,,gas ,,& ,,flame ,,major ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,auld1 ,m4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,g4 ,?ay]1 ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 is ! arti/ ( ! draw+ "h reproduc$ :i* 0 design$ = ! purpose ( br++ home ! necessity ( c>e 9 all t p]ta9s to ! use & manufacture ( ! gas mask4 ,9 ord] to impress ^u ! soldi] 9 tra9+ ! ne$ ( c>e & spe$ 9 adju/+ ! mask 9 case ( gas attack1 ! po/] 0 pr9t$ ) ?is word+3 ,,keep ,,y\r ,,head2 ,,hold ,,y\r ,,brea?1-- ,,be ,,quick66 ,,& ,,?is ,,won',t ,,happ5 ,,to ,,y ,t ! work]s engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( gas masks might realize ! importance ( c>e & flawlessness 9 _! "w1 ! same po/] 0 plac$ 9 ! factories ) a leg5d read+3 ,,! ,,f9al ,,inspector ,,gas ,,& ,,flame ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,w>f>e ,,by ,,major ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,auld1 ,m4,c4 ,,royal ,,b]k%ire ,,regim5t ,memb] ( ! ,briti% ,milit>y ,mission to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,,frontispiece ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,?ay] ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,copyright1 #aiah1 ,by ,george ,h4 ,doran ,company ,copyright1 #aiah1 ,by ,! ,curtis ,publi%+ ,company ,copyright1 #aiah1 ,by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,publi%]',s ,,note ,ne$ = ! education ( va/ numb]s ( m5 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ,gas ,s]vice & ^? 9 camps on ! position ( ,gas ,w>f>e at ! front1 has made imp]ative ! publication ( ?is book1 z has also ! ne$ ( educat+ ! public1 ow+ to ! _m mislead+ newspap] reports1 sometimes m]ely mis9=mative1 sometimes di/9ctly mis*iev\s1 appe>+ f "t to "t4 ,major ,auld1 *emi/ & tea*] be=e ! w>1 & z he mode/ly /yl$ x1 8amateur soldi]10 volunte]$ = s]vice at ! front z a 8,t]ritorial10 at ! v outset ( ! conflict4 ,"s mon?s aft] ! fir/ gas attack1 he 0 tak5 into ! ,gas ,s]vice1 ow+ to 8 tra9+ & ability z a *emi/1 & lat] became ,*ief ,gas ,(fic] to ,sir ,julian ,byng's ,army4 ,he 0 aw>d$ ! ,milit>y ,cross aft] ! ,battle ( ! ,somme1 & 0 w\nd$ 9 an exp$ition into ,no ,man's ,l& to obs]ve ! effect ( a ,briti% ,gas attack4 ,he has !re=e be5 9 t\* ) gas w>f>e f ! beg9n+ & kn[s all phases4 ,z ! natural consequ5ce ( all ?is1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates welcom$ him z ! repres5tative ( ,great ,brita9 9 its c\nsel to ,am]ica on all aspects ( gas w>f>e4 ,9 ?is (ficial capacity ! ,major has be5 engag$ "h assi/+ 9 organization & developm5t ( tra9+1 rese>* & production aspects ( ,gas1 & lectur+ at camps1 ! ,w> ,college1 & ,we/ ,po9t4 ,! ,am]ican ,gas ,s]vice has1 = all ^! reasons1 deem$ ! publication ( ,major ,auld's exp]i5ces v desirable4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,! fir/ rum\rs ( ,g]man gas attacks--,sceptically receiv$--,fir/ attack 9 #aiae--;,canadian pluck "u gas--,n]n/ & ,hab] ! inv5tors ( ,g]man gas--,! difficulties ( gett+ practicable gases--,! te*nic ( gas attacks--,a ,g]man prison]'s acc\nt #i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! fir/ respirators--,fir/-aid devices--,! smoke helmet--,anti-gas spray]s--,_! use & delicacy--,! ,engli% *emi/s set to "w--,! task ( tra9+ ! :ole army #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii ,popul> t]ror ( gas--,necessity = drill+ & e>ly p]sonal exp]i5ce--,sure def5ce f gas possible--,! fir/ gas al>ms--,! prussic acid sc>e a my?--,! phosg5e sc>e a reality--,! helmet made to combat x--,necessity = r5ovat+ ! helmet #db ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! attack ( ,dec4 #aiae--,! ,allies' good tra9+ tells--,! casualties analys$--,! new elem5t ( surprise--,evid5ces ( ! use ( phosg5e--,! incid5t ( ! bulb--,improv$ al>ms--,! ,/rombos sir5s--,accid5ts to ! horns--,! ,te> ,gas ,%ell--,its *emical analysis--,combat$ by anti-gas goggles--,tommies sc(f at ,te> ,gas--,! ,g]mans make x =midable #fb ,,*apt] ,v ,summ] ( #aiaf ! highwat] m>k ( ! ,g]man gas cl\d--,_! improv$ me?ods--,! ne$ ( spe$ & secrecy--,gas z a rat ext]m9ator--,causes ( ,alli$ casualties--,g]mans kill$ ) _! own gas--,gas masks = horses & mules--,r$uc$ ,alli$ casualties--,humor\s incid5ts #hh ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! la/ ,g]man gas cl\d s5t ov] ,augu/ #aiaf--;,its int5sity--8,delay$0 cases ( phosg5e gass+--,cig>ettes z a te/ ( gass+--,dang]s ( c>elessness--,! spray] ab&on$ = ,mrs4 ,ayrton's fan--,responsibilities ( ! divisional gas (fice--,russian gas victims--,! day ( ! gas cl\d ov] #aab ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ris+ importance ( ! gas %ell--,! v>iety ( gases practicable ) ! %ell--,! deadly ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell--,risks ( transport+ 8duds0 = *emical analysis--,r$uc$ ,alli$ casualties--,g]man blund]s 9 %ell+ tactics--,importance ( univ]sal discipl9e #abg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! gas-pro( dug\t--,fir/-aid me?ods ( al>m--,von ,buel[ improves ,g]man gas tactics--,popul> errors ab\t gas--,effectiv5ess ( new ,briti% respirators--,vomit+ gas--,g]mans spe$ up _! manufacture--,gas z a neutralis] ( artill]y fire--,z a neutralis] ( "w beh9d ! tr5*es--,raw recruits a%am$ to we> ! mask--,casualties result+ #ade ,,*apt] ,,ix ,mu/>d or ,yell[ ,cross gas--,n deadly b a dang]\s pe/--,its tr\blesome p]si/5ce--,clean+ x out by fires--,sneez+ ( ,blue ,cross gas--,ano!r pe/--,its viol5t effect--,! limit ( gas %ell effectiv5ess--,! ne$ = con/ant vigilance & discipl9>y tra9+ #afi ,,*apt] ,x ,liquid fire--,fir/ us$ by ,g]mans 9 ,july #aiae--;,a great surprise & success--,g]man hopes f x--,con/ruction ( a flame projector--,flamm5w]f] companies--,_! p]il\s duties & incid5ts ( des]tion f !m--,improv$ types ( projectors--,co-op]ation ( ma*9e-gun fire--,failure ( liquid fire--,its %ort duration & %ort range--,ease ( escape f x #ahe ,,gas ,,& ,,flame ,,gas ,,& ,,flame ,,*apt] ,i ,! fir/ rum\rs ( ,g]man gas attacks--,sceptically receiv$--,fir/ attack 9 #aiae--;,canadian pluck "u gas--,n]n/ & ,hab] ! inv5tors ( ,g]man gas--,! difficulties ( gett+ practicable gases--,! te*nic ( gas attacks--,a ,g]man prison]'s acc\nt4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,april1 #aiae1 we 7 9 ! tr5*es opposite ,mess9es4 ,we enjoy$ ! usual morn+ & ev5+ 8hate02 we snip$ & 7 snip$ at2 we patroll$ & wir$ & attempt$ to dra9 away ! sup]flu\s wat]1 & !re 0 mu* mud & hum\r & expectancy4 ,x is true !re 7 no ,mills gr5ades or ,/okes mort>s or t9 hats1 b tr5* w>f>e 0 n s v diff]5t !n f :at x is n[--) "o great exception3 ,!re 0 no gas4 ,& !re 7 consequ5tly no respirators to c>ry day & night4 ,x is almo/ impossible n[ to rememb] ! "t :5 "o did n c>ry a respirator 9 ! tr5*es4 ,someh[ x makes y feel q nak$ to ?9k ( x--& yet !re we 71 imag9+ we knew :at w> really 0 l6 ,! newspap]s we got at t "t 7 g5]ally a good _m days old1 & c5sor$ at t1 & our *ief s\rce ( news ab\t ! w> 9 o!r p's p>ts ( ! l9e 0 a summ>y ( s-call$ in=mation issu$ f headqu>t]s1 :i* p]colat$ d[n to ! battalion &1 l e o!r summ>y be=e & s9ce1 w5t by ! "n ( 8,comic ,cuts40 ,some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! mon? we he>d t 9 somebody else's summ>y _h appe>$ a p>agraph to ! effect t a des]t] f ! ,g]man l9es up 9 ! sali5t _h told a cock-&-bull /ory ( h[ !y int5d$ to poison u all ) a cl\d ( gas1 & t tanks full ( ! poison gas 7 already in/all$ 9 _! tr5*es4 ,( c\rse nobody believ$ him4 ,! /atem5t 0 8pass$ = in=mation = :at x is wor?40 ,& z nobody ev] believ$ any?+ t appe>$ 9 ,comic ,cuts 9 any case1 we 7 n dispos$ to get ! w9d up ab\t x4 ,& !n1 ab\t a week lat]1 on ,april #bb1 #aiae1 0 laun*$ ! fir/ gas attack2 & ano!r con/ant horror 0 add$ to an already some:at unpleasant w>4 ,details ab\t ! attack are /ill some:at meagre1 = ! simple reason t ! m5 :o c\ld h told mu* ab\t x nev] came back4 ,! place *os5 = ! fir/ gas attack 0 9 ! nor!a/ "p ( ! ,ypres sali5t at t "p ( ! l9e :]e ! ,fr5* & ,briti% l9es met1 runn+ d[n f :]e ! tr5*es left ! canal ne> ,boes+he4 ,on ! ,fr5* "r 0 ! ---- ,regim5t ( ,turcos1 & on ! ,briti% left 7 ! ,canadians4 ,try to imag9e ! feel+s & ! condition ( ! col\r$ troops z !y saw ! va/ cl\d ( gre5i%-yell[ gas spr+ out ( ! gr\nd & sl[ly move d[n w9d t[>d !m1 ! vap\r cl++ to ! e>?1 seek+ out e hole & holl[ & fill+ ! tr5*es & %ell holes z x came4 ,fir/ wond]1 !n fe>2 !n1 z ! fir/ fr+es ( ! cl\d envelop$ !m & left !m *ok+ & agonis$ 9 ! fight = brea?--panic4 ,^? :o c\ld move broke & ran1 try+1 g5]ally 9 va91 to out/rip ! cl\d :i* foll[$ inexorably aft] !m4 ,! majority ( ^? 9 ! front l9e 7 kill$--"s1 let u hope1 imm$iately1 b mo/ ( !m sl[ly & horribly4 ,x is n my int5tion to try to play ^u feel+s1 b ^? ( u :o h se5 m5 badly gass$ c only ?9k ) horror ( a battlefield cov]$ ) su* cases1 ov] :i* ! ,g]mans subsequ5tly advanc$4 ,! ,canadians on ! ,briti% left f>$ bo? bett] & worse ?an ! ,fr5* col\r$ troops4 ,only _! left appe>s to h be5 9 ! ma9 pa? ( ! poison cl\d1 b !re is little d\bt t 9 ! ?icke/ "p ^? :o did n escape ei!r to a flank or to ! re> 7 kill$ on ! field4 ,?\s&s ( ^? 9 ! support tr5*es & res]ve l9es & 9 billets beh9d ! l9e 7 suffocat$--_m to die lat] 9 ! field ambulances & casualty cle>+ /ations4 ,( ^? on ! fr+e ( ! cl\d _m sav$ !mselves by bury+ _! faces 9 ! e>?4 ,o!rs wrapp$ muffl]s r\nd _! m\?s & noses or /uff$ h&k]*iefs into _! m\?s4 ,_m ( ^! m5 7 sav$ by _! pres5ce ( m9d1 = ?\gh gass$ at ! "t !y recov]$ lat]1 aft] treatm5t 9 ! hospitals4 ,x is on record t ! ,canadians1 ) h&k]*iefs or muffl]s ti$ ov] _! m\?s1 cont9u$ to engage ! ,g]mans & t a numb] ( !m actually *>g$ back ?r\gh ! gas cl\d 9 an endeav\r to rea* ! enemy4 ,:at became ( !m is n kn[n4 ,9 ?is way a big gap 0 made 9 ! ,alli$ l9es1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,g]mans advanc$4 ,b ! ,canadians quickly =m$ a flank on ! left & /\tly engag$ ! enemy1 ) su* success t !y fir/ sl[$ up & !n br\ght to a halt ! advance ( ! ,g]mans4 ,x 0 ?is prompt action & gallant resi/ance t probably sav$ ! day4 ,:e!r ! ,g]man high comm& _h und]e/imat$ ! probable effect ( ! gas & _h arrang$ = only a limit$ objective pa/ :i* ! local comm&]s did n take ! initiative to g1 or :e!r ! latt] 7 unaw>e ( ! real weakness ( ! ,canadian l9e is unkn[n4 ,! fact rema9s t !y did n press _! advantage to ! full4 ,!y _h tak5 ! ,alli$ front l9e on a wide front1 kill$ or captur$ ?\s&s ( m5 & tak5 sixty guns1 & seem$ to h a cle> way ?r\gh to ,calais2 b !y 7 /opp$ by ! pluck ( a h&ful ( ,canadians4 ,re9=cem5ts ( m5 & guns 7 ru%$ up1 & ! imm$iate dang] 0 ov]4 ,x is a matt] = surmise h[ long ! ,g]mans _h be5 plann+ & prep>+ _! use ( gas4 ,! idea may h be5 a pre-w> "o1 b x is difficult to believe t a project delib]ately plann$ = ye>s w\ld n h be5 develop$ s z to make x a sure w9n]--= x c\ld easily h be5 t4 ,if1 = example1 !y _h made ! attack ov] a wid] front ) su* /rong gas cl\ds z are n[ us$ no?+ c\ld possibly h /ood aga9/ !m4 ,e liv+ ?+ to a dep? ( fifte5 miles or m c\ld h be5 kill$4 ,on ! o!r h& x is impossible to imag9e ! use ( poison gas z hav+ be5 decid$ on )\t bett] prep>ation hav+ be5 made to meet retaliation1 unless x 0 assum$ ei!r t ! use ( ! gas w\ld be decisive or t at any rate ! w> w\ld be f9i%$ be=e ! ,allies c\ld hit back ) ! same weapon4 ,9 any case ! prep>ation mu/ h be5 go+ on = mon?s4 ,all ! production ( mat]ial1 organisation ( p]sonnel & s on takes a long "t4 ,?is we realis$ ourselves lat]1 = ?\gh ! decision to retaliate ) gas 0 made 9 ,may x 0 ,septemb] be=e an attack c\ld possibly be made4 ,if we assume t a l int]val ( f\r mon?s elaps$ = ! p]fect+ ( ! ,g]man arrangem5ts x means t ! decision to use gas 0 made ab\t ,*ri/mas1 #aiad4 ,! onus ( urg+ ! ,kais]'s advis]s to adopt ! use ( poison\s gases _h be5 laid at ! door ( ,pr(essor ,n]n/1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,pr(essor ,n]n/ is a not$ *emi/1 & ev5 be=e ! w> 0 a notori\s ,pan-,g]man & ,anglophobe--"o ( ! 8pr(essors0 :o c>ri$ too mu* weight 9 ,g]many & ^: arrogance & %ortsight$ness help$ to lure h] to h] d[nfall4 ,"s "t aft] ! use ( gas 0 />t$ ,pr(essor ,n]n/ 0 made a c\nt by ! ,kais] = 8 8notable s]vices0--mean+ presumably ! use ( gas 9 w>f>e4 ,! actual c>ry+ out ( ! gas op]ations 0 intru/$ to ano!r pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 ?is be+ "o ,hab]1 ( ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,physical ,*emical ,in/itute at ,b]l94 ,9 #aiad1 long be=e ! w> />t$1 ,pr(essor ,hab] & 8 assi/ants are kn[n to h be5 work+ secretly ) "s int5sely poison\s ars5ic gases & liquids1 & "o ( ! assi/ants 0 kill$ & ano!r is report$ to h _h 8 arm bl[n (f dur+ ! rese>*es4 ,hab]'s p>ticul> job 0 to make all ! sci5tific arrangem5ts 9 ! field2 to decide on ! gases to be us$1 & ! quantity to employ2 to /udy ! w9d directions & decide exactly :5 to make ! attack4 ,9 ! weeks prec$+ ! tw5ty-second ( ,april1 ,hab] 0 cont9ually at ! ,front receiv+ reports f ! w9d obs]vation /ations & 9 close t\* ) ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! cyl9d]s 9 ! tr5*es4 ,on sev]al occasions dur+ ?is "t ! attack 0 fix$ = a c]ta9 h\r1 b 0 po/pon$ by ,hab]1 ow+ to ! w9d's be+ unsuitable4 ,! actual arrangem5ts t _h to be made 7 mu* m complex ?an ! c>ry+ out ( ! attack itself4 ,fir/ ( all1 decision _h to be come to z to ! gas to be us$ 9 ! fi5di% attempt4 ,su* a gas _h ( c\rse to be highly poison\s4 ,!n x mu/ be *eaply & easily made 9 l>ge quantities2 x _h to be compressible1 s t x c\ld be transport$ easily2 x mu/ be heavi] ?an air1 s t x %\ld keep close to ! gr\nd :5 fir/ lib]at$2 & = pref]5ce x %\ld n be un/able--t is1 decompose easily & ent] into nonpoison\s comb9ations ) mat]ials1 o!r ?an man1 t x %\ld come across 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,any *emi/ to :om su* a problem is put w in=m y !re are v few gases t fill ! bill4 ,! ,g]man *oice re/$ on t gas well-kn[n to /ud5ts ( *emi/ry--*lor9e4 ,*lor9e 9 l>ge quantities 0 available f ! alkali works 9 ,g]many1 & x meets all ! o!r requirem5ts except t ( n easily comb9+ ) o!r ?+s4 ,?is defici5cy 0 =tunate1 = x meant t protective *emicals 7 easy to f9d :5 x became necess>y to provide respirators to ! ,alli$ troops4 ,!n !re 0 ! "q ( transport & emission4 ,! gas 0 ev5tually put up 9 /eel cyl9d]s1 ab\t ?irty in*es long & eight in*es across & /\t en\gh to /& a pressure ( ab\t t5 atmosph]es1 ! gas be+ /or$ 9 !m compress$ to a liquid4 ,on op5+ su* a cyl9d] ! liquid boils & gives (f ! gas aga91 b ?is w\ld n d = field "w1 because ( ! int5se cold :i* is produc$ by ! sudd5 expansion4 ,?is w\ld freeze up ! pipes & sl[ d[n ! dis*>ge to su* an ext5t t ! gas attack w\ld be too weak4 ,to get ov] ?is difficulty ! ,g]mans fitt$ _! cyl9d]s ) int]nal siphon tubes s t actually liquid *lor9e 0 =c$ into ! air1 :]e x evaporat$ )\t affect+ ! gas rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,by ?is means ! :ole ( ! gas 9 ! cyl9d]1 am\nt+ to =ty-five p\nds1 is empti$ into ! atmosph]e 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes4 ,! sudd5 expansion ( ! *lor9e 9 ! air also makes bo? x & ! surr\nd+ air cold & helps to keep ! cl\d close to ! gr\nd4 ,! actual h&+ ( ! gas attacks 0 allott$ to two regim5ts ( pione]s--! #ce? & #cf? ,pione] ,regim5ts1 :i* 7 specially organis$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! regim5ts h ! ord9>y organisation ( two battalions p] regim5t1 ) ?ree companies & a p>k or transport company p] battalion4 ,! rank & file are ord9>y pione]s1 b ! (fic]s are specially pick$ & include *emi/s1 me*anical exp]ts1 meteorologi/s1 & o!r m5 ) special sci5tific qualifications4 ,! *oice ( c\ntry 9 :i* to make a gas attack 0 a s]i\s matt] to ! enemy4 ,! gas ( c\rse w g ) ! w9d1 b x dep5ds l>gely on :at ! c\ntry is l :]e ! w9d w g4 ,! ,g]mans !mselves say !y pref] a flat c\ntry )\t any m>k$ "u features & slop+ g5tly t[>d our l9es1 j z !y _h at ,ypres4 ,inde$1 !y w5t ! l5g? ( say+ t a gas attack c\ld n be c>ri$ out 9 hilly or v brok5 c\ntry2 & !y suff]$ 9 consequ5ce lat] on1 ?r\gh be+ tak5 unaw>es by ! ,fr5* 9 j su* c\ntry 9 ! ,vosges :5 retaliation 0 comm5c$4 ,b tak+ x altoge!r ! ,g]mans 7 wise 9 _! *oice ( position4 ,ano!r ?+ t _h to be consid]$ 0 ! outl9e ( _! own tr5* sy/em1 s t !y w\ld n let (f ! gas 9 su* p>ts ( ! l9e t x w\ld float back & gas _! own troops 9 ! neighb\r+ tr5*es4 ,to d ?is !y inv5t$ a 8factor ( safety10 :i* repres5t$ an angle betwe5 ! direction ( ! w9d & ! l9e ( ! tr5*es4 ,no attack 0 to be made if ! w9d direction came )9 =ty degrees ( any tr5* )9 gass+ di/ance4 ,?is work$ v well4 ,ano!r consid]ation 0 ! /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,! w9d mu/ n be too /rong :5 ! gu/s disp]se ! gas cl\d1 or x w weak5 x s t x loses a lot ( its effect & w be bl[n ov] ! enemy too quickly2 nor mu/ x be s weak t x w take a long "t to rea* ! oppos+ tr5*es4 ,ano!r great dang] 9 w9ds ( too l[ velocity is t ^! are j ! w9ds :i* *ange _! direction mo/ frequ5tly1 & any?+ "u two miles p] h\r is j z likely to bl[ ! gas back to ! place f :i* x came4 ,x 0 disreg>d+ ?is pr9ciple on "o occasion lat] on t caus$ ! ,g]mans num]\s casualties f "o ( _! own gas cl\ds4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be laid d[n t ! mo/ fav\rable w9ds are ^? betwe5 f\r & twelve miles an h\r1 s t ) a w9d ( eight miles an h\r ! cl\d w\ld move j twice z quickly z a man walk+ rapidly1 & w\ld take only twelve & a half seconds to cross ,no ,man's ,l& 9 places :]e ! tr5*es are fifty y>ds ap>t4 ,let me try to give an acc\nt ( ! proc$ure ( c>ry+ out gas attacks z x 0 told me by a ,g]man prison] tak5 n s v long ago4 ,he said3 8,i am n "o ( ! gas pione]s1 b be+ an eng9e] by trade & hav+ be5 9 ! tr5*es = _m weeks ) ! #ce? ,regim5t ( ,pione]s ,i h got to "k _! me?ods fairly well4 ,inde$ ,i assi/$ on "o occasion 9 c>ry+ cyl9d]s into ! tr5*es = an attack aga9/ ! ,briti%4 ,gas is n popul> ) u2 we h _h too _m mi%aps1 & ! cyl9d]s are a nuisance to c>ry into ! tr5*es4 ,!y weigh n9ety p\nds & !y are always c>ri$ 9 by ! infantry4 ,a gas regim5t does n d t = itself4 ,x is a long c>ry & x is really m ?an a "o-man load4 ,at ! mo/ two m5 are allott$ to c>ry 9 ea* cyl9d]1 :atev] ! di/ance4 8,sev]al ?\s& ( ^! cyl9d]s mu/ be tak5 into ! tr5*es1 & !n we h ! job ( putt+ !m 9 position4 ,deep holes are dug j und]nea? ! p>apet ( ! tr5*1 & into ^! holes are plac$ ! sep>ate cyl9d]s ) ! tops flu% ) ! gr\nd4 ,z ea* cyl9d] is plac$ into position ! hole is cov]$ ) a bo>d1 on top ( :i* is plac$ a ?+ we call a #8,salzdecke1' :i* is really a k9d ( quilt /uff$ ) peat moss & soak$ 9 pota% solution s z to absorb any ( ! gases t may leak out4 8,on top ( ! ,salzdecke are built up ?ree lay]s ( s&bags1 s t !re is n mu* dang] ( ! cyl9d]s' be+ hit by %ell fragm5ts4 ,?is also s]ves to hide ! cyl9d]s 9 case a raid is made1 & ! s&bags =m an excell5t fir+ /ep4 ,9 fact1 y w\ld nev] guess t ! gas 0 ready 9 position to make an attack4 ,all ( ?is takes a long "t to d1 & !n we h to wait = a w9d t is fav\rable4 8,x may be weeks be=e ! "r "t comes1 b all ! "t ! pione] (fic]s & ,unt](fizi]e make obs]vations ( ! w9d & report back to somebody at headqu>t]s4 ,on ! night fix$ = ! attack all ! infantry are w>n$ be=eh&4 ,if ! w9d cont9ues fav\rable ! s&bags are tak5 (f1 ! domes remov$ f ! cyl9d]s1 & to ea* cyl9d] is atta*$ a lead pipe :i* is b5t ov] ! top ( ! p>apet into ,no ,man's ,l&1 ) ! end slightly b5t up1 s t if any liquid comes out x is n wa/$ 9 ! gr\nd b evaporates 9 ! air4 ,! end ( ! lead pipe is weight$ ) a s&bag1 s t x w n kick :5 ! gas is turn$ on & bl[ ! gas back into our own tr5*es1 z happ5$ 9 "o or two ( ! e>li] attacks4 ,x is ?is k9d ( ?+ t makes gas unpopul> 9 ! ,g]man ,army4 8,ev5tually ! "t really does arrive = ! attack1 & ! pione]s /& by ! cyl9d]s1 ( :i* tw5ty =m a batt]y2 & to ea* batt]y !re are two pione]s & "o noncommission$ (fic] wait+ to unscrew ! taps4 ,a signal is giv5 by means ( a rocket4 ,all ! infantry h be5 eag]ly wait+ = ?is signal1 :i* means t !y h five m9utes to cle> out ( ! front-l9e tr5*es be=e ! gas is turn$ on2 & ,i c tell y !y d n wa/e any "t4 ,ev]ybody makes a ru% to ! support tr5* & leaves ! front l9e entirely to ! pione]s4 8,we all keep our masks ready to put on at a mom5t's notice1 because 9 ! e>li] attack ! w9d on two occasions blew ! gas back aga9 into our own tr5*es & kill$ a lot ( ! infantry :o 7 unprep>$ = its return4 ,accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t ! attack is to la/ ! cyl9d]s are turn$ on1 f "o up to five at a "t1 9 ea* batt]y4 8,z soon z ! taps are turn$ on ! pione]s make = cov]1 b !y h a good _m losses f bur/+ cyl9d]s1 f leaks1 & f ! %rapnel & high-explosive %ells :i* inv>iably greet ! />t ( an attack4 ,! promptness ) :i* ?is happ5$ at ! "t ,i 0 9 ! l9e made u believe t y\r p _h kn[n all ab\t our gas prep>ations = "s "t4 ,! infantry are all v glad to be away f ! front-l9e tr5* :5 ! cl\d is s5t ov]40 ,?is me?od has be5 practically unalt]$ ?r\gh\t ! "t ! ,g]mans h made gas attacks4 ,9 ! fir/ attack !y probably _h "o gas cyl9d] on e y>d ( front on :i* gas 0 in/all$1 b ! numb] 0 increas$ 9 subsequ5t attacks4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! fir/ respirators--,fir/-aid devices--! smoke helmet--,anti-gas spray]s--,_! use & delicacy--,! ,engli% *emi/s set to "w--,! task ( tra9+ ! :ole army4 ,!re is no ne$ to dwell on ! execration ) :i* ! use ( gas 0 met by ! :ole civilis$ _w1 & ,i w m]ely try to rec\nt h[ x 0 tak5 by ! m5 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! ,briti% ,tommy is a difficult man to t]rify1 & ! moral effect on ! m51 ?\gh q unprotect$1 0 rem>kably small consid]+ ! t]rors ( ! game4 ,= two or ?ree days all we he>d ab\t 7 ! ?+s we %\ld d 9 ! ev5t ( be+ simil>ly attack$4 ,x appe>$ t great *emi/s f ,engl& _h imm$iately tak5 up ! "q ( provid+ effici5t respirators1 & until !y came out 7 advis+ p z to em]g5cy measures4 ,"s ( ^! me?ods seem$ to u v funny4 ,we 7 told1 = example1 t a respirator c\ld 8easily0 be made by knock+ ! bottom (f a bottle1 fill+ ! bottle ) e>?1 & !n le>n+ to brea! ) ! neck ( ! bottle /uck 9 ! m\?4 ,! brea? 0 to be tak5 9 ?r\gh ! bottle & let out ?r\gh ! nose2 b z bottles 7 sc>ce & few ( !m surviv$ ! attempt to get ! bottom brok5 (f !re 0 n mu* do+4 ,h[ev]1 we le>n$ t h&k]*iefs fill$ ) e>? & kept moi/ w\ld keep "s ( ! gas out1 & by ! "t ! fir/ novelty _h worn (f we 7 receiv+ private respirators f ,engl&4 ,^! _h all be5 made 9 response to an appeal by ,"l ,kit*5] to ! wom5 ( ,engl& to make respirators = ! troops out ( cotton wool wrapp$ up 9 musl9 or veil+4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t ! ,w> ,(fice 0 absolutely swamp$ ) millions ( ^! respirators )9 a few days1 & mo/ fell[s 9 ! tr5*es _h "o or two s5t out by po/ /raightaway4 ,besides ^!1 arrangem5ts 7 made by ! v>i\s divisions = respirators to be made 9 t[ns beh9d ! l9es2 & ! gov]nm5t factories 9 ,engl& got to "w to turn out a simple type ( respirator :i* _h be5 devis$ by ! ,engli% *emi/s z ! quicke/ to make & ! simple/ to use4 ,! result 0 t )9 ab\t "o mon? we _h f\r or five diff]5t k9ds ( respirators issu$ to u4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 simple pads ( ei!r cotton wool or cotton wa/e4 ,! e>li] ones 7 soak$ 9 wa%+-soda solution1 & ! lat] ones 7 moi/5$ ) a special solution consi/+ ( ord9>y photographic hypo & wa%+ soda mix$ ) a little glyc]94 ,"o type t we _h = a week or two 9 ! tr5*es consi/$ ( ! usual pad ( cotton wa/e toge!r ) a small wad ( ! same mat]ial :i* 0 kept sep>ate4 ,! respirators 7 /or$ 9 boxes let into ! p>adoses1 or re> walls ( ! tr5*es4 ,on ! al>m be+ giv5 ea* man 9 ! tr5* made a dive = a respirator1 /uff$ ! wad into 8 m\? z a fir/ protection1 & !n b\nd ! pad r\nd 8 m\? & nose1 ! wad be+ aft]w>d tak5 out ( 8 m\? & /uff$ r\nd 8 nose s z to make a tight fit4 ,^! practices 7 popul> = once or twice1 b :5 x began to be realis$ t ! wads 7 n always us$ by ! same man ! novelty wan$4 ,we ?\ght we 7 gett+ pretty sm>t at x :5 we c\ld get e man 9 ! tr5* fully protect$--t is1 ) ! tapes ti$--9 =ty seconds f ! ^w 8,g40 ,lat] on we _h ! (ficial 8black-veil+ respirator10 :i* 0 issu$ to all ! ,briti% troops & :i* w5t ?r\gh two or ?ree ( ! e>li] attacks z ! *ief protection4 ,x 0 f "o ( ^! attacks deliv]$ 9 ! sali5t aga91 on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,may1 t ! fir/ b5efits ( good tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! respirator 7 se54 ,"o ( ! regim5ts :i* _h be5 on ! flank ( ! fir/ attack & _h se5 ! effects ( ! gas & :at x really meant _h tak5 ! tra9+ v s]i\sly1 & ! (fic]s _h insur$ t e man _h a respirator1 kept x 9 good condition1 & knew h[ to use x 9 ! quicke/ possible "t %\ld occasion rise4 ,o!r regim5ts 7 n s good1 & x 0 j ?is tra9+ or lack ( x t made all ! diff]5ce betwe5 heavy casualties & light casualties 9 subsequ5t attacks4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,may ! regim5t m5tion$ above happ5$ to be 9 ! v ?icke/ "p ( ! cl\d1 & ?\gh ! battalion on ei!r side ( x suff]$ s]i\s losses !y !mselves came (f almo/ scot-free4 ,in/ances ( losses f insuffici5t education 9 ! use ( ! respirator 7 num]\s on ?is occasion4 ,a lot ( m5 took _! respirators (f 9 ! middle ( ! attack 9 ord] to wet !m ) solution aga92 & z !y did n wr+ !m out suffici5tly ! respirators 7 difficult to brea! ?r\gh & ! m5 ?\ght !y 7 be+ gass$ & repeat$ ! dose--! result be+ t !y c\ld n draw air ?r\gh ! sodd5 cotton wa/e1 & !y 7 gass$ ei!r f pull+ (f ! respirators altoge!r or f ! air com+ 9 at ! side4 ,"o v bad in/ance 0 quot$ by a m$ical (fic] at an advanc$ dress+ /ation :i* 0 tak+ 9 gas cases z !y came d[n f ! l9e4 ,two or ?ree m5 f "o battalion came 9 pretty badly gass$1 b /ill able to walk4 ,! ,m4 ,o4 ask$ !m if !y _h respirators issu$ to !m4 ,!y said 8,yes40 8,well1 :y didn't y put !m on80 ,!y said3 8,we did put !m on2 we've got !m on n[40 ,& s !y _h--/rapp$ across _! *e/s6 ,at t "t respirators 7 g5]ally c>ri$ by ! m5 ti$ r\nd _! caps1 & 9 "s cases c\ld n be remov$ 9 "t2 & ! ,may tw5ty-f\r? attack made x app>5t t ! respirators %\ld be c>ri$ 9 a position ready = imm$iate use4 ,= ?is purpose a wat]pro( cov] 0 provid$ & ! respirator kept 9 a small pocket ins]t$ into ! jacket1 or else 9 a p\* slung ov] ! %\ld]4 ,! o!r bad feature ab\t ! prep>ations 0 ! arrangem5t = dipp+ ! respirators 9 solution 9 ! tr5*es1 z ref]r$ to above4 ,dur+ ! attack a lot ( ! m5 dipp$ _! respirators 9 wat]2 :i* ( c\rse wa%$ ! *emicals out ( ! respirators & made !m ineffectual mu* soon] ?an !y %\ld h be54 ,b all ( ^! matt]s 7 rem$i$ be=e ano!r gas attack 0 made4 ,aft] ! fir/ em]g5cy respirator _h be5 issu$ e ef=t 0 made to devise a m effective =m ( protection ?an t giv5 by ! cotton-wool pads1 9 expectation ( a recurr5ce ( ,g]man attacks4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re 7 no attacks betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ,june & ,decemb]1 #aiae1 because ! w9d 0 unfav\rable to ! ,g]mans4 ,?is 0 ano!r po9t t !y _h app>5tly ov]look$1 because on inve/igation we f\nd t ! prevail+ w9ds 9 ,fl&]s blew f we/ to ea/1 & t ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total w9ds 7 9 our fav\r & aga9/ ! ,g]mans4 ,! long int]val ( ! summ] ( #aiae gave u a spl5did opportunity to develop ! protection aga9/ gas :i* _h be5 comm5c$ 9 ! spr+ :ile attacks 7 /ill be+ made4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! developm5ts 7 ! inv5tion ( ! celebrat$ 8smoke helmet0 & ! use ( spray]s = ! remov+ ( gas f ! tr5*es4 ,we also f\nd out ! exact value ( c]ta9 o!r devices & me?ods :i* _h be5 sugge/$ = combat+ ! gas cl\ds1 & a lot ( impossible ideas 7 consequ5tly turn$ d[n4 ,! latt] might be discuss$ fir/ ( all4 ,"o sugge/ion :i* 0 made & believ$ 9 by mo/ p at v>i\s times--includ+ ! ,g]mans !mselves--0 t fires built 9 ! tr5*es or on ! p>apet w\ld cause su* an upw>d draft z to lift up ! gas cl\d & c>ry x safely ov] our heads4 ,exp]im5ts %[$1 h[ev]1 t ?is idea 0 absolutely false1 because ?\gh an upw>d draft 0 c]ta9ly =m$ ! incom+ air c>ri$ ) x j z mu* gas f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & no?+ 0 ga9$ by x4 ,x 0 a long "t be=e ! ,g]mans tumbl$ to ?is1 & ev5 _m mon?s lat] _! own in/ructions on def5ce aga9/ gas includ$ /atem5ts t %[$ _! reliance on ?is proc$ure4 ,"o sugge/ion :i* actually rea*$ ! po9t ( be+ act$ on 0 t ! gas cl\d c\ld be disp]s$ by an explosion1 & = ?is purpose we 7 provid$ ) wood5 boxes fill$ ) black p[d] & ) fuses atta*$1 :i* we 7 suppos$ to light at ! crucial mom5t & ?r[ into an advanc+ cl\d4 ,?is h]oic proc$ure 0 nev] actually made use (1 h[ev]1 because exp]im5ts 9 ! meantime aga9 %[$ t su* explosions _h v little effect on a cl\d ( gas4 ,two sugge/ions :i* really did turn out to be w9n]s 7 ^? ref]r$ to previ\sly--! smoke helmet & ! ,v]morel spray] = cle>+ ! tr5*es4 ,! idea = a respirator 9 ! =m ( a helmet to g "r ov] ! head is /at$ to h orig9at$ f an idea ( a s]geant ( ! ,canadians :o 0 gass$ at ,ypres1 :o /at$ t he _h se5 "s ( ! ,g]mans ?r\gh ! gas cl\d ) ?+s t look$ l fl\r bags pull$ ov] _! heads4 ,x 0 ?\ght t some?+ ( ?is k9d c\ld actually be made use (1 & exp]im5ts %[$ t x 0 really a practical idea1 because brea?+ is done ?r\gh a v big surface & n only ?r\gh ! *emicals directly 9 front ( ! m\? & nose1 z 9 ! case ( ! respirator4 ,by hav+ a big surface x is possible to h ?9n] mat]ial & !re is1 !re=e1 less resi/ance to brea?+4 ,all t is requir$ is to tuck ! helmet d[n inside ! jacket & button ! latt] tightly r\nd x at ! neck1 & if ?is is done !re is little possibility ( gas leak+ 94 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is no evid5ce t ! ,g]mans ev] did use any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! fir/ types ( smoke helmet 7 made ( flannel & _h a w9d[ = see+ ?r\gh :i* 0 made ( mica or celluloid4 ,! helmets 7 soak$ 9 ! same k9d ( solution--hypo1 c>bonate ( soda & glyc]9--t _h be5 employ$ = ! respirators4 ,helmets ( ?is k9d 7 capable ( /&+ up aga9/ really consid]able conc5trations ( *lor9e1 & !y 7 quickly recognis$ bo? by ! troops & by exp]ts z be+ a v big improvem5t on ! old respirator4 ,^! helmets 7 made & issu$ to ! troops z quickly z possible & a few ( !m 7 actually us$ 9 ! attack ( ,may tw5ty-f\r?4 ,m5 unpractic$ 9 _! use 7 apt to f9d !m hot & /uffy1 &1 n realis+ t ! feel+ we>s (f1 7 (t5 incl9$ to ?9k t !y 7 be+ suffocat$ or gass$4 ,z a matt] ( fact well-drill$ m5 c\ld d almo/ any?+ :ile we>+ ! helmet1 ! *ief difficulty be+ t ( limit$ vision4 ,aft] we>+ ! helmet = a %ort "t ! celluloid w9d[ got cl\d$ ov] f ! moi/ure 9 ! brea?1 b ?is c\ld easily be rem$i$ by wip+ x on ! =ehead4 ,9 _m cases also ! w9d[s got crack$ or brok5 f ! r\gh treatm5t !y 7 b\nd to meet 9 tr5*es1 & ?is 0 a con/ant dang] until m5 le>n$ h[ to fold ! helmet prop]ly s z to protect ! celluloid & to place a small %eet ( c>dbo>d or ?9 wood ov] ! w9d[ be=e fold+4 ,! spray]s previ\sly m5tion$ 7 orig9ally sugge/$ = use aga9/ ! gas cl\d itself1 ! idea be+ t *emicals %\ld be spray$ at ! cl\d s z to neutralise ! poison\s gas & !reby purify ! air4 ,ne>ly ev]ybody ) ev5 a nodd+ acqua9tance ) *emi/ry wrote 9 sugge/+ ammonia = ?is purpose1 oblivi\s ( ! fact t ! *emical reaction betwe5 *lor9e & ammonia 9 ^! circum/ances produces a d5se cl\d :i* is mo/ irritat+ to ! eyes & ?roat1 & t ?is toge!r ) ! excess ( ammonia w\ld be almo/ z bad z ! orig9al gas4 ,9 any case x is impossible to deal ) ! gas cl\d by spray+1 because ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( *emicals & app>atus t w\ld be requir$ to neutralise ! attack4 ,a cl\d ( *lor9e f "o ?\s& cyl9d]s1 = example1 w\ld require m ?an =ty tons ( ! /ronge/ ammonia solution obta9able to kill all ! gas1 ev5 if none ( ! spray 7 lo/ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,besides ?is ! spray+ might h to be cont9u$ = h\rs1 "s ( ! attacks hav+ la/$ int]mitt5tly = m ?an ?ree h\rs4 ,x 0 quickly se5 t ?is 0 an utt] impossibility1 b exp]im5ts %[$ t a spray ( ! hypo solution 0 q capable ( remov+ :at rema9$ ( ! gas cl\d out ( tr5*es & %ell holes & f dug\ts into :i* ! gas _h p5etrat$4 ,?is ( c\rse appli$ only to *lor9e4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !re=e made = supply+ a l>ge numb] ( ^! spray]s1 :i* are exactly ! same z ^? us$ = spray+ fruit trees & potatoes ) fungicides1 & m5 7 specially tra9$ 9 _! use s t !y c\ld be employ$ aft] an attack 0 ov]4 ,^! m5 7 (ficially kn[n z ! 8,v]morel spray] m510 & 7 popul>ly suppos$ to preface all _! op]ations ) ! words 8,let u spray40 ,! solution to fill ! spray]s 0 kept 9 all ! tr5*es 9 cork$ rum j>s1 & !re 7 _m amus+ incid5ts ris+ out ( ! dual purpose to :i* ^! rev]$ vessels 7 put4 ,x is /at$ t a c]ta9 battalion on go+ into ! l9e = ! fir/ "t saw ^! rum j>s safely ensconc$ 9 ni*es 9 ! p>apet & imm$iately ?\ght t !y conta9$ ! rum ration conc]n+ :i* !y _h he>d s mu* be=e !y came out4 ,"s ( ! m adv5tur\s ones surreptiti\sly tri$ out ! suppos$ rum & drank a few m\?fuls ( ! nause\s liquid be=e discov]+ _! mi/ake4 ,! real joke lay 9 ! fact t ev5 aft] !y realis$ t ! liquid 0 n rum !y cont9u$ to dr9k x1 & by ! "t !y f9i%$ _! two days' t\r ( in/ruction !re 0 n a drop ( ,v]morel spray] solution left 9 any ( ! tr5*es4 ,! spray]s 7 some:at delicate pieces ( app>atus to keep 9 good condition 9 ! tr5*es1 & 7 apt to get cru/$ ) mud & out ( ord] unless !y 7 well look$ aft]4 ,l ev]y?+ else connect$ ) ! def5ce aga9/ gas1 _! condition 9 ! tr5*es v>i$ ) diff]5t regim5ts accord+ z !y 7 well tra9$ & discipl9$ or o!rwise1 b z a rule ! spray]s 7 well en\gh look$ aft]1 & prov$ extraord9>ily useful on _m occasions aft] _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! l9e4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! long int]val ( ! summ] & autumn ( #aiae gave ! *emi/s & ! army pl5ty ( opportunity = ?9k+ ab\t ! gas "q1 develop+ organisation & me?ods to meet attacks 9 ! future1 & mak+ arrangem5ts = ! tra9+ ( ! troops s t !y %\ld be ?or\ghly prep>$ :5 ! next attack %\ld arrive4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s t 0 done 0 to />t a big field laboratory = deal+ ) que/ions ( gas w>f>e4 ,& z x _h already be5 realis$ t ! :ole basis ( def5ce aga9/ gas 0 go+ to lie 9 ! h&s ( ! troops !mselves by increas+ _! /ead9ess1 develop+ _! discipl9e1 & g5]ally accu/om+ !m to ! idea t gas 0 n[ an ord9>y me?od ( w>f>e1 *emi/s & in/ructors 7 appo9t$ = atta*m5t to ea* ( ! ,briti% armies4 ,^! m5 7 all *os5 f ! l9e4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y 7 infantry (fic]s :o c\ld realise ! real ne$s & limitations ( ! troops1 b !y 7 pick$ 9 ea* in/ance because !y _h1 at any rate1 "s *emical k & c\ld translate into practice = ! b5efit ( ! troops v>i\s *emical measures :i* _h be5 adopt$ = ! latt]'s safety4 ,_! fir/ *ief job 0 to see t respirators & smoke helmets 7 issu$ 9 suffici5t numb]2 to see t !y 7 9 good condition2 & !n to arrange = ! tra9+ ( all ! troops 9 ! army 9 _! use4 ,?is 0 a h]oic task1 to be accompli%$ 9 z %ort a "t z possible1 b by d9t ( speak+ to l>ge bodies ( (fic]s & m5 at ! same "t x 0 s f> complet$ t all ranks 7 giv5 practical in/ruction 9 ! use ( ! helmet4 ,:5 x is realis$ t ea* ( ^! (fic]s _h to deal ) at lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& troops x w be se5 t x 0 no mean feat t 0 accompli%$4 ,:at 0 />t$ !n has nev] be5 completely accompli%$1 p>tly because ( ! cont9ual developm5t ( gas w>f>e & p>tly because x is a matt] ( education--:i* is always sl[--b v l>gely also because ( ! cont9ually *ang+ p]sonnel & ! enorm\s numb]s ( m5 t h _h to be tra9$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,popul> t]ror ( gas--,necessity = drill+ & e>ly p]sonal exp]i5ce--,sure def5ce f gas possible--,! fir/ gas al>ms--,! prussic acid sc>e a my?--,! phosg5e sc>e a reality--,! helmet made to combat x--,necessity = r5ovat+ ! helmet4 ,! f9al object 9 ! tra9+ ( m5 9 def5ce aga9/ gas is t troops %all be able to protect !mselves completely & z quickly z possible 9 all ! multitud9\s circum/ances 9 :i* !y may enc\nt] ! poison\s gas 9 ! field4 ,to atta9 ?is x is necess>y to inspire confid5ce by lett+ !m 9 z f> z possible on ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! use ( gas & ! tactics :i* are adopt$ by ! enemy2 &1 secondly1 to br+ _! practical pr(ici5cy & discipl9e up to su* a /&>d t !y make ! v be/ use ( ! app>atus t is giv5 to !m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t "o ( ! greate/ difficulties 9 talk+ to p ab\t gas is ! my/]y ( x4 ,ev5 educat$ p h>dly und]/& ! ^w 8gas0 9 connection ) w> & are apt to ?9k ( coal gas & d5ti/s' gas 9 consequ5ce4 ,! result is t ! gas ( ! ,g]mans 0 sometimes cr$it$ ) all sorts ( impossible qualities ( movem5t & deadl9ess1 & x c h>dly be realis$ :at al>m & di/ru/ may exi/ 9 ! raw recruit ) reg>d to gas until he has be5 giv5 "s in/ruction4 ,?is is ev5 z great a dang] z ! ov]-confid5ce ( ! vet]an soldi]1 :o may "k j z little ab\t x4 ,m]e drill+ & ass]tion are n suffici5t to inspire confid5ce & acquire proportion1 & x 0 realis$ v e>ly t p]sonal exp]i5ce 0 ne$$4 ,to ga9 ?is arrangem5ts 7 made = e man to see & smell gas 9 conc5trations t w\ld at any rate produce sev]e discom=t if dwelt 9 = any l5g? ( "t1 & = ea* soldi] subsequ5tly to be expos$ to gas :ile we>+ a gas helmet 9 su* a conc5tration t neglig5ce 9 obey+ ord]s or 9 us+ ! smoke helmet correctly w\ld lead to real dang] to life4 ,by ?is means confid5ce c\ld be inspir$ 9 ev]ybody1 ?\gh !re is always a c]ta9 dang] due to recklessness among ! m adv5tur\s types4 ,besides ?is x 0 necess>y to give z _m m5 z possible "s idea ( ! common s5se ( ! op]ations 9 :i* ! army 0 be+ drill$4 ,?is c\ld only be done by giv+ a cle> idea ( h[ ! gas is us$2 h[ gas travels2 :]e x accumulates2 h[ x c be remov$1 & s on2 & "u :at conditions a respirator or smoke helmet protects or ceases to protect its we>]4 ,x 0 on ^! l9es t in/ruction 0 built up2 & to d x ?or\ghly x 0 f\nd t a l>ge numb] ( in/ructors 7 requir$ 9 ord] to tra9 ! (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s & to get !m to treat _! respirators ) z great respect z _! rifles & to le>n to c>ry !m ?r\gh a gas-def5ce drill 9 j z sm>t a mann] z ! ord9>y arms4 ,= ?is purpose special s*ools ( in/ruction 7 />t$ at ea* army headqu>t]s1 & z _m regim5tal (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s z possible 7 giv5 a f\r or five days' c\rse ( gas tra9+1 s t !y 9 _! turn c\ld g back to _! regim5ts & spread ! gospel1 z ! responsibility = gett+ ?+s done mu/ ev5tually fall ^u !m4 ,n only 0 x f\nd impossible to provide speciali/ (fic]s = ea* regim5t or battalion1 b x 0 recognis$ t su* a proc$ure w\ld h a bad effect on ! gas-def5ce measures4 ,gas def5ce 0 a matt] :i* affect$ ev]ybody & 0 9 no way to be reg>d$ z a speciali/'s job2 battalions 7 already full ( speciali/s4 ,inde$ ! colonels 7 apt to compla9 t !y _h nobody b speciali/s to comm&4 ,!re 7 bomb]s1 snip]s1 signal]s1 ma*9e gunn]s & sanit>y m52 & at t "t ! tr5*-mort> p]sonnel 0 also a "p ( ! infantry battalion4 ,) all ^! ?+s ! feel+ 0 t if a job c\ld be look$ on z be+ a specialty x %\ld be put on ! speciali/ (fic] conc]n$1 & nobody else worri$ ab\t x mu*4 ,n[ if gas def5ce 0 to become ,lieut5ant ,snook's job1 x meant t x 0 go+ to be nobody else's job1 & x 0 ess5tial t ! idea %\ld gr[ up 9 ! army t gas def5ce 0 a purely milit>y matt] & affect$ ev]ybody4 ,:at 0 said !n is j z true to-day--t ! def5sive appliance is a c]ta9 protection if x is us$ prop]ly & 9 "t4 ,def5ce aga9/ gas is ?us on an entirely diff]5t foot+ f def5ce aga9/ %ells & bullets1 :]e protection _c be assur$2 &1 to quote in/ructions on ! subject3 8,= de/ructive effects gas mu/ dep5d on surprise1 on poor discipl9e or on defective appliances4 ,consequ5tly gas casualties are prev5table if ! soldi] is tra9$ cont9ually to ex]cise vigilance & is well drill$ 9 ! use & c>e ( 8 respirator40 ,! basis ( ! :ole ?+1 !re=e1 0 t e (fic] %\ld see t ! m5 "u 8 comm& 7 prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 def5sive measures aga9/ gas attacks1 & t all ord]s on ! subject 7 ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x 0 !n up to ! (fic]s to see t _! m5 c\ld get _! helmets on prop]ly 9 ! m9imum "t1 & ?is involv$ consid]able am\nt ( drill practice4 ,x 0 po9t$ out to ! (fic]s t s9ce protection _h be5 provid$1 ^? battalions :i* _h be5 c>efully in/ruct$ _h come ?r\gh practically unh>m$1 :ile ^? battalions 9 :i* in/ructions _h be5 neglect$ suff]$ sev]ely4 ,x 0 also up to ! (fic]s to expla9 to _! m5 z mu* z !y !mselves _h le>n$ ab\t gas cl\ds1 & to impress on !m1 = example1 t by mov+ to ! re> !y w\ld move ) ! gas1 & t if !y got flurri$ !y w\ld brea! m deeply & w\ld run mu* m risk ( be+ gass$4 ,besides ^! que/ions ( in/ruction & drill+ a lot ( o!r arrangem5ts _h to be made1 s t w>n+ ( ,g]man gas attacks %\ld be spread 9 ! quicke/ possible "t4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made to in/all al>ms ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ! tr5*es4 ,( c\rse no reliance c\ld be plac$ on any me?od ( communication :i* involv$ ! use ( ! lungs4 ,a man _c bl[ a bugle or a :i/le :ile he has a helmet on1 & if he wait$ to give a signal by su* a me?od be=e protect+ himself he w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to be gass$4 ,:at 0 done 0 to place bells & gongs made f %ell cases up & d[n ! tr5*es4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 r futile ?+s1 ! bells g5]ally be+ mu* too small--"s ( !m m]ely c[ bells4 ,! %ell cases 7 a bit bett] & are /ill us$ = local al>ms2 b ! arrangem5ts = giv+ w>n+ 7 n really v good at t "t4 ,! be/ devices 7 a numb] ( motor horns1 :i* 7 obta9$ locally1 b ! supply 0 insuffici5t & !re 0 no g5]al issue4 ,lat] on ! al>m arrangem5ts 7 trem5d\sly improv$4 ,9 "s cases signal lights 7 us$1 b s _m diff]5t k9ds ( rockets 7 already employ$ = signall+ to ! re> t !re 0 great difficulty 9 f9d+ a light suffici5tly di/9ctive4 ,!re 0 also ! dang] t x c\ld be quickly copi$ by ! bo*e1 :o w\ld ?us amuse himself by giv+ u all k9ds ( %ocks f false al>ms4 ,q z important z ! provision ( signals 0 ! mak+ ( obs]vations to see :5 ! w9d 0 9 a dang]\s qu>t]4 ,?is 0 done p>tly at ! meteorological /ations at headqu>t]s & p>tly on ! front l9e itself4 ,! latt] 0 reg>d$ at ! "t z ! mo/ important1 & ord]s 7 giv5 t ea* unit 9 ! front l9e %\ld rig up "s k9d ( w9d vane & le>n to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 s t !y %\ld be imm$iately prep>$ = an attack :5ev] ! w9d 0 9 a dang]\s qu>t]4 ,w9d vanes 9 ! tr5*es 7 ( ! simple/ types & a great deal ( +5uity 0 display$ 9 fitt+ up wea!rcocks t w\ld be capable ( turn+ 9 really l[ w9d--say1 "o ) a spe$ ( only two miles an h\r4 ,! be>+s = ! c5tral rod 7 ! greate/ difficulty1 b x 0 f\nd t by bor+ out a rifle bullet a %>p po9t$ /ick or a ?ick piece ( wire c\ld be got to revolve 9 ! holl[ bullet q easily1 :at rema9$ ( ! lead core act+ z a k9d ( lubrication4 ,! greate/ nuisance ( ^! w9d vanes at fir/ 0 t !y 7 made s g5]ally obtrusive t !y c\ld be se5 f ! enemy's l9es1 & !y ne>ly always drew fire f snip]s1 & sometimes actually f ! artill]y4 ,presumably ! enemy ?\ght t :]e ! w9d vanes 7 in/all$ company headqu>t]s 7 probably situat$4 ,! position ( ! w9d vanes consequ5tly _h to be *os5 s t ! direction & spe$ ( ! w9d w\ld be measur$ sev]al feet above ! gr\nd )\t ! app>atus be+ too obvi\s4 ,"o ( ! simple/ types ( vane adopt$1 & "o :i* c\ld h>dly be se5 f any di/ance1 0 a bit ( a /ick to ! end ( :i* 0 ti$ t5 to twelve in*es ( ?9 ?read ) a t9y bit ( cotton wool at ! end4 ,:5 ! w9d is bl[+ ! direction tak5 by ! ?read %[s ! l9e ( ! w9d fairly exactly1 & ! behavi\r ( ! cotton wool 9 ris+ & fall+ indicates ! /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 suppos$ to be measur$ by ref]5ce to ,beau=t's scale1 :i* dep5ds on ! movem5t 9 w9d ( natural objects4 ,beau=t's scale1 :i* 0 devis$ long ago by an ,engli% admiral ( t "n1 is z foll[s3 ,smoke moves /raight up1 spe$ ( w9d is nil2 smoke slants1 spe$ is two miles an h\r2 ! w9d is felt on ! face1 spe$ is five miles2 pap]1 etc41 move ab\t1 spe$ is t5 miles2 bu%es are se5 to sway1 spe$ is fifte5 miles2 tree tops sway & wavelets are =m$ on wat]1 spe$ is tw5ty miles2 tree tops sway & :i/le1 spe$ is ?irty miles4 ,all ( ^! arrangem5ts = tra9+ & equipm5t ( ! troops 7 hurri$ on z quickly z possible1 b at ! same "t sight 0 n lo/ ( ! probability ( ! ,g]man's us+ gases diff]5t f ! *lor9e :i* _h orig9ally =m$ _! /&-by4 ,x 0 felt t a good all-r\nd protection %\ld be capable ( keep+ out n only *lor9e & simil> gases b also o!rs :i* 7 q likely to come into use4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t we 7 gett+ a lot ( in=mation f ! intellig5ce bran* z to mat]ials :i* ! ,g]mans 7 mak+ = use aga9/ u 9 _! next gas attacks4 ,"s ( ?is in=mation 0 really f>cical1 b on ! o!r h& "s ( x 0 v good & help$ to confirm ! conclusions to :i* our own sci5ti/s 7 com+ z to ! likelihood or unlikelihood ( p>ticul> gases4 ,9 ! =m] category may be class$ "o /ory :i* came to u conta9+ a v circum/antial description ( "s exp]im5ts :i* 7 /at$ to h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,b]l94 ,^! trials 7 /at$ to h be5 made 9 :at we consid]$ a v prop] place1 namely1 ,hag5beck's m5ag]ie1 :]e1 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( milit>y repres5tatives1 a new gas 0 tri$ out4 ,a noncommission$ (fic] appe>$ ) a tank ( ! gas on 8 back1 ! spray+ nozzle com+ out "u 8 arm4 ,a camel & an elephant 7 br\ght out4 ,! noncommission$ (fic] advanc$ t[>d !m1 & at tw5ty paces' di/ance he press$ d[n ! lev] on ! tank & out came "s small black bubbles ( gas1 :i* float$ d[n ! w9d t[>d ! fad$ animals4 ,! bubbles bur/1 giv+ (f a yell[ vap\r1 & ! m9ute ?is vap\r came 9 contact ) ! camel & ! elephant ! bea/s dropp$ d[n dead6 ,?is s\nd$ v t]rible1 b ev5 9 ! conditions we 7 at ! "t x 0 n tak5 too s]i\sly1 & ( c\rse no?+ ( ?is k9d has ev] made its appe>ance4 ,ano!r /ory :i* comm5c$ to make its appe>ance at t "t & :i* we h he>d a great deal ab\t ev] s9ce 0 t ! ,g]mans 7 busy mak+ prussic acid 9 enorm\s quantities = a huge (f5sive :i* 0 to f9i% ! w>4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! ,kais] _h at la/ be5 p]suad$ to use ?is t]rible weapon 9 ord] by its use to f9i% ! w> at once & prev5t ne$less suff]+4 ,:5 !y fir/ made _! appe>ance /ories ) reg>d to prussic acid _h to be tak5 a great deal m s]i\sly ?an ^? l ! 8little black bubbles40 ,= "o ?+ we 7 unprotect$ aga9/ prussic acid1 & = ano!r x 0 kn[n ( c\rse to be an extremely deadly poison4 ,inde$ be=e ! w> x 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ poison\s vap\r kn[n1 s a great deal ( weight 0 atta*$ to ^! /atem5ts1 & exp]im5ts 7 at once put on foot to f9d protection aga9/ prussic acid & to see exactly h[ poison\s x 0 comp>$ ) o!r gases4 ,z a matt] ( fact prussic acid has n be5 us$ by ! ,g]mans simply because x is n poison\s en\gh4 ,x is n s poison\s1 = example1 z phosg5e1 & a lot ( captur$ ,g]man docum5ts %[+ ! relative toxicity ( diff]5t vap\rs always put x on a r l[ basis4 ,x 0 ?is & n a desire to avoid utt] b>b>ity :i* decid$ ! ,g]mans n to use x4 ,! ord9>y ,g]man soldi]s1 j l ourselves1 /ill consid] prussic acid z ! mo/ dang]\s possible mat]ial1 & :5ev] !y h a /ory to tell ( a new gas be+ inv5t$ or be+ got ready to use aga9/ u !y w tell y 9 awe/ruck tones t x is prussic acid4 ,! mo/ valuable piece ( in=mation :i* we got 0 a complete set ( notes ( "s v secret lectures giv5 to specially select$ s5ior (fic]s at a conf]5ce 9 ,g]many4 ,we ga!r$ t ?is conf]5ce 0 held beh9d clos$ doors & triple l9es ( s5tries1 & all t k9d ( ?+1 & ,i _c ( c\rse indicate h[ ! in=mation came into our h&s1 b !re x 04 ,x describ$ a lot ( new gases :i* _h be5 consid]$1 & /at$ among o!r ?+s t !y int5d$ to make a big gas attack aga9/ ei!r ! ,fr5* or ourselves 9 ,fl&]s 9 ,decemb]1 #aiae1 "s "t be=e ,*ri/mas :5 ! w9d 0 fav\rable4 ,= ?is purpose !y 7 go+ to use a mixture ( *lor9e ) ano!r gas1 phosg5e--! am\nt ( phosg5e to be tw5ty p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,n[ phosg5e _h be5 realis$ by our own *emi/s z a v likely gas to be us$4 ,i _c say t x is m poison\s ?an *lor9e1 b x is inf9itely m deadly because x is mu* m difficult to protect aga9/ & is m insidi\s 9 its nature4 ,= "o ?+1 ?\gh x is an asphyxiant l *lor9e x is possible = a man to be only slightly gass$ & ?9k he is all "r1 & !n1 especially if he takes any ex]cise 9 betwe51 to fall dead sev]al h\rs lat] f he>t failure4 ,! in=mation 0 s complete t our arrangem5ts to provide a helmet :i* w\ld protect aga9/ phosg5e 7 ha/5$ z mu* z possible2 & x 0 z well t !y 71 = ! attack actually did come (f j ab\t ! "t & place m5tion$1 9 ! ,ypres sali5t4 ,x 0 realis$ ( c\rse t any *ange 9 protection w\ld h to include bo? prussic acid & phosg5e2 & ?is is n ne>ly s easy z x s\nds4 ,phosg5e is peculi>ly *emically in]t = su* an active poison1 & x 0 "s "t be=e a reasonable protection 0 f\nd :i* c\ld be incorporat$ 9 a smoke helmet4 ,! sub/ance actually decid$ ^u 0 a solution ( sodium ph5ate--t is1 c>bolic acid dissolv$ 9 cau/ic soda1 ! mixture conta9+ an excess ( cau/ic4 ,?is solution is q capable ( deal+ ) reasonable conc5trations ( phosg5e & w\ld successfully protect aga9/ ?ree p>ts ( phosg5e to t5 ?\s& ( ! air1 :i* 9 ! circum/ances 0 q good en\gh4 ,! ,fr5* also alt]$ _! protection at ! same "t & us$ sodium sulphanilate z ! basis ( protection aga9/ phosg5e4 ,! objections aga9/ ! sodium ph5ate 7 t x c\ld n be absorb$ into a flannel helmet ow+ to its de/ruction ( ! fabric1 & on acc\nt ( its be+ /rongly cau/ic x w\ld t5d to burn ! faces ( ! m5 x came 9 contact )4 ,^! difficulties 7 ov]come by mak+ ! helmet ( two lay]s ( flannelette in/ead ( "o lay] ( flannel1 & by mix+ ) ! sodium ph5ate a l>ge quantity ( glyc]94 ,?is kept ! fabric moi/ & prev5t$ ! cau/ic f ex]t+ its corrosive action4 ,x 0 realis$ f ! />t t a smoke helmet conta9+ free alkali w\ld det]iorate consid]ably on exposure to air1 & x 0 f\nd advantage\s to provide a brea?+ tube 9 ! mask s t a man w\ld brea! 9 ?r\gh ! helmet & out ?r\gh an outlet valve2 9 ?is way ! brea?1 :i* conta9s a lot ( c>bonic acid1 w\ld h no bad effect on ! *emicals4 ,! use ( an outlet valve 0 also f\nd to h ! advantage ( keep+ ! air pur] inside ! helmet & prev5t+ ! /uffy feel+ :i* accompani$ ! old] types ( helmet4 ,?is additional complication to ! helmet 0 n look$ ^u fav\rably at fir/ by ! troops1 b x 0 v quickly realis$ t only a little practice 0 requir$ to make a man brea! q normally 9 ! way m5tion$ above1 & t ! advantages accru+ f ! alt]ation 7 v great inde$4 ,we f\nd t we c\ld c>ry on = mu* long] /ret*es ( "t )\t be+ fagg$ out1 & m exact trials by ! sci5ti/s %[$ t a man's temp]ature1 pulse & rate ( brea?+ did n increase ne>ly s rapidly if he us$ an outlet valve z :5 brea?+ out & 9 ?r\gh ! same mat]ial4 ,?is is l>gely due to :at is call$ 8dead space10 :i* means ! volume ( air 9 betwe5 ! lungs & ! atmosph]e & 9 :i* ! air is l>gely compos$ ( brea? exhal$ f ! lungs4 ,! small] ?is space ! easi] x is to brea!4 ,?is pr9ciple ( us+ an outlet valve has be5 reta9$ 9 all ! ,briti% respirators :i* h be5 inv5t$ s9ce & is reg>d$ z "o ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* _h to be tak5 c>e ( 0 t ! new helmets1 :i* 7 call$ 8tube0 or 8,p0 helmets1 w\ld gradually det]iorate on exposure to air1 & w\ld consequ5tly h to be )drawn f ! troops 9 ! l9e f "t to "t 9 ord] to r$ip !m 9 *emicals & make !m z effective z be=e4 ,= ?is purpose l>ge repair factories 7 />t$ at ! bases & 7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,engli%wom5 :o 7 br\ght ov] = ! purpose4 ,^! factories 7 organis$ ) local lab\r1 help$ out by a little milit>y p]sonnel1 & 7 capable ( wa%+ ! helmets return$ f ! l9e1 r$ipp+ !m 9 new solution1 & s5d+ !m back 9 good condition aga94 ,?is 0 no small job1 z ! smoke helmets :i* 7 s5t 9 7 g5]ally fil?y dirty1 sometimes soak$ 9 mud & sodd5 ) wat]1 & requir+ v c>eful h&l+ to be br\ght back into good condition4 ,all sorts ( ?+s got back ) ^! helmets to ! repair /ations1 & x 0 n an uncommon ?+ = ! sat*els conta9+ ! helmets to be f\nd to hold any?+ f a live h& gr5ade to ! photograph ( "s girl1 :i* _h be5 /or$ !re = safe keep+4 ,bo? !n & lat] we always _h consid]able difficulty 9 prev5t+ ,tommy f us+ 8 helmet sat*el1 & lat] on 8 box respirator sat*el1 = ^! illicit purposes4 ,he seem$ to consid] t if he _h to c>ry ano!r hav]sack he _h a p]fect "r to put 9 x :atev] he lik$--rations1 knives & =ks1 ammunition1 private knickknacks ( all k9ds4 ,?is ( c\rse _h to be /opp$1 ow+ to ! damage ^! ?+s might d to ! respirator & ! difficulty !y might make 9 gett+ x out quickly4 ,dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aiae1 !re 7 sev]al sc>es z to ! imm95ce ( gas attacks by ! ,g]mans1 & on "o or two occasions x 0 def9itely /at$ t ! cyl9d]s 7 actually 9 position 9 _! tr5*es4 ,?is help$ to ha/5 ?+s up1 & ! factories 9 ,engl& & ! repair /ations 9 ,france kept !mselves busy 9 produc+ ! new type ( helmet4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m 7 actually issu$ to ! troops by ! "t ! ,battle ( ,loos 0 />t$1 & 7 consequ5tly employ$ by our m5 :5 ! fir/ gas attacks 7 made1 9 ,septemb] ( t ye>4 ,x 0 ^! helmets :i* appe>$ 9 s _m ( ! picture pap]s %[+ ! *>ge ( "s ,briti% ,t]ritorial infantry ?r\gh ! gas cl\d at ! beg9n+ ( ! battle1 & !re is no "q ab\t x t ! m5 _h a v fe>some appe>ance4 ,) ! hood ov] ! head & ! two big goggle eyes1 & ! outlet valve /ick+ out :]e ! nose %\ld be1 x is small wond] t ! ,g]mans describ$ !m z 8devils10 & 7 s t]rifi$ z n to be able to put up mu* fight on ! front :]e ! p>ticul> *>ge 0 made4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! attack ( ,decemb]1 #aiae--,! ,allies' good tra9+ tells--,! casualties analys$--,! new elem5t ( surprise--,evid5ces ( ! use ( phosg5e--,! incid5t ( ! bulb--,improv$ al>ms--,! ,/rombos sir5s--,accid5ts to ! horns--,! ,te> ,gas ,%ell--,its *emical analysis--,combat$ by anti-gas goggles--,tommies sc(f at ,te> ,gas--,! ,g]mans make x =midable4 ,! expect$ ,g]man gas attack 0 actually made on ,decemb] #ai1 #aiae1 at ab\t #e3ae ,a4 ,m41 j be=e 8,/& to0 9 ! morn+1 ! v5ue be+ ! nor? ( ! ,ypres sali5t1 f ! canal bank at ,boes+he d[n to ,wieltje1 a di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,x 0 prec$$ by ! appe>ance ( p>a*ute lights ( an unusual k9d & by a numb] ( r$ rocket fl>es4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft]w>d gas 0 smelt 9 ! front tr5*es4 ,9 "s cases a hiss+ s\nd made by ! gas's leav+ ! cyl9d]s 0 he>d & 0 tak5 z a w>n+ by ! soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es4 ,9 o!r cases ! noise seems to h be5 dead5$ by rifle fire4 ,tak+ x altoge!r1 h[ev]1 !re 0 v little w>n+1 z ! w9d 0 fav\rable & ! gas travel$ surpris+ly quickly4 ,!re 0 absolutely no confusion1 & ! m5 put on _! helmets at once & l9$ ! p>apets )9 a m9ute4 ,:]e ! tr5*es 7 close toge!r ! m5 _h "s difficulty 9 gett+ on _! helmets 9 "t4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case 9 li/5+ po/s :]e we _h patrols out q close to ! ,g]man wire4 ,9 ! support & res]ve tr5*es ! arrangem5ts = spread+ ! w>n+ 7 n s good z ^? 9 ! front l9e1 & a numb] ( m5 7 caught by ! gas be=e !y _h _! helmets on4 ,inde$ 9 a numb] ( cases1 especially 9 batt]ies1 ! gas 0 smelt be=e ! receipt ( ! w>n+4 ,! actual gas wave la/$ only ab\t half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 b 9 "s places ! helmets _h to be kept on = f\r h\rs1 z ! gas hung ab\t 9 holl[s & dug\ts = a long "t4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! canal4 ,! cl\d 0 felt z f> back z ,vlam]t+he1 eighty-five hundr$ y>ds beh9d ! l9e1 & 0 /ill visible at ?is po9t4 ,= at lea/ ?ree miles back beh9d ! front-l9e helmets _h to be put on ev]y:]e1 & = six miles beh9d ! l9e ! smoke helmets 7 g5]ally worn1 "s m5 :o did n put !m on at ?is di/ance be+ gass$4 ,! actual gas wave 0 accompani$ by a heavy bomb>dm5t ( ! front l9e & ( ,ypres & ! villages beh9d x1 %rapnel & high-explosive %ell & also te> %ell be+ us$1 ! latt] %ell be+ fir$ p>ticul>ly aga9/ our artill]y4 ,?is bomb>dm5t la/$ ?r\gh\t ! day & mo/ ( ! foll[+ night4 ,?\gh our wire _h be5 cut 9 _m places by ! artill]y fire1 ! ,g]mans made no s]i\s infantry attack1 & small patrols :i* left _! tr5*es 9 a few places 7 imm$iately %ot d[n1 z our fell[s 7 cont9ually on ! al]t & _h n suff]$ to any consid]able degree4 ,altoge!r a l>ge numb] ( troops 7 expos$ to ! gas1 b1 comp>$ ) its ext5t1 ! cl\d caus$ only a small numb] ( casualties4 ,?is 0 v satisfactory aft] our exp]i5ces ( ! spr+4 ,m5 :o 7 gass$ b n kill$ 7 all subsequ5tly que/ion$ z to ! reason = _! be+ gass$1 & 9 ea* case a def9ite reason 0 =?com+4 ,9 no s+le in/ance 0 ! fault laid at ! door ( ! smoke helmet1 :i* app>5tly _h be5 q capable ( /&+ up to ! highe/ conc5trations 9 any "p ( ! cl\d4 ,among ! reasons giv5 = ! casualties 7 ?+s l ! foll[+3 ,"s m5 9 ! fire tr5*es did n get on _! helmets quickly en\gh ow+ to ! %ort di/ance betwe5 ! tr5*es1 lack ( w>n+ 9 ! support l9e & insuffici5t practice4 ,"s (fic]s & m5 sleep+ 9 dug\ts did n h _! helmets atta*$ to !m or !y 7 caught away f _! dug\ts )\t helmets4 ,helmets 9 _m cases 7 "u ! ov]coats1 :i* made x v difficult to get !m & put !m on quickly1 z x 0 necess>y to undo ! ov]coat1 ! top button ( ! jacket & ! c>digan wai/coat be=e ! helmet c\ld be tuck$ 94 ,"o cause ( casualties 0 t ! 8,p0 helmet smelt v /rongly ( c>bolic1 & a lot ( m5 :o _h n _h ?is expla9$ to !m ?\ght t ! peculi> smell 0 t ( gas com+ 9 & !y took _! helmets (f ) a view to replac+ !m ) o!r helmets4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 fatal4 ,"o s]geant 0 gass$ ?r\gh 8 helmet's be+ hol$ by a bullet1 ?\gh he himself 0 n w\nd$4 ,9 "s cases w\nd$ m5 tri$ to remove _! helmets & 7 gass$ 9 ?is way1 & x 0 f\nd necess>y to wat* m5 :o 7 hit to prev5t ?is4 ,9 _m ways ?is attack ( ! ,g]mans 0 ( ! greate/ importance1 z x display$ all ( ! features on :i* ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! gas cl\d 0 bas$4 ,^! features 73 ,increas$ conc5tration2 ! use ( new mat]ial2 surprise4 ,^! ?ree ?+s are really ! basis ( all gas w>f>e1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 :e!r ! attacks are made 9 ! =m ( cl\ds or by ! use ( gas %ells or o!r projectiles4 ,! increas$ conc5tration 0 obta9$ *iefly by ! r$uction 9 ! "t occupi$ by ! attack4 ,! fir/ attack ( all la/$ ab\t "o h\r & a half4 ,! next attack la/$ ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! "o 9 "q la/$ only ?irty m9utes1 s t if ! same am\nt ( gas 0 us$ ! conc5tration ( ! cl\d mu/ obvi\sly h be5 increas$ six times ov] t ( ,may tw5ty-f\r?1 z !re is little d\bt t ! cyl9d]s _h be5 in/all$ 9 approximately ! same numb]s--t is1 "o to a met] ( front4 ,probably ! mo/ important feature ( ! attack 0 ! introduction ( phosg5e4 ,n[ !re nev] 0 any actual *emical evid5ce ( ! poisons ( phosg5e 9 ! ,g]man gas cl\ds until "s ( _! cyl9d]s 7 captur$ by u :5 !y retreat$ on ! ,somme 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aiag4 ,b un=tunately ! peculi> effects ( phosg5e on our m5 :o 7 gass$ 7 only too app>5t4 ,!re 7 a l>ge numb] ( 8delay$0 cases--m5 :o ?\ght !y 7 only slightly gass$ b :o became ill or ev5 di$ sev]al h\rs or sometimes a day or s lat] f he>t failure1 especially if !y _h tak5 any heavy ex]cise 9 betwe54 ,9 ^! cases !re 0 h>dly any c\gh+4 ,:at 0 really want$ 0 re/1 b ?is 0 n realis$ at ! "t1 & _m m5 walk$ to ! dress+ /ations--sometimes a mile or m--?r\gh deep mud & became q exhau/$4 ,"o (fic] ( ! ,durhams _h be5 slightly gass$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! attack b felt p]fectly all "r until ab\t noon1 :5 he became fa9t & exhau/$1 ?\gh n app>5tly s]i\sly ill4 ,aft] ly+ d[n he felt bett]1 b 9 ! ev5+ got worse aga91 & 9 walk+ to ! ambulance to g to ! field dress+ /ation he sudd5ly collaps$ & di$4 ,?is 0 f\rte5 h\rs aft] ! attack4 ,ano!r weighty piece ( evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! gas 0 giv5 by ! smell1 :i* to tra9$ obs]v]s 0 q diff]5t f ! typical *loride-(-lime smell ( *lor9e2 & by ! peculi> effects on ! ta/e ( tobacco to m5 :o _h smelt ! gas4 ,if y take a good smell ( dilute phosg5e & !n smoke a cig>ette ! tobacco ta/es l no?+ on e>?4 ,tommy's ne>e/ description ( ! ta/e & smell is 8m\ldy hay40 ,?is peculi> effect is q typical ( phosg5e & is kn[n z ! 8tobacco reaction40 ,9 ! hope ( gett+ samples ( ! ,g]man gas cl\ds = analysis a l>ge numb] ( gas vacuum bulbs 7 di/ribut$ up & d[n ! l9e1 & select$ m5 7 taught h[ to use !m4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to be done by nipp+ (f ! drawn-out end ( ! gas bulb1 :]eby ! contam9at$ air w\ld ru% 94 ,! end 0 !n to be clos$ ) a holl[ /opp] conta9+ wax4 ,to get ^! samples 0 ask+ a great deal4 ,ev5 :5 pack$ 9 special boxes glass bulbs are some:at fragile ?+s = tr5* life1 & ! wood5 boxes made excell5t k9dl+ wood1 :i* 0 always be+ s\ght =4 ,! result is t :5 ! cl\d does come along ! vacuum bulbs are (t5 conspicu\s only by _! abs5ce4 ,ev5 if !y are kept :ole x is ask+ r a lot ( a man to take an accurate sci5tific sample dur+ ! excitem5t ( a gas attack :i* is accompani$ by a bomb>dm5t by explosive %ells & gas %ells4 ,= a long "t none ( ! bulbs f\nd _! way back to ! field laboratory4 ,ev5tually "o did come1 c>efully pack$ 9 %av+s & wadd+4 ,i happ5$ to be pres5t :5 x 0 br\ght 91 & !re 0 a good deal ( excitem5t at ! little prodigal's return4 ,! bulb 0 tak5 out1 b "u x 0 f\nd a leaf f a field-s]vice note book1 on :i* 0 writt53 8,dang]4 ,?is bulb 0 f\nd 9 a h$ge4 ,x seems to h be5 dropp$ f an a]oplane & probably conta9s *ol]a g]ms4 ,=tunately x has n be5 brok540 ,! 8surprise effect10 :i* 0 m5tion$ above z be+ ! ?ird fre% feature ( ?is new-era gas-cl\d attack1 took ! =m ( mak+ ! attack 9 ! d>k & at a "t :5 m5 7 lea/ prep>$--t is1 j be=e ! morn+ 8,/& to10 ! h\r be=e dawn1 :5 all troops 9 ! tr5*es /& to arms4 ,by mak+ ! attack at night1 or at any rate 9 ! d>k1 ! bo*e a*iev$ two objects3 ,fir/ ( all1 !re 7 bett] w9d conditions = an attack1 because ! night w9ds t5d to fl[ d[n t[>d ! e>? & keep ! gas cl\d l[-ly+ & ?ick1 :]eas 9 ! day ! sun w>ms ! gr\nd & produces s _m upw>d curr5ts ( air t ! cl\d gets lift$ up & dissipat$2 9 ! second place x 0 impossible to see ! cl\d :5 x 0 fir/ lib]at$1 & ?is r$uc$ ! means ( detect+ ! attack to only two--! hiss+ noise ( ! gas escap+ f ! cyl9d]s & ! smell ( ! advanc$ p>ts ( ! cl\d4 ,lat] on x 0 kn[n t ! be/ h\rs = all gas attacks1 bo? cl\d & %ell bomb>dm5t1 are 9 ! night2 & z a matt] ( fact practically all gas w>f>e is n[ c>ri$ out at night1 b at t "t ! significance ( ?is 0 n grasp$1 & _m ( our casualties 7 due to lack ( prep>$ness1 numb]s ( m5 be+ caught 8on ! hop0 & ov]:elm$4 ,"s mo/ important /eps 9 improv+ our protect+ measures 7 tak5 z a result ( ! lessons le>n$ f ! attack2 9 fact1 x may be tak5 t all measures 9 def5ce aga9/ gas h be5 le>n$ f bitt] exp]i5ce1 & to ?is ext5t ! suff]+s ( ! victims may be tak5 z hav+ at any rate "s comp5sat+ value4 ,9 su* a new & /range & cont9ually develop+ k9d ( w>f>e v little c be done by a priori argum5t4 ,?is fact we h always tri$ to impress on ! m5--t ! gas w>f>e ord]s1 sometimes app>5tly trivial & frequ5tly we>isome & annoy+1 h all be5 made z ! result ( lessons le>n$ f actual attacks4 ,among ! *ief ?+s t 7 done aft] ! ,decemb] n9ete5? attack 0 ! improvem5t ( our sy/em ( al>ms4 ,! bells & horns 9 ! front l9e _h be5 f\nd q insuffici5t1 especially = w>n+ p 9 ! re>2 & ! telephone c\ld n be dep5d$ on = ?is purpose ow+ to ! possibilities ( ! wires be+ cut by %ell fire4 ,to protect !m f be+ cut1 all wires w\ld h to be buri$ at lea/ six feet deep 9 ! gr\nd1 & ?is is practically impossible ow+ to ! "w involv$4 ,x w\ld consequ5tly be fatal to dep5d on telephonic communication1 especially z a gas attack is ne>ly always accompani$ by a pretty heavy bomb>dm5t ( re> l9es4 ,9 "o case ,i knew1 dur+ j su* a bomb>dm5t1 ! /aff capta9 at a brigade headqu>t]s 0 talk+ to "o ( ! battalions :5 ! :ole telephone in/rum5t seem$ to bur/ into a %eet ( flame 9 8 h&s1 ow+ to a cut wire4 ,! battalion conc]n$ 0 isolat$ = m ?an an h\r z a result1 & any?+ might h happ5$ 9 ! meantime4 ,= ^! reasons x 0 decid$ to adopt = gas al>ms sir5s work$ by compress$ air1 :i* w\ld make a noise suffici5tly l\d & di/9ctive to be he>d long di/ances away4 ,! type ( sir5 :i* 0 us$ has be5 kept 9 use ev] s9ce 9 cont9ually increas+ numb]s & has prov$ extraord9>ily useful4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,/rombos horn1 & consi/s ( ! horn prop] & two iron cyl9d]s ( compress$ air *>g$ to a pressure ( "o hundr$ & fifty atmosph]es4 ,only "o cyl9d] at a "t is connect$ to ! horn1 ! o!r be+ kept z a res]ve4 ,! ,/rombos horns are m\nt$ 9 ! tr5*es 9 su* a way z to protect !m f %ell spl9t]s z f> z possible4 ,?is is g5]ally done by pack+ !m r\nd c>efully ) s&bags1 only ! m\? ( ! horn be+ display$ & po9t+ t[>d ! re>4 ,e s5try mu/ "k h[ & :5 to s\nd ! horn4 ,all he has to d :5 he realises t a gas attack is be+ made1 or on receiv+ in/ructions f an (fic] to d s1 is to loos5 ! tap on ! cyl9d] "o complete turn1 :5 ! horn w s\nd cont9u\sly = m ?an a m9ute4 ,! noise is t]rific & 9 an enclos$ space or 9 a quiet region x is absolutely deaf5+4 ,9 ! tr5*es1 h[ev]1 x is none too l\d1 & ! di/ances betwe5 ! horns 9 ! front sy/em ( tr5*es are nev] m ?an f\r or five hundr$ y>ds4 ,f>!r back 9 ! *a91 t[>d ! re>1 ! di/ances c be increas$4 ,horns are n[ in/all$ at battalion1 brigade & divisional headqu>t]s4 ,by turn+ !m on :5 ! noise ( ^? 9 front is he>d x is possible to pass ! al>m 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t & ?us =e/all ! cl\d ( gas to su* an ext5t t e man 9 ! support tr5*es or 9 re/ billets or ! villages beh9d ! fir+ l9e is aw>e t an attack is 9 progress & gets ready to protect himself4 ,naturally1 ?+s don't always "w out exactly accord+ to s*$ule4 ,! horns are frequ5tly damag$4 ,9 "o place ,i 0 at1 j ?is side ( ! canal1 ne> ,boes+he1 a heavy ,g]man tr5* mort> wreck$ ?ree ( our ,/rombos horns )9 a week1 & ano!r & less suitable position _h to be f\nd = ! al>m4 ,!n !re are occasional false al>ms4 ,^! sometimes arise f individual m5 8gett+ ! w9d up0 f a bomb>dm5t by gas %ell & ?9k+ t a cl\d attack is be+ made4 ,o!rs ,i am afraid h be5 m 9 ! nature ( exp]im5ts 8to see h[ x works40 ,aft] all1 x mu/ be a great temptation to a s5try to be 9 *>ge ( a ,/rombos horn & nev] h ! pleasure ( turn+ x on4 ,false al>ms are a great nuisance1 h[ev]1 & good arrangem5ts h n[ be5 made to prev5t _! spread+4 ,x is possible to avoid all ! unnecess>y di/urbance to :i* troops are subject$ by a false gas al>m4 ,?is di/urbance is p>ticul>ly objectionable 9 back areas :]e regim5ts return$ f ! tr5*es are 9 billets4 ,:5 ! al>m goes ev]ybody has to turn out--probably 9 ! middle ( ! night4 ,s5tries wake ! (fic]s & m5 9 all ! billets2 mess5g]s h to be s5t po/-ha/e to outly+ villages or f>ms ) :i* !re is no telephonic communications2 respirators are hurri$ly inspect$ & plac$ 9 ! al]t position2 ! gas-pro( curta9s ( cell>s & dug\ts are adju/$2 ! (fic]s move ab\t 9 ! d>kness to see t all _! m5 are acc\nt$ = & ready2 e "o is 9 a /ate ( expectancy--& !n ! ^w comes ?r\gh t x is a false al>m1 & ! m5 g back1 curs+1 to _! billets4 ,n only is an occurr5ce ( ?is k9d we>y+ to tir$ troops1 b x has ! old disadvantage ( cry+ 8,wolf1 wolf60 :5 !re is no wolf--! consequ5t det]m9ation on ! "p ( ! m5 n to take ! next al>m s s]i\sly4 ,?\gh x 0 n realis$ at ! "t1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,g]mans />t$ to use gas 9 %ell almo/ simultane\sly1 & probably actually 9 ! fir/ attack1 ) ! use ( ! poison\s gas cl\ds 9 ! attacks ( ,april & ,may1 #aiae4 ,_m in/ances came to notice ( m5's eyes be+ /rongly affect$ to su* an ext5t t !y c\ld n keep !m op54 ,!re seem$ to be some?+ 9 ! air :i* made an unprotect$ man weep copi\sly if he tri$ to keep 8 eyes op51 & ( c\rse if he clos$ !m he c\ld n see :at he 0 do+4 ,^! effects1 & a peculi> smell :i* 0 notic$ bo? dur+ & aft] ! gas-cl\d attacks1 gave rise to ! belief t some?+ l =maldehyde 0 be+ us$ by ! ,g]mans mix$ ) "s *lor9e gas4 ,o!rs describ$ ! smell z be+ t ( *lor(orm or e!r1 b nobody c\ld say def9itely :at ! mat]ial actually 04 ,x 0 only aft] a numb] ( bl9d %ell _h be5 obta9$ & exam9$ t x 0 realis$ t ! ,g]mans 7 fir+ %ell fill$ ) liquid :i* _h a p[]ful la*rymatory effect4 ,x does n appe> c]ta9 :e!r ! use ( la*rymatory liquids = putt+ m5 out ( action by mak+ _! eyes wat] is 9 itself contr>y to ,! ,hague ,conv5tion1 z ! vap\rs ne$ n actually be poison\s4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! fir/ ,g]man gas %ell1 z x 0 f\nd t ! liquid conta9$ consi/$ only ( a mat]ial kn[n *emically z 8xylyl bromide40 ,! vap\r ( ?is liquid & ( _m simil> sub/ances has a mo/ p[]ful effect on ! eyes1 l t ( onions b mu* /rong]4 ,except 9 v high conc5trations x _c be reg>d$ z poison\s--at any rate n 9 ! s5se t *lor9e is poison\s4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,g]man la*rymatory %ells %[$ t ! liquid 0 conta9$ inside ! %ell 9 a seal$ lead vessel s t ! mat]ial %\ld n come 9 contact ) ! /eel ( ! %ell1 :i* x de/roys gradually4 ,%ell ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh t]m$ gas %ell1 are n really su*1 z ! liquid has to be brok5 up into f9e droplets by ! explosive *>ge ( ! %ell be=e ! vap\r c produce its effect4 ,! liquid has no pressure ( its own inside ! %ell & dep5ds entirely on ! bur/+ *>ge to get x di/ribut$ into ! atmosph]e4 ,! xylyl bromide us$ by ! ,g]mans 0 n pure1 b conta9$ a big proportion ( b5zyl bromide1 %[+ t x _h be5 made by ! action ( bromide on coal-t> light oil f :i* mo/ ( ! tolu5e _h be5 remov$ = ! manufacture ( ! well-kn[n high explosive1 tr9itrotolu5e4 ,! effect ( xylyl bromide on an unprotect$ man is in/antane\s & rem>kable4 ,ev5 su* small proportions z "o volume ( vap\r dilut$ ) "o million volumes ( air w at once make a man weep s copi\sly t he _c possible keep 8 eyes op54 ,obvi\sly a mat]ial ( ?is k9d has great milit>y value1 = ?\gh x does n put m5 out ( action p]man5tly by kill+ !m x neutralises _! effectiv5ess to su* an ext5t t = ! "t be+ !y may be reg>d$ z ( no milit>y importance4 ,9 /rong conc5trations ! effect on ! eyes is mo/ p[]ful4 ,i h walk$ into an area :i* 0 be+ bomb>d$ ) la*rymatory %ells & sudd5ly got ! effect j z if ,i _h be5 hit 9 ! face4 ,=tunately ! la*rymation has no la/+ effect on ! eyes1 & a man on gett+ into pure air v quickly recov]s4 ,?r\gh\t ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiae ^! la*rymatory %ells 7 us$ 9 consid]able numb]s1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ypres1 & at times ! ramp>ts ( t mu* bomb>d$ t[n reek$ ( la*rymatory vap\r & nobody c\ld /ay 9 c]ta9 spots = any l5g? ( "t )\t hav+ 8 eyes protect$ by specially con/ruct$ goggles or by we>+ a gas helmet "r ov] 8 head4 ,tak+ x altoge!r we 7 n tr\bl$ ne>ly s mu* by ?is new type ( gas z 7 ! ,fr5*1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! l9e4 ,9 mu* ! same way t ! gas cl\d 0 develop$ by ! ,g]mans aga9/ ! ,engli% ! gas %ell 7 develop$ *iefly aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 & v mu* l>g] numb]s 7 employ$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* positions ?an we _h to cont5d ) dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s or s4 ,lat] on ?+s 7 m equallis$ 9 ?is direction4 ,captur$ ,g]man docum5ts & /atem5ts by prison]s %[$ u t ! ,g]mans 7 c\nt+ v consid]ably on ! effect produc$ by ! la*rymatory %ell1 & detail$ in/ructions = _! use 9 v>i\s circum/ances 7 c>efully laid d[n4 ,! la*rymatory %ell 0 kn[n by ! ,g]mans z 8,t-,%ell10 & ! xylyl bromide z 8,t-,/(f10 & in/ructions 7 laid d[n = ! use ( ?is mat]ial4 ,ano!r k9d ( %ell 0 kn[n z 8,k-,%ell10 :i* up to t "t _h n be5 us$ aga9/ u1 or at any rate _h n be5 recognis$4 ,! ,t-,%ell 0 p>ticul>ly to be us$ aga9/ positions :i* x 0 n int5d$ to occupy imm$iately1 ! reason = ?is be+ t ,t-,/(f hangs ab\t = a long "t4 ,"s ( ! liquid is apt to be spread ab\t ! gr\nd & gives (f en\gh vap\r to make ! neighb\rhood ( ! %ell hole un9habitable = _m h\rs1 & 9 fav\rable condition--= ! enemy--= sev]al days4 ,! ,k-,%ell1 on ! o!r h&1 0 int5d$ to be us$ aga9/ infantry positions & /rong-po9ts :i* x 0 hop$ to assault & capture )9 an h\r or two ( ! bomb>dm5t or on areas :i* x 0 hop$ to trav]se dur+ a big attack4 ,! adv5t ( ! la*rymatory ,t-,%ell incommod$ u consid]ably1 b1 z x 0 quickly realis$ t ! gas 0 n poison\s1 ! ,tommies 7 n mu* tak5 back1 & ! 8te> %ell10 z !y 7 quickly call$1 7 n consid]$ by ! rank & file to h importance1 :i* z a matt] ( fact !y h2 b at ! same "t we he>d r al>m+ /ories ( ! effects ( gas %ell z us$ aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,x 0 rum\r$1 = example1 t 9 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce's big advance 9 ! ,argonne1 9 ! late spr+ ( #aiae1 t su* enorm\s numb]s ( gas %ell _h be5 us$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* positions t ! infantry occupy+ !m 7 n only put out ( action by ! effect on _! eyes b t ! am\nt ( gas us$ 0 s l>ge t ! ,fr5* soldi]s 7 actually an/hetis$ & 7 tak5 prison]s by ! ,g]mans :ile 9 an unconsci\s condition4 ,:e!r ?is 0 true or :e!r x 0 exagg]at$ is n c]ta91 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly true t ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce's advance 0 prefac$ by a hurricane bomb>dm5t ( gas %ell1 ! tactical effect ( :i* 0 consid]able4 ,/ories ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 comb9$ ) ! effects :i* we ourselves 7 exp]i5c+1 made u realise t protection aga9/ te> gas 0 ess5tial1 & = ?is purpose arrangem5ts 7 made to supply e (fic] & man 9 ! front l9e ) a pair ( anti-gas goggles4 ,! e>lie/ types ( ^! goggles 7 v simple 9 con/ruction1 & we are told 7 copi$ f a ,fr5* patt]n4 ,!y consi/$ ( a wat]pro( fabric l9$ ) flannel conta9+ a wire spr+ = ! nose & fitt$ ) celluloid eyepieces4 ,by b5d+ ! wire to ! %ape ( ! nose x 0 possible to close ! no/rils & at ! same "t give a reasonably good fit to ! flannel on ! face4 ,9 "s cases ! flannel 0 ano9t$ ) "s k9d ( grease s z to make a /ill clos] fit1 9 ord] to keep out small traces ( gas :i* are q suffici5t to produce la*rymation4 ,lat] on we _h a mu* bett] type ( goggle back$ ) rubb] sponge to make a tight fit to ! face4 ,) ! small numb]s ( gas %ell us$ aga9/ u we _h no exp]i5ce ( any effect on ! lungs1 & x 0 f\nd also t ! helmet =m ( respirator 0 en\gh to keep out1 at any rate1 l[ conc5trations ( ! la*rymator2 b we got a rude awak5+ :5 ! bo*e began to use 8 te> %ells 9 l>g] numb]s4 ,su* a case happ5$ to u 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aiaf1 at ! celebrat$ village ( ,v]melles1 a little ru9$ t[n j beh9d ! l9es ne> ,loos4 ,! enemy tri$ out an attack on u ov] ab\t a mile front = ! purpose ( bagg+ "s ( our tr5*es1 & he attempt$ to keep re9=cem5ts f com+ up to c\nt] attack him by putt+ d[n a te>-%ell b>rage ?r\gh ,v]melles & nor? & s\? ( x ov] ! roads on :i* our fell[s w\ld h to advance4 ,he us$ ?\s&s ( 8 te> %ells & ! neighb\rhood absolutely /ank ( !m4 ,=tunately1 x 0 almo/ impossible to put d[n an effective /&+ b>rage ) gas1 & our res]ves got ?r\gh on two roads t _h n be5 block$ effectively4 ,! bo*e attack 0 a fizzle1 b ,v]melles 0 a little private hell ( its own = t day & mo/ ( ! next =ty-eight h\rs z well4 ,dur+ & imm$iately aft] ! bomb>dm5t1 troops pass+ ?r\gh ! village wore bo? goggles & gas helmets1 b ! conc5tration ( la*rymator 0 s great t _m ( our fell[s 7 sick & actually vomit$ inside _! helmets4 ,if y c imag9e m5 go+ up to a battle ) ^! flannelette bags ov] _! heads & !n be+ sick inside !m1 y c realise t ! bo*e 0 n p>ticul>ly popul> ) u at ! "t4 ,besides ?is1 ,v]melles 0 mu* us$ by troops 9 res]ve & 0 full ( cell>s & dug\ts occupi$ by ! wait+ infantry & also by signall]s1 headqu>t]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & s on4 ,! vap\rs--& "s ( ! %ells !mselves1 = t matt]--got d[n into ^! cell>s & made !m almo/ un9habitable = days1 except 9 ^? cases :]e !y _h be5 prop]ly protect$ by d\ble l9es ( blankets hung at ! entrances4 ,ab\t ! same "t 9 #aiaf ! enemy began mak+ surprise bomb>dm5ts ) a new la*rymator & ) ! ,k-,%ell m5tion$ previ\sly1 = ! purpose ( assi/+ 9 raids4 ,bo? ( ^! gases rejoice 9 long names1 ! la*rymator be+ brome?ylme?ylketone1 & ! ,k-,%ell gas mono*lorme?yl*lor(ormate4 ,^! gases are mu* m poison\s & d n hang ab\t z long z ! old 8,t0 te> gas4 ,"o su* raid 9 :i* !y 7 us$ 0 c>ri$ out at a place call$ ,la ,boiselle--aft]w>d fam\s z a jump+-(f po9t 9 ! ,somme ,battle4 ,i 0 n 9 at ! raid1 b he>d details ( x aft]w>d4 ,! bo*e ra9$ 8 gas %ells into ! select$ area & at ! same "t prev5t$ re9=cem5ts f gett+ up by putt+ d[n a s-call$ box b>rage ) explosive %ells r\nd ! tr5*es to be attack$4 ,our m5 7 tak5 completely by surprise4 ,_m ( !m 7 badly gass$1 all 7 tempor>ily bl9d$2 & !n aft] a %ort int]val ! bo*e came 94 ,he tim$ 8 arrival s t mo/ ( ! gas _h disappe>$4 ,!n !re 0 "s v fi]ce fight+--s fi]ce t a numb] ( our m5 di$ aft]w>d because ( ! ex]tion foll[+ on ! brea?+ ( ! ,k-gas4 ,b gass$ & bl9d$ m51 h[ev] brave1 _c fight successfully aga9/ o!rs fre% & unaffect$1 & ! enemy captur$ a numb] ( prison]s & two ,lewis guns4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 dur+ ! ,somme ,battle a few mon?s lat] we did 9 prop]ly ! regim5t :i* _h c>ri$ out ! raid & captur$ ! (ficial report ( ! comm&] ( ! raid+ p>ty4 ,9 ?is report he said3 8444 ! m5 ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,rifles creat$ a f9e impression bo? z reg>ds _! physique & _! mode ( repell+ an assault4 ,_h x n be5 = ! use ( ! gas %ells x w\ld h be5 impossible to cle> ! section ( tr5* attack$40 ,r a f9e tribute--& "o ?or\ghly des]v$6 ,( c\rse surprises ( ?is k9d _c be pull$ (f twice1 b occurr5ces l ?is & ! bomb>dm5t at ,v]melles let u see t ! enemy int5d$ to develop 8 gas-%ell indu/ry mu* m ?an we _h anticipat$1 & our protective measures 7 tak5 9 h& s z to meet future ev5tualities4 ,9 fact x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! box respirator 0 be+ hurri$ly develop$ s z to protect u aga9/ any fur!r devilm5t t ,fritz might s5d along4 ,,*apt] ,v ,summ] ( #aiaf ! highwat] m>k ( ! ,g]man gas cl\d--,_! improv$ me?ods--,! ne$ ( spe$ & secrecy--,gas z a rat ext]m9ator--,causes ( ,alli$ casualties--,g]mans kill$ ) _! own gas--,gas masks = horses & mules--,r$uc$ ,alli$ casualties--,humor\s incid5ts4 ,! great "t = ! ,g]man gas troops 0 und\bt$ly #aiaf1 & f ,april to ,augu/ ( t ye> !y c>ri$ out five big cl\d gas attacks on ! ,briti% alone1 n c\nt+ sev]al on ! ,fr5* ,front & a numb] aga9/ ! ,russians4 ,dur+ ! int]val f ! ,decemb] attack ( ! previ\s ye> !y _h obvi\sly be5 ?9k+ h>d & prep>+ lots ( gas1 = ! new attacks %[$ sev]al fre% features bo? z reg>ds ext5t & tactics4 ,along ! l9es ( mak+ ! gas m poison\s1 us+ great] quantities & high] conc5tration & ! spr++ ( surprises1 ev]y?+ 0 done to make ! gas cl\d an ev5 m deadly affair ?an x _h be5 9 previ\s %[s4 ,t our own casualties 7 mu* less ?an be=e1 & t ! bo*e 9 at lea/ "o case _h a lot m kill$ by 8 own gas ?an we _h1 7 v satisfactory results ( all ! lab\r & rese>* z f> z we 7 conc]n$4 ,= ! same reason t ! ,decemb] attack _h be5 r$uc$ 9 duration to half an h\r1 ! new cl\ds la/$ only t5 to fifte5 m9utes2 ?us once m multiply+ ! conc5tration by two or ?ree4 ,on top ( ?is ! am\nt ( phosg5e 0 increas$ up to at lea/ tw5ty-five p] c5t & probably to ab\t fifty p] c5t1 s t 9 ?is way also ! cl\d became mu* m deadly ?an be=e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t pure phosg5e _c be us$1 o!rwise ! ,g]mans w\ld und\bt$ly h employ$ x4 ,/raight phosg5e does n come out ( ! cyl9d]s satisfactorily--x mu/ h a big proportion ( some?+ l *lor9e mix$ ) x to =ce x out & get x into ! air z quickly z may be4 ,all ( ?is made ! gas cl\d a na/y ?+ to face4 ,z x became progressively m deadly x requir$ less & less to kill4 ,a c\ple ( brea?s ( ! poison$ air became en\gh to kill a man2 b z our protection 0 good en\gh1 x meant t ! mo/ important ?+ = ! enemy to d 0 to take u unaw>es by gett+ 8 gas ov] s quickly or deceiv+ u 9 "s o!r way t we %\ld be d[n & out almo/ be=e we knew x4 ,?is is :]e 8 surprise tactics came 94 ,^! tactics consi/$ 9 attempt+ a great secrecy 9 ! prep>ations1 9 ! use ( smoke cl\ds to put u (f ! real track ( ! gas1 & ! putt+ ov] ( a numb] ( diff]5t waves ( gas at v>y+ int]vals4 ,! value ( ! la/ two w be m app>5t f ! acc\nts ( ! individual attacks1 b ! importance ( ! fir/-m5tion$ me?od mu/ be emphasis$ a bit4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! c>ry+ 9 ( ! gas cyl9d]s is ! "w ( ! infantry &1 z we discov]$ ourselves :5 we />t$ retaliation1 is a v unpopul> job ow+ to ! difficulties ( ! c>ry4 ,any c>elessness 9 all[+ ! cyl9d]s to clank by bump+ aga9/ ea*1 o!r or aga9/ any o!r metal objects 9 ! tr5*es1 or metallic s\nds made by r bor$ pione]s 9 unscrew+ ! domes or attack+ ! pipes1 are go+ to give away ! fact to ! oppos+ side t some?+ unusual is go+ on4 ,& some?+ unusual go+ on or suspect$ g5]ally spells g-a-s 9 ! tr5*es4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 ! oppos+ tr5*es c be se5 f obs]vation po/s--,o4 ,p4's or ,o4 ,pips1 z !y are call$ 9 ,briti% ,army p>lance--& 9 su* cases if ! c>ry+ is />t$ or ! in/allation ( ! cyl9d]s is cont9u$ dur+ ! day !re is a good *ance ( ! :ole %[ be+ bl[n on by "s wat*ful obs]v] ) a telescope to 8 eye a mile or s away4 ,all ?is ! bo*e realis$ & made 8 arrangem5ts accord+ly4 ,b 9 at lea/ "o case1 9 ,april1 9 8 anxiety to get ! cl\d ov] )\t dim9ution ( /r5g? & s t we %\ld h little "t = protect+ ourselves & spread+ ! al>m1 he *ose z 8 v5ue = ! attack a big portion ( ! l9e :]e ! tr5*es 7 v close toge!r--seldom1 9 fact1 m ?an fifty y>ds ap>t4 ,( c\rse x is j 9 su* circum/ances t secrecy ( prep>ation is ( ! greate/ importance--b at ! same "t x is ( ! greate/ difficulty to ma9ta94 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,g]mans ov]rea*$ !mselves by ?is *oice ( position1 & little indications spott$ by our wat*ful s5tries & patrols made u pretty c]ta9 t a gas attack 0 imp5d+1 & our wat*fulness & prep>$ness 7 correspond+ly increas$ & a con/ant /ate ( 8,gas ,al]t0 kept up4 ,! fir/ two attacks ( ! ye> 7 made aga9/ ! #af?--! ,iri% ,division4 ,?is 0 ! division 9 :i* ,willie ,r$mond 0 a capta91 & x 0 compos$ ( "s ( ! be/ fight+ mat]ial 9 ! _w--all ,nationali/ ,iri%m5 & anxi\s to get "o ov] at ,fritz4 ,:e!r ! ,iri%m5 7 *os5 z a t>get ) ! fooli% idea ( 8putt+ ! w9d up10 or :e!r x 0 out ( rev5ge = _! appe>ance 9 ! ,briti% ranks aft] all ! lab\r t _h be5 exp5d$ 9 try+ to spread s$ition 9 ,irel&1 we d n "k4 ,:atev] ! idea 0 x t]m9at$ 9 mo/ abject failure1 = ! ,iri%m5 came ?r\gh bo? attacks wond]fully well & absolutely sma%$ up ! ,g]man infantry advances :i* 7 attempt$ aft] ! passage ( ! cl\d4 ,bo? attacks 7 made on t "p ( ! l9e ne> ,hullu* runn+ = ab\t two miles s\? f ,cit ,/4 ,elie4 ,! ,g]mans op5$ ! ball by lett+ our support & res]ve l9es h a heavy bomb>dm5t ( te> %ells4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft]1 9 ! dim light ( ! e>ly dawn1 ! fir/ gas cl\d float$ ov]4 ,x 0 v ?ick & _h be5 l>gely mix$ ) smoke 9 ! hope ( lead+ our fell[s to believe t x 0 t]ribly /rong4 ,x 0 n4 ,b ! cl\d 0 s d5se t ev5 at brigade headqu>t]s1 ?ree miles beh9d ! front l9e1 x 0 impossible to see across ! road4 ,!re 0 en\gh gas 9 ?is mix$ cl\d to make x v dang]\s & uncom=table to unprotect$ m51 b !re 7 v few casualties4 ,! al>m 0 quickly spread1 ! m5 rema9$ cool1 & an attempt$ attack by ! enemy infantry to foll[ up ! cl\d 0 sma%$ up )\t be+ able to get clos] ?an our b>b$ wire4 ,aft] ?is fir/ wave !re 0 a t5d5cy among ! m5 to reg>d ! dang] z ov] & to congratulate !mselves on ! app>5t & obvi\s bo*e failure4 ,z !y 7 prep>$ to g ?r\gh ) any?+ ! bo*e c\ld put ov]1 !re 0 a natural t5d5cy to und]rate ! effects ( gas1 see+ x _h caus$ !m no losses4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t a numb] ( helmets 7 disc>d$ entirely--"s ( ! soldi]s ?\ght !y 7 useless aft] be+ ?r\gh an attack1 & ?rew !m away1 dep5d+ entirely on _! res]ve helmets4 ,^! !y omitt$ to place 9 ! 8,al]t0 position1 p9n$ up on _! *e/s ready = imm$iate use4 ,9 "o or two cases :i* came to my notice (fic]s & m5 w5t (f to ! latr9es or to headqu>t]s )\t helmets at all4 ,?is ( c\rse1 0 n g5]al1 b x %[s h[ "s ( our m5 fell = ! bo*e ruse1 :i* consi/$ ( putt+ ov] a second wave two h\rs lat] on exactly ! same ,front4 ,! second cl\d 0 a frightfully /rong "o1 compos$ entirely ( gas 9 ! highe/ possible conc5tration4 ,x 0 ?is wave :i* caus$ all our losses on ,april tw5ty-sev5?1 z x took a numb] ( m5 completely by surprise4 ,b ev5 s1 ! ,iri%m5 7 n a bit dismay$1 & :5 ! ,g]mans aga9 attempt$ to advance--p>ties ( _! bomb]s 9 "s cases appe>+ imm$iately beh9d ! gas cl\d--!y 7 met by su* a /\t resi/ance t ^? :o 7 n %ot d[n retir$ 9 disord] to _! own tr5*es4 ,! int5sity ( ! second wave c be ga!r$ f ! fact t buttons & ammunition 7 quickly corrod$ & turn$ a villa9\s gre5 col\r4 ,9 a few cases rifles /uck & ,lewis guns jamm$1 ow+ to ! effects ( ! gas on ! ammunition & ! brea* me*anism4 ,"o good ?+ ab\t ! attack 0 t mo/ ( ! rats 9 ! tr5*es 7 kill$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! l9e ! tr5* rats are an absolute plague4 ,!y eat any food or c&les left ly+ ab\t or kept 9 c>dbo>d boxes4 ,!y sw>m 9 ! dug\ts & appe> 9 all sorts ( odd corn]s4 ,!y di/urb ! little re/ "o does get2 & ,i h _h !m run all ov] me1 ev5 ov] my face1 :ile ly+ 9 my dug\t4 ,all attempts to cle> !m out 7 useless4 ,b :at f]rets & t]ri]s & virus c\ld n accompli% ! bo*e gas did4 ,mi/] ,rat _c /& up to a /rong mixture ( *lor9e & phosg5e )\t a gas mask1 & s 9 ?is attack1 z 9 o!rs we exp]i5c$1 he di$ by hundr$s2 & nobody m\rn$ him4 ,curi\sly en\gh two kitt5s1 :i* inhabit$ ! dug\t ( ! comm&+ (fic] ( "o ( ! battalions ( ! ,scotti% ,bord]]s1 :o 7 9 res]ve1 came ?r\gh alive4 ,! kitt5s 7 badly gass$ & lay brea?+ rapidly1 suff]+ f spasms & ) pr(use salivation4 ,possibly _! fur help$ to absorb "s ( ! gas1 = five h\rs lat] ! little victims 7 almo/ !mselves aga91 ?\gh !y cont9u$ to c\gh occasionally & drank wat] cont9ually4 ,! wat] !y took 9 pref]5ce to milk4 ,! effects ( ! poison on ! soldi]s :o 7 gass$ 7 pretty mu* ! same z has be5 s frequ5tly describ$ 9 ! press be=e4 ,9 ! light] cases x 0 mo/ly sev]e & pa9ful c\gh+ & bron*itis1 ) occasional ret*+ & vomit+4 ,! sev]e cases _h ! fro?+ at ! m\?1 ! pa9ful fight = brea? & ! blue face ) />+ eyes :i* are typical ( sev]e gass+ ) *lor9e & phosg5e4 ,i 0 told t !re 7 n _m delay$ cases--t is1 m5 be+ tak5 s]i\sly ill h\rs aft] ! attack1 ?\gh app>5tly unsca!d be=e4 ,! casualties 7 really rem>kably small 9 ! circum/ances1 & ev5 despite ! surprise tactics1 7 n z num]\s z ^? ( ! ,decemb] attack4 ,ap>t f ! m5 :o 7 caught )\t _! respirators1 mo/ ( ! casualties 7 ! result ( "s special circum/ances4 ,! helmets !mselves :5 prop]ly inspect$ & adju/$ gave good protection4 ,9 connection ) ! lay+ aside ( ! respirators aft] ! fir/ cl\d a s]geant told me t :5 ! second wave came ov] he _h se5 two soldi]s try+ to get into ! same helmet4 ,! humor\s side ( ?is _h app>5tly appeal$ to him ev5 9 ! middle ( ! attack4 ,( c\rse ) ! tr5*es s close toge!r a lot ( m5 _h difficulty 9 gett+ protection 9 "t4 ,p>ties ( m5 9 advanc$ saps & li/5+ po/s _h ! greate/ difficulty1 & numb]s ( ^! m5 7 kill$4 ,"o pione] ( a tunnell+ company came out ( a m9e gall]y kn[+ no?+ ab\t :at _h be5 happ5+ abovegr\nd1 & walk$ /raight into ! middle ( ! gas cl\d4 ,a man 9 "o ( ! companies ( ! ,iri% ,rifles 0 w\nd$ 9 ! head by %rapnel ?r\gh bo? 8 /eel & gas helmets4 ,9 spite ( ! w\nd & ! hole 9 8 gas helmet he held ! latt] close r\nd 8 m\? & nose & 0 n gass$ at all--a cle> case ( pres5ce ( m9d sav+ 8 life4 ,"o ?+ :i* impress$ e "o ) ! ne$ = ?or\gh gas tra9+ at home1 & :i* %\ld be tak5 to he>t by all m5 9 tra9+ at ! camps or likely to g !re1 0 ! way 9 :i* re9=cem5ts & m5 :o _h rec5tly jo9$ up suff]$4 ,_! casualties 7 out ( all proportion to _! numb]s & 7 due entirely to ! fact t insuffici5t att5tion 0 giv5 at t "t to ! gas-def5ce tra9+ ( ! recruits4 ,_m ( !m _h nev] put on a helmet be=e1 & none ( !m _h ev] smell$ gas4 ,9 "o p>ticul> in/ance a bat* ( tw5ty m5 _h come /raight ov] f ,engl& & 7 9 ! gas attack ! day aft] _! arrival 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! only tra9+ !y _h _h 0 a lecture f _! own regim5tal (fic]s1 & consequ5tly !y knew little or no?+ ab\t ! use ( _! helmets4 ,e "o ( ^! m5 0 gass$4 ,x is true t !y _h scrambl$ into _! helmets someh[1 & none ( !m di$2 b ! fact rema9s t abs5ce ( tra9+ at home co/ ! fight+ l9e tw5ty m5 9 "o company4 ,9 ?is company !y 7 ! only m5 gass$4 ,l>gely z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 gas-def5ce tra9+ 0 tak5 up v s]i\sly 9 ! e>ly tra9+ ( recruits1 & big gas s*ools 7 e/abli%$ at all ! camps bo? 9 ,engl& & at ! bases 9 ,france1 s z to cat* ! "y soldi] e>ly4 ,! bo*e made ano!r gas attack on ! ,iri% ,division on ! same ,front two days lat]4 ,once aga9 he let (f two waves--?is "t ) an int]val ( only a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,b despite 8 idea ( 8mix+ !m up0 he c\ld n br+ (f t p>ticul> surprise aga94 ,! second attack 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ on record1 = x 0 "h1 ne> ,hullu*1 t ! gas blew back on ! ,g]mans & kill$ _m m ( !m ?an our total gas casualties4 ,! ?+ happ5$ 9 ?is way3 ,! fir/ gas wave 0 loos$ (f at ?ree-fifty ,a4 ,m41 opposite ! celebrat$ ,*alk ,pit ,wood4 ,fifte5 m9utes lat] a heavy cl\d 0 dis*>g$ on ! ,hullu* front4 ,b ! w9d 0 too light & v>iable4 ,! cl\d came ov] our l9e & !n ! g5tle w9d fir/ dropp$ altoge!r & !n gradually ve]$ r\nd4 ,! gas hung on ,no ,man's ,l& & ov] bo? sets ( tr5*es = a %ort "t1 & !n ) increas+ pace drift$ back "r ov] ! ,g]man position1 j :]e ,fritz _h be5 se5 mass+ = an attack on ! ,hullu* sector4 ,we did n see ! confusion :i* reign$1 b almo/ simultane\sly ) ! arrival ( 8 own gas our b>rage came d[n & ! ,g]man attack disp]s$4 ,all t day our obs]v]s report$ ! c>ry+ out ( ,g]man casualties f ! tr5*es on /ret*]s & a con/ant /ream ( ambulances com+ up & !n return+ along ! roads to ! re>4 ,we surmis$ t ! bo*e _h swall[$ "s ( 8 own poison1 b x 0 n until sev]al mon?s lat]1 f "s docum5ts captur$ dur+ ! ,battle ( ! ,somme1 t we 7 able to appreciate 8 disa/] to ! full4 ,! fir/ ( ^! docum5ts 0 ! di>y ( a soldi] :o _h be5 9 ! neighb\r+ tr5*es4 ,x ran3 8444 ,we w5t along ! tr5*es to f9d ! headqu>t]s ( ! ----?4 ,x 0 awful4 ,ev]y:]e lay dead bodies or m5 gasp+ = brea? & dy+ f ! gas4 ,somebody mu/ be to blame4 ,at fir/ ,i c\ld n g on4 ,"o almo/ _h to /ep on !m to get ?r\gh4 ,i ask$ an (fic] ( ! ----? :at _h happ5$4 ,!y 7 go+ to be reliev$44440 ,b ! o!r docum5ts 7 m explicit1 z !y happ5$ to be ! (ficial report on ! matt] f ! w> (fice 9 ,b]l94 ,x appe>s t ! ,g]mans _h elev5 hundr$ dea?s f _! own gas4 ,a mo/ rigid enquiry 0 held & x 0 f\nd t _m ( ! m5 7 n c>ry+ respirators1 ei!r 9 ! tr5*es or 9 ! area imm$iately beh9d ! l9e4 ,b ?is did n expla9 ! ext5t ( ! disa/]1 s eight hundr$ ( ! respirators collect$ f casualties 7 s5t to ,b]l9 = exam9ation & report4 ,ev5 all[+ = ^? :i* might h be5 injur$ 9 transit1 !re 7 /ill ?irty-?ree p] c5t ( ! masks s defective t _! own]s 7 c]ta9 to be gass$4 ,to see :e!r ?is appli$ only to ! area affect$ a l>ge numb] ( respirators 7 collect$ f up & d[n ! :ole ,we/]n ,front1 & x 0 f\nd t ev5 among ^? z _m z elev5 & a half p] c5t 7 simil>ly at fault4 ,x w\ld seem t !re _h be5 v poor inspection ( ! respirators bo? 9 manufacture & aft] issue to ! troops4 ,ap>t f ! joy ( see+ ! bo*e hoi/ ) 8 own pet>d x 0 r a relief to f9d t ! effici5t ,g]man ,army 0 n s frightfully effici5t aft] all4 ,?is matt] ( inspection is tak5 v s]i\sly 9 ! ,briti% ,army4 ,besides ! rigor\s factory inspection all respirators are inspect$ ?or\ghly e day ev5 9 ! tr5*es1 & ,tommy is expect$ to look aft] 8 respirator j z he looks aft] 8 rifle4 ,z an (ficial /atem5t issu$ aft] ! ,april attack said3 8,a defective helmet frequ5tly leads to ! dea? ( ! we>]4 ,inspection ( respirators mu/ be frequ5t & ?or\gh40 ,a s]geant :o 0 notori\s = 8 ?or\gh deal+ ) recruits got away ) x 9 ev5 bett] t]ms :5 address+ a squad on p>ade4 ,9 ?und]+ tones he said3 8,if y don't look = ! 'oles 9 y\r 'elmet1 !y'll soon be look+ = a 'ole = y40 ,ano!r ?+ t result$ f ! attacks j describ$1 & f ano!r simil> attack %ortly aft]w>d 9 ! sali5t1 0 ! putt+ on ! screw ) reg>d to ! c>ry+ ( respirators cont9u\sly by e "o 9 ! tr5*es4 ,a v good & well-kn[n /ory on ! ,briti% ,army 9 ?is connection is t ( a brigadi] g5]al :o 0 proce$+ to ! l9e = 8 daily inspection :5 he discov]$ t he 0 m9us a gas bag4 ,he /opp$ ! fir/ ord]ly he saw1 borr[$ ! man's helmet & s]5ely w5t 8 way ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,arriv$ 9 ! tr5*es1 "o ( ! fir/ sights t met 8 horrifi$ gaze 0 a soldi] )\t a gas mask4 ,9 virtu\s tones he dem&$ ! reason = its abs5ce1 & !n1 wav+ aside ! halt+ explanation1 w5t on l\dly to ass]t 8 belief t ! soldi] w\ld n "k h[ to use a respirator ev5 if he _h "o4 8,"h10 he said1 8take m9e & %[ me :e!r y c put x on 9 quick "t40 ,! awe-/rick5 ,tommy slung ! sat*el ov] 8 %\ld]1 & on ! ^w 8,gas60 f ! g5]al ?ru/ 8 h& into ! hav]sack & pull$ out--a v dirty pair ( army socks4 ,! f\r? ,g]man attack ( #aiaf 0 made on ,june sev5te5? 9 ,fl&]s1 ne> ,mess9es2 9 fact1 j nor? ( ! ,wulv]ghem-,mess9es road4 ,l ^? ( ,april1 x 0 int5sely /rong1 v %ort1 & s5t ov] 9 successive waves at int]vals ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,!re 7 really no fre% features ab\t ! %[1 b ! cl\d seems to h be5 ev5 /rong] ?an be=e4 ,i _h no p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ?is attack1 b ! cl\d mu/ h be5 v /rong1 = x kill$ animals at 8,plug/reet0--! only "n we us$ 9 ! ,briti% ,army = ,ploeg/e]t--?ree & half miles away1 & 0 q di/9ctly p]ceptible ev5 at ,b?une4 ,at ! 8,pigg]ies0--! rema9s ( a model f>m 9 re> ( ,plug/reet ,wood belong+ to a notable ,fr5* sportsman1 a place well-kn[n to s _m ,briti% soldi]s--a calf 0 f\nd dead1 aft] ! passage ( ! cl\d1 ) ! body v mu* bl[n out4 ,dead rats lay 9 close proximity4 ,ev5 f>!r back ?an ?is animals 7 s]i\sly affect$4 ,! army mules 9 ! l9e ( ! gas 7 seiz$ ) fits ( c\gh+ & kick$ viol5tly1 mak+ !m ev5 m difficult to h&le ?an usual4 ,x is probably n realis$ t horse masks are n[ issu$ on a scale suffici5t to provide protection = all horses & mules1 su* z ^? ( ! fir/-l9e transport & ! artill]y1 :i* h to approa* any:]e ne> ! l9es4 ,! pres5t =m ( ^! respirators is t ( a big bag soak$ 9 *emicals :i* fits ov] ! animal's no/rils1 leav+ its m\? free s t ! use ( ! bit is n int]f]$ )4 ,:5 n 9 use ! horse respirator folds up v nicely & neatly into a canvas case :i* c be c>ri$ on ! brea/b& ( ! h>ness or any place f :i* x c be quickly adju/$4 ,"s ( ! animals take to ^! masks--8,horspirators10 "s wag call$ !m--q quickly1 b o!rs are /r5u\s objectors2 "s ( ^? h>d5$ s9n]s1 ! mules1 trans=m+ !mselves into masses ( tee? & ho(s :5ev] an attempt is made to fix on ! gas bags4 ,9 "o case :]e a horse & a mule 9 ! same supply column 7 fitt$ ) _! masks at ! same "t ! diff]5ce 0 mo/ m>k$4 ,! horse 0 dress$ up )\t mu* tr\ble1 ?\gh he did n l x4 ,he :9ni$ & sneez$1 brea!d h>d & p]spir$ & look$ r pitiable1 b /uck x out4 ,! mule1 on ! o!r h&1 _h to be rop$ to get ! mask on at all4 ,!n he danc$ ab\t1 heels 9 ! air & head d[n1 & tri$ to rub (f ! objectionable app5dage aga9/ ! rope1 & !n aga9/ a tree4 ,?is did n effect its removal1 & = a m9ute ! cunn+ animal /ood /ill ) 8 e>s cock$ at diff]5t angles4 ,!n sudd5ly he put 8 head to ! gr\nd & be=e any?+ c\ld be done to prev5t x put 8 foot on ! respirator1 pull$ 8 head up sm>tly & left ! respirator "u 8 ho(4 ,^! masks h prov$ ( ! greate/ value & h sav$ any numb] ( horses' lives4 ,! cavalry are n provid$ ) !m1 z x is n anticipat$ t !y w be ne> en\gh to be affect$ by gas-cl\d attacks1 & :5 ! cavalry are m\nt$ & 9 action x is unlikely t !y w meet ev5 poison-gas %ells 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,add$ to ?is is ! fact t a horse c /& m gas ?an a man )\t be+ di/ress$4 ,! casualties 9 ! ,june attack 7 l[] ?an 9 any "o previ\sly4 ,inde$1 x 0 a satisfactory feature ( ! :ole gas bus9ess t despite ! increas+ deadl9ess ( ! ,g]man cl\ds ! losses !y caus$ became less & less4 ,( c\rse ! proportion ( sev]e cases 9 ^? gass$ became great]1 = ) su* /rong cl\ds x _h become a case ( hit or miss4 ,ei!r a man 0 protect$ completely or he 0 caught out badly2 & ?is spoke well = ! protection suppli$1 = o!rwise !re w\ld h be5 a mu* bigg] proportion ( light cases4 ,( ! m9or effects ( ^! bo*e gas cl\ds1 t on vegetation is ! mo/ m>k$ & gives a good idea ( ! /r5g? ( ! gas4 ,= miles 9 ! track ( ! cl\d all gre5 /uff is burn$ up or wilt$4 ,grass is turn$ yell[1 ! leaves ( trees g br[n & fall (f1 & ! g>d5 crops are entirely de/roy$4 ,i h se5 root crops 9 ! fields & g>d5 crops ( onions1 beans & lettuce q de/roy$4 ,b curi\sly en\gh1 f>!r back1 9 places :]e ?is /ill happ5s to ! g>d5 crops1 ! c]eals & ! h$ges seem to escape s]i\s injury4 ,( c\rse ov] a wide area all metal "w is ?ickly t>ni%$1 & ?is might be a dang] 9 ! case ( telephone in/rum5ts & o!r delicate appliances1 except t ! expos$ p>ts are always kept slightly oil$ & !n clean$ ?or\ghly aft] ! attack4 ,! same ?+ is done ) rifles & ma*9e guns & _! ammunition1 & ) ! cl9ometres1 fuses & bree* me*anism ( guns & tr5* mort>s4 ,s9ce ?is w> />t$ v little difficulty has occurr$ ?r\gh corrosion1 b ! *ief ?+ is to clean (f ! grease & reoil all metal p>ts expos$ to ! gas imm$iately aft] ! attack is f9i%$1 o!rwise ! greasy surface seems to hold ! gas or ! acid x eng5d]s1 & all[s x to eat 9 at its leisure4 ,dur+ ! attacks ( #aiaf ! al>m arrangem5ts work$ v well1 & ! ,/rombos ,horns 9 p>ticul> ju/ifi$ _! use4 ,ev5 above ! noise ( ma*9e-gun fire & ! bur/+ ( %ells _! %rill1 unmi/akable note c\ld be he>d = long di/ances1 giv+ w>n+ to all troops on ! flanks & 9 ! re>4 ,!re 7 v few in/ances :]e !y 7 n let (f 9 "t & ! s5tries po/$ ov] !m app>5tly knew _! jobs bett]1 = in/ance1 ?an "o man :o 0 que/ion$ on ! subject4 ,?is p>ticul> s5try 0 ask$ by a noncommission$ (fic] go+ ! r\nds 9 ! tr5*es :at he w\ld d 9 ! ev5t ( a gas attack be+ made4 8,oh10 repli$ ! bright boy1 8t's easy4 ,if any gas comes ov] x bl[s ! horn & ,i call ! platoon s]geant & tell him ab\t x40 ,a mu* m consci5ti\s s5try ov] a ,/rombos ,horn _h be5 told to be p>ticul>ly on ! look\t = a gas attack1 z "o 0 expect$ at any "t4 ,! (fic] on duty1 go+ r\nd ab\t midnight1 he>d a suspici\sly regul> s\nd com+ f "o ( ! fire bays1 & ?9k+ t "o ( ! s5tries 0 indulg+ 9 a /ol5 =ty w9ks he cauti\sly r\nd$ ! trav]se4 ,"h he f\nd ! s5try ly+ on ! top ( ! p>apet />+ into ! d>kness & go+ sniff1 sniff1 sniff ) 8 nose4 ,be+ ask$ m =cibly ?an politely :at 0 ! matt] ) him ! man repli$3 8,i'm sniff+ = gas40 ,sniff1 sniff1 sniff4 8,c y smell any80 8,no1 sir2 b ,i want to smell x if x does come1 z ,i'm a gas s5try & ! left5ant told me always to keep smell+ = gas40 ,sniff1 sniff1 sniff4 ,! job ( see+ t ! air cyl9d]s ( ! ,/rombos ,horns are kept at _! full pressure is intru/$ to ! divisional gas noncommission$ (fic]s1 :o g r\nd p]iodically ) pressure gauges & te/ !m out4 ,if !y fall bel[ a c]ta9 pressure !y are replac$ at once by fre% ones f ! divisional /ore4 ,"s ,au/ralians go+ up ! l9e "o night 7 c>ry+ a numb] ( su* cyl9d]s = replacem5t1 :5 "o ( !m got turn$ on accid5tally & !y didn't seem able to /op x4 ,a pass+ (fic] he>+ ! hiss+ noise call$ out3 8,:at h y got !re80 8,air bottles10 0 ! answ]4 8,:at =80 p]si/$ ! (fic]4 ,a pause1 & !n out ( ! d>kness3 8,oh1 hell6 ,to put ! w9d up ! bo*e1 ( c\rse40 ,?is /ory w probably be appreciat$ m by ,briti%]s ?an ,am]icans1 ?\gh ,i ?9k ! latt] 9 _m cases already "k ! significance ( ! expressions 8gett+ ! w9d up0 & 8putt+ ! w9d up40 ,!y ref] ( c\rse to :at (ficial reports or newspap] m5 w\ld /yle z 8r$uction ( morale40 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! la/ ,g]man gas cl\d s5t ov] ,augu/1 #aiaf--;,its int5sity--8,delay$0 gases ( phosg5e gass+--,cig>ettes z a te/ ( gass+--,dang]s ( c>elessness--,! spray] ab&on$ = ,mrs4 ,ayrton's fan--,responsibilities ( ! divisional gas (fice--,russian gas victims--,! day ( ! gas cl\d ov]4 ,! la/ ,g]man gas cl\d to be dis*>g$ aga9/ ! ,briti% ,front 0 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf4 ,9 e way x 0 ! greate/ te/ to :i* our m5 _h be5 put4 ,x 0 ! /ronge/ cl\d attack ! ,g]mans _h made--n only 7 ! individual waves ( only t5 m9utes' duration b ! bo*e _h m cyl9d]s 9 8 l9e ?an usual4 ,accord+ to 8 own admissions ! bottles 7 put 9 at ! rate ( ?ree e two y>ds & 9 "s places two p] y>d4 ,add$ to ?is he _h br\ght up ! proportion ( phosg5e to ! maximum t c be us$4 ,! circum/ances1 too1 7 v unfav\rable to u4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,battle ( ! ,somme 0 9 full sw+1 & t = once 9 its w> hi/ory ! ,ypres sali5t1 :]e ! gas attack took place1 0 a 8quiet0 sector :]e divisions us$ up 9 ! battle w5t to 8re/0 & reorganise4 ,! result 0 t ! divisions attack$ 7 compos$ v l>gely ( fre% drafts4 ,!y _h lo/ v heavily 9 (fic]s & mo/ ( ! company noncommission$ gas (fic]s _h be5 knock$ out4 ,_! gas tra9+ 0 !re=e n at ! high /&>d t x _h atta9$ previ\s to ! battle4 ,add$ to ?is1 a relief 0 go+ on 9 ! tr5*es4 ,?is1 by ! way1 0 ! second "t t our fell[s 7 caught by a gas attack dur+ a relief4 ,:e!r x 0 t ! bo*e intellig5ce 0 p>ticul>ly good or :e!r x 0 simply t 8 luck 0 9 is n c]ta91 b x meant t our tr5*es1 bo? ! front l9e & ! communication tr5*es1 _h j twice ! numb] ( m5 9 !m t !y w\ld h _h normally4 ,& e man1 bo? incom+ & outgo+1 0 c>ry+ 8 complete 8,*ri/mas ,tree0 rig--rifle1 ammunition1 full pack1 hav]sack1 greatcoat1 gas masks1 & all ! re/ ( x2 9 "s places h>dly able to squeeze ?r\gh ! tr5*es 9 8 bulky m>*+ equipm5t4 ,into ?is conge/ion ! bo*e let (f 8 gas on ! eigh? ( ,augu/ ab\t t5 o'clock ,p4 ,m4 ,x says worlds = ! /ead9ess ( our fell[s t ! total casualties f ! ?ree waves he s5t ov] rema9$ at ! same l[ ebb t !y _h rea*$ 9 ! ,june attack4 ,( c\rse b = ! adv]se circum/ances !y w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 /ill l[]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! position on :i* ! attack 0 made--namely1 ! l9e betwe5 ,bellew>de ,lake & ! ,ys] ,canal--includ$ mu* ( ! l9e ov] :i* ! fir/ attack ( all _h be5 made a ye> & a half previ\sly4 ,! int5sity ( ! cl\d c be realis$ f ! fact t helmets _h to be worn at a division headqu>t]s n9e miles f ! po9t ( dis*>ge1 & ! gas 0 p]ceptible1 ?\gh n s dang]\s1 _m miles beyond ?is po9t4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! :ole affair 0 ! numb] ( m5 :o suff]$ f ! delay$ action ( ! phosg5e & collaps$ sev]al h\rs aft] ! attack1 especially if !y _h tak5 any ex]cise or eat5 a heavy meal 9 betwe54 ,! latt] is n v likely1 ?\gh x does occur1 = a man ev5 slightly gass$ ) phosg5e feels v depress$--8f$ up0 & n p>ticul>ly incl9$ = a he>ty meal4 ,b ! gett+ ( ! ex]cise is only too easy1 :at ) ! necess>y "w 9 ! tr5*es & ! possible walk back to ! aid po/ or ! m>* back to re/ billets 9 ! ev5t ( a relief4 ,x 0 m5 :o _h done ?is k9d ( ?+ :o suff]$ mo/4 ,aft] ! attack we receiv$ (ficial ord]s t no man suff]+ f ! effects ( ! gas %\ld be all[$ to walk to ! dress+ /ation1 & t if possible aft] a gas attack troops 9 ! front tr5*es %\ld be reliev$ ( all fatigue & c>ry+ "w = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x 0 also ord]$ t dur+ ! passage ( ! gas all movem5t %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum & !re %\ld be z little talk+ z possible4 ,^! 7 v wise ord]s1 = !re _h be5 too _m (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s gass$ ?r\gh mov+ up & d[n to control ! positions ( _! m5 & f %\t+ ord]s ?r\gh _! helmets4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( talk+ is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 b too mu* ( x makes a man brea! m deeply & may be j ! add$ /ra9 suffici5t to affect 8 he>t & cause 8 collapse4 ,( c\rse aft] a gas attack !re are always a c]ta9 numb] ( mal+]]s--8,skrim%ank]s10 z we call !m--:o affect to be gass$ 9 ord] to get away f ! l9e = a bit4 ,^! are g5]ally spott$ easily en\gh by ! doctor m54 ,"o m$ical (fic] ,i knew1 h>ass$ by ! numb] ( slightly 8gass$0 cases :o w\ld h to be evacuat$1 & suspici\s ab\t ! g5u9e "* ( "s ( !m1 h&$ r\nd cig>ettes4 ,all ^? :o accept$ & smok$ _! cig>ettes 7 kept back4 ,lat] exam9ation %[$ t he 0 "r 9 e case4 ,a simil> in/ance t ,i he>d (1 ?is "t 9 a practice attack 9 a camp 9 ,engl&1 conc]n$ a v poor specim5 :o pret5d$ to be badly gass$4 ,he 0 tak5 to ! ord]ly room on a /ret*]2 b un=tunately = him ! m$ical corps s]geant recognis$ him z a man :o _h fall5 out dur+ a m>* a %ort "t be=e1 & knew all ab\t him4 ,meantime ! man 0 feign+ unconsci\sness1 b ! s]geant w9k$ at ! m$ical (fic] & said3 8,x's a pity t ord] ab\t sick leave prev5ts m5 f go+ home 9 a case l ?is unless !y live 9 ,london4 ,:at ?is poor fell[ ne$s is a c\ple ( weeks 9 8 own home40 ,! corpse !reupon sat up & said3 8,t's all "r1 sir4 ,i live 9 ,b[4 ,:5 c ,i g80 ,z 9 all ! previ\s attacks an analysis ( ! casualties %[$ t :]e ! helmets _h be5 kept 9 good condition & _h be5 us$ prop]ly & 9 "t !y _h giv5 p]fect protection4 ,! casualties 7 all due to prev5table causes--"s ( !m lam5table1 o!rs humor\s1 _h x n be5 = _! trag$y4 ,_m m5 7 gass$ ?r\gh tak+ (f _! helmets too soon4 ,x is really up to ! (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s :o h att5d$ a c\rse at a gas s*ool to decide :5 ! atmosph]e is safe1 & x is n ne>ly s risky to d ?is z x s\nds4 ,all t is necess>y is to let a little air 9 f ! outside by cauti\sly op5+ up ! face piece ( ! mask--or ! skirt ( ! helmet 9 ! case ( ! old gas bag--& sniff+ cauti\sly4 ,( c\rse if x is n done cauti\sly & !re happ5s to be a lot ( gas ab\t1 ! ra% man suff]s4 ,a numb] ( m5 7 gass$ ?r\gh go+ into unprotect$ dug\ts be=e !y _h be5 v5tilat$ or ?r\gh w&]+ into pockets ( ! gas aft] ! attack4 ,!y %\ld h be5 on ! look\t = ^! pat*es1 z ! gas notori\sly keeps close to ! gr\nd at night1 & %elt]$ places are b\nd to rema9 unheal?y = mu* long] p]iods ?an ! op54 ,x is curi\s t by "s vag>y ( ! w9d ! cl\d f>!r back hopp$ ov] "s h\ses t 7 us$ z billets & affect$ nei!r ! inhabitants nor ! unprotect$ animals on ! gr\nd1 :]eas "s f[ls t 7 roo/+ 9 ! trees & on ! tops ( ! h\ses 7 kill$4 ,"o in/ance t %[s h[ c>elessness spells casualty 9 gas w>f>e 0 t ( a work+ p>ty ( ?irty or =ty m5 :o 7 busy on railway "w a mile or two beh9d ! l9e4 ,!y _h tak5 (f _! coats & gas helmets & plac$ !m on "s trucks1 b :5 ! al>m 0 giv5 & a ru% 0 made = ! helmets ! trucks 7 f\nd to h gone4 ,"o ?+ t 0 done aft] ! ,augu/ attack 0 def9itely & f9ally to )draw ! ,v]morel spray]s = use = cle>+ ! gas out ( ! tr5*es & dug\ts4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 br\ght up = ! "w ( spray+ fruit trees & v9ey>ds1 _h done "s fir/-class fight+ ( ! ,g]man gas1 "r 9 ! front l9e1 z long z ! gas 0 *lor9e4 ,b ) ! introduction ( l>ge quantities ( phosg5e ! "w ( ! spray]s 0 gone4 ,!y c\ld n t\* ! phosg5e1 & consequ5tly ,tommy's dep5d5ce on !m 0 a sn>e & made ?+s m dang]\s = him ?an if !y _h n be5 us$ at all4 ,= a dug\t might be spray$ & ?\ght1 !re=e1 to be q heal?y to sleep 9 & yet conta9 z mu* phosg5e z w\ld at any rate cause m9or & delay$ effects4 ,to cle> out ! gas rec\rse 0 _h to v5tilation by means ( fires & by specially con/ruct$ canvas fans4 ,^! fans 7 ! inv5tion ( an ,engli% lady nam$ ,ayrton--! wid[ ( ! physici/ ( t "n--& 7 orig9ally int5d$ by h] = fann+ back ! gas cl\d to ! ,g]man tr5*es4 ,( c\rse !y 7 q incapable ( do+ any su* ?+1 b dur+ trials ) !m x 0 f\nd t !y 7 q good1 aft] an attack1 = fann+ ! gas out ( ! tr5*es or creat+ su* a draft ( air into a dug\t or cell> z to =ce out ! impure air f ! int]ior4 ,^! anti-gas fans1 or flapp] fans z !y 7 call$1 are made ( canvas support$ by braces ( cane & atta*$ to a hickory h&le ab\t two feet long4 ,! blade ( ! fan1 :i* looks l an imm5se fly swat1 is h+$ 9 two places & measures ab\t fifte5 in*es squ>e4 ,:5 ! fan is br\ght d[n on ! gr\nd x b5ds ov] on ! back h+e & produces a %>p puff ( air1 9 j ! same way t ! sudd5 %utt+ ( an op5 book does4 ,by work+ ! fans 9 s]ies1 "o man beh9d ano!r1 x is possible to keep a curr5t ( air go+ :i* w v5tilate a room or cle> out a tr5* 9 rem>kably quick "t4 ,9 cle>+ out a tr5* ! fan is br\ght back ov] ! %\ld]1 & ?is helps to 8%ovel0 ! contam9at$ air out ( ! tr5* aft] x has be5 br\ght (f ! gr\nd by ! l[] /roke1 :i* is m l a sm>t slap4 ,^! fans are kept z tr5* /ores1 :i* means t !y are h&$ ov] on relief to ! incom+ unit tak+ ov] ! l9e ( tr5*es4 ,!y h prov$ v useful1 especially 9 skilful h&s _! *ief value be+ t1 unlike ! spray]s1 !y d n di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( gases & !y w deal z unc]emoni\sly ) te> gas & phosg5e z !y d ) *lor9e4 ,by ! "t ( ! la/ gas-cl\d attack ! organisation ( ! ,briti% ,army = def5ce aga9/ gas _h be5 br\ght to a pretty high /ate ( effici5cy4 ,a special bran* ( ! gas s]vice _h be5 detail$ = ! purpose & special gas (fic]s 7 appo9t$ to ! /affs ( ! v>i\s =mations1 f army d[n to division4 ,! position ( divisional gas (fic] is no s9ecure4 ,besides hav+ ! job ( screw+ up ! gas discipl9e ( 8 division & hav+ a g5]al ov]sight ( all gas-def5ce tra9+ & supplies1 he is responsible to ! divisional comm&] = ! prep>$ness ( ! l9e to meet a ,g]man gas attack4 ,he is ! 8intellig5ce0 (fic] ( 8 g5]al z reg>ds all ?+s p]ta9+ to gas & has to be a walk+ diction>y on ! subject4 ,he has to be a great "p ( 8 "t 9 ! front tr5*es & x is up to him to see t all enemy bl9d %ells1 & s on1 are exam9$ & br\ght 9 if !y seem to be any?+ new4 ,z he mu/ deal direct ) ! battalion comm&]s he mu/ "k !m & ! s5ior (fic]s ( ea* regim5t p]sonally1 s z to smoo? ! way 9 gett+ ?+s done4 ,!n if a gas attack or bomb>dm5t is made he mu/ get !re quick1 s z to f9d out all ab\t x f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,altoge!r he is a v important & busy p]son1 & to ^? acqua9t$ ) 8 "w ! foll[+ incid5t w appeal4 ,i happ5$ to ov]he> "p ( a conv]sation betwe5 two ,cockney ,tommies on ! road3 8,:at's ?is 'ere divisional gas (fic]1 ,bill80 8,:y1 he's ! bloke :at goes r\nd & bl[s up ^! obs]vation balloons40 ,! divisional gas (fic] has a numb] ( specially tra9$ noncommission$ (fic]s to help him1 & ea* company ( infantry & batt]y ( artill]y has at lea/ "o noncommission$ (fic]4 ,x is ! fir/ & mo/ important job ( ^! noncommission$ (fic]s to help ! comm&] 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to def5ce aga9/ ,g]man gas4 ,he assi/s at drills & inspections1 help 9 ! arrangem5t & fitt+ up ( al>ms1 9 ! tak+ ( w9d read+s & ! protection ( ! %elt]s & dug\ts4 ,9 8 *>ge are plac$ ! gas fans & ! sampl+ app>atus4 ,a good company gas noncommission$ (fic] is a real joy & c poli% up ! gas discipl9e ( ! company trem5d\sly1 z well z take a lot ( responsibility (f ! ov]work$ company comm&]'s %\ld]s4 ,a bad noncommission$ gas (fic]1 on ! o!r h&1 c be ! direct & indirect cause ( ! loss ( _m lives :5 ! gas attack does come4 ,?is end$ ! ,briti% exp]i5ce ( ,g]man gas-cl\d attacks1 = ?\gh ! #ce? & #cf? ,pione]s made ?ree subsequ5t visits to ! ,we/]n ,front x 0 ea* "t to gas ! ,fr5*4 ,! la/ cl\d attack ( all 0 made ne> ,nieuport1 at t "t 9 ! ,fr5* l9es1 on ,april #bc1 #aiag4 ,s9ce !n ! only cl\d attacks h be5 made aga9/ ! ,russians & ! ,italians4 ,probably ! *ief reason t has caus$ ! bo*e to hold back ) 8 cl\d attacks has be5 8 conclusion t !y 7 unpr(itable aga9/ well-discipl9$1 highly tra9$ & ?or\ghly protect$ troops4 ,) a limit$ am\nt ( gas available he naturally *ose ! me?od t w\ld give him ! be/ results4 ,= ! cl\d attack 8 *eape/ t>get 0 ! ,russians1 :o 7 incompletely equipp$ ) gas masks ( a mod]n k9d & :o = a long "t 7 badly discipl9$ 9 anti-gas measures4 ,aga9/ su* troops ! gas cl\d is j ! ?+1 & ! ,g]mans h e/imat$ t t5 to fifte5 p] c5t ( all troops expos$ to a successful gas cl\d w\ld become casualties4 ,?is 0 probably true on ! ,russian ,front1 b 0 c]ta9ly n true 9 ! ,we/4 ,!n ! gas cl\d has almo/ rea*$ its app>5t limit ( developm5t4 ,!re is a limit to ! numb] ( gases t c be us$ f cyl9d]s1 & !re is a limit to ! numb] ( cyl9d]s t c be dis*>g$ at "o "t4 ,besides ?is ! gas cl\d is l>gely dep5d5t on infantry lab\r = c>ry+ & in/allation1 & x is mighty difficult to br+ (f a complete surprise ow+ to ! "t x takes to prep>e an attack4 ,on top ( all ?is ! :ole proc$ure is wrong z reg>ds effici5cy1 = x puts up ! highe/ conc5tration ( gas :]e ! bo*e does n want x--j 9 front ( 8 own tr5*es in/ead ( 9 ours4 ,= all ^! reasons ! bo*e dur+ ! pa/ ye> has specialis$ on ! developm5t ( 8 gas %ells4 ,( c\rse he may come back ) ! cl\d aga91 & we d n relax our vigilance or x c]ta9ly w\ld reappe>4 ,b unless he discov]s some?+ new 9 ! cl\d l9e1 & if we keep up a high /&>d ( tra9+1 he w n d mu* damage1 ?\gh = t matt] ! same ?+ is true ab\t gas %ells & tr5* mort> bombs4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ris+ importance ( ! gas %ell--,! v>iety ( gases practicable ) ! %ell--,! deadly ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell--,risks ( transport+ 8duds0 = *emical analysis--,r$uc$ ,alli$ casualties--,g]man blund]s 9 %ell+ tactics--,importance ( univ]sal discipl9e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s ab\t ! developm5t ( gas w>f>e has be5 ! way 9 :i* ! gas %ell1 f be+ ! lea/ important me?od ( poison+ ! air1 has become ! *ief gas weapon 9 ! ,g]man arm\ry4 ,! reasons = ?is extraord9>y developm5t1 ?\gh v>i\s1 are n f> to seek4 ,!y lie *iefly 9 ! fact t unlike ! gas cl\d we h n ev5 yet approa*$ ! limit ( ! numb] or size ( ! gas projectiles t c be us$4 ,nor1 :i* is ev5 m important1 is !re any limit to ! v>iety ( ! poisons t c be us$ 9 gas %ell4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t ! gas %ell is n really a gas %ell at all4 ,x is ne>ly always a 8liquid0 %ell & sometimes ev5 a 8solid0 %ell4 ,! t]m 8gas %ell0 is us$ because ! liquid or solid cont5ts are atomis$ by ! explosion ( ! bur/+ *>ge or are di/ribut$ r\nd 9 ! =m ( su* t9y p>ticles or droplets1 z ! case may be1 t !y act almo/ z a gas4 ,9 ! latt] case !y =m :at might be describ$ z a mi/ or smoke1 b ) ?is diff]5ce f ord9>y smoke--t ! gas mi/ or smoke is g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 invisible4 ,j imag9e :at w\ld happ5 suppos+ a %ell 7 fill$ ) wat]4 ,bur/ su* a %ell ) a suffici5tly big *>ge ( high explosive & all ! wat] w\ld be di/ribut$ into ! air 9 ! =m ( su* f9ely divid$ spray t x w\ld =m a mi/4 ,?is mi/ w\ld ei!r vap\rise into ! atmosph]e completely or hang ab\t l a cl\d1 accord+ z ! air 0 dry or moi/4 ,9 any case1 if ! bur/] 7 big en\gh no wat] w\ld be spread on ! gr\nd2 nor w\ld any big drops be =m$4 ,?is is j :at happ5s ) any ( ! poison\s mat]ials fill$ into a %ell4 ,inde$ if ! bur/] 7 big en\gh & c>efully *os5 x w\ld be possible to =m a 8gas0 ) treacle4 ,) a volatile mat]ial l gasol9e on ! o!r h& all t w\ld be ne$$ w\ld be a bur/] j big en\gh to op5 ! %ell4 ,x c be se5 !re=e t ! *oice ( mat]ials = gas %ell is practically unlimit$ & is gov]n$ only by _! be+ poison\s en\gh & by ! ease ( production4 ,ano!r ?+ 9 :i* ! gas %ell has ! advantage ov] ! cyl9d] gas is 9 gett+ surprise1 :i* is naturally mu* easi] to effect ) %ell4 ,by ! way1 if ! read] wi%es to be c\nt$ among ^? :o kn[s1 he w always speak or write ! plural ( %ell )\t add+ a f9al 8s40 ,to talk ( a numb] ( %ells is v civilian4 ,z ,i po9t$ out be=e1 we 7 expect+ some?+ new to happ5 9 ! gas-%ell l9e dur+ ! :ole ( #aiaf1 & _h an idea t ! new arrival w\ld be some?+ ( a cyanide nature--possibly prussic acid itself4 ,:5 x did come1 h[ev]1 x prov$ to be a liquid fill+ closely relat$ *emically to phosg5e & to ! ,k-,/(f1 :i* ,i h previ\sly describ$4 ,^! new gas %ell 7 ! fir/ ( ! pres5t s]ies ( ,g]man gas %ell1 :i* are all di/9ctly m>k$ ) col\r$ crosses & nam$ accord+ly4 ,^! p>ticul> %ell 7 ! ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell1 a gre5 cross be+ pa9t$ on ! base ( ! c>tridge or on ! side ( ! %ell or sometimes on bo?4 ,!y made _! appe>ance on ! ,somme ,front ab\t a =tnight aft] ! battle _h />t$--t is1 ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 #aiaf--?\gh a few ( !m _h be5 us$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* on ! ,v]dun ,front sometime 9 ,june4 ,x 0 n long be=e bl9d or unexplod$ %ell--8duds10 we call !m--7 collect$ & s5t back = exam9ation4 ,?is is "o ( ! disadvantages ( us+ gas %ell--y\r oppon5t c always keep track ( :at y are do+4 ,soon] or lat] a fuse w n function or a bur/+ *>ge w n explode & y\r wat*ful enemy c>efully collects ! %ell1 & has = exam9ation a consid]able am\nt ( ! poison mat]ial4 ,i say 8c>efully collects10 = x is no *ild's play deal+ ) %ell :i* may g (f 9 y\r h&s on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,h[ev]1 x has to be done1 & z x is ! gas (fic]'s pidg9 he manfully %\ld]s 8 task & ! %ell & has x br\ght 94 ,v frequ5tly ! fuse fails to act because a p[d] pellet hold+ up ! /rik+ ne$le has n burn$ away2 b ,i rememb] "o case :]e ! gas (fic] ( "o ( ! armies took back a big dud gas %ell4 ,x meant transport+ ! weighty s\v5ir 9 a n p>ticul>ly well sprung c> ov] v bumpy roads1 & he 0 q reliev$ to arrive at 8 de/9ation--! field laboratory4 ,"h x 0 rev]5tly tak5 to bits by ! exp]ts4 ,imag9e ! gas (fic]'s horror to f9d he _h be5 bump+ along = sev]al h\rs 9 ! company ( a %ell ! p[d] pellet ( :i* _h burn$ away & ^: only safety device 0 ! weake/ ( weak creep spr+s on :i* ! /rik] re/$4 ,a h>d knock or a drop ( six in*es w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h explod$ x4 ,! laboratory (fic]s1 :o are exp]ts at ! game1 may h to g up to ! ,front !mselves to solve important duds :i* are reg>d$ z dang]\s & require exp]t att5tion4 ,9 "o in/ance ! (fic] conc]n$--9 civil life a v celebrat$ pr(essor at "o ( ! ,london colleges--w5t up to ! sali5t & explor$ ab\t a mile & a half ( tr5*es & f9ally locat$ 8 prey--a f9e dud #d4b-;in* h[itz] gas %ell--out 9 ! op54 ,?\gh ! place 0 pretty unheal?y he 8climb$ ! bags0 & made a c>eful exam9ation ( ! %ell :]e x lay1 f9ally br++ x back 9 ) him4 ,i =get :e!r he drew its /+ on ! spot1 b 9 any case x 0 a pretty good ef=t1 especially = a man no long] 9 8 fir/ y\?4 ,*emical analysis ( ! bl9d ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell %[$ ! cont5ts to be a col\rless liquid kn[n to *emi/s by ! ext5sive "n ( 8tri*lorme?yl*olor(ormate40 ,its effects are j z f]oci\s z ! "n implies1 & exp]i5ce %[$ x to be v poison\s4 ,inde$ x is z poison\s z phosg5e itself4 ,! ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell gas--8diphosg5e10 to give x its %ort "n--has _m effects & symptoms t make x a dang]\s weapon4 ,:5 dilute x has a peculi> ?\gh n p>ticul>ly nauseat+ smell1 a smell v>i\sly describ$ z 8e>?y10 8m\ldy rhub>b0--:atev] t smells l--& damp hay4 ,unlike ! %ell gases we _h enc\nt]$ be=e1 x has v little effect on ! eyes & causes practically no la*rymation4 ,& ?is 0 a trap1 because we _h be5 us$ to la*rymators1 s t _m m5 despite ! obvi\s smell 7 n p>ticul>ly quick 9 protect+ !mselves because ( ! new symptoms4 ,( c\rse ?is applies only to su* l[ conc5trations z w\ld take a long "t to gas a man4 ,9 ! high] conc5trations ! ,gre5 ,cross v quickly asphyxiates--j z phosg5e & *lor9e d--& !re is no "q ( :e!r x is deadly or n4 ,! old ,army quip ab\t !re be+ only two k9ds ( p 9 gas w>f>e1 namely 8,! ,quick & ! ,dead10 c]ta9ly applies if y get a ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell bur/+ close to y4 ,b ev5 = gas %ell bur/+ "s di/ance away imm$iate & complete protection is necess>y because ( ! delay$ or aft] effects ( ! gas1 :i* are exactly simil> to ^? ( phosg5e4 ,e c>e t is tak5 ) reg>d to m5 poison$ ) phosg5e has to be tak5 = m5 poison$ ) ,gre5 ,cross gas4 ,^? suff]+ f ! effects ( ! gas are n all[$ to ex]t !mselves at all or to take heavy meals4 ,!y are kept "u close obs]vation = at lea/ two days1 & are treat$1 9 fact1 z casualties ev5 ?\gh !y are n app>5tly ill4 ,be=e ! ne$ = ?is 0 und]/ood an (fic] ,i knew 0 slightly gass$ ) %ell gas b ?\ght no?+ ( x4 ,lat] on he felt a bit que]1 & ! regim5tal m$ical (fic] advis$ him to g d[n to ! dress+ /ation4 ,he walk$ ! l5g? ( ! communication tr5* & !n m\nt$ a 8pu% bicycle0 = a mile's ride to ! aid po/4 ,! ex]tion 0 too mu*1 h[ev]1 & he rea*$ ! aid po/ only to fall dead4 ,! dang] ( n treat+ gass$ m5 z casualties & re/+ !m = a c\ple ( days1 aft] :i* !y w\ld probably be fit = "w aga91 is %[n by a case :]e =ty m5 7 lo/ to ! l9e = a consid]able "t1 ?\gh =tunately none ( !m di$4 ,^! m5 7 "p ( a work+ p>ty engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( dug\ts4 ,!y 7 caught 9 a surprise bomb>dm5t1 b 7 app>5tly n mu* affect$4 ,aft] complet+ _! night's "w !y m>*$ back to billets & turn$ 9 z usual4 ,! next morn+ sev]al ( !m 7 s ill--ne>ly to ! po9t ( collapse--& ! rema9d] 7 s visibly affect$ t ! m$ical (fic] ord]$ ! :ole p>ty to be s5t d[n to ! casualty cle>+ /ation1 :]e !y 7 evacuat$ to ! base4 ,9 /ill ano!r case ,i rememb] a s]geant & tw5ty m5 ( a wir+ p>ty engag$ 9 ! consolidation ( a rec5tly captur$ position 7 simil>ly caught by a sudd5 & int5se ,gre5 ,cross bomb>dm5t4 ,a numb] ( ! m5 7 gass$ & felt pretty se$y1 b cont9u$ _! "w & !n )drew4 ,! s]geant felt no ill effects until an h\r aft] turn+ 91 :5 he woke ) a bad c\gh & int]nal pa9 & di$ two h\rs aft]w>d4 ,"o private w5t to b$ )\t compla9+ at all & 0 f\nd dead next morn+4 ,ano!r di$ soon aft] gett+ up4 ,a ?ird rea*$ headqu>t]s compla9+ ( %ell %ock & di$ ?ree h\rs lat]4 ,i m5tion ^! cases s t my read] w realise :y su* great c>e is n[ tak5 ) m5 :o h be5 expos$ to poison gas1 & h[ by look+ aft] !m 9 ?is way x has be5 possible to r$uce ! numb] ( delay$ cases ( dea? or s]i\s illness to a m9imum4 ,talk+ ( delay$ effects ( gas %ell rem9ds me t at lea/ two docum5ts 7 captur$ dur+ ! ,somme--"o ( !m ,i got myself--:i* 7 obvi\sly notes ( lectures giv5 to (fic]s at a ,g]man gas s*ool or /aff c\rse4 ,9 bo? ( ^! sets ( notes !re 7 ref]5ces to ! ,lusitania1 %[+ t ! ,g]man ,high] ,comm& 0 try+ to expla9 t da/>dly act to its own troops by mak+ out t ! ,lusitania 0 sunk because x 0 c>ry+ phosg5e %ell = ! ,allies4 ,?is lie c easily be nail$ to ! bo>d1 z n a s+le drop ( phosg5e--or any o!r poison gas or liquid1 = t matt]--0 %ipp$ f ,am]ica be=e ?is ye>1 #aiah4 ,bo? ( ! p>agraphs ,i ref] to conta9$ a d\ble lie1 = !y ea* ass]t$ t ! ,fr5* />t$ ! use ( gas %ell4 ,"o ( !m ran z foll[s3 8,! ,fr5* fir/ />t$ ! use ( gas %ell--) great hopes1 b ) little success6 ,! mo/ /rik+ result 0 t exp]i5c$ by ! pass5g]s ( ! ,lusitania1 ^: rescu$ mo/ly di$ lat]40 ,b to return to ! ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell4 ,^! 7 us$ dur+ ! ,somme ,battle 9 enorm\s numb]s1 f> surpass+ any?+ we _h _h be=e 9 ! ext5t ( ! bomb>dm5t4 ,!re 7 a great _m new features ab\t ^! %ell q ap>t f ! alt]$ nature ( ! gas4 ,fir/ ( all !re 0 ! size4 ,until !n we _h _h gas %ell ( only two sizes--#aej-millimetre h[itz] %ell & ! #aje-millimetre h[itz] %ell4 ,! =m] conta9$ f five to eight p9ts ( liquid accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! %ell1 & ! latt] ab\t ?ree p9ts4 ,to ^! long] %ell 7 n[ add$ %ell f ! ord9>y field gun1 or #gg-millimetre gun--q a small affair comp>$ ) ! o!rs & conta9+ only two-?irds ( a p9t ( liquid poison4 ,b !n1 ?\gh s small1 x c\ld be fir$ m rapidly & accurately & c\ld br+ (f an initial surprise 9 a way t ! bigg] guns c\ld n d4 ,%ell ( ^! ?ree sizes 7 us$ !n on ne>ly all occasions & 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,"o ?+ t made l>ge numb]s possible 0 ! simplicity ( ! %ell comp>$ ) ! old patt]n4 ,!re 0 no sep>ate lead conta9] & ! 8gas0 0 fill$ /raight into ! body ( ! %ell1 z ! new mat]ial 0 unact$ on by iron or /eel4 ,! head ( ! %ell 0 screw$ 9 & kept 9 position & p]fectly gas-tight by means ( a special cem5t4 ,z v little explosive 0 ne$$ to op5 !m up & spread ! cont5ts r\nd ! noise made by ! bur/ ( ! ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell 0 little m ?an a pop--at any rate :5 comp>$ ) ! high-explosive %ell or ! old te> %ell4 ,! result 0 t at fir/ m5 7 apt to reg>d !m z duds & to delay ! putt+ on ( respirators until x 0 too late4 ,^! gas %ell are suppos$ to make a peculi> wobbl+ noise 9 ! passage ?r\gh ! air because ( ! liquid inside !m1 & 9 ?is way to be recognisable be=eh&4 ,p]sonally ,i _c tell any diff]5ce 9 ! noise comp>$ ) ,h4 ,e4 or %rapnel ( ! same calibre1 ?\gh ,i h he>d ?\s&s ( bo? k9ds2 b ,i d>e say "s p c1 z ! belief is fairly widespread4 ,( c\rse ,fritz's lib]ality ) 8 gas %ell caus$ u a lot ( casualties1 b n ne>ly s _m z we might h _h if he _h kn[n h[ to use !m4 ,! fact 0 he _h n at t "t got hold ( ! prop] te*nic--develop$ lat] on by ! ,fr5*--( conc5trat+ 8 gas %ell on special t>gets4 ,by n[1 ( c\rse1 he has2 b at t "t he /ill clung to ! idea ( be+ able to poison big areas ) 8 %ell gas by putt+ d[n a s]ies ( b>rages ov] ! c\ntry to be attack$4 ,ei!r he _h n en\gh %ell or he *ose 8 areas too big1 = he did n produce effective conc5trations any:]e b locally4 ,if he _h1 our losses might h be5 trem5d\s4 ,z x 0 x became r a hit-or-miss proposition1 & ,i h se5 hundr$s & hundr$s ( ^! %ell drop into absolutely unpopulat$ areas ( ! deva/at$ ,somme battlefield4 ,9 "o case a batt]y ( field guns came 9 = its %>e ( "o su* promiscu\s bomb>dm5t :ile ,i 0 !re4 ,! numb] ( %ell com+ ov] 0 s great t x 0 l a magnifi$ ma*9e-gun %oot1 b only a v few got on to ! batt]y & ! casualties 7 only two--bo? caus$ by a direct hit on "o ( ! guns by a gas %ell4 ,if ! bo*e _h be5 able to conc5trate 8 %ell on & r\nd ! batt]y in/ead ( giv+ x j ! same am\nt z ! unoccupi$ surr\nd+ c\ntry ! effect might h be5 v diff]5t4 ,"o possible reason = ! promiscu\s & sometimes v casual %oot+ may h be5 ! fact t ! bo*e at t "t _h practically no air obs]vation4 ,our fly+ fell[s _h tempor>ily *as$ 8 planes out ( ! skies & _h %ot d[n all 8 obs]vation balloons4 ,?is made x impossible = him to pick 8 t>gets1 & he ei!r _h to bomb>d ! c\ntryside or %oot 8by ! map10 nei!r me?od be+ p>ticul>ly conducive to good results ) gas %ell4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o or two places t he knew 7 pretty c]ta9 to be occupi$ by our troops 7 giv5 _! full dose4 ,"o su* place 0 ,cat]pill> ,wood--a big n>r[ sp9ney runn+ (f f ! ,fric\rt ,valley & s nam$ because ( its %ape & ! fact t on ! ordnance maps1 on :i* ! woods are color$ gre51 x looks j l a gre5 cat]pill> crawl+ ov] to ! %elt] ( ,mametz ,wood4 ,?is place 0 cont9ually %ell$ ) l>ge numb]s ( ! ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell1 & z x /ood 9 ! side ( a valley ! gas p]si/$ long] !re ?an else:]e & built up a tidy conc5tration :i* caus$ a lot ( tr\ble4 ,! gunn]s 7 among our *ief suff]]s f ^! gas %ell1 z _! guns 7 s frequ5tly plac$ 9 sunk5 roads & folds 9 ! gr\nd = protection aga9/ explosive %ell & arial obs]vation1 & ^! 7 j ! k9d ( places t held ! gas longe/4 ,9 ! op5 mu* less damage 0 done4 ,i rememb] "o night ! fir/-l9e transport ( a battalion ( ! ,black ,wat* ran into a pat* ( c\ntry into :i* ! bo*e 0 ra9+ #gg-millimetre ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell1 & came out ) only ?ree casualties1 two ( :i* 7 f a direct hit on "o ( ! wagons1 ! driv] be+ kill$ in/antly4 ,x seems p>ticul>ly bad luck to be kill$ by a direct hit f a gas %ell1 = ! bits ( %ell t fly ab\t don't d mu* damage 9 ! ord9>y way & don't travel great di/ances4 ,inde$ x is rem>kable1 ev5 9 ! bigge/ gas-%ell bomb>dm5ts1 h[ v few m5 are hurt by ! fragm5ts4 ,! fir/ week or two aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,gre5 ,cross ! toll ( gas-%ell casualties 0 consid]able if n al>m+1 b /eps 7 imm$iately tak5 to get ! situation 9 h&4 ,x is 9 a case l ?is1 :]e a surprise _h be5 br\ght (f1 t ,discipl9e1 ) a v big 8,d10 c\nts = s mu*4 ,=tunately ! gas discipl9e ( ! ,briti% ,army 0 pretty good1 & x 0 n difficult to get new in/ructions c>ri$ out & ord]s obey$4 ,once !y got go+ _! effect 0 mo/ app>5t & ! gas-%ell casualties dropp$ f week to week until !y approa*$ a m9imum4 ,among ! important /eps t 7 tak5 7 a revision ( ! me?ods ( spread+ ! al>m1 & ! protection & cle>+ out ( dug\ts into :i* ! gas _h p5etrat$4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! slight noise caus$ by ! explosion ( ! gas %ell1 & in/ructions 7 accord+ly issu$ t all %ell t s\nd$ l duds 7 to be reg>d$ z gas %ell1 & ! respirators adju/$ accord+ly4 ,?is got ov] "o ( ! elem5ts ( surprise4 ,a great _m m51 especially ^? 9 batt]y positions1 _h be5 gass$ 9 _! dug\ts be=e w>n+ ( ! gas bomb>dm5t _h be5 spread4 ,numb]s ( ^! m5 7 actually gass$ 9 _! sleep & 7 awak5$ too late by ! *ok+ fumes !mselves4 ,:at 0 done 0 to po/ a gas s5try at e batt]y 9 j ! same way t x 0 done 9 ! tr5*es4 ,special local-al>m signals 7 arrang$ s t ! s5try c\ld wake e "o 9 ! neighb\rhood )\t hav+ ! al>m spread beyond ! limit ( ! gass$ area4 ,^! al>ms g5]ally took ! =m ( bells or ( gongs made f big %ell cases2 b lat] on policem5's l>ge rattles 7 f\nd to be ! mo/ effective 8weapon0 = ! purpose1 & numb]s ( ^! 7 di/ribut$ up & d[n ! l9e & 9 ! batt]y positions4 ,x 0 fe>$ at fir/ t ! noise ( ! rattles w\ld be mi/ak5 = ma*9e-gun fire & no att5tion be paid to x1 b ?is did n mat]ialise & ! rattles h done good s]vice4 ,! only ?+ ab\t !m is t !y are made ( wood--& nicely pickl$1 easily burn+ wood at t4 ,9 ! tr5*es k9dl+ *ips ( any k9d are eag]ly s\ght aft] to make a m9iature fire to w>m tea or cook an egg4 ,:5 m5 w g ! l5g? ( %av+ ! h&les ( _! entr5*+ tools to obta9 dry wood x c\ld h>dly be expect$ t policem5's rattles w\ld always be respect$4 ,i am afraid a numb] ( !m disappe>$4 ,) ! artill]y ?+s are n s bad z fuel is easi] to obta9 & ! rattles are !re=e less liable to get lo/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! gas-pro( dug\t--,fir/-aid me?ods ( al>m--,von ,buel[ improves ,g]man gas tactics--,popul> errors ab\t gas--,effectiv5ess ( new ,briti% respirators--,vomit+ gas--,g]mans spe$ up _! manufacture--,gas z a neutralis] ( artill]y fire--,z a neutralis] ( "w beh9d ! tr5*es--,raw recruits a%am$ to we> ! mask--,casualties result+4 ,probably ! mo/ important ?+ t 0 done z ! result ( ! ,somme ,battle exp]i5ce 0 to insi/ on !re be+ at lea/ "o protect$ or gas-pro( dug\t at e headqu>t]s1 batt]y position1 signal /ation1 aid po/1 or :]ev] gas %ell 7 p>ticul>ly likely to drop4 ,i h def]r$ describ+ ^! protect$ %elt]s until n[1 b z a matt] ( fact !y _h be5 devis$ & adopt$ ne>ly a ye> previ\sly1 ?\gh n _m ( !m _h got into actual use4 ,! protection consi/s ess5tially ( a damp blanket fitt+ closely ov] ! entrance to ! cell> or dug\t or emplacem5t1 :i*ev] x may happ5 to be4 ,! value ( ! blanket dep5ds on ! fact t if y prev5t ! movem5t ( air y prev5t ! movem5t ( gas4 ,t is all !re is to x4 ,/op any possible draft & y w keep out ! gas4 ,9 practice ! blankets are kept roll$ up out ( ! way & are let d[n only :5 ! al>m is s\nd$ or :5 gas is ab\t4 ,9 ord] to get an air-tight jo9t ! blanket is made to re/ on a slop+ framework set into ! entrance to ! dug\t4 ,to make sure t ! blanket really does rema9 /ret*$ out ov] ! frame & does n gape at all1 two or ?ree wood5 batt5s are fa/5$ across x at int]vals4 ,:]e space is available two su* slop+ blankets are us$1 at lea/ two feet ap>t & pref]ably f> en\gh ap>t to all[ a /ret*] 9 betwe54 ,?is =ms an 8air lock0--y mu/ g into ! lock & close ! out] blanket be=e go+ ?r\gh ! inn] "o--& n only makes protection ( ! int]ior d\bly sure b makes x possible to ent] ! dug\t ev5 9 ! middle ( an attack or bomb>dm5t4 ,9 ! old days ! blankets us$ to be spray$ ) ! ,v]morel spray] solution1 b any?+ t w keep !m damp & flexible w d4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 too1 ! companies or batt]ies us$ to d all _! own "w on protect+ dug\ts1 & x 0 always possible 9 cold wea!r to obta9 an extra supply ( blankets on ! plea t !y 7 requir$ = mak+ gas-pro( %elt]s4 ,n[adays a close eye is kept on ^! supplies1 :i* are dol$ out by ! eng9e]s1 & x is se5 t if blanket mat]ial is suppli$ = protect$ dug\ts x is go+ to be us$ = protect$ dug\ts1 & = no?+ else4 ,gradually all dug\ts1 cell>s & build+s )9 ! gas-%ell area--let u say up to ?ree miles f ! front l9e--are be+ provid$ ) blanket protection1 :i* means a big decrease 9 casualties1 = once inside su* %elt]s m5 c sleep 9 m or less com=t until !y aga9 h to don _! respirators & face _! t\r ( duty 9 ! poison$ air outside4 ,x practically came !n to ?is--t protection aga9/ ! poison-gas %ell 0 a "q ( gas-pro( dug\ts on ! "o h& & rapidity ( spread+ ! al>m & quickness ( gett+ protect$ on ! o!r4 ,at ! gas s*ools & 9 ! regim5ts & batt]ies m5 are tra9$ to be s quick 9 _! movem5ts t !y c get on _! masks 9 six seconds4 ,!y are also taught on ! bur/ ( a gas %ell 9 _! neighb\rhood to hold _! brea? at once4 ,x s\nds easy en\gh to d ?is1 b x mu/ come to a man automatically 9 any circum/ances he may happ5 to f9d himself--& y c f9d y\rself 9 "s que] circum/ances 9 w>--& to assure ?is a great deal ( tra9+ is ne$$4 ,anybody1 h[ev]1 c hold 8 brea? = ?irty seconds1 & ) practice x is possible to g well ov] a m9ute4 ,dur+ ?is "t x is possible to make a fool ( oneself 9 half a doz5 diff]5t ways 9 putt+ on a respirator1 & yet get x on 9 "t 9 ! end4 ,b drill s]geants w /& = no?+ less ?an ! /&>d "t & ! mo/ meticul\s accuracy4 ,god bless ^! tyrants--!y mu/ h sav$ a lot ( lives6 ,"o ( ! difficulties we began to enc\nt] ) reg>d to gas %ell 0 ! spread+ ( ! al>m among m5 on ! m>* or 9 communication tr5*es :]e no al>m devices are in/all$4 ,9 "s battalions x 0 ! cu/om to tea* m5 to spread ! glad tid+s by tak+ (f _! /eel helmets & beat+ !m ) _! bayonets4 ,?is c]ta9ly makes a good old noise1 b un=tunately x is j :5 gas %ell are com+ ov] t %rapnel is also likely to be 9 ! air1 & to deprive a man ( ?is t9 hat at ?is "t 9 ord] to provide him ) a gas al>m is r robb+ ,pet] to pay ,paul4 ,! be/ way und\bt$ly1 & ! "o n[ taught ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% & ,am]ican =ces1 is to hold ! brea?1 !n put on ! respirator1 & f9ally spread ! news to ev]yone else by %\t+ 8,gas %ell60 z l\dly z possible ) ! mask on4 ,9 ?is way ! in=mation c be spread ?r\gh\t a big work+ p>ty or f front to re> ( a column ( infantry on ! m>* 9 a rem>kably %ort space ( "t4 ,ev5 9 ! tr5*es x is well to give ^w-(-m\? w>n+ z well z by means ( ! local-al>m devices1 = a second or two ( absolutely invaluable "t may be sav$ 9 ?is way4 ,"o soldi] que/ion$ by an (fic] go+ ! r\nds z to :at he w\ld d 9 ! ev5t ( a gas %ell bomb>dm5t repli$ n]v\sly3 8,put on my gas mask & %\t #8,rattles6'0 ,= ! rema9d] ( #aiaf ! bo*e treat$ u ) gradually increas+ numb]s ( ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell4 ,8 tactics1 too1 got a bit bett]--,i mean = him--= he began to make m conc5trat$ bomb>dm5ts on p>ticul> t>gets4 ,possibly ?is 0 because ( special ord]s t 7 issu$ on ! subject4 ,"o ( ^! 0 by ,g5]al von ,buel[ to ! artill]y ( 8 army1 9 :i* he said3 8,!re h be5 _m in/ances ( ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell be+ fir$ 9 small quantities4 ,?is is a wa/e ( ammunition1 z ) all gas %ell good effects are only obta9$ by us+ !m 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! fir+ ( small quantities ( gas %ell has also ! disadvantage t ! enemy is practic$ 9 ! use ( 8 anti-gas appliances & atta9s a high] degree ( gas prep>$ness4 ,= ?is reason ! effect produc$ by l>g] quantities w be r$uc$40 ,?is %[$ ! increas+ int]e/ 9 ! use ( gas %ell tak5 by ! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff1 & heavi] & m conc5trat$ bomb>dm5ts bas$ on ! above ord]s became m frequ5t4 ,"o ( ^!1 br\ght (f 9 unusual circum/ances1 occurr$ at ,arras 9 ,decemb]1 #aiaf4 ,i say 8unusual0 because ! wea!r 0 s cold at ! "t t ! ,gre5 ,cross liquid did n evaporate s quickly z usual b hung ab\t 9 "s places = long p]iods4 ,! bomb>dm5t occurr$ at night & ab\t ?ree ?\s& %ell mu/ h be5 fir$ into "o corn] ( ! t[n--9 fact1 all r\nd ! old gateway ?r\gh :i* ! :ole ( ! transport f ! ,/4 ,pol road w\ld h to pass4 ,! surr\nd+ h\ses & cell>s got fill$ ) gas1 & 9 su* billets1 especially :]e %ell _h actually bur/ inside a room1 ! liquid soak$ into ! walls & floors & only evaporat$ ! next morn+ :5 ! air grew w>m]4 ,a lot ( m5 7 gass$ 9 ?is mann] on ! foll[+ day1 z !y naturally ?\ght ! gas _h vani%$1 & 7 gradually ov]come z ?+s w>m$ up4 ,9 ! op51 gas disappe>$ m at its usual rate1 ?\gh x hung ab\t all dur+ ! bomb>dm5t & = sev]al h\rs aft]1 ?us =c+ m5 9 ! neighb\rhood to we> respirators = long p]iods4 ,"s ( ^! m51 ov]come by fatigue1 actually slept 9 _! respirators4 ,i ?9k ?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i _h he>d ( its be+ done1 ?\gh x has be5 done (t5 en\gh s9ce4 ,by ?is "t ! ,briti% ,army _h be5 fitt$ out ) ! celebrat$ box respirator--a respirator ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ,am]icans1 z x 0 ! type adopt$ = & at pres5t 9 use 9 ! ,am]ican ,army4 ,a %ort description ( x w n be out ( place4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! respirator is to h a box fill$ ) *emicals & atta*$ by a flexible tube to a face piece or mask1 :i* fits closely to ! face4 ,all air brea!d by a man mu/ !re=e pass ?r\gh ! *emicals1 & ^! are s *os5 t !y w absorb any & e poison t may be pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e at ! "t4 ,9 ord] to keep ! air pure 9 ! mask & to h a d\ble l9e ( protection a man brea!s ?r\gh a special m\?piece & has 8 nose clipp$4 ,s ev5 if ! face piece1 :i* is made ( rubb] clo?1 %\ld be torn or damag$ 9 any way ! soldi] is p]fectly safe z long z he does n attempt to talk--t is1 if he keeps 8 nose clipp$ & does n remove ! m\?piece f 8 m\?4 ,! respirator is n only active aga9/ a div]sity ( poison\s gases b x w keep out v high conc5trations ( gas = _m h\rs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ mislead+ /atem5ts made ab\t gas masks--sometimes by newspap] m5 & consequ5tly giv5 wide publicity--is t su* & su* a mask w /& up = s _m h\rs aga9/ gas4 ,x is a v natural ?+ to want to "k or to /ate h[ long y\r respirator w la/1 b )\t /at+ :at conc5tration ( gas is be+ talk$ ( x is impossible to give su* def9ite in=mation ab\t any mask4 ,x simply dep5ds on ! am\nt ( gas !re is 9 ! air4 ,b ! box respirator if kept 9 good condition & prop]ly us$ is gu>ante$ to keep out ,g]man gas cont9u\sly = _m h\rs1 ev5 9 conc5trations :i* x is q impossible = ! bo*e to ma9ta9 9 ! field4 ,9 ! ,am]ican modification ( ! box respirator ! absorptive p[] ( ! *emicals us$ is ev5 great] ?an 9 ! ,briti% box1 & ?is makes x ! be/ respirator 9 ! _w1 :i* is v reassur+ = ^? :o h to make use ( x4 ,! box respirator is conta9$ 9 a hav]sack & is c>ri$ slung on ! %\ld] until su* "t z ! soldi] comes into ! =w>d areas1 :]e x mu/ be c>ri$ ti$ up on ! *e/ ready = in/ant adju/m5t 9 case ( ne$4 ,z ,i m5tion$ be=e1 x c be put on 9 six seconds f ! ^w 8g10 & once a man is practic$ 9 we>+ x he c walk1 run1 %oot1 dig1 speak or d any?+ b eat & smoke 9 x2 & ?is = long /ret*es at a "t4 ,i "k _m cases :]e m5 h be5 =c$ to we> masks lit]ally cont9u\sly = m ?an eight h\rs2 & mu* long] p]iods ?an ?is1 ) p]haps %ort int]vals ( re/ 9 protect$ dug\ts or 9 unaffect$ areas1 are common4 ,( c\rse ! soldi] has to be practic$ 9 putt+ ! mask on quickly4 ,x is n q s simple z ! old 8gas bag10 ab\t :i* a drill s]geant said to a squad3 8,y j :ops x out & y :ops x on40 ,b x does n take long to make m5 pr(ici5t ) ! respirator1 at any rate on ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,x is mak+ him pr(ici5t "u conditions ( w> t c\nts & all 8 in/ruction is n[ aim$ t[>d ?is end4 ,) ! mask 9 position & a t9 hat on top ( 8 head a soldi] has a peculi> beetlelike appe>ance1 :i* is n v improv+1 ?\gh ! foll[+ conv]sation 0 report$ to h be5 ov]he>d by an (fic] ab\t to ent] a dug\t3 8',ere1 mate1 take y] gas mask (f40 8,x is (f40 8,!n = ,gawd's sake put x on60 ,! ,g]mans 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 our new respirators & _! developm5t1 & app>5tly _h great difficulty 9 obta9+ specim5s = exam9ation4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiaf-ag ,g]man soldi]s 7 be+ (f]$ a rew>d ( t5 m>ks = e ,briti% box respirator t !y br\ght 92 b z we 7 do+ mo/ ( ! %oot+ at t "t ,i c h>dly ?9k t ,fritz made a =tune out ( 8 *ance4 ,b to return to ! gas %ell4 ,dur+ #aiag1 x became app>5t t ! ,g]mans 7 plac+ m & m reliance on ! use ( gas %ell & 7 manufactur+ !m 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,= a :ole ye> aft] ! introduction ( ! ,gre5 ,cross !re 0 only "o modification ( ! *emicals us$ & t 0 ! admixture ) ! diphosg5e ( a mat]ial :i* has be5 call$ 8vomit+ gas40 ,?is sub/ance is a *emical nam$ *loropicr91 & x c]ta9ly lives up to its pet "n if y take a real good brea? ( x4 ,! bo*e mix$ x ) 8 diphosg5e 9 ord] to make ! latt] m pot5t if possible1 or else because he 0 runn+ %ort ( diphosg5e2 b he /ill calls ! mixture ,gre5 ,cross & uses ! gas = its kill+ p[]4 ,! *ief developm5t1 h[ev]1 0 r 9 ! tactics ?an 9 ! *emicals us$4 ,gas %ell 7 no long] ?r[n away2 ea* t>get or area 0 app>5tly consid]$ sep>ately & 0 giv5 en\gh %ell to make c]ta9 ( putt+ up a v high conc5tration ( gas on x4 ,at ?is "t ! bo*e divid$ 8 gas-%ell %oots into two classes--^? = 8de/ructive0 effect1 & ^? = 8h>ass+0 purposes4 ,! de/ructive fire 0 int5d$ to take on big t>gets1 :i* 7 n only def9ite b 7 kn[n to conta9 liv+ t>gets--= example1 conc5tration po9ts :]e troops 7 b\nd to be ga!r$2 billet+ areas1 includ+ well-kn[n villages or t[ns2 areas kn[n to h a numb] ( batt]ies collect$ 9 !m1 & s on2 9 ! latt] case ! batt]ies !mselves w\ld be tak5 on individually if _! positions 7 kn[n4 ,ap>t f a numb] ( fairly big bomb>dm5ts1 l t at ,arras1 m5tion$ above1 ! de/ructive %oots 7 *iefly c\nt]-batt]y ones1 int5d$ if possible to 8neutralise0 our artill]y :ile x %\ld be actively engag$ 9 putt+ d[n a b>rage1 ei!r to prev5t a ,g]man attack or 9 prep>+ ! way = our own infantry :5 we 7 attack+1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 0 mu* m frequ5tly ! case 9 #aiaf & ! fir/ half ( #aiag4 ,?is neutralisation bus9ess wants a bit ( expla9+4 ,x w h be5 realis$ t ! ,g]mans 7 & /ill are us+ two v di/9ct k9ds ( gas %ell--^? :i* kill1 l ! ,gre5 ,cross1 & ^? :i* only tempor>ily put a man out ( action1 l ! la*rymators & n[adays ! mu/>d gas4 ,( c\rse1 ! idea und]ly+ ! use ( gas %ell 9 g5]al--& ! :ole w> = t matt]--is to put m5 out ( action4 ,! mo/ effective way ( do+ ?is is to kill1 z t puts a man out ( action = good & he doesn't return4 ,b y c kill m5 ) gas only by tak+ !m by surprise1 because ( ! excell5ce ( ! gas masks4 ,aft] ! surprise has be5 effect$ ! *ief use ( ! gas %ell is to =ce ! oppos+ side to cont9ue we>+ _! gas masks & 9 t way to hamp] !m & r$uce _! fight+ effici5cy = consid]able l5g?s ( "t4 ,?is is :]e ! la*rymators & mu/>d gas & simil> /uffs come 91 because !y are v p]si/5t1 & a little goes a long way 9 =c+ a man to keep 8 respirator on4 ,! quick-kill+ gases1 l phosg5e & ! ,gre5 ,cross1 are n v p]si/5t1 & x w\ld be wa/e ( mat]ial to cont9ue %oot+ !m :5 y c\ld effect ! same ?+ ) ano!r /uff1 :i* w\ld hang ab\t = h\rs or p]haps = days4 ,n[ see h[ ?is affect$ ! ,g]man 8fire = effect10 or de/ructive %oot+1 z appli$ to a batt]y1 & :y ! gas %ell are s p>ticul>ly suit$ = tak+ on t>gets ( ?is k9d1 :i* us$ to be engag$ only by high-explosive %ell4 ,imag9e a batt]y (1 let u say1 field h[itz]s4 ,our m5 are mak+ an attack4 ,! h[itz]s are busy p\nd+ ! ,g]man tr5*es to bits1 & !n !y are go+ to 8lift0 on to ! support tr5*es :5 our m5 g 94 ,! :ole ( ! success ( ! infantry assault may re/ on ! guns' keep+ up to ! program ) ! requisite am\nt ( fire4 ,! bo*e bus9ess !n is to try to put our guns out ( action4 ,if he c d ?is he has ! infantry--,i won't say at 8 m]cy1 b at any rate at su* a s]i\s disadvantage t _! losses w be trem5d\s comp>$ ) :at !y w\ld be "u cov] ( a good b>rage f ! guns4 ,n[ if ! enemy uses high-explosive %ell to take on our batt]ies he c put !m out ( action only by regi/]+ a direct hit4 ,if ! guns are well dug 9 9 good emplacem5ts ) head cov] x w be possible = high-explosive %ell to drop )9 a doz5 y>ds )\t do+ any?+ b sc>e ! gunn]s4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! gas %ell4 ,drop en\gh gas %ell )9 a doz5 or tw5ty y>ds ( ! batt]y position & ! gas w float d[n ) ! w9d & p5etrate e nook & cranny4 ,if ! gunn]s are n quick "s ( !m may be gass$2 & if1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! gun has be5 work$ %ort-h&$ ?is alone may ?r[ d[n ! rate ( fire to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,add to ?is ! fact t ! rema9d] ( ! crew w h to don _! respirators 9 ord] to fight _! gun at all1 & x c be se5 t ! rate ( fire may be r$uc$ to su* a l[ limit z to make x ( little value = ! "t be+2 or ! gun may ev5 be put out ( action completely4 ,once ! fir/ surprise is ov] & no m imm$iate kill+ c be c\nt$ on1 ! bomb>dm5t may be cont9u$ ) p]si/5t gas %ell1 :i* are j z effective 9 mak+ ! m5 we> masks4 ,f our po9t ( view x all comes d[n to ! ability ( ! gunn]s to be quick en\gh at fir/ 9 prev5t+ !mselves f be+ gass$2 & !n lat] ( _! be+ capable ( c>ry+ on ) _! fir+ :ile we>+ masks4 ,x means t gas tra9+ & discipl9e are1 if possible1 m important = ! artill]ym5 ev5 ?an = o!r bran*es ( ! s]vice4 ,?is is realis$ to ! full 9 all _! tra9+ & practice1 = if !y are n able to respond to an ,s ,o ,s call f ! infantry an o!rwise abortive ,g]man attack may be turn$ into a disa/]4 ,x is l ev]y?+ else 9 ?is w>--a "q ( tra9+ & discipl9e4 ,! neutralisation ( ! infantry or ! transport is conduct$ on simil> l9es1 & ?\gh x r>ely rea*es ! po9t ( be+ complete a p>tial neutralisation ( res]ves :i* prev5ts _! gett+ up 9 suffici5t numb]s or 9 "t1 ei!r = re9=cem5t or attack1 may h mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces 9 an op]ation4 ,! p>tial neutralisation is attempt$1 j z = ! artill]y1 by kill+ z _m z possible by heavy surprise bomb>dm5ts ) ! le?al %ell & !n cont9u+ ) p]si/5t gas 9 ord] to =ce ! rema9d] to we> _! gas masks4 ,let me describe z an example a p>ticul> way 9 :i* ! infantry may be p>tially neutralis$ if !y are n ?or\ghly /eady1 well-discipl9$ & tra9$ up to ! f9al dot 9 gas-def5sive measures & ! use ( _! respirators4 ,troops 9 ! front l9e1 :e!r !y are 9 settl$ l9es ( tr5*es or m]ely 9 tempor>y positions1 are absolutely dep5d5t on _! supplies4 ,supplies ( ammunition1 b>b$ wire &1 above all1 rations mu/ be br\ght up to !m con/antly2 o!rwise !y _c cont9ue to fight4 ,all ^! ?+s are br\ght up at night4 ,! motor lorries ( ! ,army ,s]vice ,corps take ! supplies up to select$ po9ts1 :]e !y are tak5 ov] by ! fir/-l9e transport--t is1 ! regim5tal transport1 :i* consi/s ( horse or mule drawn g5]al s]vice or limb] wagons4 ,z night approa*es ev]y?+ is load$ up & dep>ture tim$ s t ! try/+ place ) ! infantry c>ry+ p>ties is rea*$ aft] d>k4 ,^! meet+ places are v frequ5tly crossroads imm$iately bel[ ! l9es1 & 9 position w>f>e are usually situat$ close to ! entrances ( ! communication tr5*es4 ,pass by su* a place by day & y w f9d x des]t$1 b z soon z d>kness has fall5 x becomes a hive ( activity--z busy a crossroads z y might f9d 9 ! c5tre ( a big city4 ,!re is a con/ant movem5t 9 & out ( m51 animals & vehicles4 ,unload+ & tak+ ov] ( ! supplies alt]nate ) *eck+ (f ! goods & ! mov+ (f ( ! c>ry+ p>ties4 ,milit>y policem5 direct ! traffic & relieve ! ev]-?reat5$ conge/ion4 ,altoge!r x is "o ( ! busie/ & mo/ important phases ( ! r\t9e side ( w>1 & anybody !re )\t a special job is a nuisance & is n want$4 ,places l ?is ( c\rse are apt to be well-kn[n to ! bo*e1 & e n[ & aga9 he w drop 9 "s high-explosive %ell or put ov] "s %rapnel 9 ! hope ( cat*+ ! crossroads at its busy h\r4 ,b ev5 if he is lucky & manages to get on to ! spot x h>dly holds up ! "w at all4 ,i h se5 a big %ell drop into j su* a place & make a huge hole 9 ! road1 kill+ m5 & horses & sma%+ up a wagon4 ,half an h\r lat] !re 0 h>dly a sign t any?+ _h happ5$4 ,! hole _h be5 fill$ 9 & ! mat]ial debris cle>$ away4 ,! w\nd$ ( c\rse _h be5 look$ aft] fir/4 ,n[ imag9e in/ead ( ord9>y %ell t a numb] ( gas %ell _h be5 dropp$ into ?is busy c5tre4 ,on a d>k night1 probably v muddy und]foot & ) all ! excitem5t ( kick+ mules1 fl>es go+ up & any?+ f ma*9e-gun bullets at long range to %ell ( e size dropp+ 9 or expect$1 ?+s are difficult en\gh4 ,b ) ! adv5t ( ! gas %ell e man mu/ get himself protect$4 ,x is n[ t ! 8hold ! brea?1 & mask on 9 six seconds0 /unt is go+ to be ( value4 ,) well-tra9$ troops ! losses f ! gas may be negligible1 & x is equally true t !y w be heavy if ! discipl9e is poor4 ,b :e!r "o way or ! o!r x means t all ! fright5$ horses & mules mu/ next be fix$ ) _! respirators & ! "w 9 h& mu/ be proce$$ ) by ev]ybody :ile we>+ gas masks4 ,?is is ! real te/4 ,if ! m5 are well tra9$ ! c>ry+ p>ties--p]haps ) loads ( b>b$ wire on _! backs--w get away z be=e & proce$ up ! fil?y communication tr5* to ! front l9e2 swe>+ probably1 uncom=table c]ta9ly1 b safe4 ,simil>ly ! driv]s w be able to get _! teams away f ! gass$ area z soon z !y are unload$1 & ! s]v+ out ( ! supplies w g on z be=e1 ?\gh at a r$uc$ rate4 ,b if ! soldi]s 7 n able to c>ry on 9 ^! t]rific circum/ances--c\ld n we> masks = long p]iods & c\ld n d any?+ 9 !m--confusion w\ld und\bt$ly sup]v5e & ! "w be br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,if ?is happ5$ ! m5 9 ! front l9e next day w\ld be %ort ( rations1 ( ammunition1 ( wire4 ,!y w\ld1 9 fact1 be neutralis$4 ,x is attempt$ neutralisation ( artill]y & infantry by me?ods su* z ^!1 c>ri$ out ov] l>ge select$ areas & g5]ally z a preface to an attack--ei!r _! own or ours--:i* con/itutes ! ,g]man 8fire = effect40 ,! 8h>ass+ fire0 is simply ! same ?+ on a small] scale & ) no imm$iate tactical reason at ! back ( x except t ( kill+ & g5]al annoyance4 ,z a rule a sudd5 bur/ ( a few %ell w be l&$ on "s likely place1 su* z ! entrance to a communication tr5*1 a sunk5 road1 a bridge or an obs]vation po/4 ,^! small %oots 7 always caus+ u a few casualties4 ,!re 0 no w>n+1 or somebody 0 n quick en\gh1 or did n get 8 respirator on1 or took x (f too soon4 ,!re w\ld always be "s reason--b 9 ! end x w\ld g5]ally come d[n to some?+ t ! discipl9>y ?umbscrew c\ld cure4 ,x is almo/ unbelievable n[adays t at "o "t "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( ^! con/antly occurr+ casualties 0 %ame-fac$ness at be+ se5 9 a mask4 ,m5 w\ld n protect !mselves until absolutely =c$ to d s1 = fe> o!rs w\ld reg>d !m z be+ too easily fright5$4 ,?is 0 especially ! case ) new com]s1 :o did n want to drop 9 ! e/imation ( ! old] h&s4 ,"o case 0 report$ :]e a corporal 9 *>ge ( a small p>ty ( m5 9 pass+ along a communication tr5* ran into "s pockets ( gas f a bomb>dm5t t _h j /opp$4 ,he ord]$ 8 p>ty to don _! masks & proce$$ up ! tr5*4 ,a few y>ds f>!r on !y pass$ ?r\gh ! support l9e1 :i* happ5$ to be fairly free f gas1 & "h !y 7 met by je]s f "s ( ! support+ troops :o %\t$ 8,hello1 got ! w9d up80 & 9 ?is way induc$ ! corporal1 really aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t1 to ord] masks (f4 ,n m ?an tw5ty or ?irty y>ds f>!r along ! p>ty ran into a p>ticul>ly bad pocket ( ,gre5 ,cross & ! corporal & sev]al ( 8 m5 7 s badly gass$ t !y _h to be s5t to ! re>4 ,! attitude ( ! (fic]s is always reflect$ 9 ! attitude ( ! m54 ,at t "t y w\ld sometimes meet "y (fic]s :o _h ei!r be5 on ! out] fr+e ( a gas-%ell %oot or _h m]ely smell$ te> gas ?9k+ !y knew all ab\t x & refus+ to believe 9 ! extreme deadl9ess ( ! poison gas & ! ne$ = enhanc$ discipl9e4 ,!y w\ld damn ! gas & ! ne$ = tak+ precautions1 & _! m5 w\ld consequ5tly damn ! gas & ! ne$ = tak+ precautions4 ,?is ( c\rse w\ld mean ano!r bat* ( casualties :5 ,fritz did treat !m to ! real article4 ,j to %[ h[ a small matt] ( indiscipl9e may result 9 disa/] ,i w\ld in/ance ! case ( two m5 :o took (f _! respirators 9 a front-l9e tr5*4 ,_! battalion 0 go+ to be reliev$ t night & !y took (f _! webb+ equipm5t = ! purpose ( fa/5+ on ! hav]sack & pack4 ,absolutely aga9/ ord]s !y also remov$ _! box respirators1 & ( c\rse x 0 j t mom5t t ! bo*e *ose = dropp+ 9 half a doz5 small tr5*-mort> bombs fill$ ) phosg5e4 ,^! vici\s little guns are v accurate & mo/ ( ! %ell l&$ on or ne> ! p>apet & fill$ ! fire bay ) gas4 ,bo? m5 div$ at once = _! respirators & 9 s do+ upset ?ree o!r m5 9 ! bay4 ,all five 7 gass$ & ?ree ( !m di$ lat]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,mu/>d or ,yell[ ,cross gas--,n deadly b a dang]\s pe/--,its tr\blesome p]si/5ce--,clean+ x out by fires--,sneez+ or ,blue ,cross gas--,ano!r pe/--,its viol5t effect--,! limit ( gas %ell effectiv5ess--,! ne$ = con/ant vigilance & discipl9>y tra9+4 ,?is 0 pretty well ! position ( ?+s 9 ,july ( la/ ye>1 :5 ! ,g]man use ( gas %ell und]w5t a radical developm5t due to ! adv5t ( ! s-call$ mu/>d gas4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ?is gas & s _m mis-/atem5ts h be5 made conc]n+ x t x is z well = ! public to und]/& :at mu/>d gas is1 :at x c d & :at x _c d4 ,on ! "o h&1 x has be5 cr$it$ ) su* impossible pot5cy z w\ld make x wond]ful t any ,alli$ soldi]s rema9 at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be realis$ t 9 mu/>d gas ! ,g]mans possess a v p[]ful weapon ( w> & "o :i* !y are us+ to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place let x be said t mu/>d gas is n a kill+ gas l ,gre5 ,cross1 b t x is ( ! p]si/5t type1 l ! old] la*rymators4 ,unlike ! la*rymators1 h[ev]1 its effects are n transitory & a man put out ( action by mu/>d gas is go+ to be a casualty = sev]al weeks & p]haps long]4 ,mu/>d gas pr9cipally affects ! eyes & ! lungs1 b 9 a v /rong vap\r or 9 contact ) any ( ! actual liquid f ! %ell a man's sk9 may be burn$ v sev]ely--ev5 ?r\gh 8 clo!s4 ,m att5tion has be5 turn$ to ?is bli/]+ effect ( ! gas ?an to any?+ else1 b z a matt] ( fact ! bli/]+ is ( second>y importance & 9 itself does n result 9 ! loss ( _m m5 to ! l9e4 ,( c\rse "o has to be v c>eful4 ,x is fooli%1 = example1 to lean up aga9/ s&bags t h be5 spatt]$ ) ! liquid or to sit 9 a mu/>d-gas %ell crat]4 ,soon] or lat] ! sk9 und]nea? w develop a sev]e & possibly ext5sive bli/]1 :i* is v pa9ful & c]ta9 to la/ "s "t4 ,^! burns are n dang]\s1 b !y are mo/ uncom=table1 to say ! lea/1 especially z !y are mo/ easily produc$ on ! m t5d] p>ts ( ! sk94 ,great excitem5t 0 caus$ at fir/ among ! ,highl& regim5ts because ! /ory 0 spread ab\t t ! ,scots 7 p>ticul>ly susceptible to ! mu/>d gas because ( _! att5uat$ clo?+4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! kilt doesn't seem to be a s\rce ( dang] at all1 & ,highl&]s are burn$ no m frequ5tly ?an o!rs4 ,possibly ! cont9u$ exposure ( _! legs h>d5s !m4 ,! *ief effects ( ! mu/>d gas are on ! eyes & lungs4 ,! fir/ ?+ y notice is ! smell--:i* is slightly ( g>lic or mu/>d--& irritation ( ! nose & ?roat4 ,nei!r effect is en\gh to make y feel gass$1 & ! *ief symptoms develop lat] on4 ,:5 ! gas is /rong x is apt to cause sickness & sometimes actual vomit+4 ,lat] on ! eyes inflame & get v sore1 ! lids swell & bli/]1 b no p]man5t injury to ! eyes takes place1 ?\gh ! victim may be tempor>ily bl9d$4 ,! effects develop$ 9 ! lungs are equally pa9ful & consi/ ( sev]e inflammation & bron*itis1 :i* may take "s "t to get bett] & if n well look$ aft] may develop into pneumonia4 ,x w ?us be se5 t = a p]si/5t gas1 ?\gh n deadly poison\s1 mu/>d gas is a na/y proposition4 ,fir/ ! gas does n ( itself =ce a man to protect himself4 ,) ! old la*rymators a man ei!r put on 8 mask or 8 eyes w\ld sm>t & wat] s badly t he c\ld n keep !m op54 ,) ! ,gre5 ,cross & simil> gases a man ei!r protects himself or dies4 ,b ) ! mu/>d gas1 ?\gh ! smell & irritation may be p]fectly app>5t1 ! effect is n su* z to =ce a man to don 8 mask4 ,yet if he does n d s & cont9ues to live 9 ! vap\r unprotect$ he w c]ta9ly become a casualty4 ,x may take half an h\r1 x may take sev]al h\rs to come on1 b come on x w4 ,ano!r p>ticul> disadvantage ( ! mu/>d gas is its p]si/5ce4 ,x w hang ab\t 9 %ell holes = _m h\rs & ev5 = days4 ,if x gets into a dug\t x is v difficult to get rid ( x1 & z long z !re is en\gh to produce ! fa9te/ smell or irritation ( ! nose !re is en\gh to br+ on s]i\s symptoms ev5tually4 ,?is means t :5 x is us$ our fell[s are =c$ to we> _! masks = v long /ret*es ( "t4 ,! mu/>d gas is kn[n (ficially by ! ,g]mans z ,yell[ ,cross gas1 & ! %ells are m>k$ on ! sides ) bright yell[ crosses & b&s4 ,! pa9t us$ = ^! b&s *anges col\r 9 contact ) ! mu/>d-gas liquid1 s t if a %ell %\ld leak x at once becomes app>5t & c be tak5 away & buri$4 ,! ,yell[ ,cross gas 0 fir/ us$ at ,ypres & bomb>dm5ts !re 7 quickly foll[$ by simil> ones at ,nieuport & ,arm5tires4 ,enorm\s numb]s ( %ell ( all calibres 7 employ$1 includ+ a new & l>g] size--! #h4c-;in* h[itz] %ell1 :i* holds ne>ly ?ree gallons ( ! liquid & c be fir$ a di/ance ( six miles4 ,at ,nieuport m ?an fifty ?\s& %ell 7 fir$ 9 "o night1 & equally l>ge numb]s 7 us$ 9 delug+ ! o!r t[ns4 ,s9ce !n ! numb]s us$ h cont9ually increas$1 especially :5 ! bo*e 0 prep>+ = an attack or expect+ "o ( ours4 ,duds t 7 collect$ %[$ t ! mu/>d-gas liquid 0 a *emical call$ di*lore?yl sulphide1 a liquid t gives (f its vap\r only sl[ly4 ,! %ell !mselves 7 simil> to ! previ\s gas %ell except t ! small "o h a new type ( fuse--a v simple & quick-act+ fuse :i* bur/s ! %ell be=e x c get into ! gr\nd1 & consequ5tly produces a v little crat]4 ,?is ( c\rse helps to spread ! gas r\nd m ?an if a big hole 7 =m$4 ,! respirators keep out ! ,yell[ ,cross gas completely1 & ! blanket protection ( dug\ts w also keep out ! gas spl5didly4 ,( c\rse if a dug\t gets a direct hit ) a mu/>d %ell !re is no?+ = x b to leave x empty = "s days1 z ! liquid _c be remov$ by v5tilation ) ei!r fans or fires4 ,a case t w illu/rate :at ,i mean 0 "o 9 :i* a ?ree-in* mu/>d-gas %ell got a direct hit on a doctor's dug\t & gass$ him & 8 ord]lies4 ,"s "t aft]w>d ! rema9+ ord]lies ?\ght !y ought to s5d ! doctor's ?+s d[n ! l9e & w5t 9 & got !m out ( ! dug\t4 ,!y notic$ a fa9t smell b did n worry ab\t x1 & soon aft]w>d f\nd !mselves gass$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,a fire 0 !n plac$ 9 ! dug\t to cle> x4 ,9 ! meantime ! m$ical s]geant secur$ ano!r dug\t by cle>+ out "s infantrym54 ,9 ! ev5+ ! infantry felt s\l-sick & want$ some:]e to sleep1 s !y w5t into ! orig9al gass$ dug\t & slept !re4 ,9 ! morn+ !y all w5t d[n1 gass$4 ,:]e !re has be5 no direct hit & ! mu/>d-gas vap\r gets into ! dug\t1 x c be cle>$ out j l ord9>y gas1 by v5tilation ei!r ) fans or by means ( fires4 ,= cle>+ dug\ts a great deal ( reliance is plac$ n[adays on build+ small fires inside4 ,a dug\t ) two entrances c be v quickly cle>$ by means ( fires1 z a ?r\gh draft is produc$1 :i* c>ries ! gas away ) x2 b difficulty is frequ5tly f\nd 9 gett+ ! necess>y fuel = ! fire & 9 keep+ ! /uff h&y4 ,bundles ( firewood & k9dl+ mat]ial are suppos$ to be kept 9 ! dug\ts ready = use2 b1 z has already be5 expla9$1 ! ,tommies are always on ! look\t = combu/ible mat]ials = _! own fires1 & cont9ual inspection has to be made to see t ! special supplies = v5tilation are kept available4 ,"o (fic] told me t he always _h ! supplies ( wood1 pap] & k]os5e kept 9 an army-biscuit t9 :i* 0 clos$ & seal$2 because1 z he said1 no ,tommy w\ld ev] inve/igate ! cont5ts ( a biscuit t9 unless absolutely =c$ to d s = lack ( o!r food4 ,x %\ld be realis$1 h[ev]1 t prop]ly protect$ dug\ts h giv5 p]fect immunity f ! mu/>d gas z long z ! protection has rema9$ intact1 & a great deal ( att5tion is be+ paid to increas+ ! numb] ( ! protect$ %elt]s 9 ord] to give ! m5 ! necess>y re/ f we>+ _! respirators occasion$ by ! ext5sive use by ! bo*e ( 8 ,yell[ ,cross ,%ell4 ,9 ,nieuport a special gas patrol 0 in/itut$ = go+ ! r\nd ( ! t[n to see t blanket protection ( cell>s & %elt]s 0 kept 9 good condition1 z !re 0 always a *ance t !y w\ld n be well look$ aft] or t ! blankets _h be5 tak5 d[n by "s ent]pris+ ,tommy = 8 own p]sonal use4 ,r\nd ab\t batt]y positions ! mo/ annoy+ feature ( ! mu/>d gas is ! l5g? ( "t x p]si/s4 ,9 ! %ell holes x c at any rate be p>tly de/roy$ by spr9kl+ ) *loride ( lime4 ,x is r int]e/+ to f9d t 9 "s captur$ ,g]man in/ructions great secrecy 0 laid on ! use ( *loride ( lime = gett+ rid ( ! effects ( mu/>d gas4 ,! bo*e kept boxes ( *loride ( lime 9 all positions :]e ! gas %ell 7 /or$1 & issu$ in/ructions to 8 own troops t 8! use ( *loride ( lime = ! protection ( our own troops aga9/ ,yell[ ,cross liquid mu/ n become kn[n to ! enemy4 ,obs]vation ( ! /ricte/ secrecy is a matt] ( duty j z mu* n[ z x 0 previ\sly4 ,! troops w be ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ^! precaution>y measures1 b no?+ w be taught !m z reg>ds ! nature or composition ( ! antidote employ$40 ,dur+ ! pres5t (f5sive ! ,g]mans h us$ v l>ge quantities ( mu/>d gas1 g5]ally = hold+ purposes & aga9/ our re> l9es1 batt]y positions1 communications & res]ves4 ,?is is kept up = _m h\rs 9 ord] to we> out ! pati5ce ( our fell[s & weak5 !m = ! com+ assault4 ,/rong po9ts t ! bo*e does n wi% to attack are also swamp$ ) ! gas1 & :5 ,arm5tires 7 evacuat$ by ! ,briti%1 ,yell[ ,cross liquid 0 actually runn+ d[n ! gutt]s4 ,b 9 places t he int5ds to assault he w complete ! mu/>d-gas bomb>dm5t aga9/ our troops "s consid]able "t be=e he advances2 o!rwise 8 own troops w\ld run into x & be =c$ to don _! respirators4 ,! quantities ( %ell us$ 9 ?is prep>ation are enorm\s & supplies ( ! mu/>d gas mu/ h be5 accumulat$ dur+ ! w9t] to an unexpect$ ext5t & _! manufacture proce$$ ) to full capacity4 ,take x altoge!r1 ,yell[ ,cross gas is v mu* m ?an an annoyance1 b !re is no "q t good discipl9e & ?or\gh appreciation & c>ry+ out ( ! ord]s laid d[n = ! protection ( troops h r$uc$ ! losses 9 v mu* ! same way t ! screw$-up discipl9e r$uc$ ! losses aft] ! fir/ introduction ( ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell4 ,"o ( ! mo/ objectionable features ( ! mu/>d gas is ! cont9ual c>e t has to be ex]cis$ to prev5t casualties4 ,x is s easy = a man ^: clo?+ is slightly contam9at$ ) gas to ent] a dug\t & contam9ate ! :ole ( ! int]ior & all its occupants4 ,s5tries also h to be po/$ to w>n troops pass+ ?r\gh or into an area t has be5 bomb>d$ ) mu/>d gas1 s t respirators c be put on4 ,aft] a cold night ! (fic]s mu/ be cont9ually on ! wat* to see :e!r ! vap\rs t rise f ! w>m+ ( ! e>? by ! morn+ sun are *>g$ ) mu/>d gas1 & to take ! necess>y precautions on ! slighte/ detection ( ! *>act]i/ic smell4 ,?is smell to my m9d is mu* m l g>lic ?an mu/>d1 & ! use ( ! t]m 8mu/>d gas0 is purely ! orig9ation ( ! ,tommies !mselves4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 s z n to confuse ! ,yell[ ,cross liquid ) true mu/>d oil1 ef=ts 7 made at fir/ to prev5t ! /uff f be+ call$ mu/>d gas4 ,b once ! ,briti% ,tommy decides on a "n = any?+1 t "n x is b\nd to h1 & z he adopt$ ! "n 8mu/>d gas0 = x mu/>d gas x w rema9 = all "t4 ,! o!r new mat]ial t 0 introduc$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! summ] ( #aiag & :i*1 l mu/>d gas1 has be5 9 use ev] s9ce is ! ,g]man 8sneez+ gas40 ,= a long "t high-explosive bomb>dm5ts 7 report$ on _m occasions to be accompani$ ) viol5t sneez+1 :i* at ! "t 0 laid d[n to ! pres5ce 9 ! air ( undecompos$ explosive f ! %ell4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! sneez+ 0 due to ! pres5ce inside ! high-explosive %ell ( bottles conta9+ *emicals ! *ief effect ( :i* is to cause viol5t sneez+ :5 small quantities get into ! air4 ,?is sneez+ mat]ial1 or /]nutator1 to give x its sci5tific "n1 9 ?is case 0 a solid :i* is atomis$ into t9y p>ticles :5 ! %ell bur/s4 ,*emically speak+1 x is call$ diph5yl*lor>s9e4 ,?is mat]ial is us$ emb$d$ 9 ! tr9itrotolu5e ( ! explosive %ell 9 mo/ cases1 & su* %ells are call$ ,blue ,cross ,%ell1 & are m>k$ accord+ly4 ,?is is ! ?ird ( ! pres5t trilogy ( ! ,g]man col\r$-cross gas %ell4 ,! sneez+ gas is also sometimes mix$ 9 ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,gre5 ,cross ,%ell 9 consid]able proportions4 ,! idea und]ly+ ! use ( ?is sneez+ gas by ! ,g]mans 0 app>5tly p>tly t ( gett+ a gas :i* !y ?\ght might g ?r\gh our masks4 ,9 ?is ( c\rse !y 7 disappo9t$1 z ! respirator keeps out sneez+ gas p]fectly well4 ,! o!r idea und]ly+ its use 0 app>5tly to cause su* viol5t sneez+ z to prev5t m5 f gett+ _! masks quickly adju/$ or to cause !m to sneeze !m (f if !y _h be5 put on4 ,?is & all sorts ( o!r tricks ( ! gas-%ell bus9ess h be5 tri$ out at v>i\s times by ! ,g]mans4 ,:ile putt+ ov] ,gre5 ,cross or ,blue ,cross ,%ell1 or bo?1 !y w sudd5ly accompany !m ) viol5t bur/s ( %rapnel1 ! idea be+ t m5 w be s busily occupi$ 9 putt+ on _! masks or 9 sneez+ t !y w n take ! usual c>e 9 f9d+ imm$iate cov] f ! %rapnel2 or t1 on ! o!r h&1 9 tak+ cov] f ! %rapnel !y w n get _! masks on 9 ! m9imum "t or w displace !m 9 _! ef=ts to get away4 ,! sneez+ caus$ by ! ,blue ,cross ,%ell is a mo/ peculi> & viol5t k9d4 ,if y get ! smalle/ dose ( ?is /uff into y\r lungs y />t sneez+ at once4 ,y seem to sneeze f ! v bottom ( y\r /oma* upw>d1 & feel z if ! :ole ( y\r *e/ 7 go+ to come out ) x4 ,?is may cont9ue almo/ cont9u\sly = a %ort "t2 b !re are app>5tly no aft] effects unless ! gas has be5 v /rong inde$1 9 :i* case !re is v pa9ful irritation ( ! :ole ( ! ?roat & lungs :i* w produce bron*itis4 ,?is is ! pres5t /age ( developm5t ( ! ,g]man gas %ell4 ,:e!r !y w add ano!r col\r to _! lot ( ,gre51 ,yell[ & ,blue ,cross ,%ell we d n "k1 b we are prep>$ = x :5 x does come1 & 9 ! meantime he is gett+ z good z he gives4 ,x w be news to mo/ p to realise h[ ! gas %ell are gradually dom9at+ ! field4 ,"s bomb>dm5ts are compos$ entirely ( gas %ell4 ,z _m z a qu>t] ( a million h be5 fir$ on ! attack+ front dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & probably at lea/ "o-qu>t] ( all ,g]man %ell ( all calibres are gas %ell4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are c]ta9 ?+s t gas %ell _c d4 ,!y _c replace high-explosive %ell = ! demolition ( =tifi$ works1 = example4 ,nor c !y be us$ = cutt+ b>b$ wire previ\s to an advance2 & ! creep+ b>rage t prec$$ ! assault+ infantry _c be made up by gas %ell4 ,an ,s ,o ,s b>rage 9 ,no ,man's ,l&1 to cut up an attack1 also w\ld h to be %rapnel & ,h4 ,e4 s z n to gas ! def5d+ troops4 ,:5 all ^! are cut out x w be realis$ t ! proportion ( gas %ell t are us$ aga9/ liv+ t>gets mu/ be v big inde$4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to ass]t t at ! pres5t day1 ( ! actual me?ods ( attack+ m5 direct gas is ! mo/ important4 ,x mu/ be realis$ also t x c become1 & is likely to become1 /ill m important1 & t ! fight betwe5 ! (f5ce & ! def5ce on bo? sides w cont9ue until ! end ( ! w>4 ,s9ce ,decemb] ( la/ ye> ! bo*e has be5 copy+ a me?od inv5t$ by ! ,briti% = fir+ a l>ge numb] ( big drums ( gas simultane\sly4 ,^! drums are us$ *iefly aga9/ ! front-l9e troops & are g5]ally fill$ ) pure phosg5e4 ,z ea* bomb conta9s a gallon & a half ( liquid & _m hundr$s are fir$ at ! same mom5t a good high conc5tration ( gas is produc$4 ,w>n+ is giv5 by ! trem5d\s ro> f beh9d ! ,g]man l9es :5 ! flock ( cani/] or rum-j> bombs />ts on its way4 ,e man :o he>s ! noise gets 8 mask on at once1 ev5 be=e !re is any sign ( gas2 & if he does ?is !re is little dang]1 z ! respirators are q capable ( deal+ ) ev5 ! v high conc5trations ( phosg5e produc$4 ,if a man keeps 8 head & obeys ord]s !re is little to fe> f gas4 ,b discipl9e mu/ be high4 ,z "o ,tommy said3 8,y mu/ be s well discipl9$ t :5 ! gas al>m goes y w ev5 drop ! rum ration s z to get y\r respirator on 9 "t40 ,beyond t x is simply a "q ( c>ry+ on ! "w 9 h& :ile we>+ a respirator1 & ?is is entirely a matt] ( practice4 ,,*apt] ,x ,liquid ,fire--,fir/ us$ by ,g]mans 9 ,july1 #aiae--;,a great surprise & success--,g]man hopes f x--,con/ruction ( a flame projector--,flamm5w]f] companies--,_! p]il\s duties & incid5ts ( des]tion f !m--,improv$ types ( projectors--,co-op]ation ( ma*9e-gun fire--,failure ( liquid fire--,its %ort duration & %ort range--,ease ( escape f x4 ,:5 ! ,g]man ,army ent]$ on its policy ( frightfulness !re 0 none ( its new & unpr9cipl$ me?ods :i* _h m imm$iate & /rik+ success ?an ! use ( liquid fire4 ,& !re is n[ none ( all its me?ods ( frightfulness :i* has fall5 m into disrepute1 & :i* has _h less success :5 once ! fir/ surprise 0 ov]4 ,a great deal ( att5tion has be5 drawn 9 ! newspap]s to ! use ( liquid fire1 b ! av]age man1 ev5 9 ! fight+ =ces1 kn[s v little ab\t ! ,g]man me?ods & ! appliances = its use4 ,yet ,g]many /ill has special troops tra9$ 9 ! use ( liquid fire1 & seeks cont9ually to alt] & develop ! fire weapons & _! tactical employm5t 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! und\bt$ly t]rible appe>ance & de/ructive p[] ( ! high temp]ature flames :i* c be emitt$4 ,?is article is int5d$ to %[ ! /age to :i* ! developm5t has atta9$ & ! reasons = ! relatively innocu\s "* ( :at is probably ! mo/ t]ror-inspir+ me?od ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,?r\gh\t #aiae ,engl& 0 p\r+ new divisions ( its ,national army into ,france4 ,z ) all new troops ! proc$ure adopt$ at ! "t 0 to br+ ^! divisions by easy /ages to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! front l9e1 & !n s5d !m 9 by companies = a f\r day 8in/ructional t\r0 9 ! tr5*es to pick up all ! wr9kles & habits f ! season$ troops hold+ ! l9e4 ,aft] ! :ole =mation _h be5 put ?r\gh x 9 ?is way ! division w\ld be allott$ a def9ite "p ( ! l9e1 tak+ x ov] possibly f ! troops ) :om x _h be5 9 = in/ruction & all[+ ! latt] to get out = a mu* ne$$ re/1 or to get 8fatt5$ up0 = "s imp5d+ or progress+ %[ else:]e4 ,"o su* new division1 absolutely fre% f ,engl& & ) no w> exp]i5ce :atev]1 0 ! t>get select$ by ! bo*e = 8 new deviltry4 ,! portion ( l9e allott$ to ?is division 0 on ! out]mo/ "p ( ! ,ypres sali5t & includ$ ! ru9s ( ! little village ( ,hooge "r at ! po9t ( ! sali5t4 ,?is position _h always be5 a hot corn]--8unheal?y0 9 ! ,briti% army p>lance--& _h *ang$ h&s sev]al times4 ,! tr5*es !re 7 poor z x 0 almo/ impossible to get effective "w done on !m ow+ to _! expos$ position4 ,inde$ !re 7 _m p>ts ( ! l9e :]e no movem5t 0 possible by day & ! m5 on ! po/s _h to lie 8doggo0 until night4 ,! two l9es 7 v close toge!r--9 _m places less ?an tw5ty y>ds--& x 0 q possible to hurl h& gr5ades f "o set ( tr5*es to ! o!r4 ,x 0 on ?is position ( ! l9e1 ov] a front held by two battalions1 t ! attack 0 made4 ,aft] a bomb>dm5t ( sev]al days1 a m9e 0 explod$ "u ! front l9e & !n imm$iately aft]w>d1 at #c3bj ,a4 ,m4 on ! morn+ ( ! #bi? ( ,july & )\t ! slighte/ w>n+1 ! front l9e troops 7 envelop$ 9 flames4 ,:]e ! flames came f c\ld n be se54 ,all t ! m5 knew 0 t !y seem$ surr\nd$ by fi]ce curl+ flames :i* 7 accompani$ by a l\d ro>+ noise & d5se cl\ds ( black smoke4 ,"h & !re a big blob ( burn+ oil w\ld fall into a tr5* or a saphead4 ,%\ts & yells r5t ! air z individual m51 ris+ up 9 ! tr5*es or attempt+ to move 9 ! op51 felt ! =ce ( ! flames4 ,! only way to safety appe>$ to be to ! re>4 ,?is direction ! m5 t 7 left took4 ,= a %ort space ! flames pursu$ !m1 & ! local retirem5t became a local r\t4 ,!n ! flames /opp$ & ma*9e guns began to take toll ( ! fugitives4 ,only "o man f ! front tr5*es is kn[n to h return$4 ,g]man infantry foll[+ up1 p\r$ into ! brea* 9 ! l9e1 wid5$ x1 took our positions z f> back z ,sanctu>y ,wood1 & !n consolidat$4 ,t5 days aft]w>d we c\nt] attack$ & won back ! :ole ( ! l9e conc]n$ b at v consid]able co/4 ,incid5tally1 we captur$ two ( ! ,g]man flame projectors1 "o ( !m complete1 & !y prov$ to be ( ! greate/ possible use to u subsequ5tly = educat+ ! army 9 ! new w>f>e1 & = inspection by our own exp]ts ) a view to _! duplication = retaliation4 ,any "o attempt+ to blame ! troops attack$ = _! retirem5t c h>dly appreciate ! circum/ances1 &1 ,i am conv9c$1 ov]-e/imates 8 own capacity = resi/ance4 ,?is attack 0 an utt] surprise--! k9d ( w>f>e 0 unkn[n & unhe>d (4 ,imag9e be+ fac$ by a spread ( flame exactly simil> to t us$ = ! oil burn]s "u ! bigge/ boil]s1 b ) a jet ne>ly sixty feet 9 l5g? & capable ( be+ spray$ r\nd z "o might spray wat] ) a fire hose4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am pretty sure1 _h ,i be5 !re1 t ,i %\ld h hopp$ x if ,i _h n be5 fri$ by ! heat or froz5 ) t]ror4 ,lat]1 :5 we knew ! limitations ( ^! ?+s x 0 diff]5t1 ?\gh ev5 !n x is a pretty good te/ ( a man's n]ve4 ,! flame projectors tak5 by ! #ad? ,division 9 ! c\nt] attack 7 simple b v int]e/+ 9 con/ruction4 ,! ma9 "p 0 a cyl9drical vessel ( /eel ab\t two feet 9 height & fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] provid$ ) /raps s t x c\ld be c>ri$ on a man's back4 ,at "o side ab\t two-?irds ( ! way up 0 a fill+ hole = oil1 clos$ by a screw cap4 ,ne> ! top 0 a pressure gauge atta*m5t & t[>d ! base 0 a lock clos$ by a lev] h&le & to :i* c\ld be atta*$ a long l5g? ( flexible hose end+ 9 a peculi> %ap$ nozzle4 ,on exam9ation x 0 f\nd t ! body ( ! projector 0 divid$ int]nally into two comp>tm5ts :i* c\ld be connect$ by op5+ ano!r tap4 ,! upp] comp>tm5t 0 ! compressor & ! l[] ! oil res]voir4 ,! compressor *amb] 0 fill$ to a pressure ( tw5ty-?ree atmosph]es ) deoxyg5at$ air or nitrog54 ,air itself _c be us$ because ( its oxyg5 cont5t =m+ an explosive mixture ) ! vap\rs f ! oil1 & any heat+ on compression1 or back-fla% f ! flame or fuse1 might make ?+s v unpleasant = ! op]ator4 ,! nitrog5 requir$ = ! flame projectors is c>ri$ into ! field 9 l>ge cyl9d]s ab\t #d feet #f in*es 9 l5g? & #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,sev]al ( ^! cyl9d]s h be5 captur$ f ! enemy s9ce4 ,^! cyl9d]s are actually tak5 into ! tr5*es & ! flame projectors *>g$ f !m !re4 ,! combu/ible liquid us$ 9 ! flame ?r[]s has v>i$ 9 s\rce & composition f "t to "t1 b x inv>iably has "o *>act]i/ic :i* appe>s to be ess5tial = good results--x mu/ h light or easily volatile & heavy & less volatile fractions mix$ 9 c>efully grad$ proportions4 ,! heavy oil has sometimes be5 a petroleum product & sometimes a t>ry residual oil f ! di/illation ( wood4 ,! light portion1 :i* insures ! jet's keep+ alight 0 orig9ally a light gasol5e1 b at "o p]iod1 :e!r f %ortage ( petrol or n ,i d n "k1 ! place ( ! latt] 9 ! mixture 0 tak5 by ord9>y comm]cial e!r4 ,! light+ device1 fix$ at ! end ( ! flexible hose1 is ! mo/ +5i\s "p ( ! :ole contrivance & is s made t ! oil ignites spontane\sly ! m9ute ! jet is turn$ on1 & is kept alight by a fi]cely burn+ mixture :i* la/s ?r\gh\t ! dis*>ge4 ,! nozzle is ab\t #i in*es long & deta*able s t replacem5t is easy4 ,x clips into ! end ( ! tube & is held 9 position by an annul> r+4 ,:5 ! oil ) its tw5ty-?ree atmosph]es pressure beh9d x is ru%$ out ( ! jet1 x =ces up ! plung] ( a friction light] & ignites a core ( a fi]ce burn+ fuse mixture :i* fills ! :ole ( ! space betwe5 ! c5tral tube & an out] cas+4 ,! latt] consi/s ( a ?ick wick soak$ 9 p>aff9 wax & fitt+ loosely into a ?9 brass case4 ,:5 ! nozzle is 9 position all t is necess>y is to turn on ! tap1 & ! /ream ( flame issues f ! tube & c be direct$ at w4 ,! (ficial "n = ?is in/rum5t we discov]$ 0 ! 8,flamm5w]f]0 7flame ?r[]7 & x is n[ nev] kn[n 9 ! ,briti% army by any?+ else ?an its ,g]man "n4 ,inde$ ?is is "o ( ! v few ,g]man words we h adopt$ z an outcome ( ! w>1 ! only o!rs ,i c rememb] be+ 8/rafe0 & 8,kam]ad40 ,flamm5w]f] attacks are made by ! #crd & #d? ,gu>d ,pione] ,battalions & by ! ,gu>d ,res]ve ,pione] ,regim5t--all ( :i* troops are specially tra9$ 9 flame tactics4 ,ea* battalion is compos$ ( six companies & ea* company is equipp$ ) #ah small or portable projectors simil> to t describ$ above1 & ) #bj-bb l>ge projectors ( great] range4 ,! latt] l>g] flamm5w]f] are built on ! same pr9ciple z ! =m]1 b are too heavy to be us$ z mobile weapons4 ,!y are consequ5tly built 9 to ! tr5*es at ab\t #bg y>ds f ! oppos+ l9es1 &1 if ! tr5*es are n close en\gh toge!r = ! purpose1 special saps are pu%$ out & ! flamm5w]f] in/all$ at ! end4 ,! range ( ^! l>ge projectors is #cc-dd y>ds & !y c cov] a front ( #ee y>ds ) flames4 ,x is probable t 9 ! attack at ,hooge t bo? l>ge & small flamm5w]f] 7 employ$4 ,x is possible ) ! above equipm5t = a flame company to cov] a total front ( #aajj-afjj y>ds4 ,s]vice 9 ! ,gu>d ,res]ve ,pione]s is app>5tly a =m ( puni%m5t4 ,m5 convict$ ( (f5ces 9 o!r regim5ts are transf]r$ ei!r = a "t or p]man5tly1 & are =c$ "u ?reat ( dea? to engage 9 ! mo/ haz>d\s ent]prises & c>ry out ! mo/ dang]\s "w4 ,! foll[+ incid5t w s]ve to %[ h[ ! ,g]man soldi]s are h\nd$ to _! dea? 9 ^! engagem5ts4 ,9 ! summ] ( la/ ye> a small flamm5w]f] attack 0 made aga9/ our l9e at a po9t ne> ,mon*y1 s\? ( ,arras4 ,two bo*es arm$ ) flame projectors ( a modifi$ patt]n 7 in/ruct$ to attack "o ( our advanc$ po/s :i* 0 at ! head ( a sap runn+ out t[>d ! ,g]man tr5*es4 ,9 broad daylight & ) no cov]+ fire wor? talk+ ab\t ^! two poor devils 7 =c$ ov] ! top ) revolv]s press$ into _! backs4 ,"o 0 %ot d[n imm$iately4 ,! o!r manag$ to get cle> ( 8 own b>b$ wire & !n disc>d$ 8 app>atus1 ) ! int5tion ( crawl+ ov] to u & des]t+4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 he _h be5 badly %ot up--:e!r by 8 own p z well z by u1 ,i _c say4 ,8 left arm & 8 "r ?igh 7 bo? sma%$1 & he _h two bullets 9 8 abdom54 ,nev]!less ?is man manag$ to crawl into our l9es & 0 tak5 c>e (4 ,he 0 s5t d[n to a ,casualty ,cle>+ ,/ation 9 a p]il\s condition1 b despite 8 t]rible injuries ,i und]/& ! doctors manag$ to pat* him up1 & t he recov]$ completely4 ,! portable flamm5w]f] us$ 9 ! attack j describ$ 0 br\ght 9 by our patrols ! foll[+ night1 ! spot :]e he _h left x be+ accurately describ$ by ! w\nd$ prison]4 ,x 0 f\nd to be ( a new patt]n & o!r specim5s ( ! same con/ruction h s9ce be5 captur$1 *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,l5s :]e !y 7 employ$ by ! bo*e 9 ! c\rse ( abortive c\nt] attacks aga9/ ! ,canadians4 ,9 ?is patt]n1 :i* is %[n 9 detail 9 ! photograph1 ! compress$ nitrog5 is conta9$ 9 a sph]ical-vessel :i* is conta9$ inside a r+-%ap$ oil conta9]4 ,! :ole ?+ looks l a life pres]v] & is m\nt$ on a light frame s t x c be com=tably c>ri$ on ! back4 ,= a man :o may sudd5ly h to get d[n on 8 /oma* & crawl1 ! app>atus is mu* m compact & bett] fitt+ to ! body ?an ! orig9al type1 b x has no advantage ov] ! old] v>ieties z reg>ds range or duration4 ,! flexible hose :i* c>ries ! light+ nozzle is made ( canvas & rubb]1 & enemy docum5ts :i* h be5 captur$ %[ t only "o tube is provid$ = ea* ?ree res]voirs4 ,aft] ! dis*>ge ( "o app>atus ! long tube is suppos$ to be fitt$ ) a new nozzle & h&$ on to ! o!rs 9 succession4 ,! flamm5w]f] companies are divid$ into squads4 ,foll[+ ! ,g]man army habit ( adopt+ contractions--a habit presumably =c$ on !m by _! cumb]some ^w-build+ language1 ! squads are designat$ ,gr(truppe or ,kleiftruppe1 accord+ z !y are arm$ ) l>ge or small projectors4 ,! =m] is a contraction = ,gross]-flamm5w]f]trupp 7l>ge flame projector squad71 & ! latt] = ,kle9]-flamm5w]f]trupp 7small flame projector squad74 ,9 ! case ( attacks ) ! l>ge projectors1 or a comb9$ attack ) bo? sizes1 ! *ief ?+ is secrecy ( in/allation 9 ! tr5*es4 ,if x 0 asc]ta9$ or suspect$ t flamm5w]f] 7 be+ put 91 our gunn]s w\ld op5 on ! position 9 no "t & bl[ ! app>atus sky-high4 ,z x is necess>y to sap out to )9 #bg y>ds ( our l9es 9 ord] to get 9 a 8%ot10 x c readily be se5 t ! possibilities ( us+ ! l>ge projectors are v limit$1 & z a matt] ( fact little use has be5 made ( !m4 ,attacks ) ! portable projectors are m possible ow+ to _! great] mobility4 ,b "h aga9 ! ess5tial "p ( ! tactics & ! mo/ difficult ?+ to d is to get ne> en\gh ! t>get to make ! %ot effective4 ,! range is only fifty to sixty feet4 ,! ,g]man idea is to cov] ! advance ( ! 8,kleif0 m5 by protect+ ma*9e-gun fire4 ,9 an attack1 ! advance ( ! company is cov]$ by ma*9e-gun fire f ea* side1 conv]g+ at a po9t on ! oppos+ tr5*es4 ,9 ! triangle ?us =m$ ! attack+ =ce1 ! 8,kleiftruppe0 9 front1 !n a p>ty ( bomb]s1 & f9ally ! raid+ or attack+ p>ty take up _! positions 9 ,no ,man's ,l& & crawl z f> =w>d z possible 9 ! 8protect$ area40 ,z soon z ! flame projectors are )9 range1 ! ma*9e guns swit* outw>d to ea* side1 ! flame is dis*>g$ & ! bomb]s ru% 9 & try _! luck 9 ! tr5*4 ,if ?+s g well1 ! infantry foll[s ! bomb+ p>ty & proce$s to its objective4 ,9 an attack ( ?is k9d1 or a less well-support$ attack su* z t at ,arras1 m5tion$ above1 ! attack]s suff] f two su* sev]e disadvantages t aga9/ well-discipl9$ troops !y /& little *ance4 ,^! disadvantages are 7#a7 ! flamm5w]f] c>ri]s h to get s ne> _! objective t !y are almo/ c]ta9 to be %ot1 & !y !n become a s\rce ( dang] to _! own side2 7#b7 m5 9 tr5*es "k !y are p]fectly safe f frontal flame attack if !y keep well d[n & hug ! p>apet side ( ! tr5*4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! flame w n s9k d[n into a tr5*1 b hav+ little =ce beh9d x at ! end ( its j\rney is curl$ upw>d by ! ris+ curr5ts ( hot air4 ,! result is t any sort ( head cov] 7unless made ( wood7 makes p]fect protection1 & a man cr\*+ 9 a tr5* or ev5 ly+ prone 9 a %ell hole1 is v unlikely to be m ?an slightly scor*$ at ! v wor/4 ,i c v\* = ?is1 = ,i h la9 at ! bottom ( a tr5* ) ! flames play+ ov] my head & h n be5 injur$ 9 ! slighte/1 ?\gh ,i confess to be+ v mu* reliev$ :5 ! flame /opp$4 ,! only dang] 9 tr5*es to m5 :o keep _! heads is t ( 8blobs0 ( burn+ oil fall+ f ! end ( ! fi]y /ream1 b ?is is n a v s]i\s *ance4 ,ano!r s]i\s disability 9 ! ,g]man liquid fire is its v %ort duration4 ,! /ream ( flame f ! portable flamm5w]f] la/s r less ?an "o m9ute4 ,x is impossible to *>ge up aga9 on ! spot1 & ! result is t once ! flame /ops ! :ole game is f9i%$ & ! op]ators are at our m]cy4 ,)\t mak+ ! app>atus ( a prohibitive weight1 ! duration ( ! flame _c be increas$4 ,ev5 ! heavy projectors give only a flame la/+ at ! be/ "o m9ute & a qu>t]4 ,x mu/ be realis$ t x is discipl9e & coolness 7if "o may use ! ^w7 :i* c\nt1 & t ! moral effect on un/eady troops1 unaw>e ( ! fact t ! appall+ flames h little de/ructive value1 may be v great inde$4 ,:5 m5 h bolt$ f ! tr5*es into ! op5 !y are an easy prey4 ,an enfilade attack1 i4e41 "o made f a flank1 w\ld be mu* m dang]\s 7 x n = ! difficulty ( approa* & ! fact t ! trav]ses ( a fire-tr5* are z good protection aga9/ flame z ! p>apet4 ,only :]e ! 8,kleif0 squad c approa* "u cov] & get 9 its %ot at an expos$ t>get is ! flamm5w]f] likely to h mu* success n[adays4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( value 0 obta9$ f _! use 9 ?is way 9 ! attack on ,v]dun = r$uc+ isolat$ /rong-po9ts1 notably =tifi$ f>mh\ses & brok5 d[n cottages 9 ! ru9$ villages4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! flame projector c>ri]s 7 enabl$ to approa* "u cov] or by crawl+ among ! ru9s & heaps ( debris1 to )9 /rik+ di/ance ( ! o!rwise well protect$ ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts & positions4 ,by sudd5ly play+ ! fire jet into ! loopholes1 en\gh flame p5etrat$ into ! int]ior ( ! emplacem5t to put ! ma*9e-gun & its crew out ( action--ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly4 ,?is 0 ! opportunity await$ by ! cov]+ p>ty ( bomb]s :o w\ld ru% ! po/ ! m9ute ! flame ceas$1 hav+ made _! approa* :ile ! projectors 7 9 action4 ,b ev5 = special cases l ^! ! circum/ances mu/ be s fav\rable & ! inh]5t disadvantages are s great t ! flamm5w]f] _c be c\nt$ on to atta9 ! requir$ result4 ,! l[ value plac$ by ! ,allies on ! ,g]man flame attack c be realis$ f ! fact t no special =m ( cov] is provid$ aga9/ x4 ,!re is no special =m ( firepro( clo?+ or o!r protection issu$ to ! troops1 & ! in/ructions = meet+ ! attack may be summ>is$ z 8,%oot ! man c>ry+ ! app>atus be=e he gets 9 8 %ot if possible4 ,if ?is _c be done take cov] f ! flames & %oot him aft]w>d40 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,ar*aic or v>iant spell+ has be5 reta9$4