,,eut]pe ,,or ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,art ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,to-,,morr[ ,a ,full ,li/ ( ! ,s]ies w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is ,volume ,,eut]pe ,,or ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,art ,,by ,,lionel ,r4 ,mc,c,o,l,v,i,n ,au?or ( ,! ,!ory ( ,book-,selection1 ,music 9 ,public ,libr>ies1 etc4 ,,london3 ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 ,made & ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,m4 ,f4 ,rob9son ,co41 ,ltd41 at ,! ,libr>y ,press1 ,l[e/(t ,,eut]pe ,i ,at ! outset x w be desirable to /ate t :5 ,i speak ( ! future ( art ,i d n mean ! 8art ( ! future04 ,art c be consid]$ f ei!r an inside or an outside po9t ( view2 t is to say1 we c deal ei!r ) its nature1 problems1 & p]=mances--art itself1 or ) ! am\nt & quality ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 art by m5 & wom5--! 8art-life0 ( ! community4 ,! latt] subject is t dealt ) "h4 ,! 8art-life0 ( ! civiliz$ _w is at pres5t 9 a transition p]iod1 :i* is fraught ) di/9ct1 ?\gh maybe unrealiz$1 dang]s4 ,its problems are only indirectly relat$ to ! pres5t & ! future /ate ( art-production3 :e!r we =esee developm5t or retrogression 9 mod]n t5d5cies 9 lit]ature1 pa9t+1 music1 & s on1 ^! dang]s w ne$ to be fac$1 or !y w1 at lea/1 m9imize ! value ( ! creative "w ( to-morr[4 ,= we are conc]n$ n ) ! production ( art b ) ! enjoym5t & appreciation ( art4 ,z ! latt] is ! m important1 s9ce )\t x production w\ld be /]ile1 x is an ess5tial prelim9>y t ! conditions necess>y = ! heal?y gr[? ( a m widespread1 deep]-root$ love ( ! beautiful %\ld exi/4 ,we are n[ view+ ! situation z sociologi/s1 z m51 r ?an z arti/s4 ,! arti/ c be satisfi$ :5 he atta9s a c]ta9 level ( p]=mance3 at lea/ he c "w ) cont5t & happ9ess :ile he is seek+ to rea* a may-be unatta9able p]fection4 ,he is1 naturally & rightly1 conc]n$ ) absolute values2 & ! critic & ! individual lov] c ma9ta9 ! same attitude4 ,if a pa9t+ or a poem rea*es p]fection1 he asks no m4 ,b ! sociologi/ mu/ take a diff]5t attitude4 ,to ! arti/ & ! critic ! "w is ! end2 to ! sociologi/ x is ! beg9n+4 ,x is n en\gh = him to "k t ! pa9t+ is great1 s9ce to him x is only ! means by :i* m5 atta9 arti/ic enjoym5t2 x has no significance until x has act$ ^u ! m9ds ( m54 ,t be+ s he mu/ ask o!r que/ions ab\t x--fir/ly1 ,h[ _m m5 c see x8 ,h[ _m are able to appreciate its value intellig5tly1 ga9+ ! full ae/hetic1 spiritual1 or intellectual /imulus f x8--9 %ort1 ,:at is ! aggregate ( its human significance8 ,x does n foll[1 ( c\rse1 t we c relate ! quality ( a "w ( art to ! 8quantity0 ( its appeal2 x w\ld1 9 fact1 be absurd to suppose t x is necess>ily bett] t #ajj1jjj %\ld "k & appreciate ! second-rate ?an t #ajj %\ld love ! f9e/--nei!r1 ) c]ta9 res]vations1 ne$ ?is necess>ily be untrue4 ,! po9t ,i w\ld urge at pres5t is simply t ! value ( art to humanity does dep5d v l>gely ^u ! desire & opportunity ( m5 to take advantage ( x4 ,! poet ^: works are ignor$ sav+ by ! v few may be z impot5t z a mute +lori\s ,milton4 ,!re=e !re are two factors--production & reproduction1 or1 %all we say1 creation & di/ribution4 ,a musician composes a symphony1 a dramati/ writes a play1 a noveli/ a /ory--t is ! fir/ factor4 ,if no "o ev] p]=m$ ! symphony1 produc$ ! play1 or publi%$ ! novel1 ( :at importance w\ld ?is creation prove to ! _w8--,practically none4 ,! art-product mu/ be di/ribut$ be=e x c accompli% any "p ( its ess5tial purpose4 ,x necess>ily foll[s1 moreov]1 t ! wid] ! di/ribution1 ! m adequately w x function4 ,?is is all v obvi\s1 ?\gh (t5 =gott51 & w disclose ! next /ep 9 ! argum5t1 :i* is t1 7 x n = c]ta9 t5d5cies1 increas$ means ( reproduction & di/ribution w\ld lead to a bett] develop$1 m valuable1 & m active arti/ic life4 ,t be+ s1 ! pres5t1 :i* is a p]iod :5 mank9d is enjoy+ ! b5efit ( rec5t & important reproductive inv5tions1 %\ld be imbu$ ) hopeful t5d5cies--,is x8 ,yes & no4 ,let u take /ock ( our position4 ,reproduction is almo/ entirely a me*anical matt]1 dep5d+ ^u non-arti/ic1 purely mat]ial factors4 ,production is ! bus9ess ( ! creative arti/s2 reproduction t ( ! sci5ti/s4 ,! latt] h giv5 u )9 rec5t ye>s inv5tions :i* h revolutioniz$ arti/ic conditions--! me*anical processes & innum]able second>y inv5tions su* z /]eotyp+1 & me*anical composition & b9d+1 :i* h facilitat$ ! reproduction ( pr9t$ matt]1 ! ?ree-col\r & o!r photo-me*anical me?ods ( reproduc+ pictorial matt]1 ! gramophone1 ! piano-play]1 & wireless to aid ! di/ribution ( music1 & s on1 ?r\gh\t ! range ( pure & appli$ art4 ,until rec5t ye>s ! p]c5tage ( ! population :o 7 9 direct contact ) ! f9e arts _h rema9$ mu* ! same 9 civiliz$ c\ntries f probably ! e>lie/ times4 ,art _h almo/ inv>iably dep5d$ ^u direct patronage ( "s k9d or o!r1 religi\s or secul>1 if n entirely at lea/ to an important degree4 ,i w\ld n d5\nce ?is2 "o _c1 :5 "o rememb]s t ! sy/em fo/]$ art :i* has n be5 equall$ "u ! new rgime4 ,b direct patronage by ! few is rapidly decl9+ & is to-day almo/ negligible4 ,x has be5 replac$1 simply z a result ( ! me*anical factor1 by a m democratic economic basis4 ,"s arts are /ill to "s ext5t produc$ = ! few1 b o!rs entirely = ! _m4 ,! important fact is t :]ev] reproduction is easie/ t art is ! mo/ democratic--books & music1 = example2 :]ev] lea/ possible its range is n>r[] & its support less democratic1 e4g41 sculpture1 h\sehold decoration1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "* ( our arti/ic exp]i5ce has !re=e to a v l>ge ext5t be5 decid$ by purely non-arti/ic factors4 ,t :i* c be reproduc$ has be5 reproduc$1 & opportunity has develop$ ta/e4 ,?is is a g5]alization1 ?\gh n a fallaci\s "o4 ,we may assume t ! arti/ic ne$s ( m5 h be5 l$ into _! diff]5t *annels p>tly z a result ( p]sonal incl9ation1 b v l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( opportunity4 ,if a numb] ( m5 7 ca/ ^u a des]t isl& ) only books to m9i/] to _! ae/hetic ne$s1 ! majority w\ld take :at 0 to h& & be q cont5t4 ,i am n say+ t ?is is a good t5d5cy b t x is a true hypo!sis1 applicable to mod]n life1 & a cont5tion :i* is t5able on hi/orical gr\nds4 ,! fav\rite pursuits ( e>ly civilizations 7 n ^? ( to-day1 & x is v unlikely t any "o factor has done s mu* to *ange ta/e z ! developm5t ( means ( reproduction4 ,! pursuit ( once-popul> arts ne$ n die out2 x ne$ n ev5 decl9e1 s9ce ! numb]s ( ^? int]e/$ 9 all ! arts is increas+2 b ! proportionate or relative int]e/ alt]s4 ,?is be+ s1 c we ignore ! influ5ce ( ! me*anical factor8 ,x is op]at+ 9 a /rik+ mann] to-day :5 relatively music is be+ appreciat$ by m & lit]ature by few] p1 :5 ! !atre is attract+1 relatively aga91 few] e day ?an ! c9ema1 :5 ! graphic arts are becom+ m significant ?an ! pla/ic arts4 ,to ignore ! me*anical factor is to put effect be=e cause4 ,c]ta9ly ! "* ( ta/e has influ5c$ ! direction ( inv5tion to "s ext5t1 s9ce ! sci5ti/ w\ld naturally turn fir/ to fields :]e 8 "w w\ld be mo/ effective4 ,?is aspect %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be magnifi$4 ,soon] or lat] sci5ce has giv5 all x 0 capable ( giv+ to e =m ( art1 reg>dless ( its importance or popul>ity4 ,& s we realize t ! "* ( public ta/e--t is to say1 ! proportionate am\nt ( int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s arts--has be5 dictat$ by ! me*anical factor4 ,we c g /ill fur!r & ass]t t its quality has be5 l>gely det]m9$ by ?is same influ5ce4 ,,ii ,be=e we c appreciate ! tru? ( t ass]tion--t ! quality ( public ta/e has be5 influ5c$ by me*anical me?ods ( reproduction--we mu/ be prep>$ to view ! art-life ( ! community z a :ole4 ,too (t5 we t5d to reg>d only ! bett] elem5ts1 ! top lay]1 & to ignore ! l[] /rata4 ,we segregate a section ( ! populace--t :i* appreciates1 or pret5ds to appreciate1 ,art 7) a capital ,a7--& =get t ! rema9d]1 :i* indulges 9 jazz1 #8! pictures'1 light fiction1 ,bovril pictures1 & t9-*apel ar*itecture1 is actuat$ by ! same motives4 ,! quality ( _! arti/ic exp]i5ces & ! /&>d ( _! ta/e & arti/ic education may be v diff]5t1 yet !y seek ! same k9d ( exp]i5ce z ! o!rs4 ,x is entirely a matt] ( degree4 ,!re=e we mu/ reg>d ! art-life ( a community1 z we mu/ & d reg>d its social1 religi\s1 or political life1 z compris+ a little good1 mu* bad1 & m t is indiff]5t4 ,once ?is is realiz$1 & only !n1 ! full significance ( ! me*anical factor is app>5t4 ,let u g back to ! pre-me*anical era1 :5 only a small numb] ( p _h any opportunity = contact ) art & only a few _h develop$ a love = & ! ability to appreciate its high] manife/ations4 ,at ! same "t a simil>ly limit$ populace f\nd satisfaction 9 ! second1 ?ird--& fif?-rate4 ,probably !n1 z n[1 m enjoy$ ! second-be/ ?an ! f9e/1 & s on1 ?\gh probably ! contra/ 0 n s great z x is n[4 ,h[ev] t may be1 :5 a new reproductive process 0 introduc$ x 0 naturally appli$ to ! l[] types r ?an to ! bett]1 = an obvi\s reason4 ,x enabl$ m p to be br\ght into contact1 & ^! newcom]s mu/ naturally be unaccu/om$ to & incapable ( appreciat+ ! be/4 ,! education ( ta/e is a sl[ process1 :]eas ! new inv5tion 0 a sudd5 =ce1 appli$ imm$iately 9 :atev] direction (f]$ x ! greate/ scope4 ,& s we f9d at once an increase 9 ! l[] grades ( appreciation :i* is out ( proportion to ! b5efits be/[$ ^u ! high]4 ,! tr\ble did n end !re1 h[ev]4 ,great] famili>ity t5ds to =m ta/e1 especially 9 ^! matt]s4 ,art s]ves mo/ m5 *iefly z a luxury1 a relaxation1 a recreation2 & 9 our que/ = ^! we are apt to take t :i* is mo/ easily obta9$4 ,! me*anical factor1 by mak+ ! f\r?-rate accessible1 g5]at$ a desire = ! f\r?-rate3 ?is desire /imulat$ fur!r reproduction1 & ?is1 9 turn1 br\ght m into ! arti/ic fold1 at ea* /ep l[]+ ! quality ( ! mo/ accessible & ! mo/ desir$4 ,! result is t to-day ! av]age quality ( ! :ole arti/ic consumption ( ! populace is consid]ably l[] ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e 9 civiliz$ times4 ,?\gh e day m & m p are read+ "s k9d ( pr9t$ matt]1 witness+ plays--sil5t & audible--( a sort1 look+ at pictures1 p5ny pla9 or twop5ce col\r$1 ?\gh ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 e man w be int]e/$ to "s ext5t 9 art 9 "o or o!r ( its =ms1 our art-life is develop+ n s mu* 9 quality z 9 quantity4 ,,iii ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a bright side to ! picture1 & le/ we be accus$ ( pessimism x w be well to discuss ?is n[4 ,9 ! fir/ place all =ms ( art1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 h b5efit$ by me*anical means ( reproduction4 ,! actual numb]s ( ^? :o c exp]i5ce ! f9e/ ?+s 9 art h increas$ manifold1 & to t ext5t1 ! art-life ( ! _w is bett] (f ?an be=e4 ,my only cont5tion is t proportionately few] appreciate ! be/1 ?\gh actually m d s4 ,my only int5tion "h is to po9t out ! ess5tially quantitative t5d5cies ( to-day1 le/ we %\ld mi/ake !m = some?+ bett]4 ,quantity alone is n ev]y?+1 &1 if we fail to realize ^! t5d5cies & endeav\r to c\nt]act _! undesirable features1 ! "t w come :5 ! disproportion betwe5 ^? :o seek ! wor?y & ^? :o d n w be v dang]\s4 ,:y ?is w be s ,i hope to %[ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,to return to ! bright side--,?\gh quantity is n ev]y?+1 x is some?+4 ,x is bett] t p %\ld appreciate ! l[e/ arts ?an t !y %\ld ignore !m altoge!r4 ,provid$1 ( c\rse1 t any art is n def9itely decad5t & deg5]ate1 x is bett] ?an none4 ,b ev5 ?is aspect has its disadvantages4 ,x might be argu$1 n )\t reason1 t x is m difficult to wean a p]son f ! poor ?+ he kn[s & has come to l ?an to introduce an absolutely arti/ically-un$ucat$ p]son to ! mod]ately good4 ,( t1 h[ev] we %all speak lat]4 ,?irdly1 improv$ reproductive me?ods h enri*$ art by enabl+ m9orities to fl\ri%4 ,,iv ,& s we approa* ! real dang]1 :i* is naturally m pot5t 9 "s fields ?an 9 o!rs4 ,we h se5 t ! me*anical factor has1 by mak+ ! f\r?-rate m accessible1 increas$ ! numb] ( ^? ) f\r?-rate ta/es4 ,n[ we enc\nt] ! comm]cial factor :i* ent]s at "s /age into e art & almo/ e arti/ic activity4 ,books1 music1 & pictures mu/ be publi%$1 plays produc$1 conc]ts arrang$1 art-objects manufactur$1 & s on4 ,outlay ( capital is almo/ inv>iably involv$1 & ^? ) capital c seldom be induc$ to use x )\t ! usual expectation ( ga94 ,9 %ort1 to "s p]son or o!r ne>ly all our arti/ic exp]i5ces are bus9ess propositions4 ,practically ! only exceptions to ?is rule are ! in/itutions ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se--art-gall]ies1 museums1 public libr>ies1 etc4--& ev5 ^! are n entirely divorc$ f indirect comm]cial relation%ips4 ,?us ! nature & ext5t ( art-reproduction are v l>gely gov]n$ by comm]cial consid]ations4 ,! effect ( ?is is easily se54 ,! natural desire ( ! capitali/ is to secure ! be/ return f 8 inve/m5t1 & ?is may be s\ght 9 two ways4 ,ei!r he may produce some?+ = :i* !re is a l>ge dem&1 or he may produce some?+ = :i* !re is less dem& & *>ge m = x4 ,he w c]ta9ly avoid ! ?+ = :i* !re is only a small or a problematic dem&4 ,let u n[ rememb] t ! proportion ( ^? :o desire good art is decreas+1 & x is cle> t ! comm]cial factor is n improv+ ! /&>d ( public ta/e4 ,)9 limits ! mo/ dem& is = ! lea/ wor?-:ile1 & yet x is ! satisfaction ( ?is dem& :i* makes ! mo/ attractive comm]cial proposition4 ,he :o wants ! f9e ?+ priz$ by a m9ority mu/ pay m = x if he is lucky en\gh to be able to d s & if he is =tunate en\gh to h x produc$ = him1 or g )\t x if he is n4 ,! sn[ball rolls on4 ,! vici\s sequ5ce op]ates cont9u\sly4 ,! bigg] ! dem& ! m ready is ! bus9ess-man to meet x2 ! bett] ! supply1 ! great] ! desire4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! comm]cial factor is pot5t v>ies consid]ably1 & dep5ds l>gely ^u ! am\nt ( capital :i* is involv$ 9 ! s+le reproductive op]ation4 ,=tunately !re are /ill bus9ess-m5 9 ! art-produc+ _w :o are glad to compromise1 :o sometimes put _! ideals be=e _! pockets1 :o are satisfi$ s long z !y are enabl$ to pay _! way1 :o are prep>$ at times to lose4 ,accord+ly1 :5ev] ! capital involv$ is n l>ge1 & :5ev] ! inve/or c und]take a numb] ( contempor>y v5tures ! loss on "s ( :i* %\ld be cov]$ by pr(its on ! o!rs1 bett] ?\gh less popul> art is giv5 its *ance4 ,probably ! mo/ =tunate art 9 ?is respect is t ( lit]ature 79 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w71 & ! mo/ un=tunate ! drama4 ,! p]c5tage ( wor?y books :i* rema9 unpubli%$ is v l[ comp>$ ) t ( plays or music1 & ev5 ?is p]c5tage does n indicate ! real diff]5ce1 s9ce ?r\gh lack ( opportunity1 ! numb] ( arti/s :o devote _! en]gies to composition or play-writ+ is mu* small] ?an x %\ld be4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,a small circulation w pay ! co/ ( publi%+ ! av]age book--a mu* small] circulation 77 x n = adv]tis+ exp5ses7 ?an _m imag9e2 on ! o!r h&1 comm]cial conditions be+ :at !y are1 consid]able public support is necess>y if ! produc] ( a play1 a film1 or an or*e/ral conc]t is to secure any f9ancial ga94 ,! publi%]1 moreov]1 does n put all 8 eggs into "o basket2 ! produc] ( plays1 unless he is 9 an unusually /rong f9ancial position1 mu/4 ,! =m] c af=d to take occasional risks2 ! latt] _c4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( books1 h[ev]1 ! read] :o seeks ! same k9d ( read+ z _m millions ( o!rs is 9 a m fav\rable position ?an ! man ) individual1 m9ority incl9ations4 ,! great] ! volume ( reproduction1 ! l[] ! co/ p] copy4 ,ev5 7 ! bus9ess-man will+1 he c\ld n give ! latt] ! full b5efit ( me*anical inv5tions4 ,x w\ld n be wor? 8 :ile to d s4 ,! complete utilization ( me*anical me?ods involves ! use ( exp5sive plant1 :i* is ju/ifi$ only :5 ! output is l>ge4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a matt] ( degree1 & _m processes 7e4g4 ma*9e-cas+ ( books7 c be appli$ z readily to ! few z to ! _m4 ,o!r processes1 on ! contr>y1 nev] b5efit ! m9ority4 ,9 graphic art1 = example1 !re are sev]al col\r-processes by :i* v *eap reproductions ( pictures c be produc$1 b _! use is1 = necess>y comm]cial reasons1 conf9$ to popul> works4 ,! pictures requir$ by ! few are nev] reproduc$ by ^! me?ods4 ,v ,we may n[ summ>ize ! problem1 be=e pass+ to a discussion ( ways & means to c\nt]act ! dang]\s t5d5cies ( to-day4 ,fir/ly--?\gh creative arti/s & educationi/s mu/ reg>d ?is z a h>d say+--! mo/ p[]ful =ce 9 ! art-life ( to-day is ! purely me*anical factor4 ,secondly1 ?is factor is to a great ext5t det]m9+ ! nature & am\nt ( art-production & reproduction4 ,?irdly1 x is caus+ a decrease 9 ! av]age quality ( ! total arti/ic life ( ! community4 ,f\r?ly1 ?is deg5]ation mu/ naturally cont9ue unless x is c\nt]act$ by o!r influ5ces4 ,?is /atem5t is n an exagg]at$ "o1 & x does n ignore ! good effects ( ! new ord]4 ,ev5 ?\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition is involv$1 x w be well to discuss 9 detail ! causes ( deg5]ation 9 popul> ta/es4 7#a7 ,me*anical improvem5ts 7 appli$ fir/ to ^? grades ( art :i* (f]$ mo/ scope to ! comm]cial elem5t 7& are n[ /ill s appli$ to a great] ext5t74 7#b7 ,ev5 if1 9 ! beg9n+1 l[] ta/es 7 n 9 a majority1 any wid5+ ( ! circle ( ^? int]e/$ w\ld inevitably br+ 9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! arti/ically un$ucat$4 7#c7 ,ea* wid5+ ( ! circle w\ld involve a l[]+ ( ta/e1 & also increase ! comm]cial inducem5t to cat] = ! l[] grade4 7#d7 ,?is be+ s1 ^? ) bett] ta/es become an ev5 small] m9ority1 & 7?\gh !y probably w\ld be actually bett] (f7 !y become relatively at a disadvantage economically4 ,?\gh !y might n[ h to pay less ?an !y _h to be=e = some?+1 !y nev]!less /ill h to pay m ?an ^? :o belong to ! majority4 7#e7 ,fur!rmore1 ! l[ grade is m accessible1 easi] to exp]i5ce1 m frequ5tly (f]$ ?an ! bett] ?+4 7#f7 ,!re=e1 s9ce 7especially ! l>ge numb]s ^: ta/es are on ! bord] l9e7 we unconsci\sly t5d to foll[ ! easy way1 unless we delib]ately seek to improve or ma9ta9 our ta/e1 x w deg5]ate4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t art is usually reg>d$ z a recreation &1 9 spite ( ! say+ t we take our pleasures sadly1 we d (t5 take a %ort view1 & are satisfi$ to f9d t arti/ic recreation = ! day :i* is fir/ to h&1 )\t ?\ght ( ! morr[4 7#g7 ,9 art-matt]s we are mo/ly cons]vative4 ,nei!r d we readily set ourselves ap>t f our fell[s4 ,! hi/ory ( any 8be/ sell]0 w prove ?is4 ,up to a po9t x is read by ^? :o h discov]$ t !y might l x2 aft] t x is read *iefly 8because ev]ybody else is read+ x04 ,x is wrong to attribute ?is t5d5cy to a m]e desire to be 89 ! swim02 mu* m (t5 x is because read]s1 unconsci\sly class+ !mselves z av]age1 argue t ! book :i* int]e/s ! av]age man w int]e/ !m4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ?is applies to all popul> art4 ,few p c>e to 8wa/e _! "t0 exp]im5t+ :5 x is s mu* easi] to fall 9 l9e ) ! cr[d4 ,! only wond] is h[ ! popul>ity ( ! 8be/ sell]0 & its k9d beg9s3 once t has happ5$ ! re/ is a normal process4 7#h7 ,! av]age man1 be+ ?us will+ to foll[ ! dictates ( ! majority1 is seldom likely to look else:]e = 8 arti/ic exp]i5ces4 ,& s ! ta/es ( ! majority are m firmly e/abli%$--& ! ta/es ( to-day =m ! ta/es ( to-morr[4 ,i w\ld n describe ?is z a vici\s circle4 ,r is x a vici\s spiral1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* ev] increases4 ,h[ c ?is /ate ( affairs be alt]$8 ,let u n be misund]/ood4 ,we are n ass]t+ t ?is _w ) its _m :o appreciate ! less valuable is worse ?an ! _w ( ! pre-me*anical era4 ,f> f x4 ,9 e way x is bett]4 ,! actual quantity ( good arti/ic endeav\r is mu* great]1 & e increase 9 ! numb]s ( ^? :o appreciate ! lea/ wor?-:ile is a di/9ct ga9 to ! community & to ! individual4 ,our anxiety is n s mu* = to-day z = to-morr[4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t be=e long practically ! :ole population w be int]e/$ 9 "s =m & grade ( art4 ,x is !n t ! tr\ble w beg9 to assume s]i\s proportions4 ,let u take a biological p>allel4 ,x is agre$ t if good /ocks d n increase at ! same rate z inf]ior /ocks !y w gradually die out4 ,if1 9 a _w full ( arti/ic endeav\r ! good arti/ic /ocks are n z /urdy z ! rema9d]1 !y too w 9 "t die out4 ,s long z ! comm]cial & me*anical factors are all[$ full play1 ! good arti/ic /ocks w be at a disadvantage1 & s ! future ( ! f9e/ elem5ts ( art dep5ds ^u ! success ( ef=ts to c\nt]act ^! factors4 ,we mu/ f9d means 7#a7 to make ! mo/ desirable art m accessible ?an x is n[1 & 7#b7 to increase ! numb]s ( ^? :o desire x4 ,! latt] w s]ve two purposes3 7a7 x w help u 9 ! fir/ aim2 & 7b7 x w increase ! aggregate quality & value ( ! arti/ic life4 ,,vi ,we w deal ) ! second aim fir/1 & x may be t]m$ r\ghly 8,education0--! process ( increas+ a man's ability to enjoy bett] art4 ,! la/ phrase embodies our idea ( ! function ( art-education4 ,if education does t--improves ! range & quality ( 8 pleasure 9 ! beautiful--x has p]=m$ its prime duty4 ,ne$less to say1 we are n speak+ n[ ( t bran* ( education :i* conc]ns itself ) ! tra9+ ( practition]s--creative or executive arti/s4 ,t is q a diff]5t matt]1 & "o ( our fir/ qu>rels ) ! pres5t sy/em is t ^! two types ( education are n z cle>ly di/+ui%$ z !y ne$ to be4 ,!re are two classes ( p :o w b5efit by education--^? :o wi% to enjoy & ^? :o wi% to practise4 ,! ne$s ( ! two classes are q di/9ct1 yet he :o w\ld enjoy is (t5 giv5 ! in/ruction provid$ 7or :i* %\ld be provid$7 = ! o!rs4 ,! disadvantages ( ?is are3 7a7 ! enjoy] approa*es ! subject f q a diff]5t angle1 & practical in/ruction w sometimes depreciate 8 appreciative faculties4 ,! outsid] sees mo/ ( ! game1 &1 moreov]1 "o ) k ( te*nical matt]s w t5d to all[ te*nical que/ions to come be=e purely ae/hetic ones2 7b7 ,he w sp5d a great deal ( "t to no purpose1 & w wa/e opportunities & leisure :i* c\ld be m advantage\sly appli$2 7c7 ,z he might be1 & g5]ally is1 entirely devoid ( suffici5t creative or executive ability to practise to 8 own satisfaction a c]ta9 disappo9tm5t & disillusionm5t w col\r 8 reg>d = ! arti/ic2 7d7 ,x is useless & wa/eful to give te*nical in/ruction to ^? :o _c & d n desire to apply x4 ,nei!r does ! practition] ga94 ,!re is a t5d5cy to compromise1 & s he does n always obta9 ! special purposive in/ruction he ne$s1 & ! p]sonnel & in/itutions fitt$ to in/ruct ! practition] _c devote all _! en]gies to ?is ess5tial "w4 ,any increas$ love ( art1 be x rememb]$1 w cause a mu* great] dem& = pr(essional creative & executive arti/s4 ,& 7e7 he probably has nei!r ! "t nor ! incl9ation = practical /udies1 & s1 if !re are no s*emes specially = 8 b5efit1 he w receive no education at all4 ,!re=e !re is a great ne$ = sy/ematic education 9 ! appreciation ( art4 ,_m m attempts are be+ made to-day ?an !re 7 a few ye>s ago2 yet ! subject--a v difficult "o--is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,! me?ods & aims ( su* education h n yet be5 adequately =mulat$ & mu/ ex]cise educationi/s 9 ! ne> future4 ,fail+ a well-def9$ plan1 !y h tak5 refuge 9 aspects ( art-in/ruction :i* are n ^? be/ calculat$ to /imulate g5u9e enjoym5t4 ,?is expla9s to "s ext5t ! confusion ( practical & appreciative ends4 ,x expla9s also our addiction to hi/orical & !oretical /udies4 ,he :o w\ld /udy ! graphic arts mu/ try to draw & to pa9t2 ! music-lov] mu/ acquire "s sort ( executive ability1 & s devotes en\gh "t to ! r\t9e ( 8practice0 to kill all 8 en?usiasm2 & ! /ud5t ( lit]ature mu/ become v]s$ 9 its hi/ory4 ,! art-lov] is probably n gett+ mu* h>m2 ! music-lov] is n[ (t5 reliev$ by me*anical in/rum5ts f ! necessity = te*nique2 ?an ! hi/orical /udies ( ! la/-nam$1 h[ev]1 no?+ m dre>y & futile c\ld be inv5t$4 ,improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( education 9 appreciation mu/ involve ! total abolition ( ! ,exam9ation sy/em4 ,exam9ations may be able to %[ :e!r a man c draw 8correctly01 play ! notes ( a composition1 or is v]s$ 9 ! dates ( a numb] ( writ]s & able to li/ _! important works4 ,b x _c possibly give any indication :e!r ! education 9 appreciation is a*iev+ its real aim--! increase ( ! /ud5t's ability to enjoy m & bett] ?+s1 to f9d great] happ9ess & ri*] arti/ic exp]i5ces4 ,^? :o w\ld develop ! appreciative faculties ( o!rs mu/ take ! results ( _! lab\rs = grant$4 ,z be=e said1 our ideas ( h[ to in/il a love ( beauty1 h[ to awak5 int]e/ 9 & ar\se p]ception ( arti/ic values1 are /ill vague4 ,x is a matt] :i* _c be taught by rule ( ?umb4 ,x is n conc]n$ ) asc]ta9$ facts1 nor discov]able by ord]$ exp]im5t4 ,x is an individual matt]4 ,l>gely1 9 practice1 su* in/ruction w be exempl>y r ?an explanatory4 ,mu* ( ! "t sp5t w be devot$ to introduc+ to /ud5ts actual examples ( ! art1 & !reby ! ob/acles ( ignorance & prejudice w be remov$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 h[ev]1 "s sy/ematic in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( ae/hetics1 ( ! g5]al crit]ia ( works ( art--complet5ess1 congruity1 balance1 & proportion1 ! subord9ation ( details1 ! relation ( means to ends--w be evolv$4 ,i w\ld sugge/ z a />t+-po9t ! /udy ( =m1 ( ! anatomy or ar*itecture ( art4 ,ap>t f ! moral value ( cultivat+ a s5se ( proportion1 ( p]spective1 ( ! int]-relation ( p>ts--a s5se :i* is z ess5tial to a sane life z to ! appreciation ( a picture or a musical composition--no?+ c\ld lead m readily to an und]/&+ ( ! arti/'s aims & plan ( campaign4 ,9 music1 = in/ance1 a brief acc\nt ( ! sequ5ce ( ! ma9 !mes1 :i* c\ld be memoriz$1 w\ld r5d] intelligible & :ole a composition :i* o!rwise w\ld seem mean+less1 %apeless1 & dre>y4 ,,vii ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t ! p]c5tage ( ! population :i* is affect$ by sy/ematic education is1 & is likely to rema91 v1 v small4 ,! arti/ic reg5]ation ( ! _w w\ld be a v sl[ process if x dep5d$ entirely ^u ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite desire = education4 ,be=e any "o w come into contact ) educational in/itutions he mu/ h atta9$ to a relatively high /&>d ( appreciation & he mu/ be end[$ already ) consid]able en?usiasm = art4 ,! great] problems are cle>ly3 7a7 h[ to increase ! int]e/ ( ^? :o are almo/ if n entirely indiff]5t to ! po9t :5 !y w desire sy/ematic in/ruction2 & 7b7 h[ to b5efit ^? :o w nev] 7maybe c nev]7 rea* ev5 t /age1 or :o w pref] to 8educate !mselves04 ,z a prelim9>y to ?is x w be well to exam9e "s ( ! causes ( l[ ta/e4 ,:y is x t millions enjoy ,:5 x's ,night-"t 9 ,italy1 b are bor$ to te>s by ! ,s*umann ,a m9or ,conc]to8 ,:y %\ld ,! ,bat h p[] to ?rill !m :5 ,macbe? leaves !m cold8 ,:y1 9 %ort1 d !y pref] ! lea/ good to ! be/8 ,i w n say 8wor/10 because no?+ is bad :i* arti/ically c give pleasure & morally is n evil4 ,! obvi\s reason1 :i* mo/ ( u w\ld give glibly1 is t ^! p are intellectually & spiritually incapable ( appreciat+ good art4 ,h[ f> ?is is true1 & h[ f> ! o!r reasons ,i %all give are responsible1 ,i w\ld n c>e to sugge/4 ,v probably x is true 9 ! l>ge majority ( cases4 ,9 a _w ! majority ( ^: inhabitants are q incapable ( ?9k+ intellig5tly or logically ab\t ! mo/ important influ5ces 9 _! lives1 :]e politics & religion & ! fundam5tal human relation%ips are gov]n$ by ignorant prejudices & irrational habits1 :]e a l>ge proportion ( m5 are m5tally & physically bel[ p>1 c we expect e man & woman to possess ! lat5t ability to embrace ! beautiful8 ,h[ev] t may be1 ?is ob/acle to arti/ic education c be remov$ only by ! sociologi/1 ! educationi/1 ! morali/1 & ! biologi/4 ,we :o are conc]n$ ) ! arti/ic factor c duly presuppose ! exi/5ce1 n[ or to-morr[1 ( a g]m ( arti/ic impulse1 s9ce we c only influ5ce ^? :o are capable4 ,secondly1 z we notic$ be=e1 ! great] famili>ity & accessibility ( ! l[ grade is a pot5t h9drance to developm5t4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ rememb] t ! av]age man seeks recreation :5 he embraces art4 ,he may h degrad$ 8 idea ( ! recreational & come to ?9k t unless an exp]i5ce 8liv5s him up0 or 8takes him out ( himself0 x is n suitable recreation4 ,! fact rema9s t z a rule he is unwill+ to give ! matt] any su/a9$ ?\ght 7ev5 ?\gh ex]cis+ 8 m9d might be a great *ange f ! r\t9e ( manual lab\r71 & he is satisfi$ if ! day's leisure is pass$ pleasantly4 ,! idea ( su/a9$1 cumulative recreation1 su* z is ga9$ by ! real lov] ( any art1 :5 ! pleasure ( to-day adds to ! recreative value ( t ( to-morr[1 :5 ea* exp]i5ce makes ! foll[+ ke5] & m la/+1 nev] occurs to him4 ,aga91 he is cons]vative & play = safety4 ,any improvem5t 9 ta/e w\ld involve /epp+ on to fre% gr\nd1 & he is n prep>$ to d t4 ,someh[--g5]ally by obs]v+ ! likes & dislikes ( p ( simil> m5tality--he has discov]$ 8:at he likes01 & he sees no reason :y he %\ld take any risks4 ,t is l>gely :y he goes to see f>ces1 reads detective y>ns or tales ( ! wild & woolly ,we/1 & patronizes ballad-conc]ts & music-halls1 b w\ld nev] dream ( v5tur+ into a rep]tory !atre or a classical conc]t1 or ( read+ a diff]5t type ( book4 ,8 "t1 he ?9ks1 & 8 money1 are too preci\s = excursions into ! unkn[n4 ,t alone w\ld be suffici5t det]r5t1 b1 9 addition1 x sets up prejudices4 ,he does n want to explore1 yet he has 7subconsci\sly1 ( c\rse7 to ju/ify 8 cons]vatism4 ,?is he does by rais+ an imag9>y b>ri] betwe5 ! ?+s he kn[s he likes & ! ?+s he doesn't "k any?+ at all ab\t & might n l4 ,:5 he is br\ght face to face ) ! unkn[n1 r ?an confess 8 ignorance & lack ( ent]prise1 ev5 to himself1 r ?an admit t 8 ta/es are l[1 he jumps to ! conclusion t he is wise to be w>y & t !re mu/ be "s good reason = 8 attitude4 ,?us he sets 8 m9d at re/ by ret>d+ its developm5t4 ,un=tunately !re are outside influ5ces :i* /r5g!n ^! prejudices4 ,= in/ance1 too _m ( ^? :o appreciate1 or pret5d to appreciate1 ! be/ are apt to set !mselves ap>t & to insi/ t !re is an unbridgeable gulf betwe5 _! art & t ( ! common h]d4 ,! av]age man hates ?is highbr[ snobb]y & hates1 too1 ev]y?+ !y are suppos$ to c>e =1 s9ce x is t>r$ ) ! same bru%4 ,!n1 aga91 attempts to 8improve0 8 ta/e = him g5]ally ar\se 8 ire & invoke fur!r prejudices--ma9ly because ! w\ld-be improv]s d n g ! "r way to "w4 ,x is n at all difficult to realize t1 s9ce we all reg>d art z matt] = ! ex]cise ( ta/e1 :i* is an individual pr]ogative--!re is no absolute scale ( arti/ic values1 ?\gh !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( educat$ op9ion--! man :o w readily accept ! judgem5t ( 8 intellectual sup]iors w n s readily accept ! op9ions ( ! arti/ically bett] in=m$4 ,!n1 x is by no means easy to p]suade ! arti/ically un$ucat$ t !re is any ne$ = education4 ,he ?9ks t ! enjoyable aspects ( art are fairly obvi\s & t !re is no po9t 9 look+ beyond ! obvi\s unless he is seek+ = "s extra-arti/ic elem5t--"s intellectual or spiritual value4 ,z he is only seek+ enjoym5t1 :y %\ld he wa/e "t look+ = any?+ else8 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be made q cle> to him t ! *ief aim ( ! educationi/ is to increase 8 pleasure 9 art & t !re is no ult]ior motive4 ,un=tunately ! me?ods ( _m tea*]s 7& "h ,i include all publici/s & w\ld-be popul>iz]s7 are n su* z to give ?is impression4 ,mu* tea*+ has be5 misguid$4 ,= example1 = "s obscure reason critics & tea*]s frequ5tly fail to discrim9ate betwe5 ! 8absolute0 & ! 8hi/orical0 value ( ! classics4 ,!y delight 9 prais+ "w :i* has little claim to our int]e/ o!r ?an its antiquity4 ,!y confront ! bewild]$ seek] = enjoyable beauty ) volumes ( extracts f 8,! ,great ,writ]s01 collections ( ! ,hundr$ ,be/ ,books1 etc41 ?an :i* no?+ m ungodly1 m dre>y1 un9spir$1 unwor?y1 & unbeautiful c\ld possibly be f\nd4 ,!y %\ld "k bett]1 ^! p6 ,:y w !y d x8 ,almo/ z bad are ^? :o g to ! opposite extreme & hail ) acclamation ! newe/1 mo/ un9telligible phantasies born ( a crav+ = novelty4 ,i am n exagg]at+1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! position is improv+ wond]fully4 ,b1 ( ! books writt5 tw5ty ye>s ago & e>li] ) ! presumable int5tion ( /imulat+ int]e/ 9 lit]ature & art1 c]ta9ly half w\ld h antagoniz$ ! ord9>y man--_h he bo!r$ ab\t !m at all1 :i* he didn't4 ,! critic may say t he is n conc]n$ ) improv+ ! ta/e ( ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,und\bt$ly he has o!r tasks besides ^? ( ! popul>iz]2 mu* ( 8 "w c appeal only to ! arti/ically educat$ & x w\ld be dang]\s = him to devote an undue %>e ( 8 en]gies to ?is "w4 ,nev]!less1 he %\ld m (t5 ca/ aside ! highbr[ attitude & any idea t ! ne$s ( ! ord9>y man are unwor?y ( 8 consid]ation4 ,! example1 9 ! realms ( sci5ce1 ( su* m5 z ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson1 ,lanke/]1 & o!rs equally unlikely to devote _! en]gies to any b a good cause1 %\ld help to dispel ?is illusion4 ,we badly ne$ writ]s :o1 )\t be+ namby-pamby1 sup]ior1 or academic1 c help ! man ) ! g]m ( int]e/1 writ]s :o c po9t to ! asc5d+ /eps 9 ! ladd] ( ta/e4 ,!irs is n an easy task4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y mu/ be !mselves int]e/+1 = only a m9ority are will+ to read books ) an ult]ior motive4 ,! actual popul>iz+ books mu/ provide recreation & enjoym5t z well z /imulation4 ,9 ?is connection x might be rem>k$ t we are too ready to ?r[ /ones at ! writ] :o tries to br+ 8 lit]>y abilities )9 ! range ( a wide public4 ,he is accus$ ( play+ to ! gall]y1 ( pro/itut+ 8 art1 ( ?9k+ ( 8 royalties1 & s on4 ,might n a writ] capable ( atta9+ heights on :i* only a m9ority c\ld jo9 him be r5d]+ a bett] s]vice to humanity at l>ge by sometimes *oos+ to give ! majority ! be/ !y c appreciate8 ,& ! compet5t consci5ti\s workm5 :o1 ?\gh !y may n hope or desire to rank ) ! greate/1 give ! public some?+ :i* x desires & und]/&s1 & :i* is nev]!less mu* bett] ?an any?+ else ( ! same k9d t x w\ld read1 r5d] a f9] s]vice ?an we are will+ to admit4 ,secondly1 ! popul>iz] mu/ n rob 8 public ( its self-respect or unduly de/roy its fai? 9 its own judgm5t 9 arti/ic matt]s4 ,to d s is to op5 up ano!r s\rce ( prejudice & to raise a fre% ob/acle to enjoym5t1 = he :o loses fai? 9 8 own op9ions1 :o is told t he %\ld put no tru/ 9 8 own judgm5t1 endeav\rs to embrace ! arti/ic /&>ds ( o!rs4 ,?is he _c d1 b he beg9s to read books1 & s on1 f a s5se ( duty--because he has be5 told t ev]ybody ought to read s & s--& !n to become a li> & a hypocrite1 to pret5d to o!rs t he enjoys books :5 he doesn't1 to imag9e to himself t he does :5 he doesn't1 s wa/+ 8 opportunities & /unt+ 8 lat5t capabilities4 ,) ! "r k9d ( education 8 ta/es & op9ions w\ld improve gradually & )\t 8 notic+ ! diff]5ce4 ,al?\gh 8 ta/e w\ld be improv+1 all ! "t he w\ld be foll[+ 8 own judgm5t1 & s he w\ld always enjoy 8 contact ) art4 ,! popul>iz] :o w\ld approa* ! subject 9 ! mo/ fruitful way w realize t ! l[] =ms ( art are purely recreational--except+ ( c\rse t "s activities h physical values also4 ,! e?ical1 spiritual1 & intellectual aspects are n develop$ until we rea* a high] level4 ,!re=e1 if he is go+ to lead to bett] ?+s any "o to :om art has be5 synonym\s ) pure recreation1 he mu/ d s by utiliz+ ! recreative elem5t 9 ! bett]4 ,= example1 ! educat$ read] seeks 9 ,%akespe>e ! /atem5t ( philosophical & moral ideas1 beauty ( language & aptness ( phraseology1 ! del9eation ( "*1 & ! l4 ,b :at is ! good ( po9t+ out ^! qualities to a man z a reason :y he %\ld g to a ,%akespe>ian p]=mance r ?an to a f>ce or a melodrama1 to "o :o is1 z yet1 only seek+ recreation8 ,tell him in/ead t ,twelf? ,night is a good f>ce & ,macbe? a good melodrama--z !y und\bt$ly are2 rid 8 head ( ! idea t ,%akespe>e is prim>ily some?+ else1 some?+ mu* m 8bra9y0 & /odgy2 try to in/il 9 him ! motive t fill$ ! old ,globe ) an audi5ce :i* is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( our own un$ucat$ pleasure-seek+ !atre-go]s1 & ,%akespe>e w\ld become m popul>4 ,contact ) 8 "w w\ld und\bt$ly improve ta/e & ! appreciation ( ,%akespe>e's o!r qualities4 ,%akespe>e 0 popul> 9 8 own "t because he enjoy$ ! reputation ( be+ a good ent]ta9]4 ,he isn't popul> to-day because ! av]age man has be5 taught by misguid$ p to reg>d him z a great writ]4 ,( c\rse !re are o!r reasons1 b t is a mo/ important "o4 ,yet ano!r cause ( l[ ta/e is ! preval5t lack ( ! ability to conc5trate4 ,enjoym5t ( ! bett] types ( art involves conc5tration1 n only because x mu/ be cumulative1 b also because great art is g5]ally built r\nd an ampl] !me ?an t :i* is ( only tempor>y appeal4 ,if ! arti/ deals ) a big subject1 he mu/ h room4 ,if he avoids sub/ance1 he economizes1 cond5ses1 & conc5trates 8 production4 ,:i*ev] c\rse he adopts1 ! read] or spectator mu/ give him great]--ei!r m ext5d$ or m int5se--att5tion maybe bo?4 ,education w improve p[]s ( conc5tration2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x dep5ds ^u ?is ability4 ,!re=e ! psy*ological factor mu/ be consid]$ by all educationi/s4 ,!y mu/ prep>e ladd]s lead+ by easy /ages f ! purely enjoyable & insignificant to ! s]i\s & significant1 b x is n en\gh t ! /eps %\ld involve only gradual intellectual & ae/hetic progress4 ,!y mu/ require also only a gradual increase 9 conc5tration4 ,! *ief aim ( education & popul>ization mu/ be1 h[ev]1 to increase ! realization ( ! function ( art--:i* is 7?\gh art may fulfil o!r purposes7 to provide enjoym5t1 enjoym5t 9 its highe/1 mo/ spiritual =m maybe1 yet nev]!less enjoym5t4 ,= ! pursuit ( art is ! pursuit ( ! beautiful1 especially ! beautiful :i* is ( man's creation4 ,if ?is pursuit _c give pleasure1 ! fault mu/ be ours1 s9ce ! 8beautiful0 :i* _c give pleasure to any is n beautiful4 ,! conv]se1 t any?+ :i* gives pleasure is beautiful1 is c]ta9ly n true1 b1 :atev] our philosophical or moral crit]ia ( beauty may be1 !y mu/ include ! pleasure giv+ prop]ty4 ,we ne$1 nev]!less1 to "q ourselves :e!r ?is factor is n only ignor$ b sometimes ev5 suppress$ by "s educationi/s4 ,!re are s _m ?+s 9 ?is _w ( imp]fectly develop$ m5 & wom5 t give pleasure & are mo/ unbeautiful1 t we hesitate to class our preci\s goods 9 ! same category le/ !y be t>r$ ) ! same bru%4 ,yet we mu/ d s4 ,!re is mu* t goes by ! "n ( ,love :i* is b lu/1 gre$1 pride ( possession1 av>ice1 habit1 p]v]sion1 & wa/e1 b we are n tempt$ to pret5d t g5u9e human affection is n love because x is some?+ bett] ?an ! re/4 ,s we mu/ n be tempt$ to d5y t art is ess5tially a s\rce ( pleasure simply because x is ! s\rce ( ! f9e/1 mo/ la/+1 pleasure4 ,to d s is to ali5ate ^? :o are mo/ 9 ne$ ( its influ5ce4 ,,viii ,! second ne$--aft] education--is to make good art m accessible4 ,we h se5 t1 s long z ! supply ( art is a comm]cial proposition1 little1 if any1 improvem5t 9 its av]age quality c be expect$4 ,until1 9 "s way1 ! good c be giv5 ! same *ance z ! bad1 ! majority w cont9ue to clam\r = ! bad1 s9ce x w be ! only ?+ !y "k4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! only effective way to break ! vici\s circle is to try to put art-provision z f> z possible ^u a non-comm]cial basis4 ,we mu/ n be ov]-optimi/ic4 ,n a great deal c be done at pres5t1 &1 9 any case1 progress w be sl[4 ,! only way 9 :i* ?is c be done is 8co-op]ation0--fir/ly ! co-op]ation ( individuals associat$ only = ?is purpose1 & secondly t co-op]ation :i* is impli$ 9 all ,/ate or community action4 ,let u deal ) ! fir/ & mo/ fruitful1 to beg9 )4 ,let u n1 may x be repeat$1 =ge t ! ext5t ( co-op]ative activity is limit$ by pres5t desire & 9 exactly ! same way z ! comm]cial activity4 ,ev5 co-op]ative und]tak+s mu/ pay _! way4 ,! diff]5ce is ?ree-fold1 h[ev]4 ,fir/ly1 ! bus9ess ent]ta9m5t provid] devotes 8 en]gies to ^? activities :i* make ! greate/ quantitive appeal4 ,he does n ask3 8,%all ,i attract en\gh p to make ?is pay its way80--b in/ead1 z a rule1 he asks :i* production w attract mo/ p & produce mo/ pr(it4 ,x is nev]!less obvi\s t because a play1 = example1 is n likely to be a popul> success1 or an arti/e a />1 or a programme sup]latively attractive1 x is n "r to assume t ^! w\ld n m]it & receive suffici5t support to cov] exp5ses4 ,f t5 plays 7or t5 musical programmes71 "o ( :i* %\ld succe$ 9 a bus9ess s5se ( ! ^w & n9e ( :i* w\ld only pay _! way1 ! comm]cial man naturally *ooses ! =m]4 ,! o!r n9e are nev] *os51 unless un9t5tionally4 ,yet "s ( !m might be works ( great] arti/ic m]it4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( co-op]ative activities to select & to produce works ( wor? :i* belong to ! latt] category4 ,! art-life ( ! community w\ld ga9 f ?is 9 two ways3 7a7 s9ce ! ta/es ( ! majority are l[1 ! n9e unproduc$ works w almo/ c]ta9ly include "s ( high] arti/ic value2 & 7b7 !re w be great] v>iety4 ,secondly1 ! selection ( ! works to be produc$ is made by ! bus9ess-man & n by ! consum]4 ,! bus9ess-man w object to ?is /atem5t1 say+ t 8 selection is dictat$ by public dem&s2 b x isn't4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! public1 :e!r popul> or o!r works are conc]n$1 has no p[] to select at all2 x c only take or leave :at is (f]$1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+1 lead+ at ! be/ to incomplete satisfaction & at ! wor/ to consid]able wa/e4 ,9 ! second place1 ! bus9ess-man selects n accord+ to popul> dem&s b accord+ to 8 ideas ( popul> dem&--aga9 a diff]5t matt]4 ,if x 7 n1 he w\ld n suff] s _m f9ancial failures1 = :i* ! public has to pay 9 sev]al ways1 su* z high] prices1 l[] quality1 cons]vatism1 etc4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! comm]cial provid] is 9 competition ) all 8 fell[s4 ,ea* seeks to attract ! bigge/ cr[d1 & to d s indulges 9 ! 8/> sy/em01 9 spectacul> b n necess>ily arti/ic production1 9 exp5sive adv]tis+1 & s on4 ,all ( ^! increase ! price ( ! production )\t 9 any way improv+ its arti/ic or recreative value4 ,co-op]ation 9 ?is matt] involves ! organization ( ,societies4 ,^! may be q small1 e4g4 ,*amb]-music gr\ps1 ea* ( ^: memb]s p]=ms1 dramatic read+-circles only l>ge en\gh to provide ! ca/s--or on a l>ge scale1 e4g4 ! important ,folk or ,community ,!atres1 ! l>g] ,music ,clubs4 ,! size ( ! ,society w\ld det]m9e ! k9d ( "w to be done1 & w\ld dep5d l>gely ^u local conditions4 ,h[ev] big or small x may be1 x w\ld nev]!less f9d suitable & desirable activities )9 its compass4 ,nei!r ne$--nor 9 fact v (t5 %\ld--^! ,societies be 8p]=m+0 ,societies1 b1 in/ead1 8enjoy+0 ,societies4 ,by a p]=m+ ,society ,i mean "o :]e ! play or ! music is p]=m$ by memb]s ( ! gr\p1 ) ! result t ! practical or p]sonal side is apt to become m important ?an any o!r4 ,! ,music ,clubs 7( :i* !re are sev]al1 & %\ld be m7 on ! o!r h& employ pr(essional play]s--! only real diff]5ces s f> z ! audi5ce 7( memb]s7 is conc]n$ betwe5 _! own & ord9>y comm]cial conc]ts are t !y receive bett] value = _! money1 c he> works :i* w\ld n o!rwise be p]=m$1 & h "s voice 9 ! selection ( programmes4 ,if ! be/ results are to be atta9$1 co-op]ative art mu/ make full use ( ! pr(essional4 ,amateur art has its limitations1 & 9 any case dem&s ! exp5diture on practical matt]s ( en]gy :i* c\ld be bett] sp5t 9 o!r directions4 ,fur!rmore1 ! res\rces ( any amateur gr\p are limit$4 ,?us1 an ,or*e/ral ,society :i* gave a mon?ly conc]t w\ld be an exception1 & "o or*e/ral conc]t p] mon? is n suffici5t to satisfy a g5u9e music-lov+ community4 ,! co-op]ative organizations w\ld1 ) probable advantage1 elim9ate mu* t 0 n absolutely ess5tial1 e4g4 _! /ag+ ( plays w\ld be z simple z possible3 o!rwise !re is no reason :y _! /&>d ( production %\ld be bel[ t ( ! comm]cial ent]prise4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld probably %[ m all-r\nd excell5ce & bett] balance & ensemble4 ,probably ! g5u9e arti/-pr(essionals w\ld soon] "w = su* ,societies ?an = ord9>y manag]s4 ,!y w\ld1 ) a suffici5cy ( ,societies1 e>n z good a liv+ & be m secure4 ,!y w\ld h m scope = develop+ _! f9] tal5ts1 a wid] range ( art to int]pret1 & m intellig5t1 m en?usia/ic1 audi5ces4 ,! possibilities ( ! o!r =m ( co-op]ation notic$ be=e1 ?\gh great1 w probably n be s fruitful4 ,! ,/ate & ,local ,gov]nm5t gr\ps are v l>gely co-op]ative und]tak+s1 _! function be+ to provide s]vices :i* c\ld n be giv5 ei!r at all or s *eaply or effici5tly )\t (ficial organization4 ,"s ( ^! s]vices c\ld1 !oretically if n practically1 be r5d]$ z well by private comb9ations4 ,! ext5t ( ! activities ( ! ,/ate is decid$ by ! wi%es ( ! majority1 &1 if ! majority desir$ t ! ,/ate %\ld engage 9 ! dissem9ation ( art1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n d s4 ,9 fact1 x does by ma9ta9+ art-gall]ies1 museums1 & libr>ies 79 ,engl&7 & by subsidiz+ !atres1 op]a-h\ses1 & cons]vatoires 79 o!r c\ntries74 ,!re are "s :o w\ld see ! arti/ic activities ( ! ,/ate ext5d$4 ,!re is mu* to be said bo? = & aga9/ ?is idea4 ,on ! "o side1 x is arguable t ,/ate activities w\ld be l>gely educational & t x is j z desirable t p %\ld be help$ to enjoy life z to succe$ 9 o!r directions4 ,?is is p]fectly true1 &1 s long z ! educational ideal is kept 9 sight1 ,/ate assi/ance is ?or\ghly ju/ifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! majority ( taxpay]s agree t education is desirable1 !y d n all agree t ! f9e/ art %\ld be promot$ at _! exp5se4 ,9 o!r words1 non-ess5tially educational activities w\ld n be ju/ifiable unless !y 7 provid$ =1 & at ! reque/ (1 ! majority2 &1 well1 we h se5 t ! majority d n seek ! be/4 ,!re=e ,i feel t ^? :o urge ! subsidiz+ ( !atres & ! l w\ld be bett] advis$ to turn _! att5tion to ! o!r type ( co-op]ative ent]prise4 ,!y might o!rwise antagonize ! av]age man & d h>m to ! educational possibilities ( ! ,/ate organizations4 ,! museum is1 ( c\rse1 l>gely educational & n entirely or ev5 l>gely arti/ic 9 its aims4 ,x & ! art-gall]y are also 9 a v diff]5t position f su* activities z ! subsidiz$ !atre because !y are devot$ to ! unique object--! specim5 or ! picture--:i* mu/ be 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate if x is to be available to all4 ,!re is no alt]native to ! public own]%ip ( museums & art-gall]ies4 ,! public libr>y1 ?\gh x does n deal ) ! unique1 is 9 ano!r way 9 a diff]5t category1 s9ce x1 alone ( all ,/ate provisions1 c give some?+ to all m54 ,^? :o d n desire good lit]ature c obta9 "s o!r s]vice--books on bus9ess1 sci5ce1 sport1 etc41 recreative read+1 & s on ad inf9itum--9 return = _! contribution t[>ds its upkeep4 ,! public libr>y1 by appeal+ to all m51 br+s toge!r a multitude ( int]e/s & provides unlimit$ opportunities = ! awak5+ ( new ideas4 ,at ! libr>y alone is ! good made z easily accessible z ! indiff]5t1 & ! v fact t !y are to be f\nd 9 ! same place is an educational factor ( great significance4 ,! man :o does n want good pictures or good plays has no ne$ to come into contact ) !m1 & rema9s outside _! influ5ce4 ,on ! %elves ( a libr>y books ( all degrees ( excell5ce & wor?lessness 7)9 limits7 are side by side s t ev5 m]e luck or too ha/y selection may lead to bett] ta/es or fre% int]e/s be+ acquir$4 ,!re=e ! libr>y is an in/itution to be enc\rag$4 ,frankly ,i believe ! rem$y to lie 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o want good art4 ,none ( ^! n[ c get z mu* ( x z !y desire2 mo/ enjoy only a small portion4 ,if p set to "w to provide = !mselves s t1 in/ead1 a l>ge "p ( _! arti/ic desires 0 satisfi$1 !y w\ld s d a great deal to improve ! av]age ta/es ( ! community1 s9ce ! memb]%ip ( a heal?y organization always increases4 ,( c\rse !y mu/ avoid ! insidi\s desire1 :i* has wreck$ _m rep]tory ent]prises1 to attract outsid]s1 & mu/ nev] =get t ! function ( ! ,societies is ! q selfi% "o ( supply+ _! own ne$s4 ,!y1 too1 mu/ be prep>$ to cut _! clo? accord+ly4 ,x is ! desire to d m ?an ! means ( ! actual memb]%ip p]mits t leads to attempts to curry popul> fav\r 8to help to balance ?+s04 ,by s do+ !y put !mselves on ! same foot+ z ! comm]cial man1 mu/ take ! same risks1 & suff] ! same failures--& ^! are liable to be m disa/r\s s9ce ,societies lack :at little k ( popul> ta/es ! comm]cial man possesses4 ,) suffici5t organization & ! co-op]ation ( co-op]ative units !re is no reason :y 9 "t !y %\ld n be able to und]take any feasible arti/ic ent]prise4 ,! music-lov]s 9 at lea/ six t[ns 9 ,engl& c\ld to-day ) prop] co-op]ation ma9ta9 a p]man5t or*e/ra & ! !atre-go]s an intellig5t adequate playh\se1 & all t[ns by gr\p+ c\ld d ! same--s f> z ! or*e/ra is conc]n$1 at lea/4 ,^! ?+s h be5 tri$ & fail$1 ,i w be told4 ,to ?is1 if x be true1 !re are only two answ]s--! _w has progress$ only by successive trials & failures2 if ! fir/ failure _h effectually damp$ ! ard\r ( our ance/ors we %\ld /ill be savages--&1 if ^! ent]prises fail really f lack ( desire = !m & n because ( indiff]5ce1 :i* c 9 "t be remov$1 ! arti/ic level ( ! day mu/ be mu* l[] ?an ev5 a semi-pessimi/ l ! writ] d>es to imag9e4 ,,ix ,we _c close ev5 a brief essay )\t "s ref]5ce to ! effect ( "s o!r me*anical devices1 su* z ! gramophone1 ! piano-play]1 & wireless1 & a note on t all important subject1 comm]cial art4 ,! appreciation ( no art %[s su* great possibilities ( expansion 9 ! ne> future z music4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s x has be5 releas$ f its mo/ irksome bonds & is n[ j beg9n+ to /ret* its limbs4 ,= te*nique has be5 ! curse ( music1 & n[ x is becom+ possible to ga9 enjoym5t )\t ex]cis+ "o's executive & int]pretive p[]s4 ,musicians are ( two classes--executive & appreciative--^? :o p]=m & ^? :o li/54 ,true enjoym5t ( music belongs to ! latt]1 j z true enjoym5t ( books1 ( pictures1 ( plays is ! rew>d ( ! read] & ! spectator--n ( ! writ]1 ! pa9t]1 ! actor1 or ! compos]4 ,_! joy is ( ano!r ord]--x is ! joy ( creation4 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( mod]n me*anical aids ! music-lov] _h ei!r to li/5 to ! music-mak+ ( 8 fri5ds or ( play]s at a conc]t1 or he _h to attempt to int]pret = himself4 ,! fir/ 0 inconv5i5t & unsatisfactory4 ,! selection ( music 0 n 8 own b t ( o!rs2 ! "t & place 7 n ( 8 *oos+4 ,! alt]native 0 ev5 worse1 s9ce 8 appreciation 0 limit$ by 8 int]pretive p[]s & m>r$ by 8 defici5cies4 ,! own] ( a mod]n play]-piano has ! :ole _w ( piano-music & a weal? ( arrangem5ts at 8 comm&4 ,ev5 ! lov] ( or*e/ral1 in/rum5tal1 or vocal music has access1 ?r\gh ! gramophone & ! wireless1 to a passable sub/itute = ! real ?+4 ,:at effect w ?is h ^u pian(orte music8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we %all gradually rid ourselves ( misplac$ pride 9 ! amateur's v limit$ te*nical p[]s4 ,we %all no long] praise ,s & ,s = be+ able to play ,*op9's ,/udies aft] a fa%ion1 b %all consid] him ei!r a fool = wa/+ 8 "t try+ :5 he c\ld mu* m easily enjoy ,cortot's p]=mance ( !m1 or sympa?ize ) ! pov]ty t prev5ts 8 pur*as+ ?is me*anical aid4 ,secondly1 we %all n wa/e "t & kill natural love ( music by ! dre>y r\t9e ( 8tea*+ ! piano40 ,in/ead1 we %all tea* appreciation4 ,if all ! en]gy sp5t 9 acquir+ a v inadequate te*nique 7 div]t$ to ! real bus9ess ( appreciation1 we %\ld be a m musical nation4 ,?irdly1 we %all cease to tol]ate ! incompet5t play] n[ s (t5 foi/$ ^u u or ev5 s\ght = want ( any bett]1 & ! o/5tati\s 8virtuoso0 executant4 ,be=e v long ! piano-play] w co/ no m ?an an ord9>y piano2 9 fact ! ord9>y in/rum5t w no long] be manufactur$4 ,9 our s*ools 8piano-play+0 w be eras$ f ! curriculum & classes 9 appreciation sub/itut$4 ,b :at ab\t non-pian(orte music8 ,!re is a big diff]5ce4 ,:ile ! piano-play] produces exactly ! same k9d ( musical tone z ! h&-play$ in/rum5t1 ! gramophone1 or ! wireless1 does n reproduce at all exactly ! timbre1 quality or volume ( ! in/rum5ts record$4 ,x provides n ! real ?+ b a sub/itute1 :i*1 ?\gh excell5t1 c nev] be entirely satisfactory4 ,we d n c>e to ass]t dogmatically :at sci5ce w or w n make possible 9 ! future2 at lea/1 h[ev]1 x is extremely d\btful t a me*anical viol9 z adequate z ! me*anical piano w ev] be inv5t$4 ,w9d in/rum5ts dep5d less ^u human manipulation--! organ1 = in/ance1 is no?+ b an imp]fect essay 9 ?is direction4 ,?is is b idle speculation1 h[ev]4 ,z a practical proposition we may say t ! p]fect me*anical reproduction ( music w be conf9$ to ! pian(orte4 ,s we are left ) ^! problems4 ,%all we be tempt$ to seek ! %ad[ & lose ! sub/ance--li/5 9 (t51 b nev] att5d an or*e/ral or *amb] conc]t or a viol9 or vocal recital8 ,! *ances are t we %all1 unless opportunities to enjoy ! latt] are great] ?an at pres5t4 ,consid]able loss w\ld result4 ,! e>s ( ! next g5]ation w\ld become attun$ to a dim9i%$ v>iety ( tonal exp]i5ces1 = "o ?+4 ,= ano!r1 ! psy*ological1 ev5 physical effects ( l>ge gradations 9 ! volume ( tone1 su* z c be exp]i5c$ only 9 ! conc]t-room1 %\ld n will+ly be rel9qui%$4 ,&1 aga91 x is n by any means ! same ?+ to li/5 to music 9 ! company ( o!rs1 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! conc]t-room1 z x is to enjoy music 9 solitude4 ,we may sometimes pref] ! latt]1 b t fact does n remove ! diff]5ce4 ,! second problem is t1 ?\gh !re is little physical or moral good to be f\nd 9 solo in/rum5tal play+1 su* good does result f s++ & p>tak+ 9 conc]t$ music4 ,!re is no good reason :y we %\ld play ! piano--r ?an li/5 to x2 b !re are _m reasons :y we %\ld s+ or play 9 *amb] or or*e/ral music4 ,by all means let u li/5 to m music ( all k9ds2 increas$ facilities = li/5+ %\ld n1 h[ev]1 decrease our desire to p]=m :5 p]=mance c b5efit u4 ,tak+ all ^! consid]ations toge!r we may assume3 7#a7 t pian(orte play+ w decl9e ?\gh mu* m pian(orte music w be enjoy$4 7#b7 t mu* ( ! practical en]gy n[ devot$ to ! pian(orte w be direct$ to ! /udy ( o!r in/rum5ts4 7#c7 t1 unless our musical life is to increase 9 volume b dim9i% 9 quality1 m & n less conc]t-go+ & conc]t$ in/rum5tal play+ & *oral s++ mu/ be provid$4 ,books1 music1 pictures1 sculpture1 h[ev]1 m9i/] to only a small "p ( ! arti/ic ne$s ( ! community4 ,by f> ! mo/ widespread1 ?\gh n necess>ily ! mo/ valuable1 art-products are ^? :i* we may describe z comm]cial1 or indu/rial1 or1 bett]1 8appli$0 art4 ,only a m9ority1 ev5 9 ?is age1 conc]n !mselves ) ! fir/-nam$1 b we all we> clo!s1 use furniture1 live1 "w1 play1 & wor%ip 9 build+s1 eat & dr9k out ( vessels1 & s on1 ?r\gh e "o ( our daily occupations4 ,into ea* ( ^! art c1 does1 & mu/ ent]4 ,we may we> clo!s to keep u w>m1 b !y mu/ be ei!r ugly or o!rwise--_! exi/5ce implies arti/ic prop]ties1 negative or positive4 ,if !y are ugly1 we _c avoid _! ugl9ess1 ?\gh x may dull our appreciative faculties4 ,( c\rse ?is is true ( all ?+s4 ,e object1 e occurr5ce almo/1 has its arti/ic aspect4 ,) e manufactur$ article1 e human production1 h[ev]1 ?is arti/ic quality is )9 our control4 ,:5 we make a cup1 a hat1 or a *ur*1 we c make x z beautiful or z ugly z we l1 subject to c]ta9 limitations1 "s ( !m real1 "s imag9>y4 ,b we mu/ be suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 its arti/ic value4 ,x w seldom exi/ spontane\sly1 )\t consci\s ef=t4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ & mo/ p[]ful limitation4 ,(t5 we don't c>e4 ,& s long z we don't c>e we %all receive only accord+ to our des]ts4 ,= ! second limitation is t manufactur$ goods are int5d$ prim>ily = utility1 & ! inc5tive = _! production is pr(it4 ,s long z we are cont5t to take ! ugly b useful1 s long z our arti/ic discrim9ation does n give add$ comm]cial value to ! beautiful1 we c h no "r to expect ! manufactur] to bo!r4 ,he is n an apo/le ( art1 b a bus9ess-man4 ,if we %[ him1 z a bus9ess-man1 t we desire a well-proportion$ jug & w refuse to buy a clumsy "o1 he w1 act+ on bus9ess pr9ciples1 supply ! saleable article4 ,s f> ! rem$y is 9 our own h&s4 ,?irdly1 _m manufactur]s h an unju/ifiably l[ op9ion ( public ta/e1 & hone/ly believe t ! majority l tawdry ?+s :51 9 tru?1 !y accept !m = want ( any?+ bett] or because !y are *eap]4 ,f\r?ly1 h[ev]1 :5 !re is suffici5t desire = ! beautiful x ne$ n co/ any m1 b until !re is1 x w1 s9ce1 x w be produc$ 9 response to a m9ority dem&4 ,?is is a mu* m s]i\s limitation ?an x %\ld be1 = sev]al reasons4 7#a7 ,popul> ta/e has1 s9ce ! initiation ( ! indu/rial era1 /eadily improv$1 b ! arti/ic /&>d ( manufactur]s is at lea/ a /age beh9d4 ,!re are at lea/ two causes = ?is3 7a7 ! manufactur] c judge popul> ta/e only by exp]im5t1 & ?is is1 on ! av]age1 b\nd to involve exp5se1 & 7b7 :5 ! ma*9]y & processes ( manufacture are well e/abli%$ & smoo?ly runn+1 *anges mu/ entail extra co/s & reorganization1 rang+ f ! in/allation ( fre% plant to ! employm5t ( new designs4 ,= ?is reason alone ! m arti/ic article mu/ co/ m1 except+ 9 ^? indu/ries 7su* z ! manufacture ( dress-mat]ial7 :]e *ange & fa%ion are normal conditions4 ,9 o!r indu/ries :]e ! product is less subject to v>iation 7e4g4 pott]y--a firm c\ld produce & sell exactly ! same cups & sauc]s = an unlimit$ p]iod71 ! extra co/ is necess>ily m to be expect$4 7#b7 ,! manufactur] may1 & alas too (t5 does1 appreciate ! comm]cial value ( beauty & trades ^u x4 ,t is to say1 he manufactures ugly wall-pap] & pleasant wall-pap]1 at practically ! same co/4 ,he c\ld be cont5t to make ! normal pr(it f bo?1 b he realizes t _m p don't want to disfigure _! walls & w pay m = a pleas+ design4 ,he makes !m d s1 s9ce ?is behavi\r is pr(itable to him4 ,9 ?is he _c be c5sur$--r %\ld we praise him = n do+ x m (t54 ,nev]!less1 su* action w be a drag ^u arti/ic progress1 & if x c be prev5t$ at all ev5 ! manufactur] 9 ! long run w b5efit4 ,let all :o c af=d ! m beautiful production pur*ase x1 b let !m pay ! extra price "u prote/4 ,! manufactur] mu/ be made to realize t x is anti-social to make a pr(it out ( beauty1 :5 by s do+ he condemns ! less =tunate man to suff] ! ugly4 ,z ! bus9ess-man is at he>t z mu* int]e/$ z any o!r p]son 9 ! welf>e ( 8 fell[-m51 ?is might h "s influ5ce4 ,& an indep5d5t inquiry 7conduct$ by1 say1 a gr\p ( art-/ud5ts or a ,univ]sity7 might a*ieve a little4 ,!y w\ld try to %[ u--if !y c\ld--:y a fabric :i* is disfigur$ by a vile design c be *eap] ?an a pla9 unpr9t$ clo?1 :y !re is tru? 9 ! say+ we all he> frequ5tly1 8,oh1 yes1 y all admire ! pla91 simple co/ume or frock1 b x's s mu* m exp5sive1 y "k10 & ! l4 ,fif?ly1 indu/rial design]s h n receiv$ due recognition & are n well organiz$ 9 relation to ! indu/ries4 ,! design] is n always z well acqua9t$ ) ! special qualities & limitations ( ! mat]ial to :i* 8 designs are to be appli$ z he might be2 ! manufactur] does n (t5 en\gh realize ! importance ( ! design]2 & ! "y arti/ is apt to despise design--naturally1 because p]sonal public recognition is nev] aw>d$ to ! design]--& ! be/ m5 pref] m pret5ti\s if m prec>i\s fields4 ,^! %ortcom+s w\ld1 h[ev]1 be remov$ z a matt] ( c\rse 7 ! o!r limitations to be remov$4 ,great improvem5ts 9 indu/rial art _c1 h[ev]1 be expect$ until ! g5]al education & arti/ic appreciation ( ! public has develop$4 ,appli$ art w always move m sl[ly ?an f9e art1 s9ce ! utility-factor w ev] br+ ab\t a conflict ( exp$i5cy v]sus ideals4 ,ar*itecture pres5ts special difficulties1 because x is at once aggressive & unavoidable1 & because x dep5ds ^u environm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh we may1 if we c af=d1 es*ew ! ugly pot1 tawdry furniture1 & 7s f> at lea/ z our indoor life is conc]n$7 g>i% clo?+1 we _c avoid build+s4 ,!y =m a l>ge "p ( our environm5t & influ5ce our m5tal & bodily heal?4 ,^? :o live 9 dirty1 flat-front$1 unbrok5 /reets h to resi/ actively _! environm5t if !y w\ld avoid dirty1 drab1 monoton\s lives4 ,^? :o daily trav]se roads consi/+ ( disord]ly jumbles ( ar*itectural misfits lose ! s5se ( s]5ity1 ord]1 & fitness !y might ga9 9 happi] surr\nd+s4 ,! second ( ! po9ts m5tion$ be=e is t no build+ c be judg$ ap>t f its surr\nd+s4 ,an ess5tial ( e "w ( art is t its p>ts %all =m a well-balanc$ :ole1 ea* detail be+ subord9at$ to ! g5]al effect1 :i* mu/ convey a s5se ( complet5ess4 ,n[1 until rec5tly we h 7) occasional exceptions7 fail$ to realize t ! unit ( ar*itecture1 s f> z outw>d appe>ance is conc]n$1 is n ! individual build+ b ! :ole /reet1 ev]y?+1 9 fact1 :i* is 9 view f any "o po9t4 ,no "o w\ld sugge/ t ! wall ( a picture-gall]y 0 arti/ic because ! individual pictures 7 good1 & yet1 al?\gh mu* m c>e & arti/ry is devot$ to hang+ pictures ?an is sp5t 9 arrang+ ! contiguity ( build+s1 we seem to be q satisfi$ ) haphaz>d t[n-plann+4 ,yet all :o sorr[ at ! wilful wa/e & de/ruction ( ! beautiful mu/ lam5t :5 !y see1 z !y mu/ (t5 d1 noble & beautiful edifices or ! simple b ref9$ works ( ar*itects1 :o z a rule devote m love & receive less inc5tive ?an any o!r art work]s1 ru9$ by _! surr\nd+s4 ,b h[1 "o may ask1 c ?is be avoid$8 ,adjo9+ plots ( l& may belong to diff]5t own]s1 contigu\s build+s are built = diff]5t purposes1 by ^? ) mu* or little to sp5d1 design$ by diff]5t ar*itects--h[ c "o expect !m to con=m to "o arti/ic s*eme8 ,p]haps t is too mu* to expect4 ,c we ev5 ask t !y %\ld n be viol5tly oppos$ to "o ano!r1 n mutually de/ructive8 ,yes4 ,b ?is c be secur$ 9 only "o way4 ,local au?orities mu/ be giv51 or mu/ take ^u !mselves1 ! duty ( controll+ build+ op]ations 9 all public places4 ,!y w\ld n1 & c\ld n1 be arbitr>y3 !y w\ld ne$ to consid] _m difficulties1 & !y c\ld n rightly impose any re/rictions :i* w\ld make ! con/ruction ( suitable premises impossible )9 ! reasonable means ( ^? = :om !y 7 be+ built4 ,all !y c\ld und]take w\ld be to co-ord9ate propos$ "w1 to advise1 & to prohibit flagrant affronts to public good ta/e4 ,let a local committee compos$ ( ! be/ ar*itects & ! h>de/-head$ bus9ess-m5 9 ! t[n1 ) a dis9t]e/$ man ( ta/e--a p>son1 a f>m]1 a writ]--z *airman1 be =m$4 ,mu* good c\ld be done 9 ?is way4 ,9 dome/ic ar*itecture we _c expect mu* att5tion to be giv5 to arti/ic matt]s 9 ^! days :5 x is difficult to obta9 a suffici5cy ( h\ses ( any k9d4 ,nev]!less1 !re is "o sugge/ion ) great practical possibilities4 ,x is t ( ! noveli/ ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,conn+ton1 :o proposes t in/ead ( /&>dization ( design small p>ts capable ( be+ erect$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( ways %\ld be /&>diz$4 ,! read]s :o are int]e/$ are ref]r$ to ,nord5holt's ,million = fur!r p>ticul>s ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ idea4 ,x ,! mo/ significant t5d5cy ( art & ! greate/ dang]1 :i* op]ates 9 all fields1 is1 !re=e1 t comm]cialism1 mass-production1 /&>dization1 & ! he$+ ( l>ge volumes ( dem& w lead to an increase 9 ! quantity ( art-production b a decrease 9 ! av]age ( its quality1 unless ! evils ( ! sy/em are c\nt]act$ by c]ta9 developm5ts1 ! *ief ( :i* are education1 co-op]ation1 & ! bir? ( a new attitude ) reg>d to art-ideals4 ,our attitude t[>ds ! arts mu/ lead u to relate !m m closely to our o!r int]e/s &1 z a coroll>y1 ! diff]5t k9ds & diff]5t values ( arti/ic enjoym5t mu/ be syn!siz$4 ,we desire nei!r to set art ^u a p$e/al ( sup]iority nor to despise x z a recreative frivolity4 ,we ne$ to realize on ! "o h& t all human activities possess ( a necessity positive or negative arti/ic significance :i* we _c avoid2 ev5 ?\gh we consci\sly ignore art1 we are subconsci\sly & indirectly influ5c$4 ,fur!r1 we _c disreg>d ! close economic relation%ip betwe5 ! arti/ic & ! m]ely utilit>ian4 ,we h se5 some?+1 b only "o aspect1 ( ?is :5 discuss+ appli$ art2 ! relation is wid] ?an ?is1 s9ce1 = example1 ! am\nt ( "t1 en]gy1 money1 & mat]ial available = arti/ic purposes is closely connect$ ) mat]ial economic conditions4 ,&1 /ill fur!r1 !re is ! psy*ological or spiritual elem5t1 art satisfy+ human ne$s :i* are unsatisfi$ by o!r activities1 supplem5t+1 fill+ ! gaps 9 our p]sonal developm5t4 ,we _c put art into a wat]tight comp>tm5t4 ,! ext5t to :i* art appeals to an individual1 & ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* & ! special m$ium ?r\gh :i* arti/ic impulses f9d expression1 w dep5d v l>gely ^u biological & social factors1 ^u ! mat]ially ord]$ associations ( ! individual1 8 "w1 8 heal?1 ev]y?+ t imp+es ^u 8 life4 ,fur!r rese>* w expose ! fundam5tal reasons = ?is1 b ev5 n[ we realize t a love ( danc+1 ( ! !atre1 ( poetry1 ( sculpture is n a m]e gift or g5ius or ta/e or pr$ilection b also some?+ :i* is fo/]$ & direct$ by mat]ial environm5t4 ,confront$ ) ?is realization1 we mu/ reg>d art z an insep>able organic elem5t 9 life1 n z a sup]impos$ culture :i* may or may n exi/ 9 any individual or take any =m4 ,& ! coroll>y ( ?is1 z said be=e1 is t1 s9ce arti/ic pot5tialities exi/ 9 all m5 accord+ to _! be+ & environm5t1 ! realm ( art w pres5t z l>ge a v>iety ( values1 types1 & manife/ations z does our life itself4 ,yet all ^! manife/ations are "p ( "o4 ,good1 bad1 or indiff]5t1 !y repres5t ! be/1 mo/ suitable art t diff]5t m5 at any "t are capable ( appreciat+ or desir\s ( cultivat+4 ,?is is ! excuse = our plea = broadm9d$ness4 ,ea*1 pott #hvo1 #b_/f net ,occasionally illu/rat$ ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,to-,,morr[ ,?is s]ies ( books1 by "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,engli% ?9k]s1 sci5ti/s1 philosoph]s1 doctors1 critics1 & arti/s1 0 recogniz$ on publication z a notewor?y ev5t4 ,writt5 f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 "o book frequ5tly oppos+ ! argum5t ( ano!r1 !y provide ! read] ) a /imulat+ survey ( ! mo/ mod]n ?\ght 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,sev]al volumes are devot$ to ! future tr5d ( ,civilization1 conceiv$ z a :ole2 :ile o!rs deal ) p>ticul> prov9ces1 & cov] ! future ( ,woman1 ,w>1 ,population1 ,clo!s1 ,wireless1 ,morals1 ,drama1 ,poetry1 ,art1 ,sex1 ,law1 etc4 ,x is int]e/+ to see 9 ^! neat little volumes1 issu$ at a l[ price1 ! revival ( a =m ( lit]ature1 ! ,pamphlet1 :i* has be5 9 disuse = #bjj ye>s4 ,publi%$ by ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,broadway ,h\se3 #fh-gd ,c>t] ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4#d ,,volumes ,,ready ,da$alus1 or ,sci5ce & ! ,future4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,,haldane1 ,read] 9 ,bio*emi/ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,six? impression4 8,a fasc9at+ & d>+ little book40--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 8,! essay is brilliant1 sp>kl+ ) wit & bri/l+ ) *all5ges40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,pr$icts ! mo/ />tl+ *anges40--,morn+ ,po/4 ,call9icus1 a ,def5ce ( ,*emical ,w>f>e4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,,haldane4 ,second impression4 8,mr4 ,haldane's brilliant /udy40--,times ,lead+ ,article4 8,a book to be read by e intellig5t adult40--,spectator4 8,?is brilliant little monograph40--,daily ,news4 ,ic>us1 or ! ,future ( ,sci5ce4 ,by ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?ird impression4 8,utt] pessimism40--,obs]v]4 8,mr4 ,russell refuses to believe t ! progress ( ,sci5ce mu/ be a boon to mank9d40--,morn+ ,po/4 8,a /imulat+ book1 t leaves "o n at all disc\rag$40--,daily ,h]ald4 ,:at ,i ,believe4 ,by ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second impression4 8,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant & ?\ght-/imulat+ little books ,i h read--a bett] book ev5 ?an ,ic>us40--,nation4 8,simply & brilliantly writt540--,nature4 8,9 /abb+ s5t5ces he punctures ! bubble ( cruelty1 envy1 n>r[ness1 & ill-w :i* ^? 9 au?ority call _! morals40--,new ,lead]4 ,tantalus1 or ! ,future ( ,man4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,s*ill]1 ,fell[ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d4 8,!y are all 7,da$alus1 ,ic>us1 & ,tantalus7 brilliantly clev]1 & !y supplem5t or correct "o ano!r40--,dean ,+e1 9 ,morn+ ,po/4 8,imm5sely valuable & inf9itely readable40--,daily ,news4 8,! book ( ! week40--,spectator4 ,quo ,vadimus8 ,glimpses ( ! ,future4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,,f\rni] ,d',,albe1 ,d4,sc41 au?or ( 8,sel5ium1 ! ,moon ,elem5t10 etc4 8,a wond]ful vision ( ! future4 ,a book t w be talk$ ab\t40--,daily ,graphic4 8,a rem>kable contribution to a rem>kable s]ies40--,man*e/] ,dispat*4 8,int]e/+ & s+ul>ly plausible40--,daily ,telegraph4 ,lysi/rata1 or ,woman's ,future & ,future ,woman4 ,by ,,an?ony ,m4 ,,ludovici1 au?or ( 8,a ,def5ce ( ,ari/ocracy01 etc4 8,a /imulat+ book4 ,volumes w\ld be ne$$ to deal1 9 ! fullness 8 "w provokes1 ) all ! problems rais$40--,sunday ,times4 8,pro-fem99e1 b anti-fem9i/ic40--,scotsman4 8,full ( brilliant common-s5se40--,obs]v]4 ,hypatia1 or ,woman & ,k4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,b]tr& ,,russell4 ,) a frontispiece4 ,second impression4 ,an answ] to ,lysi/rata4 8,a passionate v9dication ( ! rights ( wom540--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 8,says a numb] ( ?+s t s5sible wom5 h be5 want+ publicly said = a long "t40--,daily ,h]ald4 8,ev]yone :o c>es at all ab\t ^! ?+s %\ld read x40--,weekly ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,mongol 9 our ,mid/3 a ,/udy ( ,man & 8 ,?ree ,faces4 ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,,crook%ank1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,) #bh ,plates4 ,second edition1 revis$4 8,a brilliant piece ( speculative induction40--,saturday ,review4 8,an extremely int]e/+ & sugge/ive book1 :i* w rew>d c>eful read+40--,sunday ,times4 8,! pictures c>ry fe>ful conviction40--,daily ,h]ald4 ,! ,conque/ ( ,canc]4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,wright1 ,m4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,introduction by ,f4 ,g4 ,,crook%ank1 ,m4,d4 8,em95tly suitable = g5]al read+4 ,! problem is fairly & lucidly pres5t$4 ,"o m]it ( ,mr4 ,wright's plan is t he tells p :at1 9 8 judgm5t1 !y c be/ d1 "h & n[40--,f ! ,introduction4 ,! ,pass+ ( ! ,phantoms3 a ,/udy ( ,evolution>y ,psy*ology & ,morals4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,patt51 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy1 ,%effield ,univ]sity4 ,) #d ,plates4 8,read]s ( ,da$alus1 ,ic>us & ,tantalus1 w be grateful = an excell5t pres5tation ( yet ano!r po9t ( view40--,york%ire ,po/4 8,?is bright & brac+ little book40--,lit]>y ,guide4 8,int]e/+ & orig9al40--,m$ical ,times4 ,p]seus3 ( ,dragons4 ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,/okes4 ,) #b illu/rations4 8,a div]t+ little book1 *ock-full ( ideas4 ,mr4 ,/okes' dragon-lore is bo? qua9t & v>i\s40--,morn+ ,po/4 8,v amus+ly writt51 & a m9e ( curi\s k = :i* ! disc]n+ read] w f9d _m uses40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,wireless ,possibilities4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,m4 ,,l[4 ,) #d diagrams4 8,z might be expect$ f an inv5tor :o is always s fre%1 he has _m int]e/+ ?+s to say40--,ev5+ ,/&>d4 8,! mantle ( ,blake has fall5 ^u ! physici/s4 ,to !m we look = visions1 & we f9d !m 9 ?is book40--,new ,/atesman4 ,n>cissus3 an ,anatomy ( ,clo!s4 ,by ,,g]ald ,,he>d4 ,) #ai illu/rations4 8,a mo/ sugge/ive book40--,nation4 8,irresi/ible4 ,read+ x is l a swit*back j\rney4 ,/>t+ f prehi/oric times we rocket d[n ! ages40--,daily ,news4 8,int]e/+1 provocative1 & ent]ta9+40--,que54 ,?amyris1 or ,is !re a ,future = ,poetry4 ,by ,r4 ,c4 ,,trevelyan4 8,( high au?ority40--,saturday ,review4 8,v sugge/ive40--,j4 ,c4 ,squire1 9 ,obs]v]4 8,a v *>m+ piece ( "w4 ,i agree ) all1 or at any rate1 almo/ all its conclusions40--,j4 ,/4 ,loe ,/ra*ey1 9 ,spectator4 ,proteus1 or ! ,future ( ,intellig5ce4 ,by ,,v]non ,,lee1 au?or ( 8,satan ! ,wa/]10 etc4 8,we %\ld l to foll[ ! au?or's sugge/ions z to ! effect ( intellig5ce on ! future ( ,e?ics1 ,ae/hetics1 & ,mann]s4 ,h] book is pr(\ndly /imulat+ & %\ld be read by ev]yone40--,outlook4 8,a concise1 sugge/ive piece ( "w40--,saturday ,review4 ,p>is1 or ! ,future ( ,w>4 ,by ,capta9 ,b4 ,h4 ,,liddell ,,h>t4 8,a gem ( close ?9k+ & d$uction40--,obs]v]4 8,a notewor?y contribution to a problem ( conc]n to e citiz5 9 ?is c\ntry40--,daily ,*ronicle4 8,!re is "s lively ?9k+ ab\t ! future ( w> 9 ,p>is1 j add$ to ! set ( live-wire pamphlets on big subjects1 call$ collectively #8,to-,day & ,to-,morr[4'0--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,hephae/us1 ! ,s\l ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,,f\rni] ,d',,albe1 ,d4,sc4 ,hephae/us is ! god ( fire1 ! inc>nation ( ! ma*9e age ( to-day4 ,he is n[ ma/] ( ! _w4 ,h[ ?is came ab\t1 :at w be ! results ( ?is increas+ dom9ation ( our planet1 is ! !me ( ! book4 ,?rasyma*us1 ! ,future ( ,morals4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,,joad1 au?or ( 8,common-,s5se ,e?ics10 etc4 ,a p5etrat+ /udy ( ! h]d1 or conv5tional1 morality ( ! day1 prophesy+ a ,puritan revival 9 morals1 ) intol]ance & h]esy-hunt+4 ,?is w lead to ! ,am]icanization ( ,engl& & a great increase 9 irregul> sexual relation%ips4 ,9 ! end a new religi\s revival is =ese54 ,lycurgus1 or ! ,future ( ,law4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,haynes1 au?or ( 8,conc]n+ ,solicitors10 etc4 ,an analysis ( ! pres5t condition ( ,law 9 ,engl&1 deal+ ) legislation1 ! law-c\rts1 crim9al law1 family law1 l&-laws1 co/s1 int]national law1 individual lib]ty1 & su* subjects4 ,prome!us1 or ,biology & ! ,advancem5t ( ,man4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,a lucid summ>y ( ! rec5t /rik+ advances 9 biological k1 g5etics1 & ! !ory ( evolution1 ) num]\s concrete illu/rations4 ,! conclusions are appli$ to ! problem ( improvem5t 9 ! human race4 ,timo!us1 ! ,future ( ! ,!atre4 ,by ,,bonamy ,,dobr,e1 au?or ( 8,re/oration ,drama10 etc4 ,traces ! possible developm5ts ( ! !atre1 n only along me*anical l9es1 b ^u ^? :i* playwrights1 actors1 & psy*ologi/s might a*ieve1 7 _! idiosyncracies giv5 scope4 ,! :ole =ms a comm5t on ! !atre ( to-day4 ,pygmalion1 or ! ,doctor ( ! ,future4 ,by ,r4 ,,mcnair ,,wilson1 ,m4,d4 ,! au?or =esees an evolution 9 ! p]sonality ( ! doctor1 :o w become less ( a sci5ti/1 m ( a humani/1 & use e spiritual ag5cy1 z well z e practical measure1 to re/ore ! human body & s\l to heal?4 ,,ready ,,%ortly ,cass&ra1 or ! ,future ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,s*ill]1 ,d4,sc4 ,a p5etrat+ analysis ( ! disruptive influ5ces ( "w 9 ! ,empire4 ,gallio1 or ! ,tyranny ( ,sci5ce4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,sullivan1 au?or ( 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics40 ,eut]pe1 or ! ,future ( ,art4 ,by ,,lionel ,r4 ,,mccolv91 au?or ( 8,! ,!ory ( ,book-,selection40 ,%[s h[ economic factors influ5ce arti/ic production & affect arti/ic me?ods4 ,artifex1 or ! ,future ( ,craftsman%ip4 ,by ,,john ,,gloag1 au?or ( 8,"t1 ,ta/e1 & ,furniture40 ,indicates h[ ! ma*9e may be us$ to ext5d ! glory ( craftsman%ip4 ,pegasus1 or ,problems ( ,transport4 ,by ,colonel ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,full]1 au?or ( 8,! ,re=mation ( ,w>10 etc4 ,an acc\nt ( 8cross-c\ntry0 vehicles1 :i* w a*ieve a revolution z great z t caus$ by ! railway4 ,atlantis1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,future4 ,by ,colonel ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,full]4 ,a witty & p5etrat+ analysis ( ! ,am]ican _s4 ,midas1 or ! ,future ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,bre!rton1 au?or ( 8,! ,real ,irel&10 etc4 ,a companion volume to ,atlantis1 writt5 f a diff]5t viewpo9t4 ,nuncius1 ! ,future ( ,adv]tis+4 ,by ,,gilb]t ,,russell4 ,! ,future ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,by ,,basil ,,de ,,sel9c\rt4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,embold5$ text is surr\nd$ by equals signs3 bold4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,ar*aic or v>iant spell+ has be5 reta9$4 ,! cov] image = ?is e,book 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is ent]$ into ! public doma94