,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,,h]d]',s ,,conception ,,( 8,,das ,,volk0 ,a ,,diss]tation ,,submitt$ ,,to ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,! ,,graduate ,,s*ools ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,c&idacy ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,doctor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,g]manics ,,by ,,georgiana ,r4 ,,simpson ,private ,edition1 ,di/ribut$ ,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,libr>ies ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois #aiba ,compos$ & ,pr9t$ ,by ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,fri5d ,,& ,,tea*] ,,fr,,ule9 ,,agnes ,,bur*>d ,,( ,,ro/ock1 ,,g]many ,,note ,i wi% to express my s9c]e ?anks to all my ,pr(essors1 b especially to ,pr(essors ,/>r ,w4 ,cutt+1 ,m>t9 ,s*tze1 & ,francis ,a4 ,wood1 "u :om ! major portion ( my "w 9 ! ,graduate ,s*ool has be5 pursu$4 ,?is p>ticul> /udy1 h[ev]1 is ! outcome ( int]e/ awak5$ by ,pr(essor ,s*tze :ile ,i 0 a memb] ( 8 sem9>s4 ,i owe a special debt ( gratitude to him1 n only = 8 guidance 9 ?is endeavor1 b = ! inspiration & enc\ragem5t :i* has come to me f ! v beg9n+ ( my "w "u him4 ,,georgiana ,r4 ,,simpson ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,semasiology ,,( ,,! ,,^w1 ,volk--,,! ,,idea ,,9 ,,o!r ,,words #a ,,ii4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,volk ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,h]d]',s ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m #d ,,iii4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,volk ,,z ,,ga!r$ ,,f ,,h]d]',s ,,collection ,,( ,volksli$] #ae ,,iv4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,volk ,,9 ,,h]d]',s ,,discussion ,,( 8,,ossian',s ,,p0 ,,& ,,! ,,anci5t ,,hebrews #bb ,v4 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,individuality ,,& ,,p]sonality ,,9 ,,h]d] #ca ,,vi4 ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,h]d]',s ,,conception ,,( ,das ,volk #cf ,,vii4 ,,conclusion #ed ,,bibliography #eh ,,*apt] ,i ,,semasiology ,,( ,,volk--,,! ,,idea ,,9 ,,o!r ,,words ,be=e go+ directly to ! ma9 discussion ( our !me1 a backgr\nd is s\ght 9 a brief semasiological /udy ( ! ^w ,volk4 ,! ^w is widespread 9 ! ,g]manic languages2 ,go?ic1 h[ev]1 (f]s no examples4 ,among ! e>lie/ record$ ,g]manic =ms are ^? 9 ,old ,engli% & 9 ,old ,high ,g]man4 ,old ,engli% folc meant p1 common p1 multitude1 a p1 tribe1 family1 army3 8,he sloh folces ,d5igea fyftyne m50--,be[ulf4 8,folces hyrde0--,be[ulf4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly us$ orig9ally ( a cr[d ( p4 ,skeat's ,etymological ,diction>y sugge/s ! possibility ( its be+ relat$ to bo? flock & full4 ,old ,high ,g]man folc meant p1 body ( w>riors1 s]vants1 cr[d1 mass4 ,! olde/ mean+ "h sugge/s =ces ( w>3 dhazs himilisc folc4 ,! ^w occurs 9 ,old ,frisian z folk2 9 ,old ,saxon1 folc2 & 9 ,old ,norse1 folk2 ) mean+s equival5t to ^? f\nd 9 ,old ,high ,g]man & ,old ,engli%4 ,kluge's ,etymological ,diction>y says t ! mean+ 8division ( an army0 seems to be ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! family gr\p1 f :i* ,li?uanian pulkas1 heap mass1 ,old ,slavonic plk1 ho/ ( w>1 are borr[$ =ms4 ,9 ,middle ,engli% ! ^w took on ! additional mean+ ( an aggregation ( p 9 relation to a sup]ior2 e4g41 ,god1 a k+1 or prie/2 fur!r x began to mean also ! vulg> or l[] classes1 ?is use easily ris+ out ( ! mean+ 8mass0 or 8! _m40 ,su* expressions occur z bebod5 waes ,godes folce1 ,folkes ,mass ,book4 ,9 ,middle ,high ,g]man ! mean+ 0 p1 ho/s ( w>1 army1 s]vants1 subjects1 multitude3 er das ,volk gewan 7,gudrun1 #aafb1 #b74 ,9 ,mod]n ,engli% ! ^w is *iefly colloquial1 be+ sup]s$$ 9 m =mal use by 8p40 ,9 num]\s comb9ations 7foll[+ ,g]man prec$5t7 x has ! s5se ( p]ta9+ to1 curr5t among1 or exi/+ among ! masses ( ! p or ! common p4 ,su* expressions z folk-belief1 folk-cu/om1 folk-lit]ature1 folk-"n1 folk-song1 & folk-spee* are preval5t4 ,mod]n ,high ,g]man has reta9$ ! ^w ) ne>ly all ( its primitive mean+s3 die s*ottis*5 ,vlk] empr5 si* und droh5 abzuzieh52#a ,me9 ,volk zu m9d]n2#b ,0 r5nt das ,volk82#c du weis/1 wir alt5 fahr51 und ihr junges ,volk reitet2#d d5 ,teufel sprt das ,vlk*5 nie4#e ,! l>ge numb] ( comp\nds 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ limit its connotation to ei!r 8! masses0 or 8! common p03 ,volksbu*1 ,volksdi*t]1 ,volksgei/1 ,volkslehr]1 ,volkss*ule1 etc4 ,kluge 9 8 ,etymological ,diction>y says3 8,connection ) ,lat9 vulgus is unc]ta92 = x is que/ionable :e!r ! ,lat9 ^w toge!r ) ! ,g]manic family gr\p w\ld come f an orig9al qelgos1 qolgos40 ,weig&1 ,deuts*es ,wrt]bu* says3 8,! e>li] comp>ison ) ! ,lat91 volgus1 is n possible4 ,r to be comp>$ "h are ! ^w voll & roots relat$ to ! ,greek 40 ,,! ,,idea ,,9 ,,o!r ,,words ,! ideas convey$ by ! fundam5tal mean+s f\nd 9 ! ^w ,volk appe> 9 o!r words & 9 v>i\s languages3 ,,greek --a great numb]1 a ?rong1 a cr[d1 multitude1 especially ( p4 --prop]ly ( numb]1 _m2 oppos$ to 4 --! _m2 t is1 ! great] numb]4 --a mov+ cr[d1 a ?rong1 irregul> cr[d1 9 a political s5se1 ! populace or mob1 oppos$ to 4 --race1 /ock1 family1 :e!r by blood or by nationality3 --a race 9 reg>d to numb]1 1 mank9d4 --a set ( m5 or any liv+ be+s z naturally di/9ct f o!rs2 a race or tribe2 9 a clos] s5se1 a race ( p or a nation4 --a numb] ( p liv+ toge!r1 a company1 a body ( m54 --a b& ( comrades4 --a ho/ ( m54 --a di/rict1 c\ntry1 l&4 ,also ! p ( su* a di/rict1 h5ce 7z 9 e>ly times ! common p 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry :ile ! *iefs held ! city7 ! commons1 common p4 oppos$ to 4 ,,lat9 ,vulgus--p collectively or )\t di/9ction1 ! public or p g5]ally3 ,non e/ consilium 9 vulgo4 ,! multitude1 ! common p1 ! populace4 ,populus--a p1 ! commons 9 contradi/9ction to ! s5ate & knights3 s5atus populusque ,romanus4 ,! inhabitants ( a c\ntry or t[n1 a nation1 a :ole p3 ,populus ,romanus victor dom9usque omnium g5tium4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p1 a cr[d1 ?rong3 populus fratrum4 ,plebs--,! common p1 commonality1 ! ignoble oppos$ to patricii1 patres or s5atus2 :]eas populus comprises bo? classes4 ,:5 ! knights1 equites1 7 rais$ to a sep>ate class1 ! plebs =m$ ! ?ird2 i4e41 ! la/ or l[e/ class2 h5ce1 ! l[] class ( p1 ! populace1 ! mass4 ,,fr5* ,peuple--a multitude ( p ( ! same c\ntry & liv+ "u ! same laws3 ,les peuples ne s\ffr5t que p> les fautes des rois4#f ,peuple--a multitude ( p :o1 al?\gh n occupy+ ! same c\ntry1 h ! same religion or ! same orig93 et je s]ai leur ,dieu1 et eux ils s]ont mon peuple4#g ,peuple--t "p ( a nation consid]$ z oppos$ to ! classes among :om !re is ei!r m ease or m education3 ,il y a le peuple qui e/ oppos aux gr&s4 ,c'e/ la populace et la multitude4#h ,9 ,middle ,engli% ! ^w p 0 already a synonym = folc3 8,a ,blysful lyf1 ,l$d5 ! peoples 9 ! =m] age0 7,*auc]74 ,9 ,mod]n ,engli% ! ^w p has almo/ entirely displac$ ,volk except 9 colloquial or ar*aic spee*4 ,l ,volk 9 its fundam5tal s5se we h3 ,p--a body ( p]sons compos+ a community1 tribe1 race1 or nation4 ,p--p]sons 9 relation to a sup]ior1 or to "s "o to :om !y belong4 ,p--! common p1 ! commonality2 ! mass ( ! community z di/+ui%$ f ! nobility & rul+1 or (ficial1 classes1 etc4 8,a p's voice6 ,we are a p yet0 7,t5nyson74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,conceptions ,,( ,,volk ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,h]d]',s ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,i ,volk is t "p ( a nation :i* is ! gov]n$ class z di/9ct f ^? :o are above !m 9 au?ority & :o /& z ! rul+ class2 i4e41 ! gov]n$ z sep>ate f ! gov]n+4 ,i1 #af3 8,man weiss dass na* d5 ,/aatspln5 ,lykurgs und ,solons1 die als die ,mu/] d] brig5 glnzt51 die ,/imme des ,volks1 e9e ,/imme des ,/aats1 ja be9ahe selb/ ,gott w>40 ,volk "h is ! collective mass ( individuals con/itut+ ! /ate z oppos$ to ! rul+ heads4 ,i1 #af3 8,dies konnte das ,volk beantwort51 ni*t aus ,/aatse9si*t51 sond]n weil j$] ,brg] /reit5 mus/e40 ,h]d] is discuss+ ! p[] :i* ! p h 9 ! simple/ democratic =m ( gov]nm5t to decl>e or to =bid w>4 ,volk is "h ! collection ( citiz5s :i* make up ! /ate z oppos$ to nom9al rul]s4 ,i1 #ahh3 8,cic]o rg]t si*1 dass er dem ,volk zu gefall51 #8pul*]' und #8triumphus' /att #8pulc]' und #8triumpus' ausspre*5 ms/e40 ,9 simil> connotation are su* phrases z3 8fraget das ,volk02 8die niem& als das ,volk geb5 wird02 8worauf das ,volk h9kte1 w5n es ni*t geh5 konnte02 8bloss weil das ,volk sie vor ,drs5 ansahe40 ,i1 #ah3 8,selb/ das ,volk i/ ni*t mehr dasselbe4 ,dort w> dies] ,"n ehrwrdig3 er begriff alle ,brg]1 ,ra? und ,prie/] ausg5omm540 ,! collective mass ( citiz5s :o =m ! /ate 9 contradi/9ction to ! individuals :o 7 nom9al rul]s4 ,i1 #bb3 8,s sieht man1 dass ihre ,s*utzgtt]1 und ihre ,gottesdi5/e1 dass ,orakelspr*e und ,c]emoni5 blos heilig] ,nebel und ,opf]rau* w>51 die ,aug5 des ,volks zu bl5d540 ,h]d] "h m5tions ,cic]o z augur & writ] on religi\s subjects2 ,volk are ! citiz5s1 exclusive ( ^? occupy+ ! (ficial rank su* z t held by ,cic]o1 = example4 ,,xiv1 #cd3 8,s i/ e9 ,unt]s*i$ zwis*5 ,cultur d] ,gelehrt5 und ,cultur des ,volks40 ,h]d] speaks "h conc]n+ ! organization ( ! /ate among anci5t peoples4 ,! ,gelehrt5 7 ! tea*+ & prie/ly class--^? :o 7 9 possession ( c]ta9 secret k4 ,! ,volk1 :ile n hav+ ?is k1 7 nev]!less n )\t culture4 ,we may take ,volk to mean nation or p 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* a mod]n p might be consid]$ z su* & include its cl]gym5 & lawy]s :o _h special pr(essional tra9+4 ,,ii ,quotations 9 :i* ,volk is us$ z synonym\s ) nation4 ,! ideas ( collective p]sonality & ( ,nationalgei/ are prom95t "h4 ,i1 #bc3 8,d] ,*>akt] uns]es ,volks i/ ni*t mehr die drei/e ,wildheit d] ,alt52 sond]n e9e fe9]e und mssig]e ,freiheit2 die ,freiheit des ,gewiss5s40 ,h]d] discusses ! "q ( fre$om 9 ! fa!rl& & uses 8fa!rl&0 z synonym\s ) ,volk2 ,volk is nation4 ,i1 #adg3 8,e9 ,volk das ohne ,poetis*e ,spra*e grosse ,di*t] 444 gehabt htte i/ e9 ,und+40 ,volk is nation4 ,i1 #bfa3 8,s sehr si* imm] ,voltaire1 und die se9es ,!ils s9d1 beklag51 dass wir e9 eckles dummes ,volk aus e9em ,w9kel d] ,erde s sehr erheb540 ,wir "h ref]s to ! ,g]man p 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,volk1 !n1 means a nation4 ,i1 #bfb3 8s+5 wir d5n fr ,jud58 die si* fr das e9zige ,volk ,gottes hielt58 die von dem feurig/5 ,national/olz belebt wurd580 ,volk1 "h1 9 ! light ( ,national/olz1 cle>ly means nation4 ,9 ! same connection & ) ! same mean+ he says3 8,uns] ,gott i/ e9 ,vat] d] ,m5s*5 ni*t e9es ,volks40 ,i1 #bgf3 8,e9 ,rabbi1 d] fr se9 ,volk ,patriotismus1 ,knntniss se9] ,gebru*e40 ,volk "h ref]s to ! ,jews1 h5ce means nation4 ,,ii1 #h3 8,all]d+s i/ au* die ,spra*e e9] ,nation e9 betr*tli*es ,/ck 9 d] ,litt]atur d]selb54444 ,man kann die ,litt]atur e9es ,volks1 ohne se9e ,spra*e ni*t b]seh540 ,volk is cle>ly a synonym ) nation4 ,i1 #ac3 8e9 ,vorra?1 d] freili* (t dur* ,raub und ,beute ,na*b>n b]ei*]t1 ab] s wie er i/ do* eig5tli* d] ,nation zugehrt1 die ihn hat 444 d] ,g$ank5s*atz e9es ganz5 ,volks40 ,9 ?is passage1 language 7,spra*e7 is ! ^w ,vorra?1 to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,volk is ! same z nation4 ,,ii1 #bh3 8,d] ganz5 ,nation wre e9 sol*es ,bu* e9 ,s*atz3 444 d5n d] ,g5ius1 d] b] die ,wiss5s*aft5 e9es ,volks wa*et i/ zuglei* d] ,s*utzgott d] ,spra*e desselb540 ,volk is nation4 ,,ii1 #cb3 8,und 0 drf5 wir uns uns]] ,consonant5 s*m51 w5n sie ,conc5te d] ,tapf]keit s9d1 um ,gtt] und ,/ammvt] uns]es ,volks1 ,held5 und ,errett] d] ,nation zu preis540 ,volk is nation4 ,,ii1 #afj3 8,geme9igli* w>5 die grsse/5 ,s*rift/ell] zuglei* die grsse/5 ,nationalautor54 ,d5 ,gei/ ihr] ,zeit1 die ,d5k>t ihres ,volks1 die ,natur ihr] ,spra*e1 wu/5 sie40 ,volk is nation4 ,,iii1 #cj3 8sie w]d5 ,?rn5 und ,?at5 weck53 e9 ,s*atz des ,vat]l&es1 und das ,gefhl1 das sie bes+5 und wirk51 ,gefhl des ,volks1 ,nationalgei/40 ,volk "h is nation4 ,,iii1 #fb3 8ihn sollte e9 ,held an/imm51 d] zuglei* ,knig w>1 d] dadur* die ,grie*5 rettete1 d] ihn5 die ,opf]ung v]spro*5 hatte3 dies] also se9 ,wort bre*51 se9 ,volk ni*t lieb51 dafr au* ni*t etwas ,saures ?un woll580 ,volk "h ref]s to ! anci5t ,greeks1 & !re=e has ! mean+ ( nation4 ,,iii1 #cih3 8,wo1 unsre ,religion no* s9nli*5 ,vor/ellung5 ,raum gibt2 wo sie si* e9] ,poetis*5 ,bild]spra*e bequemt3 da i/ sie--,ori5talis*4 ,unt] e9em ,volke gebildet1 das ihr ,gott auf alle ,art von ,bildniss5 abw5d5 wollte1 9 ,geg5d51 die das ,ueb]m5s*li*e su*t51 9 ,nation51 die ,v]hllung5 des ,krp]s1 und ,geheimnisse des ,gei/es lieb] v]ehr5 als das (fne ,s*ne lieb5 wollt5--im ,gei/ und 9 d] ,spra*e dieses ,volks die s9nli*e ,bild]spra*e unsr] ,religion also ge(f5b>et40 ,volk is nation4 ,,iii1 #dad3 8,w5n er dur* ,di*t] gebildet w>1 w5n e9em ,publikum 9 ,grie*5l& ,di*t]v]se und ,poetis*e ,bild] ihr] ,my?ologie im ,kopfe s*webt51 ohngefhr auf die ,art1 als uns]m ,volke ,kir*5li$]1 ,bibelspr*e 7e9e ,v]glei*ung die hi] blos ,nationalunt]s*i$ seyn soll740 ,volk is nation4 ,,iii1 #dbe3 8e9e ,nation1 d]5 ,m]kwrdigkeit5 eb5 s v]wickelt von d] ,politis*5 ,wiss5s*aft s9d1 dass e9e e9zelne ,mnz5symbole sie ni*t vor/ell5 kann1 e9 ,volk1 das aus d] v]blmt5 ,bild]zeit h9aus1 ,wahrheit su*et1 und ,wahrheit f9det3 e9 ,volk endli*1 9 dem die ,mnz5 und d] ,ges*mack auf d5selb5 dur*aus fr ke9e ,produktion des ,publikum gelt5 kann--e9 sol*es ,volk soll si* se9e ,ges*i*te des ,ges*macks und d] ,kun/ aus ,mnz5 weissag51 si* e9 ,bu* dur* mit e9em &]n1 dess5 ,numismatik ,himmelweit von d] ihrig5 abliegt1 hmis* v]glei*5 lass58 w] i/ ,brg] dieses ,volks1 und sagt ni*t3 unde mihi lapides80 ,?is passage %[s ,volk to be synonym\s ) nation4 ,!re are frequ5t uses ( ! ^w ,volk 9 ! plural1 ,vlk]1 ) ! same connotation3 ,,ii1 #ai3 8,die ,litt]atur fremd] ,vlk] und ,spra*5 i/ (t als e9e fremde ,colonie unt] &]e ,nation5 e+efhrt40 ,,ii1 #bc3 8,0 hab5 ,vlk] und ,spra*5 fr ,vor- und ,na*!ile geg5 e9&]80 ,,ii1 #gi3 8das ,nam5regi/] 444 das mi* aus all5 ,zung5 und ,spra*5 und ,vlk]n und ,gesells*aft5 d] ,erde b]fhr5 soll40 ,,iii1 #cb3 8e9e ,ad] des ,gefhls1 die die be/5 ,di*tung5 und ,ges*i*te1 ni*t blos d] ,grie*51 sond]n all] ,vlk] dur*/rmt40 ,,iii1 #eb3 8w>um die ,grie*5 9 ,bildung des ,s*n5 s ho* gekomm51 um all5 ,vlk]n d] ,erde hi]9n d5 ,preis abzulauf580 ,,iv1 #afh3 8d] das ,s*ne unt] all5 ,vlk]n und ,zeitalt]n su*t40 ,v1 #hf3 8d] ,er/e ,kopf d] an e9e wahre ,philosophie d] ,grammatik 444 d5kt1 muss gewiss er/ die ,ges*i*te d]selb5 dur* ,vlk] und ,/uff5 h9ab b]da*t hab540 ,i1 #b3 8,ge/orb5e ,spra*54444 ,glckli*1 dass die ,vlk] d55 sie eig5 w>51 v]lebt s9d40 ,i1 #c3 8,hi] knpft die ,politik des ,/aats die ,spra*5 zur allgeme95 ,kette d] ,vlk]40 ,i1 #bfb3 8,von all5 ,vlk]n d] ,erde abgesond]t1 bra*te es se9em ,s*utzgott ,nationalgesnge40 7,jews47 ,v1 #ejj3 8,d] ,/amm des ,baums zu se9] grss]n ,hhe erwa*s51 /rebte1 ,vlk] und ,nation5 unt] se95 ,s*att5 zu nehm51 9 ,zweige40 ,v1 #eja3 8,w5n alle ,vlk] unt] dem ,rmis*5 ,jo*e gewiss]maasse die ,vlk] zu seyn aufhrt51 die sie w>580 ,v1 #ead3 8,nord5 w>s4 ,und 0 man au* nun b] d5 ,zu/& dies] ,vlk] fr ,ursprnge und ,sy/eme ers9n5 mag40 ,,vi1 #aae3 8,kannte ,noah diese ganz8 ,konnte er all5 ,vlk]n die ,w>nung ,gottes bekannt ma*580 ,,vi1 #abh3 8,i* bleibe bei d5 ,umw&lung5 dies] ,philosophie bei spt]n b5a*b>t5 ,vlk]n1 und dnkts mi* ke9 ,traum40 8,ab] dass si* die ,geheimnisse mit ,ide5 dies] ,gattung unt] all5 ,vlk]n bes*ftigt40 ,,iii ,volk1 a special gr\p1 less cultur$1 unalt]$ 9 c]ta9 respects by ! influ5ce ( civilization4 ,!re are m>k$ implications ( !ories ( univ]salism & democracy "h4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ! p are ! mo/ important & respectable4 ,9 ! foll[+ two passages we h a degree ( *>act]ization ( ! rabble3 ,,xvii1 #ia3 8d5 leid] i/ es nur ,e9 ,d+1 ,poebels9n und ,tyrannei1 mit zwei ,nam5 g5annt1 wie die re*te und l9ke ,seite40 ,,xxv1 #cbc3 8,volk heis/ ni*t d] ,poebel auf d5 ,gass51 d] s+t und di*tet niemals1 sond]n s*reyt und v]/mmelt40 ,^! *>act]izations ( ,poebel sugge/ n a lack ( culture b culture ( a sort t has _h a w>p+ effect4 ,if ,volk is n ?is rabble &1 yet1 n ! le>n$ class1 x mu/ /& 9 "s respects1 at lea/1 betwe5 ! two4 ,x is m dignifi$ & respectable ?an ! rabble2 x has c]ta9 intellectual aptitudes & moral traits f\nd among primitive peoples1 b :i* are usually effac$ by a high degree ( civilization & culture4 ,i1 #cib3 8,o e9e ,s*rift1 die das i/1 0 e9e ,erbauungs--e9e ,bildungss*rift fr d5 grs/51 nutzb>/5 und ehrwrdig/5 ,!il d] ,m5s*51 das ,volk se9 soll40 ,! au?or has be5 regrett+ t ! weekly j\rnals1 religi\s books1 & s]mons are n suit$ to ! common man1 & sugge/s ! k9d ( lit]ature t w\ld meet 8 ne$s4 ,volk is "h ! l>ge/1 mo/ useful1 & mo/ respectable "p ( mank9d4 ,^! p are to be edifi$ & cultivat$4 ,,vii1 #bdf3 8die bei dem gross5 ehrwrdig5 ,hauf5 ,volk erregt w]d5 mss51 w5n etwas wrk5 soll4 ,dies ,volk no* ni*t zu ,raisonnem5t gebildet1 glaubt und h&elt40 ,^! are too nave to h reason2 ,volk are ! nave1 simple p4 ,,vi1 #bid3 ,h]d] "h calls ! ,bible 8,orakel ,gottes fr d5 be/51 grs/5 ,!il d] ,m5s*heit1 ,k9d] und ,volk40 ,,vi1 #cji3 8b] d5 ,eu* no* imm] ,k9d und ,volk1 d] edel/e ,!il d] ,m5s*heit40 ,,vi1 #ddc3 8wie die ,k9des- und ,volkswelt si* das ursprngli* d5k5 konnte40 ,9 ^! la/ ?ree passages ! m5tal capacity ( ,volk is t ( a *ild1 & ! ?\ght !re=e implies = ,volk a meag] degree ( education & culture4 ,,vi1 #ajd3 8,wo s9d 9 all5 uns]n ,lnd]n ,wei%eitss*ul5 fr d5 ehrwrdig5 ,!il uns]s ,publikum1 d5 man das ,volk n5net80 ,h]d] says ^! are human be+s :o =m ! /ock ( ! nation & di/+ui%es !m f ! nobility :o w\ld refuse to enlight5 ! ,volk t ^! might be ! bett] utiliz$ by ! nobility & ! bett] become ! subjects ( _! tyranny4 ,volk is "h a class b5ea? ! nobility1 b ideally !y are enlight5$ & made bett] by social contact & religi\s obs]vances4 ,,vi1 #cja3 8,zu dem s*rieb er frs ,volk2 i* v]/ehe unt] diesem ,nam5 die ,m5ge d]]1 die si* ni*t dur* die ,spra*lehre zu ,deuts*5 gebildet hatt540 ,h]d] "h ref]s to ,lu!r & ! p = :om he wrote2 ^! 7 ! less cultur$ p4 ,i1 #bih3 8,weil damals no* ni*t e9 ,unt]s*i$ zwis*5 d] ,spra*e d] ,weis5 und des ,volks1 zwis*5 d] ,d5k>t d] ,vornehm5 und ,g]+5 w>2 0 ,hom] sang w> die ,spra*e d] ,gtt] und zuglei* e9e v]$elte ,spra*e des ,pbels40 ,h]d] is speak+ ( ,hom]'s language & times4 ,9 ! p>allel ! wise are ! ari/ocratic2 ! ,volk are ^? ( humble rank4 ,,iv ,volk mean+ a special gr\p *>act]iz$ by primitivism 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,,ii1 #be3 8wie die ,d5k>t des ,volks mit d] gelehrt5 ,d5k>t neb5 und 9 e9&] laufe80 8,0 giebt die ,d5k>t und ,spra*e des ,volks dem ,philosoph51 ,di*t] und ,r$n] fr ,masse80 8,0 hat dies fr ,vor!ile und ,na*!ile fr die ,weis5 und dem ,s*l] des ,volks80 ,"h ,h]d] discusses two sep>ate mann]s ( ?9k+1 designat+ "o z be+ peculi> to ! ,volk & ! o!r z be+ t ( ! ,gelehrt52 "o z belong+ to ! ,volk1 ! o!r to ! ,philosoph51 ,di*t] & ,r$n]4 ,"h is a cle> implication t ! ,volk is a class ap>t f philosoph]s1 poets1 & orators2 a class diff]5t f ! sages4 ,n be+ wise & le>n$1 !y mu/ be ^? ^u :om artificial me?ods ( tra9+ & culture h _h less effect ?an ^u ! philosoph]s1 poets1 & orators4 ,!y are !re=e m ne>ly ! natural man4 ,i1 #aeg3 8,s wie das ,vlk]re*t jetzt im ,/aat zum ,gesez w>d3 s 9 d] ,spra*e4444 ,es ent/& e9 ,adel e9 ,pbel und e9 ,mittel/& unt] d5 ,vlk]n wie er 9 d] ,gesells*aft ent/&40 ,h]d] "h has trac$ ! developm5t ( prose out ( poetry4 ,he f9ds t ! language ( passion gave way to t ( m$iocre wit1 & ?is 9 turn became ! spee* ( reason4 ,"h is sugge/$ a p>allel betwe5 ! rights ( ! p1 :i* pass$ into /ate laws1 & ! language :i* passes f ,poebel to ,mittel/& & !n to ,adel4 ,if we make p>allel ! ,vlk]re*t 9 ! developm5t ( law ) ! ,mittel/& 9 ! social /atus1 !n ,volk is a class betwe5 ! rabble & ! nobility4 ,if we foll[ ! analogy sugge/$ 9 ! second s5t5ce ( ! quotation1 we %all make ! rabble ^? :o h ! language ( passion2 ! ,volk ^? :o h ! language ( m$iocre wit2 & ! nobility ^? ^: language is t ( reason4 ,h]d]'s ,volk "h w\ld be a middle class4 ,volk is us$ commonly to mean primitive peoples1 i4e41 p :o h rea*$ only an e>ly /age ( civilization4 ,among ^? to :om frequ5t ref]5ce is made z su* are3 ,gre5l&]s1 ,lapl&]s1 ,e>ly ,sc&9avians1 ,e>ly ,g]mans1 ,greeks ( ,hom]'s "t1 ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,anci5t ,celts 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! moral /&>ds & intellectual equipm5t f\nd among ^! are eulogiz$ & idealiz$ :5ev] ^! peoples z gr\ps are comp>$ ) civiliz$ communities4 ,v1 #ahi3 8,9 mehr als e9] ,prov9z s9d mir ,volksli$]1 ,prov9zialli$]1 ,bau]li$] bekannt1 die an ,lebhaftigkeit und ,rhy?mus und ,naivett und ,/rke d] ,spra*e viel5 d]selb5 gewiss ni*ts na*geb5 wrd540 ,"h ,volk is put 9 apposition ) t :i* is prov9cial1 :i* has a peasant "*4 ,a mean+ :i* is equival5t to ! less cultur$4 ,h]d] is discuss+ ! :]eab\ts ( ,volksli$] :i* he locates among ! ,volk1 & ,volk are to be f\nd 9 ! lanes1 9 ! fi% m>kets1 & 9 ! c\ntry4 ,v1 #ahe3 8,zu]/ sollt5 also wohl fr die ,seele des ,volks die do* nur fa/ s9nli*] ,v]/& und ,e9bildung i/40 444 ,h]d] "h consid]s ! ,volk z hav+ ! k9d ( s\l :i* w\ld be =m$ by contact ) ! =ces ( nature1 unalt]$ by ! h& ( man1 &1 especially1 little t\*$ by reflection1 ! reason+ faculty4 ,,ii1 #cdi3 8,alles 0 fr das ,volk r$ete und s*rieb1 ,r$n]1 und ,ges*i*tss*reib]1 mus/e populr spre*52 alles 0 fr ,gebildet]e s*rieb1 ,di*t]1 und ,philosoph1 und ,r$n]1 und ,briefs*reib] w> frey]40 ,?is /atem5t cle>ly opposes ,volk to ^? m cultur$4 ,! adjective1 8populr10 us$ ) ref]5ce to t :i* w\ld befit !m1 gives a %ad+ to ! mean+ ( ,volk1 d]iv$ f ! mean+ ( 8popul>10 t :i* p>takes ( a quality peculi> to ! populace4 ,volk "h are ! less cultur$4 ,v ,,connations ,,aris+ ,,f ,,uses ,,) ,,adjectives ,^! imply an emphasis on a gr\p 9 :i* crud5ess1 ! natural z oppos$ to ! cultur$ & poli%$1 are eulogiz$4 ,,xiii1 #bii3 8,j$es e+ebohrne s9nli*e ,volk hat si* also mit se95 ,begriff5 au* 9 se9e ,geg5d ums*rnkt40 ,,xiii1 #cjc3 8,0 i* auszuzei*n5 habe s9d e9ige allgeme9e ,wahrnehmung5 aus diesem ,s*att5rei* phantasi]5d] ,vlk]40 ,h]d] gives z an example ( ! phantasi]5d] ,vlk] ! p ( ,gre5l&1 ,india1 ,lappl&1 ,japan1 ,p]u1 & ,africa at a p]iod ( _! exi/5ce :5 !y h a my?ology4 ,! my?ology he calls a philosophical ef=t ( ! human s\l1 :i* dreams be=e x awak5s & gladly rema9s 9 its *ildhood4 ,,xiii1 #cbh3 8,au* unt] d5 wilde/5 ,vlk]n unt]s*eidet si* das ,weib vom ,mann40 ,,xiii1 #chi3 8,dah] i/ au* bei d5 rohe/5 ,vlk]n die ,spra*e d] ,religion imm] die lte/e40 ,,xiii1 #cib3 8die gttli*5 ,gesetze und ,regeln d] ,humanitt1 die si* w5n au* nur 9 ,re/5 bei dem wilde/5 ,volk uss]n40 ,,xiii1 #cic3 8,von d5 roh5 ,vlk]n d] ,vorwelt40 ,v1 #fha3 84444 wie die ,rmis*e ,/aatskun/ mit d5 ,deuts*5 ,fr/5 spielte2 und die ,grundv]fassung dies] ,b>b>is*5 ,vlk] 9 ,freiheit und ,e9igung zu ers*tt]n su*te40 ,,xxv1 #g3 8,rohe ,gesnge e9es roh5 ,volks6 ,b>b>is*e ,tne und ,mr*51 d] ,grundsuppe e9] ,nation40 ,,xxv1 #g3 8,ohne ,zweifel w> das ,gallis*e1 ,englis*e und no* mehr das ,nordis*]e ,volk blos ,volk60 ,,xxv1 #h3 8,und w5n man si* nun diese ,li$]44444 9 die leb5dige ,rhrung des ,volks zurckd5kt40 ,,xxv1 #i3 8die ,d5k>t d] ,nation selb/ ,national2 das ,volk mit e9 s ansehnli*] ,!il des ,volks dess5 ,nam5 man also ni*t s ,s*aamro? od] eckelnd und betr(f5 ansah und abs*eute40 ,,xxv1 #aa3 8die ,re/e all] leb5dig5 ,volksd5k>t roll5 mit bes*leunigtem letzt5 ,/urze 9 ,abgrund d] ,v]gess5heit h9ab4 ,das ,li*t d] sog5annt5 ,kultur fris/ wie d] ,krebs um si*40 ,,comp\nds ,,) ,,volk ,words comp\nd$ ) ,volk %[ all ! v>i\s mean+s di/+ui%$ 9 ! foll[+ simple usages4 ,,xxiv1 #bfh3 8,w5n ,du ,de9e ,ballade e9em jung5 ,bau]md*5 aus e9em ,?ale 4444 gbe/ die auss] d5 ,kir*5li$]n 4444 od] son/ e9em alt5 s*li*t5 ,gesang nie e9e ,musik gehrt dabei j$o* von ,natur e9e ang5ehm]e und fr d5 ,zweck de9es ,g$i*ts pass5d]e ,volks-,melodie whl5 als irg5d e9] uns]] grs/5 ,virtuos540 ,,xxiv1 #bhj3 8,e9 eng]] ,bund zwis*5 ,gott und dem ,/ammvat] e9es ,hirt5volks wird d>auf dieses ,volks ,losung40 ,?is ,hirt5volk is ! ,hebrews4 ,,xxiv1 #cje3 8dies] grosse ,vlk]/amm si* ni*t von ,nord na* ,sd5 h9ab sond]n von ,galli5 ,nordwrts40 ,?is ,vlk]/amm is ! ,iri% & ,scot*4 ,,xxiv1 #cjg3 8nur s viel i/ gewiss dass die allgeme9e ,volkssage ,ossian e9ige ,jahrhund]te spt] leb5 ls/40 ,,xxiv1 #cii3 8und da sie ,gesetzgeb]1 ,volksleit] w>540 ,i1 #hf3 8,die h]ums*weif5d5 ,b$u95 s9d no* sol*e ,rhapsodi/5 als ,hom] w>3 sie sammeln e95 ,volkhauf5 um si*40 ,i1 #aeg3 8s wie das ,vlk]re*t jetzt im ,/aat zum ,gesez w>d40 ,v1 #h3 8,eig5tli* i/ diese ,spra*e d] ,natur e9e ,vlk]spra*e fr j$e ,gattung unt] si* und s hat au* d] ,m5s* die ,se9ige40 ,v1 #acb3 8,e9e ,morg5lndis*e ,urkunde b] die ,tr5nung d] ,spra*5 7die i* hi] nur als e9 ,poetis*es ,fragm5t zur ,ar*ologie d] ,vlk]ges*i*te betra*te740 ,v1 #bah3 8,%akespe>e 4444 f& ke95 s e9fa*5 ,volks- und ,vat]l&s*>akt]40 ,v1 #dhf3 8,wie taus5dmal mehr ?ri*t w5n du e9em ,k9de 4444 de9e allgeme9e ,vlk]liebe voll tol]ante ,unt]jo*ung 4444 gnn5 wollte/60 ,v1 #dic3 8ob d] ,phnici] glei* ni*t aus ,m5s*5liebe1 ,nation5 besu*te1 es w>d e9e ,art von ,vlk]liebe1 ,vlk]bekannts*aft1 ,vlk]re*t si*tb>40 ,,xxv1 #e3 8,dnkts mi* indess5 re*t1 dass w5n au* diese nie ganz erwns*b>e ,vat]l&ss*tze gefund5 wrd51 sie do* kaum ,volks-,vat]l&s-,li$] fr uns im /r5g]n ,v]/&e wr540 ,,xxv1 #f3 8nur mit d5 ,aug5 seh5 und mit dem ,h]z5 v]/eh5 4444 wie es allemal ,volksrhrung i/ und seyn sollte40 ,,xxv1 #aj3 8,natrli* mus/e au* die ,d5k>t und ruhige ,volks>t d] ,deuts*5 an dem ewig5 ,zwi/gewitt] !ilnehm540 ,,xxv1 #cac3 8ganz ,volks>tig1 d4i4 lei*t1 e9fa*1 aus ,geg5/nd5 und 9 d] ,spra*e d] ,m5ge40 ,,xxv1 #cad3 8,d] grs/e ,sng] d] ,grie*5 ,hom]us i/ zuglei* d] grs/e ,volksdi*t]4 ,se9 h]rli*es ,ganze i/ 4444 ,sage leb5dige ,volksges*i*te40 ,,xxv1 #caf3 8und do* i/ b]all d] alte ehrwrdige ,volkssng] d] e9fltige ,hirt40 ,,xxv1 #cbc3 8,zum ,volkssng] gehrt ni*t1 dass er aus dem ,pbel se9 muss1 od] fr d5 ,pbel s+t40 ,,xxiv1 #bfc3 8,heis/ also die ,romanze1 obwohl ihr na*h] d] ,gebrau* e9e eng]e ,b$eutung gegeb5 eig5tli* ni*ts als ,mutt]spra*e d] sdli*5 ,lnd] ,europ5s und 9 ihn5 ,volksr$e1 ,volksgesang40 ,,xxiv1 #bfe3 8die alt5 ,englis*5 und ,s*ottis*5 ,volksgesnge40 ,,xxiv1 #bfg3 8,und s wre mit e*t5 ,volksgesange ab]mals ni*t etwa nur e9 ,hauptzweig alt]1 edl]1 rhmli*] und ,ruhmweck5d] ,poesie sond]n d] ,grund all] ,poesie die inn]e ,re*ts*aff5heit und ,honnettett im ,h]z5 des ,volks--ermordet40 ,,xxiv1 #daa3 8,ungebund5heit 7,lic5se7 soll ,endzweck d] ,regi]ung se93 ,volkslaune 7popul>e hum\r7 ,ursprung d] ,regi]ung40 ,,xiii1 #ci3 8,die ,abess9i] s9d e9 ,arabis*] #8,vlk]/amm' 7race740 ,,xiii1 #bad3 8,vlk]s*aft5 die d5 ,drf]n und ,/dt5 nah s9d mild]n und mis*5 au* mehr ihre ,sitt5 und ,zge40 ,,xiii1 #bca3 8,k5nt5 wir nun no* die zahlrei*5 ,vlk]s*aft5 die b] ihr5 drr5 ,geg5d5 4444 wohn540 ,,xiii1 #cib3 8s i/ dies] ,begriff1 als allgeme9] ,volksglaube auf d] ,erde40 ,,xiii1 #dbg3 8,prie/]- und ,volk/radition40 ,,xiii1 #dcg3 8,ges*le*t/afel dies] ,/mme 4444 hlt si* 9 d5 ,s*rank5 ihr] ,vlk]kunde und ihres ,erd/ri*s40 ,,xiii1 #dch3 84444 wid]spri*t ni*t nur d] ,zeitre*nung und d] gesammt5 ,vlk]ges*i*te40 ,,xv1 #abd3 8,damit i* mi* des altdeuts*5 ,volksausdrucks b$i5e40 8,aus dem ,late9 kam er ins ,englis*e ins ,deuts*e1 wie mehr]e ,wrt] und no* i/ er 9 d] ,volksspra*e40 ,h]d] is discuss+ ! ^w ,priamel :i* he says is p]haps f ! ,lat9 praeambulum4 ,volk 9 ! two comp\nds mu/ mean ! less le>n$4 ,v1 #dic3 8nun ms/e d] ,bewohn] des ,s*iffs und d] ,k/e d] expatrirte ,see/rei*] und ,vlk]luf] dem ,bewohn] des ,zelts und d] ,ack]htte e9 ganz &]es ,ges*pf dnk540 ,v1 #eja3 8,vlk]re*t40 ,v1 #eae3 8,ihre ,feudale9ri*tung wie unt]grub sie das ,gewhl ,volkrei*] ppig] ,/dte40 ,! =ego+ citations indicate two di/9ct s5ses 9 :i* ,h]d] uses ! t]m ,volk3 ,volk is equival5t to nation2 nation c>ry+ ! idea ( a gr\p b\nd toge!r by blood or language or gov]nm5t1 or by all ?ree4 ,z su*1 a ,volk is a collective p]sonality1 has a m>k$ individuality1 & is *>act]iz$ by a national _s4 #b4 7a7 ,volk is a race or a nation t nev] advanc$ beyond primitive grades ( culture2 t !re=e nev] 0 subject to :at he consid]s ! det]iorat+ & degrad+ effects ( high] civilization2 7b7 ,volk is a gr\p to be f\nd )9 a civiliz$ nation2 a gr\p :i* has reta9$ ! primitivism j not$ above4 ,primitivism !n is *>act]i/ic ( all ,volk includ$ 9 section ,,ii4 ,?is primitivism :e!r 9 ! entire race or 9 a special portion is always eulogiz$4 ,^! primitive specim5s h ! mo/ pron\nc$ racial individuality because civilization has n int]f]$ ) ! influ5ces ( environm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conceptions ,,( ,,volk ,,z ,,ga!r$ ,,f ,,h]d]',s ,,collection ,,( ,,volksli$] ,t ,h]d]'s conception ( t gr\p ( p :i* he calls ,volk be>s relation%ip to a c]ta9 g5re ( poetry is impli$ 9 ! fact t he fir/ co9$ ! ^w ,volksli$3 8,volksli$1 n4 von ,h]d]1 ,augu/1 #agga geprgt40 ,f4 ,l4 ,k4 ,weig&1 ,deuts*es ,wrt]bu*1 ,giess52 ,v]lag von ,alfr$ ,tpelmann1 #aiji4 8,volksli$ zu]/ von ,h]d]40 ,m4 ,heyne1 ,deuts*es ,wrt]bu*1 ,leipzig2 ,v]lag von ,s4 ,hirzel1 #ahie4 ,h]d] himself has made a collection ( specim5s ( ?is peculi> type ( song4 ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5ts ^! poems be> ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( t sort ( p :i* he has 9 m9d z be+ di/9ctively ,volk4 ,9 8 essay1 hnli*keit d] mittl]n englis*5 und deuts*5 ,di*tkun/1 he says3 ,alle unpolizirte ,vlk] s+5 und h&eln2 0 sie h&eln s+5 sie und s+5 ,abh&lung4 ,ihre ,gesnge s9d das ,ar*iv des ,volks d] ,s*atz ihr] ,wiss5s*aft und ,religion ihr] ,!ogonie und ,kosmog5i5 d] ,?at5 ihr] ,vt] und d] ,begeb5heit5 ihr] ,ges*i*te1 ,abdruck ihres ,h]z5s1 ,bild ihres husli*5 ,leb5s 9 ,freude und ,leid1 beim ,brautbett und ,grabe4 ,h]d]'s collections are f national bodies ( p4 ,we ought to f9d among ^! gr\ps ( songs common factors :i* w\ld n be f\nd z su* 9 t body ( poetry :i* ,h]d] excludes z n be+ ,volk songs4 ,fur!r1 we %\ld be able to r$uce ^! common factors to l[e/ t]ms :i* w\ld embody "s int]pretation ( ,h]d]'s conception ( ,volk3 8,das s9d e9mal alte ,national/cke die das ,volk s+t1 und sang1 woraus man also die ,d5k>t des ,volks1 ihre ,spra*e d] ,empf9dung k5n5 l]net40 ,,volk ,,songs ,,collect$ ,,by ,,h]d] ,,dani%--,,f\r ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 m>riage1 fairy tales4 ,=m--rhy?m & rhyme m>k$2 (t5 irregul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete4 ,,g]man--,,sixty-,,two ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 w>1 religion1 dance1 c\rt life1 rural life1 fairy tales1 dome/ic life4 ,=m--rhy?m & rhyme m>k$2 (t5 irregul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete pictures2 ab/ract ?9k+4 ,,engli% ,,& ,,scot*--,,?ree ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 w>1 religion1 dome/ic life1 idyllic sc5es1 c\rt life1 v5geance1 gho/ & fairy tales4 ,=m--m>k$ rhyme & rhy?m2 blank v]se1 irregul> rhyme & rhy?m4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete pictures2 ab/ract ?9k+2 deep reflect+2 dramatic pres5tations4 ,,e/honian--,,five ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 w>1 m>riage1 tyranny4 ,=m--m>k$ rhy?m & rhyme4 ,me?od ( appeal--some:at concrete4 ,,fr5*--,,?irte5 ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 idyllic sc5es1 c\rt life1 dome/ic life1 ph5om5a ( nature1 classic my?ology4 ,=m--m>k$ rhyme & rhy?m4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete pictures1 ab/ract ?9k+4 ,,gallic 7,,ossian7--,,six ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 w>1 religion1 dea?1 p]sonifi$ nature4 ,=m--little rhyme1 rhy?m (t5 m>k$ b irregul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete1 vivid visual & auditory pictures1 dramatic pres5tations4 ,,greek--,,sev5 ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 fri5d%ip1 fre$om1 m>riage1 love4 ,=m--rhyme & rhy?m1 sometimes irregul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--direct & concrete4 ,,gre5l&--,,"o ,,piece ,cont5t--!me3 dea?4 ,=m--p>allelism4 ,me?ods ( appeal--concrete4 ,,italian--,,five ,,pieces ,cont5t--!me3 hope1 c>e1 spr+time1 love4 ,=m--rhy?m regul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete & ab/ract4 ,,lapl&--,,two ,,pieces ,cont5t--!me3 love = animals1 love4 ,=m--rhy?m regul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete4 ,,lat9--,,six ,,pieces ,cont5t--!me3 temptation1 m>riage1 religion4 ,=m--rhy?m1 rhyme1 sometimes irregul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete1 ab/ract4 ,,lettic--,,five ,,pieces ,cont5t--!me3 love1 m>riage1 spr+time1 lord%ip4 ,=m--rhy?m & rhyme4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete4 ,,li?uanian--,,n9e ,,pieces ,cont5t--love1 m>riage1 w>1 idyllic sc5es1 fairy tales4 ,=m--rhy?m1 rhyme1 (t5 irregul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete pictures1 ab/ract ?9k+4 ,,skaldic--,,t5 ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 my?ology1 battle4 ,=m--rhy?m is regul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--concrete1 rugg$4 ,,p]uvian--,,two ,,pieces ,cont5t--!me3 my?ological1 love4 ,=m--rhyme irregul>1 rhy?m4 ,me?od ( appeal--some:at concrete4 ,,spani%--,,?irty-,,f\r ,,pieces ,cont5t--!mes3 love1 w>1 religion1 c\rt & city life4 ,=m--rhyme & rhy?m q regul>4 ,me?od ( appeal--moraliz+ & ab/ract ?9k+4 ,few concrete pictures4 ,?is inve/igation ( ^! poems leads to ! foll[+3 ,ea* gr\p ( poems embodies an expression ( p]sonality1 individuality :i* gr[s out ( peculi> environm5t2 n m]ely physical environm5t1 b also social1 political1 & religi\s environm5t4 ,ea*1 ei!r 9 cont5t1 =m1 or 9 its me?od ( appeal1 sometimes 9 all ?ree1 be>s traces ( ! milieu out ( :i* x sprung4 ,! notes ( wan+ glory & ance/ral lam5t ( ,ossian ga9 _! "* f a diff]5t p]iod 9 ! life ( ! nation f t record$ 9 ! ,moori% battle songs 9 ! ,spani% collection4 ,! rugg$ness ( ! ,skaldic poetry bespeaks a r\ghness 9 climate & sc5]y n to be f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* poems4 ,! my?ology ( ! ,scot* ,highl&]s & ( ! ,norsem51 depict$ 9 _! poetry1 is diff]5t inde$ f ! ,mohamm$anism ( :i* ! ,spani% pieces speak4 ,! ,engli% & ,g]man songs :i* are *>act]iz$ by ,*ri/ian cu/oms are color$ nei!r by ,mohamm$anism1 ,gallic1 nor ,classic my?ology4 ,! deep reflective moods ( ! ,%akespe>e specim5s grew out ( a social & intellectual environm5t entirely ! opposite ( t 9 :i* ! concrete & vivid pictures ( _m ( ,p]cy's ,reliques _h _! bir?4 ,9 all ?is diff]5ce1 ! common feature is t individuality is express$4 ,individual traits appe> )9 ea* gr\p4 ,racial consci\sness di/+ui%es "o gr\p f ! o!r4 ,n[ p]sonality & individuality are corn] /ones 9 ,h]d]'s sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,8 discussion ( ,less+'s 8,laokoon0 sets =? ! pr9ciple t true art w be *>act]iz$ by ^!4#i ,h]d]'s philosophy is also emphatic 9 %[+ t all art is %ap$ by ! environm5t out ( :i* x grew4 ,! essays 8,%akespe>e10 8,hom] und ,ossian10 & 8,vom ,gei/ d] ,ebris*5 ,poesie0 are replete ) su* ?\ght4 ,! art ( e nation !n w be> national impr9t4 ,! national /amp1 ?is expression ( p]sonality & individuality1 bo? products ( v>i\s k9ds ( environm5t1 belongs to ,h]d]'s conception ( ,volk :]ev] ! idea is id5tical ) t ( nation or race4 ,n[ ! prec$+ *apt] has %[n t h[ev] (t5 ,h]d] uses ! t]m z synonym\s ) nation or race1 he has also a di/9ctive & a sort ( esot]ic use4 ,! evid5ce t poetry has be5 %ap$ by environm5t & expresses ! individual consci\sness ( a gr\p ( p _c be tak5 z conclusive evid5ce t ! gr\p f :i* x emanat$ belongs to ,h]d]'s ,volk ( ! specific type1 = ,h]d] excludes f ! category ( ,volksli$] t poetry :i* be>s ! impr9t ( s*ola/ic & p$antic cultural milieu to ! ext5t t c]ta9 primitive traits f9d no expression4 ,ano!r common factor1 !n1 mu/ be s\ght :i* is di/9ctive ( p 9 ?is m re/rict$ s5se4 ,! way 9 :i* ! mat]ial is pres5t$ is :at ,i h call$ 9 my analysis ( ! pieces 8! me?od ( appeal40 ,!re is no common basis on :i* we c place ! specim5s view+ !m f ?is side4 ,_m ( !m pres5t vivid visual & auditory pictures4 ,_m o!rs are m>k$ by ab/ract ?9k+ or sob] reflection4 ,"s are dramatic pres5tations1 o!rs are simple descriptions4 ,"s are cold moraliz+2 o!rs expressions ( /rong emotions4 ,all ( ^! selections are 9 "s k9d ( rhy?mic =m4 ,x may be p>allelism1 rhy?mical blank v]se1 or m>k$ feet & rhyme4 ,b we _c make use ( ?is z a v def9ite factor1 s9ce _m specim5s are translations :i* _c pres]ve ! orig9al exactly4 ,h[ev]1 we h 9 ! orig9al ! ,engli% & ,scot*1 ! ,ossian & ! ,g]man collections4 ,all ( ^! pres5t a =m ( rhy?m :i* is usually s irregul> t x w\ld n meet ! dem&s = measur$ feet1 v]ses1 & rhyme to be f\nd 9 ! highly poli%$ & =mal poetry4 ,n[ 9 8 discussion ( rhy?mic =ms 9 poetry ,h]d] indicates t ! human love = rhy?m has its f\ndations 9 ! physiological processes & symmetry ( ! body3 ,d] ,pulss*lag d] ,natur1 dies ,a!mhol5 d] ,empf9dung i/ 9 all5 ,r$5 des ,affekts 444 9 d] ,poesie 444 die do* eig5tli* ,r$e des ,affekts seyn soll4 ,! p :o produc$ ?is poetry1 !n1 7 close to nature 9 _! =ms ( rhy?mical spee*4 ,! cont5t ( ^! poems rema9s to be consid]$4 ,among ! ,e/honian pieces is a little love song :i* ,h]d] has he>d ! h>ve/]s s+ at "w4 ,x is idyllic 9 sett+4 ,?\ghts ( love are all-ab\nd+4 ,happ9ess amid/ rural sc5es is common among all nations4 8,knig ,ludwig0 is an ,old ,high ,g]man battle song :i* int]weaves ?\ghts ( ,god & religion2 subjects :i* nev] cease to engage ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,wieg5li$ e9] unglckli*5 ,mutt]1 a ,scot* "m's song ( unfai?ful love2 ! poem has a sett+ 9 dome/ic life4 ,lit?auis*e ,da9a--song ( ! dep>ture ( a "y bride :o goes to h] new home2 dome/ic life & cu/om are ! !mes4 ,!re is sadness at leav+ ! home ( h] girlhood4 ,^! embody expressions ( common1 human feel+s4 ,a numb] ( ! ,spani% songs h _! sc5es laid 9 ! city & at c\rt2 b !y s+ ( love1 v5geance1 & jeal\sy--all ( :i* are int5sely human4 ,erlknigs ,to*t]1 is a ,dani% piece :i* s+s ( elves4 ,?\ghts ( ! sup]natural are among all mank9d4 ,frhl+sli$1 is an ,italian piece :i* rejoices at ! com+ ( ! fl[]s & birds & ! budd+ ( ! trees4 ,?is season always awak5s human happ9ess4 ,rs*5 auf d] ,heide pres5ts p]sonifi$ nature4 ,su* p]sonification is among all m54 ,tot5li$ comes f ,gre5l&4 ,all peoples bemoan & eulogize _! dead 9 song4 ,tanzli$ is ,g]man4 ,ne>ly e collection has pieces :i* pres5t ! rhy?m & joy\s emotions ( ! dance4 ,?is k9d ( pleasure is common among all races4 ,! songs f ,ossian tell ( dep>t$ ance/ors & h]oes4 ,! s5tim5t express$ is univ]sal4 ,f ,%akespe>e appe>s su* ?+s z ,hamlet's ,probe e9] s*aud]haft5 ,metaphysik b] ,tod und ,leb54 ,macbe?s s*reckli*e ,dol*sc5e2 is !re any human brea/ 9 :i* ! s5tim5ts involv$ 9 ^! deep reflections h n sometimes f\nd a place8 ,n[ x is :at ,h]d] himself says 9 introduc+ ^! selections f ,%akespe>e :i* ju/ifies u 9 mak+ ! cont5t1 ! !me ( 8 :ole collection ( ,volk songs1 ! common gr\nd ^u :i* !y all meet4 8,9 ,%akespe> gibts von j$] kle95 ,nuance d] m5s*li*5 ,d5k>t und ,/imme ,prob5 od] vielmehr leb5de ,natur>tung53 und s fange das b]hmte ,selb/gespr* ,hamlets an1 0 man s*on ,prosais* 9 unsr] ,spra*e hat40 ,h]d]'s collection ( ,volk poetry embraces z !mes3 love1 w>1 religion1 dome/ic life1 idyllic sc5es1 v5geance1 c\rt life1 gho/ tales1 fairy tales1 m>riage1 my?ology1 ph5om5a ( nature1 dea?1 p]sonifi$ nature1 fre$om1 ! dance1 ! seasons1 & h]o & ance/ral v5]ation4 ,^! embody s5tim5ts univ]sal among mank9d2 feel+s :i* are fundam5tal 9 ! human brea/2 ?\ghts :i* are innate 9 humanity4 ,t :i* is univ]sal1 fundam5tal1 & innate is natural4 ,^! songs f9d a response among ! p f :om !y arose because ^! p are products ( unhamp]$ nature4 ,bo? rhy?m & cont5t lead to ?is conclusion accord+ to ,h]d]'s conception4 ,volk z se5 f ?is angle1 !n1 are ei!r a primitive p or a gr\p )9 a p repres5t+ advanc$ /ages ( civilization1 :i* gr\p has /ill reta9$ ! me?ods ( ?9k+1 ! feel+s1 ! modes ( expression1 & ! ta/es ( primitive p4 ,we get f ,h]d]'s collection ( ,volksli$]1 !n1 two conceptions ( ,volk3 7#a7 ,volk1 a collective p]sonality result+ f ! developm5t ( individual consci\sness into community individuality & consci\sness2 7#b7 ,volk1 a primitive p or1 )9 a civiliz$ nation1 a section1 :i* has ma9ta9$ c]ta9 natural fundam5tal & primitive *>act]i/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,conceptions ,,( ,,volk ,,9 ,,h]d]',s ,,discussion ,,( 8,,ossian',s ,,p0 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,hebrews ,h]d] has discuss$1 9 connection ) two gr\ps ( poetry :i* he di/9ctly calls ,volkspoesie1 ea* race f :i* ! p>ticul> collection arose4 ,bo? directly & indirectly he pres5ts 9 ea* ( ^! peoples ! peculi> *>act]i/ics by :i* he id5tifies a community ) 8 ideal conception ( ,volk4 ,9 8 collection ( ,volk songs he has pres5t$ lit]ature f _m & v>i$ peoples ( ! e>?1 b he has discuss$ at l5g?1 to %[ ! traits :i* /amp _! ,volkspoesie z su*1 only two ( ^! gr\ps4 ,an exam9ation ( ! common factors :i* ! au?or sees z ess5tial elem5ts ( ea* ( ^! races ought to give u 9 "o =m 8 conception ( ,das ,volk4 ,! two races are3 7#a7 ,^? :om he believes to be ! anci5t ,gauls1 f :om we h ! collection kn[n z 8,! ,songs ( ,ossian0#aj2 7#b7 ! anci5t ,hebrews4#aa ,,ossian ,h]d] places ! p among :om ?is body ( lit]ature arose 9 ! isl&s kn[n z ! 8,hebrides10 9 ! highl&s ( ,scotl&1 & 9 ,irel&4 ,rugg$ m\nta9s cov]$ ) ro>+ =e/s or spott$ ) des]t tracts surr\nd ! inhabitants4 ,mi/s & cl\ds1 midnight & /orm1 ab\nd bo? on m\nta9 tops & 9 ! int]v5+ valleys4 ,_! huts are bord]$ by rocks & n>r[ly %ut 9 by foggy d>kness or f r\gh cliffs2 !y ov]look ! sea4 ,at ! "t at :i* we see !m ^! highl& dwell]s look (t5 ^u wild]ness full ( sacr$ views1 ^u battlefields1 lonesome graves1 & blott$-out foot/eps4 ,^! old ,highl&]s believ$ 9 an all-high ,be+1 :om !y conceiv$ to be self-exi/+4 ,! cl\d 0 ! dwell+ place ( patriotism & love4 ,! voice ( r5[n1 t is ( song sung by fri5ds yet alive to ! honor ( _! dep>t$ ones1 /ill highly e/eem$1 introduc$ ^! dep>t$ to _! ance/ors4 ,) a sigh & te> z password1 !y 7 receiv$ at once into ! smil+ pres5ce ( _! =efa!rs1 :o _h cle>1 transp>5t figures l to ! curl$ cl\ds4 ,_! h&s 7 weak1 _! voices deep & s(t4 ,!y sway$ !mselves ov] ! entire abode ( _! race & rejoic$ 9 b\ndless space4 ,space !y priz$ above ev]y?+ else4 ,fright & horror 7 consid]$ z n>r[ & %ut 94 ,h5ce !y call$ ! grave ! n>r[ h\se1 & weak c\rage1 ! brea? ( a n>r[ s\l4 ,! noble dead nev] became old1 b grew con/antly wis] because !y conv]s$ ) ! good ( o!r times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\ls ( ! wick$ 7 driv5 :irl+ into a ?ick fog :i* always hung ov] an (f5sive smell+ morass4 ,!y nev] came out ( ?is fog1 & nev] saw ! sun4 ,"o did n "k ! "n ( ! o!r4 ,! black wat] ( ! morass lake 0 _! only conv]se2 ! voice ( ! ,h]on & ! quack+ ( ducks _! music4 ,ossian's folk attribut$ e sudd5 dea? to an invisible h& :i* ?rew a /one out ( ! cl\ds & :i* !y call$ an 8arr[ ( ! de/roy+ woman40 8,_! *ief conception ( ! highe/ be+ 0 t x gov]ns ! cl\ds & heav5ly bodies & rejoices at brav]y & =tune ( mank9d2 t x rema9$ ev] invisible 444 t ! entire e>? out ( fe> w\ld l to cat* & imprison x40 ,! dead 7 m\rn$ 9 fun]al dirges sung on ! graves ( ! dep>t$2 9 ! case ( h]oes1 (t5 amid battle tumult1 ^! songs 7 direct$ to ance/ral h]oes :o await$ ! dead 9 ! cl\ds4 ,"o ( _! my?s :i* ,h]d] extracts f ,ossian %[s a c]ta9 phase ( _! religion3 8,z !y s+ 9 ! moonlight to ! moon goddess1 ,mona1 ?is maid5 ( ! heav5s comes ) g5tle movem5t1 ) sil5t1 beautiful *eek2 h] playmates1 ! />s1 /& 9 r[s to receive h]2 ! cl\ds bord]$ ) gold trip be=e !m z s]vants2 %e out%9es all h] rivals s t !y blu% & conceal !mselves 9 veils4 ,on su* an occasion z ?is ! h]o ,ossian turns 8 sad song to ! ?\ght1 ,h[ w\ld x be if %e %\ld once disappe> f ! heav5s1 if %e %\ld !n g into h] little hut to cry & cry z he does8 ,he wond]s if %e l him has lo/ fri5ds1 & he beg9s to com=t ! beautiful girl & to *e] h] up s t %e q joyfully smiles aga940 ,! family feel+ is /rong1 & x is ! f\ndation ( ne>ly all good feel+ t[>d fa!rl& & fri5d1 tribe & neighbor4 ,!re are common among ^! p sc5es full ( innoc5ce1 ( fri5d%ip1 ( fa!rly1 bro!rly1 9 fact family1 love 9 g5]al4 ,f+al is h]o & lead] b also lov]1 bridegroom1 husb&1 fri5d1 fa!r4 ,ossian is w>rior1 b also son ( noble ,f+al1 & 9 ?is v relation ! s+] ( ! praises ( 8 ance/ors1 ( 8 fri5ds1 ( 8 bro!rs1 ( 8 sons4 ,x is out ( ! sadness ( sep>at$ lov$ ones t we he> ! mo/ t\*+ tones & ! h>p is made to res\nd to praises sung to ance/ors4 ,al?\gh ^! tribes are said to be wild1 !y are 9 _m respects closely b\nd to cu/oms & =ms4 ,! h>p is _! musical in/rum5t to ^: t\*+ tones _! leg5ds are fitt$ into song4 ,h]d] po9ts out t ! /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ossian's p f :i* ?is collection ( poetry w9s its "* is ! "t ( ! ext9ction ( ! race ( h]oes ( :om ,ossian ! brave is ! *ief & sad s+]4 ,he is ! la/ ( 8 c\rage\s tribe2 ! witness to ! de$s ( not$ ,f+al & 8 colleagues2 ! dep>t+ voice ( a h]oic age to its weak] desc5dants4 ,8 m\rnful /ra9s are accompani$ by no awak5+ call = an age yet to come4 ,8 race 0 n1 l ,hom]'s on ,ionian %ores1 a gr[+ p 9 ! dawn ( spl5dor look+ t[>d a fl[]+ 9 ! future4 ,! cause ( ! m\rnful /ra9 9 ! life ( ,ossian's race may h be5 subjection by a =eign p[] or ! invasion ( monks br++ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! poems sugge/ bo?4 ,ossian's songs mu/ h _h a p[]ful effect ^u ! p out ( ^: mid/ !y grew4 ,z long z !re 7 b>ds ?is p's /r5g? 0 irrepressible4 ,b n[ we see a pati5t1 subject race try+ to revive itself on ! r5[n & happy exi/5ce ( dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,:5 ,h]d] br+s to our att5tion ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m\rnful tones ( ,ossian & ! ar\s+ /ra9s ( ,hom]1 :5 he rem9ds u ( ! diff]+ /ages ( hi/ory commemorat$ by ea*1 ! po9ts entirely unlike at :i* ea* writ] halts & f :i* he extracts = 8 art "*1 he sets =? a def9ite !ory2 namely1 t ea* writ]1 speak+ z 8 p w\ld speak1 *>act]izes 8 poetry ) ! individual cont5t & feel+ ( 8 race2 t ea* race has its p]sonality1 & ea* spontane\sly expresses ?is p]sonality 9 its song3 ,und ,ossian8 ,es i/ ung]e*t von e9em ,baume ,fr*te zu erw>t51 die er1 se9] ,art na*1 ni*t br+5 kann2 ,ossian sei an se9em ,orte das 0 ,hom] w>2 nur /& er auf e9] ganz &]n ,/elle4 ,9 j$em ,l&e bildet si* d] ,volksgesang na* innn]n und uss]n ,v]anlassung5 d] ,nation4 ,! eye & ! e> ( ^! p are wide op5 to e sight & s\nd :i* _! physical environm5t pres5ts4 ,! e> is /rong1 quick1 la/+2 ! eye ke51 embrac+1 receptive4 ,a c]ta9 p]ceptual p[] express$ 9 al]tness1 boldness1 & noble aspect p]vad$ _! entire be+4 ,accord+ to ,h]d]'s philosophy1 z express$ 9 ,erk5n5 und ,empf9d51 ! s5ses pres5t to ! m9d pictures :i* receive ! /amp ( feel+ & :i* 9 turn are giv5 back ?r\gh "s m$ium ( expression4 ,9 ,ossian1 ! mat]ial = ^! pictures is fir/ & =emo/ ,nature2 ,nature rob$ 9 ! peculi> maje/y ( ! nor?4 ,! sun is a ra% y\?1 ! moon a maid5 :o has _h z si/]s o!r moons 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ev5+ /> is a lovely boy :o comes out1 w9ks1 & goes away aga94 ,all objects are p]sonifi$1 fill$ ) life & movem5t1 :e!r x be w9d or wave1 or ev5 ! d[n ( a ?i/le4 ,z soon z possible ! object itself becomes a voice1 & we he> moan+s ( sadness & songs ( ! h>p4 ,^! figures are (t5 ( ! mi/1 com+ out ( cl\ds ?r\gh :i* ! />s tw9kle4 ,ossian s+s1 also1 de$s1 happ5+s ( hi/ory1 ! bygone fates ( =efa!rs1 & old leg5ds4 ,9 outl9e all ^! pictures are del9eations1 :i* are snappy1 /rong1 manly1 abrupt1 wild1 lively4 ,!y are n pa9t$ 9 detail1 & _! cont5t does n /ream =? sl[ly 9 regul> & measur$ int]vals4 ,less h>% & wild are !y1 h[ev]1 ?an ! songs ( ! s-call$ 8,nor?m510 because ,ossian's s\l possesses a *>m giv+ out lonesom5ess1 love1 & g5tl5ess m+l$ ) c\rage & /r5g? ( feel+4 ,! language is crisp1 %ort1 true1 & exact1 & p5etrates by its simplicity4 ,a s+le ^w lit]ally seizes a :ole ?\ght & ! two break =? toge!r ^u a voice t5d] & sad4 ,:5 ! s+] w\ld exhort 8 comrades to c\rage1 he pa9t$ 8 pictures ?r\gh tones t fell ^u ! e>4 ,9 g5]al1 ,ossian makes u see & he> ! liv+ _w 9 sc5es t pass quickly1 s+ly1 "o by "o1 )\t arrang+ !mselves 9 a regul> & =mal procession4 ,r\gh1 /rong sublimity is _! "*4 ,! colors :i* bur/ ^u ! eye & ! tones :i* /orm ! e> come =? )\t prem$itation & poli%2 ! natural outlet ( a p to :om nature has giv5 an eye & he>t & m9d = wild beauty1 & 9 :om mann]s1 cu/oms1 & language ( civilization h wr\ght no m>r+ effects4 ,^! peoples see & feel1 b !y d n ?9k & pond]4 ,"h ,h]d] makes spontaneity a *ild ( unw>p$ nature4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,hebrews ,h]d] applies 8 /udies to ! ,hebrew p z he f9ds !m 9 _! e>lie/ habitations4 ,f 8 analysis ( =mative =ces & ( ! peculi> p]sonality result+ f ^! influ5ces we h :at foll[s3 ,! physical features ( ! l&s ) :i* ! ,hebrews 7 famili> 7 v>i$ en\gh to give !m a r complete natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,!y und]/ood ! subsid+ ( wat] t left m\nta9s above !m & valleys 9 betwe5 ^!4 ,!y saw t wat]s c\rs$ ?r\gh ! valleys & made f]tile pla9s4 ,!y knew h[ spr+s gu% =? f rocks & trees gr[ on ! banks ( riv]s4 ,!y knew bo? ! sea & ! des]t4 ,! summ] sun br\ght calm wat]s & ! cold w9ds =g$ fett]s ( ice4 ,! palm tree & ! c$>1 ! olive & ! grape1 grew 9 ^! l&s4 ,! v>iety ( animals seems to imply a wide & v>i$ expanse ( t]ritory4 ,! crane1 ! turtl$ove1 ! eagle1 ! rav51 ! /ork1 ! o/ri*1 ! lion1 ! wild ox1 p]haps ! elephant & ! rh9oc]os1 z well z mo/ ( our common dome/ic birds & o!r animals1 frequ5t$ ^! environm5ts4 ,h]d] conceives ( ?is entire milieu z a _w 9 :i* ! dawn ( human life 0 aris+ out ( d>k night1 & giv+ way to ! broad daylight 9 :i* wat] & air1 e>? & sea1 m\nta9 & =e/1 7 9 ! fulle/ view & mo/ p[]ful work+4 ,! /rong contra/s ( ori5tal skies wr\ght ?r\gh light & d>kness _! %>pe/ outl9es4 ,! mild climate 0 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w1 & produc$ ! simple/ ne$s ( life ) little labor on ! "p ( ! inhabitants4 ,) f]tile riv] valleys 9 addition1 :i* furni%$ graz+ l&s1 x 0 natural t "o ( ! e>lie/ grades ( civilization %\ld arise "h--! %eph]d folk4 ,al?\gh ^! p _h a civilization t 0 e>ly circumscrib$1 x nev]!less presupposes "s cultivation4 ,ev5 ! %eph]d /ate _c exi/ )\t arts & fix$ cu/oms4 ,! ,hebrews 9 ?is %eph]d /ate _h develop$ family bonds & fix$ ! rul+ p[] ( ! fa!r 9 dome/ic life4 ,!y _h dome/icat$ animals1 & develop$ t5d] feel+s t[>d !m4 ,let u look at ! moral & m5tal traits due to ?is physical & social environm5t4 ,! eye develop$ cle>ness & acut5ess1 a vivid s5sitiv5ess2 x saw e leaf1 e blade ( grass1 ! pla9s & valleys1 ! wat]s 9 outl9e & expanse1 ! planets & ! broad e!r 9 :i* !y hung1 & x di/+ui%$ e movem5t4 ,! e> he>d ! delicate ru/l+s ( bran*es & b[s1 z well z ! ro> ( w9ds1 ! smalle/ ra9drop1 & ! ru% ( mighty wat]s4 ,e s5se 0 ?us develop$ to a f9esse :i* left no ph5om5on ( nature unobs]v$4 ,^! s5se impressions 7 impregnat$ ) ! feel+s & c>ry+ ^! effects ( feel+s !y pass$ onw>d to ! m9d & made m5tal pictures ( a k9d :i* correspond to ! "* ( ! impr9t made by ! feel+s4 ,!n ^! made-ov] pictures 7 giv5 back to ! _w 9 ! sublime language f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is 9 ^! pictures1 9 ?is inve/+ ( free nature ) ! p[] to feel1 t we see ! texture & dep? ( feel+ :i* are an ess5tial "p ( ! p]sonality ( ?is gr\p4 ,!y saw ! dawn ris+ out ( d>kness4 ,!y felt t ! ph5om5on 0 due to a cause sup]ior to any p[] 9 man4 ,!y c\ld n acc\nt = ! beg9n+s ( mank9d4 ,! consci\sness ( limitations ( _! own k & ! awe = ! unkn[n fir/ cause turn$ ! actual d>kness & dawn & full daylight into *aotic empt9ess1 a ray ( light at ! beg9n+ ( creation & a complet$ "w at ! end ( six days--a wond]ful p]sonality direct+ x all4 ,!y saw ! trees & ! plants ?riv+ 9 _! own sph]es1 & !y attribut$ to !m life impulses giv5 !m by ! sympa?y & love & direct+ =ce ( special g5iuses1 ! mess5g]s ( ,god4 ,! />s 7 light2 !y _h undeceiv+ brightness & con/ant c\rses4 ,!y /amp$ ! s5se impression ( !m ) ! feel+ ( wor%ipful joy1 ( rhy?m :i* became music & danc+1 & s x 0 t ! />s became ! daught]s t %\t$ ab\t ! ?rone ( ! ,great ,rul]4 ,at times !y assign$ to !m ! s5se ( p[] = def5se 9 well-ord]$ numb]s ( individuals1 & ! />s became an army ready to d battle = ,god4 ,aga9 !y 7 8 will+ s]vants & mess5g]s4 ,!y saw ! heav5s /ret*+ f horizon to horizon1 & ev]y?+ 9 creation work+ 9 its own sph]e ) regul>ity & ord]4 ,_! own feel+ = sy/em1 h>moni\s work+ 9 family & tribal circles1 pictur$ ,god 9 pat]nal relations2 a h\sehold] :o /ret*$ 8 great t5t by fa/5+ x to ! outmo/ bord]s ( ! e>?1 & op5$ & arrang$ !re9 ! treasures ( 8 h\sehold4 ,!y he>d a light ru/le ( leaves & impr9t$ ^u x ! feel+ ( g5tl5ess & k9dness1 & x became a mess5g] ( ,god1 an angel4 ,!y he>d ! ?und] & _! %udd]+ gloom translat$ x into ! voice ( an angry ,god4 ,!y li/5$ to _! own he>tbeats & transf]r$ _! rhy?m to _! own spee*1 = we may acc\nt = ! free light rhy?m 9 _! songs by comp>+ x ) ! sy/ole & dia/ole ( ! he>t & ! movem5ts ( ! brea? 9 ! physiological processes ( inspiration & expiration4 ,_! national pride & national joy f\nd expression 9 collective song :i* might ei!r glorify ,god or invoke _! own well-be+4 ,su* song is at "o & ! same "t inspiration & expression4 ,9 g5]al1 _! poetic language draws concise analogy betwe5 ! objects ( creation & ! qualities & attributes ( ! creator ( ^! ?+s4 ,x l+]s ov] s+le images1 repeats !m1 wond]s at !m1 & f9ally gives !m =? ) a vigor\s tongue incapable ( empty words4 ,^! s\ls s entirely =m$ by ! sights & s\nds ( nature bl5d$ ) inn] feel+ give a secret1 my/ical significance t\*$ ) ! f9e/ spiritual s5se to ! pictures & p>allels :i* !y produce4 ,we h "h a peculi> race type liv+ close to crude nature1 an individuality :i* is %ap$ by ?is primitive milieu & :i* expresses itself 9 %>p & /rong outl9es 9 its art4 ,! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ?is individuality is ! spontaneity 9 its expression4 ,! common factors to be drawn f ?is exposition1 :i* contribute to ! int]pretation ( ,h]d]'s g5]al conception ( ,volk are3 #a4 ,! physical environm5t ( bo? gr\ps 0 primeval nature2 i4e41 a mat]ial _w t _h und]gone v few ( ! *anges :i* may be wr\ght by ! arts & crafts ( :at we t]m high] /ages ( civilization4 ,kurz wir s9d mit ,d5k>t1 ,spra*e1 ,sitt5 des ,jahrhund]ts s weit aus ,ossians ,natur h]aus1 als unsre ,/dte1 ,hfe1 ,pall/e1 ,s*ulgebude ke9e ,s*ottis*e rauh5 ,gebrge1 unsre ,gesells*aftskreise und ,z]/reuung5 im ,museum ke9 ,tanz unt] raus*5d5 ,bum54#ab ,als ,gesetzgeb] wirkte ,moses auf d5 ,gei/ se9es ,volks mit ,ries5/rke4 ,dass er sie zum ,ack]- und ,hirt5volk ma*te1 und s viel es seyn konnte1 ,h&el u4 ,erob]ung auss*loss4 ,l&- und ,hirt5mssig i/ ihre ,poesie dem grs/5 ,!ile na*4 ,lndli* s9d ihre ,bild]1 im ,hirt5- und ,ack]leb5 d] grs/e ,rei*tum ihr] ,spra*e4#ac #b4 ,bo? races 7 subject to p[]ful control by ?is physical environm5t3 ,alle ,gesnge sol*] wild5 ,vlk] web5 um dasei5de ,geg5/nde1 ,h&lung51 ,begeb5heit51 um e9e leb5dige ,welt4#ad ,und alle hat das ,auge geseh56 ,die ,seele /ellt sie si* vor6 ,das setzt ,sprnge und ,wrfe3#ae ,ihre ,ide5 s9d voll />k] ,contra/e1 voll ,li*t und ,dunkel1 voll ,ruhe und ,arbeit3 dies i/ d] ,"* des morg5lndis*5 ,himmels1 und des ,g5ius se9] ,nation54#af ,w5n die ,biblis*5 ,di*t] von d5 ,s*neegss5 des ,libanon2 vom ,?au des ,h]mon2 von d5 ,ei*5 ,basans2 vom pr*tig5 ,libanon1 und ang5ehm5 ,c>mel r$52 s geb5 sie ,bild]1 die ihn5 die ,natur selb/ vorge/ellt hat4#ag #c4 ,among bo?1 _! ideas ( ,god & _! religion 7 int]wov5 ) p]sonifi$ nature3 ,d>?ula4 ,e9 ,gesang an die ,mondgtt9 7,mona1 ,mana1 7 viellei*t d] s*n/e1 d] je im ,monds*e9 gesung5 word54#ah ,sol*e ,bild] und ,ide51 als uns au* nur die er/5 ,kapitel ,moses gewhr54 ,hi] i/ als ob ,e9] d] ,elohim selb/1 d] ,g5ius d] ,m5s*heit unsi*tb> lehrte 4444 und s+et d5 ,m5s*51 se9em unsi*tb>5 ,vat] und ,s*pf] glei*4#ai #d4 ,bo? 7 races ( p ) ke51 /rong1 exact s5ses3 4444 d] rauhe ,s*otte ,ossian8 ,er sang leb5dig1 und /rmte also 9 d5 kurz5 ,aug5blick5 leb5dig] ,/imme auf ,h]z und ,ohr2 fr matte ,aug5 im ,lehn/uhl1 4444 wollte er nie 9 d] ,welt sol*e s*ne klassis*e ,aug5weide s*aff54#bj ,bild]r$e und ,gesang also s9d die beid5 ,haupt=t5 d] ,poesie d] ,ebrer2 4444 sie s9d ,poesie frs ,auge und ,ohr1 dur* wel*e beide sie das ,h]z besnftig5 od] be/rm54#ba #e4 ,! memb]s ( bo? races _h1 z innate *>act]i/ics1 rapid & direct int]action betwe5 s5sation1 feel+1 imag9ation1 & expression3 ,wir s9d freili* 9 d] ganz5 ,d5k>t unsres ,jahrhund]ts zu weit von ,ossian ab4 ,mehr an e9e ,kette raff9irt] ,vor/ellung51 lei*t] ,ab/raktion5 ang5ehm] ,p5ses und ,reflexion5 gewhnt1 fals an d5 rauh5 ,s*rei d] ,leid5s*aft1 khn] ,h9wrfe e9] />kgetr(n5 ,e9bildung1 und e9] w/51 />k5 ,ge/alt d] ,seele4#bb ,se9e ,muse i/ ,to*t] d] ,natur auf ihr5 wilde/5 ,hh5 erzog51 ab] ras*1 khn1 edeln ,anseh5s1 nur mit natrli*em ,reitze ges*mckt und im ,tanze d] ,natur h9flieg5d4#bb ,seh5 ,sie ,hiob4 ,die ,erde w> e9 ,palla/4444 ,d] ,ocean w>d1 wie e9 ,k9d1 gebohr5 und gew9delt3 das ,morg5ro? h&elte1 die ,blitze spra*54#bc #f4 ,9 g5]al1 ! texture result+ f control ( ! individual by =ces ( nature un*ang$ by human int]f]5ce is 9 bo? peoples fitly correlat$ ) function+2 i4e41 spontaneity is innately & intr9sically _! nature4 ,hom]s ,rhapsodi5 und ,ossians ,li$] w>5 glei*sam impromptus1 weil man damals no* von ,ni*ts als impromptus d] ,r$e wus/e4#bd ,nun i/ bei d5 ,ebrern be9ahe ,alles ,v]bum3 d4i4 alles lebt und h&elt4#be ,alles 9 ihr ruft3 444 i* lebe1 bewege mi*1 wirke4 ,mi* ers*uff5 ,s9ne und ,leid5s*aft51 ni*t ab/rakte ,d5k5 und ,philosoph54#bf ,) all ^! po9ts 9 common1 ,ossian's p & ! anci5t ,hebrews1 z portray$ 9 ,h]d]'s analysis ( _! poetry1 diff] f ea* o!r z races 9 religion & 9 social cu/oms4 ,!y %[ u diff]5t habitats4 ,!y depict diff]5t hi/orical epo*s & sc5es4 ,b t :i* is common 9 all ?is diff]5ce is1 accord+ to ,h]d]1 t ea* has a p]sonality ( its own :i* *>act]izes its art4 ,9 j$em ,l&e bildet si* d] ,volksgesang na* inn]n und uss]n ,v]anlassung5 d] ,nation4 ,ossians ,g$i*te bezei*n5 d5 ,h]b/ se9es ,volkes4 ,die ,bltt] frb5 und krmm5 si*2 sie falb5 und fall54 ,d] ,luf?au*1 d] sie ablset1 hat ke9e ,erguickung des ,frhl+es 9 si*2 se9 ,spiel indess5 i/ traurig 444 ang5ehm mit d5 s9k5d5 ,bltt]n4#bg ,gesetzt1 wir konnt5 alles dies wiss52 s+5 wir d5n fr ,jud5 die si* fr das e9zige ,volk ,gottes hielt58444 ,von all5 ,vlk]n d] ,erde abgesond]t1 bra*te es se9em ,s*utzgott ,nationalgesnge4#bh ,es v]di5t fa/ ni*t bem]kt zu w]d5 444 dass man die poetis*5 ,bild] und ,empf9dung5 ke9es ,volks und ke9] ,zeit na* dem ,regelmaas e9es &]n ,volks1 e9] &]n ,zeit zu beurteil51 zu tadeln1 zu v]w]f5 habe4#bi ,,*apt] ,v ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,individuality ,,& ,,p]sonality ,,9 ,,h]d] ,h]d] z philosoph] 0 conc]n$ m ) practical & concrete applications ( 8 pr9ciples ?an ) dogmas & ab/ract !ories4 ,! foll[+ brief inve/igation ( purely philosophical discussions is made ) a view ( det]m9+ h[ he applies 8 philosophy to ?is def9ite an?ropological conception4 ,9 8 ,gespr*e b] ,sp9ozas ,sy/em ,h]d] sets =? mu* ( 8 own religi\s philosophy4 ,a passage 9 ! second dialogue sub/itutes = ! ^w 8attributes0 ! ^w 8=ces0 9 exp\nd+ "o ( ,sp9oza's po/ulates4 ,! passage !n reads3 8,! ,godhead reveals itself 9 an inf9ite numb] ( =ces & 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways40 ,x is ) ! ^w = =ces t we are conc]n$ at ?is po9t--,kraft1 ,krfte4 ,?is same ^w ,h]d] uses 9 discuss+ ! fundam5tal life-pr9ciple 9 ! _w at l>ge1 :i* is ! !me ( 8 fir/ few sections 9 ! essay entitl$3 ,vom ,erk5n5 und ,empf9d5 9 ihrem m5s*li*5 ,ursprunge und d5 ,gesetz5 ihr] ,wrkung4 ,^! ,krfte1 ^! 8modifications ( ,god10 f9d _! impulse to op]ate 9 a /imulus1 beyond ! mat]ial =m ( :i* ,h]d] _c g4 ,h]d]'s philosophy plants itself f ! beg9n+ q firmly on mat]ial f\ndations4 ,he says t 9 ! qualities :i* are con/antly designat$ by su* words z heavy1 ?ru/1 fall1 movem5t1 re/1 /r5g?1 ev5 p[] ( in]tia1 is impli$ a life-pr9ciple1 a s\l4 ,any close obs]vation ( nature mu/ %[ t ! great work+ p[] ( nature is ev]y:]e ! same1 & x is ! analogy betwe5 ! processes ( ! mat]ial _w 9 g5]al & ! ph5om5a 9 ! human organism 9 p>ticul> :i* c give ! cle>e/ insight into ! great life-pr9ciple4 ,?is /udy by analog\s reason+ is n artificial1 ,man _c avoid feel+ ! simil>ity betwe5 himself & ext]nal nature4 ,human be+s mu/ ( necessity1 he cont9ues1 vitalize ev]y?+ ab\t !m ) _! own feel+s4 ,! feel+s !n are /rongly in/rum5tal 9 man's int]pretation ( ! _w ab\t him4 ,i4 ,,/imulus ,! fir/ phase ( feel+ :i* ,h]d] consid]s is ,reiz or /imulus4 ,! peculi> ph5om5on ( /imulus says he1 :i* may be se5 9 ! smalle/1 mo/ delicate filam5ts ( plants1 caus+ !m to contract & exp&1 & bespeak+ a sort ( feel+ is due to ! same law :i* controls ! mo/ complicat$ feel+s & passions ( ! human be+4 ,?is all-p]vad+ law ( /imulus ,h]d] f9ds 9 ! action ( physical heat & cold1 :i* he makes p>allel 9 its work+ ) pleasure & pa9 respectively4 ,pa91 di/urbance by some?+ =eign1 contracts2 ! /r5g? collects1 increases = resi/ance1 & takes its /& aga94 ,well-be+ & pleasure--w>m?--exp&s1 makes = calmness1 placidity1 enjoym5t1 & release4 ,t :i* is expansion & contraction 9 dead nature1 ! result ( w>m? & cold1 seems to be "h ! obscure se$ ( /imulus & feel+ 9 man4 ,! 8_w-all10 ! entire feel+1 nature ( human be+s & animals moves 9 ?is ebb & flood ( w>m? & cold4 ,! p[] to exp& & contract :i* is ! effect ( ?is heat & cold1 pleasure & pa91 ,h]d] makes ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! p[] = self-nutrim5t4 ,?is p[] is no?+ ext]nal or me*anical1 9 :i* case x w\ld n be life4 ,! plant /ructure ( organic fib]s :i* takes 9 life f ! surr\nd+ elem5ts does s ?r\gh its own activities4 ,! p[] to escape its enemies & to make ov] all its n\ri%m5t into diff]5tiat$ p>ts lies )9 ! plant4 ,! complicat$ body ( ! animal likewise has ?is /imulus to seek ! nutrition ess5tial = life )93 hung] & ?ir/ are p[]ful excit+ =ces4 ,:5 he applies 8 !ories to man1 he calls love ! mo/ p[]ful /imulus to life4 ,h]d] ascribes to ! plant some?+ 9 addition to ! /imulus to seek nutrition :5 he recognizes t intellig5ce 9 plant /ructures :i* selects only su* elem5ts z fit ! peculi> ne$s = its developm5t aft] its k9d4 ,he does n succe$ 9 gett+ rid entirely ( ! ext]nal 9 op]at+ ! organism2 he sees 9 brea?+ a k9d ( "t-beat+ by :i* nature sw+s ! ma*9e1 & "h nature is )\t1 = %e brea!s ^u ! ma*9e1 9 ?is h>moni\s way1 ! _s ( life4 ,?us f> ,h]d] has recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( a /imulus 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 :i* is 9 reality a life-pr9ciple4 ,?is life-pr9ciple is n only ! monitor ov] ! feel+s1 b m]ges into !m & becomes ! /uff ( :i* feel+s are made4 ,:at is ! relation ( ^! indef9able & unanalyz$ /imuli to ! feel+s8 ,s9ce ! passions :i* surr\nd ! he>t f9d _! roots 9 ! f9e/ fib]s ( ! physical /ructure1 ! degree to :i* ^! fib]s are /imulat$ det]m9es ! degree to :i* ! feel+s w be excit$ & w express !mselves4 ,love1 c\rage1 ang]1 & brav]y are 9 proportion to ! /imulus ( ! he>t & ! collaborat+ p>ts3 8,die ,innigkeit1 ,tiefe und ,ausbreitung mit d] wir ,leid5s*aft5 empfang51 v]>beit5 und =tpflanz5 ma*t uns zu d5 fla*5 od] tief5 ,gefss5 die wir s9d40 ,! =cefulness ( ?\ght is likewise dep5d5t ^u ! vigor ( ?is obscure /imulus1 = no ?\ght1 says he1 c rea* ! bra9 unless feel+ 9 its prop] physical connection has prec$$ x4 ,& j "h our philosoph] lays ! v roots ( individuality4 ,! degree to :i* ! fib]s are /imulat$ is ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ations :i* w end 9 produc+ an aggregate ( prop]ties peculi> to an individual4 ,,ii4 ,,s5ses ,by ?is inductive me?od1 :i* develops fundam5tally a philosophy ( evolution1 ,h]d] f9ds t ! s5ses are a n]ve-/ructure develop$ to meet ! waves ( /imulus f )\t & feel+ f )9 & to diff]5tiate !m m f9ely ?an did ! fib]s :i* work$ only 9 a g5]al way4 ,b ! law is ! same4 ,! n]ves ( e s5se op]ate accord+ to ! same law by :i* ! fib]s contract & exp&4 ,! n]ves advance to meet pleasant agreeable ?+s1 b rec$e f & resi/ unpleasant ?+s4 ,n[ ,h]d] obs]ves t some?+ o!r ?an ! organ ( s5se & ! ext]nal objects mu/ op]ate to produce s5sation 9 at lea/ two ( ! s5ses4 ,he sees a c]ta9 m5tal bond )\t :i* sight & he>+ c\ld n g to ! object nor ! object to ! s5ses2 ?is common sub/ance1 he says1 is light1 a sub/ance :i* has ! peculi>ity ( tak+ j s mu* f creation z ! two end organs c receive4 ,b ?is light z a m$ium is a requisite = ! f9] s5ses only4 ,!re are co>s] s5ses1 fib]s1 & /imuli :i* _c be br\ght into action ?us4 ,!y c feel only 9 !mselves1 = ! object mu/ come to !m1 t\* !m1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be "o ) !m4 ,h]d] is explicit 9 connect+ individual "* ) ! s5ses4 ,! contribution :i* ea* s5se makes to ! s\l _c ) any two human be+s be ! same 9 k9d1 /r5g?1 dep?1 & bread?4 ,!re are _m pro(s ( ?is4 ,see+ & he>+1 :i* furni% mo/ ( ! mat]ial = ?9k+1 are seldom 9 "o individual ) ! same degree ( tra9+ or ( natural =ce4 ,?is w n only acc\nt = inequalities ( ! s5ses ev9c$ 9 all =ms ( expression 9 a s+le individual1 b = su* inequalities among gr\ps & races4 ,=1 he cont9ues1 imag9ative p[] 9 :i* ?\ghts & feel+s disport !mselves is made ( ! fl[+ toge!r ( s5se impressions4 ,?is is ,plato's ?\ght also :5 he objects to mak+ k m]e s5se-p]ception because x w\ld make a diff]5t /&>d ( k = ea* man4 ,socrates 9 ,!aetetus quotes ,protagoras on ! same po9t3 8,s5sations are relative & individual40 ,"o sc>cely ne$s to be rem9d$ "h ( ,h]d]'s ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ,greek philosophy4 ,! way f a s5sation to ?\ght is ?r\gh ! n]ve-/ructure ( s5se organs1 ^! n]ve-/ructures furni%+ j su* a m$ium betwe5 ! object ( s5sation on ! "o h& & ?9k+ & will+ on ! o!r1 z does light betwe5 ! object ( s5se & ! visual & auditory organs4 ,nev] los+ sight ( ! physiological elem5t 9 8 psy*ology1 ,h]d] tells u t ! s\l has gr[n out ( ! body1 & has s outgr[n ! body t s\l has become ! mon>* ov] t1 )\t :i* s\l c\ld n exi/4 ,all its ?9k+ gr[s out ( feel+1 & ?is feel+ out ( a body hav+ 9 its comm& manifold obscure =ces adm9i/]$ to by v>i\sly end[$ 8s]vants0 & 8mess5g]s40 ,,iii4 ,,kn[+ ,,& ,,will+ ,h]d] d5ies t any?+ 9 ! way ( k comes back to ! s\l out ( ! platonic =e-_w1 & ab/ract egoism1 he says1 is oppos$ to tru? & ! op5 c\rse ( nature4 ,j z all ( ! s\l's kn[+ dep5ds ^u obscure /imuli & =ces hav+ _! f\ndations 9 ! body & lead+ to s5sations & !n to reason+1 s h] will+ comes f ^! z a natural sequ5ce ( h] kn[+4 ,any kn[+ )\t will+ w\ld be false & incomplete4 ,if kn[+ is only a deep feel+ ( tru?1 :o is go+ to see tru? & at ! same "t be bl9d to x--"k goodness & n w to d x8 ,e s+le passion or feel+ ?us kn[+ ! good w\ld at ! same "t w ! good4 ,h]d] is emphatic ab\t ! int]dep5d5ce ( ^! two4 ,j z no kn[+ is )\t will+1 no will+ is )\t kn[+2 !y are only "o en]gy ( ! s\l4 ,?is sugge/s ,socrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 z he argues t m5 w\ld always d good if !y knew ! good4 8,no man volunt>ily pursues evil or t :i* he ?9ks to be evil4 ,to pref] evil to good is n 9 human nature40 ,briefly summ>iz+3 ,h]d] f9ds 8 /imulus ! same ev]y:]e 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( life s9ce x impels to self-nutrim5t & reproduction4 ,x works by ! same law 9 bo? body & s\l4 ,v>iations ( x 9 degree are ! f\ndations = individuality & p]sonality4 ,all t is true ( feel+ = ess5tially /imulus becomes feel+4 ,out ( all ?is ,h]d] arrives at ! conclusion3 8,d] tief/e ,grund uns]es ,daseyns i/ individuell1 s[ohl 9 ,empf9dung5 als ,g$ank540 ,! di/9ctive p]sonal & individual "* ^: f\ndations h j be5 trac$1 accord+ to our au?or1 c n come to its fulle/ developm5t except z a compon5t "p 9 a l>g] self-consci\s & self-direct+ entity :i* he calls 8humanity40 ,?is humanity z a :ole1 & ! relation ( ! individual to x1 is discuss$ 9 ! collections ,briefe zur ,befrd]ung d] ,humanitt4 ,an emphatic tone reg>d+ p]sonality & individuality z *>act]i/ics ( ! gr\p p]vades ^! lett]s4 ,exi/5ce z a self-consci\s be+ :i* develops into gr\p consci\sness ,h]d] f9ds root$ 9 human frailty4 ,primitive man1 to himself & enigma1 he obs]ves1 :5 comp>+ 8 visible condition1 8 natural capacities1 8 w-p[] ) endur+ nature1 0 =c$ to a feel+ ( weakness1 to a s5se ( mortal exi/5ce2 he f9ds himself ( ! e>?1 a fragile h\se ( clay4 ,sympa?y !n & ! realization ( "o's duty to "o's fell[-m5 began "h4 ,b ! consci\sness ( frailty l$ also to a k ( our p[]s & abilities1 to a s5se ( our call+ & our duties1 & br\ght u to a deep consid]ation ( human nature4 ,! gr\p is always /riv+ t[>d an ideal patt]n :i* is 8! "* ( ! race10 &1 aga91 ?is "* is 9 ! individual2 =1 says ,h]d]1 he :o does n make ! be/ ( himself _c assi/ ! sum total ( ! race4 ,! au?or /ates ! idea :5 he says t x is accord+ to ! sacr$ laws ( nature t man is a complete unit 9 himself1 & at ! same "t an important elem5t ( gr\ps ea* a consi/5t "p ( l>g] gr\ps :i* make ! sum total ( humanity4 ,man is fri5d1 citiz51 husb&1 fa!r2 fell[-citiz51 f9ally1 9 ! great city ( ,god on e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,h]d]',s ,,conception ,,( ,,das ,,volk ,h]d]1 by num]\s ref]5ces & discussions1 9 :i* he is def9ite & explicit z to "n & !ories1 %[s a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy :i* 7 influ5tial ?r\gh\t ! c5tury 9 :i* he liv$4 ,among ^? ^: names occur _m times 9 8 works are3 ,rog] ,bacon ,francis ,bacon ,baumg>t5 ,b]keley ,boileau ,bol+broke ,condillac ,desc>tes ,did]ot ,hume ,kant ,leibniz ,locke ,montaigne ,montesquieu ,newton ,r\sseau ,%aftesbury ,sp9oza ,voltaire ,wolf ,^! are philosoph]s ^: expressions ( ?\ght left _! traces ei!r vaguely or deeply ^u ! enlight5m5t p]iod &1 z already said1 :om ,h]d] knew well4 ,b ! doctr9es ( _m ( ^! m5 conv]g$4 ,( o!rs1 ! pr9ciples 7 develop$ & amplifi$ by successors4 ,! ma9 ideas ( ! p]iod :i* ent] into ,h]d]'s conception ( ,volk are f\nd 9 ?ree great expon5ts3 ,leibniz1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,r\sseau4 ,! influ5ce ( ea* ^u ,h]d] w be exam9$ "h4 ,,leibniz ,,& ,,h]d] ,,iv1 #bbd3 ,h]d] calls ,leibniz ! greate/ man t ,g]many has produc$ 9 lat] times4 ,,iv1 #cfa3 ,h]d] calls ,leibniz & ,plato ! two greate/ heads = hypo!ses4 ,,viii1 #agh3 ,h]d] says t no "o says x bett] ?an ,leibniz1 t bodies z su* are only ph5om5a ( sub/ances1 z ! ,milky ,way is ( />s & ! cl\ds ( drops4 ,,ix1 #dic3 ,h]d] regrets t ,leibniz 0 n suffici5tly appreciat$ by ! ,g]mans2 mo/ ( !m 9 ! city 9 :i* he lies did n ev5 "k :]e 8 grave 04 ,,ix1 #ecd3 ,h]d] cites ,leibniz z say+ t human wit & humor are nev] m effective ?an 9 play1 & uses ?is 9 support ( 8 own belief t ! human he>t expresses itself mo/ effectively 9 ! nature songs ( primitive p4 ,x1 #cje3 ,h]d] sees ! fl[] ( ,leibniz 9 ,%aftesbury4 ,,xiii1 #aii3 ,h]d] agrees ) ,leibniz t ! s\l is a mirror ( ! 8_w-all0 & he believes !re is a deep] tru? 9 ,leibniz' /atem5t ?an is usually recogniz$2 i4e41 all ! =ces ( a 8_w-all0 lie hidd5 9 ! s\l1 & !y ne$ only an organization or a succession ( organizations to set !m into activity4 ,,xiv1 #dag3 ,h]d] f9ds support 9 ,leibniz = ! /atem5t t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* consid]$ ! k+ a protective magi/rate "u ! supremacy ( ! ,pope4 ,,xv1 #ahj3 ,h]d] says ,leibniz po9t$ out weak sides ( ,locke's philosophy4 ,,xvi1 #dej3 ,h]d] makes ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 #a4 ,9 ,leibniz' m9d 7 associat$ fruitful conceptions ( all sci5ces & ( all ! realms ( nature4 #b4 ,leibniz said t "o mu/ f9ally1 s f> z conceptions ( bodies are conc]n$1 come to simple sub/ances1 :i* he calls 8,monads40 #c4 ,i 7,h]d]7 am conv9c$ t among ! ?ree +5i\s hypo!ses ) :i* he has enri*$ metaphysics ! monad is ! mo/ fundam5tal1 & w sometime w9 a place4 #d4 ,)\t ?is indivisible work+ elem5t1 ! nature ( physical bodies _c be expla9$4 ,,xvi1 #deh3 ,h]d] calls ,leibniz a 8,proteus ( ,sci5ce10 :o has done mu* to unify philosophical tru?s4 ,,xvi1 #fjf3 ,h]d] calls ,leibniz1 8our immortal ,leibniz40 ,,xvii1 #cca ff43 ,h]d] eulogizes ,leibniz1 emphasiz+ 8 !ories ( play1 8 mildness & sympa?y 9 criticiz+ o!rs 8 y\?ful1 imp>tial s\l4 ,,xviii1 #abf3 ,h]d] says t ,leibniz 0 ! mo/ mode/ among all ! re=m]s ( philosophical ?\ght2 he ?\ght t all sy/ems ( ! anci5ts c\ld be unit$ because ea* held some?+ good4 ,,xxi1 #ai3 ,h]d] quotes ,leibniz z say+ t language is ! mirror ( human und]/&+4 ,,xxi1 #gj ff43 ,h]d] translates ,leibniz' ,ueb] ,philosophie 9 d] ,deuts*5 ,spra*e4 ,,xxi1 #ade3 ,h]d] m5tions ,leibniz' pr9ciples ( ,id5tity & ,causality4 ,,xxi1 #cai3 ,h]d] translates ,leibniz' ,vom philosophis*5 ,vortrag4 ,,xxii1 #aij3 ,h]d] translates ,leibniz' ,ueb] ,ma*t und ,anw5dung d] ,musik4 ,,xxiii1 #acb3 ,h]d] recomm5ds ,leibniz' ,neue ,v]su*e b] d5 m5s*li*5 ,v]/& to "y m54 ,,xxiii1 #dgi3 ,h]d] says1 ,leibniz1 _h he liv$ to see 8 orig9al plans reviv$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,society 9 ,b]l91 probably w\ld h arrang$ a ,sy/em d] ,vlk] na* ,spra*5 und ,bildung54 ,?is me?od ( /udy+ hi/ory by go+ to natural environm5ts & to ! s\rces is suffici5tly 9 accord ) ,h]d]'s ideas to call =? ! prophecy t :at ! pa/ c5tury _h omitt$ 9 ?is respect ! future w\ld d4 ,,xxiii1 #dhc3 ,h]d]1 ref]r+ to ,leibniz' sy/em ( ,monad51 pr/abilirt5 ,h>monie u4 f41 says t no "o d\bts t !re is mu* t is true & beautiful 9 x2 no "o d>es d5y a _w ( s\ls & a h>mony betwe5 m9d & body2 !re is no d\bt t !re are pure conceptions 9 :i* ?\ghts are consid]$ only z work+s or developm5ts ( ! s\l1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! laws ( ! _w ( bodies are consid]$ z me*anical & artificial4 ,,xxiv1 #bfg3 ,h]d] notes ,leibniz' romantic attitude1 obs]v+ t ,leibniz regrett$ ! decl9e 9 ! feel+ ( c\rage & honor & t he c\nsel$ a return to ! de$s & voices & models ( ! pa/ to reawak5 ^!4 ,,xxv1 #hh3 ,h]d] says if ,leibniz f\nd human wit & humor mo/ real & effective 9 play1 c]ta9ly he 7,h]d]7 is ju/ifi$1 9 f9d+ ! mo/ fai?ful reproductions ( traditions1 language1 & cu/oms at ! po9t :]e tru? & delight meet2 i4e41 9 song4 ,,xxx1 #ace3 ,h]d] calls ,leibniz ! greate/ man t ,g]many has _h4 ,,xxx1 #beh3 ,h]d] has rem>k$ frequ5tly ^u ,leibniz' !ory t ! human m9d is nev] m cle>-sight$ & dispos$ to activity ?an 9 play4 ,he analyzes ! ?\ght "h1 & x is wor? consid]+ because x h+es closely ^u ,h]d]'s philosophy :i* causes him to seek g5u9e ,volk "* 9 me?ods ( expression :i* are natural r ?an artificial4 ,he asks1 ,:y is x t !re is ?is connection betwe5 our inn]mo/ selves & pleasure & joy8 ,_m =ms ( play are s difficult & fatigu+1 o!rs are subject to su* /rict rules2 j because !y dem& ?is is ! =m ( play int]e/+ = ^? :o l x4 ,x becomes pleasant because x keeps bo? s\l & body con/antly & int]*angeably busi$4 ,9 ! progress ( be+ occupi$ lies an indef9able pleasure2 we feel ! happy progressiv5ess by :i* our =ces are /r5g!n$ & gr[4 ,! m frequ5tly ?is int]*ange takes place1 ! m d we realize our =ces enri*$4 ,,xxiii1 #aed3 ,h]d] says ,%aftesbury s5t to ,leibniz ! =m]'s works & t ,leibniz f\nd 9 !m 8 own sy/em4 ,,xxiii1 #dfa3 ,h]d] praises ,leibniz' ef=ts 9 behalf ( ! ,royal ,sci5tific ,society 9 ,b]l94 ,,xxiii1 #dfh ff43 ,h]d] has writt5 an essay on ,leibniz 9 :i* he reviews ! "w ( ! latt] "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibniz3 7#a7 ,!ologie und ,religion2 7#b7 ,re*tsgelehrsamkeit und ,politik2 7#c7 ,ges*i*te1 ,alt]?m]1 ,spra*52 7#d7 ,ma!matik und ,physik2 & 7#e7 ,die er/e ,philosophie4 ,h]d]'s own comm5ts 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ?is s]ies ( expositions are important 9 ?is connection4 #a4 ,!ology & religion4--,leibniz' pro( ( ,*ri/ianity ,h]d] f9ds 0 bas$ ^u natural religion2 aft] firmly lay+ ! f\ndation ( ?is natural religion1 "o %\ld %[ ! necessity ( a reveal$ religion1 !n ! sup]ior beauty ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 surpass+ z x does all o!r religions4 ,leibniz sees a!ism z well z mat]ialism1 to say no?+ ( ! disp>agem5t or mock]y ( ,*ri/5dom1 z ! h]ald ( a b>b>ism ) :i* is b\nd up ! decay ( honor & morality4 ,h]d]'s comm5t ^u ?is is3 ,h[ fai?fully h succe$+ times prov$ ?is to be true6 ,leibniz1 he cont9ues1 w\ld rejoice if he c\ld see ! ,bible s cl>ifi$1 e "o ( its books int]pret$ 9 ! light & _s ( its own "t & above all ! subtleties =eign to ! s5se & cont5t ( ,*ri/ianity remov$--all ?is1 su* z x 0 9 8 own day1 is ,h]d]'s idea4 ,important to note "h is ! return to nature z a f\ndation = ,*ri/ianity1 & to natural environm5t = ! int]pretation ( ,*ri/ian tea*+s4 #b4 ,jurisprud5ce & /atesman%ip4--,"h ,h]d] f9ds t ,leibniz became a real tea*] d] ,vlk] ?r\gh 8 "w1 ,codex des allgeme95 ,vlk]re*ts4 ,j z ,leibniz 9 8 opposition to ,puff5dorf f\nds man's natural rights ^u et]nal pr9ciples ( "r & reason1 s he c>ries ^! on into ! s-call$ 8volunt>y rights ( peoples0 to :i* he adds 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,republic a div9e1 positive "r4 ,?is div9e1 positive "r ,h]d] admits 01 9 ! beg9n+s ( ! ,*ri/ian republic1 conceiv$ ( z be+ embodi$ 9 ! emp]or z head ( ! /ate4 ,b1 says he1 ,leibniz' great ?\ght 0 true2 true 9 ! s5se t ?is div9e1 positive "r is t :i* made itself evid5t long be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,he asks1 ,does ,*ri/5dom tea* any?+ o!r ?an pure humanity8 ,x mu/ be f\nd$ ^u humanity :i* is also ,leibniz' ,codex des ,vlk]re*ts4 ,x is cle>1 cont9ues ! comm5tator1 t :at a nation dem&s or wi%es f ano!r x mu/ also (f]2 =ce1 fai?lessness1 & bold arrogance ( "o t[>d ! o!r enrage all nations4 ,?is ,codex des ,vlk]re*ts is writt5 9 ! brea/s ( all human be+s4 ,:]ev] 8 view 0 unob/ruct$1 he saw cle>ly ! political relation%ips ( ,europe1 & prophesi$ mu* t foll[$4 ,! natural rights ( mank9d to be appli$ to humanity ?r\gh /ates & nations1 !n1 is :at ,h]d] notes at ?is po9t 9 ,leibniz4 #c4 ,hi/ory1 antiquities1 languages4--,h]d] notes "h t ,leibniz lik$ above ev]y?+ else 9 ,hi/ory ! orig9s ( races1 ,uranfnge d] ,vlk]1 :i* l$ to _! antiquities & language /ocks4 ,?is acc\nts = 8 dilig5ce 9 comp>ison & d]ivation ( languages & 9 etymologies4 ,h]d] rem9ds u t a family tree ( languages has be5 e/abli%$ s9ce ,leibniz' "t ?r\gh ! ,russian j\rneys 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 cont9u\s news f ,*9a1 ! inve/igations ( ! ,engli% 9 ,india1 & o!r /udies made 9 ,tibet1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,s\!rn _w4 ,,xxxii1 #bbf3 ,h]d]'s discussion ( ,leibniz' monad3 ,a monad is said to be able to *ange its repres5tations 7,vor/ellung57 & x mu/ *ange !m 9 accordance ) its fundam5tal =ce2 n[ if ^! repres5tations are no?+ b ext]nal rapports1 mu/ !re n lie 9 ! fundam5tal =ce also ! f\ndation ( p]ceptibility ( ! ext]nal & ! f\ndation ( ! con/antly *ang+ p]ceptibility8444 ,if !re=e1 ! s\l is a liv+ mirror ( ! univ]se !n x mu/ n reflect ?is univ]se f )9 itself outw>d4444 ,b !re mu/ be an int]nal cause 9 e s\l :i* acc\nts = ! "p ( ! univ]se :i* ! s\l looks ^u & :i* _c be s\ght 9 a ?ird be+1 ! cause ( bo?4 ,ev]y:]e !re is life2 ev]y:]e life is connect$ ) organs1 & :]e w\ld ! cause ( ! connection lie8 ,n 9 ! life2 n 9 ! organ4 ,:]e !n8 ,a ,deus ex ma*9a mu/ be call$ :i* conta9s ! cause ( ! connection ( bo? s t nei!r ( ^! 7life1 organ7 conta9 any?+ ( ?is cause1 & t is contradiction4 ,"o monad is said to rule ov] ! o!rs & ov] _m o!rs )\t !re be+ 9 any "o ! cause ( *ange :i* is 9 ! o!r4 ,a monad is said to height5 its =ces j s mu* z its body height5s its own organization4 ,n[ /ill ?is int]connect$ increase is to conta9 no?+ 9 ! "o = ! o!r2 n causa effici5s1 n conditio s9e qua non1 only simultane\sness4 ,h[ unbelieveable6 ,if ! adju/m5t ( ! organs ext5ds to ! mak+ ( a c]ta9 relief or diff]5ce1 !n su* a relief or diff]5ce 9 ! p]ceptions & all ! connect+ comes ab\t )\t int]nal cause1 only "o cause to expla9 s _m effects :i* are sc>cely cov]$ by x4 ,x seems to me ! _w w\ld be incomp>ably simpl] & m manifold if 9 e monad 7 ! cause = its connection & all ( its *anges4 ,x seems evid5t t ,h]d] accepts mu* ( ,leibniz' !ory ( ! monad4 ,! important po9t ( dep>ture is express$ 9 ! two s5t5ces3 #a4 ,b !re mu/ be an int]nal cause 9 e s\l :i* acc\nts = ! "p ( ! univ]se :i* t s\l looks ov] & :i* _c be s\ght 9 a ?ird be+1 ! cause ( bo?4 #b4 ,! _w w\ld be simpl] & m manifold if 9 e monad 7 ! cause = its connection & all its *anges4 ,x is at ?is po9t ( dep>ture t we see ,h]d]'s emphasis on innate pot5tialities1 :i* are fundam5tally diff]5t1 tak+ %ape4 ,"h are individuality & spontaneity 9 incipi5cy4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,leibniz ,i3 #aaf1 #adb1 #aff1 #bcc1 #dae4 ,,ii3 #ej1 #if1 #cjj4 ,,iv3 #ae1 #bbd1 #bdh1 #cfa4 ,v3 #eg1 #caf1 #cah1 #daj1 #dab1 #dei1 #dfa1 #ejd1 #eab1 #ecb4 ,,viii3 #aab1 #agj1 #agh1 #bbf1 #bdg1 #bff1 #bgb1 #cai4 ,,ix3 #dic1 #ejj1 #ecd4 ,x3 #cje1 #cdf4 ,,xi3 #ij4 ,,xiii3 #aii1 #cfd4 ,,xiv3 #dag4 ,,xv3 ,note to page #cc2 #ce1 #ga1 #ahj1 #cbj4 ,,xvi3 #dej1 #deh1 #ejd1 #bib1 #fjf4 ,,xvii3 #aeh1 #baj1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bgd1 #cbf1 #cca1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cch4 ,,xviii3 #abf1 #cbc4 ,,xx3 #ceh4 ,,xxi3 #ag1 #ai1 #di1 #gj1 #ga1 #ade1 #ahe1 #cai4 ,,xxii3 #fg1 #aij4 ,,xxiii3 #fg1 #hh1 #acb1 #aed1 #dfa1 #dfh1 #dgb4 ,,xxiv3 #i1 #ib1 #bfg1 #cae4 ,,xxv3 #hh4 ,,xxviii3 #bcb1 #cec4 ,,xxix3 #eha4 ,,xxx3 #fd1 #ace1 #djc1 #beh1 #djg4 ,,xxxii3 #cb1 #bba1 #bbe4 ,,%aftesbury ,,& ,,h]d] ,i1 #ahb3 ,h]d] says ,%aftesbury kn[s h[ to use ! dialogue excell5tly2 he _h le>n$ x f ,plato & taught ,did]ot4 ,v1 #dij3 ,h]d] calls ,%aftesbury ! amiable ,plato ( ,europe4 ,x1 #bcb3 ,h]d] m5tions ,%aftesbury's philosophis*5 ,lobgesang auf die ,natur 9 se95 8,morali/s04 ,x1 #cje3 ,h]d] conc$es to ,%aftesbury a ref9$1 beautiful1 philosophical intellect4 ,he is impress$ ) ! 8,*>act]i/ics0 & ! 8,morali/s40 ,! latt]1 says he1 c be put side by side ) ! writ+s ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,h]d] f9ds 9 ,%aftesbury ! fl[] ( ,leibniz' philosophy & ! tea*+s ( new platonism4 ,he sees traces ( ,%aftesbury 9 ,m5delsohn's ,lett]s conc]n+ ,feel+4 ,h]d]'s tone def5ds ,%aftesbury 9 ! /atem5t t "o %\ld love virtue = h] own sake1 on ! gr\nd t _m religi\s en?usia/s1 includ+ ,fnlon1 h ma9ta9$ ! same ?+4 ,nor is he ei!r a!i/ or pan!i/ 9 8 ,song ( ,praise to ,nature4 ,he fur!r m5tions ! foll[+ works 9 ,g]man translations3 ,! ,morali/s2 ,inve/igations ,conc]n+ ,virtue1 ,b]l91 #agde2 ,%aftesbury's ,philosophical ,works1 translat$ by ,voss1 ,leipzig1 #aggf4 ,,xi1 #abc3 ,h]d] f9ds ,%aftesbury's ,t5 ,lett]s to a ,/ud5t ( ,!ology excell5t 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,:at he says ( real philosophy1 ( empty speculation1 ( academic polyhi/orie1 ( intellectual ambition & ! real fre$om ( ?\ght1 ( ! writ+s ( ! ,greek1 & ( ! beautiful & pure t[>d :i* "o mu/ aim 9 /udies ( all k9ds2 7#b7 :at he says ( ! _s ( endurance & ,*ri/ian simplicity4 ,,xi1 #bbj3 ,h]d] admires die ,grazi5 des ,platoni%-,%aftesbury dialogue4 ,,xvi1 #djg3 ,h]d] expresses himself by quot+ 9 translation a /anza f ,%aftesbury's ,morali/s4 ,,xvi1 #aeh1 #aei3 ,article on ,%aftesbury2 holds him 9 high e/eem1 calls him ,virtuoso d] ,humanitt4 ,h]d] decl>es t ,%aftesbury has influ5c$ ! be/ m9ds ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,xxiii1 #adc ff43 ,h]d] %[s an intimate acqua9tance ) ! life & works ( ,%aftesbury z well z ! s\rces ( 8 philosophy4 ,he rem9ds t ,%aftesbury influ5c$ bo? ,did]ot & ,leibniz4 ,h]d] reveals 8 own incl9ation to take nature & ! feel+s z /&>ds3 7#a7 ,by criticiz+ ,%aftesbury = ov]look+ an important pr9ciple 9 ,greek philosophy 9 "o ( 8 discussions2 namely1 ! pr9ciple d] ,natur zu folg54 7#b7 ,by say+ an honorable feel+ = tru? & ju/ice is a law ( our nature4 ,,xxx1 #cba3 ,h]d] calls ,%aftesbury ! high prie/ ( ! temple ( ,grazie4 ,%aftesbury's ,*>act]i/ics ( ,m51 ,mann]s1 ,op9ions1 & ,"t w be us$ z a ref]5ce book4 ,,%aftesbury ,,& ,,h]d] ,! elevation ( human nature1 z f\nd 9 ! individual1 to some?+ :i* has a univ]sal value1 to some?+ high] & nobl] ?an ! int]e/s ( self alone 0 "o ( ! prom95t t5ets ( ,%aftesbury's philosophy4 ,?is impli$ a moral & social sy/em compos$ ( p>ts nicely adju/$ 9 ea* s+le entity1 :i* 9 turn 0 a compon5t "p ( a l>g] :ole2 ! p>ts ( ?is great] sy/em 7 likewise 9 con/ant proportion to "o ano!r1 & s f9ely & fitly adju/$ t any dis>rangem5t c\ld n fail to effect ! h>moni\s bl5d+ & ! unity ( ! entire design4 ,out ( ?is1 x foll[s t man c come to 8 true/ & mo/ natural developm5t 9 community life only4 ,& ?us1 if !re be f\nd 9 any creature a m ?an ord9>y self-conc]nm5t or reg>d to private good1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! int]e/ ( ! species or public1 ?is mu/ 9 e respect be e/eem$ an ill & vici\s affection4 ,& ?is is :at we commonly call selfi%ness1 & disapprove s mu*1 9 :atev] creature we happ5 to discov] x4--,inquiry1 ,book ,i4 ,:5 we reflect on any ord9>y frame or con/itution ei!r ( art or nature1 & consid] h[ h>d x is to give ! lea/ acc\nt ( a p>ticul> "p )\t a compet5t k ( ! :ole1 we ne$ n wond] to f9d ourselves at a loss 9 _m ?+s relat+ to ! con/itution & frame ( nature h]self4--,inquiry1 ,book ,i4 ,to love ! public1 to /udy univ]sal good1 & to promote ! int]e/ ( ! :ole _w1 z f> z lies )9 our p[]1 is surely ! height ( goodness1 & makes t temp] :i* we call div9e4--,lett] ,conc]n+ ,en?usiasm1 section #d4 ,! h>moni\s man is to be ! product ( a natural unfold+ ( innate human nature4 ,! pot5tialities )9 are to be all[$ to develop unw>p$ & unimp$$ & to express !mselves completely & symmetrically4 ,!re mu/ be no subord9ation ( p]sonality or individuality to artificial /&>ds1 = nature is ! sov]eign4 ,if no p[]s1 incl9ations1 or impulses are ?w>t$ 9 _! tr5d & activity1 !y w1 9 all _! manifold v>iety1 fl[] into ! p]fectly beautiful & !re=e ! p]fectly good4 ,n[ ! v>iety ( nature is su* z to di/+ui% ev]y?+ %e =ms by a peculi>1 orig9al "*1 :i*1 if /rictly obs]v$1 w make ! subject appe> unlike to any?+ extant 9 ! _w besides4 ,= all beauty is tru?4 ,true features make ! beauty ( a face1 & true proportions ! beauty ( ar*itecture--,essay on ! ,fre$om ( ,wit & ,humor1 ,"p ,,iv4 ,t faculty by :i* ! good & ! beautiful are to be recogniz$ & approv$ is inde$ little diff]5t if diff]5t at all f an emotion4 ,! pr9ciple ( feel+ really becomes ! crit]ion ( "r & wrong4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( feel+ :i* =ms ! ess5ce ( ,%aftesbury's ,moral ,s5se4 ,he admits t ?is s5se may be improv$ by cultivation1 b its ess5tial "p is innate4 8,s5se ( "r & wrong0 is z natural to u z natural affection itself1 & a fir/ pr9ciple 9 our con/itution4 ,! two ideas :i* we are consid]+ "h z a "p ( ,%aftesbury's philosophy are ! developm5t ( ! individual & 8 h>moni\s relation to ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,^! ideas are made ! nucleus ( a collection ( writ+s & reviews by ,h]d] :i* he calls ,briefe zu ,befrd]ung d] ,humanitt4 ,^! h be5 consid]$ to "s ext5t 9 a prec$+ *apt] z a "p ( ,h]d]'s sy/em ( ?\ght1 b ! purpose "h is to connect ! same ) t ( ,%aftesbury4--,dritte ,sammlung1 ,brief #bg ff4 ,at ! outset 9 ?is lett] ! au?or is conc]n$ ) ! di/9ction betwe5 ! foll[+3 #a4 ,m5s*heit3 ,m5s*5 s9d wir allesamt 444 wir gehr5 zur ,m5s*heit4 #b4 ,m5s*1 ,m5s*li*keit3 ,leid] hat man 9 uns]] ,spra*e dem ,wort ,m5s*1 und no* mehr dem b>mh]zig5 ,wort ,m5s*li*keit s (t e9e ,neb5b$eutung von ,ni$rigkeit1 ,s*w*e und fals*em ,mitleid angehngt4 #c4 ,m5s*5re*te3 ,kann ohne ,m5s*5pfli*t5 ni*t g5annt w]d54 #d4 ,m5s*5wrde3 ,das ,m5s*5ges*le*t 444 hat se9em grsse/5 ,!il na* ke9e ,wrde4444 ,es soll ab] zum ,*>akt] se9es ,ges*le*tes1 mi?9 au* zu dess5 ,w]? und ,wrde gebildet w]d54 #e4 ,m5s*5liebe3 ,das s*ne ,wort ,m5s*5liebe is s trivial word51 dass man mei/5s die ,m5s*5 liebt um ke95 unt] d5 ,m5s*5 wirksam zu lieb54 ,he concludes t ! ^w ,humanitt w be/ suit1 because among bo? anci5ts & mod]ns x connotes wor?y ideas4 ,! ref]5ce to ! anci5ts rem9ds u ( ! common s\rce f :i* bo? ,h]d] & ,%aftesbury drew inspiration4 ,bo? 7 s*ool$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! anci5ts4 ,z ,h]d] l+]s on ! philological discussion1 he gives u ! philosophical reason :y ! conception ( frailty atta*es to ! idea express$ 9 ! ^w = man1 ,m5s*4 ,! ^w 8humanity10 he says1 n only connotes ! ?\ght :i* he desires to express1 b x suits 8 purpose also on acc\nt ( its hi/ory4 ,among ! upp] classes ( ! ,romans 7 "s :o 7 wont to temp] ! execution ( ju/ice ) m]cy :5 ex]cis+ p[] ov] _! subjects2 su* a ,roman citiz51 ,patrician1 0 humanus1 humanissimus4 ,n[1 he ?9ks1 t s9ce ) ! ,romans ! ^w connot$ ! idea ( mildness 9 ! ex]cises ( citiz5%ip & law1 t x w\ld be well to take ov] ! ^w & ! idea4 ,he makes ref]5ce also to ! ,greeks ^: ^w1 1 look+ upw>d1 he clo!s 9 ,plato's words3 8,z he looks he reasons40 ,!re=e1 says ,h]d]1 he does n fail to notice ! human fail+s t lead to sympa?y1 consequ5tly to humanity4 ,! k ( our p[]s & inborn pot5tialities1 ( our call+ & our duty arises f an int5se /udy ( mank9d4 ,he repeats t ! ,greeks & ,romans l$ ! way 9 ?is /udium humanitatis4 ,! only limit :i* ,h]d] sets to :at we %all be is to be f\nd 9 ! highe/ possible =mation & completion ( :atev] belongs to ! "* ( our race4 ,_m ( ! tell+ ?\ghts 9 ^! lett]s are scatt]$ 9 isolat$ p>agraphs runn+ some?+ l ! foll[+3 ,tru? is ! bond ( humanity betwe5 fri5ds4 ,! pur] ! ?\ghts ( m5 are1 ! m !y agree4 ,! true invisible *ur* is "o 9 all times1 9 all l&s4 ,frankl9 _h a wond]ful s5se ( humanity4 ,he proce$s f ! simple et]nal laws ( nature1 f ! mo/ infallible practical rules--! ne$s & int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,frankl9 recogniz$ ! value ( ! common p & ?\ght to tea* !m by clo?+ 8 ideas 9 simplicity4 ,companion%ip is ! f\ndation ( humanity & ! communion ( human s\ls1 a mutual int]*ange ( acquir$ ideas 7?\ghts7 & ( traits ( und]/&+ :i* increases ! mass ( human k & skill inf9itely4 ,if humanity is no empty "n1 suff]+ mank9d mu/ rejoice at ! advance 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,human society f\nd$ on virtue mu/ /&4 ,! highe/ & mo/ fruitful wisdom arises f ! 7common7 p because !y h felt ne$ & suff]+1 !y h be5 driv5 "h & !re1 !y h ta/$ ! sweet fruit ( tr\ble & !y "k h[ to c>e = o!rs4 ,! k9%ip to ! _s & philosophy p]vad+ ,%aftesbury is "h q evid5t4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,%aftesbury ,i3 #ahb1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjg1 #ebd4 ,,iv3 #cfg4 ,v3 #bhd1 #caf1 #chh1 #cij1 #cif1 #dij4 ,,vii3 #aac1 #bcf4 ,,viii3 #bah1 #caa1 #dfa4 ,,ix3 #cjf4 ,x3 ,note to page #bcb2 #cje4 ,,xi3 #abc1 #bje2 note to page #bbj4 ,,xv3 #aii ,,xvi3 #bf1 #djc1 #djg4 ,,xvii3 #aed1 #bdi1 #bgd1 #cbf4 ,,xx3 #cjh4 ,,xxii3 ,note to page #baj2 note to page #ccd4 ,,xxiii3 #acb;d1 #acb1 #acf1 #add1 #aea2 note to page #aee2 #cif4 ,,xxiv3 #bai4 ,,xxvii3 #cig4 ,,xxx3 #ag1 #cb1 #djg4 ,,xxxii3 #cc1 #aii4 ,,r\sseau ,,& ,,h]d] ,,iv1 #cfi3 ,9 discuss+ 8 ideal book = ! developm5t ( humanity1 ,h]d] f9ds t important po9ts w\ld be rules & exhortations = ! developm5t ( body & s\l2 9 ?is he says3 i/ ,r\sseau e9 gross] ,lehr]4 ,,iv1 #cga3 ,he w imitate ,r\sseau zeal\sly2 w read him1 contemplate him1 nationalize him4 ,v1 #cg3 ,h]d] agrees ) ,r\sseau 9 t language is n ! result ( conv5tion & agreem5t4 ,,vi1 #bej3 ,ref]5ce is made to ,r\sseau's ,pygmalion4 ,,vii1 #fe3 ,h]d] 9 8 discussion conc]n+ ! fall ( man quotes ,r\sseau ) ref]5ce to ! tree ( k & ! fall ( man4 ,,vii1 #gd3 ,h]d] calls ,r\sseau "o ( ! greate/ lights ( 8 times4 ,x1 #bih3 ,h]d] says ,r\sseau's ,confessions & o!r writ+s conta9 excell5t passages = philosophy & natural !ology4 ,_m ( ^! writ+s h suff]$ evil repute 7bel b]*tigt47 ,,xv1 #bdh3 ,h]d] calls ,r\sseau a great1 wond]ful man4 ,,xvi1 #bf3 ,h]d] calls ,r\sseau a tea*] ( wisdom & morals4 ,,xvii1 #aij3 ,h]d] speaks ( ,r\sseau z a good man :o exagg]ates & :o 9 8 phantasy is an ideali/ = ! good4 ,,xvii1 #cbf3 ,h]d] says 9 8 own day 7bis 9 uns]n ,tag57 ,r\sseau's ,social ,contract has _h an effect t its au?or _h sc>cely expect$4 ,,xviii1 #cei & #cga3 ,h]d] says t 9 8 own "t 79 uns]] ,zeit71 ,r\sseau's ,confessions h ar\s$ a great s5sation4 ,he quotes f !m4 ,,xviii1 #cgb3 ,se9 ,gei/ w> /olz1 se9e ,grundstze w>5 edel1 p4 #cgd1 he speaks ( ,r\sseau z a tree hav+ br\ght =? beautiful fruit & blossoms4 ,,xxii1 #aea3 ,h]d] approves ,r\sseau's views 9 ! introduction to ,n\velle ,hloise1 views on poetic language z a natural human art4 ,,xxii1 #afa3 ,he calls ,r\sseau "o ) great ability to express ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>t1 & ,h]d] consid]s ?is ability peculi> to ,naturm5s*54 ,,xxiii1 #bgb3 ,h]d] says mu* t ,r\sseau has said 9 ,emile aga9/ ! use ( ,la ,fonta9e's ,fables = y\? is "r4 ,,xxv1 #fja3 ,h]d] translates f ,r\sseau's ,consolations4 ,,xxv1 #fca3 ,h]d] has a translation ( ,r\sseau's 8,%eph]d ,song10 ,consolations1 p4 #ig1 ,no4 #ec4 ,,xxv1 #fcb3 ,translation ( 8,song ( ,desdemona10 ,consolations1 p4 #abe1 ,no4 #fe4 ,,xxix1 #bef3 ,h]d] eulogizes ,r\sseau 9 ! poem ,d] ,m5s*4 ,,xxix1 #bfe3 ,h]d] calls ^u ,r\sseau to help him "k himself4 ,,xxx1 #cj3 ,9 regrett+ ! fact t ! ta/e & desire = ov]ref9em5t 0 caus+ :olesome simplicity to be displac$ 9 educational me?ods & life 9 g5]al1 ,h]d] calls att5tion to ,r\sseau & int]prets him ?us3 ,r\sseau ruft also e9 philosophis*es ,wehe b] uns] ,ges*le*t1 das die ,tug5d1 ,m5s*li*keit und ,wahrheit vom ,alt> ge/rzt hat1 und /att dess5 e9e l*]li* v]kleidete ,puppe des ,wohl/&es anbetet4 ,dies] fals*e ,an/& hat die ,s*pfung v]dorb52 d5n 0 s9d se9e ,vasall58 ,,xxxii1 #da3 ,h]d] calls ,r\sseau 8our patriotic fri5d ( mank9d40 ,,xxxii1 #adg3 ,h]d] says only ,r\sseau c\ld dig to ! k ( ! human he>t4 8,,d] ,,m5s*0 ,l9e #de ff43 ,h]d] %[s t he is influ5c$ by ! eighte5?-c5tury dem& = a return to nature 9 g5]al & by ,r\sseau's philosophy 9 p>ticul> 9 a portion ( ?is poem3 #a4 ,he prizes ! univ]sal & fundam5tal in/9cts & long+s ( man :i* %[ him to be a simple product ( nature3 ,d5 ,m5s*5 d] ,natur d5 ke9] je geseh5 und j$] 9 si* fhlt und j$] wns*t zu seh5 444 d5 s+' i*4 #b4 ,! primitivism ( ?is nature-man is eulogiz$3 d5 ,m5s*5 ohne ,kun/ voll ,seele ohne ,witz1 gut ohne ,gtt]gun/1 voll ,m5s*heit ohne ,s*am1 voll ,wahrheit ohne ,lg5 ohn' alle ,tug5d fromm und glckli* ohn' ,v]gng5-- ,d5 s+' i*4 ,sohn d] ,natur o ,m5s*--blh/ du 9 ,ed5s ,flur8 halb ,pflanze und halb ,?i]4 #c4 ,! feel+s are set up z a /&>d3 blos dur* ,empf9dung wahr1 s*n dur* die ,wahrheit nur4 ,ni*t w5ig] ni*t mehr als ,m5s*6 s i/ de9 ,leb5 dir zum ,gefhl1 zur ,ruh1 zur ,wirksamkeit gegeb54 #d4 ,physical environm5t is to h free sway 9 %ap+ ?is ideal man3 wie zeigt si* de9e ,spur8 im ,s*nee d] ,eskimaux wo edelfrei die ,wild5 ,empf9dung und ,gesezz na* ,jagd und ,eis si* bild54 #e4 ,r\sseau is eulogiz$3 geb> di* ,r\sseaus ,gei/8 sahn di* v]bli*ne ,zeit58 444 ,o ,r\sseau6 d5 die ,welt im ,vorur!il v]k&t1 das wahre grosse ,maas des ,m5s*5 9 d] ,h& wg/ du 0 edel sey w5ns glei* das ,volk v]dammet ,! eulogy cont9ues by prais+ ,r\sseau's condemnation ( weal? & pomp & false glory &1 f9ally3 ,du ,pr$ig] 9 d] ,w/e1 fhl/ dass du edel bi/ w5n niem& di* au* grs/e4 ,,r\sseau ,,& ,,h]d] ,disc\rses4--,9 8 ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,arts & ,sci5ces ,r\sseau insi/s t our outw>d lives %\ld be true expressions ( our inn] feel+s4 ,?is h>mony betwe5 expression & feel+ began its decl9e "u ! influ5ces ( ov]ref9em5t & ( ta/es t _h be5 di/ort$ by excessive civilization4 ,!re=e1 he argues1 x is ! common man1 ! crude ru/ic1 r ?an ! poli%$ & elegant c\rti] :o reveals 8 he>t 9 all purity2 we may deal ) ?is common man )\t suspicions1 fe>s1 res]ves1 & trea*]ies4 ,x 0 ! simplicity ( anci5t times :5 m5 liv$ 9 a primitive /ate t br$ innoc5ce & virtue1 c\rage & g5u9e humanity4 ,9 ?is disc\rse !re is 9 g5]al a po9t$ attack ^u lit]>y & sci5tific tra9+ & poli%4 ,! disc\rse :i* deals ) ! inequality ( man is bas$ 9 g5]al ^u ! same doctr9e :i* furni%es ! gr\nd = ! attack on ! sci5ces & ! arts4 ,x attempts to %[ u :at m5 w\ld h be5 _h !y rema9$ 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,?is orig9al /ate 0 "o 9 :i* man liv$ mu* l ! dumb animals2 =e/s & rocks1 runn+ brooks & spr+s1 furni%$ abode by day & b$ & %elt] = ! night1 & among ^! 7 to be f\nd ! meat & dr9k :i* produc$ /rong heal?y bodies2 bodies robu/ because _! n\ri%m5t 0 simple4 ,?is 0 a primitive /ate :i* _h rema9$ true to nature by n advanc+ at all or at lea/ n m ?an a s+le degree beyond ! orig9al4 ,9 su* a /ate man by reason ( bo? 8 physical h>d9ess & 8 native animal in/9cts & al]tness has all 8 faculties1 ^! op]at+ ) a =ce & f95ess unkn[n to ! highly civiliz$ man4 ,"h1 z 9 ! essay on ! social contract1 ! philosoph] is oppos$ to a sup]ior rul+ p[] & arbitr>y e/abli%m5t ( laws4 ,social contract4--,9 ! ,social ,contract 9 :i* ,r\sseau's social /ate is pres5t$ z ! sup]ior =m ( gov]nm5t1 m5 _h be5 br\ght to realize _! dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r & to "k t co-op]ation 0 ! true basis ( welf>e4 ,! doctr9e ( individuality :i* made ( man a self-c5t]$ unit 0 weak 9 t x (f]$ little protection = ! individual4 ,= ?is individual1 born ) natural fre$om1 0 9 dang] ( ex]cis+ ?is fre$om to ! detrim5t ( ! rights ( o!rs4 ,9 giv+ up himself & 8 rights to ! gr\p1 ! individual became subject to no "o p]son1 b ga9$ c]ta9 rights ov] ea* memb] ( ! community4 ,9 ?is compact !re is a union ( individuals1 ea* work+ = ! good ( ! body politic1 ea* a sov]eign ) civil lib]ty & moral fre$om4 ,?us ! re/rictions :i* w\ld be impos$ ^u memb]s ( society by "o supreme au?ority 7 avoid$4 ,by ?is means ! g5]al w work$ = ! g5]al good ( humanity4 ,b ! idea ( progress impli$ n only ! tea*+ t ! good ( "o mu/ be ! good ( all1 b meant also3 7#a7 ,t man 0 n self-suffici5t & !re=e c\ld come to fulle/ developm5t only 9 ! gr\p4 7#b7 ,t ! se$s ( individuality lay )9 man z a univ]sal elem5t & 7 nurtur$ & br\ght to fl[] by ! peculi> t\* ( him :o 0 express$ 9 _! fl[]+4 ,! fundam5tal t5d5cies 9 mank9d be+ all[$ to unfold1 ! man w be good2 ?is goodness is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 8 manhood1 & x is natural4 ,emile4--,! keynote ( ,r\sseau's doctr9e "h is t ( absolute reliance ^u nature )\t imp$+ or div]t+ h] progress at any po9t4 ,he is 9 accord ) ! epi/emological side ( ,locke's philosophy1 & !re=e dem&s t ,emile %all h 8 s5ses well develop$4 ,he is to h a /rong vigor\s body1 full ( c\rage & h>dihood4 ,moral education is to be ! result ( natural discipl9e c>ri$ on 9 a sort ( laissez-faire way4 ,9 g5]al1 ,emile gets 8 education by be+ ?r[n into contact ) nature & be+ all[$ to obs]ve & feel ! ph5om5a ( a crude environm5t1 & by express+ directly :at he has le>n$ at fir/ h& f ?is tea*]4 ,emile1 !n1 is %ap$ by primitive =ces j z ! simple1 common man 9 ! ,social ,contract & ! ,inequality4 ,^! made ! simple1 common man ! epitome ( t :i* 0 ( greate/ wor? to humanity4 ,orig9 ( language4--,9 fix+ ! beg9n+s ( spee*1 ,r\sseau says we c believe t necessities dictat$ ! fir/ movem5ts1 & t passions call$ =? ! fir/ voices4 ,! g5ius ( ori5tal languages1 ! mo/ anci5t kn[n to u1 h no?+ 9 !m t is me?odical or reason$ out2 !y are vivaci\s & figurative4 ,x is evid5t t ! orig9 ( languages is n at all due to ! prim>y ne$s ( man4 ,! orig9 is due to ! moral ne$s1 to ! passions4 ,x is nei!r hung] nor ?ir/1 b love1 hate1 pity1 or ang] :i* h call$ =? f m5 ! fir/ voices4 ,fruits d n /eal away f our h&s at all2 "o may n\ri% "o's self ) !m )\t talk+2 we may foll[ 9 sil5ce ! prey ( :i* we wi% to make a repa/2 b to move a "y he>t1 to repel an unju/ aggressor1 nature dictates acc5ts1 cries1 & tones ( res5tm5t4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! olde/ words 7 inv5t$4 ,! foll[+ quotations affirm 9 a g5]al way ! prec$+ /atem5ts ( ,r\sseau's philosophy3 ,l'a/ronomie e/ ne de la sup]/ition1 de la ha9e1 de la flatt]ie1 du m5songe2 la gomtrie1 de l'av>ice2 la physique1 d'une va9e curiosit2 t\te et la morale mme de l'orgueil huma94 ,les sci5ces et les arts doiv5t donc leur naissance nos vices4 ,disc\rs sur les ,sci5ces et les ,arts1 ,"p4 ,,ii3 ,o v]tu6 sci5ce sublime des mes simples1 faut-il donc tant de pe9es et d'app>eil p\r te connatre8 ,tes pr9cipes ne sont-ils pas graves dans t\s les coeurs8 et ne suffit-il pas p\r appr5dre tes lois de r5tr] en soi-mme et d'c\t] la voix de sa consci5ce dans le sil5ce des passions8 ,disc\rs sur l'orig9e et les fondem5ts de l'9galit p>mi les hommes3 ,il suit de cet expos que l'9galit1 tant presque nulle dans l'tat de nature tire sa =ce et son accroissem5t du developpem5t de nos facults et des progrs de l'esprit huma91 et devi5t enf9 /able et lgitime p> l'tablissem5t de la proprit et des lois4 ,il suit encore que l'9galit morale autorise p> le seul droit positif1 e/ contraire au droit naturel t\tes les fois qu'elle ne conc\rt pas en mme proportion avec l'9galit physique2 di/9ction qui dt]m9e suffisamm5t ce qu'on doit p5s] cet g>d de la sorte d'9galit qui rgne p>mi t\s les peuples polics1 puis-qu'il e/ manife/em5t contre la loi de nature4 ,! primitivism :i* /&s out 9 ,r\sseau's two disc\rses is to be se5 9 a g5]al way 9 ,h]d]'s dislike = ! high] culture t w\ld disc\rage spontane\s outbur/s ( human feel+s z !y appe> 9 ! s-call$ crud] =ms ( lit]ature2 a culture t w\ld displace ^! by a smoo!r product born ( reflection & regulat$ by set rules & =mulas4 ,he has an admiration = ! in/9ct :i* to him is always to be f\nd 9 wom51 *ildr51 & fools1 & :i* he sees z ! f\ndation ( a navet m valuable z a "p ( m5tal equipm5t ?an any?+ :i* c\ld be sub/itut$ by processes ( tra9+ & culture4 ,r\sseau's attempt to return to nature = concrete ev]yday life f9ds its approval ) ,h]d]1 b ! g5]al idea takes a new turn4 ,he f9ds 9 x ! inspiration = sci5tific me?ods ( /udy+ art1 hi/ory1 & philosophy4 ,8 l9e ( inve/igation 9 ^! w be by way ( nature2 i4e41 man 9 8 primitive abode2 man 9 ! h&s ( nature2 man z ! product ( 8 environm5t4 ,! opposition to a c5tral & sup]ior gov]n+ p[]1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,social ,contract1 to be oppos$ to ! natural me?od ( community life1 f9ds its e*o 9 ,h]d] 9 frequ5t tirades aga9/ ! policirte ,nation54 ,x is ! unpolicirte ,nation5 to :om nature has giv5 a c]ta9 solace t c sc>cely be f\nd 9 ,m5s*li*e ,kn/elei54 ,! ,briefe zur ,befrd]ung d] ,humanitt c>ry a con/ant /ra91 :i* makes ! int]dep5d5ce betwe5 ! individual & ! gr\p a requisite = well-be+4 ,?is !ory1 we h se51 f9ds a di/9ct place 9 ,%aftesbury's philosophy be=e ,r\sseau _h voic$ x z 8 own4 ,emile's s5ses h be5 highly develop$ by 8 contact ) nature1 & x is ?is %>pness & exactness ( ! s5ses t ,h]d] extols s mu* 9 primitive peoples4 ,!y are bo? cause & effect ( ! "w :i* nature a*ieves by h] mo/ tru/$ h&maid52 namely1 environm5t4 ,9 discuss+ ! orig9 ( language1 ev5 ?\gh ,h]d] at c]ta9 po9ts takes issue ) ,r\sseau1 x is v cle> t he is influ5c$ by ! latt] & is 9 agreem5t ) him to consid]able ext5t4 ,r\sseau has pursu$ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( language1 n only 9 8 essay be>+ ?is title1 b also 9 ! ,disc\rse on ,inequality4 ,! fir/ s5t5ces ( ,h]d]'s essay ,abh&lung b] d5 ,ursprung d] ,spra*e run n unlike a passage 9 ,r\sseau's ,disc\rs j m5tion$3 ,s*on als ,?i]1 hat d] ,m5s* ,spra*e4 ,alle heftig51 und die heftig/5 unt] d5 heftig51 die s*m]zhaft5 ,empf9dung5 se9es ,krp]s1 alle />k5 ,leid5s*aft5 se9] ,seele uss]n si* unmittelb> 9 ,ges*rei1 9 ,tne1 9 wilde1 un>tikulirte ,laute4 ,le premi] langage de l'homme1 le langage le plus univ]sel1 le plus n]gique et le seul dont il eut beso9 avant qu'il fallt p]suad] des hommes assembls e/ le cri de la nature4 ,comme ce cri n'tait arra* que p> une sorte d'in/9ct dans les occasions pressantes1 p\r implor] du sec\rs dans les gr&s dang]s ou du s\lagem5t dans les maux viol5ts1 il n'tait pas d'un gr& usage dans le c\rs ord9aire de la vie1 o rgn5t des s5tim5ts plus modrs4 ,fur!r1 9 8 own essay1 ,h]d] says1 t z our tones ( nature are = ! purpose ( express+ passion1 x is natural t !y %\ld become also ! elem5ts ( all t :i* is emotional1 & if we call ?is imm$iate s\nd ( feel+ spee*1 !n1 says he1 x is easy to f9d ! orig9 ( spee* natural4 ,b al?\gh all animals h a spee* by :i* !y s\nd =? _! feel+s1 su* spee* w nev] become human language until reason1 und]/&+ 7,v]/&71 arises to use ^! tones ) direct int5tion4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z ! v beg9n+s ( language are cries ( passion1 ,h]d] is 9 accord ) ,r\sseau 9 bo? essays 9 :i* ! latt] discusses ! "q4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,r\sseau1 ,,jean ,,jacques ,i3 #bb1 #dg1 #if1 #dhd4 ,,ii3 #bbi1 #bfi1 #bgf1 #cac4 ,,iii3 #bgi4 ,,iv3 #eb1 #ade1 #cfi1 #cga4 ,v3 #bj1 #ba1 #cc1 #cg1 #dd1 #eh1 #he1 #aad1 #aag1 #abj1 #adg1 #afh1 #cad1 #cid1 #deb1 #ehc1 #fdj1 #fdc4 ,,iv3 #afc2 note to page #bej4 ,,vii3 #fe1 #gd4 ,,viii3 #cbh4 ,,ix3 #ced1 #dgd4 ,x3 #bih1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #ceb4 ,,xii3 ,note to page #aih4 ,,xiii3 #bfe4 ,,xv3 #ce1 #bdh1 #die4 ,,xvi3 #bf4 ,,xvii3 #h1 #ig1 #aij1 #cji1 #cbf4 ,,xviii3 #ia1 #cei1 #cga4 ,,xx3 #bhh1 #bic4 ,,xxii3 #aea1 #afa4 ,,xxiii3 #bca1 #bgb4 ,,xxv3 ,note to page #fja2 #fca1 #fcb4 ,,xxix3 #bef1 #bfe4 ,,xxx3 #cj4 ,,xxxii3 #ag1 #cc1 #da1 #ge1 #adg1 #ahe1 #bcc4 ,,conclusion ,! "* & frequ5cy ( ! ref]5ces :i* ,h]d] makes 9 8 writ+s to ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury %[ t he knew ! pr$om9ant l9es ( ?\ght :i* *>act]iz$ ! entire p]iod ( ! enlight5m5t4 ,! out/&+ eighte5?-c5tury !ories :i* seem to h a place 9 ,h]d]'s conception ( das ,volk are well epitomiz$ 9 ! tea*+s ( ,leibniz1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,r\sseau4 ,h]d]'s own exposition ( a "p ( ,leibniz' contribution to ?\ght %[s h[ he f\nd "h "s ?+s :i* 7 9 agreem5t ) 8 own fundam5tal ideas conc]n+ innate pot5tialities4 ,! praise giv5 to ,%aftesbury's pr9cipal ideas ( ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! individual & ( humanity lead u to believe t ,%aftesbury _h ex]cis$ an influ5ce on ! ,g]man writ]4 ,! num]\s eulogi/ic outbur/s ov] ,r\sseau1 ! co9cid+ 9 _m writ+s by bo? m5 ( details conc]n+ ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 man's nature1 conc]n+ primitivism1 lib]ty1 & ! ideal /ate1 %[ t ,h]d] 0 fully imbu$ ) ! _s ( ,r\sseau1 express$ 9 ! cry1 8back to nature40 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conclusion ,bo? ! ^w ,volk & ! v>i\s ideas = :i* x /&s are old & are to be f\nd among _m peoples4 ,! p>5t tongue1 ! ,indo-,european1 seems to h _h a =m :i* meant 8full10 8_m40 ,! 8_m0 easily became ! 8common10 s t ! 8_m0 z oppos$ to ! 8few0 0 p>allel ) ! 8common10 8vulg>0 z oppos$ to ! 8upp] classes10 ! 8ari/ocracy40 ,?is mean+ seems to h be5 a fundam5tal "o 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times4 ,! %ift 9 mean+ ( ! ,g]manic ^w ,volk1 :i* ext5ds ! s5se to t ( 8nation10 has be5 m g5]al & m p]man5t 9 ,g]man ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,x is ) ^! two ma9 conceptions1 t is ,volk1 ! common p1 & ,volk1 nation1 t we are conc]n$ 9 ?is /udy ( ,h]d]4 ,_m examples ( ,h]d]'s use ( ! t]m ,volk %[ t he makes ! ^w an exact synonym = nation4 ,9 _m o!r examples x is us$ z an equival5t t]m = nation4 ,9 bo? ( ^! uses 8nation0 ) ,h]d] means ^? b\nd toge!r only by ! same laws & cu/oms :e!r relat$ by consangu9ity or n4 ,b ,h]d] frequ5tly makes ,volk /& m specifically = ^? :o are ( ! same blood1 & 9 t s5se id5tifies x ) 8race40 ,we h se5 t ^! are common uses ( ! t]m ,volk & ! idea convey$ by x1 uses :i* occur 9 _m languages & among _m civiliz$ peoples4 ,n[ ,h]d]1 :ile us+ ! t]m ,volk 9 ! commonly accept$ s5se ( nation1 has always firmly 9 m9d c]ta9 attributes & p[]s :i* *>act]ize gr\ps z su*4 ,!y h p[] to rule2 !y h p[] to express !mselves 9 peculi> ways2 !y h ,nationalgei/4 ,?is ,nationalgei/ 9 ! f9al analysis is ! outgr[? ( physical & social environm5t & con=ms to ! dictates ( ^! 9 all its peculi>ities4 ,9 ex]cis+ _! p[]s & g5]al _s1 !y act z an entity accord+ to ,h]d]'s conception4 ,he makes ! gr\p a s+le be+1 an individual4 ,9 ,h]d]'s day :5 ideas ( nationalism _h no def9ite %ape1 ?is add$ s5se ( ! mean+ ( nation meant cle>ly t he 0 a =]unn] 9 ! realm ( philosophy1 & gave to ,h]d]'s conception ( ,volk1 ev5 9 ?is commonly us$ s5se1 a unique place4 ,individuality1 p]sonality1 di/+ui%$ nations j z ^! traits m>k out human be+s4 ,h]d] makes use ( ! t]m ,volk 9 a second s5se4 ,"h he means a gr\p )9 a civiliz$ nation :i* =ms ! mass bel[ ! ari/ocracy & ! gov]n+ class4 ,?is use likewise is to be f\nd 9 all languages ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,b ,h]d] is emphatic 9 not+ t ?is gr\p has n be5 affect$ by expurgat+ & elim9at+ influ5ces to ! fulle/ ext5t to :i* ^! h op]at$4 ,x has !re=e be5 m ?or\ghly ! product ( natural environm5t4 ,9 ! proportion to :i* innate t5d5cies h n be5 *eck$ & w>p$1 individual traits h _h free developm5t4 ,!re=e spontane\s p]sonality *>act]izes ?is gr\p to a high] degree ?an x does ! m cultur$4 ,"h ,h]d] makes prom95t 8 philosophy t unhamp]$ nature is ! mo/ pot5t =ce 9 ! developm5t ( ?is spontane\s p]sonality4 ,9 8 collection ( ,volksli$]1 ,h]d] does n conf9e himself to ^? :i* are m>k$ by primitivism1 b includes also _m selections ( poli%$ lit]>y =m4 ,b ^! all submit to a classification :i* takes into acc\nt ! true expression ( univ]sal & fundam5tal feel+s common to all humanity4 ,"h ,h]d]'s m9d is fix$ on t p[] :i* ! gr\p has to express itself1 to express t :i* is fundam5tal & !re=e to %[ =? its p]sonality4 ,ossian's p & ! ,anci5t ,hebrews are products ( an environm5t :i* is mo/ effective 9 %ap+ ,h]d]'s ideal ,volk3 namely1 nature unalt]$ by ! h& ( man4 ,z a result ( su* r\gh1 crude surr\nd+s1 ^! peoples h develop$ into simple1 h>moni\s be+s1 & possess all ! elem5ts :i* ,h]d] consid]s ess5tial 9 man's nature4 ,he f9ds !y are natural because !y are primitive1 & !y possess sup]ior traits because !y are natural4 ,!y h ! p[] to give expression to _! p]sonality & h ex]cis$ ?is p[] 9 a m>k$ way 9 _! unique lit]atures4 ,! individuality ( ea* gr\p is %>ply def9$ 9 ! songs ( ea*4 ,n[ h[ does ,h]d] arrive at ! requirem5ts to :i* he makes 8 ,volk con=m8 ,8 philosophy z express$ 9 ,erk5n5 und ,empf9dung recognizes inborn =ces 9 ! individual :i* are pot5tialities diff]+ 9 k9d & degree ( work+ p[] 9 ea* p]son4 ,^! v>y+ pot5tialities he makes ! con/itu5cies ( ! s5ses :i* are accord+ly diff]5t 9 scope & capacity 9 e human be+4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ,h]d] does n reg>d ^! orig9al 8=ces0 z con/itut$ by ! s5ses2 !y are prior to & m fundam5tal ?an ! s5ses4 ,! ph5om5on ,reiz1 /imulus1 :i* causes ! smalle/ fib] ei!r 9 plant or animal to contract or exp&1 repeats itself 9 ! n]ves ( ea* "o ( ! s5ses4 ,b ?is ,reiz is 9 ! beg9n+1 & )\t x !re w\ld be no ,krfte1 no n]ve1 no s5se organ4 ,?is ,reiz1 !n1 is id5tical ) ! innate =ces1 ,krfte4 ,!y control & direct ! developm5t ( ! s5ses & are1 !re=e1 ! v beg9n+ ( t v>iation 9 s5se function+ :i* initiates individuality4 ,x is 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! orig9al ,krfte t ,h]d] gives 8 own turn to ,leibniz' !ory ( ! monad4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! monad 0 highly ab/ract1 & :5 ,h]d] took x ov] he gave to x a m concrete application4 ,x became ! pr9ciple ( innate & v>y+ pot5tialities4 ,! monad 0 n controll$ & direct$ by a =ce outside itself1 accord+ to ,h]d]1 b by a p[] )91 & z ! p[] )9 0 nev] exactly alike 9 any two be+s1 no two c\ld develop j alike4 ,"h are ,h]d]'s f\ndations = individuality & p]sonality4 ,a p]fection result+ f ! unfold+ ( ! cont5t ( ! individual life & ! %ap+ ( its orig9ality are se5 9 ,%aftesbury's ?\ght :5 he makes morality consi/ ( ! ri* & full expression ( individual p[]s 9 a beautiful & sov]eign p]sonality4 ,! individual sy/em z se5 9 "o man 9 all its physical & m5tal elem5ts is relat$ to some?+ ext]nal to himself4 ,altrui/ic incl9ations are an important "p ( ! natural end[m5t ( e human be+4 ,n[ ,h]d] sees t ?is unfett]$ developm5t ( natural end[m5ts w come to its fulle/ only 9 relations to o!rs4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( 8 ,humanitt4 ,he goes fur!r ?an ,%aftesbury 9 t he f9ds 9 ?is tie1 :i* unites ! individual to ! gr\p1 t :i* is univ]sal & fundam5tal4 ,he end[s 8 ,volk ) s5tim5ts :i* are univ]sal & fundam5tal4 ,x is ?is univ]sal & fundam5tal :i* makes su* expressions z 8,hamlet's soliloquy0 f9d a place among ! songs ( ,h]d]'s ,volk4 ,we h se5 t :5 ,h]d] lays emphasis on ! feel+s1 :5 he is oppos$ to arbitr>y & re/rictive gov]nm5t1 :5 he elevates ! crude & primitive1 8 sy/em ( ?\ght is 9 agreem5t ) t ( ,r\sseau4 ,b ,h]d] makes an advance 9 seek+ /&>ds 9 processes actually or believ$ to be f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,8 l9e ( inve/igation 9 hi/ory1 art1 & philosophy w be by way ( ! natural man1 i4e41 ! primitive4 ,8 ,volk1 !n1 because ( _! p[] to express _! p]sonality freely1 give him a !ory ( art2 art mu/ be an expression ( p]sonality4 ,bo? ,%aftesbury & ,r\sseau relate ! developm5t ( ! individual to ! gr\p b nei!r makes ! altruism or int]dep5d5ce su* an impell+ =ce z does ,h]d]4 ,8 ,volk1 consci\s ( _! own frailty1 w h sympa?y & a g5]al reg>d = ! ne$s & int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,?is consci\sness w be n m]ely a passive altruism nor an int]dep5d5ce ( mat]ial & economic necessity1 b x w be height5$ by an ideal love = humanity1 :i* w =ce to active & positive ef=ts to make humanity ! highe/ possible4 ,:5 we elim9ate details1 :5 we reg>d only ^? elem5ts ^u :i* ,h]d]'s ?\ght seems to be cont9u\s1 ^? qualifications ( :i* he nev] seems to loose sight1 :e!r he idealizes 8 ,volk ?r\gh 8 philosophy1 8 song collections1 8 /udy ( ! works ( o!r philosoph]s1 or ?r\gh ! analysis ( concrete examples1 we come to ! foll[+ z ess5tials 9 ,h]d]'s ,volk3 ,das ,volk is a gr\p ^: innate1 natural t5d5cies h be5 all[$ to unfold & develop unh9d]$ & unw>p$ by civilization4 ,!y are p :o h come into contact ) v>i\s =ces ( nature 9 ! physical _w & h be5 /rongly influ5c$ by _! natural environm5t4 ,!y1 z an entity1 possess3 7#a7 ,individuality1 p]sonality2 7#b7 a s5se ( t :i* is univ]sal & fundam5tal among mank9d2 7#c7 common feel+s ( relation%ip to humanity2 7#d7 /rong religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,!y are wont to express !mselves freely1 fully1 tru?fully1 9 v>i\s =ms ( art1 ! individual specim5s ( :i* f9d _! te/ ( g5u95ess 9 ! response :i* !y receive f ! gr\p out ( :i* !y arose4 ,9 ?is ideal conception ,h]d] sees ! be/ t mank9d c produce4 ,,footnotes #a ,s*ill]1 ,jungfrau von ,orleans1 ,i1 p4 #c4 #b ,piccolom9i1 ,,ii1 p4 #g4 #c ,kampf mit dem ,dra*54 #d ,wild5bru*4 #e ,goe!1 ,fau/1 ,i4 #f ,fnlon1 ,tlmaque1 ,,xxiv4 #g ,bible1 ,jrmie1 ,,xxxi1 #cc4 #h ,la ,bruyre1 ,,ix4 #i ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,s*tze has analyz$ ?is feature ( ,h]d]'s philosophy1 8,fundam5tal ,ideas 9 ,h]d]'s ,?\ght10 ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,,xviii2 ,june1 ,octob]1 #aibj4 #aj ,ref]5ces to ^! discussions3 ,h]d]'s ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,suphan1 volume & page3 ,i1 #dcg2 ,,ii1 #aai1 #acb1 #afh1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bei1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #cca1 #chg1 #daf2 ,,vi1 #ba2 ,,viii1 #ii1 #baf1 #cia2 ,,ix1 #cag1 #edc2 ,,xi1 #big2 ,,xii1 #ccd2 ,,xiv1 #ajc1 #bfc2 ,,xvi1 #cbc2 ,,xviii1 #ddf2 ,,xxiii1 #efi2 ,,xxiv1 #bcb1 #cja1 #cjb2 ,,xxvii1 #ahj4 #aa ,ref]5ces to ^! discussions3 ,h]d]'s ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,suphan1 volume & page3 ,i1 #beh2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,xi1 #bae2 ,,xii1 #a4 #ab ,ossian1 ,v1 #cbe4 #ac ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xi1 #agc4 #ad ,ossians ,g$i*te1 ,li$] 4444 ,v1 #aif4 #ae ,ossians ,g$i*te1 ,v1 #aig4 #af ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xii1 #bh4 #ag ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,i1 #beh4 #ah ,ossian1 ,v1 #cbf4 #ai ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xii1 #bg4 #bj ,ossian1 ,v1 #cbd4 #ba ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xii1 #bb4 #bb ,ossian1 ,v1 #cbd4 #bc ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xi1 #bib4 #bd ,ossian1 ,v1 #ahb4 #be ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xi1 #bbg4 #bf ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xi1 #bbh4 7die ,ebris*e ,spra*e74 #bg ,ossian1 ,,xviii1 #deg4 #bh ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,i1 #bfb4 #bi ,anci5t ,hebrews1 ,,xii1 #h4 ,,bibliography ,,&ress1 ,,james ,,mace4 ,johann ,gottfri$ ,h]d] z an ,educator4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,e4 ,/e*]t1 #aiaf4 ,,ba*>a*1 ,,arm&4 ,%aftesbury's ,optimismus und se9 ,v]hltnis zum ,leibnis*54 ,inaugural diss]tation4 ,,be>dslee1 ,j4 ,w4 ,! ,use ( 9 ,fif?-,c5tury ,greek ,lit]ature4 ,*icago3 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aiah4 ,b,,rkn]1 ,,ri*>d4 ,h]d]1 se9 ,leb5 und ,wirk54 ,b]l93 ,e4 ,h(mann ,co41 #aijd4 ,,dewey1 ,,malcolm ,,h[>d4 ,h]d]'s ,relation to ! ,ae/hetic ,!ory ( ,8 ,"t4 ,*icago1 #aibj4 ,d,,ntz] ,,und ,,h]d]4 ,h]d]'s ,reise na* ,itali54 ,h]d]s ,briefwe*sel mit se9] ,gatt94 ,giess53 ,j4 ,rick]'s*e ,bu*h&lung1 #ahei4 ,,fri$ri* ,,nikolae4 ,d] ,begriff und das ,wort ,natur4 ,,g5!1 ,,edu>d ,,!odor4 ,d] ,kulturbegriff bei ,h]d]4 ,j5a ,univ]sittsbu*druck]ei3 von ,g4 ,neu5hal51 #aijb4 ,h,,nssel1 ,o4 ,d] ,e9fluss ,r\sseaus auf die philosophis*-pdagog4 ,ans*auung5 ,h]d]s4 ,dresd53 ,bleyl1 #aijb4 ,,hat*1 ,,irv9 ,,clifton4 ,d] ,e9fluss ,%aftesburys auf ,h]d]4 ,b]l93 ,a4 ,dunck]1 #aija4 ,,haym1 ,r4 ,h]d] na* se9em ,leb5 und se95 ,w]k54 ,b]l93 ,weidmanns*e ,bu*h&lung1 #ahhj4 ,,h]d]1 ,,emil ,,gottfri$ ,,von4 ,j4 ,g4 von ,h]d]s ,leb5sbild4 ,v]lag von ,!odor ,bls+4 ,erlang51 #ahdf4 ,,h]d]1 ,,johann ,,gottfri$4 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke h]ausgegeb5 von ,b]nh>d ,suphan4 ,b]l93 ,weidmanns*e ,bu*h&lung1 #ahgg4 ,h,,ffd+1 ,,h>ald4 ,r\sseau und se9e ,philosophie4 ,/uttg>t3 ,fr4 ,frommanns ,v]lag1 #ahig4 ,,hibb51 ,j4 ,g4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]s1 #aiaj4 ,,hoppe1 ,,georg1 i4e41 ,,adam ,,franz ,,georg4 ,die ,pdagogik ,h]d]s d>ge/ellt auf dem ,grunde se9] religis-metaphysis*5 und e?is*5 ,ans*auung54 ,leipzig3 ,g4 ,kreys+1 #aijh4 ,,hudson1 ,,william ,,h5ry4 ,r\sseau & ,naturalism 9 ,life & ,?\ght4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aijc4 ,,jacoby1 ,g,,n!r4 ,h]d] als ,fau/4 ,leipzig3 ,me9]1 #aiaa4 ,,k>/51 ,g4 ,e4 ,h]d] & ! ,volksli$4 ,! ,bullet9 ( ! ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity ,association4 ,/4 ,l\is3 #aije1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #aja-abc4 ,,kell]1 ,,ludwig4 ,j4 ,g4 ,h]d]4 ,j5a1 #aiaj4 ,,kr,,hn]t1 ,,otto4 ,h]d] als ,politik] und ,deuts*] ,patriot4 ,gumb9n51 #aije4 ,,kron5b]g1 ,,moritz4 ,h]d]s ,philosophie na* ihrem ,entwickelungsgang und ihr] hi/oris*5 ,/ellung4 ,heidelb]g3 ,c4 ,w9t]1 #ahhi4 ,k,,hnemann1 ,,eug54 ,h]d]s ,leb54 ,mn*51 #ahie4 ,k,,hnemann1 ,,eug54 ,h]d]4 ,mn*51 #aiab4 ,k,,hnemann1 ,,dr4 ,,eug54 ,h]d]s ,p]snli*keit 9 se9] ,weltans*auung4 ,b]l93 ,f]d4 ,dmml]s ,v]lagsbu*h&lung1 #ahic4 ,,leibniz1 ,,gottfri$ ,,wilhelm4 ,! ,monadology & ,o!r ,philosophical ,writ+s4 ,translat$ by ,rob]t ,latta4 ,ox=d3 at ! ,cl>5don ,press1 #ahih4 ,,morelly4 ,code de la ,nature2 ou1 ,le v]itable esprit de ses loix1 #agee4 ,p>is3 ,p4 ,geu?n]1 #aiaj4 ,,morley1 ,,john4 ,r\sseau4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 & ,new ,york1 #ahia4 ,,r&1 ,,b5jam94 ,! ,life1 ,unpubli%$ ,lett]s1 & ,philosophical ,regim5 ( ,an?ony1 ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aijj4 ,,r\sseau1 ,,jean ,,jacques4 ,oeuvres ,compltes de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 ,p>is3 ,*ez ,p4 ,dupont1 ,libraire-,editeur1 #ahbd4 ,,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j4 ,oeuvres ,compltes4 ,a ,p>is3 ,*ez ,furne1 ,libraire-,editeur4 #ahce4 ,,s*,,tze1 ,,m>t94 8,fundam5tal ,ideas 9 ,h]d]'s ,?\ght40 ,mod]n ,philology4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,june1 ,octob]1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aibj4 ,,%aftesbury1 ,,an?ony ,,e>l ,,(4 ,*>act]i/icks ( ,m51 ,mann]s1 ,op9ions1 ,times4 ,birm+ham3 ,pr9t$ by ,john ,bask]ville1 #aggc4 ,,siegel1 ,,k>l4 ,h]d] als ,philosoph4 ,/uttg>t und ,b]l93 ,j4 ,g4 ,cotta's*e ,bu*h&lung1 #aijg4 ,,siv]s1 ,,jegor ,v4 ,humanitt und ,nationalitt zum ,&5k5 ,h]d]'s4 ,b]l93 ,b4 ,behrs ,bu*h&lung1 #ahfi4 ,,sp9oza1 ,,b5$ict ,,de4 ,! ,*ief ,works4 ,translat$ f ! ,lat91 ) an introduction by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elmes4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhg4 ,,?ann1 ,,elsass4 ,?ann] ,druck]ei und ,zeitungsv]lag1 #aiai4 ,,w9delb&1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,translat$ by ,james ,h4 ,tufts4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #aiai4