,practical ,=g+ & ,art ,smi?+ ,,?omas ,f4 ,,goog]ty ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,! ,bruce ,publi%+ ,company ,copyright1 #aiae ,! ,bruce ,publi%+ ,company ,,introduction ,! pres5t dem& = s*ool in/ruction 9 ! indu/rial arts has made x necess>y = ! tea*]s ( indu/ries to h t k ( mat]ials & me?ods :i* c only result f long & c>eful exp]i5ce ) ! mat]ials ( indu/ry4 ,?is book is ! result ( a life ( su* exp]i5ce by a man :o is n[ recogniz$ z a ma/] craftsman 9 wr\ght metal4 ,! au?or's "w 9 wr\ght iron is comp>able 9 design & f9i% to ! be/ "w t has be5 produc$ 9 t mat]ial4 ,"s pieces ( ! be/ ,g]man "w are be=e me z ,i make ?is /atem5t & ?o m intricate !y are no bett] 9 execution & f> less suitable to ! mat]ial 9 design ?an ! pieces illu/rat$ 9 ?is book :i* ,i h se5 9 process ( execution & 9 ! f9i%$ =m4 ,! au?or has moreov] be5 a tea*] ( wr\ght metal "w = _m ye>s4 ,?is exp]i5ce is reflect$ 9 ! sequ5ce ( difficulty pres5t$ by ! ex]cises & ! cle>1 simple /atem5t ( ! text4 ,) su* cle> & exact /atem5t & ) su* pr(use illu/ration x is evid5t t ! metal work] c ga!r mu* ( ! au?or's long exp]i5ce f ?is book & take _m a %ort cut to success 9 an accompli%m5t to :i* !re c be no royal road4 ,b ! effectiv5ess ( an appli$ art is measur$ be/ by its expression ( purpose )9 ! limitations ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,! arti/ic success ( ?is book lies 9 ! evid5t fact t ! "w repres5t$ appe>s 8,h& wr\ght & fa%ion$ to beauty & use40 ,i pr$ict = x increas+ usefulness 9 sett+ "r ! practice ( =g+ 9 s*ool %ops & z an inspiration to tea*]s1 craftsm5 & tradesm54 ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,lake4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,=ge--,=ge ,tools--,! ,anvil--,anvil ,tools--,mak+ ! ,fire--,clean+ ! ,fire--,weld+--,flux & ,its ,uses #g ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,electric ,weld+--,oxy-acetyl5e ,gas ,weld+--,! ,fagot ,weld--,! ,sep>ate ,heat ,weld--,sc>f+--,upsett+--,mak+ ! ,weld--,lap ,weld+ )\t ,sc>f+--,jump ,weld+--,butt ,weld--,split ,weld+--,corn] ,weld--,t-,weld #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,corn] ,weld--,braz+--,fagot ,weld--,fum+ a ,loose ,eye--,hammock ,hook--,f9i%+ ,wr\ght ,iron--,s-,l9k--,weld$ ,eye ,p9 #cf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,/aples--,op5 ,l9ks--,weld$ ,*a9 ,l9es--,pun*+--,a ,grab ,hook #df ,,*apt] ,v4 ,bolts--,cupp+ ,tool--,gate ,hook--,hay ,hook--,weld$ ,r+--,expansion ( ,heat$ ,iron #ed ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,mak+ ,tongs--,pig ,iron--,puddl+--,! ,bessem] ,process--,! ,op5 ,he>? ,process--,crucible ,/eel--,! ,cem5tation ,process--,temp]+ #fj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,mak+ a ,flat ,cold ,*isel--,spr+ ,temp]+--,weld+ ,/eel--,case ,h>d5+--,color+ ,/eel--,anneal+--,mak+ a ,scrat* ,awl--,mak+ a ,c5t] ,pun*--,mak+ a ,h& ,pun*--,high ,spe$ ,/eel--,anneal+ ,high ,spe$ ,/eel #gj ,,art ,,smi?+ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,"w--,mak+ a ,wr\ght ,iron ,leaf--,mak+ a ,volute ,scroll--,grilles #hc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,twi/+--,braid+--,mak+ a ,fire ,%ovel #ic ,,*apt] ,x4 ,mak+ a ,door ,lat*--,mak+ a ,h+e--,mak+ a ,c&le ,/ick #ii ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mak+ a ,draw] ,pull--,*as+--,mak+ a ,door ,knock]--,rep\sse--,p]=at$ ,decoration #ajg ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,mak+ a ,hat & ,coat ,hook--,a ,full]--,jump ,weld+--,mak+ a ,wall ,hook #aag ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,mak+ a ,toa/+ ,=k--,inlay+ #abd ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,mak+ a ,lant]n--,mak+ a ,wall ,lamp #acj ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,mak+ a ,portable ,lamp #aci ,,practical ,,=g+ ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,=ge--,=ge ,tools--,! ,anvil--,anvil ,tools--,mak+ ! ,fire--,clean+ ! ,fire--,weld+--,flux & ,its ,uses4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s 9 ! s*ool =ge %op is a good =ge & fire2 half ! "w is !n ma/]$4 ,a few ye>s ago ne>ly all ( ! small comm]cial %ops runn+ f "o to six or m fires 7 equipp$ ) brick or iron =ges4 ,! bla/ 0 furni%$ ei!r ) a bell[s or fan :i* _h to be turn$ by h&4 ,?is me?od 0 a great drawback1 :i* result$ 9 mu* loss ( "t4 ,x 0 impossible to d mu* "w )\t ! aid ( a help]4 ,"w t requir$ two m5 9 ^? days is be+ done n[ by "o4 ,mod]n inv5tion has play$ an important "p 9 simplify+ ! labors ( ! work]s 9 iron & /eel4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are v>i\s k9ds ( =ges 9 use t less5 ! "w ( ! smi?4 ,! mo/ successful factories are n[ equipp$ ) mod]n =ges & appliances 9 ord] t !y may be able to d "w quickly4 ,9 our manual tra9+ s*ools1 :]e ! pupils h su* %ort p]iods 9 :i* to d "w1 x is necess>y t ! %ops be equipp$ ) mod]n tools s t !y c produce "w quickly4 ,?is w give ! individual pupil m practice 9 a %ort] l5g? ( "t1 :i* simply means m k4 ,our s*ools %\ld n be hamp]$ by us+ =ges t h be5 out-(-date = ye>s4 ,! be/ =ge = manual tra9+ & trade s*ools is ! d[n draft ) p[] driv5 fans1 ?us elim9at+ all pipes ov]head & do+ away ) ! du/ & dirt4 ,a boy1 work+ at ?is k9d ( a =ge1 c use bo? h&s 9 ! h&l+ ( ! "w be+ heat$ 9 ! fire2 ?is is a great advantage ov] ! old way ( turn+ a crank4 ,ano!r good feature ( ! me*anical draft =ge is t x tea*es a boy e>ly h[ to avoid ov]-heat+ or burn+ 8 iron4 ,?is is ! fir/ ?+ "o mu/ le>n 9 work+ at =g+1 z "o :o _c heat ! metal prop]ly _c "w x4 ,"o mu/ become acqua9t$ ) ! mat]ial1 & ! burn+ heat mu/ be und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a ,typical ,s*ool ,=ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fire ,tools4 ,figure #a %[s an illu/ration ( a d[n draft =ge suitable = s*ools2 x is made ( ca/ iron4 ,a pressure fan furni%es ! bla/ = ! fire & an exhau/ fan takes away ! gas & smoke ?ru an op5+ at ! bottom ( ! hood1 & ?ru a l>ge pipe :i* cont9ues "u ! floor & out ?ru a flue4 ,! hood repres5t$ at ,a1 c be mov$ backw>d & =w>d to cat* ! smoke4 ,! hood is mov$ ) a crank & worm ge> z %[n at ,b4 ,! he>? is %[n at ,c2 a hole 9 ! c5t] is call$ ! tuy]e4 ,?is is :]e ! fire is built & is ! outlet = ! w9d4 ,! am\nt ( air ne$$ = ! fire is regulat$ by a valve t is mov$ ) a rod %[n at ,d4 ,! coal box is always at ! "r h& ( any =ge & is %[n at ,e4 ,! wat] box is repres5t$ at ,f4 ,at ,g is %[n ! pressure pipe & at ,h ! exhau/ pipe4 ,notice ! l>ge op5+ "u ! =ge at ,i4 ,?ru ?is op5+ any nut or screw "u ! tuy]e c be tight5$ ) ease4 ,notice ! slide-rod at ,j4 ,?is rod1 :5 pull$1 dumps ! c9d]s out ( ! tuy]e1 & a bucket may be set "u ! he>? to cat* !m4 ,9 s*ool %ops ^! =ges are g5]ally set 9 pairs 9 ord] to save room4 ,figure #b %[s ?ree fire-tools ne$$ = ! =ge fire4 ,^! tools consi/ ( a pok] made f -in* r\nd /ock1 #bf in*es long ) a loose eye turn$ on "o end = a h&le2 a %ovel ) a flat blade #d by #f by in*es ) a h&le rivet$ to ! blade1 & a tool call$ a scrap]4 ,?is scrap] is made f ! same /ock z ! pok] & is made ) an eye at "o end & a flat hook at ! o!r4 ,x is us$ to scrape ! coal & coke onto ! fire1 & to move pieces ( coke or coal1 s t ! iron may be se5 :ile heat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,anvil4 ,! anvil %\ld be ( wr\ght iron ) a /eel face1 weigh+ ab\t #abe p\nds4 ,?is is l>ge en\gh = any "w be+ done 9 manual tra9+ s*ools4 ,9 ! s*ool %op ! anvils %\ld all be ( ! same size & weight s t any tool us$ ) !m w fit into any squ>e hole4 ,9 factories :]e anvils are made1 !y are =g$ f wr\ght iron or s(t /eel1 ) a c>bon /eel face weld$ on2 "s are ca/ /eel ?ru\t & o!rs are ca/ iron ) a /eel face4 ,! face is g5]ally ?ree-qu>t]s in* ?ick1 & is h>d5$ to resi/ heavy bl[s f ! hamm] & sl$ge4 7,see draw+ ,figure #c ( anvil47 ,! anvil %\ld be fa/5$ ) iron /raps1 on a #aj by #aj-;in* block1 set into ! gr\nd ab\t #c feet4 ,f ! top ( ! anvil to ! floor %\ld measure #bf in*es4 ,! prop] place to set ! anvil 9 relation to ! =ge is %[n 9 ! draw+1 ,figure #d4 ,! smi? %\ld /& betwe5 ! =ge & ! anvil1 ) ! horn ( ! anvil at 8 left :5 fac+ x4 ,! anvil edge f>!/ f ! smi? is call$ ! out] edge & ! "o ne>e/ ! smi? is call$ ! inn] edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,hamm]4 ,fig4 #f4 ,sl$ge4 ,fig4 #i4 ,pun*4 ,fig4 #g4 ,h>die4 ,fig4 #h4 ,h& ,pun*4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,c5t] ,pun*4 ,e anvil %\ld h two ball hamm]s weigh+ ab\t #a & #b lbs4 ea*4 7,see draw+ ( hamm]1 ,figure #e47 ,! hamm]s %\ld be numb]$ correspond+ ) a numb] on ! anvil4 ,all ! hamm]s %\ld be kept 9 a rack :5 n 9 use4 ,:5 ! pupils come into ! %op to "w1 !y %\ld be assign$ to a c]ta9 =ge & held responsible = ! c>e ( tools4 ,a t5-p\nd sl$ge hamm] %\ld also be includ$1 p]haps "o = e two =ges2 ! h&le %\ld be #bf in*es long4 7,see ,figure #f47 ,a piece ( tool /eel fitt$ into ! squ>e hole ( ! anvil & %>p5$ at ! top1 is call$ a h>die4 ,x is us$ 9 cutt+ iron4 ,a piece ( iron is set on ! %>p5$ edge ( ! h>die & /ruck ) ! hamm]4 ,! %>p5$ edge ( ! h>die cuts into ! iron1 & 9 ?is mann] x is cut deep en\gh s t x may be brok54 7,see draw+ ( h>die1 ,figure #g47 ,if a piece ( /eel is po9t$ on "o end1 x c be hamm]$ ?ru a flat piece ( iron4 ,?is is "o me?od ( pun*+ holes 9 iron2 a /eel pun* s made is call$ a h& pun*4 ,ord9>ily h& pun*es are made out ( -in* to -in* hexagonal tool-/eel b>s ab\t elev5 in*es long4 7,see draw+ ,figure #h47 ,= heavy pun*+1 a %ort1 ?ick pun* ) a hole ?ru x1 7call$ ! eye7 to receive a wood5 h&le1 is us$4 ,?is k9d ( pun* is /ruck on ) a sl$ge hamm]4 7,see draw+ ,figure #i47 ,a c5t] pun* is us$ to make depressions 9 metal s t a drill may be />t$ 9 a giv5 place4 ,x is us$ also to m>k places or di/ances on ! surface ( metal :5 ! metal is to be b5t at a c]ta9 place4 ,c5t] pun*es are made f hexagonal tool /eel ab\t #d by -in*1 drawn to a po9t & gr\nd to a %ort angle4 7,see ,figure #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,flat ,tongs4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,hot ,*isel4 ,cold ,*isel4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,flatt]4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,set ,hamm]4 ,9 heat+ & h&l+ %ort pieces ( /ock1 tongs are us$ 7see ,figure #aa7 :i* are made f ,sw$i% iron or mild /eel2 !y are made 9 v>i\s sizes & %apes accord+ to use4 ,!y are call$ pick-ups1 flat1 r\nd-nose1 & bolt tongs accord+ to ! %ape ( ! lips4 ,tongs %\ld always be made to fit ! piece be+ =g$4 ,"o _c hold a piece ( iron prop]ly ) tongs t d n fit ! piece4 ,!y may be heat$ & fitt$ to ! /ock :5 occasion dem&s4 ,"o important reason :y tongs %\ld fit ! piece be+ hamm]$1 is t :5 turn+ & /rik+ ! piece !re is dang] ( ! piece be+ knock$ out ( ! tongs 9 a :irl+ motion & ! fly+ piece ( hot iron is liable to /rike someone2 ?is dang] mu/ be closely wat*$4 ,tongs %\ld n be heat$ r$ hot & cool$ 9 wat]2 ?is de/roys !m4 ,hot & cold *isels are us$ 9 cutt+ /ock4 ,! blade ( ! hot *isel is made v ?91 :ile ! cold *isel is made blunt to /& ! heavy /ra9 9 cutt+4 ,!y are g5]ally made ) a hole ?ru !m1 call$ ! eye1 to receive a wood5 h&le4 ,^! *isels are /ruck on ) a sl$ge hamm]4 7,see ,figure #ab47 ,iron & /eel are sometimes smoo!d ) a tool call$ a flatt]4 ,?is tool is /ruck on ) a sl$ge1 & %\ld n be us$ to /ret* iron4 ,its purpose is only to give ! "w a smoo? f9i%4 ,figure #ac %[s a flatt]1 & ,figure #ad a set-hamm]4 ,! set-hamm] is always us$ to smoo? & draw /ock4 ,all ( ^! tools are made f tool-/eel4 ,a head+ tool is made f a flat piece ( s(t /eel ) a hole 9 "o end4 ,sometimes a c>bon /eel face is weld$ on4 ,! head+ tool is us$ mo/ly 9 head+ bolts4 ,head+ tools are made ) diff]5t siz$ holes4 7,see ,figure #ae47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,head+ ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,top & ,bottom ,swages4 ,swages & full]s are us$ to smoo? & =m iron into v>i\s %apes4 ,! swages g5]ally h half r\nd depressions 9 !m4 ,!y are made 9 pairs call$ top & bottom swage4 ,! bottom "o fits ! squ>e hole ( ! anvil2 ! top "o has a hole = a wood5 h&le4 7,see draw+ ,figure #af47 ,! full]s are also made 9 pairs call$ top & bottom full]s4 ,!y are us$ to make depressions 9 metal4 7,see draw+ ,figure #ag47 ,:5 ref]r+ to swages1 full]s1 & o!r tools ( ?is "*1 blacksmi?s speak ( anvil tools4 ,special anvil tools are us$ 9 do+ v>i\s k9ds ( =g+1 & are made :5 ne$$4 ,! anvil tools %\ld be kept 9 a tool rack next to ! anvil4 ,^! tools %\ld be made f tool-/eel ( ab\t #ge-po9t c>bon1 or !y may be pur*as$ f a deal]4 ,"s tools1 su* z swages1 t d n require cont9u\s s]vice1 are made ( s(t /eel4 ,! anvil tool %\ld h a buggy-spoke = a h&le4 ,! h&le %\ld /ick ?ru ! eye ( ! hole ab\t "o in* & %\ld nev] be w$g$4 ,if ! h&le is w$g$ x is m liable to be brok5 :5 ! tool is /ruck a glanc+ bl[ ) ! sl$ge hamm]4 ,?is is v (t5 ! case4 ,! reason ! spoke %\ld /ick ?ru ! tool is t if x %\ld beg9 to "w (f ! h&le :5 /ruck ) ! sl$ge hamm]1 ! movem5t c be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,top & ,bottom ,full]s4 ,figure #ah %[s a wr\ght vise suitable = s*ool "w4 ,a ca/ iron ma*9i/s' vise %\ld n be us$ except+1 p]haps1 = b5* "w4 ,figure #ai %[s a ca/-iron swage block ) v>i\s siz$ holes1 & depressions ar\nd ! edge = =m+ iron4 ,! /ock us$ 9 a =ge %op %\ld be kept 9 a rack built = ! purpose4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( /ock1 su* z s(t & tool-/eel1 common & ,sw$i% iron1 %\ld be p>tly pa9t$ ) a di/+ui%+ color1 s t !re w be no tr\ble f9d+ :at is want$4 ,= in/ance1 all s(t /eel %\ld be pa9t$ :ite1 tool-/eel ano!r color1 & s on4 ,!re %\ld also be 9 ! %op a %e>s to cut iron4 ,"o ( ! ord9>y h&-p[] %e>s 9 use today w\ld be suitable & may be pur*as$ f a deal]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,vise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,ca/ ,iron ,swage ,block4 ,9 light+ ! fire 9 ! =ge all ( ! c9d]s are clean$ out d[n to ! tuy]e4 ,?is is done by scrap+ !m to ! sides ( ! fire-place ) ! %ovel4 ,all cl9k]s %\ld be pick$ out ) ! h&s & put "u ! =ge4 ,x is a good plan to pick out "s ( ! be/ pieces ( coke & set !m to "o side on ! =ge1 to be us$ lat] on4 ,! slide rod t controls ! a% dump at ! bottom ( ! tuy]e1 is n[ pull$ to all[ ! c9d]s & a%es to drop ?ru4 ,d n all[ a boy to pull ! valve aft] ! fire is />t$1 z ?is wa/es ! coke & is a bad habit to get into4 ,:5 ! tuy]e is clean1 "s %av+s are light$ 9 ! bottom & :5 well burn$1 ! coke is rak$ back on ! fire4 ,a little w9d is !n turn$ on4 ,wet coal is bank$ ar\nd ! sides & back ( ! fire4 ,:5 ! fire is well />t$ & loos5$ up 9 front ) ! pok] & mo/ ( ! smoke burn$1 x is ready = heat+4 ,! coal 9 ! box %\ld be ?oroly mix$ ) wat] be=e putt+ x on ! fire1 = ! reason t x cokes bett]1 & packs 9 ar\nd ! sides ( ! fire1 keep+ x f break+ ?ru4 ,! coal box is always at ! "r ( ! work] :5 he is fac+ ! fire4 ,! box on 8 left1 & betwe5 ! d[n draft =ges1 is to hold wat]--n coal4 ,!re %\ld be a wat] cup ( "s sort hang+ on a hook s t :5 wat] is ne$$ = fire or coal x may be h&l$ ) ! cup4 ,a fire1 :5 n prop]ly h&l$ becomes holl[1 due to ! c5t] burn+ out4 ,if iron is heat$ 9 ?is k9d ( a fire1 x w become oxidiz$1 t is to say1 a dirty scale w =m ov] ! metal4 ,iron _c be prop]ly heat$1 & x is impossible to get ! weld+ heat ) a fire 9 ?is condition4 ,! reason a fire becomes holl[ is t x may be fill$ ) cl9k]s1 or too mu* bla/ may h be5 us$1 & :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! pieces be+ heat$ causes !m to cool & oxidize4 ,sometimes ! fire w n be directly ov] ! hole 9 ! tuy]e2 :i* is "o cause ( poor heat+4 ,?is is a common fault ) boys work+ at ! =ge4 ,always h ! fire ov] ! hole 9 ! tuy]e1 & n to "o side4 ,:5 ! fire becomes holl[ & dirty1 clean x by pick+ out ! cl9k]s ) ! pok] or scrap]1 !n move ! sides ( ! fire t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! tuy]e ) ! %ovel1 keep+ ! well-cok$ inn] sides ne> ! c5t] ( ! tuy]e1 & hav+ ! c5t] ( fire ov] ! hole 9 ! tuy]e4 ,wet coal is n[ bank$ ar\nd ! out] sides4 ,always h a ?ick b$ ( coke "u ! piece be+ heat$ & regulate ! bla/ s z n to burn out ! c5t] ( ! fire at once4 ,see draw+ ( fire ) piece ab\t on ! same plane ) bottom ( he>?2 notice dott$ l9es repres5t+ ! wrong way to put /ock 9 ! fire4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,section ( ,=ge ,fire4 ,if two pieces ( iron are plac$ 9 ! fire & heat$1 !y w become gradually s(t] until !y rea* a /ate :]e ! metal has become /icky4 ,if t\*$ toge!r ! two pieces w /ick4 ,?is is :at is kn[n z weld+ heat4 ,if !y 7 tak5 to ! anvil & hamm]$ :ile 9 ?is condition !y w\ld unite & become "o piece4 ,?is w\ld be call$ weld+4 ,all metals _c be weld$4 ,iron1 s(t /eel1 l[-c>bon tool /eel & spr+ /eel c be weld$4 ,a flux is us$ 9 weld+ /eel--?is excludes ! air & =ms a pa/y surface on ! metal :i* is squeez$ out f betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! metal :5 hamm]$4 ,borax & ! _m weld+ comp\nds are us$4 ,v seldom is x necess>y to use a flux on iron4 ,clean s&1 :i* is good1 is us$ by _m4 ,borax or weld+ comp\nd is sometimes us$ on v ?9 /ock4 ,= ord9>y weld+1 su* z is be+ done 9 s*ool %ops1 borax %\ld nev] be us$4 ,x is poor practice1 unnecess>y1 & a useless wa/e4 ,9 heat+ iron1 if x is br\ght beyond ! weld+ heat1 x w become s(t] & s(t] until x w f9ally burn4 ,?is may be kn[n by ! great numb] ( little explosive sp>ks com+ f ! fire4 ,^! little sp>ks are p>ticles ( iron sep>at+ f ! b> & burn+4 ,z ! heat gradually rises1 ! metal sep>ates4 ,if ! b> 7 n[ plac$ on ! anvil & /ruck a h>d bl[ ) a hamm]1 x w\ld fly to pieces4 ,!re=e1 judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 /rik+ ! fir/ bl[ on any weld+ heat--x %\ld be light4 ,! succe$+ bl[s %\ld be made gradually h>d]4 ,a h>d bl[ at ! />t might make ! metal fly to pieces1 or make ! upp] piece slip away f ! "u piece4 ,if light] bl[s 7 /ruck1 ! weld might be made 9 good %ape4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ 9 weld+ is to h a clean fire4 ,all ( ! cl9k]s mu/ be kept out4 ,! fire %\ld be a well burn$ "o1 )\t mu* smoke or gas1 & nev] any gre5 coal ne> ! pieces be+ heat$4 ,well burn$ pieces ( coke ar\nd ! metal %\ld always be us$ 9 rais+ ! weld+ heat4 ,9 rais+ ! weld+ heat v little bla/ %\ld be us$ at fir/4 ,heat ! pieces sl[ly s z to get !m hot ?ru\t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,electric ,weld+--,oxy-acetyl5e ,gas ,weld+--,! ,fagot ,weld--,! ,sep>ate ,heat ,weld--,sc>f+--,upsett+--,mak+ ! ,weld--,lap ,weld+ ,)\t ,sc>f+--,jump ,weld+--,butt ,weld--,split ,weld+--,corn] ,weld--,t ,weld4 ,a rapid bla/ on ! />t1 n only heats ! out] "p ( ! metal fir/ & n ! c5t]1 b x also burns out ! fire & makes x become holl[ be=e ! metal has ! weld+ heat4 ,!re is a "r & a wrong way ( tak+ a weld+ heat f ! fire to ! anvil4 ,! pieces mu/ be lift$ cle> up out ( ! fire1 & mu/ n be dragg$ ?ru ! dirt & c9d]s on ! inn] edge ( ! fire4 ,iron w n unite :5 dirty4 ,x is v easy to get a clean heat if "o w pay att5tion to hav+ ! fire clean4 ,d n attempt to get ! weld+ heat 9 a dirty fire2 ?is is "o ?+ t mu/ be impress$ ^u ! m9d ( "o work+ at ! =ge4 ,! skillful work] 9 iron always pays p>ticul> att5tion to ! fire1 = he kn[s by exp]i5ce t x mu/ be clean1 9 ord] to d good "w4 ,weld+ is also done ) an electric weld+ ma*9e4 ,! pieces to be weld$ are clamp$ & held 9 bronze clamps4 ,! clamps are adju/$ s t ! ends ( ! pieces to be weld$ t\*4 ,!y c be mov$ s z to br+ ! pieces into close contact or sep>ate !m4 ,:5 ! pieces are 9 close contact1 ! curr5t is turn$ on4 ,! pieces are !n sep>at$ a little s t ! curr5t jumps across ! space betwe5 !m1 =m+ an electric arc4 ,?is heats ! ends to a weld+ heat1 & by =c+ !m toge!r !y are weld$4 ,ano!r =m ( weld+ is by ! oxy-acetyl5e gas me?od4 ,x is be+ us$ ext5sively at pres5t1 & has be5 f\nd v valuable & economical 9 mak+ ! light] welds4 ,x is possible to weld /eel1 iron1 ca/-iron1 copp]1 brass & alum9um by ?is process4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a specially design$ bl[ pipe1 an acetyl5e tank & an oxyg5 tank "u pressure4 ,! me?od ( weld+ is to heat ! pieces to be weld$ ) ! bl[ pipe until !y rea* ! fusion po9t4 ,= in/ance1 9 weld+ ca/-iron1 ! pieces are clamp$ toge!r1 a ,v %ape is cut ne>ly ?ru ! jo9t1 ! metal is heat$ to ! fusion po9t1 & a fe$]1 :i* is a small ca/-iron rod1 is melt$ into x4 ,9 weld+ /eel1 ! fe$] is a /eel rod2 = copp] or brass weld+1 a rod ( copp] or brass is us$4 ,n[adays ?is me?od is ext5sively us$ 9 automobile "w1 9 repair+ crack$ cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,a v simple weld to make by heat+ 9 ! =ge1 is :at is kn[n z ! fagot weld4 ,9 do+ ?is1 two or ?ree pieces are weld$ by simply lay+ "o piece on top ( ! o!r1 or a bundle ( pieces ( iron ( v>i\s sizes & %apes are b\nd toge!r1 heat$ & weld$4 ,= example1 if a b> ( flat iron is heat$ & cut half ?ru 9 sev]al places1 d\bl$ ov] & ov]1 "o piece on top ( ! o!r & !n weld$ 9 ord] to make a l>ge piece ( /ock ?is w\ld be call$ a fagot weld4 ,9 ,figure #ba1 ! pieces are repres5t$ ready to make a fagot weld4 ,! weld+ ( two pieces ( /ock by sc>f+ & lapp+ is kn[n z a sep>ate-heat-weld1 s call$ because ! pieces are deta*$ :ile ! heat is tak54 ,9 mak+ any k9d ( a weld !re is m or less /ock wa/$ 9 ! rais+ ( ! weld+ heat1 !re=e ! p>ts to be lapp$ & weld$ are always upset or ?ick5$ & !n sc>f$4 ,! ^w 8sc>f$0 means ! %ap+ ( ! ends ( ! b>s s t :5 heat$ & lapp$ "o on top ( ! o!r1 !y w fit & make a splice1 leav+ ! /ock :5 hamm]$ ab\t its orig9al size4 ,! me?od ( upsett+ is to heat ! ends ( ! b>1 !n set ! hot end on ! anvil ) ! b> v]tical & hamm] on ! o!r end4 ,?is ?ick5s ! heat$ end4 ,if x is a long heavy b>1 ! work] *urns ! b> up & d[n /rik+ ! hot end on ! anvil4 ,a b> may also be heat$ on ! end1 !n fa/5$ 9 a vise & ! hot "p hamm]$ to ?ick5 x4 ,9 upsett+1 ! b> mu/ be kept /raight z hamm]+ w b5d x :]e heat$2 if n kept /raight1 x w n ?ick54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,:5 a piece is upset ab\t "o in* 9 diamet] = a ?ree-qu>t] in*1 r\nd b>1 x is sc>f$ by sett+ ! hot end on & ne> ! out] edge ( ! anvil4 ,x is !n driv5 back on a bevel by hamm]+4 ,see ,figure #bb4 ,x is also turn$ on ! side & bevel$ on bo? sides to ne>ly a po9t4 ,see ,figure #bc4 ,! sc>f mu/ n be hamm]$ :5 ! piece is held 9 ! c5t] ( ! anvil1 7,figure #bd71 = ! reason t ! edge ( ! hamm] comes 9 contact ) ! anvil1 peck+ d5ts 9 x or break+ out pieces f ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #be4 ,ano!r me?od ( sc>f+ is to hamm] ! end p>tly back z previ\sly expla9$1 !n set ! piece on ! inn] edge ( ! anvil & hamm] x z %[n 9 ,figure #be4 ,aft] ea* bl[1 x is drawn away f ! edge ( ! anvil j a little2 ?is tap]s x ) a s]ies ( little /eps1 n = ! purpose ( mak+ not*es 9 ! sc>fs to fit toge!r & hold :ile hamm]+1 b simply because ! edge ( ! anvil leaves x 9 ?is condition :5 tap]$4 ,x is also drawn po9t$ by hamm]+ on ! out] edge ( ! anvil4 ,!ory tea*es t ! sc>f %\ld be made ) ! bevel$ "p convex$4 ,h[ev]1 9 practice1 x is made to look l ! draw+ 9 ,figure #bf4 ,note ! rais$ p>ts at 8,d04 ,?is is =c$ up :5 ! sc>f is fir/ driv5 back ) ! hamm] z %[n at 8,b04 ,! reason t ! high "p %\ld be on ! sc>f1 is1 t :5 lapp$ x gives an additional am\nt ( /ock at ?is "p ( ! laps to be hamm]$4 ,if ! sc>fs are made flat1 :5 hamm]$1 !y are n liable to f9i% up )\t hav+ ! pieces ?91 or ! po9t ( ! lap expos$4 ,if ! sc>fs are made concave1 x is claim$ by "s work]s ( iron t dirt w deposit !re & result 9 a poor weld4 ,?is is true to "s ext5t4 ,h[ev]1 dirt w deposit on any sc>f unless ! fire is cle>4 ,) a concav$ sc>f :5 lapp$1 !re is n /ock en\gh to be hamm]$ )\t leav+ ! pieces ?91 or ! lapp+ too long :5 weld$4 ,sc>fs %\ld n be made concave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,notice 9 ,figure #bg1 ! incorrect way ( sc>f+ & 9 ,figure #bh1 ! correct way4 ,! sc>fs mu/ n be made too long2 ?is is a common fault ) all beg9n]s & "o to avoid4 ,! sc>fs %\ld be made a little long] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! iron1 p]haps #a times ! ?ickness4 ,9 rais+ ! weld+ heat1 ! pieces mu/ be plac$ 9 ! fire ) ! sc>fs1 or bevel$ "p1 d[n4 ,! fire mu/ be a clean "o4 ,a well burn$ fire is be/4 ,a new fire is n a good "o to raise ! weld+ heat 91 z !re is too mu* smoke & gre5 coal t comes 9 contact ) ! metal4 ,! hamm] %\ld be plac$ on ! anvil ab\t ov] ! squ>e hole1 s x w be h&y to rea* :5 mak+ ! weld4 ,! anvil %\ld also be clean4 ,a heavy hamm] %\ld be us$ 9 weld+4 ,! prop] way to hold ! h& hamm] is ) ! f+]s ar\nd ! h&le & ! ?umb protrud+ along ! side & ne> ! top4 ,! ?umb %\ld nev] grip ar\nd ! h&le1 b lie along ! side to guide & direct ! bl[s4 ,:5 us+ ! sl$ge hamm]1 /& 9 front ( ! anvil & n at its side1 & let ! fir/ bl[ be a light "o4 ,9 heat+ a sl[ bla/ is ma9ta9$4 ,:5 ! pieces beg9 to get ab\t yell[1 m bla/ is us$4 ,! pieces c be wat*$ )\t remov+ !m f ! fire4 ,!y %\ld be turn$ ov] occasionally1 mov+ !m ne>] to ! surface ( fire to see h[ ! heat is progress+1 & !n "u ! coke aga94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to get bo? pieces heat$ alike4 ,if "o piece %\ld get hott] ?an ! o!r1 x c be mov$ ov] 9 ! fire a little1 & ! cool "o put 9 its place4 ,p]haps ! fire is hott] 9 "o spot ?an ano!r4 ,if "o piece is heat+ mu* fa/] ?an ! o!r1 lift x cle> up & out ( ! fire = a few seconds to cool & give ! o!r piece a *ance to become hott]4 ,if ! po9ts ( ! sc>f are heat+ too fa/ = ! body1 ! pieces mu/ be pu%$ ?ru ! fire a little f>!r4 ,x is a good plan sometimes1 :5 ! pieces are ab\t a yell[ heat to %ut (f ! w9d = a mom5t1 to let ! pieces & fire ev5 up & give ! heat a *ance to soak ?ru !m4 ,z ! pieces become ne>ly :ite1 ! bla/ is increas$4 ,weld+ heat is ab\t #aijj-bjjj ,fahr5heit1 & c only be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! pieces rea*es ! weld+ heat1 !y are lift$ up & out ( ! fire & tak5 by ! smi? to ! anvil1 )\t ! aid ( a help]4 ,! smi? raps !m aga9/ "o ano!r or aga9/ ! anvil to dislodge any dirt t may be on ! sc>fs4 ,! piece 9 ! left h& is set aga9/ ! inn] edge ( ! anvil4 ,! piece 9 ! "r h& is n[ mov$ across ! anvil until x comes "u ! top "o4 ,see ,figure #bi4 ,! piece 9 ! left h& is !n plac$ on ! "u "o1 by simply rais+ ! h&1 teet]+ ! piece on ! edge ( ! anvil1 & hold+ x firmly by press+ d[n4 ,?is is important4 ,! smi? lets g ( ! piece 9 8 "r h&1 & tak+ ! hamm] /rikes lightly until ! two are /uck1 aft] :i* he welds !m toge!r ) solid bl[s1 fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r & f9ally on ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,x requires "s practice to be able to take two pieces f ! fire & place !m 9 position on ! anvil to be weld$4 ,?is %\ld be practic$ by ! pupil "u ! eye ( ! tea*]1 p]haps a doz5 or m times1 ) ! cold pieces be=e he und]takes to get ! weld+ heat4 ,if "o _c take ! pieces out & place !m 9 position1 he _c make a weld ( ?is k9d4 ,two boys %\ld n be all[$ to "w toge!r on ?is weld4 ,"o c d x mu* bett] ?an two4 ,x is a "o-man job4 ,!re is no?+ difficult ab\t x1 aft] ! me?od is le>n$ by delib]ate & p]si/5t practice ) ! cold iron4 ,!re is no ne$ ( hurry+ :5 tak+ ! pieces out ( ! fire to ! anvil4 ,if ! sc>fs are too long1 !y w ov]lap "o ano!r too f> & _c be weld$ d[n quickly en\gh4 ,if too %ort1 !y hamm] d[n too quickly to make a good job1 & ! weld w be ?94 ,if ! sc>fs are ! "r l5g? & ab\t ! same size1 :i* is important1 ! weld w f9i% d[n 9 good %ape & make a smoo? job1 provid+ ! ends are clean4 ,:5 ! pieces be+ heat$1 look z ?o !y are cov]$ ) grease1 y may be sure ! fire is dirty1 or is too new4 ,lap ,weld+ ,)\t ,sc>f+4 ,a lap weld is sometimes made )\t sc>f+ ! ends4 ,= in/ance1 pieces ( #a iron are to be weld$ by ! lap me?od4 ,!y are br\ght to a weld+ heat )\t upsett+2 tak5 to ! anvil z previ\sly expla9$ = ! sc>f weld1 lapp$ ab\t -in*1 z %[n 9 ,figure #cj1 & weld$4 ,?is =m ( weld+ is us$ 9 a hurry-up job :]e !re is no great am\nt ( /ra9 on ! "w4 ,x is impossible to make a /rong weld ?is way4 ,v ?9 /ock1 ei!r iron or /eel1 c be weld$ to advantage 9 ?is mann] by hamm]+ on ! flat sides4 ,! edges1 in/ead ( be+ hamm]$1 are cut (f ) a *isel1 !n gr\nd or fil$ smoo?4 ,9 weld+ v ?9 /ock1 a little flux is us$4 ,always weld by sep>ate heats1 & d n rivet or split ! /ock to hold bo? ends 9 place4 ,?is is n necess>y4 ,try to make ! weld ) "o heat4 ,all good welds are made 9 "o heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,jump ,weld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,= example1 a piece l ! "o %[n 9 ,figure #ca1 is to be made by weld+4 ,! pieces %\ld be prep>$ z %[n 9 ,figure #cb4 ,! squ>e piece is #a by #a by #f1 ! flat "o #a by by #h4 ,! squ>e piece is heat$ directly on "o end4 ,if ! heat _c be tak5 %ort en\gh1 x may be cool$ 9 wat] s z to upset x ) a lip or projection1 z %[n4 ,?is lip c be work$ out aft]w>ds ) a full]1 or x may be driv5 into a head+ tool :i* has ! top corn]s ( ! hole r\nd$4 ,?is w leave ! corn]s ( ! lip r\nd z %[n4 ,! b> at ! end %\ld also be made slightly convex1 s t ! c5t] "p comes 9 contact ) ! flat piece fir/4 ,! flat piece is also upset 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 weld+1 sep>ate heats are tak54 ,) ! squ>e b>1 h&l$ ) ! "r h&1 ! pieces are br\ght to ! anvil by ! smi?4 ,! squ>e b> is set on top ( ! flat "o1 & a help] /rikes ! top piece ) ! sl$ge1 driv+ x d[n into ! bottom "o4 ,! edge ( ! lip is !n weld$ fa/ ) a h&-hamm]2 or a full] or set hamm] is us$1 ! help] /rik+ ) a sl$ge4 ,butt ,weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,iron may be weld$ by butt+ ! ends toge!r4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! b>s mu/ be long en\gh s t !y c be h&l$ )\t tongs4 ,= in/ance1 two b>s ( "o-in* r\nd /ock1 "o five feet long & ! o!r %ort] are to be weld$4 ,?is size is ab\t z light z c be weld$ ) ?is me?od4 ,! ends are heat$ & upset a little mak+ !m a little high 9 ! c5t] s t :5 !y are plac$ toge!r1 ! contact is 9 ! c5t]4 ,a %ort heat is tak5 on ! end ( ea* b>4 ,! smi? takes out ! long b> & ! help] ! %ort "o1 butt+ ! ends toge!r on ! anvil1 z %[n 9 ,figure #cc4 ,! help] hamm]s on ! end ( ! %ort piece ) a heavy hamm] :ile ! smi? holds ! long "o firmly1 & hamm]s on ! jo9t1 at ! same "t turn+ ! b> s z to hamm] ! jo9t all ar\nd4 ,9 weld+ heavi] /ock1 a sl$ge %\ld be us$ requir+ m help]s4 ,?is me?od makes a good weld1 provid+ ! heats are clean4 ,split ,weld+4 ,figure #cd %[s a draw+ ( r\nd /ock prep>$ = a split weld4 ,9 mak+ ?is weld1 "o piece is heat$ on ! end1 caught 9 a vise & split ) a ?9 *isel4 ,see ,figure #ce4 ,^! prongs are !n spread & sc>f$ on ! inside ) ! ball ( ! hamm] lett+ !m become fan %ape & z wide z possible4 ,see ,figure #cf4 ,! o!r piece is upset & bo? pieces are caught 9 ! vise4 ,! sc>f is !n hamm]$ tight & ! ends are cut s z n to h !m too long4 ,see ,figure #cg4 ,! cutt+ ( ! sc>f1 & p>tly into ! b>1 helps to b9d ! pieces firmly :ile ! heat is be+ tak54 ,see draw+ ( piece ready to be weld$1 ,figure #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,a heat is n[ tak51 us+ a little s& or weld+ flux1 if ! /ock is v small4 ,9 weld+1 ! fir/ bl[ is /ruck on ! end ( ! split piece to drive x d[n tight & weld x 9 ! c5t]4 ,see ,figure #ci4 ,! sides are next hamm]$ to weld ! laps4 ,x is !n f9i%$4 ,on heavy "w1 ! heats are tak5 sep>ately & plac$ on ! anvil by ! smi?1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = a jump weld4 ,ano!r =m ( split weld+ is %[n 9 ,figure #dj4 ,?is me?od is us$ 9 weld+ heavy iron & /eel1 su* z picks & drills4 ,notice ! little be>ds cut ) a *isel to help hold ! pieces 9 position :5 heat+4 ,heavy tool /eel is also weld$ ) ?is =m ( splitt+4 ,! fir/ bl[ /ruck ) ! hamm] on ?is weld1 is on ! end1 =c+ ! pieces toge!r2 !n on ! flat "p4 ,corn] ,weld4 ,9 ,figure #da is %[n an angle made by weld+ on ! corn]2 ?is is call$ a corn] weld4 ,x is g5]ally made by us+ squ>e or flat /ock4 ,figure #db %[s ! sc>fs prep>$ = a corn] weld1 us+ #a by /ock4 ,! piece at 8,a0 is sc>f$ ) ! ball ( ! hamm]4 ,! "o at ,b1 ) ! face ( ! hamm]4 ,sep>ate heats are tak5 & ! pieces lapp$ & weld$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,fig4 #db4 ,t-,weld4 ,! sc>fs = ,t-welds are made 9 j ! same mann] z = ! corn] weld1 except+ t "o sc>f is 9 ! c5t] ( ! b>4 ,see ,figure #dc4 ,9 tak+ ! pieces f ! fire to ! anvil1 ! "o sc>f$ 9 ! c5t] is h&l$ ) ! tongs 9 ! left h&4 ,! "o sc>f$ on ! end is h&l$ ) ! "r h&1 lett+ x "u ! o!r1 & !n hamm]$4 ,notice h[ wide ! sc>f is made on ! end piece at 8,a04 ,?is is done to cov] ! o!r sc>f4 ,all flat 8,t0 sc>fs are made 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,corn] ,weld--,braz+--,fagot ,weld--,turn+ a ,loose ,eye--,hammock ,hook--,f9i%+ ,wr\ght ,iron--,s ,l9k--,weld$ ,eye ,p94 ,a corn] weld made by us+ heavy /ock1 = example1 "o & "o-f\r? in* squ>e1 is to h a squ>e corn] by weld+4 ,see ,figure #dd4 ,) ! dim5sions six in*es f "o end1 ! b> is heat$ & cut ab\t half ?ru f "o side ) a hot *isel4 ,! b> is !n heat$ & b5t to ab\t a "r angle1 z %[n 9 ,figure #de4 ,a piece ( -94 squ>e /ock is cut on f\r sides z %[n 9 ,figure #df4 ,?is piece is weld$ into ! corn] z %[n 9 ,figure #dg4 ,! heat is sep>ate1 & ! smi? takes bo? pieces to ! anvil :5 hot4 ,he places !m 9 position z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ! help] do+ ! weld+4 ,! long "p ( ! b> is !n brok5 (f1 ano!r heat is tak5 & ! corn] is f9i%$ up by ! smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd-de4 ,braz+4 ,iron & /eel c be fa/5$ toge!r by braz+4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! ends are tap]$ or dove-tail$ toge!r & b\nd ) wire or a rivet to hold !m 9 position4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 ! fire & br\ght to a r$ heat4 ,"s borax & spelt] are put on & ! heat is rais$ until ! brass fl[s4 ,! "w is !n tak5 out ( ! fire & let cool2 !n x is f9i%$ ) a file1 or by gr9d+4 ,spelt] is an alloy ( copp] & z9c1 & may be pur*as$ f deal]s4 ,brass wire may also be us$ 9 braz+1 & sometimes copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df-dg4 ,9 tea*+ boys =g+1 ! writ] feels t x is a wa/e ( "t to give a beg9n] little pieces to make1 su* z /aples1 hooks1 etc4 ,a boy _c le>n to h&le 8 hamm]1 or to heat a piece ( /ock by mak+ small ?+s4 ,:at ! beg9n] 9 =g+ ne$s is "s "w t he c sw+ a hamm] on )\t dang] ( spoil+ x4 ,v few boys on ent]+ a %op c h&le a hamm]1 & !y c]ta9ly d n le>n ab\t heat+ metal 9 a =ge1 by work+ at /aples1 etc4 ,! fir/ ex]cise %\ld be a fagot weld4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #a4--;,fagot ,weld4 ,9 do+ ?is1 two pieces ( iron 94 squ>e & #f 94 long are us$4 ,! in/ructor demon/rates ! weld+ ( ^! two pieces be=e ! class4 ,9 mak+ ! weld1 "o piece is laid on top ( ! o!r & bo? are caught at "o end ) a pair ( tongs4 ,! tongs %\ld fit ! pieces nicely2 a r+ is plac$ ov] ! ends ( h&les to b9d ! jaws firmly on to ! pieces4 ,a heat is !n tak5 on ab\t "o-half ( ! l5g? ( ! /ock2 ! pieces are weld$ & at ! same "t drawn to 94 squ>e4 ,! pieces are n[ turn$ ar\nd 9 ! tongs & ! balance is heat$ & weld$4 ,:ile draw+ /ock always h ! b> at "r angles ) ! long side ( ! anvil4 ,if ! b> is n s held1 x w twi/ on ! slightly r\nd$ face ( ! anvil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,!re w be m or less iron burn$ by ! boys 9 mak+ ?is fagot weld2 b ?is is necess>y1 = a boy c nev] le>n h[ to "w iron until he c heat x prop]ly4 ,he mu/ ov]-heat & burn iron 9 ord] to und]/& ! heat limitations ( ! metal4 ,aft] ! weld is made & ! b> is drawn to ! orig9al size1 ! ends mu/ be squ>$ by upsett+ !m4 ,! b> :5 f9i%$ %\ld be 94 squ>e ?ru\t its l5g?1 & /raight ) ! ends squ>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,x is !n =m$ into a loose r+ by hamm]+ x ov] ! horn ( ! anvil & n on a r+ m&rel4 ,9 =m+ ! r+1 ! ends are upset on an angle1 s t :5 b5t into r+ =m1 !y w fit toge!r nicely4 ,see ,figure #dh4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #b4 ,?is ex]cise w be made 9 ! same mann] z numb] "o1 except+ t ! b> is f9i%$ to 94 squ>e1 & a r+ is turn$ on ea* end4 ,see ,figure #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! eye is =m$ by heat+ & hamm]+ x ov] ! horn ( ! anvil1 giv+ x ! %ape z %[n at ,b4 ,x is !n reheat$1 set on ! horn ( ! anvil & hamm]$ close to ! eye z %[n at ,c1 :i* b5ds x c5tral ) ! %ank z %[n at ,d4 ,9 turn+ loose eyes ( any size /ock or dim5sions1 on ! end ( a b>1 ! r+ is fir/ turn$ into a circle ( ! desir$ size4 ,x is !n sprung c5tral ) ! %ank4 ,) ?is me?od1 no figur+ ( /ock is requir$4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,fig4 #ed4 ,9 mak+ a hammock hook1 ! /ock %\ld be s(t /eel1 :i* may be pur*as$ = ab\t ! same price z iron4 ,x w /& ! b5d+ /ra9s bett] ?an iron4 ,! size ( ! /ock is #g 94 by 94 r\nd4 ,! end is heat$ & a loose eye =m$4 ,! o!r end is drawn to a tap] ) 94 ( ! end turn$ up z %[n4 ,see draw+ ( hook1 ,figure #ej1 & ! diff]5t /eps 9 =m+ ! eye at ,a1 ,b & ,c4 ,! hook is =m$ ov] ! horn ( ! anvil z %[n 9 ,figure #ea4 ,figure #eb %[s ! f9i%$ hook ) a dott$ l9e drawn ?ru ! c5t]1 indicat+ :]e ! pull %\ld come4 ,9 ,figure #ec is %[n a common fault :5 turn+ a loose r+ at ! end ( a b>1 9 n b5d+ ! extreme end fir/4 ,notice ,figure #ed1 :]e ! end is b5t z x %\ld be4 ,! exp]t work] 9 iron is v c>eful n to hamm] m>k & de/roy ! section ( a b>4 ,"o %\ld rememb] t b5d+ a r+ or iron hook is simply hold+ ! b> on ! horn ( ! anvil & /rik+ ! "p t protrudes pa/ x4 ,nev] /rike ! b> :5 x is directly ov] ! horn4 ,?is does n b5d x1 b makes a d5t 9 ! /ock4 ,f9i%+4 ,to f9i% wr\ght iron1 all ( ! scale & dirt %\ld be scrap$ (f ) an old file :ile ! piece is hot4 ,:5 ! iron is cool$1 l9se$ or ma*9e oil is rubb$ on4 ,if ! "w is held ov] ! smoke ( ! fire & !n oil$1 x w take on a d>k] color4 ,nev] pa9t iron "w4 ,?is de/roys ! texture ( ! metal4 ,d n file "w bright4 ,x %\ld be d>k--fil+ is n =g+4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #d4--,s-,l9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,figure #ee %[s a draw+ ( an ,s-,l9k1 :i* is us$ to splice brok5 *a9s4 ,9 ,figure #ef is %[n he l5g? & size ( ! /ock4 ,! ends are drawn to a %ort po9t & ! c5t] ( ! b> is m>k$ ) a c5t] pun*4 ,"o-half ( ! l9k is !n =m$1 br++ ! po9t at ! c5t] pun* m>k & us+ "o-half ( ! b>4 ,?is is a simple l9k to make4 ,! only ?+ to be c>eful ab\t is to n de/roy ! section ( ! b> ) hamm] m>ks4 ,?is may be avoid$ if "o does n /rike ! hook directly ov] ! horn ( ! anvil1 b to "o side ( ! horn4 ,see 9 ,figure #eg1 ! correct bl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #e4 ,figure #eh %[s a draw+ = a weld$ ,eye ,p94 ,! eye may be made any size = practice4 ,9 mak+ ! r+1 ! b> is heat$ 9 ! c5t] & hamm]$ ov] ! out] edge ( ! anvil1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ei4 ,! piece is n[ turn$ end = end1 & jogg$ d[n aga9 ) ! ball ( ! hamm]4 ,see ,figure #fj4 ,! piece %\ld n[ look l ! draw+ 9 ,figure #fa4 ,! c5t] ( ! piece is heat$ & hamm]$ ov] ! horn ( ! anvil to make ! r+ r\nd & to br+ ! %anks toge!r4 ,see ,figure #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei 7above74 ,fig4 #fj 7bel[74 ,fig4 #fa 7above74 ,fig4 #fb 7"r74 ,fig4 #fc 7left1 bel[74 ,9 weld+1 ! piece is caught by ! r+ ) a flat pair ( tongs4 ,see ,figure #fc4 ,x is n[ plac$ 9 ! fire s z to get ! heat close to ! r+4 ,! tongs are !n remov$1 until ! piece rea*es a :ite heat2 ! piece is aga9 caught ) ! tongs1 & ! heat is rais$4 ,x is tak5 out & set on ! edge ( ! anvil & hamm]$ z %[n 9 ,figure #fd4 ,! fir/ bl[ /ruck is close to ! r+ 9 ord] to weld t "p fir/4 ,if x _c be all weld$ 9 "o heat1 x %\ld be reheat$ at once4 ,d n hamm] unless ! heat is a weld+ heat1 z ! /ock w become too ?9 be=e x is weld$4 ,d n heat ! tongs r$ z ?is de/roys !m & ! piece _c be held ) hot tongs4 ,:5 ! r+ is weld$1 ! end is drawn to a squ>e po9t4 ,see ,figure #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,/aples--,op5 ,l9ks--,weld$ ,*a9 ,l9ks--,pun*+--,a ,grab ,hook4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #f4 ,/aples are us$ = hasps1 gate hooks1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,!y are made f all sizes ( /ock1 dep5d+ on ! use to :i* !y are put4 ,on acc\nt ( its pliability1 s(t /eel is ! be/ /ock to use 9 mak+ /aples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! l5g? to cut /ock is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! /aple 9 ,figure #ff4 ,! /ock is caught at "o end ) a pair ( light tongs4 ,! piece is !n heat$ & drawn out to a po9t2 x is rev]s$ 9 ! tongs & ! o!r end is drawn out4 ,! c5t] ( ! piece is !n reheat$ & b5t into %ape ov] ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,9 draw+ any piece ( /ock to a tap]$ po9t1 ! tap] %\ld n be hamm]$ on "o side cont9u\sly &1 :5 turn$ ov]1 hamm]$ back aga94 ,to h a tap] on all f\r sides alike1 ! b> mu/ be rais$ ! prop] di/ance & n laid flat on ! anvil4 ,figure #fg illu/rates ! wrong way & ,figure #fh1 ! correct way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,9 ,figure #fi is %[n a draw+ ( an op5 l9k4 ,op5 l9ks are us$ 9 ! splic+ ( brok5 *a9s4 ,9 splic+ a *a91 ! l9k is op5$ by driv+ a *isel betwe5 ! laps1 or x is op5$ :5 made4 ,^! laps are hook$ into l9ks ( brok5 *a9 & !n driv5 toge!r4 ,9 mak+ ! l9k1 "o end is drawn to a flat po9t & a hook is hamm]$ on x4 ,see ,figure #gj4 ,! o!r end is heat$ & drawn out z 9 ,figure #ga4 ,! c5t] ( ! piece is n[ heat$ & b5t ov] ! horn ( ! anvil to ! desir$ %ape4 ,see ,figure #gb4 ,notice 9 ! draw+ t ! hooks at ! op5 end ( ! l9k are n v long4 ,!y %\ld n be made long] ?an %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #h4--,weld+ a ,*a9 ,l9k4 ,! =m & l5g? ( ! /ock = ?is ex]cise is %[n 9 ,figure #gc4 ,! l9k may be made f iron or s(t /eel4 ,aft] ! /ock is cut1 x is heat$ 9 ! c5t] & b5t ov] ! horn ( ! anvil into a 8,u0 %ape4 ,see ,figure #gd4 ,! ends are n[ heat$ & sc>f$ by sett+ !m on ! anvil z %[n 9 ,figure #ge4 ,! iron is !n /ruck on top ) ! h& hamm]4 ,aft] ea* bl[1 x is mov$ away f ! anvil j a little1 giv+ ! end a bevel1 s t1 :5 f9i%$1 ! sc>f consi/s ( a s]ies ( slant+ not*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,9 sc>f+1 bo? ends ( ! l9ks are set on ! anvil4 ,! end ( ! "o on ! "r h& side mu/ n be mov$ :5 sc>f+ ! o!r4 ,aft] ea* bl[ ( ! hamm]1 ! piece is mov$ j a little4 ,if x is mov$ too f> & ! o!r end ( ! l9k is fix$ x w describe an arc4 ,see ,figure #gf4 ,?is is ! me?od us$ 9 sc>f+ l9ks4 ,sometimes !y are weld$ )\t sc>f+1 b x is n good practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,figure #gg %[s ! l9k sc>f$1 lapp$ & ready to be weld$4 ,9 weld+1 ! heat is tak5 directly on ! end ( ! lap & n on ! sides1 s z n to burn ! /ock above ! laps4 ,:5 ! l9k has ! weld+ heat1 x is tak5 to ! anvil & hamm]$ on ! flat sides1 !n set on ! horn ( ! anvil1 & hamm]$ on ! corn]s4 ,see ,figure #gh4 ,! %ape ( ! l9k at ! weld %\ld be j a little po9t$ = a /rong l9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,9 mak+ *a9s1 d n weld two s+le l9ks & !n "o betwe5 !m4 ,weld a l9k on ! end ( ! *a9 & keep repeat+ until f9i%$4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,pun*+ holes ?ru hot iron is n a difficult ex]cise4 ,= in/ance3 ,a -94 hole is to be pun*$ ?ru a flat piece ( iron or /eel4 ,! piece is heat$1 tak5 to ! anvil & a pun* set on ! spot to be pun*$4 ,! pun* is /ruck ?ree or f\r bl[s ) ! h& hamm] driv+ x into ! metal z %[n 9 ,figure #gi4 ,! piece is !n turn$ ov] & ! pun* is set ov] ! d>k spot :i* is caus$ by ! =m] bl[s1 & is driv5 ?ru4 ,see ,figure #hj4 ,squ>e & o!r %ap$ holes are pun*$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?9 /ock is pun*$ cold4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! piece to be pun*$ is set on ! pun* block & ! pun* driv5 ?ru ! metal into ! hole ( ! block4 ,a pun*-block is a r\nd or squ>e block ( /eel ) "o or m tap]$ holes ?ru x4 ,see ,figure #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,left4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,c5t]4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,"r4 ,figure #hb %[s "s holes t c\ld be pun*$ :ile ! metal is hot4 ,a hole l ! "o %[n at ,a1 is made ) a pun* ( t %ape2 ! next hole is made ) ! same pun*4 ,aft]w>ds ! hole is upset or %ort5$ by heat+ & cool+ ea* side ( ! hole4 ,! b> is !n hamm]$ on ! end4 ,?is %ort5s & spreads ! metal4 ,! hole is made true by driv+ a r\nd pun* ?ru x4 ,! /ock us$ = ?is ex]cise %\ld be s(t /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #aj4--;,a ,grab ,hook = a ,log ,*a94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 #he4 ,figure #hc %[s a draw+ ( ! hook ) size ( /ock to be us$4 ,! /ock %\ld be mild /eel1 #f by by in*es4 ,to =m ! eye "o end is heat$ & %\ld]$ back "o in* f ! end1 by hamm]+ x on ! anvil z %[n 9 ,figure #hd4 ,! eye is !n r\nd$ ) ! hamm] & ! hole pun*$ ) a h& pun*4 ,! hole is c\nt]sunk by hamm]+ x on ! horn z %[n 9 ,figure #he4 ,! po9t is next drawn out & !n ! hook is heat$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,x is cool$ ea* side ( ! c5t] & hamm]$ ov] ! horn to b5d1 !n on ! anvil z %[n at ,figure #hf4 ,a piece ( -94 flat iron is set on ! inside ( ! hook & ! hook hamm]$ to fit ! iron4 ,?is leaves ! op5+ ( ! hook uni=m & j ! size requir$4 ,see ,figure #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,bolts--,capp+ ,tool--,gate ,hook--,hay ,hook--,weld$ ,r+--,expansion ( ,heat$ ,iron4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #aa4 ,bolts may be made 9 "o piece by upsett+ ! end ( a b>1 !n squ>+ ! head by driv+ ! piece into a head+ tool4 ,a bolt may also be made by weld+ a coll> ar\nd ! end ( a b> aft] :i* ! head is squ>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,figure #hh %[s a weld$ bolt head4 ,aft] ! /ock is cut to prop] l5g?1 ! coll> = ! head is made4 ,x is heat$ & hamm]$ ov] ! horn ( ! anvil to make x r\nd4 ,! end ( ! coll> is n[ cut (f on ! h>die1 cutt+ cle> ?ru f "o side & giv+ x a bevel4 ,! o!r end is cut f ! opposite side giv+ x a bevel also4 ,see draw+ at ,a4 ,! coll> is driv5 on ! end ( ! b> :ile ! coll> is cold & ! b> is hot4 ,:5 ! coll> is hamm]$ on ! end ( ! b>1 !re %\ld be ab\t -94 crack4 ,see draw+ at ,b4 ,! reason is t1 9 weld+1 ! coll> is l5g!n$4 ,hamm]+ /ret*es ! metal1 & x mu/ h end room4 ,:5 ! coll> is ready ! b> is heat$ on ! end & upset j a little4 ,a heat is !n tak51 & ! coll> is weld$ by /rik+ x on f\r sides1 lett+ ! op5+ =m "o ( ! corn]s4 ,! bolt is !n ins]t$ into a -94 hole 9 a head+ tool to smoo? ! end ( ! head ) a hamm]4 ,a cupp+ tool is next set on to ! head & giv5 a few good bl[s ) ! hamm]4 ,?is bevels ! top corn]s ( ! squ>e head4 ,a cupp+ tool is a piece ( tool /eel ) a half r\nd depression 9 "o end4 ,see ,figure #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! heads ( bolts c be bevel$ ) ! hamm]1 in/ead ( ) a cupp+ tool4 ,figure #ij %[s a tool to be us$ 9 ! vise to make heads on light rods4 ,! rod is heat$ & ins]t$ into ! hole2 !n ! vise is tight5$ aft] :i* ! ends are hamm]$ d[n4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ab4--;,=g+ a ,gate ,hook4 ,figure #ia %[s ! l5g? & size ( /ock :i* %\ld be ( s(t /eel4 ,"o & "o-half in*es f ea* end ( ! b> is m>k$ ) a c5t] pun*4 ,"o end is drawn r\nd to a po9t4 ,! o!r is hamm]$ r\nd = ! eye4 ,see ,figure #ib4 ,9 ! draw+ ,figure #ic1 ! eye & ! hook are %[n turn$4 ,! c5t] "p ( ! hook is squ>e & is to be twi/$4 ,?is is done by heat+ ! squ>e "p to a uni=m heat & cool+ ea* end4 ,! hook is !n twi/$ ) two pairs ( tongs1 or x may be caught 9 a vise & twi/$ ) "o pair ( tongs4 ,see draw+ ( ! f9i%$ hook1 ,figure #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia 7above74 ,fig4 #ib 7bel[74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,fig4 #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,horn4 ,figure #ie %[s a tool call$ a horn2 x fits into ! squ>e hole ( ! anvil4 ,x is us$ to turn v small eyes at ! end ( a b>4 ,a piece ( #a-;94 r\nd s(t /eel is us$ 9 mak+ x1 by draw+ ! end squ>e to fit ! hole 9 ! anvil4 ,x is aft]w>ds b5t ov] & ! tap] drawn z %[n4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ac--,mak+ a ,hay ,hook4 ,figure #if %[s ! /ock :i* %\ld be s(t /eel1 to be us$ 9 mak+ a ,hay ,hook4 ,! eye is fir/ turn$1 us+ #aa in*es ( ! b>4 ,! end is !n heat$ & drawn to a po9t aft] :i* x is b5t z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,hay ,hook4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ad--,weld+ ,r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,figure #ig %[s a draw+ = a r+ to be made f -94 r\nd /ock cut #aj in*es long4 ,! :ole is heat$ r$ at "o "t & !n =m$ into %ape by hamm]+ x ov] ! horn z %[n 9 ,figure #ih4 ,! ends are n[ heat$ & sc>f$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! weld$ l9k4 ,:5 !y are lapp$ & ready = weld+1 !y %\ld look l ,figure #ii4 ,notice t ! r+ is made egg %ape s t a heat may be tak5 directly on ! ends ( ! sc>fs & n at ! sides4 ,! r+ :5 weld$ is =m$ r\nd4 ,ano!r me?od ( weld+ r+s is to upset ! ends & !n =m ! r+s4 ,x is sc>f$ z expla9$ above4 ,?is is seldom done 9 practical "w because x is too sl[1 & ! o!r me?od is ab\t z /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,fig4 #ii4 ,9 weld+ ! r+1 x is h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 weld+ l9ks4 ,to f9d ! am\nt ( /ock = r+s1 ! inside diamet] plus ! ?ickness ( /ock is multipli$ by #c4adaf or #c4 ,to ?is is add$ en\gh /ock = ! lap ( ! weld4 ,= example a r+ is requir$ ( "o-in* /ock4 ,! inside measure is #aj in*es4 ,solution3 7#aj #a7 #c #aa #c #cd in* = weld+4 ,9 heat+ a piece ( iron to be =m$ into a r+1 x %\ld nev] be heat$ to ! weld+ heat4 ,a weld+ heat on any piece ( "w t is n to be hamm]$ de/roys ! texture ( ! metal4 ,any piece ( "w to be =m$1 %\ld be heat$ ev5ly & n too hot4 ,iron :5 heat$ exp&s4 ,= example1 if a piece ( /ock #ab by #a by 94 is heat$ r$ its entire l5g? & !n measur$1 x w be ab\t #ab 94 long4 ,:5 ! piece is cool$ x w g back to its orig9al l5g? ( twelve in*es4 ,9 mak+ b&s or tires = wagons1 !y are made a little %ort1 !n heat$ & put on1 lett+ !m %r9k to _! orig9al size1 :i* makes !m tight4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr\ght ,iron ,lant]n4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,m>k+ ,tongs--,pig ,iron--,puddl+--,! ,bessem] ,process--,! ,op5 ,he>? ,process--,crucible ,/eel--,! ,cem5tation ,process--,temp]+4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #af4 ,9 =g+ tongs1 /ock -94 squ>e ( ,norway or ,sw$i% iron may be us$1 z x is mu* easi] = a beg9n] 9 weld+ ! h&le on to ! jaws4 ,s(t /eel may be us$ lat] on if desir$4 ,figure #ajj %[s ! draw+ ( a f9i%$ pair ( flat tongs4 ,figure #aja %[s ! size ( /ock us$ & ! dim5sions ( ! r\gh =g+s4 ,x is n int5d$ t ! dim5sions giv5 are to be accurately foll[$1 b !y are giv5 z an idea ( :at may be =g$ f ?is size ( /ock4 ,9 =g+ ! jaws1 no help] is requir$ to h&le a sl$ge hamm] aft] ! piece is cut f ! b> = ! reason t x is "t lo/ = ! "o :o h&les x1 besides "o man c d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,blacksmi?'s ,tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,9 =g+ ! jaws a heavy h& hamm] is us$1 & ! b> is heat$ to ! weld+ heat1 or ne> x4 ,"o & "o-eigh? in* ( ! b> is set on ! inn] edge ( ! anvil & ! lip is hamm]$ z %[n 9 ,figure #ajb4 ,! lip mu/ n be turn$ & hamm]$ on its edge4 ,let x get z wide z x w1 & d n hamm] x too ?94 ,aft] ! %\ld] has be5 />t$ = ! l5g? ( ! lip1 x mu/ n be mov$4 ,a common fault is to />t ! %\ld] & !n to f9d t ! lip is n long en\gh & proce$ to make ano!r %\ld]4 ,! result ( ! second %\ld] is t :5 ne>ly f9i%$ a crack w be discov]$4 ,! reason t second %\ld] />ts a crack is t ! metal /ret*$ ov] ! fir/ %\ld]4 ,?is is call$ a cold %ut4 ,see ,figure #ajc4 ,ano!r common fault is to l[] ! b> :5 mak+ ! lip4 ,?is pulls ! lip on an angle ) ! b> & :5 x is /raight5$1 ano!r crack is =m$ 9 ! corn]4 ,see ,figure #ajd4 ,! b> mu/ be on ! same plane ) ! anvil face at all times4 ,:5 ! lip is made1 ! b> is turn$ to ! left1 sett+ x on ! out] edge ( ! anvil & hamm]+ to =m ! %\ld] = ! eye4 ,see ,figure #aje4 ,x is !n turn$ aga9 to ! left h& & hamm]$ d[n = ! la/ %\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,at ?is "t ! /ock requir$ = ! eye is beyond ! out] edge ( ! anvil4 ,see ,figure #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! r\gh =g+ %\ld always be made a little l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ tongs2 f9i%+ x to size :5 ! h&le is weld$ on4 ,:5 bo? jaws are =g$1 !y are cut 9 ! c5t] & ! h&les are weld$ on4 ,:5 ! h&les are well upset & sc>f$1 ! %anks ( ! jaws are drawn to equal size4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 hav+ ! sc>f$ ends equal 9 size or a poor weld w result4 ,! h&les at ! weld are drawn squ>e ) ! corn]s tap]$ (f4 ,! jaws are n[ drawn & fitt$ to size4 ,notice t ! lip tap]s on ! edge1 also on ! flat "p4 ,a small flute is full]$ l5g?ways on ! inside ( ! lip s t r\nd z well z flat iron may be held4 ,! hole is next pun*$ ?ru ! eye ) a h& pun*4 ,a piece ( -94 rod ( s(t /eel is cut to ! prop] l5g? & us$ = a rivet4 ,x is heat$ & ins]t$ into ! holes 9 ! jaws & hamm]$ on bo? sides ) h>d bl[s4 ,! jaws ( ! tongs are n[ heat$ r$ & work$ back & =? to loos5 ! rivet 9 ! eye4 ,! jaws are fitt$ to ! size ( ! /ock !y are to h&le z 9 ,figure #ajg4 ,! regul> /ock rivets %\ld n be us$ 9 tongs4 ,! -94 r\nd piece head$ f bo? sides fits ! holes ?ru ! eye be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,9 mak+ tongs to hold a l>g] piece ( /ock1 ! squ>e b> %\ld h an (fset4 ,! jaws %\ld !n be =g$ z 9 ,figure #ajh4 ,notice :]e ! hamm] /rikes ! b> to (fset x4 ,9 =g+ tongs1 ! h&les %\ld be weld$ to ! jaws to give practice 9 weld+4 ,pig ,iron4 ,pig iron is made by smelt+ ! iron ore 9 a bla/ furnace4 ,! ore is *>g$ 9 a furnace mix$ ) lime /one z a flux1 & melt$ by us+ coke or coal z fuel4 ,! result+ metal is call$ pig iron4 ,x conta9s f ?ree to five p] c5t ( c>bon1 two to f\r p] c5t ( silicon & v>i\s small am\nts ( sulphur1 phosphorus & manganese4 ,puddl+4 ,wr\ght iron is made by melt+ ! pig iron 9 a puddl+ furnace2 ab\t "o-half ton is *>g$ at a "t4 ,aft] x is s(t5$1 x is /irr$ ) l>ge iron hooks by ! puddl] & 8 help]4 ,x is kept knead$ to expose e "p to ! action ( ! flame1 s z to burn out all ( ! c>bon4 ,all ! o!r impurities sep>ate f ! iron & =m :at is kn[n z ! puddle cl9k]4 ,pig iron melts at ab\t #bajj ,f41 /eel at #bejj ,f41 & wr\ght iron at #bhjj ,f41 s ! temp]ature ( ! puddl+ furnace is kept high en\gh to melt pig iron b n hot en\gh to keep wr\ght iron 9 a liquid /ate4 ,consequ5tly1 z soon z ! iron becomes pure x =ms a spongy mass4 ,?is mass ( sponge is divid$ into lumps ( ab\t #ajj or #aej p\nds :i* are tak5 to a squeez] & =m$ into blocks4 ,9 ! op]ation ( squeez+ ! great] proportion ( impurities left 9 ! iron aft] ! puddl+1 are remov$4 ,:ile ^! blocks are /ill hot !y are roll$ into flat musk b>s4 ,! b>s are n[ cut & heat$ to :ite heat 9 a furnace1 tak5 to ! rolls1 weld$ & roll$ into m]*ant b>s4 ,9 ! weld+ & roll+ ! c9d] coat$ globules ( iron are =c$ close toge!r z ! iron is weld$4 ,?is gives ! iron a fibr\s /ructure increas+ its /r5g?4 ,bessem] ,process4 ,9 mak+ /eel by ! ,bessem] process1 ! pig iron is put into a l>ge pe> %ap$ vessel call$ ! conv]t]4 ,! bottom is d\ble2 ! inn] cas+ is p]=at$ ) holes call$ tuy]es1 to admit air =c$ "u pressure4 ,f t5 to fifte5 tons ( molt5 iron at "o "t are p\r$ into ! conv]t] :ile x is ly+ on its side4 ,! compress$ air is n[ turn$ into ! d\ble bottom z ! conv]t] rises to a v]tical position4 ,! air has suffici5t pressure to prev5t ! metal f ent]+ ! tuy]es1 & x passes up & ?ru ! metal1 burn+ out ! c>bon4 ,aft] ! bla/ :i* la/s ab\t t5 m9utes1 ! metal is practically liquid wr\ght iron4 ,! conv]t] is n[ laid on its side & ! bla/ is %ut (f4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( molt5 spiegeleis5 7:ite ca/ iron conta9+ mu* c>bon or f]romanganese7 is add$ s z to give ! /eel ! prop] am\nt ( c>bon & manganese to make x suitable = its purpose4 ,! /eel is !n p\r$ into +ots & roll$ into rails1 gird]s1 etc4 ,c>bon is pure *>coal2 manganese is a *emical elem5t v difficult to fuse1 b easily oxidiz$4 ,op5 ,he>? ,process4 ,! op5 he>? process ( /eel manufactur+ is simil> to ! puddl+ process4 ,! c>bon is remov$ by ! action ( an oxidiz+ flame ( burn+ gas4 ,! furnace has a capacity ( =ty or fifty tons & is heat$ ) gas or oil4 ,! gas & air ne$$ = its combu/ion are heat$ to a temp]ature ( ov] #ajjj ,f4 be=e ent]+ ! combu/ion *amb]1 by pass+ ?ru s-call$ reg5]ative *amb]s4 ,ow+ to ! preheat+ ( ! gas & air a v high temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! furnace s z to keep ! iron liquid aft] x has p>t$ ) ! c>bon4 ,! /irr+ up ( ! metal is n done ) hooks z 9 puddl+ furnace b by add+ c]ta9 proportions ( iron scales or o!r oxides ! *emical reaction ( :i* keeps ! metal 9 a /ate ( agitation4 ,) ! op5 he>? process ! metal c be te/$ f "t to "t4 ,:5 x conta9s ! prop] am\nt ( c>bon x is drawn (f ?ru ! tapp+ hole at ! bottom ( ! he>?1 leav+ ! slag at ! top4 ,z /eel is produc$ 9 a liquid =m1 f :i* impurities h be5 remov$ 9 ! =m ( slag t rises & floats at ! top1 ! metal is homog5e\s & practically )\t gra94 ,wr\ght iron w outla/ /eel :5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,crucible /eel1 or tool /eel1 also call$ ca/ /eel1 is made by us+ high grade1 ,sw$i%1 wr\ght iron & add+ c>bon :i* is l[ 9 phosphorus cont5t4 ,! olde/ me?od is call$ ! 8,cem5tation ,process40 ,! iron b>s 7 pack$ 9 air-tight retorts ) p[d]$ *>coal betwe5 !m4 ,!y 7 put 9 a cem5tation furnace1 heat$ r$ & kept at ?is temp]ature = sev]al days4 ,! b>s1 9 ?is way1 absorb$ ! c>bon f ! *>coal4 ,! c>boniz$ b>s 7call$ 8bli/] /eel07 7 !n cut into small pieces1 remelt$ 9 a crucible1 p\r$ 9 +ots & roll$ into b>s4 ,! new] me?od is to melt small pieces ( ,norway or ,sw$i% iron base ) *>coal 9 a graphite or clay crucible4 ,x is !n p\r$ into m\lds & made into +ots1 aft] :i* x is =g$ or roll$ into b>s4 ,! crucible process enables ! manufacture ( /eel to almo/ exact analysis & insures a clean & pure mat]ial4 ,x also absorbs ! c>bon mu* fa/] ?an /eel made ! old way4 ,9 ! s*ool =ge %op1 ! tool /eel us$ %\ld be ( an inexp5sive k9d4 ,high pric$ /eel %\ld n be us$ z m or less is wa/$ by ! pupils 9 work+4 ,a c>bon /eel %\ld be us$ = all =ge %op tools4 ,ab\t #ge to #ie po9t is suitable4 ,high-spe$ tool /eel %\ld be us$ only to give ! pupils in/ruction 9 its h&l+ & use1 & to famili>ize !m ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( /eel & _! treatm5t4 ,to ! /eel mak]1 temp] means ! p]c5tage ( c>bon 9 ! /eel4 ,! ^w po9t means "o-hundr$? ( "o p] c5t1 ?us #aj po9t c>bon means t5 "o-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty po9t c>bon conta9s "o & "o-half p] c5t4 ,?is is ab\t z high z is g5]ally made4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty po9t is kn[n z high temp]2 l[ temp] is ab\t #dj po9t4 ,/eel conta9+ less ?an #dj po9t does n h>d5 to advantage & is class$ ) ma*9]y /eel4 ,!re is a range ( temp]s betwe5 high & l[ po9t :i* are us$ = diff]5t k9ds ( tools4 ,9 ! =ge %op ! t]m temp] means ! degree ( h>dness giv5 to a piece ( tool /eel4 ,z an example1 a piece ( /eel is heat$ to a d>k r$ color & cool$ 9 wat] or oil4 ,?is is call$ h>d5+4 ,if ?is piece is too h>d = ! purpose int5d$1 x is !n temp]$ to r$uce "s ( its h>dness1 & to give ! /eel ela/icity & /r5g?4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x is subject$ to heat1 7! m heat ! s(t] ! piece becomes74 ,9 ! =ge %op1 9 temp]+ /eel1 ! metal is poli%$ bright aft] h>d5+4 ,if x is a small piece1 x is !n held on or ne> a piece ( hot iron4 ,z ! piece becomes heat$1 ! /eel heat$ 9 ! air assumes colors2 at fir/ a v fa9t yell[ & gradually d>k]1 until all ( ! color has disappe>$ leav+ ! /eel )\t any trace ( h>dness4 ,^! diff]5t colors z !y appe> on ! surface ( h>d5$ /eel repres5t diff]5t degrees ( h>dness4 ,! foll[+ simple li/ ( colors applies to ! diff]5t tools & c>bon to use3 ,light /raw--#dcj ,f4 ,la! tools--#acj po9t c>bon4 ,d>k /raw--#dgj ,f4 ,taps & dies--#abj po9t c>bon4 ,purple gray--#ecj ,f4 ,*isels & blacksmi?s' tools1 #ge to #ie po9t c>bon4 ,( c\rse !re are o!r colors ?an ^!4 ,z ! heat advances e few degrees ! color keeps *ang+ to a d>k] :i* indicates ! tool is becom+ s(t]4 ,! h>d5+ heat is ab\t #acjj to #adjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 or a *]ry r$4 ,ab\t #djj degrees ,fahr5heit relieves ! /ra9 9 a h>d5$ piece ( /eel2 #fjj degrees leaves a trace ( h>dness & is ab\t "r = spr+s4 ,9 ord] to "k ! results ( heat+ & cool+ /eel "o %\ld take a small b> & cut nicks 9 x ) a *isel e half in*4 ,! b> is !n heat$ f a :ite heat at ! end to a v d>k r$ "s in*es back4 ,x is !n cool$ 9 wat]1 ! pieces brok5 & ! gra9 not$4 ,! heat t leaves ! /eel file h>d & a v f9e gra9 is ! h>d5+ heat ( t /eel4 ,! h>d5+ heat is a d>k r$4 ,! hott] x 0 :5 cool$ ! co>s] ! gra9 %[s on ! end ( ! brok5 pieces4 ,9 fur!r demon/rat+ h>d5+ & temp]+ ( tool /eel1 ! mak+ ( a flat cold *isel w be consid]$4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ are ab\t ! same 9 all h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,mak+ a ,flat ,cold ,*isel--,spr+ ,temp]+--,weld+ ,/eel--,case ,h>d5+--,color+ ,/eel--,anneal+--,mak+ a ,scrat* ,awl--,mak+ a ,c5t] ,pun*--,mak+ a ,h& ,pun*--,high ,spe$ ,/eel--,anneal+ ,high ,spe$ ,/eel4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ag4--;,flat ,cold ,*isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,a good cold *isel is an indisp5sable tool 9 a %op1 & "o t is v mu* abus$4 ,!re=e1 x %\ld be made ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,9 ! =g+ ( a good *isel a piece ( -94 octagonal tool /eel1 f #ge to #ie po9t c>bon1 is us$4 ,! piece is cut six in*es long4 ,9 do+ ?is ! b> may be nick$ ) a *isel4 ,! nick$ "p is !n set ov] ! out] edge ( ! anvil4 ,a *isel ) a h&le is set on ! nicks & giv5 a good bl[ ) a sl$ge hamm]1 %e>+ ! piece f ! b>4 ,see ,figure #aji4 ,?is me?od ( cutt+ is q dang]\s1 s c>e mu/ be tak54 ,p]haps1 a less dang]\s me?od1 ?o n s practical1 is to heat ! b> r$ & cut ! piece (f ) a hot *isel & sl$ge1 or on ! h>die1 if "o has no help]4 ,! end is !n hamm]$4 ,see ,figure ,no4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,:5 cut (f & hamm]$ r\nd on "o end1 ! piece is caught ) a flut$-lip pair ( tongs t w hold x firmly & a r+ is plac$ on ! ends ( ! re9s to b9d !m4 ,! end is n[ heat$ 9 a well burn$ fire1 lett+ ! heat soak 9 sl[ly1 & n =c+ x ) too mu* bla/4 ,if ! fire is lively h>dly any bla/ is us$ on ! />t4 ,! piece is br\ght to a heat some:at beyond :at is commonly call$ *]ry heat4 ,x is !n tak5 to ! anvil & drawn out squ>e ) h>d bl[s ( ! hamm]1 to a long tap]1 & ne>ly to a po9t4 ,?is tap] %\ld be ab\t #a in*es long4 ,see ,figure ,no4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,hamm]+ mu/ cease be=e ! r$ heat has left ! /eel4 ,x is aga9 heat$ & hamm]$ on two sides2 9 draw+ ! *isel b5ds edgewise4 ,d n /rike x on ! edge2 x w fracture ! gra9 ( ! /eel4 ,to /raight5 ! blade1 x %\ld be hamm]$ on ! flat side ne> ! concave edge4 ,see ,figure ,no4 #aab4 ,?is /ret*es ! metal & /raight5s ! blade4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 hamm]+ n to make ! *isel wid] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,:5 f9i%+ ! *isel1 x is hamm]$ lightly until ! r$ is ne>ly b n q gone4 ,?is hamm]+ packs ! gra9 & makes x f9e4 ,! end ( ! *isel is set on a h>die & cut half ?ru1 s t :5 x is h>d5$ & temp]$ x may be brok5 to note its gra9 & also require less gr9d+ 9 %>p5+4 ,see ,figure ,no4 #aac4 ,! *isel is n[ heat$ v sl[ly to a d>k r$ & set 9 a dry place on ! =ge to anneal4 ,?is anneal+ relieves ! /ra9 9 ! tool due to hamm]+4 ,:5 ! *isel is cold x is reheat$ to h>d5 & temp]4 ,ov]-heat+ does n make ! tool h>d] :5 cool$ 9 wat]1 b increases its brittl5ess1 s c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 heat+4 ,! heat+ mu/ be v sl[1 & to a d>k r$1 #b in*es long4 ,! *isel %\ld be cool$ z ! heat is go+ up4 ,a common practice ( heat+ ! /eel m ?an a *]ry r$ & hold+ x out ( ! =ge until ! heat goes d[n1 be=e dipp+1 is wrong4 ,:5 prop]ly heat$ ! *isel is held 9 a v]tical position & dipp$ ab\t #a in*es into #af gallons ( salt & wat]1 heat$ f #fj to #gj ,f4 ,see ,figure #aad4 ,! tool is kept 9 motion :5 dipp$4 ,:5 cool$ x is remov$1 & ! h>d5$ "p is rubb$ bright ) an em]y /ick or s& pap]4 ,?is is done s t ! temp] colors may be se54 ,temp]+ increases ! tool's ela/icity & /r5g?1 & r$uces ! brittl5ess4 ,! temp] color w %[ j a fa9t yell[ aga9/ ! edge ( ! rema9+ heat t 0 left 9 ! tool aft] h>d5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,9 h>d5+ ! tool1 x is heat$ #b in*es ( its l5g? & #a in*es is cool$ 9 wat] to h>d54 ,! rema9+ heat gradually runs ?ru\t ! :ole *isel & may be not$ by ! fa9t yell[ color on ! bright "p ( ! tool travel+ t[>ds ! cutt+ end4 ,?is fa9t yell[ temp] color1 due to ! heat & air1 is foll[$ ) d>k] colors2 if let run too mu* all ( ! h>dness w\ld be tak5 out ( ! tool4 ,f\r hundr$ & ?irty degrees ,fahr5heit w\ld be ab\t a light /raw color1 leav+ ! /eel v h>d4 ,ab\t #fjj ,f4 w\ld be ! d>ke/ color1 ne>ly black4 ,?is is z hot z /eel c be made & /ill leave a trace ( h>dness4 ,?is temp] is too s(t = a *isel b ab\t "r = spr+s2 !re=e :5 ! v d>k purple temp] color cov]s ! :ole bright "p ( ! *isel ! po9t is dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,! *isel is !n set 9 a dry place on ! =ge to cool sl[ly4 ,! temp] color mu/ run to ! end ( ! *isel v sl[ly4 ,! reason = ?is is t if ! temp] color comes sl[1 ! *isel is temp]$ f>!r back f ! po9t4 ,! temp] colors on ! surface ( ! bright /eel are obta9$ by diff]5t degrees ( heat1 z x travels f ! rema9+ heat left 9 ! tool :5 ! piece 0 h>d5$4 ,! less heat all[$ to travel t[>d ! end ( *isel1 ! pal] ! temp] color & ! h>d] ! *isel2 !re=e1 ! fa9t yell[ color indicates t ! /eel is v h>d4 ,! d>k] ! temp] color becomes ! s(t] ! tool4 ,! be/ *isels are ^? t are file pro(4 ,if1 aft] h>d5+ & temp]+ a *isel1 x _c be cut ) a file1 x is too h>d & ! temp] mu/ be run out m4 ,if ! gra9 ( /eel is v f9e :5 brok5 ! *isel _h ! prop] heat :5 qu5*$1 b if x looks co>se ! tool 0 too hot :5 cool$ & mu/ be anneal$1 reh>d5$ & temp]$4 ,a little judgm5t w enable "o to det]m9e ! prop] h>dness = all tools ( ?is "* by not+ ^! temp] colors4 ,! above explanation 9 a g5]al way applies to ! work+ ( all c>bon /eel tools4 ,spr+ ,temp]+4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( spr+s t are h>d5$ & temp]$4 ,! me?ods ( h&l+ are ab\t ! same ) all4 ,z an example1 a piece ( spr+ /eel #e by #a by in*es is to be temp]$4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! piece is caught at "o end ) a pair ( light tongs4 ,! /eel is heat$ to a d>k r$ & dipp$ into a c ( sp]m oil1 or equal p>ts ( l>d & tall[4 ,:5 cool x is held ov] ! fire until ! surplus oil takes fire & blazes (f4 ,x is r$ipp$ 9 ! oil1 & ! oil is burn$ ?ree times 9 all4 ,x is !n p>tly cool$ 9 ! oil & set on ! =ge until cool1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,/eel is manufactur$ especially = spr+s4 ,x is call$ spr+ /eel4 ,x is made 9 a diff]5t way f tool /eel1 by ! op5 he>? process4 ,x diff]s 9 quality & _c be absolutely gu>ante$4 ,! /eel is nev] free f all =eign elem5ts :i* might be detrim5tal to its quality4 ,temp]+ ,?9 ,pieces ( ,/eel4 ,9 h>d5+ ?9 pieces ( /eel su* z knives1 v ?9 mill+ cutt]s1 etc41 !re is always difficulty 9 prev5t+ w>p+ aft] h>d5+4 ,two heavy surface plates1 plan$ on "o side1 are us$4 ,on "o ( ^! plates equal p>ts ( tall[ & l>d are spread in* ?ick4 ,! knife is heat$ 9 a /eam pipe ) "o end plugg$ & hav+ fire "u & ov] x4 ,:5 an ev5 r$ heat is rea*$1 ! knife is br\ght out & set on ! oil & at ! same "t ! top plate is set onto ! knife until cool4 ,?is h>d5s ! blade & keeps x f spr++4 ,! knife is bright5$ & ! temp] is drawn to a d>k /raw color by hold+ x on a hot iron4 ,v small pieces ( /eel are pack$ into an iron pipe or box surr\nd$ ) *>coal4 ,! :ole is !n heat$ r$ & ! pieces are dump$ out & cool$ 9 wat]4 ,to draw temp]1 !y are put 9 an iron ladle fill$ ) l>d oil t is heat$ on ! fire4 ,weld+ ,/eel4 ,all small pieces ( tool & spr+ /eel %\ld be weld$ ) sep>ate heats4 ,a little practice & a clean fire1 ) "s good weld+ comp\nd1 are necess>y4 ,9 sep>ate heat weld+ ( flat /eel1 ! flat sides ( ! sc>fs are put toge!r in/ead ( ! bevel$ ones4 ,! sc>fs are %[n 9 ,figure ,no4 #aae4 ,! me?od ( rivet+ & splitt+ small pieces ( flat /eel to hold !m toge!r :ile tak+ ! heat is n to be recomm5d$ because aft] !y are put toge!r 9 ?is mann] ! lap is d\ble ?ick1 & 9 rais+ ! heat !re is always dang] ( ov]-heat+ ea* side ( ! lap4 ,sep>ate heats & a clean fire is ! be/ me?od to use to make a good weld1 unless ! /eel is heavy4 ,9 ?is case1 x is split & =k$ z previ\sly expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,weld+ ,?9 ,/eel4 ,case ,h>d5+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 wr\ght iron & tool /eel lies 9 ! abs5ce ( c>bon 9 ! iron4 ,tool /eel c be h>d5$ because x conta9s c>bon1 & :5 heat$ & sudd5ly cool$ becomes h>d ?ru\t4 ,! surface ( wr\ght iron or mild /eel c be c>boniz$ & !n made v h>d4 ,?is is call$ case h>d5+ because ab\t in* or less ( ! outside ( ! b> is made h>d :ile ! c5t] is s(t4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods4 ,"o is to place ! articles 9 a tight ca/ iron box & surr\nd$ ) gr\nd bone be=e plac+ 9 a furnace4 ,! box is !n br\ght to a high heat ( ab\t #agjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,x is held at ?is heat = sev]al h\rs & !n let cool4 ,:5 cool1 ! pieces are reheat$ & dipp$ 9 salt wat] to h>d5 !m or !y may be cool$ ) ! fir/ heat+4 ,by ano!r me?od ! pieces are plac$ 9 an iron ladle ) cyanide ( potassium & heat$4 ,iron may be heat$ r$ & roll$ 9 ! cyanide1 !n reheat$ & plung$ into wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 h&l+ cyanide z ev5 ! fumes are poison\s4 ,color+ ,/eel4 ,v bright pieces ( s(t /eel c be case h>d5$ & color$ at ! same "t4 ,9 do+ ?is1 cyanide is heat$ 9 an iron box1 & ! /eel articles are put into x4 ,:5 heat$ !y are remov$ & dipp$ into a solution ( wat] & salt pet] to cool & h>d5 !m4 ,?is gives !m a mottl$ effect ) _m colors4 ,a p9t ( salt pet] to ab\t f\r gallons ( wat] makes a solution /rong en\gh4 ,?is ba? becomes poison$ f ! cyanide4 ,x %\ld be kept clean & label$ 8,poison40 ,anneal+4 ,a piece ( metal ( any k9d is said to be 8anneal$0 :5 made v s(t4 ,/eel %\ld be anneal$ be=e x is fil$1 drill$1 or ma*9$1 z x is a v h>d metal to "w :5 cold4 ,! me?od ( anneal+ is fir/ to heat ! piece to a r$ heat4 ,x is !n cov]$ ) w>m1 slack$ lime s t ! air w n come 9 contact ) x until cool4 ,a simple way to anneal1 :5 9 a hurry1 is to heat ! /eel r$1 sett+ x 9 a dry place on ! =ge until black4 ,x is !n plung$ into wat] quickly & br\ght out4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! piece is cool4 ,/eel is also anneal$ by heat+ ! piece r$ & sett+ x on ! =ge until cool4 ,! sl[] /eel is cool$1 ! s(t] x becomes4 ,wr\ght iron & mild /eel =g+s %\ld always be anneal$ :5 us$ 9 "w :]e !re is dang] ( break+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf 7above74 ,fig4 #aag 7bel[74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,scrat* ,awl4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ah4--,scrat*-,awl4 ,?is tool is us$ to scrat* holes on ! surface ( metal1 & also to lay out %apes on metal4 ,figure #aaf %[s ! dim5sions ( /ock4 ,! piece %\ld be c>bon /eel4 ,"o & "o-half in*es f "o end1 ! b> is drawn out until x measures #b in*es 9 l5g?1 z %[n 9 ,figure #aag4 ,x is !n b5t on an angle z %[n 9 ,figure #aah4 ,?is "p is n[ heat$ & hamm]$ ov] ! horn ( ! anvil to =m ! eye or r+4 ,x is !n twi/$ by cat*+ "o end 9 ! vise & twi/+ to ! "r4 ,! po9t is next drawn out z %[n 9 ,figure #aai4 ,! po9t is !n gr\nd or fil$ & ! awl temp]$ h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,scrat* ,awl ,complete4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ai--;,c5t]-,pun*4 ,figure #abj %[s ! size ( /ock & ,figure #aba %[s ! c5t]-pun* complet$4 ,! top "p is fir/ made1 !n ! bottom is drawn out to a tap]4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x is fir/ drawn squ>e1 !n eight sid$ & f9ally r\nd$4 ,! po9t is gr\nd & ! pun* is temp]$ to a purple color4 ,= heavy c5t]+ a l>g] size /eel %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj 7above74 ,c5t] ,pun*4 ,fig4 #aba 7bel[74 ,ex]cise ,no4 #bj--;,h&-,pun*4 ,h&-pun*es are made ( v>i\s sizes ( /ock1 941 94 & 941 & are us$ = hot pun*+4 ,figure #abb %[s ! size ( /ock = a pun* t w be useful 9 ! s*ool %op1 & ,figure #abc %[s ! complet$ pun*4 ,x is made 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! c5t]-pun*4 ,?is pun* mu/ n be temp]$4 ,= pun*+ squ>e holes ! pun* is drawn squ>e1 & ! ends ( all h&-pun*es are made small] ?an ! hole to be pun*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,/ock = ,pun*4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,complet$ ,pun*4 ,high spe$ /eels1 due to _! h>dness & durability1 reta9 _! edge :5 cutt+ at extremely high spe$s4 ,x has only be5 ( rec5t ye>s t high spe$ /eels came into use4 ,be=e ?is "t self-h>d5+ /eels 7 made by ,jessop & ,mu%et :i* 7 9 g5]al use4 ,!y 7 temp]$ by heat+ to a d>k r$ & left to cool 9 ! air4 ,! high spe$ /eels ( today are heat$ to #b1jjj or #b1bjj ,fahr41 or a :ite heat bord]+ on a weld+ heat4 ,! *emical composition ( ^! new /eels are only kn[n by _! mak]s4 ,h[ev]1 x is said t !y conta9 c>bon1 tung/51 *romium1 manganese & o!r elem5ts4 ,! great advantage 9 us+ high spe$ /eel1 is t a ma*9e c be run ?ree times z fa/ z "o us+ c>bon /eel1 )\t de/roy+ ! edge ( ! tool4 ,! output is !re=e great]4 ,( c\rse1 9 ord] to =ce ?is /eel to d a great am\nt ( "w ! ma*9e tools %\ld be con/ruct$ to /& heavy /ra9s4 ,all k9ds ( tools are n[ be+ made f high spe$ /eel4 ,= light la! "w1 high spe$ /eel is us$ 9 ! adju/able tool hold]4 ,! mo/ common tool = do+ heavy "w is ! r\nd nose :i* is made f v>i\s size /eel4 ,high spe$ tool /eel is sold "u _m br&s4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ is ab\t ! same = all4 ,h[ev] ea* manufactur] w give ! me?od :i* is be/ = 8 p>ticul> make ( /eel4 ,9 =g+ high spe$ la! tools1 a furnace or clean fire ) pl5ty ( coke is us$4 ,! /eel is heat$ to a bright r$ heat1 hold+ ! /eel at ?is heat z ne>ly z possible :5 hamm]+4 ,=g+ at a l[ heat is liable to cause ! /eel to bur/4 ,:5 ! tool is =g$1 x is laid 9 a dry place on ! =ge to cool4 ,:5 h>d5+1 ! po9t ( ! tool is br\ght to a :ite weld+ heat1 ab\t #b1ajj ,fahr41 & ?is is noticeable by ! appe>ance ( melt$ borax1 =m+ on ! nose4 ,! tool is n[ held 9 a compress$ air bla/1 or dipp$ into sp]m1 l9se$ or l>d oil until cool4 ,anneal+ ,high ,spe$ ,/eel4 ,! process is ! same z ! "o us$ = c>bon /eel1 heat+ to a r$ heat & cov]+ ! piece ) slack$ lime until cold4 ,9 cutt+ high spe$ tool /eel1 ! b> may be nick$ ) ! em]y :eel1 !n brok54 ,9 work+ tool /eel or iron ( any weight ! bl[s ( ! hamm] mu/ be heavy4 ,light bl[s /ret* ! out] "p ( ! metal & n ! c5t]4 ,?is is liable to fracture x4 ,! bl[ mu/ be heavy s z to p5etrate ?ru ! b>4 ,a trip hamm] ( ord9>y size run by a belt is a v economical tool = ! s*ool %op4 ,x is inexp5sive & c be us$ to advantage 9 draw+ out l>ge pieces ( /ock1 especially tool /eel4 ,e pupil %\ld h m or less practice 9 ! h&l+ ( a trip or /eam hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,,ii--,,art ,,smi?+ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,"w--,mak+ a ,wr\ght ,iron ,leaf--,mak+ a ,volute ,scroll--,grilles4 ,at ! pres5t "t great int]e/ is be+ tak5 9 ! tea*+ ( art "w 9 our public s*ools4 ,e s*ool ( importance is do+ some?+ 9 ! way ( giv+ ! pupils a k ( art4 ,"o work+ 9 ! s*ool crafts %\ld /udy art4 ,!re is no craft "w t "o c d well )\t ?is tra9+4 ,) art tra9+ "o c see defects 9 8 "w mu* quick] ?an )\t su* tra9+4 ,9 fact1 x op5s up a new _w ( possibilities to ! workman4 ,! m "o is conv9c$ ( ! value ( ?oro acqua9tance ) ! m$ium 9 :i* he is work+1 ! high] ! class ( "w he produces4 ,all f9e workm5 9 any craft h m or less ability to draw4 ,?is n only gives !m p[] to transf] _! conceptions to pap]1 b x also helps !m 9 ! execution ( ! "w4 ,! iron-work] 9 p>ticul> %\ld practice free-h& draw+4 ,x enables him to =m 8 mat]ial into prop] %ape4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 =ge "w is fa%ion$ into %ape by eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,=g$ ,leaf4 ,wr\ght iron-"w is "o ( ! olde/ ( ! h&icrafts4 ,x 0 ext5sively practic$ by ! anci5ts & c>ri$ to a high degree ( excell5ce1 bo? 9 execution & design4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & up to ! sev5te5? c5tury "s ( ! f9e/ examples 7 produc$4 ,a /udy ( ! old] =ms1 especially ^? ( ,m$ieval ,g]man production1 %[s iron fa%ion$ 9 keep+ ) its prop]ties & ) ! _s ( ! craftsman4 ,x is impossible to utilize natural =ms 9 wr\ght iron )\t conv5tion4 ,reali/ic iron fl[]s are inconsi/5t ) ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y are execut$4 ,!y kill ! /r5g? & de/roy ! "* ( ! metal4 ,?is %\ld be le>n$ e>ly by "o work+ 9 iron4 ,:5 ! iron-work] ( ! pa/ imitat$ nature too closely 9 leaf & fl[]1 he fail$ z a design] & 8 "w det]iorat$4 ,iron z a crude metal mu/ be fa%ion$ into %apes t are suitable & practical = ! mat]ial4 ,= in/ance1 x readily all[s itself to be work$ into graceful curv$ =ms :i* c be us$ to advantage 9 grille "w4 ,x may be surface-decorat$ by us+ *as+ tools4 ,?is may be done on hot or cold metal1 dep5d+ ^u ! dep? want$4 ,iron may also be punctur$ ) op5+s ?ru ! metal :i* give ! play ( light & %ad[ t is v pleas+4 ,grotesque figures & an endless v>iety ( leaf =ms may also be work$ 9 iron4 ,^! %\ld be conv5tionaliz$4 ,emboss$ or rep\sse "w may be done to advantage4 ,9 do+ ?is ! metal :ile hot is hamm]$ on ! end gra9 ( elm wood & on =ms made f iron4 ,:5 cold x is hamm]$ on lead1 & /eel tools are us$ to %>p5 up ! detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,cutt+ ,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,model+ ,hamm]4 ,9 ,figure #a is %[n a leaf made f ,numb] #af %eet /eel & ,figure #b %[s a patt]n ( ! same leaf4 ,9 mak+ a leaf ( ?is k9d1 a full-size draw+ is made j z x %\ld look :5 model$4 ,f ?is draw+ a patt]n is develop$ z ! leaf w\ld look :5 9 ! flat4 ,x is impossible to lay x out accurately4 ,! me?od us$ is to f9d ! /ret* out ( ! leaf by measur+ along its greate/ l5g?4 ,?is c be done by us+ a pair ( divid]s4 ,! l5g? f\nd is !n laid (f on ! metal4 ,! wide/ p>ts ( ! leaf are !n measur$ & laid on ! metal4 ,hav+ ! l5g? & wid?1 ! re/ c be sket*$ 94 ,! leaf is n[ cut out ) a n>r[ cold *isel t c be made to foll[ ! curv$ l9e4 ,?is cutt+ %\ld be done :ile ! metal is cold4 ,! leaf %[n 9 ! illu/ration has be5 flut$ ) a /eel h&-tool4 ,9 do+ ?is a tool z %[n 9 ,figure #c is us$4 ,?is tool is made smoo?1 r\nd$ at ! base l an ord9>y full] & !n h>d5$4 ,! flut+ is also done :ile ! metal is cold4 ,l9es are m>k$ on ! metal ) a slate p5cil & !n sunk5 ) ! tool & hamm]4 ,9 model+ ! leaf a hamm] l ! "o %[n 9 ,figure #d is us$4 ,x is call$ ! model+ hamm]4 ,?is hamm] has a ball on "o end & a pe9 on ! o!r1 bo? ( :i* are made v smoo? & )\t %>p corn]s4 ,^! hamm]s are made 9 v>i\s sizes4 ,9 modell+ ! leaf x is heat$ & hamm]$ on ! back side ) ! ball ( ! hamm]1 us+ ! elm block to hamm] on4 ,! ends ( ! lobes are !n =m$ to give ! :ole a decorative effect4 ,^! leaves are g5]ally us$ 9 grille "w & are weld$ into position4 ,9 ,figure #e is %[n "p ( a grille ) a simil> leaf weld$ on4 ,9 weld+ leaves to ! memb]s ( grille "w ! bottom "p ( ! leaf is =m$ ar\nd ! b>2 caught ) a pair ( tongs1 x is heat$1 us+ a flux :5 hot4 ,x is !n tak5 to ! anvil & weld$4 ,a small coll> is f9ally weld$ 9 front ( ! leaf z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,grille ) ,leaf4 ,! leaves %[n 9 ! illu/rations are made to cov] ! grille on b "o side4 ,if a grille is to be se5 f bo? sides :5 9 place1 ! leaves are cut out symmetrically & !n b5t & model$ to fit ov] ! top & sides ( ! b>s s t !y appe> f9i%$ f bo? sides4 ,figure #f %[s ! patt]n ( su* a leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,patt]n ( ,leaf4 ,! foll[+ ex]cises w be ( a simple nature to give ! beg9n] an idea ( ! tools & processes us$ 9 produc+ ?is k9d ( "w by h&4 ,! writ] does n claim t ! foll[+ me?od is ! only "o to be us$ 9 do+ ?is "w4 ,!re are _m o!r ways to execute ^! ex]cises & "o %\ld use 8 own +5uity 9 design+ & execut+ individual pieces4 ,x is hop$ t pupils w be enc\rag$ to orig9ate designs ( _! own to "w out 9 ?is int]e/+ metal4 ,! tools us$ 9 mak+ ^! ex]cises w be ! ord9>y =ge %op tools t c be made1 & w be describ$ lat] on1 z !y are ne$$4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,volute ,scrolls4 ,volute ,scroll4 ,?is ex]cise is giv5 9 ord] to famili>ize "o ) ! b5d+ ( curv$ =ms & also to tra9 ! h& & eye 9 do+ free-h& "w4 ,no metal l5ds itself m readily to ! b5d+ ( curves ?an wr\ght iron4 ,! scroll is an important elem5t 9 ! design+ ( iron doors1 w9d[ grilles1 etc4 ,9 b5d+1 ! scroll mu/ n h k9ks or flat places1 b a gradual curve4 ,if x is desir$ to sugge/ /r5g?1 ! scroll is coil$ tightly2 or if lightness ( effect is desir$1 x is coil$ loosely4 ,9 mak+ a scroll to fit "s p>ticul> place a draw+ is made ) *alk on a surface plate4 ,! scroll is !n measur$ along ! l9e ) a /r+ to f9d its l5g?4 ,9 ,figure #g are %[n draw+s ( typical scrolls4 ,! "o at ,a %[s too mu* space betwe5 ! coils4 ,! scroll at ,b is top-heavy ow+ to ! coils be+ equal 9 size4 ,! "o at ,c has a cont9u\s curve ) unequal coils :i* balance bett]4 ,9 b5d+ a scroll f a flat piece ( /ock1 z %[n 9 ,figure #h1 ! end is heat$ & hamm]$ on ! corn]s to make x r\nd at "o end4 ,x is !n b5t ov] ! out] edge ( ! anvil1 z %[n 9 ,figure #i ,a & ,b1 to =m ! eye4 ,x is !n heat$ = a consid]able "p ( its l5g? & roll$ up z %[n at ,c4 ,if any k9ks get into ! b> !y c be rectifi$ by hamm]+ on ! horn4 ,?is is ! me?od us$ 9 =m+ a scroll ) ! hamm]4 ,9 heat+ ! b> to be roll$ into scroll =m1 x mu/ n be heat$ to a :ite heat4 ,scrolls are also b5t ov] =ms :5 a great numb] are want$4 ,heavy scrolls are =m$ by b5d+ 9 a b5d+ =k t fits into a squ>e hole 9 ! anvil4 7,see =k 9 ,figure #aj47 ,a monkey wr5* is us$ to b5d ! b> :5 9 ! =k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,b5d+ ,=k4 ,9 ,figure #aa & ,figure #ab are %[n grilles :i* are made f flat /ock4 ,! scrolls 9 ?is case 7 made aft] ! b>s _h be5 weld$ 9 place4 ,!y c\ld be made fir/ & !n rivet$ or fa/5$ ) iron b&s1 b weld+ ( c\rse makes a bett] job4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,grille4 ,9 ,figure #ac is %[n a draw+ = a weld$ scroll4 ,notice ! dott$ l9e at ,a4 ,?is is :]e ! weld is made4 ,at ,b1 ! pieces are %[n 9 position to be weld$ by ! sep>ate heat me?od4 ,9 do+ ?is ! l5g? is measur$ on ! draw+ ) a /r+1 & ! ?ree pieces cut4 ,! two %ort ones are upset2 & "o is laid on top ( ! o!r2 !n heat$ & weld$ at ! same "t !y are sc>f$4 ,! long piece is upset & weld$ to ! %ort "o4 ,!y are !n =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,grille4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,twi/+--,braid+--,mak+ a ,fire ,%ovel4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,twi/+4 ,a piece ( "o-half in* squ>e /ock1 n9e in*es long1 is heat$ its entire l5g?1 "o end caught 9 a vise & ) a monkey wr5* or heavy pair ( tongs on ! o!r1 x is twi/$ to ! "r4 ,if ! heat is an ev5 "o & n too hot1 ! spac+ ( ! twi/ w be uni=m4 ,9 case "o "p twi/s fa/] ?an ano!r1 a little wat] is us$ to cool t "p4 ,! beauty ( twi/$ "w dep5ds on hav+ ! spac+ uni=m betwe5 ! turns4 7,see ,figure #ad47 ,flat /ock c also be twi/$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,to /raight5 twi/$ "w1 x is heat$ r$1 set on ! end gra9 ( elm wood & hamm]$ ) a wood5 mallet4 ,! mallet us$ 9 ?is "w %\ld be made f hickory4 ,= heavy /rik+ a little b& ( iron c be put on ! mallet a half-in* f "o end1 s t ! mallet w n split4 ,! block on :i* to /raight5 ! iron %\ld be ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree feet high4 ,a %ort block ab\t eight in*es wide & twelve in*es long may be set into ! coal box1 hav+ coal "u & ar\nd x to hold x 9 place4 ,?is makes a v h&y block on :i* to bump up light pieces ( metal or to /raight5 metal4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #c4 ,figure #ae %[s ! dim5sions ( /ock = a twi/$ pok]-h&le4 ,! f\r -in* rods are upset on "o end until !y measure six in*es4 ,!y are !n weld$ toge!r on ?is end4 ,?is is done by fir/ twi/+ a /rong b9d+ wire ar\nd ! rods to keep !m 9 place :ile tak+ ! heat4 7,see ,figure #af47 ,9 weld+1 !y are weld$ directly on ! ends & sc>f$ z %[n 9 ,figure #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,pok] ,h&les4 ,notice t ! sc>f is made s t ! po9t ( ! sc>f on ! o!r piece w come onto a "o-qu>t] in* rod & n betwe5 ! two4 ,! sc>f mu/ n be hamm]$ f>!r back f ! ends ?an -in*4 ,! -in* b> is n[ upset on "o end & sc>f$4 ,! two p>ts are !n weld$1 smoo?+ ! weld ) ! h& hamm]4 ,! end ( ! h&le is weld$ directly at ! ends ( ! rods4 ,! entire h&le is heat$ uni=mly1 caught 9 a vise & twi/$ to ! "r4 ,if any "p twi/s fa/] ?an ano!r1 t "p is cool$ ) wat] dropp$ f a hole 9 ! bottom ( a t9 cup4 ,9 twi/+ ! h&le1 ! b> is caught 9 ! vise4 ,a /rong pair ( tongs are us$ on ! end ( ! h&le to twi/ x1 or ! end ( ! h&le c be caught ) a monkey wr5*4 ,! po9t ( ! pok] is drawn to a squ>e po9t & !n flatt5$4 ,9 mak+ pok]s or %ovels1 ! /ock may be ei!r r\nd or squ>e4 ,9 ,figure #ag are %[n "s h&les t are suitable = pok]s or %ovels4 ,a me?od ( braid+ ! la/ h&le %[n 9 ! illu/ration is to weld f\r -94 rods ( ei!r r\nd or squ>e /ock to a piece ( -in* r\nd /ock4 ,two ( ! rods are !n b5t ov] at "r angles to ! "o-half in* piece4 ,! o!rs are b5t ov] !m1 & s on until f9i%$4 ,! f\r rods are !n weld$ at ! top & a r+ turn$4 ,! la/ illu/ration %[s ! me?od ( b5d+ ! rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,%ovel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,%ovel ,h&le4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #d4 ,%ovel4--,figure #ah %[s ! dim5sions & =m ( ! ex]cise4 ,9 mak+ ! h&le1 -94 squ>e /ock is us$4 ,! piece is cut #be in*es long4 ,on "o end ! piece is upset consid]ably 9 ord] to get a good siz$ head4 ,five in*es f ! end ( ! head a l9e is cut on f\r sides ) a *isel4 ,?is "p is !n hamm]$ ) a ball hamm] :ile hot to give x a r\gh texture z %[n 9 ,figure #ai4 ,! o!r end ( ! h&le is upset a little1 b5t on an angle & flatt5$1 lett+ x get z wide z x w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! developm5t ( ! patt]n = ! %ovel blade is %[n 9 ,figure #bj4 ,at ! top is %[n a side & end elevation ( ! %ovel4 ,! dim5sions %\ld be drawn full size4 ,! %apes ( ! sides & ( ! ends are f\nd by measur+ f ! elevation4 ,! patt]n %\ld be made f %eet iron & kept = future use4 ,9 =m+ ! %ovel1 ! sides are fir/ b5t up by us+ ! vise & heel ( ! anvil4 ,?is =m+ mu/ be done :ile ! metal is cold4 ,! end ( ! %ovel may be b5t by hamm]+ x ov] a heavy1 flat piece ( iron4 ,! corn]s are hamm]$ ar\nd ! sides by cat*+ ! %ovel 9 ! vise4 ,!y are fa/5$ by drill+ holes ?ru bo? pieces & rivet+ !m1 us+ a rivet set to f9i% ! rivets4 ,9 fa/5+ ! h&le to ! blade or %ovel1 ?ree ,numb] #aj r\nd-head rivets are us$4 ,if desir$1 ! h&le c be made f l>g] /ock1 also increas+ ! size & ! ?ickness ( ! %ovel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,door ,lat*4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,mak+ a ,door-lat*--,mak+ a ,h+e--,mak+ a ,c&le-/ick4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #e4 ,door lat*4--,9 ,figure #ba is %[n a lat* = a d\ble door4 ,9 ,figure #bb are %[n ! dim5sions ( ! two plates & ! b> lat*4 ,9 mak+ ! plates1 a piece ( s(t /eel1 #b 94 wide & -94 ?ick is us$4 ,! design is sket*$ on ! metal & five -94 holes are drill$ 9 ea* plate :]e ! squ>e holes come 9 ! design4 ,! plates are !n heat$ & a squ>e pun* is us$ to drift out ! holes4 ,! outside edges are !n cut4 ,! plate is heat$ & ) a squ>e pun* ! metal is set d[n to give x ! int]lac$ effect z %[n 9 ,figure #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! plates are n[ fil$ to /raight5 ! squ>e holes1 & ! holes on ! corn]s = screws are drill$4 ,figure #bd repres5ts ! cat*1 :i* c be made z %[n1 & ! knob :i* is work$ out on ! end ( a rod1 z %[n 9 ,figure #be4 ,x is hamm]$ on ! out] edge ( ! anvil4 ,aft] ea* bl[ x is turn$ until f9i%$4 ,!n x is cut (f & ! t5on is fil$4 ,! gu>d %[n 9 ,figure #bf is cut f a flat piece z repres5t$4 ,! b> is made f by -94 /ock1 drill$1 & a slot is saw$ = ! spr+4 ,! spr+ is ab\t by -94 & c be made f spr+ /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,figure #bg repres5ts a h+e t c be made f -94 s(t /eel4 ,aft] ! design is sket*$ ) a slate p5cil on ! metal1 ! op5 p>ts are drill$ & cut out4 ,! outside is next cut ) a *isel & ! edges are fil$ smoo?4 ,! eye or jo9t ( ! h+e is =m$ )\t weld+1 by hamm]+ x ar\nd an eye p9 ( ! desir$ size4 ,! prongs or projections to =m ! knuckle are fil$ s t !y fit into "o ano!r4 ,! int]lac+ is done ) a squ>e end pun* 9 ! same mann] z expla9$ = ! lat*4 ,a great v>iety ( designs ( ?is k9d c be made to advantage 9 iron4 ,a draw+ ( a simple /rap h+e is %[n 9 ,figure #bh4 ,! "p ( ! /rap at ,a on ! draw+ is made great] 9 l5g? ?an wid? = appe>ance4 ,?is gives ! /rap app>5t /r5g? & emphasizes its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,c&le-/ick4 ,! h+e c be made any l5g? desir$ b %\ld be c>efully proportion$2 ! eye c be made loose or weld$4 ,9 weld+ a h+e-eye ! lap %\ld always be on ! back4 ,note ! draw+ ( ! eye ready = weld+ 9 ,figure #bi4 ,9 mak+ h+es1 ! mak+ ( ! eye is always ! fir/ op]ation4 ,a weld$ eye makes ! /ronge/ h+e2 b x c be made ) a loose eye if desir$4 ,9 b5d+ & f9i%+ ! eye1 an eye-p9 %\ld be us$ to true ! hole4 ,an eye-p9 is a piece ( r\nd /eel ( ! desir$ size drawn tap]+ on ea* end s t x c be driv5 ?ru a hole4 ,! projections t =m ! jo9t = a loose eye h+e %\ld be cut out be=e ! eye is made4 ,if ! /ock is light1 ! jo9t 9 ei!r a loose or a weld$ h+e c be fil$ or saw$ aft] ! eye is turn$4 ,9 a heavy eye ! projections are laid (f & m>k$ on ! metal :ile flat4 ,! b> is !n heat$ & split l5g?wise f "o side1 />t+ -in* f ! end1 & cutt+ long en\gh to make ! eye4 ,! eye is !n =m$ & weld$1 & pieces are cut out leav+ alt]nat+ projections :i* c be fil$ to fit4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #f is a c&le-/ick4 ,! reproduction1 ,figure #cj1 %[s ! f9i%$ piece4 ,! draw+1 ,figure #ca1 at ,a1 gives ! dim5sions2 at ,b1 is %[n ! patt]n ( ! bottom 9 ! flat4 ,! bottom is cut f a %eet ( s(t /eel1 us+ a n>r[ cold *isel4 ,! edge is !n fil$ & b5t up ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in*4 ,9 do+ s1 x is hamm]$ ov] a r\nd block or iron :i* fits into ! squ>e hole ( ! anvil4 ,see ,figure #cb4 ,! h&le is =m$ by heat+ x1 & hamm]+ x ov] ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,9 mak+ ! socket to hold ! c&le z %[n at ,c1 ,figure #ca1 ! piece is cut f numb] #bj s(t /eel4 ,at ,d1 is illu/rat$ ! /ock cut ready = =m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 cutt+ ?is piece1 ! %ape is sket*$ ) a slate p5cil on ! metal4 ,five holes are n[ drill$1 ! c5t] hole1 94 9 diamet] & f\r -94 holes at ! base ( leaves4 ,a n>r[ cold *isel is !n us$ :i* w cut on a curv$ l9e4 ,! edges ( ! pieces are !n fil$2 ! piece is heat$ & hamm]$ on ! elm block to raise x4 ,9 rais+ ! socket1 x is heat$ 9 ! c5t]1 set ov] a depression 9 ! block & hamm]$4 ,?is br+s ! w+s or leaves up4 ,!y are br\ght up until !y ov]lap "o ano!r1 ! leaves =m+ a squ>e box4 ,! :ole piece is !n heat$1 plac$ on ! end ( a -94 r\nd b>1 sett+ ! :ole into a swage1 & ! leaves are fitt$ ar\nd ! b> by hamm]+4 ,! socket is !n rivet$ 9 place4 ,a rivet is put 9 ! end ( ! h&le to hold x 9 place4 ,! c&le-/ick is n[ smoo!d ) a file & smok$ ov] ! fire1 !n oil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr\ght ,iron ,lant]n4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mak+ a ,draw] ,pull--,*as+--,mak+ a ,door-knock]--,rep\sse--,p]=at$ ,decoration4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #g4 ,draw] pulls c be ( "o "p1 ! h&le be+ fa/5$ directly to ! draw]1 or !y may be ( two p>ts1 ! h&le & plate4 ,! h&le c be made /ation>y on ! plate or movable4 ,9 ,figure #cc are %[n "s h+es1 draw] pulls & key escut*eons4 ,! op5 "w is cut out :ile ! /ock is hot1 or if light /ock is us$1 x may be drill$1 cut & fil$ :ile ! plate is cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! /ock us$ 9 mak+ a plate = a pull1 some:at l ^? illu/rat$1 is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #cd4 ,aft] ! plate is cut to size1 :i* is done cold ) a h& *isel1 ! outside surface is hamm]$ :ile hot ) a ball hamm]1 draw+ ! plate a little ?9n] ne> ! edge4 ,?is hamm]+ gives ! surface a r\gh texture4 ,! edges are n[ gr\nd or fil$ to %ape & ! holes are drill$ z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! r\nd holes are = screws to fa/5 ! pull1 & ! squ>e holes are to fa/5 lugs1 on :i* ! h&le is to sw+4 ,! lugs are %[n 9 ,figure #ce4 ,! t5on c be fil$1 ! top r\nd$1 ! holes drill$1 & ! lugs rivet$ into ! plate4 ,:5 rivet+ ! lugs1 !y are caught 9 a vise1 ! plate set on & ! t5ons are rivet$ tight into ! holes4 ,! squ>e holes 9 ! plate %\ld be c\nt]sunk a little on ! back be=e ! lugs are rivet$4 ,! h&le is a movable "o1 & ! draw+ is %[n 9 ,figure #cf4 ,! diff]5t /eps 9 mak+ ! h&le are repres5t$ 9 ,figure #cg4 ,:5 ! /ock1 :i* %\ld be s(t /eel1 is cut1 ! ends are heat$ & drawn out tap]+ to in* at ! end4 ,"o-&-a-half in*es f ea* end ( ! b> is m>k$ ) a c5t] pun*4 ,! ends are n[ b5t ov] in*1 !n ! b> is b5t at ! c5t] m>ks4 ,:5 ! h&le is =m$ to fit ! plate x is smoo!d ) a file4 ,if desir$1 a l9e c be *as$ on ! h&le & ar\nd ! edge ( plate4 ,9 do+ ?is a %ort1 light *isel is us$4 ,aft] l9es are trac$ on ! plate ) a slate p5cil ! *isel is set on ! l9e & /ruck ) a light hamm]2 at ! same "t x is drawn t[>ds ! work] ) ! lead corn] ( ! cutt+ edge directly on & above ! l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! *isel %\ld receive rapid1 light bl[s & be cont9ually mov$ t[>d ! workman4 ,! lead corn] ( ! *isel %\ld be guid$ onto ! l9e :ile ! o!r corn] is do+ ! cutt+4 ,see ,figure #ch1 a r l>ge siz$ draw+ ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! *isel4 ,:5 ! l9es are *as$ ) ! *isel1 !y %\ld be gone ov] aga9 ) q h>d bl[s ( ! hamm]1 =c+ ! *isel d[n to make ! l9es q pron\nc$4 ,to put ! h&le 9 place on ! plate1 x is heat$ & sprung into ! holes ( ! lugs4 ,! la/ ?+ to d 9 f9i%+ all "w ( ?is k9d is to heat x to a d>k r$4 ,all scale & dirt is !n scrap$ (f2 :5 cool1 "s oil is put on4 ,= ?is k9d ( "w1 ma*9e oil is good4 ,! reason x is heat$ to a d>k1 ev5 r$ heat is t :5 cool ! h&le & ! plate w h ! same color & texture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #h4 ,9 ,figure #ci are %[n "s h+es1 lat*es & door knock]s4 ,figure #dj is a draw+ ( a simple knock]4 ,! plate is cut out & ! l9e ar\nd ! edge is *as$ ) a tool4 ,! *as+ tool is simply a cold *isel gr\nd to a %ort bevel & r\nd$ some:at l a full]1 z %[n 9 ,figure #da4 ,a %ort *isel is us$ = cold "w & a long] "o = hot "w4 ,! *as+ c be done :ile ! metal is cold4 ,if x is to be v deep or wide ! plate is heat$ & a long] *isel is us$4 ,! lug at ,figure #db is made & rivet$ into ! plate4 ,! top ( ! hamm] is fil$ to /raddle x4 ,a hole is !n drill$ & a rivet put ?ru4 ,holes are drill$ ar\nd ! edge ( ! plate = screws or nails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,fig4 #db4 ,9 mak+ ! hamm] a piece ( -in* squ>e1 s(t /eel is us$4 ,x is upset on "o end to get ! /ock l>ge en\gh = ! bottom ( ! hamm]4 ,! b> is !n drawn out on ! horn z %[n at ,figure #dc4 ,! top "p is =m$ z %[n at ,figure #dd4 ,l9es are *as$ on ! front ( hamm] z %[n 9 ! draw+2 ?is c be done aft] x is =m$4 ,if ! l9es are to be v deep x %\ld be done :ile ! piece is /raight & heat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,fig4 #dd4 ,!re is ample room = design 9 ! mak+ ( door knock]s1 bo? = outside & inside doors ( dwell+s4 ,knock] plates = doors on ! inside ( dwell+s c be elaborat$ by a comb9ation ( rep\sse1 *as+ & p]=at$ decoration :i* give a v>iety ( light & %ad[4 ,p]=at$ plates c be back$ up ) color$ lea!r or clo? :i* gives a v pleas+ contra/ to ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,9 ,figure #de is %[n an int]ior door knock]4 ,x is back$ up ) color$ lea!r4 ,! plates are made ( -94 ?ick1 s(t /eel4 ,aft] ! plates are cut out1 ! op5+s are m>k$ ) a slate p5cil & gone ov] ) a %ort cold *isel to m>k !m4 ,! plate is !n heat$1 & ! "p enclos$ by ! *isel l9e is cut out4 ,a v n>r[ *isel1 #ab 94 long1 is us$ to d ! cutt+4 ,! cutt+ is all done f ! outside4 ,?is gives ! edge a slight bevel4 ,! edges ( op5 places are tru$ up ) a file4 ,! op5+s mu/ n be fil$ too exact & smoo?4 ,! mo/ ess5tial ?+ to look aft] is =m2 ! "w looks be/ :5 x %[s h&work & is n me*anical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,h&work is mo/ 9 keep+ ) ! design & ! mat]ial4 ,! l9es on ! plate are *as$ ) a n>r[ *isel & ! foliat$ =m bump$ out f ! back by hamm]+ on ! end gra9 ( ! elm block4 ,! hamm] t does ! knock+ is h+$ on ! top plate s t ! bottom "p moves out & 9 :5 knock+4 ,v ?9 r$ lea!r is glu$ on ! back ( ! plate ) fi% glue4 ,! diamet] ( ! top plate is #d-;941 ! bottom #b-;941 & ! hamm] is #f-;94 long4 ,a good me?od ( work+ out ideas = pieces ( ?is "* is to make num]\s r\gh sket*es on pap] ) a lead p5cil1 mak+ "o l9e ov] ano!r )\t eras+4 ,:5 "o gets :at he ?9ks is good x is r$rawn & p]fect$4 ,x may !n be work$ 9 ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,at ,figure #df is %[n a door knock] h+$ at ! top4 ,! plate is "o piece4 ,at ,figure #dg are %[n ! dim5sions ( ! plate4 ,aft] ! %ape ( ! plate is sket*$ on ! metal1 ! l9es are trac$ ) a *isel4 ,! op5 "w is !n cut out1 & ! outside ( ! plate is cut & fil$4 ,! c5t] leaf at ! top ( ! plate is indicat$ by =c+ ! metal d[n along ! top edge ( ! leaf ) a pun*1 also at ! bottom to =m ! int]lace4 ,! plate %\ld be hot :5 ?is is done4 ,! hamm] %[n 9 ,figure #dh %\ld be =g$ f -94 squ>e1 s(t /eel4 ,! lug %[n on ! draw+ is to be made & rivet$ into ! top ( ! plate4 ,! hamm] is !n plac$ ov] ! lug1 & ! lug is drill$ to con=m to ! drill$ holes 9 ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! *as+ on ! plate & hamm] is done ) a *isel z previ\sly expla9$4 ,a gauge %\ld be made f a piece ( /eel to scrat* ! guide l9es on ! plate = ! *as+ z %[n 9 ,figure #dh4 ,^! l9es are !n cut ) ! *isel4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,mak+ a ,hat & ,coat ,hook--,a ,full]--,jump ,weld+--,mak+ a ,wall ,hook4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,hat & ,coat ,hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,figure #di repres5ts a hat-&-coat hook4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ?is piece1 ! plate %\ld be made f ,no4 #ad s(t /eel4 ,! dim5sions are %[n 9 ,figure #ej4 ,! %ape ( ! plate c be drawn on heavy pap]1 :i* is aft]w>d cut out & us$ z a patt]n :5 mak+ ! plate f metal4 ,aft] ! plate is cut out ) a cold *isel1 x is gr\nd or fil$ on ! edges4 ,! holes are next drill$1 & ! l9es are cut on ! surface z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,9 cutt+ ! l9es1 a %ort1 n>r[ cold *isel is us$ = *as+ 9 ! same mann] z previ\sly describ$4 ,! l9es on ! leaf %\ld be made q deep4 ,a full] is %[n 9 ,figure #ej1 :i* is us$ to make ! l9es /ill deep]4 ,! full] %\ld h ! edge smoo?1 & )\t %>p corn]s4 ,! plate %\ld be clamp$ on to a surface plate :ile mak+ ! l9es4 ,! full] is !n set on ! cut l9es & /ruck ) ! h& hamm]1 *as+ ! tool to ! ends ( ! l9es4 ,?is "w c1 also1 be done to advantage by heat+ ! plate & hav+ a help] hold x on ! anvil :ile full]+ ! l9es4 ,:5 all ! l9es are made1 ! leaf is heat$1 set on ! elm block & hamm]$ on ! back to raise ! end ( ! lobes z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! hook is made f iron4 ,figure #ea repres5ts ! dim5sions ( /ock = ! hook4 ,! lug is weld$ on1 & ! ends ( ! b> are r\nd$ ready to be =m$4 ,aft] ! /ock is cut1 x is upset six in*es f "o end to enl>ge x s t ! lug c be weld$ on4 ,! /ock f :i* ! lug is made is cut #c in*es long1 upset on end1 & split 9 ! vise in* deep z %[n at ,figure #eb4 ,! split end %\ld be =m$ z %[n4 ,9 weld+1 sep>ate heats are tak51 & ! lug is jump$ onto ! b> z %[n 9 ,figure #ec4 ,! fir/ bl[s are /ruck directly on ! end ( ! lug1 !n ! lips are weld$4 ,figure #ea %[s ! l5g? ( ! piece be=e ! knobs are =m$4 ,9 mak+ ! knobs at ! end1 !y %\ld be upset z %[n 9 ,figure #ed4 ,!y are !n hamm]$ z %[n1 & f9ally r\nd$4 ,! lug is next cut ! prop] l5g?1 & a %\ld] is fil$ at ! end4 ,! *as$ l9es are n[ cut on ! front side4 ,9 =m+ ! piece1 x is heat$ & hamm]$ ov] ! horn ( ! anvil1 />t+ to b5d at ! end fir/1 & work+ t[>d ! c5t]4 ,9 b5d+ any?+ ( ?is k9d1 always />t at "o end1 & f9i% z y "w t[>d ! o!r end4 ,see ! draw+ ( ! b5t hook at ,figure #ee4 ,! end ( ! lug is next heat$ & caught 9 a vise1 ! plate is set on & rivet$ tightly4 ,! "w is smoo!d ) a file1 heat$ to d>k5 x1 & oil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,a wall hook1 suitable to hang a bird cage or f]n di%1 is %[n 9 ,figure #ef4 ,9 ,figure #eg are %[n ! l5g? & size ( /ock1 & ! piece ready to =m4 ,9 mak+ ! ball1 ! piece is %\ld]$ at "o end by hamm]+ x on ! out] edge ( ! anvil z %[n 9 ,figure #eh4 ,x is !n hamm]$ on ! corn]1 to make x r\nd4 ,! o!r end is drawn to a squ>e po9t1 & is !n flatt5$ z %[n 9 ,figure #ei1 lett+ x become z wide z x w4 ,?is flat end is !n ve9$ sugge/+ a leaf =m4 ,9 do+ ?is1 a long *isel1 made r\nd some:at l a full]1 is us$4 ,! piece is heat$1 & a sunk5 l9e is made ) ! *isel1 z %[n by ! draw+ ( ! leaf end4 ,! piece is !n heat$1 & ! leaf end is =m$4 ,! holes %\ld n[ be drill$4 ,! balance ( ! hook is heat$ & =m$ by hamm]+ x ov] ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,hall ,lant]ns4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,mak+ a ,toa/+-=k--,inlay+4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,/ock = ,toa/+ ,=k4 ,a v int]e/+ & useful article to make is a toa/+ =k4 ,! /ock us$ c be spr+ /eel4 ,a disadvantage 9 us+ ?is /eel is t x is too h>d to "w out a design on ! h&le4 ,if "o c weld q well1 ! =k %\ld h ! h&le made ( s(t /eel & ! balance ( c>bon /eel4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! weld is ! fir/ ?+ to d :ile ! /ock is /raight & full size4 ,if "o )\t mu* weld+ exp]i5ce is to make ! =k1 x %\ld be made ( s(t /eel1 & :5 f9i%$ ! prongs %\ld be case h>d5$4 ,9 mak+ a =k ( ?is k9d1 a piece ( s(t /eel z %[n 9 ! draw+ 9 ,figure #fj is us$4 ,on "o end1 ! /ock is enl>g$ a little1 by upsett+ = a di/ance ( five or six in*es4 ,?is end is to be us$ = ! h&le4 ,! o!r end ( ! b> is !n heat$1 & a hole is pun*$ #a-;94 f ! end4 ,! piece %\ld !n look some:at l ! draw+ at ,a1 ,figure #fa4 ,9 draw+ out1 ! %\ld] is hamm]$ z %[n at ,b1 ,figure #fa4 ,! %ank 7! "p betwe5 ! h&le & ! %\ld]7 is next drawn out4 ,x %\ld be a scant -94 ?ick s z to f9i% to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ,figure #fj4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid gett+ too mu* /ock 9 ! %ank4 ,x is a v easy matt] to get too mu* /ock betwe5 ! h&le & ! %\ld] :i*1 :5 drawn out1 is too long4 ,! prongs are r\ghly made by cutt+ ! /ock out z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,figure #fa4 ,:5 ?is is done ! prongs are hamm]$ out to ! correct size1 all[+ = f9i%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,9 ,figure #fb are %[n reproductions ( simil> =ks4 ,! l9e %[n runn+ ar\nd ! rectangul> op5 p>ts is inlaid copp]4 ,a *annel is sunk5 & ! copp] driv5 into x4 ,9 mak+ ! h&le1 ! ?ree oblong holes are pun*$ :ile hot ) a pun* ab\t 94 by 94 at ! end1 mak+ a s]ies ( pun*+s to cut out ! holes4 ,! holes %\ld be small en\gh s t !y may be f9i%$ to size ) a file4 ,notice t ! op5+s are n ( ! same size2 b two %ort ones1 ) a long] "o 9 ! c5t]1 give v>iety4 ,notice1 also1 t ! %ape ( ! h&le is 9 keep+ ) ! long1 slim %ank & ! sl5d]1 two-t9e =k at ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,toa/+ ,=ks1 ,spoon & ,cake ,turn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,aft] ! h&le is %ap$1 & ! holes are pun*$1 includ+ ! "o at ! top to hang ! =k by1 ! l9e to receive ! copp] is m>k$4 7,see ,figure #fc47 ,! m>k+ %\ld be done ) a scrat* awl4 ,! l9e is !n cut ) a small *isel4 ,?is cutt+ %\ld be q deep & exact4 ,?is is important if ! "w is to be true & /raight4 ,all ( ! m>k+ %\ld be done :ile ! h&le is cold4 ,x is n[ heat$ & tak5 to ! anvil4 ,a small pun*1 z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #fc1 is !n set onto ! cut l9e & giv5 a bl[ ) ! hamm]1 s9k+ ! pun* ab\t ( an in*4 ,"o-half ( ! pun* is n[ rais$ up & out ( ! *annel4 ,:ile x is directly on ! *as$ l9e1 x is giv5 ano!r bl[ ) ! hamm] & s on until ! end is rea*$4 ,! p>ticul> ?+ to wat* is to h ! lead corn] ( pun* directly on ! *as$ guide l9e1 :ile ! o!r edge ( ! pun* is 9 ! *annel 9 ord] to keep ! f9i%$ l9e /raight4 ,keep ! pun* 9 good ord]1 /raight & squ>e at ! end4 ,! pun* %\ld n h mu* tap] & %\ld n be us$ aft] ! r$ heat leaves ! metal4 ,aft] ! entire l9e has be5 sunk5 94 deep1 ! h&le is reheat$ & ! l9e is sunk5 p]haps 94 deep4 ,a wid] pun* is n[ us$ 9 ! long *annel to /raight5 x & make x deep]4 ,! wide pun* %\ld h no tap] & %\ld be a scant 94 ?ick s t ! l9e w be ab\t 94 wide4 ,if any "p ( ! *annel %\ld be too wide1 ! h&le %\ld be hamm]$ on ! edge ) a light hamm] to close ! *annel a little4 ,:5 ! *annel is f9i%$1 ! h&le %\ld be fil$ flat on ! *annel side4 ,?is w give "o a bett] view ( ! /raightness ( ! *annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,cross ,section ( ,=k ,h&le4 ,9 case ! *annel is n z /raight z x %\ld be1 a small flat file is heat$ & b5t at ! end & reh>d5$4 7,see ,figure #fd47 ,?is file is us$ to /raight5 up ! edges ( ! *annel4 ,a small cold *isel c also be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! *annel mu/ be /raight along ! top edge4 ,:5 ! *annel is well /raight5$1 /rips ( copp] are fil$ to fit ! *annel1 lett+ !m project above ! *annel ab\t ( an in* & also hav+ ea* piece a little %ort 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! pieces are all 9 place1 ! h&le is set on ! anvil & ) a heavy hamm] !y are driv5 d[n =c+ ! copp] to fill ! :ole ( ! *annel4 ,! entire h&le is fil$ to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ,figure #fc4 ,notice ,figure #fe :i* %[s a sectional draw+ ( ! h&le1 ) ! copp] 9 place & a *as$ l9e runn+ along betwe5 copp] & /eel4 ,a *annel )\t copp] is %[n at ! "r ( ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr\ght ,iron ,lamp4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,mak+ a ,lant]n--,mak+ a ,wall-lamp4 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,lant]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! lant]n %[n 9 ,figure #ff consi/s ( f\r sides :i* are fa/5$ toge!r ) angles & rivets4 ,! top is made f f\r pieces1 ) angles also rivet$ to !m4 ,! /ock is cut ) a pair ( snip %e>s1 ,no4 #jf4 7,see ,figure #fg47 ,! sides mu/ be cut to ! same size or !re w be tr\ble 9 putt+ !m toge!r4 ,aft] !y are cut1 ! op5 "w is m>k$ ) a slate p5cil4 ,holes are drill$ 9 ! corn]s ( ea* op5+1 & !y are cut out ) a %>p *isel4 ,! edges are fil$ & all holes are drill$ = ,no4 #ab rivets4 ,at ,figure #fh is a draw+1 ) dim5sions ( "o ( ! sides z x %\ld be 9 ! flat4 ,notice ! section ( ! %eet b5t at ! top = ! ro( & at ! bottom to hold ! glass4 ,! glass is held 9 position at ! top ) a little /rip ( copp]1 ) a rivet to hold x4 ,! glass is set into ! groove at ! bottom1 & ! copp] cleat is b5t ov] ! top ( ! glass4 ,! copp] cleat %\ld be by 941 made f ,no4 #bf s(t copp]4 ,! bottom ( ! %eet is fir/ b5t at "r angles1 !n a flat piece 94 ?ick is laid on ! inside ( ! %eet1 & ! :ole is plac$ on ! anvil4 ,! end ( ! %eet is n[ hamm]$ ov] ! -94 piece ) a mallet to make ! pocket to hold ! glass4 ,all ( ! holes = rivets to fa/5 ! angles %\ld be c\nt]sunk a little on ! inside4 ,! angles are made f "o in* wide ,no4 #bj hoop iron4 ,!y are =m$ by plac+ !m betwe5 two pieces ( flat iron z %[n 9 ,figure #fi1 & hold+ ! :ole 9 a vise :ile hamm]+ ) a wood mallet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,9 fa/5+ ! angles to ! sides1 ! heads ( ! rivets are on ! outside1 & ! inside is smoo?4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! heads ( ! rivets are held 9 a rivet set :ile hamm]+ on ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! rivet set is caught 9 a vise z %[n 9 ,figure #gj4 ,a rivet set is a piece ( /eel ) ! %ape ( a rivet head sunk5 into "o end4 ,9 mak+ ?is1 a pun* is fil$ ! %ape ( a rivet head & is !n driv5 into ! end ( a hot piece ( /eel4 ,9 ,figure #ga is %[n a simple me?od ( develop+ a patt]n ( "o section = ! top ( a lant]n4 ,a-,b ( ! patt]n is fir/ drawn4 ,! l5g? ( ,x-,b ( ! elevation is ! l5g? ( ,c-,d ( ! patt]n4 ,l9es are !n drawn f ,c to ,a & ,b4 ,! po9t ( ea* section at ! top is cut (f s t :5 ! f\r pieces are rivet$ to ! angles !re w be a -94 hole ?ru ! top4 7,see ,figure #gb47 ,9 ?is hole is put a piece ( -94 /eam pipe ) a lock nut on ! top & ano!r on ! bottom to hold x 9 place4 7,see ,figure #gc47 ,! pipe is = ! socket to screw onto "u ! top1 & also = ! wire to come ?ru4 ,! loop at ! top is to susp5d ! lant]n by4 ,x is made ( by -94 /ock1 #f in*es long4 ,two ,no4 #aj rivets are put 9 ea* end to fa/5 x to ! ro(4 ,! lamp is to hang by a *a9 susp5d$ f ! ceil+4 ,9 do+ ?is a ceil+ cap is necess>y4 ,?is may be a piece ( -94 /eam pipe ?read$ on "o end & a hook made on ! o!r4 7,see draw+1 ,figure #gd47 ,a ca/ iron piece is screw$ on ! end ( ! pipe & is !n fa/5$ to ! ceil+ by ?ree screws1 :i* supports ! *a9 & lamp4 ,! wires g ?ru ! pipe & connect ) o!r wires 9 ! ceil+4 7,see draw+ ( ! ca/+1 ,figure #ge47 ,:5 ! lamp is wir$ & ! ca/+ is fa/5$ to ! ceil+1 x mu/ be cov]$ ) some?+ to hide ! wires & its r\gh appe>ance4 ,9 ,figure #gf is %[n a draw+ = a cap to cov] ! ca/+ & wir+4 ,! cap has a hole 9 ! c5t] = ! pipe to pass ?ru1 leav+ x movable on ! pipe4 ,a coll> ( ca/ iron1 ) a set screw 9 ! side1 is to g "u ! cap & ! screw tight5$ :5 ! cap is aga9/ ! ceil+4 7,see draw+ ( ! coll>1 ,figure #gg47 ,9 mak+ ! cap1 x is heat$ & hamm]$ ov] a hole 9 ! swage block4 ,a hamm] ) a l>ge-siz$1 r\nd$ face is us$4 ,! disk is driv5 into ! hole until x becomes b[l-%ap$ & ! "r height4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,at ,figure #gh is repres5t$ a lamp t is to be fa/5$ to ! side ( ! wall1 in/ead ( hang+ f ! ceil+ ) a *a94 ,! light is inv]t$1 ! lamp be+ op5 at ! top & clos$ at ! bottom4 ,! /ock us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! lamp is v heavy1 ,no4 #ad s(t /eel be+ us$4 ,! angle plates on ! corn]s are made f ,no4 #bj s(t /eel4 ,! plate t is on ! back ( ! lamp has a cup-%ap$ pocket hamm]$ into x to cov] ! wir+ :5 ! lamp is 9 place1 & on :i* ! light socket is fa/5$4 ,9 ,figure #gi is %[n a cross-section ( ! back plate1 ) ! depression & socket 9 place4 ,?is k9d ( lamp is v simple to make & c be made 9 v>i\s %apes & sizes4 ,! back ( ! lamp c be made ( wood in/ead ( metal1 if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr\ght ,iron ,table ,lamps4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,mak+ a ,portable ,lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,9 ,figure #hj is repres5t$ a portable lamp4 ,?is k9d ( lamp c be made 9 v>i\s sizes ) "o light4 ,! lamp %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 consi/s ( two p>ts2 ! /&>d1 & ! %ade1 :i* c be remov$4 ,! /&>d consi/s ( a box-%ap$ bottom1 ) a pipe screw$ into x = ! upright piece4 ,! arms t ! %ade re/s on1 are sep>ate & are held 9 position by ! lamp socket1 :i* is screw$ d[n on !m4 ,! /rips runn+ ov] ! bottom ( ! base & up ! pipe are rivet$ 9 place to support ! pipe4 ,?is gives ! :ole /&>d a m sub/antial appe>ance1 & relieves ! pla9 r\nd pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,9 mak+ a v simple lamp ( ?is "*1 we may elim9ate ! /rips runn+ up ! pipe1 & make ! bottom ) a r\nd pipe screw$ into x4 ,( c\rse a squ>e /&>d w\ld be m 9 keep+ ) ! squ>e base & %ade4 ,9 mak+ ! box-%ap$ base1 s(t /eel %\ld be us$4 ,figure #ha %[s ! dim5sions ( ! flat /ock4 ,! plate is heat$ & an in* ( ! edge is b5t ov] ! out] edge ( ! anvil1 z %[n 9 ,figure #hb4 ,! out] edges ( ! plate c be b5t ov] ! end ( ! anvil z %[n 9 ,figure #hc4 ,:5 all ! edges are b5t ! piece w look some:at z 9 ,figure #hd4 ,! corn]s are n[ gr\nd (f1 & ! bottom is made level4 ,a hole is drill$ 9 ! c5t] & ?read$ = a -94 /eam pipe4 ,two in*es f ! c5t] hole1 ano!r hole is drill$ & tapp$ = a -94 or -94 rubb] bu%+4 ,9 wir+ ! lamp1 ! cord %\ld ent] ?ru ! bu%+ f ! outside1 & "u & up ?ru ! pipe to ! socket4 ,! draw+ = ! pipe is %[n at ,figure #he1 also a bu%+ :i* is braz$ into ! top ( ! pipe & ?read$ = a -94 pipe4 ,! -94 /eam pipe & bu%+ are %[n 9 position 9 ! illu/ration at "o end ( ! pipe4 ,?is small pipe is = ! lamp socket to be screw$ onto4 ,! o!r end ( ! l>ge pipe is to be ?read$ & screw$ into ! base4 ,! pipe %\ld be screw$ into ! base f> en\gh1 s t ! ?reads w n be expos$ to ! outside & ! surplus cut (f4 ,! pipe :5 screw$ tight %\ld be braz$ to ! base4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! borax & spelt] %\ld be appli$ to ! "u side1 aft] ! base is well heat$1 z ! brass w discolor ! iron on ! top side4 ,:5 ! pipe is braz$ x %\ld be made to /& v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,fig4 #hi4 ,9 ,figure #hf is %[n ! lamp /&>d ) ! %ade support 9 position4 ,! support has a hole 9 ! c5t] to fit ! -94 /eam pipe at ! top ( ! /&>d4 ,:5 ! support is 9 place ano!r -94 hole is drill$ ?ru x into ! pipe4 ,a p9 is driv5 into ! hole s t ! support _c be mov$ ar\nd4 ,! lamp socket :5 screw$ d[n makes ! support tight4 ,9 mak+ ! support ! c5t] "p is cut f a plate 94 by #d by #d 94 & 94 r\nd s(t /eel b>s are weld$ on = ! arms4 ,9 ,figure #hg is %[n ! draw+ :i* does n ne$ explanation4 ,! draw+ = ! patt]n is %[n at ,figure #hh & ! patt]n = "o section at ,figure #hi4 ,9 develop+ ! patt]n :i* is v simple ! top draw+1 ,figure #hh1 repres5ts ! %ade :i* %\ld be drawn full size4 ,! l5g? f ,a to ,b is !n laid (f on ! c5t] l9e ( ! patt]n1 :i* 9 ?is case measures #g 94 ,! top & bottom ( %ade %[s a return ( 94 :i* %\ld be add$ to ! l5g? ( ! patt]n4 ,! wid? ( ! top & bottom ( ! %ade is !n drawn1 also diagonal l9es :i* w complete ! patt]n4 ,! edge view ( ! patt]n is %[n at ,c4 ,! -94 b5d at ! top is made s t ! cap c be rivet$ on4 ,! "o at ! bottom is to receive ! glass4 ,?is 0 expla9$ on a previ\s page 9 describ+ ! mak+ ( a hall lant]n4 ,9 assembl+ ! %ade1 corn] angles are us$ to fa/5 ! sections toge!r1 :i* 0 also expla9$ = ! hall lant]n4 ,! top cap is put on la/ & fa/5$ ) rivets4 ,illu/ration ,,index ,anneal+1 #gg ,anneal+ high spe$ /eel1 #ha ,anvil1 con/ruction (1 #aj h[ to fa/51 #aa tools1 #ac ,awl1 scrat*1 #gh ,ball hamm]1 #ac ,bessem] process1 #fe ,bla/1 control (1 #bg ,bolts1 head+1 #ee mak+ (1 #ed ,bottom full]1 #ag ,bottom swage1 #af ,braid+1 #if ,braz+1 #cf ,butt weld+1 #ca ,c&le-/ick1 mak+ (1 #ajd ,case h>d5+1 #gf ,cem5tation process1 #ff ,c5t] pun*1 use (1 #ac ,*a9 l9ks1 weld+ (1 #dh ,*as+1 #aji ,*isels1 hot & cold1 #ae mak+ ( cold1 #gj ,coal1 me?od ( h&l+1 #ai ,cold ,*isel1 use (1 #ae ,color+ /eel1 #gg ,crucible /eel1 mak+ (1 #ff ,cupp+ tool1 #ee ,door knock]1 mak+ (1 #aaj1 #aac ,door lat*1 mak+ (1 #ii ,draw] pull1 mak+ (1 #ajg ,expansion ( iron1 #ei ,eye-p91 use (1 #ajc weld+ (1 #dc ,eyes1 weld+ ( h+e1 #ajb ,fagot weld+1 #bc1 #cg ,file1 us$ = inlay+1 #abh ,fire1 mak+ ( =ge1 #ah clean+ (1 #ai ,fire %ovel1 mak+ (1 #ig ,flatt]1 use (1 #ae ,flut+ tool1 #hf ,flux & its uses1 #ba ,=ge1 !1 #g tools1 #aj ,=g+ a cold *isel1 #gj ,=m+ a loose eye1 #dj ,full]1 #af1 #aah ,gate hook1 =g+ (1 #ee ,grab hook1 mak+ (1 #eb ,grilles1 mak+ (1 #hg1 #ia ,hamm]1 ball1 #ac dang] (1 #be model+1 #hg prop] way to hold1 #bg r\nd-fac$ model+1 #acg set1 #ae sl$ge1 #ac sl$ge1 dang]1 #ga ,hammock hook1 mak+ (1 #da ,h&le1 twi/$ pok]1 #id ,h>d5+ cold *isel1 #gb ,h>die1 #ac ,hat & coat hook1 mak+ (1 #aag ,hay hook1 mak+ (1 #eg ,head+ tool1 #ae ,heat+1 me?od (1 #bb1 #bg ,h+e1 mak+ (1 #aja ,horn1 #ef ,hot *isel1 #ae ,inlay+1 #abe ,jump weld+1 #cj1 #abj ,lamp1 portable1 mak+ (1 #aci wall1 mak+ (1 #acg ,lamp ceil+ cap1 #acg ,lamp %ade1 mak+ (1 #adc ,lant]n1 assembl+1 #acc fitt+s (1 #ace mak+ (1 #acj ,l9ks1 op51 #dg ,s1 #db ,op5 he>? process1 #fe ,p]=at$ decoration1 #aab ,pig iron1 mak+ (1 #fd ,puddl+1 #fd ,pun* block1 #ea ,pun*1 h&1 #ac1 #gi us$ = inlay+1 #abg ,pun*+1 me?od (1 #ej ,rep\sse1 #aab ,sc>f1 correct & incorrect1 #bf !ory (1 #be ,sc>f+1 mean+ (1 #bd ,scrap]1 #aj ,scroll1 volute1 #hi ,sep>ate heat weld1 !1 #bd ,%ovel h&le1 mak+ (1 #if ,%e>s1 k9ds (1 #ah ,snip %e>s1 #aca ,spr+ temp]+1 #gd ,/aples1 #df ,/eel1 anneal+ (1 #gg1 #ha ,bessem] process1 #fe case h>d5+1 #gf cem5tation1 #ff crucible1 #ff high spe$1 #hj ,/eel1 mak+ (1 #fe op5 he>? process1 #fe temp] colors (1 #fh temp]+ (1 #fg1 #ge weld+ (1 #gf ,/ock1 /orage (1 #ag ,swages1 #af ,swage block1 #ag ,temp]+ ?9 /eel1 #ge ,toa/+ =k1 mak+ (1 #abd ,tongs1 dang] 9 h&l+1 #ae mak+ (1 #fj ,tools1 anvil1 #ac c5t] pun*1 #gi cupp+1 #ee eye-p91 #ajc flatt]1 #ae =g+1 #aj full]1 = deep5+ l9es1 #af1 #aah h& pun*1 = heavy pun*+1 #gi h>die1 #ac head+1 #ae horn1 #ef pun* = inlay+1 #abg pun* block1 = cutt+ holes1 #ea r\nd-fac$ hamm]1 #acg scrap]1 #aj scrat*-awl1 #gh snip %e>s1 #aca swages1 #af ,top full]1 #af ,top swage1 #af ,tuy]e1 #i ,twi/+1 #ic h&les1 #id ,upsett+1 #bd ,vise1 #ag ,volute scroll1 mak+ (1 #hi ,wall hook1 mak+ (1 #abb ,weld+1 bolt heads1 #ed butt1 #ca *a9 l9ks1 #dh corn]1 #cd1 #cf electric1 #bb eye-p9s1 #dc fagot1 #bc1 #cg heat1 det]m9+1 #bh hooks1 #da jump1 #cj1 #abj lap1 #bi mak+ !1 #bg me?od (1 #bj oxy-acetyl5e gas1 #bc r+1 #ci1 #eg sc>f1 #bd scroll1 #ia sep>ate heat1 #bd split1 #cb /eel1 #gf ,t1 #cd ,wr\ght iron1 f9i% (1 #db manufacture (1 #fd ,wr\ght iron leaf1 mak+ (1 #he ,wr\ght iron "w1 #hc ,illu/ration