,,sculptur$ ,,tombs ,,( ,,hellas ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,frontispiece ,,sculptur$ ,,tombs ,,( ,,hellas ,,by ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,l9coln ,,& ,,m]ton ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,classical ,,ar*aeology ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,) ,,?irty ,,plates1 ,,& ,,eighty-,,sev5 ,,engrav+s ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,illu/ration ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 #ahif ,all rights res]v$ ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,few griefs & _m joys my life has held1 ,out-l5g!n$ to ! utmo/ b\nds ( eld4 ,my "n is ,symma*us1 9 ,*ios born1 ,:i* ri* ) grapes ! bran*+ v9es adorn2 ,b :5 ,i di$1 my bones 7 hidd5 "h1 ,9 ,attic l&1 to gods & m5 mo/ de>4 ,a!nian ,epitaph4 ,,preface ,! monum5ts erect$ to ! dead belong 9 e c\ntry1 l fun]al cu/oms g5]ally1 to a deep] /ratum ( ! national consci\sness ?an d op5ly express$ beliefs4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a phase ( ! g5]al law t 9 ! hi/ory ( religion cultus is m v5]able & m cons]vative ?an doctr9e4 ,& z1 fur!r1 ! beliefs :i* f9d an expression 9 lit]ature are ^? ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & ! lea/ cons]vative spirits1 x is mislead+ if "o attempts to le>n f ! high] lit]ature ( a p h[ ! masses really ?9k & feel 9 reg>d to dea? & ! life :i* lies beyond dea?4 ,^! consid]ations are c]ta9ly applicable 9 ! case ( ,greece4 ,! two great lit]atures ( ,greece1 ! ,epic & ! ,attic1 belong ea* to a class1 to an ari/ocracy :e!r ( bir? or ( tal5t1 & /& high above ! beliefs ( ! common p4 ,if we wi% to asc]ta9 :at ! ord9>y ,greek citiz51 l'homme s5suel moy51 ?\ght & felt 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 :e!r 8 own or t ( fri5ds1 we mu/ supplem5t ! /udy ( ! poets1 ! orators1 & ! philosoph]s by an inve/igation ( ritual1 ( burial cu/oms1 & ( ! l9es ( tombs :i* /ret*$ f ! gates ( _m ,greek cities on bo? sides ( ! ma9 roads4 ,! purpose ( ! pres5t book may be/ be accompli%$ if we proce$ to consid] 9 succession1 fir/ ! burial cu/oms ( ! ,greeks1 next ! ideas z to ! future life :i* prevail$ among !m1 & f9ally ! monum5ts ( ! dead4 ,x is ! la/-m5tion$ memorials :i* are ! pr9cipal conc]n ( ?is book4 ,= a long :ile ,engli%-speak+ s*ol>s1 & ev5 t\ri/s1 h felt a special int]e/ 9 ! sepul*ral monum5ts :i* =m s m>k$ a feature ( ! great museum at ,a!ns1 & 9 ! ,dipylon cemet]y1 "p ( :i* /ill survives4 ,i h tri$ to set =?1 = s*ol>s & = lov]s ( art1 a concise acc\nt ( ^! monum5ts1 _! p]iods & classes1 _! inscriptions & _! reliefs4 ,& z an introduction & supplem5t to an acc\nt ( ! tombs ( ,a!ns1 ,i h add$ a /ill slight] acc\nt ( ! tombs ( ! pre-hi/oric age 9 ,greece1 ( ! monum5ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ! tombs ( ,sp>ta1 ,boeotia1 & o!r di/ricts1 & ( ! magnific5t ,greek s>cophagi rec5tly discov]$ at ,sidon4 ,x w\ld occupy mu* space if ,i tri$ "h to detail all my obligations to previ\s s*ol>s4 ,! :ole success ( ?is "w mu/ dep5d on its due illu/ration2 & ?\gh ! nucleus ( my illu/rations consi/s ( photographs tak5 = me dur+ a visit to ,a!ns1 ,i h be5 oblig$ also to borr[ f a v>iety ( le>n$ & valuable works4 ,9 e case 9 :i* ,i ask$ p]mission to copy a publi%$ engrav+ t p]mission 0 c\rte\sly grant$4 ,if by mis*ance ,i h 9 any case copi$ )\t p]mission1 ,i tru/ t ,i may be p>don$4 ,ref]5ces to ! s\rces ( engrav+s w be f\nd at ! foot ( my pages4 ,special ?anks are due to ,dr4 ,conze & ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute = all[+ me to use ! plates ( _! magnific5t "w1 ,die ,attis*5 ,grabreliefs1 :i* furni%es repres5tations by photography or draw+ ( almo/ all important ,attic tombs4 ,:]e ! photographs ( ?is "w 7 bett] ?an my own1 ,i h 9 "s cases us$ !m 9 pref]5ce4 ,to ,m4 ,cavvadias & ! ,greek ,gov]nm5t ,i am indebt$ = p]mission to photograph freely 9 ! ,a!nian ,museums2 & to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum = leave to reproduce two int]e/+ monum5ts 7,figs4 #bh #ce7 :i* are hi!rto unpubli%$4 ,:5 ,i h _h occasion to quote f ,hom] & ! poets ( ! ,an?ology1 ,i h usually attempt$ a r5d]+ 9 ,engli% v]se4 ,= ,greek elegiacs ,i h us$ rhym$ h]oic v]se1 & = ,greek hexamet]s ,engli% ballad metre4 ,i h also to ?ank my colleague1 ,dr4 ,james ,williams1 ( ,l9coln ,college1 = all[+ me to use sev]al ( 8 excell5t v]sions ( poems ( ! ,an?ology4 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation1 ,i h decid$ t 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 :i* does n attempt complet5ess1 b is me?odical 9 arrangem5t1 ! be/ =m ( ,index is a detail$ table ( cont5ts & li/ ( engrav+s4 ,by ! aid ( ^!1 any?+ includ$ 9 ! book c be v readily f\nd4 ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]4 ,,ox=d1 ,augu/1 #ahif4 ,,ps4 ,mo/ ( ! abbreviations us$ 9 ! notes w expla9 !mselves2 b ,i %\ld expla9 ! foll[+3-- ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 7#8,corpus ( ,attic ,grave-reliefs'7 is ,die ,attis*5 ,grabreliefs1 ed4 ,a4 ,conze4 ,kaibel1 is ,g4 ,kaibel1 ,epigrammata ,graeca ex ,lapidibus conlecta4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,& ,,index ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,burial ,,cu/oms ,,9 ,,greece4 ,importance atta*$ to burial1 #a4 ,! ,pro!sis1 #b2 illu/rat$ by vases1 #c4 ,pres5ce ( gho/s1 #d4 ,! ,ecphora1 on ar*aic vases1 #e2 on lat] monum5ts1 #f4 ,sleep & ,dea?1 #g4 ,cu/om ( burn+1 #i4 ,fun]al fea/ & spee*es1 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,primitive beliefs z to ne$s ( dead1 #ab4 ,lib]ality to ! dead 9 ar*aic times1 #ab4 ,t]ra-cotta (f]+s1 #ac4 ,sacrifices at tombs1 #ad4 ,evid5ce ( excavations1 #af4 ,classes ( h]oes1 #ag4 ,evid5ce ( sepul*ral leky?i1 #ah4 ,pres5ce ( ! dead 9 repres5tations1 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,beliefs ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,future ,,life4 ,"q :at became ( ! dead1 #bc4 ,hom]ic beliefs2 ,hades1 #be2 visit to ,hades ( ,odysseus1 #bf2 ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 #bg4 ,influ5ce ( ,orphism1 #bh4 ,pa9t+s ( ,polygnotus at ,delphi1 #cj2 ,*>on1 #ca2 ,!seus & ,peiri?\s1 #cb2 ,orpheus1 #cc2 ! ,un9itiat$1 #cd2 ,eurynomus1 #ce4 ,pa9t+ on vase ( ,canusium1 #cf2 ,orpheus1 #cg2 ,h]akles & ,c]b]us1 #cg2 ,meg>a1 #ch2 ,initiat$1 #ch4 ,comp>ison ( ,greek & ,*ri/ian ,hades1 #ci4 ,developm5t ( ! ,eum5ides1 #dj4 ,conflict betwe5 ritual & e?ics1 #db4 ,hades 9 ! ,trag$ians1 #dc4 ,localization ( gho/s1 #dd4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,age ,,( ,,greece4 ,s-call$ treasuries ( e>ly ,greece1 #df2 at ,myc5ae1 #dg2 really tombs1 #ea2 v>i\s =ms1 #ea4 ,rock-graves at ,myc5ae1 #eb2 _! tomb/ones1 #ed2 subjects & /yle ( art1 #eg4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,asia ,,m9or3 ,,e>ly4 ,e>ly ,ionian civilization n yet excavat$1 #ei4 ,tomb ( ,tantalus on ,sipylus1 #fj4 ,geometric tombs ( ,phrygia1 #fb2 ,lion-tombs1 #fd2 _! *ronology1 #ff2 relation to ,myc5ae1 #fg4 ,ar*aic tombs ( ,lycia1 #fg2 pre-,ionian art1 #fh2 ! ,h>py ,monum5t1 #fi2 ,sir5s1 #gc2 o!r ,lycian tombs1 #gd4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sp>ta4 ,relief ( ,*rysapha1 #gf2 its mean+1 #gg2 o!r simil> tombs1 #gh4 ,cultus ( ance/ors at ,sp>ta1 #hj4 ,details ( reliefs2 hon\r paid to wom51 #ha2 food ( ! dead1 #hb2 horse & dog1 #hc4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,h]oiz+ ,,reliefs4 ,di/9ction ( tombs f commemorative tablets1 #hg4 ,l9es ( desc5t f ,sp>tan reliefs1 #hh4 ,a!nian banquet+ reliefs1 #hh4 ,cu/oms ( sitt+ & recl9+1 #hi4 ,tegean relief1 #ij4 ,pres5ce ( vot>ies1 #ia4 ,asklepian tablets1 #ib4 ,tablets to h]oes & to ance/ors1 #ic4 ,! h]o z horseman1 #id2 accompani$ by lady1 #ih4 ,votive tablets f ,t>5tum1 #ajj4 ,! h]o z foot-soldi]1 #ajb2 un>m$1 #ajc4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,a!ns3 ,,p]iods ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,monum5ts4 ,graves ( ,dipylon /yle at ,a!ns1 #aje4 ,p]iods ( ,a!nian monum5ts1 #ajf4 ,fir/ p]iod1 ! m\nd & /ele1 #ajh2 ! table1 #aji2 ! pill>1 #aaj4 ,e>ly ,a!nian tombs usually ( ! "y1 #aaa4 ,second p]iod2 =ms ( tombs1 #aab2 m>ble vases1 #aac4 ,tombs usually ( families1 #aaf4 ,! use ( pa9t+ & metal on m>ble1 #aaf4 ,det]m9ation ( dates ( tombs1 #aag4 ,?ird p]iod1 #aah4 ,pres]vation ( "p ( cemet]y at ,a!ns1 #aah4 ,ar*itectural decoration ( tombs2 ! acan?us1 #aai2 ! sph9x1 #aba2 ! sir51 #abf2 goats butt+1 #abh2 ! lion1 #acj2 ! bull1 #aca4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,a!ns ,,& ,,greece4 ,,portraits4 ,portraits ( ! dead orig9ate 9 ,ionia1 #acc4 ,portraits at ,a!ns1 #acd2 _! ideal "*1 #acd4 ,portrait /atues1 #ace2 on horseback or on foot1 #acf2 female figures1 #acg4 ,! dead z ,h]mes1 #ach4 ,/atues ( m\rn+ wom51 #aci4 ,portraits on /elae1 fir/ p]iod1 #adj2 ,ari/ion1 ,lyseas1 #ada2 /elae ( y\?s1 #adc4 ,second p]iod1 /elae ( citiz5s1 #ade2 /elae ( w>riors1 #adf2 ,dexileos1 #adg2 "y a?letes1 #adi2 hunt]s1 #aeb2 /ud5ts1 #aec2 %ipwreck$ m51 #aed2 *ildr51 #aed2 matrons1 #aeg2 girls1 #aeh2 prie/esses1 #afj4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,family ,,gr\ps4 ,pa?os & *>m ( ,attic gr\ps1 #afb4 ,pr$om9ance ( wom51 #afc4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 9 lat] ,greece1 #afc4 ,/elae ) fa!r & *ildr51 #afd2 "m & *ildr51 #aff4 ,family gr\ps1 #afg4 ,s]ies ( gr\ps repres5t+ leave-tak+1 #afh2 s]ies repres5t+ self-adornm5t1 #aga4 ,/ele ( ,pha5>ete1 #agc4 ,/ele ( ,ame9ocleia1 #agf4 ,dress+ = a j\rney or (f]+s to ! dead8 #agf4 ,dome/ic int]iors or sc5es at ! tomb8 #agh4 ,sev]al /one leky?i on "o slab1 #agh4 ,occasional appe>ance ( ,h]mes1 #ahj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,mean+ ,,& ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,reliefs4 ,d ! ,attic reliefs ref] to pa/ or future life8 #ahb4 ,l9e ( connexion ) ,sp>tan /elae1 #ahb2 ! w9e-cup1 ! pomegranate1 ! cock1 #ahc2 ! dove1 ! horse1 #ahd2 ! dog1 #ahe4 ,reliefs :i* cle>ly ref] to pa/ life1 #ahe4 ,! 1 #ahf4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 orig9 & mean+ ( reliefs1 #ahg4 ,oblong reliefs ref] to ! future1 #ahh2 9 !m ,h]akles & ,dionysus sometimes pres5t1 #ahi4 ,/yle ( ar*aic reliefs1 #aij2 be> "n ( sculptor1 #aia4 ,l[] level ( /yle 9 fif?-c5tury reliefs1 #aia4 ,f\r?-c5tury reliefs connect$ ) ! second ,attic s*ool ( sculpture1 #aic4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,inscriptions4 ,simplicity ( inscriptions on e>ly /elae1 #aie4 ,explicatory "* ( inscriptions1 #aif4 ,occurr5ce ( 1 #aig4 ,inscription ( ,dexileos1 #aig4 ,long] inscriptions aft] ! f\r? c5tury1 #aig4 ,specim5s ( public epitaphs ov] w>riors1 #aih2 ov] o!rs1 #bja4 ,specim5s ( lat] inscriptions1 #bjc2 s5tim5ts z to life1 #bjd2 /atem5ts z to ! future life1 #bjd4 ,orphism 9 epitaphs1 #bjf4 ,?reats to violators1 #bjg4 ,epitaphs ( ! ,palat9e ,an?ology1 #bjh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,lat] ,,monum5ts ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,spl5d\r ( ,asiatic ,greek tombs1 #bad4 ,! ,lycian ,n]eid ,monum5t1 #bae2 its sculptures1 #baf2 its occasion1 #bai2 its date1 #bbj4 ,relation to ,ionian s*ool ( hi/orical pa9t+1 #bba4 ,! h]oon ( ,gyeulba%i1 #bba2 subjects ( sculpture1 #bbc2 relation to pa9t]s1 #bbd4 ,! ,lion-tomb ( ,cnidus1 #bbe4 ,greek graves 9 ! ,crimea1 #bbf4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mausoleum4 ,int]e/+ problem ( recon/ruction1 #bbh4 ,plans ( ,pullan & ,oldfield1 #bcj4 ,te/imony ( anci5t writ]s1 ,hyg9us1 ,m>tial1 #bcb2 ,pl9y1 #bcc4 ,acc\nt ( excavation by ,gui*>d1 #bcf4 ,analogy ( o!r build+s1 #bci4 ,! /atues ( ,mausolus & ,artemisia1 :]e plac$1 #bdj4 ,o!r sculptural rema9s1 #bda4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,greek ,,s>cophagi4 ,discov]y ( s>cophagi at ,sidon1 #bdc4 ,ar*aic s>cophagi ( ,clazom5ae1 #bdc4 ,s>cophagus ( ! ,satrap at ,sidon1 #bde2 its connexion ) hi/ory1 #bdf2 & ) ,ionian art1 #bdg4 ,! ,lycian s>cophagus1 #bdh2 ideal "*1 #bdh4 ,! s>cophagus ( ! ,m\rn+ ,wom51 #bdi2 v>iety 9 expression ( grief1 #bea2 lik5ess to temple1 #bea2 p]haps belongs to ,k+ ,/rato1 #beb4 ,! ,alex&] s>cophagus1 #beb2 dress ( ,greeks & ,p]sians1 #bec2 subjects ( p$im5ts1 #bec2 ! lion-hunt1 #bee2 ! battle1 #bef2 p]haps belongs to ,abdalonymus1 #beh2 ( unc]ta9 arti/ic s*ool1 #beh4 ,! ,amazon s>cophagus ( ,vi5na1 #beh4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,) ,,_! ,,s\rces ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,fig4 #a4 ,,ly+ ,,9 ,,/ate4 ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 u4 ,sicil4 ,vas5b41 pl4 i4 #c #b4 8 8 8 pl4 xxxiii4 #d #c4 ,,fun]al ,,procession4 ,rayet1 ,monum4 de l',art ant41 pl4 lxxv4 #f #d4 ,,arrival ,,at ,,! ,,tomb4 8 8 pl4 lxxv4 #f #e4 ,,deposition ,,at ,,! ,,tomb4 ,dumont1 ,cram4 de la ,grce propre1 pl4 xxvii4 #i #f4 ,,pyre ,,( ,,patroclus4 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ,,ix1 xxxii4 #aj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #g4 ,,*ild',s ,,c(f94 ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell551 pl4 viii4 #ad #h4 ,,(f]+s ,,at ,a ,,tomb4 ,ephem]is ,ar*aiol4 #ahhf1 pl4 iv4 #ah #i4 ,,_s ,,seat$ ,,on ,,/ele4 ,potti]1 ,lcy!s blancs1 pl4 iv4 #bj #aj4 ,,toilet ,,sc5e1 ,,sepul*ral4 ,furtwngl]1 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 lx4 #ba #aa4 ,,gifts ,,at ,,tomb4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,vases1 ,,iv1 pl4 iv4 #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #ab4 ,,! ,,boat ,,( ,,*>on4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 xxiii4 #ca #ac4 ,,! ,,greek ,,und]world4 ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]1 ,s]4 ,e1 pl4 i4 #cf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #ad4 ,,sectional ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,treasury ,,( ,,atreus4 ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,ausgrabung51 p4 #agf #dg #ae4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,int]ior ,,( ,,treasury4 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,la ,grce ,primitive1 p4 #fch #dh #af4 ,,plan ,,& ,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,treasury4 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,la ,grce ,primitive1 pl4 vi4 #di #ag4 ,,ceil+ ,,( ,,treasury1 ,,or*om5us4 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 ,,ii1 pl4 xiii4 #ej #ah4 ,,tomb/one1 ,,myc5ae4 ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae1 p4 #ha #ed #ai4 0 0 0 0 p4 #hf #ee #bj4 0 0 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 p4 #ggj #ef ,,*apt] ,v4 #ba4 ,,tumulus ,,on ,,sipylus4 ,texi]1 ,description de l',asie ,m4 pl4 cxxx4 #fa #bb4 ,,section ,,( ,,*amb]4 ,web]1 ,le ,sipyle1 pl4 i4 #fa #bc4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,midas4 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,phrygie1 p4 #hc #fb #bd4 ,,geometrical ,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,tomb4 0 0 p4 #ajc #fc #be4 ,,tomb ,,flank$ ,,by ,,lions4 0 0 p4 #aaa #fd #bf4 ,,head ,,( ,,lion4 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 pl4 xviii4 #fe #bg4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,we/ ,,sides ,,( ,,h>py ,,tomb4 ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture1 ,i1 p4 #aaj #ga #bh4 ,,gable ,,( ,,lycian ,,tomb4 ,photograph #gd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pl4 ii4 ,,sp>tan ,,/ele4 ,photograph #gf ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,hades ,,& ,,p]sephone4 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 ,,xix1 pl4 ,f #gi #cj4 ,,seat$ ,,h]o4 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 ,v1 p4 #abc #hc #ca4 ,,/ele1 ,,man ,,fe$+ ,,snake4 ,photograph #he ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pl4 iii4 ,,sepul*ral ,,banquet4 ,photograph #hh ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,assur-,,bani-,,pal ,,& ,,que54 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,*alde et ,assyrie1 p4 #ajg #hi #cc4 ,,/ele ,,f ,,tegea4 ,photograph #ij #cd4 ,,co9 ,,( ,,bizya4 ,br4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,co9s1 ,?race1 p4 #ij #ib #ce4 ,,horseman ,,relief 7,briti% ,museum74 ,photograph #if #cf4 ,,horseman ,,relief 7,b]l974 ,furtwngl]1 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 xxix4 #ig #cg4 ,,votive ,,tablet1 ,,t>5tum4 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ,,xi1 pl4 lv4 #aja #ch4 ,,h]o ,,on ,,foot4 ,monum4 ,grecs de l',assoc4 d'tudes ,grecques1 pl4 i4 #ajb #ci4 ,,h]o ,,seat$4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ,i1 p4 #bega #ajc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,a*illes ,,at ,,tomb ,,( ,,patroclus4 ,g]h>d1 ,aus]les5e ,vas5bild]1 pl4 cxcix4 #ajh ,,pl4 iv4 ,,m>riage-,,vase4 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahhg1 pl4 ix4 #aad v4 ,,m>riage-,,vase ,,& ,,leky?i4 ,photograph #aae i4 ,,view ,,9 ,,cemet]y ,,( ,,c]ameicus4 0 #aah ,,fig4 #da4 ,,head ,,( ,,assyrian ,,/ele4 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,*alde et ,assyrie1 p4 #bgj #abj #db4 ,,head ,,( ,,greek ,,/ele4 ,brckn]1 ,ornam5t u4 ,=m5 d] ,att4 ,grab/el51 pl4 i4 #abj #dc4 ,,an!mion ,,( ,,/ele4 ,photograph #aba #dc;,a4 0 0 0 #abb #dc;,b4 0 0 0 #abc #dd4 ,,sph9x ,,( ,,spata4 0 #abc #de4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta3 ,,sph9x ,,& ,,y\?4 ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell551 pl4 lvi4 #abd #df4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,lamptrae1 ,,re/or$4 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 ,,xii1 p4 #aje #abe #dg4 ,,sir5 ,,f ,,tomb4 ,photograph #abg #dh4 ,,head ,,( ,,/ele4 0 #abh #di4 0 0 0 #abi #ej4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,leon4 0 #acj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 #ea4 ,,portrait ,,f ,,tomb1 ,,!ra4 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 ,,iv1 pl4 vi4 #ace #eb4 ,,horseman ,,f ,,tomb4 0 0 pl4 iii4 #acg ,,pl4 vi4 ,,seat$ ,,lady4 ,photograph #acg vii4 ,,h]mes ,,( ,,&ros4 0 #ach viii4 ,,m\rn+ ,,slave4 ,furtwngl]1 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 xv4 #aci ix4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,ari/ion4 ,photograph #adj 0 ,,/ele ,,( ,,alx5or4 0 #ada ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,seat$ ,,h]o4 ,mi*aelis1 ,anc4 ,m>bles 9 ,gr4 ,brit4 p4 #che #adb #ed4 ,,head ,,( ,,y\? ,,hold+ ,,discus4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 iv4 #adc #ee4 ,,d]mys ,,& ,,citylus4 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 ,,iii1 pl4 xiv4 #add ,,pl4 x4 ,,tynnias ,,seat$4 ,photograph #ade xi4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,ari/onautes4 ,photograph #adf xii4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,dexileos4 0 #adg ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,w>rior ,,( ,,tegea4 ,bull4 de ,corresp4 hellnique1 ,,iv1 pl4 vii4 #adh ,,pl4 xiii4 ,,y\? ,,) ,,dog4 ,photograph #adi ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,a?lete ,,balanc+ ,,/one4 ,photograph #aej #eh4 ,,"y ,,horseman4 0 #aea ,,pl4 xiv4 ,,/ele ,,f ,,aeg9a4 0 #aea xv4 ,,relief ,,f ,,ilissus4 0 #aeb ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,democleides4 0 #aec #fj4 ,,head ,,( ,,old ,,man4 0 #aee #fa4 ,,boy1 ,,f ,,/ele4 0 #aef ,,pl4 xvi4 ,,seat$ ,,lady4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xv4 #aef ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,mynno4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xvii4 #aeg ,,pl4 xvii4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,amphotto4 ,photograph #aeh ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,girl ,,) ,,doll4 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 ,,vi1 pl4 ,b4 #aei #fd4 ,,prie/ess ,,( ,,isis4 ,photograph #aei ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pl4 xviii4 ,,euempolus ,,& ,,*ildr54 ,photograph #afd ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,xan?ippus ,,& ,,*ildr54 ,museum ,m>bles1 ,x1 pl4 iii4 #afe ,,pl4 xix4 ,,"m ,,& ,,family4 ,photograph #aff xx4 ,,*a]e/rata ,,& ,,lys&]4 ,photograph #afg xxi4 ,,mica ,,& ,,dion4 ,photograph #afg xxii4 ,,"m ,,& ,,daught]4 ,photograph #afh xxiii4 ,,damasi/rata4 ,photograph #afi xxiv4 ,,"m ,,& ,,nurse4 0 #afi ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,plangon ,,fa9t+4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 p4 #gj #agj ,,pl4 xxv4 ,,hegeso4 ,photograph #agb xxvi4 ,,lady ,,& ,,att5dant4 ,photograph #agc xxvii4 ,,ame9i*e4 ,photograph #agc ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,pha5>ete4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xxxix4 #agd ,,pl4 xxviii4 ,,ame9ocleia4 ,photograph #age ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,sc5e ,,at ,,tomb4 ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 u4 ,sicil4 ,vas5b4 pl4 xv4 #agg #fi4 ,,dome/ic ,,sc5e4 ,heydemann1 ,grie*4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 xi4 #agh #gj4 ,,family ,,gr\p4 ,brckn]1 ,grie*4 ,grabreliefs1 p4 #ab #agi #ga4 0 0 0 0 #agi #gb4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,myrrh9a4 ,gazette ,ar*ol4 ,i1 pl4 vii4 #ahj ,,pl4 xxix4 ,,orpheus ,,& ,,eurydice4 ,photograph #aha ,,*apt] ,,xi4 xxx4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,eutamia4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xxviii4 #ahe ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,dionysus ,,z ,,gue/4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 ,i1 p4 #beci #aij ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,n]eid ,,monum5t 7,falk5]74 ,ov]beck1 ,grie*4 ,pla/ik1 ,,ii1 p4 #aia #baf #ge4 ,,gable ,,( ,,n]eid ,,monum5t4 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahge1 pl4 ,,de4 #bag #gf4 ,,h]oon ,,( ,,gyeulba%i4 ,b5ndorf & ,niemann1 ,h]oon von ,gjlbas*i-,trysa1 pl4 i4 #bbb #gg4 ,,lion-,,tomb1 ,,cnidus4 ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov4 ,,ii1 pl4 xxiii4 #bbe ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 #gh4 ,,mausoleum 7,mr4 ,pullan74 ,ar*aeologia1 ,,liv1 p4 #bha #bcj #gi4 0 7,mr4 ,oldfield74 ,draw+ ( ,mr4 ,oldfield #bca ,,*apt] ,,xv4 #hj4 ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,! ,,satrap3 ,,end4 ,hamdy ,bey et ,t4 ,re9a*1 ,une ,ncropole ,royale ,sidon1 pl xxi4 #bdf #ha4 ,,sph9xes3 ,,lycian ,,s>cophagus4 0 0 pl4 xv4 #bdh #hb4 ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,m\rn]s3 ,,end4 0 0 pl4 vii4 #bej #hc4 ,,alex&] ,,s>cophagus3 ,,end4 0 0 pl4 xxvi4 #bed #hd4 0 0 ,,lion-,,hunt4 0 0 pl4 xxxi4 #bee #he4 0 0 ,a ,,lion4 0 0 pl4 ,,xx4 #beg ,,*apt] ,i ,,burial ,,cu/oms ,,9 ,,greece ,! burial ( ! dead 0 a matt] z to :i* ! anci5t ,greeks _h v /rong feel+s4 ,:5 a corpse 0 n committ$ to e>? or fire1 ! un=tunate _s to :i* x _h s]v$ z a dwell+-place 0 condemn$ to f9d no re/ ei!r on e>? or 9 ! _w ( %ades1 b to w&] unhappily ar\nd ! spot :]e x _h met its fate1 or to flutt] on ! v]ge ( ! riv] ( dea?1 :i* x 0 n p]mitt$ to cross4 ,= su* reasons1 x 0 ! fir/ & mo/ important duty ( an heir to see t ! p]son :om he succe$$ met ) due burial4 ,9 w>1 z a rule1 ea* side buri$ its own dead2 & s great 0 ! horror at neglect ( ?is pi\s (fice1 t aft] a drawn battle ! side :i* 0 n 9 possession ( ! battle-field w\ld commonly ask = a truce = ! purpose ( bury+ ! sla91 ?\gh x !reby ackn[l$g$ defeat4 ,x is well kn[n h[ bitt]ly ! ,a!nians accus$ _! g5]als1 because _! dead 7 n duly buri$ aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae4 ,:5 ,admetus1 9 ! ,alce/is ( ,euripides1 wi%es utt]ly to ca/ (f 8 filial relation to 8 fa!r ,ph]es1 he ?reat5s t he w n bury him4 ,& :5 9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 ,creon =bids ! burial ( 8 sla9 enemy ,polynices1 ! prohibition is repres5t$ z an act ( b>b>\s cruelty1 br++ ) x ! v5geance ( ! (f5d$ gods4 ,9 ord] to p]=m ! la/ rites to h] bro!r1 ,antigone incurs dea?4 ,! plot ( ! la/ half ( ! ,ajax1 :i* seems intol]ably t$i\s to a mod]n read]1 turns on ! "q :e!r ! body ( ! h]o %all receive sepulture or n4 ,x is true t all ! m s]i\s evils ( want ( burial 7 obviat$ by an inhumation ( a m]ely =mal "*4 ,! dead man :o 9 ! ode ( ,horace#a begs ! pass]-by to give him =mal or c]emonial burial1 tells him t x w be q suffici5t if he ca/s ov] ! body ?ree h&fuls ( dry e>?4 ,if ! body ( a man 0 lo/ at sea1 or o!rwise _h become undiscov]able1 an empty tomb or c5otaph 0 erect$1 & 8 _s laid ) c]emonies4 ,9 ! case ( an ord9>y dea?1 !re 0 a regul> ord] ( c]emonies1 :i* are detail$ 9 ,lucian's ,de ,luctu4 ,to ! wom5 ( ! h\se belong$ ! melan*oly duty ( wa%+ & ano9t+ ! corpse1 & prep>+ x = burial4 ,9 ! m\? 0 sometimes plac$ an obolus1 ! fee ( ,*>on4 ,! body 0 dress$ z if = a w$d+ r ?an a fun]al1 9 ri* & clean clo!s2 ! face 0 pa9t$1 & wrea?s 7 plac$ on head & brea/4 ,!n took place :at 0 call$ ! 1 or exhibition ( ! corpse1 9 ord] t fri5ds & relatives might take a la/ f>ewell ( x4 ,vase-pa9t+s give u _m repres5tations ( ! sc5e4 ,fa!r & "m1 or bro!rs & si/]s1 or *ildr51 ?rong$ r\nd ! bi] ) expressions ( love & sorr[1 :ile ! dirge ( ! hir$ wail+-wom5 res\nd$ ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,a t]ra-cotta tablet ( ! six? c5tury1 engrav$ 9 ! text#b 7,fig4 ,i71 gives u a qua9t & vivid picture ( ! room ( dea?4 ,! dead man1 ^: face appe>s1 :ile ! re/ ( ! pa9t+ is brok5 away1 is evid5tly a y\? 9 ! bloom ( 8 days1 :o lies on ! bi]1 clad 9 an embroid]$ g>m5t4 ,close by 8 head /&s 8 "m1 1 at ^: feet is 8 little si/]1 2 a some:at old] si/] /&s at ! foot ( ! bi]4 ,to ! left is a gr\p ( m51 ! fa!r1 1 a gr[n-up bro!r1 1 & two o!r m54 ,to ! extreme "r appe>s ! "n1 ?\gh n ! figure1 ( ! gr&mo!r1 1 betwe5 :om & ! gr\p ( m5 are two o!r matrons1 c>efully di/+ui%$ z ! aunt & ! aunt on ! fa!r's side1 & 4 ,a little *ild also appe>s by a /ool q at ! foot ( ! c\*4 ,! lett]s 9 ! field repres5t ! wail+s ( ! wom54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,ly+ ,,9 ,,/ate4 ,a beautiful ,attic vase ( ! fif? c5tury 7,fig4 #b7 gives u a less qua9t b m graceful repres5tation ( ! pro!sis#c4 ,9 ?is case ! corpse is t ( a woman1 :o lies on h] bi] n m]ely clad 9 gre5 g>m5ts1 b deck$ ) a necklace4 ,! fri5ds gr\p$ ab\t h] are all wom51 ) hair cut %ort 9 sign ( m\rn+1 clad 9 g>m5ts ( d>k br[n1 gre51 or blue4 ,! lady :o /&s at ! foot ( ! bi] & h] neighb\r place _! h&s on _! heads 9 sign ( grief2 _! dress is t ( burgh] ladies2 no d\bt !y are ! ne>e/ relatives ( ! dead4 ,! girl :o /&s at ! head ( ! bi] is a slave or hir$ att5dant4 ,%e is m simply clad1 & c>ries 9 "o h& a flapp] or fan to keep (f ! flies1 9 ! o!r a basket conta9+ fillets or ribbons4 ,a wrea? hangs aga9/ ! wall ( ! room4 ,?ree small1 nak$1 w+$ idola hov] 9 ! air4 ,!y are d\btless spirits ( ! dead3 b ! motive = _! pres5ce is n cle>4 ,"o might at fir/ be dispos$ to reg>d !m z m]ely ready to receive ! dep>t$ _s2 ! figure ne>e/ to ! m\? ( ! corpse might ev5 be reg>d$ z ! s\l :i* has j tak5 flight4 ,b ^! views sc>cely acc\nt = ! attitude1 :i* is cle>ly 9 ea* ( ! ?ree idola a recogniz$ sign ( grief4 ,9 fact1 ! close resemblance ( ge/ure betwe5 ! lady :o /&s at ! foot ( ! bi] & ! w+$ figure above h] seems to %[ t !y %>e ! same feel+1 :i* is "o ( sorr[4 ,b :y %\ld spirits grieve at receiv+ a companion f ! l& ( ! liv+8 ,! "q is n easy to answ]4 ,we may obs]ve t 9 all sc5es ( ?is k9d1 :5 ^! little sprites are introduc$1 !y are 9 ! same attitude4 ,! lam5tations ( ! liv+ seem always to awake a responsive e*o 9 _! brea/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,ly+ ,,9 ,,/ate4 ,aft] ! lay+ out1 1 came ! 1 or burial4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! body 0 tak51 deck$ & clad z x 01 & laid on a wagon1 or on a bi] to be c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( fri5ds4 ,a procession 0 =m$1 includ+ ne> fri5ds1 musicians1 hir$ wail+-wom51 & o!rs :o c>ri$ ! vessels ne$$ = ! la/ sad rites4 ,to ! mod]n visitor 9 ,greece none ( ! exi/+ cu/oms is m /rik+ ?an t ( be>+ to ! grave bodies deck$ out & pa9t$1 & look+ m l wax images f ,tussaud's ?an ! actual relics ( humanity4 ,sev]al monum5ts ( ! e>ly p]iod pres5t u ) repres5tations ( ! s cle> t we c judge ) c]ta9ty ev5 ( its details4 ,( ^! ! e>lie/ are vases ( ! eigh? c5tury f ! ,dipylon cemet]y4 ,"o engrav$ 9 ! ,monum5ti ( ! ,roman ,in/itute#d cle>ly repres5ts ! fun]al ( a di/+ui%$ *ief4 ,! body lies on ! top ( a l(ty bi]1 support$ by f\r columns1 :i* aga9 is c>ri$ on a c> drawn by two horses4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! c> come ! relatives3 & x is accompani$ by long /r+s ( m\rn]s1 :o are depict$ 9 ! *ildi% fa%ion ( ! art ( ! "t z alike nak$4 ,! wom5 are di/+ui%$ by ! brea/ m]ely1 ! m5 by swords :i* !y c>ry at ! wai/4 ,! geese :i* seem to foll[ ! procession are only ins]t$ to fill up vacant spaces 9 ! design2 s9ce !re is no?+ to :i* ! e>ly vase-pa9t] objects m /rongly ?an leav+ any "p ( ! gr\nd )\t figures4 ,on ano!r contempor>y vase1 publi%$ on ! same plate1 is a sc5e ( 2 ! corpse on its bi] is surr\nd$ by m\rn]s1 :o seem to be spr9kl+ x ) lu/ral wat]4 ,^! glimpses into ! daily life ( pre-hi/oric ,a!ns are v attractive2 & ! life :i* !y reveal diff]s b little f t ( ! hi/oric ,a!ns ( ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,an ar*aic t]ra-cotta1 "h engrav$ 7,fig4 #c7e1 gives u a vivid repres5tation ( ! appe>ance ( ! fun]al cortge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fun]al ,,procession4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,arrival ,,at ,,! ,,tomb4 ,! corpse is plac$ on a c> drawn by two horses4 ,x is accompani$ by a woman :o be>s on h] head a j> ( w9e = ! fun]al libations1 & by two wail+-wom5 :o te> _! hair z !y walk4 ,beh9d1 comes a be>d$ flute-play]1 & two "y m51 d\btless ! next ( k94 ,a vase ( ! six? c5tury1 :i* also we engrave 7,fig4 #d71 repres5ts a comp>atively mode/ fun]al#f4 ,! arrival at ! tomb is depict$4 ,! dead man1 ^: face is uncov]$1 lies on a bi] drawn by two asses4 ,! procession resembles t ( ! la/ repres5tation2 ! flute-play]1 :o we>s a long :ite robe1 & ! next ( k9 foll[ ! bi]2 ( ! wail+-wom51 two are p]*$ on ! fun]al wagon1 o!r two /& 9 front ( ! grave1 :i* appe>s z a squ>e erection to ! "r4 ,! cock :o is to =m "p ( ! (f]+s to ! dead /&s betwe5 two trees :i* m>k ! gravey>d4 ,su* 0 ! actual prosaic procession to ! grave4 ,b ! arti/s :o pa9t$ ! :ite ,a!nian leky?i1 vessels especially made to be plac$ 9 ! tomb#g1 pref]r$ 9 _! repres5tations ( fun]als to take refuge 9 ! realm ( imag]y & fancy4 ,= ! actual c>riage ( ! body to ! place ( burial !y sub/itute a poetic fiction4 ,:5 9 ! battles be=e ,troy1 ,s>p$on fell b5ea? ! spe> ( ,patroclus1 we are told 9 ! ,iliad t ! gods took *>ge ( 8 body :i* ! foeman _h despoil$#h4 ,to ,phoebus !n 8 ,fa!r spake ,:o drives ! cl\ds along1 #8,de> ,phoebus g1 ,s>p$on f9d ,amid ! battle ?rong1 ,f purple gore 8 body lave2 ,!n be> him f> away1 ,& wa% him 9 ! fl[+ /ream1 ,& 9 ambrosia lay2 ,) g>m5ts clo! t wax n old1 ,& let ! w+$ pair1 ,! bre?r5 ,sleep & ,dea?1 f !nce ,8 body swiftly be> ,to weal?y ,lycia's goodly l&1 ,:]e k9sm5 %all be fa9 ,to heap ! m\nd & set ! /one1 ,! gu]don ( ! sla94' ,x is ?or\ghly 9 accord ) ! _s ( ,greek art t x %\ld h welcom$ & dwelt on ! idea ?us sugge/$ by ! epic poet4 ,greek pa9t]s & sculptors1 l ,greek dramati/s & lyric poets1 lov$ above all ?+s to escape f ! prosaic details ( actual life into ! ideal _w ( my? & fancy1 into ! language ( :i* !y translat$ ! facts ( e-day exi/5ce4 ,on a v beautiful r$-figur$ vase1 ascrib$ to ,euphronius1 is repres5t$ ! be>+ away ( ,s>p$on's dead body by ,sleep & ,dea?1 ,sleep be+ a b5ign daemon ) yell[ hair1 ,dea? a d>k-hair$ be+ ( m =bidd+ aspect#i4 ,& aft] ! prec$5t furni%$ by ,s>p$on1 ,sleep & ,dea? h be5 introduc$ into sc5es on o!r ,greek vases1 :]e9 ! body is n t ( any anci5t h]o1 b ( an ord9>y citiz54 ,we give an example f an ,attic :ite leky?os#aj 7,fig4 #e74 ,! dead body1 ! eyes ( :i* are n clos$ 9 dea?1 is t ( a girl1 :o is borne to ! re/+-place indicat$ by a sepul*ral /ele by two w+$ figures1 ( :om ! be>d$ "o is d\btless ,dea? & ! y\ng]1 or be>dless1 ,sleep4 ,! god ,h]mes1 z conductor ( s\ls1 is pres5t to preside at ! deposition at ! tomb4 ,! tw9 bre?r5 ,sleep & ,dea? belong to poetry r ?an to real belief4 ,& x is ! bodies1 n ! spirits1 ( ! dead :i* !y be> to ! la/ re/+-place4 ,o!r ,a!nian leky?i repres5t ! j\rney ( ! s\l to ! l& ( %ades1 "u ! guidance ( ,h]mes or 9 ! boat ( ,*>on4 ,) ^! pictures ,i w deal 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 :i* treats ( ,greek beliefs z to ! future life4 ,meantime we mu/ foll[ ! fun]al procession to ! cemet]y4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic age ! bodies ( fall5 *iefs 7 burn$ ) mu* c]emony1 & fun]al games celebrat$ at _! tombs4 ,! classical in/ance is ! burn+ ( ! body ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,deposition ,,at ,,! ,,tomb4 ,patroclus 9 ! ,iliad4 ,b ev5 at t "t x is d\btful :e!r s exp5sive a me?od ( dispos+ ( ! body 0 at all univ]sal4 ,9 hi/orical times1 z may be abundantly prov$ f anci5t writ]s & f exi/+ rema9s1 ! cu/oms ( burn+ & ( bury+ fl\ri%$ toge!r4 ,di/+ui%$ & weal?y m5 commonly _h _! fun]al pyres1 b ! bodies ( ! ,k+s ( ,sp>ta1 = example1 :5 !y di$ abroad1 7 embalm$ & c>ri$ home = burial1 in/ead ( be+ burn$4 ,9 v>i\s cemet]ies ( ,greece we f9d sometimes ! "o cu/om mo/ preval5t & sometimes ! o!r4 ,x is unnecess>y 9 ! pres5t place to g beyond ?is g5]al /atem5t4 ,:5 ! body 0 buri$1 x 0 n1 save v r>ely1 plac$ 9 a s>cophagus ( /one1 b f> m commonly 9 a hole 9 ! rock2 or a grave 0 dug 9 ! soil & a small *amb] con/ruct$ ( slabs ( /one or t]ra-cotta4 ,9 case ( burn+1 a pyre ( wood 0 erect$ 9 or ne> ! cemet]y1 & aft] ! flames _h burn$ !mselves out1 ! human a%es1 :i* are readily to be di/+ui%$1 7 c>efully & pi\sly collect$ & plac$ 9 a vessel ( bronze or ( e>!nw>e1 :i* might ei!r be buri$ or pres]v$ 9 "s hall[$ spot 9 ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,pyre ,,( ,,patroclus4 ,a late vase ( ,canusium#aa furni%es u ) a repres5tation ( ! pyre ( ,patroclus1 & ( ! sacrifices :i* accord+ to ,hom] 7 p]=m$ at x 7,fig4 #f74 ,9 ! mid/ is ! pyre ( great logs1 on :i* is heap$ ! arm\r ( ,patroclus4 ,?is detail %[s1 we may obs]ve1 h[ free are ev5 ! lat] vase-pa9t]s 9 _! treatm5t ( ,hom]ic sc5es1 = ,patroclus' arm\r1 :i* ,hector _h c>ri$ (f1 is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad z be+ plac$ on 8 pyre4 ,:ile ,agamemnon p\rs a libation to ! s\l ( ! dead h]o1 ,a*illes plunges 8 sword into ! neck ( "o ( ! ,trojan captives1 :ile ! re/ sit by1 await+ _! fate4 ,! inscription b5ea?1 makes ! id5tification c]ta94 ,x does n appe> t among ! ,greeks !re 7 any regul> c]emonies z an accompanim5t ( burial1 any ritual ( pray] or d$ication4 ,:5 a public fun]al took place x is true t an oration 0 deliv]$ at ! grave2 we h record ( orations pron\nc$ by ,p]icles & ,demo/h5es ov] ^? :o _h fall5 9 battle on v>i\s occasions4 ,sometimes also !re 0 a fun]al fea/ at ! tomb4 ,b 9 ord9>y cases ! m\rn]s seem to h return$ imm$iately aft] ! burial to p>take ( ! fun]al fea/ at ! h\se ( a ne> relative or heir ( ! deceas$1 :o 0 himself reg>d$ z ! ho/ on ! occasion4 ,by ?us eat+ & dr9k+ ) ! dead1 ! survivors ent]$ into a k9d ( sacr$ communion ) him2 spee*es 7 made 9 8 hon\r1 & libations p\r$ f ! cups ( :i* 9 gho/ly fa%ion he might p>take4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,no ,greek cu/om con/itut$ a l>g] "p ( religi\s cultus ?an did ! (f]+s to ! dead4 ,& no cu/om is m frequ5tly portray$ on anci5t vases4 ,su* (f]+s did n beg9 m]ely ) ! fun]al1 b ev5 e>li]4 ,accord+ to ! beliefs ( mo/ b>b>\s or semi-b>b>\s races1 ! dead h ne$s & desires z imp]i\s z ^? ( ! liv+4 ,inde$1 ! life ( ! next _w is reg>d$ z 9 ! ma9 a gho/ly cont9uation ( previ\s exi/5ce1 a life m>k$ by ! same habits & requirem5ts z t :i* m5 live on e>?4 ,b1 z ! dead man is less mat]iali/ 9 8 ne$s1 8 wants may be suppli$ at small] co/ & 9 less complet5ess4 ,9 _m primitive c\ntries we f9d ! dead man liv+ 9 8 tomb z he _h liv$ 9 8 h\se1 ! tomb be+ (t5 a copy ( ! h\se4 ,!re he treasures ! goods :i* 7 buri$ ) him1 & !re he receives ! con/ant homage & frequ5t gifts ( 8 desc5dants4 ,9 ,greece1 z f> back z we c trace burial cu/oms1 x 0 usual to deal lib]ally ) *iefs & w>riors :5 !y w5t to _! la/ re/+-place4 ,inde$1 ! fur!r back we g1 ! great] seems to h be5 ! lib]ality4 ,! ri*e/ graves yet discov]$ 9 ,greece are ^? ( ! pre-hi/oric rul]s ( ,myc5ae1 spoil$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann 9 #ahgg4 ,9 ^! sepul*res 7 f\nd treasures suffici5t to /ock a great museum--arm\r & ornam5ts ( gold1 swords & arr[s1 dr9k+-cups & sceptres1 e k9d ( object 9 :i* ! weal? ( semi-b>b>\s *iefs is commonly display$4 ,9 ! hi/oric age ! pr(usion is less m>k$1 b we yet f9d abundant pro(s ( ! survival ( ! cu/om ( fully equipp+ ! dead = _! exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( %ades4 ,m+l$ ) human bones are sometimes ^? ( horses & dogs1 sla9 to accompany _! ma/]1 sometimes ^? ( fle% & f[l br\ght to him = food4 ,vessels = hold+ food & w9e & oil are among ! ord9>y equipm5t ( ! tomb1 lamps are v common1 & jewelry & co9s 9 :i* ! ?ickness ( ! gold is r$uc$ to t ( pap] %[s ! gradual gr[? ( ! belief t x is safe to *eat ! dead4 ,ladies take ) !m to _! graves _! mirrors & ! vessels :i* conta9$ r\ge & o!r necess>ies ( ! toilet4 ,9 lat] ,greek graves t]ra-cotta plays a l>ge "p4 ,n only are vessels ( ?is *eap mat]ial sub/itut$ = ! gold5 or bronze vases & cups ( e>ly graves1 b also loaves & animals ( t]ra-cotta take ! place ( m g5u9e food4 ,& t]ra-cotta images1 sometimes ( deities b m (t5 app>5tly ( m]e human be+s1 are laid up 9 /ore by ! corpse1 ea* be+ brok51 p]haps to r5d] x unfit = ! possession ( ! liv+4 ,an engrav+ ( a *ild's c(f9 ) its cont5ts1 :i* ,i reproduce f ,/ackelb]g#ab 7,fig4 #g71 w give "s idea ( ! abundant cont5ts ( ! ri*] ,greek tombs4 ,! symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s vases & ( ! t]ra-cotta images is notewor?y2 & z p>ts only ( a human skeleton are pres5t1 x seems t 9 ?is case ! body 0 n plac$ complete 9 ! c(f91 b only ! skull1 ! %9-bones1 & o!r p>ts ( a corpse :i* _h be5 = ! mo/ "p dispos$ ( 9 "s o!r way4 ,i h be5 pres5t at excavations at ,t]ranova 9 ,sicily1 on :i* site ! re/+-places ( ! dead are =m$ ( sev]al slabs ( t]ra-cotta4 ,ar\nd ! skeletons are heap$ vases1 mo/ commonly ( ! leky?os =m1 ) occasional co9s & o!r antiquities4 ,b x w\ld be a long task to give any?+ l a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( tombs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,greek _w4 ,e di/rict or city foll[s its own cu/oms 9 ! matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,*ild',s ,,c(f94 ,we turn to ! sacrifices br\ght to ! tomb4 ,:ile ! burial 0 tak+ place1 ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ ?rew into ! grave t]ra-cotta figures1 vases & ! l1 break+ !m z !y ?rew !m4 ,su* at lea/ is ! usage trac$ by ,messrs4 ,potti] & ,re9a* at ,myr9a1 & !y obs]ve t pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( a simil> cu/om h be5 f\nd at ,tanagra & ,k]t*#ac4 ,libations w\ld take place at ! same "t f ! vessels c>ri$ to ! tomb = ! purpose1 z well z aft]w>ds at ! fun]al fea/4 ,!nce=w>d at set seasons sacrifices 7 (f]$ at ! tomb4 ,^! seasons 71 ! ?ird day aft] burial1 1 ! n9? day1 1 ! ?irtie? day1 :i* came at ! end ( ! m\rn+1 besides ! or g5]al fea/ ( ! dead1 correspond+ to ! ,all ,s\ls' ,day ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! or bir?day ( ! deceas$#ad4 ,& su* sacrifices 7 also made at irregul> times1 :5 any port5t or significant dream made ! survivors suppose t _! ance/ors 7 displeas$ ) !m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ophori ( ,aes*ylus1 ( ! ,electra ( ,sophocles1 & ( ! ,electra ( ,euripides1 m5tion is made ( sacrifices at ! tomb ( ,agamemnon1 (f]$ by ,clytemne/ra 9 consequ5ce ( a dream1 :i* _h di/urb$ h] m9d4 ,9 ! ,iphig5eia 9 ,tauris ( ,euripides1 ,iphig5eia prep>es1 also 9 ob$i5ce to a dream1 to sacrifice to ! _s ( h] bro!r ,ore/es1 :om %e supposes to be dead4 ,^! passages f ! great dramati/s exhibit ! ,a!nian cu/om ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,h[ late ?is cu/om la/$ 9 ,greece may be %[n f ! language ( ,lucian1 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,speak+ ) contempt ( ! popul> beliefs1 he writes#ae3 #8,p fancy t s\ls ris+ f bel[ d9e z !y c1 flitt+ ab\t ! smell & ! /eam1 & dr9k ! honey$ draught f ! tr5*4' ,aga91 9 ano!r place#af1 ,lucian writes3 #8,! %ades are n\ri%$ by our libations1 & by ! (f]+s at ! tomb2 s t ^? :o h no fri5d or relative left on e>?1 live foodless & fami%$ among ! re/4' ,! (f]+s br\ght to ! dead 7 ( a simpl] & less sumptu\s "* ?an ^? d$icat$ to ! gods4 ,?r\gh ,greek hi/ory !y t5d$ to become less co/ly4 ,9 ! ,iliad ,a*illes sacrifices to ! _s ( ,patroclus n only horses & dogs1 ox5 & %eep1 b also twelve ,trojan prison]s4 ,at ! tak+ ( ,troy1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,polyx5a 0 sacrific$ on ! tomb ( ,a*illes4 ,n only did ! cu/om ( s5d+ slaves to att5d a dead *ief1 & horses = him to ride1 die out1 b ! food ( ! dead became mu* less solid ?an beef & mutton4 ,! laws ( ,solon =bade ! sacrifice ( ox5 to ! dead#ag4 ,z late z ! six? c5tury1 an inscription ( ,ceos#ah speaks ( sacrifice at tombs accord+ to ! old ritual2 b aft] t "t m s]i\s sacrifices 7 res]v$ = actual h]oes & exceptional tombs4 ,a black ox1 = example1 0 annually (f]$ to ! h]oes ( ,plataea d[n to ! "t ( ,plut>*#ai1 ) wrea?s & fillets4 ,ord9>y s\ls _h to be cont5t ) some?+ mu* simpl]2 cakes & fl[]s1 ) w9e1 honey1 & milk1 sometimes a f[l or a few eggs1 suffic$ = _! some:at e!real ne$s4 ,b 9 e>ly1 & /ill m 9 lat] times1 ! survivors w\ld sometimes try to %[ _! respect1 9 exceptional cases1 by a great display ( grief & by co/ly sacrifices4 ,excavations sometimes reveal to u traces n m]ely ( pres5ts br\ght to ! dead1 b ( actual sacrifices made to !m4 ,= example1 :5 ! m\nd :i* cov]$ ! bodies ( ^? :o fell at ,m>a?on 0 rec5tly excavat$#bj1 traces 7 f\nd 9 brok5 vessels & animals' bones ( ! fea/ held by ! survivors at ! "t ( ! burial1 z well z a tr5* cut to receive (f]+s1 & consid]able masses ( a%es1 dat+ no d\bt f ! ye>ly sacrifices :i* 9 ! mon? ( ,bo$romion ! p ( ,a!ns (f]$ 9 gratitude to ! h]oes :o _h fir/ d>$ to look ! ,m$e 9 ! face4 ,9 hi/oric ,greece !re 7 recogniz$ h]oes ( e grade ( dignity & importance4 ,a few1 su* z ,amphi>aus & ,trophonius1 rivall$ ! gods 9 _! functions1 9 ! numb] ( _! wor%ipp]s1 & ! spl5d\r ( _! %r9es4 ,o!rs1 su* z ,aeacus at ,aeg9a1 & ,jason at ,ph]ae1 7 v5]at$ z semi-div9e prog5itors & sup]natural def5d]s ( ! cities aga9/ all enemies4 ,o!rs1 su* z ,pelops at ,olympia1 & ,hyac9?us at ,amyclae1 _h tombs 9 close connexion ) "s ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ & highly appreciat$ %r9es ( ! ,greek _w4 ,b beside ^! m dignifi$ memb]s ( ! clan ( h]oes !re /ood _m ^: influ5ce & ^: wor%ip belong$ only to a locality1 to a clan1 or a family4 ,! ,dorians 9 p>ticul>#ba1 l all cons]vative races1 c>ri$ ! wor%ip ( deceas$ p>5ts & ance/ors to ! fur!/ po9t4 ,b all ov] ,greece !re 7 small h]oa or *apels belong+ to families1 ! cultus ( :i* 0 m]ely an ext5sion ( ! wor%ip :i* made sacr$ ! dome/ic he>?4 ,9 mod]n cemet]ies1 & m especially 9 ^? ( ,france1 ! tombs are frequ5tly adorn$ ) wrea?s ( real or artificial fl[]s1 ) crosses & designs ( beadwork or ) religi\s pictures4 ,s 9 ,greece x 0 usual to see 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! tombs ( ^? :o _h rec5tly pass$ away1 or :o _h left beh9d !m _m fri5ds1 ! traces ( libations1 wrea?s ( fl[]s1 sa%es ( v>i\s col\rs1 ev5 pieces ( arm\r or o!r m solid gifts :i* 7 protect$ aga9/ !ft by ! sacr$ "* ( ! spot4 ,s]i\s sacrifices to ! dead are1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 a frequ5t subject ( votive tablets & ev5 ( actual sepul*ral reliefs4 ,! light] & less solemn (f]+s to ! dead are commonly depict$ on :ite ,attic leky?i1 :i* 7 specially made to be plac$ 9 graves1 & :i* take _! subjects f t use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,(f]+s ,,at ,a ,,tomb4 ,! simple/ ( ^! vase-pa9t+s consi/ m]ely ( repres5tations ( a grave/one1 b\nd ) sa%es or ) wrea?s1 on ei!r side ( :i* /&s a survivor1 male or female1 hold+ a basket1 wrea?s1 a sa%1 or ! l4 ,9 our example 7,fig4 #h7bb f a vase ( ,eretria 9 ! ,museum ( ,a!ns1 ! /ele is truncat$ by a lic5ce 9 draw+1 b ! relief on x1 a woman seat$ on a *air & hold+ out a bun* ( grapes to a seat$ boy1 is simil> to _m ( ! gr\ps 9 our plates4 ,a mirror is repres5t$ z hung on ! wall3 ?is no d\bt /&s = a "p ( ! m>ble relief4 ,on "o side ( ! /ele /&s a "y man lean+ on a /aff1 :o seems to be direct+ a maid5 :o /&s on ! o!r side1 :]e %e %all place two wrea?s :i* %e c>ries4 ,our engrav+ makes no attempt to reproduce ! brilliant col\r+ ( ! orig9al1 9 :i* ! dresses ( ! seat$ lady ( ! relief & ! /&+ girl :o m9i/]s at ! tomb are bright r$1 ! g>m5t ( ! y\? br[n1 & ! hair ( all ! figures a gold5 br[n4 ,9 "s ( ^! sc5es1 ! /ele is hung ) m s]i\s (f]+s ?an fl[]s3 sometimes a leky?os is susp5d$ f ! top or plac$ on ! /eps3 9 "s cases1 a sword is slung r\nd x by means ( a baldric#bc4 ,sometimes ! att5dant girls br+ elaborate toilet-vases & flasks ( oil4 ,by a curi\s conv5tion1 (t5 ! dead p]son is introduc$ into ! sc5e1 seat$ on ! /eps ( ! basis :i* supports ! sepul*ral slab1 betwe5 ! two m9i/rants4 ,9 "o case#bd a lady ?us seat$ holds on h] f+] two little birds1 p]haps an indication ( a sacrifice1 #8a pair ( turtle-doves or two "y pigeons4' ,on o!r vases %e holds an oil-flask or a toilet-vase4 ,sometimes1 especially if ! p]son repres5t$ be a man1 he holds a lyre#be4 ,9 our example 7,fig4 #i7 ( ?is curi\s s*eme1 a gho/ is se5 flitt+ ?r\gh ! air1 & "o ( ! att5dants br+s a little bird4 ,! precise mean+ ( ! lyre has be5 d\bt$4 ,m4 ,potti] ?9ks t x repres5ts music play$ be=e ! dead1 z "p ( _! cultus4 ,b ?is1 ( c\rse1 assumes ! seat$ p]son to be a survivor1 & we %all pres5tly %[ ?is view to be unt5able4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well kn[n t to be able to play on ! lyre z x pass$ f h& to h& at banquets 0 "p ( ! tra9+ ( ! ,a!nian g5tleman4 ,x may well seem !n t ! musical employm5t ( ! dead man is m]ely an in/ance ( ! g5]al rule t ! ,a!nians lov$ to repres5t _! dead 9 "s employm5t :i* _h be5 a fav\rite & *>act]i/ic "o :5 !y liv$4 ,& ?is view is confirm$ by ! occurr5ce on an e>ly /ele ( ! figure 9 relief ( a man c>ry+ a lyre#bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,_s ,,seat$ ,,on ,,/ele4 ,t ! seat$ p]sonage :o plays ! lyre if a man1 or :o if a woman holds a tray ( (f]+s or a leky?os1 is n a survivor b a dead p]son1 may be readily %[n by a comp>ison ( c]ta9 vase-pa9t+s4 ,= an example we may take two leky?i figur$ on "o plate#bg 9 ! ,sab\r(f ,collection4 ,on "o ( ^! is repres5t$ a "y man seat$ beside a /ele1 play+ on a lyre :i* he holds1 :ile an att5dant girl br+s him a sa% or fillet4 ,on ! o!r ! /ele is abs5t1 & ! sc5e1 :i* is giv5 9 ! text ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,toilet ,,sc5e1 ,,sepul*ral4 7,fig4 #aj71 seems "o tak5 f daily life4 ,a lady1 fully drap$1 is seat$ on a *air2 9 h] lap re/s a flat box conta9+ sa%es2 a maid-s]vant comes to h] hold+ a small] box ) op5 lid1 probably a casket ( jewelry4 ,?is la/ sc5e is closely l _m ( ! ,attic sepul*ral reliefs#bh1 & ! arti/ :o pa9t$ x c sc>cely h _h 9 8 m9d any o!r int5tion ?an t ( repres5t+ a lady :o _h di$4 ,! =m] sc5e mu/ be ( p>allel significance2 & ! man seat$ ) ! lyre c sc>cely be o!r ?an ! proprietor ( ! /ele beside :i* he sits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,gifts ,,at ,,tomb4 ,we add1 f a late vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#bi1 a v int]e/+ sepul*ral gr\p 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! tomb is 9 ! =m ( a pill> ) acan?us ornam5t at ! base1 re/+ on a flat slab or table#cj4 ,?is latt] is heap$ up ) vases & sa%es1 ! gifts ( survivors4 ,among ^! gifts /&s a female figure 9 sorr[ful attitude1 ei!r a /atue ( ! deceas$1 or m probably h]self 9 spiritual pres5ce4 ,on "o side a man raises 8 h& 9 greet+ or adoration1 on ! o!r approa*es a girl be>+ "s (f]+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,beliefs ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,future ,,life ,! gr\p ( vase-pa9t+s ) :i* we dealt 9 ! la/ *apt] raises a curi\s "q4 ,9 all1 or almo/ all1 ( !m ! locality is cle>ly impli$ by ! pres5ce ( a /ele 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! (f]+s :i* !y repres5t 7 made1 x seems1 at ! tomb itself4 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 a /range ?+ t weal?y & educat$ ,a!nians %\ld suppose ! s\ls ( ! dead to h no?+ bett] to d ?an to re/ beside ! tomb1 & !re await ! (f]+s ( survivors8 ,did !y n believe 9 a region ( ! dead1 a k+dom ( ,hades1 :]e ! bad 7 puni%$ & ! good receiv$ ! recomp5se ( _! m]its8 ,& if s1 h[ c\ld ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ be at ! same "t 9 ,hades1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! gravey>d8 ,9 ord] to f9d a solution = ^! difficulties we mu/ give "s acc\nt ( ! views ( ord9>y ,greeks1 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! national hi/ory1 9 reg>d to ! life aft] dea?1 & ! condition ( ! dep>t$4 ,we mu/ beg9 our exam9ation ( ,greek belief z to ! future life by turn+ to ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,! outl9es ( ! psy*ical doctr9e :i* ^! conta9 has be5 trac$ ) ma/]ly h& by ,dr4 ,erw9 ,rohde#ca1 ^: conclusions agree well ) all t we h ( late le>n$ f hi/ory & ar*aeology z to ! ,hom]ic age & lit]ature4 ,x is only sup]ficial !oriz+ :i* w f9d 9 ! ,hom]ic poems ! ord9>y b>b>ic views z to ! nature ( ! s\l & ! future life4 ,primitive elem5ts !re may be 9 ! ,hom]ic beliefs on ^! subjects2 b ^! primitive elem5ts are mo/ly ( ! nature ( a survival4 ,! ,hom]ic poems belong to a race ( s+ul> gifts & rem>kable intellectual capacity1 a small clan or ari/ocracy :i* _h by ! =ce ( inborn g5ius p5etrat$ to views 9 all matt]s ( practical wisdom :i* mu/ be consid]$ decid$ly advanc$4 ,l ! ,v$as ( ,india & ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey are ! fl[]s ( special developm5ts ( civilization1 ( ! culture ( pure-blood$ clans1 :i* _h work$ _! way =w>d1 amid surr\nd+ b>b>ism1 to a comp>atively civiliz$ survey ( ! _w & ( mank9d4 ,! notion :i* is ! common prop]ty ( b>b>\s peoples1 t ! dead dwell among ! liv+1 & con/antly int]f]e = good & = evil 9 _! affairs1 t !y mu/ be appeas$ by con/ant sacrifices & receive _! %>e ( all increase1--?is notion has inde$ left traces 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 b !y are slight4 ,x r %[s ?r\gh ! psy*ology ( ,hom] ?an regulates or inspires x4 ,! intellectual ari/ocracy ( ,hom] has 9 ?is matt] a /rong bias t[>ds scepticism4 ,x is really rem>kable h[ ne>ly ! ,hom]ic !ories ( ! s\l correspond ) ! facts record$ by t cauti\s & sceptical body ( inquir]s1 ! ,psy*ical ,society4 ,! psy*e to ,hom] is n 9 ! lea/ l ! ,*ri/ian s\l1 b is a %ad[y d\ble ( ! man1 want+ alike 9 =ce & 9 wisdom4 ,x has no midriff1 b lives z dreams live2 appe>+ to ! liv+ 9 visions1 sleep+ or wak+1 b )\t p[]4 ,:ile ! body ( a dead man rema9s unburnt or unburi$1 8 gho/ w&]s ab\t ! place ( dea?3 :5 ! body has receiv$ due me$ ( fun]al rites1 ! _s dep>ts to ! l& ( %ades1 nev] to return1 nor to vex ! survivors4 ,! realm ( ,hades appe>s 9 ! m antique p>ts ( ! poems ( ,hom] z a l& :]e %ades dwell "u ! rul]%ip ( ,k+ ,hades & augu/ ,p]sephone1 liv+ a life :i* is a sort ( reflex & coroll>y ( ! pa/4 ,orion1 ! mighty hunt]1 /ill pursues 9 t l& ! spectres ( wild bea/s ov] ! mead[s ( asphodel4 ,agamemnon /ill deplores 8 sad fate1 ,ajax w n be reconcil$ to 8 enemy ,odysseus1 ,a*illes lives on ! memory ( 8 pa/ exploits1 & rates ! life ( ! greate/ h]oes 9 ,hades z b5ea? t ( ! meane/ s]v+-man on e>?4 ,ev5 ^! %ad[y passions d n /ir ! he>ts ( ! dead until !y h drunk ( ! blood ( ! sacrifice1 & _! vital =ce is ?us 9 "s degree r5ew$4 ,to ,teiresias alone1 says ,circe1 has ,p]sephone grant$ t ev5 aft] dea? he %all h liv+ s5se1 :ile ! re/ flit l %ad[s4 ,x is q cle> t ?is view1 :i* removes ! dead to ,hades1 & deprives !m ( all s5se & p[]1 is n to be reconcil$ ) "s ( ! cu/oms ( ,hom]ic cultus1 especially ) ! (f]+ ( victims1 animal & human1 at ! tombs ( h]oes4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n /range3 cultus has inf9itely great] p[] ( p]si/5ce among m5 ?an m]e speculative beliefs2 & among peoples ( all religions we f9d a want ( h>mony betwe5 ! religi\s belief & ! religi\s cu/om :i* ne$s explanation4 ,hom] does n fe> ! dead2 b ! burial cu/oms describ$ 9 8 poems mu/ h aris5 at a "t :5 ! dead 7 greatly fe>$1 & reg>d$ z m$dlesome 9 human affairs4 ,& ?is m>k$ inconsi/5cy :i* we f9d 9 ! ,hom]ic age p]si/s ?r\gh\t ,greek hi/ory4 ,! cu/oms ( ! cultus ( ! dead are1 z we h se51 p]si/5t among all ,greek tribes1 ?\gh m fully appreciat$ by "s ?an o!rs1 & rema9 9 =ce d[n to ! v decl9e ( ,paganism4 ,b at ! same "t speculation z to ! _w ( spirits & ! condition ( ! dep>t$ w5t on1 on l9es almo/ indep5d5t ( cu/om & cultus4 ,if ! dead 7 safe 9 ,hades !y c\ld n also live 9 _! tombs2 :y !n take (f]+s ?i!r8 ,if _! life 0 ! life ( dreams & ( %ad[s1 :y did !y ne$ food1 bo? animal & vegetable1 & abundant dr9k8 ,?is is suffici5tly obvi\s to u4 ,yet ,greek belief 9 all ages mu/ h f\nd "s means ( reconcil+ !ory & cultus1 & ( prev5t+ ! c\rse ( speculation z to ! /ate ( ! dep>t$ f int]f]+ ) ! practical piety ( ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,we are able to foll[1 at all ev5ts 9 outl9e1 ! gradual developm5t ( ! belief 9 ,hades among ! ,greeks4 ,! voyage ( ,odysseus to ,hades 9 ! ,odyssey1 :atev] may be its date 7a some:at d\btful po9t71 %[s u t belief at a v e>ly & incomplete /age4 ,! ma9 int]e/ ( ! au?or ( ! ,odyssey is evid5tly to give a glimpse at ! lat] =tunes ( "s ( ! pr9cipal p]sonages ( ! ,iliad2 ?\gh ) ?is he includes a curi\s vision ( fair wom51 ,tyro1 ,alcm5a1 & ,l$a & ! l4 ,he accompli%es 8 purpose by tak+ ! widely w&]+ ,odysseus to ,hades "u ! pretext t he w !re le>n h[ be/ he may w9 back to 8 native ,i?aca4 ,to ,hom] ,hades is n1 z 9 lat] belief1 situat$ b5ea? our feet4 ,odysseus has to rea* x by sail+ to ! conf9es ( ! ocean1 to ! l& ( ! ,cimm]ians1 envelop$ 9 mi/ & cl\d1 :]e ! bright rays ( ! sun d n %9e4 ,:5 he rea*es ! groves ( popl> & will[1 amid :i* fl[ ! riv]s ,a*]on & ,pyriphlege?on & ,cocytus1 he digs a tr5*1 & makes sacrifices to ! dead1 (f]+ libations & b>ley-cakes1 & slay+ a ram 9 hon\r ( ,teiresias4 ,no soon] is ?is done ?an ! spirits ( ! dead beg9 to flock ab\t him1 & ^? :om he p]mits to dr9k ( ! blood ( 8 sacrifice c answ] 8 que/ions & in=m him ( _! fate4 ,! only class ( p]sons :om ,hom] repres5ts z puni%$ 9 ,hades are p]jur]s1 p]haps because _! puni%m5t on e>? 0 s problematic4 ,b a few not$ crim9als ( leg5d1 su* z ,tityus & ,tantalus1 are also repres5t$ z und]go+ a *ronic puni%m5t4 ,hades1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! only dwell+-place ( s\ls kn[n to ! au?ors ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,e s*ol> is famili> ) ! beautiful l9es 9 :i* ,proteus =etells ! future de/9y ( ,m5elaus#cb4 ,9 ,argos' horse-ab\nd+ pla9 ,to die is n ?y fate1 ,o ,m5elaus1 !re = !e ,no mortal *ances wait4 ,!e %all ! immortals f> away ,to e>?'s remote/ end1 ,:]e fair-hair$ ,rhadaman?ys dwells ,9 ,pla9s ,elysian1 s5d4 ,!re life fl[s on 9 easy c\rse1 ,!re nev] sn[ nor ra9 ,nor w9t] tempe/s vex ! l&2 ,b ,ocean s5ds ama9 ,fre% ,zephyr breezes brea?+ %rill ,to cool ! untr\bl$ life4 ,!re dwell1 s9ce ?\ art k9 to ,zeus1 ,& ,hel5 is ?y wife4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,hom]ic poems we c nev] escape ! difficulties z to *ronology & g5u95ess :i* at pres5t envelop ! :ole ,hom]ic "q1 on its lit]>y side1 l a ?ick mi/4 ,dr4 ,rohde ?9ks t ?is passage is ( lat] date ?an t :i* describes ! voyage to ,hades ( ,odysseus4 ,! la/ l9e has a curi\s r+4 ,m5elaus is to be rescu$ f ! common fate1 n = any virtue or m]it ( 8 own1 b because he is ! son-9-law ( ,zeus4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! /ill m ari/ocratic belief ( c]ta9 exi/+ races ( b>b>ians1 :o ?9k t a happy /ate 9 ! future life is res]v$ = ! *iefs & ^? ( high l9eage4 ,accord+ to ! ,cyclic ,poets1 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$ 7 de/9$ n = ,m5elaus only1 b = o!rs ( ! h]oes :o f\ght at ,troy4 ,9 ! ,ae?iopis1 ,eos 7! ,dawn7 is all[$ n m]ely to be> away h] dead son ,memnon1 z ,s>p$on _h be5 borne away by ,sleep & ,dea?1 b to awake him aga9 to an immortal life4 ,9 ! same poem1 ,!tis is repres5t$ z c>ry+ (f ! body ( ,a*illes f ! fun]al pyre1 & transport+ x ov] ! sea to a new life 9 ! isl& ( ,leuce1 ! :ite isl&1 :i* popul> fancy plac$ 9 ! ,eux9e sea4 ,9 ! ,works & ,days ( ,hesiod all ! godlike h]oes :o f\ght at ,troy are said to dwell /ill 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$4 ,odysseus aft] 8 dea? 0 said to h be5 translat$ to ! isl& ( ,aeaea4 ,& an ,a!nian dr9k+-song ( ab\t ,b4,c4 #ejj tells h[ ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 :o slew ! ,tyrant & re/or$ lib]ty to ! ,a!nians1 are n dead b dwell 9 ! ,happy ,isles ) ,diom$es & swift-foot$ ,a*illes4 ,x may be d\bt$ h[ f> ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 ! ,elysian ,fields1 & ! ,realm ( ,hades are really di/9ct 9 ,hom]ic geography4 ,all seem to be rea*$ by a voyage across ! sea 9 ! direction ( ! sett+ sun4 ,subsequ5t poets1 h[ev]1 gradually det]m9e & map out ! l& ( ! dead4 ,x is a conjecture1 ! tru? ( :i* is m ?an probable1 t ! great tea*] ( ! lore ( ! future _w 0 ,orphism4 ,orphism is "o ( ! mo/ important1 b at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ obscure phases ( anci5t religion4 ,! orig9al docum5ts ( ! sect h p]i%$1 & =g]ies h tak5 _! place4 ,x is only by putt+ toge!r a numb] ( occurr5ces1 & collect+ ph5om5a f all qu>t]s1 t we are able ev5 to conjecture ! t5ets & obs]vances ( ! ,orphi/s2 yet x seems c]ta9 t !y ex]cis$ a deep & long-cont9u$ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( religion 9 ,greece4 ,we fir/ cle>ly trace _! activity 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 ,onomacritus1 a contempor>y ( ,peisi/ratus at ,a!ns1 committ$ to writ+ mu* ( _! lore1 & :5 ,py?agoras attempt$ to f\nd among ! ,greek cities ( ,s\!rn ,italy some?+ l an ,orphic *ur*4 ,yet f :at we le>n z to ,orphism1 we see t x mu/ conta9 elem5ts h&$ d[n f a b>b>ic & primitive /ate ( religion4 ,x 0 ess5tially my/ic & ec/atic 9 "*4 ,zagreus1 :o 0 a =m ( ,dionysus1 0 ! pr9cipal object ( ,orphic wor%ip1--! "y god :o 0 torn to pieces by ! wick$ h&s ( ,titans1 b re/or$ to life by ! fav\r ( ,zeus & ,a!na4 ,by my/ic communion ) ,zagreus1 :o 0 reg>d$ z ! rul] ( ! dead1 ! vot>y escap$ f ! trammels ( ! fle%1 became pure & *a/e1 & fit = a nobl] exi/5ce h]eaft]4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is religion1 z 9 all1 m]e ritual t5d$ to encroa* on ! religion ( conduct2 x 0 suppos$ by _m t a m]e p>tak+ 9 my/]i\s rites w\ld secure = !m a fav\rable reception 9 ! _w ( %ades1 & a v]dict ( acquittal f ! /]n judges ( ! dead4 ,x is c]ta91 z ,i h already obs]v$1 t ?is ec/atic =m ( religion conta9s primitive elem5ts4 ,an?ropology has in=m$ u t ! wiz>d or m$ic9e-man among savage tribes commonly acquires & reta9s 8 influ5ce by means ( trances or ec/asies1 9 :i* he pr(esses to be inspir$ by ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,?is is ! orig9al g]m :5ce all ec/atic religion takes its rise2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x may rea* a high moral level "u "s circum/ances1 & t5d greatly to ! help & elevation ( mank9d4 ,:at 0 ! precise e?ical level ( ! ,orphic religion x is v h>d to say4 ,h[ev]1 we are at pres5t conc]n$ only ) "o aspect ( ,orphism--its lore z to ! _w ( spirits4 ,x is believ$ t ?is lore gradually works its way into curr5t lit]ature & art4 ,aft] we leave ! ,hom]ic age1 ! next important l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hades is to be f\nd 9 ! great pa9t+ ( ,polygnotus 9 ! ,les* or arcade ( ,delphi4 ,( ?is picture we possess s c>eful & detail$ a description f ! p5 ( ,pausanias#cc t a skill$ ar*aeologi/1 ,pr(essor ,rob]t1 has succe$$1 ) ! help ( c]ta9 vase-pa9t+s ( ,polygnotan /yle1 9 re/or+1 figure = figure1 ! :ole composition1 ) a sur5ess ( h& :i* may well surprise ^? :o d n realize ! degree 9 :i* ! sci5tific me?ods ( ar*aeology h be5 develop$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture is a gr\p :i* is almo/ a transcript f ! ,odyssey3 ,odysseus sword 9 h& ov] 8 tr5*1 ! unburi$ ,elp5or beh9d him 9 sailor's dress1 & ,teiresias & ,anticleia approa*+ to hold conv]se ) him4 ,b ?is gr\p seems some:at ap>t f ! re/ ( ! sc5e1 :i* is compos$ ( elem5ts mo/ly =eign to ! ,hom]ic circle ( ideas4 ,on ! left is ! riv] ,a*]on1 full ( re$s & peopl$ ) %ad[y fi%2 on :i* floats ! b>k ( ! f]ryman ,*>on1 :o is tak+ to _! la/ home ! spirits ( a man & a girl4 ,pausanias obs]ves t ,polygnotus has borr[$ ,*>on f ! epic poem call$ ! ,m9yas1 9 :i* ! voyage to ,hades ( ,!seus & ,peiri?\s 0 n>rat$4 ,:5cesoev] ,*>on may h orig9ally come1 he c]ta9ly held a great place 9 ! beliefs ( ! lat] ,greeks4 ,! obol1 8 fee1 0 sometimes plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! dead4 ,9 lat] writ]s1 su* z ,virgil & ,lucian1 he is v prom95t4 ,"s ( ! sepul*ral leky?i1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 already1 furni% u ) a repres5tation ( ! ,riv] ( ,dea? & ! boat ( ,*>on4 ,"o "h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,! ,,boat ,,( ,,*>on4 copi$ 7,fig4 #ab7 f a vase at ,a!ns#cd1 pres5ts a mo/ curi\s sc5e4 ,*>on1 a be+ ( traditional ugl9ess1 clad 9 sailor's cap & %ort *iton1 drives 8 boat to ! bank by means ( a pole4 ,he is await$ by a girl :o be>s 9 h] h&s h] fav\rite bird1 a goose1 :ile a box = ! toilet re/s on a rock1 & ne> x sits a "y *ild4 ,?is flitt+ to ! _w ( %ades has q a dome/ic aspect3 x seems t ,*>on 0 expect$ to convey n only pass5g]s1 b also z baggage ! (f]+s br\ght to !m at ! tomb4 ,sometimes ! boat ( ,*>on appe>s 9 ^! vase-pa9t+s 9 close proximity to ! /ele ( ! grave2 & ! dead wait = him on ! /eps ( ! /ele#ce4 ,on ano!r vase1 ,h]mes1 ) h]ald's /aff1 leads ! s\l d[n to ! edge ( ! riv]#cf4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 ?\gh "o n easy to expla91 t ,*>on1 "u ! =m ,*>uns1 figures z ! mess5g] ( dea? 9 sev]al ( ! mural pa9t+s ( ,etruscan tombs4 ,he is !re depict$ z a hide\s mon/]1 ) hook$ nose1 sometimes w+$1 wield+ an axe1 & entw9$ ) s]p5ts4 ,t ! mild & quiet ,*>on ( ! ,greeks %\ld h 8 c\nt]p>t 9 a fi]ce & de=m$ daemon 9 ! m mon/r\s pan!on ( ,etruria is q natural2 b x is less cle> :5ce ! ,greeks & ,etruscans orig9ally borr[$ _! respective div9ities4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 resume our description ( ! picture ( ,polygnotus4 ,ab\t ! entrance ( ,hades clu/] ! transgressors ^: puni%m5t is et]nal4 ,!y are v few 9 numb]3 ! p>ricide1 ! temple-robb]1 & su* not$ p]sonages ( leg5d z ,tityus1 :o is dev\r$ by a vulture aft] ! fa%ion ( ,prome!us4 ,next we rea* a gr\p ( fair wom51 :o mu/ inde$ h be5 delightful creations "u ! h&s ( ! mo/ dignifi$ & maje/ic ( all pa9t]s--,ariadne & ,tyro1 ,procris & ,*loris4 ,= "s :o _h to be puni%$ a mo/ g5tle me$ ( puni%m5t is provid$4 ,pha$ra 9 h] lifetime1 z is well kn[n1 0 inspir$ ) a disa/r\s passion = h] /epson ,hippolytus1 & aft] 8 dea? %e w5t & hang$ h]self4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ( ,polygnotus1 z ,pausanias obs]ves1 #8,pha$ra is borne ?r\gh ! air on a sw+1 & holds ! ropes on ea* side 9 h] h&s3 ?is attitude1 9 spite ( ! extreme g5tl5ess ( ! allusion1 ref]s to ! mann] ( h] dea?4' ,ne> ! gr\p ( wom5 ,!seus & ,peiri?\s are seat$4 ,!y _h d>$1 ) ov]we5+ impiety1 to make _! way into ,hades1 9 ord] to c>ry (f ,p]sephone1 ,que5 ( ! ,%ades4 ,b !y 7 made prison]s by ! ne!r p[]s & kept 9 *a9s4 ,su* a fate = h]oes ( ! race ( ! gods naturally seem$ to ,polygnotus too h>%4 ,9 8 picture !y m]ely keep _! seats4 ,s ,virgil writes1 #8,s$et aet]numque s$ebit infelix ,!seus4' ,pausanias quotes ,panyasis1 a late ,epic poet1 to ! effect t ,!seus & ,peiri?\s on _! seats did n appe> to be prison]s1 b really ! rock grew to _! fle% 9 ! place ( bonds4 ,b ,polygnotus 0 cont5t ) a m]e h9t3 9 8 pa9t+ no?+ indicat$ ei!r bondage or torture4 ,ne> by are ,cameiro & ,clytie1 daught]s ( ,p&>eus4 ,9 ! ,odyssey ,p5elope tells h[ !y 7 c>ri$ away by ! fi]ce /orm-w9ds & giv5 to ! hateful ,er9nyes4 ,b ,polygnotus w "k no?+ ( ! ,er9nyes4 ,he m]ely repres5ts ! girls z cr[n$ ) fl[]s & play+ ) a/ragali or knuckle-bones4 ,! /orm-w9ds seem to h done !m little h>m4 ,pres5tly we come to ! c5tral "p ( ! picture4 ,x is occupi$ by ! grove ( ,p]sephone1 repres5t$ 9 ! sp>+ fa%ion ( ,greek pa9t+ by a s+le tree1 "u :i* sits ,orpheus1 8 lyre 9 8 h&s4 ,no d\bt we h "h ! key to ! picture4 ,orpheus is ! c5tral figure ( ! :ole4 ,to ,polygnotus he is n m]ely a dep>t$ h]o1 b prie/ & hi]ophant4 ,! song :i* he s+s is ! my/ic song ( immortality4 ,ab\t him !re clu/] ! h]oes :o f\ght at ,troy3 on ! "o side ,agamemnon1 ,protesilaus1 ,a*illes1 ,patroclus2 on ! o!r1 ,hector1 ,p>is1 ,memnon1 ,s>p$on1 & ,p5!sileia1 que5 ( ! ,amazons4 ,p>is makes love to ,p5!sileia1 :o looks back at him ) contempt4 ,! ,greek & ,trojan h]oes may fight aga9 _! battles 9 memory2 b peace has fall5 on !m1 & !y no long] wi% to wield ! lance4 ,we ne$ n dwell on o!r gr\ps3 ,palam$es & ,!rsites busy ) ! dice2 ,?amyris1 :o _h once *all5g$ ! ,muses1 seat$ 9 dejection ov] 8 brok5 lyre2 ! /range app>ition ( ,m>syas1 :o tea*es ! boy ,olympus to play ! flute2 & _m o!rs4 ,t[>ds ! "r end ( ! pa9t+ we aga9 f9d puni%m5ts ( a k9d go+ =w>d4 ,sisyphus heaves 8 rock up ! hill4 ,tantalus /&s up to ! *e/ 9 wat] :i* he may n dr9k1 & clut*es at fruit :i* eludes 8 grasp4 ,^! puni%m5ts _h already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,odyssey2 ,polygnotus adds a rock1 :i* hangs ov] ! head ( ! suff]]1 ev] ?reat5+ to fall1 b nev] fall+4 ,!re appe>s also a great cask set 9 ! e>?1 :i* x is ! fate ( an approa*+ tra9 ev] to try to fill ) wat] f brok5 wat]-vessels4 ,?is 01 accord+ to tradition1 ! allott$ task ( ! fifty daught]s ( ,danaus1 :o _h all save "o 9 "o night sla9 _! husb&s4 ,b ,polygnotus foll[$ a diff]5t acc\nt3 he calls ! approa*+ m5 & wom5 m]ely 1 un9itiat$4 ,pausanias obs]ves t !y mu/ be ^? :o held 9 contempt ! sacr$ my/]ies ( ,eleusis2 b ?is does n seem to be ! mean+4 ,!y are ord9>y p]sons1 m5 & wom5 :o did n necess>ily s9 ov]tly aga9/ ! ,my/]ies1 b m]ely neglect$ to avail !mselves ( ! #8means ( grace' (f]$ !m by ! hi]ophants ( ,eleusis1 & suff] 9 ! next _w = _! c>elessness or ob/9acy4 ,! g5]al tone ( ! pa9t+ ( ,polygnotus be>s a close resemblance to t ( ! sepul*ral reliefs :i* we %all describe 9 ?is book4 ,?is is ! less curi\s1 :5 we consid] t ! sculptors ( ! reliefs 7 ( t ,attic s*ool ( sculpture :i* took s mu* ( its "* f ,polygnotus4 ,9 _s also ! pa9t+ is l ! ,hom]ic poems1 :5 !y deal ) ! future life4 ,! cultivat$ ,greek m9d look$ = little bliss 9 ! _w to come1 except su* z c\ld come f ! reunion ( fri5ds & families1 & ! memory ( pa/ de$s4 ,/ill less did x look = future puni%m5ts4 ,^! 7 ord9>ily res]v$ = ! not$ crim9als ( leg5d4 ,! only classes :i* ,polygnotus seems to h ?\ght 9 any p]il 7 ! p>ricides1 ! temple-robb]s1 & ! un9itiat$4 ,he seems to h ?\ght t spirits 7 ( ! /uff ( :i* dreams are made1 & pass$ an exi/5ce ( quiet & g5tle melan*oly1 ( :i* ! wor/ feature 0 its exposure to t$ium4 ,!re d n appe> 9 ! picture ( ,polygnotus1 z 9 "s pa9t+s :i* we mu/ pres5tly consid]1 any malignant be+s to act z ! police ( ! "u-_w4 ,n ev5 ,c]b]us appe>s4 ,! only _s ( inauspici\s type :o is se5 is ,eurynomus4 ,pausanias says#cg3 #8,! int]pret]s at ,delphi say t ,eurynomus is "o ( ! spirits t dwell 9 ,hades1 & t 8 (fice is to dev\r ! bodies ( ! dead1 leav+ only _! bones4' ,eurynomus does n appe>1 adds ,pausanias1 9 ,hom] nor 9 ! ,cyclic poets4 ,! daemon %[s 8 tee?1 & is seat$ on ! sk9 ( a vulture4 ,probably x 0 f ! facts j m5tion$ t ! int]pret]s at ,delphi d$uc$ ! function ( ,eurynomus4 ,b _! op9ion goes = little1 & ! "n ,eurynomus has no?+ to d ) ! decay ( ! fle%4 ,9 ! "t ( ,polygnotus x 0 usually fire r ?an decay :i* made away ) ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,?is daemon1 :o 0 possibly an ar*aic =m ( ,hades himself1 rema9s !n unexpla9$4 ,at any rate1 we h no "r to reg>d him z a puni%] ( s\ls4 ,! puni%m5ts ( ,hades1 accord+ to ,polygnotus1 seem to g on by "s law1 )\t pres5t en=cem5t4 ,) ! ,hades ( ,polygnotus we mu/ comp>e t :i* is depict$ on a class ( l>ge amphorae :i* come to u f ,apulia 9 ,italy4 ,i h engrav$ 7,fig4 #ac7 a fair specim5 ( ^! vase-pa9t+s1 :i* are all closely alike1 f a vase ( ,canusium#ch4 ,"h 9 ! c5tre we h1 9 place ( ! sacr$ grove ( ,p]sephone1 ! palace ( ,hades & 8 ,que54 ,he is seat$1 & holds a long sceptre2 %e c>ries a tor*4 ,! palace has n unnaturally tak5 ! =m ( a *apel ( ! deities2 ! :eels hung up 9 ! backgr\nd seem to be votive (f]+s4 ,! motive ( ! :ole picture is curi\sly tw(old4 ,two visits to ,hades1 :i* really took place at q diff]5t times1 are depict$ z go+ on toge!r1 ! que/ ( ,orpheus = 8 lo/ ,eurydice1 & ! attempt ( ,h]akles to c>ry (f ! dog ,c]b]us & to rescue 8 fri5d ,!seus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,! ,,greek ,,"u-,,_w4 ,orpheus /&s1 lyre 9 h&1 be=e ! *apel ( ! ne!r deities4 ,he is clad 9 ! v>iegat$ embroid]$ robes ( ! ,ori5tals1 ) sleeves d[n to ! wri/s & a ,phrygian ti>a4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ( ,polygnotus ,orpheus 01 z ,pausanias expressly /ates1 clad 9 ! ord9>y ,greek dress4 ,lat] art rejoic$ 9 ! picturesque co/ume ( ! ,p]sians & ,phrygians3 & ! ,?racian home ( ,orpheus all[$ arti/s to consid] him z belong+ to a semi-,greek1 ,anatolian race4 ,orpheus is evid5tly us+ 8 art to p]suade ,hades to re/ore ,eurydice1 & t dread deity seems1 f ! position ( 8 uplift$ "r h&1 to be address+ him2 b ,eurydice1 9 ?is z 9 mo/ ( ! vase-pa9t+s1 is want+2 a curi\s fact1 :i* may indicate t ! motive ( ! que/ ( ,orpheus 0 orig9ally some?+ diff]5t4 ,x seems inde$1 z w appe> cle>ly lat]1 t ! vase-pa9t] comb9es )\t mu* skill or purpose gr\ps tak5 f ! works ( old] & m ?\ghtful arti/s4 ,9 ! l[e/ l9e ,h]akles /ruggles ) ,c]b]us1 ar\nd ^: ?ree necks he has fa/5$ a *a94 ,h]mes1 :o c>ries a h]ald's /aff1 po9ts out to 8 bro!r ! road to ! upp] air1 & urges dep>ture4 ,a m t]rify+ figure beh9d ,h]akles also gives cause = ha/e4 ,"o ( ! ,po5ae or ,furies1 a female s]vant ( ,hades1 we>+ hunt+-boots & hold+ ov] h] arm a leop>d's sk91 advances ) a tor* to def5d ! realm ( ! dead aga9/ ra% invad]s4 ,9 ! upp] l9e1 on ! "r1 a simil> figure1 ) drawn sword1 gu>ds ! captives :om ,h]akles has come to release4 ,peiri?\s sits & _c rise1 b ,!seus is /&+2 s f> z he is conc]n$1 ! attempt ( ! inv9cible ,h]akles is successful1 & he is all[$ to return to e>?4 ,! o!r gr\ps :i* make up ! picture h no special connexion ei!r ) ,orpheus or ) ,h]akles1 & are introduc$ m]ely to complete ! picture ( ,hades4 ,on "s ( ^! "u-_w vases ! names are writt5 ov] ! v>i\s p]sons1 s t we c id5tify !m ) ease & c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! upp] l9e to ! left is ,meg>a1 ! wife ( ,h]akles1 & ! two *ildr5 ( h]s :om _! fa!r slew 9 a fit ( madness4 ,!y /& ne> a spr+-h\se1 :]e wat] fl[s f a lion's-head f\nta94 ,drops ( blood /ill /& on _! brea/s4 ,:y !y alone %\ld ?us be> 9 ,hades ! m>ks ( mortal calamity we _c say2 nor inde$ :y !y %\ld appe> at all z prom95t inhabitants ( ! l& ( %ades4 ,"o is incl9$ to fancy t "s tale or leg5d may h connect$ !m ) ! voyage ( _! fa!r to ,hades4 ,b5ea? !m is a curi\s dome/ic gr\p3 a "y husb& :o is 9 ! act ( cr[n+ himself ) a wrea?1 a wife1 & _! little son1 :o drags beh9d him a play?+4 ,x is a v]itable sc5e ( ! recon/itution1 9 ! l& ( %ades1 ( a family endu$ ) p]petual y\? & leisure4 ,:o ^! p may be is q unc]ta92 b x is reasonable to ?9k t !y are su* z h und]gone initiation1 & ^: future life is ?us assur$4 ,opposite are ! ?ree judges ( ! dead1 ,m9os1 ,aeacus1 & ,rhadaman?ys1 or1 z "s give ! "n1 ,triptolemus4 ,be>d$ & v5]able figures1 !y c>ry long sceptres1 b d n look s /]n z "o w\ld expect f _! t]rible function4 ,! o!r sc5es1 9 ! two corn]s bel[1 are ( n mu* m ?an geographical import4 ,!y %[ ! place to be ,hades by introduc+ "s ( ! well-kn[n inhabitants ( t region4 ,on ! left is ,sisyphus upre>+ 8 rock2 & le/ he %\ld loit] at ! task1 "o ( ! ,po5ae ) snakes 9 h] hair urges him ) a d\ble-?ong$ :ip2 9 h] o!r h& %e c>ries a javel9 & leop>d's sk94 ,on ! "r is ,tantalus1 9 ! dress ( an ,ori5tal pr9ce1 & /ill c>ry+ 8 sceptre4 ,! ,hom]ic pa9s h ceas$ to tr\ble him2 he no long] /&s 9 wat]1 nor rea*es aft] fruit4 ,b he is /ill ?reat5$ by ! hang+ rock4 ,on o!r vases ( ! class1 :ile ! g5]al arrangem5t is ! same1 ! gr\ps are v>i$4 ,peleus & ,myrtilus1 ! fai?less *>iote] :o arrang$ 8 victory at ,olympia1 sometimes take ! place ( ,!seus & ,peiri?\s4 ,9 ! place ( ,tantalus we h a gr\p ( wom5 ev] draw+ wat]1 :e!r !y be ! ,danaides or wom5 :o di$ un9itiat$4 ,x is likely t all ^! ,apulian vase-pa9t+s g back to "s orig9al ( a great pa9t] :i* 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w4 ,an orig9al by ,polygnotus x _c be2 ! composition is q unlike 81 & ! ,ori5tal g>m5ts worn by "s ( ! p]sonages indicate a diff]5t & a lat] s*ool ?an 84 ,we "k t ,nicias1 a contempor>y ( ,praxiteles1 made a great picture ( ! "u-_w2 b z we "k no?+ ( its details1 ! inquiry :e!r ?is 0 ! orig9al copi$ 9 ,italy has no c]ta9 basis4 ,s+ul>ly in/ructive & sugge/ive is ! comp>ison ( ^! ,hell5ic pictures ( ! "u-_w ) ^? :i* our ance/ors ( ! ,middle ,ages pa9t$ on ! walls & 9 ! w9d[s ( _! *ur*es4 ,!re we see ! ec/atic bliss ( ! sav$1 conduct$ by angels to ! abode ( ,god & ! sa9ts1 & ! fe>ful tortures inflict$ ^u ! damn$ by ho/s ( hide\s & malignant demons1 :o b9d1 burn1 te>1 & outrage !m ) fi5di% +5uity4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian pa9t+s !re is no mean1 ev]y?+ is extreme4 ,! de/9y to et]nal life or et]nal torm5t seems to hang ^u a decision by no means easy3 angels & devils dispute ! possession ( s\ls1 & ! latt] are at lea/ z successful z ! =m] 9 _! raids4 ,our ance/ors c sc>cely h tak5 ^! repres5tations z s]i\sly z we are dispos$ to take !m1 or life %ad[$ by su* a t]rific future w\ld h be5 un5durable4 ,b /ill !y embodi$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* few d>$ dispute1 at all ev5ts op5ly4 ,!y give u a glimpse at ! t]rible moral pressure necess>y 9 ord] t ! realities ( ! moral & spiritual life %\ld be burn$ into ! he>t ( ! ,european peoples4 ,9 ! ,greek pictures1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is extreme1 b ev]y?+ is 9 mod]ation4 ,sett+ aside ! torm5ts ( a few leg5d>y h]oes1 l ,tityus & ,tantalus1 :i* _h little relation to actual life1 !re 0 no torture1 z !re 0 c]ta9ly no bliss1 9 ,hades4 ,betwe5 ! puni%m5t ( ! un9itiat$ & ! rew>d ( ! initiat$ !re is n v mu* diff]5ce4 ,:e!r ,meg>a & h] *ildr5 belong to ! class ( ! happy or ! wret*$ we d n "k4 ,!y be> ! m>ks ( suff]+1 b z "o ( ! boys c>ries ! oil-flask & /rigil ( ! a?lete1 he w\ld seem to pass 8 "t 9 ,hades z suitably z ! little boy ( ! initiat$ pair :o trundles 8 toy4 ,! only unpleasant feel+ :i* is r\s$ by our vase-pa9t+ or ! m exquisite ,hades ( ,polygnotus is t its t5ants mu/ suff] f inf9ite ennui1 & ! same reproa* has be5 br\ght sometimes aga9/ ! heav5 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b probably only highly civiliz$ p le>n to realize t ennui may become a torm5t4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we may comp>e ! sw>ms ( black & hide\s devils1 ) horn & ho( ( ! m$iaeval pictures1 ) ! ,greek ,po5ae4 ,we c trace ! g5ealogy ( ^! latt] f e>ly times4 ,! ,ori5tal imag9ation _h f v e>ly times delight$ 9 depict+ evil spirits 9 ! =m ( mon/]s & w+$ bea/s1 :o are ov]come & sla9 by ! gods 9 human =m4 ,= w+$ mon/]s ! ,greek arti/s ( ! six? c5tury _h t5d$ to sub/itute w+$ human be+s ( hide\s aspect1 ,gorgons & ,h>pies1 ,eris & ,phobos1 & ! l4 ,x 0 ,aes*ylus :o1 wi%+ to br+ on ! /age 9 bodily =m 9 8 ,eum5ides ! p[]s t av5ge k9dr$ blood1 trans=m$ ! ,er9nyes1 :o _h hi!rto be5 wor%ipp$ at ,a!ns z ! ,eum5ides or g5tle goddesses1 9 beautiful & dignifi$ =m#ci4 ,he took z 8 models ! ,gorgons & ,h>pies ( e>li] art4 ,s he himself tells u 9 ! ,eum5ides#dj1 :]e 8 prie/ess ?us describes ! sleep+ visitors3 #8,i call !m n wom51 b ,gorgons2 yet _c ,i q lik5 !m to ! =ms ( ,gorgons4 ,9 a picture once ,i saw ,h>pies pa9t$ be>+ (f ! food ( ,ph9eus3 ^!1 h[ev]1 are unw+$ 9 aspect1 b black & utt]ly abom9able4' ,pausanias too says1 :5 speak+ ( ! %r9e ( ! ,eum5ides at ,a!ns#da3 #8,x 0 ,aes*ylus :o fir/ wrea!d snakes 9 _! hair2 b 9 _! /atues !re is no?+ t]rible1 nor 9 ! o!r /atues set up 9 hon\r ( ! ne!r gods4' ,9 a s]ies ( vase-pa9t+s :i* repres5t ! flight to ,delphi & ! purification ( ,ore/es1 ! ,er9nyes appe> sometimes 9 ,aes*ylean guise z wom51 unw+$1 b ) snakes 9 _! hair & ( t]rible aspect4 ,) ^! ! ,po5ae ( our vase-pa9t+ are almo/ id5tical 9 dress1 ?\gh ! ugl9ess is s(t5$ d[n4 ,& z ,polygnotus kn[s n ! ,po5ae1 x seems likely t x 0 9 "p ! influ5ce ( ,aes*ylus :i* introduc$ !m z m9i/rants ( evil 9 ! realm ( ,hades4 ,b ! ,po5ae c]ta9ly fill v ineffici5tly ! place ( ! ,*ri/ian demons4 ,greek art lov$ to s(t51 to g5]alize1 :ile m$iaeval art rejoic$1 l ,dante1 9 exact detail4 ,greek art 0 always ready to sacrifice precise mean+ to beauty & grace1 :ile m$iaeval art _h little s5se ( beauty1 b tri$ to "w on ! emotions ( fe> & horror4 ,side by side ) ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! works ( anci5t pa9t]s we mu/ place t d]iv$ f anci5t poets & o!r writ]s4 ,! philosoph]s are outside our scope1 except s f> z !y te/ify to ! op9ions ( ord9>y m53 to reg>d ! views ( ,plato & ,epicurus z ord9>y ,greek op9ions w\ld ( c\rse be z absurd z to reg>d ,john ,/u>t ,mill or ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z repres5tatives ( ! ord9>y ,engli%man4 ,9 ord9>y ,greek belief1 !n1 we f9d abundant traces ( ! et]nal conflict betwe5 ! prie/ & ! prophet1 betwe5 ritual & e?ics4 ,!re 0 a g5]al feel+ t ^? :o di$ nobly or aft] a well-sp5t life 7 sure ( a fri5dly reception 9 ,hades4 ,x5ophon says ( ,agesilaus#db1 #8,he ev] fe>$ ! gods1 be+ ( op9ion t ^? :o liv$ nobly 7 n yet happy1 b t ^? :o _h di$ ) good "n 7 at once among ! bless$4' ,! *orus 9 ! ,alce/is speak ( _! mi/ress imm$iately aft] h] dea? z a bless$ _s4 ,& a multitude ( epitaphs#dc express ! conviction t ^? :o _h liv$ nobly 7 sure ( a fav\rable reception f ,p]sephone4 ,beside ?is e?ical view we f9d ! op9ion ( ! sac]dotal p>ty t initiation 9 ! ,my/]ies or atta*m5t to ! cultus ( "s deity 0 necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( future bliss4 ,?is 0 especially ! view ( ! ,orphi/s1 & z su* x is ridicul$ by ,plato 9 ! ,republic#dd3 #8,!y p]suade n individuals m]ely1 b :ole cities also1 t m5 may be absolv$ & purifi$ f crimes1 bo? :ile !y are /ill alive & ev5 aft] _! decease1 by means ( c]ta9 sacrifices & pleasureable amusem5ts :i* !y call ,my/]ies3 :i* deliv] u f ! torm5ts ( ! o!r _w1 :ile ! neglect ( !m is puni%$ by an awful doom4' ,we h se5 t ,polygnotus gives "s c\nt5ance to ^? :o reg>d$ ! ,my/]ies z ! gate ( future happ9ess4 ,& !re 0 c]ta9ly 9 ,greece a g5]ally spread conviction1 :i* may be well trac$ 9 ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 t initiation 01 if n a passport to future happ9ess1 at lea/ a safegu>d amid ! dang]s :i* surr\nd ! s\l f ! mom5t ( its dep>ture f ! body until its f9al doom is fix$4 ,9 ! m5tions ( ,hades to be f\nd 9 ! ,trag$ians1 x appe>s m especially z ! place ( ! reassembl+ ( families4 ,sophocles' ,antigone expresses a hope ( be+ well receiv$ 9 ,hades by ! relations to :om at h] p]il %e has p]=m$ ! rites ( burial4 ,! ,o$ipus ( ,sophocles wants to bl9d himself 9 ord] t 9 ,hades he may n see ! fa!r & "m :om he has s deeply ?\gh ignorantly injur$4 ,9 ! ,agamemnon ( ,aes*ylus1 ,clytemne/ra anticipates ! meet+ ( ,agamemnon 9 ,hades ) 8 daught] ,iphig5eia4 ,hyp]ides1 9 8 ,fun]al ,oration1 takes a some:at wid] view4 ,he imag9es ! fall5 h]oes ( ! ,lamian ,w> z receiv$ 9 fri5dly fa%ion 9 ,hades n m]ely by _! k9sfolk1 b by ! wor?ies ( ,troy & ( ,m>a?on1 & by ! tyrannicides ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton4 ,z reg>ds ! imag]y & geography ( ,hades ! ord9>y ,greeks d n seem to h greatly tr\bl$ !mselves4 ,!re 7 ! views ( poets & pa9t]s1 & !re 7 ! m def9ite & dogmatic views ( ! pr(essors ( ,orphic lore4 ,^! ! p receiv$ or neglect$ z suit$ ! b5t ( ! m9d ( ea*4 ,hades 0 a realm ( ! imag9ation1 z to ! nature ( :i* ea* man might innoc5tly indulge 8 own hopes & aspirations4 ,9 ! epitaphs ( lat] times we f9d1 z w be %[n 9 a future *apt]#de1 num]\s allusions to ! realm ( ,hades & ,p]sephone4 ,b !y d n /rike ! read] z embody+ /rong belief2 (t5 !y are ( an epideictic or rhetorical "*1 l ! /atem5ts :i* also occur t ! s\l ( ! dead has made its way to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ or to ! abodes ( ! gods4 ,! beliefs :i* conf9$ ! spirits ( ! dead to ! tomb & its neighb\rhood belong to a l[] & worse-educat$ /ratum ( ! population1 b h m vitality4 ,greek religion & tradition knew ( _m mortals :o _h gone d[n alive into ! e>?1 & !re abode1 giv+ = ! mo/ "p oracles f _! hid+-places4 ,su* 0 ,amphi>aus1 ! ,argive h]o1 :o aft] ! bootless siege ( ,!bes w5t d[n ) *>iot & horses into ! gr\nd1 & ^: %r9e 0 9 lat] times a great oracul> seat4 ,su* 0 ,trophonius ( ,lebadeia1 ^: cave is describ$ = u by ,pausanias4 ,ca5eus1 :5 ov]:elm$ ) rocks by ! ,c5taurs1 vani%$ alive into ! e>?1 & !re liv$ on4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m>k$ feature ( ! cultus ( h]oes t _! p[] is ex]cis$ only at ! place :]e !y disappe>$ or :]e _! bodies 7 laid4 ,!y are int5sely local1 e>?-daemons :o possess a piece ( l&1 & ^: fav\r mu/ be conciliat$ by any "o :o expects t l& to yield him increase4 ,pelopidas1 9 ! c\rse ( a campaign aga9/ ! ,sp>tans#df1 unwitt+ly slept ne> ! graves ( "s virg9s ( ,leuctra1 :o _h 9 old "t be5 violat$ & sla9 by ! ,sp>tans4 ,!y appe>$ at night to ! ,!ban g5]al1 & promis$ him victory if he made !m ! sacrifice ( a foal4 ,?is is b "o among a hundr$ in/ances ( ! fact t a h]o _h p[] only at 8 spot ( burial3 else:]e he 0 helpless4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is t5d5cy to localization has be5 9 all ages a m>k ( ! gho/1 & /ill m>ks him 9 ! cases inve/igat$ by ! ,psy*ical ,society4 ,yet ! local "* ( gho/s has n become an imp$im5t 9 ! way ( ! acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es ( ,heav51 ,hell1 & ,purgatory4 ,among our ance/ors1 j z among ! ,greeks1 beliefs c\ld lie 9 /rata1 & inconsi/5cies betwe5 a belief ( "o /ratum & a belief ( ano!r /ratum _h little di/urb+ p[]4 ,:5 ,campbell writes 9 8 noble address to ! ,m>9]s ( ,engl&1 #8,! spirits ( y\r fa!rs %all />t f e wave1' he c sc>cely be suppos$ to d5y t ! s\ls ( ,briti% naval h]oes _h f\nd a heav5ly re/+-place4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ,greek m9d 0 di/urb$ by inconsi/5cies ( ?is k9d1 & evolv$ a !ory = _! explanation4 ,?us a lat] int]polator ( ! ,odyssey1 be+ sc&aliz$ by ! ass]tion ( ,odysseus t he saw 9 ,hades ! mighty ,h]akles1 adds#dg1 #88 gho/ 77 only2 s9ce he himself joys amid ! delights ( ! immortal gods4' ,o!rs suppos$ t x 0 only ! spirits ( ! unburi$ :i* hov]$ ar\nd _! bodies3 & x is an +5i\s mod]n !ory t ! cu/om ( burn+ ! bodies ( ! dead arose out ( ! desire to prev5t !m f di/urb+ ! liv+4 ,b 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 ! ,greek dead reta9$ to ! la/ _! "r to levy tribute on _! desc5dants & fri5ds4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,age ,,( ,,greece ,:5 we turn f ! facts ( ,greek cult & belief z to a future life to ! monum5ts ( ! dead1 & set !m 9 *ronological ord]1 ! fir/ gr\p :i* comm&s our att5tion is t :i* belongs to ! pre-hi/oric city ( ,myc5ae4 ,we _c "h speak ( ! weal? ( gold & silv]1 ( bronze & ivory1 :i* ! =tunate spade ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann br\ght to light )9 ! sacr$ circle 9 ! ,acropolis ( ! city#dh4 ,we mu/ pass by ! cont5ts ( ! graves ( ! weal?y pre-hi/oric mon>*s ( ,myc5ae1 & conf9e our survey to ! outw>d & sculptural adornm5ts ( _! tombs4 ,^! fall into two well-m>k$ & cle>ly di/+ui%$ classes4 ,fir/1 we h ! conical s-call$ treasuries1 ( :i* sev]al exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,myc5ae1 z well z at ,or*om5us1 ,m5idi & o!r spots ( ,greece2 secondly1 we h ! c>v$ tomb/ones :i* 7 set up ov] ! graves 9 ! ,myc5aean ,acropolis4 ,! l>g] & m elaborate ( ! s-call$ treasuries ( pre-hi/oric ,greece1 su* z ! ,treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc5ae1 & ! ,treasury ( ,m9yas at ,or*om5us1 consi/ ( two *amb]s1 a l>g] out] *amb]1 :i* is circul> 9 plan & ( conical =m1 resembl+ 9 fact ! beehive to :i* x has (t5 be5 comp>$1 & a cubical inn] *amb]1 ( mu* small] dim5sions4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ w make ?is cle> 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! ar*itect ( ! ,myc5aean tomb _h no small skill4 ,! colossal size ( ! /ones1 especially ( t ov] ! door & ( "s 9 ! dromos or approa*1 ar\ses ! a/oni%m5t ( ! mod]n visitor1 :o wond]s by :at ma*9]y & appliances blocks s colossal 7 transport$ f ! qu>ries & plac$ 9 position4 ,! gradual inw>d slope ( ! walls1 ea* c\rse ( :i* some:at ov]laps ! c\rse bel[1 is manag$ ) great skill & accuracy4 ,r[s ( nails1 "s rema9s ( :i* are /ill to be se5 9 ! inn] walls1 support$1 n inde$ z "s h suppos$1 a complete bronze l9+ to ! conical *amb]1 b r[s ( />s or o!r ornam5ts1 on :i* w\ld glitt] ! light ( ! tor*es 7,fig4 #ae74 ,p]haps ! mo/ expressive *>act]i/ic ( all is ! lavi% exp5diture ( lab\r on a build+ :i* 0 entirely buri$ ) e>?1 & on ! magnific5t approa* built ( hewn /ones1 :5 some?+ f> simpl] & m effective might h be5 arrang$4 ,evid5tly ! build]s ( ^! monum5ts ?\ght no tr\ble & no exp5se wa/$1 if only ! dead 7 hon\r$ & gratifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,sectional ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,treasury ,,( ,,atreus#di4 ,a simpl] =m ( tomb ( ! same age & /yle disp5s$ ) ! squ>e side-*amb]1 & consi/$ ( a beehive build+ only4 ,! engrav+ 7,fig4 #af7 gives ! plan ( su* a tomb ne> ! ,lion ,gate ( ,myc5ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,int]ior ,,( ,,treasury1 ,,by ,c4 ,,*ipiez#ej4 ,! excavations ( rec5t ye>s h giv5 u abundant in=mation on ?ree important po9ts1 fir/ z to ! ar*itectural decoration ( ^! spl5did memorials ( ! dead1 second z to _! purpose1 & ?ird z to _! date4 ,on ea* ( ^! subjects ,i mu/ briefly t\*4 ,!re h be5 = a long "t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum int]e/+ fragm5ts f ! doorway ( ! ,treasury ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,plan ,,& ,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,treasury#ea4 ,atreus1 & attempts h be5 made1 on ! gr\nd ( ^! fragm5ts & o!rs once kn[n :i* h disappe>$1 to recon/ruct ! entrance ( ! build+4 ,su* attempt has be/ succe$$ 9 ! h& ( ,m4 ,*ipiez#eb1 :o has produc$ a design at once fai?ful to ! data1 & ( noble ar*itectural effect4 ,a m rec5t discov]y is t ( ! decoration1 9 relief1 ( ! ceil+ ( ! side-*amb] ( ! tomb ( ,or*om5us1 :i* 0 excavat$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann 9 #ahhjec 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! patt]n ( ?is ceil+ be>s a close resemblance to "s ( ! ,egyptian patt]ns 9 use = pa9t$ ceil+s1 ?us giv+ u a valuable sugge/ion z to ! orig9 ( ! art ( ! ,myc5aean age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,ceil+ ,,( ,,treasury1 ,,or*om5us4 ,t ! conical und]gr\nd build+s ( e>ly ,greece 7 really erect$ z burial-places ( ! k+s & nobles is n[ c]ta94 ,pausanias1 9 ^: times less 0 kn[n z to primitive ,greece ?an is n[ kn[n1 calls ! beehive tomb at ,or*om5us ! treasury ( ,m9yas1 & ^? at ,myc5ae ! treasuries ( ,atreus & 8 sons4 ,& d\btless !y 7 9 a s5se treasuries1 s9ce 9 !m 7 /or$ all ! ri* spoils :i* at t "t 7 s freely be/[$ on ! great dead4 ,b prim>ily !y 7 burial-places1 & ! use z treasure-h\ses 0 only a d]ivative "o4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is 0 a matt] ( dispute among ! le>n$1 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] tak+ "o side & ,welck] ! o!r4 ,b 9 ?is case1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 ! spade has cut ! ,gordian knot :i* ! wit ( man c\ld n untie4 ,excavation has br\ght to light )9 ! beehive grave ( ,m5idi1 9 ,attica1 six skeletons2 & at ,vaphio1 ?\gh ! bodies :i* _h be5 buri$ 9 ! conical *amb] _h pass$ into du/1 yet ! disposition ( ! ri* booty :i* 0 f\nd buri$ b5ea? ! floor %[$ t x 0 c]ta9ly a sepul*ral deposit4 ,9 ! case ( ! m elaborate tombs ) two *amb]s1 !re c be little d\bt t ! small] side-*amb] 0 t :]e9 ! corpses 7 laid1 :ile ! out] *amb] s]v$ = ! purposes ( ! cultus ) :i* ! dead 7 hon\r$3 ?i!r 0 br\ght ! tribute ( sacrifice & (f]+ :i* ! dead dem&$ f ! liv+4 ,b 9 ^? cases :]e !re is a s+le *amb]1 ! dead re/$ b5ea? ! floor ( t *amb] 9 ! mid/ ( _! weal?1 _! arms & ornam5ts & vessels ( silv] & gold4 ,a numb] ( rec5t discov]ies1 a full acc\nt ( :i* w\ld take u too f> f our imm$iate subject1 h help$ u to det]m9e ! date ( ! beehive tombs ( e>ly ,greece4 ,! e>lie/ date indicat$ = !m seems to be ab\t ! fifte5?1 & ! late/ ! t5?1 c5tury be=e our a]a4 ,!y belong to ! age ( ! eighte5?1 n9ete5? & tw5tie? dyna/ies ( ,egypt1 :5 ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs 0 m ?an once expos$ to invasion by ! p[]ful *iefs ( ! isl&s ( ! nor?4 ,z ! mi/s ( ! pa/ are lift+1 we ga9 a cle>] & cle>] view ( a some:at highly develop$ civilization 9 ,hell5ic l&s at a "t long be=e ! ,greece :i* is kn[n to u came into be+1 ( k+s be=e ,agamemnon1 & palaces old] & m spl5did ?an ^? describ$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,we may v5ture1 ?\gh p]haps n )\t "s trepidation1 to ascribe ! tombs ( :i* we h spok5 to ! ,a*aean h]oes ^: fame /ill e*oes 9 ! e>lie/ poetry ( ,greece2 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t aft] _! erection great *anges _h tak5 place 9 ! c\ntry be=e ! ,hom]ic poems acquir$ any?+ l _! pres5t =m4 ,our trepidation arises f ! fact t ! la/ ^w is c]ta9ly n said1 nor ! la/ !ory put =? 9 ?is matt]4 ,! claims ( ! ,c>ians & ! ,pelasgi to ! rema9s ( ! ,myc5aean age f9d adh]5ts4 ,mr4 ,helbig1 9 an able rec5t "w#ed1 has tri$ to prove t ! cont5ts ( ! ,myc5aean tombs are almo/ entirely ,pho5ician4 ,b ! v]dict ( ! majority ( ar*aeologi/s goes 9 fav\r ( ! ,a*aeans1 & ! sob] judgem5t ( ,m4 ,p]rot has accept$ _! claims 9 8 great "w on ,la ,grce primitive4 ,x is suppos$ by _m ar*aeologi/s t ! graves :i* 7 dug 9 ! rock j )9 ! ,lion-gate ( ,myc5ae1 ^? tombs ! ri* spoil ( :i* dazzl$ ,europe a few ye>s ago1 are ( old] p]iod ?an ! beehive tombs4 ,x is n unusual to recognize 9 ! graves ( prehi/oric ,greece two p]iods1 an old] p]iod ( rock-cut graves1 & a lat] ( beehive graves4 ,b ?is di/9ction re/s on no solid pro(4 ,!re is no reason = decid+ t ! cont5ts ( ! beehive tomb at ,vaphio belong$ to a lat] age ?an ! cont5ts ( ! ,myc5aean rock-tombs4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,petrie1 an op9ion em95tly wor?y ( consid]ation1 !y belong to an e>li] "t4 ,mr4 ,evans1 ano!r excell5t au?ority1 has accept$ a view1 fir/ put =w>d by myself1 t ! bodies & ! treasures f\nd 9 ! rock-graves at ,myc5ae _h be5 mov$ ?i!r1 on "s al>m ( invasion1 f an e>li] re/+-place 9 ! beehive tombs :i* lie outside ! acropolis walls ( t city4 ,9 any case we are ju/ifi$1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 9 decl9+ to recognize ! l9e ( division ( :i* we h spok54 ,& s we may p]si/ 9 reg>d+ ! sculptural decorations ( ! rock-tombs z n e>li] ?an ! ar*itectural decorations ( ! beehive tombs4 ,v probably !y may be lat]1 b 9 any case !y belong to ! same race & ! same age4 ,ov] sev]al ( ! rock-cut fosses 9 :i* ! weal? ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,myc5ae lay m+l$ ) _! bones1 !re 0 erect$1 ei!r at ! "t ( burial or lat]1 an upright slab to m>k ! spot4 ,"s ( ^! slabs 7 pla91 b o!rs 7 c>v$ ) reliefs1 ( :i* "s acc\nt mu/ "h be giv51 z x is desirable to comp>e !m ) ! sepul*ral reliefs ( lat] ,greece4 ,^! slabs 7 made ( ! calc>e\s /one ( ! di/rict3 ) "t _! surface has naturally suff]$1 b we c /ill trace on !m ! sc5es sculptur$ by h&s evid5tly q unaccu/om$ to deal+ ) su* mat]ials4 ,! designs are 9 _m cases m]e patt]ns1 su* z appe> ) f> great] appropriat5ess on ! gold plates us$ = ! adornm5t ( ! dead4 ,b 9 a few cases we h transcripts f ! life ( ! p]iod4 ,fig4 #ahee repres5ts "p ( "o tomb/one4 ,we "h see a w>rior *>g+ ! foe 9 a *>iot1 ! horse ( :i* gallops ) an almo/ pret]natural en]gy4 ,! driv] holds ) 8 "r h& ! re9s1 :ile ! left h& grasps ! hilt ( a sword slung to 8 side by a sword-belt4 ,9 front ( him flies an enemy :o br&i%es a leaf-%ap$ sword4 ,! :ole field is occupi$ by spiral designs4 ,fig4 #aief pres5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,tomb/one1 ,,myc5ae4 a sc5e /ill rud] 9 execution1 b simil> 9 design1 save t ! enemy is /ill defiant1 in/ead ( 9 flight1 ?\gh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,tomb/one1 ,,myc5ae4 ! lance ( ! *>iote] has already pi]c$ him4 ,a ?ird /ele 7,fig4 #bjeg7 repres5ts a mix$ sc5e ( w> & ! *ase4 ,9 ! backgr\nd a w>rior *>ges 9 8 *>iot z be=e2 ! enemy has fall5 be=e him1 & lies "u ! horse's feet1 endeav\r+ va9ly to %elt] himself "u 8 huge %ield4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a lion pursues a /ag4 ,"h x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! lion /&s 9 a close relation to ! *>iote] or n4 ,:5 ,rameses ,,ii1 on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt1 *>ges 8 foes1 a lion gallops beside him1 & %>es 9 ! fray4 ,h we "s su* sc5e "h 9 imitation ( ,egyptian art8 ,or is ! lion m]ely seek+ 8 own prey8 ,or is he1 z is n impossible1 only a dog8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,tomb/one1 ,,myc5ae4 ,all ?ree ( ^! sc5es come f slabs erect$ ov] "o grave at ,myc5ae1 ! fif?4 ,! o!r slabs ) reliefs are 9 too fragm5t>y a condition to be /udi$ to mu* purpose2 & 9 fact x is to be fe>$ t ! read] may accuse u ( some:at /ra9+ evid5ce 9 int]pret+ ^! m complete sc5es1 ?\gh 9 reality none ( our /atem5ts is op5 to mu* d\bt4 ,we ne$ b c>ry our ?\ghts = a m9ute to ! sculptures :i* adorn$ ! walls ( ! palaces ( ! k+s ( ,assyria1 :i* are full ( ! triumphs ( ^? p[]ful mon>*s alike ov] human foes & ! bea/s ( ! field1 9 ord] fully to recognize ! mean+ ( ! ,myc5aean reliefs4 ,"h also we d\btless h a c\rt *ronicle1 ?\gh mat]ial & /yle w n be> = a mom5t any comp>ison ) ! magnific5t records ( ,nimr\d4 ,"h also we may disc]n ! k+1 9 ^: hon\r ! slab 0 set up1 slay+ & pursu+ 8 enemies4 ,& al?\gh at ,myc5ae we are 9 a "t ( comp>ative b>b>ism1 yet at lea/ = ! *oice ( subject we may f9d p>allels 9 ! lat] age ( ,greece4 ,dexileos rid+ d[n 8 foe on horseback on ! spl5did monum5t ( ! ,c]ameicus 7,pl4 ,,xii7 may be consid]$ a p>allel to ! nameless *ief ( ,myc5ae :o pursues 8 enemy 9 ! *>iot ( an e>li] age4 ,b a /ill clos] resemblance ( subject is to be f\nd 9 monum5ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 9 ! pa9t+s ( ! s>cophagi ( ,clazom5ae1 :i* date f ! six? c5tury#eh4 ,on ^! we h frequ5t battle sc5es1 & *iefs rid+ 9 two-horse *>iots occur4 ,! graves ( ,lycia & ! s>cophagi ( ,sidon also pres]ve 9 _! reliefs extracts f ! lives ( ! *iefs buri$ 9 !m1 ( _! milit>y exp$itions1 hunt+ exploits & dome/ic enjoym5ts4 ,! extraord9>y inf]iority ( ! sculpture ( ,myc5ae 9 comp>ison ei!r ) ! ar*itecture ( walls & gates1 or ) ! work+ ( ! gold & silv] cups & ornam5ts f\nd 9 ! tombs1 may at fir/ surprise u4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is inf]iority1 !re are t\*es ( simil>ity betwe5 ! repres5tations on ! /one & ^? 9 ! metal plates :i* %[ !m to belong to "o age4 ,we may acc\nt be/ = ! curi\s discrepancy by reflect+ h[ v closely art is dep5d5t on mat]ial4 ,! arti/s ( ,myc5ae 7 evid5tly us$ to gold & metal "w4 ,!y _h le>n$ to adapt _! devices p]fectly to a mat]ial :i* c\ld be engrav$ & hamm]$4 ,b to mak+ reliefs 9 /one !y 7 cle>ly q unaccu/om$4 ,no mason :o ?\ght z a mason w\ld attempt s absurd a task z ! work+ out on /one ( ^! spiral & int]lac$ patt]ns4 ,!y are tak5 /raight f metal to lime/one4 ,& complete ignorance ( ! art ( work+ 9 relief is %[n also 9 ! way 9 :i* ! sc5es are execut$1 ea* figure be+ q flat1 & ! outl9es only made cle> aga9/ ! gr\nd ( ! relief4 ,a di/ant report ( reliefs 9 /one to be f\nd 9 ! l&s ( ! f> ea/ & ! s\? seems to h rea*$ ! workm5 ( ,myc5ae1 & set !m to "w1 :5 !y naturally c>ri$ ) !m into ! new bran* ( art ! /yle ( ! rep\ss metalwork :i* 0 famili> to !m4 ,ev5 ! ,lion ,gate ( ,myc5ae1 ?\gh a "w ( a "* v sup]ior to t ( ! tomb/ones1 is v weak on ! side ( te*nique4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,asia ,,m9or3 ,,e>ly ,aft] ! h]oic or ,a*aean age we f9d 9 all bran*es ( ,greek hi/ory a m>k$ break4 ,"s great cataclysm 9 ,greece1 9 all likelihood ! ,dorian conque/ ( ,peloponnesus 9 ! elev5? & t5? c5turies1 sep>ates ! age :i* is call$ ,myc5aean f hi/oric times4 ,! "y tree ( ,hell5ic civilization _h produc$ a few fl[]s1 b a long p]iod ( comp>ative b>b>ism _h to pass be=e x obey$ a second "t ! call ( ! season & br\ght =? mature fruit4 ,?is c\rse ( ev5ts is cle>ly mirror$ 9 ! graves ( ,greece ,prop]4 ,! tombs ( ! lat] ,myc5aean age1 :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 great abundance1 especially at ,myc5ae itself1 are f> less ri* ?an ^? ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,& n only are _! cont5ts less pl5tiful & less int]e/+1 b !y pres5t u ) no ext]nal adornm5t :i* %\ld ju/ify u 9 "h dwell+ ^u !m4 ,z our subject is ! outsides r ?an ! insides ( sepul*ral monum5ts 9 ,greece1 we mu/ pass almo/ 9 sil5ce ov] a long p]iod ( "t1 & beg9 aga91 amid q diff]5t surr\nd+s1 on ! ?re%old ( ! ,olympiads1 & ( ,greek hi/ory z op5$ to u by ,h]odotus4 ,!re c be little d\bt t if excavations 7 c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 amid ! e>ly ,aeolic & ,ionic settlem5ts1 we %\ld be able to bridge ! gap n[ exi/+ betwe5 pre-hi/oric & hi/oric ,greece4 ,d\btless by degrees ! lacuna 9 our k w be fill$ up4 ,b at pres5t x rema9s a lacuna4 ,be=e h[ev] we proce$ to an acc\nt ( ! cemet]ies ( ! great cities ( ,greece ,prop]1 ( ,sp>ta & ,a!ns & ,!bes1 we mu/ glance at ! tombs erect$ 9 semi-,greek di/ricts ( ,asia1 su* z ,phrygia & ,lycia1 9 hon\r ( ! weal?y k+s :o !re bore sway4 ,greek hi/ory may1 9 a s5se1 be said to beg9 ) ! ,m]mnadae ( ,lydia1 & all our hi/ories ( ,greek art conta9 a *apt] on ! ar*aic monum5ts ( ,lycia4 ,a great "p ( ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or is full ( rock-sculptures1 c>v$ p>tly 9 ! s]vice ( religion1 p>tly z a record ( ! dead4 ,mu* ( ?is sculpture is ( great b unkn[n antiquity1 & less closely relat$ to any ,hell5ic "w ?an to t ( ! races ( ,syria & ,mesopotamia4 ,! be/ g5]al acc\nt ( ^! rema9s w be f\nd 9 ! fif? volume ( ,p]rot & ,*ipiez' ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit4 ,x is only necess>y 9 ! pres5t "w to m5tion a few gr\ps ( monum5ts ( a lat] "t1 :i* may be advantage\sly comp>$ ) e>ly ,greek monum5ts4 ,pausanias1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,ionian coa/1 tells u t he _h se5#ei on ,m\nt ,sipylus a notable tomb ascrib$ by tradition to ,tantalus1 son ( ,zeus & ,pluto 771 & fa!r ( ,pelops1 :o gave 8 "n to ! ,peloponnesus4 ,?is monum5t has be5 id5tifi$#fj 9 a tumulus ( :i* ! rema9s /ill /& on a spur ( ,sipylus4 ,x 0 excavat$1 & p>tly de/roy$1 by ,m4 ,texi]1 ^: draw+s1 :i* are "h repeat$1 give u a notion ( its orig9al =m & disposition 7,fig4 #ba74 ,save = ! fact t x 0 n cov]$ ) e>?1 b /ood free1 ?is tumulus be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! tombs at ,myc5ae & ,or*om5us4 ,& ! *amb] )9 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,tumulus ,,on ,,sipylus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,section ,,( ,,*amb]#fa4 7,fig4 #bb7 9 _m po9ts ( con/ruction recalls ! *amb] ( ! beehive tombs1 ?\gh its gr\nd plan is n circul> l !irs1 b oblong4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable to f9d1 9 ! v di/rict :5ce1 accord+ to ! leg5ds1 ,pelops came1 a tomb s closely resembl+ ^? said to h be5 erect$ 9 ,greece by 8 sons & gr&sons4 ,?is h[ev] leads u to hi/orical que/ions into :i* we mu/ n at pres5t ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,midas4 ,! inn] l&s ( ,phrygia also furni% monum5ts p>allel to ^? ( ,myc5ae4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kumbet1 ,leake f\nd a l>ge necropolis conta9+ _m tombs ( anci5t ,phrygian k+s & notables1 "s ( :i* are rem>kable = _! ar*itecture1 & "s = _! sculpture4 ,& "h we are n dep5d5t ^u m]e tradition1 = ! mo/ notable tomb ( ! gr\p be>s an inscription 9 ,phrygian1 /at+ t x 0 set up by ,atys 9 hon\r ( ,midas ! k+ 7,fig4 #bc74 ,m4 ,p]rot has all[$ me to reproduce "h a draw+ ( ?is tomb1 made by ,m4 ,tomaszkievicz f a photograph tak5 by ,mr4 ,blunt#fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,geometrical ,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,tomb4 ,sev]al o!r faades adorn$ ) patt]ns ( a simil> "* h be5 f\nd 9 ! same di/rict by rec5t travell]s1 especially ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay4 ,^! also 9 mo/ cases adorn$ tombs1 ?\gh p]haps 9 "s cases ! tombs 7 b c5otaphs & did n conta9 actual rema9s4 ,we repeat an engrav+ 7,fig4 #bd7 ( a c>v$ front1 :i* seems ( a some:at lat] date ?an ! ,midas ,tomb#fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,tomb ,,flank$ ,,by ,,lions4 ,if ! geometric decorations ( ^! e>ly ,phrygian monum5ts rem9d u ( ! c>v+ ( pill> & l9tel at ,myc5ae1 a /ill clos] p>allel to ! ,gate ( ! ,lions is furni%$ by ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,head ,,( ,,lion4 o!r ,phrygian tombs ( :i* ,mr4 ,ramsay 0 ! =tunate discov]]4 ,at ,ayaz9n he f\nd a tomb entrance surm\nt$ by a tall column on ei!r side ( :i* ramp$ a colossal lion 7,fig4 #be71 rudely execut$ x is true1 b by no means want+ 9 vig\r4 ,"u ea* ( ! lions is a small cub4 ,we reproduce ! draw+ ( ?is monum5t made by ,m4 ,/4 ,elme ,gauti]#fd4 ,fragm5ts also ( colossal lions ( a f> nobl] type1 :i* _h 9 l h]aldic pose s]v$ to decorate a tomb1 7 f\nd 9 ! same di/rict3 an engrav+ ( a fragm5t ( "o ( ^! 7,fig4 #bf7fe w give u1 s to speak1 ! high-wat] m>k ( ,phrygian art1 & we mu/ confess t x is a level :i* ! ,greeks !mselves sc>cely rea*$ be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess ,i h reproduc$ "s ( ! mo/ cle>ly m>k$ types ( ,phrygian tombs4 ,b x is impossible "h to ent] into ! hi/oric que/ions :i* !y sugge/1 & :i* h giv5 rise to mu* discussion#ff4 ,almo/ ! only fact :i* we "k z to ! hi/ory ( ,phrygia is t record$ by ,/rabo#fg1 :o tells ( a ,phrygian k+ ,midas1 :o1 :5 8 k+dom 0 deva/at$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #fhj by an invasion ( ! ,cimm]ians1 committ$ suicide by dr9k+ bull's blood4 ,aft] ! ,cimm]ians _h retir$1 ! k+dom ( ! ,lydians arose to a great height ( p[] & spl5d\r1 b t ( ! ,phrygians did n fully recov]1 rema9+ a dep5d5cy ( ,lydia4 ,! ,midas ( ! ,midas ,tomb c sc>cely be ! mon>* :o fell 9 ! d>ke/ h\r ( 8 c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,are we to suppose t ! k+ ,midas ( ! tomb 0 a pr$ecessor ( ,/rabo's mon>*1 or a successor8 ,or are we to suppose ) ,m4 ,p]rot t he 0 no hi/oric mon>*1 b a deity1 & t ! suppos$ tomb is really r a %r9e8 ,t ! monum5t 0 really a tomb ,mr4 ,ramsay argues ) great =ce4 ,b its date is m problematic1 & we _c v5ture 9 ?is matt] to express an op9ion4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,ramsay ! tombs gu>d$ by lions are m anci5t ?an ^? ) geometric faades1 & g back to q a remote antiquity4 ,b ! opposite op9ion1 t ! geometrical tombs are ! old]1 has f\nd advocates4 ,betwe5 !m1 ! two classes ( monum5ts seem to occupy ! p]iod betwe5 ! eigh? c5tury1 or e>li]1 & ! age ( ,croesus & ,cyrus4 ,t !re 0 "s n di/ant relation betwe5 ! sepul*ral art ( ,phrygia & t ( ,myc5ae _c be d5i$4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be a mi/ake h5ce to leap to ! conclusion t ! art ( ,myc5ae 0 ( ,phrygian orig94 ,x appe>s t ! rema9s :i* come to u f ,myc5ae are e>li] by sev]al c5turies ?an ^? :i* we f9d 9 ,phrygia4 ,x might ev5 be sugge/$ t ! /ream ( art fl[$ r 9 ! opposite direction1 f ,myc5ae to ,phrygia4 ,a m reasonable view1 h[ev]1 is t ! art ( ,phrygia & t ( ,myc5ae 7 n "m & daught]1 b r c\s9s1 d]iv$ alike f "s /em ( ,asiatic art :i* has yet to be trac$ out4 ,m int]e/+1 because m full ( human mean+1 are ! sculptural adornm5ts ( ! e>ly tombs ( ! di/rict ( ,lycia 9 s\!rn ,asia ,m9or4 ,e>ly ,greek tradition %[s a close relation subsi/+ betwe5 ,lycia & ,peloponnesus4 ,!re is a well-kn[n ,hom]ic /ory :i* tells h[ ,bell]ophon1 ! desc5dant ( ,aeolus1 0 s5t to ,lycia by ,proetus1 :o desir$ t he %\ld !re be sla9 at ! h&s ( ! ,lycian k+1 8 fa!r-9-law2 & h[ nev]!less ,bell]ophon prosp]$ 9 ,lycia 9 all t he und]took1 slay+ ! ,*ima]a1 & ov]com+ ! ho/s ( ,solymi & ,amazons4 ,glaucus1 ! gr&son ( ,bell]ophon1 & ,diom$es ( ,argos meet "u ! walls ( ,ilium z c\s9s4 ,& tradition connect$ ! "n ( ! ,lycian ,cyclopes ) ! mighty walls ( ,tiryns & ( ,myc5ae4 ,! g5ealogies ( ! leg5ds are no d\bt q untru/wor?y1 yet !y are (t5 confirm$ z indications ( race by o!r evid5ce4 ,& !re is1 z we %all see1 s ne> an analogy betwe5 ! monum5ts ( ,lycia & ^? ( ,peloponnesus t we are oblig$ to assume betwe5 ! two c\ntries also "s connexion4 ,:5 we consid] ! s]ies ( ,lycian tombs1 :i* may be /udi$ bett] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ?an 9 any o!r museum ( ,europe1 we f9d a mo/ int]e/+ bl5d+ ( ,ori5tal & ,greek elem5ts#fh4 ,_! ar*itecture is local2 ! ma9 feature ( x be+ t x r5d]s directly1 9 /one & 9 rock1 =ms :i* are cle>ly 9 orig9 wood54 ,ev]y:]e we see ! squ>e beam z x 7 petrifi$4 ,9 ! ro( ( ! ord9>y ,greek temple we see t ! =ms 7 ?\ght out :ile ! build+ mat]ial 0 /ill wood1 & only modifi$ :5 /one took ! place ( beams4 ,9 ! ,lycian tombs ?is feature is /ill m notable1 because ! ,lycian ar*itects lack$ ! nimbl5ess ( ! ,greek intellect1 & 7 m cons]vative ( settl$ =ms4 ,! sculptures :i* adorn ^! curi\s con/ructions h also local elem5ts1 b 9 ?is field ! art ( ,ionia comes 9 z a controll+ =ce 9 ! six? c5tury1 r5d]+ ! native cu/oms & beliefs 9 =ms to :i* ! /ud5t ( ,greek art is accu/om$4 ,x may be t our famili>ity ) ! =ms & /yle ( ! sculpture 9 "s degree misleads u4 ,:5 we "k ! words ( a language we sometimes too ha/ily ?9k t we are ma/]s ( its ?\ght4 ,! religion & ! cu/oms ( ,lycia may resemble ^? ( ,greece less closely ?an ! monum5ts w\ld lead u to ?9k4 ,b 9 anci5t times art influ5c$ cu/om z well z cu/om art4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we _c reg>d ! e>ly monum5ts ( ,lycia z outside ! pale ( ,greek art4 ,!re are inde$1 z ,m4 ,p]rot has well %[n1 among ,lycian ar*aic monum5ts a few :i* seem to prec$e ! ,ionic influ5ce4 ,su* is ! squ>e *e/ ( ! ,briti% ,museum#fi1 on "o side ( :i* is a lion /rangl+ an ox1 on ano!r side a lioness ) h] cubs1 on ! ?ird a man slay+ a lion1 & on ! f\r? a gr\p ( horsem5 & w>riors on foot4 ,! lion-slay] 9 p>ticul> takes our ?\ghts n to ,greece b to ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,_m ( ! tombs :i* d %[ ,ionic influ5ce are n sugge/ive 9 ! pres5t connexion4 ,_! sculptural adornm5t is su* z we might expect to f9d z soon on a temple z on a tomb2 satyrs1 animals1 sph9xes & ! l4 ,we w "h consid] only a few monum5ts1 ! sculpture ( :i* seems to be really sepul*ral 9 "*4 ,incomp>ably ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ar*aic grave-monum5ts ( ! ,xan?us valley is ! beautiful tomb call$ ! ,h>py ,monum5t1 ! reliefs ( :i* n[ adorn ! ,briti% ,museum1 hav+ be5 br\ght ?i!r by ,sir ,*>les ,fell[s4 ,:5 complete ! tomb 0 9 ! =m ( a squ>e t[] ( masonry ab\t tw5ty feet high1 :i* 0 surm\nt$ by a small *amb]1 :]e9 d\btless 9 anci5t times lay ! bodies ( ^? to ^: hon\r ! :ole 0 erect$1 toge!r ) ! ri*es heap$ ar\nd _! bi]s4 ,?is *amb] rem9ds u ( ! tomb ( ,cyrus1 z describ$ by ,arrian#gj4 #8,bel[1' writes ,arrian1 #8x 0 built ( squ>$ masonry 9 ! =m ( a f\r-sid$ t[]1 on :i* 0 a *amb] ro($ ) /one1 hav+ a n>r[ door to x1 ?r\gh :i* a man ( no great /ature c\ld ) pa9 & difficulty pass4 ,9 ! *amb] /ood a gold5 c(f9 :]e9 0 buri$ ! body ( ,cyrus1 & beside ! c(f9 a c\* ) feet ( beat5 gold1 :]eon 0 laid a cov]let ( ,babylonian c>pets1 & bel[ purple rugs4 ,on ^! 0 plac$ a c&ys & o!r g>m5ts ( ,babylonian workman%ip3 also ,m$ian tr\s]s & robes ( hyac9? dye1 "s ( purple1 "s ( o!r col\rs2 & torques & swords1 & gold e>r+s set ) /ones4' ,simil>1 ?\gh no d\bt less spl5did1 may h be5 ! cont5ts ( ! ,h>py ,tomb2 & x is notewor?y t 9 x also !re is a small op5+ at ! side1 int5d$ n = ! entrance ( m51 b ei!r = admission ( dues ( food & dr9k1 or m probably to give free +ress & egress to ! gho/s ( ! dead4 ,! ,p]sians & ! ,lycians mu/ h be5 ( k9dr$ /ocks2 & we may well suppose t _! burial cu/oms w\ld be simil>4 ,! reliefs :i* decorate ! out] faces ( ! ,h>py ,tomb are among ! mo/ *>m+ memorials ( antiquity4 ,9 spite ( a c]ta9 crudity & pov]ty 9 design1 :i* is discov]$ on a close inspection1 ! /yle 9 its elegant & graceful conv5tionality is v attractive4 ,& ! difficulty :i* exi/s 9 ! id5tification ( ! figures ( ! reliefs1 & ! det]m9ation ( _! mean+1 adds an intellectual fasc9ation to t :i* is ae/hetic4 7,see ,fig4 #bg47 ,on ! side :i* faces ! we/ we f9d ! door already m5tion$1 ov] :i* is a figure ( a c[ suckl+ h] calf4 ,at ! two ends sit1 face to face1 two dignifi$ female figures4 ,!y are clad alike 9 ! ,ionian dress ) long sleeves1 b 9 attributes !y diff]4 ,! figure to ! left holds a vessel ( (f]+s2 a sph9x supports ! arm ( h] *air2 %e is sev]e 9 type & solit>y4 ,! figure to ! "r holds 9 h] two h&s fl[] & fruit2 ! b> ( h] *air ends 9 a ram's head4 ,?ree vot>ies approa* h]1 :]e( ! fir/ is busy ) h] drap]y1 ! second c>ries fl[] & fruit1 ! ?ird be>s an egg4 ,x is cle> t ! lady on ! "r is m approa*able2 h] fl[] & fruit1 & ! ram's head1 all symbolize ! g5ial abundance ( life 9 nature4 ,! libation-vessel ( ! lady to ! left1 & h] sph9x1 seem to belong to ! grave r ?an to life4 ,let u pass to ! o!r ?ree sides ( ! tomb4 ,! c5tral gr\p ( ea* ( !m repres5ts a seat$ male figure receiv+ (f]+s f a vot>y1 also male4 ,b ! motive ( ! gr\ps & ! age ( ! vot>ies v>ies4 ,on ! ea/1 a "y boy br+s an egg & a cock to an eld]ly man :o holds a fl[] & a sceptre3 a ,triton supports ! arm ( 8 *air4 ,on ! s\?1 a y\? c>ries a dove to a clumsy figure :o holds fruits4 ,on ! nor?1 a w>rior br+s arm\r to a be>d$ p]sonage1 b5ea? ^: ?rone is a be>4 ,! flank+ figures on ! ea/ side are m]ely m vot>ies ) (f]+s4 ,b on ! nor? & s\? sides we f9d ! rem>kable be+s f :om ! tomb takes its "n1 /range mon/]s hav+ ! head1 arms1 & brea/s ( wom51 b ! tails & feet ( birds1 :o c>ry ea* 9 h] arms a "y girl clad 9 long drap]y4 ,9 ! corn] ( ! nor? side is a woman1 :o sits 9 an attitude ( grief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,we/ ,,sides ,,( ,,h>py ,,tomb4 ,su* are ! details ( reliefs1 ! precise import ( :i* w probably nev] be recov]$1 unless a new light dawns on ,lycian cu/oms & religion4 ,e>li] explanations saw 9 ! w+$ figures ! ,h>pies or /orm-w9ds be>+ away ! daught]s ( ,p&>eus1 accord+ to a well-kn[n tale ( ! ,odyssey#ga4 ,b an objection to ?is int]pretation at once arises f ! fact t ! girls :o are be+ borne away cl+ lov+ly to _! captors1 & %[ nei!r dread nor ang]4 ,h5ce x has appe>$ m reasonable to f9d 9 !m s\ls ( wom5 g5tly c>ri$ by gu>dian spirits to ! l& ( ! future4 ,9 ! seat$ male & female figures1 x has be5 propos$ to f9d ! deities ( ! ,lycian race1 ?\gh :o ^! 7 is n cle>4 ,if ! seat$ ladies be goddesses1 x seems cle> t !y mu/ preside respectively ov] life & dea?4 ,yet x w\ld be v bold s f> to ,hell5ize !m z to call !m ,demet]1 ! imp]sonation ( ! fruitful e>?1 & ,p]sephone1 que5 ( ! %ades bel[4 ,! mo/ rec5t explanation ( ! reliefs1 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,mil*hoef]1 reg>ds !m z memorials ( ! wor%ip1 n ( ! gods1 b ( ! h]oiz$ dead4 ,c]ta9ly !y 9 "s po9ts ne>ly resemble ! ,sp>tan reliefs1 ( :i* we %all treat 9 ! next *apt]1 & :i* d beyond d\bt belong to ! h]o-wor%ip ( ,lac$aemonian families4 ,! (f]+s1 too1 9 ! h&s ( ! vot>ies1 ! fl[]1 ! fruit1 ! egg1 & ! cock1 are su* z 7 br\ght 9 ,greece to ! tomb1 & su* z are figur$ 9 ! ,sp>tan monum5ts4 ,no (f]+ c\ld be m appropriately (f]$ to a deceas$ ance/or1 9 an arti/ic repres5tation1 ?an ! arm\r :i* 0 sometimes 9 e>ly days plac$1 9 ,greek & ,asiatic graves1 on ! head & ! brea/ ( him :o _h worn x dur+ 8 life2 & 9 lat] days 0 sometimes atta*$ to 8 tomb4 ,& h[ev] we int]pret ! w+$ figures1 we c h>dly make !m o!r ?an ! m9i/]s ( dea?1 a fact :i* seems to /rike a keynote ) :i* all ! re/ ( ! explanation mu/ h>monize4 ,yet :5 we try to expla9 ! sculptures z memorials ( ,lycian ance/or-wor%ip we soon come to difficulties4 ,on ! /elae ( ,sp>ta we f9d a pair1 ance/or & ance/ress1 or ! ance/or alone4 ,on ,attic tombs we d n f9d m ?an a family gr\p4 ,b "h1 on ! monum5t ( ,xan?us1 !re are five deta*$ seat$ figures1 ?ree m5 & two wom54 ,:at k9d ( a gr\p ( ance/ors w ^! =m1 & :y are !y sep>ate8 ,9 ! little seat$ lady ( ! nor? side "o is tempt$1 on ! analogy ( m$iaeval pa9t+s1 to see ! d$icator ( ! :ole tomb4 ,b ?is aga9 is unc]ta94 ,9 ! :ole matt] we walk l ! ,my/ae at ,eleusis 9 ! d>k1 see+ only vague =ms & he>+ words :i* we _c int]pret4 ,to ! w+$ figures ) _! prey we may c]ta9ly f9d an analogy 9 ! ,sir5s ( ! ,a!nian monum5ts 7see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,viii74 ,! ,sir5 0 ) ! ,greeks a sepul*ral figure1 & signifi$ a dea? g5tle r ?an viol5t4 ,! small be+s 9 _! arms on ! ,xan?ian monum5t are almo/ c]ta9ly s\ls1 :i* ,greek art (t5 repres5ts z ( v small size4 ,! ,sir51 9 h] ord9>y ,greek =m1 is f\nd on ano!r ,lycian monum5t1 :i* has n hi!rto be5 engrav$4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum#gb only ! gable end ( ?is tomb is pres]v$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( x is a column ( ,ionic type1 ?\gh n ( ! ord9>y =m1 on :i* /&s ! ,sir5 ( :om we speak4 ,%e is clad 9 a %ort *iton1 girt at ! wai/1 ) loose sleeves4 ,?\gh ! w+s & legs are ^? ( a bird1 %e has human arms1 out/ret*$4 ,on ei!r side ( ! column sits a figure3 on ! left a be>dless eld]ly man1 on ! "r a be>d$ man2 ea* holds a /aff1 & ext5ds ! unoccupi$ h&4 ,^! two dignifi$ m5 appe> to be ! h]oes to :om ! tomb belongs2 & ! ,sir5 repres5ts ! m\rn+ ( ! survivors4 ,"h1 ev5 m ?an 9 ! ,h>py ,tomb1 we seem )9 ! range ( ,greek conceptions & ,ionic art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,gable ,,( ,,lycian ,,tomb4 ,ano!r monum5t#gc1 probably n mu* lat] ?an #ejj ,b4,c41 0 adorn$ ) :at appe>s to be a fun]al procession--old m5 9 *>iots1 "y horsem51 & arm$ m5 m>*+4 ,"o ( ! v5]able figures 9 ! *>iots holds 9 "o h& a fl[]1 9 ! o!r app>5tly a cup1 symbols :i* we %all pres5tly see to h a decid$ly sepul*ral signification4 ,ano!r fragm5t ( ar*aic ,lycian "w 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#gd repres5ts a woman /&+ at ! foot ( a c\*1 :]eon x appe>s t a man recl9$1 = "o ( 8 feet is visible2 b :e!r alive or dead we _c be sure4 ,b we mu/ n l+] ov] ^! fragm5ts1 ?\gh !y might repay a m c>eful & detail$ /udy4 ,! ?reads :i* we are n[ oblig$ to drop1 we %all rega!r :5 we treat ( ! tombs ( ,a!ns1 & ( ! monum5ts erect$ by ,attic arti/s on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,sp>ta ,! gr\p ( grave reliefs :i* con/itutes our record ( ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! ,lac$aemonians 9 reg>d to ! tomb1 a gr\p :i* is inf]ior to few sets ( anci5t monum5ts 9 hi/orical int]e/1 has n v long be5 kn[n to ! _w4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to x 9 #ahgg by ,drs4 ,dressel & ,mil*hoef]1 & x has s9ce !n f\nd a place 9 all ! hi/ories ( sculpture4 ,( ^! reliefs ! mo/ important & ! be/ pres]v$ is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,b]l94 ,x 0 f\nd at ,*rysapha ne> ,sp>ta4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 "o ( our plates 7,,ii71 f :i* repres5tation x is possible to ga9 "s notion ( ! fa%ion ( its c>v+1 :i* is rem>kable1 & has be5 g5]ally consid]$ to indicate a h& or a s*ool m v]s$ 9 ! c>v+ ( wood ?an 9 ! sculptur+ ( m>ble4 ,z 9 ! c>v+ ( an onyx1 we f9d sev]al di/9ct planes "o beh9d ! o!r1 on :i* are respectively project$ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! relief1 ! outl9es ( ea* "p be+ slightly r\nd$1 & ! inn] m>k+s grav5 9 %all[ l9es ) a tool4 ,! face & arm ( ! ne>e/ figure project mo/ f ! backgr\nd2 next1 8 body2 & s on1 lay] beyond lay]1 to ! gr\nd ( ! relief4 ,! /yle is rude1 h>d1 & vigor\s2 ?\gh ! capacity ( ! arti/ is n>r[ly limit$1 he moves )9 8 limits ) ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,page #gf firm /eps4 ,! date ( ! "w is probably ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,p]haps ev5 m /rik+ ?an ! /yle ( ! relief is its subject4 ,seat$ side by side1 no d\bt on two *airs1 ?\gh "o only c be made out1 are a pair1 a be>d$ man :o faces outw>ds & :o holds 9 8 "r h& a w9ecup1 & a woman1 :o be>s a pomegranate 9 h] "r h&1 :ile ) ! left %e draws =w>d h] veil4 ,bo? figures are fully clad4 ,beh9d ! pair is erect a be>d$ snake2 be=e _! knees we see advanc+ two small] figures1 male & female1 br++ z (f]+s a cock & an egg1 a fl[]1 & a fruit4 ,9 ! same volume ( ! ,a!nian ,mit!ilung5 7ii71 9 :i* ?is relief 0 orig9ally publi%$1 may be f\nd photographs ( o!r reliefs :i* closely resemble x 9 "*1 b %[ small diff]5ces 9 p]iod & detail4 ,on ,plate #bd is a relief :]e9 ! snake is :olly want+3 on ,plate #bc ! snake is transpos$1 be+ erect 9 front ( ! w9e-cup1 & ! /yle ( ! "w is decid$ly m advanc$3 on ,plate #bb a dog appe>s beside ! seat$ pair4 ,^! f\r reliefs !n make up a /rongly def9$ gr\p2 & be=e we turn to o!r reliefs ( ! ,sp>tan class1 x may be well to det]m9e :at mean+ may be assign$ to ! repres5tations :i* !y exhibit4 ,we may beg9 by reject+ )\t hesitation "s ( ! !ories on ! subject :i* might naturally be sugge/$ by a fir/ impression4 ,! w9e-cup 9 ! h&s ( ! male figure might dispose "o to ?9k ( ,dionysus & 8 consort ,ariadne2 b ?is explanation w\ld leave ! s]p5t & o!r features unexpla9$1 nor h we reason to ?9k t ! cultus ( ,dionysus _h /ruck deep roots at ,sp>ta 9 e>ly times4 ,aga91 ! s]p5t might sugge/ ,asklepius ) 8 daught] ,hygieia1 s9ce ! heal+ deity commonly c>ries a /aff r\nd :i* a s]p5t tw9es4 ,b to ?is explanation ! w9ecup (f]s difficulties2 &1 aga91 ! evid5ce = a local cult at ,sp>ta is insuffici5t4 ,f> ne>] to ! m>k is ! view :i* ,dr4 ,mil*hoef] accept$1 t 9 ! dignifi$ seat$ pair we h embodi$ ! deities ( ! _w ( %ades4 ,! w9e-cup w\ld 9 t case ref] to ! frequ5t (f]+s ( w9e made to ! %ades bel[2 & ! s]p5t is ! well-kn[n companion & fri5d ( ! dead4 ,we are n well in=m$ z to ! names borne at ,sp>ta by ! k+ & que5 ( ! _w ( ! dead4 ,at ,argos !y 7 n s well kn[n by ! ,hom]ic names ( ,hades & ,p]sephone1 :i* !y commonly bore 9 ,greece1 z by ! names ( ,klym5os & ,*?onia4 ,b 9 fact ! pair 7 kn[n by _m names 9 v>i\s places4 ,an int]e/+ t]ra-cotta 7,fig4 #bi7 f ,locri 9 ,italy#ge pres5ts a gr\p at fir/ sight ne>ly resembl+ ! seat$ pair ( ,sp>ta4 ,we f9d on x ,hades & 8 ,que5 seat$ side by side3 he is wrea!d & holds fl[]s2 %e c>ries a cock & e>s ( corn4 ,?is is valuable evid5ce1 & %[s t 9 s\!rn ,italy monum5ts ( ! class we are consid]+ might well belong to ! wor%ip ( ! recogniz$ deities ( ! ne!r _w4 ,b a clos] consid]ation %[s t at ,sp>ta ! wor%ip took ano!r & a less g5]aliz$ =m1 natural to a race among :om ance/ors 7 held 9 special & unusual hon\r4 ,?\gh ,hades & 8 ,que5 are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 sepul*ral inscriptions1 !y are b r>ely figur$ toge!r 9 sculpture4 ,a comp>ison ( two or ?ree o!r /elae ( ,sp>ta w sugge/ at all ev5ts a modification ( ! view t ! seat$ pair ( ! reliefs already m5tion$ are m]ely ! rul]s ( ! _w bel[4 ,9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,a!nian ,mit!ilung5 are publi%$ two reliefs :i* beat ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,hades ,,& ,,p]sephone4 important inscriptions4 ,on "o is repres5t$ a man wrapp$ 9 a cloak seat$3 9 8 left h& is a pomegranate2 9 8 "r a w9e-cup1 out ( :i* a coil$ s]p5t dr9ks4 ,! /one be>s ! "n 4 ,if ?is inscription 7 ( ! same date z ! relief x w\ld ( c\rse at once prove t ! /one is a memorial ( an individual1 & n a d$ication to ,hades4 ,b 9 ! op9ion at lea/ ( ,pr(4 ,furtwngl] ! inscription is decid$ly ! lat]2 x _c !re=e be reg>d$ z conclusive evid5ce4 ,b su* evid5ce is af=d$ u by ! next monum5t4 ,"h we h a be>d$ man seat$1 9 a decid$ly lat] & m f9i%$ /yle ( art1 hold+ 9 8 "r h& a w9e-cup1 f :i* a s]p5t fe$s4 ,! inscription "h is 2 & x seems n m]ely to %[ t ! memorial belongs to a man1 ,ari/ocles1 b also t ?is ,ari/ocles receiv$ a second "n aft] 8 dea? 9 ! quality ( h]o or demi-god4 ,we le>n f o!r s\rces ( sev]al su* h]oic names be/[$ on di/+ui%$ m5 aft] _! dea?4 ,! r>ity ( names on ! ,sp>tan tombs may be readily acc\nt$ = by ! exi/5ce ( a /]n law ( ,lycurgus#gf1 t names 7 n to be record$ on ! tombs except 9 ! case ( prie/esses1 or ( w>riors :o _h fall5 9 battle4 ,ano!r regulation ( ! great lawgiv] orda9$ t bodies might be buri$ )9 ! city1 & memorials ( ! dead set up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! temples4 ,su* monum5ts 7 n always grave/ones1 b sometimes memorials ( ^? :o 7 buri$ 9 a diff]5t place1 or _h fall5 on =eign s]vice4 ,9 view ( su* facts z ^! we _c hesitate to see 9 ! sepul*ral reliefs ( ,sp>ta ref]5ce to individuals1 ! ance/or1 or ! ance/or & 8 wife4 ,!y are ! %r9es ( ! family wor%ip ( ! ,laconians4 ,b yet 9 a s5se ! dead man is id5tical ) ,hades4 ,9 ,egypt ea* ( ! virtu\s dead became "p ( ,osiris4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus ! ,getae ?\ght t _! dead return$ to _! deity ,zalmoxis4 ,9 ,greece1 by dy+1 m5 put away ! individual accid5ts ( ! fle% & became 9 a s5se unit$ ) ,hades4 ,?is no d\bt is "o reason :y d[n to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 we sc>cely ev] f9d individual portraits on tombs1 a fact to :i* we %all h]eaft] return4 ,! cultus ( ance/ors 0 closely p>allel to t ( ! gods4 ,to bo?1 sacrifices ( food & ( dr9k 7 con/antly br\ght4 ,to ! temple ( ! gods correspond$ ! family h]\m or %r9e4 ,to ! /atues ( ! gods correspond$ ! repres5tation ( ! human dead 9 an ideal or h]oiz$ =m4 ,& gods & ance/ors alike p>took ) _! vot>ies ( food at /at$ times1 becom+ ! gue/-fri5ds ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,reg>d+ ! relation ( ! ,sp>tan /elae to ! cultus ( ance/ors z c]ta91 we may proce$ to consid] 9 ! light ( t connexion ! mean+ ( v>i\s details ( ! reliefs4 ,! ?+ t is p]haps ( ! highe/ int]e/ 9 !m is ! high hon\r paid to wom54 ,ance/or & ance/ress sit 9 /ate side by side1 & are approa*$ by _! desc5dants1 ! smallness ( ^: figures is int5d$ to portray ! humility ( _! approa* to _! h]oic prog5itors4 ,t ance/or-wor%ip %\ld f9d a special home at ,sp>ta ne$ n surprise u4 ,we "k t respect = eld]s & = p>5ts 0 almo/ z /rongly root$ among ! cons]vative ,laconians z x is 9 our days among ! ,*9ese & ,japanese4 ,an exhortation to be wor?y ( _! pr$ecessors 0 ! appeal :i* mo/ readily /irr$ ! he>ts ( ! ,sp>tan spe>m54 ,!y liv$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! pa/ to an ext5t :i* we c h>dly realize4 ,b x is sc>cely s famili> a fact t ,sp>ta 0 ! city 9 all ,greece :]e wom5 7 held 9 highe/ hon\r4 ,! ,a!nians inh]it$ some?+ ( ! ,ionian desire = ! seclusion ( wom51 & to ! contempor>ies & c\ntrym5 ( ,?ucydides x seem$ high praise ( a woman to say t %e 0 nev] talk$ (4 ,at ,sp>ta1 on ! o!r h&1 9 "s ( ! great crises ( hi/ory1 wom5 are prom95t 9 ! =egr\nd1 f ! days :5 little ,gorgo sav$ h] fa!r ,cleom5es f be+ brib$1 to ! days :5 ,agiatis /irr$ up a lat] ,cleom5es to 8 projects ( political re=m4 ,! ,sp>tan education1 :i* seem$ to reg>d wom5 z only ( use = be>+ *ildr5 to uphold ! ,/ate1 c sc>cely h aim$ at a high intellectual ideal4 ,mod]n ,g]man writ]s are fully conv9c$ t %>+ ! ex]cises & games ( ! m5 mu/ h r5d]$ ,laconian wom5 co>se & mascul9e4 ,yet ! ,sp>tan ladies _h a great %>e 9 ! own]%ip ( l&2 ,sp>tan nurses 7 s\ght = 9 all ,greece = ! re>+ ( boys2 & we le>n f ,plut>* t 9 all matt]s ! ,sp>tans 7 ready to take ! advice ( _! wom51 & look$ on _! approval z ! highe/ ( rew>ds4 ,on ?is reg>d = wom5 among ! ,laconians1 ! treatm5t ( wom5 9 _! sepul*ral reliefs is an excell5t comm5t>y4 ,! (f]+s br\ght to ! seat$ pair 9 ! relief fir/ cit$ are su* z belong$ 9 a special way to ! dead4 ,! pomegranate 0 ! food ( ! ,%ades1 :i*1 :5 ,p]sephone _h ta/$ 9 ! palace ( ,hades1 %e belong$ to him beyond recall4 ,! cock & ! egg are ! simple/ meat-(f]+s :i* 7 br\ght to ! dead & enjoy$ by ! liv+4 ,fl[]s 9 all c\ntries & 9 all ages h be5 laid on ! tomb2 & ! ,greeks :o lov$ to deck _! banquets ) !m 7 n an exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,! w9ecup 9 ! h& ( ! seat$ h]o may be *>act]iz$ z a v broad h9t to 8 desc5dants t at ! tomb 7 due ! libations :i* 7 grateful alike to ! gods & to ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! s]p5t :o is sometimes repres5t$ z dr9k+ f ! cup is ei!r ! companion ( ! dead or ev5 8 _s 9 ano!r =m4 ,! way 9 :i* a s]p5t disappe>s into ! gr\nd m>ks him out z ess5tially a *?onic be+4 ,a few m *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ?is class ( monum5ts mu/ be cit$4 ,on a /ele f ,*rysapha 7,fig4 #cj7 we see a man1 depict$ 9 an ar*aic /yle ( art1 seat$1 hold+ w9ecup & pomegranate2 at 8 feet leaps a dog1 :ile a horse is depict$ 9 relief 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 discuss+ ?is relief ,dr4 ,furtwngl]#gg advocates ! view t horse & dog h a symbolical ref]5ce1 ! horse be+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,seat$ ,,h]o4 ne>ly connect$ ) ,hades & ! dog ) ,hecate1 bo? my?ologic be+s closely connect$ ) ! dead4 ,i h propos$#gh a some:at bold] view1 t ^! animals sculptur$ on ! /one be> ! same relation to ! mortal horse & dog :i* _h belong$ to ! h]o t ! portrait be>s to himself1 & t !y are really a survival ( an anci5t cu/om1 :]e( we f9d traces 9 ! graves ( ,greece & ,italy1 by :i* ! horse & dog ( a deceas$ w>rior 7 sla9 & buri$ 9 ! same place ) him4 ,:e!r _! bones 7 m+l$ ) _! ma/]'s1 or :e!r !y are m]ely figur$ on 8 grave/one1 ! mean+ is mu* ! same1 t :]ev] ! "l is1 !re are 8 fai?ful att5dants3 #8,admitt$ to t equal sky1 8 fai?ful dog %all be> him company1' z ,pope says4 ,9 any case1 horse & dog on a tomb are c]ta9ly a m>k ( knightly rank4 ,among _m pro(s t ! animal companions ( ! h]o _h ref]5ce r to 8 occupations & necessities ?an to any symbolism1 ! evid5ce af=d$ by a grave at ,tanagra#gi seems wor? cit+4 ,al?\gh t grave is ( a p]iod lat] ?an ,alex&] ! ,great1 x seems to pres]ve e>ly ,greek ways ( look+ at dea? & :at lies beyond4 ,! int]ior ( ?is grave conta9$ pa9t+s ( ! head & neck ( a horse1 a sword & a loom1 besides a h\se & v>i\s articles ( furniture4 ,"h ! pa9t+s seem closely to repres5t :at might at an e>li] "t h be5 ! cont5ts ( ! grave4 ,! horse & ! sword belong to ! husb&1 ! loom to ! wife1 :e!r we are to consid] ^! z reflections ( ! pa/ life ( ! pair or z an accompanim5t ( _! gho/ly exi/5ce4 ,! furniture & ! h\se are provision = _! spiritual ne$ ( a domicile1 j z 9 ! graves ( ,egypt we f9d pa9t+s ( ! life ( ! h\se & f>m1 !re plac$ to break ! %ock ( dea?1 & provide = ! %ad[ ( a dep>t$ l&lord a %ad[ ( 8 pa/ employm5ts#hj4 ,we pass to ! repres5tations :i* s]ve to bridge ! gap betwe5 ! grave-monum5ts ( ,sp>ta & ^? ( o!r di/ricts4 ,among ! ,sp>tan reliefs publi%$ by ,mil*hoef]1 ! foll[+ occupy "o plate#ha3-- ,a female figure1 se5 f ! wai/ upw>ds1 clad 9 a *iton1 hold+ 9 h] left h& a tall fl[]4 ,a y\?1 /&+1 clad 9 a *lamys2 he holds a /aff 9 "o h&1 9 ! o!r a cake or fruit2 be=e him a snake erect4 ,bo? ( ^! are ( q e>ly /yle3 ) ! latt] ( !m we may comp>e ! foll[+ 9 ! ,museum at ,a!ns#hb3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,/ele1 ,,man ,,fe$+ ,,snake4 ,man /&+ wrapp$ 9 a mantle2 9 8 left h& a pomegranate1 9 ! "r a w9ecup1 out ( :i* fe$s a s]p5t coil$ & erect4 ,9 ^! in/ances we approa* ! ord9>y repres5tation ( ! dead z /&+1 s common on ! tombs alike ( ,a!ns & ( ,nor!rn ,greece1 num]\s in/ances ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! n9? *apt]4 ,yet ! snake1 ! fl[]1 ! pomegranate1 all belong to ! special cultus ( ! dead2 & !re is n 9 ^! cases a ref]5ce to ! pa/ life1 z is probably ! case ) ! great majority ( ,attic /elae4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,h]oiz+ ,,reliefs ,be=e we proce$ fur!r1 "o di/9ction ( importance has to be made4 ,x w be f\nd t all ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,greece belong to "o ( two classes3-- #a4 ,actual tombs1 :e!r temples1 or tables1 or slabs hewn to be let into ! gr\nd4 #b4 ,commemorative tablets4 ,^! may readily be di/+ui%$ 9 =m1 because _! wid? is great] ?an _! height1 :]eas 9 ! true grave-/ele1 ! height is great] ?an ! wid?4 ,!y 7 made usually n to be fix$ into ! gr\nd ( ! cemet]y1 b to be set up 9 *apels or m\nt$ on walls 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,an example w be f\nd 9 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,^! slabs h a clos] relation to actual cultus ?an h ! grave/ones4 ,_! lik5ess 9 %ape & 9 composition to tablets d$icat$ to ! deities is obvi\s4 ,9 fact !y belong$ to ! *apels & %r9es sacr$ to ! wor%ip ( h]oes & exalt$ ance/ors1 r ?an to ! ord9>y dead4 ,:5 we proce$ to trace d[n ! l9es ( desc5t ( ! memorials ( ance/or-wor%ip f ,sp>ta 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( ,greece1 we %all f9d t "s ( ^! l9es lead u to gr\ps ( actual tomb/ones1 b m usually !y lead to d$icatory reliefs1 closely connect$ ) ! cultus ( ! dead1 b n usually com+ f actual cemet]ies4 ,"o l9e takes u to ! s-call$ sepul*ral banquets ( ,a!ns4 ,! be/ specim5 ( ^! reliefs1 f\nd at ! ,piraeus1 & dat+ f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 is repres5t$ 9 our plates 7,pl4 ,,iii74 ,x has pass$ by ! absurd "n1 ,! ,dea? ( ,socrates4 ,on a c\*1 support$ by cu%ions1 recl9es a be>d$ citiz51 hold+ 9 8 h& a cup1 & app>5tly p\r+ ! libation ) :i* ! ,greeks prelud$ _! fea/s4 ,at 8 feet sits 8 wife1 occupi$1 l _m ( ! ladies repres5t$ on ,a!nian tombs1 9 admir+ a necklace1 :i* %e holds 9 bo? h&s1 or possibly a wrea?1 = ! object itself1 hav+ be5 repres5t$ 9 col\r & n 9 ! m>ble1 has disappe>$4 ,a "y slave z cup-be>] is occupi$ 9 fet*+ w9e 9 a jug f ! huge crat] or mix+ b[l :i* appe>s on ! left ( ! relief2 b5ea? ! c\* a dog is occupi$ ) a bone4 ,on ! "r ( ! sc5e !re ent]s a be>d$ man1 ( small] /ature ?an ! recl9+ h]o1 :o raises 8 h& out ( ! folds ( 8 himation 9 a fa%ion :i* to ! ,greeks impli$ adoration4 ,at ! fir/ glance !re seems b small lik5ess betwe5 ?is sc5e ( dome/ic fea/+ & ! /iff ,sp>tan reliefs4 ,yet :5 we comp>e ! two 9 detail1 we f9d t ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m lie 9 ! diff]5t cu/oms ( v>y+ ages1 & 9 ! arti/ic r5d]+1 r ?an 9 ! signification4 ,let u make ! comp>ison4 ,9 ! ,sp>tan relief ! h]o is seat$1 9 ! ,a!nian recl9+4 ,"h we h an illu/ration ( ! well-kn[n fact t dur+ ! hi/oric age ! ,greeks *ang$ _! cu/om f sitt+ at meals1 z d ! ,hom]ic h]oes1 = a recl9+ po/ure4 ,! habit ( ly+ at meals1 awkw>d z x seems to u1 0 a result ( gr[+ luxury4 ,x _h long1 z we "k f ! reliefs ( ! ,assyrian palaces1 be5 cu/om>y 9 ! ,ea/4 ,fig4 #cbhc %[s ,k+ ,assur-bani-pal & 8 ,que5 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,page #hh fea/+ 9 _! palace1 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,f ! ,ea/1 ! cu/om spread to ! ,ionians ( ,asia ,m9or1 & !nce to ,greece itself1 ) o!r traits ( ,ionian luxury4 ,an ar*aic relief f ,tegea 7,fig4 #cc7hd seems to m>k ! po9t ( transition 9 ,hellas f ! seat$ to ! recl9+ position4 ,al?\gh only ! feet ( ! h]o are se51 yet ^! feet suffici5tly prove t he 0 ext5d$ on a c\*4 ,8 wife draws =w>d h] veil2 betwe5 husb& & wife is a y\? hold+ a wrea?1 9 reg>d to :om x is n easy to say :e!r he is ! *ild ( ! pair1 or m]ely a cup-be>]1 or an ador]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,assur-,,bani-,,pal ,,& ,,que54 ,x is a consequ5ce ( ! assumption ( a recl9+ position by ! man 9 ! reliefs1 t ! woman mu/ be sep>at$ f him4 ,9 ! some:at unre/ra9$ vase-pa9t+s ( ,euphronius & 8 contempor>ies we frequ5tly f9d wom5 recl9+ at table ) m5 & %>+ _! cups4 ,b ^!1 z ! disord] ( ! sc5es cle>ly %[s1 7 heta]ae1 slaves ( ab&on$ "*4 ,no wife1 & no self-respect+ concub9e w\ld ev5 be pres5t at a ,greek banquet4 ,:5 a husb& d9$ at home1 8 wife might be pres5t1 b w\ld probably n take a %>e 9 ! repa/4 ,%e w\ld sit opposite h] husb&1 to *e] him ) h] talk4 ,b = a ,greek wife to sit l ! ,que5 ( ,assur-bani-pal dr9k+ w9e1 & pl$g+ h] "l 9 a cup1 w\ld be an impossibility4 ,alike on ! ,tegean & ! ,a!nian relief %e is :olly occupi$ ) h] dress1 l a true daught] ( ,greece4 ,! ,sp>tan wife _h m 9 common ) h] husb&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,/ele ,,f ,,tegea4 ,ano!r m>k$ div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,sp>tan & ! ,a!nian relief lies1 s to speak1 9 its t5se4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! pa/ is set aside1 & we f9d allusion only to ! life beyond ! grave4 ,! snake1 ! pomegranate1 ! (f]+s1 all h ref]5ce to ! /atus ( ! dead z h]o & z an associate ( ! ne!r gods4 ,b ! ,a!nian relief might at fir/ sight be suppos$ to be an exc]pt out ( daily dome/ic life4 ,!re is no symbolism1 no exaltation4 ,husb&1 wife1 & slave may h met ?us a hundr$ times 9 _! ord9>y life on e>?4 ,9 ?is we f9d ! influ5ce ( ! ord9>y _s ( grave-reliefs at ,a!ns1 :i*1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 dwells on & draws f ! pa/ daily life r ?an ! m gho/ly life ( ! future4 ,yet a cle> indication :i* unites ! two classes ( repres5tation is furni%$ by ! vot>ies :o appe> 9 bo? alike4 ,!y are 9 ! ,sp>tan relief v small 9 /ature2 a naive way ( indicat+ h[ f> bel[ ! h]o !y rank4 ,! vot>y ( ! ,a!nian relief is sc>cely small] ?an 8 ance/ral h]o4 ,yet 8 pres5ce is an und\bt$ pro( ( ! connexion ( ! monum5t ) actual wor%ip4 ,on _m ( ! lat] repres5tations ( banquets1 ?is is fur!r emphasiz$ by ! introduction ( ! well-kn[n symbolism ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,9 "s a snake is depict$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,9 o!rs a horse's head appe>s 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 o!rs ! sup]human "* ( ! h]o is indicat$ by ! l(ty cr[n1 :i* belongs to ! god ( ! l[] _w1 ,hades or ,s>apis1 & :i* appe>s on ! head ( ! recl9+ h]o#he4 ,! ,sp>tan monum5ts 7 probably 9 _m cases set up z tomb/ones ov] ! actual graves ( ance/ors4 ,b ! ,a!nian banquet+ reliefs 7 n usually on tomb/ones1 m (t5 on memorial tablets pres]v$ 9 *apels devot$ to ! cultus ( ! dead4 ,?is _! %ape cle>ly indicates4 ,all tomb/ones are almo/ ( necessity high] ?an !y are broad1 usually tall & n>r[4 ,b ! banquet+ reliefs are oblong 9 ! opposite direction1 broad] ?an !y are high4 ,?is diff]5ce indicates a diff]5t use & de/9ation4 ,9 fact !y come r into l9e ) ! reliefs :i* belong to ! wor%ip ( civic or local h]oes1 or ^? set up by grateful vot>ies 9 ! %r9es ( ,asklepius & o!r heal+ deities1 ?an ) ! imm$iate memorials ( ! dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,co9 ,,( ,,bizya4 ,! lik5ess betwe5 "s ( ! votive monum5ts ( ,asklepius & ! ord9>y sepul*ral banquets is s close z to h caus$ consid]able confusion4 ,! ,asklepian reliefs appe> to borr[ ( set purpose mu* ( ! symbolism :i* belongs to ance/or-wor%ip4 ,z an in/ance we engrave 7,fig4 #cd7 a co9 ( ,bizya1 a ,greek city ( ,?race#hf1 /ruck 9 ! reign ( ,philip ! ,arab4 ,on ! rev]se ( ! co9 we see ,asklepius recl9+ on a c\*1 aga9/ :i* re/s 8 s]p5t-tw9$ rod4 ,8 daught] or wife ,hygieia is seat$ beside him2 a human att5dant br+s 9 a w9e-j>4 ,! accessories1 a coat ( mail hung on a tree1 a %ield susp5d$ f ! wall1 a horse :o trots 9 f ! "r1 are among ! ord9>y features ( sepul*ral banquet+ reliefs1 & seem inappropriate to a peaceful & non-eque/rian deity l ,asklepius4 ,su* contam9ation ( "o class ( monum5ts by ano!r1 su* transf] ( symbols f "o arti/ic field to ano!r1 is among ! common ph5om5a (f]$ by ,greek art4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ph5om5a :i* require c>eful consid]ation4 ,we h f\nd t !re is no cle> l9e ( di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 banquet+ reliefs :i* 7 set up 9 hon\r ( dead p]sons & reliefs :i* belong to ! cultus ( h]oes1 & ev5 ( deities :o p>take ( ! nature ( h]oes1 su* z ,asklepius4 ,x is always difficult 9 deal+ ) anci5t monum5ts to sep>ate ! p>ticul> class ( :i* we propose to treat f o!r classes :i* are ak9 to x 9 orig9 & 9 mean+4 ,x is always necess>y at la/ to draw a some:at arbitr>y l9e1 & to adh]e to x = ! sake ( ord] & me?od4 ,9 ,greek cultus & belief !re is no broad di/9ction to be made betwe5 ! v5]ation paid to ! m notewor?y ( ^? :o 7 rec5tly dead1 & ! wor%ip accord$ to local & national h]oes1 ,!seus & ,ore/es1 ! ,dioscuri & ,asklepius4 ,9 a s5se1 all ! dead 7 h]oes1 & any ( !m might become a wor?y object ( p]iodic sacrifice1 proprietor ( a sacr$ doma91 & "l ( a prie/hood4 ,i h already 7,*ap4 ,,ii7 dwelt on ^! facts f ! po9t ( view ( cu/om & cultus2 x rema9s to %[ _! work+ 9 ! field ( art4 ,9 deal+1 n ) actual grave/ones1 b ) ! oblong reliefs :i* _h a clos] relation to cultus1 & 7 d$icat$ only to ! m di/+ui%$ ( ! dead1 x is q impossible to di/+ui% cle>ly ^? :i* 7 set up 9 hon\r ( recogniz$ my?ic h]oes1 f ^? :i* belong$ /rictly to ! cult ( ance/ors4 ,sometimes ! inscription may help u to a decision1 or sometimes we may f9d direction 9 ! place :]e ! relief is f\nd4 ,ap>t f ^! ext]nal indications1 ^? (f]$ by ! relief itself are usually ambigu\s4 ,t "s ( ! banquet+ reliefs 7 set up 9 hon\r ( p]sons rec5tly dead may be prov$#hg4 ,inde$1 9 lat] times1 su* sc5es n unfrequ5tly decorate actual tomb/ones4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is reasonable to assume t ! great majority ( !m belong to tribal & family wor%ip4 ,!y 7 set up1 n usually at ! tomb1 b 9 %r9es & h]oa 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! cemet]y1 or 9 ! *apels ( deities or h]oes2 sometimes1 p]haps1 9 private h\ses1 to be a con/ant rem9d] to ! survivors4 ,9 an e>ly & int]e/+ sepul*ral relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#hh we h an unusual gr\p4 ,on a c\* !re recl9e an old man & a "y1 d\btless fa!r & son1 :ile a second son leads 9 a horse4 ,?is relief may s]ve z a transition to ano!r class ( oblong cultus-reliefs4 ,! cult ( h]oiz$ ance/ors does n f9d its only memorials 9 ,greece 9 ! reliefs 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ z seat$ or recl9+4 ,!re is ano!r gr\p ( monum5ts 9 :i* !y appe> z horsem51 or z lead+ horses4 ,! connexion ( ! horse ) ! h]oic dead1 :5cesoev] ! notion may h aris51 0 c]ta9ly 9 "s di/ricts ( ,greece v close4 ,mil*hoef] has %[n#hi h[ ! sculptural evid5ce indicates t ?is connexion 0 close/ 9 ,?race & ,nor!rn ,greece4 ,& ?is is b natural4 ,! ari/ocracies ( ,!ssaly1 ( ,boeotia1 & o!r nor!rn p>ts ( ,greece 7 ess5tially eque/rian2 :]eas 9 ,peloponnesus ! horse1 be+ unsuit$ to ! rugg$ m\nta9 pa?s1 0 comp>atively r>e4 ,! /r5g? ( a ,!ssalian army lay 9 its cavalry2 ! /r5g? ( a ,sp>tan army 9 its array ( spe>m54 ,to a horse-lov+ race x 0 natural to ?9k ( ! mighty dead z horsem54 ,ev5 at ,sp>ta ! national h]oes1 ! sons ( ,zeus1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 7 ess5tially rid]s2 & on monum5ts !y seldom appe> )\t _! /e$s4 ,/ill m close is ! connexion betwe5 h]oes ( ,nor!rn ,greece & _! horses4 ,a great deal ( le>n+ has be5 exp5d$ by a v>iety ( ar*aeologi/s to prove t ! horse1 :5 he appe>s 9 ! sepul*ral banquets & ! pres5t class ( reliefs1 is ( *?onic signification2 t he belongs my?ologically to ! gods ( ! _w bel[1 & to mortals assimilat$ to !m#ij4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !y h prov$ _! case4 ,hades is 9 ,hom] 1 9 allusion to ! dread *>iot 9 :i* he bore away ,p]sephone#ia2 b he does n appe> z a rid]4 ,! wild rid] or hunt+ gho/ is famili> 9 nor!rn l&s1 b n 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,x seems pref]able to take ! simpl] explanation1 t a *ief accu/om$ all 8 life to rid+ w\ld sc>cely be suppos$ to lack a horse 9 ! fields ( ,hades4 ,we h anci5t evid5ce t ! pres5ce ( a sculptur$ horse beside a sculptur$ man %[$ 8 knightly rank 9 ! ,a!nian ,con/itution ( ,ari/otle#ib1 :]e we are told t a /atue ( "o ,diphilas on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 :i* 0 set up to m>k 8 rise to ! knightly rank1 _h a horse /&+ beside x4 ,sev]al extant monum5ts %[ h[ ! god-l h]oes ( ,nor!rn ,hellas came z horsem5 to receive ! tribute ( ! liv+4 ,& ?is k9d ( monum5t spread f ! nor? into o!r p>ts ( ! ,greek _w4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ typical ( ^! reliefs is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#ic 7,fig4 #ce74 ,x comes f ,rhodes1 & may be dat$ ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,9 x we h a comb9ation 9 ?ree figures ( ! ?ree elem5ts :i* 9 ?is class ( monum5ts are almo/ univ]sally m+l$4 ,fir/1 !re is ! h]o himself on horseback4 ,next1 !re is a female figure ( /ature equal to or great] ?an 8 own#id1 :o meets him & p\rs him a cup ( w9e4 ,?irdly1 !re is a wor%ipp] on a some:at small] scale1 :o does homage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,horseman ,,relief1 ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,ano!r relief ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 f ,tanagra1 7,fig4 #cf71 %[s u a v>i$ gr\p#ie4 ,beside 8 horse ! h]o /&s1 clad 9 *iton & mantle1 hold+ out a flat cup or pat]a1 :i* a lady /&+ 9 front ( him fills f a w9e-jug4 ,a squ>e alt> /&s betwe5 ! two1 t[>ds :i*1 9 attitude ( adoration1 approa*es a man1 repres5t$ on a small] scale1 ) 8 wife & two *ildr54 ,! inscription above is 4 ,d$icat$ by ,calliteles to ,alexima*us4 ,:e!r ,alexima*us 0 a recogniz$ local h]o1 or only an ord9>y dead man rais$ by ,calliteles to h]oic rank1 _c be decid$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,horseman ,,relief1 ,,b]l94 ,ano!r v simil> relief is figur$ 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,a!nian ,mit!ilung5#if4 ,x is f ,!bes4 ,! h]o /&s1 hold+ a lance 9 "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r ! usual flat cup1 ! pat]a4 ,f ! "r sev5 figures approa*4 ,! fir/ is ! lady :o p\rs w9e1 & beh9d h] are six wor%ipp]s1 :o br+ 9 a pig & a f[l = sacrifice4 ,! sepul*ral "* ( ! relief is emphasiz$ by plac+ a tumulus j 9 front ( ! horse1 & 9 fact "u 8 =efoot4 ,ano!r relief1 9 ! ,museum ( ,b]l9#ig1 is simil> 9 mo/ respects2 b ! lady ( tall /ature "h /&s beh9d ! horseman1 & in/ead ( pay+ him homage1 seems to receive x 9 common ) him f a tra9 ( approa*+ vot>ies4 ,a l>ge s]p5t erect 9 ! backgr\nd is ! fri5d & companion ( ! h]o4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! association ( ^! reliefs ) wor%ip1 s9ce ! prep>ations = sacrifice are actually repres5t$ on !m4 ,b 9 _m directions !y (f] u a s]ies ( int]e/+ problems4 ,fir/ly1 is ! h]o :o is ?us hon\r$ m]ely an ord9>y dead p]son rais$ at dea? to h]oic rank1 or is he "o ( ! local h]oes :o 7 ev]y:]e 9 ,greece held 9 hon\r1 my?ic f\nd]s ( cities or ance/ors ( tribes1 or heal+ & oracul> demigods l ,amphi>aus & ,trophonius8 ,no d\bt1 9 _m in/ances1 ! h]oic horseman ( ! reliefs is ( ?is latt] class4 ,yet t a man rec5tly deceas$ is sometimes ! recipi5t ( hon\r is prov$ by ! inscriptions 9 "s cases1 & may be almo/ ) c]ta9ty inf]r$ f ! pres5ce ( ! tumulus on ! relief la/ describ$4 ,on ! monum5ts ! h]o is repres5t$ 9 ! bloom ( e>ly manhood2 b ( c\rse x does n foll[ t he di$ "y3 immortal bloom belongs to ! h]o aft] dea?1 h[ev] worn & wr9kl$ age may h left him4 ,secondly1 :o & :at is ! lady :o on ! reliefs p\rs w9e8 ,h] /ature1 :i* is equal to t ( ! h]o himself1 & f> great] ?an t ( ! wor%ipp]s1 %[s at once t %e is no liv+ mortal or desc5dant1 b a p]son ( equal rank ) ! horseman4 ,z a matt] ( arti/ic tradition we c trace h] g5esis q cle>ly1 z has be5 well %[n by ,furtwngl]#ih4 ,on ! ,sp>tan /elae we f\nd ance/or & ance/ress seat$ side by side4 ,:5 ! recl9+ position sup]s$es t ( sitt+1 ! wife necess>ily moves f h] husb&'s side & sits opposite to him4 ,x is a v>iety ( ! same motive :5 ! husb& sits or /&s & ! wife p\rs him w9e1 a gr\p f\nd on sev]al /elae#ii1 "o z e>ly z ! ,p]sian w>s1 & v commonly 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,greek vases1 f q an e>ly p]iod4 ,! motive ( w9e-p\r+ be+ ?us ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ,greek art1 c\ld easily be transf]r$ f "o k9d ( gr\p to ano!r4 ,x may h be5 t 9 "s cases ! h]o _h no wife1 or he may h _h sev]al successively3 t w\ld make no great diff]5ce1 z ! idea ( ! gr\p is fix$4 ,z ,furtwngl] expresses x3 #8,il importe d'insi/] sur le fait que n\s sommes ici en face d'une =me arti/ique1 qui avait p\r objet d'exprim] une conception de ces puissances s\t]ra9es drive d'un des pr9cipaux usages de leur culte4' ,?is is a f> m reasonable explanation ?an t ( "s writ]s1 :o fancy t ! w9e-p\r+ lady is a k9d ( ,h\ri1 or nymph ( ,p>adise1 :o awaits ! h]o 9 ! next _w to recomp5se him ) h] embraces = ! pa9s :i* he has 9 ?is _w und]gone = ! good ( mank9d4 ,?irdly1 :at is ! relation betwe5 ^! h]oic reliefs & ! num]\s reliefs & pa9t+s on ,attic /elae 9 :i* ! deceas$ is repres5t$ z rid+ on a horse8 ,sev]al ( ^! we cite bel[ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,"s po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( monum5ts are obvi\s4 ,! h]oic reliefs are broad1 %ap$ l votive tablets3 ! ,attic reliefs are tomb/ones ( upright %ape4 ,9 ! votive reliefs ! w9e-p\r+ consort is seldom abs5t1 & vot>ies are usually pres5t4 ,9 ! ,attic reliefs ! horse is m]ely "o ( ! adjuncts ( daily life1 & ! rid] is repres5t$ 9 ! guise ( 8 ord9>y exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 z we %all see :5 we rea* ! ord9>y ,attic reliefs1 ! figure ( ! horseman1 :5 x occurs on !m1 is m]ely a *>act]i/ic portrait ( a man :o 9 8 life _h be5 fond ( horses1 & p]haps won victories ) !m at ! great sacr$ fe/ivals4 ,nev]!less1 x w\ld be v ra% to say t ! h]oic & ! ord9>y horseman reliefs _h no influ5ce on "o ano!r4 ,= example1 a relief at ,tanagra#ajj seems to fall exactly betwe5 ! two classes4 ,on x a horseman 9 arm\r rides1 foll[$ by an att5dant :o holds ! tail ( ! horse1 z 0 ! way ( ,greek body-s]vants4 ,a female figure meets ! pair ) w9e-jug & cup4 ,"h1 if ! relief belongs to ! "o class1 ! s]vant is out ( place2 if to ! o!r class1 ! p\r] ( w9e4 ,probably1 be+ oblong 9 =m1 x is really ( ! h]oic class1 b contam9at$ by ! influ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,on an ord9>y sepul*ral slab 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#aja1 ! horseman & s]vant recur1 b ! lady is abs5t4 ,9 rec5t ye>s an imm5se quantity ( votive t]ra-cottas has be5 discov]$ on ! site ( ! ,dorian colony ( ,t>5tum4 ,^! illu/rate 9 a /rik+ fa%ion ! monum5ts ( ! ,sp>tan "m-city4 ,!y consi/ ma9ly ( two gr\ps4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p we see a man1 be>d$ or be>dless1 we>+ a tall cr[n1 recl9+ on a c\*1 (t5 hold+ a w9e-cup4 ,beside him is seat$ a woman1 sometimes be>+ 9 h] arms a *ild1 :o /ret*es out 8 arms t[>ds ! man4 ,we engrave 7,fig4 #cg7 a specim5 ( ! class#ajb1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! *ild does n appe>1 b in/ead1 9 ! backgr\nd1 a horse1 :o seems to be dr9k+ f ! flat cup4 ,& ?is horse connects ! fir/ gr\p ) ! second1 :i* consi/s ( figures ( rid+ horsem54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,votive ,,tablet1 ,,t>5tum4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans1 :o has _h ! advantage ( /udy+ ^! t]racottas at ,t>5tum#ajc1 is dispos$ to ma9ta9 t ! gr\p repres5ts1 n deceas$ p]sons1 b r ! deities ( ! l[] _w1 ,dionysus1 ,cora1 & ,iac*us4 #8,! t]racotta repres5tations "h f\nd mu/ be r reg>d$ z prim>ily connect$ ) ! cult ( *?onic deities & national h]oes1 ?an ) t ( dep>t$ human spirits1' ?\gh #8! />t+-po9t may be reg>d$ z purely sepul*ral4' ,dr4 ,wolt]s1 on ! o!r h&#ajd1 connects ! repres5tations f> m closely ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,b aft] all1 ! opposition betwe5 ^! two op9ions is n fundam5tal4 ,probably at ,t>5tum1 z at ,sp>ta1 ! dead ance/or & ance/ress 7 reg>d$ z sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! k+ & que5 ( ! _w ( %ades1 into ^: be+ !y pass$ at dea?4 ,?us ! la/ note /ruck 9 ! monum5ts ( ,dorian h]o-wor%ip is 9 complete h>mony ) ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,h]o ,,on ,,foot4 ,!re are also reliefs 9 :i* ! h]oic "* ( ! deceas$ is indicat$1 n by ! horse1 b by ! pres5ce ( arm\r & arms4 ,9 "s /ates weal?y & well-born citiz5s 7 cont5t to fight on foot1 & ! position :i* _h seem$ to !m dignifi$ dur+ life 0 pres]v$ by !m 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,a good example f ,attica 7,fig4 #ch7 is giv5 9 ! text#aje4 ,! h]o /&s on ! "r1 helmet$2 8 %ield re/s aga9/ ! wall4 ,a dignifi$ lady ( ! same /ature z ! h]o p\rs him w9e2 betwe5 ! two is an alt>3 on ! left is a vot>y ( small size4 ,^! gr\ps may s]ve to rem9d u h[ (t5 9 ,greece1 9 ! h\r ( /ress & dang]1 ance/ral & local h]oes appe>$ amid ! ranks ( ! fight+ m51 & turn$ ! tide ( battle 9 fav\r ( _! desc5dants or t[nsfolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,h]o ,,seat$4 ,f9ally1 ! h]o may ev5 appe> 9 ! reliefs un>m$1 z an ord9>y citiz54 ,on a relief f ,patras#ajf 7,fig4 #ci7 he is seat$ on a ?rone almo/ ) ! dignity ( ,zeus1 a sceptre 9 8 rais$ h&1 a %ield hung on ! wall above him4 ,8 consort /&s beh9d ! seat1 :ile f ! left !re advances a tra91 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 mak+ ! well-kn[n ge/ure ) ! rais$ h& :i* implies adoration1 & br++ a ram = sacrifice4 ,a horse's head appe>s above ?r\gh a squ>e op5+1 ! "p /&+1 z s (t5 9 ^! monum5ts1 = ! :ole4 ,?is relief be>s a v close lik5ess to ^? f\nd 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,asklepius on ! side ( ! ,acropolis hill at ,a!ns2 inde$1 if ! h]o _h held a /aff entw9$ by a s]p5t we %\ld n h hesitat$ to id5tify him z ,asklepius4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( t attribute we are probably ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ him to be "s local h]o ( ,patras1 ei!r my?ical or hi/orical4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,a!ns3 ,,p]iods ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,monum5ts ,9 reg>d to ! laws :i* regulat$ ! erection ( monum5ts ( ! dead1 & ! =ms :i* ^? monum5ts assum$ 9 successive ages1 "u ! influ5ce ( cu/om & belief1 our in=mation does n rea* f> beyond ,a!ns4 ,at ,a!ns alone h we be5 s =tunate z to f9d1 b5ea? ! soil1 a consid]able "p ( an anci5t bury+-gr\nd1 :]e n ! graves only1 b also ! monum5ts erect$ ov] !m1 are unt\*$ by ! spoil]1 & almo/ z fre% z !y 7 :5 ,a!ns 0 a p[]ful city4 ,x w !re=e be well wor? our :ile to consid] ! hi/ory ( ! ,a!nian monum5tal cu/oms1 :i* h be5 c>efully /udi$ on ! spot by sev]al able ar*aeologi/s4 ,graves ( ! ,myc5aean age h be5 discov]$ 9 ,attica1 at ,sp>ta1 & at ,m5idi4 ,( su* graves we h already spok54 ,at an unc]ta9 p]iod1 probably ab\t ! eigh? c5tury1 !re succe$$1 9 place ( ^!1 ! graves f\nd 9 su* numb]s j outside ! ,dipylon gate ( ,a!ns1 & s call$ ,dipylon graves4 ,! pott]y f\nd 9 ^! bury+-places is v int]e/+1 al?\gh ! devices are rude1 because !re are pa9t$ ^u x repres5tations f ! contempor>y life ( ,greece1 ! prehi/oric ,greece ( ! age ( ,hom] & ( ,hesiod4 ,! mo/ ord9>y pictures are sea-fights1 or else ! burial ( ! dead4 ,( ! repres5tations ( ,greek obsequies :i* ^! vases be> we h _h occasion to speak above#ajg4 ,! reason = ! selection ( ! subject belongs to ! pres5t connexion4 ,! "t appe>s to h be5 "o ( pov]ty & ( depression 9 art4 ,! ri* treasures & ! admirable tal5t = decoration :i* belong$ to ! ,myc5aean age lay buri$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! ,greece :i* we "k1 ! hi/oric ,greece ( art & poetry1 ( philosophy & hi/ory1 _h n yet come into be+4 ,! moon _h set & ! sun _h n ris51 & m5 mov$ 9 ! dimme/ twilight4 ,?us x c sc>cely surprise u t ! graves ( ! ,dipylon class1 ) _! poor & scanty cont5ts1 7 surm\nt$ by no sculptur$ monum5ts4 ,9 place ( a column or a slab1 !re /ood on ! graves "o ( ! l>ge amphorae ( ! p]iod1 enri*$ ) adornm5t ( geometric patt]ns & l9es ( /iff animals4 ,into ^! vessels 7 p\r$1 almo/ beyond d\bt1 ! (f]+s ( food & dr9k br\ght by survivors & desc5dants4 ,! *oice ( a sepul*ral subject = ! vases is ?us readily acc\nt$ =4 ,! vessel re/$ probably on a m\nd ( e>?1 su* z ! 1 ( :i* we %all pres5tly speak1 or on a simple p$e/al ( /one4 ,z we approa* ! hi/oric age ( ,a!ns1 ! /one monum5t ) its pa9t+ & reliefs makes its appe>ance4 ,x is n difficult to divide into p]iods ! hi/ory ( ! production at ,a!ns ( monum5ts ( ! dead4 ,x falls q naturally into ?ree sections3-- 7#a7 ,! "t be=e ! ,p]sian w>s1 #eej-dhj4 7#b7 ,! "t ( p]fect$ art1 #dhj-cjj4 7#c7 ,! ,hell5i/ic & ,roman age4 ,! epic cu/om ( ,greece 0 to erect ov] ! dead a or m\nd1 ) a or grave/one#ajh plac$ ^u or beside x4 ,su* a cu/om 0 cont9u$ 9 lat] ,greece 9 ! case ( great graves made aft] a battle to conta9 ! bodies ( ! sla94 ,! tumulus at ,m>a?on is well kn[n to visitors to ,greece1 & ! lion set up to cr[n ! m\nd at ,*a]oneia1 :]e ! ,!ban sacr$ b& 0 cut to pieces by ! phalanx ( ,philip1 /ill exi/s 9 fragm5t>y condition4 ,b = ! graves ( private p]sons ! lavi% cu/oms ( ! h]oic age 9 ,greece gave place to m mode/ ways4 ,a passage 9 ,cic]o's ,de ,legibus#aji gives u "s int]e/+ in=mation 9 reg>d to ,a!nian cu/oms4 ,solon1 ,cic]o tells u1 legislat$ only aga9/ ! violation ( tombs1 n aga9/ _! sumptu\sness4 ,b "s "t aft]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( spl5did tombs 9 ! ,c]ameicus1 a law 0 pass$1 =bidd+ tombs m elaborate ?an c\ld be made by t5 m5 9 ?ree days4 ,nor 7 !y to be decorat$ ) pla/]#aaj1 nor 7 ,h]mae to be set on !m4 ,not)/&+1 aft] a "t1 ! luxury ( tombs aga9 increas$2 until ,demetrius ,phal]eus 7,b4,c4 #cag-cjg7 c>ri$ a law t no monum5t %\ld be erect$ save a column n m ?an ?ree cubits 9 height1 or a flat slab1 or a wat]-vessel#aaa4 ,a magi/rate 0 appo9t$ to see t ! decree 0 compli$ )4 ,! legislation ( ,demetrius does appe>1 z we %all pres5tly see1 to h be5 successful4 ,if ! e>li] legislation m5tion$ by ,cic]o 0 effectual1 x mu/ be plac$ 9 ! days ( ! democracy :i* succe$$ ! expulsion ( ! ,tyrants or 9 ! /irr+ times ( ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,= !re is a decid$ de>? ( sepul*ral monum5ts at ,a!ns 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! six?1 & aga9 9 ! latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury1 !y are num]\s & elaborate4 ,:e!r ,cic]o's words1 #8aliquanto po/ ,solonem1' c be /ret*$ to cov] a p]iod ( ne>ly a c5tury may1 h[ev]1 be d\bt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,a*illes ,,at ,,tomb ,,( ,,patroclus4 ,we h evid5ce t dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury1 ! ! 1 ! m\nd & ! slab1 p]si/$ side by side4 ,(t5 a grave w\ld be m>k$ by bo?2 sometimes "o or ! o!r w\ld be want+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! m\nd has usually disappe>$1 :ile ! slab (t5 rema9s4 ,b x is easy to prove t ! m\nd 0 common to e>ly p]iods4 ,n only d we f9d m5tion ( x 9 a v>iety ( au?ors#aab1 ,h]odotus1 ,plato1 ,lucian1 ,pausanias1 b its =m is depict$ ^u black-figur$ vases4 ,we give an in/ance 7,fig4 #dj7 9 :i* ,a*illes is repres5t$ z dragg+ ! body ( ,hector ti$ to 8 *>iot beside ! m\nd :i* repres5ts ! grave ( ,patroclus#aac3 a s]p5t & ! %ade ( ,patroclus appe>4 ,"h ! tomb is a :ite m\nd ( oval =m1 :5ce x may be judg$ t 9 place ( a m]e m\nd ( e>? sometimes an artificial /ructure 0 built1 & a rec5t discov]y at ,a!ns fully confirms ?is view4 ,9 ! ,piraeus /reet 7 f\nd 9 #ahiaaad rema9s ( an erection ab\t two y>ds 9 diamet]1 :i* consi/$ ( a framework ( tiles ov]laid ) f9e /ucco1 & :i* seem$ orig9ally to h be5 9 ! %ape ( ! upp] half ( an egg4 ,?is 0 cle>ly j su* a tomb z is figur$ 9 ! vase-pa9t+3 & d\btless 9 antiquity su* m\nds 7 common1 b !y p]i%$ easily1 or might v commonly be de/roy$ by c>eless work]s 9 ! c\rse ( excavation4 ,at ,myr9a ,messrs4 ,potti] & ,re9a* f\nd ! cont5ts ( tombs 9 _m cases ly+ on ! surface ( ! anci5t soil2 a fact = :i* !y acc\nt by say+ t ^! objects mu/ orig9ally h be5 cov]$ by a m\nd4 ,on ! m\nd w\ld 9 "s cases be set ! commemorative /one4 ,9 o!r cases 9 ?is p]iod also1 z we le>n f vase-pa9t+s#aae1 an e>!nw>e vessel 0 set on x to receive (f]+s4 ,sometimes we f9d 9 ! repres5tations m\nd & /ele set side by side4 ,& sometimes !re is a ?ird feature ( ! tomb1 a 1 or table1 t is1 a horizontal /one4 ,9 "o rem>kable vase-pa9t+#aaf we see cle>ly m\nd1 /ele1 & table4 ,m commonly we f9d ! /ele & ! table only2 ! latt] be+ us$ z a seat by ! dead p]son1 or sometimes s]v+ z a place ( deposit = baskets ( wrea?s & o!r (f]+s4 ,see1 = example1 ,fig4 #aa1 p4 #bb4 ,! ord9>y /ele 0 9 %ape a tall & tap]+ slab1 surm\nt$ by an acan?us patt]n4 ,on ! face ( x 7 commonly ! names ( ^? buri$1 &1 z a rule1 two rosettes4 ,9 our frontispiece1 :i* repres5ts a "p ( ! cemet]y ( ! ,c]ameicus 9 its pres5t =m1 may be se5 sev]al /elae2 & "o is figur$ 9 ! text 7bel[1 ,fig4 #dc7 z an example4 ,! rosettes seem to repres5t ! two brea/s1 & we may "h see a h9t t ! /ele takes ! place ( a portrait-figure1 j z does ! turban :i* commonly surm\nts mod]n ,turki% tombs4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! /ele is commonly adorn$ ) a portrait ( ! deceas$ 9 l[ relief2 b sometimes a pa9t$ portrait takes ! place ( "o 9 relief4 ,n all /elae1 h[ev]1 7 ( tall & n>r[ =m1 nor 0 ! device on !m always limit$ to a s+le figure3 gr\ps sometimes make _! appe>ance1 & to accommodate !m ! /ele has to be made broad]4 ,?is developm5t we w trace 9 ! next p]iod4 ,meantime we mu/ say a few words z to ! pill> 77 :i* is frequ5tly m5tion$ z well z ! /ele 9 anci5t epigrams4 ,! small r\nd pill>1 c>v$ ) a simple inscription1 :i* is s abundant at ,a!ns1 belongs to ! lat] age ( ! city4 ,b 9 e>ly times pill>s 7 frequ5tly set up on graves1 & surm\nt$ ) a portrait or figure ( "s k9d4 ,z examples we may cite ! suppos$ grave ( ,orpheus 9 ,pi]ia1 :i* 0 m>k$1 accord+ to ,pausanias#aag1 by a pill> surm\nt$ by a hydria2 & ! grave attribut$ to ! sons ( ,o$ipus1 ,eteocles & ,polynices1 on :i* /ood a pill> support+ a %ield#aah4 ,on ! grave ( ,ari/om5es at ,mess5e also 0 a pill> to :i* ! ox1 annually de/9$ to be sacrific$ to ! h]o1 0 ti$#aai4 ,at a lat] "t ! grave ( ,epam9ondas 0 m>k$1 l t ( ! sons ( ,o$ipus1 by a pill> support+ a %ield1 & t ( ,isocrates by ! figure ( a sir51 /&+ on a pill> #cj cubits high4 ,! olde/ exi/+ specim5 ( a sepul*ral pill> is f ! tomb ( ,x5>es 9 ,corfu4 ,! t]ms & 1 :i* are frequ5tly appli$ to ! tomb bo? 9 exi/+ epitaphs & 9 ! epigrams ( ! ,an?ology1 d n seem to ref] to any special =m ( monum5t1 b r to ! purpose ( ! tomb z a significant monum5t 77 or z a memorial 774 ,e "o :o exam9es ! e>ly graves ( ,attica mu/ be /ruck ) ! fact t :]eas x w\ld seem natural t tombs %\ld be set up by *ildr5 = _! p>5ts1 at ,a!ns ! opposite rule seems to prevail4 ,commonly tombs pr(ess to be erect$ = ^? :o di$ "y by _! sorr[+ relatives4 ,n only 7 "y m5 :o fell 9 battle hon\r$ ) f9e monum5ts1 b "y m5 :o di$ ( disease1 & unm>ri$ girls4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! wom5 ^: tombs we f9d seem ei!r to h di$ unm>ri$ or else to h p]i%$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,x w\ld seem t ord9>y citiz5s1 :o di$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 7 buri$ 9 great family vaults2 b t sep>ate tombs ) f9e sculptural decoration 7 erect$ 9 special cases1 :5 a fa!r lo/ a promis+ & belov$ boy or girl1 or a "y husb& lo/ at "o bl[ 8 wife & 8 hope ( a prog5y to c>ry on 8 "n & t5d 8 old age4 ,! erection ( a tomb to relative or fri5d 0 no matt] ( c\rse1 b an exceptional proce$+1 adopt$ :5 feel+ ran /rongly1 & requir$ "s satisfaction 9 outw>d act4 ,! /]n law ( ,sp>ta all[$ only ! names ( m5 :o fell 9 battle or wom5 :o 7 prie/esses to be publicly set up4 ,at ,a!ns feel+ took ! place ( law2 & :ile ^? :o di$ = _! c\ntry 7 sure ( hon\rable burial1 ornate tombs 7 ! gifts ( special affection4 ,we are told t ! effem9ate p ( ,agrig5tum erect$ special tombs to _! horses & pet birds4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! ,a!nians ma9ta9$ ! human mean1 betwe5 h>% rig\r on ! "o h&1 & luxuri\s effusiv5ess on ! o!r4 ,to ! second p]iod1 ,b4,c4 #dhj-cjj1 belongs ! great mass ( ! f9e sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,a!ns4 ,9 ! age ( ,pheidias1 ! cu/om comes 9 ( flank+ ! sculptural gr\p ( /elae ) a pair ( pila/]s support+ a small gable1 z se5 9 sev]al ( our plates1 & by degrees ! gr\nd betwe5 ! pila/]s rec$es1 & a deep int]ior is se51 z 9 ,plates ,,xi1 ,,xxvi1 c4 ,by ?is recess+ is produc$ ! monum5t 9 ! =m ( a small & %all[ temple1 )9 :i* we see 9 v high relief "s sc5e f ! daily & dome/ic life ( ,a!ns4 ,^! are ! mo/ spl5did ( ! ,a!nian tombs1 9 date almo/ conf9$ to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,!y are ! monum5ts ( :i* ,cic]o writes2 #8amplitud9es sepulcrorum quas nunc 9 ,c]amico videmus'3 ev5 9 ,cic]o's "t !y 7 evid5tly "o ( ! great sights ( ,greece2 h[ mu* m notable are !y n[1 :5 we h b a wreck ( ! arti/ic weal? & spl5d\r ( ,greece ) :i* to comp>e !m6 ,x has be5 sometimes suppos$ t ! temple-l =m ( ^! tombs1 :5ce !y are call$ 1 indicates special v5]ation = ^? to :om !y are erect$4 ,if h\ses 9 =m l ^? ( ! gods are giv5 to mortals1 surely1 x may be said1 ! mortals are rais$ almo/ to ! rank ( ! gods4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is mi/ak54 ,! ar*itectural =ms :i* we associate ) ,greek temples are n orig9ally peculi> to !m4 ,x is only because ! temples ( ,greece h surviv$ ! secul> build+s t we are dispos$ to look on pill>s & gables z belong+ specially to ! gods4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 /ill a few secul> ,greek build+s1 su* z ! ,propylaea ( ,a!ns2 & we see !m to be con/ruct$ on simil> ar*itectural pr9ciples to ! temples4 ,! ,ionic & ,doric /yles ( ar*itecture 7 no m exclusively religi\s 9 use or orig9 ?an 0 ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,! 7 n temples1 b m]ely a fram+ = a dome/ic int]ior1 su* z is (t5 repres5t$ on vases4 ,!y are rooms ( ! wom5's ap>tm5ts 9 ,greek h\ses4 ,a dead lady 9 ! ,an?ology calls h] tomb #abj4 ,ab\t contempor>y ) ! introduction ( ! 0 ! cu/om ( %ap+ ! tomb aft] ! fa%ion ( a vase4 ,^! /one vases are extremely common 9 ! ,museum ( ,a!ns4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ ( !m is "o publi%$ by ,khl]#aba4 ,9 ! relief ( x we see two m5 h& 9 h&1 & x be>s an inscription :i* ,khl] on epigraphic gr\nds assigns to ! p]iod ,b4,c4 #dej-dcj4 ,x is pa9t$ l a real ,greek vase ) palmettes & mae&] patt]ns4 ,x 0 probably at ! "t :5 ! cu/om ( plac+ t]ra-cotta vases on ! tombs 0 dy+ out1 t x occurr$ to ! sculptors to replace !m by mak+ ! /ele itself 9 ! =m ( a vase1 adorn$ l ! ord9>y /elae ) inscription & relief4 ,! m>ble vases 7 ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 we h ! leky?os or ungu5t vase1 ( ! same %ape z ! r$-figur$ & :ite gr\nd vases v commonly plac$ 9 ,a!nian graves4 ,^! latt] are m5tion$ by ,ari/ophanes#abb z ! "w ( ! inf]ior arti/3 1 & 9 ano!r passage he speaks ( !m z sometimes let into ! tomb & fa/5$ !re ) lead#abc4 ,to imitate !m 9 m>ble 0 !re=e natural4 ,= an in/ance ( ! leky?os tomb see figures #gj to #gb1 bel[4 ,9 ! case ( ^? :o di$ unm>ri$1 a vase ( ano!r =m 0 us$ z ! model4 ,"h aga9 we h only an imitation 9 /one ( a t]ra-cotta vase (t5 plac$ on ! tomb4 ,at ,a!ns x 0 a cu/om1 :5 a m>riage 0 ab\t to take place1 = a girl to br+ to ! bride a vessel ( wat] f ! spr+ ,callirrhoe = a bridal ba?4 ,! wat] 0 fet*$ 9 a two-h&l$ vessel ( peculi> =m1 ! 1 su* z seems n to h be5 us$ on any o!r occasion4 ,! ,a!nian ,museum conta9s sev]al imitations 9 t]ra-cotta ( ! m>riage vase2 & 9 e case ! sc5es pa9t$ on ^! vases are tak5 ei!r f ! c]emonies ( m>riage or ^? ( m\rn+4 ,:5 a girl 0 m>ri$ ! m>riage vase 0 us$ 9 ! pomp & jollity ( ! w$d+3 :5 %e di$ unw$d$1 x 0 plac$ on h] tomb z a memorial4 ,z ,a!nian epitaphs put x1 9 t case %e 0 w$d$ to ,hades4 ,on ! tombs also ( y\?s :o di$ be=e ! m>riage-day1 ! ( t]ra-cotta 0 reg>d$ z an appropriate decoration4 ,a well-kn[n passage ( ,demo/h5es#abd gives u explicit au?ority = ?is usage4 #8,:at is ! pro(1' he asks1 #8t ,ar*iades di$ unm>ri$8 ,a m>riage vase is set up on 8 tomb4' ,sometimes ! m>riage vase ?us set on ! tomb 0 an ord9>y vessel ( t]ra-cotta4 ,sometimes x 0 repres5t$ 9 relief on ! /ele4 ,& sometimes ! /ele itself 0 fa%ion$ 9 ! =m ( a m>riage vase4 ,! usage is well illu/rat$ by a /ele f ,kalyvia1 n[ at ,a!ns#abe1 ( :i* we give an engrav+ 7,pl4 ,,iv74 ,! :ole field ( ! /ele is occupi$ by a great m>riage vase 9 relief4 ,on ! top ( x1 on a basis1 /&s a ,sir51 te>+ h] hair & beat+ h] brea/ 9 sign ( sympa?y ) ! m\rn]s4 ,on ! body ( ! vase is depict$ a sc5e f ! fun]al rites4 ,a m>riage vase /&s erect 9 ! mid/ ( ?ree m\rn]s1 all app>5tly wom51 "o ( :om is ty+ to ! h&le ( ! vase 7?is vase has b "o h&le7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,page #aad a wrea?4 ,twice ov]1 on ?is curi\s /ele1 we h ! symbolism ( ! vase employ$ to indicate ! unm>ri$ condition ( ! defunct4 ,on ano!r /ele 7,pl4 ,v7 ?ree vases are repres5t$ 9 relief1 a m>riage vase & two sepul*ral leky?i#abf4 ,! c5tral vase be>s a relief1 a "y horseman arm$1 /&+ beside 8 horse1 & giv+ 8 h& to an eld]ly man :o is wrapp$ 9 a cloak4 ,! relief on ! vase to left %[s u a boy1 ( some:at manly =m1 runn+ ) a hoop4 ,x is likely t 9 ! grave to :i* ?is monum5t belong$ a fa!r _h buri$ ?ree sons1 "o ( milit>y age & almo/ m>riageable1 ! o!r two /ill "y4 ,no s5tim5t is m (t5 express$ 9 epitaphs1 none m /rongly affect$ ! ,greek he>t1 ?an ! sadness ( ! fate ( ^? "y m5 & wom5 to :om dea? came 9 ! place ( t m>riage :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! consummation ( e>?ly happ9ess4 ,:5 ! m>riage vase 0 us$ = fun]al libations1 !n inde$ ! bitt]ness ( fate 0 felt by e by/&]4 ,! poets h embodi$ ?is feel+ 9 _m an epigram2 "o ( ^! by ! poet ,meleag]#abg ,i mu/ endeav\r1 ?\gh ! task is a h>d "o1 to reproduce 9 ,engli%3-- ,:5 ,cle>i/a d(f$ h] virg9 tire1 ,no bridal b a tomb did %e require4 ,! flutes be=e h] door b ye/]night ,to m]ry h\sehold clatt] answ]$ bright2 ,! morr[ f\nd !m wail+1 & ! lay ,( ,hym5 9 lam5t di$ sad away4 ,& tor*es bright t 9 h] b[] did gl[ ,illume ! passage to ! realm bel[4#abh ,x is n1 h[ev]1 mo/ usual to f9d ! tombs ( ! lat] fif? & ! f\r? c5turies ?us adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( a special t5ant4 ,"s ( ! /elae ( ?is p]iod1 su* z ^? ( ,tynnias 7,pl4 ,x71 ,ari/onautes 7,pl4 ,,xi71 & ,amphotto 7,pl4 ,,xvii7 belong especially to individuals2 b ! great majority ( ! graves betwe5 ,b4,c4 #dej & #cjj are ( em95tly dome/ic "*4 ,! reliefs :i* !y be> repres5t n "o p]son b _m1 & ! inscriptions conta9 sev]al names4 ,! simple burial cu/oms ( ! ,a!nians made great vaults unnecess>y2 a h&ful ( a%es c\ld be easily dispos$ (4 ,9 look+ at ! sculpture ( ,attic tombs1 we mu/ n =get ?is dome/ic & family de/9ation4 ,& !re is ano!r po9t1 "o ( te*nique1 :i* we mu/ also be> 9 m9d4 ,all decorative reliefs 9 ,greece1 :e!r !y belong$ to ! temple1 ! public build+1 or ! tomb1 dep5d$ 9 a great degree = effect on ! col\r :i* 0 freely us$ to help out ! sculpture4 ,few traces ( col\r+ n[ rema9 on ! sepul*ral reliefs1 b !re c be no d\bt t orig9ally !y 7 col\r$1 n p]haps all ov]1 b 9 _m p>ts4 ,! backgr\nd w\ld be fill$ 9 ) blue or o!r /rong col\r4 ,! hair ( ! p]sons sculptur$ w\ld be1 accord+ to ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om ( ,greek sculpture1 r$4 ,eyes & eyebr[s w\ld be indicat$ ) ! bru% z well z ) ! *isel4 ,! g>m5ts w\ld commonly be at all ev5ts t9t$1 & 9 "s cases !y w\ld be> designs pa9t$ to repres5t embroid]y1 z is ! case ) ! votive ar*aic female figures rec5tly discov]$ at ,a!ns#abi4 ,on our plate1 :i* repres5ts ! /ele ( ,ari/ion 7,pl4 ,,ix71 consid]able traces ( col\r may be obs]v$4 ,& besides col\r1 metal accessories 7 9 _m cases add$4 ,9 ! /ele ( ,dexileos 7,pl4 ,,xii71 re9s1 sword1 & lance 7 add$ 9 metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,page #aaf ,?us :5 we see on our reliefs a lady hold+ out empty h&s 7cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxvi71 we may be sure t orig9ally ^? h&s _h borne a necklace or o!r jewelry1 add$ 9 col\r4 ,! h&les ( ! m>riage vase on ,pl4 ,,iv mu/ h be5 m>k$ ) col\r4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! helmet ( ,ari/onautes 7,pl4 ,,xi7 7 add$ 9 metal1 & s on 9 o!r cases4 ,to ! mod]n eye ! pure :ite ( ,greek reliefs z !y n[ are1 seems classical & appropriate4 ,& we may be "r4 ,greek life has pass$ away1 & looks ^u u z if f ano!r _w 9 ! gho/ly reflection ( ,greek art4 ,we see x n 9 a reali/ic b 9 a s(t5$ & ideal light4 ,b ! ,greeks !mselves lov$ /rong col\r1 & 9 any purely arti/ic "q _! eyes are f> m to be tru/$ ?an ours1 :i* are p]v]t$ by ! ugly surr\nd+s ( our daily life4 ,! date ( ,greek sepul*ral monum5ts may be det]m9$ by a v>iety ( consid]ations4 ,! inscriptions :i* !y be> may help u 9 "s cases4 ,we "k t ! old ,attic alphabet1 :i* did n di/+ui% %ort f long v[els1 confus+ ,o ) 1 & ,e ) ,h1 & :i* us$ ! =m 9999%ape = & = 1 0 (ficially sup]s$$ by ! alphabet ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ar*on%ip ( ,euclides #djc ,b4,c4 ,b long be=e ?is date ! ,ionian lett]s _h be5 9 frequ5t use = private docum5ts4 ,?us any tomb be>+ an inscription 9 ! ,ionian "* c sc>cely be lat] ?an #djj ,b4,c42 b may be consid]ably e>li]4 ,! evid5ce ( date furni%$ by inscriptions be+ ?us r vague1 we return to ! evid5ce (f]$ by ! =ms ( ! /elae & ! /yle ( ! reliefs4 ,a c]ta9 r\ghness & want ( elaboration 9 ! acrot]ia1 ! ar*itectural adornm5ts ( ! tops ( ! /elae1 indicates fif?-c5tury "w4 ,= example1 ! /elae ( ,lys&] 7,pl4 ,,xx7 & ( ,mica 7,pl4 ,,xxi71 ) _! some:at clumsy end+ above1 are typical ( ! fif? c5tury1 :ile a some:at m elegant top1 z 9 ! /ele ( ,damasi/rata 7,pl4 ,,xxiii71 is usually an indication ( ! m luxuri\s f\r? c5tury4 ,b /yle ( sculpture is a saf] crit]ion4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! /yle ( ! ,p>!non frieze1 & ) t ( ,praxitelean art1 w f9d little difficulty 9 det]m9+ to :i* ( ^! two v diff]5t /yles t ( any giv5 relief mo/ closely approximates4 ,to ! "q ( ! relation ( sepul*ral reliefs to ! works ( ! great ,a!nian arti/s we w return 9 a lat] *apt] 7,,xi74 ,! effects ( ! sumptu>y laws ( ,demetrius ,phal]eus are cle>ly visible 9 ! ,a!nian cemet]ies4 ,aft] #cjj ,b4,c4 we f9d no m l(ty /elae1 no m temple-l tombs ( great size & beauty4 ,z might be expect$ f ! /atem5t ( ,cic]o above cit$1 h5ce=w>d we f9d only small & mean monum5ts1 ! l[ /ele ) reliefs1 ! /one leky?os1 ! %ort pill>1 inscrib$ only ) a "n4 ,su* tombs are f\nd 9 extraord9>y abundance 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,a!ns2 b _! int]e/1 :e!r f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/orian or ! arti/1 is b slight1 & we %all be b little conc]n$ ) !m 9 ^! pages4 ,we mu/ imag9e mo/ ( ! roads lead+ to great cities z flank$ on bo? sides by ! sculptur$ memorials ( ! dead4 ,^? :o h visit$ ,rome & ,pompeii w be famili> ) ?is cu/om1 :i* seems to u r depress+4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! tombs ( ! ,greeks & ,romans _h n t air ( uni=m melan*oly :i* tombs be> among u4 ,! frontispiece %[s a "p ( ! great ,a!nian cemet]y ( ! ,c]ameicus1 :i* lay j outside ! ,dipylon ,gate4 ,x %[s u ! l9e ( tombs ( v>i\s ages & ( _m =ms1 :i* flank$ ! sacr$ way lead+ to ,eleusis1 ! l9e ( :i* is visible 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,on ! left is ! relief ( ,dexileos1 :i* belong$ to a sort ( %r9e1 ( :i* ! f\ndations /ill exi/4 ,close to x is a table or 2 bel[ x1 a tall /ele ) rosettes on ! face ( x1 & surm\nt$ by an acan?us4 ,!n come m tables & a flat /ele adorn$ ) reliefs4 ,fur!r are two %r9es1 1 & a l(ty basis support+ a bull4 ,"o or two %ort pill>s ( ! lat] age are visible 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 "s cases /one leky?i1 su* z t ly+ brok5 at ! foot ( ! p$e/al ( ! bull1 7 ins]t$1 sometimes "o & sometimes two1 9 ! flat upp] surface ( ! tables4 ,to :at ev5ts ?is section ( ! cemet]y owes its rem>kable pres]vation is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,francis ,l5ormant sugge/$ t x 0 cov]$ by ! e>!n agg] set up aga9/ ! walls ( ,a!ns by ,sulla :5 he attack$ ! city f ?is side1 & s pres]v$ f ! ru9 :i* "t br+s4 ,dr4 ,brckn]1 h[ev]1 rejects ?is view1 ?9k+ t ! spot 0 buri$ ) e>? by ! ,a!nians !mselves on "s occasion#acj4 ,:atev] explanation be accept$1 x is c]ta9ly a great ga9 to u ?us to f9d pres]v$1 l a fly 9 amb]1 a section ( a great cemet]y ( ,greece4 ,! ar*itectural features & decoration ( ! tombs ( ,a!ns may be/ be spok5 ( 9 ?is place4 ,fir/1 ( ! acan?us4 ,! gradual gr[? ( ?is ornam5t 9 complication & v>iety may be trac$ 9 ! /elae ( successive p]iods#aca4 ,! g5]al =m is always two ,ionic volutes1 surm\nt$ by a palmette4 ,to ?is is commonly add$1 aft] ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 "s k9d ( patt]n d]iv$ f ! leaf ( ! acan?us1 :i* ,callima*us1 ! inv5tor or improv] ( ! ,cor9?ian column1 at ! same p]iod introduc$ into temple ar*itecture4 ,! acan?us is said by "s to be introduc$ into tomb decoration because x grew on ! rocky spurs :i* ! ,greeks g5]ally us$ z bury+-places4 ,& 9 fav\r ( ?is view may be cit$ ! curi\s fact t 9 ! vase-pa9t+s we (t5 see on ! top ( a tomb1 9 place ( a sculptur$ acan?us1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,head ,,( ,,assyrian ,,/ele4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,head ,,( ,,greek ,,/ele4 "o gr[+ naturally4 ,b !re is1 on ! o!r side1 a piece ( evid5ce ! value ( :i* mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,at ,khorsabad 9 ,assyria#acb1 ,m4 ,place discov]$ a tall squ>e /ele1 flut$ on all f\r sides1 & surm\nt$ by a device :i* is really a palmette1 b :i* be>s a /rong resemblance to ! s-call$ acan?us patt]n ( ,greek art4 ,! mean+ & purpose ( ?is pill> are obscure2 b :atev] !y may be1 x is sc>cely op5 to d\bt t 9 an arti/ic s5se x lies 9 ! l9e ( desc5t ( ! ,hell5ic /ele4 ,& x naturally sugge/s ! "q :e!r ! f9ial ornam5t ( ,greek grave/ones 0 orig9ally meant = an acan?us at all1 or :e!r x is only a v>iety ( ! ,ionic scroll & ! ,assyrian palmette4 ,we engrave side by side ! top ( ?is column 7,fig4 #da71 & = comp>ison ) x1 an ar*aic an!mion f a ,greek /ele#acc 7,fig4 #db74 ,aft] ! ar*aic p]iod ! an!mion on ! top ( ! ,attic /ele goes on develop+ 9 complexity z well z 9 beauty4 ,we give ?ree *>act]i/ic treatm5ts ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! example already figur$4 ,( ^! monum5ts1 "o 7#dc7acd is adorn$ ) rosettes only2 ! second 7#dc ,a7#ace ) a gr\p ( ?ree p]sons1 fa!r1 "m1 & daught]2 ! ?ird 7#dc ,b7#acf ) a m>riage vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,an!mion ,,( ,,/ele4 ,! acan?us is n ! only ornam5t us$ z a f9ial = ,greek /elae3 o!r devices sometimes appe> 9 ! same place2 & _! mean+ is a matt] wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,on "s ( ! e>ly monum5ts ( ,attica !re /ood a sph9x4 ,! in/ance figur$ 7#dd7 is f an e>ly tomb at ,spata1 ne> ,a!ns#acg4 ,! mon/] is ar*aic 9 =m3 h] hair falls 9 long =mal curls1 h] brea/ is cov]$ ) ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,a4 ,,an!mion4 fea!rs3 on h] head is a r\nd cr[n4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sph9x has be5 trac$ by ,mil*hoef]#ach & o!r writ]s4 ,its orig9 is c]ta9ly to be s\ght 9 ,egypt1 9 :i* c\ntry sph9xes 7 set up 9 l9es z gu>dians ( ! temples4 ,! ,egyptian sph9x is unw+$ & male1 z ! be>d :i* x commonly we>s cle>ly %[s2 b :5 ! p ( ,asia ,m9or & ,syria imitat$ ! =m1 !y add$ w+s4 ,! significance ( ! mon/] 0 9 ,egypt q vague2 & x 0 probably ev5 m vague 9 ,asia4 ,?us :5 ! ,greeks adopt$ ! /range =m1 x _c h br\ght ) x mu* mean+4 ,!y _h to give x a mean+ ( _! own4 ,9 fact1 x 0 q *>act]i/ic 9 ! ,greeks t !y ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,b4 ,,an!mion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,sph9x ,,( ,,spata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta3 ,,sph9x ,,& ,,y\?4 borr[$ =ms & gave to !m _! own mean+4 ,!y took ! =ms & s\nds ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet f ! ,pho5icians1 b us$ ^? lett]s to express _! own ?\ghts1 & ! same ?+ took place :5 !y receiv$ f ! ,ea/ an e/abli%$ patt]n or =m 9 art4 ,to ! ,greeks1 !n1 ! sph9x is a mon/]1 sometimes fi]ce & ho/ile1 sometimes m k9dly & g5tle1 :o br+s m5 & wom5 to an e>ly dea?2 a spiritual =ce1 l ! ,sir51 :i* be>s away s\ls4 ,on a t]ra-cotta 7,fig4 #de7 publi%$ by ,/ackelb]g#aci1 a sph9x1 ?is "t ) human arms1 is repres5t$ z /&+ on ! body ( a dead y\?4 ,"s su* gr\p mu/ h be5 be=e ! m9d ( ,aes*ylus :5 he describes ! %ield ( ,p>!nopaeus z adorn$ ) a sph9x be>+ 9 h] claws a man ( ,!bes#adj4 ,b 9 ! sph9x ( our engrav+ !re is no sign ( fi]c5ess or rav5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,lamptrae1 ,,re/or$4 ,a sph9x probably /ood on ! top ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( e>ly ,a!nian monum5ts1 ! /ele ( ,lamptrae1 ( :i* ,i give a re/oration 7,fig4 #df7 by ,dr4 ,w9t]#ada4 ,x consi/$ ( a ?ick slab ) elegantly adorn$ cornice4 ,on ! top is a deep cutt+1 made to hold ei!r ! sph9x ( ! engrav+1 or1 possibly1 a portrait4 ,?ree sides ( ! slab be> l[ reliefs :i* are mu* injur$1 b ! subjects ( :i* are ( int]e/4 ,on ! front is a "y horseman1 evid5tly ! d5iz5 ( ! tomb1 :o rides to ! "r on a horse1 hold+ spe> & %ield3 a second horse is repres5t$ by a m]e d\bl+ ( ! outl9es4 ,on "o ( ! n>r[] sides /&s ! fa!r ( ! horseman1 9 an attitude ( grief3 on ! o!r side are two m\rn+ wom51 no d\bt 8 ne> relatives4 ,to ^! m\rn+ relatives we may f9d abundant p>allels among ! vases :i* repres5t ! ly+ 9 /ate ( ! corpse & its removal to ! place ( burial#adb4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! sph9x ( ! t]ra-cotta has human arms4 ,?is1 & h] female sex1 br+ h] into close connexion ) o!r female mon/]s1 :o also are w+$ & h ! arms ( wom51 ! ,h>pies & ! ,sir5s4 ,h>py & ,sir5 are1 9 fact1 n cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 art2 bo? are human-head$ birds4 ,& bo? are daemons de/ructive to human life1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! leg5ds1 ! ,h>pies 7 notable = f\l & rav5\s habits1 ! ,sir5s = a passion = ! blood ( ! sailors :om !y drew to !m by ! sweetness ( _! s++4 ,z sph9x & ,sir5 7 ?us bo? alike ! m9i/]s ( e>ly or untimely dea?1 x w n greatly surprise u to f9d t on lat] monum5ts ,sir5s appe> 9 ! place ( sph9xes4 ,an in/ance f ! museum at ,a!ns is figur$ 7,fig4 #dg7adc2 ! woman-bird is human f head to wai/1 & is occupi$ ) play+ on h] lyre4 ,! tomb on :i* %e /ood p]haps belong$ to "s "y girl or boy :o p]i%$ by an untimely dea?4 ,yet ?is is by no means c]ta94 ,= ! ,sir5 ( ,attic tombs has greatly modifi$ h] nature "u ! k9dly influ5ce ( ,attic poetry & art4 ,%e came f ! ,ea/1 almo/ c]ta9ly z a malici\s & dev\r+ daemon4 ,b 9 ! ord9>y cu/om ( ,attic tombs ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies %e becomes fri5dly & sympa!tic4 ,sometimes1 z 9 our example1 %e plays on a musical in/rum5t4 ,sometimes %e seems to express grief by ! movem5ts ( h] arms1 beat+ h] brea/1 or te>+ h] hair 7see ,pl4 ,,iv74 ,a passage 9 ! ,hel5a#add ( ,euripides repres5ts ! ,sir5s q 9 ! same sympa!tic light4 ,hel51 :5 wail+ ov] ! calamities at ,troy calls on ! ,sir5s1 w+$ maid5s1 daught]s ( ! e>?1 to come & jo9 to h] lam5tations ! music 9 :i* !y 7 skill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,sir51 ,,f ,,tomb4 ,! sph9x & ! ,sir5 may h orig9ally f\nd _! place on tombs z 1 /one images ( daemons to drive away ! real daemons4 ,b !y reta9 _! place on ! tombs ( a m ref9$ age to express sympa?y ) ! m\rn]s1 & to add a g5tle t\* ( sorr[ to ! delightful dome/ic sc5es :i* usually occupy ! front ( ! monum5ts4 ,sophocles calls ! ,sir5s ! daught]s ( ,phorcys1 :o s+ ! ways ( ,hades2 x _c !re=e seem inappropriate t ! tomb ( ,sophocles himself 0 adorn$ ) ! figure ( "o ( ^! spirits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,head ,,( ,,/ele4 ,m obscure devices are sometimes m+l$ ) ! acan?us ov] ! tomb4 ,9 a few cases 7,fig4 #dh7 we f9d a pair ( goats butt+ "o ano!r ov] a dr9k+-cup#ade4 ,! cup seems to %[ t !re mu/ be "h "s ,dionysiac ref]5ce or mean+1 ?\gh :at x is we _c say4 ,9 "o case a female figure 7,fig4 #di71 ! import ( :i* is h>d to det]m9e#adf1 /&s ov] a tomb1 ) ! acan?us-leaves = a backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,head ,,( ,,/ele4 ,x is n r>e 9 mo/ p]iods ( ,greek art to place on a tomb1 in/ead ( a portrait1 ! image ( an animal1 or "s o!r device1 ! mean+ ( :i* has to be discov]$ by ! spectator4 ,sometimes x conta9s an allusion1 usually to 8 "n4 ,we engrave 7,fig4 #ej7 a /ele on :i* is repres5t$ a lion 9 relief#adg1 & z ! "n ( ! p]son :om ! tomb commemorates is ,leon1 ! allusion is cle>4 ,we may comp>e an epigram ( ,simonides#adh1 writt5 = a tomb1 :i* runs ?us3-- ,mo/ brave ( bea/s am ,i2 ( m5 mo/ brave ,he :om ,i gu>d1 recl9+ on 8 grave4 ,leon 8 "n1 yet save he _h possess$ ,! lion nature1 "h ,i %\ld n re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,leon4 ,! traditional "* ( ! lion1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks r f ! ,iliad ?an f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 made 8 figure a fitt+ adornm5t = ! tombs ( ^? :o _h di$ 9 battle = _! c\ntry4 ,two gigantic lions /ill survive :i* adorn$ ,greek tombs ( hi/orical celebrity4 ,"o /ood ov] ! rema9s ( ! ,!ban b& :i* fell at ,*a]oneia4 ,! o!r1 br\ght by ,sir ,*>les ,newton f ,cnidus1 probably m>k$ ! burial-place ( ! ,a!nians :o fell 9 ! battle ( ,cnidus1 #cid ,b4,c4 ,! lioness on tombs seems to h sc>cely _h su* dignifi$ associations4 ,on ! tomb ( ,lais at ,cor9? /ood a lioness1 hold+ 9 h] paws a ram#adi1 a symbol ( ! de/ructive =ce ( ! *>ms ( ! c\rtezan4 ,a lioness )\t a tongue is said also to h /ood on ! tomb ( ,lea5a1 ! ,a!nian c\rtezan :o 0 a fri5d ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 & refus$ to betray ! conspirators aga9/ ! ,tyrants4 ,a bull or c[ sometimes also /ood on a grave4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a bull ( ?is class#aej4 ,a heif] is said to h /ood on ! tomb ( ,boidion1 concub9e ( ,*>es1 :o foll[$ him 9 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on#aea4 ,on ! grave ( ,diog5es ( ,s9ope 0 a dog1 to m>k 8 cynic nature4 ,b ! dog :i* appe>s on ! summit ( a tomb 9 ! ,a!nian cemet]y ne$ n h any?+ to d ) cynicism4 ,he may h 8 place z a tru/y wat*] & gu>dian2 or he may be connect$ ) ! cultus ( ! dead1 z we h already sugge/$4 ,on ! grave ( ,philag] 8 tea*]1 ,metellus ,nepos1 set a rav51 :i* ,cic]o decl>$ to be mo/ appropriate to a ma/] :o taught h[ to fly bett] ?an h[ to speak#aeb4 ,( c\rse ! rav51 z ! bird sacr$ to ,apollo1 0 v appropriate on ! tombs ( le>n$ m54 ,9 an epitaph 9 ! ,an?ology#aec x is said t ! grave ( ! poet ,sophocles 0 surm\nt$ by a satyr1 hold+ 9 8 h& a female mask4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we are told by o!r au?orities t a ,sir5 /ood on 8 tomb1 we mu/ suppose ! satyr to h surm\nt$ a c5otaph erect$ to ! poet by 8 admir]s 9 "s o!r city ?an ,a!ns4 ,f ano!r epigram#aed we le>n t on ! grave ( ,plato an eagle 0 sculptur$3 "h we are cle>ly 9 ! realm ( poetic symbolism4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,a!ns ,,& ,,greece4 ,,portraits ,9 ! ,sp>tan gr\p ( sepul*ral monum5ts we f\nd "o ( ! two f\nta9-heads ( ,greek sepul*ral reliefs1 spr++ directly out ( ! ance/or-wor%ip ( ! ,dorian race4 ,= ! o!r ma9 s\rce1 :i* is mu* less religi\s & m arti/ic 9 orig91 we turn to ,a!ns & to ,ionia4 ,x arises out ( ! cu/om ( sett+ up portraits ( ! dead4 ,! e>lie/ sepul*ral monum5ts :i* rea* u f ,attica1 sett+ aside ! m]ely decorative or symbolical sph9x1 are portraits ( ! dead4 ,9 ^! portraits !re is some?+ ( arti/ic & some?+ ( religi\s purpose4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! image us$ 9 ance/or-wor%ip & ! portrait :i* is m]ely a memorial4 ,9 fact we may see two l9es ( t5d5cy tak+ _! rise 9 ! m]e image ( ! dead4 ,! "o t5d5cy is to br+ x ne>] to ! images ( ! gods2 to id5tify ! dep>t$ ance/or or fri5d ) ,hades1 ! rul] ( ! _w ( %ades4 ,! o!r t5d5cy is to r5d] ! portrait a *>act]i/ic memorial ( ! life :i* is pa/4 ,9 almo/ all exi/+ sculptural rema9s we may see some?+ ( bo? t5d5cies1 & x is by no means easy to det]m9e :at features 9 !m prop]ly belong to ! pa/ life1 & :at features to ! life :i* beg9s ) dea?4 ,at ,sp>ta1 z we h se51 !re is almo/ no ref]5ce to ! pa/4 ,9 ,lycia1 pa/ & future are closely bl5d$4 ,at ,a!ns1 & 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,greece1 ! pa/ has a t5d5cy to eclipse ! future4 ,yet at lea/ 9 ! e>li] /elae ! religi\s1 ! human1 & ! arti/ic are all actively work+ elem5ts4 ,f ! middle ( ! six? c5tury onw>ds ! cu/om prevail$ ( plac+ ^u ! tomb a portrait ( ! occupant1 :o is repres5t$ 9 *>act]i/ic attitude & employm5t#aee4 ,a man 9 middle life is commonly repres5t$ 9 arms2 a y\? appe>s z an a?lete hold+ /rigil or discus4 ,a m>ri$ woman appe>s ) ! basket ( wool1 :i* signifies h] mo/ usual employm5t to be sp9n+2 a "y girl c>ries a doll1 or plays ) a pet bird or dog4 ,sometimes ?is portrait is sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd2 sometimes x appe>s 9 relief1 on a l>g] or a small] scale4 ,b no "o at all well acqua9t$ ) ! religi\s feel+s & arti/ic t5d5cies ( ! ,greeks w expect t portraits ?us erect$ w be portraits 9 any mod]n or naturali/ic s5se1 at all ev5ts until aft] ! f\r? c5tury4 ,:5 an honor>y /atue 0 erect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a temple or set up 9 a m>ket-place 9 ! lik5ess ( "s /atesman or poet or a?lete1 x w\ld repres5t ! actual features ( ! p]son s commemorat$1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! sculptors ( ! "t und]/ood ! art ( portraiture4 ,great] vagu5ess & g5]ality always 9 ,greece *>act]iz$ ! sepul*ral portrait4 ,x 0 a radical feel+ ( ! ,greek m9d t he :o di$ put away ! accid5ts ( 8 p]sonal individuality1 & became 9 "s degree a m]e phase ( ! deity ( ! l[] _w4 ,?us1 ?\gh he w\ld n lose :at 0 mo/ ess5tial 9 8 p]sonality1 sex1 y\? or age1 w>like or peaceful "*1 & ! l1 he w\ld become typical ( a class r ?an individual1 ! w>rior1 ! a?lete1 or ! girl1 r ?an a p>ticul> man or woman4 ,besides ?is deep-seat$ t5d5cy1 x mu/ (t5 h happ5$ t ! sculptor :o made ! effigy _h sc>cely se5 ! p]son to be repres5t$1 & 0 q incapable ( mak+ f memory a life-l portrait1 :]eas tak+ a m\ld f ! dead face 0 a process inv5t$1 we are told#aef1 by ,lysi/ratus1 bro!r ( ,lysippus1 ! contempor>y ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & unkn[n at an e>li] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,portrait ,,f ,,tomb1 ,,!ra#aeg4 ,we f9d 9 ,greece prop] z e>ly z ! six? c5tury portrait /atues f tombs4 ,male figures /& nak$1 female figures are closely wrapp$ 9 ar*aic drap]y4 ,x is v probable t "s ( ! /iff ar*aic /atues ( m5 :i* figure 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! hi/ories ( ,greek sculpture really come f tombs4 ,!y commonly pass "u ! "n ( ,apollo1 z ! ,apollo ( ,!ra1 ( ,or*om5us1 ( ,t5ea1 & s =?4 ,b at ! v e>ly /age ( ,greek art to :i* !y belong1 ! figures ( gods & m5 7 di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r r by circum/ance & attribute ?an by any m>k$ feature ( ! /atues !mselves4 ,& ?us "s writ]s#aeh h ma9ta9$ t ^! s-call$ ,apollos are really portraits ( a?letes4 ,9 reg>d to "o ( !m1 ! ,apollo ( ,!ra1 ,pr(essor ,loes*cke has argu$ f its f9d-spot1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! rocky cemet]y ( t isl&1 t x probably /ood on a tomb4 ,to br+ be=e ! eyes ( ! read] ! "* ( ^! e>ly portrait-/atues ,i h giv5 an engrav+ ( ! head ( ?is /atue 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! long locks fall ov] ! %\ld]s1 & ! hair ov] ! =ehead is close curl$ 9 ! decorative ,ionian fa%ion4 ,! upturn$ corn]s ( ! m\?1 & ! almo/ ,*9ese obliquity ( ! eyes1 are well-kn[n features ( ! mo/ primitive art ( ,greece4 ,9 ! same pap] ,pr(essor ,loes*cke publi%es#aei a fragm5t ( an ar*aic eque/rian /atue 7,fig4 #eb71 :i* comes f ! gravey>d ( ,v>i 9 ,attica1 & 0 probably a memorial ( a cavali] buri$ !re4 ,! eque/rian figure on ,greek tombs _h1 z we h f\nd 9 an e>li] *apt]1 usually a special mean+2 b "h x seems to be a m]e portrait ( "o :o _h s]v$ 9 ! cavalry1 or p]haps _h won a victory at ! great games ( ,greece ) a racehorse4 ,notewor?y are ! long rigidly cut figure ( ! horse1 & ! seat ( ! rid]1 ^: legs /ret* along ! flanks ( ! horse4 ,?is may result f ! great] sculptural difficulty ( c>v+ ! legs 9 a deta*$ attitude4 ,we possess also c]ta9 seat$ female figures ( ! same ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,page #acf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,horseman ,,f ,,tomb4 e>ly age :i* appe> to h adorn$ tombs4 ,a fragm5t ( "o ( ^! 0 f\nd built into ! wall :i* ,!mi/ocles con/ruct$ r\nd ,a!ns soon aft] ! battle ( ,salamis1 a wall erect$1 z ,?ucydides#afj tells u1 9 su* ha/e t m5 sp>$ nei!r public nor private edifice 9 its con/ruction4 ,b ! be/ evid5ce z to ! "* ( ! e>ly sepul*ral portraits ( ,a!nian ladies rea*es u by a less direct r\te4 ,_m p are famili> ) ! *>m+ seat$ figure 9 ! ,vatican :i* goes by ! "n ( ,p5elope1 a veil$ woman seat$ 9 p5sive attitude1 ) h] head re/+ on "o h&1 :ile ! o!r h& lies on ! rock on :i* %e sits 7,pl4 ,,vi74 ,?is rock1 h[ev]1 is a re/oration#afa1 & replicas prove t 9 place ( x we mu/ suppose a *air1 "u :i* /ood a l>ge "w-basket1 to h support$ ! lady4 ,%e is1 9 all likelihood1 no my?ic h]o9e1 b an ord9>y ,greek mi/ress ( ! h\se1 re/+ = a :ile f ! active toils ( ! loom 9 an attitude :i* gives ! impression t ! ?\ght ( approa*+ dea? has come ov] h] ) sadd5+ p[]4 ,bo? ! attitude & ! basket ( "w recur frequ5tly 9 ! reliefs ( e>ly /elae#afb1 & !re is good reason to suppose t ! s-call$ ,p5elope is an exc]pt f "s ,greek cemet]y1 ?\gh ! /atue itself dates only f ! ,roman age4 ,! orig9al f :i* x is copi$ w\ld date f ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,be=e go+ on to speak ( ! /elae ) reliefs1 :i* are our ma9 bus9ess1 x may be well to foll[ d[n to a lat] "t ! l9es :i* />t ) figures l ! #8,apollo' ( ,t5ea & ! #8,p5elope' ( ! ,vatican4 ,x is by no means unlikely t 9 lat] days tombs 9 ,greece may sometimes h be5 adorn$ ) life-l portraits ( _! occupants1 execut$ by "s ( ! great sculptors ( ! day1 su* z ! noble figures ( ,mausolus & ,artemisia1 :i* /ood 9 ! ,mausoleum at ,halic>nassus4 ,b c]ta9ly ?is 0 n ! only1 probably n ! usual1 l9e foll[$ 9 memorial /atues4 ,! idea ( g5]alization & ( deification ( ! dead1 ( :i* ,i h already spok51 0 by no means inop]ative 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,pl4 ,,vii repres5ts "o ( two figures f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,&ros1 & n[ plac$ 9 ! museum at ,a!ns#afc4 ,?is male figure obvi\sly appe>s 9 ! guise ( ,h]mes1 & inde$ be>s a resemblance :i* is m ?an sup]ficial to ! celebrat$ ,olympian ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles4 ,v probably x may h grasp$ ! h]ald's /aff ( ,h]mes4 ,b ! snake :i* tw9es r\nd ! tree-trunk1 :i* is a necess>y support to ! m>ble /atue1 has no connexion ) ,h]mes1 b seems to indicate r a connexion ) ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,page #ach ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,page #ach ! grave1 t 9 fact ! /atue is r ( a mortal 9 ! similitude ( ,h]mes ?an ( ! god himself4 ,& ?is suspicion becomes a c]ta9ty :5 we consid] o!r facts4 ,close to x 0 f\nd its companion1 a female figure1 :i* does n seem to /& = a goddess1 b = an ord9>y woman#afd2 & z male & female 7 ?us f\nd toge!r1 !y _h probably bo? /ood on "o tomb4 ,!re are o!r pairs ( figures1 ( lat] & rud] "w1 at ,a!ns1 :i* 9 g5]al "* resemble ! pair f ,&ros4 ,?us we seem to be on ! track ( a cle> & def9$ sepul*ral cu/om prevail+ f ! f\r? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! successors ( ,alex&] 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,mac$on appe> on _! co9s 9 ! guise ( v>i\s deities1 ,h]mes1 ,apollo1 & ,dionysus p>ticul>ly2 & x c sc>cely surprise u t a di/+ui%$ private p]son %\ld by ! ennobl+ t\* ( dea? be rais$ to ! same level1 & take ! =m ( ,h]mes1 ! mess5g] ( ! _w ( %ades4 ,we f9d t 9 ,!ssaly tomb/ones q usually are inscrib$1 n only ) ! "n ( ! occupant ( ! grave1 b also ) a =mula d$icat+ !m to ,h]mes ,*?onius#afe4 ,! ,museum ( ,b]l9 has acquir$1 f ! ,sab\r(f ,collection1 two int]e/+ /atues ( wom51 seat$ 9 an attitude ( grief1 :i* almo/ c]ta9ly belong to tombs1 & *all5ge comp>ison ) ! #8,p5elope4' ,"o is figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,_! date is probably ! f\r? c5tury2 b !y c]ta9ly d n come f ! h&s ( ! great sculptors ( t c5tury2 ! "w ( !m is poor1 & _! /yle has be5 well t]m$ t ( dome/ic art4 ,_! dress is n t ( ! ,a!nian lady1 b t ( ! maids]vants :o s (t5 appe> on ! /elae 9 att5dance on _! mi/ress#aff1 a dress ( co>se mat]ial ) long sleeves rea*+ to ! wri/4 ,!y are cle>ly m\rn+ slave-girls1 :o 7 plac$ on ! grave ( _! mi/ress to commemorate h] weal? & h] k9dness to h] dep5dants4 ,we next approa* ! ri* s]ies ( sepul*ral reliefs1 9 :i*1 z we h already %[n1 ?ree p]iods are to be di/+ui%$3 fir/1 t be=e ! ,p]sian ,w>2 second1 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies2 & ?ird1 ! lat] age4 ,9 ?is *apt] we deal ) ! repres5tations :i* are prim>ily portraits1 leav+ m complicat$ sc5es = ! next *apt]4 ,among ! be/-kn[n ( ! works ( e>ly ,a!nian art is ! /ele ( ,ari/ion1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahch 9 ! mid/ ( a tumulus at ,velanideza 9 ,attica4 ,simple & 9 details clumsy1 ! figure ( ! w>rior 7,pl4 ,,ix ,a7 on t /ele is s+ul>ly pleas+ z a :ole1 & ! unrivall$ eye ( ,brunn saw 9 x1 at a "t :5 v little 0 kn[n z to ! e>ly art ( ,a!ns1 ! :ole promise ( ! ,attic art ( ! future1 m especially 9 ! way 9 :i* x occupi$ ! field ( ! relief1 & 0 wr\ght into a composition :i* %[$ 9 all its navet a f9e s5se ( proportion & ( ! relation ( ! "p to ! :ole4 ,z if on a p>ade1 ! soldi] /&s 9 helmet & cuirass1 grasp+ 8 spe>1 & wait+ ! ^w ( comm&4 ,! hair & ! "r h& especially %[ ! limitations impos$ on ! arti/ by ! undevelop$ "* ( 8 te*nique4 ,yet ! relief is ju/ly a fav\rite ) lov]s ( art4 ,"o ( its *>ms our plate imp]fectly reproduces1 ! delicate rema9s ( col\r+1 :i* may /ill be trac$ on ! m>ble1 & :i* are repeat$ on ! ca/s 9 our ca/ collections4 ,f ! same cemet]y z ?is "w ( ! sculptor ,ari/ocles comes ano!r /ele adorn$1 n ) relief1 b ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,page #adj ) pa9t+#afg1 & be>+ ! inscription1 4 ,! col\r has inde$ disappe>$ ) "t1 b ! pati5ce ( ,mr4 ,?i]s* & ( ,dr4 ,loes*cke has succe$$ 9 prov+ its =m] pres5ce f ! v>iety ( pres]vation ( ! surface ( ! m>ble1 ! p>ts ( x :i* 7 protect$ by col\r hav+ reta9$ ! orig9al surface1 :ile ^? :i* 7 n s protect$ suff]$ f corrosion4 ,we c cle>ly trace ! outl9es ( ! figure ( ,lyseas1 a be>d$ man1 :o /&s1 hold+ 9 "o h& a w9ecup1 9 ! o!r a b\gh = lu/ration4 ,bel[ is a jockey1 seat$ on a gallop+ horse1 d\btless a memorial ( "s victory won 9 ! great games4 ,lyseas is clad 9 civic dress1 & 9 ?is respect he resembles ano!r p]son ( di/9ction ^: /ele rea*es u f ,boeotia1 & 0 execut$ by ! arti/ ,alx5or ( ,naxos 7,pl4 ,,ix ,b74 ,?is delightful monum5t repres5ts a wor?y ,greek citiz5 9 "o ( 8 light] moods4 ,/&+ 9 a position ( ease1 he re/s 8 weight on a /aff :i* supports 8 %\ld]1 & holds out 9 sport a gras%opp] to a fav\rite dog1 :o leaps up 9 an attitude some:at con/ra9$1 & cle>ly result+ f ! n>r[ limits ( ! monum5t4 ,! inscription add$ by ! arti/ is z delightfully simple z ! repres5tation itself3 #8,alx5or ( ,naxos fa%ion$ me3 only look6' ,alx5or 0 a native ( ,naxos1 ,ari/ocles probably ( a ,p>ian family2 ^! are facts1 among o!rs1 :i* confirm ! view put =? by ,loes*cke & ,furtwngl]1 t ! /ele ) portrait is ( ,ionian orig91 & import$ into ,greece toge!r ) ! m>ble ( ! isl&s ( ! ,asiatic coa/1 & ) ! sculptors :o came to ex]cise _! h]$it>y skill 9 c>v+ t m>ble4 ,x is difficult to prove to demon/ration any ass]tion 9 reg>d to ! art ( ,ionia1 z ! rema9s :i* w f9ally e/abli% or condemn su* ass]tions /ill lie b5ea? ! soil ( ,miletus1 ,ephesus1 ,phocaea1 & ! o!r great ,ionian settlem5ts ( ! coa/4 ,b we c ass]t ) reasonable confid5ce1 t z ,greece ow$ cons]vatism & ance/or-wor%ip to ! rigid ,dorians1 s %e ow$ progress 9 art & all ! delights ( life to ! joy\s ,ionian /ra92 & portraiture has 9 x ! human & individual "* :i* belongs especially to ! ,ionians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,seat$ ,,h]o4 ,ano!r relief1 n[ pres]v$ at ,ince ,blundell ,hall#afh 7,fig4 #ec71 sets be=e u a typical ,greek citiz51 seat$ 9 dignifi$ fa%ion4 ,f ! arti/ic po9t ( view x is int]e/+ to see h[ completely1 ev5 9 ! ar*aic p]iod1 ! sculptor has atta9$ ! art ( display+ r ?an conceal+ ! bodily =ms by means ( ! drap]y4 ,:5ce ?is relief may h come we "k n4 ,b x is ( ,p>ian m>ble1 & ! comp>ison ( o!r reliefs indicates = x an ,ionian orig91 p]haps on "o ( ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean4 ,we miss ! attributes :i* 9 ! /elae ( ,sp>ta ref] to ! cultus ( ance/ors4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to be sure t !y 7 orig9ally want+4 ,= x seems cle> t on ! "r h&1 :i* lies palm upw>ds1 "s attribute re/$ :i* 0 indicat$ 9 col\r1 p]haps a flat cup1 :ile ! rais$ left h& may h held a fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,head ,,( ,,y\? ,,hold+ ,,discus4 ,! /elae ( y\?s are 9 ! e>ly age m common ?an ^? ( gr[n m54 ,z we might expect1 ! portraits ( "y m51 ev5 f _! tombs1 are m>k$ by an a?letic t+e4 ,9 ! wall ( ,!mi/ocles1 already m5tion$1 ne> ! ,dipylon gate ( ,a!ns1 0 f\nd ! head ( a "y man1 :o _h probably be5 a w9n] 9 ! p5ta?lon1 a comb9ation ( five conte/s--hurl+ ! spe>1 ?r[+ ! discus1 leap+1 runn+1 & wre/l+#afi4 ,! victors 9 ?is complicat$ sport appe> 9 _! /atues hold+ ei!r spe> or discus or ! weights 77 us$ 9 leap+4 ,9 ! pres5t case x is ! discus :i* has ! pref]5ce 7,fig4 #ed74 ,held up 9 ! left h&1 ! discus =ms a sort ( backgr\nd or frame to ! rem>kable head1 ) its long ar*$ nose1 its wide-op5 ar*aic eye1 & ! long mass ( its hair fall+ d[n ! neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,d]mys ,,& ,,citylus4 ,to ?is "w1 :i* is1 = ! "t1 ( f9i%$ /yle & execution1 a /rong contra/ is pres5t$ by an extraord9>y monum5t ( ,boeotia 7,fig4 #ee71 f ! tomb ( two bro!rs1 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,page #add ,d]mys & ,citylus#agj4 ,! arti/ c]ta9ly meant rightly1 & he has succe$$ 9 convey+ to future times ! impression ( ! mutual affection ( ! pair1 :o /& ) ! arm ( ea* ?r[n r\nd ! o!r's neck1 9 a fa%ion peculi> to lov]s & s*oolboys4 ,b un=tunately 8 ambition 0 beyond 8 skill1 & ! extraord9>y rigidity & helplessness ( ! gr\p are ev5 m conspicu\s ?an its good motive4 ,x is h>d to see :5ce ! arms come & :i!r !y g2 & x is q cle> t unless ! sculptor _h add$ ! "n ( ea* bro!r 9 ! m>ble1 _! be/ fri5ds w\ld h be5 unable to disc]n :i* 0 :i*4 ,! inscription fur!r records ! "n ( ! p]son :o erect$ ! tomb3 #8,set up by ,amphalces 9 memory ( ,d]mys & ,citylus4' ,com+ d[n to a some:at lat] "t1 we are compell$ by ! abundance ( ! mat]ial to select a few portraits ( m5 z typical1 & to pass ov] ! great majority ( !m 9 sil5ce4 ,a ?or\ghly typical portrait ( an ,a!nian citiz5 ( ! fif? c5tury is f\nd 9 ! /ele ( ,tynnias1 ! son ( ,tynnon 7,pl4 ,x74 ,tynnias is seat$ hold+ a long /aff1 8 g>m5t ?r[n loosely ov] 8 %\ld]s b leav+ 8 brea/ b>e4 ,! "w is n v c>eful1 yet x w\ld n be easy to f9d 9 art a figure ( great] grace & dignity4 ,?is m]e mortal w\ld sit undisgrac$ among ! seat$ gods ( ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,he might almo/ /& = ,zeus1 ! fa!r ( gods & m51 in/ead ( = ! fa!r ( ord9>y ,a!nian girls & boys4 ,only 9 "o po9t does 8 humanity come out cle>ly4 ,! *air on :i* he is seat$ is n su* a squ>e high-back$ ?rone z w\ld suit a deity1 or su* z commonly appe>s on tombs1 b a ?or\ghly dome/ic *air1 su* z we see 9 ! dome/ic int]iors ( vases 7see ,figs4 #aj & #fi74 ,! back slopes at a com=table angle1 & ! legs div]ge s f> ap>t t x c\ld only ) great difficulty be ov]turn$4 ,s9ce ! ,*ipp5dale reaction we h accept$ ! notion t *airs ) b5t legs are n arti/ic1 b x is cle> t "s skilful ,greek sculptors 7 ( ano!r op9ion4 ,! boots ( ,tynnias also are n ! s&als ( ord9>y ,greek art1 b lea!r boots n unlike ours4 ,! simple =m ( ?is monum5t ) its %all[ p$im5t contra/s ) ! m highly develop$ & elegant /elae ( ! f\r? c5tury2 ! r\gh surface bel[ %[s :]e x 0 let into a socket4 ,x is 9 fact an ord9>y roadside tomb2 c we wond] t ! nation :i* _h su* p]fect ta/e 9 common ?+s atta9$ s p]fect a s5se ( beauty 9 =m & dignity 9 deportm5t8 ,to ! peaceful ,tynnias a /rik+ contra/ is (f]$ by ! figures ( citiz5s :o fell 9 battle1 & ^: graves are a memorial ( _! w>like pr[ess4 ,we give ?ree examples4 ,fir/1 ! tomb ( ,ari/onautes1 son ( ,ar*5autes 7,pl4 ,,xi74 ,?is is almo/ ! only example :i* has come d[n to u ( a complete or temple4 ,! lett]s ( ! inscription indicate ! e>li] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,ari/onautes is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( *>g+ ! enemy2 he we>s a conical helmet adorn$ ) ornam5ts ( gilt-bronze#aga1 & a cuirass2 9 8 h&s 7 sword or spe> & %ield4 ,! relief is s high t ! figure is almo/ 9 ! r\nd1 to :i* circum/ance we mu/ attribute ! loss ( ! left leg1 :i* is n[ replac$ 9 pla/]4 ,a *lamys lies on ! left %\ld]4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ! h]o *>ges is ! rocky soil ( "s battlefield2 ! backgr\nd 0 pa9t$ blue to br+ out /rongly ! manly l9es ( ! =m4 ,?is monum5t comes f ! ,c]ameicus at ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,page #adf ,x w\ld n be easy to imag9e a m vigor\s & lifelike image ( a fall5 w>rior ?an ?is4 ,drap]y & bodily =ms alike are ( ! noble/4 ,! face1 ) its squ>e =m1 ov]hang+ eyebr[s1 & p>t$ lips1 brea!s ! v _s ( milit>y ard\r4 ,su* z e fri5d ( ,ari/onautes w\ld wi% him to look :5 he sprang =w>d 9 8 la/ fatal ru% ^u ! foe1 su* he /&s 9 imp]i%able m>ble4 ,a grave 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey is suppos$ to recomp5se ! ,engli% soldi] = pa9 & untimely dea?1 b surely ! idea ( liv+ 9 m>ble "u ! eyes ( all 8 fell[-citiz5s might furni% at lea/ z /rong an impulse to valiant de$s z ! ?\ght ( a mod]n ca!dral ) its ta/eless monum5ts & inanimate lik5esses4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to suppose t ?is figure1 = all its lifelik5ess1 is an individual portrait4 ,x is too /rongly m>k$ by ! /yle ( "o ( ! noble/ ( ,attic sculptors1 ,scopas1 to all[ u to d\bt t !re is 9 x a /rong ideal elem5t4 ,ano!r monum5t ( ! same s*ool is ! well-kn[n relief 7,pl4 ,,xii7 9 :i* we see ,dexileos ( ! ,a!nian cavalry rid+ d[n & transfix+ an ov]?r[n foe1 :o va9ly tries to /rike back#agb4 ,! inscription b5ea? ?is relief1 :i* comes f a small *apel ne> ! ,dipylon gate ( ,a!ns1 proves t x 0 execut$ 9 memory ( a horseman :o fell 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,w> ( #cid ,b4,c4 ,hi/ory records t 9 ! battle ! ,a!nians 7 defeat$1 & "o is tempt$ to pause = a mom5t to consid] h[ a mod]n sculptor w\ld h repres5t$ ,dexileos4 ,an arti/ su* z ^? :o h modell$ ! tombs ( ,/4 ,paul's & ,we/m9/] w\ld probably h sculptur$ him smitt5 to dea?1 fall+ back 9 ! arms ( a grateful c\ntry2 p]haps w\ld h add$ above an angel cr[n+ him ) a wrea? ( cele/ial rew>d4 ,b ! ,greek arti/s ( ! good p]iod c\ld n f9d 9 defeat & dea? any elem5ts wor?y ( _! art3 !y mu/ repres5t ^? :om !y portray$ 9 ! mom5t ( success & victory1 n 9 t ( ov]?r[4 ,! diff]5ce is v sugge/ive4 ,inf9itely inf]ior to ,greek art 9 *>m1 9 simplicity & dignity1 mod]n art introduces high] elem5ts ?an 7 usually tak5 into acc\nt 9 ,hellas4 ,f ! arti/ic po9t ( view ! anci5ts 7 "r2 b f ! e?ical po9t ( view !re may be m to be said = ! mod]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ef4 ,,w>rior ,,( ,,tegea4 ,a m mode/ memorial ( a w>rior comes f ,tegea#agc 7,fig4 #ef74 ,9 ! relief we see a man nam$ ,lisas 9 ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,page #adh guise n ( a hoplite b ( a pelta/ or auxili>y4 ,8 def5sive arm\r consi/s only ( a conical helmet & a %ield4 ,8 *iton is girt only on ! left %\ld]1 s z to leave ! "r arm p]fectly free4 ,:at he c>ri$ 9 ! "r h& we _c be sure4 ,x 0 fill$ 9 9 col\r1 & has disappe>$4 ,! attitude makes u at fir/ ?9k ( a sl+4 ,b x is m likely t ! weapon 0 a light javel9 = ?r[+4 ,lisas is evid5tly advanc+ ov] rocky gr\nd to ! attack4 ,f monum5ts ( w>riors we pass to ^? ( "y a?letes2 & 9 ,greece almo/ e man :o di$ be=e com+ to full maturity appe>s on 8 tomb 9 a?letic guise4 ,! ex]cises ( ! palae/ra 7 n res]v$1 z among u1 = a c]ta9 numb] ( ! mo/ robu/ "y m51 b 71 l ! milit>y s]vice ) :i* !y 7 ne>ly connect$1 a "p ( ! life ( e man n giv5 up to slo? & luxury4 ,on ,pl4 ,,xiii is a noble figure ( an a?letic ephebus4 ,he /&s solidly on flat feet1 nak$ b = a *lamys :i* he holds ) ! "r h&1 :ile ! left grasps /rigil & oil-flask1 ! necess>ies ( ! life ( ! a?lete4 ,! b>e body is treat$ ) utmo/ simplicity & )\t a trace ( self-consci\sness4 ,a dog sits at 8 ma/]'s feet ) nose upturn$4 ,?is monum5t is f ,!spiae 9 ,boeotia1 & mu/ date f ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury3 ! lett]s ov] ! head1 1 are1 x ne$ sc>cely be said1 ( mu* lat] times1 prov+ t ?is /ele1 l s _m at ,a!ns1 0 us$ aga9 9 ,roman times to m>k a fre% tomb4 ,( some:at lat] date is ! relief on an ,attic leky?os 7,fig4 #eg71 9 :i* we f9d an a?lete ex]cis+ himself#agd4 ,/>k nak$1 accord+ to ! inv>iable cu/om ( ! ,greek palae/ra1 he re/s 8 weight on "o leg1 :ile on ! o!r he balances a heavy /one ball1 su* a ball z 0 actually f\nd 9 ! gymnasium ( ,pompeii4 ,?is 0 d\btless an ex]cise ( ! class us$ = tra9+ special muscles & produc+ a p]fect physical developm5t4 ,9 front ( ! a?lete /&s a slave-boy1 hold+ 8 oil-flask1 & beh9d him is a pill> on :i* is 8 g>m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,a?lete ,,balanc+ ,,/one4 ,a /ele f ,!spiae1 ( ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury#age 7,fig4 #eh71 pres5ts u ) ! figure ( a "y horseman1 seat$ on a gallop+ horse4 ,he we>s ! *iton & ! ,!ssalian horseman's cloak1 ! *lamys4 ,! re9s 7 fill$ 9 9 bronze2 ! holes = fix+ ! metal be+ /ill visible 9 ! horse's m\? & neck4 ,! easy & ma/]ly ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,page #aej seat ( ! rid]1 & ! noble =ms ( ! horse1 place ?is relief among ! mo/ pleas+ :i* we possess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,"y ,,horseman4 ,a f9e monum5t ( ! age & /yle ( ,pheidias comes f ,aeg9a 7,pl4 ,,xiv74 ,c>v$ on x is ! beautiful figure ( a "y man clad 9 a mantle1 :o holds 9 8 left h& a bird1 & ext5ds ! "r )\t obvi\s purpose#agf4 ,by ?is h& is a bird-cage2 "u x is a sepul*ral monum5t1 aga9/ :i* a boy leans1 & on ! top ( :i* is a sculptur$ cat4 ,! cat 0 well kn[n 9 ,egypt 9 antiquity1 b ! ,greeks 7 unfamili> ) x1 & its pres5ce 9 ?is connexion is curi\s4 ,! "y man rem9ds u by ! =m ( 8 head & 8 g>m5t ( ! y\?s ( ! ,p>!non frieze1 :o are 8 contempor>ies & may come f ! same *isel4 ,! beautiful ornam5t :i* surm\nts ! gr\p =ms 9 its extreme gracefulness a fitt+ b\nd>y to x4 ,ano!r /rik+ gr\p 7,pl4 ,,xv7 comes f ! b$ ( ! ,ilissus4 ,x is ne>ly a c5tury lat] 9 date ?an ! la/-m5tion$4 ,we see 9 x a y\? ( magnific5t proportions1 half sitt+ on & half lean+ aga9/ a sepul*ral column4 ,9 ! left h& he grasps a %ort /aff1 :i* re/s on 8 knee4 ,at 8 feet is a dog sc5t+ ! qu>ry2 on ! /eps ( ! /ele is seat$ 9 an attitude ( dejection a "y boy1 :ile an old man1 no d\bt ! fa!r ( him to :om ! tomb belongs1 gazes e>ne/ly into 8 face4 ,no d\bt ?is vigor\s "y man 0 a hunt] ( h>es1 ! %ort /aff be+ su* z hunt]s us$ to ?r[ at ! prey4 ,no?+ b ! view ( ! orig9al ( ?is wond]ful relief1 or at lea/ ( a ca/ ( x1 suffices to make "o appreciate q adequately its beauty4 ,) ^! reliefs we may comp>e an epitaph#agg1 writt5 by an anonym\s au?or to be plac$ on ! tomb ( a "y man nam$ ,p]icles4 ,f ! description ( ! relief :i* ! tomb bore x is cle> t ! implem5ts ( ! *ase 7 repres5t$ 9 x 9 detail2 ?is w\ld be q natural 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age1 z we may see by comp>+ sev]al examples 9 ! ,museum at ,a!ns#agh3-- ,a m>ble tomb ,i /& = ,ar*ias' son1 ,"y ,p]icles1 & speak 8 hunt+ done4 ,! horse1 ! spe>1 9 my relief are set1 ,! dogs1 ! /akes1 & on ! /akes ! net4 ,yet all are /one4 ,! bea/s _! pleasure take ,ar\nd2 ?y wakeless sleep !y _c break4 ,9 ! la/ two cases a /ele has be5 pres5t 9 ! backgr\nd1 & a boy %[s by 8 attitude & expression traces ( grief4 ,by su* g5tle h9ts does ! sculptor ( ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,page #aeb ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,page #aeb ,greece %ad[ =? r ?an express 8 mean+4 ,! deceas$ himself is 9 bo? cases repres5t$ 9 ! p]fection ( heal? & vig\r2 x is only ! m9or *>act]s ( ! gr\ps :o give a sugge/ion ( ! mortality ( su* p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,democleides4 ,b ! "y m5 ( ,a!ns 7 n all notable = w>like pr[ess or skill 9 ! palae/ra4 ,ano!r relief#agi repres5ts a y\? seat$ read+ f a scroll4 ,he 0 ei!r an au?or or an ard5t /ud5t ( lett]s4 ,! "w is ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 our *apt] on epitaphs may be f\nd sev]al de/9$ = ! tombs ( ^? :o excell$ r 9 intellectual pursuits ?an ^? ( ! gymnasium4 ,9 "s cases ! ref]5ce to ! pa/ life ( ! deceas$ & ! mann] ( 8 dea? is cle>] & m explicit4 ,= example1 "o ,democleides 7,fig4 #ei7 is repres5t$ on 8 tomb z seat$ 9 an attitude ( dejection on ! deck ( a galley#ahj4 ,8 head re/s on 8 h&2 beh9d him lie 8 %ield & helmet4 ,no d\bt he 0 a soldi] :o p]i%$ at sea1 :e!r 9 a naval engagem5t or by %ipwreck4 ,an epigram 9 ! ,an?ology#aha1 by an unkn[n writ]1 0 evid5tly writt5 to be plac$ "u "s su* repres5tation z ?is3-- ,a vessel's o>s & pr[ ,i "h behold4 ,o cease6 :y pa9t !m o'er ! a%es cold8 ,nay6 let ! %ipwreck$ sailor und]gr\nd ,=get ! fate :i* 'mid ! waves he f\nd4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t1 9 ! reliefs ( tombs1 ! p]sons repres5t$ usually m]ge _! individual peculi>ities1 & appe> z types4 ,b few rules are )\t exceptions3 &1 z an exception1 ,i engrave 7,fig4 #fj7 a highly *>act]i/ic portrait ( an eld]ly man1 :o appe>s 9 ! backgr\nd ( a gr\p ( ! f\r? c5tury#ahb4 ,x is n :at we %\ld call a classical type1 b full ( "* & en]gy1 & q individual 9 "*4 ,! e>ly art ( ,greece is seldom v successful 9 deal+ ) *ildr54 ,*ildr5 did n1 9 ! great age ( ,hellas1 int]e/ ! ,greeks z !y d u2 !y 7 valu$ r = :at !y w\ld become ?an = :at !y 74 ,?us ! repres5tations ( !m are made too mu* 9 ! light ( ! future1 & boys & girls on ! monum5ts are figur$ z little m5 & wom54 ,?is 0 ! m natural ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,eld]ly ,,man1 ,,f ,,/ele4 z *ildr5 _h no *ildi% dress1 b wore clo!s l ^? ( adults4 ,"o has only to comp>e1 9 ! celebrat$ gr\p ( ,praxiteles1 ! figure ( ! *ild ,dionysus ) t ( ,h]mes1 :o c>ries him1 to realize fully ! lacuna ?us produc$ 9 anci5t art4 ,an e>ly ,a!nian /ele 7,fig4 #fa7 be>s 9 relief ! figure ( a "y boy nam$ ,callistratus81 :o holds 9 "o h& a bird1 :ile a dog leaps up to greet him4 ,! "n be+ incomplete1 "s h reg>d$ ! *ild z a girl1 & 9 fact ! decision z to ! sex is n easy4 ,turn+ f m5 to wom51 we may cite a few in/ances ( ! *>act]i/ic portrait1 ?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 ! tombs ( wom5 are decorat$ ) su* gr\ps z we %all deal ) 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,boy1 ,,f ,,/ele4 ,fir/ we may take a /one 7,pl4 ,,xvi71 ! v =m ( :i*1 ) ! r\gh surface ( ! l[] half1 suffici5tly proves t x 0 plac$ directly 9 ! gr\nd or ! m\nd ( e>? :i* cov]$ ! grave#ahc4 ,! device is simple1 a veil$ matron seat$1 hold+ 9 h] h&s attributes ! nature ( :i* is n easily det]m9$1 b :i* may be ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi ,page #aef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,mynno4 a cake & a bird1 & 9 any case mu/ be reg>d$ z gifts ( ! survivors4 ,! "w is ar*aic1 ev5 e>li] 9 "* ?an ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 accord+ to ! editors ( ! ,corpus4 ,9 ano!r e>ly relief 7,fig4 #fb71 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,mynno#ahd1 we may see "u ! seat ( ! lady a "w basket1 su* z we h already obs]v$ plac$ "u ! s-call$ ,p5elope's seat4 ,) bo? h&s ,mynno twi/s h] ?read on a di/aff1 :i* is visible imm$iately "u h] left arm4 ,! =m ( ! /ele indicates ! fif? c5tury2 & x is notewor?y t ! art ( ! "t _h n yet ma/]$ ! problem ( pres5t+ ! brea/ 9 true pr(ile3 :ile ,mynno's face is turn$ to ! "r1 h] bosom appe>s to be turn$ r t[>ds ! spectator1 & ev5 ! fur!r knee is repres5t$ ) "s clums9ess4 ,beside ^! simple & *>act]i/ic portraits ( seat$ wom5 we mu/ place a /&+ figure4 ,! /ele be>s ! "n ( ,amphotto1 & comes f ,!bes 7,pl4 ,,xvii74 ,!re is "h1 z 9 _m ,boeotian monum5ts1 a pleas+ abs5ce ( conv5tion4 ,! dress ( ,amphotto is arrang$ 9 an unusual mann]2 h] hair /reams d[n h] back4 ,%e seems at fir/ sight q an ord9>y mortal2 yet !re are features 9 ! repres5tation :i* belong to ano!r sph]e4 ,on ! girl's head is a tall circul> cr[n1 ( ! k9d call$ by ar*aeologi/s ! polus1 :i* is a di/+ui%+ m>k ( goddesses 9 e>ly art4 ,9 h] h&s also are p]haps a fl[] 7repres5t$ 9 pa9t+ & s lo/7 & a fruit1 :i* are ! *>act]i/ic (f]+s to ! dead1 & rem9d u ( ! ,lycian & ,sp>tan monum5ts ( ! cultus ( h]oes4 ,! ,amphotto /ele belongs to ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,( ! same age is an int]e/+ slab at ! ,briti% ,museum#ahe1 on :i* is depict$ a woman seat$1 also we>+ ! polus4 ,%e holds 9 "o h& a leaf-%ap$ fan1 ( ! same k9d :i* ! /atuettes ( ,tanagra commonly hold2 & 9 ! o!r h& a cup f :i* a s]p5t fe$s4 ,! s]p5t "h takes u /ill ne>] to ! ideas :i* gave rise to ! ,sp>tan /elae4 ,a class ( reliefs mu/ n be omitt$ :i* repres5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,page #aeh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,girl ,,) ,,doll4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,prie/ess ,,( ,,isis4 "y girls hold+ dolls4 ,! specim5 engrav$ 7,fig4 #fc7 is f ! tomb ( "o ,ari/oma*e#ahf4 ,ari/oma*e is ab\t ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s old2 ! undevelop$ brea/ %[s h] n to h atta9$ full womanhood4 ,h] head1 g5tly b5t1 is turn$ t[>ds a little figure1 no d\bt int5d$ = a t]ra-cotta /atuette1 :i* %e holds 9 h] "r h&4 ,?is /atuette might p]haps repres5t a deity2 b ! comp>ison ( o!r reliefs#ahg1 :]e a doll is c]ta9ly repres5t$1 makes u dispos$ to see "o "h also4 ,greek girls 7 all[$ dolls until !y m>ri$1 :5 !y (t5 d$icat$ !m1 ) balls & o!r girli% toys1 to "s female deity#ahh4 ,! pres5ce ( ! doll1 !n1 %[s t ,ari/oma*e has n yet tak5 a husb& & laid aside infants ( t]ra-cotta = ^? ( fle%4 ,f9ally1 we engrave 7,fig4 #fd7 a *>act]i/ic figure ( a prie/ess ( ,isis#ahi1 f a tomb on :i* %e appe>s1 probably 9 company ( h] p>5ts1 b !y h be5 brok5 away4 ,9 ! /iff & =mal dress ( h] call+ %e advances1 be>+ 9 h] h&s ! si/rum & vase ( ! goddess :o1 ( all ! deities1 0 mo/ closely associat$ ) ! future life4 ,to h] patronage & protection h] prie/ess tru/s = a prosp]\s voyage pa/ ! dang]s ( ! la/ voyage1 & a happy re/+-place 9 ,hades4 ,! lett]s ( ! "n1 ,alex&ra1 %[ t ! monum5t belongs to ! ,roman age1 ?\gh x is by no means want+ 9 *>m4 ,?is figure is *>act]i/ic ( ! late age ( ,attic reliefs1 b p>allels to x at an e>li] p]iod are n want+4 ,= example1 an ,a!nian tomb ( ! f\r? c5tury#aij %[s u a lady seat$1 to :om a "y girl br+s a tympanum or drum1 ! special in/rum5t ( ! ,phrygian ,goddess ,cybele4 ,& a metrical inscription1 :i* accompanies ! design1 tells u t ! deceas$ lady 0 a prie/ess ( ,cybele4 ,cybele1 at an e>li] "t1 fill$ 9 "s respects ne>ly ! same place 9 ! religion ( ! ,a!nians :i* ,isis took 9 ,hell5i/ic days4 ,! pa?s ( ! dead 7 "u h] gu>dian%ip1 & %e might be tru/$ to ensure to h] vot>ies a place 9 ! _w bel[4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,family ,,gr\ps ,we next rea* ! ord9>y family gr\ps1 a class ( repres5tations usual 9 ! mo/ beautiful & di/9ctive ( ! ,a!nian /elae4 ,x is ^! :i* h captivat$ a long s]ies ( travell]s & arti/s f ,goe! onw>ds2 & x is ^! :i* naturally rise be=e ! imag9ation :5 ! cemet]ies ( ,a!ns are spok5 (4 ,goe! has obs]v$ t ! w9d :i* bl[s f ! tombs ( ! anci5ts comes ) g5tle brea? z ov] a hill ( roses4 ,& !re is no o!r s]ies ( monum5ts :i* seems to take u s readily into ! daily life ( ! ,greeks & to make u feel t !y 7 m5 & wom5 ( l nature ) ourselves1 no long] cold & classic1 b full ( ! w>m blood & ! g5tle affections ( ord9>y humanity4 ,x is ! natural pa?os & ! arti/ic *>m ( ! family gr\ps :i* adorn ! majority ( ! tombs ( anci5t ,a!ns1 :i* /rongly impress all visitors to t beautiful city1 ev5 visitors to :om mo/ ( ! works ( ,greek sculpture d n convey any /rong emotion4 ,!re is sc>cely any "o1 h[ev] h>d5$ by ,puritanic tra9+ or ! ubiquit\s ugl9ess ( mod]n surr\nd+s aga9/ :at is simple & true & lovely 9 art1 :o does n feel1 ?r\gh ! h>d %ell ( ,phili/9ism1 "s t\*+s ( sympa?y & delight1 if he sp5ds a morn+ 9 ! ,c]ameicus1 or an aft]noon 9 ! sepul*ral rooms ( ! ,national ,museum4 ,! influ5ce ( anci5t ,a!ns has made ! cemet]y ( mod]n ,a!ns1 9 spite ( _m incongruities1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w4 ,if1 ) ! remembrance ( ,a!ns /ill fre%1 we visit ! great cemet]ies ( ,london1 x is impossible to express ! feel+ ( ugl9ess & bad ta/e1 ( jejun5ess 9 design & pov]ty ( execution ) :i* !y oppress ! spirits4 ,religi\s hope & consolation are among u1 a *ill resignation 0 ! natural attitude ( ! ,greeks 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?2 & yet we c\nt]balance ! sup]iority ( our religion by ! inf]iority ( our ta/e & p]ceptions4 ,x is v notable h[ complete 9 all ^! repres5tations is ! pr$om9ance ( wom51 & h[ dome/ic is _! tone4 ,?is fact c only be expla9$ :5 we consid] t ^! monum5ts belong1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 to ! "t aft] ! political greatness ( ,a!ns _h be5 %att]$ at ! battle ( ,aegospotami4 ,9 anci5t ,greece g5]ally1 & m especially at ,a!ns1 m5 gave to _! wives & families only su* "t & c>e z !y c\ld sp>e f m engross+ occupations4 ,by nature ! ,a!nians 7 int5sely political4 ,& :ile ,a!ns 0 a rul+ p[]1 & e citiz5 _h a "p 9 ! game ( politics play$ on a great scale1 x 0 to public life t _! ?\ghts & en]gies 7 direct$1 & ! life ( ! home rema9$ v mu* 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,e s*ol> is famili> ) ! contemptu\s language appli$ by ,ari/ophanes & ,euripides to wom52 & ,x5ophon 9 8 ,oeconomics reg>ds t girl z be/ br$ :o _h se5 & he>d ! lea/1 & _h b ! virtue ( mode/y4 ,seclud$ homes l ^! 7 n likely to claim v mu* ( ! life ( ! man ^: :ole s\l 0 b5t on ! ext5sion ( ! ,a!nian ,empire4 ,! fact is t all noble de$s 9 ! _w are b\ght at a price1 & "p ( ! price paid = ! unrivall$ bur/ ( public spl5d\r at ,a!ns 9 ! fif? c5tury 0 ! seclusion ( wom5 & ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,oeconomics ( ,x5ophon we h ! picture ( a wor?y citiz5 :o gives mu* "t & c>e to 8 home & 8 wife4 ,& z public life decay$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & z mann]s became less sev]e1 wom5 became a m important elem5t 9 ! life ( ! community4 ,! wife 0 no long] look$ on z m]ely necess>y = ! production ( citiz5s1 :ile ! c\rtesan accumulat$ va/ weal?1 & sometimes built temples or gave away cities4 ,x is 9 ! f\r? c5tury t a gr[+ sympa?y = *ild-life makes ! *ildr5 9 ,attic sculpture cease to be little m5 & wom51 & become real *ildr54 ,& x is ! art ( ! f\r? c5tury :i* gives = ! fir/ "t a noble & ideal expression ( ! life ( ! family1 & ! mutual love ( its memb]s4 ,! be/ plan w be1 fir/ to set be=e ! read] sev]al *>act]i/ic specim5s ( family gr\ps1 & aft]w>ds to discuss ! que/ions1 _m & n easily answ]$1 :i* !y sugge/4 ,on ,pl4 ,,xviii w be f\nd a some:at exceptional subject1 fa!r & *ildr5 only4 ,seat$ on a *air ( ! conv5i5t dome/ic %ape1 ,euempolus1 z he is /yl$ 9 ! inscription1 holds 9 "o h& a bird1 & ext5ds a f+] ( ! o!r h& to ! *ildr5 9 front ( him1 ( :om ! ne>]1 clad 9 an ov]-g>m5t only1 seems to be a boy2 ! fur!r1 :o we>s also a tunic1 is app>5tly a girl4 ,bo? h _! long hair done up 9 a roll1 & bo? h ! /iff air :i* is usual 9 case ( *ildr5 ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,ano!r "w ( ! same e>ly p]iod is ! /ele ( ,xan?ippus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #fe7aia4 ,! object 9 ! h& ( ,xan?ippus has be5 a puzzle to ar*aeologi/s4 ,! prevail+ view takes x = a %oe-mak]'s la/1 & supposes t ,xan?ippus1 f> f be+ a%am$ ( 8 trade1 glories 9 x ev5 on 8 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,page #afd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,xan?ippus ,,& ,,*ildr54 tomb4 ,b an objection to ?is view is t trades 7 c]ta9ly n held 9 high hon\r among freem5 any:]e 9 ,greece4 ,! "n ,xan?ippus too1 :i* belong$ to ! family ( ,p]icles1 0 "o ( ! noble/ at ,a!ns1 & x seems impossible t x c h be5 borne by a m]e cobbl]4 ,x seems m likely !re=e t :at ,xan?ippus really holds is a votive (f]+2 p]haps "s memorial ( a cure wr\ght on "o ( 8 feet by ,asklepius4 ,! o!r h& ( ! h]o re/s on ! neck ( 8 little daught]1 :ile an old] girl or p]haps 8 wife holds a bird4 ,! "w is almo/ contempor>y ) ! ,p>!non frieze2 ! monum5t mo/ dignifi$ & *>m+4 ,! e>lie/ & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! gr\ps :i* repres5t a "m & h] *ildr5 is ! s-call$ ,leuco!a relief 9 ! ,villa ,albani 7,pl4 ,,xix74 ,a "m1 clad 9 a sleev$ ,ionic tunic & an ov]-dress1 is seat$ d&l+ on h] knee h] y\nge/ infant1 a little girl :o /ret*es out to h] a lov+ h&4 ,"u ! seat is ! matronly "w-basket4 ,9 front two eld] girls approa* _! "m1 & beh9d !m a maid-s]vant1 also clad 9 ! ,ionian dress1 br+s a wrea?4 ,be=e ! consid]ation ( ?is delightful gr\p beg9s1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! clumsy "r h& ( ! infant & ! head ( ! nurse are mod]n re/orations4 ,! re/ ( ! design1 ?\gh ( ar*aic /iffness1 & dat+ f a "t n lat] ?an ! ,p]sian w>s1 %[s ! greate/ promise4 ,! arm ( ! "m z se5 ?r\gh ! sleeve1 & ! =ms ( ! infant's body1 are r5d]$ ) c>e & delicacy4 ,x is only necess>y to comp>e ! details ) ^? ( ! figures on ! ,h>py ,tomb ( ,xan?us 7,fig4 #bg7 9 ord] to recognize h[ va/ly sup]ior ! arti/s ( ,greece prop] at ! "t 7 to ^? ( ,lycia1 especially 9 ! s5se ( ! proportions ( ! body1 & ! art ( s arrang+ drap]y z to display r ?an to conceal !m4 ,9 mo/ respects we cle>ly h "h an ord9>y sc5e f ! life ( ! wom5's ap>tm5ts4 ,! "m has ris5 & breakfa/$1 & ! nurse br+s h] ! *ildr54 ,& yet !re are 9 ! sc5e c]ta9 details :i* probably h a special mean+4 ,! position & attitude ( ! two eld] *ildr5 rem9d u oddly ( ! little wor%ipp]s :o appe> 9 ! corn] ( ! ,sp>tan relief4 ,& ! wrea?1 ?\gh no d\bt fl[]s & ribbons 7 cont9ually us$ by bo? m5 & wom5 9 ,greece = ! adornm5t ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,page #aff ( _! p]sons1 is yet "o ( ! mo/ usual & *>act]i/ic decorations ( ! tomb4 ,x appe>s t "h1 z 9 almo/ all ! designs ) :i* we are to deal1 !re is "s allusion to dea?1 z well z to m]e dome/ic happ9ess4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is d5i$ by "s v compet5t ar*aeologi/s2 & we mu/ po/pone fur!r discussion ( ! subject until we h pass$ "u review a c]ta9 numb] ( *>act]i/ic examples ( ! class4 ,a v simple & noble specim5 ( fif?-c5tury "w repres5ts a "m & son1 ,*a]e/rata & ,lys&]#aib 7,pl4 ,,xx74 ,! "m is h&+ to ! son by ! w+s a little bird4 ,! son1 a dignifi$ y\?1 wrapp$ 9 8 himation #8l an image ( mode/y' z ,ari/ophanes puts x1 /ret*es out "o h& to receive ! gift4 ,on ! ,lycian ,h>py ,tomb1 a y\? pres5ts 9 simil> fa%ion to a seat$ male figure a dove held by ! w+s2 & ?is bird1 z ! smalle/ & lea/ exp5sive ( animal (f]+s1 0 a v usual gift to ! dead4 ,lysanias is almo/ beyond d\bt ! p]son 9 ^: hon\r ! tomb 0 set up1 & 8 "m's gift c sc>cely h fail$ to convey to ! m9d ( a ,greek spectator "s sepul*ral significance4 ,a gr\p ( a v diff]5t k9d appe>s 9 our next example#aic 7,pl4 ,,xxi74 ,a "y man nam$ ,dion is giv+ 8 h& to a v beautiful seat$ woman1 ,mica1 ^: drap]y is q a model ( arrangem5t4 ,h] att5tion is divid$ betwe5 h] companion & ! mirror :i* %e holds up 9 h] left h&4 ,! pair are probably husb& & wife1 & "o may conjecture1 ?\gh x is by no means c]ta91 t x is ! wife :o di$1 & to :om h] "y husb& has set up ?is beautiful monum5t#aid4 ,a simil> relief1 ?\gh ( a lat] p]iod1 f\nd at ,naples#aie1 be>s a simple & graceful epitaph3-- ,?is pl$ge ( love = ,a/e ,daphnis made1 ,:o lov$ h] liv+1 & desires h] dead4 ,! "n ,mica1 ,little-"o1 is fanciful1 & q unlike ! r /ately names usual at ,a!ns4 ,we might be tempt$ to see 9 ! seat$ lady a c\rtesan2 b ?is view falls to ! gr\nd :5 we comp>e o!r /elae4 ,on "o tomb a ,mica is 9 company ( a ,philtate1 ,de>e/2 9 ano!r %e gives h] h& to an ,ari/e1 ,be/#aif4 ,9 ano!r beautiful relief ( ! fif? c5tury ano!r ,mica takes leave ( h] husb& ,amphidemus1 :o is repres5t$ z a w>rior sett+ out = w>#aig4 ,x w\ld seem !n t !re 7 c]ta9 families at ,a!ns 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies :i* *ose to give fanciful names to _! daught]s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! names bo? ( m5 & wom5 7 assign$ = sob] family reasons1 & n 9 m]e caprice4 ,be=e we consid] ! mean+ ( ! sepul*ral family gr\ps1 & comp>e !m "o ) ano!r1 x w be well to br+ be=e ! read] a v>iety ( typical examples1 :i* we w briefly describe 9 turn1 pass+1 :5ev] possible1 f ! simpl] to ! m complex1 & f ! less expressive to ! m expressive4 ,fir/1 we h a s]ies ( gr\ps 9 :i* ! ma9 idea is leave-tak+4 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 ,a lady clad 9 ! sleev$ ,ionian *iton & ov]-dress1 seat$1 gives h] h& to ano!r :o /&s be=e h]4 ,betwe5 ! two1 9 ! backgr\nd1 /&s a be>d$ man ^: head re/s on 8 h&#aih4 ,! imp]fect p]spective ( ! gr\p1 :i* may be obs]v$ specially 9 ! brea/ ( ! seat$ lady & 9 ! foot/ool1 seems to indicate ! fif? ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,page #afh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,page #afh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,page #afh c5tury z date4 ,no?+1 except ! some:at p5sive attitude ( ! man1 indicates t we h "h any?+ b an exc]pt f ! ord9>y daily life ( ! wom5's ap>tm5ts4 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,a seat$ lady1 repres5t$ 9 some:at bett] p]spective1 gives h] h& to a be>d$ man :o we>s only ! himation or cloak1 & seems to hold 9 ! left h& a /rigil4 ,betwe5 ! two1 9 ! backgr\nd1 /&s a second lady 9 ! accu/om$ p5sive attitude4 ,beh9d ! mi/ress's seat /&s a "y slave-girl1 clad 9 ! long-sleev$ *iton usually worn by maid-s]vants1 h] hair wrapp$ 9 a k]*ief4 ,9 ! face ( ! seat$ figure is a c]ta9 eag]ness or int5sity ( expression1 :i* lifts ! gr\p some:at above ! level ( ev]yday life2 besides :i*1 ! symbolism ( ! sph9x1 :i* is us$ z a support to ! arm ( ! *air1 has a sepul*ral mean+4 ,above ! seat$ figure is inscrib$ h] "n1 ,damasi/rata1 daught] ( ,polycleides4 ,pl4 ,,xxiv#aii4 ,a lady1 seat$ 9 ! same fa%ion z 9 ! la/ two reliefs1 /ret*es bo? h] h&s t[>ds a matron :o /&s be=e h]1 & :o lightly t\*es h] face ) ! "r h&4 ,beh9d ! seat$ figure /&s a "y girl2 b5ea? ! seat is a dove fe$+4 ,"h ! expression ( ! two pr9cipal p]sons1 lean+ "o t[>ds ! o!r & t5d]ly embrac+ "o ano!r1 has an obvi\s significance4 ,x is no embrace ( daily life1 b "o :i* goes be=e a long p>t+4 ,! frame 9 :i* ?is relief /&s is a mod]n re/oration4 ,fig4 #ffbjj4 ,a "y woman1 id5tifi$ by ! inscription z ,plangon1 daught] ( ,tolmides1 falls back1 evid5tly fa9t+ ) illness1 on a c\*4 ,%e is support$ by a maid-s]vant1 ^: rank is indicat$ by ! k]*ief :i* b9ds h] hair1 & by h] "m1 ^: ext5d$ arms signify sympa?y & grief4 ,! fa!r1 ,tolmides1 /&s on ! left 9 an attitude ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,dy+ ,,woman1 ,,f ,,/ele4 grief4 ,?is is an almo/ unique repres5tation ( ! mom5t ( dea?4 ,ne>ly always ! ,attic arti/1 ^: inv>iable feel+ is #8no?+ 9 extremes1' avoids ?us cle>ly portray+ ! la/ /ruggle1 & cont5ts himself ) "s g5tle h9t ( dea?4 ,"h1 by a v in/ructive v>iation1 he is m explicit4 ,& 8 =tunate fre$om f conv5tion ?r[s back a light on ! o!r sc5es :i* we h pass$ 9 review4 ,"o ( ! epitaphs 9 ! ,an?ology#bja describes ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,page #agj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,page #agj a pa9t$ sc5e ( a simil> "*1 depict$ on ! tomb ( a lady nam$ ,neotima1 :o 0 repres5t$ ly+ back 9 ! exhau/ion ( dea?1 br\ght ab\t by *ildbir?1 :ile h] "m ,mnasylla hung ov] h]1 & h] fa!r ,ari/oteles /ood by1 re/+ 8 head on 8 h&1 9 ! usual attitude ( grief4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! pres5ce ( ! husb& is n m5tion$1 nor ev5 8 "n4 ,p]haps ! commonness ( dea? 9 *ildbir? at ,a!ns ne$s a ^w ( explanation4 ,x may be acc\nt$ = p>tly p]haps by ! s$5t>y life ( ,a!nian wom51 b m especially by ! fact t help 9 ! crisis 0 n usually af=d$ by physicians1 b by midwives1 :o _h _h no tra9+ save t :i* is ga9$ by practice4 ,! resort to male acc\*eurs 0 condemn$ by ! in/9ctive delicacy ( ! ,attic wom54 ,we mu/ cite "o m relief ( ?is class1 ?\gh x is ( int]e/ n = ! repres5tation :i* x be>s1 :i* is q ord9>y1 b = ! inscription#bjb4 ,a seat$ woman1 veil$1 gives h] h& to a /&+ veil$ figure1 a be>d$ man /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,ov] ! head ( ! seat$ figure is inscrib$1 4 ,*o]9e !n is a wet-nurse1 & ! lady to :om %e gives h] h& is probably h] fo/]-*ild :om %e has br\ght up1 & :o1 ev5 aft] m>riage1 reta9s affection = h] old nurse1 & erects a monum5t 9 hon\r ( h] fidelity4 ,?is monum5t /&s by no means alone2 x is "o ( _m set up bo? by m5 & wom5 9 memory ( _! nurses4 ,su* facts %[ t 9 ,greece1 ?\gh ! nurse w\ld commonly be a slave1 natural affection & gratitude (t5 triumph$ ov] social conv5tion1 & %e 0 reg>d$ z a fri5d r ?an z a dep5dant4 ,ano!r gr\p ( reliefs is ev5 m ?or\ghly fem99e4 ,x is dom9at$ by ! idea ( adornm5t4 ,! well-born ladies ( ,a!ns took1 z we "k1 great pa9s to enhance by art ! *>ms :i* nature _h lib]ally be/[$ ^u !m4 ,! r\ge-pot 0 a well-kn[n "p ( _! ars5al1 & is sometimes f\nd 9 _! graves4 ,!y 7 n1 l mod]n wom51 ! humble slaves ( a fa%ion :i* con/antly *anges4 ,! =m & disposition ( _! g>m5ts v>ies b little f c5tury to c5tury4 ,b !y 7 v p>ticul> z to patt]n & texture1 & v c>eful t ea* g>m5t %\ld fall 9 ! mo/ graceful & becom+ folds4 ,= jewelry !y seem to h _h a /rong lik+1 & x may be urg$ z a palliation ( s frivol\s a ta/e t ! ,greek jewelry :i* has come d[n to u is 9 v good ta/e4 ,! cu/om ( adorn+ oneself ) huge diamonds & rubies1 z a pro( ( weal?1 w\ld h be5 consid]$ b>b>ic 9 ,greece4 ,jewelry 0 ma9ly ( gold1 or ev5 gilt bronze1 ( little mat]ial value1 b wr\ght by cunn+ workm51 9 complete disreg>d ( "t1 ) exquisite c>e & subtilty#bjc1 s z to be 9 itself a ?+ ( art z well z a m]e decoration4 ,if /ones 7 ins]t$ 9 ! metal1 !y 7 q common /ones1 s>ds & onyxes & ! l1 n cut 9 facets1 b c>v$ 9 ! =m ( sc>abs1 or engrav$ ) beautifully cut designs 9 intaglio4 ,l ! dress1 ! pott]y1 & ! co9s ( ! ,greeks1 & all ! o!r surr\nd+s ( _! life1 _! jewels exhibit$ on a small] scale ! same unrivall$ arti/ic ta/e :i* is %[n on a l>g] scale by _! temples & _! sculpture4 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,hegeso1 daught] ( ,prox5us1 is seat$ to left on a *air :i* is admirably %ap$ alike = com=t & /ead9ess4 ,h] hair is b\nd ) a beautifully arrang$ k]*ief2 %e we>s ! f9e ,ionic *iton ) sleeves & an ov]-dress4 ,%e is look+ at a necklace :i* %e has drawn f a box held by a s]v+-girl1 & :i* %e holds 9 bo? ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,page #agb h&s4 ,?is necklace mu/ h be5 repres5t$ ei!r by help ( col\r or metal4 ,! slave-girl's m simple dress contra/s ) ! elegance ( t ( h] mi/ress4 ,! "w seems to belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,?is monum5t is n 9 ! ,museum ( ,a!ns1 b rema9s 9 its place 9 ! ,cemet]y by ! ,gate4 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,we h once m a gr\p ( lady & jewel-box4 ,b "h ! att5dant :o br+s ! box seems f h] dress to be no slave1 b a si/] or relative4 ,& ! seat$ lady is n "h attract$ by ! jewels1 b sits 9 p5sive attitude2 x may be1 h[ev]1 t h] "r h&1 :i* is ne> h] neck1 is hold+ a necklace already adju/$4 ,9 "s ( ! details 9 ?is relief !re is clums9ess1 = example 9 ! "r arm ( ! /&+ figure2 nev]!less ! design is v graceful4 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 ,"h is a fur!r v>iation4 ,! /&+ si/] or fri5d1 ,demo/rate1 is evid5tly try+ to tempt ! ta/e ( ! seat$ ,ame9i*e by (f]+ h] jewels1 b _c ev5 attract h] att5tion4 ,) "o h& re/+ on ! seat ( ! squ>ely made *air1 ,ame9i*e looks p5sively outw>ds4 ,! arti/ seems to imply t :5 p]sonal adornm5t ceases to int]e/ a woman1 ! %ad[ ( fate is n f> away4 ,a relief publi%$ 9 ! ,corpus#bjd1 on :i* is depict$ a lady & h] att5dant1 ! =m] fa/5+ a bracelet1 be>s an inscription :i* at once int]e/s u 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! seat$ lady is nam$ ,pha5>ete1 a "n borne by ! "m ( ,socrates4 ,x w\ld be a /range freak ( =tune if x _h pres]v$ to u ! tomb ( ! "m ( ,socrates1 engag$ 9 an occupation sc>cely 9 h>mony ) ! "* ( h] son4 ,x is curi\s t !re is some?+ to be said 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 & no decisive argum5t aga9/ x4 ,! date ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,pha5>ete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,page #agd ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,page #agd ! relief is giv5 by ,furtwngl]#bje z ! ,pheidian age2 mo/ ar*aeologi/s w\ld probably place x r lat]1 b /ill well )9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,pha5>ete gave bir? to ,socrates ab\t ,b4,c4 #dgj2 b :5 %e di$ we "k n3 !re is c]ta9ly no reason :y %e %\ld n h di$ at ab\t ! date ( execution ( ?is relief4 ,:e!r %e 0 old or "y at ! "t ( h] dea? w\ld make no s]i\s diff]5ce2 on h] tomb an ideal figure w\ld appe> & no true portrait4 ,b x may be said t ! p>5ts ( ,socrates 7 poor2 8 fa!r ,sophroniscus 0 a second-rate sculptor1 8 "m 0 a midwife#bjf3 is x likely t su* p c\ld af=d s exp5sive a tomb8 ,to :i* x may be repli$ t ,socrates c]ta9ly inh]it$ a small =tune4 ,& x appe>s t ! f9e tombs at ,a!ns did n belong by any means exclusively to ! weal?y class4 ,aga91 ,sophroniscus 0 a sculptor2 a tomb ( some:at sumptu\s /yle w\ld !re=e co/ him f> less ?an ! usual price4 ,& ! pr(ession ( a midwife1 9 a city :]e su* duties 7 und]tak5 ord9>ily by wom51 might be fairly lucrative4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "n ,pha5>ete does n appe> to h be5 at all r>e at ,a!ns4 ,x occurs on ?ree or f\r exi/+ /elae1 "s ( :i* belong to ! fif? c5tury#bjg4 ,mu* !re=e z we %\ld desire to f9d 9 our /ele a record ( ! "m ( ,socrates execut$ ei!r by ,sophroniscus1 or ev5 by ,socrates himself1 :o 9 8 y\? foll[$ 8 fa!r's craft1 we _c d s ) any confid5ce4 ,su* an attribution rema9s a b>e possibility1 & we h no means ( te/+ x4 ,pl4 ,,xxviii4 ,"h !re are obvi\sly prep>ations = a j\rney4 ,! pr9cipal figure is ,ame9ocleia1 daught] ( ,&rom5es4 ,%e is clad 9 a long *iton & an ov]-dress :i* s]ves also z a veil4 ,a slave is putt+ on h] s&al1 dur+ :i* process %e /eadies h]self by re/+ a h& on ! girl's head4 ,9 front is a fri5d :o be>s a box ( jewelry4 ,! fair ,ame9ocleia is evid5tly sett+ out on a j\rney4 ,& x seems evid5t t !re is an allusion to a solemn dep>ture on a j\rney :5ce none returns1 al?\gh 9 ! details ( ! repres5tation we f9d no cle> sugge/ion ( dea?4 ,t is unnecess>y :5 ! :ole gr\p is itself an allusion to x4 ,"s writ]s h d\bt$ :e!r 9 ! sc5es ( h&-tak+ & ( adornm5t !re be any?+ beyond an ord9>y sc5e ( daily life1 a dome/ic int]ior4 ,! /ele ( ,ame9ocleia furni%es reasons = decl9+ to agree ) !m4 ,z we h se51 9 ! h&-tak+ sc5es m emotion is commonly visible ?an an ord9>y family sc5e w\ld w>rant4 ,& reflection soon %[s t ev5 9 sc5es ( adornm5t ! notion ( p>t+ is 9 place4 ,! ,greek lady especially adorn$ h]self :5 %e 0 prep>+ to g abroad1 to take "p1 maybe1 9 "s procession 9 hon\r ( ! gods or "s m>riage fe/ivity4 ,?us ! notions ( adornm5t & ( leav+ home are naturally connect$4 ,no d\bt 9 ^! sc5es !re may be trac$ ano!r elem5t1 "o d]iv$ f ! cu/om ( plac+ ornam5ts 9 ! tomb & br++ (f]+s to ! dead4 ,we c trace ?is influ5ce by means ( ! pa9t+s ( ! :ite leky?i ( :i* we h spok5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on ^! vases are depict$ innum]able sc5es f ! cult ( ! dead1 among :i* we (t5 f9d ladies seat$ & att5dants br++ (f]+s4 ,we engrave an example#bjh 7,fig4 #fh74 ,"h ! lady :o is seat$ on ! /eps ( ! tomb seems to be ! p]son = :om t tomb 0 made4 ,%e holds on h] knees a box ( jewelry2 on ei!r side ( ! tomb /&s a maid-s]vant4 ,9 o!r in/ances#bji ! maids br+ ungu5t-vases1 fans1 & ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,page #agf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fh4 ,,sc5e ,,at ,,tomb4 o!r articles ( ! toilet4 ,^! gr\ps1 h[ev]1 are b translations into ! realm ( dea? ( sc5es ( daily life1 su* z are common on ,attic vases ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies4 ,^! vases (t5 %[ u ! int]ior ( ! wom5's ap>tm5ts1 ) ladies dress+ or engag$ 9 dome/ic occupation4 ,z an example we may take a pyxis publi%$ by ,dumont#baj1 on :i* are depict$ a lady ) h] hair d[n1 to :om "o maid br+s a necklace1 & ano!r a vessel ( o9tm5t1 & ano!r lady ^: %oe is be+ lac$ by a slave-girl4 ,ano!r vase1 publi%$ by ,heydemann#baa 7,fig4 #fi71 %[s u a seat$ woman to :om an att5dant br+s a box ( jewelry1 & a family gr\p ( fa!r1 "m1 & *ild4 ,! lik5ess ( ^! gr\ps to ^? ( ! sepul*ral reliefs is /rik+4 ,! "q :i* is ! orig9al 9 art1 ! dome/ic int]ior or ! (f]+ at ! tomb1 is n an easy "o4 ,! =m] class ( sc5es is ,ionic1 ! latt] ,doric 9 "*4 ,bo? make _! appe>ance on ,attic works at ab\t ! same "t4 ,x is a case l t ( ! meet+ ( two /reams1 :5 x is impossible to say :i* is ! ma9 riv] & :i* ! tribut>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,dome/ic ,,sc5e4 ,we h already obs]v$ 7,*ap4 ,,viii7 t a n unfrequ5t =m ( monum5t at ,a!ns 9 ! lat] p]iod 0 a flat slab 771 9 :i* 7 ins]t$ "o or m /one leky?i adorn$ ) reliefs4 ,! reliefs are 9 su* cases ord9>ily family gr\ps2 & ! juxtaposition ( sev]al ( ^! leky?i 9 museums has demon/rat$ "s facts n )\t int]e/4 ,x appe>s t sometimes :5 a family grave 0 acquir$1 & cov]$ ) a slab1 a pair ( m>ble vases 7 ins]t$ 9 x1 ! reliefs ( bo? ( :i* comprise ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #gj ,,& #ga4 ,,family ,,gr\ps4 ! same set ( p]sons 9 a some:at v>i$ arrangem5t4 ,an in/ance is engrav$ 7,figs4 #gj1 #ga74 ,on ^! leky?i#bab ,calli/oma*e appe>s seat$1 ,ari/ion & ,timagora /&+2 ! ma9 diff]5ce is t 9 "o case ! seat$ lady faces ! "r1 9 ! o!r case ! left4 ,on ano!r pair ( leky?i we see two husb&s1 ,mys & ,meles1 ) _! wives1 ,metrodora & ,philia4 ,on "o vase ! two husb&s h jo9$ h&s1 :ile ! wom5 /& beh9d !m2 on ! o!r vase ! wives h jo9$ h&s1 :ile ! m5 /& 9 ! backgr\nd#bac4 ,sometimes on ! leky?i :i* /ood toge!r1 ei!r on ! same slab or on slabs closely adjac5t1 we c trace ! successive g5]ations ( ,a!nian citiz5s1 _! names recurr+ commonly 9 alt]nate g5]ations4 ,9 a v few in/ances a deity makes 8 appe>ance 9 ! ord9>y family gr\ps4 ,! deity :o ?us int]v5es is always ,h]mes1 ! guide ( s\ls 7,psy*opompus71 :o leads !m d[n ! dang]\s road to ! _w ( spirits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,/ele ,,( ,,myrrh9a4 ,mo/ notewor?y among ! /elae on :i* ,h]mes appe>s is t %ap$ 9 ! =m ( a leky?us1 & be>+ ! "n ,myrrh9a#bad 7,fig4 #gb74 ,9 ! relief we see ! graceful figure ( ! lady1 closely wrapp$ up & veil$1 giv+ h] h& to ,h]mes1 :o leads h] =?1 look+ back at h] ! :ile4 ,an old man & y\?s1 probably ! fa!r & bro!rs ( ,myrrh9a1 /&1 ! =m] ) rais$ h& 9 ! attitude appropriate to adoration#bae4 ,?is is d\btless a real tomb/one2 b ! same c sc>cely be said ( ! beautiful relief :i* repres5ts ! f9al p>t+ ( ,orpheus & ,eurydice 7,pl4 ,,xxix74 ,orpheus has d>$ ! p]ils ( ! _w bel[ & surm\nt$ !m4 ,he has l$ ! recov]$ ,eurydice to ! v conf9es ( ! _w ( %ades2 & at t mom5t 8 disob$i5ce to ! law ( ,hades1 :i* =bade him to look back1 has once m depriv$ him ( 8 bride4 ,h]mes claims h] back1 & ! lov]s mu/ "p f9ally#baf4 ,t ?is beautiful relief1 ! date ( ! orig9al ( :i* is ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 has "s connexion ) ! grave seems cle>2 ! subject is sepul*ral1 & ! s5tim5t ( ! gr\p1 g5tle & subdu$1 is closely l t ( ,a!nian tombs4 ,at ! same "t ! =m ( ! relief1 l[ & broad1 proves t x is n "p ( an ord9>y monum5t3 r x 0 meant to be ins]t$ 9 a wall4 ,x may be a sort ( #8elegant extract1' l s _m ( ! copies ( ! ,roman age4 ,! subject & treatm5t ( "s celebrat$ sepul*ral monum5t may h be5 copi$ 9 m>ble = a ,roman amateur1 & tak5 out ( its orig9al connexion4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,mean+ ,,& ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,reliefs ,= ! int]pretation & full appreciation ( ! ,attic reliefs1 x is important to discuss some:at c>efully a fundam5tal "q1 :i* may be set =? 9 sev]al ways4 ,is _! allusion prim>ily to ! life ( ! pa/ or ! life ( ! future8 ,is ! sc5e ( !m ,a!ns or ,hades8 ,is ! h&-tak+ a sign ( p>t+ or ( re-union 9 a _w ( spirits8 ,9 a ^w1 d !y po9t backw>d or =w>d8 ,9 ?is controv]sy ! names ( em95t ar*aeologi/s appe> on bo? sides4 ,b to ! ,engli% read] x w be m satisfactory to f9d a brief /atem5t ( ! argum5ts cit$ on ?is side & on t1 ?an to le>n :at l9e has be5 tak5 by ! v>i\s au?orities#bag4 ,! view :i* makes ! future ! "t1 & ! spiritworld ! sc5e ( ! sculptur$ reliefs has 9 its fav\r _m analogies1 & w naturally comm5d itself to ^? :o are attract$ by ! inve/igations ( comp>ative religion4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! seat$ pair ( ! ,sp>tan monum5ts are reg>d$ z hold+ _! c\rt z h]oiz$ dead4 ,& a numb] ( int]m$iate l9ks connect ^! cle>ly m>k$ memorials ( ance/or-wor%ip ) ! usual ,attic gr\ps 9 an almo/ un9t]rupt$ s]ies1 s t to draw ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,page #ahb a l9e ( division at any po9t betwe5 backw>d-look+ & =w>d-look+ repres5tations is by no means easy4 ,let u foll[ a few ( ^! s]ies4 ,9 ! ,sp>tan relief 7,pl4 ,,ii7 ! h]oic pair hold 9 _! h&s ! w9ecup & ! pomegranate1 dr9k & food ( spirits4 ,! h]o ( ,fig4 #cj holds bo?4 ,bo? may be f\nd repeat$ly also on ! /elae ( ,a!ns & ! re/ ( ,greece4 #a4 ,! w9ecup4 ,on ! beautiful ar*aic /ele ( ,lyseas at ,a!ns#bah1 ! h]o is repres5t$ n 9 relief1 b pa9t$ on ! m>ble2 he /&s erect1 hold+ 9 "o h& a w9ecup1 9 ! o!r a lu/ral bran*4 ,n v mu* lat] 9 date is ! /ele#bai on :i* appe>s 9 relief a veil$ lady seat$1 :o holds 9 "o h& ! flat pat]a 7,pl4 ,,xvi74 ,"h ! pat]a seems to /& 9 ! place ( ! w9ecup1 & cle>ly has ! same ref]5ce to ! receipt ( libations4 #b4 ,! pomegranate4 ,on an ar*aic tomb/one ( ,aeg9a#bbj1 a seat$ lady gives h] h& to a male figure /&+ be=e h]3 9 ! o!r h& %e holds a pomegranate4 ,aga91 on a /ele ( ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 :i* comes f ,l>issa 9 ,!ssaly#bba1 a lady call$ ,polyx5a /&s1 draw+ =w>d ) "o h& h] veil1 & 9 ! o!r hold+ a pomegranate4 ,nor is x only ! attributes held by ! ,sp>tan h]oes :i* appe> 9 ,attic & o!r reliefs1 b also ! (f]+s br\ght to !m by wor%ipp]s4 ,we w take ! cock & ! dove1 :i* are prom95t at ,sp>ta or on ! ,lycian ,h>py ,tomb1 :i* s closely resembles 9 its symbolism ! ,sp>tan monum5ts4 #c4 ,! cock4 ,f ,l>issa comes a fif?-c5tury /ele#bbb1 on :i* is a relief repres5t+ a "y ,!ssalian1 clad 9 a *lamys1 :o holds 9 "o h& a spe>1 9 ! o!r a cock ,8 "n is ,vek$amus4 ,a cock is also pa9t$ on a tomb at ,a!ns :i* be>s ! "n ( ,antiphanes#bbc4 #d4 ,! dove4 ,an ,a!nian tomb ( ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury#bbd 7,pl4 ,,xxx7 be>s ! seat$ figure ( a lady1 ,eutamia2 be=e h] /&s an att5dant ( small /ature1 :o br+s h] a dove & a toilet-box4 ,"h ! dove has ! appe>ance ( an (f]+4 ,b on a numb] ( ,a!nian /elae ! dove appe>s evid5tly z a common h\sehold pet4 ,x is suffici5t to ref] to our ,plate ,,xviii & ,fig4 #fa2 ?\gh p]haps a m pleas+ in/ance ?an ei!r ( ^! is (f]$ by a *>m+ relief at ,brocklesby ,p>k#bbe1 9 :i* we see a "y girl fondl+ two doves1 :i* at once takes our ?\ghts to ! (f]+ ( two doves at ! temple ( ,j]usalem aft] *ildbir?#bbf1 ?\gh d\btless ! correspond5ce is accid5tal4 ,! horse & ! dog also1 :i* figure s prom95tly on ! ,sp>tan tomb 7,fig4 #cj71 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce at ,a!ns4 #e4 ,! horse4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! _m votive & sepul*ral reliefs on :i* ! dead appe> z horsem54 ,& ! horse is also ( frequ5t occurr5ce on portrait-/elae4 ,( ?is we h cit$ in/ances above1 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,! horse on ! base ( ! ,lyseas monum5t seems to be a memorial ( "s victory 9 ! racec\rse4 ,b on ano!r v e>ly tomb1 f ,lamprika 9 ,attica#bbg1 we f9d1 sculptur$ on ! face ( x1 a "y knight on horseback fully arm$4 ,ano!r arm$ horseman c>v$ b5ea? ! feet ( a /&+ man occurs on an ,attic tomb/one ( some:at lat] date#bbh4 ,on ! leky?us-/elae ( ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies1 9 ! sc5es ( leave-tak+1 ! husb& :o gives 8 h& to 8 wife is (t5 accompani$ by a horse#bbi1 & sometimes also by a y\? :o be>s 8 arm\r4 #f4 ,! dog4 ,on ! /ele by ,alx5or 7,pl4 ,,ix7 we h a dog z companion ( ! dead2 also 9 ,pl4 ,,xiii & on ! ,ilissus relief 7,pl4 ,,xv74 ,?is addition to sepul*ral gr\ps is s common1 & s natural1 ! ,greeks be+ z fond ( dogs z we are1 t x requires no comm5t4 ,! /ele ( ,eutamia 7,pl4 ,,xxx7 seems to lie v ne>ly on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! h]oiz+ /elae & ord9>y ,attic reliefs4 ,at fir/ glance x does n pres5t any m>k$ deviation f ! usual ,a!nian types4 ,yet :5 "o exam9es x 9 detail _m l9ks are evid5t connect+ x ) ,sp>ta & ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! diff]5ce 9 scale betwe5 ! seat$ lady & h] att5dant makes ! latt] seem r a wor%ipp] ?an a m]e h&maid4 ,& ! (f]+s :i* %e br+s1 m especially ! dove1 belong to ! cultus ( ! dead4 ,! dog too1 sculptur$ 9 relief above1 (f]s an exact p>allel to ! horse 9 relief ( ! /ele ,fig4 #cj4 ,our fir/ po9t !n1 t !re is an unbrok5 l9e ( connexion betwe5 /elae ( ! ,sp>tan & ^? ( ! ,a!nian class1 is made out to demon/ration4 ,b ano!r po9t may be made out ) equal cle>ness1 t at all ev5ts a l>ge "p ( ! ,attic reliefs h ref]5ce exclusively to ! pa/4 ,sev]al gr\ps ( !m may be cit$ 9 pro(4 #a4 ,reliefs 9 :i* an actual dea?-sc5e is portray$4 ,su* a sc5e is repres5t$ 9 our ,fig4 #ff4 ,x is cle> t "h no?+ c be ref]r$ to except :at has occurr$ 9 ! pa/2 & ?is is equally cle> 9 ! case (-- #b4 ,reliefs 9 :i* is repres5t$ "s notable sc5e 9 ! life ( ! deceas$4 ,a good example is (f]$ by ! monum5t on :i* ,dexileos appe>s /rik+ d[n 8 enemies 7,pl4 ,,xii71 or t ( ,democleides1 ,fig4 #ei4 #c4 ,reliefs 9 :i* ! pr(ession ( ! deceas$ is indicat$1 z 9 ! case ( ! physicians#bcj3 & z 9 ! /ele ( ,mynno 7,fig4 #fb74 ,x has be5 said t ! ref]5ce to ! pa/ 9 su* cases may be expla9$ f ! ,greek notion t ! future life 0 a cont9uation ( ! pa/ on ! same l9es b 9 a gho/ly fa%ion4 ,b ?is /atem5t w n be> a clos] exam9ation4 ,an e>?ly hunt] may hunt 9 ,elysium3 possibly a w>rior may be imag9$ z f9d+ new & gho/ly enemies to ov]?r[4 ,b c\ld x be = a mom5t suppos$ t a woman w\ld sp5d h] "t 9 ,hades 9 repetitions ( sickness & dea?1 or t a physician w\ld f9d !re ne$ = ! ex]cise ( 8 old craft8 ,x is ?us abundantly cle> t 9 "s at lea/ ( ! ,attic reliefs ! backw>d look prevails4 ,! class ( reliefs f :i* we may be/ illu/rate ! two diff]5t fa%ions ( int]pretation is ! v l>ge class 9 :i* is repres5t$ h&-giv+1 ! ,greek 4 ,sometimes "o ( ! pair :o are h& 9 h& is /&+ & "o seat$3 sometimes bo? are /&+4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! attitude ( ! pair may be int]pret$4 ,fir/ x may be tak5 to m>k a m]e family gr\p1 an ,attic int]ior sc5e1 a portrait ( husb& & wife or fa!r & son 9 a connexion :i* m>ks _! unity ( feel+ & mutual affection4 ,second1 we may comb9e ) ?is idea t ( p>t+4 ,to ?is view ,i h incl9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,?ird1 we may take ! h&-giv+ z indicat+ ! reception 9 ,hades by ^? :o h gone be=e ( _! k9dr$ :o foll[ !m4 ,9 ! fun]al oration ( ,hyp]ides !re is a passage#bca :i* is cit$ 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 9 :i* ! orator speaks ( ! h]oes ( old 9 ,hades ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,page #ahf greet+1 ) a _! desc5dants :o foll[ !m 9 ! way ( virtue & hon\r4 ,s 9 ! poets also1 z we h above se51 !re are frequ5t ref]5ces to ! life ( ! re-unit$ family 9 ,hades4 ,& 9 fact a hope ( su* re-union seems to h exi/$ among all peoples 9 :i* family life 0 highly develop$4 ,we c sc>cely v5ture to rule any ( ^! views out ( c\rt4 ,we c inde$ v5ture to say t 9 ! ,a!nian reliefs z !y rea* u1 ! sett+ is full ( allusions to ! life ( ! pa/1 :ile all t sugge/s ,hades is conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ?is is ! cle> result ( arti/ic analysis1 x is q impossible to say t ! hopes & long+s ( survivors may n h sometimes f\nd 9 ! m]e gr\p+ ( a family sc5e "s e>ne/ ( re-unit$ family life "u o!r conditions ?an ^? ( e>?4 ,arti/ic gr\ps1 l /ra9s ( music1 may be int]pret$ by ! emotions r ?an by ! intellect1 & sugge/ _m ?+s to _m p4 ,we c be/ solve ! que/ions we h rais$ by draw+ cle>ly a l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! ,attic sepul*ral gr\ps & _! mean+4 ,!y und\bt$ly d]ive mu* bo? f ! ance/or-wor%ip ( e>ly ,hellas1 & f ! monum5ts 9 :i* t wor%ip f\nd expression4 ,b x is v unlikely t to ! ,attic m9d ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies !y usually convey$ mu* ( religi\s mean+4 ,! bright g5ius ( ,attic art _h little sympa?y ) ! my/ic side ( man's nature4 ,its t5d5cy 0 n t[>ds e?ical religion1 b t[>ds beauty & enjoym5t & social life4 ,?us1 9 ! memorials ( ! dead1 ! ,a!nians & ^? :o took _! tone f ,attic art s\ght to produce a pleas+ & n too vivid memorial ( ! dead1 r ?an a record ( hope 9 ! future life4 ,!y did n disbelieve 9 ! future _w1 nor did !y practically neglect ! simple & pleas+ ritual ( ! cultus ( ! dead4 ,b _! m9ds turn$ m naturally to ?\ghts less sev]e & gloomy1 ?\ghts ( ! pres5t1 ( ! beaute\s l& !y dwelt 9 & ! *>m ( _! social surr\nd+s4 ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ be all[$ t 9 ! case ( ! cultus-reliefs ( ! oblong class 7,*apt] ,,vii71 ! ref]5ce is to ! future & n to ! pa/4 ,! wor%ip ( ! dead c\ld n beg9 until !y 7 canoniz$1 s to speak2 & to ?is canonization all ! details ( ! reliefs ref]4 ,if ! "q be ask$ :e!r ! sc5e 9 :i* ! augu/ h]o sits on 8 ?rone or leads 8 horse is ,hades or ! tomb itself1 ! answ] is n easy4 ,!re seems to h exi/$ 9 ?is matt] a confusion ( m9d4 ,! e>lie/ beliefs ( ! human race seem to reg>d ! dead z cont9u+ 9 ! grave an exi/5ce :i* is a gho/ly e*o ( ! pa/ life1 & !re receiv+ ! con/antly pres5t$ (f]+s ( _! desc5dants4 ,b ! ,greeks1 z we "k !m 9 hi/ory1 _h ris5 to a high] level ( ?\ght4 ,!y ?\ght t ! s\l travell$ away f ! re/+-place ( ! body until x rea*$ ! %ad[y realm ( ,hades & ,p]sephone1 !re to receive f div9e ju/ice ! rew>d or ! puni%m5t :i* x _h e>n$ 9 its e>?ly life#bcb4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ! prie/ & ! poet1 & ( educat$ p g5]ally4 ,b x is a famili> fact 9 ! hi/ory ( religion t cu/om & cultus move f> m sl[ly ?an doctr9e2 & t to ?is body ( usage is atta*$ a survival ( ! e>li] or m primitive belief4 ,s x came to pass 9 ,greece1 9 spite ( ! philosoph] :o spoke ( ! s\l z m\nt+ to its native ae!r1 & ( ! poet :o sang ( ! realm ( ,hades & dread ,p]sephone4 ,/ill ?r\gh ! c5turies (f]+s 7 br\ght to ! tomb1 & ! dead 7 suppos$ !re to enjoy !m4 ,/ill ! /ele rema9$ a sort ( %r9e ( ! family cultus1 & ance/ors 7 reg>d$ z !re pres5t 9 ! same sup]natural fa%ion 9 :i* deities 7 pres5t 9 _! temples & _! images4 ,we c sc>cely upbraid ! ,greeks2 = we too1 :ile commonly believ+ 9 heav51 if n 9 hell1 /ill ?9k ( our dead z pres5t 9 "s s5se at ! tomb 9 :i* we h laid _! bodies4 ,& mod]n sci5tific rese>* ev5 indicates "s ju/ification ( ?is deep-seat$ prejudice1 :i* m]e reason dis[ns4 ,= !re is ev]y:]e a deep-seat$ belief t app>itions haunt ! places :]e ! p]sons ^: %ad[s !y are liv$ _! lives or und]w5t "s ov]p[]+ emotion4 ,?us x seems q natural to reg>d ! sc5e ( ! cultus reliefs z ! actual gravey>d :]e !y 7 set up4 ,& ?is int]pretation is 9 mo/ cases satisfactory4 ,b "s ( !m h a cle> ref]5ce to ! l& ( spirits4 ,9 "o in/ance1 on an ,attic votive tablet1 we see a deceas$ mortal fea/+ ) ,h]akles & ! ,muses#bcc & !re is a :ole class ( monum5ts :i* repres5t deceas$ h]oes supp+ ) ,dionysus4 ,we engrave "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic examples#bcd 7,fig4 #gc74 ,an eld]ly man recl9es on a c\*1 beside :i* is a table spread ) fruits1 & a slave p\r+ w9e4 ,a s]p5t tw9$ r\nd ! table has cle>ly a sepul*ral ref]5ce4 ,! wife ( ! h]o is seat$ at 8 feet3 bo? turn ) surprise & delight to ! left ( ! relief1 :]e ! "y ,dionysus1 be>+ a ?yrsus1 & support+ 8 reel+ body on ! %\ld] ( a "y satyr1 advances t[>ds ! c\*4 ,! dead man _h d\btless be5 a vot>y ( ,dionysus1 p]haps atta*$ to ! ,orphic my/]ies2 & ! god to :om 9 8 e>?ly life he _h devot$ himself comes to sup ) him 9 ! _w ( %ades4 ,9 ?is case c]ta9ly ! banquet mu/ be reg>d$ z held1 n at ! tomb1 b 9 "s nobl] sc5e4 ,next to ! mean+ ( ! sepul*ral reliefs ( ,greece1 ! /yle ( art 9 :i* !y are execut$ requires "s att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,dionysus ,,z ,,gue/4 ,! reliefs ( ! six? c5tury1 & d[n to ab\t ,b4,c4 #dfj1 are excell5t examples ( ! art ( _! "t1 9 no way inf]ior to o!r contempor>y works ( sculpture4 ,! relief ( ,pl4 ,,ii introduces u to a s*ool ( arti/s ( :om we h no o!r k1 a s*ool localiz$ 9 ,peloponnesus1 & try+ to "w out an indep5d5t l9e ( art4 ,! e>ly reliefs ( ,a!ns & ! ,isl&s /&1 h[ev]1 on a mu* high] level4 ,we h already se5 t ,pr(essor ,brunn1 an admirable judge1 _h e>ly disc]n$ 9 ! qualities ( ! ,ari/ion relief 7,pl4 ,,ix7 ! promise ( ! excell5ce ( lat] ,a!nian art4 ,! o!r /ele ( ,pl4 ,,ix1 t ( ,alx5or1 %[s simil> m]its1 & a some:at m advanc$ /yle4 ,! gr\p ( "m & *ildr5 7,pl4 ,,xix7 is a "w ( ! greate/ delicacy & *>m3 ! =ms ( "m & infant1 %[+ ?r\gh ! ord]ly folds ( ! ,ionian dress1 indicate g5u9e love ( nature & appreciation ( =m2 & ! gr\p is full ( ! same s5tim5t :i* *>ms u 9 ! tombs ( a lat] age4 ,! reliefs ( ! six? c5tury 7 usually execut$ 9 hon\r ( di/+ui%$ p]sons2 !y frequ5tly bore ! "n ( ! sculptor1 & t sculptor w\ld usually be "o ^: fame 0 great4 ,?is %[s t e>ly sculptors 7 pr\d ( execut+ tombs3 at a lat] "t tombs almo/ nev] be> an arti/'s "n4 ,z we approa* ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! art ( ! sculptor 9 ,greece is tak+ con/antly a high] & a wid] range4 ,great temples are ris+ on all sides1 especially at ,a!ns1 & (f]+ to great arti/s noble opportunities ( di/9ction to be won ei!r by design+ ! great cultus-/atues ( ! gods1 or by fitly adorn+ ! outsides ( _! temples4 ,! sculpture ( a?letes also _h1 9 ! h&s ( ,py?agoras ( ,myron & ( ,polycleitus1 rea*$ a p]fection hi!rto undream$ (4 ,& at ! same p]iod ! sumptu>y laws ( ,a!ns1 :i* 7 only gradually fall+ into neglect1 closely limit$ ! sum ( money to be sp5t on tombs4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we _c be surpris$ t ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 ( ! age ( ! ,p>!non & ! ,temple ( ,nike1 are mo/ly ( some:at small size & poor execution4 ,9 _! /yle !y %[ some?+ ( ! contempor>y gr& /yle1 b x is only a di/ant c\s9%ip to x :i* !y display4 ,!y are n ! "w ( great arti/s1 b ( work]s sc>cely above ! level ( ! skill$ /onemason4 ,sev]al ( ! gr\ps figur$ 9 our plates belong to ?is age4 ,z examples1 we may take ,pl4 ,,xvii1 ! /ele ( ,amphotto1 :i* is a "w ( ! e>li] half ( ! fif? c5tury1 & ,plates ,x1 ,,xiii1 ,,xviii1 ,,xx1 ,,xxi1 ,,xxvi1 all ( :i* 7 probably execut$ 9 ! latt] half ( t c5tury4 ,! =m ( ^! /elae is simple1 ev5 clumsy1 ! gable above usually surm\nt$ by ?ree acrot]ia1 on :i* an acan?us patt]n 0 probably pa9t$4 ,! subjects consi/ ( few figures 9 simple gr\ps4 ,! p]spective is by no means p]fect2 = in/ance1 ! brea/s ( ,tynnias 7,pl4 ,x7 & ( ,mica 7,pl4 ,,xxi7 are too fully turn$ to ! spectator4 ,nev]!less ^! reliefs h an extraord9>y nobility & dignity4 ,tynnias might almo/ h sat = a model ( ! ,zeus at ,olympia3 ,lys&] 7,pl4 ,,xx7 is ! model ( a mode/ & well-br$ ,a!nian boy3 ,mica 7,pl4 ,,xxi71 9 spite ( h] fanciful "n1 has n a t\* ( levity4 ,l ! maid5s ( ! ,p>!non frieze1 all ^! human be+s behave z if 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! gods4 ,!y embody nobility & repose4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! conditions ( sculpture at ,a!ns aga9 und]w5t a great *ange4 ,no new & spl5did temples rose f ! gr\nd4 ,no great public build+s (f]$ a wide field to ! ar*itect1 ! pa9t]1 & ! sculptor4 ,art work$ ma9ly 9 ! s]vice ( individuals4 ,&1 at ! same "t1 ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,a!ns became f> m sumptu\s4 ,x is !re=e q natural t !y %\ld h be5 sometimes und]tak5 by arti/s ( r5[n4 ,we h ! te/imony ( ,pausanias to ! fact t ,praxiteles himself sometimes made ! sculptural adornm5t ( ! great ,attic sepul*res4 ,outside ! ,peiraeus gate1 among o!r notewor?y tombs1 ,pausanias#bce f\nd "o :i* he ?us describes3 #8,n f> f ! gates is a tomb1 :]eon /&s a soldi] /&+ by 8 horse3 :o he 0 ,i "k n1 b x 0 ,praxiteles :o made bo? man & horse4' ,! contempor>y pa9t] ,nicias also und]took tombs4 ,pausanias#bcf tells u t outside ! gates ( ,triteia 9 ,a*aia 0 #8a tomb ( :ite m>ble wor?y ( note 9 all respects1 b p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ! pa9t+s on ! m>ble1 ! "w ( ,nicias4 ,!re is a ?rone ( ivory1 & seat$ on x a "y & beaute\s woman1 beh9d :om /&s a maid-s]vant hold+ a sun%ade4 ,also a "y man /&+1 n be>d$ z yet1 clad 9 a *iton ) a purple *lamys ov] x3 beside him is an att5dant c>ry+ hunt+-spe>s & lead+ dogs ( hunt+ bre$4 ,praxiteles & ,nicias 7 closely associat$ 9 art2 ,praxiteles is ev5 said to h decl>$ t 8 sculpture ow$ mu* ( its *>m to ! col\r+ appli$ to x by ,nicias4 ,we may judge !n t ! beautiful sepul*ral monum5ts ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :e!r set up at ,a!ns or else:]e1 ow$ _! excell5ce to ! second ,a!nian s*ool1 to ,praxiteles & ,scopas & _! contempor>ies4 ,an exam9ation ( ! monum5ts !mselves fully confirms ?is view4 ,m ?an "o ar*aeologi/ has be5 /ruck ) ! /rong lik5ess to be trac$ betwe5 ! heads rec5tly recov]$ f ! p$im5ts ( ! temple ( ,a!na at ,tegea#bcg1 :i* are our be/ evid5ce = recov]+ ! /yle ( ,scopas1 & "s ( ! ,attic sepul*ral reliefs1 especially t ( ,dexileos 7,pl4 ,,xii7 & t f ! ,ilissus 7,pl4 ,,xv74 ,^! works are c]ta9ly ( ! age ( ,scopas4 ,! tomb ( ,dexileos 0 set up imm$iately aft] #cid ,b4,c41 & 9 ! same ye> ! old temple ( ,a!na at ,tegea 0 burn$1 af=d+ to "y ,scopas ! task ( its recon/ruction4 ,x is q possible t "s ( ! exi/+ tombs ( ! f\r? c5tury may be ! actual "w ( sculptors ( ! second ,attic s*ool4 ,9 ! mod]ation1 ! g5tl5ess1 ! pleas+ s5tim5t ( ^! ,a!nian tombs we see precisely ! qualities = :i* ,praxiteles 0 celebrat$4 ,b1 g5]ally speak+1 sepul*ral monum5ts are ( ! class ( "w :i* a great sculptor w\ld leave to pupils & assi/ants1 j z !y left ! decorative sculpture ( ! bases ( _! great /atues4 ,! tombs ( ?is age are l>g] & m sumptu\s1 & ! gr\ps at once m complicat$ & m expressive4 ,!re is less repose ?an 9 ! /elae ( ! fif? c5tury1 & m s5tim5t4 ,*>act]i/ic figures ( w>riors ( ?is age are ^? ( ,dexileos 7,pl4 ,,xii7 & ,ari/onautes 7,pl4 ,,xi73 & among family gr\ps we may notice ! ,ilissus relief 7,pl4 ,,xv71 ! /ele ( ,damasi/rate 7,pl4 ,,xxiii71 & ! gr\p ( ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 ,our plates sc>cely come d[n to a lat] "t ?an ! f\r? c5tury1 b among ! mo/ int]e/+ figures f\nd on tombs ( ! lat] age is ! figure ( ! girl devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,isis 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,inscriptions ,aft] ?us ent]+ into ! "q ( ! mean+ ( ! ,attic sepul*ral reliefs1 & discuss+ _! relation to ! ,greek beliefs z to ! future _w1 x is necess>y to give "s acc\nt ( ! inscriptions :i* accompany ! reliefs4 ,by f> ! mo/ usual inscription on an ,attic tomb consi/s ( a prop] "n1 to :i* is add$ commonly a patronymic4 ,9 addition to ?is simple record1 ar*aic tombs sometimes be> ! "n ( ! arti/ :o execut$ !m4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ! cu/om comes 9 ( add+ also ! place to :i* ! deceas$ belong$4 ,! reliefs ( ! be/ age are n sign$ by an arti/1 & 9 fact any?+ beyond names & demes is1 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies1 q unusual4 ,! /rict canons ( develop$ ,greek art seem to h reject$ any long or metrical epitaph z out ( place or 9 bad ta/e4 ,lat]1 9 ! ?ird & second c5turies1 long] inscriptions1 (t5 writt5 9 elegiac metre1 are f> common]4 ,our plates & engrav+s furni% specim5s ( ! ord9>y k9ds ( inscriptions4 ,! two ar*aic reliefs ( ,pl4 ,,ix be> ! arti/s' names1 9 "o case #bch1 9 ! o!r 3 to ! latt] signature is add$ a delightfully nave comm5t1 1 ,j look6 imply+ t 9 ! arti/'s own op9ion 8 "w is well wor? look+ at4 ,! inscription on ! tomb ( ,d]mys & ,citylus 7,fig4 #ee7 records ! "n ( ! d$icator1 ' 4 ,aft] ! ar*aic age1 ! inscriptions are simpl]1 z 7,pl4 ,,xvii71 7,pl4 ,,xviii71 7,fig4 #ei71 ,t 7,pl4 ,x71 1 & s =?4 ,:5 ! tomb belongs to "o p]son ^! inscriptions are simple1 & !re c be no ambiguity 9 _! int]pretation1 nor is !re any d\bt to :i* ( ! p]sons repres5t$ 9 ! relief ! id5tify+ inscription belongs4 ,b :5 ! inscription conta9s sev]al names ! matt] is n s simple4 ,dr4 ,furtwngl] lays d[n ! rule t ! names are ! names ( ! dead2 9 t case1 z ! dead & ! liv+ appe> toge!r 9 ! reliefs1 !re w\ld be no necess>y correspond5ce betwe5 relief & inscription4 ,i f9d h[ev]1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 t n only d ! inscriptions agree ) ! reliefs1 b t ! names are plac$ ov] ! figures 9 ord] to id5tify !m4 ,! analogy ( ,greek vases "h helps u4 ,on vases x is an ord9>y cu/om to place ov] ea* ( ! p]sons ( ! design 8 or h] "n1 m]ely = purposes ( id5tification4 ,x appe>s t ! same cu/om prevails 9 sepul*ral reliefs4 ,confirmation ( ?is view w be f\nd 9 abundance by any "o :o exam9es ! ,corpus ( ,attic ,reliefs4 ,& fur!r confirmation is af=d$ by ! epigrams ( ! ,an?ology4 ,"o records#bci n only ! "n ( ! p]son to :om ! tomb belongs1 & :o appe>s 9 its relief1 b also ! names ( ! dog1 ! horse1 & ! slave :o =m 8 cortge4 ,ano!r reads#bdj1 #8,?is is ,timocleia1 ?is ,philo1 ?is ,ari/o1 & ?is ,timae?o2 all daught]s ( ,ari/odicus4' ,9 fact1 to ?is g5]al rule ( ! explicatory "* ( ! inscriptions only a few d\btful exceptions make _! appe>ance4 ,"o ( ^! exceptions appe>s on our ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 ,! gr\p consi/s ( two ladies1 :]eas ! names above are 1 1 --! names ( "o man & two wom54 ,b x appe>s t 9 ?is case a "n 0 orig9ally plac$ only ov] ! seat$ lady3 ?is 0 eras$1 & ! ?ree names :i* we f9d 7 ins]t$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,we may safely !re=e ass]t t at all ev5ts 9 ! great majority ( cases ! names plac$ on ! tombs id5tify ! p]sons ( ! reliefs1 & d n by any means necess>ily give u a clue to ! occupants ( ! grave4 ,x is po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,weis%upl1 9 an excell5t pap] on ,greek epitaphs#bda1 :i* has be5 ( great s]vice to me 9 ?is *apt]1 t ! t]m 1 ,f>ewell1 :i* is common 9 late ,greek epitaphs1 does n occur on ! graves ( ,a!nian citiz5s4 ,! age ( ! deceas$1 9 mod]n epitaphs "o ( ! mo/ indisp5sable features1 is seldom /at$ on ,greek tombs3 a curi\s exception be+ f\nd 9 ! case ( ,dexileos4 ,among ! tombs :i* we engrave1 only ?is ( ,dexileos 7,pl4 ,,xii7 be>s a long or a detail$ inscription4 ,! record "h tells u t ! h]o 0 born 9 ! ar*on%ip ( ,teis&]1 & di$ 9 t ( ,eubulides1 & 0 "o ( ! five horsem5 at ,cor9?4 ,! la/ phrase is curi\s1 nor is its mean+ c]ta94 ,usually x is expla9$ z mean+ t ,dexileos took "p 9 "s not$ feat ( arms ) f\r o!r horsem5 9 ! ,cor9?ian w>4 ,b rec5tly#bdb1 ,dr4 ,brckn] has tri$ to prove t ! 7 ! adjutants ( ! ,hipp>*i1 & p]sons ( def9ite rank 9 ! army4 ,aft] ! age ( ,demetrius ( ,phal]um1 :5 ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,a!ns become poor] & small]1 ! inscriptions z a rule rema9 v brief4 ,b on exceptional tombs ( ?is age1 & a l>g] numb] ( ! ,roman p]iod1 we f9d long inscriptions 9 prose or 9 v]se1 giv+ ! hi/ory ( ! occupant or moraliz+ on life & dea?4 ,already 9 ano!r "w#bdc ,i h giv5 a brief acc\nt ( ! g5]al "* ( ,a!nian epitaphs4 ,i !re=e 9 ?is place pref] to take my examples n f ,a!ns1 b f o!r p>ts ( ,greece4 ,!re is1 at all ev5ts 9 lat] ages1 no great diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ! sepul*ral inscriptions ( ,a!ns & ^? ( o!r cities1 if we except ^? di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or :i* 7 p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( ,asiatic religions & ways ( ?9k+4 ,:]e ! epitaph has "s pret5sion to lit]>y /yle ,i give a r5d]+ 9 h]oic v]se1 9 o!r cases a prose translation may suffice4 ,we may beg9 ) ! inscription ( a public tomb4 ,at all times ^! tombs bore epigrams ( a nobl] type ?an ^? ( private p]sons4 ,commonly !y 7 set up 9 "s public place & 7 ! sc5e ( h]oic hon\rs4 ,! epigram :i* !y bore w\ld be compos$ by "s not$ poet4 ,e "o kn[s ( ! noble l9es writt5 by ,simonides = ! ,sp>tans :o fell at ,!rmopylae3-- ,g1 /rang]1 & at ,lac$aemon tell ,t "h ob$i5t to h] laws we fell4 ,ano!r public epitaph1 also belong+ to "s ( ! h]oes ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 has be5 f\nd at ,meg>a#bdd4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al record1 b a copy made ( t record :5 x _h almo/ p]i%$ ) age 9 ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ( our a]a by "o ,helladius1 :o attributes to ,simonides ! v]ses :i* run ?us3-- ,eag] we /rove t fre$om's day might rise ,= ,greece & home2 b dea? is all our prize4 ,"s fell beside ,euboea's sacr$ /r&1 ,:]e ,artemis1 *a/e huntress1 holds ! l&3 ,"s di$ at ,mycale2 "s ! w>like %[ ,( ,tyrian fleets at ,salamis laid l[3 ,"s 9 ,boeotian pla9s1 9 d>+ mood1 ,! *>g+ ,m$ian *ivalry )/ood4 ,"h 9 full m>ket#bde1 'mid ! ?rong+ cr[d1 ,our t[nsm5 h our hon\r$ grave all[$4 ,?is epitaph 0 evid5tly plac$ on ! public grave ( ! ,meg>ian citiz5s :o fell 9 ! v>i\s battles aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,x 0 no d\bt a c5otaph4 ,pausanias m5tions x1 & /ates t ! ,meg>ians set ! graves ( _! di/+ui%$ dead 9 ! s5ate-h\se1 s t all future g5]ations might consult 9 pres5ce ( ! h]oes3 ,helladius adds1 #8ev5 9 my day a bull is sacrific$ by ! city4' ,an epitaph 9 ! m>ket-place & ! annual sacrifice ( a bull = a ?\s& ye>s might well supply to ! ,greek soldi] an inc5tive z great z among u ! hope ( a monum5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,a simil> monum5t 9 hon\r ( ! ,a!nians :o fell at ,potidaea1 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 is pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum#bdf4 ,we may also consid] z public a tomb erect$ at ,corfu by ,amphilo*ian soldi]s to "o ( _! comrades :o _h fall5 9 a skirmi% on ! opposite coa/#bdg4 ,x dates f ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c43-- ,= !e a bitt] fate ?y fri5ds behold ,( ,amphilo*ian l& ! w>riors bold1 ,:5 by ,illyrian horse 9 battle sla9 ,)9 an isl& tomb ?y bones rema94 ,!y left !e n1 :5 ?\ wa/ ly+ l[1 ,?y comrades brave well-skill$ ! d>t to ?r[2 ,f deadly battle-press ?y corpse !y save1 ,& m\rn+ k9sm5 be> !e to ! grave4 ,public epitaphs su* z ^! are 9 ! highe/ degree objective4 ,!y rec\nt ! de$s ( a h]o & deplore 8 dea?1 b !y seldom indulge 9 moral reflection1 or speak ( any future life4 ,?is is 9 fact ! "* ( all e>ly epitaphs1 :e!r f private or public graves4 ,i w cite a few ( ! six? c5tury to beg9 )4 ,! tomb ( ,m5ecrates at ,corfu is well kn[n to _m travell]s1 f its beautiful situation4 ,! inscription1 writt5 9 ar*aic *>act]s ( ,cor9?1 runs ?us#bdh3 #8,?is tomb is ( ,m5ecrates son ( ,tlesias ( ! race ( ,oean!3 ! p rais$ x to him4 ,he 0 prox5us1 belov$ by ! p1 & di$ at sea1 & 0 buri$ by ! /roke ( o>s ( ! public %ips#bdi4 ,praxim5es1 com+ f 8 native city1 rais$ ) ! p ?is memorial to 8 bro!r4' ,m5ecrates seems to h be5 consul or prox5us ( ,cor9? at ,corcyra1 & 0 succe$$ 9 t (fice by 8 bro!r ,praxim5es4 ,! sculptur$ lion f\nd on ! spot may belong to ! tomb ( ,m5ecrates2 b x m probably belongs to ano!r tomb ( ! same age erect$ to "o ,arniadas1 :i* be>s a v simple record#bej1 #8,?is is ! tomb ( ,arniadas3 bright-ey$ ,ares 0 8 dea?1 z he f\ght by ! %ips at ! /reams ( ,ara?us1 do+ _m valiant de$s 9 ! sad battle-/rife4' ,! qualities ( mod]ation1 ( self-control & ( nobility :i* belong pre-em95tly to almo/ all ,greek productions ( ! fif? c5tury1 are 9 no?+ to be obs]v$ m cle>ly ?an 9 ! epitaphs ( t p]iod4 ,a few specim5s w suffice z well z _m to exhibit ?is "*4 ,_m or mo/ ( !m record a dea? 9 battle3 x appe>s t only :5 a man ?us di$ = 8 c\ntry or 0 o!rwise especially di/+ui%$1 0 he all[$ an epitaph record+ m ?an 8 "n & t ( 8 fa!r4 ,a grave at ,anactorium#bea ( ! fif? c5tury be>s ! inscription1 #8,?is tomb ne> ! way %all be call$ by ! "n ( ,procleidas1 :o di$ fight+ = 8 c\ntry4' ,ano!r at ,?isbe#beb 9 ,boeotia reads1 #8,de> to citiz5s & fri5ds ,i fell 9 ! front ranks fight+ valiantly4' ,! foll[+ record civic or p]sonal r ?an milit>y m]it4 ,f ,!spiae#bec1 #8,z a memorial ov] ,olaidas :5 he di$ ,i 0 erect$ by 8 fa!r ,ossilus1 to :om 8 dep>ture br\ght sorr[4' ,f ,tanagra#bed1 #8,?y native city1 ,c]c9us son ( ,phoxius1 ,h]acleia 9 ,pontus1 %all h sorr[ at ?y dea? among our fri5ds2 s nev] %all we =get ?y praise3 greatly did ,i admire ?y nature4' ,! #8,i' ( ! =m] ( ^! two epitaphs is ! tomb/one2 ! #8,i' ( ! second is a sorr[+ fri5d4 ,! epitaphs ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 are ( simil> "*1 b some:at m abundant & less rigid 9 type4 ,! foll[+ f ,oreus 9 ,euboea#bee is decid$ly pleas+3 ,9 bloom ( y\? by praise ?y fame 0 spread1 ,9 blameless ways ?y *ildi% days 7 sp$3 ,9 man's e/ate1 :5 law & c\ntry bade1 ,:]e ho/ile ranks by ,ares 7 array$1 ,a horseman1 ?\ did/ /rive ) fair r5[n ,?y fa!rs & ?y fa!rl& to cr[n4 ,?is tomb1 to m>k ?y wor?1 ?y sire do? raise1 ,?y city decks x ) unceas+ praise4 ,an epitaph f ,!bes#bef seems to h be5 erect$ ov] a soldi] ( ! ,sacr$ ,w>3 #8,:5 "y ,i cultivat$ m]rim5t 7 7 associat+ ) my companions 9 ! gymnasium4 ,i die 9 w>1 be>+ aid to ! ,delphic l&4 ,my gr&fa!r 0 ,eu5oridas1 my fa!r ,neon4' ,9 ?is epigram notes q unfamili> to ! ,*ri/ian _w are /ruck4 ,! deceas$ _h fall5 on :at might h pass$ z a crusade1 an exp$ition to puni% ! sacrilegi\s aggression ( ! ,phocians on ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,yet in/ead ( dwell+ on su* religi\s m]it1 ! epitaph speaks ( 8 *e]9ess ( disposition & 8 sociability1 ( 8 wor%ip ( ! #8goddess fair & free1 9 heav5 yclept ,euphrosyne4' ,9 fact no quality is m (t5 m5tion$ ) praise 9 sepul*ral inscriptions ?an ! social habits ( ! deceas$4 ,an inscription ( ! same age f ,a!ns#beg seems to record ! success ( a comic actor1 :o is prais$ especially = hav+ ov]come 8 natural disqualification = 8 pursuit3 #8,all ,hellas admires !e1 ,eu?ias1 & misses !e 9 ! sacr$ fe/ivals2 nor )\t cause4 ,= ?r\gh art1 n natural gift1 9 v9e-cr[n$ com$y ( g5tle mir? ?\ wa/ second 9 rank1 b fir/ 9 art4' ,9 a?letic sports also we le>n t ! spectators mo/ applaud$ ^? :o won by sci5ce1 n m]e /r5g?4 ,ano!r contempor>y inscription f ,a!ns#beh is 9 m poetic =m3 #8,div9e ,mode/y1 daught] ( high-m9d$ ,%ame1 "o :o valu$ above all !e & w>like ,val\r1 ,cleidemus ( ,melita son ( ,cleidemides is "h buri$4' ,x w be obs]v$ t all ! epigrams hi!rto cit$ are f ! graves ( m51 n wom54 ,inde$1 inscriptions f wom5's tombs v seldom1 at ?is e>ly "t1 conta9 m ?an ! "n ) t ( fa!r or husb&4 ,g5]ally speak+1 until ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ! wom5 ( ,greece 7 cont5t to %9e ) borr[$ light1 & to be notable 9 ! home r ?an 9 ! city4 ,( sculptural hon\r !y _h1 z we h se51 ev5 m ?an _! %>e2 b to praise a woman 9 public might well seem to h] fri5ds to approa* indelicacy4 ,9 ! lat] age inscriptions record+ female wor? are frequ5t4 ,!re is no "q t z ! public life ( ,greece decay$1 wom5 became m & m prom95t 9 ! cities4 ,x is n easy to assign1 on epigraphic gr\nds1 an exact date to sepul*ral inscriptions ( ! ?ird & lat] c5turies d[n to ,roman ,imp]ial times4 ,p>tly = ?is reason1 & p>tly because ! lat] epitaphs ( ,greece really =m "o class1 ,i pref] to gr\p !m r by subject ?an by p]iod4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y h m lit]>y pret5sions ?an e>li] epitaphs1 & _! "* is m p]sonal & subjective1 s t !y give u in=mation on _m subjects z to :i* e>ly inscriptions are sil5t4 ,an epitaph f ,melos#bei ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 is set ov] a wife1 b x be>s a suspici\s appe>ance ( be+ ! composition ( ! husb&3 #8,i love ev5 9 dea? my husb&1 = ) no common c>e he made me a tomb conspicu\s to all4 ,& me 8 wife he made equal to ! h]oes 9 v5]ation 9 memory ( ! sweet joys ( love4' ,z a memorial ( a "y man :o met ) "s accid5t on ! %ore ( ,leucas#bfj1 ! foll[+ epigram 0 grav53 #8,unfav\rable wea!r kept back ,telesphorus & loos$ 8 girdle 7i4e4 delay$ ! gird+ ( 8 lo9s = a j\rney74 ,! %ore prov$ fatal to him2 & de/9y w\ld no long] wait4 ,alas6 = 8 untimely dea?1 & 8 sad p>5ts6' ,we may next cite a c\ple ( ,boeotian epitaphs inscrib$ ov] lit]>y m54 ,f ,l>ymna#bfa3 #8,behold1 /rang]1 "h ! tomb ( dep>t$ ,philo1 :o gave himself to ! skill$ pursuit ( polite lett]s1 :ile to all ! citiz5s ( ,l>ymna he %[$ a nature ev] fri5dly4 ,e>ly he has quitt$ 8 life yet at its prime2 & ) univ]sal m\rn+ 8 city weeps 8 loss4' ,/ill m detail$ is ! foll[+1 f ,or*om5us#bfb1 ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 set up ov] "o ,philocrates ( ,sidon3 #8,?\ boa/$/ a maturity1 ,philocrates1 n unwor?y ( ?y e>li] life1 urg$ on by ! subtle m9d4 ,= f e>ly y\?1 z is "r1 ?\ had/ be5 famili> ) ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus1 easy to und]/&4 ,!n1 ob$i5t to ! rudd] ( ,=tune#bfc1 9 a w&]+ life1 ?\ did/ preside at ! conte/s ( m5 among ! ,m9yae#bfd4 ,n[ ?\ lie/ close to ?y son1 ?y limbs t\*+ 81 )\t sorr[1 hav+ come out ( life to jo9 him gone be=e4' ,sometimes inscriptions ( ?is biographic "* conta9 lit]>y t\*es4 ,= example1 on a public tomb at ,!ra#bfe1 set up 9 hon\r ( ,admetus1 prie/ ( ,apollo ,c>neius1 ! epitaph ends1 #8leav+ to wife & "m heavy grief3 yet :at wond]8 ev5 ,!tis _h to m\rn ! loss ( ! sla9 ,a*illes4' ,! epitaphs :i* express a s5tim5t z to human life are usually ( ,roman age4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 cite a few ( !m1 9 ord] to complete our survey4 ,an epitaph f ,samos#bff ends ) ! reflection1 #8,if due acc\nt 7 made ( piety1 nev] w\ld my home h incurr$ su* mis=tunes z ^!4' ,"o f ,tanagra#bfg ends1 #8,o mortals1 turn y\r ?\ghts to :at is paltry3 if y m$itate bett] ?+s1 ,hades is envi\s ( ! good4' ,^! are feel+s :i* d\btless (t5 t\* ! m9ds ( relatives & fri5ds 9 our days1 b on ?is p>ticul> po9t we are m "u ! dom9ion ( conv5tion ?an 7 ! ,greeks2 & ! utt]ances ( cynicism or despair are mo/ly exclud$ f our gravey>ds4 ,! foll[+ f ,!spiae#bfh is m 9 ! l9e ( propriety3 #8,:o w\ld n weep ov] ! va9 hopes ( p>5ts1 look+ at me8' ,_m epitaphs ( ! lat] p]iod conta9 "s /atem5t z to ! de/9y ( ! _s4 ,su* /atem5ts are1 h[ev]1 usually express$ 9 v conv5tional =m2 !y h ! air r ( poetical amplification ?an ( a real hope beyond ! grave4 ,9 ?is respect !y contra/ m>k$ly ) e>ly ,*ri/ian inscriptions2 9 :i*1 h[ev] r\gh & inelegant ! =m may be1 !re lies an unmi/akable air ( real feel+4 ,a pagan epitaph ( ,sp>ta#bfi1 ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 runs3 #8,adorn$ ) e virtue1 noble ,titanius1 son ( ,paeon1 ?\ possesse/ ! ,isl& ( ! ,ble/4' ,we c sc>cely imag9e t at ?is late p]iod ! ,isl& ( ! ,ble/ liv$ 9 popul> belief1 or t ! phrase is any?+ b a poetical rem9isc5ce4 ,an epitaph1 :i* may h be5 writt5 b5ea? ! sculptur$ dog1 on ! tomb ( ,diog5es ! ,cynic#bgj1 runs ?us3 #8,lies he "h1 :o dwelt 9 an e>!n cask8 ,aye1 truly2 b n[ t he is dead1 he has ! />s = 8 home4' ,) ?is optimi/ic rhetoric we may comp>e ! cynical & pessimi/ic rhetoric ( ano!r epitaph1 #8,mix ! w9e1 & dr9k deep ) br[s cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 nor scorn ! delights ( love3 all ! re/ at dea? is consum$ by e>? & fire#bga4' ,z ?is epigram accompani$ a relief :i* repres5t$ a man recl9+ at table1 ! :ole seems to h be5 a cynical trave/y ( ! banquet+ reliefs above discuss$4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 m5tion is made ( ,hades & ,p]sephone1 or :]e we cat* an e*o ( ,orphic phrase1 we may suspect a m s]i\s mean+4 ,9 ! foll[+1 = example1 f ,crommyon#bgb1 ! op5+ phrase seems to belong to ,orphism & ! ,my/]ies1 #8,i ,philo/rata h gone back to ! s\rce :5ce ,i came1 leav+ ! bondage 9 :i* nature yok$ me4 ,hav+ fill$ up ! measure ( f\rte5 ye>s1 9 ! fifte5?1 a virg91 ,i quitt$ ! body1 *ildless1 unw$d$1 a maid54 ,may ^? to :om life is an object ( desire gr[ old to _! he>ts' cont5t4' ,! same "* atta*es to ! foll[+1 f ,meg>a#bgc3 #8,! body ( ,nicocrates re/s 9 ! lap ( e>?2 8 he>t 77 has fl$ above to ! div9e ae!r4 ,?anks to !e1 ,pluto1 k9dly deity1 = ?is de/9y4 ,g5tle & lovable1 a fav\rite ) all 0 ! son ( ,callity*us2 n[ ano!r & a div9e light receives him4' ,we occasionally f9d m5tion made ( ,h]mes 9 epitaphs z lead] & fri5d ( dep>t$ spirits4 ,an anonym\s epitaph ( ! ,palat9e ,an?ology#bgd1 reads ?us3 #8,!y say t ,h]mes leads ! good on ! way t be>s to ! "r f ! pyre to ,rhadaman?ys3 by ?is way ,ari/on\s1 ! mu*-m\rn$ son ( ,*a]e/ratus1 w5t d[n to ! abode ( ,hades1 :o receives all m54' ,! phrase #8be>s to ! "r' mu/ ref] to "s kn[n *>t or description ( ! pa?s ( s\ls1 :i* are describ$ 9 great] detail 9 "s ( ! ,orphic inscriptions4 ,= example1 on a gold tablet f\nd at ,petelia 9 ,italy#bge1 buri$ d\btless ) "o :o _h be5 initiat$ 9 ! ,orphic ,my/]ies1 we f9d a sort ( guide or way-book = ! la/ j\rney3 #8,?\ %alt f9d on ! left ( ! abode ( ,hades a well1 & beside x plant$ a :ite cypress4 ,& ?\ %alt f9d ano!r1 cold wat] fl[+ f ! ,lake ( ,mnemosyne3 be=e x /& gu>ds4 ,!n %alt ?\ say1 8,i am a *ild ( e>? & />ry heav51 b a heav5ly race is m9e1 z ye y\rselves "k4 ,i am dry & fa9t ) ?ir/2 give me !n spe$ily cold wat] fl[+ f ! lake ( ,mnemosyne40' ,! spr+ on ! left1 ! "n ( :i* is n giv51 is d\btless t ( ,le!1 or =getfulness4 ,! s\l :i* wi%es to claim its immortal rights mu/ avoid ?is wat]1 & dem& 9 virtue ( its div9e nature "s ( ! o!r wat]1 t ( memory1 t its individuality may n be lo/4 ,?is seems to be ! pa? to ! "r1 on :i* ,h]mes leads ^? :o h 9 _! lifetime prep>$ !mselves = ! j\rney4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply epitaphs ( ?is k9d1 b !y w\ld lead u into regions ( ?\ght & belief outside ! limits ( ?is book1 :i* is conc]n$ n ) ! op9ions ( ,greek philosoph]s & my/ics b ( e-day p4 ,a prie/ess ( ,zeus1 at ,argos#bgf1 seems to h f\nd a tomb 9 ! sacr$ prec9ct ( ! god2 :5ce h] epitaph runs3 #8,! div9e rul]1 to :om x 0 my hon\r to m9i/] :5 alive1 took my blameless life & gave me ?is fav\r among ! dead4 ,h5ce ,i h n a tomb und]gr\nd1 b dwell 9 ! place ( ! ble/1 9 ! gold5 home ( ! gods4' ,"h !re seems to be a play ^u ! place ( burial1 z involv+ a p>allel exaltation ( ! _s4 ,an elegant epitaph by ,dionysius ( ,magnesia1 /ill extant1 f ,p>os#bgg1 beg9s by an inquiry z to ! "n ( ! dead p]son1 !n goes on to n>rate ! hi/ory ( h] life1 & ends ) an appeal to ,p]sephone1 & a k9dly greet+ to survivors3-- ,o ,maid ( _m names1 ,que5 rul+ wide1 ,h] by ! h& to pi\s places guide4 ,on all :o1 pass+1 greet ! s\l bel[ ,) k9dly ^w1 may ,god "s good be/[4 ,?is epigram br+s u to ! la/ class ( extant epitaphs1 t 9 :i* ! pass]-by is address$ 9 fri5dly or 9 ?reat5+ language4 ,?is k9d is n exclusively late3 we h already se5 t ! ,sp>tan epitaph at ,!rmopylae addresses ! wayf>]1 & bids him c>ry a message to ,sp>ta4 ,b x is v common on late tombs4 ,9 an epitaph f ,crete#bgh1 ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! wayf>] is reque/$ to say z he passes1 #8,may e>? lie light on !e4' ,9 ano!r1 ( ! same age1 f ,pholeg&ros#bgi1 we read1 #8,hav+ dute\sly greet$ me1 ! dead ,diog5es1 g1 /rang]1 to ?9e own affairs1 & may !y prosp] at ?y w4' ,! g5tle cu/om ( giv+ a pass+ greet+ at ! tomb1 9 ! ^w p1 seems to h be5 usual among ! ,greeks4 ,?us easily "o kept on good t]ms ) ! dead1 & won _! fri5dly wi%es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any sort ( viol5ce done to a grave or its inmates br\ght d[n on ! sacrilegi\s violator all k9ds ( plagues & mis]ies1 :i* are sometimes1 9 late ,roman times1 set =? 9 ! epitaph itself1 9 t]rorem4 ,sometimes a sum ( money is m5tion$ :i* ! violator mu/ pay z a f9e to r$eem 8 guilt2 b sometimes he is ?reat5$ ) dir] p5alties1 g\t & fev] & _m o!r diseases4 ,! tomb ( ,annia ,regilla1 wife ( ,h]odes ,atticus1 at ,a!ns1 be>s an inscription 9 :i* ! pray] is set =? t = any "o :o di/urbs ! grave ! e>? may refuse to be> fruit & ! sea refuse to be> 8 %ips1 & t he & 8 race may p]i% mis]ably4 ,bless+s are heap$ on all :o may hon\r ! burial-place4 ,our m9ds naturally pass to ! well-kn[n epitaph on ,%akespe>e's tomb at ,/rat=d1 :i* may p]haps h be5 fram$ on an anci5t model4 ,at a decid$ly high] lit]>y level ?an ! epitaphs collect$ f ,greek grave/ones are _m ( ^? put toge!r 9 ! sev5? book ( ! ,palat9e ,an?ology4 ,all real lov]s ( ,greek lett]s are acqua9t$ ) ! delightful epigrams writt5 by poets ( ! ,hell5i/ic age to adorn ! tomb3 gems ( ,callima*us1 ( ,meleag]1 ( ,leonidas ( ,t>5tum1 & o!rs4 ,engli% poets1 f ,dr4 ,johnson to ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 h devot$ h\rs ( leisure to r5d]+ 9 ,engli% v]se ^! fl[]s ( anci5t poetry1 :i* are be/ *>act]iz$ 9 ! well-kn[n words z slight ?+s b roses1 4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we accept ! comp>ison ( ! ,epigrams ( ! ,an?ology to roses1 we mu/ rememb] t our roses are highly cultivat$ & civiliz$ fl[]s4 ,no p]son ) any lit]>y disc]nm5t w\ld comp>e !m to ! bri]-rose1 ! anemone1 or ! primrose4 ,9 previ\s *apt]s ( ?is "w ,i h occasionally v5tur$ on v]sions ( ,greek epitaphs f ! ,an?ology4 ,yet1 9 view ( ! purpose & "* ( ?is book1 we c make b c>eful & scant use ( t collection4 ,roses may be a suitable adornm5t = a tomb1 b :5 "o is anxi\s c>efully to /udy ! =m ( ! monum5t & to exam9e its sculptural decoration & its epitaph1 roses may be 9 ! way4 ,z x comes d[n to u1 ! ,an?ology is put toge!r on lit]>y r ?an hi/oric pr9ciples4 ,dates & s*ools are mix$ up ) ! mo/ p]plex+ indiff]5ce4 ,epigrams ( ,simonides & ,sappho are plac$ next to ! v]ses ( ,callima*us & ,ar*ias1 ( ,ruf9us & ,paulus ,sil5ti>ius1 au?ors :o betwe5 !m cov] a space ( m ?an a mill5nium4 ,&1 moreov]1 9 no dep>tm5t ( ,greek lett]s is ! rhetorical & epideictic _s1 t pe/ ( ,greece1 m rampant ?an 9 ! epigram4 ,! great majority ( sepul*ral epigrams 7 writt51 n to duly hon\r ! dead1 b to display ! lit]>y ta/e & +5uity ( ! poet4 ,s t :ile we admire greatly ! f9i%$ & exquisite beauty ( ^! poems1 we c seldom suppose t !y embody mu* feel+ or conta9 mu* ?\ght4 ,"o class ( epitaphs 9 ! ,an?ology1 ! anonym\s1 has m actuality1 be+ commonly transcrib$ f actual tomb/ones3 b f ! lit]>y po9t ( view ^! are ! poore/4 ,i propose1 h[ev]1 to give 9 ?is place r5d]+s ( a few ( ^! lit]>y epitaphs1 select+ su* z belong to an e>li] p]iod1 & su* z h "s int]e/ 9 _! matt]1 & n m]ely 9 _! /yle4 ,9 "s cases ,i give a v]sion ( my own2 9 o!r cases ,i use ! elegant translations :i* ,dr4 ,james ,williams1 ( ,l9coln ,college1 has k9dly plac$ at my disposal4 ,we f9d n r>ely on ,greek tombs ( all p]iods colloquies betwe5 ! dead & wayf>]s4 ,! foll[+ is a lit]>y v]sion by ,leonidas#bhj ( su* a dialogue1 c>ri$ on 9 a /yle ( /ately c\rtesy3-- #8,lady1 :at "n1 :at fa!r do/ ?\ own1 ,t lie? 'nea? ?is %aft ( ,p>ian /one8' #8,prexo1 ! daught] ( ,calliteles4' #8,:]e wa/ ?\ born8' #8,beside ! ,samian seas4' #8,:o paid !e fitt+ fun]al hon\rs ?us8' #8,! husb& ( my y\?1 ,!ocritus4' #8,h[ came ?y dea?8' #8,9 *ildb$ did ,i die4' #8,?9e age8' #8,b two & tw5ty ye>s liv$ ,i4' #8,& *ildless8' #8,nay1 ( "m's c>e b]eft1 ,calliteles1 j ?ree ye>s old1 0 left4' #8,long life & ripe old age ?y boy await4' #8,fri5d1 all good ?+s be %[]$ on !e by fate4' ,! foll[+ be>s ! "n ( ,sappho#bha3-- ,! du/ ( ,timas3 ere h] bridal %e ,saw ! d>k *amb] ( ,p]sephone4 ,_! lovely hair h] playmates (f]$ "h1 ,cut (f to hon\r h] :o 0 s de>4 ,?is seems ( ar*aic simplicity comp>$ ) ! metrical epitaph on ,cle>i/a by ,meleag]1 already cit$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,no?+ c\ld well be simpl] also ?an ! foll[+ by ,callima*us#bhb1 ^: art 9 ?is case conceals art3-- ,saon ! son ( ,dicon "h do? lie ,9 holy sleep3 ! good c nev] die4 ,a *>m+ epitaph#bhc on "o ,amynti*us1 be+ anonym\s1 is probably f a real tomb3-- ,de> e>?1 receive ,amynti*us to re/1 ,m9dful ( all 8 lab\r sp5t on !e2 ,!e ) ! b\ghs ( ,bac*us (t he dress$1 ,& 9 !e plant$ (t ! olive-tree1 ,fill$ !e ) ,deo's gra91 & tr5*es l$ ,to make !e ri* 9 h]bs & autumn fruits4 ,lie ?\ !n lightly on 8 ho>y head1 ,& busk 8 tomb ) spr+tide's t5d] %oots4 ,an epitaph1 by ,leonidas#bhd ( ,t>5tum1 on "o ,clitagoras1 ref]s to (f]+s at ! tomb1 su* z we h spok5 ( 9 ,*apt] ,,ii3-- ,%eph]ds1 :o t5d ^u yon m\nta9 /eep ,y\r h]ds ( goats & flocks ( fleecy %eep1 ,a little gift ,clitagoras to-day ,= sake ( ,que5 ,p]sephone do? pray2 ,i w\ld t %eep %\ld bleat1 & f a rock ,a %eph]d pipe s(t music to 8 flock2 ,& let "o h9d cull fre% "y mead[-bloom ,9 e>ly spr+1 & cr[n !re) my tomb2 ,ano!r take & milk a "m ewe ,& ) ! /ream ?is fun]al /one b$ew2 ,! dead are rea*$ by k9dly acts ( m51 ,& e'en ! dead c make return aga94 ,?is is a pa/oral picture well wor?y ( ,!ocritus2 ! la/ two l9es %[ h[ p]si/5tly !re l+]$ among ! ,greek peasants t notion ( ! ex*ange ( s]vices betwe5 dead & liv+ ( :i* ,i h spok5 above4 ,sometimes n only human be+s b also fav\rite animals _h _! tombs & epitaphs4 ,especially1 we are told1 0 ?is ! case at ,agrig5tum 9 ,sicily1 a city :i* paid de>ly = its luxury & effem9acy at ! "t ( ! ,c>?ag9ian invasion ( ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! foll[+#bhe1 by ,meleag]1 0 = a h>e3-- ,a long-e>$ h>e 0 ,i & swift ( feet1 ,:5 ,pha5ium /ole me f my "m's brea/4 ,%e gave me "y spr+ fl[]s to be my meat1 ,& 9 h] bosom (t ,i lay c>ess$4 ,true "m %e6 b dea? soon came to me1 ,good liv+ made me fat & ov]f$4 ,"h lie ,i 'nea? h] *amb] floor1 t %e ,9 dreams may see my tomb beside h] b$4 ,we are "h cle>ly 9 ! region ( elegant trifles3 & be+ !re we may give a few m specim5s ( ! poetic art :i*1 l ! acan?us1 gave an elegant f9i% to ! tomb4 ,! foll[+ is ,meleag]'s lam5t ov] ,heliodora#bhf3-- ,to ,hades1 ,heliodora1 f above1 ,i s5d ^! te>s1 ! relics ( my love1 ,te>s h>d to weep2 & on ?y tomb ,i p\r ,?is memory ( lov+ days ( yore4 ,o bitt]1 bitt]1 d>l+1 is my woe ,a bootless gift = ,a*]on bel[4 ,:]e is my fl[]8 ,by ,hades snat*$ away1 ,! budd+ blossom is b du/ to-day4 ,grant1 ,"m ,e>?1 t "o s de> z %e ,may s(tly 9 ?y arms enfold$ be4 ,! next epitaph1 by ,philip ( ,!ssalonica1 is q ,hell5i/ic 9 "*#bhg3-- ,ar*iteles ! ,sculptor1 :]e 0 laid ,8 son1 ) m\rnful h& ! tomb/one made4 ,n cut ) iron tool ! l9es appe>2 ,! /one 0 furr[$ by ! frequ5t te>4 ,o /one6 lie lightly1 t ! dead may "k ,a h& inde$ pat]nal set !e s4 ,i cite only ! end ( ano!r epitaph1 by ,h]acleitus1 :i* is said to h adorn$ ! tomb ( a lady nam$ ,aretemias#bhh4 ,x is s neat & compress$ t ,i h 9 va9 tri$ to r5d] x 9 an ,engli% h]oic di/i*3--#8,tw9 sons ,i b>e3 "o ,i left to my husb& z a /ay ( old age2 "o ,i take ) me z a memorial ( my husb&4' ,we may add a c\ple m epitaphs :i* cle>ly belong to ! epideictic or rhetorical class1 b :i* please by ! neatness ( _! =m4 ,"o by ,damagetes#bhi pr(esses to record ! la/ words ( a lady nam$ ,!ano1 ( ,phocaea1 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,phocaeans6 he> ! moan ,!ano made1 ,z night receiv$ h] ) et]nal %ade4 #8,h[ sad my lot6 ,af> "s unkn[n sea ,9 ?y swift %ip1 my husb&1 be>e? !e4 ,fate /&s beside my b$4 ,ah6 w]t ?\ by1 ,hold+ ?y lov+ h& t ,i might die4' ,! foll[+ pr(esses to belong to a tomb ( ,ajax#bij1 on :i* 0 plac$ a m\rn+ woman1 :o repres5t$ 8 unappreciat$ wor? or val\r3-- ,on ,ajax' tomb ) closely %av5 hair ,i sit1 sad ,wor?1 9 semblance ( despair1 ,grief-/ruck at he>t t ) ! ,a*aean ho/ ,deceitful ,fraud m weight ?an ,i c boa/4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,lat] ,,monum5ts ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,greece ,prop] are all on a mode/ scale1 & notewor?y on acc\nt ( _! beauty ( design & *>m ( s5tim5t r ?an = _! magnific5ce or co/l9ess4 ,9 ord] to f9d sumptu\s tombs erect$ by ,greek ar*itects & decorat$ by ! great ,greek sculptors1 we mu/ cross ov] into ,asia4 ,we h 9 a previ\s *apt] spok5 ( "s ( ! monum5ts ( ,asia ,m9or :i* are contempor>y ) ! e>lie/ tombs ( ,greece4 ,we h n[ to obs]ve h[ ,greece 9 ! lat] fif? & ! f\r? c5turies paid back ! arti/ic debt :i* %e ow$ to ,asia4 ,! cu/om ( erect+ magnific5t memorials ( dep>t$ rul]s long prevail$ 9 all p>ts ( ,asia4 ,& :5 ,greece /ood )\t a rival 9 ! arts ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 x 0 natural t ! weal?y pr9ces :o plann$ ! monum5ts ( _! pr$ecessors1 or sometimes _! own de/9$ tombs1 %\ld import ,greek arti/s1 & all[ !m a free h& to produce great mausoleums1 9 :i* ! art ( ,greece regi/]$ 9 beautiful =ms ! affection ( k9sfolk & ! v5]ation ( subject populations4 ,)\t at all int5d+ to exhau/ ! subject1 ,i propose to give "s acc\nt ( a few ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! monum5ts1 especially ( ! ,n]eid monum5t & ! ,gyeulba%i h]oon 9 ,lycia1 & ! ,mausoleum a ,halic>nassus4 ,^! tombs ,i select n z typical ( _! age & c\ntry1 b r z exceptional4 ,!y repres5t ! almo/ complete victory 9 ,asia n only ( ,greek art1 b ev5 ( ,greek ideas4 ,side by side ) ^! monum5ts !re 7 erect$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & especially 9 ,lycia1 tombs 9 :i* native t5d5cies1 su* z we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt] 7 /ill dom9ant4 ,sir ,*>les ,fell[s br\ght f ,lycia "s tombs ( ?is "*1 & ca/s ( ! reliefs ( o!rs :i* rema9 9 _! site4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ repres5tation is f a tomb at ,cady&a#bia1 on :i* we see banquet+ sc5es1 danc+ figures1 a gr\p ( f\r girls play+ ) knucklebones1 & s =?1 ) bil+ual inscriptions 9 ,greek & ,lycian4 ,b to comm5t on ^! sc5es z if !y 7 ( ,hell5ic orig9 w\ld lead u f> a/ray4 ,l ! pa9t+s & reliefs ( ,etruria1 !y repres5t a peculi> & lo/ phase ( civilization1 ?9ly v5e]$ by ! art & ?\ght ( ,hellas4 ,9 8 ?ird j\rney ?r\gh ,lycia1 9 #ahdb1 ,sir ,*>les ,fell[s discov]$1 n f> f ! agora ( ,xan?us1 a l(ty /one basis1 "s #cc feet by #bb 9 dim5sions2 & 9 close connexion ) x a l>ge quantity ( reliefs & ( fragm5ts ( ,ionic ar*itecture#bib4 ,leav+ ! basis :]e x /ood1 he br\ght to ,engl& ! sculpture2 & by ! lab\rs ( ,engli% ar*aeologi/s ! tomb to :i* bo? basis & sculpture belong$ has be5 recon/ruct$4 ,i repeat ! re/oration ( ,falk5]#bic1 :i* has be5 accept$ by ,ov]beck & o!r au?orities 7,fig4 #gd74 ,! re/oration is n 9 all po9ts c]ta94 ,z ! basis rema9s !re _c be any "q z to its =m & ! position ( ! sculptur$ friezes :i* adorn$ x4 ,& ! exam9ation ( ! upp] surface ( ! basis e/abli%$ a pt]on or l9e ( columns all r\nd1 ) /atues /&+ 9 ! int]columniations4 ,b z to ! position ( ! friezes :i* belong to ! upp] "p ( ! monum5t1 & z to ! acrot]ia :i* ,falk5] places on ! top ( all1 !re rema9s consid]able unc]ta9ty4 ,! :ole ( ! sculpture may be /udi$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & is publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,mi*aelis 9 ! t5? volume ( ! ,roman ,monum5ti dell' ,in/ituto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,n]eid ,,monum5t1 ,,falk5]4 ,f ! pres5t po9t ( view ! mo/ important ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,gable ,,( ,,n]eid ,,monum5t4 ! sc5es depict$ on ?is monum5t is to be f\nd 9 "o ( ! p$im5ts#bid 7,fig4 #ge74 ,! h]o ( :om ! tomb is a memorial is seat$ 9 /ate1 sceptre 9 h&3 8 wife sits opposite1 & ! *ildr5 are gr\p$ ab\t !m4 ,fur!r to ! "r are att5dants on a small] scale4 ,"o dog is asleep "u ! ma/]'s *air1 ano!r lies 9 ! corn] ( ! p$im5t4 ,9 ! o!r p$im5t !re is a w>like sc5e1 ( :i* only "o-half is pres]v$4 ,! midmo/ figure1 d\btless ! h]o aga91 is on horseback#bie *>g+ an ov]?r[n foe1 to ^: aid 8 companions1 clad z ,greek hoplites1 hurry =w>d4 ,! repres5tation "h is no d\bt ( "s notable feat ( arms ( ! own] ( ! tomb4 ,to ! w>like sc5e ! peaceful sc5e fir/ describ$ corresponds4 ,at fir/ sight x seems m]ely a picture out ( daily life3 b if we be> 9 m9d ! ord9>y symbolism ( ! ,greek tomb we may fairly f9d 9 x "s sepul*ral significance4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! *ildr5 ab\t _! p>5ts rem9ds u ( _m ,attic sepul*ral reliefs1 & ! tra9 ( att5dants be>s a decid$ resemblance to ! gr\p ( vot>ies usual on h]oiz+ reliefs4 ,9 fact1 we f9d "h :at is call$ by ar*aeologi/s a contam9ation4 ,! ,asiatic cu/om ( reg>d+ a tomb z a monum5t ( ! fame & a record ( ! exploits ( "s great rul] or lead] ( m5 is p5etrat$ by ! g5ius ( ,attic sepul*ral art1 & takes new & m beautiful =ms4 ,treat+ ! two p$im5ts z /rik+ ! keynote ( ! :ole sculptural adornm5t ( ! monum5t1 we %all n hesitate to f9d 9 all its repres5tations allusions to ! life & exploits ( ! h]o :om x commemorates4 ,b ( ! f\r friezes :i* encircl$ ! build+ at v>i\s heights1 ?ree furni% u ) in=mation :i* is too vague to be hi/orically useful4 ,! !me ( ! fir/ is battle1 ( ! ?ird hunt+1 ( ! f\r? fea/+ & repose4 ,x is only ! frieze numb]$ z ! second 9 ! publications :i* gives u m detail$ & accurate in=mation4 ,"h are unfold$ to u ! successive sc5es ( ! siege & capture ( a ho/ile city2 ! battle be=e ! walls1 ! attempt to /orm & ! def5ce1 ! p>ley+ & surr5d]1 ! escape ( "s ( ! inhabitants & ! lead+ into captivity ( o!rs4 ,9 ! sc5e ( capitulation ! c5tral figure is an ,ea/]n k+ or rul]1 9 ,p]sian cap2 beh9d him an att5dant be>s a sun%ade2 ar\nd him /& 8 gu>ds4 ,?is pot5tate is approa*$ by two eld]ly m51 /aid & dignifi$1 :o are cle>ly ! repres5tatives ( ! city1 & come ask+ = t]ms4 ,9 o!r sc5es we f9d a bold b a necess>ily unsuccessful attempt to repres5t )\t due p]spective ! city walls ) ! heads ( ! def5d]s %[+ above !m1 ! wom5 wail+1 ! attack+ =ce adju/+ ! ladd]s = scal+1 or repuls+ sorties ( ! besieg$4 ,! siege & ! capture ( a ho/ile city 0 evid5tly "o ( ! mo/ notable ev5ts ( ! life ( ! h]o ( ! monum5t4 ,) "s plausibility ar*aeologi/s h f\nd allusion to ! same siege 9 ! beautiful figures ( wom5 :i* /ood betwe5 ! columns ( ! pt]on1 ! temple-l /ructure :i* cr[n$ ! monum5t4 ,^! figures repres5t "y girls 9 ! dress ( ,attic maid5s fly+ 9 ha/e & al>m f "s dang] :i* ?reat5s !m4 ,at _! feet are v>i\s m>9e creatures3 ! dolph91 ! sea-snake1 a crab1 a wat]-bird1 or a fi%4 ,?is curi\s circum/ance has giv5 rise to ! commonly accept$ view t !y repres5t ,n]eid nymphs ha/ily escap+ ov] ! surface ( ! sea f "s rude al>m1 fly+ 9 disord] to _! fa!r ,n]eus1 z !y d on m ?an "o vase :5 ,peleus has laid h&s on _! si/] ,!tis4 ,:at m likely to cause a panic among ! %y & peaceful ladies ( ! sea ?an a m>9e battle1 or ev5 ! attack ( an army on a city ( ! seacoa/8 ,urli*s has tri$ to %[ t all ! hi/orical indications :i* may be d]iv$ f ! frieze ( ! siege & f ! pres5ce ( ! fly+ ,n]eids may be expla9$ if we assign ! tomb to ! k+ or satrap1 ,p]icles ( ,xan?us1 :o1 z we le>n f a fragm5t ( ,!opompus1 laid siege to ! neighb\r+ city ( ,telmessus1 & aft] a /ubborn resi/ance compell$ x to capitulate4 ,be=e we c accept or reject ?is !ory we mu/ briefly consid] two que/ions4 ,is an actual hi/oric ev5t depict$ on ! tomb1 or is ! repres5tation m]ely ( a my?ical siege ( ! pa/8 ,& :at is ! date ( ! monum5t8 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions ,i h already suffici5tly indicat$ my view4 ,! sculptural hi/ory ( ! siege is too detail$ & precise to be a r5d]+ ( a m]ely typical or ideal siege4 ,! two emiss>ies ( ! besieg]s mu/ h _h prototypes1 & rec5t prototypes1 9 real life2 & ! k+ be=e :om !y /& is no my?ical *ief1 b ! rul] = :om ! tomb 0 made4 ,?is has be5 disput$ by ,wolt]s1 b ! g5]al cons5sus ( ar*aeologi/s is aga9/ him4 ,on ! o!r po9t1 ! date ( ! monum5t1 !re has be5 mu* wid] div]g5ce ( op9ion4 ,at fir/1 9 ,engl&1 x 0 plac$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 z a monum5t ( ! conque/ ( ,xan?us by ,h>pagus1 ! g5]al ( ,cyrus4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is q impossible4 ,soon ! p5dulum swung too f> 9 ! o!r direction1 & ! sculpture 0 br\ght d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 & ev5 connect$ ) ! s*ool ( ,scopas4 ,! date fix$ by ,furtwngl]#bif1 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,9 ! =ms ( ! ,n]eids we may trace ! arti/ic influ5ce ( ! ,victory ( ,paeonius1 set up ab\t ,b4,c4 #dbd4 ,& if "s ( ! figures ( ! friezes be c>efully consid]$ !y w be f\nd to %[ traces ( undevelop$ art1 ev5 ( ar*aism4 ,! ,n]eid monum5t belongs to ! age ( ! ,p>!non & ! temple ( ,a!na ,nike1 n to ! age ( ! ,mausoleum4 ,if !re=e we 7 compell$1 z ,urli*s suppos$1 to assign ! tak+ ( ,telmessus by ,p]icles to s late a date z ! #ajbnd ,olympiad 7,b4,c4 #cgb71 we %\ld be oblig$ to give up its assignm5t to t k+4 ,b !re is no conclusive reason = ! date fix$ by ,urli*s4 ,!re is !re=e no improbability t our monum5t may be a memorial ( ,p]icles ( ,xan?us4 ,9 any case x has an important place among ! rema9s ( antiquity1 because x /&s 9 ! l9e ( desc5t1 a l9e m>k$ by _m lacunae1 :i* connects ! mural reliefs ( ,assyria1 ) _! fulness ( hi/oric detail1 & ! magnific5t monum5ts ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,! ,n]eid ,monum5t & t ( ,gyeulba%i1 z well z "s ( ! s>cophagi f ,sidon1 ) :i* ,i %all deal 9 ! fifte5? *apt]1 naturally /rike ! /ud5t z be+ set 9 a key some:at diff]5t f t ( ord9>y ,greek sculpture4 ,! my?ological sc5es portray$ on !m f9d ready p>allels 9 ,greece1 b ! m hi/oric sc5es c>ry our m9ds to ! wall-sculptures ( ,assyria or ! reliefs ( ,roman columns1 su* z ^? ( ,trajan & ,aurelius1 r ?an to o!r ,greek works4 ,! reason ( ?is is probably t ! art ( ^! ,asiatic monum5ts is influ5c$ by t ( ,ionia1 :i* is to u1 un=tunately1 b little kn[n4 ,! ,ionian t5d5cy 0 t[>ds hi/ory1 t ( ! ,dorians t[>ds religion4 ,! great ,greek pa9t]s1 foll[+ ,ionian prec$5t1 celebrat$ 9 _! works _m hi/oric battles4 ,bul>*us 9 v e>ly times is said to h portray$1 = a ,lydian k+1 a victory ( ! ,magnesians3 ,pana5us pa9t$ at ,a!ns ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 ,&rocydes ( ,cyzicus pa9t$ = ! ,!bans a picture ( _! victory at ,plataea1 & ,euphranor depict$ ! battle ( ,mant9eia4 ,b 9 ,greece sculpture took a diff]5t & m ideal l9e1 & translat$ ! battles ( ! pres5t into my?ic combats ( ! pa/1 9 :i* ,c5taurs & ,amazons r ?an fell[-,greeks repres5t$ ! vanqui%$ p>ty4 ,! sculpture ( ! ,n]eid monum5t is dom9at$ by a m reali/ic & hi/oric _s4 ,! sculpture at ,gyeulba%i is on ! bord]-l9e1 s t we f9d x h>d to decide :e!r ! sc5e ( ! siege !re portray$ is ,ilium or ,lycia1 & :e!r ! battles are be+ f\ght on ! w9dy pla9 ( ,troy or ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! sculpture ( ! ,mausoleum is ( ! purely ,greek & ideal "*4 ,b ! greate/ ( ! ,sidonian s>cophagi returns1 z we %all see1 9 ! age ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 to a m reali/ic level4 ,! h]oon ( ,gyeulba%i 0 discov]$ 9 ! he>t ( ,lycia by ,s*nborn 9 #ahdb4 ,= a long "t ! discov]y rema9$ almo/ unnotic$4 ,b a few ye>s ago an ,au/rian exp$ition 0 s5t to secure su* rema9s ( ! monum5t z h arti/ic value1 & ^! are n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,vi5na4 ,un=tunately !y h suff]$ t]ribly1 be+ ( lime/one & n ( m>ble1 f exposure to ! wea!r1 & "s ( ! friezes h almo/ p]i%$4 ,ca/s ( ! bett]-pres]v$ portions are to be f\nd at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & ,ox=d4 ,& ! :ole monum5t is publi%$ 9 ! complete/ & mo/ satisfactory =m by ,pr(essor ,b5ndorf#big4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,h]oon ,,( ,,gyeulba%i4 ,9 =m ! h]oon diff]s entirely1 z w be se5 f ! engrav+ 7,fig4 #gf7 f o!r ,lycian monum5ts4 ,! actual grave is a mode/ con/ruction 9 ! =m ( a s>cophagus surm\nt$ by a cov] ) gables4 ,?is /&s transv]sely )9 a wall$ enclosure "s #gh feet long by #fh wide1 inside measurem5t4 ,! enclos+ wall is built solidly ( squ>$ /ones4 ,& x is ?is :i* is ! int]e/+ "p ( ! :ole2 = ! wall is adorn$ )\t & )9 ) a s]ies ( reliefs1 pres5t+ u ) a :ole gall]y ( repres5tations rem>kable alike = _! /yle & _! subjects1 "s ( :i* are portray$ n[h]e else 9 ! :ole range ( ,greek sculpture4 ,! keynote "h aga9 is furni%$ by ! gr\p ( seat$ h]oic p]sonages4 ,?is gr\p is sculptur$ ov] ! door ?r\gh :i* ! enclosure is ent]$2 un=tunately x has s sev]ely suff]$ t ! details are obscure4 ,! great l9tel /one ov] ! doorway is decorat$ z foll[s4 ,above are ! =ep>ts ( f\r w+$ bulls1 sep>at$ by rosettes & a gorgon-head4 ,imm$iately bel[ ^! are seat$ two pairs ( figures1 9 ea* case male & female4 ,! m5 are be>d$1 ! wom5 veil$4 ,husb& & wife are turn$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 & beh9d ! wife 9 ea* gr\p /&s a girl1 a daught] or s]vant1 hold+ 9 "o in/ance a casket1 9 ! o!r rais+ h] arms 9 an attitude ( sorr[4 ,^! two h]oic pairs are probably ! proprietors ( ! sacr$ enclosure1 :i* 0 built l a f9ely c>v$ casket to hold _! a%es4 ,9 ! decoration ( ! casket we f9d "o ,ori5tal motive4 ,ov] ! door inside is a l9e ( dw>fs1 or ( repetitions ( ! ,egyptian mon/] ,bes1 hold+ musical in/rum5ts or danc+4 ,"h we h a t\* l5t by a religion less ref9$ & arti/ic ?an t ( ! an?ropomorphic ,greeks4 ,! re/ ( ! reliefs take _! subjects f ! leg5d>y tales ( ,greece4 ,we d n appe> to h "h1 z on ! ,n]eid monum5t1 allusions to ! lives ( ! buri$ h]oes4 ,!re is no sc5e :i* be>s ! impress ( hi/ory4 ,! ,greek arti/s :o 7 employ$ by ! weal?y ,lycian family to adorn ! wall seem to h be5 left q free 9 _! *oice ( subjects4 ,s !y run on almo/ )\t plan1 f tale to tale & f sc5e to sc5e4 ,sometimes we h two subjects1 "o above ! o!r1 q indep5d5t "o ( ! o!r4 ,sometimes ! two l9es ( decorations are occupi$ ) a s+le sc5e4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt to describe 9 detail sc5es :i* we are unable to set be=e ! eyes ( ! read]4 ,! l&+ ( ! ,greeks at ,troy1 ! siege ( ! ,city1 ! battle ( ,a*illes ) ! ,amazons :o come to its rescue1 ,odysseus meet+ ,p5elope1 & %oot+ d[n ! suitors1 are tak5 f ! cycle ( ,trojan leg5d4 ,!n we h ! hunt+ ( ! ,calydonian bo>1 ! c>ry+ (f ( ! daught]s ( ,leucippus1 ! exp$ition ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 all portray$ ) ! fre$om :i* ,greek arti/s use1 always ready to subord9ate /rict fidelity to tradition to ! necessities ( art & ! love ( balance & measure4 ,! int]e/ ( ^? sc5es is great1 b x does n belong to our subject4 ,! art is n sepul*ral1 b ( ! my?-lov+ k9d :i* prevails 9 ! decoration ( ,greek temples1 & :i* once m>k$ ! lo/ ma/]pieces ( ! great ,greek pa9t]s4 ,pr(essor ,b5ndorf has tri$1 & n unsuccessfully1 to prove t 9 ! reliefs ( ,gyeulba%i we may f9d cle> traces ( ! influ5ce ( ! great ,?asian pa9t] ,polygnotus1 ano!r ( ^: l9es ( influ5ce rea*$ ! sculptors ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! ,lycian h]oon & ! ,attic temple are works ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 widely z !y diff] 9 "s respects4 ,at ,a!ns ! influ5ce ( ,polygnotus is fairly & fully translat$ into sculptural /yle4 ,9 ,lycia ! sculptor has less trans=m+ vig\r1 & he reta9s 9 ! "w ( ! *isel "s conv5tions appropriate only to ! "w ( ! bru%4 ,"o o!r important tomb mu/ be m5tion$ :i* 0 built 9 ,asia1 ?\gh its con/ruction is purely ,greek1 its mat]ial ! m>ble ( ,p5telicus1 & its erection on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or no m ?an an in/ance ( ! =tune ( w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,lion-,,tomb1 ,,cnidus4 ,among ! discov]ies1 ) ! fruits ( :i* ,sir ,*>les ,newton enri*$ ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re 7 few :i* he valu$ m highly ?an t ( ! ,lion-tomb ( ,cnidus4 ,! huge lion1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,mausoleum ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 recl9$ on ! top ( a build+ made solid to receive 8 va/ weight1 look+ out ov] ! ,c>ian ,sea4 ,we engrave 7,fig4 #gg7 ! :ole monum5t z re/or$ by ,mr4 ,pullan#bih4 ,x c sc>cely be cont5d$ t ! lion is a great "w ( sculpture4 ,8 size is impos+ & 8 attitude monum5tal1 b ! head & body alike lack "* & =ce4 ,?is is true ( all ! lions ( ,greek arti/s ( ! p]iod1 ! great lion set up 9 memory ( ,*a]oneia1 ^? :i* adorn$ ! ,mausoleum1 & o!rs4 ,! fact is t ! ,greeks betwe5 ! days ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s & ^? ( ,alex&] knew no?+ ( ! lion1 probably sc>cely ev] saw "o1 dead or alive4 ,s _! arti/ic & idealiz+ t5d5cy _h to "w )\t con/ant ref]5ce to1 & correction by1 nature4 ,?us1 :ile ! types ( ! horse1 ! bull1 & ! dog w5t on develop+ on ! l9es ( love & appreciation ( nature1 ! type ( ! lion became fanta/ic & poor4 ,! s\l ( ! lion does n inhabit ! bodies prep>$ = x by ,greek arti/s4 ,nev]!less ! ,cnidian monum5t has its int]e/4 ,x is conjectur$1 ) a high degree ( probability1 t x 0 set up by ,conon1 aft] 8 great victory ( #cid ,b4,c4 ov] ! ,sp>tan fleet at ,cnidus4 ,x commemorates alike ! battle & ! ,a!nians :o fell 9 x4 ,x is an ,attic tomb ?\gh n erect$ 9 ,attica1 m impos+ z a hi/orical monum5t ?an ! reliefs ( ! ,c]ameicus1 b inf]ior to !m 9 ! high] arti/ic qualities4 ,our subject be+ ,greek sculptur$ tombs1 we mu/ leave out ( consid]ation "o ( ! mo/ important classes ( ,hell5ic or semi-,hell5ic graves1 t :i* belongs to ! ,greek coloni/s ( ! ,crimea & _! b>b>\s ,scy?ic allies#bii4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! anci5t ,panticapaeum1 a city closely connect$ ) ,a!ns by ties ( comm]ce & alliance1 !re are _m m\nd-graves1 :i* be+ op5$ h be5 f\nd to conta9 l(ty vault$ *amb]s1 9 %ape & design n unlike ! treasuries ( ,myc5ae & ,or*om5us1 b ( a f> lat] age1 belong+ 9 fact mo/ly to ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* seems to h be5 ! gold5 age ( ,panticapaeum4 ,^! graves h no important ar*itectural features & no sculptural adornm5t4 ,b !y h 9 _m cases pres]v$ to our days _! cont5ts1 a ri* spoil ( gold & bronze1 ( ,greek vases & b>b>\s arm\r1 ( ornam5ts & co9s4 ,by an art-lov+ & pat]nal gov]nm5t1 ^! important relics ( ! mo/ nor!rly bran* ( ! ,hell5ic /ock h be5 c>efully collect$ & pres]v$1 =m+ to-day "o ( ! mo/ spl5did attractions ( ! ,h]mitage ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,!y are also luxuri\sly publi%$ 9 (ficial publications ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 (f]+ to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory a new *apt]1 %[+ h[1 9 ! ,crimea ( old1 ,greek & ,scy?ian met1 h[ ! ,greek ref9$ ! ,scy?ian & suppli$ him ) admirable works ( art1 & h[ ! ,scy?ian l5t ! ,greek arm\r & clo!s1 besides no d\bt supply+ him ) timb]1 corn1 & sk9s4 ,& to ! /ud5t ( art !y exhibit ! ri*ness & ! ta/e display$ by ,a!nian craftsm5 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 9 ! production ev5 ( ! smalle/ & lea/ consid]$ ( ! appliances ( daily life4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,mausoleum ,we turn next to ! ,mausoleum1 ! great tomb erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,mausolus1 k+ ( ,c>ia1 by 8 wid[ ,artemisia1 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x rank$ among ! wond]s ( ! _w1 & 0 ! "w ( ! mo/ celebrat$ arti/s ( ,greece4 ,! discov]y ( its rema9s by ,sir ,*>les ,newton occupies a prom95t position among ! fir/-rate a*ievem5ts ( ,engli% excavators4 ,& _! acquisition by ! ,briti% ,museum has made ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,sculpture almo/ z ri* 9 f\r?-c5tury sculpture z ! pur*ase ( ! ,elg9 m>bles _h made x 9 ! sculpture ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! problem ( ! recon/ruction ( ! ,mausoleum is among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^? connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,g5]ally speak+1 aft] ! excavation ( ! site ( ! great ,greek build+1 its re/oration is by no means difficult4 ,! laws ( ,greek ar*itecture are s precise1 & its =ms s simple1 t x is possible f ! evid5ce ( a few /ones to recon/ruct x ) ! c]ta9ty ) :i* ! skill$ palaeontologi/ con/ructs a geological animal f ! evid5ce ( a few bones4 ,! wond]ful recon/ructions ( ,dr4 ,drpfeld on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 at ,olympia1 & else:]e1 h commonly b little 9 !m :i* is arbitr>y1 ?\gh mu* :i* is brilliant4 ,dr4 ,drpfeld has n yet attempt$ ! ,mausoleum4 ,b x is safe to say t 9 its recon/ruction he w\ld meet difficulties su* z he has n yet enc\nt]$4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! mat]ials = a recon/ruction seem v abundant4 ,we h an elaborate description ( ! monum5t by ,pl9y4 ,we h an acc\nt ( its p>tial de/ruction 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john4 ,& ! excavations on ! site conduct$ by ,sir ,*>les ,newton 7 complete & sy/ematic4 ,b ! advantage d]iv$ f all ?is ri*ness ( mat]ial is m ?an balanc$ by ! fact t ! ,mausoleum 0 a "w ( new & orig9al design4 ,x 0 no ,greek temple1 made accord+ to well-e/abli%$ rules1 b a monum5t int5d$ to /& alone ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,?us ! man :o w\ld successfully re/ore its design mu/ v5ture to rise above conv5tion1 & has ne$ ( a ?or\gh grasp ( ! t5d5cies & possibilities ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,sett+ aside ! fanciful recon/ructions propos$ by s*ol>s be=e ,newton's excavations1 we pass to ^? made ) ! data n[ available4 ,! e>lie/ recon/ruction1 "o to :i* we mu/ atta* consid]able value1 is t set =? by ! excavators !mselves4 ,x is h>d to say :o is responsible = x4 ,x 0 fir/ project$ by ,lieut4 ,smi?1 an eng9e] atta*$ to ! exp$ition1 revis$ & complet$ by ,mr4 ,pullan ! ar*itect1 adopt$ & def5d$ by ,sir ,*>les ,newton himself4 ,plans bas$ ^u ?is1 b diff]+ f x 9 v>i\s po9ts1 7 set =? by ,mr4 ,f]gusson & ,dr4 ,pet]s54 ,b s9ce nei!r ( ^! writ]s has fairly grappl$ ) ! subject f ! beg9n+1 we may feel ju/ifi$ 9 n pay+ mu* he$ to _! plans4 ,if we are to set aside a re/oration made on ! spot1 ) all local k & e res\rce1 x mu/ be only aft] a v c>eful & complete survey ( all ! available evid5ce4 ,! plans ( ,pullan1 ,f]gusson1 & ,pet]s5 h won _! way into our books1 & are frequ5tly treat$ z f9al4 ,b f9al !y c]ta9ly are n4 ,!y h nev]1 until q lately1 be5 collat$ ) suffici5t c>e ) ! evid5ce1 especially ) ! anci5t au?orities4 ,!y conta9 violations ( prec$5t & probability :i* x is n easy to ju/ify4 ,mr4 ,oldfield has !re=e done an excell5t "w 9 8 rec5t attempt#cjj to improve ^u ! receiv$ re/orations1 an attempt m>k$ by extreme c>e1 lucidity1 & +5uity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,mausoleum3 ,,mr4 ,,pullan4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 n possible "h to criticize 9 satisfactory detail ! views ( ,mr4 ,oldfield & 8 pr$ecessors4 ,i propose only to set =? briefly ! sum ( ! evid5ce ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,mausoleum3 ,,mr4 ,,oldfield4 :i* exi/s = ! recon/ruction1 aft] engrav+ side by side ! plans set =? by ,mr4 ,pullan 7,fig4 #gh7 & ,mr4 ,oldfield 7,fig4 #gi7cja on ! basis ( t evid5ce4 ,read]s to :om su* inquiries h no int]e/ w\ld d well to omit ! re/ ( ?is *apt]4 ,our mat]ials are ( f\r k9ds4 ,fir/ we h ! /atem5ts ( c]ta9 anci5t writ]s4 ,second1 we h ! curi\s acc\nt by ,gui*>d ( ! /ate ( ! build+ :5 x 0 p>tially de/roy$ by ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john 9 #aebb4 ,?ird1 we may cite ! analogy ( o!r anci5t build+s ( ! same k9d1 s f> z !y are pres]v$4 ,& ( c\rse all ^! s\rces ( in=mation mu/ be us$ 9 /rict subord9ation to ! evid5ce ( excavation & ( ! rema9s actually exi/+4 #a4 ,anci5t ,writ]s4 ,hyg9us#cjb m5tions ?ree facts 9 reg>d to ! ,mausoleum2 he says t x 0 ( ,p>ian m>ble1 #hj feet 9 height1 #a1cej feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 two ( ^! /atem5ts he is c]ta9ly "r4 ,! m>ble ( ! ,mausoleum is ,p>ian1 & ! circuit ( ! sacr$ enclosure or p]ibolus is giv5 by ,newton z #a1cdh ,engli% feet4 ,b z to ! height ( ! build+ ,hyg9us contradicts ,pl9y1 & mu/ probably be correct$ by him4 ,m>tial1 9 a curi\s l9e1 speaks ( ! ,mausoleum z susp5d$ 9 ! air#cjc4 ,?is phrase c]ta9ly implies t x did n appe> to spectators a solid & massive /ructure1 b light & aspir+4 ,mr4 ,oldfield cont5ds t ! phrase w\ld well describe a build+ :]e( ! upp] "p re/$ ma9ly on pill>s#cjd1 & w\ld c]ta9ly n apply to a build+ ( :i* solidity is ! mo/ /rik+ feature1 z x is ( ,mr4 ,pullan's recon/ruction4 ,! mo/ important ( anci5t writ]s on ! ,mausoleum is ,pl9y#cje1 ^: description we mu/ transcribe at l5g?1 bo? 9 ,lat9 & ,engli%4 ,scopas habuit aemulos eadem aetate ,bryaxim et ,timo!um et ,leo*>51 de quibus simul dic5dum e/ quoniam p>it] caelau]e ,mausoleum4 ,sepulcrum hoc e/ ab uxore ,artemisia factum ,mausolo ,c>iae regulo1 qui obiit ,olympiadis cvii#cjf anno secundo4 ,opus id ut esset int] septem miracula hi maxime fec]e artifices4 ,patet ab au/ro et sept5trione sexag5os#cjg t]nos p$es1 breuius a frontibus1 toto circumitu p$es ccccxi#cjh1 attolitur 9 altitud9em xxv cubitis1 c+itur columnis xxxvi4 uocau]e#cji4 ,ab ori5te caelauit ,scopas1 a sept5trione ,bryaxis1 a m]idie ,timo!us1 ab occasu ,leo*>es1 priusque quam p]ag]5t reg9a obiit4 ,non tam5 recess]unt nisi absoluto iam1 id gloriae ipsorum artisque monum5tum iudicantes1 hodieque c]tant manus4 ,accessit et qu9tus artifex4 ,namque supra pyramis altitud9e inf]iorem aequauit#caj1 uig9ti quatuor gradibus 9 metae cacum5 se contrah5s4 ,9 summo e/ quadriga m>morea quam fecit ,py?is4 ,haec adiecta cxxxx p$um altitud9e totum opus includit4 ,scopas _h z rivals & contempor>ies ,bryaxis1 ,timo!us1 & ,leo*>es1 :om we mu/ treat ( toge!r s9ce toge!r !y sculptur$ ! ,mausoleum4 ,?is is ! tomb erect$ to ,mausolus pr9ce ( ,c>ia by 8 wid[ ,artemisia4 ,he di$ 9 ! second ye> ( ! #ajg? ,olympiad 7,b4,c4 #cea74 ,t ?is "w is among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w is ma9ly ow+ to ^! arti/s4 ,its l5g? on ! nor? & s\? sides is sixty-?ree feet2 ! faades are %ort]2 ! :ole circuit is #daa feet2 x rises to a height ( tw5ty-five cubits1 & is surr\nd$ by ?irty-six columns4 ,?is !y call ! ,pt]on4 ,! sculptures ( ! ea/ side are by ,scopas1 ^? on ! nor? by ,bryaxis1 ^? on ! s\? by ,timo!us1 ^? on ! we/ by ,leo*>es4 ,be=e ! task 0 f9i%$ ! que5 di$2 b ! arti/s ceas$ n till ! "w 0 done1 consid]+ t x w\ld r$\nd to _! glory & be a memorial ( _! art4 ,to ?is day !y vie 9 h&iwork4 ,!re came 9 also a fif? arti/4 ,= ov] ! pt]on 0 a pyramid 9 height equal to t bel[1 ) a flight ( tw5ty-f\r /eps tap]+ to a po9t4 ,on ! top is a m>ble quadriga made by ,py?is4 ,! addition ( ?is raises ! height ( ! :ole build+ to #adj feet4 ,9 ?is passage are sev]al disput$ read+s1 :i* ,i h m>k$ 9 ! notes4 ,i h accept$ ,mr4 ,oldfield's v]sion1 :i* is t ( ! e>li] edition ( ,sillig's ,pl9y4 ,i w briefly sum up ,pl9y's evid5ce z to ! =m & dim5sions ( ! build+4 ,8 /atem5t z to ! circum/ances ( its erection ne$s no summ+2 x is cle>1 & no d\bt correct4 #a4 ,! frontage t[>ds nor? & s\? 0 #fc feet3 ! frontage 79 a /rict] s5se ! fronts7 t[>ds ea/ & we/ 0 %ort]4 ,b ! circuit 0 #daa feet4 ,?is latt] dim5sion seems inconsi/5t ) ! =m]4 ,h[ c\ld a build+ :i* 0 #daa feet 9 circuit h no side long] ?an #fc feet8 ,impress$ by ?is difficulty1 "s writ]s suppos$ ! true dim5sions to be #afc feet 7add+ to ! text c5t5os7 = ! frontage to nor? & s\?4 ,colonel ,leake1 foll[$ by ,newton & ,pullan1 reg>d$ ! dim5sion ( #fc feet z really ! l5g? ( ! cella1 n ( any frontage4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is do+ cle> viol5ce to ! text ( ,pl9y4 ,b by a mo/ +5i\s adaptation1 ,mr4 ,oldfield has succe$$ 9 reconcil+ ! numb]s ( ,pl9y z !y /&4 ,he has1 9 fact1 sub/itut$ = a squ>e or oblong gr\ndplan ( ! build+ 1 a cruci=m plan 9999 symbol2 & s makes x possible = any giv5 front to be less ?an a f\r? ( ! circuit ( ! build+4 ,"h ,mr4 ,oldfield has c]ta9ly won a great advantage ov] rival con/ructions3 he has kept to ! text ( ,pl9y1 & at ! same "t greatly improv$ ! =m ( ! build+4 ,x is true t x w\ld n be easy to f9d o!r ,greek build+s ( cruci=m plan1 b ! ,ere*!ium at ,a!ns gives u a h9t t su* a plan1 produc$ by ! int]section ( two ord9>y temples1 w\ld n be impossible4 ,& ! ,mausoleum 0 a build+ 9 :i* orig9ality ( design 0 to be expect$4 #b4 ,! numb] ( columns ( ! pt]on 0 ?irty-six4 ,! pt]on is ! temple-l build+ erect$ on ! base1 a con/ruction ( :i*1 9 any possible view1 columns 7 ! pr9cipal feature4 ,n[ ! writ]s :o suppos$ ! pt]on to be a huge squ>e edifice 7 compell$ to place ! columns all r\nd ! edge ( x3 & to fill up ! mid/ ) a va/ & solid con/ruction ( hewn /one 7,fig4 #gh74 ,b ,mr4 ,oldfield is enabl$1 by greatly r$uc+ ! sup]ficial area cov]$ by ! pt]on1 to make ! columns by f> its mo/ conspicu\s feature4 ,)9 !m !re is room only = a small build+2 or ! space may ev5 be fill$ by a few solid pi]s1 :i* is ! plan he adopts4 ,he c ?us f> m ne>ly con=m to ! #8a]e p5d5tia ,mausolea' ( ,m>tial4 #c4 ,! total height 0 #adj feet#caa f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! *>iot4 ,let u consid] h[ ?is height 0 made up4 ,?irty-sev5 & a half feet 7#be cubits7 0 occupi$ by ! pt]on4 ,!n !re 0 a pyramid ( tw5ty-f\r /eps ov] ! pt]on1 support+ a *>iot1 & !re 0 "u ! pt]on ano!r pyramid equal 9 height to ! upp] "o4 ,n[ we h consid]able rema9s ( ! /eps ( ! upp] pyramid1 f c>eful measurem5t ( :i* ,mr4 ,pullan has asc]ta9$ t ea* /ep 0 #ab in*es 9 height4 ,?us ! total height ( ! upp] pyramid 0 #bd feet4 ,! l[] pyramid 0 ( ! same height4 ,! *>iot w\ld n occupy less ?an twelve feet4 ,we h ?us acc\nt$ = #cg1 #bd1 #bd & #ab feet1 ab\t #ajj feet ( ! #adj ( ,pl9y4 ,! am\nt may be fill$ up by assum+ t ! :ole /ood on a high podium or basis1 & by ins]t+ an attic ov] ! pt]on1 or 9 o!r ways4 #d4 ,if ! read+ aequavit = aequat be accept$1 an op5+ is left = ,mr4 ,oldfield's view1 t aft] ! build+ _h be5 set up ) a pyramid ris+ to a po9t1 x 0 decid$ to add a *>iot on ! top1 & t 9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 a basis 0 built r\nd ! topmo/ /eps ( ! pyramid1 ( :i* six 7 ?us conceal$ f view4 #e4 ,sir ,c4 ,newton#cab & ,mr4 ,pullan accept$ ! read+ #8altitud9em inf]iorem' = altitud9e1 & _h suppos$ ! ass]tion to be t ! height ( ! pyramid above 0 equal to t ( ! basis bel[ ! pyramid4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a m]e correction ( ! text4 ,if we adh]e to ! read+ ( ! ,,mss4 we mu/ reta9 altitud9e1 & suppose inf]iorem to apply to a second pyramid b5ea? ! pt]on4 ,x is ?us t ,mr4 ,oldfield takes ! phrase1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is second pyramid he f9ds pro( 9 ! te/imony ( ,gui*>d1 to :i* we %all next turn4 ,! height ( ?is l[] pyramid he supposes to h be5 equal to t ( ! orig9al pyramid ( tw5ty-f\r /eps1 n ( c\rse to ! lat] truncat$ pyramid ( eighte5 /eps4 ,x w be se5 on ref]r+ to ,figs4 #gh & #gi t ! acceptance ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! read+s ( ,pl9y makes a great diff]5ce 9 ! pr9ciples ( recon/ruction4 ,mr4 ,pullan admitt$ no l[] pyramid1 & reg>d+ ! *>iot on ! summit z "p ( ! orig9al design1 makes ! tw5ty-f\r /eps ( ! upp] pyramid support x4 ,mr4 ,oldfield does admit a l[] pyramid1 & reg>d+ ! *>iot z a lat] addition works into its basis six /eps ( ! upp] pyramid4 ,h5ce a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two re/or]s 9 ! area cov]$ by ! base ( ! upp] pyramid1 :i* is f> l>g] 9 ,mr4 ,pullan's design3 & ?is affects ! :ole =m ( ! build+1 s9ce ! excavations det]m9$ ! size ( ! area on :i* ! :ole /ood4 ,x is n easy to meet ,mr4 ,oldfield's argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 design1 t ! phrase #8tap]+ to a po9t' applies f> bett] to 8 pyramid1 z orig9ally int5d$1 ?an to ,mr4 ,pullan's flat-topp$ pyramid4 #b4 ,! ,te/imony ( ,gui*>d4 ,su* appe>s to be ! te/imony ( ,pl9y4 ,& 9 "s po9ts x is curi\sly supplem5t$ by ! v notable acc\nt1 pr(ess+ to come f an eye-witness1 :i* is giv5 u by ,gui*>d#cac ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john on ! site ( ! ,mausoleum4 #8,9 ! ye> #aebb1 :5 ,sultan ,solyman 0 prep>+ an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,rhodians1 ! ,gr& ,ma/]1 kn[+ ! importance ( ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,budrum or ,halic>nassus1 & be+ aw>e t ! ,turk w\ld seize x if he c\ld at ! fir/ assault1 s5t "s knights ?i!r to repair ! =tress & make all due prep>ations to resi/ ! enemy4 ,among ! numb] ( ^? s5t 0 ! ,comm&] de la ,t\rette1 a ,lyonnese knight1 :o 0 aft]w>ds pres5t at ! tak+ ( ,rhodes1 & came to ,france1 :]e he relat$ :at ,i am n[ ab\t to n>rate to ,m4 d',ale*amps1 a p]son suffici5tly kn[n by 8 le>n$ writ+s1 & ^: "n ,i m5tion "h only = ! purpose ( publi%+ my au?ority = s s+ul> a /ory4 #8,:5 ^! knights _h arriv$ at ,mesy 7,budrum71 !y at once set ab\t =tify+ ! ca/le2 & look+ ab\t = /ones :]e) to make lime1 f\nd none m suitable or m easily got at ?an c]ta9 /eps ( :ite m>ble1 rais$ 9 ! =m ( a /aircase 7p]ron7 9 ! middle ( a level field ne> ! port1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 ! great squ>e ( ,halic>nassus4 ,!y !re=e pull$ d[n & took away ^! m>ble /eps = _! use1 & f9d+ ! /one good1 proce$$1 aft] hav+ de/roy$ ! little masonry rema9+ above gr\nd1 to dig l[] d[n1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ m4 #8,9 ?is attempt !y _h great success1 = 9 a %ort "t !y p]ceiv$ t ! deep] !y w5t ! m ! /ructure 0 enl>g$ at ! base1 supply+ !m n only ) /one = mak+ lime b also = build+4 #8,aft] f\r or five days1 hav+ laid b>e a great space "o aft]noon1 !y saw an op5+ z into a cell>4 ,tak+ a c&le1 !y desc5d$ ?r\gh ?is op5+1 & f\nd t x l$ into a f9e l>ge squ>e ap>tm5t1 ornam5t$ all r\nd ) columns ( m>ble1 ) _! bases1 capitals1 ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornices1 c>v$ & sculptur$ 9 mezzo rilievo4 ,! space betwe5 ! columns 0 l9$ ) slabs & b&s ( m>bles ( diff]5t col\rs1 ornam5t$ ) m\ld+s & sculptures1 9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! "w1 & ins]t$ 9 ! :ite gr\nd ( ! wall1 :]e de$s & battle-sc5es 7 repres5t$ sculptur$ 9 relief4 #8,hav+ at fir/ admir$ ^! works1 & ent]ta9$ _! fancy ) ! s+ul>ity ( ! sculpture1 !y pull$ x to pieces1 & broke up ! :ole ( x1 apply+ x to ! same purpose z ! re/4 #8,besides ?is ap>tm5t1 !y f\nd aft]w>ds a v l[ door1 :i* l$ into ano!r ap>tm5t1 l an ante-*amb]1 :]e 0 a tomb1 ) its urn & its cov] 7tymbre7 ( :ite m>ble1 v beautiful & ( m>vell\s lu/re4 ,?is sepul*re1 = want ( "t1 !y did n op51 ! retreat hav+ already s\nd$4 #8,! day aft]1 :5 !y return$1 !y f\nd ! tomb op5$1 & ! e>? all r\nd /rewn ) fragm5ts ( clo? ( gold1 & ornam5ts ( ! same metal1 :i* made !m suppose t ! pirates :o hov]$ on _! coa/1 hav+ "s inkl+ ( :at _h be5 discov]$1 _h visit$ ! place dur+ ! night1 & _h remov$ ! lid ( ! tomb4' ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! ,levant1 ) its wondr\s tales ( und]gr\nd *amb]s & hidd5 treasures1 w sc>cely be dispos$ to accept1 )\t a gra9 ( salt1 ! details ( ?is curi\s /ory4 ,x may be true1 or x may be 9 ! ma9 a "w ( ! imag9ation4 ,_m su* /ories1 gr\nd$ or gr\ndless1 are flitt+ f m\? to m\? 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & rapidly gr[+ 9 ! process4 ,nev]!less x is probable t ,mr4 ,oldfield is ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! e>li] "p ( ! tale af=ds a cle> confirmation ( ! exi/5ce 7:i* has be5 d5i$7 ( a l[] pyramid at ! ,mausoleum z well z t :i* surm\nt$ ! build+4 ,! knights f\nd 9 ! gr\nd /eps ( :ite m>ble l a /aircase1 & z !y dug d[nw>ds ^! /eps spread outw>ds1 j z w\ld ! /eps ( a pyramid4 ,! solid mass ( m>ble _h escap$ :ile mo/ ( ! upp] "p ( ! build+ _h be5 c>ri$ away z mat]ial = ! ca/les ( ! knights4 ,b x surviv$ no long]2 x 0 c>ri$ away by ! companions ( ,de la ,t\rette & built into ! walls ( ! ca/le4 ,z to :at ,gui*>d tells u 9 reg>d to ! cont5ts ( ! inn] *amb]1 scepticism is m ju/ifiable4 #c4 ,! ,analogy ( o!r ,build+s4 ,( monum5ts m5tion$ 9 ^! pages1 only two c fairly be us$ = comp>ison ) ! ,mausoleum4 ,^! are ! ,lycian ,n]eid ,monum5t 7,fig4 #gd7 & ! ,lion ,tomb ( ,cnidus 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! ,n]eid ,monum5t consi/s1 l ! ,mausoleum1 ( a pt]on rais$ ^u a base or podium2 b no "p ( x is ( pyramidal =m4 ,x is m]ely1 if ! re/oration be correct1 a build+ 9 ! =m ( an ord9>y ,greek temple1 on an unusually high podium4 ,x may be us$ z pro( t ! ,mausoleum also _h a high podium1 = ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! exi/+ rema9s furni% no direct evid5ce4 ,! ,lion ,tomb may be sugge/ive f a con/ructional po9t ( view1 z ! ar*itectural problem involv$ 9 support+ a massive lion on ! top 0 n unlike ! problem :i* ! ar*itect ( ! ,mausoleum _h to solve4 ,b its elevation 0 ( a f> simpl] type ?an 0 t ( ! ,mausoleum4 ,o!r build+s are cit$ & engrav$ 9 ! treatise ( ,mr4 ,oldfield1 b unless we c\ld exam9e !m 9 detail x w\ld be useless to m5tion !m "h4 ,!y are valuable r z (f]+ sugge/ions on po9ts ( con/ruction ?an z af=d+ u real p>allels to ! plan ( ! ,mausoleum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! evid5ce ( exi/+ rema9s mu/ be /udi$ p>tly 9 ,sir ,c4 ,newton's ,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies1 p>tly 9 ! ,mausoleum ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,lately ,mr4 ,murray has 9 t museum set up "o ( ! pill>s ( ! pt]on1 ) base & cornice1 a recon/ruction :i* w greatly help ^? :o wi% to revive 9 imag9ation ! glories ( ! mo/ spl5did ( anci5t sepul*res4 ,= ! mann] 9 :i* out ( ! data ,mr4 ,oldfield makes a conjectural re/oration ( ! great tomb we mu/ ref] ! read] to 8 admirable pap] 9 ,ar*aeologia4 ,we c only conclude1 z we began1 by ref]r+ to 8 engrav+ set side by side ) ,mr4 ,pullan's 7,figs4 #gh1 #gi74 ,( ! two x is by f> ! bett]1 clos] to ! anci5t evid5ce1 less clumsy1 m ,greek4 ,b ( c\rse x may be 9 turn sup]s$$ by o!r re/orations h]eaft]4 ,9 "o po9t bo? recon/ructions are c]ta9ly wrong1 9 plac+ on ! top ( ! :ole1 9 ! *>iot ( ,py?is1 ! magnific5t /atues ( ,mausolus & ,artemisia1 f\nd on ! site1 :i* 7 d\btless c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! build+1 & n put almo/ beyond sight & expos$ to ! wea!r on ! top ( x4 ,i h else:]e#cad ma9ta9$ ?is view by ! foll[+ argum5ts3-- #a4 ,pl9y m5tions ! *>iot ( ,py?is1 b says no?+ ( any figures 9 x4 #b4 ,! /atues at su* a height1 9 a *>iot1 & beh9d gigantic horses1 w\ld h be5 almo/ invisible f bel[4 #c4 ,nei!r ,mausolus nor 8 wife is hold+ re9s or clad 9 ! dress ( a *>iote]4 #d4 ,! head ( ,mausolus 9 p>ticul> is too well pres]v$ to h be5 long expos$ to ! wea!r4 #e4 ,bo? ! horses & ! :eel ( ! *>iot are on a f> l>g] scale ?an ! two /atues4 #f4 ,!y are also v inf]ior to ! /atues z works ( art4 ,! only argum5t ( importance on ! o!r side arises f ! fact t ! /atues & ! fragm5ts ( ! *>iot 7 f\nd toge!r4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! c\rse ( discov]y 9 ! ,g]man excavations at ,olympia prov$ t collocations ( rema9s ( anci5t build+s h (t5 a mo/ =tuit\s "*4 ,& n only 7 ! /atues ( ,mausolus & ,artemisia f\nd ) ! rema9s ( ! *>iot1 b also a v>iety ( fragm5ts ( o!r /atues :i* c h _h no?+ to d ) t *>iot4 ,we _c yet v5ture to say to :i* ( ! ,mausoleum arti/s ! portrait ( ,mausolus is due4 ,q lately ,dr4 ,j4 ,six has sugge/$ ,bryaxis & ,dr4 ,w4 ,amelung ,praxiteles1 :o is said by ,vitruvius to h _h a %>e 9 ! monum5t4 ,b nei!r ( ^! conjectures rea*es beyond a probability4 ,we possess1 besides ! sculptur$ rema9s already m5tion$1 q a weal? ( fragm5ts ( /atues & reliefs f ! site4 7#a7 ,"s fragm5ts ( metopes1 "o ( :i* seems to h repres5t$ an adv5ture ( ,!seus4 7#b7 ,a few figures f a mo/ spirit$ frieze1 repres5t+ a race ( *>iots4 ,?is frieze is g5]ally accept$ z ! "w ( ,scopas4 7#c7 ,scanty ve/iges ( a frieze repres5t+ ! battle ( ,lapi?s & ,c5taurs4 7#d7 ,! well-kn[n wond]ful frieze ( ! ,greeks & ,amazons4 7#e7 ,a magnific5t torso ( a ,p]sian rid] on 8 horse4 7#f7 ,portions ( _m /atues ( colossal size & ( life size4 ,^! sculptural rema9s h nev] be5 prop]ly publi%$#cae1 nor are by any means all ( !m exhibit$ 9 ! public rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,mausoleum 0 a wond] ( ! _w1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( its size & co/l9ess z because ( its +5i\s ar*itecture & noble sculpture4 ,?\gh x _h n ! magnific5ce ( ! ,taj ,mahal ( ,agra1 nor ! solidity ( ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt1 x is probably ! noble/ tomb ev] erect$ = mortal man4 ,x n only immortaliz$ ! "n ( ,mausolus1 b x is also a lead+ au?ority = ! /yle ( ! second great s*ool ( ,attic sculptors4 ,its poor rema9s are among ! mo/ preci\s possessions ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,( ! au?ors1 we c /ill say1 9 ! words ( ,pl9y1 #8hodie c]tant manus4' ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,greek ,,s>cophagi ,! rec5t great discov]y at ,sidon ( a numb] ( beautiful s>cophagi execut$ by ,greek arti/s1 & belong+ to ! be/ p]iod ( sculpture1 has be5 q a revelation to ar*aeologi/s4 ,be=e1 we _h abundance ( ,roman s>cophagi1 ! sculpture ( :i* %[$ v>i\s degrees ( m]it2 & we _h a few s>cophagi f ,cyprus & ,lycia & ,etruria1 :i* 7 int]e/+1 b n v important 9 relation to ,greek art or ,greek religion4 ,"o or two ( our mo/ beautiful s>cophagi1 notably ! ,amazon s>cophagus ( ,vi5na1 7 ,hell5ic1 & dat$ z f> back z ! f\r? c5tury2 b ^! seem almo/ lo/ 9 ! brilliancy ( ! rec5t discov]ies4 ,! ,greek cu/om 0 n to bury ! dead 9 massive c(f9s ( /one1 b ei!r to build a receptacle = ! body out ( slabs ( t]ra cotta1 or to enclose x 9 a light e>!nw>e vessel4 ,i speak ( c\rse ( ! cases :5 ! body 0 buri$3 :5 x 0 burn$1 obvi\sly only a small vase w\ld be necess>y to hold ! a%es4 ,! t]ra-cotta c(f9s ( ! ,greeks _h seldom any notable adornm5t4 ,b exception mu/ be made ( "o great necropolis1 t ( ,clazom5ae 9 ,ionia4 ,9 "s ( our great museums1 notably ^? ( ,london & ,b]l91 !re are pres]v$ sev]al rem>kable s>cophagi#caf ( ! six? c5tury1 :i* come f t site4 ,!y are ( solid con/ruction1 made ( t]ra-cotta1 adorn$ ) ri* patt]ns pa9t$ on lids & on sides1 & cov]$ ) sc5es closely p>allel to ^? famili> to u on black-figur$ vases1 combats ( w>riors1 hunt+ sc5es1 h]aldic animals1 & ! l4 ,a di/9ctly ,ori5tal trait f\nd on "s ( ^! c(f9s is f\nd 9 ! sc5es :]e ! hunt]s are pursu+ 9 *>iots /ags & o!r game4 ,! k+s ( ,assyria are repres5t$ on ! walls ( _! palaces z ?us hunt+ 9 *>iots2 b ! cu/om 0 probably q =eign to all ,greeks except a few weal?y inhabitants ( ,asia1 :o 7 influ5c$ by ,asiatic ways4 ,^! productions ( ,ionic pott]s are v int]e/+ f _m po9ts ( view1 b are n q 9 ! l9e ( our pres5t inve/igation4 ,let u !n at once pass to ! s>cophagi f ,sidon1 n[ ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! important museum =m$ by ,hamdy ,bey at ,con/ant9ople#cag4 ,!y all come f "o s]ies ( tombs discov]$ at ,sidon4 ,!re 0 a c5tral pit sunk 9 ! rocky soil1 (f :i* bran*$ 9 all directions a s]ies ( *amb]s cut at v>i\s times & op5+ "o out ( ! o!r4 ,! rooms conta9$ a numb] ( s>cophagi ( v>i\s p]iods1 ! e>li] %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,egypt1 ! lat] t ( ,hellas4 ,!re c be little d\bt t we h discov]$ "o ( ! *ief bury+-places ( ! royal race ( ! k+s ( ,sidon4 ,un=tunately ! c(f9s _h be5 op5$ by robb]s at "s unc]ta9 p]iod1 & _! cont5ts remov$4 ,only ! s>cophagi !mselves rema91 = ! mo/ "p 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 & ev5 reta9+ to "s ext5t ! col\rs ) :i* _! m>ble 0 /a9$ :5 !y 7 fa%ion$4 ,until ! end ( ! six? c5tury ^! royal c(f9s are ( ! ,egyptian =m1 ! body be+ pla91 & ! cov] imitat+ ! =m ( a mummy ) ! face expos$4 ,b 9 ! fif? c5tury ^! faces %[ ! dom9ance ( ,greek /yle4 ,& z ! rule ( ,greek art 9 ! ,levant becomes dur+ t c5tury m pron\nc$1 ! mummy-l s>cophagus gives place to =ms bett] suit$ = (f]+ a suitable field to ! sculptor1 & ! flat surfaces are adorn$ ) reliefs1 :i* 9 /yle if n 9 subject are ( pure ,greek type4 ,we w briefly describe ! f\r pr9cipal sculptur$ s>cophagi "u ! names :i* h be5 = conv5i5ce assign$ to !m1 & 9 *ronological ord]3 7#a7 ,! ,tomb ( ! ,satrap1 7#b7 ,! ,lycian ,tomb1 7#c7 ,! ,tomb ( ! ,m\rn+ ,wom51 7#d7 ,! ,alex&] ,tomb4 ,! ,tomb ( ! ,satrap is assign$ by ,/udniczka to ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 & ?\gh ! fre$om ( pose ( "s ( ! figures sculptur$ on x may make u hesitate be=e accept+ q s e>ly a date1 x c]ta9ly belongs to ! c5tury4 ,?ree ( ! f\r sc5es :i* adorn ! sides & ends ( ! tomb are cle>ly sc5es f ! hi/ory ( "o man1 no d\bt ! h]o conta9$ 9 x1 a p]sonage repres5t$ z hav+ a long be>d1 & usually we>+ ! conical hat ( ! ,p]sians & ,phrygians4 ,! sc5e ( "o ( ! ends 7,fig4 #hj7cah recalls ! gable ( ! ,n]eid monum5t4 ,! be>d$ man recl9es on a c\* at table1 hold+ 9 8 h& a w9ecup4 ,8 wife is seat$ at 8 feet2 9 att5dance on him are two "y m51 "o ( :om fills a rhyton or dr9k+ horn f a jug4 ,we h "h a s*eme closely l t ( ! sepul*ral banquet ( ,a!ns4 ,& ?\gh ! ref]5ce may be prim>ily to ! family repa/ ( ! palace1 yet consid]+ t ! sculptor 0 a ,greek1 x is sc>cely likely t all ref]5ce to :at 0 beyond ! tomb 0 :olly abs5t f 8 m9d4 ,! w9e :i* ! h]o dr9ks may v well be t p\r$ 9 libation at 8 grave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,! ,,satrap3 ,,end4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! s>cophagus are repres5t$ f\r ( ! body-gu>d1 conv]s+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,on "o ( its sides is a sc5e ( leave-tak+4 ,! h]o sits on a ?rone1 re/+ 8 arm ,zeus-l on a sceptre1 :ile beh9d him /& two ( ! wom5 ( 8 h\sehold4 ,be=e him is a "y man1 no d\bt a son1 /epp+ into a *>iot to :i* f\r horses are already yok$1 & ( :i* he holds ! re9s4 ,he turns to say a ^w ( f>ewell to 8 fa!r4 ,two o!r "y m5 are pres5t3 "o holds 9 ! horses ( ! *>iot1 ! o!r /&s ready to m\nt a horse1 & to ride beside x4 ,"h aga9 we h a sc5e to :i* abundant p>allels may be f\nd among ! ,attic grave-reliefs4 ,! dep>ture ( a w>rior or a horseman is1 z we h already se5#cai1 an ord9>y subject on ! /elae ( ,a!ns & else:]e4 ,x may be t ! son is sett+ out on a milit>y exp$ition :i* br\ght 8 fa!r fame & increase ( t]ritory4 ,on ! f\r? side ( ! tomb1 fa!r & son are aga9 prom95t4 ,x is a hunt+ sc5e4 ,9 ! mid/ is a pan!r turn+ to bay1 :i* fa!r & son *>ge at ! same mom5t on horseback f "o side & ! o!r4 ,on ! left a "y horseman has /ruck d[n a /ag1 & to balance him on ! "r is repres5t$ a horse gallop+ away 9 a panic1 hav+ ?r[n 8 rid]1 :om he drags ) him4 ,!re c be little d\bt t all ^! sc5es are out ( ! life ( ! p]son to :om ! tomb is devot$1 & 9 all 8 son appe>s ) him1 v probably ! successor :o _h ! s>cophagus made4 ,! subsidi>y figures may be ei!r y\ng] sons or m]ely att5dants4 ,un=tunately we h no hi/orical data = ! assignm5t ( ! tomb to any p>ticul> rul] ( ,sidon4 ,m4 ,re9a* insi/s ) ju/ice on ! importance ( ?is tomb z a monum5t ( ! great art ( ,ionia ( ! fif? c5tury1 an art ( :i* little has come d[n to u1 b ( ! spl5d\r ( :i* we c judge f ! /atem5ts ( anci5t writ]s4 ,our s>cophagus lies half-way betwe5 ! reliefs ( ,assyria1 record+ ! great de$s ( ! k+s1 9 an exagg]at$ & ideal hi/orical record1 & ! sculpture ( purely ,greek monum5ts su* z ! ,mausoleum1 :]e ! battles ( ,greeks & ,amazons1 ( ,lapi?s & ,c5taurs1 take ! place ( ! conte/s ( ord9>y m54 ,! ,lycian ,tomb & t ( ! ,m\rn+ ,wom5 belong almo/ entirely to ! idealiz+ t5d5cy ( ,greek sculpture already spok5 (1 :i* translat$ ! pres5t into ! pa/ & ! human into ! h]oic4 ,) ! age ( ,alex&] ! hi/oric t5d5cy once m prevails1 s9ce ! de$s ( ,alex&] & 8 contempor>ies might well seem pit*$ at a level q z high z ! my?ic exploits ( ,h]akles & ,!seus4 ,! ,lycian ,tomb may be dat$ ab\t ! ye> #dbj4 ,x owes its "n to its curi\s =m1 a =m common 9 ,lycia1 ! cov] be+ set on 9 ! %ape ( a ,go?ic ar*4 ,! conjecture has be5 haz>d$ t x 0 orig9ally made = a ,lycian *ief & c>ri$ (f by its ,pho5ician proprietor2 b = ?is view !re is n mu* evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,sph9xes3 ,,lycian ,,s>cophagus4 ,! two ends are adorn$1 ) consummate ta/e & adaptation to space1 ) my?ic subjects4 ,above1 at "o end1 are a pair ( griff9s1 at ! o!r a pair ( sph9xes1 ^: beautiful faces might be ^? ( two angels ( dea? 7,fig4 #ha74 ,bel[ are ,c5taurs 9 c>efully balanc$ gr\ps4 ,! sides ( ! tomb be> reliefs ! subjects ( :i* are tak5 f daily life1 b daily life treat$ q g5]ally1 & ) a view to ! laws ( sculptural composition r ?an ) any int5tion to set =? ! hi/ory ( a life4 ,on "o side two ,amazons1 ea* 9 a f\r-horse *>iot & att5d$ by a female *>iote]1 attack a lion4 ,on ! o!r side five m5 on horseback close 9 ^u a bo>4 ,! hunt]s are all "y m5 ( ! type ( ! rid]s on ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 to "s ( :om 9 fact !y be> a v close resemblance4 ,b ! *>iot us$ = lion-hunt+ sav\rs r ( ,assyria ?an ( ,greece4 ,! reliefs 7 fully col\r$1 su* accessories z re9s & spe>s be+ fill$ 9 9 metal4 ,z ! ,lycian ,tomb c>ries an e*o ( ! /yle ( ,pheidias1 s ! ,tomb ( ! ,m\rn+ ,wom5 rem9ds u at once ( ! works ( ! second ,attic s*ool1 & ( ,praxiteles 9 p>ticul>4 ,we %\ld date x ab\t ,b4,c4 #cgj or #cfj4 ,i c only describe 9 detail ! sc5es ( ! "o end ( x :i* is select$ = ! illu/ration2 ( ! re/ ( ! sculptur$ reliefs a v summ>y description mu/ suffice4 ,nev] 0 !re a "w ( art 9 :i* dea? & m\rn+ 7 repres5t$ 9 s v>i$ & s exquisitely subdu$ a fa%ion4 ,! s>cophagus is l an arti/ic lam5t1 writt5 9 _m v]ses1 & compos$ 9 diff]5t keys1 b /ill con/antly return+ to & hov]+ ab\t ! loss ( "s dignifi$ & mu*-regrett$ p]son4 ,9 ! engrav+ 7,fig4 #hb7 we see at ! top two correspond+ gr\ps1 9 ea* ( :i* is a be>d$ man seat$ 9 an attitude ( dejection1 :ile a y\ng] man /&+ be=e him holds disc\rse ) him4 ,! subject ( :i* he speaks is1 we c sc>cely d\bt1 ! dea? ( ! rul] :o 0 ! ma/] & protector ( bo?1 & ^: dep>ture causes widely spread sorr[ 9 ! l&4 ,j bel[1 9 ! gable1 are ?ree seat$ wom51 :o also seem to talk on ! same !me4 ,!y rem9d u ( a f9e passage 9 ! dirge pron\nc$ by ,david ov] ,saul & ,jona?an#cbj1 #8,ye daught]s ( ,israel1 weep ov] ,saul1 :o ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,m\rn]s3 ,,end4 clo!d y 9 sc>let ) o!r delights1 :o put on ornam5ts ( gold on y\r app>el4' ,! ma9 field is occupi$ by ?ree wom5 /&+1 sep>at$ "o f ! o!r by pill>s ( ,ionic =m4 ,9 ! attitude ( all !re is some?+ ( p5siv5ess1 z x w\ld seem to u1 b to a ,greek eye x w\ld mean m ?an ?\ght1--sorr[4 ,! poses are precisely ^? to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 ! ,attic family gr\ps2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! arti/ :o made ?is s>cophagus belong$ to ! s*ool1 ,praxitelean 9 "*1 :i* produc$ ! /elae ( ,a!ns4 ,! l[e/ l9e ( sculpture 9 ! engrav+ is on a v small scale & 9 l[ relief2 x repres5ts sc5es ( hunt+ & ! br++ home ( ! booty4 ,! rema9+ ?ree faces ( ! s>cophagus correspond ) t :i* we h describ$ 9 subject & 9 /yle1 ! o!r end closely s4 ,on ea* side we f9d--besides ! l[e/ relief1 :i* runs all r\nd--above1 a fun]al procession1 9 :i* a he>se is convoy$ to ! grave by a *>iot & l$ horses1 & bel[1 six m wom5 9 m\rn+ attitudes /&+ betwe5 pill>s4 ,! numb] ( ^! female figures is ?us eighte54 ,x w\ld puzzle _m a mod]n arti/ to solve ! arti/ic problem ?us set1 to produce eighte5 figures ( wom51 all "y & ( ! same type1 all /&+ 9 poses bo? 9 !mselves elegant b yet sugge/ive ( grief1 & s diff]5t "o f ! o!r t !re is no sam5ess or repetition4 ,b arti/ic problems ( ?is sort _h a special attraction = ,greek arti/s ( ! be/ p]iod--= ! arti/ :o plann$ ! ,p>!non frieze z well z = ! arti/s ( ! ,mausoleum4 ,& no solution c\ld be f\nd m p]fect ?an t (f]$ u 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! eighte5 wom5 h be5 comp>$ to a dirge ( eighte5 /anzas2 & ?\gh to su/a9 ! comp>ison ! dirge w\ld be some:at monoton\s1 t fact p]haps w\ld n make x less impressive4 ,m4 ,re9a* well obs]ves t ! :ole =m ( ?is monum5t is tak5 f t ( a temple4 ,! columns support an entablature1 above :i* rises a p$im5t4 ,betwe5 ! columns /& /atues1 z v (t5 9 ,greek temples & 9 monum5ts su* z ! ,lycian h]oon 7,fig4 #gd74 ,no d\bt1 morphologically1 ! s>cophagus is a m9iature temple1 z ! temple itself is a beautifi$ & idealiz$ h\se2 b 9 ,greece e =m ( monum5t soon acquires a decoration specially suit$ to x2 ?us ! =m & decoration ( ?is tomb are an able adaptation r ?an a survival4 ,if our assignm5t ( ! date ( ! s>cophagus to ab\t ,b4,c4 #cgj or #cfj be correct1 we may almo/ v5ture to assign a "n to its possessor4 ,?\gh we d n "k mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ,sidon1 we d "k t at ?is p]iod ! ?rone ( ! city 0 occupi$ by a k+ nam$ ,/rato1 9 ^: hon\r ! p ( ,a!ns pass$ a decree1 9 return = fav\rs done to _! envoys4 ,! text ( ?is decree is extant#cba4 ,z ,/rato 0 ?us on excell5t t]ms ) ! p ( ,a!ns2 :at m natural ?an t ,a!ns %\ld l5d an arti/ = ! decoration ( 8 s>cophagus ei!r to him or to 8 successor8 ,by f> ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ notewor?y ( ! ,sidonian s>cophagi is t :i* be>s ! "n ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! discov]y 0 made1 "s writ]s express$ ! op9ion t x 0 ! tomb ( ,alex&] himself4 ,alex&] h[ev] 0 buri$1 z we "k on q suffici5t te/imony1 n at ,sidon b at ,alex&ria#cbb4 ,& ?\gh ! c(f9 is q wor?y ( hold+ ! bones ( ! greate/ ( k+s1 yet ,alex&]'s ta/e 0 probably too florid to be cont5t ) a m]e %r9e ( m>ble4 ,moreov]1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t no ,greek 0 ! occupant1 = inside 7 f\nd l95 b&s1 su* z 7 us$ = swaddl+ ! corpses ( ,ori5tal1 b n ( ,hell5ic1 pr9ces4 ,! body :i* _h be5 ?us swa!d has disappe>$4 ,b ?\gh ! great s>cophagus nev] held ! body ( ,alex&]1 yet its sculptures are an important arti/ic & ev5 hi/orical record ( "s ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,let u briefly consid] !m 9 ord]4 ,accord+ to analogy1 we %\ld expect to f9d 9 ! p$im5tal sc5es ( ! s>cophagus ! be/ clue to its attribution3 ) !m !re=e we w beg94 ,9 exam9+ all ! sc5es1 we mu/ discrim9ate ) ! utmo/ c>e betwe5 ! dress ( ,mac$onians & ,greeks on "o side & t ( ! ,p]sians1 ,pho5icians1 & o!r ,asiatic peoples on ! o!r4 ,greeks appe> "h1 z 9 all works ( art1 usually ) body ei!r b>e or cov]$ ) a cuirass1 at ! bottom ( :i* is a lea!r flap4 ,sometimes a *lamys floats f _! %\ld]s4 ,!y c>ry sword & %ield1 or a lance1 & we> helmets3 ! ,mac$onian helmet rises 9 a peak at ! top & has *eek-pieces4 ,! dress ( ! ,asiatics is less v>i$3 !y we> a loose *iton1 sleeves cov] _! arms to ! wri/1 & tr\s]s rea* to ! ankle2 on _! heads is ! ,phrygian cap1 ! flaps ( :i* (t5 cov] ! m\?2 a loose coat ) sleeves1 almo/ l ! jacket ( a huss>1 is (t5 atta*$ to !m at ! neck & hangs beh9d4 ,?is is ! c&ys1 (t5 m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s4 ,x5ophon#cbc says t soldi]s put _! arms ?r\gh ! sleeves :5 on p>ade4 ,9 ! fir/ p$im5t we h a fight+ sc5e4 ,! fight+ is betwe5 ,mac$onians on "o side & ,p]sians on ! o!r4 ,! mo/ prom95t figure1 :o occupies ! midmo/ place1 is an ,asiatic cavali]1 :o /rikes d[n at a ,greek soldi]4 ,8 ,p]sian companions ov]?r[ ! ,mac$onians oppos$ to !m4 ,we h1 9 fact1 a victory ( ,asiatics ov] ,europeans4 ,9 ! opposite p$im5t 7,fig4 #hc7 is a sc5e less easy to int]pret4 ,"h ! combatants are all ,greek or ,mac$onian4 ,! mo/ prom95t figure is t ( a fully arm$ foot-soldi]1 :o drives 8 sword into ! ?roat ( a y\? :o kneels at 8 feet4 ,9 ! frieze bel[ ! p$im5t la/ m5tion$ 7,fig4 #hc71 we aga9 see an ,asiatic horseman1 app>5tly ! h]o ( ! fir/ p$im5t1 z c5tral figure1 victori\s ov] a ,greek oppon5t1 ^: helmet1 ( =m n ,mac$onian1 lies beside him4 ,on ei!r side ( ! horseman !re *>ges fi]cely a ,mac$onian soldi] aga9/ ,asiatics1 :o are cle>ly ov]-mat*$4 ,9 ! correspond+ frieze at ! o!r end is a sc5e 9 :i* a p>ty ( ,asiatics hunt ! pan!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,alex&] ,,s>cophagus3 ,,end4 ,be=e leav+ ^! sc5es1 we may obs]ve t x seems cle> t ! ,asiatic *ief already twice repeat$ is ! t5ant ( ! tomb4 ,8 dress is q suitable = t ( a rul] ( ,sidon3 8 position is m>k$ z unique4 ,! sc5es 9 :i* he takes "p are no d\bt 8 hunt+ & 8 petty w>s ) neighb\r+ pr9ces1 ^: armies1 l all armies at ! "t1 7 mix$1 consi/+ p>tly ( ,mac$onians1 p>tly ( ,greek m]c5>ies1 & p>tly ( native troops4 ,9 kn[+ s little ( ! hi/ory ( ! "t1 we lose ! clue t we might o!rwise possess z to ! p>ticul> ev5ts portray$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,alex&] ,,s>cophagus3 ,,lion ,,hunt4 ,if we accept ?is int]pretation1 we %all be able to expla9 "o at lea/ ( ! long friezes :i* adorn ! sides ( ! s>cophagus 7,fig4 #hd7cbd4 ,! subject ( x is a lion-hunt4 ,9 ! mid/ is a gr\p1 ab\t :i* ! :ole sc5e is balanc$4 ,! lion has turn$ to bay1 & flung himself ^u ! horse ridd5 by an ,asiatic cavali]1 :o is d\btless ! ,sidonian mon>* ( previ\s sc5es4 ,he def5ds himself ) en]gy2 & help is approa*+ f bo? sides4 ,on "o side1 gallop+ to 8 aid1 ,alex&] himself1 notable = 8 regal fillet or diadema1 & ! int5se expression obs]vable 9 mo/ ( 8 portraits4 ,on ! o!r side comes a ,mac$onian noble1 p]haps ,hephae/ion1 a beautiful figure1 b )\t ! diadema4 ,at ! two ends ( ! relief are o!r gr\ps--a ,p]sian draw+ ! b[1 a s]vant runn+ up arm$ ) a pike1 a ,greek & a ,p]sian /rik+ d[n a /ag4 ,we c easily und]/& t to accompany ,alex&] 9 8 hunt+1 & to be rescu$ by him f ! attack ( a lion1 0 en\gh to conf] great di/9ction on any ,asiatic pot5tate1 & we _c be surpris$ t he %\ld ?9k ! ev5t wor?y ( record on 8 tomb4 ,! rema9+ frieze is t :i* has attract$ mo/ att5tion#cbe4 ,x is a repres5tation ( ! conqu]+ *>ge ( ,alex&] & 8 companions at "o ( 8 battles1 p]haps t ( ,issus4 ,f ! left comes ! ,great ,k+1 a lion's sk9 on 8 head1 ov]?r[+1 by a furi\s *>ge1 a ,p]sian noble :o tries to /op 8 way4 ,an eld]ly man1 p]haps ,p>m5io1 *>ges at ! same mom5t f ! "r ) l success2 9 ! mid/ is a ?ird ,mac$onian lead] /rik+ d[n at a ,p]sian1 "o ( ! noble/ figures ev] execut$ 9 m>ble4 ,9 ! field is a mle ( ,greeks & ,p]sians1 ! =m] hav+ by mu* ! bett] ( ! fray4 ,9 ?is sc5e ! int5tion c]ta9ly seems to be to glorify ,alex&] & 8 g5]als2 & x is n easy to f9d any allusion to de$s ( ! ,sidonian k+4 ,he c sc>cely be "o ( ! ov]?r[n ,p]sian horsem54 ,! :ole composition %\ld be comp>$ ) ! well-kn[n ,pompeian mosaic :i* repres5ts ! battle ( ,issus3 ! gr\p ( ,alex&] & 8 imm$iate foe is compos$ 9 ! two sc5es 9 almo/ exactly ! same way4 ,we engrave f9ally 7,fig4 #he7 "o ( ! lions :i* decorate ! upp] corn]s ( ! c(f94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,alex&] ,,s>cophagus3 ,a ,,lion4 ,x is mo/ probable t ?is tomb conta9$ ! rema9s ( a k+ m5tion$ 9 hi/ory4 ,ab\t #cej ,b4,c4 ,sidon _h revolt$ aga9/ ,p]sia "u ,artax]xes ,o*us1 & ! revolt _h be5 m]cilessly suppress$ by ! ,p]sian k+4 ,z a natural result1 ! city reg>d$ ,alex&]1 :5 9 8 victori\s c\rse he rea*$ ,sidon1 z a deliv]] r ?an z a foe4 ,:ile ,tyre resi/$ to ! dea?1 ,sidon yield$ at once4 ,a ,k+ ,/rato 0 !n rul+4 ,= reasons ( 8 own ,alex&] direct$ ,hephae/ion to depose him1 & to set up 9 8 place a memb] ( ! royal h\se nam$ ,abdalonymus4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 did n reign v long1 z aft] ?is ,pho5icia became a bone ( cont5tion betwe5 ! ,ptolemies & ! ,seleucidae4 ,x seems a fair hi/orical conjecture t ! great s>cophagus is t ( ,abdalonymus1 :o seems to h be5 ! la/ ( ! native royal race1 & :o records on 8 tomb alike 8 own exploits & ^? ( 8 h]o & protector ,alex&]4 ,! beauty ( ! :ole s>cophagus _c be judg$ f our repres5tations1 few 9 numb] & small 9 size4 ,to be appreciat$ fully1 ! great monum5t mu/ be se5 9 its place 9 ! ,museum at ,con/ant9ople3 its beauty & pres]vation are alike ov]p[]+4 ,mu* ( ! col\r+ /ill rema9s#cbf1 b ! accessories1 swords1 bits ( horses1 & ! l1 once fill$ 9 9 bronze & silv]1 h disappe>$4 ,! /yle is a /yle ( wond]ful vig\r ( gr\p+ & skill 9 execution4 ,altoge!r x is "o ( ! _w's ma/]pieces4 ,! arti/ic s*ool ( ?is great "w ( art rema9s yet to be det]m9$4 ,! names ( ,euty*ides & ,eu?ycrates1 great sculptors ( ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 h be5 sugge/$4 ,b ! tru? is t 9 ?is s>cophagus we are face to face ) a "w ( a "* q new to u1 9 "s ways a m ma/]ly "w ( ! ,greek *isel ?an we _h be=e possess$4 ,hi!rto we _h be5 able to divide ,greek reliefs into high relief1 half relief1 & bas relief4 ,b ! arti/ ( ^! friezes mixes all ^! /yles1 9 ord] to produce ! desir$ effect1 ) ma/]ful boldness4 ,we mu/ wait until "t & fre% discov]ies enable u to det]m9e 8 arti/ic g5ealogy4 ,! ne>e/ ( ,greek s>cophagi 9 date & /yle to ! la/ ( ! ,sidonian s]ies is ! great ,amazon s>cophagus ( ,vi5na#cbg1 an admirable "w ( art1 on ! f\r sides ( :i* are depict$ ) mu* _s ! battles ( ! ,greeks & ,amazons4 ,b we h "h regul> my?ologic sc5es l ^? :i* adorn ! great temples ( ,greece2 no?+ p]sonal1 & no?+ :i* has ref]5ce to ! future _w4 ,any fur!r consid]ation ( ,greek s>cophagi & ( ! ,roman s>cophagi :i* succe$$ !m w\ld take u into ano!r prov9ce ( ! great empire ( ,hell5ic antiquity4 ,,! ,,end ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,footnotes3 #a ,i4 #bh4 #cf3 #8,iniecto t] pulv]e curras4' #b ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 und ,sicil4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 i4 #c ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 und ,sicil4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 xxxiii4 #d ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ix4 #ci4 #e ,rayet1 ,monum4 de l',art ,antique1 pl4 lxxv4 #f ,rayet1 text to above plate4 #g ,see bel[1 ,*4 ,,vii1 ,,viii4 #h ,iliad1 xvi4 #fff4 #i ,kle91 ,euphronios1 p4 #bgb4 ,iris & a female figure /& on ei!r side4 ,"s writ]s1 int]pret+ ! latt] z ,eos1 h se5 9 ! dead body t ( ,memnon4 ,! po9t is immat]ial to our pres5t purpose4 #aj ,dumont1 ,cramiques de la ,grce propre1 pl4 xxvii4 #aa ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ix4 #cb4 ,we reproduce only ! c5tral gr\p ( ! pa9t+4 #ab ,grb] d] ,hell551 p4 #db1 pl4 viii4 ,/ackelb]g f\nd ! c(f9 himself ne> ! ,a*>nian ,gate at ,a!ns1 & drew x imm$iately on discov]y4 #ac ,potti] et ,re9a*1 ,la ,ncropole de ,myr9a1 p4 #aja4 #ad ,h]odotus1 iv4 #bf4 ,! ^w may p]haps mean1 z "s h sugge/$1 ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea?1 if dea? be reg>d$ z bir? into a new life4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians seem to h adopt$ ?is view4 #ae ,p4 #eai2 ,*>on1 #bb4 #af ,,ii4 p4 #ibf2 ,de ,luctu1 #i4 #ag ,plut>*1 ,solon1 #ba4 #ah ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 i4 #adc4 #ai ,plut>*1 ,ari/ides4 #ba4 #bj ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahic1 p4 #ec4 #ba ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #bb ,ephem4 ,ar*aiol4 #ahhf1 pl4 iv4 #bc ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 und ,sicil4 ,vas5b4 pl4 xxi1 #b3 cf4 xxi4 #a1 xxii1 xxv1 c4 #bd ,dumont1 ,cram4 de la ,grce1 pl4 xxv4 #be ,potti]1 ,lcy!s blancs1 pl4 iv3 cf4 p4 #gd4 #bf ,no4 #gce ( ! ,a!ns ,museum4 #bg ,pl4 lx4 #bh ,9 a lat] ,*apt] 7,x7 ,i %[ by in/ances h[ close is sometimes ! resemblance 9 reliefs & on vases betwe5 ! toilet sc5es ( daily life & sc5es ( (f]+ to ! dead4 #bi ,catalogue ( ,vases1 ,,iv4 pl4 iv4 ,i _c accept ! view ( ! au?or ( ! ,catalogue1 t all ?ree figures are ^? ( m\rn]s4 #cj ,z to ! pill> 77 & table 771 see ,*ap4 ,,viii4 #ca ,psy*e1 ,seel5cult und ,un/]bli*keitsglaube d] ,grie*51 #ahid4 #cb ,odyssey1 iv4 #efj4 #cc x4 #bh4 ,cf4 ,rob]t1 ,die ,nekyia des ,polygnot4 ,halle1 #ahib4 #cd ,antike ,d5kml]1 publi%$ by ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute1 vol4 i4 pl4 xxiii4 #c4 #ce ,nos4 #a & #b on ! plate already cit$4 #cf ,potti]1 ,lcy!s blancs1 pl4 #c3 cf4 ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 und ,sicil4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #bg4 #cg ,x4 #bh4 #g4 #ch ,see ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]1 ,s]ies ,e1 pl4 i-iii3 cf4 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml]1 article #8,unt]welt4' #ci ,cf4 ! relief publi%$ 9 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iv4 pl4 ix4 #dj ,l4 #ej4 #da ,i4 #bh4 #f4 #db ,agesilaus1 xi4 #h4 #dc ,see ,*ap4 ,,xi4 #dd ,,ii4 p4 #cfd ,e 7translation ( ,davies & ,vaughan74 #de ,*ap4 ,,xii4 #df ,plut>*1 ,pelopidas1 #bj-bb4 #dg ,odyssey1 xi4 #fjb4 #dh ,= ?is see1 among o!r works1 ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae & ,tiryns2 ,s*u*h>dt1 ,excavations ( ,s*liemann 7,eng4 trans472 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,la ,grce ,primitive2 ,g>dn]1 ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory4 #di ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,ausgrabung51 p4 #agf4 #ej ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,la ,grce ,primitive1 p4 #fch4 #ea ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae1 pl4 ,e4 #eb ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 pl4 vi4 #ec ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ii4 p4 #acf1 pl4 xiii4 #ed ,helbig1 ,la ,"q mycnenne4 #ahif4 #ee ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae1 p4 #ha4 #ef ,ibid4 p4 #hf4 #eg ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 p4 #ggj4 #eh ,! mo/ rec5t acc\nt ( ^!1 by ,m4 ,j\b91 w be f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 de ,corresp4 helln4 #ahie1 p4 #fi4 #ei ,,ii4 #bb1 #b 77 4 #fj ,texi]1 ,description1 pl4 cxxx4 #fa ,web]1 ,le ,sipyle1 pl4 i4 #fb ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 v4 #hc4 ,mr4 ,ramsay1 :ile all[+ ! g5]al excell5ce ( ?is draw+1 disputes its accuracy 9 "s p>ticul>s4 ,see ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 #ahhi1 p4 #aee4 #fc ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 v4 p4 #ajc4 #fd ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 v4 p4 #aaa4 ,ano!r draw+ 9 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 #ahhh1 p4 #cfh 7,ramsay74 #fe ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 pl4 xviii4 #ff ,) ,m4 ,p]rot's "w on ,phrygia1 x is necess>y to comp>e ,mr4 ,ramsay's #8,/udy ( ,phrygian ,art' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies = #ahhi & #ahij4 #fg ,i4 p4 #fa4 #fh ,see ! ,catalogue ( ,sculpture ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 or ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 vol4 v4 #fi ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpture1 i4 ,no4 #hj2 cf4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 vol4 v4 p4 #cif4 #gj ,anabasis1 vi4 #bi4 #ga ,odyssey1 xx4 #ff4 #gb ,catalogue ( ,sculpture1 i4 p4 #ec1 ,no4 #ic4 #gc ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpture1 i4 ,no4 #hf4 ,engrav$ 9 ,murray1 ,hi/4 ,sculpture1 i4 pl4 iii-v2 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 pl4 #af1 #ag2 ,brunn1 ,d5kml]1 pl4 #ajb4 #gd ,cat4 ( ,sculpture1 ,no4 #ig2 ,murray1 i4 pl4 v4 #ge ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 xix4 pl4 ,f4 #gf ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 #bg4 #gg ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 vii4 #afc4 #gh ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 v4 #aca4 ,i return to ! subject 9 ! next *apt]4 #gi ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 x4 #afj4 #hj ,see ,maspro1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria1 p4 #ade4 #ha ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 ii4 #be4 #hb ,catalogue1 ,no4 #adag4 #hc ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ii4 p4 #ajg4 #hd ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iv4 pl4 #g4 #he ,see a pap] by ,p]vanoglu1 ,das ,famili5mahl auf altgrie*4 ,grab/e954 #hf ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,co9s3 ,?race1 p4 #ij4 #hg ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 v4 p4 #aaf4 #hh ,ibid4 v4 p4 #ajf4 #hi ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahgi1 p4 #afe4 #ij ,cf4 ,furtwngl]1 ,sab\r(f ,coll4 ,introd4 p4 #ci4 #ia ,bu*holz1 ,hom]is*e ,reali51 iii4 #a1 #ccd4 #ib ,*ap4 vii4 p4 #bj1 ed4 ,k5yon4 #ic ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,m>bles1 ,no4 #gec4 #id ,"h ! female figure seems decid$ly ! tall]1 b ?is may be ! result ( ! law ( ,greek reliefs1 to place ! heads ( p]sons repres5t$ on "o level4 #ie ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 #bi4 #if ,pl4 #af4 #ig ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #beee4 #ih ,la ,collection ,sab\r(f1 ,introd4 p4 #bh4 #ii ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 viii4 #af2 ,le ,bas1 ,voyage1 pl4 #ajc4 #ajj ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iii4 #chj2 ,fri$ri*s-,wolt]s1 ,gipsabgsse1 ,no4 #ajgf2 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #beeg4 #aja ,museum ,m>bles1 ix4 pl4 #cd4 #ajb ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 xi4 #ee4 #ajc ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 vii4 #a4 #ajd ,ar*4 ,zeitung1 #ahhc1 p4 #bhe4 #aje ,monum4 ,grecs1 pl4 i2 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #dje1 :]e ! figures are wrongly call$ ,ares & ,aphrodite4 #ajf ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #bega4 #ajg ,*ap4 ,i4 #ajh ,il4 xi4 #cga2 ,od4 xii4 #ad1 c4 ,cf4 ! phrase1 1 4 #aji ,,ii4 #bf4 #aaj #8,op]e tectorio exorn>i4' #aaa #8,columellam1 aut m5sam aut labellam40 #aab ,^! passages are collect$ by ,messrs4 ,potti] & ,re9a* 9 ! ,bullet9 de ,corresp4 hellnique1 #ahhb1 p4 #cif4 #aac ,g]h>d1 ,aus]l4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 #aii3 cf4 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 viii4 pl4 #e2 ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 und ,sicil4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 #bd4 #aad ,ar*4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 p4 #aig4 #aae e4g4 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 viii4 #e4 #aaf ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell551 xlv4 #c4 ,! deceas$ lady1 seat$ on ! 1 01 no d\bt1 repres5t$ z drap$1 b ! wa% ( col\r has worn away4 #aag ,paus4 ix4 #cj1 #g4 #aah ,ibid4 ix4 #be1 #b4 #aai ,ibid4 iv4 #cb1 #c4 #abj ,,vii4 #gjj4 #aba ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 x4 pl4 #ac4 #abb ,ecclesiazusae1 l4 #iif4 ,cf4 l4 #ech4 #abc ,ibid4 l4 #aaaj4 #abd ,an exhau/ive article on ^! vases w be f\nd 9 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahia1 p4 #cga 7,wolt]s74 ,! writ] ma9ta9s t !y appe> only on ! tombs ( ! unm>ri$4 ,= a repres5tation ( a t]ra-cotta vase on a see p4 #cgi4 #abe ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahhg1 pl4 ix4 #abf ,a!ns ,cat4 #hhd4 ,! leky?os on ! "r1 h[ev]1 is a re/oration1 all except "p ( its foot4 #abg ,an?ology1 vii4 #ahb4 #abh ,ad ,leo*>em1 p4 #ajhf4 #abi ,= ! col\r+ ( ^! votive figures see ,collignon1 ,hi/4 de la ,sculpture grecque1 vol4 i1 frontispiece2 ,ephem]is ,ar*4 #ahhg1 pl4 ix2 ,antike ,d5kml] des ,ar*4 ,in/4 i4 pl4 #ci4 #acj ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahic1 p4 #hc4 #aca ,?is matt] is treat$ 9 detail 9 ,brckn]'s ,ornam5t und ,=mat d] ,attis*5 ,grab/el53 see pl4 i4 ( t "w4 #acb ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ii4 #bgj4 #acc ,brckn]1 ,ornam5t und ,=m5 d] ,att4 ,grab/el51 pl4 i4 #b4 #acd ,a!ns ,cat4 #ige4 #ace ,ibid4 #gbi4 #acf ,ibid4 #ged4 #acg ,ibid4 #bh4 #ach ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 vol4 iv4 #aci ,grb] d] ,hell551 pl4 #ef4 #adj ,septem c4 ,!b4 #ebd4 #ada ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 xii4 #aje4 #adb ,*ap4 ,i1 above4 #adc ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #gge4 #add ,l4 #afh4 #ade ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #ghc4 #adf ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #gdd4 #adg ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #ggj4 #adh ,an?ol4 ,palat4 vii4 #cdd4 #adi ,see ,f4 ,imho(-,blum] & ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,numismatic ,comm5t>y on ,pausanias1 pl4 ,e1 p4 #ai4 #aej ,publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 vi4 p4 #cb4 #aea ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #afi4 #aeb ,plut>*1 ,cic4 #bf4 #aec ,,vii4 #cg4 ,cf4 #gjg4 #aed ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #fb4 #aee ,see especially a pap] by ,pr(essor ,loes*cke 9 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iv4 #bib4 #aef ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xxxv4 #aec4 #aeg ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iv4 pl4 vi4 #aeh ,= example1 ,dr4 ,wald/e91 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 p4 #afh4 #aei ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iv4 pl4 iii4 #afj ,i4 #ij4 444 4 #afa ,! head also does n belong to ! /atue1 & ! "r arm & o!r p>ts are re/orations4 ,see ! ,b]l9 ,d5kml]1 i4 pl4 #ca1 #cb4 #afb ,= ! basket see ,fig4 #fb3 = ! attitude cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,epigrams to be plac$ on tombs adorn$ ) /atues ( wom5 are to be f\nd 9 ! ,an?ology1 vii4 #fdi1 c4 ,z a replica ( ! #8,p5elope' 9 v high relief exi/s 9 ! ,vatican1 we may reg>d x z likely t ! orig9al 0 n entirely deta*$ f ! backgr\nd4 #afc ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #bah4 #afd ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #bai4 #afe e4g4 ,kaibel1 ,no4 #eje1 f ,tricca4 ,! =mula ( d$ication is 4 #aff ,see ,plates ,,xxv1 ,,xxvi4 #afg ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iv4 pl4 i1 ii4 ,cf4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 i4 #afh ,mi*aelis1 ,anci5t ,m>bles 9 ,great ,brita91 p4 #che1 :5ce our engrav+ is tak54 #afi ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 iv4 ,z to ! p5ta?lon1 see ! ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 i4 p4 #baj4 #agj ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 iii4 pl4 #ad4 #aga ,^! are lo/1 b ! holes 9 :i* !y 7 fix$ rema9 ov] ! =ehead4 #agb ,re9s1 sword1 & lance 7 add$ 9 metal1 z is %[n by ! rema9+ holes 9 :i* ^! 7 fix$4 ,col\r 0 d\btless freely add$4 #agc ,bull4 ,corr4 ,helln4 iv4 pl4 #g4 #agd ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #hgc4 #age ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #hbh4 #agf ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ge/ure is "o ( adoration 9 pres5ce ( ! deities ( ! next _w4 #agg ,an?ologia1 vii4 #cch4 #agh ,= in/ance1 ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #aaib4 #agi ,at ,rome4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,ann4 e ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 #ahee1 pl4 xv4 ,cf4 ,fri$ri*s-,wolt]s1 ,gipsabgsse1 ,no4 #ajaj4 #ahj ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #geb4 #aha ,,vii4 #bgi4 #ahb ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #gca4 #ahc ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xv4 #ahd ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xvii4 #ahe ,br4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,m>bles1 ,no4 #gba2 ,mus4 ,m>b4 ix4 pl4 #ch4 #ahf ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 vi4 pl4 ,b4 #ahg ,su* z ,fri$ri*s-,wolt]s ,gipsabgsse1 ,no4 #ajbd3 ,ar*4 ,zeitung1 #ahga1 pl4 #ec4 #ahh ,an?ol4 ,palat4 vi4 #bhj4 #ahi ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #aaif4 #aij ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xxxvii4 #aia ,museum ,m>bles1 x4 #c4 #aib ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #gaa4 #aic ,ibid4 ,no4 #gfe2 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pl4 xlviii4 #aid ,! two notions t 9 su* gr\ps x is always ! seat$ or t x is always ! /&+ p]son :o is dead are alike fallaci\s4 #aie ,kaibel1 ,no4 #eeg4 #aif ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,nos4 #acd1 #aci4 #aig ,ibid4 ,no4 #aeh4 #aih ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #gag4 #aii ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #hgj4 #bjj ,ibid4 ,no4 #gdi4 ,a photograph ( ! relief be+ unsatisfactory1 we copy ! engrav+ at p4 #gj ( ! ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 #bja ,,vii4 #gcj1 by ,p]ses4 #bjb ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,no4 #ccc1 pl4 lxxxiv4 #bjc ,i h a vivid recollection ( ! admiration express$ = ! examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum by ,mr4 ,rusk94 #bjd ,pl4 xxxix2 cf4 ,a!ns ,cat4 ,no4 #gbd4 #bje ,sab\r(f ,coll4 ,introd4 p4 #ab4 #bjf ,plato1 ,!aetetus1 p4 #aih ,a4 #bjg ,rangabe1 ,antiq4 ,hell4 ii4 pp4 #eci1 #hdb2 cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,g4 #ajab b1 #gjcd1 & ,ari/ophanes1 ,a*>n4 l4 #di4 #bjh ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 und ,sicil4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 xv4 #bji e4g4 ,b5ndorf1 op4 cit4 pl4 xxv2 ,dumont1 ,cr4 de la ,grce propre1 i4 pl4 xxv4 #baj ,op4 cit4 pl4 ix4 #baa ,grie*4 ,vas5bild]1 pl4 xi4 #bab #iej & #iea 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,a!ns3 ,no4 #cbc1 pl4 lxxvii1 & ,no4 #ceg1 pl4 lxxxviii1 ( ! ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 #bac ,figur$ 9 ,brckn]'s ,grie*4 ,grabreliefs1 p4 #ab4 #bad ,gazette ar*ol4 i4 pl4 vii4 #bae ,h]mes also appe>s on a monum5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 a sort ( r\nd alt> on :i* are sculptur$ a man & woman h& 9 h&4 ,br4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,sculpture1 ,no4 #gaj4 #baf ,! example 9 our plate is t at ,p>is4 ,! inscriptions1 ,zetus1 ,amphion1 ,antiopa1 are mod]n1 & utt]ly incorrect4 #bag ,good /atem5ts ( ! argum5ts w be f\nd 9 ! ,introduction to ,furtwngl]'s ,sab\r(f ,collection1 & 9 ,brckn]'s ,grie*4 ,grabreliefs1 #ahhh4 #bah ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,no4 #a1 pl4 i4 ,see above1 p4 #ada4 #bai ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,no4 #cf1 pl4 xv4 #bbj ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 viii4 pl4 #ag4 #bba ,ibid4 pl4 #b4 #bbb ,ibid4 pl4 #c4 #bbc ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,no4 #bb1 pl4 xiii4 #bbd ,ibid4 ,no4 #ff1 pl4 xxviii4 #bbe ,mi*aelis1 ,anc4 ,m>bles 9 ,gr4 ,brita91 p4 #bbi1 ,no4 #g4 #bbf ,luke ii4 #bd4 #bbg ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,no4 #ai1 pl4 xi4 #bbh ,ibid4 ,no4 #ad1 pl4 ix4 ,b>racco ,collection4 #bbi ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 pls4 ciii1 cxxxi1 c4 #bcj ,a physician nam$ ,jason exam9+ a pati5t1 on a /ele ( ! ,briti% ,museum3 ,cat4 ,no4 #fbi4 #bca ,epitaph4 #ac4 #bcb ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #bcc ,ar*4 ,zeitung1 #ahga1 pl4 #di2 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 v4 p4 #ach4 #bcd ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #beci4 ,! relief is 9 ! ,l\vre4 #bce ,i4 #b4 #c4 #bcf ,,vii4 #bb4 #f4 #bcg ,ov]beck1 ,ges*i*te d] gr4 ,pla/ik1 ed4 #d4 ii4 p4 #bb4 #bch ,i h transcrib$ ^! inscriptions z !y /&1 lett] by lett]1 reta9+ = 1 = 1 = 1 & s on4 #bci ,,vii4 #cjd1 by ,peis&]4 #bdj ,,vii4 #dfc1 by ,leonidas4 #bda ,grabg$i*te d] grie*is*5 ,an?ologie4 ,vi5na1 #ahhi4 #bdb ,jahrbu* des ,in/4 #ahie1 p4 #bjd4 #bdc ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory1 *ap4 x4 #bdd ,kaibel1 ,epigrammata ,graeca1 ,no4 #dfa2 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #ajea4 ,cf4 ,paus4 i4 #dc4 #c4 #bde ,! publi%$ copy is v defective1 & ( ! la/ two l9es only ! g5]al s5se c be made out4 #bdf ,brit4 ,mus4 ,greek ,inscr4 i4 p4 #ajb4 ,cf4 ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory p4 #cbb4 #bdg ,kaibel1 ,no4 #ahc4 #bdh ,kaibel1 ,no4 #agi4 ,roehl1 ,inscrr4 ,gr4 ,antiqq4 ,no4 #cdb4 #bdi ,?is is ! r5d]+ ( ,roehl4 ,! conceit is r f>-fet*$ = s e>ly a p]iod4 #bej ,kaibel1 ,no4 #ahj3 ,roehl1 ,no4 #cdc4 #bea ,kaibel1 ,no4 #ahb4 #beb ,ibid4 ,no4 #dhg4 #bec ,ibid4 ,no4 #dhf4 #bed ,ibid4 ,no4 #dhh4 #bee ,ibid4 ,no4 #bji4 #bef ,ibid4 ,no4 #dij4 #beg ,kaibel1 ,no4 #ch4 #beh ,ibid4 ,no4 #cd4 #bei ,kaibel1 ,no4 #ahi4 #bfj ,ibid4 ,no4 #dhb4 #bfa ,ibid4 ,no4 #dic4 #bfb ,ibid4 ,no4 #dia4 #bfc ,=tune1 1 0 repres5t$ 9 art z hold+ a rudd] & a cornucopia4 #bfd ,t is1 ! ,*>itesia1 games held at ,or*om5us4 #bfe ,kaibel1 ,no4 #aia4 #bff ,ibid4 ,no4 #bbd4 #bfg ,ibid4 ,no4 #dif4 #bfh ,ibid4 ,no4 #dig4 #bfi ,kaibel1 ,no4 #dgc4 #bgj ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #fd1 anonym\s4 #bga ,/ephani1 ,d] ausruh5de ,h]akles1 p4 #ei4 ,! relief has disappe>$4 #bgb ,kaibel1 ,no4 #dfc4 #bgc ,ibid4 ,no4 #dfb4 #bgd ,,vii4 #ede4 #bge ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 #c p4 #aab4 #bgf ,kaibel1 ,no4 #dfe4 #bgg ,ibid4 ,no4 #bah4 #bgh ,ibid4 ,no4 #aie4 #bgi ,ibid4 ,no4 #aij4 #bhj ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #afc4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bha ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #dhi4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bhb ,ibid4 vii4 #dea4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bhc ,ibid4 vii4 #cba4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bhd ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #feg4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bhe ,ibid4 vii4 #bjg4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bhf ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #dgf4 ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,williams4 #bhg ,ibid4 vii4 #eed4 ,my v]sion4 #bhh ,ibid4 vii4 #dfe4 #bhi ,ibid4 vii4 #gce4 ,my v]sion4 #bij ,an?4 ,palat4 vii4 #ade4 ,my v]sion4 #bia ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpture1 i4 ,no4 #gff2 ,fell[s1 ,lycia1 p4 #aaf2 ,pet]s51 ,reis5 9 ,lyki51 ii4 p4 #aic4 #bib ,= a full acc\nt ( ?is monum5t see ,annali dell' ,in/4 #ahgd & #ahge2 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x42 cf4 also ,b5ndorf & ,niemann1 ,reis5 9 ,c>i5 und ,lyki51 p4 #hi1 pl4 xxiv4 #bic ,f ,ov]beck1 ,ges*i*te d] gr4 ,pla/ik1 ii4 #aia4 #bid ,annali dell' ,in/4 #ahge1 pl4 ,,de4 #bie ,all t is pres]v$ ( /e$ & rid] is ! =eleg ( ! re>+ horse4 #bif ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhb1 p4 #cei4 #big ,das ,h]oon von ,gjlbas*i-,trysa4 ,o4 ,b5ndorf & ,g4 ,niemann4 ,wi51 #ahhi4 ,our engrav+ is tak5 f pl4 i4 ( ?is admirable "w4 #bih ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies1 ii4 pl4 #bc4 #bii ,z to ^! see ! ,antiquits du ,bosphore ,cimmri51 a magnific5t "w1 n[ republi%$ at a mod]ate price by ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*4 ,also ,newton1 ,essays 9 ,art & ,ar*aeology1 *4 ix41 ,greek ,art 9 ! ,kimm]ian ,bosporos4 #cjj ,! ,antiqu>y1 vol4 liv4 pp4 #bgc-cfb4 #cja ,mr4 ,oldfield has k9dly all[$ me to copy a draw+ 9 :i* 8 late/ views are incorporat$4 #cjb ,fab4 #bbc4 #cjc #8,a]e 444 uacuo p5d5tia ,mausolea4' ,epig4 #a4 #cjd ,comp>+ ,m>tial1 ,epig4 ii4 #ad3 #8,inde petit c5tum p5d5tia tecta columnis4' #cje ,n4 ,h4 #cf1 #cj4 #cjf v4 l4 cvi4 #cjg v4 l4 c5t5os sexag5os4 #cjh v4 l4 p$es ccccxl4 #cji v4 l4 uocau]e circumitum4 #caj v4 l4 altitud9em inf]iorem aequat4 #caa ,9 a r\gh /atem5t l ?is x is unnecess>y to take into acc\nt ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,greek foot4 #cab ,hi/4 ,disc4 ii4 p4 #aia4 #cac ,funrailles et div]ses manires d'ensevelir1 c41 quot$ by ,newton 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf4 #cad ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 xiii4 p4 #ahh4 #cae ,! :ole ( ! ,amazon frieze is n[ figur$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,d5kml]1 vol4 ii41 & 9 ,ov]beck's ,pla/ik1 #d? ed41 ii4 p4 #ajf4 #caf ,= an acc\nt ( ^! see ! ,b]l9 ,antike ,d5kml]1 vol4 i4 "p #d2 also ,bullet9 de ,corr4 helln4 #ahie1 p4 #fi4 #cag ,une ncropole royale ,sidon4 ,hamdy ,bey & ,?odore ,re9a*4 ,a good acc\nt by ,/udniczka 9 ! ,jahrbu* ( ! ,g]man ,in/itute = #ahid1 p4 #bjd4 #cah ,?is & ! subsequ5t engrav+s are tak5 f ! plates ( ! magnific5t "w ( ,hamdy ,bey & ,m4 ,?odore ,re9a*1 ,une ncropole royale ,sidon1 by k9d p]mission ( au?ors & publi%]4 #cai ,*aps4 ,,ix1 ,x4 #cbj #b ,sam4 i4 #bd4 #cba ,hicks1 ,greek ,hi/orical ,inscriptions1 p4 #aee4 ,! m>ble is 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum4 #cbb ,! evid5ce is put toge!r by ,mr4 ,*9nock 9 ! ,classical ,review ( ,june1 #ahic4 #cbc ,cyropa$eia1 viii4 #c1 #aj4 #cbd ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t al?\gh we are oblig$ 9 ! engrav+ to bisect ?is relief1 x is really cont9u\s4 ,! head ( ! lion 9 ! upp] l9e fits on to ! body ( ! lion 9 ! l[] l9e4 #cbe ,x is figur$ n only 9 ! works already cit$1 b also 9 ,ov]beck's ,ges*i*te d] ,pla/ik1 ii4 p4 #djc1 & 9 o!r works4 #cbf ,z to ?is & all o!r details1 see ! valuable rem>ks ( ,m4 ,re9a*1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe4 #cbg ,rob]t1 ,die antik5 ,s>kophag-,reliefs1 ii4 pl4 #bg4 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 c sc>ely h aim$ c sc>cely h aim$ pg #ha 9 ,attica1 at ,spata1 & at ,m5idi 9 ,attica1 at ,sp>ta1 & at ,m5idi pg #aje