,transcriber's ,note ,this book is dedicated to the memory of ,david ,t4 ,jones who cared deeply about making literature like this available to the world4 ,words in italics are marked with underscores4 ,words in plain text within italics are marked with plus signs4 ,words in blackletter are marked with equals signs4 ,words in small capitals are shown in ,,upper ,,case4 ,variant spelling1 inconsistent hyphenation1 punctuation and spelling are retained1 however a few changes have been made to correct apparent errors1 these are described in the note at the end of the book4 ,the characters 8u01 8v02 and 8i01 8j0 have been left as printed1 even where they are not used consistently4 80 characters have been changed to 8s0 throughout4 ,the ,errata 7,faults escaped in some ,copies71 which is near the end of the book have been applied to the text4 ,,paradisi ,,in ,,sole ,,paradisus ,,terrestris ,,by ,,john ,,parkinson ,,faithfully ,,reprinted ,,from ,,the ,,edition ,,of #afbi ,,methuen ,,co4 ,,london #aijd ,,the ,,aberdeen ,,university ,,press ,,limited ,illustration3 ,,paradisi ,,in ,,sole ,paradisus ,terrestris4 or ,a ,garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our1 ,english ayre will permitt to be noursed vp3 with ,a ,kitchen garden of all manner of herbes1 rootes1 fruites1 for meate or sause vsed with vs1 and ,an ,orchard of all sorte of fruitbearing ,trees and shrubbes fit for our ,land together ,with the right orderinge planting preseruing of them and their vses vertues ,collected by ,john ,parkinson ,apothecary of ,london1 #afbi ,qui veut parangonner l'artifice a ,nature ,et nos parcs a l',eden indiscret il mesure4 ,le pas de l',elephant par le pas du ciron1 ,et de l',aigle le vol par cil du mouscheron4 ,,to ,,the ,,qveenes ,,most ,,excellent ,,maiestie4 ,madame1 ,knowing your ,maiestie so much delighted with all the faire ,flowers of a ,garden1 and furnished with them as farre beyond others1 as you are eminent before them2 this my ,worke of a ,garden1 long before this intended to be published1 and but now only finished1 seemed as it were destined1 to bee first offered into your ,highnesse hands1 as of right challenging the proprietie of ,patronage from all others4 ,accept1 ,i beseech your ,maiestie1 this speaking ,garden1 that may informe you in all the particulars of your store1 as well as wants1 when you cannot see any of them fresh vpon the ground3 and it shall further encourage him to accomplish the remainder2 who1 in praying that your ,highnesse may enioy the heauenly ,paradise1 after the many yeares fruition of this earthly1 submitteth to be ,your ,maiesties in all humble deuotion1 ,,iohn ,,parkinson4 ,,to ,,the ,,covrteovs ,,reader4 ,although the ancient ,heathens did appropriate the first inuention of the knowledge of ,herbes1 and so consequently of physicke1 some vnto ,chiron the ,centaure1 and others vnto ,apollo or sculapius his sonne2 yet wee that are ,christians haue out of a better ,schoole learned1 that ,god1 the ,creator of ,heauen and ,earth1 at the beginning when he created ,adam1 inspired him with the knowledge of all naturall things 7which successiuely descended to ,noah afterwardes1 and to his ,posterity73 for1 as he was able to giue names to all the liuing ,creatures1 according to their seuerall natures2 so no doubt but hee had also the knowledge1 both what ,herbes and ,fruits were fit1 eyther for ,meate or ,medicine1 for ,vse or for ,delight4 ,and that ,adam might exercise this knowledge1 ,god planted a ,garden for him to liue in1 7wherein euen in his innocency he was to labour and spend his time7 which hee stored with the best and choysest ,herbes and ,fruits the earth could produce1 that he might haue not onely for necessitie whereon to feede1 but for pleasure also2 the place or garden called ,paradise importing as much1 and more plainly the words set downe in ,genesis the second1 which are these2 ,out of the ground the ,lord ,god made to grow euerie tree pleasant to the sight and good for meate2 and in the #bd4 of ,numbers1 the ,parable of ,balaam1 mentioning the ,aloe trees that ,god planted2 and in other places if there were neede to recite them4 ,but my purpose is onely to shew you1 that ,paradise was a place 7whether you will call it a ,garden1 or ,orchard1 or both1 no doubt of some large extent7 wherein ,adam was first placed to abide2 that ,god was the ,planter thereof1 hauing furnished it with trees and herbes1 as well pleasant to the sight1 as good for meate1 and that hee being to dresse and keepe this place1 must of necessity know all the things that grew therein1 and to what vses they serued1 or else his labour about them1 and knowledge in them1 had been in vaine4 ,and although ,adam lost the place for his transgression1 yet he lost not the naturall knowledge1 nor vse of them3 but that1 as ,god made the whole world1 and all the ,creatures therein for ,man1 so hee may vse all things as well of pleasure as of necessitie1 to bee helpes vnto him to serue his ,god4 ,let men therefore1 according to their first institution1 so vse their seruice1 that they also in them may remember their seruice to ,god1 and not 7like our ,grand-mother ,eve7 set their affections so strongly1 on the pleasure in them1 as to deserue the losse of them in this ,paradise1 yea and of ,heauen also4 ,for truly from all sorts of ,herbes and ,flowers we may draw matter at all times not only to magnifie the ,creator that hath giuen them such diuersities of forms1 sents and colours1 that the most cunning ,worke-man cannot imitate1 and such vertues and properties1 that although wee know many1 yet many more lye hidden and vnknowne1 but many good instructions also to our selues3 ,that as many herbes and flowers with their fragrant sweete smels doe comfort1 and as it were reuiue the spirits1 and perfume a whole house2 euen so such men as liue vertuously1 labouring to doe good1 and profit the ,church of ,god and the ,common wealth by their paines or penne1 doe as it were send forth a pleasing savour of sweet instructions1 not only to that time wherein they liue1 and are fresh1 but being drye1 withered and dead1 cease not in all after ages to doe as much or more4 ,many herbes and flowers that haue small beautie or savour to commend them1 haue much more good vse and vertue3 so many men of excellent rare parts and good qualities doe lye hid unknown and not respected1 vntill time and vse of them doe set forth their properties4 ,againe1 many flowers haue a glorious shew of beauty and brauery1 yet stinking in smell1 or else of no other vse3 so many doe make a glorious ostentation1 and flourish in the world1 when as if they stinke not horribly before ,god1 and all good men1 yet surely they haue no other vertue then their outside to commend them1 or leaue behind them4 ,some also rise vp and appear like a ,lilly among ,thornes1 or as a goodly ,flower among many ,weedes or ,grasse1 eyther by their honourable authoritie1 or eminence of learning or riches1 whereby they excell others1 and thereby may doe good to many4 ,the frailty also of ,mans life is learned by the soone fading of them before their flowring1 or in their pride1 or soone after1 being either cropt by the hand of the spectator1 or by a sudden blast withered and parched1 or by the reuolution of time decaying of it owne nature3 as also that the fairest flowers or fruits first ripe1 are soonest and first gathered4 ,the mutabilitie also of states and persons1 by this1 that as where many goodly flowers fruits did grow this years and age1 in another they are quite pulled or digged vp1 and eyther weedes and grasse grow in their place1 or some building erected thereon1 and their place is no more known4 ,the ,ciuill respects to be learned from them are many also3 for the delight of the varieties both of formes1 colours and properties of ,herbes and ,flowers1 hath euer beene powerfull ouer dull1 unnurtured1 rusticke and sauage people1 led only by ,natures instinct2 how much1 more powerfull is it1 or should be in the mindes of generous persons8 for it may well bee said1 he is not humane1 that is not allured with this obiect4 ,the study1 knowledge1 and trauel in them1 as they haue been entertained of great ,kings1 ,princes and ,potentates1 without disparagement to their ,greatnesse1 or hinderance to their more serious and weighty ,affaires3 so no doubt vnto all that are capable thereof1 it is not onely pleasant1 but profitable1 by comforting the minde1 spirits and senses with an harmelesse delight1 and by enabling the iudgement to conferre and apply helpe to many dangerous diseases4 ,it is also an ,instructer in the verity of the genuine ,plants of the ,ancients1 and a ,correcter of the many errours whereunto the world by continuance hath bin diuerted1 and almost therein fixed1 by eradicating in time1 and by degrees1 the pertinacious wilfulnesse of many1 who because they were brought vp in their errours1 are most vnwilling to leaue them without consideration of the good or euill1 the right or wrong1 they draw on therewith4 ,and for my selfe ,i may well say1 that had not mine owne paines and studies by a naturall inclination beene more powerfull in mee then any others helpe 7although some through an euill disposition and ignorance haue so far traduced me as to say this was rather another mans worke then mine owne1 but ,i leaue them to their folly7 ,i had neuer done so much as ,i here publish2 nor been fit or prepared for a larger1 as time may suddenly 7by ,gods permission7 bring to light1 if the maleuolent dispositions of degenerate spirits doe not hinder the accomplishment4 ,but perswading my selfe there is no showre that produceth not some fruit1 or no word but worketh some effect1 eyther of good to perswade1 or of reproofe to euince2 ,i could not but declare my minde herein1 let others iudge or say what they please4 ,for ,i haue alwaies held it a thing vnfit1 to conceale or bury that knowledge ,god hath giuen1 and not to impart it1 and further others therewith as much as is conuenient1 yet without ostentation1 which ,i haue euer hated4 ,now further to informe the courteous ,reader1 both of the occasion that led me on to this worke1 and the other occurrences to it4 ,first1 hauing perused many ,herbals in ,latine1 ,i obserued that most of them haue eyther neglected or not knowne the many diuersities of the flower ,plants1 and rare fruits are known to vs at this time1 and 7except ,clusius7 haue made mention but of a very few4 ,in ,english likewise we haue some extant1 as ,turner and ,dodonus translated1 who haue said little of ,flowers1 ,gerard who is last1 hath no doubt giuen vs the knowledge of as many as he attained vnto in his time1 but since his daies we haue had many more varieties1 then he or they euer heard of1 as may be perceiued by the store ,i haue here produced4 ,and none of them haue particularly seuered those that are beautifull flower plants1 fit to store a garden of delight and pleasure1 from the wilde and vnfit3 but haue enterlaced many1 one among another1 whereby many that haue desired to haue faire flowers1 haue not known eyther what to choose1 or what to desire4 ,diuers ,bookes of ,flowers also haue been set forth1 some in our owne ,countrey1 and more in others1 all which are as it were but handfuls snatched from the plentifull ,treasury of ,nature1 none of them being willing or able to open all sorts1 and declare them fully2 but the greatest hinderance of all mens delight was1 that none of them had giuen any description of them1 but the bare name only4 ,to satisfie therefore their desires that are louers of such ,delights1 ,i took vpon me this labour and charge1 and haue here selected and set forth a ,garden of all the chiefest for choyce1 and fairest for shew1 from among all the seuerall ,tribes and ,kindreds of ,natures beauty1 and haue ranked them as neere as ,i could1 or as the worke would permit1 in affinity one vnto another4 ,secondly1 and for their sakes that are studious in ,authors1 ,i haue set down the names haue bin formerly giuen vnto them1 with some of their errours1 not intending to cumber this worke with all that might bee said of them1 because the deciding of the many controuersies1 doubts1 and questions that concerne them1 pertaine more fitly to a generall ,history3 yet ,i haue beene in some places more copious and ample then at the first ,i had intended1 the occasion drawing on my desire to informe others with what ,i thought was fit to be known1 reseruing what else might be said to another time worke2 wherein 7,god willing7 ,i will inlarge my selfe1 the subiect matter requiring it at my hands1 in what my small ability can effect4 ,thirdly1 ,i haue also to embellish this ,worke set forth the figures of all such plants and flowers as are materiall and different one from another3 but not as some others haue done1 that is1 a number of the figures of one sort of plant that haue nothing to distinguish them but the colour1 for that ,i hold to be superfluous and waste4 ,fourthly1 ,i haue also set down the ,vertues and ,properties of them in a briefe manner1 rather desiring to giue you the knowledge of a few certaine and true1 then to relate1 as others haue done1 a needless and false multiplicitie1 that so there might as well profit as pleasure be taken from them1 and that nothing might be wanting to accomplish it fully4 ,and so much for this first part1 my ,garden of pleasant and delightfull ,flowers4 ,my next ,garden consisteth of ,herbes and ,rootes1 fit to be eaten of the rich and poor as nourishment and food1 as sawce or condiment1 as sallet or refreshing1 for pleasure or profit2 where ,i doe as well play the ,gardiner1 to shew you 7in briefe1 but not at large7 the times and manner of sowing1 setting1 planting1 replanting1 and the like 7although all these things1 and many more then are true1 are set down very largely in the seuerall bookes that others haue written of this subiect7 as also to shew some of the ,kitchen vses 7because they are ,kitchen herbes c47 although ,i confesse but very sparingly1 not intending a treatise of cookery1 but briefly to giue a touch thereof2 and also the ,physicall properties1 to shew some what that others haue not set forth2 yet not to play the ,empericke1 and giue you receipts of medicines for all diseases1 but only to shew in some sort the qualities of ,herbes1 to quicken the minds of the studious4 ,and lastly an ,orchard of all sorts of domesticke or forraine1 rare and good fruits1 fit for this our ,land and ,countrey1 which is at this time better stored and furnished then euer in any age before4 ,i haue herein endeauoured1 as in the other ,gardens1 to set forth the varieties of euery sort in as briefe a manner as possibly could be1 without superfluous repetitions of descriptions1 and onely with especiall notes of difference in leaues1 flowers and fruits4 ,some few properties also are set downe1 rather the chiefest then the most1 as the worke did require4 ,and moreouer before euery of these parts ,i haue giuen ,treatises of the ordering1 preparing and keeping the seuerall ,gardens and ,orchard1 with whatsoeuer ,i thought was conuenient to be known for euery of them4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you both the occasion and scope of this ,worke1 and herein haue spent my time1 paines and charge1 which if well accepted1 ,i shall thinke well employed1 and may the sooner hasten the fourth ,part1 ,a ,garden of ,simples2 which will be quiet no longer at home1 then that it can bring his ,master newes of faire weather for the iourney4 ,thine in what he may1 ,,iohn ,,parkinson4 ,ioanni ,parkinsono ,pharmacopo ,londinensi solertissimo ,botanico consummatissimo ,t4,d4,m4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,poema panegyricum ,opus tuum indefessi laboris1 vtilitatis eximi postulat1 meriti iure me extorqueret 7mi ,parkinsone7 si fauentibus ,musis1 secundo ,apolline in bicipiti somniare ,parnasso1 repent ,poet mihi prodire liceret4 ,in ftus tui bonis auibus in lucem editi1 prolixiorem nepotum seriem promittentis laudes1 alii ,deopleni ,enthusiast carmine suos pangant elenchos2 quos sub figmentis ampullata hyperbolicarum vocum mulcedine1 vates ser auribus mentibusne insinuant4 ,veritas nuditatis amans1 fuco natiuum candorem obumbranti non illustranti perpetuum indixit bellum3 ,in simplicitate1 quam assertionum neruosa breuitas exprimit1 exultat4 ,audi quid de te sentiam1 ,tu mihi sis in posterum ,crateuas ,brittannus2 inter omnes quotquot mihi hic innotuerunt1 peritissimus1 exercitatissimus1 oculatissimus1 emunctissim naris ,botanicus3 ,cuius opera in fortunata hac ,insula rem herbariam tractari1 emendari1 augeri1 popularibus tuis vernaculo sermone ad amussim tradi1 non decenti modo1 sed etiam necessitatis est4 ,macte tua sedulitate 7,vir optime7 neque te laborum tam arduis lucubrationibus datorum hactenus pniteat1 vel deinceps impendendorum pigeat4 ,difficilia qu pulchra4 ,leniet debit laudis dulcedo vigiliarum acerbitatem1 ,olympicum stadium cito pede1 carceribus ad metas alacriter decurrentem nobile manet 4 ,sed memento ,artem longam1 ,vitam esse breuem4 4 ,vide quid ad antiquum ilium1 cuius si non animam1 saltem genium induisti1 ,crateuam scribat ,hippocrates1 1 4 ,nobilissimam ,medicin partem ,botanicam esse reputa4 ,flor nunc litasti ,pomon1 ,apollini vt audio propediem ,,horto ,,medico facturus4 ,amab integr ,vest sacra conficito1 eiusque variegatum multis simplicium morbifugorum1 myriadibus sinum absolut pandito1 quem sine velo nobis exhibeas4 ,nulla dies abeat sine linea4 ,sic tandem fructus glori referes vberrimos1 quos iust sudoribus partos1 vt in cruda viridi senectute decerpas diu1 iisque longum fruaris opto4 ,vale4 ,datum ,londini ,calendas ,octobris anno salutis #afbi4 ,theodorus de ,mayerne ,eques aurat4 in ,aula ,regum ,magn ,britanni ,iacobi ,caroli ,p4 ,f4 ,archiatrorum ,comes4 ,ad eximium arte vsu ,pharmacopum ,botanographum ,i4 ,parkinsonum4 ,sidenote3 ,gu4 ,turnerus4 ,m4,d4 ,sidenote3 ,io4 ,gerardus ,chirurgus4 ,herbarum vires1 primus te 7magne ,britanne7 ,edocuit medicas1 inclytus arte sophus4 ,atque cluens herbis alter1 ,chironis alumnus1 ,descripsit plantas1 neu cadat vlla salus4 ,fortunate senex1 sis tu nunc tertius ,heros ,hortos qui referas1 deliciasque soli1 ,et flores ,veneris ltos1 herbasque virentes1 ,arboreos ftus1 pharmacum arte potens4 ,posteritas iustos posthac tibi solvet honores1 ,laudabitque tu dexteritatis opus4 ,ottuellus ,meuerell4 ,d4,m4 ,collegii ,med4 ,lond4 socius4 ,amico suo ,ioanni ,parkinsono4 ,extollunt alij quos 7,parkinsone7 labores ,da mihi iam veniam comminuisse tuos4 ,extremos poteris credi migrasse per ,indos3 ,cum liber haud aliud quam tuus hortus hic est3 ,ipse habitare ,indos tecum facis1 haud petis ,indos ,i nunc1 tua me comminuisse refer4 ,est liber ,effigies1 tuus hic qui pingitur hortus1 ,digna manu facies hc1 facieque manus6 ,vidi ego splendentem varigatis vndique gemmis4 ,vna fuit ,salomon1 turba quid ergo fuit8 ,vt vario splendent ,pallacia regia sumptu1 ,et ,procerum turbis ,atria tota nitent3 ,tunc cum festa dies veniam dedit esse superbis ,quosque ficus texit1 nunc tria rura tegunt3 ,plena tuo pariter spectatur ,curia in ,horto1 ,hic ,princeps1 ,dux hic1 ,sponsaque pulchra ,ducis4 ,quque dies est festa dies1 nec parcius vnquam ,luxuriant1 lauta hc2 ,quotidiana tamen4 ,ecce velut ,patri ,paradisi haud immemor ,exul1 ,hunc naturali pingit amore sibi4 ,pingit ad vivum sub eodem nomine1 hic est ,fronticuli sudor quem cerebrique dedit3 ,astat ,adam medius ,paradiso noster in isto ,et species nomen cuique dat ipse suum4 ,hos cape pro meritis1 qui florem nomine donas ternum florens tu tibi ,nomen habe4 ,guilielmus ,atkins4 ,ad ,amicum ,ioannem ,parkinsonum ,pharmacopum1 ,archibotanicum ,londinensem4 ,africa quas profert ,plantas1 quas ,india mittit1 ,quas tua dat tellus1 has tuus hortus habet3 ,atque harum ,species1 florendi tempora1 vires1 ,et varias formas iste libellus habet3 ,nescio plus librum talem mirabor1 an hortum ,totus inest horto mundus2 at iste libro4 ,parkinsone tuus liber1 labor1 tua sit laus1 ,herbas dum nobis das2 datur herba tibi4 ,guilielmus ,brodus ,pharmacopus ac ,philobotanicus ,londinensis4 ,ad ,amicum ,ioannem ,parkinsonum ,pharmacopum ,botanicum insignem4 ,carmen4 ,qvam magno pandis ,flor penetralia nixu ,atque facis clo liberiore frui8 ,omnibus vt placeas1 quam propensa voluntas1 ,solicitusque labor nocte dieque premit8 ,quam magno cultum studio conquirere in hortum ,herbarum quicquid mundus in orbe tenet1 ,immensus sumptus1 multosque extensus in annos ,te labor afficiunt8 data nulla quies4 ,talia qurenti1 surgit novus ardor habendi1 ,nec tibi tot soli munera magna petis2 ,descriptos viv profers sub imagine flores1 ,tum profers mens quicquid hortus alit1 ,laudatos nobis fructus promis honores1 ,profers1 quas celebrant nullibi scripta virum1 ,herbarum species1 quibus est quoque grata venustas3 ,sic nos multiplici munere1 ,amice1 beas4 ,hoc cape pro meritis1 florum dum gratia floret1 ,suntque herbis vires2 en tibi ,nomen erit4 ,in serum semper tua gloria floreat vum1 ,gloria qu in longum non peritura diem4 ,thomas ,iohnson vtriusque ,societatis consors4 ,illustration3 ,,ioannis ,,parkinsoni ,,pharmacop,i ,,londinensis ,,effigies ,,lxii ,,tatis ,,annvm ,,agentis ,a ,,nato ,,christo ,,ci,,dcxxix ,,the ,,ordering ,,of ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,pleasvre4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the situation of a ,garden of pleasure1 with the nature of soyles1 and how to amend the defects that are in many sorts of situations and grounds4 ,the seuerall situations of mens dwellings1 are for the most part vnauoideable and vnremoueable2 for most men cannot appoint forth such a manner of situation for their dwelling1 as is most fit to auoide all the inconueniences of winde and weather1 but must bee content with such as the place will afford them2 yet all men doe well know1 that some situations are more excellent than others3 according therfore to the seuerall situation of mens dwellings1 so are the situations of their gardens also for the most part4 ,and although diuers doe diuersly preferre their owne seuerall places which they haue chosen1 or wherein they dwell2 ,as some those places that are neare vnto a riuer or brooke to be best for the pleasantnesse of the water1 the ease of transportation of themselues1 their friends and goods1 as also for the fertility of the soyle1 which is seldome bad neare vnto a riuers side2 ,and others extoll the side or top of an hill1 bee it small or great1 for the prospects sake2 ,and againe1 some the plaine or champian ground1 for the euen leuell thereof3 euery one of which1 as they haue their commodities accompanying them1 so haue they also their discommodities belonging vnto them1 according to the ,latine ,prouerbe1 ,omne commodum fert suum incommodum4 ,yet to shew you for euerie of these situations which is the fittest place to plant your garden in1 and how to defend it from the iniuries of the cold windes and frosts that may annoy it1 will1 ,i hope1 be well accepted4 ,and first1 for the water side1 ,i suppose the ,north side of the water to be the best side for your garden1 that it may haue the comfort of the ,south ,sunne to lye vpon it and face it1 and the dwelling house to bee aboue it1 to defend the cold windes and frosts both from your herbes1 and flowers1 and early fruits4 ,and so likewise ,i iudge for the hill side1 that it may lye full open to the ,south ,sunne1 and1 the house aboue it1 both for the comfort the ground shall receiue of the water and raine descending into it1 and of defence from winter and colds4 ,now for the plaine leuell ground1 the buildings of the house should be on the ,north side of the garden1 that so they might bee a defence of much sufficiency to safeguard it from many iniurious cold nights and dayes1 which else might spoyle the pride thereof in the bud4 ,but because euery one cannot so appoint his dwelling1 as ,i here appoint the fittest place for it to be1 euery ones pleasure thereof shall be according to the site1 cost1 and endeauours they bestow1 to cause it come nearest to this proportion1 by such helpes of bricke or stone wals to defend it1 or by the helpe of high growne and well spread trees1 planted on the ,north side thereof1 to keepe it the warmer4 ,and euery of these three situations1 hauing the fairest buildings of the house facing the garden in this manner before specified1 besides the benefit of shelter it shall haue from them1 the buildings and roomes abutting thereon1 shall haue reciprocally the beautifull prospect into it1 and haue both sight and sent of whatsoeuer is excellent1 and worthy to giue content out of it1 which is one of the greatest pleasures a garden can yeeld his ,master4 ,now hauing shewed you the best place where this your garden should be1 let me likewise aduise you where it should not be1 at least that it is the worst place wherein it may be1 if it be either on the ,west or ,east side of your house1 or that it stand in a moorish ground1 or other vnwholsome ayre 7for many1 both fruits1 herbes1 and flowers that are tender1 participate with the ayre1 taking in a manner their chiefest thriuing from thence7 or neare any common ,lay-stalles1 or common ,sewers1 or else neare any great ,brew-house1 ,dye-house1 or any other place where there is much smoake1 whether it be of straw1 wood1 or especially of sea-coales1 which of all other is the worst1 as our ,citie of ,london can giue proofe sufficient1 wherein neither herbe nor tree will long prosper1 nor hath done euer since the vse of sea-coales beganne to bee frequent therein4 ,and likewise that it is much the worse1 if it bee neare vnto any ,barnes or ,stackes of corne or hey1 because that from thence will continually with the winde bee brought into the garden the strawe and chaffe of the corne1 the dust and seede of the hey to choake or pester it4 ,next vnto the place or situation1 let mee shew you the grounds or soyles for it1 eyther naturall or artificiall4 ,no man will deny1 but the naturall blacke mould is not only the fattest and richest1 but farre exceedeth any other either naturall or artificiall1 as well in goodnesse as durability4 ,and next thereunto1 ,i hold the sandy loame 7which is light and yet firme1 but not loose as sand1 nor stiffe like vnto clay7 to be little inferiour for this our ,garden of pleasure2 for that it doth cause all bulbous and tuberous rooted plants to thriue sufficiently therein1 as likewise all other flower-plants1 ,roses1 ,trees1 c4 which if it shall decay by much turning and working out the heart of it1 may soone be helped with old stable manure of horses1 being well turned in1 when it is old and almost conuerted to mould4 ,other grounds1 as chalke1 sand1 grauell1 or clay1 are euery of them one more or lesse fertill or barren than other2 and therefore doe require such helpes as is most fit for them4 ,and those grounds that are ouer dry1 loose1 and dustie1 the manure of stall fedde beasts and cattell being buried or trenched into the earth1 and when it is thorough rotten 7which will require twice the time that the stable soyle of horses will7 well turned and mixed with the earth1 is the best soyle to temper both the heate and drinesse of them4 ,so contrariwise the stable dung of horses is the best for cold grounds1 to giue them heate and life4 ,but of all other sorts of grounds1 the stiffe clay is the very worst for this purpose2 for that although you should digge out the whole compasse of your ,garden1 carry it away1 and bring other good mould in the stead thereof1 and fill vp the place1 yet the nature of that clay is so predominant1 that in a small time it will eate out the heart of the good mould1 and conuert it to its owne nature1 or very neare vnto it3 so that to bring it to any good1 there must bee continuall labour bestowed thereon1 by bringing into it good store of chalke1 lime1 or sand1 or else ashes eyther of wood or of sea-coales 7which is the best for this ground7 well mixed and turned in with it4 ,and as this stiffe clay is the worst1 so what ground soeuer commeth nearest vnto the nature thereof1 is neared vnto it in badnesse1 the signes whereof are the ouermuch moysture thereof in ,winter1 and the much cleaning and chapping thereof in ,summer1 when the heate of the yeare hath consumed the moysture1 which tyed and bound it fast together1 as also the stiffe and hard working therein3 but if the nature of the clay bee not too stiffe1 but as it were tempered and mixed with sand or other earths1 your old stable soyle of horses will helpe well the small rifting or chapping thereof1 to be plentifully bestowed therin in a fit season4 ,some also do commend the casting of ponds and ditches1 to helpe to manure these stiffe chapping grounds4 ,other grounds1 that are ouermoist by springs1 that lye too neare the vpper face of the earth1 besides that the beds thereof had need to be laid vp higher1 and the allies1 as trenches and furrowes1 to lye lower1 the ground it selfe had neede to haue some good store of chalke-stones bestowed thereon1 some certaine yeares1 if it may be1 before it be laid into a ,garden1 that the ,winter frosts may breake the chalke small1 and the ,raine dissolue it into mould1 that so they may bee well mixed together2 than which1 there is not any better manure to soyle such a moist ground1 to helpe to dry vp the moysture1 and to giue heate and life to the coldnesse thereof1 which doth alwayes accompany these moist grounds1 and also to cause it abide longer in heart than any other4 ,for the sandy and grauelly grounds1 although ,i know the well mollified manure of beasts and cattell to be excellent good1 yet ,i know also1 that some commend a white ,marle1 and some a clay to be well spread thereon1 and after turned thereinto3 and for the chalkie ground1 conuerso1 ,i commend fatte clay to helpe it4 ,you must vnderstand1 that the lesse rich or more barren that your ground is1 there needeth the more care1 labour1 and cost to bee bestowed thereon1 both to order it rightly1 so to preserue it from time to time3 for no artificiall or forc't ground can endure good any long time1 but that within a few yeares it must be refreshed more or lesse1 according as it doth require4 ,yet you shall likewise vnderstand1 that this ,garden of pleasure stored with these ,out-landish flowers2 that is1 bulbous and tuberous rooted plants1 and other fine flowers1 that ,i haue hereafter described1 and assigned vnto it1 needeth not so much or so often manuring with soyle1 c4 as another ,garden planted with the other sorts of ,english flowers1 or a ,garden of ordinary ,kitchin herbes doth4 ,your ground likewise for this ,garden had neede to bee well cleansed from all annoyances 7that may hinder the well doing or prospering of the flowers therein7 as stones1 weedes1 rootes of trees1 bushes1 c4 and all other things cumbersome or hurtfull2 and therefore the earth being not naturally fine enough of it selfe1 is vsed to bee fitted to make it the finer1 and that either through a hurdle made of sticks1 or lathes1 or through square or round sieues platted with fine and strong thin stickes1 or with wyers in the bottome4 ,or else the whole earth of the ,garden being course1 may be cast in the same manner that men vse to try or fine sand from grauell1 that is1 against a wall2 whereby the courser and more stony1 falling downe from the fine1 is to be taken away from the foote of the heape1 the finer sand and ground remaining still aboue1 and on the heape4 ,or else in the want of a wall to cast it against1 ,i haue seene earth fined by it selfe in this manner3 ,hauing made the floore or vpper part of a large plat of ground cleane from stones1 c4 let there a reasonable round heape of fine earth be set in the midst thereof1 or in stead thereof a large ,garden flowerpot1 or other great pot1 the bottome turned vpwards1 and then poure your course earth on the top or head thereof1 one shouell full after another somewhat gently1 and thereby all the course stuffe and stones will fall downe to the bottome round about the heape1 which must continually be carefully taken away1 and thus you may make your earth as fine as if it were cast against a wall1 the heape being growne great1 seruing in stead thereof4 ,those that will not prepare their grounds in some of these manners aforesaid1 shall soone finde to their losse the neglect thereof3 for the trash and stones shall so hinder the encrease of their roots1 that they will be halfe lost in the earth among the stones1 which else might be saued to serue to plant wheresoeuer they please4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the frame or forme of a ,garden of delight and pleasure1 with the seuerall varieties thereof4 ,although many men must be content with any plat of ground1 of what forme or quantity soeuer it bee1 more or lesse1 for their ,garden1 because a more large or conuenient cannot bee had to their habitation3 ,yet ,i perswade my selfe1 that ,gentlemen of the better sort and quality1 will prouide such a parcell of ground to bee laid out for their ,garden1 and in such conuenient manner1 as may be fit and answerable to the degree they hold4 ,to prescribe one forme for euery man to follow1 were too great presumption and folly3 for euery man will please his owne fancie1 according to the extent he designeth out for that purpose1 be it orbicular or round1 triangular or three square1 quadrangular or foure square1 or more long than broad4 ,i will onely shew you here the seuerall formes that many men haue taken and delighted in1 let euery man chuse which him liketh best1 or may most fitly agree to that proportion of ground hee hath set out for that purpose4 ,the orbicular or round forme is held in it owne proper existence1 to be the most absolute forme1 containing within it all other formes whatsoeuer2 but few ,i thinke will chuse such a proportion to be ioyned to their habitation1 being not accepted any where ,i think1 but for the generall ,garden to the ,vniuersity at ,padoa4 ,the triangular or three square is such a forme also1 as is seldome chosen by any that may make another choise1 and as ,i thinke is onely had where another forme cannot be had1 necessitie constraining them to be therewith content4 ,the foure square forme is the most vsually accepted with all1 and doth best agree to any mans dwelling1 being 7as ,i said before7 behinde the house1 all the backe windowes thereof opening into it4 ,yet if it bee longer than the breadth1 or broader than the length1 the proportion of walkes1 squares1 and knots may be soon brought to the square forme1 and be so cast1 as the beauty thereof may bee no lesse than the foure square proportion1 or any other better forme1 if any be4 ,to forme it therfore with walks1 crosse the middle both waies1 and round about it also with hedges1 with squares1 knots and trayles1 or any other worke within the foure square parts1 is according as euery mans conceit alloweth of it1 and they will be at the charge3 ,for there may be therein walkes eyther open or close1 eyther publike or priuate1 a maze or wildernesse1 a rocke or mount1 with a fountaine in the midst thereof to conuey water to euery part of the ,garden1 eyther in pipes vnder the ground1 or brought by hand1 and emptied into large ,cisternes or great ,turkie ,iarres1 placed in conuenient places1 to serue as an ease to water the nearest parts thereunto4 ,arbours also being both gracefull and necessary1 may be appointed in such conuenient places1 as the corners1 or else where1 as may be most fit1 to serue both for shadow and rest after walking4 ,and because many are desirous to see the formes of trayles1 knots1 and other compartiments1 and because the open knots are more proper for these ,out-landish flowers2 ,i haue here caused some to be drawne1 to satisfie their desires1 not intending to cumber this worke with ouer manie1 in that it would be almost endlesse1 to expresse so many as might bee conceiued and set downe1 for that euery man may inuent others farre differing from these1 or any other can be set forth4 ,let euery man therefore1 if hee like of these1 take what may please his mind1 or out of these or his own conceit1 frame any other to his fancy1 or cause others to be done as he liketh best1 obseruing this decorum1 that according to his ground he do cast out his knots1 with conuenient roome for allies and walkes2 for the fairer and larger your allies and walkes be1 the more grace your ,garden shall haue1 the lesse harme the herbes and flowers shall receiue1 by passing by them that grow next vnto the allies sides1 and the better shall your ,weeders cleanse both the beds and the allies4 ,illustration3 ,drawings of garden designs ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the many sorts of herbes and other things1 wherewith the beds and parts of knots are bordered to set out the forme of them1 with their commodities and discommodities4 ,it is necessary also1 that ,i shew you the seuerall materials1 wherewith these knots and trayles are set forth and bordered2 which are of two sorts3 ,the one are liuing herbes1 and the other are dead materials2 as leade1 boords1 bones1 tyles1 c4 ,of herbes1 there are many sorts wherewith the knots and beds in a ,garden are vsed to bee set1 to shew forth the forme of them1 and to preserue them the longer in their forme1 as also to be as greene1 and sweete herbes1 while they grow1 to be cut to perfume the house1 keeping them in such order and proportion1 as may be most conuenient for their seuerall natures1 and euery mans pleasure and fancy3 ,of all which1 ,i intend to giue you the knowledge here in this place2 and first1 to begin with that which hath beene most anciently receiued1 which is ,thrift4 ,this is an euerliuing greene herbe1 which many take to border their beds1 and set their knots and trayles1 and therein much delight1 because it will grow thicke and bushie1 and may be kept1 being cut with a paire of ,garden sheeres1 in some good handsome manner and proportion for a time1 and besides1 in the ,summer time send forth many short stalkes of pleasant flowers1 to decke vp an house among other sweete herbes3 ,yet these inconueniences doe accompany it2 it will not onely in a small time ouergrow the knot or trayle in many places1 by growing so thicke and bushie1 that it will put out the forme of a knot in many places3 but also much thereof will dye with the frosts and snowes in ,winter1 and with the drought in ,summer1 whereby many voide places will be seene in the knot1 which doth much deforme it1 and must therefore bee yearely refreshed3 the thicknesse also and bushing thereof doth hide and shelter snayles and other small noysome wormes so plentifully1 that ,gilloflowers1 and other fine herbes and flowers being planted therein1 are much spoyled by them1 and cannot be helped without much industry1 and very great and daily attendance to destroy them4 ,germander is another herbe1 in former times also much vsed1 and yet also in many places2 and because it will grow thicke1 and may be kept also in some forme and proportion with cutting1 and that the cuttings are much vsed as a strawing herbe for houses1 being pretty and sweete1 is also much affected by diuers3 but this also will often dye and grow out of forme1 and besides that1 the stalkes will grow too great1 hard and stubby1 the rootes doe so farre shoote vnder ground1 that1 vpon a little continuance thereof1 will spread into many places within the knot1 which if continually they be not plucked vp1 they will spoile the whole knot it selfe2 and therefore once in three or foure yeares at the most1 it must be taken vp and new set1 or else it will grow too roynish and cumbersome4 ,hyssope hath also been vsed to be set about a knot1 and being sweete1 will serue for strewings1 as ,germander3 ,but this1 although the rootes doe not runne or creep like it1 yet the stalkes doe quickly grow great aboue ground1 and dye often after the first yeares setting1 whereby the grace of the knot will be much lost4 ,marierome1 ,sauorie1 and ,thyme1 in the like manner being sweete herbes1 are vsed to border vp beds and knots1 and will be kept for a little while1 with cutting1 into some conformity2 but all and euery of them serve most commonly but for one yeares vse1 and will soone decay and perish3 and therefore none of these1 no more than any of the former1 doe ,i commend for a good bordering herbe for this purpose4 ,lauander ,cotton also being finely slipped and set1 is of many1 and those of the highest respect of late daies1 accepted1 both for the beauty and forme of the herbe1 being of a whitish greene mealy colour1 for his sent smelling somewhat strong1 and being euerliuing and abiding greene all the ,winter1 will1 by cutting1 be kept in as euen proportion as any other herbe may be4 ,this will likewise soone grow great and stubbed1 notwithstanding the cutting1 and besides will now and then perish in some places1 especially if you doe not strike or put off the snow1 before the ,sunne lying vpon it dissolue it3 ,the rarity nouelty of this herbe1 being for the most part but in the ,gardens of great persons1 doth cause it to be of the greater regard1 it must therfore be renewed wholly euery second or third yeare at the most1 because of the great growing therof4 ,slips of ,iuniper or ,yew are also receiued of some planted1 because they are alwayes green1 and that the ,iuniper especially hath not that ill sent that ,boxe hath1 which ,i will presently commend vnto you1 yet both ,iuniper and ,yew will soon grow too great and stubbed1 and force you to take vp your knot sooner1 than if it were planted with ,boxe4 ,which lastly1 ,i chiefly and aboue all other herbes commend vnto you1 and being a small1 lowe1 or dwarfe kinde1 is called ,french or ,dutch ,boxe1 and serueth very well to set out any knot1 or border out any beds3 for besides that it is euer greene1 it being reasonable thicke set1 will easily be cut and formed into any fashion one will1 according to the nature thereof1 which is to grow very slowly1 and will not in a long time rise to be of any height1 but shooting forth many small branches from the roote1 will grow very thicke1 and yet not require so great tending1 nor so much perish as any of the former1 and is onely receiued into the ,gardens of those that are curious4 ,this 7as ,i before said7 ,i commend and hold to bee the best and surest herbe to abide faire and greene in all the bitter stormes of the sharpest ,winter1 and all the great heates and droughts of ,summer1 and doth recompence the want of a good sweet sent with his fresh verdure1 euen proportion1 and long lasting continuance4 ,yet these inconueniences it hath1 that besides the vnpleasing sent which many mislike1 and yet is but small1 the rootes of this ,boxe do so much spread themselues into the ground of the knot1 and doe draw from thence so much nourishment1 that it robbeth all the herbes that grow neare it of their sap and substance1 thereby making all the earth about it barren1 or at least lesse fertile4 ,wherefore to shew you the remedy of this inconuenience of spreading1 without either taking vp the ,boxe of the border1 or the herbes and flowers in the knot1 is ,i thinke a secret knowne but vnto a few1 which is this3 ,you shall take a broad pointed ,iron like vnto a ,slise or ,chessill1 which thrust downe right into the ground a good depth all along the inside of the border of ,boxe somewhat close thereunto1 you may thereby cut away the spreading rootes thereof1 which draw so much moisture from the other herbes on the inside1 and by this meanes both preserue your herbes and flowers in the knot1 and your ,boxe also1 for that the ,boxe will be nourished sufficiently from the rest of the rootes it shooteth on all the other sides4 ,and thus much for the liuing herbes1 that serue to set or border vp any knot4 ,now for the dead materials1 they are also1 as ,i said before diuers3 as first1 ,leade1 which some that are curious doe border their knots withall1 causing it to be cut of the breadth of foure fingers1 bowing the lower edge a little outward1 that it may lye vnder the vpper crust of the ground1 and that it may stand the faster1 and making the vpper edge either plain1 or cut out like vnto the battlements of a ,church3 this fashion hath delighted some1 who haue accounted it stately 7at the least costly7 and fit for their degree1 and the rather1 because it will be bowed and bended into any round square1 angular1 or other proportion as one listeth1 and is not much to be misliked1 in that the ,leade doth not easily breake or spoile without much iniury1 and keepeth vp a knot for a very long time in his due proportion3 but in my opinion1 the ,leade is ouer-hot for ,summer1 and ouer-cold for ,winter4 ,others doe take ,oaken inch boords1 and sawing them foure or fiue inches broad1 do hold vp their knot therewith3 but in that these boordes cannot bee drawne compasse into any small scantling1 they must serue rather for long outright beds1 or such knots as haue no rounds1 halfe rounds or compassings in them4 ,and besides1 these boordes are not long lasting1 because they stand continually in the weather1 especially the ends where they are fastened together will soonest rot and perish1 and so the whole forme will be spoyled4 ,to preuent that fault1 some others haue chosen the shanke bones of ,sheep1 which after they haue beene well cleansed and boyled1 to take out the fat from them1 are stucke into the ground the small end downewards1 and the knockle head vpwards1 and thus being set side to side1 or end to end close together1 they set out the whole knot therewith1 which heads of bones although they looke not white the first yeare1 yet after they haue abiden some frosts and heates will become white1 and prettily grace out the ground3 but this inconvenience is incident to them1 that the ,winter frosts will raise them out of the ground oftentimes1 and if by chance the knockle head of any doe breake1 or be strucke off with any ones foot1 c4 going by1 from your store1 that lyeth by you of the same sort1 set another in the place1 hauing first taken away the broken peece3 although these will last long in forme and order1 yet because they are but bones many mislike them1 and indeed ,i know but few that vse them4 ,tyles are also vsed by some1 which by reason they may bee brought compasse into any fashion many are pleased with them1 who doe not take the whole ,tyle at length1 but halfe ,tyles1 and other broken pieces set somewhat deepe1 into the ground1 that they may stand fast1 and these take vp but little roome1 and keepe vp the edge of the beds and knots in a pretty comely manner1 but they are often out of frame1 in that many of them are broken and spoiled1 both with mens feete passing by1 the weather and weight of the earth beating them downe and breaking them1 but especially the frosts in ,winter doe so cracke off their edges1 both at the toppes and sides that stand close one vnto another1 that they must be continually tended and repaired with fresh and sound ones put in the place of them that are broken or decayed4 ,and lastly 7for it is the latest inuention7 round whitish or blewish pebble stones1 of some reasonable proportion and bignesse1 neither too great nor too little1 haue beene vsed by some to be set1 or rather in a manner but laide vpon the ground to fashion out the traile or knot1 or all along by the large grauelly walke sides to set out the walke1 and maketh a pretty handsome shew1 and because the stones will not decay with the iniuries of any time or weather1 and will be placed in their places againe1 if any should be thrust out by any accident1 as also that their sight is so conspicuous vpon the ground1 especially if they be not hid with the store of herbes growing in the knot2 is accounted both for durability1 beauty of the sight1 handsomnesse in the worke1 and ease in the working and charge1 to be of all other dead materials the chiefest4 ,and thus1 ,gentlemen1 ,i haue shewed you all the varieties that ,i know are vsed by any in our ,countrey1 that are worth the reciting 7but as for the fashion of ,iawe-bones1 vsed by some in the ,low ,countries1 and other places beyond the ,seas1 being too grosse and base1 ,i make no mention of them7 among which euery one may take what pleaseth him best1 or may most fitly be had1 or may best agree with the ground or knot4 ,moreouer1 all these herbes that serue for borderings1 doe serue as well to be set vpon the ground of a leuelled knot2 that is1 where the allies and foot-pathes are of the same leuell with the knot1 as they may serue also for the raised knot1 that is1 where the beds of the knot are raised higher than the allies2 but both ,leade1 ,boordes1 ,bones1 and ,tyles1 are only for the raised ground1 be it knot or beds4 ,the pebble stones againe are onely for the leuelled ground1 because they are so shallow1 that as ,i said before1 they rather lye vpon the earth than are thrust any way into it4 ,all this that ,i haue here set downe1 you must vnderstand is proper for the knots alone of a ,garden4 ,but for to border the whole square or knot about1 to serue as a hedge thereunto1 euery one taketh what liketh him best2 as either ,priuet alone1 or sweete ,bryer1 and white ,thorne enterlaced together1 and ,roses of one1 or two1 or more sorts placed here and there amongst them4 ,some also take ,lauander1 ,rosemary1 ,sage1 ,southernwood1 ,lauander ,cotton1 or some such other thing4 ,some againe plant ,cornell ,trees1 and plash them1 or keepe them lowe1 to forme them into an hedge4 ,and some againe take a lowe prickly shrubbe1 that abideth alwayes greene1 described in the end of this ,booke1 called in ,latine ,pyracantha1 which in time will make an euer greene hedge or border1 and when it beareth fruit1 which are red berries like vnto ,hawthorne berries1 make a glorious shew among the greene leaues in the ,winter time1 when no other shrubbes haue fruit or leaues4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the nature and names of diuers ,out-landish flowers1 that for their pride1 beauty1 and earlinesse1 are to be planted in ,gardens of pleasure for delight4 ,having thus formed out a ,garden1 and diuided it into his fit and due proportion1 with all the gracefull knots1 arbours1 walkes1 c4 likewise what is fit to keepe it in the same comely order1 is appointed vnto it1 both for the borders of the squares1 and for the knots and beds themselues2 let vs now come and furnish the inward parts1 and beds with those fine flowers that 7being strangers vnto vs1 and giuing the beauty and brauery of their colours so early before many of our home bred flowers1 the more to entice vs to their delight7 are most beseeming it2 and namely1 with ,daffodils1 ,fritillarias1 ,iacinthes1 ,saffron-flowers1 ,lillies1 ,flowerdeluces1 ,tulipas1 ,anemones1 ,french ,cowslips1 or ,beares eares1 and a number of such other flowers1 very beautifull1 delightfull1 and pleasant1 hereafter described at full1 whereof although many haue little sweete scent to commend them1 yet their earlinesse and exceeding great beautie and varietie doth so farre counteruaile that defect 7and yet ,i must tell you with all1 that there is among the many sorts of them some1 and that not a few1 that doe excell in sweetnesse1 being so strong and heady1 that they rather offend by too much than by too little sent1 and some againe are of so milde and moderate temper1 that they scarce come short of your most delicate and daintiest flowers7 that they are almost in all places with all persons1 especially with the better sort of the ,gentry of the ,land1 as greatly desired and accepted as any other the most choisest1 and the rather1 for that the most part of these ,out-landish flowers1 do shew forth their beauty and colours so early in the yeare1 that they seeme to make a ,garden of delight euen in the ,winter time1 and doe so giue their flowers one after another1 that all their brauery is not fully spent1 vntil that ,gilliflowers1 the pride of our ,english ,gardens1 do shew themselues3 ,so that whosoeuer would haue of euery sort of these flowers1 may haue for euery moneth seueral colours and varieties1 euen from ,christmas vntill ,midsommer1 or after2 and then1 after some little respite1 vntill ,christmas againe1 and that in some plenty1 with great content and without forcing2 so that euery man may haue them in euery place1 if they will take any care of them4 ,and because there bee many ,gentlewomen and others1 that would gladly haue some fine flowers to furnish their ,gardens1 but know not what the names of those things are that they desire1 nor what are the times of their flowring1 nor the skill and knowledge of their right ordering1 planting1 displanting1 transplanting1 and replanting2 ,i haue here for their sakes set downe the nature1 names1 times1 and manner of ordering in a briefe manner1 referring the more ample declaration of them to the worke following4 ,and first of their names and natures3 ,of ,daffodils there are almost an hundred sorts1 as they are seuerally described hereafter1 euery one to be distinguished from other1 both in their times1 formes1 and colours1 some being eyther white1 or yellow1 or mixt1 or else being small or great1 single or double1 and some hauing but one flower vpon a stalke1 others many1 whereof many are so exceeding sweete1 that a very few are sufficient to perfume a whole chamber1 and besides1 many of them be so faire and double1 eyther one vpon a stalke1 or many vpon a stalke1 that one or two stalkes of flowers are in stead of a whole nose-gay1 or bundell of flowers tyed together4 ,this ,i doe affirme vpon good knowledge and certaine experience1 and not as a great many others doe1 tell of the wonders of another world1 which themselues neuer saw nor euer heard of1 except some superficiall relation1 which themselues haue augmented according to their owne fansie and conceit4 ,againe1 let me here also by the way tell you1 that many idle and ignorant ,gardiners and others1 who get names by stealth1 as they doe many other things1 doe call some of these ,daffodils ,narcisses1 when as all know that know any ,latine1 that ,narcissus is the ,latine name1 and ,daffodill the ,english of one and the same thing2 and therefore alone without any other ,epithite cannot properly distinguish seuerall things4 ,i would willingly therefore that all would grow iudicious1 and call euery thing by his proper ,english name in speaking ,english1 or else by such ,latine name as euery thing hath that hath not a proper ,english name1 that thereby they may distinguish the seuerall varieties of things and not confound them1 as also to take away all excuses of mistaking2 as for example3 ,the single ,english bastard ,daffodill 7which groweth wilde in many ,woods1 ,groues1 and ,orchards in ,england47 ,the double ,english bastard ,daffodill4 ,the ,french single white ,daffodill many vpon a stalke4 ,the ,french double yellow ,daffodill4 ,the great1 or the little1 or the least ,spanish yellow bastard ,daffodill1 or the great or little ,spanish white ,daffodill4 ,the ,turkie single white ,daffodill1 or1 ,the ,turkie single or double white ,daffodill many vpon a stalke1 c4 ,of ,fritillaria1 or the checkerd ,daffodill1 there are halfe a score seuerall sorts1 both white and red1 both yellow and blacke1 which are a wonderfull grace and ornament to a ,garden in regard of the ,checker like spots are in the flowers4 ,of ,iacinthes there are aboue halfe an hundred sorts1 as they are specified hereafter2 some like vnto little bells or starres1 others like vnto little bottles or pearles1 both white and blew1 sky-coloured and blush1 and some starlike of many pretty various formes1 and all to giue delight to them that will be curious to obserue them4 ,of ,crocus or ,saffron flowers1 there are also twenty sorts2 some of the ,spring time1 others flowring onely in the ,autume or ,fall1 earlier or later than another1 some whereof abide but a while1 others indure aboue a moneth in their glorious beauty4 ,the ,colchicum or ,medowe ,saffron1 which some call the sonne before the father1 but not properly1 is of many sorts also2 some flowring in the ,spring of the yeare1 but the most in ,autume1 whereof some haue faire double flowers very delightfull to behold1 and some partly coloured both single and double so variable1 that it would make any one admire the worke of the ,creatour in the various spots and stripes of these flowers4 ,then haue wee of ,lillies twenty seuerall sorts and colours1 among whom ,i must reckon the ,crowne ,imperiall1 that for his stately forme deserueth some speciall place in this ,garden1 as also the ,martagons1 both white and red1 both blush and yellow1 that require to be set by themselues apart1 as it were in a small round or square of a knot1 without many other1 or tall flowers growing neare them4 ,but to tell you of all the sorts of ,tulipas 7which are the pride of delight7 they are so many1 and as ,i may say1 almost infinite1 doth both passe my ability1 and as ,i beleeue the skill of any other4 ,they are of two especiall sorts1 some flowring earlier1 and others later than their fellowes1 and that naturally in all grounds1 wherein there is such a wonderfull variety and mixture of colours1 that it is almost impossible for the wit of man to descipher them thoroughly1 and to giue names that may be true seuerall distinctions to euery flower1 threescore seuerall sorts of colours simple and mixed of each kind ,i can reckon vp that ,i haue1 and of especiall note1 and yet ,i doubt not1 but for euery one of them there are ten others differing from them1 which may be seen at seuerall times1 and in seuerall places3 besides this glory of variety in colors that these flowers haue1 they carry so stately delightfull a forme1 do abide so long in their brauery 7enduring aboue three whole moneths from the first vnto the last7 that there is no ,lady or ,gentlewoman of any worth that is not caught with this delight1 or not delighted with these flowers4 ,the ,anemones likewise or ,windeflowers are so full of variety and so dainty1 so pleasant and so delightsome flowers1 that the sight of them doth enforce an earnest longing desire in the minde of any one to be a possessour of some of them at the least3 ,for without all doubt1 this one kinde of flower1 so variable in colours1 so differing in forme 7being almost as many sorts of them double as single7 so plentifull in bearing flowers1 and so durable in lasting1 and also so easie both2 to preserue and to encrease1 is of it selfe alone almost sufficient to furnish a garden with their flowers for almost halfe the yeare1 as ,i shall shew you in a fit and conuenient place4 ,the ,beares eares or ,french ,cowslips must not want their deserued commendations1 seeing that their flowers1 being many set together vpon a stalke1 doe seeme euery one of them to bee a ,nosegay alone of it selfe3 and besides the many differing colours that are to be seene in them1 as white1 yellow1 blush1 purple1 red1 tawney1 murrey1 haire colour1 c4 which encrease much delight in all sorts of the ,gentry of the ,land1 they are not vnfurnished with a pretty sweete sent1 which doth adde an encrease of pleasure in those that make them an ornament for their wearing4 ,flowerdeluces also are of many sorts1 but diuided into two especiall1 kindes2 the one bearing a leafe like a flagge whose roots are tuberous1 thicke and short 7one kinde of them being the ,orris rootes that are sold at the ,apothecaries1 whereof sweete powders are made to lye among garments7 the other having round rootes like vnto ,onions1 and narrow long leaues somewhat like grasse3 ,of both these kindes there is much variety1 especially in their colours4 ,the greater ,flagge kinde is frequent enough and dispersed in this ,land1 and well doth serue to decke vp both a ,garden and ,house with natures beauties3 ,but the chiefe of all is your ,sable flower1 so fit for a mourning habit1 that ,i thinke in the whole compasse of natures store1 there is not a more patheticall1 or of greater correspondency1 nor yet among all the flowers ,i know any one comming neare vnto the colour of it4 ,the other kinde which hath bulbous or ,onion like rootes1 diuersifieth it selfe also into so many fine colours1 being of a more neate shape and succinct forme than the former1 that it must not bee wanting to furnish this ,garden4 ,the ,hepatica or ,noble ,liuerwoort is another flower of account1 whereof some are white1 others red1 or blew1 or purple1 somewhat resembling ,violets1 but that there are white threads in the middest of their flowers1 which adde the more grace vnto them2 and one kinde of them is so double1 that it resembleth a double thicke ,dasie or ,marigold1 but being small and of an excellent blew colour1 is like vnto a ,button3 but that which commendeth the flower as much as the beauty1 is the earlinesse in flowring1 for that it is one of the very first flowers that open themselues after ,christmas1 euen in the midst of ,winter4 ,the ,cyclamen or ,sowebread is a flower of rare receipt1 because it is naturally hard to encrease1 and that the flowers are like vnto red or blush coloured ,violets1 flowring in the end of ,summer or beginning of ,autumne3 the leaues likewise hereof haue no small delight in their pleasant colour1 being knotted and circled white vpon greene1 and that which most preferreth it1 is the ,physicall properties thereof for women1 which ,i will declare when ,i shall shew you the seuerall descriptions of the varieties in his proper place4 ,many other sorts of flowers there are fit to furnish this ,garden1 as ,leucoium or ,bulbous ,violet1 both early and late flowring4 ,muscari or ,muske ,grape flower4 ,starre flowers of diuers sorts4 ,phalangium or ,spiderwort1 the chiefe of many is that sort whose flowers are like vnto a white ,lilly4 ,winter ,crowfoote or ,wolfes bane4 ,the ,christmas flower like vnto a single white ,rose4 ,bell flowers of many kindes4 ,yellow ,larkes spurre1 the prettiest flower of a score in a ,garden4 ,flower-gentle or ,floramour4 ,flower of the ,sunne4 ,the ,maruaile of ,peru or of the world4 ,double ,marsh ,marigold or double yellow ,buttons1 much differing and farre exceeding your double yellow ,crowfoote1 which some call ,batchelours ,buttons4 ,double ,french ,marigolds that smell well1 and is a greater kinde than the ordinary1 and farre surpasseth it4 ,the double red ,ranunculus or ,crowfoote 7farre excelling the most glorious double ,anemone7 and is like vnto our great yellow double ,crowfoote4 ,thus having giuen you the knowledge of some of the choisest flowers for the beds of this ,garden1 let me also shew you what are fittest for your borders and for your arbours4 ,the ,iasmine white and yellow4 ,the double ,honysockle4 ,the ,ladies ,bower1 both white1 and red1 and purple single and double1 are the fittest of ,outlandish plants to set by arbours and banqueting houses1 that are open1 both before and aboue to helpe to couer them1 and to giue both sight1 smell1 and delight4 ,the sorts of ,roses are fittest for ,standards in the hedges or borders4 ,the ,cherry ,bay or ,laurocerasus4 ,the ,rose ,bay or ,oleander4 ,the white and the blew ,syringa or ,pipe tree1 are all gracefull and delightfull to set at seuerall distances in the borders of knots2 for some of them giue beautifull and sweete flowers4 ,the ,pyracantha or ,prickly ,corall tree doth remaine with greene leaues all the yeare1 and may be plashed1 or laid downe1 or tyed to make a fine hedge to border the whole knot1 as is said before4 ,the ,wilde ,bay or ,laurus ,tinus1 doth chiefly desire to be sheltered vnder a wall1 where it will best thriue1 and giue you his beautifull flowers in ,winter for your delight1 in recompence of his fenced dwelling4 ,the dwarfe ,bay or ,mesereon1 is most commonly either placed in the midst of a knot1 or at the corners thereof1 and sometimes all along a walke for the more grace4 ,and thus to fit euery ones fancy1 ,i haue shewed you the variety of natures store in some part for you to dispose of them to your best content4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the nature and names of those that are called vsually ,english flowers4 ,those flowers that haue beene vsually planted in former times in ,gardens of this ,kingdome 7when as our forefathers knew few or none of those that are recited before7 haue by time and custome attained the name of ,english flowers1 although the most of them were neuer naturall of this our ,land1 but brought in from other ,countries at one time or other1 by those that tooke pleasure in them where they first saw them3 and ,i doubt not1 but many other sorts than here are set downe1 or now knowne to vs1 haue beene brought1 which either haue perished by their negligence or want of skill that brought them1 or else because they could not abide our cold ,winters2 those onely remaining with vs that haue endured of themselues1 and by their encreasing haue beene distributed ouer the whole ,land4 ,if ,i should make any large discourse of them1 being so well knowne to all1 ,i doubt ,i should make a long tale to small purpose3 ,i will therefore but briefly recite them1 that you may haue them together in one place1 with some little declaration of the nature and quality of them1 and so passe to other matters4 ,and first of ,primroses and ,cowslips1 whereof there are many prettie varieties2 some better knowne in the ,west parts of this ,kingdome1 others in the ,north1 than in any other1 vntill of late being obserued by some curious louers of varieties1 they haue been transplanted diuersly1 and so made more common3 for although we haue had formerly in these parts about ,london greene ,primroses vsually1 yet we neuer saw or heard of greene ,cowslips both single and double but of late dayes1 and so likewise for ,primroses to be both single and double from one roote1 and diuers vpon one stalke of diuers fashions1 ,i am sure is not vsuall3 all which desire rather to bee planted vnder some hedge1 or fence1 or in the shade1 than in the ,sunne4 ,single ,rose ,campions1 both white1 red1 and blush1 and the double red ,rose ,campion also is knowne sufficiently1 and will abide moderate ,sunne as well as the shade4 ,the flower of ,bristow or ,none-such is likewise another kinde of ,campion1 whereof there is both white flowring plants and blush as well as ,orange colour1 all of them being single flowers require a moderate ,sunne and not the shadow3 ,but the ,orange colour ,nonesuch with double flowers1 as it is rare and not common1 so for his brauery doth well deserue a ,master of account that will take care to keepe and preserue it4 ,batchelours ,buttons both white and red1 are kindes of wilde ,campions of a very double forme1 and will reasonably well like the ,sunne but not the shade4 ,wall-flowers are common in euery ,garden1 as well the ordinary double as the single1 and the double kinde desireth no more shade than the single1 but the greater kindes both double and single must haue the ,sunne4 ,stock-,gilloflowers likewise are almost as common as ,wall-flowers1 especially the single kindes in euery womans ,garden1 but the double kindes are much more rare1 and possessed but of a few1 and those onely that will bee carefull to preserue them in ,winter2 for besides that the most of them are more tender1 they yeeld no seede as the single kindes doe to preserue them1 although one kinde from the sowing of the seed yeeld double flowers3 ,they will all require the comfort of the ,sunne1 especially the double kindes1 and to be defended from cold1 yet so as in the ,summer they doe not want water wherein they much ioy1 and which is as it were their life4 ,queenes ,gilloflowers 7which some call ,dames ,violets1 and some ,winter ,gilloflowers1 are a kinde of ,stock-,gilloflower7 planted in ,gardens to serue to fill vp the parts thereof for want of better things1 hauing in mine opinion neither sight nor sent much to commend them4 ,violets are the ,springs chiefe flowers for beauty1 smell1 and vse1 both single and double1 the more shadie and moist they stand the better4 ,snapdragon are flowers of much more delight1 and in that they are more tender to keep1 and will hardly endure the sharpe ,winters1 vnlesse they stand well defended1 are scarce seene in many ,gardens4 ,columbines single and double1 of many sorts1 fashions1 and colours1 very variable both speckled and party coloured1 are flowers of that respect1 as that no ,garden would willingly bee without them1 that could tell how to haue them1 yet the rarer the flowers are1 the more trouble to keepe2 the ordinary sorts on the contrary part will not be lost1 doe what one will4 ,larkes heeles1 or spurres1 or toes1 as in seuerall ,countries they are called1 exceed in the varietie of colours1 both single and double1 any of the former times2 for vntill of late dayes none of the most pleasant colours were seene or heard of3 but now the single kindes are reasonable well disperst ouer the ,land1 yet the double kindes of all those pleasant colours 7and some other also as beautifull7 which stand like little double ,roses1 are enioyed but of a few3 all of them rise from seed1 and must be sowne euery yeare1 the double as well as the single4 ,pansyes or ,hartes eases of diuers colours1 and although without sent1 yet not without some respect and delight4 ,double ,poppies are flowers of a great and goodly proportion1 adorning a ,garden with their variable colours to the delight of the beholders1 wherein there is some speciall care to be taken1 lest they turne single2 and that is1 if you see them grow vp too thicke1 that you must pull them vp1 and not suffer them to grow within lesse than halfe a yard distance1 or more one from another4 ,double ,daisies are flowers not to be forgotten1 although they be common enough in euery ,garden1 being both white and red1 both blush and speckled1 or party coloured1 besides that which is called ,iacke an ,apes on horsebacke1 they require a moist and shadowie place2 for they are scorched away1 if they stand in the ,sunne in any dry place4 ,double ,marigolds also are the most common in all ,gardens4 ,and so are the ,french ,marigolds that haue a strong heady sent1 both single and double1 whose glorious shew for colour would cause any to beleeue there were some rare goodnesse or vertue in them4 ,these all are sometimes preserued in the ,winter1 if they bee well defended from the cold4 ,but what shall ,i say to the ,queene of delight and of flowers1 ,carnations and ,gilloflowers1 whose brauery1 variety1 and sweete smell ioyned together1 tyeth euery ones affection with great earnestnesse1 both to like and to haue them8 ,those that were knowne1 and enioyed in former times with much acceptation1 are now for the most part lesse accounted of1 except a very few3 for now there are so many other varieties of later inuention1 that trebleth the other both in number1 beauty1 and worth3 ,the names of them doe differ very variably1 in that names are imposed and altered as euerie ones fancy will haue them1 that carryed or sent them into the seuerall ,countries from ,london1 where their truest name is to be had1 in mine opinion4 ,i will here but giue you the names of some1 and referre you to the worke ensuing for your further knowledge4 ,the red and the gray ,hulo4 ,the old ,carnation1 differing from them both4 ,the ,gran ,pere4 ,the ,cambersiue4 ,the ,sauadge4 ,the ,christall4 ,the ,prince4 ,the white ,carnation1 or ,delicate4 ,the ground ,carnation4 ,the ,french ,carnation4 ,the ,douer4 ,the ,oxford4 ,the ,bristow4 ,the ,westminster4 ,the ,daintie4 ,the ,granado1 and many other ,gilloflowers too tedious to recite in this place1 because ,i haue amply declared them in the booke following4 ,but there is another sort of great delight and varietie1 called the ,orange tawny ,gilloflower1 which for the most part hath risen from seed1 and doth giue seed in a more plentifull manner than any of the former sorts1 and likewise by the sowing of the seed1 there hath been gained so many varieties of that excellent worth and respect1 that it can hardly be expressed or beleeued1 and called by diuers names according to the marking of the flowers2 as ,the ,infanta4 ,the ,stript ,tawny1 ,the ,speckled ,tawny4 ,the ,flackt ,tawny4 ,the ,griseld ,tawny1 and many others1 euery one to bee distinguished from others3 ,some also haue their flowers more double and large than others1 and some from the same seed haue single flowers like broad single ,pinkes3 the further relation of them1 viz4 their order to sowe1 encrease and preserue them1 you shall haue in the subsequent discourse in a place by it selfe4 ,pinkes likewise both single and double are of much variety1 all of them very sweete1 comming neare the ,gilloflowers4 ,sweete ,williams and ,sweete ,iohns1 both single and double1 both white1 red1 and spotted1 as they are kindes of wilde ,pinkes1 so for their grace and beauty helpe to furnish a ,garden1 yet desire not to stand so open to the ,sunne as the former4 ,double and single ,peonies are fit flowers to furnish a ,garden1 and by reason of their durability1 giue out fresh pleasure euery yeare without any further trouble of sowing4 ,and lastly1 ,hollihocks both single and double1 of many and sundry colours1 yeeld out their flowers like ,roses on their tall branches1 like ,trees1 to sute you with flowers1 when almost you haue no other to grace out your ,garden3 the single and double doe both yeeld seed1 and yet doe after their seeding abide many yeares4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you most of the ,english1 as well as 7,i did before7 the ,outlandish flowers that are fit to furnish the knots1 trailes1 beds1 and borders of this ,garden4 ,roses onely1 as ,i said before1 ,i reserve to circle or encompasse all the rest1 because that for the most part they are planted in the outer borders or the quarters1 and sometimes by themselues in the middle of long beds1 the sorts or kindes whereof are many1 as they are declared in their proper place3 but the ,white ,rose1 the ,red1 and the ,damaske1 are the most ancient ,standards in ,england1 and therefore accounted naturall4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the order and manner to plant and replant all the sorts of ,out-landish flowers spoken of before1 as well those with bulbous rootes1 as others with stringie rootes4 ,whereas it is the vsuall custome of most in this ,land1 to turne vp their ,gardens1 and to plant them againe in the ,spring of the yeare1 which is the best time that may bee chosen for all ,english flowers1 yet it is not so for your ,out-landish flowers4 ,and herein indeede hath beene not onely the errour of a great many to hinder their rootes from bearing out their flowers as they should1 but also to hinder many to take delight in them1 because as they say they will not thriue and prosper with them1 when as the whole fault is in the want of knowledge of the fit and conuenient time wherein they should bee planted4 ,and because our ,english ,gardiners are all or the most of them vtterly ignorant in the ordering of these ,out-landish flowers1 as not being trained vp to know them1 ,i haue here taken vpon mee the forme of a new ,gardiner1 to giue instructions to those that will take pleasure in them1 that they may be the better enabled with these helpes ,i shall shew them1 both to know how they should be ordered1 and to direct their ,gardiners that are ignorant thereof1 rightly to dispose them according to their naturall qualities4 ,and ,i doe wish all ,gentlemen and ,gentlewomen1 whom it may concerne for their owne good1 to bee as carefull whom they trust with the planting and replanting of these fine flowers1 as they would be with so many ,iewels2 for the rootes of many of them being small1 and of great value1 may be soone conueyed away1 and a cleanly tale faire told1 that such a roote is rotten1 or perished in the ground if none be seen where it should be1 or else that the flower hath changed his colour1 when it hath been taken away1 or a counterfeit one hath beene put in the place thereof2 and thus many haue been deceiued of their daintiest flowers1 without remedy or true knowledge of the defect4 ,you shall therefore1 if you will take the right course that is proper for these kindes of flowers1 not set or plant them among your ,english flowers2 for that when the one may be remoued1 the other may not be stirred3 but plant those rootes that are bulbous1 or round like ,onions1 eyther in knots or beds by themselues which is the best1 or with but very few ,english or ,out-landish flower plants that haue stringie rootes3 ,for you must take this for a generall rule1 that all those rootes that are like ,lillies or ,onions1 are to bee planted in the moneths of ,iuly or ,august1 or vnto the middle or end of ,september at the furthest1 if you will haue them to prosper as they should2 and not in the ,spring of the yeare1 when other gardening is vsed4 ,yet ,i must likewise giue you to vnderstand1 that if ,tulipas1 and ,daffodils1 and some other that are firme and hard rootes1 and not limber or spongie1 being taken vp out of the ground in their fit season1 that is1 in ,iune1 ,iuly1 and ,august1 and likewise kept well and dry1 may be reserued out of the ground vntill ,christmas or after1 and then 7if they could not be set sooner7 being set1 will thriue reasonable well1 but not altogether so well as the former1 being set long before2 but if you shall remoue these bulbous rootes againe1 either presently after their planting2 hauing shot their small fibres vnder the round rootes1 and sprung likewise vpwards1 or before they be in flower at the soonest 7yet ,tulipas1 ,daffodils1 and many other bulbous1 may be safely remoued being in flower1 and transplanted into other places1 so as they be not kept too long out of the ground7 you shall much endanger them either vtterly to perish1 or to be hindered from bearing out their flowers they then would haue borne1 and for two or three years after from bearing flowers againe4 ,for the order of their planting there are diuers wayes1 some whereof ,i will shew you in this place3 ,your knot or beds being prepared fitly1 as before is declared1 you may place and order your rootes therein thus1 ,eyther many rootes of one kind set together in a round or cluster1 or longwise crosse a bed one by another1 whereby the beauty of many flowers of one kinde being together1 may make a faire shew well pleasing to many2 ,or else you may plant one or two in a place dispersedly ouer the whole knot1 or in a proportion or diameter one place answering another of the knot1 as your store will suffer you1 or your knot permit3 ,or you may also mingle these rootes in their planting many of diuers sorts together1 that they may giue the more glorious shew when they are in flower2 and that you may so doe1 you must first obserue the seuerall kindes of them1 which doe flower at one and the same time1 and then to place them in such order and so neare one vnto another1 that their flowers appearing together of seuerall colours1 will cause the more admiration in the beholders3 as thus1 ,the ,vernall ,crocus or ,saffron flowers of the ,spring1 white1 purple1 yellow1 and stript1 with some ,vernall ,colchicum or ,medow ,saffron among them1 some ,dens ,caninus or ,dogges teeth1 and some of the small early ,leucoium or ,bulbous ,violet1 all planted in some proportion as neare one vnto another as is fit for them1 will giue such a grace to the ,garden1 that the place will seeme like a peece of tapestry of many glorious colours1 to encrease euery ones delight3 ,or else many of one sort together1 as the blew1 white1 and blush ,grape flowers in the same manner intermingled1 doe make a maruellous delectable shew1 especially because all of them rise almost to an equall height1 which causeth the greater grace1 as well neare hand as farre of4 ,the like order may be kept with many other things1 as the ,hepatica1 white1 blew1 purple1 and red set or sowne together1 will make many to beleeue that one roote doth beare all those colours3 ,but aboue and beyond all others1 the ,tulipas may be so matched1 one colour answering and setting of another1 that the place where they stand may resemble a peece of curious needle-worke1 or peece of painting2 and ,i haue knowne in a ,garden1 the ,master as much commended for this artificiall forme in placing the colours of ,tulipas1 as for the goodnesse of his flowers1 or any other thing4 ,the diuers sorts and colours of ,anemones or ,winde-flowers may be so ordered likewise1 which are very beautifull1 to haue the seuerall varieties planted one neare vnto another1 that their seuerall colours appearing in one place will be a very great grace in a ,garden1 or if they be dispersed among the other sorts of flowers1 they will make a glorious shew4 ,another order in planting you may obserue2 which is this1 ,that those plants that grow low1 as the ,aconitum ,hyemale or ,winter-wolues bane1 the ,vernall ,crocus or ,saffron-flowers of diuers sorts1 the little early ,leucoium or ,bulbous ,violet1 and some such other as rise not vp high1 as also some ,anemones may be very well placed somewhat neare or about your ,martagons1 ,lillies1 or ,crownes ,imperiall1 both because these little plants will flower earlier than they1 and so will bee gone and past1 before the other greater plants will rise vp to any height to hinder them2 which is a way may well be admitted in those ,gardens that are small1 to saue roome1 and to place things to the most aduantage4 ,thus hauing shewed you diuers wayes and orders how to plant your rootes1 that your flowers may giue the greater grace in the ,garden1 let mee shew you likewise how to set these kindes of rootes into the ground2 for many know not well eyther which end to set vpwards or downewards1 nor yet to what depth they should be placed in the ground4 ,daffodils if they be great rootes1 will require 7as must bee obserued in all other great plants7 to bee planted somewhat deeper than the smaller of the same kinde as also that the tops or heads of the rootes be about two or three fingers breadth hid vnder ground4 ,the ,tulipas likewise if you set them deepe1 they will be the safer from frosts if your ground be cold1 which will also cause them to be a little later before they be in flower1 yet vsually if the mould be good1 they are to be set a good hand breadth deep within the ground1 so that there may be three or foure inches of earth at the least aboue the head1 which is the smaller end of the roote3 for if they shall lye too neare the vpper face or crust of the earth1 the colds frosts will pierce and pinch them the sooner4 ,after the same order and manner must ,hyacinthes1 whether great or small1 and other such great rootes be planted4 ,your greater rootes1 as ,martagons1 ,lillies1 and ,crownes ,imperiall1 must be set much deeper than any other bulbous roote1 because they are greater rootes than others1 and by themselues also1 as is most vsuall either in some square1 round1 triangle1 or other small part in the ,garden1 because they spread and take vp a very great deale of ground4 ,all of them likewise are to be set with the broad end of the roote downewards1 and the small end vpwards1 that is1 both ,lillies1 ,daffodils1 ,hyacinthes1 and ,tulipas1 and all other sorts of round rootes1 which shew one end to bee smaller than another4 ,but the ,colchicum or ,medow-,saffron onely requireth an exception to this generall rule1 in regard the roote thereof hath a small eminence or part on the one side thereof1 which must bee set or planted downeward1 and not vpward2 for you shall obserue1 if the roote lye a little moist out of the ground1 that it will shoote fibres out at the small long end thereof1 although you may perceiue when you take it vp1 that the fibres were at the other broad end or side of the roote4 ,as for the ,crowne ,imperiall1 which is a broad round roote and flat withall1 hauing a hole in the middle1 for the most part quite thorow1 when it is taken vp in his due time out of the ground1 you shall perceiue the scales or cloues of the rootes to bee a little open on the vpperside1 and close and flat on the vnderside1 which will direct you which part to set vpward2 as also that the hole is bigger aboue then it is below4 ,the ,persian ,lilly is almost like unto the ,crowne ,imperiall1 but that the roote thereof is not so flat1 and that it hath a smaller head at the one part1 whereby it may be discerned the plainer how to be set4 ,the ,fritillaria is a small white root diuided as it were into two parts1 so that many haue doubted1 as formerly in the ,crowne ,imperiall1 what part to set vppermost2 you shall therefore marke1 that the two parts of the roote are ioyned together at the bottome1 where it shooteth out fibres or small stringie rootes1 as all other sorts of bulbous rootes doe1 and withall you shall see1 that betweene the two parts of the roote a small head will appeare1 which is the burgeon that will spring vp to beare leaues and flowers4 ,in the rootes of ,anemones there are small round swelling heads1 easie enough to be obserued if you marke it1 which must be set vpwards4 ,all other sorts of stringie rooted plants 7and not bulbous or tuberous rooted7 that lose their greene leaues in ,winter1 will shew a head from whence the leaues and flowers will spring1 and all others that keepe their greene leaues1 are to bee planted in the same manner that other herbes and flower-plants are accustomed to be4 ,but yet for the better thriuing of the stringie rooted plants1 when you will plant them1 let me informe you of the best way of planting1 and the most sure to cause any plant to comprehend in the ground without failing1 and is no common way with any ,gardiner in this ,kingdome1 that euer ,i heard or knew1 which is thus3 ,presuming that the stringie rooted plant is fresh and not old gathered1 and a plant that being remoued will grow againe1 make a hole in the ground large enough where you meane to set this roote1 and raise the earth within the hole a little higher in the middle then on the sides1 and set the roote thereon1 spreading the strings all abroad about the middle1 that they may as it were couer the middle1 and then put the earth gently round about it1 pressing it a little close1 and afterwards water it well1 if it be in ,summer1 or in a dry time1 or otherwise moderately3 thus shall euery seuerall string of the roote haue earth enough to cause it to shoote forth1 and thereby to encrease farre better than by the vsuall way1 which is without any great care and respect to thrust the rootes together into the ground4 ,diuers other flower plants are but annuall1 to bee new sowne euery yeare2 as the ,maruaile of the world1 the ,indian ,cresses1 or yellow ,larkes heeles1 the ,flower of the ,sunne1 and diuers others3 they therefore that will take pleasure in them1 that they may enioy their flowers the earlier in the yeare1 and thereby haue ripe seede of them while warme weather lasteth1 must nurse vp their seedes in a bed of hot dung1 as ,melons and ,cowcumbers are1 but your bed must be prouided earlier for these seeds1 than for ,melons1 c4 that they may haue the more comfort of the ,summer1 which are to be carefully tended after they are transplanted from the hotbed1 and couered with straw from colds1 whereby you shall not faile to gaine ripe seed euery yeare1 which otherwise if you should misse of a very kindly hot ,summer1 you should neuer haue4 ,some of these seedes neede likewise to be transplanted from the bed of dung vnder a warme wall1 as the ,flower of the ,sunne1 and the ,maruaile of the world1 and some others1 and that for a while after their transplanting1 as also in the heate of ,summer1 you water them at the roote with water that hath stood a day or two in the ,sunne1 hauing first laid a round wispe of hay or such other thing round about the roote1 that so all helpes may further their giuing of ripe seede4 ,one or two rules more ,i will giue you concerning these dainty flowers1 the first whereof is this1 ,that you shall not bee carefull to water any of your bulbous or tuberous rooted plants at any time2 for they all of them do better prosper in a dry ground than in a wet1 onely all sorts of tuberous rooted ,flowerdeluces vpon their remouall had neede of a little water1 and some will doe so also to such ,tulipas and other bulbous rootes as they transplant1 when they are in flower1 and this is ,i grant in some sort tolerable1 if it bee not too much1 and done onely to cause the stalke and flower to abide sometime the longer before they wither1 but else in no other case to be permitted4 ,the second rule is1 ,that ,i would aduise you to water none of your dainty flowers or herbes1 with any water that hath presently before been drawne out of a well or pumpe1 but onely with such water that hath stood open in the ,sunne in some cisterne1 tubbe1 or pot for a day at the least1 if more the better3 for that water which is presently drawne out of a well1 c4 is so cold1 that it presently chilleth killeth any dainty plant be it younger or elder grown1 whereof ,i haue had sufficient proofe3 and therfore ,i giue you this caution by mine own experience4 ,thus haue ,i directed you from point to point1 in all the particulars of preparing planting that belong to this ,garden1 sauing only that yet ,i would further enforme you of the time of the flowring of these ,out-landish plants1 according to the seuerall moneths in the yeare1 that euery one may know what flowers euery moneth yeeldeth1 and may chuse what them liketh best1 in that they may see that there is no moneth1 but glorieth in some peculiar sorts of rare flowers4 ,i would likewise rather in this place shew you1 the true and best manner order to encrease and preserue all sorts of ,gilloflowers ,carnations1 then ioyne it with the ,chapter of ,gilloflowers in the worke following1 because it would in that place take vp too much roome4 ,and lastly1 ,i must of necessity oppose three sundry errours1 that haue possessed the mindes of many both in former and later times1 which are1 that any flower may be made to grow double by art1 that was but single before by nature3 ,and that one may by art cause any flower to grow of what colour they will3 ,and that any plants may be forced to flower out of their due seasons1 either earlier or later1 by an art which some can vse4 ,all which being declared1 ,i then suppose enough is spoken for an introduction to this worke1 referring many other things to the seuerall directions in the ,chapters of the booke4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the seuerall times of the flowring of these ,out-landish flowers1 according to the seuerall moneths of the yeare4 ,i intend in this place onely to giue you briefly1 the names of some of the chiefest of these ,out-landish flowers1 according to the seuerall moneths of the yeare wherein they flower1 that euery one seeing what sorts of flowers euery moneth yeeldeth1 may take of them which they like best4 ,i begin with ,ianuary1 as the first moneth of the yeare1 wherein if the frosts be not extreme1 you shall haue these flowers of plants2 the ,christmas flower or ,helleborus niger verus1 ,winter wolues bane or ,aconitum hyemale1 ,hepatica or ,noble ,liuer wort blew and red1 and of shrubbes1 the ,laurus ,tinus or ,wilde ,bay tree1 and ,mesereon or the dwarfe ,bay3 but because ,ianuarie is oftentimes too deepe in frosts and snow1 ,i therefore referre the ,hepaticas vnto the moneth following1 which is ,february1 wherein the weather beginneth to be a little milder1 and then they will flower much better1 as also diuers sorts of ,crocus or ,saffron flower will appeare1 the little early ,summer foole or ,leucoium bulbosum1 and towards the latter end thereof the ,vernall ,colchicum1 the ,dogges tooth ,violet or ,dens ,caninus1 and some ,anemones1 both single and double1 which in some places will flower all the ,winter long4 ,march will yeeld more varieties2 for besides that it holdeth some of the flowers of the former moneth1 it will yeeld you both the double blew ,hepatica1 and the white and the blush single3 then also you shall haue diuers other sorts of ,crocus or ,saffron flowers1 ,double yellow ,daffodils1 ,orientall ,iacinths and others1 the ,crowne ,imperiall1 diuers sorts of early ,tulipas1 some sorts of ,french ,cowslips1 both tawney1 murry1 yellow and blush1 the early ,fritillaria or checkered ,daffodill1 and some other sorts of early ,daffodils1 and many sorts of ,anemones4 ,in ,aprill commeth on the pride of these strangers2 for herein you may behold all the sorts of ,auricula ,vrsi or ,beares ,eares1 many sorts of ,anemones1 both single and double1 both the sorts of ,tulipas1 the earlier vntill the middle of the moneth1 and the later then beginning2 which are of so many different colours1 that it is almost impossible to expresse them1 the white1 red1 blacke1 and yellow ,fritillarias1 the ,muscari or ,muske ,grape flower1 both ash colour and yellow4 ,diuers other sorts of ,iacinths and ,daffodils1 both single and double1 the smaller sorts of ,flowerdeluces1 the ,veluet ,flowerdeluce and double ,honysuckles1 with diuers others4 ,may likewise at the beginning seemeth as glorious as ,aprill1 although toward the end it doth decline1 in regard the heate of the ,sunne hath by this time drawne forth all the store of natures tenderest dainties1 which are vsually spent by the end of this moneth1 and then those of stronger constitution come forward4 ,herein are to bee seene at the beginning the middle flowring ,tulipas1 and at the end the later sorts3 some kindes of ,daffodils1 the ,day ,lillies1 the great white ,starre flower1 the ,flowerdeluce of ,constantinople or the mourning ,sable flower1 the other sorts of ,flowerdeluces4 ,single and double white ,crowfoote1 and single and double red ,crowfoot1 the glory of a ,garden3 the early red ,martagon1 the ,persian ,lilly1 the yellow ,martagon1 the ,gladiolus or ,corne flagge1 both white1 red1 and blush3 the double yellow ,rose1 and some other sorts of ,roses4 ,in ,iune doe flower the white and the blush ,martagon1 the ,martagon ,imperiall1 the mountaine ,lillies1 and the other sorts of white and red ,lillies1 the bulbous ,flowerdeluces of diuers sorts1 the red flowred ,ladies bower1 the single and double purple flowred ,ladies bower1 the white ,syringa or ,pipe tree1 for the blew ,pipe tree flowreth earlier1 the white and the yellow ,iasmin4 ,iuly holdeth in flower some of the ,ladies bowers and ,iasmines1 and besides doth glory in the ,female ,balsame apple1 the ,indian ,cresses or yellow ,larkes spurres1 the purple ,flower-gentle and the ,rose ,bay4 ,in ,august begin some of the ,autumne bulbous flowers to appeare1 as the white and the purple ,colchicum or ,medow ,saffron1 the purple mountaine ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 the little ,autumne ,leucoium and ,autumne ,iacinth1 the ,italian ,starrewort1 called of some the purple ,marigold1 the ,meruaile of ,peru or of the world1 the ,flower of the ,sunne1 the great blew ,bell-flower1 the great double ,french ,marigold4 ,september flourisheth with the ,flower of the ,sunne1 the ,meruaile of the world1 the purple ,marigold1 and blew ,bell-flower spoken of before1 and likewise the other sorts of ,medow ,saffron1 and the double kinde likewise1 the siluer ,crocus1 the ,autumne yellow ,daffodill1 ,cyclamen also or ,sowbread shew their flowers in the end of this moneth4 ,october also will shew the flowers of ,cyclamen1 and some of the ,medow ,saffrons4 ,in ,nouember1 as also sometimes in the moneth before1 the party coloured ,medow ,saffron may bee seene1 that will longest hold his flower1 because it is the latest that sheweth it selfe1 and the ash coloured mountaine ,crocus4 ,and euen ,december it selfe will not want the true blacke ,hellebor or ,christmas flower1 and the glorious shew of the ,laurus ,tinus or wilde ,bay tree4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you some of the flowers for euery moneth1 but ,i referre you to the more ample declarion of them and all the others1 vnto the work following4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the true manner and order to encrease and preserue all sorts of ,gilloflowers1 as well by slippes as seedes4 ,because that ,carnations and ,gilloflowers bee the chiefest flowers of account in all our ,english ,gardens1 ,i haue thought good to entreate somewhat amply of them1 and that a part by it selfe1 as ,i said a little before1 in regard there is so much to be said concerning them1 and that if all the matters to be entreated of should haue beene inserted in the ,chapter of ,gilloflowers1 it would haue made it too tedious and large1 and taken vp too much roome4 ,the particular matters whereof ,i mean in this place to entreate are these3 ,how to encrease ,gilloflowers by planting and by sowing1 and how to preserue them being encreased1 both in ,summer from noysome and hurtfull vermine that destroy them1 and in ,winter from frosts1 snowes1 and windes1 that spoile them4 ,there are two wayes of planting1 whereby to encrease these faire flowers2 the one is by slipping which is the old and ready vsuall way1 best knowne in this ,kingdome2 the other is more sure1 perfect1 ready1 and of later inuention1 videlicet1 by laying downe the branches4 ,the way to encrease ,gilloflowers by slipping1 is so common with all that euer kept any of them1 that ,i think most persons may thinke me idle1 to spend time to set downe in writing that which is so well known vnto all3 ,yet giue me leaue to tell them that so might imagine1 that 7when they haue heard or read what ,i haue written thereof1 if they did know fully as much before7 what ,i here write1 was not to informe them1 but such as did not know the best1 or so good a way as ,i teach them3 ,for ,i am assured1 the greatest number doe vse1 and follow the most vsuall way1 and that is not alwaies the best1 especially when by good experience a better way is found1 and may be learned2 and therefore if some can doe a thing better than others1 ,i thinke it is no shame to learne it of them4 ,you shall not then 7to take the surest course7 take any long spindled branches1 nor those branches that haue any young shootes from the ioynts on them1 nor yet sliue or teare any slippe or branch from the roote2 for all these waies are vsuall and common with most1 which causeth so many good rootes to rot and perish1 and also so many slippes to be lost1 when as for the most part1 not the one halfe1 or with some1 not a third part doth grow and thriue of those slippes they set4 ,and although many that haue store of plants1 doe not so much care what hauocke they make to gaine some1 yet to saue both labour and plants1 ,i doe wish them to obserue these orders3 ,take from those rootes from whence you intend to make your encrease1 those shootes onely that are reasonable strong1 but yet young1 and not either too small and slender1 or hauing any shootes from the ioynts vpon them2 cut these slippes or shootes off from the stemme or roote with a knife1 as conueniently as the shoote or branch will permit1 that is1 either close vnto the maine branch1 if it be short1 or leauing a ioynt or two behinde you1 if it be long enough1 at which it may shoote anew3 ,when you haue cut off your slippes1 you may either set them by and by1 or else as the best ,gardiners vse to doe1 cast them into a tubbe or pot with water for a day or two1 and then hauing prepared a place conuenient to set them in1 which had neede to bee of the finest1 richest1 and best mould you can prouide1 that they may thriue therein the better1 cut off your slippe close at the ioynt1 and hauing cut away the lowest leaues close to the stalke1 and the vppermost euen at the top1 with a little sticke make a little hole in the earth1 and put your slippe therein so deep1 as that the vpper leaues may be wholly aboue the ground1 7some vse to cleaue the stalke in the middle1 and put a little earth or clay within the cleft1 but many good and skilfull ,gardiners doe not vse it72 put the earth a little close to the slippe with your finger and thumbe1 and there let it rest1 and in this manner doe with as many slippes as you haue1 setting them somewhat close together1 and not too farre in sunder1 both to saue ground and cost thereon1 in that a small compasse will serue for the first planting1 and also the better to giue them shadow3 ,for you must remember in any case1 that these slippes new set1 haue no sight of the ,sunne1 vntill they be well taken in the ground1 and shot aboue ground1 and also that they want not water1 both vpon the new planting and after4 ,when these slippes are well grown vp1 they must be transplanted into such other places as you thinke meete2 that is1 either into the ground in beds1 or otherwise1 or into pots1 which that you may the more safely doe1 after you haue well watered the ground1 for halfe a day before you intend to transplant them1 you shall separate them seuerally1 by putting down a broad pointed knife on each side of the slippe1 so cutting it out1 take euery one by it selfe1 with the earth cleauing close vnto the root1 which by reason of the moisture it had formerly1 and that which you gaue presently before1 will be sufficient with any care had1 to cause it to hold fast vnto the roote for the transplanting of it3 for if the earth were dry1 and that it should fall away from the roote in the transplanting1 it would hazzard and endanger the roote very much1 if it did thriue at all4 ,you must remember also1 that vpon the remouing of these slips1 you shadow them from the heate of the ,sunne for a while with some straw or other thing1 vntill they haue taken hold in their new place4 ,thus although it bee a little more labour and care than the ordinary way is1 yet it is surer1 and will giue you plants that will be so strongly growne before ,winter1 that with the care hereafter specified1 you shall haue them beare flowers the next yeare after1 and yeeld you encrease of slippes also4 ,to giue you any set time1 wherein these slippes will take roote1 and begin to shoote aboue ground1 is very hard to doe2 for that euery slip1 or yet euery kinde of ,gilloflower is not alike apt to grow2 nor is euery earth in like manner fit to produce and bring forward the slippes that are set therein3 but if both the slippe be apt to grow1 and the earth of the best1 fit to produce1 ,i thinke within a fortnight or three weekes1 you shall see them begin to put forth young leaues in the middle1 or else it may be a moneth and more before you shall see any springing4 ,the best time likewise when to plant1 is a speciall thing to be knowne1 and of as great consequence as any thing else3 ,for if you slippe and set in ,september1 as many vse to doe1 or yet in ,august1 as some may thinke will doe well1 yet 7vnlesse they be the most ordinary sorts1 which are likely to grow at any time1 and in any place7 the most of them1 if not all1 will either assuredly perish or neuer prosper well3 for the more excellent and dainty the ,gilloflower is1 the more tender for the most part1 and hard to nurse vp will the slippes be4 ,the best time therefore is1 that you cut off such slippes as are likely1 and such as your rootes may spare1 from the beginning of ,may vntill the middle of ,iune at the furthest1 and order them as ,i haue shewed you before1 that so you may haue faire plants1 plenty of flowers1 and encrease sufficient for new supply1 without offence or losse of your store4 ,for the enriching likewise of your earth1 wherein you shall plant your slippes1 that they may the better thriue and prosper1 diuers haue vsed diuers sorts of manure2 as stable soyle of horse1 beasts or kine1 of sheepe1 and pigeons1 all which are very good when they are thoroughly turned to mould1 to mixe with your other earth1 or being steeped in water1 may serue to water the earth at times1 and turned in with it4 ,and some haue likewise proued ,tanners earth1 that is1 their barke1 which after they haue vsed1 doth lye on heapes and rot in their yards1 or the like mould from wood-stackes or yards2 but especially1 and beyond all other is commended the ,willow earth1 that is1 that mould which is found in the hollow of old ,willow trees1 to be the most principall to mixe with other good earth for this purpose4 ,and as ,i haue now giuen you directions for the first way to encrease them by slipping1 so before ,i come to the other way1 let mee giue you a caueat or two for the preseruing of them1 when they are beginning to runne vtterly to decay and perish3 ,the one is1 that whereas many are1 ouer greedy to haue their plants to giue them flowers1 and therefore let them runne all to flower1 so farre spending themselues thereby1 that after they haue done flowring1 they grow so weake1 hauing out spent themselues1 that they cannot possibly be preserued from the iniuries of the succeeding ,winter2 you shall therefore keepe the kinde of any sort you are delighted withall1 if you carefully looke that too many branches doe not runne vp and spindle for flowers1 but rather either cut some of them downe1 before they are run vp too high1 within two or three ioynts of the rootes2 or else pluck away the innermost leaues where it springeth forwards1 which you see in the middle of euery branch1 before it be runne vp too high1 which will cause them to breake out the faster into slips and suckers at the ioynts1 to hinder their forward luxurie1 and to preserue them the longer3 ,the other is1 ,if you shall perceiue any of your ,gilloflower leaues to change their naturall fresh verdure1 and turne yellowish1 or begin to wither in anie part or branch thereof1 it is a sure signe that the roote is infected with some cancker or rottennesse1 and will soon shew it selfe in all the rest of the branches1 whereby the plant will quickly be lost3 to preserue it therefore1 you shall betime1 before it be runne too farre1 7for otherwise it is impossible to saue it7 either couer all or most of the branches with fresh earth1 or else take the fairest slippes from it1 as many as you can possibly1 and cast them into a pot or tubbe with water1 and let them there abide for two or three daies at the least3 the first way hath recouered many1 being taken in time4 ,thus you shall see them recouer their former stiffenesse and colour1 and then you may plant them as you haue beene heretofore directed2 and although many of them may perish1 yet shall you haue some of them that will grow to continue the kinde againe4 ,the other or second way to encrease ,gilloflowers by planting1 is1 as ,i said before1 by in-laying or laying downe the branches of them and is a way of later inuention1 and as frequently vsed1 not onely for the tawney or yellow ,gilloflower1 and all the varieties therof1 but with the other kinds of ,gilloflowers1 whereof experience hath shewed that they will likewise take if they be so vsed2 the manner whereof is thus3 ,you must choose out the youngest1 likeliest1 and lowest branches that are nearest the ground 7for the vpper branches will sooner breake at the ioynt1 than bend downe so low into the earth1 without some pot with earth raised vp vnto them7 and cut it on the vnderside thereof vpwards at the second ioynt next vnto the roote1 to the middle of the branch1 and no more1 and not quite thorough in any case1 and then from that second ioynt vnto the third2 slit or cut the branch in the middle longwise1 that so it may be the more easily bended into the ground1 the cut ioynt seeming like the end of a slippe1 when you haue bended downe the branch where it is cut into the ground 7which must bee done very gently for feare of breaking7 with a little sticke or two thrust slopwise1 crosse ouer it1 keepe it downe within the earth1 and raise vp sufficient earth ouer it1 that there it may lye and take roote1 which commonly will be effected within sixe weekes or two moneths in the ,summer time1 and then 7or longer if you doubt the time too short for it to take sufficient roote7 you may take or cut it away1 and transplant it where you thinke good1 yet so as in any case you shadow it from the heate of the ,sunne1 vntill it haue taken good hold in the ground4 ,the other way to encrease ,gilloflowers1 is by sowing the seede3 ,it is not vsuall with all sorts of ,gilloflowers to giue seede1 but such of them as doe yeeld seede may be encreased thereby1 in the same manner as is here set downe4 ,the ,orange tawney ,gilloflower and the varieties thereof is the most vsuall kinde1 7and it is a kinde by it selfe1 how various soeuer the plants be that rise from the seede7 that doth giue seede1 and is sowne1 and from thence ariseth so many varieties of colours1 both plaine and mixt1 both single and double1 that one can hardly set them downe in writing3 yet such as ,i haue obserued and marked1 you shall finde expressed in the ,chapter of ,gilloflowers in the worke following4 ,first therefore make choise of your seede that you intend to sowe 7if you doe not desire to haue as many more single flowers as double7 that it bee taken from double flowers1 and not from single1 and from the best colours1 howsoeuer some may boast to haue had double and stript flowers from the seede of a single one2 which if it were so1 yet one ,swallow 7as we say7 maketh no ,summer1 nor a thing comming by chance cannot bee reckoned for a certaine and constant rule2 you may be assured they will not vsually doe so3 but the best1 fairest1 and most double flowers come alwaies1 or for the most part1 from the seede of those flowers that were best1 fairest1 and most double2 and ,i doe aduise you to take the best and most double3 for euen from them you shall haue single ones enow1 you neede not sowe any worser sort4 ,and againe1 see that your seede bee new1 of the last yeares gathering1 and also that it was full ripe before it was gathered1 lest you lose your labour1 or misse of your purpose1 which is1 to haue faire and double flowers4 ,hauing now made choise of your seede1 and prepared you a bedde to sowe them on1 the earth whereof must be rich and good1 and likewise sifted to make it the finer2 for the better it is1 the better shall your profit and pleasure bee3 hereon1 being first made leuell1 plaine1 and smooth1 sowe your seede somewhat thinne1 and not too thicke in any case1 and as euenly as you can1 that they be not too many in one place1 and too few in another1 which afterwards couer with fine sifted earth ouer them about one fingers thicknesse2 let this be done in the middle of ,aprill1 if the time of the yeare be temperate1 and not too cold1 or else stay vntill the end of the moneth3 after they are sprung vp and growne to be somewhat bigge1 let them bee drawne forth that are too close and neare one vnto another1 and plant them in such place where they shall continue1 so that they stand halfe a yard of ground distance asunder1 which after the planting1 let be shadowed for a time1 as is before specified2 and this may bee done in the end of ,iuly1 or sooner if there be cause4 ,i haue not set downe in all this discourse of planting1 transplanting1 sowing1 setting1 c4 any mention of watering those slips or plants1 not doubting but that euery ones reason will induce them to thinke1 that they cannot prosper without watering3 ,but let this ,caueat be a sufficient remembrance vnto you1 that you neuer water any of these ,gilloflowers1 nor yet indeede any other fine herbe or plant with cold water1 such as you haue presently before drawne out from a pumpe or ,well1 c4 but with such water as hath stood open in the aire in a cisterne1 tubbe1 or pot1 for one whole day at the least2 if it be two or three daies it will be neuer the worse1 but rather the better1 as ,i haue related before3 yet take especiall heede that you doe not giue them too much to ouer-glut them at any time1 but temperately to irrorate1 bedew or sprinkle them often4 ,from the seedes of these ,gilloflowers hath risen both white1 red1 blush1 stamell1 tawny lighter and sadder1 marbled1 speckled1 striped1 flaked1 and that in diuers manners1 both single and double flowers1 as you shall see them set downe in a more ample manner in the ,chapter of ,gilloflowers4 ,and thus much for their encrease by the two wayes of planting and sowing3 ,for as for a third way1 by grafting one into or vpon another1 ,i know none such to be true1 nor to be of any more worth than an old ,wiues tale1 both nature1 reason1 and experience1 all contesting against such an idle fancy1 let men make what ostentation they please4 ,it now resteth1 that we also shew you the manner how to preserue them1 as well in ,summer from all noysome and hurtfull things1 as in the ,winter and ,spring from the sharp and chilling colds1 and the sharpe and bitter killing windes in ,march4 ,the hurtfull things in the ,summer are especially these1 too much heate of the ,sunne which scorcheth them1 which you must be carefull to preuent1 by placing boughes1 boords1 clothes or mats1 c4 before them1 if they bee in the ground2 or else if they bee in pots1 to remoue them into the shadow1 to giue them refreshing from the heate1 and giue them water also for their life3 too much water1 or too little is another annoyance1 which you must order as you see there is iust cause1 by withholding or giuing them water gently out of a watering pot1 and not cast on by dishfuls3 ,some also to water their ,gilloflowers1 vse to set their pots into tubbes or pots halfe full of water1 that so the water may soake in at the lower holes in each flower pot1 to giue moisture to the roots of the ,gilloflowers onely1 without casting any water vpon the leaues1 and assuredly it is an excellent way to moisten the rootes so sufficiently at one time1 that it doth saue a great deale of paines many other times4 ,earwickes are a most infestuous vermine1 to spoyle the whole beauty of your flowers1 and that in one night or day2 for these creatures delighting to creepe1 into any hollow or shadowie place1 doe creepe into the long greene pods of the ,gilloflowers1 and doe eate away the white bottomes of their leaues1 which are sweete1 whereby the leaues of the flowers being loose1 doe either fall away of themselues before1 or when they are gathered1 or handled1 or presently wither within the pods before they are gathered1 and blowne away with the winde4 ,to auoide which inconuenience1 many haue deuised many waies and inuentions to destroy them1 as pots with double verges or brimmes1 containing a hollow gutter betweene them1 which being filled with water1 will not suffer these small vermine to passe ouer it to the ,gilloflowers to spoile them4 ,others haue vsed old shooes1 and such like hollow things to bee set by them to take them in3 but the best and most vsuall things now vsed1 are eyther long hollow canes1 or else beasts hoofes1 which being turned downe vpon stickes ends set into the ground1 or into the pots of earth1 will soone drawe into them many ,earwickes1 lying hid therein from sunne1 winde1 and raine1 and by care and diligence may soone bee destroyed1 if euery morning and euening one take the hoofes gently off from the stickes1 and knocking them against the ground in a plain allie1 shake out all the ,earwicks that are crept into them1 which quickly with ones foot may be trode to peeces4 ,for sodain blasting with thunder and lightening1 or fierce sharp windes1 c4 ,i know no other remedy1 vnlesse you can couer them therefrom when you first foresee the danger1 but patiently to abide the losse1 whatsoeuer some haue aduised1 to lay litter about them to auoide blasting2 for if any shall make tryall thereof1 ,i am in doubt1 he shall more endanger his rootes thereby1 being the ,summer time1 when any such feare of blasting is1 than any wise saue them from it1 or doe them any good4 ,for the ,winter preseruation of them1 some haue aduised to couer them with ,bee-hiues1 or else with small ,willow stickes1 prickt crossewise into the ground ouer your flowers1 and bowed archwise1 and with litter laid thereon1 to couer the ,gilloflowers quite ouer1 after they haue been sprinkled with sope ashes and lyme mixt together3 and this way is commended by some that haue written thereof1 to be such an admirable defence vnto them in ,winter1 that neither ,ants1 nor ,snailes1 nor ,earwickes shall touch them1 because of the sope ashes and lyme1 and neyther frosts nor storms shall hurt them1 because of the litter which so well will defend them2 and hereby also your ,gilloflowers will bee ready to flower not onely in the ,spring very early1 but euen all the ,winter4 ,but whosoeuer shall follow these directions1 may peraduenture finde them in some part true1 as they are there set downe for the ,winter time1 and while they are kept close and couered2 but let them bee assured1 that all such plants1 or the most part of them1 will certainely perish and dye before the ,summer be at an end3 for the sope ashes and lyme will burne vp and spoile any herbe2 and againe it is impossible for any plant that is kept so warme in ,winter1 to abide eyther the cold or the winde in the ,spring following1 or any heate of the ,sun1 but that both of them will scorch them1 and carry them quite away4 ,one great hurt vnto them1 and to all other herbes that wee preserue in ,winter1 is to suffer the snow to lye vpon them any time after it is fallen1 for that it doth so chill them1 that the ,sunne afterward1 although in ,winter1 doth scorch them and burne them vp3 looke therefore vnto your ,gilloflowers in those times1 and shake or strike off the snow gently off from them1 not suffering it to abide on them any day or night if you can2 for assure your selfe1 if it doth not abide on them1 the better they will be4 ,the frosts likewise is another great annoyance vnto them1 to corrupt the rootes1 and to cause them to swell1 rot1 and break3 to preuent which inconuenience1 ,i would aduise you to take the straw or litter of your horse stable1 and lay some thereof about euery roote of your ,gilloflowers 7especially those of the best account7 close vnto them vpon the ground1 but be as carefull as you can1 that none thereof lye vpon the greene leaues1 or as little as may be1 and by this onely way haue they been better defended from the frosts that spoile them in ,winter1 then by any other that ,i haue seen or knowne4 ,the windes in ,march1 and ,sunneshine dayes then1 are one of the greatest inconueniences that happeneth vnto them2 for they that haue had hundreds of plants1 that haue kept faire and greene all the ,winter vntill the beginning or middle of ,march1 before the end thereof1 haue had scarce one of many1 that either hath not vtterly perished1 or been so tainted1 that quickly after haue not been lost2 which hath happened chiefly by the neglect of these cautions before specified1 or in not defending them from the bitter sharp windes and sunne in this moneth of ,march4 ,you shall therefore for their better preseruation1 besides the litter laid about the rootes1 which ,i aduise you not to remoue as yet1 shelter them somewhat from the windes1 with eyther bottomlesse pots1 pales1 or such like things1 to keep away the violent force both of windes and sun for that moneth1 and for some time before after it also3 yet so1 that they be not couered close aboue1 but open to receiue ayre raine4 ,some also vse to wind withes of hey or straw about the rootes of their ,gilloflowers1 and fasten them with stickes thrust into the ground1 which serue very well in the stead of the other4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you the whole preseruation of these worthy and dainty flowers1 with the whole manner of ordering them for their encrease3 if any one haue any other better way1 ,i shall be as willing to learne it of them1 as ,i haue beene to giue them or any others the knowledge of that ,i haue here set downe4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,that there is not any art whereby any flower may be made to grow double1 that was naturally single1 nor of any other sent or colour than it first had by nature2 nor that the sowing or planting of herbes one deeper than other1 will cause them to be in flower one after another1 euery moneth in the yeare4 ,the wonderfull desire that many haue to see faire1 double1 and sweete flowers1 hath transported them beyond both reason and nature1 feigning and boasting often of what they would haue1 as if they had it4 ,and ,i thinke1 from this desire and boasting hath risen all the false tales and reports1 of making flowers double as they list1 and of giuing them colour and sent as they please1 and to flower likewise at what time they will1 ,i doubt not1 but that some of these errours are ancient1 and continued long by tradition1 and others are of later inuention3 and therefore the more to be condemned1 that men of wit and iudgement in these dayes should expose themselues in their writings1 to be rather laughed at1 then beleeued for such idle tales4 ,and although in the contradiction of them1 ,i know ,i shall vndergoe many calumnies1 yet notwithstanding1 ,i will endeauour to set downe and declare so much1 as ,i hope may by reason perswade many in the truth1 although ,i cannot hope of all1 some being so strongly wedded to their owne will1 and the errours they haue beene bred in1 that no reason may alter them4 ,first therefore ,i say1 that if there were any art to make some flowers to grow double1 that naturally were single1 by the same art1 all sorts of flowers that are single by nature1 may be made to grow double3 but the sorts of flowers that are single by nature1 whereof some are double1 were neuer made double by art2 for many sorts abide still single1 whereof there was neuer seene double3 and therefore there is no such art in any mans knowledge to bring it to passe4 ,if any man shall say1 that because there are many flowers double1 whereof there are single also of the same kinde1 as for example1 ,violets1 ,marigolds1 ,daisyes1 ,daffodils1 ,anemones1 and many other1 that therefore those double flowers were so made by the art of man3 viz4 by the obseruation of the change of the ,moone1 the constellations or coniunctions of ,planets1 or some other ,starres or celestiall bodies4 ,although ,i doe confesse and acknowledge1 that ,i thinke some constellations1 and peraduenture changes of the ,moone1 c4 were appointed by the ,god of nature1 as conducing and helping to the making of those flowers double1 that nature hath so produced1 yet ,i doe deny1 that any man hath or shall euer be able to proue1 that it was done by any art of man1 or that any man can tell the true causes and seasons1 what changes of the ,moone1 or constellations of the ,planets1 wrought together for the producing of those double flowers1 or can imitate nature1 or rather the ,god of nature1 to doe the like4 ,if it shall bee demanded1 ,from whence then came these double flowers that we haue1 if they were not so made by art8 ,i answer1 that assuredly all such flowers did first grow wilde1 and were so found double1 as they doe now grow in ,gardens1 but for how long before they were found they became double1 no man can tell2 we onely haue them as nature hath produced them1 and so they remaine4 ,againe1 if any shall say1 that it is likely that these double flowers were forced so to be1 by the often planting and transplanting of them1 because it is obserued in most of them1 that if they stand long in any one place1 and not be often remoued1 they will grow still lesse double1 and in the end turne single4 ,i doe confesse1 that ,facilior est descensus qum ascensus1 and that the vnfruitfulnesse of the ground they are planted in1 or the neglect or little care had of them1 or the growing of them too thicke or too long1 are oftentimes a cause of the diminishing of the flowers doublenesse2 but withall you shall obserue1 that the same rootes that did beare double flowers 7and not any other that neuer were double before7 haue returned to their former doublenesse againe1 by good ordering and looking vnto3 single flowers haue only beene made somewhat fairer or larger1 by being planted in the richer and more fruitfull ground of the ,garden1 than they were found wilde by nature2 but neuer made to grow double1 as that which is naturally so found of it selfe3 ,for ,i will shew you mine owne experience in the matter4 ,i haue been as inquisitiue as any man might be1 with euery one ,i knew1 that made any such report1 or that ,i thought could say any thing therein1 but ,i neuer could finde any one1 that could assuredly resolue me1 that he knew certainly any such thing to be done3 all that they could say was but report1 for the obseruation of the ,moone1 to remoue plants before the change1 that is1 as some say1 the full of the ,moone1 others the new ,moone1 whereupon ,i haue made tryall at many times1 and in many sorts of plants1 accordingly1 and as ,i thought fit1 by planting transplanting them1 but ,i could neuer see the effect desired1 but rather in many of them the losse of my plants4 ,and were there indeed such a certaine art1 to make single flowers to grow double1 it would haue beene knowne certainly to some that would practise it1 and there are so many single flowers1 whereof there were neuer any of the kinde seene double1 that to produce such of them to be double1 would procure both credit and coyne enough to him that should vse it2 but ,vltra posse non est esse3 and therefore let no man beleeue any such reports1 bee they neuer so ancient2 for they are but meere tales and fables4 ,concerning colours and sents1 the many rules and directions extant in manie mens writings1 to cause flowers to grow yellow1 red1 greene1 or white1 that neuer were so naturally1 as also to be of the sent of ,cinamon1 ,muske1 c4 would almost perswade any1 that the matters thus set downe by such persons1 and with some shew of probability1 were constant and assured proofes thereof3 but when they come to the triall1 they all vanish away like smoake4 ,i will in a few words shew you the matters and manners of their proceedings to effect this purpose3 ,first 7they say7 if you shall steepe your seedes in the lees of red ,wine1 you shall haue the flowers of those plants to be of a purple colour4 ,if you will haue ,lillies or ,gilloflowers to be of a ,scarlet red colour1 you shall put ,vermillion or ,cynaber betweene the rinde and the small heads growing about the roote3 if you will haue them blew1 you shall dissolue ,azur or ,byse between the rinde and the heads3 if yellow1 ,orpiment3 if greene1 ,vardigrease1 and thus of any other colour4 ,others doe aduise to open the head of the roote1 and poure into it any colour dissolued1 so that there be no fretting or corroding thing therein for feare of hurting the roote1 and looke what colour you put in1 iust such or neare vnto it shall the colour of the flower bee4 ,some againe doe aduise to water the plants you would haue changed1 with such coloured liquor as you desire the flower to be of1 and they shall grow to be so4 ,also to make ,roses to bee yellow1 that you should graft a white ,rose 7some say a ,damaske7 vpon a ,broome stalke1 and the flower will be yellow1 supposing because the ,broome flower is yellow1 therefore the ,rose will be yellow4 ,some affirme the like1 if a ,rose be grafted on a ,barbery bush1 because both the blossome and the barke of the ,barbery is yellow1 c4 ,in the like manner for sents1 they haue set downe in their writings1 that by putting ,cloues1 ,muske1 ,cinamon1 ,benzoin1 or any other such sweete thing1 bruised with ,rose water1 betweene the barke and the body of trees1 the fruit of them will smell and taste of the same that is put vnto them2 and if they bee put vnto the toppe of the rootes1 or else bound vnto the head of the roote1 they will cause the flowers to smell of that sent the matter put vnto them is of3 as also to steep the seeds of ,roses1 and other plants in the water of such like sweet things1 and then to sowe them1 and water them morning and euening with such like liquor1 vntill they be growne vp2 besides a number of such like rules and directions set downe in bookes so confidently1 as if the matters were without all doubt or question3 whenas without all doubt and question ,i will assure you1 that they are all but meere idle tales fancies1 without all reason or truth1 or shadow of reason or truth3 ,for sents and colours are both such qualities as follow the essence of plants1 euen as formes are also2 and one may as well make any plant to grow of what forme you will1 as to make it of what sent or colour you will2 and if any man can forme plants at his will and pleasure1 he can doe as much as ,god himselfe that created them4 ,for the things they would adde vnto the plants to giue them colour1 are all corporeall1 or of a bodily substance1 and whatsoeuer should giue any colour vnto a liuing and growing plant1 must be spirituall3 for no solide corporeall substance can ioyne it selfe with the life and essence of an herbe or tree1 and the spirituall part of the colour thereof is not the same with the bodily substance1 but is a meere vapour that riseth from the substance1 and seedeth the plant1 whereby it groweth1 so that there is no ground or colour of reason1 that a substantiall colour should giue colour to a growing herbe or tree3 but for sent 7which is a meere vapour7 you will say there is more probability4 ,yet consider also1 that what sweete sent soeuer you binde or put vnto the rootes of herbes or trees1 must be either buried1 or as good as buried in the earth1 or barke of the tree1 whereby the substance will in a small time corrupt and rot1 and before it can ioyne it selfe with the life1 spirit1 and essence of the plant1 the sent also will perish with the substance3 ,for no heterogeneall things can bee mixed naturally together1 as ,iron and ,clay2 and no other thing but homogeneall1 can be nourishment or conuertible into the substance of man or beast3 ,and as the stomach of man or beast altereth both formes1 sents1 and colours of all digestible things2 so whatsoeuer sent or colour is wholsome1 and not poysonfull to nature1 being receiued into the body of man or beast1 doth neither change the bloud or skinne into that colour or sent was receiued3 no more doth any colour or sent to any plant2 for the plants are onely nourished by the moisture they draw naturally vnto them1 be it of wine or any other liquor is put vnto them1 and not by any corporeal substance1 or heterogeneall vapour or sent1 because the earth like vnto the stomach doth soone alter them1 before they are conuerted into the nature and substance of the plant4 ,now for the last part ,i vndertooke to confute1 that no man can by art make all flowers to spring at what time of the yeare hee will2 although1 as ,i haue here before shewed there are flowers for euery moneth of the yeare1 yet ,i hope there is not any one1 that hath any knowledge in flowers and gardening1 but knoweth that the flowers that appeare and shew themselues in the seuerall moneths of the yeare1 are not one and the same1 and so made to flower by art2 but that they are seuerall sorts of plants1 which will flower naturally and constantly in the same moneths one yeare1 that they vse to doe in another1 or with but little alteration1 if the yeares proue not alike kindly3 ,as for example1 those plants that doe flower in ,ianuary and ,february1 will by no art of industry of man be caused to flower in ,summer or in ,autumne2 and those that flower in ,aprill and ,may1 will not flower in ,ianuary or ,february2 or those in ,iuly1 ,august1 c4 either in the ,winter or ,spring3 but euery one knoweth their owne appointed naturall times1 which they constantly obserue and keepe1 according to the temperature of the yeare1 or the temper of the climate1 being further ,north or ,south1 to bring them on earlier or later1 as it doth with all other fruits1 flowers1 and growing greene herbes1 c4 except that by chance1 some one or other extraordinarily may be hindered in their due season of flowring1 and so giue their flowers out of time1 or else to giue their flowers twice in the yeare1 by the superaboundance of nourishment1 of the mildnesse of the season1 by moderate showers of raine1 c4 as it sometimes also happeneth with fruits1 which chance1 as it is seldome1 and not constant1 so we then terme it but ,lusus natur3 or else by forcing them in hot stoues1 which then will perish1 when they haue giuen their flowers or fruits4 ,it is not then1 as some haue written1 the sowing of the seedes of ,lillies1 or any other plants a foote deepe1 or halfe a foote deepe1 or two inches deepe1 that will cause them to be in flower one after1 another1 as they are sowne euery moneth of the yeare2 for it were too grosse to thinke1 that any man of reason and iudgement would so beleeue4 ,nor is it like wise in the power of any man1 to make the same plants to abide a moneth1 two1 or three1 or longer in their beauty of flowring1 then naturally they vse to doe2 for ,i thinke that were no humane art1 but a supernaturall worke4 ,for nature still bendeth and tendeth to perfection1 that is1 after flowring to giue fruit or seede2 nor can it bee hindered in the course thereof without manifest danger of destruction1 euen as it is in all other fruit-bearing creatures1 which stay no longer1 then their appointed time is naturall vnto them1 without apparent damage4 ,some things ,i grant may be so ordered in the planting1 that according to that order and time which is obserued in their planting1 they shall shew forth their faire flowers1 and they are ,anemones1 which will in that manner1 that ,i haue shewed in the worke following1 flower in seuerall moneths of the yeare2 which thing as it is incident to none or very few other plants1 and is found out but of late1 so likewise is it knowne but vnto a very few4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you the true solution of these doubts3 ,and although they haue not beene amplified with such ,philosophicall arguments and reasons1 as one of greater learning might haue done1 yet are they truely and sincerely set downe1 that they may serue tanquam galeatum1 against all the calumnies and obiections of wilfull and obdurate persons1 that will not be reformed4 ,as first1 that all double flowers were so found wilde1 being the worke of nature alone1 and not the art of any man1 by planting or transplanting1 at or before the new or full ,moone1 or any other obseruation of time1 that hath caused the flower to grow double1 that naturally was single3 ,secondly1 that the rules and directions1 to cause flowers to bee of contrary or different colours or sents1 from that they were or would be naturally1 are meere fancies of men1 without any ground of reason of truth4 ,and thirdly1 that there is no power or art in man1 to cause flowers to shew their beauty diuers moneths before their naturall time1 nor to abide in their beauty longer then the appointed naturall time for euery one of them4 ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,pleasant ,,flowers4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,corona ,imperialis4 ,the ,crowne ,imperiall4 ,because the ,lilly is the more stately flower among manie3 and amongst the wonderfull varietie of ,lillies1 knowne to vs in these daies1 much more then in former times1 whereof some are white1 others blush1 some purple1 others red or yellow1 some spotted1 others without spots1 some standing vpright1 others hanging or turning downewards1 ,the ,crowne ,imperiall for his stately beautifulness1 deserueth the first place in this our ,garden of delight1 to be here entreated of before all other ,lillies2 but because it is so well knowne to most persons1 being in a manner euery where common1 ,i shall neede onely to giue you a relation of the chiefe parts thereof 7as ,i intend in such other things7 which are these3 ,the roote is yellowish on the outside1 composed of fewer1 but much thicker scales1 then any other ,lilly but the ,persian1 and doth grow sometimes to be as great as a pretty bigge childes head1 but somewhat flat withall1 from the sides whereof1 and not from the bottome1 it shooteth forth thicke long fibres1 which perish euery yeare1 hauing a hole in the midst thereof1 at the end of the yeare1 when the old stalke is dry and withered1 and out of the which a new stalke doth spring againe 7from a bud or head to be seen within the hollownesse on the one side7 the yeare following3 the stalke then filling vp the hollownesse1 riseth vp three or foure1 foote high1 being great1 round1 and of a purplish colour at the bottome1 but greene aboue1 beset from thence to the middle thereof with many long and broad greene leaues1 very like to the leaues of our ordinary white ,lilly1 but somewhat shorter and narrower1 confusedly without order1 and from the middle is bare or naked without leaues1 for a certaine space vpwards1 and then beareth foure1 sixe1 or tenne flowers1 more or lesse1 according to the age of the plant1 and the fertility of the soyle where it groweth3 ,the buddes at the first appearing are whitish1 standing vpright among a bush or tuft of greene leaues1 smaller then those below1 and standing aboue the flowers1 after a while they turne themselues1 and hang downewards euerie one vpon his owne footestalke1 round about the great stemme or stalke1 sometimes of an euen depth1 and other while one lower or higher than another1 which flowers are neare the forme of an ordinary ,lilly1 yet somewhat lesser and closer1 consisting of sixe leaues of an ,orange colour1 striped with purplish lines and veines1 which adde a great grace to the flowers3 ,at the bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke1 euery leafe thereof hath on the outside a certaine bunch or eminence1 of a darke purplish colour1 and on the inside there lyeth in those hollow bunched places1 certaine cleare drops of water like vnto pearles1 of a very sweete taste almost like sugar3 in the midst of each flower is a long white stile or pointell1 forked or diuided at the end1 and sixe white chiues tipt with yellowish pendents1 standing close about it3 after the flowers are past1 appeare sixe square seede vessels standing vpright1 winged as it were or welted on the edges1 yet seeming but three square1 because each couple of those welted edges are ioyned closer together1 wherein are contained broad1 flat1 and thinne seedes1 of a pale brownish colour1 like vnto other ,lillies1 but much greater and thicker also4 ,the stalke of this plant doth oftentimes grow flat1 two1 three1 or foure fingers broad1 and then beareth many more flowers1 but for the most part smaller then when it beareth round stalkes4 ,and sometimes it happeneth the stalke to be diuided at the top1 carrying two or three tufts of greene leaues1 without any flowers on them4 ,and sometimes likewise1 to beare two or three rowes or crownes of flowers one aboue another vpon one stalke1 which is seldome and scarce seene1 and besides1 is but meere accidentall3 the whole plant and euery part thereof1 as well rootes1 as leaues and flowers1 doe smell somewhat strong as it were the fauour of a ,foxe1 so that if any doe but come neare it1 he cannot but smell it1 which yet is not vnwholsome4 ,i haue not obserued any variety in the colour of this flower1 more then that it will be fairer in a cleare open ayre1 and paler1 or as it were blasted in a muddy or smoakie ayre4 ,and although some haue boasted of one with white flowers1 yet ,i could neuer heare that any such hath endured in one vniforme colour4 ,the ,place4 ,this plant was first brought from ,constantinople into these ,christian ,countries1 and by the relation of some that sent it1 groweth naturally in ,persia4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowereth most commonly in the end of ,march1 if the weather be milde1 and springeth not out of the ground vntill the end of ,february1 or beginning of ,march1 so quicke it is in the springing3 the heads with seed are ripe in the end of ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,it is of some called ,lilium ,persicum1 the ,persian ,lilly3 but because wee haue another1 which is more vsually called by that name1 as shall be shewed in the next ,chapter1 ,i had rather with ,alphonsus ,pancius the ,duke of ,florence his ,physitian1 7who first sent the figure thereof vnto ,m4 ,iohn de ,brancion7 call it ,corona ,imperialis1 the ,crowne ,imperiall1 then by any other name1 as also for that this name is now more generally receiued4 ,it hath been sent also by the name ,tusai1 and ,tuschai1 and ,turfani1 or ,turfanda1 being1 as it is like1 the ,turkish names4 ,the ,vertues4 ,for any ,physicall ,vertues that are in it1 ,i know of none1 nor haue heard that any hath been found out3 notwithstanding the strong sent would perswade it might be applyed to good purpose4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,lilium ,persicum4 ,the ,persian ,lilly4 ,the roote of the ,persian ,lilly is very like vnto the root of the ,crowne ,imperiall1 and losing his fibres in like maner euery yeare1 hauing a hole therin likewise where the old stalke grew1 but whiter1 rounder1 and a little longer1 smaller1 and not stinking at all like it1 from whence springeth vp a round whitish greene stalke1 not much lower than the ,crowne ,imperiall1 but much smaller1 beset from the bottome to the middle thereof1 with many long and narrow leaues1 of a whitish or blewish greene colour1 almost like to the leafe of a ,tulipa3 from the middle vpwards1 to the toppe of the stalke1 stand many flowers one aboue another round about it1 with leaues at the foote of euery one of them1 each whereof is pendulous or hanging downe the head1 like vnto the ,crowne ,imperiall1 and not turning vp any of the flowers againe1 but smaller than in any other kinde of ,lilly1 yea not so bigge as the flower of a ,fritillaria1 consisting of sixe leaues a peece1 of a dead or ouerworne purplish colour1 hauing in the midst a small long pointell1 with certaine chiues tipt with yellow pendents3 after the flowers are past 7which abide open a long time1 and for the most part flower by degrees1 the lowest first1 and so vpwards7 if the weather be temperate1 come sixe square heads or seede vessels1 seeming to be but three square1 by reason of the wings1 very like to the heads of the ,crowne ,imperiall1 but smaller and shorter1 wherein are contained such like flat seed1 but smaller also1 and of a darker colour4 ,illustration3 #a ,corona ,imperialis4 ,the ,crown ,imperiall4 #b ,lilium ,persicum4 ,the ,persian ,lilly4 #c ,martagon ,imperiale4 ,the ,martagon ,imperiall4 ,the ,place4 ,this was1 as it is thought1 first brought from ,persia vnto ,constantinople1 and from thence1 sent vnto vs by the meanes of diuers ,turkie ,merchants1 and in especiall1 by the procurement of ,m4 ,nicholas ,lete1 a worthy ,merchant1 and a louer of all faire flowers4 ,the ,time4 ,it springeth out of the ground very neare a moneth before the ,crowne ,imperiall1 but doth not flower till it bee quite past 7that is to say7 not vntill the latter end of ,aprill1 or beginning of ,may3 the seed 7when it doth come to perfection1 as it seldome doth7 is not ripe vntill ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath been sent by the name of ,pennachio ,persiano1 and wee thereupon doe most vsually call it ,lilium ,persicum1 ,the ,persian ,lilly4 ,clusius saith it hath been sent into the ,low ,countries vnder the name of ,susam giul1 and he thereupon thinking it came from ,susis in ,persia1 called it ,lilium ,susianum1 ,the ,lilly of ,susis4 ,the ,vertues4 ,wee haue not yet heard1 that this hath beene applyed for any ,physicall respect4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,martagon ,imperiale1 siue ,lilium ,montanum maius4 ,the ,martagon ,imperiall4 ,vnder this title of ,lilium ,montanum1 or ,lilium ,siluestre1 ,i do comprehend only those kindes of ,lillies1 which carry diuers circles of greene leaues set together at certaine distances1 round about the stalke1 and not sparsedly as the two former1 and as other kindes that follow1 doe4 ,and although there bee many of this sort1 yet because their chiefest difference is in the colour of the flower1 wee will containe them all in one ,chapter1 and begin with the most stately of them all1 because of the number of flowers it beareth vpon one stalke4 ,the ,imperiall ,lilly hath a scaly roote1 like vnto all the rest of the ,lillies1 but of a paler yellow colour1 closely compact or set together1 being short and small oftentimes1 in comparison of the greatnesse of the stemme growing from it4 ,the stalke is brownish and round at the bottome1 and sometimes flat from the middle vpwards1 three foote high or more1 beset at certaine distances with rondles or circles of many broad leaues1 larger and broader for the most part than any other of this kinde1 and of a darke green colour3 ,it hath two or three1 and sometimes foure of these rondles or circles of leaues1 and bare without any leafe betweene2 but aboue toward the tops of the stalkes1 it hath here and there some leaues vpon it1 but smaller than any of the other leaues3 at the toppe of the stalke come forth many flowers1 sometime three or foure score1 thicke thrust1 or confusedly set together1 and not thinne or sparsedly one aboue another1 as in the lesser of this kinde of ,mountaine ,lilly4 ,it hath been sometimes also obserued in this kinde1 that it hath borne manie flowers at three seuerall spaces of the stalke1 one aboue another1 which hath made a goodly shew2 each flower whereof is pendulous1 hanging downe1 and each leafe of the flower turning vp againe1 being thicke or fleshy1 of a fine delayed purple colour1 spotted with many blackish or brownish spots1 of a very pleasant sweet sent1 which maketh it the more acceptable3 in the middle of the flower hangeth downe a stile or pointell1 knobbed or buttoned at the end with sixe yellow chiues1 tipt with loose pendents of an ,orient red or ,vermillion colour1 which will easily sticke like dust vpon any thing that toucheth them3 the heads or seede vessels are small and round1 with small edges about them1 wherein is contained flat browne seede like other ,lillies1 but lesser4 ,this root is very apt to encrease or set of1 as we call it1 wherby the plant seldome commeth to so great a head of flowers1 but riseth vp with many stalkes1 and then carry fewer flowers4 ,sidenote3 ,martagon ,imperiale flore non punctato4 ,of this kinde there is sometimes one found1 that beareth flowers without any spots3 the leaues whereof and stalke likewise are paler1 but not else differing4 ,martagon flore albo4 ,the ,white ,martagon4 ,we haue also some other of this kind1 the first wherof hath his stalke leafe greener than the former1 the stalke is a little higher1 but not bearing so thicke a head of flowers1 although much more plentifull than the lesser ,mountaine ,lilly1 being altogether of a fine white colour1 without any spots1 or but very few1 and that but sometimes also3 the pendents in the middle of this flower are not red1 as the former1 but yellow2 the roote of this1 and of the other two that follow1 are of a pale yellow colour1 the cloues or scales of them being brittle1 and not closely compact1 yet so as if two1 and sometimes three scales or cloues grew one vpon the head or vpperpart of another2 which difference is a speciall note to know these three kindes1 from any other kinde of ,mountaine ,lilly1 as in all old rootes that ,i haue seene1 ,i haue obserued1 as also in them that are reasonably well growne1 but in the young rootes it is not yet so manifest4 ,martagon flore albo maculato4 ,the ,white spotted ,martagon4 ,the second is like vnto the first in all things1 saue in this1 that the flowers hereof are not altogether so white1 and besides hath many reddish spots on the inside of the leaues of the flower1 and the stalke also is not so greene but brownish4 ,martagon flore carneo4 ,the blush ,martagon4 ,a third sort there is of this kinde1 whole flowers are wholly of a delayed flesh colour1 with many spots on the flowers1 and this is the difference hereof from the former4 ,lilium ,montanum siue siluestre minus4 ,the lesser ,mountaine ,lilly4 ,the lesser ,mountaine ,lilly is so like in root vnto the greater that is first described1 that it is hard to distinguish them asunder2 but when this is sprung vp out of the ground1 which is a moneth after the first3 it also carrieth his leaues in rondles about the stalke1 although not altogether so great nor so many4 ,the flowers are more thinly set on the stalkes one aboue another1 with more distance betweene each flower than the former1 and are of a little deeper flesh colour or purple1 spotted in the same manner4 ,the buds or heads of flowers1 in some of these before they be blowne1 are hoary white1 or hairie1 whereas in others1 there is no hoarinesse at all1 but the buddes are smooth and purplish3 in other things this differeth not from the former4 ,sidenote3 ,lilium ,montanum non maculatum4 ,of this sort also there is one that hath but few spots on the flowers1 whose colour is somewhat paler than the other4 ,illustration3 #a ,martagon flore albo4 ,the white ,martagon4 #b ,martagon siue ,lilium ,canadense maculatum4 ,the spotted ,martagon1 or ,lilly of ,canada4 #c ,martagon ,pomponeum4 ,the ,martagon ,pompony1 or early red ,martagon4 ,martagon ,canadense maculatum4 ,the spotted ,martagon of ,canada4 ,although this strange ,lilly hath not his flowers hanging downe1 and turning vp again1 as the former kinds set forth in this ,chapter1 yet because the green leaues stand at seuerall ioynts as they do1 ,i must needs insert it here1 not knowing where more fitly to place it4 ,it hath a small scaly roote1 with many small long fibres thereat1 from whence riseth vp a reasonable great stalke1 almost as high as any of the former1 bearing at three or foure distances many long and narrow greene leaues1 but not so many or so broad as the former1 with diuers ribbes in them3 from among the vppermost rundle of leaues breake forth foure or fiue flowers together1 euery one standing on a long slender foote stalke1 being almost as large as a red ,lilly1 but a little bending downewards1 and of a faire yellow colour1 spotted on the inside with diuers blackish purple spots or strakes1 hauing a middle pointell1 and sixe chiues1 with pendents on them4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,lillies haue been found in the diuers ,countries of ,germany1 as ,austria1 ,hungaria1 ,pannonia1 ,stiria1 c4 and are all made ,denisons in our ,london ,gardens1 where they flourish as in their owne naturall places4 ,the last was brought into ,france from ,canada by the ,french ,colonie1 and from thence vnto vs4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower about the later end of ,iune for the most part1 yet the first springeth out of the ground a moneth at the least before the other1 which are most vsually in flower before it1 like vnto the ,serotine ,tulipas1 all of them being early vp1 and neuer the neere4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is vsually called ,martagon ,imperiale1 the ,imperiall ,martagon1 and is ,lilium ,montanum maius1 the greatest ,mountaine ,lilly2 for so it deserueth the name1 because of the number of flowers vpon a head or stalke4 ,some haue called it ,lilium ,sarasenicum1 and some ,hemerocallis1 but neither of them doth so fitly agree vnto it4 ,the second is ,lilium ,montanum maius flore albo1 and of some ,martagon ,imperiale flore albo1 but most vsually ,martagon flore albo1 the white ,martagon4 ,the second sort of this second kinde1 is called ,martagon flore albo maculato1 the spotted white ,martagon4 ,and the third1 ,martagon flore carneo1 the blush ,martagon4 ,the third kinde is called ,lilium ,montanum1 the ,mountaine ,lilly1 and some adde the title minus1 the lesser1 to know it more distinctly from the other4 ,some also ,lilium ,siluestre1 as ,clusius1 and some others1 and of ,matthiolus ,martagon4 ,of diuers women here in ,england1 from the ,dutch name1 ,lilly of ,nazareth4 ,the last hath his title ,americanum ,canadense1 and in ,english accordingly4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,martagon ,pomponeum siue ,lilium rubrum prcox1 vel ,lilium ,macedonicum4 ,the early red ,martagon1 or ,martagon ,pompony4 ,as in the former ,chapter we described vnto you such ,lillies1 whose flowers being pendulous1 turne their leaues backe againe1 and haue their greene leaues1 set by spaces about the stalke3 so in this wee will set downe those sorts1 which carry their greene leaues more sparsedly1 and all along the stalke1 their flowers hanging downe1 and turning vp againe as the former1 and begin with that which is of greatest beauty1 or at least of most rarity4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,martagon ,pomponeum angusti folium praecox4 #a4 ,this rare ,martagon hath a scaly root closely compact1 with broader and thinner scales than others1 in time growing very great1 and of a more deepe yellow colour then the former1 from whence doth spring vp a round greene stalke in some plants1 and flat in others1 two or three foote high1 bearing a number of small1 long1 and narrow greene leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of ,pinkes1 but greener1 set very thicke together1 and without order about the stalke1 vp almost vnto the toppe1 and lesser by degrees vpwards1 where stand many flowers1 according to the age of the plant1 and thriuing in the place where it groweth2 in those that are young1 but a few1 and more sparsedly1 and in others that are old many more1 and thicker set3 for ,i haue reckoned threescore flowers and more1 growing thicke together on one plant with mee1 and an hundred flowers on another3 these flowers are of a pale or yellowish red colour1 and not so deep red as the red ,martagon of ,constantinople1 hereafter set down1 nor fully so large3 yet of the same fashion1 that is1 euery flower hanging downe1 and turning vp his leaues againe4 ,it is not so plentifull in bearing of seede as the other ,lillies1 but when it doth1 it differeth not but in being lesse4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,martagon angusti folium magis serotinum4 ,there is another1 whose greene leaues are not so thicke set on the stalke1 but else differeth not but in flowring a fortnight later4 ,sidenote3 #c4 ,martagon ,pomponeum latifolium praecox4 ,there is another also of this kind1 so like vnto the former in root1 stalk1 flower1 maner of growing1 that the difference is hardly discerned2 but consisteth chiefly in these two points3 ,first1 that the leaues of this are a little broader and shorter then the former2 and secondly1 that it beareth his flowers a fortnight earlier than the first4 ,in the colour or forme of the flower1 there can no difference bee discerned1 nor 7as ,i said7 in any other thing4 ,all these ,lillies doe spring very late out of the ground1 euen as the yellow ,martagons doe1 but are sooner in flower then any others4 ,sidenote3 #d4 ,martagon flore phaeniceo4 ,a fourth kinde hereof hath of late been knowne to vs1 whose leaues are broader and shorter than the last1 and the flowers of a paler red1 tending to yellow1 of some called a golden red colour3 but flowreth not so early as they4 #b4 ,lilium rubrum ,byzantinum1 siue ,martagon ,constantinopolitanum4 ,the red ,martagon of ,constantinople4 #a4 ,the red ,martagon of ,constantinople is become so common euery where1 and so well knowne to all louers of these delights1 that ,i shall seeme vnto them to lose time1 to bestow many lines vpon it2 yet because it is so faire a flower1 and was at the first so highly esteemed1 it deserueth his place and commendations1 howsoeuer encreasing the plenty hath not made it dainty4 ,it riseth out of the ground early in the spring1 before many other ,lillies1 from a great thicke yellow scaly root1 bearing a round brownish stalke1 beset with many faire greene leaues confusedly thereon1 but not so broad as the common white ,lilly1 vpon the toppe whereof stand one1 two1 or three1 or more flowers1 vpon long footestalkes1 which hang downe their heads1 and turne vp their leaues againe1 of an excellent red crimson colour1 and sometimes paler1 hauing a long pointell in the middle1 compassed with sixe whitish chiues1 tipt with loose yellow pendents1 of a reasonable good sent1 but somewhat faint4 ,it likewise beareth seede in heads1 like vnto the other1 but greater4 ,martagon ,constantinopolitanum maculatum4 ,the red spotted ,martagon of ,constantinople4 ,we haue another of this kinde1 that groweth somewhat greater and higher1 with a larger flower1 and of a deeper colour1 spotted with diuers blacke spots1 or strakes and lines1 as is to be seene in the ,mountaine ,lillies1 and in some other hereafter to be described2 but is not so in the former of this kinde1 which hath no shew of spots at all4 ,the whole plant as it is rare1 so it is of much more beauty than the former4 #b4 ,martagon ,pannonicum1 siue ,exoticum flore spadiceo4 ,the bright red ,martagon of ,hungarie4 ,although this ,martagon or ,lilly bee of another ,countrey1 yet by reason of the neerenesse both in leafe and flower vnto the former1 may more fitly be placed next vnto them1 then in any other place4 ,it hath his roote very like the other1 but the leaues are somewhat larger1 and more sparsedly set vpon the stalke1 else not much vnlike3 the flowers bend downe1 and turne vp their leaues againe1 but somewhat larger1 and of a bright red1 tending to an ,orenge colour1 that is1 somewhat yellowish1 and not crimson1 like the other4 #c4 ,martagon ,luteum punctatum4 ,the ,yellow spotted ,martagon4 #a4 ,this ,yellow ,martagon hath a great scaly or cloued roote1 and yellow1 like vnto all these sorts of turning ,lillies1 from whence springeth vp a round greene strong stalke1 three foote high at the least1 confusedly set with narrow long greene leaues1 white on the edges vp to the very toppe thereof almost1 hauing diuers flowers on the head1 turning vp againe as the former doe1 of a faint yellowish1 or greenish yellow colour1 with many blacke spots or strakes about the middle of the leafe of euery flower1 and a forked pointell1 with sixe chiues about it1 tipt with reddish pendents1 of a heauie strong smell1 not very pleasant to many4 ,it beareth seede very plentifully1 in great heads1 like vnto the other former ,lillies1 but a little paler4 #b4 ,martagon ,luteum non maculatum4 ,the ,yellow ,martagon without spots4 ,the other yellow ,martagon differeth in no other thing from the former1 but onely that it hath no spots at all vpon any of the leaues of the flowers2 agreeing with the former1 in colour1 forme1 height1 and all things else4 #c4 ,martagon ,luteum serotinum4 ,the late flowring ,yellow ,martagon4 ,there is yet another yellow ,martagon1 that hath no other difference then the time of his flowring1 which is not vntill ,iuly1 vnlesse in this1 that the flower is of a deeper yellow colour4 ,the ,place4 ,the knowledge of the first kindes of these early ,martagons hath come from ,italy1 from whence they haue bin sent into the ,low-,countries1 and to vs1 and1 as it seemeth by the name1 whereby they haue bin sent by some into these parts1 his originall should be from the mountaines in ,macedonia4 ,the second sort is sufficiently knowne by his name1 being first brought from ,constantinople1 his naturall place being not farre from thence1 as it is likely4 ,but the next sort of this second kinde1 doth plainly tell vs his place of birth to be the mountaines of ,pannonia or ,hungarie4 ,the third kindes grow on the ,pyrenan mountains1 where they haue been searched out1 and found by diuers louers of plants1 as also in the ,kingdome of ,naples4 ,the ,time4 ,the first early ,martagons flower in the end of ,may1 or beginning of ,iune1 and that is a moneth at the least before those that come from ,constantinople1 which is the second kinde4 ,the two first yellow ,martagons flower somewhat more early1 then the early red ,martagons1 and sometimes at the same time with them4 ,but the third yellow ,martagon1 as is said1 flowreth a moneth later or more1 and is in flower when the red ,martagon of ,constantinople flowreth4 ,and although the early red and yellow ,martagons1 spring later then the other ,martagons or ,lillies1 yet they are in flower before them4 ,the ,names4 ,the first early red ,lillies or ,martagons haue beene sent vnto vs by seuerall names1 as ,martagon ,pomponeum1 and thereafter are called ,martagon of ,pompony1 and also ,lilium or ,martagon ,macedonicum1 the ,lilly or ,martagon of ,macedonia4 ,they are also called by ,clusius ,lilium rubrum prcox1 the one angustiore folio1 the other latiore folio4 ,and the last of this kinde hath the title flore phniceo added or giuen vnto it1 that is1 the ,martagon or ,lilly of ,macedonia with gold red flowers4 ,the ,martagons of ,constantinople haue beene sent by the ,turkish name ,zufiniare1 and is called ,martagon1 or ,lilium ,byzantinum by some1 and ,hemerocallis ,chalcedonica by others2 but by the name of the ,martagon of ,constantinople they are most commonly receiued with vs1 with the distinction of maculatum to the one1 to distinguish the sorts4 ,the last kinde in this classis1 hath his name in his title1 as it hath been sent vnto vs4 ,the ,yellow ,martagons are distinguished in their seuerall titles1 as much as is conuenient for them4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,lilium ,aureum ,lilium ,rubrum4 ,the ,gold and ,red ,lillies4 ,there are yet some other kindes of red ,lillies to bee described1 which differ from all the former1 and remaine to be spoken of in this place4 ,some of them grow high1 and some lowe1 some haue small knots1 which wee call bulbes1 growing vpon the stalkes1 at the ioynts of the leaues or flowers1 and some haue none3 all which shall be intreated of in their seuerall orders4 ,lilium pumilum cruentum4 ,the dwarfe red ,lilly4 ,the dwarfe red ,lilly hath a scaly roote1 somewhat like vnto other ,lillies1 but white1 and not yellow at all1 and the cloues or scales thicker1 shorter1 and fewer in number1 then in most of the former3 the stalke hereof is not aboue a foote and a halfe high1 round and greene1 set confusedly with many faire and short greene leaues1 on the toppe of which doe stand sometimes but a few flowers1 and sometimes many1 of a faire purplish red colour1 and a little paler in the middle1 euery flower standing vpright1 and not hanging downe1 as in the former1 on the leaues whereof here and there are some blacke spots1 lines or markes1 and in the middle of the flower a long pointell1 with some chiues about it1 as is in the rest of these ,lillies4 ,sidenote3 ,lilium rubrum multiplici flore4 ,this kinde is sometimes found to yeeld double flowers1 as if all the single flowers should grow into one1 and so make it consist of many leaues1 which notwithstanding his so continuing sundry yeares1 vpon transplanting1 will redire ad ingenium1 that is1 quickly come againe to his old byas or forme4 ,illustration3 #a ,martagon rubrum siue luteum4 ,the red or the yellow ,martagon4 #b ,lilium ,bulbiferum4 ,the red bulbed ,lilly4 #c ,lilium aureum4 ,the gold red ,lilly4 #d ,lilium album4 ,the white ,lilly4 ,lilium ,aureum4 ,the ,gold red ,lilly4 ,the second red ,lilly without bulbes groweth much higher then the first1 and almost as high as any other ,lilly3 the roote hereof is white and scaly1 the leaues are somewhat longer1 and of a darke or sad greene colour2 the flowers are many and large1 standing vpright as all these sorts of red ,lillies doe1 of a paler red colour tending to an ,orenge on the inside1 with many blacke spots and lines on them1 as in the former1 and more yellow on the outside3 the seede vessels are like vnto the roundish heads of other ,lillies1 and so are the seedes in them likewise4 #a4 ,lilium minus bulbiferum4 ,the dwarfe bulbed ,lilly4 ,the first of the ,lillies that carrieth bulbes on the stalke1 hath a white scaly roote like the former2 from whence riseth vp a small round stalke1 not much higher then the first dwarfe ,lilly1 seeming to be edged1 hauing many leaues thereon of a sad green colour set about it1 close thrust together3 the greene heads for flowers1 will haue a kind of woollinesse on them1 before the flowers begin to open1 and betweene these heads of flowers1 as also vnder them1 and among the vppermost leaues1 appeare small bulbes or heads1 which being ripe if they be put into the ground1 or if they fall of themselues1 will shoote forth leaues1 and beare flowers within two or three yeares like the mother plant1 and so will the bulbes of the other hereafter described3 the flowers of this ,lilly are of a faire gold yellow colour1 shadowed ouer with a shew of purple1 but not so red as the first1 or the next to bee described4 ,this ,lilly will shoote strings vnder ground1 like as the last red ,lilly will doe also1 whereat will grow white bulbed roots1 like the rootes of the mother plant1 thereby quickly encreasing it selfe4 #b4 ,lilium ,cruentum bulbiferum4 ,the ,fierie red bulbed ,lilly4 ,the second bulbed ,lilly riseth vp with his stalke as high as any of these ,lillies1 carrying many long and narrow darke greene leaues about it1 and at the toppe many faire red flowers1 as large or larger then any of the former1 and of a deeper red colour1 with spots on them likewise1 hauing greater bulbes growing about the toppe of the stalke and among the flowers1 then any else4 ,lilium ,cruentum flore pleno4 ,the ,fierie red double ,lilly4 ,the difference of this doth chiefly consist in the flower1 which is composed of manie leaues1 as if many flowers went to make one1 spotted with black spots1 and without any bulbes when it thus beareth1 which is but accidentall1 as the former double ,lilly is said to be4 #c4 ,lilium maius bulbiferum4 ,the greater bulbed red ,lilly4 ,the third red ,lilly with bulbes1 riseth vp almost as high as the last1 and is the most common kinde we haue bearing bulbes4 ,it hath many leaues about the stalke1 but not of so sad a greene colour as the former3 the flowers are of as pale a reddish yellow colour as any of the former1 and comming neerest vnto the colour of the ,gold red ,lilly4 ,this is more plentifull in bulbes1 and in shooting strings1 to encrease rootes vnder ground1 then the others4 ,the ,place4 ,these ,lillies doe all grow in ,gardens1 but their naturall places of growing is the ,mountaines and the ,vallies neere them in ,italy1 as ,matthiolus saith3 and in many ,countries of ,germany1 as ,hungarie1 ,austria1 ,stiria1 and ,bohemia1 as ,clusius and other doe report4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part in ,iune1 yet the first of these is the earliest of all the rest4 ,the ,names4 ,all these ,lillies are called ,lilia ,rubra1 ,red ,lillies3 ,some call them ,lilium ,aureum1 ,lilium ,purpureum1 ,lilium ,puniceum1 ,lilium ,cruentum4 ,some also call them ,martagon ,chimistarum4 ,clusius calleth these bulbed ,lillies ,martagon ,bulbiferum4 ,it is thought to be ,hyacinthus ,poetarum1 but ,i referre the discussing thereof to a fitter time4 ,wee haue1 to distinguish them most fitly 7as ,i take it7 giuen their proper names in their seuerall titles4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,lilium ,album4 ,the ,white ,lilly4 ,now remaineth onely the ,white ,lilly1 of all the whole family or stocke of the ,lillies1 to bee spoken of1 which is of two sorts4 ,the one is our common or vulgar ,white ,lilly2 and the other1 that which was brought from ,constantinople4 ,lilium ,album vulgare4 ,the ordinary ,white ,lilly4 ,the ordinary ,white ,lilly scarce needeth any description1 it is so well knowne1 and so frequent in euery ,garden2 but to say somewhat thereof1 as ,i vse to doe of euery thing1 be it neuer so common and knowne2 it hath a cloued or scaly roote1 yellower and bigger then any of the red ,lillies3 the stalke is of a blackish greene colour1 and riseth as high as most of the ,lillies1 hauing many faire1 broad1 and long greene leaues thereon1 larger and longer beneath1 and smaller vpon the stalke vpwards2 the flowers are many or few1 according to the age of the plant1 fertility of the soile1 and time of standing where it groweth3 and stand vpon long greene footstalkes1 of a faire white colour1 with a long pointell in the middle1 and white chiues tipt with yellow pendents about it2 the smell is somewhat heady and strong4 ,lilium ,album ,byzantinum4 ,the ,white ,lilly of ,constantinople4 ,the other ,white ,lilly1 differeth but little from the former ,white ,lilly1 either in roote1 leafe1 or flower1 but only that this vsually groweth with more number of flowers1 then euer we saw in our ordinary ,white ,lilly3 for ,i haue seene the stalke of this ,lilly turne flat1 of the breadth of an hand1 bearing neere two hundred flowers vpon a head1 yet most commonly it beareth not aboue a dozen1 or twenty flowers1 but smaller then the ordinary1 as the greene leaues are likewise4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth onely in ,gardens1 and hath not beene declared where it is found wilde1 by any that ,i can heare of4 ,the other hath beene sent from ,constantinople1 among other rootes1 and therefore is likely to grow in some parts neere thereunto4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,iune or thereabouts1 but shoote forth greene leaues in ,autumne1 which abide greene all the ,winter1 the stalke springing vp betweene the lower leaues in the ,spring4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called ,lilium ,album1 the ,white ,lilly1 by most ,writers2 but by ,poets ,rosa ,iunonis1 ,iuno's ,rose4 ,the other hath his name in his title4 ,the ,vertues4 ,this ,lilly aboue all the rest1 yea1 and ,i thinke this onely1 and none of the rest is vsed in medicines now adayes1 although in former times ,empericks vsed the red2 and therefore ,i haue spoken nothing of them in the end of their ,chapters1 reseruing what is to be said in this4 ,this hath a mollifying1 digesting1 and cleansing quality1 helping to suppurate tumours1 and to digest them1 for which purpose the roote is much vsed4 ,the water of the flowers distilled1 is of excellent vertue for women in trauell of childe bearing1 to procure an easie deliuery1 as ,matthiolus and ,camerarius report4 ,it is vsed also of diuers women outwardly1 for their faces to cleanse the skin1 and make it white and fresh4 ,diuers other properties there are in these ,lillies1 which my purpose is not to declare in this place4 ,nor is it the scope of this worke2 this that hath been said is sufficient3 for were it not1 that ,i would giue you some taste of the qualities of plants 7as ,i said in my ,preface7 as ,i goe along with them1 a generall worke were fitter to declare them then this4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,fritillaria4 ,the checkerd ,daffodill4 ,although diuers learned men do by the name giuen vnto this delightfull plant1 thinke it doth in some things partake with a ,tulipa or ,daffodill1 and haue therefore placed it betweene them2 yet ,i1 finding it most like vnto a little ,lilly1 both in roote1 stalke1 leafe1 flower1 and seede1 haue 7as you see here7 placed it next vnto the ,lillies1 and before them4 ,hereof there are many sorts found out of late1 as white1 red1 blacke1 and yellow1 besides the purple1 which was first knowne2 and of each of them there are also diuers sorts3 and first of that which is most frequent1 and then of the rest1 euery one in his place and order4 #a4 ,fritillaria vulgaris4 ,the common checkerd ,daffodill4 ,the ordinary checkerd ,daffodill 7as it is vsually called1 but might more properly be called the small checkerd ,lilly7 hath a small round white roote1 and somewhat flat1 made as it were of two cloues1 and diuided in a maner into two parts1 yet ioyning together at the bottome or seate of the roote1 which holdeth them both together3 from betweene this cleft or diuision1 the budde for the stalke c4 appeareth1 which in time riseth vp a foote1 or a foote and a halfe high1 being round and of a brownish greene colour1 especially neere vnto the ground1 whereon there standeth dispersedly foure or fiue narrow long and greene leaues1 being a little hollow3 at the toppe of the stalke1 betweene the vpper leaues 7which are smaller then the lowest7 the flower sheweth it selfe1 hanging or turning downe the head1 but not turning vp againe any of his leaues1 as some of the ,lillies before described doe2 7sometimes this stalke beareth two flowers1 and very seldome three7 consisting of sixe leaues1 of a reddish purple colour1 spotted diuersly with great spots1 appearing like vnto square checkers1 of a deeper colour2 the inside of the flower is of a brighter colour then the outside1 which hath some greennesse at the bottome of euery leafe3 within the flower there appeare sixe chiues tipt with yellow pendents1 and a three-forked stile or pointell compassing a greene head1 which when the flower is past1 riseth vpright againe1 and becommeth the seede vessell1 being somewhat long and round1 yet hauing a small shew of edges1 flat at the head1 like the head of a ,lilly1 and without any crowne as the ,tulipa hath1 wherein is contained pale coloured flat seede1 like vnto that of a ,lilly1 but smaller4 ,sidenote3 ,fritillaria vulgaris pallidior1 praecox1 serotina4 ,there is some variety to be seene in this flower2 for in some the colour is paler1 and in others againe of a very high or deepe colour3 sometimes also they haue eight leaues1 and sometimes ten or twelue1 as if two flowers were made one1 which some thereupon haue called a ,double ,fritillaria4 ,some of them likewise doe flower very early1 euen with or before the early flowring ,tulipas2 and some againe flower not vntill a moneth or more after the former4 ,illustration3 #a ,fritillaria vulgaris4 ,the common ,fritillaria4 #b ,fritillaria flore atrorubente4 ,the dark red ,fritillaria4 #d ,fritillaria alba4 ,the white ,fritillaria4 #g ,fritillaria lutea punctata4 ,the yellow checkerd ,fritillaria4 #h ,fritillaria lutea ,italica4 ,the great yellow ,italian ,fritillaria4 #aj ,fritillaria lutea ,lusitanica4 ,the small yellow ,fritillaria of ,portugal4 #aa ,fritillaria ,pyrena4 ,the blacke ,fritillaria4 #ab ,fritillaria umbellifera4 ,the ,spanish blacke ,fritillaria4 #b4 ,fritillaria flore atrorubente4 ,the bloud red ,fritillaria4 ,the roote of this ,fritillaria is somewhat rounder and closer then the former1 from whence the stalke riseth vp1 being shorter and lower then in any other of these kindes1 hauing one or two leaues thereon1 and at the top thereof two or three more set closer together1 which are broader1 shorter1 and whiter then any of them before1 almost like vnto the leaues of the yellow ,fritillaria1 from among which toppe leaues commeth forth the flower1 somewhat bending downe1 or rather standing forth1 being larger then any of the former1 and almost equall in bignesse vnto the yellow ,fritillaria1 of a duskie gray colour all ouer on the outside1 and of a very darke red colour on the inside1 diuersly spotted or straked3 this very hardly encreaseth by the roote1 and as seldome giueth ripe seede1 but flowreth with the other first sorts1 and before the blacke1 and abideth lesse time in flower then any4 #c4 ,fritillaria maxima purpurea siue rubra4 ,the great purple or red ,fritillaria4 ,this great ,fritillaria hath his roote equall to the bignesse of the rest of his parts1 from whence riseth vp one1 oftentimes two stalks1 hauing one1 two or three flowers a peece on them1 as nature and the seasons are fitting3 euery one of these flowers are larger and greater then any of the former described1 and pendulous as they are1 of a sad red or purplish colour1 with many thwart lines on them1 and small long markes1 which hardly seeme checkerwise1 nor are so eminent or conspicuous as in the former3 the stalke is strong and high1 whereon are set diuers long whitish greene leaues1 larger and broader then those of the former4 #d4 ,fritillaria alba4 ,the white ,fritillaria4 ,the white ,fritillaria is so like vnto the first1 that ,i shall not neede to make another description of this3 it shall 7,i hope7 be sufficient to shew the chiefe differences1 and so proceed to the rest4 ,the stalke and leaues of this are wholly greene1 whereby it may easily be knowne from the former1 which1 as is said1 is brownish at the bottome4 ,the flower is white1 without almost any shew of spot or marke in it1 yet in some the markes are somewhat more plainly to be seene1 and in some againe there is a shew of a faint kinde of blush colour to be seene in the flower1 especially in the inside1 the bottomes of the leaues of euery flower sometimes are greenish1 hauing also a small list of greene1 comming downe towards the middle of each leafe3 the head or seede vessell1 as also the seede and the roote1 are so like vnto the former1 that the most cunning cannot distinguish them4 #e4 ,fritillaria flore duplici albicante4 ,the double blush ,fritillaria4 ,this ,fritillaria hath a round flattish white roote1 very like vnto the last ,fritillaria1 bearing a stalke with long greene leaues thereon1 little differing from it1 or the first ordinary ,fritillaria3 the flower is said to be constant1 composed of many leaues1 being ten at the least1 and most vsually twelue1 of a pale whitish purple colour1 spotted like vnto the paler ordinary ,fritillaria that is early1 so that one would verily thinke it were but an accidentall kinde thereof1 whereas it is 7as is said before7 held to bee constant1 continuing in this manner4 #f4 ,fritillaria flore luteo puro4 ,the pure yellow ,fritillaria4 ,the pure yellow ,fritillaria hath a more round1 and not so flat a whitish roote as the former kindes1 and of a meane bignesse2 from the middle riseth vp a stalke a foote and a halfe high1 and sometimes higher1 whereon are set without order diuers long and somewhat broad leaues of a whitish greene colour1 like vnto the leaues of the blacke ,fritillaria1 but not aboue halfe so broad3 the flower is somewhat small and long1 not much vnlike to the blacke for shape and fashion1 but that the leaues are smaller and rounder pointed1 of a faint yellowish colour1 without any shew of spots or checkers at all1 eyther within or without the flower1 hauing some chiues and yellow pendents in the middle1 as is to be seene in all of them3 the seede is like the first kinde4 #g4 ,fritillaria flore luteo vario siue punctato4 ,the checkerd yellow ,fritillaria4 ,this ,fritillaria groweth not much lower then the former1 and brownish at the rising vp1 hauing his leaues whiter1 broader1 and shorter then it1 and almost round pointed4 ,the flower is greater1 and larger spread then any other before1 of a faire pale yellow colour1 spotted in very good order1 with fine small checkers1 which adde a wonderfull pleasing beauty thereunto3 it hath also some lists of greene running downe the backe of euery leafe4 ,it seldome giueth seede2 the roote also is like the other1 but not so flat4 #h4 ,fritillaria lutea maxima ,italica4 ,the great yellow ,italian ,fritillaria4 ,this kinde of ,fritillaria riseth vp with a round and browne greene stalke1 whereon are set diuers leaues somewhat broad and short1 which compasse the stalke at the bottome of them1 of a darke greene colour2 at the toppe of the stalke1 which bendeth a little downewards1 doe most vsually stand three or foure leaues1 betweene which commeth forth most vsually but one flower1 which is longer then the last1 hanging downe the head as all the others doe1 consisting of sixe leaues1 of a darke yellowish purple colour1 spotted with some small red checkers4 ,this kinde flowreth late1 and not vntill all the rest are past4 #i4 ,fritillaria ,italorum polyanthos flore parno4 ,the small ,italian ,fritillaria4 ,this small ,italian ,fritillaria carrieth more store of flowers on the stalke1 but they are much smaller1 and of a yellowish greene colour1 spotted with long and small darke red checkers or markes3 the stalke hath diuers small short greene leaues thereon1 vnto the very toppe4 #aj4 ,fritillaria lutea ,iuncifolia ,lusitanica4 ,the small yellow ,fritillaria of ,portugall4 ,the leaues of this ,fritillaria are so small1 narrow and long1 that it hath caused them to take the name of rushes1 as if you should call it1 ,the rush leafed ,fritillaria1 which stand on a long weake round stalke1 set without order the flower is small and yellow1 but thicker checkerd with red spots then any of the other yellow ,fritillaria's2 the stalk of the flower1 at the head thereof1 being also of a yellowish colour4 #aa4 ,fritillaria ,pyrena siue ,apenninea4 ,the blacke ,fritillaria4 ,the roote of this kinde doth often grow so great1 that it seemeth like vnto the roote of a small ,crowne ,imperiall3 the stalke is strong1 round1 and high1 set without order1 with broader and whiter greene leaues then any of the former1 bearing one1 two1 or three flowers2 sometimes at the toppe1 being not so large as those of the ordinary purple ,fritillaria1 but smaller1 longer1 and rounder1 sometimes a little turning vp the brims or edges of the leaues againe1 and are of a yellowish shining greene colour on the inside1 sometimes spotted with red spots almost through the whole inside of the flower1 vnto the very edge1 which abideth of a pale yellow colour1 and sometimes there are very few spots to be seene1 and those from the middle onely on the inside 7for on the outside there neuer appeareth any spots at all in this kinde7 and sometimes with no shew of spots at all1 sometimes also of a more pale greene1 and sometime of a more yellow colour3 the outside of the flowers doe likewise vary1 for in some the outside of the leaues are of a darke sullen yellow1 c4 else more pale yellow1 and in other of a darke purplish yellow colour1 which in some is so deepe1 and so much1 that it rather seemeth blacke then purple or yellow1 and this especially about the bottome of the flower1 next vnto the stalke1 but the edges are still of a yellowish greene3 the head of seede1 and the seede likewise is like vnto the former1 but bigger in all respects4 #ab4 ,fritillaria ,hispanica vmbellifera4 ,the ,spanish blacke ,fritillaria4 ,this ,fritillaria is no doubt of kindred to the last recited1 it is so like1 but greater in all parts thereof1 as if growing in a more fruitfull soile1 it were the stronger and lustier to beare more store of flowers3 the flowers grow foure or fiue from the head together1 hanging downe round about the stalke1 like vnto a ,crowne ,imperiall1 and are of a yellowish greene colour on the inside1 spotted with a few red spots1 the outside being blackish as the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the first of these plants was first brought to our knowledge from ,france1 where it groweth plentifully about ,orleance2 the other sorts grow in diuers other ,countries1 as some in ,portugall1 ,spaine1 ,italy1 c4 as their names doe import1 and as in time they haue been obserued by those that were curious searchers of these rarities1 haue been sent to vs4 ,the ,time4 ,the early kindes doe flower in the beginning of ,aprill or thereabouts1 according to the mildenesse or sharpenesse of the precedent ,winter4 ,the other doe flower after the first are past1 for a moneths space one after another1 and the great yellow is very late1 not flowring vntill about the middle or end of ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,this hath receiued diuers names3 some calling it ,flos ,meleagridis1 the ,ginny ,hen ,flower1 of the variety of the colours in the flower1 agreeing with the feathers of that ,bird4 ,some call it ,narcissus ,caparonius1 of the name of the first inuentor or finder thereof1 called ,noel ,caperon1 an ,apothecary dwelling in ,orleance1 at the time he first found it1 and was shortly after the finding thereof taken away in the ,massacre in ,france4 ,it is now generally called ,fritillaria1 of the word ,fritillus1 which diuers doe take for the ,chesse borde or table whereon they play1 whereunto1 by reason of the resemblance of the great squares or spots so like it1 they did presently referre it4 ,it is called by ,lobel ,lilionarcissus purpureus variegatus1 sessulatus1 making it a kinde of ,tulipa2 but as ,i said in the beginning of the ,chapter1 it doth most neerely resemble a small pendulous ,lilly1 and might therefore rightly hold the name of ,lilium variegatum1 or in ,english1 the checkerd ,lilly4 ,but because the errour which first referred it to a ,daffodill1 is growne strong by custome of continuance1 ,i leaue to euery one their owne will1 to call it in ,english eyther ,fritillaria1 as it is called of most1 or the checkerd ,daffodill1 or the ,ginnie ,hen flower1 or1 as ,i doe1 the checkerd ,lilly4 ,i shall not neede in this place further to explaine the seuerall names of euery of them1 hauing giuen you them in their titles4 ,the ,vertues4 ,i haue not found or heard by any others of any property peculiar in this plant1 to be applied either inwardly or outwardly for any disease3 the chiefe or onely vse thereof is1 to be an ornament for the ,gardens of the curious louers of these delights1 and to be worne of them abroad1 which for the gallant beauty of many of them1 deserueth their courteous entertainment1 among many other the like pleasures4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,tulipa4 ,the ,turkes ,cap4 ,next vnto the ,lillies1 and before the ,narcissi or ,daffodils1 the discourse of ,tulipas deserueth his place1 for that it partaketh of both their natures2 agreeing with the ,lillies in leaues1 flowers1 and seede1 and somewhat with the ,daffodils in rootes4 ,there are not onely diuers kindes of ,tulipas1 but sundry diuersities of colours in them1 found out in these later dayes by many the searchers of natures varieties1 which haue not formerly been obserued3 our age being more delighted in the search1 curiosity1 and rarities of these pleasant delights1 then any age ,i thinke before4 ,but indeede1 this flower1 aboue many other1 deserueth his true commendations and acceptance with all louers of these beauties1 both for the stately aspect1 and for the admirable varietie of colours1 that daily doe arise in them1 farre beyond all other plants that grow1 in so much1 that ,i doubt1 although ,i shall in this ,chapter set downe the varieties of a great many1 ,i shall leaue more vnspoken of1 then ,i shall describe2 for ,i may well say1 there is in this one plant no end of diuersity to be expected1 euery yeare yeelding a mixture and variety that hath not before been obserued1 and all this arising from the sowing of the seede4 ,the chiefe diuision of ,tulipas1 is into two sorts3 ,prcoces1 early flowring ,tulipas1 and ,serotin1 late flowring ,tulipas4 ,for that sort which is called ,medi or ,dubi1 that is1 which flower in the middle time betweene them both1 and may be thought to be a kinde or sort by it selfe1 as well as any of the other two3 yet because they doe neerer participate with the ,serotin then with the ,prcoces1 not onely in the colour of the leafe1 being of the same greennesse with the ,serotin1 and most vsually also1 for that it beareth his stalke and flower1 high and large like as the ,serotin doe2 but especially1 for that the seede of a ,media ,tulipa did neuer bring forth a ,prcox flower 7although ,i know ,clusius1 an industrious1 learned1 and painfull searcher and publisher of these rarities1 saith otherwise7 so farre as euer ,i could1 by mine owne care or knowledge1 in sowing their seede apart1 or the assurance of any others1 the louers and sowers of ,tulipa seede1 obserue1 learne1 or know3 and because also that the seede of the ,serotin bringeth forth ,medias1 and the seede of ,medias ,serotin1 they may well bee comprehended vnder the generall title of ,serotin3 ,but because they haue generally receiued the name ,medi1 or middle flowring ,tulipas1 to distinguish between them1 and those that vsually doe flower after them2 ,i am content to set them downe1 and speake of them seuerally1 as of three sorts4 ,vnto the place and ranke likewise of the ,prcoces1 or early flowring ,tulipas1 there are some other seuerall kinds of ,tulipas to be added1 which are notably differing1 not onely from the former ,prcox ,tulipa1 but euery one of them1 one from another1 in some speciall note or other3 as the ,tulipa ,boloniensis flore rubro1 the red ,bolonia ,tulipa4 ,tulipa ,boloniensis flore luteo1 the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa4 ,tulipa ,persica1 ,persian ,tulipa4 ,tulipa ,cretica1 the ,candie ,tulipa1 and others3 all which shall bee described and entreated of1 euery one apart by it selfe1 in the end of the ranke of the ,prcoces1 because all of them flower much about their time4 ,to begin then with the ,prcox1 or early flowring ,tulipas1 and after them with the ,medias and ,serotinas1 ,i shall for the better method1 diuide their flowers into foure primary or principall colours1 that is to say1 ,white1 ,purple1 ,red and ,yellow1 and vnder every one of these colours1 set downe the seuerall varieties of mixtures we haue seene and obserued in them1 that so they may be both the better described by me1 and the better conceiued by others1 and euery one placed in their proper ranke4 ,yet ,i shall in this1 as ,i intend to doe in diuers other plants that are variable1 giue but one description in generall of the plant1 and then set downe the varietie of forme or colour afterwards briefly by themselues4 ,tulipa prcox4 ,the early flowring ,tulipa4 ,the early ,tulipa 7and so all other ,tulipas7 springeth out of the ground with his leaues folded one within another1 the first or lowest leafe riseth vp first1 sharpe pointed1 and folded round together1 vntill it be an inch or two aboue the ground1 which then openeth it selfe1 shewing another leafe folded also in the bosome or belly of the first1 which in time likewise opening it selfe1 sheweth forth a third1 and sometimes a fourth and a fifth3 the lower leaues are larger then the vpper1 and are faire1 thicke1 broad1 long1 and hollow like a gutter1 and sometimes crumpled on the edges1 which will hold water that falleth thereon a long time1 of a pale or whitish greene colour1 7and the ,medi and ,serotin more greene7 couered ouer as it were with a mealinesse or hoarinesse1 with an eye or shew of rednesse towards the bottome of the leaues1 and the edges in this kinde being more notable white1 which are two principall notes to know a ,prcox ,tulipa from a ,media or ,serotina3 the stalke with the flower riseth vp in the middle1 as it were through these leaues1 which in time stand one aboue another1 compassing it at certaine vnequall distances1 and is often obserued to bend it selfe crookedly downe to the ground1 as if it would thrust his head thereinto1 but turning vp his head 7which will be the flower7 againe1 afterwards standeth vpright1 sometimes but three or foure fingers or inches high1 but more often halfe a foote1 and a foot high1 but the ,medias1 and ,serotinas much higher1 carrying 7for the most part7 but one flower on the toppe thereof1 like vnto a ,lilly for the forme1 consisting of sixe leaues1 greene at the first1 and afterwards changing into diuers and sundry seuerall colours and varieties1 the bottomes likewise of the leaues of these sometimes1 but most especially of the ,medi1 being as variable as the flower1 which are in some yellow1 or green1 or blacke1 in others white1 blew1 purple1 or tawnie2 and sometimes one colour circling another3 some of them haue little or no sent at all1 and some haue a better then others4 ,after it hath been blowne open three or foure dayes or more1 it will in the heate of the ,sunne spread it selfe open1 and lay it selfe almost flat to the stalke3 in the middle of the flower standeth a greene long head 7which will be the seed vessell7 compassed about with sixe chiues1 which doe much vary1 in being sometimes of one1 and sometimes of another colour1 tipt with pendents diuersly varied likewise3 the head in the middle of the flower groweth after the flower is fallen1 to be long1 round1 and edged1 as it were three square1 the edges meeting at the toppe1 where it is smallest1 and making as it were a crowne 7which is not seen in the head of any ,lilly7 and when it is ripe1 diuideth it selfe on the inside into sixe rowes1 of flat1 thinne1 brownish1 gristly seede1 very like vnto the seede of the ,lillies1 but brighter1 stiffer1 and more transparent3 the roote being well growne is round1 and somewhat great1 small and pointed at the toppe1 and broader1 yet roundish at the bottome1 with a certaine eminence or seate on the one side1 as the roote of the ,colchicum hath2 but not so long1 or great1 it hath also an hollownesse on the one side 7if it haue borne a flower7 where the stalke grew1 7for although in the time of the first springing vp1 vntill it shew the budde for flower1 the stalke with the leaues thereon rise vp out of the middle of the roote2 yet when the stalke is risen vp1 and sheweth the budde for flower1 it commeth to one side1 making an impression therein7 couered ouer with a brownish thin coate or skin1 like an ,onion1 hauing a little woollinesse at the bottome2 but white within1 and firme1 yet composed of many coates1 one folding within another1 as the roote of the ,daffodils be1 of a reasonable good taste1 neyther very sweete1 nor yet vnpleasant4 ,this description may well serue for the other ,tulipas1 being ,medias or ,serotinas1 concerning their springing and bearing1 which haue not any other great variety therein worth the note1 which is not expressed here2 the chiefe difference resting in the variety of the colours of the flower1 and their seuerall mixtures and markes1 as ,i said before3 sauing onely1 that the flowers of some are great and large1 and of others smaller1 and the leaues of some long and pointed1 and of others broad and round1 or bluntly pointed1 as shall bee shewed in the end of the ,chapter3 ,i shall therefore onely expresse the colours1 with the mixture or composure of them1 and giue you withall the names of some of them1 7for it is impossible ,i thinke to any man1 to giue seuerall names to all varieties7 as they are called by those that chiefly delight in them with vs4 ,illustration3 #a ,tulipa prcox alba siue rubra1 c4 vnius coloris4 ,the early white or red ,tulipa1 c4 being of one colour4 #b ,tulipa1 prcox purpurea oris albis4 ,the early purple ,tulipa with white edges1 or the ,prince4 #c ,tulipa prcox variegata4 ,the early stript ,tulipa4 #d ,tulipa prcox rubra oris luteis4 ,the early red ,tulipa with yellow edges1 or the ,duke4 ,tulipa prcox ,alba4 #a ,niuea tota interdum purpureis staminibus1 vel saltem luteis1 fundo puro haud luteo4 #b ,alba siue niuea fundo luteo4 #c ,albida4 #d ,alba1 venis crulis in dorso4 #e ,alba purpureis oris4 ,harum flores vel #f ,alba carneis oris4 constantes1 vel #g ,alba sanguineis oris4 dispergentes4 #h ,alba oris magnis carneis1 venis intro respicientibus4 #i ,alba extra1 carnei vero coloris intus1 oras habens carneas saturatiores4 #aj ,albida1 oris rubris1 vel oris purpureis4 #aa ,alba1 purpurascentibus maculis extra1 intus vero carnei viuacissimi4 #ab ,alba1 purpureis maculis aspersa extra1 intus vero alba purpurantibus oris4 #ac ,dux ,alba1 i4 e4 coceineis albis variata flaminis1 medio ad oras intercursantibus4 #ad ,princessa1 i4e4 argentei coloris maculis purpurascentibus4 #ae ,regina pulcherrima1 albis sanguineis aspersa radijs punctis4 ,the early ,white ,tulipa4 #a ,the flower whereof is either pure snow white1 with purple sometimes1 or at least with yellow chiues1 without any yellow bottome4 #b ,or pure white with a yellow bottome4 #c ,or milk white that is not so pure white4 #d ,white with blew veines on the outside4 #e ,white with purple edges4 ,some of these abiding constant1 #f ,white with blush edges4 others spreading #g ,white with red edges4 or running4 #h ,white with great blush edges1 and some strakes running from the edge inward4 #i ,white without1 and somewhat blush within1 with edges of a deeper blush4 #aj ,whitish1 or pale white with red or purple edges4 #aa ,whitish without1 with some purplish veins spots1 of a liuely blush within4 #ab ,white without1 spotted with small purple spots1 and white within with purple edges4 #ac ,a white ,duke1 that is1 parted with white crimson flames1 from the middle of each leafe to the edge4 #ad ,the ,princesse1 that is1 a siluer colour spotted with fine deepe blush spots4 #ae ,the ,queen1 that is1 a fine white sprinkled with bloud red spots1 and greater strakes4 ,tulipa prcox purpurea4 #a ,purpurea satura rubescens1 vel violacea4 #b ,purpurea pallida1 ,columbina dicta4 #c ,persici coloris saturi4 #d ,persici coloris ,pallidioris4 #e ,paeoni floris coloris4 #f ,rosea4 #g ,chermesiua peramna4 #h ,chermesiua parum striata4 #i ,princeps1 i4e4 purpurea saturatior vel dilutior1 oris albis magnis vel paruis1 fundo luteo1 vel albo orbe1 qu multum variatur1 colore1 oris1 ita vt purpurea elegans oris magnis albis2 dicta est1 ,princeps excellens1 #aj ,princeps ,columbina1 purpurea dilutior4 #aa ,purpurea ,chermesina1 rubicandioris coloris1 albidis vel albis oris4 #ab ,purpurea1 vel obsoleta albidis oris ,princeps ,brancion4 #ac ,purpurea diluta1 oris dilutioris purpurei coloris4 #ad ,purpurea in exterioribus1 carnei vero ad medium intus1 oris albis1 fundo luteo4 #ae ,purpurea albo plumata extra1 oris albis1 purpurascens intus1 fundo luteo1 vel orbe albo4 #af ,alia1 minus elegans plumata1 minoribusq41 oris albidis4 ,the early purple ,tulipa4 #a ,a reddish purple1 or more violet4 #b ,a pale purple1 called a ,doue colour4 #c ,a deep ,peach colour4 #d ,a paler ,peach colour4 #e ,a ,peony flower colour4 #f ,a ,rose colour4 #g ,a ,crimson very bright4 #h ,a ,crimson stript with a little white4 #i ,a ,prince or ,bracklar1 that is1 a deepe or pale purple1 with white edges1 greater or smaller1 and a yellow bottome1 or circled with white1 which varieth much1 both in the purple edges1 so that a faire deep purple1 with great white edges1 is called1 ,the best or chiefe ,prince1 and #aj ,a paler purple with white edges1 called a ,doue coloured ,prince4 #aa ,a ,crimson ,prince or ,bracklar4 #ab ,a ,brancion ,prince1 or purple ,brancion4 #ac ,a purple with more pale purple edges4 #ad ,purple without1 and blush halfe way within1 with white edges1 and a yellow bottome4 #ae ,purple feathered with white on the out side1 with white edges1 and pale purple within1 the ground being a little yellow1 or circled with white4 #af ,another very neere vnto it1 but not so fairely feathered1 being more obscure1 and the edges not so great or whitish4 ,tulipa prcox rubra4 #a ,rubra vulgaris fundo luteo1 aliquando nigro4 #b ,rubra satura oris luteis paruis1 dicta ,roan4 #c ,baro1 i4 e4 rubra magis intensa1 oris luteis paruis4 #d ,dux maior minor1 i4e4 rubra magis aut minus elegans satura1 oris luteis maximis vel minoribus1 fundo luteo magno4 ,alia alijs est magis amna1 in alijs etiam fundo nigro vel obscuro viridi4 #e ,ducissa1 i4 e4 ,duci similis1 at plus lutei qum rubri1 oris magnis luteis1 rubore magis aut minus intus in gyrum acto1 fundo item luteo magno4 #f ,testamentum ,brancion i4e41 rubra sanguinea satura1 aut minus rubra1 oris pallidis1 magnis vel paruis3 alia alijs magis aut minus elegans diuersimodo4 #g ,flambans1 ex rubore flauedine radiata1 vel striata fundo luteo4 #h ,mali ,aurantij coloris1 ex rubore1 flauedin integre1 non separatim mixta1 oris luteis paruis1 vel absq41 oris4 #i ,minij1 siue ,cinabaris coloris1 i4e4 ex purpurea1 rubedine1 flauedine radiata1 vnguibus luteis1 aliquando oris4 #aj ,rex ,tuliparum1 i4e4 ex sanguineo aureo radiatim mixta1 flammea diuersa1 fundo luteo1 orbe rubro4 #aa ,tunica ,morionis1 i4e4 ex rubore aureo separatim diuersa4 ,the early red ,tulipa4 #a ,an ordinary red1 with a yellow1 sometimes a blacke bottome4 #b ,a deep red1 with a small edge of yellow1 called a ,roane4 #c ,a ,baron1 that is1 a faire red with a small yellow edge4 #d ,a ,duke1 a greater and a lesser1 that is1 a more or less faire deep red1 with greater or lesser yellow edges1 and a great yellow bottome4 ,some of this sort are much more or lesse faire then others1 some also haue a blacke or darke greene bottome4 #e ,a ,dutchesse1 that is like vnto the ,duke1 but more yellow then red1 with greater yellow edges1 and the red more or lesse circling the middle of the flower on the inside1 with a large yellow bottome4 #f ,a ,testament ,brancion1 or a ,brancion ,duke1 that is1 a faire deepe red1 or lesse red1 with a pale yellow or butter coloured edge1 some larger others smaller3 and some more pleasing then others1 in a very variable manner4 #g ,a ,flambant1 differing from the ,dutchesse2 for this hath no such great yellow edge1 but streaks of yellow through the leafe vnto the very edge4 #h ,an ,orenge colour1 that is1 a reddish yellow1 or a red and yellow equally mixed1 with small yellow edges1 and sometimes without4 #i ,a ,vermillion1 that is1 a purplish red1 streamed with yellow1 the bottome yellow1 and sometimes the edges4 #aj ,the ,kings flower1 that is1 a crimson or bloud red1 streamed with a gold yellow1 differing from the ,flambant1 the bottome yellow1 circled with red4 #aa ,a ,fooles coate1 parted with red and yellow guardes4 ,tulipa prcox lutea4 #a ,lutea siue flaua4 #b ,pallida lutea siue straminea4 #c ,aurea1 oris rubicundis4 #d ,straminea1 oris rubris4 #e ,aurea1 rubore perfusa extra4 #f ,aurea1 vel magis pallida1 rubore in gyrum acta simillima ,duciss1 nisi minus rubedinis habet4 #g ,aurea1 extremitatibus rubris1 dici potest1 ,morionis ,pilus prcox4 ,the early yellow ,tulipa4 #a ,a faire gold yellow without mixture4 #b ,a strawe colour4 #c ,a faire yellow with reddish edges4 #d ,a strawe colour1 with red edges4 #e ,a faire yellow1 reddish on the out side onely4 #f ,a gold or paler yellow1 circled on the inside a little with red1 very like the ,dutchesse1 but that it hath lesse red therein4 #g ,a gold yellow with red toppes1 and may be called1 ,the early ,fooles ,cap4 ,tulipa de ,caffa4 ,the ,tulipa of ,caffa4 ,there is another sort or kinde of early ,tulipa1 differing from the former1 whose pale greene leaues being as broad and large as they1 and sometimes crumpled or waued at the edges1 in some haue the edges onely of the said leaues for a good breadth1 of a whitish or whitish yellow colour1 and in others1 the leaues are lifted or parted with whitish yellow and greene3 the stalke riseth not vp so high as the former1 and beareth a flower at the toppe like vnto the former1 in some of a reddish yellow colour1 with a russet coloured ground or bottome1 and in others1 of other seuerall colours3 the seede and roote is so like vnto others of this kinde1 that they cannot be distinguished4 ,there is 7as ,i doe heare7 of this kinde1 both ,prcoces and ,serotin early flowring1 and late flowring1 whereof although wee haue not so exact knowledge1 as of the rest1 yet ,i thought good to speake so much1 as ,i could hitherto vnderstand of them1 and giue others leaue 7if ,i doe not7 hereafter to amplifie it4 ,tulipa ,boloniensis1 siue ,bombycina flore rubro major4 ,the greater red ,bolonia ,tulipa4 ,there are likewise other kindes of early ,tulipas to bee spoken of1 and first of the red ,bolonia ,tulipa2 the roote whereof is plainly discerned1 to be differing from all others3 for that it is longer1 and not hauing so plaine an eminence at the bottome thereof1 as the former and later ,tulipas1 but more especially because the toppe is plentifully stored with a yellowish silke-like woollinesse3 the outside likewise or skinne is of a brighter or paler red1 not so easie to be pilled away1 and runneth vnder ground both downeright and sidewise 7especially in the countrey ground and ayre1 where it will encrease aboundantly1 but not either in our ,london ayre1 or forc't grounds7 somewhat like vnto the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa next following4 ,it shooteth out of the ground with broad and long leaues1 like the former2 but neither so broad1 nor of so white or mealy a greene colour as the former1 but more darke then the late flowring ,tulipa1 so that this may bee easily discerned by his leafe from any other ,tulipa aboue the ground1 by one that is skilfull4 ,it beareth likewise three or foure leaues vpon the stalke1 like the former1 and a flower also at the toppe of the same fashion1 but that the leaues hereof are alwayes long1 and somewhat narrow1 hauing a large blacke bottome1 made like vnto a cheuerne1 the point whereof riseth vp vnto the middle of the leafe1 higher then any other ,tulipa2 the flower is of a pale red colour1 nothing so liuely as in the early or late red ,tulipas1 yet sweeter for the most part then any of them1 and neerest vnto the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa1 which is much about the same sent4 ,tulipa pumilio rubra1 siue ,bergomensis rubra media minor4 ,the dwarfe red ,bergomo ,tulipa1 a bigger and a lesser4 ,there are two other sorts hereof1 and because they were found about ,bergomo1 do carry that name1 the one bigger or lesser then another1 yet neither so great as the former1 hauing very little other difference to bee obserued in them1 then that they are smaller in all parts of them4 ,tulipa ,boloniensis flore luteo4 ,the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa4 ,the roote of this ,tulipa may likewise bee knowne from the former red 7or any other ,tulipa7 in that it seldome commeth to bee so bigge1 and is not so woolly at the toppe1 and the skinne or outside is somewhat paler1 harder1 and sharper pointed3 but the bottome is like the former red1 and not so eminent as the early or late ,tulipas4 ,this beareth much longer and narrower leaues then any 7except the ,persian dwarfe yellow ,tulipas7 and of a whitish greene colour3 it beareth sometimes but one flower on a stalke1 and sometimes two or three wholly yellow1 but smaller1 more open then the other kinds1 and 7as ,i said7 smelleth sweete1 the head for seede is smaller then in others1 and hath not that crowne at the head thereof yet the seed is like1 but smaller4 ,tulipa ,narbonensis1 siue ,monspeliensis vel pumilio4 ,the ,french or dwarfe yellow ,tulipa4 ,this ,tulipa is very like vnto the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 as also in the colour thereof1 being yellow3 the onely difference is1 that it is in all things lesser and lower1 and is not so apt to beare1 nor so plentifull to encrease by the roote4 ,tulipa ,italica maior minor4 ,the ,italian ,tulipa the greater and the lesser4 ,both these kindes of ,tulipas doe so neere resemble the last kinde1 that ,i might almost say they were the same1 but that some difference which ,i saw in them1 maketh mee set them apart2 and consisteth in these things1 the stalkes of neither of both these rise so high1 as of the first yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa3 the leaues of both sorts are writhed in and out at the edges1 or made like a waue of the sea1 lying neerer the ground1 and the flower being yellow within1 is brownish or reddish on the backe1 in the middle of the three outer leaues the edges appearing yellow4 ,both these kindes doe differ one from the other in nothing1 but in that one is bigger1 and the other smaller then the other which ,i saw with ,iohn ,tradescante1 my very good friend often remembred4 ,tulipa ,lusitanica1 siue pumilio versicolor4 ,the dwarfe stript ,tulipa4 ,this dwarfe ,tulipa is also of the same kindred with the three last described2 for there is no other difference in this from them1 then that the flower hath some red veins running in the leaues thereof4 ,there are two other sorts of dwarfe ,tulipas with white flowers1 whereof ,lobel hath made mention in the ,appendix to his ,aduersaria2 the one whereof is the same that ,clusius setteth forth1 vnder the title of ,pumilio altera3 but because ,i haue not seen either of them both1 ,i speake no further of them4 ,tulipa pumilio alba4 ,the white dwarfe ,tulipa4 ,but that white flower that ,iohn ,tradescante shewed me1 and as hee saith1 was deliuered him for a white ,pumilio1 had a stalke longer then they set out theirs to haue1 and the flower also larger1 but yet had narrower leaues then other sorts of white ,tulipas haue4 ,tulipa ,bicolor4 ,the small party coloured ,tulipa4 ,vnto these kindes1 ,i may well adde this kinde of ,tulipa also1 which was sent out of ,italy1 whose leaues are small1 long1 and narrow1 and of a darke greene colour1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of an ,hyacinth3 the flower is small also1 consisting of sixe leaues1 as all other ,tulipas doe1 three whereof are wholly of a red colour1 and the other three wholly of a yellow4 ,illustration3 #a ,tulipa ,bombycina flore rubro4 ,the red ,bolonia ,tulipa4 #b ,tulipa ,boloniensis flore luteo4 ,the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa4 #c ,tulipa pumilio rubra siue lutea4 ,the red or yellow dwarfe ,tulipa4 #d ,folium ,tulipa de ,cassa per totum striuatum4 ,the leafe of the ,tulipa of ,cassa striped throughout the whole leafe4 #e ,folium ,tulipa ,cassa per oras striatum4 ,the leafe of the ,tulipa of ,cassa striped at the edges onely4 #f ,tulipa ,persica4 ,the ,persian ,tulipa4 #g ,tulipa ,cretica4 ,the ,tulipa of ,candie4 #h ,tulipa ,armeniaca4 ,the ,tulipa of ,amenia4 ,tulipa ,persica4 ,the ,persian ,tulipa4 ,this rare ,tulipa1 wherewith we haue beene but lately acquainted1 doth most fitly deserue to be described in this place1 because it doth so neerely participate with the ,bolonia and ,italian ,tulipas1 in roote1 leafe1 and flower3 the roote hereof is small1 couered with a thicke hard blackish shell or skinne1 with a yellowish woollinesse both at the toppe1 and vnder the shell4 ,it riseth out of the ground at the first1 with one very long and small round leafe1 which when it is three or foure inches high1 doth open it selfe1 and shew forth another small leafe 7as long almost as the former7 breaking out of the one side thereat1 and after it a third1 and sometimes a fourth1 and a fift2 but each shorter then other1 which afterwards be of the breadth of the dwarfe yellow ,tulipa1 or somewhat broader but much longer then any other1 and abiding more hollow1 and of the colour of the early ,tulipas on the inside3 the stalke riseth vp a foot and a halfe high sometimes1 bearing one flower thereon1 composed of sixe long and pointed leaues of the forme of other small ,tulipas1 and not shewing much bigger then the yellow ,italian ,tulipa1 and1 is wholly white1 both inside and outside of all the leaues1 except the three outtermost1 which haue on the backe of them1 from the middle toward the edges1 a shew of a brownish blush or pale red colour1 yet deeper in the midst1 and the edges remaining wholly white3 the bottomes of all these leaues are of a darke or dun tawnie colour1 and the chiues and tippes of a darkish purple or tawnie also4 ,this doth beare seed but seldome in our country1 that euer ,i could vnderstand1 but when it doth1 it is small like vnto the ,bolonia or dwarfe yellow ,tulipas1 being not so plentifull also in parting1 or setting of by the roote as they1 and neuer groweth nor abideth so great as it is brought vnto vs1 and seldome likewise flowreth after the first yeare3 for the rootes for the most part with euery one grow lesse and lesse1 decaying euery yeare1 and so perish for the most part by reason of the frosts and cold1 and yet they haue been set deepe to defend them1 although of their owne nature they will runne downe deep into the ground4 ,tulipa ,byzantina duobus floribus ,clusij4 ,the small ,tulipa of ,constantinople4 ,the small ,tulipa of ,constantinople1 beareth for the most part but two leaues on the stalke1 which are faire and broad1 almost like vnto the ,candy ,tulipa1 next hereunto to be described3 the stalke it selfe riseth not aboue a foote high1 bearing sometimes but one flower1 but most commonly two thereon1 one below another1 and are no bigger then the flowers of the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa1 but differing in colour2 for this is on the outside of a purplish colour1 mixed with white and greene1 and on the inside of a faire blush colour1 the bottome and chiues being yellow1 and the tippes or pendents blackish3 the roote is very like the yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa4 ,tulipa ,cretica4 ,the ,tulipa of ,candie4 ,this ,tulipa is of later knowledge with vs then the ,persian1 but doth more hardly thriue1 in regard of our cold climate2 the description whereof1 for so much as wee haue knowledge1 by the sight of the roote and leafe1 and relation from others of the flower1 7for ,i haue not yet heard that it hath very often flowred in our ,country7 is as followeth4 ,it beareth faire broad leaues1 resembling the leaues of a ,lilly1 of a greenish colour1 and not very whitish3 the stalke beareth thereon one flower1 larger and more open then many other1 which is either wholly white1 or of a deepe red colour1 or else is variably mixed1 white with a fine reddish purple1 the bottomes being yellow1 with purplish chiues tipt with blackish pendents3 the roote is small1 and somewhat like the dwarfe yellow ,tulipa1 but somewhat bigger4 ,tulipa ,armeniaca4 ,the ,tulipa of ,armenia4 ,this small ,tulipa is much differing from all the former 7except the small or dwarfe white ,tulipas remembred by ,lobel and ,clusius1 as is before set downe7 in that it beareth three or foure small1 long1 and somewhat narrow greene leaues1 altogether at one ioynt or place2 the stalke being not high1 and naked or without leaues from them to the toppe1 where it beareth one small flower like vnto an ordinary red ,tulipa1 but somewhat more yellow1 tending to an ,orenge colour with a blacke bottome3 the roote is not much bigger then the ordinary yellow ,bolonia ,tulipa1 before set downe4 ,and these are the sorts of this first ,classis of early ,tulipas4 ,tulipa ,media4 ,the meaner or middle flowring ,tulipa4 ,for any other1 or further description of this kinde of ,tulipa1 it shall not neede1 hauing giuen it sufficiently in the former early ,tulipa1 the maine difference consisting first in the time of flowring1 which is about a moneth after the early ,tulipas1 yet some more some lesse2 for euen in the ,prcoces1 or early ones1 some flower a little earlier1 and later then others1 and then in the colours of the flowers2 for wee haue obserued many colours1 and mixtures1 or varieties of colours in the ,medias1 which we could neuer see in the ,prcoces1 and so also some in the ,prcoces1 which are not in the ,medias3 yet there is farre greater varieties of mixture of colours in these ,medias1 then hath been obserued in all the ,prcoces1 7although ,clusius saith otherwise7 eyther by my selfe1 or by any other that ,i haue conuersed with about this matter1 and all this hath happened by the sowing of the seede1 as ,i said before4 ,i will therefore in this place not trouble you with any further circumstance1 then to distinguish them1 as ,i haue done in the former early ,tulipas1 into their foure primary colours1 and vnder them1 giue you their seuerall varieties and names1 for so much as hath come to my knowledge1 not doubting1 but that many that haue trauelled in the sowing of the seed of ,tulipas many yeares1 may obserue each of them to haue some variety that others haue not3 and therefore ,i thinke no one man can come to the knowledge of all particular distinctions4 ,tulipa media alba4 #a ,niuea1 fundo albo vel luteo4 #b ,argentea1 quasi alba cineracea fundo lutescente1 purpureis staminibus4 #c ,margaritina alba1 carneo dilutissima4 #d ,alba1 fundo cruleo vel nigro4 #e ,albida4 #f ,alba1 oris rubris4 ,hc tria genera in in aliquibus #g ,alba1 purpureis oris4 constantertenent tenent oras1 in #h ,alba1 oris coccineis4 alijs dispergunt4 #i ,albida primum1 deinde albidior1 oris purpureis1 venis intr respicientibus1 dicta nobis ,hackquenay4 #aj ,alba1 sanguineo colore variata1 fundo vel albissimo1 vel alio4 #aa ,alba1 radiatim disposita flammis1 maculis coccineis4 #ab ,alba1 purpurea rubedine plumata1 diuersarum specierum1 qu cum superiore1 vel albo1 vel luteo1 vel paruo cruleo constant fundo1 qu constanter tenent punctatos colores1 non dispergunt1 sed post trium aut quatuor dierum spatium pulchriores apparent4 #ac ,panni argentei coloris1 i4e4 alba1 plumata1 punctata1 striata1 vel diuersimod variata1 rubedine dilutiore1 vel saturatiore purpurea1 interius vel exterius1 vel vtrinq41 diuersarum specierum4 #ad ,tunica morionis alba varia1 i4e4 ex albo purpureo striata diuersimod1 fundo albo vel alio4 #ae ,holias alba vel albida1 absq41 fundo1 vel fundo purpureo cruleo1 vel cruleo albo circundato1 diuers signata1 vel variata intus ad medietatem foliorum1 sursum in orbem vt plurimum1 vel ad oras pertingens amplas albas4 ,h species tantoper multiplicantur1 vt vix sint explicabiles4 ,tanta est huius varietas1 vel multitudine1 vel striarum paucitate distinctione1 vel fundis variantibus1 vt ad tdium esset perscribere4 ,the white meane flowring ,tulipa4 #a ,a snow white1 with a white or yellow bottome4 #b ,a siluer colour1 that is1 a very pale or whitish ashe colour1 with a yellowish bottome and purple chiues4 #c ,a ,pearle colour1 that is1 white1 with a wash or shew of blush4 #d ,a white1 with a blew or blacke bottome4 #e ,a ,creame colour4 #f ,a white1 with red edges4 ,these three sorts doe hold their #g ,a white1 with purple edges4 their edges constant in some1 but well #h ,a white1 with crimson edges4 spread in others4 #i ,a pale or whitish yellow1 which after a few dayes groweth more white1 with purplish red edges1 and some streakes running inward from the edge1 which we call an ,hackney4 #aj ,a white mixed with a bloud red very variably1 and with a pure white1 or other coloured bottome4 #aa ,a white1 streamed with crimson flames1 and spots through the whole flower4 #ab ,a white1 speckled with a reddish purple1 more or lesse1 of diuers sorts1 with white1 yellow1 or blew bottomes1 all which doe hold their markes constant1 and doe not spread their colours1 but shew fairer after they haue stood blown three or foure dayes4 #ac ,a cloth of siluer of diuers sorts1 that is1 a white spotted1 striped1 or otherwise marked with red or purple1 in some paler1 in some deeper1 either on the inside1 or on the outside1 or on both4 #ad ,a white ,fooles coate of diuers sorts1 that is1 purple or pale crimson1 and white1 as it were empaled together1 eyther with a white ground or other1 whereof there is great variety4 #ae ,a white ,holias1 that is1 a faire white1 or paler white1 eyther without a bottome1 or with a blewish purple bottome1 or blew and white circling the bottome1 and from the middle vpwards1 speckled and straked on the inside for the most part1 with bloud red or purplish spots and lines vnto the very edges1 which abide large and white4 ,of this kinde there are found very great varieties1 not to be expressed4 ,of this sort there is so much variety1 some being larger or fairer marked then others1 their bottomes also varying1 that it is almost impossible to express them4 ,tulipa media purpurea4 #a ,purpurea satura4 #b ,purpurea dilutior1 diuersarum specierum1 quarum ,rosea vna1 ,carnea sit altera4 #c ,persicicoloris1 duarum aut trium specierum4 #d ,chermesina1 obscura aut pallida4 #e ,stamela1 intensior aut remissior4 #f ,xerampelina4 #g ,purpurea1 striata4 #h ,persici saturi1 vel diluti coloris1 vndulata1 vel radiata4 #i ,columbina1 oris radijs albis4 #aj ,purpurea rubra1 oris1 albis1 similis ,prcoci1 dicta ,princeps4 #aa ,chermesina1 vel ,heluola1 lineis albis in medio1 versus oras1 fundo cruleo1 vel albo1 itemq41 albo orbe4 #ab ,purpurea remissior1 aut intensior1 oris albis1 paruis aut magnis1 vt in ,principe prcoci1 fundo vel cruleo1 orbe albo1 vel albo orbe cruleo amplo4 #ac ,holias ,heluola1 sanguineis guttis intus medio sursum in orbem1 fundo cruleo4 #ad ,tunica ,morionis purpurea rubra satura1 albido striata1 quam in alba saturatior1 fundo ex cruleo albo4 #ae ,purpurea rubra satura vel diluta1 albo vel albedine1 punctata vel striata diuersimod1 dicta ,cariophyllata4 ,the meane flowring purple ,tulipa4 #a ,a faire deep purple4 #b ,a paler purple1 of many sorts1 whereof a ,rose colour is one1 a ,blush another4 #c ,a ,peach colour of two or three sorts4 #d ,a ,crimson1 deepe1 or pale4 #e ,a ,stamell1 darke or light4 #f ,a ,murrey4 #g ,a purple1 stript and spotted4 #h ,a ,peach colour1 higher or paler1 waued or stript4 #i ,a ,doue colour1 edged and straked with white4 #aj ,a faire red purple1 with white edges1 like vnto the early ,tulipa1 called a ,prince4 #aa ,a faire crimson1 or ,claret wine colour1 with white lines both in the middle1 and towards the edges1 most haue a blew bottome1 yet some are white1 or circled with white4 #ab ,a light or deepe purple1 with white edges1 greater or smaller1 like the early ,prince1 the bottomes eyther blew circled with white1 or white circled with a large blew4 #ac ,a purple ,holias1 the colour of a pale ,claret wine1 marked and spotted with bloud red spots1 round about the middle of each leafe vpward on the inside onely1 the bottome being blew4 #ad ,a ,crimson ,fooles ,coate1 a darke crimson1 and pale white empaled together1 differing from the white ,fooles ,coate1 the bottome blew and white4 #ae ,a deeper or paler reddish purple1 spotted or striped with a paler or purer white1 of diuers sorts1 called the ,gilloflower ,tulipa4 ,illustration3 #a ,tulipa rubra lutea varia4 ,the ,fooles ,coate red and yellow4 #b ,tulipa ,holeas alba absq4 fundo4 ,the white ,holeas without a bottome4 #c ,tulipa argentea1 vel punctata1 c4 ,the cloth of siluer1 or other spotted ,tulipa4 #d ,tulipa alba flammis coccineis4 ,the white ,fooles ,coate4 #e ,tulipa ,holeas alba1 c4 fundo purpureo1 c4 ,a white ,holeas1 c4 with a purple bottome1 c4 #f ,tulipa rubra lutea flammea1 c4 ,a red and yellow flamed ,tulipa1 c4 #g ,tulipa alba striata punctata4 ,a white striped and spotted ,tulipa4 #h ,tulipa altera variata1 c4 ,another variable ,tulipa4 ,tulipa media rubra4 #a ,rubra communis1 fundo luteo1 vel nigro4 #b ,mali ,aurantij coloris4 #c ,cinabaris coloris4 #d ,lateritij coloris4 #e ,rubra1 luteo aspersa4 #f ,rubra1 oris luteis4 #g ,testamentum ,brancion rubra satura1 oris pallidis1 diuersarum specierum1 rubore variantium1 orarum amplitudine4 #h ,cinabaris radiata1 magis aut minus serotina4 #i ,rubra purpurascens obsoleta exterioribus folijs1 perfusa luteo intus1 oris pallidis luteis4 #aj ,rubra purpurascens elegans extra intus lutescens1 oris pallidis luteis1 fundo luteo vel viridi4 #aa ,rubra flambans coccinea1 crebris maculis luteis absq4 fundo4 #ab ,flambans elegantior rubra1 i4e4 radijs luteis intercursantibus ruborem4 #ac ,flambans remissior vtroq4 colore4 #ad ,panni aurei coloris4 #ae ,tunica ,morionis verior1 seu ,palto du ,sot4 optima1 tnijs amplis amnis crebris1 exrubro flauo separatim diuisis excurrentibus1 flos constans4 #af ,tunica ,morionis altera1 tnijs minoribus minus frequentibus1 magis aut minus alia alijs inconstans4 #ag ,tunica ,morionis pallida1 i4 e4 tnijs vel strijs frequentioribus in vtroq4 colore pallidis1 flos est constans elegans4 #ah ,pileus ,morionis1 radijs luteis1 in medio foliorum latis1 per ruborem excurrentibus1 fundo luteo1 apicibus luteis1 tribus exterioribus folijs luteis oris rubris1 vel absq4 oris4 #ai ,le ,suisse1 tnijs radiata magnis ex rubore pallore4 #bj ,altera dicta ,goliah floris magnitudine1 tnijs radiata simillima le ,suisse1 nisi rubor albedo sint elegantiores4 #ba ,holias rubra1 i4e4 sanguinea argenteis radijs1 guttis in orbem dispositis1 prsertim interis1 fundo viridi saturo4 #bb ,holias coccinea1 rubra coccinea1 albo radiata in orbem1 circa medium foliorum interis1 fundo albo4 #bc ,alia huic similis1 fundo albo cruleo4 ,the meane flowring red ,tulipa4 #a ,a faire red which is ordinary1 with a yellow or blacke bottome4 #b ,a deepe ,orenge colour4 #c ,a ,vermillion4 #d ,a pale red1 or ,bricke colour4 #e ,a ,gingeline colour4 #f ,a red with small yellow edges4 #g ,a ,testament ,brancion of diuers sorts1 differing both in the deepnesse of the red1 and largenesse of the pale coloured edges4 #h ,a ,vermillion flamed1 flowring later or earlier4 #i ,a dead purplish red without1 and of a yellowish red within1 with pale yellow edges4 #aj ,a bright ,crimson red on the outside1 more yellowish on the inside1 with pale yellow edges1 and a bottome yellow or greene4 #aa ,a red ,flambant1 spotted thicke with yellow spots without any bottome4 #ab ,a more excellent red ,flambant1 with flames of yellow running through the red4 #ac ,a pale coloured ,flambant4 #ad ,a cloth of gold colour4 #ae ,a true ,fooles ,coate1 the best is a faire red a faire yellow1 parted into guards euery one apart1 varied through euery leafe to the very edge1 yet in most abiding constant4 #af ,another ,fooles ,coate1 not so fairely marked1 nor so much1 some of these are more or lesse constant in their marks1 some more variable then others4 #ag ,a pale ,fooles ,coate1 that is1 with pale red1 and pale yellow guardes or stripes very faire and constant4 #ah ,a ,fooles ,cappe1 that is1 with lists or stripes of yellow running through the middle of euery leafe of the red1 broader at the bottome then aboue1 the bottome being yellow1 the three outer leaues being yellow with red edges1 or without4 #ai ,a ,swisse1 pained with a faire red and pale white or strawe colour4 #bj ,a ,goliah1 so called of the bignesse of the flower1 most like to the ,swisse in the marks and guardes1 but that the red and white is more liuely4 #ba ,a red ,holias4 ,a bloud red stript with siluer white veines and spots1 with a darke green bottome4 #bb ,a ,crimson red ,holias1 that is1 a faire purplish red1 spotted with white circlewise about the middle of the inner leaues1 and a white bottome4 #bc ,another like thereunto1 with a blew and white bottome4 ,illustration3 #a ,tulipa tricolor4 ,a ,tulipa of three colours4 #b ,tulipa ,macedonica1 siue de ,caffa varia4 ,the ,tulipa of ,caffa purple1 with pale white stripes4 #c ,tulipa ,heluola chermesina versicolor4 ,a pure ,claret wine colour variable4 #d ,tulipa ,caryophyllata ,wilmeri4 ,mr4 ,wilmers ,gilloflower ,tulipa4 #e ,tulipa ,chermesina flammis albis4 ,a ,crimson with white flames4 #f ,tulipa ,goliah4 ,a kind of ,zwisser called ,goliah4 #g ,tulipa le ,zwisse4 ,a ,tulipa called the ,zwisser4 #h ,tulipa alba flammis coccineis4 ,another white ,flambant or ,fooles ,coate4 #i ,tulipa ,cinnabarina albo flammata4 ,the ,vermillion flamed4 #aj ,tulipa plumata rubra lutea4 ,the feathered ,tulipa red and yellow4 ,tulipa media lutea4 #a ,lutea1 siue ,aurea vulgaris4 #b ,straminea4 #c ,sulphurea4 #d ,mali ,aurantij pallidi coloris4 #e ,lutea dilut purpurea striata1 aurei panni pallidi instar4 #f ,pallid lutea fuscedine adumbrata4 #g ,flaua1 oris rubris magnis1 aut paruis4 #h ,straminea oris rubris magnis intensis1 vel paruis remissis4 #i ,obscura fuliginosa lutea1 instar ,folij decidui1 ideoq4 ,folium mortuum appellatur4 #aj ,flaua1 rubore perfusa1 etiamque striata per totum1 dorso coccineo1 oris pallidis4 #aa ,pallid lutea1 perfusa magis aut minus rubore striata1 fundo vel luteo1 vel viridi4 #ab ,testamentum ,clusij1 i4e4 lutea pallida fuligine obfusca1 exteris interis ad oras vsq4 pallidas1 per totum vero floris medium1 maculis interis aspersa instar omnium aliarum ,holias1 dorso obscuriore1 fundo viridi4 #ac ,flambans lutea1 diuersimod intus magis aut minus striata1 vel in alijs extra maculata rubore1 fundo vt plurimum nigro1 vel in alijs luteo4 #ad ,flambans pallidior elegantior4 #ae ,holias lutea intensior vel remissior diuersimod1 in orbem radiata interius1 rubris maculis ad supremas vsq4 oras1 aliquoties crebr1 alis parc1 fundo viridi1 vel tanetto obscuro4 #af ,holias straminea rubore striata punctata1 instar alba ,holias4 #ag ,tunica ,morionis lutea1 alijs dicta ,flammea1 in qua color flavus magis conspicuus rubore1 diuersimod radiata4 ,huc reddenda esset viridarum ,tuliparum classis1 qu diuersarum etiam constat specierum4 ,vna viridis intensior cuius flos semper fer semiclausus manet staminibus simbriatis4 ,altera remissior1 instar ,psittacipennarum viridium1 luteo variata oris albis4 ,tertia adhuc dilutiori viriditate oris purpureis4 ,quarta1 cujus folia qualiter purpura diluta1 viriditate diuisa sunt4 ,quinta1 folijs longissimis stellmodo expansis1 ex rubore viriditate coacta4 ,the meane flowring yellow ,tulipa4 #a ,a faire gold yellow4 #b ,a ,strawe colour4 #c ,a ,brimstone colour pale yellowish greene4 #d ,a pale ,orenge colour4 #e ,a pale cloth of gold colour4 #f ,a ,custard colour a pale yellow shadowed ouer with a browne4 #g ,a gold yellow with red edges1 greater or smaller4 #h ,a ,strawe colour with red edges1 deeper or paler1 greater or smaller4 #i ,a sullen or smoakie yellow1 like a dead leafe that is fallen1 and therefore called1 ,fucille mort4 #aj ,a yellow shadowed with red1 and striped also through all the leaues1 the backside of them being of a red crimson1 and the edges pale4 #aa ,a pale yellow1 shadowed and striped with red1 in some more in some lesse1 the bottomes being either yellow or green4 #ab ,a ,testamentum ,clusij1 that is1 a shadowed pale yellow1 both within without1 spotted round about the middle on the inside1 as all other ,holias are1 the backe of the leaues being more obscure or shadowed with pale yellow edges1 and a greene bottome4 #ac ,a yellow ,flambant of diuers sorts1 that is1 the whole flower more or lesse streamed or spotted on the inside1 and in some on the outside with red1 the bottome in most being blacke1 yet in some yellow4 #ad ,a paler yellow ,flambant more beautifull4 #ae ,a yellow ,holias1 paler or deeper yellow very variable1 spotted on the inside round about the middle1 with red sometimes plentifully1 or else sparingly with a green or dark tawny bottome4 #af ,a strawe coloured ,holias1 spotted and streamed with red1 as is to bee seene in the white ,holias4 #ag ,a yellow ,fooles coate1 of some called a flame colour1 wherein the yellow is more then the red1 diuersly streamed4 ,vnto these may be added the greene ,tulipa which is also of diuers sorts4 ,one hauing a great flower of a deepe green colour1 seldome opening it selfe1 but abiding alwaies as it were halfe shut vp and closed1 the chiues being as it were feathered4 ,another of a paler or yellowish green1 paned with yellow1 and is called1 ,the ,parret1 c4 with white edges4 ,a third of a more yellowish green1 with red or purplish edges4 ,a fourth1 hath the leaues of the flower equally almost parted1 with greene and a light purple colour1 which abiding a long time in flower1 groweth in time to be fairer marked3 for at the first it doth not shew it selfe so plainely diuided4 ,some call this a greene ,swisser4 ,a fifth hath the longest leaues standing like a starre1 consisting of greene and purple4 ,tulipa ,serotina4 ,the late flowring ,tulipa4 ,the late flowring ,tulipa hath had his description expressed in the precedent discourse1 so that ,i shall not neede to make a repetition of what hath already beene set downe4 ,the greatest matter of knowledge in this kinde is this1 ,that it hath no such plentifull variety of colours or mixtures in his flowers1 as are in the two former sorts1 but is confined within these limits here expressed1 as farre as hath come to our knowledge4 ,tulipa ,serotina4 ,rosea intensior1 aut remissior4 ,rubra vulgaris1 aut saturatior1 quasi nigricans1 fundo luteo vel nigro orbe1 aureo incluso1 dicta ,oculus ,solis4 ,lutea communis4 ,lutea oris rubris4 ,lutea guttis sanguineis1 fundo nigro vel vario4 ,the late flowring ,tulipa4 ,a ,rose ,colour deeper or paler4 ,an ordinary red1 or else a deeper red like blacke bloud1 with a blacke or yellow bottome1 or blacke circled with yellow1 called the ,suns eye4 ,an ordinary yellow4 ,a yellow with red edges4 ,a yellow with red spots and veines1 the bottome black or discoloured4 ,there yet remaine many obseruations1 concerning these beautifull flowers1 fit to be knowne1 which could not1 without too much prolixity1 be comprehended within the body of the description of them2 but are reserued to bee intreated of a part by themselues4 ,all sorts of ,tulipas beare vsually but one stalke1 and that without any branches3 but sometimes nature is so plentifull in bearing1 that it hath two or three stalkes1 and sometimes two1 or more branches out of one stalke 7euery stalke or branch bearing one flower at the toppe7 but this is but seldome seene2 and when it doth happen once1 it is hardly seene againe in the same roote1 but is a great signe1 that the roote that doth thus1 being an old roote1 will the same yeare part into diuers rootes1 whereof euery one1 being of a reasonable greatnesse1 will beare both his stalke and flower the next yeare1 agreeing with the mother plant in colour1 as all the of-sets of ,tulipas doe for the most part3 for although the young of-sets of some doe vary from the maine roote1 euen while it groweth with them1 yet being separated1 it will bee of the same colour with the mother plant4 ,there groweth oftentimes in the ,medias1 and sometimes also in the ,prcoces1 but more seldome1 a small bulbe or roote1 hard aboue the ground1 at the bottome of the stalke1 and betweene it and the lower leafe1 which when the stalke is dry1 and it ripe1 being put into the ground1 will bring forth in time a flower like vnto the mother plant1 from whence it was taken4 ,the flowers also of ,tulipas consist most commonly of sixe leaues1 but sometimes they are seene to haue eight or tenne1 or more leaues2 but vsually1 those rootes beare but their ordinary number of sixe leaues the next yeare3 the head for seede then1 is for the most part foure square1 which at all other times is but three square1 or when the flower wanteth a leafe or two1 as sometimes also it doth1 it then is flat1 hauing but two sides4 ,the forme of the flower is also very variable2 for the leaues of some ,tulipas are all sharpe pointed1 or all blunt and round pointed1 and many haue the three outer leaues sharpe pointed1 and the three inner round or pointed1 and some contrariwise1 the three outermost round pointed1 and the three inner sharpe pointed4 ,againe1 some haue all the leaues of the flowers long and narrow1 and some haue them broader and shorter4 ,some ,prcoces also haue their flowers very large and great1 equall vnto eyther the ,media1 or ,serotina1 which most commonly are the largest1 and others haue them as small as the ,bolonia ,tulipa4 ,the bottomes of the leaues of the flowers are also variably diuersified1 and so are both the chiues or threeds that stand vp about the head1 and the tips or pendents that are hanging loose on the toppes of them2 and by the difference of the bottomes or chiues1 many flowers are distinguished1 which else are very like in colour1 and alike also marked4 ,for the smell also there is some diuersity2 for that the flowers of some are very sweete1 of others nothing at all1 and some betweene both1 of a small sent1 but not offensiue3 and yet some ,i haue obserued haue had a strong ill sent2 but how to shew you to distinguish them1 more then by your owne sense1 ,i cannot3 for the seedes of sweete smelling ,tulipas doe not follow their mother plant1 no more then they doe in the colour4 ,and lastly1 take this1 which is not the least obseruation1 worth the noting1 that ,i haue obserued in many3 ,when they haue beene of one entire colour for diuers yeares1 yet in some yeare they haue altered very much1 as if it had not beene the same1 viz4 from a purple or stamell1 it hath beene variably either parted1 or mixed1 or striped with white1 eyther in part1 or through the whole flower1 and so in a red or yellow flower1 that it hath had eyther red or yellow edges1 or yellow or red spots1 lines1 veines1 or flames1 running through the red or yellow colour1 and sometimes it hath happened1 that three leaues haue been equally parted in the middle with red yellow1 the other three abiding of one colour1 and in some the red had some yellow in it1 and the yellow some red spots in it also2 whereof ,i haue obserued1 that all such flowers1 not hauing their originall in that manner1 7for some that haue such or the like markes from the beginning1 that is1 from the first and second yeares flowring1 are constant1 and doe not change7 but as ,i said1 were of one colour at the first1 doe shew the weaknesse and decay of the roote1 and that this extraordinary beauty in the flower1 is but as the brightnesse of a light1 vpon the very extinguishing thereof1 and doth plainly declare1 that it can doe his ,master no more seruice1 and therefore with this iollity doth bid him good night4 ,i know there is a common opinion among many 7and very confidently maintained7 that a ,tulipa with a white flower1 hath changed to beare a red or yellow1 and so of the red or yellow1 and other colours1 that they are likewise inconstant1 as though no flowers were certaine3 but ,i could neuer either see or heare for certaine any such alteration1 nor any other variation1 but what is formerly expressed4 ,let not therefore any iudicious be carried away with any such idle conceit1 but rather suspect some deceit in their ,gardeners or others1 by taking vp one1 and putting in another in the place1 or else their owne mistaking4 ,now for the sowing1 planting1 transplanting1 choise1 and ordering of ,tulipas1 which is not the least of regard1 concerning this subiect in hand1 but 7as ,i think7 would be willingly entertained2 ,what ,i haue by my best endeauours learned1 by mine owne paines in almost forty yeares trauell1 or from others informations1 ,i am willing here to set downe2 not doubting1 but that some may adde what hath not come to my knowledge4 ,first1 in the sowing of seedes of ,tulipas1 ,i haue not obserued 7whatsoeuer others haue written7 nor could of certainty learne of others1 that there doth arise from the seedes of ,prcoces any ,medias or ,serotine ,tulipas1 7or but very seldome7 nor am certainly assured of any3 but that the seedes of all ,prcoces 7so they be not doubtfull1 or of the last flowring sorts7 will bring ,prcoces3 ,and ,i am out of doubt1 that ,i neuer saw1 nor could learne1 that euer the seede of the ,medias or ,serotines haue giuen ,prcoces2 but ,medias or ,serotines1 according to their naturall kinde4 ,but if there should bee any degeneration1 ,i rather incline to thinke1 that it sooner commeth to passe 7 meliore ad pelus1 for facilis est descensus1 that is7 that ,prcoces may giue ,medias1 then that ,medias or ,serotines should giue ,prcoces4 ,for the choise of your seede to sowe4 ,first1 for the ,prcoces1 ,clusius saith1 that the ,prcox ,tulipa1 that beareth a white flower1 is the best to giue the greatest variety of colours4 ,some among vs haue reported1 that they haue found great variety rise from the seede of the red ,prcox1 which ,i can more hardly beleeue3 but ,clusius his experience hath the greater probability1 but especially if it haue some mixture of red or purple in it4 ,the purple ,i haue found to be the best1 next thereunto is the purple with white edges1 and so likewise the red with yellow edges1 each of them will bring most of their owne colours4 ,then the choise of the best ,medias1 is to take those colours that are light1 rather white then yellow1 and purple then red2 yea white1 not yellow1 purple1 not red3 but these againe to be spotted is the best1 and the more the better2 but withall1 or aboue all in these1 respect the ground or bottome of the flower1 7which in the ,prcox ,tulipa cannot1 because you shall seldome see any other ground in them but yellow7 for if the flower be white1 or whitish1 spotted1 or edged1 and straked1 and the bottome blew or purple 7such as is found in the ,holias1 and in the ,cloth of siluer71 this is beyond all other the most excellent1 and out of question the choisest of an hundred1 to haue the greatest and most pleasant variety and rarity4 ,and so in degree1 the meaner1 in beauty you sowe1 the lesser shall your pleasure in rarities be4 ,bestowe not your time in sowing red or yellow ,tulipa seede1 or the diuers mixtures of them2 for they will 7as ,i haue found by experience7 seldome be worth your paines4 ,the ,serotina1 or late flowring ,tulipa1 because it is seldome seene1 with any especiall beautifull variety1 you may easily your selues ghesse that it can bring forth 7euen as ,i haue also learned7 no raritie1 and little or no diuersity at all4 ,the time and manner to sowe these seedes is next to be considered4 ,you may not sowe them in the spring of the yeare1 if you hope to haue any good of them2 but in the ,autumne1 or presently after they be thorough ripe and dry3 yet if you sowe them not vntill the end of ,october1 they will come forward neuer the worse1 but rather the better2 for it is often seene1 that ouer early sowing causeth them to spring out of the ground ouer early1 so that if a sharp spring chance1 to follow1 it may go neere to spoile all1 or the most of your seede4 ,wee vsually sowe the same yeares seede1 yet if you chance to keepe of your owne1 or haue from others such seed1 as is two years old1 they will thriue and doe well enough especially if they were ripe and well gathered3 ,you must not sowe them too thicke1 for so doing hath lost many a pecke of good seede1 as ,i can tell2 for if the seede lye one vpon another1 that it hath not roome vpon the sprouting1 to enter and take roote in the earth1 it perisheth by and by4 ,some vse to tread downe the ground1 where they meane to sowe their seede1 and hauing sowne them thereon1 doe couer them ouer the thicknesse of a mans thumbe with fine sifted earth1 and they thinke they doe well1 and haue good reason for it3 for considering the nature of the young ,tulipa rootes1 is to runne downe deeper into the ground1 euery yeare more then other1 they thinke to hinder their quicke descent by the fastnesse of the ground1 that so they may encrease the better4 ,this way may please some1 but ,i doe not vse it1 nor can finde the reason sufficient2 for they doe not consider1 that the stiffenesse of the earth1 doth cause the rootes of the young ,tulipas to bee long before they grow great1 in that a stiffe ground doth more hinder the well thriuing of the rootes1 then a loose doth1 and although the rootes doe runne downe deeper in a loose earth1 yet they may easily by transplanting be holpen1 and raised vp high enough4 ,i haue also seene some ,tulipas not once remoued from their sowing to their flowring2 but if you will not lose them1 you must take them vp while their leafe or stalk is fresh1 and not withered3 for if you doe not follow the stalke downe to the roote1 be it neuer so deepe1 you will leaue them behinde you4 ,the ground also must be respected2 for the finer1 softer1 and richer the mould is1 wherein you sowe your seede1 the greater shall be your encrease and varietie3 ,sift it therefore from all stones and rubbish1 and let it be either fat naturall ground of it selfe1 or being muckt1 that it bee thoroughly rotten3 but some ,i know1 to mend their ground1 doe make such a mixture of grounds1 that they marre it in the making4 ,after the seede is thus sowne1 the first yeares springing bringeth forth leaues1 little bigger then the ordinary grasse leaues2 the second yeare bigger1 and so by degrees euery yeare bigger then other4 ,the leaues of the ,prcoces while they are young1 may be discerned from the ,medias by this note1 which ,i haue obserued4 ,the leaues of them doe wholly stand vp aboue the ground1 shewing the small footstalkes1 whereby euerie leafe doth stand1 but the leaues of the ,medias or ,serotines doe neuer wholly appeare out of the ground1 but the lower part which is broad1 abideth vnder the vpper face of the earth4 ,those ,tulipas now growing to bee three yeares old1 7yet some at the second1 if the ground and ayre be correspondent7 are to bee taken vp out of the ground1 wherein yee shall finde they haue runne deepe1 and to be anew planted1 after they haue been a little dryed and cleansed1 eyther in the same1 or another ground againe1 placing them reasonable neare one vnto another1 according to their greatnesse1 which being planted and couered ouer with earth againe1 of about an inch or two thicknesse1 may be left vntaken vp againe for two yeare longer1 if you will1 or else remoued euery yeare after1 as you please2 and thus by transplanting them in their due season 7which is still in the end of ,iuly1 or beginning of ,august1 or thereabouts7 you shall according to your seede and soyle1 haue some come to bearing1 in the fifth yeare after the flowring1 7and some haue had them in the fourth1 but that hath beene but few1 and none of the best1 or in a rich ground7 some in the sixth and seuenth1 and some peraduenture1 not vntill the eighth or tenth yeare3 but still remember1 that as your rootes grow greater1 that in re-planting you giue them the more roome to be distant one from another1 or else the one will hinder1 if not rot the other4 ,the seede of the ,prcoces doe not thriue and come forward so fast as the ,medias or ,serotines1 nor doe giue any of-sets in their running downe as the ,medias doe1 which vsually leaue a small roote at the head of the other that is runne downe euery yeare2 and besides1 are more tender1 and require more care and attendance then the ,medias1 and therefore they are the more respected4 ,this is a generall and certaine rule in all ,tulipas1 that all the while they beare but one leafe1 they will not beare flower1 whether they bee seedlings1 or the of-sets of elder rootes1 or the rootes themselues1 that haue heretofore borne flowers2 but when they shew a second leafe1 breaking out of the first1 it is a certaine signe1 that it will then beare a flower1 vnlesse some casualty hinder it1 as frost or raine1 to nip or spoile the bud1 or other vntimely accident befall it4 ,to set or plant your best and bearing ,tulipas somewhat deeper then other rootes1 ,i hold it the best way2 for if the ground bee either cold1 or lye too open to the cold ,northerne ayre1 they will be the better defended therein1 and not suffer the frosts or cold to pierce them so soone3 for the deepe frosts and snowes doe pinch the ,prcoces chiefly1 if they bee too neare the vppermost crust of the earth2 and therefore many1 with good successe1 couer ouer their ground before ,winter1 with either fresh or old rotten dung1 and that will maruellously preserue them4 ,the like course you may hold with seedlings1 to cause them to come on the forwarder1 so it bee after the first yeares sowing1 and not till then4 ,to remoue ,tulipas after they haue shot forth their fibres or small strings1 which grow vnder the great round rootes1 7that is1 from ,september vntill they bee in flower7 is very dangerous2 for by remouing them when they haue taken fast hold in the ground1 you doe both hinder them in the bearing out their flower1 and besides1 put them in hazzard to perish1 at least to bee put backe from bearing for a while after1 as oftentimes ,i haue proued by experience3 ,but when they are now risen to flower1 and so for any time after1 you may safely take them vp if you will1 and remoue them without danger1 if you haue any good regard vnto them1 vnlesse it be a young bearing roote1 which you shall in so doing much hinder1 because it is yet tender1 by reason it now beareth his first flower4 ,but all ,tulipa roots when their stalke and leaues are dry1 may most safely then be taken vp out of the ground1 and be so kept 7so that they lye in a dry1 and not in a moist place7 for sixe moneths without any great harme3 yea ,i haue knowne them that haue had them nine moneths out of the ground1 and haue done reasonable well1 but this you must vnderstand withall1 that they haue not been young but elder rootes1 and they haue been orderly taken vp and preserued4 ,the dryer you keep a ,tulipa roote the better1 so as you let it not lye in the sunne or winde1 which will pierce it and spoile it4 ,thus ,gentlewomen for your delights1 7for these pleasures are the delights of leasure1 which hath bred your loue liking to them1 and although you are herein predominant1 yet cannot they be barred from your beloued1 who ,i doubt not1 wil share with you in the delight as much as is fit7 haue ,i taken this paines1 to set downe1 and bring to your knowledge such rules of art1 as my small skill hath enabled mee withall concerning this subiect1 which of all other1 seemed fittest in this manner to be enlarged1 both for the varietie of matter1 and excellency of beautie herein1 and also that these rules set forth together in one place1 might saue many repetitions in other places1 so that for the planting and ordering of all other bulbous rootes1 and the sowing the seedes of them1 you may haue recourse vnto these rules1 7tanquam ad normam examen7 which may serue in generall for all other1 little diuersitie of particulars needing exception4 ,the ,place4 ,the greater ,tulipas haue first beene sent vs from ,constantinople1 and other parts of ,turkie1 where it is said they grow naturally wilde in the ,fields1 ,woods1 and ,mountaines2 as ,thracia1 ,macedonia1 ,pontus about the ,euxine ,sea1 ,cappadocia1 ,bithynia1 and about ,tripolis and ,aleppo in ,syria also3 the lesser haue come from other seuerall places1 as their names doe decipher it out vnto vs2 as ,armenia1 ,persia1 ,candye1 ,portugall1 ,spaine1 ,italy1 and ,france4 ,they are all now made denizens in our ,gardens1 where they yeeld vs more delight1 and more encrease for their proportion1 by reason of the culture1 then they did vnto their owne naturals4 ,the ,time4 ,these doe flower some earlier1 some later1 for three whole moneths together at the least1 therein adorning out a ,garden most gloriously1 in that being but one kinde of flower1 it is so full of variety1 as no other 7except the ,daffodils1 which yet are not comparable1 in that they yield not that alluring pleasant variety7 doe the like besides4 ,some of the ,prcoces haue beene in flower with vs1 7for ,i speake not of their owne naturall places1 where the ,winters are milder1 and the ,spring1 earlier then ours7 in the moneth of ,ianuary1 when the ,winter before hath beene milde1 but many in ,february1 and all the ,prcoces1 from the beginning to the end of ,march1 if the yeare be kindly3 at what time the ,medias doe begin1 and abide all ,aprill1 and part of ,may1 when the ,serotines flower and fade2 but this1 as ,i said1 if the yeare be kindly1 or else each kinde will be a moneth later4 ,the seede is ripe in ,iune and ,iuly1 according to their early or late flowring4 ,the ,names4 ,there haue beene diuers opinions among our moderne ,writers1 by what name this plant was knowne to the ancient ,authors4 ,some would haue it be ,cosmosandatos1 of the ,ancient4 ,dodonus referreth it to of ,theophrastus1 in his seuenth ,booke and thirteenth ,chapter3 but thereof he is so briefe1 that besides the bare name1 wee cannot finde him to make any further relation of forme1 or quality4 ,and ,bauhinus1 vpon ,matthiolus ,commentaries of ,dioscorides1 and in his ,pinax also1 followeth his opinion4 ,camerarius in his ,hortus ,medicus is of opinion1 it may be referred to the ,helychrysum of ,crateua4 ,gesner1 as ,i thinke1 first of all1 and after him ,lobel1 ,camerarius1 ,clusius and many others1 referre it to the ,satyrium of ,dioscorides3 and surely this opinion is the most probable for many reasons4 ,first1 for that this plant doth grow very frequent in many places of ,greece1 and the lesser ,asia1 which were no doubt sufficiently knowne both to ,theophrastus1 and ,dioscorides1 and was accounted among bulbous rootes1 although by sundry names4 ,and secondly1 as ,dioscorides setteth forth his ,satyrium1 so this most commonly beareth three leaues vpon a stalke 7although sometimes with vs it hath foure or fiue7 like vnto a ,lilly1 whereof some are often seen to be both red1 in the first springing1 and also vpon the decaying1 especially in a dry time1 and in a dry ground3 the flower likewise of some is white1 and like a ,lilly2 the roote is round1 and as white within as the white of an egge1 couered with a browne coate1 hauing a sweetish1 but not vnpleasant taste1 as any man without danger many try4 ,this description doth so liuely set forth this plant1 that ,i thinke wee shall not neede to be any longer in doubt1 where to finde ,dioscorides his ,satyrium ,triphyllum1 seeing wee haue such plenty growing with vs4 ,and thirdly1 there is no doubt1 but that it hath the same qualities1 as you shall hereafter heare further4 ,and lastly1 that plant likewise that beareth a red flower1 may very well agree with his ,erythronium2 for the descriptions in ,dioscorides are both alike1 as are their qualities1 the greatest doubt may be in the seede1 which yet may agree vnto ,lin or ,flaxe as fitly1 or rather more then many other plants doe1 in many of his comparisons1 which yet wee receiue for currant4 ,for the seede of ,tulipas are flat1 hard1 and shining as the seede of ,linum or ,flaxe1 although of another colour1 and bigger1 as ,dioscorides himselfe setteth it downe4 ,but if there should be a mistaking in the writing of for or in the ,greeke ,text1 as the slippe is both easie and likely1 it were then out of all question the same3 for the seede is very like vnto the seede of ,lillies1 as any man may easily discerne that know them1 or will compare them4 ,it is generally called by all the late ,writers1 ,tulipa1 which is deriued from the name ,tulpan1 whereby the ,turkes of ,dalmatia doe entitle their head ,tyres1 or ,caps2 and this flower being blowne1 laide open1 and inuerted1 doth very well resemble them4 ,we haue receiued the early kinde from ,constantinople1 by the name of ,cafa lale1 and the other by the name of ,cauala lale4 ,lobel and others doe call it ,lilio-narcissus1 because it doth resemble a ,lilly in the leafe1 flower1 and seede1 and a ,daffodil in the roote4 ,we call it in ,english the ,turkes ,cap1 but most vsually ,tulipa1 as most other ,christian ,countries that delight therein doe4 ,daleschampius calleth it ,oulada4 ,the ,vertues4 ,dioscorides writeth1 that his first ,satyrium is profitable for them that haue a convulsion in their necke1 7which wee call a cricke in the necke7 if it be drunke in harsh 7which we call red7 wine4 ,that the roots of ,tulipas are nourishing1 there is no doubt1 the pleasant1 or at least the no vnpleasant taste1 may hereunto perswade2 for diuers haue had them sent by their friends from beyond ,sea1 and mistaking them to bee ,onions1 haue vsed them as ,onions in their pottage or broth1 and neuer found any cause of mislike1 or any sense of euill quality produced by them1 but accounted them sweete ,onions4 ,further1 ,i haue made tryall of them my selfe in this manner4 ,i haue preserued the rootes of these ,tulipas in ,sugar1 as ,i haue done the rootes of ,eringus1 ,orchis1 or any other such like1 and haue found them to be almost as pleasant as the ,eringus rootes1 being firme and sound1 fit to be presented to the curious2 but for force of ,venereous quality1 ,i cannot say1 either from my selfe1 not hauing eaten many1 or from any other1 on whom ,i haue bestowed them3 but surely1 if there be any speciall propertie in the rootes of ,orchis1 or some other tending to that purpose1 ,i thinke this may as well haue it as they4 ,it should seeme1 that ,dioscorides doth attribute a great ,venereous faculty to the seede1 whereof ,i know not any hath made any especiall experiment with vs as yet4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,narcissus4 ,the ,daffodill4 ,there hath beene great confusion among many of our moderne ,writers of plants1 in not distinguishing the manifold varieties of ,daffodils2 for euery one almost1 without consideration of kinde or forme1 or other speciall note1 giueth names so diuersly one from another1 that if any one shall receiue from seuerall places the ,catalogues of their names 7as ,i haue had many7 as they set them down1 and compare the one ,catalogue with the other1 he shall scarce haue three names in a dozen to agree together1 one calling that by one name1 which another calleth by another1 that very few can tell what they meane4 ,and this their confusion1 in not distinguishing the name of ,narcissus from ,pseudonarcissus1 is of all other in this kinde the greatest and grossest errour4 ,to auoide therefore that gulfe1 whereof ,i complaine that so manie haue bin endrenched2 and to reduce the ,daffodils into such a methodicall order1 that euery one may know1 to what ,classis or forme any one doth appertaine1 ,i will first diuide them into two principall or primary kindes3 that is1 into ,narcissos1 true ,daffodils1 and ,pseudonarcissos1 bastard ,daffodils3 which distinction ,i hold to be most necessarie to be set downe first of all1 that euery one may be named without confusion vnder his owne primary kind1 and then to let the other parts of the subdiuision follow1 as is proper to them1 and fittest to expresse them4 ,now to cause you to vnderstand the difference betweene a true ,daffodill and a false1 is this2 it consisteth onely in the flower1 7when as in all other parts they cannot bee distinguished7 and chiefly in the middle cup or chalice2 for that we doe in a manner onely account those to bee ,pseudonarcissos1 bastard ,daffodils1 whose middle cup is altogether as long1 and sometime a little longer then the outter leaues that doe encompasse it1 so that it seemeth rather like a trunke or long nose1 then a cup or chalice1 such as almost all the ,narcissi1 or true ,daffodils haue2 ,i say almost1 because ,i know that some of them haue their middle cup so small1 that we rather call it a crowne then a cup2 and againe1 some of them haue them so long1 that they may seem to be of the number of the ,pseudonyms1 or bastard ,daffodils3 but yet may easily be knowne from them1 in that1 although the cup of some of the true ,daffodils be great1 yet it is wider open at the brim of edge1 and not so long and narrow all alike as the bastard kindes are2 and this is the chiefe and onely way to know how to seuer these kindes1 which rule holdeth certaine in all1 except that kinde which is called ,narcissus ,iuncifolius reflexo flore1 whose cup is narrow1 and as long as the leaues that turne vp againe4 ,secondly1 ,i will subdiuide each of these again apart by themselues1 into foure sorts2 and first the ,narcissos1 or true ,daffodils into ,latifolios1 broad leafed ,daffodils4 ,angustifolios1 narrow leafed ,daffodils4 ,iuncifolios1 ,rushe ,daffodils1 and ,marinos1 ,sea ,daffodils4 ,these sorts againe doe comprehend vnder them some other diuisions1 whereby they may the better be distinguished1 and yet still bee referred to one of those foure former sorts3 as ,monanthos1 that is1 ,daffodils that beare but one flower1 or two at the most vpon a stalke1 and ,polyanthos1 those that beare many flowers together vpon a stalke3 as also ,simplici flore1 those that beare single flowers1 and ,multiplici flore1 or flore pleno1 that is1 haue double flowers4 ,vernales1 those that flower in the ,spring1 and among them some that are earlier2 and therefore called ,prcoces1 early flowring ,daffodils1 and ,autumnales1 those that flower in ,autumne onely4 ,and lastly1 with the ,pseudonarcissos1 or bastard ,daffodils1 ,i will keepe the same order1 to distinguish them likewise into their foure seuerall sorts2 and as with the true ,daffodils1 so with these false1 describe vnder euery sort3 first1 those that beare single flowers1 whether one or many vpon a stalke2 and then those that beare double flowers1 one or many also4 ,as for the distinctions of maior and minor1 greater and lesser1 and of maximus and minimus1 greatest and least1 they doe not onely belong to these ,daffodils2 and therefore must be vsed as occasion permitteth1 but vnto all other sort of plants4 ,to begin therefore1 ,i thinke fittest with that stately ,daffodill1 which for his excellency carrieth the name of ,none such4 #a4 ,narcissus latifolius omnium maximus1 amplo calice flauo1 siue ,nompareille4 ,the great ,none such ,daffodill1 or ,incomparable ,daffodill4 ,this ,narcissus ,nompareille hath three or foure long and broad leaues1 of a grayish greene colour1 among which riseth vp a stalke two foote high at the least1 at the toppe whereof1 out of a thinne skinnie huske1 as all ,daffodils haue1 commeth forth one large single flower1 and no more vsually1 consisting of sixe very pale yellow large leaues1 almost round at the point1 with a large cuppe in the middle1 somewhat yellower then the leaues1 the bottome whereof next vnto the stalke is narrow and round1 rising wider to the mouth1 which is very large and open1 and vneuenly cut in or indented about the edges4 ,the cup doth very well resemble the chalice1 that in former dayes with vs1 and beyond the ,seas is still vsed to hold the ,sacramentall ,wine1 that is with a narrower bottome1 and a wide mouth4 ,after the flower is past1 sometimes there commeth 7for it doth not often7 a round greene head1 and blacke round seede therein1 like vnto other ,daffodils1 but greater4 ,the roote is great1 as other ,daffodils that beare large flowers1 and is couered ouer with a brownish coate or skinne4 ,the flower hath little or no sent at all4 ,sidenote3 ,flore geminato4 ,this doth sometimes bring forth a flower with ten or twelue leaues1 and a cup much larger1 as if it would be two1 euen as the flower seemeth4 #b4 ,narcissus omnium maximus flore calice flauo4 ,the great yellow ,incomparable ,daffodill4 ,this other kinde differeth neither in forme1 nor bignesse of leafe or flower from the former1 but in the colour of the circling leaues of the flower1 which are of the same yellow colour with the cup4 ,sidenote3 ,flore geminato4 ,this doth sometimes degenerate and grow luxurious also1 bringing forth two flowers vpon a stalke1 each distinct from other1 and sometimes two flowers thrust together1 as if they were but one1 although it be but seldome2 for it is not a peculiar kinde that is constant1 yearly abiding in the same forme4 #c4 ,narcissus maximus griseus calice flauo4 ,the gray ,peerlesse ,daffodill4 ,this ,peerlesse ,daffodill well deserueth his place among these kindes1 for that it doth much resemble them1 and peraduenture is but a difference raised from the seede of the former1 it is so like in leafe and flower1 but that the leaues seeme to be somewhat greater1 and the sixe outer leaues of the flower to be of a glistering whitish gray colour1 and the cup yellow1 as the former1 but larger4 #d4 ,narcissus latifolius flauo flore amplo calice1 siue ,mattenesse4 ,the lesser yellow ,nompareille1 or the ,lady ,mattenesses ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill1 are somewhat like vnto the leaues of the first kind1 but not altogether so long or broad3 the stalke likewise riseth not vp fully so high1 and beareth one flower like the former1 but lesser1 and both the cuppe and the leaues are of one colour1 that is1 of a pale yellow1 yet more yellow then in the former3 the cup of this also is lesser1 and a little differing2 for it is neither fully so small in the bottome1 nor so large at the edges1 nor so crumpled at the brimmes1 so that all these differences doe plainly shew it to be another kinde1 quite from the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the places of none of these are certainly knowne to vs where they grow naturally1 but we haue them onely in our ,gardens1 and haue beene sent1 and procured from diuers places4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower sometimes in the end of ,march1 but chiefly in ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,the first and second haue been sent vs by the name of ,narcisse ,nompareille1 as it is called in ,french2 and in ,latine1 ,narcissus omnium maximus amplo calice flauo1 and ,narcissus ,incomparabilis1 that is1 the ,incomparable ,daffodill1 or the greatest ,daffodill of all other1 with a large yellow cuppe3 but assuredly1 although this ,daffodill doth exceed many other1 both in length and bignesse1 yet the great ,spanish bastard ,daffodill1 which shall be spoken of hereafter1 is in my perswasion oftentimes a farre higher and larger flower2 and therefore this name was giuen but relatiuely1 we may call it in ,english1 ,the great ,none such ,daffodill1 or the ,incomparable ,daffodill1 or the great ,peerlesse ,daffodill1 or the ,nompareille ,daffodill1 which you will3 for they all doe answer either the ,french or the ,latine name2 and because this name ,nompareille is growne currant by custome1 ,i know not well how to alter it4 ,the third kinde may passe with the title giuen it1 without controule4 ,the last is very well knowne beyond the ,seas1 especially in the ,low ,countries1 and those parts1 by the ,lady ,mattenesse ,daffodill1 because ,clusius receiued it from her4 ,we may call it in ,english1 for the correspondency with the former1 ,the lesser yellow ,nompareille1 or ,peerlesse ,daffodill1 or the ,lady ,mattenesse ,daffodill1 which you will4 ,narcissus ,indicus flore rubro1 dictus ,iacobus4 ,the ,indian ,daffodill with a red flower4 ,this ,indian ,daffodill is so differing1 both in forme1 not hauing a cuppe1 and in colour being red1 from the whole ,family of the ,daffodils 7except the next that followeth1 and the ,autumne ,daffodils7 that some might justly question the fitnesse of his place here4 ,but because as all the plants1 whether bulbous or other1 that come from the ,indies1 either ,east or ,west 7although they differ very notably1 from those that grow in these parts of the world7 must in a generall suruey and muster be ranked euery one1 as neere as the surueiours wit will direct him1 vnder some other growing with vs1 that is of neerest likenesse2 ,euen so vntill some other can direct his place more fitly1 ,i shall require you to accept of him in this1 with this description that followeth1 which ,i must tell you also1 is more by relation then knowledge1 or sight of the plant it selfe4 ,this ,daffodill hath diuers broad leaues1 somewhat like vnto the common or ordinary white ,daffodill1 of a grayish greene colour2 from the sides whereof1 as also from the middle of them1 rise vp sometimes two stalkes together1 but most vsually one after another 7for very often it flowreth twice in a ,summer7 and often also but one stalke alone1 which is of a faint reddish colour1 about a foote high or more1 at the toppe whereof1 out of a deepe red skinne or huske1 commeth forth one flower bending downwards1 consisting of sixe long leaues without any cup in the middle1 of an excellent red colour1 tending to a crimson2 three of these leaues that turne vpwards1 are somewhat larger then those three that hang downewards1 hauing sixe threads or chiues in the middle1 tipt with yellow pendents1 and a three forked stile longer then the rest1 and turning vp the end thereof againe3 the roote is round and bigge1 of a brownish colour on the outside1 and white within4 ,this is set forth by ,aldinus1 ,cardinall ,farnesius his ,physitian1 that at ,rome it rose vp with stalks of flowers before any leaues appeared4 ,the ,place1 ,time1 and ,names4 ,this naturally groweth in the ,west ,indies1 from whence it was brought into ,spaine1 where it bore both in ,iune and ,iuly1 and by the ,indians in their tongue named ,,azcal ,,xochitl1 and hath beene sent from ,spaine1 vnto diuers louers of plants1 into seuerall parts of ,christendome1 but haue not thriued long in these transalpine colde ,countries1 so far as ,i can heare4 ,narcissus ,trapezunticus flore luteo prcocissimus4 ,the early ,daffodill of ,trebizond4 ,because this ,daffodill is so like in flower vnto the former1 although differing in colour1 ,i thought it the fittest place to ioyne it the next thereunto4 ,this early ,daffodill hath three or foure short very greene leaues1 so like vnto the leaues of the ,autumne ,daffodill1 that many may easily bee deceiued in mistaking one for another1 the difference consisting chiefly in this1 that the leaues of this are not so broad or so long1 nor rise vp in ,autumne3 in the midst of these leaues riseth vp a short green stalke1 an handfull high1 or not much higher vsually1 7,i speake of it as it hath often flowred with mee1 whether the cause be the coldnesse of the time wherein it flowreth1 or the nature of the plant1 or of our climate1 ,i am in some doubt2 but ,i doe well remember1 that the stalkes of some plants1 that haue flowred later with me then the first1 haue by the greater strength1 and comfort of the ,sunne1 risen a good deale higher then the first7 bearing at the top1 out of a whitish thinne skinne stripped with greene1 one flower a little bending downewards1 consisting of sixe leaues1 laid open almost in the same manner with the former ,indian ,daffodill1 whereof some doe a little turne vp their points againe1 of a faire pale yellow colour1 hauing sixe white chiues within it1 tipt with yellow pendents1 and a longer pointell3 the roote is not very great1 but blackish on the outside1 so like vnto the ,autumne ,daffodill1 but that it is yellow vnder the first or outermost coate1 that one may easily mistake one for another4 ,the ,place4 ,it was sent vs from ,constantinople among other rootes1 but as wee may ghesse by the name1 it should come thither from ,trapezunte or ,trebizond4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth sometimes in ,december1 if the former part of the ,winter haue been milde2 but most vsually about the end of ,ianuary1 or else in ,februarie the beginning or the end4 ,the ,names4 ,wee doe vsually call it from the ,turkish name1 ,narcissus ,trapezunticus1 and some also call it ,narcissus vernus prcox1 as ,clusius doth1 in ,english1 ,the early ,daffodill of ,trebizond4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus ,nonpareille4 ,the incomparable ,daffodill4 #b ,narcissus ,mattenesse4 ,the lesser yellow ,nompareille ,daffodill4 #c ,narcissus ,iacobus flore rubro4 ,the red ,indian ,daffodill4 #d ,narcissus ,trapezunticus4 ,the early ,daffodill of ,trabesond4 #e ,narcissus ,montanus albus apophysibus prditus4 ,the white winged ,daffodill4 #f ,narcissus ,montanus1 siue ,nompareille totus albus4 ,the white ,nompareille1 or ,peerlesse ,daffodill4 #g ,narcissus albus oblongo calice4 ,the white ,daffodill with a long cup4 ,narcissus ,montanus albus apophysibus prditus4 ,the white ,mountaine ,daffodill with eares1 or ,the white winged ,daffodill4 ,this ,mountaine ,daffodill riseth vp with three or four broad leaues1 somewhat long1 of a whitish greene colour1 among which riseth vp a stalke a foote and a halfe high1 whereon standeth one large flower1 and sometimes two1 consisting of sixe white leaues a peece1 not very broad1 and without any shew of yellownesse in them1 three whereof haue vsually each of them on the back part1 at the bottome vpon the one side of them1 and not on both1 a little small white peece of a leafe like an eare1 the other three hauing none at all3 the cup is almost as large1 or not much lesse then the small ,nompareille1 small at the bottome1 and very large1 open at the brimme1 of a faire yellow colour1 and sometimes the edges or brimmes of the cup will haue a deeper yellow colour about it1 like as if it were discoloured with ,saffron3 the flower is verie sweete1 the roote is great and white1 couered with a pale coate or skinne1 not verie blacke1 and is not very apt to encrease1 seldome giuing of-sets2 neither haue ,i euer gathered seede thereof1 because it passeth away without bearing any with me4 ,narcissus ,montanus1 siue ,nompareille totus albus amplo calice4 ,the white ,nompareille ,daffodill4 ,this white ,nompareille ,daffodill1 is in roote and leafe very like vnto the former mountain or winged ,daffodill1 but that they are a little larger3 the stalke from among the leaues riseth vp not much higher then it1 bearing at the top one large flower1 composed of sixe long white leaues1 each whereof is as it were folded halfe way together1 in the middle whereof standeth forth a large white cup1 broader at the mouth or brims then at the bottome1 very like vnto the lesser ,nompareille ,daffodill before remembred1 which hath caused it to be so entituled3 the sent whereof is no lesse sweete then the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the naturall places of these ,daffodils are not certainly knowne to vs2 but by the names they carry1 they should seeme to bee bred in the ,mountaines4 ,the ,time4 ,these flower not so early as many other kindes doe1 but rather are to bee accounted among the late flowring ,daffodils2 for they shew not their flowers vntill the beginning of ,may1 or the latter end of ,aprill1 with the soonest4 ,the ,names4 ,the names set downe ouer the heads of either of them be such1 whereby they are knowne to vs2 yet some doe call the first ,narcissus auriculatus1 that is to say1 ,the ,daffodill with eares3 and the other1 ,narcissus ,nompareille totus albus1 that is to say1 ,the white ,nompareille1 or ,peerlesse ,daffodill4 #a4 ,narcissus albus oblongo calice luteo prcox minor4 ,the small early white ,daffodill with a long cup4 ,the leaues of this early ,daffodill are broad1 very greene1 and not whitish as others1 three or foure standing together1 about a foote long or better1 among which riseth vp a greene stalke1 not full so high as the leaues1 bearing one flower at the toppe thereof of a reasonable bignesse1 but not so great as the later kindes that follow are1 consisting of six whitish leaues1 but not perfect white1 hauing a show of a ,creame colour appearing in them2 in the middle is a long round yellow cup1 about halfe an inch long or better4 ,the smell of this flower is reasonable sweete1 the roote is of a reasonable bignesse1 yet lesser then the rootes of the later kindes4 #b4 ,narcissus pallidus oblongo calice flauo prcox4 ,the early ,strawe coloured ,daffodill with a long cup4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are as greene as the former1 but much narrower2 and the leaues of the flower are more enclining to yellow1 but yet very pale1 as if it were a light strawe colour1 and seeme to bee a little more narrow and pointed then the former3 the cup of this1 is as long and yellow as the precedent4 ,the smell whereof is very like the former1 yet neither of them being so sweete as those that follow4 #c4 ,narcissus albus oblongo calice luteo serotinus maier4 ,the great late flowring white ,daffodill with a long cup4 ,this later flowring ,daffodill hath his leaues somewhat narrow long1 of a grayish or whitish greene colour1 among which the stalke riseth vp a foote and a halfe high1 bearing one flower at the toppe1 made of six white leaues1 hauing the cup in the middle thereof as long as the former1 and of a deepe yellow3 the edges of this cuppe are sometimes plaine1 and sometimes a little crumpled2 they are often also circled at the brimmes with a ,saffron colour1 and often also without it1 the smell whereof is very pleasant1 and not heady3 the roote hereof is reasonable bigge1 and couered ouer rather with a pale then blackish skinne4 ,this flower doth sometimes alter his forme into eight leaues1 which being narrow and long1 seeme like a white starre1 compassing a yellow trunke4 #d4 ,narcissus totus pallidus oblongo calice serotinus minor4 ,the late pale coloured ,daffodill with a long cup4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose flowers is wholly of a pale white1 or yellowish colour1 differing neither in leafe nor roote from the former4 #e4 ,narcissus pallidus oblongo calice flauo serotinus4 ,the ,strawe coloured late flowring ,daffodill with a long yellow cup4 ,the chiefe difference of this ,daffodill from the former1 consisteth in the colour of the cup1 which is a more yellow colour1 and a little larger then the former1 and the brimmes or edges of the cup of a deeper yellow1 or ,saffron colour4 ,the smell of this is no lesse sweete then in the former4 #f4 ,narcissus albus oblongo calice flauo serotinus1 duobus floribus in caule4 ,the late white ,daffodill with a long cup1 and two flowers on a stalke4 ,this ,daffodill is surely a kinde of it selfe1 although it be so like the former1 abiding constant in his forme and manner of flowring1 vsually bearing without missing two flowers vpon a stalke1 very like vnto the former great white kinde1 that one cannot know any greater matter of difference betweene them1 then that it beareth two flowers on a stalke3 the cuppes whereof are seldome touched with any shew of ,saffron colour on them at the brimmes or edges1 as some of the former haue4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,daffodils doe grow on the ,pyrenan mountaines1 and haue been sought out1 and brought into these parts1 by those curious or couetous searchers of these delights1 that haue made vs partakers of them4 ,the ,time4 ,the former kindes flower earlier by a fortnight then the later1 the one in the later end of ,march1 and the other not vntill the middle of ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,their names are giuen to euery one of them in their seuerall titles1 as fitly as may best agree with their natures2 and therefore ,i shall not neede to speake any further of them4 ,narcissus medioluteus vulgaris4 ,the common white ,daffodill called ,primrose ,peerlesse4 ,this ,daffodill is so common in euery ,country ,garden almost through ,england1 that ,i doubt ,i shall but spend my time in vaine1 to describe that which is so well knowne1 yet for their sakes that know it not1 ,i will set downe the description of it in this manner4 ,it hath long limber and broad leaues1 of a grayish greene colour1 among which riseth vp a stalke1 bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie huske sometimes but one flower1 but most commonly two flowers1 and seldome three or more1 but larger for the most part1 then any that beare many flowers vpon a stalke1 of a pale whitish ,creame colour1 tending somewhat neare vnto the colour of a pale ,primrose 7which hath caused our ,countrey ,gentlewomen1 ,i thinke1 to entitle it ,primrose ,peerlesse7 with a small round flat ,crowne1 rather then a cup in the middle1 of a pale yellow colour1 with some pale chiues standing therein1 being of a sweete1 but stuffing sent3 the roote is reasonable great1 and encreasing more then a better plant4 ,narcissus mediocroceus serotinus4 ,the late flowring white ,daffodill4 ,this ,daffodill hath much smaller leaues1 and shorter then the last1 the stalke also riseth not so high by much1 and beareth but one flower thereon1 of a pure white colour1 made of six small leaues1 and somewhat narrow1 standing seuerally one from another1 and not so close together as the former1 but appearing like a starre3 the cup is small and round1 of a pale yellow colour1 but saffrony about the brims1 hauing six small pale chiues in the middle1 the smell whereof is much sweeter then in the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is thought to grow naturally in ,england1 but ,i could neuer heare of his naturall place4 ,i am sure it is plentifull enough in all ,country ,gardens1 so that wee scarce giue it place in our more curious parkes4 ,the second liueth only with them that delight in varieties4 ,the ,time4 ,the first ,daffodill flowreth in the middle time1 being neither of the earliest1 nor of the latest2 but about the middle1 or end of ,april4 ,the other flowreth with the latest in ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,i shall not neede to trouble you with further repetitions of names1 they hauing been set downe in their titles1 which are proper to them4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus vulgaris medio luteus4 ,the common ,white ,daffodill1 or ,primrose ,peerlesse4 #b ,narcissus medio purpureus maximus4 ,the great white purple ringed ,daffodill4 #c ,narcissus medio purpureus prcox4 ,the early purple ringed ,daffodill4 #d ,narcissus medio purpureus stellatus4 ,the starry purple ringed ,daffodill4 #e ,narcissus ,persicus4 ,the ,persian ,daffodill4 #f ,narcissus ,autumnalis minor4 ,the lesser ,winter ,daffodill4 #g ,narcissus ,autumnalis maior4 ,the greater ,winter ,daffodill4 #a4 ,narcissus medio purpureus prcox4 ,the early purple ringed ,daffodill4 ,this early ,daffodill hath many long grayish greene leaues1 somewhat narrower and stiffer than the former common white ,daffodill1 among which riseth vp a long naked hollow stalke 7as all other ,daffodils haue7 bearing at the toppe one flower1 and seldome two1 made of sixe long white leaues1 standing close together about the stalke2 the cup is yellow1 and so flat1 that it might rather bee called a crowne3 for it standeth very close to the middle1 and very open at the brimmes1 circled with a reddish or purple coloured ring1 hauing certaine chiues in the middle of it also4 ,the smell hereof is very sweete1 exceeding many other4 #b4 ,narcissus medio purpureus serotinus4 ,the late purple ringed ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are alwayes broader then the former early one1 and some are very neare twice as broad3 the flower is very like the former1 being large1 and his leaues standing close one to the side of another2 the ring likewise that compasseth the yellow coronet1 is sometimes of a paler reddish purple1 and sometimes as deep a red as the former3 so that it differeth not in any other materiall point1 then that it flowreth not vntill the other is past and gone4 ,the sent of this is like the former1 the roote hereof is greater1 as well as the leafe and flower4 #c4 ,narcissus medio purpureus maximus4 ,the great white purple ringed ,daffodill4 ,there is another kinde1 whose flower 7as well as leaues and rootes7 is larger then any other of this kinde1 which only maketh it a distinct sort from the other3 it flowreth also with the later sort of these purple ringed ,daffodils4 #d4 ,narcissus medio purpureus stellaris4 ,the starry purple ringed ,daffodill4 ,this ,daffodill hath his leaues a little narrower and greener then the former sorts1 the flower also of this hath his sixe white leaues not so broad1 but narrower1 and seeming longer then they1 not closing together1 but standing apart one from another1 making it seem like a white starre3 it hath also a yellow coronet in the middle1 circled about with purple1 like the former4 ,this doth smell nothing so sweete as the first but yet hath a good sent4 ,the ,place4 ,the first1 third1 and fourth of these ,daffodils1 haue always beene sent vs from ,constantinople among other bulbous rootes1 so that wee know no further of their naturall places4 ,the second groweth in many places of ,europe1 both in ,germany1 ,france1 and ,italy1 as ,clusius hath noted4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth very early in ,march1 euen with the first ,daffodils4 ,the second1 third1 and fourth1 about a moneth after4 ,the ,names4 ,the early and starre ,daffodils1 haue been sent vs by the ,turkish name of ,deuebohini1 and ,serincade4 ,but their names1 they haue receiued since1 to bee endenizond with vs1 are set downe in their seuerall titles4 ,narcissus ,persicus4 ,the ,persian ,daffodill4 ,this ,persian ,daffodill differeth from all other kindes of ,daffodils in his manner of growing1 for it neuer hath leaues and flowers at one time together1 wherein it is like vnto a ,colchicum1 yet in roote and leafe it is a ,daffodill4 ,the roote is a little blackish on the outside1 somewhat like the roote of the ,autumne ,daffodill1 from whence riseth vp a naked foote stalke1 bearing one pale yellow flower1 breaking through a thinne skinne1 which first enclosed it1 composed of six leaues1 the three outermost being a little larger then the rest1 in the middle of the flower there are six small chiues1 and a longer pointell4 ,the whole flower is of an vnpleasant sent4 ,after the flower is past1 come vp the leaues1 sometimes before ,winter1 but most vsually after the deepe of ,winter is past with vs1 in the beginning of the yeare1 which are broad1 long1 and of a pale greene colour1 like the leaues of other ,daffodils1 but not greene as the ,autumne ,daffodill is1 and besides they doe a little twine themselues1 as some of the ,pancratium1 or bastard ,sea ,daffodils doe4 ,narcissus ,autumnalis maior4 ,the greater ,autumne or ,winter ,daffodill4 ,the greater ,autumne ,daffodill riseth vp with three or foure faire broad and short leaues at the first1 but afterwards grow longer1 of a very deepe or darke greene colour1 in the middle of which riseth vp a short1 stiffe1 rounded footestalke1 bearing one faire yellow flower on the head thereof 7inclosed at the first in a thinne skinne1 or huske7 and consisteth of six leaues as the former1 with certaine chiues in the middle1 as all or most other ,daffodils haue1 which passeth away without shew of any seed1 or head for seed1 although vnder the head there is a little greene knot1 which peraduenture would beare seede1 if our sharpe ,winters did not hinder it4 ,the roote is great and round1 couered ouer with a blackish skinne or coate4 ,narcissus ,autumnalis minor4 ,the lesser ,autumne or ,winter ,daffodill4 ,clusius setteth downe1 that the manner of the flowring of this lesser ,daffodill1 is more like vnto the ,persian ,daffodill1 then vnto the former greater ,autumne kind2 but ,i doe fine that it doth in the same sort1 as the greater kinde1 rise vp with his leaues first1 and the flowers a while after3 the flower of this is lesser1 and a little paler then the flower of the greater kinde1 but consisting in like sort of six leaues1 narrow and sharpe pointed2 the greene leaues also are almost of as deepe a green colour1 as the greater kinde1 but smaller and narrower1 and a little hollow in the middle4 ,the roote is also alike1 but lesser1 and couered with a blackish skinne as the former4 ,this hath sometimes borne blacke round seede in three square heads4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,persian ,daffodill hath beene sent sometimes1 but very seldome1 among other roots from ,constantinople1 and it is probable by the name whereby it was sent1 that it should naturally grow in ,persia4 ,the other two haue likewise beene sent from ,constantinople1 and as it is thought1 grow in ,thracia1 or thereabouts4 ,the ,time4 ,they all doe flower much about one time1 that is1 about the end of ,september1 and in ,october4 ,the ,names4 ,the first hath been sent by the name of ,serincade ,persiana1 and thereupon is called ,narcissus ,persicus1 ,the ,persian ,daffodill4 ,the other two haue been thought by diuers to be ,colchica1 and so haue they called them1 vpon no other ground1 but that their flower is in forme and time somewhat like ,colchicum1 when as if they had marked them better1 they might plainly discerne1 that in all other things they did resemble ,daffodils2 but now the names of ,colchicum luteum maius1 minus1 is quite lost1 time hauing worne them out1 and they are called by most ,herbarists now adayes1 ,narcissus ,autumnalis maior minor1 ,the greater and the lesser ,autumne ,daffodill4 ,thus farre haue ,i proceeded with those ,daffodils1 that hauing broad leaues1 beare but one single flower1 or two at the most vpon a stalke3 ,and now to proceed with the rest1 that haue broad leaues1 and beare single flowers1 but many vpon a stalke4 ,narcissus ,africanus aureus maior4 ,the great yellow ,daffodill of ,africa4 ,this braue and stately ,daffodill hath many very long and broad leaues1 of a better green colour1 then many others that are grayish1 among which appeareth a stalke1 not rising to the height of the leaues1 bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie hose many faire1 goodly1 and large flowers1 to the number of ten or twelue1 if the roote bee well growne1 and stand in a warme place1 euery one being larger then any of the ,french1 ,spanish1 or ,turkie ,daffodils1 that beare many single flowers vpon a stalke1 and commeth neere vnto the bignesse of the ,english ,daffodill1 called ,primrose ,peerlesse1 before described1 or that ,french kinde hereafter described1 that beareth the largest flowers1 many vpon a stalke 7which some would make to bee a kinde of ,english ,daffodill1 but bearing more flowers7 and of a faire shining yellow colour1 hauing large1 round1 and open cups or boules1 yellower then the outer leaues2 and is of so exceeding sweete a sent1 that it doth rather offend the senses by the aboundance thereof3 the roote is great1 and couered with a blackish browne coate or skinne4 ,narcissus ,africanus aureus minor4 ,the lesser ,barbary ,daffodill4 ,this lesser kinde is very neere the same with the former1 but that it lacketh somewhat of his statlinesse of height1 largenesse of flower and cup 7being a paler yellow7 and beauty of colour1 for it beareth neither of these equall vnto the former1 but is in them all inferiour4 ,and thus by this priuatiue1 you may vnderstand his positive1 and that shall be sufficient at this time4 ,narcissus ,byzantinus totus luteus4 ,the yellow ,turkie ,daffodill4 ,whereas the last described1 came short of the beauty of the former1 so this lacketh of that beauty is in the last2 for this1 although it haue very long leaues1 and a high stalke1 yet the flowers are neither so many1 as not being aboue foure or fiue1 nor so large1 being not much greater then the ordinary ,french ,daffodill hereafter described1 nor the colour so faire1 but much paler1 and the cup also smaller2 and herein consisteth the chiefest differences betweene this1 and both the other1 but that the sent of this is also weaker4 ,the ,place4 ,the first and the second grow in ,barbary1 about ,argiers1 and ,fez1 as by the relation of them1 that haue brought them into these parts1 wee haue been enformed4 ,the last hath been often brought from ,constantinople among other varieties of ,daffodils1 but from whence they receiued them1 ,i could neuer learne4 ,the ,time4 ,these ,daffodils do flower very early1 euen with the first sort of ,daffodils1 ,i meane after they haue been accustomed vnto our climate3 for oftentimes vpon their first bringing ouer1 they flower in ,ianuary or ,february1 especially if they be preserued from the frosts1 and kept in any warme place2 for they are very tender1 and will soone perish1 being left abroad4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called by diuers in ,french1 ,narcisse d' ,algiers and in many places of the ,low ,countries1 ,narcissen van ,heck1 or ,narcissus ,heckius2 by diuers others ,narcissus ,africanus aureus maior1 we may call it in ,english1 ,the great ,african ,daffodill1 or the great ,barbary ,daffodill1 or the great yellow ,daffodill of ,argiers1 which you please4 ,the second hath no other variation of name1 then a diminutiue of the former1 as is set downe in the title4 ,the third is no doubt the same1 that ,clusius setteth downe in the twelfth ,chapter of his second ,booke of the ,history of more rare plants1 and maketh the fourth sort1 which came from ,constantinople1 and may also be the same1 which he maketh his fifth1 which 7as he saith7 he receiued from ,doctour ,simor ,touar of ,seuill in ,spaine4 ,wee call it1 from the place from whence we receiued it1 ,narcissus ,byzantinus1 with the addition of totus luteus1 to put a difference from other sorts that come from thence also3 in ,english1 ,the yellow single ,daffodill of ,turkie4 ,narcissus ,sulphureus maior4 ,the greater ,lemon coloured ,daffodill4 ,the greater of these ,daffodils1 beareth three or foure greene and very long leaues1 a foote and a halfe long at the least1 among which riseth vp a round1 yet crested stalke1 not so high as the leaues1 bearing fiue or sixe single flowers thereon1 euery one of them being greater then the ordinary ,french or ,italian ,daffodils1 with many flowers vpon a stalke2 of a faint1 but yet pleasant yellow colour at the first1 which after they haue been in flower a fortnight or thereabouts1 change into a deeper1 or more sullen yellow colour3 the cup in the middle is likewise larger1 then in those formerly named1 and of a deeper yellow colour then the outer leaues1 hauing onely three chiues within it4 ,the smell is very pleasant4 ,narcissus ,sulphureus minor4 ,the lesser ,lemon coloured ,daffodill4 ,this lesser ,daffodill hath broader and shorter leaues then the former1 of the colour of other ,daffodils1 and not greene like the former3 the stalke of this riseth vp higher then the leaues1 bearing foure or fiue flowers vpon shorter footestalkes1 and no bigger then the ,french ,daffodill1 of a pale yellow1 which most doe call a ,brimstone colour1 the cup or rather crowne in the middle1 is small1 and broad open1 of a little deeper yellow1 hauing many chiues within it1 and is as it were sprinkled ouer with a kinde of mealinesse4 ,the smell of this is not full so pleasant as the former4 ,the ,place4 ,both these haue been gathered on the ,pyrenan ,mountaines1 and both likewise haue been sent out of ,italy4 ,the ,time4 ,they both flower in the middle time of the ,daffodils flowring1 that is1 in ,aprill4 ,the ,name4 ,they haue their ,latine names expressed in their titles and so are their ,english also1 if you please so to let them passe2 or else according to the ,latine1 you may call them1 ,the greater and the lesser ,brimstone coloured ,daffodils2 some haue called them ,narcissus ,italicus1 but the ,italians themselues haue sent them by the name of ,narcisso ,solfarigno4 ,narcissus totus albus polyanthos4 ,the milke white ,daffodill many vpon a stalke4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are of a meane size1 both for length and breadth1 yet somewhat greener then in the ordinary sorts1 that haue some whitenesse in them3 the flowers are many vpon the stalke1 as small for the most part1 as any of these kindes that beare many together1 being wholly of a milke1 or rather snow white colour1 both the cuppe1 which is small1 and the outer leaues that compasse it2 after which come small heads1 wherein is contained round blacke seede1 as all other ,daffodils doe1 although some greater1 and others lesser1 according to the proportion of the plants3 the roote is couered ouer with a blackish skinne or coate2 the smell is very sweete4 ,there are two other sorts more of this kinde1 the differences whereof are1 that the one hath his leaues somewhat broader1 and the flowers greater then the former3 ,and the other smaller leaues and flowers also1 whose cups being small1 are neuer seene fully open1 but as it were halfe closed at the brimmes4 ,narcissus latifolius totus albus1 mediocri calice reflexus4 ,the milke white ,daffodill with the great cup4 ,there is yet another sort of these milke white ,daffodils1 whose leaues are as broad as any of the former1 and whose cup in the middle of the flower1 is somewhat larger then in any of the lesser sorts1 and lesser then in the greater kinde3 but the leaues of the flowers doe a little turne themselues vpwards1 which maketh a chiefe difference4 ,the ,place4 ,these ,daffodils grow in ,spaine1 from whence ,i receiued many that flourished a while1 but perished by some fierce cold ,winters3 they likewise grow in ,france1 from whence many also haue been brought vnto vs4 ,they haue likewise been sent from ,constantinople to vs1 among other kindes of ,daffodils4 ,the ,time4 ,they that come from ,constantinople1 for the most part doe flower earlier then the other1 euen after they are accustomed to our ayre4 ,some of them flower notwithstanding in the end of ,march1 the rest in ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,they are vsually called ,narcissus totus albus polyanthos1 adding thereunto the differences of maior1 medius1 and minor1 that is1 ,the milke white ,daffodill1 the greater1 the middle1 and the lesser2 for so some doe distinguish them4 ,the last1 for distinction1 hath his name in his title sufficient to expresse him4 #a4 ,narcissus ,narbonensis1 siue medio luteus prcox4 ,the early ,french ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill1 spring vp out of the ground a moneth or two sometimes before the other of this kinde1 that follow2 being also shorter and narrower3 the stalke likewise is not very high1 bearing diuers flowers at the top1 breaking through a thinne skinne1 as is vsuall with all the ,daffodils1 euery one whereof is small1 consisting of six white leaues1 and small yellow cup in the middle1 which is of a prettie small sent1 nothing so strong as many others3 the roote is great and round1 and seldome parteth into of-sets1 euen as all the other that follow1 bearing many single flowers1 doe4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus ,africanus aureus maior4 ,the great yellow ,daffodill of ,africa4 #b ,narcissus ,africanus luteus minor4 ,the lesser yellow ,daffodill of ,africa4 #c ,narcissus ,narbonensis medio luteus4 ,the ,french ,daffodill4 #d ,narcissus ,pisanus1 vel totus albus4 ,the ,italian ,daffodill1 or the all white ,daffodill4 #e ,narcissus ,mussart4 ,mussart his ,daffodill4 #f ,narcissus ,anglicus polyanthos4 ,the great ,english ,daffodill4 #b4 ,narcissus ,narbonensis vulgaris4 ,the ordinary ,french ,daffodill4 ,this ,daffodill hath long and broad greene leaues1 a little hollowish in the middle1 and edged on both sides2 the stalke is a foote and a halfe high1 bearing at the toppe diuers flowers1 somewhat larger then the former1 consisting of six white leaues1 somewhat round2 the cup is yellow in the middle1 small and round1 like vnto an ,acorne cuppe1 or a little fuller in the middle3 this is the forme of that sort which was first brought vnto vs3 ,but since there is found out some1 whose cup is shorter1 others flatter1 some of a paler1 others of a deeper yellow colour1 and some that haue their cuppe longer then the rest4 ,the rootes of them all are couered with a blackish skin or coate4 #c4 ,narcissus ,narbonensis maior amplo flore4 ,the ,french ,daffodill with great flowers4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are somewhat like vnto the last1 but not so broad1 yet full as long1 and spring sooner out of the ground1 yet not so early as the first of these kindes3 the stalke hereof is flatter1 and riseth higher1 bearing foure or fiue flowers1 much larger then any of this kinde2 for euery one of them doth equall the ,english ,daffodill1 before described1 but whiter then it1 and the yellow cup larger1 and more open then in any of the rest4 ,the roote of this is not so great1 or round1 as the former1 but is more plentifull in of-sets1 then any other of these ,french1 or ,italian kindes4 #d4 ,narcissus ,pisanus4 ,the ,italian ,daffodill4 ,this ,italian ,daffodill hath his leaues as large1 or larger then the second ,french ,daffodill1 and his stalke somewhat higher1 bearing many white flowers1 very like vnto the common ,french ,daffodill1 but somewhat larger also2 and the yellow cup in the middle likewise is larger1 and rounder1 then is vsually seen in any of the ,french kinds1 except the last with the greatest flowers4 #e4 ,narcissus mediocroceus polyanthos4 ,the ,french ,daffodill with ,saffron coloured cups4 ,this ,french ,daffodill hath diuers leaues of a grayish greene colour1 not so broad or long as the last recited ,daffodill1 but comming neerer vnto the second ,french kinde1 the flowers likewise are white1 and many vpon a stalke1 like thereunto1 but the yellow cup is somewhat large1 and circled with a ,saffron like brimme or edge1 which maketh the chiefest difference4 #f4 ,narcissus mediocroceus alter1 dictus ,mussart4 ,mussart his ,daffodill4 ,the affinity between this the last1 7for it is not the same to be expressed vnder one title7 hath made me ioyne it next vnto it1 yet because it hath a notable difference1 it deserueth a place by himselfe4 ,the leaues are large and long1 and the flowers1 being white1 are larger also then in any other1 except the greatest1 but the cup hereof is small and short1 rather seeming a coronet then a cup1 of a deepe ,saffron colour all about the brimmes or edges4 #g4 ,narcissus ,anglicus polyanthos4 ,the great ,english ,daffodill4 ,this ,daffodill hath his leaues not much broader or longer1 then the ,french kinde with great flowers1 before described1 the stalke with flowers riseth not fully so high as it1 bearing many flowers thereon1 not altogether so white1 yet whiter then the former ,english ,daffodill1 called ,primrose ,peerlesse1 but nothing so large1 and with short1 broad1 and almost round leaues1 standing close one vnto another3 the yellow cup in the middle is bowle fashion1 being somewhat deeper then in any of the former kinds1 but not much greater3 the smell hereof is very sweete and pleasant4 #h4 ,narcissus ,narbonensis1 siue medio luteus serotinus maior4 ,the greater late flowring ,french ,daffodill4 ,the roote as well as the leaues of this ,daffodill1 are greater1 larger1 broader1 and longer then in any other of the former ,french1 or ,italian kindes2 the stalke is as high as any of them1 bearing at the toppe fiue or sixe white flowers1 standing open spread like a starre1 and not close together1 euery one whereof is large1 and round pointed1 the cup is yellow1 small and short1 yet not lying flat to the flower1 but a little standing out with some threads in the middle1 as all the former ,daffodils haue4 ,this is not so sweete as the earlier kindes4 #i4 ,narcissus medioluteus alter serotinus calice breui4 ,the lesser late flowring ,french ,daffodill4 ,this ,daffodill is of the same kinde with the last described1 the onley difference is1 that it is lesser1 and the yellow cuppe in the middle of the flower1 is somewhat shorter then the former1 although the former be shorter then many others1 otherwise it differeth not1 no not in time2 for it flowreth late as the former doth4 ,the ,place4 ,these ,daffodils haue been brought vs from diuers places2 ,the first and second grow naturally in many places of ,spaine1 that are open to the ,sea3 they grow likewise about ,mompelier1 and those parts in ,france4 ,they haue been likewise sent among many other sorts of ,daffodils from ,constantinople1 so that ,i may thinke1 they grow in some places neere thereunto4 ,the fourth groweth plentifully in ,italy1 about ,pisa in ,tuscane1 from whence we haue had plants to furnish our ,gardens4 ,the seuenth is accounted beyond ,sea to be naturall of our ,country1 but ,i know not any with vs that haue it1 but they haue had it from them4 ,the rest haue been brought at diuers times1 but wee know no further of their naturall places4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth earlier then any of the rest by a moneth1 euen in the beginning of ,march1 or earlier1 if the weather be milde4 ,the other in ,aprill1 some a little before or after another4 ,the late kinds flower not vntill ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,there can be no more said of the names of any of them1 then hath beene set out in their titles2 for they distinguish euery sort as fitly as we can3 onely some doe call the first two sorts1 by the name of ,donax ,narbonensis4 ,after all these ,daffodils1 that hauing broad leaues beare single flowers1 either one or many vpon a stalke1 ,i shall now goe on to set forth those broad leafed ,daffodils1 that carry double flowers1 either one or many vpon a stalke together1 in the same order that we haue vsed before4 #a4 ,narcissus albus multiplex4 ,the double white ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are not very broad1 but rather of a meane size1 being of the same largenesse with the leaues of the purple ringed ,daffodill1 the stalke riseth vp to be a foote and a halfe high1 bearing out of a thinne white skinne or hose1 one flower and no more1 consisting of many leaues1 of a faire white colour1 the flower is larger then any other double white ,daffodill1 hauing euery leafe1 especially the outermost1 as large almost as any leafe of the single ,daffodill with the yellow cup1 or purple ring4 ,sometimes it happeneth1 that the flower is very little double1 and almost single1 but that is either in a bad ground1 or for that it hath stood long in a place without remouing2 for then it hath such a great encrease of rootes about it1 that it draweth away into many parts1 the nourishment that should be for a few3 but if you doe transplant it1 taking away the of-sets1 and set his rootes single1 it will then thriue1 and beare his flower as goodly and double1 as ,i haue before described it3 and is very sweete4 #b4 ,narcissus mediopurpureus multiplex4 ,the double purple ringed ,daffodill4 ,there is little difference in the leaues of this kinde1 from the leaues of the single purple ringed ,daffodill2 for it is probable it is of the same kinde1 but by natures gift 7and not by any humane art7 made more plentifull1 which abideth constant1 and hath not that dalliance1 which oftentimes nature sheweth1 to recreate the senses of men for the present1 and appeareth not againe in the same forme3 the chiefest difference is1 that the flower 7being but sometimes one on a stalke1 and sometimes two7 consisteth of six white outer leaues1 as large as the leaues of the single kinde1 hauing many small yellow peeces1 edged with purple circles round about them1 instead of a cup2 and in the middle of these peeces1 stand other six white leaues1 lesser then the former1 and a yellow cup edged with a purple circle likewise1 parted into peeces1 and they comprehend a few other white leaues1 smaller than any of the other1 hauing among them some broken peeces of the cup1 with a few chiues also in the middle of the flower4 ,the flower is very sweete4 ,there is of this kinde another1 whose flower hath not so plaine a distinction1 of a triple rowe of leaues in it3 but the whole flower is confusedly set together1 the outer leaues being not so large1 and the inner leaues larger then the former2 the broken yellow cuppe1 which is tipt with purple1 running diuersly among the leaues2 so that it sheweth a fairer1 and more double flower then the former1 as it is indeed4 #c4 ,narcissus medioluteus corona duplici4 ,the ,turkie ,daffodill with a double crowne4 ,this ,daffodill hath three or foure leaues1 as large and long almost1 as the great double ,daffodill of ,constantinople next following hath3 the stalke likewise is very neere as great1 but as high altogether1 bearing at the toppe foure or fiue flowers1 the leaues whereof are as large1 as of the first or second kinde of ,french ,daffodils1 before described1 but not altogether of so pure a white colour2 and being six in number1 stand like the former single ,french ,daffodils1 but that the yellow cup in the middle of this is thicke and double1 or as it were crumpled together1 not standing very high to be conspicuous1 but abiding lowe and short1 so that it is not presently marked1 vnlesse one looke vpon it precisely2 yet is exceeding sweete4 ,the roote is like vnto the roote of the purple ringed ,daffodill1 or somewhat bigger4 #d4 ,narcissus ,chalcedonicus flore pleno albo polyanthos4 ,the double white ,daffodill of ,constantinople4 ,this beautifull and goodly ,daffodill 7wherewith all ,florists greatly desire to bee acquainted1 as well for the beauty of his double flowers1 as also for his superabounding sweete smell1 one stalke with flowers being instead of a nosegay7 hath many very broad1 and very long leaues1 somewhat greener then gray1 among which riseth vp a strong round stalke1 being sometimes almost flat1 and ribbed1 bearing foure or fiue1 or more white flowers at the toppe1 euery one being very great1 large1 and double1 the leaues being confusedly set together1 hauing little peeces of a yellow cup running among them1 without any shew of that purple ring that is in the former1 and fall away without bearing seed1 euen as all1 or most other double flowers doe3 the smell is so exceeding sweet and strong1 that it will soone offend the senses of any1 that shall smell much vnto it3 the roote is great and thicke1 couered with a blackish coate4 #e4 ,narcissus ,chalcedonicus fimbriatus multiplex polyanthos4 ,the great double purple ringed ,daffodill of ,constantinople4 ,this ,daffodill differeth very little or nothing in leafe from the former1 the onely difference is in the flowers1 which although they bee double1 and beare many vpon a stalke1 like vnto them1 yet this hath the peeces of the yellow cuppes tipt with purple1 as if they were shred or scattered among the white leaues1 whereas the other hath only the yellow1 without any shew of purple tips vpon them3 the smell of this is as strong as of the other4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus albus multiplex4 ,the double white ,daffodill4 #b ,narcissus medioluteus corona duplici4 ,the ,turkie ,daffodill with a double crowne4 #c ,narcissus mediopurpureus multiplex4 ,the double purple ringed ,daffodill4 #d ,narcissus ,chalcedonicus flore pleno albo polyanthos4 ,the double white ,daffodill of ,constantinople4 #f4 ,narcissus ,cyprius flore pleno lutes polyanthos4 ,the double yellow ,daffodill of ,cyprus4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are almost as broad and long as the former1 the stalke is a foot high and more1 bearing foure or fiue flowers on the top1 euery one very double1 and of a fine pale yellow colour1 of a strong heady sent4 ,the root of this is also like the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the first of these ,daffodils1 was full brought into ,england by ,m4 ,iohn de ,franqueuille the elder1 who gathered it in his owne ,countrey of ,cambray1 where it groweth wild1 from whose sonne1 ,m4 ,iohn de ,franqueuille1 now liuing1 we all haue had it4 ,the rest haue come from ,constantinople at seuerall times2 and the last is thought to come from ,cyprus4 ,wee haue it credibly affirmed also1 that it groweth in ,barbary about ,fez and ,argiers4 ,some of the double white kindes grow in ,candy1 and about ,aleppo also4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,turkie kindes doe for the most part all flower early1 in the end of ,march1 or beginning of ,aprill at the furthest1 and the first double1 about the middle or end of ,april4 ,the ,names4 ,all these ,daffodils1 except the first1 haue had diuers ,turkish names set vpon the packets1 wherein they haue been sent1 but there is small regard of certainty to be expected from them2 for that the name ,serincade1 without any more addition1 which is a single ,daffodill1 hath beene imposed vpon that parcell of rootes1 that have borne most of them double flowers of diuers sorts2 and the name ,serincade ,catamer lale which signifieth a double flowered ,daffodill1 hath had many single white flowers1 with yellow cups1 and some whose flowers have been wholly white1 cuppe and all1 and some purple ringed1 and double also among them4 ,their names1 whereby they are knowne and called with vs1 are1 as fitly as may be1 imposed in their titles3 ,and this ,i hope shall suffice1 to have spoken of these sorts of ,daffodils4 ,hauing finished the discourse of the former sort of broad leafed ,daffodils1 it is fit to proceede to the next1 which are ,angustifolios ,narcissos1 those ,daffodils that have narrow leaures1 and first to set down those that beare single flowers1 whether one or many flowers vpon a stalke1 and then those that beare double flowers in the same manner4 ,narcissus ,virginens4 ,the ,virginia ,daffodill4 ,this plant ,i thought fittest to place here in the beginning of this ,classis1 not finding where better to shroud it4 ,it hath two or three long1 and very narrow leaues1 as greene as the leaues of the great ,leucoium bulbosum1 and shining withall1 which grow sometimes reddish1 especially at the edges3 the stalke riseth vp a spanne high1 bearing one flower and no more on the head thereof1 standing vpright like a little ,lilly or ,tulipa1 made of six leaues1 wholly white1 both within and without1 except that at the bottome next to the stalke1 and a little on the backside of the three outer leaues1 it hath a small dash or shew of a reddish purple colour3 it hath in the middle a few chiues1 standing about a small head pointed2 which head groweth to bee small and long1 containing small blackish flat seede3 the roote is small1 long1 and round1 a little blackish on the outside1 and white on the inside4 ,the ,place4 ,this bulbous plant was brought vs from ,virginia1 where they grow aboundantly2 but they hardly thriue and abide in our ,gardens to beare flowers4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,may1 and seldome before4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,indians in ,virginia do call it ,attamusco1 some among vs do call it ,lilionarcissus ,virginianus1 of the likenesse of the flower to a ,lilly1 and the leaues and roote to a ,daffodill4 ,wee for breuity doe called it ,narcissus ,virgineus1 that is1 ,the ,daffodill of ,virginia1 or else you may call it according to the former ,latine name1 ,the ,lilly ,daffodill of ,virginia1 which you will2 for both names may serue well to expresse the plant4 ,narcissus angustifolius albidus prcox oblongo calice4 ,the early white narrow leafed ,daffodill with a long cup4 ,this ,daffodill hath three or foure narrow1 long1 and very green leaues1 a foot long for the most part3 the stalke riseth not vp so high as the leaves1 whereon standeth one flower1 not altogether so great as the late flowring ,daffodill1 with a long cuppe1 described before among the broad leafed ones1 which consisteth of six pale coloured leaves1 not pure white1 but hauing a wash of light yellow among the white3 the cuppe in the middle is round and long1 yet not so long as to bee accounted a bastard ,daffodill1 within which is a middle pointell1 compassed with six chiues1 hauing yellow mealy pendents4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,daffodill groweth with the other sorts of broad leafed ones1 on the ,pyrenan ,mountaines1 from whence they have beene brought vnto vs1 to furnish our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth early1 a month before the other sorts of the same fashion1 that is1 in the beginning of ,march1 if the time be milde1 which the other before spoken of the doe not4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath no other name that ,i know1 then is expressed in the title4 #b4 ,narcissus mediocroceus tenuifolius4 ,the small ,daffodill with a ,saffron crown4 ,this small ,daffodill hath foure or fiue narrow leaues1 about a spanne long1 among which riseth vp a stalke some nine inches high1 bearing at the toppe one small white flower1 made of six leaues1 with a small yellow cup in the middle1 shadowed ouer at the brimmes with a ,saffron colour3 the roote is small1 rounded1 and little long withall1 couered with a blackish skinne or coate4 #c4 ,narcissus minimus mediopurpureus4 ,the least purple ringed ,daffodill4 ,this little ,daffodill hath small narrow leaues1 shorter by much then any of the purple ringed ,daffodils1 before described3 the stalke and flower keepe an equal proportion to the rest of the plant1 being in forme and colour of the flower1 like vnto the ,starre ,daffodill before recited1 but vnlike in the greatnesse3 this also is to bee obserued1 that the purple colour that circleth the brimmes of the cuppe1 is so small1 that sometimes it is not well perceiued4 #d4 ,narcissus minimus ,iuncifolij flore4 ,the least ,daffodill of all4 ,this least ,daffodill hath two or three whitish greene leaues1 narrower then the two last recited ,daffodils1 and shorter by halfe1 being but aboue two or three inches long1 the stalke likewise is not aboue three or foure inches high1 bearing one single flower at the toppe1 somewhat bigger then the smalnesse of the plant should seeme to beare1 very like vnto the least ,rush ,daffodill1 and of the same bignesse1 or rather somewhat bigger1 being of a faint yellow colour1 both leaues1 and cup1 or crowne1 7if you please so to call it72 for the middle part is spread very much1 euen to the middle of the leaues almost1 and lyeth flat open vpon the flower3 the roote is small1 euen the smallest of any ,daffodill1 and couered with a blackish skinne or coate4 ,the ,place4 ,the first of these ,daffodils haue beene brought vs from the ,pyrenan ,mountaines1 among a number of other rare plants1 and the last by a ,french man1 called ,francis le ,veau1 the honestest roote-gatherer that euer came ouer to vs4 ,the second was sent to ,m4 ,iohn de ,franqueuille1 before remembred1 who imparted it to mee1 as hee hath done many other good things2 but his naturall place wee know not4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower about the latter end of ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,being brought without names1 wee haue giuen them their names according to their face and fashion1 as they are set downe in their titles4 ,narcissus ,autumnalis minor albus4 ,the little white ,autumne ,daffodill4 ,this little ,autumne ,daffodill riseth with his flowers first out of the ground1 without any leaues at all4 ,it springeth vp with one or two stalkes about a finger long1 euery one bearing out of a small huske one small white flower1 laid open abroad like vnto the ,starre white ,daffodill1 before spoken of3 in the middle of the flower is a small yellow cup of a meane size1 and after the flower is past1 there commeth in the same place a small head1 containing small1 round1 blacke seede1 like vnto the ,autumne ,hyacinth3 the leaues come vp after the seede is ripe and gone1 being small and narrow1 not much bigger then the ,autumne ,hyacinth3 the roote is small and blackish on the outside4 ,the ,place4 ,this ,daffodill groweth in ,spaine1 where ,clusius saw it1 and brought it into these parts4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the beginning of ,autumne1 and his seede is ripe in the end of ,october in those hot ,countries1 but in ours it will scarce abide to shew a flower4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,spaniards1 as ,clusius reporteth1 call it ,tonada1 and he vpon the sight thereof1 ,narcissus ,autumnalis minor albus1 and wee in ,english thereafter1 ,the little white ,autumne ,daffodill4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus ,virgineus4 ,the ,virginian ,daffodill4 #b ,narcissus minimus ,iuncifolij flore4 ,the least ,daffodill of all4 #c ,narcissus ,autumnalis minor albus4 ,the little white ,autumne ,daffodill4 #d ,narcissus albus ,autumnalis medio obsoletus4 ,the white ,autumne ,daffodill with a sullen crown4 #e ,narcissus ,iuncifolius maximus amplo calice4 ,the great ,iunquilia with the largest flower or cup4 #f ,narcissus totus albus flore pleno ,virginianus4 ,the double white ,daffodill of ,virginia4 ,narcissus albus ,autumnalis medio obsoletus4 ,the white ,autumne ,daffodill with a sullen crowne4 ,this ,autumne ,daffodill hath two or three leaues at the most1 and very narrow1 so that some doe reckon it among the ,rush ,daffodils1 being somewhat broad at the bottome1 and more pointed at the toppe1 betweene these leaues commeth vp the stalke1 bearing vsually two flowers and no more at the toppe1 made of sixe white leaues a peece1 pointed and not round3 the cup is small and round like vnto the cup or crowne of the least ,rush ,daffodill1 of a yellow colour at the bottome but toward the edge of a dunne or sullen colour4 ,narcissus angustifolius luteus semper florens ,caccini4 ,the yellow ,italian ,daffodill of ,caccini4 ,this ,daffodill beareth a number of small1 long1 narrow1 and very greene leaues1 broader then the leaues of any ,rush ,daffodill1 among which rise vp diuers stalkes1 bearing at the head two or three flowers a peece1 each of them being small and yellow1 the cup or crowne is small also1 of a deeper yellow then the flower4 ,the ,nobleman of ,florence1 who first sent this plant to ,christian ,porret at ,leyden1 after the death of ,carolus ,clusius1 writeth that euery stalke doth beare with him more store of flowers1 then are formerly set downe1 and that it neuer ceaseth to beare flowers1 but that after one or more stalkes haue been in flower together1 and are past1 there succeed other in their places4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is naturall of ,spain1 the naturall place of the other is not known to vs4 ,the ,time4 ,the times of the flowring1 are set downe both in the title and in the descriptions2 the one to be in ,autumne1 the other to be all the ,summer long4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,latine names are imposed on them1 as are fittest for them1 and the last by that honourable man that sent it1 which is most fit to continue1 and not to bee changed4 ,but wee1 to let it bee knowne by an ,english name to ,english people1 haue entituled it1 ,the yellow ,italian ,daffodill of ,caccini3 if any man can giue it a more proper name1 ,i shall bee therewith right well content4 ,narcissus angustifolius1 siue ,iuncifolius maximus1 amplo calice4 ,the great ,iunquilia with the large flower or cup4 ,although this ,daffodill importeth by his name1 not to be of this family1 but of the next1 considering it is so like vnto them1 but bigger2 yet ,i haue thought good to place it in the end of these narrow leafed ,daffodils1 as being indifferent1 whether it should bee referred to this or to that4 ,for this carrieth diuers long green leaues1 like vnto the other ,rush ,daffodils1 but thicker and broader1 so that it may without any great errour1 bee reckoned among these narrow leafed ,daffodils1 bearing at the toppe two or three very faire large flowers1 with a large and more open cuppe1 then in any other of the ,rush ,daffodils1 both of them of a faire yellow colour1 yet the cuppe a little deeper then the flower1 and a little crumpled about the edges1 and both a pretty sharpe sent3 the roote is greater and longer then the other ,rush ,daffodill1 and couered likewise with a blackish coate4 ,the ,place4 ,we haue this in ,gardens onely1 and haue not heard of his naturall place4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,i leaue it indifferent1 as ,i said1 whether you will call it ,narcissus angustifolius1 or ,iuncifolius magno calice1 or maximus1 because it is the greatest of all the rest of that kinde4 ,narcissus totus albus flore pleno ,virginianus4 ,the double white ,daffodill of ,virginia4 ,the roote of this ,daffodill1 is very like vnto the former single ,virginia ,daffodill1 set forth in the first place of this ranke of narrow leafed ,daffodils1 but that it is a little bigger and rounder1 being a little long withall1 and blackish also on the outside1 as that is3 from whence riseth vp two leaues1 somewhat broader then the former3 but of a like greennesse3 the stalke riseth vp betweene these two leaues1 about a span high1 or not much higher1 bearing one faire double snow white flower1 very like in the fashion vnto the pale yellow double ,daffodill1 or bastard ,daffodill of ,robinus1 hereafter described3 ,for it is in the like manner laid open flat1 and composed of six rowes of leaues1 euery rowe lying in order iust opposite1 or one before another1 whereof those six leaues that make the first or outermost course1 are the greatest1 and all the rest lying1 as ,i said1 one vpon or before another1 are euery rowe smaller then others from the middle of this flower1 thrusteth forth a small long pointed forke or horne1 white as the flower is4 ,the ,place4 ,the place is named to be ,virginia1 but in what part it is not known to vs4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the end of ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,it may be that this doth grow among the former single kinde1 and called by the same name ,attamusco1 for that the plant is not much differing1 yet hereof ,i am not certaine3 ,but we1 from the forme and countenance of the plant1 do call it ,narcissus ,virginianus1 ,the ,virginian ,daffodill1 and because it beareth a double flower1 it hath the title of double added vnto it4 ,the third order of ,daffodils1 ,i said in the beginning was of ,iuncifolios1 ,rush ,daffodils1 which are now next to be entreated of1 ,i shall herein keepe the same order ,i vsed in the former2 but because ,i finde none of this order1 that beare but one flower vpon a stalke1 ,i must begin with those that beare many4 #a4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius albus4 ,the white ,iunquilia4 ,this white ,rush ,daffodill hath small long leaues1 a little broader1 and of a whiter greene colour then the ordinary yellow ,rush ,daffodils3 the stalke riseth vp halfe a foote high or more1 bearing two or three small white flowers vpon a stalke1 yet somewhat bigger then the common yellow ,rush ,daffodill1 hauing a small round cuppe in the middle1 white also as the leaues are4 ,the seede is small1 blacke1 and round1 as other seedes of ,daffodils are3 the roote is small and round1 couered with a blackish coate4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius albus magno calice4 ,the white ,iunquilia with a great cup4 ,there is of this kinde another sort1 that hath the cup in the middle of the flower1 a little larger then the other1 but in all other things alike4 #b4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius flore albo reflexo4 ,the white turning ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,this turning white ,daffodill hath foure or fiue long greene leaues1 yet shorter and broader then the ordinary yellow ,iunquilia1 and fully as greene also1 from among which riseth vp a slender greene stalke1 a foote high bearing out of a thinne skinnie huske1 three or foure1 or more snow white flowers1 standing vpon long greene foot-stalkes1 euery flower hanging downe his head1 and turning vp his six narrow and long leaues1 euen to the very foot-stalk againe3 from the middle of the flower hangeth downe a long round cuppe1 as white as the leaues1 within which are contained three small white chiues1 tipt with yellow1 and a small long pointell1 thrusting out beyond the brimmes of the cup3 after the flowers are past1 there come vp in their places small three square heads1 wherein is contained very small1 round1 and blacke shining seede3 the roote is small1 round1 and a little long withall1 couered with a blackish browne coate or skin4 ,the flower is quite without any good sent1 or indeed rather none at all4 #c4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius flore luteo reflexo4 ,the yellow turning ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of the ,rush ,daffodill are greater and longer then the former1 and of a paler greene colour3 the stalke riseth somewhat higher1 bearing two or three flowers thereon wholly of a gold yellow colour1 both the cuppe and the leaues that turne vp againe4 #d4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius calice albo reflexis folijs luteis4 ,the yellow turning ,iunquilia with a white cup4 ,this ,daffodill hath his long rush-like leaues standing vpright as the former1 betweene which riseth vp a greene stalke1 about a foote high or more1 bearing two or three flowers thereon1 whose turning leaues are of a faire pale yellow1 and the cuppe pale white1 and not so pure a white as the former4 #e4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius calice luteo reflexis folijs albidis4 ,the white turning ,iunquilia with a yellow cup4 ,as the last had the leaues of the flower that turne vp againe yellow1 and the cuppe whitish1 so this hath contrariwise the turning leaues of a whitish yellow1 and the long cup yellower1 else in his long green leaues1 or any other thing1 there is small difference4 #f4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus magno calice4 ,the ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill with a great cup4 ,this ,rush ,daffodill hath bigger leaues1 and longer then the ordinary yellow ,rush ,daffodill1 being a little flat on the one side1 and round on the other1 but of the same greennesse with all the rest3 the stalke riseth vp two foote high1 bearing two1 and sometimes three flowers thereon1 being of a faire yellow colour1 with a large open cup in the middle1 of a little deeper yellow colour1 like vnto the great ,iunquilia with the large flower1 before set downe1 whereof this is a kinde1 no doubt2 but that is larger and greater then this1 both in leafe1 flower1 cup1 c4 and this onely somewhat lesse in all parts then that4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus ,iuncifolius albus4 ,the white ,iunquilia4 #b ,narcissus ,iuncifolius flore albo reflexo4 ,the white turning ,iunquilia4 #c ,narcissus ,iuncifolius calice luteo reflexis folijs albis4 ,the yellow turning ,iunquilia4 #d ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus magno calice4 ,the yellow ,iunquilia with a great cuppe4 #e ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus maior vulgaris4 ,the ordinary yellow ,iunquilia4 #f ,narcissus ,iuncifolius ,autumnalis flore viridi4 ,the greene ,autumne ,iunquilia4 #g ,narcissus angustifolius aureus multiplex4 ,the golden double narrow leafed ,daffodill4 #h ,narcissus ,iuncifolius flore pleno4 ,the double ,iunquilia4 #g4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus vulgaris maior4 ,the ordinary ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,this ordinary ,rush ,daffodill hath foure or fiue long greene round leaues1 like vnto ,rushes1 whereof it tooke the name3 among these leaues riseth vp the stalke1 round and greene1 a foote and a halfe high very often1 bearing at the toppe three or foure flowers all yellow1 but much smaller then the last1 and so is the cup also3 the seede is small and blacke1 inclosed in small cornered heads2 the roote is blackish on the outside4 ,the smell of the flower is very sweete in all these sorts of ,rush ,daffodils4 #h4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus medius4 ,the smaller ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are like vnto the former1 but smaller and rounder1 the stalke riseth vp so high1 nor are the flowers so great1 but the leaues of the flower are a little rounder1 and not so pointed as in the former1 in all things else alike1 sauing lesser4 #i4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus minor4 ,the least ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,this least ,daffodill hath fiue or six small greene leaues1 a little broader1 and not so long as the last1 among which riseth vp a stalke almost a foote high1 bearing one or two small flowers at the toppe1 of a paler yellow colour then the former1 with a yellow open cuppe1 or crowne rather in the middle1 bigger then in either of the last two3 the roote is very small and blacke1 like vnto the last in roundnesse and colour4 #aj4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus albicantibus lineis distinctus4 ,the yellow ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill with white lines4 ,this ,rush ,daffodill1 hath round1 greene1 and long leaues1 like vnto the ordinary ,rush ,daffodill1 with a stalke bearing two or three yellow flowers1 hauing leaues somewhat round at the point or end1 with a line or strake of white in the middle of euerie one of them1 the cup is short1 and crowne fashion1 a little crumpled about the brims3 the seede1 roote1 or anything else differeth not4 #aa4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius ,autumnalis flore viridi4 ,the ,autumne ,rush ,daffodill with a greene flower4 ,this strange ,rush ,daffodill 7,i call it strange1 not onely because it differeth from all others of this kinde1 but also because there are but few in these parts that haue had it1 and fewer that doe still enioy it1 in that it is perished withall that had it7 hath but one onely leafe1 very long1 round1 and greene1 in all that euer ,i saw growing1 which beareth no flower while that greene leafe is fresh1 and to bee seene3 but afterwards the stalke riseth vp1 being like vnto the former greene leafe1 round1 naked1 and greene vp to the toppe1 where two or three flowers breake forth out of a small thin skinne1 euery one consisting of six small and narrow greene leaues1 very sharpe pointed at the end1 and as it were ending in a small pricke or thorne3 in the middle whereof is a small round cup1 or rather crowne1 of the same colour with the leaues and stalke1 which flower smelleth very sweete1 somewhat like vnto the rest of the ,rush ,daffodils3 this sheweth not his flower vntill ,october1 and the frosts quickly following after their flowring1 cause them soone to perish4 #ab4 ,narcissus angustifolius aureus multiplex4 ,the golden double narrow leafed ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are very narrow1 and of a whitish greene colour1 not aboue foure or fiue inches long1 from among which riseth vp a stalke about a foote high1 bearing at the top one flower1 consisting of some outer leaues1 which are of a yellow colour1 and of many other leaues in the middle being smaller1 and set thicke and round together of a more yellow gold colour1 but with some whiter leaues among them1 the middle part a little pointing forth2 the flower standeth long before it doth perfect his colour1 and abideth long in flower before the colour decay3 the roote is in fashion almost like the ordinary ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,i acknowledge this ,daffodill hath not his proper place2 but because the figure is set in this table1 let it thus passe at this time4 #ac4 ,narcissus ,iuncifolius luteus flore pleno4 ,the double ,iunquilia1 or ,rush ,daffodill4 ,the double ,rush ,daffodill hath his long greene leaues round1 like the leaues of the common or ordinary ,rush ,daffodill1 and of the same bignesse1 among which riseth vp a long slender greene stalke1 bearing two or three1 seldome more small flowers1 yellow and double1 that is1 with diuers rowes of leaues1 hauing the yellow cup such as is in the single flower1 broken into small threads or peeces1 running among the leaues of the flower1 which peeces in some flowers are not so easily seene1 being smaller then in others1 this beareth no button or head vnder the flower for seede1 his roote is round and blackish1 browne on the outside1 so like vnto the common ,rush ,daffodill1 that it is almost impossible to know the one from the other4 ,sidenote3 ,alter minori flore4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose flowers are smaller1 and not so double1 one1 two1 or three at the most vpon a stalke1 and of lesse beauty by much4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,rush ,daffodils1 doe for the most part grow in ,spaine and ,france1 and on the ,pyrenan ,mountaines1 which are betweene ,spaine and ,france1 which ,mountains are the ,nourseries of many of the finest flowers1 that doe adorne the ,gardens of these louers of natures pride1 and gathered in part by industrious1 learned1 generous men1 inhabiting neare thereunto1 and in part by such as make a gaine of their labours1 bestowed vpon these things4 ,onely that with the greene flower was gathered in ,barbary1 and imparted vnto vs from ,france4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in the ,spring1 that is1 in ,march and ,aprill1 except such whose time is set downe to be in ,autumne4 ,the ,names4 ,their names are specified in their titles1 and therefore ,i shall not need to set downe any further repetitions4 ,to conclude therefore this discourse of true ,daffodils1 there remaineth to speake of the ,sea ,daffodils1 which 7as ,i said in the beginning7 is but one1 that is frequent1 and doth abide with vs4 ,but there bee some others found about the ,cape of good ,hope1 and in the ,west ,indies1 and brought vnto these parts rather for ostentation1 then continuance1 where they haue flowred onely once 7if peraduenture so often7 so that being such strangers1 of so remote ,countries1 and of so diuers natures1 ,i shall but shew you some of them1 rather cursorily then curiously2 and but onely for your satisfaction1 giue you knowledge of two or three of them1 that there haue beene seene such in flower1 and that they are scarce to bee seene againe1 except they bee fetcht a new euery yeare that they be seene4 ,narcissus ,marinus1 siue tertius ,matthioli4 ,the great white ,sea ,daffodill1 or ,matthiolus his third ,daffodill4 ,the roote of this ,daffodill by long continuance1 standing in one place without being remoued1 groweth to be much greater and larger1 than any other ,daffodill whatsoeuer1 and as bigge as any meane ,squilla or ,sea ,onion roote1 hauing many long1 thicke1 and white fibres1 or long rootes1 diuersly branched1 and spread vnder the vpper part of the earth beside some others that grow downward1 and perish not euery yeare1 as the fibres of all1 or most of the other ,daffodils doe2 and therefore this plant will not thriue1 and beare flowers1 if it be often transplanted1 but rather desire to abide in one place without remouing1 as ,i said1 and that not to be ouershadowed1 or couered with other herbes standing too neare it1 which then will flourish1 and beare aboundantly3 from this roote1 which is couered with many blackish coates1 ariseth six or seuen1 or more leaues1 twice so broad almost1 as any of the former ,daffodils1 but not so long by halfe as many of them1 being but short1 in comparison of the breadth1 and of a white greene colour2 from the middle of which leaues1 as also from the sides sometimes1 springeth vp one or two1 or more stalkes1 roundish and thicke1 and sometimes a little flat and cornered1 a foote high or somewhat more1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a skinnie huske1 eight1 ten1 twelue1 or more very large flowers1 consisting of six white leaues a peece1 spread or laid open1 with a white short cuppe or crowne in the middle1 lying flat vpon the leaues1 cut or diuided into six corners 7and not whole1 as the cuppe or crowne of any other single ,daffodill7 from euery of which edges1 or corners of this cup or crowne1 standeth one white long thread1 a little crooked or turning vp at the end1 tipt with a yellow pendent1 and some other white threads tipt with yellow pendents1 standing also in the middle3 after the flower is past1 there come vp great three square heads1 wherein the seede is contained1 which is great1 blacke1 and round1 like vnto the seede of other ,daffodils1 but greater3 the flower hath a reasonable good sent1 but not very strong4 ,the ,place4 ,it was first found by the ,sea side1 in the ,isle of ,sardinia1 and on the high ,mountaines also of the same ,isle1 where it hath borne by report1 thirty fiue flowers vpon a stalke3 it groweth likewise about ,illyricum1 and in diuers other places4 ,the ,time4 ,it springeth later out of the ground then any other ,daffodill1 that is to say1 not vntill the later end of ,march1 or beginning of ,aprill1 and flowreth in the end of ,may1 or the beginning of ,iune3 the seede is ripe in the end of ,iuly1 or beginning of ,august4 ,the ,names4 ,the first that hath made mention of this ,daffodill1 was ,matthiolus1 who placed it in the third place among his ,daffodils1 and is most vsually now adayes called ,narcissus tertius ,matthioli1 ,matthiolus his third ,daffodill1 the rather1 because ,clusius vpon a more mature deliberation1 first referred it thereunto1 but called it at the first1 ,lilionarcissus ,hemerocallidis facie1 and1 as hee saith1 ,iacobus ,plateau 7who first sent him the figure hereof1 with the description7 called it ,lilionarcissus ,orientalis1 but ,clusius vpon certaine information1 that it grew in the places aforesaid1 misliked the name of ,orientalis1 and added ,hemerocallis1 which yet is not fit1 for that his ,hemerocallis ,valentina1 is a plaine ,pancration or ,sea bastard ,daffodill1 whose middle cup is longer then the cup of any true ,daffodill1 which 7as ,i said in the beginning of this ,chapter7 is the chiefest note of difference1 betweene a true and a bastard ,daffodill4 ,i receiued the seede of this ,daffodill among many other seedes of rare plants1 from the liberality of ,m4 ,doctor ,flud1 one of the ,physitians of the ,colledge in ,london1 who gathered them in the ,vniuersity ,garden at ,pisa in ,italy1 and brought them with him1 returning home from his trauailes into those parts1 by the name of ,martagon rarissimum1 7and hauing sowne them1 expected fourteene yeares1 before ,i saw them beare a flower1 which the first yeare that it did flower1 bore foure stalkes of flowers1 with euery one of them eight or ten flowers on them7 which of all other names1 doth least answer the forme or qualities of this plant4 ,it may most fitly be called ,narcissus marinus maximus1 in ,english1 ,the great ,sea ,daffodill1 both because it is a true ,daffodill1 and the greatest of all other1 and also because it hath not been found1 but in ,islands1 or else in other places neare the ,sea4 ,lobelius entituleth it ,pancratium ,indicum alterum vernum1 siue ,narcissus ,indicus alter facie ,pancratij ,monspeliaci1 but all this is wide from the matter1 as may easily be known1 by that that hath been said before4 ,it is generally 7as ,i said before7 called of all ,narcissus tertius ,matthioli1 ,matthiolus his third ,daffodill1 which may either so passe with vs1 or as ,i called it1 ,the great ,sea ,daffodill1 which you will1 so ,clusius doth lastly entitle it4 ,illustration3 #a ,narcissus tertius ,matthioli4 ,the great white ,sea ,daffodill4 #b ,narcissus ,indicus ,autumnalis4 ,the ,indian ,autumne ,daffodill4 #c ,narcissus marinus ,africanus4 ,the ,sea ,daffodill of ,africa4 #d ,narcissus marinus exoticus4 ,the strange ,sea ,daffodill4 #a4 ,pancratium ,indicum1 aut ,narcissus ,indicus ,autumnalis quorundam ,lobelij4 ,the ,indian ,autumne ,daffodill of ,lobel4 ,this plant hath in my opinion1 a farre nearer resemblance vnto an ,hyacinthus1 then vnto any ,daffodill3 ,but because ,lobel hath so set it forth1 ,i will so publish it vnto you1 leauing it to iudgement4 ,the roote is1 as he saith1 a span long1 and of the thicknesse of a mans arme1 couered with many white shells1 whereof the outermost are of a darke red or ,chestnut colour3 the flowers rise vp in ,september and ,october1 being eight or ten in number1 euery one by it selfe vpon a small footstalke1 made of six leaues a peece1 somewhat long1 narrow1 and pointed1 like vnto the flowers of the ,english ,colchicum1 or ,medowe ,saffron1 of a whitish yellow dunne colour1 with six long threads in the middle3 the greene leaues are long and broad1 and broad pointed4 #b4 ,narcissus ,marinus ,africanus1 siue ,exoticus ,lobelij4 ,the ,sea ,daffodill of ,africa4 ,the roote of this strange plant 7which of some likenesse is called a ,daffodill7 is very great1 made as it were of many scaly cloues1 from whence riseth vp a small short stalke1 bearing hard aboue the ground two faire broad greene pointed leaues1 more long then broad1 so compassing the stalke at the bottome1 that it seemeth to run through them3 the stalke is spotted with diuers discoloured spots1 and is bare or naked from these two leaues vnto the toppe1 where it beareth one faire double flower1 like vnto a double ,anemone1 of a delayed reddish colour1 tending to a blush1 with many threads set about the middle head4 #c4 ,narcissus ,marinus ,exoticus4 ,the strange ,sea ,daffodill4 ,the strange ,sea ,daffodill1 hath fiue or six large and long leaues of a pale greene colour1 from among which riseth vp a strong and bigge stalke1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a thinne hose or skinne1 many very large flowers1 made of six long and pointed leaues apeece1 of a blewish purple colour1 with a large round open cup in the middle1 of a sadder colour then the leaues3 the roote is very great1 yet like vnto other great ,daffodils1 the outer skins whereof are of a darke browne colour4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,indian ,daffodils grew in the vpper part of ,hispaniola in the ,west ,indies1 and brought hither1 where they all soone perished4 ,the other grew neare the ,cape of good ,hope1 and was brought into the parts of ,holland and thereabouts1 from whence we had it1 perished also4 ,the last is vnknowne where it was gathered4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowred in ,autumne1 as it is said4 ,the other in the first ,summer of their bringing4 ,and so did the last1 but the same rootes will not flower with vs againe4 ,the ,names4 ,so much hath been said of their names in their titles1 as hath come to our knowledge2 and therefore let that suffice4 ,thus hauing gone through the whole ,family of the true ,daffodils1 7for so much as hath come to our knowledge7 and set them downe euery one by his name1 and in this order2 it is fit that we speake of their bastard brethern1 and shew you them also1 in the same order held with the former1 as neare as the plenty of variety herein1 which is not the like with the former1 will giue leaue1 that when you know them both by face and name1 you may the better know to place or distinguish of others1 that haue not passed vnder this rod4 ,pseudonarcissus aureus ,hispanicus maximus4 ,the great yellow ,spanish bastard ,daffodill4 ,the roote of this kinde of ,daffodill is reasonable great1 and blackish on the outside1 desiring to be deepe in the ground2 and therefore will runne downe1 where it will then encrease into many of-sets1 from whence rise vp many thicke1 long1 and stiffe leaues1 of a grayish greene colour1 among which riseth vp a round strong stalke1 sometimes three foote high or better1 bearing at the toppe one onely faire great yellow flower1 standing forth right1 and not pendulous1 consisting of six short and somewhat broad leaues1 with a very great1 large1 and long trunke1 of an equall largenesse1 but open at the mouth1 and turning vp the brimmes a little1 which are somewhat crumpled3 after the flower is past1 there commeth in the place a three square head1 containing round1 blacke seede1 like vnto other ,daffodils4 ,pseudonarcissus ,pyrenus ,hispanico ,anglico similis4 ,the ,mountaine bastard ,daffodill of diuers kindes4 ,there is much variety in this kinde of bastard ,daffodill3 ,for one sort hath verie broad and whitish greene leaues1 somewhat short in comparison of others1 that are of that breadth3 the flower is wholly yellow1 but a little paler then the former ,spanish kinde1 hauing the leaues of his flower long1 and somewhat narrow1 standing like wings about the middle trunke1 which is as long as the leaues1 and smaller then in many other of this kinde1 but a little yellower then the wings4 ,another sort hath narrower green leaues then this last1 and longer1 the flower is all yellow1 but the trunke is larger1 wider1 and more open at the mouth then the former1 and almost as large as the former ,spanish1 but not so high as the last4 ,a third hath the wings of the flower of a ,strawe colour1 but the trunke is long and narrow1 of a faire yellow4 ,a fourth hath such like flowers1 but that it is shorter1 both the wings and the trunke3 ,some likewise haue the wings of the flower longer1 then the long trunke1 and some shorter4 ,some also are all yellow1 and some haue their wings onely a little more pale or white1 like the ,english kinde3 ,some againe haue their trunkes long and narrow1 others haue them larger and wider open1 and crumpled at the brimmes2 so that it is needlesse1 to spend a great deale of time and labour vpon such smally respected flowers1 but that in the beholding of them1 we may therein admire the worke of the ,creatour1 who can frame such diuersity in one thing3 ,but this is beside the text1 yet not impertinent4 ,pseudonarcissus pallidus prcox4 ,the early ,strawe coloured bastard ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this ,daffodill are of a meane size1 betweene the broadest and the narrower kindes1 of a grayish greene colour1 and not very long3 the stalke riseth vp a foot high or more1 whereon standeth one large great flower1 equalling the greatest ,spanish bastard ,daffodill1 before described1 in the largenesse of his trunke1 and hauing the brimmes turned vp a little1 which maketh it seeme the larger3 the wings or outer leaues are in a manner as short1 as they are in the greatest ,spanish kinde1 7and not long flagging down1 like vnto the ,mountain kinds7 and stand straight outright3 all the whole flower is of one euen colour1 that is1 of a fine pale yellow1 somewhat like vnto the colour of a ,lemon peele or rinde1 but somewhat whiter1 which vsually we call a ,strawe colour2 the greatnesse of the flower1 the earlinesse of the flowring1 and the difference of colour from all the rest of this kinde1 hath made me entreate of it apart by it selfe1 as being no lesse worthy4 ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus flore albo maior4 ,the great white ,spanish bastard ,daffodill4 ,this bastard ,daffodill hath diuers leaues rising vp together1 long and broad1 somewhat like vnto the first ,spanish kinde1 but a little broader1 and of a whiter greene colour1 yet not so white1 as in the lesser ,spanish white kindes1 hereafter described3 among these leaues riseth vp a round strong stalke1 about two foote high1 bearing one white flower at the toppe1 bending downe the head1 as all these white kindes doe1 but is not of so pure a white1 as the lesser kindes that follow1 yet whiter then the greatest white ,spanish kinde1 next of all to be described3 the whole flower1 as well trunke as wings1 is much larger then the lesser white kindes1 and almost equalling the first ,spanish yellow1 but a little longer and narrower1 a little crumpled and turning vp at the brimmes3 the head and seede are like the first2 the roote is greater and thicker then the first ,spanish1 and doth not encrease so much1 nor is couered with a blacke1 but rather with a whitish coate4 ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus maximus albidus4 ,the greatest ,spanish white bastard ,daffodill4 ,this kinde of bastard ,daffodill is very like the last mentioned ,daffodill1 both in leaues and flowers1 but larger in both3 the flower of this is not full so white1 but hath some shew of palenesse therein1 and more vpon the first opening of the flower then afterwards1 and is as great altogether1 as the great ,spanish yellow1 at the least with a longer1 and somewhat narrower trunke3 the seede is like vnto the former1 and so is the roote also1 but greater1 being white on the outside1 and not blacke4 ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus flore albo medius minor4 ,the two lesser white ,spanish bastard ,daffodils4 ,there are two other of these kindes of white ,spanish ,daffodils1 one greater or lesser then the other1 but neither of them so great as the former4 ,the leaues of both are of a whitish greene colour1 one a little broader then the other3 the flowers of both are pure white1 and bending downe the heads1 that they almost touch the stalke againe1 the greater flower hath the longer and narrower trunke2 and the lesser flower1 the shorter and wider open1 yet both a little crumpled at the edges or brimmes3 the rootes of both are like one vnto another1 but differ in the greatnesse4 ,from the seede of these haue sprung much variety1 few or none keeping either colour or height with the mother plants4 ,pseudonarcissus ,anglicus vulgaris4 ,our common ,english wilde bastard ,daffodill4 ,this bastard ,daffodill is so common in all ,england1 both in ,copses1 ,woods1 and ,orchards1 that ,i might well forbeare the description thereof1 and especially1 in that growing wilde1 it is of little respect in our ,garden3 but yet1 lest ,i bee challenged of ignorance in common plants1 and in regard of some variety therein worth the marking4 ,i will set downe his description and variety as briefly as ,i may3 ,it hath three or foure grayish greene leaues1 long and somewhat narrow1 among which riseth vp the stalke1 about a span high or little higher1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a skinnie huske1 as all other ,daffodils haue1 one flower 7although sometimes ,i haue seene two together7 somewhat large1 hauing the six leaues that stand like wings1 of a pale yellow colour1 and the long trunke in the middle of a faire yellow1 with the edges or brimmes a little crumpled or vneuen3 after the flower is past1 it beareth a round head1 seeming three square1 containing round blacke seede2 the roote is somewhat blackish on the outside4 ,but there is another of this kinde like vnto the former1 whose further description you haue here before2 the wings of which flower are much more white then the former1 and in a manner of a milke white colour1 the trunke remaining almost as yellow as the former1 and not differing in any thing else4 ,illustration3 #a ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus maximus aureus4 ,the great yellow ,spanish bastard ,daffodill4 #b ,pseudonarcissus ,pyrenus variformis4 ,the ,mountaine bastard ,daffodill of diuers kindes4 #c ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus maior albus4 ,the greater white ,spanish bastard ,daffodill4 #d ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus minor albus4 ,the lesser ,spanish white bastard ,daffodill4 #e ,pseudonarcissus tubo sexangulari4 ,the six cornered bastard ,daffodill4 #f ,pseudonarcissus maximus aureus1 siue ,roseus ,tradescanti4 ,iohn ,tradescants great ,rose ,daffodill4 #g ,pseudonarcissus aureus ,anglicus maximus4 ,master ,wilmers great double ,daffodill4 #h ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus aureus flore pleno4 ,the double ,spanish ,daffodill1 or ,parkinsons double ,daffodill4 #i ,pseudonarcissus ,gallicus maior flore pleno4 ,the greater double ,french ,daffodill4 #aj ,pseudonarcissus ,anglicus flore pleno4 ,the double ,english ,daffodill1 or ,gerrards double ,daffodill4 ,pseudonarcissus tubo sexangulari4 ,the six cornered bastard ,daffodill4 ,this kinde of ,daffodill hath two or three long1 and somewhat broader leaues then the last1 between which commeth forth a stalke1 bearing one flower somewhat large hauing the six outer leaues of a pale yellow colour1 and the long trunke plaited or cornered all along vnto the very edge into six parts1 of a little deeper yellow then the wings4 ,the ,place4 ,the first great ,spanish kinde was brought out of ,spaine4 ,the rest from the ,pyrenan ,mountaines1 onely the last sauing one is plentifull in our owne ,country1 but the white sort of that kinde came with the rest from the same ,mountaines4 ,the ,time4 ,the pale or third kinde1 and the ,english bee the most early1 all the rest flower in ,aprill1 and the greatest yellow somewhat earlier1 then the other greater or lesser white4 ,the ,names4 ,their seuerall names are expressed in their titles sufficient to distinguish them1 and therefore there needeth no more to be said of them4 #a4 ,pseudonarcissus aureus maximus flore pleno1 siue ,roseus ,tradescanti4 ,the greatest double yellow bastard ,daffodill1 or ,iohn ,tradescant his great ,rose ,daffodill4 ,this ,prince of ,daffodils 7belongeth primarily to ,iohn ,tradescant1 as the first founder thereof1 that we know1 and may well bee entituled the ,glory of ,daffodils7 hath a great round roote1 like vnto other ,daffodils1 couered with a brownish outer skinne or peeling1 from whence riseth vp foure or fiue somewhat large and broad leaues1 of a grayish greene colour1 yet not fully so long and large as the next following ,daffodill3 from the middle whereof riseth vp a stalke almost as high and great as it1 bearing at the toppe 7out of a skinnie huske7 one faire large great flower 7the budde1 before it breake open1 being shorter and thicker in the middle1 and ending in a longer and sharper point then any of the other ,daffodils7 very much spread open1 consisting of smaller and shorter leaues then the next1 but more in number1 and thicker and rounder set together1 making it seeme as great and double as any ,prouince ,rose1 and intermixt with diuers yellow and pale leaues1 as it were on rowes one vnder another4 ,it abideth long in flower1 and spreadeth1 by standing long1 to be the broadest in compasse of any of the ,daffodils1 but falleth away at the last without giuing any seede1 as all double ,daffodils doe4 #b4 ,pseudonarcissus aureus ,anglicus maximus4 ,m4 ,wilmers great double ,daffodill4 ,the other great double ,daffodill doth so neare resemble our ordinary ,english double kinde1 that ,i doe not finde therein any greater difference1 then the largenesse both of leaues and flowers1 c41 and the statelinesse of growth4 ,it beareth three or foure large1 long1 and broad leaues1 somewhat longer and broader then the former1 and of a whitish greene colour3 the stalke riseth to bee two foote high1 growing 7in a fruitfull and fat soyle7 strong1 and somewhat round1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a thin skinne1 one great and faire double flower1 each leafe whereof is twice as large and broad as the former1 diuersly intermixt with a rowe of paler1 and a rowe of deeper yellow leaues1 wholly dispersed throughout the flower1 the pale colour as well as the deeper yellow1 in this as in the other small ,english kinde1 growing deeper by standing3 sometimes the leaues hereof are scattered1 and spread wholly1 making it shew a faire1 broad1 open flower3 and sometimes the outer leaues stand separate from the middle trunke1 which is whole and vnbroken1 and very thicke of leaues3 and sometimes the middle trunke1 will bee halfe broken1 neither expressing a full open double flower1 nor a close double trunke1 as it is likewise seene in the small ,english kinde1 as shall bee declared in his place3 this beareth no seede2 the roote hereof is thicke and great1 and encreaseth as well as any other ,daffodill4 #c4 ,pseudonarcissus aureas ,hispanicus flore pleno4 ,the great double yellow ,spanish bastard ,daffodill1 or ,parkinsons ,daffodill4 ,this double ,spanish ,daffodill hath diuers leaues rising from the roote1 stiffer1 narrower1 and not of so whitish a greene colour as the former1 but more sullen or grayish1 plainely resembling the leaues of the single great kinde1 from whence this hath risen3 the stalke hereof likewise riseth almost as high as it1 and neare the height of the last recited double1 bearing one double flower at the toppe1 alwayes spread open1 and neuer forming a double trunke like the former1 yet not so faire and large as it1 the outermost leaues whereof being of a greenish colour at the first1 and afterward more yellow1 doe a little turne themselues backe againe to the stalke1 the other leaues are some of a pale yellow1 and others of a more gold yellow colour1 those that stand in the middle are smaller1 and some of them shew as if they were hollow trunked1 so that they seeme to be greenish1 whitish1 yellow1 and gold yellow1 all mixed one among another3 the root is great1 round1 and whitish on the inside1 couered with darke coloured skinnes or peelings4 ,i thinke none euer had this kinde before my selfe1 nor did ,i my selfe euer see it before the yeare #afah1 for it is of mine own raising and flowring first in my ,garden4 #d4 ,pseudonarcissus ,gallicus maior flore pleno4 ,the greater double ,french bastard ,daffodill4 ,this greater double ,daffodill1 hath his whitish greene leaues longer and broader then the smaller ,french kinde1 hereafter following1 to bee described1 and broader1 longer1 and more limber then the double ,english kinde3 the stalke riseth vp not much higher1 then the smaller ,french kinde1 but a little bigger1 bearing at the top one great double flower1 which when it is fully and perfectly blowne open 7which is but seldome2 for that it is very tender1 the leaues being much thinner1 and thereby continually subiect1 vpon any little distemperature of the time1 to cleaue so fast one vnto another1 that the flower cannot blow open faire7 is a faire and goodly flower1 larger by halfe then the smaller kinde1 and fuller of leaues1 of the same pale whitish yellow1 or ,lemon colour1 with the lesser1 or rather a little whiter1 and not set in the same order of rowes as it is1 but more confusedly together1 and turning backe the ends of the outermost leaues to the stalke againe1 and hauing the bottome of the flower on the backside somewhat greene1 neither of which is found in the lesser kinde3 the roote is very like vnto the lesser kinde1 but a little bigger and longer4 #e4 ,pseudonarcissus ,anglicus flore pleno4 ,the double ,english bastard ,daffodill1 or ,gerrards double ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this double ,daffodill are very like vnto the single kinde1 being of a whitish greene colour1 and somewhat broad1 a little shorter and narrower1 yet stiffer then the former ,french kinde3 the stalke riseth vp about a foote high1 bearing at the toppe one very double flower1 the outermost leaues being of the same pale colour1 that is to bee seene in the wings of the single kinde2 those that stand next them are some as deepe a yellow as the trunke of the single1 and others of the same pale colour1 with some greene stripes on the backe of diuers of the leaues3 thus is the whole flower variably intermixt with pale and deepe yellow1 and some greene stripes among them1 when it is fully open1 and the leaues dispersed and broken4 ,for sometimes the flower sheweth a close and round yellow trunke in the middle1 separate from the pale outer wings1 which trunke is very double1 shewing some pale leaues within it1 dispersed among the yellow3 ,and sometimes the trunke is more open1 or in part broken1 shewing forth the same colours intermixt within it3 the flower passeth away without giuing any seede1 as all other bulbous rootes doe that beare double flowers3 the roote is small1 very like vnto the ,french double kindes1 especially the lesser1 that it is verie hard to know the one from the other4 ,the ,place4 ,the first and greatest kinde1 we had first from ,iohn ,tradescante 7as ,i said before7 whether raised from seed1 or gained from beyond ,sea1 ,i know not4 ,the second we first had from ,vincent ,sion1 borne in ,flanders1 dwelling on the ,bank side1 in his liues time1 but now dead2 an industrious and worthy louer of faire flowers1 who cherished it in his ,garden for many yeares1 without bearing of any flowers vntill the yeare #afbj1 that hauing flowred with him1 7and hee not knowing of whom hee receiued it1 nor hauing euer seene the like flower before7 he sheweth it to ,m4 ,iohn de ,franqueuille1 of whom he supposed he had receiued it1 7for from beyond ,sea he neuer receiued any7 who finding it to bee a kinde neuer seene or knowne to vs before1 caused him to respect it the more1 as it is well worthy4 ,and ,m4 ,george ,wilmer of ,stratford ,bowe ,esquire1 in his liues time hauing likewise receiued it of him 7as my selfe did also7 would needes appropriate it to himselfe1 as if he were the first founder thereof1 and call it by his owne name ,wilmers double ,daffodill1 which since hath so continued4 ,the third is of mine owne fostering or raising1 as ,i said before2 for assuredly1 it is risen from the seede of the great ,spanish single kinde1 which ,i sowed in mine owne ,garden1 and cherished it1 vntill it gaue such a flower as is described4 ,the fourth is not certainly knowne where his originall should be3 ,some thinke it to be of ,france1 and others of ,germany4 ,the last is assuredly first naturall of our owne ,countrey1 for ,m4 ,gerrard first discouered it to the world1 finding it in a poore womans ,garden in the ,west parts of ,england1 where it grew before the woman came to dwell there1 and1 as ,i haue heard since1 is naturall of the ,isle of ,wight4 ,the ,time4 ,they doe all flower much about one time1 that is1 from the middle or end of ,march1 as the yeare is forward1 vnto the middle of ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,vpon the three first ,i haue imposed the names in ,latine1 as they are expressed in their titles3 and for the ,english names1 if you please1 you may let them passe likewise as they are expressed there also1 that thereby euery one may be truely distinguished1 and not confounded4 ,the fourth1 besides the name in the title1 is called of some ,narcissus ,germanicus1 which whether it be of ,germany1 or no1 ,i know not2 but that the name should import so much4 ,the last doth vsually carry ,m4 ,gerrards name1 and called ,gerrards double ,daffodill4 #a4 ,pseudonarcissus angustifolius flore flauescente tubo quasi abscisso4 ,the narrow leafed bastard ,daffodill with the clipt trunke4 ,this kinde of ,daffodill hath long and narrow grayish greene leaues1 bearing one single flower at the toppe of his stalke1 like vnto the former single bastard kindes1 before specified1 hauing his outer leaues of a pale yellow colour1 and his trunke of a deeper yellow3 the chiefe differences in this from the former1 is in the leaues1 being narrow1 and then in the trunke of the flower1 which is not crumpled or turned vp1 as most of the other are2 and that the brimmes or edges of the flower is as if it had been clipt off1 or cut euen4 #b4 ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus medius minor luteus4 ,the two lesser ,spanish yellow bastard ,daffodils4 ,these two lesser kindes of ,spanish ,daffodils1 doe but differ in greatnesse the one from the other1 and not in any thing else2 so that in declaring the one1 you may vnderstand the other to bee a little greater4 ,the lesser hath three or foure narrow short whitish greene leaues1 from among which commeth forth a short stalke1 not aboue an hand breadth1 or halfe a foote high1 bearing one single flower1 not fully standing outright1 but a little bending downe1 consisting of six small leaues1 standing as wings about a small1 but long trunke1 a little crumpled at the brimmes3 the whole flower1 as well leaues as trunke1 are of one deepe yellow colour1 like vnto the great ,spanish kinde3 the roote is but small1 and couered with a darkish coate4 ,the other is in all parts greater1 and 7as ,i said7 differeth not else4 #c4 ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus luteus minimus4 ,the least ,spanish yellow bastard ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this small kinde are smaller and shorter then the former1 seldome exceeding the length of three inches1 and very narrow withall1 but of the same grayish greene colour with the former3 euery flower standeth vpon a small and short footestalke1 scarce rising aboue the ground2 so that his nose1 for the most part1 doth lye or touch the ground1 and is made after the same fashion1 and of the same colour with the former1 but much smaller1 as his roote is so likewise4 #d4 ,pseudonarcissus ,gallicus minor flore pleno4 ,the lesser ,french double bastard ,daffodill4 ,the rootes of this lesser ,french kinde 7if ,i may lawfully call it1 or the greater kinde before specified1 a bastard ,daffodill2 for ,i somewhat doubt thereof1 in that the flower of either is not made after the fashion of any of the other bastard ,daffodils1 but doth more nearely resemble the forme of the double white ,daffodill1 expressed before among the true ,daffodils7 are like vnto the double ,english kinde1 as also to the former double great ,french kinde1 and the leaues are of the same whitish greene colour also1 but narrower and not longer3 the stalke riseth a little higher then the ,english1 and not fully so high as the greater ,french1 bearing one faire double flower thereon1 of a pale yellow or ,lemon colour1 consisting of six rowes of leaues1 euery rowe growing smaller then other vnto the middle1 and so set and placed1 that euery leafe of the flower doth stand directly almost in all1 one vpon or before another vnto the middle1 where the leaues are smallest1 the outermost being the greatest1 which maketh the flower seeme the more beautifull3 this and the greater kinde hath no trunke1 or shew of any other thing in the middle1 as all or most of the other former double bastard ,daffodils haue1 but are flowers wholly composed of leaues1 standing double euen to the middle4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is vndoubtedly a naturall of the ,pyrenan ,mountaines4 ,the ,spanish kindes grew in ,spaine1 and ,the ,french double kinde about ,orleance in ,france1 where it is said to grow plentifully4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth at the end of ,march4 ,the ,spanish kindes are the most early1 flowring betimes in ,march4 ,the ,french double doth flower presently after4 ,the ,names4 ,more cannot bee said or added1 concerning the names of any of these ,daffodils1 then hath been set downe in their titles3 onely the ,french kinde is most vsually called ,robinus his ,daffodill4 ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolius albus4 ,the white bastard ,rush ,daffodill1 or ,iunquilia4 ,this bastard ,rush ,daffodill hath two or three long and very greene leaues1 very like vnto the small yellow ,rush ,daffodill1 formerly described1 but not altogether so round1 among which riseth vp a short stalke1 seldome halfe a foote high1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a small skinnie huske1 one small white flower1 sometime declining to a pale colour1 hauing six small and short leaues1 standing about the middle of the trunke1 which is long1 and much wider open at the mouth1 then at the bottome3 the small outer leaues or wings are a little tending to greene1 and the trunke 7as ,i said7 is either white1 or whitish1 hauing the brimmes a little vneuen3 the seede is small1 blacke1 and round1 like vnto other ,rush ,daffodils1 but smaller4 ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolia1 luteus maior4 ,the greater yellow ,iunquilia1 or bastard ,daffodill4 ,the leaues of this greater kinde are longer1 greater1 and a little broader then the former2 the stalke also is higher1 and the flower larger1 more open at the mouth and crumpled1 then the white1 but wholly of a yellow colour3 the seede and the roots are bigger1 according to the proportion of the plant4 ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolius luteus minor4 ,the lesser yellow bastard ,iunquilia4 ,this is so like vnto the last in all things1 that ,i shall not neede to trouble you with repetitions of the same things formerly spoken2 the chiefest difference is the smallnesse of the plant in all parts4 ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolius luteus serotinus4 ,the late yellow bastard ,iunquilia4 ,there is likewise a third kinde1 as great as the greater yellow1 and in all his parts expressing and equalling it1 but is accounted the fairer1 and flowreth somewhat later4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,pyrenan ,hils haue afforded vs all these varieties1 and wee preserue them carefully2 for they are all tender4 ,the ,time4 ,all these flower in ,aprill1 except the last1 which is a moneth later4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,french and ,lowe-,countrey men call them ,trompettes1 that is1 ,trumpets1 from the forme of the trunke2 wee sometimes call them also by that name1 but more vsually bastard ,iunquilia's4 ,illustration3 #a ,pseudonarcissus tubo quasi abscisso4 ,the bastard ,daffodill with the clipt trunke4 #b ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus minor4 ,the lesser ,spanish bastard ,daffodill4 #c ,pseudonarcissus ,hispanicus minimus4 ,the least ,spanish bastard ,daffodill4 #d ,pseudonarcissus ,gallicus minor flore pleno4 ,the lesser double ,french bastard ,daffodil4 #e ,pancratium flore albo4 ,the white ,sea bastard ,daffodil4 #f ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolius luteus maior4 ,the greater yellow bastard ,iunquilia4 #g ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolius luteus minor4 ,the lesser yellow bastard ,iunquilia4 #h ,pseudonarcissus ,iuncifolius luteus serotinus4 ,the late yellow bastard ,iunquilia4 #i ,leucoium bulbosum prcox maius4 ,the great early bulbous ,violet4 ,leucoium bulbosum prcox minus4 ,the lesser early bulbous ,violet4 #aj ,leucoium bulbosum autumnale4 ,the small ,autumne bulbous ,violet4 #aa ,leucoium bulbosum maius serotinum4 ,the great late flowring bulbous ,violet4 ,pseudonarcissus marinus albus1 ,pancratium vulgo4 ,the white ,sea bastard ,daffodill4 ,the ,sea bastard ,daffodill 7to conclude this ,chapter1 and the discourse of ,daffodils7 hath diuers broad whitish greene leaues1 but not very long1 among which riseth vp a stiffe round stalke1 at the top whereof breaketh out of a great round skinny huske1 fiue or six flowers1 euery one made somewhat of the fashion of the great bastard ,rush ,daffodill1 but greater1 and wholly white2 the six leaues1 being larger and longer then in the ,rush kinde1 and extending beyond the trunke1 are tipt with greene at the point of each leafe1 and downe the middle likewise on the backside4 ,the trunke is longer1 larger1 and wider open at the mouth1 cut in or indented at the brims or edges1 and small at the bottome1 with diuers white threeds in the middle1 and is very sweet3 vnder the flower is a round greene head1 which groweth very great1 hauing within it1 when it is ripe1 flat and blacke seede3 the roote is great and white4 ,sidenote3 ,flore luteo1 flore rubro4 ,it is reported1 that there are found other sorts2 some that beare yellow flowers1 and others that beare red3 but we haue seene none such1 and therefore ,i can say no more of them4 ,the ,place4 ,this kinde groweth neare the ,sea side1 both in ,spaine1 ,italy1 and ,france1 within the ,straights1 and for the most part1 vpon all the ,leuant shoare and ,islands also1 but will seldome either flower1 or abide with vs in these colder ,countries1 as ,i haue both seene by those that ,i receiued from a friend1 and heard by others4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the end of ,summer1 that is1 in ,august and ,september4 ,the ,name4 ,diuers doe call it ,pancratium1 as the learned of ,mompeher1 and others1 with the addition of flore ,lilij1 after they had left their old errour1 in taking it to be ,scylla1 and vsing it for ,scylla1 in the ,trochisces that go into ,andromachus ,treakle4 ,the learned of ,valentia in ,spaine1 as ,clusius saith1 doe call it ,hemerocallis1 thinking it to be a ,lilly2 and ,clusius doth thereupon call it1 ,hemerocallis ,valentina3 but in my opinion1 all these are deceiued in this plant2 for it is neither a ,lilly1 to haue the name of ,hemerocallis giuen vnto it1 nor ,scylla1 nor ,pancratium1 as many doe yet call it3 for certainly this is a kinde of ,daffodill2 the forme both of roote1 leafe1 and flower1 doth assure me that haue seene it1 and not ,pancratium1 which 7as ,dioscorides testifieth7 is a kinde of ,scylla1 and in his time called ,scylla1 with a red roote1 and a leafe like a ,lilly1 but longer1 and was vsed both with the same preparation and quantity1 and for the same diseases that ,scylla was vsed1 but that his force was weaker3 all which doth plainly shew the errours that many learned men haue been conuersant in1 and that all may see how necessary the knowledge of ,herbarisme is to the practice of ,physicke2 ,and lest the roote of this ,sea bastard ,daffodill bee vsed in the stead of an wholesome remedy1 which 7as ,clusius maketh mention7 was deadly to him that did but cut his meate with that knife1 which had immediately before cut this roote1 and done in malice by him1 that knew the force thereof1 to kill his fellow1 it working the more forceably by the euill attracting quality of the iron4 ,the ,vertues of ,daffodils in generall4 ,howsoeuer ,dioscorides and others1 doe giue vnto some of them speciall properties1 both for inward and outward diseases1 yet know ,i not any in these dayes with vs1 that apply any of them as a remedy for any griefe1 whatsoeuer ,gerrard or others haue written4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,leucoium bulbosum4 ,the bulbous ,violet4 ,hauing thus set downe the whole family1 both of the true and bastard ,daffodils1 ,i should next set in hand with the ,hyacinths2 but because ,leucoium bulbosum1 ,the bulbous ,violet is a plant that doth challenge a place next vnto the ,daffodils1 as most nearly partaking with them1 and a little with the ,hyacinthes1 ,i must of necessity interpose them1 and shew their descriptions and differences1 whereof some are early1 of the first ,spring1 others later1 and some of the ,autumne4 ,leucoium bulbosum prcox maius4 ,the greater early bulbous ,violet4 ,this bulbous ,violet hath three or foure very greene1 broad1 flat1 and short leaues1 among which riseth vp a naked greene stalke1 bearing out of a small skinny hose 7as the former ,daffodils doe7 one white flower1 hanging downe his head by a very small foot-stalke1 made of six leaues1 of an equall length1 euery one whereof is tipt at the end with a small greenish yellow spot3 after the flower is past1 the head or seed-vessell groweth to be reasonable great1 somewhat long and round1 wherein is contained hard round seede1 which being dry1 is cleare1 and of a whitish yellow colour3 the roote is somewhat like a ,daffodill roote1 and couered with a blackish outside or skinne4 ,leucoium bulbosum prcox minus4 ,the lesser early bulbous ,violet4 ,this lesser kinde riseth vp with two narrow grayish greene leaues1 between which commeth forth the stalke1 fiue or six inches high1 bearing one small pendulous flower1 consisting of three white leaues1 which are small and pointed1 standing on the outside1 and hauing three other shorter leaues1 which seeme like a cup in the middle1 being each of them round at the ends1 and cut in the middle1 making the forme of an heart1 with a greene tippe or spot at the broad end or edge3 the seede is whitish1 inclosed in long and round heads1 like the former1 but lesser3 the roote is like a small ,daffodill1 with a blackish gray coate1 and quickly diuideth into many of-sets4 ,sidenote3 ,minus ,byzantinum4 ,there is another of this kinde1 that came among other bulbous rootes from ,constantinople1 and differeth in nothing from it1 but that it is a little greater1 both in root1 leafe1 and flower4 ,the ,place4 ,the two first are found in many places of ,germany1 and ,hungary4 ,the third1 as ,i said1 was brought from ,constantinople4 ,the ,time4 ,the two lesser sorts doe most commonly flower in ,february1 if the weather be any thing milde1 or at the furthest in the beginning of ,march1 but the first is seldome in flower1 before the other be well neare past1 or altogether4 ,the ,names4 ,lobel and ,dodonus call the lesser kinde ,leucoium triphyllum1 and ,leuconarcissolirion triphyllum1 of the three leaues in the flower4 ,some doe call it ,viola bulbosa alba4 ,the first or greater kinde is called by ,lobel1 ,leuconarcissolirion paucioribus floribus2 and by ,dodonus1 ,leucoium bulbosum hexaphyllum4 ,we doe most vsually call them1 ,leucoium bulbosum prcox maius1 minus1 ,the greater1 or the lesser early bulbous ,violet4 ,in ,dutch1 ,somer ,sottekens1 and not ,druiskens1 which are ,grape-flowers1 as some haue thought4 #a4 ,leucoium bulbosum ,vernum minimum4 ,the small bulbous ,violet of the ,spring4 ,this small ,leucoium sendeth forth his small and long greene leaues1 like haires in ,autumne1 and before ,winter1 which abide greene vntill ,aprill1 and then wither away quite1 and about ,may there ariseth vp a naked slender stalke1 at the toppe whereof breake forth two small white flowers1 made of six leaues a peece1 hanging downe their heads1 the three inner leaues being a little larger then the three outward1 a little reddish neare the stalke1 and very sweete3 the root is small and round1 and couered with a darke coate4 #b4 ,leucoium bulbosum ,autumnale4 ,the small ,autumne bulbous ,violet4 ,as the former small ,leucoium sprang vp with his leaues without flowers in ,autumne1 so this contrariwise1 riseth vp with his slender brownish stalke of flowers in ,autumne1 before any greene leaues appeare1 whereon stand two or three very small snow white pendulous flowers1 consisting of six leaues a peece1 and a little reddish at the bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke1 so like vnto the former1 that one would take them to be both one3 after which1 there grow small browne heads1 containing small1 blacke1 round seed2 after the flower is past1 and the seede is ripening1 and sometimes after the heads are ripe1 the leaues begin to spring vp1 which when they are full growne1 are long1 greene1 and as small1 or smaller then the leaues of the ,autumne ,hyacinth1 which abide all the ,winter1 and ,spring following1 and wither away in the beginning of ,summer3 the roote is small1 long1 and white4 #c4 ,leucoium maius bulbosum serotinum4 ,the great late flowring bulbous ,violet4 ,the late bulbous ,violet hath three or foure broad flat greene leaues1 very like vnto the first1 but longer1 among which riseth vp a flattish stalke1 being thicker in the middle then at both edges1 on the toppe whereof stand three or foure flowers1 hanging downe their heads1 consisting of six leaues a peece1 all of an equall length and bignesse1 wholly white1 except that each leafe hath a greene tippe at the end of them3 the seede hereof is blacke and round2 the roote is reasonable great and white4 ,the ,place4 ,the two former small ones were first found in ,spaine1 and ,portugall1 and sent to me by ,guillaume ,boel2 but the first was so tender1 that scarce one of a score sprang with me1 or would abide4 ,the greatest haue beene found wilde in ,germany and ,austria4 ,the ,time4 ,the small ones haue their times expressed in their titles and descriptions1 the last flowreth not vntill ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,these names that are set downe in their titles1 doe passe with all ,herbarists in these daies4 ,the ,vertues4 ,wee haue not knowne these plants vsed ,physically1 either inwardly or outwardly1 to any purposes in these dayes4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,hyacinthus4 ,the ,hyacinth or ,iacinth4 ,the ,iacinths are next to be entreated of1 whereof there are many more kindes found out in these later times1 then formerly were knowne1 which for order and method sake1 ,i will digest vnder seuerall sorts1 as neare as ,i can1 that auoiding confusion1 by enterlacing one among another1 ,i may the better put euery sort vnder his owne kinde4 ,hyacinthus ,indicus maior tuberosa radice4 ,the greater ,indian knobbed ,iacinth4 ,i haue thought fittest to begin with this ,iacinth1 both because it is the greatest and highest1 and also because the flowers hereof are in some likenesse neare vnto a ,daffodill1 although his roote be tuberous1 and not bulbous as all the rest are4 ,this ,indian ,iacinth hath a thicke knobbed roote 7yet formed into seuerall heads1 somewhat like vnto bulbous rootes7 with many thicke fibres at the bottome of them2 from the diuers heads of this roote arise diuers strong and very tall stalkes1 beset with diuers faire1 long1 and broad leaues1 ioyned at the bottome close vnto the stalke1 where they are greatest1 and grow smaller to the very end1 and those that grow higher to the toppe1 being smaller and smaller1 which being broken1 there appeare many threeds like wooll in them3 the toppes of the stalkes are garnished with many faire large white flowers1 each whereof is composed of six leaues1 lying spread open1 as the flowers of the white ,daffodill1 with some short threeds in the middle1 and of a very sweete sent1 or rather strong and headie4 ,hyacinthus ,indicus minor tuberosa radice4 ,the smaller ,indian knobbed ,iacinth4 ,the roote of this ,iacinth is knobbed1 like the roote of ,arum or ,wake ,robin1 from whence doe spring many leaues1 lying vpon the ground1 and compassing one another at the bottome1 being long and narrow1 and hollow guttered to the end1 which is small and pointed1 no lesse woolly1 or full of threeds then the former3 from the middle of these leaues riseth vp the stalke1 being very long and slender1 three or foure foot long1 so that without it be propped vp1 it will bend downe1 and lye vpon the ground1 whereon are set at certaine distances many short leaues1 being broad at the bottome1 where they doe almost compasse the stalke1 and are smaller toward the end where it is sharpe pointed3 at the top of the stalke stand many flowers1 with a small peece of a green leafe at the bottome of euery foot-stalke1 which seeme to bee like so many white ,orientall ,iacinths1 being composed of six leaues1 which are much thicker then the former1 with six chiues or threeds in the middle1 tipt with pale yellow pendents4 ,the ,place4 ,they both grow naturally in the ,west ,indies1 from whence being first brought into ,spaine1 haue from thence been dispersed vnto diuers louers of plants4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower not in these cold ,countries vntill the middle of ,august1 or not at all1 if they bee not carefully preserued from the iniury of our cold ,winters2 and then if the precedent ,summer be hot1 it may be flower a moneth sooner4 ,the ,names4 ,clusius calleth the lesser 7for ,i thinke hee neuer saw the first7 ,hyacinthus ,indicus tuberosa radice1 that is in ,english1 ,the ,indian ,iacinth with a tuberous roote3 ,some would call these ,hyacinthus ,eriophorus ,indicus1 that is1 ,the ,indian woolly ,iacinth1 because they haue much wooll in them when they are broken2 yet some doe doubt that they are not two plants seuerall1 as of greater and lesser1 but that the greatnesse is caused by the fertility of the soyle wherein it grew4 #a4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides maior ,moschatus1 siue ,muscari flore flauo4 ,the great yellow ,muske ,grape-flower1 or yellow ,muscari4 ,this ,muske ,iacinth or ,grape-flower1 hath fiue or six leaues spread vpon the ground in two or three heads1 which at the first budding or shooting forth out of the ground1 are of a reddish purple colour1 and after become long1 thicke1 hollow1 or guttered on the vpper side1 of a whitish greene colour1 and round and darke coloured vnderneath3 in the middle of these heads of leaues1 rise vp one or two hollow weake brownish stalkes1 sometimes lying on the ground with the weight of the flowers1 7but especially of the seede7 yet for the most part standing vpright1 when they are laden towards the toppe1 with many bottle-like flowers1 which at their first appearing1 and vntill the flowers begin to blow open1 are of a browne red colour1 and when they are blowne1 of a faire yellow colour1 flowring first below1 and so vpwards by degrees1 euery one of these flowers is made like vnto a little pitcher or bottle1 being bigge in the belly1 and small at the mouth1 which is round1 and a little turned vp1 very sweete in smell1 like vnto ,muske1 whereof it tooke the name ,muscari2 after the flowers are past1 there come three square thicke heads1 puffed vp as if it were bladders1 made of a spongie substance1 wherein are here and there placed blacke round seed3 the roote is long1 round1 and very thicke1 and white on the outside1 with a little woollinesse on them1 being broken1 and full of a slimie iuice1 whereunto are annexed thicke1 fat1 and long fibres1 which perish not as most of the other ,iacinths2 and therefore desireth not to bee often remoued1 as the other sorts may4 #b4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides maior ,moschatus1 seu ,muscari flore cineritio4 ,the ,ashcoloured ,muske ,grape-flower1 or ,muscari4 ,this ,muscari differeth not in rootes1 or forme of leaues or flowers from the former1 the chiefe differences are these3 the leaues hereof do not appeare so red at the first budding out of the ground1 nor are so darke when they are fully growne2 the stalke also most vsually hath more store of flowers thereon1 the colour whereof at the first budding is a little duskie1 and when they are full blowne1 are of a bleake1 yet bright ash-colour1 with a little shew of purple in them1 and by long standing change a little more gray2 being as sweete1 or as some thinke1 more sweete then the former3 the roote 7as ,i said7 is like the former1 yet yeeldeth more encrease1 and will better endure our cold clymate1 although it doth more seldome giue ripe seede4 #c4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides maior ,moschatus1 siue ,muscari flore rubro4 ,the red ,muske ,grape-flower4 ,this kinde 7if there be any such1 for ,i am in some doubt thereof7 doth chiefly differ in the colour of the flower from the first1 in that this should beare flowers when they are blowne1 of a red colour tending to yellownesse4 #d4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides maior ,moschatus1 siue ,muscari flore albo4 ,the white ,muske ,grape-flower4 ,this also is said to haue 7if there bee such an one7 his leaues like vnto the second kinde1 but of a little whiter greene1 and the flowers pale1 tending to a white3 the roots of these two last are said vsually not to grow to be so great as of the former two4 ,illustration3 #a ,hyacinthus ,indicus maior tuberosa radice4 ,the greater ,indian knobbed ,iacinth4 #b ,hyacinthus ,indicus minor tuberosa radice4 ,the lesser ,indian knobbed ,iacinth4 #c ,muscari flore flauo4 ,the yellow ,muscari4 #d ,muscari flore cineritio4 ,the ashcoloured ,muscari4 #e ,hyacinthus ,botroides cruleus amnus4 ,the skie coloured ,grape-flower4 #f ,hyacinthus ,botroides flore albo4 ,the white ,grape-flower4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides ramosus4 ,the branched ,grape-flower4 ,the ,place4 ,the rootes of the two first sorts1 haue been often sent from ,constantinople1 among many other sorts of rootes1 and it may be come thither from beyond the ,bosphorus in ,asia2 we haue them in our ,gardens4 ,the other two sorts are sprung 7it is probable1 if they be in rerum natura7 from the seede of the two former2 for we could neuer get such from ,constantinople1 as if the ,turkes had neuer knowledge of any such4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,march or ,aprill1 as the yeare is temperate1 but the first is soonest vp out of the ground4 ,the ,names4 ,the two former haue beene sent from ,turkie by the name of ,muschoromi and ,dipcadi4 ,matthiolus calleth it ,bulbus vomitorius1 saying that no root doth more prouoke vomit then it4 ,caspar ,bauhinus doth most properly call it ,hyacinthus ,moschatus4 ,it is most generally called ,muscari1 by all ,herbarists and ,florists1 yet because it doth so neerely resemble the ,grape-flower1 ,i haue named it ,hyacinthus ,botroides maior ,moschatus1 to put a difference from the lesser ,grape-flowers that follow2 in ,english1 ,the great ,muske ,grape-flower1 or ,muscari4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides minor cruleus obscurus4 ,the darke blew ,grape-flower4 ,this ,grape-flower hath many small1 fat1 and weake leaues lying vpon the ground1 which are somewhat brownish at their first comming vp1 and of a sad greene afterwards1 hollow on the vpperside1 and round vnderneath1 among which rise vp round1 smooth1 weake stalkes1 bearing at the toppe many small heauie bottle-like flowers1 in shape like the former ,muscari1 but very thicke thrust together1 smaller1 and of a very darke or blackish blew colour1 of a very strong smell1 like vnto ,starch when it is new made1 and hot3 the root is round1 and blackish without1 being compassed with a number of small rootes1 or of-sets round about it1 so that it will quickly choke a ground1 if it be suffered long in it4 ,for which cause1 most men doe cast it into some by-corner1 if they meane to preserue it1 or cast it out of the ,garden quite4 ,sidenote3 ,alter maior4 ,there is another of this kinde that is greater1 both in leafe and flower1 and differeth not in colour or any thing else4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides cruleus amnus4 ,the skie coloured ,grape-flower4 ,this ,iacinth springeth vp with fewer leaues then the first1 and not reddish1 but green at his first appearing2 the leaues1 when they are full growne1 are long and hollow1 like the former1 but greener1 shorter1 and broader1 standing vpright1 and not lying along vpon the ground as they doe3 the flowers grow at the toppe of the stalke1 more sparsedly set thereon1 and not so thicke together1 but like a thinne bunch of grapes1 and bottle-like as the former1 of a perfect blew or skie colour1 euery flower hauing some white spots about the brimmes of them3 this hath a very sweete smell1 nothing like the former3 this roote is whiter1 and doth not so much encrease as the former1 yet plentifull enough4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides ramosus4 ,the branched ,grape-flower4 ,of this kinde1 there is another found to grow with many branches of flowers1 breaking out from the sides of the greater stalkes or branches3 the leaues as all the rest of the plant is greater then the former4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides flore albo4 ,the white ,grape-flower4 ,the white ,grape-flower hath his green leaues a little whiter1 then the blew or skie coloured ,grape-flower1 his flowers are very pure white1 alike sparsedly set on the stalkes1 but a little lower and smaller then it1 in all other things there is no difference4 ,hyacinthus ,botroides flore albo rubente4 ,the blush ,grape-flower4 ,the roote of this ,grape-flower groweth greater1 then either the skie coloured1 or white ,grape-flower1 and seldome hath any small rootes or of-sets1 as the other haue3 his leaues also are larger1 and somewhat broader2 the flowers are of a pale1 or bleake blush colour out of a white1 and are a little larger1 and grow a little higher and fuller of flowers then the white4 ,the ,place4 ,they naturally grow in many places both of ,germany and ,hungary2 in ,spaine likewise1 and on ,mount ,baldus in ,italy1 and ,narbone in ,france1 about the borders of the fields3 we haue them in our ,gardens for delight4 ,the ,time4 ,these flower from the beginning of ,march1 or sooner sometimes1 vntill the beginning of ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,they are most commonly called ,botroides1 but more truely ,botryodes1 of the ,greeke word1 which signifieth a bunch or cluster of grapes3 ,lobelius calleth the white one1 ,dipcadi flore albo1 transferring the name ,dipcadi1 whereby the ,muscari is called to this ,iacinth1 as if they were both one4 ,their seuerall names1 whereby they are knowne1 and called1 are set downe in their titles4 ,the ,dutchmen call them ,driuekens1 as ,i said before4 ,some ,english ,gentlewomen call the white ,grape-flower ,pearles of ,spaine4 #a4 ,hyacinthus ,comosus albus4 ,the white haired ,iacinth4 ,this ,iacinth doth more neerly resemble the ,grape-flowers1 then the faire haired ,iacinths that follow1 whereof it beareth the name1 in that it hath no haire or threeds at the toppe of the stalke or sides1 as they3 and therefore ,i haue placed it next vnto them1 and the other to follow it1 as being of another kinde4 ,the root hereof is blackish1 a little long and round1 from whence rise vp three or foure leaues1 being smooth and whitish1 long1 narrow1 and hollow1 like a trough or gutter on the vpperside3 among which the stalke riseth vp a foote high or more1 bearing at the toppe diuers small flowers1 somewhat like the former1 but not so thicke set together1 being a little longer1 and larger1 and wider at the mouth1 and as it were diuided into six edges1 of a darke whitish colour1 with some blacker spots about the brimmes on the inside3 the heads or seede-vessels are three square1 and somewhat larger1 then the heads of any of the former lesser ,grape-flowers1 wherein is contained round blacke seede4 #b4 ,hyacinthus ,comosus ,byzantinus4 ,the ,turkie faire haired ,iacinth4 ,this other ,iacinth which came from ,constantinople1 is somewhat like the former1 but that it is bigger1 both in roote1 and leafe1 and flower1 and bearing greater store of flowers on the head of the stalke3 the lower flowers1 although they haue short stalkes at their first flowring1 yet afterwards the stalkes grow longer1 and those that are lower1 stand out further then those that are highest1 whose foot-stalkes are short1 and almost close to the stemme1 and of a more perfect purple then any below1 which are of a duskie greenish purple colour3 the whole stalke of flowers seem like a ,pyramis1 broad belowe1 and small aboue1 or as other compare it1 to a water sprinkle2 yet neither of both these ,iacinths haue any threeds at the tops of the stalkes1 as the other following haue4 #c4 ,hyacinthus ,comosus maior purpureus4 ,the great purple faire haired ,iacinth4 ,this faire haired ,iacinth hath his leaues softer1 longer1 broader1 and lesse hollow then the former1 lying for the most part vpon the ground3 the stalke riseth vp in the midst of the leaues1 being stronger1 higher1 and bearing a greater and longer head of flowers also then they3 the flowers of this stand not vpon such long foote-stalkes1 but are shorter below1 and close almost to the stalke aboue1 hauing many bright purplish blew threeds1 growing highest aboue the flowers1 as it were in a bush together1 euery one of these threeds hauing a little head at the end of them1 somewhat like vnto one of the flowers1 but much smaller3 the red of the flowers below this bush1 are of a sadder or deader purple1 and not so bright a colour1 and the lowest worst of all1 rather enclining to a greene1 like vnto the last ,turkie kinde3 the whole stalke with the flowers vpon it1 doth somewhat resemble a long ,purse tassel1 and thereupon diuers ,gentlewomen haue so named it3 the heads and seede are like vnto the former1 but greater3 the roote is great and white with some rednesse on the outside4 #d4 ,hyacinthus ,comosus ramosus purpureus4 ,the faire haired branched ,iacinth4 ,the leaues of this ,iacinth are broader1 shorter1 and greener then of the last1 not lying so weakly on the ground1 but standing somewhat more vpright3 the stalke riseth vp as high as the former1 but branched out on euery side into many tufts of threeds1 with knappes1 as it were heads of flowers1 at the ends of them1 like vnto the head of threeds at the toppe of the former ,iacinth1 but of a little darker1 and not so faire a blewish purple colour3 this ,iacinth doth somewhat resemble the next ,curld haire ,iacinth1 but that the branches are not so fairely composed altogether of curled threeds1 nor of so excellent a faire purple or ,doue colour1 but more duskie by much3 the roote is greater and shorter then of the next1 and encreaseth faster4 #e4 ,hyacinthus ,pennatus1 siue ,comosus ramosus elegantior4 ,the faire ,curld-haire ,iacinth4 ,this admirable ,iacinth riseth vp with three or foure leaues1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of the ,muske ,grape-flower1 but lesser2 betweene which riseth vp the stalke about a foote high1 or somewhat more1 bearing at the toppe a bush or tuft of flowers1 which at the first appearing1 is like vnto a ,cone or ,pineapple1 and afterwards opening it selfe1 spreadeth into many branches1 yet still retaining the forme of a ,pyramis1 being broad spread below1 and narrow vp aboue3 each of these branches is againe diuided into many tufts of threeds or strings1 twisted or curled at the ends1 and of an excellent purple or ,doue colour1 both stalkes and haires4 ,this abideth a great while in his beauty1 but afterwards all these flowers 7if you will so call them7 do fall away without any seede at all1 spending it selfe as it should seeme in the aboundance of the flowers3 the roote is not so great as the last1 but white on the outside4 ,the ,place4 ,the two first haue been sent diuers times from ,constantinople1 the third is found wilde in many places of ,europe1 and as well in ,germany1 as in ,italy4 ,the two last are onely with vs in ,gardens1 and their naturall places are not knowne vnto vs4 ,the ,time4 ,the three former kindes doe flower in ,aprill1 the two last in ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,the first and second haue no other names then are expressed in their titles4 ,the third is called of some onely ,hyacinthus maior and of others ,hyacinthus comosus maior3 ,we call it in ,english1 ,the purple faire haired ,iacinth1 because of his tuft of purple threeds1 like haires at the toppe1 and 7as ,i said7 of diuers ,gentlewomen1 purple tassels4 ,the fourth is called by some as it is in the title1 ,hyacinthus ,comosus ramosus1 and of others ,hyacinthus ,calamistratus4 ,and the last or fifth is diuersly called by diuers1 ,fabius ,columna in his ,phytobasanos the second part1 calleth it ,hyacinthus ,sannesius1 because hee first saw it in that ,cardinals ,garden at ,rome4 ,robin of ,paris sent to vs the former of the two last1 by the name of ,hyacinthus ,pennatus1 and ,hyacinthus ,calamistratus1 when as others sent the last by the name ,pennatus1 and the other by the name of ,calamistratus2 but ,i thinke the name ,cincinnatus is more fit and proper for it1 in that the curled threeds which seeme like haires1 are better expressed by the word ,cincinnus1 then ,calamistrum1 this signifying but the bodkin or instrument wherewith they vse to frisle or curle the haire1 and that the bush of haire it selfe being curled4 ,some also haue giuen to both these last the names of ,hyacinthus ,comosus ,parnassi1 the one fairer then the other4 ,of all these names you may vse which you please2 but for the last kinde1 the name ,cincinnatus1 as ,i said1 is the more proper1 but ,pennatus is the more common1 and ,calamistratus for the former of the two last4 ,illustration3 #a ,hyacinthus ,comosus albus4 ,the white haired ,iacinth4 #b ,hyacinthus ,comosus ,byzantinus4 ,the ,turkie faire haired ,iacinth4 #c ,hyacinthus ,comosus maior purpureus4 ,the purple faire haired ,iacinth1 or ,purse tassels4 #d ,hyacinthus ,comosus ramosus1 siue ,calamistratus4 ,the faire haired branched ,iacinth4 #e ,hyacinthus ,pennatus1 siue ,comosus elegantior4 ,the faire curld haire ,iacinth4 #a4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis ,brumalis1 siue prcox flore albo4 ,the white ,winter ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,this early ,iacinth riseth vp with his greene leaues 7which are in all respects like to the ordinary ,orientall ,iacinths1 but somewhat narrower7 before ,winter1 and sometimes it is in flower also before ,winter1 and is in forme and colour a plaine white ,orientall ,iacinth1 but somewhat lesser1 differing onely in no other thing1 then the time of his flowring1 which is alwayes certaine to be long before the other sorts4 #b4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis ,brumalis1 siue prcox flore purpureo4 ,the purple ,winter ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,the difference of colour in this flower causeth it to bee distinguished1 for else it is of the kindred of the ,orientall ,iacinths1 and is1 as the former1 more early then the rest that follow3 ,vnderstand then1 that this is the same with the former1 but hauing fine blewish purple flowers4 #c4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis maior prcox1 dictus ,zumbul ,indi4 ,the greatest ,orientall ,iacinth1 or ,zumbul ,indi4 ,the roote of this ,orientall ,iacinth1 is vsually greater then any other of his kinde1 and most commonly white on the outside1 from whence rise vp one or two great round stalkes1 spotted from within the ground1 with the lower part of the leaues also vpward to the middle of the stalkes1 or rather higher1 like vnto the stalkes of ,dragons1 but darker2 being set among a number of broad1 long1 and somewhat hollow greene leaues1 almost as large as the leaues of the white ,lilly3 at the toppe of the stalkes stand more store of flowers1 then in any other of this kinde1 euery flower being as great as the greatest sort of ,orientall ,iacinths1 ending in six leaues1 which turne at the points1 of a faire blewish purple colour1 and all standing many times on one side of the stalkes1 and many times on both sides4 #d4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis vulgaris diuersorum colorum4 ,the ordinary ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,the common ,orientall ,iacinth 7,i call it common1 because it is now so plentifull in all ,gardens1 that it is almost not esteemed7 hath many greene leaues1 long1 somewhat broad and hollow1 among which riseth vp a long greene round stalke1 beset from the middle thereof almost1 with diuers flowers1 standing on both sides of the stalkes1 one aboue another vnto the toppe1 each whereof next vnto the foote-stalke is long1 hollow1 round1 and close1 ending in six small leaues laid open1 and a little turning at the points1 of a very sweete smell3 the colours of these flowers are diuers1 for some are pure white1 without any shew of other colour in them3 another is almost white1 but hauing a shew of blewnesse1 especially at the brims and bottomes of the flowers4 ,others againe are of a very faint blush1 tending towards a white3 ,some are of as deepe a purple as a ,violet2 others of a purple tending to rednesse1 and some of a paler purple4 ,some againe are of a faire blew1 others more watchet1 and some so pale a blew1 as if it were more white then blew3 after the flowers are past1 there rise vp great three square heads1 bearing round blacke seede1 great and shining3 the roote is great1 and white on the outside1 and oftentimes purplish also1 flat at the bottome1 and small at the head4 ,sidenote3 ,flore purpureo violaceo lincis albicantis in dorso4 ,there is a kinde of these ,iacinths1 whose flowers are of a deepe purplish ,violet colour1 hauing whitish lines downe the backe of euery leafe of the flower1 which turne themselues a little backwards at the points4 ,sidenote3 ,floribus antrorsum respicientibus4 ,there is another1 whose flowers stand all opening one way1 and not on all sides1 but are herein like the great ,zumbul ,indi1 before set out4 ,sidenote3 ,serotinus erectus floribus diuersorum colorum4 ,there is againe another kinde which flowreth later then all the rest1 and the flowers are smaller1 standing more vpright1 which are either white or blew1 or mixt with white and purple4 #e4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis folioso caule4 ,the bushy stalked ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,this strange ,iacinth hath his rootes1 leaues1 and flowers1 like vnto the former ,orientall ,iacinths3 the onely difference in this is1 that his stalke is not bare or naked1 but hath very narrow long leaues1 growing dispersedly1 and without order1 with the flowers thereon1 which are blew1 and hauing for the most part one leafe1 and sometimes two at the foote1 or setting on of euery flower1 yet sometimes it happeneth1 some flowers to be without any leafe at the bottome1 as nature1 that is very variable in this plant1 listeth to play3 the heads and seede are blacke and round1 like the other also4 #f4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis flore duplici4 ,the bleake ,orientall ,iacinth once double4 ,this double ,iacinth hath diuers long leaues1 like vnto the other ,orientall ,iacinths1 almost standing vpright1 among which riseth vp a stalke1 brownish at the first1 but growing greene afterwards1 bearing many flowers at the toppe1 made like the flowers of the former ,iacinths1 and ending in six leaues1 greene at the first1 and of a blewish white when they are open1 yet retaining some shew of greenesse in them1 the brims of the leaues being white2 from the middle of each flower standeth forth another small flower1 consisting of three leaues1 of the same colour with the other flower1 but with a greene line on the backe of each of these inner leaues3 in the middle of this little flower1 there stand some threeds tipt with blacke3 the smell of this flower is not so sweete as of the forme2 the heads1 seede1 and rootes are like the former4 #g4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis flore pleno cruleo1 vel purpuro violaceo4 ,the faire double blew1 or purple ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,the leaues of these ,iacinths are smaller1 then the leaues of most of the other former sorts2 the stalkes are shorter1 and smaller1 bearing but three or foure flowers on the heads of them for the most part1 which are not composed like the last1 but are more faire1 full1 and double of leaues1 where they shew out their full beauties1 and of a faire blew colour in some1 and purple in others1 smelling pretty sweete2 but these doe seldome beare out their flowers faire2 and besides1 haue diuers other flowers that will be either single1 or very little double vpon the same stalke4 #h4 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis candidissimus flore pleno4 ,the pure white double ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,this double white ,iacinth hath his leaues like vnto the single white ,orientall ,iacinth2 his stalke is likewise long1 slender1 and greene1 bearing at the toppe two or three flowers at the most1 very double and full of leaues1 of a pure white colour1 without any other mixture therein1 hanging downe their heads a little1 and are reasonable sweete4 ,i haue this but by relation1 not by sight1 and therefore ,i can giue no further assurance as yet4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,orientall ,iacinths1 except the last1 haue beene brought out of ,turkie1 and from ,constantinople3 but where their true originall place is1 is not as yet vnderstood4 ,the ,time4 ,the two first 7as is said7 flower the earliest1 sometimes before ,christmas1 but more vsually after1 and abide a great while in flower1 in great beauty1 especially if the weather be milde1 when as few or no other flowers at that time are able to match them4 ,the other greatest kinde flowreth also earlier then the rest that follow1 for the most part4 ,the ordinary kindes flower some in ,march1 and some in ,aprill1 and some sooner also2 and so doe the double ones likewise4 ,the bushy stalked ,iacinth flowreth much about the same time4 ,the ,names4 ,the former two sorts are called ,hyacinthus ,orientalis ,brumalis1 and ,hyacinthus ,orientalis prcox flore albo1 or cruleo4 ,the third is called of many ,zumbul ,indicum1 or ,zumbul ,indi1 and corruptly ,simboline2 of others1 and that more properly1 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis maior prcox4 ,the ,turkes doe call all ,iacinths ,zumbul1 and by adding the name of ,indi1 or ,arabi1 do shew from what place they are receiued4 ,in ,english1 ,the greatest ,orientall ,iacinth2 yet some doe call it after the ,turkish name ,zumbul ,indi1 or ,simboline1 as is said before4 ,the rest haue their names set downe in their titles1 which are most fit for them4 ,hyacinthus ,hispanicus minor ,orientalis facie4 ,the little ,summer ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,sidenote3 ,flore cruleo4 ,this little ,iacinth hath foure or fiue long narrow greene leaues1 lying vpon the ground1 among which riseth vp a slender smooth stalke1 about a spanne high or more1 bearing at the toppe many slender bleake blew flowers1 with some white stripes and edges to be seene in most of them1 fashioned very like vnto the flowers of the ,orientall ,iacinth1 but much smaller3 the flower hath no sent at all2 the seede is like the seede of the ,english ,iacinth1 or ,hares-bels3 the roote is small and white4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,there is another of this kinde1 differing in nothing but in the colour of the flower1 which is pure white4 ,sidenote3 ,flore rubente4 ,there is also another1 whose flowers are of a fine delayed red colour1 with some deeper coloured veines1 running along the three outer leaues of the flower1 differing in no other thing from the former4 ,the ,place4 ,these plants haue been gathered on the ,pyrenan ,mountaines1 which are next vnto ,spaine1 from whence1 as is often said1 many rare plants haue likewise been gathered4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower very late1 euen after all or most of the ,iacinths1 in ,may for the most part4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called eyther ,hyacinthus ,hispanicus minor ,orientalis facie1 as it is in the title1 or ,hyacinthus ,orientalis facie1 that is to say1 ,the lesser ,spanish ,iacinth1 like vnto the ,orientall3 yet some haue called them1 ,hyacinthus ,orientalis serotinus minor1 ,the lesser late ,orientall ,iacinth1 that thereby they may be knowne from the rest4 ,illustration3 #a ,hyacinthus ,orientalis brumalis4 ,the ,winter ,orientall ,iacinth4 #b ,zumbul ,indi4 ,the greatest ,orientall ,iacinth4 #c ,hyacinthus ,orientalis vulgaris4 ,the ordinary ,orientall ,iacinth4 #d ,hyacinthus ,orientalis folioso caule4 ,the bushy stalked ,orientall ,iacinth4 #e ,hyacinthus ,orientalis flore duplici4 ,the ,orientall ,hyacinth once double4 #f ,hyacinthus ,orientalis flore pleno cruleo4 ,the faire double blew ,orientall ,iacinth4 ,hyacinthus ,hispanicus obsoletus4 ,the ,spanish dunne coloured ,iacinth4 ,this ,spanish ,iacinth springeth very late out of the ground1 bearing foure or fiue short1 hollow1 and soft whitish greene leaues1 with a white line in the middle of euery one of them1 among which rise vp one or more stalkes1 bearing diuers flowers at the toppes of them1 all looking one way1 or standing on the one side1 hanging downe their heads1 consisting of six leaues1 three whereof being the outermost1 lay open their leaues1 and turne back the ends a little again3 the other three which are innermost1 do as it were close together in the middle of the flower1 without laying themselues open at all1 being a little whitish at the edges3 the whole flower is of a purplish yellow colour1 with some white and green as it were mixed among it1 of no sent at all3 it beareth blacke and flat seede in three square1 great1 and bunched out heads3 the roote is reasonable great1 and white on the outside1 with many strong white fibres at it1 which perish not yearely1 as the fibres of many other ,iacinths doe1 and as it springeth late1 so it holdeth his greene leaues almost vntill ,winter4 ,sidenote3 ,mauritanicus4 ,there hath been another hereof brought from about ,fez and ,marocco in ,barbary1 which in all respects was greater1 but else differed little4 ,sidenote3 ,maximus thiopicus4 ,there was another also brought from the ,cape of good ,hope1 whose leaues were stronger and greener then the former1 the stalke also thicker1 bearing diuers flowers1 confusedly standing vpon longer foote-stalkes1 yet made after the same fashion1 but that the three inner leaues were whitish1 and dented about the edges1 otherwise the flowers were yellow and greenish on the inside4 ,the ,place4 ,these plants grow in ,spaine1 ,barbary1 and ,ethiopia1 according as their names and descriptions doe declare4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth not vntill ,iune2 for1 as ,i said1 it is very late before it springeth vp out of the ground1 and holdeth his leaues as is said1 vntill ,september1 in the meane time the seede thereof ripeneth4 ,the ,names4 ,they haue their names according to the place of their growing2 for one is called ,hyacinthus ,hispanicus obsoletioris coloris4 ,the other is called also ,hyacinthus ,mauritanicus4 ,and the last1 ,hyacinthus thiopicus obsoletus4 ,in ,english1 ,the ,spanish1 ,barbary1 or ,ethiopian ,iacinth1 of a dunne or duskie colour4 ,hyacinthus ,anglicus ,belgicus1 vel ,hispanicus4 ,english ,hares-bels1 or ,spanish ,iacinth4 ,our ,english ,iacinth or ,hares-bels is so common euery where1 that it scarce needeth any description4 ,it beareth diuers long and narrow greene leaues1 not standing vpright1 nor yet fully lying vpon the ground1 among which springeth vp the stalke1 bearing at the toppe many long and hollow flowers1 hanging downe their heads all forwards for the most part1 parted at the brimmes into six parts1 turning vp their points a little againe1 of a sweetish1 but heady sent1 somewhat like vnto the ,grape-flower3 the heads for seede are long and square1 wherein is much blacke seede2 the colour of the flowers are in some of a deeper blew1 tending to a purple2 in others of a paler blew1 or of a bleake blew1 tending to an ash colour3 ,some are pure white1 and some are party coloured1 blew and white2 and some are of a fine delayed purplish red or blush colour1 which some call a peach colour4 ,the rootes of all sorts agree1 and are alike1 being white and very slimie2 some whereof will be great and round1 others long and slender1 and those that lye neare the toppe of the earth bare1 will be greene4 ,hyacinthus ,hispanicus maior flore campanul instar4 ,the greater ,spanish bell-flowred ,iacinth4 ,this ,spanish bell-flowred ,iacinth1 is very like the former ,english or ,spanish ,iacinth1 but greater in all parts1 as well of leaues as flowers1 many growing together at the toppe of the stalke1 with many short greene leaues among them1 hanging downe their heads1 with larger1 greater1 and wider open mouths1 like vnto bels1 of a darke blew colour1 and no good sent4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in many places of ,england1 the ,lowe-,countries1 as we call them1 and ,spaine1 but the last chiefly in ,spaine4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,aprill for the most part1 and sometimes in ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,because the first is more frequent in ,england1 then in ,spaine or the ,lowe-,countries1 it is called with vs ,hyacinthus ,anglicus1 ,the ,english ,iacinth2 but it is also called as well ,belgicus1 as ,hispanicus3 yet ,dodonus calleth it ,hyacinthus non scriptus1 because it was not written of by any ,authour before himselfe4 ,it is generally knowne in ,england by the name of ,hare-bels4 ,the other ,spanish ,iacinth beareth his name in his title4 ,hyacinthus ,eriophorus4 ,the ,woolly ,iacinth4 ,this ,woolly ,iacinth hath many broad1 long1 and faire greene leaues1 very like vnto some of the ,iacinths1 but stiffer1 or standing more vpright1 which being broken1 doe yeeld many threeds1 as if a little fine cotton wooll were drawne out3 among these leaues riseth vp a long greene round stalke1 a foote and a halfe high or more1 whereon is set a great long bush of flowers1 which blowing open by degrees1 first below1 and so vpwards1 are very long in flowring3 the toppe of the stalke1 with the flowers1 and their little footstalkes1 are all blew1 euery flower standing outright with his stalke1 and spreading like a starre1 diuided into six leaues1 hauing many small blew threeds1 standing about the middle head1 which neuer gaue ripe seede1 as farre as ,i can heare of3 the root is white1 somewhat like the root of a ,muscari1 but as full of wooll or threeds1 or rather more1 then the leaues1 or any other part of it4 ,the ,place4 ,this hath been sent diuers times out of ,turkie into ,england1 where it continued a long time as well in my ,garden as in others1 but some hard frosty ,winters caused it to perish with me1 and diuers others1 yet ,i haue had it againe from a friend1 and doth abide fresh and greene euery yeare in my ,garden4 ,the ,time4 ,this flowred in the ,garden of ,m4 ,richard ,barnesley at ,lambeth1 onely once in the moneth of ,may1 in the yeare #afjf1 after hee had there preserued it a long time3 but neither he1 nor any else in ,england that ,i know1 but those that saw it at that time1 euer saw it beare flower1 either before or since4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called by diuers ,bulbus ,eriophorus1 or ,laniferus1 that is1 ,woolly ,bulbous2 but because it is a ,iacinth1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 and not a ,narcissus1 or ,daffodill1 it is called ,hyacinthus ,eriophorus1 or ,laniferus1 ,the ,woolly ,iacinth4 ,it is very likely1 that ,theophrastus in his seuenth ,book thirteenth ,chapter1 did meane this plant1 where hee declareth1 that garments were made of the woolly substance of a bulbous roote1 that was taken from between the core or heart of the roote 7which1 as he saith1 was vsed to be eaten7 and the outermost shels or peelings2 yet ,clusius seemeth to fasten this woolly bulbous of ,theophrastus1 vpon the next ,iacinth of ,spaine4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,bticus maior1 vulg ,peranus4 ,the great ,spanish ,starry ,iacinth1 or of ,peru4 ,this ,iacinth 7the greatest of those1 whose flowers are spread like a starre1 except the two first ,indians7 hath fiue or six1 or more1 very broad1 and long greene leaues1 spread vpon the ground1 round about the roote1 which being broken are woolly1 or full of threeds1 like the former3 in the middle of these leaues riseth vp a round short stalke1 in comparison of the greatnesse of the plant 7for the stalke of the ,orientall ,iacinth is sometimes twice so high1 whose roote is not so great7 bearing at the toppe a great head or bush of flowers1 fashioned in the beginning1 before they bee blowne or separated1 very like to a ,cone or ,pineapple1 and begin to flower belowe1 and so vpwards by degrees1 euery flower standing vpon a long blackish blew foote-stalke1 which when they are blowne open1 are of a perfect blew colour1 tending to a ,violet1 and made of six small leaues1 laid open like a starre2 the threeds likewise are blewish1 tipt with yellow pendents1 standing about the middle head1 which is of a deeper blew1 not hauing any good sent to be perceiued in it1 but commendable only for the beauty of the flowers3 after the flowers are past1 there come three square heads1 containing round blacke seede3 the roote is great1 and somewhat yellowish on the outside1 with a knobbe or bunch at the lower end of the roote1 7which is called the seate of the roote7 like vnto the ,muscari1 ,scylla1 and many other bulbous rootes1 at which hang diuers white1 thicke1 and long fibres1 whereby it is fastened in the ground1 which perish not euery yeare1 but abide continually1 and therefore doth not desire much remouing4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,bticus1 siue ,peranus flore albo4 ,the great white ,spanish starry ,iacinth4 ,this other ,spanish ,iacinth is in most parts like vnto the former1 but that his leaues are not so large1 nor so deep a greene3 the stalks of flowers likewise hath not so thicke a head1 or bush on it1 but fewer and thinner set3 the flowers themselues also are whitish1 yet hauing a small dash of blush in them3 the threeds are whitish1 tipt with yellow pendents3 the seede and rootes are like vnto the former1 and herein consisteth the difference betweene this and the other sorts4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,bticus1 siue ,peranus flore carneo4 ,the great blush coloured ,spanish ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this likewise differeth little from the two former1 but onely in the colour of the flowers2 for this being found growing among both the other1 hath his head of flowers as great and large as the first1 but the buds of his flowers1 before they are open1 are of a deepe blush colour1 which being open1 are more delayed1 and of a pleasant pale purple1 or blush colour1 standing vpon purplish stalkes3 the heads in the middle are whitish1 and so are the threeds compassing it1 tipt with yellow4 ,illustration3 #a ,hyacinthus ,orientalis facie4 ,the little ,summer ,orientall ,iacinth4 #b ,hyacinthus ,mauritanicus4 ,the ,barbary ,iacinth4 #c ,hyacinthus obsoletus ,hispanicus4 ,the ,spanish duskie ,iacinth4 #d ,hyacinthus ,hispanicus flore campanula4 ,the greater ,spanish bel-flowred ,iacinth4 #e ,hyacinthus ,anglicus4 ,the ,english ,iacinth or ,harebels4 #f ,hyacinthus ,eriophorus4 ,the ,woolly ,iacinth4 #g ,hyacinthus ,stellaris ,bticus maior1 siue ,peruanus4 ,the great ,spanish ,starry ,iacinth1 or of ,peru4 ,the ,place4 ,these doe naturally grow in ,spaine1 in the ,medowes a little off from the ,sea1 as well in the ,island ,gades1 vsually called ,cales1 as likewise in other parts along the ,sea side1 as one goeth from thence to ,porto ,santa ,maria1 which when they be in flower1 growing so thicke together1 seeme to couer the ground1 like vnto a tapistry of diuers colours1 as ,i haue beene credibly enformed by ,guillaume ,boel1 a ,freeze-lander borne1 often before and hereafter remembred1 who being in search of rare plants in ,spaine1 in the yeare of our ,lord #afjg1 after that most violent frosty ,winter1 which perished both the rootes of this1 and many other fine plants with vs1 sent mee ouer some of these rootes for my ,garden1 and affirmed this for a truth1 which is here formerly set downe1 and that himselfe gathered those he sent mee1 and many others in the places named1 with his owne hands2 but hee saith1 that both that with the white1 and with the blush flowers1 are farre more rare then the other4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,may1 the seede is ripe in ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,this hath beene formerly named ,eriophorus ,peruanus1 and ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,peruanus1 ,the ,starry ,iacinth of ,peru1 being thought to haue grown in ,peru1 a ,prouince of the ,west ,indies2 but he that gaue that name first vnto it1 eyther knew not his naturall place1 or willingly imposed that name1 to conceale it1 or to make it the better esteemed4 ,it is most generally receiued by the name ,hyacinthus ,peruanus1 from the first imposer thereof1 that is1 the ,iacinth of ,peru3 but ,i had rather giue the name agreeing most fitly vnto it1 and call it as it is indeede ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,bticus1 ,the ,spanish ,starry ,iacinth2 and because it is the greatest that ,i know hath come from thence1 ,i call it1 ,the great ,starry ,iacinth of ,spaine1 or ,spanish ,iacinth4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus vulgaris1 siue ,bifolius ,fuchsij4 ,the common blew ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this ,starry ,iacinth 7being longest knowne1 and therefore most common7 riseth out of the ground1 vsually but with two browne leaues1 yet sometimes with three1 inclosing within them the stalke of flowers1 the buds appearing of a darke whitish colour1 as soone as the leaues open themselues1 which leaues being growne1 are long1 and hollow1 of a whitish greene on the vpper side1 and browne on the vnder side1 and halfe round1 the browne stalke rising vp higher1 beareth fiue or sixe small starre-like flowers thereon1 consisting of six leaues1 of a faire deepe blew1 tending to a purple4 ,the seede is yellowish1 and round1 contained in round pointed heads1 which by reason of their heauinesse1 and the weaknesse of the stalke1 lye vpon the ground1 and often perish with wet and frosts1 c4 ,the roote is somewhat long1 and couered with a yellowish coate4 ,hyacinthus stellatus flore albo4 ,the white ,starry ,iacinth4 ,the white ,starry ,iacinth hath his leaues like the former1 but greene and fresh1 not browne1 and a little narrower also3 the buddes for flowers at the first appeare a little blush1 which when they are blowne1 are white1 but yet retaine in them a small shew of that blush colour4 ,sidenote3 ,flore niueo4 ,we haue another1 whose flowers are pure white1 and smaller then the other1 the leaues whereof are of a pale fresh greene1 and somewhat narrower4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus flore rubente4 ,the blush coloured ,starry ,iacinth4 ,the difference in this from the former1 is onely in the flowers1 which are of a faire blush colour1 much more eminent then in the others1 in all things else alike4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,martius1 siue prcox cruleus4 ,the early blew ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this ,iacinth hath his leaues a little broader1 of a fresher greene1 and not browne at all1 as the first blew ,iacinth of ,fuchsius last remembred3 the buds of the flowers1 while they are enclosed within the leaues1 and after1 when the stalke is growne vp1 doe remaine more blew then the buds of the former3 the flowers1 when they are blowne open1 are like the former1 but somewhat larger1 and of a more liuely blew colour3 the roote also is a little whiter on the outside4 ,this doth more seldome beare seede then the former4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus prcox flore albo4 ,the white early ,starry ,iacinth4 ,there is also one other of this kinde1 that beareth pure white flowers1 the green leafe thereof being a little narrower then the former1 and no other difference4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus prcox flore suaue rubente4 ,the early blush coloured ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this blush coloured ,iacinth is very rare1 but very pleasant1 his flowers being as large as the first of this last kinde1 and somewhat larger then the blush of the other kinde3 the leaues and rootes differ not from the last recited ,iacinth4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,iacinths haue beene found in the ,woods and ,mountaines of ,germany1 ,bohemia1 and ,austria1 as ,fuchsius and ,gesner doe report1 and in ,naples1 as ,imperatus and others doe testifie4 ,wee cherish them all with great care in our ,gardens1 but especially the white and the blush of both kindes1 for that they are more tender1 and often perish for want of due regard4 ,the ,time4 ,the common kindes1 which are first expressed1 flower about the middle of ,february1 if the weather bee milde1 and the other kindes sometimes a fortnight after1 that is1 in ,march1 but ordinarily much about the same time with the former4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called in ,latine ,hyacinthus ,stellatus vulgaris1 and ,hyacinthus ,stellatus bifolius1 and ,hyacinthus ,stellaris ,fuchsij and of some ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,germanicus2 wee might very well call the other kinde1 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus vulgaris alter1 but diuers call it ,prcox1 and some ,martius1 as it is in the title4 ,in ,english they may bee seuerally called3 the first1 ,the common2 and the other1 ,the early ,starry ,iacinth 7notwithstanding the first flowreth before the other7 for distinction sake4 ,the ,hyacinthus1 seemeth to be called ,vacinium of ,virgil in his ,eclogues2 for hee alwayes reckoneth it among the flowers that were vsed to decke ,garlands1 and neuer among fruits1 as some would haue it4 ,but in that hee calleth it ,vacinium nigrum1 in seuerall places1 that doth very fitly answer the common receiued custome of those times1 that called all deepe blew colours1 such as are purples1 and the like1 blacke2 for the ,violet it selfe is likewise called blacke in the same place1 where he calleth the ,vacinium blacke2 so that it seemeth thereby1 that he reckoned them to be both of one colour1 and we know the colour of the ,violet is not blacke1 as we doe distinguish of blacke in these dayes4 ,but the colour of this ,starry ,iacinth1 being both of so deepe a purple sometimes1 so neare vnto a ,violet colour1 and also more frequent1 then any other ,iacinth with them1 in those places where ,virgil liued1 perswadeth me to thinke1 that ,virgil vnderstood this ,starry ,iacinth by ,vacinium3 ,let others iudge otherwise1 if they can shew greater probabilitie4 #a4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,byzantinus nigra radice4 ,the ,starry ,iacinth of ,turkie with the blacke roote4 ,this ,starry ,iacinth of ,constantinople hath three or foure fresh greene1 thinne1 and long leaues1 of the bignesse of the ,english ,iacinth1 but not so long1 betweene which riseth vp a slender lowe stalke1 bearing fiue or six small flowers1 dispersedly set thereon1 spreading open like a starre1 of a pale or bleake blew colour3 the leaues of the flowers are somewhat long1 and stand as it were somewhat loosly1 one off from another1 and not so compactly together1 as the flowers of other kindes3 it seldome beareth ripe seede with vs1 because the heads are so heauie1 that lying vpon the ground1 they rotte with the wet1 or are bitten with the frosts1 or both1 so that they seldome come to good3 the roote is small in some1 and reasonable bigge in others1 round1 and long1 white within1 but couered with deepe reddish or purplish peelings1 next vnto it1 and darker and blacker purple on the outside1 with some long and thicke white fibres1 like fingers hanging at the bottome of them1 as is to be seene in many other ,iacinths3 the roote it selfe for the most part doth runne downewards1 somewhat deep into the ground4 #b4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,byzantinus maior4 ,the greater ,starry ,iacinth of ,constantinople4 ,this ,iacinth may rightly be referred to the former ,iacinth of ,constantinople1 and called the greater1 it is so like thereunto1 that any one that knoweth that1 will soone say1 that this is another of that sort1 but greater as it is in all his parts1 bearing larger leaues by much1 and more store1 lying vpon the ground round about the roote3 it beareth many lowe stalkes of flowers1 as bleake1 and standing as loosly as the former3 onely the roote of this1 is not black on the outside1 as the other1 but three times bigger4 #c4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,byzantinus alter1 siue flore boraginis4 ,the other ,starry ,iacinth of ,constantinople4 ,this other ,iacinth hath for the most part onely foure leaues1 broader and greener then the first1 but not so large or long as the second3 the stalke hath fiue or six flowers vpon it1 bigger and rounder set1 like other starry ,iacinths1 of a more perfect or deeper blew then either of the former1 hauing a whitish greene head or vmbone in the middle1 beset with six blew chiues or threeds1 tipt with blacke1 so closly compassing the vmbone1 that the threeds seeme so many prickes stucke into a clubbe or head2 some therefore haue likened it to the flower of ,borage1 and so haue called it3 after the flowers are past1 come vp round white heads1 wherein is contained round and white seede3 the roote is of a darke whitish colour on the outside1 and sometimes a little reddish withall4 ,the ,place4 ,the first and the last haue beene brought from ,constantinople2 the first among many other rootes1 and the last by the ,lord ,zouch1 as ,lobel witnesseth4 ,the second hath been sent vs out of the ,lowe-,countries1 but from whence they had it1 we do not certainly know4 ,they growe with vs in our ,gardens sufficiently4 ,the ,time4 ,these flower in ,aprill1 but the first is the earliest of the rest1 and is in flower presently after the early ,starry ,iacinth1 before described4 ,the ,names4 ,the former haue their names in their titles1 and are not knowne vnto vs by any other names that ,i know2 but as ,i said before1 the last is called by some1 ,hyacinthus ,boraginis flore4 ,the first was sent out of ,turkie1 by the name of ,susamgiul1 by which name likewise diuers other things haue beene sent1 so barren and barbarous is the ,turkish tongue4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus stivus maior4 ,the greater ,summer ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this late ,iacinth hath diuers narrow greene leaues1 lying vpon the ground1 somewhat like the leaues of the ,english ,iacinth1 but stiffer and stronger2 among which riseth vp a round stiffe stalke1 bearing many flowers at the toppe thereof1 and at euery foote-stalke of the flowers a small short leafe1 of a purplish colour3 the flowers are starre-like1 of a fine delayed purplish colour1 tending to a pale blew or ash colour1 striped on the backe of euery leafe1 and hauing a pointed vmbone in the middle1 with some whitish purple threeds about it1 tipt with blew3 the seede is blacke1 round1 and shining1 like vnto the seede of the ,english ,iacinth1 but not so bigge3 the roote is round and white1 hauing some long thicke rootes vnder it1 besides the fibres1 as is vsuall in many other ,iacinths4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus stivus minor4 ,the lesser ,summer ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this lesser ,iacinth hath diuers very long1 narrow1 and shining greene leaues1 spread vpon the ground round about the roote1 among which riseth vp a very short round stalke1 not aboue two inches high1 carrying six or seuen small flowers thereon1 on each side of the stalke1 like both in forme and colour vnto the greater before described1 but lesser by farre3 the seede is blacke1 contained in three square heads3 the roote is small and white1 couered with a browne coate1 and hauing some such thicke rootes among the fibres1 as are among the other4 ,the ,place4 ,both these ,iacinths grow naturally in ,portugall1 and from thence haue been brought1 by such as seeke out for rare plants1 to make a gaine and profit by them4 ,the ,time4 ,they both flower in ,may1 and not before3 and their seed is ripe in ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,some doe call these ,hyacinthus ,lusitanicus1 ,the ,portugall ,iacinth4 ,clusius1 who first set out the descriptions of them1 called them as is expressed in their titles2 and therefore we haue after the ,latine name giuen their ,english1 according as is set downe4 ,or if you please1 you may call them1 ,the greater and the lesser ,portugall ,iacinth4 ,hyacinthus ,stellaris flore cinereo4 ,the ash coloured ,starry ,iacinth4 ,this ash coloured ,iacinth1 hath his leaues very like vnto the leaues of the ,english ,iacinth1 and spreading vpon the ground in the same manner1 among which rise vp one or two stalkes1 set at the toppe with a number of small starre-like flowers1 bushing bigger below then aboue1 of a very pale or white blew1 tending to an ash colour1 and very sweete in smell3 the seede is blacke and round1 like vnto the seede of the ,english ,iacinth1 and so is the roote1 being great1 round1 and white2 so like1 ,i say1 that it is hard to know the one from the other4 ,the ,place4 ,the certaine originall place of growing thereof1 is not knowne to vs4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,some doe call this ,hyacinthus ,someri1 ,somers ,iacinth1 because as ,lobel saith1 he brought it first into the ,lowe-,countries1 eyther from ,constantinople1 or out of ,italy4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,lilifolio radice cruleo4 ,the blew ,lilly leafed ,starre ,iacinth4 ,this ,iacinth hath six or seuen broad greene leaues1 somewhat like vnto ,lilly leaues1 but shorter 7whereof it tooke his name as well as from the roote7 spread vpon the ground1 and lying close and round3 before the stalke riseth out from the middle of these leaues1 there doth appeare a deepe hollow place1 like a hole1 to bee seene a good while1 which at length is filled vp with the stalke1 rising thence vnto a foote or more high1 bearing many starre-like flowers at the toppe1 of a perfect blew colour1 neare vnto a ,violet1 and sometimes of paler or bleake blew colour1 hauing as it were a small cuppe in the middle1 diuided into six peeces1 without any threeds therein3 the seede is blacke and round1 but not shining3 the roote is somewhat long1 bigge belowe1 and small aboue1 like vnto the small roote of a ,lilly1 and composed of yellow scales1 as a ,lilly1 but the scales are greater1 and fewer in number4 ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,lilifolius albus4 ,the white ,lilly leafed ,starre ,iacinth4 ,the likenesse of this ,iacinth with the former1 causeth me to be briefe1 and not to repeate the same things againe1 that haue already been expressed3 ,you may therefore vnderstand1 that except in the colour of the flower1 which in this is white1 there is no difference betweene them4 ,sidenote3 ,flore carneo4 ,i heare of one that should beare blush coloured flowers1 but ,i haue not yet seene any such4 ,the ,place4 ,these ,iacinths haue been gathered on the ,pyrenan ,hils1 in that part of ,france that is called ,aquitaine1 and in some other places4 ,the ,time4 ,these flower in ,aprill1 and sometimes later4 ,the ,names4 ,because the roote is so like vnto a ,lilly1 as the leafe is also1 it hath most properly beene called ,hyacinthus ,stellatus ,lilifolio radice1 or for breuity ,lilifolius1 that is1 ,the ,starry ,lilly leafed ,iacinth4 ,it is called ,sarahug by the ,inhabitants where it groweth1 as ,clusius maketh the report from ,venerius1 who further saith1 that by experience they haue found the cattell to swell and dye1 that haue eaten of the leaues thereof4 ,illustration3 #a ,hyacinthus stellatus prcox cruleus4 ,the early blew starry ,iacinth4 #b ,hyacinthus stellatus prcox albus4 ,the early white starry ,iacinth4 #c ,hyacinthus stellatus ,byzantinus nigra radice4 ,the ,turkie starry ,iacinth with a blacke roote4 #d ,hyacinthus ,byzantinus alter siue flore ,boraginis4 ,the other starry ,iacinth of ,constantinople4 #e ,hyacinthus stivus maior4 ,the greater ,summer starry ,iacinth4 #f ,hyacinthus stellatus flore cinereo4 ,the ash coloured starry ,iacinth4 #g ,hyacinthus stellatus ,lilifolius4 ,the ,lilly leafed starre ,iacinth4 #h ,hyacinthus ,autumnalis4 ,the ,autumne ,iacinth4 #i ,scilla alba siue ,hyacinthus marinus4 ,the ,sea ,onion or ,squill4 ,hyacinthus ,autumnalis maior4 ,the greater ,autumne ,iacinth4 ,the greater ,autumne ,iacinth hath fiue or six very long and narrow greene leaues1 lying vpon the ground2 the stalkes are set at the toppe with many starre-like flowers1 of a pale blewish purple colour1 with some pale coloured threeds1 tipt with blew1 standing about the head in the middle1 which in time growing ripe1 containeth therein small blacke seede1 and roundish3 the roote is great and white on the outside4 ,hyacinthus ,autumnalis minor4 ,the lesser ,autumne ,iacinth4 ,this lesser ,iacinth hath such like long and small leaues1 but narrower then the former3 the stalke is not full so high1 but beareth as many flowers on it as the other1 which are of a pale or bleake purple colour1 very like vnto it also3 the roote and seed are like the former1 but smaller4 ,these both for the most part1 beare their flowers and seede before the greene leaues rise vp much aboue the ground4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,there is a kinde hereof found that beareth white flowers1 not differing in any other thing from the smaller purple kinde last mentioned4 ,the ,place4 ,the first and last are onely kept in ,gardens1 and not knowne to vs where their naturall place of growing wilde may be4 ,the second groweth wilde in many places of ,england4 ,i gathered diuers rootes for my ,garden1 from the foote of a high banke by the ,thames side1 at the hither end of ,chelsey1 before you come at the ,kings ,barge-house4 ,the ,time4 ,the greatest flowreth in the end of ,iuly1 and in ,august4 ,the other in ,august and ,september1 you shall seldome see this plant with flowers and greene leaues at one time together4 ,the ,names4 ,they haue their names giuen them1 as they are expressed in their titles1 by all former ,writers1 except ,daleschampius1 or hee that set forth that great worke printed at ,lyons2 for hee contendeth with many words1 that these plants can bee no ,iacinths1 because their flowers appeare before their leaues in ,autumne1 contrary to the true ,iacinth1 as he saith3 and therefore he would faine haue it referred to ,theophrastus bulbus in libro primo cap4 #ab4 and calleth it his ,tiphyum mentioned in that place1 as also ,bulbus astivus ,dalechampij4 ,howsoeuer these things may carry some probability in them1 yet the likenesse both of rootes1 and flowers especially1 hath caused very learned ,writers to entitle them as is set downe1 and therefore ,i may not but let them passe in the like manner4 ,the ,vertues4 ,both the rootes and the leaues of the ,iacinths are somewhat cold and drying1 but the seede much more4 ,it stayeth the loosnesse of the belly4 ,it is likewise said to hinder young persons from growing ripe too soone1 the roote being drunke in wine4 ,it helpeth them also whose vrine is stopt1 and is auaileable for the yellow ,iaundise2 but as you heare some are deadly to cattell1 ,i therefore wish all to bee well aduised which of these they will vse in any inward physicke4 ,scilla alba4 ,the ,sea ,onion or ,squill4 ,as ,i ended the discourse of both the true and the bastard ,daffodils1 with the ,sea kindes of both sorts2 so ,i thinke it not amisse1 to finish this of the ,iacinths with the description of a ,sea ,iacinth1 which 7as you see7 ,i take to be the ,scilla1 or ,sea ,onion1 all his parts so nearely resembling a ,iacinth1 that ,i know not where to ranke him better then in this place1 or rather not any where but here4 ,you shall haue the description thereof1 and then let the iudicious passe their sentence1 as they thinke meetest4 ,the ,squill or ,sea ,onion 7as many doe call it7 hath diuers thicke leaues1 broad1 long1 greene1 and hollowish in the middle1 and with an eminent or swelling ribbe all along the backe of the leafe1 7,i relate it as ,i haue seene it1 hauing shot forth his leaues in the ship by the way1 as the ,mariners that brought diuers rootes from out of the ,straights1 did sell them to mee and others for our vse7 lying vpon the ground1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of a ,lilly3 these spring vp after the flowers are past1 and the seed ripe1 they abiding all the ,winter1 and the next ,spring1 vntill the heate of the ,summer hath spent and consumed them1 and then about the end of ,august1 or beginning of ,september1 the stalke with flowers ariseth out of the ground a foote and a halfe high1 bearing many starre-like flowers on the toppe1 in a long spike one aboue another1 flowring by degrees1 the lowest first1 and so vpwards1 whereby it is long in flowring1 very like1 as well in forme as bignesse1 to the flowers of the great ,starre of ,bethlehem 7these flowers ,i haue likewise seene shooting out of some of the rootes1 that haue been brought in the like manner37 after the flowers are past1 there come vp in their places thicke and three square heads1 wherin is contained such like flat1 black1 and round seed1 as the ,spanish duskie ,iacinth before described did beare1 but greater3 the root is great white1 couered with many peelings or couerings1 as is plainly enough seen to any that know them1 and that sometimes wee haue had rootes1 that haue beene as bigge as a pretty childes head1 and sometimes two growing together1 each whereof was no lesse then is said of the other4 ,scilla rubra siue ,pancratium verum4 ,the red ,sea ,onion4 ,the roote of this ,squill1 is greater oftentimes then of the former1 the outer coates or peelings being reddish1 bearing greater1 longer1 stiffer1 and more hollow leaues1 in a manner vpright3 this bringeth such a like stalke and flowers1 as the former doth1 as ,fabianus ,ilges1 ,apothecary to the ,duke of ,briga1 did signifie by the figure thereof drawne and sent to ,clusius4 ,the ,place4 ,they grow alwayes neare the ,sea1 and neuer farre off from it1 but often on the very baich of the ,sea1 where it washeth ouer them all along the coasts of ,spaine1 ,portugal1 and ,italy1 and within the ,straights in many places3 it will not abide in any ,garden farre from the ,sea1 no not in ,italy1 as it is related4 ,the ,time4 ,the time wherein they flower1 is expressed to be in ,august and ,september3 this seede to be ripe in ,october and ,nouember1 and the greene leaues to spring vp in ,nouember and ,december4 ,the ,names4 ,these are certainly the true kindes of ,scilla that should bee vsed in medicines1 although 7as ,clusius reporteth7 the ,spaniards forbade him to taste of the red ,squill1 as of a most strong and present poison4 ,pliny hath made more sorts then can be found out yet to this day with vs3 that ,scilla that is called ,epimenidia1 because it might be eaten1 is thought to be the great ,ornithogalum1 or ,starre of ,bethlehem4 ,pancratium is1 ,i know1 and as ,i said before1 referred to that kinde of bastard ,sea ,daffodill1 which is set forth before in the end of the history of the bastard ,daffodils2 and diuers also would make the ,narcissus tertius ,matthioli1 which ,i call the true ,sea ,daffodill1 to be a ,pancratium2 but seeing ,dioscorides 7and no other is against him7 maketh ,pancratium to be a kinde of ,squill with reddish rootes1 ,i dare not vphold their opinion against such manifest truth4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,squill or ,sea ,onion is wholly vsed physically with vs1 because wee can receiue no pleasure from the sight of the flowers4 ,pliny writeth1 that ,pithagoras wrote a volume or booke of the properties thereof1 for the singular effects it wrought2 which booke is lost1 yet the diuers vertues it hath is recorded by others1 to be effectual for the spleene1 lungs1 stomach1 liuer1 head and heart2 and for dropsies1 old coughs1 ,iaundise1 and the wormes2 that it cleareth the sight1 helpeth the tooth-ache1 cleanseth the head of scurfe1 and running sores2 and is an especiall ,antidote against poison3 and therefore is vsed as a principall ingredient into the ,theriaca ,andromachi1 which we vsually call ,venice ,treakle4 ,the ,apothecaries prepare hereof1 both ,wine1 ,vinegar1 and ,oxymel or ,syrupe1 which is singular to extenuate and expectorate tough flegme1 which is the cause of much disquiet in the body1 and an hinderer of concoction1 or digestion in the stomach1 besides diuers other wayes1 wherein the scales of the rootes1 being dryed1 are vsed4 ,and ,galen hath sufficiently explained the qualities and properties thereof1 in his eight ,booke of ,simples4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,ornithogalum4 ,starre of ,bethlehem4 ,after the ,family of the ,iacinths1 must needes follow the kindes of ,starre-flowers1 or ,starres of ,bethlehem1 as they are called1 for that they doe so nearely resemble them1 that diuers haue named some of them ,iacinths1 and referred them to that kindred3 all of them1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 come nearer vnto the ,iacinths1 then vnto any other plant4 ,they shall therefore bee next described1 euery one in their order1 the greatest first1 and the rest following4 ,ornithogalum ,arabicum4 ,the great ,starre-flower of ,arabia4 ,this ,arabian ,starre-flower hath many broad1 and long greene leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of the ,orientall ,iacinth1 but lying for the most part vpon the ground1 among which riseth vp a round greene stalke1 almost two foote high1 bearing at the toppe diuers large flowers1 standing vpon long foote-stalkes1 and at the bottome of euery one of them a small short pointed greene leafe3 these flowers are made of six pure white leaues a peece1 laid open as large as an ordinary ,daffodill1 but of the forme of a ,starre ,iacinth1 or ,starre of ,bethlehem1 which close as they doe euery night1 and open themselues in the day time1 especially in the ,sunne1 the smell whereof is pretty sweete1 but weake3 in the middle of the flower is a blackish head1 compassed with six white threeds1 tipt with yellow pendents3 the seede hath not beene obserued with vs3 the roote is great and white1 with a flat bottome1 very impatient of our cold ,winters1 so that it seldome prospereth or abideth with vs2 for although sometimes it doe abide a ,winter in the ground1 yet it often lyeth without springing blade1 or any thing else a whole yeare1 and then perisheth3 or if it doe spring1 yet many doe not beare1 and most after their first bearing doe decay and perish4 ,but if any be desirous1 to know how to preserue the roote of this plant1 or of many other bulbous rootes that are tender1 such as the great double white ,daffodill of ,constantinople1 and other fine ,daffodils1 that come from hot ,countries2 let them keepe this rule3 ,let either the roote be planted in a large pot1 or tubbe of earth1 and housed all the ,winter1 that so it may bee defended from the frosts2 ,or else 7which is the easier way7 keepe the roote out of the ground euery yeare1 from ,september1 after the leaues and stalkes are past1 vntill ,february1 in some dry1 but not hot or windy place1 and then plant it in the ground vnder a ,south wall1 or such like defended place1 which will spring1 and no doubt prosper well there1 in regard the greatest and deepest frosts are past after ,february1 so that seldome any great frosts come after1 to pierce so deepe as the roote is to be set1 or thereby to doe any great harme to it in such a place4 ,the ,place4 ,this hath been often sent out of ,turkie1 and likewise out of ,italy2 ,i had likewise two rootes sent mee out of ,spaine by ,guillaume ,boel before remembred1 which 7as hee said7 hee gathered there1 but they prospered not with me1 for want of the knowledge of the former rule4 ,it may be likely that ,arabia is the place1 from whence they of ,constantinople receiue it4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,may1 if it be of the first yeares bringing2 or in ,iune1 if it haue been ordered after the manner before set downe4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath been sent out of ,italy by the name of ,lilium ,alexandrinum1 ,the ,lilly of ,alexandria1 but it hath no affinity with any ,lilly4 ,others call it ,hyacinthus ,arabicus2 and the ,italians1 ,iacintho del pater nostro2 but it is no ,iacinth neither1 although the flowers be like some of them4 ,some also would referre it to a ,narcissus or ,daffodill1 and it doth as little agree with it1 as with a ,lilly1 although his flowers in largenesse and whitenesse resemble a ,daffodill4 ,clusius hath most fitly referred it to the stocke or kindred of ,ornithogala1 or ,starres of ,bethlehem1 as wee call them in ,english1 and from the ,turkish name1 ,zumbul ,arabi1 entituled it ,ornithogalum ,arabicum1 although ,zumbul1 as ,i haue before declared1 is with them1 a ,iacinth1 wee may call it in ,english1 ,the ,arabian ,starre-flower1 or ,starre of ,bethlehem1 or the great ,starre-flower of ,arabia4 #a4 ,ornithogalum maximum album4 ,the greatest white ,starre-flower1 or ,starre of ,bethlehem4 ,this great ,starre-flower hath many faire1 broad1 long1 and very fresh green leaues1 rising vp very early1 and are greater1 longer1 and greener then the leaues of any ,orientall ,iacinth1 which doe abide greene1 from the beginning or middle of ,ianuary1 or before sometimes1 vntill the end of ,may1 at which time they begin to fade1 and the stalke with the head of flowers beginneth to rise1 so that it will haue either few or no leaues at all1 when the flowers are blowne3 the stalke is strong1 round1 and firme1 rising two foote high or more1 bearing at the toppe a great bush of flowers1 seeming at the first to be a great greene eare of corne1 for it is made spike-fashion1 which when the flowers are blowne1 doth rise to be very high1 slender or small at the head aboue1 and broad spread and bushing below1 so that it is long in flowring2 for they flower below first1 and so vpwards by degrees3 these flowers are snow white1 without any line on the backside1 and is therein like vnto the former1 as also in whitenesse1 but nothing so large1 with a white vmbone or head in the middle1 beset with many white threeds1 tipt with yellow3 the seede is blacke and round1 contained in three square heads3 the roote is great1 thicke1 and short1 and somewhat yellowish on the outside1 with a flat bottome1 both like the former1 and next that followeth4 #b4 ,ornithogalum maius spicatum album4 ,the great white spiked ,starre-flower4 ,this spiked ,starre-flower in his growing1 is somewhat like vnto the last described1 but springeth not vp so early1 nor hath his leaues so greene1 or large1 but hath broad1 long1 whitish greene hollow leaues1 pointed at the end1 among which riseth vp the stalke1 which is strong and high1 as the former1 hauing a great bush of flowers at the toppe1 standing spike-fashion1 somewhat like the former1 flowring in the same maner by degrees1 first below1 and so vpwards2 but it is not so thicke set with flowers1 nor so farre spread at the bottome as it1 the flowers also are not so white1 and each of the leaues of them haue a greene line downe the backe1 leauing the edges on both sides white3 after the flowers are past1 the heads for seede grow three square1 like the other1 bearing such like blacke seede therein3 the roote hereof is vsually bigger then the last1 and whiter on the outside4 #c4 ,ornithogalum ,pannonicum4 ,the ,hungarian ,starre-flower4 ,this ,hungarian ,starre-flower shooteth out diuers narrow1 long1 whitish greene leaues1 spread vpon the ground before ,winter1 which are very like vnto the leaues of ,gilloflowers1 and so abide aboue the ground1 hauing a stalke rising in the middle of them the next ,spring1 about halfe a foote high or thereabouts1 bearing many white flowers at the toppe1 with greene lines downe the backe of them1 very like vnto the ordinary ,starres of ,bethlehem3 the roote is greater1 thicker1 and longer then the ordinary ,starres1 and for the most part1 two ioyned together1 somewhat grayish on the outside4 #d4 ,ornithogalum vulgare4 ,the ,starre of ,bethlehem4 ,the ordinary ,starre of ,bethlehem is so common1 and well knowne in all countries and places1 that it is almost needlesse to describe it1 hauing many greene leaues with white lines therein1 and a few white flowers set about the toppe of the stalke1 with greenish lines downe the backe3 the roote is whitish1 and encreaseth aboundantly4 #e4 ,asphodelus bulbosus ,galeni1 siue ,ornithogalum maius flore subuirescente4 ,the bulbous ,asphodill1 or greene ,starre-flower4 ,diuers haue referred this plant vnto the ,asphodils1 because 7as ,i thinke7 the flowers hereof are straked on the backe1 and the leaues long and narrow1 like vnto the ,asphodils2 but the roote of this being bulbous1 ,i rather 7as some others doe7 ioyne it with the ,ornithogala1 for they also haue strakes on the backe of the flowers4 ,it hath many whitish greene leaues1 long and narrow1 spread vpon the ground1 which spring vp in the beginning of the yeare1 and abide vntill ,may1 and then they withering1 the stalke springeth vp almost as high as the first1 hauing many pale yellowish greene flowers1 but smaller1 and growing more sparsedly about the stalke vpon short foot-stalkes1 but in a reasonable long head spike-fashion3 the seede is like vnto the second kinde1 but smaller3 the roote is somewhat yellowish1 like the first great white kinde4 ,illustration3 #a ,ornithogalum ,arabicum4 ,the great starre-flower of ,arabia4 #b ,ornithogalum maximum album4 ,the greatest white starre-flower4 #c ,ornithogalum maius spicatum album4 ,the great white spiked starre-flower4 #d ,ornithogalum ,pannonicum album4 ,the ,hungarian starre-flower4 #e ,asphodelus bulbosus ,galeni1 siue ,ornithogalum maius subuirescente flore4 ,the bulbed ,asphodill1 or greene starre-flower4 #f ,ornithogalum ,hispanicum minus4 ,the little starre-flower of ,spaine4 #g ,ornithogalum luteum4 ,the yellow starre-flower of ,bethlehem4 #h ,ornithogalum ,neapolitanum4 ,the starre-flower of ,naples4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is onely nursed in ,gardens1 his originall being not well knowne1 yet some attribute it vnto ,pannonia or ,hungary4 ,the second hath been found neare vnto ,barcinone1 and ,toledo in ,spaine4 ,the third was found in ,hungary by ,clusius4 ,our ordinary euery where in the fields of ,italy and ,france1 and 7as it is said7 in ,england also4 ,and the last groweth likewise by the corne fields in the vpper ,hungary4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,aprill and ,may1 and sometimes in ,iune4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called by ,clusius ,ornithogalum maximum album1 because it is greater then the next1 which hee tooke formerly for the greatest3 but it might more fitly1 in my iudgement1 bee called ,asphodelus bulbosus albus 7if there be any ,asphodelus bulbosus at all7 because this do so nearly resemble that1 both in the early springing1 and the decay of the greene leaues1 when the stalkes of flowers doe rise vp4 ,diuers also doe call it ,ornithogalum ,pannonicum maximum album4 ,the second hath his name in his title1 as most authors doe set it downe1 yet in the great ,herball referred to ,dalechampius1 it is called ,ornithogalum magnum ,myconi4 ,the third hath his name from the place of his birth1 and the other from his popularity1 yet ,dodonus calleth it ,bulbus ,leucanthemos4 ,the last is called by diuers ,asphodelo-hyacinthinus1 and ,hyacintho-asphodelus ,galeni4 ,dodonus calleth it ,asphodelus fmina1 and ,asphodelus bulbosus4 ,but ,lobel1 and ,gerrard from him1 and ,dodonus1 doe make this to haue white flowers1 whereas all that ,i haue seene1 both in mine owne1 and in others ,gardens1 bore greenish flowers1 as ,clusius setteth it truely downe4 ,lobel seemeth in the description of this1 to confound the ,ornithogalum of ,mompelier with it1 and calleth it ,asphodelus hyacinthinus forte ,galeni1 and saith that some would call it ,pancratium ,monspeliense1 and ,asphodelus ,galeni4 ,but as ,i haue shewed1 the ,ornithogalum spicatum and this1 doe plainly differ the one from the other1 and are not both to be called by one name1 nor to be reckoned one1 but two distinct plants4 ,ornithogalum thiopicum4 ,the ,starre-flower of thiopia4 ,the leaues of this plant are a foote long1 and at the least an inch broad1 which being broken1 are no lesse woolly then the woolly ,iacinth3 the stalke is a cubit high1 strong and greene2 from the middle whereof vnto the toppe1 stand large snow white flowers1 vpon long1 greene1 thicke foot-stalkes1 and yellowish at the bottome of the flower2 in the middle whereof stand six white threeds1 tipt with yellow chiues1 compassing the head1 which is three square1 and long containing the seede3 the roote is thicke and round1 somewhat like the ,asphodelus ,galeni4 ,the ,place4 ,this plant was gathered by some ,hollanders1 on the ,west side of the ,cape of good ,hope4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowred about the end of ,august with those that had it4 ,the ,names4 ,because it came from that part of the continent beyond the line1 which is reckoned a part of thiopia1 it is thereupon so called as it is set downe4 ,ornithogalum ,neapolitanum4 ,the ,starre-flower of ,naples4 ,this beautifull plant riseth out of the ground very early1 with foure or fiue hollow pointed leaues1 standing round together1 of a whitish greene colour1 with a white line downe the middle of euery leafe on the inside1 somewhat narrow1 but long1 7,fabius ,columna saith1 three foot long in ,italy1 but it is not so with vs7 in the middle of these leaues riseth vp the stalke1 a foote and a halfe high1 bearing diuers flowers at the toppe1 euery one standing in a little cuppe or huske1 which is diuided into three or foure parts1 hanging downe very long about the heads for seede3 after the flower is past1 these flowers doe all hang downe their heads1 and open one way1 although their little foot-stalkes come forth on all sides of the greater stalke1 being large1 and composed of six long leaues1 of a pure white on the inside1 and of a blewish or whitish greene colour on the outside1 leauing the edges of euery leafe white on both sides3 in the middle of these flowers stand other small flowers1 each of them also made of six small white leaues a peece1 which meeting together1 seeme to make the shew of a cuppe1 within which are contained six white threeds1 tipt with yellow1 and a long white pointell in the middle of them1 being without any sent at all3 after the flowers are past1 come vp great round heads1 which are too heauie for the stalke to beare2 and therefore lye downe vpon the leaues or ground1 hauing certaine lines or stripes on the outside1 wherein is contained round1 blacke1 rough seede3 the roote is great and white1 and somewhat flat at the bottome1 as diuers of these kindes are1 and doe multiply as plentifully into small bulbes as the common or any other4 ,the ,place4 ,this ,starre-flower groweth in the ,medowes in diuers places of ,naples1 as ,fabius ,columna1 and ,ferrantes ,imperatus doe testifie1 from whence they haue been sent4 ,and ,matthiolus1 who setteth out the figure thereof among his ,daffodills1 had 7it should seeme7 seene it grow with him4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,may1 although it begin to spring out of the ground oftentimes in ,nouember1 but most vsually in ,ianuary3 the seede is ripe in ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,matthiolus reckoneth this 7as is said7 among the ,daffodils1 for no other respect1 as ,i conceiue1 then that he accounted the middle flower to bee the cuppe or trunke of a ,daffodill1 which it doth somewhat resemble1 and setteth it forth in the fourth place1 whereupon many doe call it ,narcissus quartus ,matthioli1 ,the fourth ,daffodill of ,matthiolus4 ,fabius ,columna calleth it ,hyacinthus aruorum ,ornithogali flore4 ,clusius 7to whom ,imperatus sent it1 in stead of the ,arabian which hee desired7 calleth it of the place from whence he receiued it1 ,ornithogalum ,neapolitanum1 and we thereafter call it in ,english1 ,the ,starre-flower of ,naples4 ,ornithogalum ,hispanicum minus4 ,the little ,starre-flower of ,spaine4 ,clusius hath set forth this plant among his ,ornithogala or ,starre-flowers1 and although it doth in my minde come nearer to a ,hyacinthus1 then to ,ornithogalum1 yet pardon it1 and let it passe as he doth4 ,from a little round whitish roote1 springeth vp in the beginning of the yeare1 fiue or six small long green leaues1 without any white line in the middle of them1 among which rise vp one or two small stalkes1 an hand length high or better1 bearing seuen or eight1 or more flowers1 growing as it were in a tuft or vmbell1 with small long leaues at the foote of euery stalke1 the lower flowers being equall in length with the vppermost1 of a pale whitish blew or ash colour1 with a strake or line downe the backe of euery leafe of them1 with some white threeds standing about a blewish head in the middle3 these flowers passe away quickly1 and giue no seed1 so that it is not knowne what seede it beareth4 ,the ,place4 ,this groweth in ,spaine1 and from thence hath been brought to vs4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath no other name then is set down in the title1 being but lately found out4 #a4 ,ornithogalum album vnifolium4 ,the white starre-flower with one blade4 ,this little starre-flower ,i bring into this place1 as the fittest in my opinion where to place it1 vntill my minde change to alter it4 ,it hath a very small round white roote1 from whence springeth vp one very long and round greene leafe1 like vnto a rush1 but that for about two or three inches aboue the ground1 it is a little flat1 and from thence springeth forth a small stalke not aboue three or foure inches high1 bearing at the top thereof three or foure small white flowers1 consisting of six leaues a peece1 within which are six white chiues1 tipt with yellow pendents1 standing about a small three square head1 that hath a white pointell sticking as it were in the middle thereof3 the flower is pretty and sweete1 but not heady4 ,ornithogalum luteum4 ,the yellow ,starre of ,bethlehem4 ,this yellow ,starre-flower riseth vp at the first1 with one long1 round1 greenish leafe1 which openeth it selfe somewhat aboue the ground1 and giueth out another small leafe1 lesser and shorter then the first1 and afterward the stalke riseth from thence also1 being foure or fiue inches high1 bearing at the toppe three or foure small green leaues1 and among them foure or fiue small yellow starre-like flowers1 with a greenish line or streake downe the backe of euery leafe1 and some small reddish yellow threeds in the middle3 it seldome giueth seede3 the roote is round1 whitish1 and somewhat cleare1 very apt to perish1 if it bee any little while kept dry out of the ground1 as ,i haue twice tryed to my losse4 ,the ,place4 ,the first grew in ,portugall1 and ,clusius first of all others desciphers it4 ,the other is found in many places both of ,germany and ,hungary1 in the moister grounds4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth in ,may3 the other in ,aprill1 and sometimes in ,march4 ,the ,names4 ,carolus ,clusius calleth the first ,bulbus vnifolius1 or ,bolbine1 but referreth it not to the stocke or kindred of any plant2 but 7as you see7 ,i haue ranked it with the small sorts of ,ornithogalum1 and giue it the name accordingly4 ,the other is referred for likenesse of forme1 and not for colour1 vnto the ,ornithogala1 or ,starres of ,bethlehem4 ,it is called by ,tragus and ,fuchsius ,bulbus siluestris1 because of the obuiousnesse4 ,cordus taketh it to be ,sisyrinchium4 ,lacuna calleth it ,bulbus esculentus4 ,lobel and others in these dayes generally1 ,ornithogalum luteum1 and wee thereafter in ,english1 ,the yellow ,starre-flower1 or ,starre of ,bethlehem4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the first kinde being but lately found out1 is not knowne to be vsed4 ,the rootes of the common or vulgar1 are 7as ,matthiolus saith7 much eaten by poore people in ,italy1 either rawe or roasted1 being sweeter in taste then any ,chestnut1 and seruing as well for a necessary food as for delight4 ,it is doubtfull whether any of the rest may be so vsed2 for ,i know not any in our ,land hath made any experience4 ,there are many other sorts of ,starre-flowers1 which are fitter for a generall then this ,history2 and therefore ,i referre them thereunto4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,moly4 ,wilde ,garlicke4 ,vnto the former ,starre-flowers1 must needes bee ioyned another tribe or kindred1 which carry their straked flowers ,starre-fashion1 not spikewise1 but in a tuft or vmbell thicke thrust or set together4 ,and although diuers of them smell not as the former1 but most of their first ,grandfathers house1 yet all doe not so2 for some of them are of an excellent sent4 ,of the whole ,family1 there are a great many which ,i must leaue1 ,i will onely select out a few for this our ,garden1 whose flowers for their beauty of statelinesse1 forme1 or colour1 are fit to bee entertained1 and take place therein1 euery one according to his worth1 and are accepted of with the louers of these delights4 #a4 ,moly ,homericum1 vel potius ,theophrasti4 ,the greatest ,moly of ,homer4 ,homers ,moly 7for so it is most vsually called with vs7 riseth vp most commonly with two1 and sometimes with three great1 thicke1 long1 and hollow guttered leaues1 of a whitish greene colour1 very neare the colour of the ,tulipa leafe1 hauing sometimes at the end of some of the leaues1 and sometimes apart by it selfe1 a whitish round small button1 like vnto a small bulbe1 the like whereof also1 but greater1 doth grow betweene the bottome of the leaues and the stalke neare the ground1 which being planted when it is ripe1 will grow into a roote of the same kinde3 among these leaues riseth vp a round1 strong1 and tall stalke1 a yard high or better1 bare or naked vnto the toppe1 where it beareth a great tuft or vmbell of pale purplish flowers1 all of them almost standing vpon equall foot-stalkes1 or not one much higher then another1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 striped downe the backe with a small pale line1 hauing a round head or vmbone with some threeds about it in the midst3 ,these flowers doe abide a great while blowne before they vade1 which smell not very strong1 like any ,onion or ,garlicke1 but of a faint smell3 and after they are past come the seede1 which is blacke1 wrapped in white close huskes3 the roote groweth very great1 sometimes bigger then any mans closed fist1 smelling strong like ,garlicke1 whitish on the outside1 and greene at the toppe1 if it be but a while bare from the earth about it4 #b4 ,moly ,indicum siue ,caucason4 ,the ,indian ,moly4 ,the ,indian ,moly hath such like thicke large leaues1 as the ,homers ,moly hath1 but shorter and broader1 in the middle whereof riseth vp a short weake stalke1 almost flat1 not hauing any flowers vpon it1 but a head or cluster of greenish scaly bulbes1 inclosed at the first in a large thinne skinne1 which being open1 euery bulbe sheweth it selfe1 standing close one vnto another vpon his foot-stalke1 of the bignesse of an ,acorne1 which being planted1 will grow to bee a plant of his owne kinde3 the roote is white and great1 couered with a darke coate or skinne1 which encreaseth but little vnder ground2 but besides that head1 it beareth small bulbes aboue the ground1 at the bottome of the leaues next vnto the stalke1 like vnto the former4 ,the ,place4 ,both these doe grow in diuers places of ,spaine1 ,italy1 and ,greece2 for the last hath been sent out of ,turkie among other rootes4 ,ferrantes ,imperatus a learned ,apothecary of ,naples1 sent it to diuers of his friends in these parts1 and hath described it in his naturall history among other plants1 printed in the ,italian tongue4 ,it grew also with ,iohn ,tradescante at ,canterbury1 who sent me the head of bulbes to see1 and afterwards a roote1 to plant it in my ,garden4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth in the end of ,may1 and abideth vnto the midst of ,iuly1 and sometimes longer4 ,the other beareth his head of bulbes in ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,we haue receiued them by their names expressed in their titles1 yet the last hath also been sent by the name of ,ornithogalum ,italicum1 but as all may easily see1 it is not of that kindred4 #a4 ,moly montanum ,pannonicum bulbiferum primum4 ,the first bulbed ,moly of ,hungary4 ,this first ,hungarian ,moly hath three or foure broad and long greene leaues1 folded together at the first1 which after open themselues1 and are carried vp with the stalke1 standing thereon one aboue another1 which is a foote high2 at the toppe whereof doe grow a few sad reddish bulbes1 and betweene them long footstalkes1 bearing flowers of a pale purplish colour2 after which followeth blacke seede1 inclosed in roundish heads3 the roote is not great1 but white on the outside1 very like vnto the roote of ,serpents ,moly1 hereafter described1 encreasing much vnder ground1 smelling strong4 #b4 ,moly montanum ,pannonicum bulbiferum secundum4 ,the second bulbed ,moly of ,hungary4 ,the second ,moly hath narrower greene leaues then the former3 the stalke is about the same height1 and beareth at the toppe a great cluster of small greene bulbes1 which after turne of a darker colour2 from among which come forth long foot-stalks1 whereon stand purplish flowers3 the roote is couered with a blackish purple coate or skinne4 #c4 ,moly ,serpentinum4 ,serpents ,moly4 ,this ,moly must also be ioyned vnto the bulbous ,molyes1 as of kindred with them1 yet of greater beauty and delight1 because the bulbes on the heads of the small stalkes are redder1 and more pleasant to behold3 the stalke is lower1 and his grassie winding leaues1 which turne themselues 7whereof it tooke the name7 are smaller1 and of a whiter greene colour3 it beareth among the bulbes purplish flowers also1 but more beautifull1 the sent whereof is nothing so strong3 the roote is small1 round1 and whitish1 encreasing into a number of small rootes1 no bigger then pease round about the greater roote4 #d4 ,moly caule folijs triangularibus4 ,the three cornered ,moly4 ,this three square ,moly hath foure or fiue long1 and somewhat broad pale greene leaues1 flat on the vpper side1 and with a ridge downe the backe of the leafe1 which maketh it seeme three square3 the stalke which riseth vp a foote and a halfe high or better1 is three square or three cornered also1 bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie huske diuers white flowers1 somewhat large and long1 almost bell-fashion1 with stripes of greene downe the middle of euery leafe1 and a few chiues tipt with yellow in the middle about the head1 wherein when it is ripe1 is inclosed small blacke seede3 the roote is white on the outside1 and very like the yellow ,moly2 both roote1 leafe1 and flower hath a smacke1 but not very strong of ,garlicke4 ,illustration3 #a ,moly ,homericum vel potius ,theophrasti4 ,the greatest ,moly of ,homer4 #b ,moly ,indicum siue ,caucason4 ,the ,indian ,moly4 #c ,moly ,pannonicum bulbiferum4 ,the bulbed ,moly of ,hungary4 #d ,moly ,serpentinum4 ,serpents ,moly4 #e ,moly purpureum ,neapolitanum4 ,the purplish ,moly of ,naples4 #f ,moly caule folijs triangularibus4 ,the three cornered ,moly4 #g ,moly latifolium flore luteo4 ,the yellow ,moly4 #h ,moly ,dioscorideum ,hispanicum4 ,the ,spanish ,moly of ,dioscorides4 #i ,moly ,zibettinum vel ,moschatinum4 ,the sweete smelling ,moly of ,mompelier4 #aj ,moly serotinum ,coniferum4 ,the late ,pine apple ,moly4 #e4 ,moly ,narcissinis folijs4 ,daffodill leafed ,moly4 ,this ,moly hath many long1 narrow1 and flat greene leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of a ,daffodill1 from whence it tooke his name 7or rather of the early greater ,leucoium bulbosum1 or bulbed ,violet before described1 ioyned next vnto the ,daffodils1 because it is so like them7 among which riseth vp two or three stalkes sometimes1 each of a foot and a halfe high1 bearing at the toppe1 inclosed in a skinny hose1 as all the ,molyes haue1 a number of small purplish flowers1 which doe not long abide1 but quickly fade3 the seede is blacke as others are2 the roote is sometimes knobbed1 and more often bulbed1 hauing in the knobs some markes of the old stalkes to be seene in them1 and smelleth somewhat like ,garlicke1 whereby it may be knowne4 #f4 ,moly montanum latifolium luteo flore4 ,the yellow ,moly4 ,the yellow ,moly hath but one long and broad leafe when it doth not beare flower1 but when it will beare flower1 it hath two long and broad leaues1 yet one alwaies longer and broader then the other1 which are both of the same colour1 and neare the bignesse of a reasonable ,tulipa leafe3 betweene these leaues groweth a slender stalke1 bearing at the toppe a tuft or vmbell of yellow flowers out of a skinnie hose1 which parteth three wayes1 made of six leaues a peece1 laid open like a ,starre1 with a greenish backe or outside1 and with some yellow threeds in the middle3 the seede is blacke1 like vnto others3 the roote is whitish1 two for the most part ioyned together1 which encreaseth quickly1 and smelleth very strong of ,garlicke1 as both flowers and leaues doe also4 #g4 ,moly ,pyrenum purpureum4 ,the purple mountaine ,moly4 ,this purple ,moly hath two or three leaues1 somewhat like the former yellow ,moly1 but not so broad1 nor so white3 the stalke hath not so many flowers thereon1 but more sparingly1 and of an vnpleasant purple colour3 the roote is whitish1 smelling somewhat strongly of ,garlicke1 but quickly perisheth with the extremity of our cold ,winters1 which it will not abide vnlesse it be defended4 #h4 ,moly montanum latifolium purpureum ,hispanicum4 ,the purple ,spanish ,moly4 ,this ,moly hath two broad and very long greene leaues1 like vnto the yellow ,moly1 in this1 that they doe compasse one another at the bottome of them1 between which riseth vp a strong round stalke1 two foote high or more1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a thinne huske1 a number of faire large flowers vpon long foot-stalkes1 consisting of six leaues a peece1 spread open like a ,starre1 of a fine delayed purple or blush colour1 with diuers threeds of the same colour1 tipt with yellow1 standing about the middle head3 betweene the stalke and the bottome of the leaues it hath some small bulbes growing1 which being planted1 will soone spring and encrease3 the roote also being small and round1 with many fibres thereat1 hath many small bulbes shooting from them2 but neither roote1 leafe1 nor flower1 hath any ill sent of ,garlicke at all4 #i4 ,moly purpureum ,neapolitanum4 ,the purple ,moly of ,naples4 ,the ,neapolitane ,moly hath three of foure small long greene leaues set vpon the stalke after it is risen vp1 which beareth a round head of very fine purple flowers1 made of six leaues a peece1 but so closing together at the edge1 that they seeme like vnto small cuppes1 neuer laying themselues open1 as the other doe2 this hath some sent of his originall1 but the roote more then any part else1 which is white and round1 quickly encreasing as most of the ,molyes doe4 #aj4 ,moly pyxidatum argenteum ,hispanicum4 ,the ,spanish siluer cupped ,moly4 ,this ,spanish ,moly hath two or three very long rush like leaues1 which rise vp with the stalke1 or rather vanish away when the stalke is risen vp to bee three foote high or more1 bearing a great head of flowers1 standing close at the first1 but afterwards spreading much one from another1 euery flower vpon a long foote-stalke1 being of a white siluer colour1 with stripes or lines on euery side1 and fashioned small and hollow1 like a cuppe or boxe3 the seede ,i could neuer obserue1 because it flowreth so late1 that the ,winter hindereth it from bearing seede with vs3 the roote is small and round1 white1 and in a manner transparent1 at least so shining1 as if it were so1 and encreaseth nothing so much1 as many of the other sorts3 this hath no ill sent at all1 but rather a pretty smell1 not to bee misliked4 #aa4 ,moly serotinum ,coniferum4 ,the late ,pineapple ,moly4 ,this late ,moly that was sent me with the last described1 and others also from ,spain1 riseth vp with one long greene leafe1 hollow and round vnto the end1 towards this end on the one side1 breaketh out a head of flowers1 enclosed in a thinne skinne1 which after it hath so stood a good while1 7the leafe in the meane time rising higher1 and growing harder1 becommeth the stalke7 breaketh1 and sheweth a great bush or head of buds for flowers1 thicke thrust together1 fashioned very like vnto the forme of a ,pineapple 7from whence ,i gaue it the name7 of the bigness of a ,walnut3 after this head hath stood in this manner a moneth or thereabouts1 the flowers shew themselues to bee of a fine delayed or whitish purple colour1 with diuers stripes in euery of them1 of the same cup-fashion with the former1 but not opening so plainly1 so that they cannot bee discerned to bee open1 without good heede and obseruation4 ,it flowreth so late in ,autume1 that the early frosts doe quickly spoile the beauty of it1 and soone cause it to rotte3 the roote is small and round1 and shining like the last1 very tender also1 as not able to abide our sharpe ,winters1 which hath caused it vtterly to perish with me4 #ab4 ,moly ,dioscorideum4 ,dioscorides his ,moly4 ,the roote of this small ,moly is transparent within1 but couered with a thicke yellowish skinne1 of the bignesse of an ,hasell ,nut1 or somewhat bigger1 which sendeth forth three or foure narrow grassie leaues1 long and hollow1 and a little bending downwards1 of a whitish greene colour1 among which riseth vp a slender weake stalke1 a foot and a halfe high1 bearing at the toppe1 out of a thinne skinne1 a tuft of milke white flowers1 very like vnto those of ,ramsons1 which stand a pretty while in their beauty1 and then passe away for the most part without giuing any seede3 this hath little or no sent of ,garlicke4 ,we haue anothor of this sort that is lesser1 and the flowers rounder pointed4 #ac4 ,moly ,dioscorideum ,hispanicum4 ,the ,spanish ,moly of ,dioscorides4 ,this ,moly came vnto me among other ,molyes from ,spaine1 and is in all things like vnto the last described1 but fairer1 larger1 and of much more beauty1 as hauing his white flowers twice as great as the former2 but 7as it seemeth7 very impatient of our ,winters1 which it could not at any hand endure1 but quickly perished1 as some others that came with it also4 #ad4 ,moly ,moschatinum vel ,zibettinum ,monspeliense4 ,the sweete smelling ,moly of ,mompelier4 ,this sweete ,moly1 which ,i haue kept for the last1 to close vp your senses1 is the smallest1 and the finest of all the rest1 hauing foure or fiue small greene leaues1 almost as fine as haires1 or like the leaues of the ,feather-grasse3 the stalke is about a foote high1 bearing fiue or six or more small white flowers1 laid open like ,starres1 made of six leaues a peece1 of an excellent sweete sent1 resembling ,muske or ,ciuet2 for diuers haue diuersly censured of it4 ,it flowreth late in the yeare1 so that if the precedent ,summer bee either ouer moist1 or the ,autumne ouer early cold1 this will not haue that sweete sent1 that it will haue in a hot drie time1 and besides must be carefully respected3 for it will hardly abide the extremity of our sharpe ,winters4 ,the ,place4 ,the places of these ,molyes1 are for the most part expressed in their titles1 or in their descriptions4 ,the ,time4 ,the time is set downe1 for the most part to bee in ,iune and ,iuly1 the rest later4 ,the ,names4 ,to make further relation of names then are expressed in their titles1 were needlesse2 let these therefore suffice4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all these sorts of ,molyes are small kindes of wilde ,garlicke1 and are to be vsed for the same purposes that the great ,garden ,garlicke is1 although much weaker in their effects4 ,for any other especiall property is in any of these1 more than to furnish a ,garden of variety1 ,i haue not heard at all4 ,and thus much may suffice of these kindes for our ,garden1 reseruing manie others that might be spoken of1 to a generall worke1 or to my ,garden of ,simples1 which as ,god shall enable me1 and time giue leaue1 may shew it selfe to the world1 to abide the iudicious and criticke censures of all4 ,,chap4 ,,xiiii4 ,asphodelus4 ,the ,asphodill4 ,there remaine some other flowers1 like vnto the last described1 to be specified1 which although they haue no bulbous rootes1 yet ,i thinke them fittest to bee here mentioned1 that so ,i may ioyne those of neerest similitude together1 vntill ,i haue finished the rest that are to follow4 #a4 ,asphodelus maior albus ramosus4 ,the great white branched ,asphodill4 ,the great white ,asphodill hath many long1 and narrow1 hollow three square leaues1 sharpe pointed1 lying vpon the ground round about the roote3 the stalke is smooth1 round1 and naked without leaues1 which riseth from the midst of them1 diuided at the toppe into diuers branches1 if the plant bee of any long continuance1 or else but into two or three small branches1 from the sides of the maine great one1 whereon doe stand many large flowers ,starre-fashion1 made of six leaues a peece1 whitish on the inside1 and straked with a purplish line downe the backside of euery leafe1 hauing in the middle of the flowers some small yellow threeds3 the seede is blacke1 and three square1 greater then the seede of ,bucke wheate1 contained in roundish heads1 which open into three parts3 the roote is composed of many tuberous long clogges1 thickest in the middle1 and smaller at both ends1 fastened together at the head1 of a darke grayish colour on the outside1 and yellow within4 #b4 ,asphodelus albus non ramosus4 ,the white vnbranched ,asphodill4 ,the vnbranched ,asphodill is like vnto the former1 both in leaues and flowers1 but that the flowers of this are whiter1 and without any line or strake on the backe side1 and the stalkes are without branches3 the rootes likewise are smaller1 and fewer1 but made after the same fashion4 #c4 ,asphodelus maior flore carneo4 ,the blush coloured ,asphodill4 ,this ,asphodill is like to the last in forme of leaues and branches1 and differeth in this1 that his leaues are marked with some spots1 and the flowers are of a blush or flesh colour1 in all other things alike4 #d4 ,asphodelus minimus albus4 ,the least white ,asphodill4 ,this least ,asphodill hath foure or fiue very narrow long leaues1 yet seeming three square like the greatest1 bearing a small stalke1 of about a foote high among them1 without any branches1 and at the toppe a few white flowers1 straked both within and without1 with a purplish line in the middle of euery leafe4 ,the rootes are such like tuberous clogges as are in the former1 but much lesser4 #e4 ,asphodelus albus minor siue ,fistulosus4 ,the little hollow white ,asphodill4 ,this little white ,asphodill hath a number of leaues growing thicke together1 thicker and greener then those of the small yellow ,asphodill1 or ,kings ,speare next following1 among which riseth vp diuers round stalkes1 bearing flowers from the middle to the toppe1 ,starre-fashion1 with small greene leaues among them1 which are white on the inside1 and striped on the backe with purple lines like vnto the first described3 the seede1 and heads containing them1 are three square1 like the seede of the little yellow ,asphodill3 the rootes of this kinde are not glandulous1 as the former1 but stringie1 long and white3 the whole plant is very impatient of our cold ,winters1 and quickly perisheth1 if it be not carefully preserued1 both from the cold1 and much wet in the ,winter1 by housing it2 and then it will abide many yeares3 for it is not an annuall plant1 as many haue thought4 #f4 ,asphodelus luteus minor1 siue ,hastula regia4 ,the small yellow ,asphodill1 or ,kings speare4 ,this small yellow ,asphodill1 which is vsually called the ,kings speare1 hath many long narrow edged leaues1 which make them seeme three square1 of a bluish or whitish greene colour3 the stalke riseth vp three foote high oftentimes1 beset with small long leaues vp vnto the very flowers1 which grow thicke together spike-fashion one aboue another1 for a great length1 and wholly yellow1 laid open like a ,starre1 somewhat greater then the last white ,asphodill1 and smaller then the first1 which when they are past yeeld round heads1 containing blacke cornered seede1 almost three square3 the rootes are many long yellow strings1 which spreading in the ground1 doe much encrease4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,asphodils doe grow naturally in ,spaine and ,france1 and from thence were first brought vnto vs1 to furnish our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,all the glandulous rooted ,asphodils doe flower some in ,may1 and some in ,iune2 but the two last doe flower1 the yellow or last1 of them in ,iuly1 and the former white one in ,august and ,september1 and vntill the cold and winter hinder it4 ,the ,names4 ,their seuerall names are giuen them in their titles1 as much as is fit for this discourse4 ,for to shew you that the ,greekes doe call the stalke of the great ,asphodill 1 and the ,latines ,albucum1 or what else belongeth to them1 is fitter for another worke1 vnto which ,i leaue them4 ,the bastard ,asphodils should follow next in place1 if this worke were fit for them2 but because ,i haue tyed my selfe to expresse onely those flowers and plants1 that for their beauty1 or sent1 or both1 doe furnish a ,garden of ,pleasure1 and they haue none1 ,i leaue them to a generall ,history of plants1 or that ,garden of ,simples before spoken of1 and will describe the ,lilly ,asphodils1 and the ,phalangia or ,spider-worts1 which are remaining of those1 that ioyne in name or fashion1 and are to be here inserted1 before ,i passe to the rest of the bulbous rootes4 #a4 ,liliasphodelus phniceus4 ,the gold red ,day ,lilly4 ,because the rootes of this and the next1 doe so nearely agree with the two last recited ,asphodils1 ,i haue set them in this place1 although some doe place them next after the ,lillies1 because their flowers doe come nearest in forme vnto ,lillies2 but whether you will call them ,asphodils with ,lilly flowers1 as ,i thinke it fittest1 or ,lillies with ,asphodill rootes1 or ,lillies without bulbous rootes1 as others doe1 ,i will not contend4 ,the red ,day ,lilly hath diuers broad and long fresh greene leaues1 folded at the first as it were double1 which after open1 and remaine a little hollow in the middle2 among which riseth vp a naked stalke three foot high1 bearing at the toppe many flowers1 one not much distant from another1 and flowring one after another1 not hauing lightly aboue one flower blown open in a day1 that but for a day1 not lasting longer1 but closing at night1 and not opening againe2 whereupon it had his ,english name1 ,the ,lilly for a day3 these flowers are almost as large as the flowers of the white ,lilly1 and made after the same fashion1 but of a faire gold red1 or ,orange tawny colour4 ,i could neuer obserue any seede to follow these flowers2 for they seeme the next day after they haue flowred1 7except the time be faire and dry7 to bee so rotten1 as if they had lyen in wet to rotte them1 whereby ,i thinke no seede can follow3 the rootes are many thicke and long yellow knobbed strings1 like vnto the small yellow ,asphodill rootes1 but somewhat greater1 running vnder ground in like sort1 and shooting young heads round about4 #b4 ,liliasphodelus luteus4 ,the yellow ,day ,lilly4 ,i shall not neede to make a repetition of the description of this ,day ,lilly1 hauing giuen you one so amply before1 because this doth agree thereunto so nearely1 as that it might seeme the same2 these differences onely it hath1 the leaues are not fully so large1 nor the flower so great or spread open1 and the colour thereof is of a faire yellow wholly1 and very sweet1 which abideth blowne many daies before it fade1 and hath giuen blacke round seede1 growing in round heads1 like the heads of the small yellow ,asphodill1 but not so great4 ,clusius hath set downe1 that it was reported1 that there should be another ,liliasphodill with a white flower1 but we can heare of none such as yet2 but ,i rather thinke1 that they that gaue that report might be mistaken1 in thinking the ,sauoye ,spider-wort to be a white ,liliasphodill1 which indeede is so like1 that one not well experienced1 or not well regarding it1 may soone take one for another4 ,illustration3 #a ,asphodelus maior albus ramosus4 ,the great white branched ,asphodill4 #b ,asphodelus minor albus seu fistulosus4 ,the little hollow white ,asphodill4 #c ,asphodelus minor luteus1 siue ,hastula regia4 ,the small yellow ,asphodill1 or ,kings speare4 #d ,liliasphodelus luteus4 ,the yellow ,day ,lilly4 #e ,liliasphodelus phniceus4 ,the gold red ,day ,lilly4 ,the ,place4 ,their originall is many moist places in ,germany4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,may and ,iune4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called by some ,liliago1 and ,lilium non bulbosum1 and ,liliasphodelus4 ,in ,english we call them both ,day ,lillies1 but the name doth not so well agree with the last1 as with the first1 for the causes aboue specified4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the rootes of ,asphodill haue formerly beene had in great account1 but now are vtterly neglected2 yet by reason of their sharpnesse they open and cleanse1 and therefore some haue of late vsed them for the yellow ,iaundise4 ,the ,day ,lillies haue no physicall vse that ,i know1 or haue heard4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,phalangium4 ,spider-wort4 ,these plants doe so nearely resemble those that are last set forth1 that ,i thinke none that knowes them1 will doubt1 but that they must follow next vnto them1 being so like vnto them1 and therefore of the fairest of this kinde first4 #a4 ,phalangium ,allobrogicum4 ,the ,sauoye ,spider-wort4 ,the ,sauoye ,spider-wort springeth vp with foure or fiue greene leaues1 long and narrow1 yet broader at the bottome1 narrower pointed at the end1 and a little hollow in the middle2 among which riseth vp a round stiffe stalke1 a foote and a halfe high1 bearing at the toppe one aboue another1 seuen or eight1 or more flowers1 euery one as large almost as the yellow ,day ,lilly last described1 but much greater then in any other of the ,spider-worts1 of a pure white colour1 with some threeds in the middle1 tipt with yellow1 and a small forked pointell3 after the flowers are past1 the heads or seede vessels grow almost three square1 yet somewhat round1 wherein is contained blackish seede3 the rootes are many white1 round1 thicke1 brittle strings1 ioyned together at the head1 but are nothing so long1 as the rootes of the other ,phalangia or ,spider-worts4 #b4 ,phalangium maius ,italicum album4 ,the great ,italian ,spider-wort4 ,this great ,spider-wort hath diuers long and narrow leaues spread vpon the ground1 and not rising vp as the former1 and not so broad also as the former1 but somewhat larger then those that follow3 the stalke is bigger1 but seldome riseth vp so high as the next1 whereof this is a larger kinde1 hauing a long vnbranched stalke of white flowers1 laid open like starres as it hath1 but somewhat greater3 the rootes are long and white1 like the next1 but somewhat larger4 #c4 ,phalangium non ramosum vulgare4 ,vnbranched ,spider-wort4 ,the leaues of this ,spider-wort doe seeme to bee little bigger or longer then the leaues of grasse1 but of a more grayish green colour1 rising immediately from the head or tuft of rootes2 among which rise vp one or two stalkes1 sometimes two or three foote long1 beset toward the toppe with many white ,starre-like flowers1 which after they are past turne into small round heads1 containing blacke seede1 like vnto the seed of the little yellow ,asphodill1 but lesser3 the rootes are long white strings1 running vnder ground4 #d4 ,phalangium ramosum4 ,branched ,spider-wort4 ,the branched ,spider-wort hath his leaues somewhat broader then the former1 and of a more yellowish greene colour3 the stalke hereof is diuersly branched at the top1 bearing many white flowers1 like vnto the former1 but smaller3 the seedes and rootes are like the former in all things4 ,illustration3 #a ,phalangium ,allobrogicum4 ,the ,sauoye ,spider-wort4 #b ,phalangium non ramosum4 ,vnbranched ,spider-wort4 #c ,phalangium ramosum4 ,branched ,spider-wort4 #d ,phalangium ,ephemerum ,virginianum4 ,iohn ,tradescante's ,spider-wort4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth on the ,hils neare vnto ,sauoye1 from whence diuers1 allured with the beauty of the flower1 haue brought it into these parts4 ,the second came vp in my ,garden1 from the seede receiued out of ,italy4 ,the others grow in ,spaine1 ,france1 c4 ,the ,time4 ,the vnbranched ,spider-wort most commonly flowreth before all the other1 and the branched a moneth after it3 the other two about one time1 that is1 towards the end of ,may1 and not much after the vnbranched kinde4 ,the ,names4 ,the first 7as ,i said before7 hath beene taken to be a white ,lilliasphodill1 and called ,liliasphodelus flore albo2 but ,clusius hath more properly entituled it a ,phalangium1 and from the place of his originall1 gaue him his other denomination1 and so is called of most1 as is set downe in the title4 ,the other haue no other names then are expressed in their titles1 but only that ,cordus calleth them ,liliago2 and ,dodonus1 lib4 #d4 hist4 plant4 would make the branched kinde to bee ,moly alterum ,plinij1 but without any good ground4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the names ,phalangium and ,phalangites were imposed on these plants1 because they were found effectual1 to cure the poyson of that kinde of ,spider1 called ,phalangium1 as also of ,scorpions and other ,serpents4 ,wee doe not know1 that any ,physitian hath vsed them to any such1 or any other purpose in our dayes4 #e4 ,phalangium ,ephemerum ,virginianum ,ioannis ,tradescant4 ,the soon fading ,spider-wort of ,virginia1 or ,tradescant his ,spider-wort4 ,this ,spider-wort is of late knowledge1 and for it the ,christian world is indebted vnto that painfull industrious searcher1 and louer of all natures varieties1 ,iohn ,tradescant 7sometimes belonging to the right ,honourable ,lord ,robert ,earle of ,salisbury1 ,lord ,treasurer of ,england in his time1 and then vnto the right ,honourable the ,lord ,wotton at ,canterbury in ,kent1 and lastly vnto the late ,duke of ,buckingham7 who first receiued it of a friend1 that brought it out of ,virginia1 thinking it to bee the ,silke ,grasse that groweth there1 and hath imparted hereof1 as of many other things1 both to me and others2 the description whereof is as followeth3 ,from a stringie roote1 creeping farre vnder ground1 and rising vp againe in many places1 springeth vp diuers heads of long folded leaues1 of a grayish ouer-worne greene colour1 two or three for the most part together1 and not aboue1 compassing one another at the bottome1 and abiding greene in many places all the ,winter2 other-where perishing1 and rising anew in the ,spring1 which leaues rise vp with the great round stalke1 being set thereon at the ioynts1 vsually but one at a ioynt1 broad at the bottome where they compasse the stalke1 and smaller and smaller to the end3 at the vpper ioynt1 which is the toppe of the stalke1 there stand two or three such like leaues1 but smaller1 from among which breaketh out a dozen1 sixteene1 or twenty1 or more round green heads1 hanging downe their heads by little foot-stalkes1 which when the flower beginneth to blow open1 groweth longer1 and standeth vpright1 hauing three small pale greene leaues for a huske1 and three other leaues within them for the flower1 which lay themselues open flat1 of a deepe blew purple colour1 hauing an vmbone or small head in the middle1 closely set about with six reddish1 hairy1 or feathered threeds1 tipt with yellow pendents3 this flower openeth it selfe in the day1 shutteth vsually at night1 and neuer openeth againe1 but perisheth1 and then hangeth downe his head againe2 the greene huske of three leaues1 closing it selfe againe into the forme of a head1 but greater1 as it was before1 the middle vmbone growing to bee the seede vessell1 wherein is contained small1 blackish1 long seede3 ,seldome shall any man see aboue one1 or two at the most of these flowers blowne open at one time vpon the stalke1 whereby it standeth in flowring a long time1 before all the heads haue giuen out their flowers4 ,the ,place4 ,this plant groweth in some parts of ,virginia1 and was deliuered to ,iohn ,tradescant4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth from the end of ,may vntill ,iuly1 if it haue had greene leaues all the ,winter1 or otherwise1 vntill the ,winter checke his luxuriousnesse4 ,the ,names4 ,vnto this plant ,i confesse ,i first imposed the name1 by considering duely all the parts thereof1 which vntill some can finde a more proper1 ,i desire may still continue1 and to call it ,ephemerum ,virginianum ,tradescanti1 ,iohn ,tradescante's ,spider-wort of ,virginia1 or ,phalangium ,ephemerum ,virginianum1 ,the soone fading or ,day ,spider-wort of ,virginia4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there hath not beene any tryall made of the properties since wee had it1 nor doe we know whether the ,indians haue any vse thereof4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,colchicum4 ,medowe ,saffron4 ,to returne to the rest of the bulbous and tuberous rooted plants1 that remaine to bee entreated of1 the ,colchica or ,medowe ,saffrons are first to bee handled1 whereof these later dayes haue found out more varieties1 then formerly were knowne2 some flowring in the ,spring1 but the most in ,autumne1 and some bearing double1 but the greatest part single flowers3 whereof euery one in their order1 and first of our owne ,country kindes4 #a4 ,colchicum ,anglicum album4 ,the white ,english ,medowe ,saffron4 ,it is common to all the ,medowe ,saffrons1 except that of the ,spring1 and one other1 to beare their flowers alone in ,autumne or later1 without any green leaues with them1 and afterwards in ,february1 their greene leaues3 ,so that ,i shall not neede to make manie descriptions1 but to shew you the differences that consist in the leaues1 and colours of the flowers2 and briefly to passe 7after ,i haue giuen you a full description of the first7 from one vnto another1 touching onely those things that are note worthy4 ,the white ,english ,medowe ,saffron then doth beare in ,autumne three or foure flowers at the most1 standing seuerally vpon weake foote-stalkes1 a fingers length or more aboue the ground1 made of six white leaues1 somewhat long and narrow1 and not so large as most of the other kindes1 with some threeds or chiues in the middle1 like vnto the ,saffron flowers of the ,spring1 wherein there is no colour of ,saffron1 or vertue to that effect3 after the flowers are past and gone1 the leaues doe not presently follow1 but the roote remaineth in the ground without shew of leafe aboue ground1 most part of the ,winter1 and then in ,february there spring vp three or foure large and long greene leaues1 when they are fully growne vp1 standing on the toppe of a round1 weake1 green1 and short foote-stalke1 somewhat like the leaues of white ,lillies1 but not so large1 and in the middest of these leaues1 after they haue been vp some time1 appeare two or three loose skinny heads1 standing in the middle of the leaues vpon short1 thicke1 greene stalkes1 and being ripe1 conteine in them round small brownish seede1 that lye as it were loose therein1 and when the head is dry1 may bee heard to rattle being shaken3 the roote is white within1 but couered with a thicke blackish skinne or coate1 hauing one side thereof at the bottome longer then the other1 with an hollownesse also on the one side of that long eminence1 where the flowers rise from the bottome1 and shooting downe from thence a number of white fibres1 whereby it is fastened in the ground3 the greene leaues afterwards rising from the top or head of the roote4 #b4 ,colchicum ,anglicum purpureum4 ,the purple ,english ,medowe ,saffron4 ,there is no difference at all in this ,medowe ,saffron from the former1 but only in the colour of the flowers1 which as they were wholly white in the former1 so in this they are of a delayed purple colour1 with a small shew of veines therein4 #c4 ,colchicum ,pannonicum album4 ,the white ,hungary ,medowe ,saffron4 ,the greatest difference in this ,colchicum from the former ,english white one1 is1 that it is larger both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 and besides1 hath more store of flowers together1 and continuing longer in beauty1 without fading so soone as the former1 and are also somewhat of a fairer white colour4 #d4 ,colchicum ,pannonicum purpureum4 ,the purple ,hungary ,medowe ,saffron4 ,this purple ,medowe ,saffron is somewhat like vnto the white of this kinde1 but that it beareth not so plentifully as the white1 nor doth the roote grow so great2 but the flowers are in a manner as large as they1 and of the like pale delayed purple colour1 or somewhat deeper1 as is in the purple ,english1 with some veines or markes vpon the flowers1 making some shew of a checker on the out side1 but not so conspicuous1 as in the true checkerd kindes4 ,wee haue a kinde hereof is party coloured with white streakes and edges1 which abide constant1 and hath been raised from the seede of the former4 #e4 ,colchicum ,byzantinum4 ,medowe ,saffron of ,constantinople4 ,this ,medowe ,saffron of ,constantinople hath his leaues so broad and large1 that hardly could any that neuer saw it before1 iudge it to be a ,colchicum2 for they are much larger then any ,lilly leaues1 and of a darke greene colour3 the flowers are correspondent to the leaues1 larger and more in number then in any of the former purple kindes1 of the same colour with the last purple kinde1 but of a little deeper purple on the inside1 with diuers markes running through the flowers1 like vnto it1 or vnto checkers1 but yet somewhat more apparently3 the roote is in the middle greater and rounder then the others1 with a longer eminence1 whereby it may easily bee knowne from all other sorts4 #f4 ,colchicum ,lusitanicum ,fritillaricum4 ,the checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,portugall4 ,the flowers of this ,medowe ,saffron are larger and longer then the flowers of either the ,english or ,hungarian1 and almost as large as the last before mentioned1 and of the same colour1 but a little deeper1 the spots and markes whereof are somewhat more easie to be seene euen a farre off1 like vnto the flower of a ,fritillaria1 from whence it tooke his significatiue name3 the leaues of this ,medowe ,saffron doe rise vp sooner then in any other of the ,autumne kindes1 for they are alwayes vp before ,winter1 and are foure or fiue in number1 short rather then long1 broad belowe1 and pointed at the end1 canaled or hollow1 and standing round aboue the ground1 one encompassing another at the bottome1 like the great ,spanish ,starre ,iacinth1 called the ,iacinth of ,peru1 but shorter1 and of a pale or grayish greene colour1 differing from the colour of all the other ,medowe ,saffrons3 the roote is like the roote of the ,english or ,hungarian without any difference1 but that it groweth somewhat greater4 ,it is one of the first ,medowe ,saffrons that flower in the ,autumne4 ,illustration3 #a ,colchicum ,pannonicum4 ,the ,hungarian ,medow ,saffron4 #b ,colchicum ,byzantinum4 ,medowe ,saffron of ,constantinople4 #c ,colchicum ,lusitanicum ,fritillaricum4 ,the checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,portugall4 #d ,colchicum ,neapolitanum ,fritillaricum4 ,the checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,naples4 #e ,colchicum ,fritillaricum ,chiense4 ,the ,checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,chio or ,sio4 #f ,colchicum ,hermodactylum4 ,physicall ,medowe ,saffron4 #g4 ,colchicum ,neapolitanum ,fritillaricum4 ,the checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,naples4 ,this checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,naples1 is very like vnto the last recited checkerd ,saffron of ,portugall1 but that the flower is somewhat larger1 yet sometimes very little1 or not at all3 the greatest marke to distinguish them is1 that the flowers of this are of a deeper colour1 and so are the spots on the flowers likewise1 which are so conspicuous1 that they are discerned a great way off1 more like vnto the flowers of a deepe ,fritillaria1 then the former1 and make a goodlier and a more glorious shew3 the leaues of this doe rise vp early after the flowers1 and are somewhat longer1 of a darker greene colour1 yet bending to a grayish colour as the other1 not lying so neatly or round1 but stand vp one by another1 being as it were folded together3 neither of both these last named checkerd ,medowe ,saffrons haue giuen any seede in this ,countrey1 that euer ,i could learne or heare of1 but are encreased by the roote1 which in this is like the former1 but a little bigger4 #h4 ,colchicum ,fritillaricum ,chiense4 ,the checkerd ,medowe ,saffron of ,chio or ,sio4 ,this most beautifull ,saffron flower riseth vp with his flowers in the ,autumne1 as the others before specified doe1 although not of so large a size1 yet farre more pleasant and delightfull in the thicke1 deepe blew1 or purple coloured beautifull spots therein1 which make it excell all others whatsoeuer3 the leaues rise vp in the ,spring1 being smaller then the former1 for the most part three in number1 and of a paler or fresher greene colour1 lying close vpon the ground1 broad at the bottome1 a little pointed at the end1 and twining or folding themselues in and out at the edges1 as if they were indented4 ,i haue not seene any seede it hath borne3 the roote is like vnto the others of this kinde1 but small and long1 and not so great3 it flowreth later for the most part then any of the other1 euen not vntill ,nouember1 and is very hard to be preserued with vs1 in that for the most part the roote waxeth lesse and lesse euery yeare1 our cold ,country being so contrary vnto his naturall1 that it will scarce shew his flower2 yet when it flowreth any thing early1 that it may haue any comfort of a warme ,sunne1 it is the glorie of all these kindes4 #i4 ,colchicum versicolor4 ,the party coloured ,medowe ,saffron4 ,the flowers of this ,medowe ,saffron most vsually doe not appeare1 vntill most of the other ,autumne sorts are past1 except the last1 which are very lowe1 scarce rising with their stalkes three fingers breadth aboue the ground1 but oftentimes halfe hid within the ground3 the leaues whereof are smaller1 shorter1 and rounder1 then in any of the other before specified1 some being altogether white1 and others wholly of a very pale purple1 or flesh colour2 and some againe parted1 the one halfe of a leafe white1 and the other halfe of the same purple1 and sometimes striped purple and white1 in diuers leaues of one and the same flower3 and againe1 some will be the most part of the leafe white1 and the bottome purple1 thus varying as nature list1 that many times from one roote may bee seene to arise all these varieties before mentioned3 these flowers doe stand long before they fade and passe away2 for ,i haue obserued in my ,garden some that haue kept their flower faire vntill the beginning of ,ianuary1 vntill the extremitie of the ,winter frosts and snowes haue made them hide their heads3 the leaues therefore accordingly doe rise vp after all other1 and are of a brownish or darke greene colour at their first springing vp1 which after grow to be of a deepe greene colour3 the roote is like the former ,english or ,hungarian kindes1 but thicker and greater for the most part1 and shorter also4 #aj4 ,colchicum variegatum alterum4 ,another party coloured ,medowe ,saffron4 ,there is another1 whose party coloured flowers rise a little higher1 diuersly striped and marked1 with a deeper purple colour1 and a pale or whitish blush throughout all the leaues of the flower4 #aa4 ,colchicum montanum ,hispanicum minus4 ,the little ,spanish ,medowe ,saffron4 ,the flowers of this little ,medowe ,saffron are narrower and smaller then any of the former1 and of a deeper reddish purple colour then either the ,english or ,hungarian kindes3 the greene leaues also are smaller then any other1 lying on the ground1 of a deepe or sad greene colour1 rising vp within a while after the flowers are past1 and doe abide greene all the ,winter long3 the roote is small and long1 according to the rest of the plant1 and like in forme to the others4 #ab4 ,colchicum montanum minus versicolore flore4 ,the small party coloured ,medowe ,saffron4 ,this little kinde differeth not from the ,spanish kinde last set forth1 but in the varietie of the flower1 which is as small as the former2 the three inner leaues being almost all white1 and the three outer leaues some of them pale or blush1 and some party coloured1 with a little greene on the backe of some of them4 #ac4 ,colchicum ,hermodactilum4 ,physicall ,medowe ,saffron4 ,this ,physicall ,medowe ,saffron springeth vp with his leaues in ,autumne1 before his flowers appeare beyond the nature of all the former kindes1 yet the flower doth1 after they are vp1 shew it selfe in the middle of the greene leaues1 consisting of six white leaues1 with diuers chiues in the middle1 and passeth away without giuing any seede that euer ,i could obserue3 the greene leaues abide all the ,winter and ,spring following1 decaying about ,may1 and appeare not vntill ,september1 when 7as ,i said7 the flowers shew themselues presently after the leaues are sprung vp4 #ad4 ,colchicum atropurpureum4 ,the darke purple ,medowe ,saffron4 ,the greatest difference in this kinde consisteth in the flower1 which at the first appearing is as pale a purple1 as the flower of the former ,hungarian kinde3 but after it hath stood in flower two or three dayes1 it beginneth to change1 and will after a while become to bee of a very deepe reddish purple colour1 as also the little foote-stalke whereon it doth stand3 the flower is of the bignesse of the ,hungarian purple1 and so is the greene leafe3 the seede and roote is like the ,english purple kinde4 #ae4 ,colchicum atropurpureum variegatum4 ,the party coloured darke purple ,medowe ,saffron4 ,we haue of late gained another sort of this kinde1 differing chiefly in the flower1 which is diuersly striped thorough euery leafe of the flower1 with a paler purple colour1 whereby the flower is of great beauty3 this might seeme to bee a degeneration from the former1 yet it hath abiden constant with me diuers yeares1 and giueth seede as plentifully as the former4 #af4 ,colchicum flore pleno4 ,double flowred ,medowe ,saffron4 ,the double ,medowe ,saffron is in roote and leafe very like unto the ,english kinde3 the flowers are of a fine pale or delayed purple colour1 consisting of many leaues set thicke together1 which are somewhat smaller1 as in the ,english flower1 being narrow and long1 and as it were round at the points1 which make a very double flower1 hauing some chiues with their yellow tips1 dispersed as it were among the leaues in the middle3 it flowreth in ,september1 a little after the first shew of the earlier ,medowe ,saffrons are past4 #ag4 ,colchicum variegatum pleno flore4 ,the party coloured double ,medowe ,saffron4 ,we haue another of these double kinds 7if it be not the very same with the former1 varying in the flower as nature pleaseth oftentimes2 for ,i haue this flower in my garden1 as ,i here set it forth1 euery yeare7 whose flowers are diuersified in the partition of the colours1 as is to be seene in the single party coloured ,medowe ,saffron before described1 hauing some leaues white1 and others pale purple1 and some leaues halfe white and halfe purple1 diuersly set or placed in the double flower1 which doth consist of as many leaues as the former1 yet sometime this party coloured flower doth not shew it selfe double like the former1 but hath two flowers1 one rising out of another1 making each of them to be almost but single flowers1 consisting of eight or ten leaues a peece3 but this diuersity is not constant2 for the same roote that this yeare appeareth in that manner1 the next yeare will returne to his former kinde of double flowers againe4 #ah4 ,colchicum ,vernum4 ,medowe ,saffron of the ,spring4 ,this ,medowe ,saffron riseth vp very early in the yeare1 that is1 in the end of ,ianuarie sometimes1 or beginning1 or at the furthest the middle of ,february1 presently after the deepe ,frosts and ,snowes are past1 with his flowers inclosed within three greene leaues1 which opening themselues as soone almost as they are out of the ground1 shew their buds for flowers within them very white oftentimes1 before they open farre1 and sometimes also purplish at their first appearing1 which neuer shew aboue two at the most vpon one roote1 and neuer rise aboue the leaues1 nor the leaues much higher then they1 while they last3 the flower consisteth of six leaues1 long and narrow1 euery leafe being diuided1 both at the bottome and toppe1 each from other1 and ioyned together onely in the middle1 hauing also six chiues1 tipt with yellow in the middle1 euery chiue being ioyned to a leafe1 of a pale red or deepe blush colour1 when it hath stood a while blowne1 and is a smaller flower then any ,medowe ,saffron1 except the small ,spanish kindes onely1 but continueth in his beauty a good while1 if the extremity of sharpe ,frosts and ,windes doe not spoile it3 the leaues wherein these flowers are enclosed1 at their first comming vp1 are of a brownish greene colour1 which so abide for a while1 especially on the outside1 but on the inside they are hollow1 and of a whitish or grayish greene colour1 which after the flowers are past1 grow to bee of the length of a mans longest finger1 and narrow withall3 there riseth vp likewise in the middle of them the head or seede vessell1 which is smaller and shorter1 and harder then any of the former1 wherein is contained small round browne seede3 the roote is small1 somewhat like vnto the rootes of the former1 but shorter1 and not hauing so long an eminence on the one side of the bottome4 #ai4 ,colchicum vernum atropurpureum4 ,purple ,medowe ,saffron of the ,spring4 ,the flower of this ,medowe ,saffron1 is in the rising vp of his leaues and flowers together1 and in all things else1 like vnto the former1 onely the flowers of this sort are at their first appearing of a deeper purple colour1 and when they are blowne also are much deeper then the former1 diuided in like manner1 both at the bottome and toppe as the other1 so that they seeme1 like as if six loose leaues were ioyned in the middle part1 to make one flower1 and hath his small chiues tipt with yellow1 cleauing in like manner to euery leafe4 ,illustration3 #a ,colchicum montanum ,hispanicum4 ,the little ,spanish ,medowe ,saffron4 #b ,colchicum montanum minus versicolore flore4 ,the small party coloured ,medowe ,saffron4 #c ,colchicum versicolor4 ,the party coloured ,medowe ,saffron4 #d ,colchicum variegatum alterum4 ,another party coloured ,medowe ,saffron4 #e ,colchicum atropurpureum4 ,the darke purple ,medowe ,saffron4 #f ,colchicum atropurpureum variegatum4 ,the variable darke purple ,medowe ,saffron4 #g ,colchicum vernum4 ,medowe ,saffron of the spring4 #h ,colchicum flore pleno4 ,double ,medowe ,saffron4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,medowe ,saffrons1 or the most part of them1 haue their places expressed in their titles2 for some grow in the fields and medowes of the champion grounds1 others on the mountaines and hilly grounds4 ,the ,english kindes grow in the ,west parts1 as about ,bathe1 ,bristow1 ,warmister1 and other places also4 ,the double kindes are thought to come out of ,germany4 ,the ,time4 ,their times likewise are declared in their seuerall descriptions3 those that are earliest in ,autumne1 flower in ,august and ,september1 the later in ,october1 and the latest in the end of ,october1 and in ,november4 ,the other are said to bee of the ,spring1 in regard they come after the deepe of ,winter 7which is most vsually in ,december and ,ianuary7 is past4 ,the ,names4 ,the generall name to all these plants is ,colchicum1 whereunto some haue added ,ephemerum1 because it killeth within one dayes space2 and some ,strangulatorium4 ,some haue called them also ,bulbus ,agrestis1 and ,filius ante ,patrem1 ,the ,sonne before the ,father1 because 7as they thinke7 it giueth seede before the flower3 but that is without due consideration2 for the root of this 7as of most other bulbous plants7 after the stalke of leaues and seede are dry1 and past1 may be transplanted1 and then it beginneth to spring and giue flowers before leaues1 7and therein onely it is differing from other plants7 but the leaues and seede follow successiuely after the flowers1 before it may be remoued againe2 so that here is not seede before flowers1 but contrarily flowers vpon the first planting or springing1 and seede after1 as in all other plants1 though in a diuers manner4 ,the ,colchicum ,hermodactilum may seeme very likely to bee the ,colchicum ,orientale of ,matthiolus1 or the ,colchicum ,alexandrinum of ,lobelius3 ,and some thinke it to be the true ,hermodactilus1 and so call it1 but it is not so4 ,we doe generally call them all in ,english ,medowe ,saffrons1 or ,colchicum1 according to the ,latine1 giuing to euery one his other adiunct to know it by4 ,the ,vertues4 ,none of these are vsed for any ,physicall respect1 being generally held to be deadly1 or dangerous at the least4 ,only the true ,hermodactile 7if it be of this tribe1 and not this which is here expressed7 is of great vse1 for paines in the ioynts1 and of the hippes1 as the ,sciatica1 and the like1 to be taken inwardly4 ,costus in his ,booke of the nature of plants1 saith1 that the rootes of our common kindes are very bitter in the ,spring of the yeare1 and sweet in ,autumne1 which ,camerarius contradicteth1 saying1 that he found them bitter in ,autumne1 which were 7as he saith7 giuen by some imposters to diuers1 as an antidote against the ,plague4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,crocus4 ,saffron4 ,there are diuers sorts of ,saffrons1 whereof many doe flower in the ,spring time1 and some in ,autumne1 among whom there is but one onely kinde1 that is called tame or of the ,garden1 which yeeldeth those blades or chiues that are vsed in meates and medicines1 and many wayes profitable for other respects1 none of the rest1 which are all wilde kindes1 giuing any blade equall vnto those of the tame kinde1 or for any other vse1 then in regard of their beautifull flowers of seuerall varieties1 and as they haue been carefully sought out1 and preserued by diuers1 to furnish a ,garden of dainty curiosity4 ,to entreate therefore of these1 ,i must1 to obserue an orderly declaration1 diuide them into two primary families3 the former shall be of those that yeeld their pleasant flowers in the ,spring of the yeare1 and the other that send out their colours in the ,autumne1 among whom that ,rex pomarij 7as ,i may so call it7 the tame or manured kinde1 properly called of the ,garden1 is to be comprehended1 for that it giueth his pleasant flowers at that time among others4 ,i shall againe distribute those of the ,spring time into three chiefe colours1 that is1 into white1 purple1 and yellow1 and vnder euery one of them1 comprehend the seuerall varieties that doe belong vnto them2 which course ,i will also hold with those of the ,autumne1 that thus being rightly ranked1 they may the more orderly be described4 #a4 ,crocus ,vernus albus purus minor4 ,the smaller pure white ,saffron flower of the ,spring4 ,this small ,saffron flower springeth vp in the beginning of the yeare1 with three or foure small greene leaues1 somewhat broader1 but much shorter then the true ,saffron leaues1 with a white line downe the middle of euery leafe3 betweene these leaues1 out of a white skinne1 riseth vp one or two small flowers1 made of six leaues a peece1 as all the rest in generall are1 of a pure white colour1 without any mixture in it1 which abide not in flower aboue a weeke1 or rather lesse1 so sodainly is the pleasure of this1 and the purple lost3 it flowreth not for the most part1 vntill a moneth after the yellow ,crocus appeareth in flower1 and the ordinary stript ,crocus is past3 the seede is small1 round1 and reddish1 yet not so red as the seede of the yellow1 contained in three square heads1 yet seldome beareth1 but encreaseth by the roote plentifully enough1 which is small1 round1 and flat at the bottome1 somewhat white on the outside1 but whiter within1 shooting out small sprouts on euery side of the roote1 which is the best note to know this kinde and the lesser purple1 which are both alike1 from all other rootes of ,saffron flowers4 #b4 ,crocus albus maior multiflorus4 ,the great snow white ,crocus4 ,this greater ,saffron flower riseth vp vsually with three or foure greene leaues1 larger then the former1 with a white line in euery one of them3 the flowers are greater1 and more in number1 rising together1 but flowring one after another1 of a pure snow white colour1 and abiding but little longer in flower then the former4 #c4 ,crocus albus maior alter dictus ,msiacus4 ,the great white ,saffron flower or ,crocus of ,mesia4 ,this great white ,crocus of ,mesia1 riseth vp out of the ground1 almost as early as the first sort of the yellow1 with foure or fiue leaues1 being very like vnto the leaues of the yellow ,crocus1 and as large1 with white lines in them3 the flowers also are as large as the flowers of the yellow1 and many also rising one after another like vnto it1 but not of so pure a white colour1 as the former or last described1 but rather tending to a ,milky or ,creame colour3 the roote is not couered with any reddish1 but rather pale skinnes or coates4 #d4 ,crocus albus ,msiacus fundo violaceo4 ,the great white ,crocus of ,mesia with a blew bottome4 ,there is another of this kinde1 like vnto the former in all things1 sauing that the bottomes of the flowers of this kinde1 with some part of the stalke next the flower1 are of a pale shining purple colour1 and rising vp a pretty way into the flower2 whereas another also of this kind1 hath a little shew or marke of blew1 and not purple1 at the bottome of the flower onely1 which maketh a difference4 #e4 ,crocus albus fundo purpureo4 ,the white ,crocus with a purple bottome4 ,this ,saffron flower is of the same kinde with the first1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 in none of them differing from it1 but in that the bottome of this flower1 with that part of the short foote-stalke next vnto it1 is of violet or purple colour1 and sometimes hauing here and there some purple small lines1 or spots on the white leaues3 it flowreth also with the first white1 or somewhat later4 #f4 ,crocus vernus albus striatus4 ,the white stript ,crocus4 ,this stript ,saffron flower is likewise neare the same first kind1 or first white ,crocus1 hauing the like leaues and flowers1 somewhat larger1 but as soone fading almost as it3 but herein this flower differeth1 that it hath pale blewish lines and spots in all the leaues thereof1 and more principally in the three outer leaues3 the root is also white on the outside1 like the first white1 but greater1 with young ones growing round about it4 #g4 ,crocus vernus albus polyanthos versicolor4 ,the greater party coloured white ,crocus4 ,the greater party coloured ,saffron flower1 hath his greene leaues like vnto the second great white ,crocus before mentioned1 hauing more flowers then any of the former1 except the first great white1 the leaues whereof haue greater stripes then the last recited ,crocus1 but of a purple ,violet colour1 making each leafe seeme oftentimes to haue as much purple as white in them3 the roote hereof is somewhat like the second white1 but of a little more duskie colour on the outside1 and not budding out on the sides at all1 or very little4 #h4 ,crocus vernus albus versicolor4 ,the lesser party coloured white ,crocus4 ,the leaues and flowers of this other party coloured ,crocus1 are for bignesse in a manner equall with the last1 but hath not so many flowers rising together from the roote3 the flower is finely marked with blew strakes on the white flower1 but nothing so much as in the former3 the roote also is like the last4 #i4 ,crocus ,episcopalis4 ,the ,bishops ,crocus4 ,this party coloured or ,bishops ,saffron flower1 is very like both in leaues and rootes vnto the ,neapolitane blew ,crocus1 but somewhat greater3 the flowers doe abide not so long time blowne1 and hath all the leaues either wholly white1 with blew stripes on both sides of them1 or wholly of a fine delayed blew ,violet colour1 and the three innermost more blew and finely striped1 both on the inside and outside of them1 and sometimes it hath been seen to haue three leaues white1 and three leaues of a pale blew4 #aj4 ,crocus vernus striatus vulgaris4 ,the ordinary stript ,crocus4 ,there is another sort of stript ,saffron flower1 which is most common and plentifull in most ,gardens1 which ,i must needes bring vnder the ranke of these white kinds1 although it differre very notably1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 from all of them3 the leaues of this rise vp sooner then the yellow or white ,crocus1 lying spread vpon the ground for the most part1 but narrower then any of the former3 among these leaues spring vp diuers flowers1 almost as large as the former great white ,crocus1 of a very bleake or pale purple colour1 tending to white on the inside1 and in many almost white1 with some small whitish chiues tipt with yellow in the middle3 the three outer leaues are of a yellowish white colour on the backe side of them1 stript euery one of them with three broad stripes1 of a darke murrey or purple colour1 and a little sprinkled with some small purple lines1 on both sides of those stripes2 but on the inside1 of the same pale purple or white colour with the rest3 the seede hereof is somewhat darker coloured then of the white1 and is more liberall in bearing3 the roote is differing from all the former1 being rounder and bigger then any of them1 except the kindes of ,misia1 yet somewhat flat withall1 not hauing any shootes from the sides1 but setting off into rootes plentifully1 hauing a round circle compassing the bottome of the roote1 which easily falleth away1 when it is taken vp out of the ground1 and couered with a browne coate1 somewhat neare the colour of the yellow ,crocus1 but not altogether so bright3 it flowreth vsually the first of all these sorts1 or with the first of the early yellowes4 ,illustration3 #a ,crocus vernus albus minor4 ,the small white ,saffron flower of the spring4 #b ,crocus vernus ,msiacus albus4 ,the great white ,crocus of ,misia4 #c ,crocus vernus albus striatus4 ,the white stript ,crocus4 #d ,crocus vernus albus polyanthos versicolor4 ,the party coloured white ,crocus4 #e ,crocus albus fundo purpureo4 ,the white ,crocus with a purple bottome4 #f ,crocus vernus ,neapolitanus4 ,the great blew ,crocus of ,naples4 #g ,crocus vernus purpureus maximus4 ,the great purple ,crocus4 #h ,crocus vernus purpureus striatus4 ,the purple stript ,crocus4 #i ,crocus vernus purpureus ,capillarifolio4 ,the purple ,crocus with small leaues4 #aj ,crocus vernus flavus striatus4 ,the yellow stript ,crocus4 #aa ,crocus vernus luteus versicolor4 ,the cloth of gold ,crocus4 #aa4 ,crocus vernus striatus ,turcitus4 ,the ,turkie stript ,crocus4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose flower is a little larger1 and of a deeper purple colour1 both on the inside and outside2 the greene leafe also is bigger1 and of a more whitish colour4 #ab4 ,crocus vernus ,capillarifolio albus4 ,the white ,crocus with small leaues4 ,this white ,crocus is in all things like vnto the purple of the same kinde1 but that the flower of this is wholly white3 the full description therefore hereof1 you shall haue in that purple with small leaues1 of this kinde hereafter set downe1 whereunto ,i referre you4 #ac4 ,crocus vernus purpureus minor4 ,the smaller purple ,crocus4 ,the smaller purple ,saffron flower of the ,spring1 hath his greene leaues so like vnto the first white flowred ,saffron1 that they can hardly be distinguished1 onely they seem to bee a little narrower3 the flower is also much about the same bignesse1 or a little bigger1 and seldome beareth aboue one flower from a roote1 euen as the first doth1 of a deepe purple ,violet colour1 the bottome of the flower1 with the vpper part of the stalke next thereunto1 being of a deeper or blacker purple2 in the middle of the flower are some pale chiues tipt with yellow pendents1 and a longer pointell1 diuided or forked at the toppe3 the roote of this is in all things so like vnto the first white1 that it is impossible for the most cunning and conuersant in them1 to know the one from the other4 ,this beareth seede very sparingly1 as the white doth1 and is reddish like vnto it1 but recompenseth that defect with a plentifull encrease by the roote3 it likewise flowereth at the very same time with the white1 and endureth as small a time4 #ad4 ,crocus vernus purpureus maximus4 ,the greatest purple ,crocus4 ,this great purple ,crocus is of the same kinde with the next described1 as well in roote as leafe1 but greater2 for the greene leaues hereof are the greatest and broadest of all other ,crocus1 with a large white line in the middle of euery one3 it springeth vp much later then the former1 and doth not shew his flower vntill the other bee past a good while3 the flowers also are the largest of all these ,crocus of the ,spring time1 and equalling1 if not surpassing that purple kinde that flowreth in ,autumne1 hereafter set forth1 of a very faire and deepe ,violet colour1 almost as deepe as the former3 the seed vessels are large also and white1 wherein is contained pale reddish seede1 like vnto the next blew kinde1 but somewhat greater3 the roote is 7as ,i said before7 like vnto the next1 that is1 flat and round1 with a duskie coloured outside1 whose head for springing in it is as hardly discerned4 ,sidenote3 ,alter ,apicibus albidis4 ,we haue one of this kinde1 the toppes onely of whose purple flower are whitish1 for the breadth of halfe the naile of a mans hand1 which abideth constant euery yeare in that manner1 and therefore is a difference fit to be remembred4 #ae4 ,crocus vernus ,neapolitanus siue cruleus maior4 ,the greater blew ,crocus of ,naples4 ,this great blew ,crocus riseth vp with diuers greene leaues1 broader then any of the former 7except the last7 with a white line running downe the inside of euery leafe1 as in the former1 among which riseth vp1 out of diuers great long white skinnes1 diuers large flowers1 but not fully so great as the former1 consisting of six leaues1 of a paler blew or ,violet colour then in the former1 hauing in the middle of the flowers a few pale threeds1 tipt with yellow1 and a longer pointell of a gold yellow colour1 forked or diuided at the toppe1 smelling sweeter then in the former1 and abiding a great while longer1 being in flower vsually euen with the stript yellow ,crocus1 or before the former purple1 and yeelding more plenty of seede3 the roote hereof is not very great1 but a little darke on the outside1 being round and flat withall1 that one can hardly know which is the vpperside thereof4 ,sidenote3 ,crocus ,neapolitanus prcocior4 ,this kinde differeth very little from the former1 either in roote1 leafe1 or flower1 for the bignesse or colour1 but that it seemeth to be a little bleaker or paler blew1 because it flowreth a little earlier4 #af4 ,crocus vernus purpureus striatus4 ,the stript purple ,crocus4 ,the leaues of this stript purple ,saffron flower1 are as large and broad as the last1 or rather a little longer3 the flowers also are as plentifull1 and as large1 of a fine delayed purple colour on the outside1 with three broad strakes or lines downe the backe of the three outer leaues1 and of a little deeper purple on the inside1 as the other three leaues are also of a deeper purple colour1 and are striped with the same deepe purple about the ground1 or bottome of the leaues3 this sometimes yeeldeth three square heads1 containing in them brownish seede3 the roote is like vnto the last1 and flowreth much about the time of the former4 #ag4 ,crocus vernus purpureus versicolor4 ,the siluer stript purple ,crocus4 ,this stript ,saffron flower1 is in leaues and flowers somewhat like vnto the last stript purple1 but a little smaller3 the flowers are of a little deeper purple through the whole leaues1 striped with white lines1 both on the leaues1 and towards the edges1 which maketh a peculiar difference from all the rest3 the roote of this is not so flat1 though like it1 and couered with a darke ash coloured skinne3 it flowreth about the same time4 #ah4 ,crocus purpureus flammeus maior4 ,the greater purple flame coloured ,crocus4 ,the greene leaues of this ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 are of a reasonable breadth and length1 and of a pleasant fresh greenesse1 with a faire broad white line downe the middle of them1 but rising not out of the ground so early as the next described ,crocus3 the flowers are likewise of a meane bignesse1 of a pale purple on the outside1 somewhat whitish1 especially the three outer leaues2 but on the inside of a deeper purple1 and striped with great stripes like flames1 hauing some chiues in the middle1 and a longer one also feathered a little at the toppe3 the roote is white on the outside1 somewhat flat and round1 but not so flat as the ,neapolitane ,crocus before described4 #ai4 ,crocus purpureus flammeus minor4 ,the lesser purple flame coloured ,crocus4 ,this ,crocus hath almost as broad and long greene leaues as the former1 and of the same verdure1 which rise vp earlier then it1 and is in flower likewise somewhat before it1 being smaller for size by a little1 but of as deepe a purple on the outside1 as on the inside1 flamed with faire broad stripes from the middle of the leaues1 or somewhat lower vnto the edges3 each of these giue seed that is of a pale reddish colour3 the root is very like vnto the former1 but a little lesser4 #bj4 ,crocus vernus purpureus ,capillarifolio4 ,the purple ,crocus with small leaues4 ,this small kinde of ,saffron flower riseth out of the ground1 with two or three long and small green leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of the fine ,fether-,grasse hereafter described1 standing vpright at the first1 but afterwards lying vpon the ground2 among which come the flowers1 sometimes three1 but most vsually two vpon one stalke1 if the roote be not young1 which then will beare but one on a stalke1 which is very short1 so that the flowers scarce arise aboue the ground1 yet laying themselues open in the day time1 if it be faire1 and the ,sunne doe shine1 otherwise they keepe close1 and doe not open at all3 and after one flower is past1 which doth not last aboue three or foure dayes at the most1 the others follow1 which are of a bleake blewish purple in the middle of the flower1 and of a deeper purple towards the ends or points or the leaues1 but of a more sullen or darke purple on the outside of them1 and yellowish at the bottome1 with some yellow chiues in the middle3 the seede is small and darker coloured then any of the former ,crocus1 contained also in smaller heads1 standing one by another vpon the same short foote-stalke1 which then riseth vp a little higher1 shewing the maner of the standing of the flowers1 which in their flowring time could not so easily bee discerned3 the roote is very small and round1 hauing one side at the bottome lower then the other1 very like the roote of a ,colchicum or ,medowe ,saffron1 and somewhat neare resembling also the hoofe of an horse foote1 couered with a very thicke skinne1 of a darke or blackish browne colour3 this flowreth the last of all the former sorts of ,saffron flowers1 euen when they are all past4 #ba4 ,crocus vernus purpureus striatus ,capillarifolio4 ,the stript purple ,crocus with small leaues4 ,this small stript purple ,saffron flower hath such like leaues1 as the last described hath1 betweene which riseth the flower vpon as short a foote-stalke1 consisting of six leaues like the former1 of a faire purple colour on the outside of the three outer leaues1 with three lines or strakes downe euery leafe1 of a deeper purple colour1 and on the inside of a paler purple1 as the other three leaues are also1 with some chiues tipt with yellow pendents1 and a forked pointell in the middle3 the roote of this is somewhat bigger then the former1 and rounder1 but couered with as thicke and as browne a skinne3 it flowreth about the same time with the former4 #bb4 ,crocus vernus luteus siue ,msiacus4 ,the yellow ,crocus4 ,the yellow ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 riseth vp with three or foure leaues out of the ground1 being somewhat neare the breadth of the great purple kindes1 with a white line in them1 as in most of the rest3 the flowers stand in the middle of these leaues1 and are very large1 of a gold yellow colour1 with some chiues1 and a forked point in the middle3 the seede hereof is of a brighter colour then in any of the other3 the roote is great and round1 as great or greater then a ,wall ,nut sometimes1 and couered with reddish skinnes or coates1 yeelding more store of flowers then most of the former1 and beginning to blowe with the first sorts1 or presently after1 but outlast many of them1 and are of a pleasant good sent4 ,sidenote3 ,flore aureo4 ,of this kinde we haue some1 whose flowers are of a deeper gold yellow colour then others1 so that they appeare reddish withall4 ,sidenote3 ,flore pallido4 ,and we haue also another sort1 whose flowers are very pale1 betweene a white and a yellow1 not differing in any thing else4 ,sidenote3 ,flore viridante luteo4 ,and another smaller1 whose flower hath a shew of greennesse in the yellow1 and more greene at the bottome4 #bc4 ,crocus vernus flavus striatus4 ,the yellow stript ,crocus4 ,this kinde of yellow stript ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 riseth vp with more store of narrower and greener leaues then the former1 and after the leaues are spread1 there rise vp many yellow flowers from among them1 which are not of so faire and bright a yellow colour1 but more dead and sullen1 hauing on the backside of each of the three outtermost leaues1 three small stripes1 of an ouer-worne or dull purple colour1 with some chiues and a pointell in the middle3 the roote of this kinde1 is very like the roote of the former yellow1 but somewhat smaller and shorter1 and couered with the like reddish skinnes1 but a little sadder3 it flowreth not so early as the former yellow1 but abideth almost as long as it4 #bd4 ,crocus vernus luteus versicolor primus4 ,the best cloth of gold ,crocus4 ,the fairest cloth of gold ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 riseth vp very early1 euen with the first1 or the first of all other ,crocus1 with three or foure very narrow and short leaues1 of a whiter colour then any of the former1 which by and by after doe shew forth the flowers1 rising from among them out of the same white skinne1 which includeth the leaues1 but are not so plentifull as the former yellow1 being but two or three at the most1 of a faire gold yellow colour1 yet somewhat paler then the first1 hauing on the backe of euery of the three outer leaues1 three faire and great stripes1 of a faire deepe purple colour1 with some small lines at the sides or edges of those purple stripes2 on the inside of these flowers1 there is no signe or shew of any line or spot1 but wholly of a faire gold yellow1 with chiues and a fethertopt pointell in the middle3 the seede hereof is like the former1 but not so red3 the roote of this kinde is easily knowne from the roote of any other ,saffron flower1 because the outer peelings or shels being hard1 are as it were netted on the outside1 hauing certaine ribbes1 rising vp higher then the rest of the skinnes1 diuided in the forme of a net-worke1 of a darke browne colour1 and is smaller and rounder then the former yellow1 and not encreasing so plentifully by the roote4 #be4 ,crocus vernus luteus versicolor alter4 ,the second cloth of gold1 or ,duke ,crocus4 ,there is no difference either in roote1 leafe1 or colour of flower1 or time of flowring in this sort from the last before mentioned2 for the flower of this is of the same bignesse and colour1 the only note of difference is in the marking of the three outer leaues1 which haue not three stripes like the former1 but are wholly of the same deepe purple colour on the backe of them1 sauing that the edges of them are yellow1 which is the forme of a ,duke ,tulipa1 and from thence it tooke the name of a ,duke ,crocus4 #bf4 ,crocus vernus versicolor pallideluteus4 ,the pale cloth of gold ,crocus4 ,we haue a third sort of this kinde of cloth of gold ,crocus1 which hath leaues and flowers like the former1 but differeth in this1 that the colour of the flower is of a paler yellow by much1 but stript in the same manner as the first1 but with a fainter purple colour3 the roote also is netted like them1 to shew that this is but a variation of the same kinde4 #bg4 ,crocus vernus versicolor albidoluteus4 ,the cloth of siluer ,crocus4 ,the chiefest note of difference in this ,saffron flower is1 that being as large a flower as any of the former of this kinde1 it is of so pale a yellowish white1 that it is more white then yellow1 which some doe call a butter colour3 the three outer leaues are striped on the backe of them1 with a paler purple blew shining colour1 the bottome of the flower1 and the vpper part of the stalke1 being of the same purple blew colour3 the roote of this is also netted as the other1 to shew it is a variety of the same kinde4 ,and thus much for those ,saffron flowers that come in the ,spring time2 now to those that flower in ,autumne onely3 and first of the true ,saffron4 #a4 ,crocus verus sativus ,autumnalis4 ,the true ,saffron4 ,the true ,saffron that is vsed in meates and medicines1 shooteth out his narrow long greene leaues first1 and after a while the flowers in the middle of them appeare about the end of ,august1 in ,september and ,october1 according to the soile1 and climate where they growe2 these flowers are as large as any of the other former or late sorts1 composed of six leaues a peece1 of a murrey or reddish purple colour1 hauing a shew of blew in them3 in the middle of these flowers there are some small yellow chiues standing vpright1 which are as vnprofitable1 as the chiues in any other of the wilde ,saffrons1 before or hereafter specified2 but besides these1 each flower hath two1 three1 or foure greater and longer chiues1 hanging downe vpon or betweene the leaues1 which are of a fierie red colour1 and are the true blades of ,saffron1 which are vsed physically or otherwise1 and no other3 ,all these blades being pickt from the seuerall flowers1 are laid and pressed together into cakes1 and afterwards dryed very warily on a ,kill to preserue them2 as they are to be seene in the shops where they are sold4 ,i neuer heard that euer it gaue seede with any3 the roote groweth often to be as great1 or greater then a green ,wall ,nut1 with the outer shell on it1 couered with a grayish or ash-coloured skin1 which breaketh into long haire threeds1 otherwise then in any other roote of ,crocus4 #b4 ,crocus ,byzantium argenteus4 ,the siluer coloured ,autumne ,crocus4 ,this ,saffron flower springeth vp in ,october1 and seldome before1 with three or foure short greene leaues at the first1 but growing longer afterwards1 and in the midst of them1 presently after they haue appeared1 one flower for the most part1 and seldome two1 consisting of six leaues1 the three outermost whereof are somewhat larger then the other three within1 and are of a pale bleake blew colour1 almost white1 which many call a siluer colour1 the three innermost being of a purer white1 with some yellow chiues in the middle1 and a longer pointell ragged or fethered at the toppe3 this very seldome beareth seede1 but when the yeare falleth out to bee very milde2 it is small1 round1 and of a darke colour3 the roote is pretty bigge1 and rounder then any other ,crocus1 without any flat bottome1 and couered with a darke russet skinne4 #c4 ,crocus ,pyrenus purpureus4 ,the purple mountaine ,crocus4 ,this purple ,saffron flower of the ,autumne1 riseth vp but with one flower vsually1 yet sometimes with two one after another1 without any leaues at all1 in ,september1 or sometimes in ,august1 standing vpon a longer foote-stalke then any kinde of ,saffron flower1 either of the ,spring or ,autumne1 and is as large as the flower of the greatest purple ,saffron flower of the ,spring1 of a very deepe ,violet purple colour1 which decayeth after it hath stood blowne three or foure dayes1 and becommeth more pale1 hauing in the middle some yellow chiues1 and a long fether topt pointell1 branched1 and rising sometimes aboue the edges of the flowers3 about a moneth after the flowers are past1 and sometimes not vntill the first of the ,spring1 there riseth vp three or foure long and broad greene leaues1 with a white line in euery one of them1 like vnto the first purple ,vernall kindes1 which abide vntill the end of ,may or ,iune3 the roote is small and white on the outside1 so like vnto the roote of the lesser ,vernall purple or white ,crocus1 that it cannot be distinguished1 vntill about the end of ,august1 when it doth begin to shoot1 and then by the early shooting vp a long white sprout for flower1 it may be knowne4 ,i neuer could obserue it to giue any seede1 the ,winter 7as ,i thinke7 comming on it so quickly after the flowring1 being the cause to hinder it4 #d4 ,crocus montanus ,autumnalis4 ,the ,autumne mountaine ,crocus4 ,the mountaine ,saffron flower springeth vp later then any of the former1 and doth not appeare vntill the middle or end of ,october1 when all the flowers of the former are past1 appearing first with three or foure short greene leaues1 like vnto the ,byzantine ,crocus1 and afterwards the flowers betweene them1 which are of a pale or bleake blew tending to a purple1 the foote-stalkes of them being so short1 that they scarce appeare aboue ground at the first1 but after two or three dayes they grow a little higher3 the roote is very great and flat bottomed1 couered with a grayish duskie coate or skinne1 and encreaseth very little or seldome4 ,the ,place4 ,the seuerall places of these ,saffron flowers1 are in part set downe in their titles2 the others haue beene found out1 some in one ,countrey1 and some in another1 as the small purple and white1 and stript white in ,spaine3 the yellow in ,mesia about ,belgrade1 the great purple in ,italy2 and now by such friends helpes as haue sent them1 they prosper as well in our ,gardens1 as in their naturall places4 ,yet ,i must giue you this to vnderstand1 that some of these formerly expressed1 haue been raised vp vnto vs by the sowing of their seede4 ,the ,time4 ,their seuerall times are likewise expressed in their descriptions2 for some shew forth their pleasant flowers in the ,spring1 wherein for the three first moneths1 our ,gardens are furnished with the varietie of one sort or another3 the rest in ,autumne1 that so they might procure the more delight1 in yeelding their beauty both early and late1 when scarce any other flowers are found to adorne them4 ,the ,names4 ,i shall not neede to trouble you with an idle tale of the name of ,crocus1 which were to little purpose1 nor to reiterate the former names imposed vpon them2 let it suffice that the fittest names are giuen them1 that may distinguish them one from another2 onely this ,i must giue you to vnderstand1 that the gold yellow ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 is the true ,crocus ,msiacus1 as ,i shewed before2 and that neither the yellow stript1 or cloth of gold 7which wee so call after the ,dutch name ,gaud ,laken7 is the true ,msiacus1 as some suppose2 and that the great white ,saffron flower1 by reason of his likenesse vnto the gold yellow1 is called ,crocus albus ,msiaci facie1 or facie lutei1 that is1 ,the white ,saffron flower that is like the ,msiacus or yellow4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the true ,saffron 7for the others are of no vse7 which wee call ,english ,saffron1 is of very great vse both for inward and outward diseases1 and is very cordiall1 vsed to expell any hurtfull or venomous vapours from the heart1 both in the small ,pockes1 ,measels1 ,plague1 ,iaundise1 and many other diseases1 as also to strengthen and comfort any cold or weake members4 ,illustration3 #a ,crocus vernus luteus vulgaris4 ,the common yellow spring ,crocus4 #b ,crocus verus sativus ,autumnalis4 ,the true ,saffron4 #c ,crocus ,byzantinus argenteus4 ,the siluer coloured ,autumne ,crocus4 #d ,crocus ,pyrenus purpureus4 ,the purple mountaine ,crocus4 #e ,crocus montanus ,autumnalis4 ,the ,autumne mountaine ,crocus4 #f ,sisyrinchium maius4 ,the greater ,spanish ,nut4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,sisyrinchium4 ,the ,spanish ,nut4 ,i can doe no otherwise then make a peculiar ,chapter of this plant1 because it is neither a ,crocus1 although in the roote it come somewhat neare vnto that kinde that is netted2 but in no other part agreeing with any the delineaments of a ,saffron flower1 and therefore could not be thrust into the ,chapter amongst them3 neither can ,i place it in the forefront of the ,chapter of the ,iris bulbosa1 or bulbous ,flowerdeluces1 because it doth not belong to that ,family3 and although the flower thereof doth most resemble a ,flowerdeluce1 yet in that no other parts thereof doe fitly agree thereunto1 ,i haue rather chosen to seate it by it selfe betweene them both1 as partaking of both natures1 and so may serue in stead of a bridge1 to passe from the one to the other1 that is1 from the ,crocus or ,saffron flower1 to the ,iris bulbosa or bulbous rooted ,flowerdeluce1 which shall follow in the next ,chapter by themselues4 ,the ,spanish ,nut hath two long and narrow1 soft and smooth greene leaues1 lying for the most part vpon the ground1 and sometimes standing vp1 yet bending downewards2 betweene these leaues riseth vp a small stalke1 halfe a foote high1 hauing diuers smooth soft greene leaues vpon it1 as if they were skinnes1 through which the stalke passeth2 at the toppe whereof stand diuers flowers1 rising one after another1 and not all flowring at once3 for seldome shall you haue aboue one flower blowne at a time1 each whereof doth so quickly passe and fade away1 that one may well say1 that it is but one dayes flower1 or rather the flower of a few houres3 the flower it selfe hath nine leaues1 like vnto a ,flowerdeluce1 whereof the three that fall downe1 haue in each of them a yellow spot3 the other three1 which in the ,flowerdeluces are hollow and ridged1 couering the other three that fall downe1 in this stand vpright1 and are parted at the ends3 the three that stand vp in the middle are small and short3 the whole flower is smaller then any ,flowerdeluce1 but of sundry colours2 for some are of an excellent skie colour blew1 others of a ,violet purple1 others of a darker purple colour1 and some white1 and many others mixed1 either pale blew and deepe purple1 or white and blew mixed or striped together very variably1 quickly fading as ,i said before3 the seede is enclosed in small cods1 so thinne and transparent that one may easily see1 and tell the seeds as they lye1 which are of a brownish red colour3 the roote is small1 blackish and round1 wrapped in a thicke skinne or huske1 made like vnto a net1 or somewhat like vnto the roote of the cloth of gold ,crocus3 when the plant is in flower1 it is found to haue two rootes one aboue another1 whereof the vppermost is firme and sound1 and the vndermost loose and spongie1 in like manner as is found in the rootes of diuers ,orchides or ,satyrions1 ,bee-flowers and the like1 and without any good taste1 or sweetnesse at all1 although ,clusius saith otherwise4 ,sisyrinchium ,mauritanicum4 ,the ,barbary ,nut4 ,there is another of this kinde1 not differing from the former in any other notable part1 but in the flower1 which in this is of a delayed purplish red colour1 hauing in each of the three lower leaues a white spot1 in stead of the yellow in the former1 but are as soone fading as they4 ,the ,place4 ,the former doe grow very plentifully in many parts both of ,spaine and ,portugall1 where ,guillaume ,boel1 a ,dutch man heretofore remembred often in this ,booke1 found them2 of the sundry colours specified1 whereas ,clusius maketh mention but of one colour that he found4 ,the other was found in that part of ,barbary1 where ,fez and ,morocco do stand1 and brought first into the ,lowe-,countries3 but they are both very tender1 and will hardly abide the hard ,winters of these colder regions4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth in ,may and ,iune1 the last not vntill ,august4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,sisyrinchium is generally imposed vpon this plant1 by all authors that haue written thereof1 thinking it to bee the right ,sisyrinchium of ,theophrastus3 but concerning the ,spanish name ,nozelha1 which ,clusius saith it is called by in ,spaine1 ,i haue beene credibly enformed by the aforenamed ,boel1 that this roote is not so called in those parts2 but that the small or common stript ,crocus is called ,nozelha1 which is sweete in taste1 and desired very greedily by the ,shepheards and ,children1 and that the roote of this ,sisyrinchium or ,spanish ,nut1 is without any taste1 and is not eaten4 ,and againe1 that there is not two kindes1 although it grow greater1 and with more flowers1 in those places that are neare the ,sea1 where both the washing of the ,sea water1 and the moisture and ayre of the ,sea1 causeth the ground to bee more fertile4 ,this ,i thought good1 from the true relation of a friend1 to giue the world to vnderstand1 that truth might expell errour4 ,the ,vertues4 ,these haue not beene knowne to bee vsed to any ,physicall purpose1 but wholly neglected1 vnlesse some may eate them1 as ,clusius reporteth4 ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,iris bulbosa4 ,the bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,the ,flowerdeluces that haue bulbous rootes are of two sorts1 the one greater then the other3 the greater bearing larger and broader leaues and flowers1 and the lesser narrower4 ,but before ,i giue you the descriptions of the vsuall greater kindes1 ,i must needes place one or two in the fore-front that haue no fellowes2 the one is called of ,clusius1 his broad leafed ,flowerdeluce1 and the other a ,persian1 somewhat like vnto it1 which although they differ notably from the rest1 yet they haue the nearest resemblance vnto those greater kindes1 that come next after them4 ,iris bulbosa prima latifolia ,clusij4 ,clusius his first great bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce hath diuers long and broad leaues1 not stiffe1 like all the other1 but soft and greenish on the vpperside1 and whitish vnderneath2 among which rise vp sometimes seuerall small1 short1 slender stalkes1 and sometimes but one1 not aboue halfe a foote high1 bearing at the top one flower a peece1 somewhat like vnto a ,flowerdeluce1 consisting of nine leaues1 whereof those three that stand vpright1 are shorter and more closed together1 then in other sorts of ,flowerdeluces2 the other three that fall downe1 turne vp their ends a little1 and those three1 that in other ,flowerdeluces doe couer them at the bottome1 stand like the vpright leaues of other ,flowerdeluces1 but are parted into two ends1 like vnto two small eares3 the whole flower is of a faire blew1 or pale skie colour in most1 with a long stripe in the middle of each of the three falling leaues1 and in some white1 but more seldome3 the roote is reasonable great1 round and white1 vnder the blackish coates wherewith it is couered1 hauing many long thicke white rootes in stead of fibres1 which make them seeme to be ,asphodill rootes4 ,the flower is very sweete4 ,iris bulbosa ,persica4 ,the ,persian bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,persian ,flowerdeluce is somewhat like vnto the former1 both in roote and in leafe1 but that the leaues are shorter and narrower1 and the flower being much about the same fashion1 is of a pale blew russetish colour1 each of the three lower falling leaues are almost wholly of a browne purple colour1 with a yellow spot in the middle of them3 this as it is very rare1 so it seldome beareth flowers with vs4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in many places of ,spaine and ,portugall1 from whence ,i and others haue often had it for our ,gardens1 but by reason of the tendernesse thereof1 it doth hardly endure the sharpnesse of our cold ,winters1 vnlesse it be carefully preserued4 ,the other is said to come from ,persia1 and therefore it is so entituled1 and is as tender to be kept as the other4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth most vsually not vntill ,may with vs1 yet many times sooner3 but in ,ianuary and ,february1 as ,clusius saith1 in the naturall places thereof4 ,the other is as early oftentimes when it doth flower with vs4 ,the ,names4 ,because ,clusius by good iudgement referreth the first to the greater kindes of ,flowerdeluces1 and placeth it in the fore ranke1 calling it ,iris bulbosa latifolia prima1 that is1 ,the first broad leafed ,flowerdeluce1 and all others doe the like1 ,i haue 7as you see7 in the like manner put it before all the other1 and keepe the same name4 ,the ,spaniards1 as he saith1 called it ,lirio espadanal1 and they of ,corduba1 ,lirios azules4 ,the other hath no other name then as it is in the title4 #a4 ,iris bulbosa maior siue ,anglica crulea4 ,the blew ,english bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,this bulbous ,flowerdeluce riseth vp early1 euen in ,ianuary oftentimes1 with fiue or six long and 7narrow1 in comparison of any great breadth1 but in regard of the other kinde7 broad whitish green leaues1 crested or straked on the backside1 and halfe round1 being hollow like a trough or gutter1 white all along the inside of the leafe1 and blunt at the end2 among which riseth vp a stiffe round stalke1 a cubit or two foot high1 at the toppe whereof1 out of a skinnie huske1 commeth forth one or two flowers1 consisting of nine leaues a peece1 three whereof that are turned downewards1 are larger and broader then the other1 hauing in each of them a yellow spot1 about the middle of the leafe1 other three are small1 hollow1 ridged or arched1 couering the lower part next the stalke of those falling leaues1 turning vp their ends1 which are diuided into two parts1 other three stand vpright1 and are very small at the bottome of them1 and broader toward the toppe3 the whole flower is of a faire blew colour2 after the flowers are past1 come vp three square heads1 somewhat long1 and lanke1 or loose1 containing in them round yellowish seede1 which when it is ripe1 will rattle by the shaking of the winde in the dry huskes3 the roote of this kinde is greater and longer then any of the smaller kindes with narrow leaues1 couered with diuers browne skinnes1 which seeme to be fraught with long threeds like haires1 especially at the small or vpper end of the roote1 which thing you shall not finde in any of the smaller kindes4 #b4 ,iris bulbosa maior purpurea purpuro violacea4 ,the paler or deeper purple great bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,these purple ,flowerdeluces differ not from the last described1 either in roote or leafe3 the chiefest difference consisteth in the flowers1 which in these are somewhat larger then in the former1 and in the one of a deepe blew or ,violet purple colour1 and in the other of a deepe purple colour1 in all other things alike4 ,sidenote3 ,flore cinereo4 ,there is also another1 in all other things like vnto the former1 but only in the flower1 which is of a pale or bleake blew1 which we call an ash-colour4 #c4 ,iris bulbosa maior purpurea variegata siue striata4 ,the great purple stript bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,there is another of the purple kinde1 whose flower is purple1 but with some veines or stripes of a deeper ,violet colour1 diuersly running through the whole leaues of the flower4 ,sidenote3 ,flore cinereo striata purpureo4 ,and another of that bleake blew or ash-colour1 with lines and veines of purple in the leaues of the flowers1 some more or lesse then other4 ,sidenote3 ,flore purpureo orbe cinereo4 ,and againe another1 whose flower is of a purple colour like vnto the second1 but that round about that yellow spot1 in the middle of each of the three falling leaues 7as is vsuall in all the bulbous ,flowerdeluces7 there is a circle of a pale blew or ash-colour1 the rest of the leafe remaining purple1 as the other parts of the flower is4 #d4 ,iris bulbosa maior flore rubente4 ,the great peach coloured bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,there is another of these greater kindes1 more rare then any of the former1 not differing in roote1 leafe1 or flower1 from the former1 but onely that the flower in this is of a pale reddish purple colour1 comming somewhat neare vnto the colour of a peach blossome4 #e4 ,iris bulbosa maior siue latifolia alba4 ,the great white bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,the great white bulbous ,flowerdeluce1 riseth not vp so early out of the ground as the blew or purple doth1 but about a moneth or more after1 whose leaues are somewhat larger1 and broader then of the others3 the stalke is thicker and shorter1 bearing vsually two very large and great flowers1 one flowring a little before the other1 yet oftentimes both in flower together in the end1 of a bleake blewish white colour1 which wee call a siluer colour1 while they are in the budde1 and before they be blowne open1 but then of a purer white1 yet with an eye or shew of that siluer colour remaining in them1 the three falling leaues being very large1 and hauing that yellow spot in the middle of each of them3 the seedes are likewise inclosed in heads1 like vnto the blew or purple kindes1 but larger1 and are of a reddish yellow colour like them3 the roote likewise is not differing1 but greater4 #f4 ,iris bulbosa maior alba variegata4 ,the great white stript bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,this white stript ,flowerdeluce1 is in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 and in manner of growing1 like vnto the former white ,flowerdeluce2 the onely difference is in the marking of the flower1 being diuers from it3 for this hath in the white flower great veines1 stripes1 or markes1 of a ,violet blew colour1 dispersed through the leaues of the flower very variably1 which addeth a superexcellent beauty to the flower4 #g4 ,iris bulbosa maior siue latifolia versicolor4 ,the great party coloured bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,there is no difference in this from the former1 but in the flower1 which is of a whitish colour in the three falling leaues1 hauing a circle of ash-colour about the yellow spot1 the three rigged leaues being likewise whitish1 but ridged and edged with that ash-colour1 and the three vpright leaues of a pale blewish white colour1 with some veines therein of a blewish purple4 ,sidenote3 ,varietas4 ,there hath beene brought vnto vs diuers rootes of these kindes1 with the dryed flowers remaining on them1 wherein there hath beene seene more varieties1 then ,i can well remember to expresse1 which variety it is very probable1 hath risen by the sowing of the seeds1 as is truely obserued in the narrower leafed kinde of ,flowerdeluce1 in the ,tulipa1 and in some other plants4 ,sidenote3 ,flore luteo4 ,wee haue heard of one of this kinde of broad leafed ,flowerdeluces1 that should beare a yellow flower1 in the like manner as is to be seene in the narrow leafed ones3 but ,i haue not seene any such1 and therefore ,i dare report no further of it1 vntill time hath discouered the truth or falshood of the report4 ,illustration3 #a ,iris bulbosa latifolia prima ,clusii4 ,clusius his first great bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 #b ,iris bulbosa maior crulea siue ,anglica4 ,the great blew of ,english bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 #c ,iris bulbosa maior purpurea variegata4 ,the great purple stript bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 #d ,iris bulbosa angustifolia maior alba4 ,the greater white narrow leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 #e ,iris bulbosa angustifolia versicolor4 ,the party coloured narrow leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 #f ,iris bulbosa angustifolia ,africana4 ,the purple ,african bulbous narrow leafed ,flowerdeluce4 ,the ,place4 ,lobelius is the first reporter1 that the blew ,flowerdeluce or first kinde of these broad leafed ,flowerdeluces1 groweth naturally in the ,west parts of ,england2 but ,i am in some doubt of the truth of that report3 for ,i rather thinke1 that some in their trauels through ,spaine1 or other parts where it groweth1 being delighted with the beauty of the flower1 did gather the rootes1 and bring them ouer with them1 and dwelling in some of the ,west parts of ,england1 planted them1 and there encreasing so plentifully as they doe1 they were imparted to many1 thereby in time growing common in all ,countrey folkes ,gardens thereabouts4 ,they grow also1 and all the other1 and many more varieties1 about ,tholouse1 from whence ,plantinianus ,gassanus both sent and brought vs them1 with many other bulbous rootes1 and rare plants gathered thereabouts4 ,the ,time4 ,these doe flower vsually in the end of ,may1 or beginning of ,iune1 and their seede is ripe in the end of ,iuly or ,august4 ,the ,names4 ,lobel calleth the first ,english blew ,flowerdeluce1 ,hyacinthus ,poetarum flore ,iridis1 propter ,hyacinthinum colorem1 id est violaceum dictus3 but ,i know not any great good ground for it1 more then the very colour2 for it is neither of the forme of a ,lilly1 neither hath it those mourning markes imprinted in it1 which the ,poet faineth to bee in his ,hyacinth4 ,it is most truely called an ,iris1 or ,flowerdeluce 7and there is great difference betweene a ,lilly and a ,flowerdeluce1 for the formes of their flowers7 because it answereth thereunto very exactly1 for the flower1 and is therefore called vsually by most1 either ,iris bulbosa ,anglica1 or ,iris bulbosa maior siue latifolia1 for a difference betweene it1 and the lesser with narrow leaues3 ,in ,english1 eyther ,the great ,english bulbous ,flowerdeluce1 or the great broad leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluce1 which you will1 adding the other name1 according to the colour4 ,and thus much for these broad leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluces1 so much as hath come to our knowledge4 ,now to the seuerall varieties of the narrow leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluces1 so much likewise as we haue been acquainted with4 ,iris bulbosa minor siue angustifolia alba4 ,the smaller white or narrow leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,this first ,flowerdeluce1 which beareth the smaller flower of the two white ones1 that are here to bee described1 springeth out of the ground alwaies before ,winter1 which after breaketh forth into foure or fiue small and narrow leaues1 a foote long or more1 of a whitish greene on the inside1 which is hollow and chanalled1 and of a blewish greene colour on the outside1 and round withall3 the stalke of this kinde is longer and slenderer then the former1 with some shorter leaues vpon it1 at the toppe whereof1 out of short skinny leaues1 stand one or two flowers1 smaller1 shorter1 and rounder then the flowers of the former broad leafed ,flowerdeluces1 but made after the same proportion with nine leaues1 three falling downewards1 with a yellow spot in the middle1 other three are made like a long arch1 which couer the lower part next the stalke of those falling leaues1 and turne vp at the ends of them1 where they are diuided into two parts3 the other three stand vpright1 betweene each of the three falling leaues1 being somewhat long and narrow3 the flower is wholly1 7sauing the yellow spot7 of a pure white colour1 yet in some hauing a shew of some blew throughout1 and in others towards the bottome of the three vpright leaues3 after the flowers are past1 there rise vp so many long cods or seede vessels1 as there were flowers1 which are longer and smaller then in the former1 and a little bending like a ,corner1 with three round squares1 and round pointed also1 which diuiding it selfe when the seede is ripe into three parts1 doe shew six seuerall cells or places1 wherein is contained such like round reddish yellow seedes1 but smaller then the former3 the roote is smaller and shorter then the former1 and without any haires or threeds1 couered with browne thin skinnes1 and more plentifull in giuing encrease4 ,iris bulbosa angustifolia alba flore maiore4 ,the greater white narrow leafed bulbous ,flowerdeluce4 ,i shall not neede to make a seuerall description to euery one of these ,flowerdeluces that follow1 for that were but to make often repetition of one thing1 which being once done1 as it is1 may well serue to expresse all the rest1 and but onely to adde the especiall differences1 either in leafe or flower1 for bignesse1 colour1 or forme1 as is expedient to expresse and distinguish them seuerally4 ,this greater white bulbous ,flowerdeluce is like vnto the last described in all parts1 sauing that it is a little larger and higher1 both in leafe1 stalke1 and flower1 and much whiter then any of these mixed sorts that follow1 yet not so white as the former3 the roote hereof is likewise a little bigger and rounder in the middle4 ,albescens4 ,milke white4 ,there is another1 whose falling leaues haue a little shew of yellownesse in them1 and so are the middle ridges of the arched leaues1 but the vpright leaues are more white1 not differing in roote or leafe from the first white4 ,argentea4 ,siluer colour4 ,and another1 whose falls are of a yellowish white1 like the last1 the arched leaues are whiter1 and the vpright leaues of a blewish white1 which we call a siluer colour4 ,albida4 ,whitish4 ,another hath the fals yellowish1 and sometimes with a little edge of white about them1 and sometimes without2 the vpright leaues are whitish1 as the arched leaues are1 yet the ridge yellower4 ,albida labris luteis4 ,white with yellow fals4 ,another hath his fals yellow1 and the vpright leaues white1 all these flowers are about the same bignesse with the first4 ,albida angustior4 ,the narrow white4 ,but we haue another1 whose flower is smaller1 and almost as white as the second1 the lower leaues are small1 and doe as it were stand outright1 not hauing almost any fal at all1 so that the yellow spot seemeth to be the whole leafe1 the arched leaues are not halfe so large as in the former1 and the vpright leaues bowe themselues in the middle1 so that the tops doe as it were meete together4 ,and another of the same1 whose falling leaues are a little more eminent and yellow1 with a yellower spot4 ,aurea siue lutea ,hispanica4 ,the ,spanish yellow4 ,we haue another kinde that is called the ,spanish yellow1 which riseth not vp so high1 as ordinarily most of the rest doe1 and is wholly of a gold yellow colour4 ,pallide lutea4 ,straw colour4 ,there is another1 that vsually riseth higher then the former yellow1 and is wholly of a pale yellow1 but deeper at the spot4 ,albida lutea4 ,pale ,straw colour4 ,there is also another like vnto the pale yellow1 but that the falling leaues are whiter then all the rest of the flower4 ,mauritanica flaua serotina minor4 ,the small ,barbary yellow4 ,there is a smaller or dwarfe kinde1 brought from the backe parts of ,barbary1 neare the ,sea1 like vnto the yellow1 but smaller and lower1 and in stead of vpright leaues1 hath small short leaues like haires3 it flowreth very late1 after all others haue almost giuen their seede4 ,versicolor ,hispanica crulea labris albis4 ,the party coloured ,spanish4 ,we haue another sort is called the party coloured ,spanish bulbous ,flowerdeluce1 whose falling leaues are white1 the arched leaues of a whitish siluer colour1 and the vpright leaues of a fine blewish purple4 ,diuersitas4 ,the diuersity or variation of this flower4 ,yet sometimes this doth vary2 for the falling leaues will haue either an edge of blew1 circling the white leaues1 the arched leaues being a little blewer1 and the vpright leaues more purple4 ,or the fals will be almost wholly blew1 edged with a blewer colour1 the arched leaues pale blew1 and the vpright leaues of a purplish blew ,violet colour4 ,or the fals white1 the arched leaues pale white1 as the vpright leaues are4 ,of not of so faire a blewish purple1 as the first sort is4 ,some of them also will haue larger flowers then others1 and be more liberall in bearing flowers3 for the first sort1 which is the most ordinary1 seldome beareth aboue one flower on a stalke1 yet sometimes two4 ,and of the others there are some that will beare vsually two and three flowers1 yet some againe will beare but one4 ,all these kindes smell sweeter then many of the other1 although the most part are without sent4 ,crulea siue purpurea minor ,lusitanica prcox4 ,the small early purple ,portugall4 ,there is another kinde1 that is smaller in all the parts thereof then the former1 the stalke is slender1 and not so high1 bearing at the toppe one or two small flowers1 all wholly of a faire1 blewish purple1 with a yellow spot in euery one of the three falling leaues1 this vsually flowreth early1 euen with the first bulbous ,flowerdeluces4 ,purpurea maior4 ,the greater purple4 ,we haue another purple1 whose flower is larger1 and stalke higher1 and is of a very reddish purple colour1 a little aboue the ground1 at the foote or bottome of the leaues and stalke3 this flowreth with the later sort of ,flowerdeluces4 ,purpurea serotina4 ,the late purple4 ,there is another1 whose flower is wholly purple1 except the yellow spot1 and flowreth later then any of the other purples4 ,purpurea rubescens labris cruleis4 ,a reddish purple with blew fals4 ,there is yet another purple1 whose vpright leaues are of a reddish purple1 and the falling leaues of a blew colour4 ,purpurea rubescens labris albido cruleis4 ,a reddish purple with whitish blew fals4 ,and another of a reddish purple1 whose falling leaues are of a whitish blew colour1 in nothing else differing from the last4 ,purpurea labris luteis4 ,party coloured purple yellow4 ,another hath his falling leaues of a faire gold yellow1 without any stripe1 yet in some there are veines running through the yellow leaues1 and some haue an edge of a sullen darke colour about them3 the vpright leaues in euery of these1 are a ,violet purple4 ,purpurea labris ex albido crulea luteo mixtis4 ,party coloured purple with stript yellow fals4 ,another is altogether like this last1 but that the falling leaues are of a pale blew and yellow1 trauersing one the other1 and the arched leaues of a pale purplish colour4 ,subpurpurea labris luteis4 ,pale purple with yellow fals4 ,another hath his vpright leaues of a paler purple1 and the falling leaues yellow4 ,a paler purple4 ,and another little differing from it1 but that the arched leaues are whitish4 ,subcrulea labris luteis4 ,party coloured blew and yellow4 ,another whose vpright leaues are of a pale blew1 and the falling leaues yellow4 ,and another of the same sort1 but of a little paler blew4 ,crinis coloris elegantioris4 ,a faire haire colour4 ,we haue another sort1 whose vpright leaues are of a faire brownish yellow colour1 which some call a ,fuille mort1 and others an haire colour2 the falling leaues yellow4 ,altera obsoletior4 ,a dull haire colour4 ,and another of the same colour1 but somewhat deader4 ,iris bulbosa ,africana serpentri caule4 ,the purple or murrey bulbous ,barbary ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce as it is more strange 7that is1 but lately knowne and possessed by a few7 so it is both more desired1 and of more beauty then others4 ,it is in all respects1 of roote1 leafe1 and flower1 for the forme like vnto the middle sort of these ,flowerdeluces1 onely the lowest part of the leaues and stalke1 for an inch or thereabouts1 next vnto the ground1 are of a reddish colour1 spotted with many spots1 and the flower1 being of a meane size1 is of a deepe purplish red or murrey colour the whole flower throughout1 except the yellow spot in the middle of the three lower or falling leaues1 as is in all others4 ,purpurea crulea obsoleta labris fuscis4 ,the duskie party coloured purple4 ,and lastly1 there is another sort1 which is the greatest of all these narrow leafed ,flowerdeluces1 in all the parts of it2 for the roote is greater then any of the other1 being thicke and short3 the leaues are broader and longer1 but of the same colour3 the stalke is stronger and higher then any of them1 bearing two or three flowers1 larger also then any of the rest1 whose falling leaues are of a duskie yellow1 and sometimes with veines and borders about the brimmes1 of another dunne colour1 yet hauing that yellow spot that is in all3 the arched leaues are of a sullen pale purplish yellow1 and the vpright leaues of a dull or duskie blewish purple colour3 the heads or hornes for seede are likewise greater1 and so is the seede also a little4 ,the ,place4 ,these ,flowerdeluces haue had their originall out of ,spaine and ,portugall1 as it is thought1 except those that haue risen by the sowing1 and those which are named of ,africa4 ,the ,time4 ,these flower in ,iune1 and sometimes abide vnto ,iuly1 but vsually not so early as the former broad leafed kindes1 and are soone spoiled with wet in their flowring4 ,the ,names4 ,the seuerall names1 both in ,latine and ,english1 are sufficient for them as they are set downe2 for we know no better4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is not any thing extant or to be heard1 that any of these kindes of ,flowerdeluces hath been vsed to any ,physicall purposes1 and serue onely to decke vp the ,gardens of the curious4 ,and thus much for these sorts of bulbous ,flowerdeluces1 and yet ,i doubt not1 but that there are many differences1 which haue risen by the sowing of the seede1 as many may obserue from their owne labours1 for that euery yeare doth shew forth some variety that is not seene before4 ,and now ,i will conuert my discourse a while likewise1 to passe through the seuerall rankes of the other kindes of tuberous rooted ,flowerdeluces1 called ,flagges4 ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,iris latifolia tuberosa4 ,the ,flagge or ,flowerdeluce4 ,there are two principall kindes of tuberous or knobby rooted ,flowerdeluces1 that is1 the tall and the dwarfe1 or the greater and the lesser2 the former called ,iris maior or latifolia1 and the other ,iris minor1 or rather ,chamiris2 and each of these haue their lesser or narrow leafed kindes to bee comprehended vnder them3 ,of all which in their order4 ,and first of that ,flowerdeluce1 which for his excellent beautie and raritie1 deserueth the first place4 ,iris ,chalcedonica siue ,susiana maior4 ,the great ,turkie ,flowerdeluce4 ,the great ,turkie ,flowerdeluce1 hath diuers heads of long and broad fresh greene leaues1 yet not so broad as many other of those that follow1 one folded within another at the bottome1 as all other of these ,flowerdeluces are3 from the middle of some one of those heads 7for euery head of leaues beareth not a flower7 riseth vp a round stiffe stalke1 two foote high1 at the toppe whereof standeth one flower 7for ,i neuer obserued it to beare two7 the largest almost1 but rarest of all the rest1 consisting of nine leaues1 like the others that follow1 but of the colour almost of a ,snakes skinne1 it is so diuersly spotted2 for the three lower falling leaues are very large1 of a deepe or darke purple colour1 almost blacke1 full of grayish spots1 strakes1 and lines through the whole leaues1 with a blacke thrume or freeze in the middle of each of them3 the three arched leaues that couer them1 are of the same darke purple colour1 yet a little paler at the sides1 the three vpper leaues are very large also1 and of the same colour with the lower leaues1 but a little more liuely and fresh1 being speckled and straked with whiter spots and lines2 which leaues being laid in water1 will colour the water into a ,violet colour1 but if a little ,allome be put therein1 and then wrung or pressed1 and the iuice of these leaues dryed in the shadow1 will giue a colour almost as deepe as ,indico1 and may serue for shawdowes in limming excellent well3 the flower hath no sent that can be perceiued1 but is onely commendable for the beauty and rarity thereof3 it seldome beareth seedes in these cold ,countries1 but when it doth1 it is contained in great heads1 being brownish and round1 but not so flat as in other sorts1 the roots are more browne on the outside1 and growing tuberous thicke1 as all other that are kept in ,gardens4 ,iris ,chalcedonica siue ,susiana minor4 ,the lesser ,turkie ,flowerdeluce4 ,there is another hereof little differing1 but that the leafe is of a more yellowish greene colour1 and the flower neither so large or faire1 nor of so perspicuous markes and spots1 nor the colour of that liuely 7though darke7 lustre4 ,the ,place4 ,these haue been sent out of ,turkie diuers times among other things1 and it should seeme1 that they haue had their originall from about ,susis1 a chiefe ,citie of ,persia4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,may most vsually1 before any of the other kindes4 ,the ,names4 ,they haue been sent vnto vs1 and vnto diuers other in other parts1 from ,constantinople vnder the name of ,alaia ,susiana1 and thereupon it hath been called1 both of them and vs1 either ,iris ,chalcedonica1 or ,susiana1 and for distinction maior or minor3 ,in ,english1 ,the ,turkie ,flowerdeluce1 or the ,ginnie ,hen ,flowerdeluce1 the greater or the lesser4 ,iris alba ,florentina4 ,the white ,flowerdeluce4 ,the great white ,flowerdeluce1 hath many heads of very broad and flat long leaues1 enclosing or folding one within another at the bottome1 and after a little diuided one from another toward the top1 thin edged1 like a sword on both sides1 and thicker in the middle3 from the middle of some of these heads of leaues1 riseth vp a round stiffe stalk1 two or three foot high1 bearing at the top one1 two1 or three large flowers1 out of seuerall huskes or skins1 consisting of nine leaues1 as all the other do1 of a faire white colour1 hauing in the middle of each of the three falling leaues1 a small long yellow frize or thrume1 as is most vsuall in all the sorts of the following ,flowerdeluces1 both of the greater and smaller kindes3 after the flowers are past1 come the seed1 inclosed in thicke short pods1 full fraught or stored with red roundish and flat seede1 lying close one vpon another3 the roote is tuberous or knobby1 shooting out from euery side much like tuberous heads1 lying for the most part vpon or aboue the ground1 and fastened within the ground with long white strings or fibres1 which hold them ,sidenote3 ,flore pallido4 strongly1 and encreaseth fast4 ,there is another like vnto this last in all things1 sauing that the colour of the flower is of a more yellowish white1 which we vsually call a ,straw colour4 ,iris alba maior versicolor4 ,the white party coloured ,flowerdeluce4 ,this variable ,flowerdeluce is like vnto the former1 but that the leaues are not so large and broad1 the flower hereof is as large almost1 and as white as the former1 but it hath a faire list or line of a blewish purple downe the backe of euery one of the three vpright leaues1 and likewise round about the edges1 both of the vpper and lower leaues1 and also a little more purplish vpon the ridge of the arched leaues1 that couer the falling leaues3 the roote hereof is not so great as of the former white1 but a little slenderer and browner4 ,iris ,dalmatica maior4 ,the great ,dalmatian ,flowerdeluce4 ,this greater ,flowerdeluce of ,dalmatia1 hath his leaues as large and broad as any of the ,flowerdeluces whatsoeuer1 his stalke and flower doe equall his other proportion1 onely the colour of the flower is differing1 being of a faire watchet or bleake blew colour wholly1 with the yellow frize or thrum downe the middle of the lower or falling leaues1 as before is said to be common to all these sorts of ,flowerdeluces2 in all other parts it little differeth1 sauing onely this is obserued to haue a small shew of a purplish red about the bottome of the greene leaues4 ,iris purpurea siue vulgaris4 ,the common purple ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce1 which is most common in ,gardens1 differeth nothing at all from those that are formerly described1 either in roote1 leafe1 or flower for the forme of them1 but onely that the leaues of this are not so large as the last1 and the flower it selfe is of a deep purple or ,violet colour1 and sometimes a little declining to rednesse1 especially in some places4 ,sidenote3 ,purpurea pallidior versicolor4 ,sometimes this kinde of ,flowerdeluce will haue flowers of a paler purple colour1 comming neare vnto a blew1 and sometimes it will haue veines or stripes of a deeper blew1 or purple1 or ash-colour1 running through all the vpper and lower leaues4 ,sidenote3 ,crulea labris purpureis4 ,there is another like vnto this1 but more purple in the fals1 and more pale in the vpright leaues4 ,iris ,asiatica crulea4 ,the blew ,flowerdeluce of ,asia4 ,this ,flowerdeluce of ,asia1 is in largenesse of leaues like vnto the ,dalmatian1 but beareth more store of flowers on seuerall branches1 which are of a deeper blew colour1 and the arched leaues whitish on the side1 and purplish on the ridges1 but in other things like vnto it4 ,sidenote3 ,purpurea4 ,there is another neare vnto this1 but that his leaues are a little narrower1 and his flowers a little more purple1 especially the vpper leaues4 ,iris ,damascena4 ,the ,flowerdeluce of ,damasco4 ,this is likewise altogether like the ,flowerdeluce of ,asia1 but that it hath some white veines in the vpright leaues4 ,iris ,lusitanica biflora4 ,the ,portugall ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,portugall ,flowerdeluce is very like the common purple ,flowerdeluce1 but that this is not so large in leaues1 or flowers1 and that it doth often flower twice in a yeare1 that is1 both in the ,spring1 and in the ,autumne againe1 and besides1 the flowers haue a better or sweeter sent1 but of the like purple or ,violet colour as it is1 and comming forth out of purplish skins or huskes4 ,iris ,camerarij siue purpurea versicolor maior4 ,the greater variable coloured purple ,flowerdeluce4 ,the greater of the variable purple ,flowerdeluces1 hath very broad leaues1 like vnto the leaues of the common purple ,flowerdeluce1 and so is the flower also1 but differing in colour1 for the three lower leaues are of a deepe purple colour tending to rednesse1 the three arched leaues are of the colour with the vpper leaues1 which are of a pale or bleake colour tending to yellownesse1 shadowed ouer with a smoakie purplish colour1 except the ridges of the arched leaues1 which are of a more liuely purple colour4 ,iris purpurea versicolor minor4 ,the lesser variable purple ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce differeth not in any thing from the last1 but onely that it hath narrower greene leaues1 and smaller and narrower flowers1 else if they be both conferred together1 the colours will not seeme to varie the one from the other any whit at all4 ,sidenote3 ,altera minus fuliginea4 ,there is another somewhat neare vnto these two last kindes1 whose huskes from whence the flowers doe shoote forth1 haue purple veines in them1 and so haue the falling purplish leaues1 and the three vpright leaues are not so smoakie1 yet of a dun purple colour4 ,iris crulea versicolor4 ,the blew party coloured ,flowerdeluce4 ,this party coloured ,flowerdeluce hath his leaues of the same largenesse1 with the lesser variable purple ,flowerdeluce last described1 and his flowers diuersly marked3 for some haue the fals blew at the edges1 and whitish at the bottome1 the arched leaues of a yellowish white1 and the vpright leaues of a whitish blew1 with yellowish edges4 ,some againe are of a darker blew1 with brownish spots in them4 ,and some are so pale a blew1 that we may well call it an ash-colour3 ,and lastly1 there is another of this sort1 whose vpright leaues are of a faire pale blew1 with yellowish edges1 and the falling leaues parted into two colours1 sometimes equally in the halfe1 each side sutable to the other in colour3 ,and sometimes hauing the one leafe in that manner3 ,and sometimes but with a diuers coloured list in them2 in the other parts both of flower and leafe1 like vnto the other4 ,iris lutea variegata4 ,the yellow variable ,flowerdeluce4 ,this yellow variable ,flowerdeluce loseth his leaues in ,winter1 contrary to all the former ,flowerdeluces1 so that his roote remaineth vnder ground without any shew of leafe vpon it3 but in the beginning of the ,spring it shooteth out faire broad leaues1 falling downwards at the points or ends1 but shorter many times then any of the former1 and so is the stalke likewise1 not rising much aboue a foote high1 whereon are set two or three large flowers1 whose falling leaues are of a reddish purple colour1 the three that stand vpright of a smoakie yellow1 the arched leaues hauing their ridges of a bleake colour tending to purple1 the sides being of the former smoakie yellow colour1 with some purplish veines at the foote or bottome of all the leaues3 the roote groweth somewhat more slender and long vnder ground1 and of a darker colour then manie of the other4 ,another sort hath the vpright leaues of a reasonable faire yellow1 and stand more vpright1 not bowing downe as most of the other1 and ,sidenote3 ,varietas4 the purple fals haue pale edges4 ,some haue their greene leaues party coloured1 white and greene1 more or lesse1 and so are the huskes of the flowers1 the arched leaues yellow1 as the vpright leaues are1 with purplish veines at the bottome4 ,and some haue both the arched and vpright leaues of so pale a yellow1 that we may almost call it a straw colour1 but yellower at the bottome1 with purple veines1 and the falling leaues purple1 with two purple spots in them4 ,and these are the sorts of the greater tuberous or ,flagge ,flowerdeluces that haue come to our knowledge3 the next hereunto are the lesser or narrow leafed kindes to be described2 and first of the greatest of them4 #a4 ,iris angustifolia ,tripolitana aurea4 ,the yellow ,flowerdeluce of ,tripoly4 ,this ,flowerdeluce ,i place in the forefront of the narrow leafed ,flowerdeluces1 for the length of the leaues1 compared with the breadth of them2 it may fitly bee called a narrow leafed ,flowerdeluce1 although they be an inch broad1 which is broader then any of them that follow1 or some of those are set downe before1 but as ,i said1 the length make them seem narrow1 and therefore let it take vp his roome in this place1 with the description that followeth4 ,it beareth leaues a yard long1 or not much lesse1 and an inch broad1 as is said before1 or more1 of a sad greene colour1 but not shining3 the stalke riseth vp to be foure of fiue foote high1 being strong and round1 but not very great1 bearing at the toppe two or three long and narrow gold yellow flowers1 of the fashion of the bulbous ,flowerdeluces1 as the next to bee described is1 without any mixture or variation therein3 the heads for seede are three square1 containing within them many flat cornered seedes3 the roote is long and blackish1 like vnto the rest that follow1 but greater and fuller4 ,illustration3 #a ,iris ,chalcedonica siue ,susiana maior4 ,the great ,turkie ,flowerdeluce4 #b ,iris alba ,florentina4 ,the white ,flowerdeluce4 #c ,iris latifolia variegata4 ,the variable ,flowerdeluce4 #d ,chamiris latifolia maior4 ,the greater dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 #b4 ,iris angustifolia maior crulea4 ,the greater blew ,flowerdeluce with narrow leaues4 ,this kinde of ,flowerdeluce hath his leaues very long and narrow1 of a whitish greene colour1 but neither so long or broad as the last1 yet broader1 thicker and stiffer then any of the rest with narrow leaues that follow3 the stalke riseth sometimes no higher then the leaues1 and sometimes a little higher1 bearing diuers flowers at the top1 successiuely flowring one after another1 and are like vnto the flowers of the bulbous ,flowerdeluces1 but of a light blew colour1 and sometimes deeper3 after the flowers are past1 rise vp six cornered heads1 which open into three parts1 wherein is contained browne seede1 almost round3 the roote is small1 blackish and hard1 spreading into many long heads1 and more closely growing or matting together4 #c4 ,iris angustifolia purpurea marina4 ,the purple narrow leafed ,sea ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,sea ,flowerdeluce hath many narrow hard leaues as long as the former1 and of a darke greene colour1 which doe smell a little strong3 the stalke beareth two or three flowers like the former1 but somewhat lesse1 and of a darke purple or ,violet colour3 in seede and roote it is like the former4 #d4 ,iris angustifolia purpurea versicolor4 ,the variable purple narrow leafed ,flowerdeluce4 ,the leaues of this ,flowerdeluce are very like the former ,sea ,flowerdeluce1 and do a little stinke like them2 the flowers are differing1 in that the vpper leaues are wholly purple or violet1 and the lower leaues haue white veines1 and purple running one among another3 the seede and rootes differ not from the former purple ,sea kinde4 #e4 ,iris angustifolia minor ,pannonica siue versicolor ,clusij4 ,the small variable ,hungarian ,flowerdeluce of ,clusius4 ,this ,hungarian ,flowerdeluce 7first found out by ,clusius1 by him described1 and of him tooke the name7 riseth vp with diuers small tufts of leaues1 very long1 narrow1 and greene1 growing thicke together1 especially if it abide any time in a place2 among which riseth vp many long round stalkes1 higher then the leaues1 bearing two or three1 or foure small flowers1 one aboue another1 like the former1 but smaller and of greater beauty3 for the lower leaues are variably striped with white and purple1 without any thrume or fringe at all2 the vpper leaues are of a blewish fine purple or ,violet colour1 so are the arched leaues1 yet hauing the edges a little paler3 the heads for seede are smaller1 and not so cornered as the other1 containing seedes much like the former1 but smaller3 the roote is blacke and small1 growing thicker and closer together then any other1 and strongly fastened in the ground1 with a number of hard stringie rootes3 the flowers are of a reasonable good sent4 #f4 ,iris angustifolia maior flore duplici4 ,the greater double blew ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce1 differeth not either in roote or leafe from the first great blew ,flowerdeluce of ,clusius1 but onely in that the leaues grow thicker together1 and that the flowers of this kinde are as it were double with many leaues confusedly set together1 without any distinct parts of a ,flowerdeluce1 and of a faire blew colour with many white veines and lines running in the leaues2 yet oftentimes the stalke of flowers hath but two or three small flowers distinctly set together1 rising as it were out of one huske4 ,illustration3 #a ,iris angustifolia ,tripolitana4 ,the yellow ,flowerdeluce of ,tripoli4 #b ,iris angustifolia maior crulea4 ,the greater blew ,flowerdeluce with narrow leaues4 #c ,iris angustifolia minor ,pannonica siue versicolor ,clusii4 ,the small variable ,hungarian ,flowerdeluce of ,clusius4 #d ,iris angustifolia maior flore duplici4 ,the greater double blew ,flowerdeluce4 #e ,chamiris angustifolia minor4 ,the lesser ,grasse ,flowerdeluce4 #f ,iris tuberosa4 ,the veluet ,flowerdeluce4 #g4 ,iris angustifolia minor alba ,clusij4 ,the small white ,flowerdeluce of ,hungary4 ,this likewise differeth little from the former ,hungarian ,flowerdeluce of ,clusius1 but that the leafe is of a little paler greene colour1 and the flower is of a faire whitish colour1 with some purple at the bottome of the leaues4 ,next after these narrow leafed ,flowerdeluces1 are the greater and smaller sorts of dwarfe kindes to follow2 and lastly1 the narrow or grasse leafed dwarfe kindes1 which will finish this ,chapter of ,flowerdeluces4 #a4 ,chamiris latifolia maior alba4 ,the greater white dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,this dwarfe ,flowerdeluce hath his leaues as broad as some of the lesser kindes last mentioned1 but not shorter2 the stalke is very short1 not aboue halfe a foote high or thereabouts1 bearing most commonly but one flower1 seldome two1 which are in some of a pure white1 in others paler1 or somewhat yellowish through the whole flower1 except the yellow frize or thrume in the middle of euery one of the falling leaues3 after the flowers are past1 come forth great heads1 containing within them round pale seed3 the roote is small1 according to the proportion of the plant aboue ground1 but made after the fashion of the greater kindes1 with tuberous peeces spreading from the sides1 and strong fibres or strings1 whereby they are fastened in the ground4 #b4 ,chamiris latifolia maior purpurea4 ,the greater purple dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,there is no difference either in roote1 leafe1 or forme of flower in this from the former dwarfe kinde1 but onely in the colour of the flower1 which in some is of a very deepe or blacke ,violet purple1 both the toppes and the fals3 in others the ,violet purple is more liuely1 and in some the vpper leaues are blew1 and the lower leaues purple1 yet all of them haue that yellow frize or thrume in the middle of the falling leaues1 that the other kindes haue4 ,sidenote3 ,altera4 ,there is another that beareth purple flowers1 that might be reckoned1 for the smalnesse and shortnesse of his stalke1 to the next kinde1 but that the flowers and leaues of this are as large as any of the former kindes of the smaller ,flowerdeluces4 #c4 ,chamiris latifolia minor alba4 ,the lesser white dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,there is also another sort of these ,flowerdeluces1 whose leaues and flowers are lesse1 and wherein there is much variety4 ,the leaues of this kinde1 are all for the most part somewhat smaller1 narrower1 and shorter then the former3 the stalke with the flower vpon it scarce riseth above the leaues1 so that in most of them it may be rather called a foote-stalke1 such as the ,saffron flowers haue1 and are therefore called of manie 1 without stalkes2 the flowers are like vnto the first described of the dwarfe kindes1 and of a whitish colour1 with a few purplish lines at the bottome of the vpper leaues1 and a list of greene in the falling leaues4 ,sidenote3 ,straminea4 ,another hath the flowers of a pale yellow1 called a ,straw colour1 with whitish stripes and veines in the fals1 and purplish lines at the bottome of the vpper leaues4 #d4 ,chamiris latifolia minor purpurea4 ,the lesser purple dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,the difference of this from the former1 consisteth more in the colour then forme of the flower1 which is of a deep ,violet purple1 sometimes paler1 and sometimes so deep1 that it almost seemeth blacke3 ,and sometimes the fals purplish1 and the vpper leaues blew4 ,some of these haue a sweete sent1 and some none4 ,sidenote3 ,crulea4 ,there is another of a fine pale or delayed blew colour throughout the whole flower4 #e4 ,chamiris latifolia minor suauerubens4 ,the lesser blush coloured dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce hath the falling leaues of the flower of a reddish colour1 and the thrumes blew3 the vpper and arched leaues of a fine pale red or flesh colour1 called a blush colour2 in all other things it differeth not1 and smelleth little or nothing at all4 #f4 ,chamiris latifolia minor lutea versicolor4 ,the lesser yellow variable dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,the falling leaues of this ,flowerdeluce are yellowish1 with purple lines from the middle downewards1 sometimes of a deeper1 and sometimes of a paler colour1 and white thrumes in the middle1 the vpper leaues are likewise of a yellowish colour1 with purple lines in them3 ,and sometimes the yellow colour is paler1 and the lines both in the vpper and lower leaues of a dull or dead purple colour4 #g4 ,chamiris latifolia minor crulea versicolor4 ,the lesser blew variable dwarfe ,flowerdeluce4 ,the vpper leaues of this flower are of a blewish yellow colour1 spotted with purple in the broad part1 and at the bottome very narrow3 the falling leaues are spread ouer with pale purplish lines1 and a small shew of blew about the brimmes3 the thrume is yellow at the bottome1 and blewish aboue3 the arched leaues are of a blewish white1 being a little deeper on the ridge4 ,and sometimes the vpper leaues are of a paler blew rather whitish1 with the yellow3 both these haue no sent at all4 #h4 ,chamiris marina purpurea4 ,the purple dwarfe ,sea ,flowerdeluce4 ,this small ,flowerdeluce is like vnto the narrow leafed ,sea ,flowerdeluce before described1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 hauing no other difference1 but in the smalnesse and lownesse of the growing1 being of the same purple colour with it4 #i4 ,chamiris angustifolia maior4 ,the greater ,grasse ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,grasse ,flowerdeluce hath many long and narrow darke greene leaues1 not so stiffe as the former1 but lither1 and bending their ends downe againe1 among which rise vp diuers stalkes1 bearing at the toppe two or three sweete flowers1 as small as any of them set downe before1 of a reddish purple colour1 with whitish yellow and purple strakes downe the middle of the falling leaues3 the arched leaues are of a horse flesh colour all along the edges1 and purple vpon the ridges and tips that turne vp againe3 vnder these appeare three browne aglets1 like vnto birds tongues3 the three vpper leaues are small and narrow1 of a perfect purple or ,violet colour3 the heads for seede haue sharper and harder cornered edges then the former3 the seedes are somewhat grayish like the former1 and so are the rootes1 being small1 blacke1 and hard1 growing thicke together1 fastened in the ground with small blackish hard strings1 which hardly shoote againe if the roote be remoued4 #aj4 ,chamiris angustifolia minor4 ,the lesser ,grasse ,flowerdeluce4 ,this ,flowerdeluce is in leaues1 flowers1 and rootes so like the last described1 that but onely it is smaller and lower1 it is not to be distinguished from the other4 ,and this may suffice for these sorts of ,flowerdeluces1 that furnish the ,gardens of the curious louers of these varieties of nature1 so farre forth as hath passed vnder our knowledge4 ,there are some other that may be referred hereunto1 but they belong to another history2 and therefore ,i make no mention of them in this place4 ,the ,place4 ,the places of most of these are set downe in their seuerall titles2 for some are out of ,turkie1 others out of ,hungaria1 ,dalmatia1 ,illyria1 c4 as their names doe import4 ,those that grow by the ,sea1 are found in ,spaine and ,france4 ,the ,time4 ,some of these do flower in ,aprill1 some in ,may1 and some not vntill ,iune4 ,the ,names4 ,the names expressed are the fittest agreeing vnto them1 and therefore it is needlesse againe to repeate them4 ,many of the rootes of the former or greater kindes1 being dryed are sweete1 yet some more then other1 and some haue no sent at all3 but aboue all the rest1 that with the white flower1 called of ,florence1 is accounted of all to be the sweetest root1 fit to be vsed to make sweete powders1 c4 calling it by the name of ,orris rootes4 ,iris tuberosa4 ,the ,veluet ,flowerdeluce4 ,vnto the ,family of ,flowerdeluces1 ,i must needes ioyne this peculiar kinde1 because of the neare resemblance of the flower1 although it differ both in roote and leafe2 lest therefore it should haue no place1 let it take vp a roome here in the end of the ,flowerdeluces1 with this description following4 ,it hath many small and foure square leaues1 two foote long and aboue sometimes1 of a grayish greene colour1 stiffe at the first1 but afterwards growing to their full length1 they are weak and bend downe to the ground3 out of the middle1 as it were of one of these leaues1 breaketh out the stalke1 a foot high and better1 with some leaues thereon1 at the toppe whereof1 out of a huske riseth one flower1 7,i neuer saw more on a stalke7 consisting of nine leaues1 whereof the three that fall downe are of a yellowish greene colour round about the edges1 and in the middle of so deepe a purple1 that it seemeth to be blacke1 resembling blacke ,veluet3 the three arched leaues1 that couer the lower leaues to the halfe1 are of the same greenish colour that the edges and backside of the lower leaues are3 the three vppermost leaues1 if they may be called leaues1 or rather short peeces like eares1 are green also1 but wherein a glimpse of purple may be seene in them3 after the flower is past1 there followeth a round knob or whitish seede vessell1 hanging downe by a small foote-stalke1 from betweene the huske1 which is diuided as it were into two leaues1 wherein is contained round white seede4 ,the roote is bunched or knobbed out into long round rootes1 like vnto fingers1 two or three from one peece1 one distant from another1 and one longer then another1 for the most part of a darkish gray colour1 and reddish withall on the outside1 and somewhat yellowish within4 ,the ,place4 ,it hath beene sent out of ,turkie oftentimes 7as growing naturally thereabouts7 and not knowne to grow naturally any where else4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,aprill or ,may1 sometimes earlier or later1 as the ,spring falleth out to be milde or sharpe4 ,the ,names4 ,matthiolus contendeth to make it the true ,hermodadactylus1 rather from the shew of the rootes1 which 7as is said7 are like vnto fingers1 then from any other good reason3 for the rootes hereof eyther dry or greene1 do nothing resemble the true ,hermodactyli that are vsed in ,physicke1 as any that knoweth them may easily perceiue1 either in forme or vertue4 ,it is more truely referred to the ,flowerdeluces1 and because of the tuberous rootes1 called ,iris tuberosa1 although all the ,flowerdeluces in this ,chapter haue tuberous rootes1 yet this much differing from them all4 ,in ,english it is vsually called1 ,the ,veluet ,flowerdeluce1 because the three falling leaues seeme to be like smooth blacke ,veluet4 ,the ,vertues4 ,both the rootes and the flowers of the great ,flowerdeluces1 are of great vse for the purging and cleansing of many inward1 as well as outward diseases1 as all ,authors in ,physicke doe record4 ,some haue vsed also the greene rootes to cleanse the skinne1 but they had neede to be carefull that vse them1 lest they take more harme then good by the vse of them4 ,the dryed rootes called ,orris 7as is said7 is of much vse to make sweete powders1 or other things to perfume apparrell or linnen4 ,the iuice or decoction of the green roots doth procure both neezing to be snuft vp into the nostrils1 and vomiting very strongly being taken inwardly4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,gladiolus4 ,corne ,flagge4 ,next vnto the ,flagges or ,flowerdeluces1 come the ,gladioli or ,corne ,flagges to bee entreated of1 for some resemblance of the leaues with them4 ,there are hereof diuers sorts1 some bigger and some lesser1 but the chiefest difference is in the colour of the flowers1 and one in the order of the flowers4 ,of them all in their seuerall orders4 ,gladiolus narbonensis4 ,the ,french ,corne ,flagge4 ,the ,french ,corne ,flagge riseth vp with three or foure broad1 long1 and stiffe greene leaues1 one as it were out of the side of another1 being ioyned together at the bottome1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of ,flowerdeluces1 but stiffer1 more full of ribbes1 and longer then many of them1 and sharper pointed3 the stalke riseth vp from among the leaues1 bearing them on it as it riseth1 hauing at the toppe diuers huskes1 out of which come the flowers one aboue another1 all of them turning and opening themselues one way1 which are long and gaping1 like vnto the flowers of ,foxegloue1 a little arched or bunching vp in the middle1 of a faire reddish purple colour1 with two white spots within the mouth thereof1 one on each side1 made like vnto a ,lozenge that is square and long pointed3 after the flowers are past1 come vp round heads or seede vessels1 wherein is contained reddish flat seede1 like vnto the seede of the ,fritillaria1 but thicker and fuller3 the roote is somewhat great1 round1 flat1 and hard1 with a shew as if it were netted1 hauing another short spongie one vnder it1 which when it hath done bearing1 and the stalke dry1 that the roote may be taken vp1 sticketh close to the bottome1 but may be easily taken away1 hauing vsually a number of small rootes encreased about it1 the least whereof will quickly grow1 so that if it be suffered any long time in a ,garden1 it will rather choake and pester it1 then be an ornament vnto it4 ,gladiolus ,italicus binis florum ordinibus4 ,the ,italian ,corne ,flagge4 ,the ,italian ,corne ,flagge is like vnto the ,french in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 without any other difference1 then that the roote is smaller and browner1 the leafe and stalke of a darker colour1 and the flowers 7being of a little darker colour like the former1 and somewhat smaller7 stand out on both sides of the stalke4 ,gladiolus ,byzantinus4 ,corne ,flagge of ,constantinople4 ,this ,corne ,flagge that came first from ,constantinople1 is in all things like vnto the ,french ,corne ,flagge last described1 but that it is larger1 both in rootes1 leaues1 and flowers1 and likewise that the ,flowers of this1 which stand not on both sides1 are of a deeper red colour1 and flower later1 after all the rest are past3 the roote hereof being netted as plainly as any of the former1 is as plentifull also to giue encrease1 but is more tender and lesse able to abide our sharpe cold ,winters4 ,gladiolus flore rubente4 ,blush ,corne ,flagge4 ,this blush kinde is like vnto the ,french ,corne ,flagge in all respects1 sauing onely that the flowers are of a pale red colour1 tending to whitenesse1 which wee vsually call a blush colour4 ,gladiolus flore albo4 ,white ,corne ,flagge4 ,this white ,corne ,flagge also differeth not from the last1 but onely that the rootes are whiter on the outside1 the leaues are greener1 without any brownesse or darknesse as in the former1 and the flowers are snow white4 ,gladiolus purpureus minor4 ,the small purple ,corne ,flagge4 ,this also differeth not from any of the former1 but onely in the smallnesse both of leafe1 stalke1 and flowers1 which stand all on the one side1 like vnto the ,french kinde1 and of the same colour3 the roote of this kinde is netted more then any other4 ,the ,place4 ,they grow in ,france and ,italy1 the least in ,spaine1 and the ,byzantine1 as it is thought1 about ,constantinople1 being 7as is said7 first sent from thence4 ,iohn ,tradescante assured mee1 that hee saw many acres of ground in ,barbary spread ouer with them4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in ,iune and ,iuly1 and the ,byzantine latest1 as is said before4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath diuers names2 for the ,latines call it ,gladiolus1 of the forme of a sword1 which the leafe doth resemble4 ,the ,romanes ,segetalis1 because it groweth in the ,corne fields4 ,some call it ,victorialis rotunda1 to put a difference between it1 and the longa1 which is a kinde of ,garlicke4 ,plinie saith1 that ,gladiolus is ,cypirus1 but to decide that controuersie1 and many others1 belongeth to another discourse1 this being intended only for pleasure4 ,gerrard mistaketh the ,french kinde for the ,italian4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the roote being bruised1 and applyed with ,frankinsense 7and often of it selfe without it7 in the manner of a pultis or plaister1 is held of diuers to be singular good to draw out splinters1 thornes1 and broken bones out of the flesh4 ,some take it be effectuall to stirre vp ,venerie1 but ,i somewhat doubt thereof3 ,for ,galen in his eighth ,booke of ,simples1 giueth vnto it a drawing1 digesting and drawing faculty4 ,illustration3 #a ,gladiolus ,narbonensis4 ,the ,french ,corne ,flagge4 #b ,gladiolus ,italicus4 ,the ,italian ,corne ,flagge4 #c ,gladiolus ,byzantinus4 ,corne ,flagge of ,constantinople4 #d ,palma ,christi mas4 ,the great male handed ,satyrion4 #e ,orchis ,hermaphroditica candida4 ,the white ,butterflie ,orchis4 #f ,orchis ,melitias siue apifera4 ,the ,bee flower or ,bee ,orchis4 #g ,dens ,caninus flore purpurante4 ,dogges tooth ,violet with a pale purplish flower4 #h ,dens ,caninus flore albo4 ,dogges tooth ,violet with a white flower4 ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,orchis siue ,satyrium4 ,bee flowers4 ,although it is not my purpose in this place1 to giue a generall history of all the sorts of ,orchides1 ,satyrions1 and the rest of that kinde2 yet because many of them are very pleasant to behold1 and1 if they be planted in a conuenient place1 will abide some time in ,gardens1 so that there is much pleasure taken in them3 ,i shall intrude some of them for curiosities sake1 to make vp the prospect of natures beautifull variety1 and only entreate of a few1 leauing the rest to a more ample declaration4 #a4 ,satyrium ,basilicum siue ,palma ,christi mas4 ,the greater male handed ,satyrion4 ,this handed ,satyrion hath for the most part but three faire large greene leaues1 neare vnto the ground1 spotted with small blackish markes3 from among which riseth vp a stalke1 with some smaller leaues thereon1 bearing at the toppe a bush or spike of flowers1 thicke set together1 euery one whereof is made like a body1 with the belly broader belowe then aboue1 where it hath small peeces adioyned vnto it3 the flower is of a faire purple colour1 spotted with deeper purple spots1 and hauing small peeces like hornes hanging at the backes of the flowers1 and a small leafe at the bottome of the foote-stalke of euery flower3 the rootes are not round1 like the other ,orchides1 but somewhat long and flat1 like a hand1 with small diuisions belowe1 hanging downe like the fingers of a hand1 cut short off by the knockles1 two alwayes growing together1 with some small fibres or strings aboue the heads of these rootes1 at the bottome of the stalke4 #b4 ,satyrium ,basilicum siue ,palma ,christi fmina4 ,the female handed ,satyrion4 ,this female ,satyrion hath longer and narrower leaues then the former1 and spotted with more and greater spots1 compassing the stalke at the bottome like the other3 this beareth likewise a bush of flowers1 like vnto the other1 but that each of these haue heads like hoods1 whereas the former haue none3 in some they are white with purple spots1 and in others of a reddish purple1 with deepe or darke coloured spots3 the roots are alike4 #c4 ,orchis ,hermaphroditica candida4 ,the white ,butterflie ,orchis4 ,the rootes of this kinde take part with both the sorts of ,orchis and ,satyrium1 being neither altogether round1 nor fully handed1 and thereupon it tooke the name1 to signifie both kindes3 the leaues are two in number1 seldome more1 being faire and broad1 like vnto the leaues of ,lillies1 without any spot at all in them3 at the toppe of the stalke stand many white flowers1 not so thicke set as the first or second1 euery one being fashioned like vnto a white ,butterflie1 with the wings spread abroad4 #d4 ,orchis ,melitias siue apifera4 ,the ,bee flower or ,bee ,orchis4 ,this is a small and lowe plant for the most part1 with three or foure small narrow leaues at the bottome3 the stalke is seldome above halfe a foote high1 with foure or fiue flowers thereon one aboue another1 hauing round bodies1 and somewhat flat1 of a kind of yellowish colour1 with purple wings aboue them1 so like vnto an honey ,bee1 that it might soone deceiue one that neuer had seene such a flower before3 the roots are two together1 round and white1 hauing a certaine muccilaginesse or clamminesse within them1 without any taste almost at all1 as all or the most part of these kindes haue4 #e4 ,orchis ,sphegodes4 ,gnats ,satyrion4 ,the leaues of this ,orchis are somewhat larger then of the ,bee flower1 the stalke also somewhat higher3 the flowers are fewer on the toppe1 but somewhat larger then of the ,bee flowers1 made to the resemblance of a ,gnat or great long ,flie3 the rootes are two round bulbes1 as the other are4 #f4 ,orchis ,myodes4 ,flie ,orchis4 ,the ,flie ,orchis is like vnto the last described1 both in leafe and roote1 the difference is in the flower1 which is neither so long as the ,gnat ,satyrion1 nor so great as the ,bee ,orchis1 but the neather part of the ,flie is blacke1 with a list of ash-colour crossing the backe1 with a shew of legges hanging at it3 the naturall ,flie seemeth so to bee in loue with it1 that you shall seldome come in the heate of the day1 but you shall finde one sitting close thereon4 ,the ,place4 ,these grow in many places of ,england1 some in the ,woods1 as the ,butterflie1 and the two former handed ,satyrions3 others on dry bankes and barren balkes in ,kent1 and many other places4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part in the beginning or middle of ,may1 or thereabouts4 ,the ,names4 ,their seuerall names are expressed in their titles1 so much as may suffice for this discourse4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all the kindes of ,orchis are accounted to procure bodily lust1 as well the flowers distilled1 as the rootes prepared4 ,the rootes boyled in red ,wine1 and afterwards dryed1 are held to bee a singular good remedie against the bloody ,flixe4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,dens ,caninus4 ,dogs tooth ,violet4 ,vnto the kindes of ,orchides1 may fitly be ioyned another plant1 which by many is reckoned to be a ,satyrium1 both from the forme of roote and leafe1 and from the efficacy or vertue correspondent thereunto4 ,and although it cannot be the ,satyrium ,erythronium of ,dioscorides1 as some would entitle it1 for that as ,i haue shewed before1 his ,satyrium tryphillum is the ,tulipa without all doubt2 yet because it differeth very notably1 and carrieth more beauty and respect in his flower then they1 ,i shall entreate thereof in a ,chapter by it selfe1 and set it next vnto them4 ,dens ,caninus flore albo4 ,dogs tooth ,violet with a white flower4 ,the white ,dogs tooth hath for his roote a white bulbe1 long and small1 yet vsually greater then either of the other that follow1 bigger belowe then aboue1 with a small peece adioyning to the bottome of it1 from whence rise vp in the beginning of the ,spring1 after the ,winter frosts are past1 two leaues for the most part 7when it will flower1 or else but one1 and neuer three together that euer ,i saw7 closed together when they first come vp out of the ground1 which inclose the flower betweene them3 the leaues when they are opened do lay themselues flat on the ground1 or not much aboue it1 one opposite vnto the other1 with the stalke and the flower on it standing betweene them1 which leaues are of a whitish greene colour1 long and narrow1 yet broader in the middle then at both ends1 growing lesse by degrees each way1 spotted and striped all ouer the leaues with white lines and spots3 the stalke riseth vp halfe a foote high or more1 bearing at the toppe one flower and no more1 hanging downe the head1 larger then any of the other of this kinde that follow1 made or consisting of six white long and narrow leaues1 turning themselues vp againe1 after it hath felt the comfort of the ,sunne1 that they doe almost touch the stalke againe1 very like vnto the flowers of ,cyclamen or ,sowebread3 it hath in the middle of the flower six white chiues1 tipt with darke purple pendents1 and a white three forked stile in the middle of them3 the flower hath no sent at all1 but commendable onely for the beauty and forme thereof3 after the flower is past1 commeth in the place a round head seeming three square1 containing therein small and yellowish seede4 ,dens ,caninus flore purpurascente4 ,dogs tooth with a pale purple flower4 ,this other ,dogs tooth is like vnto the former1 but lesser in all parts1 the leafe whereof is not so long1 but broad and short1 spotted with darker lines and spots3 the flower is like the other1 but smaller1 and of a delayed purple colour1 very pale sometimes1 and sometimes a little deeper1 turning it selfe as the other1 with a circle round about the vmbone or middle1 the chiues hereof are not white1 but declining to purple3 the roote is white1 and like vnto the former1 but lesser1 as is said before4 ,dens ,caninus flore rubro4 ,dogs tooth with a red flower4 ,this is in all things like vnto the last1 both for forme and bignesse of flower and leafe3 the chiefe difference consisteth in this1 that the leaues hereof are of a yellowish mealy greene colour1 spotted and streaked with redder spots and stripes1 and the flower of a deeper reddish purple colour1 and the chiues also more purplish then the last1 in all other things it is alike4 ,the ,place4 ,the sorts ,dens ,caninus doe growe in diuers places2 some in ,italy on the ,euganean ,hils1 others on the ,apenine1 and some about ,gratz1 the chiefe ,citie of ,stiria1 and also about ,bayonne1 and in other places4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,march most vsually1 and many times in ,aprill1 according to the seasonablenesse of the yeare4 ,the ,names4 ,clusius did call it first ,dentali1 and ,lobel1 and from him some others ,satyrium1 and ,erythronium1 but ,i haue said enough hereof in the beginning of the ,chapter4 ,it is most commonly called ,dens ,caninus1 and we in ,english1 either ,dogs tooth1 or ,dogs tooth ,violet4 ,gesner called it ,hermodactylus1 and ,matthiolus ,pseudohermodactylus4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the roote hereof is held to bee of more efficacy for venerous effects1 then any of the ,orchides and ,satyrions4 ,they of ,stiria vse the rootes for the falling sicknesse4 ,wee haue had from ,virginia a roote sent vnto vs1 that wee might well iudge1 by the forme and colour thereof being dry1 to be either the roote of this1 or of an ,orchis1 which the naturall people hold not onely to be singular to procure lust1 but hold it as a secret1 loth to reueale it4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiiii4 ,cyclamen4 ,sowebread4 ,the likenesse of the flowers1 and the spotting of the leaues of the ,dens ,caninus1 with these of the ,cyclamen or ,sowebread1 maketh mee ioyne it next thereunto3 as also that after the bulbous rooted plants ,i might begin with the tuberous that remaine1 and make this plant the beginning of them4 ,of this kinde there are diuers sorts1 differing both in forme of leaues and time of flowring3 for some doe flower in the ,spring of the yeare1 others afterwards in the beginning of ,summer3 but the most number in the end of ,summer1 or beginning of ,autumne or ,haruest1 whereof some haue round leaues1 others cornered like vnto ,iuie1 longer or shorter1 greater or smaller4 ,of them all in order1 and first of those that come in the ,spring4 #a4 ,cyclamen ,vernum flore purpureo4 ,purple flowred ,sowebread of the ,spring4 ,this ,sowebread hath a smaller roote then most of the others1 yet round and blackish on the outside1 as all or most of the rest are 7,i speake of them that ,i haue seene2 for ,clusius and others doe report to haue had very great ones7 from whence rise vp diuers round1 yet pointed leaues1 and somewhat cornered withall1 greene aboue1 and spotted with white spots circlewise about the leafe1 and reddish vnderneath1 which at their first comming vp are folded together2 among which come the flowers1 of a reddish purple colour and very sweete1 euery one vpon a small1 long1 and slender reddish foote-stalke1 which hanging downe their heads1 turne vp their leaues againe3 after the flowers are past1 the head or seede vessel shrinketh downe1 winding his footestalke1 and coyling it selfe like a cable1 which when it toucheth the ground1 there abideth hid among the leaues1 till it be growne great and ripe1 wherein are contained a few small round seedes1 which being presently sowne1 will growe first into round rootes1 and afterwards from them shoote forth leaues4 #b4 ,cyclamen ,vernum flore albo4 ,white flowred ,sowebread of the ,spring4 ,the white flowring ,sowebread hath his leaues like the former1 but not fully so much cornered1 bearing small snow white flowers1 as sweete as the other3 and herein consisteth the chiefest difference1 in all other things it is alike4 #c4 ,cyclamen ,vernum ,creticum flore albo4 ,white ,candy ,sowebread of the ,spring4 ,this ,sowebread is somewhat like the former white kinde1 but that the leaues grow much larger and longer1 with more corners at the edges1 and more eminent spots on them3 the flowers also somewhat longer and larger1 and herein consisteth the whole difference4 #d4 ,cyclamen stivum4 ,summer ,sowebread4 ,summer ,sowebread hath round leaues like vnto the ,romane ,sowebread1 but somewhat cornered1 yet with shorter corners then the ,iuie leafed ,sowebread1 full of white spots on the vpperside of the leaues1 and very purple vnderneath1 sometimes they haue fewer spots1 and little or no purple vnderneath3 the flowers hereof are as small1 as purple1 and as sweete1 as the purple ,sowebread of the ,spring time3 the roote hereof is likewise small1 blacke1 and round4 #e4 ,cyclamen ,romanum rotundifolium4 ,romane ,sowebread with round leaues4 ,the ,romane ,sowebread hath round leaues1 somewhat like vnto the common ,sowebread1 but not fully so round pointed at the ends1 a little cornered sometimes also1 or as it were indented1 with white spots round about the middle of the leaues1 and very conspicuous1 which make it seeme the more beautifull3 the flowers appeare in ,autumne1 and are shorter1 and of a deeper purplish red colour then the ,iuie ,sowebread1 rising vp before the leaues for the most part1 or at least with them1 and little or nothing sweete3 the roote is round and blacke1 vsually not so flat as it1 but growing sometimes to bee greater then any other kinde of ,sowebread4 ,there is sometimes some variety to be seene1 both ,sidenote3 ,varietas4 in the leaues and flowers of this kinde2 for that sometime the leaues haue more corners1 and either more or lesse spotted with white2 the flowers likewise of some are larger or lesser1 longer or rounder1 paler or deeper coloured one then another4 ,this happeneth most likely from the sowing of the seede1 causing the like variety as is seene in the ,iuie leafed ,sowebread4 ,it doth also many times happen from the diuersity of soyles and countries where they grow3 the seed of this1 as of all the rest1 is small and round1 contained in such like heads as the former1 standing almost like the head of a ,snake that is twined or folded within the body thereof4 ,this and the other ,autumnall kindes1 presently after their sowing in ,autumne1 shoote forth leaues1 and so abide all the ,winter1 according to their kinde4 #f4 ,cyclamen folio heder autumnale4 ,iuie leafed ,sowebread4 ,the ,iuie leafed ,sowebread groweth in the same manner that the former doth1 that is1 bringeth forth flowers with the leaues sometimes1 or most commonly before them1 whose flowers are greater then the common round leafed ,sowebread1 somewhat longer then the former ,romane or ,italian ,sowebreads1 and of a paler purple colour1 almost bluish1 without that sweete sent as is in the first kinde of the ,spring3 the greene leaues hereof are more long then round1 pointed at the ends1 and hauing also one or two corners on each side1 sometimes much spotted on the vpperside with white spots and marks1 and sometimes but a little or not at all2 and so likewise sometimes more or lesse purple vnderneath3 all the leaues and flowers doe stand vsually euery one seuerally by themselues1 vpon their owne slender foote-stalkes1 as most of all the ,sidenote3 ,varietas4 other kindes doe3 but sometimes it happeneth1 that both leaues and flowers are found growing from one and the same stalke1 which ,i rather take to be accidentall1 then naturall so to continue3 the seede hereof is like the former kindes1 which being sowne produceth variety1 both in the forme of the leaues1 and colour and smell of the flowers3 some being paler or deeper1 and some more or lesse sweete then others3 the leaues also1 some more or lesse cornered then others3 the root groweth to be great1 being round and flat1 and of a blackish browne colour on the outside4 #g4 ,cyclamen autumnale heder folio flore albo4 ,iuie leafed ,sowebread with white flowers4 ,there is one of this kinde1 whose leaues are rounder1 and not so much cornered as the former1 flowring in ,autumne as the last doth1 and whose flowers are wholly white1 not hauing any other notable difference therein4 #h4 ,cyclamen autumnale angustifolium4 ,long leafed ,sowebread4 ,this kinde of ,sowebread may easily be knowne from all the other kindes1 because his leafe is longer and narrower then others1 fashioned at the bottome thereof with points1 somewhat like vnto ,arum or ,wake ,robin leaues3 the flowers are like the former sorts for forme1 but of a purple colour4 ,there is also another of this kinde in all things like the former1 but that the flowers are white4 ,illustration3 #a ,cyclamen ,vernum flore purpureo4 ,purple flowred ,sowebread of the ,spring4 #b ,cyclamen astivum4 ,summer ,sowebread4 #c ,folium ,cyclaminis ,cretici vernalis flore candido4 ,a leafe of ,candie ,sowebread4 #d ,cyclamen ,romanum ,autumnale4 ,romane ,sowebread of the ,autumne4 #e ,cyclamen hederfolio ,autumnale4 ,iuie leafed ,autumne ,sowebread4 #f ,folium ,cyclaminis ,autumnalis flore albo4 ,a leafe of the ,autumne ,sowebread with a white flower4 #g ,folium ,cyclaminis angustifolij ,autumnalis4 ,a leafe of the long leafed ,sowebread4 #h ,cyclamen ,antiochenum ,autumnale flore amplo purpureo duplici4 ,the double flowred ,sowebread of ,antioch4 #i ,cyclamen vulgare folio rotundo4 ,the common round leafed ,sowebread4 #i4 ,cyclamen ,antiochenum ,autumnale flore purpureo duplici4 ,double flowred ,sowebread of ,antioch4 ,this ,sowebread of ,antioch with double flowers1 hath his leaues somewhat round1 like vnto the leaues of the ,summer ,sowebread1 but with lesse notches or corners1 full of white spots on them3 it beareth flowers on stalks1 like vnto others1 likewise some stalks that haue two or three flowers on them1 which are very large1 with ten or twelue leaues a peece1 of a faire ,peach colour1 like vnto the flowers of purple ,sowebread of the ,spring1 and deeper at the bottome4 ,there are of this kinde some1 whose flowers appeare in the ,spring1 and are as large and double as the former1 but of a pure white colour4 ,there are of these ,sowebreads of ,antioch1 that haue but single flowers1 some appearing in the ,spring1 and others in ,autumne4 #aj4 ,cyclamen vulgare folio rotundo4 ,the common ,sowebread4 ,the common ,sowebread 7which is most vsed in the ,apothecaries ,shops7 hath many leaues spread vpon the ground1 rising from certaine small long heads1 that are on the greater round rootes1 as vsually most of the former sorts doe1 being in the like manner folded together1 and after spread themselues into round greene leaues1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of ,asarum1 but not shining1 without any white spots on the vpperside for the most part1 or but very seldome1 and reddish or purplish vnderneath1 and very seldome greener3 the flowers stand vpon small foot-stalkes1 and shew themselues open for the most part1 before any leaues doe appeare1 being smaller and shorter then those with ,iuie leaues1 and of a pale purple colour1 yet sometimes deeper1 hanging downe their heads1 and turning vp their leaues againe1 as all others doe1 but more sweete then many other of the ,autumne flowers3 after the flowers are past1 come the heads turning or winding themselues downe in like manner as the other doe1 hauing such like seede1 but somewhat larger1 and more vneuen1 or not so round at the least3 the roote is round1 and not flat1 of a browner colour1 and not so blacke on the outside as many of the others4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,sowebreads of the ,spring doe both grow on the ,pyrenan ,mountaines in ,italy1 and in ,candy1 and about ,mompelier in ,france2 ,antioch in ,syria also hath yeelded some both of the ,spring and ,autumne4 ,those with round and ,iuie leaues grow in diuers places both of ,france and ,italy3 and the common in ,germany1 and the ,lowe-,countries4 ,but that ,autumne ,sowebread with white flowers1 is reported to grow in the ,kingdome of ,naples4 ,i haue very curiously enquired of many1 if euer they found them in any parts of ,england1 neare or further off from the places where they dwell3 but they haue all affirmed1 that they neuer found1 or euer heard of any that haue found of any of them4 ,this onely they haue assured1 that there groweth none in the places1 where some haue reported them to grow4 ,the ,time4 ,those of the ,spring doe flower about the end of ,aprill1 or beginning of ,may4 ,the other of the ,summer1 about the end of ,iune or in ,iuly4 ,the rest some in ,august1 and ,september1 others in ,october4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,common ,sowebread is called by most ,writers in ,latine1 ,panis ,porcinus1 and by that name it is knowne in the ,apothecaries shops1 as also by the name ,arthanita1 according to which name1 they haue an ointment so called1 which is to be made with the iuice hereof4 ,it is also called by diuers other names1 not pertinent for this discourse4 ,the most vsuall name1 whereby it is knowne to most ,herbarists1 is ,cyclamen 7which is the ,greeke word7 or as some call it ,cyclaminus adding thereunto their other seuerall titles4 ,in ,english1 ,sowebread4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the leaues and rootes are very effectuall for the spleene1 as the ,ointment before remembred plainly proueth1 being vsed for the same purpose1 and that to good effect4 ,it is vsed also for women in long and hard trauels1 where there is danger1 to accelerate the birth1 either the roote or the leafe being applyed4 ,but for any amorous effects1 ,i hold it meere fabulous4 ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,anemone4 ,windeflower and his kindes4 ,the next tuberous rooted plants that are to follow 7of right in my opinion7 are the ,anemones or ,windeflowers1 and although some tuberous rooted plants1 that is1 the ,asphodils1 ,spiderworts1 and ,flowerdeluces haue beene before inserted1 it was1 both because they were in name or forme of flowers sutable to them whom they were ioyned vnto1 and also that they should not be seuered and entreated of in two seuerall places3 the rest are now to follow1 at the least so many of them as be beautifull flowers1 fit to furnish a ,florists ,garden1 for natures delightsome varieties and excellencies4 ,to distinguish the ,family of ,anemones ,i may1 that is1 into the wilde kindes1 and into the tame or mannured1 as they are called1 and both of them noursed vp in ,gardens2 and of them into those that haue broader leaues1 and into those that haue thinner or more iagged leaues3 and of each of them1 into those that beare single flowers1 and those that beare double flowers4 ,but to describe the infinite 7as ,i may so say7 variety of the colours of the flowers1 and to giue to each his true distinction and denomination1 ,hic labor1 hoc opus est1 it farre passeth my ability ,i confesse1 and ,i thinke would grauell the best experienced this day in ,europe 7and the like ,i said concerning ,tulipas1 it being as contingent to this plant1 as is before said of the ,tulipa1 to be without end in yeelding varieties37 for who can see all the varieties that haue sprung from the sowing of the seede in all places1 seeing the variety of colours risen from thence1 is according to the variety of ayres grounds wherein they are sowne1 skill also helping nature in ordering them aright4 ,for the seede of one and the same plant sowne in diuers ayres and grounds1 doe produce that variety of colours that is much differing one from another2 who then can display all the mixtures of colours in them1 to set them downe in so small a roome as this ,book8 ,yet as ,i haue done 7in the former part of this ,treatise7 my good will1 to expresse as many of each kinde haue come to my knowledge1 so if ,i endeauour the like in this1 ,i hope the courteous wil accept it1 and hold me excused for the rest3 otherwise1 if ,i were or could be absolute1 ,i should take from my self and others the hope of future augmentation1 or addition of any new1 which neuer will be wanting4 ,to begin therefore with the wilde kinds 7as they are so accounted7 ,i shall first entreate of the ,pulsatillas or ,pasque flowers1 which are certainly kindes of wilde ,anemones1 both in leafe and flower1 as may well be discerned by them that are iudicious 7although some learned men haue not so thought1 as appeareth by their writings7 the rootes of them making one speciall note of difference1 from the other sorts of wilde ,anemones4 #a4 ,pulsatilla ,anglica purpurea4 ,the purple ,pasque flower4 ,the ,pasque or ,passe flower which is of our owne ,country1 hath many leaues lying on the ground1 somewhat rough or hairie1 hard in feeling1 and finely cut into many small leaues1 of a darke greene colour1 almost like the leaues of ,carrets1 but finer and smaller1 from among which rise vp naked stalkes1 rough or hairie also1 set about the middle thereof with some small diuided leaues compassing them1 and rising aboue these leaues about a spanne1 bearing euery one of them one pendulous flower1 made of six leaues1 of a fine ,violet purple colour1 but somewhat deepe withall1 in the middle whereof stand many yellow threads1 set about a middle purple pointell3 after the flower is past1 there commeth vp in the stead thereof a bushie head of long seedes1 which are small and hoarie1 hauing at the end of euery one a small haire1 which is gray likewise3 the roote is small and long1 growing downewards into the ground1 with a tuft of haire at the head thereof1 and not lying or running vnder the vpper crust thereof1 as the other wilde ,anemones doe4 #b4 ,pulsatilla ,danica4 ,the ,passe flower of ,denmarke4 ,there is another that was brought out of ,denmarke1 very like vnto the former1 but that it is larger both in roote and leafe1 and flower also1 which is of a fairer purple colour1 not so deepe1 and besides1 will better abide to bee mannured then our ,english kinde will1 as my selfe haue often proued4 ,sidenote3 ,viriusque flore albo flore duplici4 ,of both these sorts it is said1 that some plants haue bin found1 that haue borne white flowers4 ,and likewise one that bore double flowers1 that is1 with two rowes of leaues4 #c4 ,pulsatilla flore rubro4 ,the red ,passe flower4 ,lobel1 as ,i take it1 did first set forth this kinde1 being brought him from ,syria1 the leaues whereof are finer cut1 the flower smaller1 and with longer leaues1 and of a red colour4 #d4 ,pulsatilla flore luteo4 ,the yellow ,passe flower4 ,the yellow ,passe flower hath his leaues cut and diuided1 very like vnto the leaues of the first kinde1 but somewhat more hairie1 greene on the vpperside1 and hairie vnderneath3 the stalke is round and hoary1 the middle whereof is beset with some small leaues1 as in the other1 from among which riseth vp the stalke of the flower1 consisting of six leaues of a very faire yellow colour on the inside1 and of a hoary pale yellow on the outside2 after which followeth such an head of hairie thrummes as in the former3 the roote is of the bignesse of a mans finger4 #e4 ,pulsatilla flore albo4 ,the white ,passe flower4 ,the white ,passe flower 7which ,clusius maketh a kinde of ,anemone1 and yet as hee saith himselfe1 doth more nearely resemble the ,pulsatilla7 hath1 from amongst a tuft or head of haires1 which grow at the toppe of a long blacke roote1 many leaues standing vpon long stalkes1 which are diuided as it were into three wings or parts1 and each part finely cut and diuided1 like vnto the ,passe flower of ,denmarke1 but somewhat harder in handling1 greenish on the vpperside1 and somewhat gray vnderneath1 and very hairie all ouer3 among these leaues rise vp the stalkes1 beset at the middle of them with three leaues1 as finely cut and diuided as those belowe1 from aboue which standeth the flower1 being smaller1 and not so pendulous as the former1 but in the like manner consisting of six leaues1 of a snow white colour on the inside1 and a little browner on the outside1 with many yellow thrums in the middle3 after the flower is past1 riseth vp such a like hoary head1 composed as it were of many haires1 each whereof hath a small seede fastened vnto it1 like as the former ,passe flowers haue4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is found in many places of ,england1 vpon dry bankes that lye open to the ,sunne4 ,the second was first brought1 as ,i take it1 by ,doctor ,lobel from ,denmarke1 is one of the two kinds1 that ,clusius saith are common in ,germanie1 this bearing a paler purple flower1 and more early then the other1 which is the same with our ,english1 whose flower is so darke1 that it almost seemeth blacke4 ,the red kinde1 as ,lobel saith1 came from ,syria4 ,the yellow ,passe flower1 which ,clusius maketh his third wilde ,anemone1 was found very plentifully growing at the foote of ,st4 ,bernards ,hill1 neare vnto the ,cantons of the ,switzers4 ,the white one groweth on the ,alpes neare ,austria1 in ,france likewise and other places4 ,illustration3 #a ,pulsatilla purpurea cum folio1 semine1 radice4 ,the purple ,pasque flower with leafe1 seed1 and root4 #b ,pulsatilla luteo flore4 ,the yellow ,pasque flower4 #c ,pulsatilla rubra ,syriaca ,lobelij4 ,red ,pasque flower of ,lobel4 #d ,pulsatilla rubra ,swertij4 ,swertz his red ,pasque flower4 #e ,pulsatilla flore albo4 ,white ,pasque flower4 #f ,anemone siluestris albo ,matthioli4 ,the wilde white broad leafed ,windflower4 #g ,anemone siluestris tenuifolia alba4 ,the wilde single white ,windflower4 #h ,anemone siluestris tenuifolia luteo4 ,the yellow wilde thin leafed ,windflower4 #i ,anemone siluestris trifolia ,dodoni4 ,the three-leafed wilde ,windflower4 #aj ,anemone siluestris flore pleno albo4 ,the double white wilde ,windflower4 #aa ,anemone siluestris flore pleno purpureo4 ,the double purple wilde ,windeflower4 99 ,semen seperatim divulsum4 ,the seed separated4 ,radice cum folio inferiore4 ,the roote with a lower leafe4 ,the ,time4 ,all of them doe flower early in the yeare1 that is1 in the beginning of ,aprill1 about which time most commonly ,easter doth fall4 ,the ,names4 ,their proper names are giuen to each in their seuerall titles1 being all of them kindes of wilde ,anemones1 as ,i said in the beginning of the ,chapter1 and so for the most part all ,authors doe acknowledge them4 ,we call them in ,english1 because they flower about ,easter1 ,pasque flower1 which is the ,french name for ,easter1 or ,euphoni gratia1 ,pasque flower1 which may passe currant1 without any further descant on the name1 or else ,pulsatilla1 if you will1 being growne old by custome4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the sharpe biting and exulcerating quality of this plant1 causeth it to be of little vse1 notwithstanding ,ioachimus ,camerarius saith in his ,hortus ,medicus1 that in ,borussia1 which is a place in ,italy1 as ,i take it1 the distilled water hereof is vsed with good successe1 to be giuen to them that are troubled with a ,tertian ,ague2 for he saith that it is medicamentum 1 that is1 a medicine of force to helpe obstructions4 ,anemone siluestris latifolia alba siue tertia ,matthioli4 ,the white wilde broad leafed ,windflower4 ,this ,windflower hath diuers broad greene leaues1 cut into diuisions1 and dented1 about1 very like vnto a broad leafed ,crowfoote1 among which riseth vp a stalke1 hauing some such like cut leaues in the middle thereof1 as growe below1 but smaller2 on the toppe whereof standeth one large white flower1 consisting of fiue leaues for the most part1 with some yellow threads in the middle1 standing about such a greene head as is in the tame or garden ,anemones1 which growing greater after the flower is past1 is composed of many small seedes1 wrapped in white wooll1 which as soone as they are ripe1 raise themselues vp from the bottome of the head1 and flye away with the winde1 as the other tame or garden kindes doe3 the roote is made of a number of long blacke strings1 encreasing very much by running vnder ground1 and shooting vp in diuers places4 ,anemone siluestris tenuifolia lutea4 ,the yellow wilde thin leafed ,windflower4 ,the yellow wilde ,anemone riseth vp with one or two small round naked stalkes1 bearing about the middle of them1 small1 soft1 and tender iagged leaues1 deeply cut in and indented on the edges about1 from aboue which1 doth grow the stalke1 bearing small yellow flowers1 standing vpon weake foote-stalks1 like vnto a small ,crowfoot1 with some threads in the middle3 the roote is long and small1 somewhat like vnto the roote of ,pollipodie1 creeping vnder the vpper crust of the earth3 this kinde is lower1 and springeth somewhat earlier then the other wilde kindes that follow4 ,anemone siluestris tenuifolia alba simplex4 ,the single white thin leafed wilde ,windflower4 ,this white wilde ,anemone riseth vp with diuers leaues vpon seuerall long stalkes2 which are somewhat like vnto the former1 but that they are somewhat harder1 and not so long1 nor the diuisions of the leaues so finely snipt about the edges1 but a little broader1 and deeper cut in on euery side3 the flowers hereof are larger and broader then the former1 white on the inside1 and a little purplish on the outside1 especially at the bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke3 the roote of this is very like vnto the last4 ,sidenote3 ,purpurea4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose flowers are purple1 in all other things it is like vnto the white4 ,sidenote3 ,coccinea siue suave rubens4 ,and likewise another1 with a blush or carnation coloured flower4 ,sidenote3 ,peregrina alba4 ,there is one that is onely nursed vp with vs in ,gardens1 that is somewhat like vnto these former wilde ,anemones in roote and leafe1 but that the flower of this1 being pure white within1 and a little purplish without1 consisting of eight or nine small round pointed leaues1 hath sometimes some leaues vnder the flower1 party coloured white and greene3 the flower hath likewise a greene head1 like a ,strawberry1 compassed about with white threads1 tipt with yellow pendents4 ,sidenote3 ,peregrina viridis4 ,and another of the same kinde with the last1 whose flower consisting of eight or nine leaues1 is of a greenish colour1 except the foure outermost leaues1 which are a little purplish1 and diuided at the points into three parts2 the middle part is of a greenish white colour1 with a greene head in the middle as the other4 ,anemone siluestris trifolia ,dodoni4 ,the three leafed wilde ,windflower4 ,this wilde ,anemone hath his rootes very like vnto the former kindes2 the leaues are alwaies three set together at the toppe of slender stalkes1 being small and indented about1 very like vnto a three leafed ,grasse1 but smaller3 the flower consisteth of eight small leaues1 somewhat like vnto a ,crowfoote1 but of a whitish purple or blush colour1 with some white threads1 and a greene rough head in the middle4 ,anemone siluestris flore pleno albo4 ,the double white wilde ,windflower4 ,this double kinde is very like vnto the single white kinde before described1 both in his long running rootes1 and thin leaues1 but somewhat larger3 the flowers hereof are very thicke and double1 although they be small1 and of a faint sweete sent1 very white after it is full blowne for fiue or six dayes1 but afterwards it becommeth a little purplish on the inside1 but more on the outside3 this neuer giueth seede 7although it haue a small head in the middle7 like as many other double flowers doe4 ,anemone siluestris flore pleno purpureo4 ,the double purple wilde ,windflower4 ,this double purple kinde hath such like iagged leaues as the last described hath1 but more hoarie vnderneath3 the flower is of a fine light purple toward the points of the leaues1 the bottomes being of a deeper purple1 but as thicke1 and full of leaues as the former1 with a greene head in the middle1 like vnto the former3 this kinde hath small greene leaues on the stalkes vnder the flowers1 cut and diuided like the lower leaues4 ,the ,place4 ,the first broad leafed ,anemone groweth in diuers places of ,austria and ,hungary4 ,the yellow in diuers woods in ,germany1 but not in this ,countrey that euer ,i could learne4 ,the other single wilde kindes1 some of them are very frequent throughout the most places of ,england1 in ,woods1 ,groues1 and ,orchards4 ,the double kindes were found1 as ,clusius saith1 in the ,lowe-,countries1 in a ,wood neare ,louaine4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower from the end of ,march 7that is the earliest7 and the beginning of ,aprill1 vntill ,may1 and the double kindes begin within a while after the single kinds are past4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called ,ranunculi siluarum1 and ,ranunculi nemorum1 and as ,clusius would haue them1 ,leimonia of ,theophrastus2 they are generally called of most ,herbarists ,anemones siluestres1 ,wilde ,anemones or ,windflowers4 ,the ,italians call them ,gengeuo saluatico1 that is1 ,wilde ,ginger1 because the rootes are1 besides the forme1 being somewhat like small ,ginger1 of a biting hot and sharpe taste4 ,anemone ,lusitanica siue hortensis latifolia flore simplici luteo4 ,the single ,garden yellow ,windflower or ,anemone4 ,this single yellow ,anemone or ,windflower hath diuers broad round leaues1 somewhat diuided and endented withall on the edges1 brownish at the first rising vp out of the ground1 and almost folded together1 and after of a sad greene on the vpperside1 and reddish vnderneath2 among which rise vp small slender stalkes1 beset at the middle of them with two or three leaues1 more cut and diuided then those belowe1 with small yellow flowers at the toppe of them1 consisting of ten or twelue leaues a peece1 hauing a few yellow threads in the middle of them1 standing about a small greene head1 which in time growing ripe hath small flat seede1 inclosed within a soft wooll or downe1 which is easily blowne away with the winde3 the roote groweth downeward into the ground1 diuersly spread with branches here and there1 of a brownish yellow on the outside1 and whitish within1 so brittle1 that it can hardly bee touched without breaking4 ,anemone latifolia flore luteo duplici4 ,the double yellow ,anemone or ,windflower4 ,this double yellow ,anemone hath such broad round leaues as the single kinde hath1 but somewhat larger or ranker3 the stalkes are beset with larger leaues1 more deeply cut in on the edges3 the flowers are of a more pale yellow1 with some purplish veines on the outside1 and a little round pointed2 but they are all on the inside of a faire yellow colour1 consisting of two rowes of leaues1 whereof the innermost is the narrower1 with a small greene head in the middle1 compassed with yellow threads as in the former3 the roote is like the roote of the single2 neither of these haue any good sent1 and this springeth vp and flowreth later then the single kinde4 ,anemone latifolia purpurea stellata siue papaveracea4 ,the purple ,starre ,anemone or ,windflower4 ,the first leaues of this purple ,anemone1 which alwayes spring vp before ,winter1 7if the roote be not kept too long out of the ground17 are somewhat like the leaues of ,sanicle or ,selfe-heale1 but the rest that follow are more deeply cut in and iagged2 among which rise vp diuers round stalkes1 beset with iagged leaues as all other ,anemones are1 aboue which leaues1 the stalkes rising two or three inches high1 beare one flower a peece1 composed of twelue leaues or more1 narrow and pointed1 of a bleake purple or whitish ash-colour1 somewhat shining on the outside1 and of a fine purple colour tending to a murrey on the inside1 with many blackish blew threads or thrummes in the middle of the flower1 set about a head1 whereon groweth the seede1 which is small and blacke1 inclosed in soft wooll or downe1 which flieth away with the winde1 carrying the seede with it1 if it be not carefully gathered3 the roote is blackish on the outside1 and white within1 tuberous or knobby1 with many fibres growing at it4 ,anemone purpurea ,stellata altera4 ,another purple ,starre ,anemone4 ,there is so great diuersity in the colours of the flowers of these broad leafed kinds of ,anemones or ,windflowers1 that they can very hardly be expressed1 although in their leaues there is but little or no difference4 ,i shall not neede therefore to make seuerall descriptions of euery one that shall be set downe2 but it will be sufficient1 ,i thinke1 to giue you the distinctions of the flowers3 for as ,i said1 therein is the greatest and chiefest difference4 ,this other ,starre ,anemone differeth not from the former in leafe or flower1 but onely that this is of a more pale sullen colour on the outside1 and of a paler purple colour on the inside4 ,illustration3 #a ,anemone latifolia flore luteo simplici4 ,the single yellow ,anemone4 #b ,anemone latifolia flore luteo duplici4 ,the double yellow ,anemone4 #c ,anemone latifolia flore purpureo ,stellato4 ,the purple ,starre ,anemone4 #d ,anemone latifolia purpurea dilutior4 ,the pale purple ,starre ,anemone4 #e ,anemone latifolia flore miniato diluto4 ,the pale red ,anemone4 #f ,anemone latifolia coccinea ,cardinalis dicta4 ,the ,cardinall ,anemone4 #g ,anemone latifolia incarnata ,hispanica4 ,the ,spanish incarnate ,anemone4 #h ,anemone latifolia ,pauo simplex dicta4 ,the lesser ,orenge tawney ,anemone4 #i ,anemone latifolia flore carneo4 ,the carnation ,anemone4 #aj ,anemone latifolia ,arantiaca siue ,pauo maior4 ,the double ,orenge tawney ,anemone4 #aa ,anemone ,superitica siue ,cyparissia4 ,the double ,anemone of ,cyprus4 #ab ,anemone latifolia flore pleno albicante4 ,the double pale blush ,anemone4 #ac ,anemone ,chalcedonica maxima4 ,the great ,spanish ,marigold ,anemone4 #ad ,anemone ,cacumeni siue ,persica4 ,the double ,persian ,anemone4 ,anemonis latifoli radice4 ,the roote of a great ,anemone4 ,viola purpurea4 ,there is another1 whose flower hath eight leaues1 as many of them that follow haue 7although diuers sorts haue but six leaues in a flower7 and is of a ,violet purple1 and therefore is called1 ,the ,violet purple ,anemone4 ,varietas4 ,of all these three sorts last described1 there be other that differ only in hauing white bottomes1 some smaller and some larger4 ,purpurea striata4 ,there is also another of the same ,violet purple colour with the former1 but a little paler1 tending more to rednesse1 whose flowers haue many white lines and stripes through the leaues1 and is called1 ,the purple stript ,anemone4 ,carnea vivacissima simplex4 ,there is another1 whose greene leaues are somewhat larger1 and so is the flower likewise1 consisting of eight leaues1 and sometimes of more1 of the colour of ,carnation silke1 sometimes pale and sometimes deeper1 with a whitish circle about the bottome of the leaues1 which circle in some is larger1 and more to be seene then in others1 when the flower layeth it selfe open with the heate of the ,sunne1 hauing blewish threads in the middle4 ,this may be called1 the ,carnation ,anemone4 ,persiciviolacea4 ,we haue another1 whose flower is betweene a ,peach colour and a ,violet1 which is vsually called a ,gredeline colour4 ,cochenille4 ,and another of a fine reddish ,violet or purple1 which we call1 ,the ,cochenille ,anemone4 ,cardinalis4 ,and another of a rich crimson red colour1 and may be called1 ,the ,cardinall ,anemone4 ,sanguinea4 ,another of a deeper1 but not so liuely a red1 called1 ,the bloud red ,anemone4 ,cramesina4 ,another of an ordinary crimson colour1 called1 ,the crimson ,anemone4 ,coccinea4 ,another of a ,stamell colour1 neare vnto a ,scarlet4 ,incarnata4 ,another of a fine delayed red or flesh colour1 and may bee called1 ,the ,incarnidine ,anemone4 ,incarnata ,hispanica4 ,another whose flower is of a liuely flesh colour1 shadowed with yellow1 and may be called1 ,the ,spanish ,incarnate ,anemone4 ,rubescens4 ,another of a faire whitish red1 which we call1 ,the ,blush ,anemone4 ,moschutella4 ,another whose flower consisteth of eight leaues1 of a darke whitish colour1 stript all ouer with veines of a fine blush colour1 the bottomes being white1 this may be called1 ,the ,nutmegge ,anemone4 ,enfumata4 ,another whose flower is of a pale whitish colour1 tending to a gray1 such as the ,monkes and ,friers were wont to weare with vs1 and is called1 ,a ,monkes gray4 ,pauo maior simplici flore4 ,there is another1 whose leafe is somewhat broader then many or most of the ,anemones1 comming neare vnto the leafe of the great double ,orenge coloured ,anemone2 the flower whereof is single1 consisting of eight large or broad leaues1 very neare vnto the same ,orenge colour1 that is in the double flower hereafter described1 but somewhat deeper4 ,this is vsually called in ,latine1 ,pauo maior simplici flore1 and we in ,english1 ,the great single ,orenge tawnie ,anemone4 ,pauo minor4 ,there is likewise of this kinde another1 whose flower is lesser1 and called1 ,the lesser ,orenge tawnie ,anemone4 ,varietas magna ex seminio4 ,there is besides these expressed1 so great a variety of mixt colours in the flowers of this kinde of ,anemone with broad leaues1 arising euery yeare from the sowing of the seede of some of the choisest and fittest for that purpose1 that it is wonderfull to obserue1 not onely the variety of single colours1 but the mixture of two or three colours in one flower1 besides the diuersity of the bottomes of the flowers1 some hauing white or yellowish bottomes1 and some none1 and yet both of the same colour2 and likewise in the thrums or threads in the middle3 ,but the greatest wonder of beauty is in variety of double flowers1 that arise from among the other single ones1 some hauing two or three rowes of leaues in the flowers1 and some so thicke of leaues as a double ,marigold1 or double ,crowfoote1 and of the same seuerall colours that are in the single flowers1 that it is almost impossible to expresse them seuerally1 and 7as is said before7 some falling out to bee double in one yeare1 which will proue single or lesse double in another1 yet very many abiding constant double as at the first2 and therefore let this briefe recitall be sufficient in stead of a particular of all the colours4 ,anemone ,chalcedonica maxima versicolor4 ,the great double ,windflower of ,constantinople4 ,this great ,anemone of ,constantinople hath broader and greener leaues then any of the former kindes1 and not so much diuided or cut in at the edges1 among which rise vp one or two stalkes1 7seldome more from one roote7 hauing some leaues about the middle of the stalke1 as other ,anemones haue1 and bearing at the toppes of the stalkes one large flower a peece1 very double1 whose outermost leaues being broadest1 are greenish at the first1 but afterwards red1 hauing sometimes some greene abiding still in the leaues1 and the red striped through it3 the other leaues which are within these are smaller1 and of a perfect red colour2 the innermost being smallest1 are of the same red colour but turned somewhat inward1 hauing no thrummes or threads in the middle1 as the former haue1 and bearing no seede3 the roote is blackish on the outside1 and white within1 thicke and tuberous as the other kindes1 but thicker set and close together1 not shooting any long slender rootes as others doe4 ,some ,gentlewomen call this ,anemone1 ,the ,spanish ,marigold4 ,anemone ,chalcedonica altera siue ,pauo maior flore duplici4 ,the great double ,orenge tawney ,anemone4 ,this other great ,anemone of ,constantinople hath his large leaues so like vnto the last1 that one can hardly distinguish them asunder2 the stalke hath also such like leaues set vpon it1 bearing at the toppe a faire large flower1 consisting of many leaues set in two or three rowes at the most1 but not so thicke or double as the last1 yet seeming to be but one thicke rowe of many small and long leaues1 of an excellent red or crimson colour1 wherein some yellow is mixed1 which maketh that colour is called an ,orenge tawney2 the bottomes of the leaues are red1 compassed with a whitish circle1 the thrummie head in the middle being beset with many darke blackish threads3 the roote is like the former4 ,anemone ,superitica siue ,cyparissia4 ,the double ,anemone of ,cyprus4 ,this ,anemone 7which the ,dutchmen call ,superitz1 and as ,i haue beene enformed1 came from the ,isle of ,cyprus7 hath leaues very like the last double ,anemone1 but not altogether so large3 the flower consisteth of smaller leaues1 of colour very neare vnto the last double ,orenge coloured ,anemone1 but more thicke of leaues1 and as double as the first1 although not so great a flower1 without any head in the middle1 or thrums about it as is in the last1 and differeth not in the roote from either of them both4 ,somewhat like vnto this kinde1 or as it were betweene this and the first kinde of these great double ,anemones1 we haue diuers other sorts1 bearing flowers very thicke and double2 some of them being white1 or whitish1 or purple1 deepe or paler1 and some of a reddish colour tending to ,scarlet or a ,carnation colour1 and some also of a blush or flesh colour1 and diuers other colours1 and all of them continue constant in their colours4 ,anemone ,cacumeni ,maringi siue ,persica4 ,the double ,persian ,anemone4 ,this rare ,anemone1 which is said to come out of ,persia to ,constantinople1 and from thence to vs1 is in leafe and roote very like vnto the former double ,anemones before described2 onely the flower hereof is rather like vnto the second great double ,orenge coloured ,anemone1 vsually called ,pauo maior flore pleno1 being composed of three rowes of leaues1 the outermost rowe consisting of ten or twelue larger leaues1 and those more inward lesser and more in number1 but all of them variably mixed with white1 red1 and yellow1 having the bottomes of the leaues white3 but instead of a middle head with thrums about it1 as the other hath1 this hath a few narrow leaues1 or a deepe yellow colour in the middle of the flower1 standing vpright4 ,hauing thus farre proceeded in the two parts of the kindes of ,anemones or ,windflowers1 it remaineth to entreate of the rest1 which is those ,anemones which haue thin cut leaues1 whereof some haue reckoned vp thirty sorts with single flowers1 which ,i confesse ,i haue not seene2 but so many as haue come to my knowledge1 ,i shall here set downe4 ,anemone tenuifolia siue ,geranifolia crulea4 ,the ,watchet ,anemone or ,storkes bill leafed ,windflower4 ,this first ,windflower with thin cut leaues1 riseth not out of the ground vntil the great ,winter frosts be past1 that is1 about the middle or end of ,february1 and are somewhat brownish at their first appearing1 but afterwards spread into wings of greene leaues1 somewhat broader then the rest that follow1 diuided into three parts1 each part into three leaues1 euery one cut in about the edges1 one standing against another vpon a long slender foote-stalke1 and the end leafe by it selfe3 among these riseth vp two or three greene stalkes1 garnished with such like thin leaues as are at the bottome1 from aboue which rise the flowers1 but one vpon a stalke1 consisting of fourteene or fifteene small pale blew or watchet leaues1 lesser then any of the single kindes that follow1 compassing many whitish threads1 and a small greene head in the middle1 somewhat like the head of the wilde ,crowfoote1 wherein is contained such like seede3 the roote is blackish without1 thrusting out into long tuberous peeces1 somewhat like vnto some of the broad leafed ,anemones4 ,sidenote3 ,alba4 ,of this kinde there is another1 whose leaues are not browne at their first rising1 but greene1 and the flowers are white1 in other things not differing4 ,anemone tenuifolia purpurea vulgaris4 ,the ordinary purple ,anemone with thin leaues4 ,this purple ,anemone which is most common1 and therefore the lesse regarded1 hath many winged leaues standing vpon seuerall stalkes1 cut and diuided into diuers leaues1 much like vnto the leaues of a ,carrot2 among which rise vp stalkes with some leaues thereon 7as is vsuall to the whole ,family of ,anemones1 both wilde and tame1 as is before said27 at the toppes whereof stand the flowers1 made of six leaues most vsually1 but sometimes they will haue seuen or eight1 being very large1 and of a perfect purple ,violet colour1 very faire and liuely3 the middle head hath many blackish thrums or threads about it1 which ,i could neuer obserue in my ,gardens to beare seed3 the roote is smaller1 and more spreading euery way into small long flat tuberous parts1 then any other kindes of single or double ,anemones4 ,carneapallida4 ,there is another very like in leafe and roote vnto the former1 but the flower is nothing so large1 and is whitish1 tending to a blush colour1 and of a deeper blush colour toward the bottome of the flower1 with blackish blew thrums in the middle1 and giueth no seede that ,i could euer obserue4 ,carnea viuida vnguibus albis4 ,there is likewise another like vnto the last in leafe and flower1 but that the flower is larger then it1 and is a of liuely blush colour1 the leaues hauing white bottomes4 ,alba venis purpureis4 ,and another1 whose flower is white1 with purple coloured veines and stripes through euery leafe1 and is a lesser flower then the other4 ,anemone tenuifolia coccinea simplex4 ,the single ,scarlet ,anemone with thin leaues4 ,the leaues of this ,scarlet ,windflower are somewhat like vnto the former1 but a little broader1 and not so finely cut and diuided3 the flower consisteth of six reasonable large leaues1 of an excellent red colour1 which we call a ,scarlet2 the bottomes of the leaues are large and white1 and the thrums or threads in the middle of a blackish purple colour3 the roote is tuberous1 but consisting of thicker peeces1 somewhat like vnto the rootes of the broad leafed ,anemones1 but somewhat browne and not so blacke1 and most like vnto the roote of the double ,scarlet ,anemone4 ,coccinea absq2 vnguibus4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose flower is neare vnto the same colour1 but this hath no white bottomes at all in his leaues4 ,flore holosericeo4 ,we haue another which hath as large a flower as any single1 and is of an ,orient deepe red crimson ,veluet colour4 ,sanguinea4 ,there is another of a deeper red colour1 and is called1 ,the bloud red single ,anemone4 ,rubra fundo luteo4 ,and another1 whose flower is red with the bottome yellow4 ,coccinea dilutior4 ,another of a perfect crimson colour1 whereof some haue round pointed leaues1 and others sharpe pointed1 and some a little lighter or deeper then others4 ,alba staminibus purpureis4 ,there is also one1 whose flower is pure white with blewish purple thrums in the middle4 ,carnea ,hispanica4 ,and another1 whose flower is very great1 of a kinde of sullen blush colour1 but yet pleasant1 with blewish threads in the middle4 ,alba carneis venis4 ,and another with blush veines in euery leafe of the white flower4 ,alba purpureis vnguibus4 ,and another1 the flower whereof is white1 the bottomes of the leaues being purple4 ,purpurascens4 ,another whose flower consisteth of many small narrow leaues1 of a pale purple or blush colour on the outside1 and somewhat deeper within4 ,facie florum pomi simplex4 ,there is another like in leafe and roote vnto the first ,scarlet ,anemone1 but the flower hereof consisteth of seuen large leaues without any bottomes1 of a white colour1 hauing edges1 and some large stripes also of a carnation or flesh colour to bee seene in them1 marked somewhat like an ,apple blossome1 and thereupon it is called in ,latine1 ,anemone tenuifolia simplex alba instar florum pomi1 or facie florum pomi1 that is to say in ,english1 ,the single thin leafed ,anemone with ,apple blossome flowers4 ,multiplex4 ,i haue heard that there is one of this kinde with double flowers4 #a4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore coccineo pleno vulgaris4 ,the common double red or ,scarlet ,anemone4 ,the leaues of this double ,anemone are very like vnto the leaues of the single ,scarlet ,anemone1 but not so thin cut and diuided as that with the purple flower3 the flower hereof when it first openeth it selfe1 consisteth of six and sometimes of seuen or eight broad leaues1 of a deepe red1 or excellent ,scarlet colour1 the middle head being thick closed1 and of a greenish colour1 which after the flower hath stood blowne some time1 doth gather colour1 and openeth it selfe into many small leaues1 very thicke1 of a more pale red colour1 and more ,stamell like then the outer leaues3 the root of this is thicke and tuberous1 very like vnto the root of the single ,scarlet ,anemone4 #b4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore coccineo pleno variegata4 ,the party coloured double ,crimson ,anemone4 ,we haue a kinde hereof1 varying neither in roote1 leafe1 or forme of flower from the former1 but in the colour1 in that this will haue sometimes the outer broad leaues party coloured1 with whitish or blush coloured great streakes in the red leaues both inside and outside2 as also diuers of the middle or inner leaues striped in the same manner3 the roote hereof giueth fairer flowers in some yeares then in others1 and sometimes giue flowers all red againe4 #c4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore coccineo saturo pleno4 ,the double crimson ,veluet ,anemone4 ,wee haue another also1 whose flower is of a deepe ,orenge tawny crimson colour1 neare vnto the colour of the outer leaues1 of the lesser ,french ,marigold1 and not differing from the former in any thing else4 #d4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno suauerubente4 ,the greater double blush ,anemone4 ,there is small difference to be discerned1 either in the roote or leaues of this from the former double ,scarlet ,anemone1 sauing that the leaues hereof are a little broader1 and seeme to bee of a little fresher greene colour3 the flower of this is as large almost1 and as double as the former1 and the inner leaues likewise almost as large as they1 being of a whitish or flesh colour at the first opening of them1 but afterwards become of a most liuely blush colour2 the bottomes of the leaues abiding of a deeper blush1 and with long standing1 the tops of the leaues will turne almost wholly white againe4 #e4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore albo pleno4 ,the double white ,anemone4 ,this double white ,anemone differeth little from the former blush ,anemone1 but in that it is smaller in all the parts thereof1 and also that the flower hereof being wholly of a pure white colour1 without any shew of blush therein1 hath the middle thrummes much smaller and shorter then it1 and not rising vp so high1 but seeme as if they were chipped off euen at the toppes4 #f4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno albicante4 ,the lesser double blush ,anemone4 ,this small double blush ,anemone differeth very little from the double white last recited1 but onely in the colour of the flower3 for they are both much about the bignesse one of another1 the middle thrums likewise being as small and short1 and as euen aboue1 onely the flower at the first opening is almost white1 but afterwards the outer leaues haue a more shew of blush in them1 and the middle part a little deeper then they4 #g4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno purpureo violaceo4 ,the double purple ,anemone4 ,this double purple ,anemone is also of the same kindred with the first double red or ,scarlet ,anemone for the form or doublenesse of the flower1 consisting but of six or seuen leaues at the most in this our ,country1 although in the hotter it hath ten or twelue1 or more as large leaues for the outer border1 and as large small leaues for the inner middle also1 and almost as double1 but of a deepe purple tending toward a ,violet colour1 the outer leaues being not so deepe as the inner3 the roote and leafe commeth neare vnto the single purple ,anemone before described1 but that the roote spreadeth not so small and so much4 #h4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno purpureo cruleo4 ,the double blew ,anemone4 ,this ,anemone differeth not in any thing from the former double purple1 but onely that the flower is paler1 and more tending to a blew colour4 #i4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno roseo4 ,the double ,rose coloured ,anemone4 ,the double ,rose coloured ,anemone differeth also in nothing from the former double purple1 but onely in the flower1 which is somewhat smaller1 and not so thicke and double1 and that it is of a reddish colour1 neare vnto the colour of a pale red ,rose1 or of a deepe coloured ,damaske4 #aj4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno carneo viuacissimo4 ,the double ,carnation ,anemone4 ,this ,anemone1 both in roote1 leafe1 and flower1 commeth nearest vnto the former double white ,anemone1 for the largenesse and doublenesse of the flower1 and in the smalnesse of the middle thrums1 and euennesse at the toppes of them1 being not so large and great a flower as the double purple1 either in the inner or outer leaues1 but yet is very faire1 thicke and double1 and of a most liuely ,carnation silke colour1 very deepe1 both the outer leaues and middle thrums also so bright1 that it doth as it were amaze1 and yet delight the minde of the beholder1 but by long standing in the ,sun1 waxe a little paler1 and so passe away as all the most beautifull flowers doe4 ,illustration3 #a ,anemone tenuifolia simplex purpurea4 ,the single purple ,anemone with thin cut leaues4 #b ,anemone tenuifolia simplex alba pura4 ,the single pure white ,anemone4 #c ,anemone tenuifolia simplex chermesina4 ,the single bright ,crimson ,anemone4 #d ,anemone tenuifolia simplex sanguinea4 ,the single bloud red ,anemone4 #e ,anemone tenuifolia simplex facie florum pomi4 ,the single ,apple bloome ,anemone4 #f ,anemone tenuifolia simplex purpurascens4 ,the single purplish blush ,anemone4 #g ,anemone tenuifolia simplex alba vnguibus carneis4 ,the single white ,anemone with blush bottomes4 #h ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno coccineo4 ,the double red or ordinary ,scarlet ,anemone4 #i ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno rubrofusca coma ,amarantina4 ,the double purple ,veluet ,anemone4 #aj ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno purpura violaceo4 ,the double blewish purple ,anemone4 #aa ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno incarnedini coloris sericei vivacissimi4 ,the double ,carnation ,anemone1 or of a liuely ,carnation silke colour4 #aa4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore rubrofusco pleno coma ,amarantina4 ,the double purple ,veluet ,anemone4 ,this double ,veluet ,anemone is in all things like the last described ,carnation ,anemone1 but somewhat larger1 the difference consisteth in the colour of the flower1 which in this is of a deep or sad crimson red colour for the outer leaues and of a deep purple ,veluet colour in the middle thrums1 resembling the colour of the lesser ,amaranthus purpureus1 or ,purple flower gentle hereafter described1 whereof it tooke the name1 which middle thrums are as fine and small1 and as euen at the toppes as the white or last ,carnation ,anemones4 #ab4 ,anemone tenuifolia flore pleno tricolor4 ,the double purple ,veluet ,anemone of three colours4 ,this double ,anemone also is very like the last described ,anemone1 but that in the middle of the purple thrums1 there thrusteth forth a tuft of threads or leaues of a more light crimson colour4 ,and thus much for the kindes of ,anemones or ,windflowers1 so farre forth as haue hitherto come to our knowledge2 yet ,i doubt not1 but that more varieties haue beene elsewhere collected1 and will be also in our ,countrey daily and yearly obserued by diuers1 that raise them vp from sowing the seede1 wherein lyeth a pretty art1 not yet familiarly knowne to our ,nation1 although it be very frequent in the ,lowe-,countries1 where their industry hath bred and nourished vp such diuersities and varieties1 that they haue valued some ,anemones at such high rates1 as most would wonder at1 and none of our ,nation would purchase1 as ,i thinke4 ,and ,i doubt not1 if wee would be as curious as they1 but that both our ayre and soyle would produce as great variety1 as euer hath been seene in the ,lowe-,countries2 which to procure1 if any of our ,nation will take so much paines in sowing the seedes of ,anemones1 as diuers haue done of ,tulipas3 ,i will set them downe the best directions for that purpose that ,i haue learned1 or could by much search and tryall attaine vnto2 yet ,i must let them vnderstand thus much also1 that there is not so great variety of double flowers raised from the seede of the thin leafed ,anemones1 as from the broad leafed ones4 ,first therefore 7as ,i said before7 concerning ,tulipas1 there is some speciall choice to be made of such flowers1 whose seed is fittest to be taken4 ,of the ,latifolias1 the double ,orenge tawney seede being sowne1 yeeldeth pretty varieties1 but the purples1 and reds1 or crimsons1 either ,latifolias or ,tenuifolias1 yeeld small variety1 but such as draw nearest to their originall1 although some be a little deeper or lighter then others4 ,but the light colours be they which are the chiefe for choice1 as white1 ash-colour1 blush or carnation1 light orenge1 simple or party coloured1 single or double1 if they beare seede1 which must bee carefully gathered1 and that not before it bee thorough ripe1 which you shall know by the head2 for when the seede with the wollinesse beginneth to rise a little of it selfe at the lower end1 it must bee then quickly gathered1 lest the winde carry it all away4 ,after it is thus carefully gathered1 it must be laid to dry for a weeke or more1 which then being gently rubbed with a little dry sand or earth1 will cause the seede to be somewhat better separated1 although not thoroughly from the woollinesse or downe that compasseth it4 ,within a moneth at the most after the seede is thus gathered and prepared1 it must be sowne2 for by that meanes you shall gaine a yeare in the growing1 ouer that you should doe if you sowed it in the next ,spring4 ,if there remaine any woollinesse in the seede1 pull it in sunder as well as you can1 and then sowe your seede reasonable thin1 and not too thicke1 vpon a plaine smooth bed of fine earth1 or rather in pots or tubbes1 and after the sowing1 sift or gently straw ouer them some fine good fresh mould1 about one fingers thicknesse at the most for the first time3 ,and about a moneth after their first springing vp1 sift or straw ouer them in like manner another fingers thicknesse of fine earth1 and in the meane time if the weather proue dry1 you must water them gently and often1 but not to ouerglut them with moisture2 and thus doing1 you shall haue them spring vp before ,winter1 and grow pretty strong1 able to abide the sharpe ,winter in their nonage1 in vsing some little care to couer them loosely with some fearne1 or furse1 or beane hame1 or straw1 or any such1 which yet must not lye close vpon them1 nor too farre from them neither4 ,the next ,spring after the sowing1 if you will1 but it is better if you stay vntill ,august1 you may then remoue them1 and set them in order by rowes1 with sufficient distance one from another1 where they may abide1 vntill you see what manner of flower each plant will beare1 which you may dispose of according to your minde4 ,many of them being thus ordered 7if your mould be fine1 loose1 and fresh1 not stonie1 clayish1 or from a middin7 will beare flowers the second yeare after the sowing1 and most or all of them the third yeare1 if the place where you sowe them1 be not annoyed with the smoake of ,brewers1 ,dyers1 or ,maultkils1 which if it be1 then will they neuer thriue well4 ,thus much haue ,i thought good to set downe1 to incite some of our owne ,nation to be industrious2 and to helpe them forward1 haue giuen such rules of directions1 that ,i doubt not1 but they will vpon the tryall and view of the variety1 proceede as well in the sowing of ,anemones as of ,tulipas4 ,i cannot 7,gentlewomen7 withold one other secret from you1 which is to informe you how you may so order ,anemones1 that after all others ordinarily are past1 you may haue them in flower for two or three moneths longer then are to be seene with any other1 that vseth not this course ,i direct you4 ,the ordinary time to plant ,anemones1 is most commonly in ,august1 which will beare flower some peraduenture before ,winter1 but most vsually in ,february1 ,march1 and ,aprill1 few or none of them abiding vntill ,may2 but it you will keepe some roots out of the ground vnplanted1 vntill ,february1 ,march1 and ,aprill1 and plant some at one time1 and some at another1 you shall haue them beare flower according to their planting1 those that shall be planted in ,february1 will flower about the middle or end of ,may1 and so the rest accordingly after that manner3 ,and thus may you haue the pleasure of these plants out of their naturall seasons1 which is not permitted to be enioyed in any other that ,i know1 ,nature being not so prone to bee furthered by art in other things as in this4 ,yet regard1 that in keeping your ,anemone rootes out of the ground for this purpose1 you neither keep them too dry1 nor yet too moist1 for sprouting or rotting2 and in planting them1 that you set them not in too open a sunny place1 but where they may be somewhat shadowed4 ,the ,place4 ,i shall not need to spend much time in relating the seuerall places of these ,anemones1 but onely to declare that the most of them that haue not beene raised from seed1 haue come from ,constantinople to vs2 yet the first broad leafed or yellow ,anemone1 was first found in ,portugall1 and from thence brought into these parts4 ,and the first purple ,starre ,anemone in ,germanie1 yet was the same sent among others from ,constantinople also4 ,and the first thin cut leafed ,anemone came first out of ,italy1 although many of that sort haue come likewise from ,constantinople4 ,and so haue the double red or ,scarlet ,anemones1 and the great double blush1 which ,i first had by the gift of ,m4 ,humfrey ,packington of ,worcestershire ,esquire1 at ,haruington4 ,the ,time4 ,the times of their flowring are sufficiently expressed in the descriptions1 or in the rules for planting4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,turkish names whereby the great double broad leafed kindes haue beene sent vnto vs1 were ,giul ,catamer1 and ,giul ,catamer lale2 ,and ,binizade1 ,binizante1 and ,galipoli lale for the thinne cut leafed ,anemones4 ,all ,authors haue called them ,anemones1 and are the true ,herb venti4 ,wee call them in ,english eyther ,anemones1 after the ,greeke name1 or ,windflowers1 after the ,latine4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is little vse of these in ,physicke in our dayes1 eyther for inward or outward diseases2 onely the leaues are vsed in the ,ointment called ,marciatum1 which is composed of many other hot herbes1 and is vsed in cold griefes1 to warme and comfort the parts4 ,the roote1 by reason of the sharpenesse1 is apt to drawe downe rheume1 if it be tasted or chewed in the mouth4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,aconitum4 ,wolfebane4 ,there be diuers sorts of ,wolfebanes which are not fit for this booke1 but are reserued for a generall ,history or ,garden of ,simples1 yet among them there are some1 that notwithstanding their euill quality1 may for the beauty of their flowers take vp a roome in this ,garden1 of whom ,i meane to entreate in this place3 ,and first of the ,winter ,wolfesbane1 which for the beauty1 as well as the earlinesse of his flowers1 being the first of all other1 that shew themselues after ,christmas1 deserueth a prime place2 and therefore for the likenesse of the rootes vnto the ,anemones1 ,i ioyne it next vnto them4 #a4 ,aconitum ,hyemale4 ,the ,winters ,wolfesbane4 ,this little plant thrusteth vp diuers leaues out of the ground1 in the deepe of ,winter oftentimes1 if there be any milde weather in ,ianuary1 but most commonly after the deepe frosts1 bearing vp many times the snow vpon the heads of the leaues1 which like vnto the ,anemone1 doe euery leafe rise from the roote vpon seuerall short foote-stalkes1 not aboue foure fingers high1 some hauing flowers in the middle of them1 7which come vp first most vsually7 and some none1 which leaues stand as it were round1 the stalke rising vp vnder the middle of the leafe1 deeply cut in and gashed to the middle stalke almost1 of a very faire deepe greene colour1 in the middle whereof1 close vnto the leafe1 standeth a small yellow flower1 made of six leaues1 very like a ,crowfoote1 with yellow threads in the middle3 after the flower is fallen1 there rise vp diuers small hornes or cods set together1 wherein are contained whitish yellow round seede4 ,the roote is tuberous1 so like both for shape and colour vnto the rootes of ,anemones1 that they will easily deceiue one not well experienced1 but that it is browner and smooth without1 and yellow within1 if it be broken4 #b4 ,aconitum flore albido1 siue ,aconitum luteum ,ponticum4 ,the whitish yellow ,wolfesbane4 ,this ,wolfesbane shooteth not out of the ground vntill the ,spring be well begun1 and then it sendeth forth great broad greene leaues1 deeply cut in about the edges1 not much vnlike the leaues of the great wilde ,crowfoote1 but much greater2 from among which leaues riseth vp a strong stiffe stalke1 three foote high1 hauing here and there leaues set vpon it1 like vnto the lowest1 but smaller2 the toppe of the stalke is diuided into three or foure branches1 whereon are set diuers pale yellow flowers1 which turne at the last to be almost white1 in fashion like almost vnto the flowers of the ,helmet flower1 but much smaller1 and not gaping so wide open3 after the flowers are past come vp diuers short poddes1 wherein is contained blacke seede3 the roote is made of a number of darke browne strings1 which spread and fasten themselues strongly in the ground4 #c4 ,napellus verus flore cruleo4 ,blew ,helmet flower or ,monkes hood4 ,the ,helmet flower hath diuers leaues of a fresh greene colour on the vpperside1 and grayish vnderneath1 much spread abroad and cut into many slits and notches1 more then any of the ,wolfebanes2 the stalke riseth vp two or three foot high1 beset to the top with the like leaues1 but smaller3 the toppe is sometimes diuided into two or three branches1 but more vsually without1 whereon stand many large flowers one aboue another1 in forme very like vnto a ,hood or open ,helmet1 being composed of fiue leaues1 the vppermost of which and the greatest1 is hollow1 like vnto an ,helmet or ,headpeece1 two other small leaues are at the sides of the ,helmet1 closing it like cheekes1 and come somewhat vnder1 and two other which are the smallest hang down like labels1 or as if a close ,helmet were opened1 and some peeces hung by1 of a perfect or faire blew colour1 7but grow darker1 hauing stood long7 which causeth it be so nourished vp in ,gardens1 that their flowers1 as was vsuall in former times1 and yet is in many ,countrey places1 may be laid among greene herbes in windowes and roomes for the ,summer time3 but although their beauty may be entertained for the vses aforesaid1 yet beware they come not neare your tongue or lippes1 lest they tell you to your cost1 they are not so good as they seeme to be3 in the middest of the flower1 when it is open and gapeth wide1 are seene certaine small threads like beards1 standing about a middle head1 which when the flower is past1 groweth into three or foure1 or more small blackish pods1 containing in them blacke seede3 the rootes are brownish on the outside1 and white within1 somewhat bigge and round aboue1 and small downewards1 somewhat like vnto a small short ,carrot roote1 sometimes two being ioyned at the head together4 ,but the name ,napellus anciently giuen vnto it1 doth shew they referred the forme of the roote vnto a small ,turnep4 ,anthora4 ,the wholsome ,helmet flower1 or counterpoison ,monkes hood4 ,this wholsome plant ,i thought good to insert1 not onely for the forme of the flower1 but also for the excellent properties thereof1 as you shall haue them related hereafter4 ,the rootes hereof are small and tuberous1 round and somewhat long1 ending for the most part in a long fibre1 and with some other small threads from the head downeward3 from the head whereof riseth vp diuers greene leaues1 euery one seuerally vpon a stalke1 very much diuided1 as finely almost as the leaues of ,larkes heeles or spurres3 among which riseth vp a hard round stalke1 a foote high and better1 with some such leaues thereon as grow belowe1 at the toppe whereof stand many small yellowish flowers1 formed very like vnto the former whitish ,wolfesbane1 bearing many blacke seedes in pods afterwards in the like manner4 ,many more sorts of varieties of these kindes there are1 but these onely1 as the most specious1 are noursed vp in ,florists ,gardens for pleasure2 the other are kept by such as are ,catholicke obseruers of all natures store4 ,the ,place4 ,all these grow naturally on ,mountaines1 in many shadowie places of the ,alpes1 in ,germany1 and elsewhere4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth 7as is said7 in ,ianuary1 and ,february1 and sometimes vntill ,march be well spent1 and the seede soone ripe after4 ,the other three flower not vntill ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is vsually called ,aconitum hyemale ,belgarum4 ,lobelius1 calleth it ,bulbosus vnifolius ,batrachoides1 ,aconitum ,elleboraceum1 and ,ranunculus ,monophyllos1 and some by other names4 ,most ,herbarists call it ,aconitum hyemale1 and we in ,english thereafter1 ,winters ,wolfesbane2 and of some1 ,yellow ,aconite4 ,the second is called by most ,writers1 ,aconitum luteum ,ponticum3 ,some also ,lupicida1 ,luparia and ,canicida1 of the effect in killing ,wolues and ,dogs3 ,and some1 because the flower is more white then yellow1 doe call it ,aconitum flore albido1 we call it in ,english1 ,the whitish yellow ,aconite1 or ,wolfesbane1 but some after the ,latine name1 ,the yellow ,wolfesbane4 ,the third is called generally ,napellus1 and ,verus1 because it is the true ,napellus of the ancient ,writers1 which they so termed from the forme of a ,turnep1 called ,napus in ,latine4 ,the fourth is called ,aconitum ,salutiferum1 ,napellus ,moysis1 ,antora and ,anthora1 quasi ,antithora1 that is1 the remedy against the poisonfull herbe ,thora1 in ,english according to the title1 eyther wholsome ,helmet flower1 or counterpoison ,monkes hood4 ,the ,vertues4 ,although the first three sorts of plants be very poisonfull and deadly1 yet there may bee very good vse made of them for sore eyes 7being carefully applyed1 yet not to all sorts of sore eyes neither without discretion7 if the distilled water be dropped therein4 ,the rootes of the counterpoison ,monkes hood are effectuall not onely against the poison of the poisonfull ,helmet flower1 and all others of that kinde1 but also against the poison of all venemous beasts1 the plague or pestilence1 and other infectious diseases1 which raise spots1 pockes1 or markes in the outward skinne1 by expelling the poison from within1 and defending the heart as a most soueraigne ,cordiall4 ,it it vsed also with good successe against the wormes of the belly1 and against the paines of the ,wind collick4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,ranunculus4 ,the ,crowfoote4 ,next vnto the ,aconites1 of right are to follow the ,ranunculi or ,crowfeete1 for the nearenesse both of forme1 of leaues1 and nature of the plants1 although lesse hurtfull1 yet all of them for the most part being sharpe and exulcerating1 and not without some danger1 if any would be too bold with them4 ,the whole ,family of the ,ranunculi is of a very large extent1 and ,i am constrained within the limits of a ,garden of ,pleasure2 ,i must therefore select out onely such as are fit for this purpose1 and set them here downe for your knowledge1 leauing the rest for that other generall worke1 which time may perfect and bring to light1 if the couetous mindes of some that should be most affected towards it1 doe not hinder it3 or if the helpe of generous spirits would forward it4 #a4 ,ranunculus montanus albus humilior4 ,the lowe white mountaine ,crowfoot4 ,this lowe ,crowfoote hath three or foure broad and thicke leaues1 almost round1 yet a little cut in and notched about the edges1 of a fine greene and shining colour on the vpperside1 and not so green vnderneath1 among which riseth a small short stalke1 bearing one snow white flower on the toppe1 made of fiue round pointed leaues1 with diuers yellow threads in the middle1 standing about a greene head1 which in time groweth to be full of seede1 in forme like vnto a small greene ,strawberry3 the roote is composed of many white strings4 ,sidenote3 ,duplici flore4 ,there is another of this lowe kinde1 whose leaues are somewhat more deeply cut in on the edges1 and the flower larger1 and sometimes a little double1 as it were with two rowes of leaues1 in other things not differing from the former4 #b4 ,ranunculus montanus albus maior vel elatior4 ,the great single white mountaine ,crowfoote4 ,the leaues of this ,crowfoote are large and greene1 cut into three1 and sometimes into fiue speciall diuisions1 and each of them besides cut or notched about the edges1 somewhat resembling the leaues of the ,globe ,crowfoote1 but larger3 the stalke is two foote and a halfe high1 hauing three small leaues set at the ioynt of the stalke1 where it brancheth out into flowers1 which stand foure or fiue together vpon long foote-stalkes1 made of fiue white leaues a peece1 very sweete1 and somewhat larger then the next white ,crowfoote1 with some yellow threads in the middle compassing a greene head1 which bringeth seede like vnto other wilde ,crowfeete3 the roote hath many long thicke whitish strings1 comming from a thicke head4 #c4 ,ranunculus montanus albus minor4 ,the lesser single white ,crowfoote4 ,this ,crowefoote hath faire large spread leaues1 cut into fiue diuisions1 and somewhat notched about the edges1 greene on the vpperside1 and paler vnderneath1 hauing many veines running through the leaues3 the stalke of this riseth not so high as the former1 although this be reasonable tall1 as being neare two foote high1 spread into many branches1 bearing such like white flowers1 as in the former1 but smaller3 the seede of this is like the former1 and so are the rootes likewise4 #d4 ,ranunculus albus flore pleno4 ,the double white ,crowfoote4 ,the double white ,crowfoote is of the same kinde with the last single white ,crowfoote1 hauing such like leaues in all respects3 the onely difference is in the flowers1 which in this are very thicke and double4 ,some doe make mention of two sorts of double white ,crowfeete1 one somewhat lower then another1 and the lower likewise bearing more store of flowers1 and more double then the higher3 but ,i confesse1 ,i haue neuer seene but one sort of double1 which is the same here expressed1 not growing very high1 and reasonably well stored with flowers4 #e4 ,ranunculus prcox ,rutfolio siue ,coriandrifolio4 ,the early ,coriander leafed ,crowfoote4 ,this ,crowfoote hath three or foure very greene leaues1 cut and diuided into many small peeces1 like vnto the wing of leaues of ,rue1 or rather like the lower leaues of the ,coriander 7for they well resemble either of them7 euery of them standing vpon a long purplish stalke1 at the toppe whereof groweth the flower alone1 being composed or made of twelue small white leaues1 broad pointed1 and a little endented at the ends1 somewhat purplish on the outside1 and white on the inside1 sustained by diuers small greene leaues1 which are in stead of a cup or huske3 in the middle of the flower are many small white threads1 tipt with yellow pendents1 standing about a small greene head1 which after groweth to bee full of seedes like a ,strawberry1 which knobs giue small blackish seede3 the roote is white and fibrous4 #f4 ,ranunculus ,thalictrifolio maior4 ,the great colombine leafed ,crowfoot4 ,the lower leaues of this ,crowfoote haue long stalkes1 and are very like vnto the smaller leaues of ,colombines1 or the great ,spanish ,thalictrum1 which hath his leaues very like vnto a ,colombine1 foure or fiue rising from the roote3 the stalke riseth about a foote and a halfe high1 somewhat reddish1 beset here and there with the like leaues1 at the toppe whereof stand diuers small white flowers1 made of fiue leaues a peece1 with some pale white threads in the middle3 the seede is round and reddish1 contained in small huskes or hornes3 the roote is made of a bush or tuft of white strings4 #g4 ,ranunculus ,thalictrifolio minor ,asphodeli radice4 ,the small white ,colombine leafed ,crowfoote4 ,this small ,crowfoote hath three or foure winged leaues spread vpon the ground1 standing vpon long stalkes1 and consisting of many small leaues set together1 spreading from the middle ribbe1 euery leafe somewhat resembling both in shape and colour the smallest and youngest leaues of ,colombines3 the flowers are white1 standing at the toppe of the stalkes1 made of fiue round leaues3 the root hath three or foure thick1 short1 and round yellowish clogs hanging at the head1 like vnto the ,asphodill roote4 ,the great ,herball of ,lyons1 that goeth vnder the name of ,daleschampius1 saith1 that ,d4 ,myconus found it in ,spaine1 and sent it vnder the name of ,oenanthe2 and therefore ,ioannes ,molineus who is thought to haue composed that booke1 set it among the vmbelliferous plants1 because the ,oenanthes beare vmbels of flowers and seede1 and haue tuberous or cloggy rootes2 but with what iudgement1 let others say1 when they haue compared the vmbels of flowers and seede of the ,oenanthes1 with the flowers and seede of this plant1 and whether ,i haue not more properly placed it among the ,ranunculi or ,crowfeete1 and giuen it a denomination agreeable to his forme4 #h4 ,ranunculus ,globosus4 ,the ,globe ,crowfoot4 ,this ,crowfoote 7which in the ,northerne countries of ,england where it groweth plentifully1 is called ,locker goulons7 hath many faire1 broad1 darke greene leaues next the ground1 cut into fiue1 sixe1 or seuen diuisions1 and iagged besides at the edges2 among which riseth vp a stalke1 whereon are set such like leaues as are belowe1 but smaller1 diuided toward the toppe into some branches1 on the which stand seuerall large yellow flowers1 alwayes folded inward1 or as a close flower neuer blowing open1 as other flowers doe1 consisting of eleuen leaues for the most part1 set or placed in three rowes1 with many yellow threads in the middle1 standing about a greene rough head1 which in time groweth to be small knops1 wherein are contained blacke seede3 the roote is composed of many blackish strings4 #i4 ,ranunculus pratensis flore multiplici4 ,the double yellow field ,crowfoot4 ,there is little or no difference in the leaues of this double ,crowfoot1 from those of the single kindes that growe in euery medowe1 being large and diuided into foure or fiue parts1 and indented about the edges1 but they are somewhat smaller1 and of a fresher greene3 the flowers stand on many branches1 much diuided or separated1 being not very great1 but very thicke and double3 the roote runneth and creepeth vnder ground like as the single doth4 #aj4 ,ranunculus ,anglicus maximus multiplex4 ,the ,garden double yellow ,crowfoot or ,batchelours buttons4 ,this great double ,crowfoote1 which is common in euery ,garden through ,england1 hath many great blackish greene leaues1 iagged and cut into three diuisions1 each to the middle ribbe3 the stalkes haue some smaller leaues on them1 and those next vnder the branches long and narrow3 the flowers are of a greenish yellow colour1 very thicke and double of leaues1 in the middle whereof riseth vp a small stalke1 bearing another double flower1 like to the other1 but smaller3 the roote is round1 like vnto a small white ,turnep1 with diuers other fibres annexed vnto it4 ,illustration3 #a ,aconitum ,hyemale4 ,winter ,wolfesbane4 #b ,aconitum flore albido siue luteum ,ponticum4 ,the whitish yellow ,wolfesbane4 #c ,napellus verus4 ,blew ,helmets or ,monkes hood4 #d ,anthora4 ,the counterpoison ,monkes hood4 #e ,ranunculus humilis albus simplex4 ,the single white low ,crowfoot4 #f ,ranunculus humilis albus duplici flore4 ,the double lowe white ,crowfoot4 #g ,ranunculus ,coriandrifolio4 ,the early ,coriander leafed ,crowfoot4 #h ,ranunculus montanus elatior albus4 ,the great single white mountain ,crowfoot4 #i ,ranunculus montanus albus flore pleno4 ,the double white mountain ,crowfoot4 #aj ,ranunculus ,thalictrifolio minor4 ,the lesser ,colombine leafed ,crowfoot4 #aa ,ranunculus globosus4 ,the globe ,crowfoot4 #aa4 ,ranunculus ,gramineus4 ,grasse leafed ,crowfoot ,the leaues of this ,crowfoote are long and narrow1 somewhat like vnto ,grasse1 or rather like the leaues of single ,gilloflowers or ,pinckes1 being small and sharpe pointed1 a little hollow1 and of a whitish greene colour2 among these leaues rise vp diuers slender stalkes1 bearing one small flower at the toppe of each1 consisting of fiue yellow leaues1 with some threads in the middle3 the roote is composed of many thicke1 long1 round white strings4 ,there is another of this kinde that beareth flowers with two rowes of leaues1 as if it were double1 differing in nothing else4 #ab4 ,ranunculus ,lusitanicus ,autumnalis4 ,the ,portugall ,autumne ,crowfoot4 ,this ,autumne ,crowfoote hath diuers broad round leaues lying on the ground1 set vpon short foote-stalkes1 of a faire greene colour aboue1 and grayish vnderneath1 snipt all about the edges1 hauing many veines in them1 and sometimes swelling as with blisters or bladders on them2 from among which rise vp two or three slender and hairy stalkes1 bearing but one small yellow flower a peece1 consisting of fiue and sometimes of six leaues1 and sometimes of seuen or eight1 hauing a few threads in the middle1 set about a small greene head1 like vnto many of the former ,crowfeete1 which bringeth small blacke seede3 the roote is made of many thicke short white strings1 which seeme to be grumous or kernelly rootes1 but that they are somewhat smaller1 and longer then any other of that kinde4 #ac4 ,ranunculus ,creticus latifolius4 ,the broad leafed ,candy ,crowfoot4 ,this ,crowfoote of ,candy1 hath the greatest and broadest leaues of all the sorts of ,crowfeete1 being almost round1 and without any great diuisions1 but onely a few notches about the edges here and there1 as large or larger sometimes then the palme of a mans hand2 among which riseth vp the stalke1 not very high when it doth first flower1 but afterwards1 as the other flowers doe open themselues1 the stalke groweth to be a foote and a halfe high1 or thereabouts1 hauing some leaues on it1 deeply cut in or diuided1 and bearing many faire yellow flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 being somewhat whitish in the middle1 when the flower hath stood blowne a little time3 the roote is composed of a number of small kernelly knobs1 or long graines1 set thicke together4 ,this flowreth very early1 being vsually in flower before the end of ,march1 and oftentimes about the middle thereof4 #ad4 ,ranunculus ,creticus albus4 ,the white ,candy ,crowfoote4 ,the leaues of this ,crowfoote are very like vnto the leaues of the red ,crowfoote of ,tripoli or ,asia1 hereafter set downe1 being somewhat broad and indented about the edges1 some of the leaues being also cut in or gashed1 thereby making it as it were three diuisions1 of a pale greene colour1 with many white spots in them3 the stalke riseth vp a foote high1 with some leaues on it1 more diuided then the lower1 and diuided at the toppe into two and sometimes into three branches1 each of them bearing a faire snow white flower1 somewhat large1 included at the first in a brownish huske or cup of leaues1 which afterwards stand vnder the flowers1 consisting of fiue white large round pointed leaues1 in the middle whereof is set many blackish purple thrums1 compassing a small long greene head1 composed of many scales or chaffie whitish huskes1 when they are ripe1 which are the seede1 but vnprofitable in all that euer ,i could obserue3 the rootes are many small graines or kernels1 set together as in the former1 and much about the same colour1 that is1 of a darke or duskie grayish colour1 but much smaller4 ,sidenote3 ,alba purpureis oris venis4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose flowers haue purple edges1 and sometimes some veines of the same purple in the leaues of the flowers1 not differing in any other thing from the former4 ,sidenote3 ,alba oris rubris4 ,and another1 whose edges of the flowers are of a bright red colour4 ,illustration3 #a ,ranunculus gramineus flore simplici duplici4 ,the single and the double grasse ,crowfoot4 #b ,ranunculus ,lusitanicus ,autumnalis4 ,the ,portugall ,autumne ,crowfoot4 #c ,ranunculus ,creticus latifolius4 ,the broad leafed ,candy ,crowfoot4 #d ,ranunculus ,anglicus maximus multiplex4 ,the double ,english ,crowfoot4 #e ,ranunculus pratensis flore multiplici4 ,the double yellow field ,crowfoot4 #f ,ranunculus ,creticus albus4 ,the white ,candy ,crowfoot4 #g ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore albo vel pallido vario4 ,the white or the straw coloured ,crowfoot with red tops or edges4 #h ,ranunculus ,tripolitanus flore rubro simplici4 ,the single red ,crowfoot of ,tripoli4 #i ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore rubro amplo4 ,the large single red ,crowfoot of ,asia4 #aj ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore rubro pleno4 ,the double red ,crowfoot of ,asia4 #aa ,caltha palustris flore pleno4 ,double ,marsh ,marigold or ,batchelours buttons4 #ae4 ,ranunculus ,creticus flore argenteo4 ,the ,argentine1 or cloth of siluer ,crowfoot4 ,the greene leaues of this ,crowfoote are as small and thinne1 cut in or diuided on the edges1 as the last two sorts2 the stalke riseth vp somewhat higher1 and diuided into some branches1 bearing at the toppe of euery of them one flower1 somewhat smaller then the former1 composed of six1 seuen1 and sometimes of eight small round pointed leaues1 of a whitish yellow blush colour on the inside wholly1 except sometimes a little stript about the edges3 but the outside of euery leafe is finely stript with crimson stripes1 very thicke1 somewhat like vnto a ,gilloflower3 in the middle riseth vp a small blacke head1 compassed about with blackish blew threads or thrums1 which head is as vnfruitfull for seede in our ,countrey as the former4 ,this flower hath no such greene leaues vnder it1 or to enclose it before it be blowne open as the former3 the rootes are in all things like the former4 #af4 ,ranunculus ,asiaticus siue ,tripolitanus flore rubro4 ,the single red ,crowfoote of ,asia or ,tripoli4 ,the lower leaues of this red ,crowfoote are alwayes whole without diuisions1 being onely somewhat deeply indented about the edges1 but the other that rise after them are more cut in1 sometimes into three1 and sometimes into fiue diuisions1 and notched also about the edges3 the stalke riseth higher then any of the former1 and hath on it two or three smaller leaues1 more cut in and diuided then those belowe3 at the toppe whereof standeth one large flower1 made of fiue leaues1 euery one being narrower at the bottome then at the toppe1 and not standing close and round one to another1 but with a certaine distance betweene1 of a duskie yellowish red colour on the outside1 and of a deepe red on the inside1 the middle being set with many thrums of a darke purple colour3 the head for seede is long1 and scaly or chaffie1 and idle in like manner as the rest3 the roote is made of many graines or small kernels set together1 and closing at the head1 but spreading it selfe1 if it like the ground1 vnder the vpper crust of the earth into many rootes1 encreasing from long strings1 that runne from the middle of the small head of graines1 as well as at the head it selfe4 #ag4 ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore amplo rubro4 ,the large single red ,crowfoot of ,asia4 ,there hath come to vs out of ,turkie1 together with the former1 among many other rootes1 vnder the same title1 a differing sort of this ,crowfoote1 whose leaues weare broader1 and much goaler2 the flower also larger1 and the leaues thereof broader1 sometimes eight in a flower1 standing round and close one to another1 which maketh the fairer shew3 in all other things it is like the former4 #ah4 ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore rubro vario simplici4 ,the red stript single ,crowfoote of ,asia4 ,this party coloured ,crowfoote differeth not eyther in roote or leafe from the former1 the chiefest difference is in the flower1 which being red1 somewhat like the former1 hath yet some yellow stripes or veines through euery leafe1 sometimes but little1 and sometimes so much1 that it seemeth to bee party coloured red and yellow3 this sort is very tender2 for we haue twice had it1 and yet perished with vs4 #ai4 ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore luteo vario simplici4 ,the yellow stript single ,crowfoote of ,asia4 ,there is little difference in the roote of this ,crowfoote from the last described1 but the leaues are much different1 being very much diuided1 and the flower is large1 of a fine pale greenish yellow colour1 consisting of six and seuen1 and sometimes of eight or nine round leaues2 the toppes whereof haue reddish spots1 and the edges sometimes also1 with such purplish thrums in the middle that the other haue4 ,none of these former ,crowfeete with kernelly rootes1 haue euer beene found to haue giuen so good seed in ,england1 as that being sowne1 any of them would spring vp2 for hereof tryall hath been often made1 but all they haue lost their labour1 that haue bestowed their paines therein1 as farre as ,i know4 #bj4 ,ranunculus ,asiaticus flore rubro pleno4 ,the double red ,crowfoote of ,asia4 ,the double red ,crowfoote hath his rootes and leaues so like vnto the single red kinde1 that none can perceiue any difference1 or know the one from the other1 vntill the budde of the flower doe appeare1 which after it is any thing forward1 may be perceiued to be greater and fuller then the budde of the single kinde4 ,this kinde beareth most vsually but one faire large double flower on the toppe of the stalke1 composed of many leaues1 set close together in three or foure rowes1 of an excellent crimson colour1 declining to ,scarlet1 the outter leaues being larger then the inner2 and instead of thrummes1 hath many small leaues set together3 it hath likewise six small narrow greene leaues on the backside of the flower1 where the stalke is fastened to the flower4 ,sidenote3 ,prolifero flore4 ,there is of this double kinde another sort1 whose flower is of the same colour with the former1 but out of the middle of the flower ariseth another double flower1 but smaller4 ,the ,place4 ,these plants grow naturally in diuers ,countries2 some in ,france1 and ,germany1 and some in ,england1 some in ,spaine1 ,portugall1 and ,italy1 and some haue been sent out of ,turkie from ,constantinople1 and some from other parts1 their titles for the most part descrying their ,countries4 ,the ,time4 ,some of them flower early1 as is set downe in their descriptions1 or titles4 ,the others in ,aprill and ,may4 ,the white ,candy ,crowfoote1 and the other single and double sorts of ,asia1 about the same time1 or somewhat later1 and one in ,autumne1 as it is set downe4 ,the ,names4 ,the names that are giuen seuerally to them may well serue this worke1 that thereby they may bee distinguished one from another3 ,for to set downe any further controuersie of names1 how fitly or vnfitly they haue beene called1 and how variably by diuers former ,writers1 is fitter for a generall ,history1 vnto which ,i leaue what may be said1 both concerning these and the rest3 ,onely this ,i would giue you to vnderstand1 that the ,turkie kindes haue been sent to vs vnder the names of ,terobolos for the single1 and ,terobolos ,catamer lale for the double1 and yet oftentimes1 those that haue been sent for double1 haue proued single1 so little fidelity is to bee found among them4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all or most of these plants are very sharpe and exulcerating1 yet the care and industry of diuers learned men haue found many good effects in many of them4 ,for the rootes and leaues both of the wilde kindes1 and of some of these of the ,garden1 stamped and applyed to the wrists1 haue driuen away the fits in ,feuers4 ,the roote likewise of the double ,english kinde is applyed for pestilent sores1 to helpe to breake them1 by drawing the venome to the place4 ,they helpe likewise to take away scarres and markes in diuers places of the body4 ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,caltha palustris flore pleno4 ,double ,marsh ,marigold4 ,as an appendix to the ,crowfeete1 ,i must needes adde this plant1 yet seuerally by it selfe1 because both it and his single kinde are by most adioyned thereunto1 for the neare resemblance both in shape and sharpnesse of quality4 ,the single kinde ,i leaue to the ,ditch sides1 and moist grounds about them1 as the fittest places for it1 and onely bring the double kinde into my ,garden1 as fittest for his goodly proportion and beauty to be entertained1 and haue place therein4 ,the double ,marsh ,marigold hath many broad and round greene leaues1 a little endented about the edges1 like vnto the single kinde1 but not altogether so large1 especially in a ,garden where it standeth not very moist3 the stalkes are weake1 round1 hollow1 and greene1 diuided into three or foure branches at the toppe1 with leaues at the seuerall ioynts1 whereon stand very double flowers1 of a gold yellow colour3 the fiue outer leaues being larger then any of the rest that are encompassed by them1 which fall away after they haue stood blowne a great while 7for it endureth in flower a moneth or more1 especially if it stand in a shadowie place7 without bearing any seed3 the rootes are composed of many thicke1 long1 and round whitish strings1 which runne downe deep into the ground1 and there are fastened very strongly4 ,the ,place4 ,this plant groweth naturally in diuers ,marshes1 and moist grounds in ,germany1 yet in some more double then in others2 it hath long agoe beene cherished in our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,aprill or ,may1 as the yeare proueth earlier or later3 all his leaues doe in a manner quite perish in ,winter1 and spring anew in the end of ,february1 or thereabouts4 ,the ,names4 ,there is great controuersie among the learned about the single kinde1 but thereof ,i shall not neede to speake in this place2 if ,god permit ,i may in a fitter4 ,this is called generally in ,latine1 ,caltha palustris multiplex1 or flore pleno4 ,and wee in ,english 7after the ,latine1 which take ,caltha to be that which wee vsually call ,calendula1 a ,marigold7 ,the double ,marsh ,marigold4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the roote hereof is sharpe1 comming neare vnto the quality of the ,crowfeete1 but for any speciall property1 ,i haue not heard or found any4 ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,hepatica nobilis siue trifolia4 ,noble ,liuerwort4 ,next vnto the ,crowfeete are to follow the ,hepaticas1 because of the likenesse with them1 seeming to be small ,crowfeete in all their parts1 but of another and more wholsome kinde4 ,their diuersity among themselues consisteth chiefly in the colour of the flowers1 all of them being single1 except one which is very thicke and double4 #a4 ,hepatica flore cruleo simplici maior4 ,the great single blew ,hepatica or noble ,liuerwort4 ,the flowers of this ,hepatica doe spring vp1 blow open1 and sometimes shed and fall away1 before any leaues appeare or spread open4 ,the rootes are composed of a bush of blackish things1 from the seuerall heads or buttons whereof1 after the flowers are risen and blowne1 arise many fresh greene leaues1 each seuerally standing vpon his foot-stalke1 folded together1 and somewhat browne and hairy at their first comming1 which after are broad1 and diuided at the edges into three parts3 the flowers likewise stand euery one vpon his owne seuerall foote-stalke1 of the same height with the leaues for the most part1 which is about foure or fiue fingers breadth high1 made of six leaues most vsually1 but sometimes it will haue seuen or eight1 of a faire blew colour1 with many white chiues or threads in the middle1 standing about a middle green head or vmbone1 which after the flower is fallen groweth greater1 and sheweth many small graines or seede set close together 7with three small greene leaues compassing them vnderneath1 as they did the flower at the bottome7 very like the head of seed of manie ,crowfeete4 #b4 ,hepatica minor flore pallido cruleo4 ,the small blew ,hepatica4 ,the leaues of this ,hepatica are smaller by the halfe then the former1 and grow more aboundantly1 or bushing thicke together3 the flowers 7when it sheweth them1 for ,i haue had the plant halfe a score yeares1 and yet neuer saw it beare flower aboue once or twice7 are of a pale or bleake blew colour1 not so large as the flowers of the former4 #c4 ,hepatica flore purpureo4 ,purple ,hepatica or noble ,liuerwort4 ,this ,hepatica is in all things like vnto the first1 but onely the flowers are of a deeper blew tending to a ,violet purple3 and therefore ,i shall not neede to reiterate the former description4 #d4 ,hepatica flore albo minor4 ,the lesser white ,hepatica4 ,the flowers of this ,hepatica are wholly white1 of the bignesse of the red or purple1 and the leaues somewhat smaller1 and of a little whiter of paler greene colour1 else in all other things agreeing with the former4 #e4 ,hepatica alba magno flore4 ,the great white ,hepatica4 ,there is no other difference herein from the last1 but that the flower being as white1 is as large as the next4 #f4 ,hepatica albida siue argentea4 ,ash-coloured of ,argentine ,hepatica4 ,both the leaues and the flowers of this ,hepatica are larger then any of the former1 except the last3 the flowers hereof at the first opening seeme to bee of a blush ash-colour1 which doe so abide three or foure dayes1 decaying still vntill it turne almost white1 hauing yet still a shew of that blush ash-colour in them1 till the very last4 #g4 ,hepatica alba straminibus rubris4 ,white ,hepatica with red threads4 ,there is no difference between this ,hepatica and the first white one1 sauing that the threads in the middle of the flower1 being white1 as in the former1 are tipt at the ends with a pale reddish colour1 which adde a great beauty to the flowers4 #h4 ,hepatica flore rubro4 ,red ,hepatica or noble ,liuerwort4 ,the leaues of this ,hepatica are of a little browner red colour1 both at their first comming vp1 and afterwards1 especially in the middle of the leafe more then any of the former3 the flowers are in forme like vnto the rest1 but of a bright blush1 or pale red colour1 very pleasant to behold1 with white threads or chiues in the middle of them4 #i4 ,hepatica flore purpureo multiplici siue pleno4 ,the double purple ,hepatica4 ,the double ,hepatica is in all things like vnto the single purple kinde1 sauing onely that the leaues are larger1 and stand vpon longer foote-stalkes1 and that the flowers are small buttons1 but very thicke of leaues1 and as double as a flower can be1 like vnto the double white ,crowfoote before described1 but not so bigge1 of a deepe blew or purple colour1 without any threads or head in the middle1 which fall away without giuing any seede4 #aj4 ,hepatica flore cruleo pleno4 ,the double blew ,hepatica4 ,in the colour of this flower1 consisteth the chiefest difference from the last1 except one may say it is a little lesse in the bignesse of the flower1 but not in doublenesse of leaues4 ,the ,place4 ,all these plants with single flowers grow naturally in the ,woods1 and shadowie ,mountaines of ,germany in many places1 and some of them in ,italy also4 ,the double kinde likewise hath been sent from ,alphonsus ,pantius out of ,italy1 as ,clusius reporteth1 and was also found in the ,woods1 neare the ,castle of ,starnbeg in ,austria1 the ,lady ,heusenstains possession1 as the same ,clusius reporteth also4 ,the ,time4 ,these plants doe flower very early1 and are of the first flowers that shew themselues presently after the deepe frosts in ,ianuary1 so that next vnto the ,winter ,wolfesbane1 these making their pride appeare in ,winter1 are the more welcome early guests4 ,the double kinde flowreth not altogether so early1 but sheweth his flower1 and abideth when the others are past4 ,the ,names4 ,they haue obtained diuers names2 some calling them ,hepatica1 ,hepatica nobilis1 ,hepaticum trifolium1 ,trifolium nobile1 ,trifolium aureum1 and some ,trinitas1 and ,herba ,trinitatis4 ,in ,english you may call them either ,hepatica1 after the ,latine name1 as most doe1 or ,noble ,liuerwort1 which you please4 ,the ,vertues4 ,these are thought to coole and strengthen the liuer1 the name importing as much2 but ,i neuer saw any great vse of them by any the ,physitians of our ,london ,colledge1 or effect by them that haue vsed them in ,physicke in our ,country4 ,illustration3 #a ,hepatica flore albo amplo simplici4 ,the large white ,hepatica4 #b ,hepatica flore rubro simplici4 ,the red ,hepatica4 #c ,hepatica flore purpureo pleno4 ,the double purple ,hepatica4 #d ,geranium tuberosum4 ,knobbed ,cranes bill4 #e ,geranium ,batrachoides flore albo vel cruleo4 ,the blew or white ,crowfoote ,cranes bill4 #f ,geranium ,hematodes4 ,the red ,rose ,cranes bill4 #g ,geranium ,romanum striatum4 ,the variable stript ,cranes bill4 #h ,geranium ,creticum4 ,candy ,cranes bill4 ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,geranium4 ,storkes bill or ,cranes bill4 ,as was said before concerning the ,crowfeet1 of their large extent and restraint1 the like may be said of the ,storkes bils or ,cranes bils2 for euen of these as of them1 ,i must for this worke set forth the descriptions but of a few1 and leaue the rest to a generall worke4 #a4 ,geranium tuberosum vel bulbosum4 ,bulbous or knobbed ,cranes bill4 ,the knobbed ,cranes hath three or foure large leaues spread vpon the ground1 of a grayish or rather dusty greene colour1 euery one of them being as it were of a round forme1 but diuided or cut into six or seuen long parts or diuisions1 euen vnto the middle1 which maketh it seeme to be so many leaues1 each of the cuts or diuisions being deeply notched or indented on both sides2 among which riseth vp a stalke a foote high or better1 bearing thereon diuers pale but bright purple flowers1 made of fiue leaues a peece1 after which come small heads with long pointed beakes1 resembling the long bill of a ,storke or ,crane1 or such like bird1 which after it is ripe1 parteth at the bottome where it is biggest1 into foure or fiue seedes1 euery one whereof hath a peece of the beake head fastened vnto it1 and falleth away if it bee not gathered3 the roote is tuberous and round1 like vnto the roote of the ,cyclamen or ordinary ,sowbread almost1 but smaller1 and of a darke russet colour on the outside1 and white within1 which doth encrease vnder ground1 by certaine strings running from the mother root into small round bulbes1 like vnto the rootes of the earth ,chesnut1 and will presently shoote leaues1 and quickly grow to beare flowers1 but will not abide to be kept long dry out of the ground1 without danger to be vtterly spoiled4 #b4 ,geranium ,batrachoides flore cruleo4 ,the blew ,crowfoote ,cranes bill4 ,this ,crowfoote ,cranes bill hath many large leaues1 cut into fiue or fix parts or diuisions1 euen to the bottome1 and iagged besides on the edges1 set vpon very long slender foote-stalkes1 very like the leaues of the wilde ,crowfoot2 from among which rise vp diuers stalkes with great ioynts1 somewhat reddish1 set with leaues like the former3 the toppes of the stalkes are spread into many branches1 whereon stand diuers flowers1 made of fiue leaues a peece1 as large as any of the wilde or field ,crowfeete1 round pointed1 of a faire blew or watchet colour1 which being past1 there doe arise such heads or bils1 as other of the ,cranes bils haue3 the roote is composed of many reddish strings1 spreading in the ground1 from a head made of diuers red heads1 which lye oftentimes eminent aboue the ground4 #c4 ,geranium ,batrachoides flore albo4 ,the white ,crowfoote ,cranes bill4 ,this ,cranes bill is in leafe and flower altogether like the former1 the onely difference betweene them consisteth in the colour of the flower1 which in this is wholly white1 and as large as the former3 but the roote of this hath not such red heads as the other hath4 #d4 ,geranium ,batrachoides flore albo cruleo vario4 ,the party coloured ,crowfoote ,cranes bill4 ,the flowers of this ,cranes bill are variably striped and spotted1 and sometimes diuided1 the one halfe of euery leafe being white1 and the other halfe blew1 sometimes with lesser or greater spots of blew in the white leafe1 very variably1 and more in some years then in others1 that it is very hard to expresse all the varieties that may be obserued in the flowers1 that blow at one time4 ,in all other parts of the plant1 it is so like vnto the former1 that vntill it be in flower1 the one cannot be knowne from the other4 #e4 ,geranium ,batrachoides alterum flore purpureo4 ,purple ,crowfoote ,cranes bill4 ,this purple ,cranes bill hath many leaues rising from the roote1 set vpon long foot-stalkes1 somewhat like vnto the other1 yet not so broad1 but more diuided or cut1 that is1 into seuen or more slits1 euen to the middle1 each whereof is likewise cut in on the edges more deeply then the former2 the stalkes are somewhat knobbed at the ioynts1 set with leaues like vnto the lower1 and bearing a great tuft of buds at the toppes of the branches1 which breake out into faire large flowers1 made of fiue purple leaues1 which doe somewhat resemble the flower of a ,mallow1 before it be too full blowne1 each whereof hath a reddish pointell in the middle1 and many small threads compassing it1 this vmbell or tuft of buds doe flower by degrees1 and not all at once1 and euery flower abideth open little more then one day1 and then sheddeth1 so that euery day yeeldeth fresh flowers1 which because they are so many1 are a long while before they are all past or spent3 after the flowers are past1 there arise small beake heads or bils1 like vnto the other ,cranes bils1 with small turning seede3 the roote is composed of a great tuft of strings1 fattened to a knobby head4 #f4 ,geranium ,romanum versicolor siue striatum4 ,the variable stript ,cranes bill4 ,this beautifull ,cranes bill hath many broad yellowish greene leaues arising from the roote1 diuided into fiue or six parts1 but not vnto the middle as the first kindes are3 each of these leaues hath a blackish spot at the bottome corners of the diuisions1 the whole leafe as well in forme as colour and spots1 is very like vnto the leafe of the ,geranium fuscum1 or spotted ,cranes bill1 next following to be described1 but that the leaues of this are not so large as the other3 from among these leaues spring vp sundry stalkes a foote high and better1 ioynted and knobbed here and there1 bearing at the tops two or three small white flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 so thickly variably striped with fine small reddish veines1 that no green leafe that is of that bignesse can shew so many veines in it1 nor so thick running as euery leafe of this flower doth3 in the middle of the flower standeth a small pointell1 which when the flower is part doth grow to be the seed vessell1 whereon is set diuers small seeds1 like vnto the small seedes of other ,cranes bils3 the root is made of many small yellow threads or strings4 #g4 ,geranium fuscum siue maculatum4 ,swart tawny or spotted ,cranes bill4 ,the leaues of this ,cranes bill are in all points like the last described1 as well in the forme and diuisions as colour of the leaues1 being of a yellowish greene colour1 but larger and stronger by much3 the stalkes of this rise much higher1 and are ioynted or knobbed with reddish knees or ioynts1 on the tops whereof stand not many although large flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 each whereof is round at the end1 and a little snipt round about1 and doe bend or turne themselues backe to stalkewards1 making the middle to be highest or most eminent2 the colour of the flower is of a darke or deepe blackish purple1 the bottome of euery leafe being whiter than the rest2 it hath also a middle pointell standing out1 which afterwards bring forth seede like vnto others of his kinde3 the roote consisteth of diuers great strings1 ioyned to a knobby head4 #h4 ,geranium ,hematodes4 ,the red ,rose ,cranes bill4 ,this ,cranes bill hath diuers leaues spread vpon the ground1 very much cut in or diuided into many parts1 and each of them againe slit or cut into two or three peeces1 standing vpon slender long foote-stalkes1 of a faire greene colour all the ,spring and ,summer1 but reddish in ,autumne3 among these leaues spring vp slender and weake stalkes1 beset at euery ioynt 7which is somewhat reddish7 with two leaues for the most part1 like vnto the lower3 the flowers grow seuerally on the toppe of the stalkes1 and not many together in bunches or branches1 as in all other ,cranes bils1 euery flower being as large as a single ,rose ,campion flower1 consisting of fiue large leaues1 of a deeper red colour then in any other ,cranes bill at the first opening1 and will change more blewish afterwards3 when the flower is past1 there doth arise such like beakes as are in others of the same kinde1 but small3 the roote is hard1 long1 and thicke1 with diuers branches spreading from it1 of a reddish yellow colour on the outside1 and whitish within1 which abideth and perisheth not1 but shooteth forth some new greene leaues1 which abide all the ,winter1 although those that turne red doe fall away4 ,geranium ,creticum4 ,candy ,cranes bill4 ,candy ,cranes bill beareth long and tender stalkes1 whereon growe diuers broad and long leaues1 cut in or iagged on the edges3 the toppes of the stalkes are branched into many flowers1 made of fiue leaues of a reasonable bignesse1 and of a faire blew or watchet colour1 with a purplish pointell in the middle1 which being past1 there follow beake heads like other ,cranes bils1 but greater1 containing larger1 greater1 and sharper pointed seede1 able to pierce the skinne1 if one be not warie of it3 the roote is white and long1 with some fibres at it1 and perisheth when it hath perfected his seede1 and will spring of it owne sowing many times1 if the ,winter be not too sharpe1 otherwise 7being annuall7 it must be sowne in the ,spring of the yeare4 ,the ,place4 ,most of these ,cranes bils are strangers vnto vs by nature1 but endenizond in our ,english ,gardens4 ,it hath beene reported vnto mee by some of good credit1 that the second or ,crowfoot ,cranes bill hath been found naturally growing in ,england1 but yet ,i neuer saw it1 although ,i haue seen many sorts of wilde kindes in many places4 ,matthiolus saith that the first groweth in ,dalmatia and ,illyria very plentifully4 ,camerarius1 ,clusius1 and others1 that most of the rest grow in ,germany1 ,bohemia1 ,austria1 c4 ,the last hath his place recorded in his title4 ,the ,time4 ,all these ,cranes bils doe for the most part flower in ,aprill1 and ,may1 and vntill the middle of ,iune4 ,the variable or stript ,cranes bill is vsually the latest of all the rest4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is vsually called ,geranium tuberosum1 of some ,geranium bulbosum1 of the likenesse of the roote vnto a bulbe3 ,it is without controuersie ,geranium primum of ,dioscorides4 ,the second is called ,geranium ,gratia ,dei1 of others1 ,geranium cruleum4 ,the blew ,cranes bill ,lobel calleth it ,batrachoides1 because both leafe and flower are like vnto a ,crowfoote2 and the affinity with the ,cranes bils in the seede causeth it rather to be referred to them then to the ,crowfeete4 ,the stript ,cranes bill is called by some ,geranium ,romanum4 ,the last sauing one is called ,geranium ,hmatodes1 or ,sanguineum1 of ,lobel ,geranium ,gruinale ,hmatodes supinum radice repente4 ,in ,english it may be called after the ,greek and ,latine1 ,the bloudy ,cranes bill1 but ,i rather call it1 ,the ,rose ,cranes bill1 because the flowers are as large as single ,roses1 or as the ,rose ,campion4 ,some of them are called in many places of ,england ,bassinets4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all the kindes of ,cranes bils are accounted great wound herbes1 and effectuall to stay bleedings1 yet some more than others4 ,the ,emperickes of ,germanie1 as ,camerarius saith1 extoll it wonderfully1 for a singular remedie against the ,stone1 both in the reines and bladder4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,sanicula guttata maior4 ,spotted ,sanicle4 ,hauing long debated with my selfe1 where to place this the other plants that follow in the two next ,chapters1 ,i haue thought it not amisse for this worke to set them downe here1 both before the ,beares eares1 which are kindes of ,sanicle1 as the best ,authors doe hold1 and after the ,cranes bils1 both for some qualities somewhat resembling them1 and for some affinity of the flowers with the former4 ,the spotted ,sanicle hath many small round leaues1 bluntly endented about the edges1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of our white ,saxifrage1 of a full greene colour aboue1 and whitish hairy1 and somewhat reddish withall vnderneath3 the stalkes are set here and there with the like leaues1 rising a foote and a halfe high or more1 very much diuided at the toppe into sundry small branches1 bearing many very small white flowers1 consisting of fiue small leaues1 wherein are many small red spots to be seene1 as small as pins points1 of a pretty sweete sent1 almost like ,hawthorne flowers1 in the middle whereof are many small threads compassing a head1 which when it is ripe containeth small blacke seede3 the roote is scaly1 or couered with a chaffie matter1 hauing many small white fibres vnderneath1 whereby it is fastened in the ground4 ,sidenote3 ,minor non guttata4 ,there is another of this kinde1 like both in roote1 leafe1 and flower to the former1 the onely difference is1 that this is lesser then the former1 and hath no spots in the flower1 as the other hath4 ,sidenote3 ,minus guttata4 ,we haue also another smaller kinde then the last1 both in leafe and flower1 the leaues whereof are smaller1 but rounder1 and more finely snipt or indented about the edges1 like the teeth of a fine sawe3 the stalke is little aboue a span high1 hauing many small white flowers spotted as the first1 but with fewer spots4 ,the ,place4 ,these growe in the shadowie ,woods of the ,alpes1 in diuers places1 and with vs they more delight in the shade then the sunne4 ,the ,time4 ,all these ,sanicles doe flower in ,may1 and continue flowring vntill ,iune1 and the seede soone ripeneth after3 the rootes abide all the ,winter1 with some leaues on them1 springing a fresh in the beginning of the yeare4 ,the ,names4 ,the former two are called by ,clusius ,sanicula montana1 and by others ,sanicula guttata3 by ,lobel ,geum ,alpinum4 ,the third or last hath been sent vs vnder the name of ,sanicula montana altera minor4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the name imposed on these plants doe certainly assure vs of their vertues1 from the first founders1 that they are great healers1 and from their taste1 that they are great binders4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,cotyledon altera ,matthioli4 ,spotted ,nauelwort4 ,this spotted ,nauelwort1 as many doe call it1 hath many thicke small leaues1 not so broad as long1 of a whitish greene colour1 lying on the ground in circles1 after the manner of the heads of ,houseleeke1 and dented about the edges2 from the middle whereof sometimes 7for it doth not flower euery yeare in many places7 ariseth vp a stalke1 scarce a foote high1 beset with such like leaues as are belowe1 but somewhat longer3 from the middle of the stalke vp to the top it brancheth forth diuersly1 with a leafe at euery ioynt1 bearing three or foure flowers on euery branch1 consisting of fiue white leaues1 spotted with small red spots1 like vnto the spotted ,sanicle1 but with fewer and greater spots1 hauing a yellowish circle or eye in the bottome of euery flower1 and many whitish threads with yellowish tips in it3 the seede is small and blacke1 contained in small round heads3 the roote is small1 long1 and threadie1 shooting out such heads of leaues1 which abide all the ,winter1 those that beare flower perishing4 ,cotyledon altera minor4 ,small dented ,nauelwort4 ,there is another like vnto that before described in most things1 the differences be these3 ,it hath shorter leaues then the former1 and dented about the edges in the like manner3 the flowers hereof are white1 but greater1 made of six leaues1 and most vsually without any spots at all in them1 some are seene to haue spots also3 the heads or seede vessels are more cornered then the former4 ,cotyledon altera flore rubro stellato4 ,small red flowred ,nauelwort4 ,this hath also many heads of leaues1 but more open1 which are longer1 greener1 and sharper pointed then eyther of the former1 somewhat reddish also1 and not dented about the edges1 but yet a little rough in handling3 the stalke ariseth from among the leaues1 being somewhat reddish1 and the leaues thereon are reddish pointed1 diuided at the toppe into many branches1 with diuers flowers thereon1 made of twelue small long leaues1 standing like a starre1 of a reddish purple colour1 with many threads therein1 set about the middle head1 which is diuided at the toppe into many small ends1 like pods or hornes1 containing therein very small seede3 the roote is small like the former4 ,sedum serratum flore rubente maculato4 ,the ,princes ,feather4 ,this kinde of ,sengreene is composed of heads of larger1 broader1 and thinner leaues then any of the former1 of a sadder greene colour1 somewhat vneuenly endented about the edges1 and not so close set together1 but spreading forth into seuerall heads like as the former sorts doe1 although not so plentifully2 from the middle of diuers of which heads rise vp brownish or reddish stalkes1 set with smaller leaues thereon to the middle thereof1 and then brancheth forth into seuerall sprigs1 set with diuers small reddish flowers consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 the innerside of which are of a pale red1 somewhat whitish1 spotted with many small bloud red spots1 as small almost as pins points1 with some small threads in the middle1 standing about a small greene head1 which turneth into the seede vessell1 parted foure wayes at the head1 wherein is contained small blackish seede3 the rootes are small threads1 which spread vnder the ground1 and shoote vp seuerall heads round about it4 ,the ,place4 ,all these growe in ,germany1 ,hungarie1 ,austria1 the ,alpes1 and other such like places1 where they cleaue to the rocke it selfe1 that hath but a crust of earth on it to nourish them4 ,they will abide in ,gardens reasonable well1 if they be planted in shadowie places1 and not in the sun4 ,illustration3 #a ,sanicula guttata4 ,spotted ,sanicle4 #b ,cotyledon altera ,matthioli4 ,spotted ,nauelwort4 #c ,cotyledon altera minor4 ,small dented ,nauelwort4 #d ,cotyledon altera flore rubro stellato4 ,small red flowred ,nauelwort4 #e ,sedum serratum flore rubente maculato4 ,the ,princes ,feather4 #f ,soldanella ,alpina4 ,blew ,moonwort4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part in the end of ,may1 and sometimes sooner or later1 as the yeare falleth out4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called by ,matthiolus1 ,cotyledon altera ,dioscoridis1 and ,vmbilicus alter1 but it is not the true ,cotyledon altera of ,dioscorides2 for ,sedum vulgare maius1 ,our common ,houseleeke1 by the consent of the best moderne ,writers1 is the true ,cotyledon altera of ,dioscorides1 or ,vmbilicus ,veneris alter4 ,i hold it rather to bee a kinde of small ,houseleeke1 as the other two likewise are4 ,the second is called by some ,aizoum or ,sedum minus serratum4 ,the third hath his name in his title4 ,wee doe call them ,nauelworts in ,english rather then ,houseleekes1 ,euphoni gratia4 ,the last may be called dented ,sengreene with reddish spotted flowers1 but some of our ,english ,gentlewomen haue called it1 ,the ,princes ,feather1 which although it be but a by-name1 may well serve for this plant to distinguish it1 and whereby to be knowne4 ,the ,vertues4 ,they are all held to be cold and moist1 like vnto other ,houseleekes4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,soldanella ,alpina4 ,mountaine ,soldanella or blew ,moonewort4 ,this beautifull plant hath many round and hard leaues1 set vpon long foote-stalkes1 a little vneuenly cut about the edges1 greene on the vpperside1 and of a grayish greene vnderneath1 and sometime reddish like the leaues of ,sowbread1 which because they doe somewhat resemble the leaues of ,soldanella marina1 which is the ,sea ,bindweede1 tooke the name thereof3 the stalkes are slender1 small1 round1 and reddish1 about a span high1 bearing foure or fiue flowers at the toppe1 euery one hanging downe their heads1 like vnto a ,bell flower1 consisting but of one leafe 7as most of the ,bindweeds doe7 plated into fiue folds1 each of them ending in a long point1 which maketh the flower seem to haue fiue leaues1 each whereof is deeply cut in on the edges1 and hauing a round greene head in the middle1 with a pricke or pointell at the end thereof3 the flower is of a faire blew colour1 sometimes deeper or paler1 or white1 as nature listeth without any smell at all3 the middle head1 after the flower is fallen1 riseth to be a long round pod1 bearing that pricke it had at the end thereof1 wherein is contained small greenish seede3 the roote hath many fibres shooting from a long round head or roote4 ,the ,place4 ,this groweth on the ,alpes1 which are couered with snow the greatest part of the yeare1 and will hardly abide transplanting4 ,the ,time4 ,in the naturall places it flowreth not vntill the ,summer moneths1 ,iune1 ,iuly1 and ,august1 after the snow is melted from the ,hils1 but being brought into ,gardens1 it flowreth in the beginning of ,aprill or thereabouts4 ,the ,names4 ,this plant1 by reason of the likenesse of leaues with ,soldanella1 as was before said1 is called by many ,soldanella1 but yet is no ,bindweede2 and therefore ,i rather call it in ,english a ,mountaine ,soldanella1 then as ,gerrard doth1 ,mountaine ,bindweede4 ,it is likewise called by some1 ,lunaria minor crulea1 ,the lesser blew ,lunary or ,moonwort1 and so ,i would rather haue it called4 ,the ,vertues4 ,they that imposed the name of ,lunaria vpon this plant1 seeme to referre it to the wound or consolidating herbes1 but because ,i haue no further relation or experience1 ,i can say no more thereof vntill tryall hath taught it4 ,some also from the name ,soldanella1 which is giuen it1 because of the likenesse of the leaues1 haue vsed it to help the ,dropsie1 for which the ,sea plant is thought to be effectuall4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxiiii4 ,auricula ,vrsi4 ,beares eares4 ,there are so many sundry and seuerall sorts of ,beares eares1 the variety consisting as well in the differing colours of the flowers1 as the forme and colour of the leaues1 that ,i shall not comprehend and set downe vnto you all the diuersities by many1 that are risen vp to those that haue beene industrious in the sowing of the seedes of the seuerall sorts of them2 yet if you accept of these that ,i doe here offer vnto you1 ,i shall giue you the knowledge of others1 as time1 occasion1 and the view of them shall enable me4 ,and because they are without all question kinds of ,cowslips1 ,i haue set them downe before them in the first place1 as being of more beautie and greater respect1 or at the least of more rarity vnto vs4 ,to dispose them therefore into order1 ,i shall ranke them vnder three principall colours1 that is to say1 ,red or ,purple1 ,white1 and ,yellow1 and shew you the varieties of each of them 7for so many as are come to my knowledge7 apart by themselues1 and not promiscuously as many others haue done4 #a4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore purpureo4 ,purple ,beares eare1 or ,the ,murrey ,cowslip4 ,this purple ,beares eare or ,cowslip hath many greene leaues1 somewhat long and smooth1 narrow from the bottome of the leafe to the middle1 and broad from thence to the end1 being round pointed1 and somewhat snipt or endented about the edges2 in the middle of these leaues1 and sometimes at the sides also1 doe spring round greene stalkes foure or fiue fingers high1 bearing at the top many flowers1 the buds whereof1 before they are blowne1 are of a very deepe purple colour1 and being open1 are of a bright1 but deepe purple1 vsually called a ,murrey colour1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 cut in at the end as it were into two1 with a whitish ring or circle at the bottome of each flower1 standing in small greene cups1 wherein after the flowers are fallen1 are contained very small heads1 not rising to the height of the cups1 bearing a small pricke or pointell at the toppe of them1 wherein is little blackish seede3 the roote hath many whitish strings fastened to the maine long roote1 which is very like vnto a ,primrose or ,cowslip roote1 as it is in all other parts besides4 #b4 ,auricula ,vrsi purpurea absque orbe4 ,the murrey ,cowslip without eyes4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose leafe is somewhat lesse1 as the flower is also1 but of the same colour1 and sometimes somewhat redder1 tending to a ,scarlet1 without any circle at the bottome of the flower1 in no other things differing from it4 #c4 ,auricula ,vrsi minor flore tannetto4 ,tawney ,beares eares4 ,the leaues of this kinde haue a greater shew of mealinesse to be seene in them1 and not much smaller then the former1 yet snipt or endented about the ends like vnto them3 the flowers are many1 of the same fashion with the former1 but smaller1 each whereof is of as deepe a murrey or tawnie colour when it is blowne1 as the buds of the former are before they are blowne1 hauing a white circle at the bottome of the flower1 and yellowish in the middle belowe the circle4 #d4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore rubro saturo orbe luteo4 ,deepe or bloud red ,beares eares with eyes4 ,this kinde hath small and long greene leaues1 nothing mealy1 but snipt about the edges1 from the middle of the leaues forwards to the ends3 the flowers hereof are of a deepe red colour1 tending to a bloud red1 with a deepe yellow circle1 or rather bottome in the middle4 ,sidenote3 ,auricula ,vrsi flore rubro saturo absque orbe4 ,there is another of this kinde1 whose leaues are somewhat mealy1 and smaller then any 7that ,i haue seene7 that haue mealy leaues3 the flowers are of the same deepe red colour with the last described1 yet hath no circle or bottome of any other colour at all4 #e4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore purpuro cruleo4 ,the ,violet coloured ,beares eare4 ,we haue another1 whose leaues are somewhat mealy and large2 the flowers whereof are of a paler purple then the first1 somewhat tending to a blew4 #f4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore obsoleto magno4 ,the ,spaniards blush ,beares eare4 ,this great ,beares eare hath as large leaues as any other of this kindred whatsoeuer1 and whitish or mealy withall1 somewhat snipt about the edges1 as many other of them are3 the flowers stand at the toppe of a strong and tall stalke1 larger then any of the other that ,i haue seene1 being of a duskie blush colour1 resembling the blush of a ,spaniard1 whose tawney skinne cannot declare so pure a blush as the ,english can2 and therefore ,i haue called it the ,spaniards blush4 #g4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore rubello4 ,scarlet or light red ,beares eares4 ,the leaues of this kinde are very like the leaues of the first purple kinde1 but that they are not so thicke2 of a little paler greene colour1 and little or nothing snipt about the edges3 the flowers are of a bright1 but pale reddish colour1 not halfe so deepe as the two last with white circles in the bottomes of them1 in other things this differeth not from others4 #h4 ,auricula ,vrsi roseo colore4 ,the ,rose coloured ,beares eare4 ,we haue another1 whose leafe is a little mealy1 almost as large as any of the former1 whose flowers are of a light red colour1 very neare the colour of an ordinary ,damaske ,rose1 with a white eye at the bottome4 ,illustration3 #a ,auricula ,vrsi flore purpureo4 ,purple ,cowslips or ,beares eares4 #b ,auricula ,vrsi flore tannetto4 ,tawney ,beares eare4 #c ,auricula ,vrsi flore folio ,boraginis4 ,blew ,beares eares with ,borage leaues4 #d ,auricula ,vrsi flore carneo4 ,blush ,beares eare4 #e ,auricula ,vrsi maxima lutea flore eleganti4 ,the greatest faire yellow ,beares eares with eyes4 #f ,auricula ,vrsi altera flore luteo4 ,the yellow ,beares eare4 #g ,auricula ,vrsi crinis coloris siue flore fusco4 ,the haire coloured ,beares eare4 #h ,cortusa ,matthioli4 ,beares eare ,sanicle4 #i4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore cruleo folio ,boraginis4 ,blew ,beares eares with ,borage leaues4 ,this plant is referred to the kindred or family of the ,beares eares1 onely for the forme of the flower sake1 which euen therein it doth not assimilate to the halfe2 but because it hath passed others with that title1 ,i am content to insert it here1 to giue you the knowledge thereof1 and rather to satisfie others then my selfe with the place thereof3 the description whereof is as followeth3 ,it hath diuers broad rough hairy leaues spread vpon the ground1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of ,borage for the roughnesse1 but not for the largenesse2 the leaues hereof being somewhat rent in some places at the edges3 from among these leaues rise vp one1 or two1 or more brownish1 round1 and hairy stalkes1 a span high or thereabouts1 bearing at the toppes three or foure flowers a peece1 consisting of fiue large pointed leaues1 of a faire blew or light azur colour1 with some small yellow threads in the middle1 standing in small greene cups3 the roote is long and brownish1 hauing many small fibres annexed vnto it4 #aj4 ,auricula ,vrsi maior flore albo4 ,the great white ,beares eare4 ,this white ,beares eare hath many faire whitish greene leaues1 somewhat paler then the leaues of any of the kindes of ,beares eares1 and a little snipt about the ends1 as manie other are3 among these leaues rise vp stalkes foure or fiue inches high1 bearing at the toppe many flowers like vnto the small yellow ,beares eare hereafter set downe1 of a pale whitish colour1 tending to yellow at the first opening of the flower1 which after two or three dayes change into a faire white colour1 and so continue all the while it flowreth3 the roote is like the purple kinde1 as all or most of the rest are1 or very little differing4 #aa4 ,auricula ,vrsi minor flore albo4 ,the lesser white ,beares eare4 ,the lesser ,beares eare hath smaller leaues1 of a little darker green colour3 the stalke and flowers are likewise lesser then the former1 and haue no shew of yellownesse at all1 eyther in budde or flower1 but is pure white1 differing not in other things from the rest4 #ab4 ,auricula ,vrsi maxima lutea flore eleganti4 ,the greatest faire yellow ,beares eare with eyes4 ,this yellow ,beares eare hath many faire large thicke leaues1 somewhat mealy or hoary vpon the greennesse1 being larger then any other kinde1 except the sixth1 and the next yellow that followeth1 smooth about the edges1 and without any endenting at all3 the stalke is great1 round1 and not higher then in other of the former1 but bearing manie more flowers thereon then in any other kinde1 to the number of thirty many times1 standing so round and close together1 that they seeme to be a ,nosegay alone1 of the same fashion with the former1 but that the leaues are shorter and rounder1 yet with a notch in the middle like the rest1 of a faire yellow colour1 neither very pale nor deepe1 with a white eye or circle in the bottome1 about the middle of euery flower1 which giueth it the greater grace3 the seede is of a blackish browne colour1 like vnto others1 but contained in greater round heads then any other1 with a small pointell sticking in the middle3 the roote is greater and thicker then any other1 with long strings or fibres like vnto the other sorts1 but greater4 #ac4 ,auricula ,vrsi maior lutea folio incano4 ,the greater yellow ,beares eare4 ,this greater yellow ,beares eare hath his leaues larger1 and more mealy or hoarie then the last1 or any other of these kindes3 the flowers are not so many1 but longer1 and not so thicke thrusting together as the first1 but of a deeper yellow colour1 without any eye or circle in the middle4 #ad4 ,auricula ,vrsi maior flore pallido4 ,the great ,straw coloured ,beares eare4 ,this hath almost as mealy leaues as the last1 but nothing so large2 the flowers are of a faire strawe colour1 with a white circle at the bottome of them1 these three last haue no shew or shadow of any other colour in any part of the edge1 as some others that follow haue4 #ae4 ,auricula ,vrsi minor flore pallente4 ,the lesser straw coloured ,beares eare4 ,we haue another1 whose leafe is lesse mealy1 or rather pale green1 and a little mealy withall2 the flowers whereof are of a paler yellow colour then the last1 and beareth almost as many vpon a stalke as the first great yellow4 #af4 ,auricula ,vrsi minor lutea4 ,the lesser yellow ,beares eares4 ,the leaues of this ,beares eare are nothing so large as either of the three former yellow kindes1 but rather of the bignesse of the first white kinde1 but yet a little larger1 thicker1 and longer then it1 hauing vnder the greennesse a small shew of mealinesse1 and somewhat snipt about the edges3 the flowers are of a pale yellow colour1 with a little white bottome in them3 the seed and rootes are like vnto the other kindes4 #ag4 ,auricula ,vrsi flore flauo4 ,the deepe yellow or ,cowslip ,beares eare4 ,this kinde hath somewhat larger leaues then the last1 of a yellowish greene colour1 without any mealinesse on them1 or endenting about the edges1 but smooth and whole3 the flowers are not larger but longer1 and not laide open so fully as the former1 but of as deepe a yellow colour as any ,cowslip almost1 without any circle in the bottome3 neither of these two last haue any shew of other colour then yellow in them1 sauing the white in the eye4 #ah4 ,auricula ,vrsi versicolor prima siue flore rubescente4 ,the blush ,beares eare4 ,the blush ,beares eare hath his leaues as large1 and as hoary or mealy as the third greater yellow1 or straw coloured ,beares eare2 among which riseth vp a stalke about foure inches high1 bearing from six to twelue1 or more faire flowers1 somewhat larger then the smaller yellow ,beares eare before described1 hauing the ground of the flower of a darke or dunne yellow colour1 shadowed ouer a little with a shew of light purple1 which therefore we call a blush colour1 the edges of the flower being tipt with a little deeper shew of that purple colour1 the bottome of the flower1 abiding wholly yellow1 without any circle1 and is of very great beauty1 which hath caused me to place it in the forefront of the variable coloured ,beares eares4 ,and although some might thinke it should be placed among the first ranke of ,beares eares1 because it is of a blush colour1 yet seeing it is assuredly gained from some of the yellow kindes by sowing the seede1 as many other sorts are1 as may be seene plainly in the ground of the flower1 which is yellow1 and but shadowed ouer with purple1 yet more then any of the rest that follow2 ,i thinke ,i haue giuen it his right place3 let others of skill experience be iudges herein4 #ai4 ,auricula ,vrsi crinis coloris4 ,haire coloured ,beares eares4 ,the leaues of this kinde are more mealy like then the last blush kinde1 but somewhat longer and larger1 and snipt about the edges in the same manner1 from the middle of the leafe forwards3 the flower is vsually of a fine light browne yellow colour1 which wee doe vsually call an ,haire colour1 and sometimes browner1 the edges of the flower haue a shew or shadow of a light purple or blush about them1 but more on the outside then on the inside4 #bj4 ,auricula ,vrsi versicolor lutea4 ,the yellow variable ,beares eare4 ,this variable ,beares eare hath his greene leaues somewhat like vnto the deepe yellow1 or ,cowslip ,beares eare before described1 but somewhat of a fresher greene1 more shining and smaller1 and snipt about the edges towards the ends1 as many of those before are3 the flowers are of a faire yellow colour1 much laid open when it is full blowne1 that it seemeth almost flat1 dasht about the edges onely with purple1 being more yellow in the bottome of the flower1 then in any other part4 #ba4 ,auricula ,vrsi versicolor lutescente viridi flore4 ,the variable greene ,beares eare4 ,this kinde of ,beares eare hath greene leaues1 very like vnto the last described1 and snipt in the like manner about the edges1 but in this it differeth1 that his leaues do turne or fold themselues a little backwards3 the flowers are of a yellowish greene colour1 more closed then the former1 hauing purplish edges1 especially after they haue stood blowne some time1 and haue little or none at the first opening3 these haue no circles at all in them4 ,many other varieties are to be found1 with those that are curious conseruers of these delights of nature1 either naturally growing on the mountaines in seuerall places1 from whence they 7being searched out by diuers7 haue been taken and brought1 or else raised from the seede of some of them1 as it is more probable3 for seuerall varieties haue beene obserued 7and no doubt many of these before specified7 to bee gotten by sowing of the seedes1 euery yeare lightly shewing a diuersity1 not obserued before1 either in the leafe1 diuers from that from whence it was taken1 or in the flowers4 ,i haue onely set downe those that haue come vnder mine owne view1 and not any by relation1 euen as ,i doe with all or most of the things contained in this worke4 ,the ,place4 ,many of these goodly plants growe naturally on mountaines1 especially the ,alpes1 in diuers places2 for some kindes that growe in some places1 doe not in others1 but farre distant one from the other4 ,there hath likewise some beene found on the ,pyrenan mountaines1 but that kinde with the blew flower and ,borage leafe1 hath beene gathered on the mountaines in ,spaine1 and on the ,pyrenans next vnto ,spaine4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in ,aprill and ,may1 and the seede is ripe in the end of ,iune1 or beginning of ,iuly1 and sometimes they will flower againe in the end of ,summer1 or in ,autumne1 if the yeare proue temperate1 moist1 and rainie4 ,the ,names4 ,it is very probable1 that none of these plants were euer knowne vnto the ancient ,writers1 because we cannot be assured1 that they may be truely referred vnto any plant that they name1 vnlesse we beleeue ,fabius ,columna1 that it should be ,alisma of ,dioscorides1 for thereunto hee doth referre it4 ,diuers of the later ,writers haue giuen vnto them diuers names1 euery one according to his owne conceit4 ,for ,gesner calleth it ,lunaria arthritica1 and ,paralytica ,alpina4 ,matthiolus accounteth it to bee of the kindred of the ,sanicles1 and saith1 that in his time it was called by diuers ,herbarists1 ,auricula ,vrsi1 which name hath since bin receiued as most vsuall4 ,we in ,english call them ,beares eares1 according to the ,latine1 or as they are called by diuers women1 ,french ,cowslips2 they may be called ,mountaine ,cowslips1 if you will1 for to distinguish betweene them and other ,cowslips1 whereof these are seuerall kindes4 ,sanicula ,alpina siue ,cortusa ,matthioli4 ,beares eare ,sanicle4 ,i cannot chuse but insert this delicate plant in the end of the ,beares eares1 for that it is of so neare affinity1 although it differ much in the forme of the leaues1 the description whereof is in this manner3 ,the leaues that spring vp first are much crumpled1 and as it were folded together1 which afterwards open themselues into faire1 broad1 and roundish leaues1 somewhat rough or hairy1 not onely cut into fine diuisions1 but somewhat notched also about the edges1 of a darke greene colour on the vpperside1 and more whitish greene vnderneath2 amongst these leaues riseth vp one or two naked round stalkes1 fiue or six inches high1 bearing at the toppes diuers small flowers1 somewhat sweete1 like vnto the first purple ,beares eare1 hanging downe their heads1 consisting of fiue small pointed leaues a peece1 of a darke reddish purple colour1 with a white circle or bottome in the middle1 and some small threads therein3 after the flowers are past1 there come small round heads1 somewhat longer then any of the ,beares eares1 standing vpright vpon their small foot-stalkes1 wherein is contained small round and blackish seede3 the roote consisteth of a thicke tuft of small whitish threads1 rather then rootes1 much enterlaced one among another3 the leaues of this plant dye downe euery yeare1 and spring vp a new in the beginning of the yeare1 whereas all the ,beares eares doe hold their leaues greene all the ,winter1 especially the middlemost1 which stand like a close head1 the outermost for the most part perishing after seed time4 ,the ,place4 ,this groweth in many shadowie ,woods both of ,italy and ,germany2 for both ,clusius hath described it1 finding it in the ,woods of ,austria and ,stiria2 and ,matthiolus setteth it downe1 hauing receiued it from ,anthonius ,cortusus1 who was ,president of the ,garden at ,padua1 and found it in the woody mountaines of ,vicenza1 neare vnto ,villestagna2 whereon 7as ,matthiolus saith7 there is found both with white flowers as well as with blew1 but such with white flowers or blew we neuer could see or heare further of4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth much about the time of the ,beares eares2 or rather a little later1 and the seede is ripe with them4 ,the ,names4 ,clusius calleth it ,sanicula montana1 and ,sanicula ,alpina1 and referreth it to the ,auricula ,vrsi1 or ,beares eare1 which it doth most nearly resemble3 but ,matthiolus referreth it to the ,cariophyllata or ,auens1 making it to be of that tribe or family1 and calleth it ,cortusa of him that first sent it him4 ,wee may call it eyther ,cortusa1 as for the most part all ,herbarists doe1 or ,beares eare ,sanicle as ,gerrard doth4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all the sorts of ,beares eares are ,cephalicall1 that is1 conducing helpe for the paines in the head1 and for the giddinesse thereof1 which may happen1 eyther by the sight of steepe places subiect to danger1 or otherwise4 ,they are accounted also to be helping for the ,palsey1 and shaking of the ioynts2 and also as a ,sanicle or wound-herbe4 ,the leaues of the ,cortusa taste a little hot1 and if one of them bee laide whole1 without bruising1 on the cheeke of any tender skind woman1 it will raise an orient red colour1 as if some fucus had beene laide thereon1 which will passe away without any manner of harme1 or marke where it lay3 ,this is ,cortusus his obseruation ,camerarius in his ,hortus ,medicus saith1 that an oyle is made thereof1 that is admirable for to cure wounds4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,primula veris ,paralysis4 ,primroses and ,cowslips4 ,we haue so great variety of ,primroses and ,cowslips of our owne ,country breeding1 that strangers being much delighted with them1 haue beene often furnished into diuers ,countries1 to their good content3 ,and that ,i may set them downe in some methodicall manner1 as ,i haue done other things1 ,i will first set downe all the sorts of those we call ,primroses1 both single and double1 and afterwards the ,cowslips with their diuersities1 in as ample manner as my knowledge can direct me4 ,and yet ,i know1 that the name of ,primula veris or ,primrose1 is indifferently conferred vpon those that ,i distinguish for ,paralyses or ,cowslips4 ,i doe therefore for your better vnderstanding of my distinction betweene ,primroses and ,cowslips1 call those onely ,primroses that carry but one flower vpon a stalke1 be they single or double1 except that of ,master ,hesket1 and that with double flowers many vpon a stalke1 set out in ,gerards ,herball1 which is his onely1 not found 7as ,i thinke7 in rerum natura1 ,i am sure1 such a one ,i could neuer heare of3 ,and those ,cowslips1 that beare many flowers vpon a stalke together constantly1 be they single or double also4 ,i might otherwise distinguish them also by the leafe2 that all the ,primroses beare their long and large broad yellowish greene leaues1 without stalkes most vsually2 and all the ,cowslips haue small stalkes vnder the leaues1 which are smaller1 and of a darker greene1 as vsually1 but that this distinction is neither so certaine and generall1 nor so well knowne4 #a4 ,primula veris flore albo4 ,the single white ,primrose4 ,the ,primrose that groweth vnder euery bush or hedge1 in all or most of the ,woods1 ,groues1 and ,orchards of this ,kingdome1 ,i may well leaue to his wilde habitation1 being not so fit for a ,garden1 and so well knowne1 that ,i meane not to giue you any further relation thereof3 ,but we haue a kinde hereof which is somewhat smaller1 and beareth milke white flowers1 without any shew of yellownesse in them1 and is more vsually brought into ,gardens for the rarity1 and differeth not from the wilde or ordinary kinde1 either in roote or leafe1 or any thing else1 yet hauing those yellow spots1 but smaller1 and not so deepe1 as are in the other wilde kinde4 #b4 ,primula veris flore viridi simplici4 ,the single greene ,primrose4 ,the single greene ,primrose hath his leaues very like vnto the greater double ,primrose1 but smaller1 and of a sadder greene colour3 the flowers stand seuerally vpon long foot-stalkes1 as the first single kinde doth1 but larger then they1 and more laide open1 of the same1 or very neare the same yellowish greene colour that the huske is of1 so that at the first opening1 the huske and the flower seeme to make one double greene flower1 which afterwards separating themselues1 the single flower groweth aboue the huske1 and spreadeth it selfe open much more then any other single ,primrose doth1 growing in the end to be of a paler greene colour4 #c4 ,primula veris flore viridante albo simplici4 ,the single greene and white ,primrose4 ,the leaues of this differ in a manner nothing from the former1 neither doth the flower but only in this1 that out of the large yellowish green huskes1 which contain the flowers of the former1 there commeth forth out of the middle of each of them either a small peece of a whitish flower1 or else a larger1 sometimes making vp a whole flower1 like an ordinary ,primrose4 ,illustration3 #a ,primula veris flore albo4 ,the white ,primrose4 #b ,primula veris flore viridi albo simplici4 ,the green and white ,primrose4 #c ,primula veris flore viridi duplici4 ,the double green ,primrose4 #d ,primula veris ,hesketi4 ,master ,heskets double ,primrose4 #e ,primula veris flore pleno vulgaris4 ,the ordinary double ,primrose4 #f ,paralysis veris flore viridante simplici4 ,the single green ,cowslip4 #g ,paralysis flore geminato odorato4 ,double ,cowslips or hose in hose4 #h ,paralysis inodora flore geminato4 ,double ,oxelips hose in hose4 #i ,paralysis hortensis flore calice crispo4 ,curld ,cowslips or ,gaskins4 #aj ,paralysis minor angustifolia flore rubro4 ,red ,birds eyen4 #aa ,paralysis hortensis flore pleno vulgaris4 ,double ,paigles4 #ab ,paralysis fatuo4 ,the foolish ,cowslip or ,iacke an ,apes on horse backe4 #ac ,paralysis flore viridi roseo calamistrato4 ,the double greene feathered ,cowslip4 #d4 ,primula veris flore viridi duplici4 ,the double greene ,primrose4 ,this double ,primrose is in his leaues so like the former single greene kindes1 that the one cannot be knowne from the other vntill it come to flower1 and then it beareth vpon euery stalke a double green flower1 of a little deeper green colour then the flower of the former single kinde consisting but of two rowes of short leaues most vsually1 and both of an equall height aboue the huske1 abiding a pretty time in flower1 especially if it stand in any shadowed place1 or where the ,sun may come but a while vnto it4 #e4 ,primula veris ,hesketi flore multiplici separatim diviso4 ,master ,heskets double ,primrose4 ,master ,heskets double ,primrose is very like vnto the small double ,primrose1 both in leafe1 roote1 and height of growing1 the stalke not rising much higher then it1 but bearing flowers in a farre different manner2 for this beareth not only single flowers vpon seuerall stalkes1 but sometimes two or three single flowers vpon one stalk1 and also at the same time a bigger stalke1 and somewhat higher1 hauing one greene huske at the toppe thereof1 sometimes broken on the one side1 and sometimes whole1 in the middle whereof standeth sometimes diuers single flowers1 thrust together1 euery flower to be seene in his proper forme1 and sometimes there appeare with some whole flowers others that are but parts of flowers1 as if the flowers were broken in peeces1 and thrust into one huske1 the leaues of the flowers 7being of a white or pale ,primrose ,colour1 but a little deeper7 seldome rising aboue the height of the very huske it selfe2 and sometimes1 as ,i haue obserued in this plant1 it will haue vpon the same stalke1 that beareth such flowers as ,i haue here described vnto you1 a small flower or two1 making the stalke seeme branched into many flowers1 whereby you may perceiue1 that it will vary into many formes1 not abiding constant in any yeare1 as all the other sorts doe4 #f4 ,primula hortensis flore pleno vulgaris4 ,the ordinary double ,primrose4 ,the leaues of this ,primrose are very large1 and like vnto the single kind1 but somewhat larger1 because it growth in gardens3 the flowers doe stand euery one seuerally vpon slender long footestalkes1 as the single kinde doth1 in greenish huskes of a pale yellow colour1 like vnto the field ,primrose1 but very thicke and double1 and of the same sweete sent with them4 #g4 ,primula veris flore duplici4 ,the small double ,primrose4 ,this ,primrose is both in leafe1 roote1 and flower1 altogether like vnto the last double ,primrose1 but that it is smaller in all things2 for the flower riseth not aboue two or three fingers high1 and but twice double1 that is1 with two rowes of leaues1 yet of the very same ,primrose colour that the former is of4 #h4 ,paralysis vulgaris pratensis flore flauo simplici odorato4 ,the ,common field ,cowslip4 ,the common fielde ,cowslip ,i might well forbeare to set downe1 being so plentifull in the fields3 but because many take delight in it1 and plant it in their gardens1 ,i will giue you the description of it here4 ,it hath diuers green leaues1 very like vnto the wilde ,primrose1 but shorter1 rounder1 stiffer1 rougher1 more crumpled about the edges1 and of a sadder greene colour1 euery one standing vpon his stalke1 which is an inch or two long3 among the leaues rise vp diuers round stalkes1 a foote or more high1 bearing at the toppe many faire yellow single flowers1 with spots of a deeper yellow1 at the bottome of each leafe1 smelling very sweete4 ,the rootes are like to the other ,primroses1 hauing many fibres annexed to the great roote4 #i4 ,paralysis altera odorata flore pallido polyanthos4 ,the ,primrose ,cowslip4 ,the leaues of this ,cowslip are larger then the ordinary fielde ,cowslip1 and of a darke yellowish greene colour2 the flowers are many1 standing together1 vpon the toppes of the stalkes1 to the number of thirty sometimes vpon one stalke1 as ,i haue counted them in mine owne ,garden1 and sometimes more1 euery one hauing a longer foote stalke then the former1 and of as pale a yellowish colour almost as the fielde ,primrose1 with yellow spots at the bottome of the leaues1 as the ordinary hath1 and of as sweet a sent4 #aj4 ,paralysis flore viridante simplici4 ,the single greene ,cowslip4 ,there is little difference in leafe or roote of this from the first ,cowslip1 the chiefest varietie in this kinde is this1 that the leaues are somewhat greener1 and the flowers being in all respects like in forme vnto the first kinde1 but somewhat larger1 are of the same colour with the greene huskes1 or rather a little yellower1 and of a very small sent2 in all other things ,i finde no diuersitie1 but that it standeth much longer in flower before it fadeth1 especially if it stand out of the ,sunne4 #aa4 ,paralysis flore calice crispo4 ,curl'd ,cowslips or ,gallegaskins4 ,there is another kinde1 whose flowers are folded or crumpled at the edges1 and the huskes of the flowers bigger than any of the former1 more swelling out in the middle1 as it were ribbes1 and crumpled on the sides of the huskes1 which doe somewhat resemble mens hose that they did weare1 and tooke the name of ,gallegaskins from thence4 #ab4 ,paralysis flore geminato odorato4 ,double ,cowslips one within another1 or ,hose in ,hose4 ,the only difference of this kinde from the ordinary field ,cowslip is1 that it beareth one single flower out of another1 which is as a greene huske1 of the like sent that the first hath1 or somewhat weaker4 #ac4 ,paralysis flore flauo simplici inodoro absque calicibus4 ,single ,oxe lippes4 ,this kinde of ,cowslip hath leaues much like the ordinary kinde1 but somewhat smaller3 the flowers are yellow like the ,cowslip1 but smaller1 standing many vpon a stalke1 but bare or naked1 that is1 without any huske to containe them1 hauing but little or no sent at all2 not differing in any thing else from the ordinary ,cowslip4 #ad4 ,paralysis flore geminato inodora4 ,double ,oxelips ,hose in ,hose4 ,as the former double ,cowslip had his flowers one within another1 in the very like manner hath this kinde of ,cowslip or ,oxelippe1 sauing that this hath no huske to containe them1 no more then the former single ,oxelippe hath1 standing bare or naked1 of the very same bignesse each of them1 and of the same deepe yellow colour with it1 hauing as small a sent as the former likewise4 ,sidenote3 ,flore pallidiora4 ,wee haue another of this kinde1 whose leaues are somewhat larger1 and so are the flowers also1 but of a paler yellow colour4 #ae4 ,paralysis inodora calicibus dissectis4 ,oxelips with iagged huskes4 ,this kinde differeth not from the first ,oxelip in the smalnesse of the greene leaues1 but in the flower1 which standing many together on a reasonable high stalke1 and being very small and yellow1 scarce opening themselues or layde abroade as it1 hath a greene huske vnder each flower1 but diuided into sixe seuerall small long peeces4 #af4 ,paralysis flore fatuo4 ,the ,franticke1 or ,foolish ,cowslip3 ,or ,iacke an apes on horse backe4 ,wee haue in our gardens another kinde1 not much differing in leaues from the former ,cowslip1 and is called ,fantasticke or ,foolish1 because it beareth at the toppe of the stalke a bush or tuft of small long greene leaues1 with some yellow leaues1 as it were peeces of flowers broken1 and standing among the greene leaues4 ,and sometimes some stalkes among those greene leaues at the toppe 7which are a little larger then when it hath but broken peeces of flowers7 doe carry whole flowers in huskes like the single kinde4 #ag4 ,paralysis minor flore rubro4 ,red ,birds eyes4 ,this little ,cowslippe 7which will hardly endure in our gardens1 for all the care and industrie we can vse to keepe it7 hath all the ,winter long1 and vntill the ,spring begin to come on1 his leaues so closed together1 that it seemeth a small white head of leaues1 which afterwards opening it selfe1 spreadeth round vpon the ground1 and hath small long and narrow leaues1 snipt about the edges1 of a pale greene colour on the vpperside1 very white or mealy vnderneath1 among these leaues rise vp one or two stalks1 small hoary1 halfe a foot high1 bearing at the top a bush or tuft of much smaller flowers1 standing vpon short foot stalkes1 somewhat like vnto ,cowslips1 but more like vnto the ,beares eares1 of a fine reddish purple colour1 in some deeper1 in others paler1 with a yellowish circle in the bottomes of the flowers1 like vnto many of the ,beares eares1 of a faint or small sent3 the seede is smaller than in any of the former kindes1 and so are the rootes likewise1 being small1 white and threddy4 #ah4 ,paralysis minor flore albo4 ,white ,birds eyes4 ,this kinde differeth very little or nothing from the former1 sauing that it seemeth a little larger both in leafe and flower1 and that the flowers hereof are wholly white1 without any great appearance of any circle in the bottome of them1 vnlesse it be well obserued1 or at least being nothing so conspicuous1 as in the former4 ,sidenote3 ,flore geminato4 ,these two kindes haue sometimes1 but very seldome1 from among the middle of the flowers on the stalke1 sent out another small stalke1 bearing flowers thereon likewise4 #ai4 ,paralysis hortensis flore pleno4 ,double ,paigles or ,cowslips4 ,the double ,paigle or ,cowslip hath smaller and darker greene leaues then the single kinde hath1 and longer stalkes also whereon the leaues doe stand3 it beareth diuers flowers vpon a stalke1 but not so many as the single kinde1 euery one whereof is of a deeper and fairer yellow colour then any of the former1 standing not much aboue the brimmes of the huskes that hold them1 consisting of two or three rowes of leaues set round together1 which maketh it shew very thicke and double1 of a prettie small sent1 but not heady4 #bj4 ,paralysis flore viridante pleno4 ,double greene ,cowslips4 ,this double greene ,cowslip is so like vnto the single greene kinde formerly expressed1 that vntill they be neare flowring1 they can hardly be distinguished2 but when it is in flower1 it hath large double flowers1 of the same yellowish greene colour with the single1 and more laid open then the former double ,paigle4 #ba4 ,paralysis flore viridante siue calamistrato4 ,the greene ,rose ,cowslip1 or double greene feathered ,cowslip4 ,there is small difference in the leaues of this double kinde from the last1 but that they are not of so darke a greene3 the chiefest difference consisteth in the flowers1 which are many1 standing together at the toppes of the stalkes1 but farre differing from all other of these kindes3 for euery flower standing vpon his owne stalke1 is composed of many very small and narrow leaues1 without any huske to containe them1 but spreading open like a little ,rose1 of a pale yellowish greene colour1 and without any sent at all1 abiding in flower1 especially if it stand in a shadowie place out of the sunne1 aboue two moneths1 almost in as perfect beauty1 as in the first weeke4 ,the ,place4 ,all those kindes as they haue been found wilde1 growing in diuers places in ,england1 so they haue been transplanted into ,gardens1 to be there nourished for the delight of their louers1 where they all abide1 and grow fairer then in their naturall places1 except the small ,birds eyes1 which will 7as ,i said7 hardly abide any culture1 but groweth plentifully in all the ,north ,countries1 in their squally or wet grounds4 ,the ,time4 ,these doe all flower in the ,spring of the yeare1 some earlier and some later1 and some in the midst of ,winter1 as they are defended from the colds and frosts1 and the mildnesse of the time will permit2 yet the ,cowslips doe alwayes flower later then the ,primroses1 and both the single and double greene ,cowslips latest1 as ,i said in their descriptions1 and abide much after all the rest4 ,the ,names4 ,all these plants are called most vsually in ,latine1 ,primul veris1 ,primul pratenses1 and ,primul siluarum1 because they shew by their flowring the new ,spring to bee comming on1 they being as it were the first ,embassadours thereof4 ,they haue also diuers other names1 as ,herba ,paralysis1 ,arthritica1 ,herba ,sancti ,petri1 ,claues ,sancti ,petri1 ,verbasculum odoratum1 ,lunaria arthritica1 ,phlomis1 ,alisma siluarum1 and ,alismatis alterum genus1 as ,fabius ,columna calleth them4 ,the ,birds eyes are called of ,lobel in ,latine1 ,paralytica ,alpina1 ,sanicula angustifolia1 making a greater and a lesser4 ,others call them ,sanicula angustifolia1 but generally they are called ,primula veris minor4 ,i haue 7as you see7 placed them with the ,cowslips1 putting a difference betweene ,primroses and ,cowslips4 ,and some haue distinguished them1 by calling the ,cowslips1 ,primula veris ,elatior1 that is1 the ,taller ,primrose1 and the other ,humilis1 ,lowe or ,dwarfe ,primroses4 ,in ,english they haue in like manner diuers names1 according to seuerall ,countries1 as ,primroses1 ,cowslips1 ,oxelips1 ,palsieworts1 and ,petty ,mulleins4 ,the first kindes1 which are lower then the rest1 are generally called by the name of ,primroses 7as ,i thinke7 throughout ,england4 ,the others are diuersly named2 for in some ,countries they call them ,paigles or ,palsieworts1 or ,petty ,mulleins1 which are called ,cowslips in others4 ,those are vsually called ,oxelips1 whose flowers are naked1 or bare without huskes to containe them1 being not so sweete as the ,cowslip1 yet haue they some little sent1 although the ,latine name doth make them to haue none4 ,the ,franticke1 ,fantasticke1 or ,foolish ,cowslip1 in some places is called by ,country people1 ,iacke an ,apes on horse-backe1 which is an vsuall name with them1 giuen to many other plants1 as ,daisies1 ,marigolds1 c4 if they be strange or fantasticall1 differing in the forme from the ordinary kinde of the single ones4 ,the smallest are vsually called through all the ,north ,country1 ,birds eyen1 because of the small yellow circle in the bottomes of the flowers1 resembling the eye of a bird4 ,the ,vertues4 ,primroses and ,cowslips are in a manner wholly vsed in ,cephalicall diseases1 either among other herbes or flowers1 or of themselues alone1 to ease paines in the head1 and is accounted next vnto ,betony1 the best for that purpose4 ,experience likewise hath shewed that they are profitable both for the ,palsie1 and paines of the ioynts1 euen as the ,beares eares are1 which hath caused the name of ,arthritica1 ,paralysis1 and ,paralytica to bee giuen them4 ,the iuice of the flowers is commended to cleanse the spots or marks of the face1 whereof some ,gentlewomen haue found good experience4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,pulmonaria4 ,lungwort1 or ,cowslips of ,ierusalem4 ,although these plants are generally more vsed as ,pot-herbes for the ,kitchen1 then as flowers for delight1 yet because they are both called ,cowslips1 and are of like forme1 but of much lesse beauty1 ,i haue ioyned them next vnto them1 in a distinct ,chapter by themselues1 and so may passe at this time4 #a4 ,pulmonaria maculosa4 ,common spotted ,cowslips of ,ierusalem4 ,the ,cowslip of ,ierusalem hath many rough1 large1 and round leaues1 but pointed at the ends1 standing vpon long foot-stalkes1 spotted with many round white spots on the vppersides of the sad greene or browne leaues1 and of a grayer greene vnderneath3 among the leaues spring vp diuers browne stalkes1 a foote high1 bearing many flowers at the toppe1 very neare resembling the flowers of ,cowslips1 being of a purple or reddish colour while they are buds1 and of a darke blewish colour when they are blowne1 standing in brownish greene huskes1 and sometimes it hath beene found with white flowers3 when the flowers are past1 there come vp small round heads1 containing blacke seed3 the roote is composed of many long and thicke blacke strings4 #b4 ,pulmonaria altera non maculosa4 ,vnspotted ,cowslips of ,ierusalem4 ,the leaues of this other kinde are not much vnlike the former1 being rough as they are1 but smaller1 of a fairer greene colour aboue1 and of a whiter greene vnderneath1 without any spots at all vpon the leaues3 the flowers also are like the former1 and of the same colour1 but a little more branched vpon the stalkes then the former3 the rootes also are blacke like vnto them4 #c4 ,pulmonaria angustifolia4 ,narrow leafed ,cowslips of ,ierusalem4 ,the leaues hereof are somewhat longer1 but not so broad1 and spotted with whitish spots also as the former3 the stalke hereof is set with the like long hairy leaues1 but smaller1 being a foote high or better1 bearing at the toppe many flowers1 standing in huskes like the first1 being somewhat reddish in the bud1 and of a darke purplish blew colour when they are blowne open3 the seede is like the former1 all of them doe well resemble ,buglosse and ,comfrey in most parts1 except the roote1 which is not like them1 but stringie1 like vnto ,cowslips1 yet blacke4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,cowslips of ,ierusalem grow naturally in the ,woods of ,germany1 in diuers places1 and the first kinde in ,england also1 found out by ,iohn ,goodier1 a great searcher and louer of plants1 dwelling at ,maple-durham in ,hampshire4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part very early1 that is1 in the beginning of ,aprill4 ,the ,names4 ,they are generally called in ,latine1 ,pulmonaria1 and maculosa1 or non maculosa1 is added for distinctions sake4 ,of some it is called ,symphitum maculosum1 that is1 spotted ,comfrey4 ,in ,english it is diuersly called1 as spotted ,cowslips of ,ierusalem1 ,sage of ,ierusalem1 ,sage of ,bethlehem1 ,lungwort1 and spotted ,comfrey1 and it might bee as fitly called spotted ,buglosse1 whereunto it is as like as vnto ,comfrey1 as ,i said before4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is much commended of some1 to bee singular good for vlcered lungs1 that are full of rotten matter4 ,as also for them that spit bloud1 being boyled and drunke4 ,it is of greatest vse for the pot1 being generally held to be good1 both for the lungs and the heart4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 #a4 ,buglossum ,borrago4 ,buglosse and ,borage4 ,although ,borage and ,buglosse might as fitly haue been placed1 ,i confesse1 in the ,kitchen ,garden1 in regard they are wholly in a manner spent for ,physicall properties1 or for the ,pot1 yet because anciently they haue been entertained into ,gardens of pleasure1 their flowers hauing been in some respect2 in that they haue alwaies been enterposed among the flowers of womens needle-worke1 ,i am more willing to giue them place here1 then thrust them into obscurity1 and take such of their tribe with them also as may fit for this place1 either for beauty or rarity4 ,the ,garden ,buglosse and ,borage are so well knowne vnto all1 that ,i shall 7,i doubt7 but spend time in waste to describe them2 yet not vsing to passe ouer any thing ,i name and appropriate to this ,garden so sleightly1 they are thus to bee knowne3 ,buglosse hath many long1 narrow1 hairy1 or rough sad greene leaues1 among which rise vp two or three very high stalks1 branched at the top1 whereon stand many blew flowers1 consisting of fiue small round pointed leaues1 with a small pointell in the middle1 which are very smooth1 shining1 and of a reddish purple while they are buds1 and not blowne open1 which being fallen1 there groweth in the greene huske1 wherein the flower stood1 three or foure roundish blacke seedes1 hauing that thread or pointell standing still in the middle of them3 the roote is blacke without1 and whitish within1 long1 thicke1 and full of slimie iuice 7as the leaues are also7 and perisheth not euery yeare1 as the roote of ,borage doth4 #b4 ,borrago4 ,borage4 ,borage hath broader1 shorter1 greener1 and rougher leaues then ,buglosse1 the stalkes hereof are not so high1 but branched into many parts1 whereon stand larger flowers1 and more pointed at the end then ,buglosse1 and of a paler blew colour for the most part 7yet sometimes the flowers are reddish1 and sometimes pure white7 each of the flowers consisting of fiue leaues1 standing in a round hairy whitish huske1 diuided into fiue parts1 and haue a small vmbone of fiue blackish threads in the middle1 standing out pointed at the end1 and broad at the bottome3 the seed is like the other3 the root is thicker and shorter then the roote of ,buglosse1 somewhat blackish without also1 and whitish within1 and perisheth after seede time1 but riseth of it owne seede fallen1 and springeth in the beginning of the yeare4 #c4 ,borrago semper virens4 ,euerliuing ,borage4 ,euerliuing ,borage hath many broad greene leaues1 and somewhat rough1 more resembling ,comfrey then ,borage1 yet not so large as either2 the stalkes are not so high as ,borage1 and haue many small blew flowers on them1 very like to the flowers of ,buglosse for the forme1 and ,borage for the colour2 the rootes are blacke1 thicker then either of them1 somewhat more spreading1 and not perishing1 hauing greene leaues all the ,winter long1 and thereupon tooke his name4 #d4 ,anchusa4 ,sea ,buglosse or ,alkanet4 ,the ,sea ,buglosse or ,alkanet hath many long1 rough1 narrow1 and darke greene leaues1 spread vpon the ground 7yet some that growe by the ,sea side are rather hoarie and whitish7 among these leaues riseth vp a stalke1 spread at the toppe into many branches1 whereon stand the flowers in tufts1 like vnto the ,garden ,buglosse1 or rather ,comfrey1 but lesser2 in some plants of a reddish blew colour1 and in others more red or purplish1 and in others of a yellowish colour3 after which come the seedes1 very like vnto ,buglosse1 but somewhat longer and paler3 the roote of most of them being transplanted1 are somewhat blackish on the outside1 vntill the later end of ,summer1 and then become more red3 for those that grow wilde1 will be then so red1 that they will giue a very deepe red colour to those that handle them1 which being dryed keepe that red colour1 which is vsed to many purposes2 the roote within being white1 and hauing no red colour at all4 #e4 ,limonium ,rauwolfij4 ,marsh ,buglosse4 ,this ,limonium 7which ,i referre here to the kindes of ,buglosse1 presuming it is the fittest place where to insert it7 hath many long narrow1 and somewhat rough leaues lying vpon the ground1 waued or cut in on both sides1 like an ,indenture1 somewhat like the leaues of ,ceterach or ,miltwast1 among which rise vp two or three stalkes1 somewhat rough also1 and with thin skinnes like wings1 indented on both sides thereof also1 like the leaues1 hauing three small1 long1 rough1 and three square leaues at euery ioynt1 where it brancheth forth2 at the toppe whereof stand many flowers vpon their foote stalkes1 in such a manner1 as is not seene in any other plant1 that ,i know2 for although that some of the small winged foot stalkes are shorter1 and some longer1 standing as it were flatwise1 or all on one side1 and not round like an vmbell1 yet are they euen at the toppe1 and not one higher than another2 each of which small foote stalkes doe beare foure or fiue greenish heads or huskes1 ioyned together1 out of each of which doe arise other pale or bleake blew stiffe huskes1 as if they were flowers1 made as it were of parchment1 which hold their colour after they are dry a long time2 and out of these huskes likewise1 doe come 7at seuerall times one after another1 and not all at one time or together7 white flowers1 consisting of fiue small round leaues1 with some white threds in the middle3 after these flowers are past1 there come in their places small long seede1 inclosed in many huskes1 many of those heads being idle1 not yeelding any goode seede1 but chaffe1 especially in out ,countrey1 for the want of sufficient heate of the ,sunne1 as ,i take it3 the roote is small1 long1 and blackish on the outside1 and perisheth at the first approach of ,winter4 ,the ,place4 ,borage and ,buglosse grow onely in ,gardens with vs1 and so doth the ,semper virens1 his originall being vnknowne vnto vs4 ,alkanet or ,sea ,buglosse groweth neare the ,sea1 in many places of ,france1 and ,spaine1 and some of the kindes also in ,england4 ,but the ,limonium or ,marshe ,buglosse groweth in ,cales1 and ,malacca in ,spaine1 and is found also in ,syria1 as ,rauwolfius relateth3 and in other places also no doubt2 for it hath beene sent vs out of ,italie1 many yeares before eyther ,guillaume ,boel found it in ,cales1 or ,clusius in ,malacca4 ,the ,time4 ,borage and ,buglosse doe flower in ,iune1 and ,iuly1 and sometimes sooner1 and so doth the euer-liuing or neuer-dying ,borage1 but not as ,gerrard saith1 flowring ,winter and ,summer1 whereupon it should take his name1 but leaueth flowring in ,autumne1 and abideth greene with his leaues all the ,winter1 flowring the next ,spring following4 ,the other flower not vntill ,iuly1 and so continue1 especially the ,marshe ,buglosse vntill ,september bee well spent1 and then giueth seede1 if early frosts ouertake it not2 for it seldome commeth to be ripe4 ,illustration3 #a ,pulmonaria latifolia maculosa4 ,cowslips of ,ierusalem4 #b ,pulmonaria angustifolia4 ,narrow leafed ,cowslips of ,ierusalem4 #c ,borrago4 ,borage4 #d ,borrago semper virens4 ,euerliuing ,borage4 #e ,anchusa4 ,sea ,buglosse or ,alkanet4 #f ,limonium ,rauwolfij4 ,marsh ,buglosse4 ,the ,names4 ,our ordinary ,borage by the consent of all the best moderne ,writers1 is the true ,buglossum of ,dioscorides1 and that our ,buglosse was vnknowne to the ancients4 ,the ,borago semper virens1 ,lobel calleth ,buglossum semper virens1 that is1 ,euer-liuing1 or ,greene ,buglosse3 but it more resembleth ,borage then ,buglosse2 yet because ,buglosse abideth greene1 to auoyde that there should not be two ,buglossa semper virentia1 ,i had rather call it ,borage then ,buglosse4 ,anchusa hath diuers names1 as ,dioscorides setteth downe4 ,and some doe call it ,fucus herba1 from the ,greeke word1 because the roote giuing so deepe a colour1 was vsed to dye or paint the skinne4 ,others call it ,buglossum ,hispanicum1 in ,english ,alkanet1 and of some ,orchanet1 after the ,french4 ,limonium was found by ,leonhartus ,rauwolfius1 neere vnto ,ioppa1 which he setteth downe in the second ,chapter of the third booke of his trauayles1 and from him first knowne to these parts3 ,i haue1 as you see1 referred it to the kindes of ,buglosse1 for that the flowers haue some resemblance vnto them1 although ,i know that ,limonium genuinum is referred to the ,beetes4 ,let it therefore here finde a place of residence1 vntill you or ,i can finde a fitter2 and call it as you thinke best1 eyther ,limonium as ,rauwolfius doth1 or ,marshe ,buglosse as ,i doe1 or if you can adde a more proper name1 ,i shall not be offended4 ,the ,vertues4 ,borage and ,buglosse are held to bee both temperate herbes1 beeing vsed both in the pot and in drinkes that are cordiall1 especially the flowers1 which of ,gentlewomen are candid for comfitts4 ,the ,alkanet is drying1 and held to be good for wounds1 and if a peece of the roote be put into a little oyle of ,peter or ,petroleum1 it giueth as deepe a colour to the oyle1 as the ,hypericon doth or can to his oyle1 and accounted to be singular good for a cut or greene wound4 ,the ,limonium hath no vse that wee know1 more then for a ,garden2 yet as ,rauwolfius saith1 the ,syrians vse the leaues as sallats at the ,table4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 ,lychnis4 ,campions4 ,there bee diuers sorts of ,campions1 as well tame as wilde1 and although some of them that ,i shall here entreate of1 may peraduenture be found wilde in our owne ,countrey1 yet in regard of their beautifull flowers1 they are to bee respected1 and noursed vp with the rest1 to furnish a garden of pleasure2 as for the wilde kindes1 ,i will leaue them for another discourse4 #a4 ,lychnis ,coronaria rubra simplex4 ,the single red ,rose ,campion4 ,the single red ,rose ,campion hath diuers thicke1 hoary1 or woolly long greene leaues1 abiding greene all the winter1 and in the end of the spring or beginning of summer1 shooteth forth two or three hard round woolly stalkes1 with some ioynts thereon1 and at euery ioynt two such like hoary greene leaues as those below1 but smaller1 diuersly branched at the toppe1 hauing one flower vpon each seuerall long foot stalke1 consisting of fiue leaues1 somewhat broade and round pointed1 of a perfect red crimson colour1 standing out of a hard long round huske1 ridged or crested in foure or fiue places2 after the flowers are fallen there come vp round hard heads1 wherein is contained small blackish seed3 the roote is small1 long and wooddy1 with many fibres annexed vnto it1 and shooteth forth anew oftentimes1 yet perisheth often also4 #b4 ,lychnis ,coronaria alba simplex4 ,the white ,rose ,campion4 ,the white ,rose ,campion is in all things like the red1 but in the colour of the flower1 which in this is of a pure white colour4 #c4 ,lychnis ,coronaria albescens siue incarnata maculata non maculata4 ,the blush ,rose ,campion spotted and not spotted4 ,like vnto the former also are these other sorts1 hauing no other difference to distinguish them1 but the flowers1 which are of a pale or bleake whitish blush colour1 especially about the brims1 as if a very little red were mixed with a great deale of white1 the middle of the flower being more white2 the one being spotted all ouer the flower1 with small spots and streakes1 the other not hauing any spot at all4 #d4 ,lychnis ,coronaria rubra multiplex4 ,the double red ,rose ,campion4 ,the double red ,rose ,campion is in all respects like vnto the single red kinde1 but that this beareth double flowers1 consisting of two or three rowes of leaues at the most1 which are not so large as the single1 and the whole plant is more tender1 that is1 more apt to perish1 then any of the single kindes4 #e4 ,lychnis ,chalcedonica flore simplici miniato4 ,single ,nonesuch1 or ,flower of ,bristow1 or ,constantinople4 ,this ,campion of ,constantinople hath many broad and long greene leaues1 among which rise vp sundry stiffe round hairy ioynted stalks three foot high1 with two leaues euery ioynt3 the flowers stand at the toppes of them1 very many together1 in a large tuft or vmbell1 consisting of fiue small long leaues1 broade pointed1 and notched-in in the middle1 of a bright red orenge colour1 which being past1 there come in their places small hard whitish heads or seede vessels1 containing blacke seede1 like vnto the seede of sweet ,williams1 and hauing but a small sent2 the roote is very stringie1 fastening it selfe very strongly in the ground1 whereby it is much encreased4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,et carneo4 ,versicolor4 ,of the single kinde there is also two or three other sorts1 differing chiefly in the colour of the flowers4 ,the one is pure white4 ,another is of a blush colour wholly1 without variation4 ,and a third is very variable2 for at the first it is of a pale red1 and after a while groweth paler1 vntill in the end it become almost fully white2 and all these diuersities of the flowers are sometimes to bee seene on one stalke at one and the same time4 #f4 ,lychnis ,chalcedonica flore miniato pleno4 ,double ,flower of ,bristow1 or ,nonesuch4 ,this glorious flower being as rare as it is beautifull1 is for rootes beeing stringie1 for leaues and stalkes being hairy and high1 and for the flowers growing in tufts1 altogether like the first single kinde2 but herein consisteth the chiefest difference1 that this beareth a larger vmbell or tuft of flowers at the toppe of the stalke1 euery flower consisting of three or foure rowes of leaues1 of a deeper orenge colour then it1 which addeth the more grace vnto it1 but passeth away without bearing seede1 as most other double flowers doe1 yet recompenceth that defect with encrease from the roote4 #g4 ,lychnis plumaria siluestris simplex multiplex4 ,the featherd wilde ,campion single and double4 ,the leaues of this wilde ,campion are somewhat like the ordinary white wilde ,campion1 but not so large1 or rather resembling the leaues of sweete ,williams1 but that they grow not so close1 nor so many together3 the stalkes haue smaller leaues at the ioynts then those belowe1 and branched at the toppe1 with many pale1 but bright red flowers1 iagged or cut in on the edges1 like the feathered ,pinke1 whereof some haue taken it to be a kinde1 and some for a kinde of wilde ,william1 but yet is but a wilde ,campion1 as may be obserued1 both by his huske that beareth the flowers1 and by the greyish roundish seede1 being not of the ,family of ,pinkes and ,gillowers1 but 7as ,i said7 of the ,campions3 the roote is full of strings or fibres4 ,sidenote3 ,flore pleno4 ,the double kinde is very like vnto the single kinde1 but that it is lower and smaller1 and the flowers very double4 #h4 ,lychnis siluestris flore pleno rubro4 ,red ,batchelours buttons4 ,the double wilde ,campion 7which of our ,countrey ,gentlewomen is called ,batchelours buttons7 is very like both in rootes1 leaues1 stalkes1 and flowers vnto the ordinary wilde red ,campion1 but somewhat lesser1 his flowers are not iagged1 but smooth1 and very thicke and double1 so that most commonly it breaketh his short huske1 wherein the flower standeth on the one side1 seldome hauing a whole huske1 and are of a reddish colour4 #i4 ,lychnis siluestris flore albo pleno4 ,white ,batchelours buttons4 ,as the leaues of the former double ,campion was like vnto the single kinde that had red flowers1 so this hath his leaues like vnto the single white kinde1 differing in no other thing from it1 but in the doublenesse of the flowers1 which by reason of the multiplicity of leaues in them thrusting forth together1 breaketh his huskes wherein the flowers doe stand1 as the other doth1 and hath scarce one flower in many that is whole4 #aj4 ,ocymoides arborea semper virens4 ,strange ,bassil ,campion4 ,this ,strange ,campion 7for thereunto it must bee referred7 shooteth forth many round1 whitish1 wooddy1 but brittle stalkes1 whereon stand diuers long1 and somewhat thicke leaues1 set by couples1 narrow at the bottome1 and broader toward the point1 of a very faire greene and shining colour1 so that there is more beauty in the greene leaues1 which doe so alwaies abide1 then in the flowers1 which are of a pale red or blush colour1 consisting of fiue small long broad pointed leaues1 notched in the middle1 which doe not lye close1 but loosly as it were hanging ouer the huskes3 after the flowers are past1 there come heads that containe blackish seede3 the roote is small1 hard1 white1 and threadie4 #aa4 ,muscipula ,lobelij siue ,ben rubrum ,monspeliensium4 ,lobels ,catch ,flie4 ,i must needes insert this small plant1 to finish this part of the ,campions1 whereunto it belongeth1 being a pretty toye to furnish and decke out a ,garden4 ,it springeth vp 7if it haue beene once sowne and suffered to shed7 in the later end of the yeare most commonly1 or else in the ,spring with fiue or six small leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of ,pinkes1 and of the same grayish colour1 but a little broader and shorter1 and when it beginneth to shoote vp for flower1 it beareth smaller leaues on the clammy or viscous stalkes 7fit to hold any small thing that lighteth on it72 being broad at the bottome compassing them1 and standing two at a ioynt one against another3 the toppes of the stalkes are diuersly branched into seuerall parts1 euery branch hauing diuers small red flowers1 not notched1 but smooth1 standing out of small1 long1 round1 stript huskes1 which after the flowers are past1 containe small grayish seede3 the roote is small1 and perisheth after it hath giuen seede2 but riseth 7as is before said7 of its owne seede1 if it be suffered to shed4 ,illustration3 #a ,lychnis ,coronaria simplex4 ,single ,rose ,campion4 #b ,lychnis ,coronaria rubra multiplex4 ,the double red ,rose ,campion4 #c ,lychnis ,chalcedonica simplex4 ,single ,none such1 or flower of ,bristow4 #d ,lychnis ,chalcedonica flore pleno4 ,double ,none such1 or flower of ,bristow4 #e ,lychnis plumaria multiplex4 ,pleasant in sight4 #f ,lychnis siluestris flore pleno rubro4 ,red ,batchelours ,buttons4 #g ,lychnis siluestris flore pleno albo4 ,white ,batchelours ,buttons4 #h ,muscipula ,lobelij4 ,lobels ,catch ,flie4 ,the ,place4 ,the ,rose ,campions1 ,flowers of ,bristow1 or ,nonesuch1 the ,bassil ,campion1 and the ,catch ,flie1 haue been sent vs from beyond the ,seas1 and are onely noursed vp in ,gardens with vs2 the other ,campions that are double1 haue been naturally so found double wilde 7for no art or industry of man1 that euer ,i could be assured of to be true1 be it by neuer so many repetitions of transplantations1 and planeticall obseruations 7as ,i haue said in the beginning of this worke7 could bring any flower1 single by nature1 to become double1 notwithstanding many affirmations to that purpose1 but whatsoeuer hath been found wilde to be double1 nature her selfe1 and not art hath so produced it7 and being brought into ,gardens1 are there encreased by slipping1 and parting the roote1 because they giue no seede4 ,the ,time4 ,all of them doe flower in the ,summer1 yet none before ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,the first kindes are called ,lychnides satiu1 and coronari1 in ,english generally ,rose ,campions4 ,the next is called ,lychnis ,chalcedonica1 and ,byzantina2 in ,english1 of some ,nonesuch1 and of others ,flower of ,bristow1 and after the ,latine1 ,flower of ,constantinople1 because it is thought the seede was first brought from thence2 but from whence the double of this kinde came1 we cannot tell4 ,the names of the others of this kinde1 both single and double1 are set downe with their descriptions4 ,the feathered ,campions are called ,armoraria pratensis1 and ,flos ,cuculi1 and of ,clusius and others thought to be ,odontitis ,plinij4 ,some call them in ,english ,crowflowers1 and ,cuckowe-,flowers2 and some call the double hereof1 ,the faire ,maide of ,france4 ,the ,bassil ,campions were sent ouer among many other seedes out of ,italy1 by the name of ,ocimoides arborea semper virens4 ,arborea1 because the stalke is more wooddy and durable then other ,campions3 ,and semper virens1 because the leaues abide greene ,winter and ,summer4 ,clusius calleth it ,lychnis semper virens1 because it is certainly a ,campion4 ,the last is diuersly called of ,authors2 ,lobel calleth it ,muscipula3 ,others ,armoraria altera3 ,dodonus ,armerius flos quartus4 ,clusius ,lychnis siluestris altera1 in his ,spanish obseruations1 and prima in his ,history of plants1 and saith1 the learned of ,salmantica in ,spaine called it1 ,ben rubrum1 as ,lobel saith1 they of ,mompelier doe also3 and by that name ,i receiued it first out of ,italy4 ,it hath the name of ,catch ,flie1 of ,muscipula the ,latine word1 because the stalkes in the hot ,summer dayes haue a certaine viscous or clammy humour vpon them1 whereby it easily holdeth 7as ,i said before7 whatsoeuer small thing1 as ,flies1 c4 lighteth vpon it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we know none in these dayes1 that putteth any of these to any ,physicall vse1 although some haue in former times4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum4 ,wall-flowers1 or ,wall ,gilloflowers4 ,there are two sorts of ,wall-flowers1 the one single1 the other double1 and of each of them there is likewise some differences1 as shall be shewed in their description4 #a4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum simplex vulgare4 ,common single ,wall-flowers4 ,the common single ,wall-flower which groweth wilde abroad1 and yet is brought into ,gardens1 hath sundry small1 narrow1 long1 and darke greene leaues1 set without order vpon small round whitish wooddy stalkes1 which beare at the tops diuers single yellow flowers one aboue another1 euery one hauing foure leaues a peece1 and of a very sweete sent3 after which come long pods1 containing reddish seede3 the roote is white1 hard and thready4 #b4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum simplex maius4 ,the great single ,wall-flower4 ,there is another sort of single ,wall-flower1 whose leaues as well as flowers are much larger then the former3 the leaues being of a darker and shining greene colour1 and the flowers of a very deepe gold yellow colour1 and vsually broader then a twentie shilling peece of gold can couer3 the spike or toppe of flowers also much longer1 and abiding longer in flower1 and much sweeter likewise in sent3 the pods for seede are thicker and shorter1 with a small point at the end3 this is slower to encrease into branches1 as also to be encreased by the branches1 and more tender to be preserued2 for the hard frosts doe cause it to perish1 if it be not defended from them4 #c4 ,keiri simplex flore albo4 ,white ,wall-flower4 ,this ,wall-flower hath his leaues as greene as the great kinde1 but nothing so large3 the flowers stand at the toppe1 but not in so long a spike1 and consisteth of foure leaues1 of a very white colour1 not much larger then the common kinde1 and of a faint or weaker sent3 the pods are nothing so great as the former great one3 this is more easie to be propagated and encreased also1 but yet will require some care in defending it from the colds of the ,winter4 #d4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum vulgare flore pleno4 ,common double ,wall-flowers4 ,this ordinary double ,wall-flower is in leaues and stalke very like vnto the first single kinde1 but that the leaues hereof are not of so deepe a greene colour3 the flowers stand at the top of the stalkes one aboue another1 as it were a long spike1 which flower by degrees1 the lowest first1 and so vpwards1 by which it is a long time in flowring1 and is very double1 of a gold yellow colour1 and very sweete4 #e4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum alterum flore pleno4 ,pale double ,wall-flowers4 ,wee haue another sort of this kinde of double ,wall-flower1 whose double flowers stand not spike-fashion as the former1 but more open spread1 and doe all of them blowe open at one time almost1 and not by degrees as the other doth1 and is of a paler yellow colour1 not differing in any thing else1 except that the greene leaues hereof are of a little paler greene then it4 #f4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum maius flore pleno ferrugineo4 ,double red ,wall-flowers4 ,we haue also another sort of double ,wall-flower1 whose leaues are as greene1 and almost as large as the great single yellow kinde1 or full as bigge as the leaues of the white ,wall-flower3 the flowers hereof are not much larger then the ordinary1 but are of a darker yellow colour then the great single kinde1 and of a more brownish or red colour on the vnderside of the leaues1 and is as it were striped4 #g4 ,keiri siue ,leucoium maximum luteum flore pleno4 ,the greatest double yellow ,wall-flower4 ,this great double ,wall-flower is as yet a stranger in ,england1 and therefore what ,i here write is more vpon relation 7which yet ,i beleeue to be most true7 then vpon sight and speculation4 ,the leaues of this ,wall-flower are as greene and as large1 if not larger then the great single kinde3 the flowers also are of the same deepe gold yellow colour with it1 but much larger then any of the former double kindes1 and of as sweet a sent as any1 which addeth delight vnto beauty4 ,the ,place4 ,the first single kind is often found growing vpon old wals of ,churches1 and other houses in many places of ,england1 and also among rubbish and stones4 ,the single white and great yellow1 as well as all the other double kindes1 are noursed vp in ,gardens onely with vs4 ,the ,time4 ,all the single kindes doe flower many times in the end of ,autumne1 and if the ,winter be milde all the ,winter long1 but especially in the moneths of ,february1 ,march1 and ,aprill1 and vntill the heate of the ,spring doe spend them3 but the other double kindes doe not continue flowring in that manner the yeare throughout1 although very early sometimes1 and very late also in some places4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called by diuers names1 as ,viola lutea1 ,leucoium luteum1 and ,keiri1 or ,cheiri1 by which name it is chiefly knowne in our ,apothecaries shops1 because there is an oyle made thereof called ,cheirinum3 ,in ,english they are vsually called in these parts1 ,wall-flowers3 ,others doe call them ,bee-flowers2 others ,wall-,gilloflowers1 ,winter-,gilloflowers1 and yellow ,stocke-,gilloflowers2 but we haue a kinde of ,stocke-,gilloflower that more fitly deserueth that name1 as shall be shewed in the ,chapter following4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the sweetnesse of the flowers causeth them to be generally vsed in ,nosegayes1 and to decke vp houses2 but physically they are vsed in diuers manners3 ,as a ,conserue made of the flowers1 is vsed for a remedy both for the ,appoplexie and ,palsie4 ,the distilled water helpeth well in the like manner4 ,the oyle made of the flowers is heating and resoluing1 good to ease paines of strained and pained sinewes4 ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,leucoium4 ,stocke-,gilloflower4 ,there are very many sorts of ,stocke-,gilloflowers1 both single and double1 some of the fields and mountaines1 others of the ,sea marshes and medowes2 and some noursed vp in ,gardens1 and there preserued by seede or slippe1 as each kinde is aptest to bee ordered4 ,but because some of these are fitter for a generall ,history then for this our ,garden of ,pleasure1 both for that diuers haue no good sent1 others little or no beauty1 and to be entreated of onely for the variety1 ,i shall spare so many of them as are not fit for this worke1 and onely set downe the rest4 ,illustration3 #a ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum vulgare4 ,common ,wall-flowers4 #b ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum maius simplex4 ,the great single ,wall-flower4 #c ,keiri siue ,leucoium luteum flore pleno vulgare4 ,ordinary double ,wall-flowers4 #d ,keiri maius flore pleno ferrugineo4 ,the great double red ,wall-flower4 #e ,leucoium sativum simplex4 ,single ,stocke ,gilloflowers4 #f ,leucoium sativum simplex flore striato4 ,single stript ,stocke-,gilloflowers4 #a4 ,leucoium simplex sativum diversorum colorum4 ,garden ,stocke-,gilloflowers single of diuers colours4 ,these single ,stocke-,gilloflowers1 although they differ in the colour of their flowers1 yet are in leafe and manner of growing1 one so like vnto another1 that vntill they come to flower1 the one cannot be well knowne that beareth red flowers1 from another that beareth purple2 and therefore one description of the plant shall serue1 with a declaration of the sundry colours of the flowers4 ,it riseth vp with round whitish woody stalkes1 two1 three1 or foure foot high1 whereon are set many long1 and not very broad1 soft1 and whitish or grayish greene leaues1 somewhat round pointed1 and parted into diuers branches1 at the toppes whereof grow many flowers1 one aboue another1 smelling very sweet1 consisting of foure small1 long1 and round pointed leaues1 standing in small long huskes1 which turne into long and flat pods1 sometimes halfe a foote long1 wherein is contained flat1 round1 reddish seedes1 with grayish ringes or circles about them1 lying flat all along the middle rib of the pod on both sides3 the roote is long1 white1 and woody1 spreading diuers wayes4 ,there is great variety in the colours of the flowers3 for some are wholly of a pure white colour1 others of a most excellent crimson red colour1 others againe of a faire red colour1 but not so bright or liuely as the other1 some also of a purplish or violet colour1 without any spot1 marke1 or line in them at all4 ,there are againe of all these colours1 mixed very variably1 as white mixed with small or great spottes1 strakes or lines of pure or bright red1 or darke red1 and white with purple spots and lines2 and of eyther of them whose flowers are almost halfe white1 and halfe red1 or halfe white1 and halfe purple4 ,the red of both sorts1 and the purple also1 in the like manner spotted1 striped1 and marked with white1 differing neyther in forme1 nor substance1 in any other point4 #b4 ,leucoium satiuum albido luteum simplex4 ,the single pale yellow ,stocke-,gilloflower4 ,there is very little difference in this kind from the former1 for the manner of growing1 or forme of leaues or flower4 ,only this hath greener leaues1 and pale yellow almost white flowers1 in all other things alike3 this is of no great regard1 but only for rarity1 and diuersity from the rest4 #c4 ,leucoium ,melancholicum4 ,the ,melancholick ,gentleman4 ,this wilde kinde of stocke gilloflower hath larger1 longer and greener leaues then any of the former kindes1 vneuenly gashed or sinuated on both edges lying on the ground1 and a little rough or hairy withall3 from among which rise vp the stalkes1 a yard high or more1 and hairy likewise1 bearing thereon here and there some such like leaues as are below1 but smaller1 and at the top a great number of flowers1 as large or larger then any of the former single kindes1 made of #d4 large leaues a peece also1 standing in such like long huskes1 but of a darke or sullen yellowish colour3 after which come long roundish pods1 wherein lye somewhat long but rounder and greater seede then any stocke gilloflower1 and nearer both in pod and seede vnto the ,hesperis or ,dames ,violet3 this perisheth not vsually after seede bearing1 although sometimes it doth4 #d4 ,leucoium marinum ,syriacum4 ,leuant stocke gilloflowers4 ,this kind of stocke gilloflower riseth vp at the first with diuers long and somewhat broad leaues1 a little vneuenly dented or waued on the edges1 which so continue the first yeare after the sowing3 the stalke riseth vp the next yeare to bee two foot high or more1 bearing all those leaues on it that it first had1 which then do grow lesse sinuated or waued then before3 at the top whereof stand many flowers1 made of foure leaues a peece1 of a delayed purple colour1 but of a small sent which turne into very long and narrow flat pods1 wherein are contained flat seed like the ordinary stocke gilloflowers1 but much larger and of a darke or blackish browne colour3 the root is white1 and groweth deepe1 spreading in the ground1 but growing woody when it is in seede1 and perisheth afterwards4 #e4 ,leucoij alterum genus1 flore tam multiplici quam simplici ex feminio oriundum4 ,another sort of ,stocke gilloflowers bearing as well double as single flowers from seede4 ,this kinde of ,stocke gilloflower differeth neyther in forme of leaues1 stalkes1 nor flowers from the former1 but that it oftentimes groweth much larger and taller2 so that whosoeuer shall see both these growing together1 shall scarce discerne the difference1 onely it beareth flowers1 eyther white1 red or purple1 wholly or entire1 that is1 of one colour1 without mixture of other colour in them 7for so much as euer ,i haue obserued1 or could vnderstand by others7 which are eyther single1 like vnto the former1 or very thicke and double1 like vnto the next that followeth2 but larger1 and growing with more store of flowers on the long stalke4 ,but this you must vnderstand withall1 that those plants that beare double flowers1 doe beare no seede at all1 and is very seldome encreased by slipping or cutting1 as the next kinde of double is3 but the onely way to haue double flowers any yeare1 7for this kinde dyeth euery winter1 for the most part1 after it hath borne flowers1 and seldome is preserued7 is to saue the seedes of those plants of this kinde that beare single flowers1 for from that seede will rise1 some that will beare single1 and some double flowers1 which cannot bee distinguished one from another1 ,i meane which will be single and which double1 vntill you see them in flower1 or budde at the least4 ,and this is the only way to preserue this kinde3 but of the seed of the former kinde was neuer known any double flowers to arise1 and therefore you must be carefull to marke this kinde from the former4 #f4 ,leucoium flore pleno diuersorum colorum4 ,double ,stocke ,gillowflowers of diuers colours4 ,this other kinde of ,stock gilloflower that beareth onely double flowers1 groweth not so great1 nor spreadeth his branches so farre1 nor are his leaues so large1 but is in all things smaller1 and lower1 and yet is woody1 or shrubby1 like the former1 bearing his flowers in the like manner1 many vpon a long stalke1 one aboue another1 and very double1 but not so large as the former double1 although it grow in fertile soyle1 which are eyther white1 or red1 or purple wholly1 without any mixture1 or else mixed with spots and stripes1 as the single flowers of the first kinde1 but more variably1 and not in all places alike1 neuer bearing seede1 but must be encreased1 only by the cutting of the young sproutes or branches1 taken in a fit season3 this kinde perisheth not1 as the former double kinde doth1 so as it bee defended in the winter from the extreame frosts1 but especially from the snow falling1 or at the least remaining vpon it4 #g4 ,leucoium satiuum luteum flore pleno4 ,the double yellow ,stocke ,gilloflower4 ,this double yellow ,stock gilloflower is a stranger in ,england1 as far as ,i can learne1 neyther haue ,i any further familiaritie with him1 then by relation from ,germany1 where it is affirmed to grow only in some of their gardens1 that are curious louers of these delights1 bearing long leaues somewhat hoary or white1 7and not greene like vnto the ,wallflower1 whereunto else it might be thought to be referred7 like vnto the ,stock gilloflowers1 as the stalkes and branches also are1 and bearing faire double flowers1 of a faire1 but pale yellow colour4 ,the whole plant is tender1 as the double ,stock gilloflowers are1 and must be carefully preserued in the winter from the coldes1 or rather more then the last double1 lest it perish4 ,the ,place4 ,the single kindes1 especially some of them1 grow in ,italie1 and some in ,greece1 ,candy1 and the ,isles adiacent1 as may be gathered out of the verses in ,plutarches ,booke ,de ,amore fraterno3 ,inter ,echinopodas velut asperam1 inter ,ononim1 ,inter dum crescunt mollia ,leucoia4 ,which sheweth1 that the soft or gentle stocke gilloflowers doe sometimes grow among rough or prickely ,furse and ,cammocke4 ,the other sorts are only to be found in gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in a manner all the yeare throughout in some places1 especially some of the single kindes1 if they stand warme1 and defended from the windes and cold3 the double kindes flower sometimes in ,aprill1 and more plentifully in ,may1 and ,iune2 but the double of seed1 flowreth vsually late1 and keepeth flowring vnto the winter1 that the frostes and colde mistes doe pull it downe4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called ,leucoium1 ,viola alba3 but the name ,leucoium 7which is in ,english the white ,violet7 is referred to diuers plants2 we call it in ,english generally1 ,stocke gilloflower1 7or as others doe1 ,stocke gillouer7 to put a difference betweene them1 and the ,gilloflowers and ,carnations1 which are quite of another kindred1 as shall be shewne in place conuenient4 ,the ,vertues4 ,these haue no great vse in ,physick that ,i know3 only some haue vsed the leaues of the single white flowred kinde with salt1 to be laid to the wrests of them that haue agues1 but with what good successe ,i cannot say1 if it happen well ,i thinke in one 7as many such things else will7 it will fayle in a number4 ,,chap4 ,,xli4 #a4 ,hesperis1 siue ,viola ,matronalis4 ,dames ,violets1 or ,queenes ,gilloflowers4 ,the ordinary ,dames ,violets1 or ,queene ,gilloflowers1 hath his leaues broader1 greener1 and sharper pointed1 then the ,stock gilloflowers1 and a little endented about the edges3 the stalkes grow two foot high1 bearing many greene leaues vpon them1 smaller then those at the bottome1 and branched at the toppe1 bearing many flowers1 in fashion much like the flowers of stocke gilloflowers1 consisting of foure leaues in like manner1 but not so large1 of a faint purplish colour in some1 and in others white1 and of a pretty sweet sent1 especially towards night1 but in the day time little or none at all3 after the flowers are past1 there doe come small long and round pods1 wherein is contained1 in two rowes1 small and long blacke seede3 the roote is wholly composed of stringes or fibres1 which abide many yeares1 and springeth fresh stalks euery yeare1 the leaues abiding all the ,winter4 ,illustration3 #a ,leucoium ,melancholicum4 ,sullen ,stocke-,gilloflowers4 #b ,leucoium sativum flore pleno4 ,double ,stocke-,gilloflowers4 #c ,leucoium sativum flore pleno vario4 ,party coloured ,stocke-,gilloflowers4 #d ,leucoium marinum ,syriacum4 ,leuant ,stocke-,gilloflowers4 #e ,hesperis vulgaris4 ,dames ,violets or ,winter ,gilloflowers4 #f ,lysimachia lutea siliquosa ,virginiana4 ,the tree ,primrose of ,virginia4 #g ,viola lunaris siue ,bolbonach4 ,the white ,sattin flower4 #b4 ,hesperis ,pannonica4 ,dames ,violets of ,hungary4 ,the leaues of this ,violet are very like the former1 but smoother and thicker1 and not at all indented1 or cut in on the edges3 the flowers are like the former1 but of a sullen pale colour1 turning themselues1 and seldome lying plaine open1 hauing many purple veines1 and streakes running through the leaues of the flowers1 of little or no sent in the day time1 but of a very sweete sent in the euening and morning2 the seedes are alike also1 but a little browner4 #c4 ,lysimachia lutea siliquosa ,virginiana4 ,the tree ,primrose of ,virginia4 ,vnto what tribe or kindred ,i might referre this plant1 ,i haue stood long in suspence1 in regard ,i make no mention of any other ,lysimachia in this work3 lest therefore it should lose all place1 let me ranke it here next vnto the ,dames ,violets1 although ,i confesse it hath little affinity with them4 ,the first yeare of the sowing the seede it abideth without any stalke or flowers lying vpon the ground1 with diuers long and narrow pale greene leaues1 spread oftentimes round almost like a ,rose1 the largest leaues being outermost1 and very small in the middle3 about ,may the next yeare the stalke riseth1 which will be in ,summer of the height of a man1 and of a strong bigge size almost to a mans thumbe1 round from the bottome to the middle1 where it groweth crested vp to the toppe1 into as many parts as there are branches of flowers1 euery one hauing a small leafe at the foote thereof3 the flowers stand in order one aboue another1 round about the tops of the stalks1 euery one vpon a short foot-stalke1 consisting of foure pale yellow leaues1 smelling somewhat like vnto a ,primrose1 as the colour is also 7which hath caused the name7 and standing in a greene huske1 which parteth it selfe at the toppe into foure parts or leaues1 and turne themselues downewards1 lying close to the stalke3 the flower hath some chiues in the middle1 which being past1 there come in their places long and cornered pods1 sharpe pointed at the vpper end1 and round belowe1 opening at the toppe when it is ripe into fiue parts1 wherein is contained small brownish seed3 the roote is somewhat great at the head1 and wooddy1 and branched forth diuersly1 which perisheth after it hath borne seede4 ,the ,place4 ,the two first grow for the most part on ,hils and in ,woods1 but with vs in ,gardens onely4 ,the last1 as may be well vnderstood by the title1 came out of ,virginia4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,may1 ,iune1 and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,the name of ,hesperis is imposed by most ,herbarists vpon the two first plants1 although it is not certainly knowne to be the same that ,theophrastus doth make mention of1 in his sixth ,booke and twenty fiue ,chapter de causis plantarum3 but because this hath the like effects to smell best in the euening1 it is 7as ,i said7 imposed vpon it4 ,it is also called ,viola ,marina ,matronalis1 ,hyemalis1 ,damascena and ,muschatella3 ,in ,english1 ,dames ,violets1 ,queens ,gilloflowers1 and ,winter ,gilloflowers4 ,the last hath his ,latine name in the title as is best agreeing with it1 and for the ,english1 although it be too foolish ,i confesse1 yet it may passe for this time till a fitter be giuen1 vnlesse you please to follow the ,latine1 and call it ,virginia ,loose-strife4 ,the ,vertues4 ,i neuer knew any among vs to vse these kindes of ,violets in ,physicke1 although by reason of the sharpe biting taste1 ,dodonus accounteth the ordinary sort to be a kinde of ,rocket1 and saith it prouoketh sweating1 and vrine3 and others affirme it to cut1 digest1 and cleanse tough flegme4 ,the ,virginian hath not beene vsed by any that ,i know1 either inwardly or outwardly4 ,,chap4 ,,xlii4 ,viola ,lunaris siue ,bolbonach4 ,the ,sattin flower4 ,vnto the kindes of ,stocke-,gilloflowers ,i thinke fittest to adioyne these kindes of ,sattin-flowers1 whereof there are two sorts1 one frequent enough in all our ,countrie1 the other is not so common4 #a4 ,viola ,lunaris vulgaris4 ,the common white ,sattin flower4 ,the first of these ,sattin flowers1 which is the most common1 hath his leaues broad belowe1 and pointed at the end1 snipt about the edges1 and of a darke greene colour3 the stalkes are round and hard1 two foot high1 or higher1 diuided into many branches1 set with the like leaues1 but smaller3 the tops of the branches are beset with many purplish flowers1 like vnto ,dames ,violets1 or ,stocke ,gilloflowers1 but larger1 being of little sent3 after the flowers are past1 there come in their places round flat thin cods1 of a darke colour on the outside1 but hauing a thinne middle skinne1 that is white and cleare shining1 like vnto very pure white ,sattin it selfe1 whereon lye flat and round brownish seede1 somewhat thicke and great3 the rootes perish when they haue giuen their seede1 and are somewhat round1 long1 and thicke1 resembling the rootes of ,lilium non bulbosum1 or ,day ,lilly1 which are eaten 7as diuers other rootes are7 for ,sallets1 both in our owne ,country1 and in many places beside4 #b4 ,viola ,lunaris altera seu peregrina4 ,long liuing ,sattin flower4 ,this second kinde hath broader and longer leaues then the former1 the stalkes also are greener and higher1 branching into flowers1 of a paler purple colour1 almost white1 consisting of foure leaues in like manner1 and smelling pretty sweete1 bearing such like pods1 but longer and slenderer then they3 the rootes are composed of many long strings1 which dye not as the former1 but abide1 and shoot out new stalkes euery yeare4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is 7as is said7 frequent enough in ,gardens1 and is found wilde in some places of our owne ,country1 as ,master ,gerard reporteth1 whereof ,i neuer could be certainly assured1 but ,i haue had it often sent mee among other seedes from ,italy1 and other places4 ,the other is not so common in ,gardens1 but found about ,watford1 as he saith also4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,aprill or ,may1 and sometimes more early4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath diuers names1 as well in ,english as in ,latine2 for it is called most vsually ,bolbonach1 and ,viola ,lunaris3 ,of some ,viola latifolia1 and of others ,viola ,peregrina1 and ,lunaria ,grca1 ,lunaria maior1 and ,lunaria odorata1 and is thought to be ,thlaspi ,crateu3 ,in ,english1 ,white ,satten1 or ,satten flower3 ,of some it is called ,honesty1 and ,penny-flower4 ,the ,vertues4 ,some doe vse to eate the young rootes hereof1 before they runne vp to flower1 as ,rampions are eaten with ,vinegar and ,oyle2 but wee know no ,physicall vse they haue4 ,,chap4 ,,xliii4 ,linum siluestre ,linaria4 ,wilde ,flaxe and ,tode ,flaxe4 ,although neither the manured ,line or ,flaxe is a plant fit for our ,garden1 nor many of the wilde sorts1 yet there are some1 whose pleasant and delightfull aspect doth entertaine the beholders eyes with good content1 and those ,i will set downe here for varietie1 and adioyne vnto them some of the ,linarias1 or ,tode ,flaxe1 for the neare affinity with them4 #a4 ,linum siluestre flore albo4 ,wilde ,flaxe with a white flower4 ,this kinde of wilde ,flaxe riseth vp with diuers slender branches1 a foote high or better1 full of leaues1 standing without order1 being broader and longer then the manured ,flaxe3 the tops of the branches haue diuers faire white flowers on them1 composed of fiue large leaues a peece1 with many purple lines or strikes in them3 the seede vessell as well as the seede1 is like vnto the heads and seede of the manured ,flaxe3 the rootes are white strings1 and abide diuers yeares1 springing fresh branches and leaues euery yeare1 but not vntill the ,spring of the yeare4 #b4 ,linum siluestre luteum4 ,wilde ,flaxe with a yellow flower4 ,this wilde ,flaxe doth so well resemble a kinde of ,st4 ,iohns wort1 that it will soone deceiue one that doth not aduisedly regard it3 ,for it hath many reddish stalkes1 and small leaues on them1 broader then the former wilde ,flaxe1 but not so long1 which are well stored with yellow flowers1 as large as the former1 made of fiue leaues a peece1 which being past1 there come small flattish heads1 containing blackish seede1 but not shining like the former3 the rootes hereof dye not euery yeare1 as many other of the wilde kindes doe1 but abide and shoote out euery yeare4 #c4 ,linaria purpurea4 ,purple ,tode ,flaxe4 ,this purple ,tode ,flaxe hath diuers thicke1 small1 long1 and somewhat narrowish leaues1 snipt about the edges1 of a whitish greene colour1 from among which rise vp diuers stalkes1 replenished at the tops with many small flowers1 standing together one aboue another spike-fashion1 which are small and somewhat sweete1 while they are fresh1 fashioned somewhat like the common ,tode flaxe that groweth wilde abroad almost euery where1 but much smaller1 with a gaping mouth1 but without any crooked spurre behinde1 like vnto them1 sometimes of a sad purple neare vnto a ,violet1 and sometimes of a paler blew colour1 hauing a yellow spot in the middle or gaping place3 after the flowers are past1 there come small1 hard1 round heads1 wherein are contained small1 flat1 and grayish seede3 the roote is small and perisheth for the most part euery yeare1 and will spring againe of it owne sowing1 if it be suffered to shed it selfe1 yet some hard ,winters haue killed the seede it should seeme1 in that sometimes it faileth to spring againe1 and therefore had neede to be sowne anew in the ,spring4 #d4 ,linaria purpurea odorata4 ,sweete purple ,tode ,flaxe4 ,the lower leaues of this purple ,tode ,flaxe are nothing like any of the rest1 but are long and broad1 endented about the edges1 somewhat resembling the leaues of the greater wilde white ,daisie3 the stalke is set at the bottome with such like leaues1 but a little more diuided and cut in1 and still smaller and smaller vpward1 so that the vppermost leaues are very like the common ,tode ,flaxe1 the toppe whereof is branched1 hauing diuers small flowers growing along vpon then1 in fashion and colour almost like the last described ,tode ,flaxe1 but not altogether so deepe a purple3 the heads and seedes are very like the former1 but that the seede of this is reddish2 the flowers in their naturall hot ,countries haue a fine sent1 but in these colder1 little or none at all3 the rootes are small and threadie1 and perish after they haue flowred and seeded4 ,illustration3 #a ,linum siluestre flore albo4 ,wilde ,flaxe with a white flower4 #b ,linaria purpurea siue crulea4 ,purple ,tode ,flaxe4 #c ,linaria purpurea odorata4 ,sweete purple ,tode ,flaxe4 #d ,scoparia siue ,beluidere ,italorum4 ,broome ,tode ,flaxe4 #e ,antirrhinum maius4 ,the greater ,snapdragon4 #f ,chamnerium flore delphinij4 ,the willowe flower4 #e4 ,linaria ,valentina4 ,tode ,flaxe of ,valentia4 ,this ,spanish ,tode ,flaxe hath three or foure thicker and bigger stalkes then the former1 bearing small broad leaues1 like vnto the small ,centory1 two or three together at a ioynt1 round about the lower end of the stalkes1 but without any order vpwards1 at the toppes whereof stand many flowers1 in fashion like vnto the common kinde1 and almost as large1 of a faire yellow colour1 but the gaping mouth is downie1 and the spurre behinde of a purplish colour4 #f4 ,scoparia siue ,beluidere ,italorum4 ,broome ,tode ,flaxe4 ,although this plant haue no beautifull flowers1 yet because the greene plant full of leaues is so delightfull to behold1 being in ,italy and other places planted not onely in their ,gardens1 but set likewise in pots to furnish their ,windowes1 and euen with vs also hath growne to be so dainty a greene bush1 that ,i haue thought it worthy to be among the delights of my ,garden2 the description whereof is as followeth3 ,this pleasant ,broome ,flaxe riseth vp most vsually with one straight vpright square stalke1 three foote and a halfe high or better in our ,gardens1 branching it selfe out diuers waies1 bearing thereon many long narrow leaues1 like the ,garden ,line or ,flaxe1 very thicke set together1 like vnto a bush1 or rather like vnto a faire greene ,cypresse tree1 growing broad belowe1 and spire-fashion vpwards1 of a very faire greene colour3 at the seuerall ioynts of the branches1 towards the tops1 and among the leaues1 there come forth small reddish flowers1 not easily seene nor much regarded1 being of no beauty1 which turne into small round blackish gray seede3 the rootes are a number of blackish strings set together1 and the whole plant perisheth euery yeare at the first approach of any cold ayre1 as if it neuer had beene so faire a greene bush4 ,the ,place4 ,these kindes of wilde ,flaxe doe growe naturally in diuers places1 some in ,germany1 some in ,spaine1 and some in ,italy4 ,those that delight in the beauty of natures variety1 doe preserue them1 to furnish vp the number of pleasant aspects4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in the ,summer moneths1 and soone after perfect their seede4 ,the ,names4 ,their names are sufficiently expressed in their titles1 yet ,i must giue you to vnderstand that the last is called of some ,linaria magna1 and of others ,osyris4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the wilde ,flaxe hath no medecinable vertue appropriate vnto it that is knowne4 ,the ,tode ,flaxe is accounted to be good1 to cause one to make water4 ,,chap4 ,,xliiii4 ,antirrhinum4 ,snapdragon4 ,there is some diuersity in the ,snapdragons1 some being of a larger1 and others of a lesser stature and bignesse2 and of the larger1 some of one1 and some of another colour1 but because the small kindes are of no beautie1 ,i shall at this time onely entreate of the greater sorts4 #a4 ,antirrhinum album4 ,white ,snapdragon4 ,the leaues of these ,snapdragons 7for ,i doe vnder one description comprehend the rest7 are broader1 longer1 and greener then the leaues of the ,garden ,flaxe1 or of the wilde ,flaxe set confusedly vpon the tender greene branches1 which are spread on all sides1 from the very bottome1 bearing at the toppes many flowers1 somewhat resembling the former ,tode ,flaxe1 but much larger1 and without any heele or spurre1 of a faire white colour1 with a yellow spot in the mouth or gaping place3 after the flowers are past1 there come vp in their places hard round seede vessels1 fashioned somewhat like vnto a ,calues head1 the snout being cut off1 wherein is contained small blacke seede3 the rootes are many white strings1 which perish in most places after they haue giuen seede1 notwithstanding any care or paines taken with them to preserue them aliue1 and yet they will abide in some places where they are defended in the ,winter4 #b4 ,antirrhinum purpureum siue roseum4 ,purple ,snapdragon4 ,the purple ,snapdragon is in stalkes1 leaues1 and flowers altogether like the former1 and as large and great in euery part1 or greater2 the only difference is1 that this beareth pale ,stammell or ,rose coloured flowers1 with a yellow spot in the mouth1 and sometimes of a paler colour1 almost blush4 #c4 ,antirrhinum variegatum4 ,variable ,snapdragon4 ,this variable kinde is somewhat lesse1 and tenderer then the last described1 hauing also a reddish or blush coloured flower1 lesser then the former1 but much bigger then the middle kinde of ,snapdragon 7which is not set downe in this worke7 the yellow spot in the mouth of it hath some white about it1 and extending to both sides of the spot3 the heads and seede are like the former3 the rootes are smaller1 but neuer will abide after they haue giuen flowers and seede4 #d4 ,antirrhinum luteum4 ,yellow ,snapdragon4 ,there is likewise another of these kindes1 that beareth leaues as large as any of the former1 very faire yellow flowers1 as large likewise as they1 not differing in any thing else from the first2 let not any therefore imagine this to be a ,linaria or ,tode ,flaxe3 for all parts are answerable vnto the ,snapdragons4 ,the ,place4 ,all these are nourished with vs in our ,gardens1 although in ,spaine and ,italy they are found growing wilde4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part the second yeare after the sowing1 from ,aprill vntill ,iuly1 and the seede is quickly ripe after4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,antirrhinum is vsually giuen to this plant1 although it fully agreeth not eyther with the description of ,dioscorides1 or ,theophrastus3 ,it hath also diuers other names in ,latine1 as ,orontium1 ,canis cerebrum ,os ,leonis1 ,leo herba1 c4 ,in ,english ,calues snout1 from the forme of the seede vessels1 and ,snapdragon1 or ,lyons mouth1 from the forme of the flowers4 ,the ,vertues4 ,they are seldome or neuer vsed in ,physicke by any in our dayes4 ,,chap4 ,,xlv4 ,chamnerium flore delphinij4 ,the ,willowe flower4 ,this plant riseth vp with many strong1 woddy1 round1 brownish great stalkes1 three or foure foote high1 beset here and there without order1 with one broad and long whitish greene leafe at a ioynt1 somewhat like vnto a ,lysimachia1 or ,willowe herbe1 as also vnto a ,peach leafe1 but larger and longer3 at the toppe of the branches stand many flowers one aboue another1 of a pale reddish purple colour1 consisting of fiue leaues1 spread open with an heele or spurre behinde them1 with many yellow threads in the middle1 much larger then any flower of the ,larkes spurres1 and smelling somewhat sweete withall2 it beareth a shew of long pods with seede1 but ,i could neuer obserue the seede3 the rootes are like the rootes of ,lysimachia1 or the ordinary yellow ,loose-strife1 or ,willowe herbe1 but greater3 running and spreading vnder ground1 and shooting vp in many places1 whereby it filleth a ground that it likes quickly3 the stalkes dye downe euery yeare1 and spring againe in many places farre asunder4 ,the ,place4 ,wee haue not knowne where this ,willowe flower groweth naturally1 but we haue it standing in an out corner of our ,gardens1 to fill vp the number of delightfull flowers4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth not vntill ,may1 and abideth a long while flowring4 ,the ,names4 ,it may seeme to diuers1 that this is that plant that ,dodonus called ,pseudolysimachium purpureum minus1 and ,lobel seemeth by the name of ,delphinium buccinum to aime at this plant1 but withall calleth it ,chamnerium ,gesneri1 and giueth the same figure that ,dodonus hath for his ,pseudolysimachium3 ,but that is one kinde of plant 7which hath smaller and shorter stalkes1 and very narrow long leaues1 whose flowers stand vpon long slender cods1 full of downe1 with reddish seede1 like vnto the ,lysimachia siliquosa siluestris1 and rootes that abide many yeares1 but creepe not7 and this is another1 much greater1 whose true figure is not extant in any ,author that ,i know4 ,it is vsually called ,chamnerium flore delphinij2 but the name of ,delphinium buccinum in my minde may not so conueniently be applyed vnto it4 ,it is called in ,english1 ,the ,willowe flower1 for the likenesse of the leaues1 and the beauty and respect of the flowers4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is no vse hereof in ,physicke that euer ,i could learne1 but is onely cherished among other sorts of flowers1 that serue to decke and set forth a ,garden of varieties4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvi4 ,aquilegia4 ,colombines4 ,there are many sorts of ,colombines1 as well differing in forme as colour of the flowers1 and of them both single and double carefully noursed vp in our ,gardens1 for the delight both of their forme and colours4 #a4 ,aquilegia vulgaris flore simplici4 ,single ,colombines4 ,because the whole difference of these ,colombines standeth in the varieties of the forme1 and colour of the flowers1 and little in the leaues1 ,i shall not neede to make anie repetitions of the description of them1 seeing one onely shall suffice for each peculiar kinde4 ,the ,colombine hath diuers large spread leaues1 standing on long stalkes3 euery one diuided in seuerall partitions1 and roundly endented about the edges1 in colour somewhat like the leaues of ,celondine1 that is1 of a darke blewish greene colour3 the stalkes rise vp sometimes two or three foote high1 diuided vsually into many branches1 bearing one long diuided leafe at the lower ioynt1 aboue which the flowers growe1 euery one standing on a long stalke1 consisting of fiue hollow leaues1 crooked or horned at the ends1 turning backward1 the open flower shewing almost like vnto a ,cinquefoile1 but more hollow3 after the flowers are past1 there arise small long cods1 foure or fiue together1 wherein are contained blacke shining seede3 the rootes are thicke and round1 for a little space within the ground1 and then diuided into branches1 ending in many small fibres1 abiding many yeares1 and shooting a fresh euery ,spring from the round heads1 that abide all the ,winter4 ,the variety of the colours of these flowers are very much1 for some are wholly white1 some of a blew or violet colour1 others of a blush or flesh colour1 or deepe or pale red1 or of a dead purple1 or dead murrey colour1 as nature listeth to shew it selfe4 #b4 ,aquilegia vulgaris flore pleno4 ,double ,colombines4 ,the double ,colombines differ not in leafe or manner of growing from the single1 so that vntill they come to flower1 they cannot bee discerned one from another2 the onely difference is1 it beareth very thicke and double flowers1 that is1 many horned or crooked hollow leaues set together1 and are not so large as the leaues of the single flowers4 ,the variety of colours in this double kinde is as plentifull1 or rather more then in the single2 for of these is party coloured1 blew and white1 and spotted very variably1 which are not in the single kinde1 and also a very deepe red1 very thicke and double1 but a smaller flower1 and lesse plentifull in bearing then many of the other double sorts4 ,these double kindes doe giue as good seede as the single kindes doe1 which is not obserued in many other plants4 #c4 ,aquilegia inuersis corniculis4 ,double inuerted ,colombines4 ,these ,colombines are not to be distinguished eyther in roote1 leaues1 or seed from the former1 the flowers onely make the difference1 which are as double as the former1 but that the heeles or hornes of these are turned inward1 and stand out in the middle of the flowers together3 there is not that plentifull variety of colours in this kinde1 as there is in the former3 for ,i neuer saw aboue three of foure seuerall colours in this kinde1 that is1 white1 purplish1 reddish1 and a dun or darke ouerworne purplish colour4 ,these double flowers doe likewise turne into pods1 bearing seede1 continuing his kind1 and not varying into the former4 #d4 ,aquilegia ,rosea4 ,rose ,colombines4 ,the leaues and other parts of this kinde of ,colombine1 differ little or nothing from the former1 the diuersitie consisteth likewise in the flowers1 which although they stand in the same manner seuerally vpon their small stalkes1 somewhat more sparingly then the former doe1 yet they haue no heeles or hornes1 eyther inward or outward1 or very seldome1 but stand sometimes but with eight or tenne smooth small plaine leaues1 set in order one by one in a compasse1 in a double rowe1 and sometimes with foure or fiue rowes of them1 euery one directly before the other1 like vnto a small thick double ,rose layd open1 or a spread ,marigold3 yet sometimes it happeneth1 that some of these flowers will haue two or three of the first rowes of leaues without any heele1 and the rest that are inward with each of them a peece of a small horne at them1 as the former haue3 the colours of these flowers are almost as variable1 and as variably mixed as the former double kindes4 ,this likewise giueth seede1 preseruing his owne kinde for the most part4 #e4 ,aquilegia degener4 ,degenerate ,colombines4 ,this kinde of ,colombine might seeme to some1 to bee but a casuall degeneration1 and no true naturall kinde1 happening by some cause of transplanting1 or otherwise by the art of man3 but ,i haue not so found it1 in that it keepeth1 and holdeth his own proper forme1 which is like vnto the double ,rose ,colombine1 but that the outermost row of leaues are larger then any of the rest inwardes1 and is of a greenish1 or else of a purplish greene colour1 and is not altogether so apt to giue good seed like the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the single kindes haue beene often found in some of the wooddy mountaines of ,germany1 as ,clusius saith1 but the double kindes are chiefly cherished in gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower not vntill ,may1 and abide not for the most part when ,iune is past1 and in the meane time perfecteth their seede4 ,the ,names4 ,costus doth call this plant ,pothos of ,theophrastus1 which ,gaza translateth ,desiderium4 ,dalechampius vpon ,athenus1 calleth it ,diosanthos1 or ,iouis flos of ,theophrastus1 who in his sixth ,booke and seuenth ,chapter reckoneth them both1 that is1 ,diosanthos and ,pothos1 to be ,summer flowers1 but seuerally4 ,dodonus ,leoherba1 and ,gesner ,leontostomium4 ,fabius ,columna in his ,phytobasanos1 vnto whom ,clusius giueth the greatest approbation1 referreth it to the ,isopyrum of ,dioscorides4 ,all later ,writers doe generally call it1 eyther ,aquileia1 ,aquilina1 or ,aquilegia2 and we in ,english1 generally 7,i thinke7 through the whole ,countrey1 ,colombines4 ,some doe call the ,aquilegia rosea1 ,aquilegia stellata1 ,the starre ,colombine2 because the leaues of the flowers doe stand so directly one by another1 besides the doublenesse1 that they somewhat represent eyther a ,rose or a ,starre1 and thereupon they giue it the name eyther of a ,starre or ,rose4 ,illustration3 #a ,aquilegia simplex4 ,the single ,colombine4 #b ,aquilegia flore multiplici4 ,the double ,colombine4 #c ,aquilegia versicolor4 ,the party coloured ,colombine4 #d ,aquilegia inuersis corniculis4 ,the double inuerted ,colombine4 #e ,aquilegia ,rosea siue ,stellata4 ,the ,rose or the ,starre ,colombine4 #f ,thalictrum ,hispanicum album4 ,white ,spanish tufts4 ,the ,vertues4 ,some in ,spaine1 as ,camerarius saith1 vse to eate a peece of the roote hereof fasting1 many dayes together1 to helpe them that are troubled with the stone in the kidneyes4 ,others vse the decoction1 of both herbe and roote in wine1 with a little ,ambargrise1 against those kinds of swounings1 which the ,greekes call 4 ,the seede is vsed for the iaundise1 and other obstructions of the liuer4 ,clusius writeth from the experience of ,franciscus ,rapard1 a chiefe ,physician of ,bruges in ,flanders1 that the seede beaten and drunke is effectuall to women in trauell of childe1 to procure a speedy deliuerie1 and aduiseth a second draught thereof should be taken if the first succeede not sufficiently4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvii4 ,thalictrum ,hispanicum4 ,spanish ,tufts1 ,or ,tufted ,columbines4 ,from among the diuersities of this plant1 ,i haue selected out two sorts for this my garden1 as hauing more beautie then all the rest2 leauing the other to be entreated of1 where all in generall may be included4 ,i haue in this place inserted them1 for the likenesse of the leaues only1 being in no other part correspondent1 and in a ,chapter by themselues1 as it is most fit4 ,thalictrum ,hispanicum album4 ,white ,spanish tufted ,colombines4 ,these plants haue both one forme1 in roote1 leafe and flower1 and therefore neede but one description4 ,the leaues are both for colour and forme so like vnto ,colombines leaues 7although lesser and darker1 yet more spread1 and on larger stalkes7 that they may easily deceiue one1 that doth not marke them aduisedly2 for the leaues are much more diuided1 and in smaller parts1 and not so round at the ends3 the stalkes are round1 strong1 and three foote high at the least1 branching out into two or three parts1 with leaues at the seuerall ioynts of them1 at the toppes whereof stand many flowers1 which are nothing but a number of threads1 made like vnto a small round tuft1 breaking out of a white skinne1 or leafe1 which incloseth them1 and being vnblowne1 shew like vnto little buttons3 the colour of these threds or tufts in this are whitish with yellow tips on them1 and somewhat purplish at the bottome1 hauing a strong but no good sent1 and abiding in their beautie 7especially if they grow in the shade1 and not too hot in the sun7 a great while1 and then fall away1 like short downe or threds3 the seed vessels are three square1 containing small1 long1 and round seede2 the rootes are many long yellow fringes1 which endure and encrease much4 ,thalictrum ,montanum purpureum4 ,purple tufted ,colombines4 ,this purple tufted ,colombine differeth onely from the former1 in that it is not so high nor so large1 and that the colour of the flower or tuft is of a blewish purple colour with yellow tips1 and is much more rare then the other4 ,the ,place4 ,these grow both in ,spaine and ,italie4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in the end of ,may1 or in ,iune1 and sometimes later4 ,the ,names4 ,some doe call them ,thaliotrum1 and some ,thalictrum4 ,others ,ruta palustris1 and ,ruta pratensis1 and some ,rhabarbarum ,monachorum1 or ,pseudo-rhabarbarum1 by reason that the rootes being yellow1 haue an opening qualitie1 and drying as ,rubarbe4 ,in ,english what other fit ,names to giue these then ,i haue expressed in the titles1 ,i know not4 ,the ,vertues4 ,they are a little hot and drying withall1 good for old ,vlcers1 as ,dioscorides saith1 to bring them to cicatrising3 in ,italy they are vsed against the ,plague1 and in ,saxonye against the ,iaundise1 as ,camerarius saith4 ,,chap4 ,,xlviii4 ,radix caua4 ,hollow roote4 ,the likenesse of the leaues likewise of this plant with ,colombines1 hath caused mee to insert it next the other1 and although some of this kinde bee of small respect1 being accounted but foolish1 yet let it fill vp a waste corner1 that so no place be vnfurnished4 #a4 ,radix ,caua maior flore albo4 ,the white ,hollow roote4 ,the leaues of this hollow roote breake not out of the ground1 vntill the end of ,march1 or seldome before1 and are both for proportion and colour somewhat like vnto the leaues of ,colombines1 diuided into fiue parts1 indented about the edges1 standing on small long footestalkes of a whitish greene colour1 among which rise vp the stalkes1 without any leaues from the bottome to the middle1 where the flowers shoote forth one aboue another1 with euery one a small short leafe at the foote thereof1 which are long and hollow1 with a spurre behinde it1 somewhat like vnto the flowers of ,larckes spurres1 but hauing their bellies somewhat bigger1 and the mouth not so open1 being all of a pure white colour3 after the flowers are past1 arise small long and round cods1 wherein are contained round blackish seede3 the roote is round and great1 of a yellowish browne colour on the outside1 and more yellow within1 and hollow vnderneath1 so that it seemeth but a shell3 yet being broken1 euery part will grow3 it abideth greene aboue ground but a small time4 #b4 ,radix ,caua maior flore carneo4 ,blush colourd ,hollow roote4 ,the blush ,hollow roote is in all things like vnto the former1 but onely that the flowers hereof are of a delayed red or purple colour1 which we call blush3 and sometimes of a very deepe red or purple colour2 but very rare to meete with4 #c4 ,radix ,caua minor1 seu ,capnos fabacea radice4 ,small hollow roote4 ,this small kinde hath his leaues of a blewish greene colour1 yet greener and smaller then the former1 growing more thicke together3 the flowers are like in proportion vnto the former in all respects1 but lesser1 hauing purplish backes1 and white bellyes3 standing closer and thicker together vpon the short stalkes3 the roote is solid or firme1 round and a little long withall1 two being vsually ioyned together1 yellowish both within and without3 but ,i haue seene the dry roots that came from beyond ,sea hither1 that haue beene as small as hasell nuts1 and somewhat flat with the roundnesse1 differing from those that growe with vs1 whether the nature thereof is to alter by manuring ,i know not4 ,the ,place4 ,the greater kindes ,clusius reporteth he found in many places of ,hungarie1 and the other parts neare thereunto3 the lesser in the lower ,germany1 or ,low ,countries1 as we call them4 ,the ,time4 ,these are most truely to bee reckoned ,vernall plants1 for that they rise not out of the ground vntill the ,spring bee come in1 and are gone likewise before it be past1 remaining vnder ground all the rest of the yeare1 yet the lesser abideth longer aboue ground then the greater4 ,the ,names4 ,concerning the former of these1 there is a controuersie among diuers1 whether it should be ,thesium of ,theophrastus1 or ,eriphium of ,galen1 but here is no fit place to trauerse those opinions4 ,some would haue it to bee ,corydalis1 and some referre it to ,plinie his ,capnos ,chelidonia1 for the likenesse it hath both with ,fumeterie and ,celandine4 ,it is generally called of all moderne ,writers1 ,radix ,caua1 and we in ,english thereafter1 ,hollow roote4 ,the lesser for the firmnesse of his round roote1 is vsually called1 ,capnos fabacea radice1 and the ,dutch men thereafter1 ,boonkens ,hollwortell3 we of the likenesse with the former1 doe call it the lesse ,hollow roote4 ,the ,vertues4 ,some by the bitternesse doe coniecture 7for little proofe hath beene had thereof1 but in outward cases7 that it clenseth1 purgeth1 and dryeth withall4 ,,chap4 ,,xlix4 ,delphinium4 ,larkes heeles4 ,of ,larkes heeles there are two principall kindes1 the wilde kinde1 and the tame or garden2 the wilde kinde is of two sorts1 one which is with vs noursed vp chiefly in gardens1 and is the greatest2 the other which is smaller and lower1 often found in our plowed landes1 and elsewhere3 of the former of these wilde sorts1 there are double as well as single3 and of the tame or more vpright1 double also and single3 and of each of diuers colours1 as shall be set downe4 #a4 ,delphinium maius siue vulgare4 ,the ordinary ,larkes heeles4 ,the common ,larkes heele spreadeth with many branches much more ground then the other1 rather leaning or bending downe to the ground1 then standing vpright1 whereon are set many small long greene leaues1 finely cut1 almost like ,fennell leaues3 the branches end in a long spike of hollow flowers1 with a long spurre behinde them1 very like vnto the ,sidenote3 ,varietas4 flowers of the ,hollow roote last described1 and are of diuers seuerall colours1 as of a blewish purple colour1 or white1 or ash colour or red1 paler or deeper1 as also party coloured of two colours in a flower2 after the flowers are past1 7which in this kinde abide longer then in the other7 there come long round cods1 containing very blacke seede3 the root is hard after it groweth vp to seede1 spreading both abroad and deepe1 and perisheth euery yeare1 vsually raising it selfe from it own sowing1 as well as from the seede sowen in the spring time4 #b4 ,delphinium vulgare flore pleno4 ,double common ,larkes heeles4 ,of this vulgar kinde there is some difference in the flower1 although in nothing else3 the flowers stand many vpon a stalke like the former1 but euery one of them are as if three or foure small flowers were ioyned together1 with euery one his spurre behinde1 the greatest flower being outermost1 and as it were containing the rest1 which are of a pale red1 or deepe blush colour3 ,another of this kinde will beare his flowers with three or foure rowes of leaues in the middle1 making a double flower with one spurre behinde onely3 and of this kinde there is both with purple1 blew1 blush1 and white flowers1 and party coloured also2 these doe all beare seed like the single1 wherby it is increased euery yeare4 #c4 ,delphinium aruense4 ,wilde ,larkes spurres4 ,this wilde ,larkes spurre hath smaller and shorter leaues1 smaller and lower branches1 and more thinly or sparsedly growing vpon them1 then any of the former3 the flowers likewise are neyther so large as any of the former1 nor so many growing together1 the cods likewise haue smaller seede1 and is harder to grow in gardens then any of the former1 the most vsuall colour hereof is a pale reddish or blush colour1 yet sometimes they are found both white and blew1 and sometimes mixt of blew and blush1 variably disposed1 as nature can when she listeth2 but are much more rare4 #d4 ,delphinium elatius flore simplici diuersorum colorum4 ,single vpright bearing ,larkes heeles of many colours4 ,the difference betweene this and the last is1 that the leaues of this are not fully so greene1 nor so large2 the stalkes grow vpright1 to the height of a man1 and sometimes higher1 hauing some branches thereon1 but fewer then the former1 and standing likewise vpright1 and not leaning downe as the former3 the toppes of the stalkes are better stored with flowers then the other1 being sometimes two foote long and aboue1 of the same fashion1 but not altogether so large1 but of more diuers and seueral colours1 as white1 pale1 blush1 redde deeper or paler1 ashcoloured1 purple or violet1 and of an ouerworne blewish purple1 or iron colour3 for of all these we haue simple1 without any mixture or spot3 but we haue other sorts1 among the simple colours1 that rise from the same seede1 and will haue flowers that wil be halfe white1 and halfe blush or purple1 or one leafe white1 and another blush or purple1 or else variably mixed and spotted3 the seede and seede vessels are like the former but larger and harder4 #e4 ,delphinium elatius flore pleno diuersorum colorum4 ,double vpright ,larkes heeles of many colours4 ,these double ,larkes heeles cannot bee knowne from the single of the same kinde1 vntill they come towards flowring2 for there appeare many flowers vpon the stalkes1 in the same manner1 and of as many colours almost as of the single1 except the party coloured1 which stand like little double ,roses1 layd or spread broade open1 as the ,rose ,colombine without any heeles behinde them1 very delightfull to behold1 consisting of many small leaues growing together1 and after they are fallen there come vp in their places three or foure small cods set together1 wherein is contained here and there 7for all are not full of seede1 as the single kindes7 blacke seede1 like vnto all the rest1 but smaller1 which being sowen will bring plants that will beare both single and double flowers againe1 and it often happeneth1 that it variably altereth in colours from it owne sowing3 for none of them hold constantly his owne colour1 7so farre as euer ,i could obserue7 but fall into others2 as nature pleaseth4 #f4 ,delphinium ,hispanicum paruum4 ,spanish wilde ,larkes spurres4 ,this small ,larkes spurre of ,spaine1 hath diuers long and broad leaues next the ground1 cut-in on both sides1 somewhat like vnto the leafe of a ,scabious1 or rather that kinde of ,stbe1 which ,lobel calleth ,crupina1 for it doth somewhat neerly resemble the same1 but that this is smooth on the edges1 and not indented besides the cuts1 as the ,crupina is1 being of a whitish greene colour1 and somewhat smooth and soft in handling3 among the leaues riseth vp a whitish greene stalke1 hauing many smaller leaues vpon it that grow belowe1 but not diuided1 branching out into many small stalkes1 bearing flowers like vnto the wilde ,larkes heeles1 but smaller1 and of a bleake blewish colour1 which being past1 there come vp two or three small cods ioyned together1 wherein is blacke seede1 smaller and rounder then any of the former3 the roote is small and thready1 quickly perishing with the first cold that ouertaketh the plant4 ,the ,place4 ,the greatest or first wilde kindes growe among corne in many countries beyond the ,seas1 and where corne hath beene sowne1 and for his beauty brought and nourished in our ,gardens3 the lesser wilde kinde in some fields of our owne ,country4 ,the ,spanish kinde likewise in the like places1 which ,i had among many seedes that ,guillaume ,boel brought mee out of ,spaine4 ,the first double and single haue been common for many yeares in all countries of this ,land1 but the tall or vpright single kindes haue been entertained but of late yeares4 ,the double kindes are more rare4 ,the ,time4 ,these flower in the ,summer onely1 but the ,spanish wilde kinde flowreth very late1 so that oftentimes in our ,country1 the ,winter taketh it before it can giue ripe seede3 the double kindes1 as well the vpright as the ordinary or wilde1 are very choise and dainty many times1 not yeelding good seede4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called diuersly by diuers ,writers1 as ,consolida regulis1 ,calcaris flos2 ,flos regius1 ,buccinum ,romanorum1 and of ,matthiolus1 ,cuminum siluestre alterum ,dioscoridis3 but the most vsuall name with vs is ,delphinium3 but whether it be the true ,delphinium of ,dioscorides1 or the ,poets ,hyacinth1 or the flower of ,aiax1 another place is fitter to discusse then this4 ,wee call them in ,english ,larkes heeles1 ,larkes spurres1 ,larkes toes1 or clawes1 and ,monkes hoods4 ,the last or ,spanish kinde came to mee vnder the name of ,delphinium latifolium trigonum1 so stiled eyther from the diuision of the leaues1 or from the pods1 which come vsually three together4 ,bauhinus vpon ,matthiolus calleth it1 ,consolida regalis peregrina paruo flore4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is no vse of any of these in ,physicke in these dayes that ,i know1 but are wholly spent for their flowers sake4 ,,chap4 ,l4 ,balsamina fmina4 ,the ,female ,balsam ,apple4 ,i haue set this plant in this place1 for some likenesse of the flower1 rather then for any other comparison1 euen as ,i must also with the next that followeth4 ,this plant riseth vp with a thicke round reddish stalke1 with great and bunched ioynts1 being tender and full of iuice1 much like to the stalke of ,purslane1 but much greater1 which brancheth it selfe forth from the very ground1 into many stalkes1 bearing thereon manie long greene leaues1 snipt about the edges1 very like vnto the ,almond or ,peach tree leaues2 among which from the middle of the stalkes vpwards round about them1 come forth vpon seuerall small short foot-stalkes many faire purplish flowers1 of two or three colours in them1 fashioned somewhat like the former ,larkes heeles1 or ,monks hoods1 but that they are larger open at the mouth1 and the spurres behinde crooke or bend downewards3 after the flowers are past1 there come in their places round rough heads1 pointed at the end1 greene at the first1 and a little yellower when they bee ripe1 containing within them small round blackish seede1 which will soone skippe out of the heads1 if they be but a little hardly pressed betweene the fingers3 the rootes spread themselues vnder ground very much from the toppe1 with a number of small fibres1 annexed thereunto3 this is a very tender plant1 dying euery yeare1 and must bee sowne carefully in a pot of earth1 and tended and watered in the heate of ,summer1 and all little enough to bring it to perfection4 ,illustration3 #a ,radix ,caua maior flore albo4 ,the white flowred ,hollow roote4 #b ,capnos fabacea radice4 ,the small ,hollow roote4 #c ,delphinium flore simplici4 ,single ,larkes spurs4 #d ,delphinium vulgare flore medio duplici4 ,larkes spurs double in the middle4 #e ,delphinium vulgare flore pleno4 ,common ,larks spurs double4 #f ,delphinium elatius flore pleno4 ,double vpright ,larkes spurs4 #g ,delphinium ,hispanicum parvum4 ,small ,spanish ,larkes spurs4 #h ,balsamina fmina4 ,the ,female ,balsam apple4 #i ,nasturtium ,indicum4 ,indian ,cresses1 or yellow ,larkes spurs4 ,the ,place4 ,wee haue alwaies had the seede of this plant sent vs out of ,italy1 not knowing his originall place4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth from the middle of ,iuly1 to the end of ,august3 the seed doth seldome ripen with vs1 especially if the ,summer be backward1 so that wee are oftentimes to seeke for new and good seede from our friends againe4 ,the ,names4 ,some vse to call it ,charantia fmina1 ,balsamina fmina1 ,balsamella1 and ,anguillara1 ,herba ,sanct ,katharin4 ,we haue no other ,english name to call it by1 then the ,female ,balsame ,apple1 or ,balsamina4 ,the ,vertues4 ,some by reason of the name1 would attribute the property of ,balme vnto this plant1 but it is not sufficiently knowne to haue any such2 yet ,i am well perswaded1 there may bee some extraordinary quality in so beautifull a plant1 which yet lyeth hid from vs4 ,,chap4 ,,li4 ,nasturtium ,indicum4 ,indian ,cresses1 or yellow ,larkes heeles4 ,the likenesse 7as ,i said before7 of this flower likewise1 hauing spurres or heeles maketh me ioyne it with the rest1 which is of so great beauty and sweetnesse withall1 that my ,garden of delight cannot bee vnfurnished of it4 ,this faire plant spreadeth it selfe into very many long trayling branches1 enterlaced one within another very confusedly 7yet doth it not winde it selfe with any claspers about either pole or any other thing1 but if you will haue it abide close thereunto1 you must tye it1 or else it will lye vpon the ground7 foure or fiue foot in length at the least1 wherby it taketh vp a great deale of ground3 the leaues are smooth1 greene1 and as round as the ,penniwort that groweth on the ground1 without any cut or incisure therein at all in any part1 the stalkes whereof stand in the middle of each leafe and stand at euery ioynt of the stalke1 where they are a little reddish1 and knobbed or bunched out3 the flowers are of an excellent gold yellow colour1 and grow all along these stalkes1 almost at euery ioynt with the leaues1 vpon pretty long foote-stalkes1 which are composed of fiue leaues1 not hollow or gaping1 but standing open each leafe apart by it selfe1 two of them1 that be larger and longer then the other1 stand aboue and the other two that are lesser belowe1 which are a little iagged or bearded on both sides1 and the first lowest3 in the middle of each of the three lower leaues 7yet sometimes it is but in two of them7 there is a little long spot or streake1 of an excellent crimson colour1 with a long heele or spurre behinde hanging downe3 the whole flower hath a fine small sent1 very pleasing1 which being placed in the middle of some ,carnations or ,gilloflowers 7for they are in flower at the same time7 make a delicate ,tussimussie1 as they call it1 or ,nosegay1 both for sight and sent3 ,after the flower is past1 come the seede1 which are rough or vneuen1 round1 greenish yellow heads1 sometimes but one1 and sometimes two or three standing together vpon one stalke1 bare or naked of themselues1 without any huske1 containing a white pulpy kernell2 the rootes are small1 and spreading vnder ground1 which perish with the first frosts1 and must be sowne a new euery yeare2 yet there needeth no bed of horse-dung for the matter3 the naturall ground will be sufficient1 so as you defend it a little from those frosts1 that may spoile it when it is newly sprung vp1 or being yet tender4 ,the ,place4 ,this goodly plant was first found in the ,west ,indies1 and from thence sent into ,spaine vnto ,monardus and others1 from whence all other parts haue receiued it4 ,it is now very familiar in most ,gardens of any curiosity1 where it yearly giueth ripe seed1 except the yeare be very vnkindly4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth sometimes in ,iune1 but vsually in ,iuly 7if it be well defended and in any good ground7 and so continueth flowring1 vntill the cold frosts and mistes in the middle or end of ,october1 doe checke the luxurious nature thereof1 and in the meane time the seede is ripe1 which will quickly fall downe on the ground1 where for the most part the best is gathered4 ,the ,names4 ,some doe reckon this plant among the ,clematides or ,convolvuli1 the ,clamberers or ,bindweedes2 but 7as ,i said7 it hath no claspers1 neither doth it winde it selfe3 but by reason of the number of his branches1 that run one within another1 it may seeme to climbe vp by a pole or sticke1 which yet doth but onely close it1 as hauing something whereon to leane or rest his branches4 ,monardus and others call it ,flos sanguineus1 of the red spots in the flowers1 as also ,mastuerzo de las ,indias1 which is ,nasturtium ,indicum1 by which name it is now generally knowne and called1 and wee thereafter in ,english1 ,indian ,cresses1 yet it may bee called from the forme of the flowers onely1 ,yellow ,larkes heeles4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,spaniards and others vse the leaues hereof in stead of ordinary ,cresses1 because the taste is somewhat sharpe agreeing thereunto1 but other ,physicall properties ,i haue heard of none attributed to it4 ,,chap4 ,,lii4 ,viola4 ,violets4 ,the ,garden ,violets 7for the ,wilde ,i leaue to their owne place7 are so well knowne vnto all1 that either keepe a ,garden1 or hath but once come into it1 that ,i shall 7,i thinke7 but lose labour and time to describe that which is so common4 ,yet because it is not onely a choise flower of delight1 notwithstanding the popularity1 and that ,i let not passe anything without his particular description1 ,i must also doe so by this4 ,and hereunto ,i must adde that kinde of ,violet1 which1 although it want that smell of the other1 goeth beyond it in variety of dainty colours1 called ,viola tricolor flammea1 or ,harts eases4 #a4 ,viola simplex ,martia4 ,single ,march ,violets4 ,the single ,garden ,violet hath many round greene leaues1 finely snipt or dented about the edges1 standing vpon seuerall small stalkes1 set at diuers places of the many creeping branches1 which as they runne1 doe here and there take roote in the ground1 bearing thereon many flowers seuerally at the ioynts of the leaues1 which consist of fiue small leaues1 with a short round tayle or spurre behinde1 of a perfect blew purple colour1 and of a very sweete sent1 it bringeth forth round seede vessels1 standing likewise vpon their seuerall small stalkes1 wherein is contained round white seede3 but these heads rise not from where the flowers grew1 as in all other plants that ,i know1 but apart by themselues1 and being sowne1 will produce others like vnto it selfe1 whereby there may be made a more speedy encrease to plant a ,garden 7as ,i haue done7 or any other place1 then by slipping1 as is the vsuall manner3 the rootes spread both deepe and wide1 taking strong hold in the ground4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,of this kinde there is another that beareth white flowers1 not differing in smell or any thing else from the former4 ,sidenote3 ,flore obsoleto4 ,and also another1 that beareth flowers of a dead or sad reddish colour1 in all other things alike1 sauing that this hath not altogether so good a sent as the other4 #b4 ,viola ,martia flore multiplici4 ,double ,march ,violets4 ,there is no difference betweene this ,violet and the former1 in any other thing then in the doublenesse of the flowers1 which haue so many leaues set and thrust together1 that they are like vnto hard buttons4 ,there is of this double kinde both white and purple1 as in the single2 but the white sort is seldome so thicke and double as the purple3 but of the red colour to be double ,i neuer heard4 #c4 ,viola flammea siue tricolor4 ,harts eases or ,pansies4 ,the ,harts ease hath his leaues longer1 and more endented or cut in on the edges then the ,violet hath1 and somewhat round withall3 the stalkes are vpright1 yet weake1 and ready to fall downe1 and lye vpon the ground1 set here and there with the like leaues1 from whence come forth the flowers1 of little or no sent at all1 made like vnto a ,violet1 yet more open1 and with larger leaues2 but so variably mixed with blew or purple1 white and yellow1 that it is hard to set downe all the varieties2 ,for some flowers will be more white1 and but some spots of purple or blew in the two vpper leaues1 and the lower leaues with some stripes of yellow in the middle3 others will haue more purple in them then any other colour1 both in the vpper and lower leaues1 the side leaues blew1 and the middle yellow1 and others white and blew with yellow stripes1 as nature listeth to distribute their colours3 the seede is small1 whitish1 and round1 contained in small round heads3 the roote perisheth euery yeare1 and raiseth it selfe vp plentifully by it owne sowing1 if it be suffered4 #d4 ,viola tricolor flore duplici4 ,double ,harts ease4 ,we haue in our ,gardens another sort1 that beareth flowers with more leaues then the former1 making it seeme to be twice double1 and that onely in ,autumne2 for the first flowers are single that come in ,summer3 ,this is of that sort that beareth purple flowers3 ,and it is to be obserued1 that the seed of this kinde will not all bring double flowers1 but only some1 if the ground be fit and liking1 so that if you haue once had of this double kinde1 you shall seldome misse to haue double flowers againe euery yeare of it owne growing or sowing4 #e4 ,viola flammea lutea maxima4 ,the great yellow ,pansie4 ,there is one other kinde of ,harts ease1 that decketh vp our ,gardens not to be forgotten1 whose leaues and flowers are like the former1 but more plentifull in stalkes and branches1 and better abideth our ,winters2 the flowers are larger then any of the former1 of a faire pale yellow colour1 with some yellower stripes now and then about the middle2 for it is sometimes without any stripes2 and also of a little deeper yellow colour3 this is to bee encreased by slips1 which will soone comprehend in a moist or moistened ground1 for that ,i neuer could obserue that it bore seede4 ,the ,place4 ,these plants were first wilde1 and by manuring brought to be both fairer in colour1 and peraduenture of a better sent then when they grew wilde4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,violets flower in ,march1 and sometimes earlier1 and if the yeare be temperate and milde1 in ,autumne againe4 ,the double ,violets1 as they are later before they flower then the single1 so they hold their flowers longer4 ,the ,harts ease flowreth seldome vntill ,may2 but then some will abide to flower vntill the end of ,autumne almost1 especially if the frosts be not early4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,violet is called ,viola nigra1 purpurea1 and ,martia3 ,in ,english1 ,violets1 ,march ,violets1 and purple ,violets4 ,the ,harts ease is called ,viola flammea1 ,viola tricolor1 ,viola multicolor1 and of some1 ,iacea1 ,flos trinitatis1 and ,herba clauellata3 ,in ,english1 ,harts ease1 and ,pansies1 of the ,french name ,pensees4 ,some giue it foolish names1 as ,loue in idlenesse1 ,call mee to you1 and ,three faces in a hood4 ,the great yellow ,harts ease is so called1 because it is like in forme1 and is the greatest of all other1 although it haue not that diuersity of colours in it that the other haue4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the properties of ,violets are sufficiently knowne to all1 to coole and moisten3 ,i shall forbeare to recite the many vertues that may be set downe1 and onely let you knowe1 that they haue in them an opening or purging quality1 being taken either fresh and greene1 or dryed1 and made into powder1 especially the flowers2 the dryed leaues will doe the like1 but in greater quantity4 ,costus in his booke of the nature of all plants saith1 that the distilled water of ,harts ease1 is commended in the ,french disease1 to be profitable1 being taken for nine dayes or more1 and sweating vpon it1 which how true it is1 ,i know not1 and wish some better experience were made of it1 before we put any great confidence in that assertion4 ,,chap4 ,,liii4 ,epimedium4 ,barrenwort4 ,this pretty plant riseth vp out of the ground with vpright1 hard1 round1 small stalkes1 a foote and a halfe high1 or not two foote high at the highest1 diuided into three branches for the most part1 each branch whereof is againe diuided for the most part into three other branches1 and each of them beare three leaues 7seldome either more or lesse7 set together1 yet each vpon his owne foote-stalke1 each leafe being broad1 round1 and pointed at the end1 somewhat hard or dry in feeling1 hayrie1 or as it were prickly about the edges1 but very tenderly1 without harme1 of a light greene colour on the vpperside1 and a little whiter vnderneath3 from the middle of the stemme or stalke of leaues doth likewise come forth another long stalke1 not much higher then those with the leaues on them1 diuided into other branches1 each whereof hath likewise three flowers1 each vpon his owne footestalke1 consisting of eight small leaues a peece1 yet seeming to be but of foure leaues spread or layd open flat1 for that the foure vppermost1 which are the smaller and being yellow1 doe lye so close on the foure vndermost1 which are a little broader and red1 that they shew as if they were yellow flowers with red edges1 hauing yellow threds tipt with greene1 standing in the middle of the flowers3 the vnderside of the lower leaues are of a pale yellowish red1 striped with white lines3 after the flowers are past1 there come small long pods1 wherin are contained flat reddish seede3 the rootes are small1 reddish and hard1 spreading1 branching and enterlacing themselues very much1 and is fit to be placed on some shady side of a garden3 the whole plant is rather of a strong then any good sent1 yet is cherished for the pleasant varietie of the flowers4 ,the ,place4 ,csalpinus saith it groweth on the mountaines of ,liguria1 that is nigh vnto ,ligorne1 in the ,florentine ,dominion4 ,camerarius saith1 nigh vnto ,vicenza in ,italie4 ,bauhinus on the ,euganian hils1 nigh vnto ,padoa1 and in ,romania in shadowie wet grounds4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth from ,iune vntill the end of ,iuly1 and to the middle of ,august1 if it stand1 as ,i said it is fittest1 in a shadowie place4 ,the ,names4 ,it is of most ,writers accepted for the true ,epimedium of ,dioscorides1 though he saith it is without flower or seede1 being therein eyther mistaken1 or mis-informed1 as he was also in ,dictamnus of ,candy1 and diuers other plants4 ,from the triple triplicitie of the standing of the stalkes and leaues1 and quadriplicitie of the flowers1 it might receiue another name in ,english then is already imposed vpon it3 but lest ,i might be thought to be singular or full of noueltie1 let it passe with the name ,barrenwort1 as it is in the title4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is thought of diuers to agree in the propertie of causing barrennesse1 as the ancients doe record of ,epimedium4 ,,chap4 ,,liiii4 ,papauer satiuum4 ,garden ,poppies4 ,of ,poppies there are a great many sorts1 both wilde and tame1 but because our ,garden doth entertaine none1 but those of beautie and respect1 ,i wil onely giue you here a few double ones1 and leaue the rest to a general suruey4 ,illustration3 #a ,viola ,martia simplex4 ,single ,march ,violets4 #b ,viola ,martia multiplex4 ,double ,march ,violets4 #c ,viola flammea siue tricolor4 ,ordinary garden ,pansies or ,harts ease4 #d ,viola flammea lutea magna4 ,great yellow ,pansies4 #e ,viola tricolor duplex4 ,double ,pansies or ,harts eases4 #f ,epimedium4 ,barrenwort4 #g ,papauer sativum flore pleno4 ,double garden ,poppies4 #h ,papauer sativum flore pleno laciniata4 ,double feathered ,poppies4 #i ,nigella ,hispanica flore amplo4 ,spanish ,nigella or ,fenell flower4 #aj ,nigella multiplex crulea4 ,double blew ,nigella or ,fenell flower4 #aa ,nigella duplex flore albo4 ,double white ,nigella4 #ab ,ptarmica flore pleno4 ,double wilde ,pelletory4 #a4 ,papauer multiplex album4 ,double white ,poppies4 ,the double white ,poppy hath diuers broade1 and long whitish greene leaues1 giuing milke 7as all the rest of the plant aboue ground doth1 wheresoeuer it is broken7 very much rent or torne in on the sides1 and notched or indented besides1 compassing at the bottome of them a hard round brittle whitish greene stalke1 branched towards the toppe1 bearing one faire large great flower on the head of euery branch1 which before it breaketh out1 is contained within a thin skinne1 and being blowne open is very thick of leaues1 and double1 somewhat iagged at the ends1 and of a white colour1 in the middle whereof standeth a round head or bowle1 with a striped crowne on the heade of it1 very like a starre1 compassed about with some threds1 wherein when it is ripe1 is contained small1 round1 white seede1 disposed into seuerall cels3 the roote is hard wooddy1 and long1 perishing euery yeare1 and must bee new sowne euery ,spring1 if they doe not spring of their own sowing1 which if it doe1 the flowers are seldome so faire and double as they that are sowne in the ,spring3 the whole plant is of a strong heady smell4 #b4 ,papauer multiplex rubescens4 ,double red or blush ,poppies4 ,this other kind of double ,poppy differeth not in any other thing from the former1 but only in the colour of the flowers1 which are of a bright red1 tending to a blush colour1 parted1 paned or striped in many places with white1 and exceedingly more iagged then the former1 almost like a feather at the ends1 the bottomes of all the leaues being white3 the seede hereof is white as the former1 which is not so in any other ,poppie1 that beareth not a full white flower4 #c4 ,papauer multiplex nigrum siue purpureum4 ,double purple or murry ,poppies4 ,this kinde varyeth both in flowers and seede1 although neyther in leaues or any other thing from the first3 the flowers are thicke and double1 and some what iagged at the ends1 in some more1 in some lesse1 eyther red or blush1 or purplish red1 more or lesse1 or of a sad murrey or tawney1 with browne1 or blacke1 or tawny bottomes3 the seede is eyther of a grayish blew colour1 or in others more blackish4 #d4 ,papauer ,rhas flore multiplici4 ,the double red field ,poppie4 ,this double ,poppie is like the wilde or fielde ,poppie1 which is well knowne to all to haue longer1 narrower1 and more iagged greene leaues then the former1 the stalkes more hairy1 and the flower of a deepe yellowish red colour1 knowne to all4 ,now this differeth in nothing from it1 but in the doublenesse of the flower1 which is very thicke and double1 but not so large as the former4 ,this riseth of seede in the like manner as they doe1 and so to bee preserued4 ,the ,place4 ,from what place they haue beene first gathered naturally ,i cannot assure you1 but we haue had them often and long time in our gardens1 being sent from ,italie and other places4 ,the double wilde kindes came from ,constantinople1 which whether it groweth neere vnto it or further off1 we cannot tell as yet4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in the beginning or middle of ,iune at the furthest1 the seede is ripe within a small while after4 ,the ,names4 ,the generall knowne name to all1 is ,papauer1 ,poppie3 the seuerall distinctions are according to their colours4 ,yet our ,english ,gentlewomen in some places1 call it by a by-name1 ,ione siluer pinne3 subauditur1 ,faire without and fowle within4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is not vnknowne1 ,i suppose to any1 that ,poppie procureth sleepe1 for which cause it is wholly and onely vsed as ,i thinke3 but the water of the wilde ,poppies1 besides that it is of great vse in ,pleurisies1 and ,rheumatick1 or thinne ,distillations1 is found by daily experience1 to bee a soueraigne remedy against surfeits2 yet some doe attribute this propertie to the water of the wilde ,poppies4 ,,chap4 ,,lv4 ,nigella4 ,the ,fenell flower1 or ,nigella4 ,among the many sorts of ,nigella1 both wilde and tame1 both single and double1 ,i will onely set downe three sorts1 to be noursed vp in this garden1 referring the rest to a ,physicke garden1 or a generall ,historie1 which may comprehend all4 #a4 ,nigella ,hispanica flore simplici4 ,the great ,spanish ,nigella4 ,spanish ,nigella riseth vp with diuers greene leaues1 so finely cut1 and into so many parts1 that they are finer then ,fenell1 and diuided somewhat like the leaues of ,larkes heeles1 among which rise vp stalkes1 with many such like leaues vpon them1 branched into three or foure parts1 at the toppe of each whereof standeth one faire large flower1 like vnto other single ,nigella's1 consisting of fiue or six leaues sometimes1 of a bleake blew1 or of a purplish blew colour1 with a greene head in the middle1 compassed about with seuen or eight small blewish greene flowers1 or peeces of flowers rather1 made like gaping hoodes1 with euery of them a yellowish line thwart or crosse the middle of them1 with some threds also standing by them3 after the flower is past the head groweth greater1 hauing sixe1 seuen or eight hornes as it were at the toppe1 greater and longer1 and standing closer together then any other ,nigella1 spreading very like a starre1 or the crowne of the ,poppy head1 but larger and longer1 each whereof being folded together1 openeth a little when the head is ripe1 which is greater aboue1 and smaller below1 and not so round as the others are1 containing within them small yellowish greene seede1 or not so blacke as the other sorts3 the rootes are small and yellow1 perishing euery yeare as the others likewise doe4 #b4 ,nigella ,damascena flore multiplici4 ,double blew ,nigella1 or ,the ,fenell flower4 ,the double ,nigella is in leaues1 stalkes and rootes1 very like vnto the former ,nigella1 so that the one can very hardly bee discerned from the other before this rise vp to flower1 except it be that the leaues hereof are not fully so large as they3 the flower consisteth of three or foure rowes of leaues1 layde one vpon another1 of a pale blew colour1 with a greene round head compassed with diuers short threads in the middle1 and hauing fiue or sixe such small greene ,fenell-like leaues vnder the flower1 to beare it vp 7as it were7 below1 which adde a greater grace to the flowers1 which at the first sheweth sometimes white1 but changeth quickely after3 the horned heads hereof are like vnto the heads of the other wilde kinde1 which are somewhat rounder and greater1 hauing within3 them blacke vneuen seedes1 but without any sent4 #c4 ,nigella ,citrina flore albo multiplici4 ,double white ,nigella4 ,this double white ,nigella hath such like leaues as the last hath1 but somewhat larger1 of a yellower greene colour1 and not so finely cut and iagged3 the flowers are somewhat lesse1 and lesser double then the former1 and in colour white1 hauing no greene leaues vnder the flower1 as the former hath1 the head whereof in the middle is very like the head of the last double kinde1 but not great1 wherein is contained black seede for the most part1 and sweete like the ,romane ,nigella1 which only is sweet besides this3 yet sometimes it is not so blacke1 but a little more white or yellowish3 the roote is yellow1 and perisheth as the others euery yeare4 ,the ,place4 ,all these1 and the rest be found wilde in diuers ,countreyes1 as ,france1 ,spaine1 ,italie1 c4 but wee onely cherish them in our ,gardens for our delight4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in the end of ,iune1 and in ,iuly1 or thereabouts4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called ,melanthium1 ,gith1 and ,nigella1 and of some ,flos ,diu ,catherin4 ,we may either call them ,nigella according to the ,latine name1 or the ,fenell flower1 as some doe1 because the double blew ,nigella hath small ,fenell-like leaues bearing vp the flower1 as ,i shewed before in the description4 ,the ,vertues4 ,these ,nigella's are nothing so hot in qualitie as the single ,romane kind is1 as may well be knowne by the smell of the seede thereof1 and therefore are not fit to be vsed in the steed of it1 as many ignorant persons vse to doe3 for the single ,romane seede is vsed to helpe paines1 and cold distillations in the head1 and to dry vp the rheume4 ,pena saith1 that the pressed oyle of the seede as well taken inwardly as vsed outwardly is an excellent remedy for the hardnesse and swelling of the spleene4 ,,chap4 ,,lvi4 ,ptarmica siluestris flore pleno4 ,double wilde ,pelletory4 ,the double wilde ,pelletorie hath straight and slender stalkes1 beset with long and narrow leaues1 snipt round about the edges1 in all points like vnto the single wilde kinde1 that groweth common with vs almost euery where3 on the toppes of the stalkes stand foure or fiue1 or more white flowers1 one aboue another1 with a greene leafe at the bottome of the footestalke of euery one of them1 beeing small1 thicke1 and very double1 with a little yellowishnesse in the middle of euery flower1 like both for forme and colour vnto the flower of the double ,featherfew1 but smaller3 the rootes are many long strings1 running here and there in the ground3 this hath no smell at all1 but is delightsome only for the double white flowers4 ,the ,place4 ,it is only cherished in some few ,gardens1 for it is very rare4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the end of ,iune or thereabouts4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called of most ,ptarmica1 or ,sternutamentoria1 of his qualitie to prouoke neesing3 and some ,pyrethrum1 of the hot biting taste4 ,we vsually call it double wilde ,pelletorie1 and some ,sneesewort1 but ,elleborus albus is vsually so called1 and ,i would not two things should be called by one name1 for the mistaking and mis-using of them4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the properties hereof1 no doubt1 may well bee referred to the single kinde1 beeing of the same qualitie1 yet as ,i take it1 a little more milde and temperate4 ,,chap4 ,,lvii4 ,parthenium flore pleno4 ,double ,featherfew4 ,featherfew that beareth double flowers is so like vnto the single kinde1 that the one cannot be discerned from the other1 vntill it come to flower1 bearing broad1 pale or fresh greene leaues1 much cut in on the sides3 the stalkes haue such like leaues on them as grow below1 from the toppes whereof come forth many double white flowers1 like vnto the flowers of the former wilde ,pelletory1 but larger1 and like also vnto the flowers of the double ,camomill3 the sent whereof is as strong as of the single4 ,the ,place4 ,we haue this kinde only in ,gardens1 and as it is thought by others1 is peculiar only to our owne ,countrey4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the end of ,may1 and in ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called diuersly by diuers3 ,some thinke it to be ,parthenium of ,dioscorides1 but not of ,galen2 for his ,parthenium is a sweet herbe1 and is thought to bee ,amaracus1 that is ,marierome3 others call it ,matricaria2 and some ,amarella4 ,gaza translateth it ,muraleum1 ,theoph4 lib4 #g4 cap4 #g4 ,it is generally in these parts of our ,country called ,double ,feaverfew1 or ,featherfew4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is answerable to all the properties of the single kinde which is vsed for womens diseases1 to procure their monthly courses chiefly4 ,it is held to bee a speciall remedy to helpe those that haue taken ,opium too liberally4 ,in ,italy some vse to eate the single kinde among other greene herbes1 as ,camerarius saith1 but especially fryed with egges1 and so it wholly loseth his strong and bitter taste4 ,,chap4 ,,lviii4 ,chammlum4 ,camomill4 ,ovr ordinary ,camomill is well knowne to all1 to haue many smal trayling branches1 set with very fine small leaues1 bushing and spreading thicke ouer the ground1 taking roote still as it spreadeth3 the toppes of the branches haue white flowers1 with yellow thrummes in the middle1 very like vnto the ,featherfew1 before described1 but somewhat greater1 not so hard1 but more soft and gentle in handling1 and the whole herbe to be of a very sweet sent4 #a4 ,chammlum nudum4 ,naked ,camomill4 ,we haue another sort of ,camomill in some ,gardens1 but very rare1 like vnto the former1 but that it is whiter1 finer1 and smaller1 and raiseth it selfe vp a little higher1 and beareth naked flowers2 that is1 without that border of white leaues that is in the former1 and consisteth onely of a yellow round thrummie head1 smelling almost as sweete as the former4 #b4 ,chammlum flore pleno4 ,double flowred ,camomill4 ,the double ,camomill groweth with his leaues vpon the ground1 as the other single kinde doth1 but of a little fresher greene colour1 and larger withall3 the stalkes with the flowers on them1 doe raise themselues vp a little higher then the ordinary1 and bearing one or two flowers vpon a stalk1 which are composed of many white leaues set together in diuers rowes1 which make a fine double flower1 with a little yellow spot in the middle for the most part of euery one1 and are much larger then any single kinde1 smelling better1 and more pleasing then the ordinary3 this doth creepe vpon the ground as the other1 but is more tender to be kept in the ,winter4 ,yet if you saue the flowers hereof 7and so will the double ,featherfew also7 when they haue stood long1 and ready to fade1 and keepe them dry vntill the ,spring1 and then breaking them or pulling them to peeces1 sowe them1 there will spring vp from them ,camomill1 and also ,featherfew1 that will againe beare double flowers4 ,the ,place4 ,our ordinary ,camomill groweth wilde in many places of our ,country1 and as well neare ,london as in other places4 ,the others are onely found in our ,gardens1 where they are cherished4 ,bauhinus saith1 that the double flowred ,camomill is found wilde about ,orleance in ,france4 ,the ,time4 ,the double kinde is vsually in flower in ,iune1 before the ordinary kinde1 and most commonly past before it flowreth1 which is not vntill ,iuly or ,august4 ,the naked ,camomill flowreth betweene them both1 or later4 ,the ,names4 ,camomill is called ,anthemis1 ,leucanthemis1 and ,leucanthemum1 of the whitenesse of the flowers2 and ,chammlum of the corrupted ,italian name ,camomilla4 ,some call the naked ,camomill1 ,chrysanthemum odoratum4 ,the double ,camomill is called by some ,chammlum ,romanum flore multiplici4 ,the ,vertues4 ,camomill is put to diuers and sundry vses1 both for pleasure and profit1 both for inward and outward diseases1 both for the sicke and the sound1 in bathings to comfort and strengthen the sound1 and to ease paines in the diseased1 as also in many other formes applyed outwardly4 ,the flowers boyled in ,posset drinke prouoke sweat1 and helpe to expell colds1 aches1 and other griefes4 ,a ,syrupe made of the iuice of the double ,camomill1 with the flowers and white wine1 as ,bauhinus saith1 is vsed by some against the ,iaundise and ,dropsie1 caused by the euill disposition of the splene4 ,illustration3 #a ,parthenium flore pleno4 ,double ,featherfew4 #b ,chammlum nudum4 ,naked ,camomill4 #c ,chammlum flore pleno4 ,double ,camomill4 #d ,pyrethrum officinarum4 ,pelletory of ,spaine4 #e ,flos ,adonis flore rubro flore lutea4 ,adonis flower both red yellow4 #f ,helleborus niger ferulaceus siue ,buphthalmum4 ,the great ,oxe eye or the great yellow ,anemone4 #g ,buphthalmum vulgare4 ,the common yellow ,oxe eye4 ,,chap4 ,,lix4 ,pyrethrum officinarum4 ,pelletory of ,spaine4 ,i must needes adioyne vnto the ,camomils this fine and tender plant1 for some neare resemblance it hath with them in face1 though not in quality4 ,it is a small and lowe plant1 bearing many fine greene leaues vpon his slender branches1 which leane or lye down vpon the ground1 diuided into many parts1 yet somewhat larger and broader then ,camomill1 the stalkes whereof are bigger1 and more iuicie then it3 the flowers that stand at the toppes of the stalkes are single1 but much larger then any ,camomill flower1 hauing a pale or border of many leaues1 white on the vpperside1 and reddish vnderneath1 set about the yellow middle thrumme2 but not standing so close together ioyning at the bottome1 as the ,camomill flowers doe1 but more seuered one from another3 it beareth small whitish seede1 which is hardly found and discerned from the chaffe3 the roote is long1 and growing downe right1 of the bignesse of a mans finger or thumbe in our ,countrey1 but not half so great where it groweth naturally1 with some fibres and branches from the sides thereof1 of a very hot1 sharpe1 and biting taste1 drawing much water into the mouth1 after it hath been chewed a while3 the plant with vs is very tender1 and will hardly or not at all endure the hardnesse and extremities of our ,winters1 vnlesse it be very carefully preserued4 ,the ,place4 ,it groweth in ,spaine wilde in many places1 and in other hot ,countries1 where it may feele no frosts to cause it perish4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth so late with vs1 that it is not vntill ,august1 that oftentimes we cannot gather ripe seedes from it1 before it perish4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,pyrethrum 7taken from 1 that is1 ignis1 fire7 is giuen to this plant1 because of the heate thereof1 and that the roote is somewhat like in shew1 but specially in property vnto the true ,pyrethrum of ,dioscorides1 which is an vmbelliferous plant1 whose rootes are greater1 and more feruent a great deale1 and haue a hayrie bush or toppe as ,meum1 and many other vmbelliferous plants haue4 ,it is also called in ,latin1 ,salinaris1 of the effect in drawing much moisture into the mouth1 to be spit out4 ,we doe vsually call it ,pelletory of ,spaine4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is in a manner wholly spent to draw rheume from the teeth1 by chewing it in the mouth1 thereby to ease the tooth-ach1 and likewise from the head1 in the paines thereof4 ,,chap4 ,,lx4 ,flos ,adonis flore rubro4 ,red ,adonis flower4 ,adonis flower may well be accounted a kinde of ,camomill1 although it hath some especiall differences1 hauing many long branches of leaues lying vpon the ground1 and some rising vp with the stalke1 so finely cut and iagged1 that they much resemble the leaues of ,mayweed1 or of the former ,nigella3 at the top of the stalkes1 which rise a foote high or better1 stand small red flowers1 consisting of six or eight round leaues1 hauing a greene head in the middle1 set about with many blackish threads1 without any smell at all3 after the flowers are past1 there grow vp heads with many roundish white seedes at the toppes of them1 set close together1 very like vnto the heads of seede of the great ,oxe eye1 set downe in the next ,chapter1 but smaller3 the rootes are small and thready1 perishing euery yeare1 but rising of his owne seede againe1 many times before ,winter1 which will abide vntill the next yeare4 ,sidenote3 ,flore luteo4 ,yellow ,adonis flower is like vnto the red1 but that the flower is somewhat larger1 and of a faire yellow colour4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth wilde in the corn fields in many places of our own country1 as well as in others1 and is brought into ,gardens for the beauties sake of the flower4 ,the yellow is a stranger1 but noursed in our ,gardens with other rarities4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,may or ,iune1 as the yeare falleth out to be early or late3 the seed is soone ripe after1 and will quickly fall away1 if it be not gathered4 ,the ,names4 ,some haue taken the red kinde to be a kinde of ,anemone2 other to be ,eranthemum of ,dioscorides3 the most vsuall name now with vs is ,flos ,adonis1 and ,flos ,adonidis3 ,in ,english1 where it groweth wilde1 they call it red ,maythes1 as they call the ,mayweede1 white ,maythes2 and some of our ,english ,gentlewomen call it ,rosarubie3 we vsually call it ,adonis flower4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it hath been certainly tryed by experience1 that the seed of red ,adonis flower drunke in wine1 is good to ease the paines of the ,collicke and ,stone4 ,,chap4 ,,lxi4 ,buphthalmum4 ,oxe eye4 ,vnder the name ,buphthalmum1 or ,oxe eye1 are comprehended two or three seueral plants1 each differing from other1 both in face and property1 yet because they all beare one generall name1 ,i thinke fittest to comprise them all in one ,chapter1 and first of that which in leafe seed commeth nearest to the ,adonis flower4 #a4 ,buphthalmum maius siue ,helleborus niger ferulaceus4 ,great ,oxe eye1 or the yellow ,anemone4 ,this great ,oxe eye is a beautifull plant1 hauing many branches of greene leaues leaning or lying vpon the ground for the most part1 yet some standing vpright1 which are as fine1 but shorter then ,fenell2 some of them ending in a small tuft of green leaues1 and some hauing at the toppes of them one large flower a peece1 somewhat reddish or brownish on the outside1 while they are in bud1 and a while after1 and being open1 shew themselues to consist of twelue or fourteene long leaues1 of a faire shining yellow colour1 set in order round about a greene head1 with yellow thrums in the middle1 laying themselues open in the sunne1 or a faire day1 but else remaining close3 after the flower is past1 the head growing greater1 sheweth it selfe compact of many round whitish seede1 very like vnto the head of seede of the ,adonis flower last described1 but much greater3 the rootes are many long blackish fibres or strings1 set together at the head1 very like vnto the rootes of the lesser blacke ,hellebor or ,bearefoote1 but somewhat harder1 stiffer1 or more brittle1 and seeming without moisture in them1 which abide and encrease euery yeare4 #b4 ,buphthalmum minus1 seu ,anthemis flore luteo4 ,small ,oxe eye4 ,this plant might seeme to be referred to the ,camomils1 but that it is not sweete1 or to the ,corne-,marigolds1 but that the stalkes and leaues are not edible3 it is therefore put vnder the ,oxe eyes1 and so we will describe it2 hauing many weake branches lying vpon the ground1 beset with winged leaues1 very finely cut and iagged1 somewhat like vnto ,mayweede1 but a little larger2 the flowers are like vnto the ,corne ,marigold1 and larger then any ,camomill1 being wholly yellow1 as well the pale or border of leaues1 as the middle thrummes3 the rootes are somewhat tough and long4 #c4 ,buphthalmum vulgare4 ,common ,oxe eye4 ,this ,oxe eye riseth vp with hard round stalkes1 a foote and a halfe high1 hauing many winged leaues vpon them1 made of diuers long and something broad leaues1 snipt about the edges1 set together somewhat like vnto ,tansie1 but smaller1 and not so much winged3 the flowers stand at the toppes of the stalkes1 of a full yellow colour1 both the outer leaues and the middle thrum1 and not altogether so large as the last3 the rootes of this kinde perish euery yeare1 and require a new sowing againe4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in diuers places of ,austria1 ,bohemia1 and those parts1 it hath beene likewise brought out of ,spaine4 ,the second in ,prouence1 a country in ,france4 ,the last in diuers places1 as well of ,austria as ,morauia1 and about ,mentz and ,norimberg1 as ,clusius setteth downe4 ,we haue them in our ,gardens1 but the first is of the greatest respect and beauty4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth betimes1 oftentimes in ,march1 or at the furthest in ,aprill2 the seede is ripe in ,may1 and must be quickly gathered1 lest it bee lost4 ,the other two flower not vntill ,iune4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,buphthalmum of ,dodonus1 ,pseudohelleborus of ,matthiolus1 ,helleborus niger ferulaceus ,theophrasti by ,lobel1 of some others ,elleborus niger verus1 vsing it for the true blacke ,ellebor1 but it is much differing1 as well in face as properties4 ,of others ,sesamoides minus4 ,some haue thought it to be a yellow ,anemone1 that haue looked on it without further iudgement1 and by that name is most vsually knowne to most of our ,english ,gentlewomen that know it4 ,but it may most fitly be called a ,buphthalmum1 as ,dodonus doth1 and ,hispanicum or ,austriacum1 for distinctions sake4 ,we doe most vsually call it ,helleborus niger ferulaceus1 as ,lobel doth3 ,bauhinus calleth it ,helleborus niger tenuifolius ,buphthalmi flore4 ,the second is called ,buphthalmum ,narbonense3 ,in ,english1 ,the ,french1 or lesser ,oxe eye1 as the first is called1 ,the great ,oxe eye4 ,the last1 ,the common ,oxe eye4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the first hath been vsed in diuers places for the true blacke ,ellebor1 but now is sufficiently knowne to haue been an errour2 but what ,physicall property hath1 other then ,matthiolus hath expressed1 to be vsed as ,setterwort for cattell1 when they rowell them1 to put or draw the rootes hereof through the hole they make in the dewe lappe1 or other places1 for their coughes or other diseases1 ,i know not1 or haue heard or read of any4 ,the others likewise haue little or no vse in ,physicke now a dayes that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,lxii4 ,chrysanthemum4 ,corne ,marigold4 ,although the sorts of ,corne ,marigolds1 which are many1 are fitter for another then this worke1 and for a ,catholicke ,garden of ,simples1 then this of ,pleasure and ,delight for faire ,flowers2 yet giue me leaue to bring in a couple3 the one for a corner or by-place1 the other for your choisest1 or vnder a defenced wall1 in regard of his statelinesse4 #a4 ,chrysanthemum ,creticum4 ,corne ,marigold of ,candy4 ,this faire ,corne ,marigold hath for the most part one vpright stalke1 two foote high1 whereon are set many winged leaues1 at euery ioynt one1 diuided and cut into diuers parts1 and they againe parted into seuerall peeces or leaues3 the flowers growe at the toppes of the stalkes1 rising out of a scaly head1 composed of ten or twelue large leaues1 of a faire1 but pale yellow colour1 and more pale almost white at the bottome of the leaues1 round about the yellow thrumme in the middle1 being both larger and sweeter then any of the other ,corne ,marigolds3 the seede is whitish and chaffie3 the roote perisheth euery yeare4 #b4 ,chrysanthemum ,peruianum1 siue ,flos ,solis4 ,the golden flower of ,peru1 or the ,flower of the ,sunne4 ,this goodly and stately plant1 wherewith euery one is now a dayes familiar1 being of many sorts1 both higher and lower 7with one stalke1 without branches1 or with many branches1 with a blacke1 or with a white seede1 yet differing not in forme of leaues or flowers one from another1 but in the greatnesse or smalnesse7 riseth vp at the first like vnto a ,pompion with two leaues1 and after two1 or foure more leaues are come forth1 it riseth vp into a great stalke1 bearing the leaues on it at seuerall distances on all sides thereof1 one aboue another vnto the very toppe1 being sometimes1 and in some places1 seuen1 eight1 or ten foote high1 which leaues standing out from the stemme or stalke vpon their seuerall great ribbed foote-stalkes1 are very large1 broad belowe1 and pointed at the end1 round1 hard1 rough1 of a sad greene colour1 and bending downewards3 at the toppe of the stalke standeth one great1 large1 and broad flower1 bowing downe the head vnto the ,sunne1 and breaking forth from a great head1 made of scaly greene leaues1 like vnto a great single ,marigold1 hauing a border of manie long yellow leaues1 set about a great round yellow thrumme1 as it were in the middle1 which are very like vnto short heads of flowers1 vnder euery one whereof there is a seede1 larger then any seede of the ,thistles1 yet somewhat like1 and lesser1 and rounder then any ,gourd seede1 set in so close and curious a manner1 that when the seede is taken out1 the head with the hollow places or cels thereof seemeth very like vnto an hony combe2 which seede is in some plants very blacke1 in the hotter countries1 or very white1 and great1 or large1 but with vs is neither so large1 blacke1 or white2 but sometimes blackish or grayish4 ,some sort riseth not vp halfe the height that others doe1 and some againe beare but one stemme or stalke1 with a flower at the toppe thereof2 and others two or three1 or more small branches1 with euery one his flower at the end2 and some so full of branches from the very ground almost1 that ,i haue accounted threescore branches round about the middle stalke of one plant1 the lowest neare two yards long1 others aboue them a yard and a halfe1 or a yard long1 with euery one his flower thereon2 but all smaller then those that beare but one or two flowers1 and lesser also for the most part then the flower on the middle stalke it selfe4 ,the whole plant1 and euery part thereof aboue ground hath a strong resinous sent of ,turpentine1 and the heads and middle parts of the flowers doe oftentimes 7and sometimes the ioynts of the stalke where the leaues stand7 sweat out a most fine thin cleare ,rossin or ,turpentine1 but in small quantity1 and as it were in drops1 in the heate and dry time of the year1 so like both in colour1 smell1 and taste vnto cleare ,venice ,turpentine1 that it cannot be knowne from it3 the roote is strongly fastened in the ground by some greater roots branching out1 and a number of small strings1 which growe not deepe1 but keepe vnder the vpper crust of the earth1 and desireth much moisture1 yet dyeth euery yeare with the first frosts1 and must be new sowne in the beginning of the ,spring4 ,the ,place4 ,their places are set downe in their titles1 the one to come out of ,candy1 the other out of ,peru1 a ,prouince in the ,west ,indies4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth in ,iune1 the other later1 as not vntill ,august1 and sometimes so late1 that the early frosts taking it1 neuer suffer it to come to ripeness4 ,the ,names4 ,the first hath his name in his title4 ,the second1 besides the names set downe1 is called of some ,planta maxima1 ,flos maximus1 ,sol ,indianus1 but the most vsuall with vs is1 ,flos ,solis3 ,in ,english1 ,the ,sunne ,flower1 or ,flower of the ,sunne4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is no vse of either in ,physicke with vs1 but that sometimes the heads of the ,sunne ,flower are dressed1 and eaten as ,hartichokes are1 and a accounted of some to be good meate1 but they are too strong for my taste4 ,,chap4 ,,lxiii4 ,calendula4 ,marigolds4 ,some haue reckoned vp many sorts of ,marigolds1 ,i had rather make but two1 the single and the double2 for doubtlesse1 those that be most double1 rise from the best seede1 which are the middlemost of the great double1 and some would be lesse double1 whose seede is greater then the rest1 according to the ground where it groweth2 as also those that be of a paler colour1 doe come of the seed of the yellower sort4 ,illustration3 #a ,chrysanthemum ,creticum4 ,corne ,marigolds of ,candy4 #b ,flos ,solis4 ,the ,flower of the ,sunne4 #c ,calendula4 ,marigolds4 #d ,aster ,atticus siue ,italorum4 ,the ,purple ,marigold4 #e ,pilosella maior4 ,golden ,mouse-eare4 #f ,scorsonera ,hispanica4 ,spanish ,vipers grasse4 #g ,tragopogon4 ,goates beard1 or goe to bed at noone4 #a4 ,calendula maxima4 ,the great ,garden ,marigold4 ,garden ,marigold hath round greene stalkes1 branching out from the ground into many parts1 whereon are set long flat greene leaues1 broader and rounder at the point then any where else1 and smaller also at the setting to of the stalke1 where it compasseth it about3 the flowers are sometimes very thicke and double 7breaking out of a scaly clammy greene head7 composed of many rowes of leaues1 set so close together one within another1 that no middle thrume can bee seene1 and sometimes lesse double1 hauing a small browne spot of a thrume in the middle3 and sometimes but of two or three rowes of leaues1 with a large browne thrume in the middle2 euery one whereof is somewhat broader at the point1 and nicked into two or three corners1 of an excellent faire deepe gold yellow colour in some1 and paler in others1 and of a pretty strong and resinous sweete sent3 after the flowers are past1 there succeede heads of crooked seede1 turning inward1 the outermost biggest1 and the innermost least3 the roote is white1 and spreadeth in the ground1 and in some places will abide after the seeding1 but for the most part perisheth1 and riseth againe of his owne seede4 ,sometimes this ,marigold doth degenerate1 and beareth many small flowers vpon short stalkes1 compassing the middle flower3 but this happeneth but seldome1 and therefore accounted but lusus natur1 a play of nature1 which she worketh in diuers other plants besides4 #b4 ,calendula simplex4 ,the single ,marigold4 ,there is no difference betweene this and the former1 but that the flowers are single1 consisting of one rowe of leaues1 of the same colour2 eyther paler or deeper yellow1 standing about a great browne thrumme in the middle3 the seed likewise is alike1 but for the most part greater then in the double kindes4 ,the ,place4 ,our ,gardens are the chiefe places for the double flowers to grow in2 for we know not of any other naturall place3 but the single kinde hath beene found wilde in ,spaine1 from whence ,i receiued seede1 gathered by ,guillaume ,boel1 in his time a very curious1 and cunning searcher of simples4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower all the ,summer long1 and sometimes euen in winter1 if it be milde1 and chiefly at the beginning of those monethes1 as it is thought4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called ,caltha of diuers1 and taken to be that ,caltha1 whereof both ,virgil and ,columella haue written4 ,others doe call them ,calendula1 of the ,kalendes1 that is the first day of the monthes1 wherein they are thought chiefly to flower2 and thereupon the ,italians call them ,fiori di ogni mese1 that is1 ,the ,flowers of euery moneth3 ,we cal them in ,english generally1 eyther ,golds1 or ,marigolds4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the herbe and flowers are of great vse with vs among other pot-herbes1 and the flowers eyther greene or dryed1 are often vsed in possets1 broths1 and drinkes1 as a comforter of the heart and spirits1 and to expel any malignant or pestilential quality1 gathered neere thereunto4 ,the ,syrupe and ,conserue made of the fresh flowers are vsed for the same purposes to good effect4 ,,chap4 ,,lxiiii4 ,aster4 ,starre-wort4 ,dioscorides and other of the ancient ,writers1 haue set forth but one kinde of ,starre-wort1 which they call ,aster ,atticus1 of the place no doubt1 where the greatest plentie was found1 which was the ,countrey of ,athens3 the later ,writers haue found out many other plants which they referre to this kinde1 calling them by the same name4 ,it is not my purpose to entreate of them all1 neyther doth this garden fitly agree with them2 ,i shall therefore select out one or two from the rest1 and giue the knowledge of them1 leauing the rest to their proper place4 #a4 ,aster ,atticus flore luteo4 ,yellow ,starre-wort4 ,this ,starre-wort riseth vp with two or three rough hairy stalkes1 a foote and a halfe high1 with long1 rough or hairie1 brownish1 darke greene leaues on them1 diuided into two or three branches3 at the toppe of euery one whereof standeth a flat scaly head1 compared vnderneath with fiue or sixe long1 browne1 rough greene leaues1 standing like a ,starre1 the flower it selfe standing in the middle thereof1 made as a border of narrow1 long1 pale yellow leaues1 set with a brownish yellow thrume3 the roote dyeth euery yeare1 hauing giuen his flower4 #b4 ,aster ,atticus ,italorum flore purpureo4 ,purple ,italian ,starre-wort4 ,this ,italian ,starre-wort hath many wooddy1 round brittle stalkes1 rising from the roote1 somewhat higher then the former1 sometimes standing vpright1 and otherwhiles leaning downewards1 whereon are set many somewhat hard1 and rough long leaues1 round pointed1 without order vp to the toppe1 where it is diuided into seuerall branches1 whereon stand the flowers1 made like vnto a single ,marigold1 with a border of blewish purple leaues1 set about a browne middle thrume1 the heads sustaining the flowers are composed of diuers scaly greene leaues1 as is to be seene in the ,knapweedes or ,matfelons1 which after the flowers are past yeelde a certaine downe1 wherein lye small blacke and flat seedes1 somewhat like vnto ,lettice seede1 which are carried away with the winde3 the roote is composed of many white strings1 which perisheth not as the former1 but abideth1 and springeth afresh euery yeare4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is found in ,spaine1 as ,clusius1 and in ,france1 as ,lobel say4 ,the other hath beene found in many places in ,germany1 and ,austria3 in ,italie also1 and other places2 we haue it plentifully in our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth in ,summer4 ,and the other not vntill ,august or ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,aster ,atticus flore luteo1 ,bubonium1 ,inguinalis1 and of many is taken to be the true ,aster ,atticus of ,dioscorides3 yet ,matthiolus thinketh not so1 for diuers good reasons1 which hee setteth downe in the ,chapter of ,aster ,atticus1 as any man may vnderstand1 if they will but reade the place1 which is too long to bee inserted here4 ,the other is thought by ,matthiolus1 to bee the truer ,aster ,atticus1 7vnto whom ,i must also consent7 and constantly also affirmed to be the ,amellus ,virgilij1 as may be seene in the same place3 but it is usually called at this day1 ,aster ,italorum flore cruleo or purpureo4 ,their ,english names are sufficiently expressed in their titles1 yet some call the last1 ,the purple ,marigold1 because it is so like vnto one in form4 ,the ,vertues4 ,they are held1 if they bee the right1 to bee good for the biting of a mad dogge1 the greene herbe being beaten with old hogs grease1 and applyed2 as also for swolne throats3 ,it is likewise vsed for botches that happen in the groine1 as the name doth import4 ,,chap4 ,,lxv4 ,pilosella maior4 ,golden ,mouse-eare4 ,some resemblance that the flowers of this plant hath with the former ,golds1 maketh me to insert it in this place1 although ,i know it agreeth not in any other part1 yet for the pleasant aspect thereof1 it must bee in this my garden1 whose description is as followeth3 ,it hath many broade greene leaues spread vpon the ground1 spotted with pale spots1 yet more conspicuous at sometimes then at other2 somewhat hairy both on the vpper and vnderside1 in the middle of these leaues rise vp one1 two or more blackish hairy stalkes1 two foote high at the least1 bare or naked vp to the top1 where it beareth an vmbell1 or short tuft of flowers1 set close together vpon short stalkes1 of the forme or fashion of the ,haukeweedes1 or common ,mouse-eare1 but somewhat smaller1 of a deep gold yellow1 or orenge tawney colour1 with some yellow threds in the middle1 of little or no sent at all3 after the flowers are past1 the heads carry small1 short1 blacke seede1 with a light downie matter on them1 ready to bee carried away with the winde1 as many other plants are1 when they be ripe3 the rootes spread vnder ground1 and shoote vp in diuers other places1 whereby it much encreaseth1 especially if it be set in any moist or shadowie place4 ,the ,place4 ,it groweth in the shadowie woods of ,france1 by ,lions1 and ,mompelier1 as ,lobell testifieth3 we keepe it in our gardens1 and rather in a shadowie then sunnie place4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,somer1 and sometimes againe in ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called by ,lobell1 ,pulmonaria ,gallorum ,hieratij facie3 and the ,herbarists of ,france take it to be the true ,pulmonaria of ,tragus4 ,others call it ,hieratium flore aureo4 ,pelleterius ,hieratium ,indicum4 ,some ,pilosella1 or ,auricula muris maior flore aureo4 ,and some ,chondrilla flore aureo4 ,dalechamptus would haue it to bee ,corchorus1 but farre vnfitly4 ,the fittest ,english name we can giue it1 is ,golden ,mouse-eare1 which may endure vntill a fitter bee imposed on it3 for the name of ,grim the ,collier1 whereby it is called of many1 is both idle and foolish4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,french according to the name vse it for the defects of the lunges1 but with what good successe ,i know not4 ,,chap4 ,,lxvi4 ,scorsonera4 ,vipers grasse4 ,although there be foure or fiue sorts of ,scorsonera1 yet ,i shall here desire you to be content with the knowledge only of a couple4 #a4 ,scorsonera ,hispanica maior4 ,the greater ,spanish ,vipers grasse4 ,this ,spanish ,vipers grasse hath diuers long1 and somewhat broad leaues1 hard and crumpled on the edges1 and sometimes vneuenly cut in or indented also1 of a blewish greene colour3 among which riseth vp one stalke1 and no more for the most part1 two foote high or thereabouts1 hauing here and there some narrower long leaues thereon then those below3 the toppe of the stalke brancheth it selfe forth into other parts1 euery one bearing a long scaly head1 from out of the toppe whereof riseth a faire large double flower1 of a pale yellow colour1 much like vnto the flower of yellow ,goates beard1 but a little lesser1 which being past1 the seede succeedeth1 being long1 whitish and rough1 inclosed with much downe1 and among them many other long smooth seedes1 which are limber and idle1 and are carryed away at the will of the winde3 the roote is long1 thicke and round1 brittle and blacke1 with a certaine roughnesse on the outside3 but very white within1 yeelding a milkie liquor being broken1 as euery other part of the plant doth besides1 yet the roote more then any other part1 and abideth many yeares without perishing4 #b4 ,scorsonera ,pannonica purpurea4 ,purple flowred ,vipers grasse4 ,this purple flowred ,vipers grasse hath long and narrow leaues1 of the same blewish greene colour with the former3 the stalke riseth vp a foote and a halfe high1 with a few such like leaues1 but shorter thereon1 breaking at the toppe into two or three parts1 bearing on each of them one flower1 fashioned like the former1 and standing in the like scaly knoppe or head1 but of a blewish purple colour1 not fully so large1 of the sweetest sent of any of this kinde1 comming neerest vnto the smell of a delicate perfume4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is of ,spaine4 ,the other of ,hungarie and ,austrich3 which now furnish our gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in the beginning of ,may3 the seede is soone ripe after1 and then perishing downe to the roote for that yeare1 springeth afresh before ,winter againe4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called after the ,spanish name ,scorsonera1 which is in ,latine ,viperaria1 of some ,viperina1 and ,serpentina3 ,wee call them in ,english ,vipers grasse1 or ,scorsonera4 ,the ,vertues4 ,manardus as ,i thinke first wrote hereof1 and saith that it hath been found to cure them that are bitten of a ,viper1 or other such like venemous ,creature4 ,the rootes hereof being preserued with sugar1 as ,i haue done often1 doe eate almost as delicate as the ,eringus roote1 and no doubt is good to comfort and strengthen the heart1 and vitall spirits4 ,some that haue vsed the preserued roote haue found it effectuall to expelling winde out of the stomacke1 and to helpe swounings and faintnesse of the heart4 ,,chap4 ,,lxvii4 ,tragopogon4 ,goates beard4 ,i must in this place set downe but two sorts of ,goates beards2 the one blew or ash-colour1 the other red or purple1 and leaue the other kindes3 some to bee spoken of in the ,kitchin ,garden1 and others in a ,physicall ,garden4 #a4 ,tragopogon flore cruleo4 ,blew ,goates beard4 ,all the ,goates beards haue long1 narrow1 and somewhat hollow whitish greene leaues1 with a white line downe the middle of euery one on the vpperside3 the stalke riseth vp greater and stronger then the ,vipers grasse1 bearing at the toppe a great long head or huske1 composed of nine or ten long narrow leaues1 the sharpe points or ends whereof rise vp aboue the flower in the middle1 which is thicke and double1 somewhat broad and large spread1 of a blewish ash-colour1 with some whitish threads among them1 shutting or closing it selfe within the greene huske euery day1 that it abideth blowing1 vntill about noone1 and opening not it selfe againe vntill the next morning3 the head or huske1 after the flower is past1 and the seede neare ripe1 openeth it selfe2 the long leaues thereof1 which closed not before now1 falling downe round about the stalke1 and shewing the seede1 standing at the first close together1 and the doune at the toppe of them3 but after they haue stood a while1 it spreadeth it selfe round1 and is ready to be carried away with the winde1 if it be not gathered3 the seede it selfe is long1 round1 and rough1 like the seede of the ,vipers grasse1 but greater and blacker3 the roote is long1 and not very great1 but perisheth as soone as it hath borne seede1 and springeth of the fallen seede1 that yeare remaining greene all ,winter1 and flowring the next yeare following3 the whole yeeldeth milke as the former1 but somewhat more bitter and binding4 #b4 ,tragopogon purpureum4 ,purple ,goates beard4 ,there is little difference in this kind from the former1 but that it is a little larger1 both in the leafe1 and head that beareth the seed3 the flowers also are a little larger1 and spread more1 of a darke reddish purple colour1 with some yellow dust as it were cast vpon it1 especially about the ends3 the roote perisheth in the like manner as the other4 ,the ,place4 ,both these haue been sent vs from the parts beyond the ,seas1 ,i haue had them from ,italy1 where no doubt they grow naturally wilde1 as the yellow doth with vs3 they are kept in our ,gardens for their pleasant flowers4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,may and ,iune3 the seede is ripe in ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,their generall name is after the ,greeke word ,tragopogon1 which is in ,latine1 ,barbahirci3 ,in ,english1 ,goates beard2 the head of seede when it is readie to bee carried away with the winde1 causing that name for the resemblance3 and because the flower doth euery day close it selfe at noone 7as ,i said before7 and openeth not againe vntill the next ,sunne1 some haue fitly called it1 ,goe to bed at noone4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the rootes of these kindes are a little more bitter and more binding also then the yellow kinde expressed in the ,kitchin ,garden2 and therefore fitter for medicine then for meate1 but yet is vsed as the yellow kinde is1 which is more fit for meate then medicine4 ,the distilled water is good to wash old sores and wounds4 ,,chap4 ,,lxviii4 ,flos ,africanus4 ,the ,french ,marigold4 ,of the ,french or ,african ,marigolds there are three kindes as principall1 and of each of them both with single and double flowers3 of these1 some diuersity is obserued in the colour of the flowers1 as well as in the forme or largenesse1 so that as you may here see1 ,i haue expressed eight differences1 and ,fabius ,columna nine or ten1 in regard hee maketh a diuersity of the paler and deeper yellow colour3 and although the lesser kinde1 because of its euill sent1 is held dangerous1 yet for the beauty of the flower it findeth roome in ,gardens4 #a4 ,flos ,africanus maior siue maximus multiplex4 ,the great double ,french ,marigold4 ,this goodly double flower1 which is the grace and glory of a ,garden in the time of his beauty1 riseth vp with a straight and hard round greene stalke1 hauing some crests or edges all along the stalke1 beset with long winged leaues1 euery one whereof is like vnto the leafe of an ,ash1 being composed of many long and narrow leaues1 snipt about the edges1 standing by couples one against another1 with an odde one at the end1 of a darke or full greene colour3 the stalke riseth to be three or foure foote high1 and diuideth it selfe from the middle thereof into many branches1 set with such like leaues to the toppes of them1 euery one bearing one great double flower1 of a gold yellow colour aboue1 and paler vnderneath1 yet some are of a pale yellow1 and some betweene both1 and all these rising from one and the same seede3 the flower1 before it be blowne open1 hath all the leaues hollow2 but when it is full blowne open1 it spreadeth it selfe larger then any ,prouince ,rose1 or equall vnto it at the least1 if it be in good earth1 and riseth out of a long greene huske1 striped or furrowed1 wherein after the flower is past1 7which standeth in his full beauty a moneth1 and oftentimes more1 and being gathered1 may be preserued in his full beauty for two moneths after1 if it be set in water7 standeth the seede1 set thicke and close together vpright1 which is blacke1 somewhat flat and long3 the roote is full of small strings1 whereby it strongly comprehendeth in the ground3 the flower of this1 as well as the single1 is of the very smell of new waxe1 or of an honie combe1 and not of that poisonfull sent of the smaller kindes4 #b4 ,flos ,africanus maior simplex4 ,the great single ,french ,marigold4 ,this single ,marigold is in all things so like vnto the former1 that it is hard to discerne it from the double1 but by the flowers1 onely the stalke will be browner then the double2 and to my best obseruation1 hath and doth euery yeare rise from the seede of the double flower3 so that when they are in flower1 you may see the difference 7or not much before1 when they are in bud7 this single flower euer appearing with thrums in the middle1 and the leaues1 which are the border or pale standing about them1 shewing hollow or fistulous1 which after lay themselues flat and open 7and the double flower appearing with all his leaues folded close together1 without any thrum at all7 and are of a deeper or paler colour1 as in the double4 #c4 ,flos ,africanus fistuloso flore simplex multiplex4 ,single and double ,french ,marigolds with hollow leafed flowers4 ,as the former two greatest sorts haue risen from the seede of one and the same 7,i meane the pod of double flowers7 so doe these also1 not differing from it in anything1 but that they are lower1 and haue smaller greene leaues1 and that the flower also being smaller1 hath euery leafe abiding hollow1 like vnto an hollow pipe1 broad open at the mouth1 and is of as deepe a yellow colour for the most part as the deepest of the former1 yet sometimes pale also4 #d4 ,flos ,africanus minor multiplex4 ,the lesser double ,french ,marigold4 ,the lesser double ,french ,marigold hath his leaues in all things like vnto the former1 but somewhat lesser1 which are set vpon round browne stalkes1 not so stiffe or vpright1 but bowing and bending diuers wayes1 and sometimes leaning or lying vpon the ground3 the stalkes are branched out diuersly1 whereon are set very faire double flowers like the former1 and in the like greene huskes1 but smaller1 and in some the outermost leaues will be larger then any of the rest1 and of a deeper ,orenge colour1 almost crimson1 the innermost being of a deepe gold yellow colour1 tending to crimson2 the whole flower is smaller1 and of a stronger and more vnpleasant sauour1 so that but for the beautifull colour1 and doublenesse of the flower1 pleasant to the eye1 and not to any other sense1 this kinde would finde roome in few ,gardens3 the rootes and seedes are like the former1 but lesser4 #e4 ,flos ,africanus minor simplex4 ,the small single ,french ,marigold4 ,this single kinde doth follow after the last in all manner of proportion1 both of stalkes1 leaues1 seedes1 and rootes3 the flowers onely of this are single1 hauing fiue or six broad leaues1 of a deepe yellow crimson colour1 with deepe yellow thrummes in the middle1 and of as strong a stinking sent1 or more then the last4 ,the ,place4 ,they growe naturally in ,africa1 and especially in the parts about ,tunis1 and where old ,carthage stood1 from whence long agoe they were brought into ,europe1 where they are onely kept in ,gardens1 being sowne for the most part euery yeare1 vnlesse in some milde ,winters4 ,the last single and double kindes 7as being more hardy7 haue sometimes endured3 but that kinde with hollow leafed flowers1 as ,fabius ,columna setteth it downe1 is accounted to come from ,mexico in ,america4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower not vntill the end of ,summer1 especially the greater kindes3 but the lesser1 if they abide all the ,winter1 doe flower more early4 ,the ,names4 ,they haue been diuersly named by diuers men3 ,some calling them ,caryophyllus ,indicus1 that is1 ,indian ,gilloflowers1 and ,tanacetum ,pervianum1 ,tansie of ,peru1 as if it grew in ,peru1 a ,prouince of ,america2 and ,flos ,indicus1 as a flower of the ,indies2 but it hath not been knowne to haue beene brought from thence4 ,others would haue it to be ,othonna of ,plinie1 and others2 some to be ,lycopersicum of ,galen4 ,it is called1 and that more truely1 ,flos ,tunetensis1 ,flos ,africanus1 and ,caltha ,africana1 that is1 the flower of ,tunis1 the flower of ,africa1 the ,marigold of ,africa1 and peraduenture ,pedna ,pnorum4 ,we in ,english most vsually call them1 ,french ,marigolds1 with their seuerall distinctions of greater or smaller1 double or single4 ,to that with hollow leafed flowers1 ,fabius ,columna giueth the name of ,fistiloso flore1 and ,i so continue it4 ,illustration3 #a ,flos ,africanus maximus multiplex4 ,the greatest double ,french ,marigold4 #b ,flos ,africanus maior multiplex4 ,the greater double ,french ,marigold4 #c ,flos ,africanus maximus simplex4 ,the greatest single ,french ,marigold4 #d ,flos ,africanus multiplex fistulosus4 ,the double hollow ,french ,marigold4 #e ,flos ,africanus simplex fistulosus4 ,the single hollow ,french ,marigold4 #f ,flos ,africanus minor multiplex4 ,the smaller double ,french ,marigold4 #g ,flos ,africanus minor multiplex alter4 ,another sort of the lesser double ,french ,marigold4 #h ,flos ,africanus minor simplex4 ,the lesser single ,french ,marigold4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we know no vse they haue in ,physicke1 but are cherished in ,gardens for their beautifull flowers sake4 ,,chap4 ,,lxix4 ,caryophyllus hortensis4 ,carnations and ,gilloflowers4 ,to auoide confusion1 ,i must diuide ,gilloflowers from ,pinkes1 and intreate of them in seuerall ,chapters4 ,of those that are called ,carnations or ,gilloflowers1 as of the greater kinde1 in this ,chapter2 and of ,pinkes1 as well double as single1 in the next4 ,but the number of them is so great1 that to giue seuerall descriptions to them all were endlesse1 at the least needlesse3 ,i will therefore set downe onely the descriptions of three 7for vnto these three may be referred all the other sorts7 for their fashion and manner of growing1 and giue you the seuerall names 7as they are vsually called with vs7 of the rest1 with their variety and mixture of colours in the flowers1 wherein consisteth a chiefe difference4 ,i account those that are called ,carnations to be the greatest1 both for leafe and flower1 and ,gilloflowers for the most part to bee lesser in both2 and therefore will giue you each description apart1 and the ,orenge tawnie or yellow ,gilloflower likewise by it selfe1 as differing very notably from all the rest4 #a4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,harwicensis siue ,anglicus4 ,the great ,harwich or old ,english ,carnation4 ,i take this goodly great old ,english ,carnation1 as a president for the description of all the rest of the greatest sorts1 which for his beauty and statelinesse1 is worthy of a prime place1 hauing beene alwayes very hardly preserued in the ,winter2 and therefore not so frequent as the other ,carnations or ,gilloflowers4 ,it riseth vp with a great thicke round stalke1 diuided into seuerall branches1 somewhat thickly set with ioynts1 and at euery ioynt two long greene rather then whitish leaues1 somewhat broader then ,gilloflower leaues1 turning or winding two or three times round 7in some other sorts of ,carnations they are plaine1 but bending the points downewards1 and in some also of a darke reddish greene colour1 and in others not so darke1 but rather of a whitish greene colour37 the flowers stand at the toppes of the stalkes in long1 great1 and round greene huskes1 which are diuided into fiue points1 out of which rise many long and broad pointed leaues1 deeply iagged at the ends1 set in order round and comely1 making a gallant great double flower1 of a deepe ,carnation colour1 almost red1 spotted with many blush spots and strakes1 some greater and some lesser1 of an excellent soft sweete sent1 neither too quicke as many others of these kinds are1 nor yet too dull1 and with two whitish crooked threads like hornes in the middle3 this kinde neuer beareth many flowers1 but as it is slow in growing1 so in bearing1 not to be often handled1 which sheweth a kinde of statelinesse1 fit to preserue the opinion of magnificence3 the roote is branched into diuers great1 long1 wooddy rootes1 with many small fibres annexed vnto them4 #b4 ,caryophyllus hortensis flore pleno rubro4 ,the red or ,cloue ,gilloflower4 ,the red ,cloue ,gilloflower1 which ,i take as a president for the second sort1 which are ,gilloflowers1 grow like vnto the ,carnations1 but not so thicke set with ioynts and leaues3 the stalkes are more1 the leaues are narrower and whiter for the most part1 and in some doe as well a little turne3 the flowers are smaller1 yet very thicke and double in most1 and the greene huskes wherein they stand are smaller likewise then the former3 the ends of the leaues in this flower1 as in all the rest1 are dented or iagged1 yet in some more then in others2 some also hauing two small white threads1 crooked at the ends like hornes1in the middle of the flower1 when as diuers other haue none4 ,these kindes1 and especially this that hath a deepe red crimson coloured flower1 doe endure the cold of our winters1 and with lesse care is preserued3 these sorts as well as the former doe very seldome giue any seede1 as far as ,i could euer obserue or learne4 ,illustration3 #a ,caryophyllus maximus rubro varius4 ,the great old ,carnation or gray ,hulo4 #b ,caryophyllus maior rubro albo varius4 ,the white ,carnation4 #c ,caryophyllus albo rubens4 ,the ,cambersine or the ,poole flower4 #d ,caryophyllus ,cantij striatus4 ,the faire made of ,kent4 #e ,caryophyllus ,sabaudicus carneus4 ,the blush ,sauadge4 #f ,caryophyllus ,xerampelinus4 ,the ,gredeline ,carnation4 #g ,caryophyllus dictus ,grimelo4 ,the ,grimelo or ,prince4 #h ,caryophyllus albus maior4 ,the great white ,gilloflower4 #i ,elegans ,heroina ,bradshawij4 ,master ,bradshawes dainty ,lady4 #c4 ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus flore pleno miniato4 ,the yellow or ,orenge tawny ,gilloflower4 ,this ,gilloflower hath his stalkes next vnto the ground1 thicker set1 and with smaller or narrower leaues then the former for the most part3 the flowers are like vnto the ,cloue ,gilloflowers1 and about the same bignesse and doublenesse most vsually1 yet in some much greater then in others2 but of a pale yellowish ,carnation colour1 tending to an ,orenge1 with two small white threds1 crooked at the ends in the middle1 yet some haue none1 of a weaker sent then the ,cloue ,gilloflower3 this kinde is more apt to beare seede then any other1 which is small1 black1 flat1 and long1 and being sowen1 yeelde wonderfull varieties both of single and double flowers3 some being of a lighter or deeper colour then the mother plants3 some with stripes in most of the leaues3 ,others are striped or spotted1 like a speckled ,carnation or ,gilloflower1 in diuers sorts1 both single and double3 ,some againe are wholly of the same colour1 like the mother plant1 and are eyther more or lesse double then it1 or else are single with one row of leaues1 like vnto a ,pinck2 and some of these likewise eyther wholly of a crimson red1 deeper or lighter1 or variably spotted1 double or single as a ,pinck1 or blush eyther single or double1 and but very seldome white3 yet all of them in their greene leaues little or nothing varying or differing4 ,caryophylli maximi4 ,,carnations4 ,caryophyllus maximus dictus ,hulo rubro-varius4 ,the gray ,hulo hath as large leaues as the former old ,carnation1 and as deepely iagged on the edges3 it hath a great high stalke1 whereon stand the flowers1 of a deepe red colour1 striped and speckled very close together with a darkish white colour4 ,caryophyllus maximus dictus ,hulo ruber non variatus4 ,the red ,hulo is also a faire great flower1 of a stamell colour1 deeply iagged as the former1 and groweth very comely without any spot at all in it1 so that it seemeth to bee but a stamell ,gilloflower1 saue that it is much greater4 ,caryophyllus maximus dictus ,hulo cruleo purpureus4 ,the blew ,hulo is a goodly faire flower1 being of a faire purplish murrey colour1 curiously marbled with white1 but so smally to be discerned1 that it seemeth only purple1 it hath so much the ,mastrie in it2 it resembleth the ,brassill1 but that it is much bigger4 ,caryophyllus maximus dictus ,grimelo siue ,princeps4 ,the ,grimelo or ,prince is a faire flower also1 as large as any ,chrystall or larger1 being of a faire crimson colour1 equally for the most part striped with white1 or rather more white then red1 thorough euery leafe from the bottome1 and standeth comely4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,incarnadinus albus4 ,the white ,carnation or ,delicate1 is a goodly delightfull fair flower in his pride and perfection1 that is1 when it is both marbled and flaked1 or striped and speckled with white vpon an incarnate crimson colour1 beeing a very comely flower1 but abideth not constant1 changing oftentimes to haue no flakes or strakes of white1 but marbled or speckled wholly4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,incarnadinus ,gallicus4 ,the ,french ,carnation is very like vnto the white ,carnation1 but that it hath more specks1 and fewer stripes or flakes of white in the red1 which hath the mastrie of the white4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,incarnadinus grandis4 ,the ground ,carnation 7if it be not the same with the graund or great old ,carnation first set downe1 as the alteration but of one letter giueth the coniecture7 is a thicke flower1 but spreadeth not his leaues abroade as others doe1 hauing the middle standing higher then the outer leaues1 and turning vp their brimmes or edges2 it is a sad flower1 with few stripes or spots in it3 it is very subiect to breake the pod1 that the flower seldome commeth faire and right2 the greene leaues are as great as the ,hulo or ,lombard red4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,chrystallinus4 ,the ,chrystall or ,chrystalline 7for they are both one1 howsoeuer some would make them differ7 is a very delicate flower when it is well marked1 but it is inconstant in the markes1 being sometimes more striped with white and crimson red1 and sometimes lesse or little or nothing at all1 and changing also sometimes to be wholly red1 or wholly blush4 ,caryophyllus maximus flore rubro4 ,the red ,chrystall1 which is the red hereof changed1 is the most orient flower of all other red ,gilloflowers1 because it is both the greatest1 as comming from the ,chrystall1 as also that the red hereof is a most excellent crimson4 ,caryophyllus maximus dictus ,fragrans4 ,the ,fragrant is a faire flower1 and thought to come from the ,chrystall1 being as large1 but of a blush red colour1 spotted with small speckes1 no bigger then pinnes points1 but not so thicke as in the ,pageant4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,sabaudicus varius4 ,the stript ,sauadge is for forme and bignesse equall with the ,chrystall or ,white ,carnation1 but as inconstant as eyther of them1 changing into red or blush1 so that few branches with flowers containe their true mixtures1 which are a whitish blush1 fairely striped with a crimson red colour1 thicke and short1 with some spots also among4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,sabaudicus carneus4 ,the blush ,sauadge is the same with the former1 the same root of the stript ,sauadge1 as ,i said before1 yeelding one side or part whose flowers will be eyther wholly blush1 or hauing some small spots1 or sometimes few or none in them4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,sabaudicus ruber4 ,the red ,sauadge is as the blush1 when the colour of the flower is wholly red without any stripes or spots in them1 and so abideth long2 yet it is sometimes seene1 that the same side1 or part1 or roote being separate from the first or mother plant1 will giue striped and well marked flowers againe4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,oxoniensis4 ,the ,oxeford ,carnation is very like vnto the ,french ,carnation1 both for forme1 largenesse and colour2 but that this is of a sadder red colour1 so finely marbled with white thereon1 that the red hauing the maistry1 sheweth a very sad flower1 not hauing any flakes or stripes at all in it4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,regius1 siue ,bristoliensis maior4 ,the ,kings ,carnation or ordinary ,bristow1 is a reasonable great flower1 deepely iagged1 of a sad red1 very finally striped and speckled with white3 some of the leaues of the flower on the one side will turne vp their brimmes or edges3 the greene leafe is very large4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,granatensis4 ,the greatest ,granado is a very faire large flower1 bigger then the ,chrystall1 and almost as bigge as the blew ,hulo2 it is almost equally diuided and stript with purple and white1 but the purple is sadder then in the ordinary ,granado ,gilloflower1 else it might bee said it were the same1 but greater4 ,diuers haue taken this flower to bee the ,gran ,pere1 but you shall haue the difference shewed you in the next ensuing flower4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,gran ,pere dictus4 ,the ,gran ,pere is a fair great flower1 and comely for the forme1 but of no great beautie for colour1 because although it be stript red and white like the ,queenes gilloflower1 yet the red is so sad that it taketh away all the delight to the flower4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,cambersine dictus4 ,the ,cambersine is a great flower and a faire1 beeing a redde flower1 well marked or striped with white1 somewhat like vnto a ,sauadge1 say some1 but that the red is not crimson as the ,sauadge2 others say the ,daintie1 but not so comely3 the leaues of the flowers are many1 and thrust together1 without any due forme of spreading4 ,caryophyllus maximus ,longobardicus ruber4 ,the great ,lombard red is a great sad red flower1 so double and thick of leaues1 that it most vsually breaketh the pod1 and seldome showeth one flower among twenty perfect3 the blades or greene leaues are as large as the ,hulo4 ,carophylli majores4 ,,gilloflowers4 ,caryophyllus maior ,westminsteriensis4 ,the lustie ,gallant or ,westminster 7some make them to be one flower1 and others to bee two1 one bigger then the other7 at the first blowing open of the flower sheweth to be of a reasonable size and comelinesse1 but after it hath stood blowen some time it sheweth smaller and thinner3 it is of a bright red colour1 much striped and speckled with white4 ,caryophyllus maior ,bristoliensis purpureus4 ,the ,bristow blew hath greene leaues1 so large1 that it would seeme to bring a greater flower then it doth1 yet the flower is of a reasonable size1 and very like vnto the ordinary ,granado ,gilloflower1 striped and flaked in the same manner1 but that the white of this is purer then that1 and the purple is more light1 and tending to a blew3 this doth not abide constant1 but changeth into purple or blush4 ,caryophyllus maior ,bristoliensis carneus4 ,the ,bristow blush is very like the last both in leafe and flower1 the colour only sheweth the difference1 which seldome varyeth to be spotted1 or change colour4 ,caryophyllus maior ,doroborniensis ruber4 ,the red ,douer is a reasonable great ,gilloflower and constant1 being of a faire red thicke poudered with white spots1 and seemeth somewhat like vnto the ground ,carnation4 ,caryophyllus maior ,doroborniensis dilutus siue albus4 ,the light or white ,douer is for forme and all other things more comely then the former1 the colour of the flower is blush1 thicke spotted with very small spots1 that it seemeth all gray1 and is very delightfull4 ,caryophyllus maior ,cantii4 ,the faire maide of ,kent1 or ,ruffling ,robin is a very beautiful flower1 and as large as the white ,carnation almost3 the flower is white1 thicke poudered with purple1 wherein the white hath the mastrie by much1 which maketh it the more pleasant4 ,caryophyllus maior ,regineus4 ,the ,queenes ,gilloflower is a reasonable faire ,gilloflower although very common1 striped red and white1 some great and some small with long stripes4 ,caryophyllus maior elegans4 ,the ,daintie is a comely fine flower1 although it be not great1 and for the smallnesse and thinnesse of the flower being red so finely marked1 striped and speckled1 that for the liuelinesse of the colours it is much desired1 beeing inferiour to very few ,gilloflowers4 ,caryophyllus maior ,brasiliensis4 ,the ,brassill ,gilloflower is but of a meane size1 being of a sad purple colour1 thicke poudered and speckled with white1 the purple herein hath the mastrie1 which maketh it shew the sadder1 it is vnconstant1 varying much and often to bee all purple3 the greene leaues lye matting on the ground4 ,caryophyllus maior ,granatensis4 ,the ,granado ,gilloflower is purple and white1 flaked and striped very much3 this is also much subiect to change purple4 ,there is a greater and a lesser of this kinde1 besides the greatest that is formerly described4 ,caryophyllus ,turcicus4 ,the ,turkie ,gilloflower is but a small flower1 but of great delight1 by reason of the well marking of the flower1 being most vsually equally striped with red and white4 ,caryophyllus ,cambrensis ,poole4 ,the ,poole flower1 growing naturally vpon the rockes neare ,cogshot ,castle in the ,isle of ,wight1 is a small flower1 but very pleasant to the eye1 by reason of the comely proportion thereof2 it is of a bright pale red1 thicke speckled1 and very small with white1 that it seemeth to bee but one colour1 the leaues of the flower are but smally iagged about3 it is constant4 ,caryophyllus ,pegma dilutior4 ,the light or pale ,pageant is a flower of a middle size1 very pleasant to behold1 and is both constant and comely1 and but that it is so common1 would be of much more respect then it is3 the flower is of a pale bright purple1 thicke poudered1 and very euenly with white1 which hath the mastery1 and maketh it the more gracefull4 ,caryophyllus ,pegma saturatior4 ,the sad ,pageant is the same with the former in forme and bignesse1 the difference in colour is1 that the purple hath the mastery1 which maketh it so sad1 that it doth resemble the ,brassill for colour1 but is not so bigge by halfe4 ,caryophyllus ,heroina dictus elegans ,magistri ,bradshawij4 ,master ,bradshawe his dainty ,lady may be well reckoned among these sorts of ,gilloflowers1 and compare for neatenesse with most of them3 the flower is very neate1 though small1 with a fine small iagge1 and of a fine white colour on the vnderside of all the leaues1 as also all the whole iagge for a pretty compasse1 and the bottome or middle part of the flower on the vpperside also3 but each leafe is of a fine bright pale red colour on the vpperside1 from the edge to the middle1 which mixture is of wonderfull great delight4 ,caryophyllus albus optimus maior ,londinensis alius4 ,the best white ,gilloflower groweth vpright1 and very double1 the blades growe vpright also1 and crawle not on the ground4 ,the ,london white is greater and whiter then the other ordinary white1 being wholly of one colour4 ,caryophyllus maior rubens minor4 ,the stamell ,gilloflower is well knowne to all1 not to differ from the ordinary red or cloue ,gilloflower1 but only in being of a brighter or light red colour3 there is both a greater and a lesser of this kinde4 ,caryophyllus purpureus maior minor4 ,the purple ,gilloflower a greater and a lesse3 the stalke is so slender1 and the leaues vpon them so many and thicke1 that they lye and traile on the ground3 the greatest is almost as bigge as a ,chrystall1 but not so double3 the lesse hath a smaller flower4 ,caryophyllus ,persico violaceus4 ,the ,gredeline ,gilloflower is a very neate and handsome flower1 of the bignesse of the ,cloue red ,gilloflower1 of a fine pale reddish purple or peach colour1 enclining to a blew or violet1 which is that colour is vsually called a gredeline colour3 it hath no affinity with eyther ,purple1 ,granado1 or ,pageant4 ,caryophyllus purpuro cruleus4 ,the blew ,gilloflower is neither very double nor great1 yet round and handsome1 with a deepe iagge at the edge1 and is of an exeeding deepe purple colour1 tending to a tawnie2 this differeth from all other sorts1 in that the leafe is as greene as grasse1 and the stalkes many times red or purple3 by the greene leaues it may be knowne in the ,winter1 as well as in the ,summer4 ,caryophyllus carneus4 ,the blush ,gilloflower differeth not from the red or stamell1 but only in the colour of the flower1 which is blush4 ,caryophyllus ,silefiacus maximus ,wittin4 ,iohn ,wittie his great tawny ,gilloflower is for forme of growing1 in leafe and flower altogether like vnto the ordinary tawny1 the flower onely1 because it is the fairest and greatest that any other hath noursed vp1 maketh the difference1 as also that it is of a faire deepe scarlet colour4 ,there are also diuers other ,tawnies1 either lighter or sadder1 either lesse or more double1 that they cannot be numbered1 and all rising 7as ,i said before7 from sowing the seede of some of them3 besides the diuersities of other colours both simple and mixed1 euery yeare and place yeelding some variety was not seen with them before3 ,i shall neede but onely to giue you the names of some of them we haue abiding with vs1 ,i meane such as haue receiued names1 and leaue the rest to euery ones particular denomination4 ,of ,blushes there are many sorts1 as the deepe blush1 the pale blush1 the ,infanta blush1 a blush enclining to a red1 a great blush1 the fairest and most double of all the other blushes1 and many others both single and double4 ,of ,reds likewise there are some varieties1 but not so many as of the other colours2 for they are most dead or deepe reds1 and few of a bright red or stamell colour2 and they are single like ,pinkes1 either striped or speckled1 or more double striped and speckled variably1 or else4 ,there are neither purple nor white that rise from this seede that ,i haue obserued1 except one white in one place4 ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus striatus4 ,the striped ,tawny are either greater or lesser1 deeper or lighter flowers twenty sorts and aboue1 and all striped with smaller or larger stripes1 or equally diuided1 of a deeper or lighter colour3 and some also for the very shape or forme will bee more neate1 close1 and round2 others more loose1 vnequall1 and sparsed4 ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus marmor-amulus4 ,the marbled ,tawny hath not so many varieties as the striped1 but is of as great beauty and delight as it1 or more3 the flowers are greater or smaller1 deeper or lighter coloured one then another1 and the veines or markes more conspicuous1 or more frequent in some then in others3 but the most beautifull that euer ,i did see was with ,master ,ralph ,tuggie1 which ,i must needes therefore call ,heroina ,rodolphi florum ,imperatoris4 ,master ,tuggies ,princesse1 which is the greatest and fairest of all these sorts of variable tawnies1 or seed flowers1 being as large fully as the ,prince or ,chrystall1 or something greater1 standing comely and round1 not loose or shaken1 or breaking the pod as some other sorts will2 the marking of the flower is in this manner3 ,it is of a stamell colour1 striped and marbled with white stripes and veines quite through euery leafe1 which are as deeply iagged as the ,hulo3 sometimes it hath more red then white1 and sometimes more white then red1 and sometimes so equally marked1 that you cannot discerne which hath the mastery2 yet which of these hath the predominance1 still the flower is very beautifull1 and exceeding delightsome4 ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus assulosus4 ,the ,flaked ,tawny is another diuersity of these variable or mixt coloured flowers1 being of a pale reddish colour1 flaked with white1 not alwaies downeright1 but often thwart the leaues1 some more or lesse then others2 the marking of them is much like vnto the ,chrystall3 these also as well as others will be greater or smaller1 and of greater or lesse beauty then others4 ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus plumatus4 ,the ,feathered ,tawny is more rare to meete with then many of the other2 for most vsually it is a faire large flower and double1 equalling the ,lumbard red in his perfection3 the colour hereof is vsually a scarlet1 little deeper or paler1 most curiously feathered and streamed with white through the whole leafe4 ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus punctatus4 ,the ,speckled ,tawny is of diuers sorts1 some bigger1 some lesse1 some more1 and some lesse spotted then others3 ,vsually it is a deepe scarlet1 speckled or spotted with white1 hauing also some stripes among the leaues4 ,caryophyllus roseus rotundus ,magistri ,tuggie4 ,master ,tuggie his ,rose ,gilloflower is of the kindred of these ,tawnies1 being raised from the seede of some of them1 and onely possessed by him that is the most industrious preseruer of all natures beauties1 being a different sort from all other1 in that it hath round leaues1 without any iagge at all on the edges1 of a fine stamell full colour1 without any spot or strake therein1 very like vnto a small ,rose1 or rather much like vnto the red ,rose ,campion1 both for forme1 colour1 and roundnesse1 but larger for size4 ,illustration3 #a ,heroina ,rodolphi florum ,imperatoris ,princessa dictus4 ,master ,tuggie his ,princesse4 #b ,caryophyllus ,oxoniensis4 ,the ,french or ,oxford ,carnation4 #c ,caryophyllus ,westmonasteriensis4 ,the ,gallant or ,westminster ,gilloflower4 #d ,caryophyllus ,bristoliensis4 ,the ,bristow4 #e ,caryophyllus ,chrystallinus4 ,the ,chrystall or ,chrystalline4 #f ,caryophyllus ,sabaudicus striatus4 ,the stript ,sauadge4 #g ,caryophyllus ,granatensis maximus4 ,the ,granpere or greatest ,granado4 #h ,caryophyllus permanus4 ,the ,dainty4 #i ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus maximus ,ingonij ,ioannis4 ,iohn ,witty his great tawny ,gilloflower4 #aj ,caryophyllus ,silesiacus striatus4 ,the stript ,tawny4 #aa ,caryophyllus marmor-amulus4 ,the marbled ,tawny4 #ab ,caryophyllus roseus rotundas magistri ,tuggie4 ,master ,tuggie his ,rose ,gilloflower4 ,the ,place4 ,all these are nourished with vs in ,gardens1 none of their naturall places being knowne1 except one before recited1 and the yellow which is ,silesia2 many of them being hardly preserued and encreased4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower not vntill the heate of the yeare1 which is in ,iuly 7vnlesse it be an extraordinary occasion7 and continue flowring1 vntill the colds of the ,autumne checke them1 or vntill they haue wholly out spent themselues1 and are vsually encreased by the slips4 ,the ,names4 ,most of our later ,writers doe call them by one generall name1 ,caryophyllus sativus1 and flos ,caryophylleus1 adding thereunto maximus1 when wee meane ,carnations1 and maior when we would expresse ,gilloflowers1 which name is taken from ,cloues1 in that the sent of the ordinary red ,gilloflower especially doth resemble them4 ,diuers other seuerall names haue beene formerly giuen them1 as ,vetonica1 or ,betonica altera1 or ,vetonica altilis1 and coronaria4 ,herba ,tunica1 ,viola ,damascena1 ,ocellus ,damascenus1 and ,barbaricus4 ,of some ,cantabrica ,plinij4 ,some thinke they were vnknowne to the ,ancients1 and some would haue them to be ,iphium of ,theophrastus1 wherof he maketh mention in his sixth and seuenth ,chapters of his sixth booke1 among ,garland and ,summer flowers2 others to be his ,dios anthos1 or ,iouis flos1 mentioned in the former1 and in other places4 ,we call them in ,english 7as ,i said before7 the greatest kindes1 ,carnations1 and the others ,gilloflowers 7quasi ,iuly flowers7 as they are seuerally expressed4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the red or ,cloue ,gilloflower is most vsed in ,physicke in our ,apothecaries shops1 none of the other being accepted of or vsed 7and yet ,i doubt not1 but all of them might serue1 and to good purpose1 although not to giue so gallant a tincture to a ,syrupe as the ordinary red will doe7 and is accounted to be very ,cordiall4 ,,chap4 ,,lxx4 ,caryophylli siluestres4 ,pinkes4 ,there remaine diuers sorts of wilde or small ,gilloflowers 7which wee vsually call ,pinkes7 to be entreated of1 some bearing single1 and some double flowers1 some smooth1 almost without any deepe dents on the edges1 and some iagged1 or as it were feathered4 ,some growing vpright like vnto ,gilloflowers1 others creeping or spreading vnder the toppe or crust of the ground1 some of one colour1 some of another1 and many of diuers colours3 ,as ,i haue formerly done with the ,gilloflowers1 so must ,i doe with these that are entertained in our ,gardens1 onely giue you the descriptions of some three or foure of them1 according to their variety1 and the names of the rest1 with their distinctions4 ,illustration3 #a ,caryophyllus siluestris simplex4 ,the vsuall single ,pinke4 #b ,caryophyllus multiplex siluestris4 ,double ,pinkes4 #c ,caryophyllus siluestris plumarius4 ,feathered or iagged ,pinkes4 #d ,caryophyllus ,stellatus4 ,starre ,pinkes4 #e ,caryophyllus repens4 ,matted ,pinkes4 #f ,caryophyllus mediterraneus4 ,the great ,thistle or ,sea ,gilloflower4 #g ,caryophyllus marinus4 ,the ordinary ,thistle or ,sea ,cushion4 #a4 ,caryophyllus minor siluestris multiplex simplex4 ,double and single ,pinkes4 ,the single and double ,pinkes are for forme and manner of growing1 in all parts like vnto the ,gilloflowers before described1 sauing onely that their leaues are smaller and shorter1 in some more or lesse then in others1 and so are the flowers also3 the single kindes consisting of fiue leaues vsually 7seldome six7 round pointed1 and a little snipt for the most part about the edges1 with some threads in the middle1 either crooked or straight3 the double kindes being lesser1 and lesse double then the ,gilloflowers1 hauing their leaues a little snipt or endented about the edges1 and of diuers seuerall colours1 as shall hereafter be set downe1 and of as fragrant a sent1 especially some of them as they3 the rootes are long and spreading1 somewhat hard and wooddy4 #b4 ,caryophyllus plumarius4 ,feathered or iagged ,pinkes4 ,the iagged ,pinkes haue such like stalkes and leaues as the former haue1 but somewhat shorter and smaller1 or grasse-like1 and of a whitish or grayish greene colour likewise3 the flowers stand in the like manner at the toppes of the stalkes1 in long1 round1 slender1 greene huskes1 consisting of fiue leaues1 very much cut in on the edges1 and iagged almost like a feather1 of a light red1 or bright purple colour1 with two white threads standing in the middle1 crooked like a horne at the end1 and are of a very good sent4 ,some of these haue not those two crooked threads or hornes in the middle1 but haue in their stead many small threads1 not crooked at all3 the seedes of them all are like vnto the seedes of ,gilloflowers1 or the other ,pinkes1 that is1 small1 blacke1 long1 and flat3 the rootes are small and wooddy likewise4 #c4 ,caryophyllus plumarius albus orbe rubro siue ,stellatus4 ,starre ,pinkes4 ,of this kinde there is another sort1 bearing flowers almost as deeply cut or iagged as the former1 of a faire white colour1 hauing a ring or circle of red about the bottome or lower part of the leaues1 and are as sweete as the former3 this being sowne of seede doth not giue the starre of so bright a red colour1 but becommeth more dunne4 #d4 ,caryophyllus plumarius ,austriacus siue ,superba ,austriaca4 ,the feathered ,pinke of ,austria4 ,this kinde of ,pinke hath his first or lower leaues1 somewhat broader and greener then any of the former ,pinkes1 being both for breadth and greennesse more like vnto the ,sweete ,iohns1 which shall bee described in the next ,chapter3 the leaues on the stalkes are smaller1 standing by couples at euery ioynt1 at the toppes whereof stand such like iagged flowers as the last described1 and as large1 but more deeply cut in or iagged round about1 some of them of a purplish colour1 but the most ordinary with vs are pure white1 and of a most fragrant sent1 comforting the spirits and senses a farre off3 the seedes and rootes are like vnto the former4 ,some haue mistaken a kinde of wilde ,campion1 growing in our ,woods1 and by the paths sides in ,hornsie ,parke1 and other places1 to be this feathered ,pinke3 but the flowers declare the difference sufficiently4 #e4 ,caryophyllus minor repens simplex multiplex4 ,single and double matted ,pinkes4 ,the matted ,pinke is the smallest1 both for leafe and flower of all other ,pinkes that are nourished in ,gardens1 hauing many short and small grassie greene leaues vpon the stalkes1 which as they grow and lye vpon the ground 7and not standing so vpright as the former7 doe take roote againe1 whereby it quickly spreadeth1 and couereth a great deale of ground in a little space3 the flowers are small and round1 a little snipt about the edges1 whereof some are white1 and some red1 and some are white spotted with red1 and some red spotted with white1 all of them being single flowers4 ,but there is another of this kinde1 not differing in leafe1 but in flower3 for that the first flowers are but once double1 or of two rowes of leaues1 of a fine reddish colour1 spotted with siluer spots3 but those that follow1 are so thicke and double1 that they oftentimes doe breake the pod or huske2 being not altogether of so deepe a red colour1 but more pale4 #f4 ,caryophyllus ,mediterraneus siue ,marinus maior4 ,great ,sea ,gilloflower or ,great ,thrift4 ,vnto these kindes of ,pinkes ,i must needs adde1 not only our ordinary ,thrift 7which is more frequent in gardens1 to empale or border a knot1 because it abideth greene ,winter and ,summer1 and that by cutting1 it may grow thick1 and be kept in what form one list1 rather then for any beautie of the flowers7 but another greater kinde1 which is of as great beautie and delight almost as any of the former ,pinkes1 as well for that the leaues are like vnto ,gilloflowers1 being longer and larger then any ,pinkes1 and of a whitish greene colour like vnto them1 not growing long or by couples vpon the stalkes as ,pinkes and ,gilloflowers doe1 but tufting close vpon the ground1 like vnto the common ,thrift3 as also that the stalkes1 rising from among the leaues 7being sometimes two foote high 7as ,i haue obserued in my garden7 are yet so slender and weake1 that they are scarce able to beare the heads of flowers1 naked or bare1 both of leaues and ioynts1 failing only in one place1 where at the ioynt each stalke hath two small and very short leaues1 not rising vpwards as in all other ,gilloflowers1 ,pinkes1 and other herbes1 but growing downewards7 and doe beare each of them a tuft or vmbell of small purplish1 or blush coloured flowers1 at the toppes of them standing somewhat like vnto sweete ,williams1 but more roundly together1 each flower consisting of fiue small1 round1 stiffe or hardish leaues1 as if they were made of paper1 the bottome or middle being hollow1 not blowing all at once as the ordinary ,thrift1 but for the most part one after another1 not shewing vsually aboue foure or fiue flowers open at one time 7so farre as ,i could obserue in the plants that ,i kept7 so that it was long before the whole tuft of flowers were past2 but yet the hoter and dryer the time was1 the sooner it would be gone3 the seede ,i haue not perfectly obserued1 but as ,i remember1 it was somewhat like vnto the seede of ,scabious2 ,i am sure nothing like vnto ,gilloflowers or ,pinkes3 the roote is somewhat great1 long and hard1 and not so much spreading in the ground as ,gilloflowers or ,pinkes4 #g4 ,caryophyllus ,marinus4 ,thrift1 or ,sea ,cushion4 ,our common ,thrift is well knowne vnto all1 to haue many short and hard greene leaues1 smaller then many of the grasses1 growing thicke together1 and spreading vpon the ground3 the stalkes are naked of leaues a spanne high1 bearing a small tuft of light purple1 or blush coloured flowers1 standing round and close thrusting together4 ,double ,pinkes4 ,the double white ,pinke is onely with more leaues in it then the single which maketh the difference4 ,the double red ,pinke is in the same manner double1 differing from the single of the same colour4 ,the double purple ,pinke differeth not from the single purple for colour1 but only in the doublenesse of the flower4 ,the ,granado ,pinke differeth not from the ,gilloflower of the same name1 but in the smalnesse both of leaues and flower4 ,the double ,matted ,pinke is before described4 ,the double blush ,pinke is almost as great as the ordinary blush ,gilloflower1 and some haue taken it for one1 but the greene leaues are almost as small as ,pinks1 and therefore ,i referre it to them4 ,single ,pinkes4 ,the single white ordinary ,pinke hath a single white flower of fiue leaues1 finely iagged about the edges4 ,the single red pink is like the white1 but that the leaues are not so much iagged1 and the flower is of a pale purplish red colour1 ,the single purple ,pinke is of a faire purple colour1 like almost vnto the purple ,gilloflower4 ,the great blush ,pinke hath broader and larger leaues in the flower then any other ,pinke1 and of a faire blush colour4 ,the white ,featherd ,pinke hath the edges of the flower more finely and deeply cut in then the former4 ,the red or light purple featherd ,pinke is like the former featherd ,pinke1 but only differeth in colour4 ,the ,starre ,pinke is a faire flower1 finely iagged on the edges1 with a faire red circle at the lower end of the leaues on the inside4 ,the white featherd ,pinke of ,austria is described before4 ,the purple featherd ,pinke of ,austria is so likewise4 ,the single matted ,pinke is before described4 ,the speckled ,pinke is a small flower hauing small spots of red here and there dispersed ouer the white flower4 ,those single flowers being like vnto ,pinkes that rise from the sowing of the orenge tawney1 ,i bring not into this classis1 hauing already spoken of them in the precedent ,chapter4 ,the ,place4 ,these are all like as the former1 nourished in ,gardens with vs1 although many of them are found wilde in many places of ,austria1 ,hungarie1 and ,germany1 on the mountaines1 and in many other places1 as ,clusius recordeth4 ,the ordinary ,thrift groweth in the salt ,marshes at ,chattam by ,rochester1 and in many other places in ,england3 but the great kinde was gathered in ,spaine1 by ,guillaume ,boel that painefull searcher of simples1 and the seede thereof imparted to me1 from whence ,i had diuers plants1 but one yeare after another they all perished4 ,the ,time4 ,many of these ,pinkes both single and double1 doe flower before any ,gilloflower1 and so continue vntill ,august1 and some1 most of the ,summer and ,autumne4 ,the ,names4 ,the seuerall titles that are giuen to these ,pinkes1 may suffice for their particular names3 and for their generall they haue beene expressed in the former ,chapter1 beeing of the same kindred1 but that they are smaller1 and more frequently found wilde4 ,the two sorts of ,thrift are called ,caryophyllus ,marinus4 ,the greater1 ,maior ,mediterraneus2 ,in ,english1 ,the greater or ,leuant ,thrift1 or ,sea ,gilloflower4 ,the lesser ,minimus1 and is accounted of some to be a grasse1 and therefore called ,gramen ,marinum ,polyanthemum2 ,in ,english1 ,thrift1 ,sea grasse1 and our ,ladies ,cushion1 or ,sea ,cushion4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is thought by diuers1 that their vertues are answerable to the ,gilloflowers1 yet as they are of little vse with vs1 so ,i thinke of as small effect4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxi4 ,armerius4 ,sweet ,iohns1 and sweet ,williams4 ,these kindes of flowers as they come neerest vnto ,pinkes and ,gilloflowers1 though manifestly differing1 so it is fitted to place them next vnto them in a peculiar ,chapter4 #a4 ,armerius angustifolius rubens simplex4 ,single red sweete ,iohns4 ,the sweete ,iohn hath his leaues broader1 shorter1 and greener then any of the former ,gilloflowers1 but narrower then sweete ,williams1 set by couples1 at the ioynts of the stalkes1 which are shorter then most of the former1 and not aboue a foote and a halfe high1 at the tops whereof stand many small flowers1 like vnto small ,pinkes1 but standing closer together1 and in shorter huskes1 made of fiue leaues1 smaller then most of them1 and more deeply iagged then the ,williams1 of a red colour in the middle1 and white at the edges1 but of a small or soft sent1 and not all flowring at once1 but by degrees3 the seede is blacke1 somewhat like vnto the seede of ,pinkes1 the roote is dispersed diuersly1 with many small fibres annexed vnto it4 #b4 ,armerius angustifolius albus simplex4 ,single white sweet ,iohns4 ,this white ,iohn differeth not in any thing from the former1 but onely that the leafe doth neuer change brownish1 and that the flower is of a faire white colour1 without any mixture4 #c4 ,armerius angustifolius duplex4 ,double sweet ,iohns4 ,there is of both those former kindes1 some whose flowers are once double1 that is1 consisting of two or three rowes of leaues1 and the edges not so deeply iagged2 not differing in any thing else4 #d4 ,armerius latifolius simplex flore rubro4 ,single red sweet ,williams4 ,the sweet ,williams doe all of them spread into many very long traylng branches1 with leaues lying on the ground1 in the very like manner that the sweete ,iohns doe3 the chiefe differences betweene them are1 that these haue broader1 and darker greene leaues1 somewhat brownish1 especially towards the points1 and that the flowers stand thicker and closer1 and more in number together1 in the head or tuft1 hauing many small pointed leaues among them1 but harmlesse1 as all men know2 the colour of the flower is of a deep red1 without any mixture or spot at all4 #e4 ,armerius latifolius flore rubro multiplici4 ,double red sweete ,williams4 ,the double kinde differeth not from the single kinde of the same colour1 but only in the doublenesse of the flowers1 which are with two rowes of leaues in euery flower4 #f4 ,armerius latifolius variegatus siue versicolor4 ,speckled sweete ,williams1 or ,london pride4 ,these spotted ,williams are very like the first red ,williams1 in the forme or maner of growing1 hauing leaues as broade1 and browne sometimes as they1 the flowers1 stand as thicke or thicker1 clustring together1 but of very variable colours3 for some flowers will be of a fine delayed red1 with few markes or spots vpon them1 and others will bee full speckled or sprinkled with white or siluer spots1 circlewise about the middle of the flowers1 and some will haue many specks or spots vpon them dispersed3 all these flowers are not blowne at one time1 but some are flowring1 when others are decaying1 so that abiding long in their pride1 they become of the more respect3 ,the seede is blacke1 as all the rest1 and not to be distinguished one from another3 the roots are some long1 and some small and threddy1 running vnder the vpper crust of the earth4 #g4 ,armerius latifolius flore rubro saturo holofericeo4 ,sweet ,williams of a deepe red or murrey colour4 ,the leaues of this kinde seeme to be a little larger1 and the ioints a little redder then the former1 but in the flower consisteth the chiefest difference1 which is of a deepe red1 or murrey purple colour1 like vnto veluet of that colour1 without any spots1 but smooth1 and as it were soft in handling1 hauing an eye or circle in the middle1 at the bottome of the leaues4 #h4 ,armerius latifolius simplex flore albo4 ,single white sweete ,williams4 ,the white kinde differeth not in forme1 but in colour from the former1 the leaues are not browne at all1 but of a fresh greene colour1 and the flowers are wholly white1 or else they are all one4 ,the ,place4 ,these for the most part grow wilde in ,italie1 and other places3 we haue them in our ,gardens1 where they are cherished for their beautifull varietie4 ,the ,time4 ,they all generally doe flower before the ,gilloflowers or ,pinkes1 or with the first of them3 their seede is ripe in ,iune and ,iuly1 and doe all well abide the extremitie of our coldest winters4 ,the ,names4 ,they all generally are called ,armerius1 or ,armeria1 as some doe write1 and distinguished as they are in their titles3 ,yet some haue called them ,vetonica agrestis1 and others ,herba ,tunica1 ,scarlatea1 ,caryophyllus siluestris3 ,wee doe in ,english in most places1 call the first or narrower leafed kindes1 ,sweet ,iohns1 and all the rest ,sweete ,williams2 yet in some places they call the broader leafed kindes that are not spotted1 ,tolmeiners1 and ,london tufts3 but the speckled kinde is termed by our ,english ,gentlewomen1 for the most part1 ,london pride4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we haue not knowne any of these vsed in ,physicke4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxii4 ,bellis4 ,daisie4 ,there be diuers sorts of ,daisies1 both great and small1 both single and double1 both wilde growing abroade in the fieldes1 and elsewhere1 and manured growing only in ,gardens3 of all which ,i intend not to entreate1 but of those that are of most beautie and respect1 and leaue the rest to their proper place4 ,illustration3 #a ,armerius angustifolius simplex4 ,single sweete ,iohns4 #b ,armerius angustifolius multiplex4 ,double sweet ,iohns4 #c ,armerius latifolius simplex4 ,single sweete ,williams4 #d ,armerius latifolius versicolor4 ,spotted sweet ,williams or pride of ,london4 #e ,armerius latifolius multiplex4 ,double sweet ,williams4 #f ,bellis hortensis minor multiplex4 ,double ,garden ,daisies4 #g ,bellis minor hortensis flore vario4 ,double red ,daisies stript4 #h ,bellis minor hortensis prolifera4 ,double fruitfull ,daisies or ,iacke an ,apes on horsebacke4 #i ,bellis crulea siue ,globularia4 ,double blew ,daisies or blew ,globeflower4 #aj ,bellis lutea montana siue ,globularia lutea montana4 ,double yellow ,daisies or yellow ,globeflower4 #a4 ,bellis maior flore albo pleno4 ,the great double white ,daisie4 ,the great ,daisie with the double white flower1 is in all things so like vnto the great single kinde1 that groweth by the high wayes1 and in diuers medowes and fields1 that there is no difference but in the flower1 which is double4 ,it hath many long1 and somewhat broad leaues lying vpon the ground1 deepely cut in on both sides1 somewhat like vnto an oaken leafe2 but those that are on the stalkes are shorter1 narrower1 and not so deeply cut in1 but onely notched on the edges3 the flowers at the toppe are 7as ,i said7 white and double1 consisting of diuers rowes of leaues1 being greater in compasse then any of the double ,daisies that follow1 but nothing so double of leaues4 #b4 ,bellis minor flore rubro simplici4 ,single red ,daisies4 ,this single ,daisie 7like as all the rest of the small ,daisies7 hath many smooth1 greene1 round pointed leaues lying on the ground1 a little snipt about the edges2 from among which rise many slender round foote-stalkes1 rather then stalkes or stems1 about an hand breadth high at the most1 and oftentimes not halfe so high1 bearing one flower a peece1 consisting of many small leaues1 as a pale or border set about a middle thrumme3 the leaues of this kinde are almost wholly red1 whereas in the wilde they are white or whitish1 enclining to red on the edges1 the middle being yellow in both sorts3 the rootes are many small white threads or strings4 #c4 ,bellis minor hortensis flore pleno variorum colorum4 ,double ,garden ,daisies of diuers colours4 ,the leaues of all the double ,daisies are in forme like vnto the single ones1 but that they are smaller1 and little or nothing snipt or notched about the edges3 the small stalkes like wise are smaller and lower1 but bearing as double flowers as any that growe on the ground1 being composed of many small leaues1 thicke thrust together1 of diuers colours2 for some are wholly of a pure white1 others haue a little red1 either dispersed vpon the white leaues1 or on the edges1 and sometimes on the backes of the leaues3 some againe seeme to be of a whitish red1 or more red then white1 when as indeede they are white leaues dispersed among the red2 others of a deepe or darke red colour1 and some are speckled or striped with white and red through the whole flower3 and some the leaues will bee red on the vpperside1 and white vnderneath2 and some also 7but those are very rare7 are of a greenish colour4 #d4 ,bellis minor hortensis prolifera4 ,double double ,daisies or childing ,daisies4 ,there is no difference either in leafe or roote in this kinde from the former double ,daisies3 the chiefest variety consisteth in this1 that it beareth many small double flowers1 standing vpon very short stalkes round about the middle flower1 which is vsually as great and double as any of the other double kindes1 and is either wholly of a deepe red colour1 or speckled white and red as in some of the former kindes1 or else greenish1 all the small flowers about it being of the same colour with the middlemost4 #e4 ,bellis crulea siue ,globularia4 ,blew ,daisies4 ,the likenesse and affinity that this plant hath with the former1 both in the forme of leafe and flower1 as also in the name1 hath caused me to insert it1 and another rare plant of the same kinde1 in this place1 although they be very rare to be met with in our ,english ,gardens4 ,this beareth many narrower1 shorter1 and blacker greene leaues then the former1 lying round about vpon the ground2 among which rise vp slender1 but stiffe and hard stalks1 halfe a foot high or more1 set here and there with small leaues1 and at the top a small round head1 composed of many small blew leaues1 somewhat like vnto the head of a ,scabious3 ,it hath bin found likewise with a white head of flowers3 the roote is hard and stringie3 the whole plant is of a bitter taste4 #f4 ,globularia lutea montana4 ,yellow ,daisies4 ,this mountaine yellow ,daisie or ,globe-flower hath many thicke1 smooth1 round pointed leaues1 spread vpon the ground like the former2 among which spring diuers small round rushie stalkes1 a foote high1 bearing about the middle of them two small leaues at the ioynts1 and at the toppes round heads of flowers thrust thicke together1 standing in purplish huskes1 euery of which flowers do blow or spread into fiue leaues1 starre-fashion1 and of a faire yellow colour1 smelling like vnto broome flowers1 with many small threads in the middle compassing a flat pointell1 horned or bended two wayes3 after the flowers are past rise vp the seede vessels1 which are round1 swelling out in the middle1 and diuided into foure parts at the toppes1 containing within them round1 flat1 blacke seede1 with a small cut or notch in them3 the roote is a finger long1 round and hard1 with a thicke barke1 and a woddy pith in the middle1 of a sharpe drying taste and strong sent3 the leaues are also sharpe1 but bitter4 ,the ,place4 ,the small ,daisies are all planted1 and found onely in ,gardens1 and will require to be replanted often1 lest they degenerate into single flowers1 at least into lesse double4 ,the blew ,daisie is naturall of ,mompelier in ,france1 and on the mountaines in many places of ,italy1 as also the yellow kinde in the ,kingdome of ,naples4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,daisies flower betimes in the ,spring1 and last vntill ,may1 but the last two flower not vntill ,august or ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,they are vsually called in ,latine ,bellides1 and in ,english ,daisies4 ,some call them ,herba ,margarita1 and ,primula veris1 as it is likely after the ,italian names1 of ,marguerite1 and ,flor di prima vera gentile4 ,the ,french call them ,pasquettes1 and ,marguerites1 and the ,fruitfull sort1 or those that beare small flowers about the middle one1 ,margueritons3 our ,english women call them ,iacke an ,apes on horse-backe1 as they doe ,marigolds before recited1 or childing ,daisies3 but the ,physitians and ,apothecaries doe in generall call them1 especially the single or ,field kindes1 ,consolida minor4 ,the blew ,daisie is called ,bellis crulea1 and ,globularia1 of some ,scabios pumilum genus4 ,the ,italians call it ,botanaria1 because the heads are found like buttons4 ,the yellow1 ,globularia montana1 is onely described by ,fabius ,columna1 in his last part of ,phytobasanos1 and by him referred vnto the former ,globularia1 although it differ in some notable points from it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the properties of ,daisies are certainly to binde1 and the roote especially being dryed1 they are vsed in medicines to that purpose4 ,they are also of speciall account among those herbes1 that are vsed for wounds in the head4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxiii4 ,scabiosa4 ,scabious4 ,the sorts of ,scabious being many1 yeeld not flowers of beauty or respect1 fit to bee cherished in this our ,garden of delight2 and therefore ,i leaue them to the ,fields and ,woods1 there to abide4 ,i haue onely two or three strangers to bring to your acquaintance1 which are worthy this place4 #a4 ,scabiosa flore albo4 ,white flowred ,scabious4 ,this white ,scabious hath many long leaues1 very much iagged or gasht in on both sides1 of a meane bignesse1 being neither so large as many of the field1 nor so small as any of the small kindes3 the stalkes rise about a foote and a halfe high1 or somewhat higher1 at the tops whereof grow round heads1 thicke set with flowers1 like in all points vnto the field ,scabious1 but of a milke white colour4 #b4 ,scabiosa rubra ,austriaca4 ,red ,scabious of ,austria4 ,this red ,scabious hath many leaues lying vpon the ground1 very like vnto ,deuils bit1 but not so large1 being shorter and snipt1 not gashed about the edges1 of a light greene colour2 yet 7there is another of a darker greene colour1 whose flower is of a deeper red7 the stalkes haue diuers such leaues on them1 set by couples at the ioynts as grow belowe1 and at the tops small heads of flowers1 each consisting of fiue leaues1 the biggest flowers standing round about in the outer compasse1 as is vsuall almost in all the kinds of ,scabious1 of a fine light purple or red colour3 after the flowers are past1 come the seede1 which is somewhat long and round1 set with certaine haires at the head thereof1 like vnto a ,starre3 the roote is composed of a number of slender strings1 fastened at the head4 #c4 ,scabiosa rubra ,indica4 ,red flowred ,indian ,scabious4 ,this 7reputed ,indian7 ,scabious hath many large faire greene leaues lying on the ground1 iagged or cut in on both sides to the middle ribbe1 euery peece whereof is narrower then that at the end1 which is the broadest3 among these leaues rise vp sundry slender and weake stalkes1 yet standing vpright for the most part1 set with smaller and more iagged leaues at certaine distances1 two or three at euery ioynt1 branching forth at the toppe into other smaller branches1 bearing euery one head of flowers1 like in forme vnto other ,scabiouses1 but of an excellent deepe red crimson colour 7and sometimes more pale or delayed7 of no sent at all2 after which doe come small roundish seede1 like vnto the field ,scabious3 the roote is long and round1 compassed with a great many small strings1 and perisheth vsually as soone as it hath borne out his flowers and seede3 otherwise if it doe not flower the first yeare of the sowing1 if it be carefully defended from the extremity of ,winter1 it will flower the sooner the next yeare1 as ,i my selfe haue often found by experience4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is sometimes found wilde in our owne ,countrey1 but it is very geason1 and hath been sent among other rare seedes from ,italy4 ,the second was first found and written of by ,clusius1 in ,pannonia and ,austria1 where it is very plentifull4 ,the third hath been sent both from ,spaine ,italy1 and is verily thought to grow naturally in both those parts4 ,illustration3 #a ,scabiosa flore albo4 ,white flowred ,scabious4 #b ,scabiosa rubra ,austriaca4 ,red ,scabious of ,austria4 #c ,scabiosa rubra ,indica4 ,red flowred ,indian ,scabious4 #d ,cyanus vulgaris minor4 ,corn-flower of diuers colours4 #e ,cyanus ,bticus4 ,spanish ,corn-flower4 #f ,cyanus floridus ,turcicus4 ,the braue ,sultans flower4 #g ,carthamus sativus4 ,spanish ,saffron4 ,the ,time4 ,the first and second flower earlier then the last1 for that it flowreth not vntill ,september or ,october1 7vnlesse it be not apt to beare the first yeare as ,i before said7 so that many times 7if none be more forward7 it perisheth without bearing ripe seede1 whereby we are oftentimes to seeke new seede from our friends in other parts4 ,the ,names4 ,they haue all one generall name of ,scabious1 distinguished eyther by their flower1 or place of growing1 as in their titles3 yet the last is called of diuers ,scabiosa exotica1 because they thinke the name ,indica1 is not truely imposed vpon it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,whether these kindes haue any of the vertues of the other wilde kinds1 ,i know none haue made any experience1 and therefore ,i can say no more of them4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxiiii4 ,cyanus4 ,corne flower1 or blew ,bottles4 ,vnder the name of ,cyanus are comprehended1 not onely those plants which from the excellent blew colour of their flowers 7furnishing or rather pestering the ,corne fieldes7 haue peculiarly obtained that name1 and which doth much vary also1 in the colour of the flowers1 as shall be shewed2 but some other plants also for their neere resemblance1 but with seuerall distinctions4 ,the ,cyanus maior1 ,ptarmica ,austriaca1 ,ptarmica ,imperati1 and many others which may be adioyned vnto them1 do more fitly belong to the ,garden of ,simples1 whereunto ,i leaue them1 and will here only entreate of those that may most please the delight of our ,gentle ,florists1 in that ,i labour and striue1 to furnish this our garden1 with the chiefest choyse of natures beauties and delights4 #a4 ,cyanus vulgaris diuersorum colorum4 ,corne flower of diuers colours4 ,all these sorts of ,corne flowers are for the most part alike1 both in leaues and flowers one vnto another for the forme3 the difference betweene them consisteth in the varying colour of the flowers3 ,for the leaues are long1 and of a whitish greene colour1 deeply cut in on the edges in some places1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of a ,scabious3 the stalkes are two foote high or better1 beset with such like leaues but smaller1 and little or nothing cut in on the edges3 the toppes are branched1 bearing many small greene scaly heads1 out of which rise flowers1 consisting of fiue or sixe1 or more long and hollow leaues1 small at the bottome1 and opening wider and greater at the brims1 notched or cut in on the edges1 and standing round about many small threds in the middle3 the colours of these flowers are diuers1 and very variable2 for some are wholly blew1 or white1 or blush1 or of a sad1 or light purple1 or of a light or dead red1 or of an ouerworne purple colour1 or else mixed of these colours1 as some1 the edges white1 and the rest blew or purple1 or the edges blew or purple1 and the rest of the flower white1 or striped1 spotted1 or halfed1 the one part of one colour1 and the other of another1 the threds likewise in the middle varying in many of them2 for some will haue the middle thrume of a deeper purple then the outer leaues1 and some haue white or blush leaues1 the middle thrume being reddish1 deeper or paler4 ,after the flowers are past1 there come small1 hard1 white and shining seede in those heads1 wrapped or set among a deale of flockie matter1 as is most vsuall1 in all plants that beare scaly heads3 the rootes are long and hard1 perishing euery yeare when it hath giuen seede4 #b4 ,cyanus floridus ,turcicus4 ,the ,sultans flower4 ,as a kinde of these ,corne flowers1 ,i must needes adioyne another stranger1 of much beautie1 and but lately obtained from ,constantinople1 where1 because 7as it is said7 the great ,turke1 as we call him1 saw it abroade1 liked it1 and wore it himselfe2 all his vassals haue had it in great regard1 and hath been obtained from them1 by some that haue sent it into these parts4 ,the leaues whereof are greener1 and not only gashed1 but finely snipt on the edges3 the stalkes are three foote high1 garnished with the like leaues as are below1 and branched as the former1 bearing large scaly heads1 and such like flowers but larger1 hauing eight or nine of those hollow gaping leaues in euery flower1 standing about the middle threds 7if it be planted in good and fertile ground and be well watered1 for it soone starueth and perisheth with drought7 the circling leaues are of a fine delayed purple or blush colour1 very beautifull to behold2 the seede of this is smaller and blacker1 and not enclosed in so much dounie substance1 as the former 7yet in our ,countrey the seede is not so blacke1 as it came vnto vs1 but more gray7 the roote perisheth likewise euery yeere4 #c4 ,cyanus ,bticus supinus4 ,the ,spanish ,corne-flower4 ,this ,spanish kinde hath many square low bending or creeping stalkes1 not standing so vpright as the former1 but branching out more diuersly2 so that one plant will take vp a great deale of ground3 the leaues are broader then any of the rest1 softer also1 of a pale or whitish greene colour1 and not much gashed on the edges3 the flowers stand in bigger heads1 with foure or fiue leaues vnder euery head1 and are of a light pale purple or blush colour2 after which come seede1 but not so plentifully1 yet wrapped in a great deale of flockie matter1 more then any3 the roote groweth downe deepe into the ground1 but perisheth euery yeare as they doe4 ,the ,place4 ,the first or former kindes1 grow many times in the ,corne fields of our own ,countrey1 as well as of others1 especially that sort with a blew flower3 but the other sorts or colours are not so frequent1 but are nourished in gardens1 where they will vary wonderfully4 ,the second as is before set downe1 groweth in ,turkie3 and the last in ,spaine1 found out and first sent to vs by that industrious searcher of simples1 ,guillaume ,boel before remembred4 ,the ,time4 ,the first doe flower in the end of ,iune1 and in ,iuly1 and sometimes sooner4 ,the other two later1 and not vntill ,august most commonly1 and the seede is soone ripe after4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is generally called ,cyanus1 and some following the ,ditch name1 call it ,flos frumenti4 ,the olde ,writers gaue it the name of ,bapti scuba1 which is almost worne out4 ,we doe call them in ,english1 ,blew ,bottles1 and in some places1 ,corne flowers1 after the ,ditch names4 ,the second hath beene sent by the name of ,ambreboi1 which whether it be a ,turkie or ,arabian name1 ,i know not4 ,i haue called it from the place1 from whence we had it1 ,turcicus1 and for his beauty1 ,floridus4 ,the ,turkes themselues as ,i vnderstand1 doe call it ,the ,sultans flower1 and ,i haue done so likewise1 that it may bee distinguished from all the other kindes1 or else you may call it1 ,the ,turkey blush ,corne flower1 which you please4 ,the last was sent by the name of ,iacea ,btica1 but ,i had rather to referre it to the ,cyanus1 or ,corne flowers1 because the flowers are like vnto the ,corne flowers1 and not vnto the ,iaceas or ,knapweedes4 ,the ,vertues4 ,these had no vse in ,physicke in ,galen and ,dioscorides time1 in that 7as it is thought7 they haue made no mention of them3 ,we in these dayes doe chiefly vse the first kindes 7as also the greater sort7 as a cooling ,cordiall1 and commended by some to be a remedy1 not onely against the plague and pestilentiall diseases1 but against the poison of ,scorpions and ,spiders4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxv4 ,iacea ,marina ,btica4 ,spanish ,sea ,knapweede4 ,there are a great many sorts of ,knapweedes1 yet none of them all fit for this our ,garden1 but this only stranger1 which ,i haue beene bold to thrust in here1 for that it hath such like gaping or open flowers1 as the former ,corne flowers haue1 but notably differing1 and therefore deserueth a peculiar ,chapter1 as partaking both with ,cyanus and ,iacea4 ,it hath many long and narrow leaues vneuenly dented or waued on both edges 7and not notched1 gashed or indented1 as many other herbes are7 being thicke1 fleshie and brittle1 a little hairy1 and of an ouerworne darke greene colour1 among which rise lowe weake stalkes1 with such like leaues as grow at the bottome1 but smaller1 bearing but here and there a flower1 of a bright reddish purple colour1 like in forme vnto the ,corne flowers1 but much larger1 with many threds or thrumes in the middle of the same colour1 standing vp higher then any of the former3 this flower riseth out of a large scaly head1 all set ouer with small sharpe 7but harmelesse7 white prickles3 the seedes are blackish1 like vnto the ,knapweedes1 and larger then any of the former ,corne flowers3 the roote is great and thicke1 growing deepe into the ground1 fleshie and full of a slimie or clammy iuice1 and easie to bee broken1 blackish on the outside1 and whitish within1 enduring many yeares1 like as the other ,knapweedes1 or ,matfelons doe1 growing in time to be very thicke and great4 ,the ,place4 ,it groweth naturally by the ,sea side in ,spaine1 from whence ,i receiued the seedes of ,guillaume ,boel1 and did abide well in my garden a long time1 but is now perished4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the beginning of ,iuly1 or thereabouts1 and continueth not long in flower3 but the head abideth a great while1 and is of some beauty after the flower is past2 yet seldome giueth good seed with vs4 ,the ,names4 ,it hath no other name then is set down in the title1 being altogether a ,nouelist1 and not now to be seene with any sauing my selfe4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we haue not yet known any use hereof in ,physick4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxvi4 ,cnicus siue ,carthamus sativus4 ,bastard or ,spanish ,saffron4 ,there are two or three sorts of ,cnicus or bastard ,saffrons which ,i passe ouer1 as not fit for this ,garden1 and onely set downe this kinde1 whose flowers are of a fairer and more liuely colour in our ,country1 then any hath come ouer from ,spaine1 where they manure it for the profit they make thereof1 seruing for the dying of ,silke especially1 and transporting great quantities to diuers ,countries4 ,it hath large broad leaues1 without any prickes at all vpon them in our ,country1 growing vpon the stalke1 which is strong1 hard1 and round1 with shorter leaues thereon vp to the toppe1 where they are a little sharpe pointed1 and prickly about the edges sometimes1 which stalke riseth three or foure foote high1 and brancheth it selfe toward the toppe1 bearing at the end of euery branch one great open scaly head1 out of which thrusteth out many gold yellow threads1 of a most orient shining colour1 which being gathered in a dry time1 and kept dry1 will abide in the same delicate colour that it bare when it was fresh1 for a very long time after3 when the flowers are past1 the seede when it is come to maturity1 which is very seldome with vs1 is white and hard1 somewhat long1 round1 and a little cornered3 the roote is long1 great1 and wooddy1 and perisheth quickly with the first frosts4 ,the ,place4 ,it groweth in ,spaine1 and other hot ,countries1 but not wilde1 for that it is accounted of the old ,writers1 ,theophrastus and ,dioscorides1 to be a manured plant4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth with vs not vntill ,august1 or ,september sometimes1 so that it hardly giueth ripe seede 7as ,i said7 neither is it of that force to purge1 which groweth in these colder ,countries1 as that which commeth from ,spaine1 and other places4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,cnicus is deriued from the ,greekes1 and ,carthamus from the ,arabians1 yet still sativus is added vnto it1 to shew it is no wilde1 but a manured plant1 and sowne euery where that wee know4 ,of some it is called ,crocus hortensis1 and ,sarasenicus1from the ,italians which so call it4 ,we call it in ,english ,bastard ,saffron1 ,spanish ,saffron1 and ,catalonia ,saffron4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the flowers are vsed in colouring meates1 where it groweth beyond ,sea1 and also for the dying of ,silkes3 the kernels of the seede are onely vsed in ,physicke with vs1 and serueth well to purge flegmaticke humours4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxvii4 ,carduus4 ,thistles4 ,you may somewhat maruaile1 to see mee curious to plant ,thistles in my ,garden1 when as you might well say1 they are rather plagues then pleasures1 and more trouble to weede them out1 then to cherish them vp1 if ,i made therein no distinction or choise2 but when you haue viewed them well which ,i bring in1 ,i will then abide your censure1 if they be not worthy of some place1 although it be but a corner of the ,garden1 where something must needes be to fill vp roome4 ,some of them are smooth1 and without prickes at all1 some at the heads onely1 and some all ouer2 but yet not without some especiall note or marke worthy of respect3 ,out of this discourse ,i leaue the ,artichoke1 with all his kindes1 and reserue them for our ,kitchin ,garden1 because 7as all know7 they are for the pleasure of the taste1 and not of the smell or sight4 #a4 ,acanthus sativus4 ,garden ,beares breech4 ,the leaues of this kinde of smooth thistle 7as it is accounted7 are almost as large as the leaues of the ,artichoke1 but not so sharp pointed1 very deeply cut in and gashed on both edges1 of a sad green shining colour on the vpperside1 and of a yellowish green vnderneath1 with a great thicke rib in the middle1 which spread themselues about the root1 taking vp a great deale of ground4 ,after this plant hath stood long in one place1 and well defended from the iniury of the cold1 it sendeth forth from among the leaues one or more great and strong stalkes1 three or foure foote high1 without any branch at all1 bearing from the middle to the top many flowers one aboue another1 spike-fashion round about the stalke1 with smaller but not diuided greene leaues at euery flower1 which is white1 and fashioned somewhat like vnto a gaping mouth2 after which come broad1 flat1 thicke1 round1 brownish yellow seede 7as ,i haue well obserued by them haue beene sent me out of ,spaine1 and which haue sprung vp1 and doe grow with me2 for in our ,countrey ,i could neuer obserue any seede to haue growne ripe7 the rootes are composed of many great and thicke long strings1 which spread farre in and vnder the ground1 somewhat darkish on the outside1 and whitish within1 full of a clammy moisture 7whereby it sheweth to haue much life7 and doe endure our ,winters1 if they be not too much exposed to the sharpe violence thereof1 which then it will not endure1 as ,i haue often found by experience4 #b4 ,acanthus siluestris4 ,wilde or prickly ,beares breech4 ,this prickly ,thistle hath diuers long greenish leaues lying on the ground1 much narrower then the former1 but cut in on both sides1 thicke set with many white prickes and thornes on the edges3 the stalke riseth not vp so high1 bearing diuers such like thornie leaues on them1 with such a like head of flowers on it as the former hath3 but the seede hereof 7as it hath come to vs from ,italy and other places1 for ,i neuer saw it beare seed here in this ,country7 is blacke and round1 of the bignesse of a small pease3 the roote abideth reasonable well1 if it be defended somewhat from the extremity of our ,winters1 or else it will perish4 #c4 ,eryngium ,pannonicum siue ,montanum4 ,hungary ,sea ,holly4 ,the lower leaues of this ,thistle that lye on the ground1 are somewhat large1 round1 and broad1 hard in handling1 and a little snipt about the edges1 euery one standing vpon a long foote-stalke3 but those that growe vpon the stalke1 which is stiffe1 two or three foote high1 haue no foote-stalke1 but encompasse it1 two being set at euery ioynt1 the toppe whereof is diuided into diuers branches1 bearing small round rough heads1 with smaller and more prickly leaues vnder them1 and more cut in on the sides then those belowe3 out of these heads rise many blew flowers1 the foote-stalkes of the flowers1 together with the toppes of the branches1 are likewise blew and transparent1 or shining4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,we haue another of this kinde1 the whole toppes of the stalkes with the heads and branches1 are more white then blew3 the seede contained in these heads are white1 flat1 and as it were chaffie3 the roote is great and whitish1 spreading farre into many branches1 and somewhat sweete in taste1 like the ordinary ,sea ,holly rootes4 ,illustration3 #a ,acanthus sativus4 ,garden ,beares breech4 #b ,acanthus siluetris4 ,wilde ,beares breech4 #c ,eryngium ,pannonicum4 ,mountaine ,sea ,holly4 #d ,carlina humilis4 ,the lowe ,carline ,thistle4 #e ,carduus sphrocephalus maior4 ,the greater ,globe-,thistle4 #f ,carduus sphrocephalus minor4 ,the lesser ,globe-,thistle4 #g ,carduus ,eriocephalus4 ,the ,friers crowne4 #h ,fraxinella4 ,bastard ,dittanie4 #d4 ,carduus mollis4 ,the gentle ,thistle4 ,the leaues of this soft and gentle ,thistle that are next vnto the ground1 are greene on the vpperside1 and hoary vnderneath1 broad at the bottome1 somewhat long pointed1 and vneuenly notched about the edges1 with some soft hairie prickles1 not hurting the handler1 euery one standing vpon a short foote-stalke2 those that growe about the middle stalke are like the former1 but smaller and narrower1 and those next the toppe smallest1 where it diuideth it selfe into small branches1 bearing long and scaly heads1 out of which breake many reddish purple threads3 the seede is whitish and hard1 almost as great as the seede of the greater ,centory3 the roote is blackish1 spreading vnder the ground1 with many small fibres fastened vnto it1 and abideth a great while4 #e4 ,carlina humilis4 ,the lowe ,carline ,thistle4 ,this lowe ,thistle hath many iagged leaues1 of a whitish greene ,colour1 armed with small sharp white prickles round about the edges1 lying round about the root vpon the ground1 in the middle whereof riseth vp a large head1 without any stalke vnder it1 compassed about with many small and long prickly leaues1 from among which the flower sheweth it selfe1 composed of many thin1 long1 whitish1 hard shining leaues1 standing about the middle1 which is flat and yellow1 made of many thrums or threads like small flowers1 wherein lye small long seede1 of a whitish or siluer colour3 the roote is somewhat aromaticall1 blackish on the outside1 small and long1 growing downewards into the ground4 ,there is another of this kinde that beareth a higher stalke1 and a redder flower1 but there is a manifest difference betweene them4 #f4 ,carduus ,sphrocephalus siue ,globosus maior4 ,the greater ,globe ,thistle4 ,the greatest of these beautifull ,thistles1 hath at the first many large and long leaues lying on the ground1 very much cut in and diuided in many places1 euen to the middle ribbe1 set with small sharpe 7but not very strong7 thornes or prickles at euery corner of the edges1 greene on the vpperside1 and whitish vnderneath3 from the middle of these leaues riseth vp a round stiffe stalke1 three foote and a halfe high1 or more1 set without order with such like leaues1 bearing at the toppe of euery branch a round hard great head1 consisting of a number of sharpe bearded huskes1 compact or set close together1 of a blewish greene colour1 out of euery one of which huskes start small whitish blew flowers1 with white threads in the middle of them1 and rising aboue them1 so that the heads when they are in full flower1 make a fine shew1 much delighting the spectators3 after the flowers are past1 the seede encreaseth in euery one1 or the most part of the bearded huskes1 which doe still hold their round forme1 yntill that being ripe it openeth it selfe1 and the huskes easily fall away one from another1 containing within them a long whitish kernell3 the roote is great and long1 blackish on the outside1 and dyeth euery yeare when it hath borne seede4 #g4 ,carduus ,globosus minor4 ,the lesser ,globe ,thistle4 ,the lesser kinde hath long narrow leaues1 whiter then the former1 but cut in and gashed on the edges very much with some small prickes on them2 the stalke is not halfe so long1 nor the heads halfe so great1 but as round1 and with as blew flowers as the greater3 this seldome giueth ripe seede1 but recompenseth that fault1 in that the roote perisheth not as the former1 but abideth many yeares4 #h4 ,carduus ,eriocephalus siue ,tomentosus4 ,the ,friers ,crowne4 ,this woolly ,thistle hath many large and long leaues lying on the ground1 cut in on both sides into many diuisions1 which are likewise somewhat vnequally cut in or diuided againe1 hauing sharpe white prickles at euery corner of the diuisions1 of a dead or sad greene colour on the vpperside1 and somewhat woolly withall1 and grayish vnderneath3 the stalke is strong and tall1 foure or fiue foote high at the least1 branching out into diuers parts1 euery where beset with such like leaues as growe below2 at the toppe of euery branch there breaketh out a great whitish round prickly head1 flattish at the toppe1 so thicke set with wooll1 that the prickles seeme but small spots or haires1 and doth so well resemble the bald crowne of a ,frier1 not onely before it be in flower1 but especially after it hath done flowring1 that thereupon it deseruedly receiued the name of the ,friers ,crowne ,thistle3 out of these heads riseth forth a purple thrumme1 such as is to be seene in many other wilde ,thistles1 which when they are ripe1 are full of a flockie or woolly substance1 which breake at the toppe shedding it1 and the seede which is blackish1 flat1 and smooth3 the roote is great and thicke1 enduring for some yeares1 yet sometimes perishing1 if it be too much exposed to the violence of the frosts in ,winter4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth naturally in ,spaine1 ,italy1 and ,france1 and in many other hot ,countries1 and growe onely in ,gardens in these colder climates1 and there cherished for the beautifull aspect both of the greene plants1 and of the stalkes when they are in flower4 ,the ,carline ,thistle is found both in ,germany and ,italy in many places1 and as it is reported1 in some places of the ,west parts in ,england4 ,the others are found some in ,france1 some in ,hungary1 and on the ,alpes1 and the last in ,spaine4 ,the ,time4 ,they doe all flower in the ,summer moneths1 some a little earlier or later then others4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,acanthus sativus 7because the other that is prickly1 is called siluestris or spinosus7 and ,branea vrsina2 ,in ,english1 ,branck vrsine1 and ,beares breech4 ,the third is called ,eryngium montanum1 ,alpinum1 and ,pannonicum latifolium3 ,in ,english1 ,mountaine or ,hungary ,sea ,holly4 ,the fourth is called ,carduus mollis1 ,the gentle ,thistle1 because it hath no harmfull prickles1 although it seeme at the first shew to be a ,thistle4 ,the fifth is called of diuers ,chamleo albus1 and ,carlina1 as if they were both but one plant2 but ,fabius ,columna hath in my iudgement very learnedly descided that controuersie1 making ,carlina to be ,ixine of ,theophrastus1 and ,chamleo another differing ,thistle1 which ,gaza translateth ,vernilago4 ,we call it in ,english1 ,the ,carline ,thistle4 ,the other haue their names in their titles1 as much as is conuenient for this discourse4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the first hath alwaies been vsed ,physically1 as a mollifying herbe among others of the like slimie matter in ,glisters1 to open the body2 yet ,lobel seemeth to make no difference in the vse of them both 7that is1 the prickly as well as the smooth47 ,the ,carline ,thistle is thought to bee good against poysons and infection4 ,the rest are not vsed by any that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxviii4 ,fraxinella4 ,bastard ,dittany4 ,hauing finished those pleasing ,thistles1 ,i come to other plants of more gentle handling1 and first bring to your consideration this bastard ,dittany1 whereof there are found out two especiall kindes1 the one with a reddish1 the other with a whitish flower1 and each of these hath his diuersity1 as shall be presently declared4 #a4 ,fraxinella flore rubente4 ,bastard ,dittany with a reddish flower4 ,this goodly plant riseth vp with diuers round1 hard brownish stalkes1 neare two foote high1 the lower parts whereof are furnished with many winged leaues1 somewhat like vnto ,liquerice1 or a small young ,ashe tree1 consisting of seuen1 nine1 or eleuen leaues set together1 which are somewhat large and long1 hard and rough in handling1 of a darkish greene colour1 and of an vnpleasant strong resinous sent3 the vpper parts of the stalkes are furnished with many flowers1 growing spike fashion1 at certaine distances one aboue another1 consisting of fiue long leaues a peece1 whereof foure that stand on the two sides1 are somewhat bending vpwards1 and the fift hanging downe1 but turning vp the end of the leafe a little againe1 of a faint or pale red colour1 striped through euery leafe with a deeper red colour1 and hauing in the middle a tassell of fiue or six long purplish threds1 that bowe downe with the lower leafe1 and turne vp also the ends againe1 with a little freese or thrume at the ends of euery one3 after the flowers are past1 arise hard1 stiffe1 rough1 clammy huskes1 horned or pointed at the end1 foure or fiue standing together1 somewhat like the seede vessels of the ,wolfes-banes1 or ,colombines1 but greater1 thicker and harder1 wherein is contained round shining blacke seede1 greater then any ,colombine seede by much1 and smaller then ,peony seede3 the roote is white1 large1 and spreading many wayes vnder ground1 if it stand long3 the whole plant1 as well roots as leaues and flowers1 are of a strong sent1 not so pleasing for the smell1 as the flowers are beautifull to the sight4 #b4 ,fraxinella flore rubro4 ,bastard ,dittaine with a red flower4 ,this differeth not from the former eyther in roote1 leafe or flower for the forme but that the stalkes and leaues are of a darker greene colour1 and that the flowers are of a deeper red colour1 7and growing in a little longer spike71 wherein the difference chiefly consisteth1 which is sufficient to distinguish them4 #c4 ,fraxinella flore albo4 ,bastard ,dittanie with a white flower4 ,the white flowred ,fraxinella hath his leaues and stalkes of a fresher greene colour then any of the former2 and the flowers are of a pure white colour1 in forme differing nothing at all from the other4 #d4 ,fraxinella flore albo cruleo4 ,bastard ,dittanie with an ash coloured flower4 ,the colour of the flower of this ,fraxinella onely putteth the difference betweene this1 and the last recited with a white flower3 for this beareth a very pale1 or whitish blew flower1 tending to an ash colour4 ,the ,place4 ,all these kindes are found growing naturally1 in many places both of ,germany1 and ,italie3 and that with the white flower1 about ,franckford1 which being sent me1 perished by the way by long and euill carriage4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,iune and ,iuly1 and the seede is ripe in ,august4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,fraxinella is most generally imposed on those plants1 because of the resemblance of them vnto young ,ashes1 in their winged leaues4 ,yet some doe call them ,dictamus albus1 or ,dictamnus albus1 and ,diptamus albus1 as a difference from the ,dictamnus ,creticus1 which is a farre differing plant4 ,some would haue it to be ,tragium of ,dioscorides1 but beside other things wheaten this differeth from ,tragium1 this yeeldeth no milkie iuice1 as ,dioscorides saith ,tragium doth3 ,we in ,english doe eyther call it ,fraxinella1 or after the other corrupted name of ,dictamus1 ,bastard ,dittanie4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is held to be profitable against the stingings of ,serpents1 against contagious and pestilent diseases1 to bring downe the feminine courses1 for the paines of the belly and the stone1 and in ,epilepticall diseases1 and other cold paines of the braines3 the roote is the most effectual for all these1 yet the seede is sometimes vsed4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxix4 ,legumina4 ,pulse4 ,if ,i should describe vnto you all the kindes of ,pulse1 ,i should vnfold a little world of varieties therein1 more knowne and found out in these dayes1 then at any time before1 but that must bee a part of a greater worke1 which will abide a longer time before it see the light4 ,i shall only select those that are fit for this garden1 and set them downe for your consideration4 ,all sorts of ,pulse may be reduced vnder two generall heads1 that is1 of ,beanes and ,pease1 of each whereof there is both tame and wilde3 ,of ,beanes1 besides the tame or vsuall garden ,beane1 and the ,french or ,kidney ,beane1 7whereof ,i meane to entreate in my ,kitchen garden1 as pertinent thereto7 there is the ,lupine or flat ,beane1 whereof ,i meane to entreate here1 and the blacke ,beane and others which must bee reserued for the ,physicke ,garden4 ,and of the kindes of ,pease some are fit for this ,garden2 7whereunto ,i will adioyne two or three other plants as neerest of affinitie1 the flowers of some1 and the fruit of others being delightfull to many1 and therefore fit for this garden7 some for the ,kitchen1 the rest for the ,physicke garden4 ,and first of ,lupines or flat ,beanes1 accepted as delightfull to many1 and therefore fit for this garden4 #a4 ,lupinus sativus albus4 ,the white garden ,lupine4 ,the garden ,lupine riseth vp with a great round stalke1 hollow and somewhat woolly1 with diuers branches1 whereon grow vpon long footestalkes many broade leaues1 diuided into seuen or nine parts1 or smaller leaues1 equally standing round about1 as it were in a circle1 of a whitish greene colour on the vpperside1 and more woolly vnderneath3 the flowers stand many together at seuerall ioynts1 both of the greater stalke1 and the branches1 like vnto beanes1 and of a white colour in some places1 and in others of a very bleake blew tending to white3 after the flowers are past1 there come in their places1 long1 broade1 and flat rough cods1 wherein are contained round and flat seede1 yellowish on the inside1 and couered with a tough white skin1 and very bitter in taste3 the rootes are not very great1 but full of small fibres1 whereby it fasteneth it selfe strongly in the ground1 yet perisheth euery yeare1 as all the rest of these kindes doe4 #b4 ,lupinus cruleus maximus4 ,the greater blew ,lupine4 ,the ,stemme or stalke of this ,lupine is greater then the last before recited1 as also the leaues more soft and woolly1 and the flowers are of a most perfect blew colour1 with some white spots in the middle3 the long rough greenish cods are very great and large1 wherein are contained hard1 flat and round seede1 not so white on the outside as the former1 but somewhat yellower1 greater also1 and more rough or hard in handling4 #c4 ,lupinus cruleus minor4 ,the lesser blew ,lupine4 ,this kinde of wilde ,lupine differeth not in the forme of leafe or flower from the former1 but only that it is much smaller1 the leaues are greener1 and haue fewer diuisions in them3 the flower is of as deepe a blew colour as the last2 the cods likewise are small and long1 containing small round seede1 not so flat as the former1 but more discoloured or spotted on the outside1 then the greater kinde is4 ,sidenote3 ,minimus4 ,there is a lesser kind then this1 not differing in any thing from this1 but that it is lesser4 #d4 ,lupinus flore luteo4 ,the yellow ,lupine4 ,the yellow ,lupine groweth not vsually so high1 but with larger leaues then the small blew ,lupine2 the flowers grow in two or three rundles or tufts1 round about the stalke and the branches at the ioynts1 of a delicate fine yellow colour1 like in fashion vnto the other kindes1 being larger then the last1 but nothing so large as the greater kindes1 and of a fine small sent3 the seede is round1 and not very flat1 but much about the forme and bignesse of the small blew1 or somewhat bigger1 of a whitish colour on the outside1 spotted with many spots4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in many places of ,greece1 and the ,easterne ,countries beyond it1 where it hath beene anciently cherished for their foode1 being often watered to take away the bitternesse4 ,it groweth also in these ,western parts1 but still where it is planted4 ,the great blew ,lupine is thought to come from beyond the parts of ,persia1 in ,caramania4 ,the lesser blew is found very plentifully wilde1 in many places both of ,spaine and ,italy4 ,the last hath beene brought vs likewise out of ,spaine1 whereas it is thought it groweth naturally4 ,they all grow now in the gardens of those1 that are curious louers of these delights4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,summer1 and their seede is ripe quickly after4 ,the ,names4 ,they are generally called ,lupini4 ,plautus in his time saith1 they were vsed in ,comedies in stead of money1 when in any ,scene thereof there was any shew of payment1 and therefore he calleth them ,aurum ,comicum4 ,and ,horace hath this ,verse1 ,nec tamen ignorant1 quid distent ra ,lupinis1 to shew that counterfeit money 7such as counters are with vs1 or as these ,lupines were vsed in those times7 was easily knowne from true and currant coine4 ,in ,english wee vsually call them after the ,latine name1 ,lupines2 and some after the ,dutch name1 ,figge-beanes1 because they are flat and round as a ,figge that is pressed2 and some ,flat-beanes for the same reason4 ,some haue called the yellow ,lupine1 ,spanish ,violets3 but other foolish names haue beene giuen it1 as ,virginia ,roses1 and the like1 by knauish ,gardiners and others1 to deceiue men1 and make them beleeue they were the finders out1 or great preseruers of rarities1 of no other purpose1 but to cheate men of their money3 as you would therefore auoyde knaues and deceiuers1 beware of these manner of people1 whereof the skirts of our towne are too pitifully pestered4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the first or ordinary ,lupine doth scoure and cleanse the skin from spots1 morphew1 blew markes1 and other discolourings thereof1 beeing vsed eyther in a decoction or pouther4 ,wee seldome vse it in inward medicines1 not that it is dangerous1 but of neglect1 for formerly it hath beene much vsed for the wormes1 c4 ,illustration3 #a ,lupinus maior4 ,the great ,lupine4 #b ,lupinus luteus4 ,the yellow ,lupine4 #c ,lathyrus latifolius seu ,pisum perenne4 ,pease euerlasting4 #d ,pisum quadratum4 ,the crimson blossomd or square ,pease4 #e ,medica cochleata vulgaris4 ,snailes or ,barbary buttons4 #f ,medica spinosa4 ,prickly ,snailes4 #g ,medica spinosa altera4 ,another sort of prickly ,snailes4 #h ,medica folliculo lata4 ,broad buttons or ,snailes4 #i ,medica lunata4 ,halfe ,moons4 #aj ,hedysarum clypeatum4 ,the red ,sattin flower or ,french ,honeysuckle4 #aa ,scorpioides minus4 ,the lesser ,caterpillar4 #ab ,scorpioides maius4 ,the greater ,caterpillar4 #ac ,orobus ,venetus4 ,blew vpright ,pease euerlasting4 #a4 ,lathyrus latifolius1 siue ,pisum perenne4 ,pease euerlasting4 ,this kinde of wilde ,pease that abideth long1 and groweth euery yeare greater then other1 springeth vp with many broade trayling branches1 winged as it were on both the sides1 diuersly diuided into other smaller branches1 at the seuerall ioynts whereof stand two hard1 not broad1 but somewhat long greene leaues1 and diuers twining claspers1 in sundry places with the leaues1 from betweene the branches and the leaues1 at the ioynts towards the toppes1 come forth diuers purplish pease like blossomes1 standing on a long stemme or stalke1 very beautifull to behold1 and of a pretty sent or smell3 after which come small1 long1 thin1 flat1 hard skind cods1 containing small round blackish seede3 the roote is great and thicke1 growing downe deepe into the ground1 of the thicknesse sometimes of a mans arme1 blackish on the outside1 and whitish within1 with some branches and a few fibres annexed thereunto4 #b4 ,orobus ,venetus4 ,blew vpright euerlasting ,pease4 ,this pretty kinde of ,pease blossome beareth diuers slender1 but vpright greene branches somewhat cornered1 two foote high or thereabouts1 hauing at seuerall distances on both sides of them certaine winged leaues1 set together vpon long footestalkes one against another1 consisting of six or eight leaues1 somewhat broade and pointed1 and without any odde one at the end3 at the ioynts toward the toppes1 between the leaues and the stalkes1 come forth many flowers set together at the end of a pretty long footestalke1 of the fashion of the former ,pease blossome1 but somewhat smaller1 and of a purplish violet colour3 after which come slender and long pointed pods rounder then they1 wherein is contained small round grayish pease3 the roote is blacke1 hard or woody1 abiding after seede bearing as the former doth1 and shooting afresh euery yeare4 #c4 ,lathyrus annuus filiquis orobi4 ,partie coloured ,cichelings4 ,this small ,pulse or wild ,pease1 hath two or three long slender winged branches1 with smaller leaues thereon then the former1 and without any claspers at all on them3 the flowers stand single1 euery one by it selfe1 or two at the most together1 the middle leaues whereof that close together are white1 and the vpper leaues of a reddish purple colour3 after which come long round flattish cods1 bunched out in the seuerall places where the seedes lye1 like vnto the cods of ,orobus or the bitter ,vetch1 but greater3 the roote is small and dyeth euery yeare4 #d4 ,pisum quadratum4 ,the crimson blossomd or square codded ,pease4 ,this pretty kinde of ,pulse might very well for the forme of the leaues1 be referred to the kindes of ,lotus or ,trefoiles3 but because ,i haue none of that kindred to entreate of in this ,worke1 ,i haue thought fittest to place it here before the ,medica's1 because both pods and seedes are like also4 ,it hath three or foure small weake stalkes1 diuided into many branches1 hauing two stalkes of leaues at euery ioynt1 and three small soft leaues standing on a very small stalke1 comming from the ioynts3 the flowers stand for the most part two together1 of a perfect red or crimson colour1 like in forme almost vnto a ,pease blossome2 after which come long thicke and round cods1 with two skinnes or filmes1 running all along the cod at the backe or vpperside and two other such like filmes1 all along the belly or vnder side1 which make it seeme foure square1 wherein there lye round discoloured ,pease1 somewhat smaller and harder then ordinary ,pease3 the roote is small and perisheth euery yeare4 #e4 ,medica ,cochleata vulgaris4 ,snailes or ,barbary buttons4 ,the plant that beareth these pretty toyes for ,gentlewomen1 is somewhat like vnto a ,three leafed grasse or ,trefoile1 hauing many long trayling branches lying vpon the ground1 whereon at diuers places are three small greene leaues1 set together at the end of a little footestalke1 each of them a little snipt about the edges3 at seuerall distances1 from the middle of these branches to the ends of them1 come forth the flowers1 two for the most part standing together vpon a little footstalke1 which are of a pale yellow colour1 very small1 and of the forme of a ,pease blossome3 after which come smooth heads1 which are turned or writhen round1 almost like a ,snaile1 hard and greene at the first1 somewhat like a greene button 7from the formes of both which came their names7 but afterwards growing whiter1 more soft and open1 wherein lyeth yellowish round and flat seede1 somewhat like vnto the ,kidney beane3 the roote is small and stringie1 dying downe euery yeare1 and must be new sowne in the spring1 if you desire to haue it4 #f4 ,medica spinosa maior4 ,prickly or thorny ,snailes1 or ,buttons4 ,this kinde of ,medica is in all things very like vnto the former1 both in the long trayling branches1 three leaues alwaies growing together1 but a little greater pale yellow flowers1 and crooked or winding heads3 but herein chiefly consisteth the difference1 that this kinde hath his heads or buttons harder1 a little greater1 more closed together1 and set with short and somewhat hard prickles1 all the head ouer1 which being pulled open1 haue those prickles standing on each side of the filme or skinne1 whereof the head consisteth1 somewhat like vnto a fish bone1 and in this kinde goeth all one way2 in which are contained such like seedes for the forme1 as are in the former1 but great and blacke1 and shining withall4 #g4 ,medica spinosa altera4 ,small thorney ,buttons1 or ,snailes4 ,this other kinde is also like vnto the last described in all other things1 except in the heads or buttons1 which are a little smaller1 but set with longer and softer prickes vpon the filmes1 and may easily bee discerned to goe both forwards and backewards1 one enterlacing within another1 wherein are contained such like flat and blacke shining seede1 made after the fashion of a kidney1 as are in the former1 but somewhat smaller3 the roote perisheth in like manner euery yeare4 #h4 ,medica lata4 ,broade ,buttons4 ,this kinde differeth not from the first in leafe or flower1 the fruite onely hereof is broade and flat1 and not so much twined as it4 #i4 ,medica ,lunata4 ,halfe ,moones4 ,this is also a kinde of these ,medicke fodders1 hauing a trefoyle leafe and yellow flowers like the former sorts1 but both somewhat larger1 the chiefest difference consisteth in the head or fruite1 which is broade and flat1 and not twined like the rest1 but abideth halfe closed1 resembling a halfe ,moone 7and thereupon hath assumed both the ,latine and ,english name7 wherein is contained flat seede1 kidney fashion like the former4 #aj4 ,hedysarum clypeatum4 ,the red ,sattin flower4 ,this red flowred ,fitchling1 hath many stalkes of winged faire greene leaues1 that is1 of many set on both sides a middle ribbe1 whereof that at the end is the greatest of the rest3 from the ioynts where the leaues stand1 come forth pretty long small stalkes1 bearing on them very many flowers1 vp to the toppe one aboue another1 of an excellent shining red or crimson colour1 very like vnto ,sattin of that colour1 and sometimes of a white colour1 7as ,master ,william ,coys1 a ,gentleman of good respect in ,essex1 a great and ancient louer and cherisher of these delights1 and of all other rare plants1 in his life time assured me2 he had growing in his garden at ,stubbers by ,north ,okenden7 which are somewhat large1 and more closed together1 almost flat and not open1 as in most of the other sorts3 after the flowers are past1 there come rough1 flat1 round huskes1 somewhat like vnto the old fashioned round bucklers without pikes1 three or foure standing one vpon or aboue another1 wherein are contained small brownish seede3 the roote perisheth the same yeare it beareth seede1 for oftentimes it flowreth not the first yeare it is sowne4 #aa4 ,scorpioides maius minus4 ,great and small ,caterpillers4 ,vnder one description ,i comprehend both these sorts of ,scorpions grasse1 or ,caterpillers1 or ,wormes1 as they are called by many1 whereof the greater hath been known but of late yeares2 and ioyne them to these pulses1 not hauing a fitter place where to insert them4 ,it is but a small low plant1 with branches lying vpon the ground1 and somewhat long1 broad1 and hard leaues thereon1 among which come forth small stalkes1 bearing at the end for the most part1 two small pale yellowish flowers1 like vnto ,tares or ,vetches1 but smaller1 which turne into writhed or crooked tough cods2 in the greater sort they are much thicker1 rounder and whiter1 and lesser wound or turned together then in the smaller1 which are slenderer1 more winding1 yet not closing like vnto the ,snailes1 and blacker more like vnto a ,caterpiller then the other1 wherein are contained brownish yellow seede1 much like vnto a ,medica3 the rootes of both are small and fibrous1 perishing euery yeare4 ,the ,place4 ,these are found seuerally in diuers and seuerall places1 but wee sow and plant them vsually to furnish our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,they doe all flower about the moneths of ,iune and ,iuly1 and their seede is ripe soone after3 but the second is earlier then the rest4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,clymenum of ,matthiolus1 and ,lathyris of ,lobel and others3 but ,lathyris in ,greeke is ,cataputia in ,latine1 which is our ,spurge1 farre differing from this ,pulse2 and therefore ,lathyrus is more proper to distinguish them asunder1 that two plants so farre vnlike should not bee called by one name3 this is also called ,lathyrus latifolius1 because there is another called angustifolius1 that differeth from it also3 ,it is most vsually called with vs1 ,pisum perenne1 and in ,english ,pease blossome1 or ,pease euerlasting4 ,the second is called by ,clusius1 ,orobus venetus1 because it was sent him from ,venice1 with another of the same kinde that bore white flowers2 yet differeth but little or nothing from that kinde he found in ,hungary1 that ,i thinke the seuerall places of their growing only cause them to bear seuerall names1 and to be the same in deede4 ,although ,i yeeld vnto ,clusius the ,latine name which doth not sufficiently content mee2 yet ,i haue thought good to giue it a differing ,english name1 according as it is in the title4 ,the third1 because ,i first receiued it among other seeds from ,spaine1 ,i haue giuen it the name1 as it is entituled4 ,the fourth is called of some ,sandalida ,cretica1 ,lotus filiquosus flore rubello1 ,lotus tetragonolobus1 ,pisum rubrum1 ,pisum quadratum3 ,we vsually call it in ,english1 ,crimson ,pease1 or square ,pease4 ,the ,medica ,cochleata is called of ,dodonus ,trifolium ,cochleatum1 but not iudged to be the true ,medica4 ,wee call it in ,english1 ,medick fodder1 ,snailes ,clouer1 or as it is in the title1 and so the rest of the ,medica's accordingly4 ,the ,hedysarum clypeatum or ,securidaca is called of ,dodonus ,onobrichis altera1 and we in ,english for the likenesse1 ,the red ,sattin flower1 although some foolishly call it1 the red or ,french ,honysuckle4 ,the last is called by ,lobel1 ,scorpioides bupleurifolio1 ,i haue called it minus1 because the greatest sort which came to me out of ,spaine was not knowne vnto him2 in ,english they are generally called ,caterpillers4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,medica's are generally thought to feede cattell fat much more then the ,medow ,trefoile1 or ,clouer grasse1 and therefore ,i haue known diuers ,gentlemen that haue plowed vp some of their pasture grounds1 and sowen them with the seedes of some ,medica's to make the experience4 ,all the other sorts are pleasures to delight the curious1 and not any way profitable in ,physicke that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxx4 ,ponia4 ,peonie4 ,there are two principall kindes of ,peonie1 that is to say1 the ,male and the ,female4 ,of the male kinde1 ,i haue onely known one sort1 but of the ,female a great many2 which are thus to be distinguished4 ,the male his leafe is whole1 without any particular diuision1 notch or dent on the edge1 his rootes long round1 diuided into many branches1 somewhat like to the rootes of ,gentian or ,elecampane1 and not tuberous at all4 ,the ,female of all sorts hath the leaues diuided or cut in on the edges1 more or lesse1 and hath alwaies tuberous rootes1 that is1 like clogs or ,asphodill rootes1 with many great thick round peeces hanging1 or growing at the end of smaller strings1 and all ioyned to the toppe of the maine roote4 #a4 ,ponia mas4 ,the ,male ,peonie4 ,the ,male ,peonie riseth vp with many brownish stalkes1 whereon doe grow winged leaues1 that is1 many faire greene1 and sometimes reddish leaues1 one set against another vpon a stalke1 without any particular diuision in the leafe at all3 the flowers stand at the toppes of the stalkes1 consisting of fiue or six broade leaues1 of a faire purplish red colour1 with many yellow threds in the middle1 standing about the head1 which after riseth to be the seede vessels1 diuided into two1 three or foure rough crooked pods like hornes1 which when they are ful ripe1 open and turn themselues down one edge to another backeward1 shewing within them diuers round black shining seede1 which are the true seede1 being full and good1 and hauing also many red or crimson graines1 which are lancke and idle1 intermixed among the blacke1 as if they were good seede1 whereby it maketh a very pretty shew3 the roots are great1 thick and long1 spreading in the ground1 and running downe reasonable deepe4 #b4 ,ponia fmina vulgaris flore simplici4 ,the ordinary single ,female ,peonie4 ,this ordinary ,female ,peonie hath many stalkes1 with more store of leaues on them then the ,male kinde hath1 the leaues also are not so large1 but diuided or nicked diuersly on the edges1 some with great and deepe1 and others with smaller cuts or diuisions1 and of a darke or dead greene colour3 the flowers are of a strong heady sent1 most vsually smaller then the male1 and of a more purple tending to a murrey colour1 with yellow thrumes about the head in the middle1 as the male kinde hath3 the heads or hornes with seed are like also but smaller1 the seede also is blacke1 but lesse shining3 the rootes consist1 as ,i said1 of many thicke and short tuberous clogs1 fastened at the ends of long strings1 and all from the head of the roote1 which is thicke and short1 and tuberous also1 of the same or the like sent with the male4 #c4 ,ponia fmina vulgaris flore pleno rubro4 ,the double red ,peonie4 ,this double ,peonie as well as the former single1 is so frequent in euerie ,garden of note1 through euery ,countrey1 that it is almost labour in vaine to describe it3 but yet because ,i vse not to passe ouer any plant so slightly1 ,i will set down the description briefly1 in regard it is so common4 ,it is very like unto the former single female ,peony1 both in stalkes and leaues1 but that it groweth somewhat higher1 and the leaues are of a fresher greene colour3 the flowers at the tops of the stalkes are very large1 thicke and double 7no flower that ,i know so faire1 great1 and double2 but not abiding blowne aboue eight or ten daies7 of a more reddish purple colour then the former female kinde1 and of a sweeter sent3 after these flowers are past1 sometimes come good seed1 which being sowne1 bring forth some single flowers1 and some double3 the rootes are tuberous1 like vnto the former female4 #d4 ,ponia fmina flore carneo simplici4 ,the single blush ,peony4 ,the single blush ,peony hath his stalkes higher1 and his leaues of a paler or whiter greene colour then the double blush1 and more white vnderneath 7so that it is very probable it is of another kinde1 and not risen from the seede of the double blush1 as some might thinke7 with many veines1 that are somewhat discoloured from the colour of the leafe running through them3 the flowers are very large and single1 consisting of fiue leaues for the most part1 of a pale flesh or blush colour1 with an eye of yellow dispersed or mixed therewith1 hauing many whitish threads1 tipt with yellow pendents standing about the middle head3 the rootes are like the other female ,peonies4 #e4 ,ponia fmina flore pleno albicante4 ,the double blush ,peony4 ,the double blush ,peony hath not his stalkes so high as the double red1 but somewhat lower and stiffer1 bearing such like winged leaues1 cut in or diuided here and there in the edges1 as all these female kindes are1 but not so large as the last3 the flowers are smaller1 and lesse double by a good deale then the former double red1 of a faint shining crimson colour at the first opening1 but decaying or waxing paler euery day3 so that after it hath stood long 7for this flower sheddeth not his leaues in a great while7 it will change somewhat whitish2 and therefore diuers haue ignorantly called it1 the double white ,peony3 the seedes1 which sometimes it beareth1 and rootes1 are like vnto the former female kindes1 but somewhat longer1 and of a brighter colour on the outside4 #f4 ,ponia fmina ,byzantina4 ,the single red ,peony of ,constantinople4 ,this red ,peony of ,constantinople is very like in all things vnto the double red ,peonie1 but that the flowers hereof are single1 and as large as the last1 and that is larger then either the single female1 or the male kinde1 consisting of eight leaues1 of a deeper red colour then either the single or double ,peonies1 and not purplish at all1 but rather of the colour of an ordinary red ,tulipa1 standing close and round together3 the roots of this kinde haue longer clogs1 and not so short as of the ordinary female kinde1 and of a paler colour on the outside4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,peonies haue beene sent or brought from diuers parts beyond the ,seas2 they are endenized in our ,gardens1 where wee cherish them for the beauty and delight of their goodly flowers1 as well as for their ,physicall vertues4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in ,may1 but some 7as ,i said7 abide a small time1 and others many weekes4 ,illustration3 #a ,ponia mas cum semine4 ,the male ,peony the seed4 #b ,ponia fmina ,byzantina4 ,the female red ,peony of ,constantinople4 #c ,ponia fmina flore pleno vulgaris4 ,the ordinary double ,peony4 #d ,ponia flore pleno albicante4 ,the double white ,peony4 #e ,helleborus vernus atrorubente flore4 ,the early white ,ellebor with a darke red flower4 #f ,helleborus niger verus4 ,the ,christmas flower4 #g ,calceolus ,mari4 ,our ,ladies ,slipper4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,ponia is of all the later ,writers generally giuen to these plants1 although they haue had diuers other names giuen by the elder ,writers1 as ,rosa fatuina1 ,idus dactylus1 ,aglaophotis1 and others1 whereof to set downe the causes1 reasons1 and errours1 were to spend more time then ,i intend for this worke4 ,wee call them in ,english1 ,peonie1 and distinguish them according to their titles4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the male ,peony roote is farre aboue all the rest a most singular approued remedy for all ,epilepticall diseases1 in ,english1 ,the falling sicknesse 7and more especially the greene roote then the dry7 if the disease be not too inueterate1 to be boyled and drunke1 as also to hang about the neckes of the younger sort that are troubled herewith1 as ,i haue found it sufficiently experimented on many by diuers4 ,the seede likewise is of especiall vse for women1 for the rising of the mother4 ,the seede of the female kinde1 as well as the rootes1 are most vsually sold1 and may in want of the other be 7and so are generally7 vsed4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxi4 ,helleborus niger4 ,beares foote4 ,there are three sorts of blacke ,hellebor or ,beares foote1 one that is the true and right kinde1 whose flowers haue the most beautifull aspect1 and the time of his flowring most rare1 that is1 in the deepe of ,winter about ,christmas1 when no other can bee seene vpon the ground3 and two other that are wilde or bastard kindes1 brought into many ,gardens for their ,physicall properties2 but ,i will only ioyne one of them with the true kinde in this worke1 and leaue the other for another4 #a4 ,helleborus niger verus4 ,the true blacke ,hellebor1 or ,christmas flower4 ,the true blacke ,hellebor 7or ,beare foote as some would call it1 but that name doth more fitly agree with the other two bastard kindes7 hath many faire greene leaues rising from the roote1 each of them standing on a thicke round fleshly stiffe greene stalke1 about an hand breadth high from the ground1 diuided into seuen1 eight1 or nine parts or leaues1 and each of them nicked or dented1 from the middle of the leafe to the pointward on both sides1 abiding all the ,winter1 at which time the flowers rise vp on such short thicke stalkes as the leaues stand on1 euery one by it selfe1 without any leafe thereon for the most part1 or very seldome hauing one small short leafe not much vnder the flower1 and very little higher then the leaues themselues1 consisting of fiue broad white leaues1 like vnto a great white single ,rose 7which sometimes change to be either lesse or more purple about the edges1 as the weather or time of continuance doth effect7 with many pale yellow thrummes in the middle1 standing about a greene head1 which after groweth to haue diuers cods set together1 pointed at the ends like hornes1 somewhat like the seede vessels of the ,aconitum hyemale1 but greater thicker1 wherein is contained long1 round1 and blackish seede1 like the seede of the bastard kindes3 the rootes are a number of brownish strings running downe deepe into the ground1 and fastened to a thicke head1 of the bignesse of a finger at the toppe manie times1 and smaller still downewards4 #b4 ,helleboraster minor4 ,the lesser bastard blacke ,hellebor1 or ,beare foote4 ,the smaller ,beare foote is in most things like vnto the former true blacke ,hellebor2 for it beareth also many leaues vpon short stalkes1 diuided into many leaues also1 but each of them are long and narrow1 of a blacker greene colour1 snipt or dented on both edges1 which feele somewhat hard or sharpe like prickes1 and perish euery yeare1 but rise againe the next ,spring3 the flowers hereof stand on higher stalkes1 with some leaues on them also1 although but very few1 and are of a pale1 greene colour1 like in forme vnto the flowers of the former1 but smaller1 hauing also many greenish yellow threads or thrums in the middle1 and such like heads or seede vessels1 and blackish seed3 the rootes are stringie and blackish like the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth onely in the ,gardens of those that are curious1 and delight in all sorts of beautifull flowers in our ,countrey1 but wilde in many places of ,germany1 ,italy1 ,greece1 c4 ,the other groweth wilde in many places of ,england1 as well as the other greater sort1 which is not here described2 for besides diuers places within eight or ten miles from ,london1 ,i haue seen it in the ,woods of ,northamptonshire1 and in other places4 ,the ,time4 ,the first of these plants doth flower in the end of ,december1 and beginning of ,ianuary most vsually1 and the other a moneth or two after1 and sometime more4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,helleborus1 or ,elleborus niger verus1 and is the same that both ,theophrastus and ,dioscorides haue written of1 and which was called ,melampodion1 of ,melampus the ,goateheard1 that purged and cured the mad or melancholicke daughters of ,prtus with the rootes thereof4 ,dodonus calleth it ,veratrum nigrum primum1 and the other secundum3 ,wee call it in ,english1 ,the true blacke ,hellebor1 or the ,christmas flower1 because 7as ,i said7 it is most commonly in flower at or before ,christmas4 ,the second is a bastard or wilde kinde thereof1 it so nearely resembleth the true1 and is called of most of the later ,writers1 ,pseudoelleborus niger minor1 or ,helleboraster minor1 for a distinction betweene it and the greater1 which is not here described3 and is called in ,english1 ,the smaller or lesser ,beare foote1 and most vsed in ,physicke1 because it is more plentifull1 yet it is more churlish and strong in operation then the true or former kinde4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the rootes of both these kindes are safe medecines1 being rightly prepared1 to be vsed for all ,melancholicke diseases1 whatsoeuer others may feare or write1 and may be without danger applied1 so as care and skill1 and not temerary rashnesse doe order and dispose of them4 ,the powder of the dryed leaues1 especially of the bastard kinde1 is a sure remedy to kill the wormes in children1 moderately taken4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxii4 ,elleborus albus4 ,white ,ellebor or ,neesewort4 ,there are two sorts of great white ,ellebors or ,neeseworts1 whereas there was but one kinde knowne to the ,ancients2 the other being found out of later dayes3 ,and although neither of both these haue any beauty in their flowers1 yet because their leaues1 being faire and large1 haue a goodly prospect1 ,i haue inserted them in this place1 that this ,garden should not be vnfurnished of them1 and you not vnacquainted with them4 #a4 ,elleborus albus vulgaris4 ,white ,ellebor or ,neesing roote4 ,the first great white ,ellebor riseth at the first out of the ground1 with a whitish greene great round head1 which growing vp1 openeth it selfe into many goodly faire large greene leaues1 plaited or ribbed with eminent ribbes all along the leaues1 compassing one another at the bottome1 in the middle whereof riseth vp a stalke three foot high or better1 with diuers such like leaues thereon1 but smaller to the middle thereof2 from whence to the toppe it is diuided into many branches1 hauing many small yellowish1 or whitish greene starre-like flowers all along vpon them1 which after turne into small1 long1 three square whitish seede1 standing naked1 without any huske to containe them1 although some haue written otherwise3 the roote is thicke and reasonable great at the head1 hauing a number of great white strings running downe deepe into the ground1 whereby it is strongly fastened4 #b4 ,elleborus albus prcox siue atrorubente flore4 ,the early white ,ellebor with reddish flowers4 ,this other ,ellebor is very like the former1 but that it springeth vp a moneth at the least before it1 and that the leaues are not fully so thicke or so much plaited1 but as large or larger1 and doe sooner perish and fall away from the plant3 the stalke hereof is as high as the former1 bearing such like starry flowers1 but of a darke or blackish red colour3 the seede is like the other3 the roote hath no such head as the other 7so farre as ,i haue obserued1 both by mine own and others plants7 but hath many long white strings fastened to the top1 which is as it were a long bulbous scaly head1 out of which spring the leaues4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in many places of ,germany1 as also in some parts of ,russia1 in that aboundance1 by the relation of that worthy1 curious1 and diligent searcher and preseruer of all natures rarities and varieties1 my very good friend1 ,iohn ,tradescante1 often heretofore remembred1 that1 as hee said1 a good ship might be loaden with the rootes hereof1 which hee saw in an ,island there4 ,the other likewise groweth in the vpland wooddy grounds of ,germanie1 and other the parts thereabouts4 ,the ,time4 ,the first springeth vp in the end or middle of ,march1 and flowreth in ,iune4 ,the second springeth in ,february1 but flowreth not vntill ,iune4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,elleborus albus1 or ,helleborus albus1 the letter ,h1 as all ,schollers know1 being but aspirationis nota3 and ,veratrum album flore viridante1 of some ,sanguis ,herculis4 ,the other is called ,elleborus albus prcox1 and flore atrorubente1 or atropurpurante4 ,we call the first in ,english1 ,white ,ellebor1 ,neesewort1 or ,neesing roote1 because the powder of the roote is vsed to procure neesing2 and ,i call it the greater1 in regard of those in the next ,chapter4 ,the other hath his name according to the ,latine title1 most proper for it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the force of purging is farre greater in the roote of this ,ellebor1 then in the former2 and therefore is not carelessly to bee vsed1 without extreame danger2 yet in contumatious and stubborne diseases it may bee vsed with good caution and aduice4 ,there is a ,syrupe or ,oxymel made hereof in the ,apothecaries shops1 which as it is dangerous for gentle and tender bodies1 so it may be very effectuall in stronger constitutions4 ,pausanias in ,phocicis1 recordeth a notable stratagem that ,solon vsed in besieging the ,citie of ,cirrheus1 viz4 ,that hauing cut off the riuer ,plistus from running into the ,citie1 he caused a great many of these rootes to be put into a quantity thereof1 which after they had steeped long enough therein1 and was sufficiently infected therewith1 he let passe into the ,citie againe3 whereof when they had greedily drunke1 they grew so weake and feeble by the superpurgation thereof1 that they were forced to leaue their wals vnmand1 and not guarded1 whereby the ,amphyctions their enemies became masters of their ,citie4 ,the like stratagems are set downe by diuers other ,authors1 performed by the helpe of other herbes4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,elleborine4 ,small or wilde white ,ellebor4 ,the likenesse of the leaues of these plants1 rather then any other faculty with the former white ,ellebor1 hath caused them to be called ,elleborine1 as if they were smaller white ,ellebors4 ,and ,i for the same cause haue ioyned them next1 whereof there are found many sorts3 ,one which is the greater kinde1 is of greatest beauty2 the other which are lesser differ not much one from another1 more then in the colour of the flowers1 whereof ,i will onely take three1 being of the most beautie1 and leaue the rest to another worke4 #a4 ,helleborine vel ,elleborine maior1 siue ,calceolus ,mari4 ,our ,ladies ,slipper4 ,this most beautifull plant of all these kindes1 riseth vp with diuers stalkes1 a foote and a halfe high at the most1 bearing on each side of them broad greene leaues1 somewhat like in forme vnto the leaues of the white ,ellebor1 but smaller and not so ribbed1 compassing the stalke at the lower end2 at the tops of the stalkes come forth one1 or two1 or three flowers at the most1 one aboue another1 vpon small short foote-stalkes1 with a small leafe at the foote of euery stalke3 each of these flowers are of a long ouall forme1 that is1 more long then round1 and hollow withall1 especially at the vpper part1 the lower being round and swelling like a belly3 at the hollow part there are two small peeces like eares or flippets1 that at the first doe couer the hollow part1 and after stand apart one from another1 all which are of a fine pale yellow colour1 in all that ,i haue seene 7yet it is said there are some found1 that are more browne or tending to purple7 there are likewise foure long1 narrow1 darke coloured leaues at the setting on of the flower vnto the stalke1 wherein as it were the flower at the first standeth3 the whole flower is of a pretty small sent3 the seede is very small1 very like vnto the seede of the ,orchides or ,satyrions1 and contained in such like long pods1 but bigger3 the roots are composed of a number of strings enterlacing themselues one within another1 lying within the vpper crust of the earth1 not spreading deep1 of a darke brownish colour4 #b4 ,elleborine minor flore albo4 ,the small or wilde white ,ellebor with a white flower4 ,this smaller wilde white ,ellebor riseth vp in the like manner vnto the former1 and not much lower1 bearing such like leaues1 but smaller1 and of a winter greene colour1 almost of the colour and fashion of the leaues of ,lilly ,conually2 the top of the stalke hath many more flowers1 but lesser1 growing together1 spike-fashion1 with small short leaues at the stalke of euery flower1 which consisteth of fiue small white leaues1 with a small close hood in the middle1 without any sent at all2 the seede and seede vessels are like vnto the former1 but smaller3 the rootes are many small strings1 dispersing themselues in the ground4 #c4 ,elleborine minor flore purpurante4 ,the small or wilde white ,ellebor with blush flowers4 ,the leaues of this kinde are like vnto the last described1 but somewhat narrower3 the stalkes and flowers are alike1 but smaller also1 and of a pale purplish or blush colour1 which causeth the difference4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in very many places of ,germany1 and in other ,countries also4 ,it groweth likewise in ,lancashire1 neare vpon the border of ,yorkeshire1 in a wood or place called the ,helkes1 which is three miles from ,ingleborough1 the highest ,hill in ,england1 and not farre from ,ingleton1 as ,i am informed by a courteous ,gentlewoman1 a great louer of these delights1 called ,mistris ,thomasin ,tunstall1 who dwelleth at ,bull-banke1 neare ,hornby ,castle in those parts1 and who hath often sent mee vp the rootes to ,london1 which haue borne faire flowers in my ,garden4 ,the ,second groweth in many places of ,england1 and with the same ,gentlewoman also before remembred1 who sent me one plant of this kinde with the other4 ,the last ,i haue not yet knowne to growe in ,england2 but no doubt many things doe lye hid1 and not obserued1 which in time may bee discouered1 if our ,country ,gentlemen and women1 and others1 in their seuerall places where they dwell1 would be more carefull and diligent1 and be aduertised either by themselues1 or by others capable and fit to be imployed1 as occasion and time might serue1 to finde out such plants as growe in any the circuits or limits of their habitations1 or in their trauels1 as their pleasures or affaires leade them4 ,and because ignorance is the chiefe cause of neglect of many rare things1 which happen to their view at sometimes1 which are not to be seene againe peraduenture1 or not in many yeares after1 ,i would heartily aduise all men of meanes1 to be stirred vp to bend their mindes1 and spend a little more time and trauell in these delights of herbes and flowers1 then they haue formerly done1 which are not onely harmlesse1 but pleasurable in their time1 and profitable in their vse4 ,and if any would be better enformed1 and certified of such things they know not1 ,i would be willing and ready to my best skill to aduertise them1 that shall send any thing vp to me where ,i dwell in ,london4 ,thus farre ,i haue digressed from the matter in hand1 and yet not without some good vse ,i hope1 that others may make of it4 ,the ,time4 ,the two first flower earlier then the last1 and both the first about one time1 that is1 in the end of ,aprill1 or beginning of ,may4 ,the last in the end of ,may1 or in ,iune4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,elleborine recentiorum maior1 and ,calceolus ,mari3 ,of some thought to be ,cosmosandalos1 because it is ,sandali forma4 ,in ,english we call it our ,ladies ,slipper1 after the ,dutch name4 ,the other two lesser kinds haue their names in their titles3 ,i haue thought it fit to adde the title of small white ,ellebors vnto these1 for the forme sake1 as is before said4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is no vse of these in ,physicke in our dayes that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxiiii4 ,lilium ,conuallium4 ,lilly ,conually4 ,the remembrance of the ,conuall ,lilly1 spoken of in the precedent ,chapter1 hath caused me to insert these plants among the rest1 although differing both in face and properties2 but lest it should lose all place1 let it keepe this4 ,it is of two sorts1 differing chiefly in the colour of the flowers1 the one being white1 and the other reddish1 as shall be shewed in their descriptions following4 #a4 ,lilium ,conuallium flore albo4 ,the white ,lilly ,conually4 ,the white ,conuall or ,may ,lilly1 hath three or foure leaues rising together from the roote1 one enclosed within another1 each whereof when it is open is long and broad1 of a grayish shining greene colour1 somewhat resembling the leaues of the former wilde ,neesewort1 at the side whereof1 and sometime from the middle of them1 riseth vp a small short naked foote-stalke1 an hand breadth high or somewhat more1 bearing at the toppe one aboue another many small white flowers1 like little hollow bottles with open mouths1 nicked or cut into fiue or six notches1 turning all downewards one way1 or on one side of the stalke1 of a very strong sweete sent1 and comfortable for the memory and senses1 which turne into small red berries1 like vnto ,asparagus1 wherein is contained hard white seede3 the rootes runne vnder ground1 creeping euery way1 consisting of many small white strings4 #b4 ,lilium ,conuallium flore rubente4 ,may ,lillies with red flowers4 ,this other ,may ,lilly differeth neither in roote1 leafe1 nor forme of flower from that before1 but onely in the colour of the flower1 which is of a fine pale red colour1 being in my iudgement not altogether so sweet as the former4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth aboundantly in many places of ,england4 ,the other is a stranger1 and groweth only in the ,gardens of those that are curious louers of rarities4 ,the ,time4 ,they both flower in ,may1 and the berries are ripe in ,august4 ,the ,names4 ,the ,latines haue no other name for this plant but ,lilium ,conuallium1 although some would haue it to be ,lilium vernum of ,theophrastus1 and others ,oenanthe of the same ,author4 ,gesner thinketh it to be ,callionymus4 ,lonicerus to be ,cacalia1 and ,fuchsius to be ,ephemerum non lethale3 but they are all for the most part mistaken4 ,we call it in ,english ,lilly ,conually1 ,may ,lilly1 and of some ,liriconfancie4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the flowers of the white kinde are often vsed with those things that help to strengthen the memory1 and to procure ease to ,apoplecticke persons4 ,camerarius setteth downe the manner of making an oyle of the flowers hereof1 which he saith is very effectuall to ease the paines of the ,goute1 and such like diseases1 to be vsed outwardly1 which is thus3 ,hauing filled a glasse with the flowers1 and being well stopped1 set it for a moneths space in an ,ants hill1 and after being drayned cleare1 set it by to vse4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxv4 ,gentiana4 ,gentian or ,fell-wort4 ,there are diuers sorts of ,gentians or ,fell-wortes1 some greater1 others lesser1 and some very small2 many of them haue very beautifull flowers1 but because some are very suddenly past1 before one would thinke they were blowne open1 and others will abide no culture and manuring1 ,i will onely set forth vnto you two of the greater sorts1 and three of the lesser kindes1 as fittest1 and more familiarly furnishing our gardens1 leauing the rest to their wilde habitations1 and to bee comprehended in a generall ,worke4 #a4 ,gentiana maior flore flauo4 ,the great ,gentian4 ,the great ,gentian riseth vp at the first1 with a long1 round and pointed head of leaues1 closing one another1 which after opening themselues1 lye vpon the ground1 and are faire1 long and broad1 somewhat plaited or ribbed like vnto the leaues of white ,ellebor or ,neeseworte1 but not so fairely or eminently plaited1 neyther so stiffe1 but rather resembling the leaues of a great ,plantane3 from among which riseth vp a stiffe round stalke1 three foote high or better1 full of ioynts1 hauing two such leaues1 but narrower and smaller at euery ioynt1 so compassing about the stalke at the lower end of them1 that they will almost hold water that falleth into them3 from the middle of the stalke to the toppe1 it is garnished with many coronets or rundles of flowers1 with two such greene leaues likewise at euery ioynt1 and wherein the flowers doe stand1 which are yellow1 layd open like starres1 and rising out of small greenish huskes1 with some threds in the middle of them1 but of no sent at all1 yet stately to behold1 both for the order1 height and proportion of the plant3 the seede is browne and flat1 contained in round heads1 somewhat like vnto the seede of the ,fritillaria1 or checkerd ,daffodill1 but browner3 the rootes are great1 thicke and long1 yellow1 and exceeding bitter4 #b4 ,gentiana maior folio ,asclepiadis4 ,swallow-wort ,gentian4 ,this kinde of ,gentian hath many stalkes rising from the roote1 neere two foote high1 whereon grow many faire pale greene leaues1 set by couples1 with three ribs in euery one of them1 and doe somewhat resemble the leaues of ,asclepias or ,swallow-wort1 that is1 broade at the bottome1 and sharpe at the point3 the flowers grow at the seuerall ioynts of the stalkes1 from the middle vpwards1 two or three together1 which are long and hollow1 like vnto a bell flower1 ending in fiue corners1 or pointed leaues1 and folded before they are open1 as the flowers of the ,bindeweedes are1 of a faire blew colour1 sometimes deeper1 and sometimes paler3 the heads or seede vessels haue two points or hornes at the toppes1 and containe within them flat grayish seed1 like vnto the former1 but lesse3 the rootes hereof are nothing so great as the former1 but are yellow1 small and long1 of the bignesse of a mans thumbe4 #c4 ,gentiana minor ,cruciata4 ,crosse-wort ,gentian4 ,this small ,gentian hath many branches lying vpon the ground1 scarce lifting themselues vpright1 and full of ioynts1 whereat grow vsually foure leaues1 one opposite vnto another1 in manner of a ,crosse1 from whence it tooke his name1 in shape very like vnto ,saponaria or ,sopewort1 but shorter1 and of a darker greene colour3 at the tops of the stalkes stand many flowers1 thick thrusting together1 and likewise at the next ioynt vnderneath1 euery one of them standing in a darke blewish greene huske1 and consisting of fiue small leaues1 the points or ends whereof only appeare aboue the huskes wherein they stand1 and are hardly to be seene1 but that they are of a fine pale blew colour1 and that many grow together3 the seed is small and brown1 hard1 and somewhat like vnto the seed of the ,marian ,violets1 or ,couentry bels3 the roots are small and whitish1 dispersing themselues diuersly in the ground1 of as bitter a taste almost as the rest ,illustration3 #a ,lilium ,conuallium4 ,liricon fancy or ,lilly ,conually4 #b ,gentiana maior4 ,the great ,gentian4 #c ,gentianella verna4 ,small ,gentian of the ,spring4 #d ,gentiana ,cruciata4 ,crossewort ,gentian4 #e ,pneumonanthe seu ,gentiana ,autumnalis4 ,autumne ,gentian4 #f ,saponaria flore duplici4 ,double flowred ,sopewort4 #g ,plantago ,rosea4 ,rose ,plantane4 #d4 ,gentianella ,verna4 ,small ,gentian of the ,spring4 ,the small ,gentian of the ,spring hath diuers small hard greene leaues1 lying vpon the ground1 as it were in heads or tufts1 somewhat broade below1 and pointed at the end1 with fiue ribs or veines therein1 as conspicuous as in the former ,gentians1 among which riseth vp a small short stalke1 with some smaller leaues thereon1 at the toppe whereof standeth one faire1 large1 hollow flower1 made bell fashion1 with wide open brimmes1 ending in fiue corners or diuisions1 of the most excellent deepe blew colour that can be seene in any flower1 with some white spots in the bottome on the inside3 after the flower is past1 there appeare long and round pods1 wherein are contained small blackish seede3 the rootes are small1 long1 pale yellow strings1 which shoot forth here and there diuers heads of leaues1 and thereby encrease reasonable well1 if it finde a fit place1 and ground to grow1 or else will not be noursed vp1 with all the care and diligence can be vsed3 the whole plant is bitter1 but not so strong as the former4 #e4 ,gentiana ,autumnalis siue ,pneumonanthe4 ,calathian ,violet or ,autumne ,gentian4 ,this ,gentian that flowreth in ,autumne1 hath in some places higher stalkes then in others1 with many leaues thereon1 set by couples as in other ,gentians1 but long and narrow1 yet shewing the three ribbes or veines that are in each of them3 the toppes of the stalkes are furnished euery one with a flower or two1 of an excellent blew purple colour1 ending in fiue corners1 and standing in long huskes3 the rootes are somewhat great at the top1 and spreading into many small yellow strings1 bitter as the rest are4 #f4 ,saponaria flore duplici4 ,double flowred ,sopeworte4 ,vnto these kindes of ,gentians1 ,i must needes adde these following plants1 for that the former is of some neere resemblance in leafe with some of the former4 ,and because the ordinary ,sopeworte or ,bruiseworte with single flowers is often planted in ,gardens1 and the flowers serue to decke both the garden and the house2 ,i may vnder the one describe them both3 for this with double flowers is farre more rare1 and of greater beautie4 ,it hath many long and slender round stalkes1 scarce able to sustaine themselues1 and stand vpright1 being ful of ioynts and ribbed leaues at them1 euery one somewhat like a small ,gentian or ,plantane leafe3 at the toppes of the stalkes stand many flowers1 consisting of two or three rowes of leaues1 of a whitish or pale purple colour1 and of a strong sweet sent1 somewhat like the smell of ,iasmin flowers1 standing in long and thicke pale greene huskes1 which fall away without giuing any seede1 as most other double flowers doe that encrease by the roote1 which spreadeth within the ground1 and riseth vp in sundry distant places like the single4 #g4 ,plantago ,rosea4 ,rose ,plantane4 ,this other plant is in all things like vnto the ordinary ,plantane or ,ribworte1 that groweth wilde abroade in many places1 whose leaues are very large3 but instead of the long slender spike1 or eare that the ordinary hath1 this hath eyther a thicke long spike of small greene leaues vpon short stalkes1 or else a number of such small greene leaues layd round-wise like vnto a ,rose1 and sometimes both these may be seene vpon one and the same roote1 at one and the same time1 which abide a great while fresh vpon the roote1 and sometimes also giueth seede1 especially from the more long and slender spikes4 ,the ,place4 ,some of these ,gentians grow on the toppes of hils1 and some on the sides and foote of them in ,germany and other ,countreyes3 some of them also vpon barren heaths in those places1 as also in our owne ,countrey1 especially the ,autumne ,gentian1 and as it is reported1 the ,vernall likewise4 ,the single or ordinary ,sopeworte is found wilde in many places with vs1 but the double came to vs from beyond the ,sea1 and is scarce known or heard of in ,england4 ,the ,rose ,plantaine hath beene long in ,england1 but whether naturall thereof or no1 ,i am not assured4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part in ,iune and ,iuly1 but the small ,gentian of the ,spring flowreth somewhat earlier1 and that of the ,autumne in ,august and ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,gentiana is the generall name giuen to the ,gentians4 ,we call them in ,english ,gentian1 ,fellworte1 ,bitterwort1 and ,baldmoney4 ,saponaria taketh his name from the scouring qualitie it hath3 ,wee call it in ,english ,sopewort1 and in some places ,bruisewort4 ,some haue thought it to bee ,struthium of ,dioscorides1 or at least haue vsed it for the same causes1 but therein they are greatly deceiued1 as ,matthiolus hath very well obserued thereon1 and so is ,dodonus1 that thought it to be ,alisma4 ,the ,rose ,plantaine is so called of the double spikes it carrieth4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the wonderfull wholsomnesse of ,gentian cannot bee easily knowne to vs1 by reason our daintie tastes refuse to take thereof1 for the bitternesse sake3 but otherwise it would vndoubtedly worke admirable cures1 both for the liuer1 stomacke and lunges4 ,it is also a speciall counterpoison against any infection1 as also against the violence of a mad dogges tooth3 wilde ,sopewort is vsed in many places1 to scoure the countrey womens treen1 and pewter vessels1 and physically some make great boast to performe admirable cures in ,hydropicall diseases1 because it is diureticall1 and in ,lue ,veneria1 when other ,mercuriall medicines haue failed4 ,the ,rose ,plantaine no doubt hath the same qualities that the ordinary hath4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,campanula4 ,bell-flowers4 ,under the title of ,bell-flowers are to bee comprehended in this ,chapter1 not only those that are ordinarily called ,campanula1 but ,viola ,mariana1 and ,trachelium also1 whereof the one is called ,couentry1 the other ,canterbury ,bells4 #a4 ,campanula ,persicifolia alba1 vel crulea4 ,peach-leafed ,bell-flowers white or blew4 ,the ,peach-leafed ,bell-flower hath many tufts1 or branches of leaues lying vpon the ground1 which are long and narrow1 somewhat like vnto the leafe of an ,almond or ,peach tree1 being finely nicked about the edges1 and of a sad greene colour1 from among which rise vp diuers stalkes1 two foote high or more1 set with leaues to the middle1 and from thence vpwards1 with many flowers standing on seuerall small foote-stalkes1 one aboue another1 with a small leafe at the foote of euery one2 the flowers stand in small greene huskes1 being small and round at the bottome1 but wider open at the brimme1 and ending in fiue corners1 with a three forked clapper in the middle1 set about with some small threds tipt with yellow1 which flowers in some plants are pure white1 and in others of a pale blew or watchet colour1 hauing little or no sent at all3 the seede is small1 and contained in round flat heads1 or seede vessels3 the roote is very small1 white and threddy1 creeping vnder the vpper crust of the ground1 so that oftentimes the heat and drought of the ,summer will goe near to parch and wither it vtterly3 it requireth therefore to be planted in some shadowie place4 #b4 ,campanula maior1 siue ,pyramidalis4 ,the great or steeple ,bell-flower4 ,this great ,bell-flower hath diuers stalkes1 three foote high or better1 whereon grow diuers smooth1 darke1 greene leaues1 broade at the bottome1 and small at the point1 somewhat vneuenly notched about the edges1 and standing vpon longer footestalkes below then those aboue3 the flowers are blew1 and in some white1 not so great or large as the former1 but neare of the same fashion1 growing thicker and more plentifully together1 with smaller leaues among them1 burning thicke below1 and rising smaller and thinner vp to the toppe1 in fashion of a ,pyramis or speere ,steeple3 the roote is thicke and whitish1 yeelding more store of milke being broken 7as the leaues and stalks also doe7 then any other of the ,bell-flowers1 euery one whereof doe yeelde milke1 some more and some lesse4 #c4 ,viola ,mariana flore albido vel purpureo4 ,couentry ,bels white or purple4 ,the leaues of ,couentry ,bels are of a pale or fresh greene colour1 long1 and narrow next vnto the bottome1 and broader from the middle to the end1 and somewhat round pointed1 a little hairy all ouer1 and snipt about the edges3 the stalkes rise vp the yeare after the sowing1 being somewhat hairy also1 and branching forth from the roote1 into diuers parts1 whereon stand diuers leaues1 smaller then the former1 and of a darker greene colour3 at the end of euery branch stand the flowers1 in greene huskes1 from whence come large1 round1 hollow ,bels1 swelling out in the middle1 and rising somewhat aboue it1 like the necke of a pot1 and then ending in fiue corners1 which are either of a faire or faint white1 or of a pale blew purplish colour1 and sometimes of a deeper purple or violet3 after the flowers are past1 there rise vp great square1 or cornered seede vessels1 wherein is contained in diuers diuisions1 small1 hard1 shining1 browne1 flat seeds3 the roote is white1 and being young as in the first yeares sowing1 is tender1 and often eaten as other ,rampions are2 but the next yeare1 when it runneth vp to seede1 it groweth hard1 and perisheth3 so that it is to be continued by euery other yeares sowing4 #d4 ,trachelium maius flore albo vel purpureo4 ,great ,canterbury ,bels white or purple4 ,the greater ,canterbury ,bels1 or ,throateworte1 hath many large rough leaues1 somewhat like vnto ,nettle leaues1 being broad and round at the bottome1 and pointed at the end1 notched or dented on the edges1 and euery one standing on a long footstalk3 among these leaues rise vp diuers square rough stalkes1 diuided at the toppe into diuers branches1 whereon grow the like leaues as grow below1 but lesser2 toward the ends of the branches stand the flowers1 mixed with some longer leaues1 euery one in his seuerall huske1 which are hollow1 long and round1 like a bell or cup1 wide open at the mouth1 and cut at the brimme into fiue corners1 or diuisions1 somewhat lesser then the ,couentry ,bels1 in some of a pure white1 and others of a faire deepe purple violet colour1 and sometimes paler3 after the flowers are past1 come smaller and rounder heades then in the former1 containing flat seede1 but blacker1 and not so redde as the last3 the roote is hard and white1 dispersing it selfe into many branches vnder ground1 not perishing euery yeare as the former 7although it loseth all the leaues in winter7 but abiding many yeares1 and encreasing into diuers heades or knobs1 from whence spring new leaues and branches4 ,illustration3 #a ,campanula persicifolia4 ,peach leafed ,bell-flower4 #b ,trachelium maius simplex4 ,canterbury ,bels4 99 ,trachelium flore duplici4 ,double ,canterbury ,bels4 #c ,viola ,mariana4 ,couentry ,bels4 #d ,trachelium ,giganteum4 ,giants ,throatewort4 #e ,trachelium minus4 ,the lesser ,throatewort4 #f ,trachelium ,americanum siue ,cardinalis planta4 ,the rich crimson ,cardinals flower4 #e4 ,trachelium maius flore duplici albo cruleo4 ,canterbury ,bels with double flowers both white and blew4 ,of this kinde of ,throateworte or ,canterbury ,bels1 there is another sort1 not differing in any thing from the former1 but in the doublenesse of the flower3 ,for there is of both the kindes1 one that beareth double white flowers1 and the other blew3 ,of each whereof ,i receiued plants from friends beyond the ,sea1 which grow well with me4 #f4 ,trachelium ,giganteum flore purpurante4 ,pale purple ,giants ,throateworte4 ,this ,bell-flower1 although it hath a ,gigantine name1 yet did ,i neuer perceiue it in my garden1 to rise vp higher then the former1 the epithite beeing in my perswasion1 only giuen for difference sake3 the leaues whereof are not so rough1 but as large1 and dented about the edges1 somewhat larger pointed1 and of a fresher greene colour3 the stalkes beare such like leaues on them1 but more thinly or dispersedly set1 hauing a flower at the setting on of euery one of the leaues1 from the middle vpwards1 and are somewhat like the great ,throateworte in forme1 but of a pale or bleake reddish purple colour1 turning the brims or corners a little backwards1 with a forked clapper in the middle1 sufficient eminent and yellow3 the seede hereof is white1 and plentifull in the heads1 which will abide all the winter vpon the stalkes1 vntill all the seede being shed1 the heads remaining seeme like torne rags1 or like thin peeces of skin1 eaten with wormes3 the roote is great1 thicke and white1 abiding long without perishing4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,there is another which differeth not any thing but in the flower1 which is white4 #g4 ,trachelium minus flore albo purpureo4 ,small ,throateworte or ,canterbury ,bells both white and purple4 ,the lesser ,throateworte hath smaller leaues1 nothing so broade or hard as the former great kinde1 but long1 and little or nothing dented about the edges3 the stalkes are square and brownish1 if it beare purple flowers1 and greene if it beare white flowers1 which in forme are alike1 and grow in a bush or tuft1 thicke set together1 more then any of the former1 and smaller also1 being not much bigger then the flowers of the fielde1 or garden ,rampions3 the roote is lasting1 and shooteth afresh euery yeare4 #h4 ,trachelium ,americanum flore ruberrimo1 siue ,planta ,cardinalis4 ,the rich crimson ,cardinals flower4 ,this braue plant1 from a white roote spreading diuers wayes vnder ground1 sendeth forth many greene leaues1 spread round about the head thereof1 each whereof is somewhat broade and long1 and pointed at the end1 finely also snipt about the edges2 from the middle whereof ariseth vp a round hollow stalke1 two foote high at the least1 beset with diuers such leaues as grow below1 but longer below then aboue1 and branching out at the toppe aboundantly1 euery branch bearing diuers greene leaues on them1 and one at the foote of euery of them also1 the toppes whereof doe end in a great large tuft of flowers1 with a small greene leafe at the foote of the stalke of euery flower1 each footestalke being about an inch long1 bearing a round greene huske1 diuided into fiue long leaues or points turned downwards1 and in the midst of euery of them a most rich crimson coloured flower1 ending in fiue long narrow leaues1 standing all of them foreright1 but three of them falling downe1 with a long vmbone set as it were at the backe of them1 bigger below1 and smaller aboue1 and at the toppe a small head1 being of a little paler colour then the flower1 but of no sent or smell at all1 commendable only for the great bush of so orient red crimson flowers3 after the flowers are past1 the seede commeth in small heads1 closed within those greene husks that held the flowers1 which is very like vnto the seede vessels of the ,viola ,mariana1 or ,couentry ,bels1 and is small and brownish4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,bell-flowers do grow in our ,gardens1 where they are cherished for the beautie of their flowers4 ,the ,couentry ,bels doe not grow wilde in any of the parts about ,couentry1 as ,i am credibly informed by a faithfull ,apothecary dwelling there1 called ,master ,brian ,ball1 but are noursed in ,gardens with them1 as they are in other places4 ,the last groweth neere the riuer of ,canada1 where the ,french plantation in ,america is seated4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower from ,may vntill the end of ,iuly or ,august1 and in the mean time the seed is ripe3 ,but the ,peache-leafed ,bell-flowers1 for the most part1 flower earlier then the other4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is generally called ,campanula ,perficifolia1 in ,english ,peach-leafed ,bell-flower4 ,the second is called ,campanula maior1 ,campanula lactescens ,pyramidalis1 and ,pyramidalis ,lutetiana of ,lobel1 in ,english1 ,great or ,steeple ,bell-flower4 ,the third is vsually called ,viola ,mariana1 and of some ,viola ,marina4 ,lobel putteth a doubt whether it be not ,medium of ,dioscorides1 as ,matthiolus and others doe thinke2 but in my opinion the thicknesse of the roote1 as the text hath it1 contradicteth all the rest4 ,we call it generally in ,english ,couentry ,bels4 ,some call it ,marian1 and some ,mercuries ,violets4 ,the fourth and fift are called ,trachelium or ,cervicaria1 of some ,vvularia1 because many haue vsed it to good purpose1 for the paines of the ,vvula1 or ,throate3 ,yet there is another plant1 called also by some ,vvularia1 which is ,hippoglossum1 ,horse tongue1 or ,double tongue4 ,the sixt hath his title to descipher it out sufficiently1 as is declared4 ,the seuenth is called ,trachelium minus1 and ,ceruicaria minor1 of some ,saponaria altera2 in ,english1 ,small ,throateworte1 or ,small ,canterbury ,bels4 ,the last hath his name in the title1 as it is called in ,france1 from whence ,i receiued plants for my ,garden with the ,latine name3 but ,i haue giuen it in ,english4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,peach-,bels as well as the others may safely bee vsed in gargles and lotions for the mouth1 throate1 or other parts1 as occasion serueth4 ,the rootes of many of them1 while they are young1 are often eaten in sallets by diuers beyond the ,seas4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,campana ,crulea siue ,convolvulus ,cruleus4 ,blew ,bell flowers1 or blew ,bindeweede4 ,there are two other kindes of ,bell-flowers1 much differing from the ,tribe or ,familie of the former1 because of their climbing or winding qualitie1 which ,i must needes place next them1 for the likenesse of the flowers1 although otherwise they might haue beene placed with the other clamberers that follow4 ,of these there is a greater1 and a lesser1 and of each likewise some difference1 as shall be declared4 #a4 ,convolvulus cruleus maior rotundifolius4 ,the greater blew ,bindweede1 or ,bell-flower with round leaues4 ,this goodly plant riseth vp with many long and winding branches1 whereby it climbeth and windeth vpon any poles1 herbes1 or trees1 that stand neare it within a great compasse1 alwaies winding it selfe contrary to the course of the ,sunne3 on these branches doe growe many faire great round leaues1 and pointed at the end1 like vnto a ,violet leafe in shape1 but much greater1 of a sad greene colour3 at the ioynts of the branches1 where the leaues are set1 come forth flowers on pretty long stalkes1 two or three together at a place1 which are long1 and pointed almost like a finger1 while they are buds1 and not blowne open1 and of a pale whitish blew colour1 but being blowne open1 are great and large bels1 with broad open mouths or brims ending in fine corners1 and small at the bottome1 standing in small greene huskes of fine leaues3 these flowers are of a very deepe azure or blew colour1 tending to a purple1 very glorious to behold1 opening for the most part in the euening1 abiding so all the night and the next morning1 vntill the ,sunne begin to growe somewhat hot vpon them1 and then doe close1 neuer opening more3 the plant carrieth so many flowers1 if it stand in a warme place1 that it will be replenished plentifully1 vntill the cold ayres and euenings stay the luxury thereof3 after the flowers are past1 the stalkes whereon the flowers did stand1 bend downwards1 and beare within the huskes three or foure blacke seedes1 of the bignesse of a ,tare or thereabouts3 the rootes are stringy1 and perish euery yeare4 #b4 ,convolvulus trifolius siue hederaceus purpureus4 ,the greater purple ,bindeweede1 or ,bell-flower with cornered leaues4 ,the growing and forme of this ,bindeweede or ,bell-flower1 is all one with the former1 the chiefest differences consisting in the forme of the leafe1 which in this is three cornered1 like vnto an ,iuie leafe with corners2 and in the flower1 which is of a deeper blew1 tending more to a deepe purple ,violet1 and somewhat more reddish in the fiue plaites of each flower1 as also in the bottomes of the flowers4 #c4 ,convolvulus tenuifolius ,americanus4 ,the red ,bell-flower of ,america4 ,although this rare plant 7because wee seldome haue it1 and can as hardly keepe it7 be scarce knowne in these cold ,countries1 yet ,i could not but make mention of it1 to incite those that haue conueniencie to keepe it1 to be furnished of it4 ,it springeth vp at the first from the seede with two leaues1 with two long forked ends1 which abide a long time before they perish1 betweene which riseth vp the stalke or stemme1 branching forth diuers waies1 being of a brownish colour1 which windeth it selfe as the former great ,bell-flower doth1 whereon are set at seuerall ioynts diuers winged leaues1 that is to say1 many small narrow and long leaues set on both sides of the middle ribbe1 and one at the end3 from these ioynts arise long stalkes1 at the ends whereof stand two or three small1 long1 hollow flowers1 fashioned very like vnto the flowers of a ,bindeweede1 or the flowers of ,tabacco1 and ending in the like manner in fiue points1 but not so much laide open1 being of a bright red colour1 plaited as the ,bindeweedes or ,bell-flowers before they be open1 with some few threads in the middle1 which turne into long pointed cods1 wherein is contained long and blacke seede1 tasting hot like ,pepper3 the roote is small and stringy1 perishing euery yeare1 and with vs will seldome come to flower1 because our cold nights and frosts come so soone1 before it can haue comfort enough of the ,sun to ripen it4 #d4 ,convolvulus cruleus minor ,hispanicus4 ,the ,spanish small blew ,bindeweede4 ,this small ,bindeweede hath small long leaues1 somewhat broader then the next that followeth1 and not so broad as the common small ,bindeweede 7that groweth euery where wilde on the bankes of fields abroad7 set vpon the small trayling branches1 which growe aboue two or three foote high3 from the middle of these branches1 and so vnto the toppes of them1 come forth the flowers at the ioynts with the leaues1 folded together at the first into fiue plaites1 which open into so many corners1 of a most excellent faire skie coloured blew 7so pleasant to behold1 that often it amazeth the spectator7 with white bottomes1 and yellowish in the middle1 which turne into small round white heads1 wherein are contained small blackish cornered seede1 somewhat like the former1 but smaller3 the roote is small and threddy1 perishing as the former euery yeare3 this neuer windeth it selfe about any thing1 but leaneth by reason of the weaknesse of the branches1 and dyeth euery yeare after seede time1 and not to be sowne againe vntill the next ,spring4 #e4 ,convolvulus purpureus ,spicfolius4 ,lauander leafed ,bindeweede4 ,this small purple ,bindeweede1 where it naturally groweth1 is rather a plague then a pleasure1 to whatsoeuer groweth with it in the fields2 yet the beauty of the flower hath caused it to be receiued into ,gardens1 bearing longer and smaller leaues then the last1 and such like small ,bell-flowers1 but of a sad purple colour3 the roote is liuing1 as the common kinds are1 and springeth againe where it hath been once sowne1 without feare of perishing4 ,the ,place4 ,the first two greater kindes haue beene sent vs out of ,italy1 but whether they had them from the ,east ,indies1 or from some of the ,easterne ,countries on this side1 wee know not3 but they thriue reasonable well in our ,country1 if the yeare be any thing kindly4 ,the next came out of ,america1 as his name testifieth4 ,the lesser blew kinde groweth naturally in many places both of ,spaine and ,portugall 7from whence ,i first receiued seedes from ,guillaume ,boel1 heretofore remembred47 ,the last groweth wilde in the fields1 about ,dunmowe in ,essex1 and in many other places of our owne ,countrey likewise4 ,the ,time4 ,the three first greater kindes flower not vntill the end of ,august1 or thereabouts1 and the seede ripeneth in ,september1 if the colds and frosts come not on too speedily4 ,the lesser kindes flower in ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called of some ,campana ,lazura1 as the ,italians doe call it1 or ,campana crulea1 of others ,convolvulus cruleus maior1 siue ,indicus1 and ,flos noctis4 ,of some ,nil ,auicenn4 ,the second1 is called ,convolvulus trifolius1 or hederaceus1 for the distinction of the leaues4 ,in ,english wee call them eyther ,great blew ,bell flowers1 or more vsually1 ,great blew ,bindeweedes4 ,that of ,america is diuersly called by diuers4 ,it is called ,quamoclit of the ,indians1 and by that name it was sent to ,ioachinus ,camerarius out of ,italy1 where it is so called still1 as ,fabius ,columna setteth it downe1 and as my selfe also can witnesse it1 from thence being so sent vnto mee3 but ,andras ,csalpinus calleth it1 ,iasminum folio ,millefolij1 supposing it to be a ,iasmine4 ,camerarius saith1 it may not vnfitly be called ,convolvulus tenuifolius1 accounting it a kinde of ,bindeweede4 ,columna entituleth it ,convolvulus pennatus exoticus rarior1 and saith it cannot bee referred to any other kinde of plant then to the ,bindeweede4 ,hee that published the ,cur posteriores of ,clusius1 giueth it the name of ,iasminum ,americanum1 which ,i would doe also1 if ,i thought it might belong to that ,family2 but seeing the face and forme of the plant better agreeing with the ,bindeweedes or ,bell-flowers1 ,i haue 7as you see7 inserted it among them1 and giuen it that name may bee most fit for it1 especially because it is but an annuall plant4 ,the lesser kindes haue their names sufficiently expressed in their titles4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we know of no vse these haue in ,physicke with vs1 although if the first be ,nil of ,auicen1 both he and ,serapio say it purgeth strongly4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,stramonium4 ,thorne-,apple4 ,vnto the ,bell-flowers1 ,i must adioyne three other plants1 in the three seuerall ,chapters following1 for some affinity of the flowers3 and first of the ,thorne-,apples1 whereof there are two especiall kindes1 that is1 a greater and a lesser1 and of each some diuersity1 as shall be set downe4 #a4 ,stramonium maius album4 ,the great white flowred ,thorne-,apple4 ,the greater ,thorne-,apple hath a great1 strong1 round greene stalke1 as high as any man1 if it be planted in good ground1 and of the bignesse of a mans wrest almost at the bottome1 spreading out at the toppe into many branches1 whereon stand many very large and broad darke greene leaues1 cut in very deeply on the edges1 and hauing manie points or corners therein3 the flowers come forth at the ioynts1 betweene two branches towards the toppe of them1 being very large1 long1 and wide open1 ending in fiue points or corners1 longer and larger then any other ,bell-flowers whatsoeuer3 after the flowers are past1 come the fruit1 which are thorny long heads1 more prickly and greene then the lesser kindes1 which being ripe openeth it selfe into three or foure parts1 hauing a number of flat blackish seede within them3 the roote is aboundant in fibres1 whereby it strongly taketh hold in the ground1 but perisheth with the first frosts2 yet the seede that is shed when the fruit is ripe1 commeth vp the next yeare4 #b4 ,stramonium maius purpureum4 ,the great purple flowred ,thorne-,apple4 ,this purple ,thorne-,apple is in largenesse of leaues1 thicknesse and height of stalke1 greatnesse and forme of flowers and fruit1 euery way equall and correspondent vnto the former1 the chiefe differences be these3 the stalke is of a darke purple colour2 the leaues are of a darker greene1 somewhat purplish1 and the flowers are of light purple or pale ,doue colour1 enclining to white1 and whiter at the bottome4 #c4 ,stramonium minus seu ,nux ,metel flore albo4 ,the smaller ,thorne-,apple with a white flower4 ,the smaller ,thorne-,apple riseth vp with one round stalke1 of the bignesse of a mans finger1 and neuer much aboue two foote high with vs1 bearing a few large1 broad1 smooth leaues thereon1 without any branches at all1 which are vneuenly rent or torne about the edges1 with many ribs1 and smaller veines running through them1 yet lesser by much then the greater kinde3 at the ioynts where the leaues stand1 come forth long and large white flowers1 with broad or wide open brims1 folded together before their opening1 as the other former ,bell-flowers or ,bindeweedes1 but hauing their fiue corners more pointed or horned then either they1 or the former ,thorne-,apples3 after the flowers are past1 succeed small fruit1 rounder and harder1 set with harder1 but blunt prickes then the former1 wherein is contained brownish yellow flat seede1 sticking to the inward pulpe2 the roote is not very great1 but full of strings1 and quickly perisheth with the first frosts4 ,illustration3 #a ,convolvulus maior cruleus4 ,the greater blew ,bindweed or ,bell flower4 #b ,convolvulus trifolius seu hederaceus4 ,the great purple ,bindeweed4 #c ,convolvulus minor cruleus ,hispanicus4 ,the ,spanish small blew ,bindweed4 #d ,stramonium maius seu ,pomum spinosum4 ,the great ,thorne-,apple4 #e ,datura seu ,stramonium minus4 ,the small ,thorne-,apple4 #f ,stramonium flore duplici4 ,the double flowred ,thorne-,apple4 #g ,stramonium flore geminato4 ,double ,thorne-,apple one out of another4 #h ,tabacco latifolium4 ,broad-leafed ,tabacco4 #i ,mirabilia ,peruana4 ,the ,meruaile of the world4 #d4 ,stramonium minus flore geminato purpurante4 ,the small double flowred purple ,thorne-,apple4 ,in the flower of this plant1 consisteth the chiefest difference from the former1 which is as large as the last1 pointed into more hornes or corners1 and beareth two flowers1 standing in one huske1 one of them rising out from the middle of the other1 like vnto those kindes of ,cowslips and ,oxelips1 called double1 or ,hose in hose1 before described1 which are of a pale purplish colour on the outside1 and almost white within3 the fruit is round like the last1 and beareth such like seede1 so that vntill it bee in flower1 their difference can hardly bee discerned3 this is more tender then the last1 although euen it is so tender1 that it seldome beareth ripe seede with vs4 ,sidenote3 ,flore duplici4 ,sometimes 7for ,i think it is not another kind7 the flower will haue as it were double rowes of leaues1 close set together1 and not consisting of two1 rising so distinctly one aboue another4 ,the ,place4 ,all these kindes haue been brought or sent vs out of ,turkie and ,egypt2 but ,garcias1 and ,christopherus ,acosta1 with others1 affirme that they grow in the ,east ,indies4 ,the lesser kindes are very rare with vs1 because they seldome come to maturity2 and therefore we are still to seeke of new seede to sowe4 ,the greater kindes are plentifull enough in our ,gardens1 and will well abide1 and giue ripe fruit4 ,the ,time4 ,the smaller kindes flower later then the greater2 and therefore their fruit are the sooner spoyled with the cold ayres1 dewes1 and frosts1 that come at the latter end of the yeare3 but the greater kinds neuer misse lightly to ripen4 ,the ,names4 ,both the greater and smaller kindes are generally called ,stramonium1 ,stramonia1 ,pomum spinosum1 and ,datura4 ,bauhinus vpon ,matthiolus his ,comentaries on ,dioscorides1 calleth it ,solanum ftidum spinosum4 ,some learned men haue referred it to ,nux ,metel1 of the ,arabian ,authors4 ,wee call them generally1 in ,english1 ,thorne-,apples1 and distinguish them by their titles of greater and letter1 single and double4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,east ,indian lasciuious women performe strange acts with the seed 7of the smaller kinde1 as ,i suppose1 or it may be of either7 giuing it their husbands to drinke4 ,the whole plant1 but especially the seed1 is of a very cold and soporiferous quality1 procuring sleep and distraction of senses4 ,a few of the seeds steeped and giuen in drinke1 will cause them that take it to seem starke drunke or dead drunke1 which fit will within a few houres weare away1 and they recouer their senses againe1 as a drunken man raysed after sleep from his wine4 ,it may therefore 7in my opinion7 be of safe and good vse to one1 that is to haue a legge or an arme cut off1 or to be cut for the stone1 or some other such like cure to be performed1 to take away the sense of paine for the time of doing it2 otherwise ,i hold it not fit to be vsed without great caution4 ,but the greene leaues of the greater kindes 7as also the lesser1 but that with vs they are not so plentifull7 are by tryed experience1 found to be excellent good for any scalded or burned part1 as also to take away any hot inflammations1 being made vp into a salue or ointment with suet1 waxe1 and rossin1 c4 or with ,axungia1 that is1 ,hogs larde4 ,,chap4 ,,lxxxix4 ,tabacco4 ,indian ,henbane1 or ,tabacco4 ,there hath beene formerly but three kindes of ,tabacco knowne vnto vs1 two of them called ,indian1 and the third ,english ,tabacco4 ,in these later yeares1 we haue had in our gardens about ,london 7before the suppressing of the planting7 three or foure other sorts at the least1 and all of the ,indian kinde1 hauing some especiall difference1 eyther in leafe1 or flower1 or both3 ,and in regard the flowers of some of these carry a pretty shew1 ,i shall only entreate of them1 and not of the ,english kind4 ,tabacco latifolium4 ,broade leafed ,tabacco4 ,the great ,indian ,tabacco hath many very large1 long1 thicke1 fat and faire greene leaues1 standing foreright for the most part1 and compassing the stalkes at the bottome of them1 being somewhat pointed at the end3 the stalke is greene and round1 sixe or seuen foote high at sometimes1 and in some places1 in others not past three or foure foote high1 diuided towards the toppe into many branches1 with leaues at euery ioynt1 and at the toppes of the branches many flowers1 the bottomes hereof are long and hollow1 and the toppes plaited or folded before they are open1 but being open1 are diuided sometimes into foure1 or more vsually into fiue corners1 somewhat like vnto other of the ,bell-flowers1 but lying a little flatter open1 of a light carnation colour4 ,the seede is very small and browne1 contained in round heads1 that are clammy while they are greene1 and pointed at the end3 the roote is great1 whitish1 and woody at the head1 dispersing many long branches1 and small fibres vnder the ground1 whereby it is strongly fastened1 but perisheth with our violent frosts in the winter1 if it be left abroad in the garden1 but if it be housed1 or safely prouided for against the frostes1 the rootes will liue1 and spring afresh the next yeare4 ,there is of this kinde another sort1 whose leaues are as large and long as the former1 but thicker1 and of a more dead greene colour1 hanging downe to the ground-ward1 and scarce any standing forth-right1 as the former1 vnlesse they bee very young3 the flowers of this kinde are almost whole1 without any great shew of corners at the brims or edges1 in all other things there is no difference4 ,there is another1 whose large and thicke flat leaues doe compasse the stalke at the bottome1 and are as it were folded together one side vnto another3 the flowers are of a deeper blush1 or carnation colour1 and with longer points and corners then in any of the former2 and in these two things consisteth the difference from the others1 and is called ,verines ,tabacco4 ,another hath his leaues not so large and long as the first1 and these haue short footestalkes1 whereon they stand1 and doe not compasse the stalke as the other doe3 the flower hereof is like the first1 but smaller1 and of a little paler colour4 ,tabacco angustifolium4 ,narrow leafed ,tabacco4 ,this kinde of ,tabacco hath somewhat lower1 and smaller stalkes1 then any of the former3 the leaues hereof are smaller and narrower1 and not altogether so thicke1 but more pointed1 and euery one standing vpon a footstalke1 an inch and a halfe long at the least3 the flowers hereof stand thicker together1 vpon the small branches1 somewhat larger1 of a deeper blush colour1 and more eminent corners then in any the former2 the seed and roots are alike1 and perish in like manner1 vnlesse it be brought into a cellar1 or other such couert1 to defend it from the extremitie of the ,winter4 ,the ,place4 ,america or the ,west ,indies is the place where all these kindes doe grow naturally1 some in one place1 and some in another1 as in ,peru1 ,trinidado1 ,hispaniola1 and almost in euery ,iland and ,countrey of the continent thereof3 with vs they are cherished in gardens1 as well for the medicinable qualities1 as for the beauty of the flowers4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,august1 seldome before1 and the seede is ripe quickly after4 ,if it once sowe it selfe in a ,garden1 it will giue next year after young plants3 but for the most part they will spring vp late1 and therefore they that would haue them more early1 haue sowen the seede vpon a bed of dung1 and transplanted them afterwards4 ,the ,names4 ,this plant hath gotten many names4 ,the ,indians call it in some places ,petum1 in others1 ,picielt1 and ,perebecenuc1 as ,ouiedus and others doe relate4 ,the ,spaniards in the ,indies first called it ,tabacco1 of an ,iland where plenty of it grew4 ,it hath in ,christendome receiued diuers other names1 as ,nicotiana1 of one ,nicot a ,french man1 who seeing it in ,portugall1 sent it to the ,french ,queene1 from whom it receiued the name of ,herba ,regina4 ,lobel calleth it ,sancta herba1 ,sanasancta ,indorum4 ,some haue adiudged it to be an ,hioscyamus1 and therefore call it ,peruvianus4 ,the most vsuall name wherby we call it in ,english1 is ,tabacco4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the herbe is1 out of question1 an excellent helpe and remedy for diuers diseases1 if it were rightly ordered and applyed1 but the continuall abuse thereof in so many1 doth almost abolish all good vse in any4 ,notwithstanding if men would apply their wits to the finding out of the vertues1 ,i make no doubt but many strange cures would bee performed by it1 both inward and outward4 ,for outward application1 a ,salue made hereof 7as is before recited of the ,thorne apple leaues7 cureth vlcers1 and wounds of hard curation3 ,and for inward helpes1 a ,syrupe made of the iuice and sugar1 or honey1 procureth a gentle vomit 7but the dryed leafe infused in wine much more7 and is effectuall in astmaticall diseases1 if it bee carefully giuen4 ,and likewise cleanseth cankers and fistulaes admirably1 as hath beene found by late experience4 ,the ashes of ,tabacco is often vsed1 and with good successe1 for cuts in the hands1 or other places1 and for other small greene wounds4 ,,chap4 ,,xc4 ,mirabilia ,peruviana4 ,the ,meruaile of ,peru4 ,this plant yeeldeth in our ,gardens fiue or sixe seuerall varieties of beautifull flowers1 as pure white1 pure yellow1 pure red1 white and red spotted1 and red and yellow spotted4 ,but besides these1 ,i haue had some other sorts1 among which was one1 of a pale purple or peach colour3 all which1 comming vnto mee out of ,spaine with many other1 seedes in an vnkindly yeare 7an early winter following a cold summer7 perished with mee2 yet ,i plainely might discerne by their leaues1 and manner of growing1 to be diuers from them that we now haue and keepe4 ,i shall need therefore 7because the chiefest difference consisteth almost in the flowers7 to giue only one description of the plant1 and therein shew the varieties as is before declared4 ,admirabilis4 ,the ,meruaile of the ,world4 ,the stalke of this meruellous plant is great and thick1 bigger then any mans thumbe1 bunched out or swelling at euery ioynt1 in some the stalkes will bee of a faire greene colour1 and those will bring white1 or white and red flowers3 in others they will bee reddish2 and more at the ioynts1 and those giue red flowers2 and in some of a darker greene colour1 which giue yellow flowers2 the stalkes and ioynts of those that will giue red and yellow flowers spotted1 are somewhat brownish1 but not so red as those that giue wholly red flowers3 vpon these stalkes that spread into many branches1 doe grow at the ioynts vpon seuerall footestalkes1 faire greene leaues1 broad at the stalke1 and pointed at the end3 at the ioynts likewise toward the vpper part of the branches1 at the foote of the leaues1 come forth seuerall flowers vpon short footestalkes1 euery one being small1 long and hollow from the bottome to the brimme1 which is broade spread open1 and round1 and consist but of one leafe without diuision1 like vnto a ,bell flower1 but not cornered at all3 which flowers1 as ,i said1 are of diuers colours1 and diuersly marked and spotted1 some being wholly white1 without any spot in them for the most part1 through all the flowers of the plant2 so likewise some being yellow1 and some wholly red2 some plants againe being mixed and spotted1 so variably either white and red1 or purple1 7except here and there some may chance to be wholly white1 or red or purple among the rest7 or red and yellow through the whole plant1 7except as before some may chance in this kinde to be eyther wholly red1 or wholly yellow7 that you shall hardly finde two or three flowers in a hundred1 that will bee alike spotted and marked1 without some diuersitie1 and so likewise euery day1 as long as they blow1 which is vntill the winters1 or rather autumnes cold blastes do stay their willing pronenesse to flower3 ,and ,i haue often also obserued1 that one side of a plant will giue fairer varieties then another1 which is most commonly the ,easterne1 as the more temperate and shadowie side4 ,all these flowers doe open for the most part1 in the euening1 or in the night time1 and so stand blowne open1 vntill the next mornings sun beginne to grow warme vpon them1 which then close themselues together1 all the brims of the flowers shrinking into the middle of the long necke1 much like vnto the blew ,bindeweede1 which in a manner doth so close vp at the sunnes warme heate3 or else if the day be temperate and milde1 without much sunne shining vpon them1 the flowers will not close vp for the most part of that day1 or vntill toward night3 after the flowers are past1 come seuerall seedes1 that is1 but one at a place as the flowers stood before1 of the bignesse 7sometimes7 of pease1 but not so round1 standing within the greene huskes1 wherein the flowers stood before1 being a little flat at the toppe1 like a crowne or head1 and round where it is fastened in the cup1 of a blacke colour when it is ripe1 but else greene all the while it groweth on the stalke1 and being ripe is soone shaken downe with the wind1 or any other light shaking3 the roote is long and round1 greater at the head1 and smaller downwards to the end1 like vnto a ,reddish1 spreading into two or three1 or more branches1 blackish on the outside and whitish within4 ,these rootes ,i haue often preserued by art a winter1 two or three 7for they will perish if they be left out in the garden1 vnlesse it be vnder a house side7 because many times1 the yeare not falling out kindely1 the plants giue not ripe seede1 and so we should be to seeke both of seede to sow1 and of rootes to set1 if this or the like art to keep them1 were not vsed2 which is in this manner3 ,within a while after the first frosts haue taken the plants1 that the leaues wither and fall1 digge vp the rootes whole1 and lay them in a dry place for three or foure dayes1 that the superfluous moysture on the outside1 may be spent and dryed1 which done1 wrap them vp seuerally in two or three browne papers1 and lay them by in a boxe1 chest or tub1 in some conuenient place of the house all the winter time1 where no winde or moist ayre may come vnto them2 and thus you shall haue these rootes to spring a fresh the next yeare1 if you plant them in the beginning of ,march1 as ,i haue sufficiently tryed4 ,but some haue tryed to put them vp into a barrell or firkin of sand1 or ashes1 which is also good if the sand and ashes be thorough dry1 but if it bee anything moist1 or if they giue againe in the winter1 as it is vsuall1 they haue found the moisture of the rootes1 or of the sand1 or both1 to putrefie the rootes1 that they haue beene nothing worth1 when they haue taken them forth4 ,take this note also for the sowing of your seede1 that if you would haue variable flowers1 and not all of one colour1 you must choose out such flowers as be variable while they grow1 that you may haue the seede of them3 for if the flowers bee of one entire colour1 you shall haue for the most part from those seedes1 plants that will bring flowers all of that colour1 whether it be white1 red or yellow4 ,the ,place4 ,these plants grow naturally in the ,west ,indies1 where there is a perpetuall summer1 or at the least no cold frosty winters1 from whence the seede hath been sent into these parts of ,europe1 and are dispersed into euery garden almost of note4 ,the ,time4 ,these plants flower from the end of ,iuly sometimes1 or ,august1 vntill the frosts1 and cold ayres of the euenings in ,october1 pull them down1 and in the meane time the seed is ripe4 ,the ,names4 ,wee haue not receiued the seedes of this plant vnder any other name1 then ,mirabilia ,peruvians1 or ,admirabilis planta4 ,in ,english wee call them1 ,the meruaile of ,peru1 or the meruaile of the world3 yet some ,authors haue called it ,gelseminum1 or ,iasminum rubrum1 ,indicum3 and ,bauhinus ,solanum ,mexicanum flore magno4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we haue not knowne any vse hereof in ,physicke4 ,,chap4 ,,xci4 ,malua4 ,mallowes4 ,of the kindred of ,mallowes there are a great number1 some of the gardens1 others wilde1 some with single flowers1 others with double1 some with whole leaues1 others with cut or diuided3 to entreate of them all is not my purpose1 nor the scope of this worke1 but onely of such whose flowers1 hauing beautie and respect1 are fit to furnish this garden1 as ornaments thereunto4 ,and first of those single kindes1 whose flowers come neerest vnto the fashion of the former ,bell-flowers1 and after to the double ones1 which for their brauery1 are entertained euery where into euery ,countrey womans garden4 #a4 ,malua ,hispanica flore carneo amplo4 ,the ,spanish blush ,mallow4 ,the ,spanish ,mallow is in forme and manner of growing1 very like vnto our common fielde ,mallow1 hauing vpright stalkes two or three foote high1 spread into diuers branches1 and from the bottome to the toppe1 beset with round leaues1 like vnto our ,mallowes1 but somewhat smaller1 rounder1 and lesse diuided1 yet larger below then aboue3 the flowers are plentifully growing vpon the small branches1 folding or writhing their leaues one about another before they bee blowne1 and being open consist of fiue leaues1 with a long forked clapper therein1 of the same colour with the flower3 the chiefest difference from the common consisteth in this1 that the leaues of these flowers are longer1 and more wide open at the brimmes 7almost like a ,bell flower7 and of a faire blush or light carnation colour1 closing at night1 and opening all the day3 after the flowers are past1 there come such like round heads1 with small blacke seede1 like vnto the common kinde1 but somewhat smaller3 the roote is small and long1 and perisheth euery yeare4 ,illustration3 #a ,malua ,hispanica flore carneo amplo4 ,the ,spanish ,mallow4 #b ,alcea ,veneta4 ,the ,venice ,mallow4 #c ,alcea ,americana4 ,thorney ,mallow4 #d ,alcea gyptia4 ,the ,mallow of ,egypt4 #e ,althea frutex4 ,the shrubbe ,mallow4 #f ,malua hortensis simplex4 ,single ,hollihockes4 #g ,malua rosea multiplex4 ,double ,hollihockes4 #b4 ,alcea vulgaris flore carneo4 ,vervaine ,mallow with blush flowers4 ,there is a ,mallow that hath long stalkes1 and flowers like vnto the common wilde ,mallow1 and of the same deepe colour with it1 so that you can hardly know it from the ordinary kinde1 which is found growing wilde together with it1 but onely by the leafe1 which is as round and as large as the former1 but cut into many fine diuisions1 euen to the stalke that vpholdeth it1 that it seemeth to consist onely of ragges1 or peeces of leaues3 ,of this kinde ,i take a plante for this garden1 growing in all respects like vnto it1 but differing onely in the colour of the flowers1 which are of the same blush or light carnation colour1 or not much differing from the former ,spanish kinde1 with some veines therein of a deeper colour3 the root hereof liueth1 as the root of the common wilde kinde doth4 #c4 ,alcea peregrina siue vesicaria4 ,venice ,mallow1 or ,good night at noone4 ,the ,venice ,mallow hath long and weake stalkes1 most vsually lying or leaning vpon the ground1 hauing here and there vpon them long leaues and somewhat broad1 cut in or gashed very deepely on both edges1 that it seemeth as if they were diuers leaues set together1 euery one standing on a long footestalke3 at the ioynts of these stalkes1 where the leaues are set1 come forth seuerall flowers1 standing vpon long footstalkes1 which are somewhat larger then any of the former flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues1 small at the bottome1 and wide at the brimmes1 of a whitish colour tending to a blush1 and sometimes all white1 with spots at the bottomes of the leaues on the inside1 of a very deepe purple or murrey colour1 which addeth a great grace to the flower1 and hauing also a long pestle or clapper in the middle1 as yellow as gold3 these flowers are so quickly faded and gone1 that you shall hardly see any of them blowne open1 vnlesse it bee betimes in the morning before the ,sunne doe grow warme vpon them1 for as soone as it feeleth the ,sunnes warme heate1 it closeth vp and neuer openeth againe1 so that you shall very seldome see a flower blowne open in the day time1 after nine a clocke in the morning3 after these flowers are past1 there rise vp in their places thinne1 round1 shining or transparent bladders1 pointed at the toppe1 and ribbed down all along1 wherein are contained small1 round1 blackish seede3 the roote is long and small1 and perisheth euery yeare4 #d4 ,alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea4 ,cinquefoile ,mallow4 ,the stalkes of this ,mallow are very long1 hard or wooddy1 more then of any of the other ,mallowes3 at the lower part whereof1 and vp to the middle1 stand diuers leaues vpon long footestalkes1 parted or diuided into fiue parts or leaues1 and dented about the edges2 but vpwards from the middle to the toppe1 the leaues haue but three diuisions3 among these leaues stand large wide open flowers1 of the colour of the common ,mallow3 the seede is smaller then in any other ,mallow1 but the rootes are great and long1 spreading in the ground like vnto the rootes of ,marsh ,mallowes1 and springeth vp afresh euery yeare from the roote4 #e4 ,sabdarifa seu ,alcea ,americana4 ,thorney ,mallowe4 ,this ,thorney ,mallowe hath greene leaues next vnto the ground1 that are almost round1 but pointed at the end1 and dented very much about the edges2 the other leaues that growe vpon the stalke are diuided into three parts1 like vnto a trefoile1 and some of them into fiue diuisions1 all of them dented about the edges3 the stalke is reddish1 with some harmelesse prickles in sundry places thereon1 and riseth vp three or foure foote high in a good ground1 a fit place1 and a kindly yeare1 bearing plenty of flowers vpon the stalkes1 one at the foote of euery leafe1 the toppe it selfe ending in a long spike1 as it were of buddes and leaues together3 the flowers are of a very pale yellow1 tending to a white colour1 spotted in the bottome of each of the fiue leaues1 with a deepe purple spot1 broad at the lower part1 and ending in a point about the middle of the leafe1 which are quickly fading1 and not abiding aboue one day1 with a long pestle in the middle diuided at the toppe3 after the flower is past1 commeth vp a short prickly podde1 set within a small greene huske or cup that bore the flower1 wherein is contained whitish1 or rather brownish yellow seede1 flat and somewhat round1 like vnto the seedes of ,hollyhocke3 the roote is stringie1 and quickly perisheth2 for it will hardly endure in our cold ,country to giue flowers1 much lesse seede1 vnlesse 7as ,i said before7 it happen in a kindly yeare1 and be well planted and tended4 #f4 ,bamia seu ,alcea gyptia4 ,the ,mallow of ,egypt4 ,this ,mallow is also as tender to nourse vp as the last1 hauing the lower leaues broad like a ,marsh ,mallow1 and of a fresh greene colour2 but those that growe vpon the stalke1 and vp to the toppe1 are diuided into fiue parts or points1 but are not cut in to the middle ribbe1 like the former ,thorney ,mallow1 yet dented about the edges like vnto them3 the flowers growe at the setting to of the leaues1 like vnto a ,mallow for forme1 but of a whitish colour2 after which come long fiue square pointed pods1 with hard shels1 wherein are contained round blackish gray seede1 as bigge as a ,vetch or bigger3 the roote perisheth quickly with vs1 euen with the first frosts4 #g4 ,altha frutex flore albo vel purpureo4 ,shrubbe ,mallow with a white or purple flower4 ,there are diuers sorts of shrubbe ,mallowes1 whereof some that haue their stemmes or stalkes lesse wooddy1 dye downe to the ground euery yeare1 and others that abide alwayes1 are more wooddy3 ,of the former sorts ,i intend not to speake1 referring them to a fitter place2 and of the other1 ,i will onely giue you the knowledge of one or two in this place1 although ,i doe acknowledge their fitted place had been to be among the shrubbes2 but because they are ,mallowes1 ,i pray let them passe with the rest of their kindred1 and their descriptions in this manner3 ,these wooddy kindes of shrub ,mallowes haue somewhat large1 long1 and diuided leaues1 of a whitish greene colour1 soft also1 and as it were woolly in handling1 set dispersedly on the whitish hard or wooddy stalkes3 their flowers are large1 like vnto a single ,rose or ,hollyhocke1 in the one being white with purple spots in the bottome2 in the other either of a deepe red colour1 or else of a paler purple1 with a deeper bottome1 and with veines running in euery leafe3 they are somewhat tender1 and would not be suffered to be vncouered in the ,winter time1 or yet abroad in the ,garden1 but kept in a large pot or tubbe1 in the house or in a warme cellar1 if you would haue them to thriue4 #h4 ,malua hortensis rosea simplex multiplex diuersorum colorum4 ,hollihockes single and double of seuerall colours4 ,i shall not neede to make many descriptions of ,hollihockes1 in regard the greatest difference consisteth in the flowers1 which are in some single1 in some double1 in some of one colour1 and in others of other colours3 for the lowest leaues of ,hollihockes are all round1 and somewhat large1 with many corners1 but not cut in or diuided1 soft in handling2 but those that growe vp higher are much more diuided into many corners3 the stalkes sometimes growe like a tree1 at the least higher then any man1 with diuers such diuided leaues on them1 and flowers from the middle to the toppe1 where they stand as it were a long spike of leaues and buds for flowers together3 the flowers are of diuers colours1 both single and double1 as pure white1 and pale blush1 almost like a white1 and more blush1 fresh and liuely1 of a ,rose colour1 ,scarlet1 and a deeper red like a crimson1 and of a darke red like blacke bloud2 these are the most especiall colours both of single and double flowers that ,i haue seene3 the single flowers consist of fiue broad and round leaues1 standing round like vnto single ,roses1 with a middle long stile1 and some chiues aboue them3 the double flowers are like vnto double ,roses1 very thicke1 so that no stile or vmbone is seene in the middle1 and the outermost rowe of leaues in the flowers are largest1 the innermost being smaller and thicke set together3 after the flowers are past1 there come vp as well in the double as single1 flat round heads1 like flat cakes1 round about the bottomes whereof growe flat whitish seede3 the roote is long and great at the head1 white and tough1 like the roote of the common ,mallowes1 but greater1 and will reasonably well abide the ,winter4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth wilde in ,spaine4 ,the second in our owne ,countrey4 ,the third is thought to growe in ,italy and ,venice2 but ,lobel denieth it1 saying1 that it is there onely in ,gardens1 and is more plentifull in these parts then with them4 ,the fourth ,clusius saith he found in many places of ,germany4 ,the fifth is supposed to be first brought out of the ,west ,indies1 but an ,arabicke name being giuen it1 maketh me somewhat doubtfull how to beleeue it4 ,the sixth groweth in ,egypt1 where it is of great vse1 as ,prosper ,alpinus hath let downe in his ,booke of ,egyptian plants4 ,the seuenth groweth in some parts both of ,spaine and ,france4 ,the last is not found but in ,gardens euery where4 ,the ,time4 ,the first1 second1 third1 fourth1 and last1 doe flower from ,iune vntill the end of ,iuly and ,august4 ,the rest flower very late1 many times not vntill ,september or ,october4 ,the ,names4 ,the first and second haue their names sufficiently expressed in their titles4 ,the third is diuersly called1 as ,malua horaria1 ,alcea versicaria1 ,alcea ,veneta1 ,alcea ,peregrina1 and of ,matthiolus1 ,hypecoum4 ,the most vsuall ,english name is ,venice ,mallow4 ,the fourth is called ,alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea1 and ,cannabinifolio1 or ,pentaphyllifolio3 ,in ,english1 ,cinquefoile ,mallow4 ,the fifth hath been sent vnder the name of ,sabdarifa1 and ,sabdariffa1 and 7as ,i said7 is thought to be brought from ,america1 and therefore it beareth the name of that ,country4 ,the sixth is called in ,egypt1 ,bamia1 or ,bammia1 and by that name sent with the addition del ,cayro vnto it3 ,in ,english1 ,egyptian ,mallow1 or ,mallow of ,egypt4 ,the seuenth is called ,altha frutex1 and of some ,altha arborea3 ,in ,english1 ,shrubbe ,mallow1 because his stemme is wooddie1 and abideth as shrubbes and trees doe4 ,the eight and last is called ,malua hortensis1 ,malua ,rosea1 and of some ,rosa vltra marina3 ,in ,english1 of some ,hockes1 and vsually ,hollihockes4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all sorts of ,mallowes1 by reason of their viscous or slimie quality1 doe helpe to make the body soluble1 being vsed inwardly1 and thereby helpe also to ease the paines of the stone and grauell1 causing them to be the more easily voided3 being outwardly applyed1 they mollifie hard tumours1 and helpe to ease paines in diuers parts of the body2 yet those that are of most vse1 are most common4 ,the rest are but taken vpon credit4 ,,chap4 ,,xcii4 ,amaranthus4 ,flower-gentle4 ,we haue foure or fiue sorts of ,flower-gentle to trimme vp this our ,garden withall1 which doe differ very notably one from another1 as shall be declared in their seuerall descriptions2 some of which are very tender1 and must be carefully regarded1 and all little enough to cause them beare seede with vs1 or else wee shall bee to seeke euery yeare3 others are hardy enough1 and will hardly be lost out of the ,garden4 #a4 ,amaranthus purpureus minor4 ,the small purple ,flower-gentle4 ,this gallant purple ,veluet flower1 or ,flower-gentle1 hath a crested stalke two foote high or more1 purplish at the bottome1 but greene to the toppe1 whereout groweth many small branches1 the leaues on the stalkes and branches are somewhat broad at the bottome1 and sharpe pointed1 of a full greene colour1 and often somewhat reddish withall1 like in forme vnto the leaues of ,blites 7whereof this and the rest are accounted species1 or sorts7 or small ,beetes3 the flowers are long1 spikie1 soft1 and gentle tufts of haires1 many as it were growing together1 broad at the bottome1 and small vp at the toppe1 pyramis or steeple-fashion1 of so excellent a shining deepe purple colour1 tending to a murrey1 that in the most excellent coloured ,veluet1 cannot be seene a more orient colour1 7and ,i thinke from this respect1 the ,french call it ,passe velours1 that is to say1 passing ,veluet in colour7 without any smell at all1 which being bruised giueth the same excellent purple colour on paper1 and being gathered in his full strength and beauty1 will abide a great time 7if it be kept out of the winde and sunne in a dry place7 in the same grace and colour3 among these tufts lye the seede scattered1 which is small1 very blacke1 and shining3 the rootes are a few threddy strings1 which quickly perish1 as the whole plant doth1 at the first approach of ,winter weather4 #b4 ,amaranthus ,coccineus4 ,scarlet ,flower-gentle4 ,the leaues of this ,flower-gentle are longer1 and somewhat narrower then the former2 the stalke groweth somewhat higher1 bearing his long tufts at seuerall leaues1 as also at the toppe of the stalkes1 many being set together1 but separate one from another1 and each bowing or bending downe his head1 like vnto a ,feather1 such as is worn in our ,gallants and ,gentlewomens heads1 of an excellent bloudy ,scarlet colour3 the seede is blacke1 like vnto the former3 the roote perisheth quicklier1 because it is more tender4 #c4 ,amaranthus tricolor4 ,spotted or variable ,flower-gentle4 ,the chiefest beauty of this plant consisteth in the leaues1 and not in the flowers2 for they are small tufts growing along the stalke1 which is nothing so high as the former1 especially with vs1 and at the ioynts with the leaues3 the leaues hereof are of the same fashion that the former are1 and pointed also2 but euery leafe is to be seene parted into greene1 red1 and yellow1 very orient and fresh 7especially if it come to his full perfection1 which is in hot and dry weather7 diuided not all alike1 but in some leaues1 where the red or yellow is1 there will be greene1 and so varying1 that it is very pleasant to behold3 the seede hereof is blacke and shining1 not to bee knowne from the former4 #d4 ,amaranthus ,carnea spica4 ,carnation ,flower-gentle4 ,there is another more rare then all the rest1 whose leaues are somewhat longer1 and narrower then the first1 and like vnto the second kinde3 the spikes are short1 many set together1 like branches full of heads or eares of corne1 euery one whereof hath some long haires sticking out from them1 of a deep blush1 tending to a carnation colour4 #e4 ,amaranthus purpureus maior paniculis sparsis4 ,great ,floramour1 or purple ,flower-gentle4 ,the great ,floramour hath one thicke1 tall1 crested1 browne red stalke1 fiue or six foote high1 from whence spring many great broad leaues1 like vnto the former for the forme1 but much larger redder for the most part1 especially the lowest1 which brancheth forth into diuers parts1 from between these leaues1 the stalks or branches1 as also at the tops of them1 stand long1 spikie1 round1 somewhat flat tufts1 of a more reddish purple colour then the first1 and diuided also into seuerall parts1 wherin when they are full ripe1 are to be seen an innumerable company of white seed1 standing out among the short thrums1 and do then easily fall away with a little touching2 euery one of these white seed hath as it were an hole halfe bored through therin3 the root is a great bush of strings1 spreading in the ground1 whereby it is strongly fastened1 yet perisheth euery yeare1 after it hath giuen his seede4 ,the ,place4 ,all these plants growe in the ,easterne ,countries1 as ,persia1 ,syria1 ,arabia1 c4 except the greatest1 which hath been brought out of the ,west ,indies1 where it is much vsed1 especially the seede3 they are all1 noursed vp with much care in our ,gardens1 and yet in a backward or cold yeare they will not thriue1 for that they desire much heate3 but the greatest doth alwayes giue ripe seede euery yeare4 ,the ,time4 ,they beare their gallant tufts or spikes for the most part in ,august1 and some not vntill ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,amaranthus is giuen to all these plants1 taken from the ,greeke word 1 non marcescens1 or non senescens1 that is1 neuer waxing old1 and is often also imposed on other plants1 who haue the same property1 that is1 that their flowers being gathered in a fit season1 will retaine their natiue colour a long time1 as shall be shewed in the ,chapter following4 ,diuers do thinke the first to be ,phlox1 or ,flamma of ,theophrastus4 ,the third is called ,gelosia1 or ,celosia of ,tragus4 ,spigelius in his ,isagoges saith1 it is generally taken to be ,sophonia1 whereof ,plinie maketh mention2 and ,lobel1 to bee the ,persians ,theombroton of ,plinie4 ,the ,italians1 from whom ,i had it 7by the meanes of ,m4 ,doctor ,iohn ,more1 as ,i haue had many other rare simples7 call it1 ,blito di tre colori1 ,a three coloured ,blite4 ,the fifth1 which is the greatest1 hath been sent from the ,west ,indies by the name of ,quina1 as ,clusius reporteth4 ,the name ,flower-gentle in ,english1 and ,floramour1 which is the ,french1 of ,flos amoris1 and ,passe velours1 as is before said1 or ,veluet flower1 according to the ,italian1 ,flor veluto1 are equally giuen to all these plants1 with their seuerall distinctions1 as they are expressed in their titles4 ,the ,vertues4 ,diuers suppose the flowers of these plants doe helpe to stay the fluxe of bloud in man or woman1 because that other things that are red or purple doe performe the same4 ,but ,galen disproueth that opinion very notably1 in lib4 #b4 #d4 de simpl4 medicament4 facultatibus4 ,,chap4 ,,xciii4 ,helichrysum1 siue ,amaranthus luteus4 ,golden ,flower-gentle1 ,goldilockes1 or ,gold-flower4 ,the propinquity of property 7as ,i before said7 hath caused the affinity in name1 and so in neighbourhood in these plants1 wherein there are some diuersity2 and although they differ from them before in many notable points1 yet they all agree with themselues in the golden1 or siluer heads or tufts they beare2 and therefore ,i haue comprised them in one ,chapter1 and will begin with that which commeth nearest vnto the ,helichrysum of ,dioscorides1 or ,aurelia 7as ,gaza translateth it7 of ,theophrastus4 ,illustration3 #a ,amaranthus purpureus maior4 ,the great purple ,flower gentle4 #b ,amaranthus purpureus minor4 ,the lesser purple ,flower gentle4 #c ,amaranthus tricolor4 ,variable ,flower gentle4 #d ,amaranthus ,coccineus4 ,scarlet ,flower gentle4 #e ,amaranthus carnea spica4 ,carnation ,flower gentle4 #f ,chrysocome4 ,golden ,cassidonie4 #g ,heliochrysum ,creticum4 ,candy ,goldilockes4 #h ,gnaphalium ,americanum4 ,liuelong or ,life euerlasting4 #i ,gnaphalium montanum4 ,cats foote4 #aj ,gnaphalium roseum4 ,the ,cotton ,rose4 #a4 ,helichrysum4 ,the ,golden flower of life4 ,this first ,golden tuft riseth vp with many hard1 round1 white stalkes1 a foote and a halfe high1 whereon at certaine distances stand many fine cut leaues1 or rather one leafe cut into many small fine parts1 almost as small as ,fenell1 but grayish1 like vnto the ,cud-weedes or ,cotton-weedes 7whereof certainly these are speciall kindes7 at the toppes of the stalkes stand many round flowers1 of a pale gold colour1 in an vmbell close together1 yet euery flower vpon his owne stalke1 and all of an euen height1 which will keepe the colour1 being gathered1 and kept dry for a long time after1 and are of a hot and quicke sent3 the roote is small and wooddy1 spreading vnder the vpper crust of the earth1 and liueth long in his owne naturall place1 but very hardly endureth the cold of our ,winters1 vnlesse they be milde1 or it be well defended4 #b4 ,helichrysum ,creticum4 ,candy ,goldilockes4 ,candy ,goldilockes hath two or three small slender white branches1 set here and there very scatteringly1 with small1 long1 and narrow hoary leaues1 hauing yellow heads of flowers at the tops made into vmbels or tufts1 not so round and euen as the former1 but longwise one aboue another1 the heads being made as it were of scales1 loosly1 and not so closely set together1 as in the next following1 which when they are full ripe1 doe passe into doune1 and are blowne away with the winde1 hauing a small reddish seede at the end2 but will abide a long time1 as the other in his beauty1 being gathered in time1 as the rest will doe4 #c4 ,helichrysum ,orientale siue ,amaranthus luteus4 ,golden ,flower-gentle4 ,this most beautifull plant is very like vnto the former ,candy ,goldilockes last described1 but growing vp higher1 with many more branches1 and more hoary1 white1 and woolly1 hauing also long and narrow white leaues1 but somewhat broader1 and thicker set on the branches3 the tufts of flowers or vmbels likewise doe consist of longer and larger heads1 more scaly1 and closer compact together1 of an excellent pale gold yellow colour1 and shining1 with some yellow threads or thrummes in the middle3 the roote dyeth not euery yeare1 but liueth long1 especially in the ,south and ,east ,countries1 where no colds or frosts are felt2 but will require extraordinary care and keeping1 and yet scarce sufficient to preserue it in these cold ,countries4 #d4 ,chrysocome siue ,stchas ,citrina4 ,golden tufts or ,golden ,cassidony4 ,this ,golden flower is somewhat like the former of these two last described1 hauing hoary stalkes and leaues1 standing confusedly on them1 being long1 and narrower then any of the former3 the tops of the stalkes are diuided into many parts1 each bearing a small long yellow head or flower at the toppe1 with some yellow thrummes in them1 which heads being many1 are diffusedly set together1 like a loose or sparsed vmbell1 keeping their colour long before they wither1 and when they are ripe1 haue thinne small reddish seede1 like ,mariorome seede1 but smaller2 the roote is small and blacke3 the whole plant1 as well leaues and flowers1 as rootes1 are of a strong sharpe sent1 yet pleasant4 #e4 ,argyrocome siue ,gnaphalium ,americanum4 ,liue long or ,life euerlasting4 ,this siluer tuft or ,indian ,cotton weede1 hath many white heads of leafes at their first springing out of the ground1 couered with a hoary woollinesse like cotton1 which rising into hard1 thicke round stalkes1 containe still the same hoarinesse vpon them1 as also vpon the long and narrow leaues which are set thereon1 especially on the vnder side1 for the vpper sides are of a darke shining greene colour3 the stalkes are diuided at the toppe into many small branches1 each whereof haue many scaly tufted heads set together1 couered ouer with cotton before their opening1 and then diffeuering one from another1 abiding very white on the outside1 when they are fully growne1 but with a small yellow thrume in the midde of euery flower1 which in time turne into yellow doune1 apt to be blowne away with euery winde3 the roots are long and black on the outside1 creeping vnder ground very much4 #f4 ,gnaphalium montanum flore albo flore purpureo4 ,white and purple ,cats foote4 ,this small ,cudweede or ,cottonweede1 hath many small white woolly leaues growing from the roote1 which is composed of a few small blackish threds1 and lying vpon the ground somewhat like vnto the leaues of a small ,mouse eare1 but smaller2 from among which riseth vp a small stalke of halfe a foote high or thereabouts1 beset here and there with some few leaues1 at the top whereof commeth forth a tuft of small flowers1 set close together1 in some of a pure white1 in others of a purple or reddish colour1 in some of a pale red or blush1 and in others of a white and purple mixt together1 which for the beauty is much commended and desired1 but will hardly abide to be kept in ,gardens1 so vnwilling they are to leaue their naturall abiding4 #g4 ,gnaphalium ,roseum4 ,the ,cotton ,rose4 ,this little rose ,cotton weede hath many such like woolly leaues1 growing as the former from the roote vpon small short branches1 not full an hand breadth high1 in fashion somewhat like vnto ,daysie leaues1 but lesser1 and round pointed3 at the toppe of euery stalke or branch1 standeth one flower1 composed of two rowes of small white leaues1 layd open like a ,starre or a ,rose1 as it beareth the name1 hauing a round head in the middle made of many yellow threds or thrumes1 which falling away1 there riseth vp a small round head1 full of small seedes3 the root is small1 long and threddy4 ,the ,place4 ,the foure first plants doe grow naturally in many of the hot ,countries of ,europe1 as ,spaine1 ,italie1 and ,prouince in ,france2 as also in ,candy1 ,barbary1 and other places1 and must be carefully kept with vs in the winter time4 ,the ,liue long was brought out of the ,west ,indies1 and groweth plentifully in our gardens4 ,the two last doe grow as well in the colder ,countries of ,germany1 as in ,france and other places4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in the end of ,september1 if they will shew out their beauty at all with vs1 for sometimes it is so late1 that they haue no faire colour at all1 especially the foure first sorts4 ,the ,names4 ,variable and many are the names that seuerall ,writers do call these foure first sorts of plants1 as ,helichrysum1 ,heliochrysum1 or ,elichrysum1 ,eliochrysum1 ,chrysocome1 ,coma aurea1 ,amaranthus luteus1 ,stoechas ,citrina1 and ,aurelia1 with others1 needlesse here to be recited3 it is sufficient for this worke1 to giue you knowledge that their names are sufficient as they are expressed in their titles3 ,the fift is called ,gnaphalium by ,carolus ,clusius1 from the likenesse of the vmbels or tufts of heads1 though greater and white3 for as ,i said before1 the ,cotton weedes are of kindred with the golden tufts3 ,it hath been called by our ,english ,gentlewomen1 ,liue long1 and ,life euerlasting1 because of the durabilitie of the flowers in their beautie4 ,the two last are called ,gnaphalium1 according to their titles2 and in ,english they may passe vnder those names are set downe with them4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the foure first are accounted to bee hot and dry1 and the three last to bee cold and dry3 yet all of them may to some good purpose bee applyed to rheumaticke heads4 ,the former foure are likewise vsed to cause vrine1 and in baths to comfort and heate cold parts4 ,they are also layd in chests and wardrobes1 to keepe garments from moths2 and are worne in the heads and armes of ,gentiles and others1 for their beautifull aspect4 ,,chap4 ,,xciiii4 ,canna ,indica4 ,the ,indian flowring ,reede4 ,there are two kindes or sorts of this beautifull plant1 the one with a red flower1 the other with a yellow1 spotted with reddish spots1 both which in some kindly yeares haue borne their braue flowers1 but neuer any ripe seede1 and doth not abide the extremities of our winters1 eyther abroade or vnder couert1 vnlesse it meete with a stoue or hot-house1 such as are vsed in ,germany1 or such other like place3 ,for neyther house nor cellar will preserue it1 for want of heate4 ,canna ,indica flore rubro4 ,red flowred ,indian ,reede4 ,this beautifull plant riseth vp with faire greene1 large1 broade leaues1 euery one rising out of the middle of the other1 and are folded together1 or writhed like vnto a paper ,coffin 7as they call it7 such as ,comfitmakers and ,grocers vse1 to put in their ,comfits and ,spices1 and being spread open1 another riseth from the bottome thereof1 folded in the same manner1 which are set at the ioynts of the stalke when it is risen vp1 like vnto our water ,reede1 and growing 7if it runne vp for flower7 to be three or foure foote high1 as ,i haue obserued in mine owne garden3 the flowers grow at the toppe of the stalke one aboue another1 which before their opening are long1 small1 round1 and pointed at the end1 very like vnto the claw of a ,crauise or ,sea-,crab1 and of the same red or crimson colour1 but being open1 are very like vnto the flower of ,gladiolus or ,corne-flagge1 but of a more orient colour then at the first1 and standing in a rough huske1 wherein afterwards standeth a three square head1 containing therein round blacke seede1 of the bignesse of a pease3 the roote is white and tuberous1 growing into many knobs1 from whence arise such other leaues and stalkes1 whereby it encreaseth very much1 if it be rightly kept and defended4 ,canna ,indica flore flauo punctato4 ,yellow spotted ,indian ,reede4 ,this ,reede groweth vp with leaues and flowers1 in all points so like vnto the former1 that it cannot bee knowne from it1 vntill it come to flower1 which is of a yellow colour1 spotted with reddish spots1 without any other difference4 ,the ,place4 ,these plants grow naturally in the ,west ,indies1 from whence they were first sent into ,spaine1 and ,portugall1 where ,clusius saith he saw them planted by the houses sides1 flowring in winter1 which might be in those warme ,countreyes4 ,we preserue them with great care in our gardens1 for the beautifull aspect of their flowers4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower not with vs vntill the end1 or middle of ,august1 at the soonest4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called of some ,canna ,indica1 and ,arundo ,indica1 of others ,cannacorus1 and of some ,flos ,cancri1 because the colour of the flowers1 as well as the forme of the buds1 are so like vnto a ,sea-,crabs cle1 or claw4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is not any vse of these in ,physicke that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,xcv4 ,mandragoras4 ,mandrake4 ,the ,mandrake is distinguished into two kindes1 the male and the female2 the male hath two sorts1 the one differing from the other1 as shall be shewed2 but of the female ,i know but one3 ,the male is frequent in many gardens1 but the female1 in that it is more tender and rare1 is noursed vp but in a few4 ,mandragoras mas4 ,the male ,mandrake4 ,the male ,mandrake thrusteth vp many leaues together out of the ground1 which being full growne1 are faire1 large and greene lying round about the roote1 and are larger and longer then the greatest leaues of any ,lettice1 whereunto it is likened by ,dioscorides and others3 from the middle1 among these leaues1 rise vp many flowers1 euery one vpon a long slender stalke1 standing in a whitish greene huske1 consisting of fiue pretty large round pointed leaues1 of a greenish white colour1 which turne into small round apples1 greene at the first1 and of a pale red colour when they are ripe1 very smooth and shining on the outside1 and of a heady or strong stuffing smell1 wherein is contained round whitish flat seede3 the roote is long and thicke1 blackish on the outside1 and white within1 consisting many times but of one long roote1 and sometimes diuided into two branches a little below the head1 and sometimes into three or more1 as nature listeth to bestow vpon it1 as my selfe haue often seene1 by the transplanting of many1 as also by breaking and cutting off of many parts of the rootes1 but neuer found harme by so doing1 as many idle tales haue beene set downe in writing1 and deliuered also by report1 of much danger to happen to such1 as should digge them vp or breake them2 neyther haue ,i euer seene any forme of man like or woman-like parts1 in the rootes of any3 but as ,i said1 it hath oftentimes two maine rootes running down right into the ground1 and sometimes three1 and sometimes but one1 as it likewise often happeneth to ,parsneps1 ,carrots1 or the like4 ,but many cunning counterfeit rootes haue bin shaped to such formes1 and publickly exposed to the view of all that would see them1 and haue been tolerated by the chiefe ,magistrates of the ,citie1 notwithstanding that they haue beene informed that such practices were meere deceit1 and vnsufferable2 whether this happened through their ouer-credulitie of the thing1 or of the persons1 or through an opinion that the information of the truth rose vpon enuy1 ,i know not1 ,i leaue that to the searcher of all hearts3 ,but this you may bee bold to rest vpon1 and assure your selues1 that such formes as haue bin publickly exposed to be seene1 were neuer so formed by nature1 but only by the art and cunning of knaues and deceiuers1 and let this be your ,galeatum against all such vaine1 idle and ridiculous toyes of mens inuentions4 ,there is likewise another sort of these male ,mandrakes1 which ,i first saw at ,canterbury2 with my very louing and kinde friende ,iohn ,tradescante1 in the garden of the ,lord ,wotton1 whose gardiner he was at that time2 the leaues whereof were of a more grayish greene colour1 and somewhat folded together1 when as the former kind that grew hard by it1 was of the same forme that is before described1 and ordinary in all others3 but whether the apples were differing from the other1 ,i know not1 nor did they remember that euer it had borne any4 ,mandragoras fmina4 ,the female ,mandrake4 ,the female ,mandrake doth likewise put vp many leaues together1 from the head of the roote1 but they are nothing so large1 and are of a darker greene colour1 narrower also and shining1 more crumpled1 and of a stronger sent3 the flowers are many1 rising vp in the middle of the leaues1 vpon slender stalkes1 as in the male kind1 but of a blewish purple colour1 which turne into small round fruite or apples1 and not long like a peare 7as ,clusius reporteth that saw them naturally growing in ,spaine7 greene at the first1 and of a pale yellowish colour1 when they are full ripe2 of a more pleasing1 or if you will1 of a lesse heady sent then the apples of the male1 wherein is contained such like seede1 but smaller and blacker3 the rootes are like the former1 blacke without and white within1 and diuided in the same manner as the male is1 sometimes with more1 and sometimes with fewer parts or branches4 ,the ,place4 ,they grow in many places of ,italie1 as ,matthiolus reporteth1 but especially on ,mount ,garganus in ,apulia4 ,clusius saith hee found the female in many wet grounds of ,spaine1 as also in the borders of those medowes that lye neere vnto riuers and water courses4 ,the male is cherished in many ,gardens1 for pleasure as well as for vse2 but the female as is said1 is both very rare1 and farre more tender4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,male flowreth in ,march1 and the fruit is ripe in ,iuly4 ,the ,female1 if it be well preserued1 flowreth not vntill ,august1 or ,september2 so that without extraordinary care1 we neuer see the fruite thereof in our gardens4 ,the ,names4 ,mandragoras mas is called albus1 as the ,fmina is called niger1 which titles of blacke and white1 are referred vnto the colour of the leaues3 the female is called also ,thridacias1 from the likenesse of ,lettice1 whereunto they say in forme it doth carry some similitude4 ,dioscorides saith1 that in his time the male was called ,morion1 and both of them ,antimelum1 and ,circa4 ,wee call them in ,english1 ,the male1 and the female ,mandrake4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the leaues haue a cooling and drying qualitie1 fit for the oyntment ,populeon1 wherein it is put4 ,but the ,apples haue a soporiferous propertie1 as ,leuinus ,lemnius maketh mention in his ,herball to the ,bible1 of an experiment of his owne4 ,besides1 as ,dioscorides first1 and then ,serapio1 ,auicen1 ,paulus gineta1 and others also do declare1 they conduce much to the cooling and cleansing of an hot matrix4 ,and it is probable1 that ,rachel knowing that they might be profitable for her hot and dry body1 was the more earnest with ,leah for her ,sonne ,rubens ,apples1 as it is set downe ,genesis #cj4 verse #ad4 ,the strong sent of these apples is remembred also1 ,cant4 #g4 #ac4 although some would diuert the signification of the ,hebrew word1 1 vnto ,violets1 or some other sweet flowers1 in the former place of ,genesis1 and the fruit of ,musa1 or ,adams ,apples in this place of the ,canticles4 ,hamilcar the ,carthaginian ,captaine is said to haue infected the wine of the ,lybians 7his enemies against whom he fought7 with the apples of ,mandrake1 whereby they being made exceeding drowsie1 he obtained a famous victory ouer them4 ,,chap4 ,,xcvi4 ,pomum ,amoris4 ,loue ,apples4 ,although the beautie of this plant consisteth not in the flower1 but fruit1 yet giue me leaue to insert it here1 lest otherwise it haue no place3 whereof there are two especiall sorts1 which wee comprehend in one ,chapter1 and distinguish them by maius and minus1 greater and smaller3 yet of the greater kinde1 we haue noursed vp in our ,gardens two sorts1 that differ only in the colour of the fruite1 and in nothing else4 ,pomum ,amoris maius fructu rubro4 ,great ,apple of ,loue the ordinary red sort4 ,this greater kinde of ,loue ,apples1 which hath beene most frequently cherished with vs1 hath diuers long and trayling branches1 leaning or spreading vpon the ground1 not able to sustaine themselues1 whereon doe grow many long winged leaues1 that is1 many leaues set on both sides1 and all along a middle ribbe1 some being greater1 and others lesse1 iagged also and dented about the edges1 of a grayish ouer-worne greene colour1 somewhat rough or hairy in handling2 from among the leaues and the branches come forth long stalkes1 with diuers flowers set thereon1 vpon seuerall short footstalks1 consisting of sixe1 and sometimes of eight small long yellow leaues1 with a middle pricke or vmbone1 which after the flowers are fallen1 riseth to be the fruite1 which are of the bignesse of a small or meane ,pippin1 vneuenly bunched out in diuers places1 and scarce any full round without bunches1 of a faire pale reddish colour1 or somewhat deeper1 like vnto an ,orenge1 full of a slimie iuice and watery pulpe1 wherein the seede lyeth1 which is white1 flat and somewhat rough3 the roote shooteth with many small strings and bigger branches vnder ground1 but perisheth at the first feeling of our winter weather4 ,the fruite hereof by often sowing it in our ,land1 is become much smaller then ,i haue here described it3 but was at the first1 and so for two or three yeares after1 as bigge as ,i haue related it4 ,pomum ,amoris maius fructu luteo4 ,yellow ,amorous ,apples4 ,of the same kinde is this other sort of ,amorous ,apples1 differing in nothing but the colour of the fruite1 which is of a pale yellow colour1 hauing bunches or lobes in the same manner1 and seede also like the former4 ,pomum ,amoris minus1 siue ,mala ,ethiopica parua4 ,small ,loue ,apples4 ,the small ,apples of ,loue in the very like manner1 haue long weake trayling branches1 beset with such like leaues as the greater kinde hath1 but smaller in euery part3 the flowers also stand many together on a long stalke1 and yellow as the former1 but much smaller3 the fruite are small1 round1 yellowish red berries1 not much bigger then great grapes1 wherein are contained white flat seede1 like the other1 but smaller3 the roote perisheth in like manner euery yeare1 and therefore must bee new sowen euery spring1 if you will haue the pleasure of their sight in the garden2 yet some yeares ,i haue known them rise of their owne sowing in my garden4 ,the ,place4 ,they growe naturally in the hot ,countries of ,barbary1 and ,ethiopia2 yet some report them to be first brought from ,peru1 a ,prouince of the ,west ,indies4 ,wee onely haue them for curiosity in our ,gardens1 and for the amorous aspect or beauty of the fruit4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,iuly and ,august1 and their fruit is ripe in the middle or end of ,september for the most part4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is named diuersly by diuers ,authors2 for ,lobel1 ,camerarius1 and others1 call them ,poma amoris4 ,dodonus ,aurea ,mala4 ,gesnerus first1 and ,bauhinus after him1 make it to be a kinde of ,solanum ,pomiferum4 ,anguillara taketh it to be ,lycopersicum of ,galen4 ,others thinke it to bee ,glaucium of ,dioscorides4 ,the last is called ,mala thiopica parua1 and by that title was first sent vnto vs1 as if the former were of the same kinde and country4 ,we call them in ,english1 ,apples of ,loue1 ,loue-,apples1 ,golden ,apples1 or ,amorous ,apples1 and all as much to one purpose as another1 more then for their beautifull aspect4 ,the ,vertues4 ,in the hot ,countries where they naturally growe1 they are much eaten of the people1 to coole and quench the heate and thirst of their hot stomaches4 ,the ,apples also boyled1 or infused in oyle in the sunne1 is thought to be good to cure the itch1 assuredly it will allay the heate thereof4 ,,chap4 ,,xcvii4 ,digitalis4 ,foxegloue4 ,there are three principall sorts of ,foxegloues1 a greater1 a middle or meane sort1 and a lesser1 and of them1 three especiall colours1 that is1 purple1 white1 and yellow2 the common purple kinde that groweth abroad in the fields1 ,i leaue to his wilde habitation3 and of the rest as followeth4 #a4 ,digitalis maxima ferruginea4 ,dun coloured ,foxegloues4 ,the leaues of this ,foxegloue are long and large1 of a grayish green colour1 finely cut or dented about the edges1 like the teeth of a fine sawe2 among which commeth vp a strong tall stalke1 which when it was full growne1 and with ripe seede thereon1 ,i haue measured to be seuen foot high at the least1 whereon grow an innumerable company 7as ,i may so say1 in respect of the aboundance7 of flowers1 nothing so large as the common purple kinde1 that groweth wilde euery where in our owne ,countrey1 and of a kinde of browne or yellowish dunne colour1 with a long lippe at euery flower2 after them come seede1 like the common kinde1 but in smaller heads3 the rootes are stringie like the ordinary1 but doe vsually perish1 or seldome abide after it hath giuen seed4 ,illustration3 #a ,canna ,indica4 ,the ,indian ,reed4 #b ,mandragoras mas4 ,the male ,mandrake4 #c ,pomum amoris maius4 ,great ,apples of loue4 #d ,digitalis maior flore luteo amplo4 ,the great yellow ,foxegloue4 #e ,digitalis media flore luteo rubente4 ,orenge tawny ,foxegloues4 #f ,digitalis maxima ferruginea4 ,dun coloured ,foxegloues4 #b4 ,digitalis maior flore carneo4 ,blush coloured ,foxegloues4 ,this kinde of ,foxegloues hath reasonable large leaues1 yet not altogether so large as the common field kinde3 the flowers are also smaller then the common sort1 but of a blush colour4 #c4 ,digitalis media flore luteo rubente4 ,orenge tawnie ,foxegloue4 ,as this ,foxegloue is none of the greatest1 so also is it none of the smallest2 but a sort betweene both1 hauing leaues in some proportion correspondent to the lesser yellow ,foxegloue1 but not so large as the lesser white3 the flowers are long and narrow1 almost as large as the last white1 but nothing so large as the first white1 of a faire yellowish browne colour1 as if the yellow were ouershadowed with a reddish colour1 and is that colour wee vsually call an ,orenge tawnie colour3 the seede is like the former3 the rootes perish euery yeare that they beare seede1 which is vsually the second yeare of the springing4 #d4 ,digitalis maior alba4 ,the greater white ,foxegloue4 ,this white ,foxegloue is in all things so like vnto the purple wilde kinde1 that it can hardly be distinguished from it1 vnlesse it be in the fresher greennesse and largenesse of the leaues3 the flowers are as great in a manner as the purple1 but wholly white1 without any spot in them3 the seed and other things agree in all points4 #e4 ,digitalis alba altera seu minor4 ,the lesser white ,foxegloue4 ,we haue in our ,gardens another sort of white ,foxegloue1 whose leaues are like vnto the last described1 but not altogether so long or large1 and of a darker greene colour3 the stalke groweth not so high1 as not full three foote3 the flowers are pure white1 fashioned like vnto the former1 but not so great or large1 in all other things alike3 the rootes hereof did abide sometime in our ,gardens1 but since perished1 and the seede also1 since when we neuer could obtaine from any our friends of that kinde againe4 #f4 ,digitalis maior lutea flore amplo4 ,the great yellow ,foxegloue4 ,the leaues of this greater yellow ,foxegloue1 are in forme somewhat like vnto the common purple kinde1 but not altogether so large3 the stalke groweth to bee three or foure foote high1 whereon stand many long hollow pendulous flowers1 in shape like the ordinary purple3 but somewhat shorter1 and more large and open at the brimmes1 of a faire yellow colour1 wherein are long threads1 like as in the others3 the roote hereof is greater at the head1 and more wooddy then any of the rest1 with many smaller fibres1 spreading themselues in the ground1 and abideth almost as well as our common purple kinde4 #g4 ,digitalis minor lutea siue pallida4 ,the small pale yellow ,foxegloue4 ,this small pale yellow ,foxegloue hath somewhat short1 broad1 smooth and darke greene leaues1 snipt or dented about the edges very finely3 the stalke is two foot high1 beset with such like leaues1 but lesser3 the flowers are more in number then in any of the rest1 except the first and greatest1 and growe along the vpper part of the stalke1 being long and hollow1 like the other1 but very small1 and of a pale yellow colour almost white3 the seede vessels are small like the former1 wherein are contained seede like the rest1 but smaller3 the rootes are stringy1 but durable1 and seldome perish with any iniury of the extreamest frosts4 ,the ,place4 ,the great white kinde hath been often1 and in many places found wilde in our owne ,country1 among or hard by the common purple kinde4 ,all the rest are strangers1 but cherished in our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,iune and ,iuly1 and some in ,august1 their seede becomming ripe quickly after4 ,the ,names4 ,onely the name ,digitalis1 is of all ,writers giuen vnto these plants2 for it is not knowne to bee remembred of any of the old ,authors4 ,wee call them generally in ,english1 ,foxegloue2 but some 7as thinking it to bee too foolish a name7 doe call them ,finger-flowers1 because they are like vnto the fingers of a gloue1 the ends cut off4 ,the ,vertues4 ,foxegloues are not vsed in ,physicke by any iudicious man that ,i know2 yet some ,italians of ,bononia1 as ,camerarius saith1 in his time vsed it as a wound herbe4 ,,chap4 ,,xcviii4 ,verbascum4 ,mullein4 ,there be diuers kindes of ,mullein1 as white ,mullein1 blacke ,mullein1 wooddy ,mullein1 base ,mullein1 ,moth ,mullein1 and ,ethiopian ,mullein1 all which to distinguish or to describe1 is neither my purpose1 nor the intent of this worke1 which is to store a ,garden with flowers of delight1 and sequester others not worthy of that honour4 ,those that are fit to bee brought to your consideration in this place1 are first1 the ,blattarias1 or ,moth ,mulleins1 and then the wooddy ,mullein1 which otherwise is called ,french ,sage1 and lastly1 the ,ethiopian ,mullein1 whose beauty consisteth not in the flower1 but in the whole plant2 yet if it please you not1 take it according to his ,country for a ,moore1 an ,infidell1 a ,slaue1 and so vse it4 #a4 ,blattaria lutea odorata4 ,sweete yellow ,moth ,mullein4 ,the yellow ,moth ,mullein whose flower is sweete1 hath many hard grayish greene leaues lying on the ground1 somewhat long and broad1 and pointed at the end3 the stalks are two or three foot high1 with some leaues on them1 branching out from the middle vpwards into many long branches1 stored with many small pale yellow flowers1 of a pretty sweete sent1 somewhat stronger then in the other sorts1 which seldome giueth seede1 but abideth in the roote1 during many yeares1 which few or none of the others doe4 #b4 ,blattaria lutea maior siue ,hispanica4 ,the great yellow ,moth ,mullein4 ,this ,spanish kinde hath larger and greener leaues then the former1 and rounder and larger then the next that followeth3 the stalke is higher than in any of the ,moth ,mulleins1 being for the most part foure or fiue foote high1 whereon toward the toppe growe many goodly yellow flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues1 as all the rest doe1 not so thicke set as the former1 but much larger1 with some small purplish threads in the middle3 the ends whereof are fashioned somewhat like as if a ,flie were creeping vp the flower1 which turne into round heads1 sometimes two or three or more standing together1 but vsually one1 wherein lye small duskie seed3 the roote is not great nor full of threads1 and doth perish most vsually hauing giuen seede1 except the ,winter bee very milde4 #c4 ,blattaria lutea altera vulgatior4 ,the ordinary yellow ,moth ,mullein4 ,this yellow ,moth ,mullein 7which is the most frequent in our ,gardens7 hath longer1 and narrower leaues then any of the former1 and roundly notched or dented on the edges1 of a darke greene colour3 the stalke is sometimes branched1 but most vsually single1 whereon stand many gold yellow flowers1 not fully so large as the ,spanish kinde1 but with the like purple threads in the middle3 the seede is small1 and contained in the like round heads1 but alwaies euery one single by it selfe3 the roote perisheth euery yeare that it beareth seede4 #d4 ,blattaria flore luteo purpurascente4 ,cloth of gold ,moth ,mullein4 ,the greatest point of difference betweene this and the last described1 consisteth chiefly in the colour of the flower1 which in this is of the colour of cloth of gold1 that is1 the ground yellow1 and ouershadowed with a bright crimson colour1 which is a fine colour of much delight3 the threads in the middle are not so purple red as in the former1 but much about the colour of the flower3 this is not so willing to giue seede1 and will as hardly abide in the roote1 and hath out of question risen from the seede of the former4 #e4 ,blattaria flore albo4 ,white ,moth ,mullein4 ,the leaues of the white ,moth ,mullein are somewhat like vnto the yellow1 yet not altogether so much roundly notched about the edges1 but rather a little dented1 with sharper notches3 the stalke riseth as high as the yellow1 and hath now and then some branches about it3 the flowers hereof are pure white1 as large and great as the ordinary yellow1 or somewhat larger1 with the like purple threads in the middle1 as are in the yellow3 the seed is like the other2 the root perisheth in like manner1 and will not endure4 #f4 ,blattaria flore purpureo4 ,purple ,moth ,mullein4 ,the ,purple ,moth ,mullein hath his leaues lying on the ground1 broader and shorter then any of the other1 of a more grayish greene colour1 and without any denting for the most part about the edges1 sharpe pointed also at the end of the leafe2 among the leaues riseth vp the stalke1 not so high as either the white or the yellow1 and many times branched1 bearing many flowers thereon1 of the same fashion1 and no whit smaller1 of a faire deepe blewish colour tending to rednesse1 the threads in the middle of the flowers being yellow3 the seede vessels hereof are somewhat smaller then any of the former1 except the first sweete yellow kinde3 the roote hereof is long1 thicke1 and blackish on the outside1 abiding very well from yeare to yeare1 and riseth well also from the sowing of the seede4 #g4 ,blattaria flore cruleo4 ,blew ,moth ,mullein4 ,this blew ,moth ,mullein is in all respects like vnto the former purple kinde1 sauing onely in the colour of the flower1 which is of a blewish violet colour1 and is not much inferiour either in greatnesse of the plant1 or in the largenesse of the flower1 vnto the former purple kinde1 and endureth many yeares in the like manner4 ,and these be all the sorts of this kinde of ,moth ,mullein1 that ,i haue seene and noursed vp for this my ,garden1 without interposing any vnknowne1 not seene1 or vnworthy4 #h4 ,verbascum siluestre siue quartum ,matthioli4 ,wooddy ,mullein or ,french ,sage4 ,wooddy ,mullein or ,french ,sage1 hath diuers wooddy branches two or three foot high1 very hoary or white1 whereon at seuerall ioynts stand diuers thicke leaues1 white also and hoary1 long1 somewhat broad1 round pointed1 and rough1 somewhat resembling the leaues of ,sage in the forme and roughnesse1 but not in the sent1 whereof our people gaue it the name of ,sage1 calling it ,french ,sage 7when as it is as great a stranger in ,france as in ,england1 yet they doe with this as with many other things1 calling them ,french1 which come from beyond the ,seas2 as for example1 all or most of our bulbous flowers1 they call ,french flowers1 c47 at the toppes of the stalkes and branches1 at certaine distances1 are placed round about them many gaping flowers1 like vnto the flowers of ,sage1 but yellow3 after which now and then come seede1 somewhat bigger then the ,moth ,mulleins1 and lesse then the next ,mullein of ,ethiopia3 the roote is wooddy at the toppe1 with diuers blackish strings growing from it1 and endureth as well aboue ground with his leaues1 as vnder it with his rootes4 #i4 thiopis4 ,ethiopian ,mullein4 ,this ,mullein of ,ethiopia hath many great1 broad1 and large leaues lying on the ground1 rent or torne in diuers of them very much on the sides1 of so hoary a white greene colour1 that it farre passeth any of the white ,mulleins1 that growe wilde abroad in our owne ,country2 for they are of a yellowish white hoarinesse1 nothing so pleasant to looke on as this3 in the middle of these leaues riseth vp a square strong stalke1 foure or fiue foote high1 set full of such like leaues as growe belowe1 but much lesser1 and lesser still vp to the toppe1 all hoary and woolly1 as the rest1 and diuided into manie branches1 spreading farre1 and taking vp a great compasse of ground1 more then any one roote of ,garden ,clary1 or other such like plant3 at each of the stalkes and branches are set two small leaues1 and with them1 round about the stalkes1 stand many small gaping flowers1 of a pale bleake blew colour3 the seede is almost as large as ,garden ,clary seede1 and of the same forme and colour3 the roote is wooddy1 and perisheth as soone as it hath borne seede1 which is vsually the second yeare after the sowing2 for the first yeare it seldome runneth vp to flower4 #aj4 ,lamium ,pannonicum siue ,galeopsis ,pannonica4 ,hungary dead ,nettle or the ,dragon flower4 ,let mee thrust this plant into this place1 rather then make a peculiar ,chapter1 because ,i haue no other of the same stocke or kindred to be ioyned with it1 and is a pretty ornament in a ,garden4 ,the leaues whereof are very large1 round1 and great1 rough or full of veines1 which make it seeme crumpled1 dented or deepely notched about the edges1 and of a very darke greene colour1 and some times brownish1 or of a darke reddish colour withall1 euery one standing on a long foote-stalke1 very like in forme vnto the great white ,arch-,angell leaues1 but farre larger and blacker3 the stalkes are great and foure square1 hauing leaues and flowers standing round about them at the ioynts like coronets1 which flowers are very great1 long1 and wide gaping open1 of a darke red or purple colour1 with some whitenesse or spots in the iawes1 and some hairinesse also on the sides1 which stand in full flower two or three moneths most vsually1 and sometimes longer1 after which come brownish seede3 the roote is a great tuft or bush of long whitish strings1 and encreaseth euery yeare1 not fearing the greatest iniuries of our coldest and extreamest ,winters4 ,the ,place4 ,all these plants are strangers in our ,countrey1 and onely preserued in ,gardens1 to furnish them with variety2 but 7as ,i said7 the cloth of gold ,moth ,mullein hath been raised from seed in our owne ,country4 ,the ,time4 ,the last flowreth first1 before all the rest1 beginning in ,aprill4 ,the ,moth ,mulleins in ,may and ,iune4 ,the ,french ,sage in ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,all the sorts of ,blattaria may bee comprehended vnder the kindes of ,verbascum nigrum1 as any one but meanely exercised in the knowledge of plants1 may discerne4 ,and although ,plinie saith1 that ,moths doe most frequently haunt where ,blattaria either groweth1 or is laid1 yet it is not obserued sufficiently in our ,country so to doe1 notwithstanding the name of ,moth ,mullein is generally giuen them4 ,the last is generally called with vs ,lamium ,pannonicum1 but certainely it is the ,galeosis maxima ,pannonica of ,clusius4 ,the ,vertues4 ,other qualities ,i haue not found hath been alloted vnto the ,blattaria or ,moth ,mullein1 then those of ,plinie1 to engender ,moths4 ,wee vse none of these plants in ,physicke in these daies4 ,,chap4 ,,xcix4 ,valeriana4 ,valerian4 ,the many sorts of ,valerian 7or ,set-wall as many doe call them7 are fitter for a generall worke1 or a generall ,physicall ,garden of ,simples1 then this of delightfull flowers4 ,i will therefore select out a few1 worthy of the place1 and offer them to your considerations4 #a4 ,valeriana rubra ,dodoni4 ,red ,valerian4 ,this ,valerian hath diuers hard1 but brittle whitish greene stalkes1 rising from the roote1 full of tuberous or swelling ioynts1 whereat stand two leaues1 on each side one1 and now and then some small leaues from betweene them1 which are somewhat long and narrow1 broadest in the middle1 and small at both ends1 without either diuision or incisure on the edges1 of a pale greene colour3 the stalkes are branched at the top into diuers parts1 at the ends whereof stand many flowers together1 as it were in an vmbell or tuft1 somewhat like vnto the flowers of our ordinary ,valerian1 but with longer neckes1 and of a fine red colour1 very pleasant to behold1 but of no sent of any ,valerian3 after these flowers haue stood blowne a very great while1 they sodainely fall away1 and the seede is ripe very quickly after1 which is whitish1 standing vpon the branches naked1 as the ,valerians doe1 and very like vnto them1 with a little white doune at the end of euery one of them1 whereby they are soone carried away with the winde3 the roote is great1 thicke1 and white1 continuing long1 and shooting out new branches euery yeare1 and smelling somewhat like a ,valerian4 #b4 ,nardus ,montana tuberosa4 ,knobbed ,mountaine ,valerian4 ,this kinde of ,valerian or ,spiknard1 if you will so call it1 hath his first leaues lying on the ground1 without any diuision in them at all1 being smooth1 and of a darke greene colour1 which so abide all the winter2 but those that spring vp after1 and when it runneth vp to flower1 are cut in on the edges1 very like vnto the iagged leaues of the great garden ,valerian1 and so the elder they grow1 the more cut and iagged they are3 the stalke and flowers are very like the stalke with flowers of the garden ,valerian1 but of a darke or deepe red colour1 and more store of them thrust together1 by double the number almost3 the seede is like the seede of the great ,valerian3 the root is tuberous1 or knobbed in many parts1 round about1 aboue and below also1 with some fibres shooting from them1 whereby it is encreased1 and smelleth very like the roote of the garden ,setwall1 or not altogether so strong4 ,illustration3 #a ,blattaria flore albo4 ,moth ,mullein with a white flower4 #b ,blattaria flore purpureo4 ,moth ,mullein with a purple flower4 #c ,verbascum quartum ,matthioli4 ,french ,sage4 #d thiopis4 ,ethiopian ,mullein4 #e ,valeriana rubro ,dodoni4 ,red ,valerian4 #f ,valeriana ,grca4 ,greek ,valerian4 #g ,lamium ,pannonicum4 ,hungary dead ,nettle4 #h ,cardamine flore pleno4 ,double ,cuckowe flower or ,ladies smocks4 #c4 ,valeriana ,grca4 ,greeke ,valerian4 ,the ,greek ,valerian hath many winged leaues lying vpon the ground1 that is1 many small leaues set on both sides of a middle ribbe1 very like vnto the wilde ,valerian1 that groweth by the ditch sides1 but much smaller and tenderer1 among which rise vp one or two round brittle stalkes1 two foote high or thereabouts1 whereon are set at the ioynts1 such like leaues as grow below1 but smaller3 the toppes of the stalkes are diuided into many small branches1 thicke set together1 full with flowers1 consisting of fiue small round leaues a peece1 layd open like vnto the ,cinquefoile flower1 with some white threds in the middle1 tipt with yellow pendents3 the colour of these flowers in some plants1 is of a faire bleake blew colour1 and in others pure white3 ,and ,i doe heare of one beyond the ,seas 7if the report bee true1 for ,i haue not seene such a one7 which should beare red flowers3 after the flowers are past1 there come vp in their places small hard huskes or heads1 containing small blackish seedes3 the roote is composed of a number of small long blackish threds1 fastened together at the head1 without any sent at all of a ,valerian1 eyther in roote or leafe2 and why it should bee called a ,valerian ,i see no great reason1 for it agreeth with none of them1 in flower or seede1 and but onely with the wilde ,valerian in leafe1 as ,i said before3 but as it is1 we so giue it you1 and for the flowers sake is receiued into our gardens1 to helpe to fill vp the number of natures rarities and varieties4 ,the ,place4 ,all these ,valerians are strangers1 but endenizond for their beauties sake in our ,gardens4 ,the ,mountaine ,valerian ,i had of the liberalitie of my louing friend ,iohn ,tradescante1 who in his trauaile1 and search of natures varieties1 met with it1 and imparted thereof vnto me4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in the ,summer moneths1 and seed quickly after4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is generally called of most1 ,valeriana rubra ,dodoni1 who saith also that some would haue it to be ,behen rubrum4 ,some call it ,valerianthon1 others make it a kinde of ,ocimastrum1 and some ,saponaria altera1 with other names1 which are to no great purpose to set downe in this place1 it beeing fitter for a generall worke to discusse of names1 wherein both reading1 knowledge and iudgement must bee shewen1 to correct errours1 and set downe the truth1 that one may rest thereon4 ,the others haue their names in their titles sufficient to distinguish them4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,mountaine ,valerian is of all the rest here set downe of most vse in ,physicke1 the rest hauing little or none that ,i know1 although it be much weaker then the great garden kinde1 or the ,indian ,nardus1 in whose steed anciently it was vsed1 in oyles1 oyntments1 c4 ,,chap4 ,c4 ,cardamine4 ,cuckow flowers1 or ,ladies smockes4 ,of the common sorts of ,cuckow flowers that grow by ditch-sides1 or in moist medowes1 wet grounds1 it is not my purpose here to write1 but of one or two other1 the most specious or faire of all the tribe1 that doe best befit this garden4 #a4 ,cardamine flore pleno4 ,double ,cuckow flowers4 ,the double ,cardamine hath a few winged leaues1 weake and tender1 lying on the ground1 very like vnto the single medow kinde2 from among which riseth vp a round greene stalke1 set here and there1 with the like leaues that grow below1 the top whereof hath a few branches1 whereon stand diuers flowers1 euery one vpon a small footestalk1 consisting of many small whitish round leaues1 a little dasht ouer with a shew of blush1 set round together1 which make a double flower3 the roote creepeth vnder ground1 sending forth small white fibres1 and shooteth vp in diuers places4 #b4 ,cardamine trifolia4 ,trefoile ,ladies smockes4 ,this small plant hath diuers hard1 darke round greene leaues1 somewhat vneuen about the edges1 alwayes three set together on a blackish small footstalke1 among which rise vp small round blackish stalkes1 halfe a foote high1 with three small leaues at the ioynts1 where they branch forth2 at the toppes whereof stand many flowers1 consisting of foure leaues a peece1 of a whitish or blush colour very pale3 after which come vp small1 thicke and long pods1 wherein is contained small round seede3 the root is composed of many white threds1 from the heads whereof runne out small strings1 of a dark purple colour1 whereby it encreaseth4 ,the ,place4 ,the first with the double flower is found in diuers places of our owne ,countrey1 as neere ,micham about eight miles from ,london2 also in ,lancashire1 from whence ,i receiued a plant1 which perished1 but was found by the industrie of a worthy ,gentlewoman1 dwelling in those parts heretofore remembred1 called ,mistresse ,thomasin ,tunstall1 a great louer of these delights4 ,the other was sent me by my especiall good friend ,iohn ,tradescante1 who brought it among other dainty plants from beyond the ,seas1 and imparted thereof a roote to me4 ,the ,time4 ,the last most vsually flowreth before the former1 yet not much differing1 that is1 in the end of ,aprill or in ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is a double kinde of that plant1 that growing wilde abroade1 is vsually called ,cardamine altera1 and ,sisymbrium alterum of ,dioscorides1 and of some ,flos cuculi1 but not fitly2 for that name is more vsually giuen vnto the wilde featherd ,campion1 both single and double1 as is before expressed3 yet for want of a fitter name1 wee may call it in ,english1 eyther ,cuckowe flower1 or ,ladyes smockes which you will4 ,the second hath beene sent vnder the name of ,sanicula trifolia1 but the most frequent name now receiued1 is ,cardamine trifolia1 and in ,english ,trefoile ,ladies smockes4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the double ,ladies smockes are of the same qualitie with the single1 and is thought to be as effectuall as ,watercresses4 ,the propertie of the other ,i thinke is not much knowne1 although some would make it a wound herbe4 ,,chap4 ,,ci4 ,thlaspi ,creticum4 ,candy ,tufts4 ,of the many sorts of ,thlaspi it is not the scope of this worke to relate1 ,i will select but onely two or three1 which for their beautie are fit to bee inserted into this garden4 ,thlaspi ,creticum vmbellatum flore albo purpureo4 ,candy ,tufts white and purple4 ,this small plant riseth seldome aboue a foote and a halfe high1 hauing small1 narrow1 long and whitish greene leaues1 notched or dented with three or foure notches on each side1 from the middle to the point-wards2 from among which rise vp the stalkes1 branched from the bottome almost into diuers small branches1 at the toppes whereof stand many small flowers1 thick thrust together in an vmbell or tuft1 making them seeme to be small1 round1 double flowers of many leaues1 when as euery flower is single1 and standeth a part by it selfe1 of a faire white colour in some plants1 without any spot1 and in others with a purplish spot in the centre or middle1 as if some of the middle leaues were purple2 in others agane the whole flower is purplish all ouer1 which make a pretty shew in a garden3 the seede is contained in many small and flat seed vessels1 which stand together in an vmbell1 as the flowers did1 in which are contained somewhat reddish seede1 like vnto some other sorts of ,thlaspi1 called ,treakle ,mustards3 the roote is small and hard1 and perisheth euery yeare hauing giuen seede4 ,sidenote3 ,thlaspi ,marinum ,bticum4 ,we haue another sort1 whose leaues before it sendeth forth any stalke1 are a little toothed1 or finely dented about the edges1 and brancheth not so much out1 but carryeth an vmbell of purplish flowers like vnto the former1 and paler yellow seede4 ,the ,place4 ,these doe grow in ,spaine and ,candie1 not farre from the ,sea side4 ,the ,time4 ,these ,thlaspi giue not their flowers vntill the end of ,iune1 or beginning of ,iuly1 and the seed is ripe soone after4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is named by some1 ,draba1 or ,arabis1 as ,dodonus1 but ,draba is another plant differing much from this4 ,wee call one sort1 ,thlaspi ,creticum1 and the other ,thlaspi ,bticum marinum1 because the one came from ,spaine1 and the other from ,candy2 we giue it in ,english1 the name of ,tufts1 because it doth fit the forme of the flowers best1 although ordinarily all the ,thlaspi are ,englished ,wilde ,mustardes4 ,the ,vertues4 ,candy1 or ,spanish ,tufts1 is not so sharpe biting in taste1 as some other of the ,thlaspies are1 and therefore is not to be vsed in medicines1 where ,thlaspi should be in the stead thereof4 ,,chap4 ,,cii4 ,clematis4 ,clamberers1 or ,creepers4 ,hauing shewed you all my store of herbes bearing fine flowers1 let mee now bring to your consideration the rest of those plants1 be they ,shrubs or ,trees1 that are cherished in our garden1 for the beauty of their flowers chiefly1 or for some other beautifull respect3 and first ,i will begin with such as creepe on the ground1 without climing1 and then such as clime vp by poles1 or other things1 that are set or grow neere them1 fit to make ,bowers1 and ,arbours1 or else are like them in forme1 in name1 or some other such qualitie or propertie4 #a4 ,clematis ,daphnoides1 siue ,vinca peruinca simplex minor diuersorum colorum4 ,single ,perwinkle of diuers colours4 ,the smaller ,perwinkle which not onely groweth wilde in many places1 but is most vsuall in our ,gardens1 hath diuers creeping branches1 trayling or running vpon the ground1 shooting out small fibres at the ioynts1 as it creepeth1 taking thereby hold in the ground1 and rooteth in diuers places3 at the ioynts of these branches stand two small darke greene shining leaues1 somewhat like vnto small ,baye leaues1 but smaller1 and at the ioynts likewise with the leaues1 come forth the flowers1 one at a ioynt1 standing vpon a tender footestalke1 being somewhat long and hollow1 parted at the brims1 sometimes into foure leaues1 and sometimes into fiue1 the most ordinary sort is of a pale or bleake blew colour1 but some are pure white1 and some of a darke reddish purple colour3 the root is in the body of it1 little bigger then a rush1 bushing in the ground1 and creeping with his branches farre about1 taking roote in many places1 whereby it quickely possesseth a great compasse2 and is therefore most vsually planted vnder hedges1 or where it may haue roome to runne4 #b4 ,vinca peruinca flore duplici purpureo4 ,double purple ,perwinkle4 ,the double ,perwinkle is like vnto the former single kinde1 in all things except in the flower1 which is of that darke reddish purple colour that is in one of the single kindes2 but this hath another row of leaues within the flower1 so that the two rowes of leaues causeth it to be called double1 but the leaues of these are lesser then the single4 ,i haue heard of one with a double white flower1 but ,i haue not yet seene it4 #c4 ,clematis ,daphnoides siue ,peruinca maior4 ,the greater ,perwinkle4 ,this greater ,perwinkle is somewhat like the former1 but greater1 yet his branches creepe not in that manner1 but stand more vpright1 or lesse creeping at the least3 the leaues also hereof stand by couples at the ioynts1 but they are broader and larger by the halfe3 the flowers are larger1 consisting of fiue leaues that are blew1 a little deeper then the former blew3 this plant is farre tenderer to keepe then the other1 and therefore would stand warme1 as well as in a moist shadowie place4 #d4 ,clematis altera siue vrens flore albo4 ,burning ,clamberer1 or ,virgins ,bower4 ,this ,causticke or burning ,climer1 hath very long and climing tender branches1 yet somewhat woody below1 which winde about those things that stand neere it1 couered with a brownish greene barke1 from the ioynts whereof shoote forth many winged leaues1 consisting for the most part of fiue single leaues1 that is two and two together1 and one at the end1 which are a little cut in or notched on the edges here and there1 but euery part of them is lesser then the leaues of the next following ,climer1 without any clasping tendrels to winde about any thing at all3 towards the vpper part of the branches1 with the said leaues1 come forth long stalks1 whereon stand many white flowers clustering together1 opening the brims into sixe or eight small leaues1 spreading like a starre1 very sweet of smell1 or rather of a strong heady sent1 which after turne into flattish and blackish seede1 plumed at the head1 which plume or feather flyeth away with the winde after it hath stood long1 and leaueth the seede naked or bare3 the roote is white and thicke1 fleshie and tender1 or easie to be broken1 as my selfe can well testifie1 in that desiring to take a sucker from the roote1 ,i could not handle it so tenderly1 but that it broke notwithstanding all my care4 ,master ,gerard in his ,herball maketh mention of one of this kinde with double white flowers1 which hee saith he recouered from the seede was sent him from ,argentine1 that is ,strasborough1 whereof hee setteth forth the figure with double flowers3 but ,i neuer saw any such with him1 neither did ,i euer heare of any of this kinde with double flowers4 ,clusius indeed saith1 that hee receiued from a friend some seede vnder the name of ,clematis flore albo pleno3 but he doubteth whether there bee any such3 the plants that sprang with him from that seede1 were like vnto the vpright kinde called ,flammila ,matthioli1 or ,iouis cresta1 as he there saith3 but assuredly ,i haue beene informed from some of my especiall friends beyond ,sea1 that they haue a double white ,clematis1 and haue promised to send it2 but whether it will be of the climing or vpright sort1 ,i cannot tell vntill ,i see it3 but surely ,i doe much doubt whether the double will giue any good seede4 #e4 ,clematis altera siue peregrina flore rubro4 ,red ,ladies ,bower4 ,this ,climer hath many limber and weake climing branches like the former1 couered with a browne thin outer barke1 and greene vnderneath3 the leaues stand at the ioynts1 consisting but of three leaues or parts1 whereof some are notched on one side1 and some on both1 without any clasping tendrels also1 but winding with his branches about any thing standeth next vnto it3 the flowers in like manner come from the same ioynts with the leaues1 but not so many together as the former vpon long footstalkes1 consisting of foure leaues a peece1 standing like a crosse1 of a darke red colour2 the seed is flat and round1 and pointed at the end1 three or foure or more standing close together vpon one stalk1 without any doune vpon them at all1 as in the former3 the roots are a bundell of brownish yellow strong strings1 running down deep into the ground1 from a bigge head aboue4 #f4 ,clematis peregrina flore purpureo simplici4 ,single purple ,ladies ,bower4 ,this ,ladies ,bower differeth in nothing from the last described1 but onely in the colour of the flower1 which is of a sad blewish purple colour2 so that the one is not possible to be known from the other1 vntill they be in flower4 #g4 ,clematis peregrina flore purpurea pleno4 ,double flowred purple ,ladies ,bower4 ,this double ,clematis hath branches and leaues so neere resembling the single kinds1 that there can be knowne no difference1 vnlesse it be1 that this groweth more goale and great1 and yeeldeth both more store of branches from the ground1 and more spreading aboue3 the chiefest marke to distinguish it is the flower1 which in this is very thicke and double1 consisting of a number of smaller leaues1 set close together in order in the middle1 the foure outermost leaues that encompasse them1 being much broader and larger then any of the inward1 but all of a dull or sad blewish purple colour1 the points or ends of the leaues seeming a little darker then the middle of them3 this beareth no seede that euer ,i could see1 heare of1 or learne by any of credit1 that haue noursed it a great while2 and therefore the tales of false deceitfull gardiners1 and others1 that diliuer such for truth1 to deceiue persons ignorant thereof1 must not bee credulously entertained4 ,sidenote3 ,clematis peregrina flore carneo pleno4 ,in the great booke of the ,garden of the ,bishop of ,eystot 7which place is neere vnto ,noromberg7 in ,germany1 ,i reade of a ,clematis of this former kinde1 whose figure is thereto also annexed1 with double flowers of an incarnate1 or pale purple tending to a blush colour1 whereof ,i haue not heard from any other place4 #h4 ,flammula ,iouis erecta4 ,vpright ,virgins ,bower4 ,this kinde of ,clematis hath diuers more vpright stalkes then any of the foure last described1 sometimes foure or fiue foote high1 or more3 yet leaning or bending a little1 so that it had some neede of sustaining1 couered with a brownish barke2 from whence come forth on all sides diuers winged leaues1 consisting of fiue or seuen leaues1 set on both sides of a middle ribbe1 whereof one is at the end3 the tops of the stalkes are diuided into many branches1 bearing many white sweet smelling flowers on them1 like in fashion vnto the white ,virgins ,bower2 after which come such like feather topt seede1 which remaine and shew themselues1 being flat like the other1 when the plumes are blowne abroad3 the roote spreadeth in the ground from a thicke head1 into many long strings1 and fasteneth it selfe strongly in the earth2 but all the stalkes dye downe euery yeare1 and spring afresh in the beginning of the next4 #i4 ,clematis crulea ,pannonica4 ,the ,hungarian ,climer4 ,the stalks of this plant stand vpright1 are foure square1 bearing at euery ioynt two leaues1 which at the first are closed together1 and after they are open1 are somewhat like vnto the leaues of ,asclepias1 or ,swallow-wort3 from the tops of the stalks1 and sometimes also from the sides by the leaues commeth forth one flower1 bending the head downward1 consisting of foure leaues1 somewhat long narrow1 standing like a crosse1 and turning vp their ends a little againe1 of a faire blew or skie colour1 with a thicke pale yellow short thrumme1 made like a head in the middle3 after the flower is past1 the head turneth into such a like round feather topt ball1 as is to be seene in the ,trauellers ioy1 or ,viorna 7as it is called7 that groweth plentifully in ,kent1 and in other places by the way sides1 and in the hedges1 wherein is included such like flat seede4 ,these stalkes 7like as the last7 dye downe to the ground euery yeare1 and rise againe in the ,spring following1 shooting out new branches1 and therby encreaseth in the root4 #aj4 ,maracoc siue ,clematis ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginia ,climer4 ,because this braue and too much desired plant doth in some things resemble the former ,climers1 so that vnto what other family or kindred ,i might better conioyne it ,i know not2 let me ,i pray insert it in the end of their ,chapter1 with this description4 ,it riseth out of the ground 7very late in the yeare1 about the beginning of ,may1 if it be a plant hath risen from the seed of our owne sowing1 and if it be an old one1 such as hath been brought to vs from ,virginia1 not till the end thereof7 with a round stalke1 not aboue a yard and a halfe high 7in any that ,i haue seene7 but in hotter ,countries1 as some ,authors haue set it downe1 much higher1 bearing one leafe at euery ioynt1 which from the ground to the middle thereof hath no claspers1 but from thence vpwards hath at the same ioynt with the leafe both a small twining clasper1 like vnto a ,vine1 and a flower also3 euery leafe is broad at the stalke thereof1 and diuided about the middle on both sides1 making it somewhat resemble a ,figge leafe1 ending in three points1 whereof the middlemost is longest3 the bud of the flower1 before it doe open1 is very like vnto the head or seede vessell of the ordinary single ,nigella1 hauing at the head or top fiue small crooked hornes1 which when this bud openeth1 are the ends or points of fiue leaues1 that are white on the inside1 and lay themselues flat1 like vnto an ,anemone1 and are a little hollow like a scoope at the end1 with fiue other smaller leaues1 and whiter then they lying betweene them1 which were hid in the bud before it opened1 so that this flower being full blowne open1 consisteth of ten white leaues1 laide in order round one by another3 from the bottome of these leaues on the inside1 rise diuers twined threads1 which spread and lay themselues all ouer these white leaues1 reaching beyond the points of them a little1 and are of a reddish peach colour3 towards the bottomes likewise of these white leaues there are two red circles1 about the breadth of an ,oten strawe1 one distant from another 7and in some flowers there is but one circle seen7 which adde a great grace vnto the flower2 for the white leaues shew their colour through the peach coloured threads1 and these red circles or rings vpon them being also perspicuous1 make a tripartite shew of colours most delightfull3 the middle part of this flower is hollow1 and yellowish2 in the bottome whereof riseth vp an vmbone1 or round stile1 somewhat bigge1 of a whitish greene colour1 spotted with reddish spots like the stalkes of ,dragons1 with fiue round threads or chiues1 spotted in the like manner1 and tipt at the ends with yellow pendents1 standing about the middle part of the said vmbone1 and from thence rising higher1 endeth in three long crooked hornes most vsually 7but sometimes in foure1 as hath beene obserued in ,rome by ,d4 ,aldine1 that set forth some principall things of ,cardinall ,farnesius his ,garden7 spotted like the rest1 hauing three round greene buttons at their ends3 these flowers are of a comfortable sweete sent1 very acceptable1 which perish without yeelding fruit with vs1 because it flowreth so late3 but in the naturall place1 and in hot ,countries1 it beareth a small round whitish fruit1 with a crowne at the toppe thereof1 wherein is contained 7while it is fresh1 and before it be ouer dried7 a sweet liquor1 but when it is dry1 the seede within it1 which is small1 flat1 somewhat rough and blacke1 will make a ratling noise3 the rootes are composed of a number of exceeding long and round yellowish browne strings1 spreading farre abroad vnder the ground 7,i haue seene some rootes that haue beene brought ouer1 that were as long as any rootes of ,sarsaparilla1 and a great deale bigger1 which to be handsomely laid into the ground1 were faine to be coyled like a cable7 and shooting vp in seuerall places a good distance one from another1 whereby it may be well encreased4 ,illustration3 ,the ,iesuites ,figure of the ,maracoc4 ,,granadillvs ,,frvtex ,,indicvs ,,christi ,,passionis ,,imago4 ,the ,place4 ,the first blew ,perwinkle groweth in many ,woods and ,orchards1 by the hedge sides in ,england1 and so doth the white here and there1 but the other single and double purple are in our ,gardens onely4 ,the great ,perwinkle groweth in ,prouence of ,france1 in ,spaine1 and ,italy1 and other hot ,countries1 where also growe all the twining ,clamberers1 as well single as double3 but both the vpright ones doe growe in ,hungary and there abouts4 ,the surpassing delight of all flowers came from ,virginia4 ,wee preserue them all in our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,perwinkles doe flower in ,march and ,aprill4 ,the ,climers not vntill the end of ,iune1 or in ,iuly1 and sometimes in ,august4 ,the ,virginian somewhat later in ,august2 yet sometimes ,i haue knowne the flower to shew it selfe in ,iuly4 ,illustration3 #a ,thlaspi ,creticum4 ,candy tufts4 #b ,vinca peruinca flore simplici4 ,single ,perwinkle4 #c ,vinca peruinca flore duplici4 ,double ,perwinkle4 #d ,flammula ,matthioli4 ,vpright ,virgins ,bower4 #e ,clematis peregrina flore simplici4 ,the single ,ladies ,bower4 #f ,clematis peregrina flore pleno purpureo4 ,double flowred ,ladies ,bower4 #g ,maracoc siue ,clematis ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginian ,climer4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is out of question the first ,clematis of ,dioscorides1 and called of many ,clematis ,daphnoides 7but not that plant that is simply called ,daphnoides1 for that is ,laureola7 and is vsually called ,vinca pervinca3 but it is not ,chamdaphne1 for that is another plant1 as shall be shewed in his place2 some call it ,centunculus3 ,in ,english wee call it ,perwinkle4 ,the other is ,clematis altera of ,dioscorides1 and is called also ,clematis peregrina1 whose distinctions are set downe in their titles3 ,in ,english1 ,ladies ,bower1 or ,virgins ,bower1 because they are fit to growe by ,arbours1 to couer them4 ,the first vpright ,clamberer is called1 and that rightly of some1 ,clematis erecta1 or surrecta4 ,of others1 ,flammula frutex1 and ,flammula ,iouis1 or surrecta3 ,in ,english1 ,vpright ,virgins ,bower4 ,the next is called by ,clusius1 ,clematis ,pannonica culea1 who thought it to be ,climeni species1 by the relation of others1 at the first1 but after entituled it1 ,clematis3 ,in ,english1 the ,hungarian ,climer4 ,the last may be called in ,latine1 ,clematis ,virginiana3 ,in ,english1 ,the ,virgin or ,virginian ,climer2 of the ,virginians1 ,maracoc3 of the ,spaniards in the ,west ,indies ,granadillo1 because the fruit 7as is before said7 is in some fashion like a small ,pomegranate on the outside2 yet the seede within is flattish1 round1 and blackish4 ,some superstitious ,iesuite would faine make men beleeue1 that in the flower of this plant are to be seene all the markes of our ,sauiours ,passion2 and therefore call it ,flos ,passionis3 and to that end haue caused figures to be drawne1 and printed1 with all the parts proportioned out1 as thornes1 nailes1 speare1 whippe1 pillar1 c4 in it1 and all as true as the ,sea burnes1 which you may well perceiue by the true figure1 taken to the life of the plant1 compared with the figures set forth by the ,iesuites1 which ,i haue placed here likewise for euery one to see3 but these bee their aduantagious lies 7which with them are tolerable1 or rather pious and meritorious7 wherewith they vse to instruct their people2 but ,i dare say1 ,god neuer willed his ,priests to instruct his people with lyes3 for they come from the ,diuell1 the author of them4 ,but you may say ,i am beside my ,text1 and ,i am in doubt you will thinke1 ,i am in this besides my selfe1 and so nothing to be beleeued herein that ,i say4 ,for1 for the most part1 it is an inherent errour in all of that side1 to beleeue nothing1 be it neuer so true1 that any of our side shall affirme1 that contrarieth the assertions of any of their ,fathers1 as they call them3 but ,i must referre them to ,god1 and hee knoweth the truth1 and will reforme or deforme them in his time4 ,in regard whereof ,i could not but speake 7the occasion being thus offered7 against such an erroneous opinion 7which euen ,d4 ,aldine at ,rome1 before remembred1 disproued1 and contraried both the said figures and name7 and seek to disproue it1 as doth 7,i say not almost1 but ,i am affraid altogether7 leade many to adore the very picture of such things1 as are but the fictions of superstitious brains3 for the flower it selfe is farre differing from their figure1 as both ,aldine in the aforesaid booke1 and ,robinus at ,paris in his ,theatrum ,flor1 doe set forth2 the flowers and leaues being drawne to the life1 and there exhibited1 which ,i hope may satisfie all men1 that will not be perpetually obstinate and contentious4 ,the ,vertues4 ,costus saith hee hath often seene1 that the leaues of ,perwinkle held in the mouth1 hath stayed the bleeding at the nose4 ,the ,french doe vse it to stay the menstruall fluxes4 ,the other are causticke plants1 that is1 fiery hot1 and blistering the skinne2 and therefore 7as ,dioscorides saith7 is profitable to take away the scurfe1 leprye1 or such like deformities of the skin4 ,what property that of ,virginia hath1 is not knowne to any with vs ,i thinke1 more then that the liquor in the greene fruit is pleasant in taste2 but assuredly it cannot be without some speciall properties1 if they were knowne4 ,,chap4 ,,ciii4 ,chamla4 ,dwarfe ,spurge ,oliue1 or ,dwarfe ,baye4 ,i haue three sorts of ,chamla to bring to your consideration1 euery one differing notably from other2 two of them of great beauty in their flowers1 as well as in the whole plant3 the third abiding with greene leaues1 although it haue no beauty in the flower1 yet worthy of the place it holds4 ,and vnto these ,i must adioyne another plant1 as comming nearest vnto them in the brauery of the flowers4 #a4 ,chamla ,germanica siue ,mezereon floribus dilutioris coloris saturatioris4 ,dwarfe ,bay1 or flowring ,spurge ,oliue4 ,we haue two sorts of this ,spurge ,oliue or ,dwarfe ,baye1 differing onely in the colour of the flowers4 ,they both rise vp with a thicke wooddy stemme1 fiue or six foot high sometimes1 or more1 and of the thicknesse 7if they be very old7 of a mans wrest at the ground1 spreading into many flexible long branches1 couered with a tough grayish barke1 beset with small long leaues1 somewhat like vnto ,priuet leaues1 but smaller and paler1 and in a manner round pointed3 the flowers are small1 consisting of foure leaues1 many growing together sometimes1 and breaking out of the branches by themselues3 in the one sort of a pale red at the first blowing1 and more white afterwards2 the other of a deeper red in the blossome1 and continuing of a deeper red colour all the time of the flowring1 both of them very sweete in smell3 after the flowers are past1 come the berries1 which are greene at the first1 and very red afterwards1 turning blackish red1 if they stand too long vpon the branches3 the rootes spread into many tough long branches1 couered with a yellowish barke4 #b4 ,chamla ,alpina4 ,mountaine ,spurge ,oliue4 ,this ,mountaine ,laurell riseth vp with a small wooddy stemme1 three or foure foot high1 or more1 branching forth towards the vpper parts into many slender and tough branches1 couered with a rough hoary greene barke1 beset at the ends thereof with flatter1 fuller1 and smaller round pointed leaues then the former1 of a grayish greene colour on the vpperside1 and hoary vnderneath1 which abide on the branches in ,winter1 and fall not away as the former3 the flowers are many set together at the ends of the branches1 greater then the former1 and consisting of foure leaues a peece1 of a light blush colour1 standing in small grayish huskes1 of little or no sent at all3 the fruit followeth1 which are small long graines or berries1 of an excellent red colour1 which afterwards turne blacke3 the roote is long1 and spreadeth about vnder the vpper part of the earth4 #c4 ,chamla tricoccos4 ,widowe ,wayle4 ,this three berried ,spurge ,oliue hath no great stemme at all1 but the whole plant spreadeth from the ground into many flexible tough greene branches1 whereon are set diuers narrow1 long1 darke greene leaues all along the branches1 which abide greene all the ,winter3 the flowers are very small1 scarce to be seene1 and come forth between the leaues and the stalke1 of a pale yellow colour1 made of three leaues2 after which come small blackish berries1 three vsually set together2 the roote spreadeth it selfe in the ground not very farre1 being hard and wooddy1 and often dyeth1 if it bee not well defended from the extremity of our sharpe ,winters4 #d4 ,cneorum ,matthioli4 ,small ,rocke ,roses4 ,i was long in doubt in what place ,i should dispose of this plant1 whether among the ,campions1 as ,bauhinus1 or among these1 as ,clusius doth2 but lest my ,garden should want it wholly1 let it take vp roome for this time here4 ,this gallant plant hath diuers long1 weake1 slender1 but yet tough branches lying vpon the ground1 diuided vsually into other smaller branches1 whereon growe many1 small1 long1 and somewhat thicke leaues1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of the former ,mezereon1 set without any order to the very tops1 from whence doe come forth a tuft of many small flowers together1 made or consisting of foure leaues a peece1 of a bright red or carnation colour1 and very sweete withall1 which turne into small round whitish berries1 wherein is contained small round seede1 couered with a grayish coate or skinne3 the roote is long and yellowish1 spreading diuers wayes vnder the ground1 and abideth many yeares shooting forth new branches4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,it hath beene obserued in some of these plants1 to bring forth white flowers1 not differing in any thing else4 ,the ,place4 ,the first sorts growe plentifully in many places of ,germany4 ,the second in the mountaines by ,sauoye4 ,the third in ,prouence and ,spaine4 ,the last in diuers parts of ,germany1 ,bohemia1 and ,austria1 and about ,franckford4 ,the ,time4 ,the two first sorts are most vsually in flower about ,christmas1 or in ,ianuary1 if the weather be not violent1 and sometimes not vntill ,february4 ,the second flowreth not vntill ,aprill4 ,the third in ,may4 ,the berries of them ripen some in ,iune and ,iuly2 some in ,august and ,september1 as their flowring is earlier or later4 ,the last flowreth as well in the ,spring as in ,autumne1 so apt and plentifull it is in bearing1 and the seede at both times doth ripen soone after4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called of some ,chamla1 with this addition ,germanica1 that it may differ from the third1 which is the true ,chamla of ,dioscorides1 as all the best ,authors doe agree1 and is also called ,piper montanum of the ,italians4 ,it is generally called ,mezereon1 and is indeede the true ,mezereon of the ,arabians1 and so vsed in our ,apothecaries shops1 wheresoeuer the ,arabians ,mezereon is appointed1 although the ,arabians are so intricate and vncertaine in the descriptions of their plants1 confounding ,chamla and ,thymla together4 ,matthiolus maketh it to be ,daphnoides of ,dioscorides2 but in my opinion he is therein mistaken3 for all our best moderne ,writers doe account our ,laureola1 which hath blacke berries1 to bee the true ,daphnoides3 the errour of his ,countrey might peraduenture drawe him thereunto2 but if hee had better considered the text of ,dioscorides1 that giueth black berries to ,daphnoides1 and red to ,chamdaphne1 he would not so haue written2 and truly1 ,i should thinke 7as ,lobel doth7 with better reason1 that this ,chamla were ,dioscorides ,chamdaphne1 then hee to say it were ,daphnoides3 for the description of ,chamdaphne1 may in all parts be very fitly applyed to this ,chamla3 and euen these words1 ,semen annexum folijs1 wherein may be the greatest doubt in the description1 may not vnfitly bee construed1 that as is seene in the plant1 the berries growe at the foote of the leaues1 about the branches3 the faculties indeede that ,dioscorides giueth to ,chamdaphne1 are 7if any repugnancie be7 the greatest let or hinderance1 that this ,chamla should not be it3 but ,i leaue the discussing of these and others of the like nature1 to our learned ,physitians2 for ,i deale not so much with vertues as with descriptions4 ,the second is called of ,lobel ,chamla ,alpine incana1 of ,clusius ,chamla secunda1 and saith hee had it out of ,italy4 ,wee may call it in ,english1 ,mountaine ,spurge ,oliue1 as it is in the description1 or ,mountaine ,laurell1 which you will4 ,the last hath the name of ,cneorum1 first giuen it by ,matthiolus1 which since is continued by all others4 ,bauhinus 7as ,i said7 referreth it to the ,mountaine ,campions1 but ,clusius 7as ,i doe7 to the kindes of ,chamla or ,thymla4 ,for want of an ,english name ,i haue 7as you see1 and that is according to the name the ,germane women1 as ,clusius saith1 doe call it7 entituled it the ,small ,rocke ,rose2 which may abide vntill a fitter may be conferred vpon it4 ,illustration3 #a ,chamla ,germanica seu ,mezereon4 ,mezereon or ,dwarfe ,bay4 #b ,chamla ,alpina4 ,mountain or ,spurge ,oliue4 #c ,cneorum ,matthioli4 ,small ,rocke ,roses4 #d ,laurus ,tinus siue siluestris4 ,the wild ,bay tree4 #e ,oleander siue ,laurus ,rosea4 ,the ,rose ,bay tree4 #f ,laurocerasus4 ,the ,bay ,cherrie tree4 ,the ,vertues4 ,all these plants except the last1 as well leaues as berries1 are violent purgers1 and therefore great caution is to bee had in the vse of them4 ,the last hath not beene applyed for any disease that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,ciiia4 ,laurus4 ,the ,bay ,tree4 ,my meaning is not to make any description of our ordinary ,bayes in this place 7for as all may very well know1 they may be for an ,orchard or ,courtyard1 and not for this ,garden7 but of two or three other kindes1 whose beautifull aspect haue caused them to be worthy of a place therein3 the one is called ,laurus ,tinus1 ,the wilde ,baye3 the other ,laurus ,rosea or ,oleander1 ,the ,rose ,bay3 and a third is ,laurocerasus1 ,the ,cherry ,bay2 which may haue not onely some respect for his long bush of sweet smelling flowers1 but especially for the comely statelinesse of his gallant euer fresh greene leaues2 and the rather1 because with vs in most places1 it doth but frutescere1 vse to bee ,shrub high1 not arborescere1 ,tree high1 which is the more fit for this ,garden4 #a4 ,laurus ,tinus siue siluestris4 ,the wilde ,bay tree4 ,this wilde ,baye groweth seldome to bee a tree of any height1 but abideth for the most part low1 shooting forth diuers slender branches1 whereon at euery ioynt stand two leaues1 long1 smooth1 and of a darke greene colour1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of the ,female ,cornell tree1 or between that and ,baye leaues3 at the toppes of the branches stand many small white sweete smelling flowers1 thrusting together1 as it were in an vmbell or tuft1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 the edges whereof haue a shew of a wash purple1 or light blush in them1 which for the most part fall away without bearing any perfect ripe fruit in our ,countrey3 ,yet sometimes it hath small black berries1 as if they were good1 but are not4 ,in his naturall place it beareth small1 round1 hard and pointed berries1 of a shining blacke colour1 for such haue come often to my hands 7yet ,clusius writeth they are blew72 but ,i could neuer see any spring that ,i put into the ground4 ,this that ,i here describe1 seemeth to me to be neither of both those that ,clusius saw growing in ,spain and ,portugall1 but that other1 that 7as he saith7 sprang in the low ,countreyes of ,italian seede4 #b4 ,laurus ,rosea siue ,oleander4 ,the ,rose ,bay4 ,of the ,rose ,bay there are two sorts1 one bearing crimson coloured flowers1 which is more frequent1 and the other white1 which is more rare4 ,they are so like in all other things1 that they neede but one description for both4 ,the stemme or trunke is many times with vs1 as bigge at the bottome as a good mans thumbe1 but growing vp smaller1 it diuideth it selfe into branches1 three for the most part comming from one ioynt or place1 and those branches againe doe likewise diuide themselues into three other1 and so by degrees from three to three1 as long as it groweth3 the lowest of these are bare of leaues1 hauing shed or lost them by the cold of winters1 keeping onely leaues on the vppermost branches1 which are long1 and somewhat narrow1 like in forme vnto ,peach leaues1 but thicker1 harder1 and of a darke greene colour on the vpperside1 and yellowish greene vnderneath3 at the tops of the young branches come forth the flowers1 which in the one sort before they are open1 are of an excellent bright crimson colour1 and being blowen1 consist of foure long and narrow leaues1 round pointed1 somewhat twining themselues1 of a paler red colour1 almost tending to blush1 and in the other are white1 the greene leaues also being of a little fresher colour3 after the flowers are past1 in the hot countries1 but neuer in ours1 there come vp long bending or crooked flat pods1 whose outward shell is hard1 almost woody1 and of a browne colour1 wherein is contained small flat brownish seede1 wrapped in a great deale of a brownish yellow doune1 as fine almost as silke1 somewhat like vnto the huskes of ,asclepias1 or ,periploca1 but larger1 flatter and harder2 as my selfe can testifie1 who had some of the pods of this ,rose bay1 brought mee out of ,spaine1 by ,master ,doctor ,iohn ,more1 the seedes whereof ,i sowed1 and had diuers plants that ,i raised vp vnto a reasonable height1 but they require1 as well old as young1 to bee defended from the colde of our winters4 #c4 ,laurocerasus4 ,the ,bay ,cherry4 ,this beautifull bay in his naturall place of growing1 groweth to bee a tree of a reasonable bignesse and height1 and oftentimes with vs also if it bee pruined from the lower branches2 but more vsually in these colder ,countries1 it groweth as a shrub or hedge bush1 shooting forth many branches1 whereof the greater and lower are couered with a darke grayish greene barke1 but the young ones are very greene1 whereon are set many goodly1 faire1 large1 thicke and long leaues1 a little dented about the edges1 of a more excellent fresh shining greene colour1 and farre larger then any ,bay leafe1 and compared by many to the leaues of the ,pomeritron tree 7which because wee haue none in our ,countrey1 cannot be so well known7 both for colour and largenesse1 which yeeld a most gracefull aspect3 it beareth long stalkes of whitish flowers1 at the ioynts of the leaues both along the branches and towards the ends of them also1 like vnto the ,birds ,cherry or ,padus ,theophrasti1 which the ,french men call ,putier ,cerisier blanc1 but larger and greater1 consisting of fiue leaues with many threds in the middle3 after which commeth the fruite or berries1 as large or great as ,flanders ,cherries1 many growing together one by another on a long stalke1 as the flowers did1 which are very blacke and shining on the outside1 with a little point at the end1 and reasonable sweete in taste1 wherein is contained a hard round stone1 very like vnto a ,cherry stone1 as ,i haue obserued as well by those ,i receiued out of ,italie1 as by them ,i had of ,master ,iames ,cole a ,merchant of ,london lately deceased1 which grew at his house in ,highgate1 where there is a faire tree which hee defended from the bitternesse of the weather in winter by casting a blanket ouer the toppe thereof euery yeare1 thereby the better to preserue it4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is not certainly knowne from whence it came1 and is communicated by the suckers it yeeldeth4 ,the second groweth in ,spaine1 ,italie1 ,grece1 and many other places3 that with white flowers is recorded by ,bellonius1 to grow in ,candy4 ,the last1 as ,matthiolus1 and after him ,clusius report1 came first from ,constantinople3 ,i had a plant hereof by the friendly gift of ,master ,iames ,cole1 the ,merchant before remembred1 a great louer of all rarities1 who had it growing with him at his countrey house in ,highgate aforesaid1 where it hath flowred diuers times1 and borne ripe fruit also4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth many times in the end of the yeare before ,christmas1 and often also in ,ianuary1 but the most kindly time is in ,march and ,aprill1 when the flowers are sweetest4 ,the second flowreth not vntill ,iuly4 ,the last in ,may1 and the fruit is ripe in ,august and ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,laurus siluestris1 and ,laurus ,tinus3 in ,english ,wilde ,bay1 or ,sweete flowring ,bay4 ,the second is called ,laurus ,rosea1 ,oleander1 ,nerium1 and ,rhododendros3 in ,english ,the ,rose ,bay1 and ,oleander4 ,the last was sent by the name of ,trebezon ,curmasi1 that is to say1 ,dactylus ,trapezuntina1 but not hauing any affinitie with any kinde of ,bay4 ,bellonius as ,i thinke first named it ,laurocerasus1 and ,cerasus ,trapezuntina4 ,dalechampius thinketh it to bee ,lotus ,aphricana1 but ,clusius refuteth it4 ,those stones or kernels that were sent me out of ,italie1 came by the name of ,laurus ,regia1 ,the ,kings ,bay4 ,wee may most properly call it according to the ,latine name in the title1 ,the ,cherry bay1 or ,bay ,cherry1 because his leaues are like vnto ,bay-leaues1 and both flowers and fruit like vnto the ,birdes ,cherry or ,cluster ,cherry1 for the manner of the growing2 and therefore ,i might more fitly ,i confesse haue placed it in my ,orchard among the sorts of ,cherries3 but the beautifulnesse of the plant caused mee rather to insert it here4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the wilde ,bay hath no propertie allotted vnto it in ,physicke1 but that it is not to be endured1 the berries being chewed declare it to be so violent hot and choking4 ,the ,rose ,bay is said by ,dioscorides1 to be death to all foure footed beasts1 but contrariwise to man it is a remedie against the poison of ,serpents1 but especially if ,rue bee added vnto it4 ,the ,cherry ,bay is not knowne with vs to what physicke vse it may be applyed4 ,,chap4 ,,ciiii4 ,cerasus flore multiplici4 ,the ,rose or double blossomd ,cherry4 ,malus flore multiplici4 ,the double blossomd ,apple tree4 ,and ,malus ,persica flore multiplici4 ,the double blossomd ,peach tree4 ,the beautifull shew of these three sorts of flowers1 hath made me to insert them into this garden1 in that for their worthinesse ,i am vnwilling to bee without them1 although the rest of their kindes ,i haue transferred into the ,orchard1 where among other fruit trees1 they shall be remembred3 for all these here set downe1 seldome or neuer beare any fruite1 and therefore more fit for a ,garden of flowers1 then an ,orchard of fruite4 ,cerasus flore pleno vel multiplici4 ,the ,rose ,cherry1 or ,double blossomd ,cherry4 ,the double blossomed ,cherry tree is of two sorts for the flower1 but not differing in any other part1 from the ordinary ,english or ,flanders ,cherry tree1 growing in very like manner3 the difference consisteth in this1 that the one of these two sorts hath white flowers lesse double1 that is1 of two rowes or more of leaues1 and the other more double1 or with more rowes of leaues1 and besides ,i haue obserued in this greater double blossomd ,cherry1 that some yeares most of the flowers haue had another smaller and double flower1 rising vp out of the middle of the other1 like as is to bee seene in the double ,english ,crow-foote1 and double redde ,ranunculus or ,crowfoote1 before described3 this ,i say doth not happen euery yeare1 but sometimes4 ,sometimes also these trees will giue a few berries1 here and there scattered1 and that with lesse double flowers more often1 which are like vnto our ,english ,cherries both for taste and bignesse4 ,these be very fit to be set by ,arbours4 ,illustration3 #a ,cerasus flore pleno4 ,the double blossomd ,cherry tree4 #b ,malus flore multiplici4 ,the double blossomd ,apple tree4 #c ,malus ,persica flore pleno4 ,the double blossomd ,peach tree4 #d ,periclymenum perfoliatum4 ,double ,honisuckle4 #e ,periclymenum rectum4 ,vpright ,honisuckle4 ,malus flore multiplici4 ,the double blossomd ,apple tree4 ,this double blossomd ,apple tree is altogether like vnto our ordinary ,pippin tree in body1 branch and leafe1 the only difference is in the flower1 which is altogether whitish1 sauing that the inner leaues towards the middle are more reddish1 but as double and thicke as our double ,damaske ,roses1 which fall away without bearing fruit4 ,malus ,persica flore multiplici4 ,the double blossomd ,peach tree4 ,this ,peach tree for the manner of growing1 is so like vnto an ordinary ,peach tree1 that vntill you see it in blossome you can perceiue no difference3 the flower is of the same colour with the blossomes of the ,peach1 but consisting of three or foure1 or more rowes of leaues1 which fall often away likewise without bearing any fruite2 but after it hath abiden some yeares in a place doth forme into fruite1 especially being planted against a wall4 ,the ,place4 ,both the ,cherry trees are frequent in many places of ,england1 noursed for their pleasant flowers4 ,the ,apple is as yet a stranger4 ,and the ,peach1 hath not been seen or knowne1 long before the writing hereof4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in ,april ,may1 which are the times of their other kinds4 ,the ,names4 ,their names are also sufficiently expressed to know them by4 ,the ,vertues4 ,cherries1 ,peaches and ,apples1 are recorded in our ,orchard1 and there you shall finde the properties of their fruit3 for in that these beare none or very few1 their blossomes are of most vse to grace and decke the persons of those that will weare or beare them4 ,,chap4 ,,cv4 ,periclymenum4 ,honysuckles4 ,the ,honisuckle that groweth wilde in euery hedge1 although it be very sweete1 yet doe ,i not bring into my garden1 but let it rest in his owne place1 to serue their senses that trauell by it1 or haue no garden4 ,i haue three other that furnish my ,garden1 one that is called double1 whose branches spreade far1 and being very fit for an arbour will soone couer it3 the other two stand vpright1 and spreade not any way far1 yet their flowers declaring them to be ,honisuckles1 but of lesse delight1 ,i consort them with the other4 ,periclymenum perfoliatum siue ,italicum4 ,the double ,honisuckle4 ,the truncke or body of the double ,honisuckle1 is oftentimes of the bignesse of a good staffe1 running out into many long spreading branches1 couered with a whitish barke1 which had neede of some thing to sustaine them1 or else they will fall down to the ground 7and therefore it is vsually planted at an arbour1 that it may run thereon1 or against a house wall1 and fastened thereto in diuers places with nailes7 from whence spring forth at seuerall distances1 and at the ioynts1 two leaues1 being like in forme vnto the wilde ,honisuckles1 and round pointed for the most part2 these branches diuiding themselues diuers wayes1 haue at the toppes of them many flowers1 set at certaine distances one aboue another1 with two greene leaues at euery place1 where the flowers doe stand1 ioyned so close at the bottome1 and so round and hollow in the middle1 that it seemeth like a hollow cuppe or sawcer of flowers3 the flowers stand round about the middle of these cuppes or sawcers1 being long1 hollow1 and of a whitish yellow colour1 with open mouthes dasht ouer with a light shew of purple1 and some threds within them1 very sweet in smell1 like both in forme and colour vnto the common ,honisuckles1 but that these cuppes with the flowers in them are two or three standing one aboue another 7which make a far better shew then the common1 which come forth all at the heade of the branches1 without any greene leaues or cuppes vnder them7 and therefore these were called double ,honisuckles4 ,periclymenum rectum fructu rubro4 ,red ,honisuckles4 ,this vpright ,woodbinde hath a straight woody stemme1 diuided into seuerall branches1 about three or foure foote high1 couered with a very thinne whitish barke1 whereon stand two leaues together at the ioynts1 being lesser then the former1 smooth and plaine1 and a little pointed3 the flowers come forth vpon slender long footstalks at the ioynts where the leaues stand1 alwayes two set together1 and neuer more1 but seldome one alone1 which are much smaller then the former1 but of the same fashion1 with a little button at the foote of the flower2 the buds of the flowers before they are open are very reddish1 but being open are not so red1 but tending to a kinde of yellowish blush colour3 after which come in their places two small red berries1 the one withered for the most part1 or at least smaller then the other1 but 7as ,clusius saith7 in their naturall places they are both full and of one bignesse4 ,periclymenum rectum fructu cruleo4 ,blew berried ,honisuckles4 ,this other vpright ,woodbinde groweth vp as high as the former1 or rather somewhat higher1 couered with a blackish rugged barke1 chapping in diuers places1 the younger branches whereof are somewhat reddish1 and couered with an hoary doune3 the leaues stand two together at the ioints1 somewhat larger then the former1 and more whitish vnderneath3 the flowers are likewise two standing together1 at the end of a slender footestalke1 of a pale yellowish colour when they are blowne1 but more reddish in the bud3 the berries stand two together as the former1 of a darke blewish colour when they are fully ripe1 and full of a red liquour or iuice1 of a pleasant taste1 which doth not only dye the hands of them that gather them1 but serueth for a dying colour to the inhabitants where they grow plentifully1 wherein are contained many flat seede3 ,the roote is woody as the former is4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in ,italie1 ,spaine1 and ,prouence of ,france1 but not in the colder countreyes1 vnlesse it be there planted1 as is most frequent in our countrey4 ,the others grow in ,austria1 and ,stiria1 as ,clusius saith1 and are entertained into their gardens onely that are curious4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth vsually in ,aprill1 the rest in ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called ,periclymenum1 ,caprifolium perfoliatum1 and ,italicum1 as a difference from the common kinde3 ,in ,english ,double ,woodbinde1 or double ,honisuckles4 ,the others1 as they are rare1 and little knowne1 so are their names also3 yet according to their ,latine1 ,i haue giuen them ,english names4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the double ,honisuckle is as effectuall in all things1 as the single wilde kinde1 and besides1 is an especiall good wound herbe for the head or other parts4 ,i haue not knowne the vpright kindes vsed in ,physicke4 ,,chap4 ,,cvi4 ,iasminum siue ,gelseminum4 ,iasmine or ,gesmine4 ,we haue but one sort of true ,iasmine ordinarily in our ,gardens throughout the whole ,land2 but there is another greater sort1 which is farre more tender1 brought out of ,spaine1 and will hardly endure any long time with vs1 vnlesse it be very carefully preserued4 ,wee haue a third kinde called a yellow ,iasmine1 but differeth much from their tribe in many notable points3 but because the flowers haue some likenesse with the flowers of the true ,iasmine1 it hath been vsually called a ,iasmine2 and therefore ,i am content for this ,garden to conioyne them in one ,chapter4 #a4 ,iasminum album4 ,the white ,iasmine4 ,the white ,iasmine hath many twiggy flexible greene branches1 comming forth of the sundry bigger boughes or stems1 that rise from the roote1 which are couered with a grayish darke coloured barke1 hauing a white pith within it like the ,elder1 but not so much3 the winged leaues stand alwaies two together at the ioynts1 being made of manie small and pointed leaues1 set on each side of a middle ribbe1 six most vsually on both sides1 with one at the end1 which is larger1 more pointed then any of the rest1 and of a darke greene colour3 at the toppes of the young branches stand diuers flowers together1 as it were in an vmbell or tuft1 each whereof standeth on a long greene stalke1 comming out of a small huske1 being small1 long1 and hollow belowe1 opening into fiue white small1 pointed leaues1 of a very strong sweete smell1 which fall away without bearing any fruit at all1 that euer ,i could learne in our ,country2 but in the hot ,countries where it is naturall1 it is said to beare flat fruit1 like ,lupines3 the rootes spread farre and deepe1 and are long and hard to growe1 vntill they haue taken strong hold in the ground4 #b4 ,iasminum ,catalonicum4 ,the ,spanish ,iasmine4 ,this ,catalonia ,iasmine groweth lower then the former1 neuer rising halfe so high1 and hath slender long greene branches1 rising from the toppe of the wooddy stemme1 with such like leaues set on them as the former1 but somewhat shorter and larger3 the flowers also are like vnto the former1 and stand in the same manner at the end of the branches1 but are much larger1 being of a blush colour before they are blowne1 and white with blush edges when they are open1 exceeding sweete of smell1 more strong then the former4 #c4 ,iasminum luteum1 siue ,trifolium fruticans alijs ,polemonium4 ,the yellow ,iasmine4 ,this that is called the yellow ,iasmine1 hath many long slender twiggy branches rising from the roote1 greene at the first1 and couered with a darke grayish barke afterwards1 whereon are set at certaine distances1 three small darke greene leaues together1 the end leafe being alwaies the biggest3 at the ioynts where the leaues come forth1 stand long stalkes1 bearing long hollow flowers1 ending in fiue1 and some in six leaues1 very like vnto the flowers of the first ,iasmine1 but yellow1 whereupon it is vsually called the ,yellow ,iasmine3 after the flowers are past1 there come in their places round blacke shining berries1 of the bignesse of a great ,pease1 or bigger1 full of a purplish iuyce1 which will dye ones fingers that bruise them but a little3 the roote is tough1 and white1 creeping farre about vnder the ground1 shooting forth plentifully1 whereby it greatly encreaseth4 ,the ,place4 ,the first is verily thought to haue been first brought to ,spaine out of ,syria1 or thereabouts1 and from ,spaine to vs1 and is to be seene very often1 and in many of our ,country ,gardens4 ,the second hath his breeding in ,spaine also1 but whether it be his originall place we know not1 and is scarce yet made well acquainted with our ,english ayre4 ,the third groweth plentifully about ,mompelier1 and will well abide in our ,london ,gardens1 and any where else4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth not vntill the end of ,iuly4 ,the second somewhat earlier4 ,the third in ,iuly also4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is generally called ,iasminum album1 and ,gelseminum album3 ,in ,english1 ,the white ,iasmine4 ,the second hath his name in his title1 as much as may be said of it4 ,the third hath been taken of some to be a ,cytisus1 others iudge it to be ,polemonium1 but the truest name is ,trifolium fruticans1 although many call it ,iasminum luteum3 ,in ,english most vsually1 ,the yellow ,iasmine1 for the reasons aforesaid2 or else after the ,latine name1 ,shrubbie ,trefoile1 or ,make-bate4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the white ,iasmines haue beene in all times accepted into outward medicines1 eyther for the pleasure of the sweete sent1 or profit of the warming properties4 ,and is in these dayes onely vsed as an ornament in ,gardens1 or for sent of the flowers in the house1 c4 ,the yellow ,iasmine1 although some haue adiudged it to be the ,polemonium of ,dioscorides1 yet it is not vsed to those purposes by any that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,cvii4 ,syringa4 ,the ,pipe tree4 ,vnder the name of ,syringa1 is contained two speciall kinds of ,shrubs or ,trees1 differing one from another2 namely1 the ,lilac of ,matthiolus1 which is called ,syringa crulea1 and is of two or three sorts3 ,and the ,syringa alba1 which also is of two sorts1 as shall bee declared4 #a4 ,lilac siue ,syringa crulea4 ,the blew ,pipe tree4 ,the blew ,pipe tree riseth sometimes to be a great tree1 as high and bigge in the bodie as a reasonable ,apple tree 7as ,i haue in some places seene and obserued7 but most vsually groweth lower1 with many twigs or branches rising from the roote1 hauing as much pith in the middle of them as the ,elder hath1 couered with a grayish greene barke1 but darker in the elder branches1 with ioynts set at a good distance one from another1 and two leaues at euery ioynt1 which are large1 broad1 and pointed at the ends1 many of them turning or folding both the sides inward1 and standing on long foote stalkes3 at the toppes of the branches come forth many flowers1 growing spike-fashion1 that is1 a long branch of flowers vpon a stalke1 each of these flowers are small1 long1 and hollow belowe1 ending aboue in a pale blewish flower1 consisting of foure small leaues1 of a pretty small sent3 after the flowers are past1 there come sometimes 7but it is not often in our ,country1 vnlesse the tree haue stood long1 and is grown great1 the suckers being continually taken away1 that it may growe the better7 long and flat cods1 consisting as it were of two sides1 a thin skinne being in the midst1 wherein are contained two long flattish red seede3 the rootes are strong1 and growe deepe in the ground4 #b4 ,syringa flore lacteo siue argenteo4 ,the siluer coloured ,pipe tree4 ,this ,pipe tree differeth not from the former blew ,pipe tree1 either in stemme or branches1 either in leaues or flowers1 or manner of growing1 but onely in the colour of the flower1 which in this is of a milke1 or siluer colour1 which is a kinde of white1 wherein there is a thinne wash1 or light shew of blew shed therein1 comming somewhat neare vnto an ash-colour4 #c4 ,lilac lacimatis folijs4 ,the blew ,pipe tree with cut leaues4 ,this ,pipe tree should not differ from the first in any other thing then in the leaues1 which are said to be cut in on the edges into seuerall parts1 as the relation is giuen viris fide dignis2 for as yet ,i neuer saw any such2 but ,i here am bold to set it downe1 to induce and prouoke some louer of plants to obtaine it for his pleasure1 and others also4 #d4 ,syringa flore albo simplici4 ,the single white ,pipe tree4 ,the single white ,pipe tree or bush1 neuer commeth to that height of the former1 but abideth alwaies like a hedge tree or bush1 full of shootes or suckers from the roote1 much more then the former3 the young shootes hereof are reddish on the outside1 and afterward reddish at the ioynts1 and grayish all the rest ouer3 the young as well as the old branches1 haue some pith in the middle of them1 like as the ,elder hath3 the leaues stand two at a ioynt1 somewhat like the former1 but more rugged or crumpled1 as also a little pointed1 and dented about the edges3 the flowers growe at the toppes of the branches1 diuers standing together1 consisting of foure white leaues1 like vnto small ,muske ,roses1 and of the same creame colour1 as ,i may call it1 with many small yellowish threads in the middle1 and are of a strong1 full1 or heady sent1 not pleasing to a great many1 by reason of the strange quicknesse of the sent3 the fruit followeth1 being flat at the head1 with many leafie shels or scales compassing it1 wherein is enclosed small long seede3 the rootes runne not deepe1 but spread vnder the ground1 with many fibres annexed vnto them4 #e4 ,syringa ,arabica flore albo duplici4 ,the double white ,pipe tree4 ,this ,pipe tree hath diuers long and slender branches1 whereon growe large leaues1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of the former single white kinde1 but not so rough or hard1 and not at all dented about the edges1 two alwaies standing one against another at euery ioynt of the stalke1 but set or disposed on contrary sides1 and not all vpon one side2 at the ends whereof come forth diuers flowers1 euery one standing on his owne foote-stalke1 the hose or huske being long and hollow1 like vnto the white ,iasmine1 and the flowers therein consisting of a double rowe of white and round pointed leaues1 fiue or six in a rowe1 with some yellownesse in the middle1 which is hollow1 of a very strong and heady sweet sent1 and abiding a long time flowring1 especially in the hotter ,countries1 but is very tender1 and not able to abide any the least cold weather with vs2 for the cold windes will 7as ,i vnderstand7 greatly molest it3 and therefore must as charily be kept as ,orenge trees with vs1 if wee will haue it to abide4 ,illustration3 #a ,iasminum album vulgare4 ,the ordinary white ,iasmine4 #b ,iasminum ,americanum siue ,convolvulus ,americanus4 ,the ,iasmine or ,bindweed of ,america4 #c ,iasminum luteum vulgare4 ,the yellow ,iasmine4 #d ,lilac seu ,syringa crulea4 ,the blew ,pipe tree4 #e ,syringa alba vulgaris4 ,the single white ,syringa or ,pipe tree4 #f ,syringa flore albo duplici4 ,the double white ,syringa4 #g ,sambucus rosea4 ,the ,elder or ,gelder ,rose4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in ,arabia 7as ,matthiolus thinketh1 that had it from ,constantinople47 ,we haue it plentifully in our ,gardens4 ,the second and third are strangers with vs as yet4 ,the fourth is as frequent as the first1 or rather more1 but his originall is not knowne4 ,the last hath his originall from ,arabia1 as his name importeth4 ,the ,time4 ,the first1 second1 and third flower in ,aprill1 the other two not vntill ,may4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called of ,matthiolus ,lilac1 and by that name is most vsually called in all parts4 ,it is also called ,syringa crulea1 because it commeth nearest vnto those woods1 which for their pithy substance1 were made hollow into pipes4 ,it is called of all in ,english1 ,the blew ,pipe tree4 ,it seemeth likely1 that ,petrus ,bellonius in his third ,booke and fiftieth ,chapter of his obseruations 7making mention of a shrubbe that the ,turkes haue1 with ,iuie leaues alwaies greene1 bearing blew or violet coloured flowers on a long stalke1 of the bignesse and fashion of a ,foxe taile1 and thereupon called in their language a ,foxe taile7 doth vnderstand this plant here expressed4 ,the certainty whereof might easily be knowne1 if any of our ,merchants there residing1 would but call for such a shrubbe1 by the name of a ,foxe taile in the ,turkish tongue1 and take care to send a young roote1 in a small tubbe or basket with earth by ,sea1 vnto vs here at ,london1 which would be performed with a very little paines and cost4 ,the second and third1 as kindes thereof1 haue their names in their titles4 ,the fourth is called by ,clusius and others1 ,frutex ,coronarius2 some doe call it ,lilac flore albo1 but that name is not proper1 in that it doth confound both kindes together4 ,lobel calleth it ,syringa ,italica4 ,it is now generally called of all ,syringa alba1 that is in ,english1 ,the white ,pipe tree4 ,some would haue it to bee ,ostrys of ,theophrastus1 but ,clusius hath sufficiently cleared that doubt4 ,of others ,ligustrum ,orientale1 which it cannot be neither2 for the ,cyprus of ,plinie is ,dioscorides his ,ligustrum1 which may be called ,orientale1 in that it is most proper to the ,easterne ,countries1 and is very sweete1 whose seede is like vnto ,coriander seede4 ,the last is called by diuers ,syringa ,arabica flore albo duplici1 as most fitly agreeing thereunto4 ,of ,basilius ,beslerus that set forth the great booke of the ,bishop of ,eystot in ,germany his ,garden1 ,syringa ,italica flore albo pleno1 because1 as it is likely1 hee had it from ,italy4 ,it is very likely1 that ,prosper ,alpinus in his booke of ,egyptian plants1 doth meane this plant1 which hee there calleth ,sambach1 siue ,iasminum ,arabicum4 ,matthus ,caccini of ,florence in his letter to ,clusius entituleth it ,syringa ,arabica1 siue ,iasminum ,arabicum1 siue ,iasminum ex ,gine1 whereby hee declareth that it may not vnfitly be referred to either of them both4 ,we may call it in ,english as it is in the title1 ,the double white ,pipe tree4 ,the ,vertues4 ,we haue no vse of these in ,physicke that ,i know1 although ,prosper ,alpinus saith1 the double white ,pipe tree is much vsed in ,egypt to help women in their trauailes of childbirth4 ,,chap4 ,,cviii4 ,sambucus ,rosea4 ,the ,elder or ,gelder ,rose4 ,although there be diuers kindes of ,elders1 yet there is but one kinde of ,elder ,rose1 whereof ,i meane to intreate in this ,chapter1 being of neare affinity in some things vnto the former ,pipe trees1 and which for the beauty of it deserueth to be remembred among the delights of a ,garden4 ,sambucus ,rosea4 ,the ,gelder ,rose4 ,the ,gelder ,rose 7as it is called7 groweth to a reasonable height1 standing like a tree1 with a trunke as bigge as any mans arme1 couered with a darke grayish barke1 somewhat rugged and very knotty3 the younger branches are smooth and white1 with a pithy substance in the middle1 as the ,elders haue1 to shew that it is a kind thereof1 whereon are set broad leaues1 diuided into three parts or diuisions1 somewhat like vnto a ,vine leafe1 but smaller1 and more rugged or crumpled1 iagged or cut also about the edges3 at the toppes of euery one of the young branches1 most vsually commeth forth a great tuft1 or ball as it were1 of many white flowers1 set so close together1 that there can be no distinction of any seuerall flower seene1 nor doth it seeme like the double flower of any other plant1 that hath many rowes of leaues set together1 but is a cluster of white leaued flowers set together vpon the stalke that vpholdeth them1 of a small sent1 which fall away without bearing any fruit in our ,country1 that euer ,i could obserue or learne3 ,the roote spreadeth neither farre nor deepe1 but shooteth many small rootes and fibres1 whereby it is fastened in the ground1 and draweth nourishment to it1 and sometimes yeeldeth suckers from it4 ,the ,place4 ,it should seeme1 that the naturall place of this ,elder is wet and moist grounds1 because it is so like vnto the ,marsh ,elder1 which is the single kind hereof4 ,it is onely noursed vp in ,gardens in all our ,country4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,may1 much about the time of the double ,peony flower1 both which being set together1 make a pleasant variety1 to decke vp the windowes of a house4 ,the ,names4 ,it is generally called ,sambucus ,rosea3 ,in ,english1 ,the ,elder ,rose1 and more commonly after the ,dutch name1 the ,gelder ,rose4 ,dalechampius seemeth to make it ,thraupalus of ,theophrastus1 or rather the single ,marsh ,elder2 for ,i thinke this double kinde was not knowne in ,theophrastus his time4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is not applyed to any ,physicall vse that ,i know4 ,,chap4 ,,cix4 ,rosa4 ,the ,rose tree or bush4 ,the great varietie of ,roses is much to be admired1 beeing more then is to bee seene in any other shrubby plant that ,i know1 both for colour1 forme and smell4 ,i haue to furnish this garden thirty sorts at the least1 euery one notably differing from the other1 and all fit to be here entertained3 for there are some other1 that being wilde and of no beautie or smell1 we forbeare1 and leaue to their wilde habitations4 ,to distinguish them by their colours1 as white1 red1 incarnate1 and yellow1 were a way that many might take1 but ,i hold it not so conuenient for diuers respects3 for so ,i should confound those of diuers sorts one among another1 and ,i should not keepe that methode which to me seemeth most conuenient1 which is1 to place and ranke euery kinde1 whether single or double1 one next vnto the other1 that so you may the better vnderstand their varieties and differences3 ,i will therefore beginne with the most ancient1 and knowne ,roses to our ,countrey1 whether naturall or no ,i know not1 but assumed by our precedent ,kings of all others1 to bee cognisances of their dignitie1 the white ,rose and the red1 whom shall follow the damaske1 of the finest sent1 and most vse of all the other sorts1 and the rest in their order4 #a4 ,rosa ,anglica alba4 ,the ,english white ,rose4 ,the white ,rose is of two kindes1 the one more thicke and double then the other3 ,the one riseth vp in some shadowie places1 vnto eight or ten foote high1 with a stocke of a great bignesse for a ,rose4 ,the other growing seldome higher then a ,damaske ,rose4 ,some doe iudge both these to be but one kinde1 the diuersitie happening by the ayre1 or ground1 or both4 ,both these ,roses haue somewhat smaller and whiter greene leaues then in many other ,roses1 fiue most vsually set on a stalke1 and more white vnderneath1 as also a whiter greene barke1 armed with sharpe thornes or prickles1 whereby they are soone known from other ,roses1 although the one not so easily from the other3 the flowers in the one are whitish1 with an eye or shew of a blush1 especially towards the ground or bottome of the flower1 very thicke double1 and close set together1 and for the most part not opening it selfe so largely and fully as eyther the ,red or ,damaske ,rose4 ,the other more white1 lesse thicke and double1 and opening it selfe more1 and some so little double as but of two or three rowes1 that they might be held to be single1 yet all of little or no smell at all4 ,to describe you all the seuerall parts of the ,rose1 as the bud1 the beards1 the threds c4 were needlesse1 they are so conuersant in euery ones hand1 that ,i shall not neede but to touch the most speciall parts of the varieties of them1 and leaue a more exact relation of all things incident vnto them1 vnto a generall worke4 #b4 ,rosa ,incarnata4 ,the ,carnation ,rose4 ,the ,carnation ,rose is in most things like vnto the lesser white rose1 both for the growing of the stocke1 and bignesse of the flower1 but that it is more spreade abroade when it is blown then the white is1 and is of a pale blush colour all the flower thoroughout1 of as small a sent as the white one is almost4 ,sidenote3 ,rosa ,belgica siue ,vitrea4 ,this kinde of ,rose is not very great1 but very thicke and double1 and is very variable in the flowers1 in that they will be so different one from another3 some being paler then others1 and some as it were blasted1 which commeth not casually1 but naturally to this rose3 but the best flowers 7whereof there will bee still some7 will be of a bright pale murrey colour1 neere vnto the ,veluet rose1 but nothing so darke a colour4 #c4 ,rosa ,anglica rubra4 ,the ,english red ,rose4 ,the red ,rose 7which ,i call ,english not only for the reason before expressed1 but because 7as ,i take it7 this ,rose is more frequent and vsed in ,england1 then in other places7 neuer groweth so high as the damaske ,rose bush1 but most vsually abideth low1 and shooteth forth many branches from the roote 7and is but seldome suffered to grow vp as the damaske ,rose into standards7 with a greene barke1 thinner set with prickles1 and larger and greener leaues on the vpperside then in the white1 yet with an eye of white vpon them1 fiue likewise most vsually set vpon a stalke1 and grayish or whitish vnderneath4 ,the ,roses or ,flowers doe very much vary1 according to their site and abiding2 for some are of an orient1 red or deepe crimson colour1 and very double 7although neuer so double as the white7 which when it is full blowne hath the largest leaues of any other ,rose2 some of them againe are paler1 tending somewhat to a damaske2 and some are of so pale a red1 as that it is rather of the colour of the canker ,rose1 yet all for the most part with larger leaues then the damaske1 and with many more yellow threds in the middle3 the sent hereof is much better then in the white1 but not comparable to the excellencie of the damaske ,rose1 yet this ,rose being well dryed and well kept1 will hold both colour and sent longer then the damaske1 bee it neuer so well kept4 #d4 ,rosa ,damascena4 ,the ,damaske ,rose4 ,the ,damaske ,rose bush is more vsually noursed vp to a competent height to stand alone1 7which we call ,standards7 then any other ,rose3 the barke both of the stocke and branches1 is not fully so greene as the red or white ,rose3 the leaues are greene with an eye of white vpon them1 so like vnto the red ,rose1 that there is no great difference betweene them1 but that the leaues of the red ,rose seeme to bee of a darker greene4 ,the flowers are of a fine deepe blush colour1 as all know1 with some pale yellow threds in the middle1 and are not so thicke and double as the white1 not being blowne1 with so large and great leaues as the red1 but of the most excellent sweet pleasant sent1 far surpassing all other ,roses or ,flowers1 being neyther heady nor too strong1 nor stuffing or vnpleasant sweet1 as many other flowers4 #e4 ,rosa ,prouincialis siue ,hollandica ,damascena4 ,the great double ,damaske ,prouince or ,holland ,rose4 ,this ,rose 7that some call ,centifolia ,batauica incarnata7 hath his barke of a reddish or browne colour1 whereby it is soone discerned from other ,roses4 ,the leaues are likewise more reddish then in others1 and somewhat larger1 it vsually groweth very like the ,damaske rose1 and much to the same height3 the flowers or roses are of the same deepe blush colour that the damaske roses are1 or rather somewhat deeper1 but much thicker1 broader1 and more double1 or fuller of leaues by three parts almost1 the outer leaues turning themselues backe1 when the flower hath stood long blowne1 the middle part it selfe 7which in all other roses almost haue some yellow threds in them to be seene7 being folded hard with small leaues1 without any yellow almost at all to be seene1 the sent whereof commeth neerest vnto the damaske rose1 but yet is short of it by much1 howsoeuer many doe thinke it as good as the damask1 and to that end ,i haue known some ,gentlewomen haue caused all their damaske stockes to bee grafted with prouince ,roses1 hoping to haue as good water1 and more store of them then of damask ,roses2 but in my opinion it is not of halfe so good a sent as the water of damaske ,roses3 let euery one follow their own fancie4 #f4 ,rosa ,prouincialis rubra4 ,the red ,prouince ,rose4 ,as the former was called incarnata1 so this is called ,batauica centifolia rubra1 the difference being not very great3 the stemme or stocke1 and the branches also in this1 seeming not to be so great but greener1 the barke being not so red2 the leaues of the same largenesse with the former damaske ,prouince4 ,the flowers are not altogether so large1 thicke and double1 and of a little deeper damaske or blush colour1 turning to a red ,rose1 but not comming neere the full colour of the best red ,rose1 of a sent not so sweete as the damaske ,prouince1 but comming somewhat neere the sent of the ordinary red rose1 yet exceeding it4 ,this rose is not so plentifull in bearing as the damaske ,prouince4 #g4 ,rosa ,prouincialis alba4 ,the white ,prouince ,rose4 ,it is said of diuers1 that there is a white ,prouince ,rose1 whereof ,i am not oculatus testis1 and therefore ,i dare not giue it you for a certaintie1 and indeed ,i haue some doubt1 that it is the greater and more double white rose1 whereof ,i gaue you the knowledge in the beginning3 when ,i am my selfe better satisfied1 ,i shall bee ready to satisfie others4 #h4 ,rosa versicolor4 ,the party coloured ,rose1 of some ,yorke and ,lancaster4 ,this ,rose in the forme and order of the growing1 is neerest vnto the ordinary damaske rose1 both for stemme1 branch1 leafe and flower3 the difference consisting in this1 that the flower 7being of the same largenesse and doublenesse as the damask rose7 hath the one halfe of it1 sometimes of a pale whitish colour1 and the other halfe1 of a paler damaske colour then the ordinary2 this happeneth so many times1 and sometimes also the flower hath diuers stripes1 and markes in it1 as one leafe white1 or striped with white1 and the other halfe blush1 or striped with blush1 sometimes also all striped1 or spotted ouer1 and other times little or no stripes or markes at all1 as nature listeth to play with varieties1 in this as in other flowers3 yet this ,i haue obserued1 that the longer it abideth blowen open in the sun1 the paler and the fewer stripes1 markes or spots will be seene in it3 the smell whereof is of a weake damaske rose sent4 #i4 ,rosea ,chrystallina4 ,the ,chrystall ,rose4 ,this ,rose is very like vnto the last described1 both for stocke1 branch and leafe3 the flower hereof is not much different from it1 being no great large or double ,rose1 but of a meane size1 striped and marked with a deeper blush or red1 vpon the pale coloured leafe1 that it seemeth in the marking and beauty thereof1 to bee of as much delight as the ,chrystall ,gilloflower3 this1 euen like the former1 soone fadeth and passeth away1 not yeelding any great store of flowers any yeare4 #aj4 ,rosa rubra humilis siue pumilio4 ,the dwarfe red ,rose1 or ,gilloflower ,rose4 ,this ,rose groweth alwayes low and small1 otherwise in most respects like vnto the ordinary redde ,rose1 and with few or no thornes vpon it3 the ,flowers or ,roses are double1 thicke1 small and close1 not so much spread open as the ordinary red1 but somewhat like vnto the first double white ,rose before expressed2 yet in some places ,i haue seene them more layde open then these1 as they grew in my garden1 being so euen at the toppes of the leaues1 as if they had been clipt off with a paire of sheeres1 and are not fully of so red a colour as the red ,prouince ,rose1 and of as small or weak sent as the ordinary red ,rose1 or not so much4 #aa4 ,rosa ,francafurtensis4 ,the ,franckford ,rose4 ,the young shootes of this ,rose are couered with a pale purplish barke1 set with a number of small prickes like haires1 and the elder haue but very few thornes3 the flower or rose it selfe hath a very great bud or button vnder it1 more then in any other rose1 and is thicke and double as a red rose1 but so strongly swelling in the bud1 that many of them breake before they can be full blowen1 and then they are of a pale red rose colour1 that is1 betweene a red and a damaske1 with a very thicke broade and hard vmbone of short yellow threds or thrumes in the middle1 the huske of the flower hauing long ends1 which are called the beards of the rose1 which in all other are iagged in some of them1 in this hath no iagge at all2 the smell is neerest vnto a red ,rose4 ,illustration3 #a ,rosa ,damascena4 ,the ,damaske ,rose4 #b ,rosa ,prouincialis siue ,hollandica4 ,the great ,prouince ,rose4 #c ,rosa ,francafurtensis4 ,the ,franckford ,rose4 #d ,rosa rubra humilis4 ,the dwarfe red ,rose4 #e ,rosa ,hungarica4 ,the ,hungarian ,rose4 #f ,rosa lutea multiplex4 ,the great double yellow ,rose4 #ab4 ,rosa ,hungarica4 ,the ,hungarian ,rose4 ,the ,hungarian ,rose hath greene shootes slenderly set with prickes1 and seldome groweth higher then ordinarily the red ,rose doth2 the stemme or stocke being much about that bignesse3 the flower or rose is as great1 thicke and double1 as the ordinary red ,rose1 and of the same fashion1 of a paler red colour1 and beeing neerely looked vpon is finely spotted with faint spots1 as it were spreade ouer the red2 the smell wherof is somewhat better then the smell of the ordinary red ,rose of the best kinde4 #ac4 ,rosa ,holoserica simplex multiplex4 ,the ,veluet ,rose single and double4 ,the old stemme or stock of the veluet ,rose is couered with a dark coloured barke1 and the young shootes of a sad greene with very few or no thornes at all vpon them3 the leaues are of a sadder greene colour then in most sorts of ,roses1 and very often seuen on a stalke1 many of the rest hauing but fiue3 the ,rose is eyther single or double3 the single is a broade spread flower1 consisting of fiue or sixe broade leaues with many yellow threds in the middle3 the double hath two rowes of leaues1 the one large1 which are outermost1 the other smaller within1 of a very deepe red crimson colour like vnto crimson veluet1 with many yellow threds also in the middle2 and yet for all the double rowe of leaues1 these ,roses stand but like single flowers3 but there is another double kinde that is more double then this last1 consisting oftentimes of sixteene leaues or more in a flower1 and most of them of an equall bignesse1 of the colour of the first single rose of this kinde1 or somewhat fresher2 but all of them of a smaller sent then the ordinary red ,rose4 #ad4 ,rosa siue spinis simplex multiplex4 ,the ,rose without thornes single and double4 ,the ,rose without thornes hath diuers greene smooth shootes1 rising from the root1 without any pricke or thorne at all vpon them1 eyther young or old3 the leaues are not fully so large as of the red rose3 the flowers or roses are not much bigger then those of the double ,cinamon ,rose1 thicke set together and short1 of a pale red ,rose colour1 with diuers pale coloured veines through euery leafe of the flower1 which hath caused some to call it ,the marbled ,rose1 and is of a small sent1 not fully equall to the red ,rose4 ,the single of this kinde differeth not in any other thing from the former1 then in the doublenesse or singlenesse of the flowers which in this are not halfe so double1 nor yet fully single1 and are of a paler red colour4 ,sidenote3 ,rosa siue spina flore albo4 ,i haue heard likewise of a white ,rose of this kinde1 but ,i haue seene none such as yet1 therefore ,i can say no more thereof4 #ae4 ,rosa ,cinamomea simplex multiplex4 ,the ,cinamon ,rose single and double4 ,the single ,cinamon ,rose hath his shootes somewhat red1 yet not so red as the double kinde1 armed with great thornes1 like almost vnto the ,eglantine bush thereby showing1 as well by the multiplicitie of his shootes as the quicknesse and height of his shooting1 his wilde nature3 ,on the stemme and branches stand winged leaues1 sometimes seuen or more together1 which are small and greene1 yet like vnto other ,roses4 ,the ,roses are single1 of fiue leaues a peece1 somewhat large1 and of a pale red colour1 like vnto the double kinde1 which is in shootes redder1 and in all other things like vnto the single1 but bearing small1 short1 thicke and double ,roses1 somewhat like vnto the ,rose without thornes1 but a little lesser1 of a paler red colour at the end of the leaues1 and somewhat redder and brighter toward the middle of them1 with many yellow short thrumes2 the small sent of ,cinamon that is found in the flowers hath caused it to beare the name4 #af4 ,rosa lutea simplex4 ,the single yellow ,rose4 ,this single yellow ,rose is planted rather for variety then any other good vse4 ,it often groweth to a good height1 his stemme being great and wooddy1 with few or no prickes vpon the old wood1 but with a number of small prickes like haires1 thicke set1 vpon the younger branches1 of a darke colour somewhat reddish1 the barke of the young shootes being of a sad greene reddish colour3 the leaues of this ,rose bush are smaller1 rounder pointed1 of a paler greene colour1 yet finely snipt about the edges1 and more in number1 that is1 seuen or nine on a stalke or ribbe1 then in any other ,garden kinde1 except the double of the same kinde that followeth next3 the flower is a small single ,rose1 consisting of fiue leaues1 not so large as the single ,spanish ,muske ,rose1 but somewhat bigger then the ,eglantine or sweete ,briar ,rose1 of a fine pale yellow colour1 without any great sent at all while it is fresh1 but a little more1 yet small and weake when it is dryed4 #ag4 ,rosa lutea multiplex siue flore pleno4 ,the double yellow ,rose4 ,the double yellow ,rose is of great account1 both for the rarity1 and doublenesse of the flower1 and had it sent to the rest1 would of all other be of highest esteeme4 ,the stemme or stocke1 the young shoots or branches1 the small hairy prickes1 and the small winged leaues1 are in all parts like vnto the former single kinde2 the chiefest difference consisteth in the doublenesse of the flower or ,rose1 which is so thicke and double1 that very often it breaketh out on one side or another1 and but a few of them abiding whole and faire in our ,countrey1 the cause whereof wee doe imagine to bee the much moisture of our ,countrey1 and the time of flowring being subiect to much raine and showers2 many therefore doe either plant it against a wall1 or other wayes defend it by couering3 againe1 it is so plentifull in young shootes or branches1 as also in flowers at the toppe or euery branch1 which are small and weake for the most part1 that they are not able to bring all the flowers to ripenesse2 and therefore most of them fall or wither away without comming to perfection 7the remedy that many doe vse for this inconuenience last recited is1 that they nippe away most of the buds1 leauing but some few vpon it1 that so the vigour of the plant may be collected into a few flowers1 whereby they may the better come to perfection1 and yet euen thus it is hardly effected7 which are of a yellowish greene colour in the bud1 and before they be blowne open1 but then are of a faire yellow colour1 very full of leaues1 with many short haires rather then leaues in the middle1 and hauing short1 round1 greene1 smooth buttons1 almost flat vnder them3 the flower being faire blowne open1 doth scarce giue place for largenesse1 thicknesse1 and doublenesse1 vnto the great ,prouence or ,holland ,rose4 ,this ,rose bush or plant is very tender with vs here about ,london1 and will require some more care and keeping then the single of this kinde1 which is hardy enough2 for ,i haue lost many my selfe1 and ,i know but a few about this towne that can nourse it vp kindly1 to beare or scarce to abide without perishing2 but abideth well in euery free aire of all or the most parts of this ,kingdome3 but 7as ,i heare7 not so well in the ,north4 #ah4 ,rosa ,moschata simplex multiplex4 ,the ,muske ,rose single and double4 ,the ,muske ,rose both single and double1 rise vp oftentimes to a very great height1 that it ouergroweth any arbour in a ,garden1 or being set by an house side1 to bee ten or twelue foote high1 or more1 but more especially the single kinde1 with many green farre spread branches1 armed with a few sharpe great thornes1 as the wilder sorts of ,roses are1 whereof these are accounted to be kindes1 hauing small darke greene leaues on them1 not much bigger then the leaues of ,eglantine3 the flowers come forth at the toppes of the branches1 many together as it were in an vmbell or tuft which for the most part doe flower all at a time1 or not long one after another1 euery one standing on a pretty long stalke1 and are of a pale whitish or creame colour1 both the single and the double2 the single being small flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues1 with many yellow threads in the middle3 and the double bearing more double flowers1 as if they were once or twice more double then the single1 with yellow thrummes also in the middle1 both of them of a very sweete and pleasing smell1 resembling ,muske3 some there be that haue auouched1 that the chiefest sent of these ,roses consisteth not in the leaues1 but in the threads of the flowers4 #ai4 ,rosa ,moschata multiplex altera3 alijs ,damascena alba1 vel verisimilior ,cinamomea flore pleno albo4 ,the double white ,damaske ,muske ,rose4 ,this other kinde of ,muske ,rose 7which with some is called the white ,damaske ,muske1 but more truely the double white ,cinamon ,rose7 hath his stemme and branches also shorter then the former1 but as greene3 the leaues are somewhat larger1 and of a whiter greene colour2 the flowers also are somewhat larger then the former double kinde1 but standing in vmbels after the same manner1 or somewhat thicker1 and of the same whitish colour1 or a little whiter1 and somewhat1 although but a little1 neare the smell of the other1 but nothing so strong4 ,this flowreth at the time of other ,roses1 or somewhat later1 yet much before the former two sorts of ,muske ,roses1 which flower not vntill the end of ,summer1 and in ,autumne2 both which things1 that is1 the time of the flowring1 and the sent being both different1 shew plainly it cannot be of the tribe of the ,muske ,roses4 #bj4 ,rosa ,hispanica ,moschata simplex4 ,the ,spanish ,muske ,rose4 ,this ,spanish ,rose riseth to the height of the ,eglantine1 and sometimes higher1 with diuers great greene branches1 the leaues whereof are larger and greener then of the former kindes3 the flowers are single ,roses1 consisting of fiue whiter leaues then in any of the former ,muske ,roses1 and much larger1 hauing sometimes an eye of a blush in the white1 of a very sweete smell1 comming nearest vnto the last recited ,muske ,rose1 as also for the time of the flowring4 #ba4 ,rosa ,pomifera maior4 ,the great ,apple ,rose4 ,the stemme or stocke of this ,rose is great1 couered with a darke grayish barke1 but the younger branches are somewhat reddish1 armed here and there with great and sharpe thornes1 but nothing so great or plentifull as in the ,eglantine1 although it be a wilde kinde3 the leaues are of a whitish greene colour1 almost like vnto the first white ,rose1 and fiue alwaies set together1 but seldome seuen3 the flowers are small and single1 consisting of fiue leaues1 without any sent1 or very little1 and little bigger then those of the ,eglantine bush1 and of the very same deepe blush colour1 euery one standing vpon a rough or prickly button1 bearded in the manner of other ,roses1 which when the flowers are fallen growe great1 somewhat long and round1 peare-fashion1 bearing the beards on the tops of them2 and being full ripe are very red1 keeping the small prickles still on them1 wherein are many white1 hard1 and roundish seedes1 very like vnto the seede of the ,heppes or ,eglantine ,berries1 lying in a soft pulpe1 like vnto the ,hawthorne berries or ,hawes3 the whole beauty of this plant consisteth more in the gracefull aspect of the red apples or fruit hanging vpon the bushes1 then in the flowers1 or any other thing4 ,it seemeth to be the same that ,clusius calleth ,rosa ,pumila1 but that with me it groweth much higher and greater then he saith his doth4 #bb4 ,rosa siluestris odora siue ,eglenteria simplex4 ,the single ,eglantine or sweete ,briar bush4 ,the sweete ,briar or ,eglantine ,rose is so well knowne1 being not onely planted in ,gardens1 for the sweetenesse of the leaues1 but growing wilde in many woods and hedges1 that ,i thinke it lost time to describe it2 for that all know it hath exceeding long greene shootes1 armed with the cruellest sharpe and strong thornes1 and thicker set then is in any ,rose either wilde or tame3 the leaues are smaller then in most of those that are noursed vp in ,gardens1 seuen or nine most vsually set together on a ribbe or stalke1 very greene and sweete in smell1 aboue the leaues of any other kinde of ,rose3 the flowers are small single blush ,roses1 of little or no sent at all1 which turne into reddish berries1 stuffed within with a dounie or flock matter or substance1 wherein doth lye white hard seede4 ,illustration3 #a ,rosa siue spinis multiplex4 ,the double ,rose without thorns4 #b ,rosa ,cinamomea flore plena4 ,the double ,cinamon ,rose4 #c ,rosa ,holoserica simplex4 ,the single ,veluet ,rose4 #d ,rosa ,holoserica duplex4 ,the double ,veluet ,rose4 #e ,rosa ,moschata multiplex4 ,the double ,muske ,rose4 #f ,rosa ,moschata ,hispanica simplex4 ,the single ,spanish ,muske ,rose4 #g ,rosa ,pomifera maior4 ,the great ,apple ,rose4 #h ,rosa siluestris siue ,eglanteria duplex4 ,the double ,eglantine ,rose4 #bc4 ,rosa siluestris odora siue ,eglenteria flore duplici4 ,the double ,eglantine4 ,the double ,eglantine is in all the places that ,i haue seene it a grafted ,rose1 7but ,i doubt not1 but that his originall was naturall1 and that it may be made naturall againe1 as diuers other ,roses are47 ,it groweth and spreadeth very well1 and with a great head of branches1 whereon stand such like leaues as are in the single kinde1 but a little larger1 not smelling fully so sweete as it3 the flowers are somewhat bigger then the single1 but not much1 hauing but one other rowe of leaues onely more then the former1 which are smaller1 and the outer leaues larger1 but of the same pale reddish purple colour1 and smelleth somewhat better then the single4 #bd4 ,rosa semper virens4 ,the euer greene ,rose bush4 ,this ,rose or bush is very like vnto a wilde single ,eglantine bush in many respects1 hauing many very long greene branches1 but more slender and weake1 so that many times they bend downe againe1 not able to sustaine themselues without some helpe1 and armed with hooked thornes as other ,roses be2 the winged leaues consist of seuen for the most part1 whereof those two that are lowest and opposite1 are smallest1 the next two bigger then they1 the third couple bigger then any of the rest belowe1 and the end leafe biggest of all3 this proportion generally it holdeth in euery winged leafe through the whole plant1 which at the first comming forth are somewhat reddish1 with the young branch that shooteth out with them1 but being full growne1 are of a deepe greene colour1 and somewhat shining1 dented about the edges1 and fall not away from the branches as other ,roses doe1 but abide thereon for the most part all the ,winter3 the flowers stand foure or fiue together at the tops of the branches1 being single ,roses1 made of fiue leaues a peece1 of a pure white colour1 much larger then the ordinary ,muske ,rose1 and of a fine sent1 comming nearest thereunto1 with many yellow chiues or threads in the middle4 ,the ,place4 ,some of these ,roses had their originall1 as is thought in ,england1 as the first and second2 for these dryed red ,roses that come ouer to vs from beyond the ,seas1 are not of the kinde of our red ,rose1 as may well be perceiued by them that will compare our ,english dryed leaues with those4 ,some in ,germany1 ,spaine1 and ,italy4 ,some againe in ,turkie1 as the double yellow ,rose1 which first was procured to be brought into ,england1 by ,master ,nicholas ,lete1 a worthy ,merchant of ,london1 and a great louer of flowers1 from ,constantinople1 which 7as wee heare7 was first brought thither from ,syria2 but perished quickly both with him1 and with all other to whom hee imparted it3 yet afterwards it was sent to ,master ,iohn de ,franqueuille1 a ,merchant also of ,london1 and a great louer of all rare plants1 as well as flowers1 from which is sprung the greatest store1 that is now flourishing in this ,kingdome4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,cinamon ,rose is the earliest for the most part1 which flowreth with vs about the middle of ,may1 and sometimes in the beginning4 ,the ordinary ,muske ,roses both single and double flower latest1 as is said4 ,all the other flower much about one time1 in the beginning of ,iune1 or thereabouts1 and continue flowring all that moneth1 and the next throughout for the most part1 and the red vntill ,august be halfe past4 ,the ,names4 ,the seuerall names1 whereby they are most commonly knowne vnto vs in this ,countrey1 are expressed in their titles2 but they are much differing from what they are called in other ,countries neare vnto vs1 which to compare1 conferre1 and agree together1 were a worke of more paines then vse3 ,but to proportion them vnto the names set downe by ,theophrastus1 ,pliny1 and the rest of the ancient ,authors1 were a worke1 wherein ,i might be sure not to escape without falling into errour1 as ,i verily beleeue many others haue done1 that haue vndertaken to doe it3 ,i will therefore for this worke desire that you will rest contented1 with so much as hath already been deliuered1 and expect an exact definition and complete satisfaction by such a methodicall course as a generall ,history will require1 to be performed by them that shall publish it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,rose is of exceeding great vse with vs2 for the ,damaske ,rose 7besides the superexcellent sweete water it yeeldeth being distilled1 or the perfume of the leaues being dryed1 seruing to fill sweete bags7 serueth to cause solublenesse of the body1 made into a ,syrupe1 or preserued with ,sugar moist or dry candid4 ,the ,damaske ,prouince ,rose1 is not onely for sent nearest of all other ,roses vnto the ,damaske1 but in the operation of solubility also4 ,the red ,rose hath many ,physicall vses much more then any other1 seruing for many sorts of compositions1 both cordiall and cooling1 both binding and loosing4 ,the white ,rose is much vsed for the cooling of heate in the eyes3 diuers doe make an excellent yellow colour of the iuyce of white ,roses1 wherein some ,allome is dissolued1 to paint or colour flowers or pictures1 or any other such things4 ,there is little vse of any other sort of ,roses2 yet some affirme1 that the ,muske ,roses are as strong in operation to open or loosen the belly as the ,damaske ,rose or ,prouince4 ,,chap4 ,,cxi4 ,cistus4 ,the ,holly ,rose or ,sage ,rose4 ,there are three principall kindes of ,cistus1 the male1 the female1 and the gumme or sweete smelling ,cistus bearing ,ladanum1 called ,ledon4 ,of each of these three there are also diuers sorts3 ,of them all to intreate in this ,worke is not my minde1 ,i will onely select out of the multitude some few that are fit for this our ,garden1 and leaue the rest to a greater4 #a4 ,cistus mas4 ,the male ,holly ,rose or ,sage ,rose4 ,the male ,cistus that is most familiar vnto our ,countrey1 ,i meane that will best abide1 is a small shrubby plant1 growing seldome aboue three or foure foote high with vs1 hauing many slender brittle wooddy branches1 couered with a whitish barke1 whereon are set many whitish greene leaues1 long and somewhat narrow1 crumpled or wrinckled as it were with veines1 and somewhat hard in handling1 especially the old ones2 for the young ones are softer1 somewhat like vnto ,sage leaues for the forme and colour1 but much smaller1 two alwaies set together at a ioynt3 the flowers stand at the toppe of the branches1 three or foure together vpon seuerall slender footstalkes1 consisting of fiue small round leaues a peece1 somewhat like vnto a small single ,rose1 of a fine reddish purple colour1 with many yellow threads in the middle1 without any sent at all1 and quickly fading or falling away1 abiding seldome one whole day blowne at the most3 after the flowers are past1 there come vp round hard hairie heads in their places1 containing small brownish seede3 the roote is wooddy1 and will abide some yeares with vs1 if there be some care had to keepe it from the extreamity of our ,winters frostes1 which both this1 and many of the other sorts and kinds1 will not abide doe what we can4 #b4 ,cistus fmina4 ,the female ,holly ,rose4 ,the female ,holly ,rose groweth lower1 and smaller then the former male kinde1 hauing blackish branches1 lesse woody1 but not lesse brittle then it3 the leaues are somewhat rounder and greener1 but a little hard or rough withall1 growing in the same manner vpon the branches by couples3 the flowers grow at the toppes of the branches1 like vnto the former1 consisting of fiue leaues1 but somewhat lesser1 and wholly white1 with yellow threds in the middle1 as quickly fading1 and of as little sent as the former3 the heads and seede are somewhat bigger then in the former4 #c4 ,chamcistus ,frisicus4 ,the dwarfe ,holly ,rose of ,friseland4 ,this dwarfe ,cistus is a small low plant1 hauing diuers shootes from the rootes1 full of leaues that are long and narrow1 very like vnto the leaues of the ,french ,spikenard or ,spica ,celtica2 from among which leaues shoote forth short stalkes1 not aboue a span high1 with a few smaller leaues thereon2 and at the toppes diuers small flowers one aboue another1 consisting of six small round leaues1 of a yellow colour1 hauing two circles of reddish spots round about the bottome of the leaues1 a little distant one from another1 which adde much grace to the flower3 after the flowers are past1 there come in their places small round heads1 being two forked at the end containing within them small brownish chaffie seede3 the roote is small and slender1 with many fibres thereat creeping vnder ground1 and shooting forth in diuers places1 whereby it much encreaseth3 the whole plant1 and euery part of it1 smelleth strong without any pleasant sent4 #d4 ,cistus annuus4 ,the ,holly ,rose of a yeare4 ,this small ,cistus that endureth but a year 7and will require to be sowne euery year1 if ye will haue it7 riseth vp with straight1 but slender hard stalkes1 set here and there confusedly with long and narrow greenish leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of the ,gum ,cistus or ,ledon1 being a little clammy withall3 at the toppe of the stalkes1 and at the ioynts with the leaues1 stand two or three pale yellow flowers1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 with a reddish spot neere the bottome of euery leafe of the flower1 as quickely fading as any of the former3 after which follow small three square heades1 containing small seede1 like vnto the first female kinde1 but somewhat paler or yellower3 the root is small and woody1 and perisheth as soone as it hath borne seede4 #e4 ,cistus ,ledon4 ,the ,gum ,cistus1 or ,sweete ,holly ,rose4 ,this sweete ,holly ,rose or ,gum ,cistus1 riseth higher1 and spreadeth larger then the former male kind doth1 with many blackish woody branches1 whereon are set diuers long and narrow darke greene leaues1 but whitish vnderneath1 two alwayes standing together at a ioint1 both stalks and leaues bedeawed as it were continually with a clammy sweete moisture 7which in the hot ,countries is both more plentifull1 and more sweet then in ours7 almost transparent1 and which being gathered by the inhabitants1 with certaine instruments for that purpose 7which in some places are leather thongs1 drawne ouer the bushes1 and after scraped off from the thongs againe1 and put together7 is that kind of blacke sweet gum1 which is called ,ladanum in the ,apothecaries shops2 at the tops of the branches stand single white flowers1 like vnto single ,roses1 being larger then in any of the former kindes1 consisting of fiue leaues1 whereof euery one hath at the bottome a dark purplish spot1 broad below1 and small pointed vpwards1 with some yellow threds in the middle3 after which are past1 there arise cornered heads1 containing such small brownish seede as is in the former male kinde3 the roote is woody1 and spreadeth vnder ground1 abiding some yeares1 if it be placed vnder a wall1 where it may bee defended from the windes that often breake it1 and from the extremitie of our winters1 and especially the snow1 if it lye vpon it1 which quickly causeth it to perish4 ,illustration3 #a ,cistus mas4 ,the male ,holly ,rose4 #b ,chamcistus ,frisicus4 ,the dwarfe ,holly ,rose of ,frisia4 #c ,cistus ,ledon4 ,the sweet ,holly ,rose or gumme ,cistus4 #d ,ledum ,alpinum4 ,the mountaine ,holly ,rose4 #e ,ledum ,silesiacum4 ,the sweet ,mary ,rose of ,silesia4 #f ,rosmarinum aureum4 ,gilded ,rosemary4 #f4 ,ledum ,alpinum seu ,rosa ,alpina4 ,the ,mountaine sweet ,holly ,rose4 ,the fragrant smell with properties correspondent of two other plants1 causeth me to insert them in this ,chapter1 and to bring them to your knowledge1 as well worthy a fit place in our ,garden4 ,the first of them hath diuers slender woody branches1 two foote high or thereabouts1 couered with a grayish coloured barke1 and many times leaning downe to the ground1 whereby it taketh roote againe3 vpon these branches grow many thicke1 short1 hard greene leaues1 thicke set together1 confusedly without order1 sometimes whitish vnderneath1 and sometimes yellowish3 the toppes of the branches are loden with many flowers1 which cause them to bend downwards1 being long1 hollow and reddish1 opening into fiue corners1 spotted on the outside with many white spots1 and of a paler red colour on the inside1 of a fine sweet sent3 after the flowers are past1 there follow small heads1 containing small brownish seede3 the root is long1 hard and woody1 abiding better if it comprehend in the ground1 then some of the former1 because his originall is out of a colder country4 #g4 ,ledum ,silesiacum4 ,the sweete ,mary ,rose1 or ,rosemary of ,silesia4 ,this other sweete plante riseth vp with woody ash-coloured branches two foote high or more1 which shoote forth other branches1 of a reddish or purplish colour1 couered with a brownish yellow hoarinesse1 on which are set many narrow long greene leaues1 like vnto ,rosemary leaues1 but couered with the like hoarinesse as the stalks are 7especially in the naturall places1 but not so much being transplanted7 and folding the sides of the leaues so close together1 that they seeme nothing but ribbes1 or stalkes1 of an excellent sweet and pleasant sent2 at the ends of the branches there grow certaine brownish scaly heads1 made of many small leaues set thicke together1 out of which breake forth many flowers1 standing in a tuft together1 yet seuerally euery one vpon his owne footstalke1 consisting of fiue white leaues1 with certaine white threds in the middle1 smelling very sweete3 after which rise small greene heads1 spotted with brownish spots1 wherein is contained very small1 long1 yellowish seede3 the roote is hard and woodie4 ,the ,place4 ,the first1 second1 fourth and fifth1 grow in the hot ,countries1 as ,italie1 ,spaine1 c4 ,the third1 and the two last in the colder ,countries1 as ,friseland1 ,germanie1 ,bohemia4 ,the ,time4 ,they do all flower in the ,summer moneths of ,iune1 ,iuly and ,august1 and their seede is ripe quickly after4 ,the ,names4 ,the first1 second1 fourth and fift1 haue their names sufficiently expressed in their descriptions4 ,the third was sent vnto ,clusius1 vnder the name of ,hirculus ,frisicus1 because of the strong sent3 but he referreth it to the kinds of ,chamcistus1 that is1 dwarfe or low ,cistus1 both for the low growth1 and for the flowers and seede sake4 ,the sixt is diuersly called2 for ,clusius calleth it ,ledum ,alpinum3 others1 ,nerium ,alpinum1 making it to bee a ,rose ,bay4 ,gesner according to the ,countrey peoples name1 ,rosa ,alpina1 and ,rosa ,montana4 ,lobel calleth it ,balsamum ,alpinum1 of the fragrant smell it hath1 and ,chamrhododendros ,chamlfolio4 ,and some haue called it ,euonymus1 without all manner of iudgement4 ,in ,english wee may call it1 ,the ,mountaine ,rose1 vntill a fitter name be giuen it4 ,the last is called of ,matthiolus1 ,rosmarinum siluestre1 but of ,clusius ,ledum1 referring it to their kindred2 and ,silesiacum1 because he found it in that ,countrey2 or for distinction sake1 as he saith1 it may bee called1 ,ledum folijs ,rosmarini1 or ,ledum ,bohemicum4 ,cordus1 as it seemeth in his ,history of ,plants1 calleth it ,champeuce1 as though he did account it a kinde of low ,pine1 or ,pitch tree4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the first1 second1 and fift1 are very astringent1 effectuall for all sorts of fluxes of humours4 ,the sweet ,gum called ,ladanum1 made artificially into oyle1 is of singular vse for ,alopecia1 or falling of the haire4 ,the seed of the fourth is much commended against the stone of the ,kidneyes4 ,the sweete ,rosemary of ,silesia is vsed of the inhabitants1 where it naturally groweth1 against the shrinking of sinewes1 crampes1 or other such like diseases1 whereof their daily experience makes it familiar1 being vsed in bathing or otherwise4 ,,chap4 ,,cxii4 ,rosmarinum4 ,rosemary4 ,there hath beene vsually knowne but one sort of ,rosemary1 which is frequent through all this ,country3 but there are some other sorts not so well known2 the one is called ,gilded ,rosemary2 the other broade leafed ,rosemary2 a third ,i will adioyne1 as more rare then all the other1 called ,double flowred ,rosmary1 because few haue heard thereof1 much lesse seene it1 and my selfe am not well acquainted with it1 but am bold to deliuer it vpon credit4 #a4 ,libanotis ,coronaria siue ,rosmarinum vulgare4 ,our ,common ,rosmary4 ,this common ,rosemary is so well knowne through all our ,land1 being in euery womans garden1 that it were sufficient but to name it as an ornament among other sweete herbes and flowers in our ,garden1 seeing euery one can describe it3 but that ,i may say something of it1 ,it is well obserued1 as well in this our ,land 7where it hath been planted in ,noblemens1 and great mens gardens against bricke wals1 and there continued long7 as beyond the ,seas1 in the naturall places where it groweth1 that it riseth vp in time vnto a very great height1 with a great and woody stemme 7of that compasse1 that 7being clouen out into thin boards7 it hath serued to make lutes1 or such like instruments1 and here with vs ,carpenters rules1 and to diuers other purposes7 branching out into diuers and sundry armes that extend a great way1 and from them againe into many other smaller branches1 whereon are set at seueral distances1 at the ioynts1 many very narrow long leaues1 greene aboue1 and whitish vnderneath2 among which come forth towards the toppes of the stalkes1 diuers sweet gaping flowers1 of a pale or bleake blewish colour1 many set together1 standing in whitish huskes2 the seed is small and red1 but thereof seldome doth any plants arise that will abide without extraordinary care2 for although it will spring of the seede reasonable well1 yet it is so small and tender the first yeare1 that a sharpe winter killeth it quickly1 vnlesse it be very well defended3 the whole plant as well leaues as flowery smelleth exceeding sweete4 #b4 ,rosmarinum striatum1 siue aureum4 ,gilded ,rosemary4 ,this ,rosemary differeth not from the former1 in forme or manner of growing1 nor in the forme or colour of the flower1 but only in the leaues1 which are edged1 or striped1 or pointed with a faire gold yellow colour1 which so continueth all the yeare throughout1 yet fresher and fairer in ,summer then in ,winter2 for then it will looke of a deader colour1 yet so1 that it may be discerned to be of two colours1 green yellow4 #c4 ,rosmarinum latifolium4 ,broade leafed ,rosemary4 ,this broad leafed ,rosemary groweth in the same manner that the former doth1 but that we haue not seene it in our ,countrey since we had it to grow so great1 or with such woody stemmes3 the leaues stand together vpon the long branches after the same fashion1 but larger1 broader and greener then the other1 and little or nothing whitish vnderneath3 the flowers likewise are of the same forme and colour with the ordinary1 but larger1 and herein consisteth the difference4 #d4 ,rosmarinum flore duplici4 ,double flowred ,rosmary4 ,the double flowred ,rosmary thus far differeth from the former1 that it hath stronger stalkes1 not so easie to breake1 fairer1 bigger and larger leaues1 of a faire greene colour1 and the flowers are double1 as the ,larkes heele or spurre3 ,this ,i haue onely by relation1 which ,i pray you accept1 vntill ,i may by sight better enforme you4 ,the ,place4 ,our ordinary ,rosmary groweth in ,spaine1 and ,prouence of ,france1 and in others of those hot ,countryes1 neere the ,sea side4 ,it will not abide 7vnlesse kept in stoues7 in many places of ,germany1 ,denmarke1 and those colder ,countries4 ,and in some extreame hard winters1 it hath well neere perished here in ,england with vs1 at the least in many places3 but by slipping it is vsually1 and yearly encreased1 to replenish any garden4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth oftentimes twice in the yeare2 in the ,spring first1 from ,april vntill the end of ,may or ,iune1 and in ,august and ,september after1 if the yeare before haue been temperate4 ,the ,names4 ,rosmary is called of the ancient ,writers1 ,libanotis1 but with this distinction1 ,stephanomatica1 that is1 ,coronaria1 because there were other plants called ,libanotis1 that were for other vses1 as this for garlands1 where flowers and sweete herbes were put together4 ,the ,latines call it ,rosmarinum4 ,some would make it to be ,cneorum nigrum of ,theophrastus1 as they would make ,lauander to bee his ,cneorum album1 but ,matthiolus hath sufficiently confuted that errour4 ,the ,vertues4 ,rosmary is almost of as great vse as ,bayes1 or any other herbe both for inward and outward remedies1 and as well for ciuill as physicall purposes4 ,inwardly for the head and heart2 outwardly for the sinewes and ioynts3 for ciuill vses1 as all doe know1 at weddings1 funerals1 c4 to bestow among friends3 and the physicall are so many1 that you might bee as well tyred in the reading1 as ,i in the writing1 if ,i should set down all that might be said of it4 ,i will therefore onely giue you a taste of some1 desiring you will be content therewith4 ,there is an excellent oyle drawne from the flowers alone by the heate of the ,sunne1 auaileable for many diseases both inward and outward1 and accounted a soueraigne ,balsame3 it is also good to helpe dimnesse of sight1 and to take away spots1 markes and scarres from the skin2 and is made in this manner4 ,take a quantitie of the flowers of ,rosemary1 according to your owne will eyther more or lesse1 put them into a strong glasse close stopped1 set them in hot horse dung to digest for fourteene dayes1 which then being taken forth of the dung1 and vnstopped1 tye a fine linnen cloth ouer the mouth1 and turne downe the mouth thereof into the mouth of another strong glasse1 which being set in the hot ,sun1 an oyle will distill downe into the lower glasse2 which preserue as precious for the vses before recited1 and many more1 as experience by practice may enforme diuers4 ,there is another oyle ,chymically drawne1 auaileable in the like manner for many the same inward and outward diseases1 viz4 for the heart1 rheumaticke braines1 and to strengthen the memory1 outwardly to warme and comfort cold benummed sinewes1 whereof many of good iudgement haue had much experience4 ,,chap4 ,,cxiii4 ,myrtus4 ,the ,mirtle tree or bush4 ,in the hot ,countreyes1 there haue been many sorts of ,mirtles found out1 naturally growing there1 which will not fructifie in this of ours1 nor yet abide without extraordinary care1 and conueniencie withall1 to preserue them from the sharpenesse of our winters4 ,i shall only bring you to view three sorts in this my ,garden1 the one with a greater1 the other two with lesser leaues1 as the remainder of others which wee haue had1 and which are preserued from time to time1 not without much paine and trouble4 #a4 ,myrtus latifolia4 ,the greater leafed ,mirtle4 ,the broader leafed ,mirtle riseth vp to the height of foure or fiue foote at the most with vs1 full of branches and leaues growing like a small bush1 the stemme and elder branches whereof are couered with a dark coloured bark1 but the young with a green1 and some with a red1 especially vpon the first shooting forth1 whereon are set many fresh greene leaues1 very sweet in smell1 and very pleasant to behold1 so neer resembling the leaues of the ,pomegranate tree that groweth with vs1 that they soone deceiue many that are not expert therein1 being somewhat broade and long1 and pointed at the ends1 abiding alwaies green3 at the ioynts of the branches where the leaues stand1 come forth the flowers vpon small footestalkes1 euery one by it selfe consisting of fiue small white leaues1 with white threds in the middle1 smelling also very sweet2 after the flowers are past1 there doe arise in the hot ,countries1 where they are naturall1 round blacke berries1 when they are ripe1 wherein are contained many hard white crooked seedes1 but neuer in this ,countrey1 as ,i said before3 the roote disperseth it selfe into many branches1 with many fibres annexed thereto4 #b4 ,myrtus minor1 seu minore folio4 ,the smaller leafed ,mirtle4 ,the smaller leafed ,mirtle is a low shrub or bush1 like vnto the former1 but scarce rising so high1 with branches spreading about the stemme1 much thicker set with leaues then the former1 smaller also1 and pointed at the ends1 of a little deeper greene colour1 abiding greene also winter and summer1 and very sweete likewise3 the flowers are white like vnto the former1 and as sweete1 but shew not themselues so plentifull on the branches3 the fruit is blacke in his naturall places1 with seedes therein as the former4 #c4 ,myrtus minor rotundiore folio4 ,boxe ,mirtle4 ,wee haue another sort of this small kinde of ,mirtle1 so like vnto the former both for smalnesse1 deepe greene colour of the leaues1 and thicke growing of the branches1 that it will be thought of most1 without good heede1 and comparing the one with the other1 to be the very same with the former3 but if it bee well viewed1 it will shew1 by the roundnesse at the ends of the leaues very like vnto the small ,boxe leaues1 to be another differing kinde1 although in nothing else4 ,wee nourse them with great care1 for the beautifull aspect1 sweete sent and raritie1 as delights and ornaments for a garden of pleasure1 wherein nothing should be wanting that art1 care and cost might produce and preserue3 as also to set among other euer greene plants to sort with them4 ,the ,place4 ,these1 and many other sorts of ,mirtles grow in ,spaine1 ,portugall1 ,italie1 and other hot ,countries in great aboundance1 where they make their hedges of them3 wee 7as ,i said7 keepe them in this ,countrey1 with very great care and diligence4 ,the ,time4 ,the ,mirtles doe flower very late with vs1 not vntill ,august at the soonest1 which is the cause of their not fructifying4 ,the ,names4 ,they are called in ,latine ,myrtus1 and in ,english ,mirtle tree1 without any other diuersitie of names1 for the generall title4 ,yet the seuerall kindes haue had seuerall denominations1 in ,plinies time1 and others1 as ,romana1 ,coniugala1 ,tarentina1 ,egyptia1 alba1 nigra1 c4 which haue noted the differences1 euen then well obserued4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ,mirtle is of an astringent qualitie1 and wholly vsed for such purposes4 ,,chap4 ,,cxiiii4 ,malus ,punica siue ,granata4 ,the ,pomegranet tree4 ,there are two kindes of ,pomegranet trees1 ,the one tame or manured1 bearing fruit1 which is distinguished of some into two sorts1 of others into three1 that is1 into sower1 and sweet1 and into sower sweete4 ,the other wilde1 which beareth no fruite1 because it beareth double flowers1 like as the ,cherry1 ,apple1 and ,peach tree with double blossomes1 before described1 and is also distinguished into two sorts1 the one bearing larger1 the other lesser flowers4 ,of the manured kinde wee haue onely one sort 7so farre as we know1 for it neuer beareth ripe fruit in this our ,countrey7 which for the beautifull aspect1 both of the greene verdure of the leaues1 and faire proportion and colour of the flowers1 as also for the raritie1 are noursed in some few of their gardens that delight in such rarities3 for in regard of the tendernesse1 there is neede of diligent care1 that is1 to plant it against a brick wall1 and defend it conueniently from the sharpenesse of our winters1 to giue his ,master some pleasure in seeing it beare flowers3 ,and of the double kinde we haue as yet obtained but one sort1 although ,i shall giue you the knowledge and description of another4 ,illustration3 #a ,myrtus latifolia maior4 ,the broad leaded ,myrtle4 #b ,myrtus angustifolia minor4 ,the small leafed ,myrtle4 #c ,myrtus buxifolia minor4 ,the ,boxe leafed ,myrtle4 #d ,malus ,granatus simplici flore4 ,the ordinary ,pomegranet tree4 #e ,balaustium ,romanum seu minus4 ,the lesser double flowred ,pomegranet tree4 #f ,balaustium maius siue ,cyprium4 ,the greater double flowred ,pomegranet4 #g ,pseudocapsicum seu ,amomum ,plinij4 ,the ,winter ,cherry tree4 #h ,ficus ,indica cum suo fructu4 ,the ,indian ,figgetree and his fruit4 #a4 ,malus ,punica satiua4 ,the tame ,pomegranet tree4 ,this ,pomegranet tree groweth not very high in his naturall places1 and with vs somtimes it shooteth forth from the roote many brownish twigges or branches1 or if it bee pruned from them1 and suffered to grow vp1 it riseth to bee seuen or eight foote high1 spreading into many small and slender branches1 here and there set with thornes1 and with many very faire greene shining leaues1 like in forme and bignesse vnto the leaues of the larger ,myrtle before described1 euery one hauing a small reddish foote-stalke vpon these branches3 among the leaues come forth here and there1 long1 hard1 and hollow reddish cups1 diuided at the brimmes1 wherein doe stand large single flowers1 euery one consisting of one whole leafe1 smaller at the bottome then at the brimme1 like bels1 diuided as it were at the edges into fiue or six parts1 of an orient red or crimson colour in the hotter ,countries2 but in this it is much more delayed1 and tendeth neare vnto a blush1 with diuers threads in the middle4 ,the fruit is great and round1 hauing as it were a crowne on the head of it1 with a thicke tough hard skinne or rinde1 of a brownish red colour on the outside1 and yellow within1 stuffed or packt full of small graines1 euery one encompast with a thin skin1 wherein is contained a clear red iuyce or liquor1 either of a sweet 7as said before7 or sower taste1 or betweene them both of a winie taste3 the roote disperseth it selfe very much vnder ground4 #b4 ,balaustium maius siue ,malus ,punica siluestris maior4 ,the greater wilde or double blossomd ,pomegranet tree4 ,the wilde ,pomegranet is like vnto the tame in the number of purplish branches1 hauing thornes1 and shining faire greene leaues1 somewhat larger then the former3 from the branches likewise shoote forth flowers1 farre more beautifull then those of the same or manured sort1 because they are double1 and as large as a double ,prouince ,rose1 or rather more double1 of an excellent bright crimson colour1 tending to a silken carnation1 standing in brownish cups or huskes1 diuided at the brims vsually into foure or fiue seuerall points1 like vnto the former1 but that in this kinde there neuer followeth any fruit1 no not in the ,country1 where it is naturally wilde4 #c4 ,balaustium minus4 ,the smaller wilde ,pomegranet tree4 ,this smaller kinde differeth from the former in his leaues1 being of a darker greene colour1 but not in the height of the stemme1 or purplishnesse of his branches1 or thorns vpon them2 for this doth shew it selfe more like vnto a wilde kind then it3 the flowers hereof are much smaller1 and not so thicke and double1 of a deeper or sadder red ,orenge tawny colour1 set also in such like cups or huskes4 ,the ,place4 ,the tame or manured kinde groweth plentifully in ,spaine1 ,portugall1 and ,italy1 and other in other warme and hot countries4 ,wee 7as ,i said before7 preserue it with great care4 ,the wilde ,i thinke was neuer seene in ,england1 before ,iohn ,tradescante my very louing good friend brought it from the parts beyond the ,seas1 and planted it in his ,lords ,garden at ,canterbury4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower very late with vs1 that is1 not vntill the middle or end of ,august1 and the cold euenings or frosts comming so soone vpon it1 doth not onely hinder it from bearing1 but many times the sharpe winters so pinch it1 that it withereth it downe to the ground1 so that oftentimes it hardly springeth againe4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,malus ,punica for the tree1 and ,malum ,punicum for the fruit1 or ,malus ,granata1 and ,malum ,granatum1 is the common name giuen vnto this tree1 which is called in ,english the ,pomegarnet or ,pomegranet tree4 ,the flowers of the tame kinde are called ,cytini1 as ,dioscorides saith1 although ,plinie seemeth either to make ,cytinus to be the flower of the wilde kinde1 or ,balaustium to be the flower of both tame and wilde kinde3 but properly1 as ,i take it1 ,cytinus is the cup wherein the flower as well of the tame as wilde kinde doth stand2 for vnto the similitude of them1 both the flowers of ,asarum1 and the seede vessels of ,hyosciamus are compared and resembled1 and not vnto the whole flower3 the barke or rinde of the fruit is called of diuers ,sidion1 and in the ,apothecaries shops ,psidium1 and cortex ,granatorum4 ,the wilde kinde is called ,malus ,punica siluestris3 ,in ,english1 ,the wilde ,pomegranet tree2 the flower thereof is properly called ,balaustium4 ,the lesser kind is vsually called ,balaustium ,romanum1 as the greater is called ,creticum and ,cyprium1 because they growe in ,candy and ,cyprus4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the vse of all these ,pomegranets is very much in ,physicke1 to coole and binde all fluxibility both of body and humours3 they are also of singular effect in all vlcers of the mouth1 and other parts of the body1 both of man and woman4 ,there is no part of them but is applyed for some of these respects4 ,the rinde also of the ,pomegranet is vsed of diuers in stead of ,gaules1 to make the best sort of writing ,inke1 which is durable to the worlds end4 ,,chap4 ,,cxv4 ,amomum ,plinij seu ,pseudocapsicum4 ,tree ,night shade or the ,winter ,cherry tree4 ,i haue adioyned this plant1 for the pleasurable beauty of the greene leaues1 and red berries4 ,it groweth vp to be a yard or foure foote high at the most1 hauing a small wooddy stemme or stocke1 as bigge as ones finger or thumbe1 couered with a whitish greene barke1 set full of greene branches1 and faire greene leaues1 somewhat vneuen sometimes on the edges1 narrower then any ,night shade leaues1 and very neare resembling the leaues of the ,capsicum1 or ,ginny pepper1 but smaller and narrower1 falling away in the ,winter1 and shooting fresh in the ,spring of the yeare3 the flowers growe often two or three together1 at the ioynts of the branches with the leaues1 being white1 opening starre-fashion1 and sometimes turning themselues backe1 with a yellow pointell in the middle1 very like vnto the flowers of ,night shade3 after the flowers are past1 come forth in their stead small greene buttons1 which after turne to be pleasant round red berries1 of the bignesse of small ,cherries when they are ripe1 which with vs vsually ripen not vntill the ,winter1 or about ,christmas1 wherein are contained many small whitish seede that are flat3 all the whole plant1 as well leaues and flowers as seede1 are without either smell or taste3 the roote hath many yellowish strings and fibres annexed vnto it4 ,the ,place4 ,the originall place hereof is not well knowne1 but is thought to bee the ,west ,indies4 ,it hath been planted of long time in most of these ,countries1 where it abideth reasonable well1 so that some care bee had thereof in the extreamity of the ,winter4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth sometimes it ,iune but vsually in ,iuly and ,august1 and the fruit is not ripe 7as is said7 vntill the ,winter4 ,the ,names4 ,this plant hath diuers names2 for it is thought to be that kinde of ,amomum that ,plinie setteth downe4 ,dodonus calleth it ,pseudocapsicum1 for some likenesse in the leafe and fruit vnto the small ,capsicum or ,ginnie ,pepper1 although much vnlike in the taste and property4 ,others doe call it ,strichnodendron1 that is1 ,solanum arborescens1 and wee in ,english according thereunto1 ,tree ,night shade4 ,but some ,latin asses corrupting the ,latine word ,amomum1 doe call it the ,mumme tree4 ,dalechampius calleth it ,solanum ,americum1 seu ,indicum1 and saith the ,spaniards call it in their tongue1 ,guindas de las ,indias1 that is1 ,cerasa ,indiana1 ,indian ,cherries1 which if any would follow1 ,i would not bee much against it3 but many ,gentlewomen1 doe call them ,winter ,cherries1 because the fruit is not throughly ripe vntill ,winter4 ,the ,vertues4 ,i finde no physicall property allotted vnto it1 more then that by reason of the insipidity1 it is held to be cooling4 ,,chap4 ,,cxvi4 ,ficus ,indica minor4 ,the smaller ,indian ,figge tree4 ,this ,indian ,figge tree1 if you will call it a tree 7because in our ,country it is not so1 although it groweth in the naturall hot ,countries from a wooddy stemme or body into leaues7 is a plant consisting only of leaues1 one springing out of another1 into many branches of leaues1 and all of them growing out of one leafe1 put into the ground halfe way1 which taking roote1 all the rest rise out thereof1 those belowe for the most part being larger then those aboue2 yet all of them somewhat long1 flat1 and round pointed1 of the thicknesse of a finger vsually1 and smallest at the lower end1 where they are ioyned or spring out of the other leaues1 hauing at their first breaking out a shew of small1 red1 or browne prickes1 thicke set ouer all the vpper side of the leaues1 but with vs falling away quickly1 leauing onely the markes where they stood3 but they haue besides this shew of great prickes1 a few very fine1 and small1 hard1 white1 and sharpe1 almost insensible prickes1 being not so bigge as haires on the vnderside1 which will often sticke in their fingers that handle them vnaduisedly1 neither are they to be discerned vnlesse one look precisely for them3 the leaues on the vnderside hauing none of those other great pricks or marks at all1 being of a faire fresh pale green colour3 out of the vppermost leaues breake forth certaine greene heads1 very like vnto leaues 7so that many are deceiued1 thinking them to be leaues1 vntill they marke them better1 and be better experienced in them7 but that they growe round and not flat1 and are broad at the toppe2 for that out of the tops of euery of them shooteth out a pale yellow flower1 consisting of two rowes of leaues1 each containing fiue leaues a peece1 laid open with certaine yellow threads1 tipt with red in the middle3 this greene head1 vntill the flower be past1 is not of halfe that bignesse that it attaineth vnto after1 yet seldome or neuer commeth vnto perfection with vs1 being long and round1 like vnto a ,figge1 small belowe1 and greater aboue1 bearing vpon the flat or broad head the marke of the flower2 some holding still on them the dryed leaues1 and others hauing lost them shew the hollownesse which they haue in the toppe or middle of the head1 the sides round about being raised or standing vp higher3 this head or figge in our ,country abideth greene on the outside1 and little or nothing reddish within 7although it abide all the ,winter1 and the ,summer following1 as sometimes it doth7 for want of that heate and comfort of the ,sunne it hath in his naturall place1 where it groweth reddish on the outside1 and containing within it a bloudy red clammy iuyce1 making the vrine of them that eate of them as red as bloud1 which many seeing1 were in doubt of themselues1 lest their vrine were not very bloud2 of what sweetnesse1 like a figge1 in the naturall places1 ,i am not well assured1 yet affirmed3 but those that haue beene brought vnto me1 whose colour on the outside was greenish1 were of a reddish purple within1 and contained within them round1 small1 hard seede1 the taste was flat1 waterish1 or insipide3 the roote is neither great1 nor disperseth it selfe very deepe or farre1 but shooteth many small rootes vnder the vpper crust of the earth4 ,there is a greater kinde hereof1 whose leaues are twice or thrice as bigge1 which hauing been often brought vs1 will seldome abide more then one ,summer with vs1 our ,winters alwaies rotting the leaues1 that it could not be longer kept4 ,the ,place4 ,this ,indian ,figge tree groweth dispersedly in many places of ,america1 generally called the ,west ,indies3 ,the greater kinde in the more remote and hot ,countries1 as ,mexico1 ,florida1 c4 and in the ,bermudas or ,summer ,islands1 from whence wee haue often had it4 ,the lesser in ,virginia1 and those other ,countries that are nearer vnto vs1 which better endureth with vs4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth with vs sometimes in ,may1 or ,iune2 but 7as ,i said7 the fruit neuer commeth to perfection in this ,country4 ,the ,names4 ,diuers doe take it to bee ,opuntia ,plinij1 whereof hee speaketh in the #ba4 ,booke and #ag4 ,chapter of his ,naturall ,history3 but he there saith1 ,opuntia is an herbe1 sweete and pleasant to be eaten1 and that it is a wonder that the roote should come from the leafe1 and so to growe2 which words although they descipher out the manner of the growing of this plant1 yet because this is a kinde of tree1 and not an herbe1 nor to be eaten1 it cannot bee the same3 but especially because there is an herbe which groweth in the same manner1 or very neare vnto it1 one leafe standing on the toppe or side of another1 being a ,sea plant1 fit to be eaten with vinegar and oyle 7as many other herbes are that growe in the salt marshes1 or neare the ,sea1 whereof ,sea ,purslane is one7 which ,clusius calleth ,lychen ,marinus1 and 7as ,clusius saith7 ,cortusus very fitly called ,opuntia marina1 and out of doubt is the verie same ,opuntia that ,theophrastus maketh mention of1 and ,plinie out of him4 ,our ,english people in ,virginia1 and the ,bermuda ,island1 where it groweth plentifully1 because of the form of the fruit1 which is somewhat like to a ,peare1 not being so familiarly acquainted with the growing of ,figs1 sent it vnto vs by the name of the prickly ,peare1 from which name many haue supposed it to be a ,peare indeede1 but were therein deceiued4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is no other especiall property giuen hereunto1 by any that haue written of the ,west ,indies1 then of the colouring of the vrine1 as is before said4 ,,chap4 ,,cxvii4 ,yuca siue ,iucca4 ,the supposed ,indian ,iucca4 ,this rare ,indian plant hath a great thicke tuberous roote 7spreading in time into many tuberous heads7 from the head whereof shooteth forth many long1 hard1 and guttured leaues1 very sharpe pointed1 compassing as it were one another at the bottome1 of a grayish greene colour1 which doe not fall away1 but abide euer greene on the plant2 from the middle whereof springeth forth 7now and then1 but not euery yeare7 a strong round stalke1 diuided into diuers branches1 whereon stand diuers white1 and somewhat large flowers1 hanging downe their heads1 consisting of six leaues1 with diuers veines1 of a weake reddish or blush colour1 spread on the backe of the three outer leaues1 especially from the middle of the leaues to the bottome1 and not rising to the edge of the leafe of any flower1 which fall away without bearing any seede in our ,country1 as farre as euer could be obserued either in the plant that ,master ,gerard kept a long time by him1 or by ,robinus at ,paris his plant1 which ,master ,gerard sent vnto him1 or yet by that plant1 that ,vespasian ,robin the sonne of old ,robin sent vnto ,master ,iohn de ,franqueuille1 and now abideth and flourisheth in my ,garden4 ,the ,place4 ,it was first brought into ,england 7as ,master ,gerard saith7 from the ,west ,indies1 by a seruant of ,master ,thomas ,edwards1 an ,apothecary of ,exeter1 and imparted to him1 who kept it vnto his death3 but perished with him that got it from his widow1 intending to send it to his ,country house4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth not vntill ,iuly1 and the flowers fall away sodainely1 after they haue beene blowne open a while4 ,the ,names4 ,master ,gerard first as ,i thinke called it ,iucca1 supposing it to bee the true ,yuca of ,theuet1 wherewith the ,indians make bread1 called ,cassaua3 but the true ,iucca is described to haue a leafe diuided into seuen or nine parts1 which this hath not3 ,yet not knowing by what better name to call it1 let it hold still his first imposition1 vntill a fitter may be giuen it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,wee haue not heard of any1 that hath either read1 heard1 or experimented the faculties hereof1 nor yet whether it hath good or euill taste2 for being rare1 and possessed but by a few1 they that haue it are loth to cut any thereof1 for feare of spoiling and losing the whole roote4 ,some haue affirmed1 that in some parts of ,turkie1 where as they say this plant groweth1 they make a kinde of cloth from the threads are found running through the leaues2 but ,i finde the threads are so strong and hard1 that this cannot be that plant the relators meane is vsed in that manner4 ,illustration3 #a ,yuca siue ,iucca4 ,the ,indian ,iucca4 #b ,arbor vit4 ,the tree of life4 #c ,arbor ,iud4 ,iudas tree4 #d ,laburnum4 ,beane ,trefoile4 #e ,cytisus4 ,tree ,trefoile4 ,,chap4 ,,cxviii4 ,arbor vit4 ,the tree of life4 ,the tree of life riseth vp in some places where it hath stood long1 to be a tree of a reasonable great bignesse and height1 couered with a redder barke then any other tree in our ,country that ,i know1 the wood whereof is firme and hard1 and spreadeth abroad many armes and branches1 which againe send forth many smaller twigges1 bending downewards2 from which twiggy or slender branches1 being flat themselues like the leaues1 come forth on both sides many flat winged leaues1 somewhat like vnto ,sauine1 being short and small1 but not pricking1 seeming as if they were brayded or folded like vnto a lace or point1 of a darke yellowish greene colour1 abiding greene on the branches ,winter and ,summer1 of a strong resinous taste1 not pleasing to most1 but in some ready to procure casting1 yet very cordiall and pectorall also to them that can endure it3 at the toppes of the branches stand small yellowish dounie flowers1 set in small scaly heads1 wherein lye small1 long1 brownish seede1 which ripen well in many places1 and being sowne1 doe spring and bring forth plants1 which with some small care will abide the extreamest ,winters we haue4 ,the ,place4 ,the first or originall place where it naturally groweth1 as farre as ,i can learne or vnderstand1 is that part of ,america which the ,french doe inhabite1 about the riuer of ,canada1 which is at the backe of ,virginia ,northward1 and as it seemeth1 first brought by them from thence into ,europe1 in the time of ,francis the first ,french ,king1 where it hath so plentifully encreased1 and so largely beene distributed1 that now few ,gardens of respect1 either in ,france1 ,germany1 the ,lowe ,countries1 or ,england1 are without it4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the end of ,may1 and in ,iune2 the fruit is ripe in the end of ,august and ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,all the ,writers that haue written of it1 since it was first knowne1 haue made it to be ,thuy genus1 a kinde of ,thuya1 which ,theophrastus compareth vnto a ,cypresse tree1 in his fifth ,book and fifth ,chapter3 but ,omne simile non est idem1 and although it haue some likenesse1 yet ,i verily beleeue it is proprium sui genus1 a proper kinde of it owne1 not to bee paralleld with any other4 ,for wee finde but very few trees1 herbes1 or plants in ,america1 like vnto those that growe in ,europe1 the hither part of ,africa1 or in the lesser ,asia1 as experience testifieth4 ,some would make it to be ,cedrus ,lycia1 but so it cannot be4 ,the ,french that first brought it1 called it ,arbor vit1 with what reason or vpon what ground ,i know not2 but euer since it hath continued vnder the title of the ,tree of life4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it hath beene found by often experience1 that the leaues hereof chewed in the morning fasting1 for some few dayes together1 haue done much good to diuers1 that haue beene troubled with shortnesse of breath1 and to helpe to expectorate thinne purulentous matter stuffing the lungs4 ,other properties ,i haue not heard that it hath2 but doubtlesse1 the hot resinous smell and taste it hath1 both while it is fresh1 and after it hath beene long kept dry1 doth euidently declare his tenuity of parts1 a digesting and cleansing quality it is possessed with1 which if any industrious would make tryall1 hee should finde the effects4 ,,chap4 ,,cxix4 ,arbor ,iud4 ,iudas tree4 ,iudas tree riseth vp in some places1 where it standeth open from a wall1 and alone free from other trees 7as in a ,garden at ,batthersey1 which sometimes agoe belonged to ,master ,morgan1 ,apothecary to the late ,queene ,elizabeth of famous memory7 to be a very great and tall tree1 exceeding any ,apple tree in height1 and equall in bignesse of body thereunto 7as my selfe can testifie1 being an eye witnesse thereof7 when as it had many stalkes of flowers1 being in the bud1 breaking out of the body of the tree through the barke in diuers places1 when as there was no bough or branch near them by a yard at the least1 or yet any leafe vpon the tree1 7which they gathered to put among other flowers1 for ,nosegayes7 and in other places it groweth to bee but an hedge bush1 or plant1 with many suckers and shootes from belowe1 couered with a darke reddish barke1 the young branches being more red or purplish3 the flowers on the branches come forth before any shew or budding of leaues1 three or foure standing together vpon a small foote-stalke1 which are in fashion like vnto ,pease blossomes1 but of an excellent deepe purplish crimson colour3 after which come in their places so many long1 flat1 large1 and thinne cods1 of a brownish colour1 wherein are contained small1 blackish browne1 flat1 and hard seede3 the roote is great1 and runneth both deepe1 and farre spreading in the earth3 the leaues come forth by themselues1 euery one standing on a long stalke1 being hard very round1 like vnto the leafe of the largest ,asarum1 but not so thick1 of a whitish green on the vpper side1 and grayish vnderneath1 which fall away euery yeare1 and spring a fresh after the ,spring is well come in1 and the buds of flowers are sprung4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,there is another of this kinde1 growing in some places very high1 somewhat like the former1 and in other places also full of twiggy branches1 which are greener then the former1 as the leaues are likewise3 the flowers of this kinde are wholly white1 and the cods nothing so red or browne1 in all other things agreeing together4 ,the ,place4 ,the former groweth plentifully in many places of ,spaine1 ,italy1 ,prouence in ,france1 and in many other places4 ,the other hath beene sent vs out of ,italy many times1 and the seede hath sprung very well with vs1 but it is somewhat tender to keepe in the ,winter4 ,the ,time4 ,the flowers 7as ,i said7 appeare before the leaues1 and come forth in ,aprill and ,may1 and often sooner also1 the leaues following shortly after2 but neither of them beareth perfect seede in our ,country1 that euer ,i could learne1 or know by mine owne or others experience4 ,the ,names4 ,some would referre this to ,cercis1 whereof ,theophrastus maketh mention in his first ,booke and eighteenth ,chapter1 among those trees that beare their fruit in cods1 like as ,pulse doe3 and hee remembreth it againe in the fourteenth ,chapter of his third ,booke1 and maketh it not vnlike the white ,poplar tree1 both in greatnesse and whitenesse of the branches1 with the leafe of an ,iuie1 without corners on the one part1 cornered on the other1 and sharpe pointed1 greene on both sides almost alike1 hauing so slender long footestalkes that the leaues cannot stand forthright1 but bend downwards1 with a more rugged barke then the white ,poplar tree4 ,clusius thinketh this large description is but an ample description of the third kinde of ,poplar1 called ,lybica1 the ,aspen tree1 which ,gaza translateth ,alpina3 but who so will well consider it1 shall finde it neyther answerable to any ,poplar tree1 in that it beareth not cods as ,cercis doth2 nor vnto this ,arbor ,iud1 because it beareth not white branches4 ,clusius saith also1 that the learned of ,mompelier in his time1 referred it to ,colytea of ,theophrastus in his third booke and seuenteenth chapter1 where he doth liken it to the leaues of the broadest leafed ,bay tree1 but larger and rounder1 green on the vpperside1 and whitish vnderneath1 and whereunto 7as he saith7 ,theophrastus giueth cods in the fourteenth chapter of the same third booke3 and by the contracting of their descriptions both together1 saith1 they agree vnto this ,iudas tree4 ,but ,i find some doubts and differences in these places3 for the ,coluta that ,theophrastus mentioneth in the said fourteenth chapter of his third booke1 hath 7as he saith there7 a leafe like vnto the ,willow1 and therefore cannot bee the same ,coluta mentioned in the seuenteenth chapter of the same third book1 which hath a broade ,bay leafe3 indeede hee giueth seede in cods3 but that with broade ,bay leaues is 7as he saith7 without eyther flower or fruite2 and besides all this1 he saith the rootes are very yellow1 which is not to bee found in this ,arbor ,iud1 or ,iudas tree3 let others now iudge if these things can bee well reconciled together4 ,some haue for the likenesse of the cods vnto ,beane cods1 called it ,fabago4 ,and ,clusius called it ,siliqua siluestris4 ,it is generally in these dayes called ,arbor ,iud1 and in ,english after the ,latine name1 vntill a fitter may be had1 ,iudas tree4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is nothing extant in any ,author of any ,physicall vse it hath1 neyther hath any later experience found out any4 ,,chap4 ,,cxx4 ,laburnum4 ,beane ,trefoile4 ,there be three sorts of these codded trees or plants1 one neere resembling another1 whereof ,anagyris of ,dioscorides is one4 ,the other two are called ,laburnum2 the larger whereof ,matthiolus calleth ,anagyris altera1 and so doe some others also3 the third is of the same kinde with the second1 but smaller4 ,i shall not for this our ,garden trouble you or my selfe with any more of them then one1 which is the lesser of the two ,laburnum1 in that it is more frequent1 and that it will far better abide then the ,anagyris1 which is so tender1 that it will hardly endure the winters of our ,countrey3 and the greater ,laburnum is not so easily to be had4 ,laburnum4 ,beane ,trefoile4 ,this codded tree riseth vp with vs like vnto a tall tree1 with a reasonable great body1 if it abide any long time in a place1 couered with a smooth greene barke2 the branches are very long1 greene1 pliant1 and bending any way1 whereon are set here and there diuers leaues1 three alwaies standing together vpon a long stalk1 being somewhat long1 and not very narrow1 pointed at the ends1 greene on the vpperside1 and of a siluer shining colour vnderneath1 without any smell at all3 at the ioynts of these branches1 where the leaues stand1 come forth many flowers1 much like vnto broome flowers1 but not so large or open1 growing about a very long branch or stalke1 sometimes a good span or more in length1 and of a faire yellow colour1 but not very deepe2 after which come flat thin cods1 not very long or broade1 but as tough and hard as the cods of ,broome2 wherein are contained blackish seede1 like1 but much lesse then the seede of ,anagyris vera 7which are as big as a kidney beane1 purplish and spotted73 the roote thrusteth down deepe into the ground1 spreading also farre1 and is of a yellowish colour4 ,the ,place4 ,this tree groweth naturally in many of the woods of ,italie1 and vpon the ,alpes also1 and is therefore still accounted to be that ,laburnum that ,plinie calleth ,arbor ,alpina4 ,it groweth in many gardens with vs4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,may1 the fruit or cods1 and the seedes therein are ripe in the end of ,august1 or in ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,this tree 7as ,i said before7 is called of ,matthiolus ,anagyris altera1 siue secunda1 of ,cordus1 ,gesner and others1 especially of most now adayes1 ,laburnum4 ,it is probable in my opinion1 that this should bee that ,coluta of ,theophrastus1 mentioned in the fourteenth ,chapter of his third book with the leafe of a ,willow2 for if you take any one leafe by it selfe1 it may well resemble a ,willow leafe both for forme and colour1 and beareth small seed in cods like vnto pulse as that doth4 ,of some it hath beene taken for a kinde of ,cytisus1 but not truely4 ,we call it in ,english1 ,beane ,trefoile1 in regard of his cods and seede therein1 somewhat like vnto ,kidney ,beanes1 and of the leaues1 three alwayes standing together1 vntill a more proper name may bee giuen it4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is no vse hereof in ,physicke with vs1 nor in the naturall place of the growing1 saue only to prouoke a vomit1 which it will doe very strongly4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxi4 ,cytisus4 ,tree ,trefoile4 ,there are so many sorts of ,cytisus or ,tree trefoiles1 that if ,i should relate them all1 ,i should weary the ,reader to ouerlooke them1 whereof the most part pertaine rather to a generall worke then to this abstract4 ,i shall not therefore trouble you with any superfluous1 but only with two1 which we haue noursed vp to furnish waste places in a garden4 ,cytisus ,maranthe4 ,horned ,tree ,trefoile4 ,this ,tree ,trefoile which is held of most ,herbarists to bee the true ,cytisus of ,dioscorides1 riseth vp to the height of a man at the most1 with a body of the bignesse of a mans thumbe1 couered with a whitish bark1 breaking forth into many whitish branches spreading farre1 beset in many places with small leaues1 three alwayes set together vpon a small short footestalke1 which are rounder1 and whiter then the leaues of ,beane ,trefoile3 at the ends of the branches for the most part1 come forth the flowers three or foure together1 of a fine gold colour1 and of the fashion of ,broome flowers1 but not so large3 after the flowers are past1 there come in their places crooked flat thinne cods1 of the fashion of a halfe moone1 or crooked horne1 whitish when they are ripe1 wherein are contained blackish seede3 the roote is hard and woody1 spreading diuers wayes vnder the ground3 the whole plant hath a pretty small hot sent4 ,cytisus vulgatior4 ,the common ,tree ,trefoile4 ,this ,cytisus is the most common in this ,land1 of any the other sorts of tree trefoiles1 hauing a blackish coloured barke1 the stemme or body whereof is larger then the former1 both for height and spreading1 bearing also three leaues together1 but smaller and greener then the former3 the flowers are smaller1 but of the same fashion and colour3 the cods blackish and thin1 and not very long1 or great1 but lesser then ,broome cods1 wherein there lyeth small blackish hard seede3 the roote is diuersly dispersed in the ground4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth in the kingdome of ,naples1 and no doubt in many other places of ,italie1 as ,matthiolus saith4 ,the other groweth in diuers places of ,france4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower for the most part in ,may or ,iune3 the seede is ripe in ,august or ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,the first 7as ,i said7 is thought of most to be the true ,cytisus of ,dioscorides1 and as is thought1 was in these later dayes first found by ,bartholomus ,maranta of ,naples1 who sent it first to ,matthiolus1 and thereupon hath euer since beene called after his name1 ,cytisus ,maranth4 ,some doe call it ,cytisus ,lunatus1 because the cods are made somewhat like vnto an halfe ,moone4 ,we call it in ,english1 ,horned ,tree ,trefoile4 ,the other is called ,cytisus vulgaris or vulgatior2 in ,english1 ,the common ,tree ,trefoile1 because we haue not any other so common4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the chiefest vertues that are appropriate to these plants1 are to procure milke in womens breasts1 to fatten pullen1 sheep c4 and to be good for bees4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxii4 ,coluta4 ,the ,bastard ,sena ,tree4 ,wee haue in our ,gardens two or three sorts of the ,bastard ,sena tree2 a greater as ,i may so call it1 and two lesser3 the one with round thin transparent skins like bladders1 wherein are the seede3 the other with long round cods1 the one bunched out or swelling in diuers places1 like vnto a ,scorpions tale1 wherein is the seede1 and the other very like vnto it1 but smaller4 #a4 ,coluta ,vesicaria4 ,the greater ,bastard ,sena with bladders4 ,this shrub or tree1 or shrubby tree1 which you please to call it1 riseth vp to the height of a pretty tree1 the stemme or stock being sometimes of the bignesse of a mans arme1 couered with a blackish greene rugged barke1 the wood whereof is harder then of an ,elder1 but with an hollownesse like a pith in the heart or middle of the branches1 which are diuided many wayes1 and whereon are set at seuerall distances1 diuers winged leaues1 composed of many small round pointed1 or rather flat pointed leaues1 one set against another1 like vnto ,licoris1 or the ,hatchet ,fitch2 among these leaues come forth the flowers1 in fashion like vnto ,broome flowers1 and as large1 of a very yellow colour3 after which appeare cleare thinne swelling cods like vnto thinne transparent bladders1 wherein are contained blacke seede1 set vpon a middle ribbe or sinew in the middle of the bladder1 which if it be a little crushed betweene the fingers1 will giue a cracke1 like as a bladder full of winde4 ,the roote groweth branched and woody4 #b4 ,coluta ,scorpioides maior4 ,the greater ,scorpion podded ,bastard ,sena4 ,this ,bastard ,sena groweth nothing so great or tall1 but shooteth out diuersly1 like vnto a shrub1 with many shoots springing from the root3 the branches are greener1 but more rugged1 hauing a white barke on the best part of the elder growne branches2 for the young are greene1 and haue such like winged leaues set on them as are to be seen in the former1 but smaller1 greener1 and more pointed3 the flowers are yellow1 but much smaller1 fashioned somewhat like vnto the former1 with a reddish stripe downe the backe of the vppermost leafe3 the long cods that follow are small1 long and round1 distinguished into many diuisions or dents1 like vnto a ,scorpions tayle1 from whence hath risen the name3 in these seuerall diuisions lye seuerall blacke seede1 like vnto the seede of ,fenigrecke3 the roote is white and long1 but not so woody as the former4 #c4 ,coluta ,scorpioides minor4 ,the lesser ,scorpion ,bastard ,sena4 ,this lesser ,bastard ,sena is in all things like the former1 but somewhat lower1 and smaller both in leafe1 flower1 and cods of seede1 which haue not such eminent bunches on the cods to be seene as the former4 ,the ,place4 ,they grow as ,matthiolus saith about ,trent in ,italie1 and in other places3 the former is frequent enough through all our ,countrey1 but the others are more rare4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower about the middle or end of ,may1 and their seede is ripe in ,august4 ,the bladders of the first will abide a great while on the tree1 if they be suffered1 and vntill the winde cause them to rattle1 and afterwards the skins opening1 the seede will fall away4 ,the ,names4 ,the name ,coluta is imposed on them1 and by the iudgement of most writers1 the first is taken to bee that ,coluta of ,lipara that ,theophrastus maketh mention of1 in the seuenteenth chapter of his third booke4 ,but ,i should rather thinke that the ,scorpioides were the truer ,coluta of ,theophrastus1 because the long pods thereof are more properly to bee accounted filiqu1 then the former which are vesic tumentes1 windy bladders1 and not filiqu3 and no doubt but ,theophrastus would haue giuen some peculiar note of difference if he had meant those bladders1 and not these cods4 ,let others of iudgement be vmpeeres in this case2 although ,i know the currant of writers since ,matthiolus1 doe all hold the former ,coluta vesicaria to be the true ,coluta ,lipar of ,theophrastus4 ,wee call it in ,english1 ,bastard ,sena1 from ,ruellius1 who as ,i thinke first called it ,sena1 from the forme of the leaues4 ,the second and third 7as ,i said before7 from the forme of the cods receiued their names1 as it is in the titles and descriptions2 yet they may as properly be called ,siliquos1 for that their fruite are long cods4 ,the ,vertues4 ,theophrastus saith it doth wonderfully helpe to fatten sheepe3 ,but sure it is found by experience1 that if it be giuen to man it causeth strong purgings both vpwards and downwards2 and therefore let euery one beware that they vse not this in steede of good ,sena1 lest they feele to their cost the force thereof4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxiii4 ,spartum ,hispanicum frutex4 ,spanish ,broome4 ,although ,clusius and others haue found diuers sorts of this shrubby ,spartum or ,spanish ,broome1 yet because our ,climate will nourse vp none of them1 and euen this very hardly1 ,i shall leaue all others1 and describe vnto you this one only in this manner3 ,spanish ,broome groweth to bee fiue or sixe foote high1 with a woody stemme below1 couered with a darke gray1 or ash-coloured barke1 and hauing aboue many pliant1 long and slender greene twigs1 whereon in the beginning of the yeare are set many small long greene leaues1 which fall away quickly1 not abiding long on2 towards the tops of these branches grow the flowers1 fashioned like vnto ,broom flowers1 but larger1 as yellow as they1 and smelling very well2 after which come small long cods1 crested at the backe1 wherein is contained blackish flat seede1 fashioned very like vnto the ,kidney beanes3 the roote is woody1 dispersing it selfe diuers waies4 ,the ,place4 ,this groweth naturally in many places of ,france1 ,spaine and ,italie1 wee haue it as an ornament in our ,gardens1 among other delightfull plants1 to please the senses of sight and smelling4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in the end of ,may1 or beginning of ,iune1 and beareth seede1 which ripeneth not with vs vntill it be late4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called ,spartium ,grcorum1 and ,spartum frutex1 to distinguish it from the sedge or rush1 that is so called also4 ,of some it is called ,genista1 and thought not to differ from the other ,genista1 but they are much deceiued2 for euen in ,spaine and ,italie1 the ordinary ,genista or ,broome groweth with it1 which is not pliant1 and fit to binde ,vines1 or such like things withall as this is4 ,the ,vertues4 ,there is little vse hereof in ,physicke1 by reason of the dangerous qualitie of vomiting1 which it doth procure to them that take it inwardly3 but being applyed outwardly1 it is found to helpe the ,sciatic or paine of the hippes4 ,illustration3 #a ,coluta vulgaris4 ,ordinary bastard ,sene4 #b ,periploca recta ,virginiana4 ,virginian ,silke4 #c ,coluta ,scorpioides4 ,scorpion bastard ,sene4 #d ,spartum ,hispanicum4 ,spanish ,broome4 #e ,ligustrum4 ,priuet4 #f ,saluia variegata4 ,party coloured ,sage4 #g ,maiorana aurea4 ,guilded ,marierome4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxiiii4 ,periploca recta ,virginiana4 ,virginian ,silke4 ,lest this stranger should find no hospitality with vs1 being so beautifull a plant1 or not finde place in this ,garden1 let him be here receiued1 although with the last1 rather then not at all4 ,it riseth vp with one or more strong and round stalkes1 three or foure foote high1 whereon are set at the seuerall ioynts thereof two faire1 long1 and broad leaues1 round pointed1 with many veines therein1 growing close to the stemme1 without any foote-stalke3 at the tops of the stalkes1 and some times at the ioynts of the leaues1 groweth forth a great bush of flowers out of a thinne skinne1 to the number of twenty1 and sometimes thirty or forty1 euery one with a long foote-stalke1 hanging downe their heads for the most part1 especially those that are outermost1 euery one standing within a small huske of greene leaues1 turned to the stalkeward1 like vnto the ,lysimachia flower of ,virginia before described1 and each of them consisting of fiue small leaues a peece1 of a pale-purplish colour on the vpperside1 and of a pale yellowish purple vnderneath1 both sides of each leafe being as it were folded together1 making them seeme hollow and pointed1 with a few short chiues in the middle3 after which come long and crooked pointed cods standing vpright1 wherein are contained flat brownish seede1 dispersedly lying within a great deale of fine1 soft1 and whitish browne silke1 very like vnto the cods1 seede1 and silke of ,asclepias1 or ,swallow-wort1 but that the cods are greater and more crooked1 and harder also in the outer shell3 the roote is long and white1 of the bignesse of a mans thumbe1 running vnder ground very far1 and shooting vp in diuers places1 the heads being set full of small white grumes or knots1 yeelding forth many branches1 if it stand any time in a place3 the whole plant1 as well leaues as stalkes1 being broken1 yeeld a pale milke4 ,the ,place4 ,it came to me from ,virginia1 where it groweth aboundantly1 being raised vp from the seede ,i receiued4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,iuly1 and the seede is ripe in ,august4 ,the ,names4 ,it may seeme very probable to many1 that this plant is the same that ,prosper ,alpinus in the twenty fift ,chapter of his ,booke of ,egyptian plants1 nameth ,beidelsar2 and ,honorius ,bellus in his third and fourth ,epistles vnto ,clusius 7which are at the end of his ,history of plants7 calleth ,ossar frutex3 ,and ,clusius himselfe in the same ,booke calleth ,apocynum ,syriacum1 ,palstinum1 and gyptiacum1 because this agreeth with theirs in very many and notable parts2 yet verily ,i thinke this plant is not the same1 but rather another kinde of it selfe3 ,first1 because it is not frutex1 a shrub or wooddy plant1 nor keepeth his leaues all the yeare1 but loseth both leaues and stalks1 dying down to the ground euery yeare3 ,secondly1 the milke is not causticke or violent1 as ,alpinus and ,bellus say ,ossar is3 ,thirdly1 the cods are more crooked then those of ,clusius1 or of ,alpinus1 which ,honorius ,bellus acknowledgeth to be right1 although greater then those he had out of ,egypt3 ,and lastly1 the rootes of these doe runne1 whereof none of them make any mention4 ,gerard in his herball giueth a rude figure of the plant1 but a very true figure of the cods with seede1 and saith the ,virginians call it ,wisanck1 and referreth it to the ,asclepias1 for the likenesse of the cods stuffed with silken doune4 ,but what reason ,caspar ,bauhinus in his ,pinax ,theatri ,botanici had1 to call it 7for it is ,clusius his ,apocynum ,syriacum7 by the name of ,lapathum gyptiacum lactescens siliqua ,asclepiadis1 ,i know none in the world3 for but that he would shew an extreame singularity in giuing names to plants1 contrary to all others 7which is very frequent with him7 how could he thinke1 that this plant could haue any likenesse or correspondencie1 with any of the kindes of ,dockes1 that euer he had seene1 read1 or heard of1 in face1 or shew of leaues1 flowers1 or seede2 but especially in giuing milke4 ,i haue you see 7and that not without iust and euident cause7 giuen it a differing ,latine name from ,gerard1 because the ,asclepias giueth no milke1 but the ,periploca or ,apocymum doth2 and therefore fitter to be referred to this then to that4 ,and because it should not want an ,english name answerable to some peculiar property thereof1 ,i haue from the silken doune called it ,virginian ,silke3 but ,i know there is another plant growing in ,virginia1 called ,silke ,grasse1 which is much differing from this4 ,the ,vertues4 ,i know not of any in our ,land hath made any tryall of the properties hereof4 ,captaine ,iohn ,smith in his booke of the discouery and description of ,virginia1 saith1 that the ,virginians vse the rootes hereof 7if his be the same with this7 being bruised and applyed to cure their hurts diseases4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxv4 ,ligustrum4 ,primme or ,priuet4 ,because the vse of this plant is so much1 and so frequent throughout all this ,land1 although for no other purpose but to make hedges or arbours in ,gardens1 c4 whereunto it is so apt1 that no other can be like vnto it1 to bee cut1 lead1 and drawne into what forme one will1 either of beasts1 birds1 or men armed1 or otherwise3 ,i could not forget it1 although it be so well knowne vnto all1 to be an hedge bush growing from a wooddy white roote1 spreading much within the ground1 and bearing manie long1 tough1 and plyant sprigs and branches1 whereon are set long1 narrow1 and pointed sad greene leaues by couples at euery ioynt3 at the tops whereof breake forth great tufts of sweete smelling white flowers1 which when they are fallen1 turne into small blacke berries1 hauing a purple iuyce within them1 and small seede1 flat on the one side1 with an hole or dent therein3 this is seene in those branches that are not cut1 but suffered to beare out their flowers and fruit4 ,the ,place4 ,this bush groweth as plentifully in the ,woods of our owne ,countrey1 as in any other beyond the ,seas4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth sometimes in ,iune1and in ,iuly2 the fruit is ripe in ,august and ,september4 ,the ,names4 ,there is great controuersie among the moderne ,writers concerning this plant1 some taking it to be of ,dioscorides1 other to be ,phillyrea of ,dioscorides1 which followeth next after ,cyprus4 ,plinie maketh mention of ,cyprus in two places2 in the one he saith ,cyprus hath the leafe of ,ziziphus1 or the ,iuiube tree3 in the other he saith1 that certain do affirme1 that the ,cyprus of the ,east ,country1 and the ,ligustrum of ,italy is one and the same plant3 whereby you may plainly see1 that our ,priuet which is ,ligustrum1 cannot be that ,cyprus of ,plinie with ,iuiube leaues3 ,besides1 both ,dioscorides ,plinie say1 that ,cyprus is a tree2 but all know that ,ligustrum1 ,priuet1 is but an hedge bush3 ,againe1 ,dioscorides saith1 that the leaues of ,cyprus giue a red colour1 but ,priuet giueth none4 ,bellonius and ,prosper ,alpinus haue both recorded1 that the true ,cyprus of ,dioscorides groweth plentifully in ,egypt1 ,syria1 and those ,easterne ,countries1 and noursed vp also in ,constantinople1 and other parts of ,greece1 being a merchandise of much worth1 in that they transport the leaues1 and young branches dryed1 which laid in water giue a yellow colour1 wherewith the ,turkish women colour the nailes of their hands1 and some other parts of their bodies likewise1 delighting much therein3 and that it is not our ,ligustrum1 or ,priuet1 because ,cyprus beareth round white seede1 like ,coriander seede1 and the leaues abide greene alwaies vpon the tree1 which groweth 7if it bee not cut or pruined7 to the height of the ,pomegranet tree4 ,i haue 7,i confesse7 beyond the limits ,i set for this worke spoken concerning our ,priuet1 because ,i haue had the seede of the true ,cyprus of ,dioscorides sent mee1 which was much differing from our ,priuet1 and although it sprang vp1 yet would not abide any time1 whereas if it had beene our ,priuet1 it would haue beene familiar enough to our ,countrey4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is of small vse in physicke1 yet some doe vse the leaues in ,lotions1 that serue to coole and dry fluxes or sores in diuers parts4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxvi4 ,saluia variegata4 ,party coloured ,sage4 ,and ,maiorana versicolor siue aurea4 ,yellow or golden ,marierome4 ,vnto all these flowers of beauty and rarity1 ,i must adioyne two other plants1 whose beauty consisteth in their leaues1 and not in their flowers3 as also to separate them from the others of their tribe1 to place them here in one ,chapter1 before the sweete herbes that shall follow1 as is fittest to furnish this our ,garden of pleasure4 ,this kinde of ,sage groweth with branches and leaues1 very like the ordinary ,sage1 but somewhat smaller1 the chiefest difference consisteth in the colour of the leaues1 being diuersly marked and spotted with white and red among the greene3 for vpon one branch you shall haue the leaues seuerally marked one from another1 as the one halfe of the leafe white1 and the other halfe greene1 with red shadowed ouer them both1 or more white then greene1 with some red in it1 either parted or shadowed1 or dasht here and there1 or more greene then white1 and red therein eyther in the middle or end of the leafe1 or more or lesse parted or striped with white and red in the greene1 or else sometimes wholly greene the whole branch together1 as nature listeth to play with such varieties3 which manner of growing rising from one and the same plant1 because it is the more variable1 is the more delightfull and much respected4 ,there is another speckled ,sage parted with white and greene1 but it is nothing of that beauty to this1 because this hath three colours euidently to bee discerned in euery leafe almost1 the red adding a superaboundant grace to the rest4 ,maiorana aurea siue versicolor4 ,yellow or golden ,marierome4 ,this kinde of ,marierome belongeth to that sort is called in ,latine ,maiorana latifolia1 which ,lobel setteth forth for ,hyssopus ,grcorum genuina3 ,in ,english ,winter ,marierome1 or pot ,marierome3 for it hath broader and greater leaues then the sweete ,marierome1 and a different vmbell or tuft of flowers4 ,the difference of this from that set forth in the ,kitchin ,garden1 consisteth chiefly in the leaues1 which are in ,summer wholly yellow in some1 or but a little greene1 or parted with yellow and greene more or lesse1 as nature listeth to play3 but in ,winter they are of a darke or dead greene colour1 yet recouering it selfe againe3 the sent hereof is all one with the pot ,marierome4 ,wee haue another parted with white and greene1 much after the manner with the former4 ,the ,place1 ,time1 ,names1 and ,vertues of both these plants1 shall be declared where the others of their kindes are specified hereafter1 and in the ,kitchen ,garden2 for they differ not in properties4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxvii4 ,lauendula4 ,lauender ,spike4 ,after all these faire and sweete flowers before specified1 ,i must needes adde a few sweete herbes1 both to accomplish this ,garden1 and to please your senses1 by placing them in your ,nosegays1 or else where1 as you list4 ,and although ,i bring them in the end or last place1 yet are they not of the least account4 #a4 ,lauendula maior4 ,garden ,lauender4 ,our ordinary ,garden ,lauender riseth vp with a hard wooddy stemme aboue the ground1 parted into many small branches1 whereon are set whitish1 long1 and narrow leaues1 by couples one against another2 from among which riseth vp naked square stalkes1 with two leaues at a ioynt1 and at the toppe diuers small huskes standing round about them1 formed in long and round heads or spikes1 with purple gaping flowers springing out of each of them3 the roote is wooddy1 and spreadeth in the ground3 ,the whole plant is of a strong sweete sent1 but the heads of flowers much more1 and more piercing the senses1 which are much vsed to bee put among linnen and apparrell4 ,sidenote3 ,flore albo4 ,there is a kinde hereof that beareth white flowers1 and somewhat broader leaues1 but it is very rare1 and seene but in few places with vs1 because it is more tender1 and will not so well endure our cold ,winters4 #b4 ,lauendula minor seu ,spica4 ,small ,lauender or ,spike4 ,the ,spike or small ,lauender is very like vnto the former1 but groweth not so high1 neither is the head or spike so great and long1 but shorter and smaller1 and of a more purplish colour in the flower3 the leaues also are a little harder1 whiter1 and shorter then the former2 the sent also is somewhat sharper and stronger4 ,this is not so frequent as the first1 and is nourished but in some places that are warme1 and where they delight in rare herbes and plants4 ,the ,place4 ,lauender groweth in ,spaine aboundantly1 in many places so wilde1 and little regarded1 that many haue gone1 and abiden there to distill the oyle thereof whereof great quantity now commeth ouer from thence vnto vs3 and also in ,lanquedocke1 and ,prouence in ,france4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth early in those hot ,countries1 but with vs not vntill ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called of some ,nardus ,italica1 and ,lauendula1 the greater is called ,fmina1 and the lesser ,mas4 ,we doe call them generally ,lauender1 or ,lauender ,spike1 and the lesser ,spike1 without any other addition4 ,the ,vertues4 ,lauender is little vsed in inward physicke1 but outwardly2 the oyle for cold and benummed parts1 and is almost wholly spent with vs1 for to perfume linnen1 apparrell1 gloues1 leather1 c41 and the dryed flowers to comfort and dry vp the moisture of a cold braine4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxviii4 ,stchas4 ,sticadoue1 ,cassidony1 or ,french ,lauender4 ,cassidony that groweth in the ,gardens of our ,countrey1 may peraduenture somewhat differ in colour1 as well as in strength1 from that which groweth in hotter ,countries2 but as it is with vs1 it is more tender a great deale then ,lauender1 and groweth rather like an herbe then a bush or shrub1 not aboue a foote and a halfe high1 or thereabouts1 hauing many narrow long greene leaues like ,lauender1 but softer and smaller1 set at seuerall distances together about the stalkes1 which spread abroad into branches3 at the tops whereof stand long and round1 and sometimes foure square heads1 of a darke greenish purple colour1 compact of many scales set together2 from among which come forth the flowers1 of a blewish purple colour1 after which follow seede vessels1 which are somewhat whitish when they are ripe1 containing blackish browne seede within them3 the roote is somewhat wooddy1 and will hardly abide the iniuries of our cold ,winters1 except in some places onely1 or before it haue flowred3 ,the whole plant is somewhat sweete1 but nothing so much as ,lauender4 ,the ,place4 ,cassidony groweth in the ,islands ,stchades1 which are ouer against ,marselles1 and in ,arabia also3 we keep it with great care in our ,gardens4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth the next yeare after it is sowne1 in the end of ,may1 which is a moneth before any ,lauender4 ,the ,names4 ,it is called of some ,lauendula siluestris1 but most vsually ,stchas in ,english1 of some ,stichadoue1 or ,french ,lauender2 and in many parts of ,england1 ,cassidony4 ,the ,vertues4 ,it is of much more vse in physicke then ,lauender1 and is much vsed for old paines in the head4 ,it is also held to be good for to open obstructions1 to expell melancholy1 to cleanse and strengthen the liuer1 and other inward parts1 and to be a ,pectorall also4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxix4 ,abrotanum fmina siue ,santolina4 ,lauender ,cotton4 ,this ,lauender ,cotton hath many wooddy1 but brittle branches1 hoary or of a whitish colour1 whereon are set many leaues1 which are little1 long1 and foure square1 dented or notched on all edges1 and whitish also3 at the tops of these branches stand naked stalkes1 bearing on euery one of them a larger yellow head or flower1 then eyther ,tansie or ,maudeline1 whereunto they are somewhat like1 wherein is contained small darke coloured seede3 the roote is hard1 and spreadeth abroad with many fibres3 the whole plant is of a strong sweete sent1 but not vnpleasant1 and is in many places planted in ,gardens1 to border knots with1 for which it will abide to be cut into what forme you thinke best2 for it groweth thicke and bushy1 very fit for such workes1 besides the comely shew the plant it selfe thus wrought doth yeeld1 being alwayes greene1 and of a sweet sent2 but because it quickly groweth great1 and will soone runne out of forme1 it must be euery second or third yeare taken vp1 and new planted4 ,the ,place4 ,it is onely planted in ,gardens with vs1 for the vses aforesaid especially4 ,the ,time4 ,it flowreth in ,iuly1 and standeth long in the hot time of the yeare in his colour1 and so will doe1 if it be gathered before it haue stood ouer long4 ,the ,names4 ,diuers doe call it as ,matthiolus doth1 ,abrotanum fmina1 and ,santolina2 and some call it ,chamcyparissus1 because the leaues thereof1 are somewhat like the leaues of the ,cypresse tree3 ,wee call it in ,english generally ,lauender ,cotton4 ,the ,vertues4 ,this is vsually put among other hot herbes1 eyther into bathes1 ointments1 or other things1 that are vsed for cold causes4 ,the seede also is much vsed for the wormes4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxx4 ,ocimum4 ,bassill4 ,bassill is of two sorts 7besides other kindes7 for this our ,garden1 the one whereof is greater1 the other lesse in euery part thereof2 as shall be shewed4 #a4 ,ocimum ,citratum4 ,common ,bassill4 ,our ordinary ,garden ,bassill hath one stalke rising from the root1 diuersly branched out1 whereon are set two leaues alwayes at a ioynt1 which are broad1 somewhat round1 and pointed1 of a pale greene colour1 but fresh1 a little snipt or dented about the edges1 and of a strong or heady sent1 somewhat like a ,pomecitron1 as many haue compared it1 and thereof call it ,citratum3 the flowers are small and white1 standing at the tops of the branches1 with two smal leaues at euery ioynt vnder them1 in some plants green1 in others browne vnder them3 after which commeth blacke seede3 the roote perisheth at the first approach of winter weather1 and is to be new sowen euery yeare4 #b4 ,ocimum minimum siue ,gariophyllatum4 ,bush ,basill4 ,the bush ,basill groweth not altogether so high1 but is thicker spreade out into branches1 whereon grow smaller leaues1 and thicker set then the former1 but of a more excellent and pleasant smell by much3 the flowers are white like the former1 and the seede blacke also like it1 and perisheth as suddenly1 or rather sooner then it1 so that it requireth more paines to get it1 and more care to nourse it1 because we seldome or neuer haue any seede of it4 ,ocimum ,indicum4 ,indian ,basill4 ,the ,indian ,basill hath a square reddish greene stalke1 a foote high or better1 from the ioynts whereof spreade out many branches1 with broade flat leaues set thereon1 two alwayes together at the ioynt1 one against another1 as other ,basils haue1 but somewhat deepely cut in on the edges1 and oftentimes a little crumpled1 standing vpon long reddish footestalkes1 of a darke purple colour1 spotted with deeper purple spots1 in some greater1 in others lesser3 the flowers stand at the tops of the stalkes spike-fashion1 which are of a white colour1 with reddish stripes and veines running through them1 set or placed in darke purple coloured huskes3 the seede is greater and rounder then the former1 and somewhat long withall3 the roote perisheth in like manner as the other former doe4 ,the whole plant smelleth strong1 like vnto the other ,basils4 ,the ,place4 ,the two last sorts of ,basils are greater strangers in our ,country then the first which is frequent1 and only sowen and planted in curious gardens4 ,the last came first out of the ,west ,indies4 ,the ,time4 ,they all flower in ,august1 or ,iuly at the soonest1 and that but by degrees1 and not all at once4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is vsually called ,ocimum vulgare1 or vulgatius1 and ,ocimum ,citratum4 ,in ,english1 ,common or ,garden ,basill4 ,the other is called ,ocimum minimum1 or ,gariophyllatum1 ,cloue ,basill1 or ,bush ,basill4 ,the last eyther of his place1 or forme of his leaues1 being spotted and curled1 or all1 is called ,ocimum ,indicum maculatum1 latifolium crispum4 ,in ,english according to the ,latine1 ,indian ,basill1 broade leafed ,basill1 spotted or curled ,basill1 which you please4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the ordinary ,basill is in a manner wholly spent to make sweet1 or washing waters1 among other sweet herbes1 yet sometimes it is put into nosegayes4 ,the ,physicall properties are1 to procure a cheerefull and merry heart1 whervnto the seede is chiefly vsed in pouder1 c4 and is most vsed to that1 and to no other purpose4 ,illustration3 #a ,santolina4 ,lauender ,cotton4 #b ,lauendula4 ,lauender ,spike4 #c ,stchas4 ,cassidony4 #d ,chamdrys4 ,germander4 #e ,ocimum minus4 ,fine ,bassill4 #f ,marum4 ,herbe ,masticke4 #g ,maiorana4 ,sweete ,marierome4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxxi4 ,maiorana4 ,sweete ,marierome4 ,wee haue many sorts of ,marierome2 some that are sweete1 and but ,summer plants2 others that are greater and not so sweet2 and some also that are wilde4 ,of all these ,i will onely select some of the choisest that are fit for this place1 and leaue the other for the next garden1 and the garden of simples1 or a generall worke3 yet hereunto ,i will adioyne another sweete plant called ,masticke1 as participating neerer with them then with ,time1 whereunto many doe referre it4 #a4 ,maiorana maior stiua4 ,common sweet ,marierome4 ,the sweet ,marierome that is most frequently sowen in our ,country1 is a low herbe little aboue a foote high when it is at the highest1 full of branches1 and small whitish soft roundish leaues1 smelling very sweet3 at the toppes of the branches stand diuers small scaly heads1 like vnto knots1 7and therefore of some called knotted ,marierome7 of a whitish greene colour1 out of which come here and there small white flowers1 and afterwards small reddish seede3 the roote is composed of many small threds or strings1 which perish with the whole plant euery yeare4 #b4 ,maiorana tenuifolia4 ,marierome gentle4 ,this ,marierome hath likewise diuers small branches1 growing low1 and not higher then the former1 but hauing finer and smaller leaues1 hoary and soft1 but much sweeter3 the heads are like vnto the former1 and so are the flowers and seede1 and the whole plant abiding but a ,summer in the like manner4 #c4 ,marum4 ,herbe ,masticke4 ,the neerer resemblance that this herbe hath with ,marierome then with ,tyme 7as ,i said before7 hath made me place it next vnto the small sweet ,marierome4 ,it riseth vp with a greater1 and a more woody stalke then ,marierome1 two foote high or better in some places1 where it liketh the ground and ayre1 branching out on all sides towards the vpper part1 leauing the stemme bare below1 if it bee old1 otherwise being young1 thinly furnishing the branches from the bottome with small greene leaues1 bigger then the leaues of any ,tyme1 and comming neere vnto the bignesse and forme of the last recited finer ,marierome1 but of a greener colour3 at the toppes of the branches stand small white flowers on a head1 which afterwards turne into a loose tuft of a long white hoary matter1 like vnto soft doune1 with some leaues vnderneath and about it1 which abide not long on the stalkes1 but are blowne away with the winde3 the seede is so small if it haue any1 that ,i haue not obserued it3 the roote is threddy3 the whole plant is of a sweete resinous sent1 stronger then the ,marierome1 and abideth our winters1 if it be carefully planted and regarded4 ,the ,place4 ,the sweete ,marieromes grow naturally in hot ,countreyes3 the first in ,spaine c4 the second is thought to come out of ,syria1 or ,persia first into ,italie1 where they much esteeme it1 and plant it curiously and carefully in pots1 and set them in their windowes1 beeing much delighted therewith for the sweet sent it hath4 ,the first is vsually sowen euery yeare in most gardens with vs3 but the second is very rare and daintie1 and must as daintely be preserued being more tender then the former4 ,the herbe ,masticke is thought to be first brought out of ,candie1 ,clusius saith he found it in ,spaine3 ,it is planted by slippes1 7and not sowen7 in many gardens1 and is much replanted for increase1 but prospereth onely1 or more frequently1 in loamie or clay grounds then in any other soyle4 ,the ,time4 ,the sweete ,marieromes beare their knots or scaly heads in the end of ,iuly1 or in ,august4 ,herbe ,masticke in ,iune many times1 or in the beginning of ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,the first of the two sweet ,marieromes called ,maiorana in ,latine maiore cura1 is taken of most writers to be the ,amaracus or ,sampsuchum of ,dioscorides1 ,theophrastus and ,plinie1 although ,galen doth seem a little to dissent therefrom4 ,the other sweet ,marierome hath his name in his title as much as can be said of it4 ,the next is thought by the best of the moderne ,writers to be the true ,marum that ,galen preferreth for the excellent sweetnesse1 before the former ,marierome in making the ,oleum1 or vnguentum ,amaricinum1 and seemeth to incline to their opinion that thought ,amaracus was deriued from ,marum4 ,it is the same also that ,galen and others of the ancient ,writers make mention of1 to go into the composition of the ,trochisci ,hedychroi1 as well as ,amaracus among the ingredients of the ,theriaca ,andromachi4 ,in ,english we call it ,masticke simply1 or ,herbe ,mastick1 both to distinguish it from that ,tyme that is called ,masticke ,tyme1 and from the ,masticke ,tree1 or ,gum1 so called4 ,some of later times1 and ,clusius with them1 haue thought this to be ,dioscorides his ,tragoriganum1 which doth somewhat resemble it3 but there is another plant that ,matthiolus setteth forth for ,marum1 that in ,lobels opinion and mine is the truest ,tragoriganum1 and this the truest ,marum4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the sweete ,marieromes are not onely much vsed to please the outward senses in nosegayes1 and in the windowes of houses1 as also in sweete pouders1 sweete bags1 and sweete washing waters1 but are also of much vse in ,physicke1 both to comfort the outward members1 or parts of the body1 and the inward also3 to prouoke vrine being stopped1 and to ease the paines thereof1 and to cause the feminine courses4 ,herbe ,masticke is of greater force to helpe the stopping of vrine1 then the ,marierome1 and is put into ,antidotes1 as a remedie against the poyson of venemous ,beasts4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxxi4 ,thymum4 ,tyme4 ,there are many kindes of ,tyme1 as they are vsually called1 with vs1 some are called of the garden1 and others wilde1 which yet for their sweetnesse are brought into gardens1 as ,muske ,tyme1 and ,lemon ,tyme2 and some for their beauty1 as embroidered or gold yellow ,tyme1 and white ,tyme4 ,but the true ,tyme of the ancient ,writers1 called ,capitatum1 as a speciall note of distinction from all other kindes of ,tyme1 is very rare to be seene with vs here in ,england1 by reason of the tendernesse1 that it will not abide our ,winters4 ,and all the other sorts that with vs are called garden ,tymes1 are indeede but kindes of wilde ,tyme1 although in the defect or want of the true ,tyme1 they are vsed in the stead of it4 ,with the ,tymes ,i must doe as ,i did with the ,marieromes in the ,chapter before1 that is1 reserue the most common in vse1 for the common vse of the ,kitchen1 and shew you only those here1 that are not put to that vse3 and first with the true ,tyme1 because it is knowne but to a few4 #a4 ,thymum legitimum capitatum4 ,the true ,tyme4 ,the true ,tyme is a very tender plant1 hauing hard and hoary brittle branches1 spreading from a small wooddy stemme1 about a foote and a halfe high1 whereon are set at seuerall ioynts1 and by spaces1 many small1 long1 whitish1 or hoary greene leaues1 of a quicke sent and taste3 at the tops of the branches stand small long whitish greene heads1 somewhat like vnto the heads of ,stchas1 made as it were of many leaues or scales1 out of which start forth small purplish flowers 7and in some white1 as ,bellonius saith7 after which commeth small seede1 that soone falleth out1 and if it be not carefully gathered1 is soone lost1 which made 7,i thinke7 ,theophrastus to write1 that this ,tyme was to be sowne of the flowers1 as not hauing any other seede3 the root is small and wooddy4 ,this holdeth not his leaues in ,winter1 no not about ,seuill in ,spaine1 where it groweth aboundantly1 as ,clusius recordeth1 finding it there naked or spoiled of leaues4 ,and will not abide our ,winters1 but perisheth wholly1 roote and all4 #b4 ,serpillum hortense siue maius4 ,garden wilde ,tyme4 ,the wilde ,tyme that is cherished in gardens groweth vpright1 but yet is lowe1 with diuers slender branches1 and small round greene leaues1 somewhat like vnto small fine ,marierome1 and smelling somewhat like vnto it3 the flowers growe in roundels at the toppes of the branches1 of a purplish colour3 ,and in another of this kinde they are of a pure white colour4 ,there is another also like hereunto1 that smelleth somewhat like vnto ,muske2 and therefore called ,muske ,tyme1 whose greene leaues are not so small as the former1 but larger and longer4 #c4 ,serpillum ,citratum4 ,lemon ,tyme4 ,the wilde ,tyme that smelleth like vnto a ,pomecitron or ,lemon1 hath many weake branches trayling on the ground1 like vnto the first described wilde ,tyme1 with small darke greene leaues1 thinly or sparsedly set on them1 and smelling like vnto a ,lemon1 with whitish flowers at the toppes in roundels or spikes4 #d4 ,serpillum aureum siue versicolor4 ,guilded or embroidered ,tyme4 ,this kinde of wilde ,tyme hath small hard branches lying or leaning to the ground1 with small party coloured leaues vpon them1 diuided into stripes or edges1 of a gold yellow colour1 the rest of the leafe abiding greene1 which for the variable mixture or placing of the yellow1 hath caused it to be called embroidered or guilded ,tyme4 ,the ,place4 ,the first groweth as is said before1 about ,seuill in ,spaine1 in very great aboundance as ,clusius saith2 and as ,bellonius saith1 very plentifully on the mountaines through all ,greece4 ,the others growe some in this ,country1 and some in others3 but wee preserue them with all the care wee can in our gardens1 for the sweete and pleasant sents and varieties they yeeld4 ,the ,time4 ,the first flowreth not vntill ,august2 the rest in ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,their names are seuerally set downe in their titles1 as is sufficient to distinguish them2 and therefore ,i shall not neede to trouble you any further with them4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the true ,tyme is a speciall helpe to melancholicke and spleneticke diseases1 as also to flatulent humours1 either in the vpper or lower parts of the body4 ,the oyle that is ,chimically drawne out of ordinary ,tyme1 is vsed 7as the whole herbe is1 in the stead of the true7 in pils for the head and stomach4 ,it is also much vsed for the toothach1 as many other such like hot oyles are4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxxii4 ,hyssopus4 ,hyssope4 ,there are many varieties of ,hyssope1 beside the common or ordinary1 which ,i reserue for the ,kitchen garden1 and intend onely in this place to giue you the knowledge of some more rare3 viz4 of such as are noursed vp by those that are curious1 and fit for this garden3 for there are some other1 that must be remembred in the ,physicke garden1 or ,garden of ,simples1 or else in a generall worke4 #a4 ,hyssopus folijs niueis4 ,white ,hyssope4 ,this white ,hyssope is of the same kinde and smell with the common ,hyssope2 but differeth1 in that this many times hath diuers leaues1 that are wholly of a white colour1 with part of the stalke also3 others are parted1 the one halfe white1 the other halfe greene1 and some are wholly greene1 or with some spots or stripes of white within the greene1 which makes it delightfull to most ,gentlewomen4 #b4 ,hyssopus folijs cinereis4 ,russet ,hyssope4 ,as the last hath party coloured leaues1 white and greene1 so this hath his leaues of an ash-colour1 which of some is called russet2 and hath no other difference either in forme or smell4 #c4 ,hyssopus aureus4 ,yellow or golden ,hyssope4 ,all the leaues of this ,hyssope are wholly yellow1 or but a little greene in them1 and are of so pleasant a colour1 especially in ,summer1 that they prouoke many ,gentlewomen to weare them in their heads1 and on their armes1 with as much delight as many fine flowers can giue3 but in ,winter their beautifull colour is much decayed1 being of a whitish greene1 yet recouer themselues againe the next ,summer4 #d4 ,hyssopus surculis densis4 ,double ,hyssope4 ,as this kinde of ,hyssope groweth lower then the former or ordinary kinde1 so it hath more branches1 slenderer1 and not so wooddy1 leaning somewhat downe toward the ground1 so wonderfully thicke set with leaues1 that are like vnto the other1 but of a darker greene colour1 and somewhat thicker withall1 that it is the onely fine sweete herbe1 that ,i know fittest 7if any be minded to plant herbes7 to set or border a knot of herbes or flowers1 because it will well abide1 and not growe too wooddy or great1 nor be thinne of leaues in one part1 when it is thicke in another1 so that it may be kept with cutting as smooth and plaine as a table4 ,if it be suffered to growe vp of it selfe alone1 it riseth with leaues as before is specified1 and flowreth as the common doth1 and of the same sent also1 not differing in any thing1 but in the thicknesse of the leaues on the stalkes and branches1 and the aptnesse to be ordered as the keeper pleaseth4 ,chamdrys4 ,germander4 ,lest ,germander should be vtterly forgotten1 as not worthy of our ,garden1 seeing many 7as ,i said in my treatise or introduction to this ,garden7 doe border knots therewith3 let me at the least giue it a place1 although the last1 being more vsed as a strewing herbe for the house1 then for any other vse4 ,it is 7,i thinke7 sufficiently knowne to haue many branches1 with small and somewhat round endented leaues on them1 and purplish gaping flowers3 the rootes spreading far abroad1 and rising vp againe in many places4 ,the ,place4 ,these ,hyssopes haue beene most of them noursed vp of long time in our ,english ,gardens1 but from whence their first originall should be1 is not well knowne4 ,the ,germander also is onely in ,gardens1 and not wilde4 ,the ,time4 ,they flower in ,iune and ,iuly4 ,the ,names4 ,the seuerall names whereby they are knowne to vs1 are set forth in their titles2 and therefore ,i neede not here say more of them then onely this1 that neyther they here set downe1 nor the common or ordinary sort1 nor any of the rest not here expressed1 are any of them the true ,hyssope of the ancient ,greeke ,writers1 but supposititi1 vsed in the stead thereof4 ,the ,germander1 from the forme of the leaues like vnto small oaken leaues1 had the name ,chamdrys giuen it1 which signifieth a dwarfe ,oake4 ,the ,vertues4 ,the common ,hyssope is much vsed in all pectorall medicines1 to cut fleagme1 and to cause it easily to be auoided4 ,it is vsed of many people in the ,country1 to be laid vnto cuts or fresh wounds1 being bruised1 and applyed eyther alone1 or with a little ,sugar4 ,it is much vsed as a sweet herbe1 to be in the windowes of an house4 ,i finde it much commended against the ,falling ,sicknesse1 especially being made into ,pils after this manner3 ,of ,hyssope1 ,horhound1 and ,castor1 of each halfe a dramme1 of ,peony rootes 7the male kinde is onely fit to be vsed for this purpose7 two drams1 of ,assaftida one scruple3 ,let them be beaten1 and made into pils with the iuyce of ,hyssope2 which being taken for seuen dayes together at night going to bed1 is held to be effectual to giue much ease1 if not thoroughly to cure those that are troubled with that disease4 ,the vse of ,germander ordinarily is as ,tyme1 ,hyssope1 and other such herbes1 to border a knot1 whereunto it is often appropriate1 and the rather1 that it might be cut to serue 7as ,i said7 for a strewing herbe for the house among others4 ,for the physicall vse it serueth in diseases of the splene1 and the stopping of vrine1 and to procure womens courses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,thus haue ,i led you through all my ,garden of ,pleasure1 and shewed you all the varieties of nature noursed therein1 pointing vnto them1 and describing them one after another4 ,and how lastly 7according to the vse of our old ancient ,fathers7 ,i bring you to rest on the ,grasse1 which yet shall not be without some delight1 and that not the least of all the rest4 ,illustration3 #a ,thymum legitimum4 ,the true ,tyme4 #b ,serpillum maius hortense4 ,garden wilde ,tyme4 #c ,serpillum ,citratum4 ,lemon ,tyme4 #d ,hyssopus versicolor siue aureus4 ,golden ,hyssope4 #e ,chamdrys4 ,germander4 #f ,spartum ,austriacum siue ,gramen plumarium minus4 ,the lesser feather ,grasse4 #g ,gramen striatum vel sulcatum4 ,painted ,grasse or ,ladies ,laces4 ,,chap4 ,,cxxxiii4 ,gramina4 ,grasses4 ,there are among an infinite number 7as ,i may so say7 of ,grasses1 a few onely which ,i thinke fit to be planted in this ,garden1 both for the rarity of them1 and also for your delight1 and the excellent beauty that is in them aboue many other plants4 ,one of them hath long agoe bin respected1 and cherished in the country gardens of many ,gentlewomen1 and others4 ,the others are knowne but vnto a few4 #a4 ,gramen striatum4 ,painted ,grasse or ,ladies laces4 ,this kinde of ,grasse hath many stiffe1 hard1 round stalkes1 full of ioynts1 whereon are set at euery ioynt one long leafe1 somewhat broad at the bottome1 where it compasseth the stalke1 and smaller to the end1 where it is sharpe pointed1 hard or rough in handling1 and striped all the length of the leafe with white streakes or lines1 that they seeme party coloured laces of white and greene3 the tops of the stalkes are furnished with long spikie tufts1 like vnto the tufts of ,couch ,grasse3 the rootes are small1 white1 and threddy1 like the rootes of other ,grasses4 #b4 ,gramen ,plumarium minus4 ,the lesser ,feather-,grasse4 ,this lesser ,feather-,grasse hath many small1 round1 and very long leaues or blades1 growing in tufts1 much finer and smaller then any other ,grasse that ,i know1 being almost like vnto haires1 and of a fresh greene colour in ,summer1 but changing into gray1 like old hay in ,winter1 being indeede all dead1 and neuer reuiuing2 yet hardly to be plucked away vntill the ,spring1 and then other greene leaues or rushes rise vp by them1 and in their stead1 and are aboue a foote in length3 from the middle of these tufts come forth rounder and bigger rushes1 which are the stalkes1 and which haue a chaffie round eare about the middle thereof1 which when it is full growne1 is somewhat higher then the toppes of the leaues or rushes1 opening it selfe 7being before close7 at the top1 and shewing forth three or foure long ayles or beards1 one aboue another1 which bend themselues a little downewards 7if they stand ouer long before they are gathered1 and will fall off1 and be blowne away with the winde7 being so finely feathered on both sides1 all the length of the beard1 and of a pale or grayish colour1 that no feather in the taile of the ,bird of ,paradise can be finer1 or to be compared with them1 hauing sticking at the end of euery one of them1 within the eare1 a small1 long1 whitish1 round1 hard1 and very sharpe pointed graine1 like vnto an oaten graine1 that part of the stalke of the feather that is next vnder it1 and aboue the seede for some two or three inches1 being stiffe and hard1 and twining or curling it selfe1 if it be suffered to stand too long1 or to fall away1 otherwise being straight as the feather it selfe3 the roote is composed of many long1 hard1 small threddy strings1 which runne deepe and far1 and will not willingly be remoued1 in that it gaineth strength euery yeare by standing4 #c4 ,gramen ,plumarium maius4 ,the greater ,feather-,grasse4 ,the greater ,feather-,grasse is like vnto the lesser1 but that both the leaues and the feathers1 are greater1 and nothing so fine1 grosser also1 and of lesse beauty and respect1 though whiter then it2 and therefore is not so much regarded3 for ,i haue knowne1 that many ,gentlewomen haue vsed the former lesser kinde1 being tyed in tufts1 to set them in stead of feathers about their beds1 where they haue lyen after childe-bearing1 and at other times also1 when as they haue been much admired of the ,ladies and ,gentles that haue come to visit them4 ,the ,place4 ,the first of these ,grasses1 as ,lobel saith1 groweth naturally in the woods and hils of ,sauoy4 ,it hath long agoe beene receiued into our ,english gardens4 ,the second1 as ,clusius saith1 in ,austria1 from whence also 7as ,i take it7 the greater came1 and are both in the gardens of those1 that are curious obseruers of these delights4 ,the ,time4 ,the first is in its pride for the leaues all the ,spring and ,summer1 yeelding his bush in ,iune4 ,the other giue their feather-like sprigs in ,iuly and ,august1 and quickly 7as ,i said7 are shed1 if they be not carefully gathered4 ,the ,names4 ,the first is called by ,lobel ,gramen sulcatum1 or striatum album2 of others ,gramen pictum4 ,the ,french call it ,aiguellettes d'armes1 of the fashion that their ,ensignes1 ,pennons1 or ,streamers vsed in wars were of1 that is1 like vnto a party coloured curtaine4 ,in ,english vsually ,ladies laces1 and ,painted ,grasse4 ,the first of the other two is called ,gramen plumarium or plumosum1 and minus is added for the distinction of it4 ,clusius calleth it ,spartum ,austriacum1 of the likenesse and place where he found it4 ,the last is1 called ,gramen plumarium1 or plumosum maius1 ,the greater ,feather-,grasse4 ,the ,vertues4 ,these kindes of ,grasses are not in any time or place that ,i doe heare of applyed to any ,physicall vse2 and therefore of them ,i will say no more3 but here ,i will end the prime part of this worke4 ,,the ,,ordering ,,of ,,the ,,kitchen ,,garden4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the situation of a ,kitchen ,garden1 or ,garden of ,herbes1 and what sort of manure is fittest to helpe the decaying of the soyle thereof4 ,hauing giuen you the best rules and instructions that ,i can for your flower ,garden1 and all the flowers that are fit to furnish it1 ,i now proceede to your herbe garden1 which is not of the least respect belonging to any mans house1 nor vtterly to bee neglected for the many vtilities are to be had from it1 both for the ,masters profit and pleasure1 and the meynies content and nourishment3 all which if ,i should here set down1 ,i had a large field to wander in1 and matter sufficient to entreat of1 but this worke permitteth not that libertie3 and ,i thinke there are but few but eyther know it already1 or conceiue it sufficiently in their minds4 ,passing therefore no further in such discourses1 ,i come to the matter in hand1 which is to shew you where the fittest place is for an herbe garden4 ,as before ,i shewed you that the beautie of any worthy house is much the more commended for the pleasant situation of the garden of flowers1 or of pleasure1 to be in the sight and full prospect of all the chiefe and choisest roomes of the house2 so contrariwise1 your herbe garden should bee on the one or other side of the house1 and those best and choyse roomes3 for the many different sents that arise from the herbes1 as ,cabbages1 ,onions1 c4 are scarce well pleasing to perfume the lodgings of any house2 and the many ouertures and breaches as it were of many of the beds thereof1 which must necessarily bee1 are also as little pleasant to the sight4 ,but for priuate mens houses1 who must like their habitations as they fall vnto them1 and cannot haue time or meanes to alter them1 they must make a vertue of necessity1 and conuert their places to their best aduantage1 by making their profit their chiefest pleasure1 and making one place serue for all vses4 ,the choyce of ground for this ,garden1 is 7as ,i said before7 where it is fat1 fertill and good1 there needeth the lesse labour and cost2 and contrariwise1 where it is cold1 wet1 dry or barren1 there must bee the more helpes still added to keepe it in heart4 ,for this ,garden by reason of the much and continuall stirring therein1 the herbes and rootes drawing out the substance of the fertilitie thereof more aboundantly then in the former1 must be continually holpen with soyle1 or else few things of goodnesse or worth will come forward therein4 ,the stable soyle of horses is best and most proper for any colde grounds1 for being the hottest1 it will cause any the seedes for this ,garden to prosper well1 and be more forward then in any other ground that is not so holpen4 ,the stable soyle of ,cattell is of a colder and moister nature1 and is therefore more proper for the hot sandy or grauelly grounds1 and although it bee longer before it bee brought to mould then that of horses1 yet it will outlast it more then twice so long4 ,let euery one therefore take according to the nature of the ground such helpes as are most fit and conuenient1 as ,i haue here and before shewed4 ,but ,i doe here ingenuously confesse my opinion of these forcings and helpings of ground1 that howsoeuer it doth much good to some particular things1 which because they delight in heate1 and cannot be brought to perfection without it in this our ,countrey1 which is colder then their naturall from whence they are brought1 must therefore haue artificiall helpes to forward them2 yet for many other things the compost doth much alter and abate the naturall vigour1 and quickenesse of taste1 that is perceiued in them that grow in a naturall fat or sandy soile that is not so holpen4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the forme of a ,garden of herbes for necessary vses1 with the ordering thereof4 ,as our former ,garden of pleasure is wholly formable in euery part with squares1 trayles1 and knots1 and to bee still maintained in their due forme and beautie3 so on the contrary side this ,garden cannot long conserue any forme1 for that euery part thereof is subiect to mutation and alteration4 ,for although it is conuenient that many herbes doe grow by themselues on beds1 cast out into some proportion fit for them1 as ,tyme1 ,hissope1 ,sage1 c4 yet many others may bee sowen together on a plot of ground of that largenesse that may serue euery mans particular vse as he shall haue occasion to employ it1 as ,reddish1 ,lettice and ,onions1 which after they are growne vp together may be drawne vp and taken away1 as there is occasion to spend them3 but ,carrots or ,parsneps being sowen with others must bee suffered to grow last1 because they require a longer time before they be fit to be taken vp4 ,other herbes require some large compasse of ground whereon they may grow of themselues without any other herbes growing among them1 as ,artichokes1 ,cowcumbers1 ,melons1 ,pompions4 ,and some will doe so with their ,cabbages also1 but the best and most frugall way now vsed1 is to plant them round about the border of your plot or ground whereon you plant ,cowcumbers1 ,pompions1 or other things1 in that by this meanes so much ground will be well saued1 and the other things be no whit hindered thereby1 which else a great deale of ground must be employed for them apart4 ,so that by this that ,i haue here said1 you may perceiue the forme of this ,garden is for the most part1 to bee still out of forme and order1 in that the continuall taking vp of the herbes and rootes that are sowen and planted1 causeth the beds or parts of this ,garden to lye broken1 dismembered1 and out of the order that at the first it was put into4 ,remember herewithall that 7as ,i said before7 this ,garden requireth the continuall helpe of soyle to be brought into it1 in that the plenty of these manner of herbes and rootes doe so much waste the fertilitie and fatnesse of the ground1 that without continuall refreshing it would quickly become so poore and barren1 that it would not yeelde the worth of the seede4 ,the ordinary time to soyle a ,garden1 is to bring in manure or dung before ,christmas1 and eyther bury at some small depth1 not too deepe1 or else to lay it vpon the ground that the winter frostes may pierce it1 and then turne it shallow into the ground to sow your seeds in the ,spring4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,how to order diuers ,garden herbes1 both for their sowing1 spending1 and gathering of the seede4 ,ovr chiefest and greatest ,gardiners now adaies1 doe so prouide for themselues euery yeare1 that from their owne grounds they gather the seede of many herbes that they sowe againe3 for hauing gained the best kind of diuers herbes1 they will be still furnished with the same1 and be not to seeke euery yeare for new that oftentimes will not yeelde them halfe the profit that their choyce seede will3 ,i say of many herbes1 but not of all2 for the best of them all hath not ground sufficient for all sorts1 nor will our climate bring some to that perfection that other forraine doth1 and therefore the seede of some things are continually brought from beyond ,sea vnto vs4 ,and againe although our chiefe ,gardiners doe still prouide their owne seede of diuers things from their owne ground1 because as ,i said it is of the best kinde1 yet you must vnderstand also1 that good store of the same sortes of seeds are brought from beyond the ,seas1 for that which is gathered in this ,land is not sufficient to serue euery mans vse in the whole ,kingdome by many parts2 yet still it is true1 that our ,english seede of many things is better then any that commeth from beyond the ,seas3 as for example1 ,reddish1 ,lettice1 ,carrots1 ,parsneps1 ,turneps1 ,cabbages1 and ,leekes1 of all which ,i intend to write in this place2 for these are by them so husbanded1 that they doe not sow their owne grounds with any other seede of these sorts but their owne3 which that you may know the manner how to doe1 ,i will here set it downe1 that euery one may haue the best directions if they will follow them4 ,of ,reddish there are two sorts1 one more early then the other3 they vse therefore to sow their early ,reddish first1 that they may haue the earliest profit of them1 which is more worth in one fortnight1 then in a moneth after4 ,and to effect this they haue some artificiall helps also2 which are these3 ,they vse to digge vp a large plot of ground where they intend to sow their seede a little before or after ,christmas1 casting it into high bankes or ridges fiue or sixe foote asunder1 which they suffer to lye and take all the extreame frosts in ,ianuary to mellow the earth1 and when the frostes are past1 they then beginne to bring into it good store of fresh stable dung1 which they laye neyther too deepe nor too thicke1 and couer it with the mould a hand breadth thicknesse aboue the dung1 which doth giue such a warmth and comfort to whatsoeuer is sowen thereon1 that it forceth it forward much sooner then any other way can doe3 ,and to preuent both the frostes1 and the cold bitter windes which often spoyle their seede new sprung vp1 they vse to set great high and large mattes made of reedes1 tyed together1 and fastened vnto strong stakes1 thrust into the ground to keepe them vp from falling1 or being blowne down with the winde2 which mattes they place on the ,north and ,east side to breake the force of these winds1 and are so sure and safe a defence1 that a bricke wall cannot better defend anything vnder it1 then this fence will4 ,in this manner they doe euery yeare to bring forward their seede to gaine the more by them1 and they that will haue ,reddish early1 must take the same course4 ,the other sort of ,reddish for the most part is sowen in ,februarie1 a fortnight after the other at the least1 and likewise euery moneth after vnto ,september1 that they may haue young continually4 ,for the blacke ,reddish1 although many in many places doe sowe it in the same time1 and in the same manner that the ordinary is sowen1 yet the nature thereof is to runne vp to seede more speedily then the other1 if it haue so rich ground to grow vpon1 and therefore the best time to sow it is in ,august1 that so it may abide all winter1 therein is the chiefest time for the spending thereof1 and to keepe it vntill the beginning of the next yeare from running vp to seed3 the gathering whereof1 as also of the other sort1 is all after one manner1 that is1 to be pulled vp when the pods change whitish1 and then hanged vpon bushes1 pales1 or such other thing1 vntill they bee thorough dry1 and then beaten or thrashed out vpon a smooth plancher1 or vpon clothes1 as euery ones store is1 and their conueniencie4 ,lettice is sowen oftentimes with the early ,reddish1 in the same manner before said1 that they may haue ,lettice likewise as early as the time of the year will permit them1 which they pull vp where they grow too thicke1 spending them first1 and so taking vp from time to time1 vntill they stand two foote in sunder one from another1 and beginne to spindle and shoote vp for seede4 ,in this is vsed some arte to make the plants strong to giue the better seede without danger of rotting or spoyling with the wet1 which often happeneth to those about whom this caution is not obserued3 ,before your ,lettice is shot vp1 marke out the choysest and strongest plantes which are fittest to grow for seede1 and from those when they are a foote high1 strippe away with your hand the leaues that grow lowest vpon the stalke next the ground1 which might rot1 spoyle or hinder them from bearing so good seede2 which when it is neere to be ripe1 the stalkes must be cut off about the middle1 and layde vpon mats or clothes in the ,sunne1 that it may there fully ripen and be gathered2 for it would be blowne away with the winde if it should be suffered to abide on the stalkes long4 ,parsneps must be sowen on a deep trenched mellow ground1 otherwise they may run to seede the first yeare1 which then are nothing worth3 or else the rootes will be small staruelings and short1 and runne into many spires or branches1 whereby they will not bee of halfe the worth4 ,some vse to sow them in ,august and ,september1 that so they may bee well growne to serue to spend in ,lent following1 but their best time is in ,february1 that the ,summers growth may make them the fairer and greater4 ,when they runne vp to seede you shall take the principall or middle heades1 for those carry the ,master seede1 which is the best1 and will produce the fairest rootes againe4 ,you shall hardly haue all the seede ripe at one instant1 for vsually the chiefest heads will be fallen before the other are ripe3 you must therefore still looke them ouer1 and cut them as they ripen4 ,carrots are vsually sowen in ,march and ,aprill1 and if it chance that some of them doe runne vp for seede the same year1 they are to be weeded out1 for neyther the seed nor roots of them are good3 ,you must likewise pull them vp when they are too thicke1 if you will haue them grow fair1 or for seed1 that they may grow at the least three or foure foot in sunder3 the stalkes of ,carrots are limber1 and fall downe to the ground2 they must therefore be sustained by poles layde acrosse on stalkes thrust into the ground1 and tyed to the poles and stalkes to keepe them vp from rotting or spoyling vpon the ground3 the seed hereof is not all ripe at once1 but must be tended and gathered as it ripeneth1 and layd to dry in some dry chamber or floore1 and then beaten out with a stick1 and winnowed from the refuse4 ,turneps are sowne by themselues vpon a good ground in the end of ,iuly1 and beginning of ,august1 to haue their rootes best to spend in winter2 for it often happeneth that those seedes of ,turneps that are sowen in the ,spring1 runne vp to seede the same yeare1 and then it is not accounted good4 ,many doe vse to sow ,turneps on those grounds from whence the same yeare they haue taken off ,reddish and ,lettice1 to make the greater profit of the ground1 by hauing two crops of increase in one yeare4 ,the stalkes of ,turneps will bend downe to the ground1 as ,carrots doe1 but yet must not be bound or ordered in that manner1 but suffered to grow without staking or binding1 so as they grow of some good distance in sunder3 when the seede beginneth to grow ripe1 be very carefull to preserue it from the birds1 which will be most busie to deuour them4 ,you shall vnderstand likewise that many doe account the best way to haue the fairest and most principall seede from all these fore-recited herbes1 that after they are sowen and risen to a reasonable growth1 they be transplanted into fresh ground4 ,cabbages also are not only sowen for the vse of their heads to spend for meat1 but to gather their seede likewise1 which howsoeuer some haue endeauoured to doe1 yet few haue gained good seede1 because our sharpe hard frostes in winter haue spoyled and rotted their stockes they preserued for the purpose2 but others haue found out a better and a more sure way1 which is1 to take vp your stocks that are fittest to be preserued1 and bring them into the house1 and there wrap them eyther in clothes1 or other things to defend them from the cold1 and hang them vp in a dry place1 vntill the beginning of ,march following1 then planting them in the ground1 and a little defend them at the first with straw cast ouer them from the cold nights1 thereby you may be sure to haue perfect good seede1 if your kinde be of the best3 ,sowe your seed in the moneths of ,february or ,march1 and transplant them in ,may where they may stand to grow for your vse1 but be carefull to kill the wormes or ,caterpillers that else will deuoure all your leaues1 and be carefull also that none of the leaues bee broken in the planting1 or otherwise rubbed1 for that oftentimes hindereth the well closing of them4 ,leekes are for the most part wholly noursed vp from the seede that is here gathered2 and because there is not so much store of them either sowne or spent1 as there is of ,onions by the twentieth part1 we are still the more carefull to be prouided from our owne labours2 yet there be diuers ,gardiners in this ,kingdome1 that doe gather some small quantity of ,onion seede also for their owne or their priuate friends spending4 ,the sowing of them both is much about one time and manner1 yet most vsually ,leeks are sowne later then ,onions1 and both before the end of ,march at the furthest2 yet some sowe ,onions from the end of ,iuly to the beginning of ,september1 for their ,winter prouision4 ,those that are sowne in the ,spring1 are to be taken vp and transplanted on a fresh bed prepared for the purpose1 or else they will hardly abide a ,winter2 but hauing taken roote before ,winter1 they will beare good seede in the ,summer following3 ,you must stake both your ,leekes and your ,onion beds1 and with poles laid a crosse1 binde your lopple headed stalkes vnto them1 on high as well as belowe1 or else the winde and their owne weight will beare them downe to the ground1 and spoile your seede4 ,you must thinne them1 that is1 pull vp continually after they are first sprung vp those that growe too thicke1 as you doe with all the other herbes before spoken of1 that they may haue the more roome to thriue4 ,of all these herbes and rootes before spoken of1 you must take the likeliest and fairest to keepe for your seede2 for if you should not take the best1 what hope of good seede can you expect8 ,the time for the spending of these herbes and rootes1 not particularly mentioned1 is vntill they begin to runne vp for seede1 or vntill they are to be transplanted for seede1 or else vntill ,winter1 while they are good1 as euery one shall see cause4 ,,chap4 ,,iiii4 ,how to order ,artichokes1 ,melons1 ,cowcumbers1 and ,pompions4 ,there are certaine other herbes to be spoken of1 which are wholly noursed vp for their fruit sake1 of whom ,i shall not need to say much1 being they are so frequent in euery place4 ,artichokes being planted of faire and large slips1 taken from the roote in ,september and ,october 7yet not too late7 will most of them beare fruit the next yeare1 so that they be planted in well dunged ground1 and the earth raised vp like vnto an ,anthill round about each roote1 to defend them the better from the extreame frosts in ,winter4 ,others plant slips in ,march and ,aprill1 or sooner1 but although some of them will beare fruit the same yeare1 yet all will not4 ,and indeede many doe rather choose to plant in the spring then in the fall1 for that oftentimes an extreame hard ,winter following the new setting of slips1 when they haue not taken sufficient heart and roote in the ground1 doth vtterly pierce and perish them1 when as they that are set in the ,spring haue the whole ,summers growth1 to make them strong before they feele any sharpe frosts1 which by that time they are the better able to beare4 ,muske ,melons haue beene begun to bee noursed vp but of late dayes in this ,land1 wherein although many haue tryed and endeauoured to bring them to perfection1 yet few haue attained vnto it3 but those rules and orders which the best and skilfullest haue vsed1 ,i will here set downe1 that who so will1 may haue as good and ripe ,melons as any other in this ,land4 ,the first thing you are to looke vnto1 is to prouide you a peece of ground fit for the purpose1 which is either a sloping or sheluing banke1 lying open and opposite to the ,south ,sunne1 or some other fit place not sheluing1 and this ground also you must so prepare1 that all the art you can vse about it to make it rich is little enough2 and therefore you must raise it with meere stable soyle1 thorough rotten well turned vp1 that it may be at the least three foote deepe thereof1 which you must cast also into high beds or balkes1 with deepe trenches or furrowes betweene1 so as the ridges may be at the least a foot and a halfe higher then the furrowes2 for otherwise it is not possible to haue good ,melons growe ripe4 ,the choise of your seede also is another thing of especiall regard1 and the best is held to be ,spanish1 and not ,french1 which hauing once gained1 be sure to haue still of the same while they last good1 that you may haue the seede of your owne ripe ,melons from them that haue eaten them1 or saue some of the best your selfe for the purpose4 ,i say while they last good2 for many are of opinion1 that no seede of ,muske ,melons gathered in ,england1 will endure good to sowe againe here aboue the third yeare1 but still they must be renewed from whence you had your choisest before4 ,then hauing prepared a hot bed of dung in ,aprill1 set your seedes therein to raise them vp1 and couer them1 and order them with as great care or greater then ,cowcumbers1 c4 are vsed1 that when they are ready1 they may be transplanted vpon the beds or balkes of that ground you had before prepared for them1 and set them at the least two yards in sunder1 euery one as it were in a hole1 with a circle of dung about them1 which vpon the setting being watered with water that hath stood in the ,sunne a day or two1 and so as often as neede is to water1 couer them with strawe 7some vse great hollow glasses like vnto bell heads7 or some such other things1 to defend them both from the cold euenings or dayes1 and the heate of the ,sunne1 while they are young and new planted4 ,there are some that take vpon them great skill1 that mislike of the raising vp of ,melons1 as they doe also of ,cowcumbers1 on a hot bed of horse dung1 but will put two or three seedes in a place in the very ground where they shall stand and growe1 and thinke without that former manner of forcing them forwards1 that this their manner of planting will bring them on fast and sure enough1 in that they will plucke away some of the worst and weakest1 if too many rise vp together in a place2 but let them know for certaine1 that howsoeuer for ,cowcumbers their purpose and order may doe reasonable well1 where the ground is rich and good1 and where they striue not to haue them so early1 as they that vse the other way1 for ,muske ,melons1 which are a more tender fruit1 requiring greater care and trouble in the noursing1 and greater and stronger heate for the ripening1 they must in our cold climate haue all the art vsed vnto them that may be1 to bring them on the more early1 and haue the more comfort of the ,sunne to ripen them kindly1 or else they will not bee worth the labour and ground4 ,after you haue planted them as aforesaid1 some of good skill doe aduise1 that you be carefull in any dry season1 to giue them water twice or thrice euery weeke while they are young1 but more afterward when they are more growne1 and that in the morning especially1 yea and when the fruit is growne somewhat great1 to water the fruit it selfe with a watering pot in the heate of the day1 is of so good effect1 that it ripeneth them much faster1 and will giue them the better taste and smell1 as they say4 ,to take likewise the fruit1 and gather it at the full time of his ripenesse is no small art2 for if it be gathered before his due time to be presently eaten1 it will be hard and greene1 and not eate kindly2 and likewise if it be suffered too long1 the whole goodnesse will be lost3 ,you shall therefore know1 that it is full time to gather them to spend presently1 when they begin to looke a little yellowish on the outside1 and doe smell full and strong2 but if you be to send them farre off1 or keepe them long vpon any occasion1 you shall then gather them so much the earlier1 that according to the time of the carriage and spending1 they may ripen in the lying1 being kept dry1 and couered with woollen clothes3 ,when you cut one to eate1 you shall know it to be ripe and good1 if the seede and pulpe about them in the middle be very waterish1 and will easily be separated from the meate1 and likewise if the meate looke yellow1 and be mellow1 and not hard or greene1 and taste full and pleasant1 and not waterish3 ,the vsuall manner to eate them is with pepper and salt1 being pared and sliced1 and to drowne them in wine1 for feare of doing more harme4 ,cowcumbers and ,pompions1 after they are noursed vp in the bed of hot dung1 are to be seuerally transplanted1 each of them on a large plot of ground1 a good distance in sunder3 but the ,pompions more1 because their branches take vp a great deale more ground1 besides1 will require a great deale more watering1 because the fruit is greater4 ,and thus haue you the ordering of those fruits which are of much esteeme1 especially the two former1 with all the better sort of persons2 and the third kinde is not wholly refused of any1 although it serueth most vsually for the meaner and poorer sort of people1 after the first early ripe are spent4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ordering of diuers sorts of herbes for the pot1 for meate1 and for the table4 ,tyme1 ,sauory1 and ,hyssope1 are vsually sowne in the ,spring on beds by themselues1 euerie one a part2 but they that make a gaine by selling to others the young rootes1 to set the knots or borders of ,gardens1 doe for the most part sowe them in ,iuly and ,august1 that so being sprung vp before ,winter1 they will be the fitter to be taken vp in the ,spring following1 to serue any mans vse that would haue them4 ,sage1 ,lauender1 and ,rosemary1 are altogether set in the ,spring1 by slipping the old stalkes1 and taking the youngest and likeliest of them1 thrusting them either twined or otherwise halfe a foote deepe into the ground1 and well watered vpon the setting2 if any seasonable weather doe follow1 there is no doubt of their well thriuing3 the hot ,sunne and piercing drying ,windes are the greatest hinderances to them2 and therefore ,i doe aduise none to set too soone in the ,spring1 nor yet in ,autumne1 as many doe practise3 for ,i could neuer see such come to good1 for the extremity of the ,winter comming vpon them so soone after their setting1 will not suffer their young shootes to abide1 not hauing taken sufficient strength in the ground1 to maintain themselues against such violence1 which doth often pierce the strongest plants4 ,marierome and ,bassill are sowne in the ,spring1 yet not too early2 for they are tender plants1 and doe not spring vntill the weather bee somewhat warme3 but ,bassill would bee sowne dry1 and not haue any water of two or three daies after the sowing1 else the seede will turne to a gelly in the ground4 ,some vse to sowe the seed of ,rosemary1 but it seldome abideth the first ,winter1 because the young plants being small1 and not of sufficient strength1 cannot abide the sharpnesse of some ,winters1 notwithstanding the couering of them1 which killeth many old plants2 but the vsuall way is to slippe and set1 and so they thriue well4 ,many doe vse to sowe all or the most sorts of ,pot-herbes together on one plot of ground1 that they neede not to goe farre to gather all the sorts they would vse4 ,there are many sorts of them well knowne vnto all1 yet few or none doe vse all sorts1 but as euery one liketh2 some vse those that others refuse1 and some esteem those not to bee wholesome and of a good rellish1 which others make no scruple of4 ,the names of them are as followeth1 and a short relation of their sowing or planting4 ,rosemary1 ,tyme1 and ,sauorie are spoken of before1 and ,onions1 and ,leekes4 ,mints are to bee set with their rootes in some by-place1 for that their rootes doe creepe so farre vnder ground1 that they quickly fill vp the places neare adioyning1 if they be not puld vp4 ,clarie is to be sowne1 and seedeth and dyeth the next yeare1 the herbe is strong1 and therefore a little thereof is sufficient4 ,nep is sowne1 and dyeth often after seeding1 few doe vse it1 and that but a little at a time3 both it and ,clarie are more vsed in ,tansies then in ,broths4 ,costmarie is to be set of rootes1 the leaues are vsed with some in their ,broths1 but with more in their ,ale4 ,pot ,marierome is set of rootes1 being separated in sunder4 ,penniroyall is to be set of the small heads that haue rootes1 it creepeth and spreadeth quickly4 ,allisanders are to be sowne of seede1 the tops of the rootes with the greene leaues are vsed in ,lent especially4 ,parsley is a common herbe1 and is sowne of seede1 it seedeth the next yeare and dyeth3 the rootes are more vsed in broths then the leaues1 and the leaues almost with all sorts of meates4 ,fennell is sowne of seede1 and abideth many yeares yeelding seede2 the rootes also are vsed in broths1 and the leaues more seldome1 yet serue to trimme vp many fish meates4 ,borage is sowne of seede1 and dyeth the next yeare after1 yet once being suffered to seede in a ,garden1 will still come of it owne shedding4 ,buglosse commeth of seede1 but abideth many yeares after it hath giuen seede1 if it stand not in the coldest place of the ,garden4 ,marigolds are sowne of seede1 and may be after transplanted1 they abide two or three yeares1 if they be not set in too cold a place3 the leaues and flowers are both vsed4 ,langedebeefe is sowne of seede1 which shedding it selfe will hardly be destroyed in a ,garden4 ,arrach is to be sowne of seede1 this likewise will rise euery yeare of it owne seed1 if it be suffered to shed it selfe4 ,beetes are sowne of seede1 and abideth some yeares after1 still giuing seede4 ,blites are vsed but in some places1 for there is a generall opinion held of them1 that they are naught for the eyes3 they are sowne euery yeare of seede4 ,bloodwort once sowne abideth many yeares1 if the extremity of the frosts kill it not1 and seedeth plentifully4 ,patience is of the same nature1 and vsed in the same manner4 ,french ,mallowes are to be sowne of seede1 and will come of it owne sowing1 if it be suffered to shed it selfe4 ,ciues are planted onely by parting the rootes2 for it neuer giueth any seede at all4 ,garlicke is ordered in the same manner1 by parting and planting the rootes euerie yeare4 ,these be all the sorts are vsed with vs for that purpose1 whereas ,i said before1 none vseth all1 but euery one will vse those they like best3 and so much shall suffice for pot-herbes4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the manner and ordering of many sorts of herbes and rootes for ,sallets4 ,if ,i should set downe all the sorts of herbes that are vsually gathered for ,sallets1 ,i should not onely speake of ,garden herbes1 but of many herbes1 c4 that growe wilde in the fields1 or else be but weedes in a ,garden2 for the vsuall manner with many1 is to take the young buds and leaues of euery thing almost that groweth1 as well in the ,garden as in the ,fields1 and put them all together1 that the taste of the one may amend the rellish of the other3 ,but ,i will only shew you those that are sown or planted in gardens for that purpose4 ,asparagus is a principall delectable ,sallet herbe1 whose young shootes when they are a good handfull high aboue the ground1 are cut an inch within the ground1 which being boyled1 are eaten with a little vinegar and butter1 as a ,sallet of great delight4 ,their ordering with the best ,gardiners is on this wise3 ,when you haue prouided seede of the best kinde1 you must sowe it either before ,christmas1 as most doe1 or before the end of ,february2 the later you sowe1 the later and the more hardly will they spring3 after they are growne vp1 they are to be transplanted in ,autumne on a bed well trenched in with dung2 for else they will not bee worth your labour1 and set about a foote distance in sunder1 and looke that the more carefull you are in the replanting of them1 the better they will thriue1 and the sooner growe great3 after fiue or six yeares standing they vsually doe decay2 and therefore they that striue to haue continually faire and great heads1 doe from seede raise vp young for their store4 ,you must likewise see that you cut not your heads or young shoote too nigh1 or too much1 that is1 to take away too many heads from a roote1 but to leaue a sufficient number vncut1 otherwise it will kill the heart of your rootes the sooner1 causing them to dye1 or to giue very small heads or shootes2 for you may well consider with your selfe1 that if the roote haue not head enough left it aboue the ground to shoote greene this yeare1 it will not1 nor cannot prosper vnder ground to giue encrease the next yeare4 ,the ordering of ,lettice ,i haue spoken of before1 and shall not neede here to repeate what hath beene already said1 but referre you thereunto for the sowing1 planting1 c4 onely ,i will here shew you the manner of ordering them for ,sallets4 ,there are some sorts of ,lettice that growe very great1 and close their heads1 which are called ,cabbage ,lettice1 both ordinary and extraordinary1 and there are other sorts of great ,lettice that are open1 and close not1 or cabbage not at all1 which yet are of an excellent kinde1 if they be vsed after that especiall manner is fit for them1 which is1 ,that when they are planted 7for after they are sowne1 they must be transplanted7 of a reasonable distance in sunder1 and growne to be of some bignesse1 euery one of them must bee tyed together with bast or thread toward the toppes of the leaues1 that by this meanes all the inner leaues may growe whitish1 which then are to be cut vp and vsed3 for the keeping of the leaues close doth make them taste delicately1 and to bee very tender4 ,and these sorts of ,lettice for the most part are spent after ,summer is past1 when other ,lettice are not to be had4 ,lambes ,lettice or ,corne ,sallet is an herbe1 which abiding all ,winter1 is the first ,sallet herbe of the yeare that is vsed before any ordinarie ,lettice is ready2 it is therefore vsually sowne in ,august1 when the seede thereof is ripe4 ,purslane is a ,summer ,sallet herbe1 and is to be sowne in the ,spring1 yet somewhat late1 because it is tender1 and ioyeth in warmth2 and therefore diuers haue sowne it vpon those beddes of dung1 whereon they noursed vp their ,cowcumbers1 c4 after they are taken away1 which being well and often watered1 hath yeelded ,sallet vntill the end of the yeare4 ,spinach is sowne in the ,spring1 of all for the most part that vse it1 but yet if it be sowne in ,summer it will abide greene all the ,winter1 and then seedeth quickly3 it is a ,sallet that hath little or no taste at all therein1 like as ,lettice and ,purslane1 and therefore ,cookes know how to make many a good dish of meate with it1 by putting ,sugar and ,spice thereto4 ,coleworts are of diuers kinds1 and although some of them are wholly spent among the poorer sort of people1 yet some kindes of them may be dressed and ordered as may delight a curious palate1 which is1 that being boyled tender1 the middle ribs are taken cold1 and laid in dishes1 and vinegar and oyle poured thereon1 and so eaten4 ,coleflowers are to be had in this ,countrey but very seldome1 for that it is harde to meete with good seede3 it must bee sowne on beds of dung to force it forward1 or else it would perish with the frost before it had giuen his head of flowers1 and transplanted into verie good and rich ground1 lest you lose the benefit of your labours4 ,endiue is of two sorts1 the ordinary1 and another that hath the edges of the leaues curld or crumpled2 it is to be whited1 to make it the more dainty ,sallet1 which is vsually done in this manner3 ,after they are grown to some reasonable greatnesse 7but in any case before they shoote forth a stalke in the midst for seede7 they are to be taken vp1 and the rootes being cut away1 lay them to dry or wither for three or foure houres1 and then bury them in sand1 so as none of them lye one vpon another1 or if you can1 one to touch another1 which by this meanes will change whitish1 and thereby become verie tender1 and is a ,sallet both for ,autumne and ,winter4 ,succorie is vsed by some in the same manner1 but because it is more bitter then ,endiue1 it is not so generally vsed1 or rather vsed but of a verie few3 and whereas ,endiue will seede the same yeare it is sowne1 and then dye1 ,succorie abideth manie yeares1 the bitternesse thereof causing it to be more ,physicall to open obstructions2 and therefore the flowers pickled vp1 as diuers other flowers are vsed to be now adaies1 make a delicate ,sallet at all times when there is occasion to vse them4 ,of red ,beetes1 the rootes are onely vsed both boyled and eaten cold with vinegar and oyle1 and is also vsed to trimme vp or garnish forth manie sorts of dishes of meate3 the seede of the best kinde will not abide good with vs aboue three yeares1 but will degenerate and growe worse2 and therefore those that delight therein must be curious1 to be prouided from beyond ,sea1 that they may haue such as will giue delight4 ,sorrell is an herbe so common1 and the vse so well knowne1 both for sawce1 and to season broths and meates for the sound as well as sicke persons1 that ,i shall not neede to say anie more thereof4 ,cheruill is a ,sallet herbe of much vse1 both with ,french and ,dutch1 who doe much more delight in herbes of stronger taste then the ,english doe3 it is sowne early1 and vsed but a while1 because it quickly runneth vp to seede4 ,sweete ,cheruill1or as some call it1 ,sweete ,cis1 is so like in taste vnto ,anise seede1 that it much delighteth the taste among other herbes in a ,sallet3 the seede is long1 thicke1 blacke1 and cornered1 and must be sowne in the end of ,autumne1 that it may lye in the ground all the ,winter1 and then it will shoote out in the ,spring1 or else if it be sowne in the ,spring1 it will not spring vp that yeare vntill the next3 the leaues 7as ,i said before7 are vsed among other herbes3 the rootes likewise are not onely cordiall1 but also held to be preseruatiue against the ,plague1 either greene1 dryed1 or preserued with sugar4 ,rampion rootes are a kinde of ,sallet with a great many1 being boyled tender1 and eaten cold with vinegar and pepper4 ,cresses is an herbe of easie and quick growth1 and while it is young eaten eyther alone1 or with parsley and other herbes3 it is of a strong taste to them that are not accustomed thereunto1 but it is much vsed of strangers4 ,rocket is of the same nature and qualitie1 but somewhat stronger in taste3 they are both sowen in the ,spring1 and rise1 seede and dye the same yeare4 ,tarragon is an herbe of as strong a taste as eyther ,rocket or ,cresses1 it abideth and dyeth not euery yeare1 nor yet giueth ripe seede 7as far as euer could bee found with vs7 any yeare1 but maketh sufficient increase within the ground1 spreading his roots all abroad a great way off4 ,mustard is a common sawce both with fish and flesh1 and the seede thereof 7and no part of the plant besides7 is well knowne how to be vsed being grownded1 as euery one ,i thinke knoweth4 ,the rootes of horse ,radish likewise beeing grownd like ,mustard1 is vsed both of strangers and our owne nation1 as sawce for fish4 ,tansie is of great vse1 almost with all manner of persons in the ,spring of the yeare3 it is more vsually planted of the rootes then otherwise2 for in that the rootes spread far and neere they may be easily taken away1 without any hurt to the rest of the rootes4 ,burnet1 although it be more vsed in wine in the ,summer time then any way else1 yet it is likewise made a sallet herbe with many1 to amend the harm or weak rellish of some other herbs4 ,skirrets are better to be sowen of the seed then planted from the roots1 and will come on more speedily1 and be fairer rootes3 they are as often eaten cold as a ,sallet1 being boyled and the pith taken out1 as stewed with butter and eaten warme4 ,let not ,parsley and ,fenell be forgotten among your other ,sallet herbes1 whereof ,i haue spoken before1 and therefore need say no more of them4 ,the flowers of ,marigolds pickt cleane from the heads1 and pickled vp against winter1 make an excellent ,sallet when no flowers are to be had in a garden4 ,cloue ,gilloflowers likewise preserued or pickled vp in the same manner 7which is stratum super stratum1 a lay of flowers1 and then strawed ouer with fine dry and poudered ,sugar1 and so lay after lay strawed ouer1 vntill the pot bee full you meane to keepe them in1 and after filled vp or couered ouer with vinegar7 make a ,sallet now adayes in the highest esteeme with ,gentles and ,ladies of the greatest note3 the planting and ordering of them both is spoken of seuerally in their proper places4 ,goates bearde that groweth in ,gardens only1 as well as that which groweth wilde in ,medowes1 c4 bearing a yellow flower1 are vsed as a ,sallet1 the rootes beeing boyled and pared are eaten cold with vinegar1 oyle and pepper2 or else stewed with butter and eaten warme as ,skirrets1 ,parsneps c4 ,and thus haue you here set downe all those most vsuall ,sallets are vsed in this ,kingdome3 ,i say the most vsuall1 or that are noursed vp in ,gardens2 for ,i know there are some other wilde herbes and rootes1 as ,dandelion c4 but they are vsed onely of strangers1 and of those whose curiositie searcheth out the whole worke of nature to satisfie their desires4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of diuers ,physicall herbes fit to be planted in ,gardens1 to serue for the especiall vses of a familie4 ,hauing thus shewed you all the herbes that are most vsually planted in ,kitchen ,gardens for ordinary vses1 let mee also adde a few other that are also noursed vp by many in their ,gardens1 to preserue health1 and helpe to cure such small diseases as are often within the compasse of the ,gentlewomens skils1 who1 to helpe their owne family1 and their poore neighbours that are farre remote from ,physitians and ,chirurgions1 take much paines both to doe good vnto them1 and to plant those herbes that are conducing to their desires4 ,and although ,i doe recite some that are mentioned in other places1 yet ,i thought it meete to remember them altogether in one place4 ,angelica1 the garden kinde1 is so good an herbe1 that there is no part thereof but is of much vse1 and all cordiall and preseruatiue from infectious or contagious diseases1 whether you will distill the water of the herbe1 or preserue or candie the rootes or the greene stalkes1 or vse the seede in pouder or in distillations1 or decoctions with other things3 it is sowen of seede1 and will abide vntill it giue seede1 and then dyeth4 ,rue or ,herbe grace is a strong herbe1 yet vsed inwardly against the plague as an ,antidote with ,figs and ,wall-nuts1 and helpeth much against windy bodies3 outwardly it is vsed to bee layde to the wrestes of the hands1 to driue away agues3 it is more vsually planted of slips then raised from seede1 and abideth long if sharpe frostes kill it not4 ,dragons being distilled are held to be good to expell any euill thing from the heart3 they are altogether planted of the rootes4 ,setwall1 ,valerian1 or ,capons tayle1 the herbe often1 but the roote much better1 is vsed to prouoke sweating1 thereby to expell euill vapours that might annoy the heart3 it is only planted of the rootes when they are taken vp1 and the young replanted4 ,asarabacca1 the leaues are often vsed to procure vomiting being stamped1 and the strained iuice to a little quantitie1 put into a draught of ale and drunke1 thereby to ease the stomacke of many euill and grosse humours that there lye and offend it2 diuers also take the leaues and rootes a little boyled in wine1 with a little spice added thereunto1 to expell both tertian and quartan agues3 the rootes of our ,english growing is more auaileable for these purposes then any outlandish3 it is planted by the roote2 for ,i could neuer see it spring of seede4 ,masterwort commeth somewhat neere in propertie vnto ,angelica1 and besides very effectuall to disperse winde in the bodie1 whether of the colicke or otherwise2 as also very profitable to comfort in all cold causes3 it yeeldeth seede1 but yet is more vsually planted from the rootes being parted4 ,balme is a cordiall herbe both in smell and taste1 and is wholly vsed for those purposes1 that is1 to comfort the heart being distilled into water either simple or compound1 or the herbe dryed and vsed3 it is set of the rootes being parted1 because it giueth no seede that euer ,i could obserue4 ,camomill is a common herbe well knowne1 and is planted of the rootes in alleyes1 in walkes1 and on bankes to sit on1 for that the more it is troden on1 and pressed downe in dry weather1 the closer it groweth1 and the better it will thriue3 the vse thereof is very much1 both to warme and comfort1 and to ease paines being applyed outwardly after many fashions3 the decoction also of the flowers prouoketh sweat1 and they are much vsed against agues4 ,featherfew is an herbe of greater vse for women then for men1 to dissolue flatulent or windy humours1 which causeth the paines of the mother3 some vse to take the iuice thereof in drinke for agues3 it is as well sowen of the seede as planted of the rootes4 ,costmary is vsed among those herbes that are put into ale to cause it haue a good rellish1 and to be somewhat physicall in the moneth of ,may1 and doth helpe to prouoke vrine3 it is set of the rootes being parted4 ,maudlin is held to be a principall good herbe to open and cleanse the liuer1 and for that purpose is vsed many wayes1 as in ale1 in tansies1 and in broths c4 the seed also is vsed1 and so is the herbe also sometimes1 to kill the wormes in children3 it is sowen of the seede1 and planted also of the separated rootes4 ,cassidonie is a small kinde of ,lauender1 but differing both in forme and qualitie3 it is much vsed for the head to ease paines thereof1 as also put among other things to purge melancholicke diseases3 it is sowen of seede1 and abideth not a winter vnlesse it bee well defended1 and yet hardly giueth ripe seede againe with vs4 ,smallage is a great opening herbe1 and much more then eyther ,parsley or ,fenell1 and the rootes of them all are often vsed together in medicines3 it is sowen of seede1 and will not bee wanting in a ,garden if once you suffer it to sow it selfe4 ,cardus ,benedictus1 or the ,blessed ,thistle1 is much vsed in the time of any infection or plague1 as also to expell any euill symptome from the heart at all other times4 ,it is vsed likewise to be boyled in posset drink1 giuen to them that haue an ague1 to help to cure it by sweating or otherwise4 ,it is vsually sowen of seed1 and dyeth when it hath giuen seed4 ,winter ,cherries are likewise nursed vp in diuers gardens1 for that their propertie is to giue helpe to them that are troubled eyther with the stopping or heate or their vrine3 the herbe and berries are often distilled1 but the berries alone are more often vsed3 after it is once planted in a garden it will runne vnder ground1 abide well enough4 ,celondine is held to bee good for the iaundise1 it is much vsed for to cleere dim eyes1 eyther the iuice or the water dropped into them3 it is sowen of seede1 and being once brought into a garden1 will hardly be weeded out2 the seede that sheddeth will so sow it selfe1 and therefore some corner in a garden is the fittest place for it4 ,tabacco is of two sorts1 and both vsed to be planted in ,gardens1 yet the ,english kinde 7as it is called7 is more to be found in our ,countrey ,gardens then the ,indian sort3 the leaues of both sorts indifferently1 that is1 of eyther of which is next at hand1 being stamped and boyled eyther by it selfe1 or with other herbes in oyle or hogs suet1 doe make an excellent salue for greene wounds1 and also to clense old vlcers or sores2 the iuice of the greene leaues drunke in ale1 or a dryed leafe steeped in wine or ale for a night1 and the wine or ale drunke in the morning1 prouoketh to cast1 but the dryed leafe much stronger then the greene3 they are sowen of seede1 but the ,indian kinde is more tender1 and will not abide a winter with vs abroade4 ,spurge that vsually groweth in ,gardens1 is a violent purger1 and therefore it is needfull to be very carefull how it is vsed3 the seede is more ordinarily vsed then any other part of the plant1 which purgeth by vomiting in some1 and both vpwards and downwards in many2 the iuice of the herbe1 but especially the milke thereof1 is vsed to kill wartes3 it is sowen of seede1 and when it doth once shed it selfe1 it will still continue springing of the fallen seede4 ,bearefoote is sowen of seed1 and will hardly abide transplanting vnlesse it bee while it is young2 yet abideth diuers yeares1 if it stand not in too cold a place4 ,this ,i speake of the greater kinde2 for the lower small wilde kinde 7which is the most ordinary in this land7 will neuer decay3 the leaues are sometimes vsed greene1 but most vsually dryed and poudered1 and giuen in drinke to them that haue the wormes3 it purgeth melancholy1 but especially the roots4 ,in many ,countries of this ,land1 and elsewhere1 they vse to thrust the stalk of the great kinde through the eare or dewlap of ,kine and ,cattell1 to cure them of many diseases4 ,salomons ,seale1 or 7as some call it7 ,ladder to heauen1 although it doth grow wilde in many places of this ,land1 yet is planted in ,gardens3 it is accounted an excellent wound herbe to consolidate1 and binde1 insomuch that many vse it with good successe to cure ruptures1 and to slay both the white and the red fluxe in women3 it is planted altogether of the rootes1 for ,i could neuer finde it spring from the seede1 it is so strong4 ,comfry likewise is found growing wilde in many places by ditch sides1 and in moist places1 and therefore requireth some moist places of the garden3 it is wholly vsed for knitting1 binding1 and consolidating fluxes and wounds1 to be applyed either inwardly or outwardly3 ,the rootes are stronger for those purposes then any other parts of the plant4 ,licoris is much vsed now adaies to bee planted in great quantitie1 euen to fill many acres of ground1 whereof riseth a great deale of profit to those that know how to order it1 and haue fit grounds for it to thriue in2 for euery ground will not be aduantagious3 ,it will require a very rich1 deepe and mellow ground1 eyther naturall or artificiall2 but for a priuate house where a small quantitie will serue1 there needeth not so much curiositie3 it is vsually planted of the top heads1 when the lower rootes 7which are the ,licoris that is vsed7 and the runners are cut from them4 ,some vse to make an ordinary drinke or beuerage of ,licoris1 boyled in water as our vsuall ale or beere is with malt1 which fermented with barme in the same manner1 and tunned vp1 serueth in stead thereof1 as ,i am credibly informed3 ,it is otherwise in a manner wholly spent for colds1 coughes and rheumes1 to expectorate flegme1 but vsed in diuers formes1 as in iuice1 in decoctions1 syrrups1 roules1 trochisces1 and the greene or dryed roote of it selfe4 ,and these are the most ordinary ,physicall herbes that are vsed to be planted in gardens for the vse of any ,country familie1 that is 7as ,i said before7 farre remote from ,physitians or ,chirurgions abidings1 that they may vse as occasion serueth for themselues or their neighbours1 and by a little care and paines in the applying may doe a great deale of good1 and sometimes to them that haue not wherewith to spend on themselues1 much lesse on ,physitians or ,chirurgions1 or if they haue1 may oftentimes receiue lesse good at their hands then at others that are taught by experience in their owne families1 to be the more able to giue helpe to others4 ,,the ,,kitchen ,,garden4 ,,the ,,second ,,part1 ,containing as well all sorts of herbes1 as rootes and fruits1 that are vsually planted in ,gardens1 to serue for the vse of the ,table whether of the poore or rich of our ,countrey3 but herein ,i intend not to bring any fruite bearing trees1 shrubbes1 or bushes2 for ,i reserue them for my ,orchard1 wherin they shal be set forth4 ,so that in these three parts1 ,i suppose the exquisite ornament of any worthy house is consummate for the exteriour bounds1 the benefit of their riches extending also to the furnishing of the most worthy inward parts thereof3 but because many take pleasure in the sight and knowledge of other herbes that are ,physicall1 and much more in their properties and vertues1 if vnto these three ,i should adde a ,physicke ,garden1 or ,garden of ,simples1 there would be a quadripartite complement1 of whatsoeuer arte or nature1 necessitie or delight could affect3 which to effect 7as many my friends haue1 intreated it at my hands7 will require more paines and time then all this worke together3 yet to satisfie their desires and all others herein1 that would bee enformed in the truth1 and reformed of the many errours and slips set forth and published heretofore of plants by diuers1 ,i shall 7,god assisting and granting life7 labour to performe1 that it may shew it selfe to the light in due conueniencie1 if these bee well and gratefully accepted4 ,and because ,i ended with some sweete herbes in the former part1 ,i will in this part beginne with the rest1 which ,i reserued for this place1 as fitter for the pot and kitchen then for the hand or bosome1 and so descend to other herbes that are for meat or sallets3 and after them to those rootes that are to be eaten1 as meate or as sallets3 and lastly the fruits that grow neere1 or vpon the ground1 or not much aboue it2 as the ,artichoke1 c4 in which ,i make a shorter description then ,i did in the former1 rather endeauouring to shew what they are1 and whereunto they are vsed1 then the whole varietie or any exact declaration3 which methode1 although in some sort it may bee fitting for this purpose1 yet it is not for an history or herball3 ,i shall therefore require their good acceptance for whose sake ,i doe it1 not doubting1 but that ,i1 or others1 if they write againe of this subiect1 may polish and amende what formerly hath beene eyther mis set1 or not so thoroughly expressed1 besides some additions of new conceits2 seeing ,i treade out a new path1 and therefore those that follow may the easilier see the ,meanders1 and so goe on in a direct line4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,maiorana latifolia1 siue maior ,anglica4 ,winter1 or pot ,marierome4 ,winter ,marierome is a small bushie herbe like vnto sweete ,marierome1 being parted or diuided into many branches1 whereon doe grow broader and greener leaues1 set by couples1 with some small leaues likewise at the seuerall ioynts all along the branches3 at the tops whereof grow a number of small purplish white flowers set together in a tuft1 which turne into small and round seed1 bigger then sweet ,marierome seede3 the whole plant is of a small and fine sent1 but much inferiour to the other1 and is nothing so bitter as the sweete ,marierome1 and thereby both the fitter and more willingly vsed for meates3 the roote is white and threddy1 and perisheth not as the former1 but abideth many yeares4 ,the ,vse of winter ,marierome4 ,the vse of this ,marierome is more frequent in our ,land then in others1 being put among other pot-herbes and farsing 7or faseting herbes as they are called7 and may to good profit bee applyed in inward as well as outward griefes for to comfort the parts1 although weaker in effect then sweete ,marieromes4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,thymum vulgatius siue durius4 ,ordinary ,garden ,tyme4 ,the ordinary ,garden ,tyme is a small low wooddy plant with brittle branches1 and small hard greene leaues1 as euery one knoweth1 hauing small white purplish flowers1 standing round about the tops of the stalkes3 the seed is small and browne1 darker then ,marierome seed3 the root is woody1 and abideth well diuers ,winters4 ,thymum latifolium4 ,masticke ,tyme4 ,this ,tyme hath neyther so wooddy branches1 nor so hard leaues1 but groweth lower1 more spreading1 and with somewhat broader leaues2 the flowers are of a purplish white colour1 standing in roundles round about the stalkes1 at the ioynts with leaues at them likewise4 ,this ,tyme endureth better and longer then the former1 and by spreading it selfe more then the former1 is the more apt to bee propagated by slipping1 because it hath beene seldome seene to giue seede3 ,it is not so quicke in sent or taste as the former1 but is fitter to set any border or knot in a garden1 and is for the most part wholly employed to such vses4 ,the ,vse of ,tyme4 ,to set downe all the particular vses whereunto ,tyme is applyed1 were to weary both the ,writer and ,reader2 ,i will but only note out a few3 for besides the physicall vses to many purposes1 for the head1 stomacke1 splene1 c4 there is no herbe almost of more vse1 in the houses both of high and low1 rich and poore1 both1 for inward and outward occasions2 outwardly for bathings among other hot herbes1 and among other sweete herbes for strewings3 inwardly in most sorts of broths1 with ,rosmary1 as also with other faseting 7or rather farsing7 herbes1 and to make sawce for diuers sorts both fish and flesh1 as to stuffe the belly of a ,goose to bee rosted1 and after put into the sawce1 and the pouder with breade to strew on meate when it is rosted1 and so likewise on rosted or fryed fish4 ,it is held by diuers to bee a speedy remedy against the sting of a ,bee1 being bruised and layd thereon4 ,illustration3 #a ,maiorana maior ,anglica4 ,pot ,marierome4 #b ,thymum vulgatius4 ,garden ,tyme4 #c ,satureia4 ,sauorie4 #d ,hyssopus4 ,hyssope4 #e ,pulegium4 ,penniroyall4 #f ,saluia maior4 ,common ,sage4 #g ,saluia minor primata4 ,sage of vertue4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,satureia siue ,thymbra4 ,sauorie4 ,there are two sorts of ,sauory1 the one called ,summer1 and the other ,winter ,sauorie3 ,the ,summer ,sauory is a small tender herbe1 growing not aboue a foote and a halfe high1 or thereabouts1 rising vp with diuers brittle branches1 slenderly or sparsedly set with small long leaues1 soft in handling1 at euery ioynt a couple1 one against another1 of a pleasant strong and quicke sent and taste3 the flowers are small and purplish1 growing at the toppes of the stalkes1 with two small long leaues at the ioynts vnder them3 the seede is small1 and of a darke colour1 bigger then ,tyme seede by the halfe3 the roote is wooddy1 and hath many strings1 perishing euery yeare wholly1 and must bee new sowen againe1 if any will haue it4 ,the ,winter ,sauorie is a small low bushie herbe1 very like vnto ,hyssope1 but not aboue a foote high1 with diuers small hard branches1 and hard darke green leaues thereon1 thicker set together then the former by much1 and as thicke as common ,hyssope1 sometimes with foure leaues or more at a ioynt1 of a reasonable strong sent1 yet not so strong or quicke as the former3 the flowers are of a pale purplish colour1 set at seuerall distances at the toppes of the stalkes1 with leaues at the ioynts also with them1 like the former3 the roote is woody1 with diuers small strings thereat1 and abideth all the winter with his greene leaues3 it is more vsually encreased by slipping or diuiding the roote1 and new setting it seuerally againe in the ,spring1 then by sowing the seed4 ,the ,vse of ,sauorie4 ,the ,summer ,sauorie is vsed in other ,countryes much more then with vs in their ordinary diets1 as condiment or sawce to their meates1 sometimes of it selfe1 and sometimes with other herbes1 and sometimes strewed or layde vpon the dishes as we doe ,parsley1 as also with beanes and pease1 rise and wheate2 and sometimes the dryed herbe boyled among pease to make pottage4 ,the ,winter ,sauorie is one of the 7farsing7 faseting herbes as they call them1 and so is the ,summer ,sauorie also sometimes4 ,this is vsed also in the same manner that the ,summer ,sauorie is1 set downe before1 and to the same purposes3 as also to put into puddings1 sawsages1 and such like kindes of meates4 ,some doe vse the pouder of the herbe dryed 7as ,i sayd before of ,tyme7 to mixe with grated bread1 to breade their meate1 be it fish or flesh1 to giue it the quicker rellish4 ,they are both effectuall to expell winde4 ,,chap4 ,,iiii4 ,hyssopus4 ,hyssope4 ,garden ,hyssope is so well knowne to all that haue beene in a ,garden1 that ,i shall but actum agere1 to bestow any time thereon1 being a small bushie plant1 not rising aboue two foote high1 with many branches1 woody below1 and tender aboue1 whereon are set at certaine distances1 sundry small1 long and narrow greene leaues3 at the toppe of euery stalke stand blewish purple gaping flowers1 one aboue another in a long spike or eare3 after which followeth the seede1 which is small and blackish3 the rootes are composed of many threddy strings2 the whole plant is of a strong sweet sent4 ,the ,vse of ,hyssope4 ,hyssope is much vsed in ,ptisans and other drinkes1 to help to expectorate flegme4 ,it is many ,countrey peoples medicine for a cut or greene wound1 being bruised with sugar and applyed4 ,i finde it is also much commended against the falling sickenesse1 especially being made into pils after the manner before rehearsed4 ,it is accounted a speciall remedy against the sting or biting of an ,adder1 if the place be rubbed with ,hyssope1 bruised and mixed with honey1 salt and cummin seede4 ,a decoction thereof with oyle1 and annointed1 taketh away the itching and tingling of the head1 and vermine also breeding therein4 ,an oyle made of the herbe and flowers1 being annointed1 doth comfort benummed sinewes and ioynts4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,pulegium4 ,pennyroyall4 ,pennyroyall also is an herbe so well knowne1 that ,i shall not neede to spend much time in the description of it3 hauing many weake round stalkes1 diuided into sundry branches1 rather leaning or lying vpon the ground then standing vpright1 whereon are set at seuerall ioynts1 small roundish darke greene leaues3 the flowers are purplish that grow in gardens1 yet some that grow wilde are white1 or more white then purple1 set in roundles about the tops of the branches2 the stalkes shoote forth small fibres or rootes at the ioynts1 as it lyeth vpon the ground1 thereby fastening it selfe therein1 and quickly increaseth1 and ouer-runneth any ground1 especially in the shade or any moist place1 and is replanted by breaking the sprouted stalkes1 and so quickely groweth4 ,other sorts of ,pennyroyall are fit for the ,physicke ,garden1 or ,garden of ,simples4 ,the ,vse of ,pennyroyall4 ,it is very good and wholesome for the lunges1 to expell cold thin flegme1 and afterwards to warme and dry it vp3 and is also of the like propertie as ,mintes1 to comfort the stomacke1 and stay vomiting4 ,it is also vsed in womens baths and washings3 and in mens also to comfort the sinewes4 ,it is yet to this day1 as it hath beene in former times1 vsed to bee put into puddings1 and such like meates of all sorts1 and therefore in diuers places they know it by no other name then ,pudding-grasse4 ,the former age of our great ,grandfathers1 had all these hot herbes in much and familiar vse1 both for their meates and medicines1 and therewith preserued themselues in long life and much health3 but this delicate age of ours1 which is not pleased with any thing almost1 be it meat or medicine1 that is not pleasant to the palate1 doth wholly refuse these almost1 and therefore cannot be partaker of the benefit or them4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,salvia4 ,sage4 ,there are two especiall kindes of ,sage noursed vp in our ,gardens1 for our ordinary vse1 whereof ,i intend to write in this place1 leauing the rest to his fitter place4 ,our ordinary ,sage is reckoned to bee of two sorts1 white and red1 both of them bearing many foure square wooddy stalkes1 in some whiter1 in others redder1 as the leaues are also1 standing by couples at the ioynts1 being long1 rough1 and wrinkled1 of a strong sweete sent3 at the tops of the stalkes come forth the flowers1 set at certaine spaces one aboue another1 which are long and gaping1 like vnto the flowers of ,clary1 or dead ,nettles1 but of a blewish purple colour2 after which come small round seede in the huske that bore the flower3 the roote is wooddy1 with diuers strings at it3 ,it is more vsually planted of the slips1 pricked in the ,spring time into the ground1 then of the seed4 ,saluia minor siue pinnata4 ,small ,sage or ,sage of vertue4 ,the lesser ,sage is in all things like vnto the former white ,sage1 but that his branches are long and slender1 and the leaues much smaller1 hauing for the most part at the bottome of each side of the leafe a peece of a leafe1 which maketh it shew like finns or eares3 the flowers also are of a blewish purple colour1 but lesser4 ,of this kinde there is one that beareth white flowers4 ,the ,vse of ,sage4 ,sage is much vsed of many in the moneth of ,may fasting1 with butter and ,parsley1 and is held of most much to conduce to the health of mans body4 ,it is also much vsed among other good herbes to bee tund vp with ,ale1 which thereupon is termed ,sage ,ale1 whereof many barrels full are made1 and drunke in the said moneth chiefly for the purpose afore recited3 and also for teeming women1 to helpe them the better forward in their childebearing1 if there be feare of abortion or miscarrying4 ,it is also vsed to be boyled among other herbes1 to make ,gargles or waters to wash sore mouths and throates3 ,as also among other herbes1 that serue as bathings1 to wash mens legs or bodies in the ,summer time1 to comfort nature1 and warme and strengthen aged cold sinewes1 and lengthen the strength of the younger4 ,the ,kitchen vse is either to boyle it with a ,calues head1 and being minced1 to be put with the braines1 vinegar and pepper1 to serue as an ordinary sawce thereunto3 ,or being beaten and iuyced 7rather then minced as mannie doe7 is put to a rosted ,pigges braines1 with ,currans for sawce thereunto4 ,it is in small quantity 7in regard of the strong taste thereof7 put among other fasting herbes1 to serue as sawce for peeces of ,veale1 when they are farsed or stuffed therewith1 and rosted1 which they call ,olliues4 ,for all the purposes aforesaid1 the small ,sage is accounted to be of the more force and vertue4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,horminum sativum4 ,garden ,clary4 ,there is but one sort of ,garden ,clary1 though many wilde1 which hath foure square stalks1 with broad rough wrinkled whitish leaues1 somewhat vneuenly cut in on the edges1 and of a strong sweete sent1 growing some next the ground1 some by couples vpon the stalkes3 the flowers growe at certaine distances1 with two small leaues at the ioynts vnder them1 somewhat like vnto the flowers of ,sage1 but lesser1 and of a very whitish or bleake blew colour3 the seede is of a blackish browne colour1 somewhat flat1 and not so round as the wilde3 the rootes spread not farre1 and perish euery yeare that they beare flowers and seede4 ,it is altogether to bee sowne of seed in the ,spring time1 yet sometimes it will rise of it owne sowing4 ,the ,vse of ,clary4 ,the most frequent and common vse of ,clary1 is for men or women that haue weake backes1 to helpe to comfort and strengthen the raines1 being made into ,tansies and eaten1 or otherwise4 ,the seede is vsed of some to be put into the corner of the eye1 if any mote or other thing haue happened into it3 but assuredly although this may peraduenture doe some good1 yet the seede of the wilde will doe much more4 ,the leaues taken dry1 and dipped into a batter made of the yolkes of egges1 flower1 and a little milke1 and then fryed with butter vntill they be crispe1 serue for a dish of meate accepted with manie1 vnpleasant to none4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,nepeta4 ,nep4 ,although those that are ,herbarists do know three sorts of ,nep1 a greater two lesser1 yet because the lesser are not vsuall1 but in the ,gardens of those that delight in natures varieties1 ,i do not here shew you them4 ,that which is vsuall 7and called of manie ,cat ,mint7 beareth square stalkes1 but not so great as ,clarie1 hauing two leaues at euery ioynt1 somewhat like vnto ,balme or ,speare ,mintes1 but whiter1 softer1 and longer1 and nicked about the edges1 of a strong sent1 but nothing so strong as ,clary3 the flowers growe at the toppes of the stalkes1 as it were in long spikes or heads1 somewhat close together1 yet compassing the stalkes at certaine ioynts1 of a whitish colour1 for forme and bignesse like vnto ,balme1 or somewhat bigger3 the rootes are composed of a number of strings1 which dye not1 but keepe greene leaues vpon them all the ,winter1 and shoote anew in the ,spring4 ,it is propagated both by the seede1 and by slipping the rootes4 ,the ,vse of ,nep4 ,nep is much vsed of women either in baths or drinkes to procure their feminine courses3 as also with ,clarie1 being fryed into ,tansies1 to strengthen their backes4 ,it is much commended of some1 if the iuyce thereof be drunke with wine1 to helpe those that are bruised by some fall1 or other accident4 ,a decoction of ,nep is auaileable to cure the scabbe in the head1 or other places of the body4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,melissa4 ,baulme4 ,the ,garden ,baulme which is of common knowne vse1 hath diuers square blackish greene stalkes1 and round1 hard1 darke1 greene pointed leaues1 growing thereon by couples1 a little notched about the edges1 of a pleasant sweete sent1 drawing nearest to the sent of a ,lemon or ,citron2 and therefore of some called ,citrago3 the flowers growe about the toppes of the stalkes at certaine distances1 being small and gaping1 of a pale carnation colour1 almost white3 the rootes fasten themselues strongly in the ground1 and endure many yeares1 and is encreased by diuiding the rootes2 for the leaues dye downe to the ground euery yeare1 leauing no shew of leafe or stalke in the ,winter4 ,the ,vse of ,baulme4 ,baulme is often vsed among other hot and sweete herbes1 to make baths and washings for mens bodies or legges1 in the ,summer time1 to warme and comfort the veines and sinewes1 to very good purpose and effect1 and hath in former ages beene of much more vse then now adaies4 ,it is also vsed by diuers to be stilled1 being steeped in ,ale1 to make a ,baulme water1 after the manner they haue beene taught1 which they keepe by them1 to vse in the stead of ,aqua vit1 when they haue any occasion for their owne or their neighbours ,families1 in suddaine qualmes or passions of the heart3 but if they had a little better direction 7for this is somewhat too rude7 it would doe them more good that take it3 ,for the herbe without all question is an excellent helpe to comfort the heart1 as the very smell may induce any so to beleeue4 ,it is also good to heale greene wounds1 being made into salues3 and ,i verily thinke1 that our forefathers hearing of the healing and comfortable properties of the true naturall ,baulme1 and finding this herbe to be so effectuall1 gaue it the name of ,baulme1 in imitation of his properties and vertues4 ,it is also an herbe wherein ,bees doe much delight1 as hath beene found by experience of those that haue kept great store2 if the ,hiues bee rubbed on the inside with some thereof1 and as they thinke it draweth others by the smell thereof to resort thither4 ,plinie saith1 it is a present remedy against the stinging of ,bees4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,mentha4 ,mintes4 ,there are diuers sorts of ,mints1 both of the garden1 and wilde1 of the woods1 mountaines1 and standing pooles or waters3 but ,i will onely in this place bring to your remembrance two or three sorts of the most vsuall that are kept in gardens1 for the vses whereunto they are proper4 ,red ,mint or browne ,mint hath square brownish stalkes1 with somewhat long and round pointed leaues1 nicked about the edges1 of a darke greene colour1 set by couples at euery ioynt1 and of a reasonable good sent3 the flowers of this kinde are reddish1 standing about the toppes of the stalkes at distances3 the rootes runne creeping in the ground1 and as the rest1 will hardly be cleared out of a garden1 being once therein1 in that the smallest peece thereof will growe and encrease apace4 ,speare ,mint hath a square greene stalke1 with longer and greener leaues then the former1 set by couples1 of a better and more comfortable sent1 and therefore of much more vse then any other3 the flowers hereof growe in long eares or spikes1 of a pale red or blush colour3 the roots creepe in the ground like the other4 ,party coloured or white ,mint hath square greene stalkes and leaues1 somewhat larger then ,speare ,mint1 and more nicked in the edges1 whereof many are parted1 halfe white and halfe greene1 and some more white then greene1 or more green then white1 as nature listeth3 the flowers stand in long heads close set together1 of a blush colour3 the rootes creepe as the rest doe4 ,illustration3 #a ,horminum sativum4 ,garden ,clary4 #b ,nepeta4 ,nep4 #c ,melissa4 ,baulme4 #d ,mentha satiua4 ,garden ,mintes4 #e ,balsamita mas1 seu ,costus hortorum4 ,costmary4 #f ,ageratum4 ,maudeline4 ,the ,vse of ,mintes4 ,mintes are oftentimes vsed in baths1 with ,baulme and other herbes1 as a helpe to comfort and strengthen the nerues and sinewes4 ,it is much vsed either outwardly applyed1 or inwardly drunke1 to strengthen and comfort weake stomackes1 that are much giuen to casting3 as also for feminine fluxes4 ,it is boyled in milke for those whose stomackes are apt to cause it to curdle4 ,and applyed with salt1 is a good helpe for the biting of a mad dogge4 ,it is vsed to be boyled with ,mackarell1 and other fish4 ,being dryed1 is often and much vsed with ,penniroyall1 to bee put into puddings3 as also among pease that are boyled for pottage4 ,where ,dockes are not ready at hand1 they vse to bruise ,mintes1 and lay them vpon any place that is stung with ,bees1 ,waspes1 or such like1 and that to good purpose4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,balsamita mas fmina1 seu ,costus hortorum maior minor4 ,costmary and ,maudeline4 ,costmary or ,alecoast is a sweet herbe1 bearing many broad and long pale green leaues1 snipped about the edges1 euery one vpon a long foote-stalke2 among which rise vp many round greene stalkes1 with such like leaues on them1 but lesser vp to the toppe1 where it spreadeth it selfe into three or foure branches1 euery one bearing an vmbell or tuft of gold yellow flowers1 somewhat like vnto ,tansie flowers1 but lesser1 which turne into small heads1 containing small flat long seede3 the roote is somewhat hard and stringy1 and being diuided1 is replanted in the ,spring of the yeare for increase4 ,maudeline hath somewhat long and narrow leaues1 snipt about the edges3 the stalks are two foot high1 bearing many yellow flowers on the tops of the branches1 in an vmbell or tuft like vnto ,tansie3 the whole herbe is sweete1 and somewhat bitter1 and is replanted by slipping4 ,the ,vse of ,costmary and ,maudeline4 ,costmary is of especiall vse in the ,spring of the yeare1 among other such like herbes1 to make ,sage ,ale1 and thereupon ,i thinke it tooke the name of ,alecoast4 ,it is also vsed to be put among other sweete herbes1 to make sweete washing water1 whereof there is great store spent4 ,the leaues haue an especiall vertue to comfort both the stomack and heart1 and to warme and dry a moist braine4 ,the seede is much vsed in the ,country1 to be giuen to children for the wormes1 in the stead of wormseed1 and so is the seede of ,maudeline also4 ,maudeline is much vsed with ,costmary and other sweet herbes1 to make sweete washing water3 the flowers also are tyed vp with small bundels of ,lauender toppes1 these being put in the middle of them1 to lye1 vpon the toppes of beds1 presses1 c4 for the sweete sent and sauour it casteth4 ,it is generally accounted of our ,apothecaries to be the true ,eupatorium of ,auicen1 and the true ,ageratum of ,dioscorides2 but ,dodonus seemeth to contradict both4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,tanacetum vulgare crispum4 ,tansie4 ,ovr ,garden ,tansie hath many hard greene leaues1 or rather wings of leaues2 for they are many small ones1 set one against another all along a middle ribbe or stalke1 and snipt about the edges3 in some the leaues stand closer and thicker1 and somewhat crumpled1 which hath caused it to be called double or curld ,tansie1 in others thinner and more sparsedly3 ,it riseth vp with many hard stalks1 whereon growe at the tops vpon the seuerall small branches gold yellow flowers like buttons1 which being gathered in their prime1 will hold the colour fresh a long time3 the seede is small1 and as it were chaffie3 the roote creepeth vnder ground1 and shooteth vp againe in diuers places3 the whole herbe1 both leaues and flowers1 are of a sharpe1 strong1 bitter smell and taste1 but yet pleasant1 and well to be endured4 ,the ,vse of ,tansie4 ,the leaues of ,tansie are vsed while they are young1 either shred small with other herbes1 or else the iuyce of it and other herbes fit for the purpose1 beaten with egges1 and fryed into cakes 7in ,lent and the ,spring of the yeare7 which are vsually called ,tansies1 and are often eaten1 being taken to be very good for the stomack1 to helpe to digest from thence bad humours that cleaue thereunto3 ,as also for weak raines and kidneyes1 when the vrine passeth away by drops3 ,this is thought to be of more vse for men then for women4 ,the seed is much commended against all sorts of wormes in children4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,pimpinella siue ,sanguisorba4 ,burnet4 ,burnet hath many winged leaues lying vpon1 the ground1 made of many small1 round1 yet pointed greene leaues1 finely nicked on the edges1 one set against another all along a middle ribbe1 and one at the end thereof2 from among which rise vp diuers round1 and sometimes crested browne stalkes1 with some few such like leaues on them as growe belowe1 but smaller3 at the toppes of the stalkes growe small browne heads or knaps1 which shoote forth small purplish flowers1 turning into long and brownish1 but a little cornered seede3 the roote groweth downe deepe1 being small and brownish3 the whole plant is of a stipticke or binding taste or quality1 but of a fine quicke sent1 almost like ,baulme4 ,the ,vse of ,burnet4 ,the greatest vse that ,burnet is commonly put vnto1 is to put a few leaues into a cup with ,claret wine1 which is presently to be drunke1 and giueth a pleasant quicke taste thereunto1 very delightfull to the palate1 and is accounted a helpe to make the heart merrie4 ,it is sometimes also while it is young1 put among other ,sallet herbes1 to giue a finer rellish thereunto4 ,it is also vsed in vulnerary drinkes1 and to stay fluxes and bleedings1 for which purposes it is much commended4 ,it hath beene also much commended in contagious and pestilentiall agues4 ,,chap4 ,,xiiii4 ,hippolapathum sativum1 siue ,rhabarbarum ,monachorum4 ,monkes ,rubarbe or ,patience4 ,garden ,patience is a kinde of ,docke in all the parts thereof1 but that it is larger and taller then many others1 with large and long greene leaues1 a great1 strong1 and high stalke1 with reddish or purplish flowers1 and three square seede1 like as all other ,dockes haue3 the roote is great and yellow1 not hauing any shew of flesh coloured veines therein1 no more then the other kinde with great round thin leaues1 commonly called ,hippolapathum rotundifolium1 ,bastard ,rubarbe1 or ,monkes ,rubarbe1 the properties of both which are of very weake effect3 but ,i haue a kinde of round leafed ,dock growing in my ,garden1 which was sent me from beyond ,sea by a worthy ,gentleman1 ,m4 ,d4 ,matth4 ,lister1 one of the ,kings ,physitians1 with this title1 ,rhaponticum verum1 and first grew with me1 before it was euer seen or known elsewhere in ,england1 w by proof ,i haue found to be so like vnto the true ,rubarbe1 or the ,rha of ,pontus1 both for forme and colour1 that ,i dare say it is the very true ,rubarbe1 our climate only making it lesse strong in working1 lesse heauy1 and lesse bitter in taste3 ,for this hath great and thicke rootes1 as diuersly discoloured with flesh coloured veines as the true ,rubarbe1 as ,i haue to shew to any that are desirous to see and know it2 and also other smaller sprayes or branches of rootes1 spreading from the maine great roote1 which smaller branches may well be compared to the ,rhaponticum which the ,merchants haue brought vs1 which we haue seene to be longer and slenderer then ,rubarbe1 but of the very same colour3 this beareth so goodly large leaues1 that it is a great beauty in a garden to behold them3 for ,i haue measured the stalke of the leafe at the bottome next the roote to bee of the bignesse of any mans thumbe2 and from the roote to the leafe it selfe1 to bee two foote in length1 and sometimes more2 and likewise the leafe it selfe1 from the lower end where it is ioyned to the stalke1 to the end or point thereof1 to bee also two foote in length1 and sometimes more2 and also in the broadest part of the leafe1 to be two foote or more ouer in breadth3 it beareth whitish flowers1 contrary to all other ,dockes1 and three square brownish seede as other ,dockes doe1 but bigger1 and therefore assuredly it is a ,docke1 and the true ,rubarbe of the ,arabians1 or at the least the true ,rhaponticum of the ,ancients4 ,the figure of the whole plant ,i haue caused to be cut1 with a dryed roote as it grew in my garden by it selfe1 and haue inserted it here1 both because ,matthiolus giueth a false figure of the true ,rubarbe1 and that this hath not been expressed and set forth by any before4 ,the ,vse of ,patience1 and of the ,rubarbe4 ,the leaues of ,patience are often1 and of many vsed for a pot-herbe1 and seldome to any other purpose3 the roote is often vsed in ,diet-beere1 or ale1 or in other drinkes made by decoction1 to helpe to purge the liuer1 and clense the blood4 ,the other ,rubarbe or ,rhaponticum1 whereof ,i make mention1 and giue you here the figure1 ,i haue tryed1 and found by experience to purge gently1 without that astriction that is in the true ,rubarbe is brought vs from the ,east ,indies1 or ,china1 and is also lesse bitter in taste2 whereby ,i coniecture it may bee vsed in hot and feauerish bodies more effectually1 because it doth not binde after the purging1 as the ,east ,india ,rubarbe doth3 but this must bee giuen in double quantitie to the other1 and then no doubt it will doe as well3 ,the leaues haue a fine acide taste3 ,a syrrupe therefore made with the iuice and sugar1 cannot but be very effectuall in deiected appetites1 and hot fits of agues2 as also to helpe to open obstructions of the liuer1 as diuers haue often tryed1 and found auaileable by experience4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,lapathum sanguineum4 ,blood-wort4 ,among the sorts of pot-herbes ,bloode-worte hath alwayes beene accounted a principall one1 although ,i doe not see any great reason therein1 especially seeing there is a greater efficacie of binding in this ,docke1 then in any of the other3 but as common vse hath receiued it1 so ,i here set it downe4 ,blood-worte is one of the sorts of ,dockes1 and hath long leaues like vnto the smaller yellow ,dock1 but striped with red veines1 and ouer-shadowed with red vpon the greene leafe1 that it seemeth almost wholly red sometimes3 the stalke is reddish1 bearing such like leaues1 but smaller vp to the toppe1 where it is diuided into diuers small branches1 whereon grow purplish flowers1 and three square darke red seede1 like vnto others3 the roots are not great1 but somewhat long1 and very red1 abiding many yeares1 yet sometimes spoiled with the extremitie of winter4 ,illustration3 #a ,tanacetum4 ,tansie4 #b ,pimpinella4 ,burnet4 #c ,rhaponticum verum seu potius ,rhabarbarum verum4 ,true ,raponticke or rather true ,rubarbe4 #d ,lapathum sativum seu ,patienti4 ,monkes ,rubarbe or ,patience4 #e ,lapathum sanguineum4 ,bloudwort4 #f ,acetosa4 ,sorrell4 ,the ,vse of ,blood-worte4 ,the whole and onely vse of the herbe almost1 serueth for the pot1 among other herbes1 and1 as ,i said before1 is accounted a most especiall one for that purpose4 ,the seede therof is much commended for any fluxe in man or woman1 to be inwardly taken1 and so no doubt is the roote1 being of a stipticke qualitie4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,oxalis siue ,acetosa4 ,sorrell4 ,sorrell must needes bee reckoned with the ,dockes1 for that it is so like vnto them in all things1 and is of many called the sower ,docke4 ,of ,sorrels there are many sorts1 but ,i shall not trouble you with any other in this place1 then the common ,garden ,sorrell1 which is most knowne1 and of greatest vse with vs2 which hath tender greene long leaues full of iuice1 broade1 and bicorned as it were1 next vnto the stalke1 like as ,arrach1 ,spinach1 and our ,english ,mercurie haue1 of a sharpe sower taste3 the stalkes are slender1 bearing purplish long heads1 wherein lye three square shining browne seede1 like1 but lesser then the other3 the root is smaller then any of the other ,dockes1 but browne1 and full of strings1 and abideth without decaying1 hauing greene leaues all the winter1 except in the very extremitie thereof1 which often taketh away all or most of his leaues4 ,the ,vse of ,sorrell4 ,sorrell is much vsed in sawces1 both for the whole1 and the sicke1 cooling the hot liuers1 and stomackes of the sicke1 and procuring vnto them an appetite vnto meate1 when their spirits are almost spent with the violence of their furious or fierie fits2 and is also of a pleasant relish for the whole1 in quickning vp a dull stomacke that is ouer-loaden with euery daies plenty of dishes4 ,it is diuers waies dressed by ,cooks1 to please their ,masters stomacks4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,buglossum luteum1 siue ,lingua ,bouis4 ,langdebeefe4 ,vnto this place may well bee referred our ordinary ,borage and ,buglosse1 set forth in the former ,booke1 in regard of the properties whereunto they are much employed1 that is1 to serue the pot among other herbes1 as is sufficiently knowne vnto all4 ,and yet ,i confesse1 that this herbe 7although it bee called ,buglossum luteum1 as if it were a kind of ,buglosse7 hath no correspondency with ,buglosse or ,borage in any part1 sauing only a little in the leafe2 our ,borage or ,buglosse might more fitly1 according to the ,greeke name1 bee called ,oxe tongue or ,langdebeefe2 and this might in my iudgement more aptly be referred to the kinds of ,hieratium ,hawkeweed1 whereunto it neerest approacheth3 but as it is commonly receiued1 so take it in this place1 vntill it come to receiue the place is proper for it4 ,it hath diuers broad and long darke green leaues1 lying vpon the ground1 very rough in handling1 full of small haires or prickes1 ready to enter into the hands of any that handle it2 among which riseth vp a round greene hairy or prickly stalk1 bearing at the toppe1 among a few small green leaues1 diuers small yellow flowers in rough heads1 which turne into doune1 containing within them browne yellowish small long seedes1 somewhat like vnto the seede of ,hawkeweede3 the roote is wooddy1 which perisheth quickly after it hath borne seed2 but is tender while it is young4 ,illustration3 #a ,lingua bouis siue ,buglossum luteum4 ,langdebeefe4 #b ,atriplex siue ,olus aureum4 ,arrach4 #c ,blitum4 ,blites4 #d ,beta4 ,beetes4 #e ,hipposelinum siue ,olus atrum4 ,allisanders4 #f ,selinum dulce4 ,sweete ,parsley4 ,the ,vse of ,langdebeefe4 ,the leaues are onely vsed in all places that ,i know1 or euer could learne1 for an herbe for the pot among others1 and is thought to bee good to loosen the belly4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,atriplex siue ,olus ,aureum4 ,arrach4 ,there be diuers kindes of ,arrach1 or ,orach1 as some doe call them2 some of the ,garden1 whereof ,i meane to entreate in this place2 others wilde of the ,fieldes1 c4 and others of the ,sea1 which are not to bee spoken of in this worke1 but referred to a generall historie4 ,the white garden ,arrach1 or ,orach1 hath diuers leaues1 standing vpon their seuerall footestalkes1 broade at the bottome1 ending in two points like an arrow1 with two feathers at the head1 and small pointed at the end of the leafe1 of a whitish yellow greene colour1 and as it were strewed ouer with flower or meale1 especially while they are young3 the stalke like wise is mealy1 bearing many branches with small yellow flowers on them1 which turne into small leafie seeds3 the roote groweth somewhat deepe in the ground1 with many small threds fastened thereto3 it quickly springeth vp of the seede1 groweth great1 and fadeth away as soon as it hath borne seede4 ,the purple ,arrach is in all things like vnto the white1 sauing onely in the colour of the leafe1 stalke1 seede1 c4 which are all of a mealy dusty purplish colour4 ,the ,vse of ,arrach4 ,arrach is cold and moist1 and of a lubricke or slippery qualitie1 whereby it quickely passeth through the stomacke and belly1 and maketh it soluble1 and is of many vsed for that purpose1 being boyled and buttered1 or put among other herbes into the pot to make pottage4 ,there are many dishes of meate made with them while they are young1 for being almost without sauour of themselues1 they are the more conuertible into what rellish any one will make them with ,sugar1 ,spice c4 ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,blitum4 ,blites4 ,there be diuers sorts of ,blites1 some whereof ,i haue entreated in the former part of this worke1 vnder the titled ,amaranthus1 ,flower gentle3 others that are noursed vp in ,gardens1 ,i will set forth in this place1 which are onely two1 that haue come to my knowledge1 that is1 the white and the red1 and are of a qualitie as neere vnto ,arrach as vnto ,beetes1 participating of both1 and therefore ,i haue placed them betwixt them4 ,the white ,blite hath leaues somewhat like vnto ,beetes1 but smaller1 rounder1 and of a whitish greene colour1 euery one standing vpon a small long footestalke3 the stalke riseth vp two or three foote high1 with many such like leaues thereon3 the flowers grow at the top in long round tufts or clusters1 wherein are contained small round seede3 the roote is very full of threds or strings4 ,the red ,blite is in all things like the white1 but that his leaues and tufted heades are exceeding red at the first1 and after turne more purplish4 ,the ,vse of ,blites4 ,blites are vsed as ,arrach1 eyther boyled of it selfe or stewed1 which they call ,loblolly1 or among other herbes to bee put into the pot2 and yet some doe vtterly refuse it1 because in diuers it prouoketh castings4 ,it is altogether insipide or without taste1 but yet by reason of the moist slipperie qualitie it hath1 it helpeth to loosen the belly4 ,the vnsauorinesse whereof hath in many ,countries growne into a prouerbe1 or by-word1 to call dull1 slow1 or lazie persons by that name3 ,they are accounted more hurtfull to the stomacke1 and so to the head and eyes1 then other herbes1 and therefore they are the lesse vsed4 ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,beta4 ,beetes4 ,there are many diuersities of ,beetes1 some growing naturally in our own ,country1 others brought from beyond ,sea2 whereof some are white1 some greene1 some yellow1 some red3 the leaues of some are of vse only1 and the root not vsed3 others the roote is only vsed1 and not the leaues3 and some againe1 both roote and leafe4 ,the ancient ,authors1 as by their workes appeare1 knew but two sorts1 the white and the blacke ,beete1 whereof the white is sufficiently known1 and was of them termed ,sicula1 of the later ,physitians1 ,sicla1 because it was thought first to be brought from ,sicilie3 the blacke abideth some controuersie2 some thinking that our common greene ,beete1 because it is of a darke greene colour1 was that they called the blacke ,beete2 others that our small red ,beete1 which is of a darke red colour1 was their black ,beete1 which in my opinion is the more likely3 ,but to come to the matter in hand1 and giue you the descriptions of them which are in vse with vs1 and leaue controuersies to such a worke as is fit for them1 wherein all such matters may be discussed at large4 ,the common white ,beete hath many great leaues next the ground 7in some hot ,countries growing to be three foote long1 and very broade1 in our ,countrey they are very large1 but nothing neere that proportion7 of a whitish greene colour2 the stalke is great1 strong1 and ribbed or crested1 bearing great store of leaues vpon it vp to the very toppe almost3 the flowers grow in very long tufts1 small at the ends1 and turning down their heads1 which are small pale greenish yellow burres1 giuing cornered prickly seede3 the roote is great1 long and hard1 when it hath giuen seede1 of no vse at all1 but abideth a former winter with his leaues vpon it1 as all other sorts following doe4 ,the common red ,beet differeth not from the white ,beete1 but only that it is not so great1 and both the leaues and rootes are somewhat red3 the leaues bee in some more red then in others1 which haue but red veines or strakes in them1 in some also of a fresh red1 in others very darke red3 the roote hereof is red1 spongy1 and not vsed to bee eaten4 ,the common greene ,beete is also like vnto the white ,beete1 but of a darke greene colour4 ,this hath beene found neere the salt ,marshes by ,rochester1 in the foote-way going from the ,lady ,levesons house thither1 by a worthy1 diligent and painefull obseruer and preseruer both of plants and all other natures varieties1 often remembred before in this worke1 called ,iohn ,tradescante1 who there finding it1 gaue me the knowledge thereof1 and ,i haue vpon his report set it here down in this manner3 ,the ,romane red ,beete1 called ,beta raposa1 is both for leafe and roote the most excellent ,beete of all others3 his rootes bee as great as the greatest ,carrot1 exceeding red both within and without1 very sweete and good1 fit to bee eaten3 this ,beete groweth higher then the last red ,beete1 whose rootes are not vsed to bee eaten3 the leaues likewise are better of taste1 and of as red a colour as the former red ,beete3 the roote is sometimes short like a ,turnep1 whereof it took the name of ,rapa or raposa2 and sometimes as ,i said before1 like a ,carrot and long3 the seede is all one with the lesser red ,beete4 ,the ,italian ,beete is of much respect1 whose faire greene leaues are very large and great1 with great white ribbes and veines therein3 the stalke in the ,summer time1 when it is growen vp to any height1 is six square in shew1 and yellowish withall1 as the heades with seede vpon them seeme likewise4 ,the great red ,beete that ,master ,lete a ,merchant of ,london gaue vnto ,master ,gerrard1 as he setteth it downe in his ,herball1 seemeth to bee the red kinde of the last remembred ,beete1 whose great ribbes as he saith1 are as great as the middle ribbe of the ,cabbage leafe1 and as good to bee eaten1 whose stalke rose with him to the height of eight cubits1 and bore plenty of seede4 ,the ,vse of ,beetes4 ,beetes1 both white1 greene and red1 are put into the pot among other herbes1 to make pottage1 as is commonly known vnto all1 and are also boyled whole1 both in ,france vsually with most of their boyled meates1 and in our ,countrey1 with diuers that delight in eating of herbes4 ,the ,italian ,beete1 and so likewise the last red ,beete with great ribbes1 are boyled1 and the ribbes eaten in sallets with oyle1 vinegar and pepper1 and is accounted a rare kinde of sallet1 and very delicate4 ,the roote of the common red ,beete with some1 but more especially the ,romane red ,beete1 is of much vse among ,cookes to trimme or set out their dishes of meate1 being cut out into diuers formes and fashions1 and is grown of late dayes into a great custome of seruice1 both for fish and flesh4 ,the rootes of the ,romane red ,beete being boyled1 are eaten of diuers while they are hot with a little oyle and vinegar1 and is accounted a delicate sallet for the winter2 and being cold they are so vsed and eaten likewise4 ,the leaues are much vsed to mollifie and open the belly1 being vsed in the decoction of ,glisters4 ,the roote of the white kinde scraped1 and made vp with a little honey and salt1 rubbed on and layd on the belly1 prouoketh to the stoole4 ,the vse of eating ,beetes is likewise held to bee helpefull to spleneticke persons4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,hipposelinum1 siue ,olus atrum4 ,alisanders4 ,alisanders hath beene in former times thought to be the true ,macedonian ,parsley1 and in that errour many doe yet continue3 but this place giueth not leaue to discusse that doubt3 but ,i must here only shew you1 what it is1 and to what vse it is put ordinarily for the ,kitchen4 ,the leaues of ,alisanders are winged or cut into many parts1 somewhat resembling ,smallage1 but greater1 broader1 and more cut in about the edges3 the stalkes are round and great1 two foote high or better1 bearing diuers leaues on them1 and at the toppe spokie roundles of white flowers on seuerall small branches1 which turne into blacke seede1 somewhat cornered or crested1 of an aromaticall bitter taste2 the roote is blacke without1 and white within1 and abideth well the first year of the sowing1 perishing after it hath borne seed4 ,the ,vse of ,alisanders4 ,the tops of the rootes1 with the lower part of the stalkes of ,alisanders1 are vsed in ,lent especially1 and ,spring of the yeare1 to make broth1 which although it be a little bitter1 yet it is both wholsome and pleasing to a great many1 by reason of the aromaticall or spicie taste1 warming and comforting the stomack1 and helping it digest the many waterish and flegmaticke meates are in those times much eaten4 ,the rootes also either rawe or boyled are often eaten with oyle and vinegar4 ,the seede is more vsed physically then the roote1 or any other part1 and is effectuall to prouoke plenty of vrine in them that pisse by drops1 or haue the ,strangury3 ,it helpeth womens courses1 and warmeth their benummed bodies or members1 that haue endured fierce cold daies and nights1 being boyled and drunke4 ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,selinum dulce4 ,sweete ,parsley or sweete ,smallage4 ,this kinde of sweete ,parsley or ,smallage1 which soeuer you please to call it1 for it resembleth ,smallage as well in the largenesse of the leaues1 as in the taste1 yet sweeter and pleasanter1 is 7as ,i take it7 in this like vnto sweete ,fennell 7that hath his sweetnesse from his naturall soyle and clymate2 for howsoeuer it bee reasonable sweete the first yeare it is sowne with vs1 yet it quickly doth degenerate1 and becommeth no better then our ordinarie ,fennell afterwards74 ,the first yeare it is sowne and planted with vs 7and the first that euer ,i saw1 was in a ,venetian ,ambassadours ,garden in the ,spittle yard1 neare ,bishops gate streete7 is so sweete and pleasant1 especially while it is young1 as if ,sugar had beene mingled with it3 but after it is growne vp high and large1 it hath a stronger taste of ,smalladge1 and so likewise much more the next yeare2 that it groweth from the seed was gathered here3 the leaues are many1 spreading farre about the roote1 broader and of a fresher greene colour then our ordinary ,smalladge1 and vpon longer stalkes3 the seed is as plentifull as ,parsley1 being small and very like vnto it1 but darker of colour4 ,the ,vse of sweete ,parsley4 ,the ,venetians vse to prepare it for meate many waies1 both the herbe and the roote eaten rawe1 as many other herbes and rootes are1 or boyled or fryed to be eaten with meate1 or the dryed herbe poudered and strewed vpon meate2 but most vsually either whited1 and so eaten rawe with pepper and oyle1 as a dainty ,sallet of it selfe1 or a little boyled or stewed3 the taste of the herbe being a little warming1 but the seede much more1 helpeth cold windy stomackes to digest their meate1 and to expell winde4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,petrosolinum ,apium4 ,parsley and ,smalledge4 ,we haue three sorts of ,parsley in our ,gardens1 and but one of ,smalladge3 ,our common ,parsley1 ,curld ,parsley1 and ,virginia ,parsley2 which last1 although it be but of late knowne1 yet it is now almost growne common1 and of as good vse as the other with diuers4 ,our common ,parsley is so well knowne1 that it is almost needlesse to describe it1 hauing diuers fresh greene leaues1 three alwaies placed together on a stalke1 and snipt about the edges1 and three stalkes of leaues for the most part growing together3 the stalkes growe three or foure foote high or better1 bearing spikie heads of white flowers1 which turne into small seede1 somewhat sharpe and hot in taste3 the roote is long and white4 ,curld ,parsley hath his leaues curled or crumpled on the edges1 and therein is the onely difference from the former4 ,virginia ,parley is in his leafe altogether like vnto common ,parsley for the forme1 consisting of three leaues set together1 but that the leaues are as large as ,smallage leaues1 but of a pale or whitish greene colour1 and of the same taste of our common ,parsley3 the seede hereof is as the leaues1 twice if not thrice as bigge as the ordinary ,parsley1 and perisheth when it hath giuen seede1 abiding vsually the first yeare of the sowing4 ,smallage is in forme somewhat like vnto ,parsley1 but greater and greener1 and lesse pleasant1 or rather more bitter in taste3 the seede is smaller1 and the root more stringy4 ,the ,vse of ,parsley4 ,parsley is much vsed in all sorts of meates1 both boyled1 roasted1 stewed1 c4 and being greene it serueth to lay vpon sundry meates1 as also to draw meate withall4 ,it is also shred and stopped into poudered beefe1 as also into legges of ,mutton1 with a little beefe suet among it1 c4 ,the rootes are often vsed to be put into broth1 to helpe to open obstructions of the liuer1 reines1 and other parts1 helping much to procure vrine4 ,the rootes likewise boyled or stewed with a legge of ,mutton1 stopped with ,parsley as aforesaid1 is very good meate1 and of very good rellish1 as ,i haue proued by the taste2 but the rootes must bee young1 and of the first yeares growth1 and they will haue their operation to cause vrine4 ,the seed also is vsed for the same cause1 when any are troubled with the stone1 or grauell1 to open the passages of vrine4 ,although ,smallage groweth in many places wilde in moist grounds1 yet it is also much planted in ,gardens1 and although his euill taste and sauour doth cause it not to be accepted into meates as ,parsley1 yet it is not without many speciall good properties1 both for outward and inward diseases1 to helpe to open obstructions1 and prouoke vrine4 ,the iuyce cleanseth vlcers2 and the leaues boyled with ,hogs grease1 healeth felons on the ioynts of the fingers4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiiii4 ,fniculum4 ,fenell4 ,there are three sorts of ,fenell1 whereof two are sweete4 ,the one of them is the ordinary sweete ,fenell1 whose seedes are larger and yellower then the common1 and which 7as ,i said before in the ,chapter of sweete ,parsley7 doth soone degenerate in this our ,country into the common4 ,the other sweete ,fenell is not much knowne1 and called ,cardus ,fenell by those that sent it out of ,italy1 whose leaues are more thicke and bushie then any of the other4 ,our common ,fenell1 whereof there is greene and red1 hath many faire and large spread leaues1 finely cut and diuided into many small1 long1 greene1 or reddish leaues1 yet the thicker tufted the branches be1 the shorter are the leaues3 the stalkes are round1 with diuers ioynts and leaues at them1 growing fiue or six foot high1 bearing at the top many spoakie rundels of yellow flowers2 the ,common1 ,i meane1 doth turne into a darke grayish flat seede1 and the ,sweete into larger and yellower3 the roote is great1 long1 and white1 and endureth diuers yeares4 ,the ,vse of ,fenell4 ,fenell is of great vse to trimme vp1 and strowe vpon fish1 as also to boyle or put among fish of diuers sorts1 ,cowcumbers pickled1 and other fruits1 c4 ,the rootes are vsed with ,parsley rootes1 to be boyled in broths and drinkes to open obstructions4 ,the seed is of much vse with other things to expell winde4 ,the seede also is much vsed to be put into ,pippin pies1 and diuers other such baked fruits1 as also into bread1 to giue it the better rellish4 ,the sweete ,cardus ,fenell being sent by ,sir ,henry ,wotton to ,iohn ,tradescante1 had likewise a large direction with it how to dresse it2 for they vse to white it after it hath been transplanted for their vses1 which by reason of the sweetnesse by nature1 and the tendernesse by art1 causeth it to be the more delightfull to the taste1 especially with them that are accustomed to feede on greene herbes4 ,illustration3 #a ,petrofolinum4 ,parsley4 #b ,apium4 ,smallage4 #c ,fniculum4 ,fenell4 #d ,anethum4 ,dill4 #e ,myrrhis siue ,cerefolium magnum4 ,sweete ,cheruill4 #f ,cerefolium vulgare4 ,common ,cheruill4 ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,anethum4 ,dill4 ,dill doth much growe wilde1 but because in many places it cannot be had1 it is therefore sowne in ,gardens for the vses whereunto it serueth4 ,it is a smaller herbe then ,fenell1 but very like1 hauing fine cut leaues1 not so large1 but shorter1 smaller1 and of a stronger and quicker taste3 the stalke is smaller also1 and with few ioynts and leaues on them1 bearing spoakie tufts of yellow flowers1 which turne into thinne1 small1 and flat seedes3 the roote perisheth euery yeare1 and riseth againe for the most part of it owne sowing4 ,the ,vse of ,dill4 ,the leaues of ,dill are much vsed in some places with ,fish1 as they doe ,fenell2 but because it is so strong many doe refuse it4 ,it is also put among pickled ,cowcumbers1 wherewith it doth very well agree1 giuing vnto the cold fruit a pretty spicie taste or rellish4 ,it being stronger then ,fenell1 is of the more force to expell winde in the body4 ,some vse to eate the seed to stay the ,hickocke4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,myrrhis siue ,cerefolium maius vulgare4 ,sweet ,cheruill and ordinary ,cheruill4 ,the great or sweete ,cheruill 7which of some is called ,sweete ,cicely7 hath diuers great and faire spread winged leaues1 consisting of many leaues set together1 deeply cut in the edges1 and euery one also dented about1 very like1 and resembling the leaues of ,hemlockes1 but of so pleasant a taste1 that one would verily thinke1 he chewed the leaues or seedes of ,aniseedes in his mouth3 ,the stalke is reasonable great1 and somewhat cornered or crested about three or foure foote high1 at the toppe whereof stand many white spoakie tufts of flowers1 which change into browne long cornered great seede1 two alwaies ioyned together3 the roote is great1 blackish on the outside1 and white within1 with diuers fibres annexed vnto it1 and perisheth not1 but abideth many yeares1 and is of a sweete1 pleasant1 and spicie hot taste1 delightfull vnto many4 ,the common ,cheruill is a small herbe1 with slender leaues1 finely cut into long peeces1 at the first of a pale yellowish greene colour1 but when the stalke is growne vp to seede1 both stalkes and leaues become of a darke red colour3 the flowers are white1 standing vpon scattered or thin spread tufts1 which turne into small1 long1 round1 and sharpe pointed seedes1 of a brownish blacke colour3 the roote is small1 with diuers long slender white strings1 and perisheth euery yeare4 ,the ,uses of these ,cheruils4 ,the common ,cheruill is much vsed of the ,french and ,dutch people1 to bee boyled or stewed in a pipkin1 eyther by it selfe1 or with other herbes1 whereof they make a ,loblolly1 and so eate it4 ,it is vsed as a pot-herbe with vs4 ,sweete ,cheruill1 gathered while it is young1 and put among other herbes for a sallet1 addeth a meruellous good rellish to all the rest4 ,some commend the greene seedes diced and put in a sallet of herbes1 and eaten with vinegar and oyle1 to comfort the cold stomacke of the aged4 ,the roots are vsed by diuers1 being boyled1 and after eaten with oyle and vinegar1 as an excellent sallet for the same purpose4 ,the preserued or candid rootes are of singular good vse to warme and comfort a cold flegmaticke stomack1 and is thought to be a good preseruatiue in the time of the plague4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,malua ,crispa4 ,french ,mallowes4 ,the curld or ,french ,mallow groweth vp with an vpright greene round stalke1 as high vsually as any man1 whereon from all sides grow forth round whitish greene leaues1 curld or crumpled about the edges1 like a ruffe1 else very like vnto an ordinary great ,mallow leafe3 the flowers grow both vpon the stalke1 and on the other branches that spring from them1 being small and white2 after which come small cases with blacke seede like the other ,mallowes3 the roote perisheth when it hath borne seede1 but abideth vsually the first yeare1 and the second runneth vp to flower and seede4 ,the ,vse of ,french ,mallowes4 ,it is much vsed as a pot-herbe1 especially when there is cause to moue the belly downward1 which by his slippery qualitie it doth helpe forward4 ,it hath beene in times past1 and so is to this day in some places1 vsed to be boyled or stewed1 eyther by it selfe with butter1 or with other herbes1 and so eaten4 ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,imtubum4 ,succorie and ,endiue4 ,i put both ,succorie and ,endiue into one chapter and description1 because they are both of one kindred2 and although they differ a little the one from the other1 yet they agree both in this1 that they are eaten eyther greene or whited1 of many4 ,endiue1 the smooth as well as the curld1 beareth a longer and a larger leafe then ,succorie1 and abideth but one yeare1 quickely running vp to stalke and seede1 and then perisheth3 whereas ,succorie abideth many years1 and hath long and narrower leaues1 somewhat more cut in1 or torne on the edges3 both of them haue blew flowers1 and the seede of the smooth or ordinary ,endiue is so like vnto the ,succorie1 that it is very hard to distinguish them asunder by sight2 but the curld ,endiue giueth blackish and flat seede1 very like vnto blacke ,lettice seede3 the rootes of the ,endiue perish1 but the ,succorie abideth4 ,the ,vse of ,succory and ,endiue4 ,although ,succorie bee somewhat more bitter in taste then the ,endiues1 yet it is oftentimes1 and of many eaten greene1 but more vsually being buried a while in sand1 that it may grow white1 which causeth it to lose both some part of the bitternesse1 as also to bee the more tender in the eating2 and ,horace sheweth it to be vsed in his time1 in the #cb4 ,ode of his first ,book1 where he saith1 ,me pascunt ,oliu1 me ,cithorea leuesqe ,malu4 ,endiue being whited in the same1 or any other manner1 is much vsed in winter1 as a sallet herbe with great delight2 but the curld ,endiue is both farre the fairer1 and the tenderer for that purpose4 ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,spinachia1 siue ,olus ,hispanicum4 ,spinach4 ,spinach or ,spinage is of three sorts 7yet some doe reckon of foure1 accounting that herbe that beareth no seede to be a sort of it selfe1 when it is but an accident of nature1 as it falleth out in ,hempe1 ,mercury1 and diuers other herbes7 two that bear prickly seed1 the one much greater then the other3 the third that beareth a smooth seede1 which is more daintie1 and noursed vp but in few ,gardens3 ,the common ,spinach which is the lesser of the two prickly sorts1 hath long greene leaues1 broad at the stalke1 and rent1 or torne as it were into foure corners1 and sharpe pointed at the ends3 it quickly runneth vp to stalke1 if it be sowen in the ,spring time2 but else1 if at the end of ,summer1 it will abide all the winter green1 and then suddenly in the very beginning of the ,spring1 runne vp to stalke1 bearing many leaues both below and at the toppe1 where there doth appeare many smal greenish flowers in clusters1 and after them prickly seede3 ,the other greater sort that hath prickly seede1 is in all things like the former but larger both in stalke1 leafe and seede4 ,the smooth ,spinach hath broader1 and a little rounder pointed leaues then the first1 especially the lower leaues2 for those that grow vpwards vpon the stalke1 are more pointed1 and as it were three square1 of as darke a greene colour as the former3 at the seuerall ioynts of the stalkes and branches1 stand clustering many small greenish flowers1 which turne into clusters of round whitish seede1 without any prickles at all vpon them3 the roote is long1 white and small1 like vnto the other1 with many fibres at it3 ,if it be often cut1 it will grow the thicker1 or else spindle vp very thinly1 and with but few leaues vpon the stalke4 ,the ,vse of ,spinage4 ,spinage is an herbe fit for sallets1 and for diuers other purposes for the table only2 for it is not knowne to bee vsed physically at all4 ,many ,english that haue learned it of the ,dutch people1 doe stew the herbe in a pot or pipkin1 without any other moisture then it owne1 and after the moisture is a little pressed from it1 they put butter1 and a little spice vnto it1 and make therewith a dish that many delight to eate of4 ,it is vsed likewise to be made into ,tartes1 and many other varieties of dishes1 as ,gentlewomen and their ,cookes can better tell than my selfe2 vnto whom ,i leaue the further ordering of these herbes1 and all other fruits and rootes of this ,garden3 ,for ,i intend only to giue you the knowledge of them1 with some briefe notes for their vse1 and no more4 ,illustration3 #a ,malua crispa4 ,french ,mallowes4 #b ,endiuia4 ,endiue4 #c ,cichorium4 ,succory4 #d ,spinachia4 ,spinach4 #e ,lactuca crispa4 ,curld ,lettice4 #f ,lactuca patula4 ,an open ,lettice4 #g ,lactuca capitata vulgaris4 ,ordinary cabbage ,lettice4 #h ,lactuca capitata ,romana4 ,the great ,romane cabbage ,lettice4 #i ,lactuca agueno4 ,corne ,sallet or ,lambes ,lettice4 ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,lactuca4 ,lettice4 ,there are so many sorts1 and so great diuersitie of ,lettice1 that ,i doubt ,i shall scarce be beleeued of a great many4 ,for ,i doe in this ,chapter reckon vp into you eleauen or twelue differing sorts2 some of little vse1 others of more1 being more common and vulgar2 and some that are of excellent vse and seruice1 which are more rare1 and require more knowledge and care for the ordering of them1 as also for their time of spending1 as some in the spring1 some in summer1 others in autumne1 and some being whited for the winter4 ,for all these sorts ,i shall not neede many descriptions1 but only shew you which doe cabbage1 and which are loose1 which of them are great or small1 white1 greene or red1 and which of them beare white seeds1 and which of them blacke4 ,and lastly ,i haue thought good to adde another ,sallet herbe1 which because it is called ,lambes ,lettice of many1 or ,corne ,sallet of others1 is put in only to fill vp a number in this ,chapter1 and that ,i must speake of it1 and not that ,i thinke it to be any of the kindes of ,lettice4 ,all sorts of ,lettice1 after a while that they haue closed themselues1 if they bee of the ,cabbage kindes1 or otherwise being loose1 and neuer closing1 send forth from among the middle of their leaues a round stalke 7in some greater1 in others lesser1 according to their kinde7 full of leaues like vnto the lower1 branching at the toppe into sundry parts1 whereon grow diuers small star-like flowers1 of a pale yellowish colour2 after which come seede1 eyther white or blackish1 as the plant yeeldeth1 whereat hangeth some small peece of a cottony doune1 wherewith the whole head is stored1 and is carried away with the winde1 if it be not gathered in time3 the roote is somewhat long and white1 with some fibres at it1 and perisheth quickely after the seede is ripe4 ,the ,romane red ,lettice is the best and greatest of all the rest4 ,for ,iohn ,tradescante that first1 as ,i thinke1 brought it into ,england1 and sowed it1 did write vnto mee1 that after one of them had been bound and whited1 when the refuse was cut away1 the rest weighed seuenteene ounces3 this hath blacke seede4 ,the white ,romane ,lettice is like vnto it1 hauing long leaues like a ,teasell1 it is in goodnesse next vnto the red1 but must be whited1 that it may eate kindly3 the seede hereof is white4 ,the ,virginia ,lettice hath single and very broade reddish leaues1 and is not of any great regard1 and therefore is kept but of a few3 it beareth blacke seede4 ,the common ,lumbard ,lettice that is loose1 and another kinde thereof that doth somewhat cabbage1 haue both white seedes4 ,the ,venice ,lettice is an excellent ,cabbage ,lettice1 and is best to bee sowen after ,midsummer for lateward ,lettice2 they be sometimes as great as the crowne of a mans hatt3 the seede hereof is white1 and groweth to be of a meane height4 ,our common ,cabbage ,lettice is well known1 and beareth blacke seede4 ,the curld ,lettice which is open1 and differeth but little from ,endiue1 beareth black seede4 ,another sort of curld ,lettice doth cabbage1 and is called ,flanders ,cropers1 or ,cropers of ,bruges2 this groweth lowest1 and hath the smallest head1 but very hard and round1 and white while it groweth3 the seed is blacke4 ,a kinde of ,romane ,lettice is of a darke green colour1 growing as low as the ,venice ,lettice1 and is an excellent kinde1 bearing blacke seede4 ,and lastly our winter ,lettice is wonderfull hardy to endure our cold3 ,it is but single1 and must be sowen at ,michaelmas1 but will be very good1 before any of the other good sorts sowen in the ,spring1 will be ready to be vsed1 and beareth white seed4 ,to instruct a nouice 7for ,i teach not a ,gardiner of knowledge7 how to gather his seede that it may be good1 is in this manner3 ,let him marke out those plants that hee meaneth shall run vp for seede1 which must be the most likely2 after they haue begun to shoote forth stalkes1 strip away the lowest leaues1 for two or three hands breadth aboue the ground1 that thereby in taking away the lowest leaues1 the stalke doe not rot1 nor the seed be hindered in the ripening4 ,there are two manner of wayes to whiten ,lettice to make them eate the more tender3 the one is by raysing vp earth like moale hils1 round about the plants while they are growing1 which will make them grow white3 the other is by tying vp all the loose leaues round together while it groweth1 that so the close tying may make it grow white1 and thereby be the more tender4 ,lambes ,lettice or ,corne ,sallet is a small plant while it is young1 growing close vpon the ground1 with many whitish greene1 long and narrow1 round pointed leaues1 all the winter1 and in the beginning of the spring 7if it bee sowen in autumne1 as it is vsuall to serue for an early sallet7 riseth vp with small round stalkes1 with two leaues at euery ioynt1 branching forth at the toppe1 and bearing tufts of small bleake blew flowers1 which turne into small round whitish seede3 the roote is small and long1 with some small threds hanging thereat3 the whole plant is of a waterish taste1 almost insipide4 ,the ,vse of ,lettice4 ,all sorts of ,lettice are spent in sallets1 with oyle and vinegar1 or as euery one please1 for the most part1 while they are fresh and greene1 or whited1 as is declared of some of the sorts before1 to cause them to eate the more delicate and tender4 ,they are also boyled1 to serue for many sorts of dishes of meate1 as the ,cookes know best4 ,they all coole a hot and fainting stomacke4 ,the iuice of ,lettice applyed with oyle of ,roses to the foreheads of the sicke and weake wanting sleepe1 procureth rest1 and taketh away paines in the head3 bound likewise to the cods1 it helpeth those that are troubled with the ,colts euill4 ,if a little camphire be added1 it restraineth immoderate lust3 but it is hurtfull to such as are troubled with the shortnesse of breath4 ,lambes ,lettice is wholly spent for sallets1 in the beginning of the yeare1 as ,i said1 before any almost of the other sorts of ,lettice are to be had4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,portulaca4 ,purslane4 ,purslane hath many thicke round shining red stalkes1 full of iuice1 lying vpon the ground for the most part2 whereon are set diuers long1 thicke1 pale green leaues1 sometimes alone by themselues1 and sometimes many small ones together with them2 among which grow small yellow flowers1 which stand in little greene huskes1 containing blacke seede3 the roote is small1 and perisheth euery yeare1 and must be new sowen in ,aprill1 in the alleyes of the ,garden betweene the beds1 as some haue heretofore vsed1 where it may haue the more moisture1 or1 as ,i haue seene in some ,gardens1 vpon those beds of dung that ,gardiners haue vsed to nourse vp their ,cowcumbers1 ,melons1 and ,pompions1 whereon after they haue been taken away1 they haue sowen ,purslane1 where if it be much watered1 the warmth of the dung1 and the water giuen it1 the ,purslane hath grown great and large1 and continued vntill winter4 ,the ,vse of ,purslane4 ,it is vsed as ,lettice in sallets1 to coole hot and faint stomackes in the hot time of the yeare1 but afterwards if only for delight1 it is not good to bee too prodigall in the vse thereof4 ,the seede of ,purslane doth coole much any inflammation inward or outward1 and doth a little binde withall4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,dracoherba siue ,tarchon ,dracunculus hortensis4 ,tarragon4 ,tarragon hath long and narrow darke greene leaues1 growing on slender and brittle round stalkes1 two or three foote high1 at the tops whereof grow forth long slender spikes of small yellowish flowers1 which seldome giue any good seede1 but a dustie or chaffie matter1 which flieth away with the winde3 the roote is white1 and creepeth about vnder ground1 whereby it much encreaseth3 the whole herbe is of a hot and biting taste4 ,the ,vse of ,tarragon4 ,it is altogether vsed among other cold herbes1 to temper their coldnesse1 and they to temper its heate1 so to giue the better rellish vnto the ,sallet2 but many doe not like the taste thereof1 and so refuse it4 ,there are some ,authors that haue held ,tarragon not to be an herbe of it owne kinde1 but that it was first produced1 by putting the seede of ,lin or ,flaxe into the roote of an ,onion1 being opened and so set into the ground1 which when it hath sprung1 hath brought forth this herbe ,tarragon1 which absurd and idle opinion1 ,matthiolus by certaine experience saith1 hath been found false4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,nasturtium hortense4 ,garden ,cresses4 ,garden ,cresses growe vp to the height of two foote or thereabouts1 hauing many small1 whitish1 broad1 endented1 torne leaues1 set together vpon a middle ribbe next the ground1 but those that growe higher vpon the stalkes are smaller and longer3 the tops of the stalkes are stored with white flowers1 which turne into flat pods or pouches1 like vnto ,shepheard purse1 wherein is contained flat reddish seede3 the roote perisheth euery yeare3 the taste both of leaues and seedes are somewhat strong1 hot1 and bitter4 ,the ,vse of ,cresses4 ,the ,dutchmen and others vse to eate ,cresses familiarly with their butter and bread1 as also stewed or boyled1 either alone or with other herbes1 whereof they make a ,hotch potch1 and so eate it4 ,wee doe eate it mixed among ,lettice or ,purslane1 and sometimes with ,tarragon or ,rocket1 with oyle and vinegar and a little salt1 and in that manner it is very sauoury to some mens stomackes4 ,the vse of ,cresses physically is1 it helpeth to expectorate tough flegme1 as also for the paines of the breast2 and as it is thought taketh away spots1 being laid to with vinegar4 ,the seede is giuen of many to children for the wormes4 ,illustration3 #a ,portulaca4 ,purslane4 #b ,dracho herba seu ,tarchon4 ,tarragon4 #c ,eruca satiua4 ,garden ,rocket4 #d ,nasturtium sativum4 ,garden ,cresses4 #e ,sinapi4 ,mustard4 #f ,asparagus4 ,asparagus or ,sperage4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxiiii4 ,eruca satiua4 ,garden ,rocket4 ,ovr ,garden ,rocket is but a wilde kinde brought into ,gardens2 for the true ,romane ,rocket hath larger leaues2 this hath many long leaues1 much torne or rent on the edges1 smaller and narrower then the ,romane kinde3 the flowers hereof are of a pale yellowish colour1 whereas the true is whitish1 consisting of foure leaues3 the seede of this is reddish1 contained in smaller and longer pods then the true1 which are shorter and thicker1 and the seede of a whitish yellow colour3 the rootes of both perish as soone as they haue giuen seede4 ,some haue taken one sort of the wilde kinde for ,mustard1 and haue vsed the seede for the same purpose4 ,the ,vse of ,rocket4 ,it is for the most part eaten with ,lettice1 ,purslane1 or such cold herbes1 and not alone1 because of its heate and strength2 but that with the white seede is milder4 ,the seede of ,rocket is good to prouoke vrine1 and to stirre vp bodily lust4 ,the seede bruised1 and mixed with a little vinegar1 and of the gall of an ,oxe1 cleanseth the face of freckles1 spots1 and blew markes1 that come by beatings1 fals1 or otherwaies4 ,matthiolus saith1 that the leaues boyled1 and giuen with some ,sugar to little children1 cureth them of the cough4 ,the seede is held to be helpfull to spleneticke persons2 as also to kill the wormes of the belly4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,sinapi sativum4 ,garden ,mustard4 ,the ,mustard that is most vsuall in this ,country1 howsoeuer diuers doe for their priuate vses sowe it in their ,gardens or ,orchards1 in some conuenient corner1 yet the same is found wilde also abroad in many places4 ,it hath many rough long diuided leaues1 of an ouerworne greene colour3 the stalke is diuided at the toppe into diuers branches1 whereon growe diuers pale yellow flowers1 in a great length1 which turne into small long pods1 wherein is contained blackish seede1 inclining to rednesse1 of a fiery sharpe taste3 the roote is tough and white1 running deepe into the ground1 with many small fibres at it4 ,the ,vse of ,mustard4 ,the seede hereof grownd between two stones1 fitted for the purpose1 and called a ,querne1 with some good vinegar added vnto it1 to make it liquid and running1 is that kinde of ,mustard that is vsually made of all sorts1 to serue as sawce both for fish and flesh4 ,the same liquid ,mustard is of good vse1 being fresh1 for ,epilepticke persons1 to warme and quicken those dull spirits that are sopite and scarce appeare1 if it be applyed both inwardly and outwardly4 ,it is with good successe also giuen to those that haue short breathes1 and troubled with a cough in the lungs4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,asparagus4 ,sperage or ,asparagus4 ,asparagus riseth vp at the first with diuers whitish greene scaly heads1 very brittle or easie to breake while they are young1 which afterwards rise vp into very long and slender greene stalkes1 of the bignesse of an ordinary riding wand at the bottome of most1 or bigger or lesser1 as the rootes are of growth1 on which are set diuers branches of greene leaues1 shorter and smaller then ,fennell vp to the toppe1 at the ioynts whereof come forth small mossie yellowish flowers1 which turne into round berries1 greene at the first1 and of an excellent red colour when they are ripe1 shewing as if they were beades of ,corrall1 wherein are contained exceeding hard and blacke seede3 the rootes are dispersed from a spongious head into many long1 thicke1 and round strings1 whereby it sucketh much nourishment out of the ground1 and encreaseth plentifully thereby4 ,we haue another kinde hereof that is of much greater account1 because the shootes are larger1 whiter1 and being dressed taste more sweete and pleasant1 without any other difference4 ,the ,vse of ,asparagus4 ,the first shootes or heads of ,asparagus are a ,sallet of as much esteeme with all sorts of persons1 as any other whatsoeuer1 being boyled tender1 and eaten with butter1 vinegar1 and pepper1 or oyle and vinegar1 or as euery ones manner doth please2 and are almost wholly spent for the pleasure of the pallate4 ,it is specially good to prouoke vrine1 and for those that are troubled with the stone or grauell in the reines or kidneyes1 because it doth a little open and cleanse those parts4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 ,brassica4 ,cabbages and ,coleworts4 ,there is greater diuersity in the forme and colour of the leaues of this plant1 then there is in any other that ,i know groweth vpon the ground4 ,but this place requireth not the knowledge of all sorts which might be shewen1 many of them being of no vse with vs for the table1 but for delight1 to behold the wonderfull variety of the workes of ,god herein4 ,i will here therefore shew you onely those sorts that are ordinary in most ,gardens1 and some that are rare1 receiued into some especiall ,gardens3 ,and first of ,cabbages1 and then of ,coleworts4 ,our ordinary ,cabbage that closeth hard and round1 hath at the first great large thicke leaues1 of a grayish greene colour1 with thicke great ribbes1 and lye open most part of the ,summer without closing1 but toward the end of ,summer1 being growne to haue many leaues1 it then beginneth to growe close and round in the middle1 and as it closeth1 the leaues growe white inward2 yet there be some kindes that will neuer be so close as these1 but will remaine halfe open1 which wee doe not account to be so good as the other3 in the middle of this head1 the next yeare after the sowing1 in other ,countries especially1 and sometimes in ours1 if the ,winter be milde1 as may be seene in diuers ,gardens 7but to preuent the danger of our ,winter frosts1 our ,gardiners now doe vse to take vp diuers ,cabbages with their rootes1 and tying a cloth or some such thing about the rootes1 doe hang them vp in their houses1 where they may be defended from cold1 and then set them againe after the frosts are past7 and then there shooteth out a great thicke stalke1 diuided at the toppe into many branches1 bearing thereon diuers small flowers1 sometime white1 but most commonly yellow1 made of foure leaues1 which turne into long1 round1 and pointed pods1 containing therein small round seede1 like vnto ,turnep seede3 the roote spreadeth not farre nor deepe1 and dyeth vsually in any great froste2 for a small frost maketh the ,cabbage eate the tenderer4 ,the red ,cabbage is like vnto the white1 last spoken of1 but differing in colour and greatnesse2 for it is seldome found so great as the white1 and the colour of the leaues is very variable1 as being in some stript with red1 in others more red1 or very deepe red or purple4 ,the sugar loafe ,cabbage1 so called because it is smaller at the toppe then it is at the bottome1 and is of two sorts1 the one white1 the other greene4 ,the ,sauoy ,cabbadge1 one is of a deepe greene coloured leafe1 and curld when it is to be gathered2 the other is yellowish3 neyther of both these doe close so well as the first1 but yet are vsed of some1 and accounted good4 ,the ,cole flower is a kinde of ,coleworte1 whose leaues are large1 and like the ,cabbage leaues1 but somewhat smaller1 and endented about the edges1 in the middle wherof1 sometimes in the beginning of ,autumne1 and sometimes much sooner1 there appeareth a hard head of whitish yellow tufts of flowers1 closely thrust together1 but neuer open1 nor spreading much with vs1 which then is fittest to be vsed1 the green leaues being cut away close to the head3 this hath a much pleasanter taste then eyther the ,coleworte1 or ,cabbage of any kinde1 and is therefore of the more regard and respect at good mens tables4 ,the ordinary ,coleworte is sufficiently knowne not to close or cabbage1 and giueth seede plentifully enough4 ,the other ,colewortes that are noursed vp with those that delight in curiosities1 besides the aforesaid ordinary greene1 which is much vsed of ,dutchmen1 and other strangers1 are these3 ,the ,curld ,coleworte eyther wholly of a greene colour1 or of diuers colours in one plant1 as white1 yellow1 red1 purple or crimson1 so variably mixed1 the leaues being curld on the edges1 like a ruffe band1 that it is very beautifull to behold4 ,there is also another curld ,colewort of lesse beauty and respect1 being but a little curld on the edges1 whose leaues are white1 edged with red1 or green edged with white4 ,two other there are1 the one of a popingaye greene colour3 the other of a fine deepe greene1 like vnto the ,sauoyes4 ,then there is the ,cole rape1 which is also a kinde of ,coleworte1 that beareth a white heade1 or headed stalke aboue the ground1 as bigge as a reasonable ,turnep1 but longer1 and from the toppe thereof springeth out diuers great leaues1 like vnto ,colewortes2 among which rise diuers stalkes that beare yellow flowers1 and seede in pods1 almost as small as ,mustard seede3 the roote is somewhat long1 and very bushie with threds4 ,the ,vse of ,cabbages and ,colewortes4 ,they are most vsually boyled in poudered beefe broth vntil they be tender1 and then eaten with much fat put among them4 ,the great ribs of the ,popingay1 and deepe greene ,colewortes1 beeing boyled and layde into dishes1 are serued to the table with oyle and vinegar in the ,lent time for very good sallets4 ,in the cold ,countries of ,russia and ,muscouia1 they pouder vp a number of ,cabbages1 which serue them1 especially the poorer sort1 for their most ordinary foode in winter2 and although they stinke most grieuously1 yet to them they are accounted good meate4 ,it is thought1 that the vse of them doth hinder the milke in ,nurses breasts1 causing it to dry vp quickely3 but many women that haue giuen sucke to my knowledge haue denyed that assertion1 affirming that they haue often eaten them1 and found no such effect4 ,how it might proue in more delicate bodies then theirs that thus said1 ,i cannot tell but ,matthiolus auerreth it to encrease milke in ,nurses breastes2 so differing are the opinions of many4 ,the seede grossely bruised and boyled a little in flesh broth1 is a present remedie for the ,collicke2 the seede and the broth being taken together1 easing them that are troubled therewith of all griping paines3 as also for the stone in the kidneyes4 ,a ,lohoc or licking ,electuary made of the pulpe of the boyled stalkes1 and a little honey and ,almond milke1 is very profitable for shortnesse of breath1 and those that are entering into a ,consumption of the lunges4 ,it hath beene formerly held to be helpefull in all diseases3 for ,crisippus1 an ancient ,physitian1 wrote a whole ,volume of the vertues1 applying it to all the parts of the body3 which thing neede not seeme wonderfull1 in that it is recorded by writers1 that the old ,romanes hauing expelled ,physitians out of their ,common-wealth1 did for many hundred of yeares maintaine their health by the vse of ,cabbages1 taking them for euery disease4 ,illustration3 #a ,brassica capitata4 ,close ,cabbage4 #b ,brassica patula4 ,open ,cabbage4 #c ,brassica ,sabaudica crispa4 ,curld ,sauoye4 ,colewort4 #d ,caulis florida4 ,cole flower4 #e ,caulis crispa4 ,curld ,colewort4 #f ,caulis crispa variata4 ,changeable ,curld ,colewort4 #g ,rapocaulis4 ,cole rape4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 ,sisarum4 ,skirrets4 ,after all the herbes before rehearsed1 fit for sallets1 or otherwise to bee eaten1 there must follow such rootes as are vsed to the same purpose3 and first1 ,skirrets haue many leaues next the ground1 composed of many small smooth green leaues1 set each against other vpon a middle ribbe1 and euery one snipt about the edges3 the stalke riseth vp two or three foote high1 set with the like leaues1 hauing at the toppe spoakie tufts of white flowers1 which turne into small seede1 somewhat bigger and darker then ,parsley seede3 the rootes be many growing together at one head1 beeing long1 slender1 rugged or vneuen1 of a whitish colour on the outside1 and more white within1 hauing in the middle of the roote a long small hard pith or string3 these heads are vsually taken vp in ,february and ,march1 or sooner if any so please1 the greater number of them being broken off to bee vsed1 the rest are planted againe after the heads are separated1 and hereby they are encreased euery yeare by many2 but it is now adayes more sowen of the seed1 which come forwards well enough if the ground be fat and good4 ,the ,vse of ,skirrets4 ,the rootes being boyled1 peeled and pithed1 are stewed with butter1 pepper and salt1 and so eaten2 or as others vse them1 to roule them in flower1 and fry them with butter1 after they haue beene boyled1 peeled and pithed3 each way1 or any way that men please to vse them1 they may finde their taste to be very pleasant1 far beyond any ,parsnep1 as all agree that taste them4 ,some doe vse also to eate them as a sallet1 colde with vinegar1 oyle1 c4 being first boyled and dressed as before said4 ,they doe helpe to prouoke vrine1 and as is thought1 to procure bodily lust1 in that they are a little windy4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,pastinaca satiua latifolia4 ,parsneps4 ,the common garden ,parsnep hath diuers large winged leaues lying vpon the ground1 that is1 many leaues set one by another on both sides of a middle stalk1 somewhat like as the ,skirret hath1 but much larger1 and closer set3 the stalke riseth vp great and tall1 fiue or six foot high sometimes1 with many such leaues thereon at seuerall ioynts2 the top whereof is spread into diuers branches1 whereon stand spoakie rundles of yellow flowers1 which turne into brownish flat seede3 the root is long1 great and white1 very pleasant to bee eaten1 and the more pleasant if it grow in a fat sandy soyle4 ,there is another sort of garden ,parsnep1 called the ,pine ,parsnep1 that is not common in euery ,garden1 and differeth from the former in three notable parts4 ,the root is not so long1 but thicker at the head and smaller below2 the stalke is neither so bigge1 nor so high2 and the seede is smaller3 yet as ,iohn ,tradescante saith 7who hath giuen me the relation of this1 and many other of these garden plants1 to whom euery one is a debtor7 the roote hereof is not altogether so pleasant as the other4 ,moreouer the wilde kinde1 which groweth in many places of ,england 7and wherof in some places there might be gathered a quarter sacke full of the seede7 if it be sowen in ,gardens1 and there well ordered1 will proue as good as the former kinde of ,garden ,parsneps4 ,illustration3 #a ,sisarum4 ,skirrets4 #b ,pastinaca latifolia4 ,parsneps4 #c ,pastinaca tenuifolia4 ,carrets4 #d ,rapum4 ,turneps4 #e ,napus sativus4 ,navewes4 #f ,raphanus niger4 ,blacke ,raddish4 #g ,raphanus vulgaris4 ,common ,raddish4 ,the ,vse of ,parsneps4 ,the ,parsnep root is a great nourisher1 and is much more vsed in the time of ,lent1 being boyled and stewed with butter1 then in any other time of the yeare2 yet it is very good all the winter long4 ,the seede helpeth to dissolue winde1 and to prouoke vrine4 ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,pastina satiua tenuifolia4 ,carrots4 ,the ,carrot hath many winged leaues1 rising from the head of the roote1 which are much cut and diuided into many other leaues1 and they also cut and diuided into many parts1 of a deepe greene colour1 some whereof in ,autumne will turne to be of a fine red or purple 7the beautie whereof allureth many ,gentlewomen oftentimes to gather the leaues1 and sticke them in their hats or heads1 or pin them on their armes in stead of feathers73 the stalke riseth vp among the leaues1 bearing many likewise vpon it1 but nothing so high as the ,parsnep1 being about three foote high1 bearing many spoakie tufts of white flowers1 which turne into small rough seede1 as if it were hairy1 smelling reasonable well if it bee rubbed3 the roote is round and long1 thicke aboue and small below1 eyther red or yellow1 eyther shorter or longer1 according to his kinde2 for there is one kinde1 whose roote is wholly red quite thoroughout2 another whose roote is red without for a pretty way inward1 but the middle is yellow4 ,then there is the yellow1 which is of two sorts1 both long and short3 ,one of the long yellow sorts1 which is of a pale yellow1 hath the greatest and longest roote1 and likewise the greatest head of greene1 and is for the most part the worst1 being spongy1 and not firme4 ,the other is of a deepe gold yellow colour1 and is the best1 hauing a smaller head1 or tuft of greene leaues vpon it4 ,the shorte rootes are likewise distinguished1 into pale and deepe yellow colours4 ,the ,vse of ,carrots4 ,all these sorts being boyled in the broth of beefe1 eyther fresh or salt1 but more vsually of salted beefe1 are eaten with great pleasure1 because of the sweetenesse of them3 but they nourish lesse then ,parsneps or ,skirrets4 ,i haue not often knowne the seede of this ,garden kinde to bee vsed in ,physicke3 but the wilde kinde is often and much vsed to expell winde1 c4 ,,chap4 ,,xli4 ,rapum hortense4 ,turneps4 ,there are diuers sorts of ,turneps1 as white1 yellow1 and red3 the white are the most common1 and they are of two kinds1 the one much sweeter then the other4 ,the yellow and the red are more rare1 and noursed vp only by those that are curious3 as also the ,navewe1 which is seene but with very few4 ,the ordinary ,garden ,turnep hath many large1 and long rough greene leaues1 with deepe and vneuen gashes on both sides of them3 the stalke riseth vp among the leaues about two foote high1 spread at the toppe into many branches1 bearing thereon yellow flowers1 which turne into long pods1 with blackish round seede in them3 the roote is round and white1 some greater1 some smaller2 the best kinde is knowne to be flat1 with a small pigges tale-like roote vnderneath it2 the worser kinde which is more common in many places of this land1 both ,north and ,west1 is round1 and not flat1 with a greater pigges tayle-like roote vnderneath4 ,the yellow kinde doth often grow very great1 it is hardly discerned from the ordinary kinde while it groweth1 but by the greatnesse and spreading of the leaues beeing boyled1 the roote changeth more yellow1 somewhat neare the colour of a ,carrot4 ,the red ,turnep groweth vsually greater then any of the other1 especially in a good ground1 being of a faire red colour on the outside1 but being pared1 as white as any other on the inside4 ,this1 as ,matthiolus saith1 doth grow in the ,countrey of ,anania1 where hee hath seene an infinite number of them that haue waighed fifty pound a peece1 and in some places hee saith1 a hundred pound a peece1 both which we would thinke to be incredible1 but that we see the kind is greatly giuen to grow1 and in warme ,countries they may so thriue1 that the bulke or bignesse of the roote may so farre passe the growth of our ,countrey1 as that it may rise to that quantity aboue specified4 ,the ,navew gentle is of two kindes1 a smaller and a greater2 the smaller is vsually called in ,france1 ,naveau de ,cane1 the roote is somewhat long with the roundnesse2 this kinde is twice as bigge as a mans thumbe1 and many of them lesse3 ,the other is long and great1 almost as big as the short ,carrot1 but for the most part of an vneuen length1 and roundnesse vnto the very end1 where it spreadeth into diuers small long fibres3 neyther of them doth differ much from the ,turnep1 in leafe1 flower or seed4 ,the ,vse of ,turneps4 ,being boyled in salt broth1 they all of them eate most kindly1 and by reason of their sweetnesse are much esteemed1 and often seene as a dish at good mens tables3 but the greater quantitie of them are spent at poore mens feasts4 ,they nourish much1 and engender moist and loose flesh1 and are very windy4 ,the seede of the ,navew gentle is 7as ,i take it7 called of ,andromachus in the composition of his ,treakle1 ,bunias dulcis3 for ,dioscorides and ,plinie doe both say1 that the seede of the tame ,bunias or ,napus is put into ,antidotes1 and not the seede of the wilde1 which is more sharpe and bitter2 neyther the seede of the ,turnep1 which is called in ,greeke 1 in ,latine ,rapum1 because the seede is not sweete4 ,,chap4 ,,xlii4 ,raphanus4 ,raddish4 ,there are two principall kindes of ,garden ,raddish1 the one is blackish on the outside1 and the other white2 and of both these there is some diuision againe1 as shall be shewed4 ,dittander and horse ,raddish be reckoned kinds thereof4 ,the ordinary ,raddish hath long leaues1 vneuenly gashed on both sides1 the stalke riseth vp to the height of three or foure foote1 bearing many purplish flowers at the top1 made of foure leaues a peece1 which turne into thicke and short pods1 wherein are contained round seede1 greater then ,turnep or ,coleworte seede1 and of a pale reddish colour3 the roote is long1 white1 and of a reddish purple colour on the outside toward the toppe of it1 and of a sharpe biting taste4 ,there is a small kind of ,raddish that commeth earlier then the former1 that we haue had out of the low ,countries1 not differing in any thing else4 ,the blacke ,raddish ,i haue had brought me out of the lowe ,countries1 where they sell them in some places by the pound1 and is accounted with them a rare winter sallet3 the roote of the best kinde is blackish on the outside 7and yet the seede gathered from such an one1 hath after the sowing againe1 giuen rootes1 whereof some haue beene blacke1 but the most part white on the outside7 and white within1 great and round at the head1 almost like a ,turnep1 but ending shorter then a ,raddish1 and longer then a ,turnep1 almost peare-fashion1 of a firmer and harder substance then the ordinary ,raddish1 but no lesse sharpe and biting1 and somewhat strong withall2 the leaues are somewhat smaller1 and with deeper gashes1 the flower and seede are like the former1 but smaller4 ,another sort of blacke ,raddish is like in leafe and seede to the former1 but the flower is of a lighter purple colour3 the roote is longer and smaller1 and changeth also to bee white as the former doth1 so that ,i thinke they haue both risen from one kinde4 ,the ,horse ,raddish is a kinde of wilde ,raddish1 but brought into ,gardens for the vse of it1 and hath great large and long greene leaues1 which are not so much diuided1 but dented about the edges3 the roote is long and great1 much stronger in taste then the former1 and abideth diuers yeares1 spreading with branches vnder ground4 ,dittander is likewise a wilde kinde hereof1 hauing long pointed blewish greene leaues1 and a roote that creepeth much vnder ground3 ,i confesse this might haue bin placed among the herbes1 because the leaues and not the rootes are vsed2 but let it passe now with the kindes of ,raddish4 ,the ,vse of these ,raddishes4 ,raddishes doe serue vsually as a stimulum before meat1 giuing an appetite thereunto2 the poore eate them alone with bread and salt4 ,some that are early sowen1 are eaten in ,aprill1 or sooner if the season permit2 others come later2 and some are sowen late to serue for the end of ,summer3 but 7as of all things else7 the earlier are the more accepted4 ,the blacke ,raddishes are most vsed in the winter1 7yet some in their naturall and not forc'd grounds1 haue their rootes good most part of the ,summer7 and therefore must bee sowen after ,midsomer2 for if they should bee sowen earlier1 they would presently runne vp to stalke and seed1 and so lose the benefit of the roote4 ,the ,physicall propertie is1 it is often vsed in medicines that helpe to breake the stone1 and to auoyde grauell4 ,the ,horse ,raddish is vsed ,physically1 very much in ,melancholicke1 ,spleneticke and ,scorbuticke diseases4 ,and some vse to make a kinde of ,mustard with the rootes1 and eate it with fish4 ,dittander or ,pepperworte is vsed of some cold churlish stomackes1 as a sawce or sallet sometimes to their meate1 but it is too hot1 bitter and strong for weake and tender stomackes4 ,our ,gardiners about ,london vse great fences of reede tyed together1 which seemeth to bee a mat set vpright1 and is as good as a wall to defend the cold from those things that would be defended1 and to bring them forwards the earlier4 ,,chap4 ,,xliii4 ,cep4 ,onions4 ,illustration3 #a ,raphanus rusticanus4 ,horse ,raddish4 #b ,lepidium siue ,piperitis4 ,dittander4 #c ,cep rotunda4 ,round ,onions4 #d ,cep long4 ,long ,onions4 #e ,porrum4 ,leekes4 #f ,allium4 ,garlicke4 #g ,rapunculus4 ,rampions4 #h ,tragopogon4 ,goates beard4 ,wee haue diuers sorts of ,onions1 both white and red1 flat1 round and long1 as shall be presently shewed3 ,but ,i will doe with these as ,i doe with the rest1 only giue you one description for them all1 and afterwards their seuerall names and varieties1 as they are to be known by4 ,our common ,garden ,onion hath diuers long greene hollow leaues1 seeming halfe flat2 among which riseth vp a great round hollow stalke1 bigger in the middle then any where else1 at the toppe whereof standeth a close round head1 couered at the first with a thin skinne1 which breaketh when the head is growne1 and sheweth forth a great vmbell of white flowers1 which turne into blacke seede3 but then the head is so heauie that the stalke cannot sustaine it1 but must be vpheld from falling to the ground1 lest it rot and perish3 the roote as all know is round1 in some greater1 in others lesser1 or flat1 in some red on the outside only1 in others quite thorough out1 in some white1 and very sharpe and strong1 in others milder1 and more pleasant1 and some so pleasant that they may be eaten as an ,apple3 ,all these kinds of ,onions1 contrary to the nature of all other bulbous rootes1 haue no off-set1 or other roote growing to it1 but are euery one alone single by themselues2 and therefore it seemeth1 the ,latines1 as ,columella recordeth1 haue giuen it the name ,vnio1 and the ,french it should seeme following the ,latine1 and the ,english the ,french1 do call it ,oignon and ,onion1 as an vnite1 or as if they were but one and one1 and dye euery yeare after seed bearing4 ,the red flat kinde is most vsually with vs the strongest of them all1 yet ,i haue had a great red ,onion brought mee from beyond ,sea1 that was as great almost as two mens fistes1 flat and red quite thoroughout1 and very pleasant both to smell vnto1 and to eate1 but did quickly degenerate2 so that we plainly see1 that the soyle and climate doth giue great alteration to plants of all sorts4 ,the long kinde wee call ,st4 ,omers ,onions1 and corruptly among the vulgar1 ,st4 ,thomas ,onions4 ,the other red kinde we call ,strasborough ,onions1 whose outside onely is red1 and are very sharpe and fierce4 ,the white ,onions both long and flat1 are like vnto ,chalke-stones lying vpon the ground1 when they are ripe and fit to be gathered4 ,and lastly1 there is the ,spanish ,onion1 both long and flat1 very sweete1 and eaten by many like an apple1 but as ,iohn ,tradescante saith1 who hath beene in ,spaine1 that the ,spaniards themselues doe not eate them so familiarly1 as they doe those white ,onions that come out of our owne ,countrey1 which they haue there more plentifully then their sweete ,onions4 ,the ,vse of ,onions4 ,onions are vsed many wayes1 as sliced and put into pottage1 or boyled and peeled and layde in dishes for sallets at supper1 or sliced and put into water1 for a sawce for mutton or oysters1 or into meate roasted being stuffed with ,parsly1 and so many waies that ,i cannot recount them1 euery one pleasing themselues1 according to their order1 manner or delight4 ,onions boyled or rosted vnder the embers1 and mixed with sugar and butter1 are good for those that are troubled with coughes1 shortnesse of breath1 and wheesing4 ,an ,onion made hollow at the bottome1 and some good ,treakle put into it1 with a little iuyce of ,citrons 7or ,lemons in the stead thereof7 being well baked together vnder the embers1 after the hole is stopped againe1 and then strained forth1 and giuen to one that hath the plague1 is very helpefull1 so as hee be laid to sweate vpon it4 ,the iuice of ,onions is much vsed to be applyed to any burnings with fire1 or with ,gun-pouder1 or to any scaldings with water or oyle1 and is most familiar for the ,country1 where vpon such sudden occasions they haue not a more fit or speedy remedie at hand3 ,the strong smell of ,onions1 and so also of ,garlicke and ,leekes1 is quite taken away from offending the head or eyes1 by the eating of ,parsley leaues after them4 ,,chap4 ,,xliiii4 ,porrum4 ,leekes4 ,there be likewise sundry sorts of ,leekes1 both great and small4 ,leekes are very like vnto ,onions1 hauing long green hollow-like leaues1 flattish on the one side1 and with a ridge or crest on the backe side3 if they bee suffered to grow vncut1 then in the second or third yeare after the sowing1 they will send forth a round and slender stalke1 euen quite throughout1 and not swollen or bigger in the middle like the ,onion1 bearing at the toppe a head of purplish flowers1 and blacke seede after them1 very like vnto ,onion seede1 that it is hard to distinguish them3 the root is long and white1 with a great bush of fibres hanging at it1 which they call the beards4 ,the vnset ,leeke hath longer and slenderer roots then the other1 which being transplanted1 groweth thicker and greater4 ,the ,french ,leeke1 which is called the ,vine ,leeke1 is the best of all others4 ,our common kinde is of two sorts1 one greater then another4 ,another sort encreaseth altogether by the roote1 as ,garlicke doth4 ,and then ,ciues1 which are the smallest1 and encrease aboundantly only by the root4 ,some doe account ,scalions to be rather a kinde of ,onions then ,leekes1 and call them ,cepa ,ascalonica1 or ,ascalonitides1 which will quickly spend it selfe1 if it be suffered to be vncut2 but all ,authors affirme1 that there is no wilde kinde of ,onion1 vnlesse they would haue it to be ,gethyum1 whereof ,theophrastus maketh mention1 saying1 that it hath a long necke 7and so these ,scalions haue7 and was also of some called ,gethyllides1 which antiquity accounted to be dedicated to ,latona1 the mother of ,apollo1 because when she was bigge with childe of ,apollo1 she longed for these ,leekes4 ,the ,vse of ,leekes4 ,the old ,world1 as wee finde in ,scripture1 in the time of the children of ,israels being in ,egypt1 and no doubt long before1 fed much vpon ,leekes1 ,onions1 and ,garlicke boyled with flesh2 and the antiquity of the ,gentiles relate the same manner of feeding on them1 to be in all ,countries the like1 which howsoeuer our dainty age now refuseth wholly1 in all sorts except the poorest2 yet ,muscouia and ,russia vse them1 and the ,turkes to this day1 7as ,bellonius writeth7 obserue to haue them among their dishes at their tables1 yea although they be ,bashas1 ,cades1 or ,vaiuodas1 that is to say1 ,lords1 ,iudges1 or ,gouernours of countries and places4 ,they are vsed with vs also sometimes in ,lent to make pottage1 and is a great and generall feeding in ,wales with the vulgar ,gentlemen4 ,ciues are vsed as well to be shred among other herbes for the pot1 as to be put into a ,sallet among other herbs1 to giue it a quicker relish4 ,leekes are held to free the chest and lungs from much corruption and rotten flegme1 that sticketh fast therein1 and hard to be auoided1 as also for them that through hoarsenesse haue lost their voice1 if they be eyther taken rawe1 or boyled with broth of barley1 or some such other supping1 fit and conducing thereunto4 ,and baked vnder hot embers is a remedy against a surfeit of ,mushromes4 ,the greene blades of ,leekes being boyled and applyed warme to the ,hemorrhoides or piles1 when they are swolne and painfull1 giue a great deale of ease4 ,,chap4 ,,xlv4 ,allium4 ,garlicke4 ,i ,haue spoken of diuers sorts of ,garlicke called ,moly1 in the former booke3 ,i shall neede in this place to shew onely those kindes1 that this ,garden nourseth vp1 and leaue the rest to his fit time and place4 ,garlicke hath many long greene leaues1 like vnto ,onions1 but much larger1 and not hollow at all as ,onions are2 the stalke riseth vp to be about three foote high1 bearing such a head at the toppe thereof as ,onions and ,leekes doe1 with purplish flowers1 and blacke seede like ,leekes3 the roote is white within1 couered ouer with many purplish skins1 and is diuided into many parts or cloues1 which serue both to set againe for increase1 and also to vse as neede shall require1 and is of a very strong smell and taste1 as euery one knoweth1 passing either ,onions or ,leekes1 but exceeding wholsome withall for them that can take it4 ,allium ,vrsinum4 ,ramsons4 ,ramsons are another kinde of ,garlicke1 and hath two or three faire broade leaues1 of a fresh or light greene colour1 pointed at the end3 the stalke groweth about an hand length high1 bearing many small and pure white starre-like flowers at the toppe1 and afterwards small1 blacke1 and smooth round seede3 the roote is also diuided into many parts1 whereby it is much encreased1 and is much milder then the former1 both in smell and taste4 ,the ,vse of ,garlicke4 ,it being well boyled in salt broth1 is often eaten of them that haue strong stomackes1 but will not brooke in a weake and tender stomacke4 ,it is accounted1 and so called in diuers ,countries1 ,the poore mans ,treakle1 that is1 a remedy for all diseases4 ,it is neuer eaten rawe of any man that ,i know1 as other of the rootes aforesaid1 but sodden alwaies and so taken4 ,ramsons are oftentimes eaten with bread and butter1 and otherwise also1 as euery mans affection and course of life leadeth him to vse4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvi4 ,rapunculus siue ,rapuntium4 ,rampions4 ,garden ,rampions are of two sorts1 the one greater1 the other lesser3 the leaues of ,rampions are in the one somewhat broad like a ,beete1 in the other somewhat long and narrow1 and a little broader at the end1 of a light greene colour1 lying flat vpon the ground all the first winter1 or yeare of the springing1 and the next ,spring shooteth forth stalkes two or three foote high1 bearing at the toppe1 in the bigger sort1 a long slender spike of small horned or crooked flowers1 which open their brimmes into foure leaues2 in the lesser many small purplish bels1 standing vpon seuerall small foote-stalkes1 which turne into heads1 bearing small blackish seede3 the root is white1 branched into two or three rootes1 of the bignesse and length of a mans finger or thumbe4 ,the ,vse of ,rampions4 ,the rootes of both are vsed for ,sallets1 being boyled1 and then eaten with oyle and vinegar1 a little salt and pepper4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvii4 ,tragopogon4 ,goates beard4 ,goates beard hath many long and narrow leaues1 broader at the bottome1 and sharper at the end1 with a ridge downe the backe of the leafe1 and of a pale greene colour2 among which riseth vp a stalke of two or three foote high1 smooth and hollow1 bearing thereon many such like leaues1 but smaller and shorter1 and at the toppe thereof on euery branch a great double yellow flower1 like almost vnto the flower of a ,dandelion1 which turneth into a head1 stored with doune1 and long whitish seede therein1 hauing on the head of euery one some part of the doune1 and is carried away with the winde if it bee neglected3 the roote is long and round1 somewhat like vnto a ,parsnep1 but farre smaller1 blackish on the outside1 and white within1 yeelding a milkie iuyce being broken1 as all the rest of the plant doth1 and of a very good and pleasant taste4 ,this kinde1 as also another with narrower leaues1 almost like grasse1 growe wilde abroad in many places1 but are brought into diuers ,gardens4 ,the other two kindes formerly described in the first part1 the one with a purple flower1 and the other with an ash-coloured1 haue such rootes as these here described1 and may serue also to the same purpose1 being of equall goodnesse1 if any will vse them in the same manner2 that is1 while they are young1 and of the first yeares sowing1 else they all growe hard1 in running vp to seede4 ,the ,vse of ,goates beard4 ,if the rootes of any of these kindes being young1 be boyled and dressed as a ,parsnep1 they make a pleasant dish of meate1 farre passing the ,parsnep in many mens iudgements1 and that with yellow flowers to be the best4 ,they are of excellent vse being in this manner prepared1 or after any other fit and conuenient way1 to strengthen those that are macilent1 or growing into any consumption4 ,,chap4 ,,xlviii4 ,carum4 ,carawayes4 ,carawayes hath many very fine cut and diuided leaues lying on the ground1 being alwaies greene1 somewhat resembling the leaues of ,carrots1 but thinner1 and more finely cut1 of a quicke1 hot1 and spicie taste3 the stalke riseth not much higher then the ,carrot stalke1 bearing some leaues at the ioynts along the stalke to the toppe1 where it brancheth into three or foure parts1 bearing spoakie vmbels of white flowers1 which turne into small blackish seede1 smaller then ,aniseede1 and of a hotter and quicker taste3 the roote is whitish1 like vnto a ,parsnep1 but much smaller1 more spreading vnder ground1 and a little quicke in taste1 as all the rest of the plant is1 and abideth long after it hath giuen seede4 ,the ,vse of ,carawayes4 ,the rootes of ,carawayes being boyled may be eaten as ,carrots1 and by reason of the spicie taste doth warme and comfort a cold weake stomacke1 helping to dissolue winde 7whereas ,carrots engender it7 and to prouoke vrine1 and is a very welcome and delightfull dish to a great many1 yet they are somewhat stronger in taste then ,parsneps4 ,the seede is much vsed to bee put among baked fruit1 or into bread1 cakes1 c4 to giue them a rellish1 and to helpe to digest winde in them are subiect thereunto4 ,it is also made into ,comfits1 and put into ,trageas1 or as we call them in ,english1 ,dredges1 that are taken for the cold and winde in the body1 as also are serued to the table with fruit4 ,,chap4 ,,xlix4 ,pappas siue ,battatas4 ,potatoes4 ,three sorts of ,potatoes are well knowne vnto vs1 but the fourth ,i rest doubtfull of1 and dare not affirme it vpon such termes as are giuen vnto it1 vntill ,i may be better informed by mine owne sight4 ,the ,spanish kinde hath 7in the ,islands where they growe1 either naturally1 or planted for increase1 profit1 and vse of the ,spaniards that nourse them7 many firme and verie sweete rootes1 like in shape and forme vnto ,asphodill rootes1 but much greater and longer1 of a pale browne on the outside1 and white within1 set together at one head2 from whence rise vp many long branches1 which by reason of their weight and weaknesse1 cannot stand of themselues1 but traile on the ground a yard and a halfe in length at the least 7,i relate it1 as it hath growne with vs1 but in what other forme1 for flower or fruit1 we know not7 whereon are set at seuerall distances1 broad and in a manner three square leaues1 somewhat like triangled ,iuie leaues1 of a darke greene colour1 the two sides whereof are broad and round1 and the middle pointed at the end1 standing reasonable close together3 thus much we haue seene growe with vs1 and no more3 the roote rather decaying then increasing in our country4 ,the ,potatoes of ,virginia1 7,bauhinus vpon ,matthiolus calleth it1 ,solanum tuberosum esculentum which some foolishly call the ,apples of youth7 is another kinde of plant1 differing much from the former1 sauing in the colour and taste of the roote1 hauing many weake and somewhat flexible branches1 leaning a little downwards1 or easily borne downe with the winde or other thing1 beset with many winged leaues1 of a darke grayish greene colour1 whereof diuers are smaller1 and some greater then others3 the flowers growe many together vpon a long stalke1 comming forth from betweene the leaues and the great stalkes1 euery one seuerally vpon a short foot-stalke1 somewhat like the flower of ,tabacco for the forme1 being one whole leafe six cornered at the brimmes1 but somewhat larger1 and of a pale blewish purple colour1 or pale doue colour1 and some almost white1 with some red threads in the middle1 standing about a thicke gold yellow pointell1 tipped with greene at the end3 after the flowers are past1 there come vp in their places small round fruit1 as bigge as a ,damson or ,bulleis1 greene at the first1 and somewhat whitish afterwards1 with many white seedes therein1 like vnto ,nightshade3 the rootes are rounder and much smaller then the former1 and some much greater then others1 dispersed vnder ground by many small threads or strings from the rootes1 of the same light browne colour on the outside1 and white within1 as they1 and neare of the same taste1 but not altogether so pleasant4 ,the ,potatos of ,canada1 7which hath diuers names giuen it by diuers men1 as ,pelleterius of ,middleborough in his ,plantarum ,synonimia1 calleth it ,heliotropium ,indicum tuberosum1 ,fabius ,columna in the second part of his ,phytobasanos1 ,flos ,solis ,farnesianus1 siue ,aster ,peruanus tuberosus3 ,we in ,england1 from some ignorant and idle head1 haue called them ,artichokes of ,ierusalem1 only because the roote1 being boyled1 is in taste like the bottome of an ,artichoke head3 but they may most fitly be called1 ,potatos of ,canada1 because their rootes are in forme1 colour and taste1 like vnto the ,potatos of ,virginia1 but greater1 and the ,french brought them first from ,canada into these parts7 riseth vp with diuers stiffe1 round stalkes1 eight or tenne foote high in our ,country1 where they haue scarce shewed their flowers1 whereas the very head of flowers in other ,countries1 as ,fabius ,columna expresseth it1 being of a ,pyramis or ,sugar loafe fashion1 broade spreading below1 and smaller pointed vpwards towards the toppe1 is neere of the same length1 whereon are set large and broade rough greene leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of the flower of the ,sunne1 but smaller1 yet growing in the very same manner1 round about the stalkes3 at the very later end of ,summer1 or the beginning of ,autumne1 if the roote bee well planted and defended1 it will giue a shew of a few small yellow flowers at the top1 like vnto the flowers of ,aster or ,starre-worte1 and much smaller then any flower of the ,sunne1 which come to no perfection with vs3 the roote1 while the plant is growing aboue ground1 encreaseth not to his full growth1 but when the ,summer is well spent1 and the springing of the stalk is past1 which is about the end of ,august1 or in ,september1 then the root is perceiued to be encreased in the earth1 and will before ,autumne be spent1 that is1 in ,october1 swell like a mound or hillocke1 round about the foote of the stalkes1 and will not haue his rootes fit to be taken vp1 vntill the stalkes be halfe withered at the soonest2 but after they be withered1 and so all the winter long vntill the ,spring againe1 they are good1 and fit to bee taken vp and vsed1 which are a number of tuberous round rootes1 growing close together2 so that it hath beene obserued1 that from one roote1 being set in the ,spring1 there hath been forty or more taken vp againe1 and to haue ouer-filled a pecke measure1 and are of a pleasant good taste as many haue tryed4 ,illustration3 #a ,carum4 ,carawayes4 #b ,battatas ,hispanorum4 ,spanish ,potatoes4 #c ,papas seu ,battatas ,virginianorum4 ,virginia ,potatoes4 #d ,battatas de ,canada4 ,potatoes ,of ,canada1 or ,artichokes of ,ierusalem4 ,the ,vse of all these ,potato's4 ,the ,spanish ,potato's are roasted vnder the embers1 and being pared or peeled and sliced1 are put into sacke with a little sugar1 or without1 and is delicate to be eaten4 ,they are vsed to be baked with ,marrow1 ,sugar1 ,spice1 and other things in ,pyes1 which are a daintie and costly dish for the table4 ,the ,comfit-makers preserue them1 and candy them as diuers other things1 and so ordered1 is very delicate1 fit to accompany such other banquetting dishes4 ,the ,virginia ,potato's being dressed after all these waies before specified1 maketh almost as delicate meate as the former4 ,the ,potato's of ,canada are by reason of their great increasing1 growne to be so common here with vs at ,london1 that euen the most vulgar begin to despise them1 whereas when they were first receiued among vs1 they were dainties for a ,queene4 ,being put into seething water they are soone boyled tender1 which after they bee peeled1 sliced and stewed with butter1 and a little wine1 was a dish for a ,queene1 beeing as pleasant as the bottome of an ,artichoke3 but the too frequent vse1 especially being so plentifull and cheape1 hath rather bred a loathing then a liking of them4 ,,chap4 ,l4 ,cinara4 ,artichokes4 ,the fruits that grow vpon or neere the ground1 are next to be entreated of1 and first of ,artichokes1 whereof there be diuers kindes1 some accounted tame and of the ,garden1 others wilde and of late planted in ,gardens1 ,orchards or ,fieldes1 of purpose to be meate for men4 ,the ,artichoke hath diuers great1 large1 and long hollowed leaues1 much cut in or torne on both edges1 without any great shew of prickles on them1 of a kinde of whitish greene1 like vnto an ash colour1 whereof it tooke the ,latin name ,cinara3 the stalke is strong1 thicke and round1 with some skins as it were downe all the length of them1 bearing at the toppe one scaly head1 made at the first like a ,pine-apple1 but after growing greater1 the scales are more separate1 yet in the best kindes lying close1 and not flaring1 as some other kindes doe1 which are eyther of a reddish browne1 whitish1 or greenish colour1 and in some broade at the ends1 in others sharpe or prickly3 after the head hath stoode a great while1 if it bee suffered1 and the ,summer proue hot and kindly1 in some there will breake forth at the toppe thereof1 a tuft of blewish purple thrumes or threds1 vnder which grow the seede1 wrapped in a great deale of dounie substance3 but that roote that yeeldeth flowers will hardly abide the next winter2 but else being cut off when it is well growne1 that dounie matter abideth close in the middle of the head1 hauing the bottome thereof flat and round1 which is that matter or substance that is vsed to be eaten3 the roote spreadeth it selfe in the ground reasonable well1 yeelding diuers heads of leaues or suckers1 whereby it is increased4 ,illustration3 #a ,cinara satiua rubra4 ,the red ,artichoke4 #b ,cinara satiua alba4 ,the white ,artichoke4 #c ,cinara patula4 ,the ,french ,artichoke4 #d ,cinara siluestris4 ,the ,thistle ,artichoke4 #e ,carduus esculentus4 ,the ,chardon4 ,the white ,artichoke is in all things like the red1 but that the head is of a whitish ashe colour1 like the leaues1 whereas the former is reddish4 ,we haue also another1 whose head is greene1 and very sharpe vpwards1 and is common in many places4 ,wee haue had also another kinde in former times that grew as high as any man1 and branched into diuers stalkes1 euery one bearing a head thereon1 almost as bigge as the first4 ,there is another kinde1 called the ,muske ,artichoke1 which groweth like the ,french kinde1 but is much better in spending1 although it haue a lesser bottome4 ,the ,french ,artichoke hath a white head1 the scales whereof stand staring far asunder one from another at the ends1 which are sharpe3 this is well known by this qualitie1 that while it is hot after it is boyled1 it smelleth so strong1 that one would verily thinke it had bin boyled in stinking water1 which was brought ouer after a great froste that had well nigh consumed our best kindes1 and are now almost cleane cast out again1 none being willing to haue it take vp the roome of better4 ,there is a lowe kinde that groweth much about ,paris1 which the ,french esteeme more then any other1 and is lower then the former ,french kinde1 the head whereof as well as the leaues1 is of a fresher greene colour1 almost yellowish4 ,then there is the ,thistle ,artichoke1 which is almost a wilde kinde1 and groweth smaller1 with a more open and prickly head then any of the former4 ,and lastly1 the ,chardon as they call it1 because it is almost of the forme and nature of a ,thistle1 or wilde ,artichoke4 ,this groweth high1 and full of sharpe prickles1 of a grayish colour4 ,iohn ,tradescante assured mee1 hee saw three acres of ,land about ,brussels planted with this kinde1 which the owner whited like ,endiue1 and then sold them in the winter3 ,wee cannot yet finde the true manner of dressing them1 that our ,countrey may take delight therein4 ,all these kindes are encreased by slipping the young shootes from the root1 which being replanted in ,february1 ,march1 or ,aprill1 haue the same yeare many times1 but the next at the most1 borne good heads4 ,wee finde by dayly experience1 that our ,english red ,artichoke is in our ,countrey the most delicate meate of any of the other1 and therefore diuers thinking it to bee a seuerall kinde1 haue sent them into ,italie1 ,france1 and the ,lowe ,countries1 where they haue not abode in their goodnesse aboue two yeare1 but that they haue degenerated2 so that it seemeth1 that our soyle and climate hath the preheminence to nourish vp this plant to his highest excellencie4 ,the ,vse of ,artichokes4 ,the manner of preparing them for the ,table is well knowne to the youngest ,housewife ,i thinke1 to bee boyled in faire water1 and a little salt1 vntill they bee tender1 and afterwardes a little vinegar and pepper1 put to the butter1 poured vpon them for the sawce1 and so are serued to the ,table4 ,they vse likewise to take the boyled bottomes to make ,pyes1 which is a delicate kinde of baked meate4 ,the ,chardon is eaten rawe of diuers1 with vinegar and oyle1 pepper and salt1 all of them1 or some1 as euery one liketh for their delight4 ,,chap4 ,,li4 ,fab ,phaseoli4 ,garden and ,french ,beanes4 ,the ,garden ,beane is of two colours1 red or blacke1 and white1 yet both rise from one2 the small or fielde ,beanes ,i make no mention of in this place2 but the ,french or ,kidney ,beane is almost of infinite sorts and colours3 we doe not for all that intend to trouble you in this place1 with the knowledge or relation of any more then is fit for a ,garden of that nature1 that ,i haue propounded it in the beginning4 ,our ordinary ,beanes1 seruing for foode for the poorer sort for the most part1 are planted as well in fieldes as in gardens1 because the quantity of them that are spent taketh vp many acres of land to be planted in1 and rise vp with one1 two or three stalks1 according to the fertilitie of the soyle1 being smooth and square1 higher then any man oftentimes1 whereon are set at certaine distances1 from the very bottome almost to the toppe1 two long smooth fleshy and thicke leaues almost round1 one standing by another at the end of a small footestalke3 betweene these leaues and the stalke1 come forth diuers flowers1 all of them looking one way for the most part1 which are close a little turned vp at the brimmes1 white and spotted with a blackish spot in the middle of them1 and somewhat purplish at the foot or bottome1 of the forme almost of ,broome or ,pease flowers1 many of which that grow vpward toward the toppe1 doe seldome beare fruit1 and therefore are gathered to distill1 and the toppes of the stalkes cut off1 to cause the rest to thriue the better2 after which grow vp long great smooth greene pods1 greater then in any other kinde of ,pulse1 which grow blacke when they are ripe1 and containe within them two1 three or foure ,beanes1 which are somewhat flat and round1 eyther white or reddish1 which being full ripe grow blackish3 the roote hath diuers fibres annexed vnto the maine roote1 which dyeth euery yeare4 ,the ,french or ,kidney ,beane riseth vp at the first but with one stalke1 which afterwards diuideth it selfe into many armes or branches1 euery one of them being so weak1 that without they be sustained with stickes or poles1 whereon with their winding and claspers they take hold1 they would lye fruitlesse vpon the ground3 vpon these branches grow forth at seuerall places long footestalkes1 with euery of them three broade1 round and pointed greene leaues at the end of them1 towards the tops whereof come forth diuers flowers1 made like vnto ,pease blossomes1 of the same colour for the most part that the fruit will be of1 that is to say1 eyther white1 or yellow1 or red1 or blackish1 or of a deepe purple c4 but white is most vsuall for our ,garden2 after which come long and slender flat pods1 some crooked1 and some straight1 with a string as it were running downe the backe thereof1 wherein are contained flattish round fruit1 made to the fashion of a kidney3 the roote is long1 and spreadeth with many fibres annexed vnto it1 perishing euery yeare4 ,the ,vse of these ,beanes4 ,the ,garden ,beanes serue 7as ,i said before7 more for the vse of the poore then of the rich3 ,i shall therefore only shew you the order the poore take with them1 and leaue curiosity to them that will bestow time vpon them4 ,they are only boyled in faire water and a little salt1 and afterwards stewed with some butter1 a little vinegar and pepper being put vnto them1 and so eaten3 or else eaten alone after they are boyled without any other sawce4 ,the water of the blossomes distilled1 is vsed to take away spots1 and to cleer the skin4 ,the water of the greene huskes or cods is good for the stone4 ,the ,kidney ,beanes boyled in water huske and all1 onely the ends cut off1 and the string taken away1 and stewed with butter c4 are esteemed more sauory meate to many mens pallates1 then the former1 and are a dish more oftentimes at rich mens ,tables then at the poore4 ,,chap4 ,,lii4 ,pisum4 ,pease4 ,there is a very great variety of manured ,pease known to vs1 and ,i think more in our ,country then in others1 whereof some prosper better in one ground and country1 and some in others3 ,i shall giue you the description of one alone for all the rest1 and recite vnto you the names of the rest4 ,garden ,pease are for the most part the greatest and sweetest kinds1 and are sustained with stakes or bushes4 ,the ,field ,pease are not so vsed1 but growe without any such adoe4 ,they spring vp with long1 weake1 hollow1 and brittle 7while they are young and greene7 whitish greene stalkes1 branched into diuers parts1 and at euery ioynt where it parteth one broad round leafe compassing the stalke about1 so that it commeth as it were thorough it3 the leaues are winged1 made of diuers small leaues set to a middle ribbe1 of a whitish greene colour1 with claspers at the ends of the leaues1 whereby it taketh hold of whatsoeuer standeth next vnto it3 betweene the leaues and the stalkes come forth the flowers1 standing two or three together1 euery one by it selfe on his owne seuerall stalke1 which are either wholly white1 or purple1 or mixed white and purple1 or purple and blew3 the fruit are long1 and somewhat round cods1 whereof some are greater1 others lesser1 some thicke and short1 some plaine and smooth1 others a little crooked at the ends2 wherein also are contained diuers formes of fruit or pease2 some being round1 others cornered1 some small1 some great1 some white1 others gray1 and some spotted3 the roote is small1 and quickly perisheth4 ,the kindes of ,pease are these3 ,the ,rounciuall4 ,the greene ,hasting4 ,the ,sugar ,pease4 ,the spotted ,pease4 ,the gray ,pease4 ,the white ,hasting4 ,the ,pease without skins4 ,the ,scottish or tufted ,pease1 which some call the ,rose ,pease1 is a good white ,pease fit to be eaten4 ,the early or ,french ,pease1 which some call ,fulham ,pease1 because those grounds thereabouts doe bring them soonest forward for any quantity1 although sometimes they miscarry by their haste and earlinesse4 ,cicer ,arietinum4 ,rams ,ciches4 ,this is a kinde of ,pulse1 so much vsed in ,spaine1 that it is vsually one of their daintie dishes at all their feasts3 ,they are of two sorts1 white and red2 the white is onely vsed for meate1 the other for medicine4 ,it beareth many vpright branches with winged leaues1 many set together1 being small1 almost round1 and dented about the edges3 the flowers are either white or purple1 according to the colour of the ,pease which follow1 and are somewhat round at the head1 but cornered and pointed at the end1 one or two at the most in a small roundish cod4 ,illustration3 #a ,faba satiua4 ,garden ,beanes4 #b ,phaseoli satiui4 ,french ,beanes4 #c ,pisum vulgare4 ,garden ,pease4 #d ,pisum vmbellatum siue ,roseum4 ,rose ,pease or ,scottish ,pease4 #e ,pisum ,saccharatum4 ,sugar ,pease4 #f ,pisum maculatum4 ,spotted ,pease4 #g ,cicer ,arietinum4 ,rams ,ciches or ,cicers4 ,the ,vse of ,pease4 ,pease of all or the most of these sorts1 are either vsed when they are greene1 and be a dish of meate for the table of the rich as well as the poore1 yet euery one obseruing his time1 and the kinde3 the fairest1 sweetest1 youngest1 and earliest for the better sort1 the later and meaner kindes for the meaner1 who doe not giue the deerest price3 ,or ,being dry1 they serue to boyle into a kinde of broth or pottage1 wherein many doe put ,tyme1 ,mints1 ,sauory1 or some other such hot herbes1 to giue it the better rellish1 and is much vsed in ,towne and ,countrey in the ,lent time1 especially of the poorer sort of people4 ,it is much vsed likewise at ,sea for them that goe long voyages1 and is for change1 because it is fresh1 a welcome diet to most persons therein4 ,the ,rams ,ciches the ,spaniards call ,grauancos1 and ,garauancillos1 and eate them boyled and stewed as the most1 dainty kinde of ,pease that are1 they are of a very good rellish1 and doe nourish much2 but yet are not without that windy quality that all sorts of ,pulse are subiect vnto3 they increase bodily lust much more then any other sorts1 and as it is thought1 doth helpe to encrease seede4 ,,chap4 ,,liii4 ,cucumer4 ,the ,cowcumber4 ,of ,cowcumbers there are diuers sorts1 differing chiefly in the forme and colour of the fruit1 and not in the forme of the plant2 therefore one description shall serue in stead of all the rest4 ,the ,cowcumber bringeth forth many trailing rough greene branches lying on the ground1 all along whereof growe seuerall leaues1 which are rough1 broad1 vneuen at the edges1 and pointed at the ends1 with long crooked tendrils comming forth at the same ioynt with the leafe1 but on the other side thereof3 between the stalks the leaues at the ioynts come forth the flowers seuerally1 euery one standing on a short foot-stalke1 opening it selfe into fiue leaues1 of a yellowish colour1 at the bottome whereof groweth the fruit1 long and greene at the first1 but when it is thorough ripe1 a little yellowish1 hauing many furrowes1 and vneuen bunches all the length of it1 wherein is a white firme substance next vnto the skin1 and a cleare pulpe or watery substance1 with white flat seede lying dispersed through it3 the roote is long and white1 with diuers fibres at it4 ,the kindes4 ,the first described is called1 ,the long greene ,cowcumber4 ,there is another is called1 ,the short ,cowcumber1 being short1 and of an equall bignesse in the body thereof1 and of an vnequall bignesse at both ends4 ,the long ,yellow1 which is yellowish from the beginning1 and more yellow when it is ripe1 and hath beene measured to be thirteene inches long3 but this is not that small long ,cowcumber1 called of the ,latines1 ,cucumis anguinus4 ,another kinde is early ripe1 called ,the ,french kinde4 ,the ,dantsicke kinde beareth but small fruit1 growing on short branches or runners3 the pickled ,cowcumbers that are vsually sold are of this kind4 ,the ,muscouie kinde is the smallest of all other1 yet knowne1 and beareth not aboue foure or fiue at the most on a roote1 which are no bigger then small ,lemons4 ,the ,vse of ,cowcumbers4 ,some vse to cast a little salt on their sliced ,cowcumbers1 and let them stand halfe an houre or more in a dish1 and then poure away the water that commeth from them by the salt1 and after put vinegar1 oyle1 c4 thereon1 as euery one liketh3 this is done1 to take away the ouermuch waterishnesse and coldnesse of the ,cowcumbers4 ,in many countries they vse to eate ,cowcumbers as wee doe ,apples or ,peares1 paring and giuing slices of them1 as we would to our friends of some dainty ,apple or ,peare4 ,the pickled ,cowcumbers that come from beyond ,sea1 are much vsed with vs for sawce to meate all the ,winter long4 ,some haue striuen to equall them1 by pickling vp our ,cowcumbers at the later end of the yeare1 when they are cheapest1 taking the little ones and scalding them thoroughly well1 which after they put in brine1 with some ,dill or ,fenell leaues and stalkes3 but these are nothing comparable to the former1 wee either missing of the right and orderly pickling of them1 or the kinde it selfe differing much from ours 7as ,i said of the ,dantsicke kinde7 for ours are neither so tender and firme1 nor so sauoury as the other4 ,the rawe or greene ,cowcumbers are fittest for the hotter time of the yeare1 and for hot stomackes1 and not to be vsed in colder weather or cold stomackes1 by reason of the coldnesse1 whereby many haue been ouertaken4 ,the seede is vsed physically in many medicines that serue to coole1 and a little to make the passages of vrine slippery1 and to giue ease to hot diseases4 ,,chap4 ,,liiii4 ,melo4 ,milions or ,muske ,melons4 ,there bee diuers sorts of ,melons found out at this day1 differing much in the goodnesse of taste one from another4 ,this ,countrey hath not had vntill of late yeares the skill to nourse them vp kindly1 but now there are many that are so well experienced therein1 and haue their ground so well prepared1 as that they will not misse any yeare1 if it be not too extreme vnkindly1 to haue many ripe ones in a reasonable time3 yet some will be later then others alwayes4 ,the ,melon is certainly a kinde of ,cowcumber1 it doth so neere resemble it1 both in the manner of his growing1 hauing rough trailing branches1 rough vneuen leaues1 and yellow flowers3 after which come the fruit1 which is rounder1 thicker1 bigger1 more rugged1 and spotted on the outside then the ,cowcumber1 of a russet colour1 and greene vnderneath1 which when it groweth full ripe1 will change a little yellowish1 being as deepe furrowed and ribbed as they1 and besides hauing chaps or rifts in diuers places of the rinde3 the inward hard substance is yellow1 which onely is eaten3 the seede which is bigger1 and a little yellower then the ,cowcumber1 lying in the middle onely among the moister pulpe3 the smell and changing of his colour1 fore-shew their ripenesse to them that are experienced3 the roote is long1 with many fibres at it4 ,the fruit requireth much watering in the hot time of the day1 to cause them to ripen the sooner1 as ,i haue obserued by diuers of the best skill therein4 ,the ,vse of the kindes of ,melons4 ,the best ,melon seede doe come to vs out of ,spaine1 some haue come out of ,turkie1 but they haue been nothing so good and kindly4 ,some are called ,sugar ,melons1 others ,peare ,melons1 and others ,muske ,melons4 ,they haue beene formerly only eaten by great personages1 because the fruit was not only delicate but rare2 and therefore diuers were brought from ,france1 and since were noursed vp by the ,kings or ,noblemens ,gardiners onely1 to serue for their ,masters delight3 but now diuers others that haue skill and conueniencie of ground for them1 doe plant them and make them more common4 ,they paire away the outer rinde1 and cut out the inward pulpe where the seede lyeth1 slice the yellow firme inward rinde or substance1 so eate it with salt and pepper 7and good store of wine1 or else it will hardly digest7 for this is firmer1 hath not that moisture in it that the ,cowcumbers haue4 ,it is also more delicate1 and of more worth1 which recompenseth the paine4 ,the seed of these ,melons are vsed as ,cowcumbers physically1 and together with them most vsually4 ,,chap4 ,,lv4 ,pepo4 ,pompions4 ,we haue but one kinde of ,pompion 7as ,i take it7 in all our ,gardens1 notwithstanding the diuersities of bignesse and colour4 ,the ,pompion or great ,melon 7or as some call it ,milion7 creepeth vpon the ground 7if nothing bee by it whereon it may take hold and climbe7 with very great1 ribbed1 rough1 and prickly branches1 whereon are set very large rough leaues1 cut in on the edges with deepe gashes1 and dented besides1 with many claspers also1 which winde about euery thing they meete withall3 the flowers are great and large1 hollow and yellow1 diuided at the brims into fiue parts1 at the bottome of which1 as it is in the rest1 groweth the fruit1 which is very great1 sometimes of the bignesse of a mans body1 and oftentimes lesse1 in some ribbed or bunched1 in others plaine1 and either long or round1 either greene or yellow1 or gray1 as ,nature listeth to shew her selfe2 for it is but waste time1 to recite all the formes and colours may be obserued in them3 the inner rinde next vnto the outer is yellowish and firme3 the seede is great1 flat1 and white1 lying in the middle of the watery pulpe3 the roote is of the bignesse of a mans thumbe or greater1 dispersed vnder ground with many small fibres ioyned thereunto4 ,gourds are kindes of ,melons2 but because wee haue no vse of them1 wee leaue them vnto their fit place4 ,the ,vse of ,pompions4 ,they are boyled in faire water and salt1 or in powdered beefe broth1 or sometimes in milke1 and so eaten1 or else buttered2 ,they vse likewise to take out the inner watery substance with the seedes1 and fill vp the place with ,pippins1 and hauing laid on the couer which they cut off from the toppe1 to take out the pulpe1 they bake them together1 and the poore of the ,citie1 as well as the ,country people1 doe eate thereof1 as of a dainty dish4 ,the seede hereof1 as well as of ,cowcumbers and ,melons1 are cooling1 and serue for emulsions in the like manner for ,almond milkes1 c4 for those are troubled with the stone4 ,,chap4 ,,lvi4 ,fragaria4 ,strawberries4 ,illustration3 #a ,cucumis longus vulgaris4 ,the ordinary ,cowcumber4 #b ,cucumis ,hispanicus4 ,the long yellow ,spanish ,cowcumber4 #c ,melo vulgaris4 ,the ordinary ,melon4 #d ,melo maximus optimus4 ,the greatest ,muske ,melon4 #e ,pepo4 ,the ,pompion4 #f ,fragari vulgaris4 ,common ,strawberries4 #g ,fragari ,bohemica maxima4 ,the great ,bohemia ,strawberries4 #h ,fragari aculeata4 ,the prickly ,strawberry4 ,there be diuers sorts of ,strawberries1 whereof those that are noursed vp in ,gardens or ,orchards ,i intend to giue you the knowledge in this place1 and leaue the other to a fitter2 yet ,i must needs shew you of one of the wilde sorts1 which for his strangenesse is worthy of this ,garden3 ,and ,i must also enforme you1 that the wilde ,strawberry that groweth in the ,woods is our ,garden ,strawberry1 but bettered by the soyle and transplanting4 ,the ,strawberry hath his leaues closed together at the first springing vp1 which afterwards spread themselues into three diuided parts or leaues1 euery one standing vpon a small long foote-stalke1 greene on the vpperside1 grayish vnderneath1 and snipped or dented about the edges2 among which rise vp diuers small stalkes1 bearing foure or fiue flowers at the tops1 consisting of fiue white round pointed leaues1 somewhat yellowish in the bottome1 with some yellow threads therein2 after which come the fruit1 made of many small graines set together1 like vnto a small ,mulberry or ,raspis1 reddish when it is ripe1 and of a pleasant winy taste1 wherein is enclosed diuers small blackish seede2 the roote is reddish and long1 with diuers small threads at it1 and sendeth forth from the head thereof long reddish strings running vpon the ground1 which shoot forth leaues in many places1 whereby it is much encreased4 ,the white ,strawberry differeth not from the red1 but in the colour of the fruite1 which is whiter then the former when it is thorough ripe1 enclining to rednesse4 ,the greene ,strawberry likewise differeth not1 but that the fruit is green on all sides when it is ripe1 saue on that side the ,sun lyeth vpon it1 and there it is somewhat red4 ,the ,virginia ,strawberry carryeth the greatest leafe of any other1 except the ,bohemian1 but scarce can one ,strawberry be seene ripe among a number of plants2 ,i thinke the reason thereof to be the want of skill1 or industry to order it aright4 ,for the ,bohemia1 and all other ,strawberries will not beare kindly1 if you suffer them to grow with many strings1 and therefore they are still cut away4 ,there is another very like vnto this1 that ,iohn ,tradescante brought with him from ,brussels long agoe1 and in seuen yeares could neuer see one berry ripe on all sides1 but still the better part rotten1 although it would euery yeare flower abundantly1 and beare very large leaues4 ,the ,bohemia ,strawberry hath beene with vs but of late dayes1 but is the goodliest and greatest1 both for leafe next to the ,virginian1 and for beauty farre surpassing all2 for some of the berries haue beene measured to bee neere fiue inches about4 ,master ,quester the ,postmaster first brought them ouer into our ,country1 as ,i vnderstand1 but ,i know no man so industrious in the carefull planting and bringing them to perfection in that plentifull maner1 as ,master ,vincent ,sion who dwelt on the ,banck side1 neer the old ,paris garden staires1 who from seuen rootes1 as hee affirmed to me1 in one yeare and a halfe1 planted halfe an acree of ground with the increase from them1 besides those he gaue away to his friends1 and with him ,i haue seene such1 and of that bignesse before mentioned4 ,one ,strawberry more ,i promised to shew you1 which although it be a wilde kinde1 and of no vse for meate1 yet ,i would not let this discourse passe1 without giuing you the knowledge of it4 ,it is in leafe much like vnto the ordinary1 but differeth in that the flower1 if it haue any1 is greene1 or rather it beareth a small head of greene leaues1 many set thicke together like vnto a double ruffe1 in the midst whereof standeth the fruit1 which when it is ripe1 sheweth to be soft and somewhat reddish1 like vnto a ,strawberry1 but with many small harmlesse prickles on them1 which may be eaten and chewed in the mouth without any maner of offence1 and is somewhat pleasant like a ,strawberry3 it is no great bearer1 but those it doth beare1 are set at the toppes of the stalks close together1 pleasant to behold1 and fit for a ,gentlewoman to weare on her arme1 c4 as a raritie instead of a flower4 ,the ,vse of ,strawberries4 ,the leaues of ,strawberries are alwaies vsed among other herbes in cooling drinkes1 as also in lotions1 and gargles for the mouth and throate3 the rootes are sometimes added to make it the more effectuall1 and withall somwhat the more binding4 ,the berries themselues are often brought to the ,table as a reare seruice1 whereunto claret wine1 creame or milke is added with sugar1 as euery one liketh2 as also at other times1 both with the better and meaner sort1 and are a good cooling and pleasant dish in the hot ,summer season4 ,the water distilled of the berries1 is good for the passions of the heart1 caused by the perturbation of the spirits1 being eyther drunke alone1 or in wine2 and maketh the heart merry4 ,some doe hold that the water helpeth to clense the face from spots1 and to adde some cleerenesse to the skinne4 ,,chap4 ,,lvii4 ,angelica4 ,garden ,angelica4 ,hauing thus furnished you out a ,kitchen ,garden with all sorts of herbes1 roots fruits fit for it1 and for any mans priuate vse1 as ,i did at the first appropriate it2 let me a little transcend1 and for the profit vse of ,country ,gentlewomen and others1 furnish them with some few other herbes1 of the most especiall vse for those shall need them1 to be planted at hand in their ,gardens1 to spend as occasion shall serue1 and first of ,angelica4 ,angelica hath great and long winged leaues1 made of many broade greene ones1 diuided one from another vpon the stalk1 which is three foot long or better somtimes1 among which rise vp great thicke and hollow stalkes with some few ioynts1 whereat doth alwayes stand two long leaues compassing the stalke at the bottome1 in some places at the ioynts spring out other stalkes or branches1 bearing such like leaues but smaller1 and at the tops very large vmbels of white flowers1 that turne into whitish seede somewhat thicke3 the roote groweth great with many branches at it1 but quickly perisheth after it hath borne seede3 to preserue the roote therefore the better1 they vse to cut it often in the yeare1 thereby to hinder the running vp to seede3 the whole plant1 both leafe1 roote and seede1 is of an excellent comfortable sent1 sauour and taste4 ,the ,vse of ,angelica4 ,the distilled water of ,angelica1 eyther simple or compound1 is of especiall vse in deliquium animi1 vel cordis tremores passiones1 that is1 swounings1 when the spirits are ouercome and faint1 or tremblings and passions of the heart1 to expell any windy or noysome vapours from it4 ,the green stalkes or the young rootes being preserued or candied1 are very effectuall to comfort and warme a colde and weake stomacke3 and in the time of infection is of excellent good vse to preserue the spirits and heart from infection4 ,the dryed roote made into pouder1 and taken in wine or other drinke1 will abate the rage of lust in young persons1 as ,i haue it related vnto me vpon credit3 ,a ,syrupe made thereof in this manner1 is very profitable to expectorate flegme out of the chest and lunges1 and to procure a sweete breath4 ,into the greene stalke of ,angelica as it standeth growing1 make a great gashe or incision1 wherein put a quantitie of fine white ,sugar1 letting it there abide for three dayes1 and after take it forth by cutting a hole at the next ioynt vnder the cut1 where the ,syrupe resteth1 or cut off the stalke1 and turne it downe1 that the ,syrrupe may drayne forth2 which keepe for a most delicate medicine4 ,,chap4 ,,lviii4 ,dracunculus hortensis siue ,serpentaria4 ,dragons4 ,dragons riseth out of the ground with a bare or naked round whitish stalke1 spotted very much with purplish spots and strakes1 bearing at the toppe therof a few greene leaues very much diuided on all sides1 standing vpon long foote-stalkes1 in the middle whereof 7if the roote be old enough7 commeth forth a great long huske or hose1 green on the outside1 and of a darke purplish colour on the inside1 with a slender long reddish pestell or clapper in the middle3 the roote is great1 round1 flat and whitish on the outside1 and whiter within1 very like vnto the rootes of ,arum1 or ,wakerobin1 and tasting somewhat sharpe like it4 ,the ,vse of ,dragons4 ,the chiefe vse whereunto ,dragons are applyed1 is1 that according to an old receiued custome and tradition 7and not the iudgement of any learned ,author7 the distilled water is giuen with ,mithridatum or ,treakle to expell noysome and pestilentiall vapours from the heart4 ,,chap4 ,,lix4 ,ruta4 ,garden ,rue1 or ,herbe ,grace4 ,garden ,rue or ,herbe ,grace groweth vp with hard whitish wooddy stalkes1 whereon are set diuers branches of leaues1 being diuided into many small ones1 which are somewhat thicke and round pointed1 of a blewish greene colour3 the flowers stand at the tops of the stalkes consisting of foure small yellow leaues1 with a greene button in the middle1 and diuers small yellow threds about it1 which growing ripe1 containe within them small blacke seede3 the roote is white and wooddy1 spreading farre in the ground4 ,the ,vse of ,rue4 ,the many good properties whereunto ,rue serueth1 hath ,i thinke in former times caused the ,english name of ,herbe ,grace to be giuen vnto it4 ,for without doubt it is a most wholesome herbe1 although bitter and strong1 and could our dainty stomackes brooke the vse thereof1 it would worke admirable effects being carefully and skilfully applyed1 as time and occasion did require3 but not vndiscreetly or hand ouer head1 as many vse to doe that haue no skill4 ,some doe rippe vp a beade rowle of the vertues of ,rue1 as ,macer the ,poet and others1 in whom you shall finde them set downe1 to bee good for the head1 eyes1 breast1 liuer1 heart1 spleene1 c4 ,in some places they vse to boyle the leaues of ,rue1 and keep them in pickle1 to eate them as ,sampire for the helpe of weake eyes4 ,it is very auaileable in glisters or drinkes against the winde or the collicke1 and to procure vrine that is stayed by the paines therof4 ,the distilled water is often vsed for the same purposes aforesaid3 but beware of the too frequent or ouermuch vse thereof1 because it heateth exceedingly1 and wasteth nature mightily4 ,,chap4 ,,lx4 ,carduus ,benedictus4 ,the ,blessed ,thistle4 ,carduus benedictus or the blessed ,thistle1 hath many weake tender branches lying for the most part on the ground1 whereon are set long and narrow leaues1 much cut in or waued about the edges1 hairy or rough in handling1 yet without any hard or sharpe thornes or prickles at all1 that the tenderest hand may touch them without harme3 but those that grow toward the toppes of the stalkes are somewhat more prickly1 and the heads which grow on the tops of the seuerall branches are somewhat sharpe1 set with prickles like a ,thistle3 the flower is yellow1 and the seede lying within the woolly or flocky doune like to all other thistles1 are blackish1 long and round1 with a few haires on the head of them3 the roote is white1 and perisheth euery yeare after it hath giuen seede4 ,the ,vse of the blessed ,thistle4 ,the distilled water hereof is much vsed to be drunke against agues of all sortes1 eyther pestilentiall or humorall1 of long continuance or of lesse3 but the deception of the herbe giuen in due time1 hath the more forcible operation3 it helpeth to expell wormes1 because of the bitternesse1 and is thereby also a friend to the stomack ouercharged with chollar1 and to clense the liuer3 it prouoketh sweate and vrine1 is helpefull to them are troubled with the stone1 and to ease paines in the sides4 ,illustration3 #a ,angellica4 ,angellica4 #b ,dracunculus hortensis4 ,dragons4 #c ,ruta hortensis4 ,garden ,rue1 or ,herbegrace4 #d ,carduus benedictus4 ,the blessed ,thistle4 #e ,alkakengi siue ,solanum ,halicacabum ,vesicarium4 ,winter ,cherries4 #f ,asarum4 ,asarabacca #g ,liqueritia4 ,licoris4 ,,chap4 ,,lxi4 ,solarium vesicarium1 siue ,alkakengi4 ,winter ,cherries4 ,the ,winter ,cherry hath a running or creeping roote in the ground1 of the bignesse many times of ones little finger1 shooting forth at seuerall ioynts in seuerall places1 whereby it quickly spreadeth a great compasse of ground3 the stalke riseth not aboue a yard high1 whereon are set many broade and long greene leaues1 somewhat like vnto the leaues of ,nightshade1 but larger3 at the ioynts whereof come forth whitish flowers made of fiue leaues a peece1 which after turne into green berries1 inclosed with thin skins or bladders1 which change to bee reddish when they grow ripe1 the berry likewise being reddish1 and as large as a ,cherry1 wherein are contained many flat and yellowish seed lying within the pulpe3 which being gathered and strung vp1 are kept all the yeare to be vsed vpon occasion4 ,the ,vse of ,winter ,cherries4 ,the distilled water of the herbe and fruit together1 is often taken of them that are troubled with the sharpnesse or difficultie of vrine1 and with the stone in the kidneyes1 or grauel in the bladder3 but the berries themselues either greene or dryed boyled eyther in broth1 in wine1 or in water1 is much more effectuall3 ,it is likewise conducing to open obstructions of the liuer1 c4 and thereby to helpe the yellow ,iaundise4 ,,chap4 ,,lxii4 ,asarum4 ,asarabacca4 ,asarabacca1 from a small creeping roote set with many fibres1 shooteth forth diuers heads1 and from euery of them sundry leaues1 euery one standing vpon a long greene stalke1 which are round1 thicke1 and of a very sad or darke greene colour1 and shining withall3 from the rootes likewise spring vp short stalkes1 not fully foure fingers high1 at the toppe of euery one of which standeth the flower1 in fashion very like the seede vessell of ,henbane seede1 of a greenish purple colour1 which changeth not his forme1 but groweth in time to containe therein small cornered seed3 the greene leaues abide all the winter many times1 but vsually sheddeth them in winter1 and recouereth fresh in the spring4 ,the ,vse of ,asarabacca4 ,the leaues are much and often vsed to procure vomits1 fiue or seuen of them bruised1 and the iuice of them drunke in ale or wine4 ,an extract made of the leaues with wine artificially performed1 might bee kept all the yeare thorough1 to bee vsed vpon any present occasion1 the quantitie to bee proportioned according to the constitution of the patient4 ,the roote worketh not so strongly by vomit1 as the leaues1 yet is often vsed for the same purpose1 and besides is held auaileable to prouoke vrine1 to open obstructions in the liuer and spleene1 and is put among diuers other simples1 both into ,mithridatum and ,andromachus ,treakle1 which is vsually called ,venice ,treakle4 ,a dram of the dryed roots in pouder giuen in white wine a little before the fit of an ague1 taketh away the shaking fit1 therby cause the hot fit to be the more remisse1 and in twice taking expell it quite4 ,,chap4 ,,lxiii4 ,glycyrrhiza siue ,liqueritia4 ,licorice4 ,although there are two sorts of ,licorice set downe by diuers ,authors1 yet because this ,land familiarly is acquainted but with one sort1 ,i shall not neede for this ,garden1 to make any further relation of that is vnknowne1 but onely of that sort which is sufficiently frequent with vs4 ,it riseth vp with diuers wooddy stalks1 whereon are set at seuerall distances many winged leaues1 that is to say1 many narrow long greene leaues set together on both sides of the stalke1 and an odde one at the end1 very well resembling a young ,ashe tree sprung vp from the seede3 this by many yeares continuance in a place without remouing1 and not else1 will bring forth flowers many standing together spike-fashion one aboue another vpon the stalkes1 of the forme of ,pease blossomes1 but of a very pale or bleake blew colour1 which turne into long somewhat flat and smooth cods1 wherein is contained small round harde seede3 the roote runneth downe exceeding deep into the ground1 with diuers other smaller roots and fibres growing with them1 and shoote out suckers from the maine rootes all about1 whereby it is much encreased1 of a brownish colour on the outside1 and yellow within1 of a farre more weake sweete taste1 yet far more pleasing to vs then that ,licorice that is brought vs from beyond ,sea2 because that1 being of a stronger sweet taste hath a bitternesse ioyned with it1 which maketh it the lesse pleasing and acceptable to most4 ,the ,vse of ,licorice4 ,our ,english ,licorice is now adaies of more familiar vse 7as ,i said before7 then the outlandish1 and is wholly spent and vsed to helpe to digest and expectorate flegme out of the chest and lunges1 and doth allay the sharpenesse or saltnesse thereof4 ,it is good also for those are troubled with shortnesse of breath1 and for all sorts of coughes4 ,the iuice of ,licorice artificially made with ,hyssope water1 serueth very well for all the purposes aforesaid4 ,it being dissolued with ,gum ,tragacanth in ,rose water1 is an excellent ,lohoc or licking medicine to breake flegme1 and to expectorate it1 as also to avoyde thin frothy matter1 or thin salt flegme1 which often fretteth the lungs4 ,it doth also lenisie exulcerated kidneyes1 or the bladder1 and helpeth to heale them4 ,it is held also good for those that cannot make their water but by drops1 or a small deale at a time4 ,the dryed root finely minced1 is a speciall ingredient into all ,trageas or ,dredges1 seruing for the purposes aforesaid1 but the vse of them is almost wholly left now adaies with all sorts4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you not only the herbes1 rootes and fruites1 noursed vp in this ,garden1 but such herbes as are of most necessary vses for the ,country ,gentlewomens houses3 ,and now ,i will shew you the ,orchard also4 ,,the ,,ordering ,,of ,,the ,,orchard4 ,the third part1 or ,,orchard4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the situation of an ,orchard for fruit-bearing trees1 and how to amend the defects of many grounds4 ,as ,i haue done in the two former parts of this ,treatise1 so ,i meane to proceede in this2 first to set downe the situation of an ,orchard1 and then other things in order3 ,and first1 ,i hold that an ,orchard which is1 or should bee of some reasonable large extent1 should be so placed1 that the house should haue the ,garden of flowers iust before it open vpon the ,south1 and the ,kitchen ,garden on the one side thereof1 should also haue the ,orchard on the other side of the ,garden of ,pleasure1 for many good reasons3 ,first1 for that the fruit trees being grown great and tall1 will be a great shelter from the ,north and ,east windes1 which may offend your chiefest ,garden1 and although that your ,orchard stand a little bleake vpon the windes1 yet trees rather endure these strong bitter blasts1 then other smaller and more tender shrubs and herbes can doe4 ,secondly1 if your ,orchard should stand behinde your ,garden of flowers more ,southward1 it would shadow too much of the ,garden1 and besides1 would so binde in the ,north and ,east1 and ,north and ,west windes vpon the ,garden1 that it would spoile many tender things therein1 and so much abate the edge of your pleasure thereof1 that you would willingly wish to haue no ,orchard1 rather then that it should so much annoy you by the so ill standing thereof4 ,thirdly1 the falling leaues being still blowne with the winde so aboundantly into the garden1 would either spoile many things1 or haue one daily and continuall attending thereon1 to cleanse and sweepe them away4 ,or else to auoide these great inconueniences1 appoint out an ,orchard the farther off1 and set a greater distance of ground betweene4 ,for the ground or soile of the ,orchard1 what ,i haue spoken concerning the former ,garden for the bettering of the seuerall grounds1 may very well serue and be applyed to this purpose4 ,but obserue this1 that1 whereas your ,gardens before spoken of may be turned vp1 manured1 and bettered with soile if they growe out of heart1 your ,orchard is not so easily done1 but must abide many yeares without altering2 and therefore if the ground be barren1 or not good1 it had the more neede to bee amended1 or wholly made good1 before you make an ,orchard of it2 yet some there be that doe appoint1 that where euery tree should bee set1 you onely digge that place to make it good3 but you must know1 that the rootes of trees runne further after a little times standing1 then the first compasse they are set in2 and therefore a little compasse of ground can maintaine them but a little while1 and that when the rootes are runne beyond that small compasse wherein they were first set1 and that they are come to the barren or bad ground1 they can thriue no better then if they had beene set in that ground at the first1 and if you should afterwards digge beyond that compasse1 intending to make the ground better further off1 you should much hurt the spreading rootes1 and put your trees in danger3 the situation of hils in many places is grauelly or chalky1 which is not good for trees1 because they are both too stonie1 and lacke mellow earth1 wherein a tree doth most ioy and prosper1 and want moisture also 7which is the life of all trees7 because of the quicke descent of raine to the lower grounds3 and besides all these inconueniences there is one more2 your trees planted either on hils or hill sides1 are more subiect to the fury and force of windes to be ouerturned1 then those that growe in the lower grounds2 for the strongest and most forcible windes come not vsually out of the ,north ,east parts1 where you prouide best defence1 but from the ,south and ,west1 whence you looke for the best comfort of the ,sunne4 ,to helpe therefore manie of the inconueniences of the hils sides1 it were fit to cause manie leauels to bee made thereon1 by raising the lower grounds with good earth1 and sustaining them with bricke or stone wals1 which although chargeable1 will counteruaile your cost1 beside the pleasure of the walkes1 and prospect of so worthy a worke4 ,the plaine or leuell grounds as they are the most frequent1 so they are the most commendable for an ,orchard1 because the moulds or earths are more rich1 or may better and sooner be made so2 and therefore the profits are the more may be raised from them4 ,a stiffe clay doth nourish trees well1 by reason it containeth moisture2 but in regard of the coldnesse thereof1 it killeth for the most part all tender and early things therein3 sea-cole ashes therefore1 bucke ashes1 streete soyle1 chaulke after it hath lyen abroad and been broken with many yeares frosts and raine1 and sheepes dung1 are the most proper and fittest manure to helpe this kinde of soyle4 ,the dry sandy soile1 and grauelly ground are on the contrary side as bad1 by reason of too much heate and lacke of moisture3 the dung of kine or cattell in good quantity bestowed thereon1 will much helpe them4 ,the amending or bettering of other sorts of grounds is set down toward the end of the first ,chapter of the first part of this worke1 wherevnto ,i will referre you1 not willing to repeate againe the same things there set downe4 ,the best way to auoide and amend the inconueniences of high1 boisterous1 and cold windes1 is to plant ,walnut trees1 ,elmes1 ,oakes or ,ashes1 a good distance without the compasse of your ,orchard1 which after they are growne great1 will bee a great safeguard thereunto1 by breaking the violence of the windes from it4 ,and if the soyle of your ,orchard want moisture1 the conueying of the sinke of the house1 as also any other draine of water thereinto1 if it may be1 will much helpe it4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the forme of an ,orchard1 both ordinary1 and of more grace and rarity4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of a rectangle of dots1 arranged in a diagonal grid4 ,according to the situation of mens grounds1 so must the plantation of them of necessitie be also2 and if the ground be in forme1 you shall haue a formall ,orchard3 if otherwise1 it can haue little grace or forme4 ,and indeed in the elder ages there was small care or heede taken for the formality2 for euery tree for the most part was planted without order1 euen where the master or keeper found a vacant place to plant them in1 so that oftentimes the ill placing of trees without sufficient space betweene them1 and negligence in not looking to vphold them1 procured more waste and spoile of fruit1 then any accident of winde or weather could doe4 ,orchards in most places haue not bricke or stone wals to secure them1 because the extent thereof being larger then of a ,garden1 would require more cost1 which euery one cannot vndergoe2 and therefore mud wals1 or at the best a quicke set hedge1 is the ordinary and most vsuall defence it findeth almost in all places3 but with those that are of ability to compasse it with bricke or stone wals1 the gaining of ground1 and profit of the fruit trees planted there against1 will in short time recompense that charge4 ,if you make a doubt how to be sure that your ,orchard wall shall haue sufficient comfort of the ,sunne to ripen the fruits1 in regard the trees in the ,orchard being so nigh thereunto1 and so high withall1 will so much shadow the wall1 that nothing will ripen well1 because it will want the comfort of the ,sunne3 you may follow this rule and aduice1 to remedy those inconueniences4 ,hauing an ,orchard containing one acre of ground1 two1 three1 or more1 or lesse1 walled about1 you may so order it1 by leauing a broad and large walke betweene the wall and it1 containing twenty or twenty foure foote 7or yards if you will7 that the wall shall not be hindered of the ,sun1 but haue sufficient comfort for your trees1 notwithstanding the height of them1 the distance betweene them and the wall being a sufficient space for their shadow to fall into3 and by compassing your ,orchard on the inside with a hedge 7wherein may bee planted all sorts of low shrubs or bushes1 as ,roses1 ,cornellian1 ,cherry trees plashed lowe1 ,gooseberries1 ,curran trees1 or the like7 you may enclose your walke1 and keepe both it and your ,orchard in better forme and manner1 then if it lay open4 ,for the placing of your trees in this ,orchard1 first for the wals3 ,those sides that lye open to the ,south ,southwest ,sunne1 are fittest to bee planted with your tenderest and earliest fruits1 as ,apricockes1 ,peaches1 ,nectarius1 and ,may or early ,cherries3 the ,east1 ,north and ,west1 for ,plums and ,quinces1 as you shall like best to place them4 ,and for the ,orchard it selfe1 the ordinary manner is to place them without regard of measure or difference1 as ,peares among ,apples1 and ,plums among ,cherries promiscuously2 but some keepe both a distance and a diuision for euery sort1 without intermingling3 yet the most gracefull ,orchard containeth them all1 with some others1 so as they be placed that one doe not hinder or spoile another2 and therefore to describe you the modell of an ,orchard1 both rare for comelinesse in the proportion1 and pleasing for the profitablenesse in the vse1 and also durable for continuance1 regard this figure is here placed for your direction1 where you must obserue1 that your trees are here set in such an equall distance one from another euery way1 as is fittest for them1 that when they are grown great1 the greater branches shall not gall or rubbe one against another2 for which purpose twenty or sixteene foot is the least to be allowed for the distance euery way of your trees1 being set in rowes euery one in the middle distance1 will be the most gracefull for the plantation1 and besides1 giue you way sufficient to passe through them1 to pruine1 loppe1 or dresse them1 as need shall require1 and may also bee brought 7if you please7 to that gracefull delight1 that euery alley or distance may be formed like an arch1 the branches of either side meeting to be enterlaced together4 ,now for the seuerall sorts of fruit trees that you shall place in this modell1 your best direction is to set ,damsons1 ,bulleis1 and your taler growing ,plums on the outside1 and your lower ,plums1 ,cherries1 and ,apples on the inside1 hauing regard1 that you place no ,peare tree to the ,sunward1 or any other tree1 lest it ouershadow them3 ,let your ,peare trees therefore be placed behinde1 or on the one side of your lower trees1 that they may be as it were a shelter or defence on the ,north ,east side4 ,thus may you also plant ,apples among ,plums and ,cherries1 so as you suffer not one to ouer-growe or ouer-toppe another2 for by pruning1 lopping1 and shredding those that growe too fast for their fellowes1 you may still keepe your trees in such a conformity1 as may be both most comely for the sight1 and most profitable for the yeelding of greater and better store of fruit4 ,other sorts of fruit trees you may mixe among these1 if you please1 as ,filberds1 ,cornellian ,cherries in standerds1 and ,medlers3 but ,seruice trees1 ,baye trees1 and others of that high sort1 must be set to guard the rest4 ,thus haue ,i giuen you the fairest forme could as yet be deuised2 and from this patterne1 if you doe not follow it precisely1 yet by it you may proportion your ,orchard1 be it large or little1 be it walled or hedged4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of a noursery for trees1 both from sowing the kernels1 and planting fit stockes to graft vpon4 ,although ,i know the greater sort 7,i meane the ,nobility and better part of the ,gentrie of this ,land7 doe not intend to keepe a ,nursery1 to raise vp those trees that they meane to plant their wals or ,orchards withall1 but to buy them already grafted to their hands of them that make their liuing of it3 yet because many ,gentlemen and others are much delighted to bestowe their paines in grafting themselues1 and esteeme their owne labours and handie worke farre aboue other mens3 for their incouragement and satisfaction1 ,i will here set downe some conuenient directions1 to enable them to raise an ,orchard of all sorts of fruits quickly1 both by sowing the kernels or stones of fruit1 and by making choise of the best sorts of stockes to graft on3 ,first therefore to begin with ,cherries2 ,if you will make a ,nursery1 wherein you may bee stored with plenty of stockes in a little space1 take what quantitie you thinke good of ordinarie wilde blacke ,cherrie stones1 cleansed from the berries1 and sowe them1 or pricke them in one by one on a peece of ground well turned vp1 and large enough for the quantitie of stones you will bestowe thereon1 from the midst of ,august vnto the end of ,september1 which when they are two or three yeares old1 according to their growth1 you may remoue them1 and set them anew in some orderly rowes1 hauing pruned their tops and their rootes1 which at the next yeares growth after the new planting in any good ground1 or at the second1 will be of sufficient bignesse to graft vpon in the bud what sorts of ,cherries you thinke best3 and it is fittest to graft them thus young1 that pruning your stockes to raise them high1 you may graft them at fiue or six foote high1 or higher1 or lower1 as you shall see good1 and being thus grafted in the bud1 will both more speedily and safely bring forward your grafts1 and with lesse danger of losing your stockes1 then by grafting them in the stocke3 for if the bud take not by inoculating the first yeare1 yet your tree is not lost1 nor put in any hazzard of losse2 but may be grafted anew the yeare following1 if you will1 in an other place thereof1 whereas if you graft in the stocke1 and it doe not take1 it is a great chance if the stocke dye not wholly1 or at least be not so weakened both in strength and height1 that it will not bee fit to bee grafted a yeare or two after4 ,in the same manner as you doe with the blacke1 you may deale with the ordinary ,english red ,cherrie stones1 or kernels1 but they are not so apt to growe so straight and high1 nor in so short a time as the blacke ,cherrie stones are1 and besides are subiect in time to bring out suckers from the rootes1 to the hinderance of the stockes and grafts1 or at the least to the deformitie of your ,orchard1 and more trouble to the ,gardiner1 to pull or digge them away4 ,plumme stones may bee ordered in this manner likewise1 but you must make choise of your ,plums2 for although euery ,plumme is not so fit for this purpose1 as the white ,peare ,plumme1 because it groweth the goalest and freest1 the barke being smooth and aptest to be raised1 that they may be grafted vpon2 yet diuers other ,plummes may be taken1 if they be not at hand1 or to be had1 as the blacke and red ,peare ,plumme1 the white and red ,wheate ,plumme1 because they are nearest in goodnesse vnto it4 ,peach stones will be soone raised vp to graft other sorts of ,peaches or ,nectorins vpon1 but the nature of the ,peach roote being spongie1 is not to abide long4 ,as for ,almonds1 they will be raised from their stones to be trees of themselues2 but they will hardly abide the remouing1 and lesse to bee grafted vpon4 ,apricocke stones are the worst to deale withall of any sort of stone fruit2 for although the ,apricocke branches are the fittest stockes to graft ,nectorins of the best sorts vpon1 yet those that are raised from the kernels or stones will neuer thriue to be brought on for this purpose2 but will starue and dye1 or hardly grow in a long time to be a straight and fit stocke to be grafted1 if it be once remoued4 ,your ,cornellian ,cherrie trees are wholly1 or for the most part raised from the stones or kernels2 yet ,i know diuers doe increase them1 by laying in their lowest branches to take roote3 and thus much for stone fruits4 ,now for ,apples and ,peares1 to be dealt withall in the same manner as aforesaid4 ,they vse to take the pressing of ,crabs whereas ,veriuyce is made1 as also of ,cidar and ,perry where they are made1 and sowing them1 doe raise vp great store of stockes2 for although the beating of the fruit doth spoile many kernels1 yet there will bee enough left that were neuer toucht1 and that will spring3 the ,crabbe stockes some preferre for the fittest1 but ,i am sure1 that the better ,apple and ,peare kernels will growe fairer1 straighter1 quicklier1 and better to be grafted on4 ,you must remember1 that after two or three yeares you take vp these stockes1 and when you haue pruned both toppe and roote1 to set them againe in a thinner and fitter order1 to be afterwards grafted in the bud while they are young1 as ,i shall shew you by and by1 or in the stocke if you will suffer them to growe greater4 ,now likewise to know which are the fittest stockes of all sorts to choose1 thereon to graft euery of these sorts of fruits1 is a point of some skill indeede2 and therefore obserue them as ,i doe here set them downe3 for bee you assured1 that they are certaine rules1 and knowne experiences1 whereunto you may trust without being deceiued4 ,your blacke ,cherrie stockes 7as ,i said before7 are the fittest and best for all sorts of ,cherries long to abide and prosper1 and euen ,may or early ,cherry will abide or liue longer1 being grafted thereon1 either in the budde or in the stocke1 then on the ordinary red ,cherry stocke2 but the red ,cherry stocke is in a manner the onely tree that most ,nursery men doe take to graft ,may ,cherries on in the stocke 7for it is but a late experience of many1 to graft ,may ,cherries in the bud7 many also doe graft ,may ,cherries on ,gascoigne ,cherry stockes1 which doe not onely thriue well1 but endure longer then vpon any ordinary ,cherry stocke3 ,for indeede the ,may ,cherries that are grafted vpon ordinary red ,cherrie stockes1 will hardly hold aboue a dozen yeares bearing well1 although they come forwarder at the first1 that is1 doe beare sooner then those that are grafted on ,gascoigne or blacke ,cherry stockes2 but as they are earlier in bearing1 so they are sooner spent1 and the ,gascoigne and blacked ,cherry stockes that are longer in comming forward1 will last twice or thrice their time2 but many more grafts will misse in grafting of these1 then of those red ,cherry stockes1 and besides1 the natures of the ,gascoigne and blacke ,cherry stockes are to rise higher1 and make a goodlier tree then the ordinary red stocke will1 which for the most part spreadeth wide1 but riseth not very high4 ,the ,english red ,cherry stocke will serue very well to graft any other sort of ,cherry vpon1 and is vsed in most places of this ,land1 and ,i know no other greater inconuenience in it1 then that it shooteth out many suckers from the roote1 which yet by looking vnto may soone bee remoued from doing any harme1 and that it will not last so long as the ,gascoigne or blacke ,cherry stocke will4 ,may ,cherries thus grafted lowe doe most vsually serue to be planted against a wall1 to bring on the fruit the earlier2 yet some graft them high vpon standards1 although not many1 and it is1 ,i thinke1 rather curiosity 7if they that doe it haue any wals7 then anie other matter that causeth them thus to doe3 for the fruit is naturally small1 though early1 and the standard ,cherries are alwaies later then the wall ,cherries1 so that if they can spare any roome for them at their wals1 they will not plant many in standards4 ,now concerning ,plummes 7as ,i said before7 for the sowing or setting of the stones1 so ,i say here for their choise in grafting of them1 either in the budde or stocke4 ,the white ,peare ,plumme stocke1 and the other there mentioned1 but especially the white ,peare ,plumme is the goodliest1 freest and fittest of all the rest1 as well to graft all sort of ,plummes vpon1 as also to graft ,apricockes1 which can be handsomely1 and to any good purpose grafted vpon no other ,plum stocke1 to rise to bee worth the labour and paine4 ,all sorts of ,plums may be grafted in the stocke1 and so may they also in the bud2 for ,i know none of them that will refuse to be grafted in the bud1 if a cunning hand performe it well1 that is1 to take off your bud cleanely and well1 when you haue made choice of a fit cyon3 for1 as ,i shal shew you anon1 it is no small peece of cunning to chuse your cyon that it may yeeld fit buds to graft withall1 for euery plum is not of a like aptnes to yeeld them3 ,but ,apricocks cannot be grafted in the stock for any thing that euer ,i could heare or learne1 but only in the bud1 and therefore let your ,plum stocke bee of a reasonable size for ,apricockes especially1 and not too small1 that the graft ouergrow not the stocke1 and that the stocke bee large enough to nourish the graft4 ,as your ,plum stockes serue to graft both ,apricockes and ,plummes1 so doe they serue also very well to graft ,peaches of all sorts2 and although ,peach stockes will serue to be grafted with ,peaches againe1 yet the ,peach stocke 7as ,i said before7 will not endure so long as the ,plumme stocke1 and therefore serueth but for necessity if ,plum stocks be not ready1 or at hand1 or for the present time1 or that they afterwards may graft that sort of ,peach on a ,plumme stocke3 for many might lose a good fruit1 if when they meete with it1 and haue not ,plumme stockes ready to graft it on1 they could not be assured that it would take vpon another ,peach stocke or branch1 or on the branch of an ,apricocke eyther4 ,plumme stockes will serue likewise very well for some sorts of ,nectorins2 ,i say1 for some sorts1 and not for all3 the greene and the yellow ,nectorin will best thriue to be grafted immediately on a ,plumme stocke2 but the other two sorts of red ,nectorins must not be immediately grafted on the ,plumme stocke1 but vpon a branch of an ,apricocke that hath beene formerly grafted on a ,plumme stocke1 the nature of these ,nectorins being found by experience to be so contrary to the ,plum stocke1 that it will sterue it1 and both dye within a yeare1 two or three at the most3 ,diuers haue tryed to graft these red ,nectorins vpon ,peach stockes1 and they haue endured well a while2 but seeing the ,peach stocke will not last long it selfe1 being ouerweake1 how can it hold so strong a nature as these red ,nectorins1 which will 7as ,i said before7 sterue a ,plum stocke that is sufficient durable for any other ,plumme8 ,apricocke stockes from the stones are hardly nursed vp1 and worse to be remoued1 and if a red ,nectorin should be grafted on an ,apricock raysed from the stone1 and not remoued1 ,i doubt it might happen with it as it doth with many other trees raised from stones or kernels1 and not remoued1 that they would hardly beare fruit3 for the nature of most trees raised from stones or kernels1 and not remoued1 is to send great downe-right rootes1 and not to spread many forwards2 so that if they be not cut away that others may spreade abroad1 ,i haue seldome seene or known any of them to beare in any reasonable time2 and therefore in remouing1 these great downe-right rootes are alwayes shred away1 and thereby made fit to shoote others forwards4 ,hereby you may perceiue1 that these red ,nectorins will not abide to bee grafted vpon any other stocke well1 then vpon an ,apricocke branch1 although the green and the yellow 7as ,i said before7 will well endure and thriue vpon ,plums4 ,the suckers or shootes both of ,plums and ,cherries that rise from their rootes1 eyther neare their stockes1 or farther off1 so that they bee taken with some small rootes to them1 will serue to bee stockes1 and will come forward quickly2 but if the suckers haue no small roots whereby they may comprehend in the ground1 it is almost impossible it should hold or abide4 ,there is another way to rayse vp eyther stockes to graft on1 or trees without grafting1 which is1 by circumcising a faire and fit branch in this manner3 ,about ,midsomer1 when the sappe is thoroughly risen 7or before if the yeare be forward7 they vse to binde a good quantity of clay round about a faire and straight branch1 of a reasonable good size or bignesse1 with some conuenient bands1 whether it be ropes of hey1 or of any other thing1 about an handfull aboue the ioynt1 where the branch spreadeth from the tree1 and cutting the barke thereof round about vnder the place where the clay is bound1 the sap is hereby hindered from rising1 or descending further then that place so circumcised1 whereby it will shoote out small knubs and rootes into the clay1 which they suffer so to abide vntill the beginning of winter1 whenas with a fine ,sawe they cut off that branch where it was circumcised1 and afterwardes place it in the ground where they would haue it to grow1 and stake it1 and binde it fast1 which will shoote forth rootes1 and will become eyther a faire tree to beare fruite without grafting1 or else a fit stocke to graft on according to the kinde3 but oftentimes this kinde of propagation misseth1 in that it sendeth not forth rootes sufficient to cause it to abide any long time4 ,let me yet before ,i leaue this narration of ,plummes1 giue you one admonition more1 that vpon whatsoeuer ,plumme stocke you doe graft1 yet vpon a ,damson stocke that you neuer striue to graft1 for it 7aboue all other sorts of ,plumme stockes7 will neuer giue you a tree worth your labour4 ,it remaineth only of stone fruit1 that ,i speake of ,cornelles1 which as yet ,i neuer saw grafted vpon any stocke1 being as it should seeme vtterly repugnant to the nature thereof1 to abide grafting1 but is wholly raysed vp 7as ,i said before7 eyther from the stones1 or from the suckers or layers4 ,for ,peares and ,apples your vsuall stockes to graft on are 7as ,i said before1 speaking of the nursing vp of trees from the kernels7 your ,crabbe stockes1 and they bee accepted in euery ,countrey of this ,land as they may conueniently be had1 yet many doe take the stockes of better fruit1 whether they bee suckers1 or stockes raysed from the kernels 7and the most common and knowne way of grafting1 is in the stocke for all sorts of them1 although some doe vse whipping1 packing on1 or incising1 as euery one list to call it3 but now we doe in many places begin to deale with ,peares and ,apples as with other stone fruit1 that is1 graft them all in the bud1 which is found the most compendious and safest way both to preserue your stocke from perishing1 and to bring them the sooner to couer the stock1 as also to make the goodlier and straighter tree1 being grafted at what height you please37 for those stockes that are raysed from the kernels of good fruit 7which are for the most part easily knowne from others1 in that they want those thornes or prickles the wilde kindes are armed withall37 ,i say for the most part2 for ,i know that the kernels of some good fruite hath giuen stockes with prickles on them 7which1 as ,i thinke1 was because that good fruite was taken from a wilde stocke that had not beene long enough grafted to alter his wilde nature2 for the longer a tree is grafted1 the more strength the fruite taketh from the graft1 and the lesse still from the stocke7 being smoother and fairer then the wilde kinds1 must needes make a goodlier tree1 and will not alter any whit the taste of your fruit that is grafted thereon1 but rather adde some better rellish thereunto2 for the ,crabbe stockes yeelding harsh fruite1 must giue part of their nature to the grafts are set thereon1 and therefore the taste or rellish1 as well as some other naturall properties of most fruits1 are somewhat altered by the stocke4 ,another thing ,i would willingly giue you to vnderstand concerning your fruits and stockes1 that whereas diuers for curiosity and to try experiments haue grafted ,cherries vpon ,plumme stockes1 or ,plums on ,cherry stockes1 ,apples vpon ,peare stockes1 and ,peares vpon ,apple stockes1 some of these haue held the graft a yeare1 two or three peraduenture1 but ,i neuer knew that euer they held long1 or to beare fruite1 much lesse to abide or doe well3 bestow not therefore your paines and time on such contrary natures1 vnlesse it be for curiositie1 as others haue done3 ,yet ,i know that they that graft peares on a white thorne stocke haue had their grafts seeme to thriue well1 and continue long1 but ,i haue seldome seene the fruite thereof answerable to the naturall wilde ,peare stocke2 yet the ,medlar is knowne to thriue best on a white thorne4 ,and lastly1 whereas diuers doe affirme that they may haue not only good stockes to graft vpon1 but also faire trees to bear store of fruit from the kernels of ,peares or ,apples being prickt into the ground1 and suffered to grow without remouing1 and then eyther grafted or suffered to grow into great trees vngrafted2 and for their bearing of fruite1 assigne a dozen or twenty yeares from the first setting of the kernels1 and abiding vngrafted1 ,i haue not seene or heard that experience to hold certaine1 or if it should be so1 yet it is too long time lost1 and too much fruit also1 to waite twenty yeares for that profit may be gained in a great deale of lesse time1 and with more certainty4 ,vnto these instructions let mee adde also one more1 which is not much known and vsed1 and that is1 to haue fruit within foure or fiue years from the first sowing of your stones or kernels in this manner3 ,after your stockes raysed from stones or kernels are two or three yeares old1 take the fairest toppe or branch1 and graft it as you would doe any other cyon taken from a bearing tree1 and looke what rare fruite1 eyther ,peare or ,apple1 the kernell was of that you sowed1 or ,peach or ,plum c4 the stone was set1 such fruite shall you haue within two or three yeares at the most after the grafting1 if it take1 and the stocke be good4 ,and thus may you see fruit in farre lesse time then to stay vntill the tree from a kernell or stone beareth fruit of it selfe4 ,,chap4 ,,iiii4 ,the diuers manners of grafting all sorts of fruits vsed in our ,land4 ,the most vsuall manner of grafting in the stocke is so common and well known in this ,land to euery one that hath any thing to doe with trees or an ,orchard1 that ,i think ,i shall take vpon mee a needlesse worke to set downe that is so well knowne to most2 yet how common soeuer it is1 some directions may profit euery one1 without which it is not easily learned4 ,and ,i doe not so much spend my time and paines herein for their sakes that haue knowledge1 but for such as not knowing would faine be taught priuately1 ,i meane1 to reade the rules of the arte set downe in priuate1 when they would refuse to learne of a ,gardiner1 or other by sight3 and yet ,i discommend not that way vnto them to learne by sight2 for one may see more in an instant by sight1 then he shall learn by his own practice in a great while1 especially if he be a little practised before he see a cunning hand to doe it4 ,there are many other kindes of grafting1 which shall be spoken of hereafter1 and peraduenture euen they that know it well1 may learne something they knew not before4 #a4 ,the grafting in the stocke1 is1 to set the sprigge of a good fruit into the body or stocke of another tree1 bee it wilde or other1 bee it young or old1 to cause that tree to bring forth such fruit as the tree bore from whence you took the sprigge1 and not such as the stocke or tree would haue borne1 if it had not beene grafted1 and is performed in this manner3 ,looke what tree or stocke you will chuse to graft on1 you must with a small fine sawe and very sharpe1 whip off1 or cut off the head or toppe thereof at what height you eyther thinke best for your purpose1 or conuenient for the tree3 for if you graft a great tree1 you cannot without endangering the whole1 cut it downe so low to the ground1 as you may without danger doe a small tree1 or one that is of a reasonable size2 and yet the lower or neerer the ground you graft a young tree1 the safer it is both for your stocke and graft1 because the sappe shall not ascend high1 but soone giue vigour to the graft to take and shoote quickly3 ,after you haue cut off the toppe of your stocke1 cut or smooth the head thereof with a sharpe knife1 that it may be as plaine and smooth as you can1 and then cleaue it with a hammer or mallet1 and with a strong knife1 cleauer or chessell1 either in the middle of it if it be small1 or of a reasonable size1 or on the sides an inch or more within the barke1 if it be great3 into both sides of the cleft put your grafts1 or into one if the stocke bee smaller2 which grafts must bee made fit for the purpose on this fashion3 ,hauing made choise of your grafts from the toppe branches especially1 or from the sides of that tree whereof you would haue the fruit1 and that they be of a reasonable good size1 not too small or too great for your stockes1 and of one or the same yeares shoote2 7and yet many doe cut an inch or more of the olde wood with the sprigge of the last yeares growth1 and so graft the old and young together1 but both are good1 and the old wood no better then the young7 cut your graft not too long1 but with two1 three or foure eyes or buds at the most1 which at the lower or bigger end for an inch long or more 7for the greater stockes1 and an inch or lesse for the lesser sort7 must be so cut1 that it be very thin on the one side from the shoulders downward1 and thicker on the other1 and thin also at the end1 that it may goe downe close into the cleft1 and rest at the shoulders on the head of the stocke3 but take heede that in cutting your grafts your knife bee very sharpe that you doe not rayse any of the barke1 eyther at the sides or the end1 for feare of losing both your paines and graft1 and stocke too peraduenture2 and let not your grafts bee made long before you set them1 or else put the ends of them in water to keepe them fresh and cleane3 when you set them you must open the cleft of your stocke with a wedge or chessell as most doe1 that the graft may goe easily into it1 and that the barke of both graft and stocke may ioyne close the one to the other1 which without stirring or displacing must bee so left in the cleft1 and the wedge or chessell gently pulled forth2 but because in the doing hereof consisteth in a manner the whole losse or gaine of your paines1 graft and stocke1 to preuent which inconuenience ,i doe vse an iron ,instrument1 the forme whereof is showne in the following page1 marked with the letter ,a1 crooked at both ends1 and broade like vnto a chessell1 the one bigger1 and the other lesser1 to fit all sorts of stockes1 and the iron handle somewhat long betweene them both1 that being thrust or knocked downe into the cleft1 you may with your left hand open it as wide as is fit to let in your graft1 without strayning1 which being placed1 this iron may bee pulled or knocked vp againe without any mouing of your graft3 when you haue thus done1 you must lay a good handfull or more 7according to the bignesse of your stocke7 of soft and well moistned clay or loame1 well tempered together with short cut hey or horse dung1 vpon the head of your stocke1 as lowe or somewhat lower then the cleft1 to keepe out all winde1 raine or ayre from your graft vntill ,midsomer at the least1 that the graft be shot forth somewhat strongly1 which then if you please may be remoued1 and the cleft at the head only filled with a little clay to keepe out earewigs1 or other things that may hurt your graft4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,the ,iron ,instrument with chessels at each end1 the one bigger and the other lesser1 to keepe the cleft of the ,tree open vntill the graft bee placed in the stocke1 which with a knock vpwards will be easily taken away4 ,b4 ,the small ,penne-knife with a broad and thinne ended hafte1 to raise the sides both of the bud and the down-right slit in the body or arme of a ,tree to be grafted in the bud4 ,c4 ,a pen or quil cut halfe round to take off a bud from the branch4 ,d4 ,an ,iuory ,instrument made to the same fashion4 ,e4 ,a shielde of brasse made hollow before to be put into the slit1 to keepe it open vntill the bud be put into its place4 ,f4 ,the manner of grafting called incising or splicing4 ,g4 ,a ,ladder made with a stoole at the toppe1 to serue both to graft higher or lower1 and also to gather fruit without spoyling or hurting any buddes or branches of ,trees4 #a4 ,the first slit in the body or arme of a ,tree to be grafted in the bud with the crosse cut at the head4 #b4 ,the same slit opened on both sides1 ready to receiue the budde should be put therein3 these small peeces serue as well as trees to shew the manner and order of the grafting4 #c4 ,the branch of a ,tree with one budde cut ready to be taken off1 and another not yet touched4 #d4 ,the bud cleane taken off from the branch1 both the foreside and backside4 #e4 ,the graft or bud now put into the stocke or tree you intend to be grafted3 but the binding thereof is omitted4 #b4 ,inarching is another manner of grafting in the stocke1 and is more troublesome1 and more casuall also then the former1 and is rather a curiosity then any way of good speede1 certainety or profit1 and therefore vsed but of a few4 ,yet to shew you1 the manner thereof1 it is thus3 ,hauing a tree well growne1 bee it high or low1 yet the lower the better1 with young branches well spread1 they vse to set stockes round about it1 or on the one side as you please2 into which stockes they ingraft the young branches of the well growne tree as they are growing 7before they cut them from the tree7 by bowing downe the branch they intend to graft1 and putting it into the stocke1 hauing first cut off the head thereof1 and cut a notch in the middle of the head a little slope on both sides1 wherein the branch must be fitted3 let the branch be cut thinne on the vnderside1 only of that length as may suffice to fit the notch in the stocke1 leauing about halfe a yarde length of the branch1 to rise aboue or beyond the stocke1 which beeing bound on1 and clayed ouer or couered with red or greene soft waxe1 they let so abide1 that if it take in the stocke they cut off the branch a little below the grafting place in ,nouember following1 and remouing the stocke1 they haue thus gained a grafted and growne tree the first yeare3 but it is vsually seene1 that where one branch taketh1 three doe misse3 yet this manner of grafting was much in vse for ,may ,cherries1 when they were first known to vs1 and the way thought to be a rare manner of grafting to encrease them1 vntill a better way was found out1 which now is so common and good also1 that this is not now scarce thought vpon4 #c4 ,another kinde of grafting in the stocke is called of some whipping1 of some splicing1 of others incising1 and of others packing on 7and as ,i heare1 is much vsed in the ,west parts especially1 and also in the ,north parts of this ,land7 and is performed in this manner3 ,take and slice the branch of a tree 7so as the branch be not too bigge7 or else a young tree of two1 or three1 or foure yeares growth at the most1 quite off slope wise1 about an inch and a halfe long or more1 and cut a deep notch in the middle thereof1 then fit into it a graft iust of that size or bignesse1 cut on both sides with shoulders1 and thin at the end1 that it may ioyne close in the notch1 and neyther bigger or lesser1 but that the barke of the one may bee fitted iust to the barke of the other1 the figure wherof is expressed at the letters ,e4,f4 which shew the one to be with a shoulder the other without2 binde them gently together with bast1 and put clay or waxe ouer the place1 vntill it be taken3 this is much vsed of late dayes for such young trees as are risen of stones or kernels after the second or third yeares growth1 and thriue very well in that it not only saueth much time1 but diuers checks by remouing and grafting4 #d4 ,inoculating or grafting in the budde is another manner of grafting1 which is the taking of a budde from one tree1 and putting it into the barke of another tree1 to the end1 that thereby you may haue of the same kinde of fruit the tree bare from whence the budde was taken2 and although it bee sufficiently knowne in many places of this ,land1 yet as ,i vnderstand1 good ,gardiners in the ,north parts1 and likewise in some other places1 can scarce tell what it meaneth1 or at the least how to doe it well4 ,it is performed after a different fashion from the former1 although they all tend vnto one end1 which is the propagating of trees4 ,you must for this purpose obserue1 that for those trees you would graft1 either with1 or vpon1 you choose a fit time in ,summer1 when the sappe is well risen1 and your graft well shot1 that the barke will rise easily and cleanly1 both of stocke and graft1 which time ,i cannot appoint1 because both the years doe differ in earlinesse1 and the seuerall parts or countries of this ,land likewise one from another1 but most vsually in these ,southerne parts1 from the beginning of ,iune vnto the end of it1 or to the middle of ,iuly1 or either somewhat before or after4 ,first 7as ,i said7 hauing taken the fitted time of the yeare1 you must take especiall care1 that your grafts be well growne1 and of the same yeares shoote1 and also that the buds or eyes haue but single leaues at them1 as neere as you can3 for ,i would vtterly refuse those buds that haue aboue two leaues as vnprofitable1 either in ,peaches or any other fruit2 and therefore see that your grafts or cyons bee taken from the chiefest place of the tree1 that is1 either from the toppe1 or from a sunnie side thereof1 and not from the contrarie side if you may otherwise1 nor from any vnder-boughes2 for seeing your graft is so small a thing1 you had neede take the more care that it be the best and fairest4 ,you must to take off this eye or budde from the sprigge1 haue a small sharpe pen-knife1 the end of the haft being made flat and thinne1 like a chessell or wedge1 the figure whereof is set forth at the letter ,b1 and a pen or goose quill cut1 to be lesse then halfe round1 and to be broad at the end1 but not sharpe pointed like a penne1 or else such a peece of bone or ,iuorie made in that fashion as the quill is1 to bee thinne1 hollow1 or halfe round1 the figures of both which are marked with the letters ,c1 ,d1 with your knife cut the barke of the bud 7hauing first cut off the leafe1 leauing onely the short foote-stalke thereof at the bud7 about a strawes breadth aboue the eye thereof halfe round1 and then from that round or ouerthwart cut1 with your knife cut it downe on both sides of the eye1 close to the bud slopewise about an inch long or thereabouts1 that it bee broad at the head aboue the eye1 and pointing at the end like a sheild or scutcheon2 and then cutting away the rest of the barke from about it1 with the thinne flat end of the haft of your knife raise vp both sides of your bud a little1 and with your quill or bone put vnder the barke1 raise your budde1 and thrust it quite off1 beginning at the toppe or head of your eye2 but see that you thrust it off close to the wood of the branch or sprigge1 and that you doe not leaue the eye of the budde behinde sticking vpon the branch2 for if that eye be left or lost1 your bud is worth nothing2 you must cast it away1 and cut another that may haue that eye abiding within the budde on the inside3 you may perceiue if that eye be wanting1 if you see an emptie hole in the place where the eye should be1 to fill it vp on the inside thereof2 thus hauing taken off your bud well and cleanly1 which is set forth vnto you at the figures1 #c and #d4 presently set it on the tree you would graft 7for your small budde can abide no delay1 lest by taking the ayre too long it become dry1 and nothing worth7 in this manner3 ,cut the barke of your tree you would graft in a smooth place1 at what height you please1 first aboue or ouerthwart1 and then downe right in the middle thereof1 more then an inch long1 the figure whereof you shall haue at the figure #a4 and then raise vp both sides of the barke1 first one1 and then another1 with the flat and thinne haft end of your knife1 a prettie way inwards 7for if the barke will not rise easily1 the stocke is not then fit to graft vpon7 put in your budde into the cleft with the point downewards1 holding the stalke of the leafe that is with the budde betweene your fingers of the one hand1 and opening the cleft with the flat end of your knife with the other hand1 that the head of your bud may be put close vnder the ouerthwart cut in the stocke or tree 7which must not be raised or stirred as the sides are7 the eye of the bud stand iust in the middle of the slit that is downeright1 and then closing the barke of the stocke or tree softly vnto the bud thus put in with your fingers1 let it be bound gently with a small long peece of baste1 or other such like soft thing1 first aboue the eye1 then compassing it belowe as close as you can1 but not too hard in any case1 vntil you haue bound it all ouer the slit you made1 especially the lower end1 lest any winde get in to dry and spoile it2 and hauing tyed both ends thereof fast1 leaue it so for a fortnight or somewhat more1 in which space it will take and hold1 if it be well done1 which you shall perceiue1 if the bud abide green1 and turne not blacke1 when you haue vnloosed the tying2 for if it hold fast to the tree1 and be fresh and good1 tye it vp gently againe1 and so leaue it for a fortnight longer1 or a moneth if you will1 and then you may take away your binding cleane3 this budde will 7if no other mischance happen vnto it7 spring and shoote forth the next yeare1 7and sometimes the same yeare1 but that is seldome7 and therefore in the beginning of the yeare1 cut off the head of the grafted tree about an handfull aboue the grafted place1 vntill the graft be growne strong1 and then cut it off close1 that the head may be couered with the graft1 and doe not suffer any buds to sprout besides the graft1 either aboue or belowe it4 ,if you graft diuers buds vpon one stocke 7which is the best way7 let that onely remaine and abide that shooteth best forth1 and rubbe off1 or take away the other3 the seuerall parts of this grafting ,i haue caused to be expressed for your further information4 #e4 ,grafting in the scutcheon is accounted another kinde of grafting1 and differeth verie little from grafting in the budde3 the difference chiefly consisteth in this1 that in stead of the downe right slit1 and that aboue ouerthwart1 they take away iust so much barke of the great tree1 as your budde is in bignesse1 which vsually is a little larger then the former1 and placing it therein1 they binde it as formerly is said3 some vse for this purpose a paire of compasses1 to giue the true measure both of bud and stocke2 this manner of grafting is most vsed vpon greater trees1 whose young branches are too high to graft vpon in the former maner1 and whose tops they cut off 7for the most part7 at the latter end of the next yeare after the bud is taken3 both these waies were inuented to saue the losse of trees1 which are more endangered by grafting in the stocke1 then any of these waies2 and besides1 by these waies you may graft at a farre greater height without losse4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the manner of grafting and propagating all sorts of ,roses4 ,hauing now spoken of the grafting of trees1 let mee adioyne the properties of ,roses1 which although they better fit a ,garden then an ,orchard1 yet ,i could not in a fitter place expresse them then here1 both for the name and affinity of grafting1 because ,i do not expresse it in the first part4 ,all sorts of ,roses may be grafted 7although all sorts are not1 some seruing rather for stockes for others to be grafted on7 as easily as any other tree1 is only performed1 by inoculating in the same maner ,i haue set downe in the former ,chapter of grafting trees in the bud2 for both stocke and budde must bee dealt with after the same fashion4 ,and although some haue boasted of grafting ,roses by dicing or whipping1 as they call it1 or in the stocke1 after the first manner1 set downe in the former ,chapter1 yet ,i thinke it rather a bragge1 not hauing seene or heard any true effect proceede from that relation4 ,the sweete ,briar or ,eglantine1 the white and the ,damaske ,roses1 are the chiefest stockes to graft vpon4 ,and if you graft lowe or neare the ground1 you may by laying downe that graft within the ground1 after it hath bin shot out well1 and of a years growth1 by pinning it fast downe with short stickes1 a thwart or acrosse1 cause that grafted branch1 by taking roote1 to become a naturall ,rose1 such as the graft was1 which being separated and transplanted after it hath taken root wel1 will prosper as well as any naturall sucker4 ,and in this maner1 by laying downe branches at length into the ground1 if they be full of spreading small branches1 you may increase all sorts of ,roses quickly and plentifully2 for they will shoote forth rootes at the ioynts of euery branch3 ,but as for the manner of grafting white ,roses or ,damaske vpon ,broome stalkes or ,barbary bushes1 to cause them to bring forth double yellow ,roses1 or vpon a ,willowe1 to beare greene ,roses1 they are all idle conceits1 as impossible to be effected1 as other things1 whereof ,i haue spoken in the ninth ,chapter of my first part1 concerning a ,garden of flowers1 vnto which ,i referre you to be satisfied with the reasons there alledged4 ,and it is the more needlesse1 because we haue a naturall double yellow ,rose of it owne growing4 ,the sowing of the seedes of ,roses 7which are sometimes found vpon most sorts of ,roses1 although not euery yeare1 and in euerie place7 hath bin formerly much vsed2 but now the laying downe of the young shootes is a way for increase so much vsed1 being safe and verie speedie to take1 especially for those ,roses that are not so apt to giue suckers1 that it hath almost taken quite away the vse of sowing of the seedes of ,roses1 which yet if anie one be disposed to make the triall1 they must gather the seede out of the round heads1 from amongst the doune1 wherein they lye verie like vnto the berries of the ,eglantine or sweete ,briar bush1 and especially of those ,roses that bee of the more single kindes1 which are more apt to giue berries for seed then the more double1 although sometimes the double ,roses yeeld the like heads or berries4 ,their time of sowing is in the end of ,september 7yet some reserue them vntill ,february7 and their manner of noursing is to bee transplanted1 after the first or second yeares growth1 and tended carefully1 that while they are young they be not lost for want of moisture in the dry time of ,summer4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,certaine rules and obseruations in and after grafting1 not remembred in the former ,chapter4 ,the time of some manners of grafting being not mentioned before1 must here be spoken of4 ,for the grafting of all sorts of trees in the stocke1 the most vsuall time is from the middle of ,february vntill the middle of ,march1 as the yeare and the countrie is more forward or backward1 with vs about ,london wee neuer passe midde ,march3 but because the ,may ,cherrie is first ripe1 and therefore of a very forward nature1 it doth require to be grafted somewhat sooner then others4 ,the time of gathering likewise1 or cutting your grafts for grafting in the stocke1 is to be obserued1 that they bee not long gathered before they bee grafted1 for feare of being too dry1 which ,i commend1 howsoeuer diuers say1 if they be long kept they are not the worse2 and therefore if you be forced to haue your grafts from farre1 or by some other chance to keepe them long1 be carefull to keepe them moist1 by keeping their ends stucke in moist clay2 but if neare hand1 neglect no time ,i say after the cutting of them for their grafting1 but either the same1 or the next day1 or verie speedily after1 in the meane time being put into the ground to keepe them fresh4 ,the grafts taken from old trees1 because they are stronger1 and shoote forth sooner1 are to bee sooner grafted then those that are taken from younger trees3 of a good branch may bee made two1 and sometimes three grafts sufficient for anie reasonable stocke4 ,for whipping1 the time is somewhat later then grafting in the stocke1 because it is performed on younger trees1 which 7as ,i said before7 doe not so early bud or shoote forth as the elder4 ,inarching likewise is performed much about the later end of the grafting time in the stocke2 for being both kindes thereof they require the same time of the yeare4 ,the times of the other manners of graftings are before expressed1 to bee when they haue shot forth young branches1 from whence your buds must be taken2 and therefore need not here againe to be repeated4 ,if a graft in the stocke doth happen not to shoote forth when others do 7so as it holdeth green7 it may perchance shoot out a moneth or two after1 do well1 or else after ,midsummer1 when a second time of shooting1 or the after ,spring appeareth3 but haue an especiall care1 that you take not such a graft that shal haue nothing but buds for flowers vpon it1 and not an eye or bud for leaues 7which you must be carefull to distinguish7 for such a graft after it hath shot out the flowers must of necessitie dye1 not hauing wherewith to maintaine it selfe4 ,also if your good graft doe misse1 and not take1 it doth hazzard your stocke at the first time1 yet manie stockes doe recouer to be grafted the second time2 but twice to faile is deadly1 which is not so in the inoculating of buds in the greene tree3 for if you faile there in three1 or three times three1 yet euerie wound being small1 and the tree still growing greene1 will quickly recouer it1 and not be afterwards seen4 ,some vse to graft in the stocke the same yeare they remoue the stocke1 to saue time1 a second checke by grafting2 but ,i like better both in grafting in the stocke1 and in the bud also1 that your trees might be planted in the places where you would haue them growe1 for a yeare or two at the least before you graft them1 that after grafting there should be no remouall1 ,i neede not be tedious1 nor yet ,i hope verie sollicitous to remember many other triuiall1 or at the least common knowne things in this matter4 ,first1 for the time to remoue trees1 young or old1 grafted or vngrafted1 to be from a fortnight after ,michaelmas vntill ,candlemas1 or if neede be1 somewhat after1 yet the sooner your remoue is1 the better your trees will thriue1 except it be in a very moist ground4 ,for the manner or way to set them3 viz4 in the high and dry grounds set them deeper1 both to haue the more moisture1 and to be the better defended from windes2 and in the lower and moister grounds ,shallower1 and that the earth be mellow1 well turned vp1 and that the finer earth bee put among the small rootes1 wherein they may spread1 and afterwards gently troden downe1 that no hollownesse remaine among the rootes3 as also that after setting 7if the time be not ouermoist7 there may be some water powred to the rootes1 to moisten and fasten them the better2 and in the dry time of ,summer1 after the setting1 let them not want moisture1 if you will haue them thriue and prosper2 for the want thereof at that time1 hath often killed manie a likely tree4 ,to stake and fence them also if neede bee after they are new set1 and so to continue for two or three yeares after1 is verie expedient1 lest windes or other casualties spoile your paines1 and ouerthrow your hopes4 ,and likewise to defend your grafts from birds lighting on them1 to breake or displace them1 to sticke some prickes or sharpe pointed stickes longer then your graft into your clay1 that so they may be a sure defence of it3 ,as also to tye some woollen cloathes about the lower end of your stockes1 or thrust in some thornes into the ground about the rootes1 to defend them from hauing their barkes eaten by ,conies1 or hurt by some other noisome vermine4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,obseruations for the dressing and well keeping of ,trees and an ,orchard in good order4 ,there are two manner of waies to dresse and keepe trees in good order1 that they may bee both gracefull and fruitfull2 the one is for wall-trees1 the other is for standards3 for as their formes are different1 so is their keeping or ordering4 ,wall trees1 because they are grafted lowe1 and that their branches must be plasht or tackt vnto the wall to fasten them1 are to be so kept1 that all their branches may be suffered to growe1 that shoote forth on either side of the bodie1 and led either along the wall1 or vpright1 and one to lappe ouer or vnder another as is conuenient1 and still with peeces of lists1 parings of felt1 peeces of soft leather1 or other such like soft thing compassing the armes or branches1 fastened with small or great nailes1 as neede requireth1 to the wals1 onely those buds or branches are to be nipped or cut off1 that shoot forward1 and will not so handsomely be brought into conformity1 as is fitting2 yet if the branches growe too thicke1 to hinder the good of the rest1 or too high for the wall1 they may1 nay they must be cut away or lopped off3 and if anie dead branches also happen to be on the trees1 they must be cut away1 that the rest may haue the more libertie to thriue4 ,diuers also by carefully nipping away the waste and superfluous buds1 doe keepe their trees in conformity1 without much cutting4 ,the time to pruine or plash1 or tye vp wall trees1 is vsually from the fall of the leafe1 to the beginning of the yeare1 when they begin to blossome1 and most especially a little before or after ,christmas3 but in any case not too late1 for feare of rubbing off their buds4 ,some ,i know doe plash and tye vp their wall trees after bearing time1 while the leaues are greene1 and their reason is1 the buds are not so easie or apt to bee rubbed from the branches at that time1 as at ,christmas1 when they are more growne3 but the leaues must needes be very cumbersome1 to hinder much both the orderly placing1 and close fastening of them to the wall4 ,this labour you must performe euery yeare in its due time2 for if you shall neglect and ouerslip it1 you shall haue much more trouble1 to bring them into a fit order againe1 then at the first4 ,the standard trees in an ,orchard must be kept in another order2 for whereas the former are suffered to spread at large1 these must be pruined both from superfluous branches that ouerload the trees1 make them lesse fruitfull1 as well as lesse sightly1 and the vnder or water boughes likewise1 that drawe much nourishment from the trees and yet themselues little the better for it1 ,i meane to giue fruit4 ,if therefore your ,orchard consist of young trees1 with a little care and paines it may bee kept in that comely order and proportion it was first defined vnto2 but if it consist of old growne trees1 they will not without a great deale of care and paines be brought into such conformitie1 as is befitting good1 and comely trees3 for the marke of those boughes or branches that are cut off from young trees1 will quickly be healed againe1 the barke growing quickly ouer them1 whereby they are not worse for the cutting1 but an old tree if you cut off a bough1 you must cut it close and cleanly1 and lay a searcloth of tallow1 waxe1 and a little pitch melted together vpon the place1 to keepe off both the winde1 sunne1 and raine1 untill the barke haue couered it ouer againe3 and in this manner you must deale with all such short stumps of branches1 as are either broken short off with the winde1 or by carelesnesse or want of skill1 or else such armes or branches as are broken off close1 or sliued from the body of the tree3 for the raine beating and falling into such a place1 will in short time rotte your tree1 or put it in danger1 besides the deformity4 ,some vse to fill vp such an hole with well tempered clay1 and tacke a cloth or a peece of leather ouer it vntill it be recouered1 and this is also not amisse4 ,your young trees1 if they stand in anie good ground1 will bee plentifull enough in shooting forth branches2 bee carefull therefore if they growe too thicke1 that you pruine away such as growe too close 7and will1 if they be suffered1 spoile one another7 as they may be best spared1 that so the sunne1 ayre1 and raine may haue free accesse to all your branches1 which will make them beare the more plentifully1 and ripen them the sooner and the more kindly4 ,if anie boughes growe at the toppe too high1 cut them also away1 that your trees may rather spread then growe too high4 ,and so likewise for the vnder boughes1 or anie other that by the weight of fruit fall or hang downe1 cut them off at the halfe1 and they will afterwards rise and shoote vpwards4 ,you shall obserue1 that at all those places where anie branches haue been cut away1 the sappe will euer bee readie to put forth3 if therefore you would haue no more branches rise from that place1 rubbe off or nippe off such buddes as are not to your minde when they are new shot3 and thus you may keep your trees in good order with a little paines1 after you haue thus pruined and dressed them4 ,one other thing ,i would aduertise you of1 and that is how to preserue a fainting or decaying tree which is readie to perish1 if it be not gone too farre or past cure1 take a good quantitie of oxe or horse bloud1 mixe therewith a reasonable quantitie of sheepe or pigeons dung1 which being laid to the roote1 will by the often raines and much watering recouer it selfe1 if there bee anie possibilitie2 but this must bee done in ,ianuarie or ,februarie at the furthest4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,diuers other obseruations to be remembred in the well keeping of an ,orchard4 ,there be diuers other things to be mentioned1 whereof care must be had1 either to doe or auoide1 which ,i thinke fit in this ,chapter promiscuously to set down1 that there may be nothing wanting to furnish you with sufficient knowledge of the care1 paines1 and casualties that befall an ,orchard3 for it hath many enemies1 and euery one laboureth as much as in them lye1 to spoile you of your pleasure1 or profit1 or both1 which must bee both speedily and carefully preuented and helped2 and they are these3 ,mosse1 ,caterpillars1 ,ants1 ,earwigs1 ,snailes1 ,moales1 and ,birds4 ,if ,mosse begin to ouergrowe your trees1 looke to it betimes1 lest it make your trees barren3 ,some vse to hacke1 and crossehacke1 or cut the barke of the bodies of their trees1 to cause it fall away2 but ,i feare it may endanger your trees4 ,others do either rubbe it off with a haire cloth1 or with a long peece of wood formed like a knife1 at the end of a long sticke or pole1 which if it bee vsed cauteiously without hurting the buds1 ,i like better4 ,caterpillars1 some smoake them with burning wet strawe or hay1 or such like stuffe vnder the trees2 but ,i doe not greatly like of that way3 others cut off the boughes whereon they breed1 and tread them vnder their feete1 but that will spoile too manie branches2 and some kill them with their hands1 but some doe vse a new deuised way1 that is1 a pompe made of lattin or tin1 spout-fashion1 which being set in a tubbe of water vnder or neare your trees1 they will cause the water to rise through it with such a force1 and through the branches1 that it will wash them off quickly4 ,to destroy ,ants1 that eate your fruit before and when it is ripe1 some vse to annoint the bodies of their trees with tarre1 that they may not creepe vp on the branches2 but if that doe not helpe1 or you will not vse it1 you must be careful to finde out their hill1 and turne it vp1 pouring in scalding water1 either in ,summer1 but especially if you can in ,winter1 and that will surely destroy them4 ,i haue spoken of ,earwigs in the first part of this worke1 entreating of the annoyances of ,gilloflowers1 and therefore ,i referre you thereunto3 yet one way more ,i will here relate which some doe vse1 and that is with hollow canes of halfe a yard long or more1 open at both ends for them to creepe in1 and stucke or laid among the branches of your trees1 will soone drawe into them many ,earwigs1 which you may soone kill1 by knocking the cane a little vpon the ground1 and treading on them with your foote4 ,snailes must be taken with your hands1 and that euerie day1 especially in the morning when they will be creeping abroad4 ,moales by running vnder your trees make them lesse fruitfull1 and also put them in danger to be blowne downe1 by leauing the ground hollow1 that thereby the rootes haue not that strength in the ground1 both to shoote and to hold1 that otherwise they might haue4 ,some haue vsed to put ,garlicke1 and other such like things into their holes1 thinking thereby to driue them away1 but to no purpose3 others haue tryed manie other waies2 but no way doth auaile anie thing1 but killing them either with a ,moale spade1 or a trappe made for the purpose as manie doe know3 and they must bee watched at their principall hill1 and trenched round1 and so to be caught4 ,birds are another enemie both to your trees and fruit2 for the ,bullfinch will destroy all your stone fruit in the budde1 before they flower1 if you suffer them1 and ,crowes1 c4 when your ,cherries are ripe3 for the smaller birds1 ,lime twigs set either neare your trees1 or at the next water where they drinke1 will helpe to catch them and destroy them4 ,and for the greater birds1 a stone bowe1 a birding or fowling peece will helpe to lessen their number1 and make the rest more quiet3 or a mill with a clacke to scarre them away1 vntill your fruit be gathered4 ,some other annoyances there are1 as suckers that rise from the rootes of your trees1 which must be taken away euerie yeare1 and not suffered to growe anie thing great1 for feare of robbing your trees of their liuelihood4 ,barke bound1 is when a tree doth not shoote and increase1 by reason the barke is as it were drie1 and will not suffer the sappe to passe vnto the branches3 take a knife therefore1 and slit the barke downe almost all the length of the tree in two or three places1 and it will remedy that euill1 and the tree will thriue and come forward the better after4 ,barke pilled is another euill that happeneth to some trees1 as well young as old1 either by reason of casuall hurts1 or by the gnawing of beasts1 howsoeuer it bee1 if it bee anie great hurt1 lay a plaister thereon made of tallow1 tarre1 and a little pitch1 and binde it thereto1 letting it so abide vntill the wound bee healed3 yet some doe only apply a little clay or loame bound on with ropes of hay4 ,the ,canker is a shrewd disease when it happeneth to a tree2 for it will eate the barke round1 and so kill the very heart in a little space4 ,it must be looked vnto in time before it hath runne too farre2 most men doe wholly cut away as much as is fretted with the ,canker1 and then dresse it1 or wet it with vinegar or ,cowes pisse1 or ,cowes dung and vrine1 c4 vntill it be destroyed1 and after healed againe with your salue before appointed4 ,there are yet some other enemies to an ,orchard3 for if your fence be not of bricke or stone1 but either a mudde wall1 or a quicke set or dead hedge1 then looke to it the more carefully1 and preuent the comming in of either horse1 or kine1 sheepe1 goates1 or deere1 hare1 or conie2 for some of them will breake through or ouer to barke your trees1 and the least hole almost in the hedge will giue admittance to hares and conies to doe the like4 ,to preuent all which1 your care must be continuall to watch them or auoide them1 and to stoppe vp their entrance4 ,a dogge is a good seruant for many such purposes1 and so is a stone bowe1 and a peece to make vse of as occasion shall serue4 ,but if you will take that medicine for a ,canker spoken of before1 which is ,cowes dung and vrine mixed together1 and with a brush wash your trees often to a reasonable height1 will keepe hares and conies from eating or barking your trees4 ,great and cold windes doe often make a great spoile in an ,orchard1 but great trees planted without the compasse thereof1 as ,wall-nuts1 ,oakes1 ,elmes1 ,ashes1 and the like1 will stand it in great stead1 to defend it both early and late4 ,thus haue ,i shewed you most of the euils that may happen to an ,orchard1 and the meanes to helpe them1 and because the number is great and daily growing1 the care and paines must be continuall1 the more earnest and diligent1 lest you lose that in a moment that hath been growing many yeares1 or at the least the profit or beauty of some yeares fruit4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the manner and way how to plant1 order1 and keepe other trees that beare greene leaues continually4 ,the way to order those trees that beare their leaues greene continually1 is differing from all others that doe not so3 for neyther are they to bee planted or remoued at the time that all other trees are set1 nor doe they require that manner of dressing1 pruining and keeping1 that others doe4 ,and although many ignorant persons and ,gardiners doe remoue ,bay trees1 and are so likewise perswaded that all other trees of that nature1 that is1 that carry their greene leaues continually1 may bee remoued in ,autumne or ,winter1 as well as all other trees may bee1 yet it is certaine it is a great chance if they doe thriue and prosper that are set at that time1 or rather it is found by experience1 that scarce one of ten prospereth well that are so ordered4 ,now in regard that there be diuers trees and shrubs mentioned here in this booke that beare euer greene leaues1 wherein there is very great beauty1 and many take pleasure in them2 as the ordinary ,bay1 the ,rose ,bay1 and the ,cherry ,bay trees1 the ,indian ,figge1 the ,cypresse1 the ,pine tree1 the ,mirtle and dwarfe ,boxe1 and many others2 ,i will here shew you how to plant and order them1 as is fittest for them4 ,for in that they doe not shed their greene leaues in winter as other trees doe1 you may in reason be perswaded that they are of another nature2 and so they are indeede3 for seeing they all grow naturally in warme ,countries1 and are from thence brought vnto vs1 we must both plant them in a warmer place1 and transplant them in a warmer time then other trees be1 or else it is a great hazzard if they doe not perish and dye1 the cold and frosts in the winter being able to pierce them through1 if they should bee transplanted in winter1 before they haue taken roote4 ,you must obserue and take this therefore for a certaine rule1 that you alwaies remoue such trees or shrubbes as are euer greene in the spring of the yeare1 and at no time else if you will doe well1 that is1 from the end of ,march1 or beginning of ,aprill1 vnto the middle or end of ,may1 especially your more dainty and tender plants1 shadowing them also for a while from the heate of the ,sun1 and giuing them a little water vpon their planting or transplanting2 but such water as hath not perfectly been drawn from a ,well or ,pumpe1 for that will go neer to kill any plant1 but such water as hath stood in the open ayre for a day at the least1 if not two or three4 ,yet for dwarfe ,boxe ,i confesse it may endure one moneth to be earlier planted then the rest1 because it is both a more hardy and lowe plant1 and thereby not so much subiect to the extremitie of the colde3 but if you should plant it before winter1 the frosts would raise it out of the ground1 because it cannot so soone at that time of the yeare take roote1 and thereby put it in danger to be lost4 ,moreouer all of them will not abide the extremitie of our winter frosts1 and therefore you must of necessity house some of them1 as the ,rose ,bay1 ,mirtle1 and some others1 but the other sorts being set where they may bee somewhat defended from the cold windes1 frostes1 and snow in winter1 with some couering or shelter for the time1 will reasonably well endure and beare their fruit1 or the most of them4 ,if any be desirous to be furnished with store of these kinds of trees that will be noursed vp in our ,country1 he may by sowing the seed of them in square or long woodden boxes or chests made for that purpose1 gaine plenty of them3 but hee must be carefull to couer them in winter with some straw or fearne1 or beane hame1 or such like thing layd vpon crosse sticks to beare it vp from the plants1 and after two or three yeares that they are growne somewhat great and strong1 they may bee transplanted into such places you meane they shall abide3 yet it is not amisse to defend them the first yeare after they are transplanted1 for their more securitie3 the seedes that are most vsually sowen with vs1 are1 the ,cypresse tree1 the ,pine tree1 the ,baye1 the ,pyracantha or prickly ,corall tree1 and the ,mirtle3 the ,rose ,bay ,i haue had also risen from the seede that was fresh1 and brought me from ,spaine4 ,but as for ,orenge trees1 because they are so hardly preserued in this our cold climate 7vnlesse it bee with some that doe bestow the housing of them1 besides a great deale more of care and respect vnto them7 from the bitternesse of our cold long winter weather 7although their kernels being put into the ground in the ,spring or ,summer1 and if care bee had of them and conuenient keeping1 will abide1 and by grafting the good fruite on the crab stocke they may bee in time nursed vp7 ,i doe not make any other especiall account of them1 nor giue you any further relation of their ordering4 ,now for the ordering of these trees after they are eyther planted of young sets1 or transplanted from the seede1 it is thus3 ,first for ,bay trees1 the most vsuall way is to let them grow vp high to bee trees1 and many plant them on the ,north or ,east side of their houses that they may not bee scorched with the ,sunne2 but the bitter winters which we often haue1 doe pinch them shrewdly1 insomuch that it killeth euen well growne trees sometimes downe to the roote3 but some doe make a hedge of them being planted in order1 and keep them low by lopping of them continually1 which will make them bush and spread4 ,the ,cypresse tree is neuer lopped1 but suffered to grow with all the branches from a foote aboue the ground1 if it may be1 straight vpright2 for that is his natiue grace and greatest beautie1 and therefore the more branches doe dye that they must bee cut away1 the more you deforme his propertie4 ,the ,pine tree may be vsed in the same manner1 but yet it wil better endure to sustaine pruining then the ,cypresse1 without any such deformitie4 ,the ,laurocerasus or ,cherry ,bay may be diuersly formed1 that is1 it may be either made to grow into a tall tree by shredding still away the vnder branches1 or else by suffering all the branches to grow to be a low or hedge bush1 and both by the suckers and by laying downe the lower branches into the earth1 you may soone haue much increase2 but this way will cause it to bee the longer before it beare anie fruit4 ,the ,rose ,baye will verie hardlie bee encreased either by suckers or by layers1 but must bee suffered to grow without lopping1 topping or cutting4 ,the ,pyracantha or ,prickly ,corall tree may bee made to grow into a reasonable tall tree by shredding away the lower branches1 or it may be suffered to grow lowe into an hedge bush1 by suffering all the branches to grow continually1 you may also propagate it by the suckers1 or by laying downe the lower branches4 ,the ,myrtle of all sorts abideth a low bush spreading his branches full of sweete leaues and flowers1 without anie great encrease of it selfe1 yet sometimes it giueth suckers or shootes from the rootes3 but for the more speedie propagating of them1 some doe put the cuttings of them into the earth1 and thereby increase them4 ,there are some other trees that are not of any great respect1 as the ,yew tree1 and the ,savine bush1 both which may be encreased by the cuttings1 and therefore ,i need not make any further relation or amplification of them1 and to say thus much of them all1 is 7,i thinke7 sufficient for this ,worke4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ordering1 curing1 and propagating ,vines of all sorts4 ,in most places of this countrie there is small care or paines taken about the ordering of ,vines3 it sufficeth for the most part with them that haue anie1 to make a frame for it to spread vpon aboue a mans height1 or to tacke it to a wall or window1 c4 and so to let it hang downe with the branches and fruit1 vntill the weight thereof1 and the force of windes doe teare it downe oftentimes1 and spoile the grapes3 and this way doth somewhat resemble that course that the ,vineyard keepers obserue in the hot countries of ,syria1 ,spaine1 and ,italy1 and in the farthest parts of ,france as ,i hear likewise3 for in most of these hot countries they vse to plant an ,oliue betweene two ,vines1 and let them runne thereupon4 ,but manie of the other parts of ,france1 c4 doe not suffer anie trees to growe among their ,vines2 and therefore they plant them thicke1 and pruine them much and often1 and keepe them lowe in comparison of the other way1 fastening them to pearches or poles to hold them vp4 ,and according to that fashion may haue aduentured to make ,vineyards in ,england1 not onely in these later daies1 but in ancient times1 as may wel witnesse the sundrie places in this ,land1 entituled by the name of ,vineyards2 and ,i haue read that manie ,monasteries in this ,kingdome hauing ,vineyards1 had as much wine made therefrom1 as sufficed their conuents yeare by yeare3 but long since they haue been destroyed1 and the knowledge how to order a ,vineyard is also vtterly perished with them4 ,for although diuers1 both ,nobles and ,gentlemen1 haue in these later times endeauoured to plant and make ,vineyards1 and to that purpose haue caused ,french men1 being skilfull in keeping and dressing of ,vines1 to be brought ouer to performe it1 yet either their skill failed them1 or their ,vines were not good1 or 7the most likely7 the soile was not fitting1 for they could neuer make anie wine that was worth the drinking1 being so small and heartlesse1 that they soone gaue ouer their practice4 ,and indeede the soile is a maine matter to bee chiefly considered to seate a ,vineyard vpon3 for euen in ,france and other hot countries1 according to the nature of the soile1 so is the rellish1 strength1 and durabilitie of the wine4 ,now although ,i think it a fruitlesse labour for any man to striue in these daies to make a good ,vineyard in ,england1 in regard not only of the want of knowledge1 to make choise of the fitted ground for such ,vines as you would plant thereupon but also of the true maner of ordering them in our country2 but most chiefly aboue all others1 that our years in these times do not fal out to be so kindly and hot1 to ripen the grapes1 to make anie good wine as formerly they haue done2 yet ,i thinke it not amisse1 to giue you instructions how to order such ,vines as you may nourse vp for the pleasure of the fruit1 to eate the grapes being ripe1 or to preserue and keepe them to bee eaten almost all the winter following3 ,and this may be done without any great or extraordinarie paines4 ,some doe make a lowe wall1 and plant their ,vines against it1 and keepe them much about the height thereof1 not suffering them to rise much higher3 but if the high bricke or stone wals of your ,garden or ,orchard haue buttresses thereat1 or if you cause such to bee made1 that they bee somewhat broade forwards1 you may the more conueniently plant ,vines of diuers sorts at them1 and by sticking down a couple of good stakes at euery buttresse1 of eight or ten foot high aboue ground1 tacking a few lathes acrosse vpon those stakes1 you may thereunto tye your ,vines1 carry them theron at your pleasure3 but you must be carefull to cut them euery year1 but not too late1 and so keepe them downe1 and from farre spreading1 that they neuer runne much beyond the frame which you set at the buttresses3 as also in your cutting you neuer leaue too many ioynts1 nor yet too few1 but at the third or fourth ioint at the most cut them off4 ,i doe aduise you to these frames made with stakes and lathes1 for the better ripening of your grapes3 for in the blooming time1 if the branches of your vines bee too neare the wall1 the reflection of the ,sunne in the day time1 and the colde in the night1 doe oftentimes spoile a great deale of fruit1 by piercing and withering the tender footstalkes of the grapes1 before they are formed1 whereas when the blossomes are past1 and the fruit growing of some bignesse1 then all the heate and reflection you can giue them is fit1 and therefore cut away some of the branches with the leaues1 to admit the more ,sunne to ripen the fruit4 ,for the diuers sorts of grapes ,i haue set them downe in the ,booke following1 with briefe notes vpon euerie of them1 whether white or blacke1 small or great1 early or late ripe2 so that ,i neede not here make the same relation again4 ,there doth happen some diseases to ,vines sometimes1 which that you may helpe1 ,i thinke it conuenient to informe you what they are1 and how to remedy them when you shall be troubled with any such4 ,the first is a luxurious spreading of branches and but little or no fruit3 for remedie whereof1 cut the branches somewhat more neere then vsuall1 and bare the roote1 but take heed of wounding or hurting it1 and in the hole put either some good old rotten stable dung of ,horses1 or else some ,oxe blood new taken from the beasts1 and that in the middle of ,ianuarie or beginning of ,februarie1 which being well tempered and turned in with the earth1 let it so abide1 which no doubt1 when the comfort of the blood or dung is well soaked to the bottome by the raines that fall thereon1 will cause your ,vine to fructifie againe4 ,another fault is1 when a ,vine doth not bring the fruit to ripenesse1 but either it withereth before it be growne of any bignesse1 or presently after the blooming3 the place or the earth where such a ,vine standeth1 assuredly is too cold1 and therefore if the fault bee not in the place1 which cannot bee helped without remouing to a better1 digge out a good quantity of that earth1 and put into the place thereof some good fresh ground well heartned with dung1 and some sand mixed therewith 7but not salt or salt water1 as some doe aduise1 nor yet vrine as others would haue7 and this will hearten and strengthen your ,vine to beare out the fruit vnto maturitie4 ,when the leaues of a ,vine in the end of ,summer or in ,autumne1 vntimely doe turne either yellow or red1 it is a great signe the earth is too hot and drie2 you must therefore in stead of dung and sand1 as in the former defect is said1 put in some fresh loame or short clay1 well mixed together with some of the earth1 and so let them abide1 that the frosts may mellow them4 ,and lastly1 a ,vine sometimes beareth some store of grapes1 but they are too many for it to bring to ripenesse2 you shall therefore helpe such a ,vine 7which no doubt is of some excellent kinde1 for they are most vsually subiect to this fault7 by nipping away the blossomes from the branches1 and leauing but one or two bunches at the most vpon a branch1 vntill the ,vine be growne older1 and thereby stronger1 and by this meane inured to beare out all the grapes to ripenesse4 ,these be all the diseases ,i know doe happen to ,vines3 for the bleeding of a ,vine it seldome happeneth of it selfe1 but commeth either by cutting it vntimely1 that is1 too late in the yeare1 7for after ,ianuarie1 if you will be well aduised1 cut not any ,vine7 or by some casuall or wilfull breaking of an arme or a branch4 ,this bleeding in some is vnto death1 in others it stayeth after a certaine space of it selfe3 ,to helpe this inconuenience1 some haue seared the place where it bleedeth with an hot iron1 which in many haue done but a little good2 others haue bound the barke close with packe-thred to stay it2 and some haue tied ouer the place1 being first dried as well as may bee1 a plaister made with waxe rossen and turpentine while it is warme4 ,now for the propagating of them3 ,you must take the fairest and goalest shot branches of one yeares growth1 and cut them off with a peece of the old wood vnto it1 and these being put into the ground before the end of ,ianuarie at the furthest1 will shoote forth1 and take roote1 and so become ,vines of the same kinde from whence you tooke them4 ,this is the most speedy way to haue increase3 for the laying downe of branches to take roote1 doth not yeelde such store so plentifully1 nor doe suckers rise from the rootes so aboundantly2 yet both these waies doe yeelde ,vines that being taken from the old stockes will become young plants1 fit to bee disposed of as any shall thinke meete4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the way to order and preserue grapes1 fit to be eaten almost all the ,winter long1 and sometimes vnto the ,spring4 ,although it bee common and vsuall in the parts beyond the ,sea to dry their grapes in the ,sunne1 thereby to preserue them all the year1 as the ,raisins of the ,sunne are1 which cannot bee done in our ,countrie for the want of sufficient heate thereof at that time3 or otherwise to scald them in hot water 7as ,i heare7 and afterwards to dry them1 and so keepe them all the yeare1 as our ,malaga ,raisins are prepared that are packed vp into ,frayles3 yet ,i doe intend to shew you some other waies to preserue the grapes of our ,countrie fresh1 that they may be eaten in the winter both before and after ,christmas with as much delight and pleasure almost1 as when they were new gathered4 ,one way is1 when you haue gathered your grapes you intend to keepe1 which must be in a dry time1 and that all the shrunke1 dried1 or euill grapes in euery bunch be picked away1 and hauing prouided a vessell to hold them1 be it of wood or stone which you will1 and a sufficient quantitie of faire and cleane drie sand2 make stratum super stratum of your grapes and the sand1 that is1 a lay of sand in the bottome first1 and a lay of grapes vpon them1 and a lay or strowing againe of sand vpon those grapes1 so that the sand may couer euery lay of grapes a fingers breadth in thicknesse1 which being done one vpon another vntill the vessell be full1 and a lay of sand vppermost1 let the vessell be stopped close1 and set by vntill you please to spend them1 being kept in some drie place and in no sellar3 let them bee washed cleane in faire water to take away the sand from so many you will spend at a time4 ,another way is 7which ,camerarius setteth downe he was informed the ,turkes vse to keepe grapes all the winter vnto the next summer7 to take so much meale of ,mustard seede1 as will serue to strow vpon grapes1 vntill they haue filled their vessels1 thereon afterwards they poure new wine before it hath boiled1 to fill vp their vessels therwith1 and being stopped vp close1 they keepe them a certaine time1 and selling them with their liquour to them that will vse them1 they doe wash the seedes or meale from them when they vse them4 ,another way is1 that hauing gathered the fairest ripe grapes1 they are to be cast vpon threds or strings that are fastened at both ends to the side walls of a chamber1 neere vnto the seeling thereof1 that no one bunch touch another1 which will bee so kept a great while1 yet the chamber must be well defended from the frosts1 and cold windes that pierce in at the windowes1 lest they perish the sooner3 and some will dippe the ends of the branches they hang vp first in molten pitch1 thinking by searing vp the ends to keepe the bunches the better2 but ,i doe not see any great likelihood therein4 ,your chamber or closet you appoint out for this purpose must also bee kept somewhat warme1 but especially in the more cold and frostie time of the yeare1 lest it spoile all your cost and paines1 and frustrate you of all your hopes3 but although the frosts should pierce and spoile some of the grapes on a bunch1 yet if you be carefull to keepe the place warme1 the fewer will be spoiled4 ,and thus haue ,i shewed you the best directions to order this ,orchard rightly1 and all the waies ,i know are vsed in our ,countrie to keep grapes good anie long time after the gathering1 in regard wee haue not that comfort of a hotter ,sun to preserue them by its heate4 ,the fruits themselues shall follow euerie one in their order2 the lower shrubbes or bushes first1 and the greater afterwards4 ,,the ,,third ,,part ,,called ,,the ,,orchard1 ,containing all sorts of trees bearing fruit for mans vse to eate1 proper and fit for to plant an ,orchard in our climate and countrie3 ,i bound it with this limitation1 because both ,dates1 ,oliues1 and other fruits1 are planted in the ,orchards of ,spaine1 ,italy1 and other hot countries1 which will not abide in ours4 ,yet herein ,i will declare whatsoeuer ,art1 striuing with ,nature1 can cause to prosper with vs1 that whosoeuer will1 may see what can bee effected in our countrie4 ,and first to begin with the lower shrubbes or bushes1 and after ascend to the higher trees4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,rubus ,idus4 ,raspis4 ,the ,raspis berrie is of two sorts1 white and red1 not differing in the forme either of bush1 leafe1 or berry1 but onely in the colour and taste of the fruit4 ,the ,raspis bush hath tender whitish stemmes1 with reddish small prickes like haires set round about them1 especially at the first when they are young2 but when they grow old they become more wooddy and firme1 without any shew of thornes or prickles vpon them1 and hath onely a little hairinesse that couereth them3 the leaues are somewhat rough or rugged1 and wrinkled1 standing three or fiue vpon a stalke1 somewhat like vnto ,roses1 but greater1 and of a grayer greene colour3 the flowers are small1 made of fine whitish round leaues1 with a dash as it were of blush cast ouer them1 many standing together1 yet euery one vpon his owne stalke1 at the tops of the branches2 after which come vp small berries1 somewhat bigger then ,strawberries1 and longer1 either red or white1 made of many graines1 more eminent then in the ,strawberry1 with a kinde of douninesse cast ouer them1 of a pleasant taste1 yet somewhat sowre1 and nothing so pleasant as the ,strawberrie4 ,the white ,raspis is a little more pleasant then the red1 wherein there is small seede inclosed3 the rootes creepe vnder ground verie farre1 and shoote vp againe in many places1 much encreasing thereby4 ,there is another whose stemme and branches are wholly without prickles3 the fruit is red1 and somewhat longer1 and a little more sharpe4 ,the ,vse of ,raspis4 ,the leaues of ,raspis may be vsed for want of ,bramble leaues in gargles1 and other decoctions that are cooling and drying1 although not fully to that effect4 ,the ,conserue or ,syrupe made of the berries1 is effectuall to coole an hot stomacke1 helping to refresh and quicken vp those that are ouercome with faintnesse4 ,the berries are eaten in the ,summer time1 as an afternoones dish1 to please the taste of the sicke as well as the sound4 ,the iuyce and the distilled water of the berries are verie comfortable and cordiall4 ,it is generally held of many1 but how true ,i know not1 that the red wine that is vsually sold at the ,vintners1 is made of the berries of ,raspis that grow in colder countries1 which giueth it a kinde of harshnesse3 ,and also that of the same berries growing in hotter climates1 which giueth vnto the wine a more pleasant sweetnesse1 is made that wine which the ,vintners call ,alligant3 but we haue a ,vine or ,grape come to vs vnder the name of the ,alligant ,grape1 as you shall finde it set downe hereafter among the ,grapes2 and therefore it is likely to be but an opinion1 and no truth in this1 as it may be also in the other4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,ribes rubra1 alba1 nigra4 ,currans red1 white1 and blacke4 ,the bushes that beare those berries1 which are vsually called red ,currans1 are not those ,currans either blew or red1 that are sold at the ,grocers1 nor any kind thereof2 for that they are the grapes of a certaine ,vine1 as shall be shewed by and by3 but a farre differing kinde of berry1 whereof there are three sorts1 red1 white1 and blacke4 ,the red ,curran bush is of two sorts1 and groweth to the height of a man1 hauing sometimes a stemme of two inches thicknesse1 and diuers armes and branches1 couered with a smooth1 darke1 brownish barke1 without anie pricke or thorne at all vpon anie part thereof1 whereon doe growe large cornered blackish greene leaues1 cut in on the edges1 seeming to be made of fiue parts1 almost like a ,vine leafe1 the ends a little pointing out1 and standing one aboue another on both sides of the branches3 the flowers are little and hollow1 comming forth at the ioynts of the leaues1 growing many together on a long stalke1 hanging downe aboue a fingers length1 and of an herbie colour3 after which come small round fruit or berries1 greene at the first1 and red as a ,cherry when they are ripe1 of a pleasant and tart taste3 the other differeth not in anie other thing then in the berries1 being twice as bigge as the former3 the roote is wooddy1 and spreadeth diuersly4 ,the white ,curran bush riseth vsually both higher then the red1 and straighter or more vpright1 bigger also in the stemme1 and couered with a whiter barke3 the leaues are cornered1 somewhat like the former1 but not so large3 the flowers are small and hollow like the other1 hanging downe in the same manner on long stalkes1 being of a whiter colour3 the berries likewise growe on the long stalkes1 somewhat thicker set together1 and of a cleare white colour1 with a little blacke head1 so transparent that the seedes may be easily seene thorough them1 and of a more pleasant winie taste then the red by much4 ,the blacke ,curran bush riseth higher then the white1 with more plentifull branches1 and more pliant and twiggie3 the stemme and the elder branches being couered with a brownish barke1 and the younger with a paler3 the flowers are also like vnto little bottles as the others be1 of a greenish purple colour1 which turne into blacke berries1 of the bignesse of the smaller red ,currans3 the leaues are somewhat like vnto the leaues of the red ,currans1 but not so large3 both branches1 leaues1 and fruit haue a kind of stinking sent with them1 yet they are not vnwholsome1 but the berries are eaten of many1 without offending either taste or smell4 ,illustration3 #a ,rubus ,idus4 ,the raspis4 #b ,ribes fructu rubro vel albo4 ,white or red ,currans4 #c ,grossularia vulgaris4 ,the ordinary ,gooseberry4 #d ,grossularia fructu rubro4 ,the great red ,gooseberry4 #e ,grossularia aculeata4 ,the prickly ,gooseberry4 #f ,oxyacantha seu ,berberis4 ,the ,barbary bush4 #g ,auellana ,byzantina4 ,the ,filberd of ,constantinople4 #h ,auellana rubra nostras4 ,the best red ,filberd4 ,the ,vse of ,currans4 ,the red ,currans are vsually eaten when they are ripe1 as a refreshing to an hot stomacke in the heate of the yeare1 which by the tartnesse is much delighted4 ,some preserue them1 and conserue them also as other fruits1 and spend them at neede4 ,the white ,currans1 by reason of the more pleasant winie taste1 are more accepted and desired1 as also because they are more daintie1 and lesse common4 ,some vse both the leaues and berries of the blacke ,currans in sawces1 and other meates1 and are well pleased both with the sauour and taste thereof1 although many mislike it4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,vua ,crispa siue ,grossularia4 ,gooseberries or ,feaberries4 ,wee haue diuers sorts of ,gooseberries1 besides the common kinde1 which is of three sorts1 small1 great1 and long4 ,for wee haue three red ,gooseberries1 a blew and a greene4 ,the common ,gooseberrie1 or ,feaberrie bush1 as it is called in diuers ,countries of ,england1 hath oftentimes a great stemme1 couered with a smooth darke coloured bark1 without anie thorne thereon1 but the elder branches haue here and there some on them1 and the younger are whitish1 armed with verie sharpe and cruell crooked thorns1 which no mans hand can well auoide that doth handle them1 whereon are set verie greene and small cornered leaues cut in1 of the fashion almost of ,smallage1 or ,hawthorne leaues1 but broad at the stalke3 the flowers come forth single1 at euerie ioynt of the leafe one or two1 of a purplish greene colour1 hollow and turning vp the brims a little3 the berries follow1 bearing the flowers on the heads of them1 which are of a pale greene at the first1 and of a greenish yellow colour when they are ripe1 striped in diuers places1 and cleare1 almost transparent1 in which the seede lyeth4 ,in some these berries are small and round2 in others much greater2 a third is great1 but longer then the other3 all of them haue a pleasant winie taste1 acceptable to the stomacke of anie 7but the long kinde hath both the thicker skin1 and the worser taste of the other7 and none haue been distempered by the eating of them1 that euer ,i could heare of4 ,the first of the red ,gooseberries is better knowne ,i thinke then the rest1 and by reason of the small bearing not much regarded2 the stemme is somewhat bigge1 and couered with a smooth darke coloured barke1 the younger branches are whiter1 and without anie thorne or pricke at all1 so long1 weake1 small1 and slender1 that they lye vpon the ground1 and will there roote againe3 the leaues are like vnto the former ,gooseberries1 but larger3 the flowers and berries stand single1 and not manie to bee found anie yeare vpon them1 but are somewhat long1 and are as great as the ordinarie ,gooseberry1 of a darke brownish red colour1 almost blackish when they are ripe1 and of a sweetish taste1 but without any great delight4 ,the second red ,gooseberry riseth vp with a more straight stemme1 couered with a brownish barke2 the young branches are straight likewise1 and whitish1 and grow not so thicke vpon it as the former red kinde1 and without any thorne also vpon them3 the leaues are like vnto the former red1 but smaller3 the berries stand singly at the leaues as ,gooseberries doe1 and are of a fine red colour when they are ripe1 but change with standing to be of a darker red colour1 of the bignesse of the small ordinary ,gooseberry1 of a pretty tart taste1 and somewhat sweete withall4 ,the third red ,gooseberry which is the greatest1 and knowne but vnto few1 is so like vnto the common great ,gooseberry1 that it is hardly distinguished3 the fruit or berries grow as plentifully on the branches as the ordinary1 and are as great round as the great ordinary kinde1 but reddish1 and some of them paler1 with red stripes4 ,the blew ,gooseberry riseth vp to bee a bush like vnto the red ,curran1 and of the same bignesse and height1 with broader and redder leaues at the first shooting out1 then the second red ,gooseberry3 the berries are more sparingly set on the branches1 then on the small red1 and much about the same bignesse1 or rather lesser1 of the colour of a ,damson1 with an ouershadowing of a blewish colour vpon them1 as the ,damson hath1 before it be handled or wiped away4 ,the greene prickly ,gooseberry is very like vnto the ordinary ,gooseberry in stemme and branches1 but that they are not stored with so many sharpe prickles2 but the young shootes are more plentifull in small prickles about1 and the greene leafe is a little smaller3 the flowers are alike1 and so are the berries1 being of a middle size1 and not very great1 greene when they are thorough ripe as well as before1 but mellower1 and hauing a few small short prickles1 like small short haires vpon them1 which are harmlesse1 and without danger to anie the most dainty and tender palate that is1 and of a verie good pleasant taste4 ,the seede hereof hath produced bushes bearing berries1 hauing few or no prickles vpon them4 ,the ,vse of ,gooseberries4 ,the berries of the ordinary ,gooseberries1 while they are small1 greene1 and hard1 are much vsed to bee boyled or scalded to make sawce1 both for fish and flesh of diuers sorts1 for the sicke sometimes as well as the sound1 as also before they bee neere ripe1 to bake into tarts1 or otherwise1 after manie fashions1 as the cunning of the ,cooke1 or the pleasure of his commanders will appoint4 ,they are a fit dish for women with childe to stay their longings1 and to procure an appetite vnto meate4 ,the other sorts are not vsed in ,cookery that ,i know1 but serue to bee eaten at pleasure2 but in regard they are not so tart before maturity as the former1 they are not put to those vses they be4 ,,chap4 ,,iiii4 ,oxyacantha1 sed potius ,berberis4 ,barberries4 ,the ,barberry bush groweth oftentimes with very high stemmes1 almost two mens height1 but vsually somewhat lower1 with manie shootes from the roote1 couered with a whitish rinde or barke1 and yellow vnderneath1 the wood being white and pithy in the middle3 the leaues are small1 long1 and very greene1 nicked or finely dented about the edges1 with three small white sharpe thornes1 for the most part set together at the setting on of the leaues3 the flowers doe growe vpon long clustering stalkes1 small1 round1 and yellow1 sweete in smell while they are fresh1 which turne into small1 long1 and round berries1 white at the first1 and very red when they are ripe1 of a sharpe sowre taste1 fit to set their teeth on edge that eate them3 the roote is yellow1 spreading far vnder the vpper part of the ground1 but not very deepe4 ,there is 7as it is thought7 another kinde1 whose berries are thrice as bigge as the former1 which ,i confesse ,i haue not seene1 and know not whether it be true or no3 for it may peraduenture be but the same1 the goodnesse of the ground and ayre where they growe1 and the youngnesse of the bushes causing that largenesse1 as ,i haue obserued in the same kinde1 to yeeld greater berries4 ,there is said to be also another kinde1 whose berries should be without stones or seede within them1 not differing else in anie thing from the former3 but because ,i haue long heard of it1 and cannot vnderstand by all the inquirie ,i haue made1 that any hath seene such a fruit1 ,i rest doubtfull of it4 ,the ,vse of ,barberries4 ,some doe vse the leaues of ,barberries in the stead of ,sorrell1 to make sawce for meate1 and by reason of their sowrenesse are of the same quality4 ,the berries are vsed to be pickled1 to serue to trimme or set out dishes of fish and flesh in broth1 or otherwise1 as also sometime to bee boyled in the broth1 to giue it a sharpe rellish1 and many other wayes1 as a ,master ,cooke can better tell then my selfe4 ,the berries are preserued and conserued to giue to sicke bodies1 to helpe to coole any heate in the stomacke or mouth1 and quicken the appetite4 ,the depurate iuyce is a fine menstrue to dissolue many things1 and to verie good purpose1 if it be cunningly handled by an ,artist4 ,the yellow inner barke of the branches1 or of the rootes1 are vsed to be boyled in ,ale1 or other drinkes1 to be giuen to those that haue the yellow iaundise3 ,as also for them that haue anie fluxes of choller1 to helpe to stay and binde4 ,clusius setteth downe a secret that hee had of a friend1 of a cleane differing propertie1 which was1 that if the yellow barke were laid in steepe in white wine for the space of three houres1 and afterwards drunke1 it would purge one very wonderfully4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,nux ,auellana4 ,the ,filberd4 ,the ,filberd tree that is planted in ,orchards1 is very like vnto the ,hasell nut tree that groweth wilde in the woods1 growing vpright1 parted into many boughes and tough plyable twigges1 without knots1 couered with a brownish1 speckled1 smooth1 thinne rinde1 and greene vnderneath3 the leaues are broad1 large1 wrinkled1 and full of veines1 cut in on the edges into deepe dents1 but not into any gashes1 of a darke greene colour on the vpperside1 and of a grayish ash colour vnderneath3 it hath small and long catkins in stead of flowers1 that come forth in the ,winter1 when as they are firme and close1 and in the ,spring open themselues somewhat more1 growing longer1 and of a brownish yellow colour3 the nuts come not vpon those stalkes that bore those catkins1 but by themselues1 and are wholly inclosed in long1 thicke1 rough huskes1 bearded as it were at the vpper ends1 or cut into diuers long iagges1 much more then the wood nut3 the nut hath a thinne and somewhat hard shell1 but not so thicke and hard as the wood nut1 in some longer then in other1 and in the long kinde1 one hath the skinne white that couereth the kernels1 and another red4 ,there is another sort of the round kinde that came from ,constantinople1 whose huske is more cut1 torne1 or iagged1 both aboue and belowe1 then any of our country2 the barke also is whiter1 and more rugged then ours1 and the leaues somewhat larger4 ,we haue had from ,virginia ,hasell nuts1 that haue beene smaller1 rounder1 browner1 thinner sheld1 and more pointed at the end then ours3 ,i know not if any hath planted of them1 or if they differ in leafe or any thing else4 ,the ,vse of ,filberds4 ,filberds are eaten as the best kinde of ,hasell nuts1 at bankets among other dainty fruits1 according to the season of the yeare1 or otherwise1 as euery one please3 ,but ,macer hath a ,verse1 expressing prettily the nature of these nuts1 which is1 ,ex minimis nucibus nulli datur esca salubris4 that is1 ,there is no wholsome food or nourishment had from these small kinde of nuts4 ,yet they are vsed sometime physically to be rosted1 and made into a ,lohoc or ,electuary1 that is vsed for the cough or cold4 ,and it is thought of some1 that ,mithridates meant the kernels of these nuts1 to be vsed with ,figs and ,rue for his ,antidote1 and not of ,walnuts4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,vitis4 ,the ,vine4 ,there is so great diuersities of ,grapes1 and so consequently of ,vines that bear them1 that ,i cannot giue you names to all that here grow with vs3 for ,iohn ,tradescante my verie good friend1 so often before remembred1 hath assured me1 that he hath twentie sorts growing with him1 that hee neuer knew how or by what name to call them4 ,one description therefore shall serue 7as ,i vse to doe in such varieties7 for all the rest1 with the names afterwards1 of as many as we can giue1 and the seuerall formes1 colours and proportions of the grapes4 ,the manured ,vine1 in the places where it hath abiden long time1 groweth to haue a great bodie1 stemme or trunke1 sometimes of the bignesse of a mans arme1 sleeue and all1 spreading branches if it bee suffered without end or measure1 but vsually stored with many armes or branches1 both old and new1 but weake1 and therefore must bee sustained2 whereof the old are couered with a thin scaly rinde1 which will often chap and peele off of it selfe2 the youngest being of a reddish colour1 smooth and firme1 with a hollownesse or pith in the middle3 from the ioints of the young branches1 and sometimes from the bodie of the elder1 breake out on euerie side broade greene leaues1 cut on the edges into fiue diuisions for the most part1 and besides notched or dented about3 right against the leafe1 and likewise at other ioynts of the branches1 come forth long twining or clasping tendrels1 winding themselues about any thing standeth next vnto them3 at the bottome of these leaues come forth clusters of small greenish yellow bloomes or flowers1 and after them the berries1 growing in the same manner in clusters1 but of diuers formes1 colours1 tastes and greatnesse4 ,for some grapes are great1 others lesse1 some very small 7as the ,currans that the ,grocers sell7 some white1 some red1 blew1 blacke1 or partie-coloured1 some are as it were square1 others round3 some the clusters are close1 others open1 some are sweete1 others sower or harsh1 or of some other mixed taste2 euerie one differing from others1 verie notably either in taste1 colour or forme2 within euerie one of which grapes1 7and yet there is a grape without stones7 are contained one1 two1 or more kernels or stones1 some of them being smal1 others greater3 the rootes spread far and deepe4 ,they that keepe their ,vines in the best order1 doe cut them low1 not suffering them to grow high1 or with too many branches1 whereby they grow the better1 take vp the lesser roome1 and bring their grapes fairer and sweeter4 ,the kindes of ,vines and ,grapes4 ,our ordinarie ,grape both white and red1 which excelleth ,crabs for veriuice1 and is not fit for wine with vs4 ,the white ,muscadine ,grape is a verie great ,grape1 sweete and firme1 some of the bunches haue weighed sixe pound1 and some of the grapes halfe an ounce4 ,the redde ,muscadine is as great as the white1 and chiefly differeth in colour4 ,the ,burlet is a very great white ,grape1 but fitter for veriuice2 then wine for the most part2 yet when a hot yeare happeneth fit for it1 the ,grape is pleasant4 ,the little blacke ,grape that is ripe very early4 ,the ,raisin of the ,sunne ,grape is a very great ,grape1 and very great clusters1 of a reddish colour when it is ripe with vs1 yet in an extraordinarie hot yeare1 it hath got a little blewnesse cast ouer by the best3 but naturally verie blew4 ,the ,curran ,grape 7or the ,grape of ,corinth7 is the least ,grape of all1 and beareth both few1 and verie seldome with vs1 but in reasonable great clusters1 and of a blackish blew colour1 when they are ripe with vs1 and very sweete4 ,there is another sort of them that are red or browne1 and of a sower taste1 nothing so sweete4 ,the ,greeke wine ,grape is a blackish ,grape1 and very sweete4 ,the ,frontignack is a white ,grape1 of a verie sweete and delicate taste1 as the wine declareth1 that smelleth as it were of ,muske4 ,the square ,grape is reported to bear a ,grape not fully round1 but sided1 or as it were square1 whereby it became so called4 ,the ,damasco ,grape is a great white grape1 very sweete1 and is the true ,vva ,zibeba1 that the ,apothecaries should vse in the ,trochisci ,ciphi3 and such wee haue had in former times come ouer vnto vs in great1 long and round white boxes1 containing halfe an hundred weight a peece4 ,the ,russet ,grape is a reasonable faire grape1 exceeding sweet and whitish1 with a thicke skinne1 crusted ouer with a shew of ash colour4 ,the white long ,grape is like vnto a ,pigeons egge1 or as it were pointed pendent like a ,pearle4 ,the partie-coloured ,grape is a reasonable great ,grape1 and discoloured when it is ripe1 sometimes the whole bunches1 and sometimes but some of the grapes being parted whitish1 and blacke halfe through1 verie variably4 ,the ,rhenish wine ,grape is a white ,grape1 and endureth the cold of winter when it commeth earely1 more then the ,muscadine before set downe1 and is nothing so sweete4 ,the ,white wine ,grape is verie like vnto the ,rhine ,grape1 the soile only and climate adding more sweetnesse vnto the one then to the other4 ,the ,claret wine ,grape is altogether like the white ,grape1 but that it is not white1 but of a reddish colour1 which lying bruised vpon the skins before they are pressed1 giue that ,claret tincture to the wine4 ,the ,teint is a ,grape of a deeper or darker colour1 whose iuice is of so deepe a colour1 that it serueth to colour other wine4 ,the ,bursarobe is a faire sweete white ,grape of much esteeme about ,paris4 ,the ,alligant is a verie sweete ,grape1 giuing so deep and liuely a coloured red wine1 that no other whatsoeuer is comparable to it1 and therefore vsually called ,spaniards blood4 ,the blew or blacke ,grape of ,orleans is another blacke ,grape1 giuing a darke coloured sweete wine much commended in those parts4 ,the ,grape without stones is also a kinde by it selfe1 and groweth naturally neere ,ascalon1 as ,brochard affirmeth1 the wine whereof is redde1 and of a good taste4 ,the ,virginia ,vine1 whereof ,i must needes make mention among other ,vines1 beareth small ,grapes without any great store of iuice therein1 and the stone within it bigger then in any other ,grape3 naturally it runneth on the ground1 and beareth little4 ,illustration3 #a ,vu nigr minores4 ,the small blacke ,grape4 #b ,vu crule maiores4 ,the great blew ,grape4 #c ,vu ,moschatellin4 ,the ,muscadine ,grape4 #d ,vu ,burletenses4 ,the ,burlet ,grape4 #e ,vu insolat4 ,the ,ray sins of the sunne ,grape4 #f ,ficus4 ,the ,figge ,tree4 ,the ,vse of ,vines1 ,grapes1 and other parts that come of them4 ,the greene leaues of the ,vine are cooling and binding1 and therefore good to put among other herbes that make gargles and lotions for sore mouthes4 ,and also to put into the broths and drinke of those that haue hot burning feauers1 or any other inflammation4 ,they stay 7as it is held for true7 womens longings1 if they be either taken inwardly1 or applyed outwardly4 ,wine is vsually taken both for drinke and medicine1 and is often put into sawces1 broths1 cawdles1 and gellies that are giuen to the sicke4 ,as also into diuers ,physicall drinkes1 to be as a vehiculum for the properties of the ingredients4 ,it is distilled likewise after diuers manners1 with diuers things1 for diuers sundry waters to drinke1 for diuers purposes both inward and outward4 ,also distilled of it selfe1 is called ,spirit of wine1 which serueth to dissolue1 and to draw out the tincture of diuers things1 and for many other purposes4 ,the iuice or veriuice that is made of greene hard grapes1 before they be ripe1 is vsed of the ,apothecaries to be made into a ,syrupe1 that is very good to coole and refresh a faint stomacke4 ,and being made of the riper grapes is the best veriuice1 farre exceeding that which is made of crabs1 to be kept all the yeare1 to be put both into meates and medicines4 ,the grapes of the best sorts of ,vines are pressed into wine by some in these dayes with vs1 and much more as ,i verily beleeue in times past1 as by the name of ,vineyard giuen to many places in this ,kingdome1 especially where ,abbies and ,monasteries stood1 may bee coniectured3 but the wine of late made hath beene but small1 and not durable1 like that which commeth from beyond ,sea1 whether our vnkindly yeares1 or the want of skill1 or a conuenient place for a ,vineyard be the cause1 ,i cannot well tell you4 ,grapes of all sorts are familiarly eaten when they are ripe1 of the sicke sometimes as well as the sound4 ,the dryed grapes which we call great ,raysins1 and the ,currans which we call small ,raysins1 are much vsed both for meates1 broths1 and sawces1 in diuers manners1 and this ,countrey in generall aboue any other1 wherein many thousands of ,frailes full1 ,pipes1 ,hogs-heads1 and ,buts full are spent yearly1 that it breedeth a wonder in them of those parts where they growe and prouide them1 how we could spend so many4 ,the ,raysins of the ,sunne are the best dryed grapes1 next vnto the ,damasco1 and are very wholsome to eate fasting1 both to nourish1 and to helpe to loosen the belly4 ,the dryed ,lees of wine called ,argoll or ,tartar1 is put to the vse of the ,goldsmith1 ,dyer1 and ,apothecary1 who doe all vse it in seuerall manners1 euery one in his art4 ,of it the ,apothecaries make ,cremor ,tartari1 a fine medicine to bee vsed1 as the ,physitian can best appoint1 and doth helpe to purge humours by the stoole4 ,thereof likewise they make a kinde of water or oyle1 fit to bee vsed1 to take away freckles1 spots1 or any such deformities of the face or skinne1 and to make it smooth4 ,it causeth likewise haire to growe more aboundantly in those places where it naturally should growe4 ,the liquor of the ,vine that runneth forth when it is cut1 is commended to be good against the stone wheresoeuer it be2 but that liquor that is taken from the end of the branches when they are burnt1 is most effectuall to take away spots and markes1 ring-wormes and tetters in any place4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,ficus4 ,the ,figge tree4 ,the ,figge trees that are noursed vp in our country are of three sorts1 whereof two are high2 the one bearing against a wall goodly sweete and delicate ,figs1 called ,figs of ,algarua1 and is blewish when it is ripe3 the other tall kinde is nothing so good1 neither doth beare ripe ,figges so kindly and well1 and peraduenture may be the white ordinary kinde that commeth from ,spaine4 ,the third is a dwarfe kinde of ,figge tree1 not growing much higher then to a mans body or shoulders1 bearing excellent good ,figges and blew1 but not so large as the first kinde4 ,the ,figge trees of all these three kindes are in leaues and growing one like vnto another1 sauing for their height1 colour1 and sweetnesse of the fruit1 hauing many armes or branches1 hollow or pithy in the middle1 bearing large leaues1 and somewhat thicke1 diuided sometimes into three1 but vsually into fiue sections1 of a darke greene colour on the vpperside1 and whitish vnderneath1 yeelding a milkie iuyce when it is broken1 as the branches also or the figges when they are greene3 the fruit breaketh out from the branches without anie blossome1 contrary to all other trees of our ,orchard1 being round and long1 fashioned very like vnto a small ,peare1 full of small white grains or kernels within it1 of a very sweete taste when it is ripe1 and very mellow or soft1 that it can hardly be carried farre without bruising4 ,the other two sorts you may easily know and vnderstand1 by so much as hath been said of them4 ,take only this more of the ,figge tree1 ,that if you plant it not against a bricke wall1 or the wall of an house1 c4 it will not ripen so kindly4 ,the dwarfe ,figge tree is more tender1 and is therefore planted in great square tubs1 to be remoued into the sunne in the ,summer time1 and into the house in ,winter4 ,the ,vse of ,figges4 ,figges are serued to the table with ,raysins of the ,sunne1 and blanched ,almonds1 for a ,lenten dish4 ,the ,figs that growe with vs when they are ripe1 and fresh gathered1 are eaten of diuers with a little salt and pepper1 as a dainty banquet to entertaine a friend1 which seldome passeth without a cup of wine to wash them downe4 ,in ,italy 7as ,i haue beene enformed by diuers ,gentlemen that haue liued there to study physicke7 they eate them in the same manner1 but dare not eate many for feare of a feuer to follow1 they doe account them to be such breeders of bloud1 and heaters of it likewise4 ,the ,figges that are brought vs from ,spaine1 are vsed to make ,ptisan drinkes1 and diuers other things1 that are giuen them that haue coughes or colds4 ,it is one of the ingredients also with ,nuts and ,rue1 into ,mithridates counterpoison4 ,the small ,figges that growe with vs1 and will not ripen1 are preserued by the ,comfitmakers1 and candid also1 to serue as other moist or candid banquetting stuffe4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,sorbus4 ,the ,seruice tree4 ,there are two kindes of ,seruice trees that are planted in ,orchards with vs1 and there is also a wilde kinde like vnto the later of them1 with ,ashen leaues1 found in the woods growing of it selfe1 whose fruit is not gathered1 nor vsed to bee eaten of any but birds4 ,and there is another kinde also growing wilde abroad in many places1 taken by the ,country people where it groweth1 to be a ,seruice tree1 and is called in ,latine1 ,aria ,theophrasti1 whose leaues are large1 somewhat like ,nut tree leaues1 but greene aboue1 and grayish vnderneath3 some doe vse the fruit as ,seruices1 and for the same purposes to good effect1 yet both of these wilde kindes wee leaue for another worke1 and here declare vnto you onely those two sorts are noursed vp in our ,orchards4 ,the more common or ordinary ,seruice tree with vs1 is a reasonable great tree1 couered with a smooth barke1 spread into many great armes1 whereon are set large leaues1 very much cut in on the edges1 almost like vnto a ,vine leafe1 or rather like vnto that kinde of ,maple1 that is vsually called the ,sycomore tree with vs3 the flowers are white1 and growe many clustering together1 which after bring forth small browne berries when they are ripe1 of the bignesse almost of ,hasell nuts1 with a small tuft1 as if it were a crowne on the head1 wherein are small blacke kernels4 ,the other kinde1 which is more rare with vs1 and brought into this ,land by ,iohn ,tradescante1 heretofore often remembered1 hath diuers winged leaues1 many set together like vnto an ,ashen leafe1 but smaller1 and euery one endented about the edges3 the flowers growe in long clusters1 but nothing so many1 or so close set as the wilde kinde3 the fruit of this tree is in some round like an ,apple1 and in others a little longer like a ,peare1 but of a more pleasant taste then the ordinarie kinde1 when they are ripe and mellowed1 as they vse to doe with both these kindes1 and with ,medlars4 ,the ,vse of ,seruices4 ,they are gathered when they growe to be neare ripe 7and that is neuer before they haue felt some frosts7 and being tyed together1 are either hung vp in some warme roome1 to ripen them thoroughly1 that they may bee eaten1 or 7as some vse to doe7 lay them in strawe1 chaffe1 or branne1 to ripen them4 ,they are binding1 fit to be taken of them that haue any scouring or laske1 to helpe to stay the fluxe2 but take heed1 lest if you binde too much1 more paine and danger may come thereof then of the scouring4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,mespilus4 ,the ,medlar tree4 ,there are three sorts of ,medlars3 ,the greater and the lesser ,english1 and the ,neapolitan4 ,the great and the small ,english ,medlar differ not one from the other in any thing1 but in the size of the fruit1 except that the small kinde hath some prickes or thornes vpon it1 which the great one hath not1 bearing diuers boughes or armes1 from whence breake forth diuers branches1 whereon are set long and somewhat narrow leaues1 many standing together2 in the middle whereof1 at the end of the branch1 commeth the flower1 which is great and white1 made of fiue leaues1 broad at the ends1 with a nicke in the middle of euery one2 after which commeth the fruit1 being round1 and of a pale brownish colour1 bearing a crowne of those small leaues at the toppe1 which were the huske of the flower before1 the middle thereof being somewhat hollow1 and is harsh1 able to choake any that shall eate it before it be made mellow1 wherein there are certaine flat and hard kernels4 ,the ,medlar of ,naples groweth likewise to bee a reasonable great tree1 spreading forth armes and branches1 whereon are set many gashed leaues1 somewhat like vnto ,hawthorne leaues1 but greater1 and likewise diuers thornes in many places3 the flowers are of an herbie greene colour1 and small1 which turne into smaller fruit then the former1 and rounder also1 but with a small head or crowne at the toppe like vnto it1 and is of a more sweete and pleasant taste then the other1 with three seeds only therein ordinarily4 ,the ,vse of ,medlars4 ,medlars are vsed in the same manner that ,seruices are1 that is1 to be eaten when they are mellowed1 and are for the same purposes to binde the body when there is a cause3 yet they as well as the ,seruices1 are often eaten by them that haue no neede of binding1 and but onely for the pleasant sweetnesse of them when they are made mellow1 and sometimes come as a dish of ripe fruit at their fit season1 to be serued with other sorts to the table4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,lotus4 ,the ,lote or ,nettle tree4 ,illustration3 #a ,sorbus legitima4 ,the true ,seruice tree4 #b ,sorbus vulgaris siue ,terminalis4 ,the ordinary ,seruice tree4 #c ,mespilus vulgaris4 ,the common ,medlar tree4 #d ,mespilus ,aronia4 ,the ,medlar of ,naples4 #e ,lotus arbor4 ,the ,nettle tree4 #f ,lotus ,virginiana4 ,the ,pishamin or ,virginia ,plumme4 #g ,cornus mas4 ,the ,cornell ,cherry tree4 ,the first kinde of ,lote tree1 whereof ,dioscorides maketh mention1 is but of one kinde2 but there are some other trees spoken of by ,theophrastus1 that may be referred thereunto1 which may bee accounted as bastard kindes thereof1 of which ,i meane to entreate in this ,chapter1 hauing giuen you before the description of another kinde hereof 7by the opinion of good ,authors7 vnder the name of ,laurocerasus4 ,the first or true ,lote tree groweth to be a tree of a great height1 whose bodie and elder branches are couered with a smooth darke greene barke1 the leaues are somewhat rough in handling1 of a darke greene colour1 long pointed1 and somewhat deepe dented about the edges1 somewhat like vnto a ,nettle leafe1 and oftentimes growe yellow toward ,autumne3 the flowers stand here and there scattered vpon the branches1 after which come round berries like vnto ,cherries1 hanging downewards vpon long footstalkes1 greene at the first1 and whitish afterwards2 but when they are ripe they become reddish1 and if they be suffered to hang too long on the branches1 they grow blackish1 of a pleasant austere taste1 not to be misliked1 wherein is a hard round stone4 ,the second1 which is a bastard kinde1 and called ,guaiacum ,patauinum1 groweth to bee a faire tree1 with a smooth darke greene barke1 shooting out many faire great boughes1 and also slender greene branches1 beset with faire broad greene leaues1 almost like vnto the leaues of the ,cornell tree1 but larger3 the flowers growe along the branches close vnto them1 without any or with a very short foote-stalke consisting of foure greene leaues1 which are as the huske1 containing within it a purplish flower1 made of foure leaues somewhat reddish3 the fruit standeth in the middle of the green huske1 greene at the first1 and very harsh1 but red and round when it is ripe1 and somewhat like a ,plumme1 with a small point or pricke at the head thereof1 and of a reasonable pleasant taste or rellish1 wherein are contained flat and thicke browne seeds or kernels1 like vnto the kernels of ,cassia ,fistula1 somewhat hard1 and not so stonie1 but that it may somewhat easily be cut with a knife4 ,the third is called in ,virginia ,pishamin1 ,the ,virginia ,plumme 7if it be not all one with the former ,guaiacana1 whereof ,i am more then halfe perswaded7 hath growne with vs of the kernels that were sent out of ,virginia1 into great trees1 whose wood is very hard and brittle1 and somewhat white withall3 the branches are many1 and grow slender to the end1 couered with a very thinne greenish bark1 whereon doe grow many faire broad greene leaues1 without dent or notch on the edges1 and so like vnto the former ,guaiacum1 that ,i verily thinke it 7as ,i before said7 to bee the same4 ,it hath not yet borne flower or fruit in our ,countrey that ,i can vnderstand3 but the fruit1 as it was sent to vs1 is in forme and bignesse like vnto a ,date1 couered with a blackish skinne1 set in a huske of foure hard leaues1 very firme like vnto a ,date1 and almost as sweete1 with great flat and thicke kernels within them1 very like vnto the former1 but larger4 ,the ,vse of these ,lote trees4 ,the first sort is eaten as an helper to coole and binde the body3 the last1 as ,captaine ,smith relateth in the discouery of ,virginia1 if the fruit be eaten while it is greene1 and not ripe1 is able by the harsh and binding taste and quality to draw ones mouth awry 7euen as it is said of the former ,guaiacana7 but when it is thorough ripe it is pleasant1 as ,i said before4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,cornus mas4 ,the ,cornell tree4 ,the ,cornell tree that is planted in ,orchards1 being the male 7for the female is an hedge bush7 is of two sorts1 the one bearing red1 the other whiter berries1 which is very rare yet in our country1 and not differing else4 ,it groweth to a reasonable bignesse and height1 yet neuer to any great tree1 the wood whereof is very hard1 like vnto horne1 and thereof it obtained the name3 the body and branches are couered with a rugged barke1 and spreadeth reasonable well1 hauing somewhat smooth leaues1 full of veines1 plaine1 and not dented on the edges3 the flowers are many small yellow tufts1 as it were of short haires or threads set together1 which come forth before any leafe1 and fall away likewise before any leafe bee much open3 the fruit are long and round berries1 of the bignesse of small ,oliues1 with an hard round stone within them1 like vnto an ,oliue stone1 and are of a yellowish red when they are ripe1 of a reasonable pleasant taste1 yet somewhat austere withall4 ,the white 7as ,i said7 is like vnto the red1 but onely that his fruit is more white when it is ripe4 ,the ,vse of the ,cornelles4 ,they helpe to binde the body1 and to stay laskes1 and by reason of the pleasantnesse in them when they are ripe1 they are much desired4 ,they are also preserued and eaten1 both for rarity and delight1 and for the purpose aforesaid4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,cerasus4 ,the ,cherry tree4 ,there are so many varieties and differences of ,cherries1 that ,i know not well how to expresse them vnto you1 without a large relation of their seuerall formes4 ,i will therefore endeauour after one generall description 7as my custome is in many other the like variable fruits7 to giue as briefe and short notes vpon all the rest1 as ,i can both for leafe and fruit1 that so you may the better know what the fruit is1 when you haue the name4 ,the ,english ,cherrie tree groweth in time to be of a reasonable bignesse and height1 spreading great armes1 and also small twiggy branches plentifully2 the leaues whereof are not verie large or long1 but nicked or dented about the edges3 the flowers come forth two or three or foure at the most together1 at a knot or ioynt1 euerie one by it selfe1 vpon his owne small and long footestalke1 consisting of fiue white leaues1 with some threds in the middle2 after which come round berries1 greene at the first1 and red when they are through ripe1 of a meane bignesse1 and of a pleasant sweete taste1 somewhat tart withall1 with a hard white stone within it1 whose kernell is somewhat bitter1 but not vnpleasant4 ,the ,flanders ,cherrie differeth not from the ,english1 but that it is somewhat larger1 and the ,cherry somewhat greater and sweeter1 and not so sower4 ,the early ,flanders ,cherry is more rathe or early ripe1 almost as soone as the ,may ,cherry1 especially planted against a wall1 and of many false knaues or ,gardiners are sold for ,may ,cherrie trees4 ,the ,may ,cherrie in a standard beareth ripe fruite later then planted against a wall1 where the berries will be red in the verie beginning of ,may sometimes4 ,the ,arch-,dukes ,cherrie is one of the fairest and best cherries wee haue1 being of a very red colour when it is ripe1 and a little long more then round1 and somewhat pointed at the end1 of the best rellish of any ,cherrie whatsoeuer1 and of a firme substance2 scarce one of twentie of our ,nurserie men doe sell the right1 but giue one for another3 for it is an inherent qualitie almost hereditarie with most of them1 to sell any man an ordinary fruit for whatsoeuer rare fruit he shall aske for3 so little they are to be trusted4 ,the ounce ,cherrie hath the greatest and broadest leafe of any other cherrie1 but beareth the smallest store of cherries euerie yeare that any doth1 and yet blossometh well3 the fruit also is nothing answerable to the name being not verie great1 of a pale yellowish red1 neere the colour of ,amber1 and therefore some haue called it1 the ,amber ,cherrie4 ,the great leafed ,cherrie is thought of diuers to bee the ,ounce ,cherrie1 because it hath almost as great a leafe as the former3 but the fruit of this also doth not answer the expectation of so great a leafe1 being but of a meane bignesse1 and a small bearer1 yet of a pale reddish colour4 ,the true ,gascoign ,cherry is known but to a few2 for our ,nursery men do so change the names of most fruits they sell1 that they deliuer but very few true names to any3 ,in former times before our wilde blacke ,cherrie was found to grow plentifully in our owne woods in many places of this ,land1 the ,french continually stored vs with wilde stockes to graft vpon1 which then were called ,gascoigne stocks1 but since they haue so termed another red ,cherrie1 and obtruded it vpon their customers3 but the true is one of our late ripe white ,cherries1 euen as ,gerard saith1 it is a great cherrie and spotted3 and this is that ,cherrie ,i so commend to be a fit stocke to graft ,may cherries vpon4 ,the ,morello ,cherrie is of a reasonable bignesse1 of a darke red colour when they are full ripe1 and hang long on1 of a sweetish sower taste1 the pulpe or substance is red1 and somewhat firme3 if they be dryed they will haue a fine sharpe or sower taste very delectable4 ,the ,hartlippe ,cherrie is so called of the place where the best of this kinde is noursed vp1 being betweene ,sittingbourne and ,chattam in ,kent1 and is the biggest of our ,english kindes4 ,the smaller ,lacure or ,hart ,cherrie is a reasonable faire ,cherrie1 full aboue1 and a little pointing downward1 after the fashion of an heart1 as it is vsually painted1 blackish when it is full ripe1 and lesser then the next4 ,the great ,lacure or ,hart ,cherrie differeth not in forme1 but in greatnesse1 being vsually twice as great as the former1 and of a reddish blacke colour also3 both of them are of a firme substance1 and reasonable sweete4 ,some doe call the white cherrie1 the ,white hart cherrie4 ,the ,luke ,wardes ,cherrie hath a reasonable large leafe1 and a larger flower then many other3 the cherries grow with long stalkes1 and a stone of a meane size within them1 of a darke reddish colour when they are full ripe1 of a reasonable good rellish1 and beareth well4 ,the ,corone ,cherrie hath a leafe little differing from the ,luke ,wardes cherrie2 the fruit when it is ripe1 is of a faire deepe red colour1 of a good bignesse1 and of a verie good taste1 neither verie sweete or sower3 the pulpe or iuice will staine the hands4 ,the ,vrinall ,cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer1 hauing many yeares none1 and the best but a few2 yet doth blossome plentifully euery yeare for the most part3 the cherrie is long and round1 like vnto an ,vrinall1 from whence it tooke his name2 reddish when it is full ripe1 and of an indifferent sweete rellish4 ,the ,agriot ,cherrie is but a small ,cherrie1 of a deepe redde colour when it is ripe1 which is late2 of a fine sharpe taste1 most pleasant and wholsome to the stomacke of all other cherries1 as well while they are fresh as being dryed1 which manner they much vse in ,france1 and keepe them for the vse both of the sicke and sound at all times4 ,the ,biguarre ,cherrie is a fair cherrie1 much spotted with white spots vpon the pale red berry1 and sometimes discoloured halfe white and halfe reddish1 of a reasonable good rellish4 ,the ,morocco ,cherrie hath a large white blossome1 and an indifferent big berrie1 long and round1 with a long stalke of a darke reddish purple colour1 a little tending to a blew when it is full ripe1 of a firme substance3 the iuice is of a blackish red1 discolouring the hands or lips1 and of a pleasant taste3 ,some doe thinke that this and the ,morello be both one4 ,the ,naples ,cherrie is also thought to bee all one with the ,morello or ,morocco4 ,the white ,spanish ,cherrie is an indifferent good bearer1 the leafe and blossome somewhat large1 and like the ,luke ,wardes cherrie3 the cherries are reasonable faire berries1 with long stalkes and great stones1 white on the outside1 with some rednesse1 on the one side of a firme substance1 and reasonable sweet1 but with a little aciditie1 and is one of the late ripe ones3 ,but there is another late ripe white ,cherry1 which some call the ,gascoigne1 before remembred4 ,the ,flanders cluster ,cherrie is of two sorts1 one greater then another3 the greater kinde hath an indifferent large leafe2 the blossomes haue many threds within them1 shewing as it were many parts1 which after turne into clusters of berries1 foure1 fiue or sixe together1 and but with one stalke vnder them1 as if they grew one out of another1 and sometimes they will beare but two or three1 and most of them but one cherry on a stalke1 which are red when they are ripe1 very tender1 and waterish sweete in eating4 ,the lesser is in all things like the greater1 but smaller1 which maketh the difference4 ,the wilde cluster or birds cluster ,cherry beareth many blossomes set all along the stalkes1 and cherries after them in the same maner1 like a long thinne bunch of grapes1 and therefore called of some the ,grape cherry3 there are of them both red and blacke4 ,illustration3 #a ,cerasus prcox4 ,the ,may ,cherry4 #b ,cerasus ,batauica4 ,the ,flanders ,cherry4 #c ,cerasus ,hispanica siue alba4 ,the white ,cherry4 #d ,cerasus platophyllos4 ,the great leafed ,cherry4 #e ,cerasus ,luca ,wardi4 ,luke ,wards ,cherry4 #f ,cerasus ,neapolitana4 ,the ,naples ,cherry4 #g ,cerasus ,cordata4 ,the ,heart ,cherry4 #h ,cerasus maculata4 ,the bignarre or spotted ,cherry4 #i ,cerasus auium racemosa4 ,the wilde cluster ,cherry4 #aj ,cerasus ,corymbisera4 ,the ,flanders cluster ,cherry4 #aa ,cerasus ,archiducis4 ,the ,archdukes ,cherry4 #ab ,chamacerasus4 ,the dwarfe ,cherry4 ,the soft sheld ,cherrie is a small red cherrie when it is ripe1 hauing the stone within it so soft and tender1 that it may easily be broken in the eating of the cherrie4 ,iohn ,tradescantes ,cherrie is most vsually sold by our ,nursery ,gardiners1 for the ,archdukes cherrie1 because they haue more plenty thereof1 and will better be increased1 and because it is so faire and good a cherrie that it may be obtruded without much discontent3 it is a reasonable good bearer1 a faire great berrie1 deepe coloured1 and a little pointed4 ,the ,baccalaos or ,new-found-land ,cherrie hath a shining long leafe1 most like vnto a ,peach leafe1 the blossomes come very many together as it were in an vmbell1 which is such a cluster as is neither like the ,flanders cluster1 nor the wilde cluster cherrie blossome3 it bringeth forth berries standing in the same manner euerie one vpon his own footestalke1 being no bigger then the largest berrie of the red ,curran tree or bush1 of a pale or waterish red colour when it is ripe4 ,the strange long cluster ,cherrie1 or ,padus ,theophrasti ,dalechampio is reckoned by the ,author of that great ,herball that goeth vnder his name1 among the sorts of cherries2 and so must ,i vntill a fitter place be found for it4 ,it groweth in time to be a great tree1 with a sad coloured barke both on the bodie and branches1 whereon doe grow many leaues1 somewhat broade1 shorter1 harder1 and a little more crumpled then any cherrie leafe3 the blossomes are very small1 and of a pale or whitish colour1 smelling very sweete and strong1 or rather heady1 like ,orenge flowers1 growing on small long branches1 very like the toppe of flowers vpon the ,laburnum or ,beane trefoile trees3 after which come small blacke berries1 growing together all along the long stalke1 like vnto the wilde cluster or birds cherrie mentioned before1 but not much bigger then tares1 with small stones within them1 and little or no sustance vpon them3 the ,french call the tree ,putier1 because the wood thereof stinketh1 and make it to be wonderfull that the blossomes of the tree mould be so sweete1 and the wood so stinking4 ,the ,cullen ,cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the ,agriot1 which they of those parts neere ,cullen and ,vtrecht c4 vse to put into their drinke1 to giue it the deeper colour4 ,the great ,hungarian ,cherrie of ,zwerts is like both in leafe and fruite vnto the ,morello cherrie1 but much greater and fairer1 and a far better bearer3 for from a small branch hath beene gathered a pound of cherries1 and this is vsuall continually1 and not accidentally1 most of them foure inches in compasse about1 and very many of them more of a faire deepe red colour1 and very sweete1 excelling the ,arch-,dukes cherry1 or any other whatsoeuer4 ,the ,cameleon or strange changeable ,cherry deseruedly hath this name1 although of mine owne imposition1 not only because it beareth vsually both blossomes1 greene and ripe fruit at one time thereupon1 but that the fruit will be of many formes2 some round1 some as it were square1 and some bunched forth on one side or another1 abiding constant in no fashion1 but for the most part shewing forth all these diuersities euerie yeare growing vpon it3 the fruit is of a very red colour1 and good taste4 ,the great ,rose ,cherry1 or double blossomd ,cherry differeth not in any thing from the ,english ,cherrie1 but only in the blossomes1 which are very thicke of white leaues1 as great and double as the double white ,crowfoote1 before remembred1 and sometimes out of the middle of them will spring another smaller flower1 but double also2 this seldome beareth fruit1 but when it doth ,i suppose it commeth from those blossomes are the least double1 and is red1 no bigger then our ordinary ,english cherrie4 ,the lesser ,rose or double blossomd ,cherrie beareth double flowers also1 but not so thicke and double as the former2 but beareth fruit more plentifully1 of the same colour and bignesse with the former4 ,the ,dwarfe ,cherrie is of two sorts2 one whose branches fall downe low1 round about the body of it1 with small greene leaues1 and fruit as small1 of a deep red colour4 ,the other1 whose branches1 although small1 grow more vpright1 hauing greener shining leaues3 the fruit is little bigger then the former1 red also when it is ripe1 with a litle point at the end3 both of them of a sweetish rellish1 but more sower4 ,the great bearing ,cherry of ,master ,millen is a reasonable great red cherry1 bearing very plentifully1 although it bee planted against a ,north wall1 yet it will bee late ripe1 but of an indifferent sweet and good rellish4 ,the long finger ,cherry is another small long red one1 being long round like a finger1 wherof it took the name3 this is not the ,vrinall cherry before1 but differing from it4 ,the ,vse of ,cherries4 ,all these sorts of ,cherries serue wholly to please the palate1 and are eaten at all times1 both before and after meales4 ,all ,cherries are cold1 yet the sower more then the sweete2 and although the sweete doe most please1 yet the sower are more wholsome1 if there bee regard taken in the vsing4 ,the ,agriot or sower ,cherries are in ,france much vsed to bee dryed 7as is said before7 as ,pruines are1 and so serue to be ministred to the sicke in all hot diseases1 as feuers c4 being both boyled in their drinkes1 and taken now and then of themselues1 which by reason of their tartnesse1 doe please the stomacke passing well4 ,the ,gum of the ,cherrie tree is commended to bee good for those are troubled with the grauell or stone4 ,it is also good for the cough being dissolued in liquour1 and stirreth vp an appetite4 ,the distilled water of the blacke ,cherries1 the stones being broken among them1 is vsed for the same purpose1 for the grauell1 stone1 and winde4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,prunus4 ,the ,plumme tree4 ,there are many more varieties of ,plummes then of ,cherries1 so that ,i must follow the same order with these that ,i did with them1 euen giue you their names apart1 with briefe notes vpon them1 and one description to serue for all the rest4 ,and in this recitall ,i shall leaue out the ,apricockes which are certainly a kind of ,plum1 of an especiall difference1 and not of a ,peach1 as ,galen and some others haue thought1 and set them in a chapter by themselues1 and only in this set down those fruits are vsually called ,plums4 ,the ,plum tree 7especially diuers of them7 riseth in time to bee a reasonable tall and great tree1 whose bodie and greater armes are couered with a more rugged barke1 yet in some more or lesse1 the younger branches being smooth in all1 the leaues are somewhat rounder then those of the ,cherrie tree1 and much differing among themselues1 some being longer1 or larger1 or rounder then others1 and many that are exercised herein1 can tell by the leafe what ,plum the tree beareth 7,i speake this of many1 not of all7 as in many ,cherries they can doe the like3 the flowers are white1 consisting of fiue leaues3 the fruit is as variable in forme1 as in taste or colour1 some being ovall or ,peare fashion or ,almond like1 or sphericall or round1 some firme1 some soft and waterish1 some sweete1 some sower or harsh1 or differing from all these tastes3 and some white1 others blacke1 some red1 others yellow1 some purple1 others blew1 as they shall bee briefly set downe vnto you in the following lines1 where ,i meane not to insert any the wilde or hedge fruit1 but those only are fit for an ,orchard1 to be stored with good fruit3 and of all which sorts1 the choysest for goodnesse1 and rarest for knowledge1 are to be had of my very good friend ,master ,iohn ,tradescante1 who hath wonderfully laboured to obtaine all the rarest fruits hee can heare off in any place of ,christendome1 ,turky1 yea or the whole world2 as also with ,master ,iohn ,millen1 dwelling in ,olde streete1 who from ,iohn ,tradescante and all others that haue had good fruit1 hath stored himselfe with the best only1 and he can sufficiently furnish any4 ,the ,amber ,primordian ,plumme is an indifferent faire ,plumme1 early ripe1 of a pale yellowish colour1 and of a waterish taste1 not pleasing4 ,the red ,primordian ,plumme is of a reasonable size1 long and round1 reddish on the outside1 of a more dry taste1 and ripe with the first sorts in the beginning of ,august4 ,the blew ,primordian is a small plumme1 almost like the ,damascene1 and is subiect to drop off from the tree before it be ripe4 ,the white ,date ,plum is no very good plum4 ,the red ,date plumme is a great long red pointed plumme1 and late ripe1 little better then the white4 ,the blacke ,mussell plumme is a good plumme1 reasonable drye1 and tasteth well4 ,the red ,mussell ,plumme is somewhat flat as well as round1 of a very good taste1 and is ripe about the middle of ,august4 ,the white ,mussell plumme is like the redde1 but somewhat smaller1 and of a whitish greene colour1 but not so well tasted4 ,the ,imperiall plum is a great long reddish plum1 very waterish1 and ripeneth somewhat late4 ,the ,gaunt plum is a great round reddish plum1 ripe somewhat late1 and eateth waterish4 ,the red ,pescod plum is a reasonable good plum4 ,the white ,pescod plum is a reasonable good rellished plumme1 but somewhat waterish4 ,the greene ,pescod plum is a reasonable big and long pointed plum1 and ripe in the beginning of ,september4 ,the ,orenge plum is a yellowish plum1 moist1 and somewhat sweetish4 ,the ,morocco plumme is blacke like a ,damson1 well tasted1 and somewhat drye in eating4 ,the ,dine plum is a late ripe plum1 great and whitish1 speckled all ouer4 ,the ,turkie plum is a large long blackish plum1 and somewhat flat like the ,mussell plum1 a well rellished dry plum4 ,the ,nutmeg plumme is no bigger then a ,damson1 and is of a greenish yellow colour when it is ripe1 which is with vs about ,bartholmew tide1 and is a good plum4 ,the ,perdigon plumme is a dainty good plumme1 early blackish1 and well rellished4 ,the ,verdoch plum is a great fine greene shining plum fit to preserue4 ,the ,ienua plum is the white ,date plum1 before remembred4 ,the ,barberry plum is a great early blacke plum1 and well tasted4 ,the ,pruneola plum is a small white plum1 of a fine tart taste3 it was wont to bee vsually brought ouer in small round boxes1 and sold most commonly at the ,comfitmakers1 7cut in twaine1 the stone cast away7 at a very deere rate3 the tree groweth and beareth well with vs4 ,the ,shepway ,bulleis is of a darke blewish brown colour1 of a larger size then the ordinary1 and of a sharpe taste1 but not so good as the common4 ,the white and the blacke ,bulleis are common in most ,countries1 being small round plums1 lesser then ,damsons1 sharper in taste1 and later ripe4 ,the ,flushing ,bulleis groweth with his fruite thicke clustring together like grapes4 ,the ,winter ,creke is the latest ripe plum of all sorts1 it groweth plentifully about ,bishops ,hatfield4 ,the white ,peare plum early ripe1 is of a pale yellowish greene colour4 ,the late ripe white ,peare plum is a greater and longer plum1 greenish white1 and is not ripe vntill it be neere the end of ,september1 both waterish plums4 ,the blacke ,peare plum is like vnto the white ,peare plumme1 but that the colour is blackish when it is ripe1 and is of a very good relish1 more firme and drye then the other4 ,the red ,peare plumme is of the same fashion and goodnesse1 but is the worst of the three4 ,the white ,wheate plum is a waterish fulsome plum4 ,the red ,wheate plum is like the other for taste4 ,the ,bowie plum is flat and round1 yet flatter on the one side then on the other1 which caused the name1 and is a very good rellished blacke plum4 ,the ,friars plumme is a very good plum1 well tasted1 and comming cleane from the stone1 being blacke when it is ripe1 and some whitish spots vpon it4 ,the ,catalonia plum is a very good plum4 ,the ,don ,alteza is also a very good plum4 ,the ,muscadine plum1 some call the ,queene mother plumme1 and some the ,cherry plum1 is a faire red plum1 of a reasonable bignesse1 and ripe about ,bartholmew tide4 ,illustration3 #a ,prunum ,imperiale4 ,the ,imperiall ,plum4 #b ,prunum ,turcicum4 ,the ,turkey ,plum4 #c ,prunum prcox rubrum4 ,the red ,primordian ,plum4 #d ,prunum ,mytellinum4 ,the ,mussell ,plum4 #e ,prunum ,ambariuum4 ,the ,amber ,plum4 #f ,prunum ,regineum4 ,the ,queen mother ,plum4 #g ,prunum viride4 ,the green ,oysterly ,plum4 #h ,prunum ,arantiacum4 ,the ,orenge ,plum4 #i ,prunum ,myristicum4 ,the ,nutmeg ,plum4 #aj ,prunum ,siliquosum4 ,the ,pescod ,plum4 #aa ,prunum ,gandauense4 ,the ,gaunt ,plum4 #ab ,prunum ,dactylites4 ,the ,date ,plum4 #ac ,prunum ,pyrinum prcox4 ,the early ,peare ,plum4 ,the ,christian plum1 called also the ,nutmeg plum2 the tree groweth very shrubby1 and will abide good for six weekes at the least after it is gathered1 and after all other plums are spent4 ,the ,cherry plum remembred before1 speaking of the ,muscadine plum1 is a very good plum1 but small4 ,the ,amber plum is a round plum1 as yellow on the outside almost as yellow waxe1 of a sowre vnpleasant taste that which ,i tasted1 but ,i thinke it was not the right2 for ,i haue seene and tasted another of the same bignesse1 of a paler colour1 farre better rellished1 and a firmer substance1 comming cleane from the stone like an ,apricocke4 ,the ,apricocke plum is a good plum when it is in its perfection1 but that is seldome2 for it doth most vsually cracke1 thereby diminishing much of its goodnesse1 and besides yeeldeth gumme at the crackes4 ,the ,eason plum is a little red plum1 but very good in taste4 ,the ,violet plum is a small and long blackish blew plum1 ripe about ,bartholmew tide1 a very good dry eating fruit4 ,the ,grape plum is the ,flushing ,bulleis before remembred4 ,the ,dennie plum is called also the ,cheston1 or the ,friars plum before remembred4 ,the ,damaske ,violet plum1 or ,queen mother plum spoken of before4 ,the blacke ,damascene plum is a very good dry plum1 and of a darke blew colour when it is ripe4 ,the white ,damson is nothing so well rellished as the other4 ,the great ,damson or ,damaske plum is greater then the ordinary ,damson1 and sweeter in taste4 ,the blew ,damson well knowne1 a good fruit4 ,the ,coserers plum is flat1 like vnto a ,peare plum1 it is early ripe and blacke1 of a very good rellish4 ,the ,margate plum the worst of an hundred4 ,the green ,oysterly plum is a reasonable great plum1 of a whitish green colour when it is ripe1 of a moist and sweete taste1 reasonable good4 ,the red ,mirobalane plum groweth to be a great tree quickly1 spreading very thicke and farre1 very like the blacke ,thorne or ,sloe bush3 the fruit is red1 earlier ripe1 and of a better taste then the white4 ,the white ,mirobalane plum is in most things like the former red1 but the fruit is of a whitish yellow colour1 and very pleasant1 especially if it be not ouer ripe3 both these had need to be plashed against a wall1 or else they will hardly beare ripe fruit4 ,the ,oliue plum is very like a greene ,oliue1 but for colour and bignesse1 and groweth lowe on a small bushing tree1 and ripeneth late1 but is the best of all the sorts of greene plums4 ,the white diapred plum of ,malta1 scarce knowne to any in our ,land but ,iohn ,tradescante1 is a very good plum1 and striped all ouer like diaper1 and thereby so called4 ,the blacke diapred plum is like the ,damascene plum1 being blacke with spots1 as small as pins points vpon it1 of a very good rellish4 ,the ,peake plum is a long whitish plum1 and very good4 ,the ,pishamin or ,virginia plum is called a plum1 but vtterly differeth from all sorts of plums1 the description whereof may truely enforme you1 as it is set downe in the tenth ,chapter going before1 whereunto ,i referre you4 ,the ,vse of ,plums4 ,the great ,damaske or ,damson ,plummes are dryed in ,france in great quantities1 and brought ouer vnto vs in ,hogs-heads1 and other great vessels1 and are those ,prunes that are vsually sold at the ,grocers1 vnder the name of ,damaske ,prunes3 the blacke ,bulleis also are those 7being dryed in the same manner7 that they call ,french ,prunes1 and by their tartnesse are thought to binde1 as the other1 being sweet1 to loosen the body4 ,the ,bruneola ,plumme1 by reason of his pleasant tartnesse1 is much accounted of1 and being dryed1 the stones taken from them1 are brought ouer to vs in small boxes1 and sold deere at the ,comfitmakers1 where they very often accompany all sorts of banquetting stuffes4 ,some of these ,plums1 because of their firmnesse1 are vndoubtedly more wholsome then others that are sweete and waterish1 and cause lesse offence in their stomackes that eate them2 and therefore are preserued with ,sugar1 to be kept all the yeare4 ,none of them all is vsed in medicines so much as the great ,damson or ,damaske ,prune1 although all of them for the most part doe coole1 lenifie1 and draw forth choller1 and thereby are fittest to be vsed of such as haue chollericke ,agues4 ,,chap4 ,,xiiii4 ,mala ,armeniaca siue ,prcocia4 ,apricockes4 ,the ,apricocke 7as ,i said7 is without question a kinde of ,plumme1 rather then a ,peach1 both the flower being white1 and the stone of the fruit smooth also1 like a ,plumme1 and yet because of the excellencie of the fruit1 and the difference therein from all other ,plummes1 ,i haue thought it meete to entreate thereof by it selfe1 and shew you the varieties haue been obserued in these times4 ,the ,apricocke tree riseth vp to a very great height1 either standing by it selfe 7where it beareth not so kindly1 and very little in our country7 or planted against a wall1 as it is most vsuall1 hauing a great stemme or body1 and likewise many great armes or branches1 couered with a smooth barke3 the leaues are large1 broad1 and almost round1 but pointed at the ends1 and finely dented about the edges3 the flowers are white1 as the ,plumme tree blossomes1 but somewhat larger1 and rounder set3 the fruit is round1 with a cleft on the one side1 somewhat like vnto a ,peach1 being of a yellowish colour as well on the inside as outside1 of a firme or fast substance1 and dry1 not ouermoist in the eating1 and very pleasant in taste1 containing within it a broad and flat stone1 somewhat round and smooth1 not rugged as the ,peach stone1 with a pleasant sweete kernell 7yet some haue reported1 that there is such as haue their kernels bitter1 which ,i did neuer see or know7 and is ripe almost with our first or earliest ,plummes1 and thereof it tooke the name of ,prcox2 and it may bee was the earliest of all others was then knowne1 when that name was giuen4 ,the great ,apricocke1 which some call the long ,apricocke1 is the greatest and fairest of all the rest4 ,the smaller ,apricocke1 which some call the small round ,apricocke1 is thought to be small1 because it first sprang from a stone3 but that is not so2 for the kinde it selfe being inoculated1 will bee alwaies small1 and neuer halfe so faire and great as the former4 ,the white ,apricocke hath his leaues more folded together1 as if it were halfe double3 it beareth but seldome1 and very few1 which differ not from the ordinary1 but in being more white1 without any red when it is ripe4 ,the ,mascoline ,apricocke hath a finer greene leafe1 and thinner then the former1 and beareth very seldome any store of fruit1 which differeth in nothing from the first1 but that it is a little more delicate4 ,the long ,mascoline ,apricocke hath his fruit growing a little longer then the former1 and differeth in nothing else4 ,the ,argier ,apricocke is a smaller fruit then any of the other1 and yellow1 but as sweete and delicate as any of them1 hauing a blackish stone within it1 little bigger then a ,lacure ,cherry stone3 this with many other sorts ,iohn ,tradescante brought with him returning from the ,argier voyage1 whither hee went voluntary with the ,fleete1 that went against the ,pyrates in the yeare #afbj4 ,the ,vse of ,apricockes4 ,apricockes are eaten oftentimes in the same manner that other dainty ,plummes are1 betweene meales of themselues1 or among other fruit at banquets4 ,they are also preserued and candid1 as it pleaseth ,gentlewomen to bestowe their time and charge1 or the ,comfitmaker to sort among other candid fruits4 ,some likewise dry them1 like vnto ,peares1 ,apples1 ,damsons1 and other ,plummes4 ,matthiolus doth wonderfully commend the oyle drawne from the kernels of the stones1 to annoint the inflamed hmorrhoides or piles1 the swellings of vlcers1 the roughnesse of the tongue and throate1 and likewise the paines of the eares4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,mala ,persica4 ,peaches4 ,as ,i ordered the ,cherries and ,plummes1 so ,i intend to deale with ,peaches1 because their varieties are many1 and more knowne in these dayes then in former times3 but because the ,nectorin is a differing kinde of ,peach1 ,i must deale with it as ,i did with the ,apricocke among the ,plummes1 that is1 place it in a ,chapter by it selfe4 ,the ,peach tree of it selfe groweth not vsually altogether so great1 or high as the ,apricocke1 because it is lesse durable1 but yet spreadeth with faire great branches1 from whence spring smaller and slenderer reddish twigges1 whereon are set long narrow greene leaues1 dented about the edges3 the blossomes are greater then of any ,plumme1 of a deepe blush or light purple colour3 after which commeth the fruit1 which is round1 and sometimes as great as a reasonable ,apple or ,pippin 7,i speake of some sorts2 for there be some kindes that are much smaller7 with a furrow or cleft on the one side1 and couered with a freese or cotton on the outside1 of colour either russet1 or red1 or yellow1 or of a blackish red colour2 of differing substances and tastes also1 some being firme1 others waterish1 some cleauing fast to the stone on the inside1 others parting from it more or lesse easily1 one excelling another very farre1 wherein is contained a rugged stone1 with many chinkes or clefts in it1 the kernell whereof is bitter3 the roots growe neither deepe nor farre2 and therefore are subiect to the winds1 standing alone1 and not against a wall4 ,it sooner waxeth old and decayeth1 being sprung of a stone1 then being inoculated on a ,plumme stocke1 whereby it is more durable4 ,the great white ,peach is white on the outside as the meate is also1 and is a good well rellished fruit4 ,the small white ,peach is all one with the greater1 but differeth in size4 ,the ,carnation ,peach is of three sorts1 two are round1 and the third long2 they are all of a whitish colour1 shadowed ouer with red1 and more red on the side is next the sunne3 the lesser round is the more common1 and the later ripe4 ,the grand ,carnation ,peach is like the former round ,peach1 but greater1 and is as late ripe1 that is1 in the beginning of ,september4 ,the red ,peach is an exceeding well rellished fruit4 ,the russet ,peach is one of the most ordinary ,peaches in the ,kingdome1 being of a russet colour on the outside1 and but of a reasonable rellish1 farre meaner then many other4 ,the ,island ,peach is a faire ,peach1 and of a very good rellish4 ,the ,newington ,peach is a very good ,peach1 and of an excellent good rellish1 being of a whitish greene colour on the outside1 yet halfe reddish1 and is ripe about ,bartholmew tide4 ,the yellow ,peach is of a deepe yellow colour2 there be hereof diuers sorts1 some good and some bad4 ,the ,st4 ,iames ,peach is the same with the ,queenes ,peach1 here belowe set downe1 although some would make them differing4 ,the ,melocotone ,peach is a yellow faire ,peach1 but differing from the former yellow both in forme and taste1 in that this hath a small crooked end or point for the most part1 it is ripe before them1 and better rellished then any of them4 ,illustration3 #a ,malus ,armeniaca siue ,prcocia4 ,the ,apricocke4 #b ,malus ,persica ,melocotonea4 ,the ,melocotone ,peach4 #c ,persica ,moschatellina4 ,the ,nutmeg ,peach4 #d ,persica nigra4 ,the blacke ,peach4 #e ,persica ,carnea longa4 ,the long ,carnation ,peach4 #f ,persica ,reginea4 ,the ,queenes ,peach4 #g ,amygdalus4 ,the ,almond4 #h ,persica du ,troas4 ,the ,peach du ,troas4 #i ,nucipersica rubra optima4 ,the best ,romane red ,nectorin4 #aj ,nucipersica rubra altera4 ,the bastard red ,nectorin with a pincking blossome4 ,the ,peach du ,troas is a long and great whitish yellow ,peach1 red on the outside1 early ripe1 and is another kinde of ,nutmeg ,peach4 ,the ,queenes ,peach is a faire great yellowish browne ,peach1 shadowed as it were ouer with deepe red1 and is ripe at ,bartholmew tide1 of a very pleasant good taste4 ,the ,romane ,peach is a very good ,peach1 and well rellished4 ,the ,durasme or ,spanish ,peach is of a darke yellowish red colour on the outside1 and white within4 ,the blacke ,peach is a great large ,peach1 of a very darke browne colour on the outside1 it is of a waterish taste1 and late ripe4 ,the ,alberza ,peach is late ripe1 and of a reasonable good taste4 ,the ,almond ,peach1 so called1 because the kernell of the stone is sweete1 like the ,almond1 and the fruit also somewhat pointed like the ,almond in the huske2 it is early ripe1 and like the ,newington ,peach1 but lesser4 ,the ,man ,peach is of two sorts1 the one longer then the other1 both of them are good ,peaches1 but the shorter is the better rellished4 ,the ,cherry ,peach is a small ,peach1 but well tasted4 ,the ,nutmeg ,peach is of two sorts1 one that will be hard when it is ripe1 and eateth not so pleasantly as the other1 which will bee soft and mellow2 they are both small ,peaches1 hauing very little or no resemblance at all to a ,nutmeg1 except in being a little longer then round1 and are early ripe4 ,many other sorts of ,peaches there are1 whereunto wee can giue no especiall name2 and therefore ,i passe them ouer in silence4 ,the ,vse of ,peaches4 ,those ,peaches that are very moist and waterish 7as many of them are7 and not firme1 doe soone putrefie in the stomacke1 causing surfeits oftentimes2 and therefore euery one had neede bee carefull1 what and in what manner they eate them3 yet they are much and often well accepted with all the ,gentry of the ,kingdome4 ,the leaues1 because of their bitternesse1 serue well being boyled in ,ale or ,milke1 to be giuen vnto children that haue wormes1 to help to kill them1 and doe gently open the belly1 if there be a sufficient quantity vsed4 ,the flowers haue the like operation1 that is1 to purge the body somewhat more forceably then ,damaske ,roses2 a ,syrupe therefore made of the flowers is very good4 ,the kernels of the ,peach stones are oftentimes vsed to be giuen to them that cannot well make water1 or are troubled with the stone2 for it openeth the stoppings of the vritory passages1 whereby much ease ensueth4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,nucipersica4 ,nectorins4 ,i presume that the name ,nucipersica doth most rightly belong vnto that kinde of ,peach1 which we call ,nectorins1 and although they haue beene with vs not many yeares1 yet haue they beene knowne both in ,italy to ,matthiolus1 and others before him1 who it seemeth knew no other then the yellow ,nectorin1 as ,dalechampius also3 ,but we at this day doe know fiue seuerall sorts of ,nectorins1 as they shall be presently set downe2 and as in the former fruits1 so in this1 ,i will giue you the description of one1 and briefe notes of the rest4 ,the ,nectorin is a tree of no great bignesse1 most vsually lesser then the ,peach tree1 his body and elder boughes being whitish1 the younger branches very red1 whereon grow narrow long greene leaues1 so like vnto ,peach leaues1 that none can well distinguish them1 vnlesse it be in this1 that they are somewhat lesser2 the blossomes are all reddish1 as the ,peach1 but one of a differing fashion from all the other1 as ,i shall shew you by and by3 the fruit that followeth is smaller1 rounder1 and smoother then ,peaches1 without any cleft on the side1 and without any douny cotton or freeze at all2 and herein is like vnto the outer greene rinde of the ,wallnut1 whereof as ,i am perswaded it tooke the name1 of a fast and firme meate1 and very delicate in taste1 especially the best kindes1 with a rugged stone within it1 and a bitter kernell4 ,the ,muske ,nectorin1 so called1 because it being a kinde of the best red ,nectorins1 both smelleth and eateth as if the fruit were steeped in ,muske3 some thinke that this and the next ,romane ,nectorin are all one4 ,the ,romane red ,nectorin1 or cluster ,nectorin1 hath a large or great purplish blossome1 like vnto a ,peach1 reddish at the bottome on the outside1 and greenish within3 the fruit is of a fine red colour on the outside1 and groweth in clusters1 two or three at a ioynt together1 of an excellent good taste4 ,the bastard red ,nectorin hath a smaller or pincking blossome1 more like threads then leaues1 neither so large nor open as the former1 and yellowish within at the bottome3 the fruit is red on the outside1 and groweth neuer but one at a ioynt2 it is a good fruit1 but eateth a little more rawish then the other1 euen when it is full ripe4 ,the yellow ,nectorin is of two sorts1 the one an excellent fruit1 mellow1 and of a very good rellish2 the other hard1 and no way comparable to it4 ,the greene ,nectorin1 great and small2 for such ,i haue seene abiding constant1 although both planted in one ground3 they are both of one goodnesse1 and accounted with most to be the best rellished ,nectorin of all others4 ,the white ,nectorin is said to bee differing from the other1 in that it will bee more white on the outside when it is ripe1 then either the yellow or greene3 but ,i haue not yet seene it4 ,the ,vse of ,nectorins4 ,the fruit is more firme then the ,peach1 and more delectable in taste2 and is therefore of more esteeme1 and that worthily4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,amygdala4 ,almonds4 ,the ,almond also may be reckoned vnto the stock or kindred of the ,peaches1 it is so like both in leafe and blossome1 and somewhat also in the fruit1 for the outward forme1 although it hath onely a dry skinne1 and no pulpe or meate to bee eaten3 but the kernell of the stone or shell1 which is called the ,almond1 maketh recompense of that defect1 whereof some are sweete1 some bitter1 some great1 some small1 some long1 and some short4 ,the ,almond tree groweth vpright1 higher and greater then any ,peach2 and is therefore vsually planted by it selfe1 and not against a wall1 whose body sometime exceedeth any mans fadome1 whereby it sheweth to be of longer continuance1 bearing large armes1 and smaller branches also1 but brittle1 whereon are set long and narrow leaues1 like vnto the ,peach tree3 the blossomes are purplish1 like vnto ,peach blossoms1 but paler3 the fruit is somewhat like a ,peach for the forme of the skinne or outside1 which is rough1 but not with any such cleft therein1 or with any pulpe or meate fit to bee eaten1 but is a thicke dry skinne when it is ripe1 couering the stone or shell1 which is smooth and not rugged1 and is either long and great1 or small1 or thicke and short1 according as the nut or kernell within it is1 which is sweete both in the greater and smaller1 and onely one smaller kinde which is bitter3 yet this ,i haue obserued1 that all the ,almond trees that ,i haue seene growe in ,england1 both of the sweete and bitter kindes1 beare ,almonds thicke and short1 and not long1 as that sort which is called the ,iorden ,almond4 ,the ,vse of ,almonds4 ,they are vsed many ways1 and for many purposes1 either eaten alone with ,figges1 or ,raysins of the ,sunne1 or made into paste with ,sugar and ,rosewater for ,marchpanes1 or put among ,floure1 ,egges1 and ,sugar1 to make ,mackerons1 or crusted ouer with ,sugar1 to make ,comfits1 or mixed with ,rosewater and ,sugar1 to make ,butter1 or with ,barley water1 to make ,milke1 and many other waies1 as euery one list1 that hath skill in such things4 ,the oyle also of ,almonds is vsed many waies1 both inwardly and outwardly1 for many purposes2 as the oyle of sweete ,almonds mixt with poudered white ,sugar ,candy1 for coughes and hoarsenesse1 and to be drunk alone1 or with some other thing 7as the ,syrupe of ,marsh ,mallowes7 for the stone1 to open and lenifie the passages1 and make them slipperie1 that the stone may passe the easier4 ,and also for women in ,child bed after their sore trauell4 ,and outwardly either by it selfe1 or with oyle of ,tartar to make a creame1 to lenifie the skin1 parched with the winde or otherwise1 or to annoint the stomacke either alone1 or with other things to helpe a cold4 ,the oyle of bitter ,almonds is much vsed to be dropped into their eares that are hard of hearing1 to helpe to open them4 ,and as it is thought1 doth more scoure and cleanse the skin then the sweet oyle doth1 and is therefore more vsed of many for that purpose1 as the ,almonds themselues are4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,mala ,arantia4 ,orenges4 ,i bring here to your consideration1 as you see1 the ,orenge tree alone1 without mentioning the ,citron or ,lemmon trees1 in regard of the experience we haue seen made of them in diuers places3 ,for the ,orenge tree hath abiden with some extraordinary looking and tending of it1 when as neither of the other would by any meanes be preserued any long time4 ,if therefore any be desirous to keepe this tree1 he must so prouide for it1 that it be preserued from any cold1 either in the winter or spring1 and exposed to the comfort of the sunne in summer4 ,and for that purpose some keepe them in great square boxes1 and lift them to and fro by iron hooks on the sides1 or cause them to be rowled by trundels1 or small wheels vnder them1 to place them in an house1 or close gallerie for the winter time3 others plant them against a bricke wall in the ground1 and defend them by a shed of boardes1 couered ouer with seare-cloth in the winter1 and by the warmth of a stoue1 or other such thing1 giue them some comfort in the colder times3 but no tent or meane prouision will preserue them4 ,the ,orenge tree in the warme ,countries groweth very high1 but with vs 7or else it is a dwarfe kinde thereof7 riseth not very high3 the barke of the elder stemmes being of a darke colour1 and the young branches very greene1 whereon grow here and there some few thornes3 the leaues are faire1 large1 and very greene1 in forme almost like a ,bay leafe1 but that it hath a small eare1 or peece of a leafe1 fashioned like vnto an heart vnder euery one of them1 with many small holes to be seene in them1 if you hold them vp betweene you and the light1 of a sweet but strong smell1 naturally not falling away1 but alwaies abiding on1 or vntill new be come vp1 bearing greene leaues continually3 the flowers are whitish1 of a very strong and heady sent2 after which come small round fruit1 greene at the first1 while they are small1 and not neere maturitie1 but being grown and ripe1 are 7as all men know7 red on the out side1 some more pale then others1 and some kindes of a deeper yellowish red1 according to the climate1 and as it receiueth the heate of the sunne1 wherein is contained sower or sweete iuice1 and thicke white kernels among it3 it beareth in the warme ,countries both blossomes and greene fruit continually vpon it1 and ripe fruit also with them for the best part of the yeare1 but especially in ,autumne and ,winter4 ,illustration3 #a ,malus ,arantia4 ,the ,orenge tree4 #b ,malus4 ,the ,apple tree4 #c ,malum ,carbonarium4 ,the ,pomewater4 #d ,malum ,curtipendulum4 ,the golden ,pippin4 #e ,melapium4 ,the ,pearmaine4 #f ,malum ,regineum4 ,the ,queene ,apple4 #g ,malum primis maturum4 ,the ,genneting4 #h ,malum ,regale4 ,the pound ,royall4 #i ,malum ,kentij ad seruescendum4 ,the ,kentish ,codlin4 #aj ,malum ,regineum spurium4 ,the ,bardfield ,quining4 ,the ,vse of ,orenges4 ,orenges are vsed as sawce for many sorts of meates1 in respect of their sweete sowernesse1 giuing a rellish of delight1 whereinsoeuer they are vsed4 ,the inner pulpe or iuice doth serue in agues and hot diseases1 and in ,summer to coole the heate of deiected stomackes1 or fainting spirits4 ,the dryed rinde1 by reason of the sweete and strong sent1 serueth to bee put among other things to make sweet pouthers4 ,the outer rindes1 when they are clensed from all the inner pulpe and skins1 are preserued in ,sugar1 after the bitternesse by often steepings hath been taken away1 do serue either as ,succots1 and banquetting stuffes1 or as ornaments to set out dishes for the table1 or to giue a rellish vnto meats1 whether baked or boyled3 ,physically they helpe to warme a cold stomack1 and to digest or breake winde therein3 or they are candid with ,sugar1 and serue with other dryed ,iunquets4 ,the water of ,orange flowers is oftentimes vsed as a great perfume for gloues1 to washe them1 or in stead of ,rose-water to mixe with other things4 ,it is vsed to bee drunke by some1 to preuent or to helpe any pestilentiall feuer4 ,the oyntment that is made of the flowers1 is very comfortable both for the stomache1 against the could or cough1 or for the head1 for paines and disinesse4 ,the kernels or seede beeing cast into the ground in the spring time1 will quickely grow vp1 7but will not abide the winter with vs1 to bee kept for growing trees7 and when they are of a finger length high1 being pluckt vp1 and put among sallets1 will giue them a maruellous fine aromaticke or spicy taste1 very acceptable4 ,the seed or kernels are a little cordiall1 although nothing so much as the kernels of the ,pomecitron4 ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,poma4 ,apples4 ,the sorts of ,apples are so many1 and infinite almost as ,i may say1 that ,i cannot giue you the names of all1 though ,i haue endeauoured to giue a great many1 and ,i thinke it almost impossible for any one1 to attaine to the full perfection of knowledge herein1 not onely in regard of the multiplicitie of fashions1 colours and tastes1 but in that some are more familiar to one ,countrey then to another1 being of a better or worse taste in one place then in another1 and therefore diuersly called3 ,i will therefore as ,i haue done before1 giue you the description of the ,tree in generall1 as also of the ,paradise or dwarfe ,apple1 because of some especiall difference1 and afterwards the names of as many1 with their fashions1 as haue come to my knowledge1 either by sight or relation3 for ,i doe confesse ,i haue not seene all that ,i here set downe1 but vse the helpe of some friends1 and therefore if it happen that the seuerall names doe not answer vnto seuerall sorts1 but that the same fruit may bee called by one name in one ,country1 that is called by another elsewhere1 excuse it ,i pray you2 for in such a number1 such a fault may escape vnknowne4 ,the ,apple tree for the most part is neyther very high1 great or straight1 but rather vsually boweth and spreadeth 7although in some places it groweth fairer and straighter then in others7 hauing long and great armes or boughes1 and from them smaller branches1 whereon doe grow somewhat broade1 and long greene leaues1 nicked about the edges3 the flowers are large and white1 with blush coloured sides1 consisting of fiue leaues3 the fruit 7as ,i said7 is of diuers formes1 colours and tastes1 and likewise of a very variable durabilitie2 for some must be eaten presently after they are gathered1 and they are for the most part the earliest ripe2 others will abide longer vpon the trees1 before they bee fit to be gathered2 some also will be so hard when others are gathered1 that they will not be fit to be eaten1 for one1 two or three months after they bee gathered2 and some will abide good but one1 two or three moneths1 and no more2 and some will be best1 after a quarter or halfe a yeares lying1 vnto the end of that yeare or the next4 ,the ,paradise or dwarfe ,apple tree groweth nothing so high as the former1 and many times not much higher then a man may reach1 hauing leaues and flowers altogether like the other1 the fruit is a faire yellow ,apple1 and reasonable great1 but very light and spongy or loose1 and of a bitterish sweet taste1 nothing pleasant4 ,and these faults also are incident vnto this tree1 that both bodie and branches are much subiect vnto cancker1 which will quickely eate it round1 and kill it2 besides it will haue many bunches1 or tuberous swellings in many places1 which grow as it were scabby or rough1 and will soone cause it to perish3 the roote sendeth forth many shootes and suckers1 whereby it may be much increased4 ,but this benefit may be had of it1 to recompence the former faults1 ,that being a dwarfe ,tree1 whatsoeuer fruit shall be grafted on it1 will keepe the graft low like vnto it selfe1 and yet beare fruit reasonable well4 ,and this is a pretty way to haue ,pippins1 ,pomewaters1 or any other sort of ,apples 7as ,i haue1 had my selfe1 and also seene with others7 growing low1 that if any will1 they may make a hedge rowe of these low fruits1 planted in an ,orchard all along by a walke side3 but take this ,caueat1 if you will auoide the danger of the cancker and knots1 which spoile the tree1 to graft it hard vnto the ground1 that therby you may giue as little of the nature of the stock thereunto as possibly you can1 which wil vndoubtedly help it very much4 ,the kindes or sorts of ,apples4 ,the ,summer pippin is a very good apple first ripe1 and therefore to bee first spent1 because it will not abide so long as the other4 ,the ,french pippin is also a good fruit and yellow4 ,the ,golding pippin is the greatest and best of all sorts of pippins4 ,the ,russet pippin is as good an apple as most of the other sorts of pippins4 ,the spotted pippin is the most durable pippin of all the other sorts4 ,the ordinary yellow pippin is like the other1 and as good2 for indeed ,i know no sort of pippins but are excellent good well rellished fruites4 ,the great pearemaine differeth little either in taste or durabilitie from the pippin1 and therefore next vnto it is accounted the best of all apples4 ,the summer pearemaine is of equall goodnesse with the former1 or rather a little more pleasing1 especially for the time of its eating1 which will not bee so long lasting1 but is spent and gone when the other beginneth to be good to eate4 ,the ,russetting is also a firme and a very good apple1 not so waterish as the pippin or pearemaine1 and will last the best part of the year1 but will be very mellow at the last1 or rather halfe dryed4 ,the ,broading is a very good apple4 ,the ,pomewater is an excellent good and great whitish apple1 full of sap or moisture1 somewhat pleasant sharpe1 but a little bitter withall3 it will not last long1 the winter frosts soone causing it to rot1 and perish4 ,the ,flower of ,kent is a faire yellowish greene apple both good and great4 ,the ,gilloflower apple is a fine apple1 and finely spotted4 ,the ,marligo is the same1 that is called the ,marigold apple1 it is a middle sized apple1 very yellow on the outside1 shadowed ouer as it were with red1 and more red on one side1 a reasonable well rellished fruit4 ,the ,blandrill is a good apple4 ,the ,dauie ,gentle is a very good apple4 ,the ,gruntlin is somewhat a long apple1 smaller at the crowne then at the stalke1 and is a reasonable good apple4 ,the gray ,costerd is a good great apple1 somewhat whitish on the outside1 and abideth the winter4 ,the greene ,costerd is like the other1 but greener on the outside continually4 ,the ,haruy apple is a faire great goodly apple1 and very well rellished4 ,the ,dowse apple is a sweetish apple not much accounted of4 ,the ,pome-paris is a very good apple4 ,the ,belle boon of two sorts winter and summer1 both of them good apples1 and fair fruit to look on1 being yellow and of a meane bignesse4 ,the pound ,royall is a very great apple1 of a very good and sharpe taste4 ,the ,doues ,bill a small apple4 ,the ,deusan or apple ,iohn is a delicate fine fruit1 well rellished when it beginneth to be fit to be eaten1 and endureth good longer then any other apple4 ,the ,master ,william is greater then a pippin1 but of no very good rellish4 ,the ,master ,iohn is a better tasted apple then the other by much4 ,the ,spicing is a well tasted fruite4 ,pome de ,rambures all faire and good apples ,pome de ,capandu brought from ,france4 ,pome de ,calual ,the ,queene apple is of two sorts1 both of them great faire red apples1 and well rellished1 but the greater is the best4 ,the ,bastard ,queene apple is like the other for forme and colour1 but not so good in taste3 some call this the bardfield ,queening4 ,the ,boughton or greening is a very good and well tasted apple4 ,the ,leather coate apple is a good winter apple1 of no great bignesse1 but of a very good and sharpe taste4 ,the ,pot apple is a plaine ,country apple4 ,the ,cowsnout is no very good fruit4 ,the ,gildiling apple is a yellow one1 not much accounted4 ,the ,cats head apple tooke the name of the likenesse1 and is a reasonable good apple and great4 ,the ,kentish ,codlin is a faire great greenish apple1 very good to eate when it is ripe2 but the best to coddle of all other apples4 ,the ,stoken apple is a reasonable good apple4 ,the ,geneting apple is a very pleasant and good apple4 ,the ,worcester apple is a very good apple1 as bigge as a ,pomewater4 ,donime ,couadis is a ,french apple1 and of a good rellish4 ,the ,french ,goodwin is a very good apple4 ,the old wife is a very good1 and well rellished apple4 ,the towne ,crab is an hard apple1 not so good to be eaten rawe as roasted1 but excellent to make ,cider4 ,the ,virgilling apple is a reasonable good apple4 ,the ,crowes egge is no good rellished fruit1 but noursed vp in some places of the common people4 ,the ,sugar apple is so called of the sweetnesse4 ,sops in wine is so named both of the pleasantnesse of the fruit1 and beautie of the apple4 ,the womans breast apple is a great apple4 ,the blacke apple or pippin is a very good eating apple1 and very like a ,pearemaine1 both for forme and bignesse1 but of a blacke sooty colour4 ,tweenty sorts of ,sweetings and none good4 ,the ,peare apple is a small fruit1 but well rellished being ripe1 and is for shape very like vnto a small short ,peare1 and greene4 ,the ,paradise apple is a faire goodly yellow apple1 but light and spongy1 and of a bitterish sweet taste1 not to be commended4 ,the apple without blossome1 so called because although it haue a small shew of a blossome1 yet they are but small threds rather then leaues1 neuer shewing to bee like a flower1 and therefore termed without blossome3 the apple is neyther good eating nor baking fruit4 ,wildings and ,crabs are without number or vse in our ,orchard1 being to be had out of the woods1 fields and hedges rather then any where else4 ,the ,vse of ,apples4 ,the best sorts of ,apples serue at the last course for the table1 in most mens houses of account1 where1 if there grow any rare or excellent fruit1 it is then set forth to be seene and tasted4 ,diuers other sorts serue to bake1 either for the ,masters ,table1 or the meynes sustenance1 either in pyes or pans1 or else stewed in dishes with ,rosewater and ,sugar1 and ,cinamon or ,ginger cast vpon4 ,some kinds are fittest to roast in the winter time1 to warme a cup of wine1 ale or beere2 or to be eaten alone1 for the nature of some fruit is neuer so good1 or worth the eating1 as when they are roasted4 ,some sorts are fittest to scald for ,codlins1 and are taken to coole the stomacke1 as well as to please the taste1 hauing ,rosewater and ,sugar put to them4 ,some sorts are best to make ,cider of1 as in the ,west ,countrey of ,england great quantities1 yea many ,hogsheads and ,tunnes full are made1 especially to bee carried to the ,sea in long voyages1 and is found by experience to bee of excellent vse1 to mixe with water for beuerage4 ,it is vsually seene that those fruits that are neither fit to eate raw1 roasted1 nor baked1 are fittest for ,cider1 and make the best4 ,the iuice of ,apples likewise1 as of pippins1 and pearemaines1 is of very good vse in ,melancholicke diseases1 helping to procure mirth1 and to expell heauinesse4 ,the distilled water of the same ,apples is of the like effect4 ,there is a fine sweet oyntment made of ,apples called ,pomatum1 which is much vsed to helpe chapt lips1 or hands1 or for the face1 or any other part of the skinne that is rough with winde1 or any other accident1 to supple them1 and make them smooth4 ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,cydonia4 ,quinces4 ,wee haue some diuersities of ,quinces1 although not many1 yet more then our elder times were acquainted with1 which shall be here expressed4 ,the ,quince tree groweth oftentimes to the height and bignesse of a good ,apple tree1 but more vsually lower1 with crooked and spreading armes and branches farre abroad1 the leaues are somewhat round1 and like the leaues of the ,apple tree1 but thicker1 harder1 fuller of veines1 and white on the vnderside3 the blossomes or flowers are white1 now and then dasht ouer with blush1 being large and open1 like vnto a single ,rose3 the fruit followeth1 which when it is ripe is yellow1 and couered with a white cotton or freeze1 which in the younger is thicker and more plentifull1 but waxeth lesse and lesse1 as the fruit ripeneth1 being bunched out many times in seuerall places1 and round1 especially about the head1 some greater1 others smaller1 some round like an ,apple1 others long like a ,peare1 of a strong heady sent1 accounted not wholsome or long to be endured1 and of no durabilitie to keepe1 in the middle whereof is a core1 with many blackish seedes or kernels therein1 lying close together in cels1 and compassed with a kinde of cleare gelly1 which is easier seene in the scalded fruit1 then in the raw4 ,the ,english ,quince is the ordinarie ,apple ,quince1 set downe before1 and is of so harsh a taste being greene1 that no man can endure to eate it rawe1 but eyther boyled1 stewed1 roasted or baked2 all which waies it is very good4 ,the ,portingall ,apple ,quince is a great yellow ,quince1 seldome comming to bee whole and faire without chapping2 this is so pleasant being fresh gathered1 that it may be eaten like vnto an ,apple without offence4 ,the ,portingall ,peare ,quince is not fit to be eaten rawe like the former1 but must be vsed after some of the waies the ,english ,quince is appointed1 and so it will make more dainty dishes then the ,english1 because it is lesse harsh1 will bee more tender1 and take lesse sugar for the ordering then the ,english kinde4 ,the ,barbary ,quince is like in goodnesse vnto the ,portingall ,quince last spoken of1 but lesser in bignesse4 ,the ,lyons ,quince4 ,the ,brunswicke ,quince4 ,the ,vse of ,quinces4 ,there is no fruit growing in this ,land that is of so many excellent vses as this1 seruing as well to make many dishes of meate for the table1 as for banquets1 and much more for the ,physicall vertues1 whereof to write at large is neither conuenient for mee1 nor for this worke3 ,i will onely briefly recite some1 as it were to giue you a taste of that plenty remaineth therein1 to bee conuerted into sundry formes3 as first for the table1 while they are fresh 7and all the yeare long after being pickled vp7 to be baked1 as a dainty dish1 being well and orderly cookt4 ,and being preserued whole in ,sugar1 either white or red1 serue likewise1 not onely as an after dish to close vp the stomacke1 but is placed among other ,preserues by ,ladies and ,gentlewomen1 and bestowed on their friends to entertaine them1 and among other sorts of ,preserues at ,banquets4 ,codimacke also and ,marmilade1 ,ielly and ,paste1 are all made of ,quinces1 chiefly for delight and pleasure1 although they haue also with them some physicall properties4 ,we haue for the vse of physicke1 both ,iuyce and ,syrupe1 both ,conserue and ,condite1 both binding and loosening medicines1 both inward and outward1 and all made of ,quinces4 ,the ,ielly or ,muccilage of the seedes1 is often vsed to be laid vpon womens breasts1 to heale them being sore or rawe1 by their childrens default giuing them sucke4 ,athenus reciteth in his third booke1 that one ,philarchus found1 that the smell of ,quinces tooke away the strength of a certaine poison1 called ,phariacum4 ,and the ,spaniards haue also found1 that the strength of the iuyce of white ,ellebor 7which the ,hunters vse as a poyson to dippe their arrow heads in1 that they shoote at wilde beasts to kill them7 is quite taken away1 if it stand within the compasse of the smell of ,quinces4 ,and also that ,grapes1 being hung vp to bee kept1 and spent in ,winter1 doe quickly rot with the smell of a ,quince4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,pyra4 ,peares4 ,the variety of peares is as much or more then of apples1 and ,i thinke it is as hard in this1 as before in apples1 for any to be so exquisite1 as that hee could number vp all the sorts that are to be had3 for wee haue in our country so manie1 as ,i shall giue you the names of by and by1 and are hitherto come to our knowledge3 but ,i verily beleeue that there be many1 both in our country1 and in others1 that we haue not yet knowne or heard of2 for euery yeare almost wee attaine to the knowledge of some1 we knew not of before4 ,take therefore1 according to the manner before held1 the description of one1 with the seuerall names of the rest1 vntill a more exact discourse be had of them1 euery one apart4 ,the ,peare tree groweth more slowly1 but higher1 and more vpright then the apple tree1 and not lesse in the bulke of the body3 his branches spread not so farre or wide1 but growe vprighter and closer3 the leaues are somewhat broader and rounder1 greene aboue1 and whiter vnderneath then those of the apple tree3 the flowers are whiter and greater3 the fruit is longer then round for the most part1 smaller at the stalke1 and greater at the head1 of so many differing formes1 colours1 and tastes1 that hardly can one distinguish rightly between them1 the times also being as variable in the gathering and spending of them1 as in apples3 the roote groweth deeper then the apple tree1 and therefore abideth longer1 and giueth a faster1 closer1 smoother gentle wood1 easie to be wrought vpon4 ,illustration3 #a ,malus ,cotonea4 ,the ,quince tree4 #b ,cydonium ,lusitanicum4 ,the ,portingall ,quince4 #c ,pyrus4 ,the ,peare tree4 #d ,pyrum ,pompeianum1 siue ,cucumerinum hyemale4 ,the ,winter ,bon ,chretien4 #e ,pyrum pictum vel striatum4 ,the painted or striped ,peare of ,ierusalem4 #f ,pyrum ,palatinale4 ,the ,burgomot ,peare4 #g ,pyrum ,cucumerinum siue ,pompeianum stivum4 ,the ,summer ,bon ,chretien4 #h ,pyrum ,volemam4 ,the best ,warden4 #i ,pyrum ,librale4 ,the pound ,peare4 #aj ,pyrum ,windsorianum4 ,the ,windsor ,peare4 #aa ,pyrum ,cucumerinum4 ,the ,gratiola ,peare4 #ab ,pyrum ,caryophyllatum4 ,the ,gilloflower ,peare4 ,the kindes of ,peares4 ,the ,summer bon ,chretien is somewhat a long peare1 with a greene and yellow russetish coate1 and will haue sometimes red sides2 it is ripe at ,michaelmas3 some vse to dry them as they doe ,prunes1 and keepe them all the yeare after4 ,i haue not seene or heard any more ,summer kindes hereof then this one1 and needeth no wall to nourse it as the other4 ,the ,winter bon ,chretien is of many sorts1 some greater1 others lesser1 and all good2 but the greatest and best is that kinde that groweth at ,syon3 ,all the kinds of this ,winter fruit must be planted against a wall1 or else they will both seldome beare1 and bring fewer also to ripenesse1 comparable to the wall fruit3 the kindes also are according to their lasting2 for some will endure good much longer then others4 ,the ,summer ,bergomot is an excellent well rellished peare1 flattish1 short1 not long like others1 of a meane bignesse1 and of a darke yellowish greene colour on the outside4 ,the ,winter ,bergomot is of two or three sorts1 being all of them small fruit1 somewhat greener on the outside then the ,summer kindes2 all of them very delicate and good in their due time3 for some will not be fit to bee eaten when others are well-nigh spent1 euery of them outlasting another by a moneth or more4 ,the ,diego peare is but a small peare1 but an excellent well rellished fruit1 tasting as if ,muske had been put among it2 many of them growe together1 as it were in clusters4 ,the ,duetete or double headed peare1 so called of the forme1 is a very good peare1 not very great1 of a russettish browne colour on the outside4 ,the ,primating peare is a good moist peare1 and early ripe4 ,the ,geneting peare is a very good early ripe peare4 ,the greene ,chesill is a delicate mellow peare1 euen melting as it were in the mouth of the eater1 although greenish on the outside4 ,the ,catherine peare is knowne to all ,i thinke to be a yellow red sided peare1 of a full waterish sweete taste1 and ripe with the foremost4 ,the ,king ,catherine is greater then the other1 and of the same goodnesse1 or rather better4 ,the ,russet ,catherine is a very good middle sized peare4 ,the ,windsor peare is an excellent good peare1 well knowne to most persons1 and of a reasonable greatnesse3 it will beare fruit some times twice in a yeare 7and as it is said7 three times in some places4 ,the ,norwich peare is of two sorts1 ,summer and ,winter1 both of them good fruit1 each in their season4 ,the ,worster peare is blackish1 a farre better peare to bake 7when as it will be like a ,warden1 and as good7 then to eate rawe2 yet so it is not to be misliked4 ,the ,muske peare is like vnto a ,catherine peare for bignesse1 colour1 and forme2 but farre more excellent in taste1 as the very name importeth4 ,the ,rosewater peare is a goodly faire peare1 and of a delicate taste4 ,the ,sugar peare is an early peare1 very sweete1 but waterish4 ,the ,summer ,popperin both of them are very good dry firme peares1 somewhat spotted1 ,the ,winter ,popperin and brownish on the outside4 ,the greene ,popperin is a winter fruit1 of equall goodnesse with the former4 ,the ,soueraigne peare1 that which ,i haue seene and tasted1 and so termed vnto me1 was a small brownish yellow peare1 but of a most dainty taste2 but some doe take a kind of ,bon ,chretien1 called the ,elizabeth peare1 to be the ,soueraigne peare2 how truely let others iudge4 ,the ,kings peare is a very good and well tasted peare4 ,the peare ,royall is a great peare1 and of a good rellish4 ,the ,warwicke peare is a reasonable faire and good peare4 ,the ,greenfield peare is a very good peare1 of a middle size4 ,the ,lewes peare is a brownish greene peare1 ripe about the end of ,september1 a reasonable well rellished fruit1 and very moist4 ,the ,bishop peare is a middle sized peare1 of a reasonable good taste1 not very waterish2 but this property is oftentimes seene in it1 that before the fruit is gathered1 7but more vsually those that fall of themselues1 and the rest within a while after they are gathered7 will be rotten at the core1 when there will not be a spot or blemish to bee seene on the outside1 or in all the peare1 vntill you come neare the core4 ,the ,wilford peare is a good and a faire peare4 ,the ,bell peare a very good greene peare4 ,the ,portingall peare is a great peare1 but more goodly in shew then good indeed4 ,the ,gratiola peare is a kinde of ,bon ,chretien1 called the ,cowcumber peare1 or ,spinola's peare4 ,the ,rowling peare is a good peare1 but hard1 and not good before it bee a little rowled or bruised1 to make it eate the more mellow4 ,the ,pimpe peare is as great as the ,windsor peare1 but rounder1 and of a very good rellish4 ,the ,turnep peare is a hard winter peare1 not so good to eate rawe1 as it is to bake4 ,the ,arundell peare is most plentifull in ,suffolke1 and there commended to be a verie good peare4 ,the ,berry peare is a ,summer peare1 reasonable faire and great1 and of so good and wholsome a taste1 that few or none take harme by eating neuer so many of them4 ,the ,sand peare is a reasonable good peare1 but small4 ,the ,morley peare is a very good peare1 like in forme and ,colour vnto the ,windsor1 but somewhat grayer4 ,the peare pricke is very like vnto the ,greenfield peare1 being both faire1 great1 and good4 ,the good ,rewell is a reasonable great peare1 as good to bake as to eate rawe1 and both wayes it is a good fruit4 ,the ,hawkes bill peare is of a middle size1 somewhat like vnto the ,rowling peare4 ,the ,petworth peare is a winter peare1 and is great1 somewhat long1 faire1 and good4 ,the ,slipper peare is a reasonable good peare4 ,the ,robert peare is a very good peare1 plentifull in ,suffolke and ,norfolke4 ,the pound peare is a reasonable good peare1 both to eate rawe1 and to bake4 ,the ten pound peare1 or the hundred pound peare1 the truest and best1 is the best ,bon ,chretien of ,syon1 so called1 because the grafts cost the ,master so much the fetching by the messengers expences1 when he brought nothing else4 ,the ,gilloflower peare is a winter peare1 faire in shew1 but hard1 and not fit to bee eaten rawe1 but very good to bake4 ,the peare ,couteau is neither good one way nor other4 ,the ,binsce peare is a reasonable good winter peare1 of a russetish colour1 and a small fruit3 but will abide good a long while4 ,the ,pucell is a greene peare1 of an indifferent good taste4 ,the blacke ,sorrell is a reasonable great long peare1 of a darke red colour on the outside4 ,the red ,sorrell is of a redder colour1 else like the other4 ,the ,surrine is no very good peare4 ,the ,summer ,hasting is a little greene peare1 of an indifferent good rellish4 ,peare ,gergonell is an early peare1 somewhat long1 and of a very pleasant taste4 ,the white ,genneting is a reasonable good peare1 yet not equall to the other4 ,the ,sweater is somewhat like the ,windsor for colour and bignesse1 but nothing neare of so good a taste4 ,the bloud red peare is of a darke red colour on the outside1 but piercing very little into the inner pulpe4 ,the ,hony peare is a long greene ,summer peare4 ,the ,winter peare is of many sorts1 but this is onely so called1 to bee distinguished from all other ,winter peares1 which haue seuerall names giuen them1 and is a very good peare4 ,the ,warden or ,luke ,wards peare of two sorts1 both white and red1 both great and small4 ,the ,spanish ,warden is greater then either of both the former1 and better also4 ,the peare of ,ierusalem1 or the stript peare1 whose barke while it is young1 is as plainly seene to be stript with greene1 red1 and yellow1 as the fruit it selfe is also1 and is of a very good taste3 being baked also1 it is as red as the best ,warden1 whereof ,master ,william ,ward of ,essex hath assured mee1 who is the chiefe keeper of the ,kings ,granary at ,whitehall4 ,hereof likewise there is a wilde kinde no bigger then ones thumbe1 and striped in the like manner1 but much more4 ,the ,choke peares1 and other ,wilde peares1 both great and small1 as they are not to furnish our ,orchard1 but the ,woods1 ,forrests1 ,fields1 and ,hedges1 so wee leaue them to their naturall places1 and to them that keep them1 and make good vse of them4 ,the ,vse of ,peares4 ,the most excellent sorts of ,peares1 serue 7as ,i said before of ,apples7 to make an after-course for their masters table1 where the goodnesse of his ,orchard is tryed4 ,they are dryed also1 and so are an excellent repaste1 if they be of the best kindes1 fit for the purpose4 ,they are eaten familiarly of all sorts of people1 of some for delight1 and of others for nourishment1 being baked1 stewed1 or scalded4 ,the red ,warden and the ,spanish ,warden are reckoned among the most excellent of ,peares1 either to bake or to roast1 for the sicke or for the sound3 ,and indeede1 the ,quince and the ,warden are the two onely fruits are permitted to the sicke1 to eate at any time4 ,perry1 which is the iuyce of ,peares pressed out1 is a drinke much esteemed as well as ,cyder1 to be both drunke at home1 and carried to the ,sea1 and found to be of good vse in long voyages4 ,the ,perry made of ,choke ,peares1 notwithstanding the harshnesse1 and euill taste1 both of the fruit when it is greene1 as also of the iuyce when it is new made1 doth yet after a few moneths become as milde and pleasant as wine1 and will hardly bee knowne by the sight or taste from it3 this hath beene found true by often experience2 and therefore wee may admire the goodnesse of ,god1 that hath giuen such faculty to so wilde fruits1 altogether thought vselesse1 to become vsefull1 and apply the benefit thereof both to the comfort of our soules and bodies4 ,for the ,physicall properties1 if we doe as ,galen teacheth vs1 in secundo ,alimentorum1 referre the qualities of ,peares to their seuerall tastes1 as before he had done in ,apples1 we shall not neede to make a new worke2 those that are harsh and sowre doe coole and binde1 sweet do nourish and warme1 and those betweene these1 to haue middle vertues1 answerable to their temperatures1 c4 ,much more might be said1 both of this and the other kinds of fruits2 but let this suffice for this place and worke1 vntill a more exact be accomplished4 ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,nux ,iuglans4 ,the ,wallnut4 ,although the ,wallnut tree bee often planted in the middle of great ,courtyards1 where by reason of his great spreading armes it taketh vp a great deale of roome1 his shadow reaching farre1 so that scarce any thing can well grow neare it2 yet because it is likewise planted in fit places or corners of ,orchards1 and that it beareth fruit or nuts1 often brought to the table1 especially while they are freshest1 sweetest1 and fitted to be eaten1 let not my ,orchard want his company1 or you the knowledge of it4 ,some doe thinke that there are many sorts of them1 because some are much greater then others1 and some longer then others1 and some haue a more frangible shell then others2 but ,i am certainly perswaded1 that the soyle and climate where they grow1 are the whole and onely cause of the varieties and differences4 ,indeed ,virginia hath sent vnto vs two sorts of ,wallnuts1 the one blacke1 the other white1 whereof as yet wee haue no further knowledge4 ,and ,i know that ,clusius reporteth1 he tooke vp at a banquet a long ,wallnut1 differing in forme and tendernesse of shell from others1 which being set1 grew and bore farre tenderer leaues then the others and a little snipt about the edges1 which 7as ,i said7 might alter with the soyle and climate3 and besides you may obserue1 that many of ,clusius differences are very nice1 and so ,i leaue it4 ,the ,wallnut tree groweth very high and great1 with a large and thicke body or trunke1 couered with a thicke clouen whitish greene barke1 tending to an ash colour2 the armes are great1 and spread farre1 breaking out into smaller branches1 whereon doe growe long large leaues1 fiue or seuen set together one against another1 with an odde one at the end1 somewhat like vnto ashen leaues1 but farre larger1 and not so many on a stalke1 smooth1 and somewhat reddish at the first springing1 and tender also1 of a reasonable good sent1 but more strong and headie when they growe old3 the fruit or nut is great and round1 growing close to the stalkes of the leaues1 either by couples or by three set together1 couered with a double shell1 that is to say1 with a greene thicke and soft outer rinde1 and an inner hard shell1 within which the white kernell is contained1 couered with a thinne yellow rinde or peeling1 which is more easily peeled away while it is greene then afterwards1 and is as it were parted into foure quarters1 with a thinne wooddy peece parting it at the head1 very sweete and pleasant while it is fresh1 and for a while after the gathering2 but the elder they growe1 the harder and more oily3 the catkins or blowings are long and yellow1 made of many scaly leaues set close together1 which come forth early in the ,spring1 and when they open and fall away1 vpon their stalkes arise certaine small flowers1 which turne into so many nuts4 ,the ,vse of ,wallnuts4 ,they are often serued to the table with other fruits while they abide fresh and sweete2 and therefore many to keepe them fresh a long time haue deuised many wayes1 as to put them into great pots1 and bury them in the ground1 and so take them out as they spend them1 which is a very good way1 and will keepe them long4 ,the small young nuts while they are tender1 being preserued or candid1 are vsed among other sorts of candid fruits1 that serue at banquets4 ,the iuyce of the outer greene huskes are held to be a soueraigne remedy against either poyson1 or plague1 or pestilentiall feuer4 ,the distilled water of the huskes drunke with a little vinegar1 if the fits growe hot and tedious1 is an approued remedy for the same4 ,the water distilled from the leaues1 is effectuall to be applyed to fluent or running vlcers1 to dry and binde the humours4 ,some haue vsed the pouder of the catkins in white wine1 for the suffocation or strangling of the mother4 ,the oyle of ,wallnuts is vsed to varnish ,ioyners workes4 ,as also is accounted farre to excell ,linseede oyle1 to mixe a white colour withall1 that the colour bee not dimmed4 ,it is of excellent vse for the coldnesse1 hardnesse and contracting of the sinewes and ioynts1 to warme1 supple1 and to extend them4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,castanea ,equina4 ,the ,horse ,chesnut4 ,although the ordinary ,chesnut is not a tree planted in ,orchards1 but left to ,woods1 ,parkes1 and other such like places2 yet wee haue another sort which wee haue noursed vp from the nuts sent vs from ,turky1 of a greater and more pleasant aspect for the faire leaues1 and of as good vse for the fruit4 ,it groweth in time to be a great tree1 spreading with great armes and branches1 whereon are set at seuerall distances goodly faire great greene leaues1 diuided into six1 seuen1 or nine parts or leaues1 euery one of them nicked about the edges1 very like vnto the leaues of ,ricinus1 or ,palma ,christi1 and almost as great3 it beareth at the ends of the branches many flowers set together vpon a long stalke1 consisting of foure white leaues a peece1 with many threads in the middle1 which afterwards turne into nuts1 like vnto the ordinary ,chesnuts1 but set in rougher and more prickly huskes3 the nuts themselues being rounder and blacker1 with a white spot at the head of each1 formed somewhat like an heart1 and of a little sweeter taste4 ,the ,vse of this ,chesnut4 ,it serueth to binde and stop any maner of fluxe1 be it of bloud or humours1 either of the belly or stomacke2 also the much spitting of bloud4 ,they are roasted and eaten as the ordinary sort1 to make them taste the better4 ,they are vsually in ,turkie giuen to horses in their prouender1 to cure them of coughes1 and helpe them being broken winded4 ,,chap4 ,,xxiiii4 ,morus4 ,the ,mulberrie4 ,there are two sorts of ,mulberries sufficiently known to most1 the blackish and the white3 but wee haue had brought vs from ,virginia another sort1 which is of greater respect then eyther of the other two1 not onely in regard of the raritie1 but of the vse1 as you shall presently vnderstand4 #a4 ,morus nigra4 ,the blacke ,mulberrie4 ,the blacke ,mulberrie tree groweth oftentimes tall and great1 and oftentimes also crooked1 and spreading abroade1 rather then high2 for it is subiect to abide what forme you will conforme it vnto3 if by suffering it to grow1 it will mount vp1 and if you will binde it1 or plash the boughes1 they will so abide1 and be carried ouer arbours1 or other things as you will haue it4 ,the bodie groweth in time to bee very great1 couered with a rugged or thicke barke1 the armes or branches being smoother1 whereon doe grow round thicke leaues pointed at the ends1 and nicked about the edges1 and in some there are to be seene deep gashes1 making it seeme somewhat like the ,vine leafe3 the flowers are certaine short dounie catkings1 which turne into greene berries at the first1 afterwards red1 and when they are full ripe blacke1 made of many graines set together1 like vnto the blacke berrie1 but longer and greater3 before they are ripe1 they haue an austere and harsh taste1 but when they are full ripe1 they are more sweete and pleasant2 the iuice whereof is so red1 that it will staine the hands of them that handle and eate them4 #b4 ,morus alba4 ,the white ,mulberrie4 ,the white ,mulberrie tree groweth not with vs to that greatnesse or bulke of bodie that the blacke doth1 but runneth vp higher1 slenderer1 more knotty1 hard and brittle1 with thinner spreade armes and branches3 the leaues are like the former1 but not so thicke set on the branches1 nor so hard in handling1 a little paler also1 hauing somewhat longer stalkes3 the fruit is smaller and closer set together1 greene1 and somewhat harsh before they be ripe1 but of a wonderfull sweetnesse1 almost ready to procure loathing when they are thorough ripe1 and white1 with such like seede in them as in the former1 but smaller4 #c4 ,morus ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginia ,mulberrie4 ,the ,virginia ,mulberry tree groweth quickely with vs to be a very great tree1 spreading many armes and branches1 whereon grow faire great leaues1 very like vnto the leaues of the white ,mulberrie tree3 the berry or fruit is longer and redder then either of the other1 and of a very pleasant taste4 ,illustration3 #a ,nux ,iuglans4 ,the ,wallnut4 #b ,castanea equina4 ,the horse ,chestnut4 #c ,morus nigra vel alba4 ,the ,mulberry4 #d ,morus ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginia ,mulberry4 #e ,laurus vulgaris4 ,the ordinary ,bay tree4 #f ,laurea ,cerasus ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginia ,cherry ,bay4 ,the ,vse of ,mulberries4 ,the greatest and most especiall vse of the planting of white ,mulberries1 is for the feeding of ,silke wormes1 for which purpose all the ,easterne ,countries1 as ,persia1 ,syria1 ,armenia1 ,arabia c4 and also the hither part of ,turkie1 ,spaine also and ,italie1 and many other hot ,countries doe nourish them1 because it is best for that purpose1 the wormes feeding thereon1 giuing the finest and best silke2 yet some are confident that the leaues of the blacke will doe as much good as the white3 but that respect must be had to change your seede1 because therein lyeth the greatest mysterie4 ,but there is a ,booke or ,tractate printed1 declaring the whole vse of whatsoeuer can belong vnto them3 ,i will therefore referre them thereunto1 that would further vnderstand of that matter4 ,mulberries are not much desired to be eaten1 although they be somewhat pleasant1 both for that they staine their fingers and lips that eate them1 and doe quickly putrefie in the stomacke1 if they bee not taken before meate4 ,they haue yet a ,physicall vse1 which is by reason of the astringent quality while they are red1 and before they bee ripe1 for sore mouthes and throats1 or the like1 whereunto also the ,syrup1 called ,diamoron1 is effectuall4 ,corollarium4 ,a ,,corollarie ,to this ,orchard4 ,there are certaine other trees that beare no fruit fit to bee eaten1 which yet are often seene planted in ,orchards1 and other fit and conuenient places about an house1 whereof some are of especiall vse1 as the ,bay tree c4 others for their beauty and shadow are fit for walkes or arbours2 some being euer green are most fit for hedge-rowes2 and some others more for their raritie then for any other great vse1 whereof ,i thought good to entreat apart by themselues1 and bring them after the fruit trees of this ,orchard1 as an ornament to accomplish the same4 #a4 ,laurus4 ,the ,bay tree4 ,there are to bee reckoned vp fiue kindes of ,bay trees1 three whereof haue been entreated of in the first part1 a fourth wee will only bring here to your consideration1 which is that kinde that is vsually planted in euery mans yard or orchard1 for their vse throughout the whole land1 the other we will leaue to bee considered of in that place is fit for it4 ,the ,bay tree riseth vp oftentimes to carry the face of a tree of a meane bignesse in our ,countrey 7although much greater in the hoter7 and oftentimes shooteth vp with many suckers from the roote1 shewing it selfe more like to a tall shrubbe or hedge-bush1 then a tree1 hauing many branches1 the young ones whereof are sometimes reddish1 but most vsually of a light or fresh greene colour1 when the stemme and elder boughes are couered with a darke greene barke3 the leaues are somewhat broad1 and long pointed as it were at both the ends1 hard and sometimes crumpled on the edges1 of a darke greene colour aboue1 and of a yellowish greene vnderneath1 in smell sweet1 in taste bitter1 and abiding euer greene3 the flowers are yellow and mossie1 which turne into berries that are a little long as well as round1 whose shell or outermost peele is greene at the first1 and black when it is ripe2 wherein is contained an hard bitter kernell1 which cleaueth in two parts4 ,the ,vse of ,bayes4 ,the ,bay leaues are of as necessary vse as any other in ,garden or ,orchard2 for they serue both for pleasure and profit1 both for ornament and for vse1 both for honest ,ciuill vses1 and for ,physicke1 yea both for the sicke and for the sound1 both for the liuing and for the dead3 ,and so much might be said of this one tree1 that if it were all told1 would as well weary the ,reader1 as the ,relater3 but to explaine my selfe2 ,it serueth to adorne the house of ,god as well as of man3 to procure warmth1 comfort and strength to the limmes of men and women1 by bathings and annoyntings outward1 and by drinkes c4 inward to the stomacke1 and other parts3 to season vessels c4 wherein are preserued our meates1 as well as our drinkes3 to crowns or encircle as with a garland1 the heads of the liuing1 and to sticke and decke forth the bodies of the dead3 so that from the cradle to the graue we haue still vse of it1 we haue still neede of it4 ,the berries likewise serue for stitches inward1 and for paines outward1 that come of cold eyther in the ioynts1 sinewes1 or other places4 #b4 ,laurea ,cerasus1 siue ,laurus ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginian ,bay1 or ,cherry ,baye4 ,this ,virginian 7whether you will call it a ,baye1 or a ,cherrie1 or a ,cherrie ,bay1 ,i leaue it to euery ones free will and iudgement1 but yet ,i thinke ,i may as well call it a ,bay as others a ,cherrie1 neither of them being answerable to the tree1 which neyther beareth such berries as are like ,cherries1 neither beareth euer greene leaues like the ,bay3 if it may therefore bee called the ,virginia ,cherry ,bay1 for a distinction from the former ,bay ,cherry that beareth faire blacke ,cherries1 it will more fitly agree thereunto1 vntill a more proper may be imposed7 riseth vp to be a tree of a reasonable height1 the stemme or bodie thereof being almost as great as a mans legge1 spreading forth into diuers armes or boughes1 and they againe into diuers small branches1 whereon are set without order diuers faire broade greene leaues1 somewhat like vnto the former ,bay leaues1 but more limber and gentle1 and not so hard in handling1 broader also1 and for the most part ending in a point but in many somewhat round pointed1 very finely notched or toothed about the edges1 of a bitter taste1 very neere resembling the taste of the ,bay leafe1 but of little or no sent at all1 either greene or dryed1 which fall away euery autumne1 and spring afresh euery yeare3 the blossomes are small and white1 many growing together vpon a long stalke1 somewhat like the ,bird ,cherry blossomes1 but smaller1 and come forth at the ends of the young branches1 which after turne into small berries1 euery one set in a small cup or huske1 greene at the first1 and blacke when they are ripe1 of the bignesse of a small pease1 of a strong bitter taste1 and somewhat aromaticall withall1 but without any fleshy substance like a ,cherry at all vpon it2 for it is altogether like a berry4 ,the ,vse of this ,virginia ,cherry ,bay4 ,being a stranger in our ,land1 and possessed but of a very few1 ,i doe not heare that there hath beene any triall made thereof what properties are in it3 let this therefore suffice for this present1 to haue shewed you the description and forme thereof1 vntill we can learne further of his vses4 #c4 ,pinus4 ,the ,pine tree4 ,my purpose in this place is not to shew you all the diuersities of ,pine trees1 or of the rest that follow1 but of that one kinde is planted in many places of our ,land for ornament and delight1 and there doth reasonably well abide3 take it therefore into this ,orchard1 for the raritie and beautie of it1 though we haue little other vse of it4 ,the ,pine tree groweth with vs1 though slowely1 to a very great height in many places1 with a great straight bodie1 couered with a grayish greene barke1 the younger branches are set round about1 with very narrow long whitish greene leaues1 which fall away from the elder1 but abide on the younger1 being both winter and summer alwaies greene4 ,it hath growing in sundry places on the branches1 certaine great hard wooddy clogs 7called of some apples1 of others nuts7 composed of many hard wooddy scales1 or tuberous knobs1 which abide for the most part alwaies greene in our ,countrey1 and hardly become brownish1 as in other ,countries1 where they haue more heat and comfort of the ,sun1 and where the scales open themselues2 wherein are contained white long and round kernels1 very sweete while they are fresh1 but quickely growing oylely and rancide4 ,the ,vse of the ,pine apples and kernels4 ,the ,cones or ,apples are vsed of diuers ,vintners in this ,city1 being painted1 to expresse a bunch of grapes1 whereunto they are very like1 and are hung vp in their bushes1 as also to fasten keyes vnto them1 as is seene in many places4 ,the kernels within the hard shels1 while they are fresh or newly taken out1 are vsed many waies1 both with ,apothecaries1 ,comfit-makers1 and ,cookes3 for of them are made medicines1 good to lenifie the pipes and passages of the lungs and throate1 when it is hoarse4 ,of them are made ,comfits1 ,pastes1 ,marchpanes1 and diuers other such like3 ,and with them a cunning ,cooke can make diuers ,keck shoses for his ,masters table4 ,matthiolus commendeth the water of the greene apples distilled1 to take away the wrinkles in the face1 to abate the ouer-swelling breasts of ,maidens1 by fomenting them after with linnen clothes1 wet in the water2 and to restore such as are rauisht into better termes4 #d4 ,abies4 ,the ,firre tree4 ,the ,firre tree groweth naturally higher then any other tree in these parts of ,christendome where no ,cedars grow1 and euen equalling or ouer-topping the ,pine3 the stemme or bodie is bare without branches for a great height1 if they bee elder trees1 and then branching forth at one place of the bodie foure wayes in manner of a crosse1 those boughes againe hauing two branches at euery ioynt1 on which are set on all sides very thicke together many small narrow long hard whitish greene leaues1 and while they are young tending to yellownesse1 but nothing so long or hard or sharpe pointed as the ,pine tree leaues1 growing smaller and shorter to the end of the branches3 the bloomings are certaine small long scaly catkins1 of a yellowish colour1 comming forth at the ioynts of the branches1 which fall away3 the cones are smaller and longer then of the ,pine tree1 wherein are small three square seede contained1 not halfe so big as the ,pine kernels4 ,the ,vse of the ,firre tree4 ,the vse of this tree is growne with vs of late daies to bee more frequent for the building of houses then euer before3 for hereof 7namely of ,deale timber and ,deale boords7 are framed many houses1 and their floores1 without the helpe of any other timber or boord of any other tree almost2 as also for many other workes and purposes4 ,the yellow ,rossen that is vsed as well to make salues as for many other common vses1 is taken from this tree1 as the ,pitch is both from the ,pitch and ,pine trees1 and is boyled to make it to bee hard1 but was at the first a yellow thin cleere ,turpentine1 and is that best sort of common ,turpentine is altogether in vse with vs1 as also another more thicke1 whitish1 and troubled1 both which are vsed in salues1 both for man and beast 7but not inwardly as the cleere white ,venice ,turpentine is7 and serueth both to draw1 cleanse and heale4 ,dodonus seemeth to say1 that the cleere white ,turpentine1 called ,venice ,turpentine1 is drawn from the ,firre3 but ,matthiolus confuteth that opinion1 which ,fulsius also held before him4 ,illustration3 #a ,pinus4 ,the ,pine tree4 #b ,abies4 ,the ,firre tree4 #c ,ilex4 ,the euer greene ,oake4 #d ,cupressus4 ,the ,cipresse tree4 #e ,arbutus4 ,the ,strawberry tree4 #f ,alaternus4 ,the euer greene ,priuet4 #e4 ,ilex arbor4 ,the euer-greene ,oake4 ,the ,ilex or euer-greene ,oake riseth in time to be a very great tree1 but very long and slow in growing 7as is to be seene in the ,kings priuy ,garden at ,whitehall1 growing iust against the backe gate that openeth into the way going to ,westminster1 and in some other places7 spreading many fair large great armes and branches1 whereon are set small and hard greene leaues1 somewhat endented or cornered1 and prickly on the edges1 especially in the young trees1 and sometimes on those branches that are young and newly sprung forth from the elder rootes1 but else in a manner all smooth in the elder growne1 abiding greene all the winter as well as summer1 and are of a grayish greene on the vnderside4 ,it beareth in the spring time certaine slender long branches 7like as other ,okes doe7 with small yellowish mossie flowers on them1 which fall away1 and are vnprofitable1 the acornes not growing from those places1 but from others which are like vnto those of our ordinary ,oake1 but smaller and blacker1 and set in a more rugged huske or cuppe4 ,this and no other kinde of ,ilex doe ,i know to grow in all our land in any ,garden or ,orchard3 for that kind with long and narrower leaues1 and not prickly1 growing so plentifully as ,matthiolus saith in ,tuscane1 ,i haue not seen3 and it is very probable to bee the same that ,plinie remembreth to haue the leafe of an ,oliue2 but not as some would haue it1 that ,smilax ,theophrastus maketh mention of in his third ,booke and sixteenth ,chapter of his ,historie of ,plants1 which the ,arcadians so called1 and had the leafe of the ,ilex1 but not prickly3 for ,theophrastus saith1 the timber of ,smilax is smooth and soft1 and this of the ,ilex is harder1 and stronger then an ,oake4 ,the ,vse of the ,ilex or euer-greene ,oake4 ,seeing this is to be accounted among the kindes of ,oake 7and all ,oakes by ,dioscorides his opinion are binding7 it is also of the same qualitie1 but a little weaker1 and may serue to strengthen weake members4 ,the young tops and leaues are also vsed in gargles for the mouth and throate4 #f4 ,cupressus4 ,the ,cypresse tree4 ,the ,cypresse tree that is noursed vp by vs1 in our ,country1 doth grow in those places where it hath beene long planted1 to a very great height1 whose bodie and boughes are couered with a reddish ash-coloured bark2 the branches grow not spreading1 but vpright close vnto the bodie1 bushing thicke below1 and small vpwards1 spire fashion1 those below reaching neere halfe the way to them aboue1 whereon doe grow euer greene leaues1 small1 long and flat1 of a resinous sweete smell1 and strong taste1 somewhat bitter3 the fruit1 which are called nuts1 grow here and there among the boughes1 sticking close vnto them1 which are small1 and clouen into diuers parts1 but close while they are young1 of a russetish browne colour2 wherein are contained small browne seede1 but not so small as motes in the ,sunne1 as ,matthiolus and others make them to be4 ,the ,vse of the ,cypresse tree4 ,for the goodly proportion this tree beareth1 as also for his euer-greene head1 it is and hath beene of great account with all ,princes1 both beyond1 and on this side of the ,sea1 to plant them in rowes on both sides of some spatious walke1 which by reason of their high growing1 and little spreading1 must be planted the thicker together1 and so they giue a goodly1 pleasant and sweet shadow3 or else alone1 if they haue not many1 in the middle of some quarter1 or as they thinke meete4 ,the wood thereof is firme and durable1 or neuer decaying1 of a brown yellow colour1 and of a strong sweete smell1 whereof ,chests or ,boxes are made to keepe apparell1 linnen1 furres1 and other things1 to preserue them from moths1 and to giue them a good smell4 ,many ,physicall properties1 both wood1 leaues and nuts haue1 which here is not my purpose to vnfold1 but only to tell you1 that the leaues being boyled in wine1 and drunke1 helpe the difficultie of making vrine1 and that the nuts are binding1 fit to bee vsed to stay fluxes or laskes1 and good also for ruptures4 #g4 ,arbutus4 ,the ,strawberry tree4 ,the ,strawberry tree groweth but slowly1 and riseth not to the height of any great tree1 no not in ,france1 ,italy1 or ,spaine3 and with vs the coldnesse of our country doth the more abate his vigour1 so that it seldome riseth to the height of a man3 the barke of the body is rough1 and smooth in the younger branches3 the leaues are faire and greene1 very like vnto ,baye leaues1 finely dented or snipped about the edges1 abiding alwayes greene thereon both ,winter and ,summer3 the flowers come forth at the end of the branches vpon long stalkes1 not clustering thicke together1 but in long bunches1 and are small1 white1 and hollow1 like a little bottle1 or the flower of ,lilly ,conually1 which after turne into rough or rugged berries1 most like vnto ,strawberries 7which hath giuen the name to the tree7 somewhat reddish when they are ripe1 of a harsh taste1 nothing pleasant1 wherein are contained many small seedes3 ,it hardly bringeth his fruit to ripenesse in our countrey2 for in their naturall places they ripen not vntill ,winter1 which there is much milder then with vs4 ,the ,vse of the ,strawberry tree4 ,amatus ,lusitanus ,i thinke is the first that euer recorded1 that the water distilled from the leaues and flowers hereof1 should bee very powerfull against the plague and poysons3 for all the ancient ,writers doe report1 that the fruit hereof being eaten1 is an enemy to the stomacke and head4 ,and ,clusius likewise setteth downe1 that at ,lishbone1 and other places in ,portingall where they are frequent1 they are chiefly eaten1 but of the poorer sort1 women and boyes4 ,they are somewhat astringent or binding1 and therefore may well serue for fluxes4 ,it is chiefly noursed with vs for the beauty and rarenesse of the tree2 for that it beareth his leaues alwayes green4 #h4 ,alaternus4 ,the euer greene ,priuet4 ,the tree which we haue growing in our country called ,alaternus1 groweth not to be a tree of any height2 but abiding lowe1 spreadeth forth many branches1 whereon are set diuers small and hard1 greene leaues1 somewhat round for the forme1 and endented a little by the edges3 it beareth many small whitish greene flowers at the ioynts of the stalkes1 and setting on of the lower leaues clustering thicke together1 which after turne into small blacke berries1 wherein are contained many small graines or seedes3 the beauty and verdure of these leaues abiding so fresh all the yeare1 doth cause it to be of the greater respect2 and therefore findeth place in their ,gardens onely1 that are curious conseruers of all natures beauties4 ,the ,vse of the euer greene ,priuet4 ,it is seldome vsed for any ,physicall property1 neither with vs1 nor in the places where it is naturall and plentifull3 but as ,clusius reporteth1 hee learned that the ,portingall ,fishermen do dye their nets red with the decoction of the barke hereof1 and that the ,dyers in those parts doe vse the small peeces of the wood to strike a blackish blew colour4 #i4 ,celastrus ,theophrasti ,clusio4 ,clusius his ,celastrus4 ,although the ,collectour 7who is thought to be ,ioannes ,molineus of the great ,herball or ,history of plants1 and generally bearing ,daleschampius name1 because the finding and relation of diuers herbes therein expressed1 is appropriate to him1 and printed at ,lyons7 of all our moderne ,writers doth first of all others appoint the ,celastrus1 whereof ,theophrastus onely among all the ancient ,writers of plants maketh mention1 to be the first ,alaternus that ,clusius hath set forth in his ,history of rarer plants3 yet ,i finde1 that ,clusius himselfe before his death doth appropriate that ,celastrus of ,theophrastus to another plant1 growing in the ,garden at ,leyden1 which formerly of diuers had beene taken to be a kinde of ,laurus ,tinus1 or the wilde ,baye2 but he impugning that opinion for diuers respects1 decyphreth out that ,leyden tree in the same manner that ,i doe3 and because it is not onely faire1 in bearing his leaues alwayes greene1 but rare also1 being noursed vp in our ,land in very few places1 but principally with a good old ,lady1 the widow of ,sir ,iohn ,leuson1 dwelling neere ,rochester in ,kent2 ,i thought it fit to commend it for an ornament1 to adorne this our ,garden and ,orchard4 ,it groweth vp to the height of a reasonable tree1 the body whereof is couered with a darke coloured barke1 as the elder branches are in like manner2 the younger branches being greene1 whereon are set diuers leaues thicke together1 two alwayes at a ioynt1 one against another1 of a sad but faire greene colour on the vpperside1 and paler vnderneath1 which are little or nothing at all snipped about the edges1 as large as the leaues of the ,laurus ,tinus1 or wilde ,baye tree3 at the end of the young branches breake forth between the leaues diuers small stalkes1 with foure or fiue flowers on each of them1 of a yellowish greene colour1 which turne into small berries1 of the bignesse of blacke ,cherries1 greene at the first1 and red when they begin to be ripe1 but growing blacke if they hang too long vpon the branches1 wherein is contained a hard shell1 and a white hard kernell within it1 couered with a yellowish skin4 ,this abideth 7as ,i said before7 with greene leaues as well ,winter as ,summer2 and therefore fittest to be planted among other of the same nature1 to make an euer greene hedge4 ,the ,vse of ,clusius his ,celastrus4 ,being so great a stranger in this part of the ,christian world1 ,i know none hath made tryall of what property it is1 but that the taste of the leaues is somewhat bitter4 #aj4 ,pyracantha4 ,the euer greene ,hawthorne1 or prickly ,corall tree4 ,this euer greene shrubbe is so fine an ornament to a ,garden or ,orchard1 either to be noursed vp into a small tree by it selfe1 by pruining and taking away the suckers and vnder branches1 or by suffering it to grow with suckers1 thicke and plashing the branches into a hedge1 for that it is plyable to be ordered either way2 that ,i could not but giue you the knowledge thereof1 with the description in this manner4 ,the younger branches are couered with a smooth darke blewish greene barke1 and the elder with a more ash coloured1 thicke set with leaues without order1 some greater and others smaller1 somewhat like both in forme and bignesse vnto the leaues of the ,barberry tree1 but somewhat larger1 and more snipt about the edges1 of a deeper green colour also1 and with small long thornes scattered here there vpon the branches3 the flowers come forth as well at the ends of the branches1 as at diuers places at the ioynts of the leaues1 standing thicke together1 of a pale whitish colour1 a little dasht ouer with a shew of blush1 consisting of fiue leaues a peece1 with some small threads in the middle1 which turne into berries1 very like vnto ,hawthorne berries1 but much redder and dryer1 almost like polished ,corall1 wherein are contained foure or fiue small yellowish white three square seede1 somewhat shining4 ,it is thought to be the ,oxyacantha of ,dioscorides2 but seeing ,dioscorides doth explaine the forme of the leafe in his ,chapter of ,medlars1 which he concealed in the ,chapter of ,oxyacantha1 it cannot be the same3 for ,mespilus ,anthedon of ,theophrastus1 or ,aronia of ,dioscorides1 hath the leafe of ,oxyacantha1 as ,dioscorides saith1 or of ,smalladge1 as ,theophrastus1 which cannot agree to this ,thorne2 but doth most liuely delineate out our white ,thorne or ,hawthorne1 that now there is no doubt1 but that ,oxyacantha of ,dioscorides is the ,hawthorne tree or bush4 ,illustration3 #a ,celastrus ,theophrasti ,clusio4 ,clusius his ,celastrus4 #b ,pyracantha4 ,the euer green prickly ,corall tree4 #c ,taxus4 ,the ,yewe tree4 #d ,buxus arbor4 ,the ,boxe tree4 #e ,buxus humilis4 ,the lowe or dwarfe ,boxe4 #f ,sabina4 ,the ,sauine tree4 #g ,paliurus4 ,christs thorne4 #h ,larix4 ,the ,larch tree4 ,the ,vse of this ,corall tree4 ,although ,lobel maketh mention of this tree to grow both in ,italy1 and ,prouence in ,france1 in some of their hedges1 yet he saith it is neglected in the naturall places1 and to be of no vse with them3 neither doe ,i heare1 that it is applyed to any ,physicall vse with vs1 but 7as ,i before said7 it is preserued with diuers as an ornament to a ,garden or ,orchard1 by reason of his euer greene leaues1 and red berries among them1 being a pleasant spectacle1 and fit to be brought into the forme of an hedge1 as one please to lead it4 #aa4 ,taxus4 ,the ,yewe tree4 ,the ,yewe tree groweth with vs in many places to bee a reasonable great tree1 but in hoter countries much bigger1 couered with a reddish gray scaly barke2 the younger branches are reddish likewise1 whereon grow many winged leaues1 that is1 many narrow long darke greene leaues1 set on both sides of a long stalke or branch1 neuer dying or falling away1 but abiding on perpetually1 except it be on the elder boughes3 the flowers are small1 growing by the leaues1 which turne into round red berries1 like vnto red ,asparagus berries1 in taste sweetish1 with a little bitternesse1 and causing no harme to them for any thing hath been knowne in our country4 ,the ,vse of the ,yewe tree4 ,it is found planted both in the corners of ,orchards1 and against the windowes of ,houses1 to be both a shadow and an ornament1 in being alwayes greene1 and to decke vp ,houses in ,winter3 but ancient ,writers haue euer reckoned it to be dangerous at the least1 if not deadly4 #ab4 ,buxus4 ,the ,boxe tree4 ,the ,boxe tree in some places is a reasonable tall tree1 yet growing slowly2 the trunke or body whereof is of the bignesse of a mans thigh1 which is the biggest that euer ,i saw3 but sometimes1 and in other places it groweth much lower1 vsually not aboue a yard1 or a yard and a halfe high1 on the backe sides of many ,houses1 and in the ,orchards likewise3 the leaues are small1 thicke and hard1 and still the greater or lesser the tree is1 the greater or lesser are the leaues1 round pointed1 and of a fresh shining greene colour3 the flowers are small and greenish1 which turne into heads or berries1 with foure hornes1 whitish on the outside1 and with reddish seede within them4 ,sidenote3 ,buxus aureus4 ,gilded ,boxe4 ,there is another kinde hereof but lately come to our knowledge1 which differeth not in any thing from the former1 but onely that all the leaues haue a yellow lift or gard about the edge of them on the vpperside1 and none on the lower1 which maketh it seeme very beautifull2 and is therefore called gilded ,boxe4 ,sidenote3 ,buxus humilis4 ,dwarfe ,boxe4 ,we haue yet another kinde of ,boxe1 growing small and lowe1 not aboue halfe a foote1 or a foote high at the most1 vnlesse it be neglected1 which then doth grow a little more shrubby1 bearing the like leaues1 but smaller1 according to the growth1 and of a deeper greene colour3 ,i could neuer know that this kinde euer bore flower or seede1 but is propagated by slipping the roote1 which encreaseth very much4 ,the ,vse of ,boxe4 ,the wood of the ,boxe tree is vsed in many kindes of small works among ,turners1 because it is hard1 close1 and firme1 and as some haue said1 the roots much more1 in regard of the diuers waues and crooked veines running through it4 ,it hath no ,physicall vse among the most and best ,physitians1 although some haue reported it to stay fluxes1 and to be as good as the wood of ,guaiacum1 or ,lignum vit for the ,french disease4 ,the leaues and branches serue both ,summer and ,winter to decke vp houses2 and are many times giuen to horses for the bots4 ,the lowe or dwarfe ,boxe is of excellent vse to border vp a knot1 or the long beds in a ,garden1 being a maruailous fine ornament thereunto1 in regard it both groweth lowe1 is euer greene1 and by cutting may bee kept in what maner euery one please1 as ,i haue before spoken more largely4 #ac4 ,sabina4 ,the ,sauine tree or bush4 ,the ,sauine tree or bush that is most vsuall in our country1 is a small lowe bush1 not so high as a man in any place1 nor so bigge in the stemme or trunke as a mans arme1 with many crooked bending boughes and branches1 whereon are set many small1 short1 hard1 and prickly leaues1 of a darke green colour1 fresh and green both ,winter and ,summer3 it is reported1 that in the naturall places it beareth small blacke berries1 like vnto ,iuniper1 but with vs it was neuer knowne to beare any4 ,the ,vse of ,sauine4 ,it is planted in out-yards1 backsides1 or voide places of ,orchards1 as well to cast clothes thereon to dry1 as for medicines both for men and horses3 being made into an oyle1 it is good to annoint childrens bellies for to kill the ,wormes3 and the powder thereof mixed with ,hogs grease1 to annoint the running sores or scabs in their heads2 but beware how you giue it inwardly to men1 women1 or children4 ,it is often put into horses drenches1 to helpe to cure them of the bots1 and other diseases4 #ad4 ,paliurus4 ,christs thorne4 ,this thorny shrubbe 7wherewith as it is thought1 our ,sauiour ,christ was crowned1 because as those that haue trauelled through ,palestina and ,iuda1 doe report no other thorne doth grow therein so frequent1 or so apt to be writhed7 riseth in some places to a reasonable height1 but in our country seldome exceedeth the height of a man1 bearing many slender branches1 full of leaues1 set on either side thereof one by one1 which are somewhat broad and round1 yet pointed1 and full of veines1 thicke set also with small thornes1 euen at the foote of euery branch1 and at the foote of euery leafe one or two1 some standing vpright1 others a little bending downe3 the flowers are small and yellow1 standing for the most part at the end of the branches1 many growing vpon a long stalke1 which after turne into round1 flat1 and hard shelly fruit1 yet couered with a soft fleshy skinne1 within which are included two or three hard1 small1 and browne flat seeds1 lying in seuerall partitions4 ,the leaues hereof fall away euery yeare1 and spring forth afresh againe the next ,may following4 ,the rarity and beauty of this shrubbe1 but chiefly 7as ,i thinke7 the name hath caused this to be much accounted of with all louers of plants4 ,the ,vse of ,christs thorne4 ,wee haue so few of these shrubbes growing in our country1 and those that are1 doe1 for any thing ,i can vnderstand1 neuer beare fruit with vs2 that there is no other vse made hereof then to delight the owners3 but this is certainly receiued for the ,paliurus of ,dioscorides and ,theophrastus1 and thought also by ,matthiolus to be the very true ,rhamnus tertius of ,dioscorides4 ,matthiolus also seemeth to contradict the opinion is held by the ,physitians of ,mompelier1 and others1 that it cannot be the ,paliurus of ,theophrastus4 ,it is held to be effectuall to helpe to breake the stone1 both in the bladder1 reines1 and kidneyes2 the leaues and young branches haue an astringent quality1 and good against poysons and the bitings of serpents4 #ae4 ,larix4 ,the ,larch tree4 ,the ,larch tree1 where it naturally groweth1 riseth vp to be as tall as the ,pine or ,firre tree1 but in our ,land being rare1 and noursed vp but with a few1 and those onely louers of rarities1 it groweth both slowly1 and becommeth not high3 the barke hereof is very rugged and thicke1 the boughes and branches grow one aboue another in a very comely order1 hauing diuers small yellowish knobs or bunches set thereon at seuerall distances2 from whence doe yearely shoote forth many small1 long1 and narrow smooth leaues together1 both shorter and smaller1 and not so hard or sharpe pointed as either the ,pine or ,firre tree leaues1 which doe not abide the ,winter as they doe1 but fall away euery yeare1 as other trees which shed their leaues1 and gaine fresh euery ,spring3 the blossomes are very beautifull and delectable1 being of an excellent fine crimson colour1 which standing among the greene leaues1 allure the eyes of the beholders to regard it with the more desire3 it also beareth in the naturall places 7but not in our ,land that ,i could heare7 small soft cones or fruit1 somewhat like vnto ,cypresse nuts1 when they are greene and close4 ,the ,vse of the ,larch tree4 ,the coles of the wood hereof 7because it is so hard and durable as none more7 is held to be of most force being fired1 to cause the ,iron oare to melt1 which none other would doe so well4 ,matthiolus contesteth against ,fuchsius1 for deeming the ,venice ,turpentine to be the liquid ,rossen of the ,firre tree1 which he assureth vpon his owne experience and certaine knowledge1 to be drawne from this ,larch tree1 and none other2 which cleere ,turpintine is altogether vsed inwardly1 and no other1 except that of the true ,turpintine tree1 and is very effectuall to cleanse the reines1 kidneyes1 and bladder1 both of grauell and the stone1 and to prouoke vrine3 it is also of especiall property for the gonorrha1 or running of the reines1 as it is called1 with some powder of white ,amber mixed therewith1 taken for certaine dayes together4 ,taken also in an ,electuary1 it is singular good for to expectorate rotten flegme1 and to helpe the consumption of the lungs4 ,it is vsed in plaisters and salues1 as the best sort of ,turpintine4 ,the ,agaricke that is vsed in physicke1 is taken from the bodies and armes of this tree4 ,and ,matthiolus doth much insist against ,brasauolus1 that thought other trees had produced ,agaricke1 affirming them to be hard ,fungi1 or ,mushroms 7such as wee call ,touch-wood7 wherwith many vse to take fire1 strooke thereinto from steele4 #af4 ,tilia4 ,the ,line or ,linden tree4 ,there are two sorts of ,line trees1 the male and the female2 but because the male is rare to be seene1 and the female is more familiar1 ,i will onely giue you the description of the female1 and leaue the other4 ,the female ,line tree groweth exceeding high and great1 like vnto an ,elme1 with many large spreading boughes1 couered with a smooth barke1 the innermost being very plyant and bending from whence come smaller branches1 all of them so plyable1 that they may bee led or carried into any forme you please3 the leaues thereon are very faire1 broad1 and round1 somewhat like vnto ,elme leaues1 but fairer1 smoother1 and of a fresher greene colour1 dented finely about the edges1 and ending in a sharpe point3 the flowers are white1 and of a good smell1 many standing together at the top of a stalke1 which runneth all along the middle ribbe of a small long whitish leafe2 after which come small round berries1 wherein is contained small blackish seede3 this tree is wholly neglected by those that haue them1 or dwell neere them1 because they suppose it to be fruitlesse1 in regard it beareth chaffie huskes1 which in many places fall away1 without giuing ripe seede4 ,illustration3 #a ,tilia famina4 ,the ,line or ,linden tree4 #b ,tamariscus4 ,the ,tamariske tree4 #c ,acer maius latifolium4 ,the ,sycomore tree4 #d ,staphylodendron4 ,the bladder nut4 #e ,rhus ,myrtifolia4 ,the ,mirtle leafed ,sumach4 #f ,rhus ,virginiana4 ,the ,bucks horne tree4 #g ,vitis seu potius ,hedera ,virginensis4 ,the ,virginia ,vine or rather ,iuie4 ,the ,vse of the ,line tree4 ,it is planted both to make goodly ,arbours1 and ,summer banquetting houses1 either belowe vpon the ground1 the boughes seruing very handsomely to plash round about it1 or vp higher1 for a second aboue it1 and a third also3 for the more it is depressed1 the better it will grow4 ,and ,i haue seene at ,cobham in ,kent1 a tall or great bodied ,line tree1 bare without boughes for eight foote high1 and then the branches were spread round about so orderly1 as if it were done by art1 and brought to compasse that middle ,arbour3 ,and from those boughes the body was bare againe for eight or nine foote 7wherein might bee placed halfe an hundred men at the least1 as there might be likewise in that vnderneath this7 then another rowe of branches to encompasse a third ,arbour1 with stayres made for the purpose to this and that vnderneath it3 vpon the boughes were laid boards to tread vpon1 which was the goodliest spectacle mine eyes euer beheld for one tree to carry4 ,the coles of the wood are the best to make ,gunpowder4 ,and being kindled1 and quenched in vinegar1 are good to dissolue clotted bloud in those that are bruised with a fall4 ,the inner barke being steeped in water yeeldeth a slimie iuyce1 which is found by experience1 to be very profitable for them that haue been burnt with fire4 #ag4 ,tamarix4 ,tamariske tree4 ,the ,tamariske tree that is common in our country1 although in some places it doth not grow great1 yet ,i haue seene it in some other1 to be as great as a great apple tree in the body1 bearing great arms2 from whose smaller branches spring forth young slender red shootes1 set with many very fine1 small1 and short leaues1 a little crisped1 like vnto the leaues of ,sauine1 not hard or rough1 but soft and greene3 the flowers be white mossie threads1 which turne into dounie seede1 that is carried away with the winde4 ,sidenote3 ,tamariscus solijs albidis4 ,white ,tamariske4 ,there is another kinde hereof very beautifull and rare1 not to be seene in this ,land ,i thinke1 but with ,m4 ,william ,ward1 the ,kings seruant in his ,granary1 before remembred1 who brought me a small twigge to see from his house at ,boram in ,essex1 whose branches are all red while they are young1 and all the leaues white1 abiding so all the ,summer long1 without changing into any shew of greene like the other and so abideth constant yeare after yeare1 yet shedding the leaues in ,winter like the other4 ,the ,vse of ,tamariske4 ,the greatest vse of ,tamariske is for spleneticke diseases1 either the leaues or the barke made into drinkes2 or the wood made into small ,cans or ,cups to drinke in4 #ah4 ,acer maius latifolium4 ,the great ,maple or ,sycomore tree4 ,the ,sycomore tree1 as we vsually call it 7and is the greatest kind of ,maple1 cherished in our ,land onely in ,orchards1 or elsewhere for shade and walkes1 both here in ,england1 and in some other countries also7 groweth quickly to bee a faire spreading great tree1 with many ,boughes and branches1 whose barke is somewhat smooth3 the leaues are very great1 large1 and smooth1 cut into foure or fiue diuisions1 and ending into so many corners1 euery one standing on a long reddish stalke3 the bloomings are of a yellowish green colour1 growing many together on each side of a long stalke1 which after turne into long and broad winged seede1 two alwaies standing together on a stalke1 and bunched out in the middle1 where the seed or kernell lyeth1 very like vnto the common ,maple growing wilde abroad1 but many more together1 and larger4 ,the ,vse of the ,sycomore tree4 ,it is altogether planted for shady walkes1 and hath no other vse with vs that ,i know4 #ai4 ,nux ,vesicaria4 ,the bladder ,nut4 ,this tree groweth not very high1 but is of a meane stature1 when it is preserued and pruined to grow vpright1 or else it shooteth forth many twigges from the rootes1 and so is fit to plant in a hedge rowe1 as it is vsed in some places3 the body and armes are couered with a whitish greene barke3 the branches and leaues on them are like vnto the ,elder1 hauing three or fiue leaues set one against another1 with one of them at the end1 each whereof is nicked or dented about the edges3 the flowers are sweete and white1 many growing together on a long stalke1 hanging downeward1 in forme resembling a small ,daffodill1 hauing a small round cup in the middle1 and leaues about it3 after which come the fruit1 inclosed in russetish greene bladders1 containing one or two brownish nuts1 lesser then ,hasell nuts1 whose outer shell is not hard and woody1 like the shell of a nut1 but tough1 and hard withall1 not easie to breake1 within which is a greene kernell1 sweetish at the first1 but lothsome afterwards1 ready to procure casting1 and yet liked of some people1 who can well endure to eate them4 ,the ,vse of the ,bladder ,nut4 ,the greatest vse that ,i know the tree or his fruit is put vnto1 is1 that it is receiued into an ,orchard1 either for the rarity of the kinde1 being suffered to grow into a tree1 or 7as ,i said before7 to make an hedge1 being let grow into suckers4 ,some ,quacksaluers haue vsed these nuts as a medicine of rare vertue for the stone1 but what good they haue done1 ,i neuer yet could learne4 #bj4 ,rhus ,myrtifolia4 ,the ,mirtle leafed ,sumach4 ,this lowe shrubbe groweth seldome to the height of a man1 hauing many slender branches1 and long winged leaues set thereon1 euery one whereof is of the bignesse of the broad or large ,mirtle leafe1 and set by couples all the length of the ribbe1 running through the middle of them4 ,it beareth diuers flowers at the tops of the branches1 made of many purple threads1 which turne into small blacke berries1 wherein are contained small1 white1 and rough seed1 somewhat like vnto ,grape kernels or stones4 ,this vseth to dye down to the ground in my ,garden euery ,winter1 and rise vp again euery ,spring1 whether the nature thereof were so1 or the coldnesse of our climate the cause thereof1 ,i am not well assured4 ,it is also rare1 and to be seen but with a few4 ,the ,vse of this ,sumach4 ,it is vsed to thicken or tanne leather or hides1 in the same manner that the ordinary ,sumach doth2 as also to stay fluxes both in men and women4 #ba4 ,rhus ,virginiana4 ,the ,virginia ,sumach1 or ,buckes horne tree of ,virginia4 ,this strange tree becommeth in some places to bee of a reasonable height and bignesse1 the wood whereof is white1 soft1 and pithy in the middle1 like vnto an ,elder1 couered with a darke coloured barke1 somewhat smooth3 the young branches that are of the last yeares growth are somewhat reddish or browne1 very soft and smooth in handling1 and so like vnto the ,veluet head of a ,deere1 that if one were cut off from the tree1 and shewed by it selfe1 it might soone deceiue a right good ,woodman1 and as they grow seeme most like thereunto1 yeelding a yellowish milke when it is broken1 which in a small time becommeth thicke like a gumme3 the leaues grow without order on the branches1 but are themselues set in a seemly order on each side of a middle ribbe1 seuen1 nine1 ten1 or more on a side1 and one at the end1 each whereof are somewhat broad and long1 of a darke greene colour on the vpperside1 and paler greene vnderneath1 finely snipped or toothed round about the edges3 at the ends of the branches come forth long and thicke browne tufts1 very soft1 and as it were woolly in handling1 made all of short threads or thrums2 from among which appeare many small flowers1 much more red or crimson then the tufts1 which turne into a very small seede3 the roote shooteth forth young suckers farre away1 and round about1 whereby it is mightily encreased4 ,the ,vse of this ,sumach4 ,it is onely kept as a rarity and ornament to a ,garden or ,orchard1 no bodie1 that ,i can heare of1 hauing made any tryall of the ,physicall properties4 #bb4 ,vitis1 seu potius ,hedera ,virginensis4 ,the ,virginia ,vine1 or rather ,iuie4 ,this slender1 but tall climing ,virginia ,vine 7as it was first called2 but ,iuie1 as it doth better resemble7 riseth out of the ground with diuers stems1 none much bigger then a mans thumbe1 many lesse2 from whence shoote forth many long weake branches1 not able to stand vpright1 vnlesse they be sustained3 yet planted neere vnto a wall or pale1 the branches at seuerall distances of the leaues will shoote forth small short tendrels1 not twining themselues about any thing1 but ending into foure1 fiue1 or six1 or more small short and somewhat broad clawes1 which will fasten like a hand with fingers so close thereunto1 that it will bring part of the wall1 morter1 or board away with it1 if it be pulled from it1 and thereby stay it selfe1 to climbe vp to the toppe of the highest chimney of a house1 being planted thereat3 the leaues are crumpled1 or rather folded together at the first comming forth1 and very red1 which after growing forth1 are very faire1 large1 and greene1 diuided into foure1 fiue1 six1 or seuen leaues1 standing together vpon a small foote-stalke1 set without order on the branches1 at the ends whereof1 as also at other places sometime1 come forth diuers short tufts of buds for flowers2 but we could neuer see them open themselues1 to shew what manner of flower it would be1 or what fruit would follow in our country3 the roote spreadeth here and there1 and not very deepe4 ,the ,use of this ,virginian4 ,we know of no other vse1 but to furnish a ,garden1 and to encrease the number of rarities4 ,and thus haue ,i finished this worke1 and furnished it with whatsoeuer ,art and ,nature concurring1 could effect to bring delight to those that liue in our ,climate1 and take pleasure in such things2 which how well or ill done1 ,i must abide euery ones censure3 the iudicious and courteous ,i onely respect1 let ,momus bite his lip1 and eate his heart2 and so ,farewell4 ,,finis4 ,index omnium stirpium qu in hoc opere continentur4 ,a4 ,abies1 page #fjj ,abrotanum fminum1 siue ,santolina1 #ddi ,acanthus ,aculeatus1 #ccj ,acanthus sativus1 ibid ,acer maius siue ,sycomorus1 #faj ,acetosa1 #dhf ,aconitum bacciferum1 i4e4 ,christophoriana1 #bad ,aconitum flore albido1 #bad ,aconitum hyemale1 ibid ,aconitum luteum ,ponticum1 ibid ,aconitum salutiferum1 #baf ,admirabilis pervana1 #cfd thiopis1 #che ,aglaophotis1 i4e4 ,ponia ,alaternus1 #fjc ,albucum1 #adh ,alcea gyptia siue ,bamia1 #cfi ,alcea ,americana1 #cfh ,alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea1 ib ,alcea peregrina siue vesicaria1 ib ,alisma ,dodoni1 i4e4 ,saponaria ,alisma ,dioscoridis ,fab4 ,columna1 i4e4 ,auricula ,vrsi ,alisma syluarum1 i4e4 ,paralysis ,allium1 #eac ,altha frutex1 #cfi ,amaracus1 i4e4 ,maiorana ,amarella1 i4e4 ,matricaria ,amaranthus panniculis sparsis1 #cga ,amaranthus purpureus1 ib ,amaranthus tricolor1 ib ,amaranthus luteus1 i4e4 ,heliocrysum ,ambreboi1 i4e4 ,cyanus ,orientalis ,amellus ,virgilij1 i4e4 ,aster ,atticus ,italorum ,amomum ,plinij1 i4e4 ,pseudocapsicum ,dodoni ,amygdalus1 #ehc ,anagyris altera1 i4e4 ,laburnum ,anchusa1 #bea ,anemone eiusque species1 #aii ad #bad ,anethum1 #did ,angelica1 #ebi ,anthemis flore luteo1 #bid ,anthemis ,leucanthemis1 i4e4 ,chamemlum ,anthericos1 #adh ,antimelum1 i4e4 ,mandragoras ,antirrhinum1 #bfi ,apium1 #dia ,apocynum ,syriacum1 #ddd ,apocynum ,virginianum1 #dde ,aquilegia1 #bga ,arbor ,alpina ,plinij1 i4e4 ,laburnum ,arbor ,iud1 #dcg ,arbor ,vit1 #dch ,arbutus1 #fjc ,argyrocome1 i4e4 ,gnaphalium ,americanum ,armerius1 #cai ,armoraria pratensis1 #bef ,armoraria altera1 i4e4 ,muscipula ,lobelij ,arthanita1 i4e4 ,cyclamen ,arthritica1 i4e4 ,paralysis ,arundo ,indica1 siue ,canna ,indica1 #cgf ,asarum1 #ecb ,asparagus1 #ejc ,asphodelus bulbosus albus1 #ach ,asphodelus bulbosus ,galeni1 ibid ,asphodelus hyacinthinus1 i4e4 bulbosus ,asphodelus maior albus1 #adf ,asphodelus minor luteus1 i4e4 ,hastula regia ,aster ,atticus ,italorum1 #bii ,aster ,pervanus ,column1 i4e4 ,battatas de ,canada ,attamusco1 i4e4 ,narcissus ,virginianus ,atriplex1 i4e4 ,olus aureum ,auellana1 ,byzantina ,aurelia1 i4e4 ,chrysocome ,auricula muris maior1 i4e4 ,pulmonaria ,gallorum ,auricula ,vrsi eiusque species1 #bce ,b4 ,balaustium1 #dcj ,balsamina fmina ,balsamella1 #bgh ,balsamita mas fmina1 #dhb ,balsamum alpinum1 i4e4 ,ledum ,alpinum1 #dbd ,bamia1 i4e4 ,alcea gyptia ,baptisecula1 i4e4 ,cyanus ,barba hirci1 i4e4 ,tragopogon ,battatas ,hispanorum1 ,virginianum1 ,canadense1 #eah ,behen rubrum1 i4e4 ,valeriana rubra ,dodoni ,bellis crulea siue ,globularia1 #cba ,bellis maior flore pleno1 #cbb ,bellis minor flore pleno eiusque species1 ibid ,belvidere ,italorum1 i4 ,scoparia1 siue ,linaria magna1 #bfh ,ben rubrum ,monspeliense1 i4 ,muscipula ,lobelij ,berberis1 #efa ,beta1 #dhh ,binizade ,binizante1 i4 ,anemone tenuifolia ,blattaria1 #chc ,blito de tre colori1 #cgb ,blitum1 #dhh ,bolbonach1 i4 ,viola lunaris latifoli1 #bfe ,borrago1 ,borrago semper virens1 #bdi ,botanaria1 i4 ,globularia ,branca vrsina1 i4 ,acanthus sativus ,brassica eiusque species1 #ejc ,bubonium siue ,inguinalis1 i4 ,aster ,atticus ,italorum ,bulbus agrestis1 i4 ,colchicum ,buccinum ,romanorum1 i4 ,delphinium ,bulbus ,eriophorus1 #abd ,bulbus esculentus ,lacun1 i4 ,ornithogalum luteum1 #adj ,bulbus ,leucanthemos1 i4 ,ornithogalum album ,bulbus vnifolius1 #adj ,bulbus vomitorius ,matthioli1 i4 ,muscari ,buglossum1 #bdi ,buglossum ,hispanicum1 i4 ,anchusa ,buglossum luteum1 #dhf ,bunias dulcis1 i4 ,napus1 #eji ,buphthalmum1 #bic ,buphthalmum maius1 i4 ,helleborus niger ferulaceus ,buxus arbor4 ,buxus humilis1 ,buxus versicolibus folijs1 #fjf ,c4 ,cacalia ,loniceri1 i4 ,lilium ,conuallium ,calcaris flos1 i4 ,delphinium ,calceolus ,mari1 #cfg ,calendula maxima simplex1 #bif1 #bih ,callionymus ,gesneri1 i4 ,lilium conuallium ,caltha1 i4 ,calendula ,caltha ,africana1 i4 ,flos ,africanus ,caltha palustris flore pleno1 #bbd ,camomilla vulgaris1 flore pleno1 #bij ,campanula maior pyramidalis1 #ced ,campana lazura1 i4 ,convolvulus cruleus maior1 #cei ,campanula persicifolia alba crulea1 #cec ,canicida1 i4 ,aconitum luteum ,ponticum ,canis cerebrum1 i4 ,antirrhinum ,cannacorus1 i4 ,canna ,indica ,canna ,indica flore luteo punctato1 #cgf ,canna ,indica flore rubro1 ibid ,cantabrica ,plinij1 i4 ,caryophyllus ,capnos fabacea radice1 i4 ,radix caua minor1 #bge ,caprifolium perfoliatum siue ,italicum1 #dje ,cardamine flore pleno1 trifolia1 #chi ,carduus benedictus1 #ecj ,carduus ,eriocephalus1 i4 tomentosus1 #ccb ,carduus mollis #ccj ,carlina humilis #ccb ,carthamus siue ,cnicus sativus1 #cbi ,carum1 #eae ,caryophylli maiores maximi1 #caf ,caryophylli syluestres1 #cad ,caryophyllus marinus mediterraneus1 #cag ,caryophyllus ,indicus1 i4 ,flos ,africanus ,cassaua1 i4 ,iucca1 #dcd ,cavala lale1 i4 ,tulip prcoces ,caffalale1 i4 ,tulipa medi ,caucason1 i4 ,moly ,indicum ,caulis vulgaris1 ,crispa1 ,sabaudica1 #ejd ,caulis florida1 ibid ,caulo rapum1 ibid ,cedrus ,lycia1 #dcf ,celastrus1 #fjc ,cepa alba1 rubra c41 #eaj ,cerasa ,indiana1 #dcb ,cerasus flore pleno1 #djb ,cerasorum diuersitas1 #ega ,cerasus ,trapezuntina1 i4 ,laurocerasus ,cercis1 #dcg ,cerefolium maius vulgare1 #did ,cervicaria1 i4 ,trachelium ,chamcistus ,frisicus1 #dbd ,chamcyparissus1 i4 ,santolina ,chamdaphne1 #dih ,chamdrys1 #def ,chamiris angustifolia1 #ahg ,chamiris latifolia1 #ahf ,chamla ,alpina1 #cig ,chamla ,germanica1 i4 ,mesereon1 #cig ,chamlea tricoccos1 ibid ,chamlea1 vide ,carlina ,chammalus1 i4 ,malus ,paradiseus ,chammelum1 i4 ,camomilla ,chamnerium flore ,delphinij1 #bgj ,champauce ,cordi1 i4 ,ledum ,silesiacum ,chamrhododendros ,chamlfolio ,lobelij1 i4 ,ledum ,alpinum ,charantia fmina1 i4 ,balsamina fmina ,cheiri siue ,keiri1 i4 ,leucoium luteum1 #bef ,chondrilla aurea1 i4 ,pilosella maior1 #cjj ,chrysanthemum odoratum1 i4 ,chammelum nudum ,chrysanthemum ,peruvianum1 i4 ,flos ,solis ,chrysanthemum ,creticum1 #bie ,chrysocome siue ,stchas citrina1 #cgd ,cichorium1 #die ,cinara alba1 rubra1 moschata c41 #eah ,circa1 i4 ,mandragoras ,cistus annuus1 #dbb ,cistus mas1 #dba ,cistus fmina1 #dbb ,cistus ,ledon1 ibid ,claues sancti ,petri1 i4 ,paralysis ,clematis ,daphnoides1 i4 ,vinca peruinca1 #cia ,clematis altera siue vrens flore albo1 ibid ,clematis peregrina flore rubro1 #cib ,clematis peregrina flore purpureo1 ibid ,clematis peregrina flore purpureo pleno1 ibid ,clematis peregrina flore carneo pleno1 #cic ,clematis crulea ,pannonica1 ibid ,clematis surrecta siue ,flammula ,iouis1 ibid ,clematis flore albo plena1 vel surrecta flore duplici1 #cib ,clematis ,virginiana1 i4 ,maracoc1 #cic ,clymenum ,matthioli1 i4 ,lathyrus latifolius siue sum perenne ,cneorum ,matthioli1 #cig ,cneorum nigrum album ,theophrasti1 #dbf ,cnicus siue ,carthamus sativus1 #cbi ,colchicum ,anglicum ,byzantinum c41 #aed c4 ,colchicum vernum1 #aeh ,colytea ,theophrasti1 #dch ,colutea vulgaris1 ,scorpioides1 #ddj ,coma aurea siue ,heliochrysum ,condrilla aurea1 i4 ,pilosella maior ,consolida minor1 i4 ,bellis minor vulgaris ,consolida regalis1 i4 ,delphinium ,convolvulus ,americanus1 #ceh ,convolvulus cruleus maior1 #ceg ,convolvulus cruleus minor1 #ceh ,convolvulus purpureus maior1 ibid ,convolvulus purpureus minor spicfolijs1 #cei ,colchorus ,dalechampij1 i4 ,pilosella maior ,cornus mas fructu albo1 rubro1 #egj ,corona ,imperialis1 #bh ,cortusa ,matthioli1 #bdj ,corydalis1 #bgf ,cosmosandalos1 i4 ,calceolus ,mari ,costus hortorum maior minor1 #dhb ,cotonea malus1 #ehi ,cotyledon altera minor1 flore rubro1 #bcb ,crocus vernus albus1 purpureus c41 #afj ad1 #agj ,crocus ,hispanicus1 i4 ,carthami flores ,cucumis hortensis1 #ebd ,cuminum syluestre alterum ,dioscoridis ,matthiolo1 i4 ,delphinium ,cupressus1 #fja ,cyanus ,btitus supinus1 #cbg ,cyanus floridus ,turcicus1 ibid ,cyanus minor variorum colorum1 #cbf ,cyanus ,orientalis1 i4 floridus ,turcicus ,cyclamen ,antiochenum1 #aif ,cyclamen autumnale hederfolio1 ibid ,cyclamen vernum4 ,veronense c41 #aie ,cyclaminus idem ,cydonia malus1 #ehi ,cyprus ,plinij1 i4 ,ligustrum ,orientale #daa1 #dde ,cytisus vulgaris4 ,marantha c41 #ddj ,d4 ,dactylus ,trapezuntinus1 i4 ,laurocerasus ,daphnoides1 i4 ,laureola1 #cih ,datura ,turcarum1 i4 ,stramonium ,delphinium1 #bgf ,delphinium buccinum1 i4 ,chamnerium ,delphinium ,hispanicum parvum1 #bgg ,dens caninus1 #aic ,dentali1 i4 ,dens caninus ,devebohini1 i4 ,narcissus media purpureus ,dictamus albus ,diptamus albus1 i4 ,fraxinella ,digitalis1 #chj ,diosanthos ,theophrasti ,dalechampio1 i4 ,aquilegia ,diosanthos1 siue ,iouis flos1 i4 ,caryophyllus ,dipcadi1 i4 ,muscari ,draba siue ,arabis ,dodoni1 i4 ,thlaspi ,creticum ,dracoherba1 seu ,tarchon1 #ejj ,dracunculus maior1 #ebi ,e4 ,eleborine flore albo c41 #cdg ,elleborus albus vulgaris prcox1 #cdf ,elleborus niger1 vel ,helleborus niger1 #cdd ,endiuia1 #die ,ephemerum lethale1 i4 ,colchicum ,ephemerum non lethale1 i4 ,lilium conuallium ,ephemerum ,virginianum1 #aeb ,epimedium1 #bhc ,eranthemum1 i4 ,flos ,adonidis ,eriphium ,galens1 i4 ,radix caua ,eruca satiua1 #ejb ,eryngium ,montanum siue ,pannonicum1 #ccj ,f4 ,faba vulgaris1 #eba ,fabago1 i4 ,arbor ,iud ,ficus ,arbor humilis1 #eff ,ficus ,indica1 #dcb ,flamma ,theophrasti1 i4 ,amaranthus minor purpureus ,flammula ,iouis1 i4 ,clematis surrecta ,flos ,adonis1 #bic ,flos ,africanus1 #cjc ,flos ,amoris1 i4 ,amaranthus ,flos ,cancri1 i4 ,canna ,indica ,flos ,cardinalis1 i4 ,trachelium ,americanum1 #cef ,flos ,caryophylleus1 siue ,caryophyllus1 #cad ,flos ,constantinopolitanus siue ,lychnis ,chalcedonica ,flos maximus1 i4 ,flos ,solis ,flos ,cuculi1 i4 ,cardamine ,flos ,cuculi1 i4 ,lychnis syluestris plumaria ,flos frumenti1 i4 ,cyanus minor ,flos noctis1 i4 ,convolvulus maior purpureus ,flos ,diu ,katharin1 i4 ,nigella ,flos ,meleagridis1 i4 ,fritillaria ,flos ,regius1 i4 ,delphinium ,flos ,indicus vel ,tunetensis1 i4 ,africanus ,flos ,solis ,farnesianus ,column1 i4 ,battatas de ,canada ,flos ,solis1 #bie ,fniculum1 #dib ,fragaria1 #ebf ,fraxinella1 #ccc ,fritillaria1 #dd ,frutex ,coronarius ,clusij1 i4 ,syringa alba1 #daj ,fucus herba1 i4 ,anchusa ,g4 ,gallipo lale1 i4 ,anemone tenuifolia ,galeopsis ,pannonica siue ,lamium ,pannonicum1 #che ,gelosia ,tragi1 i4 ,amaranthus tricolor ,gelseminum1 i4 ,iasminum ,genista ,hispanica siue ,spartium ,hispanicum1 #ddb ,gentiana maior1 #cej ,gentiana ,asclepiadis folia1 ibid ,gentiana cruciata1 ibid ,gentianella verna1 #ceb ,gentianella autumnalis siue ,pneumonanthe1 ibid ,geranium tuberosum vel bulbosum1 #bbh ,geum ,alpinum ,lobelij1 i4 ,sanicula guttata ,geranium batrachoides1 fuscum c41 #bbi ,gith1 i4 ,nigella ,giul catamer lale1 i4 ,anemone latifolia multiplex ,gladiolus ,byzantinus1 ,italicus c41 #ahi ,globularia crulea1 #cbb ,globularia lutea montana1 #cbc ,glycyrrhiza siue ,liqueritia1 #ecc ,gnaphalium ,americanum1 #cgd ,gnaphalium ,montanum1 siue ,pes ,cati vel ,pilosella minor ,montana1 #cge ,gnaphalium ,roseum1 ibid ,gramen striatum vel pictum1 #deh ,gramen marinum1 i4 ,caryophyllus marinus minor ,gramen plumarium vel plumosum1 #deh ,grossularia siue ,vva crispa vulgaris1 baccis rubris1 cruleis1 aculeatis c41 #efj ,guaiacana siue ,guaiacum ,patauinum idem est cum ,pishamin ,virginianorum1 ,loti species ,h4 ,hastula regia1 i4 ,asphodelus luteus minor ,hedera ,virginiana1 #fab ,hedysarum clypeatum1 #cci ,heliotropium ,indicum ,pelleterij1 i4 ,battatas de ,canada ,heliocrysum1 #cgd ,helleboraster siue ,pseudohelleborus1 #cde ,helleborus albus vernus prcox1 #cdf ,helleborus niger verus1 #cdd ,helleborus niger serulaceus1 i4 ,buphthalmum maius1 #bic ,helleborine1 #cdg ,hemerocallis1 i4 ,martagon ,hemerocallis ,valentina ,clusij1 i4 ,pseudonarcissus marinus1 vel ,pancratium vulgo ,hepatica nobilis siue trifolia1 #bbe ,herba clauellata1 i4 ,viola tricolor ,herba sancti ,petri1 i4 ,paralysis ,herba ,sanct ,catharin1 i4 ,balsamina fmina ,herba ,margarita1 i4 ,bellis minor ,herba ,regina1 i4 ,tabacco ,herba ,tunica1 i4 ,caryophyllus ,armerius ,herba ,trinitatis1 i4 ,hepatica trifolia ,hermodactylus ,matthioli1 #ahh ,hermodactylus ,gesneri1 #aid ,hermodactylum ,colchicum1 #afj ,hesperis1 #bfb ,hippolapathum1 i4 ,patientia siue ,lapathum sativum1 ,rhabarbarum ,monachorum1 #dhc ,hippolapathum rotundifolium1 #dhd ,hipposelinum siue ,olus atrum1 #dij ,hirculus ,frisicus1 i4 ,chamcistus ,friciscus ,horminum sativum1 #dgh ,hyacinthus eius genera1 #aaa ad #acc ,hyacynthus ,poetarum1 i4 ,iris bulbosa ,anglicana ,hyssopus folijs aureis1 #dee ,hyssopus vulgaris1 #dgf ,hypecoum ,matthioli1 i4 ,alcea vesicaria ,i4 ,iacea ,btica1 #cbh ,iacea marina ,btica1 ib ,iasminum ,americanum1 #cei ,iasminum ,arabicum1 #daj ,iasminum album1 #djf ,iasminum ,catalonicum1 ibid ,idus dactylus1 i4 ,ponia ,ilex arbor1 #fjj ,intubum1 i4 ,endiuia ,cichorium1 #die ,iouis flos1 i4 ,caryophyllus ,iphium ,theophrasti1 i4 ,caryophyllus ,iris bulbosa eius varietas1 #aga ad #agi ,iris ,chalcedonica1 #agi ,iris ,dalmatica ,damascena c41 #ahj c4 ,iris ,persica1 #agb ,iris ,tripolitana1 #ahb ,iris tuberosa1 #ahh ,iucca1 #dcd ,ixine ,theophrasti1 i4 ,carlina ,k4 ,keiri1 siue ,leucoium luteum1 #bef ,keiri albo flore1 #beg ,l4 ,laburnum1 #dch ,lactuca agnina4 ,capitata c41 #dih ,lamium ,pannonicum1 i4 ,galeopsis ,pannonica1 #che ,lapathum sanguineum1 #dhd ,larix1 #fjh ,lathyrus latifolius1 i4 ,pisum perenne1 #cch ,lathyrus siliquis orobi1 ib ,lauendula mas fmina1 #ddg ,lauendula syluestris1 i4 ,stchas ,laurus1 #eih ,laurus regia1 i4 ,laurocerasus1 #dja ,laurus ,rosea1 i4 ,oleander ,laurus ,tinus1 #djj ,laurea ,cerasus1 #eii ,lauro cerasus1 #dja ,ledum ,alpinum4 ,silesiacum1 #dbd ,ledum id est ,cistus ,ledon ,leimonia ,theophrasti ,clusio1 i4 ,anemone syluestris ,leontostomium1 i4 ,aquilegia ,leucoium bulbosum1 #aji ,leucoium hortense simplex multiplex1 #beh ,leucoium luteum multiplex1 #beg ,leucoium marinum ,syriacum1 #bfj ,leucoium melancholicum1 ibid ,leuconacissolirion1 i4 ,leucoium bulbosum ,libanotis ,coronaria1 i4 ,rosmarinus ,ligustrum1 #dde ,ligustrum ,orientale1 i4 ,cyprus ,plinij1 #daj ,lilac1 i4 ,syringa crulea1 #djg ,lilac flore argenteo1 #djh ,liliago1 i4 ,phalangium3 vel alijs ,lilium non bulbosum siue ,liliasphodelus ,liliasphodelus1 #adh ,lilionarcissus1 i4 ,tulipa ,lilium ,alexandrinum1 i4 ,ornithogalum ,arabicum1 #ace ,lilium album1 #dj ,lilium aureum1 rubrum c41 #ci ,lilium conuallium1 #cdi ,lilium ,macedonicum1 #cf ,lilium ,montanum1 #cc ,lilium non bulbosum1 i4 ,liliasphodelus ,lilium ,persicum vel ,susianum1 #bh ,lilium syluestre1 i4 ,montanum ,lilium variegatum1 i4 ,fritillaria ,limonium peregrinum ,rauwolfij1 #bej ,linaria magna siue ,belvidere ,italorum1 #bfh ,liqueritia1 #ehc ,linaria crulea purpurea odorata1 #ff ,lingua ,bouis vel ,buglossum luteum1 #dhf ,linum syluestre album1 luteum1 #bff ,lotus ,africana ,dalechampij1 i4 ,laurocerasus ,lotus ,arbor1 #efh ,lotus tetragonolobus siue siliquosus flore rubello1 i4 ,pisum quadratum ,lunaria ,arthritica1 i4 ,paralysis1 etiamque ,auricula ,vrsi maior ,lunaria ,grca1 i4 ,bolbonach1 seu ,viola latifolia1 #bfe odorata ,lunaria crulea1 i4 ,soldanella ,alpina1 siue ,montana1 #bcd ,lupinus1 #cce ,lychnis ,chalcedonica flore simplici1 flore pleno1 #bec ,lychnis ,coronaria1 #beb ,lychnis plumaria syluestris multiplex1 #bec ,lychnis syluestris flore albo plena1 flore rubro pleno1 #bed ,lycopersicum ,galeni1 i4 ,flos ,africanus1 pomum ,amoris ,anguillar ,m4 ,maiorana aurea1 #ddf ,maiorana tenuifolia1 #deb ,maiorana vulgaris1 ibid ,maiorana latifolia vulgaris1 #dgd ,mala thyopica1 #cgi ,mala ,arantia1 #ehd ,mala ,armeniaca siue prcocia1 #egi ,malus ,cotonea vel ,cydonia1 #ehi ,malus ,granata seu ,punica1 #dbh ,malorum ,persicorum diuersitas1 #ehj ,malorum varia genera1 #ehf ,malus ,punica satiua1 #dbh ,malus ,punica syluestris1 i4 ,balaustium ,malua crispa1 #die ,malua ,hispanica flore carneo amplo1 #cff ,malua horaria1 i4 ,alcea peregrina1 #cgj ,malua hortensis simplex multiplex1 #cfi ,malua ,rosea1 i4 hortensis ,mandragoras mas fmina1 #cgg ,maracoc siue ,clematis ,virginiana1 #cic ,marguerites ,margueritons1 i4 ,bellis minor multiplex ,martagon album1 flore carneo1 #cc ,martagon ,chymistarum1 i4 ,lilium aureum siue rubrum ,martagon ,byzantinum seu ,constantinopolitan1 #cd ,martagon ,pannonicum flore spadiceo1 #ce ,martagon ,imperiale1 #cc ,martagon ,pomponeum1 #cf ,martagon ,phniceo flore1 #cd ,martagon rarissimum1 i4 ,narcissus tertius ,matthioli ,matricaria flore pleno1 #bhi ,medica ,cochleata4 ,spinosa1 #cch c4 ,medium ,dioscoridis1 i4 ,viola ,mariana ,melampodium1 i4 ,helleborus niger ,melanthium1 i4 ,nigella ,melissa1 #dgi ,melo ,moscatus c41 #ebe ,mentha1 #dhj ,mespilus ,aronia4 ,vulgaris1 #efh ,mezereon1 i4 ,chamla ,germanica ,mirabilia ,peruviana1 #cfd ,moly alterum genus ,plinij ,dodono1 i4 ,phalangium ,moly varia genera1 #ada ad #adf ,morion1 i4 ,mandragoras ,morus vulgaris1 alba1 ,virginiana1 #eii ,muschoromi1 i4 ,muscari ,moschatella1 i4 ,hesperis ,muscipula ,lobelij1 i4 ,benrubrum ,monsp41 #bed ,myrobalanus prunus1 #egg ,myrrhis1 i4 ,cerefolium maius ,myrtus maior minor1 #dbg ,n4 ,napellus1 #bae ,napellus ,moisis1 i4 ,anthora1 #baf ,napus maior minor1 #eji ,narcissus ,caperonius1 i4 ,fritillaria ,narcissorum varia genera1 #fg ad #ajh ,narcissus marinus1 i4 tertius ,matthioli ,narcissus ,iacobus flore rubro1 #fi ,narcissus ,matthioli1 i4 ,ornithogalum ,neapolitanum ,narcissus ,trapezunticus1 #cj ,narcissus ,virgineus1 #hf #ia ,nardus ,italica1 i4 ,lauendula ,nardus montana1 #chf ,nasturtium ,indicum1 #bhj ,nasturtium hortense1 #ejj ,nepeta1 #dgi ,nerium1 i4 ,oleander ,nerium ,alpinum1 i4 ,ledum ,alpinum ,nicotiana1 i4 ,tabacco ,nigella flore albo duplici1 #bhg ,nigella flore cruleo multiplici1 ibid ,nigella ,hispanica1 ibid ,nil ,auicenn1 i4 ,convolvulus cruleus maior ,nozelha1 i4 ,crocus ,clusio1 ,sysirinchium ,boelio1 #aga ,nucipersica eius varietas1 #ehc ,nux ,auellana1 ,byzantina1 #efb ,nux ,iuglans1 #eie ,nux ,metel1 i4 ,stramonium maius ,nux vesicaria seu ,staphylodendron1 #faa ,o4 ,ocellus ,barbaricus1 ,damascenus1 i4 ,caryophyllus ,ocimastrum ,valerianthon1 i4 ,valeriana rubra ,dodoni ,ocimoides semper virens1 #bed ,ocimum citratum1 ,indicum1 #dej ,odontitis1 i4 ,lychnis plumaria ,oenanthe ,myconi1 i4 ,ranunculus thalictri folio minor1 #bah ,olus album1 i4 ,lactuca agnina ,olus atrum1 i4 ,hipposelinum ,olus aureum1 i4 ,atriplex ,olus hispanicum1 i4 ,spinachia ,opuntia1 i4 ,lychen marinum1 #dcc ,opuntia seu ,ficus ,indica1 ibid ,orchis ,melitias seu ,apifera1 #aib ,orchis hermaphroditica c41 ibid ,ornithogalum thiopicum1 #ach ,ornithogalum ,arabicum1 #acd ,ornithogalum luteum1 #adj ,ornithogalum ,neapolitanum1 #ach ,ornithogalum ,pannonicum1 #acf #ach ,orobus ,venetus1 #cch ,orontium1 i4 ,antirrhinum ,os ,leonis1 i4 ,antirrhinum ,ostrys ,theophrasti1 #daj ,osyris1 i4 ,scoparia vel ,linaria magna ,oxalis siue ,acetosa1 #dhg ,oxyacantha siue ,berberis siue acinis1 #efa ,p4 ,padus ,theophrasti1 i4 ,cerisier blanc ,gallorum siue ,cerasus racemosus1 #egd ,ponia mas fmina simplex multiplex1 #cda c4 ,paliurus1 #fjg ,palma ,christi1 i4 ,ricinus ,palma ,christi1 i4 ,orchis siue ,satyrium ,basilicum ,pancratium1 i4 ,scilla rubra1 non ,pseudonarcissus marinus1 vide pag4 #ajh #acc ,panis porcinus1 i4 ,cyclamen ,papaver sativum flore pleno1 #bhf ,papaver syluestre flore pleno1 ibid ,pappas siue ,battatas ,hispanorum ,canadense ,virginianum1 #eaf ,paralysis diuersarum specierum1 #bdb c4 ,paralytica alpina maior minor1 i4 ,auricula ,vrsi ,paralysis minor ,parthenium1 i4 ,matricaria ,parthenium ,galeni1 i4 ,amaracus ,pastinaca latifolia1 #ejf ,pastinaca tenuifolia1 #ejh ,pedua ,penorum1 i4 ,flos ,africanus ,pennachio ,persiano1 i4 ,lilium ,persicum ,pepo1 #ebf ,peruinca siue ,vinca peruinca1 #cia ,periclymenum perfoliatum1 #djd ,periclymenum rectum1 #dae ,periploca ,virginiana1 #ddd ,pes cati1 i4 ,gnaphalium ,montanum ,petroselinum1 #dia ,petum ,picielt1 i4 ,tabacco ,perebecenuc1 i4 ,tabacco ,phalangium ,allobrogicum1 #aej ,phalangium ephemerum ,virginianum1 #aeb ,phalangium ,italicum maius1 #aej ,phalangium ramosum non ramosum1 ibid ,phaseolus vulgaris1 #eba ,phillyrea1 #dde ,phlomitis1 i4 thiopis ,phlox siue flamma ,theophrasti1 i4 ,viola flammea siue tricolor ,pilosella maior siue ,chondrilla aurea1 #cjj ,pilosella minor montana1 i4 ,gnophalium montanum1 #cge ,pimpinella siue ,sanguisorba1 #dhc ,pinus1 #eii ,piper montanum1 i4 ,chaml frutex vel semen ,pishamin ,virginianorum1 i4 ,guaiacum ,patauinum ,pisum perenne1 ,lathyrus latifolius1 #cdj ,pisum quadratum rubrum1 #cch ,pisum vulgare1 roseum maculatum c41 #ebb ,planta ,cardinalis1 i4 ,trachelium ,americanum1 #cef ,planta maxima1 i4 ,flos ,solis ,plantago rosea1 #ceb ,pneumonanthe1 i4 ,gentiana autumnalis1 #ceb ,poma amoris maiora minora1 #cgi ,pomorum varietas1 #ehf ,pomum spinosum1 i4 ,stramonium1 #cfb ,porrum1 #eab ,portulaca1 #dii ,pothos ,theophrasti1 i4 ,aquilegia ,primula veris simplex multiplex1 #bdb c4 ,prunorum magna varietas1 #ege ,pseudocapsicum1 i4 ,amomum ,plinij1 #dca ,pseudohelleborus ,matthioli1 i4 ,helleborus niger ferulaceus ,pseudohermodactylus ,matthioli1 i4 ,dens ,caninus ,pseudonarcissus ,anglicus1 ,germanicus1 ,hispanicus1 c41 #ii c4 ,pseudolotus ,matthioli1 i4 ,laurocerasus1 est ,guaiacum ,patavinum ,pishamin ,virginianorum ,pseudorhabarbarum est ,rhabarbarum ,monachorum1 #bgd ,psidium1 i4 ,cortex ,granatorum ,ptarmica flore pleno1 #bhh ,pulegium1 #dgg ,pulmonaria ,tragi ,gallorum1 i4 ,pilosella maior1 #cjj ,pulmonaria maculosa non maculosa1 #bdh ,pulsatilla1 #bjj ,pyracantha1 #fjd ,pyramidalis ,lutetiana1 i4 ,campanula maior siue lactescens1 #ced ,pyretrum officinarum1 #bib ,pyretrum syluestre1 #bhh ,pyrus eius varietas1 #eij ,q4 ,qvamoclit ,indorum1 i4 ,convolvulus ,americanus1 #ceh ,quina ,indorum1 i4 ,amaranthus maior siue panniculis sparsis ,r4 ,radix ,caua maior1 minor1 #bge ,ranunculus ,anglicus1 ,asiaticus1 ,creticus c41 #baf ad #bbc ,ranunculus monophyllos1 i4 ,aconitum hyemale ,ranunculus nemorum syluarum1 i4 ,anemones syluestres ,raphanus vulgaris nigra radice1 #eji ,rapum hortense1 luteum1 rubrum1 ibid ,rapunculus hortensis1 #ead ,rhabarbarum ,monachorum ,pseudorhabarbarum1 #bgd ,rhabarbarum ,rhaponticum verum1 #dhc ,rhododendron1 i4 ,oleander ,rhus ,virginiana1 #faa ,rhus ,myrtifolia1 ibid ,ribes fructu albo1 nigro1 rubro1 #eeh ,rosa ,alpina1 i4 ,ledum alpinum1 #dbd ,rosa ,iunonis1 i4 ,lilium album ,rosa fatuina1 i4 ,ponia ,rosa montana1 i4 ,alpina ,rosa vltramarina1 i4 ,malua rosea ,rosa ,anglica1 ,cinamomea1 ,damascena1 c41 #dab ad #dbe ,rosmarinum vulgare1 #dbe ,rosmarinum aureum1 ibid ,rosmarinum latifolium1 #dbf ,rosmarinum syluestre ,matthioli1 i4 ,ledum ,alpinum ,rubus ,idus1 #eeg ,rubus ,idus non spinosus1 ibid ,ruta hortensis1 #ecj ,ruta palustris vel pratensis1 i4 ,thalictrum ,s4 ,sabdarifa1 i4 ,alcea ,americana ,sabina1 #fjg ,salmaris1 i4 ,pyretrum ,saluia maior minor1 #dgh ,saluia variegata1 #ddf ,sambach ,arabum1 i4 ,syringa ,arabica flore duplici ,sambucus ,rosea1 #daa ,sampsuchum1 i4 ,maiorana ,sana sancta ,sancta herba1 i4 ,tabacco ,sandalida ,cretica1 i4 ,pisum quadratum ,sanicula ,alpina vel montana1 i4 ,cortusa ,matthioli ,sanicula trifolia1 i4 ,cardamine trifolia ,sanicula guttata1 #bca ,sanguisorba vel ,pimpinella1 #dhc ,sanguis ,herculis1 i4 ,elleborus albus ,santolina1 i4 ,abrotanum fmina1 #ddi ,saponaria flore duplici1 #ceb ,saponaria altera1 i4 ,trachelium minus1 ,valeriana rubra ,dodon4 ,sarahug1 i4 ,hyacinthus ,lillifolius ,satureia vel ,thymbra1 #dgf ,satyrium ,erythronium ,triphyllum ,dioscoridis1 i4 ,tulipa1 #ff ,satyrium ,orchidis species1 #aib ,scabiosa rubra ,austriaca1 #cbd ,scabiosa rubra ,indica1 ibid ,scarlatea1 i4 ,armerius ,scoparia1 i4 ,linaria magna1 #bfh ,scorpioides maius minus1 #cdj ,scorsonera1 #cja ,scylla alba1 rubra1 #acc ,sedum serratum1 #bcb ,segetalis1 i4 ,gladiolus ,selinum dulce1 #dia ,serincade1 i4 ,narcissus medio purpureus ,serincade catamer lale1 i4 ,narcissus flore pleno ,serpentaria1 i4 ,dracunculus ,serpentina1 i4 ,scorsonera ,serpillum aureum1 ,citratum c41 #ded ,sesamoides minus1 aliquibus est ,helleborus niger ferulaceus1 #bid ,sicla ,sicula1 i4 ,beta ,sidium idem quod ,psidium ,siliqua syluestris1 i4 ,arbor ,iud ,simboline idem quod ,zumbul ,indicum1 ,hyacinthi ,orientalis species ,sinapi1 #ejb ,sisarum1 #ejf ,sisyrinchium alterum1 i4 ,cardamine altera ,sisyrinchium ,mauritanicum c41 #aga ,sisyrinchium ,cordi1 i4 ,ornithogalum ,solanum arborescens1 i4 ,amomum ,plinij ,solanum ftidum spinosum ,bauhini1 i4 ,stramonium ,solanum ,mexicanum ,bauhini1 i4 ,mirabilia ,solanum pomiferum ,gesneri ,bauhini1 i4 ,pomum amoris ,solanum vesicarium1 i4 ,alkakengi ,solanum esculentum ,bauhini1 i4 ,battatas de ,virginia ,sol ,indianus1 i4 ,flos solis ,soldanella alpina1 #bcd ,sophonia1 i4 ,amaranthus tricolor ,sorbus legitima ,torminalis1 #efg ,spartum ,austriacum1 i4 ,gramen plumosum ,spartum ,hispanicum frutex1 i4 ,genista ,hispanica1 #ddb ,spinachia1 #dif ,staphylodendron1 i4 ,nux vesicaria ,sternutamentoria1 i4 ,ptarmica ,stchas1 #ddh ,stchas ,citrina1 i4 ,chrysocome ,struthium non est ,saponaria1 #cec ,stramonium maius minus1 #cfj ,sumach ,virginense1 #fab ,susamgiul1 i4 ,lilium ,persicum1 ,hyacinthus stellatus1 ,byzantinus alter ,sycomorus1 siue ,acer maius latifolium1 #faj ,symphitum maculosum1 i4 ,pulmonaria ,syringa alba1 crulea1 #djh ,syringa ,arabica flore albo duplici1 #djh ,syringa ,italica ,lobelij1 i4 ,syringa flore albo simplici ,syringa ,italica flore albo pleno ,besleri1 #daj ,t4 ,tabacco1 #cfc ,tamarix vel ,tamariscus1 #faj ,tanacetum vulgare1 #dhb ,tanacetum ,pervanum1 i4 ,flos ,africanus ,tarchon herba1 #ejj ,taxus arbor1 #fjf ,thalictrum vel ,thalietrum ,hispanicum1 #bgd ,thesium ,theophrasti1 i4 ,radix caua ,thlaspi ,bticum marinum1 #cij ,thraupalus ,theophrasti ,dalechampio1 i4 ,sambucus rosea ,thridacias1 i4 ,mandragoras ,thuya1 i4 ,arbor vit1 #dcf ,thymbra1 i4 ,satureia1 #dgf ,thymum legitimum capitatum1 #ded ,thymum durius latifolium1 #dgd ,tilia fmina1 #fjh ,trachelium maius minus1 #ced ,trachelium ,americanum1 #cef ,tragium ,dioscoridis1 i4 ,fraxinella ,tragopogon cruleum1 purpureum1 #cjb ,tragopogon luteum1 #ead ,tragoriganum ,matthioli1 #dec ,trifolium fruticans1 i4 ,iasminum luteum aureum ,trifolium i4 ,hepatica nobile ,trinitas1 seu herba trinitatis1 i4 ,hepatica ,tulipa ,armeniaca1 ,boloniensis1 ,bombycina1 ,byzantina1 ,cretica c41 #eb c4 ,tulip medi1 #ee ,tulip prcoces1 #dh ,tulip serotin1 #fa ,tusai ,turfana1 i4 ,corona ,imperialis ,v4 ,vaccinium ,virgilij1 #abh ,valeriana rubra ,dodoni1 #chf ,valeriana ,grca1 #chh ,valerianthon1 i4 ,valeriana rubra ,dodoni ,verbascum odoratum i4 ,paralysis ,verbasculum odoratum ,veratrum album nigrum1 i4 ,helleborus albus niger ,vernilago1 i4 ,chamlo albus ,vetonica altera1 vel altilis1 aut ,coronaria1 i4 ,caryophyllus hortensis ,vetonica agrestis1 i4 ,armerius ,victorialis rotunda1 i4 ,gladiolus ,vinca peruinca1 #cia ,viola alba1 i4 ,leucoium ,viola alba bulbosa1 i4 ,leucoium bulbosum ,viola ,damascena1 i4 ,hesperis ,viola flammea1 i4 ,tricolor ,viola hyemalis1 i4 ,hesperis ,viola latifolia ,bolbonach1 #bfe ,viola ,lunaris ,viola lutea1 i4 ,leucoium luteum siue ,keiri ,viola peregrina1 i4 ,bolbonach ,viola mariana1 #ced ,viola martia1 #bha ,viola ,matronalis1 i4 ,hesperis ,viola tricolor simplex duplex1 #bhb ,viperaria ,viperina1 i4 ,scorsonera ,vitis ,corinthiaca1 ,damascena c41 #efc ,vitis ,virginiana1 #efd ,vitis ,virginense seu potius ,hedera ,virginiana1 #fab ,vmbilicus ,veneris1 i4 ,cotiledon1 #bcd ,vva crispa1 i4 ,grossularia1 #efj ,vvularia1 i4 ,trachelium1 est ,hippoglossum ,y4 ,yvcca1 siue ,iucca1 #dcd ,z4 ,zambach ,arabi1 i4 ,iasminum ,arabicum ,zufiniare1 i4 ,martagon ,constantinopolitanum ,zumbul ,arabi1 i4 ,ornithogalum ,arabicum ,zumbul ,indi1 i4 ,orientalis maior prcox ,a ,table of the ,english names of such ,plants as are contained in this ,booke4 ,a4 ,white ,aconite1 #bad ,yellow ,aconite1 or winter ,wolfes bane1 ibid4 ,adonis flower1 #bic ,alkanet1 or ,sea ,buglosse1 #bej ,anemone1 or winde-flower1 the kinds1 #aii to #bad ,yellow ,anemone1 #aid ,allisanders1 #dij ,almond1 and the kinds1 #ehc ,angelica1 #ebi ,apricocks1 #egi ,apples1 and the seueral sorts1 #ehf ,double blossomd ,apple tree1 #djd ,apples of ,loue1 #cgi ,thorne ,apples1 #cfj ,arrach white and purple1 #dhh ,asarabacca1 #ecb ,asparagus1 #ejc ,asphodill and his kindes1 #adf ,asphodill with ,lilly flowers1 #adh ,b4 ,baldmony or ,gentian1 #cej ,balme1 #dgi ,the ,balsame apple1 #bgh ,barberies1 #efa ,barbery ,buttons1 and ,thorny ,buttons1 #cci ,barrenwort1 #bhc ,batchelours ,buttons double1 white and red1 #bed ,batchelours ,buttons yellow1 #bah #bbd ,the ,bay tree1 #eih ,the ,cherry ,bay tree1 or ,bay ,cherry1 #dja ,the dwarfe ,bay1 #cig ,the ,kings ,bay1 that is1 the ,cherry ,bay ,the ,rose ,bay1 #djj ,the ,virginia ,bay ,cherry1 #eii ,the wilde ,bay1 #djj ,the ,bee-flower1 #aib #beh ,beares breech1 #ccj ,beares eares1 and the sorts1 #bce c4 ,beares eare ,sanicle1 #bdj ,beares foote1 #bdd ,beetes1 and the kindes1 #cec ,garden ,beanes and ,french ,beanes1 #eba ,bell flowers1 and the kinds1 #cec ,canterburie ,bels1 #ced #cef ,couentry ,bels1 #ced ,blites1 #dhh ,bloodwort1 #dhd ,the great blew ,bindeweed1 #cei ,the small blew ,bindeweed1 #cfj ,blew ,bottles1 #cbf ,borrage1 and euer liuing ,borage1 #bdi ,ladies ,bower1 and ,virgins ,bower single and double1 #cic ,dwarfe ,boxe and guilded ,boxe1 #fjf ,flower of ,bristow1 or ,none such1 #bec ,spanish ,broome1 #ddb ,double flowred ,bruisewort or ,sopewort1 #ceb ,garden ,buglosse1 #bdi ,marsh buglosse and ,sea buglosse1 #bej ,burnet1 #dhc ,butterflie ,orchis1 #afb ,c4 ,cabbage1 and his kindes1 #ejc ,calues snout or ,snapdragon1 #bfi ,double ,camomill and naked ,camomill1 #bij ,rose ,campion1 #beb ,featherd wilde ,campion single and double1 #bec ,the ,crimson ,cardinals flower1 #cef ,carawayes1 #eae ,carnations and ,gilloflowers1 #cjf ,caterpillers great and small1 #cdj ,cassidonie1 #ddc ,lobels ,catch flye1 #bed ,clusius his ,celastrus1 #fjd ,sweete ,cheruill or great ,cheruill1 #did ,garden ,cheruill1 ib ,party coloured ,cicheling1 #cch ,the ,christmas flower1 #cdd ,the ,cherry tree1 and the kindes thereof1 #ega ,the double blossomd ,cherry tree1 #djb ,the ,cypresse tree1 #fjb ,the sweet gum ,cistus1 #dbb ,burning ,clamberer or ,climer1 #cia ,hungarian ,climer1 #cia ,virginian ,climer or ,maracoc1 ibid ,coleflower1 ,colewort1 ,colerape1 #ejd ,colombines1 #bga ,tufted ,colombines1 #bgd ,the prickly euer greene ,corall tree1 #fjd ,corneflower1 #cbf ,corne sallet or ,lambes ,lettice1 #dbh ,the ,cornell tree1 #egj ,costmary1 #dhb ,cotton weedes1 #cge ,cowcumbers1 diuers1 #ebd ,cowslips of diuers sorts1 #bdb c4 ,french ,cowslips or ,beares eares1 #bce ,cowslips of ,ierusalem1 #bdh ,cranes bill1 and the kinds1 #bbh ,garden ,cresses1 #ejj ,indian ,cresses1 #bhj ,crow flower1 #bec ,crow foote of diuers kinds1 #baf to #bbc ,crown ,imperial1 #bh ,the double ,cuckow flower1 #bec and #chi ,currans1 white1 red and blacke1 #eeh ,the true ,curran ,vine and ,grape1 #efc ,d4 ,daffodils1 and the diuersities thereof1 from1 #fg to #ajh ,checkerd ,daffodill1 and the kinds1 #dd ,dittander1 #ejh ,bastard ,dittanie1 #ccc ,dogs tooth ,violet1 #aic ,dragons1 #ebi ,the ,dragon flower1 #che ,double ,dasie1 and blew ,dasies1 #cba ,e4 ,white ,ellebor of two sorts1 #cdf ,wilde white ,ellebor1 #cdg ,the true black ,ellebor or ,christmas flower1 #cdd ,garden ,endiue1 #die ,f4 ,fellworte or ,gentian1 #cej ,fennell1 #dib ,fennell flower1 #bhg ,double ,featherfew1 #bhi ,the ,princes ,feather1 #bcb ,the ,fig tree1 and the kinds1 #eff ,the ,indian ,figge tree1 #dcc ,the ,finger flower1 #chc ,the ,firre tree1 #fjj ,the ,corne ,flagge1 #ahi ,the flagge or flowerdeluce1 #gi c4 ,the flowerdeluce of ,constantinople1 #gi ,the flowerdeluce of ,persia1 #agb ,the bulbous flowerdeluces1 #agb to #agi ,the veluet flowerdeluce1 #ahh ,wilde flaxe or ,tode flaxe1 #bff ,foxe gloues1 and the kinds1 #chj ,fillbeards ordinary1 and of ,constantinople1 #efb ,flower of ,bristow1 or ,none such1 single and double1 #bec ,purple flower gentle1 and the kinds1 #cga ,golden flower gentle or golden flower of life1 #cgb ,the flower of the ,passion1 or ,maracoc1 #cic ,the flower of the ,sun1 #bie ,the ,sultans flower1 #cbg ,the friars ,crowne1 #ccb ,fritillaria or checkerd ,daffodil1 #dd ,double fritillaria1 ibid ,g4 ,garlicke1 #eac ,gentian great and smal1 #cej ,germander1 #def ,gilloflowers and ,carnations1 #cjf ,queenes ,gilloflowers or ,dames ,violets1 #bfb ,stocke ,gilloflowers single and double1 #beh ,the ,ginny hen-flower1 that is1 ,fritillaria1 #dd ,goats beard blew and purple1 #cjb ,goats beard yellow1 #ead ,candy ,goldilocks1 #cgb ,golds1 that is1 ,marigolds1 #bif ,gooseberries of diuers sorts1 #efj ,herbe ,grace or ,rue1 #ecj ,grape flower1 #aad ,vipers ,grasse1 #cja ,feather ,grasse1 #deh ,painted ,grasse1 ib ,the ,guaiacum of ,padoa1 #egj ,h4 ,hares bels1 #abb ,hearts ease single and double1 #bhb ,the blew ,helmet flower or ,monkes hood1 #bae ,the wholsome ,helmet flower1 ibid ,hollihockes single and double1 #cfi ,holewort or ,hollow-roote1 #bge ,hyssope common1 #dgf ,guilded ,hyssope1 #dee ,hungary or mountaine ,sea ,holly1 #ccj ,honisockles double1 #djd ,red ,honysockles or vpright ,honysockles1 #dje ,the euer green ,hawthorne tree1 or the euer green prickly ,coral tree1 #fjd ,i4 ,iacinths1 and the seueral sorts1 #aaa to #acc ,white ,iasmine and yellow ,iasmine1 #djf ,double white ,iasmine1 #djh ,sweet ,iohns single and double1 #cai ,ione siluer ,pin1 that is1 ,poppies double1 #bhf ,iudas tree1 #dcg ,the supposed ,indian ,iucca1 #dcd ,the ,virginia ,ivye1 #fab ,k4 ,spanish ,sea ,knapweede1 #cbh ,l4 ,ladies laces or painted grasse1 #deh ,ladies smockes double1 #chi ,lambes ,lettice1 #dih ,langedebeefe1 #dhf ,the ,larch tree1 #fjh ,larkes heeles or spurs single and double1 #bgf ,yellow ,larkes heele1 that is1 ,indian ,cresses1 #bhj ,lauender spike1 #ddg ,lauender cotton1 #ddi ,french ,lauender or ,sticadoue1 #ddh ,mountaine ,laurell1 #cih ,leekes1 #eab ,lettice1 and the kinds thereof1 #dih ,licorice1 #ecc ,the tree of ,life1 #dcf ,the chekerd ,lilly1 that is1 ,fritillaria ,the ,conual ,lilly1 or ,lilliconvally1 #cdj ,the ,day ,lilly1 #adh ,the ,persian ,lilly1 #bh1 #cj ,the ,mountaine ,lilly1 #cc ,the red or gold ,lilly1 #ci ,the white ,lilly1 #dj ,the ,line or ,linden tree1 #fjh ,liue-long1 or ,life euerlasting1 #cge ,noble ,liuerwort or ,hepatica1 #bbe ,lungwort or ,cowslips of ,ierusalem1 #bdh ,lupines white1 blew and yellow1 #cbe ,m4 ,sweet ,marierome1 #deb ,guilded or yellow ,marierome1 #ddf ,french ,mallowes1 #die ,spanish ,mallowe1 #cff ,shrub ,mallow1 #cfi ,thorny ,mallow1 #cfh ,venice ,mallow1 ibid ,red ,maiths1 and white1 #bic ,mandrake male and female1 #cgg ,the great ,maple or ,sycomore tree1 #faa ,marigolds1 #bif ,corne ,marigolds of ,candy1 #bie ,french ,marigolds1 #cjc ,double ,marsh ,marigolds1 #bbd ,the ,spanish ,marigold is the greatest double broade leafed ,anemone1 #bjg ,the blew or purple ,marigold1 #bii ,martagons of diuers sorts1 #cc ,masticke the herbe1 #deb ,medlars1 #efh ,the ,melancholy ,gentleman1 #bfj ,muske ,melons1 #ebe ,the ,meruaile of the world1 #cfd ,mirtles1 #dbg ,moly or ,mountaine ,garlicke1 #add c4 ,monkes hoode1 or ,larkes spurs1 #bgf ,monkes hood or helmet flower1 #bae ,counterpoyson ,monkes hood1 #baf ,blew ,moone-wort1 #bcd ,halfe ,moones1 #cci ,golden ,mouse-eare1 #ccj ,mulberries1 and ,virginia ,mulberry1 #eii ,moth-,mulleine1 #chc ,woody ,mulleine or ,french ,sage1 #chd ,ethiopian ,mullein1 #che ,the ,mumme tree1 #dcb ,mustard1 #ejb ,n4 ,spotted ,nauelwort1 #bcb ,navew1 #eji ,the ,nectorin1 and the kinds thereof1 #ehb ,neesewort1 or ,neesing roote1 #cdf ,neppe1 #dgi ,the ,nettle tree1 #efh ,hungarian dead ,nettle1 #che ,nigella1 or the ,fenel-flower1 #bhg ,tree ,night shade1 that is1 the ,winter ,cherry tree1 #dcb ,none-such1 or the flower of ,bristow1 #bec ,the bladder ,nut1 #faa ,the ,filberd ,nut of ,constantinople1 #efb ,the ,spanish or ,barberry ,nut1 #aga ,the ,wall ,nut1 #eid ,o4 ,the euer greene ,oake1 #fjj ,spurge ,oliue1 #cig ,mountaine ,spurge ,oliue1 ibid ,onions1 and the kinds1 #eaj ,sea ,onion1 #acc ,orchis of ,virginia1 #aid ,orenges1 #ehd ,oxe eye1 #bic ,oxe lips1 #bde ,p4 ,pansies single and double1 #bhb ,parsley1 and sweet ,parsley1 #dia ,virginia ,parsley1 #dib ,parsneps1 #ejf ,pasque flower1 or ,passe flower1 #bjj ,patience1 or ,monkes ,rubarbe1 #dhc ,peaches1 and the kinds1 #ehf ,double blossomd ,peach tree1 #djd ,peares1 and the seueral sorts1 #eij ,the prickly ,peare1 that is1 the ,indian ,figge ,pearles of ,spaine1 #aae ,garden ,pease of diuers sorts1 #ebb ,crimson ,pease blossome1 #cch ,pease euerlasting1 ibid ,blew vpright euerlasting ,pease1 ibid ,pelletory of ,spaine1 #bib ,double wilde ,pelletory1 #bhh ,penny flower1 that is1 white ,sattin ,peony single and double1 #cdb ,periwinkle single and double1 #cib ,pinkes single and double1 #cad ,the ,pine tree1 #eii ,the blew and the white ,pipe tree1 #djh ,the double white ,pipe tree1 or double ,iasmine1 #daj ,rose ,plantane1 #ceb ,plums1 and the kindes1 #ege ,the ,pomegranet tree1 #dbh ,the double blossomd ,pomegranet tree1 #dcj ,pompions1 #ebf ,double garden ,poppies1 #bhd ,double wilde ,poppy1 #bhf ,potato's of ,spaine1 of ,virginia1 of ,canada1 #eaf ,pride of ,london1 #caj ,primme or ,priuet1 #dde ,the euer-greene ,priuet1 #fjc ,primroses1 and the kinds1 #bdb c4 ,tree ,primrose of ,virginia1 #bfd ,purslane1 #dii ,purse tassels1 #aaf #aah ,pushamin or ,pishamin1 the ,virginia ,plum1 #egj ,q4 ,qvinces1 and the kinds1 #ehi ,r4 ,rampions1 #ead ,raspis1 ,white and red1 #eeg ,reddish1 blacke ,reddish1 horse ,reddish1 #eji ,red and yellow flowred ,indian ,reede1 #cgf ,rosarubie1 that is1 ,adonis flower1 #bic ,rose tree1 and the seuerall kinds1 #dab to #dbe ,iuno's ,rose1 that is1 the white ,lilly ,the ,elder or ,guelder ,rose1 #dja ,the ,holly ,rose or ,sage ,rose1 #dba ,the ,mountaine ,rose1 #dbd ,rocke ,roses1 #cig ,rosemarie common and gilded c41 #dbe ,the ,marie ,rose or ,rosemary of ,silesia1 #dbd ,rocket1 #ejb ,garden ,rue or ,herbe grace1 #ecj ,true ,rubarbe1 ,monkes ,rubarbe1 ,rubarbe of ,pontus1 #dhc ,s4 ,sage great and small1 #dgh ,guilded ,sage1 #ddf ,sage of ,ierusalem1 #bdh ,french ,sage1 #chd ,saffron flowers of diuers sorts of the spring time and of the fall1 #afj to #agj ,medow ,saffrons or ,colchicum1 that is1 the ,sonne before the ,father1 and the kindes1 #aed ,spotted ,sanicle1 #bca ,beares eare ,sanicle1 #bdj ,satyrion1 #aib ,the ,sauine tree1 #fjg ,summer ,sauorie and winter ,sauory1 #dgf ,white ,sattin flower1 #bfe ,red ,sattin flower1 #cci ,scabious white and red1 #cbd ,scorsonera or ,vipers grasse1 #cja ,bastard ,sena tree1 #ddj ,the true and the ordinary ,seruice1 #efg ,mountaine ,setwall1 #chf ,virginia ,silke1 #ddd ,skirrets1 #ejf ,our ,ladies ,slipper1 #cdg ,smallage1 #dia ,ladies ,smocks double1 #chh ,snayles1 #cch ,snapdragons1 #bfi ,mountaine ,soldanella1 #dcd ,double flowred ,sopewort1 #ceb ,sorrell1 #dhf ,sowbread1 and the kindes1 #aie to #aii ,the ,kings ,speare or yellow ,asphodill1 #adh ,sperage or ,asparagus1 #ejc ,spiderworte1 and the kindes1 #aej c4 ,spinach1 #dif ,starre flowers of diuers sorts1 or ,stars of ,bethlehem1 #acj to #adj ,the greene ,starre flower or bulbed ,asphodill of ,galen1 #acf ,starwort or ,sharewort1 and ,italian ,starwort1 #bii ,sticadoue or ,cassidonie1 #ddh ,stocke gilloflowers single and double1 #beh ,storkes bils of diuers sorts1 #bbh ,strawberries of many sorts1 #ebf ,the ,strawberry tree1 #fjc ,succory1 #die ,the ,sultans flower1 or ,turkie ,corne flower1 #cbg ,the ,sun flower or flower of the ,sun1 #bie ,the ,virginia ,sumach1 #faa ,the ,myrtle leafed ,sumach1 ibid ,the ,sycamore tree1 #faj ,t4 ,indian ,tabacco of diuers sorts1 #cfc ,the greene and the white ,tamariske tree1 #faj ,tansie single and double1 #dhb ,the blessed ,thistle1 #ecj ,the gentle ,thistle1 ,globe ,thistle c41 #ccb ,christs ,thorne1 #fjg ,thrift ordinary1 and the great ,sea ,thrift1 #cag ,throatwort1 and ,giants ,throatewort single and double1 #ced ,beane ,trefoyle1 #dch ,shrub ,trefoile1 #djg ,tree ,trefoile1 #dci ,candie ,tufts1 #cij ,golden ,tufts1 #cge ,spanish ,tufts1 #bgd #cdj ,the early flowring ,tulipa1 #df ,the meane flowring ,tulipa1 #ed ,the dwarfe ,tulipa1 #eb ,the ,persian ,tulipa1 ibid ,the ,turkes ,cap1 that is1 the ,tulipa ,the true ,time1 #ded ,guilded ,time1 ,moske and ,lemmon ,time1 ibid ,garden ,time1 and ,masticke ,time1 #dgd ,v4 ,red ,valerian of ,dodonus1 #chf ,greeke ,valerian1 #chh ,mountaine ,valerian1 #chf ,violets single and double1 #bhb ,the bulbous ,violet1 #afi ,the ,dogs tooth ,violet1 #aic ,dames ,violets1 #bfb ,mercuries ,violets1 #ceg ,vines1 and the seuerall kinds of grapes1 #efd ,vipers grasse1 #cja ,virginia ,vine1 #efd ,virginia ,vine1 or ,virginia ,ivie1 #fab ,w4 ,the ,walnut tree1 #eid ,single and double ,wall-flowers of many sorts1 #beg ,the ,willow-flower1 #bgj ,the ,wind-flower or ,anemone1 single and double of many sorts1 #aii to #bad ,wild ,wind-flower single and double1 #bjb ,sweet ,williams1 and the kinds1 #cai ,winter ,gilloflowers1 #beh ,winter ,wolfes bane1 and yellow ,wolfes bane1 #bad ,winter ,cherries1 #ecb ,the ,winter ,cherrie tree1 #dca ,double ,wood-bine or ,honisuckle1 #djd ,y4 ,the ,yew tree1 #fjf ,a ,table of the ,vertues and ,properties of the ,hearbes contained in this ,booke4 ,a4 ,in feare of ,aborsment1 or mis-carrying in women1 #dgh ,good against ,aches1 #bij ,good in hot ,agues and to drive away their fits1 #bbc1 #dhd1 #ecb1 #ecf1 #ech1 #efd1 #ege1 #egi1 #ehd1 #eie ,from whence ,agaricke is taken1 #fjh ,a ,syrupe of ,angelica1 #ebi ,good for deiected appetites1 #dhd1 #dhf1 #dii1 #efa1 #efb1 #egh1 #ege1 #ehd ,to perfume ,apparell1 ,leather1 c41 #dba1 #ddh1 #ehf ,for the ,apoplexie1 #cdi ,astringent or to binde1 #dbh1 #dca ,b4 ,for weake ,backes and reines1 #dgi1 #dhc ,a ,balsame for green wounds1 #dbf ,to cause ,barrennesse1 #bhd ,good for ,bathing1 #bid1 #cgf1 #dba1 #ddi1 #dgd1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dhj ,good for ,bees1 #ddj1 #dhj ,good to take away the sting of ,bees and waspes1 #dgf1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #dhb ,good to open and mollifie the ,belly1 and make it soluble1 #ccc1 #cgj1 #dba1 #dhh1 #dhi1 #dij1 #die1 #eff1 #egh1 #ehb ,to clense the ,blood1 #dhd ,to dissolue clotted ,blood1 #faj ,to encrease ,blood1 #efg ,to helpe the spitting of ,blood1 #eie ,to stay ,bleeding1 #bcj1 #cif1 #dhc ,hurtfull for a short ,breath1 #dii ,good for the shortnesse of ,breath1 #cfd1 #dcf1 #ejb1 #ejf1 #eac1 #ecc ,for a stinking ,breath1 #ebi ,to make a sweet ,breath1 ibid ,for cold and moist ,braines1 #cce1 #dbg1 #ddh1 #dha1 #dhb ,to abate the ouer-swelling of ,maidens ,breasts1 #fjj ,to helpe paines in the ,breast1 #ejj ,to heale womens sore ,breasts1 #eij ,to draw out broken ,bones c4 out of the flesh1 #aij ,for ,bruises by fals c41 #dgi1 #fjh1 #faj ,good for ,burnings or scaldings1 #cfb1 #eab1 #faj ,c4 ,to clense ,cankers1 #cfd ,to procure ,castings or vomitings1 #ahi1 #dcd1 #ddb1 #dhi1 #ecb ,to stay ,casting or vomiting1 #dgg1 #dhj ,to feede or make ,cattell fat1 #cdh1 #ddj1 #ddb ,causticke or burning plants1 #cif ,the best ,coales for ,gunpowder1 #faj ,the best ,coales for lasting1 #fjh ,for the ,winde ,collicke1 #baf1 #bic1 #dec1 #dee1 #dgf1 #ejd1 #ejh1 #eae1 #ecj ,to ,clense1 purge and dry1 #bgf ,to set an orient red ,colour on the cheeke of a woman1 #bda ,to make a deepe blew ,colour1 #agi1 #fjc ,to make a red ,colour1 ibid ,to giue a lustre to a white ,colour1 #eie ,to make a yellow ,colour1 #dba ,for the ,colts euill1 or immoderate lust1 #dii ,to warme and comfort ,cold griefes1 #bad1 #cgf1 #dcd1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dhj1 #dia ,cooling and drying1 #cbc1 #cec1 #cgh1 #dba1 #dch1 #dhf1 #dii1 #ebh1 #efb1 #eeg1 #efd1 #egf1 #efb1 #efh1 #egf1 #egh1 #eij1 #eid1 #eih1 #fjb1 #fjc1 #fjg ,cooling and moistning1 #bcd1 #bhc1 #chj1 #dcb1 #egi ,for a ,consumption1 #eai1 #fjh ,cordiall to comfort the heart1 #agj1 #baf1 #beb1 #bih1 #cja1 #cad1 #cbh1 #dba1 #dbg1 #dcf1 #dej1 #dhj1 #dhb1 #dhc1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #ecj1 #eeh1 #ehf ,for the ,cough in young children1 #ejb ,good for ,coughes and colds1 #acd1 #bie1 #eac1 #ecc1 #efb1 #efg1 #ege1 #ehd1 #ehf ,mithridates ,counterpoyson1 #efg ,good for ,crampes and shrinking of sinews1 #dbe ,d4 ,to procure an easie and speedy ,deliuery to women in trauell1 #dj1 #aii1 #bgd1 #daj ,to stay rheumaticke ,distillations1 #bhh1 #cgf1 #chf1 #dbg ,to cure the biting of a mad ,dogge1 #cjj1 #cec1 #dhb ,to helpe the ,dropsie1 #bce1 #bij1 #cec ,to cause ,drowsinesse like vnto drunkennes1 #cfb ,e4 ,for paines in the ,eares1 #ehj1 #ehd ,good for sore and weake ,eyes1 #baf1 #dba1 #dbg1 #dgi1 #ecj ,hurtfull to the head and ,eyes1 #dhi ,for the ,epilepsie or falling sicknesse1 #aid1 #cce1 #cdd1 #def1 #dgg1 #ejb ,f4 ,to cleanse the ,face1 and other parts of the skinne and make it fresh1 #dj1 #ahi1 #bdg1 #ccf1 #cif1 #ejj1 #ejb1 #eba1 #ebh1 #eff1 #ehd1 #ehi1 #fjj ,for the ,falling sicknesse1 #aid1 #cce1 #cdd1 #def1 #dgg1 #ejb ,farsing or faseting herbes1 #dgd1 #dgf1 #dgh ,to heale ,felons on the ioynts of the fingers1 #dib ,to procure the ,feminine courses1 #bhi1 #cce1 #dec1 #def1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #dia ,to stay the ,feminine or menstruall courses1 #cgb1 #cif1 #dhj1 #dhf1 #fjh1 #faa ,to cleanse ,fistula's1 #cfd ,to expell thin ,flegme1 #dgg ,to extenuate expectorate tough ,flegme1 #acd1 #bfd1 #dcf1 #ddh1 #def1 #dgg1 #ejj1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ecc1 #fjh ,for the bloody ,flixe and all other ,fluxes1 #aic1 #bca1 #cgb1 #dbe1 #dca1 #ddf1 #dhc1 #dhf1 #efh1 #eie1 #fjb1 #fje1 #fjh1 #faa ,to take away ,freckles1 spots1 c41 #ejj1 #eff ,for the ,french disease1 #bhc1 #cec1 #fjf ,g4 ,to stay the ,gonorrha or running of the reynes1 #fjh ,good for the ,gout1 #cdi ,h4 ,to cause the haire to grow1 #eff ,for the falling of the ,haire1 #dbe ,hurtfull to the ,head and eyes1 #dhi ,good for the ,head and ,heart1 #acd1 #agj1 #bih1 #dbf1 #dee1 #dgd1 #ecj1 #ehf ,good for the ,head and stomack1 #dee1 #dgd1 #ecj1 #ehf ,for paines in the ,head1 #bhh1 #bib1 #dbf1 #ddh1 #dii ,for the swimming and dissinesse of the ,head1 #bda1 #bdg1 #ehf ,for the passion of the ,heart1 and to make it merry1 #dhj1 #ebh1 #ebi1 #ehi ,to expell venemous vapours from the ,heart1 #agj1 #cja1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ehf ,to procure ,health1 #dgg1 #dgh ,to ease the ,hemorrhodes or piles1 #eac1 #ehj ,for an ,hoarsenesse1 #ehj1 #ehd1 #fjj ,for the bots in ,horses1 #fjf1 #fjg ,for the cough in ,horses1 #eie ,to stay the ,hickock1 #did ,to purge flegmaticke and watery ,humours1 #cbi ,i4 ,for the yellow ,iaundise1 #acb1 #acd1 #aej1 #agj1 #bge1 #bij1 #eca1 #efb ,to make excellent ,inke1 #dca ,to asswage hot ,inflammations1 #cfb1 #cgh1 #chj ,to helpe the ,itching of the ,head1 #dgg ,to cure the ,itch1 #chj ,k4 ,to heale exulcerated ,kidneyes1 #ecc ,l4 ,to stay a ,laske or loosenesse1 #cba1 #cbc1 #dba1 #dbe1 #ddf1 #dhc1 #efb1 #efh1 #egj1 #ega1 #egh1 #eie ,for the ,lepry and deformity of the skin1 #cjf ,for chapt ,lips and hands c41 #ehi ,to tanne or thicken ,leather1 #faa ,to clense the ,liuer1 #dhd1 #ecb ,to coole and strengthen the ,liuer1 #bbf1 #ddh1 #dhf ,good for the ,lunges and old coughes1 #acd1 #bdi1 #cjj1 #cec1 #cfd1 #dcf1 #ddh1 #def1 #dgg1 #ejb1 #ejf1 #eac1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ecc1 #fjj1 #fjh ,to stay immoderate lust1 #dii1 #ebi ,m4 ,to take away blew ,markes1 #dbg1 #ejj1 #ejb1 #eff ,for the ,measels and small pocks1 #agj1 #baf ,to straw on ,meate1 #dgd1 #dgf ,for ,melancholicke diseases1 #cde1 #dej1 #ddh1 #dee1 #eaj1 #ehi ,to comfort strengthen cold and weake ,members1 #agj1 #bij1 #djg1 #dbg1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dec1 #dgd1 #dgg1 #dia1 #eih ,to strengthen the ,memory1 #dbg1 #dbh ,to keep ,milke from curdling in the stomacke1 #dhb ,to increase ,milke in womens breasts1 #ddj1 #ejd ,for the ,morphew and other discolourings of the skin1 #ccf1 #cif1 #dbg1 #eff ,for the ,mother in women1 #cdd1 #cgh ,to keep garments from ,moths1 #cgf1 #faa ,to engender ,moths1 #chf ,good to wash and clense the ,mouth1 #dbh1 #dca1 #ddf1 #ebh1 #eeg1 #efd1 #eih ,to cure ,vlcers in the ,mouth1 #dca ,for a surfet of ,mushroms1 #eac ,n4 ,to waste ,nature1 #ecj ,for a cricke in the ,necke1 #ff ,to procure ,neesing1 #ahi1 #bhi ,to stay bleeding at the ,nose1 #cif ,o4 ,to open ,obstructions1 #ddh1 #dhd1 #dib1 #ecb ,to take away the offence of the smell of ,onions1 ,garlicke1 ,leekes c41 #eab ,a remedie for them that haue taken ,opium too liberally1 #bhi ,p4 ,to ease ,paines1 #bij1 #cgj ,for the ,palsie1 #bda1 #bdg ,for the ,plague or pestilentiall feuers1 #afj1 #agj1 #baf1 #bge1 #bih1 #cbh1 #ccc1 #cce1 #cec1 #dhc1 #die1 #eac1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ehf1 #eie1 #fjc ,from whence ,pitch is made1 #fjj ,for the small ,pocks1 #agj1 #baf ,an especiall ,antidote against ,poyson1 #acd1 #cci1 #cec ,against the ,poyson of the ,helmet flower and other venemous herbes1 and against all other infectious diseases1 #baf1 #ccc1 #cce1 #cec1 #dhc1 #ebi ,against the ,poyson of the ,spider ,phalangium1 ,scorpions1 ,serpents1 and other venemous beasts1 #aeb1 #cja1 #cbh1 #ccc1 #cce1 #djb1 #dec1 #dgg1 #fjg ,to take away the strength of certaine ,poysons1 #eij ,poyson to all fourefooted beasts1 #djb ,for sweet ,pouthers and sweet bags1 #ahi1 #dba1 #dej1 #dec1 #ehf ,to ,purge gently1 #bhd1 #dba1 #eff ,to ,purge vehemently1 and stubborne diseases1 #ahi1 #cdf1 #cfj1 #djj1 #efb ,to fatten ,pullen1 #ddj1 #ddb ,r4 ,to restore ,rauishment1 #fjj ,to hinder young persons from growing ,ripe too soone1 #acb ,fences of ,reedes as good as wals1 #eaj ,to draw ,rheume1 #bad1 #bhh1 #bib ,to stay ,rheumaticke distillations1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #cgf1 #dbg1 #dhb ,from whence ,rossen is made1 #fj ,good for ,ruptures1 #fjb ,s4 ,to put into ,sawsages c41 #dgf1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dhj1 #dhb ,for ,scaldings and burnings1 #cfb1 #eab ,to take away ,scars and markes1 #bbc1 #bdg1 #ccf1 #eba1 #efh ,for the ,sciatica or paine in the hippes and ioynts1 #afj1 #ddb ,to clense the head of ,scurfe1 #acd1 #cif1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #fjg ,for the ,scurvie1 #chi1 #eaj ,to increase ,seede1 #ebd ,to ease paines in the ,sides1 #ecb1 #eii ,to cleare the ,sight1 #acd1 #dbg1 #dgi1 #ecj ,to comfort the ,sinewes and ioynts1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dhj1 #eie1 #eii ,for the shrinking of ,sinewes1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #eii ,to procure ,sleepe1 #bhf1 #cfb1 #cgh1 #dii ,to keep the body ,soluble1 #ccc1 #cgf1 #dba1 #dhj1 #dhh1 #die1 #eff1 #egh1 #ehb ,to clense the head of running ,sores1 #acd1 #fjg ,to breake plague ,sores1 #bbc1 #cjj ,good for ,sores and wounds1 #cjc1 #ddf1 #fjj ,good for the ,spleene1 #aih1 #bhh1 #dee1 #def1 #dgd1 #dij1 #ejb1 #eaj1 #ecj1 #faj ,to draw out ,splinters c4 out of the flesh1 #aij ,good for ,stitches1 #eii ,good for the ,stomacke and ,liuer1 #acd1 #cec1 #dee1 #dgc1 #dhc1 #dia1 #ecb ,hurtfull to the head and ,stomacke1 #dhi1 #fjg ,for cold and windy ,stomacks1 #cja1 #dee1 #dgf1 #dia1 #die1 #ehf ,to coole an hot ,stomacke1 #chj1 #dhf1 #dii1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #eeh1 #efj1 #efb1 #eff1 #ege1 #ehd1 #ehi ,to warme a cold ,stomacke1 #dgd1 #dgg1 #dhj1 #dhb1 #die1 #ejj1 #eae1 #ebi1 #ehf1 #eih ,for the ,stone in the reynes and kidneyes1 #bcj1 #bgd1 #bic1 #cce1 #cgj1 #dbe1 #dib1 #ejc1 #ejd1 #eaj1 #eba1 #ebf1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #eff1 #ege1 #ehb1 #ehd1 #fjg1 #fjh1 #faa ,for the ,strangury1 #dia ,good against ,surfets1 #bhg ,to cause ,surfets1 #ehb ,to prouoke ,sweating1 #bfd1 #bij1 #ecb ,to helpe ,swounings1 #bgd1 #cja1 #ebi ,t4 ,to draw out ,thornes c4 out of the flesh1 #aij ,good for swollen ,throats1 #cjj ,to wash the mouth and ,throate1 #ceg1 #dgh1 #ebh1 #eih ,for the ,tooth-ach1 #acd1 #bib ,the poore mans ,treakle1 #ead ,for ,trageas or dredges1 #egc ,common ,turpentine from whence it is taken1 #fjj ,venice ,turpentine from whence it is taken1 #fjj1 #fjh ,v4 ,to helpe ,venery1 #ff1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #ejb1 #ejf1 #ebd ,to take away ,vermine and ,lice in the head c41 #dgg ,to recouer the ,voyce being lost1 #eac ,to cicatrise old ,vlcers1 #bge1 #cfd ,to clense ,vlcers1 #dib1 #ehj ,for running ,vlcers1 #cfd1 #eie ,to procure ,vomiting1 #ahi1 #dci1 #ddb1 #ecb ,to stay ,vomiting1 #dgg1 #dhj ,to cure the biting of a ,viper or ,adder1 #cjb ,to cause the ,vrine to seeme blood1 #dcc ,for the stopping of ,vrine1 #acb1 #bfd1 #cec1 #cgf1 #dec1 #def1 #dhc1 #dia1 #dib1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #ejf1 #ejh1 #eae1 #ebe1 #ecj1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ehb1 #fjb1 #fjh ,w4 ,to purge watery humours1 #cbi ,to make sweete ,waters1 #dba1 #dej1 #dec1 #dbh ,to breake ,winde1 #cja1 #dee1 #dgf1 #dia1 #did1 #ejh1 #eae1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ege1 #ehf ,to stay the longing of ,women with childe1 #efa1 #efd ,for the ,wormes1 #acd1 #baf1 #ccf1 #cde1 #ddi1 #dhb1 #dhc1 #ejj1 #ejb1 #ecb1 #ehb1 #fjg ,good to cure ,wounds1 #bda1 #beb1 #cfd1 #chi1 #dde1 #ddf1 #def1 #dhj1 #dhc1 #dib ,good ,wound herbes1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bce1 #bda1 #cbc1 #chc1 #chi1 #djf ,faults escaped in some ,copies4 ,folio #h4 line #ad4 for own reade home4 f4 #ab4 l4 #bg4 for trouble reade treble4 f4 #db4 l4 #e4 reade1 like vnto that of a ,lilly4 f4 #ff4 l4 #db4 read or 4 f4 #gc4 l4 #cg4 for top of the flower1 read cup4 f4 #acd4 l4 #cf4 for composed reade compassed4 f4 #aej4 l4 #d4 for hath1 reade haue1 and line #e for is are4 f4 #agc4 l4 #ab4 put out these ,wordes1 the inside1 in the beginning of the line4 f4 #ahi4 l4 #ch4 reade ,binis florum ordinibus4 f4 #bah4 l4 #ai4 reade goulons1 and l4 #bh4 pratensis4 f4 #bgb4 l4 #cf4 read ,pothos4 f4 #bgf4 l4 #ab4 ,chelidonia4 f4 #bha4 l4 #cg4 for hath1 haue1 and l4 #bh4 ,mastuerzo4 f4 #bhd4 l4 #ae4 ,vicenza4 f4 #bhg4 l4 #ci4 ,citrina4 f4 #bij4 l4 #ci4 reade prouoke1 and1 helpe4 f4 #cbi4 l4 #cg4 for ,melancholicke1 reade ,flegmaticke4 f4 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccc4 reade ,eryngium in all places4 f4 #ccf4 l4 #h4 reade1 and not very flat4 f4 #cef4 l4 #ca4 ,americanum4 f4 #ceg4 l4 #bf4 ,cervicaria4 f4 #ceh4 l4 #de4 reade1 before it can haue4 f4 #cgb4 l4 #i4 blot out1 except it4 f4 #chi4 for spockes1 reade smockes4 f4 #cic4 l4 #c4 in the margent for cruleo1 read pleno4 f4 #cig4 l4 #aj4 reade dwarfe4 f4 #dbd4 l4 #de4 ,hirculus4 f4 #dbh4 l4 #bj4 ,tarentina4 f4 #dca4 l4 #aj4 ,cyprium4 l4 #ai4 ,amomum4 f4 #dch4 l4 #ag4 for ,dioscorides1 reade ,theophrastus4 f4 #ddb4 l4 #c4 for castings reade purgings4 f4 #eji4 l4 #ce4 reade 4 f4 #eac4 l4 #bd4 transferre all that clause of ,onions vnto the other side1 vnder the vse of ,onions4 f4 #eaf4 l4 #cg4 transferre these words1 ,bauhinus vpon ,matthiolus calleth it ,solanum tuberosum esculentum vnto the former ,potatoes of ,virginia4 f4 #ebj4 l4 #ac4 for swelleth1 read smelleth4 f4 #eda4 l4 #ea4 reade1 after your stockes raysed from stones4 f4 #eff4 l4 #bj4 for as1 read and1 and l4 #bi4 euery one4 f4 #efg4 l4 #bd4 for ,rice1 read ,rue4 f4 #ege4 l4 #h4 reade serue to be ministred to the sicke4 f4 #ehh4 l4 #c4 ,capandu4 f4 #eid4 l4 #ah4 for facility1 read faculty4 f4 #eie4 l4 #ci4 reade ,ricinus4 f4 #fjj4 l4 #d4 ,fuchsius4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,,hvmfrey ,,lownes and ,,robert ,,yovng at the signe of the ,starre on ,bread-street hill1 #afbi4 ,transcriber's ,note ,frontispiece--,the ,tetragrammaton 77 is printed within the sun at the top of the image of the ,garden of ,eden4 ,the text in the frontispiece had some characters which were difficult to make out1 the transcription given above for the frontispiece is our best attempt4 ,on page #bii in 8,the ,names0 section1 8usually0 is left as printed4 8,saluia0 is sometimes printed as 8,salvia0 and 8maior0 as 8major04 ,the word 8fmina0 is often printed 8fmina04 ,in the indexes the letter 8v0 is sometimes used where a 8u0 is used in the body of the book4 ,similarly 8e0 or even 80 is sometimes used in the index where an 80 is used in the body of the book4 ,some pairs of characters1 8ct0 8st0 and 8sh0 were originally printed as ligatures4 ,the main divisions of the book started with a decoration1 and an illustrated capital letter1 they also sometimes ended with a decoration4 ,there is no chapter ,,cx4 and there are two chapters ,,cxxxi4 in 8,the ,garden of pleasant ,flowers04 ,in the illustration on page #eje1 there is no corresponding caption for label #h4 ,numbered lists of plants1 in ,latin and ,english1 were originally printed with the ,latin on the left1 and ,english on the right4 ,these are here shown one under the other4 ,changes made to the text are3 ,greek-,ligatures in quotations from the ,greek have been expanded1 and accents and punctuation have been corrected4 ,an abbreviation1 printed as a lowercase g with a comma above and a cedilla after1 has been represented by 8q40 throughout4 ,the ligature 801 has been expanded to 80 throughout4 ,punctuation has been standardized in ordered lists1 headings1 indexes and the 8,faults escaped in some ,copies04 ,numbered sections have had the occasional misnumbering corrected1 and the occasional irregular indentation standardized4 ,in the last two indexes1 the indexed words are usually in italics1 unitalicized indexed words have been left as printed4 ,other changes made in the ,main part of the book are3 ,page #h3 8peasure0 has been changed to 8pleasure0 in the subtitle of ,chapter ,,iv4 ,page #af3 8,caminus0 has been changed to 8,caninus0 in 8,dens ,caninus04 ,page #ba3 8remoue into them into the shadow0 has been changed to 8remoue them into the shadow04 ,page #ci3 8,diues0 changed to 8,diuers0 in the ,vertues section of the ,white ,lilly of ,constantinople4 ,page #dj3 8,frillaria0 changed to 8,fritillaria0 in the title of the common checkerd ,daffodill4 ,page #di3 8siimilis0 changed to similis in point #e of ,tulipa prcox rubra4 ,page #ee3 8diuer simod0 changed to 8diuersimod0 in point #ad of ,tulipa media alba4 ,page #ef3 8buius varietas0 changed to 8huius varietas0 in the last point of ,tulipa media alba4 8or as0 changed to 8oras0 in point #aa of ,tulipa media purpurea4 ,page #fc3 8probabilty0 changed to 8probability0 in the paragraph starting 8,for the choise of your seede to sowe04 ,closing bracket added after 8,cloth of silver0 in the same paragraph4 ,page #fe3 8norman0 changed to 8normam0 in 8tanquam ad normam0 at the end of the general description of tulips4 ,page #ga3 8,mattenese0 changed to 8,mattenesse01 and 8,nomparelle0 changed to 8,nompareille0 in the caption for label #b4 ,page #ia3 8while0 changed to 8white0 in 8,the double white ,daffodill of ,virginia04 ,page #agj3 8,mfiacus0 changed to 8,msiacus0 in the last line of the 8,names0 section4 ,page #ahf3 8,chamairis0 changed to 8,chamiris0 the title of ,section #a4 ,page #bah3 8lilo vnto0 changed to 8like vnto0 in ,section #g4 ,page #bdc3 8,paralysis fatua0 changed to 8,paralysis fatuo0 in the caption for ,primroses and ,cowslips4 ,page #bgb3 8,phytobafanos0 changed to 8,phytobasanos0 in the ,names section4 ,page #bha3 8familar0 changed to 8familiar0 in the ,place section4 ,page #cjd3 8,fistuluso0 has been changed to 8,fistuloso0 in the ,names section4 ,page #cab3 8,master ,ralph ,truggie0 has been changed to 8,master ,ralph ,tuggie04 ,page #ccf3 ,the sentence with the sidenote 8,minimus0 has been moved to a paragraph on its own4 ,page #cgh3 80 changed to 80 in the ,vertues section4 ,page #chj3 8,lycoperficum of ,galen0 changed to 8,lycopersicum of ,galen04 ,page #cii3 8,maurocerasus0 changed to 8,laurocerasus04 ,page #dbc3 8,frisucus0 changed to 8,frisicus04 ,page #dcc3 8,theoprastus0 changed to 8,theophrastus0 in the ,names section4 ,page #dcd3 8,cassana0 changed to 8,cassaua0 in the ,names section4 ,page #dcg3 ,opening bracket added before 8which they gathered to put among other flowers1 for ,nosegayes0 in the first paragraph of ,chapter ,,cxix4 ,page #dch3 8,liburnum0 changed to 8,laburnum0 in the first paragraph of ,chapter ,,cxx4 ,page #eee3 8the side walks of a chamber0 changed to 8the side walls of a chamber04 ,page #fjj3 ,the 8,use of ,fir ,trees0 section has been endented to match similar sections4 ,other changes made to the ,indexes are3 ,page #a3 ,the page number for the general ,aconites section has been added to the entry 8,aconitum bacciferum1 i4e4 ,christophoriana04 8,agluophotis0 changed to 8,aglaophotis04 ,the page number for 8,arbor ,vit0 changed from #dch to #dcf4 ,page #b3 ,the page number for 8,campanula persicifolia alba crulea0 changed from #cea to #cec4 8,ledum ,alpidum0 changed to 8,ledum ,alpinum0 in the entry for 8,chamrhododendros ,chamlfolio ,lobelij04 ,page #c3 8,draba siue ,arabis ,dodoni0 moved up one line to be in alphabetic order4 ,the page number for 8,cyprus ,plinij0 changed from #dad to #daa4 ,the page number for 8,frutex ,coronarius ,clusij0 changed from #dad to #daj4 ,page #d3 8,gesneri0 changed to 8,hermodactylus ,gesneri04 ,the page number for 8,lilium conuallium0 changed from #cdj to #cdi4 ,page #e3 ,the page number for 8,narcissus ,iacobus0 changed from #afi to #fi4 ,the page number for 8,mirabilia ,peruviana0 changed from #cid to #cfd4 ,page #f3 ,the page number for 8,scilla rubra0 in the entry for 8,pancratium0 changed from #aec to #acc4 ,page #g3 8,sambacus0 changed to 8,sambucus04 ,page #aj3 8,ldies smockes double0 changed to 8,ladies smockes double04 ,page #ae3 8,for the shrinking of ,sinewes0 moved up three lines to be in alphabetic order4