,,! ,,*9ese ,,!at] ,illu/ration ,sev5 hundr$ & fifty copies ( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,!at] h be5 pr9t$ f type & ! type di/ribut$4 ,( ?is ,limit$ ,edition1 sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty copies are = sale1 ( :i* ?is is ,numb] #af ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,g5]al ,*9ese ,"* ,type ,,! ,,*9ese ,,!at] ,,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,zuck] ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,lit]ature1 ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& ,=m]ly1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,engli%1 ,pek+ ,union ,m$ical ,college ,,) ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,little1 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company ,,mcmxxv ,copyright1 #aibe1 ,,by ,,little1 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company4 ,all rights res]v$ ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aibe ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,to ,,my ,,wife1 ,,lois ,,miles ,illu/ration ,,preface ,! g5ial ,rev]5d ,ar?ur ,smi? 9 8 8,village ,life 9 ,*9a0 says t ! ,*9ese sometimes f9ds x h>d to und]/& ! ,we/]n]4 ,z an in/ance he cites ! case ( a tir$ travel] :o /ops at an inn = ! night & is told t !re w be !atricals 9 ! ev5+4 ,in/ead ( %>+ ! glee ( ! natives1 he ga!rs 8 tir$ self toge!r & hurries on to ! next village t he may enjoy 8 sleep f> away f s\nd+ brass & clang+#a cymbal4 ,possibly ?is expla9s :y among all ! books writt5 on ,*9a comp>atively few conc]n !mselves ) ! !at]4 ,"o might add too t ! drama /&s on a relatively l[] level ?an "s o!r ,*9ese arts1 = example1 l&scape pa9t+ & lyric poetry4 ,yet ?\gh 8 dramas are poor ! ,*9ese actor has at 8 comm& consummate skill to hold ! mirror up to life2 he is no less ( an arti/ ?an 8 ,occid5tal colleague4 ,/ill1 ! subject has attract$ a fair numb] ( ,occid5tal writ]s4 ,du ,halde 0 ! fir/2 9 8 monum5tal description ( ,*9a publi%$ 9 #agce he pr9t$ a translation by a ,jesuit mission>y ( ! ,yuan ,dyna/y drama1 8,! ,orphan ( ! ,*ao ,family40 ,x 0 ?is translation t inspir$ ,voltaire's 8,l',orphel9 de la ,*9e40 ,o!r translations foll[$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 toge!r ) "s critical mat]ial & v>i\s descriptions ( ,*9ese /ag+4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s ! int]e/ 9 ! ,*9ese /age has evid5tly become great] ?an ev]1 bo? 9 ,*9a & 9 ,we/]n l&s4 ,a hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese drama1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 writt52 l>gely because ! ,*9ese !mselves h no su* "w4 ,only a few pres5t-day innovators among ,cele/ial s*ol>s consid] ! drama z lit]ature4 ,?us ! in=mation we possess on ?is va/ subject is v meag]1 & mu* ( x is also out ( pr9t4 ,?is book is an attempt to ga!r toge!r :at is kn[n on ! subject1 z well z to pres5t 9 a volume suppli$ ) vivid illu/rations ! results ( five ye>s' exp]i5ce ) ! ,pek+ !at] by a /ud5t ( comp>ative lit]ature possess$ ( a mode/ k ( ! ,pek+ dialect4 ,^? :o h s f> writt5 on ! subject h always spok5 ( a decad5ce ( ! drama :i* set 9 imm$iately aft] ! fir/ p]iod ( bloom 9 ! ,yuan ,dyna/y 7#abhj-acfh74 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! revaluation ( values n[ go+ on 9 ,*9a ?is op9ion is be+ *ang$4 ,mr4 ,wang ,kuo-wei has rec5tly compil$ a dramatical catalogue :i* %[s t num]ically1 at lea/1 !re is no decrease 9 ! production ( dramas4 ,a tr5*ant critic1 ,doctor ,hu ,%ih1 holds t only te*nically c ! drama ( ! ,m+ ,dyna/y 7#acfh-afdd7 be said to be inf]ior1 because ! compact & unifi$ plays ( ! ,yuan p]iod become diffuse & ( s]p5t9e l5g?2 b t 9 ! matt] ( *>act]ization1 poetic diction1 & cont5t !y are f> sup]ior4 ,fur!rmore1 mod]n ,*9ese criticism consid]s ! v highe/ po9t ( ! drama to h be5 rea*$ 9 two hi/orical trag$ies ( ! ,*+ ,dyna/y 7#afdd-aiaa74 ,z c readily be se51 !re is an enorm\s am\nt ( "w to be done 9 ?is field2 & if ! gaps & errors 9 ?is book %all impel a compet5t s*ol> to write ! long ov]due hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese drama ?is "w w h s]v$ its purpose4 ,9 g5]al ! ,*9ese drama is l ours4 ,x is divid$ into acts1 (t5 correspond+ 9 numb] to our cu/om>y f\r or five4 ,x is pres5t$ 9 a mann] /rik+ly simil> to t employ$ dur+ our greate/ p]iod ( ! drama--,%akespe>e's day4 ,x c be classifi$ accord+ to cont5t into our usual divisions4 ,hi/orical drama prevails p]haps2 because ( ! great love ( ! ,*9ese = 8 long tradition contempor>ies ( ! ,romans or ev5 e>li] h]oes are favorites on ! /age4 ,family drama is extremely popul>1 ) subdivisions su* z ! drama ( ! c\rt room & crim9al drama4 ,! magic or my?ological drama1 recall+ p]haps 8,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream01 is also v important2 among ?is gr\p ! v be/ plays are ^? t treat sup]/iti\s beliefs satirically4 ,!n !re are dramas ( "*1 among :i* c be f\nd a good c\nt]p>t to 8,! ,mis]0 ( ,plautus or ,molire4 ,dramas ( intrigue ab\nd on e program4 ,ev5 ! monodrama c be f\nd among mod]n innovations4 ,& la/1 b by no means lea/1 !re is ! religi\s drama 9 "s ways analog\s to our miracle & my/]y plays4 ,! ?ree *ief religions ( ,*9a h ex]t$ _! influ5ce on ! /age4 ,confucianism supplies ! g5]al moral backgr\nd ( ! majority ( plays4 ,! v5]ation ( ! s*ol> r ?an ( ! w>rior makes ! =m] ! *ief h]o on ! ,*9ese /age1 :ile filial piety is ! mo/ out/&+ virtue :i* ! h]o displays4 ,taoism1 g5]ally describ$ z ! religion ( sup]/itions1 is responsible = ! _m my?ological & gho/ly figures t fill ,*9ese plays4 ,rational ,confucianism is n conducive to imag9ative writ+1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ,taoism ! ,*9ese all[$ 8 fancy to roam to ! end t innum]able delightful fairy & gho/ /ories 7 inv5t$4 ,! ke5 s5se ( humor ( ! ,*9ese (t5 comes to ! =e 9 plays deal+ ) ,buddhi/ monks4 ,^! monks are ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! lazy1 ignorant1 s5sual1 sup]/iti\s bre?r5 :o p ! pages ( ,boccaccio1 ,*auc]1 ,hans ,sa*s1 & _m o!r tell]s ( droll tales4 ,9 fact :5 ,pre ,prmave fir/ came to ,*9a 7ar\nd #agjj7 & saw ! mona/]ies ) ! celibate monks1 :o ab/a9$ f meat1 *ant$ (fices1 burn$ inc5se1 %av$ _! heads1 pray$ ) beads1 & ga!r$ money f ! pi\s1 he decid$ t ?is 0 an inv5tion ( ! ,evil ,"o = ! sole purpose ( exasp]at+ ! ,jesuits4 ,) ! exception ( "s satire on ! migration ( s\ls ! doctr9e ( ,sakyam\ni has _h little influ5ce1 b :5ev] *ant+ prie/s or monks are br\ght on ! /age !y are burlesqu$4 ,! ,*9ese are extremely tol]ant 9 reg>d to religion & nev] fanatical2 _! attitude t[>d ! sup]natural has be5 aptly def9$ z 8polit5ess t[>d possibilities40 ,b ! ma9 !me ( ! ,*9ese drama1 z ( all drama1 is ! human side ( life4 ,! /age is naturally en\gh a mirror 9 :i* we c see ! ,*9ese z !y see !mselves4 ,!y pres5t !mselves n z ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ t "s idealiz+ travel]s w\ld l to make !m1 nor z ! blood?ir/y mon/]s ( ! 8,limeh\se ,nights0 br&2 b z human be+s1 nei!r :ite nor black4 ,we see ! corruption ( (ficials1 ! call\sness t[>d suff]+1 ! selfi%ness ( p>5ts1 ! eag]ness = compromise1 & ! lack ( physical or moral c\rage2 on ! o!r h& ! polite civilization ) its long tradition1 ! respect = ! pa/ & = le>n+1 ! love ( poetry & art1 ! g5]al k9dl9ess & hone/y ( ! p1 ! love ( humor1 ! extreme democracy 9 social relations1 & ! reasonabl5ess & lack ( fanaticism4 ,he :o w\ld "k ! ,*9ese ought to "k _! /age2 & fur!rmore1 he :o loves our ,middle ,ages w d]ive endless pleasure f its c\nt]p>t1 ! pageant ( ,*9ese life4 ,9 my ye>s 9 ! ,ea/ ,i receiv$ helpful sugge/ions f _m fri5ds 9 ! c\rse ( hundr$s ( visits to ! !at]4 ,pr(essor ,soong ,tsung-faung fir/ introduc$ me to ?is fasc9at+ spectacle4 ,doctor ,hu ,%ih discuss$ x illum9at+ly 9 conv]sation & by correspond5ce4 ,lucius ,port]1 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 #aibb-aibd1 (f]$ helpful sugge/ions on ! manuscript1 :i* he read 9 "p1 z did likewise ,pr(essor ,f]d9& ,less+1 =m]ly ( ! ,national ,univ]sity1 ,pek+4 ,two ( my /ud5ts1 ,huang ,ke-k'ung & ,jung ,tu-%an1 :o le>n$ f me ab\t ,sophocles & ,%akespe>e1 introduc$ me 9 turn to _m f9e ?+s on ! ,*9ese /age4 ,& f9ally1 ,i wi% to express my appreciation to ,mr4 ,*ang ,ziang-l+ & ! _m o!r p'iao-yu 7amateurs7 = acqua9t+ me ) ! nonpr(essional /age4 ,?anks are due to ! editors ( ,la ,revue de ,littrature ,comp>e & ( ,asia = p]mission to repr9t a numb] ( *apt]s4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,zuck] ,,riv]dale1 ,,m>yl&1 ,decemb] #g1 #aibd ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface vii ,,*apt] #a ,e>ly ,hi/ory #c #b ,=mal ,developm5t--,yuan ,dyna/y1 #abjf-acfh ,a4,d4 #ai #c ,! ,m+ ,dyna/y1 #acfh-afdd ,a4,d4 ,! ,pi-,pa-,*i #dc #d ,! ,drama "u ! ,man*us & ! ,republic--#afdd to ! ,pres5t ,day #fi #e ,mod]n ,t5d5cies #ajh #f ,ext]nal ,aspects ( ! ,*9ese ,!at] #abi #g ,! ,conv5tions #afa #h ,mei ,lan-fang--,*9a's ,greate/ ,actor #aga #i ,analogies ,betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ #aij ,*ronological ,table #bba ,bibliography #bbc ,index #bca ,illu/ration ,,illu/rations ,= ! purpose ( giv+ a vivid impression ( ! colorfulness ( ! ,*9ese /age1 ! publi%]s h import$ f ,*9a f\r ?\s& pa9t+s on silk1 done by /ud5ts ( ! ,pek+ ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,!y repres5t f\r ( ! /&+ "* type ( ! ,*9ese /age1 9 _! traditional make-ups4 ,a ,g5]al ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,a ,s*ol> #eb ,a ,demi-,monda9e #aeb ,a ,cl[n #bjf ,illu/ration by a ,*9ese arti/ = 8,! ,*alk ,circle0 #bh ,illu/ration by a ,*9ese arti/ = 8,! ,*alk ,circle0 #cb ,illu/ration by a ,*9ese arti/4 ,t\-,e be=e ! judge #ch ,illu/ration by a ,*9ese arti/4 ,t\-,e ab\t to be behead$ #dj ,a ,*9ese arti/'s conception ( two pi\s s\ls #dh ,w>rior-acrobats #hj ,amateur actors 9 an old-/yle ,*9ese play #aaj ,hu ,%ih #aah ,a typical ,pek+ audi5ce ) ! inevitable teapots #acj ,or*e/ral in/rum5ts #adf ,or*e/ral in/rum5ts #adh ,! actress ,k9 ,f5g-,kui 9 a male rle #afd ,mei ,lan-fang 9 ,european dress1 & 9 p>ts #agf 8,bury+ ! ,blossoms0 #ahj ,! ,=tune ,!at] #aih ,a typical ,pek+ !at] #aih ,! or*e/ra seat$ 9 a corn] ( ! /age #bjb ,,! ,,*9ese ,,!at] ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,"o ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory 8,/ud5ts ( ! ,pe> ,g>d50 7,li ,yuan ,tzu ,ti7 is ! "n by :i* actors 9 ,*9a are call$ 9 elegant lit]>y /yle4 ,?is appellation 0 giv5 !m 9 memory ( ! traditional orig9 ( ! ,*9ese !at] 9 ! imp]ial palace g>d5s ( a ,t'ang ,dyna/y emp]or1 ,m+ ,huang 7,yu5 ,tsung1 #gac-gef ,a4,d471 :o 0 a g5]\s patron ( ! arts 9 8 spl5did capital ,*'ang ,an4 ,?is rul] e/abli%$ a college call$ ! ,pe> ,g>d5 = ! tra9+ 9 music & dramatics ( "y actors ( bo? sexes4 ,8 plan = c\rt ent]ta9m5t ! emp]or _h d]iv$1 accord+ to leg5d1 f a visit to ! moon :]e he _h se5 a tr\pe ( p]=m]s 9 ! ,jade ,palace ( ! lun> emp]or4 ,9 ! annals ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y ! foll[+ is told ab\t ! art-lov+ rul]3 8,m+ ,huang 0 n only passionately fond ( music1 b he also _h a ?or\gh k ( its ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,he e/abli%$ an academy ( music ) ?ree hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,m+ ,huang himself gave !m lessons 9 ! ,pe> ,g>d52 if any ( ! /ud5ts sang 9 poor ta/e or incorrectly ! emp]or not$ ! fault imm$iately & correct$ x %>ply4 ,! "y girls ( ! h>em1 sev]al hundr$ 9 numb]1 7 lat] also atta*$ to ! academy z /ud5ts4444 ,on ! occasion ( ! emp]or's bir?day ! empress ord]$ !m to p]=m "s musical numb]s 9 ! ,palace ( ,et]nal ,life40 ,! ,fr5* s*ol> ,baz9 9 ! introduction to 8 translation ( f\r ,*9ese plays comm5ts ^u ?is z foll[s3 8,surely x is a great ?+ t1 at a "t :5 ! ,*9ese _h z yet no idea ( dramatic p]=mances1 a man :o _h f\nd$ ! in/itution ( ! ,han-,l9 7lit]ally #8,! ,=e/ ( ,p5cils'1 i4e41 ,! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,s*ol>s71 & :o c\ld ju/ly call himself #8! tea*] ( 8 nation'1 conceiv$ & c>ri$ out s+le-h&$ a "w ( art1 9 :i* we f9d = ! fir/ "t ) all its m>vel\s *>m ! union ( lyric poetry ) ! drama4 ,?is "w1 fitt$ to ar\se 9 ! s\ls ( ! spectators ! s5tim5t ( ! sublime1 c\ld be ! product only ( a g5ius40 ,9 8,! ,*9ese ,drama01 ,william ,/anton writes on ! orig9 ( ! drama z foll[s3 ,! long reign ( ,yu5 ,tsung1 /yl$ ! ,illu/ri\s ,emp]or 7,m+ ,huang7 ow+ to its spl5did beg9n+ & disa/r\s close1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,on asc5d+ ! ?rone1 ! "y emp]or zeal\sly /rove to purge ! empire ( ! extravagance & debau*]y t 0 ru9+ x2 & 9 8 au/]ity w5t s f> z to prohibit ! we>+ ( ! !n fa%ionable co/ly app>el1 &1 z an example to 8 subjects1 he made a l>ge bonfire 9 8 palace ( an imm5se quantity ( embroid]$ g>m5ts & jewell]y4 ,"u ! wise adm9i/ration ( ?is /]n rul] & 8 able m9i/]s ! /ate atta9$ a great height ( prosp]ity4 ,b unexpect$ly ! emp]or's "* und]w5t a *ange2 he develop$ a love ( s5suality & himself indulg$ 9 ! luxuries he _h =m]ly s /rongly condemn$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gcd he obta9$ a sight ( 8 daught]-9-law1 ! beautiful ,yang ,kuei-fei1 & became s viol5tly enam\r$ ) h] t he took h] into 8 own s]aglio4 ,%e spe$ily obta9$ a complete asc5d5cy ov] him & succe$$ 9 gett+ rais$ to ! highe/ position next ! ?rone4 ,accord+ to leg5d>y /ories ! ,h]dsman & ,sp9n+ ,damsel are two lov]s :o ea* inhabit a /> sep>at$ by ! ,silv] ,riv] 7! ,milky ,way7 & are unable to meet except on ! sev5? night ( ! sev5? moon1 :5 magpies f all p>ts ( ! _w assemble1 & ) _! l9k$ bodies =m a bridge to enable ! damsel to cross to h] lov]4 ,consequ5tly ?is is "o ( ! great fe/ive occasions ( ,*9a4 ,on ! said ev5+ ( ,a4,d4 #gce1 ,yu5 ,tsung & 8 celebrat$ consort /ood gaz+ into ! />lit sky4 ,rememb]+ ! occasion ,yang ,kuei-fei bur/ into prote/ations ( affection & assur$ ! mon>* t %e 0 m fai?ful ?an ! ,sp9n+ ,damsel1 = t %e w\ld nev] leave him1 b1 insep>ably ) him1 tread ! spiritual walks ( et]nity4 ,9 ord] to rew>d su* love ! emp]or s\ght to discov] a novel amusem5t = h]4 ,aft] consid]ation he summon$ 8 prime m9i/] & comm&$ him to select a numb] ( "y *ildr51 &1 aft] c>efully in/ruct+ & h&somely dress+ !m1 to br+ !m be=e ! beautiful ,yang ,kuei-fei1 to recite = h] delectation ! h]oic a*ievem5ts ( 8 ance/ors4 ,t 0 ! orig9 ( ! drama 9 ,*9a4 ,! fir/ p]=mances 7 g5]ally held 9 a pavilion 9 ! op5 air1 among fruit trees1 & ,yu5 ,tsung subsequ5tly e/abli%$ an ,imp]ial ,dramatic ,college 9 a pe> g>d51 :]e hundr$s ( male & female p]=m]s 7 tra9$ to af=d him pleasure4 ,f ! site ( ! college ! actors become kn[n z ! 8,"y ,folks ( ! ,pe> ,g>d501 a title !y claim to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,pe> ,g>d5 orig9 ( ! ,*9ese drama is a f9e leg5d & h]oic hi/ory1 b x is typical ( ,*9ese :o h come 9 t\* ) ,occid5tal sci5ce t !y %\ld se>* = a m reali/ic1 if less picturesque1 acc\nt ( ! beg9n+ ( _! !at]4 ,! fir/1 & s f> ! only1 sy/ematic & sci5tific "w on ?is subject is 8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,drama "u ! ,sung & ,yuan ,dyna/ies01 by ,mr4 ,wang ,kuo-wei4#b ,?is au?or has tak5 great pa9s 9 collect+ all evid5ces ( pantomimes1 dramatic dances1 satirical buffoon]y1 or any?+ else to :i* ! roots ( a !at] might be trac$4 ,:ile he is n yet able on ! basis ( 8 evid5ce to lead u back /ep by /ep to ! g5esis ( ! !at]--z c\ld = example a s*ol> deal+ ) ! ,greek drama--yet ! evid5ce he adduces is mo/ int]e/+4 ,ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 !re 7 f\nd m$iums call$ wu :5 !y 7 wom5 or hsi5 :5 m51 :o p]=m$ dances & sang songs 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 to exorcise evil spirits1 to induce ! gods to s5d ra91 or to act z m\rn]s 9 times ( calamity4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! gods desc5d$ to e>? & communicat$ ) m5 ?r\gh ^! my/]i\s be+s1 especially 9 ! c\rse ( viol5t dances4 ,?is =m ( wor%ip design$ = ! pleasure ( ! gods 0 evid5tly mu* accord+ to ! ta/e ( m51 = we f9d x su* a widespread =m ( popul> amusem5t t ,i-,y91 fam\s m9i/] ( ! ,%ang ,dyna/y 7#agff-aabb ,b4,c471 issu$ an edict prohibit+ x4 8,! late sov]eign in/itut$ puni%m5ts = ! (fic]s1 & w>n$ ! m5 9 au?ority1 say+1 #8,if y d>e to h con/ant danc+ 9 y\r mansions1 & drunk5 s++ 9 y\r h\ses1 ,i call x wu-fa%ion'40#c ,dur+ ! classical ,*\ ,dyna/y1 beg9n+ #aabb ,b4,c4 ) ,wu ,wang1 ev]y?+ 9 ,*9ese life 0 ca/ into ! fett]s ( a /rict ritual4 ,!re 7 regulations gov]n+ ! dress to be worn1 ! spee*es to be made1 & ! po/ures to be assum$ on all possible occasions1 :e!r at ! c\rt or 9 private life2 9 fact1 ^! rules 7 ! prototypes ( mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ic features gov]n+ ,*9ese public & social life d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x c be se5 readily t ! m or less spontane\s & popul> mimicry ( ! wu 7m$iums7 w\ld naturally en\gh be suppress$ at ?is "t2 b 9 lat] dyna/ies we f9d aga9 _m ref]5ces to ! beauty1 ! spl5did co/umes1 ! s++ & danc+1 & 9 g5]al ! *>m ( ^! actors 9 popul> religi\s c]emonies4 ,^! p]=mances ( ! e>ly ,*9ese c5t]$ ab\t ! div9e wor%ip1 z ev]y?+ ( /hetic nature 9 ! life ( primitive man seems to d4 ,ev5 to-day all ( ! !atrical p]=mances 9 ,*9a outside ! l>ge cities are a =m ( div9e wor%ip1 usually h>ve/ fe/ivals /ag$ by way ( ?anksgiv+ = good crops4 ,t !re is 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,*9ese a def9ite religi\s association ) !atricals p]=m$ 9 ! villages is %[n by ! fact t ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts always receive a disp5sation = _! %>e ( ! sum dem&$ by ! travel+ company4 ,sometimes mission>ies he> compla9ts f ! village eld]s t "s ?rifty memb]s ( _! flocks save ! tax = !atricals & yet g to look on at ! %[s2 h[ev]1 ?anks to ! reasonable & unfanatic "* ( ! ,*9ese su* qu>rels are usually easily adju/$4 ,because ( ?is close association ( ! !at] ) temple wor%ip1#d x seems reasonable to seek = ano!r possible orig9 ( ! drama 9 ! e>ly ance/or wor%ip 9 :i* ! deceas$ =efa!r ( ! family 0 imp]sonat$ by "o ( 8 desc5dants4 ,a c]emony ( honor+ a rev]$ ance/or c\ld easily be exp&$ into a repres5tation ( 8 great de$s4 ,x is also kn[n t n only m5 b also gods 7 imp]sonat$ by ! actors2 z ,mr4 ,wang puts x1 !y dress$ 9 ! attire ( ! gods & imitat$ _! ge/ures4 ,h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ^! repres5tations ( ! gods our au?or feels t x is impossible to give any def9ite details4 ,yet 9 ! v]se ( ! "t !re are allusions to ^! p]=mances ref]r+ to extravagance 9 dress & 9 articles ( toilet1 su* z p]fume2 to a *ange 9 ! /yle ( music2 to ! employm5t ( !mes ( love or ( sadness 9 p>t+--all ( :i* indicates ! great popul>ity ( ^! ent]ta9m5ts ( s++ or danc+4 ,h5ce our ,*9ese s*ol> believes t out ( ^! beg9n+s ! drama has gr[n4 ,9 ?is connection x w\ld seem prop] to m5tion ! "w ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity s*ol>1 ,pr(essor ,william ,ridgeway4 ,he holds t ,greek trag$y prop] did n arise 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,?racian god ,dionysus2 b t x sprang out ( ! indig5\s wor%ip ( ! dead1 especially dead *iefs :o 9 "s cases are lat] deifi$4#e ,9 dramatic dances 9 honor ( ance/ors or deceas$ h]oes 9 ,asiatic c\ntries ,pr(essor ,ridgeway f9ds support = 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,greek !at]4 ,speak+ ( ! ,*9ese !at]1 he says t already 9 ! "t ( ,confucius c]ta9 solemn dances 7 held 9 ! ance/ral temples2 at ! pres5t "t 9 ! temples ( local deities1 :o 7 once h]oes or h]o9es ( ! imm$iate neighborhood1 dramatic p]=mances are held 9 :i* ^! deifi$ h]oes are suppos$ to take an int]e/ = ! reason t !y are !mselves frequ5tly ! object ( ! wor%ip2 & t ^! mod]n !atricals seem to be desc5d$ directly f ! anci5t cult practic$ five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,x w\ld seem f ! =ego+ t ,mr4 ,wang's evid5ce gives support to ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's !ories ( ! orig9 ( trag$y out ( ! wor%ip ( deifi$ h]oes4 ,doctor ,b]?old ,lauf]1 curator ( ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 has /at$ to me t 9 8 op9ion a discussion ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese drama ought to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! beg9n+s ( ! 8milit>y plays0 & ! 8civil plays40 ,! latt] are1 z w be expla9$ m fully 9 a lat] *apt]1 plays 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 :ile ! 8milit>y plays0 consi/ ( acrobatics t symbolize fight+4 ,doctor ,lauf] believes t ^! la/-nam$ take _! orig9 f anci5t c]emonials 9 :i* ! use ( weapons 0 ! *ief feature4 ,doctor ,lauf] has _h consid]able exp]i5ce ) ! ,*9ese !at]1 & 8 museum is ! only "o 9 ! _w1 s f> z ,i "k1 :i* possesses life-size figures ( ,*9ese actors 9 correct co/ume4 ,s mu* = ance/or wor%ip z ! s\rce ( ! drama ) ! wu or hsi54 ,mr4 ,wang adduces records also ( o!r types ( actors4 ,z e>ly z #ahah ,b4,c41 accord+ to a none too reliable ,han ,dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bba ,a4,d47 record1 a rul] is said to h aboli%$ ! temple rites & c]emonies & to h collect$ ab\t 8 c\rt cl[ns1 dw>fs1 & actors to p]=m amus+ plays4 ,9 ! m hi/oric p]iod ( 8,spr+ & ,autumn0 7#ggj-edd ,b4,c47 !re are records ( dw>fs 9 rles simil> to ^? ( our c\rt fools4 ,!y attempt$ to ga9 ! favor ( ! rul]s by _! witty say+s :i* 7 (t5 full ( satire4 ,confucius 9 8 capacity ( prime m9i/] saw himself =c$ to put to dea? "o ( ^! wits#f because ( 8 disrespectful allusions to ! rul]--an action1 incid5tally1 t seems mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! noble sage1 :o ) all 8 virtues c]ta9ly 0 n end[$ ) a s5se ( humor4 ,! function ( ^! danc+1 s++1 play-act+ dw>fs 0 n a religi\s "o2 8!y 7 to amuse m51 n to amuse ! gods40 ,9 a review#g ( ,mr4 ,wang's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,drama "u ! ,sung & ,yuan ,dyna/ies0 ,pr(essor ,soong calls att5tion to ! foll[+ int]e/+ analogies betwe5 ,ori5t & ,occid5t3 ,! influ5ce ( ! c\rt fools 0 consid]able1 & on ! :ole salut>y 9 ,*9a4 ,%ih ,huang-ti 7#bee-bjf ,b4,c471 ! build] ( ! ,great ,wall1 0 s addict$ to great build+ ent]prises t ! p suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,x 0 ,yu ,sze1 ! c\rt fool1 :o caus$ ! emp]or to treat ! p ) m consid]ation4 ,! successor ( ?is mighty rul] conceiv$ ! plan ( hav+ ! ,great ,wall pa9t$--p]haps j a caprice on 8 "p1 p]haps 9 ord] to r5d] ! ,wall less subject to ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r4 ,aga9 ,yu ,sze dissuad$ ! emp]or f c>ry+ out su* a co/ly & wa/eful project4 ,! hi/ory ( ,yu ,m5g is ev5 m int]e/+4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,*\ ! family ( ,su5 ,lo ,ngao _h become extremely impov]i%$ because ! k+ _h =gott5 ! m]its ( ! *ief ( ! h\se1 a fam\s g5]al4 ,yu ,m5g1 ! c\rt fool1 donn$ ! armor ( ! defunct milit>y lead] & sang ( 8 exploits be=e ! royal palace2 n[ ! k+ c\ld no long] refuse to recognize & recomp5se ! m]its ( ! family4 ,?is t\*+ episode told by ! hi/orian 9 ! 8,biography ( ,c\rt ,fools0 _c b recall ,w ,somm] to :om 8,! ,k+ w\ld ev] grant :at he w\ld crave40 ,dur+ ! ,han ,dyna/y records %[ ! exi/5ce ( juggl]s1 magicians1 rope-walk]s1 sword-swall[]s1 & also ( plays 9 :i* mask$ actors disguis$ z gods1 fe>ful leop>ds1 cruel tig]s1 :ite be>s1 & gray dragons _h _! p>ts4 ,dw>fs & giants 7 made to play toge!r 9 humor\s pieces4 ,s++ girls 9 co/umes ( fea!rs execut$ artful dances4 ,"s ( ^! p]=mances are said to h be5 s indec5t t pass]s-by cov]$ _! eyes4 ,h[ev]1 su* p]=mances 7 %>ply c5sor$ at ! "t1 j z !y w\ld be 9 pres5t-day ,*9a4 ,all ( ^! p]=mances 7 v mu* favor$ by ! rul]s1 b !y consi/$ mo/ly ( s++ & danc+1 :ile !re 0 v little t might be call$ drama4 ,9 ! nor!rn ,*'i ,dyna/y 7#eej-egj ,a4,d47 h[ev]1 !re arose :at might be call$ a hi/orical play bas$ on an episode 9 ! life ( a h]oic w>rior1 ,duke ,lan ,lu4 ,?is w>rior _h a some:at effem9ate aspect1 & !re=e he wore a mask 9 battle to inspire fe> 9 ! he>ts ( 8 enemies4 ,8 /ory 0 dramatiz$ & became a v popul> play1 probably simil> to ! pres5t-day 8milit>y plays0 9 :i* ! play ) swords & spe>s =ms ! pice de rsi/ance4 ,!re is a record ab\t ! same "t ( a com$y also bas$ on an actual occurr5ce1 call$ 8,! ,drunk>d40 ,a c]ta9 man1 ,su ,pao-pi 7a "n allud+ to r$ spots on 8 nose7 0 a v heavy dr9k] & aft] ea* spree w\ld beat 8 wife 9 ! village /reet until %e wept pitifully4 ,two actors1 "o dress$ z a woman & ! o!r z a man1 w\ld amuse ! p by a popul> f>ce portray+ ?is qu>rel betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,! playlet mu/ h be5 "o ( extraord9>y vitality1 = !re are records ( x 9 ! ,*i1 ,*\1 & ,sui dyna/ies--to be sure1 ?ree %ort dyna/ies t foll[$ "o closely ^u ! o!r4 ,music & danc+ also play$ a "p 9 ^! two e>ly dramatic pres5tations1 s t !y 7 probably ( ! melodramatic 79 ! etymological s5se ( ! t]m7 v>iety1 su* z is mo/ ( ! ,*9ese drama ( to-day4 ,! dramas 9 ,*9a are classifi$ accord+ to ! /yle ( music !y employ4 ,ano!r play ( ! same1 or p]haps a little e>li] p]iod1 call$ 8,! ,tig]10 is ?\ght by ,mr4 ,wang1 because ( ! music ( =eign tribes employ$ 9 x1 to h be5 br\ght into ,*9a f 8,! ,we/]n ,regions0 7c5tral ,asia74#h ,x is ! /ory ( a man :o 0 kill$ by a tig] & ^: son !n set out on a se>* = ! wild bea/1 f\ght ) x & av5g$ 8 fa!r by kill+ x 9 turn4 ,mr4 ,wang ev5 haz>ds ! sugge/ion t ! two plays m5tion$ above1 8,! ,mask0 & 8,! ,drunk>d10 7 9 _! music & mann] ( pres5tation imitations ( 8,! ,tig]10 9 :i* case ?is =m ( drama w\ld be a borr[+ f a =eign c\ntry & n indig5\s to ,*9a4 ,two o!r e>ly plays :i* ,mr4 ,wang m5tions deal ) hi/orical episodes4 ,f ! ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bba ,a4,d47 dates ! /ory ( an unju/ m&>9 :o _h 8squeez$0 z !y say 9 ,*9a1 t5 ?\s& rolls ( silk & 0 put 9 jail4 ,lat] on ! emp]or mod]at$ ?is puni%m5t1 because ( ! m&>9's great le>n+1 into ! foll[+3 ! culprit _h to appe> at c\rt dress$ 9 a :ite robe :ile = ! p]iod ( "o ye> ! c\rt fools 7 at lib]ty to make sport ( him4 ,?is became ! basis ( a play %[n by a numb] ( records to h be5 act$ frequ5tly be=e ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,! plot seems1 inde$1 to h be5 a com$y made to ord] = ! c\rt fools to display _! wit4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t ?is play 0 enact$ 9 ! imp]ial palace 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,a gr\p ( actors f ,*ekiang 9 pres5t+ ?is play 7 said to h _h voices s l\d t !y p5etrat$ to ! cl\ds--a circum/ance t w\ld w9 ! favor ( ! devotees ( c]ta9 types ( mod]n ,*9ese drama4 ,! o!r hi/orical play has = a h]o ,fan ,kuai1 a noble :o sav$ ! emp]or's life by 8 prompt action aga9/ rebels4 ,x is said to h be5 writt5 by ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y emp]or1 ,*ao ,tsung himself1 & to h be5 act$ 9 ! imp]ial palace 9 ,*'ang ,an4 ,x 0 dur+ ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y especially t a nonmusical type ( drama fl\ri%$ 9 ! =m ( extemporiz$ com$ies4 ,! plots h+$ on local occurr5ces & diff]$ ) practically ea* pres5tation4 ,h[ev]1 mu* z 9 ! ,italian comm$ia dell' arte1 ) its ,arlec*9o1 ,pantalone1 ,dottore1 ,scap9o1 etc41 c]ta9 *>act]s or "* types seem to h aris54 ,! v same extortionate m&>91 m5tion$ above z ! c5tral figure ( a play1 became su* a type :o figur$ 9 almo/ all ( ^! com$ies--9 fact he is a /ock "* on ! ,*9ese /age ev5 to-day--:ile opposite him !re appe>$ z 8 regul> companion a fool we>+ a gre5 cap4 ,?us dialogue betwe5 two actors--9 o!r words rudim5t>y drama--became firmly e/abli%$4 ,s9ce ! satiriz+ ( curr5t ev5ts & ( local *>act]s 0 ! av[$ purpose ( ^! com$ies1 x w be readily und]/ood by all famili> ) life 9 ! ,ea/ t ! di%one/ (ficial came 9 = 8 fair %>e4 ,a topical com$y ) a purpose f ! ,sung ,dyna/y 7#ifj-aabf ,a4,d47 play$ be=e ! emp]or atta9$ all t might h be5 desir$4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( an unpopul> (ficial a sy/em ( co9age _h be5 introduc$ 9 :i* ! smalle/ co9 _h a value ( t5 ca%4 ,naturally en\gh ?is caus$ great inconv5i5ce to v _m poor p4 ,!re=e "s actors call$ ^u to play be=e ! emp]or 9 ! c\rse ( a fea/ proce$$ to give him a lesson 9 rudim5t>y economics4 ,a v5dor ( syrups appe>$ & %ortly aft]w>ds a ?ir/y cu/om]4 ,! latt] paid "o co9 & dem&$ "o dr9k4 ,! m]*ant expla9$ t he _h no *ange = ! co9 & ask$ 8 patron !re=e to take a numb] ( dr9ks4 ,! buy] does 8 be/1 b aft] ! fif? or six? cup taps 8 bulg+ /oma* & exclaims1 8,well1 ,i've done x at la/4 ,b if ! g5tlem5 9 ! gov]nm5t 7 to make u use hundr$-ca% co9s ,i %\ld surely bur/60 ,! emp]or 0 mov$ to gay laught] & small] co9s 7 at once issu$4 ,h[ev]1 ! ef=ts ( ^! actors 7 n always s =tunate 9 outcome4 ,! /ory is told1 = example1 ( actors :o _h dress$ up to repres5t ,confucius1 ,m5cius1 & o!r sages = ! purpose ( giv+ ! emp]or "s v p]t95t advice on ! division ( l& 9 ! v words ( ! great moral tea*]s4 ,! advice prov$ to be s inconv5i5t t ! emp]or _h ! actors :ipp$ = _! pa9s4 ,f ! ,sung ,dyna/y 7#ifj-aabg ,a4,d47 ,mr4 ,wang reports ! names ( #bhj plays & f ! ,*9 ,dyna/y 7#aaae-abcd ,a4,d47 #fij plays1 b fails to /ate h[ _m are extant4 ,( ! s-call$ ,anci5t ,drama x is kn[n t a c]ta9 k9d ( free metrical =m adapt$ to music 7*'7 0 employ$2 t z a rule only two actors appe>$ 9 ea* play2 & t !atricals1 ?\gh /ill v primitive1 7 q popul>1 z !y 7 pres5t$ bo? to ! g5]al public 9 %abby mat-%$s & to ! c\rt at magnific5t fea/s4 ,our k ( ! ,anci5t ,drama is v meag] to be sure1 yet ! "w ( ,mr4 ,wang has made x possible to g beyond :at ,mr4 ,giles says 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature0#i aft] hav+ m5tion$ ! ,pe> ,g>d5 my?3 8,no?+1 h[ev]1 :i* c be truly id5tifi$ ) ! actor's art seems to h be5 kn[n until ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 sudd5ly ! ,drama1 z se5 9 ! mod]n ,*9ese /age play1 sprang into be+40 ,ow+ to ! great int]e/ 9 ,we/]n drama 9 ,*9a at ! pres5t "t x is v likely t o!r ,*9ese s*ol>s w make rese>*es 9 ?is int]e/+ field & t m light w soon be %$ on ! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese drama4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,two ,,=mal ,,developm5t--,,yuan ,,dyna/y1 #abjf-acfh ,! rise ( ! ,*9ese drama 0 due to a national disa/] t broke ! sway ( ! rul+ lit]>y class4 ,9 #abfd ,kublai ,khan ) 8 ,mongols fix$ 8 capital at ,pek+ & = ! fir/ "t 9 _! hi/ory ! sons ( ,han pass$ "u ! rule ( an ali5 sov]eign4 ,! b>b>ians naturally en\gh aboli%$ ! lit]>y exam9ations = gov]nm5t po/s1 consi/+ ( competitions 9 ! writ+ ( essays & poetry 9 ! language ( ! classics1 = !y did n c>e to appo9t z vic]oys & ju/ices memb]s ( ! subject race4 ,! ,mongol language _h absolutely no lit]ature &1 inde$1 n ev5 an alphabet until #abgi1 :5 a ,tibetan prie/ con/ruct$ "o by imp]ial ord]4 ,*9ese s*ol>s 7 ?ru/ out ( _! high (fices & c\ld f9d employm5t only z writ]s ( petitions or z l[ly cl]ks4 ,!re 0 no long] any call = ! ex]cise ( _! tal5ts 9 ! writ+ ( descriptive essays or lyrical poetry su* z _h be5 dem&$ 9 ! exam9ations =m]ly lead+ to ! highe/ (fices2 !y f\nd1 h[ev]1 a fruitful outlet = _! lit]>y p[]s 9 a g5re previ\sly greatly despis$ by ! lit]ati--! drama4 ,! cause ( ! s*ol>'s disda9 = ! drama & ! novel 0 ! great *asm t yawn$ betwe5 ! classical language & ! spok5 language ( ! day 9 :i*1 p]=ce1 popul> lit]ature ( ent]ta9m5t or ( ! /age _h to be writt54 ,= ov] a ?\s& ye>s ! lit]>y language _h be5 a dead language1 s dead t a le>n$ s*ol> c\ld compreh5d x only if he saw ! text 9 black & :ite be=e 8 eyes--to he> x read did n by any means enable him to und]/& x4 ,ev]y?+ t _h be5 consid]$ lit]ature up to t "t 0 compos$ 9 ?is language1 & any?+ compos$ 9 ! vulg> tongue 0 consid]$ b5ea? ! dignity ( a s*ol>4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 clev] writ]s turn$ to ! drama & ! novel ) ! result t ! writt5 language 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t democratiz$ 9 ! works t appeal$ to ! broad masses ( read]s or he>]s4 ,b let x be not$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t only2 =1 z vanqui%$ ,greece 9 turn conqu]$ ,rome by h] sup]ior culture1 s ,*9ese culture conqu]$ ! ,mongols4 ,aft] hav+ be5 aboli%$ = practically eighty ye>s ! lit]>y exam9ations 7 re9/at$ & ! drama too 0 gradually caught 9 p$antic fett]s ( =malism4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,yuan dramati/s mov$ away f ! spok5 language to "o presuppos+ consid]able erudition on ! "p ( ! read]1 !re are _m s*ol>s ev5 to-day :o reg>d ! novel & drama z b5ea? _! notice1 j z a m$ieval s*ol> w\ld h despis$ any "w n writt5 9 ,lat94#aj ,9 fact ^! works h be5 recogniz$ at _! true wor? only z late z #aiag1 :5 ,hu ,%ih1 ,columbia ,univ]sity doctor ( philosophy & pr(essor at ! ,national ,univ]sity 9 ,pek+1 began to lecture on ! ,*9ese drama z drama & to publi% ! be/ ( ! novels ) hi/orical introductions4 ,pr(essor ,hu ,%ih f9ds 9 ! language ( ^! works a compromise :i* he hopes w be an aid 9 induc+ ! ,*9ese ( to-day f9ally to adopt ! v]nacul> z ! language ( sci5ce & belles-lettres4 ,=1 9 spite ( ! concessions made to ! firmly root$ conv5tions ( ! cons]vative class ( s*ol>s = ! sake ( l5d+ dignity to _! works & secur+ ! approval ( ! lit]ati1 ! novel & ! drama1 ow+ to _! popul> appeal1 deviat$ l>gely f ! dead language & approa*$ ! v]nacul> ( ! day4 ,! dramati/s are z a rule m5 :o are n o!rwise fam\s z writ]s4 ,biographical mat]ial conc]n+ ! au?ors ( ! 8,"o ,hundr$ ,yuan ,dramas01 ! collection ( plays consid]$ classical 9 ,*9a1 is s meag] t x does n seem wor? :ile to m5tion names ab\t ^: be>]s little m c be said ?an t !y 8fl\ri%$40 ,ab\t five hundr$ plays 7 extant at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m+ ,dyna/y1 :ile to-day !re exi/ b "o hundr$ & sixte54 ,mod]n ,cele/ial s*ol>s are pr\d ( ! fact t an ov]:elm+ p]c5tage ( ! au?ors 7 real ,*9ese1 practically all f ! t]ritory n[ cov]$ by ! prov9ces ( ,*ihli1 ,%antung & ,%ansi1 ab\t a ?ird ( !m born 9 ,pek+ 7call$ ,y5*+ at ! "t74 ,n9e t5?s ( ! au?ors liv$ 9 :at is call$ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,yuan drama 7#abce-abhj7 ) its c5t] 9 ,pek+2 :ile ! mu* small] ,s\!rn ,s*ool develop$ lat] 7#abhj-acce7 ar\nd ,hang*[4 ,mo/ ( ! au?ors 7 f among ! common p1 & only "o among ! :ole n9ety odd 0 a ,t>t>4 ,*9ese critics reg>d ,kuan ,han-*+ 7! au?or ( 8,! ,suff]+s ( ,t\-,e01 a play discuss$ bel[7 z ! greate/ ( all ^! writ]s1 because 8 mann] is true & natural4 ,o!rs are spok5 ( z hav+ a /yle t is l(ty & magnific5t1 or pure & beautiful1 or bit+ & vigor\s4 ,! hi/orian ( ! ,*9ese drama1 ,mr4 ,wang ,kuo-wei1 quot$ above1 /ates t ! ,yuan drama is a natural gr[? out ( ! previ\sly exi/+ =ms & ! traditional plots4 ,m ?an ?irty ,yuan plots1 he po9ts out1 _h be5 us$ be=e 9 plays ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,he f9ds ! *ief advance ( ! ,yuan drama to consi/ 9 ! employm5t ( m flexible v]se =ms = ! poetic sections & ! use ( m dialogue 9 ! place ( n>ration & description4 ,?us ! ess5ce ( drama1 action1 takes ! place ( n>ration4 ,moreov]1 ! drama rose to ! dignity ( an art4 ,previ\s to ?is ! plays1 g5]ally dialogues by cl[ns1 _h be5 mo/ly int]l>d$ 9 ent]ta9m5ts ( acrobatics1 danc+1 & music4 ,su* p]=mances took place frequ5tly at ! royal c\rt & are describ$ also 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,italian ,ma-,ke-,po-,lo 7,m>co ,polo7 :5 he tells ab\t ! fea/ ( ! ,gr& ,khan3 8,:5 ! repa/ is f9i%$1 & ! tables h be5 remov$1 p]sons ( v>i\s descriptions ent] ! hall & among/ ^! a troop ( com$ians & p]=m]s on v>i\s in/rum5ts1 z also tumbl]s & juggl]s1 :o exhibit _! skill 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,gr& ,khan to ! high amusem5t & gratification ( all ! spectators40#aa ,z has be5 /at$ above1 ! dramas soon took on c]ta9 =mal aspects4 ,9 g5]al !y h f\r acts1 ) a prologue1 epilogue1 or int]lude1 :i* makes !m 9 appe>ance & l5g? q simil> to our five-act plays4 ,"s plays--analog\s to our trilogies--h acts ( a numb] t is a multiple ( f\r & ea* gr\p ( f\r acts =ms a unity by itself4 ,= example1 8,! ,we/]n ,*amb]01 has tw5ty acts & =ms really five plays4 ,accord+ to ,*9ese critics ! drama is compos$ ( ?ree elem5ts3 7#a7 action2 7#b7 spee*2 7#c7 s++4 ,spee* may be divid$ into monologue & dialogue2 ! purpose ( ! latt] is to advance ! action & ( ! =m] to ar\se emotions--a function t v prop]ly invites comp>ison ) ! rle ( ! *orus 9 ! ,greek drama4 ,no long] are !re only two *>act]s 9 ^! plays1 b we n[ f9d f\r *ief rles along ) v>i\s m9or p>ts4 ,9 v rigid mann] only "o "* is made to s+ 9 ea* act1 :i* means t ea* ( ! f\r *>act]s has "o act 9 :i* he or %e plays ! ma9 rle4 ,?is arrangem5t has _h its peculi> effect :i* c be witness$ 9 pres5t-day ,pek+1 :]e plays ( ?is type are /ag$1 inasmu* z a fam\s actor :o plays1 let u say1 ! rle ( ! lov]1 w n pres5t entire dramas1 b only su* ( ! acts z give him ! pr9cipal "p4 ,9 ! new plays ( to-day1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5t practice is foll[$ b ! old rep]toire ( ! av]age ,*9ese !at] is s well kn[n t x makes v little diff]5ce :e!r a drama is pres5t$ z a :ole or 9 "p4 ,! "* types ( ! ,yuan drama1 ! ,mei 7male7 & ,tan 7female71 ) _! _m v>iations1 are 9 g5]al q simil> to ! types ( pres5t-day drama1 a discussion ( :i* is giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,9 ! pr9t$ texts ( ! play *>act]s are designat$ n by _! names1 b by ! rles :i* !y play4 ,! classical drama ( ,*9a (f]s _m int]e/+ p>allels to diff]5t /ages 9 ! developm5t ( our drama1 ?\gh x n[h]e equals ! plays ( our great ma/]s4 ,its greate/ height rea*es ! level ( p]haps ! pre-,%akespe>ean drama 9 cont5t1 con/ruction1 & mann] ( pres5tation4 ,! pres5tation ( ,*9ese plays ) ! project+ plat=m /age1 ! lack ( sc5]y & ! emphasis on gorge\s co/ume1 ! play+ ( female p>ts by male actors1 ! extemporiz+ ( cl[ns1 & ! use ( music 9 8fl\ri%0 & 8al>ums0 (f]s a /rik+ly close p>allel to ,elizabe?an /ag+4 ,b t is a *apt] by itself4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ,*9ese drama a few facts ( ,*9ese life mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! beau ideal 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom is n ! w>rior1 b ! s*ol>4 ,!re is no h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 b weal? & p[] falls to him :o di/+ui%es himself 9 ! competitive exam9ations & ?us becomes vic]oy ( a prov9ce or "s o!r type ( high (ficial4 ,! pass+ ( ! exam9ation !re=e s]ves z ! deus ex ma*9a 9 _m plays1 solv+ all knotty problems accumulat$ by ! fif? act4 ,m>riages are arrang$ by ! p>5ts1 & ! romance ( c\rt%ip is a r>e & =bidd5 fruit4 ,! religi\s & e?ical backgr\nd consi/s *iefly ( a respect = ! m9ute moral precepts ( ,confucius1 ) "s ,buddhi/ic notions ( re9c>nation & "s ,taoi/ sup]/itions imp>tially admix$4 ,to exam9e a few ( ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces ( ! ,yuan drama is to invite fasc9at+ comp>isons4 ,9 8,*ao ,mei ,hsiang0 7,intrigue ( a ,lady's ,maid7 we h a "y s]vant girl unit+ two lov]s1 a sort ( ,dor9e ( ,molire's 8,t>tuffe0 9 a ,*9ese sett+4 ,! de/9y ( ! "y man & ! girl h be5 settl$ be=eh& by _! p>5ts1 mu* z ,orgon 9 8,t>tuffe0 disposes ( 8 daught]'s future3 ,enf91 ma fille1 il faut pay] d'obeissance1 ,et montr] p\r mon *oix entire dfr5ce4 ,! lov]s 9 bo? plays revolt aga9/ p>5tal au?ority1 & 9 bo? cases a happy end+ is br\ght ab\t indirectly ?r\gh =tunate int]v5tion on ! "p ( ! mon>* himself4 ,! meat conta9$ 9 ! ,*9ese play is ab\t :at 8,t>tuffe0 w\ld be ) ,t>tuffe left out4 ,two g5]als arrange1 %ortly be=e !y die 9 battle1 t _! *ildr5 are to m>ry4 ,! son ( ! "o1 !re=e1 :ile on 8 j\rney to ! capital to take 8 exam9ation1 visits at ! home ( ! wid[ ( 8 fa!r's fri5d4 ,! wid[ invites him to take up 8 abode 9 a pleasant pavilion 9 ! g>d51 b %e meets ) icy sil5ce e ref]5ce on ! "p ( ! "y man to m>riage4 ,?is is because %e wi%es to obs]ve ! v /ricte/ code ( conduct1 :i* orda9s t :5 a girl has lo/ h] fa!r %e d>e n m>ry until ?ree ye>s aft]w>d4 ,! "y p fall 9 love at fir/ sight2 ! "y man s desp]ately t ! ye>n+ = ! girl he is n p]mitt$ to see aft] _! fir/ accid5tal meet+ causes him to become viol5tly ill4 ,! quick-witt$1 imp]t95t maid s5t to look aft] ! wants ( ! pati5t c>ries messages betwe5 him & ! "y girl & f9ally arranges a meet+ on a moonlit night4 ,! lov]s h ex*ang$ b a few words :5 ! "m discov]s !m4 ,%e puni%es ! maid & s5ds ! "y man away 9 disgrace4 ,he goes to ! capital & passes su* a brilliant exam9ation t he attracts ! att5tion ( ! emp]or4 ,! latt] becomes int]e/$ 9 ! "y man's future & decides to c>ry out ! wi% ( 8 two fai?ful g5]als4 ,! m>riage is arrang$ by imp]ial comm&4 ,bo? lov]s are 9 ignorance z to :o _! select$ mates are to be1 & at fir/ are v mu* deject$2 b :5 !y meet z bride & groom _! happ9ess is all ! great] :5 !y realize t ! *oice ( _! eld]s is also ! *oice ( _! he>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,by ,a ,,*9ese ,,arti/ ,,= 8,,! ,,*alk ,,circle0 ,?is1 toge!r ) ?ree simil> illu/rations1 has be5 tak5 f ! /&>d edition ( ! ,yuan ,dyna/y classics ,! play moves 9 an atmosph]e ( /rictly prescrib$ etiquette ( :i* ! "m is a /ony-ey$ inc>nation4 ,! faceti\s little maid is a break] ( rules 9 ! int]e/ ( m human consid]ations1 &1 l ! s]vant 9 all our com$ies f ! "t ( ,m5&] d[nw>d1 %e tells h] mi/ress "s frank home-tru?s4 ,n only is ! "y man a s*ol>1 b ! h]o9e ) h] maid-companion also h be5 ard5t /ud5ts ( ! classics4 ,quotations f ,confucius1 ,m5cius1 ,laotze1 & ! ,buddhi/ writ+s l5d _! sp>kle to ! dialogue4 ,! lov]s ex*ange poems exhibit+ t *>m+ impressionism ( delicately sket*$ moonlight on ! lotus or sn[fall on p9e trees s *>act]i/ic ( ,*9ese v]se4 ,allusions to my?s ab\nd2 = example1 to ! moonlit cl\d t woo$ ! "m ( ,huang ,ti z ,jupit] did ,io4 ,z 9 ! plays ( ,b]n>d ,%aw & ( 8 pr$ecessor ,%akespe>e1 ! h]o9e takes ! initiative by toss+ into ! room ( ! r passive h]o a bag embroid]$ ) *>act]s reveal+ h] love4 ,a wi/ful note is s\nd$ by ! "y s*ol> :5 ! w$d+ comm&$ by ! emp]or is1 z he believes1 ab\t to unite him to a woman o!r ?an ! "o he loves3 8,musicians1 please d n n[ play ! air ( ! teals meet+ 9 *a/e pleasure :o lam5t & yet feel no sorr[40 ,?is spee* gives ! same bl5d+ ( ! emotions s (t5 spok5 ( by our poets 9 analyz+ ! my/]y ( love1 p]haps mo/ /rik+ly 9 ,goe!'s l9es3 ,freudvoll und leidvoll1 ,g$ank5voll se91 ,lang5 und bang5 ,9 s*web5d] ,pe91 ,himmelho* jau*z5d1 ,zum ,tode betrbt1 ,glckli* alle9 i/ ,die ,seele die liebt4 ,! play 8,ho ,lang ,tan0 7,! ,s++ ,girl7 portrays ! puni%m5t ( vice & ! triumph ( virtue4 ,a ri* m]*ant decides to take into 8 h\se a second wife1 a c]ta9 s++ girl4 ,he f9ds himself desp]ately 9 love ) ?is lady ( easy virtue1 :ile ! girl h]self is plann+ to get 8 money 9 ord] to run (f ) h] real lov]4 ,!re is a sc5e betwe5 husb& & wife 9 :i* ! latt] bitt]ly res5ts ! plan ( br++ a concub9e into ! h\se & pron\nces grave w>n+s ( ! evils t w befall h] husb& 9 consequ5ce4 ,b ! m]*ant p]si/s 9 8 plan & br+s ! s++ girl to salute 8 wife z mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,! =m] is requir$ by etiquette to make f\r b[s1 ( :i* ! la/ two mu/ be return$ by ! wife4 ,! wife refuses to greet ! int]lop]1 & aft] a %ort b viol5t qu>rel %e dies ( ang]4 ,! next sc5e %[s ! s++ girl /eal+ ! m]*ant's money & sett+ 8 h\se on fire4 ,h] lov]1 disguis$ z a boatman1 ?r[s ! husb& into a /ream & tries to /rangle ! latt]'s son & 8 nurse4 ,b pass]s-by prev5t ! c[>dly murd]1 & "o ( ! /rang]s buys f ! nurse ! sev5-ye>-old boy = "o ounce ( silv]4 ,! poor nurse faces />vation & decides to adopt ! pr(ession ( a s++ girl4 ,:ile travel+ ab\t 9 ?is capacity %e meets ! m]*ant :o has _h a miracul\s escape f dr[n+ & has sunk to ! position ( sw9eh]d 9 a f> c\ntry4 ,8 l[ly /ate eloqu5tly po9ts ! moral4 ,at fir/ he upbraids ! nurse = hav+ adopt$ h] di%onorable call+1 b aft]w>d he accepts h] invitation to quit 8 mis]able po/ & to be support$ by h]4 ,?irte5 ye>s h pass$ & ! "y son has become a fam\s judge by virtue ( hav+ pass$ a brilliant exam9ation4 ,he happ5s to arrive 9 ! same city :]e 8 relatives are & calls on ! keep] ( 8 inn to provide "s s+]s = 8 ent]ta9m5t4 ,! ho/ leads 9 8 *ildhood nurse & 8 fa!r4 ,! "y judge wipes 8 teacup ) a piece ( pap] :i* he ?r[s on ! floor4 ,z ?is pap] happ5s to be ! contract ( 8 sale by ! nurse to ! k9d-he>t$ /rang] :o lat] made him 8 heir & z x happ5s to be pick$ up by ! fa!r1 a recognition is effect$4 ,at ! same "t two ?ieves are br\ght be=e ! judge1 :o turn out to be ! er/:ile second wife & h] sc\ndrel lov]4 ,!y meet _! j puni%m5t2 ! judge puts !m to dea? ) 8 own h& z a pi\s (f]+ to ! _s ( 8 deceas$ "m4 ,! fa!r praises ! ju/ice ( ,heav5 & asks 8 son to ord] a fea/ t !y may celebrate 9 due =m ?is rem>kable meet+4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ?is clumsy play lies 9 ! light x ?r[s on ,*9ese life4 ,! indignation & subsequ5t dea? ( ! wife %[ h[ ev5 9 c\ntries :]e 8!y are us$ to x0 wom5 res5t bitt]ly ! adv5t ( a concub9e into ! h\se4 ,dur+ my /ay 9 ,pek+ !re occurr$ sev]al w$d+s t 7 m>r$ by viol5t qu>rels betwe5 ! fir/ wife & ! new bride4 ,! husb& 9 our play va9ly exhorts 8 wife to be good1 to obs]ve ! ?ree ob$i5ces & ! f\r virtues ( a wife4#ab ,yet he _c exile h]1 because %e has borne him a son4 ,all ( ! *>act]s are drawn ) great realism 9 _! ignoble conduct4 ,! sale ( ! *ild by ! nurse is foll[$ by a te>ful monologue on ! "p ( ! sailor :o _h come to ! rescue3 8,poor *ild1 y\r lot is to be piti$4 ,?is woman :o 0 j ab\t to be /rangl$ by ! brig&s f9ds h]self r$uc$ to ! necessity ( sell+ h] *ild4 ,c\ld "o f9d a sadd] & m he>t-r5d+ situation8 ,:o w\ld n %$ te>s ( pity = h]80 ,! au?or sets out ) a reali/ic portrayal ( a phase ( life1 b he yields to ! =ce ( conv5tion :i* requir$ a moral & happy end+--an influ5ce n unkn[n 9 ! drama ( ,we/]n c\ntries4 ,our plays1 f 8,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice0 to 8,madam ,x01 ab\nd 9 c\rt sc5es1 b ! ,*9ese !at] makes use ( ?is effective device ev5 m frequ5tly4 ,a play call$ 8,! ,*alk ,circle0 pres5ts 9 a trial sc5e a /ory almo/ id5tical ) a ,biblical "o4 ,two wom5 appe>+ be=e a judge ) a *ild ea* claim x z _! own4 ,! judge ord]s ! *ild plac$ 9 a circle drawn on ! floor1 :ile ! wom5 are to decide :o is ! "m by pull+ at ! *ild 9 a sort ( tug-(-w>4 ,"o woman refuses to hurt ! *ild by pull+ at 8 arm1 & ! judge decides ) ,solomonic wisdom t %e mu/ be ! true "m4 ,v frequ5tly ^! plays are satirical 9 "*1 mak+ sport ( ! notori\sly corrupt judges4 ,9 "o ( ! naively primitive spee*es ( introduction1 requir$ by ! !atrical conv5tion ( e "* on ent]+ ! /age1 a judge is made to say1 8,i am ! gov]nor ( ,*+-,*\4 ,my "n is ,s\ ,%54 ,al?\gh ,i fulfill ! functions ( a judge1 yet ,i d n "k a s+le article ( ! code4 ,i l only "o ?+ & t is money4 ,by means ( ! bright metal e pla9tiff c always make sure ! w9n+ ( 8 suit40 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,by ,a ,,*9ese ,,arti/ ,,= 8,,! ,,*alk ,,circle0 8,! ,transmigration ( ,y ,hs90 is a play deal+ ) ! popul> sup]/itions reg>d+ ! re9c>nation ( s\ls 9 mu* ! same _s 9 :i* ,voltaire 9 8,c&ide0 treats ! belief t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,z 9 ,gogol's 8,revizor0 ! gov]nm5t s5ds an inspector to a c]ta9 village :]e ! (ficials ( ! law c\rt are said to be corrupt4 ,! rumor ( ! com+ inspection rea*es t[n be=e ! inspector2 & mo/ ( ! judges flee4 ,only ,y ,hs9 rema9s1 toge!r ) ! cl]ks & m9or (ficials4 ,"o ( ^! expresses 8 surprise at ! fact t ,y ,hs9 is go+ to meet ! inspector s calmly1 especially s9ce he _h rec5tly accept$ a sc&al\sly l>ge bribe4 ,y ,hs9 answ]s1 8,yes1 to be sure1 ,i've accept$ pres5ts4 ,b my fri5d1 y c]ta9ly are simple6 ,isn't x necess>y t we fulfill our de/9y8 ,no "o c die be=e 8 "t has come4 ,h ! c\rts ev] prolong$ by "o m9ute ! life ( a man8 ,if x 7 o!rwise p w\ld no long] believe 9 lucky & unlucky fates2 !y w\ld no long] call ,heav5 & ,e>? ! arbit]s ( life & dea?40 ,a fam\s an*orite appe>s prophesy+ t ,y ,hs9 w die )9 two h\rs4 ,!n ! inspector ent]s ! village & beg9s imm$iately 8 exam9ation ( ! c\rt records4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce he is an extremely /upid & incapable man1 ! cl]ks succe$ 9 p]suad+ him t ev]y?+ is 9 ord]4 ,b ,y ,hs9 9 8 home has fall5 ill4 ,he implores 8 beautiful wife nev] to %[ h] face 9 public & to rema9 a wid[ =ev]4 ,he dies at ! v h\r ! holy man _h =etold--ev5 ?\gh 8 dea? is n due to a s5t5ce impos$ on him because ( 8 corrupt practices4 ,y ,hs9's s\l appe>s be=e ! judge ( ! l[] _w4 ,z he _h be5 v av>ici\s 9 life 8 puni%m5t is to consi/ 9 hav+ to ga!r copp]s toss$ into a deep kettle ( boil+ oil4 ,b ! holy man appe>s & obta9s =giv5ess = ,y ,hs91 because he all[s himself to be quickly conv]t$ to ,taoism & makes ! v[s ( pov]ty & *a/ity4 ,! judge w ev5 grant him ! boon ( a spe$y return to e>?4 ,he _c rent] 8 own body1 because 8 wife has be5 a bit precipitate 9 cremat+ x2 b he is all[$ to ent] t ( a but*] :o has j di$1 a blue-ey$1 lame1 & o!rwise ugly man4 ,! but*]'s p>5ts1 wife1 & neighbors are engag$ 9 m\rn+1 :5 ! dead man sudd5ly rises f 8 c(f94 ,y ,hs9 wants1 fir/ ( all1 to see 8 pretty wife1 b :5 he tries to walk he /umbles ) 8 lame leg4 ,z !y h& him ! crut* he reflects1 8,ah1 yes1 9 my =m] life ,i _h a crook$ consci5ce & 9 ?is life ,i h a crook$ & useless leg4 ,i realize only too well ! heav5ly ju/ice60 ,! but*]'s relatives foll[ him to 8 =m] home1 :]e 8 wife _h be5 happy to receive him aft] he _h fully expla9$ 8 miracul\s return4 ,a viol5t qu>rel breaks out betwe5 ! two wom51 ea* ( :om claims h] husb&4 ,! case is tak5 be=e ! /upid imp]ial inspector1 :o is 9 great p]plexity be=e ! "q z to :e!r ! body or ! s\l con/itutes ! husb&4 ,! case & ! play end :5 ! an*orite arrives to rem9d ,y ,hs9 ( 8 v[s & to take him into ! unworldly wild]ness4 ,plautus' & ,molire's subject = a com$y ( "*1 ! mis]1 has be5 employ$ by a ,*9ese playwright ) /rong local color to 8 humor4 ,"o ( ! _m sc5es ( 8 play describes h[ ! mis] comes to feel t he mu/ h a son to pray at 8 grave & !re=e decides to buy "o f an unlucky s*ol> r$uc$ by pov]ty to sell+ 8 *ildr54 ,he (f]s ! p>5ts "o ounce ( silv]4 ,! "m exclaims 9 h] disappo9tm5t1 8,:y1 = t sum y c\ldn't buy a boy model$ 9 clay40 ,p]haps ?is is a bit unmo!rly 9 s5tim5t1 b ! retort is truly mis]ly1 8,yes1 b a boy ( clay does n eat or cause o!r exp5ses40 ,:5 ?is sum is refus$ ! mis] in/ructs 8 s]vant to g once m to ! man1 to hold ! silv] high1 v high1 above 8 head & to say1 8,!re1 y poor s*ol>1 ,8 ,excell5cy ,"l ,k\ deigns to give y "o preci\s ounce ( silv]40 ,8 s]vant replies t no matt] h[ high he holds x an ounce w be only an ounce2 & f9ally he pays ! fa!r m out ( 8 own wages6 ,:5 ! son has rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty ! mis] scolds him "o day because he seems to ?9k t money is = ! purpose ( buy+ food & clo!s6 ,by way ( in/ruction he tells h[ "o c live economically3 8,"o day ,i felt incl9$ to eat roa/ duck & !re=e ,i w5t to ! m>ket to t %op :i* y "k4 ,!y 7 j roa/+ a f9e duck & ! delici\s juice 0 runn+ d[n4 ,"u ! pretext ( b>ga9+ ,i h&l$ x & soak$ my f+]s ?or\ghly 9 ! gravy4 ,!n ,i w5t home )\t hav+ b\ght x & call$ = a plate ( boil$ rice4 ,) ea* spoonful ( rice ,i suck$ "o f+]4 ,at ! f\r? spoonful ,i became tir$ & fell asleep4 ,dur+ my nap a trea*]\s dog came & lick$ my la/ f+]4 ,:5 on awak5+ ,i notic$ ?is !ft1 ,i became s angry t ,i h be5 ill ev] s9ce40 ,! h\se is 9 ne$ ( a picture ( ! god ( luck1 & ! mis] in/ructs 8 son to ord] ! arti/ to pa9t a re> view1 because to pa9t ! face co/s mo/4 ,:5 he is ab\t to die he ord]s 8 son to bury him n 9 a c(f9 ( p9e1 nor ev5 ( will[ wood1 b to use ! old wat]+ tr\gh /&+ 9 ! back y>d4 ,! son objects t x is too %ort1 b ! fa!r in/ructs him to *op 8 body 9 two to make x fit4 8,& !re is "o m important ?+ ,i wi% to say to y be=e ,i die2 don't use my good ax to cut me 9 two1 b borr[ "o f ! neighbor40 8,s9ce we h an ax1 :y %\ld ,i bo!r ! neighbor80 8,p]haps y don't "k t my bones are extremely h>d1 & t if y'd use my good cutt+ edge y'd h to sp5d "s copp]s to get x re%>p5$40 ,! mis]'s la/ words are inaudible1 b he p]si/s 9 hold+ up two f+]s4 ,all ! relatives assembl$ 9 ! dea? *amb] are v mu* puzzl$ & try to please him by do+ ?is or t1 b ! dy+ man's discom=t increases4 ,f9ally 8 old s]vant ent]s & he und]/&s4 ,!re are two c&les burn+ :]e "o might d2 & aft] "o ( !m has be5 ext+ui%$ ! mis] dies 9 peace4 ,trag$y is n f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese drama4 ,! plays ab\nd 9 sad situations1 b !re is none t by its nobility or sublimity w\ld des]ve to be call$ tragic4 ,! close/ approa* to x is f\nd p]haps 9 8,! ,orphan ( ! ,*ao ,family01#ac made famili> to ,we/]n read]s by ,voltaire2 or 9 8,! ,sorr[s ( ,han40 ,?is latt] play1 9 ! ,*9ese lit]ally 8,autumn 9 ! ,h\se ( ,han01 is full ( poetical t\*es4 ,nor? ( ! ,great ,wall !re is ! ,t>t> ,khan :o sees 9 ! weakness ( ! ,han emp]or 8 opportunity = fur!r conque/4 ,?is "y emp]or is addict$ to a life ( dissipation1 & ?r\gh 8 m9i/] ,mao he ga!rs beauties = 8 h>em f ! f\r corn]s ( 8 realm4 ,z a true ,ori5tal1 ,mao dem&s a heavy bribe f ! family ( e girl ^: portrait he submits to ! emp]or4 ,b ! family ( ! mo/ beautiful girl ( all is s poor z to be unable to pay a bribe1 & !re=e ! m9i/] causes ! arti/ to di/ort ! portrait4 ,naturally ! emp]or does n summon ?is lady into 8 pres5ce4 ,b "o ev5+1 :5 9 a melan*oly mood he walks 9 an unfrequ5t$ "p ( 8 palace gr\nds1 he comes by *ance ^u ?is girl z %e is s++ to h] lute4 ,h] beauty en*ants him4 8,! v lant]n %9es bright] 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is maid10 he exclaims1 & falls viol5tly 9 love ) h]4 ,( c\rse1 he ord]s ! grasp+ m9i/] to be behead$2 b ! latt] flees to ! ,t>t> ,khan to %[ him a tru?ful picture ( ! favorite & to incite him to w> aga9/ ,*9a4 ,! ,khan s5ds an ultimatum3 8,ei!r give me ?is beauty = a wife or ,i w make w> on ,*9a40 ,! emp]or is agha/ ) fe> ( a ,t>t> invasion1 b ! pr9cess is will+ to be sacrific$4 8,9 return = y\r b\nties x is y\r h&maid5's duty to brave dea? = y10 %e says & adds t surpass+ beauty has always be5 c\pl$ ) great sorr[1 b t %e w leave a "n ev] gre5 9 hi/ory4 ,aft] a sad f>ewell %e dep>ts = ! c\ntry ( ! ,t>t>s & meets ! ,khan on ! banks ( ! ,amur4 ,%e dr9ks a la/ cup ( w9e to h] lov]3 8,emp]or ( ,han1 ?is life is end$4 ,i await !e 9 ! next40 ,) ^! words ! pr9cess ca/s h]self into ! swift curr5t & dr[ns 9 spite ( ! ,khan's valiant ef=t to save h]4 ,he erects = h] a tomb on ! bank ( ! riv]1 :i* tradition says is gre5 bo? summ] & w9t]4 ,mov$ by h] noble "*1 ! ,t>t> decides to live 9 peace ) ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,by ,a ,,*9ese ,,arti/4 ,,t\-,e ,,be=e ,,! ,,judge ,a play t is ev5 to-day a favorite 9 ,pek+ playh\ses "u ! title ( 8,sn[ 9 ,june0 0 call$ by its ,yuan dyna/y au?or 8,! ,suff]+s ( ,t\-,e40 ,x is ! record ( ! endless suff]+s at ! h&s ( a pit*-black1 wick$ _w ( an innoc5t girl & h] f9al v9dication ?r\gh a triple miracle f ,heav54 ,9 h] *ildhood %e 0 sold by h] own fa!r into a family :]e %e became ! son's wife & ! drudge ( h] "m-9-law4 ,= ?irte5 ye>s %e 0 a dutiful wife & :5 h] husb& di$ %e hop$ to rema9 fai?ful to 8 memory1 z e wid[ 9 ,*9a is expect$ to d4 ,b two c[>dly ruffians1 fa!r & son1 =ce !mselves into ! h\se :]e %e is liv+ ) h] likewise wid[$ "m-9-law & dem& t ! wom5 m>ry !m1 end[+ !m at ! same "t ) all _! worldly goods4 ,! two wom5 refuse to yield to ^! insol5t dem&s4 ,!n ! y\ng] intrud]1 or r b&it1 places "s poison 9 a b[l ( s\p1 int5d+ to murd] ! old] woman1 b 8 fa!r dra9s ! cup by mi/ake4 ,h]eupon he tries once m to co]ce ! h]o9e into m>riage by ?reat5+ to fa/5 ! murd] ^u h]4 ,%e feels q secure 9 h] innoc5ce & d>es him to br+ ! case to c\rt1 v c]ta9 9 ! belief t ju/ice w prevail4 ,b ! wick$ judge beg9s by hav+ ! accus$ tortur$1 & ?is s brutally t ! girl is at la/ =c$ into a false confession m]ely to escape ! unbe>able pa94 ,^u ?is %e is promptly condemn$ to dea?4 ,z %e is kneel+ to be behead$ %e ann\nces t ?ree ?+s w prove h] innoc5ce2 h] blood w n fall on ! gr\nd b on a bann] t5 feet above h] head2 sn[ w fall al?\gh ! season is summ]2 & !re w be a dr\ght ( ?ree ye>s' duration4 ,all ( ?is comes true z x _h be5 =etold1 & ! /range tale is nois$ abroad 9 ! l&4 ,f9ally1 a j judge--h] v fa!r :o z a poor s*ol> _h be5 =c$ to sell 8 *ild6--he>s ( ! case & decides to inve/igate x4 ,! _s ( 8 daught] comes to enlight5 him 9 reg>d to ! true /ate ( affairs1 & ! real murd]] is puni%$ by be+ nail$ to a wood5 ass & cut into a hundr$ & tw5ty pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,by ,a ,,*9ese ,,arti/4 ,,t\-,e ,,ab\t ,,to ,,be ,,behead$ ,?is obtrusively moral end+ is a s9e qua non 9 ,*9ese plays2 likewise ! crude plot z well z ! rle play$ by accid5t r m> "o's enjoym5t ( ! play4 ,yet ! c\rage ( ! girl 9 ! face ( h] p]secutors1 h] firm belief t ju/ice w prevail 9 ! end1 & h] /oical mann] ( meet+ dea? are elem5ts n )\t _! *>m4 ,! sc5e ( ! execution is r impressive 9 its simplicity4 ,t\-,e3 7s+s7 ,ye cl\ds t float 9 ! air on my acc\nt1 make d>k ! sky6 ,ye w9ds t sigh because ( my fate1 come d[n 9 /orms6 ,oh1 t ,heav5 w\ld make my ?ree pr$ictions come true6 ,"m-9-law3 ,re/ assur$ t sn[ w fall = six mon?s1 & t a dr\ght w afflict ! c\ntry = ?ree ye>s4 ,n[1 ,t\-,e1 let y\r s\l reveal cle>ly ! great inju/ice :i* is ab\t to cause y\r dea?4 7,! execution] /rikes (f ,t\-,e's head74 ,! ,judge 7seiz$ ) t]ror73 ,o ,heav5s6 ,! sn[ is beg9n+ to fall6 ,?is is surely a miracle6 ,execution]3 ,i behead crim9als e day & _! blood always fl[s on ! gr\nd1 b ! blood ( ,t\-,e has spott$ ! two bann]s ( :ite silk & n a drop has fall5 on ! gr\nd4 ,!re is some?+ sup]natural ab\t ?is cata/rophe4 ,! ,judge3 ,?is woman 0 truly innoc5t6 ,! plays discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] are suffici5t to %[ t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,*9ese possess$ a !at] ( fair m]it4 ,to be sure1 ! te*nique is extremely crude2 *>act]s on _! fir/ appe>ance on ! /age tell ! audi5ce _! names foll[$ by a consci5ti\s acc\nt ( _! pa/ lives & ! "p to be play$ by !m 9 ! drama2 ! motivation ( ! actions is v poor2 _m plays seem to be dramatiz$ n>ratives r ?an real dramas2 !re is a great paucity ( inv5tion z %[n by ! r frequ5t repetition ( dramatic devices & motives2 ! necessity ( hav+ a moral end+ leads to num]\s absurdities2 & *ance rules ! playwright's _w f beg9n+ to end1 always 9 ! int]e/ ( ! good4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is lack+ a real s5se ( ! tragic2 !re are no sublime h]oes ov]come by ! univ]sal human limitations :i* !y *all5ge1 nor are !re moral conflicts ( an elevat+ nature 9 :i* poetic ju/ice triumphs4 ,! *>act]s are 9 g5]al types r ?an individuals1 & !re is v little deep psy*ological insight display$4 ,& on ! :ole x mu/ be said1 ! plays d n rise to a v high spiritual level4 ,yet !re is great *>m 9 ?is drama :i* br+s on ! /age *>act]s ( all sorts f emp]ors d[n to coolies1 & displays 9 full ! ri* life 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom ( ! days :5 ,m>co ,polo describ$ x4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,,! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y--#acfh-afdd ,,! ,,pi-,,pa-,,*i ,! ,yuan ,dyna/y ( ,mongol rul]s 0 a v p[]ful "o & ext5d$ ! ,*9ese fronti]s to include ,korea1 ,ynnan1 ,annam1 & ,burma4 ,! rul]s prov$ !mselves v tol]ant ( ,*9ese religions & in/itutions2 ! emp]or ,j5 ,tsung ev5 re/abli%$ ! ,hanl9 ,academy & ! (ficial exam9ations4 ,b ?\gh ! gov]nm5t ( ^! =eign]s 0 fairly effici5t yet x 0 by no means popul>1 & frequ5t rebellions occurr$4 ,f9ally1 ! ,*9ese "u ! lead]%ip ( a =m] ,buddhi/ monk1 ,*u ,yuan-*ang1 drove ! ,mongols beyond ! ,great ,wall & f\nd$ ! ,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,! ex-monk asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #acfh & is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,emp]or ,hung ,wu4 ,! ,m+ ,dyna/y is kn[n z a p]iod ( prosp]ity 9 :i* indu/ry & comm]ce1 z well z ! arts ( poetry & pa9t+1 fl\ri%$4 ,x 0 also a great p]iod = ! drama4 ,ov] six hundr$ ,m+ dramas are /ill extant or are at lea/ kn[n by title1 & _m ( !m 7 writt5 by well-kn[n au?ors ( high lit]>y /&+ & great s*ol>%ip4 ,! drama 0 s mu* appreciat$ at ?is "t t _m high (ficials & weal?y families _h private tr\pes ( actors1 a l>ge numb] ( ! dramas be+ specially writt5 = ^! tr\pes4 ,s9ce ! audi5ces 7 compos$ ( ! lite1 ! language ( ! dramas c\ld be ( a highly lit]>y "*4 ,a developm5t took place at ?is "t t alt]$ consid]ably ! =m ( ! drama4 ,in/ead ( ! compact & unifi$ ?ree1 f\r1 or five-act plays ( ! ,yuan p]iod1 playwrights began to produce dramas ( ?irty-two1 =ty1 or ev5 =ty-eight acts4 ,! "n ( ?is new =m is *'an *'i 7lit]ally 8novel07 9 di/9ction to ! tsa *'i ( ! ,yuan ,dyna/y4 ,doctor ,hu ,%ih1 writ+ to me ab\t ^! two =ms1 sugge/s t "o might call ! =m] 8play0 & ! latt] 8drama40 8,te*nically ! new =m seems to be a degradation10 he says1 8b aside f ! aspect ( lit]>y economy ! ,m+ dramas 7 sup]ior to ! ,yuan plays 9 _m respects1 viz4 7#a7 pr(\nd] conception1 7#b7 f> bett] *>act]ization1 7#c7 m ev5 di/ribution ( p>ts among ! *>act]s4 ,9 ! ,yuan plays only "o "* _h a #8s++' "p & ! o!rs 7 completely subord9at$2 :ile 9 ,m+ dramas ! rles are m ev5ly balanc$4 ,9 _m cases ! same !me 0 treat$ by ,yuan & ,m+ dramati/s1 & 9 mo/ cases ! ,m+ v]sion is f> bett]40 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i am pres5t+ an example ( ?is new v>iety ( drama1 a #bd-;act piece call$ 8,pi-,pa-,*i0 7,! ,/ory ( a ,lute74 ,except = ! fact t dialogue & /age directions are us$ ! "w might well be call$ a novel4 ,aside f ! te*nical int]e/ ( ! drama x is mo/ significant z a pres5tation ( ,confucian ideals1 a revival ( :i* 0 typical likewise ( ! ,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,su* ideals are embodi$ 9 ! family sy/em ) ! selfi%ness--z x appe>s to u--( old age4 ,aft] read+ ab\t ! adv5tures ( ! h]o1 ,tsai ,yung1 ! ,we/]n] c und]/& :y 9 ,confucian writ+s along ) wid[s & orphans !re are enum]at$ 8son-less fa!rs40 ,! conflict 9 ! drama c5t]s ab\t ! 8high]0 & ! 8l[]0 ob$i5ce--s]vice to ! /ate or to ! family4 ,b ! problem is n a cle>-cut "o1 z ! son is to s]ve ! /ate 9 ! int]e/ ( ! great] prosp]ity ( 8 own family2 nor c x be said t x is solv$ 9 any way4 ,! drama1 h[ev]1 is full ( ,*9ese moraliz+ along l9es f> remov$ f ! ?9k+ ( ! 8practical0 ,we/]n]4 ,inde$1 mu* ( ! fam\s my/]y ( ! ,ea/ or ! inscrutability ( ! ,ori5tals might be less baffl+ to ! av]age ,am]ican if he 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ,*9a4 ,i h kn[n1 = example1 a "y ,*9ese politician :o 0 none too scrupul\s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he w5t ab\t e>n+ 8 liv+1 :o drank1 support$ a numb] ( concub9es1 & 9 fact 0 :at might be call$ by ! vulg> a 8r\nd]40 ,9 ! c\rse ( a d9n] "o ev5+ he told me betwe5 ! %>ks' f9s & ! ,pek+ duck t he _h be5 (f]$ a po/ 9 ,wa%+ton1 b1 lucrative ?\gh x 01 he c\ld n accept x because ( 8filial piety0--8 v words4 ,n[ piety 9 any s5se ( ! ^w 0 ! la/ ?+ ,i associat$ ) ?is y\?1 & !re=e 8 /atem5t seem$ to me surpris+4 ,!re 0 ano!r ,*9ese1 ! own] ( an excell5t /able1 ) :om ,i w5t rid+ frequ5tly 9 ! ,temple ( ,heav54 ,he 0 a vigor\s "y man1 educat$ 9 ,p>is1 v bus9esslike & progressive 9 all 8 ideas4 ,"o day ,i receiv$ an invitation to 8 w$d+1 &1 on go+1 f\nd a m]ry ?rong 9 ! gaily decorat$ c\rty>d1 ) danc+ 9 ,european fa%ion go+ on 9 full bla/4 ,i not$ ! groom among ! danc]s1 congratulat$ him & rem>k$1 8,well1 ,i'm sure y're v happy to-day60 ,b he %ook 8 head &1 z te>s came into 8 eyes1 he told me t ! bride 0 n ( 8 *oice b _h be5 select$ & =c$ on him by 8 eld] bro!r1 ! head ( ! family4 ,aga91 9 speak+ "o day ) a progressive "y /ud5t :o talk$ a great deal ab\t re=ms 9 politics & :o p>ticipat$ eag]ly 9 p>ades & o!r demon/rations /ag$ = t end1 ,i m5tion$ a c]ta9 (ficial :o _h flagrantly /ol5 funds collect$ = ! fam9e suff]]s4 ,! /ud5t express$ p]functory disapproval ( ! (ficial's conduct1 b add$1 8,/ill1 if ,i 7 9 8 position1 ,i'd probably d ! same40 ,su* is ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,*9ese act & z su* !y %[ !mselves 9 _! lit]ature4 8,pi ,pa ,*i0 0 writt5 by an o!rwise unkn[n au?or1 ,kao ,tsi-*'+1 ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ p]=mance ( ! play is kn[n to h tak5 place 9 #adjd1 9 ! reign ( ,yung ,loh1 ! rul] :o1 z e t\ri/ kn[s1 has ! mo/ prom95t monum5t among ! ,tombs ( ! ,m+ ,emp]ors nor? ( ,pek+4 ,! play is typically ,*9ese inasmu* z ! h]o is n a w>rior or a pr9ce1 b a poor s*ol> :o rises to fame ?r\gh 8 k ( lit]ature4 ,x ab\nds 9 sad situations & is prais$ by ,*9ese critics because x makes ! spectators or read]s weep4 ,fur!rmore1 x con=ms to ! dem& made on all ,*9ese dramas by be+ /rictly e?ical 9 its t5d5cy4 ,! moral lesson inculcat$ is t ( ! *ief virtue ( ! ,*9ese--v5]ation ( p>5ts4 ,?is is done ) su* devotion & =ce t ! play might well be call$ ! ,song ( ,songs ( ,filial ,piety4 ,! fir/ sc5e introduces a "y s*ol>1 ,tsai-yung1 face to face ) ! alt]natives ( rema9+ 9 8 village to take c>e ( 8 ag$ p>5ts or ( go+ to ! capital 9 se>* ( honors & lucrative po/s4 ,8 own wi%es are to rema9 at home1 less = 8 p>5ts' sake ?an because ( ! beautiful wife :om he has m>ri$ b two mon?s ago4 ,b 8 fa!r urges him to g to ,*'ang ,an1 to use 8 tal5ts1 & to ga9 fame & weal?4 8,at fifte5 "o mu/ /udy1 at ?irty a man mu/ act40 ,a fri5d ( ! family1 an eld]ly g5tleman call$ ,*ang1 sides ) ! fa!r aga9/ ! "m1 :o wi%es to keep h] son at home4 ,%e tells ! /ory ( a "y man :o _h left 8 family to take ! exam9ation at ! capital1 b :o1 :5 at la/ 8 le>n+ _h ga9$ him a po/ z sup]9t5d5t ( an alm%\se1 f\nd 8 p>5ts z inmates 9 ! v in/itution4 ,! "y wife takes no "p 9 ! discussion at all2 9 fact1 ! eld]ly g5tlem5 seem to consid] affection = h] an unmanly weakness on ! son's "p4 8,he ?9ks ( no?+ b love & ! sweet pleasures ( ! nuptial c\*10 says 8 fa!r4 8,"h x's two mon?s t he is m>ri$1 & yet "o _c te> him away f ?is place40 ,?is repres5ts a v common attitude 9 ,*9a--,i rememb] read+ 9 a ,pek+ pap] 9 #aiag 9 an attack on ! vice-presid5t ( ,ts+ ,hua ,college t "o ( 8 faults 0 t he occasionally w5t walk+ ) 8 wife6 ,"o ( my /ud5ts f ,%ansi told me "o day t he _h be5 m>ri$ dur+ ! summ] vacation4 ,i ask$ :e!r 8 wife 0 ) him 9 ,pek+1 & :5 he answ]$ 9 ! negative1 :e!r he 0 writ+ to h]4 8,oh1 no10 he said %amefac$ly1 8,i w\ldn't d su* a ?+40 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*9ese ,,arti/',s ,,conception ,,( ,,two ,,pi\s ,,s\ls ,! fa!r calls on ! son to /ate :at he und]/&s by filial piety4 ,! son answ]s by quot+ ! 8,book ( ,rites10 8,x is ! duty ( ! son to take e c>e t 9 summ] z well z 9 w9t] 8 p>5ts %\ld enjoy all com=ts ( life4 ,he mu/ e ev5+ himself arrange ! b$ on :i* !y are to sleep2 e morn+ at ! fir/ cr[n+ ( ! cock he mu/ inquire 9 affectionate t]ms ab\t ! /ate ( _! heal?2 !n1 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 he mu/ ask repeat$ly :e!r !y are suff]+ f ! cold or :e!r ! heat incommodes !m4 ,! duty ( ! son is to wat* ov] 8 p>5ts :]ev] !y g1 to love ^? :om !y love1 honor ^? :om !y honor2 he mu/ ev5 love ! horses & dogs :om 8 fa!r loves40 ,& he adds f ! 8,say+s ( ,confucius03 8,a son %\ld n leave ! home ( 8 fa!r & 8 "m s long z !y are /ill liv+40 ,to ?is ! fa!r retorts ) a quotation f 8,! ,book ( ,filial ,piety02 8,! fir/ degree ( filial piety consi/s 9 s]v+ "o's p>5ts2 ! second 9 s]v+ "o's pr9ce1 & ! ?ird 9 seek+ aft] honors40 ,! fa!r p]suades ! son to g4 ,8 son w soon be a m&>91 he says1 & !n1 8,! ?ree k9ds ( meat 7beef1 mutton & pork7 & ! r>e foods :i* are (f]$ up 9 ! great sacrifices w be s]v$ to me ?ree times a day 9 tripods ( elegant =m or 9 di%es ( f9e porcela94 ,t w be bett] ?an eat+ beans & dr9k+ wat]40 ,b ! "m gives expression to h] grief 9 a metaphor prais$ by ,*9ese comm5tators3 8,9 a mom5t !y w te> away ! pe>l ,i 0 hold+ 9 my h&40 ,=ebod+s ( evil fill h] he>t4 8,g !n1 my son1 b if dur+ y\r abs5ce y\r fa!r & "m %\ld die ( hung] & cold1 y\r honor w n !re=e be smir*$ :5 y return 9 an embroid]$ robe40 ,! second sc5e ( ! play transf]s ! action to ,*'ang ,an1 ! old capital4 ,) ! symmetry s *>act]i/ic ( all ,*9ese art ! action ( ! drama is divid$ almo/ equally betwe5 ! sc5es 9 ,tsai-yung's native village1 & ^? 9 ! imp]ial city4 ,we are introduc$ into ! palace ( an imp]ial m9i/]1 a c]ta9 ,niu1 & "h ?r\gh ! words ( a maids]vant we le>n ( ! dull1 t$i\s1 joyless life 9 ! wom5's ap>tm5ts4 ,! au?or pictures ! m9i/]'s daught]1 ,niu-hsi1 z ! model "y woman :o pref]s work+ at embroid]y to play+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! s]vant girl on ! o!r h& is sad because spr+ 7us$ symbolically = love7 is pass+ h] by4 ,9 a beautiful allegory on spr+ & its manife/ations %e gives expression to h] feel+s1 :ile h] mi/ress cites 9 reply ! anci5t ,*9ese rule ( conduct3 8,wom5 mu/ n leave ! int]ior ap>tm5ts40 ,! sc5e seems to be a prote/ on ! au?or's "p aga9/ ?is cruel /unt+ ( ! lives ( 8 c\ntrywom54 ,into ,m9i/] ,niu's h\se come two rival g-betwe5s :o make (f]s ( m>riage = ,niu's daught] 9 ! int]e/ ( two fa!rs ( di/+ui%$ sons4 ,b ,niu refuses2 he w accept = 8 daught] none b ! s*ol> :o has won ! v highe/ honors at ! exam9ations4 ,! two wom5 beg9 to qu>rel & are driv5 (f ) bl[s by ,niu's ord]s1 because by fight+ 9 8 h\se !y (f5d aga9/ ! rites4 ,a m>riage arrang$ by su* wrangl+ old hags betwe5 "y p :o meet = ! fir/ "t on ! day ( _! w$d+ c]ta9ly does n (f] mu* 9 ! way ( romance4 ,an ev5 m depress+ picture ( ! life ( ! "y girl "o ga9s f ! mann] 9 :i* ,niu takes 8 daught] to task = hav+ walk$ 9 ! g>d54 8,don't y "k ( :at ! pr9cipal m]it ( a "y woman consi/s8 ,i h told y be=e1 m5 are look+ = wom5 :o don't l to leave ! wom5's ap>tm5ts40 ,ev]y:]e ! gho/ ( ,confucius giv+ precepts = ! regulation ( ! private life d[n to ! m9ute/ details6 ,! play returns to ,tsai-yung1 :o is n[ on ! road to ! capital 9 ! company ( ?ree o!r c&idates = ! exam9ation4 ,ea* 9 turn tells ( ! purpose ( 8 /udies4 ,tsai-yung outl9es 8 pr9ciples z foll[s3 8,"h is ! me?od ,i h adopt$4 ,:5 ,i 0 seat$ ,i read1 :5 ,i walk$ ,i recit$ f memory :at ,i _h le>n$4 ,i h /udi$ ?or\ghly t5 ?\s& *apt]s2 ,i h c>ri$ on difficult /udies & rese>*es4 ,b z !re are two ?+s 9 life t "o mu/ nev] lose sight (--loyalty to ! pr9ce & filial piety--,i h always tri$ to %[ myself grateful = ! emp]or's b5efits & to return ) ?ankfulness ! k9dness ( my p>5ts40 ,?is spee* is applaud$ by ! o!r s*ol>s & !y 9 turn give _! answ]s1 "s ( :i* are ( r satirical turn1 especially ! "o ( ! /ud5t :o expla9s t ) him ! ess5tial is correct pronunciation & beautiful p5man%ip6 ,! next sc5e pres5ts a burlesque on ! lit]>y exam9ations4 ,x recalls some:at an entrance exam9ation giv5 9 a 8prep0 s*ool ,i once att5d$1 :]e ! old] /ud5ts1 dress$ up 9 frock coats & ) false be>ds on _! faces1 took ! "p ( faculty4 ,! exam9ation ( fre%m5 consi/$ ( ! s++ ( hymns1 ! %9+ ( %oes1 & a guess+ conte/ z to :i* ( ! 8pr(essors0 _h paddl$ !m 9 ! re>4 ,! imp]ial exam9] ann\nces solemnly to ! five hundr$ c&idates t ! pres5t te/ w\ld n be l la/ ye>'s1 :5 !y _h be5 ask$ to write essays1 "o on lit]ature1 ano!r on morals1 & a ?ird on politics1 b t he 0 go+ to ask !m fir/1 to compose a rhyme2 second1 to guess a riddle2 & ?ird1 to s+ a song4 ,ne$less to /ate1 ,tsai-yung passes ) fly+ colors 9 ?is te/ full ( humor\s puns :i* are1 ( c\rse1 untranslatable4 ,! exam9] is made to say at ! end1 8,tsai-yung1 ,i recognize ! sup]iority ( y\r tal5ts1 y\r le>n+ is inde$ pr(\nd2 y rise f> above ! o!rs2 y\r m]it is mo/ extraord9>y4 ,imm$iately ,i am go+ to apprise ! emp]or ( ! outcome ( ! exam9ations60 ,?is sc5e leads "o to suspect t ! au?or ( ! play _h good reasons = v5t+ 8 satire on ! inane lit]>y competitions--probably he _h fail$ & 0 !re=e =c$ to wa/e 8 tal5ts 9 a life ( retirem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,s*ol> ,*9ese ,"* ,type ,! real h]o1 or r h]o9e1 ( ! play n[ appe>s = ! fir/ "t1 namely ,tsai-yung's "y wife ,wu-niang4 ,no news has come f ! capital z to h] husb&'s success1 a fam9e is ravi%+ ! di/rict1 & ! old p>5ts ( ,tsai-yung are mak+ "o trip to ! pawn%op aft] ! o!r4 ,b ,wu-niang is det]m9$ to d h] duty z daught]-9-law2 %e is go+ to %[ filial piety to ! la/ 9 con=mity ) precepts su* z ! foll[+1 quot$ f ! 8,book ( ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts01 a "w :i* is n = sale 9 book%ops b is di/ribut$ 9 ! temples to ! pi\s3 8,a daught]-9-law mu/ s]ve ! fa!r & "m ( h] husb& z a daught] s]ves h] fa!r & "m4 ,%e mu/ %[ filial piety & complete ob$i5ce4 ,if %e lacks 9 h] duty t[>d !m %e lacks at ! same "t filial piety4 ,?is crime always becomes kn[n to ,heav51 z ! foll[+ /ory illu/rates4 ,9 ! t]ritory ( ,*ang-,*u !re 7 ?ree si/]s-9-law entirely lack+ 9 filial piety4 ,"o day !y he>d a clap ( ?und] & at ! same "t !y 7 *ang$3 "o into a c[1 ! second into a lamb1 & ! ?ird into a dog2 _! heads alone pres]v$ ! orig9al =m4444 ,*9-+1 ! gov]nor ( t di/rict1 _h an engrav+ made %[+ ! metamorphoses & _h x di/ribut$ among ! p to tea* !m a lesson4 ,t is h[ ,heav5 puni%es60 ,wu-niang's imm$iate duty is to try to make peace betwe5 h] ag$ p>5ts-9-law4 ,tsai's wife is n sl[ 9 tell+ h] husb& 8,i told y s0 9 reg>d to ! evils t h foll[$ _! son's dep>ture1 :ile ,tsai naturally en\gh does n become any calm] = be+ told :at a fool he is4 ,to appease _! wra? & to supply a bit ( food ,wu-niang pawns ! few hairp9s & o!r ornam5ts t %e possesses4 ,:ile 8 p>5ts are sl[ly dy+ ( hung]1 ,tsai-yung1 by 8 brilliant record1 has attract$ ! att5tion ( ! emp]or himself4 ,! latt] ord]s t ! daught] ( ,m9i/] ,niu1 :o has be5 refus$ to _m a des]v+ suitor1 %\ld be giv5 to him4 ,niu is ov]joy$ to receive z a son-9-law ! c&idate accord$ ! highe/ honors & imm$iately s5ds a g-betwe5 to arrange ! affair4 ,h[ev]1 %e returns to ann\nce t ,tsai-yung refuses1 because he is m>ri$ & has v>i\s obligations t[>d 8 p>5ts4 ,b ! real reason1 %e :isp]s1 is t ! bride's feet are too long4 ,m9i/] ,niu flies into a rage2 he says t no "o w\ld any long] respect 8 position if he 7 to accept ?is refusal4 ,he is go+ to speak to ! emp]or ab\t x4 ,small wond] t "u ! circum/ances ,tsai-yung's petition to ! emp]or to be all[$ to return home is refus$2 in/ead he is aga9 ord]$ to m>ry ,niu-hsi 9 a m&ate beg9n+ ) ! words1 8,if filial piety is ! basis ( all virtues1 !n ! p]fection ( all morals consi/s 9 s]v+ "o's pr9ce40 ,) te>s he leaves ! imp]ial palace & mu/ submit to be+ m>ri$ aga9/ 8 wi%es to a second wife4 ,he regrets t he _c return to 8 p>5ts 7does n seem to feel any regrets ab\t ,wu-niang7 & breaks out into a lam5tation3 8,high reputation is a tie t b9ds2 good =tune is an iron *a94 ,=tune & reputation are ! in/rum5ts us$ by ,heav5 to inflict tortures on mank9d60 ,! sc5e aga9 %ifts to ! fam9e-/rick5 prov9ce4 ,a m&>9 f9ds t a corrupt (ficial has /ol5 ! little gra9 t is to be di/ribut$ to ! poor4 ,?is commission] is caught 9 ! v act1 yet 9 typical ,*9ese fa%ion he has a ready b transluc5t excuse to (f]2 h[ev]1 :5 he is ?reat5$ ) torture he is will+ to confess t he is a robb]4 ,?is wick$ (ficial is !n made to sign a writt5 confession ( 8 guilt & is l$ (f to jail4 ,8 k9d appe>s 9 hundr$s ( plays2 9 fact1 he is probably ! v favorite type on ! ,*9ese /age4 ,! m&>9 asks ,wu-niang :y %e _h come to ! c\rt h]self in/ead ( s5d+ a male memb] ( ! family2 a woman1 he says1 %\ld n leave ! inn] ap>tm5ts ( ! h\se4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t a ,*9ese comm5tator consid]s ?is an errone\s int]pretation ( ! passage 9 ! 8,book ( ,rites02 x is only ! "y girl :o is n to leave ! inn] ap>tm5ts2 once a woman is m>ri$ %e may d s4 ,:5 ! m&>9 le>ns ( ,wu-niang's sad situation1 he comm&s an att5dant to give h] ?ree portions ( ! rice embezzl$ by ! (ficial4 ,ano!r (ficial1 :o seems to be h& 9 glove ) ! embezzl]1 foll[s ,wu-niang & 9 a lonely place on ! road dem&s t %e return ! rice1 le/ he kill h] on ! spot4 ,wu-niang (f]s him h] clo!s2 if he w only n dem& ! food t is to save ! lives ( ! old p4 ,! black-he>t$ villa9 says t he wants ! rice & does n c>e to expose h] limbs to ! fury ( ! elem5ts4 ,!n comes ! "y woman's t\*+ answ]1 :i* rea*es p]haps ! highe/ level ( a daught]'s devotion3 8,:at matt]s x if my body be expos$ to ! fury ( ! elem5ts1 s long z ,i c save ! lives ( my fa!r-9-law & my "m-9-law60 ,! c[>dly wret* pret5ds to be t\*$ & bids h] g h] way 9 peace1 b z soon z %e is (f h] gu>d he snat*es f ! def5seless woman h] bag ( rice4 ,fe>+ ! reproa*es ( h] p>5ts-9-law ,wu-niang plans suicide1 b ! memory ( h] husb&'s admonition t %e wat* ov] 8 p>5ts decides h] to cont9ue 9 ! ?ankless task4 ,! next sc5es %[ j h[ ungrateful h] p>5ts-9-law are = h] unlimit$ devotion4 ,wu-niang h]self is eat+ roots1 buds1 ! b>k ( trees1 & o!r ?+s classifi$ z mat]ial conta9+ "s slight food values 9 s-call$ 8fam9e food books0--a type ( lit]ature enjoy+ a wide circulation 9 ,*9a4 ,b h] suspici\s "m-9-law fe>s t ! "y woman is eat+ bett] food ?an %e is s]v+ to h]1 because ,wu-niang eats h] mis]able /ew 9 private4 ,at "o ( h] meals ! au?or1 by a /range realism1 has h] say1 8,:5 ,i h eat5 ?is mess my hung] ceases1 b !n !re beg9 pa9s 9 ! inte/9es mu* m viol5t ?an ! hung] _h be540 ,:5 ! "m-9-law surprises h] %e f9ds t ,wu-niang _h be5 extremely self-sacrific+ in/ead ( selfi% z %e _h suppos$1 & ! %ock is too mu* = h] weak5$ body2 %e dies4 ,! husb& too is v mu* enfeebl$1 & :5 ! fri5d ( ! family1 ,*ang1 comes to call1 he is mortifi$ t he _c rise to meet 8 gue/4 ,?r\gh\t ! play !re is 9 ! spee*es ( practically all ! *>act]s an urbanity & a polit5ess :i* %[ h[ deeply ! lessons ( ,confucius to d or say always ! fitt+ ?+ h gone ov] into ! fle% & blood ( 8 nationals4 ,wu-niang tells ,*ang ( _! greate/ cause = angui%--!y h n ! means to give ! deceas$ a prop] burial4 ,*ang !n %[s himself an ideal fri5d f ! ,*9ese po9t ( view by say+1 8,i %all ord] a s]vant to prep>e a wood5 c(f9 9 :i* we %all place ! body ( y\r wife4 ,i myself %all !n select a lucky day = ! fun]al1 & aft] hav+ _h a grave dug on ! hill 9 ! s\?1 ,i %all accompany ! procession40 ,! sc5e t gives ! title to ! play is "o 9 :i* ,tsai-yung gives expression to 8 t5d]e/ emotion by play+ on ! lute4 ,?is in/rum5t is reg>d$ by ! ,*9ese z ! noble/ & /hetically ! highe/ musical in/rum5t 9 exi/5ce4 ,a ,*9ese lov] ( music _c f9d words to express ! delight ! lute c provide4#ad ,z a g5]al ?+ ! ,*9ese are a%am$ to display emotion1 & ! ,we/]n] is (t5 %ock$ by app>5t call\sness1 z = example :5 a p]son :o has j lo/ a de> relative gives v5t to a n]v\s laugh in/ead ( yield+ to te>s :5 ! subject is allud$ to4 ,!re=e x is by means ( ! lute t ,tsai-yung gives expression to 8 repress$ feel+s4 ,he does ?is ) ! delicate t\* employ$ by ,*9ese pa9t]s 9 _! impressioni/ic pictures & by ! poets 9 _! sugge/ive v]ses 9 :i*1 z "s "o has said1 ! i's are nev] dott$1 b a def9ite mood is nev]!less convey$ all ! m =cefully4#ae ,:ile ,tsai-yung t\*es ! /r+s ( 8 in/rum5t "o s]vant fans him ) an ivory fan1 & a second burns inc5se1 & a ?ird places 8 books be=e him4 ,"u su* ideal conditions ! ,*9ese s*ol> is quietly s++ to 8 lute4 ,at ?is po9t 8 newly w$d$ wife1 ,niu-hsi1 ent]s4 ,evid5tly ! relation betwe5 ! two is /ill an extremely di/ant "o1 = 8 wife1 9 ask+ ,tsai-yung to s+ a ballad = h]1 rem>ks t e "t %e comes to li/5 to 8 music1 he /ops4 ,%e too has h] grief :i* %e w\ld l to h dispell$ by sweet music4 ,tsai-yung beg9s to play1 8,! pheasant 9 ! morn+ beg9s 8 long flight01 & 8,! wild duck sep>at$ f ! companion he loves40 ,b ^! songs d n suit ,niu-hsi's mood4 ,%e wants n a song ( a disappo9t$ lov]1 b "o to fit ! pres5t situation :]e husb& & wife are toge!r4 8,my "l1 9 ! calm ( ?is lovely ev5+1 9 full view ( ?is ravi%+ly beautiful sc5]y1 s+ me ! ballad1 #8,:5 ! /orm w9d moves ! p9e trees4'0 ,tsai-yung />ts to play x1 b alas6 z ,niu-hsi discov]s1 he gradually slips into ! air1 8,:5 ,i ?9k ( return+ to my native l&40 ,niu-hsi is disappo9t$ because %e _c p5etrate h] husb&'s melan*oly mood4 ,he expla9s t he _c play bett] because he has 8 old lute no long]4 ,9 answ] to 8 wife's que/ions ,tsai-yung speaks ( 8 lute ) evid5t symbolism1 tell+ h] t he has ?r[n 8 old lute aside b t at ! bottom ( 8 he>t he loves x /ill4 ,niu-hsi guesses ! cause ( h] husb&'s grief1 b %e _c p]suade him to confide x to h]4 ,! two dr9k w9e toge!r & recite v]ses1 b :5 ! h\r becomes late ,tsai-yung asks 8 wife to retire & calls = 8 s]vant4 ,be=e ! latt] appe>s ,tsai-yung s+s to notes ( 8 lute ab\t a dream 9 :i* ,wu-niang _h appe>$ to him2 b1 9 ! words ( ,he9e1 8,es w> e9 ,traum40 ,he asks ! s]vant to f9d him a tru/wor?y mess5g] :om he may s5d to 8 native village to inquire ab\t 8 p>5ts4 ,b be=e ?is plan is put into op]ation an impo/or appe>s1 br++ an alleg$ lett] f ,tsai-yung's fa!r1 accord+ to :i* all ! family are enjoy+ ! v be/ ( heal?4 ,! lett] gives ! "y s*ol> great pleasure & e>ns its be>] a ri* rew>d2 ,tsai-yung gives ! impo/or "s pe>ls & "s gold = 8 fa!r 9 addition to a lett] 9 :i* he /ates t he is deta9$ at ! capital1 b t he hopes to return home soon4 ,mean:ile1 he v humbly begs =giv5ess = ! long delay4 ,! false mess5g] is portray$ 9 a monologue z ! mo/ c[>dly & ! dire/ ( villa9s4 ,t x is s easy = him to deceive ,tsai-yung is n s f>-fet*$ z x may seem to ! ,we/]n]1 = ! employm5t ( pr(essional lett]-writ]s is a v common practice 9 ,*9a :]e ! p]c5tage ( illit]acy is high4 ,( c\rse1 ! fa!r nev] receives 8 son's lett]2 on ! contr>y1 ! next sc5e %[s him dy+ ( hung]4 ,8 fai?ful daught]-9-law wat*es ov] him to ! la/4 ,= ?ree ye>s ,tsai-yung has be5 abs5t )\t s mu* z s5d+ a lett]2 !re=e ! fa!r asks 8 daught]-9-law to m>ry aga9 z soon z he has di$4 ,wu-niang replies ) a ,*9ese prov]b1 8,no "o c s]ve two ma/]s01 & affirms h] resolve to rema9 fai?ful to h] husb&4 ,he is s grateful to h] t he hopes1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ beliefs1 to be h] daught]-9-law 9 8 next life :ile %e is to be 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,he curses ! day he ask$ 8 son to leave home & gives to 8 fri5d ,*ang ! injunction3 8,i leave y my cane4 ,:5 ?is ungrateful & disob$i5t son ( m9e returns home1 beat him = me ) my /ick & *ase him out ( ! h\se40 ,) ^! fa!rly words he brea!s 8 la/4 ,9 ord] to e>n ! money = h] fa!r-9-law's fun]al ,wu-niang cuts h] hair & tries to sell x 9 ! /reet4 ,h] bald head gives h] ! appe>ance ( a nun1 al?\gh %e feels sc>cely wor?y ( becom+ "o4 ,9 ! angui% ( h] pov]ty %e runs ?r\gh ! /reets1 implor+ p n to b>ga9 ) a wret*$ woman 9 h] position1 b to help h] by buy+ ! v la/ ?+ ( value %e possesses4 ,! fai?ful ,*ang meets h] 9 ! /reet1 &1 on le>n+ h] /ory1 promises to s5d to h] h\se en\gh money to enable h] to bury h] fa!r-9-law prop]ly accord+ to ! rites4 ,%e 9 return gives him h] hair1 ask+ him to sell x4 ,he accepts x1 b n 9 ord] to sell x2 f> f t1 he is go+ to keep x until ,tsai-yung's return1 9 ord] to prove to him ! full ext5t ( ,wu-niang's filial piety4 ,?is piety is s great t :5 ,wu-niang goes to ! cemet]y to erect a monum5t ov] ! grave ( ! deceas$1 a g5ie1 t\*$ by h] devotion1 comes to h] aid by call+ ! :ite monkey ( ! s\? & ! black tig] ( ! nor? to help him erect ?is tomb ) ! well-kn[n spe$ & skill t g5ii possess4 ,he also advises ,wu-niang ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a dream to assume ! g>b ( a nun & to se>* = h] husb& 9 ! capital4 ,wu-niang decides to foll[ ?is advice4 ,%e plans to e>n h] subsi/5ce by tak+ ) h] ,tsai-yung's lute1 9 ord] to s+ 9 ! villages songs 9 praise ( filial piety4 ,9 ord] to be able to accord ! spirits ( h] p>5ts-9-law _! prop] wor%ip %e pa9ts _! portraits & c>ries !m ) h]4 ,! ,octog5>ian ,*ang tott]s ) ,wu-niang to ! edge ( ! village & bids h] godspe$ on h] long j\rney4 ,mean:ile ,tsai-yung has be5 act+ all ?is "t l a man 9 a /upor1 8 wife says4 ,niu-hsi is pictur$ z a k9dly "y woman wat*+ ov] h] husb& ) lov+ c>e4 8,:at ails y80 %e asks4 8,y h ! f9e/ delicacies s]v$ y4 ,y eat boil$ tongues ( orang-outang & roa/$ leop>d embryos4 ,y we> robes ( violet silk2 y\r belt is a belt ( jade4 ,:5 y g out or :5 y return y\r horse cru%es "u foot all mann] ( fl[]s :i* p spread on y\r pa?4 ,y\r head is %ad$ by an umbrella ) ?ree lay]s ( silk4 ,=m]ly y 7 only a poor s*ol> liv+ 9 a ?at*$ hut2 n[ y fulfill ! highe/ functions 9 ! emp]or's palace4 ,y swim 9 weal?1 b ?is weal? is n suffici5t = y2 y d no?+ b wr9kle y\r =ehead & heave sighs40 ,niu-hsi asks _m m que/ions1 b h] husb& refuses to reveal ! cause ( 8 grief4 ,b :5 %e leaves ! room ,tsai-yung relieves 8 feel+s 9 a monologue :i* %e ov]he>s4 ,:5 he has f9i%$ lam5t+ 8 sep>ation f 8 p>5ts & 8 wife 7! latt] is always m5tion$ aft] fa!r & "m71 ,niu-hsi comes 9 to say simply t %e w travel ) him to 8 native village1 if t is :at he is long+ =4 ,he retorts1 ) ! timidity f\nd 9 mo/ s*ol>-h]oes 9 ,*9ese plays1 t he is afraid to let h] fa!r he> ( ! matt] & t he !re=e =bids h] to m5tion x4 ,b ! o!rwise docile & ob$i5t wife simply ov]rides 8 wi%es & takes ! matt] to h] fa!r4 ,! latt] is q will+ to give 8 p]mission = ! j\rney2 only sugge/s t x might be bett] to s5d a fai?ful s]vant to br+ ,tsai-yung's p>5ts & wife to ! capital4 ,?is plan is agre$ to by all except ! s]vant :o1 9 a some:at humor\s sc5e1 speaks ( ! evils t are sure to foll[ :5 two wives are liv+ "u "o ro(4 ,b at la/ he agrees to g1 ev5 ?\gh he feels 8 mi/ress w nev] ?ank him = hav+ obey$ on ?is occasion4 ,wu-niang has mean:ile rea*$ ! capital4 ,%e ent]s a ,buddhi/ temple :]e %e is ask$ to s+ by two cl[ns :o pret5d to be m&>9s4 ,! long s]ies ( mis=tunes t has foll[$ h] consi/5tly does n =sake h] at ?is po9t--! two cl[ns simply make sport ( h] & pay h] no?+4 ,aft] h] disappo9tm5t %e unrolls ! pictures ( h] p>5ts-9-law to r5d] homage be=e !m & to pray to ,heav5 t %e may f9d h] husb&4 ,at ?is v mom5t ,tsai-yung ent]s to pray = a safe j\rney = 8 p>5ts4 ,! bonze asks ,wu-niang to leave & to make room = ! great man4 ,%e =gets ! pictures 9 h] ha/e1 & ,tsai-yung c>ries (f ! scroll )\t hav+ look$ at x closely4 ,b ,wu-niang recognizes him & makes inquiries 9 reg>d to 8 resid5ce4 ,9 ?is :ole sc5e !re is1 z 9 _m ,*9ese plays1 a great deal ( satire on ,buddhi/ prie/s4 ,"o prie/ :ile say+ a pray] is correct$ by ! abbot = mispron\nc+ "o ( ! ,sanskrit names = ,buddha1 ,po-lo-t'ang in/ead ( ,po-lo-mi4 ,! ignorant prie/ retorts1 8,well1 #8t'ang' is sug> & #8mi' is honey2 bo? are sweet1 s :at diff]5ce does x make80 ,an ,occid5tal p>allel = ?is sc5e w\ld be ! m$ieval prie/ :o baptiz$1 8,9 nom9e patriae1 filiae1 et spiritus sanctae40 ,wu-niang goes to h] husb&'s h\se z a m5dicant nun & meets ,niu-hsi4 ,9 a sc5e :i* ! ,*9ese comm5tators consid] ! be/ 9 ! play %e gradually tells h] /ory & reveals h] id5tity to h] husb&'s second wife4 ,niu-hsi is t\*$ by ! filial piety ( ,wu-niang1 calls h] si/]1 & asks h] to live ) !m4 ,fir/ %e advises h] h[ to reveal h]self to h] husb&1 namely by writ+ him a lett] & plac+ x on 8 table 9 ! libr>y :]e he w be sure to f9d x4 ,:5 ,tsai-yung comes home he reads 9 ! 8,book ( ,annals01 a collection ( hi/orical illu/rations select$ by ,confucius to give po9t to 8 moral tea*+s4 ,9 e passage he f9ds a rebuke = 8 lack ( filial piety1 & :5 he f9ds ,wu-niang's lett] ) ! picture ( 8 p>5ts 9 _! fami%$ condition ?is means to him a great] repro( /ill4 ,he beg9s to suspect t ! mess5g] ) ! lett] f 8 fa!r _h be5 an impo/or4 ,8 wife's lett] conta9s no?+ b hidd5 allusions to 8 actions4 ,among anci5t examples quot$ !re is m5tion ( "o man to :om an emp]or _h (f]$ 8 daught] b :o _h refus$ to degrade 8 wife to ! rank ( a concub9e1 & ( ano!r :o _h "u simil> circum/ances repudiat$ 8 wife4 ,niu-hsi asks him ^: conduct he approves ( & he says ! =m]'s1 ( c\rse4 ,!n %e asks :e!r1 if 8 fir/ wife 7 to /ep be=e him n[ clad 9 rags1 he w\ld n blu% ) %ame & repudiate h]8 ,he answ]s t he w\ld n1 t he consid]s 8 m>riage indissoluble4 ,:5 ,wu-niang appe>s & tells him h] /ory he feels deep %ame because an ironic fate _h l$ him to s]ve 8 emp]or b to neglect 8 p>5ts4 ,s9ce 8 p>5ts h di$ ,*9ese etiquette dem&s t he give up 8 (fice = a numb] ( ye>s & m\rn = ! dea? ( 8 fa!r & "m4 ,tsai-yung ) 8 two wives sets out to make a pilgrimage to ! ance/ral tomb to (f] prop] wor%ip to ! deceas$4 ,! emp]or is go+ to give po/hum\s honors to 8 p>5ts because ( ,wu-niang's fai?fulness1 & ! hi/orians w keep ev] fre% ! memory ( ! daught]-9-law's filial piety4 ,ev5 aft] ! dea? ( 8 p>5ts ! son mu/ put _! int]e/s 7or suppos$ int]e/s7 above 8 own by a ?ree-ye> p]iod ( m\rn+1 a space ( "t :i* is simply lo/ out ( 8 life4 ,9 8 8,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics01 ,doctor ,ar?ur ,h4 ,smi? po9ts out ! "o-sid$ness ( ! matt] ( filial piety--! ,*9ese e?ical code m5tions no duties ( ! p>5ts t[>d _! *ildr54 ,8 summ>y ( ! subject1 giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,filial ,piety1 seems mo/ apropos ( ! action ( ?is play3 8,e son has p]=m$ 8 filial duties to 8 fa!r1 & dem&s ! same f 8 own son4 ,t is :at *ildr5 are =4 ,^u ?is po9t ! popul> m9d is explicit4 #8,trees are rais$ = %ade1 *ildr5 are re>$ = old age4' ,nei!r p>5ts nor *ildr5 are "u any illusions ^u ?is subject4 #8,if y h no *ildr5 to f\l ! b$1 y w h no "o to burn pap] at ! grave4' ,ea* g5]ation pays ! debt :i* is exact$ ( x by ! g5]ation :i* prec$$ x1 & 9 turn requires f ! g5]ation :i* comes aft] full paym5t to ! utt]mo/ f>?+4 ,?us is filial piety p]petuat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & f age to age40 ,( c\rse1 ?is is z ! matt] appe>s to ! ,occid5tal f ! outside4 ,b = ! ,*9ese1 :o has gr[n up 9 a deep v5]ation ( ,confucius1 filial piety is ! mo/ laudable in/itution 9 exi/5ce4 ,confucius laid x d[n z a pr9ciple t 9 ! relations ( rul] & subject1 husb& & wife1 fa!r & son1 eld] bro!r & y\ng] bro!r1 !re mu/ be rule on "o side & submission on ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 ! 8,book ( ,filial ,piety0 condemns %>ply 8selfi% atta*m5t to wife & *ildr502 9 o!r words1 if ! claims ( fa!r & wife cla%1 ! son mu/ neglect 8 wife to s]ve 8 fa!r4 ,^! ?+s are among ! bases ( ,*9ese society on :i* x has outliv$ ! ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 ,roman & o!r civilizations2 x is small wond] !re=e t !y seem good to ! ,*9ese4 ,! o!r extreme p]haps is f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries :]e a son1 on becom+ ( age1 goes :]e he likes & does :at he likes )\t feel+ any responsibility t[>d 8 p>5ts4 ,to quote ,doctor ,smi? once m1 8,to ! ,*9ese su* cu/oms mu/ appe> l ! behavi\r ( a well-gr[n calf or colt to ! c[ & ! m>e1 suitable en\gh = animals1 b by no means con=mable to li 7e?ical /&>ds7 z appli$ to human be+s4 ,an att5tive consid]ation ( ! matt] f a ,*9ese /&po9t w %[ t !re is abundant room 9 our own social practice = improvem5t1 & t mo/ ( u really live 9 glass h\ses1 & w\ld d well n to ?r[ /ones recklessly40 ,to bo? ! ,we/]n] & ! ,*9ese ! practice ( ! o!r seems inf]ior1 & nei!r c express an imp>tial op9ion z to :i* is ! bett] sy/em4 ,b ! ,we/]n] :o wi%es to und]/& ! ,*9ese po9t ( view c ga9 an insight into _m ?+s f read+ 8,! ,/ory ( a ,lute40 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,,! ,,drama ,,"u ,,! ,,man*us ,,& ,,! ,,republic--#afdd ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,9 #afdd ! la/ ( ! ,m+ emp]ors committ$ suicide :5 a rebel army ent]$ 8 capital4 ,b ! rebel did n become ! next emp]or2 ! ?rone w5t to a ,man*u lead] :o1 9 *>act]i/ically ,*9ese mann]1 _h be5 call$ 9 by ! ,m+ rul] to help put d[n ! rebellion4 ,! ,man*us soon e/abli%$ !mselves z firm rul]s ( ! l& & =c$ all ,*9ese to adopt ! queue4 ,*9a became "u _! rule a /rong & unit$ empire2 9 fact1 _m writ]s believe t ! reigns ( ,k'ang ,hsi 7#affb-agbc7 & ( ,*'i5 ,lung 7#agcf-agie7 7 ! mo/ glori\s 9 all ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,bo? ( ^! rul]s 7 great w>riors & adm9i/rators1 z well z patrons ( lit]ature & ! arts4 ,! drama1 too1 fl\ri%$2 a rec5tly publi%$ catalogue ( ,*9ese dramas records eight hundr$ & fifte5 plays ( "s lit]>y m]it f ! ,*'+ ,dyna/y4 ,among ^! ! critics assign ! fir/ places to two hi/orical trag$ies writt5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 8,! ,blood-,/a9$ ,fan0 7,t'ao ,hua ,%an7 by ,kung ,%ang-j5 & 8,! ,palace ( ,et]nal ,life0 7,*'ang ,%an ,ti57 by ,hung ,s54 ,! =m] deals ) ! la/ days ( ! ,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,! au?or pres5ts ! /ruggles ( ! v>i\s p>ties & ! diss5sions among ! g5]als 9 ! face ( a tott]+ ?rone4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ! revolution>y sc5e /& two lov]s4 ,! h]o1 a c\rage\s "y lit]>y man1 is =c$ to flee be=e 8 political enemies1 & ! h]o9e is likewise ?reat5$4 ,s9ce %e pref]s dea? to disgrace %e attempts suicide4 ,! play takes its "n f ! fact t "s ( h] blood /a9$ ! fan h] lov] _h pres5t$ to h]4 ,an arti/1 com+ across ?is fan1 pa9t$ ! blood/a9s into pea* blossoms s clev]ly z to deceive e "o4 ,aft] ye>s ( civil w>1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! dyna/y is ov]?r[n1 ! lov]s meet aga94 ,!y feel t love has no place 9 a brok5 & disrupt$ fa!rl&2 patriotism is high] ?an love--su* seems to be ! au?or's mean+4 ,! o!r play1 8,! ,palace ( ,et]nal ,life01 goes back to a mu* e>li] p]iod1 t ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,x has = h]o & h]o9e ! emp]or ,m+ ,huang1 traditional f\nd] ( ! ,*9ese !at]1 & 8 caprici\s concub9e1 ,yang ,kuei-fei4 ,! ,palace ( ,et]nal ,life 0 ! "n !y _h giv5 to ! pleasure dome :]e ! fam\s lov]s gave !mselves up to idyllic & voluptu\s amusem5ts4#af ,?is /ory is full ( romantic & dramatic elem5ts2 !re are said to be m ?an fifty plays t h ,yang ,kuei-fei = h]o9e4 ,v]sions by ballad s+]s h be5 well translat$ by ,george ,c>t] ,/5t1#ag a ,briti%] :o secur$ unpr9t$ popul> ballads by hav+ /reet s+]s come to 8 h\se to recite !m :ile 8 tea*] wrote !m d[n v]batim4 ,s9ce ,yang ,kuei-fei & h] lov] play su* an important "p 9 ! ,*9ese drama1 x might be well to quote two ( ! num]\s ballads ab\t h]4 ,,an ,,imp]ial ,,lov] ,tang ,m+-kuang lov$ ,yang ,kuei-fei-- ,liv+ = h]1 9 h]1 ) h]1-- ,walk+ by h]1 hi!r1 ?i!r-- ,9 ! pleasant summ] wea!r1 ,/roll+ h& 9 h& toge!r4 ,side by side ) ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,li/5+ to ! play ( f\nta9s-- ,climb+ up ! mimic m\nta9s-- ,?r\gh romantic sc5]y ,( hill & lake1 rock1 dell & tree4 8,if ,i _h n ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,:at 7 all my ,empire wor?8 ,) h]1 e>? is heav5 to me1-- ,?is is p>adise on e>?40 ,mid-day 9 ! lakelet f\nd !m1 ,lotus leaves & blossoms r\nd !m2 ,disport+ gaily 9 ! wat]1 7,daily to ?is place he br\ght h]74 ,n[ an av5ue !y tread1 ,:]e ! trees ar* ov]head1-- ,sav+ j en\gh ( space ,to cat* a glimpse ( heav5's face1 ,%[+ its int5se/ blue1 ,pe]+ d[n ^u ! two4 8,if ,i _h n ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,:at 7 all ?is lovely sc5e8 ,) h]1 walk+ ?us by me1-- ,?is is heav51 & %e its que540 ,on ! sw>d b5ea? _! feet1 ,fl[]s ( e hue 7 spr++2 ,bright plum$ birds ) voices sweet ,_! passage "h & !re 7 w++4 ,%elt]$ "h f mid-day heat1 ,%e taught to !m ! art ( s++4#ah ,n[ is he>d f e tree ,leafy voices1 s(tly utt]+ ,:isp]s1 :i* s\nd my/]i\sly-- ,l w+s ( angels1 g5tly flutt]+4 8,if ,i _h n ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,:at 7 all my empire wor?8 ,) h]1 sitt+ ?us by me1-- ,?is is p>adise on e>?40 ,/reaks ( light ?r\gh foliage glanc+-- ,mix+1 bl5d+1 int]lac+-- ,n[ retreat+--n[ advanc+-- ,sunbeams aft] %ad[s rac+1 ,fl++ on ! sw>d a net-"w ,( embroid]$ gold5 fret-"w-- ,qua9tly beautifully grotesque1 ,z ( flick]+ arabesque ,sculpt'd f sunbeams1 light & %ade1 ,its gr\nd ! gre5 enamel$ glade4 8,if ,i _h n ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,:at 7 all ?is lovely sc5e8 ,) h]1 sitt+ ?us by me1-- ,?is is heav51 & %e its que540 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,yang ,,kuei-,,fei ,9 sil5ce unbrok51 ,!y sat side by side2 ,n a ^w _h be5 spok53-- ,!y bo? ( !m tri$ ,! dread t 0 o'er !m ,( :at lay be=e !m ,9 _! bosoms to hide4 ,:at is t8 ,9 ! di/ance a murmur is he>d1 ,is't ! wail ( ! night w9d--! surge ( ! sea8 ,z ne>] x floats x takes =m 9 a ^w-- ,& t ^w1 ,oh1 ,god6 is ! "n ,yang ,kuei-fei6 ,!y li/51 b speak n--?\gh bo? "k full well ,^? murmur+ s\nds are = "o a dea?-knell4 ,ne>]1--/ill ne>] ,^? ho>se murmurs came3 ,n[ !y s\nd cle>]1 ,!y %\t out a "n4 ',tis ,yang-fei's "n !y call6 ,break h] accurs$ ?rall6 ,too long we h borne x-- ,?is night1 we h sworn x-- ,h] life pays = all6 ,:]e is %e1--y\r m9ion1--frail ,yang ,kuei-fei8 ,drag h] =?--! vile traitress6 our dagg]s w\ld see ,if 9 h] fair body ! blood fl[s m pure ,?an 9 ^? ( y\r subjects :o h _h to endure ,wrongs1 :i* h] arts h heap$ on !m = ye>s3#ai ,^: bread has be5 moi/5$ by blood1 sweat & te>s6 ,^: sons h be5 slaught]$--^: daught]s defil$6 ,^: homes h be5 pillag$--^: fields made a wild6 ',tis %e is ! cause ( rebellion & /rife1#bj ,we fight n y\r foes till we've tak5 h] life6 8,n\ght b ! blood ,( ,yang ,kuei-fei ,c /em ?is flood ,( an>*y60 8,oh6 bitt] de/9y6 ,oh6 dire necessity6 ,mu/ ,i pron\nce y\r doom8 ,consign y to ! tomb8 8,alas6 my ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,i'm p[]less to save6 ,my life--?rone--empire--all ,i'd give ,_h ,i ! p[] to bid y live-- ,to snat* y f ! grave4 ,yet !y h will$ x ?us--& ,i ,:o'd die to save y1 bid y die40 8,see ,i am calm1--x is n dea? ,i fe>1 ,x is _! savage mode ( dea? ,i dread2 ,say c\ld y be> to see me ly+ "h1 ,welt]+ 9 blood1 by ru?less but*]s %$8 8,fancy _! bloody h&s wrea!d 9 my hair-- ,t silk5 hair y us$ s mu* to prize2 ,dragg$--/ruck--fa9t--ble$+6--c\ld y be> ,to see all ?is be=e y\r v eyes8 8,pi]c$ by a hundr$ knives1 my life-blood fl[s ,9 purple /reams--c\ld y look on & see1 ,unmov$--my murd]]s wat* my dy+ ?roes-- ,) hungry eyes gloat on my agony8 8,i h be5 vile1 b let my p5it5ce ,9 ^! la/ mom5ts t to me are giv51 ,make "s atonem5t = my great (f5ce1 ,& ,oh6 #8=give me z y'd be =giv56' 8,"o la/ entreaty--let me die alone-- ,let no "o ent]--none b y /& by ,to wat* my dea?2--! act1 too1 be my own2 ,let n ! ignoble rabble see me die4 8,! means are "h2 ,i h b to unloose ,?is silk5 girdle f my sl5d] wai/2 ,i knot x ?us1 & ?us1 & =m a noose1 ,?is by my own h& r\nd my neck is plac$4 8,) my own h&s ! ends are tightly drawn1 ,& ,i die ?us0--sc>ce _h ! words be5 said-- ,a few brief /ruggles1 & ,yang-fei _h gone 8,) all h] inp]fections on h] head40 8,hide h] f my sight6 ,let me n see ,t face s gha/ly :ite-- ,^? eyes s wildly bright ,gl>+ at me6 8,!y foll[ m9e ev]y:]e1 ,look :]e ,i may-- ,on ! e>?--9 ! air1 ,/ill ! same glassy />e4 ,take !m away6 8,place h] g5tly 9 ! grave ,e'en z %e fell2 ,"h1 :]e ! will[s wave1 ,ne> ?is old well4 8,lightly cov] h] ) e>?-- ,oh6 ,yang ,kuei-fei6 ,:at is all my empire wor? ,n[ ,i've lo/ !e60 ,dur+ ! ,*'+ ,dyna/y ! native music 0 gradually sup]s$$ by a mu* crud]1 less melodi\s product import$ f b>b>ian l&s4 ,) ! old /yle ( music w5t _m ( ! bett] plays2 9 _m cases !y 7 replac$ by ! s-call$ 8milit>y plays01 t is to say acrobatic exhibitions ( /age fight+ to ! accompanim5t ( cra%+ or*e/ral p&emonium4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,*'+ ,dyna/y ! ,yuan drama _h almo/ entirely vani%$ f ! ,pek+ /age4 ,9 a lat] *apt] w be f\nd a full] discussion ( ! new] types ( music4 ,b ! *ief innovation 9 ! drama "u ! ,man*u rule came ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( popul> novels4 ,episodes f ! fam\s novels read by ev]ybody 7 br\ght on ! /age 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s4 ,! novel1 l ! drama1 is a lit]>y =m despis$ by ! pundits & x too began to fl\ri% dur+ ! ,mongol ,dyna/y :5 ! lit]>y exam9ations 7 suppress$4 ,_m novels are ( unkn[n au?or%ip1 because _! au?ors consid]$ su* works z b5ea? _! dignity4 ,b = ! v reason t ! au?ors did n employ ! lit]>y language ! great masses ( ! p 7 able to enjoy ^! /ories4 ,let x be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t ! novel is n[ com+ into its own & is receiv+ its j %>e ( att5tion f s*ol>s1 at lea/ f ! progressive ones4 ,doctor ,hu ,%ih1 ( ! ,national ,univ]sity1 ,pek+1 has po9t$ out t x is ! novel writt5 9 ! v]nacul> t has giv5 to spok5 ,*9ese su* unity z x possesses1 & t x is ?r\gh works 9 ! popul> language t a common spee* = all ,*9a may ultimately be a*iev$4 ,to-day1 ( c\rse1 natives ( ,pek+1 ,%anghai1 & ,canton speak languages diff]+ z widely z d ^? ( ,b]l91 ,am/]dam1 & ,london1 or ,rome1 ,p>is1 & ,madrid4 ,due to ! cry/allization ( ! writt5 language1 h[ev]1 /ud5ts f ! ?ree ,*9ese c5t]s c read "o ano!r's lett]s1 al?\gh1 z ,i h (t5 obs]v$ 9 laboratories or on ! playgr\nd1 :5 !y conv]se !y h rec\rse to ,engli%4 ,x is due to _! l+ui/ic & lit]>y importance t ,doctor ,hu ,%ih has edit$ critical editions ( ab\t a doz5 fam\s ,*9ese novels4 ,among ! novels1 8,! ,/ory ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms0 7,san ,kuo ,*'i7 is by f> ! mo/ popul>4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ! ,yuan ,dyna/y & deals ) ! p]iod ( romantic *ivalry1 #bba-bfe ,a4,d41 :5 ?ree dyna/ies rul$ 9 ?ree sep>ate capitals4 ,9 x appe> ! cruel ,tsao ,tsao & ! res\rceful ,*u ,ko-liang1 toge!r ) _m ano!r brave w>rior4 ,e educat$ ,*9ese has read x1 & ! illit]ate coolies h hir$ read]s1 t !y too may le>n ( ! /irr+ adv5tures ( _! m or less my?ical h]oes4 ,! en?usiasm = ?is book is simply unb\nd$1 z ! foll[+ in/ance may s]ve to illu/rate4 ,fri5ds ( m9e 9 ,pek+1 a "y ar*itect & 8 wife1 7 cont9ually annoy$ dur+ hot ,augu/ ev5+s by a fairly l\d voice ) a monoton\s ris+ & fall+ inflection t kept com+ ov] ! wall ( ! adjo9+ c\rty>d f eight o'clock until midnight4 ,x ca/ a %ad[ ov] conv]sation1 x di/ract$ att5tion f read+1 & x effectually prev5t$ peaceful sleep4 ,my fri5ds began by sett+ _! victrola on _! side ( ! wall to play+ 8,ov] ,!re60 = an h\r or two on end2 next !y s5t out ! h\se boy to buy firecrack]s & ord]$ him to set (f package aft] package "u a t9 pail2 & f9ally !y all[$ a bottle ( asafetida to trickle ov] ! wall--b all to no avail4 ,!y recov]$ nei!r _! peace ( m9d nor _! slumb] until ! %uo-%u-te _h read to 8 coolie audi5ce ! la/ *apt] ( 8,! ,?ree ,k+doms01 a novel z long z ! :ole ,bible4 ,an endless numb] ( plays are bas$ on ?is book ( romantic hi/ory1 :i* des]ves to be call$ ! national epic ( ! ,*9ese4 ,a long li/ ( 8milit>y plays0 d]ive _! plots f ! 8,%ui ,hu ,*uan0 7,/ory ( ! ,riv] ,bank71 a novel bas$ ^u ! do+s ( a b& ( brig&s :o t]roriz$ a numb] ( prov9ces e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! swa%buckl]s 9 ?is /ory _h ,rob9 ,hood's habit ( giv+ to ! poor :at !y _h /ol5 f ! ri* & corrupt (ficials4 ,f ! 8,liao ,*ai0 7translat$ by ,mr4 ,giles1 8,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio07 come _m plays deal+ ) fairies & o!r sup]natural be+s4 ,! novel t might be consid]$ a possible rival 9 popul>ity to ! /ory ( 8,! ,?ree ,k+doms01 is 8,! ,dream ( ! ,r$ ,*amb]0 7,hung ,l\ ,m5g71 ! /ory ( ! love ( a "y idl] = 8 two pretty c\s9s1 & ! decay ( an old & weal?y family4 ,poetic love /ories f ?is novel 7 br\ght on ! /age only 9 rec5t ye>s by ,mei ,lan-fang1 ! actor :o is responsible = _m innovations 9 ! ,pek+ !at]4 ,! play1 8,bury+ ! ,fl[]s01 m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ,mei ,lan-fang1 is "o example ( a dramatization ( an episode f ?is book4 ,9 8 8,ges*i*te d] *9esis*5 ,litt]atur0 ! ,g]man s*ol> ,wilhelm ,grube1 :o knew ! ,*9ese "* well1 rem>ks 9 discuss+ ! novel t a ruse or a sly calculation on ! "p ( a w>rior seems to appeal to ! ,*9ese mu* m ?an actual brav]y on ! battle field4 ,a numb] ( plays tak5 f ! /ory ( 8,! ,?ree ,k+doms0 be> out ?is po9t by reason ( _! p]5nial popul>ity4 ,no play p]haps is (t5] act$ ?an 8,! ,ruse ( ! ,empty ,city0 7,kung ,*uan ,*i74 ,! fam\s h]o ,*u ,ko-liang is 9 a city /ripp$ ( all its def5d]s :5 sudd5ly a /rong enemy =ce arrives4 ,he ord]s ! gates to be op5$ wide z ?\gh peace 7 reign+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & seats himself on ! wall above ! gate4 ,:5 ! advance gu>d ( ! enemy arrives x f9ds ! comm&]1 :o m ?an any o!r is kn[n = 8 res\rcefulness & 8 /ratagems1 calmly read+ a book 9 ! face ( ! ?reat5+ attack4 ,naturally en\gh ! enemy fe>s an ambu% ( "s sort & )draws4 ,by 8 calm ,*u ,ko-liang has sav$ a city2 8 bluff has won4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>rior ,,acrobats ,ano!r 8peculi>0 7z ,bret ,h>te w\ld put x7 play f ! same s\rce is 8,hs ,mu ,ma ,tsao0 7,hs's ,"m ,curses ,tsao ,tsao74 ,! fam\s g5]al ,tsao ,tsao f\nd t he 0 be+ defeat$ cont9ually ?r\gh ! clev] /ratagems sugge/$ to 8 oppon5t by a c]ta9 ,hs ,su4 ,he !re=e plott$ to get ?is clev] advis] into 8 h&s 9 ord] t he might pr(it by 8 k ( /rategy4 ,= ?is purpose he kidnap$ ,hs ,su's "m & s5t a =g$ lett] ask+ ! son to come to h]4 ,filial piety dem&$ t ,hs ,su obey & !re=e he came into ,tsao ,tsao's camp only to be =c$ into ! s]vice ( 8 enemy4 ,:5 ,hs ,su's "m he>d h[ h] son _h be5 trick$ %e w5t to ,tsao ,tsao's t5t1 call$ him a man )\t honor1 a traitor1 & a wret*$ deceiv]4 ,?is sc5e1 :5 ! tott]+ old lady scolds 9 a %rill voice1 z only a ,*9ese woman c ma1 is ( c\rse ! pice de rsi/ance ( ! play4 ,:5 %e has spok5 out h] m9d %e returns to h] own t5t & commits suicide4 ,al?\gh ,tsao ,tsao cont9u$ to hold ,hs ,su1 yet ! latt] nev] (f]$ a s+le /ratagem to ! g5]al1 an out/&+ piece ( brav]y accord+ to ! ,*9ese view4 ,! v favorite play f ?is novel is 8,*'un ,y9 ,hui0 7,! ,meet+ ( ,_m ,h]oes74 ,:5 ?is play is /ag$ ) ! p>ts ( ! great h]oes ( ! novel fill$ by />s1 ! ,*9ese !at] lov]s feel t su* an ensemble (f]s ab\t ! f9e/ ?+ possible4 ,! plot aga9 turns *iefly ^u a ruse by ,*u ,ko-liang4 ,8 side is fac+ trem5d\s odds 9 ! huge fleet ( wood5 vessels "u ! control ( ! enemy1 & !re=e 8 comm&] decides to attack !m ) fi]y arr[s4 ,*u ,ko-liang is commission$ to procure #ajj1jjj arr[s1 & is giv5 = ?is task five days1 :i* he himself cuts d[n to ?ree4 ,two & a half days he sp5ds 9 calm m$itation1 do+ no?+ ab\t ! arr[s4 ,:5 "o ( 8 comrades discov]s him sitt+ "u a tree he is v mu* al>m$ at ! wa/e ( "t & sugge/s t ! only ?+ left = 8 fri5d is to commit suicide4 ,b our h]o is undaunt$4 ,he places a numb] ( /raw m5 9 ! pr[s ( a few boats & sails t[>d ! position ( ! enemy4 ,ow+ to ! d5se fog ! enemy comm&] is unable to asc]ta9 ! size ( ! attack+ =ce1 b he ord]s 8 ar*]s to %oot z fa/ z !y c4 ,! arr[s /rike ! /raw m5 & pi]ce !m )\t do+ any h>m4 ,:5 #ajj1jjj arr[s h be5 caught up 9 8 decoys1 ,*u ,ko-liang ord]s 8 boats to retreat1 & ?us is able to deliv] ! requir$ numb] ( arr[s to 8 comm&] on "t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! play is /ag$1 ) two or ?ree arr[s flitt+ across ! sc5e1 provides1 at lea/ = ! ,we/]n]1 a di/9ct anticlimax4 ,ano!r play 9 :i* ?ree />s play toge!r to good effect is 8,! ,?ree ,/range ,meet+s0 7,*'i ,san ,hui7 or1 z x is popul>ly nicknam$1 8,! ,?ree ,pulls40 ,x is a popul> com$y writt5 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,man*u ,dyna/y1 & is "o ( ! favorite plays ( ,mei ,lan-fang4 ,?r\gh 8 great pre/ige he is able to induce o!r />s to play ) him1 & :5 he pres5ts ! rle ( ! wife support$ by ,* ,su-yn z husb& & ,li ,%\-%an z fa!r1 ! ,*9ese consid] x a p]fect p]=mance4 ,! play is ri* 9 glimpses ( ,*9ese life & also full ( excell5t opportunities = ! actors to %[ _! mettle4 ,! op5+ ( ! play is also mo/ unusual1 =1 l ,goe!'s 8,fau/0 & "s ( our o!r fam\s plays1 x has a prologue 9 heav54 ,!re is z a g5]al ?+ no curta9 us$ 9 ! ,*9ese !at]1 a rule to :i* a sc5e 9 heav5 =ms an exception4 ,/age h&s br+ on a curta9 ab\t eight feet high & twelve feet wide1 support$ by bamboo poles & pa9t$ ) cl\ds & bats to symbolize ! sky4 ,beh9d ?is ! /age is set = ! div9e sc5e4 ,:5 ! curta9 is remov$ ! spectator sees a god seat$ on a high ?rone4 ,f\r spirits be>+ tall %ields pa9t$ ) ! conv5tionaliz$ cl\d patt]n /& by 8 side4 ,! horns ( ! or*e/ra are bl[n mightily & fireworks are set (f until f9ally ! god beg9s to speak 9 a sl[1 impressive bass4 ,l a ,hom]ic ,zeus he s5ds a mess5g] to e>? to free a c]ta9 innoc5t man :o is langui%+ 9 prison4 ,! mess5g] is ord]$ to f9d ! man's daught] & to conduct h] to ! prison4 ,! div9e h]ald dep>ts1 c>ry+ a horsehair swit*1 ! conv5tional symbol by :i* a _s may be recogniz$ on ! ,*9ese /age4 ,! next sc5e beg9s ! fir/ ( ! f\r acts on e>?3 #a4 ,! ,weep+ 9 ,prison2 #b4 ,writ+ ! ,petition2 #c4 ,! ,?ree ,pulls2 #d4 ,! ,family ,reunit$4 ,li ,kuei-*ih 7play$ by ,mei ,lan-fang71 newly m>ri$ to a "y magi/rate1 visits ! prison1 inspir$ by ! div9e mess5g]4 ,!re %e sees ! jail] mi/reat+ an old man1 9 :om1 to h] surprise & grief1 %e recognizes h] fa!r1 f :om %e _h be5 sep>at$ 9 *ildhood at ! "t ( 8 unju/ condemnation4 ,! jail] is will+ to rel5t aft] ! daught]1 )\t disclos+ h] id5tity1 has paid him a good-siz$ bribe4 ,li ,kuei-*ih !n asks h] husb& to make an ef=t to free h] fa!r by writ+ an appeal to a high] c\rt4 ,! husb& complies v will+ly1 b1 9 ord] to write ! petition he mu/ "k 8 wife's 8little "n01 a sort ( family nickname ( ! little girls1 :i*1 accord+ to ,*9ese cu/om1 is nev] reveal$ to ! husb&4 ,!re ensues a f9e com$y sc5e 9 :i* ! wife at fir/ )holds & !n %amefac$ly tells h] 8little "n01 to ! great triumph ( h] husb&4 ,9 pres5t+ ! petition to ! judge ( ! high] c\rt1 ! wife is recogniz$ by ! judge z 8 long-lo/ si/]4 ,he rises f 8 seat1 & disc>d+ ! /iff =mality ( ! c\rtroom1 pulls ,li ,kuei-*ih out ( ! room 9 ord] to reveal 8 id5tity to h] 9 ! privacy ( 8 home4 ,! husb& is told ( ?is by ! s]vant1 & ru%es to ! c\rt 9 a rage1 because he fe>s t ! judge has be5 induc$ by 8 wife's beauty to make h] 8 concub9e4 ,! judge is n 9 ! c\rtroom1 b he s5ds out two (fic]s to br+ ! husb& also into 8 home4 ,! second ( ! ?ree pulls comes :5 ! mess5g]s drag ! husb& (f-/age 9 a /ate ( comical t]ror2 =1 l a true ,ori5tal1 he fe>s sudd5 dea?1--a fe> t caus$ ,abraham to lie to ! ,ph>aoh ( ,egypt ab\t 8 relation%ip to ! beautiful ,s>ah4 ,9 ! next sc5e bro!r1 si/]1 & husb& are happily reunit$4 ,! fa!r is summon$ f ! prison into ! c\rt4 ,he recognizes 8 son1 ! presid+ judge1 & gratefully b[s t[>d ! audi5ce 7t is1 t[>d heav57 =1 accord+ to ,*9ese cu/om1 a fa!r d>e nev] b[ t[>d 8 son1 no matt] :at position ! latt] may hold4 ,!reupon ! fa!r is also pull$ (f-/age to complete ! happy family reunion4 ,! jail]1 kn[+ full well :at mann] ( unpleasant dea? may be 9 /ore = him1 ends 8 life by jump+ d[n a well4 ,?is la/-nam$ action is accompli%$ by ! jail]'s mak+ a quick leap & runn+ (f-/age1 ! conv5tional expression = suicide by dr[n+4 ,! c\rt sc5es1 especially :5 ! play is giv5 by ,mei ,lan-fang1 ab\nd 9 gorge\s co/umes ( ri*ly embroid]$ silk4 ,! v>i\s *>act]s we> hi/orically correct dress1 ! ,man*u robes ) wide sleeves4 ,s f> z my own obs]vation goes1 ,i h f\nd t = ,man*u or ,m+ ,dyna/y ev5ts ! /yles ( ! respective p]iods are foll[$1 b t beyond ?is no attempt is made at provid+ hi/orically correct co/ume4 ,*>act]s 9 plays tak+ place be=e ! ,m+ ,dyna/y we> ,m+ co/ume2 x is ! /yle worn be=e ! com+ ( ! ,man*us & !re=e s]ves = all anci5t sett+s4 ,! actor :o plays ! "p ( ! husb& 9 ?is play is ,*u ,su-yn4 ,he is ne>ly fifty ye>s old1 b he cont9ues to play ! rle ( ! lov] opposite ,mei ,lan-fang1 because !re is no y\ng] man :o c d x half s well4 ,he is really z good z any ,occid5tal com$ian 9 assum+ ! expressions ( surprise1 ang]1 or t]ror2 he /utt]s admirably :5ev] necess>y1 & 9 laugh+ gets a comical effect by means ( 8 faulty tee?1 black5$ by opium smok+4 ,9 ano!r play1 8,ngoh ,*ia ,*uan0 7,! ,ngoh ,family ,village71 he plays ! "p ( a "y boy :o has prodigi\s /r5g?2 9 fact1 he1 ?\gh a m]e *ild1 protects 8 family's home by kill+ two g5]als4 ,9 "o ( ! fir/ sc5es ! p>5ts =bid _! abnormally /rong (fspr+ to h&le dang]\s weapons1 :]eupon ?is actor 9 ! co/ume ( a *ild goes into tantrums ( weep+ t convulse ! audi5ce by _! reali/ic imitation ( ! ov]gr[n baby4 ,li ,%\-%an1 9 ! rle ( ! fa!r1 is made up z a f9e1 dignifi$ old ,*9ese g5tleman4 ,he br+s out v poignantly ! tragic situation ( ! helpless old man unju/ly imprison$2 ?\gh p]haps by "s ( 8 pitiful wails he some:at ov]does 8 "p4 ,ano!r v popul> dome/ic drama is 8,ta ,*ih ,%ang ,w50 7,beat+ ! ,nephew & ,wor%ip+ at ! ,grave74 ,! ,*9ese prodigal son is ,ta ,kuan1 an orphan boy rais$ by 8 uncle4 ,wick$ companions taught him gambl+ & o!r ways ( squ&]+ money1 & z he ne$$ funds = ^! pursuits he insi/$ t 8 uncle give him 8 pat]nal h]itage4 ,9 a %ort "t1 ( c\rse1 all 8 sub/ance has be5 wa/$ ) riot\s liv+ & ,ta ,kuan is =c$ to beg = 8 food4 ,8 uncle at t "t is di/ribut+ alms among ! poor & ! nephew is n a%am$ to appe> among ! begg>s at 8 uncle's door4 ,naturally1 ! uncle's 8loss ( face0 is trem5d\s2 he becomes extremely angry & *ases ,ta ,kuan (f ) bl[s4 ,b 8 aunt1 9 ! k9dness ( h] he>t1 gives him "s money & urges him to avoid 8 ang]$ uncle4 ,b 9 ,*9a too !re is a de/9y t %apes our ends3 ,ta ,kuan's money is /ol5 f him1 & ) no prospects :atev] be=e him1 he sudd5ly becomes pi\s & wor%ips at 8 fa!r's grave4 ,:ile he is busy burn+ pap] money 7i4e4 pap] imitations ( silv] +ots7 = ! spirits ( 8 ance/ors 8 uncle & aunt happ5 also to visit ! family gravey>d4 ,! mom5t ,ta ,kuan sees !m1 rememb]+ 8 uncle's bl[s & curses1 he runs away4 ,8 fo/]-fa!r is v mu* surpris$ t "s "o %\ld h be5 burn+ pap] money at 8 bro!r's tomb4 ,he nev] w\ld h suspect$ 8 nephew ( su* an action1 b :5 he f9ds t x really 0 ,ta ,kuan1 8 he>t is t\*$ by su* a display ( filial piety t he s5ds = ! nephew1 invit+ him to return to 8 h\se1 & !n p]suades him to /udy "u ! direction ( a tea*]4 ,!re has be5 a real *ange ( he>t 9 ! y\?1 = he applies himself dilig5tly to 8 task4 ,& virtue is n )\t its rew>d2 = :5 ,ta ,kuan takes ! exam9ation he passes ) ! v highe/ honors4 ,a play simil> to ! previ\s "o 9 t x is mu* m moral ?an probable is 8,*u ,%a ,*0 7,a ,c9nab> ,spot74 ,a c]ta9 eld]ly g5tleman by ! "n ( ,han 0 v unhappy because he _h no son4 ,to rem$y ?is condition he b\ght himself a concub9e2 b :5 ! m>riage 0 ab\t to be consummat$1 ! bride wept bitt]ly4 ,han ask$ ! cause ( ! te>s at su* an inappropriate "t1 & le>n$ t 8 new sp\se 0 9 reality a m>ri$ woman :o _h all[$ h]self to be sold to aid h] sick husb&4 ,! old man took pity on h]1 burn$ ! m>riage contract1 & pres5t$ h] ) m money = h] un=tunate husb&4 ,a noble & unusual action1 to be sure1 :i* m]it$ & receiv$ an unusual rew>d6 ,! woman return$ to h] husb& & ! latt] recov]$ at once4 ,return$ once m to heal?1 he w5t ab\t 8 bus9ess :i* c>ri$ him to ,sze-*uan prov9ce4 ,he br\ght ) him a pres5t = 8 b5efactor1 a "y boy :om he _h b\ght 9 a di/rict afflict$ by fam9e4 ,han 0 v mu* pleas$ ) ! bright boy & devot$ himself eag]ly to 8 education4 ,he gradually rem>k$ t ! boy resembl$ him a great deal & began to wond] if x might n be possible t x 0 8 own son1 :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f a few ye>s be=e 9 ! c\rse ( a rebellion4 ,"o day x occurr$ to him to exam9e ! sole ( ! boy's foot1 & !re he f\nd ! v same c9nab> spot t _h always be5 8 own di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,?is prov$ conclusively t x 0 8 own son1 & bo? 7 v happy ov] ! reunion t _h be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ,han's k9dness to a poor woman6 ,! moral ,*9ese /age sets =? n only ! rew>d ( virtue1 b also ! puni%m5t ( vice4 ,!re c be se5 on ! ,pek+ /age almo/ any day a w>n+ to cruel husb&s call$ 8,pang ,ta ,pao ,*'+ ,lang0 7,beat+ ! ,he>tless ,husb&74 ,mu ,*i 0 a s*ol> hold+ ! fir/ degree 7,hsiu ,tsai1 correspond+ some:at to our ,a4,b471 b he 0 v poor because 8 p>5ts _h n left him any prop]ty :atsoev]4 ,:5 a fam9e /ruck ! c\ntry he 0 =c$ to beg = 8 bread4 ,9 8 half-/>v$ condition he 0 "o day caught 9 a sn[/orm1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he fell to ! gr\nd m dead ?an alive4 ,9 ?is condition ! daught] ( ! head ( ! begg>'s guild f\nd him ly+ be=e ! door ( h] home4 ,%e took pity on him & nurs$ him back to heal?4 ,at fir/ h] fa!r 0 none too pleas$ ) 8 daught]'s action2 b :5 ! daught] repres5t$ t ! gods w\ld surely rew>d h] good de$1 he became reconcil$ to ! pres5ce ( ! "y man 9 ! h\se4 ,! daught] fell 9 love ) h] protg & 0 v pr\d ( 8 rank z a ,hsiu ,tsai4 ,! fa!r also became q fond ( ! "y man & gave him 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,!n x 0 arrang$ t ,mu ,*i 0 to g to ,pek+ to take ! exam9ation1 :ile 8 wife & fa!r-9-law 7 to g along to beg & ?us furni% ! "y man ) a liv+ until su* "t z he %\ld h secur$ a pr(itable po/4 ,mu ,*i pass$ ! exam9ation & 0 appo9t$ ! magi/rate ( a t[n4 ,! mom5t he _h receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t he became extremely disda9ful ( 8 new relatives & 9 ! c\rse ( ! j\rney by boat to ! t[n :]e he 0 to become magi/rate he pu%$ 8 wife ov]bo>d into ! /ream & drove (f 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,h[ev]1 a c]ta9 high (ficial sav$ ! life ( ! begg> *ief's daught] & adopt$ h] z 8 *ild4 ,:5 he _h le>n$ f h] ! /ory ( h] husb&'s +ratitude he decid$ to puni% ! wret* prop]ly4 ,he call$ on him 9 8 magi/racy & (f]$ him 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,mu ,*i1 ! cad1 naturally 0 glad to m>ry into ! family ( su* an influ5tial man1 & accept$ eag]ly4 ,b :at 0 8 *agr9 & fright :5 on ! ev5+ ( 8 m>riage he rais$ ! bride's veil to f9d "u x ! begg>'s daught]6 ,! (ficial !n ent]$ ! bridal *amb] ) a p[]ful /ick & ord]$ ! begg>'s daught] to give ,mu ,*i a s\nd ?ra%+4 ,?is %e did ) a great deal ( 8he>t01 z ! ,*9ese say1 = :i* no "o c blame h]4 ,b ,mu ,*i decid$ to become a wis] & a bett] man2 he s5t out m5 to f9d 8 fa!r-9-law1 & ! ?ree liv$ happy ev] aft]4 ,b ! v cr[n+ piece ( righte\s moral indignation 9 all ! ,fl[]y ,k+dom is f\nd 9 a /ory connect$ ) ,yo ,fei1 deifi$ z ! god ( w> & wor%ip$ z a special patron ( ! !at]4 ,9 8 lifetime ,yo ,fei 0 a fai?ful g5]al ( ! ,sung emp]ors1 a great fight] aga9/ ! ,mongols4 ,9 fact1 he _h almo/ succe$$ 9 captur+ ! ,mongol emp]or ) 8 entire army :5 ! enemy brib$ "s high ,*9ese (ficials1 *ief among !m ,*'9 ,kuei1 to d away ) _! great patriotic lead]4 ,yo ,fei 0 summon$ be=e a c\rt = trial1 b 0 cle>$ ( all *>ges4 ,!n he 0 tri$ aga9 be=e ,*'9 ,kuei & two o!r judges1 ?is "t be+ condemn$ to dea? by /rangl+4 ,be=e ! s5t5ce 0 c>ri$ out1 8 cruel execution]s tore ! sk9 (f 8 back :]e 8 "m _h tattoo$ ! fam\s inscription1 8,i repay ! /ate ) integrity & loyalty40 ,at ,hang*[ is f\nd ! tomb ( ?is great ,*9ese patriot4 ,be=e x1 z e t\ri/ sees to 8 surprise1 are f\r /atues 9 a kneel+ position & b\nd ) *a9s1 :ile an inscription invites ! w&]] to ur9ate on !m4#ba ,^! villa9s1 :o are lit]ally 9 v bad odor1 are ,*'9 ,kuei1 8 wife1 & ! two o!r judges :o condemn$ ,yo ,fei to dea?4 ,?is dra/ic1 po/hum\s puni%m5t seems to h _h v little effect 9 fur!r+ patriotism 9 ,*9a1 = 9 rec5t decades nei!r ! ,russians nor ! ,japanese seem ev] to h _h any tr\ble 9 f9d+ ,*9ese /atesm5 will+ to accept bribes = ! betrayal ( _! c\ntry4 ,! /ory is also told t 9 #afgh1 fully #ejj ye>s aft] ,yo ,fei's dea?1 ?is play 0 p]=m$ 9 a c]ta9 t[n1 :5 sudd5ly an excit$ spectator ru%$ on ! /age & /abb$ to dea? ! un=tunate actor :o 0 play+ ! "p ( ,*'9 ,kuei1 ! traitor4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! trial ?is f]v5t patriot told t 9 all 8 books he _h c>efully cut out ! "n ( ,*'9 ,kuei :]ev] x occurr$4 ,! man 0 n put to dea?1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h he be5 a ,briti%]1 nor 0 he celebrat$ z a h]o1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h he be5 a ,fr5*man1 b 9 *>act]i/ic ,*9ese mann] he 0 dismiss$ z an idiot4 ,?\gh z a g5]al ?+ !re is v little c\rt%ip on ! "p ( "y p 9 ,*9a1 yet !re are on ! /age q a numb] ( romantic love /ories4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,mei ,lan-fang ,i h m5tion$ "s tak5 f ! novel1 8,dream ( ! ,r$ ,*amb]40 ,! same actor frequ5tly pres5ts 8,y ,*an ,*ih0 7,a ,preci\s ,hairp971 ! plot ( :i* might be an ,occid5tal love /ory4 ,9 a c]ta9 conv5t ! abbess _h liv+ ) h] ! daught] ( h] deceas$ bro!r1 a v attractive "y girl by ! "n ( ,*'en ,miao4 ,9 ! vic9ity !re liv$ also ! abbess' nephew1 ) :om1 because ( 8 p]sonal *>m & great le>n+1 ! "y lady fell 9 love4 ,"o day ! nephew became ill & ,*'en ,miao ask$ p]mission to assi/ 9 tak+ c>e ( ! pati5t4 ,"u ! t5d] c>e ( su* an attractive nurse ! "y man recov]$ spe$ily1 b he too _h lo/ 8 he>t4 ,he f\nd means to visit ,*'en ,miao 9 h] room "o day z %e 0 read+ poetry1 :]eupon1 l ,paolo & ,francesca1 t day !y read no m4 ,9 ! village !re liv$ an eld]ly magi/rate :o wi%$ to m>ry ,*'en ,miao1 b :5 ! g5]\s judge le>n$ t %e lov$ a y\ng] rival1 he did n %[ any signs ( jeal\sy2 on ! contr>y1 he w5t to ! abbess to urge h] to jo9 9 m>riage ! "y lov]s4 ,pek+ !at]s h v few prop]ties1 z has be5 /at$1 b beh9d practically e /age "o f9ds a pair ( pla/]-(-,p>is lions 9 imitation ( ! m>ble lions t gu>d ! gateways ( ,*9ese palaces & temples4 ,!y are us$ 9 a v popul> play call$ 8,* ,t'eng ,kuan ,hua0 7,trial ( ,/r5g? & ,view+ ! ,ance/ral ,portraits74 ,! play seems to be a mod]n imitation ( ! ,yuan ,dyna/y drama 8,! ,orphan ( ! ,*ao ,family40 ,a wick$ m9i/] p]suades ! emp]or t an entire family1 "o ( ^: memb]s he hates1 mu/ be ext]m9at$ root & bran*4 ,a fri5d decides to save ! family "n by sub/itut+ j be=e ! execution 8 own "y son = a *ild ( ! condemn$ family4 ,8 wife absolutely refuses to ent] ^u 8 plan1 b :5 he kneels be=e h] %e is compell$ to yield to 8 wi%es to sacrifice h] *ild2 ?is is typical ( ! ,*9ese1 inasmu* z !y seem to ?9k t :5 "s "o humbles himself unduly he mu/ ga9 8 end & o!r p mu/ grant him :atev] he asks4 ,! man & 8 wife !n br+ up ! orphan z _! own son4 ,! *ild !y sacrific$ 0 *opp$ into ?ree pieces by ! wick$ m9i/] himself1 because he fe>$ t x might "s day rev5ge on him ! slaught] ( 8 relatives4 ,! play z giv5 9 ,pek+ !at]s op5s at ! "t :5 ! orphan has atta9$ ! age ( fifte54 ,he & 8 s]vant are play+ 9 ! c\rty>d ( 8 fo/]-fa!r's h\se4 ,! boy proposes t !y make a te/ ( _! /r5g? by mov+ ! /one lions /&+ at ! door ( ! h\se4 ,! s]vant tries 9 va9 to move !m1 :ile ! boy1 a prodigy ( /r5g?1 picks up ! massive /ones & moves !m ) ease4 ,soon aft]w>d ! ma/] ( ! h\se returns & asks angrily :o is responsible = displac+ ! /one lions4 ,! good-natur$ s]vant1 :o has ! rle ( ! cl[n 9 ?is play1 says t he did x4 ,8 ma/] !n ord]s him to return !m to _! prop] place1 & ?us 9 a com$y sc5e he is soon prov$ a li>4 ,!n ! adopt$ son is call$2 l ,george ,wa%+ton he ackn[l$ges :at he has done1 & returns ! lions to _! prop] places )\t ! slighte/ tr\ble4 ,8 fo/]-fa!r n[ p]ceives t al?\gh b fifte5 ye>s ( age1 ! boy is /rong en\gh to av5ge ! cruel inju/ice done 8 family4 ,!re=e he conducts him into ! ance/ral temple :]e he %[s him ! portraits ( 8 ance/ors d[n to ! ones put to dea? by ! wick$ m9i/]4 ,no soon] has ! orphan boy he>d ! /ory ?an he puts on 8 armor & sets out on 8 mission ( rev5ge on ! enemy ( 8 family4 ,incid5tally !re is (t5 a bit ( com$y ( a simple k9d ?r[n 9 by ! /age h&s :5 !y remove ! /one lions1 :i* !y pret5d to f9d v heavy4 ,on "o occasion :5 ,i saw ?is play ,i 0 surpris$ to he> ! audi5ce break out into peals ( laught] at ! po9t :5 ! boy set out on 8 err& ( rev5ge4 ,i inquir$ ! cause ( ?is f a ,*9ese fri5d4 ,amid sobs ( mir? he told me t ! orphan boy _h left ! temple on horseback6 ,z usual1 !re 0 no sc5]y1 ! /age 0 b>e1 only a picture susp5d$ f a *air set on a table m>k$ ! locality z an ance/ral temple4 ,! actor dress$ = w> _h abs5t-m9d$ly act$ z ?\gh he 7 on ! battle field & _h made ) 8 leg ! conv5tional sign = m\nt+ a horse4 ,i _h n notic$ ! ge/ure at all1 z x 0 a r inconspicu\s "o4 ,! humor ( ! episode is ( ab\t ! same v>iety z t eng5d]$ ye>s ago 9 ! ,philadelphia ,little ,!at] :51 9 ! c\rse ( ! action1 a cat w&]$ on ! /age & 9 h] ha/e to remove him an actress ?ru/ him into ! gl[+ /age fireplace--9 reality1 ( c\rse1 (f-/age into ! w+s4 ,9 ?is imitation ( a ,yuan drama1 9 fact ( ! drama t sev]al ,we/]n writ]s h call$ ! ne>e/ approa* to true trag$y among all ,*9ese plays1 practically all t is pres5t$ to mod]n audi5ces is ! f>cical elem5t4 ,( f>ces ! ,*9ese /age possesses _m1 "s good & "s less s4 ,a c]ta9 ,liu ,y5-m+1 9 a f>ce by t "n1 l5ds money to a magi/rate = a j\rney to ! capital4 ,! loan is arrang$1 l mo/ ?+s 9 ,*9a1 ?r\gh a ?ird p>ty--9 ?is case an abbess ( a conv5t4 ,:5 a ye> has elaps$ & ! magi/rate has n return$1 ,liu dem&s 8 money1 or1 9 case ! abbess _c repay him1 ! h& ( ,yu ,y+1 ! magi/rate's pretty daught]4 ,he br+s su* pressure to be> by means ( ?reats t ! abbess f9ally agrees to arrange a r5dezv\s at midnight 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,great ,purity4 ,yu ,y+ naturally en\gh refuses to m>ry a man j because h] fa!r owes him money1 b :5 ! abbess pictures ! old mis] z a da%+ y\? ( tw5ty-?ree %e gradually *anges h] tone & at la/ gives h] cons5t4 ,at midnight1 !re=e1 ,liu ,y5-m+ /eal?ily approa*es ! conv5t1 b un=tunately he meets ) a patrol ( police :o arre/ ! nocturnal pr[l] z he is unable to acc\nt = 8 pres5ce ne> ! conv5t at su* an unseemly h\r4 ,in/ead ( 9 ! arms ( 8 belov$ ! money-l5d] sp5ds ! night 9 jail4 ,b mu* m disagreeable = him is ano!r developm5t ( ! /ory4 ,a "y s*ol> on 8 way to ! capital is on ! same road :5 he obs]ves t ! police h arre/$ ,liu ,y5-m+4 ,he decides t ! police mu/ be v /rict 9 ^! p>ts & s dem&s hospitality at ! v next h\se1 :i* is ( c\rse ! conv5t4 ,! door is op5$ by a novice :o has be5 told by ! abbess :at to d2 ! "y s*ol> is ask$ to ent] & to await ! "y lady4 ,! y\?1 ?\gh some:at surpris$1 is wise en\gh to hold 8 tongue & to foll[ in/ructions4 ,soon ,yu ,y+ ent]s & f9ds t ! "y man possesses all ! *>ms ! abbess _h falsely attribut$ to h] fa!r's cr$itor4 ,love at fir/ sight1 !n foll[ mutual explanations1 & be=e morn+ an engagem5t seal$ by pl$ges4 ,a r good sc5e foll[s :5 on ! next day ! abbess calls on ! mis] to felicitate him on ! pleasant night he has sp5t6 ,!re are delightful misund]/&+s1 b at ! end ( ! sc5e ,liu ,y5-m+ is 9 a t[]+ rage1 & det]m9$ to h rev5ge4 ,he =ces ! daught] ( 8 debtor to become a maid 9 8 tav]n1 :]e %e mu/ p]=m ! mo/ m5ial tasks4 ,9 ! end1 ( c\rse1 ! "y s*ol> returns f ! capital z a magi/rate2 he ent]s ! v inn :]e 8 belov$ is s]v+ ! gue/s1 recognizes & rescues h]1 giv+ ! mis] ! puni%m5t he s ri*ly des]ves4 ,"o ev5+ :5 ,i _h gone to see ,mei ,lan-fang at ! ,*5 ,kwang ,!at]1 !re 0 p]=m$ z ! la/ play among ! curta9 rais]s ano!r f>ce1 8,san ,yao ,hui0 7,%ak+ ,dice74 ,?is f>ce is mu* less pres5table 9 e way1 b is1 ,i believe1 m typical ( ! pres5t-day drama1 because ( its episodic nature & lack ( real plot4 ,on ! eve ( ! husb&'s return ! wife & ! concub9e are qu>rel+ z to :i* is to %>e 8 fir/ night at home4 ,! dispute waxes hot & viol5t2 h]e) foll[s a prize specim5 ( ! dialogue3 ,wife3 ,he has no "r to h a concub9e4 ,concub9e3 ,he w\ld n h "o1 if y 7 able to be> him a son4 ,wife3 ,don't say t1 = be=e ,i 0 m>ri$ ,i _h sev]al sons4 ,two neighbors1 ! cl[ns 9 ! piece1 ent] & aft] mu* discussion sugge/ t ! wom5 settle ! disagreem5t by %ak+ dice4 ,?ree dice are us$1 & ! wife ?r[s a score ( sev5te54 ,! concub9e !n pro/rates h]self be=e ! h\se god & :5 h] dice are c\nt$ x is f\nd t %e has eighte5 po9ts4 ,%e is victori\s6 ,probably ab\t z mu* z "o f\r? ( ! drama play$ 9 ,*9a at ! pres5t "t deals ) religi\s or my?ological subjects4 ,kuan-y91 ! goddess ( m]cy1 ! ,buddhi/ madonna1 v frequ5tly figures 9 ^! plays1 releas+ un=tunates f puni%m5ts & o!rwise do+ de$s ( k9dness4 ,a direct contra/ to h] is f\nd 9 ! cruel judge ( ! l[] _w4 ,9 ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 !re are exhibits portray+ a numb] ( ,*9ese religi\s plays & ! curator1 ,doctor ,b]?old ,lauf]1 has writt5 an excell5t guidebook deal+ ) ^! !atrical repres5tations hav+ = _! aim ! inculcation ( bett] morals ?r\gh ! fe> ( puni%m5ts 9 ! h]eaft]4 ,i _c resi/ quot+ f ,doctor ,lauf] on ! typically ,*9ese attitude t[>d ?is =m ( religi\s drama3 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,*9ese h ev] 9 reality practic$ ! tortures demon/rat$ 9 ! t5 c\rts ( ,purgatory4 ,?is lore is n _! own1 !y adopt$ x f ,india4 ,x is ! visual illu/ration ( :at is describ$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,on ! /age1 moreov]1 ev]y?+ is mitigat$ & p]meat$ by a willful1 grotesque humor :i* makes x difficult = ! spectator to take ^! puni%m5ts too s]i\sly4 ,skeptical & rationali/ic z _m ( ! ,*9ese are1 !y w be mov$ to smile at ?is p]=mance1 or to ent]ta9 d\bt z to its reality4 ,! b>oque features & semi-comic ge/ures ( ! devils contribute to ! relief & exhil>ation ( ! audi5ce4 ,! visitor %\ld be> 9 m9d t he is witness+ a f9e piece ( sc5ic illusion1 :i*1 :ile morali/ic at its root & e?ical 9 its t5d5cy1 is f> f be+ calculat$ to %ock ! n]ves or fright5 ! consci5ce1 b :i*1 on ! contr>y1 w enc\rage & elevate by po9t+ ! way to ultimate salvation4 ,! keynote ( ?is drama is n mis]y & despair1 b hope & ! possibility ( self-p]fection4 ,a favorite example ( ! my?ological drama is ! /ory ( 8,! ,:ite & ! ,black ,snake0 7,po ,%e ,*uan71 tak5 f a novel ( ! same "n4 ,two snake demons took on ! =m ( lovely virg9s4 ,"o day !y qu>rel$ & ! ,:ite ,snake said to ! black1 8,if y c defeat me 9 a fight ,i'll s]ve y1 b if y are beat5 y %all be my slave40 ,! ,:ite ,snake won & accord+ to ! agreem5t ! o!r became h] s]vant4 ,9 a =m] inc>nation a c]ta9 "y man _h sav$ ! life ( ! ,:ite ,snake & %e decid$ to rew>d him by becom+ 8 beautiful & lov+ wife4 ,_! m>riage 0 inde$ a v happy "o = a "t4 ,x is a ,*9ese cu/om on ! fif? day ( ! fif? mon? to dr9k a cup ( w9e conta9+ a c]ta9 blossom :i* acts z a *>m aga9/ v5om\s animals4 ,hs ,hsuan1 ! husb&1 foll[$ ?is cu/om & gave "s also to 8 unsuspect+ wife4 ,! ,:ite ,snake felt uncom=table aft] ?is draught & retir$ e>ly4 ,h>dly _h %e gone to sleep :5 %e lo/ h] human =m & 0 *ang$ into a snake4 ,:5 h] husb& lat] on p>t$ ! curta9s ( _! b$1 he saw a huge :ite snake ly+ !re1 rais+ h] head t[>d him & spew+ fire4 ,hs ,hsuan 0 s fright5$ t he fell to ! gr\nd dead4 ,ar\s$ by ! noise1 ! ,black ,snake came on ! sc5e & awoke h] mi/ress1 :o on awak5+ once m took on human =m4 ,:5 %e realiz$ :at %e _h unwitt+ly done1 %e bur/ into te>s2 b %e soon recall$ t on ! m\nta9 dom9at$ by ! ,god ( ,long ,life !re grew an h]b capable ( re/or+ ! dead to life4 ,%e hurri$ to ?is m\nta9 to /eal a bit ( ! h]b4 ,b ! ,god ( ,long ,life saw h] & 9 great ang] pursu$ h]4 ,by means ( envelop+ h] 9 ! fumes ( a *>m aga9/ snakes he captur$ h]2 b on le>n+ = :at purpose %e _h come to /eal he n only releas$ h]1 b pres5t$ h] ) ! h]b4 ,by means ( x ! dead man 0 soon re/or$ to life4 ,! two demons wi%$ to please ,hs ,hsuan 9 e way1 b 9 do+ him favors !y h>m$ ! community4 ,!y robb$ ! /ate treasury to enri* _! favorite2 b ! treasur] 0 behead$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,!reupon !y op5$ a drug /ore & 9 ord] to make ! bus9ess prosp] !y spread v>i\s diseases 9 ! village4 ,b ! abbot ( a ne>by mona/]y discov]$ _! tricks4 ,he visit$ ,hs ,hsuan "u ! pret5se ( collect+ alms & w>n$ him t he _h bett] come = a "t to ! mona/]y to be fre$ f ! influ5ce ( evil demons t 7 besett+ him4 ,hs ,hsuan1 :o rememb]$ only too well 8 exp]i5ce on ! fif? day ( ! fif? mon?1 0 glad to g4 ,he told 8 wife t he 0 go+ to ! temple to wor%ip4 ,b :5 h] husb& fail$ to return1 ! ,:ite ,snake decid$ to g to ! mona/]y to seek him4 ,on ! way %e confess$ to h] s]vant t %e 0 soon go+ to give bir? to a *ild1 an ev5t :i* %e hop$ w\ld give great pleasure to ,hs ,hsuan4 ,! two snakes 9 human =m rode 9 a boat to ! mona/]y :i* 0 locat$ on an isl&4 ,! abbot met !m & /]nly ord]$ !m (f le/ he de/roy !m utt]ly by means ( 8 magic p[]4 ,full ( ang] ! two demons drew _! magic swords aga9/ ! abbot1 b ! latt] toss$ into ! air 8 cane ) a dragon's head1 :i* 0 *ang$ imm$iately into a liv+ dragon & attack$ ! two snakes s savagely t !y 7 =c$ to flee = _! lives4 ,b by means ( _! magic !y s5t a flood :i* ?reat5$ to de/roy ! isl&4 ,! abbot1 surr\nd$ by all 8 prie/s1 spread 8 g>m5t at ! edge ( ! wat]1 !reby caus+ ! isl& to rise 9 ! same degree z ! wat]4 ,at ?is po9t ,k'uei ,%+1 god ( ! lit]ati1 arriv$ l ! deus ex ma*9a ( a ,euripidean play4 ,he _h be5 s5t by ,w5 ,*ang1 ! god ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 to put an end to ! qu>rel because ! son ( ,hs ,hsuan & ! ,:ite ,snake 0 de/9$ to obta9 ! highe/ degree 9 ! lit]>y exam9ations4 ,?us ! isl& 0 sav$ & ! snakes return$ home unsca!d4 ,hs ,hsuan1 on ! abbot's advice1 also set out = home1 & met 8 wife ) h] s]vant on a bridge4 ,! ,black ,snake drew h] sword to av5ge on him ! humiliation done h] mi/ress1 b ! ,:ite ,snake protect$ him f ! fury ( h] s]vant4 ,bo? 7 ov]come by _! emotions2 !y wept 9 sil5ce1 unable to put _! feel+s into words1 9 ?is /ruggle betwe5 love & fe>4 ,soon aft]w>d ! son 0 born2 b ?ree days lat] ! god ,w5 ,*ang abduct$ ! two demons to 8 magic pagoda1 :ile ,hs ,hsuan 0 left 9 wi/ful happ9ess ) 8 promis+ son1 ! greate/ boon 9 ! life ( a ,*9ese4 ,?is *>m+ /ory1 by ! way1 =ms ! basis ( ,grimm's tale1 8,! ,:ite & ! ,black ,snake40 ,i h nev] se5 ! fir/ "p ( ?is play1 b on sev]al occasions ,i saw ! visit ( ! snakes to ! isl& mona/]y call$ 8,*9 ,%an-tze40 ,"o ( ^! p]=mances 0 at ! annual b5efit = ! poor rik%a-runn]s ( ,pek+ organiz$ by t widely belov$ ,am]ican mission>y1 ,mrs4 ,goodri*4 ,z ! play 0 giv5 at ! !at] ( ! =eign community1 _m ( ! crudities & incongruities ( ! ,*9ese /age 7 abs5t4 ,! or*e/ra 0 n sitt+ on ! /age & 0 muffl$ some:at4 ,back & side drops ) good light+ effects s]v$ to set (f well ! colorful robes ( ! %av5-head$ monks pray+ be=e an imm5se image ( ,buddha4 ,! fight+ /ag$ by ! demon w>riors 0 an exhibition ( graceful & acrobatic movem5ts t w\ld d cr$it to a ,russian ballet4 ,! /ory ) all its pa?os 0 v well act$1 s t ! :ole =m$ a memorable p]=mance su* z w\ld1 ,i am sure1 delight ,am]ican audi5ces if a !atrical manag] 7 to engage ,mei ,lan-fang ) 8 tr\pe = a t\r4 ,9 ,*apt] ,six are m5tion$ ! _m seasonal plays ( ! ,*9ese !at] :i* make ( ?is in/itution a true folk !at]4 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] ,i %all quote a synopsis ( ! libretto ( 8,*'ang-,o ,p9 ,yeh0 7,*'ang-,o's ,flight to ! ,moon74 ,?is playlet is "o ( ^? into :i* ,mei ,lan-fang has wov5 8 graceful dances1 an innovation on 8 "p on ! ,*9ese /age4 ,i foll[ ! translation giv5 on ! program at a p]=mance be=e ! ,am]ican ,college ,club on ,novemb] #ag1 #aiag4 ,,=eword ,! y\?ful ,emp]or ,ho ,yi ( ! ,hsia ,dyna/y 7ab\t #b1jjj ,b4,c47 be+ ( div9e orig91 z a *ild play$ ) fairies4 ,:5 he grew to manhood1 he 0 9 a dream l$ by fairies to ! palace ( ! ,heav5ly ,que51 ,hsi ,wang ,mu1 :o gave ! "y ,emp]or ! ,elixir ( ,life4 ,*'ang-,o1 ! ,imp]ial ,concub9e ( ,ho ,yi1 fam$ = h] grace & beauty1 le>n$ ( ?is preci\s gift & 9 *ildi% innoc5ce drank x1 sc>cely realiz+ :at %e _h done4 ,fill$ ) remorse & %ame1 ^u be+ appris$ ( ! gravity ( h] (f5ce1 %e flew to ! moon1 :]e because ( h] wond]ful beauty %e 0 elect$ by ! moon fairies z _! que54 ,! sc5e ( ! play is laid 9 ! moon & has to d ) ! prep>ations = & ! celebration ( ! ,mid-,autumn ,fe/ival ) ,*'ang-,o1 ! ,que5 ( ! ,moon1 z ! c5tral figure & ! moon fairies & _! invit$ gue/s z p>ticipants4 ,,synopsis ,,fir/ ,,act4--,! sc5e depicts a g>d5 blossom+ 9 cele/ial fl[]s1 ) ,*'ang-,o pluck+ ! fl[]s to be us$ 9 mak+ ! w9es = ! ,mid-,autumn ,fe/ival ,banquet4 ,,*',,ang-,o op5s ) a song 9 praise ( ! beautiful surr\nd+s 9 :i* %e is ab\t to pick fl[]s4 7,speaks7 ,s9ce arriv+ 9 ! ,moon1 ,i h _h a v pleasant "t4 ,! hot summ] is n[ pa/ & ,mid-,autumn is come4 ,9 prep>ation = ! celebration ( ! ,fe/ival1 ,i look =w>d ) delight to ! mak+ ( w9e = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! fairies :om ,i am invit+ to my fea/4 7,s+s7 ,deftly ?\gh ,i roll up my sleeves & lightly ?\gh ,i pluck ! fl[]s1 ,i _c help bru%+ (f ! bees & butt]flies4 ,?is sprig is full ( fragrance & is weigh$ d[n ) abundance & spl5dor4 ,t "o is yet 9 bud4 ,& :5 ,i lift up my eyes ,i behold above me a tree t rea*es to ! cl\ds4 ,lift+ my h& ,i beg9 to pluck ! fl[]s4 7,speak+7 ,ah6 ,h[ beautiful6 ,i h s soon fill$ my basket ) fl[]s1 & n[ ,i mu/ c>ry !m home to make my w9e4 7,s++7 ,h[ ?ickly d ! butt]flies foll[ 9 my trail6 ,,second ,,act4--,! ,moon ,fairies invite o!r fairies to ! ,banquet4 ,,?ird ,,act4--,! invit$ gue/s proce$ to ! ,banquet ,hall4 ,,f\r? ,,act4--,! ,moon ,palace4 ,! ,moon ,fairies du/ ! ,palace & make prep>ations = ! com+ ,banquet & ! receiv+ ( _! gue/s4 ,,fif? ,,act4--,! ,banquet4 ,*'ang-,o1 "u ! influ5ce ( w9e1 soliloquises on ! lonesom5ess ( h] life amid h] pres5t surr\nd+s & ye>ns = ! companion%ip ( mortals & m p>ticul>ly ( ,ho ,yi4 ,,*',,ang-,o 7s++74 ,=sak+ ! mortal _w1 ,i h come to ! ,moon to be ,que5 ( ! ,fairies4 ,my "t has pass$ s pleasantly & fa/ t ,i h lo/ all c\nt ( "t4 ,i h ga!r$ fl[]s & made w9e1 & h invit$ o!r fairies to jo9 me on ?is fe/ive occasion4 7,sitt+ 9 m$itation7 ,spr+ & autumn come & g1 z ! ev5+ foll[s ! morn4 ,my "t has fl[n by pleasantly amid/ ^! beautiful surr\nd+s4 ,once a ye> ! moon is fulle/ on ?is night4 ,heav5 & e>? are happy 9 mutual enjoym5t4 7,speak+7 ,?is day is ! ,mid-,autumn ,fe/ival4 ,i h direct$ ! ,palace to be du/$ & clean$4 ,! att5dants h convey$ ! invitations to ! fairies to %>e ) me 9 my happ9ess4 ,y1 att5dants1 await _! arrival4 7,! fairies arrive & sit d[n to fea/47 ,,fairies4 ,o ,que56 behold ! mortal _w6 ,see h[ e family on e>? prep>es its delici\s food & w9e to (f] to !e z sacrifice8 7,*'ang-,o speak+7 ,let me look4 7,*'ang-,o is mov$ & ! fairies speak47 ,,fairies4 ,:y1 ,que51 do/ ?\ feel s sad8 ,,*',,ang-,o4 ,look at ! mortals & see h[ !y celebrate 9 c\ples4 ,a hundr$ times bett] are !y ?an we :o lead a lonesome life4 ,,fairies4 ,d n speak ?us1 ,o ,que56 ,b p>take m ( ?is beautiful w9e & dr[n ?y sorr[4 ,,*',,ang-,o4 ,!n let u dr9k4 7,lifts h] cup47 7,*'ang-,o is ov]come ) w9e & ! fairies take _! leave47 ,,*',,ang-,o4 ,:5 we 7 fea/+ ,i p]ceiv$ h[ mortals celebrat$ ?is happy occasion 9 c\ples & enjoy$ ea* o!r's company4 ,! ?\ght ( my lonely life fills me ) sorr[4 7,s++7 ,i g d[n by m>ble /eps & "p ! cry/al curta9s to see h[ mortal c\ples live & prep>e fre% fruits & delici\s w9es to celebrate ! ,fe/ival4 ,"h ,i see a family fea/+ & *att+1 !re a gr\p walk+ h& 9 h&1 & o!rs :ile away _! "t 9 _! mode/ homes1 :ile ,i sit 9 my ,palace1 lonely & companionless4 ,ah6 :o is !re to pity me8 7,speak+7 ,deeply d ,i regret my (f5ce ( /eal+ ! ,elixir ( ,life4 ,z puni%m5t ,i am n[ de/9$ to sp5d my nights 9 sorr[4 7,fairies reappe> to escort ,*'ang-,o to visit ! ,heav5ly ,que51 ,hsi ,wang ,mu47 7,exeunt all47 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,five ,,mod]n ,,t5d5cies ,dur+ ! la/ decades ( ! ,*'+ ,dyna/y1 t is to say ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 _m ( ! idle & ri* memb]s ( ! rul+ class1 ! ,man*us1 develop$ an int]e/ 9 ! !at]4 ,! gov]nm5t provid$ ^! m5 ) an income b impos$ no duties on !m2 & :ile a l>ge numb] fill$ ! "t t hung heavy on _! h&s by smok+ opium1 o!rs imitat$ ! "w ( ! socially dis9h]it$ actor4 ,sometimes pr9ces ( ! royal family appe>$ on ! /age 9 mu* ! same _s ( a se>* = new s5sations 9 :i* o!rs imp]sonat$ begg>s on ! /reets4 ,naturally en\gh1 su* undignifi$ behavior 0 highly disapprov$ ( 9 gov]nm5t circles1 & !re=e ! idl]s :o sp5t mo/ ( _! "t 9 ! !at]s f\nd x m exp$i5t to p]=m 9 private :5 _! arti/ic natures felt ! it* = self-expression4 ,= ?is purpose clubs 7 =m$ call$ p'iao yu1 fri5ds ( ! !at] or amateurs4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t _m ( ! palaces ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,man*u ,dyna/y 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pek+ are provid$ ) /ages :]e ! !at] lov]s c\ld p]=m 9 private4 ,_m weal?y m]*ants foll[$ ?is fa%ion set by ! pr9ces1 & 9 rec5t ye>s also a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts h devot$ _! leisure "t to ! /udy ( act+4 ,to-day ! numb] ( amateurs 9 ,pek+ is enorm\s2 !re is su* a craze = act+ t e photograph]'s %op is provid$ ) co/umes & o!r !atrical p>aph]nalia 9 ord] t ! p'iao yu may h 8 picture tak5 9 ! rle ( 8 favorite "*4 ,among ?is class ( amateurs ! t5d5cy is to be v cons]vative4 ,:5 a club is =m$ ! memb]s hire an old & exp]i5c$ actor :o tea*es !m to s+ & to act 9 ! traditional mann]4 ,once a mon? p]=mances are giv5 at :i* ! amateurs %[ :at !y h le>n$4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 ^! tyros are giv5 opportunities to act at w$d+s1 fun]als1 or o!r fe/ivities held 9 private homes or 9 re/aurants4 ,to belong to su* a club is )9 ! rea* ( ev5 ! ord9>y cl]ks1 = ! dues are ab\t f\r doll>s a ye>4 ,i h kn[n =m] memb]s ( ! diplomatic corps :o _h sp5t _m ye>s abroad z well z t5-doll>-a-mon? cl]ks among ! ranks ( ! amateurs4 ,:5 an amateur goes ov] to ! pr(essional /age ! ,*9ese call x 8hsia hai01 go+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! sea1 an expression t indicates ! l[ e/eem 9 :i* ! pr(essional actor is held4 ,h[ev]1 9 ^! days ( ! ,republic1 :5 ! social disqualification ( ! actor c\nts = v little1 & :at is m important1 a good actor c comm& ! equival5t ( a pr9cely income ( ! days ( ! ,empire1 ! actor is no long] despis$ s ?or\ghly z 9 =m] days4 ,=m]ly an actor :o c\ld read & write 0 a notable exception1 :ile n[ occasionally a fairly well-educat$ man goes on ! /age4 ,i "k1 = example1 a y\? ( tw5ty :o _h be5 c>efully tra9$ by a dev\t ,am]ican lady 9 ! ,*ri/ian way 9 :i* he 0 to g4 ,%e _h taught him /5ography & typ+1 & ,p]cy1 z all ,am]icans call$ him1 work$ 9 an (fice 9 a mode/ b useful capacity4 ,sudd5ly rumor _h x t he 0 go+ to g on ! /age &1 to be sure1 an ent]pris+ manag] _h (f]$ him ab\t =ty times ! sum ! (fice 0 pay+ him4 ,_m ( ! pi\s folk felt griev$ :5 ,p]cy accept$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,amateur ,,actors ,,9 ,,an ,,old-,,/yle ,,*9ese ,,play ,! face pa9t+ ( ! actor on ! "r %[s him to be a wick$ man1 probably a robb]4 ,! o!r is ! h]o ( ! piece1 a "y w>rior4 ,p]cy's go+ on ! /age 0 p]haps m ( a surprise to "s o!r p ?an to me1 = ,i _h n only se5 him p]=m sev]al times ) o!r amateurs at w$d+s1 b ,i _h also obs]v$ him dur+ (fice h\rs /udy+ ,mei ,lan-fang's act+ 9 ! ,m>ket ,!at]4 ,"o hot summ] night ,i w5t to a fea/ :]e ,p]cy _h told me t he 0 go+ to play4 ,9 ! fir/ c\rty>d ( ! ho/'s l>ge resid5ce a score ( gue/s 7 eat+ delici\s ,*9ese food & dr9k+ cool be]1 :ile a tempor>y /age _h be5 erect$ 9 ! second c\rty>d4 ,accompani$ by l\d music f ! or*e/ra an indiff]5t play 0 go+ on2 !re=e ,i set out to f9d my h]o ( ! ev5+4 ,i f\nd ,p]cy seat$ at a table back ( ! /age busy ) 8 make-up4 ,on 8 head he 0 we>+ a wig1 8 eyebr[s 7 p5cil$1 8 *eeks r\g$1 & he 0 busy pa9t+ 8 eyeballs4 8,good heav5s1 ,p]cy10 ,i said4 8,:at are y do+ to y\r eyes80 8,i h to put ,*9ese ink into !m to make my pupils l>ge & black40 8,doesn't x hurt l ! v ,satan80 8,oh1 yes1 x hurts pretty badly1 b :5 x's done x looks lovely40 ,h[ ,i wi%$ t ,p]cy's mission>y sponsors might h se5 ! %[6 ,z imitator ( ,mei ,lan-fang he play$ ! rle ( ! maid1 & he c]ta9ly look$ beautiful4 ,! maid 9 ?is p>ticul> f>ce 78,yi ,tsai ,hua01 "o ( ! plays =bidd5 by ! police67 is s5t by h] mi/ress--:o is m9d$ to improve h] husb&'s abs5ce--to induce a h&some "y man to come to ! lady's b\doir4 ,b ! maid pref]s1 unlike ,john ,ald51 to speak = h]self6 ,s %e sets ab\t de/roy+ ! "y man's virtue1 :ile ! ef=ts ( ! y\? to escape h] coquetti% wiles supply ! comic elem5t4 ,x 0 a b$room f>ce1 & ,i notic$ ) pride ! effects ( ,p]cy's ,*ri/ian tra9+--he us$ %eets on 8 b$6 ,b 9 rec5t ye>s o!r gr\ps ( amateurs h aris5 ) ! def9ite purpose ( re=m+ ! ,*9ese !at]4 ,9 #aiae a gr\p ( return$ /ud5ts f ,japan :o _h d]iv$ _! inspiration f mod]n ,european dramas !y _h se5 9 ,tokyo f\nd$ a dramatic club 9 ,%anghai call$ 8,! ,spr+ ,will[ ,dramatic ,society40 ,_! aim 0 to educate ! ta/e ( ! public bo? z reg>ds mod]n drama & mod]n /ag+4 ,!y introduc$ non-musical1 spok5 drama act$ on a /age ) footlights & sc5]y4 8,la ,dame aux ,camlias0 & 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab90 =m$ "p ( _! rep]toire4 ,b !y f\nd only a small foll[+ compos$ ( /ud5ts & p :o _h be5 abroad1 & !re=e ?is ef=t 0 discont9u$ aft] "o ye>4 ,%anghai is ! logical spot = su* mod]n !at]s--!re h be5 q a numb] ( o!rs s9ce--because ,occid5tal influ5ce is /rong] 9 ?is city ?an any:]e else 9 ,*9a1 & ! ,s\!rn]s on ! :ole are less cons]vative ?an ! ,nor!rn]s4 ,"o ( ! ideali/s ( ! 8,spr+ ,will[ ,society01 on f9d+ t ! audi5ces 7 n yet ready = drama 9 ! ,european /yle1 began to act 9 ! ,*9ese !at] ! rle ( ! +nue 7,*'+-,i & ,hua-tan74 ,h[ev]1 he made ! re=m ( avoid+ all plays t taught sup]/itions & ( turn+ to social plays ) a purpose4 ,b ?is exp]im5t did n succe$ v well ei!r1 & !re=e 9 #aibj he accept$ ! position ( director ( ! dramatic club 9 ,nantun1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi1 end[$ by ,mr4 ,*ang ,*i51 "o ( ! weal?ie/ bus9ess m5 9 ,*9a4 ,?is g5tleman believes t ! !at] is an in/rum5t ( great pot5tial =ce 9 mak+ ov] society & t ?r\gh ! prop] k9d ( !at] 8 fell[ c\ntrym5 c be made hone/ & patriotic4 ,nantun is an indu/rial city & an educational c5t] ) t5 middle s*ools & ?ree colleges1 & !re=e a favorable location = an exp]im5tal !at]4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,*ang ,*i5's influ5ce1 a c\rse 9 dramatics has be5 made a "p ( ! curriculum 9 all ! s*ools1 9 ord] t e /ud5t may le>n to act4 ,! /ud5ts1 ,mr4 ,*ang ,*i5 hopes1 w spread ! message ( ! mod]n drama f> & wide by giv+ p]=mances 9 _! native t[ns & villages4 ,su* a t\r ( /ud5t actors1 f q ano!r educational c5t]1 to be sure1 0 describ$ to me by "o ( my /ud5ts1 ,mr4 ,jung ,tu-%an4 ,! lad und\bt$ly _h consid]able tal5t z an actor--,i rememb] p>ticul>ly a p]=mance ( 8,matre ,patel90 giv5 at ! ,pek+ ,union ,m$ical ,college 9 :i* he play$ ! lead+ "p ) great success4 ,9 ! ye> #aiag1 ?irty-six /ud5ts1 all f ! vic9ity ( ,wusih1 set out to p]=m plays 9 all ! villages 9 ! di/rict4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m "s pa9t$ sc5]y & ea* /ud5t suppli$ 8 co/umes & travel+ exp5ses4 ,! families ( diff]5t /ud5ts act$ z ho/s to ! :ole company 9 ! v>i\s villages visit$4 ,p]=mances 7 giv5 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! morn+ ! /age 0 gott5 ready--usually ! /age at ! village temple4 ,f\r copp]s admission fee 0 *>g$ to pay = ! co/ ( transport+ ! sc5]y1 & ! surplus 0 giv5 to v>i\s *>itable ent]prises4 ,! audi5ces numb]$ f two hundr$ to eight hundr$ spectators4 ,! plays 7 propag&a aga9/ opium smok+ & foot b9d+ or--z ?is 0 ! "t ( ! patriotic f]vor ( ! /ud5ts--anti-,japanese agitation4 ,! mo/ popul> play 0 8,! ,sorr[ful ,korean01 9 :i* ! maltreatm5t ( ,koreans by ! ,japanese 0 graphically portray$1 toge!r ) ! w>n+ t ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 to ! ,*9ese if !y did n %[ m patriotism4 ,aft] ! repres5tation ( ! pull+ out ( f+] nails or o!r tortures1 ! cry ( 8boycott ! ,japanese0 w\ld arise among ! spectators1 & ^? :o _h _h ! =e?\ght to provide !mselves ) ,japanese-made umbrellas w\ld />t a bonfire ) !m4 ,next1 ev]ybody w\ld swe> nev] aga9 to buy ,japanese goods4 ,at times1 too1 improvis$ plays w\ld be giv5 9 :i* ! foibles or crimes ( c]ta9 natives ( ! village w\ld be ca/igat$4 ,"s pr(essional blackmail]s ^: ma*9ations 7 publicly expos$ became v angry at ! /ud5ts1 b s9ce !y 7 sons ( weal?y & influ5tial m5 !y c\ld n h>m !m4 ,x is q a favorable te/imonial = ! native ability ( ! ,*9ese z actors t su* plays c\ld be gott5 up at a mom5t's notice2 ! me?od ( ! /ud5ts 0 = "o ( ! memb]s to tell ! /ory 9 ! morn+1 :ile 9 ! aft]noon ^? :o _h be5 aw>d$ ! v>i\s p>ts w\ld act x out4 ,mr4 ,jung ,tu-%an is ( ! op9ion t = 8 illit]ate c\ntrym5 su* p]=mances are ( va/ educational value1 especially s9ce newspap]s are few & travel is r re/rict$4 ,x w\ld lead too f> afield to enum]ate ev5 a small numb] ( ! pr(essional companies & /ud5t clubs n[ pres5t+ 8mod]n drama01 i4e4 drama 9 imitation ( ! pres5t-day drama ( ! ,we/4 ,moreov] mo/ ( ^! und]tak+s are v %ort-liv$4 ,! pr(essional companies are g5]ally f\nd 9 ,%anghai :]e _m a mod]n ,european or ,am]ican drama has be5 pres5t$ = bett] or = worse4 ,! be/ "w among ! /ud5t dramatic clubs has be5 done by ! "o at ,nankai ,college1 ,ti5ts94 ,9 ! ,qu>t]ly ( t in/itution _m plays h be5 publi%$ deal+ ) ,*9ese life 9 imitation ( ! mann] ( ,ibs51 ,tol/oy1 ,%aw1 & o!r mod]ns4 ,"o play f ?is s*ool1 8,! ,new ,mayor01 0 s+l$ out = p>ticul> praise by a revolution>y critic1 because x ov]?rew "o ( ! anci5t traditions ( ! ,*9ese drama--! villa9 is n puni%$ at ! end ( ! play4 ,?is play too is q reali/ic & 8peculi>ly0 ,*9ese4 ,mr4 ,tsao1 ! mayor ( a village1 toge!r ) ?ree o!r unscrupul\s m51 agrees to sell to a ,european company ! l& ar\nd ! village temple on :i* are situat$ ! huts ( _m poor p4 ,! ag5ts ( ! =eign company beg9 to drive (f ! poor p & cause untold suff]+ among !m4 ,at ?is po9t a nephew ( ! mayor appe>s on ! sc5e4 ,he has be5 /udy+ 9 a 8mod]n0 s*ool 9 ,%anghai & has acquir$ "s conceptions ( hone/y & pity4 ,he takes ! matt] ( ! illegal sale to c\rt & :5 he appe>s foll[$ by a mob ( ! poor ! c\rt annuls ! contract ( sale4 ,!re is ev5 "s talk ( puni%+ ! f\r guilty sc\ndrels4 ,9 ?is crisis ! son ( ! mayor ru%es to "o ( ! ?ree o!r villa9s1 nam$ ,h\1 9 ord] to plan = 8 fa!r's safety4 ,mr4 ,h\ tells him t ! only ?+ to d is to br+ him #djjj = bribes1 ) :i* he says he c save ! situation4 ,! family ( ! mayor sell all _! prop]ty 9 ord] to raise ?is l>ge sum1 s t only ! hope ( future extortions /&s betwe5 !m & absolute pov]ty4 ,aft] :at has pass$ ! mayor is =c$ to resign1 b ,mr4 ,h\ promises to d all he c to influ5ce ! election to ! effect t ! son succe$ 8 fa!r z mayor & ! (fice rema9 9 ! family4 ,) ?is und]/&+ ! mayor's family pay out ! #djjj4 ,b :5 ! votes are c\nt$ x is f\nd t ! new mayor is none o!r ?an ,mr4 ,h\6 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to summ>ize ! views ( two critics on h[ to re=m ! ,*9ese !at]4 ,pr(essor ,soong ,tsung-faung ( ! ,national ,univ]sity1 ,pek+1 = _m ye>s a /ud5t 9 ,france1 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 9 8 book 8,la ,littrature ,*9oise ,contempora9e0 makes sugge/ions z foll[s3 #a4 ,music & drama %\ld be sep>at$1 p]=mances ( op]as & plays %\ld be made z di/9ct g5res2 #b4 ,an approa* %\ld be made to ! ,ari/otelian unities2 #c4 ,! false morality ( ! /age %\ld be replac$ by a reali/ic pres5tation ( life2 #d4 ,m att5tion %\ld be paid to effective dialogue2 #e4 ,male & female rles %\ld be play$ by actors ( ! two sexes respectively2 #f4 ,! /age & auditorium ( ! ,*9ese !at] %\ld be re=m$ to resemble t ( ! mod]n ,european !at]4 8,europeanize ! !at]0 is1 9 %ort1 :at ,pr(essor ,soong sugge/s4 ,mu* ! same ?+1 f a some:at diff]5t angle1 is said by ,doctor ,hu ,%ih1 pr(essor ( philosophy 9 ! same univ]sity4 ,he argues t lit]ature is con/antly *ang+ & t su* a *ange is a gradual progress f l[ orig9s to classical p]fection4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*9ese drama repres5ts a cont9u\s /ruggle aga9/ =mal re/rictions :i* h be5 gradually ov]come4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ?is advance useless survivals rema9$ intact ow+ to ! cons]vatism ( ! ,*9ese4 ,z su* survivals he m5tions ballad s++1 milit>y plays 7acrobatics71 a conv5tional mann] ( walk+ on ! /age1 facial pa9t+ 9 a highly unnatural mann]1 use ( falsetto spee*1 & musical accompanim5t4 ,^! ought to be elim9at$1 j z ! *orus1 ! mask1 & ! aside h long gone out ( /yle 9 ! ,we/]n !at]4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce progress 9 lit]ature g5]ally comes ab\t ?r\gh contact ) =eign lit]atures 7he quotes "h ! influ5ce ( ,ibs5 on ! ,engli% /age71 ,*9a ought to le>n f ! ,occid5tal drama4 ,two ?+s especially ,*9a is 9 ne$ (3 fir/1 ! conception ( trag$y to take ! place ( ! et]nal happy end+2 & second1 a conception ( dramatic economy4 ,?is same critic has himself writt5 a play1 :i* he mode/ly calls a f>ce4 ,x has be5 act$ v successfully by /ud5t dramatic societies 9 ,pek+ & o!r cities4 ,doctor ,hu ,%ih does n pride himself p>ticul>ly on ?is ef=t ( 81 yet1 9 my op9ion1 x is by f> ! be/ 8mod]n0 play writt5 by a ,*9ese "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,we/]n drama1 includ+ "s publi%$ 9 ,am]ican magaz9es4 ,i %all repr9t x "h z an index1 %[+ ! direction ! ,*9ese drama ( ! future may take4 ,! influ5ce ( ,mei ,lan-fang1 z ,pr(essor ,soong notes 9 8 book1 is 9 ! direction ( art = art's sake1 :ile ! drama ( ! /ud5ts & re=m]s is ! play ) a purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hu ,,%ih ,doctor ( ,philosophy1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,national ,univ]sity1 ,pek+4 ,au?or ( fir/ critical hi/ory ( ,*9ese philosophy1 giv+ a new evaluation ( ! anci5t sages4 ,editor1 poet1 & au?or ( play repr9t$ 9 *apt] five4 ,8 mo/ important "w 0 8 campaign = ! introduction ( ! v]nacul> 9 place ( ! dead language ( ! s*ol>s1 a re=m t w be ( ine/imable consequ5ce 9 democratiz+ k among ,*9a's f\r hundr$ million4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,ev5t ,,9 ,,life ,a ,f>ce 9 ,"o ,act by ,doctor ,hu ,%ih ,,*>act]s--,mr4 ,ti51 a g5tleman & s*ol>4 ,mrs4 ,ti51 8 wife4 ,miss ,ti5 ,ah-may1 _! daught]4 ,lee ,fuh1 _! old s]vant4 ,a =tune-tell] 7bl9d74 ,,sc5e--,a p>lor 9 ,mr4 ,ti5's home4 ,a door on ! "r lead+ to ! hall2 a door on ! left lead+ to ! d9+ room4 ,s(a at ! back end4 ,arm*airs4 ,a r\nd table 9 ! c5t] ) fl[]-vase & writ+ mat]ials on x4 ,two *airs beside ! table4 ,a writ+ desk at ! left side ( ! /age4 ,on ! walls are hang+ rolls ( ,*9ese pa9t+ & writ+1 toge!r ) fram$ ,dut* l&scapes1 bespeak+ ! complexity ( ta/e 9 a p>tially mod]niz$ ,*9ese family4 ,z ! curta9 sl[ly goes up1 !re is he>d ! voice ( ! =tune-tell]1 :o is seat$ by ! table1 & ! f9al notes ( 8 accompany+ /r+ in/rum5t are /ill audible4 ,mrs4 ,ti5 is seat$ on "o ( ! arm*airs4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i don't q und]/& :at y say4 ,tell me1 :at d y ?9k ( ?is mat*4 ,,=tune-,,tell]--,i only speak ! tru?1 ,mrs4 ,ti54 ,we all speak ! tru?4 ,y see-- ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,b :at is ! tru?8 ,,=tune-,,tell]--,i am sorry to say t ?is mat* is undesirable4 ,x w\ld be a v unhappy m>riage if y\r daught] %\ld m>ry ?is "y man4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,:y s8 ,,=tune-,,tell]--,well1 y see1 ,i only speak ! tru?4 ,?is "y man 0 born 9 ! ye> ( ! ,tig] & y\r daught] 0 born 9 ! ye> ( ! ,rabbit4 ,9 ! books ( =tune-tell+1 ?is is call$ 8conqu]+ ! rabbit by ! tig]40 ,! wife w\ld live 9 con/ant fe> ( be+ swall[$ up4 ,&1 z ! conque/ is complete1 ! wife w probably die long be=e h] husb&4 ,i h exam9$ ! ,mon? & ! ,day & ! ,h\r1 & f\nd no way to escape x4 ,( c\rse ,i am only tell+ ! tru?3 please don't blame my frankness4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,n at all4 ,i l tru? spok5 9 frankness4 ,i "k :at y said is true4 ,= ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy said ! same ?+ ye/]day4 ,,=tune-,,tell]--,s ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy also disapprov$ ( ?is union8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,yes1 %e said t ?is c\ple1 if m>ri$1 w n live long toge!r4 ,,=tune-,,tell]--,t's exactly :at ,i said4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,:at ! ,goddess said mu/ be true4 ,b y see1 ?is is a v important matt]2 x is ! greate/ ev5t 9 my daught]'s life4 ,we p>5ts _c take too mu* c>e 9 select+ ! be/ possible mates = our *ildr54 ,s1 hav+ kn[n ! ,goddess's op9ion1 ,i s5t = y to see if !re is any possible escape4 ,y "k ! words ( ! gods are always v brief3 "o may n be sure ( _! exact mean+4 ,,=tune-,,tell]--,q s1 q s4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i am glad t y h confirm$ ! ,goddess's judgm5t4 7,rises & h&s him "s money7 ,?ank y2 "h is y\r pay4 ,,=tune-,,tell]--7,grop+ = ! money7 ,no1 no1 t is n necess>y4 ,?anks1 ?anks4 ,i am glad t ! ,goddess has confirm$ my tru?4 7,rises7 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,lee ,fuh6 7,ent] ,lee ,fuh f ! "r-h& door7 ,%[ him out4 7,! =tune-tell] goes out l$ by ,lee ,fuh7 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--7,tak+ up ! r$ pap] on :i* are writt5 ! dates ( ! "y c\ple1 folds x & puts x back into a draw] ( ! writ+ desk7 ,x's a pity6--x's a pity6-- 7,miss ,ah-may ,ti5 ent]s by ! "r-h& door4 ,%e is a "y woman ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r1 ta/efully dress$ & we>+ a r anxi\s look on h] face7 ,,miss ,,ti5--,"m1 are y consult+ =tune-tell]s aga98 ,i met "o at ! gate4 ,h y =gott5 t fa!r _h =bidd5 =tune-tell+ 9 our h\se8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,j once m1 my de>4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,b y h promis$ fa!r nev] to call =tune-tell]s into our h\se4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i "k t4 ,b y see ,i c't help do+ x j once m4 ,i h s5t = him to see if y & ,mr4 ,*5-- ,,miss ,,ti5--,oh1 ,oh6-- ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,y see ?is is ! greate/ ev5t 9 y\r life1 & y are my only *ild4 ,i c't let y m>ry a man ) :om y c't live long4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,b we c6 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,no1 y c't4 ,! =tune-tell] says s4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,:at does he "k ab\t u8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,& ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy says s1 too4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,s y h ask$ ! ,goddess too8 ,:at w\ld fa!r say to ?is8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i "k y\r fa!r w\ld object to ?is1 z he always objects to ev]y?+ ,i d4 ,b h[ c we old folks decide a matt] :i* conc]ns y\r entire life8 ,we are liable to make grave mi/akes4 ,b ! gods _c deceive u4 ,moreov]1 ! =tune-tell] has confirm$ :at ! goddess said4 7,go+ to ! desk & op5+ ! draw]7 ,let me %[ y :at ! goddess said4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,oh1 no6 ,i don't want to see x6 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--7,clos+ ! door reluctantly7 ,my de>1 don't be too ob/9ate4 ,i l y\r "y man :om y h kn[n dur+ y\r /ay 9 ,japan4 ,he seems to be a f9e fell[4 ,y say y "k him well4 ,b y are "y & inexp]i5c$4 ,ev5 we old folks d>e n tru/ our own judgm5t 9 su* important matt]s4 ,t's :y ,i w5t to ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy & s5t = ! =tune-tell]4 ,!y bo? said t ?is mat* w\ld be undesirable4 ,x mu/ be true4 ,! =tune-tell] said t ?is is a case ( conqu]+ ! rabbit by ! tig]1 because y 7 born 9 ! ye> (-- ,,miss ,,ti5--,please don't say any m ( x4 7,sobb+7 ,i don't want to he> x4 ,i "k fa!r w n agree ) y4 ,i "k he w n4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i w tell him :at ,i h done4 ,he mu/ n give away my daught] aga9/ my wi%4 7,approa*+ h] daught] & try+ to dry h] te>s ) a h&k]*ief7 ,n[1 don't cry4 ,i'll leave y to ?9k x ov]4 ,y\r fa!r w be back soon2 ,i g to see if d9n] is ready4 ,be a good *ild & cry no m4 7,goes by ! door lead+ to ! d9+ room4 ,a pause4 ,z ,miss ,ti5 looks up1 ,lee ,fuh appe>s at ! door4 ,%e beckons him to come ne>7 ,,miss ,,ti5--,lee ,fuh1 ,i ne$ y\r help4 7,lee ,fuh b[s amicably7 ,my "m does n want to let me m>ry ,mr4 ,*54 ,,lee ,,fuh--,x's a pity1 a great pity4 ,he is su* a f9e g5tleman4 ,he ev5 b[$ to me :5 ,i met him ?is morn+ at ! /reet corn]4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,yes1 he saw y br+ 9 ! =tune-tell] & he 0 afraid ( any sudd5 *ange4 ,s he telephon$ to me at ! s*ool & foll[$ me back 9 8 motor-c>4 ,he may /ill be wait+ at ! /reet corn]4 ,g & tell him t my "m has made up h] m9d n to let u m>ry4 ,( c\rse fa!r w help u4 ,tell ,mr4 ,*5 to move 8 c> to ! next /reet & wait = fur!r news4 ,g quickly4 7,lee ,fuh b[s to g7 ,come back4 ,tell him--tell him--n to be anxi\s4 7,lee ,fuh b[s smil+ly & goes by ! "r-h& door7 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,goes to ! desk & op5s ! draw]2 looks at its cont5ts )\t tak+ x out4 ,!n looks at h] wat*7 ,fa!r ought to be back n[2 x is almo/ twelve4 7,mr4 ,ti51 a man ( ab\t fifty1 ent]s by ! "r-h& door7 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,quickly closes ! draw] & rises to meet him7 ,oh1 fa!r1 y are back6 ,"m 0--7hesitates7 "m has some?+ to say to y1--some?+ v important4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,:at's t8 ,tell me fir/ :at x is4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,"m w tell y4 7,runs to ! d9+-room door & calls7 ,"m1 "m1 fa!r is back4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,:at's 9 ?is n[8 7,sits d[n 9 ! arm*air4 ,mrs4 ,ti5 ent]s7 ,ah-may told me t y h some?+ v important to say to me4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,yes1 some?+ v important4 ,n[ don't contradict me4 7,sitt+ d[n by ! table7 ,x is ab\t ,mr4 ,*5's proposal to m>ry ,ah-may4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,yes1 ,i h be5 ?9k+ ab\t x too4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,good1 we all ought to be ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,x is ! greate/ ev5t 9 h] life4 ,i 0 simply ov]aw$ at ! idea ( its importance4 ,x is true t ,ah-may has kn[n ?is "y man = "s ye>s dur+ _! /ay 9 ,japan4 ,b we don't "k him4 ,h[ c we be sure ( 8 "*8 ,he is weal?y1 b _m weal?y "y m5 are simply awful4 ,he is well-educat$1 b ,i h he>d _m return$ /ud5ts ab&on _! wives4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,:at are y driv+ at8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,my po9t is ?is4 ,we %\ld n tru/ our own poor judgm5ts4 ,at lea/ ,i c't1 ,i d>e n tru/ myself 9 ?is matt]4 ,s ,i w5t ye/]day to ! ,temple ( ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,:at6 ,h y =gott5 :at y promis$ me8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i c't help x4 ,i did x m]ely = ! sake ( our daught]4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,pooh1 pooh6 ,g on4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i w5t !re & ask$ = a ,div9e ,/ick4 ,x says t ?is mat* is undesirable4 ,let me %[ y ! poem on ! ,/ick4 7,go+ to ! desk7 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,pooh1 pooh6 ,i don't want to see x4 ,i'll h no?+ ( ?is /uff6 ,if y don't tru/ y\rself1 h[ c y tru/ su* an important matt] to wood5 images & clay idols8 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,*e]+ up7 ,i "k fa!r doesn't believe 9 all ?is4 7,go+ to him7 ,?ank y1 fa!r4 ,we %\ld tru/ our own judgm5t1 %\ld we n8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,b x isn't ! ,goddess alone t says no4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,:o else !n8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i /ill _h my d\bts1 s ,i s5t = ! be/ =tune-tell] 9 ?is city4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,ahem6 ,y h brok5 ano!r promise to me4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,i "k x1 b y see ?is is ! greate/ ev5t 9 ,ah-may's life1 & ,i want to cle> up e little d\bt 9 my m9d4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,b1 = heav5's sake1 :y did y create ! d\bt by go+ to ! ,goddess8 ,:y didn't y come to me8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,don't be blasphem\s4 ,well1 ! =tune-tell] said exactly ! same ?+ z ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy4 ,wasn't t wond]ful8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,oh1 come4 ,don't be fooli%4 ,y h no confid5ce 9 y\r own eyes1 s y g & put complete confid5ce 9 ^? :o h no eyes at all6 ,,miss ,,ti5--,i q agree ) y1 fa!r4 ,i knew y w\ld be on our side4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--7,to h] daught]7 ,h[ d>e y talk 9 t mann] ab\t y\r own m>riage8 8,our0 side8 ,^: side is 8our0 side8 ,= %ame6 ,y all conspire aga9/ me6 7,putt+ h] face into h] h&k]*ief & sobb+7 ,h ,i no "r to decide my own daught]'s greate/ ev5t 9 life8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,j because ?is is our daught]'s greate/ ev5t 9 life1 we mu/ g ab\t x 9 a sane & intellig5t mann]4 ,we mu/ n be deceiv$ by wood5 images & clay idols1--& bl9d =tune-tell]s4 ,am ,i n "r1 ,ah-may8 ,,miss ,,ti5--,y are q "r1 fa!r4 ,i knew y w\ld n believe 9 all ?is4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,n[1 let u talk s]i\sly4 7,to ,mrs4 ,ti57 ,don't cry4 ,no m *ildi% sup]/itions6 7,to ,miss ,ti57 ,sit d[n & we'll h a s]i\s talk4 7,%e seats h]self on ! s(a4 ,a pause7 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,ah-may1 ,i don't want y to m>ry ,mr4 ,*54 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,greatly agitat$7 ,oh1 fa!r1 y don't mean x6 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,yes1 ,i d mean x4 ,?is union is impossible4 ,i am sorry4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,h y f\nd any?+ aga9/ him8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,no1 ,i l him v mu*4 ,i c\ld n possibly *oose a bett] son-9-law4 ,s mu* ! m ,i am sorry4 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,puzzl$ & griev$7 ,& y don't believe 9 ! gods & =tune-tell]s8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,oh1 no4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5 ,,& ,,miss ,,ti5--7,at ! same "t7 ,:at is x !n8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--7,to ,miss ,ti57 ,my *ild1 y h be5 abroad = s long t y h =gott5 our own cu/om & etiquette4 ,y h ev5 =gott5 ! law ( our ance/ors4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,:at is ! law ( our ance/ors t =bids our m>riage8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,let me %[ y4 7,goes out by ! d9+-room door7 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,:at c\ld x be8 ,b ,i am glad t he is oppos$ to ?is union4 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,reflect+1 !n sudd5ly %[+ det]m9ation7 ,i "k :at to d4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--7,ent]s ) a set ( big folio volumes7 ,"h is our g5ealogy4 7,turn+ ov] ! leaves7 ,look at ?is long l9e ( our ance/ors & see if !re has be5 any m>riage betwe5 ! ,*5s 77 & ! ,ti5s 774 ,,miss ,,ti5--,:y c\ldn't !re be any m>riage betwe5 ! two families8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,because x is ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry to =bid int]m>riage betwe5 p]sons be>+ ! same family "n4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,b our family is ,ti5 & ,mr4 ,*5's family "n is ,*53 we are n ( ! same family "n4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,yes1 we are ( ! same family "n4 ,ab\t two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago1 ^! two words1 ,ti5 & ,*51 7 pron\nc$ 9 ! same way1 & our family "n 0 sometimes writt5 9 ! =m ( ,*5 & sometimes 9 ! =m ( ,ti54 ,z ! ages pass$ by1 ^! two words came to be pron\nc$ q diff]5tly1 & ! two bran*es ( our family _h all ! appe>ances ( a sep>ate orig94 ,b ! philologi/s "k x1 & our family records %[ t ! two families h sprung f "o & ! same /ock4 ,! law ( bo? ! ,*5 family & ! ,ti5 family =bids int]m>riage betwe5 !m4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,does ?is prohibition apply to p]sons ^: relation%ip dates back two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s8 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,un=tunately x does4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,oh1 fa!r1 surely y don't believe 9 ! reasonabl5ess ( su* a cu/om4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,i don't1 b society does & ! old s*ol>s d4 ,a /ory 0 told ( a peasant woman ( ! ,ti5 family :o m>ri$ a ,mr4 ,*5 by mi/ake4 ,b aft] h] dea?1 %e 0 n all[$ to occupy a seat 9 ! ance/ral temple until h] "n 0 *ang$ into ,%5 77 by prolong+ ! middle /roke ( ! ^w ,ti5 774 ,,miss ,,ti5--,i am will+ to prolong ! middle /roke ( my family "n1 if t is ! only objection4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,y are will+1 b ,i am n4 ,i don't want to be criticiz$ by ! old s*ol>s ( our clan on y\r acc\nt4 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,sobb+7 ,b we are n ( ! same family6 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,our g5ealogy says we are1 & ! old s*ol>s say we are4 ,i h consult$ a numb] ( s*ol>s on ?is po9t1 & !y all oppose ?is union4 ,y see1 9 a matt] ( su* importance1 al?\gh "o mu/ n be deceiv$ by ! wood5 gods & bl9d =tune-tell]s1 "o mu/ respect ! op9ion ( old s*ol>s4 ,& !n1 y\r "y man is f a v weal?y family4 ,i don't want p to ?9k t ,i sold my daught] to a ri* man at ! co/ ( sacrific+ my family "n4 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,9 despair7 ,oh1 oh6 ,fa!r6 ,y h de/roy$ ! idols ( sup]/ition1 b y b[ to ! idols ( tradition6 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,y are angry ) me8 ,well1 ,i don't blame y4 ,i und]/& y\r feel+s4 7,lee ,fuh ent]s7 ,,lee ,,fuh--,d9n] is ready4 7,all rise except ,miss ,ti57 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--,let u talk x ov] aft] d9n]4 ,come1 ,i am hungry4 7,goes into ! d9+ room7 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--7,go+ to h] daught]7 ,don't cry n[4 ,we all wi% = y\r be/4 ,compose y\rself & come to d9n]4 ,,miss ,,ti5--,i don't want d9n]4 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,don't be ob/9ate4 ,we'll wait = y4 7,goes into ! d9+ room4 ,lee ,fuh closes ! door aft] h]7 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,looks up & sees ,lee ,fuh /&+7 ,is ,mr4 ,*5 /ill wait+ 9 8 c>8 ,,lee ,,fuh--7,9 a l[ voice7 ,yes1 "h is a note = y4 7,h&s h] a note7 ,,miss ,,ti5--7,reads7 8,?is conc]ns u alone4 ,decide = y\rself40 7,repeat+ ! la/ s5t5ce7 8,decide = y\rself40 ,yes4 ,i mu/ decide = myself4 ,i mu/6 7,to ,lee ,fuh7 ,tell fa!r & "m n to wait = me4 ,i'll jo9 !m aft] d9n]4 7,lee ,fuh b[s kn[+ly & retires4 ,miss ,ti5 rises & puts on ! cloak :i* %e _h tak5 (f :5 %e fir/ ent]$4 ,goes to ! desk & writes a note :i* %e leaves "u ! fl[] vase2 !n %e hurries out by ! "r-h& door4 ,a pause7 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--7,f )97 ,ah-may1 y mu/ come & h d9n] ) u4 7,ent]s7 ,:]e are y8 ,ah-may6 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--7,f )97 ,leave h] alone = a :ile3 %e is angry ) u4 7,ent]s7 ,:]e is %e8 ,,mrs4 ,,ti5--,:]e is %e8 ,%e has gone ) h] cloak on4 ,,mr4 ,,ti5--7,see+ ! note "u ! vase1 takes x & reads7 8,?is is ! greate/ ev5t 9 my life4 ,i mu/ decide = myself4 ,i am gone ) ,mr4 ,*5 9 8 c>4 ,good-by60 7,mrs4 ,ti5 s9ks into ! arm*air4 ,mr4 ,ti5 ru%es to ! door & !n hesitates4 ,curta947 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,six ,,ext]nal ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,!at] ,=eign]s 9 g5]al reg>d ! ,*9ese !at] z noisy1 dirty1 & dull1 & !re=e z a mo/ unattractive spot2 yet ! ,*9ese mu/ ?9k diff]5tly ab\t x1 = ! h\ses are always cr[d$4 ,:5 /ill at a great di/ance f ! !at] "o c he> a horrible racket ( drums1 cymbals1 & scree*+ /r+ in/rum5ts4 ,on ent]+ ! build+ "o is /ruck by ! lack 9 ! ,*9ese ( ! s5se ( h[ to make ?+s attractive1 =1 j z "o ent]s a ,*9ese re/aurant ?r\gh a dirty kit*51 s "o (t5 ent]s a !at] ?r\gh ! laundry2 f\r or five m5 are se5 9 ! 8foy]0 b5d+ ov] /eam+ tubs1 wa%+ t[els1 ess5tials 9 a ,*9ese !at] ! use ( :i* ! spectator is soon to le>n4 ,on ent]+ "o f9ds ! h\se--:i*1 by ! way1 is arrang$ l a be] g>d5 ) ! spectators seat$ at little tables--pack$ to ! la/ seat4 ,b ! u%] says no?+ ab\t ,s4 ,r4 ,o42 he leads y some:]e & z ! o!r spectators seem to telescope y are ask$ to sit d[n ei!r at a table or on a b5* :i* has be=e x a bo>d to hold ! teapot & wat]melon se$s t arrive ! m9ute y h tak5 y\r seat4 ,z y settle d[n & look ab\t1 y f9d y\rself 9 ! usual k9dly1 dirty1 ill-smell+1 smok+1 talk+1 %\t+1 eat+ cr[d t "o f9ds ev]y:]e 9 ,*9a4 ,ev]ybody is glad to give ! newcom] in=mation or a mat*2 ! inimitable1 g5tle ,pek+ old m5 ) _! pairs ( walnuts 9 _! "r h&s :i* !y roll ar\nd to keep _! f+]s supple = writ+ ,*9ese *>act]s1 dr9k tea1 & smoke pewt] wat] pipes1 smil+ ! c>efree smile t old age has grav5 on _! faces4 ,wait]s are cont9ually walk+ ar\nd1 jo/l+ ! spectators & %\t+ ! m]its ( _! tobacco1 c&y1 fruit or :at n1 & deposit+ teapots & /eam+ di%es ( food :]ev] !y are want$4 ,! mo/ spectacul> ?+ is ! mann] 9 :i* ! t[els arrive4 ,"o wait] ?r[s !m to ! o!r 9 tightly wrapp$ bundles1 ! pit*] /&+ ne> ! entrance & ! cat*] ne> ! /age or :]ev] p ne$ to wipe _! h&s & faces4 ,9 hurl+ ^! bundles !y %[ an unfail+ aim & 9 cat*+ !y nev] miss4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o ( ^! soggy masses ( /eam+ clo? seems head$ /raight = y\r face1 y ne$ n dodge1 = )\t fail a wait]'s h& w always be /ret*$ out to cat* x & all t ! drama lov] w ev] suff] is to h a f9e mi/ spr9kl$ ov] 8 face4 ,ne$less to say = ?is he nei!r expects nor receives any sympa?y--n ev5 a pass+ notice4 ,a great _m soldi]s--ab\t :om ! ,*9ese says ! wor/ ?+ he c ?9k (1 t !y are 8r\gh0--are admitt$ free1 n because ! manag] is exce$+ly patriotic1 b because he ?9ks t discretion is bett] ?an hav+ ! door kick$ 94 ,9 ! gall]y are seat$ ! wom51 also eat+1 dr9k+1 smok+ & *att]+4 ,h[ mu* att5tion does ?is audi5ce pay to ! play8 ,ab\t z mu* z we d to ! music 9 a re/aurant4 ,!y don't come = a few h\rs' excitem5t1 !y come to pass ! day t hangs heavy on _! h&s4 ,z "o ,fr5* return$ /ud5t put x1 8,9 ,europe "o works dur+ ! day & amuses oneself at night2 9 ,*9a "o amuses oneself dur+ ! day & sleeps at night40 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,pek+ ,,audi5ce ,,) ,,! ,,inevitable ,,teapots ,f ,jacovleff1 8,le ,?tre ,*9ois0 ,! return$ /ud5t f9ds ! ,*9ese !at] v little to 8 ta/e1 b yet he goes because ,*9ese social life is s dull t !re is no?+ bett] to d4 ,com=ts 9 our s5se are lack+ absolutely 9 ^! !at]s4 ,y sit on /ools )\t backs1 y\r feet re/ on /one slabs :5 ! !rmomet] is hov]+ ab\t z]o & ! cold w9d is bl[+ d[n on ,pek+ f ,mongolia2 !re is absolutely no ef=t at heat+ or v5tilation--x is ,*9ese animal heat t keeps ! spectators com=table & 9 a frame ( m9d to enjoy ! p]=mance4 ,yet ^! discom=ts are felt only by ^? us$ to ,we/]n /&>ds ( life1 = n9e out ( t5 :o leave ! !at] aft] ! la/ villa9 has be5 duly puni%$ g to h\ses t are likewise unheat$ & h no light1 no agreeable company1 & ( c\rse no play to *>m ! s\l away f reality4 ,pek+ is ! real c5t] ( ,*9ese drama1 ! city t sets ! /yle = ! re/ ( ! c\ntry s f> z native drama is conc]n$4 ,innovations ( ,occid5tal nature g5]ally h _! orig9 9 ,%anghai & are adopt$ lat] on 9 ,pek+2 su* imitations ( ,we/]n in/itutions are1 = example1 ! amusem5t arcades call$ 9 bo? cities 8,! ,new ,_w02 boxes 9 ! !at]s 9 :i* m5 & wom5 sit toge!r2 &1 ( c\rse1 motion pictures1 at fir/ import$ f ,europe & ,am]ica1 b 9 rec5t ye>s manufactur$ by ,*9ese firms 9 ,*9a4 ,b z reg>ds ! native !at]1 ,%anghai le>ns f ,pek+4 ,! language ( ! !at]1 9 g5]al1 is ! ,pek+ dialect spok5 by actors all ov] ,*9a4 ,fam\s actors f ,pek+ regul>ly visit ,%anghai4 ,x is only 9 ,pek+ & ! treaty ports t regul> !at]s exi/4 ,! va/ majority ( ! f\r hundr$ million also h _! plays1 b !y are dep5d5t = !m on travel+ companies1 t set up _! mat-%$ !at]s :]ev] ! citiz5s are will+ to pay !m = act+4 ,?us ! political capital ,pek+ is also ! lead+ city = ,*9ese drama4 ,! eight hundr$ ?\s& resid5ts ( ,pek+ h1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gamble's rec5tly publi%$ social survey1 tw5ty-two regul> !at]s & eight mat-%$ !at]s2 t is1 portable build+s cov]$ ) matt+4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are "s n9e re/aurants1 prov9cial halls1 & temples :]e !atrical p]=mances are regul>ly giv54 ,x is cu/om>y to m>k all big w$d+s1 fun]als1 banquets1 *>ity ev5ts1 & o!r fe/ivities by !atricals = :i* ! s]vices ( pr(essionals are engag$ or 9 :i* ! _m eag] amateurs are giv5 opportunities to appe> 9 public4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge build+s1--temples1 guildhalls1 palaces1 etc4--are equipp$ ) ! simple project+ /ages1 ei!r inside a l>ge hall or out ( doors 9 a c\rty>d4 ,if y happ5 to live ne> a re/aurant or a temple y w be able to speak feel+ly ( ! love ( ! ,*9ese = !atricals6 ,! bus9ess organization ( ! ,*9ese !at] is ! same z t :i* obta9$ 9 ,elizabe?an playh\ses4 ,our !at] own]-manag] ( to-day :o selects a play1 det]m9es ! mann] 9 :i* x is to be /ag$ & play$1 & !n engages actors to d :at he pays !m =--?is enemy ( real art & bte noire ( ! !at] uplift]s c be f\nd nei!r 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl& nor 9 ! ,*9ese !at]4 ,9 /ag+ & act+ ! company ( play]s has entire fre$om 9 ,*9a1 j z x _h 9 ,london4 ,! !at]-own] 7q l ! 8h\sekeep]0 ( ,%akespe>e's day7 engages a tr\pe to play 9 8 !at]1 b he nev] dreams ( int]f]+ ) ! actor's art4 ,! ,*9ese call him ! 8beh9d-!-curta90 :ile ! actors are ! 8be=e-!-curta940 ,! =m] receives ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! income1 :ile sev5ty p] c5t1 goes to ! manag] ( ! company1 :o !n pays ! sal>ies ( 8 actors4 ,"s ( ^! tr\pes or actors' clubs are ( a r democratic nature1 because all ! actors belong to _! guild4 ,! actors' guild has its special temple j outside ! ,hata ,gate1 = ! actors are religi\s folk--mu* z are ! memb]s ( mo/ guilds 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ?is temple ! actors wor%ip ?ree deities1 or r deifi$ m54 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,kuan ,yu 7,yo ,fei71 ! god ( w>1 dur+ 8 lifetime a great fight] aga9/ ! ,*9 ,t>t>s 9 ! c\rse ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,!re is a well-kn[n play t sets =? ! high qualities ( ?is h]o4 ,?\gh he _h be5 dismiss$ by ! emp]or z ! result ( a c\rt intrigue1 yet he refus$ to jo9 ! rebels1 no matt] h[ tempt+ ! (f]s !y made him1 b rema9$ loyal to 8 emp]or4 ,8 "m 0 s pleas$ at ?is t %e tattoo$ on 8 back3 8,he repays ! /ate ) loyalty & integrity40 ,lat] on ! emp]or re9/at$ him 9 8 high honors & plac$ 8 "m's inscription on ! bann] ( ! army4#bb ,! second deity is ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y emp]or m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] z ! traditional f\nd] ( ! !at]1 ,t'ang ,m+ ,huang4 ,9 8 8,pe> ,g>d50 s*ool = actors he is said himself to h act$ ! rle ( ! cl[n4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! cl[n enjoys special privileges2 = example1 he is ! fir/ "o to receive ! att5tion ( ! make-up arti/1 :ile o!r actors mu/ wait until ! cl[n has _h 8 turn2 & he may sit on any actor's box 9 ! gre5room4 ,x is ! cl[n1 fur!rmore1 :o burns ! inc5se be=e ! idols f\nd 9 e !at] on ! re> wall j opposite ! /age & 9 ! dress+ room4 ,su* a little religi\s c]emony is c>ri$ out be=e & aft] e p]=mance to w>d (f bad luck4 ,ano!r feature ( ! !at] t impresses u z be+ typically ,*9ese is f\nd 9 ! bo>ds plac$ at ! re> ( ! /age & on ! two support+ columns on :i* are f\nd inscriptions1 g5]ally 9 gilt *>act]s1 sett+ =? ! high moral purpose ( ! /age4 ,9 comp>+ ^! mottoes ) :at is be+ pres5t$ on ! /age "o is (t5 rem9d$ ( ! say+ ( ! ,rev]5d ,ar?ur ,smi?1 t no "o kn[s s well z ! ,*9ese :at is fitt+ & prop]4 ,! ?ird deity is ,l9 ,m+-ju1 g5]ally pictur$ z a little boy4 ,?is noble y\? 0 a pupil 9 ! 8,pe> ,g>d501 & all :o 7 fri5dly to him made rapid progress 9 _! art4 ,h5ce !y realiz$ gradually t he 0 a god4 ,l o!r well-kn[n gods he aft]w>ds disappe>$ 9 a sudd5 & miracul\s mann]4 ,because ! second "p ( ?is god's "n is ! ^w = dream1 actors nev] speak ( _! dreams 9 ! morn+4 ,b religion does n mean to ! actors m]ely ! burn+ ( inc5se or ! mak+ ( an annual pilgrimage to ,miao ,f5g ,%an1 two days' j\rney f ,pek+4 ,!re is a def9ite tradition t an actor mu/ %[ filial piety4 ,:5ev] he und]takes some?+ out ( ! ord9>y1 su* z p]haps accept+ a contract to act 9 ,%anghai1 he mu/ fir/ ask 8 "m's p]mission4 ,i ask$ repeat$ly ab\t ?is cu/om1 & le>n$ n a reason = x1 b simply ! fact t if an actor did n ask 8 "m's p]mission he w\ld be laugh$ at4 ,(t5 x is ! "m :o makes ! contract & receives mo/ ( ! money4 ,( a c]ta9 ris+ actor x is said t 8 "m nev] all[s him to act unless he is to receive tw5ty doll>s = ea* p]=mance4 ,9 ! fairly democratic ,*9a ( ! imp]ial times ! son ( ! poore/ man c\ld rise to ! position ( vic]oy ( a prov9ce by virtue ( pass+ a brilliant lit]>y exam9ation--& if we are to believe ,*9ese playwrights he (t5 did4 ,h[ev]1 ! actor1 toge!r ) ! son ( ! pro/itute1 & "o or two o!r despis$ classes1 0 deb>r$ f ^! exam9ations4 ,( c\rse1 ) ! discont9uance ( ! exam9ations 9 #aijg & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! republic 9 #aiab1 ^! disqualifications dropp$ away4 ,socially ! position ( ! actor is improv+ rapidly n[adays4 ,= example1 9 ,july1 #aibb1 ! son ( a high (ficial ( ,%antung ,prov9ce m>ri$ ! actress ,li ,f5g-yn4 ,f> f be+ a%am$ ( h] pr(ession1 %e act$ sev]al plays on h] w$d+ day z "p ( ! fe/ivities ( ! occasion4 ,h[ev]1 %e ab&on$ h] pr(essional c>e] on becom+ ! wife ( ?is weal?y man4 ,! fact t %e 0 ! fir/ wife 0 ! rem>kable ?+ to ! ,*9ese :o spoke to me ( ! ev5t2 = t an actress becomes ! concub9e ( a ri* (ficial is almo/ an ev]yday occurr5ce 9 ,pek+4 ,progress along su* l9es is n a unique or surpris+ ?+ 9 ,*9a2 to m5tion b "o example1 co$ucation has come into be+ s9ce #aiai1 almo/ ov]night1 s to speak1 ) surpris+ly little opposition4 ,actresses 7 =bidd5 on ,*9ese /ages dur+ ! days ( ! ,man*u ,dyna/y1 b s9ce #aiab _! numb] has increas$ rapidly s t !y are appe>+ n[ on elev5 /ages 9 ,pek+4 ,only 9 ! =eign concessions ( su* treaty ports z ,ti5ts9 & ,%anghai d m5 & wom5 appe> toge!r on ! /age1 h[ev]2 9 ,pek+1 ,*9ese prud]y /ill =bids ?is4 ,!re is a curr5t notion t ,*9ese plays la/ a week or a lun> mon?1 b z a matt] ( fact ab\t a doz5 plays1 or sep>ate acts tak5 f diff]5t plays1 are giv5 9 "o p]=mance4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! aft]noon's or ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t ! spectator may obs]ve t "s long /rips ( r$ pap] cov]$ ) ,*9ese *>act]s 9 black ink are remov$ f ! two side rail+s ( ! balcony & o!rs sub/itut$ 9 _! place4 ,9 ?is mann] ! program ( ! foll[+ day is ann\nc$4 ,! p]=mances g5]ally la/ f noon to ab\t six & f sev5 9 ! ev5+ until midnight4 ,! be/ plays ) ! />s are res]v$ until ! la/1 :ile dull1 long plays ) inf]ior actors g5]ally beg9 ! program4 ,^! poor actors are (t5 reta9$ m]ely = *>ity's sake2 (t51 too1 fam\s actors give b5efits = _! less =tunate colleagues4 ,9 ,%anghai actors get mon?ly contracts2 b 9 ,pek+ ! m9or actors are hir$ by ! day1 & "s ( !m mu/ play 9 sev]al !at]s 9 "o aft]noon 9 ord] to eke out a meag] liv+ at ab\t tw5ty copp]s a day4 ,m5 ( ?is type1 ( c\rse1 are h>dly m ?an 8sup]s40 ,regul> actors on ! av]age e>n ab\t "o doll> a day1 :ile "s ( a high] grade receive five doll>s to t5 doll>s4 ,to receive tw5ty-five doll>s = a regul> p]=mance a man mu/ be q prom95t 9 ! !atrical _w4 ,a few />s1 l ,mei ,lan-fang & ,yang ,hsiao-lo1 receive "o hundr$ doll>s = ea* regul> p]=mance1 & consid]ably m :5 !y act at banquets or on o!r special occasions4 ,! *>ges 9 ! !at]s dep5d on ! type ( !at] & ev5 m on ! actors4 ,!at]s :]e wom5 or boys appe> z actors are l[] 9 price4 ,!re is no ticket or money dem&$ z "o ent]s ! !at]1 b ! price is collect$ by ! u%] :5 he seats ! spectator4 ,9 ! ord9>y !at] "o c sit at a com=table table = =ty c5ts or 9 a box = a doll> & a half4 ,!re are two l>ge !at]s 9 ,pek+ built 9 ,occid5tal /yle ) rec$+ /ages1 9 :i* ! prices are some:at high]3 eighty c5ts = a fir/-class seat & n9e doll>s = a box seat+ eight p]sons4 ,:5 a /> is play+1 ^! prices are augm5t$ some:at4 ,! poor] classes c enjoy !atrical p]=mances = five copp]s by go+ to ! mat-%$ !at]s4 ,! av]age seat+ capacity ( a ,pek+ !at] is ab\t a ?\s&1 & ! av]age att5dance is v ne> ?is figure1 if n above x4 ,! c\rse ( an actor's tra9+ is an extremely h>d "o4 ,= sev5 ye>s he is in/ruct$ 9 s++ & acrobatics1 & !n he beg9s to play 9 "s ( ! boys' !at]s1 in/itutions connect$ ) ! tra9+ s*ools = actors4 ,dur+ ! longe/ "p ( 8 appr5tice%ip he receives no wages1 he has long h\rs1 m5ial tasks1 & sev]e taskma/]s4 ,actresses are tra9$ by special private tea*]s & _! c\rses h n yet become s uni=m z h ^? = ! m54 ,! police h v /rict regulations to prev5t actresses f becom+ pro/itutes1 b accord+ to ,mr4 ,gamble1 9 "s !at]s wom5 f ! lic5s$ qu>t] appe>1 make engagem5ts aft] giv+ _! acts1 & d "s o!r solicit+4 ,! connection betwe5 ! l[]-grade !at]s & ! segregat$ di/rict is r close4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( !at]s "o enc\nt]s 9 ,pek+1 ,i c d no bett] ?an to describe sev]al typical ent]ta9m5ts f my notes /ret*+ ov] five ye>s4 ,!re is 9 ! ,s\!rn ,city1 = example1 ! ,tung ,lo ,yuan1 a f9e specim5 ( ! old-/yle ,*9ese !at]4 ,no wom5 are all[$ to visit ?is !at]--n because ( immoralities1 b simply because ! place is cons]vative4 ,! seats run at "r angles to ! /age1 along tables1 %[+ t p come to he> ! music r ?an to obs]ve ! action on ! /age4 ,i paid tw5ty-f\r copp]s = my seat 9 ! balcony2 ! usual price 9 ?is !at] is eighte5 copp]s1 b because ,han ,hsi-*'ang 0 go+ to act1 ! price 0 rais$ on t p>ticul> day4 ,aft] a s]ies ( plays deal+ ) murd]s & robb]ies1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! audi5ce gloat$ ov] ! %udd]+ & weep+ ( ! victims1 !re came ! *ief play ( ! day--a ,yuan ,dyna/y drama reviv$ 9 ?is !at]4 ,! play deals ) a poor woodcutt] & 8 wife4 ,! h]o takes no int]e/ 9 8 humble call+2 9 fact1 he neglects x = ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,s9ce he does n support 8 wife1 %e des]ts him = a smi?4 ,f9ally ! husb& goes to ,pek+ = ! lit]>y exam9ation & passes ) honors4 ,:5 ! wife le>ns t h] fir/ husb& is to become a m&>9 %e is fill$ ) joy2 %e sits d[n at a table1 falls asleep1 & has a wond]ful dream4 ,! dream is portray$ j z x w\ld be 9 our mov+ pictures2 a conv5tional symbol1 a %ort pause 9 ! action & ! tapp+ ( ! drum1 indicates to ! audi5ce t !re is go+ to be a dream1 & !n ! dream action cont9ues 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! re/ ( ! play _h gone on4 ,a numb] ( m5--recall+ ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/--ent]1 br++ all mann] ( silk robes1 headdresses1 & o!r ri* gifts = ! lady4 ,9 h] dream ! fai?less wife sees all ?is2 %e tries on h] robes1 %[s !m (f to ! neighbors1 & glories 9 h] ri*es4 ,!n %e returns to h] sleep+ position at ! table & awak5s to f9d t all _h be5 a dream4 ,9 ! f\r? act ! husb& returns1 dress$ 9 embroid]$ robes1 a prosp]\s m&>94 ,he p\rs a cup ( wat] on ! gr\nd1 say+ t he w take 8 wife back provid$ %e c ga!r up ! wat] aga94 ,f ?is play comes ! prov]bial expression1 8,wat] once spill$ _c be ga!r$ up aga901 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 t a wife :o has be5 unfai?ful _c be tak5 back by ! husb&4 ,accord+ to ! cu/om ( ,*9ese !at]s only "o act 0 pres5t$2 x 0 ! ?ird act1 ! dream1 t ,i saw4 ,! too-sev]e /ra9 on ! *ief actor :o mu/ s+ v long arias is g5]ally giv5 z ! reason :y plays are n pres5t$ 9 _! entirety4 ,sometimes :5 an entire play is pres5t$--?is is frequ5tly done at guildhalls & o!r private !atricals--?ree or f\r actors 9 turn play ! lead+ rle4 ,! actor portray$ exce$+ly well ! wife's emotions ( joy1 surprise1 & pride4 ,he wore a black dress1 because ?is is ! conv5tional color = ! poor1 al?\gh x 0 made ( f9e silk in/ead ( ! cotton :i* is actually worn by ! masses4 ,9 ! old-/yle ,*9ese music 7call$ kuan-*'ang7 ! flute is ! lead+ in/rum5t & ! /ra9s are melodi\s & sweet1 n at all (f5sive to ! =eign]'s e> z is a great deal ( ! mod]n music4 ,"o ev5+ ,i 0 ! gue/ ( ,mr4 ,*ang ,ziang-l+1 ! pres5t ,*9ese ,consul-,g5]al 9 ,new ,york1 at a p]=mance by ,mei ,lan-fang 9 ! s-call$ ,fir/ ,!at]1 a l>ge playh\se built 9 ,european /yle4 ,! u%] took u to two good seats ne> ! /age occupi$ by two ragamuff9s1 & ask$ ! latt] to give up _! seats to u4 ,mr4 ,*ang !n paid him two doll>s = two sev5ty-c5t seats & expla9$ t x is a little graft on ! "p ( ! u%]s to place vagabonds 9 good seats until p :o !y "k w tip !m come to ! !at]4 ,! play aga9 0 a ,yuan drama call$ 8,sn[ 9 ,june02 a play discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt] "u ! title1 8,! ,suff]+s ( ,t\-,e40 ,mei ,lan-fang is introduc+ _m innovations into ! mann] ( produc+ plays1 turn+ ! /age into a v]itable riot ( colors select$ ) exquisite ta/e4 ,! re> ( ! /age is cov]$ by a curta9 pa9t$ ) plum blossoms & *rysan!mums 9 allusion to two ( ! *>act]s ( 8 "n4 ,! execution]s1 dress$ 9 ri* r$ tr\s]s l9$ ) :ite1 come on ! /age lead+ 9 _! mid/ ! victim we>+ a long robe ( a delicate %ade ( light blue4 ,"s ( ! execution]s h _! faces pa9t$ 9 vivid r$s & blacks2 ,i f9d t ?is adds a great deal to ! spectacle1 ev5 ?\gh x is ! v opposite ( realism4 ,to illu/rate ! sort ( gagg+ con/antly practic$ by ,*9ese actors ,i might quote :at ! judge says to ! prison]3 8,:at6 ,"o s "y z y is accus$ ( hav+ committ$ a murd]8 ,= ?is y w be behead$4 ,let t be a lesson to y n to d x aga940 ,su* a feeble joke 9 ! face ( ! innoc5t "y victim is1 ( c\rse1 j z fitt+ z _m calemb\rs 9 ,%akespe>e's trag$ies4 ,aft] ! execution sn[ falls2 t is1 bits ( pap] are toss$ d[n f above4 ,all 9 all ! /ag+ ( ! play is mo/ agreeable & ,mei ,lan-fang's act+ is extremely good4 ,q a diff]5t p]=mance c be obs]v$ 9 "o ( ! 8new0 !at]s1 a blight :i* has come to ,pek+ via ,%anghai4 ,"o ev5+ ,i w5t to ! "o 9 ! 8,new ,_w01 a f\r-/ory concrete build+1 an amusem5t palace (f]+ = ! s+le admission fee ( ?irty c5ts1 old-/yle plays1 8new0 drama1 /ory-tell]s1 s+song girls1 mov+ pictures1 p]=mances by acrobats1 juggl]s1 & sword-swall[]s1 re/aurants bo? = =eign & ,*9ese food1 tea room1 billi>d tables1 & b[l+ alleys1 convex & concave mirrors1 & p5ny slotma*9es %[+ pictures ( v>i\s sorts4 78,a numb] ( ^! pictures 7 ( r co>se nature10 obs]ves ,mr4 ,sidney ,gamble 9 8 8,pek+1 ,a ,social ,survey01 8b none ( !m c\ld be call$ immoral407 ,my goal 0 ! 8new0 !at]1 namely plays /ag$ 9 :at ! ,*9ese fondly believe to be ! mann] ( ! ,occid5tal !at]s4 ,be=e a v cr[d$ auditorium a play 0 be+ p]=m$ by actors dress$ 9 ,european /yle1 or p]haps bett]1 ! /yle ( ! mail-ord]-h\se type ( clo?+4 ,! play 0 9 spok5 ,*9ese1 & no music accompani$ ! action4 ,only 9 ! int]missions betwe5 ! r %ort sc5es ! b& f ! ,boys' ,indu/rial ,s*ool1 sitt+ 9 a corn] 9 ! re> ( ! hall1 play$ 8,john ,br[n's ,body0 & o!r appropriate dirges4 ,! play dealt ) a woman :o _h lur$ m5 into h] h\se 9 ord] to h !m robb$ !re by h] accomplices4 ,?is woman 0 dress$ 9 a r$ silk wai/ & a lav5d] skirt2 %e no d\bt seem$ v ,we/]n to ! audi5ce1 because %e wore a corset & all[$ ! cont\r ( h] body to %[ in/ead ( be+ b\nd s z to look flat-*e/$ l ! ,*9ese wom54 ,! "p1 h[ev]1 0 act$ by a man :o spoke 9 a high falsetto4 ,!re 0 a great deal ( love-mak+ ( a k9d unkn[n to ! ,*9ese /age--! m5 kiss$ ! woman's h& & ev5 put _! arms ab\t h]4 ,at times ! vampire left ! /age = a %ort "t ) "o ( ! victims1 9 a significant mann]4 ,mo/ applause 0 accord$ ! actor :o play$ ! ruffian1 :5 he /rode 8t\ghly0 across ! /age ) 8 coat coll> turn$ up & 8 cap pull$ d[n ov] 8 eyes4 ,by way ( giv+ a good imitation ( ! mann]s ( ,europeans ! actors1 :5 speak+ to ! lady1 consi/5tly took (f _! coats1 held !m on _! arms1 & display$ br&-new r$ susp5d]s6 ,! sc5]y 0 *ang$ ) e act & %[$ crude imitations ( our pa9t$ int]iors or /reet sc5es ) lamp po/s4 ,! play 0 endless & ! action extremely sl[4 ,?is he>t-break+ imitation ( our wor/ melodramas is1 ,i am glad to say1 n mak+ ! rapid progress x has made 9 ,india1 :]e x has driv5 out completely ! native drama1 at lea/ 9 ,calcutta & ,bombay4 ,z ,i h /at$ above1 ! ,*9ese /age lacks sc5]y almo/ altoge!r4 ,practically ! only ornate--& to a c]ta9 ext5t ! mo/ reali/ic--"p ( ! ,*9ese !at] is f\nd 9 ! co/umes4 ,9 reg>d to ! dress ( ! actors1 hi/orical tru?1 z has be5 /at$1 is obs]v$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,! magi/rates1 ! c\rti]s1 ! yam5-runn]s1 ! m]*ants1 ! doctors1 ! /ud5ts1 ! prie/s1 ! monks & nuns1 ! mat*mak]s1 & simil> *>act]s appe> 9 appropriate co/umes1 b usually mu* m elaborate ?an !y w\ld be 9 real life4 ,9 ! tr\pe ( ,mei ,lan-fang1 ,pek+'s mo/ fam\s actor1 ! m5 c>ry+ bann]s 9 processions are dress$ 9 silk ( ! same color z ! cotton g[ns :i* ^! ragamuff9s we> 9 ! /reets ( ,*9ese cities4 ,honorable p]sonages appe> 9 silk robes 9 solid colors3 purple1 yell[1 orange1 or r$4 ,9 ! dress ( common soldi]s ! spectator f9ds ! /yles ( ! v>i\s p]iods foll[$ ) hi/orical accuracy1 b ! dress ( great w>riors is fanciful & highly ornam5t$4 ,^! peacocks ( ! ,*9ese /age ) _! fea!r headdress1 _! pa9t$ faces1 & _! ri*ly embroid]$ g[ns /udd$ ) little mirrors1 are ! mo/ colorful sights 9 ! !at]4 ,su* w>riors we> %oes ) ?ick soles1 ?us add+ ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es to _! natural height1 a t\* recall+ ! soccus ( ! classical !at]4 ,! peculi>ly slit-ey$ expression ( ! w>rior is a*iev$ by b9d+ a /rip ( silk tightly ab\t ! head1 pull+ up ! eyebr[s4 ,a conception ( ! imm5se popul>ity on ! ,*9ese /age ( ! w>rior p]=m+ acrobatics signify+ trem5d\s battles c be ga9$ f ! ,*9ese classification ( plays4 ,"o ( ! two ma9 divisions is ! wu-hsi or fight+ play1 involv+ v little plot & almo/ cont9u\s acrobatics or 8fight+40 ,! o!r ma9 division is ! w5-hsi or civil play1 :i* is practically ! same ?+ we mean by ! t]m drama4 ,9 g5]al1 ! two k9ds ( plays alt]nate 9 ! c\rse ( ! p]=mances s t ea* division makes up ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ( ! plays pres5t$4 ,we/]n]s are frequ5tly surpris$ t ! ,*9ese d n make ! division into com$y & trag$y1 b x may be well to recall t ev5 ) u ?is diff]5tiation is a float+ conception4 ,practically all ! divisions m5tion$ 9 8,hamlet0 c\ld be mat*$ on ! ,*9ese /age2 hi/orical1 comical1 tragical1 pa/oral1 & s on4 ,! ,*9ese h f>ces call$ nao-hsi 7noise plays7 & f5-hsi 7pa9t$1 make-up plays71 bo? full ( comical & burlesque elem5ts4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 an old ,pek+ resid5t has obs]v$1 t ! latt] excel ! =m] 9 obsc5ity4#bc ,illu/ration3 ,,or*e/ral ,,in/rum5ts #a--,%\4 #b--,ti-tze4 #c--,p5g-ku4 #d--;,hu-*'94 #e--;,*'a4 #f--,la-pa4 ,a cross division ( ! above classification is f\nd 9 ! di/9ction drawn betwe5 plays accord+ to ! /yle ( music employ$2 kuan-*'1 er-huang1 hsi-p'i1 & pan-tzu4 ,among !m only ! fir/ m5tion$ has an appeal to lit]>y m51 :ile ! o!r ?ree are consid]$ fit = ! mob only4 ,! kuan-*' music is a real ,*9ese product desc5d$ f ! classical plays ( ! ,yuan ,dyna/y4 ,x fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,m+ ,dyna/y1 b dur+ ! ,*'+ rule x fell into desuetude until at ! "t ( ! late ,d[ag] ,empress x _h entirely pass$ out ( fa%ion4 ,9 ! la/ decades !re h be5 made fairly successful ef=ts to revive x1 especially on ! "p ( ,mei ,lan-fang4 ,! *ief in/rum5t 9 ?is /yle ( music is ! flute4 ,er-huang & hsi-p'i are v simil>4 ,bo? /yles came to ,pek+ f ! prov9ce ( ,hupeh at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*'+ ,dyna/y1 & 9 bo? ! hu-*'91 a /r+ in/rum5t ) a s\nd+-box play$ by a b[1 gives ! *>act]i/ic t\* to ! music4 ,^! two /yles1 toge!r ) ! pan-tzu1 are consid]$ r vulg> music1 especially ! pan-tzu4 ,?is latt] /yle came to ,pek+ f ! prov9ce ( ,%ansi1 :]e ! b>b>ian ,mongol blood pr$om9ates 9 ! population ov] ! pur] ,*9ese /ra94 ,! hu-*'9 is also play$ 9 pan-tzu2 b ! in/rum5t t gives ! "n z well z ! "* to ?is /yle is a wood5 bo>d held 9 "o h& by a memb] ( ! or*e/ra & beat5 ) ! o!r to indicate ! rhy?m4 ,z c be ga!r$ f ?is fact1 ! music is v simple & primitive4 ,9 addition to ! in/rum5ts m5tion$ above !re are v>i\s o!rs employ$ by ! or*e/ra sitt+ on ! /age4 ,on ! :ole ! in/rum5ts are practically ! same = all k9ds ( music4 ,!y are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations drawn = me by a ,*9ese arti/4 ,! hsi5-tzu is a sort ( ?ree-/r+$ banjo1 ! s\nd+ box ( :i* is cov]$ ) a snake sk94 ,! yeh-*'9 7moon guit>7 has f\r /r+s & a wood5 s\nd+-box4 ,o!r w9d in/rum5ts 9 addition to ! ti-tzu 7flute7 are ! %\1 resembl+ some:at a bagpipe1 & ! la-pa1 a brass horn us$ to ann\nce ! entry ( great milit>y p]sonages4 ,in/rum5ts ( p]cussion outnumb] ^? ( o!r v>ieties4 ,! *'iao-pan are two flat bo>ds ti$ toge!r ) a /r+1 us$ by ! lead] ( ! or*e/ra to indicate ! "t4 ,! t'ang-ku is a brass plate beat5 furi\sly 9 battle sc5es1 z are also ! lo & ! *'a 7cymbals74 ,! p5g-ku is a drum made ( a solid block ( wood :i* gives pi]c+1 high notes :5 beat5 9 a :irlw9d tattoo by means ( two ?9 /icks4 ,! ku has a lea!r drumhead & resembles some:at our kettl$rum4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! size ( ! or*e/ra & ! k9d ( in/rum5ts employ$ v>y a great deal4 ,h[ev]1 ! above may s]ve to give an approximate conception ( ! ,*9ese !at] music4 ,j z 9 mu* ( our own e>li] drama1 emotional or poetic passages are sung by ! actors on ! ,pek+ /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,or*e/ral ,,in/rum5ts #a--;,hsi5-tze4 #b--,ku4 #c--,yeh-*'94 #d--;,*iao-pan or pan-tze4 #e--,lo4 ,ano!r /rik+ simil>ity to ! ,european m$ieval !at] is ! fact t ! ,*9ese /age has its fix$ "* types4 ,! f\r mo/ important among ^!1 call$ ! t'ai *ih or pill>s ( ! /age1 are3 #a1 ! *5g-%5g2 #b1 ! wu-%5g2 #c1 ! *+-i2 #d1 ! hua-tan4 ,ea* company mu/ always h its be/ actors among ^! f\r1 because "o ( !m is sure to be ! /> 9 ! play4 ,! *5g-%5g is an eld]ly man we>+ a long be>d4 ,! great actor ,t'an ,%5-pei1 :o di$ ab\t five ye>s ago1 b ^: fame lives on 9 8 _m imitators1 play$ ?is "p4 ,x comprises ! rles ( emp]ors1 g5]als1 & also old fai?ful s]vants1 ! latt] g5]ally *>act]s oppress$ by grief4 ,t'an ,%5-pei1 :o became ! f\nd] ( a tradition call$ ! t'an-p'ai1 0 fam\s = 8 skill 9 act+1 8 f9e s++1 & 8 di/9ct1 measur$ pronunciation4 ,among 8 mo/ fam\s foll[]s are ,y ,ssu-y5 & ,t'an ,hsiao-%5g1 ! latt] "o ( 8 sons4 ,a relat$ type is ! hsiao-%5g1 a y\?ful civilian or milit>y "*1 frequ5tly ! "y s*ol> :o plays ! "p ( ! lov]4 ,! "y milit>y h]o is call$ ! *'-fei-%5g 7we>+ pheasant fea!rs7 & ! "y s*ol> & lov] %an-tze-%5g 7c>ry+ a fan74 ,*u ,su-yung is ! mo/ fam\s hsiao-%5g 9 ,pek+ at pres5t4 ,he has be5 nicknam$ ! 8liv+ ,*\ ,y01 aft] a h]o f ! anci5t tale ( 8,! ,?ree ,k+doms0 :om he frequ5tly imp]sonates ^u ! /age4 ,mei ,lan-fang has f\nd 9 ! h&some ,*ang ,miao-%ang a v satisfactory p>tn] = 8 romantic plays4 ,?is "y man1 :o acts ! "p ( ! ard5t lov] to p]fection1 has ! probably unique di/9ction among actors ( be+ ! product ( a ,*ri/ian mission>y s*ool1 ! ,pek+ ,me?odi/ ,academy4 ,! ,*9ese criticize ! weakness ( 8 voice & say t 8 reputation is due only to ! fact t he plays opposite ! greate/ actor ( ! pres5t day 9 ,*9a4 ,! wu-%5g is ! milit>y h]o4 ,to imp]sonate ?is rle prop]ly an actor mu/ be v skillful 9 ! art ( /age fight+1 :i* means t he mu/ possess great acrobatic skill4 ,he mu/ und]/& h[ to f5ce ) wood5 /age swords or spe>s1 & fur!rmore h[ to box4 ,*9ese box+ has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! blood?ir/y ,box]s ( #aijj1 = ! latt] receiv$ _! "n ?r\gh a misund]/&+4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 a mo/ in(f5sive art1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( poses rapidly & skillfully execut$4 ,i believe t =m]ly x 0 a me?od ( fight+1 b t x has become ?or\ghly conv5tionaliz$ at pres5t into a sy/em ( po/ur+ & rapid movem5ts4 ,= a gorge\s riot ( color "o might recomm5d a play act$ by ,yang ,hsiao-l\1 ,pek+'s mo/ fam\s actor ( milit>y plays1 :o is beg9n+ to comm& ! same sal>y z ,mei ,lan-fang4 ,he is kn[n n only = 8 ability 9 fight+1 b also because he c s+ well & enunciate v cle>ly4 ,! t\ri/ c tell ! home folks t he has se5 some?+ if he has wat*$ ,yang ,hsiao-l\ ) a face pa9t$ 9 heavy r$s & blues1 we>+ tall fea!rs on 8 head1 dress$ 9 a g>m5t embroid]$ 9 ri* colors & /udd$ ) little mirrors1 m\nt$ on %oes ) v ?ick soles1 /rutt+ ab\t ! /age 9 m>tial attitude1 & f9ally engag+ 9 combat a simil>ly dress$ h]o to ! end t bo? :irl ab\t ! /age ) lightn+ spe$1 :ile ! or*e/ra supplies ! excitem5t by means ( a t]rific noise :i* ?reat5s to take ! ro( (f ! build+4 ,x makes a truly excit+ spectacle ( :i* ev5 an untra9$ ,we/]n] c feel ! ?rill4 ,! two types ( *+-i & hua-tan are bo? "y wom5 *>act]s4 ,! diff]5ce made betwe5 !m is t ! =m] repres5ts an hone/ & simple girl g5]ally play+ a sad "p 9 :i* great emphasis is plac$ on ! s++1 :ile ! hua-tan repres5ts a woman ( d\btful reputation or a maid s]vant 9 a com$y "p1 requir+ great skill 9 act+4 ,x is "o ( ! m]its ( ,mei ,lan-fang t he acts bo? types & ?us breaks d[n "o ( ! /iff rules ( ! ,*9ese !at] 9 ! int]e/ ( develop+ x into a fre] art4 ,inde$1 = ov] t5 ye>s he has be5 ! supreme arti/ 9 bo? types4 ,x is said ( him by ,pek+ critics t he s+s z beautifully z a night+ale1 t he has a pretty face1 t he dances gracefully1 & t 8 act+1 9 ! ,*9ese simile1 is l quicksilv] :i* fills up e crevice & crack ( a hole into :i* x is p\r$--t is to say1 satisfy+ to ! la/ detail4 ,teh ,h+1 a man ov] sixty ye>s old1 is ano!r fam\s *+-i2 h[ev]1 he scorns to play ! rle ( ! hua-tan1 ! fl[]y maid5 :o treads ! primrose pa?4 ,/ill ano!r type 9 :i* ,mei ,lan-fang appe>s at times is t ( wu-tan1 or w>rior maid51 a rle comp>atively r>ely se54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,demi-,,monda9e ,*9ese ,"* ,type ,= "s ( ! be/ make-ups & ! mo/ natural action on ! ,*9ese /age "o ought to see m5 play+ ! "p ( lao-tan1 or old woman4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd x difficult to believe t x 0 a man :o appe>$ ) ! sorr[ful1 l9$ face1 ! black headdress1 tott]+ along ) ! /iff walk eng5d]$ by b\nd feet1 lean+ on a tall /aff ) a c>v$ h&le1 & all 9 all giv+ a p]fect repres5tation ( a lao-t'ai-t'ai 7old lady74 ,v t\*+ bits (t5 appe> 9 plays 9 :i* an old woman 9 h] brok5 voice bewails ! loss ( a son1 h] only support 9 life4 ,among o!r m9or types are f\nd ! lao-%5g 7old man71 ! ta-*+ 7male "p1 ei!r wick$ or hone/--8 "* is indicat$ by ! /yle ( face-pa9t+ he we>s71 & ! er-hua-mi5 7usually a robb]74 ,9 addition to ^! !re are an inf9ite numb] ( o!r possible p>ts2 = example "o sees n infrequ5tly v>i\s wild & dome/ic animals int]pret$ 9 v droll make-ups t recall ,%akespe>e's 8,midsumm] ,night's ,dream40 ,a v important type is ! *'ou1 ! cl[n1 z mu* an in/itution on ! ,*9ese /age z he 0 on t ( our ,middle ,ages4 ,x is v difficult1 ,*9ese critics say1 to become a fam\s cl[n4 ,! "p ( ! cl[n consi/s l>gely ( improvisation1 b x is q risky = him to be z funny z he c4 ,he is p]mitt$ topical allusions1 b he mu/ gauge c>efully ! mood ( ! audi5ce4 ,i rememb] "o q successful hit4 ,9 a c]ta9 play a husb& returns aft] an abs5ce ( t5 ye>s & f9ds 8 wife & son 9 good heal?1 b ) an add$ bless+ ( ,heav5 9 ! %ape ( a "o-ye>-old boy4 ,he b]ates 8 wife = h] infidelity & exclaims1 8,:o c\ld h done me su* a turn80 ,at t mom5t ! cl[n leap$ to ! edge ( ! /age %\t+1 8,x 0 he60 & all[$ 8 po9t+ f+] to sweep sl[ly across ! sleek1 blu%+ faces ( ! r[ ( ri* m]*ants 9 ! front seats4 ,x may seem surpris+ t ,i speak s glibly ( ! 8be/0 actors among ! v>i\s types1 b ,i %\ld ha/5 to /ate t ?is is a matt] 9 :i* ,i d n give my own judgm5t b ! result ( popul> ballot+4 ,a ,pek+ newspap] holds an annual vote = ! be/ actors among ea* rubric1 & ! judgm5t ( ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal is g5]ally accept$ among !at]go]s4 ,al?\gh ! daily pap]s are an innovation 9 ,pek+1 p]haps less ?an tw5ty ye>s old1 yet _m ( !m h _! !atrical critics :o 8puff0 actors & m (t5 actresses = o!r reasons ?an = art's sake4 ,press-ag5t+ is f> f be+ an unkn[n art 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom4 ,mu* ( ! writ+ is done by /ud5ts ( ! ,national ,univ]sity :o e>n a little extra money by ?is means4 ,! mo/ picturesque among ! ,pek+ critics is a ,japanese call$ by 8 ,*9ese "n1 ,t'+ ,hua4 ,= ! la/ tw5ty ye>s he has devot$ himself to ! ,*9ese !at] he>t & s\l1 & %[s 8 devotion by adopt+ orphans :om he gives a s*ool+ z actors4 ,t'+ ,hua has ov] tw5ty su* 8sons01 "o ( :om is becom+ v fam\s1 especially 9 ! ,%un ,t'i5 ,%ih ,pao1 ! pap] = :i* fa!r writes4 ,yet 9 spite ( all t\t+ ! vote reflects ! popul> feel+1 especially z reg>ds ,mei ,lan-fang & ,yang ,hsiao-l\1 ! mo/ fam\s int]pret]s ( ! rles ( "y girl & milit>y h]o respectively4 ,!at]s on a comm]cial basis are also practically a new ?+ 9 ,*9a2 t is to say some?+ t has develop$ on a l>ge scale only )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,be=e t "t !atrical p]=mances 7 giv5 mo/ly at temples or h>ve/ fe/ivals1 at ! h\ses ( ri* m51 &1 mo/ elaborately1 at ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,z a sign ( ! times ,i %\ld l to quote an item clipp$ f ! ,pek+ ,daily ,news ( ,june #bh1 #aibb4 ,! article tells ( a meet+ ( ! repres5tatives ( ,pek+'s five ?\s& bl9d m5 held 9 a temple4 ,! end ( ! p>agraph ,i %all quote v]batim 9 ! ,engli% ( ! ,*9ese translator3 ,among ! bus9ess matt]s discuss$ 0 ! organization ( a bl9d man's association = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on _! trade effectively4 ,! usual crafts ( ! bl9d m5 9 ,pek+ are s++ & =tune tell+1 b conditions h gradually *ang$1 :]eby !at]s are e/abli%$ ev]y:]e1 popul> education has p>alyz$ sup]/ition1 s n[ _! crafts are g5]ally gett+ out ( date1 & !reby ne$ re=mation4 ,b ! ,pek+ police =ce1 p]haps ! be/ 9 ! _w1 has drawn up full regulations1 :i* are adequate = pres]v+ ord] 9 ! playh\ses t h multipli$ s rapidly 9 ! capital4 ,ea* company mu/ be regi/]$1 mu/ pay a tax ( five doll>s = ea* p]=mance1 mu/ res]ve c]ta9 seats = policem5 :o keep ord]1 mu/ n cr[d extra seats into ! aisles1 mu/ avoid immoral plays1 mu/ submit all new plays to ! police1 & mu/ apprise ! police be=eh& ( e p]=mance to be held4 ,! ord9ance requir+ ! sep>ation ( ! sexes 9 ! !at] is an ,ea/]n t\* t is sure to impress ,occid5tals--:o h =gott5 t 9 ,%akespe>e's day also wom5 7 conf9$ to ! gall]y4 ,pek+ police rules dem& t ! u%]s & tea-v5d]s 9 ! gall]ies mu/ also be wom5 & t ^! gall]ies mu/ h _! sep>ate exits4 ,! rule t spectators are =bidd5 to sit on ! /age also recalls ,elizabe?an mann]s4 ,"o c read 9 ^! police regulations3 ,if ! program has be5 *ang$ & ! spectators />t a prote/ by ?r[+ teacups at ! actors1 ^! di/urb]s ( ! peace mu/ be arre/$ & conduct$ to ! ne>e/ police /ation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v little di/urbance 9 ! !at]s2 at lea/ ,i h nev] se5 ! lea/ sign ( a fight or qu>rel among ! spectators4 ,actors on ! /age are =bidd5 to curse & are f9$ if !y d s4 ,! h\rs = ! p]=mances are fix$ f twelve noon to five 9 w9t] & spr+1 & f noon to six 9 summ] & fall1 :ile all ev5+ p]=mances mu/ end at midnight4 ,! latt] are an innovation at ,pek+ & are tax$ m heavily ?an ! regul> daytime p]=mances4 ,!re is also a rul+ aim$ aga9/ 8claques0 :i* =bids too boi/]\s applause4 ,on "o occasion :5 ,i took "s ,new ,york]s to see ,mei ,lan-fang 9 ! rle ( 8,yang ,kuei-fei on a ,spree01 "o ( my gue/s exclaim$1 8,if ?is play is p]mitt$1 ,i wond] :at k9d ( plays ! police =bid60 ,! oblig+ ,*9ese police h suppli$ me n only ) ! regulations = !at]s1 b also ) ! li/ ( =bidd5 plays4 ,naturally en\gh gross immorality reali/ically pres5t$ is =bidd54 ,!re is no "q ( ! display ( nudity2 x nev] occurs &1 ,i believe1 w\ld hold little appeal = a ,*9ese audi5ce4 ,"s ( ! plays =bidd5 are r int]e/+4 ,!re is ! 8,%ang ,t+ ,*i0 7,ruse ( ! ,nail74 ,a wife kill$ h] husb& because %e 0 9 love ) ano!r man4 ,! police 7 unable to le>n ! cause ( ! man's sudd5 dea?1 b ! exam9+ magi/rate 0 told by 8 sup]ior t he mu/ fa?om ! my/]y or be himself behead$4 ,:5 he w5t home sorr[fully to tell 8 wife ( 8 plight1 ! latt] ask$ :e!r he _h exam9$ ! "p ( ! head cov]$ ) hair4 ,! (fic] ha/5$ to inve/igate ! back ( ! victim's head & f\nd t a nail _h be5 driv5 into x4 ,:5 ! sup]ior le>n$ ( ?is he ord]$ ! (fic]'s wife to be arre/$4 ,%e confess$ t %e _h kn[n ( ! ruse because %e _h put h] =m] husb& to dea? by driv+ a nail into 8 head & braid+ ! queue ov] ! w\nd4 ,!reupon bo? wom5 7 put to dea?4 ,! play is =bidd5 le/ wom5 le>n h[ to rid !mselves ( _! husb&s6 ,ano!r =bidd5 play is 8,%a ,tze ,pao01 ! /ory ( a "y woman :o lov$ a monk4 ,"o day h] "y son discov]$ !m 9 flagranti4 ,! "m fe>$ t ! boy w\ld tell ( h] %ame & !re=e %e kill$ him4 ,8 si/] suspect$ a crime1 told ! boy's tea*] ab\t x1 & he 9 turn report$ x to ! au?orities4 ,z a result1 bo? ! woman & ! monk 7 put to dea?4 ,! play is bas$ on an actual incid5t t happ5$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hunan ab\t =ty ye>s ago4 ,! si/]1 lat] 9 life1 at "o "t visit$ a !at] :]e ?is v play 0 be+ /ag$ & receiv$ a %ock comp>able to ! "o an hone/ son ( a fam\s murd]] might receive if he w5t to visit ,madame ,tussaud's ,waxworks & sudd5ly beheld 8 own fa!r renact+ 8 crime 9 wax4 ,! ,*9ese au?orities =bid ! play because ! kill+ ( ! *ild by ! "m is reali/ically act$ out4 ,! "m's face is cov]$ ) blood z %e cuts ! body into _m pieces & places !m 9 a w9e vat4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t on ! ,*9ese /age :]e fix$ conv5tions leave s mu* to ! imag9ation "o f9ds occasionally ! mo/ revolt+ realism 9 plays ( ! 8%udd]+0 v>iety4 ,i h se51 = example1 ! victim ( an assault dragg+ 8 entrails across ! /age--a nauseat+ imitation ( ! real ?+4 ,! ,*9ese love _! 8horrors0 j z mu* z our m$ieval ance/ors did4 ,x is a cu/om on ! ,*9ese /age to play on ! occasion ( v>i\s seasonal fe/ivals pieces p]ta9+ to ! holiday 9 "q4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ! seasonal plays is p]haps ! 8,ta ,y9 ,ho0 7,cross+ ! ,milky ,way71 play$ on ! sev5? day ( ! sev5? mon? ( ! ,*9ese cal5d>1 t is to say1 g5]ally "s "t dur+ our mon? ( ,july4 ,?is /ory is an old leg5d1 v>y+ some:at 9 diff]5t v]sions1 relat$ 9 ! quotation f ,william ,/anton 9 ,*apt] ,"o1 :]e ,yang ,kuei-fei 9 ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y makes allusion to x4 ,x c be se5 on a numb] ( /ages 9 ,pek+ at ! "t ( ?is fe/ival1 & is /ag$ 9 an especially colorful mann] by ,mei ,lan-fang4 ,! same actor plays ano!r my?ological fancy on ! occasion ( ! mid-autumn fe/ival1 8,*'ang-,o ,p9 ,yeh0 7,*'ang-,o's ,flight to ! ,moon74#bd ,?is cu/om ( seasonal plays %[s a v close connection exi/+ betwe5 ! popul> beliefs & ! !at] :i* recalls 9 a mann] ! m$ieval my/]ies ( ! ,ea/] & ,*ri/mas seasons4 ,! fact t "s ( ! plays h be5 writt5 )9 rec5t ye>s only indicates t ! ,*9ese !at] is 9 no way decl9+ z a typical ,*9ese in/itution1 z is1 = example1 ! popul> !at] ( ,india4 ,:at ! visitor sees 9 ! native !at]s ( ,calcutta or ,bombay1 z has be5 /at$ above1 is a dilut$ imitation ( our weake/ & wor/ melodrama ) all its mann]isms4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ! ,*9ese !at] ( ,pek+ is cont9u+ z a liv+ popul> art1 introduc+ "s ext]nal features f our /age1 b on ! :ole rema9+ true to its own g5ius4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,,! ,,conv5tions ,to ! av]age ,occid5tal ! ,*9ese /age appe>s a v que] in/itution ) ridicul\s cu/oms4 ,?is is due l>gely to ! fact t 9 ! ,*9ese make-believe _w ! conv5tions diff] f ^? employ$ by u on ! /ages :]e we mock life4 ,we accept our own /age conv5tions z some?+ s natural t habit p]mits u to =get ! /rang5ess ( ! devices employ$4 ,h[ _m ,am]icans among ^? :o h be5 "u ! spell ( ! reali/ic action ( 8,! ,bat0 h ?\ght ( ! fact t ! *>act]s 7 at all times mov+ ab\t 9 rooms ) only ?ree walls1 t d>kness 0 symboliz$ by lights c>ri$ by ! actors1 t ! attic 9 ! c\ntry home ( ! a/ute sp9/] 0 light$ by footlights1 & t an actor :o _h be5 kill$ appe>$ a mom5t lat] = a curta9 call8 ,& if 9 a play t has be5 pu%$ approximately to ! extreme ( realism1 an unsophi/icat$ ru/ic on 8 fir/ visit to ,new ,york might discov] ! above-m5tion$ ridicul\s cu/oms1 :at might 8 comm5ts be on ! fact t ,mephi/opheles s+s melodi\sly 9 enc\rag+ ,fau/ to fight = 8 life1 t /age :isp]s are he>d by e "o 9 ! h\se except ! "o p]son mo/ 9 ne$ ( he>+ !m1 t a flimsy canvas door c %ut out a /\t villa91 or t ! la/ words ( a dy+ man rea* to ! v highe/ seat 9 ! top gall]y8 ,?us x w\ld seem t any "o :o laughs at ! conv5tions ( ! ,*9ese /age simply displays 8 prov9cialism4 ,our =efa!rs tol]at$ almo/ ! id5tical conv5tions on ! m$ieval /age1 z ,i h %[n at l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,n9e4 ,moreov]1 x is a v /rik+ fact t !re is 9 _m ( our !at]s at pres5t an extreme reaction aga9/ a m9ute & p$antic imitation on ! /age ( ! realities ( ev]yday life4 ,because x is felt t too mu* att5tion to ext]nal ?+s dead5s ! imag9ation ( ! spectators1 /age manag]s ( to-day are beg9n+ to pref] once m a conv5tional pres5tation4 ,z a ,we/]n] le>ns to recognize ! conv5tions ( ! ,*9ese /age he quickly becomes us$ to !m1 & soon he is z little di/urb$ by ! make-believe ( ! ,ori5tal !at] z he _h be5 be=e by t ( ! ,occid5tal4 ,he is !n ready to appreciate ! art ( ! ,*9ese actor1 :i* runs ! gamut ( human emotions q z fully z t ( ! great actors ( ! ,we/4 ,he mu/ "k1 h[ev]1 t ! rug on ! floor ( ! project+1 curta9less /age is a magic c>pet :i* c>ries ! actors )\t *ange ( sc5]y f ,mongolia to ,tibet1 f ! m>ket place to ! audi5ce hall 9 ! palace1 or f ! =e/ to ! prison by ! simple device on ! actor's "p ( walk+ once or twice ab\t ! /age or ( exit+ & reappe>+ imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,! /age has two doors2 ! "o at ! spectators' left is g5]ally us$ = entrances & ! "o at ! "r = exits4 ,h[ev]1 at times ! door at ! left is also us$ = exits1 if ! actor wi%es to indicate t he is n leav+ ! h\se or is o!rwise rema9+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! cross+ ( a doorsill is pres5t$ by rais+ ! feet ab\t eight in*es (f ! floor 9 mak+ ! /eps4 ,to op5 or close a door ! actor raises bo? h&s & makes ! pantomime ( draw+ a bolt & mov+ a door4 ,sl[ /eps 9 :i* ! feet are rais$ well (f ! floor %[ t ! actor is walk+ up a /airway4 ,:5 a g5]al asc5ds a hill to review a battle he m\nts on a *air or table4 ,if a m\nta9 is to be cross$1 a simil> pantomime is p]=m$4 ,t a man is on horseback is %[n by ! fact t he c>ries a rid+ :ip4 ,:5 he m\nts he takes ! :ip & raises "o leg 9 a movem5t int5d$ to imitate ! action ( leap+ into ! saddle1 & :5 he dism\nts he h&s ! :ip to an att5dant ) a simil>ly appropriate movem5t4 ,:5 ! groom leads (f ! horse he pulls aft] him ! seem+ly refractory :ip4 ,sometimes ^! actions atta9 a t\* ( realism1 b g5]ally !y are--9 bett] ta/e--conf9$ to q conv5tionaliz$ movem5ts4 ,frequ5tly !y escape ! newcom] entirely4 ,a m&>9 arriv+ 9 a *air walks on ! /age surr\nd$ by f\r att5dants1 :o make a /oop+ movem5t su* z *air-be>]s might make by way ( sett+ d[n ! imag9>y palanqu94 ,a lady travel+ 9 a c>riage c>ries ) ! aid ( a s]vant two pieces ( canvas ab\t ?ree feet squ>e1 on ea* ( :i* is pa9t$ a :eel2 ! squ>es ( clo? are support$ on bamboo rods1 ! lady hold+ ! re> ends & ! s]vant ! front ends ( ! rods z !y walk across ! /age4 ,:5 %e desc5ds %e makes an appropriate movem5t1 :ile ! s]vant folds up & c>ries (f ! two pa9t$ :eels4 ,*>act]s :o wi% to %[ t !y are rid+ 9 a boat indicate ?is by c>ry+ o>s ) :i* !y paddle 9 ! air4 ,if "s "o is to ent] ! boat an o> is /ret*$ out1 ! new arrival grips x & takes a long /ep1 z ?\gh he 7 bo>d+ a vessel4 ,a man committ+ suicide by dr[n+ p]=ms a leap z ?\gh he 7 jump+ into a well & !n quickly runs (f ! /age4 ,"s commit suicide by ?r[+ !mselves d[n f a wall1 indicat+ ?is by leap+ (f a table or a *air plac$ on top ( a table1 at times fall+ on _! backs 9 a mann] t requires great acrobatic skill4 ,h[ev]1 _m ( ! som]saults & simil> feats p]=m$ on ! /age are simply ornam5tal1 ) no symbolic significance :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,actress ,,k9 ,,f5g-,,kui ,,9 ,a ,,male ,r,,le ,! long fea!rs & ! headdress m>k ! w>rior1 :ile ! rid+-:ip signifies t ! g5]al is on horseback ,/age fight+ has be5 develop$ 9 ,*9a into an intricate art ) _m cut-&-dri$ conv5tions & a m9imum ( realism4 ,! w>riors fly at "o ano!r1 b !y nev] hit ) _! swords or spe>s4 ,! art consi/s simply 9 mak+ quick passes at ! oppon5t1 :irl+ ab\t rapidly1 ?r[+ a weapon into ! air & cat*+ x aga91 or sp9n+ a spe> ab\t mu* z a drum major does 8 baton4 ,all ! :ile ! or*e/ra is play+ wild & l\d music1 ! k9d t ,?omas ,moore's ,mr4 ,fudge w\ld call ! music ( ! spe>s1 = e tone seems to g "r ?r\gh y4 ,z nei!r ( ! conte/ants is w\nd$ or falls d[n1 ! spectator le>ns ! issue ( ! battle f ! fact t ! defeat$ w>rior exits fir/1 :ile 8 victori\s oppon5t makes a sort ( b[ to ! audi5ce & !n /ruts (f ) a dignifi$ /ep4 ,sometimes a spe> is ?r[n at a soldi] :o cat*es x & s9ks to ! gr\nd clut*+ x to 8 brea/1 d5ot+ t he has be5 pi]c$2 !n he runs (f quickly1 a dead man4 ,9 /age armies "o man c>ry+ a bann] signifies "o ?\s& m54 ,! /age 9 ,pek+ !at]s is light$ by daylight or by means ( huge arc lamps t illum9e ! auditorium & ! /age alike4 ,!re=e d>kness mu/ be indicat$ by a conv5tional symbol1 & ! same "o is *os5 t we h select$ 9 ! ,we/1 namely1 a light$ 7sometimes unlight$7 c&le1 lamp1 or lant]n4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to recall "h t ev5 9 our mo/ reali/ically /ag$ plays ! d>kness on ! /age is only relative & nev]1 except = v brief mom5ts1 absolute4 ,! pass+ ( "t at night is indicat$ by ! drumm] ( ! or*e/ra1 :o beats ! h\rs on 8 kettl$rum :ile o!rwise !re is sil5ce on ! /age4 ,z ! ,*9ese divide _! day into twelve p]iods ( two h\rs ea*1 ?is c be done m quickly ?an w\ld be ! case if our divisions ( "t 7 us$ & ! entire ge/ure is fairly inconspicu\s4 ,high milit>y (fic]s c be recogniz$ readily by ! f\r pheasant fea!rs1 sometimes z long z six feet1 :i* =m "p ( _! headdress4 ,! ,*9ese call !m 8back-protect+ fea!rs01 because !y are suppos$ to w>d (f ! bl[s ( ! enemy swords4 ,9 ! same way ! pa9t$ faces ( ! w>riors c be trac$ to orig9ally utilit>ian purposes2 ab\t a ?\s& ye>s ago a fam\s ,*9ese w>rior ^: s*ol>ly face _h a v unm>tial appe>ance pa9t$ 8 face 9 a gruesome mann] 9 ord] to inspire fe> 9 ! he>ts ( 8 enemies4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! faces ( traditional h]oes ( w> are pa9t$ is an attempt at a conv5tionaliz$ reproduction ( ! facial expression ( ^! t]ror-inspir+ m5 z !y are describ$ 9 ! books ( hi/ory or 9 novels4 ,!re=e x is n possible to give a def9ite color or color s*eme = w>riors4 ,b 9 "s o!r respects !re is a def9ite cu/om4 ,a face pa9t$ pure :ite d5otes a wick$ p]son1 :ile no color on ! face means a good "*4 ,pure r$ designates an hone/ & fai?ful man1 gold a heav5ly be+1 & sev]al colors appli$ unev5ly a robb]4 ,! :ite nose is ! m>k ( ! cl[n4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ,*9ese cl[n has likewise ! ?ree connotations giv5 = ! ^w 9 ,web/]'s diction>y3 ru/ic1 ill-br$1 & buffooni%4 ,gods & spirits c be recogniz$ by ! horsehair swit* !y c>ry :5ev] !y appe> & by ! slight tapp+ ( ! gong z !y ent] ! /age4 ,! gho/s ( ! deceas$ we> black veils ov] _! heads1 or bundles ( /rips ( pap] "u _! "r e>s4 ,:5ev] any "* f ! _w beyond1 god or gho/1 appe>s1 fireworks are set (f by a /age h&2 usually ?is takes ! =m ( l>ge flames emitt$ repeat$ly f an oil lamp4 ,monks & nuns c>ry ! same horsehair swit*1 p]haps because ( _! 8spiritual0 lives4 ,a bride c be recogniz$ by ! r$ veil %e we>s on h] head4 ,good (ficials we> squ>e hats1 :ile wick$ (ficials we> r\nd ones4 ,! wick$ jail] 9 8 r\nd hat is a frequ5t figure on ! ,*9ese /age4 ,a /rong w9d is indicat$ by ! wav+ ( flags1 :i* recalls ! fact t ! flags us$ 9 our op]atic p]=mances are n made ( silk z are ord9>y bann]s1 b ( /iff mat]ial1 giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( bann]s fly+ 9 ! w9d4 ,a sn[/orm is produc$ by flakes ( pap] toss$ into ! air by a /age h& 9 full view ( ! audi5ce4 ,a sick p]son is designat$ by a yell[ clo? :i* cov]s 8 face4 ,:5 a "* has di$ 8 face is cov]$ ) a r$ clo?4 ,! head ( a decapitat$ p]son is symboliz$ by "s object ab\t ! size ( a human head1 wrapp$ 9 r$ clo?4 ,sometimes an execution is portray$ by mak+ a sword ?ru/ at ! victim :o !n runs (f ! /age1 aft] :i* 8 head is br\ght on4 ,= new or exceptional situations new symbols mu/ be inv5t$4 ,!re is a play call$ 8,*u ,fang ,ts'ao0 tak5 f ! novel 8,! ,?ree ,k+doms40 ,x is ! /ory ( a gue/ :o he>s 8 ho/ %>p5+ a but*] knife &1 z he fe>s ! wor/1 runs (f "u some:at amus+ circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 8 ho/ 0 ! v rev]se ( a robb]2 he 0 9 fact slaught]+ ! fatt$ pig 9 honor ( ! visitor4 ,! bus9ess ( slaught]+ ! pig is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 an actor ) a black clo? ?r[n ov] 8 head & back walks on ! /age 9 a /oop+ po/ure1 driv5 =w>d by ano!r actor's /ick & mak+ ! v>i\s deviations f ! "r pa? by :i* a pig 9 real life exasp]ates ! sw9eh]d4 ,! actor-pig f9ally walks up to a *air on :i* he c re/ 8 h&s 9 com=t1 :ile ! bus9ess ( slaught]+ is giv5 9 pantomime4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done ! clo? is remov$ & ! man1 n[ nei!r pig nor actor1 walks (f ! /age erect4 ,! above conv5tions1 :i* h come "u my obs]vation 9 ! c\rse ( my att5dance 9 ,*9ese !at]s1 d n by any means exhau/ ! li/1 nor d !y repres5t any?+ p]man5t4 ,*anges are cont9ually occurr+4 ,"o t ,i h be5 obs]v+ is t ! long conv5tionaliz$ be>ds no long] hang d[n f ! upp] lip1 cov]+ ! m\?2 probably because ?is 0 f\nd to be inconv5i5t = purposes ( speak+ or dr9k+ tea1 & "s "o hit ^u ! idea ( hav+ ! be>d only bel[ ! m\? & ( pa9t+ 9 ! m\/a*e to mat*4 ,incid5tally1 only good *>act]s h a m\/a*e1 :ile ! villa9s ( ! ,*9ese /age h no hair on ! upp] lip4 ,"o ought to note1 too1 t ^! conv5tions are n s arbitr>y z !y might seem at fir/ glance1 b are g5]ally f\nd$ on "s real elem5t 9 ,*9ese life4 ,! yell[ dress d5ot+ ! emp]or1 ! r$ veil m>k+ ! bride1 & ! black co/ume signify+ ! poor man h _! basis 9 ev]yday ,*9ese cu/om4 ,a m\rn] on ! ,*9ese /age appe>s 9 :ite1 & ! long be>ds ( old m5 naturally en\gh h ! same color1 bo? q z 9 real life4 ,! symbols are an imitation ( real life m or less /iff5$ into conv5tions4 ,( c\rse1 ! orig9s ( ! conv5tional signs are sometimes a bit difficult to trace1 especially 9 ! case ( gho/s & gods4 ,f ! in/ances cit$ above x is pla9 t ! ,*9ese !at] conta9s mu* t f our po9t ( view t5ds to 8de/roy ! illusion40 ,ano!r factor 9 ?is process is ! 8prop]ty man0--made kn[n to ,am]icans ?r\gh 8,! ,yell[ ,jacket0--:o is ev] on ! /age 9 ! mid/ ( all action4 ,:5 ! h]o9e mu/ kneel be=e ! judge a coolie 9 a dirty blue cotton g[n ru%es =w>d to place a pill[ on ! floor le/ ! actor's co/ly embroid]$ g[n be soil$4 ,an actor is frequ5tly h&$ a cup ( tea by ano!r su* att5dant2 "s actors to-day ev5 equip _! s]vants ) !rmos bottles = ^! occasions4 ,a g5]al prep>+ = combat by remov+ 8 out] coat is aid$ 9 ?is op]ation by ord9>y /age h&s1 n by s]vants =m+ "p ( ! dramatis p]sonae4 ,f all ! above x w\ld seem t human nature does n dem& any p>ticul> k9d ( realism on ! /age1 b is q able to adapt itself to any illusion :atsoev]4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,eight ,,mei ,,lan-,,fang--,,*9a',s ,,greate/ ,,actor ,e travel] :o comes to ,*9a he>s ( ! fame ( ,mei ,lan-fang4 ,he is told t 9 8 visit to ,pek+ he ought n to miss ! opportunity ( see+ ?is male actor ( female rles int]pret ! gay or tragic ev5ts ( ! lives ( coy ,*9ese maid5s4 ,:5 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t ent]ta9s a di/+ui%$ =eign visitor1 ,g5]al ,j(fre or ,secret>y ( ! ,navy ,d5by1 = example1 ,mei ,lan-fang gives a p]=mance :i* =ms ! pice de rsi/ance ( ! ,ori5tal spl5dors %[n to ! visitor by way ( hospitality4 ,am]icans :o 9 turn ent]ta9 ,*9ese fri5ds 9 ,pek+ g5]ally resort also to a play by ?is actor4 ,9 #aiai a gr\p ( ,am]ican bank]s paid ,mei ,lan-fang f\r ?\s& doll>s 7,i h ! in=mation f ! man :o wrote out ! *eck7 = half an h\r ( act+ & s++2 x is true t 9 ?is case an especially l>ge price 0 paid by way ( ga9+ t impond]able ,ori5tal asset kn[n z 8face01 because %ortly be=e ?is a gr\p ( ,japanese bank]s _h tri$ to impress _! ,*9ese gue/s by pay+ ,mei ,lan-fang "o ?\s& doll>s = an ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t4 ,! common masses among ! ,*9ese also appreciate ?is actor1 & a manag] :o succe$s 9 induc+ ,mei ,lan-fang to sign a contract ) him is always sure ( a cr[d$ h\se4 ,= five ye>s ,i h _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ,mei ,lan-fang's "w & ,i h come to ! conclusion t he ju/ly des]ves 8 fame & 8 popul>ity4 ,p]haps "s :o h he>d ,mei s+ 9 8 falsetto voice & h se5 him act a 8sl[0 play1 or op]a1 if y w1 9 ! conv5tionaliz$ ,*9ese mann]1 to ! accompanim5t ( a scree*+ viol9 & e>-splitt+ brass cymbals1 feel t !y w\ld h be5 will+ to pay a good sum to be excus$ f ! p]=mance4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a long li/ ( m>tyrs :o ) lavi% ,ori5tal hospitality 7 treat$ to int]m9able sessions ( ,*9ese drama2 ,g5]al ,wood1 = example1 rec5tly suff]$ two h\rs ( x4 ,i %\ld l to say t 9 my op9ion1 ke5ly z ,i appreciate ! ,*9ese drama & its int]pret]1 ,mei ,lan-fang1 ,i realize fully t x does n pres5t su* a f9i%$ product z is f\nd 9 our !at]4 ,! ,*9ese h no great trag$ies to place by ! side ( ,%akespe>e's2 !y h no pr(\nd com$ies su* z ,molire's2 _! plays are nev] s closely knit z are our 8well-made0 plays2 :ile 9 /ag+ !y are c5turies beh9d u4 ,! ,*9ese drama is a case ( arre/$ developm5t2 x is *ildi%1 m$ieval1 & v try+ to our e>s4 ,yet x is typically ,*9ese4 ,no o!r art is s popul> 9 ,*9a z t ( ! !at]1 :i* pres5ts ! old leg5ds ( ! nation1 ! fam\s novels read by ! masses1 intrigues su* z occur on e h&1 ! music ( ! v>i\s prov9ces1 & ! moral ideals ( ! f\r hundr$ millions 9 g5]al4 ,9 fact1 ! ,*9ese consid] ! !at] fit = ! gods2 = :5ev] !y wi% to ?ank _! deities or reconcile !m1 !y give !atrical p]=mances = ! pleasure ( ! gods & t ( ! entire village z well4 ,z ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,john/on rem>ks 9 8 *>act]i/ic mann]1 design$ to %ock ! ultra-pi\s1 ! ta/e ( ! gods z reg>ds ! drama seems to co9cide 9 a rem>kable mann] ) t ( ! villag]s4 ,s9ce ! !at] is 9 a mann] ! mirror ( ! ,*9ese nation1 & is also ( intr9sic int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! drama1 x is well wor? "s att5tion on ! "p ( any ,we/]n] at all int]e/$ 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,fur!rmore1 because ,mei ,lan-fang is ! mo/ widely kn[n actor1 & because he is an extremely intellig5t & progressive arti/1 x is p]haps be/ to approa* ?is exotic drama ?r\gh him4 ,s9ce ,mei ,lan-fang is an actor & 8 ance/ors 7 actors be=e him1 he comes f ! l[e/ class ( society4 ,9 ! o!rwise extremely democratic organization ( ! ,*9ese empire1 :]e ! poore/ boy c\ld rise to weal? & fame by virtue ( pass+ ! lit]>y exam9ation 9 ! capital1 sons ( pro/itutes1 lictors1 & actors1 z has be5 said1 7 b>r$ f compet+ = gov]nm5t po/s4 ,?is sy/em ( exam9ations 0 aboli%$ 9 #aijg1 b ! social disqualification 0 felt by ,mei ,lan-fang1 = he is n[ j ?irty ye>s old4 ,8 y\? 0 ta9t$ also by 8 be+ subject$ to unspeakable immoral practices :i* 7 op5ly tol]at$ 9 ,pek+ until ! ,revolution 9 #aiaa4 ,q aside f ?is1 ! *ildhood ( an actor is no b$ ( roses 9 a l& :]e ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is s desp]ate1 & n9ety p] c5t4 con/antly hov] ne> ! />vation l9e4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,city ( ,pek+ "o meets frequ5tly a long l9e ( boys1 ) prematurely old faces1 rang+ f eight to sixte5 ye>s1 m>*+ along s]i\sly & apa!tically "u ! /]n eye ( a preceptor--! pupils ( an actors' tra9+ s*ool4 ,or if "o takes ! morn+ cant] along ! city wall on ! smoo? /ret* to ! s\? ( ! ,temple ( ,heav51 "o may see ! boys at _! int]m9able lessons1 :i* beg9 at sunrise4 ,!y mu/ le>n to s+ 9 ! %rill1 artificial falsetto voice *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*9ese !at]1 "u a ma/] ^: cruel discipl9e w\ld make ,do!boys ,hall seem a pleasant place = week-ends4 ,:5 !re is a %>p w9d bl[+ ,pek+ du/ 9 a gale1 ! boys are tak5 to s+ aga9/ ! /orm 9 ord] t _! ?roats may become prop]ly h>d5$4 ,! competition = a livelihood z actor is deadly4 ,?ree boys' !at]s are tra9+ hundr$s ( boys1 :ile ab\t two ?\s& actors are already out ( "w 9 ,pek+ or are be+ hir$ by ! day ) ab\t tw5ty copp]s' rew>d = _! long h\rs ( labor4 ,9 su* an environm5t ,mei ,lan-fang grew up fac+ a drab1 dismal exi/5ce su* z ! va/ majority ( ,ori5tals suff] *e]fully4 ,b ,mei ,lan-fang's orig9ality & tal5ts br\ght him to ! highe/ position 9 8 art4 ,he _h be5 tra9$1 because ( 8 sl5d] build1 girl-l face1 & high voice1 to act ! type ( hua-tan1 ! heta]a4 ,?is figure appe>s regul>ly 9 ,*9ese plays 9 ! rle ( s]vant girl1 lady's maid1 or demi-monda9e4 ,! me?od pursu$ by mo/ tyro actors is to attempt to approximate d[n to ! m9ute/ mann]isms ! /yle ( ! actor at ! top ( _! special class4 ,mei ,lan-fang1 h[ev]1 decid$ to copy nature in/ead4 ,he introduc$ into 8 act+ female traits & foibles obs]v$ 9 ! wom5 ab\t him1 & ?is fre%ness 9 8 /yle pleas$ 8 audi5ces4 ,he 0 gradually accord$ m & m prom95t p>ts until twelve ye>s ago he 0 vot$ ! mo/ popul> int]pret] ( female rles 9 ! capital4 ,! actors select$ z ! be/ 8lov]s01 8w>riors01 8old m501 8old wom501 & ! v>i\s o!r conv5tional types c c\nt _! =tunes z made4 ,aft] he _h be5 *os5 z ! mo/ popul> actor ( female rles1 ,mei ,lan-fang comm&$ fifty to "o hundr$ doll>s = "o regul> daily p]=mance1 & = private p]=mances "s su* am\nts z 7 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is *apt]4 ,he organiz$ 8 own company1 made a triumphal t\r ?r\gh ,japan1 & began to fill annual engagem5ts 9 ,%anghai1 ! 8,p>is ( ,*9a0 s-call$4#be ,let u suppose t 9 wi%+ to see ,mei ,lan-fang y h done z _m ,pek+ese d--s5t y\r s]vant to ! !at] to hold a seat = y4 ,y\r m5ial has be5 enjoy+ an aft]noon's "w by grabb+ a good seat 9 ! almo/ empty !at] at "o o'clock & w>m+ x until five-?irty1 at ! same "t dr9k+ tea1 *ew+ wat]melon se$s1 smok+ cig>ettes1 gossip+ bl&ly ) 8 neighbors1 & occasionally wat*+ ! actors on ! /age4 ,n[ comes ! h\r = ! />1 & y1 ) _m sleek ,*9ese m]*ants1 displace coolies ^: figures--9 blue cotton--%r9k inconspicu\sly t[>d ! exit4 ,! mom5t y sit d[n a wait] ) ! inevitable teapot is at y\r elb[1 deposit+ on ! table be=e y a cup conta9+ "o grimy ?umb4 ,! tea & wat]melon se$s are1 z !y say 9 ! ,m\l9 ,r\ge1 8obligatoire01 b y are free to refuse ?reescore flies re/+ on a b> ( c&y1 eggs ( unc]ta9 age ^: :ites h become black1 or apples j ! prop] s(tness ) :i* to pelt actors4 ,at ! tables all ar\nd y m5 are audibly sipp+ tea or eat+ di%es ( /eam+ vi&s1 aft] :i* !y wipe face & h&s on hot t[els :i* ! wait]s are pass+4 ,bundles ( t[els cont9ually so>+ ov]head may rem9d y ( bats "u ! raft]s1 or if y are m$ically m9d$ y may exclaim1 8,look at !m ?r[+ ! smallpox ar\nd60 ,illu/ration3 ,,mei ,,lan-,,fang ,9 ,european ,dress ,*'ang-,o's ,flight to ! ,moon ,bury+ ! ,blossoms ,a ,"y ,nun ,seeks ,love ,! indiff]5t actors h be5 on ! /age = h\rs1 imp]sonat+ fam\s emp]ors ( ! "t ( ,attila1 cunn+ c\nselors z old z ,alcu91 or sages contempor>y ) ,pope ,sylve/]4 ,"o %ort play or "p ( a play aft] ! o!r--ea* la/+ ab\t ?irty to =ty-five m9utes--has be5 go+ on )\t int]mission s9ce noon4 ,! fact t no pause is made betwe5 ! plays (t5 leads =eign]s to believe t ,*9ese plays are ( s]p5t9e l5g?1 :ile 9 reality !y are no long] ?an ! sep>ate numb]s ( our cont9u\s vaudeville4 ,! or*e/ra lead] m]ely beats a few %ort notes on a gong & ! /age is set = ! next play--t is to say1 ,*9ese drama has no /age sett+s :atev]4 ,a brightly color$ curta9 =ms ! backgr\nd ( ! b>e /age2 9 o!r words1 ! sc5]y is left to ! imag9ation1 z x 0 9 ,%akespe>e's !at]4 ,:5 ! h\r = ! /> has f9ally come1 a special fluteplay] takes 8 seat z lead] ( ! or*e/ra & s5ds out s(t1 wi/ful notes t contra/ gratefully ) ! brass d9 ( ! prec$+ battle sc5e4 ,) t5se int]e/ ,mei ,lan-fang is await$1 = to-day he is to play 8,a ,"y ,nun ,seeks ,love40 ,) light1 m9c+ /ep he ent]s 9 a long nun's g[n ( :ite silk1 ov] :i* he we>s a :ite coat dott$ ) a diamond patt]n 9 light blue4 ,long black tresses & a n>r[ black belt set (f ! delicate %ades ( ! light colors4 ,! exquisite color comb9ation is enhanc$ by 8 s(t1 cle> voice & ! emotional play ( 8 facial expression4 ,! !me ( ! =ty-m9ute monodrama is simil> to ,br[n+'s 8,fra ,lippo ,lippi01 a /ory :i* ,mei alt]nately s+s & recites to or*e/ral accompanim5t4 ,a pitiful exi/5ce is t ( ! nun ) ! %av5 head6 ,at night only a lone lant]n consorts me to sleep4 ,"t quickly pursues "o to old age1 leav+ only ! memory ( a monoton\s y\?4 ,s5t to ! conv5t at a t5d] age1 %e f9ds h] life at sixte5 a dull r\nd divid$ betwe5 ! burn+ ( inc5se & ! read+ ( monoton\s ,buddhi/ic sutras4 ,! abbess has depriv$ h] ( ! ornam5t ( h] hair & =ces h] to c>ry wat] f ! well at ! foot ( ! hill4 ,on ^! excursions %e has /ol5 long looks at a h&some y\? play+ outside ! city gate1 & he seems n indiff]5t t[>d h]4 ,= ! price ( a little sympa?y ,i w\ld be will+ to g to ! palace ( ,y5 ,wang1 ! god ( ,hell1 to be gr\nd up 9 ! mort>1 cut into bits by ! saw1 cru%$ betwe5 ! mill/ones1 or to see! 9 burn+ oil4 ,my love is deep en\gh to outweigh ! puni%m5ts ( all devils4 ,h] *ildhood at ! home ( h] pi\s p>5ts _h be5 an int]m9able dron+ ( ! sacr$ syllables1 8,o mane padme hum1 o mane padme hum01 beat+ ( drums1 r++ ( bells1 bl[+ ( horns1 t9kl+ ( cymbals--all to drive away ! devils4 ,h] he>t1 hungry = a bit ( brightness1 feels cramp$ 9 h] cell & %e decides to ent] ! l>ge hall fill$ ) ! /atues ( five hundr$ sa9ts & ,buddhas4 ,s9ce ! /age is absolutely b>e1 ,mei at ?is po9t goes ?r\gh ! pantomime ( op5+ a door & clos+ x aga9 beh9d him4 ,aft] "s qua9t m$itations be=e ! v>i\s ascetic lohans & ! figure ( ! 8laugh+ ,buddha01#bf :o seems to say1 8,:y wa/e ! preci\s days ( sweet y\?801 ! "y nun decides to risk all = ! sake ( f9d+ love4 ,9 a graceful1 rhy?mic dance ,mei moves (f ! /age4 ,! "y girl has gone into ! 8black _w01 z ! ,buddhi/ nuns call life outside ! conv5t walls4 ,ano!r favorite among ,mei ,lan-fang's plays is 8,bury+ ! ,blossoms40 ,a "y girl1 torm5t$ by jeal\sy & d\bt ( h] lov]'s good fai?1 f9ds ! g>d5 pa? cov]$ ) fall5 blossoms4 ,9 ^! fl[]s1 brok5 f _! /ems & ly+ cru%$ on ! gr\nd1 %e sees ! image ( h]self1 a girl ^: p>5ts are dead & :o is neglect$ by e "o4 ,%e takes pity on ! fl[]s1 &1 plac+ !m 9 a silk bag1 buries !m "u a tree4 ,z %e is %$d+ te>s ov] ! little m\nd h] lov] comes ^u h]4 ,! explanation t foll[s effects a deep5+ ( _! love4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,giles' translation 78,*9ese ,lit]ature01 page #cfh7 we h ! s5tim5t ( ! play express$ 7,cf4 ,moore's 8,! ,la/ ,rose ( ,summ]073 ,f>ewell1 de> fl[]s1 =ev] n[1 ,?us buri$ z 'tw]e be/1 ,i h n yet div9$ :5 ,i1 ,) y %all s9k to re/4 ,i :o c bury fl[]s l ?is ,a laugh+-/ock %all be2 ,i _c say 9 days to come ,:at h&s %all bury me4 ,see1 h[ :5 spr+ beg9s to fail ,ea* op5+ fl[]et fades2 ,s too !re is a "t ( age ,& dea? = beaute\s maids2 ,& :5 ! fleet+ spr+ is gone1 ,& days ( beauty o'er1 ,fl[]s fall1 & lovely maid5s die1 ,& bo? are kn[n no m4 ,b n only su* pale1 wi/ful !mes are f\nd 9 ,mei's rep]toire4 ,! 8,?ree ,pulls0#bg is a tragi-com$y ( b\rgeois life :]e ,mei pres5ts a delightfully coquetti% wife4 ,?is is a f\r-act play 9 :i* a l>ge company appe>s 9 gorge\s co/umes ( embroid]$ silk /udd$ ) ! little mirrors *>act]i/ic ( ,*9ese /age app>el4 ,! v>i\s *>act]s we> hi/orically correct dress1 ! well-kn[n ,man*u robes4 ,b z an example ( ! extreme incongruities 9 ! mixture ( ! ,ori5tal & ! ,occid5tal n[ tak+ place 9 ,pek+ ,i %\ld l to m5tion an incid5t t occurr$ :5 ! play 0 /ag$ = ! fir/ "t at ! ,*5 ,kwang ,!at]4 ,?is new playh\se has a l>ge ,european /age & v>i\s o!r mod]n conv5i5ces z yet n fully und]/ood or appreciat$ by ! ,*9ese1 = ,i obs]v$ t ! petition writt5 by ! husb& & lat] flaunt$ 9 c\rt 0 writt5 on a ?ree-foot /rip ( toilet pap]6 ,illu/ration3 ,,bury+ ,,! ,,blossoms ,! sett+ 9 ?is amateur production %[s m /age prop]ties ?an are cu/om>y 9 mo/ ,*9ese !at]s4 ,! v be/-belov$ ( ,mei ,lan-fang's plays is 8,yang ,kuei-fei ,tsui ,*\0 7,yang ,kuei-fei's ,spree74 ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ! fam\s concub9e ( ! ,emp]or ,t'ang ,m+-huang1 ( ab\t #ijj ,a4,d41 z has be5 /at$1 lives on 9 ,*9ese poetry z a *>m+ beauty ( absolutely bewit*+ qualities4 ,9 connection ) ?is play "o ought to say t drunk5ness is r>e 9 ,*9a & is n consid]$ a vice or a disgrace4 ,on ! o!r h& a g5ial spree is look$ ^u z an exploit4 ,a ,*9ese g5tleman w tell y 8,i 0 r\ndly drunk la/ night01 mu* z an ,am]ican might beam+ly confide 8 triumphs at golf4 ,k'ang ,hsi1 p]haps ! greate/ emp]or ,*9a ev] _h1 us$ to urge 8 gue/s to dr9k he>tily1 assur+ !m t if !y drank too deep he w\ld h !m tak5 to _! homes 9 a dignifi$ mann]4 ,! plot ( ! play is a %ort episode 9 ! imp]ial palace4 ,yang ,kuei-fei le>ns f two eunu*s t ! emp]or is supp+ ) a rival beauty1 & 9 h] jeal\s rage %e ord]s "o bump] ( w9e aft] ! o!r4 ,z ! w9e beg9s to take effect1 %e p]=ms "s *>m+ dances 9 :i* o!r c\rt ladies jo91 to ! end t a beautiful inebriat$ ballet is p]=m$4 ,! effect ( ! danc]s 9 ! anci5t ,*9ese dress1 ! /yle ) ! long sleeves tak5 ov] by ! ,japanese z ! kimono1 is mu* l a vision ( flutt]+1 multicolor$ butt]flies4 ,lat] ,yang ,kuei-fei1 9 a l[-com$y sc5e1 uses h] *>ms fir/ on "o & !n on ! o!r ( ! s]vants1 :o pref] to run away r ?an be f\nd 9 a compromis+ position ) ! favorite concub9e4 ,f9ally ,yang ,kuei-fei leaves ! /age alone1 s++1 8,n[ lonely ,i return to ! palace40 ,"o specialty ( ?is play is ! mann] 9 :i* ,mei ,lan-fang dr9ks ! w9e4 ,he grips ! cup ) 8 tee? & b5ds backw>d v sl[ly until 8 head t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,su* 8/unts0 are fairly frequ5t 9 ,*9ese plays & are us$ j z traditionally z "s ( ! byplay 9 ,fr5* ma/]pieces /ag$ at ! ,comdie ,franaise4 ,! great ,t'an _h a v fam\s trick :i* no actor has be5 able to imitate2 9 ! play1 8,see+ ! ,ance/ral ,portraits01 he w\ld kick (f 8 %oe 9 su* a mann] t 9 fall+ x w\ld always /rike exactly on 8 head4 ,mei ,lan-fang is n /ress+ ^! acrobatic & o!r tricks1 b is plac+ ! emphasis on ! int]pretation ( ! emotional cont5t ( ! sc5es4 ,a little f>ce t ,mei pres5ts 9 a droll mann] is ! 8,*'+ ,%ang ,lao ,%eh0 7,slave ,girl ,plays ,tricks on ! ,old ,s*oolma/]74 ,?is play pres5ts ! p]5nial !me ( ! imp]t95t s]vant4 ,! make-up ( ! old s*ol> 9 ,m+ co/ume is comical to ! la/ degree4 ,! slave girl receives in/ruction1 toge!r ) h] mi/ress4 ,:5 ask$ to recite %e does s ) ! sway+ body motion commonly f\nd 9 our ur*9s :5 !y 8say _! piece40 ,%e cat*es a fly (f ! tea*]'s face1 & 9 mix+ ink1 spits 9 8 eye4 ,:5 he sets out to beat h]1 %e cat*es ! swit*1 & z he pulls1 lets g1 ) ! result t tea*] falls back into 8 *air & rolls ov] on ! floor ) a trem5d\s cra%4 ,aft] suff]+ _m simil> tricks ! p$agogue decides to tea* 9 t h\se no long]4 ,z he leaves ! room ! audi5ce sees t ! slave girl has p9n$ on 8 back a picture ( a turtle--?an :i* !re is no great] insult 9 all ! ,middle ,k+dom6 ,?is is ! only play ,i h ev] se5 t makes fun ( a s*ol>4 ,i consid] x a pleasant tribute to ! ,*9ese s5se ( humor t x all[s !m to laugh occasionally1 ev5 at ! figure ( _! national h]o4 ,! s*ol> :o by virtue ( hav+ pass$ ! exam9ation 9 ,pek+ is made magi/rate or ev5 vic]oy ( a prov9ce is ! h]o ( hundr$s ( ,*9ese plays4 ,! exam9ation 9 ! capital ) ! att5dant *ange ( =tune 9 ! life ( ! h]o is ! deus ex ma*9a ( ! ,*9ese /age4 ,z an example ,i %all m5tion ano!r play ( ,mei ,lan-fang's1 ! "o he play$ be=e ,secret>y ( ! ,navy ,d5by on ,july #ag1 #aibb4 ,?is play is call$ 8,y ,pei ,t'+0 7,! ,pavilion ( ! ,royal ,monum5t74 ,a poor s*ol> on 8 way to ,pek+ is caught 9 a heavy /orm & seeks %elt] 9 ! pavilion ( a royal monum5t4 ,he f9ds1 h[ev]1 t a lady has come be=e him & tak5 possession ( ! int]ior ( ! small build+4 ,s9ce he is bo? a s*ol> & a g5tleman1 he passes ! night on ! outside1 :]e ! eaves af=d him only insuffici5t %elt] f ! ra94 ,9 ! morn+ ! lady ?anks him = 8 consid]ation1 & he cont9ues on 8 way4 ,! c\rtesy ( ! "y s*ol> has made s deep an impression on ! lady t %e _c refra9 f tell+ h] si/]-9-law ab\t x1 :o 9 turn tells ! lady's husb&4 ,! latt] ?9ks t ! /ory is only a disguise = :at he believes to h be5 ! true /ate ( affairs1 namely t 8 wife has be5 unfai?ful to him4 ,he !re=e divorces 8 wife & ab&ons h] to a life ( mis]y & disgrace4 ,! s*ol>1 on ! o!r h&1 passes 8 exam9ation ) su* di/9ction t ! emp]or grants him an audi5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he asks ! "y man to tell ( ! noble/ ?+ he has ev] done4 ,! s*ol> tells ( 8 night sp5t out 9 ! ra9 = ! sake ( an unkn[n lady4 ,! husb& happ5s to be among ! c\rti]s pres5t1 &1 ^u ?is corroboration ( 8 wife's /ory1 he takes h] back into 8 home1 & all live happy ev] aft]w>d6 ,! s*ol>'s quick *ange ( =tune z a !me 9 ! ,*9ese !at] f9ds a close rival 9 ! motive ( filial piety4 ,among ,mei ,lan-fang's plays ! latt] is be/ illu/rat$ by ! play 8,mu ,lan01 ! "n ( a girl :o goes to w> 9 place ( h] fa!r because ! latt] is too old to und]take a heavy campaign4 ,x is *>act]i/ically ,*9ese t ?is ,joan ( ,arc does n fight = motives ( patriotism1 b out ( reg>d = ! com=t ( h] ag$ fa!r4 ,?is fasc9at+ play gives ,mei an opportunity ( %[+ 9 ! fir/ "p 8 skill 9 portray+ a demure "y maid51 :ile 9 ! second "p he c display 8 address 9 ! extremely conv5tionaliz$ art ( ,*9ese /age fight+4 ,all ( ^! & _m m *>act]s ,mei ,lan-fang is on ! /age1 b ( 8 real "* v little is kn[n among =eign]s 9 ,*9a4 ,x is kn[n t he has a k9dly he>t1 = e ye> he contributes 8 s]vices to a dramatic ent]ta9m5t arrang$ by ,am]ican mission>ies = ! purpose ( provid+ %elt]s = ! rik%a runn]s dur+ ! bitt] ,pek+ w9t]s4 ,"o reads ab\t x 9 ! pap]s :5 he makes 8 annual pilgrimage to ,miao ,f5g ,%an1 a m\nta9 temple ?ree days di/ant f ,pek+1 ! traditional %r9e :]e actors wor%ip4 ,b arti/s eag] to pa9t 8 portrait h nev] be5 able to secure him z a sitt]1 because he is v %y ab\t ent]+ any society outside 8 imm$iate circle4 ,i consid]$ myself v lucky :5 aft] "s negotiations ,i secur$ an int]view ) him 9 ! typical ,*9ese fa%ion ?r\gh "s fri5ds ( "s fri5ds ( 8 fri5ds4 ,! h\se 9 :i* ,i call$ on ,mei 0 8 h\se2 he keeps two o!r e/abli%m5ts--"o = 8 wife & ! o!r = 8 concub9e4 ,= _m ye>s ,mei ,lan-fang 0 kn[n z ! fai?ful husb& ( "o wife1 b f9ally fri5ds prevail$ on him to act 9 ! mann] ( e ,*9ese g5tleman :o respects himself & to take a concub9e into 8 dome/ic circle4 ,among ,mei's fri5ds ,i met a "y actor ) eloqu5t sc>s on 8 *eeks2 he _h be5 ! "o :o introduc$ ,mei to ! concub9e & ! sc>s 7 ! result ( "s acid ?r[n by a bro!r ( ! jeal\s wife4 ,ano!r g5tleman pres5t 0 a /ocky (fic] ( ! ,pek+ g5d>m]ie1 a useful fri5d to ! actor1 because on sev]al occasions ruffians h attempt$ to extort blackmail f him by viol5ce--z !y d ) e "o 9 ,*9a :o has any money4 ,mei 0 ! la/ "o to appe>1 we>+ a long :ite silk g[n1 ! cu/om>y hot-wea!r dress ( ! ,*9ese g5tleman4 ,"s ( ! coyness t gives su* a true r+ to 8 /age pres5tations ( "y ladies cl+s to ,mei (f-/age4 ,he seems l a *>m+1 booki%1 slightly effem9ate boy ( sev5te54 ,9 reality he is ?irty1 b l s _m o!r ,ori5tals he appe>s to ,we/]n]s mu* y\ng] ?an he is4 ,he is ( ! frail1 will[y build dem&$ 9 a ,*9ese beauty1 b he is ! v opposite ( languid1 sp>kl+ ) vivacity & full ( life4 ,8 voice is high1 g5tle1 & s(t2 9 fact1 x s\nds v mu* l t ( "o ( 8 h]o9es on ! /age4 ,all 9 all ,mei gives ! impression ( a y\?ful s*ol> r ?an ( an actor4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ t\* ( ,bohemianism ab\t him4 ,8 favorite avocations are music & draw+2 opium smok+ & o!r fa%ionable dissipations hold no *>ms = him :atev]4 ,he is v fond ( ,we/]n music1 & hopes ultimately to w9 ov] 8 audi5ces to an appreciation ( ! piano & ! viol91 :i* w\ld give him an imm5sely ri*] field = 8 musical rep]toire4 ,he has = a close fri5d & daily companion a le>n$ s*ol> ) :om he makes rese>*es 9 anci5t works deal+ ) ! drama4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ 9 ! beat5 pa? he is int5t on improv+ ! drama by pres5t+ anci5t plays ) a /ag+ hi/orically correct1 & by reviv+ :atev] 0 vital 9 ! pa/4 ,) great pride he %[$ me 8 ext5sive libr>y1 l+]+ long ov] a neatly writt5 text ( a play copi$ by 8 gr&fa!r1 :o _h be5 musician to ! great actor ,t'an4 ,to sum up ,mei ,lan-fang3 l mo/ o!r m5 :o a*ieve di/9ction1 he is 9 love ) 8 "w & devotes himself to x night & day4 ,8 great m]it is t he is br++ good ta/e & s5sible innovations to ! ,*9ese !at]1 :i* _h be5 /agnant--9 a /ate ( arre/$ developm5t4 ,! old ,empress ,d[ag]1 %[+ h] usual bad ta/e1 _h made fa%ionable 9 ,pek+ a ,mongolian /yle ( music int5d$ = op5-air !at]s on ! w9d-swept pla9s1 :i* 9 a ro($ !at] is absolutely e>-splitt+4 ,mei ,lan-fang is return+ to traditional ,*9ese music 9 :i* ! s(t notes ( ! flute prevail4 ,in/ead ( ! old hackney$ !mes ,mei has /ag$ num]\s new plays bas$ on ! fam\s romantic novel1 8,! ,dream ( ! ,r$ ,*amb]01 z well z _m o!r plays writt5 especially = him4 ,into 8 fanciful plays ( ! type ( 8,midsumm] ,night's ,dream0 he has wov5 graceful dances1 an absolute innovation on 8 "p4 ,new & (t5 hi/orically correct co/umes appe> 9 8 plays1 enliv5+ ! o!rwise r drab ,*9ese /age4 ,9 contra/ to ! ,*9ese habit ( pres5t+ only ! favorite acts ( ! well-kn[n plays 7z ?\gh our manag]s %\ld /age only ! balcony sc5e f 8,romeo & ,juliet01 or ! husb&-"u-!-table sc5e f 8,t>tuffe071 he pres5ts ev5 ! old] plays 9 _! entirety4 ,:5 he plays 9 ,japan or 9 ! ,european !at] 9 ,pek+1 he removes ! ill-clo!d or*e/ra f ! /age2 b he _c d ?is 9 ! native !at]s1 :]e ! /rong tradition insi/s t ! musicians mu/ sit on ! /age & de/roy ! illusion1 = ! =eign]s at lea/4 ,9 ?is ability ( 8 to make innovations & at ! same "t to adapt himself to 8 audi5ces to a c]ta9 ext5t1 lies ! key ( ,mei ,lan-fang's success4 ,ev5 ! mo/ hideb\nd !at] devotees & connoisseurs mu/ recognize ! skill ( 8 act+ & ! p]fection ( 8 enunciation1 & !re=e !y are will+ to accept ! =eign elem5ts :i* he introduces4 ,mei ,lan-fang's greatness lies 9 ! fact t he is able to introduce bold re=ms into ! !at] )\t cutt+ himself (f f ! tradition4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,n9e ,,analogies ,,betwe5 ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,i h (t5 met ) p :o ask3 8,d ! ,*9ese h ! division ( plays into trag$ies & com$ies80 & :5 !y le>n t !re is no su* division !y feel ?is to be a great defect 9 ! ,*9ese !at]4 ,b x might be well wor? recall+ t ^! ,greek t]ms did n orig9ally h _! pres5t-day connotations1 & t _! orig9al mean+s 7 p]haps n f> remov$ f ! divisions :i* ! ,*9ese make 9 classify+ _! plays4 ,trag$y meant orig9ally a 8goat song01 & philologi/s are divid$ on ! "q z to :e!r ! "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! song 0 sung by revel]s wor%ip+ ,dionysus1 :o1 because ( _! appe>ance & lic5ti\s "* 7 call$ 8goats01 or :e!r x 0 sung at ! sacrifice ( a goat1 or :e!r a goat 0 ! prize :i* 0 aw>d$ to ! successful poet4#bh ,at any rate !re is no d\bt t trag$y 0 a musical t]m4 ,! same is true ( com$y1 :i* is ! song ( ! comus1 or b& ( revel]s1 :o m>*$ along 9 procession c>ry+ al(t ! phallus & *ant+ songs to ,dionysus :i* 7 call$ phallic songs4 ,! scurril\s rem>ks int]l>d$ 9 ! int]vals betwe5 songs by ! lead] ( ! comus gave rise to ! =m ( light ent]ta9m5t kn[n z com$y 9 ! !at] ( to-day4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x _h ! mean+ ( a poetic "w ) a happy end+1 = :i* reason ,dante call$ 8 long poem a 8com$y01 :i* lat] writ]s made 8,! ,div9e ,com$y40 ,?us we see ! two words h deviat$ altoge!r f _! orig9al mean+s4 ,we "k v little ab\t ,greek music ( ^! e>lie/ days1 b we he> also ( ,doric music & ,phrygian music employ$ 9 ! !at]4 ,! ,doric music 0 grave1 dignifi$1 & employ$ ! h>p z ! *ief musical in/rum5t1 :ile ! ,phrygian mode 0 emotional & 0 accompani$ by ! flute4 ,n[ let u look = a mom5t at ! ,*9ese classification ( /yles ( drama4 ,we g5]ally he> ( ! divisions ( kuan-*'1 p'i-huang 7a telescop+ ( hsi-pi & er-huang7 & ?irdly ( pang-tzu4 ,^! are all musical t]ms4 ,kuan-*' is accompani$ by ! flute1 & is said to be ! mo/ lit]>y1 ! mo/ graceful & s(t2 also because ( its lack ( vulg>ity x is cavi>e to ! g5]al4 ,x is r>ely p]=m$ n[adays1 b 0 q popul> 9 ! ,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,x 0 directly desc5d$ f ! classical ,yuan drama1 ^: au?ors 7 s*ol>s ou/$ by ! ,mongols f _! public (fices4 ,?is "n is d]iv$ f a geographical t]m1 j z are ! ,greek ,doric & ,phrygian modes4 ,! pang-tzu came to ,pek+ f ,%ansi dur+ ! ,*'+ ,dyna/y4 ,! *ief in/rum5t is a rude k9d ( fiddle ) a r\nd1 flat s\nd+ box1 & ! g5re is consid]$ to be excit+ & vulg>4 ,! er-huang or hsi-p'i 7said to be v simil>7 are also /yles adopt$ dur+ ! ,man*u ,dyna/y4 ,!y employ z _! *ief in/rum5t ! well-kn[n hu-*'94 ,!re is a great simil>ity betwe5 ,greek & ,*9ese ?\ght1 9 t bo? speak ( ! good moral effects ( music if only !re be ! prop] h>mony2 & likewise ( ! immoral effects ( vulg>1 excit+ music4 ,i believe "o c\ld f9d almo/ exact p>allels 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato & ( _m ,*9ese au?ors1#bi ev5 s mod]n a "o z ,tsai ,yuan-pei4 ,we mod]n ,europeans & ,am]icans1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to h giv5 up ! idea ( music z a means = develop+ h>moni\s & moral s\ls4 ,9 practice music 0 employ$ 9 ! ,greek !at] n only by ! *orus1 b also by ! actors 9 ! mid/ ( ! spok5 dialogue :5 a p>ticul>ly emotional po9t 0 rea*$4 ,:5 ! passions rose to a high pit* ! musical accompanim5t comm5c$ & ! actor sang2 su* a passage 01 = example1 ! recital ( ! =ebod+s ( ,cass&ra 9 s*ylus' 8,agamemnon01 int]rupt$ by ! ,argive eld]s :o =m ! *orus4 ,exactly ! same practice obta9s 9 ! ,*9ese !at]1 z any "o c readily obs]ve 9 almo/ any play4 ,"s s*ol>s h ass]t$ t ! :ole ( a ,greek play 0 accompani$ by music1 b x is g5]ally believ$ n[ t only ! lyrical passages 7 sung1 :ile ! iambic dialogue 0 spok54 ,9 ?is simil>ity ( ! ,greek & ! ,*9ese !at]s we c f9d an aid 9 our ef=ts at recon/ruct+ ! pa/--p]haps wor?y ( consid]ation by rgisseurs :o attempt to put on ! /age to-day "s ( ! plays :i* /irr$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,a!nians ( old4 ,possibly x may also be a %ock to "s :o h se5 mod]n repres5tations 9 :i* ! actors1 z well z ! *orus1 employ a solemn & /ately1 sometimes monoton\s recitative1 to le>n t ! anci5ts sang or *ant$ a great "p ( _! plays2 a %ock su* z we are likely to receive :5 we fir/ le>n t ! anci5ts did n employ m>ble 9 _! ar*itecture 9 its au/]e virg9al :it5ess only1 b t !y frequ5tly color$ _! build+s4 ,b j z a travel] com+ to ,*9a may see beautiful ar*itectural results a*iev$ by ! bold use ( color 9 ar*itecture1 s he may come clos] to ! real--n ! pseudo-classical--art by reflect+ on ! effect ( musical int]ruptions 9 ,sophocles' 8dipus0 or ,euripides' 8,m$ea40 ,9 ,greece ! !at] 0 an in/itution :i* gave p]=mances at ! "t ( c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals1 & x 0 9 ?is s5se a folk !at]4 ,9 ,pek+ also !re are c]ta9 plays giv5 always at p>ticul> fe/ivals1 & deal+ always ) ! sup]natural1 or if y pref]1 ) religion4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! ,new ,ye>1 = example1 !re is ! 8,*'+ ,%ih ,%an01 a play deal+ ) ! gods' conque/ ( ! devils2 on ! fif? day ( ! ,new ,ye> comes a play 9 honor ( ! god ( weal?2 on ! fif? ( ! fif? mon?1 a play describ+ ! ov]com+ ( ! five dang]\s poisons2 & on ! sev5? ( ! sev5? mon? ! 8,meet+ on ! ,milky ,way40 ,^! plays p]si/ 9 spite ( ! comm]cialization ( ! ,pek+ !at]s4 ,! /ud5t ( ,european lit]ature ^: field ( rese>* lies 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! pa/ c f9d 9 ,*9a a wond]ful s\rce book1 = ?is is a magic l& :]e = ,europeans & ,am]icans ! clock has be5 set back sev]al c5turies4 ,we c see ! ,middle ,ages enact$ be=e our v eyes1 & get 9 t way a vivid picture ( ?+s z !y 7 9 ! ,europe ( ye/]day4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is ,i wi% to cite ! ,*9ese !at] ( to-day1 & to (f] ! sugge/ion t ! ,%akespe>e s*ol> :o has se5 ! ,pek+ !at]s ( ! pres5t "t has--if "o may use ! figure--n only ! words1 b also ! tune1 ( ! ,elizabe?an drama4 ,if ,i take a t\ri/ to ! !at] 8 fir/ rem>k (t5 is t ?is is j l ! ,%akespe>ean !at]4 ,& x is inde$ n surpris+ t x %\ld be s1 = ,*9a to-day is at ab\t ! same /age ( culture z ,engl& 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!re is a c\rt :]e royal spl5dor c be se52 ! depos$ emp]or /ill receives 9 ! ,=bidd5 ,city ! fai?ful ,man*us1 :o come 9 gorge\s raim5t & ) fa/idi\s reg>d = c\rt etiquette to (f] _! congratulations on ! occasion ( 8 bir?day4#cj ,! ord9>y man ( means dresses n 9 ! /]eotyp$ mann] ( our pres5t-day civilization1 b foll[s 8 ta/e 9 ! selection ( ri* purple1 w9e-color$1 or o!r %ades ( silk4 ,s$an *airs are /ill us$ z a common means ( transportation4 ,torture is /ill practic$1 & ! heads ( execut$ crim9als are hung up 9 ! /reets 9 case ( a revolution or o!r great excitem5t4 ,! s]vants are typical ,dromios 9 _! submissiv5ess & occasional imp]t95ce4 ,! /reets are frequ5tly /ill ! n>r[ & fil?y lanes ( m$ieval times4 ,mo/ important1 !re are few factories1 & manufacture is done by leisurely home indu/ry4 ,mu* ( ?is is pass+ ) ! com+ ( indu/ry1 ! automobile & ! tram c>1 ! ,europeaniz$ tailor & ! mov+-picture ma*9e2 yet mu* t is picturesque 9 ,pek+ cont9ues to fl\ri%1 & ! !at] ) its huge community ( actors is "o ( ! mo/ cons]vative elem5ts4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,*9ese & ! ,elizabe?an !at]s are almo/ id5tical 9 /ructure1 & = mu* ! same reasons4 ,! orig9 ( ! sixte5?-c5tury !at] 9 ,london is to be f\nd 9 ! inny>d 9 :i* a plat=m _h be5 erect$ = ! p]=mance2 & :5 ,james ,burbage 9 #aegf built ! 8,!at]0 outside ! jurisdiction ( ! ,city ,fa!rs ( ,london he erect$ :at 0 practically an inny>d )\t ! inn4 ,!re 0 a plat=m /age project+ into ! y>d1 :]e ! rabble c\ld f9d /&+ room1 & a gall]y 9 :i* ! weal?i] patrons c\ld be seat$4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese !at] build+1 su* z x is f\nd 9 ,pek+1 is v simil>4 ,p]=mances 7 fir/ giv5 9 ! c\rty>ds ( temples or ( ! h\ses ( ri* m54 ,a plat=m 0 erect$ at "o end4 ,! spectators /ood 9 ! c\rty>d or sat at tables4 ,! latt] 0 p>ticul>ly ! case :5 !at]s 7 held 9 ! private c\rty>ds ( pr9ces or o!r ri* m54 ,= c5turies !atricals 9 ,*9a 7 ei!r religi\s or private1 & public !at]s :i* any "o may att5d = ! paym5t ( an admission fee are a fairly rec5t in/itution1 b :5 !y 7 built !y 7 con/ruct$ on ! model ( ! temple or palace !at]s1 ) a project+ ro($ /age at "o end1 ! *eap] seats on ! gr\nd floor & ! m exp5sive ones 9 ! gall]y4 ,! ,*9ese audi5ces h be5 tra9$ to reg>d ! /age z any:]e & n z a p>ticul> place2 x is unlocaliz$1 z 9 ,%akespe>e's "t4 ,! ro( on ! /age s]ves ! same purposes z 9 ,elizabe?an times2 x is a protection = ! actors aga9/ ra91 & a 8heav50 f :i* deities may be l[]$4 ,9 di/9ction to our mod]n !at] 9 :i* we pres5t a s]ies ( pictures )9 a frame call$ ! prosc5ium1 :i* we cov] ) a curta9 :ile ! pictures are be+ %ift$1 bo? ! ,elizabe?an & ! ,*9ese /age h nei!r a prosc5ium nor1 9 g5]al1 a curta94 ,9 bo? ! /ages is an unfram$ ro/rum ?ru/ bodily =? into ! auditorium1 surr\nd$ on ?ree sides1 if n on f\r1 by spectators4 ,9 %ort x is n a picture /age1 b a plat=m /age4 ,on su* a /age !re c be1 ( c\rse1 no "q ( arti/ic light+ effects2 ! plays are p]=m$ ei!r by daylight1 z !y 7 9 ,%akespe>e's day1 or by ! light ( huge arc lamps t illum9ate /age & audi5ce alike4 ,z ! actors _c pres5t arti/ic /age pictures to ?ree sides ( ! h\se at ! same "t1 x is n surpris+ t1 z ! ,engli% lit]>y hi/orians tell u1 ! appeal 0 m to ! e> ?an to ! eye4 ,t ?is is equally true 9 ,*9a is se5 f ! ,pek+ t]m = a !atrical p]=mance1 t'+-hsi1 :i* means a play t is he>d4 ,9 old ,pek+ !at]s ! seats on ! gr\nd floor are arrang$ at "r angles to ! /age1 along tables on :i* are s]v$ tea & cakes2 rec5tly built !atres1 h[ev]1 h _! seats 7) rails = ! inevitable teapots7 runn+ p>allel to ! /age4 ,9 speak+ ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% ! ,elizabe?an f o!r /ages ,pr(essor ,?orndyke says3#ca ,! fix$ & mo/ important pr9ciple 0 ! use ( ! project+ plat=m z a sort ( neutral1 vaguely localiz$ t]ritory1 :]e almo/ any?+ might happ54 ,! second pr9ciple 0 ! use ( ! inn] /age ) its curta9s 7& to "s ext5t ! upp] /age7 z a means to d5ote locality m exactly1 to employ prop]ties m readily1 & to indicate *anges ( sc5e m effectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,=tune ,,!at] ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,pek+ ,,!at] ,f :at has be5 said x is app>5t t 9 reg>d to ! fir/ pr9ciple ! ,*9ese & ! ,%akespe>ean /age are id5tical4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( ! curta9 & ! inn] /age1 s*ol>s are v mu* divid$ z to ! mann] & frequ5cy ) :i* !y 7 employ$4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,?orndyke once m3#cb ,! total evid5ce ( ! /age directions alone indicates t ! arrangem5t prescrib$ 0 9 g5]al use 9 important !at]s1 public & private1 ?\gh d\btless its adoption 0 gradual & subject to v>iation4 ,we may suppose t ! size & visibility ( ! inn] /age v>i$ 9 diff]5t !at]s1 & t ! ext5t to :i* ! curta9 0 us$ *ang$ f decade to decade1 or playwright to playwright1 or manag] to manag]1 or ev5 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r & light4 ,! use ( ! curta9 9 ,*9ese !at]s is v r>e2 & ! curta9 itself is by no means l ! curta9 to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,:5 a relatively elaborate sett+ is ab\t to be plac$ on ! /age a curta9 ab\t t5 feet high by ab\t tw5ty feet wide is c>ri$ by /age h&s to ! front ( ! /age1 & !re /ret*$ out to cut (f ! view ( ! audi5ce4 ,! ends ( ! curta9 are ea* sew$ to a bamboo pole held upright by two coolies4 ,9 ?is mo/ primitive mann] a g>d5 sett+ or a heav5ly ?rone is made to appe> to ! audi5ce 9 "o bur/ ( glory in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ on piece by piece1 z is ! case ) mo/ prop]ties & sc5]ies4 ,! ,*9ese playh\se has no inn] & likewise no upp] /age4 ,curta9s ab\t b$s or o!r pieces ( furniture are us$ to 8discov]0 actors 9 ! same mann] z 0 done on ! ,elizabe?an /age4 ,b all ( ^! articles are regul>ly c>ri$ on ! /age 9 full view ( ! audi5ce4 ,! size ( ! two /ages seems to be ab\t ! same1 except t ! ,elizabe?an 0 mu* wid]4 ,! dim5sions giv5 = ! /age ( ! ,=tune are =ty-?ree feet wide by tw5ty-sev5 & a half feet deep2 :ile a typical ,*9ese /age measures ab\t tw5ty-five feet 9 bo? directions4 ,we g5]ally ?9k ( ! ,elizabe?an /age z v primitive1 & 9 ?is respect ! ,*9ese /age is v mu* l x1 only a bit m s4 ,bo? /ages lack curta9s1 & !re=e 9 bo? prop]ties are br\ght on 9 full sight ( ! audi5ce1 mak+ necess>y 9 ,*9a ! 8prop]ty m50 :o furni%$ s mu* amusem5t 9 ! p]=mances ( 8,! ,yell[ ,jacket40 ,%akespe>e h[ev] arrang$ t at ! end ( a play1 = example 9 8,hamlet01 ! dead 7 c>ri$ (f ! /age1 :ile 9 ,pek+ conv5tion all[s t a victim ( murd] arise & walk (f1 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! motion ( fall+ dead4 ,! ,london !at]s also _h 7at lea/ su* seems to h be5 def9itely prov$ by rec5t writ]s7 a small curta9 at ! re> ( ! /age %utt+ (f a place :i* s]v$ z cave1 %op1 tomb1 b$1 ,ba?%eba's ba?1 or any o!r locality t ne$$ to be 8discov]$40 ,9 ,pek+ !at]s ?+s are mu* m conv5tionaliz$2 a table repres5ts a %op1 a blue curta9 ) l9es pa9t$ on x1 held up by two /age h&s1 makes a city wall1 a *air may be a gate or a prison door1 a boat on a lake may be repres5t$ simply by ! actors appe>+ ) o>s ) :i* !y seem to be r[+4 ,mu* is also symboliz$2 an actor on ! b>e /age goes ?r\gh ! motions ( op5+ & %utt+ a door & ?us %[s t he has left ! h\se4 ,:5 a curta9 is ne$$ to repres5t a li/5] 9 ano!r room1 or a pati5t 9 a b$ beh9d drawn curta9s1 two v]tical bamboo poles ) a horizontal "o atta*$ to !m f :i* ! curta9 hangs are plac$ on ! /age by ! 8prop]ty m540 ,! arrangem5t is mo/ primitive & casual2 ! poles are g5]ally ti$ to *airs4 ,if ! draw+ ( ! 8,swan0 %[+ nei!r an inn] /age nor a curta9 is au!ntic1 a simil> portable curta9 may h be5 ! me?od employ$ 9 ,elizabe?an times4 ,9 ,pek+ ?is is a ri*1 figur$ fabric1 ev5 ?\gh n exactly an 8,arras40 ,if a ,*9ese ,polonius 7 to conceal himself beh9d ! arras1 x w\ld h be5 previ\sly br\ght on by ! 8prop]ty m50 at ! beg9n+ ( ! act or p]haps ev5 j a few mom5ts be=e x 0 ne$$4 ,9 a ,*9ese !at] ! c5t] back ( ! /age is a wall hung ) a ri* piece ( tape/ry j z free f doors or recesses z ! wall ( ! 8,swan40 ,!re are doors1 h[ev]1 at bo? sides ( ! re> wall1 correspond+ to ^? 9 ! 8,swan0 draw+4 ,z ! ,*9ese !at] has no upp] /age1 m5 on a city wall1 = example1 /& on a table beh9d ! curta9 held up by ! /age h&s4 ,a g5]al survey+ 8 troops f a m\nta9 top or a god on 8 ?rone 9 heav5 sit on a *air plac$ on top ( a table4 ,9 ! paucity ( ! /age prop]ties we f9d ano!r p>allel4 ,9 ,albright's 8,! ,%akespe>ean ,/age01#cc ! prop]ties are li/$1 & ,i c say f my five ye>s' exp]i5ce t ! same & no m are f\nd on ! ,*9ese /age2 b$room3 a b$1 table1 *airs or /ools1 & lights2 a hall3 table1 *airs1 & /ools2 pres5ce *amb]3 a ?rone1 & occasionally tables & *airs2 a *ur*3 an alt>1 & if ne$$ a tomb2 prison sc5es3 usually no prop]ties are m5tion$ except fett]s & *a9s2 woods or p>k3 l>ge & small artificial trees1 %rubb]y1 & b5*es2 %op sc5es3 a c\nt] & a few w>es4 ,! ,*9ese !at] is (t5 ev5 a bit m simple2 = example1 a *air s]ves z a ?rone1 or a table ) a few decorations z an alt>4 ,h[ev]1 = c]ta9 plays fairly elaborate pap] prop]ties are us$1 :i* are br\ght on & remov$ 9 full sight ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 bo? !at]s ! imag9ation ( ! audi5ce is /ra9$ a great deal m ?an is ! case 9 a ,belasco play2 & _m conv5tions t diff] f ours1 su* z br++ on prop]ties 9 full sight ( ! audi5ce1 seem j z natural z x seems to u t a /age room has only ?ree walls4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,elizabe?an & ! ,*9ese /ages h no sc5]y ( any k9d1 yet x is wrong to imag9e t !y seem b>e1 = ! color is suppli$ 9 ! ri* & elaborate robes ( ! actors4 ,a ,*9ese /age fill$ ) actors 9 c\rt co/umes ( yell[1 r$1 black1 blue1 or purple1 ) inwov5 designs1 fi]ce w>riors ) masks or pa9t$ faces1 we>+ pheasant fea!rs six feet long1 & lovely maid5s 9 co/umes ( exquisite pa/el %ades1 walk+ or runn+ ab\t on a gaudy ,ori5tal rug aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ri* tape/ry1 =m a v]itable riot ( color1 v simil> 9 its effect1 no d\bt1 to :at 0 se5 on ! ,elizabe?an /age :5 ! actors appe>$ 9 _! g[ns co/+ f #hj to #ajj 9 mod]n money4 ,!y 7 elaborate creations ( velvet trimm$ ) gold & silv] lace & embroid]y1 capp$ by ! 8=e/ ( fea!rs0 t ,hamlet m5tions z necess>y = ! equipm5t ( an actor1 ) tape/ry f ,arras z backgr\nd4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,?orndyke1#cd 8,no /age c>$ m = f9e clo!s ?an ! ,elizabe?an or lavi%$ a l>g] portion ( its exp5ses on dress40 ,9 bo? !at]s almo/ no att5tion is paid to hi/orical appropriat5ess ( co/ume4 ,elizabe?an actors sometimes wore masks also1 j z ! ,*9ese (t5 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,or*e/ra ,,seat$ ,,9 ,a ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,/age ,f ,jacovleff1 8,le ,?tre ,*9ois0 ,! /age direction 8al>ums0 = ! entry ( a k+ or o!r important p]sonage1 :i* may nev] h be5 associat$ by ! read] ) any?+ def9ite at all1 w be full ( mean+ to any ,we/]n] :o has he>d ! ,*9ese or*e/ra s\nd ! ,leitmotiv = ! entry ( a fam\s g5]al4 ,! ,*9ese or*e/ra sits on ! /age 9 full view ( ! audi5ce1 :ile 9 ,%akespe>e's day ! upp] /age 0 ! normal place = ! 8noise40 ,! use 9 ! ,elizabe?an days ( ! ^w 8noise0 = bo? music & or*e/ra e/abli%es ano!r great simil>ity betwe5 ! two !at]s4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's day ! music seems to h be5 conf9$ *iefly to ! int]missions betwe5 ! acts & to occasional songs1 :ile 9 ! ,*9ese drama almo/ e emotional "p is punctuat$ by song4 ,x approa*es close to op]a 9 _m cases 9 ! numb] ( l9es sung by ! actors4 ,"o division ( ,*9ese plays is t into civil & milit>y1 & 9 ! latt] ! fight+ is always accompani$ by a t]rible d9 ( brass1 drum & /r+ music4 ,?is frantic noise /imulates 9 ! audi5ce ! excitem5t :i* ! desp]ate conte/ 9 arms is suppos$ to ar\se4 ,z a fact1 ^! milit>y plays are v popul> ) ! masses1 & !y take up fully half ! program4 ,9 ! eat+1 dr9k+1 smok+1 hawk+1 t[el-?r[+1 spitt+1 & l\d int]ruptions always f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese !at] we h ano!r close p>allel to ! ,elizabe?an4 ,x is well kn[n t hawk]s w5t ab\t be=e & dur+ ! p]=mance sell+ ale1 tobacco1 & v>i\s articles ( food4 ,apples 7 f\ght ov] by "y appr5tices & sometimes ev5 us$ to pelt ! actors4 ,! wom5 9 ! gall]ies 7 (f]$ pipes to smoke4 ,"y nobles insi/$ on sitt+ on ! /age 9 ord] t !y might display !mselves & _! g>m5ts1 :ile pages light$ _! pipes = !m4 ,! gr\ndl+s 9 ! y>d 7 int5t on ! broad humor & ! fight+ 9 ! plays4 ,! wom5 ( ! t[n 9 ! gall]y probably also _h o!r motives = com+ besides t ( see+ ! play4 ,all ( ?is a ,we/]n] c und]/& v mu* bett] aft] he has se5 a ,*9ese !at]1 = ! conditions are v simil>2 except t ! ,*9ese lack ( pugnacity makes ! spectators p]haps a little less viol5t4#ce ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! me?ods ( applause & criticism 9 ,%akespe>e's "t & 9 pres5t-day ,*9a4 ,applause 0 r5d]$ by clapp+--"s writ]s ref] to x z 8?und]+0--:ile disapproval 0 ev9c$ by hiss+1 & by ev5 m viol5t me?ods1 z may be judg$ f ! v]se ( an ,elizabe?an drama3 ,we may be pelt$ (f = aught we "k1 ,) apples1 egges1 or /ones1 f !nce bel[e4 ,9 ,*9a applause is express$ by %\t+ ! ^w 8hao01 good1 & disapproval by no m viol5t me?od g5]ally ?an by a s>ca/ic intonation ( ! same ^w6 ,x x difficult = a =eign] to tell :i* is meant1 especially s9ce applause is r5d]$ = subtleties ( intonation (t5 lo/ ev5 on natives4 ,h[ev] !re is also ! ^w 8t'ung01 :i* is v r>ely us$ to express disgu/ ) ! p]=mance2 b :5 x is employ$ ! actors are driv5 (f ! /age 9 utt] %ame & confusion4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 clapp+ has be5 introduc$ f ! ,we/ along ) _m o!r innovations4 ,b 9 spite ( all di/ractions "o c v (t5 see a ,*9ese audi5ce sitt+ spellb\nd dur+ ! recitation ( a p>ticul>ly beautiful passage or ! pres5tation ( a tragic sc5e1 z ,i imag9e mu/ h be5 ! case 9 ,%akespe>ean ,engl& also4 ,)\t ! aid ( sc5]y or light+ ! act+ mu/ be spl5did to hold an audi5ce1 & !re is ! dang] t x become l\dly declamatory & bomba/ic4 ,hamlet's well-kn[n criticisms frequ5tly apply 9 ,pek+1 = !re are _m :o m\? _! l9es s t ! t[n cri] c\ld improve ^u !m1 :o saw ! air too mu* ) _! h&s1 :o te> a passion to tatt]s1 :o /rut & bell[ z ?\gh "o ( nature's j\rneym5 _h made !m1 & ?us make ! judici\s grieve4 ,h[ev]1 good actors ( all times avoid ?is4 ,hamlet tells ( a good actor :o ,c\ld =ce 8 s\l to ?is conceit ,t f h] work+ all 8 visage wann'd2 ,te>s 9 8 eyes1 di/raction 9 's aspect1 ,a brok5 voice1 & 8 :ole function suit+ ,) =m to 8 conceit6 & all = no?+6 ,= ,hecuba6 ,x is simil>ly impressive to see ,mei ,lan-fang1 = example1 play+ ,mu ,lan1 ! ,*9ese ,joan ( ,arc1 pres5t+ 9 ! fir/ "p ! coy maid5 & lov+ daught]1 & 9 ! second ! brave w>rior1 or to see him 7he is an actor :o always int]prets female rles7 portray ! emotions ( ! daught] :o f9ds h] old fa!r 9 prison b :o d>es n make h]self kn[n4 ,9 mo/ !at]s 9 ,pek+ ! act+ is good1 s t ! =eign] c (t5 foll[ ! play1 ev5 ?\gh he does n und]/& "o ^w ( :at ! actors are say+4 ,= vivid portrayal ( emotions1 facial expression1 & delightful byplay1 ! ,*9ese actors are wond]ful1 j z ! s*ol>s conjecture t ! ,engli% play]s mu/ h be5 9 ,%akespe>e's day4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cl[n ,*9ese ,"* ,type ,! ,*9ese audi5ces dem& ! fool1 ! acrobat1 & ! danc] q z l\dly z !y 7 dem&$ by ! gr\ndl+ 9 ,%akespe>e's "t4 ,! ,*9ese cl[n is v good at improvis+1 & provokes ! same criticism t ,hamlet made1 8,& let ^? t play y\r cl[ns speak no m ?an is set d[n = !m40 ,giles 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature0 writes 9 ?is connection1 8,z !y /& 9 ! classical collections or ! act+ editions1 ,*9ese plays are z unobjectionable#cf z ,*9ese poems or g5]al lit]ature4 ,on ! /age1 h[ev]1 actors are all[$ great lic5se 9 gagg+1 & ! direction :i* _! gag takes is *iefly ! reason :i* keeps respectable wom5 away f ! playh\se40 ,?is recalls t 9 ,elizabe?an days ! respectable wom5 :o att5d$ ! !at] wore masks or made judici\s use ( _! fans to hide _! blu%es4#cg ,x is only 9 ! la/ few ye>s t ! bett] class ( wom5 h begun to att5d ! !at] 9 ,pek+2 j z ! m+l+ ( ! sexes 9 ! !at] 0 an innovation 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,pek+1 z =m]ly 0 ! case 9 ,london1 ! wom5 are admitt$ to ! gall]y only4 ,a vital simil>ity betwe5 ! two !at]s is ! fact t wom5's p>ts are play$ by m54 ,! reasons 9 bo? cases are moral or ,puritanical motives4 ,! simil>ity 9 ?is case is accid5tal1 = x 0 only ab\t ,george ,wa%+ton's "t t wom5 7 =bidd5 to appe> ^u ! /age2 dur+ ! ,m+ ,dyna/y _m pr9ces & (ficials _h l>ge numb]s ( actresses 9 _! palaces--a cu/om t l$ to gross abuses & immorality4 ,!re=e ! e>ly ,man*u emp]ors =bade wom5 to appe> z actresses4 ,b ?+s are fa/ *ang+ 9 ?is respect 9 ,*9a1 = 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry m5 & wom5 appe> toge!r on ! /age1 :ile 9 ,pek+1 :]e ?is is =bidd5 by ! police1 !re exi/ two !at]s 9 :i* wom5 act bo? male & female rles4 ,! ,*9ese consid] ! wom5 poor arti/s1 & ! connoisseurs d n patronize ^! !at]s1 or if !y d !y apologize = x4 ,a ,*9ese actor :o respects himself w nev] appe> on ! same /age ) actresses4 ,t ! ,elizabe?ans likewise ?\ght wom5 incapable ( good act+ c be se5 f ! patroniz+ tone ( ,?omas ,coryat 9 :i* he tells 7#afaa7 ( hav+ se5 wom5 act+ 9 ,v5ice 8& !y p]=m$ x ) z good a grace1 action1 ge/ure & :atsoev] conv5i5t = a play]1 z ev] ,i saw any mascul9e actor40#ch ,9 connection ) ! subject ( imp]sonation ( ! o!r sex1 :i* we see n[adays only 9 burlesque or m9/rel %[s1 ,i %\ld l to quote "s obs]vations made by ,goe!#ci 9 ,italy on see+ a p]=mance ( ,goldoni's 8,la ,loc&i]a0 9 :i* a man act$ ! "p ( ! h]o9e1 ! pretty innkeep]4 ,goe! ( c\rse grants t ! highe/ =m ( art _c be f\nd 9 su* a repres5tation1 b he says t he w\ld l to speak a few words 9 def5se ( ?is practice to tell h[ "o might well d]ive consid]able pleasure f su* a p]=mance4 ,he /ates t he w5t to ! !at] ) prejudice1 b once !re he became reconcil$ to x & ev5 exp]i5c$ a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure nev] felt by him be=e4 ,he tri$ to analyze ?is /hetic s5sation & came to ! conclusion x consi/$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! fact t ! actor c\ld n possibly play himself1 b _h to put 8 art ( imitation to a f> great] te/1 t ( hold+ ! mirror up to life 9 a sex n 8 own4 ,! spectator enjoys a mu* m self-consci\s delusion1 j z :5 he sees a "y man play+ ! "p ( ,rip ,van ,w9kle or ,k+ ,le>4 ,!re is a m consci\s /hetic pleasure 9 see+ h[ well a "y man has /udi$ ! actions ( a "y girl 9 ord] to pres5t a ,rosal9d1 or h[ p]fectly ,mei ,lan-fang c copy ! da9ty dress1 actions1 & walk ( a ,*9ese lady4 ,my exp]i5ce has be5 t ?is is mu* m pleasant ?an to see r\nd-*eek$ girls essay ! rles ( fe>ful g5]als or cruel husb&s 9 ! woman's !at] 9 ,pek+4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t z a result ( ! fact t boy actors play$ ! wom5's p>ts 9 ! ,elizabe?an !at] we f9d ,%akespe>e's h]o9es v frequ5tly masqu]ad+ z pages4 ,julia1 ,portia1 ,n]issa1 ,jessica1 ,viola1 ,rosal9d1 & ,imog5 all appe> z h&some y\?s4 ,an analog\s result 9 ! ,*9ese !at] ( to-day is t ! h]o9es appe> 9 an endless numb] ( cases z w>riors4 ,! ,*9ese h n only _! ,mu ,lan 7:o goes to w> 9 h] fa!r's place because ! latt] is old & feeble71 b v _m o!r h]o9es :o inv>iably defeat m5 9 battle4 ,*9ese hi/ory or leg5d does n acc\nt = ?is1 b x is due to ! fact t ! actors :o portray wom5 seek opportunities to display _! skill 9 fight+4 ,?is fight+ is a highly conv5tionaliz$ art1 a comb9ation ( danc+ & acrobatics p]=m$ to a deaf5+ & excit+ music1 :i*1 9 reg>d to its place on ! program1 c be/ be comp>$ to our ballet4 ,mo/ =eign]s 9 ,pek+ are kept away f ! !at] by ! fe>ful noise made 9 ^! 8fight+ plays01 z !y are call$1 b if ^! same p c\ld att5d an ,elizabe?an !at] !y w\ld possibly f9d t ! great delight ( ! audi5ces 0 ! 8noise0 7music71 ! clatt] & scuffle ( ! battles1 ! drums1 ! squibs1 & ! cannon4#dj ,!re are 9 ,pek+ ?ree companies ( boy actors1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* has ab\t ?ree hundr$ 9 its !at]4 ,^! are tra9+ s*ools = actors 9 :i* ! boys ( eight to sixte5 or eighte5 ye>s are giv5 v ardu\s c\rses 9 s++1 acrobatics1 /age fight+1 & all ! o!r arts t an actor requires4 ,! competition ( ^! 8little eyases0 9 ,pek+ might well ar\se ! ire ( "s ( ! regul> actors1 z x did ,%akespe>e's 78,hamlet01 ,,ii1 #b1 #cfb71 = 9 ,*9a ! life ( ! common actor is a h>d "o1 mo/ ( !m ek+ out a meag] liv+ at ab\t tw5ty c5ts a day4 ,! position ( ! actor 9 society is v l[ 9 ,pek+1 j z x 0 9 ,london4 ,a ,*9ese morali/ might well apply to !m ! words writt5 9 #agei3da 8,play]s are ma/]s ( vice1 tea*]s ( wantonnesse1 spurres to impuritie1 ! ,sonnes ( idl5esse1 s longe z !y live 9 ?is ord]1 loa! !m40 ,"u ! =m] dyna/y ! actors & _! sons1 toge!r ) ! sons ( pro/itutes1 jail]s1 & lictors1 7 n eligible = tak+ ! exam9ations4 ,ev5 n[ !y usually int]m>ry only among _! own numb]1 & !y suff] also f v>i\s o!r discrim9ations4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 catamites1 until ! ,republic aboli%$ ?is =m]ly legaliz$ in/itution4 ,mei ,lan-fang1 an actor :o has ris5 to high p]fection 9 8 art1 z well z to great weal?1 an arti/ :o may t\r ,am]ica 9 ! ne> future1 w\ld h ample reason 9 ! pres5t organization ( ,*9ese society to reproa* ,=tune 9 ,%akespe>e's words3 ,t did n bett] = my life provide1 ,?an public means :i* public mann]s bre$s1 ,!nce comes x t my "n receives a br&1 ,& almo/ !nce my nature is subdu$ ,to :at x works 91 l ! dy]'s h&3 ,pity me !n & wi% ,i 7 r5ew$4 ,peoples are alike & diff] also 9 :at !y consid] to be humor\s4 ,x has be5 said t ! fir/ com$y 0 ! torture ( a captive by 8 enemies4 ,?is sort ( p]=mance w\ld n[adays ( c\rse be impossible2 yet 9 mo/ ( our com$ies we enjoy he>tily ! discomfiture ( victims ( circum/ances4 ,we h n yet become too ref9$ to enjoy ! difficulties ( a man ^: s5ses are b5umb$ by alcohol1 ( a bald man1 a lame man1 yes1 ev5 a deaf man4 ,! condition ( a bl9d man1 h[ev]1 /rikes u z too tragic to figure 9 a com$y1 & no mod]n com$ian c\ld draw a laugh f 8 audi5ce by fool+ a tott]+ old man b]eft ( 8 sight4 ,yet e "o :o has se5 8,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice0 act$ recalls v well :at ,launcelot ,gobbo does to 8 bl9d old fa!r1 & ,i h se5 9 ,*9ese !at]s h[ a bl9d old begg> deceiv$ by a cl[n af=ds huge amusem5t to ! audi5ce4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 ,*9ese & ,elizabe?an audi5ces are alike also 9 t !y use _! imag9ations mu* m vividly ?an we d4 ,= !m a drap$ scre5 repres5ts a city wall1 & ! b>e /age any c\ntry1 a %ip1 a m\nta91 any h\se1 a /reet1 or :atev] is ne$$ 9 ! p>ticul> sc5e act$4 ,w>riors on horseback 9 ! ,*9ese !at]s c>ry :ips to let ! audi5ce "k t !y are m\nt$ on *>g]s1 :ile ,macbe? & ,banquo rode on ! /age on hobbyhorses--& 7 tak5 s]i\sly4 ,i recall a p]=mance 9 ! ,*9ese ,city 9 :i* !re sudd5ly came runn+ on ! /age on all f\rs a man 9 a tig] sk91 & ,i laugh$ because ( droll recollections ( ,%aw's 8,&rocles & ! ,lion40 ,b no "o else laugh$2 to ! ,*9ese pres5t x 0 a tig]1 j z real a tig] z ! actors on ! /age 7 = ! mom5t real k+s & que5s1 soldi]s & s]vants4 ,( ?is p>ticul> illusion m anon4 ,because !re are _m simil>ities 9 ! !at]s1 /ages1 actors1 conv5tions1 audi5ces1 & ! psy*ology ( ! spectator ( ,%akespe>e's day & ( pres5t-day ,pek+1 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld be ! la/ to say t because a ?+ is s 9 local !at]s1 x mu/ h be5 id5tical 9 ,london ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,yet x seems t s9ce human nature is v mu* ! same ev]y:]e1 x w\ld be saf]1 if "o wi%$ to haz>d conjectures z to :at 0 true 9 ! pa/1 to take a liv+ example ( ! !at] on ! same level ( culture1 ?an to look back at ! ,elizabe?an /age 9 ! light ( :at has be5 accompli%$ s9ce1 & :at happ5s to be ! fad at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is is ! day ( /age light+ & color effects1 ( ,gordon ,craig1 ,max ,re9h>dt1 & ,bak/1 b we %\ld h>dly ?9k t ^! problems tr\bl$ ,burbage1 :o _h nei!r electric light nor sc5]y1 & :o p]=m$ 8 plays on an uncurta9$ /age by daylight4 ,yet ,pr(essor ,h4 ,t4 ,/eph5son ( ,indiana ,univ]sity1 = fifte5 ye>s a lectur] on ,%akespe>e1 au?or ( 8,%akespe>e's ,london01 & 8,! ,elizabe?an ,p01 by pr(ession a speciali/ 9 recon/ruct+ ! times ( 8,m]rie ,engl&01 discusses s]i\sly 9 8 v /imulat+ 8,/udy ( ,%akespe>e0 7page #dj7 ! plight ( ! /age manag] ( ,%akepe>ean days1 :o c\ld nev] tell be=eh& h[ ! gaily dress$ "y nobles sitt+ on ! /age w\ld fit into 8 color s*eme6 ,he also believes t *anges 9 ! /age sett+ c\ld n h be5 made 9 full sight ( ! audi5ce1 because 8?is w\ld h upset entirely ! unity if n ! gravity ( ! piece40 ,9 ,pek+ "o c see v rem>kable ?+s on ! /age t fail to upset ! gravity ( any pres5t except ! ,we/]n]s1 :o are us$ to diff]5t conv5tions 9 ! !at]4 ,pr(essor ,/eph5son1 ) ! results ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( /age exp]i5ce at 8 h&1 believes t ! ,elizabe?ans mu/ h be5 fools if !y c\ld n h ?\ght ( ! same useful devices = ! !at] t he kn[s (4 ,to quote 7page #dg73 8,to my m9d ! situation sugge/$ by ^! facts r$uces itself almo/ to a ma!matical problem2 if "o ( u c easily inv5t su* a /ag+ = an ,elizabe?an sc5e1 z any +5i\s p]son c\ld con/ruct out ( :at we "k !y _h 9 ^? days1 is x unfair to assume t ! +5i\s ,elizabe?ans did z well if n bett]8 ,m likely bett]4 ,!y 7 m us$ ?an we are to mak+ a little g a great way40 ,he ev5 goes on to expla9 h[ "o c\ld put up a curta91 simply by ! use ( canvas1 wire1 a few r+s1 & pre/o1 ! ?+ is done4 ,a play )\t ! commonplace sc5ic devices ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is un?9kable to him4 ,ano!r !ori/ is ,mr4 ,corb91 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,decemb]1 #aiaa4 ,he proves to 8 own satisfaction t ,burbage & 8 colleagues _h means = d>k5+ ! /age4#db ,x seems ?is au?or /ag$ 8,! ,w9t]'s ,tale0 9 ,new ,york a few ye>s ago4 ,9 ?is play a be> has to appe> on ! /age1 & ?is "p 0 act$ by a man on all f\rs4 ,at fir/ ! sc5e 0 play$ on a light$ /age1 & all ! ,new ,york]s pres5t laugh$ at ! sight ( ! actor 9 a be>sk94 ,!n !y hit ^u ! device ( d>k5+ ! /age1 & hav+ ! actor-be> run quickly across4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 no "o's risibilities 7 affect$4 ,?is =ms "o ( ,mr4 ,corb9's *ief argum5ts = 8 assumption t ! ,elizabe?an /age 0 d>k5$2 namely1 t x w\ld h (f5d$ ! good ta/e ( ! audi5ce to see 9 broad daylight 9 a s]i\s sc5e1 an actor imp]sonat+ a be>4 ,if human nature c endure ?is conv5tion 9 ,pek+1 ) ! above-m5tion$ tig]1 :y %\ld we assume t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago p felt z we d n[1 & base on ?is ! novel !ory t /ages 7 d>k5$ 9 ^? days8 ,a l>ge measure ( ! success atta9$ by 8,! ,yell[ ,jacket0 0 due to ! fact t ! ,*9ese /age conv5tions employ$ seem$ s funny to u prov9cial ,we/]n]s t !y caus$ a great deal ( happy laught]4 ,b ?is is really q z intellig5t z ! attitude ( ! ru/ic :o s\ght out ,ri*>d ,,iii aft] ! p]=mance & (f]$ to sell him a good horse = less ?an a k+dom4 ,x is v /range t ev5 o!rwise s*ol>ly m51 l1 = example1 ,victor ,albright 9 8,! ,%akespe>ean ,/age01 /ruggle ) all f\rs aga9/ ! possibility t 9 ! !at] ( ! g5tle ,%akespe>e !re might h be5 committ$ su* desecrations z sett+ prop]ties on ! /age 9 full view ( ! audi5ce4 ,he approa*es ! evid5ce ) bl9k]s :5 x seems to contradict 8 !ory4 ,he says 7page #abf73 8,only ! dramati/s _h n yet le>n$ to use explicit /age directions40 ,on page #adc he tells u t ! ,elizabe?ans did n read /age directions lit]ally4 ,!n on page #ajf3 8,"h 9 ! mid/ ( a /reet sc5e is a direction to set ! /age ) a table1 /&1 *airs1 /ools1 etc41--j su* prop]ties z are us$ 9 ! next sc5e1 a c\nt+ room4 ,we _c believe t a manag] w\ld di/urb an important sc5e by sett+ ! /age = a com+ "o40 ,fur!r1 on page #aaj3 8,! plac+ & replac+ ( a regul> sett+ 9 full view ( ! audi5ce nev] 0 a g5]al cu/om4 ,x is contr>y to ! v nature ( ! /age1--an illusive1 make-believe _w40 ,9 my op9ion x is contr>y only to ! v nature ( a prov9cial ,new ,york]4 ,let me add 9 pass+ t ,william ,ar*] holds t 89 ! g5]ality ( cases prop]ties 7 br\ght on 9 full sight ( ! audi5ce1 (t5 9 ! middle ( ! action40#dc ,doctor ,albright1 9 8,! ,%akespe>ean ,/age0 7pages #abb;ff47 condemns ) s>casm 7:i* seems well m]it$7 ! !ory ( ,brodmei]1 :o holds t ! entire /age 9 ,%akespe>e's !at] 0 curta9$ f view4 ,b ,i %\ld l to "q :e!r or n 8 own judgm5ts w\ld h be5 q ! same if he _h kn[n ! ,*9ese /age be=e he wrote 8 e/imable !sis4 ,a ,*9ese actor walks once ar\nd ! /age 9 full view ( ! audi5ce1 & 9 con=mity ) ! rul+ conv5tions he has travel$ miles1 or hundr$s ( miles1 z ! plot requires4 ,doctor ,albright1 argu+ backw>ds f ! ,re/oration /ag+1 comes to ! conclusion t !re 0 9 ! ,elizabe?an !at] a regul> *ang+ f inn] to out] sc5es1 & vice v]sa1 & t ! few pieces ( furniture :i* con/itut$ ! /age sett+ 7 always c>efully %ut (f f ! view ( ! audi5ce4 ,he quotes an example ) 8 comm5t f a play call$ 8,p9n] ( ,wakefield01 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc5es #c-d4 8,j5k9s ent]s a %oemak]'s %op1 & d>es ! own] to meet him at #8! t[ne's end4' ,! *all5ge is accept$1 & aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( /age bus9ess1 dur+ :i* ! curta9s mu/ h be5 clos$ italics m9e1 ,j5k9s says1 #8,n[ we are at ! t[ne's end1 :at say y n[8'0 ,h[ev]1 ,i %\ld add t 9 8 conclud+ p>agraph ,doctor ,albright is by no means dogmatic1 b gives ?is m]ely z 8 !ory1 /at+ t !re is absolutely no way ( prov+ x4 ,) all ! /rik+ simil>ities 9 ! ,%akespe>ean & ! ,*9ese !at] !re are ( c\rse also va/ diff]5ces1 especially 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! two4 ,s f> z ,i "k !re has nev] exi/$ 9 ,*9a a mann] ( /ag+ :i* c\ld 9 any way be comp>$ to ! m$ieval sy/em ( mansions4 ,likewise ! evolution ( ! plat=m /age into ! picture-frame /age ( ! pres5t day makes x seem t ev5 on ! project+ /age ! feel+ = ! ne$ ( ! curta9 = ! sake ( ! illusion increas$ z "t w5t on4 ,i repeat t ,i h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( argu+ f c]ta9 conv5tions on ! ,*9ese /age t !y mu/ h be5 id5tical 9 ,elizabe?an times4 ,my po9t is simply t s*ol>s ought n to ass]t t c]ta9 primitive conv5tions are 8aga9/ ! nature ( ! /age0 or 8contr>y to human nature01 = ?is po9t ( view is bas$ on ! curr5t conv5tions ) :i* ! p>ticul> writ] is acqua9t$4 ,i %\ld l to quote ! conclud+ words ( ,doctor ,albright's !sis1 spok5 out ( ! dep? ( 8 exp]i5ce ( wre/l+ = ye>s ) ! problems we are discuss+4 ,he calls an article by ,william ,ar*] 8"o ( ! mo/ orig9al & enlight5+ articles on ! ,%akespe>ean /age t has yet appe>$40 ,he says fur!r ab\t ?is writ]1 8,z a le>n$ dramatic critic ( to-day1 he approa*es ! ,elizabe?an /age ) t special insight & ability :i* a closet /ud5t _c hope to h4 ,! /age & ! /ag+ h *ang$ s9ce ! days ( ,%akespe>e1 b ! mimic _w is /ill ! mimic _w2 & ! deep] ! s*ol> is gr\nd$ 9 ! /age ( to-day1 ! bett] he is qualifi$ to /udy ! /age ( ye/]day40 ,&1 all[ me to add1 ! k ( a liv+ /age at a simil> p]iod ( culture w likewise add to 8 qualifications to /udy ! !at] ( ! pa/4 ,illu/ration ,,*ronological ,,table ,b4,c4 #bgje-beie ,huang ,ti1 my?ological emp]or4 #bceg-bbjf ,leg5d>y sages to ^: tea*+s ,confucius h>k$ back4 #eea ,bir? ( ,confucius4 #bee-bjf ,*'9 ,%ih ,huang ,ti1 ! emp]or :o burn$ ! books & built ! ,great ,wall4 #bjf ,b4,c4 to #bba ,a4,d4 ,han ,dyna/y--,recov]y ( lit]ature--,introduction ( ,buddhism4 ,a4,d4 #bba-bfe ,! 8,?ree ,k+doms0--,age ( romantic *ivalry4 #fah-ijf ,! ,t'ang ,dyna/y--,emp]or ,m+ ,huang1 traditional f\nd] ( ! !at]1 & 8 consort ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ,*9a's mo/ fam\s beauty4 ,*9a 0 at ?is "t ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,li ,po & o!r great lyric poets4 #ifj-aabg ,! ,sung ,dyna/y--,developm5t ( l&scape pa9t+4 #abhj-acfh ,! ,yuan or ,mongol ,dyna/y--,classical age ( ,*9ese drama4 ,g5ghis ,khan & ,kublai ,khan4 ,m>co ,polo4 #acfh-afdd ,! ,m+ ,dyna/y--,re/oration ( ,*9ese rul]s--,drama 9 ! h&s ( s*ol>s4 #afdd-aiaa ,! ,*'+ or ,man*u ,dyna/y--,emp]ors ,k'ang ,hsi & ,*'i5 ,lung enc\rage arts & lett]s1 includ+ ! !at]4 #aiab- ,! ,republic4 ,illu/ration ,,bibliography ,hi/ory ( ! ,drama "u ! ,sung & ,yuan ,dyna/ies4 ,wang ,kuo-wei4 ,comm]cial ,press4 ,%anghai1 #aiae4 ,n translat$ into any ,european language4 ,?tre ,*9ois1 ou ,*oix de ,pices de ,?tre ,composes s\s les ,emp]eurs ,mongols4 ,baz9 ,a94 ,p>is1 #ahch4 ,f\r ,yuan ,dyna/y plays translat$ by a ,fr5* s9ologue :o 0 = ye>s ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese at ! cole des ,langues ,ori5tales4 ,*9e ,mod]ne1 ou ,description ,hi/orique1 ,gographique1 et ,littraire de ce va/e ,empire1 d'aprs des ,docum5ts ,*9ois4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is volume ,m4 ,baz9 gives num]\s discussions ( ,*9ese plays ) summ>ies ( _! plots4 ,v valuable "w4 ,le ,pi-,pa-,ki1 ou ,l',hi/oire du ,lu?4 ,traduit sur le texte orig9al p> ,m4 ,baz9 ,a94 ,p>is1 #ahda4 ,conta9s also a v good introduction to ?is important ,m+ drama4 ,l',orphel9 de la ,*9e4 ,drame en prose et en v]s1 accompagn des pices hi/oriques qui en ont f\rni le sujet1 de n\velles et de posies *9oises traduit de *9ois p> ,/anislas ,juli54 ,p>is1 #ahcd4 ,a complete translation by ! fam\s ,fr5* s9ologue ( ! ,yuan drama1 ,! ,orphan ( ! ,*ao ,family4 ,voltaire made an abridg$ v]sion by a ,jesuit mission>y ! basis ( 8 ,l',orphel9 de la ,*9e 7#agee71 a /iff & artificial piece1 pres5t+ a ,g5ghis ,khan :o falls 9 love 9 ! mann] ( a ,fr5* c\rti] ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,l',hi/oire du ,c]cle de ,craie4 ,traduit du *9ois p> ,/anislas ,juli54 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,translation ( a ,yuan drama4 ,! ,sorr[s ( ,han4 ,translat$ by ,john ,francis ,davis1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,a ,yuan drama translat$ by a ,briti% s9ologue2 ,! ,=tunate ,union1 a ,*9ese romance1 appe>s 9 ! same volume4 ,le ,*agr9 dans le ,palais de ,han4 ,l\is ,laloy4 ,publi p> la ,socit littraire de ,france4 ,p>is1 #aiba4 ,m4 ,laloy's v]sion ( ?is ,yuan drama attempts to introduce "s mod]n motivation4 ,9 8 preface ! au?or expresses ! fe> t 9 work+ ov] ?is ,*9ese trag$y 8il l'a dfigure en ta*ant de l'embellir01 & p]haps 8 fe>s 7 ju/ifi$4 ,la ,*9e ,familire et ,galante4 ,jules ,arne4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,9 ?is volume by a ,fr5* consul 8qui conti5t des dtails =t curieux et intressants sur les *9ois1 et surt\t sur les *9oises0 are pr9t$ translations ( f\r reali/ic com$ies ( popul> life1 8sorte de vaudeville au gros sel1 o1 en ge/es comme en p>oles1 la lic5se *9oise se donne libre c>rire40 ,ab\t n9ety pages are devot$ to ! !at]4 ,! ,*9ese ,drama4 ,william ,/anton4 ,kelly & ,wal%4 ,hongkong1 #ahii4 ,a ,briti% colonial (ficial has translat$ ?ree plays4 ,! ,will[ ,lute1 ,! ,gold5-leaf$ ,*rysan!mum1 & ,! ,sacrifice = ! ,s\l ( ,ho ,man ,sau4 ,9 an introduction ( eighte5 pages ! au?or discusses ! types & conv5tions ( ! ,*9ese /age z se5 9 ,hongkong & ,canton4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 g5]al ! s\!rn !at] is id5tical ) t ( ,pek+1 b t !re are "s v>iations1 p>ticul>ly 9 cu/oms & c]emonials4 ,cat*+ a ,gold5 ,tortoise4 ,beat+ ! ,gold ,b\gh4 ,two ,*9ese plays translat$ by ,*>les ,budd1 ,tung ,w5 ,kuan ,translation ,(fice1 ,%anghai1 #aiac4 ,%ort & mildly int]e/+ plays1 translat$ p>tly = ! purpose ( aid+ ,*9ese :o wi% to le>n ,engli%4 ,*9esis*e ,s*att5spiele4 b]setzt von ,wilhelm ,grube1 h]ausgegeb5 und e+eleitet von ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,v]lag d] knigli* bay]is*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,mn*51 #aiae4 ,a huge volume conta9+ 9 translation ! entire rep]toire ( a company ( %ad[ play]s :i* ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,curator ( ! ,field ,museum1 _h b\ght 9 ,pek+ 9 #aija & :i* 7 translat$ by ! fam\s ,g]man s9ologue4 ,?\gh ^! plays are n pres5t$ on ! /age1 b recit$ by %ad[ play]s to accompany ! movem5ts ( _! puppets t ca/ %ad[s on a scre51 yet ! plots are ! same z ^? ( ! !at]4 ,! book ?us s]ves z a wond]ful s\rce = "s "o wi%+ to famili>ize himself ) ,*9ese plays4 ,b]?old ,lauf] has prefac$ ! book ) a meaty introduction4 ,pek+] ,volksleb54 ,wilhelm ,grube4 ,b]l91 #aija4 ,sociological /udies on popul> cu/oms & usages 9 ,pek+4 ,a *apt] is devot$ to ! !at] 9 :i* num]\s summ>ies ( mod]n plays are giv54 ,! au?or also deals ) relat$ subjects3 acrobats1 /ory-tell]s1 annual c]emonies ( guilds1 etc4 ,ges*i*te d] *9esis*5 ,litt]atur4 ,wilhelm ,grube4 ,leipzig1 #aiji4 ,sev]al *apt]s are devot$ to ! drama4 ,pr(essor ,grube1 9 8 discussion ( ,yuan & ,m+ plays1 is us+ ,baz9's translations1 b 9 8 evaluation ( mod]n plays he is draw+ on 8 long & intimate exp]i5ce ) ! !at] 9 ,pek+4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,h]b]t ,a4 ,giles4 ,he9emann1 ,london4 ,?is well-kn[n s9ologue devotes two *apt]s to ! drama1 b !y are n up to ! /&>d ( ! re/ ( ?is excell5t "w4 ,pi-,pa-,*i is ! mo/ mod]n drama he discusses4 ,das ,!at] und ,drama d] ,*9es54 ,rudolf von ,gotts*all4 ,breslau1 #ahhg4 ,?is small volume ( #bji pages 0 writt5 by a m9or ,g]man dramati/ )\t fir/-h& k ( ,*9a4 ,! au?or bas$ 8 /udy ^u ,fr5* translations ( old] dramas4 ,yet ! book is n lack+ 9 rem>ks %[+ a ke5 insight into ! ,*9ese "*4 ,la ,littrature ,*9oise ,contempora9e4 ,soong ,tsung ,faung1 ,j\rnal de ,pk94 ,pek+1 #aiai4 ,a volume by a pr(essor ( lit]ature at ! ,national ,univ]sity1 ,pek+1 9 :i* 8 critical articles f ,pek+'s ,fr5* pap] are repr9t$4 ,=ty-sev5 pages are devot$ to ! !at] "u head+s su* z ! foll[+3 8,orig9 ( ! ,drama01 8,evolution ( ! ,mod]n ,*9ese ,!at]01 8,ibs5ism 9 ,*9a01 etc4 ,pr(essor ,soong foll[s to a c]ta9 ext5t ,wang ,kuo-wei's ,hi/ory ( ! ,drama "u ! ,sung & ,m+ ,dyna/ies4 ,8 ?or\gh k ( ! ,european /age enables him to make v /rik+ comp>isons4 ,pek+1 ,a ,social ,survey4 ,sidney ,gamble & ,/ew>t ,j4 ,burgess4 ,doran1 #aiba4 ,! *apt] 8,recreations0 9 ?is int]e/+ & pa9/ak+ survey pres5ts /ati/ics on ! numb] ( !at]s1 _! locations1 prices ( admission1 /atus ( ! actor & actress1 etc4 ,en ,*9e1 ,murs et ,in/itutions1 ,hommes et ,faits4 ,maurice ,c\rant4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,! ,fr5* diplomat devotes "o *apt] to ! !at]4 ,he writes be=e ! ,revolution1 b mo/ ?+s connect$ ) ! !at] h be5 *ang$ v little4 ,he reports "o abuse1 h[ev]1 :i* ! ,revolution 7#aiab7 aboli%$4 ,page #add3 8,la pro/itution fm99e re/e discrte1 c> la femme e/ t\j\rs t5ue l'c>t2 mais la pro/itution mascul9e s'tale au gr& j\r2 il n'e/ gure de prtie de ?tre o l'amphitryon ne runisse ses amis d'abord au re/aurant et ne convie quelques jeunes g>ons de bonne m9e1 ri*em5t habills1 sa*ant caus] et #8r5dre le v9 plus agrable'2 ils plaisant5t et ri5t avec les convives1 les accompagn5t au ?tre et re/5t avec eux jusqu' ce que1 la fte f9ie1 *acun r5tre *ez soi4 ,naturellem5t1 aux simples lettrs on ne dem&e que leur bonne humeur1 et ce sont les ri*es qui pai5t la note2 bi5 de fils de famille se ru95t de cette faon40 ,! ,yell[ ,jacket4 ,a ,*9ese play done 9 ! ,*9ese mann]1 9 ?ree acts1 by ,george ,c4 ,hazelton & ,b5rimo4 ,bobbs-,m]rill1 #aiac4 ,?is play repres5ts a unique example ( ,*9ese influ5ce produc+ a wor?-:ile drama on our /age4 ,w ,irw9 0 k9d en\gh to write to me conc]n+ its orig93 8444 ,i c tell y ! hi/ory ( ! play4 ,h>ry ,b5rimo1 actor & /age-director1 is a native ( ,san ,francisco4 ,he saw mu* ( ! ,*9ese 9 ,cali=nia4 ,8 fa!r 0 a contractor1 employ+ ,*9ese labor & do+ bus9ess ) ,*9ese m]*ants4 ,z a "y actor1 ,b5rimo became int]e/$ 9 ! ,*9ese !at]s ( ,san ,francisco4 ,t 0 ! gold5 age ( ! ,*9ese !at] 9 ,am]ica4 ,! price ( admission made ! ,jackson ,/reet ,company & ! ,wa%+ton ,/reet ,company ri* on ,*9ese /&>ds & !y 7 able to get "s great actors--j z ! money f ! ,metropolitan ,op]a drew ,c>uso f ,italy4 ,ah ,*ic1 lead+ trag$ian ( ! ,jackson ,/reet ,company1 0 z great an actor z ,i ev] saw4444 ,b5rimo sket*$ out a sc5>io made n f any "o ,*9ese play1 b f a doz5--situations or bits ( bus9ess or dialogue :i* he rememb]$ f 8 old days 9 ,san ,francisco !at]s4 ,b5rimo call$ into collaboration ! late ,george ,hazelton1 playwright4 ,on ?is sc5>io !y work$ out ,! ,yell[ ,jacket4444 ,sev]al ,*9ese1 notably "o man--"n =gott5--f ! ,consulate help$ ) ! rehe>sals4 ,delib]ately ! au?ors took c]ta9 lib]ties ) ,*9ese drama & psy*ology 9 ord] to make ! play effective = an ,occid5tal audi5ce4 ,notably1 !y made ! love ( man = woman ! ma9 !me4 ,"o piece ( bus9ess1 ,i rememb]1 caus$ endless dispute4 ,x is :]e ! happy & unit$ lov]s kiss4 ,t w\ld n happ51 ( c\rse1 ) ! ,*9ese4 ,b5rimo und]/ood t p]fectly4 ,b he said t an ,occid5tal audi5ce w\ld expect x4 ,& he _h 8 way4 ,i rememb] t :5ev] ?is piece ( bus9ess occurr$ 9 ! rehe>sals1 ! man f ! ,consulate us$ to giggle4 8,lately ,i 0 talk+ ov] ,! ,yell[ ,jacket ) ,p]cy ,hammond1 dramatic critic4 #8,d y "k :at made x a success8' he said1 #8,! ,prop]ty ,man z play$ by ,%aw4' ,possibly he's "r ab\t t4 ,b ! play s]v$ its arti/ic purpose4 ,x made ,am]ican audi5ces und]/& some?+ ( ?is extraord9>y art4 ,& ,i've no d\bt b t if ,hazelton & ,b5rimo _h /uck close to ! orig9als our audi5ces w\ldn't h und]/ood half s well40 ,s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 mak+ love ! ma9 !me is n un-,*9ese1 b ,! ,prop]ty ,man z play$ on our /ages is4 ,possibly ,cantonese usage diff]s 9 ?is respect1 b 9 ,pek+ prop]ty m5 are always on ! /age1 coolies dress$ 9 %abby blue cotton1 b !y are conspicu\s only to ! ,we/]n] n us$ to ,*9ese conv5tions4 ,!y by no means h ! importance atta*$ to !m 9 ,! ,yell[ ,jacket4 ,comp>e ! *apt]1 8,ext]nal ,aspects40 ,! ,*9ese ,drama4 ,r4 ,f4 ,john/on4 ,kelly ,wal%1 #aiba4 ,a sl5d] volume t came to be writt5 because ! publi%+ firm _h f\r pa9t+s ( ,*9ese actors :i* !y want$ to issue 9 cal5d> =m ) a few words ( comm5t f ! well-kn[n s9ologue4 ,mr4 ,john/on became absorb$ 9 ! subject & wrote s mu* & s int]e/+ly on x t ,kelly ,wal% decid$ to make a book out ( x4 ,! text is mu* bett] ?an ! pictures4 ,le ,?tre ,*9ois4 ,*u ,*ia-*i54 ,p>is1 #aibb4 ,! *ief features ( ?is book are ! excell5t pa9t+s & sket*es made 9 ,pek+ !at]s by ! ,russian arti/1 ,alex&re ,jacovleff4 ,an ,engli% edition has be5 publi%$ by ,putnam4 ,no o!r book c give su* a vivid notion ( ! real appe>ance z well z ! _s ( ! ,*9ese /age z ?is volume ( inspir$ draw+s4 ,m4 ,*u ,*ia-*i51 in/ructor 9 ! cole des ,langues ,ori5tales 9 ,p>is1 writes well1 b too briefly1 on ! conditions & conv5tions ( ! ,*9ese /age4 ,*9esis*e ,lit]atur4 ,edu>d ,erkes4 ,hirt1 ,breslau1 #aibd4 ,a brief1 b up-to-!-m9ute sket* ( ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,?is volume by a ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig ,privatdoz5t is "o ( a s]ies on ! lit]atures ( v>i\s nations4 ,! book came to me too late to include :at x said on ! orig9 ( ! !at] 9 ,*9a 9 ! text1 & !re=e ,i %all quote an int]e/+ p>agraph "h4 7,! au?or speaks ( ! ,pe> ,g>d5 orig9 z a my? & says t ! ,*9ese _h a !at] z e>ly z o!r nations73 8,es hat si* aus d5 bei fe/li*5 ,geleg5heit5 all] ,art1 bei ,krieg und ,jagd1 bei ,opf] und ,gelage1 insz5i]t5 ,tnz5 entwickelt1 9 d55 man vorh] im ,spiel d>/ellte1 0 si* na*h] zutrag5 sollte1 um s auf magis*e ,weise das ,ges*ick gn/ig zu l5k51 und na*h] se9] ,freude mimis*5 ,ausdruck v]lieh4 ,zu dies5 ,tnz5 sang man ,we*selgesnge mit ,r$e und ,geg5r$e1 wie sol*e uns ans*e95d aus mehr]5 ,li$]n des ,s*i-k+ erhalt5 s9d1 s dasz das ,*9a d] ,urzeit au* hi]9 das ,leb5 &]] primitiv] ,vlk] gefhrt hat4 ,aus ,sd*9a s9d uns ,texte sol*] ,dram5 religis5 ,*>akt]s1 wie sie au* ,k'h ,yan im dritt5 ,jahrhund]t vor ,*ri/o be>beitete1 mehrfa* b]lief]t1 und b]eits aus dem ,jahre #ede v4 ,*r4 hab5 wir e9e ,notiz na* d] bei ,tempelfe/51 ganz hnli* wie im alt5 ,hellas1 na* d5 ern/5 ,s*au/ellung5 e9e ,burleske von d5 ,/allkne*t5 aufgefhrt wurde4 ,das zeigt also1 dasz die dramatis*e ,kun/ d] ,tang-,zeit ni*t e95 ,anfang1 sond]n nur e9e spte ,etappe auf e9em lang5 ,wege b$eutet4 ,au* die ,han-,zeit hatte ihre ,s+spiele1 die b]eits mit e9em umfangrei*5 sz5is*5 ,app>at auf gefhrt wurd5 und viellei*t komplizi]t]e ,bhn5e9ri*tung5 voraussetz5 lass51 als sie das heutzutage an ,e9fa*heit uns]] mod]n/5 ,s*aubhne eb5brtige--viellei*t fr sie vorbildli* geword5e8--*9esis*e ,!at] jetzt bietet40 ,pages #eh-ei4 ,alt*9esis*e ,liebeskomdi51 aus dem *9esis*5 ,urtexte ausgewhlt und b]trag5 von ,hans ,rudelsb]g]4 ,kun/v]lag von ,anton ,s*roll ,co4 ,wi51 #aibc4 ,free translations ( five com$ies ( love 7among !m two com$ies discuss$ 9 ?is book on pages #cc & #if74 ,! "w is a spl5did specim5 ( book-mak+ ) five color$ illu/rations by ! ,*9ese arti/ ,hua ,mei-*ai & num]\s woodcuts f ! orig9al ,*9ese editions4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,nor? ,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,?is v int]e/+ j\rnal1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to exam9e ! files1 conta9s only two articles on ! !at]3 ,volume ,,xx1 8,*9ese ,!atricals01 & ,volume ,,xxi1 8,hi/rionic ,notes40 ,nei!r is v important4 ,?is bibliography is by no means exhau/ive4 ,!re are a great _m articles n m5tion$ "h1 b !y are g5]ally n v in/ructive4 ,9 mo/ cases !y are writt5 by travel]s :o note ! obvi\s ?+s ab\t ! ,*9ese !at]4 ,naturally !re is also a great deal ( repetition 9 ^! writ+s4 ,,footnotes #a ,z ,i f9d ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ) a full] und]/&+ ( ,ori5tal life1 pref]s to phrase x4 #b ,comm]cial ,press1 ,%anghai1 #aiae4--;,a small volume ( ab\t #bjj pages4 ,n translat$ into a ,european language4--,! same au?or has issu$ a 8,dramatical ,catalogue01 same publi%]s1 #aiag4 #c ,quot$ by ,de ,groot1 8,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ,*9a01 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #aahg4 #d ,! *ief reason :y !atricals are giv5 at ! village temples to-day is t !y are public build+s ) conv5i5t /ages4 ,n only religi\s b also secul> plays are p]=m$1 sometimes vulg> & immoral ones4 ,on ! :ole ! moral /&>d ( ! ,*9ese /age is v high & mu/ be call$ a good influ5ce = ! l>gely illit]ate population4 ,! wor%ip at ,*9ese temples 9 ! c\rse ( ! religi\s fe/ivals has ! g5]al "* ( a c>nival ) money *ang]s1 boo?s = eat+ & dr9k+1 acrobats1 magicians1 begg>s1 gambl+ devices1 etc4 #e ,see ,sir ,william ,ridgeway1 8,! ,dramas & ,dramatic ,dances ( ,non-,european ,races 9 ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,orig9 ( ,greek ,trag$y10 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiae4 #f ,pr(essor ,port] calls my att5tion to ! fact t ,doctor ,hu ,%ih calls ^! c\rt je/]s 8sophi/s40 ,!y 7 ! ones to make ! %rewde/ obs]vations among all c\rti]s4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! revolution>y elem5t probably acc\nts = ! dea? s5t5ce4 #g ,la ,revue de ,g5ve1 ,janu>y1 #aiba4 #h ,note by ,pr(essor ,port]3 ,mr4 ,wang develops 8 argum5t v well1 us+ evid5ce f ! odd =eign names ( c\ntries1 localities & places4 ,at ! p]iod x is kn[n t !re 0 ext5sive int]c\rse betwe5 ,we/]n c\ntries & ,*9a along ! nor!rn & s\!rn c>avan r\tes4 #i ,page #beg4 #aj ,! difficulty 9 acquir+ a read+ k ( ! classical ,*9ese 7,w5 ,li7 does n consi/ *iefly 9 le>n+ to read five ?\s& or m ideograms--t is only a m9or tr\ble--b 9 ! ret5tion 9 ! memory ( ! texts ( ! classics to :i* con/ant allusion is made 9 a mann] to confuse utt]ly ! un9itiat$4 8,! dragon has gone d[n to ! sea0 means 8! emp]or has di$40 ,or to translate ! idea into ,engli%2 ! ,bible says1 8,! words ( ! wise are z goads0 7,ecclesia/es xii1 ,,ii7 & ,%akespe>e 7,hamlet ,v1 ,i74 8,!re is no anci5t g5tleman b g>d5]s02 !re=e ! read] w\ld h to "k t 8goads0 /&s = ! words ( ! wise & 8anci5t g5tlem50 = g>d5]s4 ,b connoisseurs reg>d ?is classical language z ! greate/ monum5t ( ,*9a1 f> f9] ?an ,sung pott]y or ! ,temple ( ,heav54 ,said a fri5d to me "o day1 pick+ up a copy ( ,om> at ! v]se3 ,o ,?\1 :o man ( bas] e>? did/ make1 ,& did/ ) ,p>adise devise ! snake1 ,= all ! s9 :]e) ! face ( man ,is black5$1 man's =giv5ess give & take4 8,su* is ?is wond]fully ri*1 poetic ,w5 ,li1 :ile 9 ,pai ,hua 7! v]nacul>7 ?is same ?\ght w\ld cov] pages ( dull1 colorless prose40 ,( c\rse1 ! spok5 language is /ill z poor a vehicle = poetic ?\ght z ,italian 0 be=e ,dante1 b its advocates hope = its gr[? & developm5t4 #aa 8,travels ( ,m>co ,polo01 ,ev]yman ,edition1 ,dutton & ,company1 page #ahf4 #ab ,! ,*9ese woman mu/ z a *ild obey h] fa!r1 z a wife h] husb&1 & z a wid[ h] son4 ,! f\r wifely virtues are3 7#a7 to honor & s]ve h] "m-9-law2 7#b7 to respect h] husb&2 7#c7 to live 9 peace ) h] si/]s-9-law2 & 7#d7 to h pity on ! poor4 #ac ,see ,bibliography4 #ad ,! ,*9ese "n = ! in/rum5t is *94 ,*9ese writ]s on music h set d[n sev5 conditions "u :i* "o %\ld n play ! in/rum5t3 :5 "o has j he>d ! news ( a dea?2 :5 "s "o is play+ ! flute 9 ! vic9ity2 :5 "o is oppress$ by bus9ess c>es2 :5 "o has n purifi$ 8 body2 :5 "o is n we>+ ! c]emonial cap & g[n2 :5 "o has n light$ sweet-smell+ inc5se2 & :5 !re is n pres5t a fri5d :o und]/&s music4 ,*ancellor ,tsai ,yuan-pei1 until #aibc ! head ( ! ,national ,univ]sity 9 ,pek+1 0 a believ] 9 tra9+ 9 /hetics1 & consid]$ a prop] appreciation ( ! music ( ! *9 a mo/ desirable elem5t 9 ! m5tal equipm5t ( a cultur$ man4 #ae ,giles1 8,*9ese ,lit]ature01 page #aee4 8,a poet %\ld n dot 8 i's4 ,! ,*9ese read] likes to d t = himself1 ea* accord+ to 8 own fancy4 ,h5ce su* a poem z ! foll[+1 (t5 quot$ z a model 9 its own p>ticul> l9e3 8,a tortoise ,i see on a lotus-fl[] re/+3 ,a bird mid ! re$s & ! ru%es is ne/+2 ,a light skiff propell$ by "s boatman's fair daught]1 ,^: song dies away o'er ! fa/-fl[+ wat]40 #af ,a mo/ readable biography 9 ,engli% has j be5 publi%$ by ! ,comm]cial ,press1 ,%anghai3 8,yang ,kuei-fei01 by ,mrs4 ,wu ,li5-teh4--,9 ! ,m]cure de ,france1 beg9n+ ,augu/1 #aibb1 !re appe>$ a fasc9at+ s]ies ( articles3 8,la ,passion de ,yang ,kuei-fei01 by ,s\lie1 translations ( songs by bl9d ,*9ese s+]s wov5 into ! /ory ( ! greate/ ,*9ese tale ( love4 #ag 8,! ,jade ,*aplet1 ,a ,collection ( ,songs1 ,ballads1 etc41 f ! ,*9ese40 ,trbn] & ,company1 ,london1 #ahgd4 #ah ,! ,*9ese actually say t ! birds imitat$ h] voice 9 _! notes4 #ai ,"o ( ! _m compla9ts aga9/ ,yang ,kuei-fei 0 h] fancy = fre% ,li-*ihs4 ,%e 0 s fond ( ^!1 t %e _h !m1 :5 9 season1 br\ght f ! ,s\? to ,*'ang ,an daily1 a di/ance ( ?ree ?\s& li4 ,?is app>5tly simple fancy 0 ! cause ( imm5se suff]+1 di/ress1 & inju/ice2 ! mess5g]s c>ry+ ! luxury1 presum+ on ! protection ( _! mi/ress1 committ$ all mann] ( depr$ation & viol5ce4 #bj ,yang ,kuei-fei _h intrigu$ ) a noble nam$ ,an ,lu-%an1 :o aft]w>ds rais$ ! /&>d ( rebellion1 x is said1 ) ! hope ( obta9+ possession ( h]4 ,be t z x may1 ! ,emp]or assembl$ a l>ge army1 & accompani$ by ,yang ,kuei-fei1 w5t to meet him4 ,on arriv+ at a place call$ ,ma-kuei 9 ,sze-*u51 ! ,emp]or's troops mut9i$1 decl>+ t ,yang ,kuei-fei 0 ! cause ( ! rebellion1 & dem&+ h] life1 o!rwise !y w\ld n fight4 ,! ,emp]or1 hav+ no alt]native1 0 =c$ to comply4 ,"s say he ord]$ h] to be /rangl$1 & t ?is 0 done by ! soldi]s2 o!rs aga91 t %e /rangl$ h]self--! latt] appe>s ! correct v]sion4 #ba ,= simil> practices among ! ,romans1 see ,sumn]1 8,folkways01 page #dde4 #bb ,see also pages #ia & #ib4 #bc ,see ,bibliography1 book by ,arne1 = examples4 #bd ,see outl9e1 page #aje4 #be ,ab\t a ye> aft] ! e>?quake ,tokio's ,imp]ial ,!at] 0 reop5$1 & ! ,japanese honor$ ,mei ,lan-fang by engag+ him = ?is occasion4 #bf ,?is popul> figure1 call$ also 8big /oma*0 or 8clo? sack0 ,buddha1 is laugh+ 9 anticipation ( ! happ9ess to come4 ,8 image is f\nd 9 practically all ,buddhi/ temples & frequ5tly among ! bibelots collect$ by =eign]s4 ,9 reg>d to ! ta/e ( collectors1 ,b>on de ,/al-,hol/e91 a ,russian s*ol> v]s$ 9 ,buddhi/ lore1 rem>k$ to me "o day1 8,! uglie/ ( all ^! figures is ! "o mo/ s\ght aft] by ,we/]n]s40 #bg ,see page #hc;ff4 #bh ,see ,haigh1 8,! ,tragic ,drama ( ! ,greeks01 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press2 ,murray1 8,anci5t ,greek ,lit]ature01 ,appleton1 etc4--,s f> z ,i "k no s*ol> has sugge/$ t ! goat did ! s++ ( ! 8goat songs40 #bi ,see 8,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/01 vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #ib-aca4 #cj ,?is has n[ come to an end4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aibd1 ! depos$ emp]or 0 driv5 out ( 8 palace by ! 8,*ri/ian0 ,g5]al ,f5g ,yu-hsiang4 #ca ,?orndyke1 8,%akespe>e's ,!at]01 ,macmillan ,company1 page #aci4 #cb ,ib41 page #hg4 #cc ,page #gf4 #cd ,op4 cit41 page #cid4 #ce ,see ,ta9e's description1 ,book ,,ii1 *apt] ,,ii1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature40 #cf ,page #bfa4--;,accord+ to my fri5d ,f]d9& ,less+1 a ,g]man s9ologi/1 ,giles has "h made a mi/ake4 ,9 ,less+'s words1 ,*9ese plays conta9 8fau/dicke ,zot540 #cg 8,%akespe>e's ,engl&10 ,,ii1 #cjh;ff4 #ch ,quot$ f 8,%akespe>e's ,engl&01 ,,ii1 #bdf4 ,see also ,?orndyke's 8,%akespe>e's ,!at]01 page #cgb4 #ci ,goe!1 8,frau5roll5 auf dem rmis*5 ,!at] von ,mnn]n gespielt40 #dj 8,%akespe>e's ,engl&01 page #beb;ff4 #da 8,%akespe>e's ,engl&01 ,,ii1 #bda4 #db ,?orndyke1 page #ach1 ref]s to ?is article1 b takes no /ock 9 ,mr4 ,corb9's argum5ts4 ,he says t d>kness 0 symboliz$ by light$ c&les1 etc41 :i* is precisely ! ?+ done on ! ,*9ese /age4 #dc 8,%akespe>e's ,engl&01 ,,ii1 #cja4 ,illu/ration ,,index ,! names ( ,*9ese dramas are pr9t$ 9 italics ,albright1 ,victor1 #bja1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah ,amateurs1 #aji ,ar*]1 ,william1 #bag1 #bai ,autumn 9 ! ,h\se ( ,han4 ,see ,,sorr[s ,,( ,,han ,bak/1 ,leon1 #bad ,baz91 ,a4 ,p4 ,l41 #d ,beat+ ! ,he>tless ,husb&1 #ij ,beat+ ! ,nephew & ,wor%ip+ at ! ,grave1 #hg ,blood-,/a9$ ,fan1 ,!1 #gj ,brodmei]1 ,pr(essor1 #bag ,bury+ ! ,fl[]s1 #hj1 #agi ,but*]+ ! ,pig1 #afh ,*alk ,circle1 ,!1 #cb ,*'ang ,an1 #c1 #ae1 #dh1 #ej1 #gd ,*ang ,*i51 ,mr41 #aac ,*'ang-,o's ,flight to ! ,moon1 #ajd ff41 #aei ,*'ang-,o ,p9 ,yeh4 ,see ,,*',,ang-,o',s ,,flight ,,to ,,! ,,moon ,*'ang ,%an ,ti54 ,see ,,palace ,,( ,,et]nal ,,life ,*ang ,yao-%ang1 actor1 #ae ,*ang ,ziang-l+1 #adb ,*ao ,*ia ,ku-er4 ,see ,,orphan ,,( ,,! ,,*ao ,,family ,*ao ,mei ,hsiang4 ,see ,,intrigues ,,( ,a ,,lady',s ,,maid ,*ao ,tsung1 ,emp]or1 #ae ,"* ,types1 #be1 #aab1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #age ,*5 ,kwang ,!at]1 #aha ,*'i ,san ,hui4 ,see ,,?ree ,,/range ,,meet+s ,*'i5 ,lung1 ,emp]or1 #fi ,*'+ ,%ang ,lao ,%eh4 ,see ,,slave ,,girl ,,plays ,,tricks ,,on ,,! ,,old ,,s*oolma/] ,*'+ ,%ih ,%an1 #aid ,*u ,fang ,tsao4 ,see ,,but*]+ ,,! ,,pig ,*u ,%a ,*4 ,see ,,c9nab> ,,spot1 ,a ,*u ,su-yn1 actor1 #hc1 #hf ,* ,t'eng ,kuan ,hua4 ,see ,,trial ,,( ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,view+ ,,! ,,ance/ral ,,portraits ,*u ,yuan-*ang4 ,see ,,hung ,,wu ,*'un ,y9 ,hui4 ,see ,,meet+ ,,( ,,_m ,,h]oes ,c9nab> ,spot1 ,a1 #hh ,civil ,plays1 #aj1 #adf ,classical ,language4 ,see ,,w5 ,,li ,cl[ns1 #bc1 #be1 #aec1 #bjg4 ,cf4 ,,c\rt ,,fools ,comm$ia dell' ,arte1 #af ,confucius1 #aj1 #ag1 #be1 #bh1 #di ,corb91 ,john1 #bae ,coryat1 ,?omas1 #bjh ,c\rt ,fool1 ,yu ,m5g1 #ab ,yu ,sze1 #ab ,c\rt ,fools1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #af4 ,cf4 ,,cl[ns ,craig1 ,gordon1 #bad ,cross+ ! ,milky ,way1 #aei1 #aid ,dances1 ,dramatic1 #f ,dottore4 ,see ,,comm$ia ,,dell' ,,arte ,dream ( ! ,r$ ,*amb]1 ,!1 #hj1 #ic1 #ahh ,drunk>d1 #ac ,duke ,lan ,lu1 #ac ,dw>fs1 #aa1 #ac4 ,cf4 ,,c\rt ,,fools ,elizabe?an ,!at]1 #be1 #acc1 #aid ff4 ,empress ,d[ag]1 #ahh ,fan ,kuai1 #ae ,f5g ,yu-hsiang1 ,g5]al1 #aie ,fools1 ,c\rt4 ,see ,,c\rt ,,fools ,gamble1 ,sidney1 #acc1 #add ,giles1 ,h]b]t1 #ah1 #ei1 #hj1 #ahj1 #bjg ,goodri*1 ,mrs41 #ajd ,greate/ ,ev5t 9 ,life1 ,!1 #aai ff4 ,greek ,!at]1 #aj1 #aib ff4 ,grube1 ,wilhelm1 #hj ,han ,hsi-*'ang1 actor1 #adj ,han ,kung ,tsu4 ,see ,,sorr[s ,,( ,,han ,han ,l9 ,academy1 #d1 #dc ,h>lequ94 ,see ,,comm$ia ,,dell' ,,arte ,ho ,lan-*i4 ,see ,,*alk ,,circle1 ,,! ,ho ,lang ,tan4 ,see ,,s++ ,,girl1 ,,! ,ho ,yi1 ,emp]or1 #aje ,hsi ,hsiang ,*i4 ,see ,,we/]n ,,*amb]1 ,,! ,hsi51 #g1 #aa ,hs ,mu ,ma ,tsao4 ,see ,,hs',s ,,"m ,,curses ,,tsao ,,tsao ,hs's ,"m ,curses ,tsao ,tsao1 #ha ,hu ,%ih1 #aa1 #ba1 #bb1 #gd1 #gh1 #aag1 #aih ,hung ,l\ ,m5g4 ,see ,,dream ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,*amb]1 ,,! ,hung ,s51 au?or1 #gj ,hung ,wu1 ,emp]or1 #dc ,intrigue ( a ,lady's ,maid1 #bf ,i-,y91 #g ,jade ,palace1 #c ,j5 ,tsung1 ,emp]or1 #dc ,je/]s4 ,see ,,c\rt ,,fools ,jung ,tu-%an1 #aac1 #aae ,k'an ,tsi5 ,wu4 ,see ,,mis]1 ,,! ,k'ang ,hsi1 ,emp]or1 #fi1 #ahb ,kuan ,han-*+1 dramati/1 #bc ,kuan ,y91 #ii ,kublai ,khan1 #ai ,kung ,*uan ,*i4 ,see ,,ruse ,,( ,,! ,,empty ,,city ,kung ,%ang-j51 au?or1 #gj ,lao ,tze1 #bh ,lauf]1 ,b]?old1 #aj1 #aa1 #ii ,less+1 ,f]d9&1 #bjg ,li ,fang-yn1 #acg ,li ,%\-%an1 actor1 #hc ,li ,yuan ,tzu-ti1 #c ,liao ,*ai4 ,see ,,/range ,,/ories ,,f ,a ,,*9ese ,,/udio ,lit]>y ,language4 ,see ,,w5 ,,li ,liu ,m+-ju1 #ace ,liu ,y5 ,m+1 #if ,m>co ,polo1 #bc1 #da ,mask1 ,!1 #ac1 #ad ,meet+ ( ,_m ,h]oes1 ,!1 #hb ,mei ,lan-fang1 ,*apt] ,,viii2 #hj1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aah1 #ach1 #adb1 #adc1 #ade1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aei1 #bjf1 #baa ,m5cius1 #ag1 #bh ,milit>y ,plays1 #aj1 #ac1 #gg1 #gi1 #adf ,m+ ,huang 7,yu5 ,tsung71 ,emp]or1 #c1 #gj1 #ace1 #aha ,mis]1 ,!1 #ce ff4 ,mu ,lan1 #ahe1 #bja1 #bab ,music1 ,types (1 #adb1 #adg1 #aia ff4 ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 #adh ff41 #aib ,new ,mayor1 ,!1 #aae ,new ,_w1 #acb1 #adc ,ngoh ,*ia ,*uan4 ,see ,,ngoh ,,family ,,village ,ngoh ,family ,village1 #hg ,orphan ( ! ,*ao ,family1 ,!1 #cg1 #id ,pai ,hua1 #ba1 #bb ,palace ( ,et]nal ,life1 #d1 #gj ,pang ,ta ,poo ,*+ ,lang4 ,see ,,beat+ ,,! ,,he>tless ,,husb& ,pantalone4 ,see ,,comm$ia ,,dell' ,,arte ,pantomimes1 #f ,pavilion ( ! ,royal ,monum5t1 #ahd ,pe> ,g>d51 #c1 #ah1 #ace ,pi ,pa ,*i4 ,see ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,lute ,p'iao ,yu4 ,see ,,amateurs ,plays1 ,types (1 #adf ff41 #aig ,po ,%e ,*uan4 ,see ,,:ite ,,& ,,black ,,snakes1 ,,! ,port]1 ,lucius1 #aa1 #ad ,preci\s ,hairp91 ,!1 #ic ,re9h>dt1 ,max1 #bad ,ridgeway1 ,pr(essor ,william1 #i1 #aj ,ruse ( ! ,empty ,city1 ,!1 #hj ,ruse ( ! ,nail1 ,!1 #aeg ,san ,kuo ,*i4 ,see ,,?ree ,,k+doms1 ,,! ,san ,yao ,hui4 ,see ,,%ak+ ,,dice ,scap9o4 ,see ,,comm$ia ,,dell' ,,arte ,seasonal ,plays1 #ajd ff41 #aei1 #aid ,see+ ! ,ance/ral ,portraits4 ,see ,,trial ,,( ,,/r5g? ,%ak+ ,dice1 #ih ,%a ,tze ,pao4 ,see ,,slay+ ,,! ,,son ,%ang ,t+ ,*i4 ,see ,,ruse ,,( ,,! ,,nail ,%ih ,hu4 ,see ,,hu ,,%ih ,%ih ,wang-ti1 ,emp]or1 #ab ,%ui ,hu ,*uan4 ,see ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,riv] ,,bank ,s++ ,girl1 ,!1 #bi ,slave ,girl ,plays ,tricks on ! ,old ,s*oolma/]1 ,!1 #ahc ,slay+ ( ! ,son1 #aeh ,smi?1 ,doctor ,ar?ur ,h41 #ff1 #fh ,sn[ 9 ,june4 ,see ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,t\-,e ,soong ,tsung-faung1 au?or1 #ab1 #aag1 #aah ,sophi/s4 ,see ,,c\rt ,,fools ,sorr[ful ,korean1 ,!1 #aad ,sorr[s ( ,han1 #cg ,spr+ ,will[ ,dramatic ,society1 #aab ,ssu ,pao-pi4 ,see ,,drunk>d1 ,,! ,/el ,hol/e91 ,b>on de1 #agi ,/anton1 ,william1 #d1 #aei ,/5t1 ,george ,c>t]1 #ga ,/eph5son1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,t41 #bad1 #bae ,/ory ( a ,lute4 ,see ,,*apt] ,,iii ,/ory ( ! ,riv] ,bank1 #gi ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 #hj ,su5 ,lo ,ngao1 #ab ,suff]+s ( ,t\-,e1 #bc1 #ci1 #adb ,ta ,*ih ,%ang ,w54 ,see ,,beat+ ,,! ,,nephew ,ta ,y9 ,ho4 ,see ,,cross+ ,,! ,,milky ,,way ,tai ,y ,*uan ,hua4 ,see ,,bury+ ,,! ,,fl[]s ,ta9e1 ,h41 #bje ,t'an ,%5-pei1 actor1 #adi1 #ahh ,t'an ,%oo-%an1 actor1 #aej ,t'ao ,hua ,%an4 ,see ,,blood-,,/a9$ ,,fan1 ,,! ,taoism1 #cd ,teh ,h+1 actor1 #aeb ,!at]4 ,see ,,elizabe?an ,,!at]2 ,,greek ,,!at] ,?orndyke1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h41 #aih1 #bjc1 #bjh ,?ree ,k+doms1 ,!1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,?ree ,pulls4 ,see ,,?ree ,,/range ,,meet+s ,?ree ,/range ,meet+s1 #hc1 #ahj ,tig]1 ,!1 #ad ,t'+ ,hua1 critic1 #aed ,t\-,e4 ,see ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,t\-,e ,transmigration ( ,y ,hs91 #cc ,trial ( ,/r5g? & ,view+ ! ,ance/ral ,portraits1 #id1 #ahc ,tsai ,yuan-pei1 #eh ,tung ,lo ,yuan1 #adj ,types ( ,"*4 ,see ,,"* ,,types ,types ( ,music4 ,see ,,music1 ,,types ,,( ,types ( ,plays4 ,see ,,plays1 ,,types ,,( ,v]nacul>4 ,see ,,pai ,,hua ,wang ,kuo-wei1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bc ,w5 ,li1 #bj1 #ba ,we/]n ,*amb]1 ,!1 #bd ,:ite & ,black ,snakes1 ,!1 #ajj ,wu1 #g1 #aa ,wu ,li5-teh1 ,mrs41 #ga ,wu ,wang1 ,empress1 #g ,yang ,kuei-fei1 #d1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb ff41 #aei1 #aha ff4 ,yang ,kuei-fei on a ,spree1 #aeg1 #aha ,yang ,kuei-fei ,tsui ,*\4 ,see ,,yang ,,kuei-,,fei ,,on ,a ,,spree ,yang ,%iao-lo1 actor1 #ach1 #aea1 #aee ,yell[ ,jacket1 ,!1 #agj1 #bjj1 #baf ,yi ,tsai ,hua1 #aaa ,yo ,fei1 #ia1 #ib1 #acd ,"y ,nun ,seeks ,love1 ,a1 #agh ,y ,*an ,*ih4 ,see ,,preci\s ,,hairp91 ,a ,yu ,m5g1 ,c\rt ,fool1 #ab ,y ,pei ,t'+4 ,see ,,pavilion ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,monum5t ,y ,san-y51 actor1 #aej ,y ,sze1 ,c\rt ,fool1 #ab ,yu5 ,tsung4 ,see ,,m+ ,,huang ,yung ,lo1 ,emp]or1 #dg