,,present ,,status ,,and ,,prospects    
,,of ,,the ,,peace ,,movement4          
,,by ,,baroness ,,bertha ,,von          
,s,,ttner4      ,letters of condolence  
and of cynicism come to my desk in these
 latter  days in increasing number4     
,there is a note of triumph and of      
mockery in  one group3 8,what has become
 of the famous ,peace idea8 ,the ,south 
,african  war1 following immediately    
upon the close of the ,peace ,conference
 at ,the  ,hague1 has not yet reached   
its end1 and already the horizon in     
,eastern  ,asia is lurid with the glare 
of a world-war4 ,are you convinced now  
of  the absurdity of your claims1 ye    
dreamers of peace80 ,through the second 
group runs an undertone of              
commiseration3 8,what suffering must    
have come  to you1 honored madame1 and  
to your friends1 in seeing your         
beautiful  illusion shattered4 ,sad1    
sad2 but thus it is4 ,war is an historic
 law1  and your ideals are              
simply--ideals4 ,you will have to reef  

your sails in  the face of such a storm 
of facts40    ,it is true that a feebly 
manned boat cannot battle against storm 
and  surf4 ,but the simile ill fits the 
effort to establish peace4 ,that is no  
boat2 it is a rock4 ,the waves may top  
it with their wrathful spume1 but       
naught can affect its granite           
permanence4    ,let me set aside        
metaphor and reply to my correspondents4
 ,let me  endeavor to show them the     
point of view from which the advocates  
of  peace regard the present condition  
of the world1 and the nature of the     
duties and prospects1 the hopes and     
self-denials to be descried  therefrom4 
,in the first place1 we admit candidly  
that we have been mistaken2 not1        
however1 in the principles we have      
enunciated1 but in our estimate of      
present culture4 ,we had regarded public
 conscience as being permeated by  a    
longing for international right and by  
an abhorrence of despotism to a  greater
 degree than the facts of the case      

warrant4    ,the warlike events that    
surge about us and threaten us furnish  
no proof  against the principles of the 
peace movement4 ,they merely prove that 
these principles have not yet entered   
fully into the conscience of  nations   
and of their leaders2 that the movement 
is not yet sufficiently  advanced in its
 spread1 its organization1 its methods  
of action1 to  verify the hopes fostered
 by the conference at ,the ,hague for an
 early  eradication of old1             
deeply-rooted institutions of brute     
force4 ,in other  words1 we have been   
mistaken1 not in the fundamental        
statements we have  made1 but in the    
conception that they were more widely   
accepted than  they have proved to be4  
,these truths remain3 7#a47 ,culture is 
synonymous with the repression of  brute
 force2 7#b47 ,nations are oppressed by 
their brazen breast-plate1  and1 if its 
weight increases1 they will be crushed  
by it2 7#c47 ,right  relations are as   
possible between nations as they have   

gradually been  proven to be between    
individuals1 tribes1 boroughs1 cities   
and  provinces2 7#d47 ,the abolition of 
war as a legal institution of human     
society1 when such abolition is made a  
matter of principle1 will result  in    
undreamed-of increase of material wealth
 and moral elevation4 ,all  these       
truths1 and many theories begotten of   
them1 have not lost an iota  of their   
logical content and of their blessed    
potentiality from the fact  that foolish
 humanity1 through its most powerful    
agents1 government1  church and press1  
still emphasizes dogmas opposed to them4
    ,the advocates of peace maintain    
their principles4 ,not only so2 they do 
not rest from their labors2 they will   
not allow the results thus far  obtained
 to slip from their grasp4 ,the         
institutions created at ,the  ,hague1   
despite the resistance of bellicose     
,powers1 are faithfully  guarded by     
those who helped to create them4 ,the   
,interparliamentary  ,union1 now in     

session at ,paris1 has assumed the task 
of popularizing1  developing and        
executing the ,articles of ,the ,hague4 
,their co-operators  in ,england        
continue to protest against the ,south  
,african war and the  subjugation of the
 ,boers1 in spite of the supercilious   
jingoism of  government and of the      
hypnosis of the masses4 ,the ,social    
,democrats1 the  ,ethicists--men of     
independent tendencies1 all of          
them--lift up warning  voices against   
the fever of ,imperialism in general1   
and specifically  against the reckless  
love of adventure which first scents    
loot and then  seeks revenge in         
expeditions against a country with four 
hundred million  peace-loving           
inhabitants4    ,to save1 to save1 to   
avert universal war--that is the purpose
 for which  the enemies of war will     
strive untiringly until the very last   
moment4 ,if  their strength be          
insufficient1 where shall we place the  
blame8 ,the  fault is not theirs4 ,it   

rests with the millions of their        
contemporaries1  who1 though at heart   
they desire the same result1 yet turn   
away in  contempt or apathy from those  
who are laboring for it1 instead of     
aiding  these labors by the weight that 
lies in the consensus of the masses4    
,with those who ignore1 suspect and     
belittle the work of peace--even in     
cases where that work has brought about 
positive results1 where it has  matured 
practical propositions--instead of      
co-operating with sincere  workers in   
their elaborations of these propositions
 and enforcing them  with               
opponents--with those must the fault    
lie4    ,great changes come to pass     
slowly1 but in times like the present1  
when  upheavals are fierce and dangers  
lie near1 it might be hoped that        
swifter advances should be made in the  
conflict between the new and the  old4  
,just as1 immediately before the vote   
was taken on the ,heinze law1 a  group  
of devoted men was formed to oppose that

 measure1 which succeeded  in defeating 
it1 so1 in the face of the present      
conspicuous and  overwhelming           
manifestation of the principle of brute 
force1 the friends  of right might      
resolutely band themselves together1    
and1 with shields  upraised1 declare a  
crusade for the liberation of politics  
from the  thraldom of that immoral      
tradition4    ,possibly the hope that   
such a step could be taken might again  
involve an  over-estimate of our        
contemporaries4 ,what matters it8 ,kant 
said3 8,man  cannot think too highly of 
man10 and it is better to have erred in 
this  direction than1 by lukewarm doubt1
 to have condoned the fault of those    
here criticised4    ,what we see        
happening to-day furnishes proof1       
furnishes wonderfully  objective        
illustrations and experimental          
demonstrations1 not against1  but in    
favor of our doctrines4    ,in the first
 place1 let us consider the war in the  
,transvaal4 ,true1 it  broke out        

immediately after the conference at ,the
 ,hague1 and in despite  of the         
principles of arbitration and of        
mediation there announced1 and          
subscribed to even by ,england herself4 
,yet it was no triumph for the  dogma of
 the necessity of war2 it was rather a  
triumph for the  advocates of war4 ,for 
our opponents1 in giving voice to the   
slogan1  8,the ,south ,african war and  
the ,chinese horrors were the direct    
result of  the conference10             
commit--purposely1 without a doubt--the 
blunder of  confusing sequence in time  
with sequence of cause and effect4 ,it  
is the  familiar1 senseless1 exploded1  
8,post hoc1 ergo propter hoc40    ,seeds
 which lay slumbering in the world's    
soil long before the  conference at ,the
 ,hague sprouted in these two instances4
 ,for all that  the conference itself   
could achieve was not in the nature of a
 harvest1  but merely a sowing of seed4 
,the newly created institutions are not 
yet in operation1 their spirit  has not 

yet become incarnate in the flesh and   
blood of the nations1 of  potentates1 of
 the press4 ,and ,mr4 ,chamberlain was  
able to accomplish his  purpose1 in     
spite of the pleading of ,krger for     
arbitration1 even unto  the last minute4
 ,every intermediation was refused1 and 
none was honestly  and earnestly        
considered4    ,several ,european       
rulers1 who1 as their panegyrists       
maintain1 are  soldiers1 body and soul1 
had no desire to restrain the arm of    
,england2  they wished ,queen ,victoria 
success and noted the progress of the   
war  with semi-joyous interest4 ,but    
with the people of non-,english         
countries  there was pronounced         
opposition to this war2 there was a     
manifestation  of the very thing whereof
 we dream as a foundation of an alliance
 of  ,european ,states1 namely1 a       
,european conscience4 ,this conscience  
rose in  rebellion against the fact that
 a war of conquest should be waged in   
this our day2 that a great country      

should seek to subjugate small1 free    
republics4 ,from every side came        
protests1 petitions1 actions of various 
sorts1 to move the ,english to call a   
halt in this war4 ,in ,england itself   
the peace party untiringly made         
remonstrances in this direction4 ,the   
deeply rooted sentiment1 8,my country1  
right or wrong10 had to give way  to a  
sense of justice deeper still1 and1 as  
boldly as ,zola and ,picquart  entered  
the lists against the ,general ,staff1  
even so boldly did noted  ,englishmen   
battle against the imperialistic        
ministry of their native  land4 ,ten    
years ago these things would not have   
happened4 ,neither ,europe  nor ,america
 would have opposed this war so         
determinedly2 still less  possibility   
would there have been of so powerful a  
counter-current as  arose in ,england   
itself4 ,all these things are symptoms  
of the new  spirit4    ,but1 in spite of
 the sentiment of the nations1 the      
various governments  have refrained from

 any peace-making intervention2 and in  
,london this  attitude has been regarded
 as the correct one4 ,but it was correct
  according to ancient standards only2  
it was in direct contravention to  the  
new lines officially marked out at ,the 
,hague4    ,the progress of the war in  
the ,transvaal has shown1 forcibly and  
terribly1 what a false relation the     
possible advantages of war bear to  its 
positive disadvantages4 ,fifty thousand 
of her youth1 healthy and  vigorous     
youth1 has ,england lost in the past ten
 months2 sixty-one  million pounds      
sterling of her national wealth have    
been wasted2 the  respect and sympathy  
of the world have been recklessly       
sacrificed2 the  character of the nation
 has been brutalized by the passions    
aroused1 and  freedom1 the pride of the 
,british people1 freedom of speech1 as  
well as  freedom of the individual1 has 
been imperilled1 for even now the       
spectre  of conscription is raising its 
head4 ,the fruits of half a century of  

national education have been destroyed  
in this one attack of war-fever4  ,and  
in place of the great1 submarine        
,channel-tunnel already planned1 the    
fortification of ,dover has been begun4 
,india is devastated by a famine1  and  
the money wasted in ,south ,africa for  
the destruction of human life  might    
have saved the famished ones4    ,and   
the end1 the 8bitter end10 of this      
campaign is not yet4 ,there are no  more
 decisive battles fought nowadays1 even 
where one side has  overwhelming force4 
,there is nothing now save mutual       
extermination of  the troops in the     
field1 devastation of the land in which 
the combat  takes place1 cessation of   
commerce1 danger of further             
complications and  the carrying of      
infectious diseases into other lands4   
,the reports of ,mr4 ,burdett-,coutts in
 the ,house of ,commons in reference  to
 the horrible condition of the sick and 
wounded in ,south ,africa are a         
confirmation of what the advocates of   

peace have constantly voiced1  namely1  
that1 with our present means of         
destruction and our present  methods of 
warfare1 sanitation is an illusion4     
,and then came the news of the          
insurrection of the ,boxers and the     
massacres of the missionaries in ,china4
 ,this1 too1 is the harvest of  seed    
sown in ,europe in these latter years4  
,apart from the fact that  hatred of    
strangers is a barbarism1 concerning    
which we lack the right  to grow        
indignant so long as the story of       
anti-,semitic riots and  expulsion of   
foreigners has a place upon ,european   
annals1 everything was  done by         
,europeans in ,china to arouse a        
righteous hatred of foreigners  there4  
,dogmas and wares have been thrust upon 
the ,chinese2 there has  been           
contemptuous treatment1 appropriation of
 territory1 open  declarations as to the
 partition of ,china1 backed by plans   
for the  building of fleets4 ,and       
running side by side with these things1 

in  constant confirmation of mercenary  
greed and of militarism1 with an        
inherent1 blind tendency to expansion1  
the peaceable1 non-military  ,empire was
 supplied with guns and cannons from our
 own factories and  with instructors    
from our barracks4    ,well1 what       
matters it8 ,no one cares to bother with
 the intricately  interwoven network of 
origins and causes back of it all4 ,here
 were we  faced by facts--a country in  
wild uproar1 the government overthrown  
or in  league with the rebels against   
foreigners1 the legations bombarded1    
,ketteler murdered--such facts require  
action4    ,here the opponents of the   
peace movement seem to be in the right4 
,surely1 it is impossible to quietly    
look on while such things are           
happening2 there is no opportunity for  
arbitration4 ,what is there left  but   
war8 ,is not that in some cases the only
 resource1 the 8ultima  ratio80 ,now1   
are ye convinced1 ye dreamers1 that     
conditions may at any  time arise which 

will force upon men a resort to arms8   
,therefore there  must be no cessation  
of armaments1 no relaxation in the      
cultivation of a  warlike spirit4       
,confess that you are beaten1 that you  
have no answer4    ,nay1 but we do      
answer4 ,as a well-ordered ,state       
maintains a police force  to execute the
 decrees of its judges1 to secure       
robbers and maniacs1 to  overpower mobs 
that throw stones and apply torches1 to 
protect those who  are persecuted by    
violence1 so would an alliance of       
,culture-,states1 such  as we           
contemplate1 require an armed force to  
serve international right  as an        
executive power4 ,power in the service  
of the right differs  essentially from  
the power which pronounces all its      
decisions and  purposes to be right4    
,the individuals of a community are not 
as yet so  virtuous1 so rational1 and so
 reliable as to render unnecessary every
  kind of protection and punishment4 ,it
 is the same with nations4 ,the  nations

 of the earth are not as yet so cultured
 and so peaceable that a  union of      
nations could exist without a tribunal  
or an armed force4    ,what has come to 
pass before our eyes8 ,spontaneously1   
without previous  agreement1 all nations
 decided to hurry their ships and troops
 to the  relief of those whose lives    
were in danger2 to punish the criminals1
 to  restore order in the convulsed     
,empire of ,china2 to re-establish      
organized government there4 ,and since  
such an enterprise can succeed  only    
when it is undertaken unanimously1 there
 was suddenly formed a  8world army10 a 
confraternity of previously antagonistic
 nations1 to  battle side by side in the
 name of civilization against an        
outburst of  barbarism4 ,thus has the   
impulse of events begun the realization 
of that  fundamental requirement urged  
by the advocates of the peace movement  
from the very first--unanimity among the
 ,culture-,states1 a comradeship of     
co-operation1 a setting aside of        

conflicting individual rights in the    
service of a higher solidarity of       
interest4    ,this solidarity of        
interest has now been recognized in the 
face of the  ,chinese danger4 ,we       
recognized it long ago in the face of   
the danger of  militarism4 ,the         
threatened world-war1 the ruin that     
impended1 seemed to  us such an         
abomination of barbarism1 and the       
prevention of that calamity  so         
imperative a duty of civilization1 that 
conflicts of interest and all  little   
bickerings and minor contentions might  
well be set aside4    ,a campaign       
carried on with a common mind and for a 
common purpose1 such  as that undertaken
 in ,china1 would not have been         
prevented if it had  been preceded by a 
cessation of further armaments1 as      
suggested by  ,russia at ,the ,hague1 or
 even by a decided reduction of the     
standing  armies4 ,for--let my readers  
note carefully this fact--the           
8,culture-,army10  the police of        

international civilization1 needs but be
 composed of a  small but representative
 section of the various nations4 ,the   
entire  available force of ,europe1     
,america and ,japan could not be sent to
 ,china  at present1 at any rate4 ,when 
arms are used in the service of right   
only1 the power of such police1 or1     
instead of police--for the word has  an 
unpleasant sound--let us say of such a  
knighthood of culture1 would be         
overwhelming4 ,for crime--within the    
limits of a civilized community this    
holds true as well--is usually committed
 by single individuals or small  bands4 
,it is the same among nations4 ,if      
questions of common morals  arose1 whose
 validity is recognized as of interest  
to all1 every single  disturber of the  
peace1 every single tyrant1 every single
 land-grabber  would be resisted in the 
execution of his purpose and would be   
punished  by all4 ,had all civilized    
nations hastened to the aid of the      
,armenians1#a had they all advised      

,spain to relinquish ,cuba1 or hindered 
,america in its desire to subjugate the 
,philippines2 had they all  insisted    
that ,england must listen to ,krger's   
proposals for arbitration1  the         
cruelties and conflicts of the latest   
slaughters of multitudes could  have    
been avoided4 ,different nations can    
advance with united purpose  against a  
common danger1 and they can do so by    
means of the very  elements that        
otherwise support and foster antagonism1
 namely1 by means  of their armies4     
,twice has this been demonstrated2 once 
not long ago in  ,crete1 and now in     
,china4 ,the ,german ,kaiser could      
command the troops he  sent to ,eastern 
,asia to fight shoulder to shoulder with
 ,frenchmen1  ,russians and ,japanese4  
,and it has been possible to appoint one
 general  for this international army4  
,footnote #a3      ,let it not be       
objected that a 8man's house is his     
castle10 and that    interference with  
internal affairs is excluded with       

nations as it is    with individuals4   
,massacres are not internal affairs4 ,if
 one man    throws down another in my   
neighbor's house and is preparing to    
kill    him1 and the victim's cries     
reach my ears1 it is not a breach of the
    peace if ,i hasten to help him or   
call the police4    ,the possibility    
that all ,culture-,states can enter into
 an alliance1  though contested by our  
opponents1 has been proven in fact4     
,humanity is  forced into solidarity by 
normal evolution along the lines of     
natural  law4 ,what the force of        
circumstances has brought about could   
have been  accomplished by free will and
 design1 and1 so accomplished1 it would 
have been more systematically done1 and 
would have rested upon more  secure     
foundations4    ,and now1 no one has    
faith in the present casual and         
transient coalition1  and many prophesy 
that the ,powers will quarrel over      
,china1 and that the  long-dreaded      
world-conflict will arise in            

consequence4 ,this1 too1 is  used as an 
argument against us4 8,a concert8       
,unanimity8 ,the slightest  disturbance 
unhinges it all4 ,rivalry is aroused4   
,no one ,power is willing  to grant the 
other a privilege or an advantage4 ,when
 the coalition  campaign has reached its
 end1 or even before that1 conflicting  
interests  will assert themselves and   
the ,european war will be upon us40     
,true1 that war will break out1 if there
 be no forum for the settlement  of     
chance contentions1 a forum which1 by   
common agreement1 would adjust  all     
differences4 ,everything goes to prove  
how necessary such a forum is4  ,the sad
 fact that it is not as yet in operation
 surely does not  militate1 in the      
least1 against the possibility or the   
utility of the  establishment of such a 
tribunal4 ,the foundation of it was laid
 at ,the  ,hague4 ,that it is generally 
ignored demonstrates the fact that      
militarism struggles against an         
institution which would undermine war4  

,the question1 8,how in the world do you
 propose to prevent war in the  face of 
the present upheaval in ,china80 has    
been thus answered by ,dr4  ,benjamin   
,f4 ,trueblood1 ,corresponding          
,secretary of the ,american ,peace      
,society3      8,we have been asked how 
we would have settled the present       
trouble in    ,china without war4 ,that 
is as if one were to ask how we would   
prevent    a fire when the flames were  
already bursting from all the windows4  
,the    settlement of the trouble by us 
without war would have required1 first  
of all1 that it be turned over to us for
 settlement1 or that the    powers      
involved in it would agree              
conscientiously to follow1 in their     
efforts at adjustment1 the principles   
and methods which we might    suggest4  
,the utter impossibility of either of   
these contingencies in    the case of   
the trouble with ,china shows the       
thoughtlessness of the    question4     
8,the time to have begun the pacific    

settlement of the difficulty was    many
 years ago4 ,given certain conditions1  
practices and beliefs1 such    as have  
for a long time existed in the relations
 of the other    countries to ,china1   
and war or something like it was        
inevitable4 ,no    advocate of peace has
 ever been simple enough to imagine that
 war can    be avoided when every       
condition leading to good understanding 
and    peace has been neglected or      
trampled under foot40    ,another point 
steadily maintained by the advocates of 
peace and denied  by their adversaries  
has come clearly to light in these      
latter days1  namely1 that wars are     
instigated and brought to their         
culmination by  certain influential men 
without the slightest reference to the  
people1  to parliaments or to the       
choicest spirits of the nations4 ,what  
has been  decided upon by the powers    
that be1 what has been mapped out by    
8,cabinets10 is promulgated as an       
accomplished fact1 approved by the      

chorus of a servile press1 and1 if it   
can be made sensational1 cheered  by an 
enthusiastic mob4 ,how necessary that   
every land should have a  ministry of   
peace1 an official organism representing
 the interests of  peace1 under whose   
protection that portion of public       
opinion which is  averse to war might   
make itself heard4 ,how essential an    
independent1  ethically elevated press1 
conscious of the duty growing out of its
  power1 the duty to guide the people in
 the way of unity1 of  conciliation1 of 
a just consideration of both sides of a 
quarrel--in  short1 in the way of peace1
 the only way worthy of civilization and
  culture4 ,the opposite is true4 ,the  
political press1 in a ponderous         
majority1 is to-day a forge for the     
heating of the irons of war4    ,current
 events reveal the fact that our system 
is not being put in  practice1 but they 
reveal no flaws or contradictions in the
 system  itself1 for it has none4       
,without a flaw or contradiction it     

harmonizes  with the law of evolution4  
,the new age--with its advance in       
technical  inventions 7with especial    
reference to the possibility of the     
slaughter  of masses71 with its ties of 
international solidarity1 its reciprocal
  economic interdependencies1 its       
sublimated ethical requirements--has    
outgrown the system of war1 and outgrows
 it more and more daily4 ,this  truth is
 set forth1 as it were1 in an           
object-lesson in the rush of  action    
upon the stage of the world's theatre4  
,on the other hand1 take  the war in the
 ,transvaal4 ,what economic losses 7to  
say nothing of the  moral loss7 to      
,england and to the rest of the world   
has it involved2 and  the end of the war
 is not yet in sight1 in spite of the   
fact that  ,england outnumbers her      
adversaries ten to one4 ,that war and   
the ,chinese  problem both show that the
 nations are being mechanically driven  
to the  position which the advocates of 
peace have suggested as the only one    

that can be taken as a result of the    
exercise of free will and  rationality1 
namely1 coalition1 surrender of         
secondary specific  interests and       
contentions for the sake of a higher    
common interest1 of  culture and        
humanity1 and the creation of a 8world  
army40    ,the position into which the  
,powers are mechanically forced1 which  
in its  external form seems to adjust   
itself to the demands of the peace idea1
  is not yet permeated by the spirit of 
the idea2 not yet based upon the  firm  
groundwork of institutions of peace4 ,it
 is filled with militarism1  confused   
with military projects and national     
antagonisms4    ,the contrast between   
war and culture is more definitely set  
forth than  could be done in volumes of 
essays and of peace literature in the   
addresses and newspaper articles which  
accompany the sending forth of  the     
8,army of ,humanity40 ,the emphasis     
placed upon the help of ,god1 upon  the 
religion of love and of tenderness1 and 

the synchronous emphasis  placed upon   
revenge and threats of horrors1 have    
never been in so  glaring a contrast4 ,a
 clinging to old ideals of force1       
reference to the  thought that1 a       
thousand years hence1 one member of the 
human family  shall tremble before      
another1 as men did a thousand years ago
 under  the lash of ,attila2 the        
recommendation on the part of various   
journals  of methods of retaliation     
savoring of the wildest of savagery1 the
  slaughter of masses of men1           
desecration of sanctuaries and graves1  
etc41  and all these proposed as a means
 of spreading civilization2 all this    
must needs be recognized by the world at
 large as strident dissonance4    ,and  
what has brought the world to this      
recognition8 ,the principles of  the    
peace movement4 ,denied as they are1    
they have sunk deep into the  conscience
 of the age4 ,the community of interests
 in the world has also  had its share in
 effecting this result4 ,this has       

reached such a degree  that a change    
from conditions of might to conditions  
of right has become  a positive         
necessity1 an essential of life4 ,what  
stands revealed in the  peace movement  
is not the dream of supramundane fancy1 
but a  manifestation of the instinct of 
self-preservation in civilization4      
,,bertha ,,von ,s,,ttner4               
8,,in ,,terra ,,pax40                   
,,by ,g4 ,,leveson ,,gower4             
,war in men's mouths1 peace through the 
spring-clad land2          ,hate in     
men's hearts1 and love in ,god's high   
heaven2          ,yet in the mass       
already works the leaven1          ,and 
in the nations some cry1 8,hold your    
hand1          ,ye ,peoples6 ,turn not  
,earth into a hell60          ,already  
breaks the light when some can see      
,the change to come1 the order new to   
be1          ,and1 seeing evil1 will not
 say1 8',tis well60          ,o6 for    
some high tribunal of the world         
,where arms are stilled and equal law   

bears sway1          ,the strong        
aggressor from his vantage hurled1      
,the wronged upheld in the full light of
 day6          ,then shall the ,earth at
 rest yield glad increase1          ,and
 through all seas and every land be     
,peace6                                 
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,,transcriber',s ,,notes       #a4      
,silently corrected obvious             
typographical errors and variations in  
spelling4   #b4 ,retained archaic1      
non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as
 printed4   #c4 ,enclosed italics font  
in underscores4