ! lion4#aja #c4 ,luke has ! ,,ox1 because he has dwelt on ! prie/hood ( ,*ri/1 ! ox be+ ! emblem ( sacrifice4 #d4 ,john has ! ,,eagle1 :i* is ! symbol ( ! highe/ inspiration1 because he so>$ upw>ds to ! contemplation ( ! div9e nature ( ! ,savi\r4 ,b ! ord] 9 :i*1 9 !ological ,art1 ^! symbols are plac$1 is n ! same z ! ord] ( ! ,gospels accord+ to ! canon4 ,rup]tus consid]s ! ,f\r ,bea/s z typical ( ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,passion1 ! ,resurrection1 & ! ,asc5sion2 an idea previ\sly dwelt ^u by ,dur&us1 :o adds1 t ! man & ! lion are plac$ on ! "r1 because ! inc>nation & ! resurrection are ! joy ( ! :ole e>?2 :il/ ! ox is on ! left1 because ,*ri/'s sacrifice 0 a tr\ble to ! apo/les2 & ! eagle is above ! ox1 z sugge/ive ( our ,"l's upw>d flight into heav53 accord+ to o!rs1 ! prop] ord] 9 ! asc5d+ scale is ?us--at ! l[e/ po9t on ! left1 ! ox2 to ! "r1 ! lion2 above ! ox1 ! eagle2 & above all1 ! angel4 ,s 9 ,raphael's ,vision ( ,ezekiel1 ! angel gazes into ! face ( ! ,holy ,"o1 ! o!rs =m 8 ?rone4 ,i h dwelt on ^! fanciful int]pretations & disquisitions1 because ! symbols ( ! ,evangeli/s meet u at e turn2 9 ! mosaics ( ! old ,italian *ur*es1 9 ! decorative sculpture ( our old ca!drals1 9 ! ,go?ic /a9$ glass1 9 ! anci5t pictures & m9iatures1 on ! c>v$ & *as$ cov]s ( old books2 ev]y:]e1 9 %ort1 :]e ent]s ! idea ( _! div9e mission--& :]e is x n8 ,! pr(\nd ?\ght1 z well z ! vivid imag9ation1 ex]cis$ 9 "s ( ^! e>ly works ( art1 is beg9n+ to be appreciat$2 & we %\ld lose ! half ( :at is poetical1 & significant1 & v5]able 9 ^! app>5tly arbitr>y & fanciful symbols1 if we m]ely seiz$ ! g5]al int5tion1 & n ! relative & appropriate mean+ ( ea*4 ,i w only add 7= ,i h re/rict$ myself to ! consid]ation ( ! my/]ies ( fai? only s f> z !y are c>ri$ into ! =ms ( ,art7 t ^! symbols ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s 7 9 _! comb9ation held to be symbolical ( ! ,r$eem]1 9 ! f\rfold "* !n univ]sally assign$ to him1 z man1 z k+1 z high-prie/1 & z ,god2 accord+ to ?is ,lat9 v]se3 ,quatuor hc ,dom9um signant animalia ,*ri/um3 ,e/ ,homo nasc5do1 vitulus que sac] mori5do1 ,et ,leo surg5do1 clos aquila que pet5do2 ,nec m9us hos scribas animalia et ipsa figurant4 ,?is w\ld aga9 alt] ! receiv$ ord] ( ! symbols1 & place ! angelic or human semblance l[] ?an ! re/3 b ,i h nev] se5 !m s plac$1 at lea/ ,i c recollect no in/ance4 ,a ,greek mosaic1 exi/+ 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,vatop$i1 on ,m\nt ,a?os1 exhibits an attempt to r$uce to =m ! wild & sublime imag]y ( ! prophet ,ezekiel3 ! ,evangeli/s1 or r ! ,gospels1 are repres5t$ z ! tetramorph1 or f\r-fac$ creature1 ) w+s full ( eyes1 & borne on :eels ( liv+ flame 7#di74 ,! ,tetramorph1 i4e4 ! union ( ! f\r attributes ( ! ,evangeli/s1 9 "o figure1 is 9 ,greek ,art always angelic or w+$--a my/]i\s ?+4 ,! ,tetramorph 9 ,we/]n ,art has 9 "s in/ances become mon/r\s1 in/ead ( my/ic & poetical4 ,9 a m9iature ( ! ,hortus ,delici>um1 we f9d ! new ,law1 or ,*ri/ianity1 repres5t$ z a woman cr[n$ & seat$ on an animal :i*1 ) ! body ( a horse1 has ! f\r heads ( ! my/ic creatures2 & ( ! f\r feet1 "o is human2 "o ho($1 = ! ox2 "o claw$ l an eagle's2 & "o l a lion's3 und]nea? is inscrib$ ,animal ,ecclesi4 ,9 "s o!r examples1 ! ,*ur*1 or ! new ,law1 is seat$ 9 a triumphal c> drawn by ! eagle1 ! lion1 & ! ox1 :ile ! angel holds ! re9s & drives z *>iote]4 ,illu/ration3 #di ,tetramorph ,! e>ly images ( ! ,evangelical symbol are uni=mly repres5t$ ) w+s1 = ! same reason t w+s 7 giv5 to ! angels1--!y 7 angels1 i4e4 br+]s ( good tid+s3 = in/ance1 9 ! e>lie/ example to :i* ,i c ref]1 a rude fragm5t ( a bas-relief 9 t]racotta1 f\nd 9 ! catacombs1 :i* repres5ts a lamb ) a glory hold+ a cross2 on ! "r1 an angel 9 a sac]dotal g>m5t 7,/4 ,mat!w71 on ! left ! w+$ ox 7,/4 ,luke71 ea* hold+ a book4 ,illu/ration3 #ej ,/4 ,luke 7,mosaic1 ,a4,d4 #gej7 ,illu/ration3 #ea ,/4 ,luke 7,mosaic1 fif? c5tury7 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ian *ur*es we f9d ^! symbols p]petually recurr+1 g5]ally 9 or ov] ! recess at ! ea/ end 7! apsis1 or tribune71 :]e /&s ! alt>4 ,& z ! image ( ,*ri/1 z ! ,r$eem]1 ei!r "u ! semblance ( ! lamb1 or 9 8 human lik5ess1 z a gr&1 calm1 solemn figure en?ron$1 & 9 ! act ( b5$iction1 =ms inv>iably ! pr9cipal object2 almo/ z inv>iably ! ,evangeli/s are ei!r at ! f\r corn]s1 or rang$ 9 a l9e above or bel[1 or !y are ov] ! ar* 9 front ( ! tribune4 ,sometimes !y are ! heads only ( ! my/ic creatures1 on an azure gr\nd1 /udd$ ) />s1 float+ z 9 a firmam5t1 ?us 7#ej73 or ! half figure ends 9 a leafy scroll1 l ! g5ii 9 an arabesque1 z ?us 7#ea73 or ! creature is giv5 at full l5g? & entire1 ) f\r w+s1 hold+ ! book1 & look+ mu* l a figure 9 h]aldry 7#eb1 #ec74 ,illu/ration3 #eb ,/4 ,john 7,mosaic1 elev5? c5tury7 ,illu/ration3 #ec ,/4 ,m>k 7,mosaic7 ,! next /ep 0 ! comb9ation ( ! emblem ) ! human =m1 i4e4 ! head ( ! lion1 ox1 or eagle1 set ^u ! figure ( a man4 ,"h is a figure ( ,/4 ,john /&+ ) ! head ( an eagle1 hold+ ! gospel 7#ed74 ,!re is ano!r rudely engrav$ 9 ,mnt]'s "w1 ) ! eagle's head1 w+s ^u ! %\ld]s1 & a scroll4 ,i rememb] ano!r ( ,/4 ,john seat$1 writ+1 ) ! head & claw$ feet ( an eagle1 & ! body & h&s ( a man4 ,su* figures z a s]ies ,i h se5 9 ornam5ts1 & frequ5tly 9 illum9at$ ,,mss41 b seldom 9 *ur*es1 & nev] ( a l>ge size4 ,a v /rik+ & comp>atively mod]n example ( ?is peculi> treatm5t occurs 9 a bas-relief on ! door ( ! ,college ( ,/4 ,/eph5 & ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,ca/iglione1 9 :i* ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s are repres5t$ z half-l5g? human figures1 amply drap$ & hold+ ! gospels1 ea* ) ! emblematic head & l>ge outspread w+s 7#ee74 ,! bronze bas-reliefs ( ! ,evangeli/s on ea* side ( ! *oir ( ,/4 ,antonio1 at ,padua1 are simil> 9 =m1 & v f9e1 bo? 9 conception & workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 #ed ,/4 ,john ,?is s]ies ( full-l5g? figures is f ! fir/ comp>tm5t ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/ by ,angelico da ,fiesole4#ajb ,9 ! orig9al ! figures /& r\nd a my/ic circle1 alt]nately ) ! prophets 7#ef74 ,we mu/ rememb]1 t h[ev] mon/r\s & grotesque su* figures may appe> to ! eye1 !y are n m unnatural ?an ! angelic repres5tations ) :i* we are s famili> t we see 9 !m beauty only--n consid]+ t m5 ) ! w+s ( birds are z m]ely emblematical & impossible z m5 ) animal heads4 ,x is int]e/+1 & leads ! m9d to _m speculations1 to rem>k t ! ,babyloni% captivity mu/ h famili>is$ ! ,israelites ) ! comb9ation ( ! human & animal attributes 9 ! same figure4 ,! gigantic bas-reliefs f ,n9eveh %[ u w+$ bulls ) human heads1 & ! human =m ) ! eagle's head & w+s4 ,?is figure1 = example1 7#eg7 is n unlike "s e>ly figures ( ,/4 ,john1 if we sub/itute ! book & ! p5 = ! basket & ! p9e-cone4 ,illu/ration3 #ee ,/4 ,m>k ,illu/ration3 #ef ,illu/ration3 #eg ,f ,n9eveh ,9 a few lat] examples ! only symbolical attribute reta9$ is a pair ( w+s4 ,! next figure 7#eh7 is f a curi\s set ( ,evangeli/s1 ( a m9ute size1 & exquisitely engrav$ by ,hans ,beham3 !y are habit$ 9 ! old ,g]man fa%ion2 ea* has 8 book1 8 emblem1 & 9 addition ! expressive w+s4 ,illu/ration3 #eh ,^! animal symbols1 :e!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) ! human =ms1 7 p]fectly intelligible to ! p1 sanctifi$ 9 _! eyes by tradition1 by cu/om1 & by ! mo/ solemn associations4 ,all direct imitation ( nature 01 by ! be/ pa9t]s1 c>efully avoid$4 ,9 ?is respect h[ f9e is ,raphael's ,vision ( ,ezekiel6 h[ sublime & h[ true 9 feel+ & conception6 :]e ! ,messiah comes float+ along1 upborne by ! ,f\r ,creatures--my/]i\s1 spiritual1 wond]ful be+s1 animals 9 =m1 b 9 all else une>?ly1 & ! w+$ ox n less div9e ?an ! w+$ angel6#ajc ,:]eas 9 ! lat] times1 :5 ! arti/ piqu$ himself ^u ! imitation ( nature1 ! my/ic & v5]able significance 0 :olly lo/4 ,z a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is mi/ak5 /yle ( treatm5t1 we may turn to ! fam\s gr\p ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s by ,rub5s1#ajd gr&1 colossal1 /&+ or r mov+ figures1 ea* ) 8 emblem1 if emblems !y c be call$ :i* are almo/ z full ( reality z nature itself3--! ox s l life1 we expect him to bell[ at u2 ! magnific5t lion fl\ri%+ 8 tail1 & look+ at ,/4 ,m>k z if ab\t to ro> at him6--& h]e9 lies ! mi/ake ( ! great pa9t]1 t1 = ! religi\s & my/]i\s emblem1 he has sub/itut$ ! creatures !mselves3 ?is be+ "o ( ! in/ances1 n unfrequ5t 9 ,art1 9 :i* ! lit]al tru? becomes a manife/ falsehood4 ,9 ecclesia/ical decoration ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s are sometimes gr\p$ significantly ) ! ,f\r ,great] ,prophets2 ?us repres5t+ ! connexion betwe5 ! new & ! old ,law4 ,i met ) a curi\s in/ance 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres4 ,! five great w9d[s ov] ! s\? door may be said to conta9 a succ9ct sy/em ( !ology1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! ?irte5? c5tury3 "h ! ,virg91 i4e4 ! ,*ur* or ,religion1 occupies ! c5tral w9d[2 on "o side is ,j]emiah1 c>ry+ on 8 %\ld]s ,/4 ,luke1 & ,isaiah c>ry+ ,/4 ,mat!w2 on ! o!r side1 ,ezekiel be>s ,/4 ,john1 & ,daniel ,/4 ,m>k2 ?us repres5t+ ! ,new ,te/am5t re/+ on ! ,old4 ,9 ecclesia/ical decoration1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! /a9$ glass1 !y are (t5 f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! ,f\r ,doctors1 ! ,evangeli/s be+ consid]$ z witnesses1 ! ,doctors z int]pret]s1 ( ! tru?3 or z a s]ies ) ! ,f\r ,great] ,prophets1 ! ,f\r ,sibyls1 & ! ,f\r ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,evangeli/s tak+ ! ?ird place4 ,if1 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d ! ,evangeli/s /ill express$ by ! my/ic emblems 7z 9 ! f9e bronzes 9 ! *oir ( ,sant' ,antonio at ,padua71 z e>ly z ! six? we h 9 ! ,greek ,,mss4 & mosaics ! ,evangeli/s z v5]able m51 & promulgators ( a revelation2 z 9 ,san ,vitale at ,rav5na 7,a4,d4 #edg73 on ea* side ( ! *oir1 ne>e/ ! alt>1 we f9d ! prophets ,isaiah & ,j]emiah2 !n foll[ ! ,evangeli/s1 two on ea* side1 all alike1 all classically drap$ 9 :ite tunics1 ea* hold+ an op5 book1 on :i* is inscrib$ #8,secundum ,m>cum1' #8,secundum ,johannem1' c42 & above ea* ! animal symbol or attribute1 l>ge1 full l5g?1 & gr&ly design$4 ,9 mod]n ecclesia/ical decoration1 ! usual & appropriate situation ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s is imm$iately "u ! dome1 ne>e/ to ! ,savi\r aft] ! angels1 or aft] ! prophets1 :]e ei!r are introduc$4 ,i w m5tion "h a few examples celebrat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art2 premis+ t among ! works ( ,leon>do1 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ,raphael1 we f9d no repres5tations ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s2 :i* is s+ul>1 consid]+ t su* figures ent]$ necess>ily into e s*eme ( !ological decorative art4 ,by ,cimabue 7,a4,d4 #abgj71 l>g] ?an life1 on ! vault ( ! *oir 9 ,san ,francesco d',assisi4 ,by ,giotto 7,a4,d4 #acbj71 9 ! *oir ( ,sant' ,apoll9>e1 at ,rav5na2 seat$1 & ea* accompani$ by "o ( ! doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by ,angelico 7,a4,d4 #acij71 r\nd ! dome ( ! *apel ( ,san ,niccol1 9 ! ,vatican2 all seat$1 ea* ) 8 emblem4 ,by ,masaccio 7,a4,d4 #adbj71 r\nd ! dome ( ! *apel ( ! ,passion 9 ,san ,clem5te1 at ,rome2 admirable = simple gr&eur4 ,by ,p]ug9o 7,a4,d4 #adij71 on ! dome ( ! *apel del ,cambio1 at ,p]ugia2 ! heads admirable4 ,by ,correggio 7,a4,d4 #aebj71 imm$iately "u ! cupola ( ,san ,giovanni1 9 f\r lunettes1 magnific5t figures3 & aga9 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>ma1 ea* seat$ 9 glory1 ) "o ( ! doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by ,dom5i*9o1 two sets 7,a4,d4 #afbj74 ,^? 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rea della ,valle1 at ,rome1 are consid]$ 8 f9e/ works1 & celebrat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art3 !y are gr& figures4 ,! emblematical animals are "h comb9$ ) ! p]sonages 9 a mann] ! mo/ /udi$ & picturesque2 & ! angels :i* sport ar\nd !m1 play+ ) ! mane ( ,/4 ,m>k's lion1 or ! pallet & p5cils ( ,/4 ,luke1 are l beautiful #8,amoretti1'--b we h>dly ?9k ( angels4 ,! s]ies at ,grotta-,f]rata is inf]ior4 ,! ,f\r ,evangeli/s by ,val5t9 7,a4,d4 #afcb71 9 ! ,l\vre1 _h once great celebrity1 & h be5 (t5 engrav$2 !y appe> to me signal examples ( all t %\ld be avoid$ 9 "* & s5tim5t4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 = example1 is an old begg>2 ! model = ! att5dant angel is a little ,fr5* gam91 #8 qui ,val5t9 a comm& de sortir un bras de la man*e de sa *emise1 que de l'autre ma9 il s\ti5t gau*em5t4' ,le ,sueur 7,a4,d4 #afee7 has repres5t$ ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s seat$ at a table writ+2 ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5ds ^u !m 9 ! =m ( a dove4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we f9d sets ( ! ,evangeli/s 9 :i* ! emblems are altoge!r omitt$1 & ! p]sonages di/+ui%$ by _! situation1 or by _! names inscrib$ "u or ov] !m3 b we miss ^? antique scriptural attributes :i* plac$ !m be=e u z be+s =e%ad[$ 9 ! prophecies utt]$ ( old2 !y h become m]e m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is mu/ suffice = ! ,evangeli/s consid]$ z a s]ies & 9 _! collective "*2 b x w be int]e/+ to pause = a mom5t1 & take a rapid retrospective view ( ! progress1 f fir/ to la/1 9 ! expression ( an idea ?r\gh =m4 ,fir/1 we h ! m]e fact2 ! f\r scrolls1 or ! f\r books4 ,next1 ! idea2 ! f\r riv]s ( salvation fl[+ f on high1 to f]tilise ! :ole e>?4 ,?irdly1 ! prophetic ,symbol2 ! w+$ *]ub ( f\rfold aspect4 ,next1 ! ,*ri/ian ,symbol2 ! f\r #8bea/s' 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ) or )\t ! angel-w+s4 ,!n ! comb9ation ( ! emblematical animal ) ! human =m4 ,!n ! human p]sonages1 ea* ( v5]able or inspir$ aspect1 z becomes ! tea*] & witness2 & ea* att5d$ by ! scriptural emblem--no long] an emblem1 b an attribute--m>k+ 8 individual vocation & "*4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! emblem & attribute bo? disc>d$1 we h ! human be+ only1 hold+ 8 gospel1 i4e4 8 v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,,/4 ,,mat!w4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,mat!us4 ,ital4 ,san ,matteo4 ,fr4 ,sa9t ,mat?ieu4 ,g]4 ,/4 ,mat?u4 7,sept4 #ba47 ,/4 ,mat!w among ! ,apo/les takes ! sev5? or eigh? place1 b z an ,evangeli/ he always /&s fir/1 because 8 gospel 0 ! e>lie/ writt54 ,v little is c]ta9ly kn[n conc]n+ him1 8 "n occurr+ b once 9 8 own gospel1 & 9 ! o!r gospels only incid5tally ) ref]5ce to two ev5ts4 ,he 0 a ,hebrew by bir?2 by pr(ession a publican1 or tax-ga!r]1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,romans--an (fice v lucrative1 b p>ticul>ly odi\s 9 ! sight ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,8 orig9al "n 0 ,levi4 ,x is record$ 9 few words1 t z he sat at ! receipt ( cu/om by ! lake ( ,g5nes>e?1 ,jesus 9 pass+ by saw him1 & said unto him1 #8,foll[ me1' & he left all & foll[$ him2 & f>!r1 t he made a fea/ 9 8 h\se1 at :i* _m publicans & s9n]s sat d[n ) ! ,"l & 8 disciples1 to ! great a/oni%m5t & sc&al ( ! ,jews4 ,s f> ! sacr$ record3 ! traditional & leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,/4 ,mat!w is equally scanty4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! ,p]fetto ,leg5d>io t aft] ! disp]sion ( ! apo/les he travell$ into ,egypt & ,e?iopia1 prea*+ ! ,gospel2 & hav+ arriv$ 9 ! capital ( ,e?iopia1 he lodg$ 9 ! h\se ( ! eunu* :o _h be5 baptiz$ by ,philip1 & :o ent]ta9$ him ) great hon\r4 ,!re 7 two t]rible magicians at t "t 9 ,e?iopia1 :o by _! diabolical spells & incantations kept all ! p 9 subjection1 afflict+ !m at ! same "t ) /range & t]rible diseases2 b ,/4 ,mat!w ov]came !m1 & hav+ baptiz$ ! p1 !y 7 deliv]$ = ev] f ! malignant influ5ce ( ^! en*ant]s4 ,& fur!r1 x is relat$ t ,/4 ,mat!w rais$ ! son ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt f ! dead1 & heal$ 8 daught] ( ! leprosy4 ,! pr9cess1 ^: "n 0 ,iphig5ia1 he plac$ at ! head ( a community ( virg9s d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ,god2 & a c]ta9 wick$ hea!n k+1 hav+ ?reat5$ to te> h] f h] asylum1 0 /ruck by leprosy1 & 8 palace de/roy$ by fire4 ,/4 ,mat!w rema9$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s 9 ,egypt & ,e?iopia1 & x is said t he p]i%$ 9 ! n9etie? ye> ( our era1 "u ,domitian3 b ! mann] ( 8 dea? is unc]ta92 accord+ to ! ,greek leg5d1 he di$ 9 peace1 b accord+ to ! tradition ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 he suff]$ m>tyrdom ei!r by ! sword or ! spe>4 ,illu/ration3 #ei ,/4 ,mat!w ,few *ur*es are d$icat$ to ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,i am n aw>e t he is ! patron sa9t ( any c\ntry1 trade1 or pr(ession1 unless x be t ( tax-ga!r] or exciseman2 & ?is is p]haps ! reason t1 except :]e he figures z "o ( ! s]ies ( evangeli/s or apo/les1 he is s seldom repres5t$ alone1 or 9 devotional pictures4 ,9 a l>ge alt>-piece1 ! #8,san ,matteo' ( ,annibal ,c>acci1#aje he is /&+ be=e ! ?rone ( ! ,madonna1 z a p5dant to ,john ! ,bapti/1 & gives 8 "n to ! picture3 b su* examples are uncommon4 ,:5 he is portray$ z an evangeli/1 he holds a book or a p52 & ! angel1 8 prop] attribute & att5dant1 /&s by1 po9t+ up to heav51 or dictat+2 or he holds ! inkhorn1 or he supports ! book4 ,9 8 "* ( apo/le1 ,/4 ,mat!w frequ5tly holds a purse or money-bag1 z significant ( 8 =m] vocation 7#ef74 ,nei!r are pictures f 8 life ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! pr9cipal incid5t1 entitl$ ! #8,call+ ( ,mat!w1' has be5 occasionally1 b n (t51 treat$ 9 pa9t+4 ,! motif is simple & n easily mi/ak54 ,/4 ,mat!w is seat$ at a k9d ( desk ) money be=e him2 v>i\s p]sonages br+ tribute2 on "o side is se5 ,*ri/1 ) "o or two ( 8 disciples1 g5]ally ,pet] & ,&rew2 ,/4 ,mat!w is ei!r look+ t[>ds him ) an expression ( awe-/ruck att5tion1 or he is ris+ f 8 seat1 z 9 ! act to foll[3 ! m]e accessories & numb] ( ! p]sonages v>y ) ! p]iod ( ! composition & ! ta/e ( ! pa9t]4 #a4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ,i c cite1 probably ! olde/ :i* has come d[n to u1 is 9 a ,greek ,,ms4 ( ! n9? c5tury4#ajf ,/4 ,mat!w sits ) bo? h&s on a heap ( gold1 ly+ on a table be=e him3 he looks r\nd at ,*ri/1 :o is a little beh9d4 #b4 ,/4 ,mat!w is ab\t to rise to foll[ ! ,savi\r2 by ,matte di ,s] ,cambio ( ,p]ugia1 :o has repres5t$ 8 patron sa9t 9 a small composition4#ajg #c4 ,9 ! ,que5's ,gall]y at ,buck+ham ,palace1 !re is a v curi\s & int]e/+ picture ( ?is subject1 by ,mabuse1 :i* once belong$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,i41 & is qua9tly describ$ 9 ! old catalogue ( 8 pictures #8z a v old1 defac$1 curi\s alt>-piece1 ^u a ?ick bo>d1 :]e ,*ri/ is call+ ,/4 ,mat!w out ( ! cu/om-h\se2 :i* picture 0 got 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s days1 9 ! tak+ ( ,calus ,malus 7,cadiz71 9 ,spa94 ,pa9t$ ^u a bo>d 9 a gild$ ar*$ frame1 l an alt>-piece2 conta9+ t5 big figures1 less ?an half s big z ! life1 & "s tw5ty-two af> (f less figures4 ,giv5 to ! ,k+4' ,9 ! =egr\nd !re is a ri* ar*itectural por*1 f :i* ,/4 ,mat!w is issu+ 9 ha/e1 leav+ 8 money-bags beh9d2 & 9 ! backgr\nd is se5 ! lake ( ,g5nes>e? & %ipp+4 ,?is picture 0 among ! booty tak5 9 ,essex's exp$ition aga9/ ,cadiz 9 #aeif1 & probably /ol5 f "s *ur*4 #d4 ,9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y ,i f\nd ?ree pictures ( ! same subject1 all by ,hemess51 v qua9t & curi\s4 #e4 ,at ,dresd5 ! same subject 9 ! ,v5etian /yle by ,pord5one4 #f4 ,by ,ludovico ,c>acci1 a gr& sc5ic picture1 pa9t$ = ! ,m5dicanti 9 ,bologna4 #g4 ,9 a *apel ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,luigi de' ,francesi1 at ,rome1 !re are ?ree pictures by ,c>avaggio f ! life ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,ov] ! alt> is ! sa9t writ+ 8 gospel2 he looks up at ! att5dant angel1 :o is beh9d ) outspread w+s1 & 9 ! act ( dictat+4 ,on ! left is ! call+ ( ,/4 ,mat!w2 ! sa9t1 :o has be5 c\nt+ money1 rises ) "o h& on 8 brea/1 & turns to foll[ ! ,savi\r3 an old man1 ) spectacles on 8 nose1 exam9es ) curiosity ! p]sonage ^: summons has _h su* a miracul\s effect3 a boy is slyly appropriat+ ! money :i* ! apo/le has ?r[n d[n4 ,! ?ird picture is ! m>tyrdom ( ! sa9t1 :o1 9 ! sac]dotal habit1 lies ext5d$ on a block1 :ile a half-nak$ execution] raises ! sword1 & sev]al spectators %r9k back ) horror4 ,!re is no?+ dignifi$ or poetical 9 ^! repres5tations2 & ?\gh pa9t$ ) all t p[] ( effect :i* *>act]is$ ,c>avaggio1 !n at ! height ( 8 reputation1 !y h also 8 co>s5ess ( feel+ & execution3 ! prie/s 7 7n )\t reason7 dissatisfi$2 & x requir$ all ! influ5ce ( 8 patron1 ,c>d9al ,giu/9iani1 to induce !m to reta9 ! pictures 9 ! *ur* :]e we n[ see !m2--"h we sympa?ise ) ! prie/s1 r ?an ) ! arti/ & 8 patron4 ,! ,fea/ :i* ,/4 ,mat!w made = our ,savi\r & 8 disciples is ! subject ( "o ( ,paul ,v]onese's gorge\s banquet sc5es2 t :i* he pa9t$ = ! refectory ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul at ,v5ice4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,academy1 fill+ up ! end wall ( "o ( ! great rooms f side to side1 & seem+ to let 9 light & air ?r\gh ! l(ty m>ble porticoes1 :i* give u su* a magnific5t idea ( ! spl5d\r :i* surr\nd$ ,levi be=e he left all to foll[ ,jesus4 ,9 all ! repres5tations ( ! dea? ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 except ^? ( ! ,greek or ,byzant9e s*ool1 he dies by ! sword4 ,! ,greek arti/s uni=mly exhibit him z dy+ 9 peace1 :ile an angel sw+s ! c5s] beside 8 b$3 z on ! anci5t doors ( ,san ,paolo at ,rome4 ,pictures f ! leg5d>y life ( ,/4 ,mat!w are v r>e4 ,! mo/ rem>kable are ! frescoes 9 ! *apel ( ,san ,matteo at ,rav5na1 attribut$ to ,giotto4 ,!y are s mu* ru9$1 t1 ( ! eight subjects repres5t$1 only ?ree--8 vocation1 8 prea*+ & heal+ ! sick 9 ,e?iopia1 & ! baptism ( ! k+ & que5--c be made out4 ,9 ! ,b$=d missal at ,p>is ,i f\nd a m9iature1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,mat!w #8heal+ ! son & daught] ( ,k+ ,egyptus ( ! leprosy2' b1 z a subject ( art1 he is n popul>4 ,,/4 ,,m>k4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,m>cus4 ,ital4 ,san ,m>co ,evangeli/a4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,m>c4 ,g]4 ,d] ,heilige ,m>cus4 7,april #be4 ,a4,d4 #fh47 ,/4 ,m>k ! ,evangeli/ 0 n "o ( ! twelve ,apo/les3 8 conv]sion app>5tly took place aft] ! asc5sion4 ,he 0 ! companion & assi/ant ( ,paul & ,b>nabas1 ) :om he prea*$ ! ,gospel among ! ,g5tiles4 ,accord+ to ! traditions receiv$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 he 0 conv]t$ by ,/4 ,pet]1 & became 8 fav\rite disciple2 att5d$ him fir/ to ,aquileia1 :]e !y conv]t$ & baptiz$ ! p on ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic1 & !nce to ,rome4 ,:ile !re he wrote 8 gospel = ! use ( ! ,roman conv]ts1--"s say f ! dictation ( ! apo/le4 ,he aft]w>ds1 by comm& ( ,/4 ,pet]1 w5t to prea* ! ,gospel 9 ,egypt2 & aft] prea*+ 9 ,lybia & ,!bais = twelve ye>s1 he f\nd$ ! *ur* ( ,alex&ria1 subsequ5tly "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,! ire ( ! hea!n be+ /irr$ up aga9/ him because ( 8 miracles1 !y revil$ him z a magician1 &1 dur+ ! fea/ ( _! god ,s]apis1 seiz$ him :ile 9 ! act ( wor%ip1 b\nd him1 & dragg$ him along ! /reets & highways1 & ov] /ony & rocky places1 till he p]i%$ mis]ably2 at ! same "t a dreadful tempe/ ( hail & lightn+ fell ^u 8 murd]]s1 by :i* !y 7 disp]s$ & de/roy$4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,alex&ria buri$ 8 mangl$ rema9s1 & 8 sepul*re 0 reg>d$ ) great rev]5ce = sev]al c5turies4 ,ab\t #hae ,a4,d41 "s ,v5etian m]*ants trad+ to ,alex&ria c>ri$ (f ! relics 7lit]ally /ole !m1--#8convey ! wise x call6'71 & !y 7 deposit$ 9 ! city ( ,v5ice1 :]e ! /ately *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 built ov] !m4 ,s9ce t "t1 ,/4 ,m>k has be5 hon\r$ z ! patron sa9t ( ,v5ice1 & 8 leg5d>y hi/ory has suppli$ ! ,v5etian pa9t]s ) _m beautiful & picturesque subjects4 ,:5 ,/4 ,m>k is repres5t$ z "o ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 ei!r s+ly or gr\p$ ) ! o!rs1 he is almo/ inv>iably accompani$ by ! lion1 w+$ or unw+$1 b g5]ally w+$1--:i* di/+ui%es him f ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o is also accompani$ by ! lion1 b unw+$1 z we %all see h]eaft]4 ,9 devotional repres5tations1 ,/4 ,m>k (t5 we>s ! habit ( bi%op1 z fir/ bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,he is ?us repres5t$ 9 ! colossal mosaic ov] ! pr9cipal door ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice#ajh 9 ! pontificals ( a ,greek bi%op1 no mitre1 %ort grey hair & be>d2 "o h& rais$ 9 b5$iction1 ! o!r hold+ ! gospel4 ,( ! innum]able pictures 9 :i* ,/4 ,m>k figures z patron ( ,v5ice1 ,i c af=d to give a few examples only4 #a4 ,a4 ,busati4 ,he is seat$ on a ?rone2 an op5 book 9 "o h&1 be>+ inscrib$ ! ,v5etian motto 7#8la ,legg5da de' ,v5eti#87 ,,pax ,,tibi1 ,,m>ce1 ,,evangeli/a ,,meus2 ! o!r h& bless+3 beh9d him a fig-tree1 ) leaves & no fruit2 probably 9 allusion to ! text1 *4 xi4 #ac1 :i* is peculi> to ,/4 ,m>k4 ,on 8 "r /&s ,/4 ,&rew be>+ a cross2 on ! left ,/4 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a2 beh9d him ! apple-tree :i* #8br\ght dea? into ! _w & all our woe4' ,?is votive picture1 f its my/ical accessories & ! introduction ( ,/4 ,b]n>d9o1 0 probably pa9t$ = ! ,franciscans 7i ,fr>i7 ( ,v5ice3 x is n[ 9 ! ,academy !re4 #b4 ,/4 ,m>k on a l(ty ?rone holds 8 gospel 9 8 h&2 at 8 feet ! f\r sa9ts :o are protectors aga9/ sickness & pe/il5ce1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,ro*1 ,/4 ,cosmo1 & ,/4 ,damian3 a spl5did picture1 9 ,titian's e>ly mann]4#aji #c4 ,/4 ,m>k plants ! /&>d ( ,v5ice1 by ,bonifazio4 ,& #d4 #8,san ,m>co *e assi/a all' coscrizione m>itima2' 7i4e4 ! enli/+ ( ! m>9]s = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate7 by ,g4 del ,moro1 bo? curi\s in/ances ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,v5etians mix$ up _! patron sa9t ) all _! political & milit>y transactions4 #e4 ,/4 ,m>k pres5ts ! ,doge ,leon>do ,dona to ! ,virg92 ! mo/ rem>kable ( a num]\s class ( votive pictures common 9 ! ,v5etian s*ool1 9 :i* ,/4 ,m>k introduces ei!r ! ,doge or "s g5]al or magnifico to ! ,virg94#aaj ,among ! devotional pictures ( ,/4 ,m>k1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s is t ( ,fra ,b>tolomeo1 9 ! ,palazzo ,pitti4 ,he is repres5t$ z a man 9 ! prime ( life1 ) bu%y hair & a %ort r$di% be>d1 ?ron$ 9 a ni*e1 & hold+ 9 "o h& ! gospel1 9 ! o!r a p52 ! lion is omitt$4 ,! ,frate pa9t$ ?is picture = 8 own conv5t ( ,san ,m>co at ,flor5ce4 ,x is mu* laud$ & celebrat$1 b ! attitude appe>$ to me r =c$1 & ! features r commonplace4 ,! leg5d :i* describes ,/4 ,m>k z ! disciple & amanu5sis ( ,/4 ,pet]1 has giv5 occasion = ^? votive pictures 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ toge!r4 #a4 ,9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's is pres]v$ a gold5 reliqu>y ( a squ>e =m1 conta9+1 x is said1 a fragm5t ( ! orig9al gospel 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,/4 ,m>k2 ! *as$ cov] repres5ts ,/4 ,pet] on a ?rone1 & be=e him kneels ! evangeli/1 writ+ f 8 dictation4#aaa #b4 ,& aga91 9 an anci5t ,greek ,evangel>ium1 ,/4 ,m>k is seat$1 writ+2 ,/4 ,pet] /&s be=e him ) 8 h& rais$ z dictat+4 #c4 ,9 a beautiful picture by ,angelico da ,fiesole1#aab ,/4 ,pet] is 9 a pulpit prea*+ to ! ,romans2 & ,m>k1 seat$1 is tak+ d[n 8 words 9 a book4 #d4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,m>k /&+ toge!r1 ! =m] hold+ a book1 ! latt] a p51 ) an inkhorn susp5d$ f 8 girdle1 by ,bell9i2#aac &1 #e1 a simil> "o by ,bonvic9o--v beautiful4#aad ,su* pictures are extremely int]e/+1 %[+ ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( ! orig9 ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel4 ,hi/orical pictures f ! leg5d>y life ( ,/4 ,m>k ab\nd 9 ! ,v5etian s*ool1 b are n (t5 f\nd out ( ,v5ice4 ,/4 ,m>k prea*+ ! ,gospel at ,alex&ria1 by ,g5til ,bell9i1#aae a v l>ge composition ) num]\s figures1 is on _m acc\nts extremely curi\s4 ,! pa9t]1 :o _h be5 at ,con/ant9ople1 transf]r$ to ,alex&ria ! ,ori5tal sc5]y & co/ume ) :i* he _h become acqua9t$4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,euphemia at ,alex&ria1 9 ! backgr\nd1 has ! air ( a ,turki% mosque2 a cr[d ( p]sons1 m5 & wom51 9 ! co/ume ( ! ,turks1 surr\nd ! sa9t1 :o is /&+ on a k9d ( p$e/al or plat=m1 asc5d$ by a flight ( /eps1 f :i* he addresses 8 audi5ce ) great f]v\r4 ,g5til ,bell9i pa9t$ ?is picture = ! ,scuola di ,san ,m>co1 at ,v5ice4 ,x is relat$ t "o day ,/4 ,m>k1 9 8 progress ?r\gh ! city ( ,alex&ria1 saw a poor cobbl]1 :o _h w\nd$ 8 h& sev]ely ) 8 awl1 s z to be incapacitat$ f ga9+ 8 bread3 ,/4 ,m>k heal$ ! w\nd2 & ! cobbl]1 ^: "n 0 ,anianus1 be+ conv]t$ & prop]ly in/ruct$1 became a zeal\s ,*ri/ian1 & succe$$ ,/4 ,m>k z bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is miracul\s cure ( ,/4 ,anianus1 & 8 subsequ5t baptism1 are repres5t$ 9 two pictures by ,mansueti4#aaf ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y is ! cure ( ,/4 ,anianus1 by ,cima da ,conegliano2 a l>ge composition ) _m figures4 ,! cure & baptism ( ,/4 ,anianus1 repres5t$ z a v ag$ man1 =m ! subjects ( two f9e bas-reliefs on ! faade ( ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,m>k1 by ,tullio ,lomb>do1 ,a4,d4 #aejb4 ,9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,m>k1 he is dragg$ ?r\gh ! /reets by ! enrag$ populace1 :o haul him along by a rope2 a /orm f above ov]:elms ! idolat]s4 ,! subject is ?us repres5t$ by ,angelico da ,fiesole4#aag 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fam\s leg5d ( ,/4 ,m>k1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( sev]al pictures1 c only be wor?ily giv5 9 ! language ( ! old ,v5etian *ronicle3 !re is some?+ p]fectly *>m+ 9 ! picturesque navet & matt]-(-fact detail ) :i* ?is wild & wond]ful /ory is relat$2 & if y1 read]1 h ev] /ood on ! /eps ( ! ,piazzetta & look$ ov] to ,san ,giorgio1 or ,san ,niccol1 :5 ! waves ( ! ,lagune 7 foam+ & driv+ up to y\r feet1 & /orm-cl\ds /oop+ & l[]+ seem$ to t\* ! v domes & campanile ar\nd1 !n y w h ! :ole sc5e z a reality be=e y4 #8,on ! #be? ( ,febru>y1 #acdj1 !re fell out a wond]ful ?+ 9 ?is l&2 = dur+ ?ree days ! wat]s rose cont9ually1 & 9 ! night !re 0 fe>ful ra9 & tempe/1 su* z _h nev] be5 he>d (4 ,s great 0 ! /orm t ! wat]s rose ?ree cubits high] ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n 9 ,v5ice2 & an old fi%]man be+ 9 8 little boat 9 ! canal ( ,/4 ,m>k1 rea*$ ) difficulty ! ,riva di ,san ,m>co1 & !re he fa/5$ 8 boat1 & wait$ ! ceas+ ( ! /orm4 ,& x is relat$ t1 at ! "t ?is /orm 0 at ! highe/1 !re came an unkn[n man1 & bes\ght him t he w\ld r[ him ov] to ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore1 promis+ to pay him well2 & ! fi%]man repli$1 8,h[ is x possible to g to ,san ,giorgio8 we %all s9k by ! way60 ,b ! man only bes\ght him ! m t he %\ld set =?4 ,s1 see+ t x 0 ! w ( ,god1 he arose & r[$ ov] to ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore2 & ! man l&$ !re1 & desir$ ! boatman to wait4 ,9 a %ort :ile he return$ ) a "y man2 & !y said1 8,n[ r[ t[>ds ,san ,niccol di ,lido40 ,& ! fi%]man said1 8,h[ c "o possibly g s f> ) "o o>80 ,& !y said1 8,r[ boldly1 = x %all be possible to !e1 & ?\ %alt be well paid40 ,& he w5t2 & x appe>$ to him z if ! wat]s 7 smoo?4 ,be+ arriv$ at ,san ,niccol di ,lido1 ! two m5 l&$1 & return$ ) a ?ird1 &1 hav+ ent]$ into ! boat1 !y comm&$ ! fi%]man t he %\ld r[ beyond ! two ca/les4 ,& ! tempe/ rag$ cont9ually4 ,be+ come to ! op5 sea1 !y beheld approa*+1 ) su* t]rific spe$ t x appe>$ to fly ov] ! wat]s1 an enorm\s galley full ( demons 7z x is writt5 9 ! ,*ronicles1 & ,m>co ,sabell9o also makes m5tion ( ?is miracle73 ! said b>k approa*$ ! ca/les to ov]:elm ,v5ice1 & to de/roy x utt]ly2 anon ! sea1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 tumultu\s1 became calm2 & ^! ?ree m51 hav+ made ! sign ( ! cross1 exorcis$ ! demons1 & comm&$ !m to dep>t1 & imm$iately ! galley or ! %ip vani%$4 ,!n ^! ?ree m5 comm&$ ! fi%]man to l& !m1 ! "o at ,san ,niccol di ,lido1 ! o!r at ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore1 & ! ?ird at ,san ,m>co4 ,& :5 he _h l&$ ! ?ird1 ! fi%]man1 not)/&+ ! miracle he _h witness$1 desir$ t he w\ld pay him2 & he repli$1 8,?\ art "r2 g n[ to ! ,doge1 & to ! ,procuratore ( ,/4 ,m>k1 & tell !m :at ?\ ha/ se51 = ,v5ice w\ld h be5 ov]:elm$ _h x n be5 = u ?ree4 ,i am ,/4 ,m>k ! evangeli/1 ! protector ( ?is city2 ! o!r is ! brave knight ,/4 ,george2 & he :om ?\ did/ take up at ! ,lido is ! holy bi%op ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,say to ! ,doge & to ! ,procuratori#aah t !y are to pay y2 & tell !m likewise t ?is tempe/ arose because ( a c]ta9 s*oolma/] dwell+ at ,san ,felice1 :o did sell 8 s\l to ! devil1 & aft]w>ds hang$ himself40 ,& ! fi%]man repli$1 8,if ,i %\ld tell !m ?is1 !y w n believe me40 ,!n ,/4 ,m>k took (f a r+ :i* 0 on 8 f+]1 :i* r+ 0 wor? five ducats2 & he said1 8,%[ !m ?is1 & tell !m :5 !y look 9 ! sanctu>y !y w n f9d x30 & !reupon he disappe>$4 ,! next morn+1 ! said fi%]man pres5t$ himself be=e ! ,doge & relat$ all he _h se5 ! night be=e1 & %[$ him ! r+ = a sign4 ,& ! ,procuratori hav+ s5t = ! r+1 & s\ght 9 ! usual place1 f\nd x n2 by reason ( :i* miracle ! fi%]man 0 paid1 & a solemn procession 0 orda9$1 giv+ ?anks to ,god1 & to ! relics ( ! ?ree holy sa9ts1 :o re/ 9 our l&1 & :o deliv]$ u f ?is great dang]4 ,! r+ 0 giv5 to ,signor ,m>co ,lor$ano & to ,signor ,&rea ,d&olo ! ,procuratori1 :o plac$ x 9 ! sanctu>y2 &1 moreov]1 a p]petual provision 0 made = ! ag$ fi%]man above m5tion$4'#aai ,?is leg5d is ! subject ( two celebrat$ pictures3--,! fir/1 attribut$ to ,giorgione1#abj repres5ts ! /orm4 ,a %ip1 mann$ by demons1 is se5 t[]+ ov] ! waves3 ! demons appe> to be seiz$ ) con/]nation2 "s fl+ !mselves headlong ov] ! side ( _! vessel1 o!rs are cl++ to ! rigg+1 o!rs sit on ! ma/s :i* flame ) fire1 & ! gl>e is se5 ov] ! murky sky & sea4 ,m 9 front are two b>ks1 "o r[$ by f\r satyr-l demons1 spl5did figures admirably pa9t$1 lit]ally gl[+ z if !y 7 r$-hot1 & full ( fi]ce animation4 ,9 ! o!r b>k are se5 ! ?ree sa9ts1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 & ,/4 ,george1 r[$ by ! fi%]man2 sea-mon/]s are sport+ amid ! waves1 demons be/ride !m2 ! city ( ,v5ice is j visible 9 ! f>-(f di/ance4 ,! :ole picture is full ( vig\r & poetic feel+2 ! fi]y gl[ ( col\r & ! romantic /yle ( ,giorgione suit$ ! subject2 & x has be5 admirably re/or$4 ,! second picture is by ,p>is ,bordone1#aba & repres5ts ! fi%]man pres5t+ ! miracul\s r+ ( ,/4 ,m>k to ! ,doge ,grad5igo4 ,x is l a gr& piece ( sc5ic decoration3 we h be=e u a magnific5t m>ble hall1 ) columns & build+s 9 p]spective2 to ! "r1 on ! summit ( a flight ( /eps1 sits ! ,doge 9 c\ncil2 ! poor fi%]man1 asc5d+ ! /eps1 holds =? ! r+4 ,! num]\s figures1 ! vivid col\r1 ! luxuriant ar*itecture1 rem9d u ( ,paul ,v]onese1 )1 h[ev]1 m delicacy1 bo? 9 col\r & execution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,*ri/ian slave1 9 ! s]vice ( a c]ta9 nobleman ( ,prov5ce1 disobey$ ! comm&s ( 8 "l1 & p]si/$ 9 pay+ 8 devotions at ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,m>k1 :i* 0 at "s di/ance4 ,on 8 return home1 he 0 condemn$ to ! torture4 ,z x 0 ab\t to be inflict$1 ! sa9t himself desc5d$ f heav5 to aid 8 vot>y2 ! in/rum5ts ( torture 7 brok5 or blunt$1 ! oppressor & 8 execution]s conf\nd$4 ,?is leg5d is ! subject ( a celebrat$ picture by ,t9toretto1#abb ( :i* ,mr4 ,rog]s _h ! orig9al sket*4 ,! slave lies on ! gr\nd amid a cr[d ( spectators1 :o look on1 animat$ by all ! v>i\s emotions ( sympa?y1 rage1 t]ror2 a woman 9 front1 ) a *ild 9 h] arms1 has always be5 admir$ = ! life-l vivacity ( h] attitude & expression4 ,! execution] holds up ! brok5 implem5ts2 ,/4 ,m>k1 ) a headlong movem5t1 seems to ru% d[n f heav5 9 ha/e to save 8 wor%ipp]2 ! dramatic gr\p+ 9 ?is picture is wond]ful2 ! col\r+1 9 its gorge\s dep? & h>mony1 is 9 ,mr4 ,rog]s's sket* f9] ?an 9 ! picture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,/4 ,m>k's1 at ,v5ice1 we f9d ! :ole hi/ory ( ,/4 ,m>k on ! vault ( ! ,cappella ,z5 7op5+ f ! ,bapti/]y71 9 a s]ies ( v curi\s mosaics ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! translation ( ! body ( ,/4 ,m>k2 ! c>ry+ (f ! relics f ,alex&ria2 _! arrival 9 ,v5ice2 ! gr& religi\s c]emonies :i* took place on _! arrival2 are also repres5t$ 9 ! mosaics ov] ! portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 execut$ *iefly betwe5 #afej & #afhj4 ,we h ! same leg5d 9 two compositions ( ,t9toretto3#abc 9 ! fir/1 ! rema9s ( ,/4 ,m>k are tak5 =cibly f ! tomb by ! ,v5etian m>9]s2 9 ! o!r1 !y are borne away to sea 9 a night-/orm1 :ile 9 ! air is se5 hov]+ a bright transp>5t =m1--! s\l ( ! sa9t flitt+ ) 8 body to ,v5ice4 ,,/4 ,,luke4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,luca4 ,ital4 ,san ,luca4 ,fr4 ,sa9t ,luc4 7,oct4 #ah47 ,( ! real hi/ory ( ,/4 ,luke we "k v little4 ,he 0 n an apo/le2 &1 l ,/4 ,m>k1 appe>s to h be5 conv]t$ aft] ! asc5sion4 ,he 0 a belov$ disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 :om he accompani$ to ,rome1 & rema9$ ) 8 ma/] & tea*] till ! la/4 ,x is relat$1 t1 aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 he prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,greece & ,egypt2 b :e!r he di$ a natural dea?1 or suff]$ m>tyrdom1 does n seem cle>4 ,! ,greek traditions repres5t him z dy+ 9 peace1 & 8 dea? 0 ?us figur$ on ! anci5t doors ( ,san ,paolo at ,rome4 ,o!rs affirm t he 0 crucifi$ at ,patras ) ,/4 ,&rew4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = ! supposition t ,luke 0 a physician4 7,col4 iv4 #ad47 ,b ! pretty leg5d :i* makes him a pa9t]1 & repres5ts him z pa9t+ ! portrait ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 is unsupport$ by any ( ! e>li] traditions4 ,x is ( ,greek orig91 /ill univ]sally receiv$ by ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :i* consid]s pa9t+ a religi\s art1 & numb]s 9 its cal5d> ( sa9ts a long li/ ( pa9t]s1 z well z poets1 musicians1 & physicians4 #8,les ,grecs1' says ,didron1 #8sembl5t avoir canonis des *rti5s uniquem5t p>ce qu'ils s'occupai5t de s\lag] le corps ou de *>m] l'esprit4' ,9 ! we/ ( ,europe1 ! leg5d :i* repres5ts ,/4 ,luke z a pa9t] c be trac$ no high] ?an ! t5? c5tury2 ! ,greek pa9t]s introduc$ x2 & a rude draw+ ( ! ,virg9 discov]$ 9 ! catacombs1 ) an inscription purport+ t x 0 #8"o ( sev5 pa9t$ by ,luca1' confirm$ ! popul> belief t ,/4 ,luke ! evangeli/ 0 meant4 ,?us orig9at$ ! fame ( innum]able ,virg9s ( peculi> sanctity1 all attribut$ to 8 h&1 & reg>d$ ) extreme v5]ation4 ,su* anci5t pictures are g5]ally ( ,greek workman%ip1 & ( a black complexion4#abd ,9 ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,luke we are assur$ t he c>ri$ ) him ev]y:]e two portraits1 pa9t$ by himself2 "o ( our ,savi\r1 & "o ( ! ,virg92 & t by means ( ^! he conv]t$ _m ( ! hea!n1 = n only did !y p]=m great miracles1 b all :o look$ on ^! bright & b5ign faces1 :i* bore a /rik+ resemblance to ea* o!r1 7 mov$ to admiration & devotion4 ,x is also said1 t ,/4 ,luke pa9t$ _m portraits ( ! ,virg91 delight+ himself by repeat+ ?is graci\s image2 & 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,via ,lata1 at ,rome1 !y /ill %[ a little *apel 9 :i*1 #8z x ha? be5 h&$ d[n f ! fir/ ages1 ,/4 ,luke ! ,evangeli/ wrote1 & pa9t$ ! effigy ( ! ,virg9-,"m ( ,god4' ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is tradition1 ,/4 ,luke has be5 *os5 z ! patron sa9t ( pa9t]s4 ,academies ( art are plac$ "u 8 p>ticul> protection2 _! *apels are d$icat$ to him1 & ov] ! alt> we see him 9 8 *>m+ & pi\s avocation1 t ( pa9t+ portraits ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 = ! consolation ( ! fai?ful4 ,! devotional figures ( ,/4 ,luke1 9 8 "* ( evangeli/1 repres5t him 9 g5]al ) 8 gospel & 8 att5dant ox1 w+$ or unw+$1 z already describ$2 b 9 ,greek ,art1 & 9 ^? s*ools ( ,art :i* h be5 p>ticul>ly "u ! ,byzant9e influ5ce 7z ! e>ly ,v5etian71 we see ,/4 ,luke z evangeli/ "y & be>dless1 hold+ ! portrait ( ! ,virg9 z 8 attribute 9 "o h&1 & 8 gospel 9 ! o!r4 ,a beautiful figure ( ,/4 ,luke z evangeli/ & pa9t] is 9 ! fam\s #8,heures d',anne de ,bretagne4'#abe ,9 an engrav+ by ,lucas v4 ,leyd51 execut$ z x %\ld seem 9 hon\r ( 8 patron sa9t1 ,/4 ,luke is seat$ on ! back ( 8 ox1 writ+ ! gospel2 he we>s a hood l an old pr(essor1 re/s 8 book aga9/ ! horns ( ! animal1 & 8 ink/& is susp5d$ on ! b\gh ( a tree4 ,b sep>ate devotional figures ( him z patron are z r>e z ^? ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,/4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,virg9 has be5 a frequ5t & fav\rite subject4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all is a picture 9 ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke1 at ,rome1 ascrib$ to ,raphael4 ,"h ,/4 ,luke1 kneel+ on a foot/ool be=e an easel1 is busi$ pa9t+ ! ,virg9 ) ! ,*ild 9 h] arms1 :o appe>s to him out ( heav5 su/a9$ by cl\ds3 beh9d ,/4 ,luke /&s ,raphael himself1 look+ on4 ,ano!r ( ! same subject1 a v small & beautiful picture1 also ascrib$ to ,raphael1 is 9 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! pictures is ! treatm5t q wor?y ( t great pa9t]1 want+ 8 delicacy bo? ( s5tim5t & execution4 ,!re is a mo/ curi\s & qua9t example 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 attribut$ to ,van ,eyck3 "h ! ,virg91 seat$ "u a ri* ,go?ic canopy1 holds on h] lap ! ,infant ,*ri/1 9 a mo/ /iff attitude2 ,/4 ,luke1 kneel+ on "o knee1 is tak+ h] lik5ess4 ,!re is ano!r1 simil> 9 /yle1 by ,aldegraef1 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y4 ,c>lo ,m>atti repres5ts ,/4 ,luke z pres5t+ to ! ,virg9 ! picture he has pa9t$ ( h]4 ,/4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 :ile an angel is gr9d+ 8 col\rs1 ,i rememb] 9 ! ,aguado ,gall]y2 a late ,spani% picture4#abf ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,m>k att5d$ by ,/4 ,gregory4 ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,virg94 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,johannes4 ,gr4 ,/4 ,john ,!ologos1 or ! ,div9e4 ,ital4 ,san ,giovanni ,evangeli/a4 ,fr4 ,sa9t ,jean2 ,messire ,sa9t ,jehan4 ,g]4 ,d] ,heilige ,johann4 7,dec4 #bg1 ,a4,d4 #ii47 ,( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke1 s little is c]ta9ly kn[n1 t we h no data on :i* to f\nd an individual portrait2 !re=e any repres5tation ( !m z v5]able & inspir$ tea*]s suffices to ! fancy3 b x is q o!rwise ) ,/4 ,john1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! evangeli/s1 & ! mo/ belov$ ( ! disciples ( our ,"l4 ,( him suffici5t is kn[n to convey a di/9ct impression ( 8 p]sonal "*1 & an idea ( :at 8 p]sonal appe>ance may h be51 suppos+ ?is outw>d semblance to h h>monis$ ) ! inw>d be+4 ,he 0 ! son ( ! fi%]man ,zeb$ee1 &1 ) 8 bro!r ,james1 among ! fir/ foll[]s ( ! ,savi\r4 ,he is emphatically call$ #8! disciple :om ,jesus lov$2' a pref]5ce :i* he m]it$1 n only f ! extreme purity ( 8 life & "*1 b f 8 devot$ & affectionate nature4 ,he appe>s to h be5 at all times ! con/ant companion ( 8 div9e ,"l2 & 8 life1 :ile ! ,savi\r 0 on e>?1 insep>able f ,84 ,9 all ! memorable circum/ances record$ 9 ! ,gospel he 0 a p>ty1 or at lea/ pres5t4 ,he witness$ ! glory ( ! transfiguration2 he lean$ on ! bosom ( ,jesus at ! la/ supp]2 he /ood by ! cross 9 ! h\r ( agony2 he laid ! body ( 8 crucifi$ ,ma/] 9 ! sepul*re4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,virg9 ,"m1 :o _h be5 confid$ to 8 c>e1 he w5t ab\t ,juda1 prea*+ ! ,gospel ) ,/4 ,pet]4 ,he !n travell$ into ,asia ,m9or1 :]e he f\nd$ ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 & resid$ pr9cipally at ,ephesus4 ,dur+ ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,domitian1 ,/4 ,john 0 s5t 9 fett]s to ,rome2 &1 accord+ to a tradition g5]ally receiv$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 he 0 ca/ into a cauldron ( boil+ oil1 b 0 miracul\sly pres]v$1 & #8came out ( x z out ( a refre%+ ba?4' ,he 0 !n accus$ ( magic1 & exil$ to ! isl& ( ,patmos1 9 ! gean ,sea1 :]e he is said to h writt5 8 ,revelation4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,domitian he 0 releas$1 & return$ to 8 *ur* at ,ephesus2 & = ! use ( ! ,*ri/ians !re he is said to h writt5 8 gospel1 at ! age ( n9ety4 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds he di$ 9 t city1 be+ ne>ly a c5tury old4 ,all ! incid5ts "h t\*$ ^u occur frequ5tly z subjects ( art1 b mo/ ( !m belong prop]ly to ! life ( ,*ri/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! p]sonal "* ( ,/4 ,john1 at once attractive & picturesque1 has r5d]$ him popul> z a patron sa9t1 & devotional pictures ( him are f> m num]\s ?an ( any ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 "o ( 8 ?ree *>act]s3 #a1 z evangeli/2 #b1 z apo/le2 #c1 z prophet2 or ! ?ree are comb9$ 9 "o figure4 #a4 ,( ! e>ly eagle symbol1 ,i h spok5 at l5g?4 ,9 ,greek ,art1 :e!r z apo/le or evangeli/1 ,/4 ,john is always an ag$ man ) :ite hair1 & a v5]able be>d desc5d+ to 8 brea/2 & by ! e>li] ,lat9 pa9t]s1 :]e he figures z evangeli/ only1 n z apo/le1 ?is type has be5 adh]$ to2 b ! lat] pa9t]s set x aside1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ne>ly a c5tury old1 has all ! attributes ( ! y\?ful apo/le4 ,he is be>dless1 ) light curl+ hair1 & eyes gaz+ upw>ds 9 a rapture ( inspiration3 he is sometimes seat$ ) 8 p5 & 8 book1 sometimes /&+2 ! att5dant eagle always ne> him1 & frequ5tly hold+ ! p5 or inkhorn 9 8 beak4 ,9 "s ( ! old pr9ts & pictures1 :i* repres5t ,/4 ,john z writ+ ! gospel1 8 eyes are turn$ on ! ,virg9 ) ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 h] arms1 :o appe> z a vision 9 ! skies above2 und]nea?1 or on 8 book1 is inscrib$1--#8,! ,^w 0 made fle%1' or "s o!r text ( ! same import4 ,! eagle at 8 side has sometimes ! nimbus or a cr[n ( />s1#abg & is !n p]haps int5d$ to figure ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i rememb] an in/ance 9 :i* ! devil1 int5t on int]cept+ ! message ( reconcilem5t & #8goodwill t[>ds m51' :i* 0 de/9$ to de/roy 8 empire on e>?1 appe>s beh9d ,/4 ,john1 & is ov]sett+ ! ink ^u ! pages2 ano!r1 9 :i* he is /eal+ away ! inkhorn4 #b4 ,z "o ( ! s]ies ( apo/les1 ,/4 ,john is always1 9 ,we/]n ,art1 "y1 or 9 ! prime ( life2 ) little or no be>d2 fl[+ or curl+ hair1 g5]ally ( a pale br[n or gold5 hue1 to express ! delicacy ( 8 nature2 & 9 8 c\nt5ance an expression ( b5ignity & c&\r4 ,8 drap]y is1 or ought to be1 r$1 ) a blue or gre5 tunic4 ,he be>s 9 8 h& ! sacram5tal cup1 f :i* a s]p5t is se5 to issue4 ,/4 ,isidore relates t1 at ,rome1 an attempt 0 made to poison ,/4 ,john 9 ! cup ( ! sacram5t3 he drank ( ! same & adm9i/]$ x to ! communicants )\t injury1 ! poison hav+ by a miracle issu$ f ! cup 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 :ile ! hir$ assass9 fell d[n dead at 8 feet4 ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ?is /ory1 ! poison$ cup 0 adm9i/]$ by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,domitian4 ,accord+ to a ?ird v]sion1 ,ari/odemus1 ! high-prie/ ( ,diana1 at ,ephesus1 defi$ him to dr9k ( ! poison$ *alice1 z a te/ ( ! tru? ( 8 mission2 ,/4 ,john drank unh>m$1--! prie/ fell dead4 ,o!rs say1 & ?is seems ! m probable int]pretation1 t ! cup 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,john alludes to ! reply giv5 by our ,savi\r1 :5 ! "m ( ,james & ,john reque/$ = h] sons ! place ( hon\r 9 heav51--#8,ye %all dr9k inde$ ( my cup4' ,z 9 o!r in/ances1 ! leg5d 0 inv5t$ to expla9 ! symbol4 ,:5 ! cup has ! consecrat$ waf] in/ead ( ! s]p5t1 x signifies ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,illu/ration3 #fj ,/4 ,john 7,hans ,heml+7 ,"s ( ! old ,g]man repres5tations ( ,/4 ,john are ( s+ul> beauty3 = example1 "o by ,hans ,heml+1 "o by ,isaac von ,melem1#abh /&+ figures2 simple1 graceful1 maje/ic2 9 ! prime ( y\?1 ) a *>m+ expression ( devotion 9 ! heads3 bo? hold ! sacram5tal cup ) ! s]p5t2 no eagle2 !re=e ,/4 ,john is "h to be consid]$ z ! apo/le only3 :51 ) ! cup1 ! eagle is plac$ by 8 side1 he is repres5t$ 9 ! d\ble "* ( apo/le & evangeli/ 7#fa74 ,illu/ration3 #fa ,/4 ,john 7,raphael7 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! e>ly ,si5a s*ool1 & 9 "s old illum9ations1 ,i h se5 ,/4 ,john c>ry+ 9 8 h& a radiant circle1 inscrib$ #8,9 primo e/ v]bum1' & )9 ! circle an eagle ) outspread w+s3 b ?is is uncommon4 #c4 ,/4 ,john z ! prophet1 ! writ] ( ! ,revelation1 is usually an ag$ man1 ) a :ite fl[+ be>d1 seat$ 9 a rocky des]t2 ! sea 9 ! di/ance1 or fl[+ r\nd him1 to repres5t ! isl& ( ,patmos2 ! eagle at 8 side4 ,9 ! old frescoes1 & ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 ( ! ,apocalypse1 ?is is ! usual repres5tation4 ,"s examples ( ! ideal & devotional figures ( ,/4 ,john1 z evangeli/ & prophet1 w give an idea ( ! v>iety ( treatm5t 9 ?is fav\rite subject3-- #a4 ,anci5t ,greek4 ,/4 ,john1 ) ! head ( an eagle & l>ge w+s1 ! figure fully drap$1 is so>+ upw>ds4 ,9 su* repres5tations ! inscription is usually #8,quasi aquila asc5det et avolabit' 7#8,behold1 he %all come up & fly z ! eagle4' ,j]4 xlix4 #bb74 #b4 ,p]ug9o4 ,/4 ,john z an ag$ man1 ) long grey be>d & fl[+ hair1 att5d$ by a black eagle1 look+ up at ! ,madonna 9 glory4#abi #c4 ,raphael 7874 ,/4 ,john1 "y & beautiful1 m\nt$ on ! back ( an eagle1 & so>+ heav5w>ds3 9 "o h& he holds a tablet1 9 ! o!r a p53 sea & l& bel[4 ,?is treatm5t1 :i* recalls ! antique ,jupit] be/rid+ 8 eagle1 appe>s to me at once too !atrical & too commonplace = ,raphael4#acj ,illu/ration3 #fb ,/4 ,john #d4 ,correggio4 ,/4 ,john seat$ writ+ 8 gospel2 ! eagle at 8 feet is plum+ 8 w+3 inscrib$ #8,altius ct]is ,dei patefecit arcana4' ,"o ( ! s]ies ( ,evangeli/s 9 ! ,duomo ( ,p>ma--wond]fully beautiful4 #e4 ,dom5i*9o4 ,/4 ,john1 full l5g?1 life size2 "y & beautiful1 9 an ec/asy ( inspiration1 & su/a9$ by two angels2 ! eagle at 8 feet3 =m]ly 9 ! ,giu/9iani ,gall]y2#aca--;f9]1 ,i ?9k1 ?an ! ,/4 ,john 9 ,sant' ,&rea4 ,ano!r1 half l5g?1 a scroll 9 8 h&1 look+ upw>ds z "o to :om ! glory ( ! heav5s _h be5 op5$2--y see x reflect$ 9 8 eyes1--:ile love1 wond]1 devotion1 beam f 8 beautiful face & p>t$ lips3 beh9d him hov]s ! att5dant eagle1 hold+ ! p5 9 8 beak2 ne> him is ! *alice1 ) ! s]p5t2 s t "h he is 9 8 d\ble "* ( apo/le & evangeli/4#acb ,dom5i*9o excell$ 9 ,/4 ,johns1 z ,guido 9 ,magdal5es2 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all is t 9 ! ,br]a1 at ,milan1 :]e ,/4 ,john b5ds on "o knee at ! foot ( ! ?rone ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 8 p5 9 "o h&1 ! o!r press$ to 8 bosom1 & look+ up to !m ) an air ( ec/atic inspiration4 ,two little angels1 or r amoretti1 are 9 att5dance3 "o has 8 arms r\nd ! neck ( ! eagle1 sport+ ) x2 ! o!r holds up ! cup & ! s]p5t4 ,e detail is compos$ & pa9t$ to admiration2 b ?is is ! arti/ic & picturesque1 n ! religi\s1 v]sion ( ! subject4 ,/4 ,john is frequ5tly repres5t$ ) ,/4 ,pet]1 because1 aft] ! asc5sion1 !y taught & act$ 9 conc]t4 ,9 su* pictures1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! fi]y resolve & /urdy1 rugg$ gr&eur :i* is giv5 to ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! ref9em5t1 mildness1 & p]sonal grace ( ,/4 ,john1 produces a f9e effect3 z 9 ,alb]t ,dr]'s picture1#acc :]e ,john is hold+ op5 ! ,gospel1 & ,pet] app>5tly read+ x2 two gr& & simple figures1 fill+ ! m9d z we gaze ^u !m4 ,z ?is picture 0 pa9t$ aft] ,alb]t ,dr] became a ,prote/ant1 ,i h ?\ght x possible t he might h _h "s p>ticul> mean+ 9 ?us mak+ ,pet] /udy ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,alb]t ,dr] 0 q capable ( su* an int5tion2 &1 :e!r int5d$ or n1 ! picture may be1 & has be51 ?us int]pret$4 ,! prophets & ! poets (t5 say m ?an !y int5d$1 = _! light 0 = o!rs m ?an = !mselves3 s also ! great pa9t]s--! ,raphaels & ,alb]t ,dr]s--prophets & poets 9 _! way4 ,:5 ,i h he>d c]ta9 critics ridicul$ because !y f\nd m 9 ! productions ( a ,%akspe>e or a ,raphael ?an ! poet or pa9t] himself ev] p]ceiv$ or #8int5d$1' su* ridicule has appe>$ to me 9 ! highe/ degree presumptu\s & absurd4 ,! true arti/ #8feels t he is great] ?an he kn[s4' ,9 giv+ =m or utt]ance to ! s\l )9 him1 does he acc\nt to himself = all ! _w ( ?\ghts 8 "w w excite 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs8 ,is its significance to be circumscrib$ ei!r by ! int5tion & ! k ( ! poet1 or ! compreh5sion ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$8 ,t is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! second-rate1 self-consci\s poets or pa9t]s1 :om we read or /udy because !y reflect to u a p>ticul> mean+--a p>ticul> p]iod1--b n ( ! ,hom]s & ,%akspe>es1 ! ,raphaels & ,alb]t ,dr]s2 !y speak to all times1 to all m51 ) a sugge/ive significance1 wid5+1 deep5+ ) e successive g5]ation2 & to measure _! dep? ( mean+ by _! own int5tion1 or by ! compreh5sion ( _! own or any "o g5]ation1 :at is x b to measure ! /> ( heav5 by its app>5t magnitude8--an in* rule w d t6 ,b to return f ?is digression4 ,9 devotional pictures we (t5 see ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ /&+ toge!r2 or on ea* side ( ,*ri/1 or ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,!re is a peculi> propriety & significance 9 ?is companion%ip3 bo? are1 !n1 to be consid]$ z prophets2 !y 71 besides1 k9sm51 & bore ! same "n2 & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ 0 ! disciple ( ,john ! ,bapti/ be=e he 0 call$ by ,*ri/4 ,"h1 aga91 ! contra/ betwe5 ! d>k1 emaciat$1 hairy prophet ( ! wild]ness1 & ! graceful dignity ( ! y\?ful apo/le1 has a /rik+ effect4 ,an example at h& is ! bronze bas-relief on ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii4#acd ,madonna pictures1 9 :i* ! two ,/4 ,johns /& be=e h] ?rone1 occur frequ5tly4 ,i rememb]1 also1 a m>ble gr\p ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 9 :i* ! two ,/4 ,johns1 z infants1 are play+ at h] feet1 "o ) 8 eagle1 ! o!r ) 8 re$ cross4#ace ,z "o :o bore ! mo/ direct te/imony to ! ,inc>nation1 ,/4 ,john is (t5 introduc$ into ,madonna pictures1 & pictures ( ! ,nativity2 b 9 ! lat] s*ools only4 ,9 ^! in/ances he po9ts significantly to ! ,*ild1 & ! sacram5tal cup & waf] is ei!r 9 8 h& or at 8 feet1 or borne by an angel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/orical & dramatic subjects 9 :i* ,/4 ,john figures z a pr9cipal p]sonage are v num]\s4 ,z ! scriptural sc5es belong prop]ly to ! life ( ,*ri/1 ,i %all conf9e myself "h to "s obs]vations on ! mann] 9 :i* ,/4 ,john is introduc$ & treat$ 9 su* pictures4 ,9 g5]al he is to be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r apo/les by 8 y\? & beauty1 & fl[+ hair2 & by be+ plac$ ne>e/ to ,*ri/ z ! mo/ belov$ ( 8 disciples4 #8,! "m ( ,james & ,john implor+ f our ,savi\r ! highe/ place 9 heav5 = h] two sons4' 7,matt4 xx4 #ba73 a picture by ,bonifazio1 9 ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 beautiful bo? 9 s5tim5t & col\r4 ,!re is ano!r example by ,paul ,v]onese2 & ano!r1 by ,t9toretto1 0 9 ! ,coesvelt ,gall]y4 ,i mu/ obs]ve t1 except 9 ,v5etian pictures1 ,i h n met ) ?is incid5t z a sep>ate subject4 ,9 ! la/ supp]1 ,pet] is g5]ally on ! "r ( ,*ri/1 & ,/4 ,john on ! left3 he leans 8 head d[n on ! bosom ( ,*ri/ 7?is is always ! attitude 9 ! olde/ pictures72 or he leans t[>ds ,*ri/1 :o places 8 h& ^u 8 %\ld]1 draw+ him t[>ds him ) an expression ( t5d]ness3 ?is is ! action 9 ! fresco by ,raphael lately discov]$ at ,flor5ce4 ,b ,i mu/ res]ve ! full consid]ation ( ?is subject = ano!r place4 ,:]e1 in/ead ( ! la/ supp]1 our ,savi\r is repres5t$ z adm9i/]+ ! ,eu*>i/1 ,/4 ,john is se5 on 8 "r h&1 be>+ ! cup4 ,9 ! crucifixion1 :5 treat$ z a religi\s r ?an an hi/orical subject1 ,/4 ,john /&s on ! left ( ! ,cross1 & ! ,virg9 on ! "r2 bo? 9 attitudes ( ! pr(\nde/ grief & adoration m+l$4 ,9 g5]al ! motif ( ?is sacr$ subject does n v>y2 b ,i rememb] examples1 9 :i* ,/4 ,john is se5 trampl+ a ,jew "u 8 feet2 on ! o!r side ! ,virg9 tramples on a veil$ woman1 signify+ ! old law1 ! synagogue1 z oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ( :i* ! ,virg9 0 ! receiv$ symbol4 ,:5 ! crucifixion is a sc5e or action1 n a my/]y1 !n ,/4 ,john is beheld af> (f1 ) ! wom5 :o foll[$ _! div9e ,ma/] to ,calv>y4 ,/4 ,john & ! ,virg9 ,m>y return+ f ! crucifixion3 he appe>s to be su/a9+ h] sl[ & fa9t+ /eps4 ,i h only once met ) ?is beautiful subject1 9 a picture by ,zurb>an1 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,9 ! desc5t f ! ,cross1 ,/4 ,john is a *ief actor2 he g5]ally su/a9s ! head ( ! ,savi\r1 & is di/+ui%$ by an expression ( extreme sorr[ & t5d]ness4 ,9 ! entombm5t he is sometimes "o ( ! be>]s1 sometimes he foll[s lam5t+4 ,9 a pr9t ( ! entombm5t aft] ,&rea ,mantegna1 he is n only weep+ & wr++ 8 h&s z usual1 b absolutely cry+ al\d ) ! mo/ exagg]at$ expression ( angui%4 ,9 pictures ( ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,/4 ,john is usually a conspicu\s figure1 & 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,9 ! assumption ( ! ,virg91 he is also conspicu\s1 g5]ally 9 front1 z ! p5dant to ,/4 ,pet]1 & gaz+ upw>ds ) ec/atic fai? & devotion4 ,( c\rse !re is great v>iety 9 ^! repres5tations3 ! lat] pa9t]s ?\ght less ( individual "* & significant propriety ( arrangem5t ?an ( arti/ic gr\p+2 !re=e ! above rem>ks h ref]5ce to ! e>ly pa9t]s only4 ,9 ! sc5es tak5 f ! ,acts1 ,/4 ,john is always 9 companion%ip ) ,/4 ,pet]1 & becomes ! second>y figure4 ,illu/ration3 #fc ,/4 ,john 7,lucas v4 ,leyd57 ,/4 ,john writ+ 8 ,revelation 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos is a subject :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ,,mss4 ( ! ,apocalypse1 & 9 ! *apels d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john4 ,! motif is g5]ally ! same 9 all2 we h a des]t isl&1 ) ! sea 9 ! di/ance1 or fl[+ r\nd x2 ,/4 ,john1 seat$ on a rock or "u a tree1 is 9 ! act ( writ+2 or he is look+ up to heav51 :]e ! #8,woman cr[n$ ) />s1' or #8! ,woman flee+ f ! dragon1' appe>s z 9 8 vision4#acf 7,rev4 xii47 ,or he beholds ,/4 ,mi*ael1 arm$1 ca/ d[n ! dragon 9 human =m2 he has ! eagle & book1 & looks up at ! ,virg91 z 9 a picture by ,ambrogio ,fig9o4#acg ,! eagle is always 9 att5dance z ! symbol ( inspiration 9 a g5]al s5se2 :5 repres5t$ ) a diadem1 or glory1 z 9 "s v e>ly examples1 x is a symbol ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i*1 among ! ,jews1 0 figur$ by ! eagle4 ,! subjects f ! leg5d>y life ( ,/4 ,john are exce$+ly int]e/+1 b !y are n easily recognis$1 & require p>ticul> att5tion2 "s are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 o!rs r>ely met )4 #a4 ,israel v4 ,meck554 ,/4 ,john in/ruct+ 8 disciples at ,ephesus4 7,acts iv4 #cg47 ,! sc5e is ! int]ior ( a ,go?ic *ur*1 ! w9d[s pa9t$ ) h]aldic emblazonm5ts3 ,/4 ,john is seat$ exp\nd+ ! ,scriptures1 & five disciples sit opposite to him ) co>se ugly faces1 b mo/ int5t1 expressive c\nt5ances2 9 ! backgr\nd1 a l>ge *e/ full ( money4 #b4 ,vatican1 ,*r4 ,mus4 ,/4 ,john dr9k+ f ! poison$ *alice2 a man falls d[n dead at 8 feet1 sev]al figures look on ) awe & a/oni%m5t3 ?is is a frequ5t subject 9 ! eld] s*ools ( art1 & 9 ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 ( ! ,gospel & ,apocalypse3 b ,i h nev] met ) a repres5tation lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#ach #c4 ,x is relat$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t :5 ,/4 ,john 0 at ,ephesus1 & be=e he 0 exil$ to ,patmos1 he _h tak5 to 8 c>e a "y man ( promis+ qualities ( p]son & m9d4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce he left him "u ! spiritual guidance ( a c]ta9 bi%op2 b1 aft] a :ile1 ! y\? took to evil c\rses1 &1 proce$+ f "o excess to ano!r1 he at l5g? became ! lead] ( a b& ( robb]s & assass9s :o /ruck t]ror into ! :ole c\ntry4 ,:5 ,/4 ,john return$ to ,ephesus1 he w5t to ! bi%op & dem&$ #8! preci\s deposit he _h left 9 8 h&s4' ,at fir/ ! prie/ did n und]/& him2 b :5 ,/4 ,john expla9$ ! allusion to 8 adopt$ son1 he ca/ d[n 8 eyes ) sorr[ & %ame1 & told ( :at _h befall54 ,!n ,/4 ,john r5t 8 g>m5ts1 & wept ) a l\d voice1 & cri$ out1 #8,alas6 alas6 to :at a gu>dian h ,i tru/$ our bro!r6' ,& he call$ = a horse & rode t[>ds ! =e/ 9 :i* ! robb]s soj\rn$2 & :5 ! capta9 ( ! robb]s beheld 8 old ma/] & in/ructor1 he turn$ & w\ld h fl$ f 8 pres5ce2 b ,/4 ,john1 by ! mo/ f]v5t entreaties1 prevail$ on him to /op & li/5 to 8 words4 ,aft] "s conf]5ce1 ! robb]1 utt]ly subdu$1 bur/ into te>s ( p5it5ce1 implor+ =giv5ess2 & :ile he spoke1 he hid b5ea? 8 robe 8 "r h&1 :i* _h be5 sulli$ ) s _m crimes2 b ,/4 ,john1 fall+ on 8 knees be=e him1 seiz$ t blood-pollut$ h&1 & kiss$ x1 & ba!d x ) 8 te>s2 & he rema9$ ) 8 re-conv]t$ bro!r till he _h1 by pray]s & enc\rag+ words & affectionate exhortations1 reconcil$ him ) ,heav5 & ) himself4 ,?is beautiful leg5d is ! subject ( "s old engrav+s1 9 :i* ,/4 ,john is repres5t$ embrac+ ! robb]1 :o is weep+ on 8 neck1 hav+ flung away 8 weapons4 ,x has be51 h[ev]1 too r>ely treat$2 ,i h nev] met ) a picture ( ! subject2 & yet x ab\nds 9 picturesque capabilities3 ! =e/ backgr\nd--! contra/ ( y\? & age--bright arm\r1 fl[+ drap]y1 & ! mo/ /rik+ & affect+ moral1 are "h all comb9$4 #d4 ,ano!r v pretty apologue relat+ to ,/4 ,john is sometimes includ$ 9 a s]ies ( subjects f 8 life4 ,two "y m51 :o _h sold all _! possessions to foll[ him1 aft]w>ds rep5t$4 ,he1 p]ceiv+ _! ?\ghts1 s5t !m to ga!r pebbles & faggots1 &1 on _! return1 *ang$ ^! into money & +ots ( gold1 say+ to !m1 #8,take back y\r ri*es & enjoy !m on e>?1 z y regret hav+ ex*ang$ !m = heav56' ,?is /ory is repres5t$ on "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! ,ca!dral at ,b\rges4 ,! two "y m5 /& be=e ,/4 ,john1 ) a heap ( gold on "o side1 & a heap ( /ones & faggots on ! o!r4 #e4 ,:5 ,/4 ,john _h soj\rn$ 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos a ye> & a day1 he return$ to 8 *ur* at ,ephesus2 & z he approa*$ ! city1 be+ receiv$ ) great joy by ! inhabitants1 lo6 a fun]al procession came =? f ! gates2 & ( ^? :o foll[$ weep+ he inquir$ #8:o 0 dead8' ,!y said1 #8,drusiana4' ,n[ :5 he he>d t "n he 0 sad1 = ,drusiana _h excell$ 9 all good works1 & he _h =m]ly dwelt 9 h] h\se2 & he ord]$ !m to set d[n ! bi]1 & hav+ pray$ e>ne/ly1 ,god 0 pleas$ to re/ore ,drusiana to life2 %e arose up1 & ! apo/le w5t home ) h] & dwelt 9 h] h\se4 ,?is incid5t is ! subject ( a f9e fresco1 pa9t$ by ,filippo ,lippi1 on ! left-h& wall ( ! ,/rozzi ,*apel at ,flor5ce4 ,x has ! =cible expression & dramatic _s ( ! pa9t]1 ) t *>act]i/ic want ( elevat$ feel+ 9 ! c\nt5ances & 9 ! g5]al treatm5t :i* is app>5t 9 all 8 works3 ! gr\p 9 "o corn]1 ( a *ild />t+ f a dog1 is admir$ = its tru?2 b1 by di/urb+ ! solemnity ( ! m>vell\s sc5e1 x repels l a falsehood4 #f4 ,!re is ano!r beautiful & picturesque leg5d relat+ to ,/4 ,john1 ( :i* ,i h nev] se5 any repres5tation2 b x may1 possibly1 h occasion$ ! frequ5t introduction ( a p>tridge into ! pictures ( sacr$ subjects1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4 ,/4 ,john _h a tame p>tridge1 :i* he *]i%$ mu*2 & he amus$ himself ) fe$+ & t5d+ x4 #8,a c]ta9 huntsman1 pass+ by ) 8 b[ & arr[s1 0 a/oni%$ to see ! great apo/le1 s v5]able = 8 age & sanctity1 engag$ 9 su* an amusem5t4 ,! apo/le ask$ him if he always kept 8 b[ b5t8 ,he answ]$1 t w\ld be ! way to r5d] x useless4 8,if10 repli$ ,/4 ,john1 8y unb5d y\r b[ to prev5t its be+ useless1 s d ,i ?us unb5d my m9d = ! same reason40' #g4 ,! subject entitl$ ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,john repres5ts 8 imm]sion 9 a cauldron ( boil+ oil1 by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,domitian4 ,accord+ to ! receiv$ tradition1 ?is ev5t took place outside ! ,lat9 gate at ,rome2 & on ! spot /&s ! *apel ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,olio1 commemorat+ 8 miracul\s deliv]ance1 :i* is pa9t$ 9 fresco on ! walls4 ,! subject =ms1 ( c\rse1 "o ( a s]ies ( ! life ( ,/4 ,john1 & is occasionally met ) 9 old pr9ts & pictures2 b x is uncommon4 ,! treatm5t af=ds little v>iety2 9 ,alb]t ,dr]'s fam\s woodcut1 ,/4 ,john is sitt+ 9 a pot ( boil+ oil2 "o execution] is bl[+ ! fire1 ano!r is p\r+ oil f a ladle on ! sa9t's head2 a judge1 probably int5d$ = ,domitian1 is seat$ on a ?rone to ! left1 & !re are num]\s spectators4 ,padovan9o pa9t$ ?is subject = ! ,san ,pietro at ,v5ice2 ,rub5s1 ) horrible tru? ( detail1 = ! alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,john at ,mal9es4 ,x is ! m>tyrdom 9 ! boil+ oil :i* gives ,/4 ,john ! "r to be> ! palm1 ) :i* he is occasionally se54 #h4 ,/4 ,john1 habit$ 9 prie/'s g>m5ts1 desc5ds ! /eps ( an alt> into an op5 grave1 9 :i* he lays himself d[n1 n 9 dea?1 b 9 sleep1 until ! com+ ( ,*ri/2 #8be+ res]v$ alive ) ,eno* & ,elijah 7:o also knew n dea?71 to prea* aga9/ ! ,anti*ri/ 9 ! la/ days4' ,?is fanciful leg5d is f\nd$ on ! foll[+ text3 #8,pet]1 see+ ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ foll[+1 sai? unto ,jesus1 ,"l1 & :at %all ?is man d8 ,jesus sai? unto him1 ,if ,i w t he t>ry till ,i come1 :at is t to !e8 ,!n w5t ?is say+ abroad among ! bre?r5 t t disciple %\ld n die4' 7,john xxi4 #ba1 #bb47 ,! leg5d :i* supposes ,/4 ,john res]v$ alive has n be5 g5]ally receiv$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 & z a subject ( pa9t+ x is v uncommon4 ,x occurs 9 ! ,m5ologium ,grcum1#aci :]e ! grave into :i* ,/4 ,john desc5ds is1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 #8fossa 9 crucis figuram' 79 ! =m ( a cross74 ,9 a s]ies ( ! dea?s ( ! ,apo/les1#adj ,/4 ,john is asc5d+ f ! grave2 =1 accord+ to ! ,greek leg5d1 ,/4 ,john di$ )\t pa9 or *ange1 & imm$iately rose aga9 9 bodily =m1 & asc5d$ into heav5 to rejo9 ,*ri/ & ! ,virg94 ,9 a small & v curi\s picture :i* ,i saw at ,rome1#ada =m+ "p ( a ,pr$ella1 !re is a tomb some?+ l ! ,xan?ian tombs 9 =m3 "o end is op52 ,/4 ,john1 ) a long grey be>d1 is se5 issu+ f x1 &1 z he asc5ds1 he is met by ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,pet]1 & ,/4 ,paul1 :o are desc5d+ f above2 :ile figures bel[ look up ) a/oni%m5t4 ,on ! anci5t doors ( ,san ,paolo he is ly+ 9 an op5 grave or s>cophagus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! miracles p]=m$ by ,john aft] 8 dea?1 two are s+ul>ly int]e/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art2 bo? h be5 treat$ 9 sculpture4 #i4 ,:5 ! ,empress ,galla ,placidia 0 return+ f ,con/ant9ople to ,rav5na ) h] two *ildr5 7,a4,d4 #dbe71 %e enc\nt]$ a t]rible /orm4 ,9 h] fe> & angui% %e v[$ a v[ to ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 &1 be+ l&$ 9 safety1 %e d$icat$ to 8 hon\r a magnific5t *ur*4 ,:5 ! edifice 0 f9i%$1 %e 0 extremely desir\s ( procur+ "s relics ( ! evangeli/1 :]e) to consecrate 8 sanctu>y2 b z x 0 n ! mann] ( ^? days to exhume1 & buy & sell1 /ill less to /eal1 ! bodies ( holy m5 & m>tyrs1 ! desire ( ! pi\s empress rema9$ unsatisfi$4 ,h[ev]1 z x is relat$1 ,/4 ,john himself took pity ^u h]2 = "o night1 z %e pray$ e>ne/ly1 he appe>$ to h] 9 a vision2 & :5 %e ?rew h]self at 8 feet to embrace & kiss !m1 he disappe>$1 leav+ "o ( 8 slipp]s or s&als 9 h] h&1 :i* s&al 0 long pres]v$4 ,! antique *ur* ( ,galla ,placidia /ill exi/s at ,rav5na1 to keep alive1 aft] ! lapse ( f\rte5 c5turies1 ! memory ( h] dream1 & ( ! condesc5sion ( ! bless$ apo/le4 ,n mu* ( ! orig9al build+ is left2 ! sup]b mosaics h all disappe>$1 except a few fragm5ts1 9 :i* may be trac$ ! /orm at sea1 & ,galla ,placidia mak+ h] v[4 ,ov] ! pr9cipal por*1 :i* is ( :ite m>ble1 9 ! ,lomb>d /yle1 & ri*ly & elegantly ornam5t$1 ! miracle ( ! slipp] is repres5t$ 9 two bas-reliefs1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! l[] comp>tm5t1 or lunette1 repres5ts a tab]nacle1 & )9 x an alt>3 ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ is se5 (f]+ inc5se2 on ! o!r side is ,b>bation1 ! confessor ( ! empress2 %e1 pro/rate at ! feet ( ! apo/le1 seems to take (f 8 s&al3 on ea* side are six hov]+ angels be>+ ! implem5ts ( ! mass4 ,9 ! upp] comp>tm5t1 ,galla ,placidia is se5 kneel+ at ! feet ( ,*ri/1 & (f]+ to him ! sacr$ s&al1 :ile ! evangeli/ /&s on "o side1 & ,b>bation on ! o!r4 ,^! bas-reliefs are n old] ?an ! twelf? c5tury1 & are 9 excell5t pres]vation3 ,i %\ld suppose1 f ! /yle ( ! gr\p+1 t !y 7 copi$1 or imitat$1 f ! old] mosaics1 once 9 ! int]ior ( ! *ur*4 #aj4 ,! o!r miracle has ! r>e int]e/ ( be+ ,engli% 9 its orig9 & 9 its repres5tation4 #8,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor _h1 aft] ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 a special v5]ation = ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,"o day1 return+ f 8 *ur* at ,we/m9/]1 :]e he _h be5 he>+ mass 9 hon\r ( ! evangeli/1 he 0 acco/$ by a pilgrim1 :o ask$ ( him an alms = ! love ( ,god & ,/4 ,john4 ,! k+1 :o 0 ev] m]ciful to ! poor1 imm$iately drew f 8 f+] a r+1 &1 unkn[n to any "o1 deliv]$ x to ! begg>4 ,:5 ! k+ _h reign$ tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 x came to pass t two ,engli%m51 pilgrims1 return+ f ! ,holy ,l& to _! own c\ntry1 7 met by "o 9 ! habit ( a pilgrim1 :o ask$ ( !m conc]n+ _! c\ntry2 & be+ told !y 7 ( ,engl&1 he said to !m1 8,:5 ye %all h arriv$ 9 y\r own c\ntry1 g to ,k+ ,edw>d1 & salute him 9 my "n3 say to him1 t ,i ?ank him = ! alms :i* he be/[$ on me 9 a c]ta9 /reet 9 ,we/m9/]2 = !re1 on a c]ta9 day1 z ,i begg$ ( him an alms1 he be/[$ on me ?is r+1 :i* till n[ ,i h pres]v$1 & ye %all c>ry x back to him1 say+ t 9 six mon?s f ?is "t he %all quit ! _w1 & come & rema9 ) me = ev]40 ,& ! pilgrims1 be+ a/\nd$1 said1 8,:o art ?\1 & :]e is ?y dwell+-place80 ,& he answ]$1 say+1 8,i am ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,edw>d1 y\r k+1 is my fri5d1 & = ! sanctity ( 8 life ,i hold him de>4 ,g n[1 !re=e1 deliv] to him ?is message & ?is r+1 & ,i w pray to ,god t ye may arrive safely 9 y\r own c\ntry40 ,:5 ,/4 ,john _h spok5 ?us1 he deliv]$ to !m ! r+1 & vani%$ out ( _! sight4 ,! pilgrims1 prais+ & ?ank+ ! ,"l = ?is glori\s vision1 w5t on _! j\rney2 & be+ arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 !y repair$ to ,k+ ,edw>d1 & salut$ him1 & deliv]$ ! r+ & ! message1 relat+ all truly4 ,& ! k+ receiv$ ! news joyfully1 & fea/$ ! mess5g]s royally4 ,!n he set himself to prep>e = 8 dep>ture f ?is _w4 ,on ! eve ( ! ,nativity1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ajff1 he fell sick1 & on ! eve ( ! ,epiphany foll[+ he di$4 ,! r+ he gave to ! ,abbot ( ,we/m9/]1 to be = ev] pres]v$ among ! relics !re4'#adb ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1#adc ! pilgrims met ! k+ ne> 8 palace at ,wal?am1 at a place s9ce call$ ,hav]+4 ,! writ] adds1--#8,9 allusion to ?is /ory1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,ii4 (f]$ at 8 coronation a p\nd ( gold made 9 ! figure ( a k+ hold+ a r+1 & a m>k ( gold 7#h oz47 made l to a pilgrim putt+ =? 8 h& to receive ! r+4' ,^! mu/ h be5 two little /atuettes ( gold4 ,! leg5d ( ,k+ ,edw>d & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ is repres5t$1 ) o!r leg5ds ( ! same mon>*1 along ! top ( ! scre5 ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor's *apel4 ,x is 9 ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,! fir/ repres5ts ,k+ ,edw>d be/[+ ! r+ on ,/4 ,john 9 ! disguise ( a pilgrim2 ,we/m9/] ,abbey is se5 beh9d4 ,! second %[s u ! meet+ ( ! pilgrims & ,/4 ,john 9 ,pale/9e2 he holds :at seems a palm4 ,9 ! ?ird ! pilgrims deliv] ! r+ to ,k+ ,edw>d1 :o is seat$ at table4 ,! sculpture is v rude2 ! figures disproportion$ & ungraceful4 ,!y are suppos$ to be ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,! same leg5d 0 pa9t$ on "o ( ! w9d[s ( ,rom=d *ur*1 9 ,essex1 b :e!r x /ill exi/s !re ,i "k n4#add 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e ,i quit ! subject ( ! ,evangeli/s1 x is wor? :ile to obs]ve t1 9 ,greek ,art1 n only ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 b ! six writ]s ( ! ,acts & ,epi/les1 are consid]$ z a sacr$ s]ies4 ,9 an anci5t & beautiful ,,ms4 ( ! ,epi/ole ,canoni*e1 pres5t$ by ! ,que5 ( ,cyprus to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii41 !y are ?us repres5t$1 two & two toge!r3-- ,/4 ,luke1 ) a v ?\ghtful1 e>ne/ c\nt5ance1 holds a scroll1 on :i* is writt5 9 ,greek ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,acts1 #8,! =m] treatise h ,i made1 ,o ,!ophilus2 c42 & ,/4 ,james1 ) a long1 v e>ne/1 & ref9$ face1 holds a s+le roll4 ,/4 ,pet]1 ) a broad1 co>se1 p[]ful physiognomy1 /rongly *>act]is$1 holds two rolls2 & ,/4 ,john1 ) a long & v ref9$ face1 grey hair & be>d1 holds ?ree rolls4 ,/4 ,jude1 ) a long :ite be>d & v aquil9e nose1 holds "o roll4 ,/4 ,paul1 bald 9 front1 ) long br[n hair & be>d1 & a ref9$ face1 be>s _m rolls ti$ up toge!r4 ,all ! figures are on a gold gr\nd1 ab\t six in*es 9 height1 v f9ely conceiv$1 ?\gh1 z is usual 9 ,byzant9e ,art1 =mal & me*anical 9 execution4 ,!y look l small copies ( v gr& orig9als4 ,! drap]ies are all classical2 a pale violet or br[n tunic & a :ite mantle1 z 9 ! old mosaics2 ! rolls 9 _! h&s correspond+ ) ! numb] ( _! writ+s4 ,! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,next to ^? :o record$ ! ^w ( ,god1 7 ^? call$ by ,*ri/ to ! task ( diffus+ 8 doctr9e1 & s5t to prea* ! k+dom ( heav5 #8?r\gh all nations4' ,illu/ration3 #fd ,! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les appe> to h be51 l ^? ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 purely emblematical3 !y 7 figur$ z twelve %eep1 ) ,*ri/ 9 ! mid/1 z ! ,good ,%eph]d1 be>+ a lamb 9 8 arms2 or1 mu* m frequ5tly1 ,*ri/ is himself ! ,lamb ( ,god1 rais$ on an em95ce & cr[n$ ) a cruci=m nimbus1 & ! apo/les 7 rang$ on ea* side z %eep4 ,in/ances are to be met ) 9 ! old ,*ri/ian bas-reliefs4 ,9 ! old ,roman *ur*es#ade we f9d ?is repres5tation b little v>i$1 & ! situation is always ! same4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! lamb /&+ on an em95ce1 f :i* fl[ ! f\r riv]s ( ,p>adise2 on "o side six %eep issu+ f ! city ( ,j]usalem1 on ! o!r six %eep issu+ f ! city ( ,be?lehem1 ! :ole dispos$ 9 a l9e =m+ a sort ( frieze1 j bel[ ! decoration ( ! vault ( ! apsis4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m4 ,maggiore exhibits ! only exception ,i h met )2 !re we f9d a gr\p ( %eep1 ent]+1 n issu+ f1 ! gates ( ,j]usalem & ,be?lehem3 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! %eep may repres5t believ]s1 or disciples 9 g5]al1 n ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,^u ! great crucifix 9 ! apsis ( ,san ,clem5te1 at ,rome1 are twelve doves1 :i* appe> to signify ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,! next /ep 0 to repres5t ! ,apo/les z twelve m5 all alike1 ea* ) a %eep1 & ,*ri/ 9 ! middle1 also ) a %eep1 sometimes l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 ,we f9d ?is on "s ( ! s>cophagi4#adf ,aga91 a little lat]1 we h !m repres5t$ z twelve v5]able m51 be>+ tablets or scrolls 9 _! h&s1 no emblems to di/+ui% "o f ano!r1 b _! names inscrib$ ov] or beside ea*4 ,!y are ?us repres5t$ 9 relief on sev]al anci5t s>cophagi n[ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,museum 9 ! ,vatican1 & 9 sev]al ( ! mo/ anci5t *ur*es at ,rome & ,rav5na1 rang$ on ea* side ( ! ,savi\r 9 ! vault ( ! apsis1 or /&+ 9 a l9e b5ea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :ile 9 ! anci5t ,greek types1 & ! old mosaics1 ! attributes are omitt$1 !y adh]e almo/ inv>iably to a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic individual repres5tation1 :i* 9 ! lat] ages ( pa9t+ 0 :olly lo/1 or at lea/ neglect$4 ,9 ^! elde/ types1 ,/4 ,pet] has a broad face1 :ite hair1 & %ort :ite be>d3 ,/4 ,paul1 a long face1 high bold =ehead1 d>k hair & be>d3 ,/4 ,&rew is ag$1 ) fl[+ :ite hair & be>d3 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,/4 ,philip1 "y & be>dless3 ,/4 ,james ,major & ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 9 ! prime ( life1 %ort br[n hair & be>d2 bo? %\ld be> a resemblance m or less to ! ,savi\r1 b ,/4 ,james ,m9or p>ticul>ly3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,jude1 ,/4 ,simon1 ,/4 ,mat?ias1 ag$1 ) :ite hair4 ,! tablets or scrolls :i* !y c>ry 9 _! h&s be>1 or are suppos$ to be>1 ! articles ( ! ,cre$4 ,x is a tradition1 t1 be=e ! apo/les disp]s$ to prea* ! ,gospel 9 all l&s1 !y assembl$ to compose ! decl>ation ( fai? s9ce call$ ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 & t ea* ( !m furni%$ "o ( ! twelve propositions conta9$ 9 x1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,/4 ,pet]3 ,cr$o 9 ,deum ,patrem omnipot5tem1 creatorem cli et t]r4 ,/4 ,&rew3 ,et 9 ,jesum ,*ri/um ,filium ejus unicum1 ,dom9um no/rum4 ,/4 ,james ,major3 ,qui conceptus e/ de ,spiritu ,sancto1 natus ex ,m>ia ,virg9e4 ,/4 ,john3 ,passus sub ,pontio ,pilato1 crucifixus1 mortuus et sepultus4 ,/4 ,philip3 ,desc5dit ad inf]os1 t]tia die resurrexit mortuis4 ,/4 ,james ,m9or3 ,asc5dit ad clos1 s$et ad dext]am ,dei ,patris omnipot5tis4 ,/4 ,?omas3 ,inde v5turus e/ judic>e vivos et mortuos4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew3 ,cr$o 9 ,spiritum ,sanctum4 ,/4 ,mat!w3 ,sanctam ,ecclesiam ,ca?olicam2 sanctorum communionem4 ,/4 ,simon3 ,remissionem peccatorum4 ,/4 ,mat?ias3 ,c>nis resurrectionem4 ,/4 ,?addeus3 ,et vitam t]nam4 ,! /atues ( ! apo/les on ! %r9e ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,san ,mi*ele at ,flor5ce exhibit a f9e example ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,i give ! figure ( ,/4 ,philip hold+ 8 appropriate s5t5ce ( ! ,cre$ on a scroll 7#fe74 ,illu/ration3 #fe ,orcagna 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 lat] times1 ! ,apo/les1 in/ead ( be+ dispos$ 9 a l9e1 are gr\p$ r\nd ! ,savi\r 9 glory1 or !y =m a circle ( heads 9 m$allions3 z /atues1 !y ornam5t ! scre5 9 front ( ! alt>1 or !y are plac$ 9 a l9e on ea* side ( ! nave1 /&+ aga9/ ! pill>s :i* support x4 ,f ! six? c5tury x became usual to di/+ui% ea* ( !m by a p>ticul> emblem or attribute borr[$ f "s circum/ance ( 8 life or dea?4 ,?us1 tak+ !m 9 ord]1 accord+ to ! canon ( ! mass1-- ,/4 ,pet] be>s ! keys or a fi%4 ,/4 ,paul1 ! sword3 sometimes two swords4 ,/4 ,&rew1 ! transv]se cross4 ,/4 ,james ,major1 ! pilgrim's /aff4 ,/4 ,john1 ! *alice ) ! s]p5t2 sometimes ! eagle also3 b ! eagle1 z ,i h obs]v$1 belongs to him prop]ly only 9 8 "* ( ,evangeli/4 ,/4 ,?omas1 a build]'s rule3 also1 b m seldom1 a spe>4 ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 a club4 ,/4 ,philip1 ! /aff or crosi]1 surm\nt$ by a cross2 or a small cross 9 8 h&4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 a l>ge knife4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 a purse4 ,/4 ,simon1 a saw4 ,/4 ,?addeus 7or ,jude71 a halb]d or lance4 ,/4 ,mat?ias1 a lance4 ,! orig9 & mean+ ( ^! attributes w be expla9$ pres5tly3 meantime x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t al?\gh 9 sacr$ ,art ! ,apo/les are always twelve 9 numb]1 !y are n always ! same p]sonages4 ,/4 ,jude is frequ5tly omitt$ to make room = ,/4 ,paul4 ,sometimes1 9 ! mo/ anci5t *ur*es 7z 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,pal]mo71 ,/4 ,simon & ,/4 ,mat?ias are omitt$1 & ! evangeli/s ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke figure 9 _! places4 ,! ,byzant9e manual publi%$ by ,didron omits ,james ,m9or1 ,jude1 & ,mat?ias2 & ins]ts ,paul1 ,luke1 & ,m>k4 ,?is 0 ! arrangem5t on ! bronze doors ( ,san ,paolo-fuori-le-,mura at ,rome1 execut$ by ,byzant9e arti/s 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & n[ de/roy$4 ,on an anci5t pulpit1 ( beautiful workman%ip1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,troyes1 ! arrangem5t is accord+ to ! ,greek =mula4#adg ,?us-- ,s4 ,john ,b4 ,j4 ,*ri/4 ,! ,virg94 ,an ,angel4 ,s4 ,mat!w4 ,s4 ,pet]4 ,s4 ,simon4 ,s4 ,philip4 ,s4 ,luke4 ,s4 ,b>?olomew4 ,s4 ,m>k4 ,s4 ,&rew4 ,s4 ,james4 ,s4 ,paul4 ,s4 ,?omas4 ,s4 ,john4 ,"h1 ,john ! ,bapti/ figures 9 8 "* ( angel or mess5g]2 & ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke take ! place ( ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 ,/4 ,jude1 & ,/4 ,mat?ias4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! ,apo/les ent]+ into a s*eme ( ecclesia/ical decoration1 z ! consecrat$ & delegat$ tea*]s ( a reveal$ religion1 occurs 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,fonte at ,rav5na4#adh ,9 ! c5tre ( ! dome is ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 repres5t$ q 9 ! classical /yle2 ! figure ( ! ,savi\r be+ entirely undrap$1 & ! ,jordan1 signifi$ by an antique riv] god1 s$ge-cr[n$1 & be>+ a l95 napk9 z ?\gh he 7 an att5dant at a ba?4 ,ar\nd1 9 a circle1 9 ! mann] ( radii1 are ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,! ord] is1--,pet]1 ,&rew1 ,james1 ,john1 ,philip1 ,b>?olomew1 ,simon1 ,jude1 ,james ,m9or1 ,mat!w1 ,?omas1 ,paul2 s t ,pet] & ,paul /& face to face at "o extremity ( ! circle1 & ,simon & ,b>?olomew back to back at ! o!r4 ,all we> po9t$ caps1 & c>ry ! oblation 9 _! h&s4 ,pet] has a yell[ ve/ & :ite mantle2 ,paul1 a :ite ve/ & a yell[ mantle1 & s all r\nd alt]nately4 ,! "n ( ea* is inscrib$ ov] 8 head1 & )\t ! title ,sanctus1 :i*1 ?\gh admitt$ into ! ,cal5d> 9 #ddi1 0 n adopt$ 9 works ( art till "s ye>s lat]1 ab\t #dgb4 ,9 ! next in/ance1 ! attributes _h n yet be5 admitt$1 except 9 ! figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,,mosaic 7,a4,d4 #haf74 ,*ri/1 9 ! c5tre1 /&s on an em95ce2 9 "o h& he holds an op5 book1 on :i* is inscrib$ ,pax vobis4 ,/4 ,pet]1 ) ! keys & a cross1 /&s on ! "r2 & ,*ri/1 ) 8 "r h&1 po9ts to ! cross4 ,/4 ,paul is on ! left1 ) 8 sword2 beyond1 !re are five ,apo/les on "o side1 & f\r on ! o!r3 9 all1 elev5 7,judas be+ prop]ly omitt$74 ,ea* holds a book1 & all are rob$ 9 :ite2 und]nea? ! :ole is inscrib$1 9 ,lat91 ! words ( our ,savi\r1 #8,g ye1 & tea* all nations4' ,on ! ar* to ! "r1 ,*ri/ is seat$ on a ?rone1 & pres5ts ! keys to ,/4 ,pet]1 :o kneels on "o side1 & ! /&>d to ,con/ant9e1 :o kneels on ! o!r 7allud+1 ( c\rse1 to ! fam\s /&>d74 ,on ! ar* to ! left1 ,/4 ,pet] is ?ron$1 & pres5ts ! /ole to ,pope ,leo ,,iii41 & ! /&>d to ,*>lemagne4 ,?is s+ul> monum5t1 a k9d ( rsum ( ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 is a re/oration ( ! old mosaic1 execut$ by ord] ( ,leo ,,iii4 9 ! ,tricl9ium ( ! old palace ( ! ,lat]an1 & n[ on "o side ( ! ,scala ,santa1 ! side fac+ ! ,porta ,san ,giovanni4 ,,mosaic1 9 ! old basilica ( ,/4 ,paul 7,a4,d4 #abjf74 ,9 ! c5tre an alt> veil$1 on :i* are ! ,gospels 7or p]haps1 r1 ! ,book ( ,life1 ! sev5-seal$ book 9 ! ,revelations71 & ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion4 ,beh9d x rises a l>ge ,greek cross1 adorn$ ) gold & jewels4 ,und]nea?1 at ! foot ( ! alt>1 five small figures /&+ & be>+ palms1 repres5t+ ^? :o suff]$ = ! cause ( ,*ri/2 & on ea* side1 kneel+1 ! monk ,ag9ulph1 & ,giovanni ,gaetano ,ors9i1 aft]w>ds ,ni*olas ,,iii4 ,on ea* side ( ! alt>1 a maje/ic angel3 "o be>s a scroll1 inscrib$ ,,gloria ,,9 ,,excelsis ,,deo2 ! o!r1 ,,et ,,9 ,,t]ra ,,pax ,,hom9ibus ,,bon ,,voluntatis4 ,beyond ^! ! ,apo/les1 six on ea* side1 be>+ scrolls ) ! articles ( ! ,cre$4 ,!y are mu* alike1 all 9 :ite robes1 & alt]nately ) ea* /&s a palm-tree1 ! symbol ( victory & resurrection4 ,?is composition1 ( a colossal size1 =m$ a k9d ( frieze 7tak+ ! place ( ! emblematical lamb & twelve %eep7 r\nd ! apsis ( ! ,basilica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 sculpture1 ! ,apo/les1 z a s]ies1 ent]$ into all decorative ecclesia/ical ar*itecture3 sometimes on ! ext]ior ( ! edifice1 always 9 ! int]ior4 ,9 our ,engli% ca!drals !y are seldom f\nd unmutilat$1 except :5 out ( ! rea* ( ! spoil]2 su* 0 ! indiscrim9ate rage :i* conf\nd$ ! v5]able effigies ( ^! delegat$ tea*]s ( ! tru? ) ! images :i* 7 suppos$ to belong exclusively to ! repudiat$ religion6 ,:]e ! s*eme ( decoration is purely !ological1 ! prop] place ( ! ,apo/les is aft] ! ,angels1 ,prophets1 & ,evangeli/s2 b :5 ! motif1 or lead+ idea1 implies a special signification1 su* z ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,p>adise1 ! ,coronation ( ! ,madonna1 or ! apo!osis ( a sa9t1 !n ! ord] is *ang$1 & ! ,apo/les appe> imm$iately aft] ! ,div9e ,p]sonages & be=e ! angels1 z =m+ a "p ( ! c\ncil or c\rt ( heav52--#8,:5 ! ,son ( man %all come 9 8 glory1 ye also %all sit on twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4'#adi ,su* is ! arrangem5t 9 ! ,campo ,santo1 9 ,angelico's #8,p>adiso' 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y1 9 ,raphael's #8,disputa1' & _m o!r in/ances3 & ,i may add ! ar*itectural treatm5t on ! faade ( ,wells ,ca!dral1 :]e1 imm$iately "u ! ,savi\r sitt+ 9 judgm5t1 /& ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 & b5ea? !m ! hi]>*y ( angels1 ea* ( ! n9e *oirs be+ "h express$ by a s+le angel4#aej ,!re=e to det]m9e ! prop] place ( ! ,apo/les1 x is necess>y to obs]ve well & to und]/& :at has be5 ! design ( ! arti/1 & ! lead+ idea ( ! :ole composition1 :e!r /rictly !ological or p>tly sc5ic4 ,9 all monum5ts :i* h a solemn or a sacr$ purpose1--alt>s1 pulpits1 tombs1--! ,apo/les f9d an appropriate place1 ei!r 9 connection ) o!r sacr$ p]sonages1 or z a company ap>t1 ! b& ( tea*]s4 ,! range ( /atues along ! top ( ! scre5 9 front ( ! *oir ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice w be rememb]$ by all :o h se5 !m3 9 ! c5tre /& ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,m>k1 & !n ! ,apo/les1 six on ea* side1 gr& solemn figures1 /&+ !re z if to gu>d ! sanctu>y4 ,^! are by ,jacobelli1 9 ! simple religi\s /yle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b q ,italian4 ,9 contra/ ) !m1 z ! f9e/ example ( ,g]man sculptural treatm5t1 we h ! ,twelve ,apo/les on ! tomb ( ,/4 ,sebald1 9 8 *ur* at ,nuremb]g1 ca/ 9 bronze by ,pet] ,vis*] 7ab\t #aejj74 ,^! h become well kn[n by ! ca/s :i* h lately be5 br\ght to ,engl&2 !y are ab\t two feet high1 all rem>kable = ! *>act]i/ic expression ( ! heads1 & ! gr& simplicity ( ! attitudes & drap]ies4 ,!re are in/ances ( ! ,apo/les introduc$ into a s*eme ( ecclesia/ical decoration z devotional figures1 b assum+1 f ! /yle ( treatm5t & f be+ plac$ 9 relation ) o!r p]sonages1 a t\* ( ! dramatic & picturesque4 ,su* are ,correggio's ,apo/les 9 ! cupola ( ! duomo at ,p>ma 7#aecb71 :i* may be consid]$ z ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance t c\ld be produc$ ( /udi$ contra/ to ! solemnity & simplicity ( ! anci5t treatm5t3 "h ! motif is ess5tially dramatic4 ,!y /& r\nd ! dome z spectators w\ld /& 9 a gall]y or balcony1 all 9 picturesque attitudes1 /udi\sly v>i$ 7"s1 x mu/ be confess$1 r extravagant71 & all look+ up ) amazem5t1 or hope1 or joy1 or adoration1 to ! figure ( ! glorifi$ ,virg9 asc5d+ into heav54 ,ano!r s]ies ( ,apo/les 9 ! ,san ,giovanni at ,p>ma1 :i* ,correggio _h pa9t$ e>li] 7#aebb71 are conceiv$1 ,i ?9k1 9 a f9] _s z to "*1 b1 p]haps1 n m appropriate to ! sc5e4 ,"h ! ,twelve ,apo/les are seat$ on cl\ds r\nd ! glorifi$ ,savi\r1 z !y are suppos$ to be 9 heav53 !y are b p>tially drap$4 ,9 ! heads b little att5tion has be5 paid to ! anci5t types1 except 9 ^? ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 b !y are sublime z well z picturesque 9 ! conception ( "* & expression4 ,! ,apo/les 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t 7,a4,d4 #aedj7 exhibit a /ill fur!r deviation f ! antique /yle ( treatm5t4 ,!y /& on ea* side ( ! ,savi\r1 :o is n1 "h1 ,savi\r & ,r$eem]1 b inexorable ,judge4 ,!y are gr&ly & artificially gr\p$1 all )\t any drap]y :atev]1 & ) =ms & attitudes :i* recall an assemblage ( ,titans hold+ a c\ncil ( w>1 r ?an ! glorifi$ companions ( ,*ri/4 ,9 e>ly pictures ( ,*ri/ 9 glory1 ! ,apo/les1 8 companions 9 heav5 z on e>?1 =m1 ) ! ,patri>*s & ,prophets1 ! cele/ial c\rt or c\ncil3 !y sit ^u ?rones to ! "r & to ! left4#aea ,raphael's #8,disputa' 9 ! ,vatican is a gr& example ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,sets ( ! ,apo/les1 9 devotional pictures & pr9ts are s common1 t ,i %all p>ticul>ise only a few among ! mo/ int]e/+ & celebrat$4 ,engrav+s ( ^! c easily be ref]r$ to4 #a4 ,a set by ,raphael1 engrav$ by ,m>c ,antonio3 gr&1 graceful figures1 & ea* ) 8 appropriate attribute4 ,?\gh admirably di/+ui%$ 9 =m & be>+1 v little att5tion has be5 paid to ! anci5t types1 except p]haps 9 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john4 ,"h ,/4 ,james ,m9or is omitt$ to make room = ,/4 ,paul4 #b4 ,a set by ,lucas van ,leyd51 small] ?an ,raphael's1 b magnific5t 9 feel+3 "h also ! anci5t types are = ! mo/ "p neglect$4 ,^! two sets %\ld be comp>$ z p]fect examples ( ! be/ ,italian & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,g]man mann]4 ,"s ( ! ,g]man sets are v curi\s & grotesque4 #c4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,beham1 a mo/ curi\s set1 9 :at may be call$ ! ultra ,g]man /yle3 !y /& two & two toge!r1 l a procession ( old begg>s2 ! workman%ip exquisite4 ,ano!r set by ,beham1 9 :i* ! figures /& s+ly1 & :i* includes ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 dress$ l old burgoma/]s1 ) ! emblematical w+s1 has be5 already m5tion$4 #d4 ,a set by ,p>migiano1 graceful & mann]$1 z is usual ) him4 #e4 ,by ,ago/9o ,c>acci4 ,?is set1 fam\s z works ( art1 mu/1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,raphael & ,lucas van ,leyd51 be pron\nc$ absolutely vulg>4 ,"h ,/4 ,john is dr9k+ out ( 8 cup1 --an idea :i* might /rike "s p z picturesque2 b x is 9 vile ta/e4 ,?addeus has a saw z well z ,simon2 ,pet] has ! papal ti>a at 8 feet2 ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 in/ead ( ,?omas1 c>ries ! build]'s rule2 & ,/4 ,b>?olomew has 8 sk9 ?r[n ov] 8 %\ld]s4 ,?is set is an example ( ! confusion :i* prevail$ ) respect to ! old religi\s types & attributes1 aft] ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #f4 #8,! ,five ,disciples1' by ,alb]t ,dr]1 seem int5d$ to =m "p ( a complete set4 ,we h ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,/4 ,philip1 & ,/4 ,simon4 ,! two la/ are ! f9e/1 & are mo/ gr&ly conceiv$4 ,^! are examples ( ! simple/ devotional treatm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! ,apo/les are gr\p$ toge!r 9 v>i\s hi/orical sc5es1--"s scriptural1 "s leg5d>y--!y are m int]e/+ z individual p]sonages2 & ! treatm5t %\ld be m *>act]i/ic4 ,"s ( ^! subjects belong prop]ly to ! life ( ,*ri/3 z ! ,deliv]y ( ! ,keys to ,pet]2 ! ,transfiguration2 ! ,entry into ,j]usalem2 ! ,la/ ,supp]2 ! ,asc5sion4 ,o!rs1 z ! ,dea? & ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 w be consid]$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,madonna4 ,b !re are o!rs1 aga91 :i* ref] m p>ticul>ly to ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! ,apo/les1 z relat$ 9 ! ,acts & 9 ! ,leg5ds4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 ! fir/ & mo/ important ev5t aft] ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/4 ,x is ?us describ$3 #8,:5 ! day ( ,p5teco/ 0 fully come1 !y 7 all ) "o accord 9 "o place4 ,& sudd5ly !re came a s\nd f heav51 z ( a ru%+ mighty w9d1 & x fill$ all ! h\se :]e !y 7 sitt+4 ,& !re appe>$ unto !m clov5 tongues1 l z ( fire1 & sat ^u ea* ( !m1 & !y 7 all fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & began to speak ) o!r tongues1 z ! ,_s gave !m utt]ance4 ,& !re 7 dwell+ at ,j]usalem ,jews1 dev\t m51 out ( e nation "u heav54 ,n[ :5 ?is 0 nois$ abroad ! multitude came toge!r1 & 7 conf\nd$1 because t e man he>d !m speak 9 8 own language4444 ,b ?is is t :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet ,joel4' 7,acts ii4 #a-ab1 #af47 ,accord+ to ! usual int]pretation1 ! ^w !y1 9 ! fir/ v]se1 does n signify ! ,apo/les m]ely1 b1 ) !m1 #8! wom51 & ,m>y ! "m ( ,jesus1 & 8 bre?r53' h5ce 9 s _m repres5tations ( ?is subject ! ,virg9 is n only pres5t1 b a pr9cipal p]son3 ,m>y ,magdal5e & o!rs are also frequ5tly introduc$4 #a4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example ,i h yet met ) is ! gr& mosaic 9 ! pr9cipal dome ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice4 ,9 ! apex ( ! dome is se5 ! ,cele/ial ,dove 9 a glory ( light2 rays proce$ f ! c5tre on e side1 & fall on ! heads ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 seat$ 9 a circle4 ,l[] d[n is a s]ies ( twelve figures /&+ all r\nd ! dome3 #8,p>?ians1 ,m$es1 & ,elamites1 ! dwell]s 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,judea1 ,cappadocia1 ,pontus1 ,asia1 ,phrygia1 ,pamphylia1 ,cretes & ,arabians1'--ea* nation repres5t$ by "o p]son1 & all 9 /range dresses1 & look+ up ) amazem5t4 #b4 ,! ,twelve ,apo/les & ! ,virg9 are se5 above seat$ 9 an enclosure2 tongues ( fire desc5d f heav52 b5ea? is a clos$ door1 at :i* sev]al p]sons 9 /range =eign dresses1 ) turbans1 c41 are li/5+ ) amazem5t4 ,"o ( ^! is 9 ! ,*9ese co/ume1--a curi\s circum/ance1 consid]+ ! age ( ! picture1 & :i* c\ld h occurr$ at t date n[h]e b at ,v5ice4#aeb #c4 ,9 ! int]ior ( a temple1 su/a9$ by sl5d] pill>s1 ! ,twelve ,apo/les are seat$ 9 a circle1 & 9 ! mid/ ! ,virg91 tongues ( fire on ea* head4 ,"h ! ,virg9 is ! pr9cipal p]son4#aec #d4 ,an int]ior1 ! ,twelve ,apo/les seat$ 9 a circle2 above !m1 ! ,cele/ial ,dove 9 a glory1 & f 8 beak proce$ twelve tongues ( flame2 und]nea?1 9 a small ar*1 is ! prophet ,joel1 z an old man cr[n$ ) a k+ly cr[n & hold+ twelve rolls or scrolls1 indicat+ ! ,gospel 9 s _m diff]5t languages4 ,! allusion is to ! words ( ,joel1 ii4 #bh3 #8,& ,i w p\r out my ,_s ^u all fle%4'#aed ,?is is ! ,greek =mula1 & x is curi\s t x %\ld h be5 closely foll[$ by ,p9turic*io2--?us3 #e4 ,9 a ri* l&scape1 ) cypresses1 palm-trees1 & birds1 ! ,virg9 is se5 kneel+2 ,/4 ,pet] on ! "r1 & ,james ,m9or on ! left1 also kneel+2 five o!r ,apo/les on ea* side4 ,! ,cele/ial ,dove1 ) outspread w+s1 desc5ds 9 a glory surr\nd$ by fifte5 *]ubim3 !re are no tongues ( fire4 ,! prophet ,joel is se5 above1 ) ! inscription1 #8,effundam de ,spiritu meo sup] omnem c>nem4'#aee #f4 ,! ,virg9 & ! ,apo/les seat$2 flames ( fire /& on _! heads2 ! ,holy ,gho/ appe>s above 9 a glory ( light1 f :i* rays are p\r$ on e side4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ano!r ,m>y1 are pres5t beh9d2 a/oni%m5t is ! prevail+ expression 9 e face1 except 9 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! composition is attribut$ to ,raphael4#aef 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next ev5t ( importance is ! sep>ation ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les :5 !y disp]se to prea* ! ,gospel 9 all l&s4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t traditions1 ! ,apo/les det]m9$ by lot to :at c\ntries !y %\ld g3 ,pet] w5t to ,antio*2 ,james ! ,great rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem & ! neighb\rhood2 ,philip w5t to ,phrygia2 ,john to ,ephesus2 ,?omas to ,p>?ia & ,judea2 ,&rew to ,scy?ia2 ,b>?olomew to ,india & ,judea4 ,! ,p>t+ ( ! ,apo/les is a beautiful subject1 ( :i* ,i h met ) b few examples2 "o is a woodcut aft] ,titian4 ,! ,mission ( ! ,apo/les ,i rememb] to h se5 by ,bissoni ov] an alt> 9 ! ,santa ,giu/9a at ,padua3 !y are prep>+ to dep>t2 "o reads f a book2 ano!r looses 8 %oes f 8 feet1 9 allusion to ! text1 #8,take nei!r purse1 nor scrip1 nor %oes2' sev]al are bidd+ adieu to ! ,virg94 ,?is picture /ruck me z dramatic2 its m]its o!rwise ,i d n rememb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h next #8,! ,twelve ,baptisms4'#aeg ,9 ! upp] comp>tm5t ,*ri/ is /&+ 9 a maje/ic attitude1 & on ea* side are six ,apo/les1 all alike1 & 9 :ite g>m5ts4 ,! inscription above is 9 ,greek3 #8,g ye1 & prea* ! ,gospel to all nations4' ,bel[1 9 twelve small] comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( ! ,apo/les is se5 baptiz+ a conv]t3 an att5dant1 9 :ite g>m5ts1 /&s by ea* font1 hold+ a napk94 ,"o ( ! conv]ts & 8 att5dant are black1 d5ot+ cle>ly ! *amb]la9 ( ! ,que5 ( ,e?iopia4 ,?is is a v uncommon subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&1 la/ly1 we h #8,! ,twelve ,m>tyrdoms4' ,?is is a m frequ5t s]ies1 9 pictures & 9 pr9ts1 & occurs 9 a set ( l>ge fresco compositions 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,n]eo e ,sant' ,a*illeo at ,rome4 ,9 su* repres5tations ! usual treatm5t is z foll[s3--#a4 ,/4 ,pet] is crucifi$ ) 8 head d[nw>ds4 #b4 ,/4 ,&rew1 b\nd on a transv]se cross4 #c4 ,/4 ,james ,major1 behead$ ) a sword4 #d4 ,/4 ,john1 9 a cauldron ( boil+ oil4 #e4 ,/4 ,philip1 b\nd on a cross 9 ! =m ( a ,t4 #f4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 flay$4 #g4 ,/4 ,?omas1 pi]c$ ) a spe>4 #h4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 kill$ ) a sword4 #i4 ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 /ruck d[n ) a club4 #aj4 ,/4 ,simon & ,/4 ,jude toge!r3 "o is kill$ ) a sword1 ! o!r ) a club4 #aa4 ,/4 ,mat?ias has 8 head clov5 by a halb]t4 #ab4 ,/4 ,paul is behead$4#aeh ,! au?ority = _m ( ^! m>tyrdoms is :olly apocryphal1#aei & !y sometimes v>y2 b ?is is ! usual mode ( repres5tation 9 ,we/]n ,art4 ,9 e>ly ,greek ,art a s]ies ( ! ,dea?s ( ! ,apo/les (t5 occurs1 b !y d n all suff] m>tyrdom2 & ! subject ( ,/4 ,john 9 ! cauldron ( boil+ oil1 s fam\s 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 is1 ,i believe1 unkn[n1 or1 at lea/1 s r>e1 t ,i h n f\nd x 9 g5u9e ,byzant9e ,art4 ,! mo/ anci5t s]ies ,i h met ) 79 a ,greek ,,ms4 ( ! n9? c5tury7 %[s u five ,apo/les crucifi$3 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,philip ) ! head d[nw>ds2 ,/4 ,&rew on ! transv]se cross1 z usual2 ,/4 ,simon & ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 9 ! same mann] z our ,savi\r4 ,/4 ,?omas is pi]c$ by a lance2 & ,/4 ,john is buri$1 & !n rais$ by angels1 accord+ to ! leg5d4 ,! same s]ies1 simil>ly treat$1 ornam5t$ ! doors ( ! old ,basilica ( ,/4 ,paul1 execut$ by ,greek arti/s ( ! t5? c5tury4#afj ,:]ev] ! ,apo/les appe> z a s]ies1 we expect1 ( c\rse1 "s degree ( discrim9at+ propriety ( "* 9 ea* face & figure4 ,we seek x :5 !y m]ely =m a "p ( ! g5]al s*eme ( significant decoration 9 ! ar*itectural arrangem5t ( a place ( wor%ip2 we seek x ) m reason :5 !y /& be=e u z a s]ies ( devotional repres5tations2 & /ill m :51 z actors 9 "s p>ticul> sc5e1 !y are suppos$ to be animat$ by s5tim5ts call$ =? by ! occasion1 & modifi$ by ! individual "*4 ,by :at te/ %all we try ! tru? & propriety ( su* repres5tations8 ,we ought to "k bo? :at to require f ! arti/1 & on :at gr\nds to require x1 be=e we c re/ satisfi$4 ,9 ! ,gospel-hi/ories ! ,apo/les are consi/5tly & beautifully di/+ui%$ 9 temp] & be>+4 ,_! *>act]s1 :e!r exhibit$ at full l5g?1 or m]ely t\*$ ^u1 are su/a9$ ) dramatic tru?4 ,! m$ival leg5ds1 h[ev] wild1 are1 z f> z "* goes1 9 h>mony ) ^! scriptural portraits1 & fill up ! outl9e giv54 ,x becomes !re=e a really int]e/+ speculation to obs]ve h[ f> ?is v>iety ( *>act]i/ic expression has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! e>ly types1 h[ f> att5d$ to1 or neglect$1 by ! great pa9t]s1 s9ce ! revival ( ,art4 ,,/4 ,,pet] ,,& ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,lat4 ,,ss4 ,petrus et ,paulus4 ,ital4 ,san ,pietro or ,pi]o1 ,san ,paolo4 ,fr4 ,s4 ,pi]re1 ,s4 ,paul4 ,spa4 ,san ,p$ro1 ,san ,pablo4 7,june #bi & #cj47 ,i h already obs]v$1 t1 z apo/les & prea*]s ( ! ^w1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul take ! fir/ place4 ,ev5 dur+ _! lives1 a sup]iority 0 accord$ to !m2 & ?is sup]iority1 z ! ackn[l$g$ heads & f\nd]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 "u ,*ri/1 has be5 all[$ d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! prec$5ce is by common cons5t giv5 to ,/4 ,pet]2 b !y are held to be equal 9 fai?1 9 m]it1 & 9 sanctity4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 always consid]$ "u two great divisions3 ! *ur* ( ! conv]t$ ,jews1 & ! *ur* ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! fir/ 0 repres5t$ by ,/4 ,pet]1 ! second by ,/4 ,paul4 ,/&+ toge!r 9 ?is mutual relation1 !y repres5t ! univ]sal ,*ur* ( ,*ri/2 h5ce 9 works ( art !y are seldom sep>at$1 & are indisp5sable 9 all ecclesia/ical decoration4 ,_! prop] place is on ea* side ( ! ,savi\r1 or ( ! ,virg9 ?ron$2 or on ea* side ( ! alt>2 or on ea* side ( ! ar* ov] ! *oir4 ,9 any case1 :]e !y /& toge!r1 n m]ely z ,apo/les1 b ,f\nd]s1 _! place is next aft] ! ,evangeli/s & ! ,prophets4 ,illu/ration3 #ff ,/4 ,paul ,/4 ,pet] 7,crivelli7 ,?us se5 almo/ ev]y:]e 9 companion%ip1 x becomes necess>y to di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r2 = ,/4 ,pet] does n always be> 8 keys1 nor ,/4 ,paul 8 sword4 ,9 ! e>lie/ examples1 ^! attributes are :olly omitt$2 yet ,i sc>cely "k any in/ance 9 :i* a di/9ct type ( head has n be5 m or less att5d$ to4 ,illu/ration3 #fg ,/4 ,pet] 7,greek type1 elev5? c5tury7 ,! anci5t ,greek type ( ! head ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #8! ,pilot ( ! ,galilean lake1' is s /rongly *>act]is$ z to h ! air ( a portrait4 ,x is ei!r tak5 f ! description ( ,nicephorus1 s (t5 quot$1 or 8 description is tak5 f "s v anci5t repres5tation3 x c]ta9ly h>monises ) all our preconceiv$ notions ( ,/4 ,pet]'s temp]am5t & "*4 ,he is a robu/ old man1 ) a broad =ehead1 & r co>se features1 an op5 undaunt$ c\nt5ance1 %ort grey hair1 & %ort ?ick be>d1 curl$1 & ( a silv]y :ite3 accord+ to ! descriptive portrait ( ,nicephorus1 he _h r$ weak eyes1--a peculi>ity :i* x has n be5 ?\ght necess>y to pres]ve 9 8 effigies4 ,9 "s e>ly pictures he is bald on ! top ( ! head1 & ! hair gr[s ?ick ar\nd 9 a circle1 some:at l ! prie/ly tonsure2 & 9 "s examples ?is tonsure has ! =m ( a triple r[ ( curls close to ! head1 a k9d ( ti>a4 ,a curi\s exception to ?is pr$om9ant1 almo/ univ]sal1 type is to be f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,art1#afa :]e ,/4 ,pet] is always be>dless1 & we>s ! tonsure2 s t b = ! keys1 susp5d$ to a r+ on 8 f+]1 "o might take him = an eld]ly monk4 ,x is a tradition t ! ,g5tiles %av$ ! head ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ord] to make him an object ( d]ision1 & t ?is is ! orig9 ( ! prie/ly tonsure4 ,illu/ration3 #fh ,/4 ,pet] ) "o ,key 7,taddeo ,gaddi7 ,! dress ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! mosaics & ,greek pictures is a blue tunic1 ) :ite drap]y ?r[n ov] x1 b 9 g5]al ! prop] col\rs are a blue or gre5 tunic ) yell[ drap]y4 ,on ! e>ly s>cophagi1 & 9 ! mo/ anci5t *ur* mosaics1 he be>s m]ely a scroll or book1 &1 except 9 ! "* ( ! head1 he is exactly l ,/4 ,paul3 a little lat] we f9d him ) ! cross 9 "o h&1 & ! ,gospel 9 ! o!r4 ,! keys 9 8 h& appe> z 8 peculi> attribute ab\t ! eigh? c5tury4 ,i h se5 him ) "o great key1 b 9 g5]al he c>ries two keys1 "o ( gold & "o ( silv]1 to absolve & to b9d2 or1 accord+ to ano!r int]pretation1 "o is ( gold & "o ( iron1 op5+ ! gates ( heav5 & hell3 occasionally1 b r>ely1 he has a ?ird key1 express+ ! dom9ion ov] heav51 & e>?1 & hell4#afb ,/4 ,paul pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ,/4 ,pet]1 9 features z 9 "*4 ,!re mu/ h exi/$ effigies ( him 9 v e>ly times1 = ,/4 ,augu/9e says t a c]ta9 ,m>cell9a1 liv+ 9 ! second c5tury1 pres]v$ 9 h] ,l>>ium1 among h] h\sehold gods1 #8! images ( ,hom]1 ,py?agoras1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,paul ! apo/le4' ,*ryso/om alludes to a portrait ( ,paul :i* hung 9 8 *amb]1 b un=tunately he does n describe x4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ,/4 ,paul occurs 9 ,lucian1 :]e he is /yl$1 9 a tone ( mock+ disp>agem5t1 #8! bald-head$ ,galilean ) a hook-nose4' ,! description giv5 by ,nicephorus1 f\nd$1 we may presume1 on tradition & on ! exi/+ portraits1 has be5 ! au?ority foll[$ 9 ! e>ly repres5tations4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t tradition1 ,paul 0 a man ( small & meagre /ature1 ) an aquil9e nose1 a high =ehead1 & sp>kl+ eyes4 ,9 ! ,greek type ! face is long & oval1 ! nose aquil9e1 ! =ehead high & bald1 ! hair br[n1 ! be>d long1 fl[+ & po9t$1 & ( a d>k br[n 79 ! ,greek =mula x is said t 8 be>d %\ld be greyi%--,i recollect no in/ance ( ,/4 ,paul ) a grey be>d72 8 dress is l ,/4 ,pet]'s1 a blue tunic & :ite mantle2 he has a book or scroll 9 "o h&1 sometimes twelve rolls1 :i* designate 8 epi/les4 ,he be>s ! sword1 8 attribute 9 a d\ble s5se2 x signifies ! mann] ( 8 m>tyrdom1 & x is emblematical ( ! good fight f\ght by ! fai?ful ,*ri/ian1 arm$ ) #8! sword ( ! ,_s1 :i* is ! ^w ( ,god' 7,ephes4 vi4 #ag74 ,! life ( ,/4 ,paul1 aft] 8 conv]sion1 01 z we "k1 "o long spiritual combat3--#8p]plex$1 b n 9 despair2 ca/ d[n1 b n de/roy$4' ,illu/ration3 #fi ,/4 ,paul 7,greek type1 elev5? c5tury7 ,^! traditional *>act]i/ic types ( ! features & p]sons ( ! two greate/ apo/les 7 long adh]$ to4 ,we f9d !m mo/ /rictly foll[$ 9 ! old ,greek mosaics1 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian sculpture1 & ! e>ly pictures2 9 all :i* ! /urdy dignity & broad ru/ic features ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! elegant contemplative head ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o looks l a ,greek philosoph]1 =m a mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive contra/4 ,b1 9 lat] times1 ! old types1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! head ( ,/4 ,paul1 7 neglect$ & degrad$4 ,! be/ pa9t]s took c>e n to deviate :olly f ! squ>e head & %ort grey be>d ( ,/4 ,pet]2 b1 f ! "t ( ,sixtus ,,iv41 we f9d sub/itut$ = ! head ( ,/4 ,paul an arbitr>y repres5tation1 :i* v>i$ accord+ to ! model *os5 by ! arti/--:i* 0 sometimes a ,roman port] or a ,g]man boor2 sometimes ! antique ,jupit] or ! bu/ ( a ,greek rhetorician4 ,i %all n[ give "s examples1 9 *ronological ord]1 ( ! two great ,apo/les repres5t$ toge!r1 z ,f\nd]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! e>ly s>cophagi 7f ,a4,d4 #cba to #djj71 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul /& on ea* side ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! =m] be>s a cross1 & is g5]ally on ! left h& ( ,*ri/4 ,! cross giv5 to ,pet]1 & (t5 set ) jewels1 is suppos$ to ref] to ! passage 9 ,/4 ,john1 xxi4 #ai1 #8,signify+ by :at dea? he %\ld die3' b x may surely be> ano!r int]pretation1 i4e4 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity transmitt$ to all nations by ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,apo/les4 ,/4 ,paul c>ries a roll ( writ+2 he has a v high bald =ehead3 9 o!r respects ! two ,apo/les are n p>ticul>ly discrim9at$2 !y we> ! classical co/ume4#afc ,simil> figures ( ,pet] & ,paul occur on ! anci5t glass dr9k+-vessels & lamps pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican2 b ! workman%ip is s rude1 t !y are m]ely curiosities1 & _c be cit$ z au?orities4 ,,mosaic 7,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ddc7 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 ov] ! ar* :i* sep>ates ! sanctu>y f ! nave4 ,we h 9 ! c5tre a ?rone1 on :i* lies ! roll1 seal$ ) sev5 seals2 above ! ?rone rises a cross set ) preci\s /ones2 on ea* side ( ! ?rone1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 !y h no attributes1 are habit$ 9 classical drap]ies1 & ! :ole repres5tation is /rictly antique 9 /yle1 )\t a trace ( any ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,m$ival ,art4 ,?is is ! olde/ repres5tation ,i h met ) next to ^? on ! s>cophagi4 ,,mosaic 7,rome1 #f? c5tury7 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,sab9a on ! int]ior ( ! ar* ov] ! door4 ,we f9d on "o side ,/4 ,pet]1 on ! o!r ,/4 ,paul4 ,"u ,/4 ,pet] /&s a graceful female figure1 veil$1 & inscrib$ ,ecclesia ex circumcisione2 "u ,/ ,paul1 a female figure1 cr[n$1 & inscrib$ ,ecclesia ex g5tibus4 ,,mosaic 7,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ebf7 9 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian1 on ! vault ( ! apsis4 ,*ri/ /&s 9 ! c5tre1 su/a9$ by cl\ds2 8 "r h& is rais$ 9 ! attitude ( "o :o exhorts 7n bless+1 z is ! usual mann]72 ! left h& holds ! book ( life2 at 8 feet fl[s ! riv] ,jordan1 ! symbol ( ,baptism4 ,on ea* side1 b l[] d[n & mu* small] 9 size1 /& ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 !y seem to pres5t ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian to ! ,savi\r4 ,beyond ^! aga91 on ei!r side1 /& ,/4 ,!odore & ! pope 7,felix ,i47 :o d$icat$ ! *ur*4 ,palm trees1 & a ,phnix cr[n$ ) a />ry glory1 emblems ( ,victory & ,immortality1 close ?is maje/ic & significant composition on ea* side4 ,"h ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul are dignifi$ figures1 9 :i* ! ,greek type is /rongly *>act]is$2 !y we> long :ite mantles1 & h no attributes4 ,,mosaic 7,milan1 #i? c5tury71 9 ,sant' ,ambrogio4 ,*ri/ en?ron$ pres5ts ! ,gospel to ,/4 ,paul1 & ! two keys to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,,mosaic 7,a4,d4 #icf7 on ! tomb ( ,o?o ,,ii4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul toge!r1 r m ?an half l5g?1 & above life size4 ,/4 ,pet] has ?ree keys1 susp5d$ on a r+2 ,/4 ,paul1 ! book & sword4 ,! orig9al mosaic is pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican1 & a copy is 9 ! ,lat]an4 ,?is relic is1 z a docum5t1 invaluable4 ,,mosaic 7,a4,d4 #abaf-abbg71 9 ! apsis ( ! old basilica ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,*ri/ is seat$ on a ?rone1 ) ! cruci=m glory & 8 "n ,c4 ,x,c43 ! "r h& gives ! b5$iction 9 ! ,greek =m2 he holds 9 8 left an op5 book1 inscrib$ ,,v5ite ,,b5$icti ,,patris ,,mei ,,p]cipite ,,regnum4 7,matt4 xxv4 #cd47 ,on ! left1 ,/4 ,pet] ) 8 "r h& rais$ to ,*ri/1 & an op5 scroll 9 8 left h&1 inscrib$ ,,tu ,,es ,,*ri/us ,,filius ,,dei ,,vivi4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,*ri/1 ,/4 ,paul2 8 "r h& on 8 brea/1 & 9 8 left a scroll ) ^! words1 ,,9 ,,nom9e ,,jesu ,,omne ,,g5u ,,flectatur ,c,,le/ium ,,t]re/rium ,,et ,,inf]norum4 7,phil4 xi4 #aj47 ,beyond ,/4 ,pet] /&s 8 bro!r ,/4 ,&rew2 & beyond ,/4 ,paul 8 fav\rite disciple ,luke4 ,at ! foot ( ! ?rone kneels a dim9utive figure ( ! pope1 ,honorius ,,iii41 by :om ! mosaic 0 d$icat$4 ,palm-trees close ! composition on ea* side2 und]nea? runs ! frieze ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 describ$ at p4 #agc4 ,,mosaic 7#ab? c5tury7 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,monreale at ,pal]mo4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul are seat$ on spl5did ?rones on ea* side ( ! tribune2 ,/4 ,pet] holds 9 8 left h& a book1 & ! "r1 :i* gives ! b5$iction1 holds also ! two keys3 ov] 8 head is inscrib$1 ,,sanctus ,,petrus ,,pr9ceps ,,apo/olorum ,,cui ,,tradit ,,sunt ,,claves ,,regni ,c,,lorum4 ,/4 ,paul holds ! sword ) ! po9t upw>ds l a sceptre1 & ! book z usual3 ! intellectual ,greek "* ( ! head is /rongly discrim9at$4 ,! inscription is1 ,,sanctus ,,paulus ,,pr,,dicator ,,v]itatis ,,et ,,doctor ,,g5tium ,,g5ti4 ,among ! ri* & curi\s bas-reliefs 9 front ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,trophime at ,arles1 we h ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul seat$ toge!r receiv+ ! s\ls ( ! j4 ,ea* has two s\ls 9 8 lap1 & ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael is br++ ano!r4 ,9 pictures1 _! prop] place1 z ,i h obs]v$1 is on ea* side ( ! ?rone ( ! ,r$eem]1 or on ea* side ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild3 sometimes !y are /&+ toge!r1 or read+ 9 ! same book4 ,?is mu/ suffice = ! devotional treatm5t ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 :5 repres5t$ z jo9t f\nd]s & patrons ( ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,be=e ,i notice ^? hi/orical subjects 9 :i* !y appe> toge!r1 ,i h to say a few words ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are treat$ sep>ately & di/9ctly4 ,& fir/ ( ,/4 ,pet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v>i\s ev5ts ( ! life ( ,/4 ,pet] are record$ 9 ! ,gospels & ! ,acts s m9utely1 t !y may be presum$ to be famili> to all read]s4 ,f ^! we may d$uce 8 "*1 rem>kable = f]v\r & en]gy r ?an su/a9$ p[]4 ,8 traditional & leg5d>y hi/ory is full ( incid5ts1 miracles1 & wond]ful & picturesque passages4 ,8 importance & popul>ity1 consid]$ z ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les & ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 h ext5d$ ) ! influ5ce ( t p[]ful ,*ur* ( :i* he is ! head & repres5tative1 & multipli$1 almo/ to inf9itude1 pictures & effigies ( him 9 8 individual "*1 z well z hi/orical repres5tations ( 8 life & actions1 :]ev] 8 p>am\nt dignity is admitt$4 ,x /ruck me1 :5 w&]+ ov] ! gr& old *ur*es ( ,rav5na1 :]e ! ecclesia/ical mosaics are ! mo/ anci5t t exi/1 & /ill 9 wond]ful pres]vation1 t ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul d n (t5 appe>1 at lea/ are 9 no respect di/+ui%$ f ! o!r apo/les4 ,rav5na1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 did n look to ,rome = h] sa9ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! e>lie/ ( ! ,roman mosaics1 ,/4 ,pet] is sometimes f\nd su/a9+ ! ?rone ( ,*ri/1 )\t 8 companion ,/4 ,paul2 z 9 ,s4 ,m>ia-9-,tra/ev]e1 ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova1 & o!rs4 ,at ,rome1 ,/4 ,pet] is ! ,sa9t1 ! ,santissimo4 ,! secession ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* dimm$ 8 glory z ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les & univ]sal ,sa9t2 he fell into a k9d ( disrepute z id5tifi$ ) ! ,see ( ,rome1 :i* expos$ 8 effigies1 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& p>ticul>ly1 to a sweep+ de/ruction4 ,^? 7 disputati\s days2 & ,pet]1 ! affectionate1 en?usia/ic1 devot$1 b some:at ra% apo/le1 veil$ 8 head to ! intellectual1 intrepid1 subtle philosoph] ,paul4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ see h[ ,art has plac$ be=e u ! /urdy ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! *>act]i/ic type :i* belongs to him1 & 8 preval5t attributes ! key1 ! cross1 ! book4 ,:5 he figures among ! disciples 9 ! ,gospel /ories1 he sometimes holds ! fi% z ! symbol ( 8 orig9al vocation3 if ! fi% be giv5 to him 9 s+le devotional figures1 x signifies also ,*ri/ianity1 or ! rite ( ,baptism4 ,! figures ( ,/4 ,pet] /&+1 z ,apo/le & ,patron ,sa9t1 ) book & keys1 are ( su* p]petual occurr5ce z to defy all attempts to p>ticul>ise !m1 & s famili> z to ne$ no fur!r illu/ration4#afd ,repres5tations ( him 9 8 peculi> "* ( ,head & ,f\nd] ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & fir/ univ]sal bi%op1 are less common4 ,he is seat$ on a ?rone2 "o h& is rais$ 9 ! act ( b5$iction2 9 ! o!r he holds ! keys1 & sometimes a book or scroll1 inscrib$ ) ! text1 9 ,lat91 #8,?\ art ,pet]1 & on ?is rock h ,i built my ,*ur*4' ,?is subject ( ! ?ron$ ,/4 ,pet] is v frequ5t 9 ! old] s*ools4 ,! well-kn[n picture by ,giotto1 pa9t$ = ,c>d9al ,/efanes*i1 n[ 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,vatican1 is v f9e1 simple & solemn4 ,9 a picture by ,cima da ,conegliano1#afe ,/4 ,pet] is n only ?ron$1 b we>s ! triple ti>a z pope2 ! c\nt5ance is p>ticul>ly e>ne/1 f]v5t1 almo/ fi]y 9 expression3 ! keys lie at 8 feet2 on "o side /&s ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 on ! o!r ,/4 ,paul4 ,z a deviation f ! usual =m ( ?is subject1 ,i mu/ m5tion an old bas-relief1 full ( "*1 & significantly appropriate to its locality ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro-9-,v9coli1 at ,rome4 ,/4 ,pet]1 en?ron$1 holds 9 "o h& ! keys & ! ,gospel2 ) ! o!r he pres5ts 8 *a9s to a kneel+ angel3 ?is unusual treatm5t is v poetical & sugge/ive4 ,illu/ration3 #gj ,!re are /&+ figures ( ,/4 ,pet] we>+ ! papal ti>a1 & br&i%+ 8 keys1 z 9 a picture by ,cola dell' ,amatrice 7#gj74 ,& ,i %\ld ?9k ,milton _h "s su* picture 9 8 remembrance :5 he pa9t$ 8 ,/4 ,pet]3-- ,la/ came & la/ did g ,! pilot ( ! ,galilean ,lake2 ,two massy keys he bore ( metals twa91 7,! gold5 opes1 ! iron %uts ama917 ,he %ook 8 mitr$ locks1 & /]n bespake4 ,:51 9 devotional pictures1 ,/4 ,pet] is accompani$ by ano!r apo/le ) no di/9ctive attributes1 we may suppose x to be ,/4 ,m>k1 :o 0 8 int]pret]1 companion1 & amanu5sis at ,rome4 ,accord+ to an e>ly tradition1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 writt5 d[n f ! dictation ( ,/4 ,pet]4#aff ,9 a m9iature frontispiece to ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 ! evangeli/ is seat$ writ+1 & ,/4 ,pet] /&s opposite1 z if dictat+4 ,9 a picture by ,angelico1#afg ,pet] is prea*+ f a pulpit to a cr[d ( p3 ,m>k1 seat$ on "o side1 is dilig5tly tak+ d[n 8 words4 ,9 a v f9e picture by ,bonvic9o#afh !y /& toge!r2 ,/4 ,pet] is read+ f a book2 ,/4 ,m>k holds a scroll & inkhorn2 he is submitt+ to ,/4 ,pet] ! ,gospel he has j p5n$1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ! apo/le4 ,la/ly1 a magnific5t ,v5etian picture#afi repres5ts ,/4 ,pet] ?ron$ z bi%op1 ) an e>ne/ & r /]n c\nt5ance2 he holds a book 9 8 h&2 two angels ) musical in/rum5ts are seat$ on ! /eps ( 8 ?rone3 on 8 "r h& /& ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,/4 ,j]ome z c>d9al2 on 8 left ,/4 ,ambrose2 :ile ,/4 ,m>k b5ds ov] a book1 z if read+ to ?is maje/ic auditory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^? sc5es & incid5ts relat$ 9 ! ,gospels 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] is a pr9cipal or conspicu\s figure1 ,i %all enl>ge ^u :5 treat+ ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 & w only indicate a few ( !m "h1 z illu/rat+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] is introduc$ & treat$ 9 su* subjects4 ,we h1 fir/1 ! ,call+ ( ,pet] & ,&rew 9 a picture by ,basaiti1#agj :]e ! two bro!rs are kneel+ at ! feet ( ! ,savi\r2 ! fi%+-boats & ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>e? 9 ! backgr\nd3 & 9 ! beautiful fresco by ,ghirl&ajo 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 :]e a numb] ( contempor>y p]sonages are introduc$ z spectators4 ,/4 ,&rew pres5t+ ,/4 ,pet] to our ,savi\r 7z 9 a picture by ,cavalucci1 9 ! ,vatican71 is ano!r v]sion ( ! same subject2 or ,/4 ,&rew is se5 at ! feet ( ,*ri/1 :ile ,/4 ,pet] is sitt+ on ! edge ( ! boat1 or desc5d+ f x 9 ha/e4 #8,*ri/ walk+ on ! ,sea' is a famili> & picturesque subject1 n to be mi/ak54 ,! mo/ anci5t & mo/ celebrat$ repres5tation is ,giotto's mosaic 7,a4,d4 #abih71 n[ plac$ 9 ! portico ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ov] ! ar* opposite to ! pr9cipal door4 ,! s5tim5t 9 ! composition ( ?is subject is1 g5]ally1 #8,"l1 help me2 or ,i p]i%3' ,/4 ,pet] is s9k+1 & ,*ri/ is /ret*+ out 8 h& to save him4 ,x is consid]$ z a type ( ! ,*ur* 9 dang]1 assail$ by enemies1 & sav$ by ! miracul\s int]position ( ! ,r$eem]2 & 9 ?is s5se mu/ ! frequ5t repres5tations 9 *ur*es be und]/ood4 ,9 ! #8,miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es1' ,/4 ,pet] is usually on 8 knees look+ up ) awe & gratitude3--#8,dep>t f me1 ,o ,"l6 = ,i am a s9ful man4' ,! composition ( ,raphael 7! c>toon at ,hampton ,c\rt7 is j :at we %\ld seek = 9 ,raphael1 a ma/]piece ( dramatic expression1--! significant1 ! poetical1 ! miracul\s pr$om9at+4 ,! composition ( ,rub5s1 at ,mal9es1 :i* des]ves ! next place1 %\ld be look$ at 9 contra/1 z an in/ance ( ! picturesque & vigor\s treatm5t equally *>act]i/ic ( ! pa9t]2--all life & reality1 ev5 to ! glitt]+ fi% :i* tumble 9 ! net4 #8,/4 ,pet] f9d+ ! tribute money' is a subject ,i h seldom met )3 ! motif is simple1 & n to be mi/ak54 ,9 all ! sc5es ( ! life ( our ,savi\r 9 :i* ! apo/les are assembl$1--9 ! ,transfiguration1 9 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 9 ! #8,wa%+ ! ,feet ( ! ,disciples1' 9 ! sc5e ( ! agony & ! betrayal ( ,*ri/1--,/4 ,pet] is introduc$ z a m or less prom95t figure1 b always to be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r apo/les4 ,9 ! ?ird ( ^! subjects1 ! wa%+ ( ! feet1 ,/4 ,pet] g5]ally looks up at ,*ri/ ) an expression ( humble expo/ulation1 8 h& on 8 head3 ! s5tim5t is--#8,n my feet only1 b my h&s & my head4' ,9 ! sc5e ( ! betrayal ( ,*ri/1 ,/4 ,pet] cutt+ (f ! e> ( ,mal?us is sometimes a too prom95t gr\p2 & ,i rememb] an old ,g]man pr9t 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] hav+ cut (f ! e>1 our ,"l b5ds d[n to replace x4#aga #8,/4 ,pet] d5y+ ! ,savi\r' is always "o ( ! subjects 9 ! s]ies ( ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4 ,x occurs frequ5tly on ! anci5t s>cophagi z ! symbol ( rep5tance1 & is treat$ ) classical & sculptural simplicity1 ! cock be+ always introduc$1 z 9 ! illu/ration 7#ga73 x is "h to be und]/ood z a g5]al emblem ( human weakness & rep5tance4 ,z an action sep>ately1 or z "o ( ! s]ies ( ! life & actions ( ,pet]1 x has n be5 (t5 pa9t$2 x seems to h be5 avoid$ 9 g5]al by ! e>ly ,italian pa9t]s z d]ogatory to ! "* & dignity ( ! apo/le4 ,! only examples ,i c recollect are 9 ! lat] ,italian & ,flemi% s*ools4 ,t5i]s has adopt$ x z a vehicle = a gu>d-room sc5e2 soldi]s play+ at c>ds1 bright arm\r1 c4 ,rembr&t has tak5 x z a vehicle = a f9e artificial light2 &1 = ! same reason1 ! ,c>avaggio s*ool delight$ 9 x4 ,! maid51 ^: "n 9 ! old traditions is ,balilla1 is always introduc$ ) a look & ge/ure ( reproa*1 & ! cock is (t5 p]*$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 #ga ,rep5tance ( ,pet] 7,s>cophagus1 ?ird c5tury7 #8,*ri/ turn$ & look$ ^u ,pet]3' ( ?is beautiful subject1 wor?y ( ,raphael himself1 ,i c rememb] no in/ance4 ,! #8,rep5tance ( ,pet]' is a subject seldom treat$ 9 ! e>li] s*ools ( ,italy1 b frequ5tly by ! lat] pa9t]s1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ,bologna s*ool2 9 "s in/ances mo/ beautifully4 ,x 0 a subject peculi>ly suit$ to ! g5ius ( ,gu]c9o1 :o excell$ 9 ! expression ( pr(\nd r ?an elevat$ feel+4 ,!re is a mann] ( repres5t+ ! rep5tance ( ,pet] :i* seems peculi> to ,spani% ,art1 & is m ideal ?an is usual ) t s*ool4 ,*ri/ is b\nd to a column & cr[n$ ) ?orns2 ,/4 ,pet] kneels be=e him 9 an attitude ( ! deepe/ angui% & humiliation1 & appe>s to be supplicat+ =giv5ess4 ,except 9 ! ,spani% s*ool1 ,i h nev] met ) ?is treatm5t4 ,! little picture by ,murillo#agb is an exquisite example2 & 9 ! ,spani% ,gall]y are two o!rs1 by ,p$ro de ,cordova & ,juan ,juanes3--9 ! =m]1 ,/4 ,pet] holds a pocket-h&k]*ief ) :i* he has be5 wip+ 8 eyes1 & ! cock is p]*$ on ! column to :i* our ,savi\r is b\nd4 ,ano!r ideal treatm5t we f9d 9 a picture by ,gu]c9o2 ,/4 ,pet] is weep+ bitt]ly1 & opposite to him ! ,virg9 is seat$ 9 motionless grief4 ,half-l5g? figures ( ,/4 ,pet] look+ up ) an expression ( rep5tant sorr[1 & wr++ 8 h&s1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 m especially 9 ! lat] foll[]s ( ! ,bologna & ,neapolitan s*ools ( ! sev5te5? c5tury3 ,rib]a1 ,lanfranco1 ,c>avaggio1 & ,val5t94 ,9 mo/ ( ^! in/ances1 ! total abs5ce ( ideal or elevat$ s5tim5t is /rik+2--any old be>d$ begg> out ( ! /reets1 :o c\ld ca/ up 8 eyes & look pa!tic1 s]v$ z a model4 ,i recollect no picture ( ! ,crucifixion 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] is pres5t4 #8,! deliv]y ( ! keys to ,pet]' & #8! ,*>ge to ,pet]1' 7,fe$ my %eep17 ei!r 9 sep>ate pictures or comb9$ into "o subject1 h be5 ( c\rse fav\rite !mes 9 a ,*ur* :i* f\nds its au?ority on ^! p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,! bas-relief ov] ! pr9cipal door ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome repres5ts ! two !mes 9 "o3 ,*ri/ deliv]s ! keys to ,pet]1 & ! %eep are /&+ by4 ,9 ! panels ( ! bronze doors b5ea? 7,a4,d4 #adca71 we h ! *a9 ( ?\ght & incid5t cont9u$2 ,pet] deliv]s ! emblematical keys to ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv4 ,x is curi\s t1 :ile ! rep5tance ( ,pet] is a frequ5t subject on ! s>cophagi ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! deliv]y ( ! keys to ,pet] occurs b once4 ,*ri/1 z a be>dless y\?1 pres5ts to ,pet] two keys laid crosswise "o ov] ! o!r4 ,pet]1 9 ^: head ! traditional type is mo/ di/9ctly m>k$1 has ?r[n 8 pallium ov] 8 out/ret*$ h&s1 =1 accord+ to ! antique c]emonial1 ( :i* ! e>ly sculpture & mosaics af=d u s _m examples1 ?+s consecrat$ c\ld only be t\*$ ) cov]$ h&s4 ,?is s+ul> example is engrav$ 9 ,bott>i4#agc ,an example ( beautiful & solemn treatm5t 9 pa9t+ is ,p]ug9o's fresco 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,x conta9s tw5ty-"o figures2 ! conception is q ideal1 ! composition regul> ev5 to =mality1 yet /rik+ & dramatic4 ,9 ! c5tre1 ,pet]1 kneel+ on "o knee1 receives ! keys f ! h& ( ! ,savi\r2 ! apo/les & disciples are arrang$ on ea* side beh9d ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,pet]2 9 ! backgr\nd is ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple2--a d\ble allegory3 #8,de/roy ?is temple1 ,i w build x up 9 ?ree days3' & also1 p]haps1 allud+ to ! build+ ( ! *apel by ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,9 ,raphael's c>toon#agd ! sc5e is an op5 pla93 ,*ri/ /&s on ! "r2 9 front1 ,/4 ,pet] kneels1 ) ! keys 9 8 h&2 ,*ri/ ext5ds "o h& to ,pet]1 & ) ! o!r po9ts to a flock ( %eep 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! introduction ( ! %eep into ?is subject has be5 criticis$ z at once too lit]al & too allegorical1--a too lit]al transcript ( ! words1 a too allegorical v]sion ( ! mean+2 b ,i d n see h[ ! words ( our ,savi\r c\ld h be5 o!rwise r5d]$ 9 pa9t+1 :i* mu/ speak to u ?r\gh s5sible objects4 ,! o!r apo/les /&+ beh9d ,pet] %[ 9 ea* c\nt5ance ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* !y are affect$ by ! words ( ! ,savi\r4 ,by ,gian ,bell9i3 a beautiful picture3#age ,/4 ,pet] kneel+1 half-l5g?1 receives ! keys f ,jesus ,*ri/1 seat$ on a ?rone4 ,beh9d ,/4 ,pet] /& ! ?ree ,*ri/ian ,graces1 ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity4 ,p\ss9 has tak5 ?is subject 9 8 s]ies ( ! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts#agf1 to repres5t ! sacram5t ( ,ord9ation4 ,9 ?is in/ance aga91 ! two !mes are unit$2 & we mu/ also rememb]1 t ! allegorical repres5tation ( ! disciples & foll[]s ( ,*ri/ z %eep look+ up to be f$1 is consecrat$ by ! practice ( ! e>lie/ s*ools ( ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,rub5s has r5d]$ ! subject v simply1 9 a picture conta9+ only ! two figures1 ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,pet]2#agg & aga9 ) five figures1 less good4#agh ,num]\s o!r examples might be giv52 b ! subject is "o t1 h[ev] treat$1 _c be easily mi/ak54 ,a v ideal v]sion ( ?is subject is :]e ,/4 ,pet] kneels at ! feet ( ! ,madonna1 & ! ,infant ,*ri/1 b5d+ f h] lap1 pres5ts ! keys to him2 z 9 a s+ul>ly f9e & l>ge composition by ,crivelli1#agi & 9 ano!r by ,&rea ,sala9o4 ,ano!r1 v beautiful & curi\s1 is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,bromley ( ,woott54#ahj 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! asc5sion ( our ,savi\r1 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,/4 ,pet] is m+l$ fir/ ) t ( ,/4 ,john1 & aft]w>ds ) t ( ,/4 ,paul4 #8,pet] & ,john heal+ ! lame man at ! gate call$ ,beautiful' is ! subject ( "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! c>toons at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,p]9 del ,vaga1 ,niccol ,p\ss91 & o!rs less r5[n$1 h also treat$ x2 x is susceptible ( mu* contra/ & dramatic effect4 #8,! sick are br\ght out & plac$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ,pet] & ,john t !y may be heal$1' by ,masaccio4#aha #8,pet] prea*+ to ! e>ly conv]ts3' ! two mo/ beautiful compositions ,i h se51 are ! simple gr\p ( ,masaccio2 & ano!r by ,le ,sueur1 full ( v>iety & s5tim5t4 #8,pet] & ,john communicate ! ,holy ,gho/ by lay+ _! h&s on ! disciples1' by ,vas>i4#ahb ,i d n well rememb] ?is picture4 ,! ,vision ( ,pet]3 ?ree angels su/a9 ! curta9 or %eet :i* conta9s ! v>i\s =bidd5 animals1 z pigs1 rabbits1 c4 7z 9 a pr9t aft] ,gu]c9o74 #8,pet] baptizes ! ,c5turion' 7v appropriately plac$ 9 ! bapti/]y ( ! ,vatican74 ,/4 ,pet] meets ! ,c5turion2 he blesses ! family ( ! ,c5turion4 ,all commonplace v]sions ( v int]e/+ & picturesque subjects4 #8,! ,dea? ( ,ananias4' ,raphael's c>toon ( ?is awful sc5e is a ma/]piece ( dramatic & sc5ic p[]2 nev] 0 a /ory m admirably & completely told 9 pa9t+4 ,^? :o _h to deal ) ! same subject1 z if to avoid a too close comp>ison ) 8 unapproa*able excell5ce1 h *os5 ! dea? ( ,sapphira z ! motif3 z1 = example1 ,niccol ,p\ss94#ahc #8,dorcas or ,tabi?a re/or$ to life4' ,"o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ effective ( ,gu]c9o's pictures1 n[ 9 ! ,palazzo ,pitti3 ! simple dignity ( ! apo/le1 & ! look ( sick amazem5t 9 ! face ( ! woman re/or$ to consci\sness1 %[ h[ /rong ,gu]c9o c\ld be :5 he _h to deal ) natural emotions ( no elevat$ k9d4 ,! same subject1 by ,co/anzi1 is among ! great mosaics 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 #8,! ,dea? ( ,dorcas1' by ,le ,sueur1 is a beautiful composition4 ,%e lies ext5d$ on a c\*2 ,/4 ,pet] & two o!r apo/les approa* ! foot ( x3 ! poor wid[s1 weep+1 %[ to ,/4 ,pet] ! g>m5ts :i* ,dorcas _h made = !m 7,acts ix4 #ci74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! imprisonm5t ( ,pet]1 & 8 deliv]ance by ! ,angel1 7 incid5ts s important1 & (f] su* obvi\s po9ts ( dramatic effect1 t !y h be5 treat$ 9 e possible v>iety ( /yle & s5tim5t1 f ! simple =mality ( ! e>ly mosaics1 :]e ! two figures--,pet] sitt+ on a /ool1 lean+ 8 head on 8 h&1 & ! ,angel at 8 side--express ! /ory l a vision1#ahd d[n to ! sc5ic & ar*itectural compositions ( ,/e5wick1 :]e1 amid a va/ p]spective ( gloomy vaults & pill>s1 a dim9utive ,/4 ,pet]1 ) an ,angel or a s5t9el plac$ some:]e 9 ! =egr\nd1 j s]ves to give ! picture a "n4#ahe ,"s examples ( ?is subject are ( great celebrity4 ,masaccio1 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 has repres5t$ ,pet] 9 prison1 look+ ?r\gh 8 grat$ w9d[1 & ,paul outside commun+ ) him4 7,! noble figure ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ?is fresco 0 imitat$ by ,raphael 9 ! #8,/4 ,paul prea*+ at ,a!ns4'7 ,9 ! next comp>tm5t ( ! s]ies1 ,masaccio has giv5 u ! ,angel lead+ =? ,pet]1 :ile ! gu>d sleeps at ! door3 he sleeps z "o oppress$ ) an unnatural sleep4 ,raphael's fresco 9 ! ,vatican is n "o ( 8 be/1 b he has seiz$ on ! obvi\s po9t ( effect1 bo? z to light & gr\p+2 & we h ?ree sep>ate mom5ts ( ! same incid5t1 :i* yet comb9e mo/ happily into "o gr& sc5e4 ,?us 9 ! c5tre1 ov] ! w9d[1 we see ?r\gh a grat+ ! int]ior ( ! prison1 :]e ,/4 ,pet] is sleep+ betwe5 two gu>ds1 :o1 lean+ on _! weapons1 are sunk 9 a deep *>m$ slumb]2#ahf an angel1 ^: cele/ial radiance fills ! dungeon ) a flood ( light1 is 9 ! act ( wak+ ! apo/le3 on ! "r ( ! spectator1 ! angel leads ! apo/le out ( ! prison2 two gu>ds are sleep+ on ! /eps3 on ! left1 ! soldi]s are r\s$ f sleep1 & "o ) a light$ tor* appe>s to be giv+ ! al>m2 ! cresc5t moon fa9tly illum9es ! backgr\nd4 ,! deliv]ance ( ,/4 ,pet] has always be5 consid]$ z figurative ( ! deliv]ance ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! two o!r frescoes ( ?is room1 ! ,heliodorus & ! ,attila1 be> ! same int]pretation4 ,x is wor? :ile to comp>e ?is dramatic composition ( ,raphael ) o!rs :]e9 ! /ory is m]ely a vehicle = artificial effects ( light1 z 9 a picture by ,g]>d ,hon?or/2 or treat$ l a sup]natural vision1 z by t poet1 ,rembr&t4 ,^? hi/orical subjects 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul figure toge!r w be notic$ 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,i come n[ to ! leg5d>y /ories connect$ ) ,/4 ,pet]2 an inexhau/ible s\rce ( popul> & pictorial int]e/4 ,pet] 0 at ,j]usalem z late z ,a4,d4 #eb2 !n at ,antio*2 also 9 ,babylon3 accord+ to ! mo/ anci5t te/imonies he 0 at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc2 b ! tradition1 t he resid$ z bi%op 9 ! city ( ,rome = tw5ty-five ye>s1 fir/ relat$ by ,j]ome1 seems que/ionable4#ahg ,among ! leg5d>y incid5ts :i* m>k$ 8 soj\rn 9 ,rome1 ! fir/ & ! mo/ important is ! /ory ( ,simon ,magus4 ,simon1 a fam\s magician among ! ,jews1 _h a/oni%$ ! :ole city ( ,j]usalem by 8 wond]ful feats2 b 8 inv5tions & sorc]ies 7 ov]come by ! real miracles ( ,pet]1 z ! ,egyptian magi _h be5 conqu]$ by ,a>on4 ,he (f]$ ! apo/les money to buy ! secret ( _! p[]1 :i* ,pet] reject$ ) indignation4 ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u1 z a *>act]i/ic trait ( ! fi]y-spirit$ apo/le1 t #8if he _h fall5 on ! traitor ,simon1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h torn him to pieces ) 8 tee?4' ,! magician1 vanqui%$ by a sup]ior p[]1 flung 8 books into ! ,dead ,sea1 broke 8 w&1 & fl$ to ,rome1 :]e he became a great fav\rite ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 & aft]w>ds ( ,n]o4 ,pet]1 b5t on c\nt]act+ ! wick$ sorc]ies ( ,simon1 foll[$ him to ,rome4 ,ab\t two ye>s aft] 8 arrival he 0 jo9$ !re by ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,simon ,magus hav+ ass]t$ t he 0 himself a god1 & c\ld raise ! dead1 ,pet] & ,paul rebuk$ 8 impiety1 & *all5g$ him to a trial ( skill 9 pres5ce ( ! emp]or4 ,! arts ( ! magician fail$2 ,pet] & ,paul re/or$ ! y\? to life3 & on _m o!r occasions ,simon 0 vanqui%$ & put to %ame by ! miracul\s p[] ( ! apo/les4 ,at l5g? he und]took to fly up to heav5 9 sight ( ! emp]or & ! p2 &1 cr[n$ ) laurel1 & support$ by demons1 he flung himself f a t[]1 & appe>$ = a :ile to float ?us 9 ! air3 b ,/4 ,pet]1 fall+ on 8 knees1 comm&$ ! demons to let g _! hold1 & ,simon1 precipitat$ to ! gr\nd1 0 da%$ to pieces4 ,?is romantic leg5d1 s popul> 9 ! middle ages1 is f\nd$ on "s antique traditions n :olly unsupport$ by hi/orical te/imony4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re exi/$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury a ,simon1 a ,sam>itan1 a pret5d] to div9e au?ority & sup]natural p[]s2 :o1 = a "t1 _h _m foll[]s2 :o /ood 9 a c]ta9 relation to ,*ri/ianity2 & :o may h held "s op9ions m or less simil> to ^? ent]ta9$ by ! mo/ fam\s h]etics ( ! e>ly ages1 ! ,gno/ics4 ,ir5u calls ?is ,simon ! fa!r ( all h]etics4 #8,all ^?1' he says1 #8:o 9 any way corrupt ! tru?1 or m> ! prea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 are disciples & successors ( ,simon1 ! ,sam>itan magician4' ,simon gave himself =? z a god1 & c>ri$ ab\t ) him a beautiful woman nam$ ,hel5a1 :om he repres5t$ z ! fir/ conception ( 8--t is1 ( ! div9e--m9d1 ! symbol or manife/ation ( t portion ( spirituality :i* _h become entangl$ 9 matt]4#ahh ,! incid5ts ( ! /ory ( ,simon ,magus h be5 (t5 & v>i\sly treat$4 #a4 ,by ,qu9t9 ,matsys3 ,pet] refuses ! (f] ( ,simon ,magus--#8,?y money p]i% ) !e6' ,"h ,pet] we>s ! mitre ( a bi%op3 ! picture is full ( co>se b natural expression4 #b4 #8,pet] & ,paul accus$ be=e ,n]o3' ! fresco 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 attribut$ by ,kugl] to ,filipp9o ,lippi1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ p]fect pieces ( art1 z a dramatic composition1 :i* we h be=e ! "t ( ,raphael4 ,to ! "r ! emp]or is seat$ on 8 ?rone1 on ea* side 8 m9i/]s & att5dants4 ,! c\nt5ances are f9ely v>i$2 "s ( !m animat$ by att5tion & curiosity1 o!rs sunk 9 deep ?\ght4 ,! two apo/les1 & _! accus] ,simon ,magus1 are 9 front4 ,simon1 a magnific5t figure1 :o might s]ve = a ,prosp]o1 lays 8 h& on ! ve/ ( ,pet]1 z if to drag him =w>d2 ,paul /&s aside ) quiet dignity2 ,pet]1 ) a c\nt5ance full ( en]getic expression1 po9ts contemptu\sly to ! brok5 idol at 8 feet4 ,= ! felicity & animation ) :i* ! /ory is told1 & = propriety1 grace1 & gr&eur1 ,raphael has n (t5 exce$$ ?is picture4 #c4 ,ano!r ( ! s]ies ( ! life ( ,pet] 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel is ! resuscitation ( ! y\?1 :o 9 ! leg5d is call$ ! nephew ( ! emp]or2 a composition ( num]\s figures4 ,9 ! c5tre /&s ,/4 ,pet]1 & be=e him kneels ! y\?2 a skull & a few bones are ne> him--a nave me?od ( express+ 8 return f dea? to life4 ,! v>iety ( expression 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! assembl$ spectators is v f9e4 ,accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool at t "t1 _m are portraits ( di/+ui%$ p]sons2 &1 consid]+ t ! fresco 0 pa9t$ at a p]iod mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! ,flor5t9e hi/ory 7,a4,d4 #addj71 we h mu* reason to regret t ^! c no long] be discrim9at$4 #d4 #8,! ,fall ( ,simon ,magus' is a fav\rite & picturesque subject1 (t5 repeat$4 ,a mo/ anci5t & mo/ curi\s v]sion is t on ! walls ( ! ,ca!dral at ,assisi1 old] ?an ! "t ( ,giotto1 & attribut$ to ,giunta ,pisano4 7,a4,d4 #abcb47 ,on "o side is a pyramidical t[] =m$ ( wood5 b>s2 ,pet] & ,paul are kneel+ 9 front2 ! figure ( ! magician is se5 float+ 9 ! air & su/a9$ by hide\s demons2--v dreamy1 poetical1 & fanciful4 ,9 ,mr4 ,ottley's collection ,i saw a small anci5t picture ( ! same subject1 v curi\s1 attribut$ to ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,raphael's composition 9 ! ,vatican has ! simplicity ( a classical bas-relief1--a /yle :i* does n appe> suit$ to ?is romantic leg5d4 ,! picture by ,l4 ,c>acci at ,naples ,i h n se54 ,ov] "o ( ! alt>s ( ,/4 ,pet]1 we n[ see ! great mosaic1 aft] ,vanni's picture ( ?is subject2 a clev] commonplace treatm5t3 ! sc5e is an amphi!atre1 ! emp]or above 9 8 balcony2 ,pet] & ,paul 9 front1 invok+ ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & ,simon ,magus tumbl+ headlong1 =sak5 by 8 demons2 9 ! backgr\nd sit ! ve/als4 ,battoni's great picture 9 ! ,s4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli at ,rome is consid]$ 8 be/ production2 x is full ( well-/udi$ academic draw+1 b sc5ic & mann]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next subject 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts is /yl$ ! #8,,dom9e1 ,,quo ,,vadis8' ,aft] ! burn+ ( ,rome1 ,n]o ?rew ^u ! ,*ri/ians ! accusation ( hav+ fir$ ! city4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ p]secution1 9 :i* _m p]i%$ by t]rible & hi!rto unhe>d-( dea?s4 ,! ,*ri/ian conv]ts bes\ght ,pet] n to expose 8 life1 :i* 0 de> & necess>y to ! well-be+ ( all2 & at l5g? he cons5t$ to dep>t f ,rome4 ,b z he fl$ along ! ,appian ,way1 ab\t two miles f ! gates1 he 0 met by a vision ( our ,savi\r travell+ t[>ds ! city4 ,/ruck ) amazem5t1 he exclaim$1 #8,"l6 :i!r goe/ ?\8' to :i* ! ,savi\r1 look+ ^u him ) a mild sadness1 repli$1 #8,i g to ,rome to be crucifi$ a second "t1' & vani%$4 ,pet]1 tak+ ?is = a sign t he 0 to submit himself to ! suff]+s prep>$ = him1 imm$iately turn$ back1 & re-ent]$ ! city4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's fam\s /atue1 n[ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia-sopra-,m9]va at ,rome1 is suppos$ to repres5t ,*ri/ z he appe>$ to ,pet] on ?is occasion2 & a ca/ or copy ( x is 9 ! little *ur* ( #8,dom9e1 quo vadis8' erect$ on ! spot sanctifi$ by ?is my/]i\s meet+4 ,x is surpris+ t ?is mo/ beautiful1 picturesque1 &1 to my fancy1 sublime leg5d has be5 s seldom treat$2 & nev]1 z x appe>s to me1 9 a mann] wor?y ( its capabilities & its high significance4 ,x is seldom t a :ole /ory c be told by two figures1 & ^! two figures plac$ 9 su* gr& & dramatic contra/2--,*ri/ 9 8 s]5e maje/y & radiant ) all ! glory ( beatitude1 yet ) an expression ( g5tle reproa*2 ! apo/le at 8 feet1 arre/$ 9 8 flight1 amaz$1 & yet fill$ ) a trembl+ joy2 & = ! backgr\nd ! wide ,campagna or ! t[]+ walls ( imp]ial ,rome2--^! are gr& mat]ials2 b ! pictures ,i h met ) are all ineffective 9 conception4 ,! be/ fall %ort ( ! sublime ideal2 mo/ ( !m are !atrical & commonplace4 ,raphael has int]pret$ x 9 a /yle r too classical = ! _s ( ! leg5d2 ) great simplicity & dignity1 b z a fact1 r ?an a vision conjur$ up by ! /rick5 consci5ce & t5d]ness ( ! affectionate apo/le4 ,! small picture by ,annibale ,c>acci 9 our ,national ,gall]y is a c>efully f9i%$ academical /udy & no?+ m1 b may be ref]r$ to z a fair example ( ! usual mode ( treatm5t4 ,pet] return$ to ,rome1 p]si/$ 9 8 appo9t$ "w1 prea*+ & baptiz+2 0 seiz$ ) ,/4 ,paul & ?r[n into ! ,mam]t9e dungeons "u ! ,capitol4 ,! two c5turions :o gu>d$ !m1 ,processus & ,m>t9ian1 & _m ( ! crim9als conf9$ 9 ! same prison1 7 conv]t$ by ! prea*+ ( ! apo/le2 & !re be+ no wat] to baptize !m1 at ! pray] ( ,/4 ,pet] a f\nta9 sprang up f ! /one floor2 :i* may be se5 at ?is day4 #8,! ,baptism ( ,/4 ,processus & ,/4 ,m>t9ian 9 ! ,dungeon1' by ,trevisani1 is 9 ! bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome2 !y aft]w>ds suff]$ = ! fai?1 & 7 canonis$4 ,9 ! same *ur* is ! sc5e ( _! m>tyrdom by ,val5t9o2 !y are se5 b\nd & /ret*$ on a hurdle1 ! head ( "o to ! feet ( ! o!r1 & ?us beat5 to dea?4 ,! =m] picture--! ,baptism--is commonplace2 ! latt]1 t]rible = d>k & effective expression2 x is j "o ( ^? subjects 9 :i* ! ,c>avaggio s*ool delight$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few days aft] _! inc>c]ation1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul 7 condemn$ to dea?4 ,accord+ to "o tradition1 ,/4 ,pet] suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ! ,circus ( ,caligula at ! foot ( ! ,vatican1 & 0 crucifi$ betwe5 two met1 i4e4 ! goals or t]m9 9 ! ,circus1 r\nd :i* ! *>iots turn$ 9 ! race2 b1 accord+ to ano!r tradition1 he 0 put to dea? 9 ! c\rt-y>d ( a b>rack or milit>y /ation on ! summit ( ,mons ,janicula1 :]e ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio n[ /&s2 t is1 on an em95ce above ! site ( ! ,circus ( ,caligula4 ,at 8 own reque/1 & t 8 dea? might be ev5 m pa9ful & ignom9i\s ?an t ( 8 ,div9e ,ma/]1 he 0 crucifi$ ) 8 head d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 #gb ,crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,giotto7 ,9 ! e>lie/ repres5tations ,i h met )1#ahi ,/4 ,pet] is rais$ on ! cross ) 8 head d[nw>ds1 & we>s a long %irt :i* is fa/5$ r\nd 8 ankles4 ,9 ! picture ( ,giotto1#aij ! local circum/ances1 accord+ to ! fir/ tradition1 are c>efully att5d$ to3 we h ! cross erect$ betwe5 ! two met1 & ab\t tw5ty soldi]s & att5dants2 among !m a woman :o embraces ! foot ( ! cross1 z ! ,magdal5e embraces ! cross ( ! ,savi\r4 ,above are se5 angels1 :o be> ! s\l ( ! m>tyr$ sa9t 9 a glory to heav54 ,masaccio's composition#aia is v simple2 ! sc5e is ! c\rt-y>d ( a milit>y /ation 7accord+ to ! second tradition74 ,pet] is already nail$ ^u a cross2 ?ree execution]s are 9 ! act ( rais+ x ) cords & a pulley to susp5d x aga9/ a great beam ( wood2 !re are sev]al soldi]s1 b no wom51 pres5t4 ,9 ,guido's composition#aib !re are only ?ree figures1 ! apo/le & two execution]s2 x is celebrat$ z a "w ( art1 b x appe>$ to me mo/ ineffective4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,rub5s has gone into ! opposite extreme2 !re are only ?ree p]sons1 ! pr9cipal figure fill+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! canvas3 x is full ( vig\r1 tru?1 & nature2 b ! brutality ( ! two execution]s1 & ! agony ( ! ag$ sa9t1 too co>sely & pa9fully lit]al4 ,^! simple repres5tations ( ! m]e act or fact %\ld be comp>$ ) ! fresco ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1#aic 9 :i* ! ev5t is evolv$ into a gr& drama4 ,"h ! sc5e is evid5tly ! summit ( ! ,mons ,janiculum3 9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d ( soldi]s & spectators1 ,/4 ,pet] lies nail$ to ! cross1 :i* a numb] ( m5 are ex]t+ _! utmo/ /r5g? to raise f ! gr\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! leg5d :i* makes ,/4 ,pet] ! keep] ( ! gate ( ,p>adise1 ) p[] to grant or refuse admission1 is f\nd$ on ! deliv]y ( ! keys to ,pet]4 ,9 mo/ ( ! pictures :i* repres5t ! entrance ( ! bless$ into ,p>adise or ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ,pet] /&s ) 8 keys ne> ! gate4 ,!re is a beautiful example 9 ! great fresco ( ,simone ,memmi 9 ! *apel de' ,spagnuoli at ,flor5ce3 ,/4 ,pet] /&s at ! op5 portal ) 8 great key1 & two angels cr[n ) g>l&s ! s\ls ( ! j z !y ent] joy\sly h& 9 h&4 ,illu/ration3 #gc ,f ! fresco ( ,simone ,memmi1 ,flor5ce 7,s4 ,m>ia ,novella7 ,! leg5d ( ,/4 ,petronilla1 ! daught] ( ,/4 ,pet] 79 ,fr5*1 ,sa9te ,p]nelle71 has nev] be5 popul> z a subject ( ,art1 & ,i c rememb] no s]ies ( incid5ts f ! life ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 :i* %e is introduc$1 except ^? 9 ! ,c>m9e at ,flor5ce4 ,x is app>5tly a ,roman leg5d1 & ei!r unkn[n to ! e>lie/ arti/s1 or neglect$ by !m4 ,x is ?us relat$3-- #8,! apo/le ,pet] _h a daught] born 9 lawful w$lock1 :o accompani$ him 9 8 j\rney f ! ,ea/4 ,be+ at ,rome ) him1 %e fell sick ( a griev\s infirmity :i* depriv$ h] ( ! use ( h] limbs4 ,& x happ5$ t z ! disciples 7 at meat ) him 9 8 h\se1 "o said to him1 #8,ma/]1 h[ is x t ?\1 :o heale/ ! infirmities ( o!rs1 do/ n heal ?y daught] ,petronilla8' ,& ,/4 ,pet] answ]$1 #8,x is good = h] to rema9 sick3' b1 t !y might see ! p[] t 0 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 he comm&$ h] to get up & s]ve !m at table1 :i* %e did2 & hav+ done s1 %e lay d[n aga9 helpless z be=e2 b _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 be+ p]fect$ by h] long suff]+1 & pray+ f]v5tly1 %e 0 heal$4 ,petronilla 0 wond]fully fair2 & ,val]ius ,flaccus1 a "y & noble ,roman1 :o 0 a hea!n1 became enam\r$ ( h] beauty1 & s\ght h] = 8 wife2 & he be+ v p[]ful1 %e fe>$ to refuse him2 %e !re=e desir$ him to return 9 ?ree days1 & promis$ t he %\ld !n c>ry h] home4 ,b %e pray$ e>ne/ly to be deliv]$ f ?is p]il2 & :5 ,flaccus return$ 9 ?ree days ) great pomp to celebrate ! m>riage1 he f\nd h] dead4 ,! company ( nobles :o att5d$ him c>ri$ h] to ! grave1 9 :i* !y laid h]1 cr[n$ ) roses2 & ,flaccus lam5t$ greatly4'#aid ,! leg5d places h] dea? 9 ! ye> #ih1 t is1 #cd ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,pet]2 b x w\ld be 9 va9 to attempt to reconcile ! dates & improbabilities ( ?is /ory4 ,/4 ,pet] rais+ ,petronilla f h] sick b$ is "o ( ! subjects by ,masaccio 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,! sc5e ( h] entombm5t is ! subject ( a once celebrat$ & colossal picture by ,gu]c9o3 ! copy 9 mosaic is ov] ! alt> d$icat$ to h] 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s3 9 front1 & 9 ! l[] "p ( ! picture1 %e is j se5 z !y are lett+ h] d[n into ! grave1 cr[n$ ) roses2 beh9d /&s ,flaccus ) a h&k]*ief 9 8 h&1 & a cr[d ( spectators3 9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture ,petronilla is already 9 ,p>adise1 kneel+1 9 a ri* dress1 be=e ! feet ( ,*ri/1 hav+ ex*ang$ an e>?ly = a heav5ly bridegroom4 ,?is great picture exhibits1 9 a surpass+ degree1 ! m]its & defects ( ,gu]c9o2 x is effective1 dramatic1 deeply & =cibly col\r$1 & arre/s att5tion3 on ! o!r h&1 x is co>se1 cr[d$1 vulg> 9 s5tim5t1 & repugnant to our bett] ta/e4 ,!re is a /&+ figure ( ,petronilla 9 ! ,duomo at ,lucca1 by ,daniel di ,volt]ra1 v f9e4#aie 99 99 99 99 99 ,! life ( ,/4 ,pet]1 :5 repres5t$ z a s]ies1 g5]ally comprises ! foll[+ subjects1 comm5c+ ) ! fir/ important incid5t aft] ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/4 #a4 ,pet] & ,john heal ! lame man at ! ,beautiful ,gate4 #b4 ,pet] heals ! p>alytic ,eneas4 #c4 ,pet] raises ,tabi?a4 #d4 ,! angel takes (f ! *a9s ( ,pet]4 #e4 ,he foll[s ! angel out ( ! prison4 #f4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul meet at ,rome4 #g4 ,pet] & ,paul be=e ,n]o are accus$ by ,simon ,magus4 #h4 ,! fall ( ,simon ,magus4 #i4 ,! crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,?is example is tak5 f ! s]ies ( mosaics 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,monreale1 at ,pal]mo4 ,! f9e s]ies ( frescoes 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel at ,flor5ce is diff]5tly arrang$2 ?us3--#a4 ,! tribute money f\nd 9 ! fi% by ,/4 ,pet]4 #b4 ,pet] prea*+ to ! conv]ts4 #c4 ,pet] baptizes ! conv]ts4 ,9 ?is fresco1 ! y\?1 :o has ?r[n (f 8 g>m5ts & is prep>+ = baptism1 is fam\s z ! fir/ really graceful & well-drawn undrap$ figure :i* _h be5 produc$ s9ce ! revival ( ,art4 #d4 ,pet] & ,john heal ! cripple at ! ,beautiful ,gate1 & ,petronilla is rais$ f h] b$4 #e4 ,pet] 9 8 prison is visit$ by ,paul4 #f4 ,pet] deliv]$ by ! angel4 #g4 ,! resuscitation ( ! dead y\?4 #h4 ,! sick are laid 9 ! way ( ,pet] & ,john1 #8t at ! lea/ ! %ad[ ( ,pet] pass+ by might ov]%ad[ "s ( !m4' #i4 ,pet] & ,john di/ribute alms2 a dead figure lies at ! feet ( ! apo/les1 p]haps ,ananias4 ,! situation ( ! fresco is v d>k1 s t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! action & expression ( ! figures4 #aj4 ,pet] & ,paul accus$ be=e ,n]o4 #aa4 ,! crucifixion ( ,pet]4 ,9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 we h ( c\rse e sc5e f ! life ( ! apo/le :i* c\ld well be express$ by ,art2 b none ( ^! are ( great m]it or int]e/3 mo/ ( !m are f ! s*ools ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ?\gh call$ to ! apo/le%ip aft] ! asc5sion ( ! ,savi\r1 takes rank next to ,/4 ,pet] z "o ( ! *ief witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,( all ! apo/les he is ! mo/ int]e/+2 ! "o ( ^: p]sonal "* & hi/ory we "k mo/1 & ?r\gh ! mo/ direct & irrefragable te/imony4 ,! ev5ts ( 8 life1 z convey$ 9 ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les1 are s well kn[n1 t ,i ne$ n "h p>ticul>ise !m4 ,! leg5ds connect$ ) him are v few4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! e>lie/ s+le figure ( ,/4 ,paul to :i* ,i c ref] 0 f\nd pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! cemet]y ( ,priscilla1 ne> ,rome4#aif ,he /&s1 ) out/ret*$ arms1 9 ! act ( pray]2 79 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity ! act ( supplication 0 express$ 9 ! classical mann]1 t is1 n ) fold$ h&s1 b ) ! arms ext5d$27 he has ! nimbus2 8 dress is t ( a travell]1 ! tunic & pallium be+ %ort1 & 8 feet s&all$1 p]haps to indicate 8 _m & celebrat$ travels2 p]haps1 also1 x repres5ts ,paul pray+ = 8 flock be=e he dep>t$ f ,mac$on to return to ,j]usalem 7,acts xx473 ov] ?is anci5t figure1 :i*1 ?\gh ill drawn1 is q classical 9 s5tim5t & co/ume1 is inscrib$ ,,paulus4 ,,pa/or4 ,,apo/olos2 on 8 "r h& /&s ! ,good ,%eph]d1 9 ref]5ce to ! title ( ,,pa/or1 inscrib$ ov] 8 effigy4 ,ano!r figure ( ,/4 ,paul1 :i* appe>s to be ( lat] date1 b ant]ior to ! fif? c5tury1 0 f\nd 9 ! catacombs at ,naples3 9 ?is effigy he we>s ! dress ( a ,greek philosoph]2 ! /yle 9 :i* ! drap]y is worn recalls ! "t ( ,hadrian3 he has no nimbus1 nor is ! head bald2 he has s&als on 8 feet3 ov] 8 head is inscrib$ 8 "n1 ,,paulus2 ne> him is a small] figure simil>ly drap$1 :o (f]s him fruit & fl[]s 9 a vase2 probably ! p]sonage :o 0 entomb$ on ! spot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at :at p]iod ! sword 0 giv5 to ,/4 ,paul z 8 di/9ctive attribute1 is ) antiqu>ies a disput$ po9t2 c]ta9ly1 mu* lat] ?an ! keys 7 giv5 to ,pet]4#aig ,if we c\ld be sure t ! mosaic on ! tomb ( ,o?o ,,ii41 & ano!r mosaic already describ$1 _h n be5 alt]$ 9 successive re/orations1 ^! w\ld be evid5ce t ! sword 0 giv5 to ,/4 ,paul z 8 attribute z e>ly z ! #f? c5tury2 b !re are no monum5ts :i* c be absolutely tru/$ z reg>ds ! introduction ( ! sword be=e ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury2 s9ce ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury1 x has be5 s g5]ally adopt$1 t 9 ! devotional effigies ,i c rememb] no in/ance 9 :i* x is omitt$4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul is lean+ on ! sword1 x expresses 8 m>tyrdom2 :5 he holds x al(t1 x expresses also 8 w>f>e 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/3 :5 two swords are giv5 to him1 "o is ! attribute1 ! o!r ! emblem2 b ?is d\ble allusion does n occur 9 any ( ! old] repres5tations4 ,9 ,italy ,i nev] met ) ,/4 ,paul be>+ two swords1 & ! only in/ance ,i c call to m9d is ! bronze /atue by ,pet] ,vis*]1 on ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,sebald1 at ,nuremb]g4 ,al?\gh devotional repres5tations ( ,/4 ,paul sep>ate f ,/4 ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les occur v r>ely1 pictures f 8 life & actions are commonly met )2 ! pr9cipal ev5ts are s famili>1 t !y are easily recognis$ & discrim9at$ ev5 by ! mo/ unle>n$ 9 biblical illu/ration3 consid]$ & treat$ z a s]ies1 !y =m a mo/ int]e/+ & dramatic succession ( sc5es1 (t5 introduc$ into ! old *ur*es2 b ! incid5ts *os5 are n always ! same4 ,paul1 be=e 8 conv]sion1 0 pres5t at ! /on+ ( ,/eph51 & he is g5]ally introduc$ hold+ on 8 knees ! g>m5ts ( ! execution]s4 ,9 "s anci5t pictures1 he has1 ev5 :ile look+ on & #8cons5t+ to ! dea?' ( ! victim1 ! glory r\nd 8 head1 z "o :o1 :ile #8brea?+ out ?reat5+s & slaught] aga9/ ! disciples ( ! ,"l1' 0 already a *os5 vessel to be> ,8 "n be=e ! ,g5tiles4' ,b 9 a set ( pictures :i* relate expressly to ,/4 ,paul ! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 is1 ) prop] feel+1 omitt$1 & ! s]ies g5]ally beg9s ) ! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,paul1--9 8 "* ( apo/le1 ! fir/ great ev5t 9 8 life4 ,an incid5t s important1 s celebrat$1 & 9 all its accessories s picturesque & dramatic1 has ( c\rse be5 a frequ5t subject ( arti/ic treatm5t1 ev5 z a sep>ate composition4 ,9 "s ( ! old mosaics1 ! /ory is v simply1 & at ! same "t vividly1 r5d]$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ examples1 ,/4 ,paul has ! nimbus or glory :ile yet unconv]t$2 he is pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 grovell+ on 8 h&s & knees2 rays ( light fall ^u him out ( heav51 :]e ! figure ( ,*ri/1 half-l5g?1 is se5 em]g+ f glory2 sometimes x is a h& only1 :i* is ! emblem ( ! ,almighty ,p[]2 two or f\r att5dants at mo/ are fly+ 9 t]ror4 ,x is n said 9 ,scripture t ,/4 ,paul j\rney$ on horseback f ,j]usalem to ,damascus2 b ! tradition is at lea/ z old z ! "t ( ,pope ,dalmasius 7,a4,d4 #chd71 z x is !n ref]r$ to4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says he j\rney$ on foot1 because ! ,ph>isees made a po9t ( religion to g on foot1 & x is s repres5t$ 9 ! old ,greek mosaics4 ,! expression1 #8,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! pricks1' has be5 oddly en\gh assign$ z a reason = plac+ ,paul on horseback2#aih at all ev5ts1 z he bore a milit>y comm&1 x has be5 ?\ght prop] 9 lat] times s to repres5t him1 & also z surr\nd$ by a num]\s cortge ( att5dants4 ,?is treatm5t admits1 ( c\rse1 ( endless v>iety1 9 ! disposition & numb] ( ! figures1 9 ! attitudes & expression2 b ! mom5t *os5 is g5]ally ! same4 #a4 ,! olde/ example ,i c cite1 next to ! ,greek mosaics1 is an old ,italian pr9t m5tion$ by ,zani4 ,paul1 habit$ z a ,roman w>rior1 kneels ) 8 arms cross$ on 8 brea/1 & hold+ a scroll1 on :i* is inscrib$ 9 ,lat91 #8,"l1 :at %all ,i d8' ,*ri/ /&s opposite to him1 also hold+ a scroll1 on :i* is writt51 #8,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ me8' ,!re are no att5dants4 ,zani does n give ! date ( ?is qua9t & simple v]sion ( ! /ory4 #b4 ,raphael4 ,paul1 habit$ z a ,roman soldi]1 is ly+ on ! gr\nd1 z ?r[n f 8 horse2 he looks upw>d to ,*ri/1 :o appe>s 9 ! cl\ds1 att5d$ by ?ree *ild-angels3 8 att5dants on foot & on horseback are repres5t$ z ru%+ to 8 assi/ance1 unconsci\s ( ! vision1 b panic /ruck by its effect on him3 "o att5dant 9 ! backgr\nd seizes by ! bridle ! t]rifi$ horse4 ,! orig9al c>toon ( ?is f9e composition 7"o ( ! tape/ries 9 ! ,vatican7 is lo/4 #c4 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,paul1 a noble figure1 ?\gh pro/rate1 appe>s to be /ruck motionless & s5seless3 ,*ri/ seems to be ru%+ d[n f heav5 surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( angels2 ^? ( ! att5dants :o are ne> to ,paul are fly+ 9 all directions1 :ile a long tra9 ( soldi]s is se5 asc5d+ f ! backgr\nd4 ,?is gr& dramatic composition =ms ! p5dant to ! ,crucifixion ( ,pet] 9 ! ,cappella ,paol9a4 ,x is s d>k5$ by age & ! smoke ( tap]s1 & s ill light$1 t x is n easily made out2 b !re is a f9e engrav+1 :i* may be consult$4 #d4 ,ano!r v celebrat$ composition ( ?is subject is t ( ,rub5s4#aii ,paul1 ly+ 9 ! =egr\nd1 expresses 9 8 attitude ! mo/ helpless & grovell+ pro/ration4 ,! att5dants appe> v lit]ally fright5$ out ( _! s5ses2 & ! grey horse snort+ & re>+ beh9d is ! f9e/ "p ( ! picture3 z is usual ) ,rub5s1 ! effects ( physical fe> & amazem5t are giv5 ) ! utmo/ _s & tru?2 b ! scriptural dignity1 ! sup]natural t]rors1 ( ! subject are ill express$1 & ! apo/le himself is degrad$4 ,to g a /ep l[]1 ,cuyp has giv5 u a ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul app>5tly = ! sole purpose ( introduc+ horses 9 diff]5t attitudes3 ! fav\rite dapple-grey *>g] is se5 b\nd+ (f 9 t]ror2 no "o looks at ,/4 ,paul1 /ill less to ,*ri/ above--b ! horses are admirable4 #e4 ,9 ,alb]t ,dr]'s pr9t1 a %[] ( /ones is fall+ f heav5 on ,/4 ,paul & 8 company4 #f4 ,!re is a v curi\s & unusual v]sion ( ?is subject 9 a r>e pr9t by ,lucas van ,leyd54 ,x is a composition ( num]\s figures4 ,/4 ,paul is se51 bl9d & bewild]$1 l$ betwe5 two m52 ano!r man leads 8 fright5$ *>g]2 sev]al w>riors & horsem5 foll[1 & ! :ole procession seems to be proce$+ sl[ly to ! "r4 ,9 ! f> di/ance is repres5t$ ! previ\s mom5t--,paul /ruck d[n & bl9d$ by ! cele/ial vision4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,paul1 aft] 8 conv]sion1 re/or$ to sight by ,ananias1' z a sep>ate subject1 seldom occurs2 b x has be5 treat$ 9 ! lat] s*ools by ,vas>i1 by ,cavallucci1 & by ,p4 ,cortona4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,! ,jews flagellate ,paul & ,silas4' ,i "k b "o picture ( ?is subject1 t ( ,niccol ,p\ss93 ! angry ,jews are se5 driv+ !m =? ) sc\rges2 ! ,eld]s1 :o h condemn$ !m1 are seat$ 9 c\ncil beh9d3 z we might expect f ! "* ( ,p\ss91 ! dignity ( ! apo/les is ma9ta9$1--b x is n "o ( 8 be/ pictures4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,paul1 aft] 8 conv]sion1 escapes f ,damascus2' he is let d[n 9 a basket 7,acts ix4 #be73 ! incid5t =ms1 ( c\rse1 "o ( ! sc5es 9 8 life :5 exhibit$ 9 a s]ies1 b ,i rememb] no sep>ate picture ( ?is subject1 & ! situation is s ludicr\s & s d]ogatory t we c und]/& h[ x came to be avoid$4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,! ec/atic vision ( ,/4 ,paul1 9 :i* he 0 caught up to ! ?ird heav54' 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #b47 ,paul1 :o s frequ5tly & famili>ly speaks ( angels1 9 describ+ ?is ev5t makes no m5tion ( !m1 b 9 pictures he is repres5t$ z borne upw>ds by angels4 ,i f9d no e>ly composition ( ?is subject4 ,! small picture ( ,dom5i*9o is coldly conceiv$4 ,p\ss9 has pa9t$ ! #8,ravissem5t de ,/4 ,paul' twice2 9 ! fir/1 ! apo/le is borne ^u ! arms ( f\r angels1 & 9 ! second he is su/a9$ by ?ree angels4 ,9 r5d]+ ?is ec/atic vision1 ! angels1 always all[able z ma*9]y1 h "h a p>ticul> propriety2 ,paul is elevat$ only a few feet above ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 :]e lie 8 sword & book4 ,"h ! sword s]ves to di/+ui% ! p]sonage2 & ! ro( ( ! h\se %[s u t x is a vision1 & n an apo!osis4 ,bo? pictures are 9 ! ,l\vre4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,paul prea*+ to ! conv]ts at ,ephesus4' ,9 a beautiful ,raffaelesque composition by ,le ,sueur1 ! incid5t ( ! magicians br++ _! books ( sorc]y & burn+ !m at ! feet ( ! apo/le is well introduc$4 ,x 0 long ! cu/om to exhibit ?is picture solemnly 9 ,notre ,dame e ye> on ! #a/ ( ,may4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 #8,paul be=e ,felix1' & #8,paul be=e ,agrippa4' ,nei!r ( ^! subjects has ev] be5 adequately treat$4 ,x is to me inconceivable t ! old ma/]s s completely ov]look$ ! opportunity = gr& *>act]i/ic del9eation af=d$ by bo? ^! sc5es1 ! latt] especially4 ,p]haps1 9 e/imat+ its capabilities1 we are misl$ by ! effect produc$ on ! imag9ation by ! spl5did eloqu5ce ( ! apo/le2 yet1 7 ano!r ,raphael to arise1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! subject z a p5dant to ! ,/4 ,paul at ,a!ns4 #8,paul p]=ms miracles be=e ! ,emp]or ,n]o2' a bl9d man1 a sick *ild1 & a possess$ woman are br\ght to him to be heal$4 ,?is1 ?\gh a leg5d>y r ?an a scriptural subject1 has be5 treat$ by ,le ,sueur ) scriptural dignity & simplicity4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,paul' is sometimes a sep>ate subject1 b g5]ally x is ! p5dant to ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,accord+ to ! receiv$ tradition1 ! two apo/les suff]$ at ! same "t1 b 9 diff]5t places2 = ,/4 ,paul1 be+ by bir? a ,roman citiz51 escap$ ! ignom9y ( ! public exposure 9 ! ,circus1 z well z ! prolong$ torture ( ! cross4 ,he 0 behead$ by ! sword outside ! ,o/ian gate1 ab\t two miles f ,rome1 at a place call$ ! ,aqua ,salvias1 n[ ! #8,tre ,fontane4' ,! leg5d ( ! dea? ( ,/4 ,paul relates t a c]ta9 ,roman matron nam$ ,plautilla1 "o ( ! conv]ts ( ,/4 ,pet]1 plac$ h]self on ! road by :i* ,/4 ,paul pass$ to 8 m>tyrdom1 9 ord] to behold him = ! la/ "t2 & :5 %e saw him1 %e wept greatly1 & bes\ght 8 bless+4 ,! apo/le !n1 see+ h] fai?1 turn$ to h] & begg$ t %e w\ld give him h] veil to b9d 8 eyes :5 he %\ld be behead$1 promis+ to return x to h] aft] 8 dea?4 ,! att5dants mock$ at su* a promise1 b ,plautilla1 ) a woman's fai? & *>ity1 tak+ (f h] veil1 pres5t$ x to him4 ,aft] 8 m>tyrdom1 ,/4 ,paul appe>$ to h]1 & re/or$ ! veil /a9$ ) 8 blood4 ,x is also relat$1 t :5 he 0 decapitat$ ! sev]$ head made ?ree b\nds ^u ! e>?1 & :]ev] x t\*$ ! gr\nd a f\nta9 sprang =?4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t repres5tations ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! leg5d ( ,plautilla is seldom omitt$4 ,9 ! picture ( ,giotto pres]v$ 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,plautilla is se5 on an em95ce 9 ! backgr\nd1 receiv+ ! veil f ! h& ( ,paul1 :o appe>s 9 ! cl\ds above2 ! same repres5tation1 b little v>i$1 is execut$ 9 bas-relief on ! bronze doors ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! ?ree f\nta9s gu%+ up b5ea? ! sev]$ head are also frequ5tly repres5t$ z a lit]al fact1 ?\gh a manife/ & beautiful allegory1 figurative ( ! f\nta9s ( ,*ri/ian fai? :i* %\ld spr+ =? f 8 m>tyrdom4 ,9 all ! melan*oly vic9ity ( ,rome1 !re is n a m melan*oly spot ?an ! #8,tre ,fontane4' ,a spl5did mona/]y1 ri* ) ! (f]+s ( all ,*ri/5dom1 once exi/$ !re3 ! ravages ( t my/]i\s sc\rge ( ! ,campagna1 ! mal>ia1 h r5d]$ x a des]t2 ?ree anci5t *ur*es & "s ru9s /ill exi/1 & a few pale monks w&] ab\t ! swampy dismal conf9es ( ! holl[ 9 :i* !y /&4 ,9 w9t] y approa* !m ?r\gh a quagmire2 9 summ]1 y d>e n brea! 9 _! pe/il5tial vic9ity2 & yet !re is a sort ( dead beauty ab\t ! place1 some?+ hall[$ z well z sad1 :i* seizes on ! fancy4 ,9 ! *ur* prop]ly call$ #8,san ,paolo delle ,tre ,fontane1' & :i* is s old t ! date ( ! f\ndation is unkn[n1 are ?ree *apels ) alt>s rais$ ov] z _m wells or f\nta9s2 ! alt>s are mod]n1 & h ea* ! head ( ,/4 ,paul c>v$ 9 relief4 ,! wat]1 :i* appe>$ to me exactly ! same 9 all ! ?ree f\nta9s1 has a s(t insipid ta/e1 nei!r refre%+ nor agreeable4 ,! anci5t frescoes h p]i%$1 & ! mod]n ones are p]i%+4 ,x is a melan*oly spot4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to t ev5t :i* has r5d]$ x = ages consecrat$ & memorable4 ,among ! _m repres5tations ( ! decollation ( ,/4 ,paul :i* exi/ 9 sculpture & 9 pa9t+1 ,i h n met ) "o :i* c\ld take a high place z a "w ( art1 or :i* has done ju/ice to ! tragic capabilities ( ! subject4 ,aft] 8 m>tyrdom ! body ( ,/4 ,paul 0 int]r$ on a spot betwe5 ! ,o/ian gate & ! ,aqua ,salvias1 & !re arose ! magnific5t *ur* kn[n z ,san ,paolo-fuori-le-mura4 ,i saw ?is *ur* a few mon?s be=e x 0 consum$ by fire 9 #ahbc2 ,i saw x aga9 9 #ahdg1 :5 ! re/oration 0 f> advanc$4 ,its cold magnific5ce1 comp>$ ) ! impressions left by ! =m] /ructure1 ri* ) ine/imable rema9s ( anci5t art1 & v5]able f a ?\s& associations1 sadd5$ & *ill$ me4 ,! mosaics 9 ! old *ur*1 :i* repres5t$ ! life & actions ( ,/4 ,paul1 7 execut$ by ! ,greek mosaic ma/]s ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,!y appe> to h compris$ ! same subjects :i* /ill exi/ z a s]ies 9 ! *ur* ( ,monreale ne> ,pal]mo1 & :i* ,i %all n[ describe4 #a4 ,saul is s5t by ! high-prie/ to ,damascus4 ,two prie/s are seat$ on a rais$ ?rone 9 front ( ! ,temple2 ,saul /&s be=e !m4 #b4 ,! ,conv]sion ( ,saul1 z already describ$ 7p4 #bad74 #c4 ,saul1 be+ bl9d1 is l$ by 8 att5dants to ! gate ( ,damascus4 #d4 ,saul seat$4 ,ananias ent]s & addresses him4 #e4 ,paul is baptiz$3 he is /&+1 or r sitt+1 9 a font1 :i* is a l>ge vase1 & n mu* l>g] 9 proportion ?an a pun*-b[l4 #f4 ,/4 ,paul disputes ) ! ,jews4 ,8 attitude is vehem5t & expressive3 ?ree ,jewi% doctors /& be=e him z if conf\nd$ & put to sil5ce by 8 eloqu5t reason+4 #g4 ,/4 ,paul escapes f ,damascus2 ! basket1 9 :i* he is l[]$ d[n f a p>apet1 is ab\t ! size ( a h&-basket4 #h4 ,/4 ,paul deliv]s a scroll to ,timo?y & ,silas2 he consigns to _! direction ! deacons t 7 orda9$ by ! apo/les & eld]s4 7,acts xvi4 #d47 #i4 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,pet] meet at ,rome1 & embrace ) bro!rly affection4 ,i believe ?is subject to repres5t ! reconciliation ( ! two apo/les aft] ! dispute at ,antio*4 ,! inscription is1 ,hic ,paulus v5it ,romam et pacem fecit cum ,petro4 7,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,museum 9 ! ,vatican !re is a mo/ beautiful small ,greek picture 9 :i* ,pet] & ,paul are embrac+2 x may repres5t ! reconciliation or ! p>t+3 ! heads1 ?\gh m9ute1 are extremely *>act]i/ic47 #aj4 ,! decollation ( ,/4 ,paul at ! ,aqua ,salvias2 "o f\nta9 only is introduc$4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ in/ance ,i c quote ( ! dramatic treatm5t ( ! life & actions ( ,/4 ,paul 9 a s]ies ( subjects4 ,! ,greek type ( ! head ( ,/4 ,paul is reta9$ ?r\gh\t1 /rongly individualis$1 & he appe>s z a man ( ab\t ?irty-five or =ty4 ,9 ! lat] s*ools ( art1 :i* af=d "s celebrat$ examples ( ! life ( ,/4 ,paul treat$ z a s]ies1 ! ,greek type has be5 ab&on$4 ,! s]ies by ,raphael1 execut$ = ! tape/ries ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 9 ! ,vatican1 consi/s ( five l>ge & sev5 small compositions4 #a4 ,! conv]sion ( ,saul1 already describ$3 ! c>toon is lo/4 #b4 ,elymas ! sorc]] /ruck bl9d3 wond]ful = dramatic p[]4 #c4 ,/4 ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,ly/ra4 #d4 ,paul prea*es at ,a!ns4 ,( ^! ?ree magnific5t compositions we h ! c>toons at ,hampton ,c\rt4 #e4 ,/4 ,paul 9 prison at ,philippi4 ,! e>?quake ?r\gh :i* he 0 lib]at$ is "h repres5t$ allegorically z a ,titan 9 ! l[] corn] ( ! picture1 ) %\ld]s & arms heav+ up ! e>?4 ,?is1 :i* /rikes u z r pagan 9 conception1 has1 h[ev]1 a p>allel 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,art1 :]e1 9 ! baptism ( ,*ri/1 ! ,jordan is sometimes repres5t$ by a classical riv]-god1 s$ge-cr[n$1 & lean+ on 8 urn4 ,! sev5 small subjects1 :i* 9 ! set ( tape/ries run und]nea? z bord]s to ! l>ge compositions1 are ?us arrang$3-- #a4 #8,z = ,saul1 he made havoc ( ! *ur*1 ent]+ into e h\se1 & hal+ m5 & wom5 committ$ !m to prison4' 7,acts viii4 #c47 ,at "o end ( a long n>r[ composition ,saul is seat$ 9 ! dress ( a ,roman w>rior1 & att5d$ by a lictor2 !y br+ be=e him a ,*ri/ian y\?2 f>!r on are se5 soldi]s #8hal+ m5 & wom5' by ! hair2 o!rs flee 9 t]ror4 ,?is 0 errone\sly suppos$ to repres5t ! massacre at ,prato1 9 #aeab1 by ! adh]5ts ( ! ,m$ici1 & is s inscrib$ 9 ! set ( engrav+s by ,b>toli & ,l&on4 #b4 ,john & ,m>k tak+ leave ( ! bre?r5 at ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia4 7,acts xiii4 #c47 #c4 ,paul1 tea*+ 9 ! synagogue at ,antio*1 conf\nds ! ,jews4 7,acts xviii4 #c47 #d4 ,paul at ,cor9? engag$ 9 t5t-mak+ ) 8 ho/4 ,?is is an uncommon subject1 b ,i rememb] ano!r in/ance 9 a curi\s old ,g]man pr9t1 :]e1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! composition1 ! apo/le is tea*+ or prea*+2 & above !re is a k9d ( gall]y or balcony1 9 :i* he is se5 work+ at a loom3 #8,y y\rselves "k t ^! h&s h m9i/]$ to my necessities1 lab\r+ night & day1 because we w\ld n be *>geable unto y4' 7,acts xviii4 #f47 #e4 ,be+ at ,cor9?1 he is mock$ by ! ,jews4 7,acts viii4 #ab47 #f4 ,he lays 8 h& on ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts4 #g4 ,he is br\ght be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,gallio4#bjj 99 99 99 99 99 #8,paul1 9 ! isl& ( ,melita1 %ak+ ! vip] f 8 h&1' is n a common subject1 & yet x is capable ( ! f9e/ picturesque & dramatic effects3 ! /orm & %ipwreck 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! angry heav5s above1 ! r$ firelight1 ! gr\p ( a/oni%$ m>9]s1 &1 pre-em95t among !m1 ! calm intellectual figure ( ! apo/le %ak+ ! v5om\s bea/ f 8 h&1--^! are surely beautiful & available mat]ials = a sc5ic picture4 ,ev5 if treat$ z an allegory 9 a devotional s5se1 a s+le maje/ic figure1 ?r[+ ! evil ?+ innocu\s f him1 :i* ,i h n yet se51 x w\ld be an excell5t & a significant subject4 ,! little picture by ,elzheim] is ! be/ example ,i c cite ( ! picturesque treatm5t4 ,t ( ,le ,sueur has mu* dignity2 ^? ( ,p]9o del ,vaga1 ,?ornhill1 ,we/1 are all commonplace4 ,?ornhill1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 pa9t$ ! eight pr9cipal sc5es ( ! life ( ! apo/le 9 ! cupola ( ,/4 ,paul's4#bja ,few p1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 h /ra9$ _! necks to exam9e !m2 ! eight orig9al /udies1 small sket*es en grisaille1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ve/ry1 & display t he>tless1 m9dless1 mann]$ m$iocrity1 :i* makes all criticism fooli%ness2 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 give a li/ ( ! subjects4 #a4 ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,ly/ra4 #b4 ,paul prea*+ at ,a!ns4 #c4 ,elymas /ruck bl9d4 #d4 ,! conv]ts burn _! magical books4 #e4 ,paul be=e ,fe/us4 #f4 ,a woman seat$ at 8 feet2 ,i presume ! ,conv]sion ( ,lydia ( ,?yatira4 #g4 ,paul let d[n 9 a basket4 #h4 ,he %akes ! vip] f 8 h&4 ,at ! "t t ,?ornhill 0 cov]+ ! cupola at #8! rate ( #bl4 ! squ>e y>d1' ,hog>?1 8 son-9-law1 w\ld also try 8 h&4 ,he pa9t$ #8,/4 ,paul plead+ be=e ,felix' = ,l9coln's4 ,inn ,hall2 :]e ! subject1 at lea/1 is appropriate4 ,! picture itself is curi\sly *>act]i/ic1 n ( ! sc5e or ( ! *ief p]sonage1 b ( ! pa9t]4 ,/4 ,paul load$ ) *a9s1 & 8 accus] ,t]tullus1 /& 9 front2 & ,felix1 ) 8 wife ,drusilla1 are seat$ on a rais$ tribunal 9 ! backgr\nd2 ne> ,felix is ! high-prie/ ,ananias4 ,! composition is good4 ,! heads are full ( vivid expression--wra?1 t]ror1 d\bt1 fix$ att5tion2 b ! conception ( "* mo/ ignoble & commonplace4 ,hog>? 0 m at home :5 he took ! same subject z a vehicle = a witty c>icature ( ! ,dut* mann] ( treat+ sacr$ subjects--_! ludicr\s ana*ronisms & mean incid5ts4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 allusion to 8 l[ /ature1 is m\nt$ on a /ool2 an angel is saw+ ?r\gh "o leg ( x2 ,t]tullus is a b>ri/]1 9 wig1 b&1 & g[n2 ! judge is l an old dot+ ju/ice ( peace1 & 8 att5dants l old begg>s4 ,9 ! ,flor5t9e ,gall]y !re is a v curi\s s]ies ( ! lives ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul 9 eight pictures1 9 ! g5u9e old ,g]man /yle2 fanciful1 animat$1 full ( natural & dramatic expression1 & exquisitely f9i%$1--b dry1 h>d1 grotesque1 & ab\nd+ 9 ana*ronisms4#bjb 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! few sep>ate hi/orical subjects 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul are repres5t$ toge!r1 ! mo/ important is ! dispute at ,antio*1--a subject avoid$ by ! e>lie/ pa9t]s4 ,/4 ,paul says1 #8,:5 ,pet] 0 come to ,antio*1 ,i )/ood him to ! face1 because he 0 to be blam$4' ,guido's picture 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan is celebrat$3 ,pet] is seat$1 look+ ?\ghtful1 ) d[nca/ eyes1 an op5 book on 8 knees2 ,paul1 9 an attitude ( rebuke1 /&s ov] aga9/ him4 ,!re is ano!r example by ,rosso3 "h bo? are /&+2 ,pet] is look+ d[n2 ,paul1 ) long hair & be>d float+ back1 & a ke5 reprov+ expression1 #8rebukes him to 8 face4' ,i presume ! same subject to be repres5t$ by ,lucas van ,leyd5 9 a r>e & beautiful little pr9t1 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul are seat$ toge!r 9 e>ne/ conv]sation4 ,/4 ,pet] holds a key 9 8 "r h&1 & po9ts ) ! o!r to a book :i* lies on 8 knees4 ,/4 ,paul is ab\t to turn ! leaf1 & 8 "r h& appe>s to rebuke ,/4 ,pet]2 8 left foot is on ! sword :i* lies at 8 feet4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,! ,p>t+ ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul be=e !y are l$ to dea?4' ,! sc5e is )\t ! gates ( ,rome2 & z ! soldi]s drag ,pet] away1 he turns back to ,paul ) a pa!tic expression4 ,?is picture1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 is "o ( ,lanfranco's be/ compositions4#bjc ,:5 ! crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet] & ! decollation ( ,/4 ,paul are repres5t$ toge!r 9 ! same picture1 su* a picture mu/ be consid]$ z religi\s & devotional1 n hi/orical2 x does n express ! action z x really occurr$1 b1 l _m pictures ( ! crucifixion ( our ,savi\r1 x is plac$ be=e u z an excitem5t to piety1 self-sacrifice1 & rep5tance4 ,we h ?is k9d ( treatm5t 9 a picture by ,niccol dell' ,abate3#bjd ,/4 ,paul kneels be=e a block1 & ! headsman /&s ) sword uplift$ 9 act to /rike2 9 ! backgr\nd1 two o!r execution]s grasp ,/4 ,pet]1 :o is kneel+ on 8 cross & pray+ f]v5tly3 above1 9 a glory1 is se5 ! ,virg92 9 h] arms ! ,infant ,*ri/1 :o deliv]s to two angels palm-bran*es = ! m>tyr$ sa9ts4 ,! g5ius ( ,niccol 0 n precisely fitt$ = ?is class ( subjects4 ,b ! composition is full ( poetical feel+4 ,! introduction ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild /amps ! "* ( ! picture z devotional1 n hi/orical--x w\ld o!rwise be repulsive1 & out ( keep+ ) ! subject4 ,!re is a ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul engrav$ aft] ,p>migiano1#bje :i* ,i %all notice on acc\nt ( its c>eless & errone\s treatm5t4 ,!y are put to dea? toge!r2 an execution] prep>es to decapitate ,/4 ,pet]1 & ano!r drags ,/4 ,paul by ! be>d3 ! incid5ts are hi/orically false1 &1 moreov]1 9 a degrad$ & secul> ta/e4 ,^! are ! mi/akes t make u turn disgu/$ f ! te*nical facility1 elegance1 & p[] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to ! simplicity & rev]5tial tru? ( ! f\rte5?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are v>i\s traditions conc]n+ ! relics ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! bodies ( ! two apo/les 71 9 ! reign ( ,heliogabalus1 deposit$ by ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome1 & 7 laid 9 ! same sepul*re4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ab\t two hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,greek or ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians attempt$ to c>ry !m (f2 b 7 oppos$ by ! ,roman ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,romans conqu]$2 & ! two bodies 7 transport$ to ! *ur* ( ! ,vatican1 :]e !y repos$ toge!r 9 a magnific5t %r9e1 b5ea? ! *ur*4 ,among ! engrav+s 9 ! "w ( ,ciamp9i & ,bosio are two rude old pictures commemorat+ ?is ev5t4 ,! fir/ repres5ts ! combat ( ! ,ori5tals & ! ,romans = ! bodies ( ! ,sa9ts2 9 ! o!r1 ! bodies are deposit$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,9 ^! two anci5t repres5tations1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! portico ( ! old basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! traditional types may be recognis$--! broad full features1 %ort curl$ be>d1 & bald head ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! oval face & long be>d ( ,/4 ,paul4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h ,i mu/ conclude ?is summ>y ( ! lives & *>act]s ( ! two greate/ apo/les1 z !y h be5 exhibit$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,art2 to d ju/ice to ! !me w\ld h requir$ a sep>ate volume4 ,"o obs]vation1 h[ev]1 sugge/s itself1 & _c be pass$ ov]4 ,! usual type ( ! head ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ?\gh (t5 ill r5d]$ & degrad$ by co>s5ess1 c 9 g5]al be recognis$ z *>act]i/ic2 b is !re among ! ?\s& repres5tations ( ! apo/le ,paul1 "o on :i* ! imag9ation c re/ completely satisfi$8 ,i "k n "o4 ,no d\bt ! sublime/ ideal ( embodi$ eloqu5ce t ev] 0 express$ 9 ,art is ,raphael's ,/4 ,paul prea*+ at ,a!ns4 ,he /&s !re ! delegat$ voice ( ! true ,god1 ! antagoni/ & conqu]or ( ! :ole hea!n _w3--#8,:om ye ignorantly wor%ip1 ,,him decl>e ,i unto y'--is n ?is :at he says8 ,e feature1 nay1 e fold 9 8 drap]y1 speaks2 z 9 ! o!r ,/4 ,paul lean+ on 8 sword 79 ! fam\s ,/4 ,cecilia71 e feature & e fold ( drap]y m$itates4 ,! latt] is z f9e 9 its tranquil melan*oly gr&eur1 z ! =m] 9 its au?oritative en]gy3 9 ! "o ! orator1 9 ! o!r ! philosoph]1 7 nev] m f9ely r5d]$3 b is x1 9 ei!r1 ! ,paul ( ,t>sus :om we "k8 ,x 7 c]ta9ly bo? unnecess>y & p$antic to adh]e s closely to hi/oric fact z to make ,/4 ,paul ( dim9utive /ature1 & ,/4 ,pet] weak-ey$3 b has ,raphael done well 9 :olly reject+ ! traditional portrait :i* reflect$ to u ! ,paul ( ,scripture1 ! man ( _m toils & _m sorr[s1 wa/$ ) vigils1 worn d[n ) travel1 ^: high bald =ehead1 ?9 fl[+ hair1 & long po9t$ be>d1 spoke s pla9ly ! f]v5t & indomitable1 yet m$itative & delicate1 organisation1--& 9 sub/itut+ ?is ,jupit] ,ammon head1 ) ! d>k r$undant hair1 almo/ hid+ ! br[1 & ! full bu%y be>d8 ,?is is "o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ,raphael1 9 yield+ to ! fa%ion ( 8 "t1 has err$1 z x seems to me1--?\gh ,i say x ) all rev]5ce6 ,! ,/4 ,paul r5d+ 8 g>m5ts at ,ly/ra1 & reject+ ! sacrifice ( ! misguid$ p1 is m p>ticul>ly false z to ! "* ( ! man1 ?\gh o!rwise s gr&ly expressive1 t we are oblig$ to admire :at our bett] s5se--our consci5ce--_c :olly approve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i %all n[ consid] ! re/ ( ! apo/les 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,,/4 ,,&rew4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,&reas4 ,ital4 ,sant' ,&rea4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,&r4 ,patron sa9t ( ,scotl& & ( ,russia4 ,nov4 #cj ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,/4 ,&rew 0 ! bro!r ( ,simon ,pet]1 & ! fir/ :o 0 call$ to ! apo/le%ip4 ,no?+ f>!r is record$ ( him 9 ,scripture3 he is aft]w>ds m]ely includ$ by "n 9 ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! apo/les4 ,9 ! traditional & leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,/4 ,&rew we are told1 t aft] our ,"l's asc5sion1 :5 ! apo/les disp]s$ to prea* ! ,gospel to all nations1 ,/4 ,&rew travell$ into ,scy?ia1 ,cappadocia1 & ,bi?ynia1 ev]y:]e conv]t+ multitudes to ! fai?4 ,! ,russians believe t he 0 ! fir/ to prea* to ! ,muscovites 9 ,s>matia1 & !nce he has be5 hon\r$ z titul> sa9t ( ! empire ( ,russia4 ,aft] _m suff]+s1 he return$ to ,j]usalem1 & !nce travell$ into ,greece1 & came at l5g? to a city ( ,a*aia1 call$ ,patras4 ,"h he made _m conv]ts2 among o!rs1 ,maximilla1 ! wife ( ! proconsul geus1 :om he p]suad$ to make a public pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! proconsul1 enrag$1 comm&$ him to be seiz$ & sc\rg$1 & !n crucifi$4 ,! cross on :i* he suff]$ 0 ( a peculi> =m 7crux decussata71 s9ce call$ ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross2 & x is expressly said t he 0 n fa/5$ to 8 cross ) nails1 b ) cords1--a circum/ance always att5d$ to 9 ! repres5tations ( 8 dea?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rememb]$1 t :ile all au?orities agree t he 0 crucifi$1 & t ! mann] ( 8 crucifixion 0 peculi>1 !y are n agre$ z to ! =m ( 8 cross4 ,/4 ,pet] ,*rysologos says t x 0 a tree3 ano!r au?or affirms t x 0 an olive tree4 ,! ,abb ,mry rem>ks1 t x is a mi/ake to give ! transv]se cross to ,/4 ,&rew2 t x ought n to diff] f ! cross ( our ,"l4 ,8 reasons are n absolutely conclusive3--#8,il suffit p\r montr] qu'ils sont l-dessus dans l'erreur1 de voir la croix vritable de ,/4 ,&r1 cons]ve dans l'glise de ,/4 ,victor de ,m>seille2 on tr\v]a qu'elle e/ angles droits1' c4#bjf ,see+ is believ+2 nev]!less1 ! =m is fix$ by tradition & usage1 & ought n to be dep>t$ f1 ?\gh ,mi*ael ,angelo has done s 9 ! figure ( ,/4 ,&rew 9 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & !re are sev]al examples 9 ! ,italian ma/]s4#bjg ,! leg5d goes on to relate1 t ,/4 ,&rew1 on approa*+ ! cross prep>$ = 8 execution1 salut$ & ador$ x on 8 knees1 z be+ already consecrat$ by ! suff]+s ( ! ,r$eem]1 & met 8 dea? triumphantly4 ,c]ta9 ( 8 relics 7 br\ght f ,patras to ,scotl& 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & s9ce t "t ,/4 ,&rew has be5 hon\r$ z ! patron sa9t ( ,scotl&1 & ( its *ief ord] ( knigh?ood4 ,he is also ! patron sa9t ( ! fam\s ,burgundian ,ord]1 ! ,gold5 ,fleece2 & ( ,russia & its *ief ,ord]1 ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,/4 ,&rew is g5]ally di/+ui%$ 9 works ( art by ! transv]se cross2 ! devotional pictures 9 :i* he figures z "o ( ! s]ies ( apo/les1 or s+ly z patron sa9t1 repres5t him z a v old man ) "s k9d ( bro!rly resemblance to ,/4 ,pet]2 8 hair & be>d silv] :ite1 long1 loose1 & fl[+1 & 9 g5]al ! be>d is divid$2 he leans ^u 8 cross1 & holds ! ,gospel 9 8 "r h&4 ,illu/ration3 #gd ,/4 ,&rew 7,pet] ,vis*]7 ,! hi/orical subjects f ! life ( ,/4 ,&rew1 treat$ sep>ately f ! re/ ( ! apo/les1 are v few2 8 crucifixion is ! only "o t ,i h f\nd treat$ be=e ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,on ! anci5t doors ( ,san ,paolo1 ! in/rum5t ( 8 m>tyrdom has ! %ape ( a ,y1 & resembles a tree split d[n ! middle4 ,! cross 9 "s lat] pictures is v l(ty1 & resembles ! r\gh bran*es ( a tree laid transv]sely4 ,i "k b two o!r subjects relat+ to ! life ( ,/4 ,&rew :i* h be5 sep>ately treat$ 9 ! lat] s*ools ( art--! ,adoration ( ! ,cross1 & ! ,flagellation4 #8,/4 ,&rew ador+ 8 cross1' by ,&rea ,sac*i1 is rem>kable = its simplicity & f9e expression2 x conta9s only ?ree figures4 ,/ ,&rew1 half undrap$1 & ) 8 silv] hair & be>d float+ di%evell$1 kneels1 gaz+ up to ! cross ) ec/atic devotion2 he is address+ to x 8 fam\s invocation3--#8,salve1 ,croce preziosa6 *e fo/i consecrata dal corpo del mio ,dio6'--an execution] /&s by1 & a fi]ce soldi]1 impati5t ( delay1 urges him on to dea?4#bjh #8,/4 ,&rew tak5 d[n f ! cross' is a f9e effective picture by ,rib]a4#bji 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,guido & ,dom5i*9o pa9t$1 9 emulation ( ea* o!r1 ! frescoes 9 ! *apel ( ,sant' ,&rea 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,gregorio1 at ,rome1 ,guido *ose = 8 subject ! ,adoration ( ! ,cross4 ,! sc5e is suppos$ to be outside ! walls ( ,patras 9 ,a*aia2 ! cross is at a di/ance 9 ! backgr\nd2 ,/4 ,&rew1 z he approa*es1 falls d[n 9 adoration be=e ! in/rum5t ( 8 m>tyrdom1 consecrat$ by ! dea? ( 8 ,"l2 he is att5d$ by "o soldi] on horseback1 "o on foot1 & ?ree execution]s2 a gr\p ( wom5 & al>m$ *ildr5 9 ! =egr\nd are admirable = grace & feel+--!y are1 9 fact1 ! be/ "p ( ! picture4 ,on ! opposite wall ( ! *apel ,dom5i*9o pa9t$ ! ,flagellation ( ,/4 ,&rew1 a subject mo/ difficult to treat effectively1 & reta9 at ! same "t ! dignity ( ! suff]+ apo/le1 :ile avoid+ all resemblance to a simil> sc5e 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,"h he is b\nd d[n on a sort ( table2 "o man lifts a rod1 ano!r seems to taunt ! pro/rate sa9t2 a lictor drives back ! p4 ,! gr\p ( ! "m & fright5$ *ildr51 :i* ,dom5i*9o s (t5 introduces ) little v>iation1 is "h v beautiful2 ! judge & lictors are se5 beh9d1 ) a temple & a city 9 ! di/ance4 ,:5 ,dom5i*9o pa9t$ ! same subject 9 ! *ur* ( ,sant' ,&rea-della-,valle1 he *ose ano!r mom5t1 & adm9i/]$ ! torture aft] a diff]5t mann]3 ! apo/le is b\nd by 8 h&s & feet to f\r %ort po/s set firmly 9 ! gr\nd2 "o ( ! execution]s 9 tight5+ a cord breaks x & falls back2 ?ree m5 prep>e to sc\rge him ) ?ongs3 9 ! =egr\nd we h ! usual gr\p ( ! "m & h] fright5$ *ildr54 ,?is is a composition full ( dramatic life & movem5t1 b unpleas+4 ,dom5i*9o pa9t$ 9 ! same *ur* ! crucifixion ( ! sa9t1 & 8 apo!osis surm\nts ! :ole4 ,all ^! compositions are ( great celebrity 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art = col\r & = expression4 ,lanzi says1 t ! p]sonages1 #8if endu$ ) spee*1 c\ld n say m to ! e> ?an !y d to ! eye4' ,b1 9 p[] & pa?os1 none ( !m equal ! picture ( ,murillo1 ( :i* we h ! orig9al /udy 9 ,engl&4#baj ,/4 ,&rew is susp5d$ on ! high cross1 =m$1 n ( planks1 b ( ! trunks ( trees laid transv]sely4 ,he is b\nd ) cords1 undrap$1 except by a l95 clo?2 8 silv] hair & be>d loosely /ream+ 9 ! air2 8 ag$ c\nt5ance illum9at$ by a heav5ly transport1 z he looks up to ! op5+ skies1 :5ce two angels ( really cele/ial beauty1 l almo/ all ,murillo's angels1 desc5d ) ! cr[n & palm4 ,9 front1 to ! "r1 is a gr\p ( %r9k+ sympa?is+ wom52 & a boy turns away1 cry+ ) a truly boyi% grief2 on ! left are gu>ds & soldi]s4 ,! subject is "h r5d]$ poetical by m]e =ce ( feel+2 !re is a tragic reality 9 ! :ole sc5e1 f> m effective1 to my ta/e1 ?an ! m /udi$ compositions ( ! ,italian pa9t]s4 ,! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,&rew1 & ! sa9t prea*+ ! ,gospel1 by ,juan de ,roelas1 are also m5tion$ z spl5did productions ( ! ,seville s*ool4 ,i ?9k x possible t ,/4 ,&rew may owe 8 popul>ity 9 ! ,spani% & ,flemi% s*ools ( art to 8 be+ ! patron sa9t ( ! f>-fam$ ,burgundian ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,at ! "t t ,con/ant9ople 0 tak51 & ! relics ( ,/4 ,&rew disp]s$ 9 consequ5ce1 a lively en?usiasm = ?is apo/le 0 excit$ ?r\gh\t all ,*ri/5dom4 ,he _h be5 previ\sly hon\r$ *iefly z ! bro!r ( ,/4 ,pet]2 he obta9$ !nce=? a k9d ( p]sonal int]e/ & consid]ation4 ,philip ( ,burgundy 7,a4,d4 #adcc71 :o _h obta9$ at great co/ a portion ( ! preci\s relics1 consi/+ *iefly ( "s pieces ( 8 cross1 plac$ "u ! protection ( ! apo/le 8 new ord] ( *ivalry1 :i*1 accord+ to ! preamble1 0 int5d$ to revive ! hon\r & ! memory ( ! ,argonauts4 ,8 knights wore z _! badge ! cross ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,,/4 ,,james ,,! ,,great4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,jacobus ,major4 ,ital4 ,san ,giacomo1 or ,jacopo1 ,maggiore4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,jacques ,majeur4 ,spa4 ,san ,jago1 or ,santiago4 ,el ,tutel>4 ,patron sa9t ( ,spa94 ,july #be4 ,a4,d4 #dd4 ,/4 ,james ! ,great1 or ! ,eld]1 or ,/4 ,james ,major1 0 ne>ly relat$ to ,*ri/1 &1 ) 8 bro!r ,john 7! evangeli/7 & ,pet]1 he seems to h be5 admitt$ to p>ticul> fav\r1 travell$ ) ! ,"l1 & 0 pres5t at mo/ ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ?ree :o 7 p]mitt$ to witness ! glorification ( ,*ri/ on ,m\nt ,tabor1 & "o ( ^? :o slept dur+ ! agony 9 ! g>d54 ,aft] our ,savi\r's asc5sion1 no?+ is record$ conc]n+ him1 except ! fact t ,h]od slew him ) ! sword4 ,9 ! anci5t traditions he is describ$ z be+ ( a zeal\s & affectionate temp]1 easily excit$ to ang]3 ( ?is we h a p>ticul> in/ance 9 8 imprecation aga9/ ! inhospitable ,sam>itans1 = :i* ,*ri/ rebuk$ him3 #8,ye "k n :at mann] ( _s ye are (4 ,! ,son ( man is n come to de/roy m5's lives1 b to save !m4' 7,luke1 ix4 #ee47 ,z ,scripture makes no f>!r m5tion ( "o s di/+ui%$ by 8 zeal & by 8 ne> relation%ip to ! ,savi\r1 ! leg5ds ( ! middle ages h suppli$ ?is defici5cy2 & s amply1 t ,/4 ,james1 z ,/4 ,jago or ,,santiago1 ! milit>y patron ( ,spa91 became "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ sa9ts 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & "o ( ! mo/ popul> subjects ( ,we/]n ,art4 ,_m ( ^! subjects are s s+ul>1 t1 9 ord] to r5d] !m intelligible1 ,i mu/ give ! leg5d at full l5g? z x 0 foll[$ by ! arti/s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,accord+ to ! ,spani% leg5d1 ! apo/le ,james 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 an illu/ri\s b>on ( ,galilee1 :o1 be+ ! proprietor ( %ips1 0 accu/om$ to fi% along ! %ores ( a c]ta9 lake call$ ,g5nes>e?1 b solely = 8 good pleasure & recreation3 = :o c suppose t ,spa91 t nation ( ,hidalgos & ,caball]os1 w\ld ev] h *os5 = h] patron1 or accept$ z ! lead] & capta9-g5]al ( h] armies1 a poor ignoble fi%]man8 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 indisputable1 t ?is glori\s apo/le1 :o 0 our ,"l's c\s9-g]man1 0 ( noble l9eage1 & wor?y ( 8 spurs z a knight & a g5tleman2--s 9 ,dante3-- ,ecco il ,b>one ,p] cui laggi si visita ,galizia4#8 ,b x pleas$ him1 9 8 great humility1 to foll[1 :ile on e>?1 ! example ( 8 div9e ,"l1 & res]ve 8 w>like pr[ess till call$ ^u to slaught]1 by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 ^? wick$ ,moors1 ! p]petual enemies ( ,*ri/ & 8 s]vants4 ,n[1 z ,james & 8 bro!r ,john 7 "o day 9 _! fa!r's %ip ) 8 hir$ s]vants1 & 7 employ$ 9 m5d+ ! nets1 ! ,"l1 :o 0 walk+ on ! %ores ( ! lake1 call$ !m2 & !y left all & foll[$ him2 & became !nce=w>d 8 mo/ fav\r$ disciples1 & ! witnesses ( 8 miracles :ile on e>?4 ,aft] ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ,james prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,judea2 !n he travell$ ov] ! :ole _w1 & came at la/ to ,spa91 :]e he made v few conv]ts1 by reason ( ! ignorance & d>kness ( ! p4 ,"o day1 z he /ood ) 8 disciples on ! banks ( ! ,ebro1 ! bless$ ,virg9 appe>$ to him seat$ on ! top ( a pill> ( jasp]1 & surr\nd$ by a *oir ( angels2 & ! apo/le hav+ ?r[n himself on 8 face1 %e comm&$ him to build on t spot a *apel = h] wor%ip1 assur+ him t all ?is prov9ce ( ,s>agossa1 ?\gh n[ 9 ! d>kness ( paganism1 w\ld at a future "t be di/+ui%$ by devotion to h]4 ,he did z ! holy ,virg9 _h comm&$1 & ?is 0 ! orig9 ( a fam\s *ur* aft]w>ds kn[n z t ( ,our ,lady ( ! ,pill> 7',nue/ra ,seora del ,pill>#874 ,!n ,/4 ,james1 hav+ f\nd$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 ,spa91 return$ to ,judea1 :]e he prea*$ = _m ye>s1 & p]=m$ _m wond]s & miracles 9 ! sight ( ! p3 & x happ5$ t a c]ta9 sorc]]1 ^: "n 0 ,h]mog5es1#baa set himself aga9/ ! apo/le1 j z ,simon ,magus _h wick$ly & va9ly oppos$ ,/4 ,pet]1 & ) ! l result4 ,h]mog5es s5t 8 s*ol> ,philetus to dispute ) ,james1 & to compete ) him 9 wondr\s works2 b1 z y w easily believe1 he _h no *ance aga9/ ! apo/le1 &1 confess+ himself vanqui%$1 he return$ to 8 ma/]1 to :om he ann\nc$ 8 int5tion to foll[ h5ce=? ,james & 8 doctr9e4 ,!n ,h]mog5es1 9 a rage1 b\nd ,philetus by 8 diabolical spells1 s t he c\ld n move h& or foot2 say+1 #8,let u n[ see if ?y new ma/] c deliv] !e3' & ,philetus s5t 8 s]vant to ,/4 ,james1 pray+ = aid4 ,!n ! apo/le took (f 8 cloak1 & gave x to ! s]vant to give 8 ma/]2 & no soon] _h ,philetus t\*$ x1 ?an he became free1 & ha/5$ to ?r[ himself at ! feet ( 8 deliv]]4 ,h]mog5es1 m furi\s ?an ev]1 call$ to ! demons :o s]v$ him1 & comm&$ t !y %\ld br+ to him ,james & ,philetus1 b\nd 9 fett]s2 b on _! way ! demons met ) a company ( angels1 :o seiz$ ^u !m1 & puni%$ !m = _! wick$ int5tions1 till !y cri$ = m]cy4 ,!n ,/4 ,james said to !m1 #8,g back to him :o s5t ye1 & br+ him hi!r b\nd4' ,& !y did s2 & hav+ laid ! sorc]] d[n at ! feet ( ,/4 ,james1 !y bes\ght him1 say+1 #8,n[ give u p[] to be av5g$ ( our enemy & ?9e6' ,b ,/4 ,james rebuk$ !m1 say+1 #8,*ri/ ha? comm&$ u to d good = evil4' ,s he deliv]$ ,h]mog5es f _! h&s2 & ! magician1 be+ utt]ly conf\nd$1 ca/ 8 books into ! sea1 & desir$ ( ,/4 ,james t he w\ld protect him aga9/ ! demons1 8 =m] s]vants4 ,!n ,/4 ,james gave him 8 /aff1 z ! mo/ effectual means ( def5ce aga9/ ! inf]nal spirits2 & ,h]mog5es became a fai?ful disciple & prea*] ( ! ^w f t day4 ,b ! evil-m9d$ ,jews1 be+ m & m inc5s$1 took ,james & b\nd him1 & br\ght him be=e ! tribunal ( ,h]od ,agrippa2 & "o ( ^? :o dragg$ him along1 t\*$ by ! g5tl5ess ( 8 demean\r1 & by 8 miracles ( m]cy1 0 conv]t$1 & supplicat$ to die ) him2 & ! apo/le gave him ! kiss ( peace1 say+1 #8,pax vobis6' & ! kiss & ! words toge!r h rema9$ z a =m ( b5$iction 9 ! ,*ur* to ?is day4 ,!n !y 7 bo? behead$1 & s di$4 ,& ! disciples ( ,/4 ,james came & took away 8 body2 &1 n d>+ to bury x1 = fe> ( ! ,jews1 !y c>ri$ x to ,joppa1 & plac$ x on bo>d ( a %ip3 "s say t ! %ip 0 ( m>ble1 b ?is is n au!nticat$2 h[ev]1 x is mo/ c]ta9 t angels conduct$ ! %ip miracul\sly to ! coa/ ( ,spa91 :]e !y arriv$ 9 sev5 days2 &1 sail+ ?r\gh ! /raits call$ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 !y l&$ at l5g? 9 ,galicia1 at a port call$ ,iria ,flavia1 n[ ,padron4 ,9 ^? days !re reign$ ov] ! c\ntry a c]ta9 que5 ^: "n 0 ,lupa1 & %e & all h] p 7 plung$ 9 wick$ness & idolatry4 ,n[1 hav+ come to %ore1 !y laid ! body ( ! apo/le ^u a great /one1 :i* became l wax1 &1 receiv+ ! body1 clos$ ar\nd x3 ?is 0 a sign t ! sa9t will$ to rema9 !re2 b ! wick$ que5 ,lupa 0 displeas$1 & %e comm&$ t !y %\ld h>ness "s wild bulls to a c>1 & place on x ! body1 ) ! self-=m$ tomb1 hop+ t !y w\ld drag x to de/ruction4 ,b 9 ?is %e 0 mi/ak52 = ! wild bulls1 :5 sign$ by ! cross1 became z docile z %eep1 & !y drew ! body ( ! apo/le /raight into ! c\rt ( h] palace4 ,:5 ,que5 ,lupa beheld ?is miracle1 %e 0 conf\nd$1 & %e & all h] p became ,*ri/ians3 %e built a magnific5t *ur* to receive ! sacr$ rema9s1 & di$ 9 ! od\r ( sanctity4 ,b !n came ! d>kness & ru9 :i* dur+ ! invasion ( ! ,b>b>ians ov]%ad[$ all ,spa92 & ! body ( ! apo/le 0 lo/1 & no "o knew :]e to f9d x1 till1 9 ! ye> #hjj1 ! place ( sepulture 0 reveal$ to a c]ta9 holy fri>4 ,!n !y caus$ ! body ( ! sa9t to be transport$ to ,compo/ella2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ! surpris+ miracles :i* grac$ 8 %r9e1 he 0 hon\r$ n m]ely 9 ,galicia1 b ?r\gh\t all ,spa94 ,he became ! patron sa9t ( ! ,spani>ds1 & ,compo/ella1 z a place ( pilgrimage1 0 r5[n$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,f all c\ntries b&s ( pilgrims resort$ !re1 s t sometimes !re 7 no less ?an a hundr$ ?\s& 9 "o ye>4 ,! milit>y ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,jago1 enroll$ by ,don ,alphonso = _! protection1 became "o ( ! greate/ & ri*e/ 9 ,spa94 ,n[1 if ,i %\ld proce$ to rec\nt all ! wond]ful de$s enact$ by ,santiago 9 behalf ( 8 *os5 p1 !y w\ld fill a volume4 ,! ,spani% hi/orians numb] ?irty-eight visible app>itions1 9 :i* ?is glori\s sa9t desc5d$ f heav5 9 p]son1 & took ! comm& ( _! armies aga9/ ! ,moors4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 & ! mo/ fam\s ( all1 ,i %all n[ relate4 ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ici1 ,k+ ,ramirez1 hav+ v[$ to deliv] ,ca/ile f ! %ameful tribute impos$ by ! ,moors1 ( "o hundr$ virg9s deliv]$ annually1 collect$ 8 troops1 & defi$ _! k+ ,abdelraman1 to battle3 ,! k+ call'd ,god to witness1 t1 came !re weal or woe1 ,!nce=? no maid5 tribute f out ,ca/ile %\ld g4-- #8,at lea/ ,i w d battle on ,god our ,savi\r's foe1 ,& die b5ea? my bann] be=e ,i see x s6' ,accord+ly he *>g$ ! ,moori% ho/ on ! pla9 ( ,alveida or ,clavijo3 aft] a furi\s conflict1 ! ,*ri/ians 71 by ! p]mission ( ,heav51 defeat$1 & =c$ to retire4 ,night sep>at$ ! combatants1 & ,k+ ,ramirez1 ov]p[]$ ) fatigue1 & sad at he>t1 flung himself ^u 8 c\* & slept4 ,9 8 sleep he beheld ! apo/le ,/4 ,jago1 :o promis$ to be ) him next morn+ 9 ! field1 & assur$ him ( victory4 ,! k+1 wak+ up f ! glori\s vision1 s5t = 8 prelates & (fic]s1 to :om he relat$ x2 & ! next morn+1 at ! head ( 8 army1 he rec\nt$ x to 8 soldi]s1 bidd+ !m rely on heav5ly aid4 ,he !n ord]$ ! trumpets to s\nd to battle4 ,! soldi]s1 inspir$ ) fre% c\rage1 ru%$ to ! fight4 ,sudd5ly ,/4 ,jago 0 se5 m\nt$ on a milk-:ite *>g]1 & wav+ al(t a :ite /&>d2 he l$ on ! ,*ri/ians1 :o ga9$ a decisive victory1 leav+ #fj1jjj ,moors dead on ! field4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s battle ( ,clavijo2 & ev] s9ce t day1 #8,,santiago6' has be5 ! w>-cry ( ! ,spani% armies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b x 0 n only on su* great occasions t ! inv9cible patron ( ,spa9 0 pleas$ to exhibit 8 p[]3 he condesc5d$ (t5times to int]f]e = ! protection ( ! poor & oppress$1 ( :i* ,i w n[ give a notable in/ance1 z x is relat$ by ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 ,g]man1 :o ) 8 wife & son w5t on a pilgrimage to ,/4 ,james ( ,compo/ella4 ,hav+ come z f> z ,torlosa1 !y lodg$ at an inn !re2 & ! ho/ _h a fair daught]1 :o1 look+ on ! son ( ! pilgrim1 a h&some & a graceful y\?1 became deeply enam\r$2 b he1 be+ virtu\s1 &1 moreov]1 on 8 way to a holy %r9e1 refus$ to li/5 to h] allurem5ts4 ,!n %e ?\ght h[ %e might be av5g$ = ?is slight put ^u h] *>ms1 & hid 9 8 wallet h] fa!r's silv] dr9k+-cup4 ,! next morn+1 no soon] 7 !y dep>t$1 ?an ! ho/1 discov]+ 8 loss1 pursu$ !m1 accus$ !m be=e ! judge1 & ! cup be+ f\nd 9 ! "y man's wallet1 he 0 condemn$ to be hung1 & all !y possess$ 0 confiscat$ to ! ho/4 ,!n ! afflict$ p>5ts pursu$ _! way lam5t+1 & made _! pray] & _! compla9t be=e ! alt> ( ! bless$ ,sa9t ,jago2 & ?irty-six days aft]w>ds z !y return$ by ! spot :]e _! son hung on ! gibbet1 !y /ood b5ea? x1 weep+ & lam5t+ bitt]ly4 ,!n ! son spoke & said1 #8,o my "m6 ,o my fa!r6 d n lam5t = me1 = ,i h nev] be5 9 bett] *e]2 ! bless$ apo/le ,james is at my side1 su/a9+ me & fill+ me ) cele/ial com=t & joy6' ,! p>5ts1 be+ a/oni%$1 ha/5$ to ! judge1 :o at t mom5t 0 seat$ at table1 & ! "m call$ out1 #8,our son lives6' ,! judge mock$ at !m3 #8,:at saye/ ?\1 good woman8 ?\ art beside ?yself6 ,if ?y son live?1 s d ^? f[ls 9 my di%4' ,& lo6 sc>cely _h he utt]$ ! words1 :5 ! f[ls 7be+ a cock & a h57 rose up full-fea!r$ 9 ! di%1 & ! cock began to cr[1 to ! great admiration ( ! judge & 8 att5dants4#bab ,!n ! judge rose up f table ha/ily1 & call$ toge!r ! prie/s & ! lawy]s1 & !y w5t 9 procession to ! gibbet1 took d[n ! "y man1 & re/or$ him to 8 p>5ts2 & ! miracul\s cock & h5 7 plac$ "u ! protection ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e !y & _! po/]ity long fl\ri%$ 9 te/imony ( ?is /up5d\s miracle4 ,!re are _m o!r leg5ds ( ,/4 ,james2 ! ,spani% *ronicl]s 9 prose & v]se ab\nd 9 su*2 b1 9 g5]al1 !y are n m]ely incr$ible1 b pu]ile & unpoetical2 & ,i h "h conf9$ myself to ^? :i* ,i "k to h be5 treat$ 9 ,art4 ,previ\s to ! twelf? c5tury1 ,/4 ,james is only di/+ui%$ among ! apo/les by 8 place1 :i* is ! f\r? 9 ! s]ies1 ! second aft] ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 "s in/ances he is portray$ ) a family resemblance to ,*ri/1 be+ 8 k9sman2 ! ?9 be>d1 & ! hair p>t$ & fl[+ d[n on ea* side4 ,b f ! ?irte5? c5tury x became a fa%ion to *>act]ise ,/4 ,james z a pilgrim ( ,compo/ella3 he be>s ! peculi> long /aff1 to :i* ! wallet or g\rd ( wat] is susp5d$2 ! cloak ) a long cape1 ! scallop-%ell on 8 %\ld] or on 8 flapp$ hat4 ,:]e ! cape1 hat1 & scallop-%ells are omitt$1 ! /aff1 borne z ! fir/ ( ! apo/les :o dep>t$ to fulfil 8 ,gospel mission1 rema9s 8 con/ant attribute1 & by ?is he may be recognis$ 9 ! ,madonna pictures1 & :5 gr\p$ ) o!r sa9ts4 ,illu/ration3 #ge ,/4 ,james ,major 7,gio4 ,santi7 ,! s+le devotional figures ( ,/4 ,james repres5t him 9 two di/9ct *>act]s3-- #a4 ,z tutel> sa9t ( ,spa91 & conqu]or ( ! ,moors4 ,9 8 pilgrim habit1 m\nt$ on a :ite *>g]1 & wav+ a :ite bann]1 ) :ite hair & be>d /ream+ l a meteor1 or sometimes arm$ 9 complete /eel1 spurr$ l a knight1 8 casque %ad[$ by :ite plumes1 he tramples ov] ! pro/rate ,infidels2 s completely 0 ! humble1 g5tle-spirit$ apo/le ( ,*ri/ m]g$ 9 ! _s ( ! religi\s *ivalry ( ! "t4 ,?is is a subject frequ5t 9 ,spani% s*ools4 ,! figure ov] ! high alt> ( ,santiago is describ$ z v gr& :5 se5 9 ! solemn twilight4 ,illu/ration3 #gf ,santiago 7,c>reo de ,mir&a7 ,illu/ration3 #gg ,/4 ,james ,major 7,a4 del ,s>to7 #b4 ,/4 ,james z patron sa9t 9 ! g5]al s5se4 ,! mo/ beautiful example ,i h met ) is a picture 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y1 pa9t$ by ,&rea del ,s>to = ! ,compagnia or ,confrat]nita ( ,sant' ,jacopo1 & int5d$ to figure z a /&>d 9 _! processions4 ,! ,madonna di ,san ,si/o ( ,raphael 0 pa9t$ = a simil> purpose3 & su* are /ill commonly us$ 9 ! religi\s processions 9 ,italy2 b !y h no long] ,raphaels & ,&rea-del-,s>tos to pa9t !m4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! picture has a p>ticul> =m1 high & n>r[1 adapt$ to its especial purpose3 ,/4 ,james we>s a gre5 tunic1 & a ri* crimson mantle2 & z "o ( ! purposes ( ! ,compagnia 0 to educate poor orphans1 !y are repres5t$ by ! two boys at 8 feet4 ,?is picture suff]$ f ! sun & ! wea!r1 to :i* x _h be5 a hundr$ times expos$ 9 ye>ly processions2 b x has be5 well re/or$1 & is admirable = its vivid col\r+ z well z ! b5ign attitude & expression4 #c4 ,/4 ,james seat$2 he holds a l>ge book b\nd 9 vellum 7! ,gospels7 9 8 left h&--& ) 8 "r po9ts to heav53 by ,gu]c9o1 9 ! gall]y ( ,c\nt ,h>ra*1 at ,vi5na4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ pictures by ,gu]c9o ,i h se54 ,pictures f ! life ( ,/4 ,james s+ly1 or z a s]ies1 are n common2 b among ^? :i* rema9 to u !re are sev]al ( great beauty & int]e/4 ,9 ! s]ies ( frescoes pa9t$ 9 a side *apel ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,antony ( ,padua 7,a4,d4 #acgf71 once call$ ! ,capella di ,san ,giacomo1 & n[ ,san ,felice1 ! old leg5d ( ,/4 ,james has be5 exactly foll[$2 & ?\gh ru9$ 9 _m p>ts1 & 9 o!rs co>sely repa9t$1 ^! works rema9 z compositions among/ ! mo/ curi\s monum5ts ( ! ,trec5ti/i4 ,x appe>s t1 t[>ds ! ye> #acgf1 ,mess] ,bonifacio de' ,lupi da ,p>ma1 ,cavali]e e ,m>*ese di ,s]ana1 :o boa/$ ( 8 desc5t f ! ,que5 ,lupa ( ! leg5d1 d$icat$ ?is *apel to ,/4 ,james ( ,spa9 7,san ,jacopo di ,galizia71 & employ$ ,m4 ,jacopo ,avanzi to decorate x1 :o no d\bt be/[$ 8 be/ workman%ip on 8 patron sa9t4 ,! subjects are ?us arrang$1 beg9n+ ) ! lunette on ! left h&1 :i* is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts3 #a4 ,h]mog5es s5ds ,philetus to dispute ) ,/4 ,james4 #b4 ,/4 ,james 9 8 pulpit conv]ts ,philetus4 #c4 ,h]mog5es s5ds 8 demons to b9d ,/4 ,james & ,philetus4 #d4 ,h]mog5es br\ght b\nd to ,/4 ,james4 #e4 ,he burns 8 books ( magic4 #f4 ,h]mog5es & ,philetus are conv]s+ 9 a fri5dly mann] ) ,/4 ,james4 #g4 ,/4 ,james is m>tyr$4 #h4 ,! arrival ( 8 body 9 ,spa9 9 a m>ble %ip /e]$ by an angel4 #i4 ,! disciples lay ! body on a rock1 :ile ,que5 ,lupa & h] si/] & ano!r p]sonage look on f a w9d[ 9 h] palace4 ,!n foll[ two comp>tm5ts on ! side :]e ! w9d[ is brok5 out1 mu* ru9$2 !y repres5t$ app>5tly ! imprisonm5t ( ! disciples4 #ab4 ,! disciples escape & are pursu$1 & _! pursu]s ) _! horses are dr[n$4 #ac4 ,! wild bulls draw ! s>cophagus into ! c\rt ( ,que5 ,lupa's palace4 #ad4 ,baptism ( ,lupa4 #ae & #af 7l[] comp>tm5ts to ! left73 ,/4 ,jago appe>s to ,k+ ,ramirez1 & ! defeat ( ! ,moors at ,clavijo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a r>e & curi\s pr9t by ,m>t9 ,s*o51 9 :i* ! app>ition ( ,/4 ,james at ,clavijo is repres5t$ n 9 ! ,spani% b ! ,g]man /yle4 ,x is an animat$ composition ( _m figures4 ,! sa9t appe>s on horseback 9 ! mid/1 we>+ 8 pilgrim's dress1 ) ! cockle-%ell 9 8 hat3 ! ,infidels are trampl$ d[n1 or fly be=e him4 ,illu/ration3 #gh ,! miracle ( ! ,f[ls 7,lo ,spagna7 ,on ! road f ,spoleto to ,foligno1 ab\t f\r miles f ,spoleto1 !re is a small *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,james ( ,galizia4 ,! frescoes repres5t+ ! miracles ( ! sa9t 7 pa9t$ by ,lo ,spagna 7,a4,d4 #aebf71 ! fri5d & fell[ pupil ( ,raphael4 ,9 ! vault ( ! apsis is ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg92 %e kneels1 attir$ 9 :ite drap]y fl[]$ ) gold1 & ! :ole gr\p1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 p[]1 appe>$ to me 9 delicacy & ta/e f> sup]ior to ! fresco ( ,fra ,filippo ,lippi at ,spoleto1 f :i* ,passavant ?9ks x is borr[$4#bac ,imm$iately "u ! ,coronation1 9 ! c5tre1 is a figure ( ,/4 ,james z patron sa9t1 /&+ ) 8 pilgrim's /aff 9 "o h&1 & ! ,gospel 9 ! o!r2 8 dress is a yell[ tunic ) a blue mantle ?r[n ov] x4 ,9 ! comp>tm5t on ! left1 ! y\? is se5 susp5d$ on ! gibbet1 :ile ,/4 ,james ) 8 h&s "u 8 feet su/a9s him2 ! fa!r & "m look up at him ) a/oni%m5t4 ,9 ! comp>tm5t to ! "r1 we see ! judge seat$ at d9n]1 att5d$ by 8 s]vants1 "o ( :om is br++ 9 a di%3 ! two pilgrims appe> to h j told _! /ory1 & ! cock & h5 h ris5 up 9 ! di% 7#gh74 ,^! frescoes are pa9t$ ) great elegance & animation1 & ! /ory is told ) mu* navet4 ,i f\nd ! same leg5d pa9t$ on "o ( ! l[] w9d[s ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ou51 & on a w9d[ ( ! "r-h& aisle 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t's at ,r\54 ,( ,,/4 ,,john1 :o is ! fif? 9 ! s]ies1 ,i h spok5 at l>ge "u ! head ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,,/4 ,,philip4 ,ital4 ,san ,filippo ,apo/olo4 ,fr4 ,sa9t ,philippe4 ,patron ( ,brabant & ,luxemb\rg4 ,may #a4 ,( ,/4 ,philip !re are few notices 9 ! ,gospel4 ,he 0 born at ,be?saida1 & he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ^? :om our ,"l summon$ to foll[ him4 ,aft] ! asc5sion1 he travell$ into ,scy?ia1 & rema9$ !re prea*+ ! ,gospel = tw5ty ye>s2 he !n prea*$ at ,hi]opolis 9 ,phrygia1 :]e he f\nd ! p addict$ to ! wor%ip ( a mon/r\s s]p5t or dragon1 or ( ! god ,m>s "u t =m4 ,tak+ compassion on _! bl9dness1 ! apo/le comm&$ ! s]p5t1 9 ! "n ( ! cross he held 9 8 h&1 to disappe>1 & imm$iately ! reptile glid$ out f b5ea? ! alt>1 at ! same "t emitt+ su* a hide\s /5*1 t _m p di$1 & among !m ! k+'s son fell dead 9 ! arms ( 8 att5dants3 b ! apo/le1 by ,div9e p[]1 re/or$ him to life4 ,!n ! prie/s ( ! dragon 7 inc5s$ aga9/ him1 & !y took him1 & crucifi$ him1 & be+ b\nd on ! cross !y /on$ him2 ?us he yield$ up 8 _s to ,god1 pray+1 l 8 ,div9e ,ma/]1 = 8 enemies & torm5tors4 ,accord+ to ! ,scripture1 ,/4 ,philip _h f\r daught]s1 :o 7 prophetesses1 & made _m conv]ts to ! fai? ( ,*ri/ 7,acts1 xxi4 #i74 ,9 ! ,greek cal5d>1 ,/4 ,m>iamne1 8 si/]1 & ,/4 ,h]mione1 8 daught]1 are commemorat$ z m>tyrs4 ,illu/ration3 #gi ,/4 ,philip 7,a4 ,dr]7 ,:5 ,/4 ,philip is repres5t$ alone1 or z "o ( ! s]ies ( apo/les1 he is g5]ally a man 9 ! prime ( life1 ) little be>d1 & ) a b5ign c\nt5ance1 be+ describ$ z ( a rem>kably *e]ful & affectionate nature4 ,he be>s1 z 8 attribute1 a cross1 :i* v>ies 9 =m2 sometimes x is a small cross1 :i* he c>ries 9 8 h&2 sometimes a high cross 9 ! =m ( a ,t1 or a tall /aff ) a small ,lat9 cross at ! top ( x 7#gi74 ,! cross ( ,/4 ,philip may h a treble signification3 x may allude to 8 m>tyrdom2 or to 8 conque/ ov] ! idols ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! cross2 or1 :5 plac$ on ! top ( ! pilgrim's /aff1 x may allude to 8 mission among ! b>b>ians z prea*] ( ! cross ( salvation4 ,s+le figures ( ,/4 ,philip z patron are n common3 !re is a f9e /atue ( him on ! faade ( ,san ,mi*ele at ,flor5ce2 & a noble figure by ,beccafumi1 read+2#bad ano!r1 seat$ & read+1 by ,ulri* ,mair4#bae 99 99 99 99 99 ,subjects f ! life ( ,/4 ,philip1 :e!r z s+le pictures or 9 a s]ies1 are also r>ely met )4 ,z he 0 ! fir/ call$ by our ,savi\r to leave all & foll[ him1 & 8 vocation !re=e a fe/ival 9 ! ,*ur*1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 treat$ ap>t2 b ,i h n met ) x4 ,i "k b ( ?ree hi/orical subjects tak5 f 8 life3-- #a4 ,bonifazio4 ,/4 ,philip /&s be=e ! ,savi\r3 ! attitude ( ! latt] is extremely dignifi$1 t ( ,philip supplicatory2 ! o!r apo/les are se5 9 ! backgr\nd3 ! col\r+ & expression ( ! :ole l ,titian4 ,! subject ( ?is spl5did picture is express$ by ! inscription und]nea? 7,john1 xiv4 #ad73 #8,dom9e1 o/5de nobis ,patrem1 et sufficit nobis4' #8,philippe1 qui videt me1 videt et ,patrem meum3 ego et ,pat] unum sumus4#8#baf #b4 ,/4 ,philip exorcises ! s]p5t4 ,! sc5e is ! int]ior ( a temple1 an alt> ) ! /atue ( ! god ,m>s3 a s]p5t1 creep+ f b5ea? ! alt>1 slays ! att5dants ) 8 poison\s & fi]y brea?4 ,! anci5t fresco 9 8 *apel at ,padua1 describ$ by ,"l ,l9dsay1 is extremely animat$1 b f> inf]ior to ! same subject 9 ! ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce by ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 :]e ! dignifi$ attitude ( ! apo/le1 & ! gr\p ( ! k+'s son dy+ 9 ! arms ( ! att5dants1 are admirably effective & dramatic4 ,/4 ,philip1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 0 ! patron sa9t ( ! pa9t]4 #c4 ,! ,crucifixion ( ,/4 ,philip4 ,accord+ to ! old ,greek traditions1 he 0 crucifi$ ) 8 head d[nw>ds1 & he is s repres5t$ on ! gates ( ,san ,paolo2 also 9 an old picture ov] ! tomb ( ,c>d9al ,philippe d',al5on1 :]e 8 patron1 ,/4 ,philip1 is atta*$ to ! cross ) cords1 & head d[nw>ds1 l ,/4 ,pet]2#bag b 9 ! old fresco by ,giu/o da ,padova1 9 ! ,capella di ,san ,filippo1 he is crucifi$ 9 ! usual mann]1 array$ 9 a long r$ g>m5t :i* desc5ds to 8 feet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is necess>y to avoid conf\nd+ ,/4 ,philip ! apo/le ) ,/4 ,philip ! deacon4 ,x 0 ,philip ! deacon :o baptiz$ ! *amb]la9 ( ,que5 ,c&ace1 ?\gh ! action has sometimes be5 attribut$ to ,philip ! apo/le4 ,! incid5t ( ! baptism ( ! ,e?iopian1 tak+ place 9 ! road1 by runn+ wat]1 #8on ! way t goe? d[n f ,j]usalem to ,gaza1' has be5 introduc$ into sev]al beautiful l&scapes ) mu* picturesque effect4 ,claude has ?us treat$ x2 ,salvator ,rosa2 ,jan ,bo?1 9 a mo/ beautiful picture 9 ! ,que5's ,gall]y2 ,rembr&t1 ,cuyp1 & o!rs4 ,,/4 ,,b>?olomew4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,b>?olomeus4 ,ital4 ,san ,b>tolomeo4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,b>?lemi4 ,aug4 #bd4 ,z ,/4 ,b>?olomew is n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ! canonical books1 except by "n 9 enum]at+ ! apo/les1 !re has be5 l>ge scope = leg5d>y /ory1 b 9 works ( art he is n a popul> sa9t4 ,accord+ to "o tradition1 he 0 ! son ( a husb&man2 accord+ to ano!r1 he 0 ! son ( a pr9ce ,ptolomeus4 ,aft] ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/ he travell$ into ,india1 ev5 to ! conf9es ( ! habitable _w1 c>ry+ ) him ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w2 return+ !nce1 he prea*$ 9 ,arm5ia & ,cilicia2 & com+ to ! city ( ,albanopolis1 he 0 condemn$ to dea? z a ,*ri/ian3 he 0 fir/ flay$ & !n crucifi$4 ,illu/ration3 #hj ,/4 ,b>?olomew 7,giotto7 ,9 s+le figures & devotional pictures1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew sometimes c>ries 9 "o h& a book1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w2 b 8 peculi> attribute is a l>ge knife1 ! in/rum5t ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,! leg5ds describe him z hav+ a quantity ( /rong black hair & a bu%y grizzl$ be>d2 & ?is portrait be+ foll[$ v lit]ally by ! old ,g]man & ,flemi% pa9t]s1 gives him1 ) 8 l>ge knife1 ! look ( a but*]4 ,9 ! ,italian pictures1 ?\gh ( a mild] & m dignifi$ appe>ance1 he has frequ5tly black hair2 & sometimes d>k & resolute features2 yet ! same leg5d describes him z ( a *e]ful c\nt5ance1 we>+ a purple robe & att5d$ by angels4 ,sometimes ,/4 ,b>?olomew has 8 own sk9 hang+ ov] 8 arm1 z among ! sa9ts 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t1 :]e he is hold+ =? 8 sk9 9 "o h&1 & grasp+ 8 knife 9 ! o!r3 & 9 ! /atue by ,m>co ,agrati 9 ! ,milan ,ca!dral1 fam\s = its anatomical precision & its boa/ful inscription1 ,non me ,praxiteles s$ ,m>cus p9xit ,agratis4 ,i f\nd 9 ! *ur* ( ,ntre ,dame at ,p>is a picture ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew heal+ ! ,pr9cess ( ,arm5ia4 ,) ?is exception1 ,i "k n any hi/orical subject :]e ?is apo/le is ! pr9cipal figure1 except 8 revolt+ & cruel m>tyrdom4 ,9 ! e>ly ,greek repres5tation on ! gates ( ,san ,paolo1 he is affix$ to a cross1 or r to a po/1 ) a small transv]se b> at top1 to :i* 8 h&s are fa/5$ above 8 head2 an execution]1 ) a knife 9 8 h&1 /oops at 8 feet4 ,?is is v diff]5t f ! repres5tations 9 ! mod]n s*ools4 ,! be/1 t is to say1 ! lea/ disgu/+1 repres5tation ,i h met )1 is a small picture by ,ago/9o ,c>acci1 9 ! ,su!rl& ,gall]y1 :i* once belong$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,i43 x is easy to see t ! pa9t] _h ! antique ,m>syas 9 8 m9d4 ,t d>k f]oci\s _s1 ,rib]a1 f\nd 9 x a !me cong5ial ) 8 own temp]am5t2#bah he has n only pa9t$ x sev]al times ) a horrible tru? & p[]1 b et*$ x elaborately ) 8 own h&3 a small picture1 copi$ f ! et*+1 is at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,,/4 ,,?omas4 ,ital4 ,san ,tomaso4 ,sp4 ,san ,tom4 ,dec4 #ba4 ,patron ,sa9t ( ,portugal & ,p>ma4 ,/4 ,?omas1 call$ ,didymus 7! tw971 takes1 z apo/le1 ! sev5? place4 ,he 0 a ,galilean & a fi%]man1 & we f9d him di/+ui%$ among ! apo/les on two occasions record$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,:5 ,jesus 0 go+ up to ,be?any1 be+ !n 9 dang] f ! ,jews1 ,?omas said1 #8,let u also g1 t we may die ) him4' 7,john1 xi4 #af1 xx4 #be47 ,aft] ! resurrection1 he %[$ himself unwill+ to believe 9 ! reappe>ance ( ! crucifi$ ,savi\r )\t ocul> demon/ration3 ?is incid5t is /yl$ ! ,incr$ulity ( ,?omas4 ,f ^! two incid5ts we may =m "s idea ( 8 "*3 c\rage\s & affectionate1 b n incl9$ to take ?+s = grant$2 or1 z a ,fr5* writ] expresses x1 #8brusque et rsolu1 mais d'un esprit exigeant4' ,aft] ! asc5sion1 ,/4 ,?omas travell$ into ! ,ea/1 prea*+ ! ,gospel 9 f> di/ant c\ntries t[>ds ! ris+ sun4 ,x is a tradition receiv$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 t he p5etrat$ z f> z ,india2 t !re meet+ ) ! ?ree ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/1 he baptiz$ !m2 t he f\nd$ a *ur* 9 ,india1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom !re4 ,x is relat$1 t ! ,portuguese f\nd at ,meliapore an anci5t inscription1 purport+ t ,/4 ,?omas _h be5 pi]c$ ) a lance at ! foot ( a cross :i* he _h erect$ 9 t city1 & t 9 #aebc 8 body 0 f\nd !re & transport$ to ,goa4 ,9 ,correggio's fresco ( ,/4 ,?omas z protector ( ,p>ma he is surr\nd$ by angels be>+ exotic fruits1 z express+ 8 m9i/ry 9 ,india4 ,!re are a numb] ( extravagant & poetical leg5ds relat+ to ,/4 ,?omas4 ,i %all "h limit myself to ^? :i* 7 adopt$ 9 ecclesia/ical decoration1 & treat$ by ! arti/s ( ! middle ages4 ,:5 ,/4 ,?omas figures z apo/le1 alone or ) o!rs1 9 all ! devotional repres5tations :i* are n prior to ! ?irte5? c5tury he c>ries z 8 attribute ! build]'s rule1 ( ?is =m-- ,illu/ration ,n[1 z he 0 a fi%]man1 & nei!r a c>p5t] nor a mason1 ! orig9 ( ?is attribute mu/ be s\ght 9 "o ( ! mo/ popul> leg5ds ( :i* he is ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 #ha ,/4 ,?omas ! ,apo/le #8,:5 ,/4 ,?omas 0 at ,ces>ea1 our ,"l appe>$ to him & said1 8,! k+ ( ! ,indies1 ,gond(orus1 ha? s5t 8 provo/ ,abanes to seek = workm5 well v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ar*itecture1 :o %all build = him a palace f9] ?an t ( ! ,emp]or ( ,rome4 ,behold1 n[1 ,i w s5d !e to him40 ,& ,?omas w5t1 & ,gond(orus comm&$ him to build = him a magnific5t palace1 & gave him mu* gold & silv] = ! purpose4 ,! k+ w5t into a di/ant c\ntry1 & 0 abs5t = two ye>s2 & ,/4 ,?omas mean:ile1 in/ead ( build+ a palace1 di/ribut$ all ! treasures entru/$ to him among ! poor & sick2 & :5 ! k+ return$1 he 0 full ( wra?1 & he comm&$ t ,/4 ,?omas %\ld be seiz$ & ca/ into prison1 & he m$itat$ = him a horrible dea?4 ,meantime ! bro!r ( ! k+ di$2 & ! k+ resolv$ to erect = him a mo/ magnific5t tomb2 b ! dead man1 aft] t he _h be5 dead f\r days1 sudd5ly arose & sat upright1 & said to ! k+1 8,! man :om ?\ w\ld/ torture is a s]vant ( ,god3 behold ,i h be5 9 ,p>adise1 & ! angels %[$ to me a wondr\s palace ( gold & silv] & preci\s /ones10 & !y said1 8,?is is ! palace t ,?omas ! ar*itect ha? built = ?y bro!r ,k+ ,gond(orus40 ,& :5 ! k+ he>d ^! words1 he ran to ! prison1 & deliv]$ ! apo/le2 & ,?omas said to him1 8,kn[e/ ?\ n t ^? :o w\ld possess heav5ly ?+s1 h little c>e = ! ?+s ( ?is e>?8 ,!re are 9 heav5 ri* palaces )\t numb]1 :i* 7 prep>$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w = ^? :o pur*ase ! possession ?r\gh fai? & *>ity4 ,?y ri*es1 ,o k+1 may prep>e ! way = !e to su* a palace1 b !y _c foll[ !e ?i!r40'#bai ,! build]'s rule 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,?omas *>act]ises him z ! spiritual ar*itect ( ,k+ ,gond(orus1 & = ! same reason he has be5 *os5 among ! sa9ts z patron ( ar*itects & build]s4 ,!re is 9 ?is leg5d or allegory1 fanciful z x is1 an obvi\s beauty & significance1 :i* ,i ne$ n po9t out4 ,x appe>s to me to be "o ( ^? _m leg5ds :i* orig9ally 7 n assum$ to be facts1 b 7 relat$ z p>ables1 religi\s fictions inv5t$ = ! in/ruction ( ! p1 l our ,savi\r's /ories ( ! #8,good ,sam>itan1' ! #8,prodigal ,son1' c41 & 7 r5d]$ m /rik+ & impressive by ! introduction ( a celebrat$ & exalt$ p]sonage--our ,savi\r1 ! ,virg91 or "o ( ! apo/les--z h]o ( ! tale4 ,?is beautiful leg5d ( ,/4 ,?omas & ,k+ ,gond(orus is pa9t$ on "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! ca!dral at ,b\rges1--an appropriate (f]+ f ! company ( build]s 9 t anci5t city4 ,x is also ! subject ( "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! anci5t ,fr5* my/]ies1 :i* 0 act$ ) great applause at ,p>is 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,b1 9 ! hi/orical subjects f ! life ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ! fir/ place mu/ be giv5 to ! "o scriptural incid5t 9 :i* he figures z a pr9cipal p]son4 #8,! ,incr$ulity ( ,/4 ,?omas' occurs 9 all ! e>ly s]ies ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 z "o ( ! ev5ts ( 8 mission1 & "o ( ! pro(s ( 8 resurrection4 ,on ! anci5t gates ( ,san ,paolo x is treat$ ) great simplicity z a sacr$ my/]y1 ,/4 ,?omas be+ ! pr9cipal p]sonage 9 ! action1 z ! "o ^: conviction 0 to br+ conviction to ! univ]se4 ,*ri/ /&s on a p$e/al surm\nt$ by a cross2 ! apo/les are rang$ on ea* side1 & ,/4 ,?omas1 approa*+1 /ret*es =? 8 h&4 ,! incid5t1 z a sep>ate subject1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! lat] s*ools ( ,italy1 & 9 ! ,flemi% s*ools4 ,! g5]al treatm5t1 :5 giv5 9 ?is dramatic /yle1 admits ( two v>iations3 ei!r ,/4 ,?omas is plac+ 8 h&1 ) an expression ( d\bt & fe>1 on ! w\nds ( ! ,savi\r2 or1 8 d\bts be+ remov$1 he is gaz+ upw>ds 9 adoration & wond]4 ,( ! fir/1 "o ( ! f9e/ examples is a well-kn[n picture by ,rub5s1#bbj "o ( 8 mo/ beautiful works1 & extraord9>y = ! tru? ( ! expression 9 ! c\nt5ance ( ! apo/le1 ^: h& is on ! side ( ,*ri/2 ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,pet] are beh9d4 ,9 ,v&yck's picture at ,pet]sburg1 ,/4 ,?omas /oops to exam9e ! ,savi\r's h&4 ,9 a design ascrib$ to ,raphael1 we h ! second v]sion3 ! look ( a/oni%$ conviction 9 ,/4 ,?omas4#bba ,niccol ,p\ss9 has pa9t$ x f9ely1 introduc+ twelve figures4#bbb ,gu]c9o's picture is celebrat$1 b he has committ$ ! fault ( repres5t+ ! two pr9cipal figures bo? 9 pr(ile4#bbc 99 99 99 99 99 ,! leg5d>y subject /yl$ #8,la ,madonna della ,c9tola' belongs prop]ly to ! leg5ds ( ! ,virg91 b z ,/4 ,?omas is always a pr9cipal p]sonage ,i %all m5tion x "h4 ,! leg5d relates t :5 ! ,madonna asc5d$ into heav51 9 ! sight ( ! apo/les1 ,?omas 0 abs5t2 b aft] ?ree days he return$1 &1 d\bt+ ! tru? ( h] glori\s translation1 he desir$ t h] tomb %\ld be op5$2 :i* 0 done1 & lo6 x 0 f\nd empty4 ,!n ! ,virg91 tak+ pity on 8 weakness & want ( fai?1 ?rew d[n to him h] girdle1 t ?is tangible pro( rema9+ 9 8 h&s might remove all d\bts = ev] f 8 m9d3 h5ce 9 _m pictures ( ! ,assumption & ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,?omas is se5 bel[ hold+ ! sacr$ girdle 9 8 h&4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,raphael's beautiful #8,coronation' 9 ! ,vatican2 & 9 ,correggio's #8,assumption' at ,p>ma1 :]e ,/4 ,?omas holds ! girdle1 & ano!r apo/le kisses x4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,girdle ,! belief t ! girdle is pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,pi/oia has r5d]$ ?is leg5d a popul> subject ) ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]s2 & we f9d x treat$1 n m]ely z an incid5t 9 ! sc5e ( ! ,assumption1 b 9 a mann] purely my/ic & devotional4 ,?us1 9 a *>m+ bas-relief by ,luca della ,robbia1#bbd ! ,virg91 surr\nd$ by a *oir ( angels1 pres5ts h] girdle to ! apo/le4 ,9 a beautiful picture by ,granacci1#bbe ! ,virg9 is seat$ 9 ! cl\ds2 b5ea? is h] empty sepul*re3 on "o side kneels ,/4 ,?omas1 :o receives ) rev]5ce ! sacr$ girdle2 on ! o!r kneels ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael4 ,9 simplicity ( arrangem5t1 beauty ( expression1 & t5d] h>mony ( col\r1 ?is picture has seldom be5 exce$$4 ,granacci has aga9 treat$ ?is subject1 & ,/4 ,?omas receives ! girdle 9 ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,james ,major1 ,/4 ,laur5ce1 & ,/4 ,b>?olomew4#bbf ,we h ! same subject by ,paol9o da ,pi/oia2 by ,sogliani2 & by ,ma9>di1 a l>ge & v f9e fresco 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce4 ,a poetical & truly my/ical v]sion ( ?is subject is t :]e9 ! ,infant ,savi\r1 seat$ or /&+ on 8 "m's knee1 looses h] girdle & pres5ts x to ,/4 ,?omas4 ,( ?is ,i h se5 sev]al examples2 "o 9 ! ,duomo at ,vit]bo4#bbg ,9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,?omas1 sev]al idolat]s pi]ce him ?r\gh ) lances & javel9s4 ,x 0 s repres5t$ on ! doors ( ,san ,paolo1 ) f\r figures only4 ,rub5s1 9 8 l>ge picture1 has foll[$ ! leg5d v exactly2 ,/4 ,?omas embraces ! cross1 at ! foot ( :i* he is ab\t to fall1 transfix$ by spe>s4 ,a l>ge picture 9 ! gall]y ( ,c\nt ,h>ra* at ,vi5na1 call$ !re ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,jude1 ,i believe to repres5t ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,two ( ! idolatr\s prie/s pi]ce him ) lances4 ,alb]t ,dr]1 9 8 beautiful pr9t ( ,/4 ,?omas1 repres5ts him hold+ ! lance1 ! in/rum5t ( 8 m>tyrdom3 b ?is is v unusual4 ,! eigh? 9 ! ord] ( ! ,apo/les is ! ,evangeli/ ,,/4 ,,mat!w1 ( :om ,i h spok5 at l5g?4 ,,/4 ,,james ,,m9or4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,jacobus ,frat] ,dom9i4 ,gr4 ,adelpho!os4 ,ital4 ,san ,jacopo or ,giacomo ,m9ore4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,jacques ,m9eur4 7,may #a47 ,! n9? is ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 or ! ,less1 call$ also ! ,j3 he 0 a ne> relative ( ,*ri/1 be+ ! son ( ,m>y1 ! wife ( ,cleophas1 :o 0 ! si/] ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 h5ce he is /yl$ #8! ,"l's bro!r4' ,no?+ p>ticul> is relat$ ( him till aft] ! asc5sion4 ,he is reg>d$ z fir/ ,*ri/ian bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 & v5]at$ = 8 self-d5ial1 8 piety1 8 wisdom1 & 8 *>ity4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are conspicu\s 9 ! beautiful ,epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,hav+ excit$1 by ! f]v\r ( 8 tea*+1 ! fury ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 & p>ticul>ly ! enmity ( ! high-prie/ ,ananus1 !y flung him d[n f a t]race or p>apet ( ! ,temple1 & "o ( ! infuriat$ populace bel[ beat out 8 bra9s ) a full]'s club4 ,9 s+le figures & devotional pictures1 ,/4 ,james is g5]ally lean+ on ?is club1 ! in/rum5t ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,accord+ to an e>ly tradition1 he s ne>ly resembl$ our ,"l 9 p]son1 9 features1 & deportm5t1 t x 0 difficult to di/+ui% !m4 #8,! ,holy ,virg9 h]self1' says ! leg5d1 #8_h %e be5 capable ( error1 might h mi/ak5 "o = ! o!r3' & ?is exact resemblance r5d]$ necess>y ! kiss ( ! traitor ,judas1 9 ord] to po9t out 8 victim to ! soldi]s4 ,?is *>act]i/ic resemblance is att5d$ to 9 ! e>lie/ & be/ repres5tations ( ,/4 ,james1 & by ?is he may usually be di/+ui%$ :5 he does n be> 8 club1 :i* is (t5 a ?ick /ick or /aff4 ,) ! exception ( ^? ,scripture sc5es 9 :i* ! apo/les are pres5t1 ,i h met ) few pictures 9 :i* ,/4 ,james ,m9or is introduc$3 he does n appe> to h be5 popul> z a patron sa9t4 ,! ev5t ( 8 m>tyrdom occurs v seldom1 & is v lit]ally r5d]$3 ! sc5e is a c\rt ( ! ,temple1 ) t]races & balconies2 he is fall+1 or has fall51 to ! gr\nd1 & "o ( ! cr[d lifts up ! club to smite him4 ,ignorant arti/s h 9 "s in/ances conf\nd$ ,/4 ,james ,major & ,/4 ,james ,m9or4 ,! ,cappella dei ,belludi at ,padua1 already m5tion$1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,philip & ,/4 ,james1 conta9s a s]ies ( frescoes f ! life ( ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 9 :i* are "s ( ! miracul\s incid5ts attribut$ 9 ! ,leg5da ,aurea to ,/4 ,james ,major4 ,illu/ration3 #hb ,/4 ,james ,m9or #a4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,apo/les held at ,j]usalem1 9 :i* ,/4 ,james 0 nom9at$ *ief or bi%op ( ! infant ,*ur*4 #b4 ,our ,savi\r aft] 8 resurrection appe>s to ,/4 ,james1 :o _h v[$ n to eat till he %\ld see ,*ri/4#bbh #c4 ,/4 ,james ?r[n d[n f ! pulpit 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,temple4 #d4 ,he is sla9 by ! full]4 #e4 ,a c]ta9 m]*ant is /ript ( all 8 goods by a tyrant1 & ca/ into prison4 ,he implores ! protection ( ,/4 ,james1 :o1 lead+ him to ! summit ( ! t[]1 comm&s ! t[] to b[ itself to ! gr\nd1 & ! m]*ant /eps f x & escapes2 or1 accord+ to ! v]sion foll[$ 9 ! fresco1 ! apo/le lifts ! t[] on "o side f its f\ndation1 & ! prison] escapes f "u x1 l a m\se out ( a trap4 #f4 ,a poor pilgrim1 hav+ nei!r money nor food1 fell asleep by ! way-side1 &1 on wak+1 f\nd t ,/4 ,james _h plac$ beside him a loaf ( bread1 :i* miracul\sly suppli$ 8 wants to ! end ( 8 j\rney4 ,^! two la/ /ories are told also ( ,/4 ,james ( ,galicia1 b ,i h nev] met ) any pictures ( 8 life 9 :i* !y are includ$4 ,"h !y und\bt$ly ref] to ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 ! *apel be+ consecrat$ to 8 hon\r4 ,,/4 ,,simon ,,zelotes 7or ,,! ,,zealot74 ,,/4 ,,jude 7,,?addeus1 or ,,lebbeus74 ,ital4 ,san ,simone2 ,san ,taddeo4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,simon le ,zl4 ,/4 ,?adde4 ,g]4 ,judas ,?addu4 7,oct4 #bh47 ,! unc]ta9ty1 contradiction1 & confusion :i* ,i f9d 9 all ! ecclesia/ical biographies relative to ^! apo/les1 make x impossible to give any cle> acc\nt ( !m2 & z subjects ( ,art !y are s unimportant1 & s un9t]e/+1 t x is ! less necess>y4 ,accord+ to "o tradition1 !y 7 ! same m5tion$ by ,mat!w z our ,"l's bre?r5 or k9sm54 ,b1 accord+ to ano!r tradition1 !y 7 n ! same1 b two bro!rs :o 7 among ! %eph]ds to :om ! angel & ! heav5ly ho/ reveal$ ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r4 ,^? pa9t]s :o foll[$ ! fir/ tradition repres5t ,simon & ,jude z "y1 or at lea/ 9 ! prime ( life4 ,^? :o adopt ! second repres5t !m z v old1 tak+ x = grant$ t at ! bir? ( ,*ri/ !y mu/ h be5 full-gr[n m52 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! leg5d usually foll[$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 g5]ally agre$1 t !y prea*$ ! ,gospel toge!r 9 ,syria & ,mesopotamia1 & toge!r suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,p]sia3 9 :at mann] !y suff]$ is unkn[n2 b x is suppos$ t ,/4 ,simon 0 sawn asund]1 & ,/4 ,?addeus kill$ ) a halb]d4 ,9 a s]ies ( apo/les1 ,/4 ,simon be>s ! saw1 & ,/4 ,?addeus a halb]d4 ,9 ,greek ,art1 ,jude & ,?addeus are two diff]5t p]sons4 ,jude is repres5t$ "y1 ,?addeus old4 ,/4 ,simon 9 extreme old age1 ) a bald head1 & long :ite be>d4 ,9 ! ,greek repres5tation ( 8 m>tyrdom1 he is affix$ to a cross exactly l t ( our ,savi\r1 s t1 b = ! sup]scription ,c1 he might be mi/ak5 = ,*ri/4 ,i d n "k ( any sep>ate picture ( ^! apo/les4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o mann] ( treat+ !m1 ) ref]5ce to _! suppos$ relation%ip to our ,savi\r1 :i* is peculi>ly beautiful4 ,assum+ t ! ?ree la/-nam$ apo/les1 ,james1 ! son ( ,m>y ,cleophas2 ,simon & ,jude2 ,joseph or ,joses ! ,j1 also nam$ by ,mat!w among ! bre?r5 ( ,*ri/2 toge!r ) ,james & ,john1 ! sons ( ,m>y ,salome1--7 all ne>ly relat$ to ! ,savi\r2 x 0 surely a *>m+ idea to gr\p z *ildr5 ar\nd him 9 8 infancy ^? :o 7 aft]w>ds call$ to be ! *os5 m9i/]s ( 8 ,^w4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has glorifi$ womanhood & *ildhood1 nev] sugge/$ to ! ,*ri/ian arti/ a m beautiful subject1 nor "o :i* x w\ld be m easy1 by an unwor?y or too picturesque treatm5t1 to r5d] m]ely pretty & commonplace4 ,?is v]sion1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,sacra ,famiglia is r>ely met )4 ,!re is an example 9 ! ,l\vre1 sign$ #8,laur5tius' 7,lor5zo di ,pavia1 ,a4,d4 #aeac71 :i* is rem>kable z a religi\s repres5tation2 b ! mo/ beautiful in/ance ( ?is treatm5t is a *ef-d'uvre ( ,p]ug9o1 9 ! ,muse at ,m>seilles4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! ,virg91 seat$ on a ?rone2 %e holds ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 h] arms4 ,beh9d h] is ,/4 ,anna1 h] two h&s re/+ affectionately on ! %\ld]s ( ! ,virg94 ,9 front1 at ! foot ( ! ?rone1 are two lovely *ildr51 undrap$1 ) glories r\nd _! heads1 on :i* are inscrib$ _! names1 ,simon & ,?addeus4 ,to ! "r is ,m>y ,salome1 a beautiful "y woman1 hold+ a *ild 9 h] arms--,/4 ,john1 aft]w>ds ! evangeli/4 ,ne> h] is ,joa*im1 ! fa!r ( ! ,virg94 ,at 8 feet ano!r *ild1 ,james ,major4 ,to ! left ( ! ,virg91 ,m>y ! wife ( ,cleophas1 /&+1 holds by ! h& ,james ,m9or3 beh9d h]1 ,joseph1 ! husb& ( ! ,virg91 & at 8 feet ano!r *ild1 ,joseph 7or ,joses7 ,ju/us4 ,i h also se5 ?is subject 9 illum9at$ ,,mss41 &1 h[ev] treat$1 x is surely v poetical & sugge/ive4#bbi ,,/4 ,,mat?ias4 ,ital4 ,san ,mattia4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,ma?ias4 7,feb4 #bd47 ,/4 ,mat?ias1 :o 0 *os5 by lot to fill ! place ( ! traitor ,judas1 is ! la/ ( ! apo/les4 7,acts i47 ,he prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,judea1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom at ! h&s ( ! ,jews1 ei!r by ! lance or by ! axe4 ,9 ! ,italian s]ies ( ! apo/les1 he be>s z 8 attribute ! lance2 9 ! ,g]man sets1 m commonly ! axe4#bcj ,! c]emony ( *oos+ ,/4 ,mat?ias by lot is ! subject ( a m$iocre picture by ,bos*i4 ,/4 ,d5is says t ! apo/les 7 direct$ 9 _! *oice by a beam ( div9e spl5d\r1 = x 7 impi\s to suppose t su* an election 0 made by *ance4 ,9 ?is picture ( ,bos*i1 a ray ( light falls f heav5 on ! head ( ,/4 ,mat?ias4 ,illu/ration3 #hc ,/4 ,mat?ias 7,raphael7 ,!re is a figure ( ?is apo/le by ,cosimo ,roselli1 hold+ a sword by ! po9t3 :at might be ! int5tion ( t caprici\s pa9t] x is n[ impossible to guess4#bca ,sep>ate pictures ( ,/4 ,mat?ias are v r>e1 & he is seldom includ$ 9 sets ( ! apo/les4 ,,judas ,,isc>iot4 ,ital4 ,giuda ,sc>iota4 ,fr4 ,judas ,isc>iote4 ,! v "n ( ,judas ,isc>iot has become a by-^w2 8 p]son & "* an et]nal type ( impiety1 trea*]y1 & +ratitude4 ,we %udd] at ! associations call$ up by 8 memory2 8 crime1 )\t a "n1 s di/ances all possible human turpitude1 t he _c ev5 be held =? z a t]ror to evil do]s2 we set him aside z "o cut (f2 we nev] ?9k ( him b 9 ref]5ce to ! sole & unequall$ crime record$ ( him4 ,n s our ance/ors2 "o %\ld h liv$ 9 ! middle ages1 to conceive ! pr(\nd1 ! ev]-pres5t1 horror ) :i* ,judas ,isc>iot 0 !n reg>d$4 ,! devil himself did n inspire ! same passionate hatr$ & indignation4 ,be+ ! devil1 :at c\ld he be b devili%8 ,8 wick$ness 0 accord+ to 8 inf]nal nature3 b ! crime ( ,judas rema9s ! p]petual %ame & reproa* ( our humanity4 ,! devil betray$ mank9d1 b ,judas betray$ 8 ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,gospels are sil5t z to ! life ( ,judas be=e he became an apo/le1 b our prog5itors ( ! middle ages1 :o c\ld n conceive x possible t any be+1 h[ev] p]v]se1 w\ld ru% at once into su* an abyss ( guilt1 h fill$ up ! omissions ( ,scripture aft] _! own fancy4 ,!y picture ,judas z a wret* =$oom$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & prep>$ by a long c\rse ( vice & crime = t cr[n+ guilt :i* fill$ ! measure full4 ,accord+ to ?is leg5d1 he 0 ( ! tribe ( ,reub54 ,be=e 8 "m br\ght him =?1 %e dream$ t ! son :o lay 9 h] womb w\ld be accurs$1 t he w\ld murd] 8 fa!r1 commit ince/ ) 8 "m1 & sell 8 ,god4 ,t]rifi$ at h] dream1 %e took c\nsel ) h] husb&1 & !y agre$ to av]t ! ?reat5$ calamity by expos+ ! *ild4 ,z 9 ! /ory ( dipus1 f :i*1 inde$1 ?is /range wild leg5d seems p>tly borr[$1 ! means tak5 to av]t ! ?reat5$ curse caus$ its fulfilm5t4 ,judas1 at 8 bir?1 is enclos$ 9 a *e/1 & flung into ! sea2 ! sea ca/s him up1 &1 be+ f\nd on ! %ore1 he is fo/]$ by a c]ta9 k+ & que5 z _! own son2 !y h1 h[ev]1 ano!r son1 :om ,judas1 malignant f 8 bir?1 beats & oppresses1 & at l5g? kills 9 a qu>rel ov] a game at *ess4 ,he !n flies to ,judea1 :]e he ent]s ! s]vice ( ,pontius ,pilate z page4 ,9 due "t he commits ! o!r mon/r\s crimes to :i* he 0 pr$e/9$2 & :5 he le>ns f 8 "m ! secret ( 8 bir?1 he is fill$ ) a sudd5 contrition & t]ror2 he he>s ( ! prophet :o has p[] on e>? to =give s9s2 & seek+ out ,*ri/ ?r[s himself at 8 feet4 ,our ,savi\r1 n deceiv$1 b see+ 9 him ! de/9$ betray]1 & t all ?+s may be accompli%$1 accepts him z 8 apo/le3 he becomes ! s5es*al or /ew>d ( ,*ri/1 be>s ! purse1 & provides = ! common wants4 ,9 ?is position1 av>ice1 ! only vice to :i* he 0 n yet addict$1 takes possession ( 8 s\l1 & makes ! corruption complete4 ,?r\gh av>ice1 he grudges e p5ny giv5 to ! poor1 & :5 ,m>y ,magdal5e ano9ts ! feet ( our ,"l he is full ( wra? at :at he consid]s ! wa/e ( ! preci\s p]fume3 #8,:y 0 n ?is o9tm5t sold = ?ree hundr$ p5ce1 & giv5 to ! poor8 ,?is he said1 n t he c>$ = ! poor1 b because he 0 a ?ief4' ,?r\gh av>ice1 he yields to ! bribe (f]$ by ! ,jews4 ,!n foll[ ! sc5es ( ! betrayal ( ,*ri/1 & ! late rep5tance & t]rible suicide ( ! traitor1 z record$ 9 ,scripture4 ,b 9 ! old ,my/]y ( ! #8,passion ( ,*ri/' ! rep5tance & fate ( ,judas are v dramatically work$ out1 & ) all possible circum/ances ( horror4 ,:5 he beholds ! mild ,savi\r be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,h]od1 he rep5ts3 ,remorse1 :o figures z a real p]sonage1 seizes on ! fat$ wret*1 & torm5ts him till 9 8 agony he invokes ,despair4 ,despair appe>s1 almo/ 9 ! guise ( ! #8accurs$ wight' 9 ,sp5s]1 &1 ) l argum5ts1 urges him to make away ) 8 life3-- ,& br+s unto him swords1 rope1 poison1 fire1 ,& all t might him to p]dition draw1 ,& bids him *oose :at dea? he w\ld desire4 ,or 9 ! m homely language ( ! old ,fr5* my/]y1-- ,il faut que tu passes le pas6 ,voici dagues et c\telas1 ,=cettes1 po9ons1 allumettes1-- ,avise1 *oisis les plus belles1 ,et celles de meilleure =ge1 ,p\r te c\p] c\p la gorge2 ,ou si tu aimes mieux te p5dre1 ,voici lacs et cordes v5dre4 ,! (f] "h ( ! bodk9s & ! allumettes rem9ds u ( ! spee* ( ,falconbridge3-- ,if ?\ w\ld'/ dr[n ?yself1 ,put b a little wat] 9 a spoon1 ,& x %all be z all ! ocean1 ,en\gh to /ifle su* a villa9 up4 ,judas *ooses ! rope1 & hangs himself =?)2 #8& fall+ headlong1 he bur/ asund] 9 ! mid/1 & all 8 b[els gu%$ out3' :i* acc\nt is expla9$ by an e>ly tradition1 t be+ f\nd & cut d[n1 8 body 0 ?r[n ov] ! p>apet ( ! ,temple into ! rav9e bel[1 &1 9 ! fall1 0 riv5 & da%$ to pieces4 ,!re requir$ b "o m t\* ( horror to complete ! picture2 & ?is is furni%$ by a sonnet ( ,giani1 :i* ,i rememb] to h read 9 my y\?4 ,:5 ,judas falls f ! fatal tree1 8 evil g5ius seizes ! brok5 rope1 & drags him d[n to ! see?+ abyss bel[3 at 8 approa*1 hell s5ds =? a %\t ( rejoic+2 ,lucif] smoo?s 8 br[1 corrugat$ ) fire & pa91 & rises f 8 burn+ ?rone to welcome a great] s9n] ?an himself3-- ,poi fra le braccia incat5 quel tri/o1 ,e colla bocca sfavillante e n]a ,gli rese il bacio *' avea dato a ,*ri/o6 ,! retribution imag$ 9 ! la/ two l9es bord]s1 ,i am afraid1 on a concetto2 b x makes "o %iv]1 not)/&+4 ,sep>ate repres5tations ( ! figure or ( ! life ( ,judas ,isc>iot are n1 ( c\rse1 to be look$ =2 !y w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z pr(ane1 z om9\s1--worse ?an ! evil-eye4 ,9 ^? ,scripture sc5es 9 :i* he f9ds a place1 x 0 ! aim ( ! e>ly arti/s to give him a c\nt5ance z hateful1 z expressive ( trea*]y1 meanness1 malignity1 z _! skill c\ld compass1--! ,italians hav+ dep5d$ m on expression1 ! ,g]man & ,spani% pa9t]s on =m4 ,we h a conviction1 t if ! man _h really worn su* a look1 su* features1 he w\ld h be5 ca/ out f ! company ( ! apo/les2 ! leg5d already ref]r$ to says expressly t ,judas 0 ( a comely appe>ance1 & 0 recomm5d$ to ! s]vice ( ,pontius ,pilate by 8 beauty ( p]son2 b ! pa9t]s1 speak+ to ! p 9 ! language ( =m1 7 "r to admit ( no equivocation4 ,! same feel+ :i* induc$ !m to conc5trate on ! image ( ! ,demon all !y c\ld conceive ( hide\s & repulsive1 made !m picture ! ext]ior ( ,judas z de=m$ & hateful z ! s\l )92 &1 by an exagg]ation ( ! ,jewi% ca/ ( features comb9$ ) r$ hair & be>d1 !y flatt]$ !mselves t !y _h atta9$ ! desir$ object4 ,b z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 ! anci5t pa9t]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! old illum9ations1 & 9 ,byzant9e ,art1 repres5t ,judas z directly & lit]ally possess$ by ! ,devil3 sometimes x is a little black demon seat$ on 8 %\ld]1 & :isp]+ 9 8 e>2 sometimes ent]+ 8 m\?3 ?us1 9 _! simplicity1 r5d]+ ! words ( ! ,gospel1 #8,!n ent]$ ,satan into ,judas4' ,! col\r prop] to ! dress ( ,judas is a dirty d+y yell[2 & 9 ,spa9 ?is col\r is s intimately associat$ ) ! image ( ! ar*-traitor1 z to be held 9 univ]sal dislike3 bo? 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,italy1 malefactors & galley-slaves are clo!d 9 yell[4#bcb ,at ,v5ice ! ,jews 7 oblig$ to we> yell[ hats4 ,9 "s ( ! scriptural sc5es 9 :i* ,judas is m5tion$ or suppos$ to be pres5t1 x is wor? :ile to rem>k :e!r ! pa9t] has pass$ him ov] z spoil+ ! h>mony ( ! sacr$ composition by 8 intrusive ugl9ess & wick$ness1 or has r5d]$ him conspicu\s by a di/9ct & *>act]i/ic treatm5t4 ,9 a picture by ,niccol ,frum5ti#bcc ( ! ,magdal5e at ! feet ( our ,savi\r1 ,judas /&s 9 ! =egr\nd1 look+ on ) a mo/ diabolical expression ( grudg+ malice m+l$ ) scorn2 he seems to gr9d 8 tee? z he says1 #8,to :at purpose is ?is wa/e8' ,9 ,p]ug9o's beautiful picture ( ! wa%+ ! feet ( ! disciples1#bcd ,judas is at once di/+ui%$1 look+ askance ) a wick$ sne] on 8 face1 :i* is n o!rwise ugly4 ,9 ,raphael's composition ( ! ,magdal5e ano9t+ ! feet ( ,*ri/1 ,judas leans across ! table ) an angry look ( expo/ulation4 ,^? subjects 9 :i* ,judas ,isc>iot appe>s z a pr9cipal p]sonage foll[ "h4 #a4 ,angelico da ,fiesole4#bce ,he is brib$ by ! ,jews4 ,! high-prie/ pays into ! h& ( ,judas ! ?irty pieces ( silv]4 ,!y are /&+ be=e a doorway on "s /eps2 ,judas is se5 9 pr(ile1 & has ! nimbus z "o ( ! apo/les3 ?ree p]sons are beh9d1 "o ( :om expresses disapprobation & anxiety4 ,9 ?is subject1 & 9 o!rs :]e9 ,judas is introduc$1 ,angelico has n giv5 him ugly & de=m$ features2 b 9 ! sc[l+ eye & b5t br[ !re is a vici\s expression4 ,9 ,duccio's s]ies ( ! #8,passion ( our ,savi\r1' 9 ! ,duomo at ,si5a1 he has1 9 ?is & 9 o!r sc5es1 repres5t$ ,judas ) regul> & n ugly features2 b he has a villan\s1 & at ! same "t anxi\s1 expression2--he has a bad consci5ce4 ,! sc5e betwe5 ,judas & ! high-prie/ is also giv5 by ,s*alk5 z a c&le-light effect1 & 9 ! g5u9e ,dut* /yle4 #b4 #8,judas betrays 8 ,ma/] ) a kiss4' ,?is subject w be notic$ at l>ge 9 ! ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,! e>ly ,italians1 9 giv+ ?is sc5e ) mu* dramatic p[]1 nev] =got ! scriptural dignity requir$2 :ile ! e>ly ,g]mans1 9 _! endeav\r to r5d] ,judas z odi\s 9 physiognomy z 9 he>t1 h1 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 r5d]$ ! awful & ! pa!tic m]ely grotesque4 ,we mu/ inf] f ,scripture1 t ,judas1 ) all 8 p]v]sity1 _h a consci5ce3 he w\ld n else h hang$ himself4 ,9 ! physiognomy giv5 to him by ! old ,g]mans1 !re is no trace ( ?is2 he is an ugly malignant brute1 & no?+ m4 #c4 ,rembr&t4 #8,judas ?r[s d[n ! ?irty pieces ( silv] 9 ! ,temple1 & dep>ts4'#bcf #d4 #8,! remorse ( ,judas4' ,he is seat$ & 9 ! act ( putt+ ! rope ab\t 8 neck2 beside him is se5 ! purse & ! money1 scatt]$ ab\t ! gr\nd4 ,! design is by ,bloem>t1 &1 f ! ,lat9 inscription und]nea?1 appe>s to be int5d$ z a w>n+ to all unrighte\s deal]s4 #e4 #8,judas hang+ on a tree' is sometimes introduc$ into ! backgr\nd1 9 anci5t pictures ( ! ,deposition & ! ,entombm5t3 !re is "o 9 ! ,frank=t ,museum4 #f4 #8,demons toss ! s\l ( ,judas f h& to h& 9 ! mann] ( a ball3' 9 an old ,fr5* m9iature4#bcg ,?is is suffici5tly grotesque 9 repres5tation2 yet1 9 ! idea1 !re is a re/less1 giddy horror :i* ?rills u4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is bett] ?an plac+ ,judas betwe5 ! jaws ( ,satan ) 8 legs 9 ! air1 z ,dante has done1 & z ,orcagna 9 8 ,dantesque fresco has v lit]ally r5d]$ ! description ( ! poet4#bch ,illu/ration3 ,lion>do da ,v9ci ,illu/ration3 ,giotto ,illu/ration3 ,raphael ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]4 ,ital4 ,il ,c5acolo4 ,la ,c5a4 ,fr4 ,la ,cne4 ,g]4 ,das ,ab5dmal ,*ri/i4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! pr9cipal sc5es 9 :i* ! ,twelve always appe> toge!r2 !re is1 h[ev]1 "o ev5t belong+ prop]ly to ! life ( ,*ri/1 s important 9 itself1 pres5t+ ! ,apo/les "u an aspect s peculi>1 & ?r[+ s mu* int]e/ ar\nd !m collectively & individually1 t ,i mu/ br+ x "u notice "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,next to ! ,crucifixion1 !re is no subject tak5 f ! hi/ory ( our r$emption s consecrat$ 9 ,art z ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,! awful signification l5t to x by ,prote/ants z well z ,ca?olics has giv5 x a deep religi\s import1 & caus$ its frequ5t repres5tation 9 *ur*es2 x has be51 m p>ticul>ly1 ! appropriate decoration ( ! refectories ( conv5ts1 hospitals1 & o!r in/itutions hav+ a sacr$ "*4 ,9 our ,prote/ant *ur*es1 x is g5]ally ! subject ( ! alt>-piece1 :]e we h "o4 ,besides be+ "o ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+1 x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult among ! sacr$ subjects treat$ 9 ,art4 ,:ile ! fix$ numb] ( p]sonages introduc$1 ! div9e & p>am\nt dignity ( ,"o among !m1 ! well-kn[n "* ( all1 h limit$ ! inv5tion ( ! arti/1 !y h task$ to ! utmo/ 8 p[] ( expression4 ,! occasion1 t ( a repa/ eat5 by twelve p]sons1 is1 "u its mat]ial aspect1 s commonplace1 &1 tak5 9 ! spiritual s5se1 s awful1 t to elevate himself to ! height ( 8 !me1 :ile keep+ ! ideal consci5ti\sly b\nd$ )9 its frame ( circum/ance1 dem&$ 9 ! arti/ aspirations ( ! gr&e/ ord]1 temp]$ by ! utmo/ sobriety ( reflection2 & ! deepe/ insight into ! spr+s ( "*1 comb9$ ) ! mo/ p]fect k ( ! indications ( "* z manife/$ ?r\gh =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x has be5 difficult to succe$1 x has be5 equally difficult to fail signally & completely2 because ! spectator is n "h1 z 9 ! crucifixion1 9 dang] ( be+ p]petually %ock$ by ! intrusion ( anomal\s incid5ts1 & is always ready to supply ! dignity & mean+ ( a sc5e s famili> 9 itself out ( 8 own m9d & he>t4 ,x has foll[$1 t m$iocrity has be5 m preval5t & m endurable 9 ?is ?an 9 any o!r ( ! m s]i\s subjects ( ,art4 ,b :]e excell5ce has be5 9 "s few in/ances atta9$1 x has be5 atta9$ 9 su* a supreme degree1 t ^! examples h become a p]petual s\rce ( contemplation & ( emulation1 & rank among ! mo/ r5[n$ productions ( human g5ius4 ,b1 be=e ,i come to consid] ^! analytically1 x is necess>y to premise "o or two obs]vations1 :i* w assi/ u to discrim9ation 9 ! g5]al treatm5t4 ,pictures & works ( art1 :i* repres5t ! ,la/ ,supp] ( our ,"l1 admit ( ! same classification :i* ,i h adh]$ to g5]ally ?r\gh\t ?is "w4 ,^? :i* repres5t x z a religi\s my/]y mu/ be consid]$ z devotional2 ^? :i* repres5t x m]ely z a sc5e 9 ! passion ( our ,savi\r are hi/orical4 ,9 ! fir/1 we h ! spiritual orig9 ( ! ,eu*>i/2 9 ! second1 ! highly dramatic detection ( ,judas4 ,x is evid5t t ! pr$om9at+ motif 9 ea* mu/ be widely diff]5t4 ,9 pa9t+s :i* are int5d$ = ! alt>1 or = ! *apels ( ! ,holy ,sacram5t1 we h ! fir/1 ! my/ical v]sion2--x is ! di/ribution ( ! spiritual food4 ,9 ! second =m1 z ! ,la/ ,supp] eat5 by ,*ri/ ) 8 disciples1 z lead+ ! m9d to an humble & grateful s5se ( 8 sacrifice1 z repress+ all s9ful indulg5ce 9 food1 x has be5 ! subject *os5 to decorate ! refectory or common d9+-room ( conv5ts4 ,x is curi\s t on ! ,*ri/ian s>cophagi ! ,la/ ,supp] does n occur4 ,!re is1 9 ! ,vatican1 a rude pa9t+ tak5 f ! catacombs repres5t+ twelve p]sons 9 a semicircle1 ) some?+ l plates & di%es be=e !m4 ,i c\ld n det]m9e :e!r ?is 0 our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les1 or m]ely "o ( ^? fea/s or supp]s in/itut$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians call$ ,agap or love-fea/s2 b ,i %\ld ?9k ! latt]4 ,on ! ,dalmatica 7deacon's robe7 pres]v$ 9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,vatican1 !re is1 if ! date be exact 7,a4,d4 #gie71 ! mo/ anci5t repres5tation ,i h se5 ( ! in/itution ( ! ,sacram5t4 ,! embroid]y1 :i* is wond]fully beautiful1 is a copy f ,byzant9e ,art4 ,on "o side1 our ,savi\r /&s by a table or alt>1 & pres5ts ! cup to 8 apo/les1 "o ( :om approa*es 9 a rev]5tial attitude1 & ) 8 h&s fold$ 9 8 robe2 on ! o!r side1 ,*ri/ pres5ts ! waf] or ho/3 s t we h ! two sep>ate mom5ts 9 sep>ate gr\ps4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! ,duomo ( ,lodi ! mo/ anci5t sculptural example ( ?is subject ,i h met )2 x is a bas-relief ( ! twelf? c5tury1 dat$ #aafc1 & fix$ 9 ! wall to ! left ( ! entrance4 ,*ri/ & ! apo/les are 9 a /raight r[1 all v mu* alike2 six ( ! apo/les lay _! h&s on _! brea/1--#8,"l1 is x ,i8' & ,*ri/ pres5ts ! sop to ,judas1 :o sits 9 front1 & is z ugly z possible4 ,al?\gh all ! ,byzant9e pictures ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies :i* h come "u my notice repres5t ,*ri/ break+ ! bread or hold+ ! cup1 t is1 ! in/itution ( ! ,sacram5t1 ! ,greek =mula publi%$ by ,didron di/+ui%es betwe5 ?is sc5e & t ( ! repa/ 9 :i* ,judas is d5\nc$ z a traitor4 ,! e>lie/ repres5tation to :i* ,i c ref] 9 ,we/]n ,art1 z tak+ ! hi/orical =m1 is ! ,c5acolo ( ,giotto1 ! olde/ & ! mo/ important t has be5 pres]v$ to u2 x 0 pa9t$ by him 9 ! refectory ( ! conv5t ( ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce4 ,?is refectory1 :5 ,i visit$ x 9 #ahdg1 0 a c>pet manufactory1 & x 0 difficult to get a good view ( ! fresco by reason ( ! int]v5tion ( ! c>pet-looms4 ,x has be5 (t5 re/or$1 & is n[ 9 a bad /ate2 /ill1 en\gh rema9s to und]/& ! orig9al int5tion ( ! arti/1 & t arrangem5t :i* has s9ce be5 ! gr\ndwork ( simil> compositions4 ,a long table ext5ds across ! picture f side to side3 9 ! middle1 & front+ ! spectator1 sits ! ,r$eem]2 to ! "r1 ,/4 ,john1 8 head recl9+ on ! lap ( ,*ri/2 next to him1 ,pet]2 aft] ,pet]1 ,/4 ,james ,major2 ?us plac+ toge!r ! ?ree fav\rite disciples4 ,next to ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & a "y be>dless apo/le1 probably ,/4 ,philip4 ,on ! left h& ( our ,savi\r is ,/4 ,&rew2 & next to him1 ,/4 ,james ,m9or 7! two ,/4 ,jameses be>+ ! traditional resemblance to ,*ri/72 !n ,/4 ,simon & ,/4 ,jude2 & la/ly1 a "y apo/le1 probably ,/4 ,?omas4 7,! read] w h ! goodness to recollect t ,i give ?is explanation ( ! names & position ( ! elev5 apo/les z my own1 & ) due def]5ce to ! op9ion ( ^? :o on a fur!r /udy ( ! fresco may diff] f me47 ,opposite to ! ,savi\r1 & on ! ne> side ( ! table1 sits ,judas1 ap>t f ! re/1 & 9 ! act ( dipp+ 8 h& into ! di%4 ,x is evid5t t ! mom5t *os5 by ! arti/ is1 #8,he t dippe? ) me 9 ! di%1 ! same %all betray me4' ,al?\gh ! excuse may be f\nd 9 ! lit]al adoption ( ! words ( ! ,gospel1#bci x appe>s to me a fault to make ,/4 ,john lean+1 z "o half asleep1 on ! lap ( our ,savi\r1 aft] su* words h be5 utt]$ z mu/ h r\s$1 or at lea/ ought to h r\s$1 ! "y & belov$ apo/le f 8 sup9e attitude2 !re=e1 we may suppose t ,*ri/ is ab\t to speak ! words1 b has n yet spok5 !m4 ,! position ( ,judas is caus$ by ! necessity ( plac+ him suffici5tly ne> to ,*ri/ to dip 8 h& 9 ! same di%2 :ile to h plac$ him on ! same side ( ! table1 s z to give him ! prec$5ce ov] ! m fav\r$ disciples1 w\ld h appe>$ to ! e>ly arti/s no?+ less ?an pr(ane4 ,giotto has paid great att5tion to ! heads1 :i* are individually *>act]is$1 b !re is little dramatic expression2 ! att5tion is n yet direct$ to ,judas1 :o is se5 9 pr(ile1 look+ up1 n ugly 9 feature1 b ) a mean vici\s c\nt5ance1 & b5t %\ld]s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! table & figures1 s peculi>ly fitt$ = a refectory1 has be5 g5]ally adopt$ s9ce ! "t ( ,giotto 9 pictures pa9t$ = ?is especial purpose4 ,! subject is plac$ on ! upp] wall ( ! *amb]2 ! table ext5d+ f side to side3 ! tables ( ! monks are plac$1 z 9 ! d9+-rooms ( our colleges1 l5g?-ways2 ?us all c behold ! div9e assembly1 & ,*ri/ appe>s to preside ov] & sanctify ! meal4 ,9 ano!r ,c5acolo by ,giotto1#bdj :i* =ms "o ( ! sc5es 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 he has giv5 u a totally diff]5t v]sion ( ! subject2 &1 n be+ int5d$ = a refectory1 b z an action or ev5t1 x is m dramatic4 ,x is evid5t t our ,savi\r has j utt]$ ! words1 #8,he t dippe? ) me 9 ! di%1 ! same %all betray me4' ,judas1 :o has mean1 ugly1 irregul> features1 looks up al>m$1 & seems 9 ! act ( ris+ to escape4 ,"o apo/le 7,philip1 ,i ?9k7 po9ts at him1 & ! att5tion ( all is m or less direct$ to him4 ,?is w\ld be a fault if ! subject 7 int5d$ = a refectory1 or to repres5t ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,b "h1 :]e ! subject is hi/orical1 x is a propriety4 ,! composition ( ,duccio ( ,si5a1 9 ! ,duomo at ,si5a1 mu/ h be5 ne>ly contempor>y )1 if x did n prec$e1 ^? ( ,giotto 7,a4,d4 #acjh72 x is q diff]5t1 q orig9al 9 motif & arrangem5t4 ,sev5 apo/les sit on ! same side ) ,*ri/1 & five opposite to him1 turn+ _! backs on ! spectator2 ! faces are se5 9 pr(ile4 ,! attitude ( ,/4 ,john1 lean+ aga9/ our ,savi\r ) d[nca/ eyes1 is mu* m graceful ?an 9 ! composition ( ,giotto4 ,/4 ,pet] is on ! "r ( ,*ri/2 next to him ,/4 ,james ,m9or3 two "y apo/les sit at ! extreme ends ( ! table1 :om ,i suppose to be ,/4 ,philip & ,/4 ,?omas3 ! o!r apo/les ,i am unable to discrim9ate1 ) ! exception ( ,judas1 :o1 ) regul> features1 has a *>act]i/ic sc[l on 8 br[4 ,*ri/ holds out a piece ( bread 9 8 h&3 two ( ! apo/les likewise hold bread1 & two o!rs hold a cup2 ! re/ look att5tive or p5sive1 b ! g5]al "* ( ! heads is defici5t 9 elevation4 ,! mom5t *os5 may be ! di/ribution ( ! bread & w9e2 b1 to me1 x r expresses ! comm5cem5t ( ! meal1 & our ,savi\r's address3 #8,) desire h ,i desir$ to eat ?is passov] ) y be=e ,i suff]' 7,luke xxii4 #ae74 ,! next comp>tm5t ( ! same s]ies1 :i* repres5ts ! apo/les seat$ 9 a gr\p be=e ,*ri/1 & li/5+ ) upturn$ faces & ! mo/ pr(\nd att5tion to 8 la/ words1 has mu* m ( "*1 solemnity1 & beauty1 ?an ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,judas is "h omitt$2 #8= he1 hav+ receiv$ ! sop1 w5t imm$iately out4' ,angelico da ,fiesole1 9 8 life ( ,*ri/1 has be5 c>eful to di/+ui% betwe5 ! detection ( ,judas & ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/4#bda ,he has giv5 u bo? sc5es4 ,9 ! fir/ comp>tm5t1 ,john is lean+ d[n ) 8 face to ! ,savi\r2 ! back ( 8 head only is se51 & he appe>s too unm9dful ( :at is go+ =w>d4 ,! o!r apo/les are well discrim9at$1 ! usual type /rictly foll[$ 9 ,pet]1 ,&rew1 ,james ,major & ,james ,m9or4 ,to ! "r ( ,*ri/ are ,pet]1 ,&rew1 ,b>?olomew2 to ! left1 ,james ,m9or4 ,f\r turn _! backs1 & two "y apo/les /& on ea* side1--,i presume ,?omas & ,philip2 !y seem to be wait+ on ! re/3 ,judas dips 8 h& 9 ! di%4 ,i suppose ! mom5t to be ! same z 9 ! composition ( ,duccio4 ,b 9 ! next comp>tm5t ! motif is diff]5t4 ,all h ris54 f table2 x is no long] a repa/1 x is a sacr$ my/]y2 ,*ri/ is 9 ! act ( adm9i/]+ ! bread to ,/4 ,john2 all kneel2 & ,judas is se5 kneel+ beh9d ,*ri/1 ne> an op5 door1 & ap>t f ! re/1 z if he 7 wat*+ = ! opportunity to escape4 ,to dispose ( ,judas 9 ?is holy c]emony is always a difficulty4 ,to repres5t him z receiv+ ) ! re/ ! sacr$ rite is an (f5ce to ! pi\s4 ,! expression us$ by ,/4 ,john 7xii4 #cj71 #8,aft] he _h receiv$ ! sop he w5t out1' implies t ,judas 0 n pres5t at ! ,"l's ,supp]1 :i* succe$$ ! celebration ( ! pas*al supp]4 ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,m>k1 nei!r ( :om 7 pres5t1 leave u to suppose t ,judas p>took1 ) ! o!r disciples1 ( ! my/ic bread & w9e2 yet we c h>dly believe t1 aft] hav+ be5 po9t$ out z ! betray]1 ! consci5ce-/rick5 ,judas %\ld rema9 to receive ! ,eu*>i/4 ,sometimes he is omitt$ altoge!r2 sometimes he is /eal+ out at ! door4 ,9 ! composition ( ,luca ,signorelli1 :i* ,i saw at ,cortona1 all ! twelve apo/les are kneel+2 ,*ri/ is di/ribut+ ! waf]2 & ,judas1 turn+ away ) a malignant look1 puts 8 waf] into 8 sat*el4 ,9 ! composition ( ,palmezzano1 9 ! ,duomo at ,=l1 our ,savi\r /&s1 hold+ a plate1 & is 9 ! act ( pres5t+ ! waf] to ,pet]1 :o kneels3 ,/4 ,john /&s by ! side ( ,*ri/1 hold+ ! cup3 ,judas is 9 ! backgr\nd2 he kneels by ! door1 & seems to be wat*+ = ! opportunity to /eal away4 ,! f9e composition1 f9e also 9 s5tim5t & "*1 ( ,ghirl&ajo1 0 pa9t$ = ! small refectory 9 ! ,san ,m>co at ,flor5ce4 ,! arrangem5t is +5i\s3 ! table is ( :at we call ! horse-%oe =m1 :i* all[s all ! figures to face ! spectator2 & at ! same "t takes up less room ?an :]e ! table runs across ! picture f side to side4 ,judas sits 9 front1 alone2 ,*ri/ has j designat$ him4 #8,he x is to :om ,i %all give ! sop :5 ,i h dipp$ x4' 7,john xiii4 #bf47 ,judas holds ! sop 9 8 h&1 ) an al>m$ consci\s look4 ,beh9d sits an ill-om5$ cat1 probably int5d$ = ! fi5d4 ,john1 to ! left ( ,*ri/1 appe>s to h swoon$ away4 ,! o!r apo/les express1 9 v>i\s ways1 amazem5t & horror4 ,x has be5 a "q among critics1 :e!r ! purse ought to be plac$ 9 ! h& ( ,judas :5 pres5t at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 because x is usually und]/ood z conta9+ ! ?irty pieces ( silv]3 b ?is is a mi/ake2 & x leads to ! mi/ake ( repres5t+ him z hid+ ! purse1 z if x conta9$ ! price ( 8 trea*]y4 ,judas c>ries ! purse op5ly1 = he 0 ! /ew>d1 or purse-be>]1 ( ! p>ty #8he _h ! bag1 & b>e :at 0 put !re9' 7,john xii4 #f1 xiii4 #bi73 & z ! money-bag is also ! attribute ( ,/4 ,mat!w ! tax-ga!r]1 we mu/ take c>e n to conf\nd him ) ! traitor & ?ief4 ,?is br+s me to ! consid]ation ( ! subject z treat$ by ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,9 ! s]ies ( l>ge woodcuts f ! ,passion ( our ,savi\r 7/yl$ #8,la gr&e ,passion'71 ! ,c5acolo is an ev5t1 & n a my/]y4 ,john1 z a beautiful y\?1 is lean+ aga9/ our ,savi\r ) d[nca/ eyes2 he does n look z if he _h ?r[n himself d[n half asleep1 b z if ,*ri/ _h put 8 arm ar\nd him1 & drawn & press$ him fondly t[>ds him4 ,on ! "r is ,pet]3 ! o!r apo/les are n easily discrim9at$1 b !y h all t sort ( gr&iose ugl9ess :i* is s full ( "*1 & s p>ticul>ly ! *>act]i/ic ( ! arti/3 ! apo/le seat$ 9 front 9 a c[]+ attitude1 hold+ ! purse :i* he seems anxi\s to conceal1 & look+ up appreh5sively1 ,i suppose to be ,judas4 ,9 ! small] set ( woodcuts 7#8,la petite ,passion'7 ,i believe ! apo/le ) ! purse 9 ! =egr\nd to be ,/4 ,mat!w2 :ile ! ugly1 lank-hair$ p]sonage beh9d ,*ri/1 :o looks z if ab\t to /eal away1 is probably int5d$ = ,judas3 "o ( ! apo/les has laid hold ( him1 & seems to say1 #8,?\ art ! man6' ,!re is a ?ird ,c5acolo1 by ,alb]t ,dr]1 :i* pla9ly repres5ts ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! cup only is on ! table1 & ,judas is omitt$4 ,9 a ,c5acolo by ano!r old ,g]man1 ,judas is 9 ! act ( receiv+ ! sop :i* ,*ri/ is putt+ into 8 m\?2 & at ! same "t he is hid+ ! purse3--a mi/ake1 z ,i h already obs]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! examples mu/ suffice to give "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is subject 0 g5]ally treat$ by ! e>ly ,g]man & ,italian arti/s4 ,b1 :e!r pres5t$ be=e u z a dramatic sc5e express+ individual "*1 or z an hi/orical ev5t memorable 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 or z a religi\s rite ( awful & my/]i\s import--all ! examples ,i h m5tion$ are 9 "s respects defici5t4 ,we h ! feel+1 t1 :atev] may be ! m]it 9 s5tim5t1 9 int5tion1 9 detail1 :at has be5 attempt$ has n be5 a*iev$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! greate/ ?9k] z well z ! greate/ pa9t] ( 8 age1 br\ght all ! res\rces ( 8 wond]ful m9d to be> on ! subject1 !n sprang =? a creation s consummate1 t s9ce t "t x has be5 at once ! wond] & ! despair ( ^? :o h foll[$ 9 ! same pa?4 ,true1 ! "w ( 8 h& is p]i%+--w soon h p]i%$ utt]ly4 ,i rememb] well1 /&+ be=e ?is wreck ( a glori\s pres5ce1 s t\*$ by its pale1 %ad[y1 & yet div9e significance1 & by its hopelessly imp5d+ ru91 t ! te>s sprang involunt>ily4 ,=tunately = u1 multipli$ copies h pres]v$ at lea/ ! int5tion ( ! arti/ 9 8 "w4 ,we c judge ( :at x has be51 & take t = our text & = our !me4 ,! purpose be+ ! decoration ( a refectory 9 a ri* conv5t1 ! *amb] l(ty & spaci\s1 ,leon>do has adopt$ ! usual arrangem5t3 ! table runs across f side to side1 fill+ up ! :ole ext5t ( ! wall1 & ! figures1 be+ above ! eye1 & to be view$ f a di/ance1 are colossal2 !y w\ld o!rwise h appe>$ small] ?an ! real p]sonages seat$ at ! tables bel[4 ,! mom5t select$ is ! utt]ance ( ! words1 #8,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 t "o ( y %all betray me3' or r ! words h j be5 utt]$1 & ! picture expresses _! effect on ! diff]5t auditors4 ,x is ( ^! auditors1 8 apo/les1 t ,i h to speak1 & n ( ,*ri/ himself2 = ! full consid]ation ( ! subject1 z x reg>ds ,him1 mu/ be def]r$2 ! intellectual elevation1 ! f95ess ( nature1 ! b5ign ,god-l dignity1 suffus$ ) ! pr(\nde/ sorr[1 9 ?is div9e head1 surpass$ all ,i c\ld h conceiv$ z possible 9 ,art2 &1 fad$ z x is1 ! "* !re1 be+ /amp$ on x by ! s\l1 n ! h&1 ( ! arti/1 w rema9 :ile a l9e or hue rema9s visible4 ,x is a div9e %ad[1 &1 until x fades into no?+1 & disappe>s utt]ly1 w h ! l9eam5ts ( div9ity4 ,next to ,*ri/ is ,/4 ,john2 he has j be5 address$ by ,pet]1 :o beckons to him t he %\ld ask #8( :om ! ,"l spake3'--8 disconsolate attitude1 z he has rais$ himself to reply1 & leans 8 clasp$ h&s on ! table1 ! almo/ fem99e sweetness ( 8 c\nt5ance1 express ! "* ( ?is g5tle & amiable apo/le4 ,pet]1 lean+ f beh9d1 is all fire & en]gy2 ,judas1 :o kn[s full well ( :om ! ,savi\r spake1 />ts back amaz$1 ov]sett+ ! salt2 8 f+]s clut* ! bag1 ( :i* he has ! *>ge1 ) t action :i* ,dante describes z *>act]i/ic ( ! av>ici\s3-- ,que/i risurg]anno dal sepolcro ,col pugno *iuso4 ,^! f ! tomb ) cl5*d grasp %all rise4 ,8 face is se5 9 pr(ile1 & ca/ into %ad[3 )\t be+ vulg>1 or ev5 ugly1 x is hateful4 ,/4 ,&rew1 ) 8 long grey be>d1 lifts up 8 h&s1 express+ ! wond] ( a simple-he>t$ old man4 ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 resembl+ ! ,savi\r 9 8 mild features1 & ! =m ( 8 be>d & hair1 lays 8 h& on ! %\ld] ( ,/4 ,pet]--! expression is1 #8,c x be possible8 ,h we he>d aright8' ,b>?olomew1 at ! extreme end ( ! table1 has ris5 p]turb$ f 8 seat2 he leans =w>d ) a look ( eag] att5tion1 ! lips p>t$2 he is impati5t to he> m4 7,! f9e copy ( ,uggione1 9 ! ,royal ,academy1 does n give ?is anxi\s look--he is att5tive only47 ,on ! left ( our ,savi\r is ,/4 ,james ,major1 :o has also a family resemblance to ,*ri/2 8 arms are out/ret*$1 he %r9ks back1 he repels ! ?\ght ) horror4 ,! vivacity ( ! action & expression are wond]fully true & *>act]i/ic4 7,morgh51 ! engrav]1 errone\sly suppos$ ?is to repres5t ,/4 ,?omas1 & plac$ on ! bord] ( 8 robe an inscription fix+ ! id5tity2 :i* inscription1 z ,bossi ass]ts1 nev] did exi/ 9 ! orig9al picture47 ,/4 ,?omas is beh9d ,/4 ,james1 r "y1 ) a %ort be>d2 he holds up 8 h&1 ?reat5+--#8,if !re be inde$ su* a wret*1 let him look to x4' ,philip1 "y & ) a beautiful head1 lays 8 h& on 8 he>t3 he prote/s 8 love1 8 tru?4 ,mat!w1 also be>dless1 has m elegance1 z "o :o belong$ to a m educat$ class ?an ! re/2 he turns to ,jude & po9ts to our ,savi\r1 z if ab\t to repeat 8 words1 #8,d y he> :at he says8' ,simon & ,jude sit toge!r 7,leon>do has foll[$ ! tradition :i* makes !m old & bro!rs72 ,jude expresses con/]nation2 ,simon1 ) 8 h&s /ret*$ out1 a pa9ful anxiety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to und]/& ! wond]ful skill ) :i* ?is composition has be5 arrang$1 x ought to be /udi$ long & m9utely2 &1 to appreciate its relative excell5ce1 x ought to be comp>$ ) o!r productions ( ! same p]iod4 ,leon>do has contriv$ to break ! =mality ( ! l9e ( heads )\t any app>5t artifice1 & )\t di/urb+ ! gr& simplicity ( ! usual ord]2 & he has vanqui%$ ! difficulties 9 reg>d to ! position ( ,judas1 )\t mak+ him too prom95t4 ,he has imp>t$ to a solemn sc5e suffici5t movem5t & v>iety ( action1 )\t detract+ f its dignity & pa?os2 he has kept ! expression ( ea* head true to ! traditional "*1 )\t exagg]ation1 )\t ef=t4 ,to h done ?is1 to h be5 ! fir/ to d ?is1 requir$ ! f>-rea*+ philosophic m9d1 n less ?an ! excell+ h&1 ( ?is #8miracle ( nature1' z ,mr4 ,hallam /yles ,leon>do1 ) ref]5ce to 8 sci5tific z well z 8 arti/ic p[]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ to turn to ano!r miracle ( nature1 ,raphael4 ,he has giv5 u ?ree compositions = ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,! fresco lately discov]$ 9 ! refectory ( ,sant' ,on(rio1 at ,flor5ce1 is an e>ly "w pa9t$ 9 8 tw5ty-?ird ye> 7,a4,d4 #aeje74 ,! au!nticity ( ?is picture has be5 vehem5tly disput$2 = myself--z f> z my op9ion is wor? any?+--,i nev]1 aft] ! fir/ five m9utes1 _h a d\bt on ! subject4 ,z to its be+ ! "w ( ,n]i de' ,bicci1 ,i d n believe x possible2 & z = ! writt5 docum5ts br\ght =w>d to prove ?is1 ,i turn f !m #8to ! h&writ+ on ! wall1' & !re ,i see1 9 *>act]s ( light1 ,,raphael--& him only4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a y\?ful "w1 full ( s5tim5t & grace1 b defici5t1 x appe>s to me1 9 t dep? & discrim9ation ( "* display$ 9 8 lat] works4 ,x is evid5t t he _h /udi$ ,giotto's fresco 9 ! neighb\r+ ,santa ,croce4 ,! arrangem5t is ne>ly ! same4 ,*ri/ is 9 ! c5tre2 8 "r h& is rais$1 & he is ab\t to speak2 ! left h& is laid1 ) extreme t5d]ness 9 ! attitude & expression1 on ! %\ld] ( ,john1 :o recl9es ^u him4 ,to ! "r ( ,*ri/ is ,/4 ,pet]1 ! head ( ! usual "*2 next to him ,/4 ,&rew1 ) ! fl[+ grey hair & long divid$ be>d2 ,/4 ,james ,m9or1 ! head decl9$ resembl+ ,*ri/3 he holds a cup4 ,/4 ,philip is se5 9 pr(ile ) a :ite be>d3 7?is is contr>y to ! receiv$ tradition1 :i* makes him "y2 & ,i d\bt ! correctness ( ?is appellation74 ,/4 ,james ,major1 at ! extreme end ( ! table1 looks out ( ! picture2 ,raphael has app>5tly repres5t$ himself 9 ?is apo/le4 ,on ! left ( ,*ri/1 aft] ,/4 ,john1 is ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 he holds a knife1 & has ! black be>d & d>k complexion usually giv5 to him4 ,!n ,mat!w1 some?+ l ,pet]1 b mild] & m ref9$4 ,?omas1 "y & h&some1 p\rs w9e into a cup2 la/1 on ! "r1 are ,simon & ,jude3 ,raphael has foll[$ ! tradition :i* supposes !m "y1 & ! k9sm5 ( our ,savi\r4 ,judas sits on a /ool on ! ne> side ( ! table1 opposite to ,*ri/1 & :ile he dips 8 h& into ! di% he looks r\nd to ! spectators2 he has ! ,jewi% features1 r$ hair & be>d1 & a bad expression4 ,all h glories2 b ! glory r\nd ! head ( ,judas is mu* small] ?an ! o!rs4#bdb 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! second composition1 "o ( ! s]ies ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 9 ! ,loggie ( ! ,vatican1 ,raphael has plac$ ! apo/les r\nd a table1 f\r on ea* ( ! ?ree sides2 our ,savi\r presid+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,john & ,pet]1 :o are1 z usual1 ne>e/ to ,*ri/1 look to him ) an animat$ appeal+ expression4 ,judas is 9 front1 look+ away f ! re/1 & z if ab\t to rise4 ,! o!r heads are n well discrim9at$1 nor is ! mom5t well express$3 !re is1 inde$1 some?+ confus$ & inh>moni\s1 unlike ,raphael1 9 ! :ole composition4 ,i pass x ov]1 !re=e1 )\t fur!r rem>k1 to come to ! ?ird example--a ma/]piece ( 8 lat] ye>s1 wor?y z a composition ( be+ comp>$ ) ,leon>do's2 b1 nev] hav+ be5 pa9t$1 we c only pron\nce x p]fect z f> z x goes4 ,! orig9al draw+ enri*es ! collection ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&3 ! admirable engrav+ ( ,m>c ,antonio1 said to h be5 t\*$ by ,raphael1 is be=e me :ile ,i write4 ,f ! disposition ( ! un%od feet z se5 "u ! table1 x is /yl$ by collectors #8il pezzo dei pi$i3' f ! arrangem5t ( ! table & figures x 0 probably design$ = a refectory4 ,9 ! c5tre is ,*ri/1 ) bo? h&s re/+ on ! table2 9 ! head1 a melan*oly resignation4 ,pet] is on ! "r1 8 h& on 8 brea/4 ,john1 on ! left1 places bo? h&s on 8 brea/1 ) a mo/ animat$ expression1--#8,y _c believe x is ,i8' ,&rew has laid 8 h& on ! %\ld] ( ,pet]1 & leans =w>d ) a sad int]rogative expression4 ,! head ( ,judas has features ak9 to ^? ( ! antique satyr1 ) ! look askance ( a detect$ villa93 he has he>d ! words1 b he d>es n meet ! eye1 ( 8 ,div9e ,ma/]3 he has no purse4 ,james ,m9or1 next to ,john1 ) 8 h&s ext5d$1 seems to speak sadly to ,philip3 #8,& !y began to inquire among !mselves1 :i* ( !m %\ld d ?is ?+8' ,! :ole composition is less dramatic1 has less v>iety ( action & attitude1 ?an t ( ,leon>do1 b is full ( deep melan*oly feel+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,c5acolo ( ,&rea del ,s>to1 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,salvi ne> ,flor5ce1 takes1 ,i believe1 ! ?ird rank aft] ^? ( ,leon>do & ,raphael4 ,he has *os5 ! self-same mom5t1 #8,"o ( y %all betray me4' ,! figures are1 z usual1 rang$ on "o side ( a long table4 ,*ri/1 9 ! c5tre1 holds a piece ( bread 9 8 h&2 on 8 left is ,/4 ,john1 & on 8 "r ,/4 ,james ,major1 bo? se5 9 pr(ile4 ,! face ( ,/4 ,john expresses int]rogation2 t ( ,/4 ,james1 int]rogation & a />t ( amazem5t4 ,next to ,/4 ,james are ,pet]1 ,?omas1 ,&rew2 !n ,philip1 :o has a small cross ^u 8 brea/4 ,aft] ,/4 ,john come ,james ,m9or1 ,simon1 ,jude1 ,judas ,isc>iot1 & ,b>?olomew4 ,judas1 ) 8 h&s fold$ toge!r1 leans =w>d1 & looks d[n1 ) a r\nd mean face1 9 :i* !re is no p[] ( any k9d1 n ev5 ( malignity4 ,9 pass+ almo/ imm$iately f ! ,c5acolo 9 ! ,/4 ,on(rio to t 9 ! ,salvi1 we feel /rongly all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal & moral sup]iority ( ,raphael at ! age ( tw5ty1 & ! arti/ic greatness ( ,&rea 9 ! maturity ( 8 age & tal5t4 ,?is fresco des]ves its high celebrity4 ,x is impossible to look on x )\t admiration1 consid]$ z a "w ( art4 ,! v>iety ( ! attitudes1 ! disposition ( ! limbs b5ea? ! table1 ! ample1 ta/eful drap]ies1 des]ve ! highe/ praise2 b ! heads are defici5t 9 "* & elevation1 & ! :ole composition wants t solemnity ( feel+ prop] to ! subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,c5acolo ( ,titian1 pa9t$ = ,philip ,,ii4 = ! alt> ( 8 *apel 9 ! ,escurial1 is also a notable example ( ! want ( prop] rev]5tial feel+3 two s]vants are 9 att5dance2 ,judas is 9 front1 av]t+ 8 head1 :i* is 9 deep %ad[2 a dog is "u ! table1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ is desc5d+ f above4 ,niccol ,p\ss9 has ?ree times pa9t$ ! ,c5acolo4 ,9 ! two s]ies ( ! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts1 he has1 ( c\rse1 repres5t$ ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/1 z prop] to 8 subject2 9 bo? in/ances1 9 t pure & classical ta/e prop] to himself4 ,9 ! be/ & l>ge/ composition1 ! apo/les are recl9+ on c\*es r\nd ! table4 ,*ri/ holds a plate full ( bread1 & appe>s z say+1 #8,take1 eat4' ,f\r are putt+ ! morsel into _! m\?s4 ,judas is se5 beh9d1 ) an abject look1 /eal+ out ( ! room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! faults :i* ,i h obs]v$ 9 pictures ( ?is subject are *iefly met ) 9 ! ,v5etian1 ,flemi%1 & lat] ,bolognese s*ools4 ,:5 ! motif select$ is ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/1 x is a fault to sacrifice ! solemnity & religi\s import ( ! sc5e 9 ord] to r5d] x m dramatic3 x ought n to be dramatic2 b ! p]vad+ s5tim5t %\ld be "o1 a deep & awful rev]5ce4 ,:5 ,*ri/ is di/ribut+ ! bread & w9e1 ! apo/les %\ld n be conv]s+ ) ea* o!r2 nor %\ld ! figures exce$ twelve 9 numb]1 = x appe>s to me t ! introduction ( ,judas di/urbs ! sacr$ h>mony & tranquillity ( ! sc5e4 ,:5 ! motif is ! celebration ( ! ,passov]1 or ! detection ( ,judas1 a m dramatic & v>i$ arrangem5t is necess>y2 b "h1 to make ! apo/les int5t on eat+ & dr9k+1 z 9 "s old ,g]man pictures1 is a fault4 ,ev5 ,albano has repres5t$ "o ( ! apo/les z peep+ into an empty w9e-pit*] ) a disappo9t$ look4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x appe>s to me1 also1 a gross fault to introduce dogs & cats1 & o!r animals2 al?\gh ,i h he>d x obs]v$1 t a dog gnaw+ a bone is introduc$ ) propriety1 to %[ t ! supp] is ov]1 ! ,pas*al ,lamb eat51 be=e ! mom5t repres5t$4 ,vulg> heads1 tak5 f vulg> models1 or select$ )\t any reg>d ei!r to ! anci5t types1 or ! traditional "* ( ! diff]5t apo/les1 are defects ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 especially 9 ! old] ,g]man s*ools2 & 9 ,titian1 ,paul ,v]onese1 & ,rub5s1 ev5 :]e ! heads are o!rwise f9e & expressive1 ! scriptural tru? ( "* is 9 g5]al sacrific$4 ,x is a fault1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 to repres5t ,judas anxi\sly conceal+ ! purse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,holbe91 9 8 fam\s ,la/ ,supp] at ,basle1 & 9 ! small "o 9 ! ,l\vre1 has adopt$ ! usual arrangem5t3 ! heads all want elevation2 b "h ! att5tion fixes at once ^u ,judas ,isc>iot--! v ideal ( sc\ndrelism--,i c use no o!r ^w to express ! unmitigat$ ugl9ess1 vulg>ity1 & brutality ( ! face4 ,lavat] has ref]r$ to x z an example ( ! physiognomy prop] to cruelty & av>ice2 b ! dissimulation is want+4 ,?is base1 eag]1 hungry-look+ villa9 /&s betray$ by 8 own looks3 he is too prom95t2 he is 9 fact ! pr9cipal figure2--a fault 9 ta/e1 feel+1 & propriety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! introduction ( a great numb] ( figures1 z spectators or att5dants1 is a fault2 excusable1 p]haps1 :]e ! subject is decorative & int5d$ = ! wall ( a refectory1 b n o!rwise4 ,9 ! composition ( ,paul ,v]onese1 !re are tw5ty-?ree figures2 9 t ( ,zuc*]o1 =ty-five2 9 t ( ,b>occio1 tw5ty-"o4 ,^! sup]num]>y p]sons detract f ! dignity & solemnity ( ! sc5e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t9toretto has introduc$ sev]al spectators1 & among !m an old woman sp9n+ 9 a corn]1 :o1 :ile %e turns h] sp9dle1 looks on ) an obs]vant eye4 ,?is alludes to an e>ly tradition1 t ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 eat5 9 ! h\se ( ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,m>k ! evangeli/4 ,b x is n[h]e said t %e 0 pres5t1 & !re=e x is an impropriety to introduce h]4 ,magnific5t ar*itecture1 z 9 ! picture by ,b4 ,p]uzzi 7:o1 by ! way1 0 an ar*itect71 seems objectionable3 b equally unsuitable is ! poor dismantl$ g>ret 9 ?is picture ( ,t9toretto2 = ! *amb] 9 :i* ! sc5e took place 0 #8! gue/ *amb]1' a l>ge upp] room1 ready prep>$2 & z x 0 aft]w>ds ! sc5e ( ! ,p5teco/1 x mu/ h held m ?an a hundr$ p]sons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is a fault1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 to repres5t ,john z asleep on ! brea/ or ! %\ld] ( our ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh c\nt5anc$ by ! highe/ au?orities 9 ,art1 ,i believe x mu/ be consid]$ z a fault1 or at lea/ a mi/ake1 to repres5t our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les z seat$1 in/ead ( recl9+ r\nd ! table4 ,x is a fault1 n m]ely because ! use ( ! tricl9ium or c\* at all social meals 0 g5]al 9 ! antique times1--= ! cu/om ( sitt+ upright 0 n s entirely ext9ct among ! ,jews b t x might on any o!r occasion h be5 admissible1--b1 f peculi> circum/ances1 x became 9 ?is in/ance an impropriety4 ,we "k t :5 ! ,passov] 0 fir/ in/itut$ ! ,jews 7 enjo9$ to eat x /&+1 z m5 9 ha/e1 ) gird$ lo9s & s&all$ feet3 b aft]w>ds x 0 made imp]ative t !y %\ld eat x 9 an attitude ( repose1 ly+ ^u c\*es1 & z m5 at ease2 & ! reason = ?is 01 t all ! circum/ances ( ! meal1 & p>ticul>ly ! attitude 9 :i* x 0 eat51 %\ld indicate ! condition ( security & fre$om :i* ! ,israelites enjoy$ aft] _! deliv]ance f ! ,egyptian bondage4 ,9 ! !n imp]fect /ate ( ,biblical criticism1 ?is fact seems to h be5 unkn[n to ! e>li] arti/s1 or disreg>d$ by ^? :o employ$ & direct$ !m4 ,among mod]n arti/s1 ,p\ss9 & ,le ,sueur h scrupul\sly att5d$ to x1 ev5 :5 ! mom5t *os5 is ! my/ical di/ribution ( ! bread & w9e :i* succe$$ ! ,pas*al ,supp]4 ,comm5tators h rem>k$1 t if ,*ri/ & 8 disciples recl9$ at table1 !n1 suppos+ ,*ri/ to h ! c5tral place ( hon\r1 ! head ( ,john w\ld h be5 ne> to ! bosom ( ,*ri/3 b "u ^! circum/ances1 if ,judas 7 suffici5tly ne> to receive ! sop f ! h& ( ,*ri/1 !n he mu/ h recl9$ next to him on ! o!r side1 & h tak5 prec$5ce ( ,pet]4 ,?is suppos$ a prop9quity :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ian arti/s deem$ (f5sive & inadmissible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! composition by ,/radano ! arrangem5t ( ! table & figures is p>ticul>ly well manag$3 all recl9e on c\*es2 9 ! c5tre ( ! table is a di%1 to :i* ,*ri/ ext5ds 8 h&1 & ,judas1 :o is "h r h&some ?an o!rwise1 at ! same "t /ret*es =? 82 ! mom5t is evid5tly1 #8,he t dippe? ) me 9 ! di%1 ! same %all betray me4' ,two circum/ances spoil ?is picture1 & br+ x d[n to ! level ( ! vulg> & ! commonplace4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is se5 a kit*5 & ! cook+ ( ! supp]4 ,"u ,judas cr\*es a hide\s demon1 ) horns1 ho(1 & tail1 visible only to ! spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! ,c5acolo repres5ts ! ,eu*>i/1 x is1 p]haps1 all[able to introduce angels1 because x 01 & ,i believe is1 an e/abli%$ belief1 t1 visible or invisible1 !y are always pres5t at ! ,sacram5t4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d+ f above is unsanction$ by ,scripture1 b may s]ve to m>k ! my/ical & peculi> solemnity ( ! mom5t *os5 = repres5tation4 ,x may signify1 #8,he t receive? me1 receive? ,him t s5t me4' ,b :]e angels att5d1 or :]e ! ,spiritual ,com=t] comes float+ d[n f above1 !n ! pres5ce ( ,judas1 or ( any sup]flu\s figures z spectators or s]vitors1 or ( dogs or o!r animals1 becomes a manife/ impropriety4 ,! introduction ( ! ,devil 9 p]son z tempt+ ,judas is r5d]$ p>donable by ! navet ( ! e>ly pa9t]s3 9 ! lat] s*ools ( art x is (f5sive & ridicul\s4 ,! ,c5acolo ( ,b>occio1 pa9t$ by ord] ( ,clem5t ,,viii4 7#aeid71 = 8 family *apel 9 ! ,santa ,m>ia-sopra-,m9]va1 is rem>kable = an anecdote relat+ to x4 ,b>occio1 :o 0 n em95t = a correct ta/e1 _h 9 8 fir/ sket* rev]t$ to ! anci5t fa%ion ( plac+ ,satan close beh9d ,judas1 :isp]+ 9 8 e>1 & tempt+ him to betray 8 ,ma/]4 ,! ,pope express$ 8 dissatisfaction1--#8*e non gli piaceva il demonio si dime/icasse tanto con ,ges ,cri/o1'--& ord]$ him to remove ! (f5sive figure4 ,?is is n ! la/ example ( ! anci5t mann] ( treatm5t4 ,9 ! ,c5acolo ( ,frances*9i1 pa9t$ ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 two angels are att5d+ on ! sacr$ repa/1 :ile ,judas is 9 ! act ( leav+ ! room1 conduct$ by ,satan 9 p]son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is surely a fault1 9 a sc5e ( su* solemn & sacr$ import1 to make ! head ( ,judas a vehicle = public or private satire1 by giv+ him ! features ( "s obnoxi\s p]sonage ( ! "t4#bdc ,?is1 accord+ to tradition1 has be5 done 9 "s in/ances4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable example t c\ld be cit$ is ! /ory ( ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 :o1 aft] hav+ betray$ & assass9at$ 8 fri5d ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 pa9t$ himself 9 ! "* ( ,judas3 a curi\s in/ance ( remorse ( consci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,volumes might be writt5 on ! subject ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,x ext5ds be=e me1 z ,i ?9k & write1 into endless sugge/ive associations1 :i*1 = ! pres5t1 ,i d>e n foll[ out3 b ,i %all h occasion to return to x h]eaft]4#bdd ,,/4 ,,b>nabas4 ,ital4 ,san ,p>nab4 ,fr4 ,sa9t ,b>nab4 7,june #aa47 ,/4 ,b>nabas is usually entitl$ ! ,apo/le ,b>nabas1 because he 0 associat$ ) ! ,apo/les 9 _! high call+2 #8&1' accord+ to ,l>dn]1 #8?\gh )\t t l>ge measure ( inspiration & high au?ority :i* 0 peculi> to ! ,,twelve ,,apo/les1 prop]ly s call$1 yet he is to be consid]$ z ,apo/olical1 & next to !m 9 sanctity4' ,= ?is reason ,i place him "h4 ,/4 ,b>nabas 0 a ,levite1 born 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 & ! c\s9-g]man ( ,m>k ! evangeli/4 ,! notices ( 8 life & "* scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,acts inve/ him ) great p]sonal int]e/4 ,he x 0 :o1 aft] ! conv]sion ( ,paul1 0 ! fir/ to believe 9 8 s9c]ity1 & took c\rage to pres5t him to ! o!r apo/les1 #8:o 7 afraid ( him1 & w\ld n believe t he 0 a disciple4' 7,acts xv4 #ci47 ,b>nabas aft]w>ds became ! fell[-lab\r] ( ,paul1 & att5d$ him to ,antio*4 ,we are told t #8he 0 a good man1 full ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ( fai?2' & to ?is ! leg5d>y traditions add1 t he 0 a man ( a mo/ comely c\nt5ance1 ( a noble pres5ce1 grave & comm&+ 9 8 /ep & deportm5t2 & !nce1 :5 he & ,paul 7 at ,ly/ra toge!r1 #8!y call$ ,b>nabas ,jupit]1 & ,paul ,m]curius4' ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ,paul & ,b>nabas fell into a dispute conc]n+ ,m>k1 & sep>at$4 ,! tradition relates t ,b>nabas & ,m>k rema9$ = "s "t toge!r1 be+ unit$ by ! ties ( fri5d%ip1 z well z by ^? ( k9dr$4 ,b>nabas prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 & ,italy2 & !re is an old leg5d>y tradition t he 0 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,milan4 ,! leg5d also relates t ev]y:]e he c>ri$ ) him ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 writt5 by ! h& ( ! evangeli/1 prea*+ :at 0 writt5 !re92 & :5 any 7 sick1 or possess$1 he laid ! sacr$ writ+ ^u _! bosom1 & !y 7 heal$2 7a beautiful allegory ?is67 & x happ5$ t z he prea*$ 9 a synagogue ( ,judea aga9/ ! ,jews1 !y 7 seiz$ ) fury & took him1 & put him to a cruel dea?4 ,b ,m>k & ! o!r ,*ri/ians buri$ him ) _m te>s4 ,! body ( ,/4 ,b>nabas rema9$ 9 its place ( sepulture till ! days ( ! ,emp]or ,z5o1 :51 accord+ to ,nicephorus1 x 0 reveal$ 9 a dream to ,antemius1 t ! apo/le re/$ 9 a c]ta9 spot1 & w\ld be f\nd !re1 ) ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w ly+ on 8 bosom4 ,& s x happ5$3 ! rema9s 7 f\nd2 ! ,gospel 0 c>ri$ to ! emp]or at ,con/ant9ople2 & a *ur* 0 built1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,b>nabas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 ,i presume1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 be+ ! k9sman ( ,/4 ,m>k1 t ,b>nabas is m popul> at ,v5ice ?an else:]e1 & t devotional figures ( him are r>ely f\nd except 9 ,v5etian pictures4 ,he is repres5t$ z a man ( maje/ic pres5ce1 hold+ 9 8 h& ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 z 9 a f9e picture by ,bonifazio2 9 8 *ur* at ,v5ice he is repres5t$ ov] ! high alt>1 ?ron$ z bi%op1 :ile ,/4 ,pet] /&s bel[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he (t5 occurs 9 subjects tak5 f ! ,acts & ! life ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ! sc5e 9 :i* he pres5ts ,paul to ! o!r apo/les1 he is ! pr9cipal p]sonage2 b 9 ! sc5e at ,paphos1 :]e ,elymas is /ruck bl9d1 & at ,ly/ra1 he is always second>y to 8 great companion4 ,illu/ration3 #hd ,angel 7,alb]t ,dr]7 v4 p4 #gi4 ,! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,lat9 ,,fa!rs4 ,! ,evangeli/s & ! ,apo/les repres5t$ 9 ,art ! ,spiritual ,*ur*1 & took _! place among ! heav5ly influ5ces4 ,! great ,fa!rs or ,doctors 7 ! repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* ,militant on e>?3 z tea*]s & pa/ors1 z logicians & advocates1 !y wrote1 argu$1 cont5d$1 suff]$1 & at l5g?1 aft] a long & fi]ce /ruggle aga9/ oppos+ doctr9es1 !y fix$ ! articles ( fai? !reaft] receiv$ 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,= ages1 & d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! prevail+ cre$ has be5 t :i* 0 f\nd$ on ! int]pretations ( ^! v5]able p]sonages4 ,!y h become1 9 consequ5ce1 frequ5t & important subjects ( ,art1 p>ticul>ly f ! t5? c5tury--! p]iod :51 9 _! p]sonal "*1 !y began to be reg>d$ n m]ely z gift$ & v5]able1 b z div9ely inspir$2 _! writ+s appeal$ to z infallible1 _! argum5ts accept$ z demon/ration4 ,we di/+ui% !m z ! ,lat9 & ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,9 ,we/]n ,art1 we f9d ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs p]petually gr\p$ toge!r1 or 9 a s]ies3 ! ,greek ,fa!rs seldom occur except 9 _! individual "*1 z sa9ts r ?an z tea*]s4 ,! f\r ,lat9 ,doctors are ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ,/4 ,gregory4 ,:5 repres5t$ toge!r1 !y are g5]ally di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & f ! sacr$ p]sonages :o may be gr\p$ 9 ! same picture1 by _! conv5tional attributes4 ,?us ,/4 ,j]ome is sometimes habit$ 9 ! r$ hat & crimson robes ( a c>d9al1 ) a *ur* 9 8 h&2 or he is a half-nak$1 bald-head$1 long-be>d$1 emaciat$ old man1 ) eag] wa/$ features1 hold+ a book & p51 & att5d$ by a lion4 ,/4 ,ambrose we>s ! episcopal robes z bi%op ( ,milan1 ) mitre & crosi]1 & holds 8 book2 sometimes1 also1 he c>ries a knott$ sc\rge1 & a bee-hive is ne> him4 ,/4 ,augu/9e is also habit$ z a bi%op1 & c>ries a book2 he has (t5 books at 8 feet1 & sometimes a flam+ he>t transpi]c$ by an arr[4 ,! orig9 & signification ( ^! symbols ,i %all expla9 pres5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\r ,lat9 ,fa!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t *ur*es ! ,f\r ,doctors are plac$ aft] ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 ! lat] *ur*es !y are se5 comb9$ or gr\p$ ) ! evangeli/s1 occasionally also ) ! sibyls2 b ?is seems a mi/ake4 ,! appropriate place ( ! sibyls is nei!r ) ! evangeli/s nor ! fa!rs1 b among ! prophets1 :]e ,mi*ael ,angelo has plac$ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:]e ! pr9cipal subject is ! glory ( ,*ri/1 or ! coronation or assumption ( ! ,virg91 ! ,f\r ,fa!rs att5d ) _! books z witnesses & int]pret]s4 #a4 ,a conspicu\s in/ance ( ?is treatm5t is ! dome ( ,san ,giovanni at ,p>ma4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ar\nd are ! twelve apo/les gaz+ upw>ds2 bel[ !m1 9 ! sp&rils ( ! ar*es1 z if be>+ record1 are ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 ea* ) a ,doctor ( ! ,*ur* seat$ by him z int]pret]3 ,/4 ,mat!w is att5d$ by ,/4 ,j]ome2 ,/4 ,m>k1 by ,/4 ,gregory2 ,/4 ,luke1 by ,/4 ,augu/9e2 & ,/4 ,john1 by ,/4 ,ambrose4 #b4 ,a picture 9 ! ,l\vre by ,pi]-,francesco ,sac*i 7,a4,d4 #afdj7 repres5ts ! ,f\r ,doctors1 att5d$1 or r inspir$1 by ! my/ic symbols ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,!y are seat$ at a table1 "u a canopy su/a9$ by sl5d] pill>s1 & appe> 9 deep consultation3 ne> ,/4 ,augu/9e is ! eagle2 ,/4 ,gregory has ! ox2 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! angel2 & ,/4 ,ambrose1 ! lion4 #c4 ,9 a well-kn[n woodcut aft] ,titian1 #8,! ,triumph ( ,*ri/1' ! ,r$eem] is seat$ 9 a c> drawn by ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s2 :ile ! ,f\r ,lat9 ,doctors1 "o at ea* :eel1 put =? all _! /r5g? to urge x on4 ,! patri>*s & prophets prec$e1 ! m>tyrs & confessors ( ! fai? foll[1 9 gr& procession4 #d4 ,9 a ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 v s+ul>ly treat$1 we h ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 on a high plat=m or ?rone1 su/a9$ by columns2 9 ! space und]nea?1 betwe5 ^! columns1 is a gr\p ( unw+$ angels1 hold+ ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion4 7,or1 z ,i h sometimes ?\ght1 ?is beautiful gr\p may be ! s\ls ( ! ,innoc5ts1 _! prop] place be+ "u ! ?rone ( ,*ri/47 ,on ea* side a va/ company ( prophets1 apo/les1 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs1 rang$ ti] above ti]4 ,imm$iately 9 front1 & on ! /eps ( ! ?rone1 are ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 seat$ ea* ) 8 symbol & book3 beh9d !m ! ,f\r ,fa!rs1 also seat$4 ,?is picture1 :i* z a pa9t+ is s+ul>ly beautiful1 ! execution f9i%$1 & ! heads mo/ *>act]i/ic & expressive1 may be said to comprise a complete sy/em ( ! !ology ( ! middle ages4#bde #e4 ,we h ! same idea c>ri$ out 9 ! l[] "p ( ,raphael's #8,disputa' 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! ,f\r ,doctors are 9 ! c5tre ( :at may be call$ ! sublun>y "p ( ! picture3 !y are ! only seat$ figures 9 ! va/ assembly ( holy1 wise1 & le>n$ m5 ar\nd2 ,/4 ,gregory & ,/4 ,j]ome on ! "r ( ! alt>1 ,/4 ,ambrose & ,/4 ,augu/9e on ! left4 ,z ! two latt] we> ! same p>aph]nalia1 !y are di/+ui%$ by hav+ books scatt]$ at _! feet1 on :i* are inscrib$ ! titles ( _! respective works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild en?ron$1 ) ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* /&+ on ea* side1 is a subject :i* has be5 (t51 & sometimes beautifully1 treat$2 & "h ! contra/ betwe5 all we c conceive ( virg9al & infant9e lovel9ess & innoc5ce en%r9$ 9 heav5ly peace & glory--& ^! solemn1 be>d$1 gr&-look+ old ,fa!rs1 att5d+ 9 humble rev]5ce1 z types ( e>?ly wisdom--ought to produce a magnific5t effect1 :5 conceiv$ 9 ! "r _s4 ,i c rememb]1 h[ev]1 b few in/ances 9 :i* ! treatm5t is complete & satisfactory4 #a4 ,"o ( ^! is a picture by ,a4 ,viv>9i 7,a4,d4 #addf71 n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice4 ,"h1 ! ,virg9 sits ^u a ?rone "u a ri* canopy su/a9$ by f\r little angels4 ,%e looks out ( ! picture ) a mo/ dignifi$1 tranquil1 goddess-l expression2 %e we>s1 z usual1 ! crimson tunic & blue mantle1 ! latt] be+ ( a mo/ brilliant azure2 on h] br[1 a magnific5t jewell$ cr[n2 ! ,div9e ,*ild /&s on h] knee1 & raises 8 little h& to bless ! wor%ipp]4 ,to ! "r ( ! ,virg91 & on ! plat=m ( h] ?rone1 /&s ,/4 ,j]ome1 rob$ z c>d9al1 & be>+ 8 *ur*2 ) ,/4 ,gregory1 habit$ z pope4 ,to ! left /&s ,/4 ,ambrose1 hold+ 8 crosi] & knott$ sc\rge1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e ) 8 book4 ,?is is a wond]ful picture1 &1 z a specim5 ( ! e>ly ,v5etian s*ool1 unequall$4 ,! accuracy ( imitation1 ! dazzl+ col\r1 ! spl5did dresses & accessories1 ! grave beauty ( ! ,madonna1 ! div9e b5ignity ( ! ,infant ,r$eem]1 & ! /]nly ?\ghtful heads ( ! old ,doctors1 are n only positively f9e1 b h a relative int]e/ & value z be+ /amp$ ) t v peculi> "* :i* belong$ to ! ,viv>9i & _! imm$iate foll[]s4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = ! ,scuola della ,c>it4#bdf #b4 ,a diff]5t & a s+ul> treatm5t ( ! ,f\r ,fa!rs occurs 9 ano!r ,v5etian picture4#bdg ,*ri/ is repres5t$ seat$ on a ?rone1 & disput+ ) ! ,jewi% doctors1 :o are eag]ly argu+ or se>*+ _! books4 ,9 front ( ! composition /& ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ,/4 ,gregory2 :o1 ) looks fix$ on ! y\?ful ,savi\r1 appe> to be rev]5tially li/5+ to1 & record+1 8 words4 ,?is :olly poetical & ideal treatm5t ( a famili> passage 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 ,i h nev] se5 b 9 ?is "o in/ance4 #c4 ,a ?ird example is a picture by ,moretto1 ( extraord9>y beauty4#bdh ,! ,virg9 sits on a l(ty ?rone1 to :i* !re is an asc5t ( sev]al /eps2 ! ,*ild /&s on h] "r2 %e presses him to h] ) mat]nal t5d]ness1 & 8 arms are r\nd h] neck4 ,at ! foot ( ! ?rone /& ,/4 ,ambrose1 ) 8 sc\rge1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e2 ,/4 ,gregory1 we>+ ! papal ti>a1 & )\t a be>d1 is seat$ on a /ep ( ! ?rone1 hold+ an op5 book2 & ,/4 ,j]ome1 kneel+ on "o knee1 po9ts to a passage 9 x2 he we>s ! c>d9al's dress complete4 ,?is picture is wor?y ( ,titian 9 ! ri*ness ( ! effect1 ) a m sob] gr&eur 9 ! col\r4 ,! ,virg9 is too mu* l a portrait2 ?is is ! only fault4#bdi 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,*apel ( ,san ,lor5zo1 9 ! ,vatican1 ,angelico has pa9t$ eight ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 s+le maje/ic figures /&+ "u ,go?ic canopies4 ,accord+ to ! names n[ to be se5 inscrib$ on ! p$e/als b5ea?1 ^! figures repres5t ,/4 ,j]ome1#bej ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,gregory1 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ,/4 ,leo1 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om & ,/4 ,a?anasius repres5t ! ,greek doctors4 ,/4 ,leo1 :o sav$ ,rome f ,attila1 is ) peculi> propriety plac$ 9 ! ,vatican2 & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! angelic doctor1 naturally f9ds a place 9 a *apel pa9t$ by a ,dom9ican = a pope :o p>ticul>ly fav\r$ ! ,dom9icans1--,ni*olas ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,f\r ,fa!rs commun+ on ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity1 or ! ,immaculate ,conception1 7 fav\rite subjects 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 *ur* pictures1 in/ead ( be+ religi\s & devotional1 became m & m !ological4 ,!re is an admirable picture ( ?is subject by ,dosso ,dossi4#bea ,above is se5 ! ,messiah1 z ,creator1 9 a glory2 he lays 8 h& on ! head ( ! ,virg91 :o kneels 9 deep humility be=e him2 ,/4 ,gregory sits 9 pr(\nd ?\ght1 a p5 9 "o h&1 a tablet 9 ! o!r2 ,/4 ,ambrose & ,/4 ,augu/9e are simil>ly engag$2 ,/4 ,j]ome1 to :om alone ! cele/ial vision appe>s to be visible1 is look+ up ) awe & wond]4 ,guido1 9 a celebrat$ picture1#beb has repres5t$ ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* commun+ on ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ! ,virg94 ,! figures are admirable = ?\ghtful dep? ( "* 9 ! expression1 & = ! noble arrangem5t ( ! drap]ies2 above is se5 ! ,virg91 float+ amid cl\ds1 9 sn[-:ite drap]y1 & su/a9$ by angels2 visible1 h[ev]1 to ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,ambrose only4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rub5s has treat$ ! ,fa!rs sev]al times3 ! colossal picture 9 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y is well kn[n1 :]e !y appe> be=e u z mov+ along 9 a gr& procession3 ,/4 ,j]ome comes la/2 7he %\ld be fir/2 b on ^! po9ts ,rub5s 0 n p>ticul>37 he seems 9 deep contemplation1 envelop$ 9 ! ri* sc>let robes ( a c>d9al ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & turn+ ! leaves ( 8 great book4 ,9 ano!r picture we h ! ,f\r ,fa!rs seat$1 discuss+ ! my/]y ( ! ,eu*>i/2 ,/4 ,j]ome po9ts to a passage 9 ! ,scriptures2 ,/4 ,gregory is turn+ ! page2 !y appe> to be engag$ 9 argum5t2 ! o!r two are li/5+ e>ne/ly4 ,!re is ano!r picture by ,rub5s 9 :i* ! usual attributes ( ! ,fa!rs are borne al(t by angels1 :ile !y sit commun+ bel[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! examples w suffice to give a g5]al idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! f\r great ,doctors ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur* are gr\p$ 9 devotional pictures4 ,we w n[ consid] !m sep>ately1 ea* accord+ to 8 individual "* & hi/ory4 ,,/4 ,,j]ome4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,hi]onymus4 ,ital4 ,san ,g]onimo or ,girolamo4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,jrome1 ,hirome1 or ,groisme4 ,g]4 ,d] ,heilige ,hi]onimus4 ,patron ( s*ol>s & /ud5ts1 & m p>ticul>ly ( /ud5ts 9 !ology4 7,sept4 #cj1 ,a4,d4 #dbj47 ,( ! f\r ,lat9 ,doctors1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 z a subject ( pa9t+1 is by f> ! mo/ popul>4 ,! reasons = ?is are n m]ely ! exce$+ly int]e/+ & /rik+ "* ( ! man1 & ! picturesque incid5ts ( 8 life1 b also 8 great importance & dignity z f\nd] ( ,mona*ism 9 ! ,we/1 & z au?or ( ! univ]sally receiv$ translation ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t into ! ,lat9 language 7call$ #8,! ,vulgate'74 ,!re is sc>cely a collection ( pictures 9 :i* we d n f9d a ,/4 ,j]ome1 ei!r do+ p5ance 9 ! des]t1 or writ+ 8 fam\s translation1 or m$itat+ on ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j]ome 0 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #cdb1 at ,/ridonium1 9 ,dalmatia4 ,8 fa!r1 ,eusebius1 0 ri*2 & z he %[$ ! happie/ disposition = le>n+1 he 0 s5t to ,rome to f9i% 8 /udies4 ,!re1 ?r\gh 8 own passions1 & ! evil example ( 8 companions1 he fell into temptation1 & = a "t ab&on$ himself to worldly pleasures4 ,b ! love ( virtue1 z well z ! love ( le>n+1 0 /ill /rong )9 him3 he took up ! pr(ession ( law1 & became celebrat$ = 8 eloqu5ce 9 plead+ be=e ! tribunals4 ,:5 m ?an ?irty1 he travell$ into ,gaul1 & visit$ ! s*ools ( le>n+ !re4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t he 0 baptiz$1 & v[$ himself to p]petual celibacy4 ,9 #cgc1 he travell$ into ! ,ea/1 to animate 8 piety by dwell+ = a "t among ! sc5es hall[$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ,savi\r2 &1 on 8 way ?i!r1 he visit$ "s ( ! fam\s ,ori5tal h]mits & ascetics1 ( :om he has giv5 u su* a graphic acc\nt1 & ^: example inspir$ him ) a passion = solitude & a mona/ic life4 ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ,syria1 he retir$ to a des]t 9 ,*alcis1 on ! conf9es ( ,arabia1 & !re he sp5t f\r ye>s 9 /udy & seclusion1 support+ himself by ! lab\r ( 8 h&s4 ,he has left u a mo/ vivid picture ( 8 life ( p5ance 9 ! wild]ness2 ( 8 trials & temptations1 8 fa/+s1 8 sickness ( s\l & body3 & we mu/ dwell = a mom5t on 8 own description1 9 ord] to %[ ) :at lit]al & circum/antial tru? ! pa9t]s h r5d]$ x4 ,he says1 9 "o ( 8 epi/les1 #8,oh h[ (t51 9 ! des]t1 9 t va/ solitude :i*1 p>*$ by ! sultry sun1 af=ds a dwell+ to ! monks1 did ,i fancy myself 9 ! mid/ ( ! luxuries ( ,rome6 ,i sate alone1 = ,i 0 full ( bitt]ness4 ,my mis%ap5 limbs 7 r\gh ) sackclo?1 & my sk9 s squalid t ,i might h be5 mi/ak5 = an ,e?iopian4 ,te>s & groans 7 my occupation e day & all day long4 ,if sleep surpris$ me unaw>es1 my nak$ bones1 :i* sc>cely held toge!r1 rattl$ on ! e>?4' ,8 companions1 he says1 #87 scorpions & wild bea/s2' 8 home1 #8a recess among rocks & precipices4' ,yet1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is horrible self-torture & self-abasem5t1 he describes himself z frequ5tly beset by temptations to s9 & s5sual indulg5ce1 & haunt$ by demons3 at o!r times1 z consol$ by voices & visions f heav54 ,besides ^! trials ( ! fle% & ! _s1 he _h o!rs ( ! intellect4 ,8 love ( le>n+1 8 admiration ( ! great writ]s ( classical antiquity1--( ,plato & ,cic]o1--made him impati5t ( ! rude simplicity ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/orians4 ,he describes himself z fa/+ be=e he op5$ ,cic]o2 &1 z a fur!r p5ance1 he =c$ himself to /udy ,hebrew1 :i* at fir/ fill$ him ) disgu/1 & ?is disgu/ appe>$ to him a capital s94 ,9 "o ( 8 di/emp]$ visions1 he fanci$ he he>d ! la/ trumpet s\nd$ 9 8 e> by an angel1 & summon+ him be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,god4 #8,:o art ?\8' dem&$ ! awful voice4 #8,a ,*ri/ian1' repli$ ! trembl+ ,j]ome4 #8#8,tis false6' repli$ ! voice1 #8?\ art no ,*ri/ian3 ?\ art a ,cic]onian4 ,:]e ! treasure is1 !re w ! he>t be also4' ,he p]sev]$1 & conqu]$ ! difficulties ( ,hebrew2 & !n1 we>i$ by ! religi\s controv]sies 9 ! ,ea/1 aft] t5 ye>s' resid5ce !re1 he return$ to ,rome4 ,b nei!r ! opposition he _h met )1 nor 8 f\r ye>s ( solitude & p5ance 9 ! des]t1 _h subdu$ ! fi]y en?usiasm ( temp]am5t :i* *>act]is$ ?is celebrat$ man4 ,at ,rome he boldly combat$ ! luxuri\s self-indulg5ce ( ! cl]gy1 & prea*$ religi\s ab/95ce & mortification4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ! influ5ce he obta9$ ov] ! ,roman wom52 we f9d !m1 subdu$ or excit$ by 8 eloqu5t exhortations1 devot+ !mselves to p]petual *a/ity1 di/ribut+ _! possessions among ! poor1 or sp5d+ _! days 9 att5dance on ! sick1 & ready to foll[ _! tea*] to ! ,holy ,l&--to ! des]t--ev5 to dea?4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ female conv]t 0 ,paula1 a noble ,roman matron1 a desc5dant ( ! ,scipios & ! ,grac*i4 ,m>cella1 ano!r ( ^! ,roman ladies1 0 ! fir/ :o1 9 ! ,ea/1 collect$ toge!r a numb] ( pi\s wom5 to dwell toge!r 9 community3 h5ce %e is1 by "s au?ors1 consid]$ z ! fir/ nun2 b o!rs cont5d t ,m>?a1 ! si/] ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 0 ! fir/ :o f\nd$ a religi\s community ( wom54 ,aft] ?ree ye>s' soj\rn at ,rome1 ,/4 ,j]ome return$ to ,pale/9e1 & took up 8 resid5ce 9 a mona/]y he _h f\nd$ at ,be?lehem4 ,:51 9 extreme old age1 he became s5sible ( ! approa* ( dea?1 he rais$ ) ef=t 8 emaciat$ limbs1 &1 comm&+ himself to be c>ri$ into ! *apel ( ! mona/]y1 he receiv$ ! ,sacram5t = ! la/ "t f ! h&s ( ! prie/1 & soon aft] expir$4 ,he di$ 9 #dbj1 leav+1 besides 8 fam\s translation ( ! ,scriptures1 num]\s controv]sial writ+s1 epi/les1 & comm5t>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we read 9 ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 t "o ev5+1 z he sat )9 ! gates ( 8 mona/]y at ,be?lehem1 a lion ent]$1 limp+1 z 9 pa92 & all ! bre?r51 :5 !y saw ! lion1 fl$ 9 t]ror3 b ,j]ome arose1 & w5t =w>d to meet him1 z ?\gh he _h be5 a gue/4 ,& ! lion lift$ up 8 paw1 & ,/4 ,j]ome1 on exam9+ x1 f\nd t x 0 w\nd$ by a ?orn1 :i* he extract$2 & he t5d$ ! lion till he 0 heal$4 ,! grateful bea/ rema9$ ) 8 b5efactor1 & ,j]ome confid$ to him ! task ( gu>d+ an ass :i* 0 employ$ 9 br++ firewood f ! =e/4 ,on "o occasion1 ! lion hav+ gone to sleep :ile ! ass 0 at pa/ure1 "s m]*ants pass+ by c>ri$ away ! latt]2 & ! lion1 aft] se>*+ = him 9 va91 return$ to ! mona/]y ) droop+ head1 z "o a%am$4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 believ+ t he _h dev\r$ 8 companion1 comm&$ t ! daily task ( ! ass %\ld be laid ^u ! lion1 & t ! faggots %\ld be b\nd on 8 back1 to :i* he magnanim\sly submitt$1 until ! ass 0 recov]$2 :i* 0 9 ?is wise4 ,"o day1 ! lion1 hav+ f9i%$ 8 task1 ran hi!r & ?i!r1 /ill seek+ 8 companion2 & he saw a c>avan ( m]*ants approa*+1 & a /r+ ( camels1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,arabian cu/om1 7 l$ by an ass2 & :5 ! lion recognis$ 8 fri5d1 he drove ! camels into ! conv5t1 & s t]rifi$ ! m]*ants1 t !y confess$ ! !ft1 & receiv$ p>don f ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,! introduction ( ! lion into pictures ( ,/4 ,j]ome is suppos$ to ref] to ?is leg5d2 b 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ! rev]se 0 really ! case4 ,! lion 0 9 v anci5t times adopt$ z ! symbol befitt+ ,/4 ,j]ome1 f 8 f]vid1 fi]y nature1 & 8 life 9 ! wild]ness2 & 9 lat] times1 ! leg5d inv5t$ to expla9 ! symbol 0 gradually exp&$ into ! /ory z giv5 above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,repres5tations ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 pictures1 pr9ts1 & sculpture1 are s num]\s t x 7 9 va9 to attempt to give any detail$ acc\nt ( !m1 ev5 ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,all1 h[ev]1 may be includ$ "u ! foll[+ classification1 &1 accord+ to ! descriptions giv51 may be easily recognis$4 ,! devotional subjects & s+le figures repres5t ,/4 ,j]ome 9 "o ( 8 ?ree great *>act]s4 #a4 ,z ,patron ,sa9t & ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*4 #b4 ,z ,translator & ,comm5tator ( ! ,scriptures4 #c4 ,z ,p5it5t4 ,z ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 & tea*]1 he ent]s into e s*eme ( decoration1 & f9ds a place 9 all sacr$ build+s4 ,z ,sa9t & ,p5it5t1 he is *iefly to be f\nd 9 ! conv5ts & *ur*es ( ! ,j]onymites1 :o claim him z _! ,patri>*4 ,:5 plac$ be=e u z ! patron sa9t & fa!r ( div9ity1 he is usually /&+ full l5g?1 ei!r habit$ 9 ! c>d9al's robes1 or ) ! c>d9al's hat ly+ at 8 feet4 ,x may be necess>y to obs]ve1 t !re is no hi/orical au?ority = mak+ ,/4 ,j]ome a c>d9al4 ,c>d9al-prie/s 7 n orda9$ till ?ree c5turies lat]2 b z ! o!r fa!rs 7 all ( high ecclesia/ical rank1 & z ,/4 ,j]ome ob/9ately refus$ all su* di/9ction1 x has be5 ?\ght necess>y1 = ! sake ( 8 dignity1 to make him a c>d9al3 ano!r reason may be1 t he p]=m$1 9 ! c\rt ( ,pope ,dalmasius1 ^? (fices s9ce dis*>g$ by ! c>d9al-deacon4 ,9 "s ( ! old ,v5etian pictures1 in/ead ( ! (ficial robes ( a c>d9al1 he is habit$ 9 loose ample r$ drap]y1 "p ( :i* is ?r[n ov] 8 head4 ,:5 repres5t$ ) 8 head uncov]$1 8 =ehead is l(ty & bald1 8 be>d is v long1 fl[+ ev5 to 8 girdle2 8 features f9e & %>p1 8 nose aquil9e4 ,9 8 h& he holds a book or a scroll1 & frequ5tly ! emblematical *ur*1 ( :i* he 0 ! great support & lum9>y3 &1 to make ! application /rong] & cle>]1 rays ( light are se5 issu+ f ! door ( ! *ur*4 #a4 ,a signal in/ance ( ! treatm5t ( ,j]ome z patron sa9t occurs 9 a f9e picture by ,wohlgemu?1 ! ma/] ( ,alb]t ,dr]4#bec ,x is an alt>-piece repres5t+ ! glorification ( ! sa9t1 & consi/s ( ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,9 ! c5tre1 ,/4 ,j]ome /&s on a magnific5t ?rone1 & lays 8 left h& on ! head ( a lion1 rais$ up on 8 h9d legs3 ! donors ( ! picture1 a man & a woman1 kneel 9 front2 on ea* side are w9d[s op5+ on a l&scape1 :]e9 v>i\s incid5ts ( ! life ( ,/4 ,j]ome are repres5t$2 on ! "r1 8 ,p5ance 9 ! ,wild]ness & 8 ,l&+ at ,cyprus2 & on ! left1 ! m]*ants :o _h c>ri$ (f ! ass br+ propitiatory gifts1 :i* ! sa9t rejects1 & o!r m5 are se5 fell+ wood & load+ ! lion4 ,on ! inn] %utt]s or w+s ( ! c5tral picture1 are repres5t$1 on ! "r1 ! ?ree o!r doctors1--,/4 ,augu/9e1 ) ! flam+ he>t2 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ) ! bee-hive2 bo? habit$ z bi%ops2 & ,/4 ,gregory1 we>+ 8 ti>a1 & hold+ a l>ge book 78 fam\s ,homilies7 9 8 h&4 ,on ! left1 ?ree apo/les ) _! prop] attributes1 ,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,?omas1 & ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 on ! o!r side are repres5t$1 to ! "r1 ,/4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 hold+ a *ur* 7! ca!dral ( ,bamb]g71 & a sword1 8 prop] attributes2 & 8 wife ,/4 ,cunegunda4#bed ,on ! left ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y & ,/4 ,m>t94 ,!re are besides1 to close 9 ! :ole1 two out] doors3 on ! inn] side1 to ! "r1 ,/4 ,joseph & ,/4 ,kilian2#bee on ! left1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,ursula2 & on ! ext]ior ( ! :ole ! mass ( ,/4 ,gregory1 ) v>i\s p]sonages & objects connect$ ) ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4 ,! :ole is ab\t six feet high1 dat$ #aeaa1 & may be> a comp>ison1 = elaborate & multif>i\s detail & exquisite pa9t+1 ) ! fam\s ,van ,eyck alt>-piece 9 ,/4 ,john's ,*ur* at ,gh5t4#bef #b4 ,9 8 "* ( patron1 ,/4 ,j]ome is a frequ5t subject ( sculpture4 ,!re is a ,go?ic figure ( him 9 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel1 habit$ 9 ! c>d9al's robes1 ! lion fawn+ ^u him4 ,:5 ,/4 ,j]ome is repres5t$ 9 8 second great "*1 z ! translator ( ! ,scriptures1 he is usually seat$ 9 a cave or 9 a cell1 busi$ 9 read+ or 9 writ+2 he we>s a loose robe ?r[n ov] 8 wa/$ =m2 & ei!r he looks d[n int5t on 8 book1 or he looks up z if await+ heav5ly inspiration3 sometimes an angel is dictat+ to him4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,9 an old ,italian pr9t1 :i* ,i h se51 he is seat$ on ! gr\nd read+1 9 spectacles2--an ana*ronism frequ5t 9 ! old pa9t]s4 ,sometimes he is seat$ "u ! %ade ( a tree2 or )9 a cav]n1 writ+ at a rude table =m$ ( a /ump ( a tree1 or a bo>d laid across two fragm5ts ( rock2 z 9 a beautiful picture by ,ghirl&ajo1 rem>kable = its solemn & tranquil feel+4#beg #b4 ,v celebrat$ is an engrav+ ( ?is subject by ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,! sc5e is ! int]ior ( a cell1 at ,be?lehem2 two w9d[s on ! left p\r across ! picture a /ream ( sun%9e1 :i* is repres5t$ ) wond]ful effect4 ,/4 ,j]ome is se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 seat$ at a desk1 mo/ int5tly writ+ 8 translation ( ! ,scriptures2 9 front ! lion is cr\*+1 & a fox is se5 asleep4 ,^! two animals are "h emblems2--! "o1 ( ! c\rage & vigilance1 ! o!r ( ! wisdom or acut5ess1 ( ! sa9t4 ,! execution ( ?is pr9t is a miracle ( ,art1 & x is v r>e4 ,!re is an exquisite little picture by ,elzheim] copi$ f x1 & ( ! same size1 at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,i ne$ h>dly obs]ve1 t "h ! ros>y & ! pot ( holy wat] are ana*ronisms1 z well z ! c>d9al's hat4 ,by ,alb]t ,dr] we h also ,/4 ,j]ome writ+ 9 a cav]n2 & ,/4 ,j]ome read+ 9 8 cell3 bo? woodcuts4 #c4 ,ev5 m beautiful is a pr9t by ,lucas v4 ,leyd51 9 :i* ,/4 ,j]ome is recl9+ 9 8 cell & read+ int5tly2 ! lion licks 8 foot4 #d4 ,9 a picture by ,lucas ,crana*1 ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg1 elector ( ,may5ce 7#aebg71 is repres5t$ 9 ! "* ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 seat$ 9 ! wild]ness1 & writ+ at a table =m$ ( a plank laid across two /umps ( trees3 he is 9 ! c>d9al-robes2 & 9 ! =egr\nd a lion1 a h>e1 a beav]1 a p>tridge1 & a h9d1 beautifully pa9t$1 express ! solitude ( 8 life4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ! c>avan ( m]*ants is se5 ent]+ ! gate ( ! mona/]y1 conduct$ by ! fai?ful lion4 #e4 ,! little picture by ,dom5i*9o1 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 repres5ts ,/4 ,j]ome look+ up f 8 book1 & li/5+ to ! acc5ts ( ! angel4 #f4 ,9 a picture by ,ti>9i1#beh x is ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & n an angel1 :o dictates :ile he writes4 #g4 ,9 a picture by ,titian1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 seat$1 holds a book1 & gazes up at a crucifix susp5d$ 9 ! skies2 ! lion is dr9k+ at a f\nta94 ,out ( tw5ty pr9ts ( ,/4 ,j]ome aft] ,titian1 !re are at lea/ eight :i* repres5t him at /udy or writ+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is 9 ! d\ble "* ( ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 & translator ( ! ,scriptures1 t we f9d ,/4 ,j]ome s frequ5tly introduc$ into pictures ( ! ,madonna1 & gr\p$ ) o!r sa9ts4 ,two ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pictures 9 ! _w sugge/ !mselves "h z examples3--#a4 #8,! ,madonna della ,pesce' ( ,raphael2 :]e ! ,virg91 seat$ on a rais$ ?rone1 holds ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 h] arms2 on h] "r h&1 ! ar*angel ,raphael pres5ts ! "y ,tobias1 :o holds ! fi%1 ! emblem ( ,*ri/ianity or ,baptism4 ,on ! o!r side kneels ,/4 ,j]ome1 hold+ an op5 book1 8 be>d sweep+ to 8 girdle2 ! lion at 8 feet2 ! ,infant ,*ri/1 :ile he b5ds =w>d to greet ,tobias1 has "o h& ^u ,/4 ,j]ome's book3 ! :ole is a beautiful & expressive allegory4#bei #b4 ,correggio's picture1 call$ #8,! ,/4 ,j]ome ( ,p>ma1' repres5ts ! ,infant ,*ri/ on ! knees ( 8 "m3 ,m>y ,magdal5e b5ds to kiss 8 feet3 ,/4 ,j]ome /&s 9 front1 pres5t+ 8 translation ( ! ,scriptures4 ,illu/ration3 #he ,/4 ,j]ome do+ ,p5ance 7,titian7 ,! p5it5t ,/4 ,j]ome seems to h be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z ! approv$ symbol ( ,*ri/ian p5it5ce1 self-d5ial1 & self-abasem5t4 ,no devotional subject1 if we except ! #8,madonna & ,*ild' & ! #8,magdal5e1' is ( su* p]petual recurr5ce4 ,9 ! treatm5t x has be5 inf9itely v>i$4 ,! sc5e is g5]ally a wild rocky solitude3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 half nak$1 emaciat$1 ) matt$ hair & be>d1 is se5 on 8 knees be=e a crucifix1 beat+ 8 brea/ ) a /one4 ,! lion is almo/ always introduc$1 sometimes asleep1 or cr\*+ at 8 feet2 sometimes keep+ gu>d1 sometimes dr9k+ at a /ream4 ,! mo/ magnific5t example ( ?is treatm5t is by ,titian3#bfj ,/4 ,j]ome1 kneel+ on "o knee1 half support$ by a craggy rock1 & hold+ ! /one1 looks up ) eag] devotion to a cross1 artlessly fix$ into a cleft 9 ! rock2 two books lie on a cliff beh9d2 at 8 feet are a skull & h\r-glass2 & ! lion reposes 9 front4 ,! feel+ ( deep solitude1 & a k9d ( sacr$ horror brea!d ov] ?is picture1 are inconceivably f9e & impressive4 ,ano!r by ,titian1 b inf]ior1 is 9 ! ,l\vre2 & !re are at lea/ twelve engrav+s ( ,/4 ,j]ome do+ p5ance1 aft] ! same pa9t]3 among !m a sup]b l&scape1 9 :i* are se5 a lion & a lioness pr[l+ 9 ! wild]ness1 :ile ! sa9t is do+ p5ance 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,by ,ago/9o ,c>acci !re is a fam\s engrav+ ( #8,/4 ,j]ome do+ p5ance 9 a cave1' call$ f its size ! great ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,b to p>ticul>ise fur!r w\ld be endless3 ,i "k sc>cely any ,italian pa9t] s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury :o has n treat$ ?is subject at lea/ once4 ,! ,spani% pa9t]s h r5d]$ x ) a gloomy p[]1 & revell$ 9 its my/ic significance4 ,9 ! ,spani% gall]y ( ! ,l\vre ,i c\nt$ at lea/ tw5ty ,/4 ,j]omes3 ! old ,g]man pa9t]s & engrav]s also delight$ 9 x1 on acc\nt ( its picturesque capabilities4 ,alb]t ,dr] repres5ts ,/4 ,j]ome kneel+ be=e a crucifix1 :i* he has susp5d$ aga9/ ! trunk ( a massy tree2 an op5 book is ne> x2 he holds 9 8 "r h& a fl9t-/one1 ) :i* he is ab\t to /rike 8 brea/1 all w\nd$ & ble$+ f ! bl[s already inflict$2 ! lion cr\*es beh9d him1 & 9 ! di/ance is a /ag4 ,! p5it5t ,/4 ,j]ome is n a good subject = sculpture2 ! undrap$1 meagre =m1 & ! abasem5t ( suff]+1 are disagreeable 9 ?is treatm5t3 yet su* repres5tations are con/antly met ) 9 *ur*es4 ,! fam\s colossal /atue by ,torrigiano1 n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,seville1 repres5ts ,/4 ,j]ome kneel+ on a rock1 a /one 9 "o h&1 a crucifix 9 ! o!r4 ,at ,v5ice1 9 ! ,fr>i1 !re is a /atue ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 /&+1 ) ! /one 9 8 h& & ! lion at 8 feet2 too maje/ic = ! ,p5it5t4 ,!re are sev]al o!r /atues ( ,/4 ,j]ome at ,v5ice1 f ! ,lib]i & ,lomb>di s*ools1 all f9e z /atues2 b ! p5it5t sa9t is idealis$ into ! patron-sa9t ( p5it5ts4 ,:5 figures ( ,/4 ,j]ome z p5it5t are introduc$ 9 ,madonna pictures1 or 9 ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 !n su* figures are devotional1 & symbolical1 9 a g5]al s5se1 ( ,*ri/ian rep5tance4 ,!re is an e>ly picture ( ! ,crucifixion1 by ,raphael1#bfa 9 :i* he has plac$ ,/4 ,j]ome at ! foot ( ! cross1 beat+ 8 brea/ ) a /one7#hf74 ,illu/ration3 #hf ,/4 ,j]ome1 z ,p5it5t1 9 a ,crucifixion 7,raphael7 ,! pictures f ! life ( ,/4 ,j]ome comprise a v>iety ( subjects3--#a4 #8,he receives ! c>d9al's hat f ! ,virg93' sometimes x is ! ,infant ,*ri/1 seat$ 9 ! lap ( ! ,virg91 :o pres5ts x to him4 #b4 #8,he disputes ) ! ,jewi% doctors on ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2' 9 a curi\s picture by ,juan de ,valdes4#bfb ,he /&s on "o side ( a table 9 an attitude ( au?ority3 ! rabbis1 ea* ( :om has a demon look+ ov] 8 %\ld]1 are se>*+ _! books = argum5ts aga9/ him4 #c4 #8,/4 ,j]ome1 :ile /udy+ ,hebrew 9 ! solitude ( ,*alcida1 he>s 9 a vision ! s\nd ( ! la/ trumpet1 call+ m5 to judgm5t4' ,?is is a common subject1 & /yl$ #8,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,j]ome4' ,i h met ) no example e>li] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 g5]al he is ly+ on ! gr\nd1 & an angel s\nds ! trumpet f above4 ,9 a composition by ,rib]a he holds a p5 9 "o h& & a p5knife 9 ! o!r3 he seems to h be5 arre/$ 9 ! v act ( m5d+ 8 p5 by ! bla/ ( ! trumpet3 ! figure ( ! sa9t1 wa/$ ev5 to sk9 & bone1 & 8 look ( petrifi$ amazem5t1 are v f9e1 not)/&+ ! commonplace action4 ,9 a picture by ,subleyras1 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,/4 ,j]ome is gaz+ upw>ds1 ) an a/oni%$ look2 ?ree ar*angels s\nd _! trumpets f above4 ,9 a picture by ,antonio ,p]$a1 at ,madrid1 ,/4 ,j]ome n only he>s 9 8 vision ! s\nd ( ! la/ trump1 he sees ! dead arise f _! graves ar\nd him4 ,la/ly1 by way ( climax1 ,i may m5tion a picture 9 ! ,l\vre1 by a mod]n ,fr5* pa9t]1 ,sigalon3 ,/4 ,j]ome is 9 a convulsive fit1 & ! ?ree angels1 bl[+ _! trumpets 9 8 e>s1 are l furies s5t to torm5t & madd5 ! s9n]1 r ?an to r\se ! sa9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile do+ p5ance 9 ! des]t1 ,/4 ,j]ome 0 sometimes haunt$ by temptations1 z well z amaz$ by t]rors4 #d4 ,dom5i*9o1 9 "o ( ! frescoes 9 ,/4 ,on(rio1 repres5ts ! p>ticul> k9d ( temptation by :i* ! sa9t 0 9 imag9ation assail$3 :ile he is f]v5tly pray+ & beat+ 8 brea/1 a circle ( beautiful nymphs1 se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 weave a graceful dance4 ,vas>i has _h ! bad ta/e to give u a p5it5t ,/4 ,j]ome ) ,v5us & ,cupids 9 ! backgr\nd3 "o ar* little ,cupid takes aim at him2--an (f5sive in/ance ( ! ext5t to :i*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 classical ideas _h m+l$ ) & deprav$ ,*ri/ian ,art4#bfc #e4 ,guido4 #8,/4 ,j]ome translat+ ! ,scriptures :ile an angel dictates3' life size & v f9e 7except ! angel1 :o is weak1 & rem9ds "o ( a wat]-nymph#bfd72 9 8 pale mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 #f4 ,dom5i*9o4 #8,/4 ,j]ome is flagellat$ by an angel = pref]r+ ,cic]o to ! ,hebrew writ+s3' also 9 ! ,/4 ,on(rio4 ,! ,cic]o1 torn f 8 h&1 lies at 8 feet4 ,"h ! sa9t is a "y man1 & ! :ole sc5e is repres5t$ z a vision4 #g4 ,b ,/4 ,j]ome 0 com=t$ by visions ( glory1 z well z haunt$ by t]rors & temptations4 ,9 ! picture by ,p>migiano1 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 ,/4 ,j]ome is sleep+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 :ile ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ po9ts upw>ds to a cele/ial vision ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 se5 9 ! op5+ heav5s above3 ! upp] "p ( ?is picture is beautiful1 & full ( dignity2 b ! sa9t is ly+ /ret*$ on ! e>? 9 an attitude s uneasy & di/ort$1 t x w\ld seem z if he 7 condemn$ to d p5ance ev5 9 8 sleep2 & ! ,/4 ,john has always appe>$ to me mann]$ & !atrical4 ,illu/ration3 #hg ,/4 ,j]ome & ! ,lion 7,coll' ,antonio da ,fiore7 ,naples #h4 ,! /ory ( ! lion is (t5 repres5t$4 ,/4 ,j]ome is seat$ 9 8 cell1 attir$ 9 ! monk's habit & c[l2 ! lion approa*es1 & lays 8 paw ^u 8 knee2 a c>d9al's hat & books are ly+ ne> him2 &1 to express ! self-d5ial ( ! sa9t1 a m\se is peep+ into an empty cup 7#hg74bfe ,9 ano!r example1 by ,vittore ,c>paccio1 ! lion ent]s ! cell1 & ?ree monks1 att5dants on ,/4 ,j]ome1 flee 9 t]ror4 99 99 99 99 99 #i4 ,! ,la/ ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome is ! subject ( "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pictures 9 ! _w1--! ,/4 ,j]ome ( ,dom5i*9o1 :i* has be5 ?\ght wor?y ( be+ plac$ opposite to ! ,transfiguration ( ,raphael1 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! ag$ sa9t--feeble1 emaciat$1 dy+--is borne 9 ! arms ( 8 disciples to ! *apel ( 8 mona/]y1 & plac$ )9 ! por*4 ,a "y prie/ su/a9s him2 ,/4 ,paula1 kneel+1 kisses "o ( 8 ?9 bony h&s2 ! sa9t fixes 8 eag] eyes on ! c\nt5ance ( ! prie/1 :o is ab\t to adm9i/] ! sacram5t1--a noble dignifi$ figure 9 a ri* ecclesia/ical dress2 a deacon holds ! cup1 & an att5dant prie/ ! book & tap]2 ! lion droops 8 head ) an expression ( grief2 ! eyes & att5tion ( all are on ! dy+ sa9t1 :ile f\r angels1 hov]+ above1 look d[n ^u ! sc5e4 ,ago/9o ,c>acci1 9 a gr& picture n[ 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y1 _h previ\sly treat$ ! same subject ) mu* feel+ & dramatic p[]3 b "h ! sa9t is n s wa/$ & s feeble2 ,/4 ,paula is n pres5t1 & ! lion is t5d]ly lick+ 8 feet4 ,old] ?an ei!r1 & v beautiful & solemn1 is a picture by ,vittore ,c>paccio1 9 :i* ! sa9t is kneel+ 9 ! por* ( a *ur*1 surr\nd$ by 8 disciples1 & ! lion is se5 outside4 #aj4 #8,! ,dea? ( ,/4 ,j]ome4' ,9 ! picture by ,/>n9a he is giv+ 8 la/ in/ructions to 8 disciples1 & ! expression ( solemn grief 9 ! old heads ar\nd is v f9e4 ,9 a ,spani% picture he is ext5d$ on a c\*1 made ( hurdles1 & expires 9 ! arms ( 8 monks4 ,9 a v f9e anonym\s pr9t1 dat$ #afad1 ,/4 ,j]ome is dy+ alone 9 8 cell 7?is v]sion ( ! subject is contr>y to all au?ority & prec$5t73 he presses to 8 bosom ! ,gospel & ! crucifix2 ! lion looks up 9 8 face ro>+1 & angels be> away 8 s\l to heav54 #aa4 #8,! ,obsequies ( ,/4 ,j]ome4' ,9 ! picture by ,vittore ,c>paccio1 ! sa9t is ext5d$ on ! gr\nd be=e ! high alt>1 & ! prie/s ar\nd are kneel+ 9 v>i\s attitudes ( grief or devotion4 ,! lion is se5 on "o side4#bff 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w m5tion "h "s o!r pictures 9 :i* ,/4 ,j]ome figures z ! pr9cipal p]sonage4 ,/4 ,j]ome introduc+ ,*>les ,v4 into ,p>adise is ! subject ( a l>ge fresco1 by ,luca ,giordano1 on ! /aircase ( ! ,escurial4 ,/4 ,j]ome conv]s+ ) two nuns1 probably int5d$ = ,/4 ,paula & ,/4 ,m>cella4#bfg ,! sleep ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,he is wat*$ by two angels1 "o ( :om1 ) 8 f+] on 8 lip1 comm&s sil5ce4#bfh 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is wor? rem>k+1 t 9 ! old ,v5etian pictures ,/4 ,j]ome does n we> ! prop] habit & hat ( a c>d9al1 b an ample sc>let robe1 "p ( :i* is ?r[n ov] 8 head z a hood 7#hh74 ,illu/ration3 #hh ,v5etian ,/4 ,j]ome 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 a s]ies1 is (t5 f\nd 9 ! *ur*es & conv5ts ( ! ,j]onymites1 & g5]ally consi/s ( ! foll[+ subjects1 ( :i* ! f\r? & six? are (t5 omitt$3-- #a4 ,he is baptiz$4 #b4 ,he receives ! c>d9al's hat f ! ,virg94 #c4 ,he does p5ance 9 ! des]t1 beat+ 8 brea/ ) a /one4 #d4 ,he meets ,/4 ,augu/9e4 #e4 ,he is /udy+ or writ+ 9 a cell4 #f4 ,he builds ! conv5t at ,be?lehem4 #g4 ,he heals ! w\nd$ lion4 #h4 ,he receives ! ,la/ ,sacram5t4 #i4 ,he dies 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples4 #aj4 ,he is buri$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid]+ t ,/4 ,j]ome has ev] be5 v5]at$ z "o ( ! great lights ( ! ,*ur*1 x is s+ul> t s few *ur*es are d$icat$ to him4 ,!re is "o at ,rome1 erect$1 accord+ to tradition1 on ! v spot :]e /ood ! h\se ( ,santa ,paula1 :]e %e ent]ta9$ ,/4 ,j]ome dur+ 8 soj\rn at ,rome 9 #chb4 ,= ! high alt> ( ?is *ur*1 ,dom5i*9o pa9t$ 8 ma/]piece ( ! ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome already describ$4 ,! emb>kation ( ,sa9t ,paula1 to foll[ h] spiritual tea*] ,/4 ,j]ome to ! ,holy ,l&1 is ! subject ( "o ( ,claude's mo/ beautiful sea pieces1 n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton2 ano!r picture ( ?is subject1 ! figures z l>ge z life1 is 9 ! ,br]a1 by a clev] ,cremonese pa9t]1 ,giuseppe ,bottoni4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/4 ,j]ome has deta9$ its long2 ! o!r ,fa!rs are1 z subjects ( ,art1 mu* less int]e/+4 ,,/4 ,,ambrose4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,ambrosius4 ,ital4 ,sant' ,ambrogio4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,ambroise4 ,g]4 ,d] ,heilige ,ambrosius4 ,patron ,sa9t ( ,milan4 7,april #d1 ,a4,d4 #cig47 ,we c h>dly imag9e a great] contra/ ?an betwe5 ! /]n1 en?usia/ic1 dream+1 ascetic ,j]ome1 & ! /atesman-l1 practical1 some:at despotic ,,ambrose4 ,?is extraord9>y man1 9 ^: p]son ! prie/ly "* assum$ an importance & dignity till !n unkn[n1 0 ! son ( a prefect ( ,gaul1 be>+ ! same "n1 & 0 born at ,treves 9 ! ye> #cdj4 ,x is said t1 :5 an infant 9 ! cradle1 a sw>m ( bees alight$ on 8 m\?1 )\t injur+ him4 ,! same /ory 0 told ( ,plato & ( ,ar*ilo*us1 & consid]$ prophetic ( future eloqu5ce4 ,x is f ?is circum/ance t ,/4 ,ambrose is repres5t$ ) ! bee-hive ne> him4 ,"y ,ambrose1 aft] pursu+ 8 /udies at ,rome ) success1 0 appo9t$ prefect ( milia & ,liguria 7,pi$mont & ,g5oa71 & took up 8 resid5ce at ,milan4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! ,bi%op ( ,milan di$1 & ! succession 0 hotly disput$ betwe5 ! ,ca?olics & ! ,arians4 ,ambrose appe>$ 9 8 "* ( prefect1 to allay ! tumult2 he h>angu$ ! p ) su* p]suasive eloqu5ce t !y 7 hu%$ into respectful sil5ce2 & 9 ! mid/ a *ild's voice 0 he>d to exclaim1 #8,ambrose %all be bi%op6' ,! multitude took up ! cry z ?\gh x _h be5 a voice f heav51 & compell$ him to assume ! sacr$ (fice4 ,he attempt$ to avoid ! hon\r ?us laid ^u him by flight1 by entreaties1--plead+ t1 ?\gh a pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian1 he _h nev] be5 baptiz$3 9 va96 ! comm& ( ! emp]or en=c$ ! wi%es ( ! p2 & ,ambrose1 be+ baptiz$1 01 )9 eight days aft]w>ds1 consecrat$ bi%op ( ,milan4 ,he has s9ce be5 reg>d$ z ! patron sa9t ( t city4 ,he began by di/ribut+ all 8 worldly goods to ! poor2 he !n set himself to /udy ! sacr$ writ+s1 & to r5d] himself 9 all respects wor?y ( 8 high dignity4 #8,! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1' says ,mr4 ,milman1 #8met 9 ! p]son ( ,ambrose3 ! implacable ho/ility to idolatry1 ! abhorr5ce ( e deviation f ! e/abli%$ =mul>y ( belief2--! wise & c\rage\s b5evol5ce1 ! g5]\s & unselfi% devotion to ! great int]e/s ( humanity4' ,he 0 memorable = ! gr&eur & magnific5ce ) :i* he inve/$ ! c]emonies ( wor%ip2 !y _h nev] be5 s impos+4 ,he p>ticul>ly cultivat$ music1 & introduc$ f ! ,ea/ ! mann] ( *ant+ ! s]vice s9ce call$ ! ,ambrosian *ant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two ?+s 7 especially rem>kable 9 ! life & "* ( ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,! fir/ 0 ! en?usiasm ) :i* he advocat$ celibacy 9 bo? sexes3 on ?is topic1 z we are assur$1 he 0 s p]suasive1 t mo!rs %ut up _! daught]s le/ !y %\ld be s$uc$ by _! eloqu5t bi%op into v[s ( *a/ity4 ,! o!r 0 8 det]m9ation to set ! ecclesia/ical above ! sov]eign or civil p[]3 ?is pr9ciple1 s abus$ 9 lat] times1 0 9 ! days ( ,ambrose ! ass]tion ( ! might ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( m]cy1 ( ju/ice1 ( fre$om1 ov] hea!nism1 tyranny1 cruelty1 slav]y4 ,! dignity ) :i* he refus$ to hold any communication ) ! ,emp]or ,maximus1 because he 0 /a9$ ) ! blood ( ,gratian1 & 8 resolute opposition to ! ,empress ,ju/9a1 :o int]f]$ ) 8 sac]dotal privileges1 7 two in/ances ( ?is _s4 ,b ! mo/ celebrat$ incid5t ( 8 life is 8 conduct ) reg>d to ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 ! la/ great emp]or ( ,rome2--a man ( an iron w1 a despot1 & a w>rior4 ,t he %\ld b5d 9 trembl+ submission at ! feet ( an un>m$ prie/1 & %r9k be=e 8 rebuke1 fill$ ! :ole _w ) an awful idea ( ! supremacy ( ! ,*ur*1 & prep>$ ! way = ! ,hildebr&s1 ! ,p]ettis1 ! ,c>affas ( lat] times4 ,) reg>d to ,/4 ,ambrose1 ?is assumption ( moral p[]1 ?is high pr]ogative ( ! prie/hood1 _h hi!rto be5 )\t prec$5t1 & 9 ?is its fir/ application x c]ta9ly comm&s our respect1 our admiration1 & our sympa?y4 ,!odosius1 ) all 8 great qualities1 0 subject to fits ( viol5t passion4 ,a s$ition1 or r a popul> affray1 _h tak5 place 9 ,!ssalonica2 "o ( 8 (fic]s 0 ill-treat$1 & "s lives lo/4 ,!odosius1 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( indignation1 ord]$ an indiscrim9ate massacre ( ! inhabitants1 & sev5 ?\s& human be+s--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--7 sacrific$4 ,! conduct ( ,ambrose on ?is occasion 0 wor?y ( a ,*ri/ian prelate3 he retir$ f ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or1 & wrote to him a lett]1 9 :i*1 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 ( 8 ,*ur*1 & ( all ! bi%ops ov] :om he _h any influ5ce1 he d5\nc$ ?is inhuman act ) ! /ronge/ expressions ( abhorr5ce1 & refus$ to all[ ! sov]eign1 ?us /a9$ ) innoc5t blood1 to p>ticipate 9 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*2--9 fact1 excommunicat$ him4 ,9 va9 ! emp]or ?reat5$1 supplicat$2 9 va9 he appe>$ ) all 8 imp]ial /ate be=e ! doors ( ! ca!dral ( ,milan1 & comm&$ & entreat$ entrance4 ,! doors 7 clos$2 & ev5 on ,*ri/mas-day1 :5 he aga9 z a suppliant pres5t$ himself1 ,ambrose appe>$ at ! por*1 & absolutely =bade 8 entrance1 unless he %\ld *oose to pass into ! sanctu>y ov] ! dead body ( ! intrepid bi%op4 ,at l5g?1 aft] eight mon?s ( int]dict1 ,ambrose cons5t$ to rel5t1 on two conditions3 ! fir/1 t ! emp]or %\ld publi% an edict by :i* no capital puni%m5t c\ld be execut$ till ?irty days aft] conviction ( a crime2 ! second1 t he %\ld p]=m a public p5ance4 ,! emp]or submitt$2 &1 clo!d 9 sackclo?1 grovell+ on ! e>?1 ) du/ & a%es on 8 head1 lay ! ma/] ( ! _w be=e ! alt> ( ,*ri/1 because ( innoc5t blood ha/ily & wrongfully %$4 ,?is 0 a great triumph1 & "o ( incalculable results--"s evil1 "s good4 ,ano!r incid5t 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,ambrose %\ld be record$ to 8 hon\r4 ,9 8 "t1 #8! fir/ blood 0 judicially %$ = religi\s op9ion'--& ! fir/ man :o suff]$ = h]esy 0 ,priscilian1 a noble ,spani>d3 on ?is occasion1 ,/4 ,ambrose & ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs rais$ _! prote/ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ?is dreadful prec$5t2 b ! animosity ( ! ,spani% bi%ops prevail$1 & ,priscilian 0 put to dea?2 s e>ly 7 bigotry & cruelty ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,spani% hi]>*y6 ,ambrose refus$ to communicate ) ! few bi%ops :o _h c\nt5anc$ ?is transaction3 ! g5]al voice ( ! ,*ur* 0 aga9/ x4 ,! man :o _h ?us rais$ himself above all worldly p[] 0 endu$ by popul> en?usiasm ) sup]natural privileges3 he p]=m$ cures2 he saw visions4 ,at ! "t ( ! consecration ( ! new ca!dral at ,milan1 a miracul\s dream reveal$ to him ! m>tyrdom ( two holy m51 ,g]vasius & ,protasius1 & ! place :]e _! bodies repos$4 ,! rema9s 7 dis9t]r$1 convey$ 9 solemn procession to ! ca!dral1 & deposit$ b5ea? ! high alt>2 & ,/4 ,g]vasius & ,/4 ,protasius became1 on ! fai? ( a dream1 di/+ui%$ sa9ts 9 ! ,roman cal5d>4 ,ambrose di$ at ,milan1 9 #cig1 9 ! attitude & ! act ( pray]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re 7 _m poetical leg5ds & apologues relat+ to ,/4 ,ambrose curr5t 9 ! middle ages4 ,x is relat$ t an ob/9ate h]etic :o w5t to he> him prea*1 only to confute & mock him1 beheld an angel visible at 8 side1 & prompt+ ! words he utt]$2 on see+ :i*1 ! sc(f] 0 ( c\rse conv]t$2 a subject repres5t$ 9 8 *ur* at ,milan4 ,"o day1 ,ambrose w5t to ! prefect ,mac$onius1 to entreat fav\r = a poor condemn$ wret*2 b ! doors 7 %ut aga9/ him1 & he 0 refus$ access4 ,!n he said1 #8,?\1 ev5 ?\1 %alt fly to ! *ur* = refuge1 & %alt n ent]6' & a %ort "t aft]w>ds1 ,mac$onius1 be+ pursu$ by 8 enemies1 fl$ = sanctu>y to ! *ur*2 b1 ?\gh ! doors 7 wide op51 he c\ld n f9d ! entrance1 b w&]$ ar\nd 9 bl9d p]plexity till he 0 sla94 ,( ?is incid5t ,i h se5 no picture4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 com+ to ! h\se ( a nobleman ( ,tuscany1 0 hospitably receiv$2 & he inquir$ conc]n+ ! /ate ( 8 ho/3 ! nobleman repli$1 #8,i h nev] kn[n adv]sity2 e day ha? se5 me increas+ 9 =tune1 9 hon\rs1 9 possessions4 ,i h a num]\s family ( sons & daught]s1 :o h nev] co/ me a pang ( sorr[2 ,i h a multitude ( slaves1 to :om my ^w is law2 & ,i h nev] suff]$ ei!r sickness or pa94' ,!n ,ambrose rose ha/ily f table1 & said to 8 companions1 #8,arise6 fly f ?is ro(1 ere x fall ^u u2 = ! ,"l is n "h6' & sc>cely _h he left ! h\se1 :5 an e>?quake %ook ! gr\nd1 & swall[$ up ! palace ) all its inhabitants4 ,i h se5 ?is /ory 9 a m9iature1 b _c at ?is mom5t ref] to x4 ,/4 ,ambrose falls asleep1 or into a trance1 :ile celebrat+ mass1 & sees 9 ! _s ! obsequies ( ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs3 ! sacri/an /rikes him on ! %\ld] to wake him4 ,?is is ! subject ( a v old mosaic 9 8 *ur* at ,milan4 ,:5 ,/4 ,ambrose 0 on 8 dea?-b$1 ,*ri/ visit$ him & com=t$ him2 ,honorat1 bi%op ( ,v]celli1 0 !n 9 att5dance on him1 & hav+ gone to sleep1 an angel wak$ him1 say+1 #8,arise1 = he dep>ts 9 ?is h\r2' & ,honorat 0 j 9 "t to adm9i/] ! sacram5t & see him expire4 ,o!rs :o 7 pres5t beheld him asc5d to heav51 borne 9 ! arms ( angels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,devotional pictures ( ,/4 ,ambrose alone z patron sa9t d n (t5 occur4 ,9 g5]al he we>s ! episcopal pallium ) ! mitre & crosi] z bi%op3 ! bee-hive is sometimes plac$ at 8 feet2 b a m frequ5t attribute is ! knott$ sc\rge ) ?ree ?ongs4 ,! sc\rge is a receiv$ emblem ( ! ca/igation ( s93 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,ambrose x may signify ! p5ance inflict$ on ! ,emp]or ,!odosius2 or1 z o!rs int]pret x1 ! expulsion ( ! ,arians f ,italy1 & ! triumph ( ! ,tr9it>ians4 ,x has always ?is mean+1 we may presume1 :5 ! sc\rge has ?ree knots1 or ?ree ?ongs4 ,i h se5 figures ( ,/4 ,ambrose hold+ two human bones 9 8 h&4 ,:5 ?is attribute occurs 7z 9 a picture by ,viv>9i1 ,v5ice ,acad471 x alludes to ! discov]y ( ! relics ( ,g]vasius & ,protasius4 ,among ! few repres5tations ( ,/4 ,ambrose z patron sa9t1 ! f9e/ beyond all comp>ison is t :i* adorns 8 *apel 9 ! ,fr>i at ,v5ice1 pa9t$ conjo9tly by ,b4 ,viv>9i & ,basaiti 7,a4,d4 #adih74 ,he is seat$ on a ?rone1 rais$ on sev]al /eps1 attir$ 9 8 episcopal robes & mitre1 & be>+ ! triple sc\rge 9 8 h&4 ,he has a %ort grey be>d1 & looks /raight out ( ! picture ) an expression ( /]n p[]2--no?+ "h ( ! b5ignity & humility ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*]6 ,ar\nd 8 ?rone /&s a glori\s company ( sa9ts3 on ! "r1 ,/4 ,george 9 complete arm\r2 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/2 a "y sa9t1 be>+ a sword & palm1 ) long hair1 & ! mo/ beautiful expression ( mild s]5e fai?1 :om ,i suppose to be ,/4 ,!odore2 ,/4 ,seba/ian2 & ano!r figure beh9d1 "p ( ! head only se54 ,on ! left1 ,/4 ,maurice1 arm$2 ! ?ree ,doctors1 ,/4 ,gregory1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & two o!r sa9ts p>tly se5 beh9d1 ^: p]sonality is d\btful4 ,all ^! wait r\nd ,/4 ,ambrose1 z gu>ds & c\nsellors r\nd a sov]eign2 two lovely little angels sit on ! l[] /ep ( ! ?rone hymn+ 8 praise4 ,! :ole picture is wond]ful = col\r1 dep?1 & expression1 & %[s to :at a pit* ( excell5ce ! ,viv>9i family _h atta9$ 9 ^! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 long be=e x _h become a s*ool4 ,mo/ ( ! s+le figures ( ,/4 ,ambrose repres5t him 9 8 mo/ popul> "*1 t ( ! /]n adv]s>y ( ! ,arians4 ,i rememb] 79 ! ,fr>i at ,v5ice7 a picture 9 :i* ,/4 ,ambrose 9 8 episcopal robes is m\nt$ on a :ite *>g]1 & fl\ri%+ on high 8 triple sc\rge4 ,! ,arians are trampl$ "u 8 feet1 or fly be=e him4 ,i h se5 an old pr9t1 9 :i* he is repres5t$ ) a %ort grey be>d1 /]n c\nt5ance1 & we>+ ! bi%op's mitre3 und]nea? is ! inscription #8,antiquis ejus imag9ibus ,m$iolani olim depictis ad vivum expressa2' b x seems c]ta9 t no au!ntic portrait ( him exi/s4 ,8 *ur* at ,milan1 ! ,basilica ( ,sant' ,ambrogio ,maggiore1 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ int]e/+ *ur*es 9 ,*ri/5dom1 0 f\nd$ by him 9 #chg1 & d$icat$ to all ! ,sa9ts4 ,?\gh rebuilt 9 ! n9? c5tury & re/or$ 9 ! sev5te5?1 x /ill reta9s ! =m ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7l "s ( ^? at ,rome & ,rav5na71 & ! doors ( cypress wood are traditionally reg>d$ z ! v doors :i* ,/4 ,ambrose clos$ aga9/ ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 br\ght hi!r f ! anci5t ca!dral4 ,)9 ?is v5]able & solemn old *ur* may be se5 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y & be/-pres]v$ specim5s ( ,m$ival ,art3 x is ! gold5 %r9e or cov]+ ( ! high alt>1 mu* old] ?an ! fam\s pala d' oro at ,v5ice2 & ! "w1 or at lea/ ! design1 ( "o man3#bfi :]eas ! pala is ! "w ( sev]al diff]5t arti/s at diff]5t p]iods4 ,on ! front ( ! alt>1 :i* is all ( plates ( gold1 enamell$ & set ) preci\s /ones1 are repres5t$ 9 relief sc5es f ! life ( our ,savi\r3 on ! sides1 :i* are ( silv]-gilt1 angels1 ar*angels1 & m$allions ( ,milanese sa9ts4 ,on ! back1 also ( silv]-gilt1 we h ! :ole life ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 9 a s]ies ( small comp>tm5ts1 mo/ curi\s & important z a record ( co/ume & mann]s1 z well z an example ( ! /ate ( ,art at t "t4 ,i h nev] se5 any engrav+ ( ?is monum5t1 b ,i exam9$ x c>efully4 ,9 ! c5tre /& ! ,ar*angels ,mi*ael & ,gabriel1 9 ! ,byzant9e /yle2 & bel[ !m1 ,/4 ,ambrose blesses ! donor1 ,bi%op ,angelb]tus1 & ! goldsmi? ,wolv9us4 ,ar\nd1 9 twelve comp>tm5ts1 we h ! pr9cipal incid5ts ( ! life ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 ! figures be+1 z ne>ly z ,i c recollect1 ab\t six in*es high4 #a4 ,bees sw>m r\nd 8 head z he lies 9 8 cradle4 #b4 ,he is appo9t$ prefect ( ! ,ligurian prov9ces4 #c4 ,he is elect$ ,bi%op ( ,milan 9 #cge4 #d4 ,he is baptiz$4 #e4 ,he is orda9$4 #f4 & #g4 ,he sleeps1 & beholds 9 a vision ! obsequies ( ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs4 #h4 ,he prea*es 9 ! ca!dral1 inspir$ by angels4 #i4 ,he heals ! sick & lame4 #aj4 ,he is visit$ by ,*ri/4 #aa4 ,an angel wakes ! bi%op ( ,v]celli1 & s5ds him to ,/4 ,ambrose4 #ab4 ,ambrose dies1 & angels be> away 8 s\l to heav54 ,i 0 surpris$ n to f9d 9 8 *ur* :at we consid] z ! pr9cipal ev5t ( 8 life--8 magnanim\s resi/ance to ! ,emp]or ,!odosius4 ,9 fact1 ! gr& sc5e betwe5 ,ambrose & ,!odosius has nev] be5 s popul> z x des]ves to be3 consid]$ m]ely z a subject ( pa9t+1 x is full ( spl5did picturesque capabilities2 = gr\p+1 col\r1 contra/1 backgr\nd1 all t c\ld be desir$4 ,9 ! great picture by ,rub5s1#bgj ! sc5e is ! por* ( ! *ur*4 ,on ! left ! emp]or1 surr\nd$ by 8 gu>ds1 /&s irresolute1 & 9 a supplicatory attitude1 on ! /eps2 on ! "r & above1 ,/4 ,ambrose is se51 att5d$ by ! m9i/]+ prie/s1 & /ret*es out 8 h& to repel ! intrud]4 ,!re is a pr9t1 aft] ,&rea del ,s>to1 repres5t+ ,!odosius on 8 knees be=e ! rel5t+ prelate4 ,9 ! ,l\vre is a small picture1 by ,subleyras1 ( ! reconciliation ( ,ambrose & ,!odosius4 ,9 our ,national ,gall]y is a small & beautiful copy1 by ,v&yck1 ( ! great picture by ,rub5s4 ,z jo9t patrons ( ,milan1 ,/4 ,ambrose & ,/4 ,c>lo ,borromeo are sometimes repres5t$ toge!r1 b only 9 late pictures4 ,!re is a /atue ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 by ,falconet1#bga 9 ! act ( repell+ ,!odosius1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,did]ot1 ) a comm5t>y s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* anti-religi\s feel+ ( t "t1--a feel+ z n>r[ & "o-sid$ 9 its way z ! mo/ bigot$ puritanism1--t ,i am tempt$ to extract x2 only premis+1 t if1 aft] ! slaught] at ,ismal1 ,ca!r9e ( ,russia _h be5 plac$ "u ! ban ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! _w w\ld n h be5 ! worse = su* an ex]tion ( ! prie/ly p[]4 ,c'e/ ce f\gneux vque qui osa f]m] les portes de l'glise a ,?odose1 et qui un c]ta9 s\v]a9 de p> le monde ,fr$]ic ( ,prussia qui dans la gu]re passe avoit une si bonne envie de faire un t\r dans la rue des prtres1 et une c]ta9e s\v]a9e ,ca!r9e ( ,russia qui vi5t de db>rass] son cl]g de t\te cette ri*esse inutile qui l'emp*oit d'tre respectable1 auroi5t fait c\p] la b>be et les oreilles1 en lui disant3 #8,appr5ez1 monsieur l'abb1 que le temple de votre ,dieu e/ sur mon doma91 et que si mon prdcesseur v\s a accord p> grce les trois arp5s de t]ra9 qu'il occupe1 je puis les repr5dre et v\s envoy] port] vos autels et votre fanatisme ailleurs4 ,ce lieu-ci e/ la maison du ,pre commun des hommes1 bons ou m*ans1 et je veux entr] qu& il me plaira4 ,je ne m'accuse po9t v\s2 qu& je daign]ois v\s consult]1 v\s n'en savez pas assez p\r me conseill] sur ma conduite1 et de quel front v\s immiscez-veus d'en jug]8' ,mais le plat emp]eur ne p>la pas a9si1 et l'vque savoit bi5 qui il avoit faire4 ,le /atuaire n\s l'a montr dans le mom5t de son insol5t apo/rophe4' ,9 ,did]ot's criticisms on ,art1 :i* are (t5 quot$ ev5 n[1 !re is 9 g5]al a f> bett] ta/e ?an prevail$ 9 8 "t1 & mu* good s5se2 b a l[ tone ( s5tim5t :5 he _h to deal ) imag9ative or religi\s ,art1 & an intol]able co>s5ess--#8mo/ mis*iev\s f\l s9 9 *id+ s94' ,,/4 ,,augu/9e4 ,/4 ,au/94 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,augu/9us4 ,ital4 ,sant' ,ago/9o4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,augu/94 7,aug4 #bh1 ,a4,d4 #dcj47 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! ?ird ( ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 0 born at ,taga/e1 9 ,numidia1 9 #ced4 ,8 fa!r 0 a hea!n2 8 "m1 ,monica1 a ,*ri/ian4 ,end[$ ) spl5did tal5ts1 a vivid imag9ation1 & /rong passions1 ,augu/9e pass$ 8 re/less y\? 9 dissipat$ pleasures1 9 desultory /udies1 *ang+ f "o fai? to ano!r1 dissatisfi$ ) himself & unsettl$ 9 m9d4 ,8 "m1 ,monica1 wept & pray$ = him1 &1 9 ! extremity ( h] angui%1 repair$ to ! bi%op ( ,c>?age4 ,aft] li/5+ to h] sorr[s1 he dismiss$ h] ) ^! words3 #8,g 9 peace2 ! son ( s _m te>s w n p]i%6' ,augu/9e soon aft]w>ds w5t to ,rome1 :]e he ga9$ fame & ri*es by 8 eloqu5ce at ! b>2 b he 0 /ill unhappy & re/less1 n[h]e f9d+ peace ei!r 9 lab\r or 9 pleasure4 ,f ,rome he w5t to ,milan2 !re1 aft] li/5+ = "s "t to ! prea*+ ( ,ambrose1 he 01 aft] _m /ruggles1 conv]t$ to ! fai?1 & 0 baptiz$ by ! bi%op ( ,milan1 9 pres5ce ( 8 "m1 ,monica4 ,on ?is occasion 0 compos$ ! hymn call$ ! #8,te ,deum1' /ill 9 use 9 our ,*ur*2 ,/4 ,ambrose & ,/4 ,augu/9e recit+ ! v]ses alt]nately z !y advanc$ to ! alt>4 ,augu/9e1 aft] "s "t sp5t 9 /udy1 0 orda9$ prie/1 & !n bi%op ( ,hippo1 a small t[n & t]ritory n f> f ,c>?age4 ,once in/all$ 9 8 bi%opric1 he ev] aft]w>ds refus$ to leave ! flock intru/$ to 8 c>e1 or to accept ( any high] dignity4 ,8 life 0 pass$ 9 ! practice ( e virtue3 all t he possess$ 0 sp5t 9 hospitality & *>ity1 & 8 "t 0 devot$ to ! in/ruction ( 8 flock1 ei!r by prea*+ or writ+4 ,9 #dcj1 aft] he _h presid$ ov] 8 diocese = ?irty-five ye>s1 ! city ( ,hippo 0 besieg$ by ! ,v&als2 9 ! mid/ ( ! horrors t ensu$1 ,augu/9e refus$ to leave 8 p1 & di$ dur+ ! siege1 be+ !n 9 8 sev5ty-six? ye>4 ,x is said t 8 rema9s 7 aft]w>ds remov$ f ,africa to ,pavia1 by ,luitpr&1 k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds4 ,8 writ+s 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity are num]\s & celebrat$2 & he is reg>d$ z ! patron sa9t ( !ologians & le>n$ m54 ,( 8 glori\s tomb1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,pavia1 ,i c only say t its beauty z a "w ( art a/oni%$ me4 ,i _h n be5 prep>$ = any?+ s ri*1 s elegant 9 ta/e1 & s elaborate 9 inv5tion4 ,x is ( ! f9e/ florid ,go?ic1 work$ 9 :ite m>ble1 sc>cely discol\r$ by "t4 ,augu/9e lies ^u a bi]1 & angels ( exquisite grace are fold+ 8 %r\d ar\nd him4 ,! basso-relievos repres5t ! ev5ts ( 8 life2 ! /atues ( ! evangeli/s1 apo/les1 & o!r sa9ts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 are full ( dignity & "*4 ,x comprises 9 all #bij figures4 ,?is magnific5t %r9e is attribut$ by ,cicogn>a to ! ,jacobelli ( ,v5ice1 & by ,vas>i to ! two bro!rs ,ago/9o & ,agnolo ( ,si5a2 b he does n speak ) c]ta9ty1 & ! date #acfb seems to ju/ify ! supposition ( ,cicogn>a1 ! ,si5ese bro!rs be+ !n eighty or n9ety ye>s old4 ,s+le figures ( ,/4 ,augu/9e are n common2 & :5 gr\p$ ) o!rs 9 devotional pictures1 x is n easy to di/+ui% him f o!r bi%ops2 = 8 prop] attribute1 ! he>t flam+ or transpi]c$1 to express ! ard\r ( 8 piety or ! poignancy ( 8 rep5tance1 is v seldom introduc$3 b :5 a bi%op is /&+ ) a book 9 8 h&1 or a p51 accompani$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ) no p>ticul> attribute1 we may suppose x to be ,/4 ,augu/9e2 & :5 ! title ( "o ( 8 fam\s writ+s is inscrib$ on ! book1 x ( c\rse fixes ! id5tity beyond a d\bt4 #a4 ,b4 ,viv>9i4 ,/4 ,augu/9e seat$ on a ?rone1 z patron sa9t1 mitr$ & rob$2 alone1 /]n1 & maje/ic4#bgb #b4 ,dosso ,dossi4 ,/4 ,augu/9e ?ron$ z patron1 att5d$ by two angels2 he looks l a jovial patri>*4#bgc #c4 ,f4 ,filippo ,lippi4 ,/4 ,augu/9e writ+ 9 8 *amb]2 no emblem1 no mitre2 yet ! p]sonalit s m>k$1 t "o c\ld n mi/ake him ei!r = ,ambrose or ,j]ome4#bgd #d4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,/4 ,augu/9e z doctor2 be=e him /& ,/4 ,dom9ic & ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr2 beside him ,/4 ,laur5ce1 li/5+2 9 front kneel ,/4 ,seba/ian & ,m>y ,magdal54#bge #e4 ,v4 ,c>paccio4 ,/4 ,augu/9e /&+2 a f9e1 /]n1 maje/ic figure2 he holds 8 book & sc\rge4#bgf #f4 ,p>is ,bordone4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild en?ron$2 ! ,virg9 places on ! head ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o kneels be=e h]1 ! jewell$ mitre4#bgg #g4 ,florig]io4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 z bi%op1 & ,/4 ,monica1 veil$1 /& on ea* side ( ! ,madonna4#bgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a s]ies ( subjects1 ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,augu/9e is n commonly met )2 yet c]ta9 ev5ts 9 8 life are ( v frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! e>lie/4 #a4 ,monica br+s h] son to s*ool2 ! ma/] receives him2 ! s*ol>s are sitt+ 9 a r[ conn+ _! hornbooks4 ,! names ( ,monica & ,augu/9e are inscrib$ 9 ! glories r\nd _! heads4 ,?is is a v curi\s little oval picture ( ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#bgi ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli has pa9t$ ! same subject 9 a l>ge fresco 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,gem9iano at ,volt]ra 7,a4,d4 #adfj74 ,monica pres5ts h] son to ! s*oolma/]1 :o c>esses him2 9 ! backgr\nd a little boy is be+ :ipp$1 precisely 9 ! same attitude 9 :i* correction is adm9i/]$ to ?is day 9 "s ( our s*ools4 #b4 ,/4 ,augu/9e "u ! fig-tree m$itat+1 ) ! inscription1 #8,dolores anim salutem p>turi5tes2' & ! same subject v>i$1 ) ! inscription1 ,tolle1 lege4 ,he tells u 9 8 ,confessions1 t :ile /ill unconv]t$ & 9 deep communion ) 8 fri5d ,alypius on ! subject ( ! ,scriptures1 ! conte/ )9 8 m9d 0 su* t he ru%$ f ! pres5ce ( 8 fri5d & ?rew himself d[n b5ea? a fig-tree1 p\r+ =? torr5ts ( rep5tant te>s2 & he he>d a voice1 z x 7 ! voice ( a *ild1 repeat+ sev]al times1 #8,tolle1 lege1' #8,take & read2' & return+ to ! place :]e he _h left 8 fri5d1 & tak+ up ! sacr$ volume1 he op5$ x at ! v]se ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 #8,n 9 riot+ & drunk5ness1 n 9 *amb]+ & wantonness1 n 9 /rife & envy+2 b put ye on ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & make n provision = ! fle%4' ,consid]+ t ?is 0 ! voice ( ,god1 he took up ! religi\s pr(ession1 to ! great joy ( 8 "m & 8 fri5d4 #c4 ,c4 ,procacc9o4 ,! ,baptism ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,monica4 ,?is is a common subject 9 *apels d$icat$ to ,/4 ,augu/9e or ,/4 ,monica4#bhj #d4 ,z ! suppos$ f\nd] ( "o ( ! f\r great religi\s communities1 ,/4 ,augu/9e is sometimes repres5t$ z giv+ ! rules to 8 ,ord]3 or 9 ! act ( writ+ !m1 :ile 8 monks /& ar\nd1 z 9 a picture by ,c>letto ,cagli>i3#bha bo? are common subjects 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,augu/9e fri>s4 ,! habit is black4#bhb #e4 ,/4 ,augu/9e disp5s+ alms1 g5]ally 9 a black habit1 & ) a bi%op's mitre on 8 head4 #f4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 wa%+ ! feet ( ! pilgrims1 sees ,*ri/ desc5d f above to h 8 feet wa%$ ) ! re/2 a l>ge picture 9 ! ,bologna ,academy by ,desubleo1 a pa9t] ^: works1 ) ?is "o exception1 are unkn[n to me4 ,! sa9t we>s ! black habit ( an ,augu/9e fri>1 & is att5d$ by a monk ) a napk9 9 8 h&4 ,i f\nd ! same subject 9 ! ,l\vre1 9 a ,spani% picture ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 above is se5 a *ur* 7l ! ,pan!on7 9 a glory1 & ,*ri/ is suppos$ to utt] ! words1 #8,tibi comm5do ,ecclesiam meam4'#bhc #g4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 borne al(t by angels 9 an ec/atic vision1 beholds ,*ri/ 9 ! op5+ heav5s above1 ,/4 ,monica kneel+ bel[4 ,?is f9e picture1 by ,v&yck1 is or 0 9 ! gall]y ( ,"l ,me?u5 at ,cor%am3 & at ,madrid !re is ano!r example1 by ,murillo3 ,/4 ,augu/9e kneel+ 9 an ec/asy sees a cele/ial vision2 on "o h& ! ,savi\r crucifi$1 on ! o!r ! ,virg9 & angels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 #hi ,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 7,murillo7 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! fam\s subject call$1 9 g5]al1 #h4 #8,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1' :i* repres5ts a dream or vision relat$ by himself4 ,he tells u t :ile busi$ 9 writ+ 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,tr9ity1 he w&]$ along ! sea-%ore lo/ 9 m$itation4 ,sudd5ly he beheld a *ild1 :o1 hav+ dug a hole 9 ! s&1 appe>$ to be br++ wat] f ! sea to fill x4 ,augu/9e inquir$ :at 0 ! object ( 8 task8 ,he repli$1 t he int5d$ to empty into ?is cavity all ! wat]s ( ! great deep4 #8,impossible6' exclaim$ ,augu/9e4 #8,n m impossible1' repli$ ! *ild1 #8?an = !e1 ,o ,augu/9e6 to expla9 ! my/]y on :i* ?\ art n[ m$itat+4' ,no subject f ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,augu/9e has be5 s (t5 treat$1 yet ,i d n rememb] any v e>ly example4 ,x 0 adopt$ z a fav\rite !me :5 ,art became r !ological ?an religi\s1 & m int5t on illu/rat+ ! dogmas ( *ur*m5 ?an ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,dur+ ! #af? & #ag? c5turies we f9d x ev]y:]e1 & treat$ 9 e v>iety ( /yle2 b ! motif does n v>y1 & ! same fault prevails too g5]ally1 ( giv+ u a mat]ial fact1 r ?an a spiritual vision or revelation4 ,augu/9e1 array$ 9 8 black habit or 8 episcopal robes1 /&s on ! sea-%ore1 gaz+ ) an a/oni%$ air on ! ,infant ,*ri/1 :o pauses1 & looks up f 8 task1 hold+ a b[l1 a cup1 a ladle1 or a %ell 9 8 h&4 ,?us we h x 9 ,murillo's picture--! mo/ beautiful example ,i h se53 ! *ild is heav5ly1 b n vision>y1 #8palpable to feel+ z to s5se4' ,9 ,g>(alo's picture ( ?is subject1 n[ 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 ,augu/9e is seat$ on a rock by ! m>g9 ( ! sea1 habit$ 9 8 episcopal robes1 & ) 8 books & writ+ implem5ts ne> him2 & :ile he gazes on ! my/]i\s *ild1 ! ,virg9 appe>s amid a *oir ( angels above3 beh9d ,augu/9e /&s ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ! patron sa9t ( !ologians & s*ol>s3 ! little r$ figure 9 ! backgr\nd repres5ts ,/4 ,/eph51 ^: life & actions are eloqu5tly set =? 9 ! homilies ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 ! introduction ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,/4 ,/eph51 & ! :ole c\rt ( heav51 gives ! picture a vision>y "*4 ,rub5s has pa9t$ ?is subject ) all 8 p[]ful reality3 "h ,augu/9e we>s ! black habit ( 8 ,ord]4 ,v&yck 9 8 l>ge gr& picture has introduc$ ,/4 ,monica kneel+1 ?us giv+ at once ! devotional or vision>y "*4#bhd ,alb]t ,dr] has design$ & engrav$ ! same subject4 ,! mo/ s+ul> treatm5t is ! classical composition ( ,raphael1 9 "o ( ! small *i>o-scuro pictures plac$ significantly "u ! #8,dispute ( ! ,sacram5t4' ,/4 ,augu/9e is 9 a ,roman dress1 b>e-bead$1 & on horseback2 8 horse />ts & re>s at ! sight ( ! miracul\s *ild4 ,!re is some?+ at once picturesque & my/ical 9 ?is subject1 :i* has r5d]$ x a fav\rite ) arti/s & !ologians2 yet !re is always1 at lea/ 9 e in/ance ,i c recollect1 some?+ prosaic & lit]al 9 ! treatm5t :i* spoils ! poetry ( ! conception4 #i4 #8,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,/eph5 bury #8,c\nt ,orgaz'--! ma/]piece ( ,dom5ico el ,greco1 once 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 n[ 9 ! ,madrid ,gall]y4 ,?is ,conde de ,orgaz1 z ,mr4 ,=d tells u 9 8 ,h&book1 liv$ 9 #acab1 & _h repair$ a *ur* 9 8 lifetime1 & !re=e ,/4 ,/eph5 & ,/4 ,augu/9e came d[n f heav5 to lay him 9 8 tomb1 9 pres5ce ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & all ! c\rt ( heav54 #8,! black & gold arm\r ( ! dead ,c\nt is equal to ,titian2 ! r$ brocades & copes ( ! sa9ts are admirable2 less good are ! ,virg9 & cele/ial gr\ps4 ,i h be=e m5tion$ ! reason :y ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,/eph5 are (t5 repres5t$ 9 companion%ip4 ,/4 ,monica is (t5 introduc$ into pictures ( h] son1 :]e %e has1 ( c\rse1 ! second>y place2 h] dress is usually a black robe1 & a veil or coif1 :ite or grey1 resembl+ t ( a nun or a wid[4 ,i h met ) b "o picture :]e %e is supreme2 x is 9 ! ,c>m9e at ,flor5ce4 ,/4 ,monica is seat$ on a ?rone & att5d$ by twelve holy wom5 or female sa9ts1 six on ea* side4 ,! v d>k situation ( ?is picture prev5t$ me f di/+ui%+ individually ! sa9ts ar\nd h]1 b ,monica h]self z well z ! o!r figures h t gr&iose air :i* belongs to ! pa9t]--,filippo ,lippi4 ,i saw 9 ! ateli] ( ! pa9t] ,ary ,s*eff]1 9 #ahde1 an admirable picture ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 "m ,monica4 ,! two figures1 n q full l5g?1 are seat$2 %e holds 8 h& 9 bo? h]s1 look+ up to heav5 ) an expression ( en?usia/ic und\bt+ fai?2-- #8! son ( s _m te>s _c be ca/ away6' ,he also is look+ up ) an ard5t1 eag]1 b anxi\s1 d\btful expression1 :i* seems to say1 #8,help ?\ my unbelief6' ,= pr(\nd & tru?ful feel+ & significance1 ,i "k few ?+s 9 ! compass ( mod]n ,art t c be comp>$ to ?is picture4#bhe ,,/4 ,,gregory4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,gregorius ,magnus4 ,ital4 ,san ,gregorio ,magno or ,papa4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,grgoire4 ,g]4 ,d] ,heilige ,gregor4 7,m>* #ab1 ,a4,d4 #fjd47 ,! f\r? ,doctor ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,gregory1 /yl$1 & n )\t reason1 ,gregory ! ,great1 0 "o ( ^? extraord9>y m5 ^: influ5ce is n only felt 9 _! own "t1 b ?r\gh long succe$+ ages4 ,! ev5ts ( 8 tr\bl$ & spl5did pontificate belong to hi/ory2 & ,i %all m]ely ?r[ toge!r "h su* p>ticul>s ( 8 life & "* z may s]ve to r5d] ! multipli$ repres5tations ( him bo? intelligible & int]e/+4 ,he 0 born at ,rome 9 ! ye> #edj4 ,8 fa!r1 ,gordian1 0 ( s5atorial rank3 8 "m1 ,sylvia1 :o1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,gregory1 is almo/ z important z ,/4 ,monica 9 ! /ory ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 0 a woman ( r>e end[m5ts1 &1 dur+ 8 *ildi% ye>s1 ! wat*ful in/ructress ( h] son4 ,x is record$ t :5 he 0 /ill an infant %e 0 fav\r$ by a vision ( ,/4 ,antony1 9 :i* he promis$ to h] son ! supreme dignity ( ! ti>a4 ,gregory1 h[ev]1 comm5c$ 8 c>e] 9 life z a lawy]1 & ex]cis$ dur+ twelve ye>s ! (fice ( prtor or *ief magi/rate ( 8 native city2 yet1 :ile app>5tly engross$ by secul> affairs1 he became deeply imbu$ ) ! religi\s en?usiasm :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( 8 "t & h]$it>y 9 8 family4 ,imm$iately on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r he devot$ all ! weal? he _h inh]it$ to pi\s & *>itable purposes1 conv]t$ 8 pat]nal home on ! ,celian ,hill into a mona/]y & hospital = ! poor1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,/4 ,&rew3 !n1 retir+ to a little cell )9 x1 he took ! habit ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,ord]1 & gave up all 8 "t to /udy & prep>ation = ! duties to :i* he _h devot$ himself4 ,on ! occasion ( a t]rific plague :i* almo/ depopulat$ ,rome1 he fe>lessly und]took ! c>e ( ! poor & sick4 ,pope ,pelagius hav+ di$ at ?is "t1 ! p ) "o voice call$ ^u ,gregory to succe$ him3 b he %rank f ! high (fice1 & wrote to ! ,emp]or ,maurice1 entreat+ him n to ratify ! *oice ( ! p4 ,! emp]or s5t an edict confirm+ 8 election1 & !reupon ,gregory fl$ f ,rome1 & bid himself 9 a cave4 ,^? :o w5t 9 se>* ( him 7 direct$ to ! place ( 8 concealm5t by a cele/ial light1 & ! fugitive 0 discov]$ & br\ght back to ,rome4 ,no soon] _h he assum$ ! ti>a1 ?us =c$ ^u him aga9/ 8 w1 ?an he %[$ himself 9 all respects wor?y ( 8 elevation4 ,:ile he ass]t$ ! dignity ( 8 /ation1 he 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 p]sonal humility3 he 0 ! fir/ pope :o took ! title ( #8,s]vant ( ! ,s]vants ( ,god2' he aboli%$ slav]y ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom on religi\s gr\nds2 ?\gh en?usia/ic 9 mak+ conv]ts1 he set himself aga9/ p]secution2 & :5 ! ,jews ( ,s>d9ia appeal$ to him1 he comm&$ t ! synagogues :i* _h be5 tak5 f !m1 & conv]t$ into *ur*es1 %\ld be re/or$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o s5t mission>ies to prea* ! ,gospel 9 ,engl&1 r\s$ to pity by ! sight ( "s ,briti% captives expos$ = sale 9 ! m>ket at ,rome4 ,%ock$ at ! idea ( an et]nity ( v5geance & torm5t1 if he did n orig9ate ! belief 9 purgatory1 he 0 at lea/ ! fir/ :o prea*$ x publicly1 & made x an article ( fai?4 ,9 8 hatr$ ( w>1 ( p]secution1 ( slav]y1 he /epp$ n only 9 advance ( 8 own "t1 b ( ours4 ,he in/itut$ ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 "o ( ! bolde/ /rokes ( ecclesia/ical p[]2 he re=m$ ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*2 def9$ ! model ( ! ,roman liturgy1 su* z x has ev] s9ce rema9$--! (fices ( ! prie/s1 ! v>iety & *ange ( ! sac]dotal g>m5ts2 he arrang$ ! music ( ! *ants1 & he himself tra9$ ! *ori/]s4 #8,exp]i5ce1' says ,gibbon1 #8_h %[n him ! efficacy ( ^! solemn & pomp\s rites to soo! ! di/ress1 to confirm ! fai?1 to mitigate ! fi]c5ess1 & to dispel ! d>k en?usiasm ( ! vulg>2 & he readily =gave _! t5d5cy to promote ! reign ( prie/hood & sup]/ition4' ,if1 at a p]iod :5 cr$ulity & ignorance 7 univ]sal1 he %[$ himself 9 "s in/ances cr$ul\s & ignorant1 x seems h>dly a reproa* to "o 9 o!r respects s good & s great4 ,8 *>ity 0 b\ndless1 & 8 vigilance indefatigable3 he consid]$ himself responsible = e %eep ( ! flock intru/$ to him2 & :5 a begg> di$ ( hung] 9 ! /reets ( ,rome1 he laid himself "u a s5t5ce ( p5ance & excommunication1 & int]dict$ himself = sev]al days f ! ex]cise ( 8 sac]dotal functions4 ,su* 0 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ! la/ pope :o 0 canonis$3 cele/ial hon\rs & worldly titles h (t5 be5 worse--seldom s well--be/[$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ( 8 life1 8 heal?1 e>ly impair$ by fa/s & vigils1 fail$ entirely1 & he 0 unable to rise f 8 c\*4 ,he di$ 9 #fjd1 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( 8 pontificate4 ,!y /ill pres]ve1 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,lat]an at ,rome1 8 b$1 & ! little sc\rge ) :i* he 0 wont to keep ! *ori/]s 9 ord]4 ,! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,&rew1 :i* he f\nd$ on ! ,celian ,hill1 is n[ ! *ur* ( ,san ,gregorio4 ,to /& on ! summit ( ! maje/ic flight ( /eps :i* leads to ! portal1 & look across to ! ru9$ palace ( ! ,cs>s1 makes ! m9d giddy ) ! ru% ( ?\ghts4 ,!re1 be=e u1 ! ,palat9e ,hill--pagan ,rome 9 du/3 "h1 ! little cell1 a few feet squ>e1 :]e slept 9 sackclo? ! man :o gave ! la/ bl[ to ! p[] ( ! ,cs>s1 & fir/ set 8 foot z sov]eign on ! cradle & capital ( _! greatness4 ,/4 ,gregory 0 9 p]son tall & corpul5t1 & ( a d>k complexion1 ) black hair1 & v little be>d4 ,he speaks 9 "o ( 8 epi/les ( 8 l>ge size1 contra/$ ) 8 weakness & pa9ful infirmities4 ,he pres5t$ to ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,&rew 8 own portrait1 & ^? ( 8 fa!r1 & 8 "m ,/4 ,sylvia3 !y 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce #cjj ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 & ! portrait ( ,gregory probably furni%$ t p>ticul> type ( physiognomy :i* we trace 9 all ! be/ repres5tations ( him1 9 :i* he appe>s ( a tall1 l>ge1 & dignifi$ p]son1 ) a broad full face1 black hair & eyebr[s1 & little or no be>d4 ,z he 01 next to ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,f\r ,doctors1 s+le figures ( him ab\nd4 ,!y are v>i\sly treat$3 9 g5]al1 he be>s ! ti>a z pope1 & ! crosi] ) ! d\ble cross1 9 common ) o!r papal sa9ts2 b 8 peculi> attribute is ! dove1 :i* 9 ! old pictures is always close to 8 e>4 ,he is (t5 seat$ on a ?rone 9 ! pontifical robes1 we>+ ! ti>a3 "o h& rais$ 9 b5$iction2 9 ! o!r a book1 :i* repres5ts 8 homilies1 & o!r fam\s works attribut$ to him3 ! dove ei!r re/s on 8 %\ld]1 or is hov]+ ov] 8 head4 ,he is ?us repres5t$ 9 ! f9e /atue1 design$1 z x is said1 by ,m4 ,angelo1 & execut$ by ,cordi]i1 9 ! *apel ( ,/4 ,b>b>a1 9 ,san ,gregorio1 ,rome2 & 9 ! picture ov] ! alt>-piece ( 8 *apel1 to ! "r ( ! high alt>4 ,9 ! ,salviati ,*apel1 on ! left1 is ! #8,/4 ,gregory 9 pray]1' by ,annibal ,c>acci4 ,he is se5 9 front b>ehead$1 b array$ 9 ! pontifical habit1 kneel+ on a cu%ion1 8 h&s outspread & uplift$2 ! dove desc5ds f on high2 ! ti>a is at 8 feet1 & eight angels hov] ar\nd3--a gr&1 f9ely-col\r$1 b1 9 s5tim5t1 r cold & mann]$ picture4#bhf ,by ,gu]c9o1 ,/4 ,gregory seat$ on a ?rone1 look+ upw>ds1 8 h& on an op5 book1 9 act to turn ! leaves2 ! dove hov]s at 8 %\ld]3 to ! left /&s ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]2 on ! "r1 & m 9 front1 ,/4 ,ignatius ,loyola4 ,beh9d ,/4 ,gregory is an angel play+ on ! viol1 9 allusion to 8 love & patronage ( sacr$ music2 9 front an infant angel holds ! ti>a4 ,! type usually adopt$ 9 figures ( ,/4 ,gregory is "h exagg]at$ into co>s5ess1 & ! picture altoge!r appe>s to me m rem>kable = ,gu]c9o's faults ?an = 8 beauties4#bhg 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al ( ! leg5ds connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,gregory are ( s+ul> int]e/ & beauty1 & h af=d$ a numb] ( picturesque !mes = ,art3 !y appe> to h aris5 out ( 8 exce$+ popul>ity4 ,!y are all expressive ( ! v5]ation 9 :i* he 0 held by ! p2 ( ! deep impression left on _! m9ds by 8 eloqu5ce1 8 sanctity1 8 *>ity2 & ( ! au?ority imput$ to 8 num]\s writ+s1 :i* commonly said to h be5 dictat$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,john ! deacon1 8 secret>y1 :o has left a full acc\nt ( 8 life1 decl>es t he beheld ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! =m ( a dove p]*$ ^u 8 %\ld] :ile he 0 writ+ or dictat+ 8 fam\s homilies4 ,?is vision1 or r figure ( spee*1 has be5 int]pret$ z a fact by ! e>ly pa9t]s4 ,?us1 9 a qua9t old picture 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y1 we h ,/4 ,gregory seat$ on a ?rone writ+1 ! cele/ial dove at 8 e>4 ,a little beh9d is se5 ,john ! deacon1 draw+ aside a curta91 & look+ into ! room at 8 patron ) an expression ( ! mo/ nave a/oni%m5t4 #b4 ,! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 on ! cessation ( ! pe/il5ce1 %ea!s 8 sword on ! summit ( ! ,mole ( ,hadrian4 ,i h nev] se5 ev5 a tol]able picture ( ?is magnific5t subject4 ,!re is a picture 9 ! ,vatican1 9 :i* ,gregory & a procession ( prie/s are s++ litanies1 & 9 ! di/ance a little ,mola di ,adriano1 ) a little angel on ! summit2--curi\s1 b )\t m]it ( any k9d4 #c4 ,! ,supp] ( ,/4 ,gregory4 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,gregory 0 only a monk1 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,&rew1 a begg> pres5t$ himself at ! gate1 & reque/$ alms3 be+ reliev$1 he came aga9 & aga91 & at l5g? no?+ 0 left = ! *>itable sa9t to be/[1 b ! silv] porr+] 9 :i* 8 "m1 ,sylvia1 _h s5t him a potage2 & he comm&$ t ?is %\ld be giv5 to ! m5dicant4 ,x 0 8 cu/om1 :5 he became pope1 to ent]ta9 e ev5+ at 8 own table twelve poor m51 9 remembrance ( ! numb] ( our ,"l's apo/les4 ,"o night1 z he sat at supp] ) 8 gue/s1 he saw1 to 8 surprise1 n twelve1 b ?irte5 seat$ at 8 table4 ,& he call$ to 8 /ew>d1 & said to him1 #8,did ,i n comm& !e to invite twelve8 & behold1 !re are ?irte56' ,& ! /ew>d told !m ov]1 & repli$1 #8,holy ,fa!r1 !re are surely twelve only6' & ,gregory held 8 peace2 & aft] ! meal1 he call$ =? ! unbidd5 gue/1 & ask$ him1 #8,:o art ?\8' ,& he repli$1 #8,i am ! poor man :om ?\ did/ =m]ly relieve2 b my "n is ! ,wond]ful1 & ?r\gh me ?\ %alt obta9 :atev] ?\ %alt ask ( ,god4' ,!n ,gregory knew t he _h ent]ta9$ an angel 7or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 our ,"l himself74 ,?is leg5d has be5 a frequ5t subject 9 pa9t+1 "u ! title ( #8,! ,supp] ( ,/4 ,gregory4' ,9 ! fresco 9 8 *ur* at ,rome1 x is a w+$ angel :o appe>s at ! supp]-table4 ,9 ! fresco ( ,paul ,v]onese1 "o ( 8 fam\s banquet-sc5es1 ! /rang] seat$ at ! table is ! ,savi\r habit$ z a pilgrim4#bhh ,9 ! picture pa9t$ by ,vas>i1 8 ma/]piece1 n[ 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y1 he has introduc$ a great numb] ( figures & portraits ( di/+ui%$ p]sonages ( 8 own "t1 ,/4 ,gregory be+ repres5t$ "u ! lik5ess ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,! unbidd5 gue/1 or angel1 be>s ! features ( ! ,savi\r4 ,?is is "o ( _m beautiful my?ic leg5ds1 f\nd$ on ! words ( ,/4 ,paul 9 :i* he s /rongly recomm5ds hospitality z "o ( ! virtues3 #8,be n =getful to ent]ta9 /rang]s3 = !reby "s h ent]ta9$ angels unaw>es4' 7,heb4 xiii4 #b47 ,or1 z ,mass+] has r5d]$ ! apo/olic precept1-- ,le>n all1 ,by ?is example1 to look on ! poor ,) g5tle eyes1 = 9 su* habits (t5 ,angels desire an alms4 #d4 ,! ,mass ( ,/4 ,gregory4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion1 :5 ,/4 ,gregory 0 (ficiat+ at ! mass1 "o :o 0 ne> him d\bt$ ! real pres5ce2 !reupon1 at ! pray] ( ! sa9t1 a vision is sudd5ly reveal$ ( ! crucifi$ ,savi\r himself1 :o desc5ds ^u ! alt>1 surr\nd$ by ! in/rum5ts ( 8 passion4 ,?is leg5d has be5 a popul> subject ( pa9t+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is call$ #8,! ,mass ( ,/4 ,gregory4' ,i h met ) x 9 e v>iety ( treatm5t & gr\p+2 b1 h[ev] treat$1 x is n a pleas+ subject4 ,/4 ,gregory is se5 (ficiat+ at ! alt>1 surr\nd$ by 8 att5dant cl]gy4 ,sometimes sev]al sa9ts are introduc$ 9 a poetical mann]1 z witnesses ( ! miracle3 z 9 an old picture ,i saw 9 ! gall]y ( ,"l ,nor?wick2--! crucifi$ ,savi\r desc5ds f ! cross1 & /&s on ! alt>1 or is upborne 9 ! air by angels2 :ile all ! incid5tal circum/ances & in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion1--n m]ely ! cr[n ( ?orns1 ! spe>1 ! nails1 b ! kiss ( ,judas1 ! soldi]s' dice1 ! cock t crew to ,pet]1--are se5 float+ 9 ! air4 ,z a specim5 ( ! utmo/ navet 9 ?is repres5tation may be m5tion$ ,alb]t ,dr]'s woodcut4 ,! lea/ (f5sive & mo/ elegant 9 treatm5t is ! m>ble bas-relief 9 front ( ! alt> 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,gregory at ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,! miracle ( ! ,br&eum4 ,! ,empress ,con/antia s5t to ,/4 ,gregory reque/+ "s ( ! relics ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,he excus$ himself1 say+ t he d>$ n di/urb _! sacr$ rema9s = su* a purpose1 b he s5t h] "p ( a consecrat$ clo? 7,br&eum7 :i* _h enfold$ ! body ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,! empress reject$ ?is gift ) contempt3 :]eupon ,gregory1 to %[ t su* ?+s are hall[$ n s mu* 9 !mselves z by ! fai? ( believ]s1 laid ! ,br&eum on ! alt>1 & aft] pray+ he took up a knife & pi]c$ x1 & blood fl[$ z f a liv+ body4 ,?is incid5t1 call$ ! #8miracle dei ,br&ei1' has also be5 pa9t$4 ,&rea ,sac*i has repres5t$ x 9 a gr& picture n[ 9 ! ,vatican2 ! mosaic copy is ov] ! alt> ( ,/4 ,gregory 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,gregory holds up to view ! ble$+ clo?1 & ! expression ( a/oni%m5t & conviction 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! assi/ants is v f9e4 #f4 ,/4 ,gregory releases ! s\l ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan4 ,9 a little picture 9 ! ,bologna ,academy1 he is se5 pray+ be=e a tomb1 on :i* is inscrib$ ,,trajano ,,imp]ador2 b5ea? are two angels rais+ ! s\l ( ,trajan out ( ! flames4 ,su* is ! usual treatm5t ( ?is curi\s & poetical leg5d1 :i* is ?us relat$ 9 ! ,leg5da ,aurea3--#8,x happ5$ on a "t1 z ,trajan 0 ha/5+ to battle at ! head ( 8 legions1 t a poor wid[ flung h]self 9 8 pa?1 & cri$ al\d = ju/ice1 & ! emp]or /ay$ to li/5 to h]2 & %e dem&$ v5geance = ! innoc5t blood ( h] son1 kill$ by ! son ( ! emp]or4 ,trajan promis$ to d h] ju/ice :5 he return$ f 8 exp$ition4 8,b1 ,sire10 answ]$ ! wid[1 8%\ld y be kill$ 9 battle1 :o !n w d me ju/ice80 8,my successor10 repli$ ,trajan4 ,& %e said1 8,:at w x signify to y1 great emp]or1 t any o!r ?an y\rself %\ld d me ju/ice8 ,is x n bett] t y %\ld d ?is good action y\rself ?an leave ano!r to d x80 ,& ,trajan alight$1 & hav+ exam9$ into ! affair1 he gave up 8 own son to h] 9 place ( him %e _h lo/1 & be/[$ on h] likewise a ri* d[ry4 ,n[1 x came to pass t z ,gregory 0 "o day m$itat+ 9 8 daily walk1 ?is action ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan came into 8 m9d1 & he wept bitt]ly to ?9k t a man s j %\ld be condemn$ z a hea!n to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,& ent]+ into a *ur* he pray$ mo/ f]v5tly t ! s\l ( ! good emp]or might be releas$ f torm5t4 ,& a voice said to him1 8,i h grant$ ?y pray]1 & ,i h sp>$ ! s\l ( ,trajan = ?y sake2 b because ?\ ha/ supplicat$ = "o :om ! ju/ice ( ,god _h already condemn$1 ?\ %alt *oose "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r ?\ %alt endure = two days ! fires ( purgatory1 or ?\ %alt be sick & infirm = ! rema9d] ( ?y life40 ,gregory *ose ! latt]1 :i* suffici5tly acc\nts = ! griev\s pa9s & infirmities to :i* ?is great & good man 0 subject$1 ev5 to ! day ( 8 dea?4' ,?is /ory ( ,trajan 0 extremely popul> 9 ! middle ages3 x is illu/rative ( ! "* ( ,gregory1 & ! feel+ :i* gave rise to 8 doctr9e ( purgatory4 ,dante twice alludes to x2 he describes x z "o ( ! subjects sculptur$ on ! walls ( ,purgatory1 & takes occasion to relate ! :ole /ory3-- 444 ,!re 0 /ori$ on ! rock ,?' exalt$ glory ( ! ,roman pr9ce1 ,^: mighty wor? mov$ ,gregory to e>n ,8 mighty conque/--,trajan ! ,emp]or4 ,a wid[ at 8 bridle /ood attir$ ,9 te>s & m\rn+4 ,r\nd ab\t !m troop'd ,full ?rong ( knights3 & ov]head 9 gold ,! eagles float$1 /ruggl+ ) ! w9d4 ,! wret* appe>'d amid all ^! to say3 #8,grant v5geance1 ,sire6 =1 woe be%rew ?is he>t1 ,my son is murd]'d6' ,he1 reply+1 seem'd3 #8,wait n[ till ,i return4' ,& %e1 z "o ,made ha/y by h] grief3 #8,o ,sire1 if ?\ ,do/ n return8'--#8,:]e ,i am1 :o !n is1 ,may "r !e4'--#8,:at to !e is o!rs' good1 ,if ?\ neglect ?y own8'--#8,n[ com=t !e1' ,at l5g? he answ]s4 #8,x beseeme? well ,my duty be p]=m'd1 ere ,i move h5ce4 ,s ju/ice wills2 & pity bids me /ay4' ,c>y's ,,dante1 ,purg4 x4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! efficacy ( ,/4 ,gregory's int]cession t ,dante aft]w>ds f9ds ,trajan 9 ,p>adise1 seat$ betwe5 ,k+ ,david & ,k+ ,hezekiah4 7,p>4 xx47 ,z a subject ( pa9t+1 ! /ory ( ,trajan 0 sometimes select$ z an appropriate ornam5t = a hall ( ju/ice4 ,we f9d x sculptur$ on "o ( ! capitals ( ! pill>s ( ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice3 !re is ! figure ( ! wid[ kneel+1 some:at /iff1 b v simple & expressive1 & ov] x 9 rude anci5t lett]s--#8,trajano ,imp]ador1 *e die ju/izia a la ,v$ova4' ,9 ! ,t[n ,hall ( ,c5$a1 ne> ,belluna1 are ! ?ree ,judgm5ts 7i tre ,giudizi71 pa9t$ by ,pompeo ,amalteo3 ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,daniel1 & ! ,judgm5t ( ,trajan4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 ! ,t[n ,hall ( ,brescia by ,giulio ,campi1 "o ( a s]ies ( eight righte\s judgm5ts4 ,i f\nd ! same subject 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury at ,v]ona4 #8,! son ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan trampl+ ov] ! son ( ! wid[' is a mo/ curi\s composition by ,hans ,s*aufele94#bhi 99 99 99 99 99 #g4 ,!re 0 a monk1 :o1 9 defiance ( 8 v[ ( pov]ty1 secret$ 9 8 cell ?ree pieces ( gold4 ,gregory1 on le>n+ ?is1 excommunicat$ him1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ! monk di$4 ,:5 ,gregory he>d t ! monk _h p]i%$ 9 8 s91 )\t receiv+ absolution1 he 0 fill$ ) grief & horror2 & he wrote ^u a p>*m5t a pray] & a =m ( absolution1 & gave x to "o ( 8 deacons1 desir+ him to g to ! grave ( ! deceas$ & read x !re3 on ! foll[+ night ! monk appe>$ 9 a vision1 & reveal$ to him 8 release f torm5t4 ,?is /ory is repres5t$ 9 ! beautiful bas-relief 9 :ite m>ble 9 front ( ! alt> ( 8 *apel2 x is ! la/ comp>tm5t on ! "r4 ,! obvi\s int5tion ( ?is wild leg5d is to give effect to ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 & ! efficacy ( pray]s = ! dead4 ,/4 ,gregory's m]ciful doctr9e ( purgatory also sugge/$ ^? pictures s (t5 f\nd 9 *apels d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! dead1 9 :i* he is repres5t$ 9 ! attitude ( supplication1 :ile on "o side1 or 9 ! backgr\nd1 angels are rais+ ! torm5t$ s\ls out ( ! flames4 ,9 ecclesia/ical decoration ,i h se5 ! two popes1 ,/4 ,gelasius1 :o re=m$ ! cal5d> 9 #did1 & ,/4 ,cele/9us1 :o arrang$ ! discipl9e ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 add$ to ! s]ies ( beatifi$ ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,greek ,,fa!rs4 ,! ,f\r ,greek ,fa!rs are ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,/4 ,basil ! ,great1 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 & ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz54 ,to ^!1 9 ,greek pictures1 a fif? is g5]ally add$1 ,/4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria4 ,f ! "t ( ! s*ism betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 ^! v5]able p]sonages1 :o once ex]cis$ su* an influ5ce ov] all ,*ri/5dom1 :o prec$$ ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 & 7 9 fact _! tea*]s1 h be5 almo/ bani%$ f ! religi\s repres5tations ( ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,:5 !y are introduc$ collectively z a "p ( ! decoration ( an ecclesia/ical edifice1 we may conclude 9 g5]al1 t ! "w is ,byzant9e & execut$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek arti/s4 ,a signal example is ! c5tral dome ( ! bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 execut$ by ,greek arti/s ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies4 ,9 ! f\r sp&rils ( ! vault are ! ,greek ,fa!rs seat$1 writ+ 7if ,i well rememb]71 & 9 ! pure/ ,byzant9e /yle ( art4 ,!y occupy ! same places "h t we f9d usually occupi$ by ! ,lat9 ,doctors 9 *ur* decoration3 ea* has 8 "n inscrib$ 9 ,greek *>act]s4 ,we h exactly ! same repres5tation 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,monreale at ,pal]mo4 ,! ,greek ,fa!rs h no attributes to di/+ui% !m1 & ! g5]al cu/om 9 ,byzant9e ,art ( inscrib+ ! names ov] ea* figure r5d]s ?is unnecess>y3 9 g5]al1 ea* holds a book1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 a scroll1 :i* repres5ts 8 writ+s2 :ile ! "r h& is rais$ 9 b5$iction1 9 ! ,greek mann]1 ! fir/ & second f+] ext5d$1 & ! ?umb & ?ird f+] =m+ a cross4 ,accord+ to ! =mula publi%$ by ,m4 ,didron1 ea* ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs be>s on a scroll ! fir/ words ( "s rem>kable passage f 8 works3 ?us1 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om has #8,god1 our ,god1 :o ha? giv5 u = food ! bread ( life1' c43 ,/4 ,basil1 #8,none ( ^? :o are 9 ! bondage ( fle%ly desires are wor?y1' c43 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 #8,(t51 & anew1 d we flee to !e1 ,o ,god1' c43 ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 #8,god1 ! holy among ! holies1 ! ?rice holy1' c43 & ,/4 ,cyril1 #8,above all1 a ,virg9 )\t s9 or blemi%1' c4 ,illu/ration3 ,! five ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,! ,greek bi%ops d n we> mitres2 consequ5tly1 :5 9 ! ,italian or ,g]man pictures ,/4 ,basil or any ( 8 companions we> ! mitre1 x is a mi/ake aris+ f ! ignorance ( ! arti/4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,greek ,*ur* h be5 repres5t$ by ,dom5i*9o at ,grotta ,f]rata1 plac$ ov] ! cornice & "u ! evangeli/s1 _! prop] place3 !y are maje/ic figures1 ) f9e heads1 & correctly drap$ accord+ to ! ,greek ecclesia/ical co/ume4 ,!y are plac$ "h ) peculi> propriety1 because ! conv5t orig9ally belong$ to ! ,greek ord] ( ,/4 ,basil1 & ! f\nd]1 ,/4 ,nilus1 0 a ,greek4#bij ,! et*$ outl9e1 f a beautiful anci5t ,greek m9iature1 w give an accurate idea ( ! *>act]i/ic figures & habits ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z sep>ate devotional & hi/orical repres5tations ( ^! ,fa!rs d sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 occur1 ,i %all say a few words ( !m individually4 ,,/4 ,,john ,,*ryso/om4 ,lat4 ,sanctus ,johannes ,*ryso/om4 ,ital4 ,san ,giovanni ,criso/omo1 ,san ,giovanni ,bocca d' ,oro4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,jean ,*ryso/ome4 ,di$ ,sept4 #ad1 ,a4,d4 #djg4 ,8 fe/ival is celebrat$ by ! ,greeks on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 & by ! ,lat9 ,*ur* on ! #bg? ( ,janu>y4 ,/4 ,john1 call$ ,,*ryso/om1 or ,,( ,,! ,,gold5 ,,m\?1 because ( 8 extraord9>y eloqu5ce1 0 born at ,antio* 9 #cdd4 ,8 p>5ts 7 illu/ri\s1 & ! c>e] op5$ to him 0 ( arts & arms2 b f 8 infancy ! b5t ( 8 m9d 0 peculi>4 ,he lo/ 8 fa!r :5 "y2 8 "m ,ar?usia1 /ill 9 ! prime ( h] life1 rema9$ a wid[ = 8 sake1 & sup]9t5d$ 8 education ) c>e & intellig5ce4 ,! rem>k ( ,sir ,james ,mack9to% t #8all di/+ui%$ m5 h _h able mo!rs1' appe>s especially true ( ! great *ur*m5 & poets4 ,! "m ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om ranks ) ! ,monicas & ,sylvias1 already describ$4 ,john1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 0 already a r5[n$ plead] at ! b>4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-six1 ! disposition to self-abnegation & ! passion = solitude1 :i* _h di/+ui%$ him f boyhood1 became s /rong1 t he wi%$ to retire altoge!r f ! _w2 8 legal /udies1 8 legal hon\rs1 _h become hateful to him3 he w\ld turn h]mit4 ,= a "t 8 "m's te>s & pray]s re/ra9$ him4 ,he has himself record$ ! pa!tic remon/rance 9 :i* %e rem9d$ him ( all %e _h done & suff]$ 9 h] /ate ( wid[hood = 8 sake1 & bes\ght him n to leave h]4 ,= ! pres5t he yield$3 b two ye>s lat] he fl$ f society1 & pass$ five or six ye>s 9 ! wild]ness ne> ,antio*1 devot+ himself solely to ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 to p5ance & pray]2 fe$+ on ! wild vegetables1 & lead+ a life ( su* rigor\s ab/95ce t 8 heal? sank "u x1 & he 0 oblig$ to return to ,antio*4 ,all ?is "t he 0 n ev5 an orda9$ prie/2 b %ortly aft] he _h em]g$ f ! des]t1 ,flavian1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 orda9$ him1 & appo9t$ him prea*]4 ,at ! mom5t ( 8 consecration1 accord+ to ! tradition1 a :ite dove desc5d$ on 8 head1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! sign ( imm$iate inspiration4 ,he !n ent]$ on 8 true vocation z a ,*ri/ian orator1 ! greate/ next to ,paul4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! p ( ,antio* _h (f5d$ ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 & 7 ?reat5$ ) a puni%m5t l t :i* _h fall5 on ,!ssalonica1 ! eloqu5ce ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om sav$ !m3 he 0 s ador$ by ! p1 t :5 he 0 appo9t$ patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 x 0 necess>y to kidnap him1 & c>ry him (f f ,antio* by a =ce ( arm$ soldi]s1 be=e ! citiz5s _h "t to int]f]e4 ,f ! mom5t he ent]$ on 8 high (fice at ,con/ant9ople1 he became ! model ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op4 ,humble1 self-d5y+1 sleep+ on a b>e plank1 cont5t ) a little bread & pulse1 he ent]ta9$ ) hospitality ! poor & /rang]s3 indefatigable z a prea*]1 he us$ 8 great gift ( eloqu5ce to conv]t 8 he>]s to :at he believ$ to be ! tru?3 he unit$ ! en?usiasm & ! imag9ation ( ! poet1 ! elegant ta/e ( ! s*ol>1 ! logic ( ! plead]1 ) ! inspir$ e>ne/ness ( "o :o _h au?ority f above4 ,he 01 l ,/4 ,j]ome1 rem>kable = 8 influ5ce ov] wom52 & 8 correspond5ce ) "o ( 8 female conv]ts & fri5ds1 ,olympias1 is consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ ( 8 works rema9+ to u3 b1 inexorable 9 8 d5unciations ( vice1 )\t reg>d to sex or /ation1 he ?und]$ aga9/ ! irregul>ities ( ! monks1 ! luxury & pr(ligacy ( ! ,empress ,eudosia1 & ! s]vility ( h] flatt]]s1 & br\ght d[n ^u himself ! v5geance ( t haughty woman1 ) :om ! re/ ( 8 life 0 "o long conte/4 ,he 0 bani%$3 ! voice ( ! p oblig$ ! emp]or to recall him4 ,p]si/+ 9 ! resolute def5ce ( 8 *ur* privileges1 & 8 animadv]sions on ! c\rt & ! cl]gy1 he 0 aga9 bani%$2 &1 on 8 way to 8 di/ant place ( exile1 sank "u fatigue & ! cruel treatm5t ( 8 gu>ds1 :o expos$ him1 b>ehead$ & b>e-foot$1 to ! burn+ sun ( noon3 & ?us he p]i%$1 9 ! t5? ye> ( 8 bi%opric1 & ! sixty-?ird ( 8 age4 ,gibbon adds1 t1 at ! pi\s solicitation ( ! cl]gy & p ( ,con/ant9ople1 8 relics1 ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 7 transport$ f _! obscure sepul*re to ! royal city4 ,! ,emp]or ,!odosius advanc$ to receive !m z f> z ,*alc$on1 &1 fall+ pro/rate on ! c(f91 implor$1 9 ! "n ( 8 guilty p>5ts1 ,arcadius & ,eudosia1 ! =giv5ess ( ! injur$ sa9t4#8 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ow+1 ,i suppose1 to ! int]c\rse ( ,v5ice ) ! ,ea/1 t "o ( h] beautiful *ur*es is d$icat$ to ,san ,gian ,griso/omo1 z !y call him !re1 9 acc5ts z s(t & sonor\s z 8 own ,greek4 ,ov] ! high alt> is ! gr&e/ devotional picture 9 :i* ,i h se5 ?is sa9t figure z a *ief p]sonage4 ,x is ! ma/]piece ( ,seba/ian del ,piombo1#bia & repres5ts ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om ?ron$ & 9 ! act ( writ+ 9 a great book2 beh9d him1 ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 front1 to ! "r1 /&s ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & beh9d him ,/4 ,george z patron ( ,v5ice2 to ! left ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ) a beautiful ,v5etian face2 beh9d h]1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 patroness ( ,v5ice3 close to ,/4 ,j4 ,*ryso/om /&s ,/4 ,lucia hold+ h] lamp2 %e is "h ! type ( cele/ial light or wisdom4#bib ,?is picture 0 = a long "t attribut$ to ,giorgione4 ,!re 0 also a v f9e maje/ic figure ( ?is sa9t by ,rub5s1 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,s*amp3 he is 9 ! habit ( a ,greek bi%op2 9 "o h& he holds ! sacram5tal cup1 & ! left h& re/s on ! ,gospel3 ! cele/ial dove hov]s ne> him1 & two angels are 9 att5dance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i _c quit ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om )\t allud+ to a subject well kn[n to collectors & amateurs1 & popul>ly call$ #8,la ,pnit5ce de ,/4 ,jean ,*ryso/ome4' ,x repres5ts a woman undrap$1 seat$ 9 a cave1 or wild]ness1 ) an infant 9 h] arms2 or ly+ on ! gr\nd ) a new-born infant beside h]2 9 ! di/ance is se5 a man ) a glory r\nd 8 head1 meagre1 nak$1 be>d$1 crawl+ on 8 h&s & knees 9 ! mo/ abject attitude2 b5ea?1 or at ! top1 is inscrib$ ,s4 ,,johannes ,,criso/omus4 ,= a long "t ?is subject p]plex$ me exce$+ly1 z ,i 0 q unable to trace x 9 any ( ! biographies ( ,*ryso/om1 anci5t or mod]n3 ! k9dness ( a fri5d1 le>n$ 9 all ! byways z well z ! highways ( ,italian lit]ature1 at l5g? assi/$ me to an explanation4 ,illu/ration3 #ij ,! ,p5ance ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om 7,alb]t ,dr]7 ,! bitt] enmity excit$ aga9/ ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om 9 8 lifetime1 & ! furi\s vitup]ations ( 8 adv]s>y1 ,!ophilus ( ,alex&ria1 :o d5\nc$ him z "o /a9$ by e vice1 #8ho/em humanitatis1 sacrilegorum pr9cipem1 immundum dmonem1' z a wret* :o _h absolutely deliv]$ up 8 s\l to ,satan1 7 app>5tly dissem9at$ by ! monks4 ,j]ome translat$ ! abusive attack ( ,!ophilus into ,lat92 & long aft] ! sl&]s aga9/ ,*ryso/om _h be5 sil5c$ 9 ! ,ea/1 !y surviv$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! slaught] ( ! ,egyptian monks by ! fri5ds ( ,*ryso/om 9 ! /reets ( ,con/ant9ople2 :i*1 ,i suppose1 0 also reta9$ 9 ! traditions1 & mix$ up ) ! monki% fictions4 ,x seems to h be5 =gott5 :o ,john ,*ryso/om really 02 8 "n only surviv$ 9 ! popul> ballads & leg5ds z an epitome ( e horrible crime2 & to acc\nt = 8 be+1 not)/&+ all ?is1 a sa9t1 0 a difficulty :i* 9 ! old leg5d is surm\nt$ aft] a v orig9al1 &1 ,i mu/ ne$s add1 a v audaci\s fa%ion4 #8,i h1' writes my fri5d1 #8?ree editions ( ?is leg5d 9 ,italian1 ) ! title ,la ,hi/oria di ,san ,giovanni ,boccadoro4 ,x is 9 ottava rima1 ?irty-six /anzas 9 all1 occupy+ two leaves ( lett]-press4 ,x 0 orig9ally compos$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & repr9t$ aga9 & aga91 l ! ballads & tales hawk$ by it9]ant ballad-mong]s1 f t day to ?is1 & z well kn[n to ! l[] ord]s z 8,jack ! ,giant-kill]0 "h4 ,i w give y ! /ory z succ9ctly & z prop]ly z ,i c4 ,a g5tleman ( ! high roads1 nam$ ,s*itano1 confesses 8 robb]ies & murd]s to a c]ta9 ,frate1 :o absolves him1 ^u a solemn promise n to d ?ree ?+s-- ,*e tu non facci falso sacram5to1 ,n homicidio1 n adult]>e4 ,s*itano !reupon takes possession ( a cave1 & turns ,romito 7,h]mit7 9 ! wild]ness4 ,a neighb\r+ k+ takes 8 daught] out hunt+ ) him2 a :ite de] />ts across _! pa?2 ! k+ da%es away 9 pursuit t5 miles or m1 =gett+ 8 daught]2 night comes on2 ! pr9cess1 left alone 9 ! =e/1 w&]s till %e sees a light1 & knocks = admittance at ! cave ( ,s*itano4 ,he fancies at fir/ t x mu/ be ! 8,demonio10 b at l5g? he admits h] aft] long hesitation1 & turns h] horse out to graze4 ,h] beauty tempts him to break "o ( 8 v[s2 ! fe> ( discov]y induces him to violate ano!r by murd]+ h]1 & ?r[+ h] body into a ci/]n4 ,! horse1 h[ev]1 is se5 by "o ( ! cavali]s ( ! c\rt1 :o knocks & inquires if he has se5 a c]ta9 8donzella0 t way8 ,! h]mit swe>s t he has n beheld a ,*ri/ian face = ?ree ye>s1 ?us break+ 8 ?ird v[2 b1 reflect+ on ?is ?ree-fold s9 ) horror1 he imposes on himself a mo/ sev]e p5ance 78un' aspra p5it5za071 to wit-- ,di />e sette anni nell' aspro dis]to4 ,pane non mang] n b] v9o1 ,n mai risgu>d] il ciel scop]to1 ,non p>l] ,hebraico n ,lat9o1 ,p] f9 *e quel *' io dico non c]to1 ,*e un fant9 di sei di porga favella1 8,p]donato t' ha ,dio2 va alla tua cella40 ,t is1 he swe>s t = sev5 ye>s he w nei!r eat bread nor dr9k w9e1 nor look up 9 ! face ( heav51 nor speak ei!r ,hebrew or ,lat91 until x %all come to pass t an infant ( sev5 days old %all op5 its m\? & say1 8,heav5 ha? p>don$ !e--g 9 peace40 ,s1 /ripp+ (f 8 clo!s1 he crawls on h&s & knees l ! bea/s ( ! field1 eat+ grass & dr9k+ wat]4 #8,nor did 8 resolution fail him--he p]si/s 9 ?is 8aspra p5it5za0 = sev5 ye>s-- ,sette anni e sette giorni nel dis]to2 ,come le be/ie &ava lui c>pone1 ,e mai non risgu>d il ciel scop]to1 ,peloso egli era a modo d' un montone2 ,sp9e e fango il suo letto era p] c]to1 ,del suo peccato havea contrizione2 ,e ogni cosa facea con gran f]vore1 ,p] purg> il suo fallo e gr&' errore4 ,9 ! meantime x came into ! k+'s head to draw ! cov]s :]e ! h]mit 0 lead+ ?is life4 ,! dogs ( c\rse f\nd1 b nei!r !y nor ! k+ c\ld make any?+ ( ?is new species ( animal1 8*e p>eva un orso40 ,s !y took him home 9 a *a9 & deposit$ him 9 _! zoological collection1 :]e he refus$ meat & bread1 & p]si/$ 9 graz+4 ,on new ye>'s day ! que5 gives bir? to a son1 :o1 on ! sev5? day aft] he is born1 says di/9ctly to ! h]mit1-- ,torna alla tua cella1 ,*e ,dio t' ha p]donato il tuo peccato1 ,levati su1 ,romito6 ova favella6 ,b ! h]mit does n speak z comm&$2 he makes signs t he w write4 ,! k+ ord]s ! ink/& to be br\ght1 b !re is no ink 9 x3 s ,s*itano at once e>ns 8 surname ( ,boccadoro 7,*ryso/om7 by a simple exp$i5t3 he puts ! p5 to 8 m\?1 wets x ) 8 saliva1 & writes 9 lett]s ( gold-- ,onde la p5na 9 bocca si metteva1 ,e a scriv]e com9ci s5za dimoro1 ,col sputo1 lett]e *e p>evan d' oro6 #8,aft] sev5 ye>s & sev5 days1 he op5s 8 gold5 m\? 9 spee*1 & confesses 8 f\l crimes to ! k+2 cavali]s are despat*$ 9 se>* ( ! body ( ! pr9cess2 z !y approa* ! cav]n !y he> cele/ial music1 & 9 ! end !y br+ ! donzella out ( ! ci/]n alive & well1 & v sorry to leave ! bless$ ,virg9 & ! angels1 ) :om %e _h be5 pass+ h] "t mo/ agreeably3 %e is re/or$ to h] p>5ts ) univ]sal fe/a e allegrezza1 & %e ann\nces to ! h]mit t he is p>don$ & may return to 8 cell1 :i* he does =?)1 & ends 9 lead+ ! life ( a sa9t1 & be+ beatifi$4 ,! 8discreti auditori0 are invit$ to take example-- ,da que/o ,santo pi5 di leggiadria ,*e ,iddio sempre p]dona a' peccatori1 & are f9ally in=m$ t !y may pur*ase ?is edify+ hi/ory on easy t]ms1 to wit1 a halfp5ny-- ,due quattr9i dia s5za f> pi p>ole4 ,! price1 h[ev]1 rose2 = 9 ! next c5tury ! l9e is alt]$ ?us3-- ,p]o ciascun *e comp]>ne vuole1 ,tre quattr9i mi dia s5za pi p>ole4' ,! woodcuts prefix$ to ! ballad repres5t ?is sa9tly ,nebu*adnezz> on all f\rs1 surpris$ by ! k+ ) 8 huntsm5 & dogs2 b no female figure1 z 9 ! ,g]man pr9ts1 9 :i* ! ,g]man v]sion ( ! leg5d has evid5tly be5 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/s4 ,x diff]s 9 "s respects f ! ,italian ballad4 ,i %all !re=e give z mu* ( x "h z w expla9 ! arti/ic treatm5t ( ! /ory4 #8,:5 ,john ,*ryso/om 0 baptiz$1 ! ,pope#bic /ood godfa!r4 ,at sev5 ye>s old he w5t to s*ool1 b he 0 s dull & backw>d1 t he became ! laugh+-/ock ( 8 s*oolfell[s4 ,unable to endure _! mock]y1 he took refuge 9 a neighb\r+ *ur*1 & pray$ to ! ,virg92 & a voice :isp]$1 8,kiss me on ! m\?1 & ?\ %alt be end[$ ) all le>n+40 ,he did s1 &1 return+ to ! s*ool1 he surpass$ all 8 companions1 s t !y rema9$ 9 a/oni%m5t3 z !y look$1 !y saw a gold5 r+ or /reak r\nd 8 m\?1 & ask$ him h[ x came !re8 & :5 he told !m1 !y wond]$ yet m4 ,!nce he obta9$ ! "n ( ,*ryso/om4 ,john 0 mu* belov$ by 8 godfa!r ! ,pope1 :o orda9$ him prie/ at a v e>ly age2 b ! fir/ "t he (f]$ ! sacrifice ( ! mass1 he 0 /ruck to ! he>t by 8 unwor?9ess1 & resolv$ to seek 8 salvation 9 solitude2 !re=e1 ?r[+ (f 8 prie/ly g>m5ts1 he fl$ f ! city1 & made 8 dwell+ 9 a cav]n ( ! rock1 & liv$ !re a long :ile 9 pray] & m$itation4 #8,n[ n f> f ! wild]ness 9 :i* ,*ryso/om dwelt1 0 ! capital ( a great k+2 & x happ5$ t "o day1 z ! pr9cess 8 daught]1 :o 0 "y & v fair1 0 walk+ ) h] companions1 !re came a sudd5 & viol5t gu/ ( w9d1 :i* lift$ h] up & c>ri$ h] away1 & set h] d[n 9 ! =e/1 f> (f2 & %e w&]$ ab\t till %e came to ! cave ( ,*ryso/om1 & knock$ at ! door4 ,he1 fe>+ "s temptation ( ! devil1 w\ld n let h] 92 b %e entreat$1 & said1 8,i am no demon1 b a ,*ri/ian woman2 & if ?\ leave/ me "h1 ! wild bea/s w dev\r me60 ,s he yield$ p]=ce1 & arose & let h] 94 ,& he drew a l9e d[n ! middle ( 8 cell1 & said1 8,t is y\r "p1 ?is is m9e2 & nei!r %all pass ?is l9e40 ,b ?is precaution 0 9 va91 = passion & temptation ov]p[]$ 8 virtue2 he ov]-/epp$ ! l9e1 & s9n$4 ,bo? rep5t$ sorely2 & ,*ryso/om1 ?9k+ t if ! damsel rema9$ long] 9 8 cave x w\ld only occasion fur!r s91 c>ri$ h] to a neighb\r+ precipice1 & flung h] d[n4 ,:5 he _h done ?is de$1 he 0 seiz$ ) horror & remorse2 & he dep>t$ & w5t to ,rome to 8 godfa!r ! ,pope1 & confess$ all1 & entreat$ absolution4 ,b 8 godfa!r knew him n2 &1 be+ seiz$ ) horror1 he drove him =?1 & refus$ to absolve him4 ,s ! unhappy s9n] fl$ to ! wild]ness1 & made a solemn v[ t he w\ld nev] rise f ! e>? nor look up1 b crawl on 8 h&s & knees1 until he _h expiat$ 8 great s9 & 0 absolv$ by ,heav54 #8,:5 he _h ?us crawl$ on ! e>? = fifte5 ye>s1 ! que5 br\ght =? a son2 & :5 ! ,pope came to baptize ! *ild1 ! infant op5$ its m\? & said1 8,i w n be baptiz$ by !e1 b by ,/4 ,john20 & he repeat$ ?is ?ree times3 & none c\ld und]/& ?is miracle2 b ! ,pope 0 afraid to proce$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! k+'s huntsm5 _h gone to ! =e/ to br+ home game = ! *ri/5+ fea/3 !re1 z !y rode1 !y beheld a /range bea/ creep+ on ! gr\nd2 & n kn[+ :at x might be1 !y ?rew a mantle ov] x & b\nd x 9 a *a9 & br\ght x to ! palace4 ,_m came to look on ?is /range bea/1 & ) !m came ! nurse ) ! k+'s son 9 h] arms2 & imm$iately ! *ild op5$ its m\? & spake1 8,john1 come ?\ & baptize me60 ,he answ]$1 8,if x be ,god's w1 speak aga960 ,& ! *ild spoke ! same words a second & a ?ird "t4 ,!n ,john /ood up2 & ! hair & ! moss fell f 8 body1 & !y br\ght him g>m5ts2 & he took ! *ild1 & baptiz$ him ) great devotion4 #8,:5 ! k+ he>d 8 confession1 he ?\ght1 8,p]haps ?is 0 my daught]1 :o 0 lo/ & nev] f\nd20 & he s5t mess5g]s into ! =e/ to seek = ! rema9s ( 8 daught]1 t h] bones at lea/ might re/ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd4 ,:5 !y came to ! foot ( ! precipice1 !re !y f\nd a beautiful woman seat$1 nak$1 & hold+ a *ild 9 h] arms2 & ,john said to h]1 8,:y sitte/ ?\ "h alone 9 ! wild]ness80 ,& %e said1 8,do/ ?\ n "k me8 ,i am ! woman :o came to ?y cave by night1 & :om ?\ did/ hurl d[n ?is rock60 ,!n !y br\ght h] home ) great joy to h] p>5ts4#8#bid ,?is extravagant leg5d becomes int]e/+ = two reasons3 x %[s ! exi/5ce ( ! popul> feel+ & belief ) reg>d to ,*ryso/om1 long subsequ5t to ^? ev5ts :i* ar\s$ ! hatr$ ( ! e>ly monks2 & x has be51 f its popul> notoriety1 embodi$ 9 "s r>e & valuable works ( art1 :i* all g "u ! "n ( #8! ,p5ance or ,p5it5ce ( ,johannes ,*ryso/om or ,criso/omos4' #a4 ,a r>e pr9t by ,lucas ,crana*1 compos$ & engrav$ by himself4 ,9 ! c5tre is an undrap$ woman recl9+ on ! gr\nd aga9/ a rock1 & contemplat+ h] sleep+ infant1 :i* is ly+ on h] lap2 a /ag1 a h9d cr\*+1 a pheasant fe$+ ne> h]1 express ! solitude ( h] life2 9 ! backgr\nd is #8! savage man' on all f\rs1 & br[s+3 "h1 he has no glory r\nd 8 head4 ,! :ole composition is exce$+ly picturesque4 #b4 ,a r>e & beautiful pr9t by ,b4 ,beham1 & repeat$ by ,hans ,sebald ,beham1 repres5ts a woman ly+ on ! gr\nd ) h] back turn$ to ! spectator2 a *ild is ne> h]2 ,*ryso/om is se5 crawl+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 ) ! glory r\nd 8 head4 #c4 ,a small pr9t by ,alb]t ,dr]1 also exquisitely engrav$ 7f :i* ,i give a sket*74 ,"h ! woman is sitt+ at ! entrance ( a rocky cave1 fe$+ h] *ild f h] bosom3 9 ! backgr\nd ! #8savage man' crawl+ on all f\rs1 & a glory r\nd 8 head4 ,?is subject has be5 call$ ,/4 ,g5evive ( ,brabant2 b x is evid5tly ! same z 9 ! two la/-nam$ compositions4 ,all ^! pr9ts1 be+ ne>ly contemporane\s1 %[ t ! leg5d mu/ h be5 p>ticul>ly popul> ab\t ?is "t 7#aeji-aebj74 ,!re is also an old ,fr5* v]sion ( ! /ory :i* ,i h n se54 ,,/4 ,,basil ,,! ,,great4 ,lat4 ,/4 ,basilius ,magnus4 ,ital4 ,san ,basilio ,magno4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,basile4 7,june #ad1 ,a4,d4 #chj47 ,/4 ,basil1 call$ ! ,great1 0 born at ,ces>ea 9 ,cappadocia1 9 ! ye> #cbh4 ,he 0 "o ( a family ( sa9ts4 ,8 fa!r ,/4 ,basil1 8 "m ,/4 ,emmelie1 8 two bro!rs ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa & ,/4 ,pet] ( ,seba/e1 & 8 si/] ,/4 ,macr9a1 7 all di/+ui%$ = _! sanctity1 & r5[n$ 9 ! ,greek cal5d>4 ,! ,/4 ,basil :o takes rank z ! second lum9>y ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 & ^: dogmatical & !ological works influ5c$ ! fai? ( 8 own age1 & consequ5tly ( ours1 0 ! greate/ ( all4 ,b1 not)/&+ 8 importance 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 he figures s seldom 9 ! productions ( ,we/]n ,art1 t ,i %all cont5t myself ) relat+ j s mu* ( 8 life & actions z may r5d] ! few repres5tations ( him int]e/+ & intelligible4 ,he ow$ 8 fir/ education to 8 gr&mo!r ,/4 ,macr9a ! eld]1 a woman ( s+ul> capacity & atta9m5ts1 to :om he has 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 works ackn[l$g$ 8 obligations4 ,= sev]al ye>s he pursu$ 8 /udies 9 pr(ane le>n+1 philosophy1 law1 & eloqu5ce1 at ,con/ant9ople1 & aft]w>ds at ,a!ns1 :]e he _h two companions & fell[-/ud5ts ( v opposite "*3 ,gregory ( ,nazianz51 aft]w>ds ! ,sa9t2 & ,julian1 aft]w>ds ! ,apo/ate4 ,! success ( ! y\?ful ,basil 9 all 8 /udies1 & ! reputation he _h obta9$ z an eloqu5t plead]1 = a "t swell$ 8 he>t ) vanity1 & w\ld h endang]$ 8 salvation b = ! influ5ce ( 8 si/]1 ,/4 ,macr9a1 :o 9 ?is em]g5cy pres]v$ him f himself1 & elevat$ 8 m9d to f> high] aims ?an ^? ( m]e worldly sci5ce & worldly di/9ction4 ,f t p]iod1 & he 0 !n n m ?an tw5ty-eight1 ,basil turn$ 8 ?\ghts solely to ! edification ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 b fir/ he sp5t "s ye>s 9 retreat among ! h]mits ( ! des]t1 z 0 ! fa%ion ( t day1 liv+1 z !y did1 9 ab/95ce1 pov]ty1 & ab/ract$ /udy2 ackn[l$g+ nei!r c\ntry1 family1 home1 nor fri5ds1 nor =tune1 nor worldly int]e/s ( any k9d1 b ) 8 ?\ghts fix$ solely on et]nal life 9 ano!r _w4 ,9 ^! au/]ities he1 z 0 also usual1 consum$ & ru9$ 8 bodily heal?2 & rema9$ to ! end ( 8 life a feeble wret*$ invalid1--a circum/ance :i* 0 suppos$ to contribute greatly to 8 sanctity4 ,he 0 orda9$ prie/ 9 #cfb1 & bi%op ( ,ces>ea 9 #cgj2 8 ord9ation on ! #ad? ( ,june be+ kept z "o ( ! great fea/s ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,on ! episcopal ?rone he l$ ! same life ( ab/95ce & humility z 9 a cav]n ( ! des]t2 & cont5d$ = ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity aga9/ ! ,arians1 b ) less ( vehem5ce1 & m ( *>ity1 ?an ! o!r ,doctors engag$ 9 ! same controv]sy4 ,! pr9cipal ev5t ( 8 life 0 8 opposition to ! ,emp]or ,val5s1 :o pr(ess$ ,arianism1 & requir$ t1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,ces>ea1 ,basil %\ld p]=m ! rites accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,arians4 ,! bi%op refus$3 he 0 ?reat5$ ) exile1 confiscation1 dea?3 he p]si/$4 ,! emp]or1 fe>+ a tumult1 resolv$ to appe> 9 ! *ur* on ! day ( ! ,epiphany1 b n to communicate4 ,he came1 hop+ to ov]awe ! impracticable bi%op1 surr\nd$ by all 8 /ate1 8 c\rti]s1 8 gu>ds4 ,he f\nd ,basil s int5t on 8 sacr$ (fice z to take n ! slighte/ notice ( him2 ^? ( ! cl]gy ar\nd him cont9u$ to *ant ! s]vice1 keep+ _! eyes fix$ 9 ! pr(\nde/ awe & respect on ! c\nt5ance ( _! bi%op4 ,val5s1 9 a situation new to him1 became agitat$3 he _h br\ght 8 oblation2 he advanc$ ) x2 b ! m9i/]s at ! alt>1 n kn[+ :e!r ,basil w\ld accept x1 d>$ n take x f 8 h&s4 ,val5s /ood !re = a mom5t 9 sight ( all ! p1 reject$ be=e ! alt>1--he lo/ 8 pres5ce ( m9d1 trembl$1 swoon$1 & w\ld h fall5 to ! e>?1 if "o ( ! att5dants _h n receiv$ him 9 8 arms4 ,a conf]5ce aft]w>ds took place betwe5 ,basil & ! emp]or2 b ! latt] rema9$ unconv]t$1 & "s concessions to ! ,ca?olics 0 all t ! bi%op obta9$4 ,/4 ,basil di$ 9 #cgi1 worn out by disease1 & leav+ beh9d him _m !ological writ+s4 ,8 epi/les1 above all1 are celebrat$1 n only z models ( or?odoxy1 b ( /yle4 ,( ,/4 ,basil1 z ( ,/4 ,gregory & ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 we h ! /ory ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 visible =m z a dove ( wond]ful :it5ess1 p]*$ on 8 %\ld]1 & inspir+ 8 words :5 he prea*$4 ,/4 ,basil is also celebrat$ z ! f\nd] ( ,mona*ism 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o enjo9$ ! v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce2 & 8 ,rule became ! model ( all o!r mona/ic ,ord]s4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no o!r ,ord] 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & :5 ei!r monks or nuns appe> 9 a ,greek or a ,russian picture !y mu/ be ,basilicans1 & no o!r3 ! habit is a pla9 black tunic ) a c[l1 ! tunic fa/5$ r\nd ! wai/ ) a girdle ( cord or lea!r4 ,su* is ! dress ( ! ,greek caloy]1 & x nev] v>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! devotional figures ( ,/4 ,basil repres5t him1 or ought to repres5t him1 9 ! ,greek pontificals1 b>ehead$1 & ) a ?9 worn c\nt5ance1 z he appe>s 9 ! et*+ ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,! ,emp]or ,val5s 9 ! *ur* at ,ces>ea1' an admirably picturesque subject1 has receiv$ z little ju/ice z ! sc5e betwe5 ,ambrose & ,!odosius4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* pa9t] ,subleyras 0 at ,rome 9 #agde1 he rais$ himself to "n & fame by 8 portrait ( ,b5$ict ,,xiv41#bie & receiv$1 ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( 8 fri5d ,c>d9al ,val5ti1 ! commission to pa9t a picture = "o ( ! mosaics 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! subject select$ 0 ! ,emp]or ,val5s fa9t+ 9 pres5ce ( ,/4 ,basil4 ,we h all ! pomp ( ! sc5e3--! alt>1 ! inc5se1 ! ri*ly attir$ prie/s on "o side2 on ! o!r1 ! ,imp]ial c\rt4 ,x is n easy to f9d fault1 = ! picture is well drawn1 well compos$1 9 ! mann]$ ta/e ( t "t2 well col\r$1 r t5d]ly ?an =cibly2 & ,lanzi is en?usia/ic 9 8 praise ( ! drap]ies2 yet1 z a :ole1 x leaves ! m9d unimpress$4 ,z usual1 ! orig9al sket* = ?is picture f> excels ! l>ge composition4#bif ,! pray]s ( ,/4 ,basil 7 suppos$ by ! ,arm5ian ,*ri/ians1 p>tly f 8 sanctity1 & p>tly f 8 intellectual end[m5ts1 to h a peculi>1 almo/ resi/less1 p[]2 s t he n only r$eem$ s\ls f purgatory1 b ev5 lo/ angels f ! abyss ( hell4 #8,on ! six? day ( ! creation1 :5 ! rebelli\s angels fell f heav5 ?r\gh t op5+ 9 ! firmam5t :i* ! ,arm5ians call ,arocea1 & we ! ,galaxy1 "o unlucky angel1 :o _h no p>ticipation 9 _! s91 b seems to h be5 entangl$ 9 ! cr[d1 fell ) !m4' 7,a moral1 ,i presume1 on ! consequ5ces ( keep+ bad company47 #8,& ?is un=tunate angel 0 n re/or$ till he _h obta9$1 x is n said h[1 ! pray]s ( ,/4 ,basil4 ,8 condition meantime1 f ! six? day ( ! creation to ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 mu/ h be5 ev5 m uncom=table ?an t ( ,klop/ock's rep5tant demon 9 8,! ,messiah40' 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are _m o!r beautiful leg5d>y /ories ( ,/4 ,basil1 b1 z ,i h nev] met ) !m 9 any =m ( ,art1 ,i pass !m ov] "h4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ has be5 v]sifi$ by ,s\!y 9 8 ballad-poem1 #8,all = ,love4' ,x w\ld af=d a great v>iety ( picturesque subjects4 ,,/4 ,,a?anasius4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,a?anasius1 ,pat] ,or?odoxi4 ,ital4 ,sant' ,atanasio4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,a?anase4 7,may #b1 ,a4,d4 #cgc47 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ^: fam\s ,cre$ rema9s a /umbl+-block 9 ,*ri/5dom1 0 born at ,alex&ria1 ab\t ! ye> #bih2 he 0 consequ5tly ! elde/ ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs1 ?\gh he does n 9 t ,*ur* take ! fir/ rank4 ,he1 l ! o!rs1 began 8 c>e] by ! /udy ( pr(ane lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & eloqu5ce2 b1 seiz$ by ! religi\s _s ( ! age1 he1 too1 fl$ to ! des]t1 & became1 = a "t1 ! pupil ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,he return$ to ,alex&ria1 & 0 orda9$ deacon4 ,8 fir/ appe>ance z a public "* 0 at ! celebrat$ c\ncil ( ,nice 7,a4,d4 #cbe71 :]e he oppos$ ,arius & 8 p>tisans ) s mu* zeal & eloqu5ce1 t he 0 !nce=? reg>d$ z ! great pill> ( or?odoxy4 ,he became ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria ! foll[+ ye>2 & ! re/ ( 8 life 0 a p]petual conte/ ) ! ,arians4 ,! great s*ism ( ! e>ly ,*ur* blaz$ at ?is "t 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 & ,a?anasius1 by 8 inv9cible p]sev]ance & intrepidity1 procur$ ! victory = ! ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,he di$ 9 #cgb1 aft] hav+ be5 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria =ty-six ye>s1 ( :i* tw5ty ye>s _h be5 sp5t 9 exile & tribulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is curi\s t1 not)/&+ 8 fame & 8 importance 9 ! ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,a?anasius %\ld be1 z a patron & a subject ( ,art1 ( all sa9ts ! mo/ unpopul>4 ,he figures1 ( c\rse1 z "o ( ! s]ies ( ,greek ,doctors2 b ,i h nev] met ) any sep>ate repres5tation ( him1 & ,i "k n any *ur* d$icat$ to him1 nor any picture repres5t+ ! vicissitudes ( 8 unquiet life1 fraught z x 0 ) /range rev]ses & picturesque incid5ts4 ,su* may exi/1 b 9 ,we/]n ,art1 at lea/1 !y h nev] be5 prom95t4 ,accord+ to ! ,greek =mula1 he ought to be repres5t$ old1 bald-head$1 & ) a long :ite be>d1 z 9 ! et*+4 ,,/4 ,,gregory ,,nazianz54 ,gr4 ,/4 ,gregory ,!ologos4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,gregorius ,nazianz5us4 ,ital4 ,san ,gregorio ,nazianz5o4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,grgoire de ,naziance4 ,g]4 ,/4 ,gregor von ,nazianz4 7,may #i1 ,a4,d4 #cij47 ,?is ,doctor1 l ,/4 ,basil1 0 "o ( a family ( sa9ts2 8 fa!r1 ,/4 ,gregory1 hav+ be5 bi%op ( ,nazianzus be=e him2 8 "m1 ,/4 ,nonna1 fam\s = h] piety2 & two ( 8 si/]s1 ,/4 ,gorgonia & ,/4 ,ces>ea1 also canoniz$4 ,gregory 0 born ab\t ! ye> #cbh2 & 8 "m1 :o fondly believ$ t he _h be5 grant$ to h] pray]s1 wat*$ ov] 8 e>ly education1 & guid$ 8 fir/ /eps 9 piety & lit]ature4 ,:5 a boy1 he _h a s+ul> dream1 :i* he has relat$ himself4 ,he beheld 9 8 sleep two virg9s ( cele/ial beauty2 !y 7 clo!d 9 :ite g>m5ts1 & _! faces %one ^u him l two />s out ( heav53 !y took him 9 _! arms & kiss$ him z if he _h be5 _! *ild4 ,he1 *>m$ by _! virg9 beauty & _! c>esses1 ask$ :o !y 71 & :5ce !y came8 ,"o ( !m repli$1 #8,i am call$ ,*a/ity1 & my si/] "h is ,temp]ance2 we come to !e f ,p>adise1 :]e we /& cont9ually be=e ! ?rone ( ,*ri/1 & ta/e ineffable delights3 come to u1 my son1 & dwell ) u = ev]2' & hav+ spok5 ?us1 !y left him & flew upw>ds to heav54 ,he foll[$ !m ) long+ eyes till !y disappe>$1 & z he /ret*$ 8 arms t[>ds !m he awoke4 ,?is dream--h[ natural 9 a boy educat$ betwe5 a t5d] "m1 :o _h %ield$ him1 z only mo!rs c1 aga9/ all s9ful temptations1 & a lovely & sa9tly si/]6--he reg>d$ z a direct revelation f heav53 x decid$ 8 future life1 & he made a v[ ( p]petual cont95ce & temp]ance4 ,l ! o!r ,greek doctors1 he began by ! /udy ( pr(ane lit]ature & rhetoric4 ,he w5t to ,a!ns1 :]e he =m$ an endur+ fri5d%ip ) ,/4 ,basil1 & pursu$ 8 /udies ) ,julian1 aft]w>ds ,cs> & ,apo/ate4 ,aft] leav+ ,a!ns1 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 he 0 baptiz$2 &1 devot+ himself solemnly to ! s]vice ( ,god & ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 l 8 fri5d ,basil1 he de/roy$ 8 heal? by 8 au/]ities & mortifications3 he confesses t !y 7 :olly repugnant to 8 nature --a nature s5sitive1 imag9ative1 poetical2 b ?is ( c\rse only add$ to _! m]it & efficacy4 ,8 ag$ fa!r )drew him f 8 solitude1 & orda9$ him z 8 coadjutor3 9 #cfb he succe$$ to ! bi%opric ( ,nazianzus3 b great "p ( 8 "t 0 /ill sp5t at ,con/ant9ople1 :i!r he 0 invit$ to prea* aga9/ ! ,arians4 ,x 0 a /range spectacle to see1 9 ! capital ( ! _w1 a man1 f a di/ant prov9ce & an obscure t[n1 ( small %runk5 /ature1 bald-head$1 wr9kl$1 hagg>d ) vigils & fa/+1 poor1 ill-clo!d1 & 9 8 address unpoli%$ & abrupt1 /& up to oppose himself to a luxuri\s c\rt & preval5t sect4 ,! p began by /on+ him2 b at l5g? 8 e>ne/ness & eloqu5ce ov]came all opposition4 ,religi\s disputes 7 ! fa%ion at t "t 9 ,con/ant9ople1 n m]ely among ! prie/hood1 b among ! laity1 ! lawy]s1 & above all ! wom51 :o 7 he>d1 9 assemblies & at fea/s1 at home & abroad1 declaim+ & argu+ on ! mo/ ab/ruse my/]ies ( ! evangelical doctr9e1 till !y lo/ temp] & mode/y3--s true x is1 t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,?is 0 9 #cgh1 & ,/4 ,gregory f\nd m difficulty 9 sil5c+ _! squabbles ?an 9 heal+ ! s*isms ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he 0 orda9$ ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople by ! fav\r ( ,!odosius2 b1 unable to endure ! odi\s cabals & un*>itable conte/s :i* at t "t di/ract$ & disgrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 he resign$ 8 sacr$ (fice1 & retir$ to a small pat]nal e/ate1 :]e he liv$1 ) 8 usual self-d5ial & au/]ity1 till 8 dea?4 ,he compos$ 9 8 retreat a numb] ( beautiful poems 9 8 native ,greek3 he 01 9 fact1 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian poet on record4 ,^! poems are n hymns only1 b lyrics1 9 :i* he p\r$ =? 8 s\l1 8 aspirations1 8 temptations1 8 joys1 8 suff]+s1 8 pla9tive supplications to ,*ri/1 to aid him 9 8 p]petual combats aga9/ a too vivid imag9ation1 & feel+s & passions :i* n ev5 age & p5ance _h subdu$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 ought to be repres5t$ z an old man wa/$ by fa/+ & vigils1 ) a bald head1 a long be>d ( a r$di% col\r1 & eyebr[s ! same4 ,he is always ! la/ 9 a s]ies ( ! ,f\r ,greek ,fa!rs1 &1 ?\gh (t5 occurr+ 9 ,greek ,art1 ! popul>ity ( ,/4 ,gregory ! ,,great has completely bani%$ ,/4 ,gregory ! ,,poet f ,we/]n ,art4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 a v valuable & s+ul> monum5t to ! hon\r ( ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 9 ! ,greek ,,ms4 ( 8 s]mons pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,p>is1 & adorn$ ) ,byzant9e m9iatures1 :i* mu/ once h be5 beautiful & brilliant3 ru9$ z !y are1 !y pres5t "s ( ! mo/ anci5t examples :i* rema9 to u ( ! treatm5t ( _m sacr$ subjects f ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & give a high idea ( ! classic ta/e & ! skill ( ! ,byzant9e limn]s ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,besides ! sacr$ subjects1 we h num]\s sc5es int]sp]s$ f ! life ( ,gregory himself1 8 fri5d ,/4 ,basil1 & ! ,emp]or ,!odosius4 ,z ^! are subjects :i* are exceptional1 ,i ne$ n describe !m4 ,( ! /yle ( ! m9iatures ,i h already spok51 & giv5 "o example 7v4 p4 #ge74 ,,/4 ,,cyril4 ,lat4 ,s4 ,cyrillus4 ,ital4 ,san ,cirillo4 ,fr4 ,/4 ,cyrille4 7,jan4 #bh1 ,a4,d4 #ddd47 ,/4 ,cyril1 ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria f ! ye> #dab to #ddd1 0 fam\s 9 8 "t z deeply engag$ 9 all ! conte/s :i* di/urb$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,he has left a great numb] ( !ological writ+s1 :i* are reg>d$ z au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,he1 appe>s to h be5 viol5t aga9/ ! s-call$ h]esies ( t day1 & oppos$ ,ne/orius ) ! same det]m9$ zeal & inexorable firmness ) :i* ,a?anasius _h oppos$ ,arius4 ,! asc5d5cy ( ,cyril 0 disgrac$ by ! dea? ( ! fam\s female ma!matician & philosoph] ,hypatia1 murd]$ ) horrible cruelty1 & )9 ! walls ( a *ur*1 by ! fanatic foll[]s ( ! ,patri>*1 if he did n himself connive at x4 ,he is mu* m v5]at$ 9 ! ,greek ?an 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,greek repres5tations he is ! only bi%op :o has 8 head cov]$2 he we>s a veil or hood1 com+ ov] 8 head1 fall+ d[n on 8 %\ld]s1 & ! front embroid]$ ) a cross1 z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,) ! ,greek ,fa!rs ,i conclude ! li/ ( ^? sa9ts :o are g5]ally repres5t$ 9 _! collective "*1 gr\p$1 or 9 a s]ies4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,/4 ,m>?a1 ,/4 ,laz>us1 ,/4 ,m>mn1 ,/4 ,m>cella1 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt1 & ! ,beatifi$ ,p5it5ts4 ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,magdal5e4 ,lat4 ,sancta ,m>ia ,magdal5a4 ,ital4 ,santa ,m>ia ,maddal5a4 ,fr4 ,la ,madele9e4 ,la ,sa9te ,demoiselle p*]esse4 7,july #bb1 ,a4,d4 #fh47 ,patroness ( ,prov5ce1 ( ,m>seilles1 & ( frail & p5it5t wom54 ,( all ! p]sonages :o figure 9 hi/ory1 9 poetry1 9 art1 ,m>y ,magdal5e is at once ! mo/ unreal & ! mo/ real3--! mo/ unreal1 if we attempt to fix h] id5tity1 :i* has be5 a subject ( dispute = ages2 ! mo/ real1 if we consid] h] z hav+ be51 = ages1 recognis$ & accept$ 9 e ,*ri/ian he>t z ! imp]sonation ( ! p5it5t s9n] absolv$ ?r\gh fai? & love4 ,9 ?is1 h] my?ic "*1 %e has be5 surr\nd$ by associations :i* h become fix$ 9 ! imag9ation1 & :i* no reason+1 no array ( facts1 c dispel4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into disput$ po9ts ( biblical criticism2 !y are q beside our pres5t purpose4 ,:e!r ,m>y ,magdal5e1 #8out ( :om ,jesus ca/ sev5 devils1' ,m>y ( ,be?any1 & ! #8woman :o 0 a s9n]1' be1 z "s au?orities ass]t1 ?ree di/9ct p]sons1 or1 z o!rs affirm1 "o & ! same individual "u diff]5t designations1 rema9s a "q op5 to dispute1 no?+ hav+ be5 demon/rat$ on ei!r side1 f ,scripture or f tradition2 & ,i _c presume ev5 to give an op9ion :]e doctors--& doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 too--disagree2 ,orig5 & ,/4 ,*ryso/om tak+ "o side ( ! "q1 ,/4 ,clem5t & ,/4 ,gregory ! o!r4 ,fleury1 aft] cit+ ! op9ions ( bo? sides1 ?us beautifully sums up ! :ole "q3--#8,il importe de ne pas croire tmrairem5t ce que l'vangile ne dit po9t1 et de ne pas mettre la religion suivre aveuglem5t t\tes les op9ions populaires3 la foi e/ trop prcieuse p\r la prodigu] a9si2 mais la *>it l'e/ encore plus2 et ce qui e/ le plus important1 c'e/ d'vit] les disputes qui peuv5t l'altr] tant soit peu4' ,& ?is is mo/ true2--9 8 "t ! fa/ hold :i* ! ,magdal5e _h tak5 ( ! affections ( ! p 0 n to be %ak5 by !ological rese>*es & d\bts4 ,"h critical accuracy 0 no?+ less ?an pr(anation & scepticism1 & to h attack$ ! sanctity ( ! ,bless$ ,m>y ,magdal5e w\ld h embitt]$ & ali5at$ _m k9dly & _m believ+ spirits4 ,x is difficult to treat ( ,m>y ,magdal5e2 & ?is difficulty w\ld be increas$ inf9itely if x 7 absolutely necess>y to ent] on ! mu*-vex$ "q ( h] scriptural "* & id5tity3 "o ?+ only appeals c]ta91--t su* a p]son1 :atev] might h be5 h] v]itable appellation1 did exi/4 ,! woman :o1 "u ! "n ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1--:e!r t "n be rightfully or wrongfully be/[$1--/&s be=e u1 sanctifi$ 9 ! imag9ation & 9 ! fai? ( ! p 9 h] comb9$ "* ( ,s9n] & ( ,sa9t1 z ! fir/-fruits ( ,*ri/ian p5it5ce1--is a reality1 & n a fiction4 ,ev5 if we w\ld1 we _c d away ) ! associations insep>ably connect$ ) h] "n & h] image4 ,( all ^? to :om mu* has be5 =giv51 %e 0 ! fir/3 ( all ! te>s s9ce ruefully %$ at ! foot ( ! cross ( suff]+1 h]s 7 ! fir/3 ( all ! hopes :i* ! ,resurrection has s9ce diffus$ ?r\gh nations & g5]ations ( m51 h]s 7 ! fir/4 ,to h] sorr[ful image h[ _m h look$ up ?r\gh te>s1 & bless$ ! p>don+ grace ( :i* %e 0 ! symbol--or r ! imp]sonation6 ,( ! female sa9ts1 "s 7 ! *os5 patrons ( c]ta9 virtues--o!rs ( c]ta9 vocations2 b ! accept$ & glorifi$ p5it5t ?rew h] mantle ov] all1 & m especially ov] ^? ( h] own sex1 :o1 hav+ gone a/ray1 7 recall$ f error & f %ame1 & laid d[n _! wrongs1 _! sorr[s1 & _! s9s 9 trembl+ humility at ! feet ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,nor is x only ! popul>ity ( ,m>y ,magdal5e z ! repres5tative & ! patroness ( rep5tant s9n]s :i* has multipli$ h] image ?r\gh all ,*ri/5dom4 ,z a subject = pa9t+1 ,:e!r ! fair "o s9n] x or sa9t x1 x is ri* 9 picturesque capabilities4 ,x comb9es all t c inspire1 ) all t c *a/5 ! fancy2 yet1 :5 we review :at has be5 done1 h[ inadequate ! result6 ,9 no class ( subjects h ! mi/akes ( ! pa9t]s1 ev5 ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 be5 s conspicu\s z 9 ! repres5tation ( ! p5it5t ,magdal5e2 & x mu/ be all[$ t1 ) all its advantages & attractions1 x is a subject full ( p]ils & difficulties4 ,:]e ! p5it5t prevails1 ! sa9t appe>s degrad$2 :]e ! wa/$1 unclad =m is se5 att5uat$ by vigils & expos$ 9 hagg>d unseeml9ess1 x is a violation ( t fir/ great rule ( ,art :i* =bids ! repulsive & ! pa9ful4 ,& h]e9 lies ! fault ( ! e>li] s*ools1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! old ,greek & ,g]man pa9t]s2--_! matt]-(-fact ugl9ess w\ld be intol]able1 if n r$eem$ by ! int5tion & s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e s5sual beauty has obvi\sly be5 ! p>am\nt idea 9 ! arti/'s "w1 defeat+ its holie/ purpose & p]v]t+ its high significance1 ! violation ( ! moral s5tim5t is yet m revolt+4 ,?is is especially ! fault ( ! lat] pa9t]s1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! s*ools ( ,v5ice & ,bologna3 :ile ! ,fr5* pa9t]s are yet worse1 add+ affectation to lic5ti\sness ( s5tim5t2 ! ,abb ,mry exclaims ) reasonable & pi\s indignation aga9/ t #8air de galant]ie' :i* 9 8 "t 0 reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,! #8l>moyantes' p5it5ts ( ,greuze--,magdal5es la ,pompad\r--are m objectionable to my ta/e ?an ^? ( ,rub5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i %all give ! leg5d ( ! ,magdal5e "h z x 0 accept$ by ! p1 & embodi$ by ! arts1 ( ! middle ages1 sett+ aside ^? ,ea/]n traditions :i* repres5t ! ,m>y ( ,be?any & ! ,magdal5e z di/9ct p]sonages1 & place ! dea? & burial-place ( ,m>y ,magdal5e at ,ephesus4 ,our bus9ess is ) ! ,we/]n leg5d1 :i* has be5 ! au?ority = ,we/]n ,art4 ,?is leg5d1 besides attribut+ to "o individual1 & bl5d+ into "o n>rative1 ! v few scatt]$ notices 9 ! ,gospels1 has add$ "s o!r incid5ts1 inconceivably wild & incr$ible1 leav+ h]1 h[ev]1 ! inv>iable attributes ( ! frail lov+ woman1 ! sorr[+ p5it5t1 & ! dev\t en?usia/ic sa9t4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 ( ! di/rict ( ,magdala1 on ! %ores ( ! sea ( ,galilee1 :]e /ood h] ca/le1 call$ ,magdalon2 %e 0 ! si/] ( ,laz>us & ( ,m>?a1 & !y 7 ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts reput$ noble1 or1 z "s say1 ( royal race4 ,on ! dea? ( _! fa!r1 ,syrus1 !y inh]it$ va/ ri*es & possessions 9 l&1 :i* 7 equally divid$ betwe5 !m4 ,laz>us betook himself to ! milit>y life2 ,m>?a rul$ h] possessions ) great discretion1 & 0 a model ( virtue & propriety1-- p]haps a little too mu* addict$ to worldly c>es3 ,m>y1 on ! contr>y1 ab&on$ h]self to luxuri\s pleasures1 & became at l5g? s notori\s = h] dissolute life1 t %e 0 kn[n ?r\gh all ! c\ntry r\nd only z #8,,! ,,s9n]4' ,h] discreet si/]1 ,m>?a1 frequ5tly rebuk$ h] = ^! disord]s1 & at l5g? p]suad$ h] to li/5 to ! exhortations ( ,jesus1 ?r\gh :i* h] he>t 0 t\*$ & conv]t$4 ,! sev5 demons :i* possess$ h]1 & :i* 7 expell$ by ! p[] ( ! ,"l1 7 ! sev5 deadly s9s to :i* %e 0 giv5 ov] be=e h] conv]sion4 ,on "o occasion ,m>?a ent]ta9$ ! ,savi\r 9 h] h\se1 &1 be+ anxi\s to fea/ him wor?ily1 %e 0 #8cumb]$ ) mu* s]v+4' ,m>y1 mean:ile1 sat at ! feet ( ,jesus1 & he>d 8 words1 :i* complet$ ! good "w ( h] conv]sion2 & :51 "s "t aft]w>ds1 he supp$ 9 ! h\se ( ,simon ! ,ph>isee1 %e foll[$ him ?i!r1 #8& %e br\ght an alaba/] box ( o9tm5t1 & began to wa% 8 feet ) te>s1 & did wipe !m ) ! hair ( h] head1 & kiss$ 8 feet1 & ano9t$ !m ) o9tm5t2 & ,he said unto h]1 ,?y s9s are =giv54' ,%e became aft]w>ds "o ( ! mo/ devot$ ( 8 foll[]s2 #8m9i/]$ to him ( h] sub/ance2' att5d$ him to ,calv>y1 & /ood weep+ at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,%e1 ) ! o!r ,m>y1 wat*$ by 8 tomb1 & 0 ! fir/ to :om he appe>$ aft] ! resurrection2 h] unfalt]+ fai?1 m+l$ z x 0 ) ! int5se/ grief & love1 obta9$ = h] ?is peculi> m>k ( fav\r4 ,x is assum$ by sev]al comm5tators t our ,savi\r appe>$ fir/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e because %e1 ( all ^? :om he _h left on e>?1 _h mo/ ne$ ( consolation3--#8,! disciples w5t away to _! own home2 b ,m>y /ood )\t ! sepul*re1 weep+4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> ! notices 9 ! ,gospel & ! sugge/ions ( comm5tators3 ! old ,prov5al leg5d !n cont9ues ! /ory4 ,aft] ! asc5sion1 ,laz>us ) 8 two si/]s1 ,m>?a & ,m>y2 ) ,maxim91 "o ( ! sev5ty-two disciples1 f :om !y _h receiv$ baptism2 ,c$on1 ! bl9d man :om our ,savi\r _h re/or$ to sight2 & ,m>cella1 ! h&maid5 :o att5d$ on ! two si/]s1 7 by ! hea!ns set adrift 9 a vessel )\t sails1 o>s1 or rudd]2 b1 guid$ by ,provid5ce1 !y 7 safely borne ov] ! sea till !y l&$ 9 a c]ta9 h>b\r :i* prov$ to be ,m>seilles1 9 ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,france4 ,! p ( ! l& 7 pagans1 & refus$ to give ! holy pilgrims food or %elt]2 s !y 7 fa9 to take refuge "u ! por* ( a temple2 & ,m>y ,magdal5e prea*$ to ! p1 reproa*+ !m = _! s5seless wor%ip ( dumb idols2 & ?\gh at fir/ !y w\ld n li/51 yet be+ aft] a "t conv9c$ by h] eloqu5ce1 & by ! miracles p]=m$ by h] & by h] si/]1 !y 7 conv]t$ & baptiz$4 ,& ,laz>us became1 aft] ! dea? ( ! good ,maxim91 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,m>seilles4 ,^! ?+s be+ accompli%$1 ,m>y ,magdal5e retir$ to a des]t n f> f ! city4 ,x 0 a frightful b>r5 wild]ness1 9 ! mid/ ( horrid rocks & caves3 & "h = ?irty ye>s %e devot$ h]self to solit>y p5ance = ! s9s ( h] pa/ life1 :i* %e _h nev] ceas$ to bewail bitt]ly4 ,dur+ ?is long seclusion1 %e 0 nev] se5 or he>d (1 & x 0 suppos$ t %e 0 dead4 ,%e fa/$ s rigor\sly1 t b = ! occasional visits ( ! angels1 & ! com=t be/[$ by cele/ial visions1 %e mu/ h p]i%$4 ,e day dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( h] p5ance1 ! angels came d[n f heav5 & c>ri$ h] up 9 _! arms into regions :]e %e 0 ravi%$ by ! s\nds ( une>?ly h>mony1 & beheld ! glory & ! joy prep>$ = ! s9n] t rep5te?4 ,"o day a c]ta9 h]mit1 :o dwelt 9 a cell on "o ( ^? wild m\nta9s1 hav+ w&]$ f>!r ?an usual f 8 home1 beheld ?is wondr\s vision--! ,magdal5e 9 ! arms ( asc5d+ angels1 :o 7 s++ songs ( triumph z !y bore h] upw>ds2 & ! h]mit1 :5 he _h a little recov]$ f 8 amazem5t1 return$ to ! city ( ,m>seilles1 & report$ :at he _h se54 ,accord+ to "s ( ! leg5ds1 ,m>y ,magdal5e di$ )9 ! walls ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 aft] receiv+ ! sacram5t f ! h& ( ,/4 ,maxim92 b ! m popul> acc\nts repres5t h] z dy+ 9 h] solitude1 :ile angels wat*$ ov] & m9i/]$ to h]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 an era ( religi\s excitem5t all ov] ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,a sudd5 fit ( p5it5ce--#8una subita compunzione1' z an ,italian au?or calls x--seiz$ all he>ts2 relics & pilgrimages1 & p5ances & mona/ic ord9ances1 fill$ all m9ds4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 c]ta9 rema9s1 suppos$ to be ^? ( ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,laz>us1 7 discov]$ at a place s9ce call$ ,/4 ,maxim91 ab\t tw5ty miles nor? ( ,t\lon4 ,! discov]y /rongly excit$ ! devotion & en?usiasm ( ! p2 & a *ur* 0 f\nd$ on ! spot by ,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce 7! bro!r ( ,/4 ,l\is71 z e>ly z #abgi4 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 ?is pr9ce 0 vanqui%$ & tak5 prison] by ! k+ ( ,aragon1 & :5 at l5g? set free aft] a long captivity1 he ascrib$ 8 deliv]ance p>ticul>ly to ! int]cession ( 8 *os5 patroness1 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,?is incid5t greatly ext5d$ h] fame z a sa9t ( p[]2 & f ?is "t we may date h] popul>ity1 & ^? sculptural & pictorial repres5tations ( h]1 "u v>i\s aspects1 :i*1 f ! f\rte5? c5tury to ! pres5t "t1 h s multipli$1 t sc>cely any ,ca?olic place ( wor%ip is to be f\nd )\t h] image4 ,9 fact1 x is difficult = u1 9 ^! days1 to conceive1 f> m difficult to sympa?ise )1 ! passionate admiration & devotion ) :i* %e 0 reg>d$ by h] vot>ies 9 ! middle ages4 ,! imput$ s9fulness ( h] life only br\ght h] ne>] to !m4 ,^? :o did n d>e to lift up _! eyes to ! m sa9tly models ( purity & hol9ess1--to ! m>tyrs :o _h suff]$ 9 ! cause ( *a/ity1--took c\rage to invoke h] int]cession4 ,! extravagant titles be/[$ ^u h] 9 ! middle ages--#8l'amante de ,jsus-,*ri/1' #8la bi5-aime du ,sauveur1' #8la trs-sa9cte demoiselle p*]esse1'--& o!rs :i* ,i %\ld h>dly d>e to transcribe1 %[ ! _s 9 :i* %e 0 wor%ipp$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & ! k9d ( *ivalr\s s5tim5t :i* m+l$ ) ! devotion ( h] ador]s4 ,i f\nd 9 an old ,fr5* s]mon a eulogium ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 :i* = its eloqu5ce & +5uity seems to me )\t a p>allel4 ,! prea*]1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! excesses :i* br\ght h] a p5it5t to ! feet ( ,*ri/1 is p]fectly sc&alis$ t %e %\ld be put on a p> ) common s9n]s ( ! same class1 & t on ! fai? ( a passage 9 ,/4 ,luke1 #8on a os fltrir une des plus belles mes qui soi5t jamais sorties des ma9s du ,crateur6' ,he r glorifies h] z a k9d ( ,aspasia1 to :om1 inde$1 he 9 a mann] comp>es h]4#big ,! traditional sc5e ( ! p5ance ( ! ,magdal5e1 a wild spot betwe5 ,t\lon & ,m>seilles1 is ! site ( a fam\s conv5t call$ ,la ,sa9te ,beaume 7:i* 9 ! ,prov5al tongue signifies ,holy ,cave71 =m]ly a mu* frequ5t$ place ( pilgrimage4 ,x is built on ! v]ge ( a =midable precipice2 ne> x is ! grotto 9 :i* ! sa9t resid$2 & to ,m\nt ,pilon1 a rocky po9t ab\t six hundr$ feet above ! grotto1 ! angels bore h] sev5 times a day to pray4 ,?is conv5t 0 de/roy$ & pillag$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x 0 fill$ ) relics & works ( art1 ref]r+ to ! life & ! wor%ip ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,b ! mo/ sumptu\s fane ev] erect$ to h] special hon\r is t :i*1 ( late ye>s1 has aris5 9 ! city ( ,p>is4 ,! *ur*1 or r ! temple1 ( ,la ,madele9e /&s an excell+ monum5t1 if n ( mod]n piety1 at lea/ ( mod]n ,art4 ,x is built on ! model ( ! temple ( ,jupit] at ,a!ns3-- ,t noble type is realis$ aga9 ,9 p]fect =m2 & d$icate--to :om8 ,to a poor ,syrian girl ( l[lie/ "n-- ,a hapless creature1 pitiful & frail ,z ev] wore h] life 9 s9 & %ame6 ,r4 ,m4 ,,milnes4 ,! sa9t1 :e!r %e 7 #8! l[ly ,syrian girl' or ! #8,pr9cess ( ,magdala1' w\ld be equally a/oni%$ to behold h]self ?us hon\r$ ) a sort ( pagan magnific5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a luxuri\s capital1 & by a p m rem>kable = sc(f+ ?an = pray+4 ,ev5 9 ! successive vicissitudes ( ?is spl5did edifice !re is some?+ /range4 ,t :i* is n[ ! temple ( ! l[ly p5it5t 01 a few ye>s ago1 ,le ,temple de la ,gloire4 ,let u n[ turn to ^? *>act]i/ic repres5tations ) :i* pa9t+ & sculpture h made u famili>1 & = :i* bo? ,scripture & leg5d>y tradition h furni%$ ! au?ority & ! gr\ndwork4 ,^! are s num]\s & s inf9itely v>i$ t ,i f9d x necess>y "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 to arrange !m "u sev]al heads4 ,! devotional repres5tations may be divid$ into two classes4 #a4 ,^? :i* repres5t ! ,magdal5e z patron sa9t4 #b4 ,^? :i* repres5t h] p5it5ce 9 ! des]t4 ,! hi/orical subjects may also be divid$ into two classes4 #a4 ,^? sc5es f ,gospel /ory 9 :i* ,m>y ,magdal5e figures z a *ief or conspicu\s p]sonage4 #b4 ,! sc5es tak5 f h] leg5d>y life4 ,9 all ^! subjects ! accompany+ attribute is ! alaba/] box ( o9tm5t2 :i* has a d\ble significance3 x may be ! p]fume :i* %e p\r$ ov] ! feet ( ! ,savi\r1 or ! balm & spices :i* %e _h prep>$ to ano9t 8 body4 ,sometimes %e c>ries x 9 h] h&1 sometimes x /&s at h] feet1 or ne> h]2 frequ5tly1 9 lat] pictures1 x is borne by an att5dant angel4 ,! %ape v>ies ) ! fancy ( ! arti/2 x is a small vase1 a casket1 a box1 a cup ) a cov]2 m or less ornam5t$1 m or less graceful 9 =m2 b always !re--! symbol at once ( h] conv]sion & h] love1 & s peculi> t x c leave no d\bt ( h] id5tity4 ,h] drap]y 9 ! anci5t pictures is usually r$1 to express ! f]v\r ( h] love2 9 mod]n repres5tations1 & :]e %e figures z p5it5t1 x is ei!r blue or violet2 violet1 ! col\r ( m\rn+ & p5it5ce--blue1 ! col\r ( con/ancy4 ,to express bo? ! love & ! sorr[1 %e sometimes we>s a violet-col\r$ tunic & a r$ mantle4 ,! luxuriant hair ought to be fair or gold54 ,d>k-hair$ ,magdal5es1 z f> z ,i c rememb]1 belong exclusively to ! ,spani% s*ool4 #a4 ,:5 exhibit$ to u z ! patron sa9t ( rep5tant s9n]s1 ,m>y ,magdal5e is sometimes a ?9 wa/$ figure ) long di%evell$ hair1 ( a pale gold5 hue1 fall+ ov] h] %\ld]s almo/ to ! gr\nd2 sometimes a sk9 or a piece ( l95 is ti$ r\nd h] lo9s1 b n seldom h] sole drap]y is h] long r$undant hair4 ,! mo/ anci5t s+le figure ( ?is "* to :i* ,i c ref] is an old picture 9 ! ,byzant9e mann]1 z old p]haps z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce4 ,%e is /&+ z patroness1 cov]$ only by h] long hair1 :i* falls 9 d>k br[n masses to h] feet3 ! col\r1 ,i imag9e1 0 orig9ally mu* light]4 ,%e is a meagre1 hagg>d1 grim-look+ figure1 & holds 9 h] h& a scroll1 on :i* is inscrib$ 9 anci5t ,go?ic lett]s-- ,ne despectetis ,vos qui pecc>e soletis ,exemplo meo ,vos rep>ate ,deo4#bih ,rude & unattractive z is ?is specim5 ( anci5t ,art1 ,i c\ld n look at x )\t ?9k+ h[ (t5 x mu/ h spok5 hope & peace to ! s\l ( ! trembl+ s9n]1 9 days :5 x hung1 n 9 a picture-gall]y to be criticis$1 b 9 a %r9e to be wor%ipp$4 ,ar\nd ?is figure1 9 ! mann] ( ! old alt>-pieces1 are six small squ>e comp>tm5ts conta9+ sc5es f h] life4 ,illu/ration3 #ia ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,donatello7 ,! fam\s /atue c>v$ 9 wood by ,donatello1 9 po9t ( "* may be ref]r$ to ?is class ( subjects3 %e /&s ov] h] alt> 9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce1 ) clasp$ h&s1 ! head rais$ 9 pray]2 ! =m is v expressive ( wa/+ grief & p5ance1 b too meagre = beauty4 #8,egli1 la volle spec*io alle p5it5ti1 non incitam5to alla cupidizia degli sgu>di1 come av5ne ad altri arti/i1' says ,cicogn>a2 &1 all[+ t beauty has be5 sacrific$ to expression1 he adds1 #8b if ,donatello _h done all1 :at w\ld h rema9$ = ,canova8' ,t :i* rema9$ = ,canova to d1 he has done2 he has made h] z lovely z possible1 & he has dramatis$ ! s5tim5t3 %e is m ! p5it5t ?an ! patron sa9t4 ,! display ( ! beautiful limbs is *a/5$ by ! humility ( ! attitude--half kneel+1 half pro/rate2 by ! expression ( ! droop+ head--#8all sorr['s s(tness *>m$ f its despair4' ,h] eyes are fix$ on ! cross :i* lies ext5d$ on h] knees2 & %e weeps--n s mu* h] own pa/ s9s1 z ! sacrifice x has co/ to r$eem !m4 ,?is is ! prevail+ s5tim5t1 or1 z ! ,g]mans w\ld call x1 ! motive ( ! repres5tation1 to :i* ,i %\ld feel incl9$ to object z defici5t 9 dignity & sev]ity1 & bord]+ too mu* on ! g5re & dramatic /yle3 b ! execution is almo/ faultless4 ,v beautiful is ano!r mod]n /atue ( ! p5it5t ,magdal5e1 execut$ 9 m>ble = ! ,c\nt d',espagnac1 by ,m4 ,h5ri de ,triqueti4 ,%e is half seat$1 half recl9+ on a fragm5t ( rock1 & press+ to h] bosom a cr[n ( ?orns1 at once ! m\rn] & ! p5it5t3 ! sorr[ is n = h]self alone4 ,illu/ration3 #ib ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,lucas v4 ,leyd57 ,b1 9 h] "* ( patron sa9t1 ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 n always repres5t$ ) ! squalid or pa!tic attributes ( humiliation & p5ance4 ,%e became idealis$ z a noble dignifi$ creature be>+ no traces ( s9 or ( sorr[ on h] beautiful face2 h] luxuriant hair b\nd 9 tresses r\nd h] head2 h] drap]y ri* & ample2 ! vase ( o9tm5t 9 h] h& or at h] feet1 or borne by an angel ne> h]4 ,n unfrequ5tly %e is attir$ ) ! utmo/ magnific5ce1 ei!r 9 ref]5ce to h] =m] /ate ( worldly prosp]ity1 or r1 p]haps1 t ) ! old] pa9t]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 x 0 a common cu/om to clo! all ! ideal figures ( female sa9ts 9 ri* habits4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies su* repres5tations ( ! ,magdal5e are usual bo? 9 ,italian & ,g]man ,art4 ,a beautiful in/ance may be se5 9 a picture by ,signorelli1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,orvieto1 :]e %e is /&+ 9 a l&scape1 h] head uncov]$1 & ! ri* gold5 hair p>tly braid$1 p>tly fl[+ ov] h] %\ld]s2 %e we>s a magnific5t tunic embroid]$ ) gold1 ov] x a fl[+ mantle desc5d+ to h] feet2 %e holds ! vase ) h] left h&1 & po9ts to x ) h] "r4 ,if x 7 n = ! sa9tly aureole encircl+ h] head1 ?is figure1 & o!rs simil> to x1 might be mi/ak5 = ,p&ora4 ,see1 = example1 ! fam\s pr9t by ,lucas v4 ,leyd51 :]e %e /&s on cl\ds ) an embroid]$ coif & fl[+ mantle1 hold+ ! vase 9 h] left h&1 & lift+ ! cov] ) h] "r 79 ! sket* x is rev]s$73 & 9 ! half-l5g? by ,leon>do1 or "o ( 8 s*ool4 ,! want ( a religi\s s5tim5t gives su* figures a v hea!n & ,p&ora look1 s t ! aureole alone fixes ! id5tity4 ,?is is n ! case ) a noble ,magdal5e by ,d5nis ,calv]t1 9 ! ,manfr9i ,palace at ,v5ice4 ,%e is /&+ 9 a f9e bold l&scape2 "o h& su/a9s h] ample crimson drap]y1 ! o!r holds h] vase2 h] fair hair falls 9 masses ov] h] %\ld]s1 & %e looks d[n on h] wor%ipp]s ) a s]i\s dignifi$ compassion4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ pictures ( ! lat] ,bologna s*ool1 f9] & tru] 9 s5tim5t ?an any ( ! ,c>acci & ,guido ,magdal5es4 ,9 ?is h] :olly div9e & ideal "* ( sa9t & int]cessor1 ,m>y ,magdal5e is (t5 mo/ beautifully introduc$ z /&+ ne> ! ?rone ( ! ,virg91 or z gr\p$ ) o!r sa9ts4 ,9 two ( ! mo/ fam\s pictures 9 ! _w %e is ?us repres5t$4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,cecilia ( ,raphael1 %e /&s on ! left1 ,/4 ,paul be+ on ! "r ( ! pr9cipal figure2 !y are "h significant ( ! conv]sion ( ! man ?r\gh p[]1 ( ! woman ?r\gh love1 f a /ate ( reprobation to a /ate ( reconcilem5t & grace4 ,/4 ,paul leans 9 deep m$itation on 8 sword4 ,m>y ,magdal5e is habit$ 9 ample drap]y ( blue & violet1 :i* %e su/a9s ) "o h&1 & be>s ! vase 9 ! o!r4 ,%e looks out ( ! picture ) a b5ign c\nt5ance & a p>ticul>ly graceful turn ( ! head4 ,raphael's orig9al design = ?is picture 7engrav$ by ,m>c ,antonio7 is1 h[ev]1 pref]able 9 ! s5tim5t giv5 to ! ,magdal5e3 %e does n look out ( ! picture1 b %e looks up3 %e also he>s ! div9e music :i* has ravi%$ ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,9 ! picture %e is ei!r unconsci\s or inatt5tive4 ,9 ! n less celebrat$ ,/4 ,j]ome ( ,correggio %e is on ! left ( ! ,madonna1 b5d+ d[n ) an expression ( ! deepe/ adoration to kiss ! feet ( ! infant ,*ri/1 :ile an angel beh9d holds up ! vase ( o9tm5t3 ?us recall+ to our m9ds1 & %ad[+ =? 9 ! mo/ poetical mann]1 t memorable act ( love & homage r5d]$ at ! feet ( ! ,savi\r4 ,p>migiano has repres5t$ h]1 9 a ,madonna picture1 z /&+ on "o side1 & ! prophet ,isaiah on ! o!r4 ,"l ,a%burton has a f9e picture by ,correggio1 9 :i* we h ! same ideal repres5tation3 %e is "h gr\p$ ) ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 & ,/4 ,leon>do4 ,!re are two classes ( subjects 9 :i* ,m>y ,magdal5e is ri*ly habit$1 & :i* mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$2 ^? above describ$1 9 :i* %e figures z patron sa9t1 & ^? :i* repres5t h] be=e h] conv]sion1 z ! vot>y ( luxury & pleasure4 ,9 ! same mann] we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% ^? figures ( ! p5it5t ,magdal5e :i* are :olly devotional 9 "* & int5tion1 & :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ! fir/ class1 f ^? :i* repres5t h] 9 ! act ( do+ p5ance1 & :i* are r dramatic & s5tim5tal ?an devotional4 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,! p5ance ( ! ,magdal5e is a subject :i* has become1 l ! p5ance ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 a symbol ( ,*ri/ian p5it5ce1 b /ill m ende>$ to ! popul> imag9ation by m affect+ & attractive associations1 & ev5 m em95tly picturesque1--s tempt+ to ! arti/s1 t by _! own pr$ilection = x !y h assi/$ 9 mak+ x univ]sal4 ,9 ! display ( luxuriant female =ms1 %ad[$ 7n hidd57 by r$undant fair hair1 & flung 9 all ! ab&on ( solitude1 amid ! dep? ( leafy recesses1 or reliev$ by ! d>k umbrage\s rocks2 9 ! association ( love & beauty ) ! symbols ( dea? & sorr[ & utt] humiliation2 ! pa9t]s _h ample scope1 ample mat]ial1 = ! ex]cise ( _! imag9ation1 & ! display ( _! skill3 & :at has be5 ! result8 ,!y h abus$ ^! capabilities ev5 to lic5ce2 !y h exhau/$ ! res\rces ( ,art 9 ! attempt to v>y ! del9eation2 & yet h[ seldom has ! ideal ( ?is mo/ exquisite subject be5--,i w n say realis$--b ev5 approa*$8 ,we h ,magdal5es :o look z if !y nev] c\ld h s9n$1 & o!rs :o look z if !y nev] c\ld h rep5t$2 we h ,v5etian ,magdal5es ) ! air ( c\rtesans1 & ,flor5t9e ,magdal5es ) ! air ( ,ariadnes2 & ,bolognese ,magdal5es l s5tim5tal ,niobes2 & ,fr5* ,magdal5es1 moiti galantes1 moiti dvotes2 & ,dut* ,magdal5es1 :o wr+ _! h&s l rep5tant wa%]wom54 ,! ,magdal5es ( ,rub5s rem9d u ( no?+ s mu* z ( ! #8un=tunate ,miss ,bailey2' & ! ,magdal5es ( ,van ,dyck are f9e ladies :o h turn$ ,me?odi/s4 ,b ,m>y ,magdal5e1 su* z we h conceiv$ h]1 m\rnful yet hopeful1--t5d] yet dignifi$1--worn ) grief & fa/+1 yet radiant ) ! gl[ ( love & fai?1 & clo!d ) ! beauty ( hol9ess1--is an ideal :i* pa9t+ has n yet realis$4 ,is x beyond ! rea* ( ,art8 ,we might h answ]$ ?is "q1 _h ,raphael attempt$ x2--b he has n4 ,8 ,magdal5e at ! feet ( ,*ri/ is yet un=giv5--! =lorn ca/away1 n ! dev\t p5it5t4 ,! ,magdal5e do+ p5ance 9 h] rocky des]t fir/ became a popul> subject 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 9 ! sev5te5? x 0 at ! height ( fav\r4 ,!re are two di/9ct v]sions ( ! subject1 inf9itely v>i$ z to detail & s5tim5t3 ei!r %e is repres5t$ z bewail+ h] s9s1 or z reconcil$ to ,heav54 ,9 ! =m] treatm5t %e lies pro/rate on ! e>?1 or %e is /&+ or kneel+ at ! entrance ( ! cave 79 "s ( ! old illum9at$ missals ! upp] "p ( h] body is se5 em]g+ f a cave1 or r a hole 9 ! gr\nd71 ! h&s clasp$1 or ext5d$ t[>ds heav52 ! eyes /ream+ ) te>s2 ! long yell[ hair float+ ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,! crucifix1 ! skull1 & sometimes ! sc\rge1 are introduc$ z emblems ( fai?1 mortality1 & p5ance2 weep+ angels pres5t a cr[n ( ?orns4 ,9 ! latt] treatm5t %e is read+ or m$itat+2 ! expression is s]5e or hopeful2 a book lies beside ! skull2 angels pres5t ! palm1 or scatt] fl[]s2 a vision ( glory is se5 9 ! skies4 ,! alaba/] box is 9 all cases ! indisp5sable attribute4 ,! eyes are usually rais$1 if n 9 grief1 9 supplication or 9 aspiration4 ,! #8uplift$ eye' z well z ! #8loose hair' became a *>act]i/ic2 b !re are "s exceptions4 ,! conception ( "* & situation1 :i* 0 at fir/ simple1 became m & m picturesque1 & at l5g? !atrical--a m]e vehicle = s5tim5t & attitude4 #a4 ,! e>lie/ example ,i c rememb] ( ! ,p5it5t ,magdal5e1 dramatically treat$1 rema9s z yet unsurpass$1--! read+ ,magdal5e ( ,correggio1 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,?is lovely creation has only "o fault ! virg9al beauty is t ( a ,psy*e or a ,s]aph4 ,9 ,oel5s*lg]'s drama ( #8,correggio1' !re is a beautiful description ( ?is f>-fam$ picture2 he calls x #8,die ,gott9n des ,waldes ,frmmigkeit1'--! goddess ( ! religi\s solitude4 ,& 9 tru?1 if we c\ld imag9e ,diana read+ in/ead ( hunt+1 %e might h look$ ?us4 ,oel5s*lg] has made poetical use ( ! tradition t ,correggio pa9t$ ?is ,magdal5e = a poor monk :o 0 8 confessor or physician2 & ?us he makes ,silve/ro comm5t on ! "w3-- ,:at a fair picture6-- ,?is d>k o'erhang+ %ade1 ! long fair hair1 ,! delicate :ite sk91 ! azure robe1 ,! full luxuriant life1 ! grim dea?'s head1 ,! t5d] womanhood1 & ! great book3-- ,^! v>i\s contra/s h y cunn+ly ,br\ght into sweete/ h>mony4 ,b tru]1 at lea/ nobl] 9 s5tim5t1 is ! ,magdal5e by ! same pa9t] 79 ! ,manfr9i ,palace1 ,v5ice71 ( ! same size & simil>ly drap$ 9 d>k blue2 b "h /&+ at ! entrance ( h] cave4 ,%e leans h] elb[ on ! book :i* lies on ! rock1 & appe>s to be m$itat+ on its cont5ts4 ,! head1 se5 9 front1 is gr& & e>ne/1 ) a mass ( fair hair1 a l>ge wide br[1 & deep1 deep eyes full ( my/]y4 ,! expression ( p[] 9 ?is head pleases me especially1 because true to ! "*1 z ,i conceive x4 ,do* i/ es s*n von e9em ,weibe1 me9' i*1 ,e9mal gefall5 wi$] si* zu heb52 ,es gibt sehr w5'ge ,mnn]1 die das knn56 ,yes6 x is good to see a hapless woman1 ,t once has fall51 r$eem h]self6 ,9 tru?1 ,!re be few m51 me?9ks1 c\ld d z mu*4 ,correggio1 ,act i4 ,sc5e #a4 ,i d n "k :y ?is lovely ,manfr9i picture %\ld be s mu* less celebrat$ ?an ! ,dresd5 ,magdal5e3 :ile ! latt] has be5 multipli$ by copies & engrav+s1 ,i d n rememb] a s+le pr9t aft] ! ,manfr9i ,magdal5e4 ,!re is a bad feeble copy 9 ! ,l\vre2#bii ,i "k no o!r4 #b4 ,!re is a celebrat$ picture by ,timoteo della ,vite1 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y4 ,%e is /&+ be=e ! entrance ( h] cav]n1 array$ 9 a crimson mantle2 h] long hair is se5 b5ea? desc5d+ to h] feet2 ! h&s jo9$ 9 pray]1 ! head decl9$ on "o side1 & ! :ole expression t ( girli% innoc5ce & simplicity1 ) a t\* ( ! pa!tic4 ,a m5dicant1 n a ,magdal5e1 is ! idea sugge/$2 &1 = myself1 ,i confess t at ! fir/ glance ,i 0 rem9d$ ( ! little ,r$-,rid+-,hood1 & c\ld ?9k ( no s9 t c\ld h be5 attribut$ to su* a face & figure1 beyond ! break+ ( a pot ( butt]3 yet ! picture is v beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 #ic ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,timoteo della ,vite7 #c4 ,! ,magdal5e ( ,titian 0 s celebrat$ 9 8 own "t1 t he pa9t$ at lea/ five or six repetitions ( x1 & copies & engrav+s h s9ce be5 multipli$4 ,! eyes1 swimm+ 9 te>s1 are rais$ to heav52 ! long di%evell$ hair floats ov] h] %\ld]s2 "o h& is press$ on h] bosom1 ! o!r re/s on ! skull2 ! =ms are full & r\nd1 ! col\r+ ri*2 a book & a box ( o9tm5t lie be=e h] on a fragm5t ( rock4 ,%e is suffici5tly woeful1 b seems r to regret h] pa/ life ?an to rep5t ( x1 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! expression :i* c secure u aga9/ a relapse4 ,titian pa9t$ ! orig9al = ,*>les ,v4 ,8 idea ( ! pose 0 borr[$1 z we are told1 f an antique /atue1 & 8 model 0 a "y girl1 :o be+ fatigu$ ) long /&+1 ! te>s ran d[n h] face1 & ,titian atta9$ ! desir$ expression4'767 ,8 idea !re=e ( ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 ! fusion ( an antique /atue & a girl tak5 out ( ! /reets2 & ) all its beauties z a "w ( art--& v beautiful x is--?is *ef-d'uvre ( ,titian is1 to my ta/e1 mo/ unsatisfactory4 #d4 ,cigoli's ,magdal5e is seat$ on a rock1 veil$ only by h] long hair1 :i* falls ov] ! :ole figure2 ! eyes1 /ill wet ) te>s1 are rais$ to heav52 "o arm is r\nd a skull1 ! "r h& re/s on a book :i* is on h] knees4 #e4 ,! ,magdal5e ( ,c>lo ,cignani1 veil$ 9 h] di%evell$ hair1 & wr++ h] h&s1 is also mo/ affect+ = ! f]v5t expression ( sorr[2 bo? ^! are 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y4#cjj #f4 ,guido1 reg>d$ z ! pa9t] ( ,magdal5es p> excell5ce1 has c>ri$ ?is mi/ake yet f>!r2 he _h ev] ! classical ,niobe 9 8 m9d1 & 8 sa9tly p5it5ts1 ) all _! exce$+ lovel9ess1 appe> to me utt]ly devoid ( t beauty :i* has be5 call$ #8! beauty ( hol9ess2' ! reproa*ful gr&eur ( ! ,niobe is dilut$ into voluptu\s feebl5ess2 ! te>ful face1 ) ! loose gold5 hair & uplift$ eyes1 ( :i* he has giv5 u at lea/ t5 repetitions1 h[ev] *>m+ z art--z pa9t+1 are unsatisfactory z religi\s repres5tations4 ,i _c except ev5 ! beautiful /udy 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 nor ! admir$ full-l5g? 9 ! ,sci>ra ,palace1 at ,rome2 ! latt]1 :5 ,i saw x la/1 appe>$ to me poor & mann]$1 & ! pale col\r+ n m]ely delicate1 b vapid4 ,a head ( ,m>y ,magdal5e read+1 app>5tly a /udy f life1 is1 h[ev]1 9 a gr& /yle4#cja ,illu/ration3 #id ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,murillo7 #g4 ,murillo's ,magdal5e1 9 ! ,l\vre1 kneel+1 ) h&s cross$ on h] bosom1 eyes uprais$1 & p>t$ lips1 has eag] dev\t hope z well z sorr[ 9 ! c\nt5ance4 #h4 ,b turn to ! ,magdal5e ( ,alonzo ,cano1 :i* hangs ne>3 droop+1 neglig5t ( self2 ! v h&s are n]veless1 languid1 dead4#cjb ,no?+ b woe1 guilt1 & mis]y are 9 ! face & attitude3 %e has n yet look$ into ! face ( ,*ri/1 nor sat at 8 feet1 nor he>d f 8 lips1 #8,woman1 ?y s9s be =giv5 !e1' nor d>$ to hope2 x is ! p5it5t only3 ! :ole head is fa9t1 & ! :ole he>t sick4 #i4 ,b ! beautiful ,magdal5e ( ,annibal ,c>acci has he>d ! words ( m]cy2 %e has memories :i* are n ( s9 only2 angelic visions h already come to h] 9 t wild solitude3 %e is seat$ at ! foot ( a tree2 %e leans h] *eek on h] "r h&1 ! o!r re/s on a skull2 %e is 9 deep contemplation2 b h] ?\ghts are n ( dea?3 ! upw>d ard5t look is full ( hope1 & fai?1 & love4 ,! fault ( ?is beautiful little picture lies 9 ! sacrifice ( ! tru? ( ! situation to ! arti/ic feel+ ( beauty--! common fault ( ! s*ool2 ! =ms are l>ge1 r\nd1 full1 unt\*$ by grief & p5ance4 ,illu/ration3 #ie ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,annibal ,c>acci7 #aj4 ,v&yck's ,magdal5es h ! same fault z 8 ,madonnas2 !y are n feeble nor voluptu\s1 b !y are too elegant & ladylike4 ,i rememb]1 = example1 a ,deposition by ,v&yck1 & "o ( 8 f9e/ pictures1 9 :i* ,m>y ,magdal5e kisses ! h& ( ! ,savi\r q ) ! air ( a pr9cess4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( 8 p5it5t ,magdal5es is ! half-l5g? figure ) ! face 9 pr(ile1 b5d+ ) clasp$ h&s ov] ! crucifix2 ! skull & knott$ sc\rge lie on a %elf ( rock beh9d2 und]nea? is ! inscription1 #8,fallit gratia1 et vana e/ pul*ritudo2 muli] tim5s ,dom9um ipsa laudabitur4' 7,prov4 xxxi4 #cj47 #aa4 ,rub5s has giv5 u ?irte5 ,magdal5es1 m or less co>se2 9 "o picture#cjc %e is te>+ h] hair l a disappo9t$ virago2 9 ano!r1 ! expression ( grief is ov]p[]+1 b x is t ( a woman 9 ! h\se ( correction4 ,f ?is sweep+ condemnation ,i mu/ make "o exception2 x is ! picture kn[n z #8,! ,f\r ,p5it5ts4'#cjd ,9 front ! ,magdal5e b[s d[n h] head on h] clasp$ h&s ) su* an expression ( pr(\nd humility z ,rub5s only1 :5 pa9t+ out ( nature & 8 own he>t1 c\ld give4 ,*ri/1 ) an air ( t5d] yet sublime compassion1 looks d[n ^u h]3--#8,?y s9s be =giv5 !e6' ,beh9d ,*ri/ & ! ,magdal5e /& ,pet]1 ,david1 & ,didymus1 ! p5it5t ?ief2 ! faces ( ^! ?ree1 ?r[n into %ad[ to relieve ! two pr9cipal figures1 h a self-abas$1 m\rnful expression4 ,i h nev] se5 any?+ f ! h& ( ,rub5s at once s pure & pa!tic 9 s5tim5t z ?is picture1 :ile ! =ce & tru? ( ! pa9t+ are1 z usual1 wond]ful4 ,no "o %\ld judge ,rub5s :o has n /udi$ him 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,hi/orical ,,subjects f ! life ( ,m>y ,magdal5e are ei!r scriptural or leg5d>y2 & ! "* ( ! ,magdal5e1 z conceiv$ by ! greate/ pa9t]s1 is m di/9ctly express$ 9 ^? scriptural sc5es 9 :i* %e is an important figure1 ?an 9 ! s+le & ideal repres5tations4 ,! illum9at$ ,gospels ( ! n9? c5tury furni% ! olde/ type ( ,m>y1 ! p5it5t & ! si/] ( ,laz>us1 b x diff]s f ! mod]n conception ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,%e is 9 su* subjects a second>y scriptural p]sonage1 "o ( ! accessories 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 & no?+ m3 no attempt 0 made to give h] importance1 ei!r by beauty1 or dignity1 or prom95ce ( place1 till ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! sacr$ subjects 9 :i* %e is introduc$ are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,jesus at supp] ) ,simon ! ,ph>isee4--#8,& %e began to wa% 8 feet ) te>s1 & did wipe !m ) ! hair ( h] head1 & kiss$ 8 feet1 & ano9t$ !m ) o9tm5t4' 7,luke vii4 #cj47 #b4 ,*ri/ is 9 ! h\se ( ,m>?a & ,m>y4--#8,& %e sat at ,jesus' feet1 & he>d 8 words2 b ,m>?a 0 cumb]$ ) mu* s]v+4' 7,luke x4 #ci1 #dj47 #c4 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4--#8,"l1 if ?\ had/ be5 "h1 my bro!r _h n di$4' 7,john xi4 #cb47 #d4 ,! ,crucifixion4--#8,n[ !re /ood by ! cross ,m>y ,magdal5e4' 7,john xix4 #be2 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ef47 #e4 ,! ,deposition f ! ,cross4--#8,& ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ! "m ( ,jesus1 beheld :]e he 0 laid4' 7,m>k xv4 #dg47 #f4 ,! ,m>ies at ! ,sepul*re4--#8,& !re 0 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! o!r ,m>y1 sitt+ ov] aga9/ ! sepul*re4' 7,matt4 xxvii4 #fa47 #g4 ,*ri/ appe>s to ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 ! ,g>d51 call$ ! ,noli me tang]e4--#8,t\* me n1 = ,i am n yet asc5d$ to my ,fa!r4' 7,john xx4 #ag47 ,9 ! fir/1 second1 & la/ ( ^! subjects1 ! ,magdal5e is "o ( ! two pr9cipal figures1 & necess>y to ! action2 9 ! o!rs %e is g5]ally introduc$1 b 9 "s in/ances omitt$2 & z all belong prop]ly to ! life ( ,*ri/1 ,i %all conf9e myself n[ to a few rem>ks on ! *>act]i/ic treatm5t ( ! ,magdal5e 9 ea*4 #a4 ,! supp] ) ,simon has be5 repres5t$ 9 e v>iety ( /yle4 ,! e>lie/ & simple/ ,i c call to m9d is ! fresco ( ,taddeo ,gaddi 9 ! ,r9ucc9i ,*apel at ,flor5ce4 ,! ,magdal5e b5ds d[n pro/rate on ! feet ( ! ,savi\r2 %e is 9 a r$ dress1 & h] long yell[ hair fl[s d[n h] back2 ! sev5 devils by :i* %e 0 possess$ are se5 above1 fly+ out ( ! ro( ( ! h\se 9 ! %ape ( little black mon/]s4 ,raphael1 :5 treat+ ! same subject1 ?\ght only ( ! religi\s significance ( ! action1 & h[ to express x ) ! utmo/ =ce & ! utmo/ simplicity4 ,!re are few figures--our ,savi\r1 ! ,ph>isee1 f\r apo/les1 & two att5dants3 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 9 front1 b5ds ov] ! feet ( ,*ri/1 :ile h] long hair half conceals h] face & almo/ sweeps ! gr\nd2 no?+ c exce$ ! t5d]ness & humility ( ! attitude & ! b5ign dignity ( ,*ri/4 ,z an example ( ! mo/ opposite treatm5t1 let u turn to ! gorge\s composition ( ,paul ,v]onese2 we h a /ately banquet-room1 ri* ar*itecture1 a cr[d ( ab\t ?irty figures2 & ! ,magdal5e is m]ely a beautiful female ) loose robes1 di%evell$ tresses1 & ! bosom display$3 ?is gross fault ( s5tim5t is m conspicu\s 9 ! l>ge picture 9 ! ,durazzo ,palace at ,g5oa ?an 9 ! beautiful f9i%$ sket* 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,rog]s4#cje ,a f9e sket* by ! same pa9t]1 b q diff]5t1 is at ,alton ,t[]s4 ,! composition ( ,rub5s1 ( :i* a v f9e sket* is 9 ! ,w9dsor collection1 is exce$+ly dramatic3 ! dignity ( ,*ri/ & ! v5]ation & humility ( ! ,magdal5e are admirably express$2 b ! disda9ful surprise ( "s ( ! assi/ants1 & ! op5 mock]y ( o!rs1--! old man 9 spectacles pe]+ ov] to conv9ce himself ( ! tru?1--di/urb ! solemnity ( ! feel+3 & ?is fault is ev5 m app>5t 9 ! composition ( ,philippe de ,*ampagne1 :]e a "y man puts up 8 f+] ) no equivocal expression4 ,9 ^! two examples ! mom5t *os5 is n #8,?y s9s are =giv5 !e1' b ! scepticism ( ! ,ph>isee becomes ! lead+ idea3 #8,?is man1 if he 7 a prophet1 w\ld h kn[n :o & :at mann] ( woman ?is is4' #b4 ,*ri/ 9 ! h\se ( ,m>?a & ,m>y4 ,( ?is beautiful subject ,i h nev] se5 a satisfactory v]sion2 9 ! fresco by ,taddeo ,gaddi 9 ! ,r9ucc9i ,*apel ! subject becomes leg5d>y r ?an scriptural4 ,m>y ,magdal5e is seat$ at ! feet ( ,*ri/ 9 an attitude ( att5tion2 ,m>?a seems to expo/ulate2 ?ree ( ! disciples are beh9d2 a little out ( ! pr9cipal gr\p1 ,/4 ,m>cella1 also ) a glory r\nd h] head1 is se5 cook+4 ,at ,hampton ,c\rt !re is a curi\s picture ( ?is subject by ,hans ,vries1 :i* is an elaborate /udy ( ar*itecture3 ! ri* decoration ( ! int]ior has be5 criticis$2 b1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,m>?a & ,m>y liv$ 9 great spl5d\r2 & !re is no impropriety 9 repres5t+ _! dwell+ z a palace1 b a v great impropriety 9 r5d]+ ! decorations ( ! palace m important ?an ! p]sonages ( ! sc5e4 ,9 a picture by ,old ,bassano1 ,*ri/ is se5 ent]+ ! h\se2 ,m>y ,magdal5e goes =w>d to meet him2 ,m>?a po9ts to ! table :]e ,laz>us sits compos$ly cutt+ a slice ( sausage1 & 9 ! corn] ,/4 ,m>cella is cook+ at a fire4 ,9 a picture by ,rub5s1 ! treatm5t is simil>4 ,! holy si/]s are l two ,flemi% f>m s]vants1 & ,*ri/--b ,i d>e n proce$3--9 bo? ^! in/ances1 ! col\r+1 ! expression1 ! pa9t+ ( ! accessories--! vegetables & fruit1 ! mat]ials & implem5ts = cook+ a fea/--are z animat$ & true to nature z ! conception ( ! :ole sc5e is trivial1 vulg>1 &1 to a j ta/e1 intol]ably pr(ane4 ,"o ( ! mo/ mod]n compositions ( ?is sc5e :i* has attract$ att5tion is t ( ,ov]beck1 v simple & poetical1 b defici5t 9 individual expression4 #c4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us 0 select$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z an emblem1 bo? ( ! g5]al resurrection1 & ! resurrection ( our ,savi\r1 at a "t t ! resurrection ( ! ,savi\r 9 p]son 0 consid]$ a subject mu* too solemn & my/]i\s to be dealt ) by ! imitative arts4 ,9 its primitive signification1 z ! receiv$ emblem ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 we f9d ?is subject ab\nd+ 9 ! catacombs1 & on ! s>cophagi ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,! usual mann] ( repres5tation %[s ! dead man swa!d l a mummy1 "u ! por* ( a temple resembl+ a tomb1 to :i* !re is an asc5t by a flight ( /eps4 ,*ri/ /&s be=e him1 & t\*es him ) a w&4 ,sometimes !re are two figures only1 b 9 g5]al ,m>y ,magdal5e is kneel+ by4 ,!re is "o in/ance only 9 :i* ,*ri/ /&s surr\nd$ by ! apo/les1 & ! two si/]s are kneel+ at 8 feet3--#8,"l1 had/ ?\ be5 "h1 my bro!r _h n di$4'#cjf ,9 m mod]n ,art ?is subject loses its my/ic signification1 & becomes simply a scriptural incid5t4 ,x is treat$ l a sc5e 9 a drama1 & ! pa9t]s h done _! utmo/ to v>y ! treatm5t4 ,b1 h[ev] v>i$ z reg>ds ! /yle ( conception & ! numb] ( p]sonages1 ,m>?a & ,m>y are always pres5t1 &1 9 g5]al1 ,m>y is at ! feet ( our ,savi\r4 ,! incid5t is ( c\rse "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 & is nev] omitt$ 9 ! s]ies1 nor yet 9 ! miracles ( our ,savi\r4 ,b1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x =ms "o ( ! sc5es ( ! /ory ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,! fresco ( ,giovanni da ,milano at ,assisi conta9s ?irte5 figures1 & ! two si/]s kneel+ at ! feet ( ,*ri/ h a gr& & solemn simplicity2 b ,m>y is n "h 9 any respect di/+ui%$ f ,m>?a1 & bo? are attir$ 9 r$4 ,9 ! picture 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 ! kneel+ figure ( ,m>y look+ up 9 ! face ( ,jesus1 ) h] gr& sev]e beauty & e>ne/ expression1 is magnific5t3 b "h1 aga91 ,m>y ( ,be?any is n ,m>y ,magdal5e1 nor ! woman #8:o 0 a s9n]2' & ,i d\bt :e!r ,mi*ael ,angelo int5d$ to repres5t h] z su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,c>acci1 ,rub5s1 & ! lat] pa9t]s are c>eful to po9t out ! suppos$ id5tity1 by ! long fair hair1 expos$ & di%evell$1 ! sup]ior beauty & ! sup]ior prom95ce & importance ( ! figure1 :ile ,m>?a /&s by1 veil$1 & z a second>y p]sonage4 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 ,9 ! ,crucifixion1 :]e m ?an ! ?ree figures 7! ,r$eem]1 ! ,virg91 & ,/4 ,john7 are introduc$1 ! ,magdal5e is almo/ always at ! foot ( ! cross1 & x is said t ,giotto gave ! fir/ example4 ,sometimes %e is embrac+ ! cross1 & look+ up ) all ! ab&onm5t ( despair+ grief1 :i* is m picturesque ?an true 9 s5tim5t2 f9] 9 feel+ is ! expression ( s]5e hope temp]+ ! grief4 ,9 ,rub5s' fam\s #8,crucifixion' at ,antw]p1 %e has h] arms r\nd ! cross1 & is gaz+ at ! execution] ) a look ( horror3 ?is is v dramatic & /rik+1 b ! att5tion ( ! p5it5t ought to be fix$ on ! dy+ ,savi\r1 to ! exclusion ( e o!r ?\ght or object4 ,9 ,v&yck's #8,crucifixion1' ! face ( ! ,magdal5e se5 9 front is exquisite = its pa!tic beauty4 ,sometimes ! ,virg9 is fa9t+ 9 h] arms4 ,! box ( o9tm5t is frequ5tly plac$ ne>1 to di/+ui% h] f ! o!r ,m>ies pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,9 ! ,desc5t or ,deposition f ! ,cross1 & 9 ! ,entombm5t1 ,m>y ,magdal5e is g5]ally conspicu\s4 ,%e is (t5 support+ ! feet or "o ( ! h&s ( ! ,savi\r2 or %e /&s by weep+2 or %e su/a9s ! ,virg92 or 7:i* is v usual 9 ! e>li] pictures7 %e is se5 lam5t+ al\d1 ) h] long tresses disord]$1 & h] arms outspread 9 an ec/asy ( grief & passion2 or %e b5ds d[n to embrace ! feet ( ! ,savi\r1 or to kiss 8 h&2 or contemplates ) a m\rnful look "o ( ! nails1 or ! cr[n ( ?orns1 :i* %e holds 9 h] h&4 ,9 ! ,piet1 ( ,fra ,b>tolomeo1 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ! pro/rate ab&onm5t 9 ! figure ( ! ,magdal5e1 press+ ! feet ( ,*ri/ to h] bosom1 is full ( pa!tic expression2 9 ! same gall]y is ! ,piet by ,&rea del ,s>to1 :]e ! ,magdal5e1 kneel+1 wr+s h] h&s 9 mute sorr[4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 ,raphael has %[n himself supreme3 !re is a wond]ful little draw+ by him1 9 :i* ,nicodemus & o!rs su/a9 ! body ( ! ,savi\r1 :ile ,m>y ,magdal5e lies pro/rate b5d+ h] head ov] 8 feet1 :i* %e embraces2 ! face is :olly conceal$ by ! fl[+ hair1 b nev] 0 ! expression ( ov]:elm+ love & sorr[ convey$ ) su* artless tru?4 #f4 ,! ,m>ies at ! ,sepul*re4 ,! wom5 :o c>ry ! spices & p]fumes to ! tomb ( ,jesus are call$1 9 ,greek ,art1 ! ,myrrhophores1 or myrrh-be>]s3 ) u !re are usually ?ree1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james & ,john1 & ,m>y ,salome4 ,9 ,mat!w1 two wom5 are m5tion$2 9 ,m>k1 ?ree2 9 ,luke1 ! numb] is indef9ite2 & 9 ,john1 only "o is m5tion$1 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,!re is sc>cely a m beautiful subject 9 ! :ole circle ( ,scripture /ory ?an ?is ( ! ?ree desolate affectionate wom5 /&+ be=e ! tomb 9 ! grey dawn1 :ile ! maje/ic angels are se5 gu>d+ ! hall[$ spot4 ,i give1 z "o ( ! e>lie/ examples1 a sket* f ! composition ( ,duccio3 ! rules ( p]spective 7 !n unkn[n1--b :at a beautiful simplicity 9 ! gr\p ( wom56 h[ f9e ! seat$ angel6--#8,! angel ( ! ,"l desc5d$ f heav51 & came & roll$ back ! /one f ! door & sat ^u x4' ,i h se5 "o in/ance1 & only "o1 9 :i* ! angel is 9 ! act ( desc5d+2 9 g5]al1 ! v]sion accord+ to ,/4 ,john is foll[$1 & ! #8two m5 9 %9+ g>m5ts' are seat$ )9 ! tomb4 ,!re is a fam\s engrav+1 aft] a design by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 call$ #8,! ?ree ,m>ies go+ to ! ,sepul*re3' x repres5ts ?ree old wom5 veil$1 & ) _! backs turn$--v awful2 b !y might z well be call$ ! ?ree ,fates1 or ! ?ree ,wit*es1 z ! ?ree ,m>ies4 ,! subject has nev] be5 m happily treat$ ?an by ,philip ,veit1 a mod]n ,g]man arti/1 9 a pr9t :i* has become popul>2 he has foll[$ ! v]sion ( ,mat!w3 #8,z x began to dawn1 came ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! o!r ,m>y to see ! sepul*re4' ,! attitude ( motionless sorr[2 ! anxi\s expectant looks1 fix$ on ! tomb2 ! deep %ad[y /illness2 ! morn+ light j break+ 9 ! di/ance1 are v truly & feel+ly express$4 #g4 ,! #8,noli me tang]e' is ! subject ( _m pictures2 !y d n v>y 9 ! simplicity ( ! motif1 :i* is fix$ by tradition1 & admits b ( two p]sons4 ,! composition ( ,duccio1 z "o ( ! s]ies ( ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 is extremely gr&2 & ! figure ( ,m>y1 lean+ =w>d z %e kneels1 ) out/ret*$ h&s1 full ( expression4 ,! old fresco ( ,taddeo ,gaddi1 9 ! ,r9ucc9i ,*apel1#cjg is also exquisite4 ,two ( ! f9e/ 9 conception & treatm5t are1 not)/&+1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ea* o!r4 ,"o is ! ,titian 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,rog]s3#cjh ! ,magdal5e1 kneel+1 b5ds =w>d ) eag] expression1 & "o h& ext5d$ to t\* him3 ! ,savi\r1 draw+ 8 l95 g>m5t r\nd him1 %r9ks back f h] t\*--yet ) ! s(te/ expression ( pity4 ,besides ! beauty & tru? ( ! expression1 ?is picture is transc5d5t z a piece ( col\r & effect2 :ile ! ri* l&scape & ! approa* ( morn+ ov] ! blue di/ance are conceiv$ ) a sublime simplicity4 ,n less a miracle ( ,art1 n less poetical1 b 9 a f> diff]5t /yle1 is ! ,rembr&t 9 ! ,que5's ,gall]y3 at ! entrance ( ! sepul*re ! ,savi\r is se5 9 ! habilim5ts ( a g>d5]1 & ,m>y ,magdal5e at 8 feet1 ador+4 ,?is picture exhibits1 9 a /rik+ degree1 all ! wild orig9ality & peculi> feel+ ( ,rembr&t3 ! =ms & *>act]s are common2 b ! deep %ad[ ( ! cav]n tomb1 ! dimly-se5 sup]natural be+s )9 x1 ! break+ ( ! dawn ov] ! di/ant city1 are awfully sublime1 & wor?y ( ! my/]i\s sc5e4 ,b>roccio's great alt>-piece1 :i* came to ,engl& ) ! ,duke ( ,lucca's pictures1 once s fam\s1 & well kn[n f ! f9e engrav+ ( ,raphael ,morgh51 is poor comp>$ ) any ( ^!3 ,*ri/ is effem9ate & commonplace1--,m>y ,magdal5e all 9 a flutt]4 ,i n[ leave ^! scriptural incid5ts1 to be m fully consid]$ h]eaft]1 & proce$ to ! f\r? class ( subjects p]ta9+ to ! life ( ! ,magdal5e--^? :i* are tak5 f ! wild ,prov5al leg5ds ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 #a4 #8,la ,danse de la ,madele9e' is ! title giv5 to a v r>e & beautiful pr9t by ,lucas v4 ,leyd54 ,x repres5ts ,m>y ,magdal5e ab&on$ to ! pleasures ( ! _w4 ,! sc5e is a smil+ & v>i$ l&scape2 9 ! c5tre ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ) ! anticipative glory r\nd h] head1 is se5 danc+ along to ! s\nd ( a flute & tabor1 :ile a man 9 a ri* dress leads h] by ! h&3 sev]al gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 are div]t+ !mselves 9 ! =egr\nd2 9 ! backgr\nd1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ) a numb] ( gay companions1 is *as+ ! /ag2 %e is m\nt$ on horseback1 & has aga9 ! glory r\nd h] head3 f> 9 ! di/ance %e is se5 borne upw>ds by ! angels4 ,?is s+ul> & sugge/ive composition is dat$ #aeai4 ,!re is a f9e impression 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #b4 #8,m>y ,magdal5e rebuk$ by h] si/] ,m>?a = h] vanity & luxury4' ,i believe ,i am ! fir/ to sugge/ t ! fam\s picture 9 ! ,sci>ra ,palace1 by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 kn[n z #8,mode/y & ,vanity1' is a v]sion ( ?is subject4 ,:5 ,i saw x1 ?is idea 0 sugge/$1 & no o!r fill$ my m9d4 ,! subject is "o (t5 treat$1 & "h treat$ 9 ,leon>do's peculi> mann]4 ,! attitude ( ! veil$ figure is di/9ctly t ( remon/rance & rebuke2 ! o!r1 deck$ & smil+1 looks out ( ! picture hold+ fl[]s 9 h] h&1 z yet unconv9c$1 unconv]t$3 ! vase ( o9tm5t /&s ne> h]4 ,9 o!r pictures !re is no d\bt z to ! significance ( ! subject2 x has be5 gracefully treat$ 9 a picture by ,giovanni ,lopic9o1 n[ 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,belv$]e at ,vi5na4 ,%e is seat$ at h] toilette2 h] maid is b9d+ h] luxuriant hair2 ,m>?a1 /&+ by1 appe>s to be remon/rat+ ) great f]v\r4 ,!re is a pretty picture by ,elisabetta ,sirani ( ! same sc5e1 simil>ly treat$4 #c4 #8,m>y ,magdal5e conduct$ by h] si/] ,m>?a to ! feet ( ,jesus4' ,( ?is mo/ beautiful subject1 ,i "k b "o composition ( di/+ui%$ m]it4 ,x is by ,raphael1 & exi/s only 9 ! draw+1 & ! r>e engrav+ by ,m>c ,antonio4 ,*ri/ sits )9 ! por* ( ! ,temple1 tea*+ f\r ( 8 disciples :o /& ne> him4 ,m>?a & ,m>y are se5 asc5d+ ! /eps :i* lead to ! portico3 ,m>?a1 :o is veil$1 seems to enc\rage h] si/]1 :o looks d[n4 ,i obs]ve t ,passavant & o!rs are unc]ta9 z to ! subject ( ?is *>m+ design3 x has be5 /yl$ #8,! ,virg9 ,m>y pres5t+ ! ,magdal5e to ,*ri/2' b ) any "o :o has c>efully consid]$ ! leg5d1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! int5tion ( ! arti/4 #8,m>y ,magdal5e li/5+ to ! prea*+ ( our ,savi\r1 ) ,m>?a seat$ by h] side1' is "o ( ! subjects 9 ! s]ies by ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i at ,v]celli3 x is p>tly de/roy$4 ,we h ! same subject by ,f4 ,zuc*]o2 ,m>y1 9 a ri* dress1 is kneel+ at ! feet ( ! ,savi\r1 :o is seat$ "u a portico2 ,m>?a1 veil$1 /&s ne> h]1 & !re are num]\s spectators & accessories4 #d4 #8,! ,magdal5e r5\nc+ ! ,vanities ( ! ,_w' is also a v attractive subject4 ,9 a picture by ,guido %e has p>tly dive/$ h]self ( h] ri* ornam5ts1 & is tak+ "s pe>ls f h] hair1 :ile %e looks up to heav5 ) te>ful eyes4 ,9 a sket* by ,rub5s1 9 ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y1 %e is seat$ 9 a =e/ solitude1 /ill array$ 9 h] worldly f9]y1 blue sat91 pe>ls1 c41 & wr++ h] h&s ) an expression ( ! bitt]e/ grief4 ,! treatm5t1 z usual ) him1 is co>se1 b effective4 ,9 8 l>ge picture at ,vi5na1 ) ! figures life-size1 ,m>y is spurn+ ) h] feet a casket ( jewels1 & ?r[+ h]self back ) h] h&s clasp$ 9 an agony ( p5it5ce3 :ile ,m>?a sits beh9d1 gaz+ on h] ) an expression s demurely triumphant z to be almo/ comic4 ,!re is an exquisite little picture by ,g]>d ,d\w 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 9 :i* ! ,magdal5e1 9 a magnific5t robe ( crimson & sables1 is look+ up to heav5 ) an expression ( sorr[ & p5it5ce2 ! table be=e h] is cov]$ ) gold & jewels4 #8,m>y ,magdal5e r5\nc+ ! ,_w1' by ,le ,brun1 is a fam\s picture1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,%e looks up to heav5 ) te>ful eyes1 & is 9 ! act ( te>+ (f a ri* mantle2 a casket ( jewels lies ov]turn$ at h] feet4 ,?is picture is said to be ! portrait ( ,madame de la ,vallire1 by ^: ord] x 0 pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ! ,c>melites at ,p>is1 :]e %e _h tak5 refuge f ! c\rt & f ! _w4 ,x has t sort ( !atrical grace & gr&eur1 t mann]$ m$iocrity1 *>act]i/ic ( ! pa9t] & ! "t4#cji ,!re is a ,magdal5e 9 ! ,gall]y at ,muni* by ,le ,brun1 :i* is to me f> pref]able2 & ?is1 & n ! ,p>is "o1 ,i presume to be ! portrait ( ! ,du*esse de la ,vallire4 ,9 a picture by ,frances*9i %e has flung (f h] worldly ornam5ts1 :i* lie scatt]$ on ! gr\nd1 & holds a sc\rge 9 h] h&1 ) :i* %e appe>s to h ca/igat$ h]self3 %e s9ks 9 ! arms ( "o ( h] att5dant maid5s1 :ile ,m>?a1 /&+ by1 seems to speak ( peace1 & po9ts t[>ds heav53 ! figures are life-size4#caj ,none ( ^! pictures1 ) ! exception ( ! preci\s ,leon>do 9 ! ,sci>ra ,palace1 h any rem>kable m]it z pictures4 ,! sc5es betwe5 ,m>y & ,m>?a are capable ( ! mo/ dramatic & effective illu/ration1 b h nev] yet be5 wor?ily treat$4 #e4 #8,! emb>kation ( ! ,magdal5e 9 ,pale/9e1 ) ,m>?a1 ,laz>us1 & ! o!rs1 ca/ =? by _! enemies 9 a vessel )\t sails or rudd]1 b miracul\sly conduct$ by an angel1' is ano!r subject ( :i* ,i h se5 no adequate repres5tation4 ,!re is a m$iocre picture by ,curradi 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y4 ,among ! beautiful frescoes ( ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,cri/(oro at ,v]celli1 is ! voyage ( ! ,magdal5e & h] companions1 & _! disemb>kation at ,m>seilles4#caa #f4 #8,m>y ,magdal5e prea*+ to ! inhabitants ( ,m>seilles' has be5 sev]al times repres5t$ 9 ! sculpture & /a9$ glass ( ! old ca!drals 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,9 ! ,htel de ,cluny !re is a curi\s old picture 9 di/emp] attribut$ to ,k+ ,r5 ( ,prov5ce1 ! fa!r ( our ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 & fam\s = 8 skill z a limn]4 ,m>y ,magdal5e is /&+ on "s /eps1 array$ 9 loose :ite drap]y1 & a veil ov] h] head4 ,%e is address+ e>ne/ly a cr[d ( li/5]s1 & among !m we see ,k+ ,r5 & 8 wife ,jeanne de ,laval on ?rones ) cr[n & sceptre3--a trifl+ ana*ronism ( ab\t #adjj ye>s1 b x may be tak5 9 a poetical & allegorical s5se4 ,! port ( ,m>seilles is se5 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! same subject has be5 classically treat$ 9 a s]ies ( bas-reliefs 9 ! por* ( ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia3 !re is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 9 exhibit+ h] z half nak$1 clo!d only 9 a sk91 & h] long hair fl[+ d[n ov] h] p]son3 = %e 0 at ?is "t ! mission>y sa9t1 & n yet ! p5it5t ( ! des]t4 ,illu/ration3 #if ,! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e 7,alb]t ,dr]7 #g4 #8,m>y ,magdal5e borne by angels above ! summit ( ,m\nt ,pilon1' call$ also #8,! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e1' is a *>m+ subject :5 treat$ 9 ! "r _s4 ,un=tunately1 we are (t5] rem9d$ ( a ,p&ora1 su/a9$ by a gr\p ( ,cupids1 or a ,v5us ris+ out ( ! sea1 ?an ( ! ec/atic trance ( ! reconcil$ p5it5t4 ,x 0 v e>ly a popul> !me4 ,9 ! treatm5t we f9d little v>iety4 ,%e is se5 c>ri$ upw>ds v slightly drap$1 & (t5 ) no o!r veil ?an h] r$undant hair1 fl[+ ov] h] :ole p]son4 ,%e is 9 ! arms ( f\r1 five1 or six angels4 ,sometimes "o ( ! angels be>s ! alaba/] box ( o9tm5t2 f> bel[ is a wild m\nta9\s l&scape1 ) a h]mit look+ up at ! vision1 z x is relat$ 9 ! leg5d4 ,! illu/ration is f a f9e woodcut ( ,alb]t ,dr] 7#if74 ,9 a hymn to ! ,magdal5e1 by an old ,prov5al poet 7,bal?az> de la ,burle7 !re is a passage describ+ h] asc5t 9 ! arms ( angels1 :i*1 f its vivid graphic navet1 is wor?y ( be+ plac$ "u ?is pr9t ( ,alb]t ,dr]3-- ,rav5gat l\ j\r los anges la portavan ,b5 plus hault que l\ roc4 ,jamais p] mauvais temps que fessa ne fr$dura1 ,autre abit non avia que la si5 cabellura1 ,que como un mantel d'or tant eram bels e blonds ,la c\vria de la te/a f9 al bas des talons4 ,! fresco by ,giulio ,romano1 9 :i* %e is recl9+ amid cl\ds1 & su/a9$ by six angels1 :ile h] head is rais$ & h] arms ext5d$ ) ! mo/ ec/atic expression1 0 cut f ! walls ( a *apel 9 ! ,tr9it di ,monte1 at ,rome1 & is n[ 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ pictures ev] pa9t$ by ,rib]a is ! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e 9 ! ,l\vre1 bo? = beauty ( expression & col\r4 ,%e is "h drap$1 & h] drap]y well manag$4 ,! ,spani% pa9t]s nev] fell into ! mi/ake ( ! ,italians2 !y give u no ,magdal5es :i* recall ! idea ( a ,v5us ,m]etrix4 ,! rules ( ! ,inquisition 7 "h absolute1 & held ! pa9t]s 9 :olesome *eck1 r5d]+ su* irreligi\s innovations inadmissible & unkn[n4 ,9 ! ,tur9 ,gall]y !re is an ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e by ,d5nis ,calv]t1 admirably pa9t$1 9 :i* %e is c>ri$ up by f\r ,apollo-l angels1 :o1 ) _! out/ret*$ arms1 =m a sort ( ?rone on :i* %e is seat$3 %e is h]self mo/ lovely1 drap$ 9 ! ?9 undress ( a ,v5us2 & ! :ole composition1 at fir/ view1 br\ght to my fancy ! idea ( a ,v5us ris+ f ! sea1 ?ron$ 9 h] %ell & su/a9$ by nymphs & cupids4 ,9 g5]al1 ! e>ly pa9t]s1 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,viv>9i1 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 ,b5$etto ,montagna1 repres5t h] 9 an upright position1 ) h&s fold$ 9 pray]1 or cross$ ov] h] bosom1 & ?us so>+ upw>ds1 )\t ef=t ( w or app>5t consci\sness2 :ile ! pa9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7) :om ?is 0 a fav\rite subject7 /ra9$ _! imag9ation to r5d] ! =m & attitude voluptu\sly graceful1 & to v>y ! action ( ! att5dant angels1 until1 9 "o or two in/ances1 ! repres5tation became at once absurdly prosaic & (f5sively !atrical4 ,f4 ,zuc*]o1 ,cambiasi1 ,lanfranco1 ,c>lo ,m>atti1 h all giv5 u v]sions ( ?is subject 9 a florid1 mann]$ /yle4 ,ov] ! high alt> ( ! ,madele9e1 at ,p>is1 is ! same subject 9 a m>ble gr\p1 by ,m>o*etti1 r above life-size4 ,two angels be> h] up1 :ile on ea* side an ar*angel kneels 9 adoration4 99 99 99 99 99 #h4 ,! ,la/ ,communion ( ! ,magdal5e is repres5t$ 9 two diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! two diff]5t v]sions ( ! /ory3 9 ! fir/1 %e expires 9 h] cave1 & angels adm9i/] ! la/ sacram5ts2 "o holds a tap]1 ano!r pres5ts ! cup1 a ?ird ! waf]4 ,?is has be5 pa9t$ by ,dom5i*9o4 ,9 ! o!r v]sion1 %e receives ! sacram5t f ! h& ( ,/4 ,maxim91 :o we>s ! episcopal robes1 & ! ,magdal5e kneels be=e him1 half-nak$1 emaciat$1 & su/a9$ by angels3 ! sc5e is ! por* ( a *ur*4 #i4 ,! ,magdal5e dy+ 9 ! ,wild]ness1 ext5d$ on ! b>e e>?1 & press+ ! crucifix to h] bosom1 is a frequ5t subject 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples is ! picture ( ,ru/i*9o 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y4 ,! well-kn[n #8,dy+ ,magdal5e' ( ,canova has ! same m]its & defects z 8 ,p5it5t ,magdal5e4 ,i saw a picture at ,bologna by ,ti>9i1 ( :i* ! conception appe>$ to me v /rik+ & poetical4 ,! ,virg91 #8,la ,madre ,addolorata1' is seat$1 & holds 9 h] h& ! cr[n ( ?orns1 :i* %e contemplates ) a m\rnful expression2 at a little di/ance kneels ,m>y ,magdal5e ) long di%evell$ hair1 9 all ! ab&onm5t ( grief4 ,/4 ,john /&s beh9d1 ) 8 h&s clasp$1 & 8 eyes rais$ to heav54 ,:5 ! ,magdal5e is introduc$ into pictures ( ! #8,incr$ulity ( ,?omas1' x is 9 allusion to a fam\s p>allel 9 "o ( ! ,fa!rs1 9 :i* x is insi/$1 #8t ! fai? ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ! d\bts ( ,?omas1 7 equally s]viceable to ! cause ( ,*ri/4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! _m miracles imput$ to ! ,magdal5e1 "o only has become popul> z a subject ( ,art4 ,besides be+ extremely nave & poetical1 x is extremely curi\s z illu/rat+ ! mann]s ( ! "t4 ,x 0 probably fabricat$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & int5d$ z a k9d ( p>able1 to %[ t ^? :o tru/$ 9 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & invok$ h] aid1 might 9 all cases reckon ^u h] p[]ful int]cession4 ,x is ?us relat$3-- #8,soon aft] ,m>y ,magdal5e l&$ 9 ,prov5ce1 a c]ta9 pr9ce ( t c\ntry arriv$ 9 ! city ( ,m>seilles ) 8 wife1 = ! purpose ( sacrific+ to ! gods2 b !y 7 dissuad$ f do+ s by ! prea*+ ( ,m>y ,magdal5e3 & ! pr9ce "o day said to ! sa9t1 8,we greatly desire to h a son4 ,can/ ?\ obta9 = u t grace f ! ,god :om ?\ prea*e/80 ,& ! ,magdal5e repli$1 8,if ?y pray] be grant$1 wilt ?\ !n believe80 ,& he answ]$1 8,yes1 ,i w believe40 ,b %ortly aft]w>ds1 z he /ill d\bt$1 he resolv$ to sail to ,j]usalem to visit ,/4 ,pet]1 & to f9d out :e!r 8 prea*+ agre$ ) t ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,8 wife resolv$ to accompany him3 b ! husb& said1 8,h[ %all t be possible1 see+ t ?\ art ) *ild1 & ! dang]s ( ! sea are v great80 ,b %e insi/$1 &1 ?r[+ h]self at 8 feet1 %e obta9$ h] desire4 ,!n1 hav+ lad5 a vessel ) all t 0 necess>y1 !y set sail2 & :5 a day & a night 7 come & gone1 !re arose a t]rible /orm4 ,! poor woman 0 seiz$ prematurely ) ! pa9s ( *ildbir?2 9 ! mid/ ( ! tempe/ %e br\ght =? h] fir/-born son1 & !n di$4 ,! mis]able fa!r1 see+ 8 wife dead1 & 8 *ild depriv$ ( its natural solace1 & cry+ = food1 wrung 8 h&s 9 despair1 & knew n :at to d4 ,& ! sailors said1 8,let u ?r[ ?is dead body into ! sea1 = z long z x rema9s on bo>d ! tempe/ w n abate40 ,b ! pr9ce1 by 8 entreaties1 & by giv+ !m money1 re/ra9$ !m = a :ile4 ,j !n1 = s x pleas$ ,god1 !y arriv$ at a rocky isl&1 & ! pr9ce laid ! body ( 8 wife on ! %ore1 &1 tak+ ! infant 9 8 arms1 he wept greatly1 & said1 8,o ,m>y ,magdal5e6 to my grief & sorr[ did/ ?\ come to ,m>seilles6 ,:y did/ ?\ ask ?y ,god to give me a son only t ,i might lose bo? son & wife toge!r8 ,o ,m>y ,magdal5e6 h pity on my grief1 &1 if ?y pray]s may avail1 save at lea/ ! life ( my *ild60 ,!n he laid d[n ! infant on ! bosom ( ! "m1 & cov]$ !m bo? ) 8 cloak1 & w5t on 8 way1 weep+4 ,& :5 ! pr9ce & 8 att5dants _h arriv$ at ,j]usalem1 ,/4 ,pet] %[$ him all ! places :]e our ,savi\r _h p]=m$ 8 miracles1 & ! hill on :i* he _h be5 crucifi$1 & ! spot f :5ce he _h asc5d$ into heav54 ,hav+ be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! fai? by ,/4 ,pet]1 at ! end ( two ye>s ! pr9ce emb>k$ to return to 8 own c\ntry1 & pass+ ne> to ! isl& 9 :i* he _h left 8 wife1 he l&$ 9 ord] to weep ^u h] grave4 #8,n[1 wond]ful to relate6--8 infant *ild _h be5 pres]v$ alive by ! pray]s ( ! bless$ ,m>y ,magdal5e2 & he 0 accu/om$ to run ab\t on ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 to ga!r up pebbles & %ells2 & :5 ! *ild1 :o _h nev] beheld a man1 p]ceiv$ ! /rang]s1 he 0 afraid1 & ran & hid himself "u ! cloak :i* cov]$ 8 dead "m2 & ! fa!r1 & all :o 7 ) him1 7 fill$ ) a/oni%m5t2 b _! surprise 0 /ill great] :5 ! woman op5$ h] eyes1 & /ret*$ out h] arms to h] husb&4 ,!n !y (f]$ up ?anks1 & all return$ toge!r to ,m>seilles1 :]e !y fell at ! feet ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & receiv$ baptism4 ,f t "t =?1 all ! p ( ,m>seilles & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry became ,*ri/ians4' ,! picturesque capabilities ( ?is extravagant b beautiful leg5d w imm$iately sugge/ !mselves to ! fancy2--! wild sea-%ore --! lovely nak$ infant w&]+ on ! bea*--! "m1 slumb]+ ! sleep ( dea?1 cov]$ ) ! my/]i\s drap]y--! arrival ( ! m>9]s--:at opportunity = sc5]y & gr\p+1 col\r & expression6 ,x 0 popul> 9 ! ,giotto s*ool1 :i* arose & fl\ri%$ j ab\t ! p]iod :5 ! en?usiasm = ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 at its height2 b lat] pa9t]s h avoid$ x1 or1 r1 x 0 n suffici5tly accr$it$ = a ,*ur* leg5d2 & ,i h met ) no example lat] ?an ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! old fresco ( ,taddeo ,gaddi 9 ! ,s4 ,croce at ,flor5ce w give "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject 0 usually treat$4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a space repres5t+ an isl&2 wat] fl[+ r\nd x1 ! wat] be+ indicat$ by _m /range fi%es4 ,on ! isl& a woman lies ext5d$ ) h] h&s cross$ ^u h] bosom2 an infant lifts up ! mantle1 & seems to %[ h] to a man b5d+ ov] h]2 ! fa!r on 8 knees1 ) h&s jo9$1 looks dev\tly up to heav52 f\r o!rs /& beh9d express+ a/oni%m5t or fix$ att5tion4 ,9 ! di/ance is a %ip1 9 :i* sits a man ) a long :ite be>d1 9 r$ drap]y2 beside him ano!r 9 d>k drap]y3 beyond is a view ( a port ) a ligh?\se1 int5d$1 ,i presume1 = ,m>seilles4 ,! /ory is "h told 9 a sort ( ,*9ese mann] z reg>ds ! draw+1 composition1 & p]spective2 b ! figures & heads are expressive & significant4 ,9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,magdal5e at ,assisi1 ! same subject is giv5 ) "s v>iation4 ,! b>k conta9+ ! pilgrims is guid$ by an angel1 & ! infant is seat$ by ! head ( ! "m1 z if wat*+ h]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! life ( ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 a s]ies ( subjects1 m+l+ ! scriptural & leg5d>y incid5ts1 may (t5 be f\nd 9 ! old ,fr5* & ,italian *ur*es1 m especially 9 ! *apels d$icat$ to h]3 & ,i %\ld ?9k t among ! rema9s ( anci5t pa9t+ n[ 9 c\rse ( discov]y 9 our own sacr$ edifices !y _c fail to occur4#cab ,9 ! mural frescoes1 9 ! alt>-pieces1 ! /a9$ glass1 & ! sculpture ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 su* a s]ies p]petually pres5ts itself2 &1 well or ill execut$1 w 9 g5]al be f\nd to comprise ! foll[+ sc5es3-- #a4 ,h] conv]sion at ! feet ( ! ,savi\r4 #b4 ,*ri/ ent]ta9$ 9 ! h\se ( ,m>?a3 ,m>y sits at 8 feet to he> 8 words4 #c4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 #d4 ,m>y ,magdal5e & h] companions emb>k 9 a vessel )\t sails1 o>s1 or rudd]4 #f4 ,/e]$ by an angel1 !y l& at ,m>seilles4 #f4 ,m>y ,magdal5e prea*es to ! p4 #g4 ,! miracle ( ! "m & *ild4 #h4 ,! p5ance ( ! ,magdal5e 9 a des]t cave4 #i4 ,%e is c>ri$ up 9 ! arms ( angels4 #aj4 ,%e receives ! sacram5ts f ! h&s ( an angel or f ,/4 ,maxim94 #aa4 ,%e dies1 & angels be> h] _s to heav54#cac ,! subjects v>y ( c\rse 9 numb] & 9 treatm5t1 b1 ) "s att5tion to ! =ego+ leg5d1 !y w easily be und]/ood & discrim9at$4 ,su* a s]ies 0 pa9t$ by ,giotto 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce 7:]e ! portrait ( ,dante 0 lately discov]$71 b !y are ne>ly oblit]at$2 ! miracle ( ! "m & *ild is1 h[ev]1 to be di/+ui%$ on ! left ne> ! entrance4 ,! treatm5t ( ! :ole has be5 imitat$ by ,taddeo ,gaddi 9 ! ,r9ucc9i ,*apel at ,flor5ce1 & by ,giovanni da ,milano & ,giott9o 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,magdal5e at ,assisi2 on ! w9d[s ( ! ,ca!drals ( ,*>tres & ,b\rges2 & 9 a s]ies ( bas-reliefs r\nd ! por* ( ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 execut$ 9 ! classical /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on review+ g5]ally ! inf9ite v>iety :i* has be5 giv5 to ^! fav\rite subjects1 ! life & p5ance ( ! ,magdal5e1 ,i mu/ end :]e ,i began2 9 h[ few in/ances has ! result be5 satisfactory to m9d or he>t1 or s\l or s5se6 ,_m h well repres5t$ ! p>ticul> situation1 ! appropriate s5tim5t1 ! sorr[1 ! hope1 ! devotion3 b :o has giv5 u ! "*8 ,a noble creature1 ) /rong sympa?ies1 & a /rong w1 ) p[]ful faculties ( e k9d1 work+ = good or evil su* a woman ,m>y ,magdal5e mu/ h be51 ev5 9 h] humiliation2 & ! feeble1 girli%1 commonplace1 & ev5 vulg> wom5 :o appe> to h be5 usually select$ z models by ! arti/s1 turn$ into ,magdal5es by ?r[+ up _! eyes & lett+ d[n _! hair1 ill repres5t ! en?usia/ic conv]t or ! maje/ic patroness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i mu/ n quit ! subject ( ! ,magdal5e )\t "s allusion to ^? wild leg5ds :i* suppose a t5d] atta*m5t 7b ( c\rse :olly pure & ,platonic7 to h exi/$ betwe5 h] & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4#cad ,9 ! en?usiasm :i* ,m>y ,magdal5e excit$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 no supposition t t5d$ to exalt h] 0 deem$ too extravagant3 "s ( h] panegyri/s g s f> z to insi/ t ! m>riage at ,cana1 :i* our ,savi\r & 8 "m hon\r$ by _! pres5ce1 0 ! m>riage ( ,/4 ,john ) ! ,magdal5e2 & t ,*ri/ repair$ to ! w$d+-fea/ on purpose to prev5t ! accompli%m5t ( ! m>riage1 hav+ de/9$ bo? to a /ate ( great] p]fection4 ,?is fable 0 nev] accept$ by ! ,*ur*2 & among ! works ( art consecrat$ to religi\s purposes ,i h nev] met ) any :i* plac$ ,/4 ,john & ! ,magdal5e 9 p>ticul> relation to ea* o!r1 except :5 !y are se5 toge!r at ! foot ( ! cross1 or lam5t+ ) ! ,virg9 ov] ! body ( ! ,savi\r3 b su* 0 ! popul>ity ( ^! extraord9>y leg5ds t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 t ,i ?9k x possible su* may exi/1 &1 = want ( ?is key1 may appe> hopelessly enigmatical4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>?a pres5ts h] si/] ,m>y to our ,"l4 ,9 a s]ies ( eight subjects :i* exhibit ! life ( ,/4 ,john prefix$ to a copy ( ! ,revelation1#cae !re is "o :i* ,i ?9k admits ( ?is int]pretation4 ,! sc5e is ! int]ior ( a spl5did build+ su/a9$ by pill>s4 ,/4 ,john is baptiz+ a beautiful woman1 :o is sitt+ 9 a tub2 %e has long gold5 hair4 ,on ! outside ( ! build+ sev5 m5 are endeav\r+ to see :at is go+ =w>d3 "o peeps ?r\gh ! key-hole2 "o has ?r[n himself flat on ! gr\nd1 & has 8 eye to an ap]ture2 a ?ird1 m\nt$ on ! %\ld]s ( ano!r1 is try+ to look 9 at a w9d[2 a fif?1 :o _c get ne> en\gh1 te>s 8 hair 9 an agony ( impati5ce2 & ano!r is bawl+ into ! e> ( a deaf & bl9d comrade a description ( :at he has se54 ,! execution is ,fr5*1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 ! ta/e1 x w be said1 is also ,fr5*2 ! figures are drawn ) a p5 & slightly t9t$3 ! design is incorrect2 b ! vivacity ( ge/ure & expression1 ?\gh v]g+ on c>icature1 is s true1 & s comically dramatic1 & ! :ole composition s absurd1 t x is impossible to look at x )\t a smile4 ,,/4 ,,m>?a4 ,ital4 ,santa ,m>ta1 ,v]g9e1 ,alb]gatrice di ,cri/o4 ,fr4 ,sa9te ,m>!1 la ,travailleuse4 ,patroness ( cooks & h\sewives4 7,june #bi1 ,a4,d4 #hd47 ,m>?a has %>$ 9 ! v5]ation paid to h] si/]4 ,! important "p assign$ to h] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,m>y has already be5 adv]t$ to2 %e is always repres5t$ z ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :om ,m>y 0 conv]t$1 ! "o :o l$ h] fir/ to ! feet ( ! ,savi\r4 #8,:i* ?+1' says ! /ory1 %\ld n be acc\nt$ z ! lea/ ( h] m]its1 see+ t ,m>?a 0 a *a/e & prud5t virg91 & ! o!r publicly contemn$ = h] evil life2 not)/&+ :i*1 ,m>?a did n despise h]1 nor reject h] z a si/]1 b wept = h] %ame & admoni%$ h] g5tly & ) p]suasive words2 & rem9d$ h] ( h] noble bir?1 to :i* %e 0 a disgrace1 & t ,laz>us1 _! bro!r1 be+ a soldi]1 w\ld c]ta9ly get into tr\ble on h] acc\nt4 ,s %e prevail$1 & conduct$ h] si/] to ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/1 & aft]w>ds1 z x is well kn[n1 %e lodg$ & ent]ta9$ ! ,savi\r 9 h] own h\se4#8#caf ,accord+ to ! ,prov5al leg5d1 :ile ,m>y ,magdal5e conv]t$ ! p ( ,m>seilles1 ,m>?a prea*$ to ! p ( ,aix & its vic9ity4 ,9 ^? days ! c\ntry 0 ravag$ by a fe>ful dragon1 call$ ! ,t>asque1 :i* dur+ ! day lay conceal$ 9 ! riv] ,rhone4 ,m>?a ov]came ?is mon/] by spr9kl+ him ) holy wat]1 & hav+ b\nd him ) h] girdle 7or1 z o!rs say1 h] g>t]71 ! p spe$ily put an end to him4 ,! sc5e ( ?is leg5d is n[ ! city ( ,t>ascon1 :]e !re is1 or 01 a magnific5t *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>?a1 & ri*ly end[$ by ,l\is ,,xi4 ,! same leg5ds assure u t ,/4 ,m>?a 0 ! fir/ :o f\nd$ a mona/]y = wom52 ! fir/1 aft] ! bless$ ,"m ( ,*ri/1 :o v[$ h] virg9ity to ,god2 & t :5 %e _h pass$ _m ye>s 9 pray] & good works1 feel+ t h] end 0 ne>1 %e desir$ to be c>ri$ to a spot :]e %e c\ld see ! glori\s sun 9 heav51 & t !y %\ld read to h] ! hi/ory ( ! passion ( ,*ri/2 & :5 !y came to ! words1 #8,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s1' %e di$4 ,z ,m>y ,magdal5e is ! patroness ( rep5tant frailty1 s ,m>?a is ! especial patroness ( female discretion & good h\sekeep+4 ,9 ?is "*1 %e is (t5 repres5t$ ) a skimm] or ladle 9 h] h&1 or a l>ge bun* ( keys is atta*$ to h] girdle4 ,= example1 9 a beautiful old ,g]man alt>-piece attribut$ to ,alb]t ,dr]1#cag %e is /&+ 9 a magnific5t dress1 a jewell$ turban1 & hold+ a well-kn[n implem5t ( cook]y 9 h] h&4 ,9 a missal ( ,h5ry ,,viii41#cah %e is repres5t$ ) ! same ut5sil1 & h] "n is inscrib$ b5ea?4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 h] dress is n ri* b homely1 & h] usual attributes z patron sa9t are ! pot ( holy wat]1 ! asp]ge 9 h] h&1 & a dragon b\nd at h] feet4 ,9 ! *apels d$icat$ to ! ,magdal5e1 %e f9ds h] appropriate place z p5dant to h] si/]1 g5]ally di/+ui%$ by h] close coif & by be+ drap$ 9 blue or d>k br[n or grey2 :ile ! ,magdal5e is usually habit$ 9 r$4 ,:5 att5d$ by h] dragon1 ,/4 ,m>?a is sometimes conf\nd$ ) ,/4 ,m>g>et1 :o is also accompani$ by a dragon3 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,/4 ,m>g>et be>s a crucifix or palm1 & ,/4 ,m>?a ! pot ( holy wat]2 & 9 g5]al ! e>ly pa9t]s h be5 c>eful to di/+ui% ^! attributes4 ,/4 ,m>?a1 besides be+ a model ( female discretion1 sobriety1 & *a/ity1 & ! patroness ( good h\sewives1 01 accord+ to ! old leg5ds1 ! same woman :o 0 heal$ by ,*ri/1 & :o 9 gratitude erect$ to 8 hon\r a bronze /atue1 :i* /atue is said to h exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,eusebius1 & to h be5 ?r[n d[n by ,julian ! ,apo/ate4#cai ,:5 ,m>?a & ,m>y /& toge!r z patronesses1 "o repres5ts ! active1 ! o!r ! contemplative1 ,*ri/ian life4 ,m>?a is g5]ally introduc$ among ! holy wom5 :o att5d ! crucifixion & entombm5t ( our ,"l4 ,9 a mo/ beautiful ,entombm5t by ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti1 ,m>?a kisses ! h& ( ! ,savi\r1 :ile ,m>y ,magdal5e is se5 beh9d ) outspread arms3 ,laz>us & ,maxim9 /& at ! head ( ! ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,laz>us1 ! bro!r ( ,m>?a & ,m>y1 is rev]$ z ! fir/ bi%op & patron sa9t ( ,m>seilles1 & is g5]ally repres5t$ ) ! mitre & /ole4 ,!re are at lea/ fifty sa9ts :o we> ! same attire2 b :5 a figure 9 episcopal robes is introduc$ into ! same picture1 or ! same s]ies1 ) ,m>?a & ,m>y1 x may be presum$1 if n o!rwise di/+ui%$1 to be ,/4 ,laz>us3 sometimes1 b r>ely1 ! introduction ( a bi]1 or 8 resurrection1 9 ! backgr\nd1 s]ves to fix ! id5tity4 ,gr\p$ ) ^! ?ree sa9ts1 we occasionally f9d ,/4 ,m>cella 7or ,m>tilla71 :o accompani$ !m f ! ,ea/1 b :o is n di/+ui%$ by any attribute2 nor is any?+ p>ticul> relat$ ( h]1 except t %e wrote ! life ( ,m>?a1 & prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,sclavonia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are beautiful full-l5g? figures ( ,m>y1 ,m>?a1 ,laz>us1 & ,m>cella1 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan1 pa9t$ by "o ( ! ,lu9i s*ool1 & treat$ 9 a v classical & noble /yle2 drap$1 & /&+ 9 ni*es to repres5t /atues4 ,at ,muni* are ! sep>ate figures ( ,m>y1 ,m>?a1 & ,laz>us1 by ,grnewald3 ,laz>us is se5 /&+ by 8 bi]2 ,m>y1 9 ! ri* co/ume ( a ,g]man lady ( rank1 pres5ts h] vase2 & ,m>?a is habit$ l a ,g]man hausfrau1 ) h] dragon at h] feet4 ,!y are mu* l>g] ?an life1 admirably pa9t$1 & full ( "*1 ?\gh some:at grotesque 9 treatm5t4 ,ov] ! alt> ( ! *ur* #8,la ,major' at ,m>seilles1 /&s ,laz>us z bi%op2 ,m>y on ! "r1 & ,m>?a on ! left3 und]nea? ^! ?ree /atues runs a s]ies ( bas-reliefs conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ,laz>us4 #a4 ,he is recall$ to life4 #b4 ,seat$ on ! edge ( 8 tomb1 he addresses ! spectators4 #c4 ,he ent]ta9s ,*ri/4 #d4 ,! arrival at ,m>seilles4 #e4 ,he prea*es to ! p4 #f4 ,he is consecrat$ bi%op4 #g4 ,he suff]s m>tyrdom4 ,9 a tab]nacle or triptica by ,nicol ,frum5ti 7,a4,d4 #adfa71cbj ! c5tral comp>tm5t repres5ts ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 :o has ! true/ & mo/ horrid expression ( dea? & dawn+ life ,i ev] beheld4 ,on ! volet to ! "r is ! supp] 9 ! h\se ( ,levi1 & ! ,magdal5e ano9t+ ! feet ( ! ,savi\r2 on ! left volet1 ,m>?a meets him on 8 arrival at ,be?any3 #8,"l1 if ?\ had/ be5 "h1 my bro!r _h n di$4' ,9 ! *apel ( ,m>y ,magdal5e at ,assisi1 we f9d1 besides ! hi/ory ( h] life1 full-l5g? figures ( ,m>y1 ,m>?a1 ,laz>us1 & ,maxim94 ,m>y1 a beautiful dignifi$ figure1 z usual 9 ri* r$ drap]y1 /&s to ! "r ( ! alt>1 hold+ out h] h& to a kneel+ ,franciscan3 on ! left ,m>?a /&s 9 grey drap]y ) a close hood3 ,laz>us & ,maxim9 z bi%ops4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is w give an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! p]sonages are ei!r gr\p$ toge!r or plac$ 9 connection ) ea* o!r4 ,,/4 ,,m>y ,,( ,,egypt4 ,ital4 ,santa ,m>ia ,egiziaca ,p5it5te4 ,fr4 ,sa9te ,m>ie l'gypti5ne1 ,la ,gipesi5ne1 ,la ,jussi5ne4 7,april #b1 ,a4,d4 #dcc47 ,i place ! /ory ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt "h1 = ?\gh %e _h no real connection ) ! ,magdal5e1 9 works ( art !y are p]petually associat$ z les bi5heureuses p*]esses1 & 9 _! p]sonal & pictorial attributes n unfrequ5tly conf\nd$4 ,! leg5d ( ,m>y ,egyptiaca is long ant]ior to t ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,x 0 curr5t 9 a writt5 =m s e>ly z ! six? c5tury1 be+ !n receiv$ z a true hi/ory2 b x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally "o ( ^? in/ructive p>ables or religi\s romances :i*1 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 7 compos$ & circulat$ = ! edification ( ! pi\s4 ,9 consid]+ ! mann]s ( t "t1 we may easily believe t x may h _h "s f\ndation 9 fact4 ,t a female an*oret ( ! "n ( ,m>y liv$ & di$ 9 a des]t ( ,pale/9e ne> ! riv] ,jordan--t %e !re bewail$ h] s9s 9 solitude = a long c\rse ( ye>s1 & 0 accid5tally discov]$--is a v anci5t tradition1 support$ by contempor>y evid5ce4 ,! picturesque1 miracul\s1 & romantic incid5ts ) :i* ! /ory has be5 adorn$1 appe> to h be5 add$ to enhance ! int]e/2 &1 9 its pres5t =m1 ! leg5d is attribut$ to ,/4 ,j]ome4 #8,t[>ds ! ye> ( our ,"l #cfe1 !re dwelt 9 ,alex&ria a woman ^: "n 0 ,m>y1 & :o 9 ! infamy ( h] life f> exce$$ ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,aft] pass+ sev5te5 ye>s 9 e species ( vice1 x happ5$ t "o day1 :ile rov+ along ! sea-%ore1 %e beheld a %ip ready to sail1 & a l>ge company prep>+ to emb>k4 ,%e inquir$ :i!r !y 7 go+8 ,!y repli$ t !y 7 go+ up to ,j]usalem1 to celebrate ! fea/ ( ! true cross4 ,%e 0 seiz$ ) a sudd5 desire to accompany !m2 b hav+ no money1 %e paid ! price ( h] passage by sell+ h]self to ! sailors & pilgrims1 :om %e allur$ to s9 by e means 9 h] p[]4 ,on _! arrival at ,j]usalem1 %e jo9$ ! cr[ds ( wor%ipp]s :o _h assembl$ to ent] ! *ur*2 b all h] attempts to pass ! ?re%old 7 9 va92 :5ev] %e ?\ght to ent] ! por*1 a sup]natural p[] drove h] back 9 %ame1 9 t]ror1 9 despair4 ,/ruck by ! remembrance ( h] s9s1 & fill$ ) rep5tance1 %e humbl$ h]self & pray$ = help2 ! int]diction 0 remov$1 & %e ent]$ ! *ur* ( ,god1 crawl+ on h] knees4 ,!nce=w>d %e r5\nc$ h] wick$ & %ameful life1 &1 buy+ at a bak]'s ?ree small loaves1 %e w&]$ =? into solitude1 & nev] /opp$ or repos$ till %e _h p5etrat$ into ! des]ts beyond ! ,jordan1 :]e %e rema9$ 9 sev]e/ p5ance1 liv+ on roots & fruits1 & dr9k+ wat] only2 h] g>m5ts dropp$ away 9 rags piecemeal1 leav+ h] unclo!d2 & %e pray$ f]v5tly n to be left ?us expos$3 sudd5ly h] hair grew s long z to =m a cov]+ = h] :ole p]son 7or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 an angel br\ght h] a g>m5t1 f heav574 ,?us %e dwelt 9 ! wild]ness1 9 pray] & p5ance1 support$ only by h] ?ree small loaves1 :i*1 l ! wid['s meal1 fail$ h] n1 until1 aft] ! lapse ( =ty-sev5 ye>s1 %e 0 discov]$ by a prie/ nam$ ,zosimus4 ,( him %e reque/$ sil5ce1 & t he w\ld return at ! end ( a ye>1 & br+ ) him ! elem5ts ( ! holy sacram5t1 t %e might confess & communicate1 be=e %e 0 releas$ f e>?4 ,& ,zosimus obey$ h]1 & return$ aft] a ye>2 b n be+ able to pass ! ,jordan1 ! p5it5t1 sup]naturally assi/$1 pass$ ov] ! wat] to him2 &1 hav+ receiv$ ! sacram5t ) te>s1 %e desir$ ! prie/ to leave h] once m to h] solitude1 & to return 9 a ye> f t "t4 ,& :5 he return$ he f\nd h] dead1 h] h&s cross$ on h] bosom4 ,& he wept greatly2 &1 look+ r\nd1 he saw writt5 9 ! s& ^! words3--8,o ,fa!r ,zosimus1 bury ! body ( ! poor s9n]1 ,m>y ( ,egypt6 ,give e>? to e>?1 & du/ to du/1 = ,*ri/'s sake60 ,he endeav\r$ to obey ?is la/ comm&1 b be+ full ( ye>s1 & tr\bl$ & weak1 8 /r5g? fail$ him1 & a lion came out ( ! wood & aid$ him1 digg+ ) 8 paws till ! grave 0 suffici5tly l>ge to receive ! body ( ! sa9t1 :i* be+ committ$ to ! e>?1 ! lion retir$ g5tly1 & ! old man return$ home1 prais+ ,god1 :o _h %[n m]cy to ! p5it5t4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 s+le figures & devotional pictures1 ,m>y ( ,egypt is portray$ z a meagre1 wa/$1 ag$ woman1 ) long hair1 & hold+ 9 h] h& ?ree small loaves4 ,sometimes %e is unit$ ) ,m>y ,magdal5e1 z jo9t emblems ( female p5it5ce2 & n 9 pa9t+ only1 b 9 poetry1-- ,l r$eem$ ,magdal5e1 ,or t ,egyptian p5it5t1 ^: te>s ,frett$ ! rock1 & moi/5'd r\nd h] cave ,! ?ir/y des]t4 ,?us !y /& toge!r 9 a little r>e pr9t by ,m>c' ,antonio1 ! "o di/+ui%$ by h] vase1 ! o!r by h] ?ree loaves4 ,sometimes1 :5 !y /& toge!r1 ,m>y ,magdal5e is "y1 beautiful1 ri*ly dress$2 & ,m>y ( ,egypt1 a squalid1 meagre1 old woman1 cov]$ ) rags3 z 9 a r>e & curi\s pr9t by ,israel von ,meck54#cba 99 99 99 99 99 ,pictures f h] life are n common4 ,! e>lie/ ,i h met ) is ! s]ies pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,b>gello1 at ,flor5ce1 above ! life ( ,m>y ,magdal5e3 !y _h be5 :itewa%$ ov]4 ,9 seek+ = ! portrait ( ,dante1 ?is :itewa% has be5 9 "p remov$2 & x is only j possible = ^? acqua9t$ ) ! leg5d to trace 9 sev]al comp>tm5ts ! hi/ory ( ,m>y ( ,egypt4 #a4 ,deta*$ subjects are sometimes met )4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro-9-,p1 at ,cremona1 !y pres]ve relics said to be ^? ( ,m>y ( ,egypt3 & ov] ! alt> !re is a l>ge picture by ,malosso1 repres5t+ ! sa9t at ! door ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 & repuls$ by a miracul\s p[]4 ,%e is ri*ly dress$1 ) a broad-brimm$ hat1 & /&s on ! /ep1 z "o endeav\r+ to ent]1 :ile sev]al p]sons look on1--"s amaz$1 o!rs mock+4 #b4 ,m>y ( ,egypt do+ p5ance 9 ! des]t is easily conf\nd$ ) ! p5it5t ,magdal5e4 ,:]e !re is no skull1 no vase ( o9tm5t1 no crucifix ne> h]1 :]e ! p5it5t is ag$1 or at lea/ n "y & beautiful1 ) little or no drap]y1 & black or grey hair1 ! picture may be presum$ to repres5t ,m>y ( ,egypt1 & n ! ,magdal5e1 h[ev] l 9 situation & s5tim5t4 ,!re is a l>ge f9e picture ( ?is subject at ,alton ,t[]s4 #c4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ,m>y & ! h]mit ,zosimus has be5 pa9t$ by ,rib]a3 9 ?is picture h] hair is grey & %ort1 h] sk9 d>k & sunburnt1 & %e is clo!d 9 rags4 #d4 ,9 ano!r picture by ! same pa9t] %e is pass+ ov] ! ,jordan by ! help ( angels2 %e is se5 float+ 9 ! air ) h] h&s clasp$1 & ,zosimus is kneel+ by4 ,?is subject might easily be conf\nd$ ) ! ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5e1 b ! s5tim5t ought to di/+ui% !m2 =1 in/ead ( ! ec/atic trance ( ! ,magdal5e1 we h m]ely a miracul\s incid5t3 ! figure is b little rais$ above ! wat]s1 & ! h]mit is kneel+ on ! %ore4#cbb #e4 ,/4 ,m>y receives ! la/ communion f ! h&s ( ,zosimus4 ,i h kn[n ?is subject to be conf\nd$ ) ! la/ communion ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,! circum/ances ( ! sc5e1 z well z ! "*1 %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,m>y ( ,egypt receives ! sacram5t 9 ! des]t2 a riv] is g5]ally 9 ! backgr\nd3 ,zosimus is an ag$ monk4 ,:]e ! ,magdal5e receives ! sacram5t f ! h&s ( ,maxim91 ! sc5e is a portico or *apel ) ri* ar*itecture1 & ,maxim9 we>s ! habit ( a bi%op4 #f4 ,! dea? ( ,m>y ( ,egypt4 ,zosimus is kneel+ beside h]1 & ! lion is lick+ h] feet or digg+ h] grave4 ,! pres5ce ( ! lion di/+ui%es ?is subject f ! dea? ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,illu/ration3 #ig ,! ,dea? ( ,m>y ( ,egypt ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt 0 e>ly a popul> sa9t 9 ,france1 & p>ticul>ly v5]at$ by ! ,p>isians1 till eclips$ by ! increas+ celebrity ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,%e 0 /yl$1 famili>ly1 ,la ,gipesi5ne 7! ,gipsy71 s(t5$ by "t into ,la ,jussi5ne4 ,! /reet 9 :i* /ood a conv5t ( re=m$ wom51 d$icat$ to h]1 is /ill la ,rue ,jussi5ne4 ,we f9d h] :ole /ory 9 "o ( ! ri*ly pa9t$ w9d[s ( ! ca!dral ( ,*>tres2 & aga9 9 ! #8,vitraux de ,b\rges1' :]e ! inscription und]nea? is writt5 #8,segiptiaca4' ,among ! be/ mod]n frescoes :i* ,i saw at ,p>is1 0 ! decoration ( a *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m]ry1 d$icat$ to ,/e4 ,m>ie l'gypti5ne3 ! religi\s s5tim5t & mann] ( middle-age ,art are z usual imitat$1 b ) a c]ta9 unexpect$ orig9ality 9 ! conception ( "s ( ! subjects :i* pleas$ me4 #a4 ,on ! wall1 to ! "r1 %e /&s lean+ on ! p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ! ,madonna 9 a m$itative attitude1 & hav+ ! dress & ! d>k complexion ( an ,egyptian danc+-girl2 a cr[d ( p are se5 beh9d ent]+ ! gates ( ! ,temple1 at :i* %e alone has be5 repuls$4 #b4 ,%e receives ! communion f ! h& ( ,zosimus1 & is buri$ by a lion4 ,on ! left-h& wall4 #c4 ,h] apo!osis4 ,%e is borne al(t by _m angels1 two ( :om sw+ c5s]s1 & bel[ is se5 ! empty grave wat*$ by a lion4 #d4 ,und]nea? is a gr\p ( h]mits1 to :om ! ag$ ,zosimus is relat+ ! /ory ( ! p5it5ce & dea? ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt4 ,i d n 9 g5]al accept mod]n repres5tations z au?orities1 nor quote !m z examples2 b ?is resuscitation ( ,m>y ( ,egypt 9 a city :]e %e 0 s long a fav\rite sa9t1 appe>s to me a curi\s fact4 ,h] real exi/5ce is d\bt$ ev5 by ! writ]s ( t ,*ur* :i*1 = f\rte5 c5turies1 has celebrat$ h] conv]sion & glorifi$ h] "n4 ,yet ! poetical1 ! moral significance ( h] /ory rema9s2 &1 z ,i h reason to "k1 c /ill impress ! fancy1 &1 ?r\gh ! fancy1 wak5 ! consci5ce & t\* ! he>t4 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r leg5ds curr5t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 promulgat$1 x %\ld seem1 ) ! di/9ct purpose ( call+ ! frail & %9+ woman to rep5tance4 ,if ^! 7 n pure inv5tions1 if ! names ( ^! beatifi$ p5it5ts reta9$ 9 ! (fices ( ! ,*ur* mu/ be tak5 z evid5ce t !y did exi/1 x is n less c]ta9 t ! prototype 9 all ^! cases 0 ! reclaim$ woman ( ! ,scriptures1 & t x 0 ! pity+ *>ity ( ,*ri/ :i* fir/ taught m5 & angels to rejoice ov] ! s9n] t rep5te?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! leg5d ( ,,m>y1 ! niece ( ! h]mit ,abraham#cbc mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) t ( ,m>y ( ,egypt4 ,! sc5e ( ?is /ory is plac$ 9 ! des]ts ( ,syria4 ,! an*oret ,abraham _h a bro!r1 :o liv$ 9 ! _w & possess$ great ri*es1 & :5 he di$1 leav+ an only daught]1 %e 0 br\ght to h] uncle ,abraham1 app>5tly because ( 8 great reputation = hol9ess1 to be br\ght up z he %\ld ?9k fit4 ,! ideas ( ?is holy man1 ) reg>d to education1 seem to h be5 ^? ent]ta9$ by _m wise & religi\s p s9ce 8 "t2 b !re 0 ?is diff]5ce1 t he did n %[ h] ! /eep & ?orny way to heav51 & *oose = himself #8! primrose pa? ( dalliance4' ,in/ead ( apply+ to 8 *>ge a code ( morality z di/9ct z possible f 8 own1 he1 m j1 only br\ght up 8 niece 9 ! same ascetic pr9ciples :i* he deem$ necess>y = ! salvation ( all m54 ,m>y1 !re=e1 be+ br\ght to h] uncle :5 %e 0 only sev5 ye>s old1 he built a cell close to 8 own1 9 :i* he %ut h] up2 &1 ?r\gh a little w9d[1 :i* op5$ betwe5 _! cells1 he taught h] to say h] pray]s1 to recite ! ,psalt]1 to s+ hymns1 & d$icat$ h] to a life ( hol9ess & solitude1 pray+ cont9ually t %e might be deliv]$ f ! sn>es ( ! ar*-enemy1 & keep+ h] f>1 z he ?\ght1 f all possibility ( temptation2 :ile he daily in/ruct$ h] to despise & hate all ! pleasures & vanities ( ! _w4 ,?us ,m>y grew up 9 h] cell till %e 0 tw5ty ye>s old3 !n x happ5$ t a c]ta9 y\?1 :o _h turn$ h]mit & dwelt 9 t des]t1 came to visit ,abraham to receive 8 in/ructions2 & he beheld ?r\gh ! w9d[ ! face ( ! maid5 z %e pray$ 9 h] cell1 & he>d h] voice z %e sang ! morn+ & ! ev5+ hymn2 & he 0 inflam$ ) desire ( h] beauty1 till 8 :ole he>t became z a furnace = ! love ( h]2 & =gett+ 8 religi\s vocation1 & mov$ !reto by ! devil1 he tempt$ ,m>y1 & %e fell4 ,:5 %e came to h]self1 h] he>t 0 tr\bl$2 %e beat h] brea/ & wept bitt]ly1 ?9k+ ( :at %e _h be51 :at %e _h n[ become2 & %e despair$1 & said 9 h] he>t1 #8,= me !re is no hope1 no return2 %ame is my portion ev]more6' ,s %e fl$1 n d>+ to meet ! face ( h] uncle1 & w5t to a di/ant place1 & liv$ a life ( s9 & %ame = two ye>s4 ,n[1 on ! same night t %e fl$ f h] cell1 ,abraham _h a dream2 & he saw 9 8 dream a mon/r\s dragon1 :o came to 8 cell1 & f9d+ !re a beautiful :ite dove1 dev\r$ x1 & return$ to 8 d54 ,:5 ! h]mit awoke f 8 dream he 0 p]plex$1 & knew n :at x might port5d2 b aga9 he dreamt1 & he saw ! same dragon1 & he put 8 foot on its head1 & cru%$ x1 & took f its maw ! beautiful dove1 & put x 9 8 bosom1 & x came to life aga91 & spread its w+s & flew t[>ds heav54 ,!n ! old man knew t ?is mu/ relate to 8 niece ,m>y2 s he took up 8 /aff1 & w5t =? ?r\gh ! _w seek+ h] ev]y:]e4 ,at l5g? he f\nd h]1 & see+ h] ov]p[]$ ) %ame & despair1 he exhort$ h] to take c\rage1 & com=t$ h]1 & promis$ to take h] s9 & h] p5ance on himself4 ,%e wept & embrac$ 8 knees1 & said1 #8,o my fa!r6 if ?\ ?9ke/ !re is hope = me1 ,i w foll[ !e :i!rsoev] ?\ goe/1 & kiss ?y foot/eps :i* lead me out ( ?is gulf ( s9 & dea?6' ,s he pray$ ) h]1 & rem9d$ h] t ,god did n desire ! dea? ( a s9n]1 b r t he %\ld turn f 8 wick$ness & live2 & %e 0 com=t$4 ,& ! next morn+ ,abraham rose up & took 8 niece by ! h&1 leav+ beh9d !m h] gay attire & jewels & ill-gott5 weal?4 ,& !y return$ toge!r to ! cell 9 ! wild]ness4 ,f ?is "t did ,m>y lead a life ( p5it5ce & ( great humility1 m9i/]+ to h] ag$ uncle1 :o di$ glorify+ ,god3 aft] 8 dea?1 %e liv$ on _m ye>s1 prais+ ,god1 & do+ good 9 humbl5ess & s+l5ess ( he>t1 & hav+ fav\r ) ! p2 s t f all ! c\ntry r\nd !y br\ght ! sick1 & ^? :o 7 possess$1 & %e heal$ !m1--su* virtue 0 9 h] pray]s1 al?\gh %e _h be5 a s9n]6 ,nay1 x is writt51 t ev5 ! t\* ( h] g>m5t re/or$ heal? to ! afflict$4 ,at l5g? %e di$1 & ! angels c>ri$ h] _s out ( ! %ad[ & ! cl\d ( s91 into ! glory & ! joy ( heav54 ,al?\gh ! leg5d ( ,m>y ! ,p5it5t is accept$ by ! ,*ur*1 :i* celebrates h] conv]sion on ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 effigies ( h] mu/ be r>e2 ,i h nev] met ) any devotional repres5tation ( h]4 ,a pr9t attribut$ to ,alb]t ,dr] repres5ts ! h]mit ,abraham br++ back 8 p5it5t niece to 8 cell4#cbd ,9 ! ,l\vre are two l>ge l&scapes by ,philippe de ,*ampagne1 :i* 9 poetry & gr&eur ( conception come ne> to ^? ( ,niccol ,p\ss92 bo? repres5t sc5es f ! life ( ,m>y ! ,p5it5t4 ,9 ! fir/1 amid a wild & rocky l&scape1 is ! cell ( ,abraham1 & ,m>y1 sitt+ )9 x1 is visit$ by ! "y h]mit :o tempt$ h] to s93 9 ! second1 we h ! same wild]ness1 "u ano!r aspect2 ,m>y1 9 a rude seclud$ hut1 emb[]$ 9 trees1 is visit$ by pilgrims & vot>ies1 :o br+ to h] on _! %\ld]s & on litt]s1 ! sick & ! afflict$1 to be heal$ by h] pray]s4 ,! daught] ( ,*ampagne1 :om he t5d]ly lov$1 0 a nun at ,port-,royal1 & ,i ?9k x probable t ^! pictures 7l o!rs ( 8 works7 7 pa9t$ = t celebrat$ conv5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/4 ,?ais1 a r5[n$ ,greek sa9t1 is ano!r ( ^! #8bi5heureuses p*]esses1' n ! same :o sat at ,alex&]'s fea/1 & fir$ ,p]sepolis1 b a firebr& 9 h] own way4 ,/4 ,pelagia1 call$ ,pelagia ,m]etrix & ,pelagia ,mima 7= %e 0 also an actress71 is ano!r4 ,^! ,i pass ov] )\t fur!r notice1 because ,i h nev] se5 nor read ( any repres5tation ( !m 9 ,we/]n ,art4 ,/4 ,afra1 :o seal$ h] conv]sion ) h] blood1 w be f\nd among ! ,m>tyrs4 ,poets h sung1 & morali/s & sages h taught1 t = ! frail woman !re 0 no?+ left b to die2 or if m rema9$ = h] to suff]1 !re 0 at lea/ no?+ left = h] to be or d3 no *oice betwe5 sackclo? & a%es & ! liv]y ( s94 ,! beatifi$ p5it5ts ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* spoke ano!r lesson2 spoke div9ely ( hope = ! fall51 hope )\t self-abasem5t or defiance4 ,we1 9 ^! days1 ackn[l$ge no su* sa9ts3 we h ev5 done our be/ to de?rone ,m>y ,magdal5e2 b we h m>tyrs1--#8by ! pang )\t ! palm1'--& "o at lea/ among ^! :o has n di$ )\t lift+ up a voice ( eloqu5t & solemn w>n+2 :o has borne h] palm on e>?1 & ^: />ry cr[n may be se5 on high ev5 n[1 amid ! con/ellations ( ,g5ius4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,,footnotes3 #a ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 iii4 #edj4 #b ,v5ice2 ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo4 #c ,si5a2 ,san ,dom5ico4 #d ,rome2 ,vatican4 #e ,dresd5 ,gal4 #f ,! ,sa9ts :o d n appe> 9 ^! volumes w be f\nd 9 ! #8,leg5ds ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s4' #g #8,avant le #eme sicle le nimbe *rti5 ne se voit pas sur les monum5ts au!ntiques4' 7,didron1 ,iconographie1 p4 #aja47 #h ,a metal circle1 l a r\nd plate1 0 fa/5$ on ! head ( ^? /atues plac$ 9 ! op5 air1 to def5d !m f ! ra9 or du/4 ,"s ( ! anci5t glories are v l ^? plates1 b ,i d n ?9k !y are d]iv$ f !m4 #i ,i believe ^! col\r$ glories to be symbolical1 b am n sure ( ! application ( ! col\rs4 ,among ! m9iatures ( ! ,hortus ,delici>um1 pa9t$ 9 #aahj1 is a repres5tation ( ! cele/ial p>adise1 9 :i* ! virg9s1 ! apo/les1 ! m>tyrs1 & confessors we> ! gold5 nimbus2 ! prophets & ! patri>*s1 ! :ite or silv] nimbus2 ! sa9ts :o /rove ) temptation1 ! r$ nimbus2 ^? :o 7 m>ri$ h ! nimbus gre51 :ile ! beatifi$ p5it5ts h !irs ( a yell[i% :ite1 some:at %ad$4 7,didron1 ,iconographie ,*rti5ne1 p4 #afh47 #aj ,9 ! example ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 a lion may h orig9ally typifi$ any h9d]ance 9 ! way ( /udy or ( duty2 9 allusion to ! text1 #8,! slo?ful man sai?1 ,!re is a lion by ! way4' ,prov4 xxvi4 #ac4 #aa ,vide #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna4' #ab ,9 ! ,spani% s*ools ! col\r ( our ,savi\r's mantle is g5]ally a deep ri* violet4 #ac ,bologna ,gal4 #ad #b ,sam4 xiv4 #ag4 #ae ,g54 xxxii4 #a1 #b2 ,ps4 ciii4 #ba2 #a ,k+s xxii4 #ai2 ,job i4 #f4 #af ,g54 xxii4 #aa2 ,exod4 xiv4 #ai2 ,num4 xx4 #af2 ,g54 xxi4 #ag2 ,judg4 xiii4 #c2 #b ,k+s i4 #c2 ,ps4 xxxiv4 #g2 ,judi? xiii4 #bj4 #ag #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #af2 #b ,k+s xix4 #ce2 ,g53 xviii4 #h2 ,num4 xxii4 #ca2 #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #af2 ,g54 xix4 #ac4 #ah ,calmet4 #ai ,matt4 xxvi4 #ec2 ,heb4 xii4 #bb2 ,matt4 xxii4 #cj2 ,luke xx4 #cf2 ,matt4 xix4 #bd2 ,luke i4 #aa2 ,acts v4 #ai1 et passim2 ,luke xv4 #aj2 #a ,pet] i4 #ab2 ,luke xvi4 #bb2 ,heb4 i4 #ad2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #aj2 ,matt4 i4 #bj1 xvi4 #bg1 xxv4 #ca4 #bj ,rom4 viii4 #ch2 ,col4 i4 #af2 ,ephes4 i4 #ba4 #ba ,i "k n :e!r x be necess>y to obs]ve "h1 t 9 e>ly ,art ! s\ls ( ! bless$ are n repres5t$ z angels1 nor reg>d$ z belong+ to ?is ord] ( spiritual be+s1 ?\gh ,i believe x is a v common notion t we are to rise f ! dead ) ! angelic attributes z well z ! angelic nature4 ,= ?is belief !re is no w>rant 9 ,scripture1 unless ,m>k xii4 #be be s int]pret$4 #bb ,n[ 9 ! ,collection ( ,pr9ce ,wall]/e9 at ,k5s+ton ,palace4 #bc ,vas>i1 p4 #fdh4 ,fl4 edit4 #bd ,i saw 9 ! palace ( ! ,bi%op ( ,norwi* an elegant little bas-relief 9 alaba/]1 exhibit+ ! n9e *oirs1 ea* repres5t$ by a s+le angel4 ,! fir/ 7! ,s]aphim7 hold ! sacram5tal cup2 ! ,*]ubim1 a book2 ! ,?rones1 a ?rone2 ! ,pr9cipalities1 a bun* ( lilies2 ! ,ar*angels are arm$4 ,! o!r attributes are n cle>ly made out4 ,! figures h be5 ornam5t$ ) pa9t+ & gild+1 n[ p>tially worn (f1 & ! /yle is ( ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x appe>$ to me to h =m$ "o ( ! comp>tm5ts ( an alt>-piece4 #be ,z 9 ! picture 9 our ,national ,gall]y1 ,no4 #aj4 #bf ,vatican3 ,raphael's fresco4 #bg v4 ,purg4 c4 viii42 ,p>4 c4 xxxi42 ,purg4 c4 xxiv4 #bh ,! ,*]ubim 9 ! upp] lights ( ! pa9t$ w9d[s at ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 ,cov5try1 & at ,cir5ce/]1 are repres5t$ ea* /&+ on a :ite :eel ) eight spokes4 ,!y h six w+s1 ( peacocks' fea!rs1 ( a ri* yell[ col\r4 ,a :ite cross surm\nts ! =ehead1 & bo? arms & legs are cov]$ ) %ort plumage4 ,! extremities are human & b>e4 ,at ,cir5ce/] ! ,*]ubim hold a book2 at ,cov5try a scroll4 #bi ,9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,vatican4 #cj ,9 ! ,l\vre4 #ca ,9 ! ,ca!dral at ,orvieto4 #cb ,9 ! ,fr>i at ,v5ice4 #cc ,g54 xviii41 xlviii4 #af4 #cd ,purg4 c4 viii4 #ce #a ,k+s vi4 #bc4 #cf ,,ms4 #aj? c5tury4 ,p>is1 ,bibl4 ,nationale4 #cg ,,ms4 #ac? c5tury1 ,breviaire de ,/4 ,l\is4 #ch ,p>is4 ,bibl4 ,nat41 ,no4 #eaj4 ,g4 ,,ms4 #ci ,z 9 ! leg5d ( ,prome!us4 7,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbj47 #dj ,su!rl& ,gall]y4 #da ,z 9 ,raphael's fresco 9 ! ,vatican4 #db ,z 9 ! picture by ,all/on1 pa9t$ = ,"l ,egremont1 & n[ at ,petwor?4 #dc ,z 9 a picture by ,f4 ,bol4 #dd ,see #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' p4 #ahj4 #de ,= sev]al curi\s & int]e/+ p>ticul>s relative to ^! subjects1 see ! #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' pp4 #bdg1 #bef4 #df ,! picture is1 ,i suspect1 n by ,p\ss91 b by ,/ella4 ,!re is ano!r1 simil>1 by ,guido2 ,l\vre1 #ajeg4 #dg ,ciamp9i1 p4 #aca1 ,a4,d4 #cid4 #dh ,greek ,,ms4 ,a4,d4 #hfg4 #di ,p>is1 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,no4 #eaj4 #ej ,9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce3 !y mu/ h =m$ ! side w+s to an en?ron$ ,madonna & ,*ild4 #ea ,gall]y ( ! ,vatican4 #eb ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo1 ,rome4 #ec ,! mosaics 9 ! dome ( ! ,*igi *apel are s ill light$ t x is difficult to obs]ve !m 9 detail1 b !y h lately be5 r5d]$ *eaply accessible 9 ! f9e set ( engrav+s by ,grun]1 an arti/ :o 9 our day has reviv$ ! pure & correct design & elegant execution ( ,m>c ,antonio4 #ed ,z 9 ! fresco 9 ! ,vatican4 #ee ,see ! engrav+ "u ?is title by ,m>c ,antonio2 x is prop]ly ,/4 ,cecilia1 & n ,/4 ,flicit4 #ef ,x is n[ 9 ! ,lanti *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,lat]an4 #eg ,mr4 ,rusk9 rem>ks v truly1 t 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art !re is a c]ta9 confid5ce1 9 ! way 9 :i* angels tru/ to _! w+s1 v *>act]i/ic ( a p]iod ( bold & simple conception4 ,mod]n sci5ce has taught u t a w+ _c be anatomically jo9$ to a %\ld]2 & 9 proportion z pa9t]s approa* m & m to ! sci5tific z di/+ui%$ f ! contemplative /ate ( m9d1 !y put ! w+s ( _! angels on m timidly1 & dwell ) great] emphasis on ! human =m ) less ^u ! w+s1 until ^! la/ become a species ( decorative app5dage1 a m]e sign ( an angel4 ,b 9 ,giotto's "t an angel 0 a complete creature1 z mu* believ$ 9 z a bird1 & ! way 9 :i* x w\ld or might ca/ itself into ! air & lean hi!r & ?i!r on its plumes1 0 z naturally appreh5d$ z ! mann] ( flight ( a *\gh or a />l+4 ,h5ce ,dante's simple & mo/ exquisite synonym = angel1 8,bird ( ,god20 & h5ce also a v>iety & picturesqu5ess 9 ! expression ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly hi]>*ies by ! e>li] pa9t]s1 ill replac$ by ! p[]s ( =e%ort5+ & ?r[+ nak$ limbs into fanta/ic positions1 :i* appe> 9 ! *]ubic gr\ps ( lat] times4' ,! angels f ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 numb]$ #ab1 #ba1 & #cb1 are in/ances ( ?is bird-l =m4 ,!y are ,uccelli di ,dio4 ,^? numb]$ #bg1 #bh1 & #cg are examples ( ! lat] treatm5t4 #eh ,a4,d4 #aceb4 ,flor5ce1 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella4 #ei ,greek mosaic1 ,a4,d4 #aagd4 #fj ,,ms4 ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 f\rte5? c5tury4 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 #fa ,coll4 ( ! ,duke ( ,su!rl&4 #fb ,htel de ,cluny1 #cii4 #fc v4 ,il p]fetto ,leg5d>io4 #afei4 #fd ,! ,gno/ics taught t ! univ]se 0 creat$ by ! ,sev5 ,great ,angels1 :o rank$ next to ! ,eons1 or direct emanations f ,god3 #8& :5 a di/ribution 0 aft]w>ds made ( ?+s1 ! *ief ( ! creat+ angels _h ! p ( ! ,jews p>ticul>ly to 8 %>e2 a doctr9e :i* 9 ! ma9 0 receiv$ by _m anci5ts4'--,see ,l>dn]'s #8,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,h]esies4' ,i h allud$ to ! angel pictur$ z ! ag5t 9 creation 7p4 #ci71 b ! ,sev5 creat+ ,angels ,i h n met ) 9 art4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! ,gno/ic fancies condemn$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*4 #fe ,le ,livre des ,angeles de ,dieu1 ,,ms4 ,p>is ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ff ,dr4 ,arnold has "s *>act]i/ic rem>ks on ! half-human effigies ( ,satan2 he objects to ! ,miltonic repres5tation3--#8,by giv+ a human lik5ess1 & repres5t+ him z a bad man1 y necess>ily get "s image ( :at is good1 z well z ( :at is bad1 = no man is entirely evil4'--#8,! ho(s1 ! horns1 ! tail1 7 all useful 9 ?is way1 z giv+ y an image ( some?+ altoge!r disgu/+2 & s ,mephi/ophiles1 & ! utt]ly contemptible & hateful "* ( ! ,little ,ma/] 9 ,s9tram1 are f> m true ?an ! ,p>adise ,lo/4'--,life1 vol4 ii4 #fg ,vatican ,,mss41 ,no4 #afac1 ,a4,d4 #ihi4 #fh ,a4,d4 #acfe4 ,eremitani4 ,padua4 #fi ,greek ,apocalypse ,,ms4 ,p>is ,bibl4 ,nat4 #gj ,si5a ,acad4 #ga ,by ,m>co di ,rav5na4 ,b>ts*1 xiv4 #ajf4 #gb ,brescia4 ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie4 #gc ,milan1 ,br]a4 #gd ,boiss]e ,gall]y4 #ge ,a4,d4 #adjj4 ,engrav$ 9 ,lus9io's #8,e>ly ,flor5t9e ,ma/]s4' #gf ,milan4 ,br]a4 #gg ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,bib4 de l',ars5al1 ,p>is4 #gh ,see ante1 p4 #aaa1 = ! figure ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 #gi ,/4 ,ephrem1 ,bib4 ,ori5t4 tom4 i4 p4 #gh4 ,de ,beausobre1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ag4 #hj ,didron1 ,manuel grec41 p4 #aja4 #ha ,judges vi4 #aa4 #hb #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #af4 #hc ,calmet4 #hd ,de ,oratione1 cap4 xii4 #he ,bott>i1 ,tab4 xxii4 ,on ! e>ly ,*ri/ian s>cophagi1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 !re are no w+$ angels4 ,9 ! (t-repeat$ subject ( ! #8,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! burn+ fi]y furnace1' ! f\r? figure1 :5 introduc$1 may repres5t a son ( ,god1--i4e4 an angel2 or ! ,son ( ,god1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 z x has be5 int]pret$ 9 bo? s5ses4 #hf ,bel & ! ,dragon1 #bf4 #hg ,bott>i1 #ae1 #di1 #hd4 #hh ,see #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna4' #hi #8,! /one on :i* /ood ! angel ,gabriel :5 he ann\nc$ to ! mo/ ,bless$ ,virg9 ! great my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1' is among ! relies enum]at$ z exi/+ 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,santa ,croce at ,rome4 #ij ,9 ,p>adise he s+s = ev] ! fam\s salutation3-- ,cant&o ,ave ,m>ia gratia pl5a ,d9anzi a lei le sue ali di/ese4 ,,dante1 ,p>4 #cb4 #ia ,see ! ,ursul9e ,manual4 #8,:5 an angel anci5tly appe>$ to ! patri>*s or prophets1 he 0 receiv$ ) due hon\r z be+ exalt$ above !m1 bo? by nature & grace2 b :5 an ar*angel visit$ ,m>y1 he 0 /ruck ) h] sup]ior dignity & pre-em95ce1 &1 approa*+1 salut$ h] ) admiration & respect4 ,?\gh accu/om$ to ! lu/re ( ! highe/ heav5ly spirits1 yet he 0 dazzl$ & amaz$ at ! dignity & spiritual glory ( h] :om he came to salute ,"m ( ,god1 :ile ! att5tion ( ! :ole heav5ly c\rt 0 ) rapture fix$ ^u h]4' #ib ,! ,annunciation & ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 & ! (fice & "* ( ! ann\nc+ angel 9 bo? subjects1 are fully treat$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' pp4 #agi1 #ccd4 #ic ,z 9 a v curi\s pr9t by #8,le ,graveur de #adff2' & !re are o!r in/ances4 #id ,*ants ,royaux4 ,p>is ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,,ms4 ,no4 #f1ihi4 #ie ,mr4 ,/irl+ entitles ?is picture #8,an ,angel appe>+ to a ,bi%op at 8 pray]s4' #if ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ziale1 ,v5ice4 #ig ,passavant's ,rafael1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #f1 #aej4 #ih ,madrid ,gall]y4 #ii ,l\vre1 ,no4 #ceh4 #ajj ,9 our ,national ,gall]y4 #aja ,rup]tus1 ,comm5t>4 9 ,apocal4 c4 #d4 ,m>k xvi4 #af4 #ajb ,fl4 ,acad4 #ajc ,!re is a small & beautiful picture by ,giulio ,romano 9 ! ,belv$]e at ,vi5na1 repres5t+ ! emblems ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s gr\p$ 9 a picturesque mann]1 :i* 0 probably sugge/$ by ,raphael's celebrat$ picture1 :i* is 9 ! ,pitti palace at ,flor5ce4 #ajd ,grosv5or ,gall]y4 #aje ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,no4 #hbh4 #ajf ,p>is1 ,bib4 du ,roi1 ,no4 #eaj4 #ajg ,a4,d4 #acgg4 ,eng4 9 ,ross9i1 pl4 #bd4 #ajh ,design$ by ,titian1 & execut$ by ,f4 ,zuccati4 #aji ,x is s l ,giorgione 9 s5tim5t & col\r t x has be5 attribut$ to him4 ,= ?is expressive votive gr\p1 see ! frontispiece to vol4 ii41 & ! leg5ds ( ! f\r patron sa9ts above m5tion$4 #aaj ,b5ea? ! monum5t ( ,nicol ,ors9i1 9 ! ,,ss4 ,giovanni-e-,paolo at ,v5ice4 ,a v rem>kable & beautiful picture ( ?is class is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y 7,no4 #caf74 ,/4 ,m>k1 en?ron$ & hold+ 8 gospel op5 on 8 knees1 is in/ruct+ ?ree ( ! ,procuradori di ,san ,m>co1 :o kneel be=e him 9 _! ri* crimson dresses1 & li/5 rev]5tly4 #aaa ,v5ice ,ducal ,palace4 #aab ,fl4 ,gal4 #aac ,v5ice ,acad4 #aad ,br]a1 ,milan4 #aae ,br]a1 ,milan4 #aaf ,a4,d4 #aejj4 ,scuola di ,s4 ,m>co1 ,v5ice4 #aag ,fl4 ,gal4 #aah ,! ,procuradori _h ! *>ge ( ! *ur* & ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k4 #aai ,sanuto1 ,vite de' ,duci ,v5eti4 #abj ,acad4 ,v5ice4 #aba ,acad4 ,v5ice4 #abb ,ibid4 #abc ,v5ice1 ,ducal ,palace4 #abd ,! little black ,virg9 ( ! ,monte della ,gu>dia1 ne> ,bologna1 ,i saw c>ri$ 9 gr& procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( t city1 9 ,may #ahdg4 ,! foll[+ inscription is engrav$ on a tablet 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,dom5ico & ,san ,si/o at ,rome3 #8,"h at ! high alt> is pres]v$ t image ( ! mo/ bless$ ,m>y1 :i*1 be+ del9eat$ by ,/4 ,luke ! ,evangeli/1 receiv$ its col\rs & =m div9ely4 ,?is is t image ) :i* ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great 7accord+ to ,/4 ,anton9e71 z a suppliant1 purifi$ ,rome2 & ! pe/il5ce be+ dispell$1 ! angel mess5g] ( peace1 f ! summit ( ! ca/le ( ,adrian1 comm&+ ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 to rejoice1 re/or$ heal? to ! city4' ,a ,virg9 9 ! ,ara ,cli pret5ds to ! same hon\r3 bo? ^! are black & ugly1 :ile t 9 ! ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,cosm$9o is ( uncommon dignity & beauty4 ,see #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' ,introduction1 p4 xli4 #abe ,,ms4 ,a4,d4 #aejj4 ,p>is1 ,bib4 ,imp4 #abf ,f4 ,rizi4 ,a4,d4 #affj4 #abg ,z 9 ! ,missal ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,bodleian1 ,ox=d4 #abh ,bo? among ! f9e li?ographs ( ! ,boiss]e ,gall]y4 7v4 ,nos4 #e1 #ae1 #be47 #abi ,acad4 ,bologna4 #acj ,muse1 ,m>seilles4 #aca ,leigh ,c\rt1 ,gal4 ( ,mr4 ,miles4 #acb ,pet]sburg1 ,gal4 ( ,pr9ce ,n>i%k54 ,eng4 by ,mll]4 #acc ,muni* ,gal4 #acd ,we/m94 ,abbey4 #ace ,rome1 ,s4 ,m>ia-sopra-,m9]va4 #acf v4 #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna4' #acg ,br]a1 ,milan4 #ach ,we f9d among ! relics exhibit$ on great occasions 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,s4 ,croce at ,rome #8! cup 9 :i* ,/4 ,john1 ! apo/le & evangeli/1 by comm& ( ,domitian ! emp]or1 drank poison )\t receiv+ any injury2 :i* aft]w>ds be+ ta/$ by 8 att5dants1 on ! in/ant !y fell dead4' #aci ,vatican ,,mss41 t5? c5tury4 #adj ,,mss41 n9? c5tury4 ,p>is ,nat4 ,libr>y4 #ada ,vatican1 ,*ri/ian ,museum4 #adb ,johannis ,brompton ,cronicon1 #iee4 #adc ,d>t's ,hi/4 ( ,we/m9/]4 #add v4 ,leg5d ( ,/4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor 9 ! #8,leg5ds ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s1' p4 #ii4 #ade ,rome4 ,s4 ,m4 9 ,tra/ev]e4 ,s4 ,prass$e4 ,s4 ,clem5te4 ,s4 ,cecilia4 #adf ,bott>i1 ,tab4 xxviii4 #adg ,! *ur*es 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ,france1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,*ampagne1 exhibit m>k$ traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek ,art 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 #adh ,a4,d4 #dea4 ,ciamp9i1 ,vet4 ,mon4 p4 #a1 c4 iv4 #adi ,matt4 xix4 #bh2 & ,luke xxii4 #cj4 #aej ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,cock]ell's illu/rations & re/orations ( ! ri* & multif>i\s & significant sculpture ( ,wells ,ca!dral4 #aea ,luke xxii4 #cj4 #aeb ,v5ice ,acad41 f\rte5? c5tury4 #aec ,ros9i1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ge4 #aed ,conv5t ( ,*il&>i1 ,m\nt ,a?os4 #aee ,vatican1 ,sala del ,pozzo4 #aef ,vatican4 #aeg ,greek ,,ms41 n9? c5tury4 ,p>is1 ,bibl4 du ,roi1 ,no4 #eaj4 #aeh ,a set ( m>tyrdoms is 9 ! ,frank=t ,museum2 ano!r is m5tion$ 9 ,b>ts*1 viii4 #bb4 #aei ,eusebius says t all ! ,apo/les suff]$ m>tyrdom2 b ?is is n borne out by any anci5t te/imony4--,l>dn]'s ,cr$4 ( ,gospel ,hi/4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ha4 #afj ,!y 7 =tunately engrav$ = ,d',ag9c\rt's ,hi/oire de l',art1 be=e !y 7 de/roy$ by fire4 #afa ,/4 ,gu?lac's ,book4 ,e!lwold's ,b5$ictional4 #afb ,z 9 ! mosaic on ! tomb ( ,o?o ,,ii4 7,lat]an ,mus474 #afc ,bott>i1 ,tab4 xxv4 #afd ,"o ( ! f9e/ ,i h ev] se5 is ! #8,sa9t ,pi]re au ,donateur1' by ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i2 hold+ 8 keys 7bo? ( gold71 he pres5ts a kneel+ vot>y1 a man ( middle age1 :o probably bore 8 "n4 ,! head ( ,/4 ,pet] is v *>act]i/ic1 & has an en]getic plead+ expression1 almo/ dem&+ :at he requires = 8 vot>y4 ,! :ole picture is extremely f9e4 7,tur9 ,gall]y1 ,no4 #ai47 #afe ,milan1 ,br]a 7,no4 #ahi74 #aff ,:at ,/4 ,clem5t says is to ?is purpose3 t ,/4 ,pet]'s he>]s at ,rome 7 desir\s ( hav+ 8 s]mons writ d[n = _! use2 t !y made _! reque/ to ,m>k to leave !m a writt5 memorial ( ! doctr9e !y _h receiv$ by ^w ( m\?2 t !y did n desi/ f _! entreaties till !y _h prevail$ ^u him2 & ,/4 ,pet] confirm$ t writ+ by 8 au?ority1 t x might be read 9 ! *ur*es4'--,,l>dn]1 ,cr$41 vol4 i4 p4 #bej4 #afg ,fl4 ,gal4 #afh ,br]a1 ,milan4 #afi ,gian ,bell9i3 ,v5ice4 ,s4 ,m4 de' ,fr>i4 #agj ,vi5na ,gal4 #aga ,b>ts*1 vi4 #ib4 #agb #8,le ,*ri/ la ,colonne4' ,l\vre1 ,no4 #eej4 #agc ,tab4 xxi4 #agd ,hampton ,c\rt4 #age ,madrid ,gal41 ,no4 #aad4 #agf ,bridgewat] ,gal4 #agg ,ca!dral at ,mal9es4 #agh ,gal4 ( ! ,hague4 #agi ,?is picture1 =m]ly 9 ! ,br]a1 is n[ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! gall]y ( ,"l ,w>d4 ,x is ! f9e/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! ma/] ,i h ev] se54 #ahj ,x is sign$ ,m,,dula1 & attribut$ to ,giulio della ,m5dula2 a pa9t] 7except ?r\gh ?is picture7 unkn[n to me4 #aha ,brancacci ,*apel1 ,flor5ce4 #ahb ,b]l9 ,gal41 ,no4 #cac4 #ahc ,l\vre1 ,no4 #fhe4 #ahd ,z 9 ! ,greek mosaics 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,monreale1 ne> ,pal]mo4 #ahe ,sev]al su* pictures are 9 ! royal collections at ,w9dsor & ,hampton ,c\rt4 #ahf ,moore makes a *>act]i/ic rem>k on ?is fresco2 he is amaz$ at ! self-d5ial ( ! pa9t] :o c\ld cross ?is f9e gr\p ) ! black iron b>s :i* repres5t ! prison4 #ahg ,"s ,prote/ant writ]s h set aside ,/4 ,pet]'s m9i/ry at ,rome1 z altoge!r apocryphal2 b ,giesel]1 an au?or by no means cr$ul\s1 consid]s t ! hi/orical evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! tradition 7v4 ,text-book ( ,eccles4 ,hi/4 p4 #ec74 ,?is is ! m satisfactory because1 ev5 to ,prote/ants1 x is n agreeable to be at ,rome & to be oblig$ to reject c]ta9 associations :i* add to ! poetical1 z well z to ! religi\s1 int]e/ ( ! place4 #ahh ,he repres5t$ h] z a resuscitation ( ! fam\s ,hel5 ( ,troy1 :i* is said to h sugge/$ to ,goe! ! resuscitation ( ,hel5a 9 ! second "p ( #8,fau/4' #ahi ,,ms41 ,vatican1 ,no4 #fdji4 #aj? c5tury4 #aij ,9 ! sacri/y ( ! ,vatican4 #aia ,9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel at ,flor5ce4 #aib ,9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,vatican4 #aic ,vatican4 ,capella ,paol9a4 #aid v4 ,il p]fetto ,leg5d>io4 #aie ,!re 0 an oratory 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,franciscans at ,v>allo1 9 :i* !y celebrat$ a ye>ly fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,petronilla4 ,:ile ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i 0 pa9t+ !re ! s]ies ( frescoes 9 ! *apel ( ! crucifixion on ! ,sacro ,monte1 he promis$ to pa9t = ! fe/ival an effigy ( ! sa9t4 ,! eve ( ! day arriv$1 & /ill x 0 n begun3 ! p murmur$1 & reproa*$ him1 :i* he affect$ to treat je/+ly2 b he arose 9 ! night1 & ) no o!r light ?an ! beams ( ! full moon1 execut$ a *>m+ figure ( ,/4 ,petronilla1 :i* /ill exi/s4 ,%e /&s hold+ a book1 a :ite veil ov] h] head1 & a yell[ mantle fall+ 9 ri* folds3 %e has no di/9ctive emblem4 #8,gaud5zio1 *e 9 una bella notte d'e/ate dip9se fra ruvide muraglie una ,santa tutta grazia e pudore m5tre un pallido raggio di luna sbucato dalla frondosa *ioma d'alb]o dolcem5te gl'irradia la fronte calva e la b>ba rossiccia1 pres5ta un non s *e di ideale e di romanzesco *e v]am5te rapisce4'--,op]e di ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 ,no4 #ba4 7,maggi1 ,tur94 ,x is to be regrett$ t 9 ?is valuable "w nei!r ! pages nor ! plates are numb]$47 #aif ,second or ?ird c5tury4 ,bosio1 p4 #eai4 #aig v4 ,mnt]'s ,s9nbild]1 p4 #ce4 #aih v4 ,zani4 ,enc4 delle ,belle ,arti4 #aii ,9 ! gall]y ( ,mr4 ,miles1 at ,leigh ,c\rt4 #bjj ,^? :o consult ! engrav+s by ,santi ,b>toli & ,l&on mu/ be> 9 m9d t almo/ all ! ref]5ces are errone\s4 ,see ,passavant's #8,rafael1' ii4 #bde4 #bja ,! cl]gy :o p]mitt$ ,sir ,james ,?ornhill to pa9t ! cupola ( ,/4 ,paul's ) ,scripture sc5es1 refus$ to admit any o!r pa9t+s into ! *ur*4 ,p]haps !y 7 ju/ifi$2 b n by ! plea ( ,bi%op ,t]rick--! fe> ( idolatry4 #bjb ,?is s]ies1 ! mo/ important "w ( ! pa9t]1 ,hans ,s*aufele91 is n m5tion$ 9 ,kugl]'s ,h&book4 ,x is engrav$ 9 outl9e 9 ! #8,new ,flor5ce ,gall]y1' publi%$ 9 #ahcg4 #bjc #8,/4 ,paul prev5ts 8 jailor f kill+ himself' 7,acts xvi47 has be5 lately pa9t$ by ,claude ,hall1 & is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 7cole franaise1 ,no4 #bhc47 #bjd ,9 ! ,dresd5 ,gal41 ,no4 #hba4 #bje ,b>ts*1 vii4 #gi4 #bjf ,?ologie des ,pe9tres4 #bjg ,9 sev]al anci5t pictures & bas-reliefs ! cross has ! usual =m1 b he is n nail$--always b\nd ) cords1 z 9 ! anci5t bas-relief ov] ! portal ( 8 *ur* at ,v]celli4 #bjh ,gall]y ( ! ,vatican4 #bji ,muni*1 #cfc4 #baj ,9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,miles at ,leigh ,c\rt4 #baa ,h]mog5es 0 ! "n ( a fam\s ,gno/ic tea*] & philosoph]2 !nce1 ,i suppose1 adopt$ into ?is leg5d4 #bab v4 ,s\!y1 #8,pilgrim ( ,compo/ella4' #bac ,passavant's ,rafael1 ,i4 #ejh4 #bad ,duomo1 ,si5a4 #bae ,belv$]e1 ,vi5na4 #baf ,v5ice ,acad4 #bag ,rome1 ,s4 ,m>ia-9-,tra/ev]e4 ,a4,d4 #acig4 #bah ,/irl+'s #8,arti/s ( ,spa91' ii4 p4 #gec4 #bai ,leg5da ,aurea4 #bbj ,gall]y ( ,antw]p4 #bba ,passavant's ,rafael1 ,,ii4 #aaf4 #bbb ,eng4 by ,audran4 #bbc ,gal4 ,vatican4 #bbd ,fl4 ,acad4 #bbe ,fl4 ,gal4 #bbf ,flor5ce1 ,casa ,ruccellai4 #bbg ,! romantic ,leg5d ( ! sacratissima c9tola1 #8! mo/ sacr$ girdle ( ! ,virg91' is giv5 at l5g? 9 ! #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' p4 #cdd4 #bbh #8,v soon aft] ! ,"l 0 ris51 he w5t to ,james1 & %[$ himself to him4 ,= ,james _h solemnly sworn t he w\ld eat no bread f ! "t t he _h drunk ! cup ( ! ,"l till he %\ld see him ris5 f among !m t sleep4 8,br+10 sai? ! ,"l1 8a table & bread40 ,he took bread1 & bless$ & brake x1 & !n gave x to ,james ! ,j1 & said to him1 8,my bro!r1 eat ?y bread2 = ! ,son ( man is ris5 f among !m t sleep40'--,/4 ,j]ome1 z quot$ 9 ,l>dn]1 ,lives ( ! ,apo/les1 *ap4 xvi4 #bbi ,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,m>k xv4 #dj4 #bcj ,fl4 ,gal4 #bca ,fl4 ,acad4 #bcb ,see ,=d's #8,h&book ( ,spa92' also ,goe!'s #8,!ory ( ,col\rs1' translat$ by ,sir ,c4 ,ea/lake4 #8,:5 a yell[ col\r is communicat$ to dull & co>se surfaces1 su* z common clo?1 felt1 or ! l1 on :i* x does n appe> ) full en]gy1 ! disagreeable effect allud$ to is app>5t4 ,by a slight & sc>cely p]ceptible *ange1 ! beautiful impression ( fire & gold is trans=m$ into "o n undes]v+ ! epi!t f\l1 & ! col\r ( hon\r & joy rev]s$ to t ( ignom9y & av]sion4 ,to ?is impression1 ! yell[ hats ( bankrupts1 & ! yell[ circles on ! mantles ( ,jews1 may h ow$ _! orig94' 7,p4 #cjh47 #bcc ,fl4 ,gal4 #bcd ,manfr9i ,p41 ,v5ice4 #bce ,fl4 ,acad4 #bcf ,9 ! gall]y ( ,"l ,*>lemont1 ,dubl94 #bcg ,,ms41 ,no4 #gbjf4 ,bib4 du ,roi4 #bch ,flor5ce1 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella4 ,x is cle> t ! extravagant leg5ds :i* ref] to ,judas ,isc>iot 7 ! inv5tions ( ! middle ages1 & are z little c\nt5anc$ by ! writ+s ( ! e>ly fa!rs z by ! ,gospels4 ,eusebius says1 t #8,*ri/ gave l gifts to ,judas ) ! o!r apo/les2 t once our ,savi\r _h good hopes ( him on acc\nt ( ! p[] ( ! free w1 = ,judas 0 n ( su* a nature z r5d]$ 8 salvation impossible2 l ! o!r apo/les1 he might h be5 in/ruct$ by ! ,son ( ,god1 & might h be5 a s9c]e & good disciple4' 7,quot$ 9 ,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #gg47 ,! ,mahometans believe t ,*ri/ did n die1 t he asc5d$ alive into heav51 & t ,judas 0 crucifi$ 9 8 lik5ess4 7,curzon1 p4 #ahe47 #bci ,! ,greek expression1 #8lean+ on 8 bosom1 or on 8 lap1' is n1 ,i believe1 to be tak5 lit]ally1 be+ us$ to signify an intimate & affectionate int]c\rse4 #bdj ,flor5ce ,acad4 #bda ,9 ! s]ies ( compositions f ! life ( ,*ri/1 n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce2 beautifully & fai?fully engrav$ by ,p4 ,noc*i4 #bdb ,?is is also obs]vable 9 ! ,la/ ,supp] by ,nicol ,petri 9 ! ,san ,francesco at ,pisa4 #bdc ,= a signal example1 see ,/irl+'s #8,arti/s ( ,spa91' p4 #dic4 #bdd ,= "s rem>ks on ! subject ( ! ,p5teco/1 v4 #8,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1' p4 #cbe4 #bde ,acad4 ,v5ice4 ,giovanni ed ,antonio da ,murano4 #addj4 #bdf ,z ,i h frequ5t occasion to ref] to pictures pa9t$ = ! ,scuole ( ,v5ice1 x may be z well to obs]ve t ! ^w scuola1 :i* we translate s*ool1 is n a place ( education1 b a confrat]nity = *>itable purposes1--visit+ ! sick1 provid+ hospitals1 adopt+ orphans1 r$eem+ prison]s & captives1 c4 ,9 ! days ( ! republic ^! s*ools 7 ri*ly support$ & end[$1 & ! halls1 *ur*es1 & *apels atta*$ to !m 7 (t5 gall]ies ( art3 su* 7 ! s*ools ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,ursula1 ,/4 ,ro*1 ! ,c>it & o!rs4 ,unhappily1 !y exi/ no long]2 ! ,fr5* seiz$ on _! funds1 & ,au/ria does n l confrat]nities ( any k9d4 ,! ,scuola della ,c>it is n[ ! ,academy ( ,arts4 #bdg ,acad4 ,v5ice4 ,gio4 da ,ud9e4 #bdh ,frank=t ,museum4 #bdi ,we miss$ ! opportunity1 n[ nev] m to be recall$1 ( obta9+ ?is admirable picture :5 x 0 sold out ( ! ,fes* collection4 #bej ,i believe ! figure call$ ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 to repres5t ,/4 ,j]ome1 because1 9 accordance ) ! usual s*eme ( ecclesia/ical decoration1 ! greate/ ( ! f\r ,lat9 ,fa!rs w\ld take ! fir/ place1 & ! c>d9al's hat & ! long fl[+ be>d are 8 prop] attribute2 :]eas !re is no example ( a ,/4 ,bonav5tura ) a be>d1 or we>+ ! mona/ic habit )\t ! ,franciscan cord4 ,! ,arundel ,society h engrav$ ?is f9e figure "u ! "n ( ,/4 ,bonav5tura4 #bea ,dresd5 ,gal4 #beb ,imp4 ,gal41 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #bec ,vi5na ,gal4 #bed ,9 ! catalogue1 ,/4 ,cunegunda is /yl$ ,/4 ,elizabe? ,que5 ( ,hung>y1 & ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y is /yl$ ,/4 ,elizabe? ,que5 ( ,portugal4 #bee ,iri% ,bi%op ( ,wrtzburg1 & ,patron1 ,a4,d4 #fhi4 #bef #8,9 ?is picture we recognise ! ma/] to :om ,alb]t ,dr] 0 indebt$ = 8 education2 inde$1 ,wohlgemu? "h surpasses 8 great s*ol> 9 ! expression ( g5tl5ess & simplicity1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! heads ( "s ( ! female sa9ts4'--,h&book ( ,pa9t+3 ,g]man1 ,flemi%1 & ,dut* ,s*ools1 p4 #aaa4 #beg ,flor5ce1 ,ogni ,santi4 #beh ,bologna1 ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore4 #bei ,! picture1 orig9ally at ,naples1 0 pur*as$ or appropriat$ by ,philip ,,iv4 = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,escurial1 :i* belong$ to ! ,j]onymites4 #bfj ,milan1 ,br]a4 #bfa ,collection ( ,"l ,w>d4 #bfb ,l\vre1 ,sp4 ,gal4 #bfc ,p4 ,pitti1 ,flor5ce4 #bfd ,li*t5/e9 ,gal4 #bfe ,kugl] pron\nces ?is to be a ,flemi% picture 7v4 #8,h&book1' p4 #aij74 #bff ,! ?ree frescoes by ,c>paccio are 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giorgio de' ,s*iavoni at ,v5ice4 #bfg ,x 0 9 ! ,/&i% ,gal4 9 ! ,l\vre4 #bfh ,engrav$ by ,loli4 #bfi ,wolv9us1 ,a4,d4 #hcb4 #8,8 "n seems to indicate t he 0 ( ,teutonic race--a circum/ance :i* has excit$ mu* controv]sy among/ ! mod]n ,italian antiqu>ies4'--,murray's ,h&book4 #bgj ,belv$]e ,gal41 ,vi5na4 #bga ,p>is1 ,invalides4 #bgb ,,ss4 ,giovan e ,paolo1 ,v5ice4 #bgc ,br]a1 ,milan4 #bgd ,fl4 ,gal4 #bge ,pitti ,pal4 ,?is f9e picture 0 pa9t$ = ! ,ago/9i4 #bgf ,br]a1 ,milan4 #bgg ,b]l9 ,gal4 #bgh ,acad41 ,v5ice4 #bgi ,vatican1 ,*ri/ian ,museum4 #bhj ,cremona4 #bha ,belv$]e1 ,vi5na4 #bhb v4 #8,leg5ds ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s1' p4 #aia4 #bhc ,i believe ?is picture 0 aft]w>ds 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,d5ni/\n1 ( ,d5ni/\n4 ,mr4 ,/irl+ m5tions x z a f9e specim5 ( ,murillo's second /yle4 #bhd ,once 9 ,"l ,me?u5's ,gall]y at ,cor%am4 #bhe ,x 0 9 ! possession ( ,h] ,maje/y ! ,ex-,que5 ( ! ,fr5*1 :o paid = x #be1jjj;f4 #bhf ,!re is a duplicate 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,gall]y4 #bhg ,su!rl& ,gal4 #bhh ,vic5za4 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,monte4 #bhi ,b>ts*1 ,le ,pe9tre ,graveur1 vii4 #bfd4 #bij ,= an acc\nt ( ,/4 ,nilus1 & ! f\ndation ( ,grotta ,f]rata1 see ! #8,leg5ds ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s4' #bia ,accord+ to ,sansov9o1 begun by ,giorgione & f9i%$ by ,seba/ian4 #bib ,dante1 ,inf4 c4 xi4 #bic ,! ,greek ^w ,papa1 "h translat$ d] ,pap/ 7! ,pope71 betrays ! ,ea/]n orig9 ( ! /ory4 ,x is ! g5]al title ( ! ,greek prie/hood1 & means simply a prie/1 elevat$ 9 ! ,g]man leg5d into #8! ,pope4' #bid ,koburgh]1 #8,leg5d5sammlung1' #adhh1 p4 #cbe4 ,hell]'s #8,leb5 und ,w]ke ,albre*t ,dr]'s1' p4 #ddj4 #bie ,su!rl& ,gal4 #bif #8,la ,messe de sa9t ,basile4' ,l\vre1 cole franaise1 ,no4 #ejh4 #big #8,p\r v\s ram5] des ides plus favorables la ,madele9e1 v\s transportant au temps et aux circon/ances o vcut cette clbre ,isralite1 je p\rrais v\s dire1 ,,messieurs1 que l'antiquit1 ne jugeant pas quitable d'exig] plus de v]tu du sexe rput p\r le plus faible1 ne croyait pas les femmes d%onores de ce qui ne d%onorait pas les hommes ses yeux2 qu'elle a d'ailleurs t\j\rs t bi5 mo9s svre des s5tim5ts qui1 naissant avec n\s1 lui p>aissai5t une p>tie de n\s-mmes1 et qu'elle n'atta*a jamais aucune ide fltrissante aux suites d'une passion qu'elle tr\vait presque aussi p>donnable que naturelle4 ,les grces de la beaut tai5t alors reg>des comme les autres tal5ts2 et l'art de plaire1 aussi autoris que les autres arts1 lo9 d'inspir] de l'loignem5t1' c4 ,aft] describ+1 9 gl[+ t]ms1 h] spl5did position 9 ! _w1 h] illu/ri\s rank1 h] und]/&+1 #8droit1 solide1 et dlicat1' h] #8grce1' h] #8esprit1' h] wondr\s beauty1 p>ticul>ly h] sup]b hair1 #8cultiv avec tant de so91 arrang avec tant d'art2'--& lam5t+ t a creature ?us nobly gift$ %\ld h be5 ca/ away ^u ! same rock :i* _h %ipwreck$ ! greate/1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s1 ( h] compatriotes1 #8le =t ,samson1 le preux ,david1 le sage ,salomon2' he goes on to describe1 ) real eloqu5ce1 & 9 a less (f5sive /ra9 ( panegyric1 h] devotion at ! foot ( ! cross1 h] pi\s visit to ! tomb by break ( day1 brav+ ! fury ( ! gu>ds1 ! cruelty ( ! ,jews1 & tak+ ! place ( ! apo/les1 :o 7 disp]s$ or fl$4 ,& ?us he w9ds up ) a moral1 mo/ extraord9>y :5 we recollect t x 0 prea*$ f a pulpit by a grave doctor 9 !ology3-- #8,jeunes p]sonnes qui vivez encore dans l'innoc5ce6 appr5ez donc de la ,madele9e combi5 gr&s sont les prils de la jeunesse1 de la beaut1 de t\s les dons purem5t naturels2 s\v5ez-v\s que le dsir excessif de plaire e/ t\j\rs dang]eux1 r>em5t innoc5t1 et qu'il e/ bi5 difficile de donn] beauc\p de s5tim5ts1 sans en pr5dre soi-mme4 ,a la vue des faiblesses de la jeune ,isralite1 compr5ez de quelle importance e/1 p\r v\s1 la g>de de votre cur2 et quels dsordres il v\s expose1 si v\s ne v\s acc\tumez le contr>i] sans cesse1 en t\s ses p5*ants4 #8,femmes monda9es1 et peut-tre voluptueuses6 appr5ez de la ,madele9e rev5ir de vos c>ts2 ils ont t1 dans v\s1 le fruit de la faiblesse huma9e2 que votre ret\r soit le fruit de votre correspondance la grce4 ,et p\rriez-v\s ou v\s propos] un modle plus digne d'tre suivi que celui que v\s prs5te ,madele9e1 ou tr\v] ailleurs un motif plus puissant de le suivre8 #8,et v\s qui1 fires d'une rs]ve que v\s ne devez peut-tre qu' votre ins5sibilit1 v\s en faites un remp>t1 l'abri duquel v\s croyez p\voir mpris] t\te la t]re1 et dont la mondanit de ,madele9e elle-mme a peut-tre sc&alis la prcieuse v]tu6 femmes plus va9es que sages6 appr5ez de notre ,sa9te1 qu'il n'y a que la grce de ,dieu et une att5tion cont9uelle sur n\s-mmes qui puiss5t n\s aid] con/amm5t contre la p5te qui n\s prcipite v]s le mal2 et craignez qu'on ne puisse v\s dire1 son sujet1 ce quo ,sa9t ,augu/9 disait une dvote de votre c>actre1 ple9e d'elle-mme et mdisante3 8,plt ,dieu que v\s eussiez donn dans les mmes excs dont v\s croyez si volonti]s les autres capables6 v\s s]iez mo9s loigne du royaume de ,dieu2 du mo9s v\s auriez de l'humanit60' ,le ,brun's ,magdal5e is j ! ,magdal5e describ$ by ?is prea*]3 bo? "o & ! o!r are z l ! ,magdal5e ( ,scripture z ,leo ,x4 0 l ,/4 ,pet]4 #bih ,! orig9al ,lat9 di/i* runs ?us3-- ,ne desp]etis vos qui pecc>e soletis1 ,exemploque meo vos rep>ate ,deo4 #bii ,x 0 9 ! ,/&i% ,gall]y belong+ to ,l\is-,philippe1 & n[ disp]s$4 #cjj ,!re is a beautiful half-l5g? female figure1 attribut$ to ,correggio1 & engrav$ "u ! title ( #8,gismunda' weep+ ov] ! he>t ( h] lov]1 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,newca/le4 ,! duplicate 9 ! ,belv$]e ,gall]y at ,vi5na is !re /yl$ a ,magdal5e1 & attribut$ correctly to ,francesco ,fur9i4 #cja ,li*t5/e9 ,gal4 #cjb ,^! two pictures 7 sold out ( ! ,l\vre ) ,k+ ,l\is-,philippe's pictures4 #cjc ,tur9 ,gall]y4 #cjd ,muni* ,gall]y1 ,no4 #bff4 ,!re is an inf]ior repetition 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y at ,tur94 #cje ,! great picture =m]ly 9 ! ,durazzo ,palace is n[ 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y at ,tur94 ,x is wond]ful = life & col\r1 & dramatic feel+--a ma/]piece ( ! pa9t] 9 8 *>act]i/ic /yle4 #cjf ,bott>i1 ,tab4 xxx4 #cjg ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce4 #cjh ,?is beautiful & valuable picture has be5 bequea!d by ! poet to ! ,national ,gall]y4 #cji ,! pr9t by ,edel9ck is consid]$ z ! ma/]piece ( t celebrat$ engrav]4 #caj ,dresd5 ,gal4 #caa ,see p4 #cgi1 note4 #cab ,!re are ab\t #aej *ur*es 9 ,engl& d$icat$ 9 hon\r ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4 #cac ,!re is a f9e s]ies ( frescoes f ! life ( ,m>y ,magdal5e by ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,cri/(oro at ,v]celli4 #a4 ,m>y & ,m>?a are seat$1 ) a cr[d ( o!rs1 li/5+ to ,*ri/1 :o is prea*+ 9 a pulpit4 ,m>?a is veil$ & ?\ghtful3 ,m>y1 ri*ly dress$1 looks up eag]ly4--,half de/roy$4 #b4 ,m>y ano9ts ! feet ( ! ,savi\r3 %e lays h] head d[n on 8 foot ) a t5d] humiliation3 9 ! backgr\nd ! ,m>ies at ! sepul*re & ! ,noli me tang]e4--,?is also 9 great "p ru9$4 #c4 ,! leg5d ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,prov5ce & 8 wife1 :o are kneel+ be=e ,laz>us & ,m>y4 ,m>?a is to ! left1 & ,m>cella beh9d4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are ! v>i\s sc5es ( ! leg5d3--! emb>kation2 ! sc5e on ! isl&2 ! arrival at ,j]usalem2 ! return to ,m>seilles ) ! *ild4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$1 & ! heads are rem>kably f9e4 #d4 ,m>y ,magdal5e su/a9$ by angels1 h] feet re/+ betwe5 ! w+s ( "o ( !m1 is borne upw>ds4 ,all ! upp] "p ( ! figure is de/roy$4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are ! la/ communion & burial ( ! ,magdal5e4 ,i saw ^! frescoes 9 ,octob] #ahee4 ,!y suff]$ greatly f ! siege 9 #afch1 :5 sev]al bombs %att]$ ?is "p ( ! wall1 & w soon cease to exi/4 ,!y are engrav$ 9 _! pres5t /ate 9 ,pianazzi's #8,op]e di ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1' ,no4 #ai4 #cad ,bayle1 ,dict4 ,hi/42 ,molanus1 lib4 iv41 de ,hi/4 ,sacr>4 ,s4 ,mag41 cap4 xx4 p4 #dbh2 ,?omasium1 prefat4 #gh4 ,! au?ority usually cit$ is ,abdius1 a writ] :o pret5d$ to h liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & :om ,bayle /yles #8! mo/ impud5t ( leg5d>y impo/ors4' #cae ,p>is1 ,biblio?que du ,roi1 ,,ms4 #gjac1 f\rte5? c5tury4 #caf ,il ,p]fetto ,leg5d>io4 #cag ,que5's ,gal4 #cah ,bodleian ,,mss41 ,ox=d4 #cai ,x is p]haps 9 ref]5ce to ?is tradition t ,/4 ,m>?a has become ! patroness ( an ord] ( *>itable wom51 :o s]ve 9 ! hospitals1 p>ticul>ly ! milit>y hospitals1 9 ,france & else:]e1--h] bro!r ,laz>us hav+ be5 a soldi]4 #cbj ,fl4 ,gal4 #cba ,b4 ,museum4 #cbb ,x 0 9 ! ,sp4 ,gal4 9 ! ,l\vre1 n[ disp]s$4 #cbc ,santa ,m>ia ,p5it5te4 #cbd #8,leb5 und ,w]ke ,von ,albre*t ,dr]1' ,no4 #bjfg4