,,lessons ,,9 ,,*alk ,,model+ ,,! ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,map ,,draw+ #ajj ,,illu/rations ,,) ,,introduction ,,& ,sugge/ions on ! ,use ( ! ,map ,,by ,,ida ,,cassa ,,heffron 7,late ( ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,lectur] & ,in/ructor 9 ,p$agogics 9 ,art1 ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,division1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago47 ,,educational ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright$ ,,by ,,educational ,,publi%+ ,,company #aijj ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,necessity = ! ,/udy ( ,/ructural ,geography z ,prep>atory to ! ,draw+ ( ,maps #i #b4 ,necessity = ,field ,lessons & ,importance ( ,=m+1 9 ,connection ) ,!m1 ! ,habit ( ,model+ & ,draw+ #ac #c4 ,importance ( ,le>n+ to ,int]pret ,pictures z an ,aid to ,imag+ ! ,cont95t #bg #d4 ,maps--( ! ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,! ,*alk ,model$ ,map #cd ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,fifte5 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,*alk ,,model+4 ,,rem>ks #eb ,i4 ,repres5tation ( ,surfaces ) ,h9ts on ! ,del9eation ( ,di/ances4 ,l& ,slop+ f ! ,obs]v]4 ,light & ,%ade #ed ,,ii4 ,l& ,slop+ t[>d ! ,obs]v]4 ,quality ( ,l9e4 ,relations & ,proportions #ei ,,iii4 ,high & ,l[ ,wat]-p>t+s1 ) ,map ,%[+ ,divide #fc ,,iv4 ,meet+ ( ,l& & ,wat]4 ,lakes4 ,spr+s4 ,isl&s4 ,high & ,l[ ,tide #ff ,v4 ,sket*es ,illu/rative ( ,w9d & ,wat] ,erosion #fi ,,vi4 ,sc5es ,typical ( ! ,diff]5t ,zones #gf ,,vii4 ,riv] ,bas9s4 ,coa/s #hb ,,viii4 ,sugge/ions on ! ,use ( ! ,*alk ,model$ ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ,f\r? & ,fif? ,grades #hg ,,ix4 ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica #if ,x4 ,natural ,features ( ,int]e/ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #ajd ,,xi4 ,map ( ,mexico1 ) ,sugge/ions = ,tea*]s ( ,fif? & ,six? ,grades #ajh ,,xii4 ,map ( ,section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica = ,use 9 ,prep>atory ,lessons on ! ,civil ,w> #aag ,,xiii4 ,map ( ,s\? ,am]ica #abc ,,xiv4 ,map ( ,eurasia1 ) ,sections 9 ,detail #abg ,,xv4 ,maps ( ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,summ>y ( ,in/ructions #acb ,books ( ,ref]5ce #acg ,,preface4 ,9 prep>+ ! foll[+ lessons1 9 answ] to ! dem& ( ! public s*ool tea*] = su* assi/ance1 ! aim has be5 to pres5t !m 9 su* a mann] t bo? tea*] & pupil may1 ?r\gh ! und]/&+ & acceptance ( ! /eps involv$1 become exp]t 9 ! developm5t & del9eation ( orig9al maps %[+ surface /ructure 9 relief4 ,to ?is end1 sugge/ions vital to ! success ( ! w\ld-be mapmak] w be f\nd 9 ! ,introduction4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii4 x is aim$ to %[ t1 ) a cle> m5tal image ( surface =ms & areas1 ! expression ( ! same w be a simple & easy matt]1 & a valuable prep>ation = ! mapp+ ( l>ge areas or cont95ts4 ,= ! illu/rations a m$ium has be5 us$1 :i*1 9 _m respects1 closely resembles 9 its results on pap] ! texture ( *alk on ! blackbo>d4 ,! au?or desires to ackn[l$ge h] indebt$ness to ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]1 ! head ( ! ,*icago ,in/itute1 late ,pr9cipal ( ! ,*icago ,city ,normal ,s*ool1 = help d]iv$ f ! /udy ( 8 works1 & = ! r>e educational privilege enjoy$ :ile work+ z a memb] ( 8 ,faculty4 ,especially 7 ! discussions "u 8 lead]%ip1 at ! ev]-to-be-rememb]$ weekly meet+s1 a cont9ual s\rce ( inspiration4 ,"u ! new light ?r[n ^u ! subject ( geography1 z pres5t$ by ,colonel ,p>k]1 ! impulse 0 fir/ receiv$ :i* aft]w>d bore fruit 9 ! developm5t ( a new me?od ( map draw+2 a me?od :i* x 0 desir$ %\ld be an adequate expression ( ! solidity & cont9uity ( ! cont95tal l& mass4 ,! necessity = su* a map ,colonel ,p>k] _h himself realiz$ = ye>s & _h s\ght its del9eation4 ,) a desire to meet ! pupil's ne$s 9 ?is respect1 ^u fur!r /udy ( /ructural geography ! idea 0 conceiv$ ( draw+ maps :i* w\ld %[ mass )\t outl9e1 & :i* w\ld also repres5t relief4 ,?is me?od ( map draw+ 0 call$ 8,*alk ,model+10 & f ! fir/ crude ef=t 9 ?is direction by ! au?or1 9 ! ye> #ahia1 at ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ! 8,*alk ,model$ ,map0 pass$ ?r\gh _m /ages ( developm5t until x rea*$ its pres5t =m4 ,?us to ,colonel ,p>k] himself is prim>ily due :atev] ( educational value has result$ f ! inv5tion ( ! au?or or developm5t by o!rs ( :at is call$ 8,! ,*alk ,model$ ,map40 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are also due ,miss ,l\ise ,b>wick1 = ! zeal display$ 9 =w>d+ ! developm5t & del9eation ( ! ,maps ( ! ,cont95ts1 & = valuable assi/ance r5d]$ 9 ! draw+ ( ! same1 z illu/rations = ?is "w4 ,i4 ,c4 ,h4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,c4 ,c4 ,n4 ,s4 ,,alumni ,,association ,,9 ,,p>ticul>1 ,,is ,,?is ,,book ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,illu/ration ,,necessity ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,/ructural ,,geography ,,prep>atory ,,to ,,! ,,draw+ ,,( ,,maps4 ,! fundam5tal object 9 ! /udy ( ,geography1 z we und]/& x1 is to acquire m5tal images ( ! pres5t appe>ance ( ! e>?'s surface2 its /ructure1 ! rocky mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$1 & ! causes & effects ( its *anges1 z a prep>ation = ! home ( organic life4 ,x is a /udy ( ! e>? z a mat]ial basis = ! evolution ( man1 & ! developm5t ( civilization4 ,x leads up to a se>* = ! laws & work+s ( ! creative =ces--=ces relat+ to our planet & to ! sun1 ! c5tral s\rce ( light & heat4 ,?is /udy has a diff]5t mean+ to diff]5t p]sons4 ,to "o x means ! /udy ( all t lies betwe5 ! cov]s ( a book1 or memoriz+ o!r p's say+s4 ,to ano!r x means 8,connect$ in=mation reg>d+ ! condition ( man's life on ?is planet0--aga9 8,geography is a description ( ! e>?'s surface1 or any?+ t affects or is affect$ by x40 ,a m common def9ition is1 8,geography is a description ( ! e>?'s surface & its inhabitants40 ,an ability to recognize 9 pres5t environm5t t :i* leads to an und]/&+ ( geographical conditions 9 g5]al1 is mu* to be desir$ & is ! aim ( ! tea*] ( ! pres5t day4 ,geologi/s tell u t ! same processes are go+ on n[ t h ev] be5 9 op]ation1 9 ! fitt+ ( ! e>? = ! habitation ( man4 ,t ^! *anges are tak+ place is impli$ 9 ! v fact t we are /udy+ ! e>?'s pres5t appe>ance4 ,! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ^! *anges1 & ( ! nature ( ! e>?y mat]ial z %[n 9 rock & soil1 & 9 vegetation1 & ( ! influ5ce ( heat1 light1 air & moi/ure1 means ! /udy ( all ! natural sci5ces2 n z special isolat$ /udies1 b b\nd toge!r 9 "o great :ole4 ,s closely are !y relat$1 m]g+ into & imp++ ^u ea* o!r z !y d1 t !re seems to be no place or l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! surface ( ! e>? 7ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s7 is cov]$ ) wat]1 & ! action ( ?is mighty ag5t1 "u ! influ5ce ( t great dynamic =ce & life-giv+ en]gy1 heat1 op5s an imm5se field = inve/igation4 ,^! comb9$ influ5ces con/itute ! /udy ( ! environm5t ( all organic life2 & kn[+ ^! 9 a giv5 case1 we get an approximate idea ( ! /age ( developm5t4 ,! developm5t ( man1 ! highe/ type ( organic life1 dep5ds l>gely ^u /ructural1 climatic1 vegetable & animal environm5t4 ,to "k ^! is to und]/& 8 habits ( life1 8 reasons = *oice ( homes1 & to judge ( 8 probable advancem5t 9 civilization4 ,! p[]ful influ5ce :i* ! physical features ( ! e>?'s surface h ex]t$ 9 %ap+ ! curr5t ( hi/orical ev5ts1 c h>dly be realiz$1 until ?\ghtful inve/igation ( ! subject has be5 made4 ,! k ( geographical conditions1 z climate1 m\nta9s1 valleys1 riv]s & seas1 ) vegetable & animal life gives u ! !atre ( action = ev5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,z ! m]e exi/5ce ( m\nta9 range1 des]t1 sea or riv]1 may be ess5tially ! influ5ce :i* has l$ to ! gr[? or d[nfall ( empires1 x is cle>ly se5 t a s\nd k ( /ructural geography is absolutely necess>y = all intellig5t /udy ( hi/ory2 no g5]al relation ( important occurr5ces c be trac$ )\t x4 ,ne>ly1 if n equally necess>y is x 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly appreciate ! works ( our be/ writ]s1 bo? ( prose & poetry1 an acqua9tance ) nature1 a sci5tific & geographical k1 local & g5]al1 is v ess5tial4 ,x =ms a basis = ! correct und]/&+ ( books1 s9ce ! be/ writ]s & ?9k]s ( all ages h be5 /ud5ts ( nature4 ,_! writ+s are fill$ ) lessons & illu/rations1 z well z g5]alizations drawn f close obs]vations ( h] me?ods4 ,if1 !n1 a k ( /ructural geography is requisite to ! true und]/&+ ( man's relation to man & ! _w ar\nd him1 x becomes important t ! subject be pres5t$ 9 su* a mann] z to attract & hold ! int]e/ ( ! pupil2 & prop]ly pres5t$ !re c be no?+ m int]e/+ ?an ! /udy ( 8 imm$iate environm5t--t :i* t\*es him 9 8 e day exp]i5ce4 ,?is /udy ( 8 imm$iate environm5t is ess5tial to ! =m+ ( m5tal images ( areas & surface =ms outside & beyond 8 s5se grasp & to a compreh5sion ( ! /ructure & surface cont\r ( ! _w at l>ge3 su* m5tal images be+ fundam5tally a necessity to ! del9eation ( adequate /ructural maps ( ! :ole or any "p ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,,necessity ,,= ,,field ,,lessons ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,=m+1 ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,!m1 ,a ,,habit ,,( ,,model+1 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,draw+4 ,! /udy ( geography1 :i* 9 ! pa/ consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! memoriz+ ( mean+less names ) little or no ex]cise ( ! reason+ faculties1 or opportunities = mak+ g5]alizations ?r\gh acts ( comp>ison & inf]5ce1 has be5 sup]s$$ by in/ruction ( a m rational ord]4 ,we h le>n$ t to memorize names & locations ( m\nta9s1 riv]s & lakes1 )\t see+ _! relation to a :ole1 or to make only sup]ficial obs]vations ( ext5d$ areas ( l&1 results m]ely 9 indef9ite m5tal impressions1 leav+ out ! v basis ( all concise & cle>ly def9$ geographical k4 ,to ! end t def9ite m5tal images may be acquir$1 field excursions "u ! direction ( compet5t lead]s are n[ advocat$1 & :5 ent]$ ^u ) an intellig5t purpose are held to be indisp5sable factors 9 ! correct /udy ( geography4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,/ream ,,%[+ ,,rapids4 ,"u ^! conditions 7! intellig5t purpose & ! compet5t lead]71 ! pupil :o visits a lake is likely to h a m adequate m5tal image ( old ocean1 ?an "o :o has nev] se5 a lake or o!r l>ge body ( wat]4 ,"o :o has se5 l[ hills ) _! out-cropp+ rock1 & ! action ( small /reams ^u !m1 w h a bett] idea ( :at m\nta9s & riv]s may be4 ,9 ! new education ! pupils are ?us 9 ! field lesson br\ght face to face ) nature4 ,?r\gh ^! lessons ! p[]s ( ! imag9ation are quick5$ & /r5g!n$ by ! cont9ual obs]vation ( surface =ms1 ! true basis = all attempts to image ! /ructure ( ! e>?4 ,inf]5ces are made at e /ep ( ! way z to ! hi/ory ( ! physical features obs]v$1 & ! nature ( ! =ces t h act$ ^u !m to %ape & di/ribute4 ,areas & =ms ( l& are con/antly be+ comp>$ z to %ape1 size1 wid?1 l5g? & height1 & simple g5]alizations1 =m$ f direct obs]vations1 are comb9$ ) o!r g5]alizations1 to =m ^? t are high] or m compreh5sive4 ,?is is b a brief sugge/ion ( ! "p ! field lesson be>s to education 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! p>ticul> /udy ( geography x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t no ess5tial k c be ga9$ except ?r\gh close obs]vation ( ! e>?'s surface =ms4 ,z ! true tea*] ( sci5ce 9 8 classes 9 botany or zoology leads 8 pupils to an individual /udy ( plants & animals1 & also to a /udy ( ^! 9 _! surr\nd+s1 _! social relations1 s also ! /ud5t ( geography goes directly to nature = all fundam5tal k p]ta9+ to ! subject4 ,field lessons1 ?\gh conduct$ ma9ly z contribut+ to ! /ud5t's fund ( k1 are also a s\rce ( pleasure1 & may be made ! f\ndation ( a m heal?ful love = & delightful companion%ip ) nature4 ,!y are n alone a m9e ( k b also a p]fect well-spr+ ( inspiration4 ,9 e /ream1 pla9 & valley1 new beauties ( =m & color are cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves4 ,v>y+ t9ts ( l&scape vi/as1 drift+ cl\d masses1 s(tly r\nd+ hills1 maje/ic m\nta9 =ms1 ! play ( sunlight & %ad[2 all make subtle appeal4 ,ent]+ into h>mony ) creation we are l$ into h>mony ) its s\rce4 ,ev]y?+ comb9$1 all ! weal? ( color1 w>m? ( sunlight1 song ( birds1 hum ( insects & brea? ( gr[+ ?+s1 conspire to ! unfoldm5t ( ! be+ on all ! planes ( life's expression1 =1 ! fir/ & controll+ impulse is t[>d expression2 expression on ! physical1 m5tal & emotional planes--9 fulfillm5t ( ! law ( gr[?1 = expression is a necessity to gr[?4 ,expression4 ,geography has be5 said to be an analytical /udy ( ! e>?'s surface1 or ! /udy ( ! sep>ate l&scape elem5ts1 su* z =m1 color & organic /ructure4 ,geography is emphatically a /udy ( =m1 ! =ms ( ! e>?'s surface features1 ea* to be /udi$ 9 relation to o!r & contra/+ =ms1 z well z 9 relation to _! environm5t4 ,^u ! pupils' return f ! field1 ! =ms & areas obs]v$ may be model$ 9 s&1 sket*$ on pap]1 or *alk model$ on ! blackbo>d4 ,maps may be drawn ( ! areas /udi$ & sket*es may be made 9 color ( /ret*es ( diff]5t soils & v]dure1 toge!r ) ! atmosph]ic effects obs]v$4 ,t9ts ( sea1 sky & cl\d1 color & %ades ( rock & foliage are all speak+ 9 tones :i* ! *ild may int]pret & r5d] intelligible to o!rs1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( bru% & pa9ts4 ,x is ( great importance to 8 future gr[? t ! /ud5t acquire ! habit ( freely express+ himself ?r\gh ! art modes ( model+1 pa9t+ & draw+1 s9ce mu* ( 8 m5tal p[] dep5ds ^u su* expression2 = by hold+ 9 m9d1 :ile 9 ! act ( expression1 ! images acquir$ ?r\gh obs]vation1 m ( ! details ( ! object or sc5e z well z ! g5]alities are recall$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,riv] ,,bas94 ,expression ?us reacts ^u self1 caus+ ! m5tal picture to be int5sifi$ & expression to become m def9ite & complete4 ,no o!r means are s adequate to ?is end3 i4e41 ! =m+ ( di/9ct images 9 ! m9d1 unless x may be ! giv+ ( oral & writt5 descriptions4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be dem&$ ( ! pupil z well4 ,by ?is dem& ! pupil sees ! necessity ( clos] obs]vation & inve/igation t he may give a full] & m tru?ful expression1 & ) c>eful lead+ he becomes a critic ( 8 own ?\ght & skill1 :i* is a /ep pre-em95tly educative4 ,aim ( ,field ,lesson4 ,a direct purpose or aim ( ! field lesson 9 tea*+ geography %\ld be to =m a cle> idea or m5tal picture ( a riv] bas9 z a basis = imag+ o!r riv] bas9s1 & z a unit = ! /udy ( ! cont95t1 or ( all l& surface3 & to "k ! riv] bas9 is to "k its hi/ory2 t is1 ! hi/ory ( ! riv] itself1 its valley1 & ! /ory ( its build+ & %ap+4 ,x may n be possible = all /ud5ts to make a /udy ( ! :ole ( a riv] or brook bas91 yet x may be done by sections--gett+ a g5]al idea ( ! slope ( ! riv] b$1 wat]-p>t+1 slope & valley4 ,! action ( ! =ces ( nature may also be se5 9 ! *anges n[ go+ on 9 ! diff]5t sections--! cutt+ back ( ! /ream at its s\rce1 its erod+ p[]1 its c>ry+ p[]1 & its build+ or level+ p[]4 ,if x is n possible to take ! *ildr5 to ! field = nature /udy1 !y may f9d fruitful s\rces ( /udy )\t4 ,city ,s*ools4 ,ne>ly e s*ool-h\se has "s surr\nd+s t may be /udi$ to advantage1 except ^? 9 closely built city /reets2 b ev5 9 su* cases !re is always ! "w ( ra91 heat1 fro/1 & w9d to /udy1 z well z insect life4 ,! drift+ ( s& & sn[1 ! fro/ on ! w9d[-panes1 ! =m+ ( ice ar\nd doors & w9d[s & ! effect ( heat 9 its melt+1 ra9-drops1 cl\ds1 puddles ( wat] 9 ! slight depressions ( sills & walks1 ) t9y /reams fl[+ !refrom1 are all to be obs]v$4 ,:]e did ! dirt on ! w9d[s & sills come f1 especially aft] "s sn[-/orm8 ,t9y se$s 9 ! corn]s :]e ! w9ds h left !m2 insects 9 ! spr+2--:]e did !y come f8 ,:]e 7 !y all w9t]8 ,^! & _m o!r h9ts might be giv5 = su* /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cutt+ ,,back ,,( ,a ,,/ream ,,at ,,its ,,s\rce4 ,! c\ntry furni%es a ri* field = inve/igation4 ,ar\nd e build+ & 9 _m localities t c be easily rea*$1 mo/ ( ! types ( ! e>?'s surface =ms may be f\nd4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are consid]$ z types1 or ! pupil might answ] ! "q1 8,h[ high are m\nta9s80 z ! *ild did :o said 9 reply1 8,two in*es high40 ,9 ! l[] grades ( s*ool1 mu* ( ! geography "w %\ld be ! direct lesson 9 ! field foll[$ by lessons 9 s*ool4 ,! high] grades1 also1 %\ld cont9ue ! frequ5t field excursions :i* are begun 9 ! l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\rce ,,( ,,brook ,,9 ,,ne>ly ,,level ,,c\ntry4 ,visits may be made to ! hills1 groves1 lakes & ponds ( ! vic9ity1 & ^u return+ to ! s*ool-room1 ^! & surr\nd+ areas may be model$ 9 s& or clay1 pa9t$ 9 wat]-color or drawn on ! blackbo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f>m ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,new ,,york4 ,brook bas9s may be /udi$ z pres5t+ _m if n all ( ! features ( ! riv] bas9s4 ,maps may also be made ( ^! areas1 z well z detail$ draw+s ( special features4 ,z has be5 said1 ! pupil %\ld model & draw cont9ually1 9 connection ) or aft] e lesson 9 ! field4 ,x is ! v be/ me?od by :i* to atta9 m5tal gr[?1 & %\ld ( c\rse1 be ! g5u9e expression ( 8 own m5tal images ga9$ ?r\gh obs]vation4 ,he %\ld model & draw all surface features or areas se5 9 8 excursions4 ,he may model1 9 s&1 putty or clay1 maps ( ! areas ( ! s*ool-y>d1 f>ms or p>ks 9 ! vic9ity2 or *alk model !m1 !n indicate ^u !m ! b\nd>ies ( any sub-divisions !y may h1 su* z fields1 clumps ( trees1 h\ses or o!r build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,brook ,,& ,,riv]4 ,imag9>y ,areas4 ,let ! pupil also sket* on ! blackbo>d1 imag9>y sc5es & typical features ( o!r areas & c\ntries "u ! same or contra/+ climatic & o!r conditions2 always que/ion+1 z he draws 8 m5tal picture--if ( a riv]1 = in/ance--:at is ! cause ( its rapidity1 :at its probable dep? & effect on ! soil1 :y x cuts "h or builds !re1 & :y ! slopes back ( x are t]rac$ z !y are4 ,if he repres5ts isl&s1 he %\ld ask himself ! "q :y !y are rocky or alluvial2 i4e41 :at _! orig92 & nev] repres5t 9 any expression t :i* is contradictory & s untrue to nature4 ,l&scapes typical ( ! diff]5t zones ( temp]ature1 %[+ *>act]i/ic /ructure1 vegetation1 homes1 habits & occupations ( inhabitants may be drawn4 ,maps1 also1 ( ^! areas & ^? adjo9+1 may be *alk model$4 ,z ! m9d becomes /or$ ) sep>ate images acquir$ ?r\gh actual obs]vation ( areas ( ! e>?'s surface1 gradually1 by ! comb9+ & bl5d+ ( ^!1 a new m5tal image1 a compreh5sive picture is =m$1 correspond+ 9 ! ma9 to ! g5]al features ( ! :ole e>?1 ) its uplift$ masses & l[] pla9s1 its natural divisions ( cont95ts1 seas & oceans1 its atmosph]ic & climatic conditions4 ,if ! habit has be5 =m$ ( *alk model+ imag9>y areas1 z well z ^? )9 ! s5se grasp1 x w be a comp>atively easy matt] to *alk model a map ( ! :ole cont95t4 ,on ?is ! /ud5t may m>k ! b\nd>ies ( all political divisions z he /udies !m1 & locate ! important cities & places ( int]e/4 ,practical ,sugge/ions4 ,be=e we leave ! subject ( field lessons1 "s practical sugge/ions 9 reg>d to !m are "h (f]$4 ,actual obs]vations may be made on ! action & effects ( riv]s1 und]gr\nd wat]1 ra91 w9d1 heat & fro/4 ,! effects ( glacial action1 & ! eruptive =ces ( nature may also be se5 9 places4 ,to /udy riv] action x is n necess>y to visit a riv] 7if !re be none ne>72 any small /ream ( wat]1 any t9y rivulet beside ! roadway1 tells its /ory ( we>+ & build+1 its v]tical cutt+ & its sw++ f side to side4 ,x has its m9iature valley1 its bas9 & wat]-p>t+ & possibly a delta at its m\?4 ,x may also h its cascade or wat]fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rivulet ,,%[+ ,,fall ,,( ,,wat] ,,& ,,delta4 ,! we>+ ( rock1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ra91 fro/ & heat1 may be se5 9 any /one build+1 f5ce or pavem5t4 ,effects ( heat & moi/ure on vegetation1 z influ5c+ ! gr[? ( plants & trees1 %\ld be notic$4 ,! gr[? ( %rubs & trees dur+ a dry season c be measur$ & comp>$ ) t ( wet seasons4 ,! obs]v] %\ld m>k ! effect ( vegetation 9 ! action ( ra9 on a grassy slope--h[ ! grass protects ! soil1 prev5t+ x f be+ wa%$ away1 & h[1 by hold+ back ! wat] s t x fl[s m sl[ly1 x is less de/ructive 9 its action4 ,to add to ! int]e/1 ! pupil may be l$ to imag9e ! effects ^u climate & /reams1 ( ! d5ud+ ( l>ge areas ( _! =e/s2 also h[ rock sculptur+1 9 ! =m+ ( gorges1 caons1 etc41 w\ld be modifi$ by ! volume & =ce ( /reams4 ,obs]vation %\ld also be made on ! mak+ ( soils1 _! con/itu5ts & relative proportions ( loam1 s&1 gravel & clay1 & ! relation ( ^! to plant & animal life4 ,! "p t ! common e>?-worm be>s 9 con/antly unit+1 enri*+ & o!rwise prep>+ ! soils = ! support ( vegetable life1 may be se5 9 _m areas4 7,x has be5 comput$ t 9 "o ye> sev]al tons ( soil are br\ght up & di/ribut$ by !m1 )9 an area ( an acre ( l&47 ,a /udy made ( ! action ( und]gr\nd wat]1 z %[n 9 common & int]mitt5t spr+s1 w\ld be full ( int]e/+ sugge/ions4 ,! effect ( glaci]s may be se5 9 "p & _! trem5d\s influ5ce imag9$1 by ! pres5ce ( ! c\ntless numb]s ( /riat$ b\ld]s1 pieces ( rock & pebbles1 :i* are /rewn all ov] our prairies hundr$s ( miles f any m\nta9s :i* c\ld h be5 _! home4 ,x is n necess>y to witness ! deva/ation ( a cyclone 9 ord] to /udy ! effects ( w9d action4 ,! pil+ ( s& on ! sea-%ore1 ! drift+ ( sn[ or ! :irl+ ( du/ 9 ! /reet illu/rate ?is4 ,! obs]v] may notice :]e ! du/ bl[n f ! /reet has *ok$ & buri$ ! grasses & we$s beside x1 & imag9e :at might be ! fate ( =e/s 9 ! pa? ( encroa*+ s&-dunes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s&-,,dune ,,on ,,! ,,%ore ,,( ,,lake ,,mi*igan4 ,pupils may be told ( ! dunes :i* travel great di/ances3 t "o way by :i* ?is is kn[n is by not+ trees & h\ses t 7 once back ( ! travel+ s&-hills & are n[ 9 front ( !m2 also tell ( ! sites ( anci5t cities long buri$ & n[ be+ excavat$ & br\ght to light aga94 ,,importance ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,int]pret ,,pictures ,,z ,,an ,,aid ,,to ,,imag+ ,,! ,,cont95t4 ,! ability to image ! cont95t or any "p ( x1 f ! read+ ( pictures1 is ( great importance4 ,x is an inexpressible aid to ! imag9ation 9 ! /udy ( areas t lie outside ( ! s5se grasp4 ,good pictures %\ld be *os53 pictures %[+ sev]al diff]5t views ( ! same section ( a c\ntry2 pictures t are a tru?ful repres5tation ( bo? detail & g5]alities4 7,_m wood cuts are z good z photographs = ?is purpose4 ,great c>e1 h[ev]1 %\ld be tak5 t !y are fai?ful transcripts47 ,aft] a close /udy ( !m1 que/ions may be ask$ ! pupil z to climate1 /ructure1 nature ( rock & soil2 :e!r x may be suppos$ to be an arid or f]tile region2 :e!r ! riv] bas9s are "y or old2 :at ag5ts 7 mo/ active 9 %ap+ its features1 & :at its probable de/9y3 or ! pupil may be l$ to give 8 own inf]5ces z to conditions1 )\t direct que/ion+4 ,9 ?is way contra/+ sections ( c\ntry may be /udi$ & comp>$1 ?us mak+ ! m5tal picture m vivid & complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,abyss9ian ,,highl&4 7,drawn f in=mation ga9$ ?r\gh int]pretation ( pictures & writt5 description47 ,x is und]/ood t ^! m5tal images ga9$ f su* /udy ( pictures1 h z a basis1 images acquir$ f actual obs]vation ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,f ?is m5tal picture1 supplem5t$ by images ga9$ by oral & writt5 descriptions1 maps may be *alk model$ :i* w conta9 all ! ess5tial features ( /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,riv] ,,bas94 ,valuable in=mation = ! mak+ ( maps has be5 ga9$ 9 ?is way2 inde$1 adequate maps _c be made )\t ?is means ( acquir+ ! necess>y k1 :i* ! del9eator has n be5 able to ga9 ?r\gh travel & p]sonal inve/igation4 ,?r\gh ?is /udy or read+ ( pictures a natural int]e/ is ar\s$ 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil to see locat$ on ! map 7t is1 to see 9 relation to ! :ole7 c\ntries & places ( special int]e/2 su* z natural wond]s ( /ructure1 & rem>kable in/ances ( man's skill & p[] 9 ov]com+ ob/acles & improv+ 8 environm5t4 ,especially w ?is be ! case if ! tea*] accompanies ! descriptions ) rapid illu/rations on ! blackbo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tepee ,,or ,,wigwam ,,( ,,! ,,si\x ,,indians4 ,necessity = skill 9 draw+ on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 becomes v evid5t z ! desirability ( frequ5t illu/rations is felt1 & ! fact is also realiz$ t by x untold influ5ce = good is ex]t$ ov] ! m9d ( ! pupil4 ,x is an aid to correct m5tal pictur+1 :i* ! tea*] _c af=d to omit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coa/ ,,( ,,alaska4 7,%[+ its dr[n$ valleys caus$ by ! gradual s9k+ ( ! l&1 also glaci]s1 ,alaskan hut & totem pole47 ,special features are m readily und]/ood :5 drawn 9 detail3 z m\nta9 peaks1 /]n or =bidd+ 9 outl9e1 or l(ty & gr& 9 _! mantles ( sn[ & riv]s ( ice 7,mt4 ,blanc72 valleys ) wood$ slopes & /reams ( wat]2 lakes1 wat]falls 7,niag>a ,falls72 glaci]s & iceb]gs1 ) typical sc5es ( ,arctic regions1 includ+ inhabitants ) _! homes 7,muir ,glaci]s71 7,alaskan huts & totem-poles72 des]ts & oases1 ) typical trees & surr\nd+ objects 7palm trees1 pyramids1 camels72 ,indian homes & environm5t2 dykes ( ,holl&1 ,suez ,canal1 ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*alk ,,model$ ,,map4 ,,maps ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,z x is impossible to adequately tea* ! surface features ( a c\ntry ) only a vague idea ( its /ructure1 & ) no aids 9 ! =m ( pictures1 draw+ or model+s by :i* ^! surface features may be illu/rat$1 !re arises ! necessity = maps4 ,^!1 to be ( any real s]vice1 mu/ be a repres5tation ( ! =m & "* ( ! area :i* is ! subject ( /udy1 & mu/ indicate ! relation ( "p to "p1 p>ts to ! :ole1 & ! :ole to p>ts4 ,z symbols & m ?an symbols1 !y mu/ br+ to ! m9d vivid pictures ( ! real c\ntry or cont95t1 n z too commonly taught2 8,a m5tal picture ( ! map1 s cle> & consi/5t 444 t he 7! pupil7 c read ! answ]s to all que/ions conc]n+ x1 f 8 m5tal map1 z easily z he c\ld f ! pr9t$ "o1 if x 7 be=e him40 ,?is is to limit & cramp ! m9d's action1 z ! pupil sees only ! map & its correspond+ concept ( map1 its size1 b\nd>ies & pat*es ( color$ pap]4 ,x gives no idea ( relation or correspond5ce betwe5 ! map & ! actual _w ( life1 =m & color4 ,aim ( ,tea*]4 ,9 us+ maps x %\ld be ! aim ( tea*]s to create 9 ! m9d a complete1 h>moni\s picture2 ! bl5d+ toge!r ( ! sev]al concepts ( /ructure1 climate1 dra9age1 soil1 vegetation1 animal life1 races ( m51 etc41 correspond+ to reality1 or real life 9 ! real _w4 ,! flat political maps ( ! pa/ made no attempt to %[ any /ructural features except ^? ( horizontal or level pla9s1 m>k+s :i* %[ ! locations ( m\nta9 ranges & volcanoes1 & l9es indicat+ riv]s & outl9es ( cont95ts or coa/s4 ,^! maps h _h comp>atively little mean+ to ! "y pupil4 ,!re 0 9 !m no sugge/ion ( solidity or mass2 ! cont5ts to him seem$ flat & ?91 & conf9$ betwe5 coa/s :i* 7 %>ply def9$4 ,t5t-l m\nta9s cross$ gho/-l surfaces1 & ?read-l riv]s 7 made to zigzag along 9 an erratic & irresponsible way1 %[+ to him no reason :atev] = _! be+4 ,_m tea*]s or pupils h n kn[n h[ to int]pret maps4 ,!y h n realiz$ t1 :]e riv]s rise 9 c]ta9 localities 7especially if m ?an "o rises 9 ! same place71 !re is a reason = _! ris+ j !re & = _! fl[+ 9 diff]5t directions2 t _! s\rce is probably at an elevation or rise ( l& 7call$ a divide or wat]-p>t+71 t !re is likely to be m ra9fall on ! side ( ! m\nta9 range t has ! m riv]s1 & t ?is has a close relation to ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,natural ,b\nd>ies4 ,9 ! pa/ /udy ( ^! maps1 outl9es ( political divisions h be5 memoriz$4 ,x 0 n realiz$ t _m ( ! b\nd>ies ( ^? areas 7 fix$ 9 ! beg9n+ by ! v nature ( ! surface /ructure1 & t !y are :]e !y are1 simply because !y c\ld n well be any:]e else4 7,see ,mexico1 ,india1 ,italy47 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,*icago ,,dra9age ,,canal4 7,) l>g] map %[+ its relation to ,lake ,mi*igan & ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 also sections 9 detail47 ,hi/ory4 ,we h se5 t ! /udy ( hi/ory _c be successfully taught )\t a k ( /ructural geography on ! "p ( tea*] & pupil2 s we may say ! same ( maps1 t _! use is ( fundam5tal importance 9 t /udy1 & ! ability to read !m und]/&+ly is z indisp5sable z x is 9 ! /udy ( geography4 ,to try to tea* hi/ory o!rwise w\ld be a wa/e ( "t & ef=t4 ,! habit ( locat+ ! ev5ts record$1 ( trac+ ^u ! map ! r\te ( an army1 or ! l9e ( an important road or canal1 & obs]v+ ! imp$im5ts or natural ob/ructions to be ov]come1 ) ! great advantages to be d]iv$ !refrom1 toge!r ) inf]5ces z to ! "t & labor requir$1 has ! effect ( mak+ ! /udy ( hi/ory ( liv+ int]e/1 especially if ! map us$ indicates su* surface /ructure4 ,9 ! /ructural map ! /ud5t readily sees ! mean+ to comm]ce ( ! cutt+ ( a canal :i* w\ld unite two l>ge bodies ( wat]1 or ! effect ! build+ ( roads & bridges across hi!rto impassable regions w\ld h ^u ! life & gr[? ( a p 9 ! op5+ up ( new & ext5sive areas to civilization1 & consequ5tly ! developm5t ( _! own int]nal res\rces4 ,! importance ( ?is habit ( usage1 or con/ant ref]5ce to ! map1 is also recogniz$ :5 "o realizes h[ x fixes 9 ! memory n only ! location ( cities & b\nd>ies ( anci5t empires1 b ! geographical /ructure & environm5t associat$ ) _! gr[? & ) important hi/oric ev5ts2 mak+ pla9 ! reasons =1 or causes :y1 c]ta9 ev5ts occurr$ at c]ta9 places1 z ! inevitable consequ5ce ( _! environm5t4 ,light dawns ^u ! pupil z he /udies4 ,he sees t environm5t has be5 an important factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! human race4 ,he traces /ep by /ep 9 imag9ation ! gr[? ( civilization1 f ! "t t man 9 8 nomad /age fir/ drove 8 h]ds into ! valley 9 se>* ( food & wat]4 ,!re1 f9d+ ! soil productive1 wat] unfail+ 9 supply1 & ! valley protect$ f m>aud]s by natural b>ri]s1 z des]t or m\nta9 walls1 he fixes 8 home2 9 ! c\rse ( "t com=table dwell+s are con/ruct$1 l& is cultivat$ & ! place becomes a c5t] ( civilization4 ,9 connection ) ?is tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! /ud5t by contra/ notes ! f> diff]5t effects ( environm5t z %[n by life 9 ! ,arctic or o!r regions1 & he turns to 8 map ) r5ew$ int]e/ & eag] inquiry4 ,lit]ature4 ,! habit also ( locat+ on ! map e place1 natural feature or c\ntry read ab\t1 %\ld be cultivat$1 z x is ( importance 9 obta9+ a correct und]/&+ ( an au?or's mean+4 ,if we did n h ! k ( physical /ructure 9 m9d z a /age on :i* ! actors move1 mu* ( our lit]ature w\ld lose its value1 becom+ flat & un9t]e/+4 ,to "k ! great lake region adds to "o's int]e/ 9 ,longfell['s 8,hiawa?a10 & ! tales ( ! e>ly explor]s2 & a k ( ! ,catskills & ! geography ( ! ,hudson ,riv] valley gives great] ze/ to ! enjoym5t ( ,irv+'s 8,rip ,van ,w9kle0 & 8,sleepy ,holl[40 ,x is also necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ! /ories ( ,holl& 78,hans ,br9k]07 t we "k ! habits ( ! ,holl&]s aris+ f ! physical *>act]i/ics ( _! environm5t4 ,to read intellig5tly ,scott1 ,dick5s1 ,george ,elliot & o!rs is to und]/& ! peculi>ities ( climate & /ructure ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! old ,greek /ories & ! ,g]man ,folk ,lore z well1 dem& = _! und]/&+ & int]pretation1 t we place !m n only 9 relation to ! habits & ?\ghts ( ! p1 b also to ! physical f\ndation ( ! c\ntry itself4 ,relief ,map4 ,! ne>] a map corresponds 9 its inh]5t =m & mat]ial1 to ! surface features ( ! e>? :i* x is design$ to repres5t1 ! m ( reality does x recall to ! m9d4 ,! mo/ effective map ( ?is k9d & ! "o :i* corresponds mo/ closely to ! reality is ! model$ map ( putty or pla/]1 %[+ /ructure 9 relief4 ,^! maps h be5 9 use = ye>s1 & h be5 ( incalculable int]e/ & b5efit to ^? ^: /ock ( k conc]n+ geographical /ructure _h be5 ma9ly ga!r$ f ! flat political map & old modes ( tea*+4 ,on see+ a relief map ( "o ( ! cont95ts = ! fir/ "t1 !re arises a s5se ( wond] & surprise1 & z ! realization dawns ^u "o ( ! cont9uity ( ! great mass ( l& repres5t$1 ) its altitudes & depressions1 & t x is "o /up5d\s aggregation ( soil1 rock & vegetation1 surr\nd$ by a great expanse ( wat]1 a feel+ ( awe & a/oni%m5t is awak5$4 ,z ?is new light comes to ! /ud5t1 he looks ) int]e/ & eag]ness to see ! plan ( x all4 ,we d n mean to say t he sees 9 ! map be=e him an actual correspond5ce to ! e>?'s surface /ructure1 t is1 =ms t are reproductions 9 m9iature ( m\nta9 range & valley1 b he sees a repres5tation ( !m calculat$ to ar\se 8 imag9ation to a lively degree4 ,he is enabl$ to picture to himself great slopes cr[n$ by l(ty m\nta9 peaks1 & ! meet+ ( _! l[] edges :]e mighty riv]s fl[4 ,he sees 9 imag9ation h[ ^! wat]s h cut deep *annels into ! great uplift$ masses1 h[ !y h torn jagg$ ga%es into _! rugg$ sides z !y leap$ & tumbl$ ?r\gh d>k caons1 gr9d+ (f rocks t =m s$im5t con/antly to be deposit$ lat] on ^u ! pla9 bel[4 ,he easily und]/&s t !y mu/ act z a s\rce ( dra9age = wet l&s & z *annels = ! irrigation ( dry areas4 ,9 look+ ^u ! great bodies ( wat]1 oceans1 seas1 lakes & gulfs1 z repres5t$ on ! maps1 he que/ions ! relation ( ^! wat]s to ! l&1 _! dep? & :at place !y fill 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,inde$1 ! relief map has an awak5+ effect1 quick5+ ! imag9ation & /imulat+ to m5tal ef=t--e>ne/ ?\ght4 ,!y are invaluable 9 _! place & h come to /ay2 yet on acc\nt ( _! weight & g5]al unwield9ess !y are n practically z useful z maps :i* are light] & m easily h&l$4 ,! papi] ma*e maps 9 relief1 al?\gh mu* light] 9 weight1 are /ill v bulky if made l>ge en\gh to be ( mu* practical use z wall maps1 s9ce !y _c be fold$ or r$uc$ 9 size to facilitate transportation1 or removal f room to room4 ,! be/ ( ^!1 also1 are model$ 9 su* l[ relief t !y are bett] adapt$ to ! use ( pupils 9 ! high] ?an 9 ! l[] grades4 ,o!r maps ( r rec5t date are ! typographical map & ! cont\r$ map4 ,! =m] %[s g5]al altitudes by ! use ( %ades ( color1 & is ( great value to "o :o c int]pret x1 b only a confus$ mass ( signs & symbols to ! "y /ud5t1 & ?us n mu* m helpful to him ?an 0 ! old ref]5ce map4 ,9 ! cont\r$ map1 ! altitudes are sci5tifically repres5t$ by l9es drawn to an exact scale1 & su* maps are mo/ valuable to /ud5ts ( ! high] grades4 ,a /ructural map suitable to all grades ( pupils1 ! l[] z well z ! high] grades1 seems highly ess5tial2 especially %\ld x be "o t is adapt$ to ! tea*]'s use :ile be=e ! class--"o to tea* f4 ,?is %\ld be entirely diff]5t f a ref]5ce map4 ,x %\ld pla9ly %[ ! great facts ( physical geography or surface /ructure1 z well z "s detail1 & ?is 9 a simple =m4 ,= ! l[] grades !re %\ld be no l9es to m>k ! political divisions1 nei!r %\ld !re be any names ( c\ntries1 /ates1 or cities to designate localities4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be omitt$ t w\ld h a t5d5cy to div]t ! att5tion f ! *ief function ( ! map :i* is1 to aid 9 ! =mation ( a m5tal picture or image1 correspond+ to ! /ructural features ( ! real c\ntry or cont95t4 ,! ,*alk ,model$ ,map4 ,^! maps1 foll[+ ! use ( ! putty or pla/] relief maps1 %\ld be ! only ones plac$ be=e ! pupils ( ! ?ird & f\r? grades1 or ev5 high] grades1 until !y h ga9$ m5tal p[] to read & und]/& ! signs & symbols ( ! map1 & realize cle>ly ! *ief /ructural features ( ! :ole globe4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be enabl$ by ! use ( maps to picture 9 8 m9d ! configuration ( ! :ole e>?2 ! di/ribution & %ape ( l& & wat] surfaces1 ! great /ructural division ( cont95ts1 ! slopes & c\nt]-slopes ) _! cr[n$ heights & level pla9s1 ! great l& masses & riv] bas9s1 p59sulas1 gulfs & bays1 isl&s & _! relation to ! ma9l&4 ,9 f9e1 ! :ole _w surface %\ld become a reality to him if ! map is rightly taught4 ,?is w be an easy matt] = a tea*] :o is alive to ! beauty ( ! _w ar\nd u & :o has a p]sonal k or cle>ly pictur$ concepts ( ! real c\ntry4 ,su* an "o w readily see ! value ( ! maps z an aid to ! pupil 9 ga9+ a compreh5sive m5tal picture ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,%e w rememb] t ! m]e plac+ ( ! maps be=e ! pupil is n en\gh1 t !y w be z unmean+ to him z ! flat political map1 unless he has already 9 m9d ! prim>y concepts acquir$ ?r\gh obs]vation ( surface =ms1 & has made 8 inf]5ce z to cause f ! effects se54 ,( :at value w x be to him to "k t c]ta9 l9es indicate a m\nta9 range or riv]1 unless he has an approximate idea ( :at a m\nta9 range or riv] is8 ,= ! use ( ! m advanc$ pupils ( ! high] grades1 :o see ! relation ( /ructural environm5t to man 9 8 developm5t z a nation1 ! relation ( natural /ructural divisions to political divisions1 ^! maps %\ld h l9es drawn ^u !m to indicate ! b\nd>ies ( su* divisions4 ,names1 also1 ( c\ntries1 m\nta9 & riv] sy/ems %\ld be m>k$1 & ! l>ge bodies ( wat] ( ! int]ior4 ,lat] on1 ! small] divisions ( /ates & prov9ces1 gulfs & bays1 lakes & riv]s1 ) _! tribut>ies1 %\ld be %[n1 & important cities may also be locat$2 9 ! end1 all ! data ne$$ z a ref]5ce map4 ,! map devis$ to fulfil ^! conditions1 & n[ 9 consid]able use 9 ?is c\ntry1 is call$ ! 8,*alk ,model$ ,map40 ,x is drawn to repres5t surface /ructure 9 relief1 giv+ mu* ( ! effect ( an engrav+ or photograph ( a relief map1 yet intr9sically m tru?ful & arti/ic ?an any su* repres5tation c\ld be4 ,!re is an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & a draw+ f a relief map1 or f a photograph ( "o4 ,9 ?is map ! del9eator expresses at fir/ h& 8 own concept ( ! cont95tal /ructure1 z ! arti/ or poet expresses 9 8 "w 8 own orig9al ideas4 ,we feel 8 ?\ght 9 ! v quality ( l9e us$4 ,we read h[ ! tru?s h appeal$ to 8 own consci\sness4 ,x /&s :]e ! relief map itself /&s1 z repres5t+ ! del9eator's own m5tal image ( su* /ructure4 ,!re are no l9es drawn 9 ?is map t contradict or confuse ! mean+2 all is direct1 tru?ful & cle> 9 /atem5t ( fact4 ,ea* l9e has its own p>ticul> mean+4 ,if repres5ts direction4 ,appli$ to l& surface1 a v]tical l9e means a p]p5dicul> m\nta9 or side wall ( plateau1 horizontal l9es indicate level areas1 & oblique l9es a slop+ surface4 ,until rec5tly1 ?is map has n be5 available = g5]al use1 except z ea* tea*] made 8 or h] own4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is ! ideal way ( tea*+4 ,to draw a map ( a cont95t or section ( x1 z is requir$1 9 ord] to illu/rate or emphasize any p>ticul> po9t be=e ! class1 adds int5sely to ! int]e/ ( ! lesson & to ! adequacy ( concept ga9$ by ! pupil4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 ! opposite c\rse is pursu$4 ,! tea*]'s conceptions ( e>? /ructure are p]haps vague1 or1 tea*]s may n h be5 9 ! habit ( repres5t+ by draw+s t :i* !y may be able to picture q cle>ly 9 _! own m9ds1 ev5 ! desirability ( s do+ may n h be5 ent]ta9$ by !m4 ,9 fact1 !re are comp>atively few :o h be5 p]si/5t en\gh to make maps1 = ?\gh !re may be a good k ( geography1 cle> m5tal pictures ( /ructure & ! ability1 also1 to draw !m1 yet lack ( "t necess>y = _! prop] del9eation has d\btless (t5 compell$ ! busy tea*] to =ego _! execution4 ,pr9t$ ,wall ,map4 ,! ,*alk ,model$ map has rec5tly be5 pres5t$ to u 9 a m durable & s]viceable =m = g5]al use2 a pr9t$ wall map1 :i* comb9es ! late/ geographical k toge!r ) ! be/ available skill 9 del9eation4 ,x does n embody all ! desirable po9ts ( ! orig9al1 yet x has an add$ "o1 t ( durability4 ,! introduction ( 8,nature ,/udy0 into ! public s*ools has contribut$ l>gely to ! dem& = su* a map4 ,pupils br\ght into close relations ) nature1 naturally seek to relate ! k ga9$ 9 ?is basic /udy ( geography1 to ! map2 z 9 connection ) ! field lessons1 aft] actual obs]vation ( surface areas1 ! /ud5t is l$ to model or draw :at he has se54 ,?is he repres5ts 9 pictorial =m1 z x appe>s to him1 or he *>ts or maps x f actual measurem5ts4 ,sometimes he tries to comb9e ^! me?ods s z to %[ elevations z altitudes on 8 map or *>t1 b ! results are (t5 v crude2 a m]e repres5tation ( hills & m\nta9s pil$ up on level gr\nd4 ,he realizes t ?is is n a prop] repres5tation & is (t5 disc\rag$4 ,he kn[s t peaks are relat$ to level gr\nd by cont9uity ( mass3 t !y are ! corrugat$ tops ( great uplift$ masses or swells ( l&1 & 8 failure to f9d ?is illu/rat$ 9 ! old maps has l$ him to lose mu* ( 8 int]e/ 9 !m1 & to greet ! new "o ) ardor4 ,x appeals to 8 reason z a symbol m ne>ly correspond+ to ! features ( ! c\ntry repres5t$4 ,x is inde$ ! l9k ne$$ to connect ! political map ) ! putty relief map4 ,mass ,)\t ,outl9e4 ,n only c we say t ! ,*alk ,model$ map has be5 a great factor 9 ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! surface cont\r & conditions ( ! cont95tal mass1 ?us advanc+ ! true /udy ( geography1 b t x has also awak5$ "s ( ! tea*]s ( ! public s*ools ( ! c\ntry1 to ! lack ( int]e/ & lifelessness 9 ! tea*+ ( draw+ z x has prevail$ 9 ! s*ools 9 ! pa/4 ,x has be5 ! means ( reveal+ to !m ! beauty & desirability ( del9eat+ mass )\t a cont9u\s h>d outl9e4 ,! arti/ :5 inspir$ ) 8 subject masses 8 mat]ial 9 boldly & ea* /roke c\nts = ! ?+ he wants to say--x tells ( ! direction ( surface1 or edge ( mass1 or detail4 ,9 ! new map1 ! repres5tation ( solidity & l& cont9uity z mass1 ) no h>d & fa/ limitations ( l& & wat]1 su* z ! outl9es s prom95t 9 ! old ref]5ce maps1 is a noticeable feature4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a g5]al or approximate %ape ( ! coa/s ( cont95ts is all t c be kn[n f ! mo/ c>eful surveys2 = 9 reality ) e season !re is m or less *ange 9 coa/ l9e1 caus$ by we>+ & build+ ( ocean & riv]1 z well z by ! occasional ris+ or s9k+ ( /ret*es ( l& along ! coa/4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ^! *anges become v app>5t4 ,! omitt+ ( outl9es ( cont95ts1 !n1 9 ! draw+ ( maps has be5 = a purpose4 ,!y h n be5 necess>y to ! %[+ ( limitation ( cont95tal mass or ! meet+ ( ! surface plane ( wat] ) l& surface2 & z ! direction ( all l9es us$ 9 del9eat+ h _! mean+1 !re c be tru?fully none us$ to repres5t some?+ ly+ betwe5 l& & sea1 z !re is no?+ !re4 ,cont95tal coa/ cont\rs may be z accurately %[n z ! occasion dem&s )\t ! use ( any outl9e to confuse ! eye or to contradict ! direction ( l9e us$ to del9eate ! /ructure ( ! l& surface at ! wat]'s edge4 7,see map illu/rations 9 ,"p ,,iv47 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! new map is ! repres5tation ( ! relief ( ! e>?'s surface2 %[+1 z x does at a glance1 ! great back bone ( ! cont95t1 ) its ragg$ brok5 l9e ( peaks divid+ ! wat]s ( ! two slopes2 its great l& masses1 prim>y & second>y2 & its area or l9e ( greate/ depressions4 ,its riv] bas9s also are pla9ly se51 & we inf] ! reason = ! g5]al c\rse ( ! riv]s & read _! hi/ory f ! sculptur+ !y h done4 ,we may note also ! "* ( ! m\nta9 ranges2 :e!r !y are "y or old2 :]e new l& is be+ made1 & :]e areas are s9k+4 ,"o c (t5 det]m9e :at ! prevail+ w9d ( a section may be & ! regions ( greate/ ra9fall1 & c judge ( ! climate & vegetation2 9 %ort1 v rational conclusions conc]n+ ! life & habits ( a p may be =m$ f a /udy ( ! map alone1 & ! /ud5t c picture1 9 imag9ation1 ! gr[? or advancem5t ( nations "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,he w be enabl$ to see1 z has be5 rem>k$ 9 sub/ance be=e1 t ! mighty influ5ces be>+ ^u civilization h always be5 l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! geographical /ructure ( a c\ntry2 ! relation ( natural divisions to exi/+ political divisions w be not$1 & ! reasons = ! locations ( great c5t]s ( comm]ce1 important cities1 & milit>y =tifications1 w be und]/ood4 ,altitudes4 ,9 common ) all relief maps1 altitudes are %[n 9 ^!1 greatly exagg]at$ 9 comp>ison ) ! horizontal di/ances1 b ?is is ess5tial 9 ord] t ! pupil may be able to grasp ! g5]al tru?s ( ! organization ( ! cont95t4 ,relief maps 9 relatively exact proportions w n help to ?is1 z ! highe/ elevation w\ld appe> ne>ly on a plane ) ! ocean level1 & w\ld be ( no bett] s]vice = s*ool use ?an ! flat maps1 f :i* no idea ( ! g5]al organism c be acquir$ by ! "y /ud5t1 if inde$ x c be by "o ( rip] ye>s4 ,also 9 all topographical surveys1 & 9 ! pr(ile ( v]tical sections ( c\ntry f\nd 9 _m geographies1 we f9d ! same exagg]ation ( height 9 relation to horizontal di/ances1 us$ to illu/rate elevations & slopes4 ,^!1 ) photographs or pictures ( relief maps are ext5sively us$1 z well z birds'-eye views1 %[+ on ! "p ( ! map-mak]s1 a recognition ( ! importance ( ! pupil's ga9+ m5tal concepts ( altitudes4 ,! latt]1 ( c\rse1 mu/ ex]cise 8 judgm5t 9 relat+ ! heights1 to ! horizontal di/ances giv51 z he s cont9ually does 9 e-day life 9 reg>d to o!r matt]s4 ,! horizontal map di/ances %\ld be relat$ to ! o!r horizontal di/ances ( ! map1 & ! altitudes to o!r altitudes1 & ^! ) ref]5ce1 also1 to ! tabulat$ li/s f\nd 9 e geography1 ( ! heights ( m\nta9 peaks & l5g?s ( riv]s4 8,all k ( ext]nal ?+s comes ?r\gh obs]vation1 comp>ison1 & judgm5t40 ,to judge ( great altitudes1 "o mu/ h a k ( ! heights )9 exp]i5ce4 ,to be able to ga9 a prop] conception ( imm5se di/ances1 z ! di/ance across a cont95t1 comp>ison mu/ be made ) ! di/ances "o has already measur$ or travel$4 ,9 ! measurem5ts ( areas1 size ( fields & g>d5s1 wid? ( ponds1 or heights ( trees & hills1 ! pupil has num]ical facts f :i* he judges ( o!r =ms & areas2 z =e/s1 m>%es1 pla9s1 ! wid? ( riv]s & lakes1 ! heights ( m\nta9s & cliffs1 or l5g? ( riv]s & m\nta9 ranges4 ,also 9 ! measur+ ( ! deposition ( silt 9 small /reams1 he may judge ( ! quantity t l>ge riv]s l ! ,mississippi or ,nile mu/ c>ry2 & f measur+ ! ye>ly gr[? ( vegetation 9 8 own climate1 he judges :at might be ! gr[? 9 o!r climates4 ,?us ?r\gh obs]vations1 inf]5ces1 & comp>isons1 he is enabl$ to read 8 map ) "s degree ( p[] to judge its di/ances & altitudes4 ,! aim 9 ! prec$+ pages has be5 to %[ ! vital importance to ! w\ld-be del9eator ( ,*alk ,model$ maps1 ( ! ?or\gh /udy ( geography1 9 its true/ s5se1 & t ! f\ndation ( su* /udy lies 9 ! field lesson1 ) its accompany+ expression ( ! k ga9$ !re1 ( surface =ms1 areas & /ructures4 ,! habit1 also1 ( model+ & draw+ 9 connection ) ! /udy ( geography1 is conducive to ! wi%$-= end2 i4e41 an adequate k & expression1 ( ! surface cont\r ( ! cont95t4 ,! *alk model+ ( maps is 9 itself ! simple/ ( all modes ( draw+4 ,x may h be5 inf]r$ f :at has be5 said on ! subject ( maps1 t draw+ !m consi/s m]ely 9 %[+ simple indications ( slopes2 %ort or long1 abrupt or g5tle1 & summits2 brok5 or r\nd$1 riv] bas9s1 "* ( wat]-p>t+s1 valleys1 lakes1 riv]s & coa/s ei!r bold & rocky1 or l[ & alluvial4 ,x w\ld be z unnecess>y = ! purposes ( geographical in/ruction1 z x w\ld be impossible1 to draw absolutely correct maps ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,ea* m\nta9 peak _c be %[n1 nor e ind5tation ( coa/-l9e1 b ! g5]al tr5d or direction ( m\nta9 ranges & riv]s1 & m or less ( geological /ructure c be portray$ 9 a conv5tional mann]4 ,x is n difficult to *alk model ) reasonable accuracy4 ,! ability to d ?is1 h[ev]1 ) any degree ( rapidity z well z accuracy1 implies1 z has j be5 said1 an adequate k ( ! subject to be repres5t$4 ,no m]e imitation1 or acquisition ( te*nique1 or copy+ ( maps1 is educational1 nor has x any vital relation to ! true /udy ( geography4 ,l all dead copies1 x betrays 9 itself its lack ( life1 or ( real k on ! "p ( ! del9eator4 ,an in/ructor ^: eyes are op5 to tru?1 c g5]ally tell f a pupil's repres5tation :e!r x is ! result ( 8 own individual ?\ght1 ! expression ( 8 own k ( ! subject1 or ! reflex ( ano!r's ?\ght4 ,if x is an expression ( 8 own1 !re w be mu* reveal$ 9 ! t\* & 9 ! quality ( l9e itself1 t c\ld n be depict$ 9 =m or put into words4 ,! repres5tation1 also1 w indicate to :at degree ! subject has int]e/$ & inspir$ ! individual1 & h[1 ) a cle> m5tal image1 he has in/9ctively express$ himself 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct mann] possible ) ! m$ium at h&4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd sugge/ions z to ! me?od ( *alk model+1 giv5 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( lessons2 ! und]ly+ pr9ciples 9 ! lessons be+ ^? on :i* is bas$ all expression ( ?\ght 9 e field ( /udy & among all peoples4 ,! illu/rations are n int5d$ to be models = ! tea*] or pupils to copy1 b are meant to be helps or enc\ragem5t to ^? :o desire & h c\rage to attempt to express _! own m5tal images4 ,busy tea*]s ne$ only to realize t comp>atively little ef=t is necess>y 9 ord] to acquire a c]ta9 am\nt ( success1 if !y h _! subject 9 h&1 t is1 if !y h an adequate m5tal image ( ! object to be sket*$4 ,x is hop$ t su* success w prove a /rong inducem5t to a deep /udy ( ! subject ( art1 & especially to ! psy*ology ( expression4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,lessons4 ,,rem>ks4 ,*alk ,model+ ( surface =ms is ! easie/ & simple/ me?od ( geographical draw+1 & "o ( ! be/ ways ( beg9n+ art "w 9 ! s*ool-room1 = absolute def9it5ess ( =m & detail is n requir$1 & we "k t g5]alities are repres5t$ mu* m easily ?an details--l>ge masses m easily ?an small objects4 ,no "o ne$ hesitate to try to draw :o c write or ge/ure3 ?is la/ we are all do+ cont9ually1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly4 ,wat* ! fri5d :ile tell+ "s int]e/+ /ory1 or :ile giv+ a description ( "s object or l&scape4 ,note ! ge/ures unconsci\sly employ$ & h[ tru?ful to ! subject !y are4 ,also notice t ! m int5se ! desire to make y und]/&1 ! m adequate is ! ge/ure4 ,no consci\s ?\ght is requir$ z to :at motion to make1 = ! v desire to express br+s ) x bo? ! requir$ ^w & action4 ,?is is spontaneity1 & if a p5cil or crayon 7 9 ! h& ( ! n>rator1 ) pap] or a blackbo>d ne>1 a sket* might be ! result1 & "o q adequate to its purpose4 ,if y are 9 e>ne/ & truly desire to express y\r ?\ght by draw+ or *alk model+1 y w =get y\rself 9 y\r ef=t to be und]/ood4 ,y w f9d a way to accompli% y\r object1 *oos+ & us+ ! "r direction ( l9e & giv+ ! "r acc5tuation or emphasis )\t any special att5tion z to ! me?od ( work+4 ,draw+s may be made on ! blackbo>d ) common blackbo>d crayon ( m$ium s(tness1 or ) *>coal or crayon ^u pap]4 ,! blackbo>d is mu* ! m s]viceable1 z ^u t y c draw ) great fre$om1 )\t fe> ( wa/+ pap] or ( spoil+ y\r "w4 ,sw+ ! arm out freely f ! %\ld] z y "w1 give out t :i* y h to give1 )\t fe>1 g5]\sly4 ,if x is b a l9e to indicate ! edge ( a table1 draw t l9e z ?\gh y 7 glad to draw x4 ,express y\r ?\ght boldly reg>d+ ! fact or object y wi% to make y\r /atem5t ab\t--fe> n4 ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,surfaces ,,) ,,h9ts ,,on ,,! ,,del9eation ,,( ,,di/ances4 ,,l& ,,slop+ ,,f ,,! ,,obs]v]4 ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t l5g? ( crayon to use1 is a piece ab\t an in* & a half or two in*es long1 yet we may (t5 pr(itably use ! :ole side or l5g? ( ! crayon4 ,if we wi% to repres5t broad surfaces1 we w naturally use ! side ( ! crayon1 z a *ild does4 ,to %[ n>r[] wid?s ( surface press m ^u ! end ( ! crayon1 also use a long edge to repres5t ! edges or ! meet+ ( surface planes4 ,?is mann] ( us+ ! crayon seems ! mo/ natural = ! purpose1 & x c]ta9ly economizes "t4 ,l9e repres5ts direction4 ,:5 appli$ to surface we und]/& x to indicate horizontal1 v]tical1 oblique1 & curv$ surface directions4 ,try x & see if x is n true t l9es 9 "o direction nev] indicate any o!r direction2 ! v]tical c nev] be mi/ak5 = ! horizontal1 or ! rev]se4 ,= ! repres5tation ( a level pla91 make simple /rokes 9 ! horizontal direction ) ! side ( ! crayon1 & to repres5t a v]tical surface z a cliff1 make a /roke 9 ! v]tical direction ) ! same broad side ( ! crayon4 ,oblique surfaces1 z slopes1 are to be drawn ) oblique /rokes1 & curv$ surfaces l r\nd$ hills1 repres5t$ by cont9u\s upw>d & d[nw>d /rokes4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,9 ! del9eation ( m\nta9 masses1 t are high ) abrupt declivities z well z gradual slopes1 we use ! side ( ! crayon ) an oblique /roke z 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,we see !n t "r direction ( l9es ( !mselves illu/rate surface planes1 elevations or depressions4 ,illu/ration3 #a #b #c #d #e ,detail ( /ructure1 h[ev]1 _c be well br\ght out except by effects ( light & %ade4 ,*oose f :i* direction y\r map or sket* is to be light$1 & keep x always 9 m9d :ile draw+4 ,/udy ! effects ( light & %ade ev]y:]e4 ,note ! l5g? ( %ad[s at diff]5t times ( ! day1 & _! relation to ! position ( ! sun4 ,to repres5t an unbrok5 sweep ( l& or wat]1 z ( a pla9 or lake1 draw a broad unbrok5 l9e = ! di/ance1 z all detail ( surface =ms seems to m]ge into "o horizontal mass2 ne>] to u1 we p]ceive m detail ( l&scape or brok5 l& surface1 :i* we may repres5t ) brok5 l9es4 ,?is is ! mo/ simple repres5tation ( level di/ance4 7,note ,fig4 #c47 ,9 ,fig4 #d1 or ! repres5tation ( a plateau 7uprais$ mass ( l&71 !re are horizontal1 v]tical1 & oblique surfaces comb9$4 ,! detail ( /ructure 9 ! =egr\nd is repres5t$ ) "s def9it5ess ( l9e1 :ile ! m\nta9 slopes are q indef9ite4 ,notice t ! oblique & v]tical l9es are %ort] 9 ! di/ance ?an 9 ! =egr\nd1 & t ! l& seems to rise z x rec$es f u4 ,look out ( doors & see if x is n s4 ,notice r[s ( trees1 h\ses1 or telegraph poles1 9 _! relative height1 also 9 _! relation to ! gr\nd on :i* !y /&4 ,9 ! del9eation ( a valley betwe5 p>allel m\nta9 ranges1 keep 9 m9d ! proportionate height ( m\nta9s to wid? ( valley2 = example1 ?9k ( ! app>5t wid? ( /reet or railroad track at ! f>!r end1 9 comp>ison ) ! wid? ( ! same close by y1 & also notice t x decreases 9 def9it5ess z x rec$es into ! di/ance4 ,note ! wid? ( ! valley 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts l& slop+ f u z x rec$es4 ,note ! m def9ite l9es 9 ! =egr\nd1 indicat+ "s detail ( /ructure1 & ! indef9it5ess1 or less di/9ct l9es t indicate ! di/ant hills1 ^! l9es becom+ m & m indi/9ct z ! hills rec$e4 ,illu/ration3 #f #g #i ,,l& ,,slop+ ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,obs]v]4 ,,quality ,,( ,,l9e4 ,,relations4 ,ea* l9e drawn has its own *>act]i/ic mean+--its own individuality1 s to speak4 ,x n only repres5ts direction1 b c>ries ) x a c]ta9 quality ( ef=t or m5tality1 z indecision1 fe>1 c\rage1 c]ta9ty4 7,see ,fig4 #f1 a4 b4 c47 ,we also see 9 x ! habitual m5tal attitude ( ! del9eator4 ,?is is pla9ly se5 9 ! quality ( l9e us$ by ! timid1 contra/$ ) t ( ! fe>less--by ! un/able or *angeable m9d 9 contra/ to "o :o is cle> 9 8 ?\ght 7:o 8kn[s 8 own m9d07 & positive 9 8 expression4 7d4 c4 e47 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t to draw a firm l9e ) ease & rapidity1 "o mu/ h a positive k ( :at "o desires to express1 j ! l5g? ( ! l9e & its relation to all o!r l9es2 t is1 "o mu/ see ?+s or objects 9 _! "r relations4 ,all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are relat$ to ea* o!r--no?+ /&s alone4 ,! m\nta9 is closely relat$ to ! valley1 x has giv5 ( its sub/ance to build & enri* ! latt]1 & its /reams h c>ri$ n\ri%m5t to help swell ! riv] at its base4 ,9 its del9eation1 !re=e1 "o mu/ keep 9 m9d ! relation ( its height to ! wid? ( ! valley1 & to ! plateau on :i* x may /&2 ! declivity ( its slopes1 & _! relation to ! v]tical direction1 :i* may be se5 z an imag9>y l9e drawn f ! c5t] ( ! base to ! z5i?4 ,illu/ration3 #h #aj ,! trees beside ! hill 9 ,fig4 #g %[ ! latt] to be v high4 ,9 ,fig4 #h ! hill becomes l[ because ( ! relation ( its altitude to ! height ( ! trees 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! del9eation ( m or less detail also helps to det]m9e altitudes2 z1 to draw grasses1 b\ld]s or out-cropp+ rocks on ! hill side1 w\ld %[ t we 7 ne> en\gh to ! hill or knoll to see !m 9 detail4 ,hills 9 ! f> di/ance w\ld be repres5t$ )\t mu* detail1 = !y are too f> away naturally = u to obs]ve x4 ,to repres5t l& slop+ t[>ds u z 9 ,figs4 #g1 #i1 & #aj1 ! =egr\nd mu/ be brok5 up1 t is1 repres5t$ 9 m or less ( /ructure detail4 ,fig4 #i %[s l[ hills at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 range slop+ t[>d ! level l& 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd4 ,fig4 #aj a /eep alluvial fan indicat+ ! nature & "* ( its /ructure by ! direction & quality ( l9e us$4 ,! crumbl+ s&/one rock1 %[+ ! effects ( wea!r+1 is indicat$ by %ort ne>ly v]tical /rokes1 ) ! ?\ght ( /ratification also 9 m9d4 ,! fl[+ s& is repres5t$ by v]tical & oblique l9es drawn 9 ! direction 9 :i* s& w\ld naturally fl[4 ,we h "h ?ree examples ( l& slop+ t[>ds u4 ,"o repres5t$ by ne>ly horizontal l9es1 ! o!rs by v]tical or oblique l9es4 ,grasses gr[ _m blades f "o root4 ,_! t5d5cy may be v]tical b _m influ5ces comb9e to turn !m f t direction4 ,use an edge ( ! *alk ) an upw>d or d[nw>d motion4 ,knolls ( any cont\r may be repres5t$ by draw+ grasses 9 ! direction ( ! slopes z 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 #aa #ab #ac #ad ,,high ,,& ,,l[ ,,wat]-,,p>t+s ,,) ,,map4 ,if y\r subject 8possesses0 y1 !re w be no ne$ ( giv+ special ?\ght to effects or results2 ^! w foll[ naturally f ! /ate or quality ( feel+ eng5d]$ 9 y\r m9d by its contemplation2 t is1 if "o "p ( ! surface to be repres5t$ is h>d & rocky1 & ano!r s(t & yield+1 & y h obs]v$ ?is fact 9 relation to ! :ole1 y w naturally %[ x 9 ! quality ( l9e y use4 ,no o!r h9ts c be giv5 t w help y s readily to ! arti/ic t\* z ?is1 toge!r ) ! h9ts giv5 9 our la/ lesson z to ! necessity ( an adequate k ( =m & ( relation%ips or proportions4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a wat]-p>t+ high & m\nta9\s4 ,x %[s its rocky /ructure 9 ! h>% & 8l9ey0 quality ( ! "w z well z 9 ! surface cont\r4 ,! pap] is left :ite = ! /reams ( wat]4 ,on ! blackbo>d1 :5 draw+ maps ) *alk1 use *>coal = ! riv]s1 z 9 ! rapid del9eation ( su* maps x takes too mu* "t to save spaces = !m2 & at ! be/ x is su* an exagg]ation ( ! wid? ( /reams1 t x misleads ! pupil4 ,fig4 #ab repres5ts a l[ wat]-p>t+4 ,notice ! texture ( l9e1 s(t & yield+1 produc$ by ?9k+1 kn[+ & feel+ t ! surface 0 n rocky1 b a some:at s&y soil1 mix$ ) a little loam4 ,p]spective is %[n by less ( detail 9 ! di/ance ?an 9 ! =egr\nd2 ! trees 9 ! latt] be+ m accurately drawn1 z well z tall]4 ,! popl>s at ! "r ( ! picture also %[ t ! gr\nd is a little unev51 z ! di/ant ones seem to be p>tially bel[ a slight rise 9 ! surface4 ,fig4 #ac is a map or bird's eye view ( a height ( l& worn d[n by /reams runn+ 9 diff]5t directions1 leav+ ! wat]-p>t+ %>ply def9$4 ,a little sket* ( ! sea %ore 7,fig4 #ad7 illu/rates ano!r quality ( 8t\*40 ,9 depict+ wat] roll+ irresi/ibly on1 a mighty =ce da%+ aga9/ ! %ore & break+ into %[]s ( spray1 y w naturally use a /eady1 =ceful b light t\* 9 indicat+ its curves & masses4 8,feel+0 & 8t\*0 are some?+ to be exp]i5c$ & n taught me*anically4 ,illu/ration3 #ae #af #ag #ah #ai ,,meet+ ,,( ,,wat] ,,& ,,l&4 ,,lakes1 ,,spr+s1 ,,isl&s4 ,,high ,,& ,,l[ ,,tide4 ,! arti/ic appeals to ! high] or f9] qualities ( our nature1 & to be arti/ic is to %[ =? or make visible ^! qualities4 ,"w :i* is truly arti/ic c only be produc$ :5 we are 9 su* h>mony ) our subject t ^! qualities pr$om9ate4 ,^! tru?s are s important t ,i ask y to exp]im5t & discov] !m = y\rselves4 ,h[ w y get ! 8atmosph]ic0 effect unless y realize t a c]ta9 volume ( atmosph]e is betwe5 y & ! di/ant object8 ,h[ w y keep true values unless y see truly 7correctly78 ,9 all draw+ ( any special subject x %\ld be ! aim to keep ev]y?+ subord9at$ to ! ma9 po9t ( int]e/1 j z 9 writ+ y make e ^w or s5t5ce be> ^u ! ma9 po9t ( y\r !me or y\r argum5t4 ,! meet+ ( l& & wat] c nev] be repres5t$ by a cont9u\s l9e2 z l9e indicates direction ( surface1 & z ! surface planes ( bo? l& & wat] are cont9ually *ang+1 ! direction ( l9e is *ang+ or be+ brok51 ev5 if on ! same g5]al plane4 ,fig4 #ae 7a lake among ! hills7 %[s ! horizontal plane ( wat] surface meet+ ! oblique surface ( l&4 ,:]e ! wat] falls ov] ! rock1 ! oblique & curv$ l9es us$ are brok51 to repres5t ! nature ( ! rock und]nea?4 ,notice t ! dep? ( ea* little fall corresponds ) ! /ratification ( rock4 ,! wat]1 z x rec$es1 lies level1 also4 ,y w h no difficulty 9 draw+ ponds & lakes1 if y ?9k ( ! f>!r %ores z less di/9ct1 & ! waves1 al?\gh r\gh & brok5 9 ! =egr\nd1 z m]g$ & bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd ,figs4 #af & #ag are high & l[ tide on ! ,piscataqua ,riv]4 7,! ocean tides fl[ 9 = miles up ! riv]47 ,^! illu/rations %[ ! brok51 or %ort1 ne>ly horizontal l9es us$ to indicate ! tops ( ! little waves & ripples 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,z ! wat] l[]s a little 9 ! riv]1 ! isl& 7,fig4 #af7 is se51 connect$ ) ! ma9l& by an i/hmus1 or n>r[ neck ( l&2 & 9 ,fig4 #ag x is se5 z a "p ( ! ma9l&4 ,figs4 #ah & #ai are spr+s fl[+ out f hillsides4 ,notice ! relation ! grasses & rock be> to ! wat]4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts ,nor? ,cape2 ,fig4 #bc1 a coral isl&3 bo? %[ wat] 9 active motion1 comp>$ ) t 9 ,fig4 #ae1 & ) ,fig4 #ba 7a rocky isl&74 ,fig4 #bb %[s rapids 9 a ,new ,engl& /ream4 ,notice ! velocity & volume ( wat]4 ,fig4 #bd is a map ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,! upp] "p ( ! map is drawn )\t any l9es betwe5 riv] & l&4 ,! l[] half has a l9e drawn close to ! edge ( ! wat]1 to indicate ! levees1 :i* are necess>y 9 t region1 to prev5t inundation4 ,= a map ( cont95tal isl&s & dr[n$ valleys1 see map ( ! fiord coa/ ( ,alaska1 9 ! ,introduction4 ,,sket*es ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,w9d ,,& ,,wat] ,,erosion4 ,all :o w may le>n to draw4 ,x is t :i* we mo/ e>ne/ly desire to d1 t is accompli%$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( ef=t4 ,all less] int]e/s w give place to t :i* we consid] ( ! greate/ importance4 ,!re=e if we z tea*]s recognize ! value ( ! habit ( sket*+ be=e our classes & greatly desire to be able to draw ) ease & rapidity1 we w put ourselves into "r relation%ip to ! "w1 & w und\bt$ly acquire ! desir$ skill4 ,we h be5 obs]v+ all our lives2 we h made c>eful obs]vations ( _m details ( =m & color1 p]haps1 & close inve/igation ( /ructure1 b we h n analyz$ !m into t]ms ( draw+4 ,we h n be5 look+ = ! planes ( surface1 or ! relative proportions ( p>ts1 or = di/ance or =egr\nd4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) ! desire to be able to sket* readily1 we w obs]ve ! object or l&scape = t special purpose4 ,"o sket* w repres5t only :at has be5 obs]v$ by look+ 9 "o direction )\t turn+ ! head4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t ( ! view w be t at :i* "o looks directly1 & consequ5tly x w be ! mo/ important "p ( ! sket* ) e o!r "p subord9at$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 #be #bf #bg #bh #bi ,9 out ( door sket*+ x w be necess>y to elim9ate mu* t is se51 only draw+ t :i* is *os5 to be ! vital or int]e/+ "p ( ! picture1 ) t :i* modifies1 or is necess>y to %[ x 9 its complet5ess4 ,select y\r po9t ( view1 /&+ at su* a di/ance t all y c>e to /udy may be compreh5d$ 9 a glance4 ,illu/ration3 #cj ,note ! relation ( e>? to sky1 & ( trees to hills1 /reams1 or o!r objects to be includ$ 9 ! sket*4 ,z a help to f9d ! true direction comp>e ! surface planes & edges ) t :i* y "k is v]tical4 ,/udy ! light & %ade1 *oose ! simple broad tones :i* w be/ express di/ance1 middle gr\nd & ne> details4 ,"w simply & easily1 n /ra9+ aft] c]ta9 preconceiv$ effects4 ,x is ?is p>ticul> tru? or fact :i* n[ appeals to y1 :i* y are to express1 & d n hesitate to express x freely & boldly4 ,sket* ev]y?+1 any?+1 no matt] h[ complicat$ x may seem to be1 & sket* (t54 ,! *ild does t1 & le>ns to draw by draw+4 ,illu/ration3 #ca ,fig4 #be %[s ! edge ( a des]t 9 ,wyom+ ,t]ritory1 :]e ! only vegetation is sage bru%4 ,! ra9s h worn a little gully 9 ! g5]al s&y level4 ,notice ! /eep slant ( ! s&y sides4 ,fig4 #bf is a sket* ( a hole 9 ! s&y soil ( a f>m1 on ! banks ( ! ,au ,sable ,riv]1 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 fir/ worn by ! ra9s z a little gully on ! upp] edge ( ! bank1 & ) e ra9-/orm m s& 0 wa%$ out & c>ri$ d[n into ! riv]4 ,a "p ( ?is is deposit$ l[] d[n ! riv]1 bel[ ! bank on ! "r1 9 ! sket* ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 #cb ,use horizontal l9es = ! s&y level1 & curv$ l9es to indicate ! sl[ curr5t 9 ! wat]4 ,fig4 #bg also %[s ! result ( ra9 & w9d erosion ( ! bank beh9d ! /ump ( ! tree4 ,fig4 #bh repres5ts a section ( ,yell[/one caon1 & ,fig4 #bi is a sket* f ,monum5t ,p>k1 ,colorado4 ,9 bo? ! latt] are se5 examples ( ra9 & w9d erosion1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,notice ! h>d lay]s ( rock t cap & protect ! s(t] s&/one b5ea?1 & ! h>d p9nacles t jut out f among ! slid+ s&s 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 #cc ,! effects ( riv] erosion1 toge!r ) ! wea!r+ ( rocks are se5 9 ,fig4 #ca1 :i* is a sket* ( a section ( ,wilm+ton ,pass1 9 ! ,adirondacks4 ,! precipit\s sides ( rock1 are %[n ) ev]gre5s gr[+ :]ev] !y c f9d a foo?old 9 ! soil made by ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks above4 ,b\ld]s & trees h be5 br\ght d[n by ! loos5+ ( masses ( rock1 ?r\gh ! action ( fro/1 heat1 & melt$ sn[1 caus+ ob/ructions 9 ! /ream1 ov] & betwe5 :i* ! wat]s tumble & roll4 ,fig4 #cb is a view tak5 f ! bea* ( ,ar* ,rock1 at ,mack9ac ,isl&4 ,x is a mass ( calc>e\s rock1 %[+ ! result ( lake erosion & wea!r+4 ,! rock 9 ,fig4 #cc %[s signs ( dis9tegration f ! action ( w9d & ra94 ,illu/ration3 #cd #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj ,,sc5es ,,typical ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,zones4 ,take ! *ildr5 into y\r confid5ce3 t is1 cause !m to feel t y are n sket*+ = _! amusem5t or = _! admiration1 b are try+ to help !m to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,!y w appreciate y\r motive & be /imulat$ to increase _! own ef=ts4 ,) e attempt to sket* on y\r "p1 additional skill w be acquir$1 = x is only by repeat$ attempts t progress is made4 ,by su* cont9u$ ef=ts y n only ga9 ! p[] to express ! k y h1 b are l$ to see :]e9 y are defici5t & require clos] /udy ( y\r subject4 ,:5 we try to express our k ( a subject by draw+1 we are (t5 greatly surpris$ to f9d h[ little we "k ( x4 ,x is ! same ) writ+ or speak+4 ,our k or ideas ( a subject %\ld be arrang$ 9 ord]ly sequ5ce1 s logical & cle>ly def9$1 t we %all n be oblig$ to g back & modify or correct any "p ( our expression4 ,su* corrections 9 connection ) draw+ de/roy t pleas+ quality :i* m>ks a sket* z 8arti/ic40 ,! tea*] :o appreciates ! importance ( =m+ correct m5tal habits1 w enc\rage 9 8 pupils ! practice ( accurate & ?or\gh /udy ( a subject1 be=e any attempts at expression are made4 ,illu/ration3 #ce #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg ,9 draw+ f y\r imag9>y picture1 look at x closely & c>efully4 ,cle> x up1 classify its compon5t p>ts into prim>y & second>y1 t is1 decide :i* is ! mo/ important & int]e/+ "p ( ! :ole1 & to :at degree ! o!r p>ts are to be subord9at$ to t1 !n analyze x into t]ms ( draw+1 i4e41 v]tical1 horizontal1 etc4 ,9 ! sc5es giv5 9 ?is lesson z typical ( ! diff]5t zones ( climate1 "s ( ! prim>y features 7 ga9$ ?r\gh obs]vation1 "s ?r\gh pictures supplem5t$ by read+4 ,_m ( ! sket*es illu/rat+ ! o!r lessons1 z well z ^? 9 ! ,introduction1 w also give sugge/ions = ?is lesson1 su* z ! illu/rations on ,alaska1 ,india1 & ! cont95ts4 ,^! ne$ n be duplicat$ "h4 ,9 ! sc5e f ,sib]ia 7,fig4 #cd71 & 9 t ( ! dunes 9 ! ,sah>a des]t 7,fig4 #ce71 notice ! =m ( bo? sn[ & s& drifts--_! %>p edges & %ort & long slopes4 ,! corn-field 9 nor!rn ,new ,york 7,fig4 #cf71 illu/rates ! law ( rec$+ p>allel l9es--t !y appe> to conv]ge z !y rec$e1 & if ext5d$ f> en\gh1 w\ld seem to meet at a po9t on ! horizon 7! 8po9t ( sight071 a po9t imm$iately opposite ! eye4 ,a l9e drawn f ! top & "o f ! bottom ( ea* /alk 9 ! front r[1 to ! po9t ( sight1 w %[ ?is4 ,notice h[ ! /alks 9 ! =egr\nd are br\ght out ) m prom95ce ?an ^? f>!r away & outside ( ! direct l9e ( vision4 ,illu/ration3 #da #dh #di ,figs4 #cg to #dj1 inclusive1 tell ! /ories ( a lumb] camp 7,nor!rn ,mi*igan72 logs ( cotton-wood float+ out into ! ,au ,sable ,riv] 7,adirondacks72 a sc>r$ & /orm-worn p9e tree1 also "o ga%$ by ! axe ( ! wood-cutt]4 ,9 contra/ to ! p9e1 notice ! graceful elm ( ,new ,engl&1 9 ,fig4 #da1 & 9 ,fig4 #db1 ! banana tree ( hot climates4 ,fig4 #dc is a sc5e typical ( ! hot belt 7! ,amazon region1 :]e !re is abundant ra9fall71 & ,figs4 #dd & #de %[ an oasis 9 ! des]t1 also cactus1 z ano!r typical =m ( vegetation4 ,fig4 #df repres5ts a rice-field1 & ,fig4 #dg cotton balls & fl[]s4 ,figs4 #dh & #di1 %[+ a factory or 8mill0 9 ,new ,engl&1 & ! ,new ,york ,/ate h>ve/ sc5e1 are typical ( ! cool belt1 or temp]ate zone4 ,illu/ration3 #ej #ea ,,riv] ,,bas9s4 ,,coa/s4 ,d n copy ! sket*es giv5 9 ^! lessons4 ,!y are b sugge/ions to y1 :o w be able to express y\r own ?\ghts & repres5t y\r own m5tal pictures bett] ?an y c ano!r's4 ,!y are giv5 to %[ y t simple sket*es w help a *ild to a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! subject "u consid]ation4 ,z has be5 said else:]e1 all su* illu/rations %\ld be drawn z !y are ne$$ to illu/rate a giv5 po9t 9 ! developm5t ( a lesson2 = !y c>ry m weight ?an if sket*$ be=eh&1 t is1 outside ( ! class ex]cise4 ,to m]ely locate 9 y\r sket* a h\se1 spr+1 tree or man1 w (t5 be ( great value to ! pupil1 ?\gh y may feel timid ab\t try+ to draw x1 or ?9k y h n ! "t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( _m tea*]s 9 ?is respect may be illu/rat$ by suppos+ a case4 ,a sket* is to be drawn1 includ+ ! figure ( a man1 animal or any object :i* has be5 consid]$ difficult & !re=e some:at avoid$4 ,! tea*]1 by "o or two rapid /rokes 9 ! "r direction1 indicates ! location & movem5t ( ?is figure1 & proce$s ) ! lesson )\t any hesitation or labori\s attempts to really sket* x4 ,! next "t x is necess>y to repres5t x 7p]haps 9 ! second or ?ird lesson71 suffici5t confid5ce & skill h be5 ga9$ to enc\rage additional /rokes 9 ! developm5t ( =m1 & e succe$+ attempt has result$ 9 ! addition ( details ( /ructure1 until almo/ )\t kn[+ x1 ! necess>y skill has be5 acquir$ to make an adequate sket*4 ,h[8 ,by do+1 ! tea*] has be5 =c$ to =m ! m5tal picture1 :i*1 once acquir$1 c be repres5t$1 ?\gh x may be m or less crudely at fir/4 ,illu/ration3 #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef ,fig4 #ej illu/rates ! bas9 ( a "y riv] or brook1 ) its slopes & sy/em ( dra9age1 j su* an "o z may be se5 ne> _m c\ntry s*ool-h\ses1 & an exagg]at$ type1 only1 ( :at may be f\nd 9 ! /reets & alleys ( ! city4 ,its s\rce 7a7 is f\nd 9 a slight depression :i*1 9 ! spr+ or aft] heavy ra9s1 becomes a pond1 f :i* its wat]s ov]fl[ & trickle d[n ?r\gh two *annels1 :i* !y h worn = !mselves4 ,! soil br\ght d[n by ^! rivulets & o!rs :i* are tribut>ies to ! ma9 /ream1 may be se5 deposit$ at b1 c1 d1 e1 z flood pla9s1 isl&s1 & delta4 ,notice ! caon cut by "o ( ! tribut>ies ?r\gh ! left slope ( ! bas91 & ! cascade & wat]fall :]e ! debris br\ght d[n at high wat] has =m$ an ob/ruction4 ,9 ,fig4 #ea is giv5 a typical ,switz]l& riv] bas94 ,figs4 #eb to #ee inclusive1 %[ ocean we>+ & rock wea!r+4 8,hilt ,rock0 7,fig4 #eb7 %[s alt]nate lay]s ( trap rock & s&/one4 ,9 ,fig4 #ec 78,po9t ,portal10 ,pictur$ ,rocks1 ,lake ,sup]ior71 is se5 ! effect ( wave & w9d we>+ 9 s(t rock1 & ,fig4 #ed 78,l&'s ,end10 ,cornwall1 ,engl&71 is an example ( wave we>+ 9 h>d rock4 ,fig4 #ee 78,giant's ,cause-way10 ,irel&71 %[s ! wea!r+ & we>+ ( basaltic rock4 ,fig4 #ef is ,eddy/one ,light-h\se1 7,engl&74 ,illu/ration3 #eg #eh #ei #fj ,9 ! draw+ ( maps1 ! meet+ ( l& & wat] c be z accurately drawn by ! new me?od z by ! old4 ,! foll[+ sket*es illu/rate ! fact t x is n necess>y to use any l9e runn+ contr>y to ! g5]al direction ( surface1 9 ord] to repres5t any cont\r ( coa/4 ,figs4 #eg to #fj are imag9>y bird's-eye views ( coa/s4 ,fig4 #eg %[s a /ret* ( level l& at ! coa/1 ) brok5 or hilly l& betwe5 x & ! di/ant high] hills or m\nta9s3 ! latt] be+ m]ely sugge/$ 9 ! repres5tation4 ,a /ream w9ds its way ?r\gh ! l[ l& to ! ocean1 :]e ! silt :i* x has br\ght d[n & ! s&s :i* h be5 wa%$ up by ! sea1 =m a delta & s&-b>s4 ,fig4 #fj %[s dr[n$ valleys1 fiord coa/s1 & cont95tal isl&s4 ,,sugge/ions ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,*alk ,,model$ ,,map ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,f\r? ,,& ,,fif? ,,grades4 ,x is hop$ t ^! sugge/ions w aid _m tea*]s to realize t ! ,*alk ,model$ maps signify mu* m ?an ! simple fact ( high & l[ l&1 or a repres5tation ( /ructural relief3 t f !m1 toge!r ) suitable pictures %[+ typical sc5es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 su* valuable k ( ! real surface ( ! e>? may be ga9$ by ! pupil1 z w enable him to appreciate ! important relation su/a9$ by man to 8 environm5t1 & also to 8 fell[ man4 ,previ\s to ! /udy ( ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! pupil may be l$ to imag9e ! "* ( ! c\ntry to ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/ ( 8 own locality4 ,he may travel 9 imag9ation across ! cont95t to ei!r ocean1 & may /udy diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh pictures & f oral & writt5 descriptions4 ,su* sections %\ld also be *alk model$1 %[+ ! plateaus1 m\nta9 ranges1 pla9s1 valleys1 arid & f]tile regions4 ,^! draw+s %\ld be l>ge1 sometimes ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! blackbo>d f left to "r1 & drawn 9 a semi-conv5tionaliz$ mann]1 t is1 9 a /yle t comb9es bo? l&scape1 & map draw+4 ,?is is an ess5tial l9k betwe5 ! two & %\ld play an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( cont95tal pictur+3 ! motive be+ 79 all ?is7 to h ! pupil m5tally image ! real cont95t1 be=e ! map or symbol is pres5t$ to him4 ,) su* prep>ation1 :5 ! *alk model$ map is plac$ be=e him he readily reads its surface cont\r4 ,he notes ! great highl&s1 plateaus1 & m\nta9s1 ! pla9s1 valleys1 slopes1 riv] bas9s1 lakes & riv]s4 ,he is !n l$ to inf] ! "* ( soil1 climate & vegetation--ev]y?+1 inde$1 t relates to man's environm5t4 ,he is ask$ to locate ! great =e/ regions t furni% mat]ial = %elt] & articles ( h\sehold use2 to po9t out ! areas be/ adapt$ to ! gr[? ( diff]5t k9ds ( food-plants1 & also ^? t furni% mat]ial = clo?+2 to indicate ! graz+ l&s :]e h]ds ( cattle fe$2 ! m9+ regions1 :]e coal = fuel1 iron1 copp]1 silv]1 gold1 & o!r valuable metals & m9]als are f\nd4 ,in=mation necess>y to inf]5ces is giv5 at ! mom5t requir$1 su* z altitudes1 horizontal di/ances1 latitude1 etc4 ,! pupil is also enc\rag$ to read & acquire k ^u c]ta9 po9ts = himself1 t he may br+ x to ! class = ! b5efit ( o!rs4 7,! foll[+ que/ions may h "s value to ! tea*] 9 ! fur!r /udy ( ! map1 b %\ld by no means be us$ z a set =m or me?od ( que/ion+4 ,!y are only sugge/ions1 giv5 to ^? :o may ne$ !m 9 assi/+ ! pupil to ?9k & reason = himself47 ,8 att5tion may be call$ to ! triangul> %ape ( ! l& mass1 ) its greate/ elevation 9 ! we/4 ,he may be told t its l5g? is #e1gjj & its greate/ wid? #c1jjj miles4 ,que/ions may !n be ask$ z foll[s3 ,into h[ _m slopes or great dra9age sy/ems is ! cont95t divid$8 ,into :at ocean d ! wat]s ( ! long slope fl[8 ,^? ( ! %ort slope8 ,locate & give g5]al direction ( ! cont95tal axis4 ,trace ?is f ,behr+ ,/rait to ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,comp>e its l5g? ) greate/ wid? ( cont95t4 ,comp>e l5g? ( long slope 7#b1bjj miles7 ) l5g? ( %ort slope 7#ejj to #gjj miles74 ,:i* slope has ! long] coa/-l9e8 ,mold 9 s& & *alk model1 %[+ ! two slopes & cont95tal axis4 ,comp>e surface ( bo? slopes4 ,:i* has ! great] area ( highl&s8 ,:i* ( pla9s8 ,give numb] & comp>ative size ( lakes4 ,comp>e l5g? & direction ( riv]s on ea* slope4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! coa/s & h>bors8 ,:at ( ! isl&s8 ,:i* slope has ! l>g] inl& dra9age sy/em8 ,comp>e ) oceanic dra9age sy/em4 ,locate highl&s ( ea* slope4 ,give ! appe>ance ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9 ,sy/em4 ,comp>e ) ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,sy/em4 ,:at c be le>n$ z to ! g5]al =mation & altitude ( ea* slope8 7,%[ typical pictures47 ,:at is ! effect ( altitude ^u ! surr\nd+ c\ntry8 ,:at on dra9age8 ,:at is ! effect ( l>ge riv]s ^u plateaus8 ,locate great c5tral valley ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:at two great riv]s fl[ ?r\gh ?is valley8 ,trace ! ,mississippi ,riv] f its s\rce to its m\?4 ,trace ! ,mack5zie ,riv] 9 ! same way4 ,:at sep>ates ! ,mississippi bas9 f ! ,mack5zie bas98 ,f ! ,saskat*awan bas98 ,trace l[e/ l9e f ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,into :at does ?is l9e divide ! cont95t8 7,into two l& masses47 ,comp>e ^! two4 ,9 :i* is ! cont95tal axis8 7,9 ! prim>y l& mass47 ,! second>y l& mass is divid$ by ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9 ,sy/em into two slopes1 ( :i* ! ea/]n is call$ ! ,atlantic slope4 ,comp>e ^! slopes4 ,:]e d ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s beg98 7,9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bas947 ,ne>ly to :at gulf d !y ext5d8 7,gulf ( ,mexico47 ,:at is _! direction8 ,:at sep>ates ! second>y l& mass into two p>ts--nor!rn & s\!rn8 7,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]47 ,! nor!rn "p is ! p59sula ( ,labrador4 ,9 ?is "p trace ! wat] p>t+s ( ! ,hudson ,bay riv] sy/em4 ,9 ! prim>y l& mass two imm5se m\nta9 ranges ext5d ov] #e1jjj miles--ne>ly ! entire l5g? ( ! cont95t4 ,:at are ^! m\nta9s call$8 ,comp>e _! g5]al altitude ) ! l[ range ( m\nta9s 7#ajj feet high7 cross+ ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,h[ wide is ?is ,i/hmus8 7,fifty miles f coa/ to coa/47 ,:at is kn[n ab\t a c]ta9 canal :i* has be5 begun 9 ,panama8 ,is !re any o!r important canal 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica8 ,comm5c+ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,mexico1 & ext5d+ nor!rly & we/]ly1 two great ranges b\nd ! great plateau ( ,mexico on ! ea/ & we/4 ,?is plateau is divid$ by ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ,colorado1 & o!r riv]s1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #ejj miles nor?4 ,! s\!rn "p ( x is a volcanic region1 9 :i* are ,popocatapetl & o!r high m\nta9s4 ,:at c be told ab\t ! ,colorado ,riv]8 7,%[ pictures ( /ructure1 also ( anci5t cliff dwell+s47 ,:at is ! "* ( ! rock ?r\gh :i* ! riv] cuts8 ,is x 9 ! region ( mu* ra9fall or ( no ra9fall8 ,nor? ( ! great plateau is ! great bas91 #fjj miles wide & #ijj miles f nor? to s\?1 enclos$ by ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,wasat* & ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! l>ge lake f\nd "h8 ,( :at 0 x once a "p8 7,tell ( old ,lake ,bonneville1 & ! t]races :i* record ! height ( its anci5t wat]s1 high up on ! m\nta9 sides1 at ! ea/ ( ,salt ,lake4 ,%[ pictures ( /ructure ( c\ntry & ! effect ( irrigation on ! b>r5 soil47 ,:at l[ range ( m\nta9s we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada range8 ,describe ! beautiful valley ly+ betwe5 ^! ranges4 ,:y is x f]tile8 ,:at are its products8 ,describe ! great r$-wood trees4 ,:at p59sula s\? ( ?is is =m$ by ! union ( ^! two ranges8 ,locate ,mt4 ,%a/a1 #ad1ddb feet high1 9 ! ,cascade range 7a "p ( ,si]ra ,nevada71 j nor? ( ! ,cali=nia valley2 also ,mts4 ,tacoma1 ,hood1 & ,rani]1 9 ! same range4 ,f9d ,mt4 ,/4 ,elias1 9 ,alaska--! highe/ peak 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 be+ #ai1ejj feet above sea level4 7,%[ pictures ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,tell /ories ( ,alaskan ,indians47 ,yell[/one ,p>k is 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 range1 ea/ & nor? ( ,mt4 ,%a/a4 ,:at d y "k ( ?is wond]ful p>k8 7,sket* geys]s ( ,yell[/one ,p>k47 ,c ! prevail+ w9d ( ! ,pacific slope be confid5tly /at$8 ,:at ( ! ,atlantic slope8 ,comp>e ! numb] & "* ( riv]s1 also ! coa/al planes ( ^! two slopes4 ,:at relation has ! /ructure ( a region to ! am\nt ( ra9fall8 ,locate ! region ( greate/ ra9fall on ! cont95t2 also ! region ( no ra9fall1 or des]t region4 ,comp>e ) ! ra9fall ( ! home region4 7,let ! pupils *alk model ! map aga91 %[+ ! depress$ axis1 great plateau & m\nta9 ranges3 also indicat+ ! "* ( coa/s1 :e!r high or l[1 & /at+ :e!r !y are build+ or we>+ coa/s1 & :y47 ,"n ! riv] bas9s ( ea* slope4 ,locate ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & trace its wat] p>t+s4 ,give ! g5]al direction ( ! riv] & ! reason = its fl[+ 9 ?is direction4 ,:at great riv]s are 9 ! "r slope ( ?is bas98 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ riv]8 ,:y are ! wat]s ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] color$8 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ riv] 9 ! left slope8 ,comp>e ! two slopes4 ,:i* is ! high]8 ,:i* has ! great] numb] ( riv] bas9s8 ,locate ! ,oz>k ,m\nta9s4 ,are !re any lakes 9 ?is bas98 ,9 :i* c\rse ( ! riv] are ! wat]falls or cascades f\nd8 7,%[ pictures ( ,/4 ,an?ony & ,m9nehaha ,falls47 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] 9 a direct l9e8 7#a1bge miles1 :ile ! l5g? by wat] way is #c1afj miles47 ,:at is to be inf]r$ f ^! data z to ! c\rse ( ! riv]8 ,:at z to ! slope ( ! l& & ! "* ( ! soil8 ,:at mu/ be ! effect on navigation & comm]ce8 ,9 :i* c\rse1 upp]1 middle1 or l[]1 are mo/ ( ! w9d+s8 7,tell ( ! levees built to prev5t ! riv] f ov]fl[+ its banks47 7,! total l5g? ( ! l9e ( embankm5ts1 includ+ ^? on bo? sides ( ! riv] & its tribut>ies1 is #db1ejj miles47 ,at :at rate is ! riv] l[]+ ! cont95t8 7,en\gh s$im5t is annually c>ri$ d[n to cov] twelve miles squ>e ( surface "o foot deep47 ,:]e is ! soil be+ deposit$8 ,h[ f> is ! riv] navigable8 ,:at canal is be+ dug to connect its wat]s ) ^? ( ,lake ,mi*igan8 ,consid] ! effect ( ?is great "w on ! comm]ce ( ,*icago4 ,:at is ! temp]ature 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] bas98 ,:at is ! "* ( its vegetation8 ,comp>e ^! ) ^? ( ! s\!rn "p4 ,:]e is ! greate/ ra9fall8 ,:at besides f]tile soil & abundant ra9fall1 is necess>y to insure luxuriant vegetation8 ,"n "s fruits *>act]i/ic ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! bas91 also ( ! s\!rn "p4 ,locate areas ( l& be/ adapt$ to ! gr[+ ( food plants2 z gra91 includ+ rice2 potatoes & sug>-cane2 also ^? be/ = graz+ purposes2 ! rais+ ( cattle1 %eep1 etc4 ,:at plants produce mat]ials = ! manufacture ( clo?+8 ,:at areas are especially suitable to ! gr[? ( cotton8 ,:at to ! gr[? ( flax & hemp8 ,locate coal m9es1 & o!r m9+ di/ricts2 also lumb] regions4 ,:]e are ! l>ge/ cities situat$8 ,:y are !y ?us locat$8 ,:at localities are be/ adapt$ to manufactur+ purposes8 ,:i* to comm]ce8 ,int]e/ ! *ildr5 9 ! discov]y ( ! 8great riv]40 ,read acc\nts ( ,joliet's & ,m>quette's discov]ies 9 #afgc1 also ,la,salle's discov]y ( its m\? 9 #afhb4 ,/udy ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly coloni/s & %[ ! relation ( _! environm5t to _! social & political developm5t4 ,! fur!r /udy ( hi/ory w require a con/ant review ( ! geographical features ( ! cont95t1 & w %[ _! relation to ! political divisions4 ,^! may be m>k$ (f ^u ! map ) r$ *alk at ! prop] "t4 ,9 a simil> mann] ea* riv] bas9 ( ! cont95t may be /udi$ sep>ately1 & ! ,hudson ,bay bas94 ,comp>e ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific1 riv] bas9 sy/ems1 also ,alabama & ,texas sy/ems ( riv] bas9s4 ,review ! :ole cont95t4 ,see :]e ! b\nd>ies ( all natural divisions co9cide ) ! political divisions4 ,draw ! cont95t1 & m>k all ! l>ge political divisions on ! map4 ,add1 also1 ! cont95tal isl&s4 ,h[ 7 ^! =m$8 ,:at is a political division8 ,:at is its use8 ,m5tion ! gov]nm5t ( ea* division ( ! cont95t4 ,z ! /udy ( o!r cont95ts are tak5 up1 !y may be comp>$ ) ?is "o1 & ) ea* o!r1 9 reg>d to resemblances & diff]5ces4 ,illu/ration3 #fa ,,map ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,x is suppos$ t 9 ! c\rse ( _! /udy1 ! pupils h be5 9 ! habit ( model+ 9 s& & *alk model+ on ! blackbo>d at e /ep ( ! way4 ,x may n[ be f\nd t !y are prep>$ to repres5t ! entire cont95t1 fir/ 9 two slopes1 aga9 9 l& masses1 & !n z an aggregation ( riv] bas9s1 z sugge/$ 9 ! la/ lesson4 ,su* a developm5t ( ! map is illu/rat$ 9 ! pres5t lesson by f\r /ages ( *alk model+4 ,! fir/ /age is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,x %[s ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 two great slopes1 "o long "o slop+ to ! ea/1 & a %ort "o slop+ to ! we/1 f ! l9e ( meet+ ( _! upp] edges1 or :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,cont95tal ,axis4 ,fig4 #fb repres5ts ! cont95t z sket*$ aft] a /udy ( x z simple l& masses--a prim>y l& mass1 & a second>y l& mass1 ) ! l9e ( depression at ! meet+ ( ! two oppos+ slopes4 ,?is l9e is indicat$ by l9es slant+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! depress$ axis4 ,illu/ration3 #fb ,! prim>y l& mass is repres5t$ z "o cont9u\s unbrok5 l& mass ext5d+ f ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama to ,behr+ ,/rait1 & is itself divid$ into two ma9 slopes4 ,! second>y l& mass is likewise divid$ into two slopes2 x is also sep>at$ by ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] bas9 into two p>ts1 viz41 ! nor!rn or ,labrador l& mass1 & ! s\!rn or ,appala*ian l& mass4 ,fig4 #fc is drawn to repres5t ! dra9age1 or pr9cipal riv] bas9s2 z1 ! ,mississippi1 ,mack5zie1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ,saskat*awan bas9s1 & ! ,hudson ,bay riv] sy/em4 ,9 draw+ small maps on pap] x is necess>y to trace ! riv]s ) a f9e p5cil po9t4 ,= v l>ge maps1 f\r ( five feet long1 spaces may be left1 b great c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep !m z n>r[ z possible1 s z n to exagg]ate ! wid? ( ! riv]s m ?an is necess>y4 ,fig4 #fd is drawn 9 m detail & ! great political divisions are m>k$ ^u x4 ,on ! blackbo>d map ^! divisions may be m>k$ ) color$ *alk1 & %\ld foll[ ! cont\r ( ! surface z closely z possible4 ,= ! tea*] :o wi%es to rapidly *alk model a map = imm$iate use 9 ! class1 ! foll[+ h9ts may be ( s]vice3 ,plan to draw ! cont95t 9 its prop] proportions )9 a giv5 space4 ,imag9e t y see x z already drawn4 ,comm5ce ) ! region be/ kn[n or und]/ood1 & draw z y m5tally travel1 to ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/ or we/4 ,x may be t y w beg9 ) ! great depress$ regions1 9 :i* case draw ! asc5d+ slopes & cr[n+ altitudes z y m5tally picture2 or if ! great highl&s or wat] p>t+s are fix$ ^u z a />t+-po9t1 ! desc5d+ slopes %\ld be drawn to ! l9e ( meet+ ( o!r slopes1 or to ! sea level4 ,break ! l9e to indicate brok5 or unev5 surface4 ,y w d ?is naturally1 h[ev]1 if y h 9 m9d ! picture ( a brok5 surface4 ,illu/ration3 #fc ,keep ! riv] bas9s def9itely 9 m9d1 & ! "* ( /reams & riv]s3 ! "* also ( ! l& /ructure2 :e!r x is rocky or alluvial2 %>p or h>d1 or s(t & yield+4 ,kn[+ t l9e repres5ts direction1 & hav+ a cle> & di/9ct picture 9 m9d ( ! real c\ntry ) its surface features1 x w be an easy matt] to draw or repres5t x4 ,und]/&1 z has (t5 be5 said1 t ! del9eator is draw+ f 8 own m5tal image ( a map1 & n copy+ ! "w ( ano!r4 ,9 ! latt] case no in/ructions are necess>y1 z ! practice is ( no educative value1 & %\ld be p]si/5tly disc\rag$4 ,:ile at "w1 always ?9k ( ! cont95t z be+ light$ f "o direction1 s z to %[ /rong lights & %ad[s 7utilize ! blackbo>d = %ad[s71 ?is helps to %[ altitudes2 be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ^! dep5d ma9ly ^u direction ( l9e correspond+ to direction ( surface4 ,x is to be rememb]$ also1 t kn[+ ! geological /ructure prev5ts "o f draw+ level l&s fir/1 & f aft]w>d del9eat+ m\nta9s z be+ pil$ ^u !m4 ,m\nta9s %\ld be drawn :]e !y belong & valleys :]e !y belong1 ) no contradictory l9es und]nea? to confuse ! mean+4 ,) few exceptions1 m\nta9s are ! cr[n+ po9ts or peaks ( slopes--_! meet+ place4 ,!y may be ! corrugat$ po9ts ( m\nta9 ranges or ( worn d[n plateaus4 ,f :atev] "p ( ! cont95t ! "w is comm5c$1 let x be c>ri$ out 9 e direction until ! limit ( l& is rea*$1 & !n /op4 ,rememb] t !re is no l9e betwe5 l& & wat]1 ei!r at sea-%ore or at lake-%ore4 ,! riv]s may be drawn ) *>coal1 acc5tuat+ ! l[] "p ( ! riv] ne> its m\?4 ,illu/ration3 #fd ,let me say to ! beg9n]--d n let any crude results di/urb or disc\rage y4 ,y c *alk model ) an adequate am\nt ( skill if y w4 ,x simply means a close /udy ( nature1 a cle> k ( geographical /ructure1 & p]si/5t ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 #fe #ff #fg #fh ,,natural ,,features ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,x is ! con/ant1 p]sev]+ attempts--simply ! cont9ual do+--t accompli%es ! "w ( ! _w4 ,devote t5 m9utes a day1 if y _c sp>e m "t1 to y\r prep>ation = sket*+ 9 to-morr['s classes4 ,by express+ y\r m5tal picture aga9 & aga9 y cle> x up1 & ! increas$ int]e/ ( y\r pupils 9 ! "w w be ample rew>d4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ w probably %[ t y\r la/ attempt is a mu* m complete expression ?an ! fir/ "o2 ! repeat$ ef=ts made hav+ result$ 9 a m ?or\gh k ( ! subject & !re=e1 a m complete repres5tation4 ,z be=e /at$ 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 natural features ( int]e/ %\ld be sket*$ :ile ) ! class1 at ! same "t locat+ !m on ! map4 ,! m5tal images = su* sket*es1 z well z = all o!rs1 if n ga9$ by actual obs]vations1 mu/ be acquir$ ?r\gh ! /udy ( pictures & descriptions1 z has be5 rem>k$ be=e1 & %\ld n be copi$ l9e = l9e f ano!r's sket*4 ,illu/ration3 #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc ,9 ,fig4 #fe 7entrance to ,mammo? ,cave1 ,k5tucky7 ! /ratification ( ! rocks is se5 back ( ! entrance1 )9 x1 & at ! "r 9 ! rocks ( ! =egr\nd4 7,x is e/imat$ t #ab1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( lime/one h be5 worn away or displac$ 9 ! excavation ( ! int]ior ( ?is celebrat$ cave47 ,fig4 #ff 7,natural ,bridge1 ,virg9ia7 also pla9ly %[s ! /ratification ( rock4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! rock8 ,:at 0 ! ag5cy employ$ 9 ! sculptur+ ( bo? ( ^! natural wond]s8 ,9 ,fig4 #fg 7,niag>a ,falls7 ! g5]al direction ( ! mass is oblique4 ,notice h[ ! wat] breaks z x falls1 ow+ to ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! 8,palisades on ! ,hudson0 7,fig4 #fh7 notice ! debris at ! foot ( ! v]tical wall ( /one1 =m+ :at is call$ ! talus slope4 ,?is is mo/ly ov]gr[n ) vegetation4 ,9 ,fig4 #fi 7a gorge 9 ! caon ( ! ,colorado7 ! /ratification ( rock & ! almo/ v]tical cliffs are ! pr9cipal features illu/rat$4 ,fig4 #gj repres5ts a l(ty peak 9 "o ( ! caons along ! l9e ( ! ,colorado4 ,fig4 #ga 7,devil's ,slide1 ,web] ,caon1 ,utah7 %[s ! m\nta9 side z worn back leav+ ! trap rock project+4 7,h[ came ! h>d] rock !re 9 ?is peculi> %ape87 ,figs4 #gb & #gc are geys]s 9 ,yell[/one ,p>k--8,old ,fai?ful0 & 8! ,sponge40 ,9 ! latt]1 notice ! corrugat$ =mation1 & ! little /ream t fl[s f its base4 ,illu/ration ,,map ,,( ,,mexico ,,) ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,fif? ,,& ,,six? ,,grade ,,tea*]s4 ,9 ! /udy ( political divisions1 details ( /ructure1 climate1 etc41 t 7 n br\ght out 9 ! "w on ! cont95t z a :ole1 %\ld prec$e ! hi/orical /udy4 ,aga9 let x be /at$1 t ! me?od & que/ions "h giv5 are n to be foll[$ lit]ally2 !y are m]ely pres5t$ z sugge/ive h9ts to tea*]s1 :o %\ld frame _! own que/ions s z to be/ lead ! pupil 9 8 /udy to a realization ( :at ! c\ntry is 9 itself1 & h[ geographical conditions affect ! hi/ory & civilization ( a p4 ,hav+ a g5]al idea ( ! geographical features ( ,mexico1 ! pupil 9 its clos] /udy1 may give its location z ly+ s\? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ext5d+ f ,texas on ! nor? to c5tral ,am]ica on ! s\?4 ,he may describe its g5]al %ape z triangul> or cornucopia %ap$4 ,he may notice t ! ,rio ,gr&e =ms its natural b\nd>y on ! nor?1 = ne>ly ?ree f\r?s ( ! di/ance f gulf to ocean4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ?is riv]8 ,comp>e ) l5g? ( ! ,mississippi4 ,h[ f> is x navigable8 7,ab\t #ejj miles47 ,:at is its "*8 7,swift1 crook$1 & ob/ruct$ by rapids & s&-b>s47 ,notice ! break 9 ! great we/]n range ( m\nta9s1 =m+ a depression betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,madre & ,si]ra ,nevada ,ranges4 ,j nor? ( ?is break & we/ ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 9 ! /ate ( ,cali=nia1 lies ! great ,mohave ,des]t1 9 :i* is ! fam\s 8,dea? ,valley10 #ajj feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico on ! ea/ & ! ,pacific ,ocean on ! we/ ! l& rises 9 a succession ( t]races or plateaus1 ) elevations v>y+ f #b1jjj feet to #h1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,! great c5tral or upp] plateau has an elevation ( ab\t #c1jjj feet at ! nor?1 b asc5ds gradually to ! height ( #h1jjj feet 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,mohave ,des]t4 ,) ! great plateau ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ,florida 7mean elevation #cj feet74 ,9 ?is "p1 ! ea/]n m\nta9 wall ( ! great c5tral plateau1 & ! we/]n1 :i* is mu* high] ( ! two1 culm9ate 9 a knot ( l(ty m\nta9s4 ,?is is a volcanic region1 & "h a numb] ( isolat$ volcanoes t[] above ! upl&s 9 a l9e f ea/ to we/4 ,( ^! sn[-capp$ volcanoes ! highe/ are ,popocatapetl & ,orizaba1 :i* are ab\t #ag1ejj feet above ! sea-level4 ,comp>e ^! ) ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,rockies4 ,f ?is po9t ! l& abruptly l[]s to ! l[ ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec & ! ,p59sula ( ,yucatan4 ,mexico has an area ( #gdd1jjj squ>e miles4 ,comp>e ) area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#c1fje1jjj74 ,:y are !re m riv]s fl[+ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ?an into ! ,pacific ,ocean8 ,:]e is ! greate/ ra9fall8 ,:at is ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9d8 ,c ?is be kn[n f ! map8 ,! av]age annual ra9fall at ! ,gulf ,coa/ is #aej in*es4 ,h[ does ?is comp>e ) t ( ,florida8 7#fj in*es47 ,) t ( ,*icago8 7#cf in*es47 ,:at is ! ra9fall on ! we/]n coa/8 7,!re is sc>cely no ra9 at all47 ,:y8 ,:]e is ! s\rce ( ! riv]s on ! we/ coa/8 ,! av]age ra9fall ( ! plateau is #bg in*es4 ,may we expect to f9d _m riv]s fl[+ f x8 ,:at is likely to be ! "* ( riv]s fl[+ into ! ,gulf8 7,!y are swift torr5ts be>+ trees & rocks1 te>+ & cutt+ gorges & caons f #hjj to #a1jjj feet deep47 ,comp>e ^! ) riv]s ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,h[ are ! s&-b>s at ! m\?s ( ! riv]s on ! ea/]n coa/ to be acc\nt$ =8 ,:at effect mu/ !y h ^u comm]ce8 ,:at may we conclude z to ! "* ( ,mexican h>bors8 ,w\ld ! wat]-ways af=d an enemy means ( transportation to ! he>t ( ! c\ntry8 ,may we conclude t ! natural /ructure ( ! c\ntry af=ds protection f enemies8 ,:at influ5ce has ?is isolation _h ^u ! progress ( ! p8 ,has ,mexico a navy8 ,:y n8 ,mexico has two seasons--! dry season & ! ra9y season4 ,! latt] beg9s 9 ,june & la/s until ,octob]4 ,:at is ! prevail+ w9d 9 ea* season8 ,:at influ5ce has altitude ^u climate8 ,mexico has ?ree zones ( climate1 accord+ to altitude4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! l[ ly+ coa/ zone or 8,hot ,l&s0 is #gg to #hb degrees ,fah4 at ,acapulco on ! we/]n coa/4 ,:at is ! climate8 7,hot or dry47 ,:at is ! climate on ! ea/]n or ,gulf coa/1 :]e ! mean temp]ature is #gg degrees ,fah4 ris+ at ,v]a ,cruz sometimes to #aaj degrees ,fah48 7,hot1 humid & unheal?y4 ,9 ! ra9y season ! l& is p>tly "u wat]--/eam+4 ,9 ! dry season ! gr\nd is p>*$ & ! air ov5-l47 ,:at is ! "* ( vegetation1 birds1 & animals8 ,comp>e vegetation ) t ( cold or cool regions z to appe>ance1 k9ds ( trees1 etc41 & its value or usefulness to animals & man4 ,:i* city w\ld be ! mo/ desirable = a home8 ,:at mu/ be ! natural effect ( ! exi/+ /ructure & climatic conditions ^u ! inhabitants ( ^! areas8 ,:at k9d ( h\ses w\ld !y be apt to build8 ,draw type ( h\ses ) environm5t4 ,! pla9s rise f ! coa/ gradually to ! height ( ab\t #b1jjj feet :]e ! hills beg91 & above ^! we f9d o!r pla9s4 ,h[ does ?is altitude affect ! climate8 ,va/ h]ds ( cattle1 horses & %eep roam ^! pla9s1 & well /ock$ ran*es are 9 ! nor!rn "p4 ,agriculture is ! *ief occupation 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,! soil be+ l>gely volcanic is extremely f]tile :5 irrigat$4 ,f ! height ( #b1jjj feet to ab\t #g1jjj feet we f9d ! 8,temp]ate ,l&s40 ,^! comb9e ! conditions ( two zones4 ,! heat & moi/ure ( ! 8,hot ,l&s0 unit+ ) ! cool] breezes ( ! upl&s1 produces "o ( ! mo/ equable & delightful climates 9 ! _w4 ,! mean temp]ature is f #fb to #gj degrees ,fah4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! mean temp]ature ( ,*icago4 ,! heavie/ annual ra9fall record$ is #ij in*es4 ,air-plants & creep+ v9es are ev]y:]e4 ,fl[]s are m delicately fragrant1 birds are song/]s1 & insects are few] ?an 9 ! l[] hot l&s4 ,tropical products are f\nd at a height ( #d1jjj feet4 ,rice1 c(fee1 sug>-cane1 tobacco & fruits l olives1 oranges & lemons are all f\nd "h4 ,ev]gre5s1 oaks & c$>s are "h z well1 :ile maize & beans are se5 gr[+ all ! way up f ! coa/4 ,gra9s gr[ be/ at a height ( #f1jjj feet4 ,comp>e ^! conditions ) ^? ( ! ,hot ,l&s4 ,w\ld ! temp]ate l&s be a desirable place = a home8 ,:at effect has ! climate ^u ! p8 ,comp>e !m ) inhabitants ( ! l[ l&s4 ,draw typical sc5es1 includ+ h\ses1 ( temp]ate l&s4 ,ab\t #g1jjj feet we f9d ! 8,cold ,l&s40 ,"h ! am\nt ( ra9fall is only "o-six? ( t ( ! l[ l&s4 ,_m small riv]s hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! et]nal sn[s ( ! l(ty m\nta9 peaks1 disappe> be=e rea*+ ! lakes or lagoons4 ,:y8 ,above #h1jjj feet _m v>ieties ( ! fir tree are se5 climb+ ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,only f\r m\nta9 peaks are sn[-capp$ all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! m\nta9s are ri* 9 metals1 especially silv]4 ,sulphur is obta9$ f ! v ?roat ( ! crat] ( ,popocatapetl4 ,salt is obta9$ f ! lakes4 ,! pupils %\ld *alk model ! plateau ( ,mexico %[+ :at !y h le>n$ ( details ( /ructure4 ,on ?is plateau e v>iety ( surface is se54 ,"h are des]ts1 wood$ hills1 quiet valleys1 & broad level pla9s /udd$ ) cle> sp>kl+ lakes :i* h no visible outlets4 ,:at fe$s ^! lakes8 ,:at is _! "*8 7,sal9e47 ,:y are !y salt8 ,are !y gett+ l>g] or small]8 ,:y8 ,comp>e ! surface "h describ$ ) t ( ,yucatan4 ,! soil ( ! latt] is l>gely lime/one4 ,! surface is l[ & monoton\s1 ) sc>cely a riv] or brook ( any consid]able size4 ,midway betwe5 ,v]a ,cruz on ! ,gulf coa/ & ,acapulco on ! ,pacific 9 ! valley or bas9 ( ,anahuac1 on a plateau ( ! int]ior1 is situat$ ! r5[n$ city ( ,mexico1 at an altitude ( ab\t #g1hjj feet above sea-level4 ,9 :i* climate zone is x locat$8 ,! valley is ab\t #ee miles long1 & #cj miles wide1 & is hemm$ 9 by m\nta9s ) ! great volcanoes to ! s\!a/4 ,high] ?an any o!r1 & ! fir/ to attract ! travel]'s eye z he ent]s ! valley1 is ! mighty ,popocatapetl4 ,9 ! nor!rn half ( ! valley are ?ree small lakes & a numb] ( t[ns & villages4 ,9 ! s\!rn half !re are ?ree l>ge lakes & ! city ( ,mexico4 ,! l[e/ "p ( ! bas9 is ,lake ,tezcuco4 ,?is is only #f feet bel[ ! level ( ! plateau on :i* ! city /&s4 ,! wat]s ( ?is lake are salt1 :ile ,lake ,xo*imilco is a fre% wat] lake1 situat$ a few miles s\? ( ! city & is #d feet high]4 ,x is f ?is lake t ! city ( ,mexico obta9s its wat] supply4 ,:at is ! population ( ! city8 ,:at d y "k ( its p8 ,?r\gh\t ! lessons ! pupil %\ld be cont9ually l$ to imag9e :at ! life ( ! p mu/ be1 f :at is kn[n ( _! environm5t4 ,lead him also to inf] ! reasons = _! pres5t /ate ( advancem5t 9 civilization4 ,h him sket* sc5]y1 h\ses1 ut5sils1 etc41 illu/rative ( _! modes ( life4 ,%[ pictures ( anci5t ,aztec & ,toltec ru9s4 ,tell ( ! p :o came f ! nor? & settl$ 9 ! m>% ne> ,lake ,tezcuco4 ,speak ( _! great works--temples1 aqu$ucts1 dykes & causeways4 ,ref] to evid5ces ( culture z %[n 9 ru9s ( build+s1 f\nta9s1 ba?s1 tape/ries1 etc4 ,:at 0 _! religion8 ,comp>e !m ) ! ,indians ( nor!rn =e/ regions4 ,:at 7 ! motives ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ! conque/ ( ,mexico8 ,describe ! l&+ ( ,cortez & 8 army & let ! pupil inf] ! difficulties & dang]s enc\nt]$ on _! way into ! c\ntry2 ! hot climate1 %ift+ s&s1 tropical m>%es1 slipp]y precipices1 gorges ) swoll5 /reams1 & ! m\nta9s to be cross$4 ,?r\gh a pass !y w5t 9 s+le file into a /]ile region :]e !re 0 no wat]3 ?r\gh a second defile1 a valley1 & !n ano!r & m difficult gorge until ! summit rea*$1 !y desc5d$ into ! int]ior valleys4 ,"h ! ,spani>ds re/$ = f\r days1 ne> ! des]t infe/$ ) wolves & o!r wild animals4 ,tell ( ,cortez' attack on ! great city--8 repulse--! siege1 etc4 ,%[ t ! results 7 l>gely det]m9$ by ! geography ( ! c\ntry4 ,cortez conqu]$ because ! c\ntry be+ brok5 up by m\nta9s1 plateaus & valleys naturally divid$ ! p into _m small tribes1 "s speak+ diff]5t languages1 :o 7 "u =c$ subjection to a f$]ation consi/+ ( w>rior b&its f ! /rong] cities4 ,give ! result ( ! conque/ to ! ,mexicans1 & br+ _! hi/ory d[n to ! pres5t day if desir$4 ,:at class ( p n[ inhabit ,mexico8 ,:at regions are mo/ d5sely populat$8 ,:at is ! population8 ,comp>e ) ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:at is ! =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,:]e are ! l>ge/ cities8 ,:]e ! greate/ seaports8 ,describe ! modifications ( surface /ructure s9ce ! conque/4 7,lake ,tezcuco has rec$$ f ! city two & "o half miles4 ,h[87 ,tell ( ! float+ g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh ,! page ( illu/rations accompany+ ! above sugge/ions include ! ,map ( ,mexico1 ,fig4 #gd1 & also a section ( ! map1 ,fig4 #ge1 %[+ m pla9ly ! old valley ( ,anahuac1 & ,lake ,tezcuco4 ,figs4 #gf to #gh are sc5es typical ( ! c\ntry4 ,,map ,,( ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,prep>atory ,,lessons ,,on ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4 ,! section "u consid]ation lies ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & s\? ( ! ,ohio & ,potomac ,riv]s4 ,! motive = its /udy is to trace ! influ5ce ( physical environm5t ^u ! "* & motives ( ! inhabitants4 ,! foll[+ plan = ! lesson is sugge/$3 #a4 ,description ( ,c\ntry4 7a7 "*2 7b7 altitude2 7c7 vegetation2 7d7 productions4 #b4 ,division into ,belts4 7a7 m\nta9\s2 7b7 hilly or plateaus2 7c7 l[l&s4 #c4 ,int]e/s ( ! ,p 9 ^! ,sections to be ,subs]v$4 7a7 ,protection ( homes2 7b7 railroads2 7c7 factories & cattle2 7d7 op5 navigation2 7e7 non-int]ruption ( labor4 #d4 ,plans ( ,attack by ! ,enemy4 7a7 ,to ga9 a /ronghold 9 ! m\nta9s2 7b7 de/roy railroads2 7c7 ob/ruct riv]s2 7d7 capture cattle2 7e7 deva/ate ! fields4 ,illu/ration3 #gi ,locate on ! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! special section ( c\ntry to be /udi$1 & *alk model 9 detail l>ge map ( ! same4 7,see ,fig4 #gi47 ,f ?is map1 toge!r ) typical pictures ( sc5]y1 i4e41 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 valleys1 vegetation1 indu/ries1 etc41 ! pupil may imag9e ! g5]al "* ( ! l&4 ,:at w be 8 m5tal picture8 7,a roll+ c\ntry1 brok5 into hills & valleys1 ) m\nta9s m or less r\nd$ & g5]ally clo!d ) vegetation47 ,pass+ d[nw>ds f ! heights1 ! surface becomes m g5tly undulat+ & f9ally /ret*es away 9 long level fields4 ,! pupil may imag9e :at might be se5 f a great height s\? ( ! :ole section4 ,imm$iately bel[ is ! sea4 ,florida at ! "r1 l[ & gre51 wid5s into ! ma9l& 9 front4 ,! s&y gulf %ores brok5 by _m riv]s & bl5d+ into light gre5s1 d>k5 & turn into br[ns 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,l9es ( grays & purples 9 ! di/ance indicate ! f>!r m\nta9 ranges4 ,! g5tle we/]n slope1 & ! m abrupt ea/]n "o are clo!d ) ri* foliage1 ?r\gh :i* gleam ! wat]s ( _m riv]s4 ,:at is ! tr5d ( ! m\nta9 ranges8 7,f nor!a/ to s\?we/4 ,?ree ne>ly p>allel ranges are se5 ) long valleys betwe547 ,:i* is ! mo/ important "o8 ,:at is ! :ole m\nta9 sy/em call$8 7,! ,appala*ian ,sy/em47 ,give ! names by :i* ! pr9cipal ridges are kn[n4 ,:]e is ! greate/ height8 7,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a--,mt4 ,mit*ell1 #f1gaj feet high4 ,f ?is po9t ! m\nta9s l[] gradually to ! nor?1 be+ 9 ,p5nsylvania f ab\t #a1jjj feet to #a1ejj feet 9 height4 ,to ! s\? !y drop m rapidly1 ?r\gh ,georgia & ,alabama47 ,are !re any natural divisions 9 ! ea/]n slope8 7,! m\nta9s1 pi$mont1 & tide-wat] regions4 ,! pi$mont or old plateau region is hilly1 :ile ! tide-wat] region1 hav+ be5 built by ! riv]s1 is l[ & ne> ! coa/ (t5 swampy & unheal?y4 ,! riv]s are num]\s1 =m+ l[ isl&s at _! m\?s47 ,:at are ! divisions ( ! we/]n slope8 7,m\nta9s1 plateaus & valley c\ntry4 ,! plateaus are long arms ( high l& /ret*+ out f ! m\nta9s1 "u ! names ( ! ,cumb]l& & ,t5nessee4 ,riv]s h cut into ! plateaus :i* gradually wid5 into ! ,ohio & ,mississippi47 ,:at is ! nature ( ! soil8 7,ri*1 l[ & level1 adapt$ to ! rais+ ( cotton4 ,ne> ! ,mississippi ! l& is (t5 swampy & cov]$ ) a d5se rank gr[? ( vegetation4 ,! /rong curr5t ( ! riv] (t5 *anges ! c\rse ( its *annel1 ?us =m+ ! num]\s bay\s or long n>r[ lakes f\nd 9 ,arkansas1 ,l\isiana & ,mississippi47 ,:at is ! vegetation ( ! m\nta9 regions8 7,wood$ ) p9e1 oak & o!r m\nta9 trees47 ,:at w\ld be ! *ief products ( ?is region8 ,h[ c\ld ! lumb] be gott5 out ( ! c\ntry8 7,tell ( m9es47 7,slightly wood$ & ri*ly turf$ w\ld describe ! middle section47 ,:at w\ld be ! *ief occupations ( ! p8 7,f>m+ & /ock-rais+4 ,9 ! l[ valley c\ntry ! products are tobacco1 sug>1 rice & cotton47 ,at ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>1 :at 7 ! *ief int]e/s ( ! m\nta9 p8 7,9 consequ5ce ( _! indu/ries !y _h comp>atively slight int]e/ 9 ! que/ions ( slav]y47 ,_! k ( passes1 cross-roads1 sites = =ts1 etc41 w\ld make !m invaluable aids to ei!r p>ty4 ,( :at value might ! possession ( any special po9t be to ei!r side dur+ ! w>8 7,x might be us$ z a =t or ars5al4 ,to ! oppos+ side x might prove an ent]+ w$ge by :i* o!r po9ts might be ga9$ & s divide ! p47 ,:at w\ld be ! int]e/ ( ! m9]s8 7,!y w\ld favor peace = ! sake ( un9t]rupt$ labor4 ,if by w> _! "w %\ld be /opp$ _! families w\ld be r$uc$ to />vation47 ,ne> ! m9es w\ld be f\nd railroads4 ,:at w\ld be ! policy ( ! ,s\? 9 reg>d to !m8 7,to protect !m = _! own use47 ,t ( ! ,nor?8 7,de/ruction or possession47 ,:at w\ld be ! f>m]'s int]e/8 7,! protection ( /ock & f>m products47 ,9 ! l[l& section ! protection ( railroads w\ld be "o int]e/4 ,:at o!r int]e/s w\ld be endang]$ by w>8 7,va/ fields ( cotton & o!r s\!rn products w\ld be subject to trampl+ or burn+2 f5ces1 h\ses & o!r build+s likely to be de/roy$4 ,! des]tion ( slaves w\ld leave fields uncultivat$1 want 9 ! h\ses & homes unprotect$47 ,if crops c\ld be rais$ & ga!r$1 :at ( _! disposal8 7,! m>ket w\ld be small]1 _! deliv]y unc]ta94 ,blockad$ riv]s & des]t$ railroads are ob/acles to comm]ce47 ,:at po9ts w\ld be desirable to ga9 aga9/ ! ,s\?8 7a7 7,a foo?old 9 ! m\nta9s & control ( ! railroads lead+ !reto2 7b7 ,possession ( boats to be us$ on ! ,mississippi 9 clos+ ports & ! hold+ ( !m2 7c7 ,occupation ( a l9e ( po9ts on ! ,t5nessee or ! ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 & s pu% ! nor!rn l9e f>!r d[n2 7d7 ,possession ( seaports along ! ,atlantic coa/47 ,:at c\ld be plann$ = ! opposite side8 7a7 7,to ga9 possession ( ,wa%+ton2 7b7 ,to =tify ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,conf$]acy2 7c7 ,to protect ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ! coa/47 ,read extracts f w> lett]s ( ,grant1 ,mc,clellan & o!rs to %[ ! relation ( ! plans ( ! g5]als to ! geography ( ! c\ntry4 ,,map ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,to repeat :at has be5 said 9 sub/ance aga9 & aga91 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lessons 7x _c be too (t5 br\ght to m9d71 if y "k y\r subject1 i4e41 h ! k1 & desire to give x to o!rs y w be able to d s2 m or less crudely x may be1 b "o le>ns to d1 only by do+4 ,%\ld y be 9 d\bt z to ! direction ( l9e to use1 analyze ! ge/ures y w\ld naturally make 9 an oral expression ( ! same subject1 & see j :at direction y wi% to repres5t4 ,d n misund]/& 9 reg>d to ! repres5tations ( elevations on ! map4 ,^! are n drawn to repres5t actual %ape1 any m ?an actual size or height2 !y m]ely indicate location4 ,! horizontal di/ances ( ! map %\ld nev] be comp>$ ) ! altitudes1 b comp>e altitudes ) altitudes1 & horizontal di/ance ) horizontal di/ance4 ,lead ! pupil also to cont9ually comp>e ! altitudes giv51 ) ^? )9 8 s5se grasp2 e4g41 ,mt4 ,*imborazo is ab\t #bj1ejj feet 9 height4 ,:at is ! height ( ! highe/ build+1 hill or m\nta9 ! pupil has ev] se58 ,h[ _m su* elevations plac$ "o above ano!r w\ld equal ! height ( ,*imborazo8 ,by su* comp>ison ! pupil w be 9 no dang] ( gett+ a wrong idea ( ! altitude f ! /udy ( ! maps4 ,horizontal di/ances may be comp>$ 9 ! same way4 ,a giv5 di/ance ( ?\s&s ( miles may be comp>$ ) a %ort] di/ance )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! pupil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,rememb] ?is me?od ( draw+ or *alk model+ is design$ *iefly to sugge/ to ! m9d ! ma9 *>act]i/ic features ( ! cont95t4 ,to ^? :o h read ,lessons ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 x is sc>cely necess>y to illu/rate ! f\r /ages 9 ! map ( ,s\? ,am]ica or o!r cont95ts4 ,notice t ! l& l[]s t[>ds ! nor? 9 ,p]u & ,bolivia & also f ! ,guiana highl&s4 ,get ! effect by r$uc+ ! size ( ! hills & m\nta9s z !y rec$e1 & by mak+ !m less def9ite4 ,illu/ration3 #hj ,,map ,,( ,,eurasia ,,) ,,sections ,,9 ,,detail4 ,y\r pupils may soon excel _! tea*] 9 *alk model+4 ,?is is enc\rag+4 ,! true tea*] w rejoice at su* pro(s ( success 9 in/ruction & be /imulat$ to r5ew$ endeavors4 ,x is ( su* vital importance t pupils acquire ! habit ( expression ?r\gh draw+4 ,fig4 #hj is a map ( 8,eurasia0 or ,europe & ,asia toge!r z "o cont95t4 ,x %[s ! highl&s :i* divide ! wat]s ( ! nor!rn or long slope1 f ^? ( ! %ort slope1 i4e41 ! backbone ( ! cont95t or cont95tal axis4 ,ab\t midway betwe5 ! extreme ea/]n & we/]n coa/s1 note ! high plateau or c5t] f :i* _m m\nta9 ranges radiate--! ,pamir or 8,ro( ( ! ,_w0 #ae1jjj feet 9 height4 ,! plateau ( ,?ibet is also #ae1jjj feet high1 b t[]+ above ^! are _m l(ty m\nta9 peaks1 "s rea*+ ! height ( #be1jjj to #bi1jjj feet4 ,f ^! plateaus1 ^? ( ,gobi & ,iran1 & ! highl&s 9 ,europe1 ! l& l[]s m or less abruptly z x rec$es to ! nor?1 ea/ & s\?4 ,to repres5t ! ,arctic coa/1 :]e ! l& is mo/ly l[1 draw ) ! horizontal /roke4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! highl&s use brok5 horizontal or slightly curv$ l9es to indicate ! brok5 hilly surface4 ,be c>eful to keep ! great depressions level ar\nd ! ,black1 ! ,caspian & ,aral ,seas4 ,illu/ration3 #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf ,illu/ration3 #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia ,! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula 7,fig4 #ha7 is drawn m 9 detail to %[ ! fiord coa/4 ,fig4 #hb is a typical view ( ! coa/4 ,a map ( ,india1 ) ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s on ! nor?1 & ! ,h9du ,ku% ,m\nta9s on ! we/1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,notice ! s\rce ( its ?ree great riv]s4 ,fig4 #hd is a typical view on ! ,bramahpootra ,riv]4 ,fig4 #he is a map ( ,greece & ,fig4 #hf a view ( ! c\ntry imm$iately surr\nd+ ! ,acropolis4 ,figs4 #hg-ia are a map ( ,japan & typical sc5es illu/rative ( ! c\ntry1 h\ses1 & co/umes ( ! p4 ,illu/ration ,,review ,,( ,,in/ructions4 ,,maps ,,( ,,africa ,,& ,,au/ralia4 ,9 review+ ! directions = *alk model+1 ! foll[+ po9ts are not$1 7a7 ,a m5tal picture made cle>] by expression2 7b7 ,a desire to express ?r\gh ! m$ium ( *alk & blackbo>d2 7c7 ,analysis into t]ms ( draw+1 z masses & sub-masses1 direction ( l9e1 light & %ade2 7d7 ,quality ( l9e1 atta9$ ?r\gh 8feel+0 or h>mony ) ! subject2 7e7 ,arti/ic expression 7no modifications1 z erasures or additions72 7f7 ,p]si/5t ef=t4 ,?r\gh ! obs]vance ( ! h9ts giv5 on ^! po9ts adequate skill 9 execution may be acquir$4 ,! plateaus ( ,africa & ,au/ralia are class$ toge!r 9 ?is lesson4 ,little is kn[n ( ! we/]n half ( ! latt]1 b ! ea/]n half ( ,au/ralia has its riv]s & riv] bas9s4 ,we see also h[ x has be5 worn into m\nta9 ranges2 ! highe/ "p be+ 9 ! s\!a/4 ,africa is also we>+ back f ! coa/s & ! plateau itself has _m long riv] bas9s1 ! longe/ ( :i* is t ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,nile is n only ! longe/ riv] 9 ,africa b is ! ?ird riv] ( ! globe z to l5g?4 ,! valleys ( ! cont95t are mo/ly v n>r[1 especially ! valleys ( ?is riv]4 ,illu/ration ,! ,sah>a ,des]t is repres5t$ z be+ brok5 into a numb] ( plateaus & depress$ regions1 :i* is express$ by %ort1 ne>ly horizontal l9es4 ,! ,abyss9ian ,plateau is giv5 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,notice t x l[]s gradually t[>ds ! s\?1 b abruptly t[>ds ! nor? & t its surface is brok5 into _m plateaus & deeply cut riv] b$s by tribut>ies to ! ,nile4 ,illu/ration3 #ib ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,abyss9ian ,,plateau4 ,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce4 ,! foll[+ books ( ref]5ce may be f\nd useful 9 ! /udy ( geography z a prep>ation = map draw+3 ,abbott4 ,wa/e-l& ,w&]+s4 ,appleton4 ,agassiz4 ,j\rney 9 ,brazil4 ,appleton4 ,physical ,geography4 ,arrold4 ,?r\gh ,p]sia by ,c>avan4 ,bak]4 ,! ,nile & ,tribut>ies ( ,abyss9ia4 ,b>?olomi4 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ,nor? & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,bates4 ,bird's-eye ,view ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,bates4 ,! ,naturali/ ( ! ,amazon4 ,bi>t4 ,! ,aztecs4 ,br[n4 ,c\ntries ( ! ,_w4 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury4 ,geology4 ,h4 ,e4 ,holt ,co4 ,croll4 ,climate & ,cosmology4 ,appleton4 ,croll4 ,climate & ,"t4 ,appleton4 ,dall4 ,alaska & ,its ,res\rces4 ,dallas4 ,caves4 ,humboldt ,libr>y4 ,dana4 ,geological ,/ories4 ,d>w94 ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld4 ,humboldt ,libr>y4 ,davis4 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 ,encyclopdias4 ,fitzg]ald4 ,au/ralia4 ,fo/]4 ,! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,geikie4 ,text-book ( ,geology4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,geikie4 ,geological ,sket*es at ,home or ,abroad4 ,geikie4 ,physical ,geography4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,geikie4 ,text-book ( ,geography4 ,geikie4 ,e>? ,lore4 ,gilb]t4 ,lake ,bonneville4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,gib]ne4 ,ocean ( ,air4 ,gilb]t4 ,h5ry ,m\nta9s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,guyot4 ,e>? & ,man4 ,scribn]4 ,guyot4 ,physical ,geography4 ,guyot4 ,common ,s*ool ,geography4 ,hale4 ,mexico4 ,h>t4 ,geology & ,physical ,geography ( ,brazil4 ,h9man4 ,eclectic ,physical ,geography4 ,hill4 ,physiography4 ,huxley4 ,physiography4 ,jackman4 ,nature ,/udy = ! ,common ,s*ools4 ,jackman4 ,field ,"w 9 ,nature ,/udy4 ,johnson4 ,surface ,zones ( ! ,globe4 ,johnson4 ,geography--,physical1 ,hi/orical & ,descriptive4 ,judd4 ,volcanoes4 ,jukes-,br[n4 ,h&-book ( ,physical ,geography4 ,bell4 ,k+sley4 ,t[n ,geology4 ,humboldt ,libr>y4 ,lawson4 ,geography ( ,coa/ ,l9es4 ,le ,conte4 ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,appleton4 ,longman4 ,s*ool ,geography4 ,longman4 ,physical ,s*ool ,atlas4 ,lubbock4 ,beauties ( ,nature4 ,humboldt ,libr>y4 ,lyell4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,mill4 ,realm ( ,nature4 ,scribn]4 ,miln]4 ,gall]y ( ,geography4 ,mortim]4 ,j\rney ,across ,au/ralia4 ,nans54 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&4 ,nord5skjold4 ,voyage ( ! ,vega4 ,ob]4 ,travels 9 ,mexico4 ,palgrave4 ,dut* ,guiana4 ,p>k]4 ,h[ to ,/udy ,geography4 ,appleton4 ,poole4 ,egypt4 ,reclus4 ,e>? & ,its ,inhabitants4 ,appleton4 ,reclus4 ,birds'-eye ,view ( ! ,_w4 ,ticknor ,co4 ,reclus4 ,! ,hi/ory ( a ,m\nta94 ,h>p] ,bros4 ,reclus4 ,! ,e>?4 ,reclus4 ,! ,e>?1 ! ,sea & ! ,sky4 7#b ,vols47 ,ritt]4 ,comp>ative ,geography4 ,van ,antw]p4 ,ritt]4 ,geographical ,/udies4 ,bragg ,co4 ,rob]t4 ,! ,e>?'s ,hi/ory4 ,scribn]4 ,s*uyl]4 ,turke/an4 ,%al]4 ,aspects ( ! ,e>?4 ,scribn]4 ,%al]4 ,nature & ,man 9 ,am]ica4 ,%al]4 ,our ,cont95t4 ,squi]4 ,p]u4 ,/an=d4 ,comp5diums ( ,geography & ,travel4 ,/anley4 ,! ,congo4 ,/anley4 ,9 ,d>ke/ ,africa4 ,taylor4 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,treat4 ,home ,/udies 9 ,nature4 ,h>p]4 ,tyl]4 ,anahuac1 or ,mexico & ! ,mexicans4 ,tyndall4 ,=ms ( ,wat]4 ,humboldt ,libr>y4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,surveys f #d? to #ab? ,vols4 ,inclusive4 ,v9c5t4 ,?irty ,?\s& ,miles' ,travel 9 ,au/ralia4 ,wallace4 ,d>w9ism4 -- ,:at ,d>w9 ,saw4 ,williams4 ,! ,middle ,k+dom4 ,:ymp]4 ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,alaska4 ,williams4 ,geography ( ! ,ocean4 ,w9*ell4 ,geological ,excursions4 ,griggs4 ,w9*ell4 ,sket*es ( ,creation4 ,h>p]4 ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,*alk-,,model+4 ,relief maps or repres5tation ( relief maps are absolutely ess5tial to ! intellig5t tea*+ ( geography4 ,! mo/ effective means t ,i h se5 employ$ = ! production ( su* maps is ! *alk-model+ s long & successfully taught by ,,miss ,,ida ,c4 ,,heffron4 ,i c ?9k ( no o!r contribution to pres5t text-books :i* w\ld be ( s great s]vice to ! tea*]s z a book f :i* !y may le>n *alk-model+1 to ! end t any portion ( a cont95t or c\ntry may be plac$ 9 relief be=e ! eyes ( ! *ildr5 on :atev] scale ! tea*] desires4 ,i h kn[n ,,miss ,,heffron',s "w = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s & comm5d x )\t res]ve4 ,o4 ,t4 ,,bright1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,x gives me great pleasure to comm5d ,,miss ,,heffron',s "w to ! att5tion ( s*ool (fic]s1 & to s*ool tea*]s :o desire assi/ance along ! l9es ( expression 9 s*ool "w4 ,h] l>ge practical exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ *ildr5 9 all ! grades ( public s*ool "w1 furni%es a sub/antial basis = mo/ excell5t in/ruction 9 h] *os5 field4 ,:atev] success may h att5d$ ! introduction ( ,nature ,/udy into ?is s*ool has be5 l>gely due to h] intellig5ce & skill 9 direct+ ! "w 9 draw+1 pa9t+ & model+4 ,,wilbur ,s4 ,,jackman1 ,tea*] ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool4 ,! value ( ,draw+ & ,model+ z modes ( expression _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,e subject taught 9 our s*ools ga9s new p[] & life1 z ! bru% or p5cil1 ! clay or tool1 tells its own tru? conc]n+ x4 ,lit]ature1 ,hi/ory1 ,sci5ce & ,geography ga9 an imm5sely add$ value3 ea* "o becomes a liv+ ?+ if ! tea*] possess ! p[] to illu/rate h] subject4 ,9 ,geography especially1 ! ,*alk-,model+ orig9at$ by ,,miss ,,heffron1 :ile tea*] ( ,draw+ 9 ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 is ( incalculable value4 ,9 fact1 to ^? 9 ^: s*ools x has be5 introduc$1 ! wond] is t pupils ev] compreh5d ! subject )\t its reveal+ & int]pret+ aid4 ,,kate ,,/>r ,,kellogg1 ,pr94 ( ,lewis ,s*ool1 ,englewood1 ,ill4 ,i h se5 ! results ( ,,miss ,,ida ,,cassa ,,heffron',s "w 9 tea*+ ,draw+1 ,pa9t+1 ,model+ & ,illu/rative ,draw+1 & ,*alk-,model+ 9 ,/ructural ,geography1 & ,i consid] h] "w ( ! highe/ importance4 ,x gives to tra9+ tea*]s1 & tea*]s ( g5]al exp]i5ce z well1 a new] & deep] insight into ! tru? t ,draw+ ) its alli$ subjects is a =m ( expression4 ,,jesse ,,l[e ,,smi?1 ,supt4 ( ,s*ools1 ,lex+ton1 ,ill4 ,,= ,,! ,,tea*]',s ,,desk4 ,illu/ration ,! ,/ory ( ,our ,planet4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,d4 ,sc41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london2 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge2 & ,honor>y ,canon ( ,man*e/]4 ,) six ,color$ ,plates & ,maps & ab\t #ajj illu/rations4 #a ,vol41 l>ge1 #hvo4 ,price1 #c4jj ,,educational ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,helps ,,9 ,,geography4 ,p & ,places ,"h & ,!re4 ,9 ?is s]ies1 design$ prim>ily = supplem5t>y read+ 9 s*ools1 ! plan has be5 to prep>e books :i* %all h all ! *>m & int]e/ atta*+ to volumes ( travels writt5 by ! travel]s !mselves4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,/ories ( ,au/ralasia4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,bo>ds1 #dj c5ts2 ,clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,/ories ( ,au/ralasia is evid5tly a success1 possess+ simplicity & life4 ,x is a difficult ?+ to get d[n to ! plane ( *ild life & compreh5sion )\t devitaliz+ matt] & /yle4 ,y h done x )\t loss ( fre%ness4 ,d4 ,l4 ,,kiehle1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,same ,,s]ies4 ,/ories ( ,india ,/ories ( ,*9a ,/ories ( ,nor!rn ,europe ,/ories ( ,engl& ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,price1 ,bo>ds1 #dj c5ts2 ,clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,g5tlem53--,p & ,places1 ! sample copies ( ,au/ralasia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,nor!rn ,europe1 & ,engl& are at h&4 ,!y are h&some books & :at ,i h read ( !m up to ?is "t makes me feel t all1 all our s*ools ought to be suppli$ ) a full set ( su* books4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,george1 ,c\nty ,supt4 ,s*ools1 ,tell ,city1 ,ind4 ,,educational ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4