,transcrib]'s ,note italic text %[n z italic ,illu/ration3 ,,spitzb]g54 ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,:ale-,,fi%]y4 ,,by ,,capta9 ,,scoresby1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,london3 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,tract ,,society3 ,in/itut$ #agii4 #ef1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,& #fe1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,*ur*y>d4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ pages conta91 9 an abridg$ & some:at modifi$ =m1 ! sub/ance ( ! fir/ volume ( capta9 7n[ ! rev4 ,dr47 ,scoresby's "w on ! ,arctic ,regions & ! ,:ale-fi%]y1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbj2 ) ! omission ( ! ?ird *apt] on ! ,hydrographical ,survey ( ! ,gre5l& ,sea4 ,x is n[ issu$ by ! k9d p]mission ( ! au?or2 & a wid] circulation may ?us be secur$ = ! int]e/+ cont5ts ( 8 volumes ?an !y c\ld receive 9 _! orig9al & m co/ly =m4 ,"s few mat]ials h also be5 collat$ f ! valuable pap]s by ! same au?or contribut$ to ! 8,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal40 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,sea ,,communication ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,& ,,pacific ,,oceans1 ,,by ,,! ,,nor?2 ,,) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,discov]y ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,regions #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,descriptive ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pol> ,,c\ntries #cc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,gre5l& ,,or ,,pol> ,,ice #fb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,atmosph]ology ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions1 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,relat+ ,,to ,,spitzb]g5 ,,& ,,! ,,adjac5t ,,gre5l& ,,sea #if ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,zoology ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions #aci ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,exp$itions ,,= ,,fur!r ,,discov]y #ahh ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,sea ,,communication ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,& ,,pacific ,,oceans1 ,,by ,,! ,,nor?2 ,,) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,discov]y ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,regions4 ,! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( a navigable communication betwe5 ! ,european & ! ,*9ese seas1 by ! nor?1 is "o :i* has be5 long 9 agitation )\t be+ resolv$1 & has be5 (t5 reviv$1 ) ! mo/ sangu9e expectations ( success1 to be aga9 ab&on$ z hopeless4 ,! fir/ attempts to rea* ,*9a by sea1 7 made by /e]+ along ! coa/ ( ,africa t[>d ! s\?1 & ! next1 by proce$+ f ! ,european %ore 9 a we/]ly direction4 ,! =m]1 :i* fir/ prov$ successful1 0 accompli%$ by ,vasquez de ,gama1 a ,portuguese1 9 ! ye> #adig-h2 & ! latt] 0 und]tak5 by ! r5[n$ navigator1 ,columbus1 9 #adib4 ,! notion ( /e]+ to ,india by ! nor?-we/1 z ! %orte/ way1 0 sugge/$ ab\t ! middle or latt] end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 by ,john ,vaz ,co/a ,cort]eal1 :o p]=m$ a voyage to ,newf\ndl& ab\t ! ye> #adfc-d2 or1 accord+ to a m g5]al op9ion1 by ,john ,cabot1 ! fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,seba/ian ,cabot1 :o attempt$ ! navigation 9 #adig1 & p]haps also 9 #adid-e4 ,! idea ( a passage to ,india by ! ,nor? ,pole 0 sugge/$ by ,rob]t ,?orne1 m]*ant ( ,bri/ol1 z e>ly z ! ye> #aebg2 & ! op9ion ( a passage by ! nor?-ea/ 0 propos$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,! univ]sal int]e/ :i* has be5 atta*$ to ?is "q ( a sea communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 by ! nor?1 ev] s9ce x 0 fir/ sugge/$1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & ?irty or ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 is fully prov$ by ! facts1 t ! speculation has nev] b once be5 ab&on$ by ! nations ( ,europe = m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s toge!r1 & t !re h be5 only ?ree or f\r int]vals ( m ?an fifte5 ye>s 9 :i* no exp$ition 0 s5t out 9 se>* ( "o or o!r ( ! suppos$ passages1 f ! ye> #aejj d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,& x is n a little surpris+ t1 aft] ne>ly a hundr$ diff]5t voyages h be5 und]tak5 ) a view ( discov]+ ! desir$ communication ) ! ,indian seas1 all ( :i* h fail$1 ,brita9 %\ld aga9 revive & attempt ! solution ( ?is int]e/+ problem4 ,sev]al facts may be br\ght =w>d1 on :i* argum5ts ( no mean =ce may be f\nd$1 9 support ( ! op9ion ( ! exi/5ce ( a sea communication by ! nor? betwe5 ,europe & ,*9a4 ,!y may be enum]at$ 9 ord]4 #a4 ,! prevail+ curr5t 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 sea fl[s1 we are well assur$1 dur+ n9e mon?s ( ! ye>1 if n all ! ye> r\nd1 f ! nor?-ea/ t[>ds ! s\?-we/4 ,! velocity ( ?is curr5t may be f five to tw5ty miles p] day1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t situations1 b is mo/ consid]able ne> ! coa/ ( ,old ,gre5l&4 ,! curr5t1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! middle ( ,behr+'s ,/rait1 z obs]v$ by lieut5ant ,kotzebue1 sets /rongly to ! nor?-ea/1 ) a velocity1 z he ?\ght1 ( two miles & a half an h\r2 :i* is great]1 h[ev]1 by "o-half ?an ! rate obs]v$ by capta9 ,cook4 #b4 ,by ! action ( ! s\?-we/]ly curr5t1 a va/ quantity ( ice is annually br\ght f ! nor? & ea/1 & conduct$ along ! ea/ %ore ( ,old ,gre5l& z f> z ,cape ,f>ewell1 :]e su* masses z /ill rema9 undissolv$ are soon de/roy$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sol> heat & ! =ce ( ! sea1 to :i* !y !n become expos$ f almo/ e qu>t]4 ,?is ice be+ entirely free f salt1 & v compact1 appe>s orig9ally to h consi/$ ( field-ice1 a k9d :i* p]haps requires ! action ( fro/ = _m ye>s to br+ x to ! ?ickness :i* x assumes4 ,! quantity ( heavy ice1 9 surface1 :i* is ?us annually dissolv$1 may1 at a r\gh calculation1 be /at$ to be ab\t tw5ty ?\s& squ>e leagues1 :ile ! quantity annually g5]at$ 9 ! regions accessible to ! :ale-fi%]s is1 probably1 n m ?an "o-f\r? ( t area4 ,z su*1 ! ice1 :i* is s inexhau/ible1 mu/ require an imm5se surface ( sea = its g5]ation1 p]haps ! :ole or great] "p ( ! s-call$ 8,pol> ,bas920 ! supply requir$ = replac+ :at is dissolv$ 9 ,behr+'s ,/rait1 :]e ! curr5t sets t[>ds ! nor?1 be+1 probably1 ( small mom5t4 ,! curr5t1 9 opposite p>ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 be+ ?us f\nd to foll[ ! same l9e ( direction1 indicates a communication betwe5 ! two across ! ,poles2 & ! inexhau/ible supply ( ice1 af=d+ ab\t fifte5 ?\s& squ>e leagues1 to be annually dissolv$ above ! quantity g5]at$ 9 ! kn[n p>ts ( ! ,spitzb]g5 seas1 supports ! same conclusion4 #c4 ,! orig9 ( ! consid]able quantity ( drift-wood1 f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,gre5l& sea1 is trac$ to "s c\ntry beyond ! ,pole1 & may be br\ght =w>d 9 aid ( ! op9ion ( ! exi/5ce ( a sea communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific2 :i* argum5t receives additional /r5g? f ! circum/ance ( "s ( ! drift-wood be+ worm-eat54 ,?is la/ fact ,i fir/ obs]v$ on ! %ores ( ! isl& ( ,jan ,may51 9 ,augu/1 #ahag1 & confirm$ x by m p>ticul> obs]vation :5 at ,spitzb]g5 ! ye> foll[+4 ,hav+ no axe ) me :5 ,i obs]v$ ! worm-eat5 wood1 & hav+ no means ( br++ x away1 ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 :e!r ! holes obs]v$ 9 ! timb] 7 ! "w ( a pt9us or a pholas4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 z x is n kn[n t ^! animals ev] pi]ce wood 9 arctic c\ntries1 x is presum$ t ! worm-eat5 drift-wood is d]iv$ f a transpol> region4 ,num]\s facts ( ?is nature might be adduc$1 all ( :i* support ! same conclusion4 #d4 ,! nor!rn faces ( ! cont95ts ( ,europe & ,asia1 z well z ( t ( ,am]ica1 s f> z yet kn[n1 are su* z r5d]s x difficult ev5 to imag9e su* a position = ! unasc]ta9$ regions1 z to cut (f ! communication betwe5 ! ,froz5 ,sea1 ne> ! m]idian ( ,london1 & t 9 ! opposite "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ne> ,behr+'s ,/rait4 #e4 ,:ales1 :i* h be5 h>poon$ 9 ! ,gre5l& seas1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean2 & :ales1 ) /one lances /ick+ 9 _! fat1 7a k9d ( weapon us$ by no nation n[ kn[n17 h be5 caught bo? 9 ! sea ( ,spitsb]g5 & 9 ,davis's ,/rait4 ,?is fact1 :i* is suffici5tly au!nticat$1 seems to me ! mo/ satisfactory argum5t4 ,! ,russians1 x appe>s1 h1 at int]vals1 discov]$ all ! navigation betwe5 ,ar*angel & ! ,/rait ( ,behr+1 except+ a portion ( ab\t two hundr$ miles1 occupi$ by ! ea/]n "p ( a noss1 or promontory1 ly+ betwe5 ! riv]s ,khatanga & ,piac9a4 ,! nor!rn extremity ( ?is noss1 call$ ,cape ,cev]ovo/o*noi1 appe>s to h be5 d\bl$ by lieut5ant ,pronts*its*eff1 9 ! ye> #agce1 s t ice1 & p]haps "s small isl&s1 seem 9 ?is place to =m ! great ob/ruction to ! navigation4 ,z f> z c be well sub/antiat$1 ! portion ( ! r\te betwe5 ,ar*angel & ,kamt*atka1 :i* has be5 hi!rto accompli%$1 cle>ly proves t1 if a sea communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific by ! nor?-ea/ really exi/s1 x c\ld nev] be practicable 9 "o ye>4 ,inasmu* z ! ,russians 7 five or six ye>s 9 p]=m+ s mu* ( ! navigation z has be5 accompli%$1 ?\gh !y employ$ a numb] ( diff]5t vessels 9 ! und]tak+1 x is probable t ! voyage c\ld nev] be p]=m$ 9 "o vessel1 unless by m]e accid5t1 9 less ?an eight or t5 ye>s4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! discov]y ( a 8nor?-ea/ passage0 c\ld nev] be ( any advantage to our comm]ce ) ,*9a or ,india4 ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! voyages und]tak5 9 se>* ( a nor?-ea/ passage by ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe h am\nt$ to ab\t twelve1 besides num]\s p>tial attempts by ! ,russians1 & ?\gh all ( !m h fail$ 9 _! pr9cipal int5tion1 yet !y h n be5 :olly lo/ to u2 ! ,spitzb]g5 :ale & seal fi%]ies1 s valuable to ! c\ntry1 ) ! trade to ,ar*angel1 hav+ aris5 out ( !m4 ,! voyages ( ,davis1 9 ! ye>s #aehe-f & #aehg-h1 ( ,hudson1 9 #afaj1 & ( ,baff91 9 #afaf1 7 ! s\rce ( ! greate/ "p ( ! discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 ! c\ntries situat$ to ! nor?w>d & we/w>d ( ! s\? po9t ( ,gre5l&4 ,to ^! regions1 consi/+ ( :at h be5 call$ bays & /raits1 ! names ( ^! celebrat$ voyag]s h be5 appli$4 ,all ! voyages1 inde$1 s9ce und]tak5 = discov]y 9 ! same qu>t]1 am\nt+ to ne>ly ?irty1 h done little m ?an confirm ! rese>*es ( ^! ?ree individuals1 & %[ h[ little !re 0 to be f\nd1 in/ead ( discov]+ any?+ ( mom5t4 ,! o/5sible object ( mo/ ( ^! voyages1 0 ! discov]y ( a %ort] passage to ,india ?an t by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 by ! nor?-we/4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a passage is n yet ei!r prov$ or refut$4 ,9 an acc\nt ( 8a ,voyage to ,hudson's ,bay10 by ,h5ry ,ellis1 su* a passage is inf]r$ to exi/ f ! foll[+ consid]ations3--! want ( trees on ! we/ side ( ,hudson's ,bay beyond a c]ta9 latitude2 ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 ridge ( m\nta9s ly+ ne> ! same coa/1 & ext5d+ 9 a direction p>allel to x2 ! direct te/imony ( ! ,indians1 t !y h se5 ! sea beyond ! m\nta9s1 & h obs]v$ vessels navigat+ !re92 &1 mo/ p>ticul>ly1 ! nature & peculi>ities obs]v$ 9 ! tides4 ,?is latt] argum5t is by f> ! mo/ conclusive4 ,f obs]vations on ! w9ds & tides 9 ! ,baltic1 ,m$it]ranean1 & o!r inl& seas1 ,ellis proce$s to %[1 t e circum/ance ) reg>d to ! tides 9 ,hudson's ,bay is diff]5t f :at w\ld take place 9 an inl& sea1 & !n concludes t ,hudson's ,bay is n su* a sea1 b has "s op5+ :i* communicates ) ! ,froz5 ,ocean on ! nor?-we/4 ,o!r argum5ts1 :i* h be5 (f]$ 9 fav\r ( ! sep>ation ( ,gre5l& f ,am]ica1 are d$uc$ f ! exi/5ce ( a curr5t sett+ f ! nor?--f ! circum/ance ( iceb]gs & drift-wood be+ br\ght d[n by ! curr5t--f :ales w\nd$ 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 seas hav+ be5 caught 9 ,davis's ,/rait--f ! position ( ! l&1 z repres5t$ on sk9s by ! native ,am]ican ,indians--& f ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 plants 9 ,gre5l&1 :i* are natives ( ,europe1 b h nev] be5 f\nd 9 any "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! op9ion appe>s to be q incorrect1 t if a passage 7 discov]$1 x w\ld1 probably1 be op5 above half ! ye>4 ,i imag9e x w\ld be only at int]vals ( ye>s t x w\ld be op5 at all1 & !n1 p]haps1 = no long] "t ?an eight or t5 weeks 9 a season4 ,h5ce1 z af=d+ a navigation to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! discov]y ( a nor?-we/ passage w\ld be ( no s]vice4 ,= _m reasons1 h[ev]1 ! exam9ation ( ^! int]e/+ c\ntries is an object wor?y ( ! att5tion ( a great nation4 ,! advantages t h already aris5 to ,brita9 f ! voyages und]tak5 9 se>* ( a nor?-we/ passage are1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,davis's ,/rait's :ale-fi%]y1 & ( ! trade ( ! ,hudson's ,bay company1 s t ! exp5diture has n altoge!r be5 lo/4 ,! adv5tur\s _s manife/$ by our e>ly navigators1 9 p]=m+ su* haz>d\s voyages 9 small b>ks1 9 :i* we %\ld be scrupul\s ( tru/+ ourselves across ! ,g]man ,ocean1 is calculat$ to /rike u ) surprise & admiration1 :ile ! correctness ( _! inve/igations gives u a high op9ion ( _! p]sev]ance & tal5t4 ,! fam\s voyage ( ,baff91 9 :i* ! bay be>+ 8 "n 0 discov]$1 0 p]=m$ 9 a vessel ( only fifty-five tons' burd52 t ( ,hudson1 9 :i* also ! bay call$ by 8 "n 0 fir/ navigat$1 9 ! v same vessel2 & ! voyages ( ,davis *iefly 9 vessels ( fifty1 ?irty-five1 & t5 tons' burd54 ,9 p]us+ ! voyages ( our old navigators1 x is p>ticul>ly gratify+ to ^? :o consid] religion z ! *ief bus9ess ( ?is life1 to obs]ve ! /ra9 ( piety & dep5d5ce ^u ,div9e ,provid5ce :i* runs ?r\gh almo/ e n>rative4 ,_! hone/ & laudable ackn[l$gm5ts ( a p>ticul> int]f]5ce ( ! ,almighty1 work+ out deliv]ance = !m 9 times ( difficulty & dang]1 & _! frequ5t decl>ations expressive ( _! reliance ^u ,provid5ce1 = assi/ance & protection 9 _! adv5tur\s und]tak+s1 are wor?y ( our imitation4 ,?us1 :ile our mod]n voyag]s are mu* 9 ! habit ( attribut+ _! mo/ rem>kable deliv]ances to 8luck10 8*ance10 & 8=tune10 ^? ( old evid5c$ c]ta9ly a m ,*ri/ian-l feel+1 "u su* circum/ances1 by ref]r+ _! deliv]ances to t great ,be+1 f :om alone e good ?+ mu/ be d]iv$4 ,!y only :o h a simil> dep5d5ce on ,provid5ce1 & :o h be5 occasionally 9 try+ situations1 c duly appreciate ! confid5ce & com=t :i* ?is belief is calculat$ to af=d "u ! mo/ appall+ circum/ances4 ,! class ( vessels be/ adapt$ = discov]y 9 ! ,pol> seas1 seems to be t ( "o hundr$ to two hundr$ tons' burd54 ,!y are /rong]1 m easily manag$1 9 less dang] ( be+ /ov$ or cru%$ by ice1 & n s exp5sive z ^? ( l>g] dim5sions4 ,an increase ( size is a dim9ution ( comp>ative /r5g?2 & h5ce x is evid5t1 t a vessel int5d$ = discov]y %\ld be j l>ge en\gh = convey+ ! requisite /ores & provisions1 & = af=d+ com=table accommodation to ! navigators1 b no l>g]4 ,p]haps a vessel ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty tons' burd5 w\ld be fully suffici5t to answ] e purpose4 ,! navigation ( ! ,pol> seas1 :i* is peculi>1 requires 9 a p>ticul> mann] an ext5sive k ( ! nature1 prop]ties1 & usual motions ( ! ice1 & x c only be p]=m$ to ! be/ advantage by ^? :o h _h long exp]i5ce 9 work+ a %ip 9 icy situations4 ,x might be a mat]ial assi/ance to ^? employ$ 9 complet+ ! exam9ation ( ,baff9's ,bay1 z well z productive ( "s int]e/+ in=mation 9 meteorological ph5om5a1 7 a vessel or two to rema9 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is bay ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,!re is v little d\bt t ! vessel w\ld1 by ?is me?od1 be releas$ by ! ice z e>ly z ,may or ,june1 & ?us be af=d$ ab\t d\ble ! "t ( rese>* t c\ld be obta9$ by w9t]+ out ( ! bay4 ,!re w\ld n1 ,i imag9e1 be any v great dang] 9 mak+ ?is exp]im5t1 provid$ a suffici5t quantity ( fre% provisions1 = ! prev5tion ( ! scurvy among ! crew1 7 tak5 out1 & c]ta9 precautions adopt$ = ! pres]vation ( ! %ips4 ,! +5i\s app>atus inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,morton design$ to sup]s$e1 9 repair+ vessels1 ! necessity ( dry docks1 might be em95tly advantage\s4 ,9 seas p]petually encumb]$ ) ice1 & probably cr[d$ ) isl&s1 if n divid$ by necks ( l&1 ! *ance ( great discov]ies & ( ext5sive navigations t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 ev5 "u ! be/ arrangem5ts & "u ! bolde/ seam51 is b small4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( a communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific1 along ! nor!rn face ( ,am]ica1 w\ld d\btless be by j\rneys on l&4 ,m5 !re are :o1 be+ long us$ to travel ^u sn[ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,hudson's ,bay company1 w\ld readily und]take ! j\rney by ! int]ior lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 or1 9 case ( a cont9uity ( l& be+ f\nd1 to ! v ,pole itself1 ( ^: success we %\ld c]ta9ly h a reasonable gr\nd ( hope4 ,! practicability ( ?is mode ( mak+ discov]ies has be5 fully prov$ by ! exp$itions ( ,mack5zie & ,he>ne2 & a possibility ( p]=m+ v long j\rneys on sn[ c be atte/$1 f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 by ^? :o h w9t]$ a few times 9 ,hudson's ,bay4 ,! plan ( p]=m+ a j\rney 9 ?is way1 = discov]+ ! nor!rn t]m9ation ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & = trac+ x r\nd to its junction ) ! coa/s ( ! same c\ntry1 wa%$ by ! ,atlantic1 might be 9 "s measure z foll[s4 ,! p>ty int5d$ = ?is exp$ition1 :i* %\ld consi/ ( z few individuals z possible1 ought1 p]haps1 9 ! c\rse ( "o summ]1 to make _! way to "o ( ! int]ior settlem5ts ( ! ,hudson's ,bay company1 or ( ! ,canadian trad]s1 su* z ,slave ,=t1 on ! great ,slave ,lake1 situat$ 9 ! #fbnd degree ( latitude1 or ,=t ,*epewyan1 ne> ! ,a?apesc[ ,lake1 9 latitude #eh #dj1 f :5ce sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie emb>k$ on 8 voyage to ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 & !re abide dur+ ! fir/ w9t]4 ,suppos+ ! travell]s to w9t] at ,slave ,=t1 !y might calculate on be+ )9 ! di/ance ( two hundr$ leagues1 or ?irty or =ty days' j\rney1 mod]ate travell+1 ( ! ,froz5 ,ocean4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>* or ,april1 ! p>ty1 consi/+ ( two or ?ree ,europeans1 "o or two ,esquimaux int]pret]s1 & two or m ,indian guides1 provid$ ) ev]y?+ requisite = ! und]tak+1 might set out t[>ds ! nor?4 ,on ! arrival ( ! travell]s among ! ,esquimaux1 _! ,indian guides1 f fe> ( ?is nation1 w\ld probably des]t !m1 b ! pres5ce ( _! ,esquimaux int]pret]s w\ld secure !m a good reception4 ,:5 once !y %\ld meet ) ?is p1 !y w\ld h a /rong evid5ce ( be+ ne> ! sea1 z x is well kn[n ! ,esquimaux nev] retire f> f ! coa/4 ,on _! arrival at ! coa/1 x w be necess>y to associate ) ! ,esquimaux1 to submit 9 "s measure to _! mode ( liv+1 &1 to effect any consid]able discov]y1 x might be requisite to sp5d a w9t] or two among !m1 9 :i* case !y might trace ! l9e ( ! ,froz5 ,ocean to su* a l5g?1 t ! place :]e x jo9s ! we/]n coa/ ( ,baff9's ,bay1 or ,hudson's ,bay1 or ! ea/]n side ( ,gre5l&1 w\ld be det]m9$4 ,or1 if x %\ld be objectionable to w9t] among ! ,esquimaux1 sev]al exp$itions might be s5t out at ! same "t f diff]5t /ations1 & on diff]5t m]idians4 ,! exp5se ( ?ree or f\r su* exp$itions ov] l& w\ld probably be less ?an t ( "o exp$ition by sea4 ,! s*eme sugge/$ by ,rob]t ,?orne1 ( ,bri/ol1 ( f9d+ a passage to ,india across ! ,nor? ,pole1 ab\t ! ye> #aebg1 appe>s to h be5 imm$iately attempt$ by an exp$ition1 consi/+ ( two %ips1 s5t out by ord] ( ,h5ry ,,viii42 "o ( ! %ips1 we are in=m$1 0 lo/2 ( ! nature ( ! success ( ! o!r we h b a v unsatisfactory acc\nt4 ,aft] ?is voyage1 ,b>5tz1 ,heemsk]ke1 & ,ryp1 attempt$ ! transpol> navigation1 9 #aeif2 ,hudson1 9 #afjg2 ,jonas ,poole1 9 #afaj & #afaa2 ,baff9 & ,fo!rby1 9 #afad2 ,fo!rby1 9 #afae2 ,phipps1 9 #aggc2 & ,bu*an & ,frankl91 9 #ahah4 ,! highe/ latitude atta9$ by any ( ^! navigators did n1 x w\ld appe>1 exce$ #ha4 ,my fa!r1 9 ! %ip ,resolution1 ( ,:itby1 9 ! ye> #ahjf1 ) :om ,i !n s]v$ z *ief mate1 sail$ to a mu* high] latitude4 ,our latitude1 on ?ree occasions1 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 z d]iv$ f obs]vations tak5 ) a sextant by myself & my fa!r1 0 #hj #ej #bh1 #ha #a #ec1 & #ha #ab #db2 aft] :i* we sail$ s f> to ! nor?w>d z made x ab\t #ha #cj1 :i* is "o ( ! close/ approximations to ! ,pole :i* ,i conceive has be5 well au!nticat$4 ,:atev] may be our op9ion ( ! acc\nts br\ght =w>d by "s p>ties to prove ! occasional accessibility ( ! #hcrd or #hd? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 ( ?is we may be assur$1 t ! op9ion ( an op5 sea r\nd ! ,pole is altoge!r *im]ical4 ,x is urg$1 inde$1 t ! extraord9>y p[] ( ! sun1 ab\t ! summ] sol/ice1 is s f> great] at ! ,pole ?an at ! ,equator1 z to de/roy all ! ice g5]at$ 9 ! w9t] season1 & to r5d] ! temp]ature ( ! ,pole w>m] & m cong5ial to feel+ ?an x is 9 "s places ly+ ne>] ! ,equator4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 f ! actual influ5ce ( ! sun1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ at a c]ta9 season to be great] at ! ,pole ?an at ! ,equator1 be+ above :at x is calculat$ to be by ! ord9>y =mul = temp]ature1 x is f\nd by exp]im5t 9 latitude #gh to be greatly bel[ x--h[ !n c ! temp]ature ( ! ,pole be expect$ to be s v diff]5t8 ,f ! rem>ks 9 ! ensu+ pages1 x w be %[n t ice is annually =m$ dur+ n9e mon?s ( ! ye> 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 sea1 & t nei!r calm wea!r1 nor ! proximity ( l&1 is ess5tial = its =mation4 ,c x1 !n1 be suppos$1 t at ! ,pole1 :]e ! mean temp]ature is probably z l[ z #aj1 ! sea is n full ( ice8 ,if ! masses ( ice1 :i* usually prev5t ! advance ( navigators beyond ! #hbnd degree ( nor? latitude1 be ext5d$ 9 a cont9u$ s]ies to ! ,pole1 7( :i*1 unless !re be l& 9 ! way1 !re appe>s no d\bt17 ! expectation ( rea*+ ! ,pole by sea is altoge!r va94 ,by l&1 h[ev]1 ,i d n conceive ! j\rney w\ld be impracticable4 ,x w\ld n exce$ "o ?\s& two hundr$ miles1 7six hundr$ miles ea* way17 & might be p]=m$ on sl$ges1 drawn by dogs or re9de]1 or ev5 on foot4 ,foot travell]s w\ld require to draw ! app>atus & provisions1 necess>y = ! und]tak+1 on sl$ges by h&1 & 9 ?is way1 ) good dispat*1 ! j\rney w\ld occupy at lea/ two mon?s2 b1 ) ! assi/ance ( dogs1 x might1 probably1 be accompli%$ 9 a little less "t4 ,) fav\rable w9ds1 great advantage might be d]iv$ f sails set ^u ! sl$ges1 :i* sails1 :5 ! travell]s 7 at re/1 w\ld s]ve = ! erection ( t5ts4 ,small vacancies 9 ! ice w\ld n prev5t ! j\rney1 z ! sl$ges might be adapt$ s z to answ] ! purpose ( boats1 nor w\ld ! usual unev5ness ( ! ice1 nor ! dep? or s(tness ( ! sn[1 be an insurm\ntable difficulty1 z j\rneys ( ne>ly equal l5g?1 & "u simil> inconv5i5ces1 h be5 accompli%$4 ,among _m simil> acc\nts1 !re is "o relat$ by ,mull]1 9 8 8,voyages f ,asia to ,am]ica10 ( a ,cossack hav+ actually p]=m$ a j\rney ( ab\t eight hundr$ miles 9 a sl$ge1 drawn by dogs1 across a surface ( ice ly+ to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,russian dom9ions1 :i* suffici5tly e/abli%es ! practicability ( a j\rney across ! ice to ! ,pole4 ,alexei ,m>k(f1 a ,cossack1 0 s5t to explore ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 9 ! summ] ( ! ye> #agad1 by ord] ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 b f9d+ ! sea s cr[d$ ) ice t he 0 unable to make any progress 9 discov]y1 he =m$ ! design ( travell+ 9 sl$ges1 dur+ ! w9t] or spr+ ( ! ye>1 ov] ! ice1 :i* might !n be expect$ to be firm & compact4 ,accord+ly1 he prep>$ sev]al ( ! c\ntry sl$ges1 drawn by dogs1 & accompani$ by eight p]sons1 he set out on ! #aj? ( ,m>* f ! m\? ( ! ,jana1 9 latitude #gj #cj1 & longitude ab\t #ach ea/4 ,he proce$$ = sev5 days nor?w>d1 z fa/ z 8 dogs c\ld draw1 :i*1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 is eighty or "o hundr$ v]/s a day1 until 8 progress 0 imp$$1 ab\t ! #gh? degree ( latitude1 by ! ice elevat$ into prodigi\s m\nta9s4 ,?is prev5t$ 8 fur!r advance2 at ! same "t1 fall+ %ort ( provisions = 8 dogs1 8 return 0 effect$ ) difficulty2 sev]al ( 8 dogs di$ = want1 & 7 giv5 to ! re/ = _! support4 ,on ! #crd ( ,april1 he arriv$ at ,u/-,jauskoe ,sim[ie1 ! place f :5ce he />t$1 aft] an abs5ce ( tw5ty-f\r days1 dur+ :i* "t he appe>s to h travell$ ab\t eight hundr$ miles4 ,! j\rney ( ,m>k(f 0 ne>ly equal 9 ext5t to ! project$ j\rney to ! ,pole1 & !re appe>s no v great reason :y a p]son equally adv5tur\s ) ,m>k(f1 & bett] provid$1 might n 9 a simil> mann] rea* ! ,pole4 ,! fir/ consid]able discov]y :i* appe>s to h be5 made 9 or ne> ! arctic circle1 0 ! result ( accid5t2 "o ( ! num]\s ,sc&9avian depr$ators1 :o1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 cruis$ ! nor!rn seas 9 se>* ( plund]1 hav+ be5 driv51 by a long-cont9u$ /orm1 f ! ea/w>d ^u ! coa/ ( ,icel&1 9 ! ye> #hfa4 ,?is isl&1 f ! quantity ( sn[ se5 on ! m\nta9s1 01 by its discov]] ,naddodd1 at fir/ call$ ,s*nee1 or ,sn[l&4 ,x 0 visit$ by a ,sw$e ( ! "n ( ,g>d> ,suaff>son1 ?ree ye>s aft] its discov]y1 & aft]w>ds by ano!r ,sw$e1 ,flocke1 f :om x receiv$ ! "n ( ,icel&4 ,x 0 aga9 visit$ 9 ! ye> #hgd1 by ,+olf & ,lief1 two ,norwegians1 & became ! seat ( a ,norwegian colony4 ,! coa/ ( ,norway1 to ! entrance ( ! ,:ite ,sea1 0 exam9$ ab\t ?is p]iod by a p]son ( ! "n ( ,oh!re1 a ,norwegian1 :o himself gave an acc\nt ( 8 voyage to ,alfr$ ! ,great1 by :om x has be5 h&$ d[n to u along ) ! translation ( ! ,orme/a ( ,orosius4 ,ab\t ! middle1 or t[>ds ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 an ext5sive c\ntry1 to ! we/w>d ( ,icel&1 0 discov]$ by "o ( ! coloni/s ( ! "n ( ,gunbiorn1 :i* c\ntry 0 visit$1 9 ! ye> #ihb1 by "o ,eric ,rauda1 :o _h fl$ f ,norway to ,icel&1 to avoid ! puni%m5t due to ! crime ( murd] & v>i\s o!r (f5ces4 ,to ?is c\ntry he gave ! "n ( ,gre5l&1 & 9 consequ5ce ( 8 exagg]at$ acc\nt ( its products & appe>ance1 a respectable colony 0 f\nd$4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ajja1 "o ( ! ,icel& coloni/s1 ,biorn by "n1 0 accid5tally driv5 by a /orm to ! s\?w>d ( ,gre5l&1 :]e he discov]$ a new c\ntry1 cov]$ ) wood4 ,lief1 ! son ( ,eric ,rauda1 fitt$ out a vessel1 & visit$ ! c\ntry4 ,grapes 7 discov]$ 9 x1 & f ?is circum/ance x 0 call$ ,v9l&2 ! day 0 eight h\rs long 9 w9t]1 :5ce x appe>s t x mu/ h be5 some:]e on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 probably on ! %ore ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion 0 introduc$ into ,icel& & ,gre5l& ab\t ! ye> #ajjj1 & )9 a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds g5]ally diffus$4 ,above sixte5 *ur*es 7 !n built1 & two conv5ts4 ,^! build+s1 z well z ! habitations ( ! coloni/s1 7 erect$ ne> ! s\!rn po9t ( ,gre5l&4 ,!y _h two settlem5ts1 ! mo/ we/]n ( :i* increas$ up to f\r p>i%es1 conta9+ "o hundr$ f>ms or villages2 & ! mo/ ea/]n1 to twelve p>i%es1 "o hundr$ & n9ety villages1 "o bi%op's see1 & two conv5ts4 ,! int]c\rse betwe5 ,gre5l& & ! re/ ( ! _w 0 int]cept$ ab\t ! ye> #adjf1 :5 ! sev5te5? bi%op attempt$ to rea* 8 see1 b 0 prev5t$ by ice4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ^! un=tunate coloni/s h be5 ( necessity left to !mselves1 & n hav+ be5 he>d (1 are suppos$ to h p]i%$2 b :e!r !y 7 de/roy$ by _! enemies ! ,esquimaux1 or p]i%$ = want ( _! usual supplies1 or 7 c>ri$ (f by a de/ructive pe/il5ce1 z "s h imag9$1 is /ill matt] ( d\bt4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made by ord] ( ! ,dani% gov]nm5t = recov]y ( ?is c\ntry1 & to asc]ta9 ! fate ( ^! coloni/s1 b hi!rto )\t success4 ,alt] ! voyages ( ,columbus1 a new /imulus 0 (f]$ to ! ent]pris+ trad]1 & to ^? :o might be desir\s ( prosecut+ ! task ( discov]y1 & a ,portuguese navigator1 ,john ,vaz ,co/a ,cort]eal1 ab\t ! ye> #adfc or #adfd1 tri$ ! passage to ,india by ! we/1 on a p>allel f> to ! nor?w>d ( t pursu$ by ,columbus4 ,9 ?is voyage ! l& ( ,newf\ndl& appe>s to h be5 se54 ,! same voyage 0 attempt$ by ,seba/ian ,cabot1 a ,v5etian1 9 ! ye> #adig1 & by ,gasp> ,cort]eal & ,mi*ael ,cort]eal1 sons ( ! previ\sly nam$ ,co/a4 ,bo? ^! bro!rs p]i%$1 & a ?ird bro!r1 :o w\ld h foll[$ 9 se>* ( !m1 0 prohibit$ f emb>k+ by ! k+ ( ,portugal4 ,an important voyage ( discov]y 0 t ( sir ,hugh ,will\ghby1 9 ! ye> #aeec1 9 :i* ! coa/ n[ call$ ,nova ,zembla 0 discov]$1 & ! ,russian t]ritory on ! ea/ side ( ! ,:ite ,sea4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is exp$ition1 a regul> trade 0 e/abli%$ ) ,russia1 :i* 0 accompli%$ "u v>i\s privileges4 ,9 ! ye> #aeef1 fur!r discov]ies 9 ! same qu>t] 7 made by ,/eph5 ,burr\gh4 ,!n foll[$ ! voyages ( ,m>t9 ,frobi%] & ,john ,davis2 ! latt] 9 ! ye> #aehe4 ,he proce$$ along ! we/ side ( ,gre5l&1 & !n cross+ an op5 sea to ! nor?-we/w>d1 discov]$ l& 9 latitude #ff #dj1 giv+ names to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/ :i* has s9ce be5 d5om9at$ ,cumb]l& ,isl&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is voyage1 !y met ) a multitude ( natives1 :om !y f\nd a v tractable p1 & lib]al 9 _! mode ( traffick+4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,davis prosecut$ ano!r voyage1 b ) no discov]y ( any consequ5ce2 & aga9 also1 = ! ?ird "t1 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,among/ sev]al exp$itions s5t out by ! ,dut*1 to explore a passage to ,india & ,*9a by ! nor?-ea/1 t ( two %ips1 "u ! pilotage ( ,william ,b>5tz1 is ! mo/ memorable4 ,x sail$ f ,am/]dam ! #aj? ( ,may1 #aeif4 ,aft] hav+ discov]$ ,spitzb]g51 ! two %ips pursu$ diff]5t c\rses1 & ,b>5tz1 :ile endeav\r+ to sail r\nd ,nova ,zembla1 became entangl$ 9 ! ice4 ,!y 71 9 consequ5ce1 compell$ to w9t] 9 ?is desolate & froz5 c\ntry4 8,! j\rnal ( ! proce$+s ( ^! poor p10 z ,mr4 ,b>r[ beautifully obs]ves1 8dur+ ?is cold1 com=tless1 d>k1 & dreadful w9t] is int5sely & pa9fully int]e/+4 ,no murmur+ escapes !m 9 _! hopeless & afflict$ situation2 b su* a _s ( true piety1 & a tone ( su* mild & subdu$ resignation to ,div9e ,provid5ce1 brea! ?r\gh\t ! :ole n>rative1 t x is impossible to p]use ! simple tale ( _! suff]+s1 & contemplate _! =lorn situation1 )\t ! deepe/ emotion40 ,=cibly1 inde$1 does _! n>rative illu/rate ! m9d's indep5d5ce ( ext]nal com=ts1 & ! peace & joy to be d]iv$ f tru/ 9 ,god1 & cordial submission to 8 appo9tm5ts4 ,"p ( ! suff]]s made _! escape 9 two op5 boats f ?is dismal c\ntry1 9 ! foll[+ summ]1 & aft] a p]il\s & pa9ful voyage1 ( above "o ?\s& "o hundr$ miles1 arriv$ 9 safety at ,cola2 b ,b>5tz1 ) "s o!rs1 0 ov]come by ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 & ! extraord9>y ex]tions :i* he 0 oblig$ to make1 & di$4 ,9 ! ye> #afjh1 ,h5ry ,hudson 0 employ$ 9 se>* ( a nor?-ea/ passage2 &1 9 #afaj1 9 a voyage ( discov]y t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 9 a vessel ( fifty-five tons' burd54 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t he discov]$ ! bay :i* be>s 8 "n1 haul$ 8 %ip on %ore 9 a conv5i5t situation1 & w9t]$ !re4 ,!y fell %ort ( provisions1 & ! foll[+ summ] ! crew mut9i$1 & ab&on$ _! capta91 8 son1 & o!rs ( ! crew1 to a mo/ cruel fate4 ,9 #afaf 0 accompli%$ ! rem>kable voyage ( ,william ,baff91 att5d$ by discov]ies ( a mo/ ext5sive nature 9 ! bay :i* be>s 8 "n1 :i*1 ?\gh reg>d$ ) consid]able d\bt at fir/1 h s9ce be5 abundantly confirm$ by ! lab\rs ( capta9 ,ross & lieut5ant ,p>ry4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahbb1 ! %ip ,baff9 sail$ f ,liv]pool1 & rea*$ #hj nor? latitude )\t exp]i5c+ any fro/2 on ! #bg? ,april1 we arriv$ )9 t5 miles ( ,spitzb]g51 & 7 /opp$ 9 latitude #hj #cj by ma9 ice4 ,aft]w>ds1 we enc\nt]$ a mo/ heavy gale1 ! !rmomet] fall+ 9 ! space ( sixte5 h\rs #cd1 be+ ! mo/ rem>kable *ange ,i ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ,gre5l& seas4 ,on ! #a/ ,may1 we advanc$ to only five hundr$ & sixty-six miles' di/ance f ! ,pole1 & subsequ5tly discov]$ ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 a cont9uation t[>ds ! nor? ( ! coa/ on :i* ! anci5t ,icel&ic colonies 7 plant$4 ,we survey$ & nam$ v>i\s p>ts ( ?is coa/1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t eight hundr$ miles1 & f\nd traces ( inhabitants4 ,x 0 inf]r$ t ,gre5l& is probably a great gr\p ( isl&s4 ,! exp$ition return$ on ! #ah? ,septemb]1 9 ! same ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,descriptive ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pol> ,,c\ntries4 ,spitzb]g5 ext5ds fur!/ t[>ds ! nor? ( any c\ntry yet discov]$4 ,x is surr\nd$ by ! ,arctic ,ocean1 or ,gre5l& ,sea2 &1 ?\gh ! occasional resort ( p]sons drawn ?i!r = purposes ( hunt+ & fi%+1 does n appe> to h be5 ev] inhabit$4 ,x lies betwe5 ! latitudes #gf #cj & #hj #g nor?1 & betwe5 ! longitude ( #i1 &1 p]haps1 #bb ea/2 b "s ( ! neighb\r+ isl&s ext5d at lea/ z f> nor? z #hj #dj1 & /ill fur!r t[>ds ! ea/ ?an ! ma9l& ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! we/]n "p ( ?is c\ntry 0 discov]$ by ,b>5tz1 ,heemsk]ke1 & ,ryp1 9 two vessels1 fitt$ out ( ,am/]dam1 on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #aeif1 :o1 f ! num]\s peaks & acute m\nta9s obs]v$ on ! coa/1 gave x ! appropriate "n ( ,spitzb]g51 signify+ 8%>p m\nta9s40 ,x 0 aft]w>ds nam$ ,newl&1 or ,k+ ,james's ,newl&1 & !n ,gre5l&1 be+ suppos$ to be a cont9uation t[>ds ! ea/ ( ! c\ntry s-call$ by ! ,icel&]s4 ,x 0 re-discov]$ by ,h5ry ,hudson1 an ,engli% navigator1 9 #afjg1 & f\r ye>s aft]w>ds became ! resort ( ! ,engli% = ! purpose ( tak+ :ales1 s9ce :i* p]iod its %ores h annually be5 visit$ by "o or o!r ( ! nations ( ,europe1 ) ! same object1 to ! pres5t "t4 ,& ?\gh ! soil ( ! :ole ( ?is remote c\ntry does n produce vegetables suitable or suffici5t = ! n\ri%m5t ( a s+le human be+1 yet its coa/s & adjac5t seas h af=d$ ri*es & indep5d5ce to ?\s&s4 ,?is c\ntry exhibits _m int]e/+ views1 ) num]\s examples ( ! sublime4 ,its /up5d\s hills1 ris+ by /eep acclivities f ! v m>g9 ( ! ocean to an imm5se height2 its surface1 contra/+ ! native1 protrud+1 d>k-col\r$ rocks1 ) ! burd5 ( pure/ sn[ & magnific5t ices1 altoge!r con/itute an extraord9>y & beautiful picture4 ,! :ole ( ! we/]n coa/ is m\nta9\s & picturesque1 & ?\gh x is %one ^u by a f\r mon?s' sun e ye>1 its sn[y cov]+ is nev] :olly dissolv$1 nor are its icy monum5ts ( ! dom9ion ( fro/ ev] remov$4 ,! valleys1 op5+ t[>ds ! coa/1 & t]m9at+ 9 ! backgr\nd ) a transv]se *a9 ( m\nta9s1 are *iefly fill$ ) ev]la/+ ice4 ,! inl& valleys1 at all seasons1 pres5t a smoo? & cont9u$ b$ ( sn[1 9 "s places divid$ by consid]able rivulets1 b 9 o!rs exhibit+ a pure unbrok5 surface = _m leagues 9 ext5t4 ,along ! we/]n coa/1 ! m\nta9s take _! rise f )9 a league ( ! sea1 & "s f its v edge4 ,few tracts ( table-l&1 ( m ?an a league 9 bread?1 are to be se51 & 9 _m places ! blunt t]m9ation ( m\nta9 ridges project beyond ! regul> l9e ( ! coa/1 & ov]hang ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ,spitzb]g5 consi/s ( gr\ps ( insulat$ m\nta9s1 little dispos$ 9 *a9s1 or 9 any det]m9ate ord]1 hav+ conical1 pyramidal1 or ridg$ summits1 sometimes r\nd-back$1 frequ5tly t]m9at+ 9 po9ts1 & occasionally 9 acute peaks1 n unlike spires4 ,an arm ( a %ort m\nta9 *a91 h[ev]1 =ms ! s\!rn cape1 or ,po9t ,look-out1 b a l[ flat1 9 ! =m ( a fi%'s tail1 ( ab\t =ty squ>e miles 9 surface1 con/itutes ! t]m9ation ( ! coa/4 ,o!r promontories1 ly+ ne>ly nor? & s\?1 are ( a simil> nature4 ,to ! nor?w>d ( ,*>les's ,isl& ! m\nta9s are m disp]s$ 9 *a9s ?an !y are to ! s\?w>d4 ,! pr9cipal ridge lies ne>ly nor? & s\?1 & ! pr9cipal valley ext5ds f ! head ( ,cross ,bay to ! nor!rn face ( ! c\ntry1 a di/ance ( =ty or fifty miles4 ,an inf]ior *a9 ( hills1 two or ?ree leagues f ! coa/1 runs p>allel ) ! %ore1 f :i* lat]al ridges project into ! sea1 & t]m9ate 9 mural precipices4 ,betwe5 ^! lat]al ridges1 "s ( ! l>ge/ iceb]gs on ! coa/ occur4 ,! mo/ rem>kable m\nta9s ,i h se5 are situat$ ne> ,horn ,s\nd1 on ,*>les's ,isl&1 & ne> ,k+'s ,bay4 ,horn ,m\nt1 or ,h$ge-hog ,m\nt1 s-call$ f an appe>ance ( spires on ! top1 :5 se5 9 "s positions1 takes its rise f a small tract ( alp9e l&1 on ! s\!rn side ( ,horn ,s\nd4 ,x has diff]5t summits1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( spires1 "o ( :i* is rem>kably elevat$4 ,i _h an opportunity ( det]m9+ its height 9 ! ye> #ahae4 ,f "o set ( obs]vations its altitude came out #a1deg y>ds1 & f ano!r #a1dgc y>ds1 ! mean ( :i* is #a1dfe y>ds1 or #d1cie feet4 ,ano!r peak1 a few miles fur!r to ! nor?w>d1 appe>$ to be #c1cjf feet high4 ,on ,*>les's ,isl& is a curi\s peak1 :i* juts into ! sea4 ,x is crook$1 p]fectly nak$1 be+ equally de/itute ( sn[ & v]dure1 & f its black appe>ance1 or po9t$ figure1 has be5 d5om9at$ ! ,devil's ,?umb4 ,its height may be ab\t #a1ejj or #b1jjj feet4 ,! middle hook ( ! =el&1 z ! c5tral "p ( ! *a9 ( m\nta9s 9 ,*>les's ,isl& is call$1 is a v int]e/+ "p ( ! coa/4 ,^! m\nta9s1 :i* are1 p]haps1 ! highe/ l& adjo9+ ! sea :i* is to be met )1 take _! rise at ! wat]'s edge1 &1 by a cont9u$ asc5t ( an angle at fir/ ( ab\t #cj1 & increas+ to ab\t #de1 or m1 ea* comes to a po9t1 ) ! elevation ( ab\t six-sev5?s ( an ,engli% mile4 ,?is portion ( ! *a9 exhibits five di/9ct summits1 "s ( !m to appe>ance are )9 half a league1 horizontal di/ance1 ( ! m>g9 ( ! sea4 ,! po9ts =m$ by ! top ( two or ?ree ( !m are s f9e1 t ! imag9ation is at a loss to conceive ( a place on :i* an adv5tur]1 attempt+ ! haz>d\s exploit ( climb+ "o ( ! summits1 might re/4 ,7 su* an und]tak+ practicable1 x is evid5t x c\ld n be effect$ )\t imm95t dang]4 ,besides extraord9>y c\rage & /r5g? requisite 9 ! adv5tur]1 su* an attempt w\ld ne$ ! utmo/ p[]s ( ex]tion1 z well z ! mo/ irresi/ible p]sev]ance4 ,fr$]ick ,m>t5s1 9 8 excell5t acc\nt ( a 8,voyage to ,spitzb]g510 und]tak5 9 ! ye> #afga1 describes "s ( ! cliffs z consi/+ ( b "o /one f ! bottom to ! top1 & z smell+ v sweet :]e cov]$ ) li*5s4 ,9 ,magdal5 ,bay1 ! rocks he describes z ly+ 9 a semicircul> =m1 hav+ at ea* extremity two high m\nta9s1 ) natural excavations1 8aft] ! fa%ion ( a brea/work10 &1 at _! summits1 po9ts & cracks l battlem5ts4 ,"s ( ! m\nta9s ( ,spitzb]g5 are well-proportion$1 f\r-sid$ pyramids1 ris+ out ( a base ( a mile1 or a mile & a half1 to a league squ>e2 o!rs =m angul> *a9s1 resembl+ ! ro( ( a h\se1 :i* rec$e f ! %ore 9 p>allel ridges1 until !y dw9dle into obscurity 9 ! di/ant p]spective4 ,"s exhibit ! exact resemblance ( art1 b 9 a /yle ( gr&eur exce$+ ! fam$ pyramids ( ! ea/1 or ev5 ! m wond]ful t[] ( ,babel4 ,an in/ance ( su* a regul> & magnific5t "w ( nature is se5 ne> ! head ( ,k+'s ,bay1 consi/+ ( ?ree piles ( rocks1 ( a regul> =m1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,?ree ,cr[ns4 ,!y re/ on ! top ( ! ord9>y m\nta9s1 ea* comm5c+ ) a squ>e table1 or horizontal /ratum ( rock1 on ! top ( :i* is ano!r ( simil> =m & height1 b ( small] area2 ?is is cont9u$ by a ?ird1 a f\r?1 & s on1 ea* succe$+ /ratum be+ less ?an ! next bel[ x1 until x =ms a pyramid ( /eps1 almo/ z regul>1 to appe>ance1 z if work$ by art4 ,_m ( ! m\nta9s ( ,spitzb]g5 are inaccessible4 ,! /eepness ( ! asc5t1 & ! loos5ess ( ! rocks1 ) ! num]\s lodgm5ts ( ice 9 ! cliffs1 or on ! sides ( ! cliffs1 con/itute 9 _m places insurm\ntable ob/acles4 ,"s hills1 inde$1 may be climb$ ) tol]able safety1 b g5]ally ! attempt is haz>d\s4 ,_m h fall5 & lo/ _! lives1 especially 9 ! desc5t4 ,:5 ,b>5tz & ,heemsk]ke discov]$ ,*]ie ,isl&1 on _! advance t[>ds ! nor?1 !y also discov]$ ,spitzb]g51 :5 "s d>+ fell[s among _! sailors1 :o _h be5 collect+ birds' eggs1 climb$ a high1 /eep m\nta91 resembl+ ^? ( ,spitzb]g51 & unexpect$ly f\nd !mselves 9 a mo/ p]il\s situation1 =1 on turn+ to desc5d1 ! way by :i* !y _h advanc$ pres5t$ a dismal assemblage ( po9t$ rocks1 p]p5dicul> precipices1 & yawn+ *asms4 ,! view ( ! dang] ( ! asc5t /ruck !m ) t]ror4 ,no relief1 h[ev]1 c\ld be af=d$ !m1 & !y 7 bewild]$ among ! rocks4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a mo/ anxi\s & pa9ful ex]cise1 9 :i* !y f\nd x necess>y to slide d[n ! rocks1 :ile ly+ flat on _! bodies1 !y rea*$ ! foot ( ! cliff 9 safety4 ,b>5tz1 :o _h obs]v$ _! conduct f ! %ore1 gave !m a %>p repro( = _! tem]ity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ appe>ances to be f\nd 9 ,spitzb]g51 is ! iceb]g4 ,^! m\nta9s ( ice occur 9 ! valleys adjo9+ ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 & o!r ,pol> c\ntries4 ,a little to ! nor?w>d ( ,*>les's ,isl& are ! ,sev5 ,iceb]gs4 ,ea* ( ^! occupies a deep valley1 op5+ t[>ds ! sea1 =m$ by hills ( ab\t two ?\s& feet elevation on ! sides1 & t]m9at$ 9 ! int]ior by ! *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ( p]haps ?ree ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 :i* foll[s ! l9e ( ! coa/4 ,!y are exactly ( ! nature & appe>ance ( glaci]s1 & !re are _m o!rs ( v>i\s sizes along ! %ores ( ?is rem>kable c\ntry4 ,x is n easy to =m an adequate conception ( ^! truly wond]ful productions ( nature4 ,_! magnitude1 _! beauty1 & ! contra/ !y =m ) ! gloomy rocks ar\nd1 produce s5sations ( lively int]e/4 ,_! upp] surfaces are g5]ally concave2 ! high] p>ts are always cov]$ ) sn[1 & h a beautiful appe>ance1 b ! l[] p>ts1 9 ! latt] end ( e summ]1 pres5t a b>e surface ( ice4 ,! front ( ea*1 :i* v>ies 9 height f ! level ( ! ocean to f\r hundr$ or five hundr$ feet above x1 lies p>allel ) ! %ore1 & is g5]ally wa%$ by ! sea4 ,?is "p1 re/+ on ! /r&1 is und]m9$ to su* an ext5t by ! sea1 :5 any way turbul5t1 t imm5se masses1 loos5$ by ! freez+ ( wat]1 lodg$ 9 ! recesses 9 w9t]1 or by ! effect ( /reams ( wat] runn+ ov] its surface & ?r\gh its *asms 9 summ]1 break asund]1 &1 ) a ?und]+ noise1 fall into ! sea4 ,on an excursion to "o ( ! ,sev5 ,iceb]gs1 9 ,july1 #ahah1 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly successful 9 witness+ "o ( ! gr&e/ effects :i* ^! ,pol> glaci]s ev] pres5t4 ,a /rong nor?-we/]ly swell hav+1 = "s h\rs1 be5 beat+ on ! %ore1 _h loos5$ a numb] ( fragm5ts atta*$ to ! iceb]g1 & v>i\s heaps ( brok5 ice d5ot$ rec5t %oots ( ! seaw>d edge4 ,z we rode t[>ds x1 ) a view ( proce$+ close to its base1 ,i obs]v$ a few little pieces fall f ! top1 &1 :ile my eye 0 fix$ on ! place1 an imm5se column1 probably fifty feet squ>e1 & "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 began to leave ! p>5t ice at ! top1 & lean+ maje/ically =w>d ) an accel]at$ velocity1 fell ) an awful cra% into ! sea4 ,! wat] into :i* x plung$ 0 conv]t$ into an appe>ance ( vap\r1 or smoke1 l t f a furi\s cannonad+4 ,! noise 0 equal to t ( ?und]1 :i* x ne>ly resembl$4 ,! column :i* fell 0 ne>ly squ>e1 & 9 magnitude resembl$ a *ur*4 ,x broke into ?\s&s ( pieces4 ,?is circum/ance 0 a happy caution1 = we might inadv]t5tly h gone to ! base ( ! icy cliff1 f :5ce masses ( consid]able magnitude 7 cont9ually break+4 ,?is iceb]g 0 full ( r5ts z high z any ( our p asc5d$ ^u x1 ext5d+ 9 a direction p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>d1 & divid+ x into innum]able columns4 ,! surface 0 v unev51 be+ furr[$ & crack$ all ov]4 ,?is r\ghness appe>$ to be occasion$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 "s /reams ( wat] be+ se5 runn+ ov] ! surface2 & o!rs1 hav+ worn away ! sup]ficial ice1 c\ld /ill be he>d pursu+ _! c\rse ?r\gh subglacial *annels to ! front ( ! iceb]g1 :]e1 9 transp>5t /reams1 or 9 small cascades1 !y fell into ! sea4 ,9 "s places1 *asms ( sev]al y>ds 9 wid? 7 se51 9 o!rs !y 7 only a few in*es or feet across4 ,"o ( ! sailors1 :o attempt$ to walk across ! iceb]g1 imprud5tly /epp$ into a n>r[ *asm1 fill$ up ) sn[ to ! g5]al level4 ,he in/antly plung$ up to 8 %\ld]s1 & might1 b = ! sudd5 ext5sion ( 8 arms1 h be5 buri$ 9 ! gulf4 ,iceb]gs are1 probably1 =m$ ( m solid ice ?an glaci]s1 b1 9 e o!r respect1 !y are v simil>4 ,! ice ( :i* !y consi/ is1 inde$1 a little por\s1 b consid]able pieces are f\nd ( p]fect transp>5cy4 ,be+ :olly produc$ f ra9 or sn[1 ! wat] is necess>ily potable4 ,iceb]gs h1 probably1 ! same k9d ( orig9 z glaci]s1 & ! "t ( _! fir/ /ratum is ne>ly coeval ) ! l& on :i* !y are lodg$4 ,?\gh l>ge portions may be frequ5tly sep>at$ f ! l[] edge1 or1 by l>ge avalan*es f ! m\nta9 summit1 be hurl$ into ! sea1 yet ! annual gr[? repl5i%es ! loss1 &1 probably1 on ! :ole1 produces a p]petual increase 9 ?ickness4 ,spitzb]g5 & its isl&s1 ) "s o!r c\ntries )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 exhibit a k9d ( sc5]y :i* is altoge!r novel4 ,! pr9cipal objects :i* /rike ! eye are innum]able m\nta9\s peaks1 ridges1 precipices1 or ne$les1 ris+ imm$iately out ( ! sea1 to an elevation ( ?ree ?\s& or f\r ?\s& feet1 ! col\r ( :i*1 at a mod]ate di/ance1 appe>s to be blacki% %ades ( br[n1 gre51 grey1 & purple2 sn[ or ice1 9 /ri1 or pat*es1 occupy+ ! v>i\s clefts & holl[s 9 ! sides ( ! hills1 capp+ "s ( ! m\nta9 summits1 & fill+ ) ext5d$ b$s ! mo/ consid]able valleys2 & ice ( ! glaci]-=m occurr+ at int]vals all along ! coa/ 9 p>ticul> situations1 z already describ$1 9 prodigi\s accumulations4 ,! gli/5+1 or vitre\s appe>ance ( ! iceb]g precipices1 ! purity1 :it5ess1 & beauty ( ! slop+ expanse1 =m$ by ! adjo9+ or int]mix$ m\nta9s & rocks1 p]petually 8cov]$ ) a m\rn+ veil ( black li*5s10 ) ! sudd5 transitions into a robe ( pure/ :ite1 :]e pat*es or b$s ( sn[ occur1 pres5t a v>iety & ext5t ( contra/ altoge!r peculi>1 :i*1 :5 enlight5$ by ! occasional e!real brilliancy ( ! ,pol> sky1 & h>moniz$ 9 its s]5ity ) ! calmness ( ! ocean1 con/itute a picture bo? novel & magnific5t4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a k9d ( maje/y1 n to be convey$ 9 words1 9 ^! extraord9>y accumulations ( sn[ & ice 9 ! valleys1 & 9 ! rocks above rocks1 & peaks above peaks1 9 ! m\nta9 gr\ps1 se5 ris+ above ! ord9>y elevation ( ! cl\ds1 & t]m9at+ occasionally 9 cre/s ( ev]la/+ sn[1 especially :5 y approa* ! %ore "u %elt] ( ! imp5etrable d5sity ( a summ] fog1 9 :i* case ! fog sometimes disp]ses l ! draw+ ( a curta91 :5 ! /rong contra/ ( light & %ade1 bright5$ by a cl\dless atmosph]e & p[]ful sun1 bur/s on ! s5ses 9 a brilliant exhibition4 ,"h are to be beheld ! glories ( t "o ,god1 :o is ! ,mak] ( all ?+s 9 heav5 & on e>?1 & :o1 unlike ! false deities ( hea!n nations1 is n conf9$ 9 8 pres5ce & gov]nm5t to any p>ticul> zone ( ! e>?'s surface1 b illu/rates ! skill & excell5ce ( 8 creation1 bo? 9 ! beauties ( icy & torrid climes4 ,a rem>kable deception1 9 ! app>5t di/ance ( ! l&1 is to be attribut$ to ! /rong contra/ ( light & %ade1 & ! great height & /eepness ( ! m\nta9s1 display$ 9 ^! regions4 ,any /rang]s to ! ,arctic c\ntries1 h[ev] capable ( judg+ ( ! di/ance ( l& g5]ally1 mu/ be completely at a loss 9 _! e/imations :5 !y approa* )9 sight ( ,spitzb]g54 ,:5 at ! di/ance ( tw5ty miles1 x w\ld be no difficult matt] to induce ev5 a judici\s /rang] to und]take a passage 9 a boat to ! %ore1 f ! belief t he 0 )9 a league ( ! l&4 ,at ?is di/ance1 ! portions ( rock & pat*es ( sn[1 z well z ! cont\r ( ! diff]5t hills1 are z di/9ctly m>k$ z simil> objects 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 n hav+ sn[ ab\t !m1 w\ld be at a f\r? or a fif? "p ( ! di/ance4 ,h5ce we c acc\nt1 on a reasonable gr\nd1 = a curi\s circum/ance relat$ 9 a ,dani% voyage1 und]tak5 = ! recov]y ( ! la/ colony 9 ,gre5l&1 by ,mog5s ,he9son4 ,?is p]son1 :o pass$ = a r5[n$ seaman 9 8 day1 0 s5t out by ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,aft] enc\nt]+ _m difficulties & dang]s f /orms & ice1 he got sight ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & attempt$ to rea* x2 b1 ?\gh ! sea 0 q free f ice1 & ! w9d fav\rable & bl[+ a fre% gale1 he1 aft] proce$+ sev]al h\rs )\t appe>+ to get any ne>] ! l&1 became al>m$1 back$ ab\t1 & return$ to ,d5m>k4 ,on 8 arrival1 he attribut$ ?is extraord9>y circum/ance--magnifi$1 no d\bt1 by 8 fe>s--to 8 vessel hav+ be5 /opp$ 9 its c\rse by 8"s load/one rocks hidd5 9 ! sea40 ,! true cause1 h[ev]1 ( :at he took to be a subm>9e magnetic influ5ce1 arose1 ,i d\bt n1 f ! deceptive "* ( ! l&1 z to di/ance1 :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,spitzb]g5 ab\nds ) deep bays & ext5sive s\nds1 9 _m ( :i* are excell5t h>b\rs4 ,f ,po9t ,look-out to ,hackluyt's ,headl&1 ! we/ coa/ =ms almo/ a s]ies ( rocks & f\l gr\nd1 few p>ts1 except+ ! bays1 af=d+ an*or+ = %ips4 ,"s ( ^! rocks are dry only at l[ wat]1 or only %[ !mselves :5 ! sea is high1 & are dang]\s to %ipp+2 o!rs are con/antly above wat]1 or altoge!r s bel[ ! surface t !y c ei!r be se5 & avoid$1 or sail$ ov] 9 mod]ate wea!r )\t mu* haz>d4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,po9t ,look-out1 a ridge ( /ony gr\nd /ret*es five leagues into ! sea1 t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 on :i* ! sea occasionally breaks4 ,horn ,s\nd af=ds tol]able an*orage2 )9 ,bell ,s\nd are sev]al an*or+ places & "s riv]s1 & 9 ,ice ,s\nd1 at ,gre5 ,h>b\r1 is good an*orage ne> ! bank1 9 t5 to eight fa?oms' wat]1 or less4 ,9 sev]al o!r places1 :5 n encumb]$ ) ice1 !re is pretty good refuge = %ips4 ,on ! nor? & ea/ sides ( ,spitzb]g5 are sev]al h>b\rs1 "s ( !m v safe & commodi\s1 b !y are n s (t5 free f ice z ^? we/w>d1 &1 !re=e1 h seldom be5 visit$4 ,?\gh ! :ale-fi%]s 9 ! pres5t age g5]ally see ! level ( ,spitzb]g5 e voyage1 yet n _m ( !m visit ! %ores4 ,my fa!r has be5 sev]al times on %ore 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,my own l&+1 = ! fir/ "t 9 an ,arctic c\ntry1 0 on ,*>les's ,isl&1 or ,fair ,=ehead1 at ! nor?-we/ po9t4 ,! numb] ( birds se5 on ! precipices & rocks adjo9+ ! sea 0 imm5se1 & ! noise :i* !y made on our approa* 0 q deaf5+4 ,! wea!r 0 calm & cle> :5 ,i w5t on %ore1 b sudd5ly1 a ?ick fog & breeze ( w9d comm5c+1 oblig$ u to put (f ) ha/e1 & subject$ u to great anxiety be=e we rea*$ ! %ip4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahah1 ,i 0 sev]al times on %ore on ! ma91 & l&$ once 9 ! same season on ! nor? side ( ,k+'s ,bay4 ,be+ ne> ! l&1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #bcrd ( ,july1 ! wea!r beautifully cle>1 & all our sails becalm$ by ! hills1 except+ ! top-gallant sails1 9 :i* we _h con/antly a g5tle breeze1 ,i left ! %ip 9 *>ge ( an (fic]1 ) ord]s to /& no ne>] ?an into ?irty fa?oms' wat]1 & ) two boats & f\rte5 m5 r[$ to ! %ore4 ,we arriv$ at ! bea* ab\t half-pa/ sev51 ,p4,m41 & l&$ on a track ( l[ flat gr\nd1 ext5d+ ab\t six miles nor? & s\?1 & two or ?ree ea/ & we/4 ,?is table-l& lies s l[ t x w\ld be ov]fl[n by ! sea1 7 x n = a natural embankm5t ( %+le ?r[n up by ! sea4 ,aft] advanc+ ab\t half a furlong1 we met ) mica slate1 9 ne>ly p]p5dicul> /rata2 & a little fur!r on ) an ext5sive b$ ( lime/one1 9 small angul> fragm5ts4 ,"h & !re we saw l>ge ponds ( fre% wat]1 d]iv$ f melt$ ice & sn[2 9 "s places1 small rema9s ( sn[2 & la/ly1 ne> ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 a consid]able morass1 into :i* we sank ne>ly to ! knees4 ,"s unheal?y-look+ mosses appe>$ on ?is swamp1 b ! s(te/ "p1 z well z mo/ ( ! gr\nd we _h hi!rto trav]s$1 0 entirely void ( vegetation4 ,?is swamp _h a moori% look1 & consi/$1 app>5tly1 ( black alluvial soil1 mix$ ) "s vegetable rema9s1 & 0 curi\sly m>k$ on ! surface ) small polygonal ridges1 f "o to ?ree y>ds 9 diamet]1 s comb9$ z to give ! gr\nd an appe>ance su* z t exhibit$ by a section ( honeycomb4 ,an asc5t ( a few y>ds f ! morass1 ( some:at firm] gr\nd1 br\ght u to ! foot ( ! m\nta91 to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,mitre ,cape4 ,"h "s pretty specim5s ( ,saxifraga oppositifolia & ,gre5l&ica1 ,salix h]bacea1 ,draba alp9a1 ,papav] alp9a1 7( ,mr4 ,don17 etc41 & "s o!r plants 9 full fl[]1 7 f\nd on little tufts ( soil1 & scatt]$ ab\t on ! asc5t4 ,! fir/ hill rose at an incl9ation ( #de1 to ! height ( ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet1 & 0 jo9$ on ! nor? side to ano!r ( ab\t twice ! elevation4 ,we began to climb ! acclivity on ! mo/ accessible side1 at ab\t #aj1 ,p4,m42 b1 f ! loos5ess ( ! /ones1 & ! /eepness ( ! asc5t1 we f\nd x a mo/ difficult und]tak+4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a possibility ( advanc+ by ! common movem5t ( walk+ 9 ?is attempt2 = ! gr\nd gave way at e /ep1 & no progress 0 made2 h5ce1 ! only me?od ( succe$+ 0 by ! ef=t ( leap+ or runn+1 :i*1 "u ! peculi> circum/ances1 c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t excessive fatigue4 ,9 ! direction we trav]s$1 we met ) angul> fragm5ts ( lime/one & qu>tz1 *iefly ( "o or two p\nds' weight1 & a few nak$ rocks protrud+ ?r\gh ! loose mat]ials1 ( :i* ! side ( ! m\nta91 to ! ext5t x 0 visible1 0 pr9cipally compos$4 ,^! rocks appe>$ solid at a little di/ance1 b1 on exam9ation1 7 f\nd to be full ( fractures 9 e direction1 s t x 0 ) difficulty t a specim5 ( five or six p\nds' weight1 9 a solid mass1 c\ld be obta9$4 ,along ! side ( ! fir/ range ( hills1 ne> ! summit1 0 ext5d$ a b& ( ice & sn[1 :i*1 9 ! direct asc5t1 we tri$ 9 va9 to surm\nt4 ,by great ex]tion1 h[ev]1 9 trac+ ! side ( ! hill = ab\t two hundr$ y>ds1 :]e x 0 s uncommonly /eep t at e /ep %[]s ( /ones 7 precipitat$ to ! bottom1 we f\nd a sort ( angle ( ! hill1 free f ice1 by :i* ! summit 0 scal$4 ,"h we re/$ until ,i took a few angles & be>+s ( ! mo/ prom95t p>ts ( ! coa/1 :51 hav+ collect$ specim5s ( ! m9]als1 & su* few plants z ! b>r5 ridge af=d$1 we proce$$ on our excursion4 ,9 our way to ! pr9cipal m\nta9 ne> u1 we pass$ along a ridge ( ! second>y m\nta9s1 :i* 0 s acute t ,i sat across x ) a leg on ea* side z on horseback4 ,to ! v top x consi/$ ( loose %>p lime/ones1 ( a yell[i% or r$di% col\r1 small] 9 size ?an ! /ones g5]ally us$ = repair+ high roads1 few pieces be+ above a p\nd 9 weight4 ,! fracture appe>$ r fre%4 ,aft] pass+ along ?is ridge ab\t ?ree or f\r furlongs1 & cross+ a lodgm5t ( ice & sn[1 we desc5d$ by a sort ( rav9e to ! side ( ! pr9cipal m\nta91 :i* arose ) a uni=mly /eep asc5t1 simil> to t we _h already surm\nt$1 to ! v summit4 ,! asc5t 0 n[ ev5 m difficult ?an be=e2 we c\ld make no consid]able progress1 b by ! ex]tion ( leap+ & runn+1 s t we 7 oblig$ to re/ aft] e fifty or sixty paces4 ,no solid rock 0 met )1 & no e>? or soil4 ,! /ones1 h[ev]1 7 l>g]1 appe>$ m decay$1 & 7 m uni=mly cov]$ ) black li*5s2 b sev]al plants ( ! ,saxifraga1 ,salix1 ,draba1 ,co*le>ia1 & ,juncus g5]a1 :i* _h be5 met ) "h & !re = ! fir/ two ?\s& feet ( elevation1 began to disappe> z we approa*$ ! summit4 ,! inv>iably brok5 /ate ( ! rocks appe>$ to h be5 ! effect ( fro/4 ,on calc>e\s rocks1 "s ( :i* are n imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 ! effect is su* z might be expect$2 b h[ fro/ c op]ate 9 ?is way on qu>tz is n s easily und]/ood4 ,z we complet$ ! ardu\s asc5t1 ! sun _h j rea*$ ! m]idian bel[ ! ,pole1 & /ill %$ 8 reviv+ rays ( unimpair$ brilliancy on a small surface ( sn[1 :i* capp$ ! m\nta9 summit4 ,a !rmomet]1 plac$ among /ones 9 ! %ade ( ! br[ ( ! hill1 indicat$ a temp]ature z high z #cg4 ,at ! top ( ! fir/ hill1 ! temp]ature 0 #db2 & at ! foot1 on ! pla91 #dd to #df2 s t1 at ! v peak ( ! m\nta91 e/imat$ at ?ree ?\s& feet elevation1 ! p[] ( ! sun at midnight produc$ a temp]ature sev]al degrees above ! freez+ po9t1 & occasion$ ! dis*>ge ( /reams ( wat] f ! sn[-capp$ summit4 ,9 ,spitzb]g51 ! fro/ relaxes 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 & ! ?aw+ temp]ature prevails = consid]able int]vals on ! greate/ heights t h be5 visit$4 ,z ! capacity ( air = heat increases z its d5sity decreases1 & t 9 su* a degree t ab\t e n9ety y>ds ( elevation 9 ! l[] atmosph]e produces a depression ( "o degree ( temp]ature ( ,fahr5heit1 we f9d t ! elevation ( "s ( ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 & m\nta9s ( ,nepaul 9 ! temp]ate zone1 is su*1 t _! summits are above ! level :]e a temp]ature ( ?aw+ c at any "t prevail2 & ?\gh1 by ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! m\nta9s ( ,spitzb]g51 we f9d t a ?aw+ temp]ature may be occasionally expect$1 yet we d n see h[ ! preval5ce ( a ?aw %\ld be s cont9ual z to disp]se ! w9t]'s coat ( sn[1 :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! hotte/ mon? 9 ! ye> mu/1 on a m\nta9 fifte5 hundr$ feet elevation or upw>d1 probably be bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,p]haps ! difficulty is to be ?us resolv$4 ,! wea!r1 9 ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 is mu* cle>] at ,spitzb]g5 ?an x is ne> ! neighb\r+ ice1 :]e mo/ ( my obs]vations on temp]ature 7 made1 & z su* ! temp]ature ( ^! mon?s on %ore mu/ be w>m] ?an at sea1 & s mu* high] inde$ z is requisite = occasion+ ! dissolution ( sn[ ev5 on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! highe/ temp]ature ,i ev] obs]v$ 9 ,spitzb]g5 0 #dh2 b 9 ! summ] ( #aggc1 :5 capta9 ,phipps visit$ ,spitzb]g51 a temp]ature ( #eh once occurr$4 ,suppos+ ?is to be ! greate/1 degree ( height :i* takes place1 x w require an elevation ( #g1gia feet = r$uc+ t temp]ature to ! freez+ po9t1 & h5ce we may reckon ?is to be ab\t ! altitude ( ! upp] l9e ( congelation1 :]e fro/ p]petually prevails4 ,! prospect f ! m\nta9 :i* we asc5d$ 0 mo/ ext5sive & gr&4 ,a f9e %elt]$ bay 0 se5 on ! ea/ ( u1 an arm ( ! same on ! nor?-ea/1 & ! sea1 ^: glassy surface 0 unruffl$ by ! breeze1 =m$ an imm5se expanse on ! we/2 ! iceb]gs1 re>+ _! pr\d cre/s almo/ to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s betwe5 :i* !y 7 lodg$1 & defy+ ! p[] ( ! sol> beams1 7 scatt]$ 9 v>i\s directions ab\t ! sea-coa/1 & 9 ! adjo9+ bays4 ,b$s ( sn[ & ice1 fill+ ext5sive holl[s1 & giv+ an enamell$ coat to adjo9+ valleys1 "o ( :i*1 comm5c+ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 :]e we /ood1 ext5d$ 9 a cont9u$ l9e across ! nor?1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*2 m\nta9 ris+ above m\nta91 until by di/ance !y dw9dl$ into insignificance2 ! :ole contra/$ by a cl\dless canopy ( deepe/ azure1 & enlight5$ by ! rays ( a blaz+ sun1 & ! effect aid$ by a feel+ ( dang]1 seat$ z we 7 on ! p9nacle ( a rock1 almo/ surr\nd$ by trem5d\s precipices2 all unit$ to con/itute a picture s+ul>ly sublime4 ,a g5tle breeze ( w9d1 t prevail$ on ! summit1 mu* refre%$ u1 & /r5g!n$ u = ! desc5t1 :i*1 ?\gh we _h reg>d$ x ) indiff]5ce1 we f\nd really a v haz>d\s1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 a pa9ful und]tak+4 ,on ! flat ( l& next ! sea1 we met ) ! horns ( re9de]1 _m skulls & o!r bones ( sea-horses1 :ales1 n>:ales1 foxes1 & seals1 & "s human skeletons1 laid 9 *e/-l c(f9s1 expos$ nak$ on ! /r&4 ,two ,russian lodges =m$ ( logs ( p9e1 ) a ?ird 9 ru9s1 7 also se52 ! =m]1 f a quantity ( fre% *ips ab\t !m1 & o!r appe>ances1 gave evid5ce ( hav+ be5 rec5tly inhabit$4 ,^! huts 7 built ^u a ridge ( %+le1 adjo9+ ! sea4 ,among ! %+le on ! bea* 7 numb]s ( ne/s1 conta9+ ! eggs ( t]ns1 ducks1 & burgoma/]s1 & 9 "s ( !m 7 "y birds4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 :i* we took on bo>d1 0 v lively1 & grew rapidly1 b hav+ tak5 a fancy to a cake ( :ite lead1 ) :i* ! surgeon 0 f9i%+ a draw+1 he 0 poison$4 ,! only insect ,i saw 0 a small gre5 fly1 :i* sw>m$ ^u ! %+le ab\t ! bea*4 ,! sea along ! coa/ teem$ ) a species ( helix1 ) ! clio borealis1 & ) small %rimps4 ,no animal ( ! class ,v]mes1 & no liv+ quadrup$1 0 obs]v$4 ,drift-wood 0 9 "s abundance1 &1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( a /rong we/ w9d1 ! %ore 0 cov]$ 9 _m places ) deep b$s ( sea-we$4 ,( all ! objects1 h[ev]1 t we met ) 9 ! c\rse ( our rese>*1 none excit$ s mu* int]e/ z ! c>case ( a dead :ale1 f\nd /r&$ on ! bea*1 :i*1 ?\gh mu* swoll51 & n a little putrid1 fix$ our att5tion1 & div]t$ u f objects ( m]e curiosity4 ,x prov$ a prize to u ( ! value ( ab\t #djj1 b 0 n secur$ )\t mu* lab\r4 ,f a h>poon f\nd 9 its body1 x appe>$ to h be5 /ruck by "s ( ! fi%]s on ! ,elbe1 & hav+ escap$ f !m1 x _h probably /r&$ itself :]e we f\nd x4 ,! climate ( ,spitzb]g5 is no d\bt m disagreeable to human feel+ ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry yet discov]$4 ,ext5d+ to )9 t5 degrees ( ! ,pole1 x is g5]ally int5sely cold1 & ev5 9 ! ?ree w>me/ mon?s1 ! temp]ature n av]ag+ m ?an #cd1 x is !n subject to a cold ( ?ree1 f\r1 or m degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,x has ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( be+ visit$ by ! sun = an un9t]rupt$ p]iod ( f\r mon?s 9 ea* ye>1 ?us hav+ a summ]'s day--if s long an int]val betwe5 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun may be s d5om9at$--consi/+ ( "o-?ird "p ( ! ye>4 ,b its w9t] is proportionably desolate2 ! sun1 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 rema9+ p]petually bel[ ! horizon f ab\t ! #bbnd ( ,octob] to ab\t ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y4 ,?is great w9t] night1 ?\gh suffici5tly dre>y1 is by no means s d>k z might be expect$1 ,god hav+1 by wise & m]ciful arrangem5ts1 di/ribut$1 ) "s approa* to equality1 ! bless+s ( 8 provid5ce4 ,! sun1 ev5 dur+ its greate/ s\? decl9ation1 approa*es )9 #ac ( ! horizon1 & af=ds a fa9t twilight = ab\t "o-f\r? "p ( e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,add$ to ?is twilight1 ! aurora borealis1 :i* sometimes exhibits a brilliancy approa*+ a blaze ( fire--! />s1 :i* %9e ) an uncommon degree ( brightness--& ! moon1 :i*1 9 nor? decl9ation1 appe>s = twelve or f\rte5 days toge!r )\t sett+--altoge!r h an effect1 :i*1 :5 height5$ by ! reflection ( a con/ant surface ( sn[1 g5]ally give suffici5t light = go+ abroad2 b1 ) ! light af=d$ by ! heav5s1 :5 ! moon is bel[ ! horizon1 x is seldom possible to read4 ,! fir/ human be+s :o are kn[n to h pass$ ! w9t] 9 ,spitzb]g51 7 two p>ties ( seam51 belong+ to ,engli% :al]s1 :o 7 left on %ore by accid5t1 on two diff]5t occasions2 ! fir/ p>ty1 consi/+ ( n9e p]sons1 all p]i%$2 b ! latt]1 compos$ ( eight individuals1 surviv$ ! rig\rs ( ! w9t] ( #afcj-a1 & 7 all rescu$4 ,9 ! ye> #afcc1 sev5 volunte]s1 belong+ to ! ,dut* fleet1 7 induc$1 by c]ta9 emolum5ts1 to attempt ! same ent]prise1 & succe$$ 9 pass+ ! w9t] )\t su/a9+ any injury2 b1 on ! same haz>d\s exp]im5t be+ tri$ by sev5 o!r p]sons ! foll[+ w9t]1 !y all fell a sacrifice to ! ravages ( ! scurvy4 ,"s ,russians seem to h be5 ! next to attempt ?is adv5tur\s exploit1 :o1 f be+ inur$ to a w9t] little less sev]e at home1 7 enabl$ to accompli% x ) m safety4 ,f\r m51 :o l&$ on an isl& on ! ea/ side ( ,spitzb]g51 9 ! ye> #agdc1 & 7 depriv$ ( ! means ( gett+ away by an unexpect$ calamity hav+ ov]tak5 ! vessel to :i* !y belong$1 rema9$ !re "s ye>s4 ,be+ expos$ to uncommon privations1 !y 7 l$ by _! necessities to adopt "s mo/ +5i\s devices = provid+ !mselves ) food & raim5t 9 _! long & sev]e bani%m5t4 ,"o ( _! numb] di$2 b ! o!rs 7 reliev$1 aft] a /ay ( ?ree ye>s & six mon?s1 by a vessel provid5tially driv5 on ! coa/1 & re/or$ to _! fri5ds1 enri*$ ) sk9s & o!r produce ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y _h be5 exil$4 ,9 mod]n times1 p ( ! same nation h be5 9 ! habit ( submitt+ to a volunt>y transportation1 ) ! object ( mak+ "s consid]able advantage by ! opportunities :i* su* a measure af=ds !m ( hunt+ & fi%+4 ,^! p]sons 7 =m]ly employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! 8,:ite ,sea ,fi%+ ,company20 b ?is company be+ n[ no long] 9 exi/5ce1 ! trade is conduct$ by private adv5tur]s4 ,!y n[ proce$ f ,meg51 ,ar*angel1 ,onega1 ,rala1 & o!r places bord]+ ! ,:ite ,sea1 9 vessels ( sixty to "o hundr$ & sixty tons1 "s int5d$ = ! summ] fi%+1 & o!rs = ! w9t]4 ,! =m] put to sea 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 & sometimes return 9 ,septemb]2 ! latt] sail ab\t a mon? lat]1 & w9t]+ 9 ! mo/ secure coves ( ,devil ,bay1 ,bell ,s\nd1 ,horn ,s\nd1 ,cross ,bay1 ,magdal5 ,bay1 ,love ,bay1 & o!rs1 return home 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ or ,septemb] ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! fi%]m5 reside on %ore dur+ ! w9t]1 9 huts ( ! same k9d z ^? us$ by ! peasants 9 ,russia1 :i*1 be+ tak5 out ) !m 9 pieces1 are con/ruct$ ) b little tr\ble1 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t situations4 ,!y build _! /oves ) bricks1 or ) clay1 f\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,_! l>ge/ hut1 :i* is erect$ ne> ! place :]e _! vessels or boats are laid up1 is f tw5ty to tw5ty-five feet squ>e1 & is us$ z a /ation & magaz9e2 b ! huts us$ by ! m5 :o g 9 que/ ( sk9s1 :i* are erect$ along %ore1 are only sev5 or eight feet squ>e4 ,! small] huts are usually occupi$ by two or ?ree m51 :o take c>e to provide !mselves f ! /ore ) ! necess>y provisions = s]v+ !m ! :ole w9t]4 ,i h visit$ sev]al ( ^! huts1 "s con/ruct$ ( logs1 o!rs ( deals1 two in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,dur+ ! /ay ( ! hunt]s1 !y employ !mselves 9 kill+ seals1 sea-horses1 etc41 9 ! wat]2 & be>s1 foxes1 de]1 or :atev] else !y meet )1 on l&4 ,!y are furni%$ ) provisions = eighte5 mon?s by _! employ]s1 consi/+ ( rye-fl\r = bread1 oatmeal1 b>ley-meal1 peas1 salt beef1 salt cod1 & salt halibut1 toge!r ) curdl$ milk1 honey1 & l9se$ oil2 besides :i*1 !y procure = !mselves lion-de] 9 w9t]1 & birds 9 summ]4 ,_! dr9k *iefly consi/s ( a liquor call$ nuas1 made f rye-fl\r & wat]2 malt or spiritu\s liquors be+ entirely =bidd51 to prev5t drunk5ness1 z ^! p]sons1 :5 !y 7 all[$ x1 drank s immod]ately1 t _! "w 0 (t5 altoge!r neglect$4 ,= g5]al purposes1 !y use spr+ wat] :5 x is to be _h1 or1 9 lieu ( x1 take wat] f lakes2 b1 :5 nei!r c be got1 !y use melt$ sn[4 ,_! fuel1 = ! mo/ "p1 is br\ght ) !m f ,russia1 & drift-wood is us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! hunt]s def5d !mselves f ! rig\r ( ! fro/ by a cov]+ made ( sk91 ov] :i* !y we> a g>m5t call$ ku%y1 made ( ! sk9 ( re9-de]1 ) boots ( ! same4 ,a w>m cap1 call$ a truc*y1 def5ds ! :ole head & neck1 & "p ( ! face2 & gloves ( %eep-sk91 ! h&s4 ,!y seldom travel f> 9 w9t]1 b ! %ort excursions !y h occasion to make !y p]=m on foot1 on sn[-skates1 & draw _! food aft] !m on h&-sl$ges1 b su* z h dogs employ !m 9 ?is s]vice4 ,_! huts1 9 /ormy wea!r1 are (t5 buri$ 9 ! sn[1 & 9 su* cases !y are oblig$ to make _! way ?r\gh ! *imney to get out4 ,z an anti-scorbutic1 !y make use ( a h]b produc$ 9 ! c\ntry1 a /ock ( :i* !y g5]ally provide !mselves ) on ! approa* ( w9t]1 b sometimes !y are "u ! necessity ( digg+ ?r\gh ! sn[ to obta9 x4 ,!y ei!r eat x )\t any prep>ation1 or dr9k ! liquor prep>$ f x by infusion 9 wat]4 ,= ! same purpose1 !y use a k9d ( raspb]ry1 & a decoction ( fir-tops4 ,spitzb]g5 does n af=d _m vegetables4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t vegetation goes on uncommonly quick 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( ! plants spr+ up1 fl[]1 & af=d se$ 9 ! c\rse ( a mon? or six weeks4 ,!y are *iefly ( a dw>fi% size4 ,"s ( ! fl[]s are really pretty1 b exhibit few col\rs1 except+ yell[1 :ite1 & purple4 ,! only plant ,i met ) p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a tree1 7a salix1 alli$ to ,s4 h]bacea17 gr[s b to ! height ( ?ree or f\r in*es4 ,al?\gh ,spitzb]g5 is probably ri* 9 m9]als1 yet s p>tial has be5 ! exam9ation ( x t no?+ ( any value1 except+ m>ble & coal1 has yet be5 met )4 ,! rem>ks made conc]n+ ! appe>ances & productions ( ,spitzb]g5 apply 9 g5]al to ! isl&s adjac5t4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! are ,m(f5 ,isl&1 ,l[ ,isl&1 ,hope ,isl&1 & ,*]ie ,isl&4 ,! la/ ab\nds 9 sea-horses1 be>s1 foxes1 & sea-f[l4 ,lead ore1 9 ve9s at ! surface1 has be5 f\nd "h1 & specim5s ( virg9 silv]4 ,betwe5 ! latitudes ( #gj #di & #ga #h #bj nor?1 & betwe5 ! longitudes #g #bf & #h #dd1 lies ! isl& ( ,jan ,may51 said to h be5 fir/ se5 by a ,dut* navigator ( ?is "n 9 ! ye> #afaa4 ,! we/ side1 af=d+ ! greate/ numb] ( an*orages1 hav+ ! be/ conv5i5ce = l&+1 & be+ bett] %elt]$ f ! mo/ frequ5t /orms1 0 select$ by ! ,dut* = _! boil+ /ations4 ,i 0 successful1 9 my passage homew>d1 9 ! ye> #ahag1 9 effect+ a l&+4 ,on approa*+1 ! fir/ object :i* /rikes att5tion is ! peak ( ,be]5b]g1 :i* ,i subsequ5tly saw at a di/ance 7by obs]vation7 ( n9ety-five to a hundr$ miles4 ,x re>s its icy summit to an elevation ( #f1ghj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,aft] leav+ ! sea-%ore1 fragm5ts ( lava 7 se5 at e /ep1 & num]\s und\bt$ m>ks ( rec5t volcanic action4 ,on rea*+ a summit1 e/imat$ at #a1ejj feet above ! sea1 we beheld a beautiful crat]1 =m+ a bas9 ( #ejj or #fjj feet 9 dep?1 & #fjj or #gjj y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,! bottom ( ! crat] 0 fill$ ) alluvial matt] to su* a height t x pres5t$ a horizontal flat ( an elliptical =m1 measur+ #djj feet by #bdj4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 "s volcano 01 ,i believe1 9 action 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 z ,i obs]v$ consid]able jets ( smoke dis*>g$ f ! e>? at int]vals ( e ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,gre5l& ,,or ,,pol> ,,ice4 ,( ! inanimate productions ( ! ,pol> ,seas1 none p]haps excite s mu* int]e/ & a/oni%m5t 9 a /rang] z ! ice 9 its great abundance & v>iety4 ,! /up5d\s masses kn[n by ! "n ( icel&s or iceb]gs1 common to ,davis's ,/rait1 & sometimes met ) 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea1 f _! height1 v>i\s =ms1 & ! dep? ( wat] 9 :i* !y gr\nd1 are calculat$ to /rike ! behold] ) wond]2 yet ! prodigi\s %eets ( ice1 call$ ice-fields1 m peculi> to ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea1 are n less a/oni%+4 ,_! defici5cy 9 elevation is suffici5tly comp5sat$ by _! amaz+ ext5t ( surface4 ,"s ( !m h be5 obs]v$ ext5d+ _m leagues 9 l5g?1 & cov]+ an area ( sev]al hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 ea* consi/+ ( a s+le %eet ( ice1 hav+ its surface rais$ 9 g5]al f\r or six feet above ! level ( ! wat]1 & its base depress$ to ! dep? ( t5 to tw5ty feet b5ea?4 ,! ice 9 g5]al is designat$ by a v>iety ( appellations1 di/+ui%+ x accord+ to ! size or %ape ( ! pieces1 _! numb] or =m ( aggregation1 ?ickness1 transp>5cy1 situation1 etc4 ,z ! diff]5t d5om9ations ( ice w be frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 x may be useful to give def9itions ( ! t]ms 9 use among ! :ale-fi%]s = di/+ui%+ !m4 #a4 ,an iceb]g1 or ice-m\nta91 is a l>ge insulat$ peak ( float+ ice1 or a glaci]1 occupy+ a rav9e or valley1 g5]ally op5+ t[>ds ! sea 9 an arctic c\ntry4 #b4 ,a field is a %eet ( ice1 s ext5sive t its limits _c be disc]n$ f ! %ip's ma/-head4 #c4 ,a floe is simil> to a field1 b small]1 inasmu* z its ext5t c be se54 ,?is t]m1 h[ev]1 is seldom appli$ to pieces ( ice ( less diamet] ?an half-a-mile or a mile4 #d4 ,drift-ice consi/s ( pieces less ?an floes1 ( v>i\s %apes & magnitudes4 #e4 ,bra%-ice is /ill small] ?an drift-ice1 & may be consid]$ z ! wreck ( o!r k9ds ( ice4 #f4 ,bay-ice is t :i* is newly-=m$ on ! sea1 & consi/s ( two k9ds1 common bay-ice & pancake-ice2 ! =m] occurr+ 9 smoo? ext5sive %eets1 & ! latt] 9 small circul> pieces1 ) rais$ edges4 #g4 ,sludge consi/s ( a /ratum ( deta*$ ice cry/als1 or ( sn[1 or ( ! small] fragm5ts ( bra%-ice1 float+ on ! surface ( ! sea4 #h4 ,a hummock is a protub]ance rais$ ^u any plane ( ice above ! common level4 ,x is frequ5tly produc$ by pressure1 :]e "o piece is squeez$ ^u ano!r1 (t5 set ^u its edge1 & 9 t position cem5t$ by ! fro/4 ,hummocks are likewise =m$ by pieces ( ice mutually cru%+ ea* o!r1 ! wreck be+ heap$ ^u "o or bo? ( !m4 ,to hummocks1 pr9cipally1 ! ice is indebt$ = its v>iety ( fanciful %apes1 & its picturesque appe>ance4 ,!y occur 9 great numb]s 9 heavy packs1 on ! edges1 & occasionally 9 ! middle ( fields & floes1 :]e !y (t5 atta9 ! height ( ?irty feet or upw>ds4 #i4 ,a calf is a portion ( ice :i* has be5 depress$ by ! same means z a hummock is elevat$4 ,x is kept d[n by "s l>g] mass1 f b5ea? :i* x %[s itself on "o side4 #aj4 ,a tongue is a po9t ( ice project+ ne>ly horizontally f a "p t is "u wat]4 ,%ips h sometimes run agr\nd ^u tongues ( ice4 #aa4 ,a pack is a body ( drift-ice1 ( su* magnitude t its ext5t is n disc]nible4 ,a pack is op5 :5 ! pieces ( ice1 ?\gh v ne> ea* o!r1 d n g5]ally t\*1 or close :5 ! pieces are 9 complete contact4 #ab4 ,a pat* is a collection ( drift or bay-ice1 ( a circul> or polygonal =m4 ,9 po9t ( magnitude1 a pack corresponds ) a field1 & a pat* ) a floe4 #ac4 ,a /ream is an oblong collection ( drift or bay-ice1 ! pieces ( :i* are cont9u\s4 ,x is call$ a sea-/ream :5 x is expos$ on "o side to ! ocean1 & af=ds %elt] f ! sea to :atev] is )9 x4 #ad4 ,op5-ice1 or sail+-ice1 is :]e ! pieces are s sep>ate z to admit ( a %ip sail+ conv5i5tly among !m4 #ae4 ,heavy & light are t]ms atta*$ to ice1 di/+ui%able ( its ?ickness4 #af4 ,l&-ice consi/s ( drift-ice atta*$ to ! %ore2 or drift-ice :i*1 by be+ cov]$ ) mud or gravel1 appe>s to h rec5tly be5 9 contact ) ! %ore2 or ! flat ice re/+ on ! l&1 n hav+ ! appe>ance or elevation ( iceb]gs4 #ag4 ,a bight is a bay 9 ! outl9e ( ! ice4 #ah4 ,a lane or ve9 is a n>r[ *annel ( wat] 9 packs or o!r l>ge collections ( ice4 ,:5 ! sea freezes1 ! greate/ "p ( ! salt x conta9s is deposit$1 & ! froz5 mass1 h[ev] spongy1 probably conta9s no salt b :at is natural to ! sea-wat] fill+ its pores4 ,h5ce ! g5]ality ( ice1 :5 dissolv$1 af=ds fre% wat]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ice froz5 altoge!r f sea-wat] does n appe> s solid & transp>5t z t procur$ f sn[ or ra9 wat]1 ! :ale-fi%]s di/+ui% x into two k9ds1 accord+ly z x af=ds wat] t is potable1 or ! contr>y1 z x appe>s to h be5 ! product ( fre% or salt wat]4 ,:at is consid]$ z salt-wat]-ice appe>s blacki% 9 ! wat]1 b 9 ! air is ( a :ite or grey col\r1 por\s1 & 9 a great measure opaque1 7except :5 9 v ?9 pieces17 yet transmits ! rays ( light ) a blue or bluei% gre5 %ade4 ,:5 dissolv$1 x produces wat] sometimes p]fectly fre%1 & at o!rs salti%4 ,?is dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on ! situation f :5ce x is tak52 su* p>ts z are rais$ above ! surface ( ! sea1 9 ! =m ( hummocks1 or :i*1 ?\gh bel[ ! surface1 h be5 long froz51 appe> to ga9 solidity1 & are commonly fre%2 :il/ ^? pieces tak5 out ( ! sea1 t h be5 rec5tly froz51 are some:at salt4 ,fre%-wat]-ice ( ! sailors is di/+ui%$ by its black appe>ance :5 float+ 9 small pieces 9 ! sea1 & by its transp>5cy :5 remov$ into ! air4 ,fre%-wat]-ice is fragile1 b h>d2 ! edges ( a fractur$ "p are frequ5tly s ke5 z to inflict a w\nd l glass4 ,! mo/ transp>5t pieces are capable ( conc5trat+ ! rays ( ! sun1 s z to produce a consid]able int5sity ( heat4 ,) a lump ( ice1 ( by no means regul> convexity1 ,i h frequ5tly burn$ wood1 fir$ gunp[d]1 incit$ lead1 & lit ! sailors' pipes1 to _! great a/oni%m5t1 all ( :om1 :o c\ld procure ! ne$ful articles1 eag]ly flock$ ar\nd me1 = ! satisfaction ( smok+ a pipe ignit$ by su* extraord9>y means4 ,_! a/oni%m5t 0 increas$ by obs]v+ t ! ice rema9$ firm & pellucid1 :ile ! sol> rays em]g+ f x 7 s hot1 t ! h& c\ld n be kept long] 9 ! focus ?an = ! space ( a few seconds4 ,9 ! =mation ( ^! l5ses1 ,i r\gh$ !m out ) a small axe1 & !n scrap$ !m ) a knife1 poli%+ !m m]ely by ! w>m? ( ! h&1 support+ !m dur+ ! op]ation 9 a wooll5 glove4 ,i once procur$ a piece ( ! pure/ ice1 s l>ge t a l5s ( sixte5 in*es diamet] 0 obta9$ out ( x2 unhappily1 h[ev]1 ! sun became obscur$ be=e x 0 complet$1 & nev] made its appe>ance aga9 = a =tnight1 dur+ :i* "t1 ! air be+ mild1 ! l5s 0 spoil$4 ,all "y ice1 su* z bay-ice & light-ice1 :i* =m a consid]able "p ( drift & pack-ice 9 g5]al1 is consid]$ by ,gre5l& sailors salt-wat]-ice2 :ile fields1 floes1 b]gs1 & heavy-ice1 *iefly consi/ ( fre%-wat]-ice4 ,bra%-ice likewise af=ds f9e specim5s ( ! latt]1 :i*1 :5 tak5 out ( ! sea1 are always f\nd cr[d$ on ! surface ) %>p po9ts & con*oidal excavations4 ,ice1 :5 rapidly dissolv$1 cont9ues solid z long z any rema9s1 b1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 at a temp]ature ( only two or ?ree degrees above ! freez+ po9t1 its solution is effect$ 9 a v peculi> mann]4 ,?us1 a l>ge lump ( fre%-wat]-ice1 :5 act$ on by su* a process1 if plac$ 9 ! plane ( its =mation1 resolves itself into consid]able columns ( a prismatic appe>ance4 ,^! columns are situat$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 almo/ entirely deta*$1 s t :5 a bl[ is /ruck ) an axe1 ! :ole mass frequ5tly falls to pieces4 ,9 ! l& iceb]gs1 ^! columns are (t5 ( amaz+ magnitude1 s z1 :5 sep>at$1 to =m float+ iceb]gs4 ,all ! ice float+ 9 ! sea is g5]ally r\gh & unev5 on ! surface1 & dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> cov]$ ) sn[4 ,ev5 newly-=m$ ice1 :i* is free f sn[1 is s r\gh & s(t t x _c be skat$ ^u4 ,"u wat] ! col\r ( ! ice v>ies ) ! col\r ( ! sea2 9 blue wat] x is blue1 9 gre5 wat] x is gre51 & ( deep] %ades 9 proportion to its dep?4 ,9 ! ?icke/ olive-gre5 col\r$ wat]1 its col\r1 f> b5ea? ! surface1 appe>s br[ni%4 ,a description ( ! process ( freez+ f its comm5cem5t may n[ be attempt$4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ice1 :5 9 a /ate ( deta*$ cry/als1 is call$ by ! sailors sludge1 & resembles sn[ :5 ca/ into wat] t is too cold to dissolve x4 ,?is smoo?s ! ruffl$ surface ( ! sea1 & produces an effect l oil 9 prev5t+ break]s4 ,^! cry/als soon unite1 & w\ld =m a cont9u\s %eet1 b1 by ! motion ( ! waves1 !y are brok5 9 v small pieces1 sc>cely ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,z !y /r5g!n1 _m ( !m coalesce1 & =m a l>g] mass4 ,! undulations ( ! sea /ill cont9u+1 ^! enl>g$ pieces /rike ea* o!r on e side1 :]eby !y become r\nd$1 & _! edges turn up1 :5ce !y obta9 ! "n ( cakes1 or pan-cakes4 ,sev]al ( ^! aga9 unite1 & !reby cont9ue to increase1 =m+ l>g] flakes1 until !y become p]haps a foot 9 ?ickness1 & _m y>ds 9 circumf]5ce4 ,e l>g] flake reta9s on its surface ! impression ( ! small] flakes ( :i* x is compos$1 s t :51 by ! discont9uance ( ! swell1 ! :ole is p]mitt$ to freeze into an ext5sive %eet1 x sometimes assumes ! appe>ance ( a pavem5t4 ,b :5 ! sea is p]fectly smoo?1 ! freez+ process goes on m regul>ly1 & probably m rapidly4 ,dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs' ke5 fro/1 ! ice w become an in* or two 9 ?ickness1 & 9 less ?an =ty-eight h\rs' "t capable ( su/a9+ ! weight ( a man4 ,bo? ?is k9d1 & cake-ice1 are t]m$ bay-ice4 ,9 e op5+ ( ! ma9 body ( ice at a di/ance f ! sea1 ! wat] is always z smoo? z t ( a h>b\r2 & 9 l[ temp]atures1 all t is necess>y = ! =mation ( ice is /ill wat]4 ,!re is no d\bt t a l>ge quantity ( ice is annually g5]at$ 9 ! bays & amid/ ! isl&s ( ,spitzb]g52 :i* bays1 t[>ds ! end ( summ]1 are commonly empti$ ( _! cont5ts1 f ! ?aw+ ( ! sn[ on ! m\nta9s caus+ a curr5t outw>ds4 ,b ?is w n acc\nt = ! imm5se fields :i* are s abundant 9 ,gre5l&4 ,^! evid5tly come f ! nor?w>d1 & h _! orig9 betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ! ,pole4 ,ice-fields con/itute "o ( ! wond]s ( ! deep4 ,!y are (t5 met ) ( ! diamet] ( tw5ty or ?irty miles1 & :5 9 ! /ate ( su* close comb9ation t no int]/ice c\ld be se51 !y sometimes ext5d to a l5g? ( fifty or a hundr$ miles4 ,! ice ( :i* !y are compos$ is g5]ally pure & fre%1 & 9 heavy fields x is probably ( ! av]age ?ickness ( t5 to fifte5 feet1 & !n appe>s to be flat1 l[1 ?9 ice2 b :5 high hummocks occur1 ! ?ickness is (t5 =ty feet & fifty feet4 ,! surface be=e ! mon? ( ,july is always cov]$ ) a b$ ( sn[1 f p]haps a foot to a fa?om 9 dep?4 ,?is sn[ dissolves 9 ! end ( summ]1 & =ms ext5sive pools & lakes ( fre% wat]4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ fields are v level & smoo?1 ?\gh g5]ally _! surfaces are v>i$ ) hummocks4 ,9 "s1 ^! hummocks =m ridges or *a9s1 9 o!rs1 !y consi/ ( insulat$ heaps4 ,i once saw a field :i* 0 s free f ei!r fissure or hummock1 t ,i imag9$1 _h x be5 free f sn[1 a coa* might h be5 driv5 _m leagues ov] x 9 a direct l9e1 )\t ob/ruction or dang]4 ,hummocks some:at relieve ! uni=mity ( int5se light reflect$ f ! surface ( fields1 by exhibit+ %ades ( delicate blue 9 all ! holl[s1 :]e ! light is p>tly int]cept$ by pass+ ?r\gh a portion ( ice4 ,:5 ! surface ( sn[ on fields is froz51 or :5 ! sn[ is g5]ally dissolv$1 !re is no difficulty 9 travell+ ov] !m1 ev5 )\t sn[-skates or sl$ges4 ,b :5 ! sn[ is s(t & deep1 travell+ on foot to any di/ance is a "w ( lab\r4 ,! tribe ( ,esquimaux1 discov]$ by capta9 ,ross1 made use ( sl$ges1 drawn by dogs1 = convey+ !m across ! r\gh l&-ice1 ly+ betwe5 ! %ips & ! %ore4 ,a j\rney !y p]=m$ ) su* cel]ity1 t capta9 ,ross conjectur$ !y c\ld travel fifty or sixty miles a day4 ,if su* a di/ance 7 practicable on drift-ice1 occurr+ ne> %ore1 x w\ld be mu* m easy on ! smoo!r ice ( fields4 ,?is t]m1 field1 0 giv5 to ! l>ge/ %eets ( ice by a ,dut* :ale-fi%]4 ,x 0 n until a p]iod ( _m ye>s aft] ! ,spitzb]g5 fi%]y 0 e/abli%$1 t any navigator attempt$ to p5etrate ! ice1 or t any ( ! mo/ ext5sive %eets ( ice 7 se54 ,"o ( ! %ips resort+ to ,sme]5b]g = fi%]y1 put to sea on "o occasion :5 no :ales 7 se51 p]sev]$ we/w>d to a consid]able l5g?1 & accid5tally fell 9 ) "s imm5se flakes ( ice1 :i*1 on 8 return to 8 companions1 he describ$ z truly wond]ful1 & z resembl+ fields 9 ! ext5t ( _! surface4 ,h5ce ! application ( ! t]m field to ?is k9d ( ice4 ,! discov]] ( x 0 di/+ui%$ by ! title ( 8field-f9d]40 ,fields commonly make _! appe>ance 9 ! mon?s ( ,may or ,june1 ?\gh sometimes e>li]2 !y are frequ5tly ! resort ( "y :ales4 ,/rong nor? & we/]ly w9ds expose !m to ! :al]s by driv+ (f ! loose ice4 ,! inv>iable t5d5cy ( fields is to drift to ! s\?-we/w>d1 ev5 9 calms1 :i* is ! means ( _m be+ ye>ly de/roy$4 ,!y h frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ to advance a hundr$ miles 9 ?is direction )9 ! space ( "o mon?1 not)/&+ ! occurr5ce ( w9ds f e qu>t]4 ,on em]g+ f amid/ ! small] ice1 :i* be=e %elt]$ !m1 !y are soon brok5 up by ! swell1 are p>tly dissolv$1 & p>tly conv]t$ into drift-ice4 ,! places ( su* are suppli$ by o!rs f ! nor?4 ,! p[] ( ! swell 9 break+ ! heavie/ fields is n a little rem>kable4 ,a gr[n swell1 t is s inconsid]able z n to be obs]v$ 9 op5 wat]1 frequ5tly breaks up ! l>ge/ fields1 & conv]ts !m :olly into floes & drift-ice 9 ! space ( a few h\rs2 :ile fields compos$ ( bay-ice1 or light-ice1 be+ m flexible1 endure ! same swell )\t any de/ructive ef=t4 ,! occasional rapid motion ( fields1 ) ! /range effects produc$ by su* imm5se bodies on any oppos+ sub/ance1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ objects ! ,pol> seas pres5t1 & is c]ta9ly ! mo/ t]rific4 ,!y n unfrequ5tly acquire a rotatory movem5t1 :]eby _! circumf]5ce atta9s a velocity ( sev]al miles p] h\r4 ,a field ?us 9 motion1 com+ 9 contact ) ano!r at re/1 or m especially ) ano!r hav+ a contr>y direction ( movem5t1 produces a dreadful %ock4 ,a body ( m ?an t5 ?\s& millions ( tons 9 weight1 meet+ ) resi/ance :5 9 motion1 produces consequ5ces :i* x is sc>cely possible to conceive4 ,! weak] field is cru%$ ) an awful noise2 sometimes ! de/ruction is mutual2 pieces ( huge dim5sions & weight are n unfrequ5tly pil$ ^u ! top1 to ! height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet1 :ile a proportionate quantity is depress$ b5ea?4 ,! view ( ^! /up5d\s effects 9 safety exhibits a picture sublimely gr&1 b :]e !re is dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$1 t]ror & dismay mu/ be ! pr$om9ant feel+s4 ,! :ale-fi%]s at all times require unremitt+ vigilance to secure _! safety1 b sc>cely 9 any situation s mu* z :5 navigat+ amid/ ^! fields2 9 foggy wea!r1 !y are p>ticul>ly dang]\s1 z _! motions _c !n be di/9ctly obs]v$4 ,x may easily be imag9$1 t ! /ronge/ %ip is b an insignificant imp$im5t betwe5 two fields 9 motion4 ,numb]s ( vessels1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fi%]y1 h be5 ?us de/roy$2 "s h be5 ?r[n ^u ! ice1 "s h _h _! hulls completely torn op51 or divid$ 9 two1 & o!rs h be5 ov]run by ! ice1 & buri$ b5ea? its heap$ fragm5ts4 ,! ,dut* h lo/ z _m z tw5ty-?ree sail ( %ips among ! ice 9 "o ye>4 ,9 ! season ( #afhd1 f\rte5 ( _! %ips 7 wreck$1 & elev5 m rema9$ beset dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ( ! ye> #ahad1 ,i witness$ a trem5d\s sc5e4 ,:ile navigat+ amid/ ! mo/ pond]\s ice :i* ! ,gre5l& ,sea pres5ts1 9 ! prospect ( mak+ our escape f a /ate ( besetm5t1 our progress 0 unexpect$ly arre/$ by an i/hmus ( ice1 ab\t a mile 9 bread?1 =m$ by ! coalition ( ! po9t ( an imm5se field on ! nor?1 ) t ( an aggregation ( floes on ! s\?4 ,to ! nor? field we moor$ ! %ip1 9 ! hope ( ! ice sep>at+ 9 ?is place4 ,i !n quitt$ ! %ip1 & travell$ ov] ! ice to ! po9t ( collision1 to obs]ve ! /ate ( ! b>1 :i* n[ prev5t$ our release4 ,i imm$iately discov]$ t ! two po9ts _h b rec5tly met1 t already a prodigi\s mass ( rubbi% _h be5 squeez$ ^u ! top1 & t ! motion _h n abat$4 ,! fields cont9u$ to ov]lay ea* o!r ) a maje/ic motion1 produc+ a noise resembl+ t ( complicat$ ma*9]y1 or di/ant ?und]4 ,! pressure 0 s imm5se1 t num]\s fissures 7 occasion$1 & ! ice repeat$ly r5t b5ea? my feet4 ,9 "o ( ! fissures1 ,i f\nd ! sn[ on ! level ?ree & a half feet deep1 & ! ice upw>ds ( twelve4 ,9 "o place1 hummocks _h be5 ?r[n up to ! height ( tw5ty feet f ! surface ( ! field1 & at lea/ tw5ty-five feet f ! level ( ! wat]2 !y ext5d$ fifty or sixty y>ds 9 l5g?1 & fifte5 9 bread?1 =m+ a mass ( ab\t two ?\s& tons 9 weight4 ,! maje/ic1 unv>i$ movem5t ( ! ice1 ! s+ul> noise by :i* x 0 accompani$1 ! trem5d\s p[] ex]t$1 & ! wond]ful effects produc$--7 calculat$ to excite 9 ! m9d ( ! mo/ c>eless spectator admiration ( ,him ) :om 8! nations are z a drop ( a bucket1 & are c\nt$ z ! small du/ ( ! balance3 behold1 he take? up ! isles z a v little ?+40 ,! t]m iceb]gs has commonly be5 appli$ to ! glaci]s occurr+ 9 ,spitzb]g51 ,gre5l&1 & o!r arctic c\ntries4 ,x is also z commonly ext5d$ to ! l>ge peaks1 m\nta9s1 or islets ( ice t are f\nd float+ 9 ! sea4 ,x is ! latt] k9d ( iceb]gs we purpose to describe4 ,iceb]gs occur 9 _m places 9 ! arctic & ant>ctic regions2 "s ( !m ( a/oni%+ magnitude4 ,9 ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea1 inde$1 !y are nei!r num]\s nor bulky1 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r regions2 ! l>ge/ ,i ev] met ) 9 ?is qu>t] n exce$+ a ?\s& y>ds 9 circumf]5ce1 & two hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,b 9 ,hudson's ,/rait1 ,davis's ,/rait1 & ,baff9's ,bay1 !y occur ( a prodigi\s size4 ,ellis describes !m z sometimes occurr+ ( ! ?ickness ( five hundr$ or six hundr$ y>ds4 ,frobi%] saw "o iceb]g :i* 0 judg$ to be 8ne> f\rscore fa?oms above wat]40 ,"o b]g is describ$ by capta9 ,ross 7! dim5sions ( :i* 7 giv5 9 by lieut5ant ,p>ry#a7 z hav+ n9e unequal sides1 z be+ agr\nd 9 sixty-"o fa?oms1 & z measur+ #d1afi y>ds 7paces7 long1 #c1fhi y>ds broad1 & fifty-"o feet high4 ,! weight ( ?is iceb]g1 tak5 at some:at small] dim5sions1 0 e/imat$1 by an (fic] ( ! ,alex&]1 at #a1bib1cig1fgc tons4 ,?is am\nt1 h[ev]1 is great] ?an ! tru?1 ! cubical in* ( ice be+ tak5 at #bdj gra9s1 :]eas x does n exce$ #bcae gra9s4 ,! mo/ abundant s\rce ( iceb]gs kn[n 9 ! arctic regions is ,baff9's ,bay4 ,f ?is rem>kable sea !y con/antly make _! way t[>ds ! s\?1 d[n ,davis's ,/rait1 & are scatt]$ abroad 9 ! ,atlantic to an amaz+ ext5t4 ,! banks ( ,newf\ndl& are occasionally cr[d$ ) ^! wond]ful productions ( ! frigid zone2 beyond :i* !y are sometimes convey$1 by ! op]ation ( ! s\!rly "u-curr5t1 z l[ z latitude #dj nor?1 & ev5 l[]1 a di/ance ( at lea/ two ?\s& miles f ! place ( _! orig94 ,iceb]gs commonly float on a base :i* is l>g] 9 ext5t ?an ! upp] surface4 ,h5ce ! proportion ( ice appe>+ above wat] is seldom less 9 elevation ?an "o-sev5? ( ! :ole ?ickness2 & :5 ! summit is conical1 ! elevation above wat] is frequ5tly "o-f\r? ( ! :ole dep? ( ! b]g4 ,p]haps ! mo/ g5]al =m ( iceb]gs is ) "o high p]p5dicul> side1 ! opposite side v l[1 & ! int]m$iate surface =m+ a gradual slope4 ,:5 ( su* a =m1 capta9 ,ross f\nd t ! high] end 0 g5]ally to w9dw>d4 ,"s iceb]gs h regul> flat surfaces1 b mo/ usually !y h diff]5t acute summits1 & occasionally exhibit ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes4 ,"s h be5 se5 t 7 completely p]=at$1 or conta9+ prodigi\s cav]ns1 or hav+ _m clefts or cracks 9 ! mo/ elevat$ p>ts1 s z to give ! appe>ance ( sev]al di/9ct spires4 ,on "s iceb]gs1 :]e !re are holl[s1 a great quantity ( sn[ accumulates2 o!rs are smoo? & nak$4 ,! nak$ sides are (t5 fill$ ) con*oidal excavations1 ( v>i\s magnitudes2 sometimes ) holl[s ! size ( ! f+]1 & z regul> z if =m$ by art4 ,on "s b]gs1 pools ( wat] occur /agnant2 on o!rs1 l>ge /reams are se5 ooz+ ?r\gh crevices into ! sea4 ,9 a high sea1 ! waves break aga9/ !m z aga9/ a rock2 &1 9 calm wea!r1 :]e !re is a swell1 ! noise made by _! ris+ & fall+ is trem5d\s4 ,:5 iceb]gs are agr\nd1 or :5 !re is a sup]ficial curr5t runn+ to leew>d1 ! motion ( o!r ice pa/ !m is s great t !y appe> to be mov+ to w9dw>d4 ,fields ( ice1 ( consid]able ?ickness1 meet+ a b]g "u su* circum/ances1 are sometimes completely ripp$ up & divid$ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,iceb]gs1 :5 act$ on by ! sun1 or by a temp]ate atmosph]e1 become holl[ & fragile4 ,l>ge pieces are !n liable to be brok5 (f1 & fall into ! sea ) a t]rible cra%1 :i*1 9 "s places1 produces an e*o 9 ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,:5 ?is circum/ance1 call$ calv+1 takes place1 ! iceb]g loses its equilibrium1 sometimes turns on "o side1 & is occasionally inv]t$4 ,! sea is !reby put into commotion1 fields ( ice 9 ! vic9ity are brok5 up1 ! waves ext5d1 & ! noise is he>d to ! di/ance ( sev]al miles2 & sometimes ! roll+ motion ( ! b]g n ceas+1 o!r pieces get loos5$ & deta*$1 till ! :ole mass falls asund] l a wreck4 ,iceb]gs diff] a little 9 col\r accord+ to _! solidity & di/ance1 or /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,a v g5]al appe>ance is t ( cliffs ( *alk1 or ( :ite or grey m>ble4 ,! sun's rays reflect$ f !m sometimes give a gli/5+ appe>ance to _! surfaces4 ,diff]5t %ades ( col\r occur 9 ! precipit\s p>ts1 accord+ly z ! ice is m or less solid1 & accord+ly z x conta9s /rata ( e>?1 gravel1 or s&1 or is free f any impurity4 ,9 ! fre% fracture1 gre5i% grey1 approa*+ to em]ald gre51 is ! prevail+ col\r4 ,9 ! night1 iceb]gs are readily di/+ui%$1 ev5 at a di/ance1 by _! natural effulg5ce2 & 9 foggy wea!r1 by a peculi> blackness 9 ! atmosph]e1 by :i* ! dang] to ! navigator is dim9i%$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y occur f> f l&1 & (t5 9 unexpect$ situations1 navigators require to be always on ! wat* = !m4 ,?\gh (t5 dang]\s neighb\rs1 !y h occasionally prov$ useful auxili>ies to ! :ale-fi%]s4 ,_! situation 9 a smoo? sea is v little affect$ by ! w9d2 "u ! /ronge/ gale !y are n p]ceptibly mov$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 h ! appe>ance ( advanc+ to w9dw>d1 because e o!r description ( ice moves rapidly pa/ !m4 ,f ! iceb]g's firmness1 x (t5 af=ds a /able moor+ to ! %ip 9 /rong adv]se w9ds1 & ! fi%] likewise avails himself ( x :5 8 object is to ga9 a w9dw>d situation m op54 ,he moors "u ! lee ( ! iceb]g1 loose ice soon =ces pa/1 ! %ip rema9s ne>ly /ation>y1 & ! wi%$-= effect seldom fails to result4 ,vessels h1 h[ev]1 (t5 be5 /av$1 & sometimes wreck$1 by ! fall ( _! icy moor+2 :ile small] objects1 su* z boats1 h be5 repeat$ly ov]:elm$1 ev5 at a consid]able di/ance1 by ! va/ waves occasion$ by su* ev5ts4 ,all ice becomes exce$+ly fragile t[>ds ! close ( ! :ale-fi%+ season1 :5 ! temp]ate air ?aws its surface1 & *anges its solid /ructure into a brittle mass ( imp]fectly atta*$ columns4 ,b]gs 9 ?is /ate be+ /ruck by an axe1 = ! purpose ( plac+ a moor+ an*or1 h be5 kn[n to r5d asund]1 & precipitate ! c>eless seaman into ! yawn+ *asm2 :il/1 occasionally1 ! masses are hurl$ ap>t1 & fall 9 contr>y directions ) a prodigi\s cra%1 bury+ boats & m5 9 "o common ru94 ,! awful effect produc$ by a solid mass1 _m ?\s&s1 or ev5 millions1 ( tons 9 weight1 *ang+ its situation ) ! velocity ( a fall+ body1 :]eby its aspir+ summit is 9 a mom5t buri$ 9 ! ocean1 c be m easily imag9$ ?an describ$4 ,?\gh a bl[ ) an edge-tool on brittle ice does n sev] ! mass1 /ill x is (t5 succe$$ by a crackl+ noise1 prov+ ! mass to be ready to bur/ f ! =ce ( int]nal expansion1 or f ! de/ruction ( its texture by a w>m temp]ature4 ,x is common1 :5 %ips moor to iceb]gs1 to lie z remote f !m z _! ropes w all[1 & yet accid5ts sometimes happ51 ?\gh ! %ip ride at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds f ! ice4 ,9 ! ye> #ahab1 :ile ! ,?omas1 ( ,hull1 capta9 ,taylor1 lay moor$ to an iceb]g 9 ,davis's ,/rait1 a calf 0 deta*$ f b5ea?1 & rose ) su* trem5d\s =ce1 t ! keel ( ! %ip 0 lift$ on a level ) wat] at ! b[1 & ! /]n 0 ne>ly imm]s$ b5ea? ! surface4 ,=tunately1 ! bl[ 0 receiv$ on ! keel1 & ! %ip 0 n mat]ially damag$4 ,f ! deep pools ( wat] f\nd 9 ! summ] season on ! depress$ surface ( "s b]gs1 or f /reams runn+ d[n _! sides1 ! %ips navigat+ :]e !y ab\nd are pres5t$ ) opportunities = wat]+ ) ! greate/ ease & dispat*4 ,= ?is purpose1 casks are l&$ ^u ! l[] b]gs1 fill$1 & roll$ into ! sea2 b1 f ! high]1 ! wat] is convey$ by means ( a long tube ( canvas1 or lea!r1 call$ a hose1 into casks plac$ 9 ! boats1 at ! side ( ! ice1 or ev5 ^u ! deck ( ! %ip4 ,! great] "p ( ! iceb]gs t occur 9 ,davis's ,/rait1 & on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 not)/&+ _! pr(usion & imm5se magnitude1 seem to be m]ely fragm5ts ( ! l& iceb]gs1 or glaci]s1 :i* exi/ 9 great numb]s on ! coa/ =m+ ! b\nd>ies ( ,baff9's ,bay4 ,^! glaci]s fill imm5se valleys1 & ext5d1 9 "s places1 sev]al miles into ! sea2 9 o!rs1 !y t]m9ate ) a precipit\s edge at ! g5]al l9e =m$ by ! coa/4 ,9 ! summ] season1 :5 !y are p>ticul>ly fragile1 ! =ce ( cohesion is (t5 ov]come by ! weight ( ! prodigi\s masses t ov]hang ! sea2 &1 9 w9t]1 ! same effect may be produc$ by ! p[]ful expansion ( ! wat] fill+ any excavation1 or deep-seat$ cavity1 :5 its dim5sions are enl>g$ by freez+1 !reby ex]t+ a trem5d\s =ce1 & bur/+ ! b]g asund]4 ,pieces ?us1 or o!rwise1 deta*$1 are hurl$ into ! sea ) a dreadful cra%4 ,:5 !y fall into suffici5tly deep wat]1 !y are liable to be drift$ (f ! l&1 & d[n ,davis's ,/rait1 accord+ to ! set ( ! curr5t2 b1 if !y fall into a %all[ sea1 !y mu/ rema9 until suffici5tly wa/$ to float away4 ,spitzb]g5 is possess$ ( e "* :i* is suppos$ to be necess>y = ! =mation ( ! l>ge/ iceb]gs2 high m\nta9s1 deep ext5sive valleys1 int5se fro/1 occasional ?aws1 & great falls ( sleet & sn[2 yet "h a b]g is r>ely met )1 & ! l>ge/ t occur are n to be comp>$ ) ! productions ( ,baff9's ,bay4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ,old ,gre5l& z to ! production ( iceb]gs is1 p]haps1 ?is--t1 :ile ! sea is g5]ally deep1 & ! coa/ almo/ cont9ually %elt]$ by drift-ice at ! foot ( ! glaci]s1 9 ,baff9's ,bay2 9 ,spitzb]g51 on ! contr>y1 !y usually t]m9ate at ! wat]'s edge1 or :]e ! sea is %all[1 s t no v l>ge mass1 if dislodg$1 c float away1 & !y are1 at ! same "t1 s mu* expos$ to heavy swells1 z to occasion dismemb]m5ts too frequ5tly to admit ( _! atta9+ consid]able magnitude4 ,t ext5sive body ( ice :i*1 ) occasional tracts ( l&1 occupies ! nor!rn extremity ( ! e>?1 & prev5ts all access to ! regions imm$iately surr\nd+ ! ,pole1 fills1 x appe>s1 on an av]age1 a circle ( above two ?\s& geographical miles diamet]1 & pres5ts an outl9e :i*1 ?\gh subject to p>tial v>iations1 is f\nd at ! same season ( ea* succe$+ ye> to be g5]ally simil>1 & (t5 /rik+ly uni=m4 ,! mo/ rem>kable alt]ation 9 ! configuration ( ! ,pol> ice on record1 is t said to h tak5 place betwe5 ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :]eby ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,icel&]s & ! colonies 9 ,gre5l& 0 int]rupt$2 &1 al?\gh _m attempts h be5 made on ! "p ( ,d5m>k = ! recov]y ( ^! colonies1 & = asc]ta9+ ! fate ( ! coloni/s1 !y h n yet succe$$4 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries1 *anges ( climate1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h occurr$ )9 ! limits ( hi/orical record2 ^! *anges h be5 commonly = ! bett]1 & h be5 consid]$ z ! effects ( human indu/ry1 9 dra9+ m>%es & lakes1 fell+ woods1 & cultivat+ ! e>?2 b "h is an occurr5ce :i*1 if x be inde$ true1 is ! rev]se ( common exp]i5ce1 & conc]n+ ! causes ( :i* x is n easy to (f] any conjecture4 ,) ea* recurr+ spr+1 ! nor? ,pol> ice pres5ts ! foll[+ g5]al outl9e4 ,fill+ ! ,bays ( ,hudson & ,baff91 z well z ! ,/raits ( ,hudson1 & "p ( t ( ,davis1 x exhibits an irregul>1 wav+1 b g5]ally cont9u\s l9e1 f ,newf\ndl& or ,labrador to ,nova ,zembla4 ,f ,newf\ndl& x ext5ds 9 a nor!rly direction along ! ,labrador %ore1 g5]ally prev5t+ all access to ! l&1 z high z ! m\? ( ,hudson's ,/rait2 !n1 turn+ to ! nor?-ea/w>d1 =ms a bay ne> ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 9 latitude p]haps #ff or #fg1 by sudd5ly pass+ away to ! s\?w>d to ! extremity ( ,gre5l&4 ,! quantity ( ice on ! ea/ side ( ,davis's ,/rait be+ (t5 small1 ! cont9uity ( its bord] is liable to be brok51 s z to admit ( %ips rea*+ ! l&2 & sometimes ! bay ( ! ice1 usually occurr+ 9 ! spr+1 9 latitude #ff or #fg1 does n exi/1 b ! sea is op5 up ! /rait to a consid]able di/ance beyond x4 ,aft] d\bl+ ! s\!rn promontory1 or ,cape ,f>ewell1 x advances 9 a nor?-ea/]n direction along ! ea/ coa/1 sometimes envelop+ ,icel& z x proce$s1 until x rea*es ! ,isl& ( ,jan ,may54 ,pass+ ?is isl& on ! nor?-we/1 b frequ5tly inclos+ x1 ! edge ( ! ice !n tr5ds a little m to ! ea/w>d1 & usually int]sects ! m]idian ( ,london betwe5 ! #ga/ & #gcrd degree ( latitude4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! longitude ( #e or #f ea/1 9 "s in/ances z f> z #h or #aj1 9 ! #gcrd or #gd? degree or nor? latitude1 x jo9s a rem>kable promontory1 & sudd5ly /ret*es to ! nor?1 sometimes proce$+ on a m]idian to ! latitude ( #hj1 at o!rs =m+ a deep s9uosity1 ext5d+ two or ?ree degrees to ! nor?w>d1 & !n s\?-ea/]ly to ,*]ie ,isl&1 :i*1 hav+ pass$1 x assumes a m direct c\rse a little to ! s\?w>d ( ea/1 until x =ms a junction ) ! ,sib]ian or ,nova ,zemblan coa/4 ,dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s1 ! ,pol> ice seems closely to embrace ! :ole ( ! nor!rn %ores ( ,russia1 to ! ea/w>d ( ,nova ,zembla1 & fill+1 9 a great measure1 ,behr+'s ,/rait & ! sea to ! nor?w>d ( x1 cont9ues 9 contact ) ! ,pol> face ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 foll[+ ! l9e ( ! coa/ to ! ea/w>d1 until x effects a junction ) ! ice 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea1 or 9 ! great nor?-we/]n bays ( ,hudson & ,baff91 or is t]m9at$ by l& yet undiscov]$4 ,t rem>kable promontory midway betwe5 ,jan ,may5 & ,*]ie ,isl&s1 =m$ by ! sudd5 /ret* ( ! ice to ! nor?1 con/itutes ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! ea/1 or :al+1 & we/1 or seal+1 ice ( ! fi%]s2 & ! deep bay ly+ to ! ea/ ( ?is promontory1 :i* may be call$ ! ,:ale-fi%]'s ,bight1 inv>iably =ms ! only p]vi\s track = proce$+ to fi%+ latitudes nor?w>d4 ,:5 ! ice at ! extremity ( ?is bay occurs s /rong & compact z to prev5t ! approa* to ! %ores ( ,spitzb]g51 & ! advance nor?w>d beyond ! latitude ( #ge or #gf1 x is said to be a close season1 &1 on ! contr>y1 x is call$ an op5 season :5 an un9t]rupt$ navigation ext5ds along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,spitzb]g5 to ,hackluyt's ,headl&4 ,! place :]e :ales occur 9 ! greate/ abundance is g5]ally f\nd to be 9 #gh or #gi ( nor? latitude1 ?\gh1 f ! #gbnd to ! #ha/ degree !y h be5 met )4 ,!y pref] ^? situations :i* af=d !m ! mo/ secure retreats1 & ! c\rse ( _! flight :5 sc>$ or w\nd$ is g5]ally t[>ds ! ne>e/ or mo/ compact ice4 ,! place ( _! retreat1 h[ev]1 is regulat$ by v>i\s circum/ances2 x may sometimes dep5d on ! quality or quantity ( food occurr+1 ! disposition ( ! ice1 or exemption f enemies4 ,sometimes !y seem collect$ )9 a small & s+le circuit2 at o!rs1 !y are scatt]$ 9 v>i\s hordes & num]\s s+le individuals ov] an amaz+ ext5t ( surface4 ,9 close seasons1 ?\gh ! ice jo9s ! s\? ( ,spitzb]g51 & !reby =ms a b>ri] aga9/ ! fi%+-/ations1 yet ?is b>ri] is (t5 ( a limit$ ext5t1 & t]m9ates on ! coa/s ( ,spitzb]g5 9 an op5 space1 ei!r =m+ or lead+ to ! retreat ( ! :ales4 ,su* space is sometimes froz5 ov] till ! middle or end ( ! mon? ( ,may1 b n unfrequ5tly free f ice4 ,! b>ri] "h oppos$ to ! fi%] usually consi/s ( a body ( ice1 f tw5ty to ?irty or =ty leagues across 9 ! %orte/ diamet]4 ,x is ( importance to pass ?is b>ri] ( ice z e>ly z possible 9 ! season4 ,! fi%] "h avails himself ( e p[] )9 8 comm&4 ,! sails are exp&$ 9 fav\rable w9ds1 & )drawn 9 contr>y breezes4 ,! %ip is urg$ =w>d among/ drift-ice by ! =ce ( ! w9d1 assi/$ ) ropes & saws4 ,:5ev] a ve9 ( wat] appe>s 9 ! requir$ direction1 x is1 if possible1 atta9$4 ,x always af=ds a tempor>y relief1 & sometimes a p]man5t release1 by ext5d+ itself ?r\gh intricate mazes1 amid/ ice ( v>i\s descriptions1 until at l5g? x op5s into ! desir$ place1 void ( ob/ruction1 con/itut+ ! usual retreat ( ! :ales4 ,! b>ri] :i* we h describ$1 :5 x occurs1 is regul>ly enc\nt]$ on ! fir/ arrival ( ! ,gre5l& %ips 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 b is g5]ally remov$ by natural means z ! season advances4 ,x is usually f\nd sep>ate f ! l&1 & divid$ asund] by ! close ( ! mon? ( ,june2 & h5ce x is t1 h[ev] difficult & labori\s may h be5 ! +ress into ! fi%+ c\ntry1 ! egress is commonly effect$ )\t mu* inconv5i5ce4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ! sev]ity ( ! fro/ relaxes1 & ! temp]ature g5]ally approa*es a few degrees ( ! freez+ po9t4 ,! salt 9 ! sea !n ex]ts its liquefy+ influ5ce1 & de/roys ! t5acity ( ! bay-ice1 makes inroads 9 its p>ts by enl>g+ its pores into holes1 dim9i%es its ?ickness1 &1 9 ! language ( ! :ale-fi%]1 completely rots x4 ,pack$ drift-ice is !n lib]at$1 & obeys ! slighte/ impulses ( ! w9ds or curr5ts4 ,! heavi] hav+ m /ability ?an ! light]1 an app>5t diff]5ce ( movem5t obta9s among ! pieces1 & holes & lanes ( wat] are =m$ to all[ ! entrance & progress ( ! %ips4 ,bay-ice1 ?\gh sometimes s]viceable to ! :al]s 9 pres]v+ !m f ! brunt ( ! heavy ice1 is (t5 ! means ( besetm5t1 & h5ce ! prim>y cause ( e calamity4 ,heavy ice1 _m feet 9 ?ickness1 & 9 deta*$ pieces ( f fifty to a hundr$ tons' weight ea*1 ?\gh cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a pack1 may be p5etrat$ 9 a fav\rable gale ) tol]able dispat*1 :il/ a %eet ( bay-ice1 ( a few in*es only 9 ?ickness1 ) ! same advantage ( w9d1 w (t5 arre/ ! progress ( ! %ip1 & r5d] h] 9 a few m9utes immovable4 ,if ?is ice be too /rong to be brok5 by ! weight ( ! boat1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to saw+1 an op]ation sl[ & labori\s 9 ! extreme4 ,:5 ! w>m? ( ! season has rott$ ! bay-ice1 ! passage to ! nor?w>d c g5]ally be accompli%$ ) a v great sav+ ( lab\r4 ,!re=e x 0 ! old] fi%]s seldom or nev] us$ to attempt x be=e ! #aj? ( ,may1 & =eign fi%]s 9 ! pres5t day are 9 g5]al late4 ,sometimes late arrivals are o!rwise b5eficial1 s9ce x frequ5tly happ5s1 9 close seasons1 t %ips ent]+ ! ice ab\t ! middle ( ,may obta9 an advantage ov] ^? prec$+ !m1 by ga9+ a situation m eligible1 on acc\nt ( its ne>ness to ! l&4 ,_! pr$ecessors1 mean:ile1 are drift$ (f to ! we/w>d ) ! ice1 & _c recov] _! ea/+4 ,h5ce1 x appe>s1 x w\ld be economical & b5eficial to sail s late z n to rea* ! c\ntry be=e ! middle ( ,may1 or to p]sev]e on ! seal+ /ations until t "t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s weighty objections to ?is me?od4 ,op5 seasons occasionally occur1 & great progress may be made1 especially by sup]ior fi%]s1 be=e t "t4 ,a week or a =tnight's solit>y fi%+1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 has frequ5tly ga9$ half a c>go4 ,! *ange :i* takes place 9 ! ice1 amid/ :i* ! :ale-fi%] pursues 8 object1 is1 t[>ds ! close ( ! season1 inde$ a/oni%+4 ,=1 n only does x sep>ate into its orig9al individual portions1 n only does x retreat 9 a body f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 b1 9 g5]al1 t b>ri] ( ice :i* incloses ! fi%+-site 9 ! spr+1 :i* co/s ! fi%] imm5se lab\r & anxiety to p5etrate1 by ret>d+ 8 advance t[>ds ! nor?1 & 8 progress 9 ! fi%]y1 = ! space ( sev]al weeks1 spontane\sly divides 9 ! mid/ ab\t ! mon? ( ,june1 &1 on ! return ( ! %ips1 is n at all to be se54 ,!n is ! sea r5d]$ freely navigable f ! v haunts ( ! :ales to ! expanse ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,our rem>ks may n[ be direct$1 = a few pages1 to ! prop]ties1 peculi> movem5ts1 & drift+ ( ! ice4 #a4 ,! ice always has a t5d5cy to sep>ate dur+ calms4 #b4 ,op5+s 9 packs & among fields1 or floes1 frequ5tly break out1 or disappe>1 )\t any app>5t cause4 #c4 ,fields (t5 op51 close1 & revolve1 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]1 9 calms z well z 9 /orms4 #d4 ,! amaz+ *anges :i* take place among/ ! mo/ compact ice are (t5 unacc\ntable4 #e4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! curr5ts ( ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea1 x has be5 rem>k$ t ! ,pol> ice1 9 ?is situation1 has a con/ant t5d5cy to drift to ! s\?-we/w>d4 ,ne> ,spitzb]g51 inde$1 ?is t5d5cy is n usually obs]v$1 because ! influ5ce ( ! tide1 eddies1 peculi> pressures1 etc41 sometimes produce a contr>y effect2 b1 at a di/ance f l&1 its univ]sal preval5ce is easily illu/rat$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 #ahad1 we ent]$ ) ! %ip ,esk1 ( ,:itby1 a spaci\s op5+ ( ! ice1 9 latitude #gh #aj1 longitude #d ea/1 to a di/ance ( t5 or twelve leagues f ! ext]ior1 :]e9 we 7 tempt$ to /ay1 f ! appe>ance ( a great numb] ( :ales4 ,on ! #i? ( ,may1 ! %ip became fix$ 9 ! ice1 &1 until ! #af?1 we lay immovable4 ,a break ( ! bay-ice !n appe>$ ab\t half-a-mile f u1 to atta9 :i* we lab\r$ ) en]gy1 &1 9 eight h\rs1 accompli%$ a passage = ! %ip4 ,on ! #bj?1 9 attempt+ to advance1 we endur$ a heavy pressure ( ! bay-ice1 :i* %ook ! %ip 9 an al>m+ mann]4 ,aft] a fatigu+ ef=t 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( an aggregation ( floes aga9/ ! w9d1 we rea*$ a *annel1 :i* l$ u sev]al miles to ! s\?-ea/w>d2 &1 on ! #bcrd1 we lay at re/ ) f\r o!r %ips4 ,! day foll[+1 hav+ sawn a place = ! %ip 9 a ?9 floe1 we =c$ =w>d betwe5 two l>ge masses1 :]e bay-ice1 unconsolidat$1 _h be5 compress$ till x _h become t5 or twelve feet ?ick4 ,we 7 assi/$ by a hundr$ m5 f ! accompany+ %ips1 :i* foll[$ close 9 our re>4 ,aft] apply+ all our me*anical p[]s dur+ eight or n9e h\rs1 we pass$ ! /rait ( ab\t a furlong 9 l5g?1 & imm$iately ! ice collaps$1 & rivet$ ! %ips ( our companions to ! spot4 ,we advanc$ on v>i\s w9d+ c\rses to ! di/ance ( sev]al miles1 & !n discov]$ a cont9uation ( ! navigation betwe5 two imm5se %eets ( ice1 b ! *annel 0 s n>r[ & intricate1 t1 = ! di/ance ( ne> a mile1 x did n appe> m ?an f t5 to tw5ty y>ds 9 wid?4 ,! prospect 01 inde$1 appall+2 b1 p]ceiv+ indications ( ! enl>gem5t ( ! passage r ?an ! contr>y1 we advanc$ "u a press ( sail1 driv+ aside "s dis5gag$ lumps ( ice t oppos$ u1 & %ortly accompli%$ our wi%es 9 safety4 ,"h an enliv5+ prospect pres5t$ itself2 to ! extreme limits ( ! horizon no int]ruption 0 visible4 ,we made a pr$et]m9$ signal to ! %ips we _h left1 indicative ( our hope ( spe$y release4 ,9 two h\rs1 h[ev]1 we 7 disappo9t$ by meet+ ! fields 9 ! act ( collaps+1 & completely b>r+ our progress4 ,z ! di/ance across 0 sc>cely a mile1 & ! sea1 to appe>ance1 cle> beyond x1 ! int]ruption 0 mo/ tantaliz+4 ,we wait$ at ! po9t ( union1 &1 on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ( ,may1 our anxiety 0 happily reliev$ by ! wi%$-= division ( ! ice4 ,! %ip1 propell$ by a brisk w9d1 d>t$ ?r\gh ! /rait1 & ent]$ a sea1 :i* we consid]$ ! t]m9ation ( our difficulties4 ,aft] /e]+ ?ree h\rs to ! s\?-ea/w>d1 we 7 conc]n$ to discov] our conclusions _h be5 premature4 ,an imm5se pack op5$ on our view1 /ret*+ directly across our pa?4 ,!re 0 no alt]native b =c+ ?r\gh x2 we !re=e pu%$ =w>d into ! lea/ connect$ "p4 ,by avail+ ourselves ( e advantage ( sail+1 :]e sail+ 0 practicable1 & bor+ or drift+ :]e ! pieces ( ice lay close toge!r1 we at l5g? rea*$ ! leew>d "p ( a n>r[ *annel1 9 :i* we _h to ply a consid]able di/ance aga9/ ! w9d4 ,:5 p]=m+ ?is1 ! w9d1 :i* _h hi!rto bl[n a brisk breeze f ! nor?1 increas$ to a /rong gale4 ,! %ip 0 plac$ 9 su* a critical situation t we c\ld n1 = above an h\r1 accompli% any r$uction ( ! sails2 & :ile ,i 0 p]sonally engag$ p]=m+ ! duty ( a pilot on ! topma/-head1 ! b5d+ ( ! ma/ 0 s uncommon t ,i 0 s]i\sly al>m$ = its /ability4 ,at l5g?1 we 7 enabl$ to reef our sails1 & = "s "t proce$$ ) less dang]4 ,our direction 0 n[ ea/1 !n nor? = sev]al h\rs1 !n ea/]ly1 t5 or fifte5 miles2 :51 aft] eighte5 h\rs ( ! mo/ difficult & occasionally haz>d\s sail+1 9 :i* ! %ip receiv$ "s h>d bl[s f ! ice1 aft] pursu+ a t$i\s c\rse ne>ly n9ety miles1 & accompli%+ a di/ance on a direct nor?-ea/ c\rse ( ab\t =ty miles1 we f\nd ourselves at ! v m>g9 ( ! sea1 sep>at$ only by a n>r[ sea-/ream4 ,! sea 0 s great )\t1 & ! w9d s viol5t1 t we dur/ n haz>d an attempt to =ce ?r\gh ?is rema9+ ob/acle4 ,aft] wait+ ab\t ?irty h\rs1 on ! morn+ ( ! #bh? ( ,may1 ! wea!r cle>$1 & ! w9d abat$4 ,! sea-/ream 0 n[ augm5t$ to upw>ds ( a mile broad4 ,"o place alone 0 visible :]e ! bread? 0 less consid]able1 & ?r\gh x we accompli%$ our f9al escape into ! op5 sea4 ,i h ?us be5 m9ute 9 ! relation ( our extrication f an al>m+1 ?\gh n v uncommon /ate ( besetm5t1 9 ord] to give a fa9t idea ( ! difficulties & dang]s :i* ^? engag$ 9 ! :ale-fi%]y h occasionally to enc\nt]1 z well z to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* %ips are c>ri$ away f _! orig9al situation by ! regul>ity ( ! drift ( ice to ! s\?-we/w>d4 ,! life ( ! m>9] is "o always ( great lab\r & p]il1 b 9 navigat+ ^! arctic seas he is expos$ to sudd5 & peculi> dang]s4 ,x is possible t ! title & cont5ts ( ?is volume may allure to its p]usal "s :o look =w>d to exposure to dang]s su* z ^? :i* are "h describ$4 ,!y surely w n deem x intrusive to be rem9d$ t ! mo/ important prep>ation = su* und]tak+s1 z well z = ! :ole ( life1 is to surr5d] ! he>t to t ,savi\r :o has di$ to r$eem 8 s]vants f guilt & ru94 ,! p>don & peace :i* he freely conf]s on all :o come to him1 are ! only safe com=ts ( a dep>t+ s\l4 ,x is 8 blood only t cleanses f all s92 x is 8 ,_s t r5ews & sanctifies ! m9d2 & :atev] pa9 or accid5t may befal ! body1 !re c be 8no condemnation0 9 "t or 9 et]nity 8to !m :i* are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,! message ( ,god to man is ! (f] ( a free salvation1 ?r\gh ! dea? ( 8 glori\s ,son4 ,?is (f] mu/ det]m9e ! et]nal condition ( all to :om x is 9 ,god's m]cy reveal$4 8,god s lov$ ! _w1 t he gave 8 only begott5 ,son1 t :osoev] believe? 9 him %\ld n p]i%1 b h ev]la/+ life60 ,read]1 d y und]/&1 & h y accept$1 ?is graci\s message8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,n[ sir ,john ,ross & sir ,edw>d ,p>ry4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,atmosph]ology ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions1 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,relat+ ,,to ,,spitzb]g5 ,,& ,,! ,,adjac5t ,,gre5l& ,,sea4 ,9 treat+ ( ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 our rem>ks %all1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 relate to ! climate ( ! ,arctic ,regions & ! g5]al effects ( cold4 ,9 ! autumn & spr+ seasons1 ! climate ( ,spitzb]g5 & its adjac5t sea is v>iable & tempe/u\s4 ,! temp]ature passes ?r\gh its extreme range1 :i*1 probably1 exce$s fifty degrees 9 ! same season1 or ev5 9 ! same mon?1 ) a rapidity unkn[n 9 c\ntries situate )9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,nor?1 we/1 & ea/ w9ds br+ ) !m ! extreme cold ( ! icy regions imm$iately surr\nd+ ! ,pole1 :il/ a %ift ( w9d to ! s\?-we/1 s\?1 or s\?-ea/1 elevates ! temp]ature t[>ds t ( ! neighb\r+ seas4 ,an arctic w9t] consi/s ( ! accumulation ( almo/ ev]y?+ among atmosph]ic ph5om5a t is disagreeable to ! feel+s1 toge!r ) ! privation ( ^? b\nties ( ,heav5 ) :i* o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1 9 happi] climates1 are s pl5tifully suppli$4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! w9t] mon?s1 ! *e]+ rays ( ! sun are nei!r se5 nor felt1 & !re are occasional /orms ( w9d & sn[4 ,! mo/ sev]e cold1 says ,crantz1 t occurs 9 ,gre5l&1 sets 91 z 9 temp]ate climates1 8aft] ! new ye>2 & is s pi]c+ 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 t ! /ones split 9 twa91 & ! sea reeks l an ov540 ,on ! return ( ! sun1 ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 & ,augu/1 are ev5 occasionally pleasant2 b ) ,july1 & p>tially ) ,june & ,augu/1 ! d5se/ fogs prevail1 :i* are m depress+ to ! spirits ?an ev5 int5se cold4 ,! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 ! fogs prevail1 is g5]ally ne> ! freez+ po9t1 & is n above ?ree or f\r degrees high] at midday ?an at midnight1 & sometimes does n v>y above a degree or two = sev]al days toge!r4 ,b1 9 ! spr+ & w9t] seasons1 ! temp]ature is subject to v great & rapid alt]ations1 :i* are frequ5tly simultane\s ) ! greate/ *anges ( pressure4 ,?is r5d]s ! !rmomet] a valuable app5dage 9 ! progno/ication ( ! wea!r4 ,! great depression ( temp]ature :i* takes place 9 ! proximity ( ice ) a nor!rly w9d1 appe>s equally z consid]able to ! feel+s 9 l[ z 9 high latitudes4 ,z great a degree ( cold z ev] ,i notic$ 9 a s]ies ( twelve ye>s' obs]vations 7once except$7 0 9 latitude #ga1 ,april #ab1 #ahad1 :5 ! mean ( ?ree !rmomet]s indicat$ z]o2 &1 on ! same occasion1 dur+ an int]val ( ?ree days1 ! mean temp]ature 0 less ?an #e4 ,! w9d 9 ! mean "t 0 cont9ually bl[+ f ! nor?-ea/w>d1 g5]ally bl[+ a gale1 b sometimes mod]ate4 ,on ! #be? ( ,april1 #ahac1 9 latitude #h1 ! !rmomet] fell to #d1 dur+ a h>d gale f ! nor?-ea/1 b on acc\nt ( ! %ip be+ driv5 away f ! ice x soon rose to #aj or #ae4 ,! effect ( ! ice 9 r$uc+ ! temp]ature is s consid]able1 t our proximity to x is (t5 ann\nc$ by ! coldness be=e x c be se54 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! diff]5ce ( a few leagues 9 position sometimes produces a surpris+ increase ( cold4 ,! ,gre5l& sailors1 be+ well def5d$ f ext]nal cold by a *oice selection ( w>m clo?+1 g5]ally support ! l[e/ temp]ature1 aft] a few days' habitude1 )\t mu* inconv5i5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 its attacks are n gradual1 z :5 a %ip1 :i* has atta9$ ! edge ( ! ice1 "u a s\!rly gale1 is expos$ sudd5ly to a nor!rly breeze1 ! *ange ( temp]ature is s great & rapid1 t ! mo/ h>dy _c conceal _! uneas9ess "u its fir/ impression4 ,on "o occasion1 9 ! ye> #ahad1 !re 0 betwe5 ! "t ( my leav+ ! deck at night & aris+ ! foll[+ morn+ an increase 9 ! cold ( ab\t #bj4 ,?is rem>kable *ange 0 att5d$ ) s+ul> effects4 ,! circulation ( ! blood 0 accel]at$1 a s5se ( p>*$ dryness 0 excit$ 9 ! nose2 ! m\?1 or r lips1 7 contract$ 9 all _! dim5sions1 z by a sph9ct]1 & ! articulation ( _m words 0 r5d]$ difficult & imp]fect2 inde$1 e "p ( ! body 0 m or less /imulat$ or disord]$ by ! sev]ity ( ! cold4 ,! h&s1 if expos$1 w\ld h be5 froz5 9 a few m9utes1 & ev5 ! face c\ld n h resi/$ ! effects ( a brisk w9d1 cont9u$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,a piece ( metal1 :5 appli$ to ! tongue1 in/antly adh]$ to x1 & c\ld n be remov$ )\t its reta9+ a portion ( ! sk92 iron became brittle1 & su* z 0 at all ( inf]ior quality might be fractur$ by a bl[2 br&y1 ( ,engli% manufacture & :olesale /r5g?1 0 froz52 quicksilv]1 by a s+le process1 might h be5 consolidat$2 ! sea1 9 "s places1 0 9 ! act ( freez+1 &1 9 o!rs1 appe>$ to smoke1 & produc$1 9 ! =mation ( fro/-rime1 an obscurity great] ?an t ( ! ?icke/ fog4 ,! subtle pr9ciple ( magnetism seem$ to be1 9 "s way or o!r1 influ5c$ by ! fro/1 = ! deck compasses became sluggi%1 or ev5 motionless1 :ile a cab9 compass trav]s$ ) cel]ity4 ,! %ip became envelop$ 9 ice2 ! b[s1 sides1 & l[] rigg+1 7 load$2 & ! rudd]1 if n repeat$ly fre$1 w\ld1 9 a %ort "t1 h be5 r5d]$ immovable4 ,a consid]able swell at ?is "t prevail+1 ! smoke 9 ! cab91 ) ! doors clos$1 0 s intol]able1 t we 7 "u ! necessity ( giv+ free admission to ! ext]nal air to prev5t x4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t1 9 front ( a brisk fire1 at ! di/ance ( a y>d & a half f x1 ! temp]ature 0 #be2 wat] spilt on ! table froze1 &1 inde$1 congelation took place 9 "o situation at ! di/ance ( only two feet f ! /ove4 ,ho>-fro/1 also1 appe>$ 9 ! sailors' b$-cab9s1 aris+ f _! brea?1 & 0 deposit$ ^u _! blankets4 ,"u su* a temp]ature1 ! :ale-fi%]y c\ld n be prosecut$1 = nature c\ld n su/a9 cont9u$ exposure to ! pung5t =ce ( ! w9d4 ,) a calm atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 ! s5sible effects ( cold are s+ul>ly dim9i%$2 ! cold ( z]o !n becomes equally supportable ) ! temp]ature ( #aj1 #ae1 or ev5 #bj degrees1 :5 impress$ by a brisk w9d2 h5ce1 ! s5sations produc$ on ! body become a v equivocal crit]ion = e/imat+ ! degree ( cold4 ,! effect ( cold 9 prev5t+ ! trav]s+ ( compasses1 expos$ to its influ5ce1 has be5 notic$ by "s navigators4 ,z a rem$y aga9/ ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,ellis1 9 8 voyage to ,hudson's ,bay1 sugge/s ! propriety ( remov+ ! compasses into a w>m place1 by :i* ! ne$les spe$ily resume _! activity4 ,i h f\nd1 by exp]im5ts1 t nei!r ! attractive nor directive p[] ( ! magnet suff]s dim9ution by an increase ( cold4 ,!re appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be an increase ( friction1 or ! introduction ( "s unkn[n pr9ciple1 :i*1 :5 ! degree ( cold is v mu* increas$1 occasions a dim9ution 9 ! mobility ( magnetic ne$les4 ,_m rem>kable effects ( cold are relat$ 9 ! j\rnals ( ,pol> navigators4 ,capta9 ,james1 :5 w9t]+ 9 ,hudson's ,bay1 latitude #eb nor?1 exp]i5c$ su* cold1 t1 on ! #aj? ,decemb]1 _m ( ! sailors _h _! noses1 *eeks1 & f+]s1 froz5 z :ite z pap]4 ,ellis1 :o w9t]$ 9 ! same region1 latitude #eg #cj1 f\nd1 by ! #crd ( ,novemb]1 bottl$ be]1 ?\gh wrapp$ 9 t[1 & plac$ ne> a good1 con/ant fire1 froz5 solid4 ,_m ( ! sailors _h _! faces1 e>s1 & toes froz52 iron adh]$ to _! f+]s2 glasses us$ 9 dr9k+ /uck to ! m\?1 & sometimes remov$ ! sk9 f ! lips or tongue2 & a sailor1 :o inadv]t5tly us$ 8 f+] = /opp+ a _s-bottle 9 place ( a cork1 :ile remov+ x f ! h\se to 8 t5t1 _h 8 f+] fa/ froz5 9 ! bottle1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a "p ( x 0 oblig$ to be tak5 (f to prev5t mortification4 ,a ,hamburgh :al]1 beset by ! ice1 ne> ,spitzb]g51 9 ! ye> #agfi1 0 expos$ to great dang]4 ,! effect ( ! fro/ 0 su*1 t ! seams 9 ! %ip's sides crack$ ) a noise resembl+ ! report ( a pi/ol4 ,^! op5+s at fir/ r5d]$ ! vessel v leaky1 b aft] %e got free f ! ice1 & into a mild] climate1 !y aga9 clos$4 ,9 ! int]e/+ n>rative1 by ,pelham1 ( ! pres]vation ( eight seam51 :o 7 accid5tally left 9 ,spitzb]g51 9 ! ye> #afcj1 & w9t]$ !re1 are "s rem>ks on ! effects ( cold4 ,! sea ( ! bay1 :]e !y took up _! abode1 froze ov] on ! #aj? ( ,octob]4 ,aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! new ye>1 ! fro/ became mo/ int5se2 x rais$ bli/]s 9 _! fle% z if !y _h be5 burn$ ) fire1 & if !y t\*$ iron at su* times x w\ld /ick to _! f+]s l bird-lime4 ,sometimes1 :5 !y w5t out ( doors to procure wat]1 !y 7 seiz$ 9 su* a way by ! cold1 t _! fle% felt z sore z if !y _h be5 cruelly beat54 ,! effects ( cold at ,disco1 z obs]v$ by ,m4 ,paul ,eg$1 on ! #g? ,janu>y1 #agch1 & record$ by ,david ,crantz1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 are too /rik+ to be omitt$4 8,! ice & ho>-fro/10 says ,eg$1 8rea* ?r\gh ! *imney to ! /ove's m\?1 )\t be+ ?aw$ by ! fire 9 ! day-"t4 ,ov] ! *imney is an ar* ( fro/1 ) little holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke dis*>ges itself4 ,! doors & walls are z if !y 7 pla/]$ ov] ) fro/1 &1 :i* is sc>cely cr$ible1 b$s are (t5 froz5 to ! b$/eads4 ,! l95 is froz5 9 ! draw]s1 ! upp] eid]-d[n b$ & ! pill[s are q /iff ) fro/ an in* ?ick1 f ! brea?40 ,! t]rific p[] ( ^! mighty ag5cies ( nature illu/rate ,8 p]fections1 :o has all res\rces at 8 comm&1 to m9i/] to ! com=t ( 8 s]vants1 or ! inevitable de/ruction ( 8 enemies4 ,to be ho/ile to ! ,god ( heav5 & ( e>?1 is surely ! height ( folly z well z ( +ratitude4 8,he s5de? =? 8 comm&m5t ^u e>?3 8 ^w runne? v swiftly4 ,he give? sn[ l wool3 he scatt]e? ! ho>-fro/ l a%es4 ,he ca/e? =? 8 ice l morsels3 :o c /& be=e 8 cold80 ,9 ^! frigid regions1 ! scurvy becomes a v al>m+ disease1 & _m individuals h p]i%$ by x1 :o h attempt$ to w9t] 9 ,spitzb]g5 & neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 probable1 t ?is disease is n s mu* influ5c$ by ! sev]ity ( ! climate z by ! use ( improp] alim5t4 ,an excell5t pap] on ?is subject1 by ,dr4 ,john ,aik91 is publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]4 ,x affirms1 t by ! con/ant use ( fre% provisions1 ! occasional use ( oleag9\s sub/ances1 toge!r ) frequ5t ex]cise1 a w>m dwell+1 & a w>m clo?+1 !re w\ld1 probably1 be little dang] 9 exposure to ! sev]ities ( a ,spitzb]g5 w9t]4 ,:5ev] ,i h _h occasion to expose myself to sev]e cold1 ,i h f\nd t ! m ,i am heat$ ! long] ,i c resi/ ! cold )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,! w>m? produc$ by simple fluids1 su* z tea or s\p1 is pref]able to t occasion$ by spirits4 ,aft] ! lib]al use ( tea1 ,i h (t5 su/a9$ a cold t5 degrees at ! ma/-head = sev]al h\rs )\t uneas9ess4 ,i h frequ5tly gone f ! breakfa/-table1 :]e ! temp]ature 0 #ej or #fj1 to ! ma/-head1 :]e x 0 t51 )\t any o!r additional clo?+ except a cap1 yet ,i nev] receiv$ any injury1 & seldom mu* inconv5i5ce1 f ! uncommon transition4 ,! antiseptical prop]ty ( fro/ is rem>kable4 ,animal sub/ances requisite z food1 ( all descriptions1 7fi% except$17 may be tak5 to ,gre5l&1 & !re pres]v$ any l5g? ( "t1 )\t be+ smok$1 dri$1 or salt$4 ,beef1 mutton1 pork1 & f[ls1 ! latt] nei!r pluck$ nor drawn1 are con/antly tak5 out f ,engl&1 ,%etl&1 or ,orkney1 & pres]v$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 us$1 ! beef is be/ divid$ by a saw2 x is !n ?aw$ 9 cold wat]1 &1 if cook$1 :5 ?ree1 f\r1 or five mon?s old1 w frequ5tly appe> z pr(use ( gravy z if x _h be5 rec5tly kill$4 ,a fur!r antiseptical effect is produc$ by ! cold on animal & vegetable sub/ances1 s z to pres]ve !m1 if !y rema9 9 ! same climate1 un*ang$ = a p]iod ( _m ye>s4 ,an in/ance corroborative ( ?is rem>k is giv5 by ,m4 ,bleau1 :o1 9 8 ,atlas ,hi/orique1 in=ms u1 t ! bodies ( sev5 ,dut* seam51 :o p]i%$ 9 ,spitzb]g51 9 ! ye> #afce1 7 f\nd tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds by "s sailors1 :o happ5$ to l& ab\t ! place :]e !y 7 int]r$1 9 a p]fect /ate1 n hav+ suff]$ ! smalle/ degree ( putrefaction4 ,wood1 inde$1 has be5 met ) 9 ,spitzb]g51 :i* has resi/$ all injury f ! wea!r dur+ ! lapse ( a c5tury4 ,our rem>ks mu/ n[ be direct$ to meteorology1 & to an inve/igation ( ! temp]ature ( ! nor? ,pol> regions1 & its con/ant t5d5cy to equalization4 ,?\gh 9 a /ate ( rapid improvem5t1 ! sci5ce ( meteorology is ackn[l$g$ to be yet 9 its infancy4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e by ,torricelli1 ab\t ! ye> #afcj1 no means ( regi/]+ its v>iations ( pressure c\ld be kn[n or practis$4 ,h5ce we c h no v correct idea ( ! relative temp]ature ( climates 9 ! pres5t & remote p]iods1 unless f occasional hi/orical rem>ks ( ! =mation ( ice 9 p>ticul> lakes1 riv]s1 or p>ts ( ! sea1 or f ! capability ( ! e>? = produc+ c]ta9 fruits or gra94 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! use ( ! !rmomet] & b>omet]1 meteorology1 z a sci5ce1 has made consid]able advancem5t4 ,! records ( ph5om5a1 :i* ^! in/rum5ts indicate1 h prov$ highly useful4 ,pr(essor ,may] has giv5 u a =mula = det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( any situation on ! globe1 :]e obs]vations h n be5 made4 ,dr4 ,hutton has pres5t$ u ) an +5i\s & plausible !ory ( ra92 & ,kirwan1 ,humboldt1 & o!rs1 h advanc$ our k ( ! climates ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,dr4 ,wells has inve/igat$ ! ph5om5a ( dew1 & pr(essor ,leslie has conduct$ pr(\nd rese>*es on ! relations ( air to heat & moi/ure1 & on ! propagation ( heat & cold ?r\gh ! atmosph]e to di/ant regions4 ,by ! inv5tion1 also1 ( sev]al curi\s & useful in/rum5ts1 especially ! hygromet] = ! measurem5t ( ! dryness or dampness ( ! atmosph]e1 he has contribut$ v l>gely to ! advancem5t ( meteorological k4 ,! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e 9 any p>ticul> region is "o ( ^? ph5om5a1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may fluctuate1 or :atev] may be _! daily1 mon?ly1 or ye>ly v>iations1 & h[ev] unequal & caprici\s ^! may be1 w1 on ! av]age ( num]\s correspond+ p]iods1 be f\nd to be dep5d5t on c]ta9 laws t5d+ to produce equilibrium2 s t ! g5]al results are rem>kably uni=m4 ,:5 we exp]i5ce p>ticul>ly cold w9t]s1 or p>ticul>ly hot summ]s1 we might suppose t ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye>s 9 :i* ! =m] occur1 w\ld be greatly bel[1 & t ( ye>s 9 :i* ! hot summ]s occur1 w\ld be greatly above1 ! g5]al /&>d4 ,b ?is w seldom be f\nd to be ! case4 ,9 temp]ate climates ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! mean temp]ature ( any "o ye>1 d]iv$ f ! mean ( ! daily extremes ( heat & cold1 or f any p>ticul> numb] ( daily obs]vations1 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! c\rse ( twelve successive mon?s1 seldom diff]s f ! g5]al mean temp]ature1 z d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( a great1 numb] ( ye>s1 m ?an two or ?ree degrees4 ,! mean temp]ature ( any s+le mon? _c be suppos$ to be equally uni=m2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n diff] s widely f ! g5]al mean ( ! mon? z might be expect$4 ,z ! mean annual temp]ature ( a c\ntry is1 !re=e1 probably giv5 by "o ye>'s obs]vations only1 to )9 two or ?ree degrees ( ! tru?1 ! mean ( a p]iod ( eight or t5 ye>s w1 probably1 come )9 "o degree ( ! tru?4 ,by ! comp>ison ( ! results ( !rmometrical obs]vations1 made 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ) ea* o!r1 trac+ ! *anges ( temp]ature1 :i* appe> ) c]ta9 *anges ( latitude or situation1 "s +5i\s & philosophical m5 h endeav\r$1 by pr9ciples ( analogy & induction1 to det]m9e ! mean temp]ature ( e p>allel ( latitude f ! ,equator to ! nor? ,pole4 ,^! calculations h be5 consid]$ z ne> approximations2 &1 z long z obs]vations 7 want+1 s]v$ = purposes ( inve/igation1 to complete ! scale ( ! temp]ature ( ! globe4 ,:5 we rea*1 h[ev]1 ! regions ( p]petual ice1 a rem>kable anomaly is discov]$1 ! mean temp]ature fall+ bel[ ! e/imation 9 ^! tables at once #ag4 ,f a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! temp]ature1 etc41 ( ! ,pol> regions1 conduct$ ) c>e dur+ twelve successive voyages to ! ,gre5l& ,seas1 ,i am able to d$uce ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! mon?s ( ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 are satisfactorily d]iv$ f ! means ( ! latitudes & ( ! obs]vations ( temp]ature2 b ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole ye>1 & ( ! w9t] mon?s1 :]e9 no obs]vations 9 su* high latitudes h yet be5 made1 c only be asc]ta9$ by analogy4 ,f ! exam9ation ( num]\s !rmometrical regi/]s1 p>ticul>ly "o consi/+ ( #ed1gej obs]vations1 made 9 a succession ( fifty ye>s1 at ,/ockholm1 x w\ld seem t ! temp]ature ( ! ye> 9 nor!rn latitudes is indicat$ by t ( ! #bg? to #bh? ( ,april4 ,i h collat$ #fef obs]vations1 made on #bdb days1 9 n9e diff]5t ye>s1 ext5d+ equally be=e & aft] ! #bg? ( ,april1 f :i* ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye>1 9 latitude #gf #de1 ne> ! m]idian ( ,london1 appe>s to be #ah #hf4 ,r$uc+ all ! mon?ly temp]atures d]iv$ f my obs]vations to ! p>allel ( latitude #gh nor?1 by ! application ( ,may]'s =mula1 & all[+ = ! fact t _m ( ! obs]vations ( ,april 7 made at a consid]able di/ance f ! ice1 ,i calculate ! temp]ature ( ,april1 latitude #gh1 to be #ad #bc1 & ! mean ( ! ye> 9 ! same proportion exactly #ag4 ,hav+ discov]$1 by obs]vation *iefly1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! mon?s ( ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 & ! probable mean temp]ature ( ! ye> 9 ! icy regions adjo9+ ,spitzb]g51 ,i conceive x n difficult to calculate ! temp]ature ( ! rema9+ mon?s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye> & t ( ,july1 is #ba 9 ,/ockholm1 & #bj ne> ,spitzb]g54 ,f9d+ n only t ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! mean ( ! ye> & ,july1 ne> ,spitzb]g51 b t ! progressive increase ( temp]ature f ,april to ,july1 also1 bore a /rong analogy to ! relative circum/ances at ,/ockholm1 ,i =m$ a s*eme ( decimals1 connect$ ) a simple =mula1 by :i* ! same proportion ( *ange1 :i* has be5 obs]v$ to take place e mon? at ,/ockholm1 may be made v readily to apply to any o!r c\ntry1 :5ce1 situations & circum/ances be+ ne>ly simil>1 ! temp]ature ( unobs]v$ mon?s may be calculat$4 ,! temp]ature ( ,janu>y1 latitude #gh1 comes out--#a2 t ( ,febru>y1 ,o #g2 ,m>*1 #f #a2 ,augu/1 #cd #i2 ,septemb]1 #bg #h2 ,octob]1 #ah #e2 ,novemb]1 #i #h2 & ,decemb]1 #c #a4 ,foll[+ ! example ( e g5]aliz+ meteorologi/1 ,i may1 ) "s propriety1 ext5d my obs]vations to ! probable temp]ature ( ! nor? ,pole1 provid$ ,i c proce$ on data1 n m]ely arbitr>y or fanciful1 b f\nd$ on obs]vation & analogy4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t pr(essor ,may]'s !ory = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( e latitude1 becomes exce$+ly wide ( ! tru? :5 we approa* ! regions ( p]petual ice1 not)/&+ 9 mo/ o!r situations on ! sea1 or bord]+ !reon1 x holds suffici5tly ne>4 ,accord+ to x1 ! mean temp]ature ( latitude #gf #de1 ne> ! we/]n coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 w\ld h be5 #cc #h1 in/ead ( #ah #h1 z %[n by my obs]vations2 &1 accord+ to x1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! ,pole is reckon$ to be ab\t #ca4 ,! #ae diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]vation & calculation mu/ be consid]$ z ! frigorific effect ( ! ice1 ( :i*1 if we c asc]ta9 ! probable measurem5t at ! ,pole1 we %all be able to modify ,may]'s calculation1 s z to approximate to ! mean temp]ature4 ,at ! ,pole1 no w9d c\ld convey ! mild influ5ce ( a temp]ate climate1 because1 f :atev] direction x %\ld bl[1 x mu/ be cool$ d[n by bru%+ ov] an ext5sive surface ( ice2 consequ5tly1 ! full frigorific effect ( ! ice mu/ be great] 9 ! ,pole ?an 9 places situat$ at or ne> ! bord]s ( ! ice4 ,9 a total p]iod ( #bdb days1 ! temp]ature ( ! air 01 by obs]vation1 f\nd to be m or less influ5c$ by ! ice dur+ #agc days ( t p]iod4 ,h5ce1 z #agc is to #ae1 ! anomaly occasion$ by ! mean temp]ature1 s is #bdb to #ba1 :i* is ! probable anomaly t may be expect$ :5 ! temp]ature is always influ5c$ by ! ice1 or ! anomaly :i* may be suppos$ to occur at ! ,pole4 ,n[1 if we d$uct #ba f #ca1 ! calculat$ temp]ature ( ! ,pole1 ! actual mean temp]ature at ! ,pole w be ab\t #aj4 ,conc]n+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 ,pol> latitudes1 ,i w\ld rem>k1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s1 x is liable to sudd5 & v consid]able v>iations1 & a c>eful /udy & obs]vation ( ^! is necess>y to enable ! wat*ful m>9]s to anticipate ! approa* ( /orms4 ,! foll[+ are ! relations :i*1 9 ,pol> latitudes1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to trace betwe5 ! b>omet] & ! wea!r3-- #a4 ,a h>d we/]ly gale1 ) sn[1 occasions ! greate/ depression ( ! m]cury2 & a light ea/]ly w9d1 ) dry wea!r1 ! greate/ elevation4 #b4 ,! ris+ ( ! m]cury =etells ! subsid5ce ( w9d or ra91 a *ange ( w9d or f9e wea!r2 & its fall+1 ra91 sn[1 or a *ange or increase ( w9d4 #c4 ,! m]cury ris+ unusually high1 & !n becom+ /ation>y1 indicates1 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 a cont9uance ( f9e wea!r2 b 9 ,june or ,july1 foggy wea!r4 #d4 ,if1 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 ! m]cury fall ) "s rapidity an in* or m1 a /orm w mo/ c]ta9ly succe$1 h[ev] contr>y appe>ances may be1 :i* w probably be ! m sev]e 9 proportion z x approximates ! ea/1 & w frequ5tly cont9ue1 ) unabat$ viol5ce1 = fifty or sixty h\rs4 #e4 ,! ris+ ( ! m]cury usually prec$es ! cessation ( a /orm1 b does n inv>iably det]m9e ! p]iod ( its cont9uance1 z /orms frequ5tly bl[ = a day or two aft] ! fir/ rise ( ! m]cury4 #f4 ,sudd5 & repeat$ fluctuations are indicative ( unsettl$ wea!r2 b ! rapid fall ( ! m]cury is no indication ( a %ort gale1 ?\gh1 9 o!r regions1 ! rev]se is said to be ! case2 =1 be=e /orms t cont9ue two or ?ree days1 ! b>omet] frequ5tly falls an in* )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & inde$1 9 a gale z long & z heavy z ,i almo/ ev] witness$1 ! fall ( ! m]cury 0 above an in* 9 twelve h\rs4 #g4 ,be=e v heavy /orms1 :5 ! b>omet] falls uncommonly l[1 ! m]cury seems to get bel[ its natural level1 & (t5 rises two or ?ree t5?s ( an in* z soon z ! pr$ict$ /orm comm5ces2 h5ce ?is fir/ rise ( ! m]cury is no indication :atev] ( an abatem5t ( ! w9d4 #h4 ,on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t /ates ( ! b>omet] 9 we/ & ea/ w9ds1 ! usual level ( ! m]cury1 ) a mod]ate w9d at we/1 n be+ mu* high] ?an ) a gale at ea/1 a *ange ( w9d f "o ( ^! qu>t]s to ! opposite may be accompani$ ) ! greate/ alt]ation 9 ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 )\t produc+ any effect on ! b>omet]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,gre5l& atmosph]e corresponds 9 "s degree ) ! w9t] sky ( ,brita92 ! col\r ( ! =m] is1 h[ev]1 ( a deep] azure1 & its transp>5cy1 :5 cle> & free f icy cry/als1 p]haps m p]fect4 ,f> )9 ! bord]s ( compact ice ! atmosph]e1 9 summ]1 is (t5 cl\dless1 & ! wea!r s]5ely pleasant1 ?\gh cold4 ,b 9 ! usual fi%+-/ations1 & on ! ext]ior ( ! ice 9 g5]al1 a cle> sky is n frequ5t2 nev]!less1 :5 x does occur1 its transp>5cy is peculi>ly beautiful4 ,! sun sometimes sweeps two or ?ree times r\nd ! ,pole1 )\t be+ = a mom5t obscur$ by a cl\d4 ,objects ! mo/ remote may be se5 p]fectly di/9ct & cle>4 ,a %ip's top-gallant-ma/1 at ! di/ance ( five or six leagues1 may be disc]n$ :5 j appe>+ above ! horizon1 ) a common p]spective glass2 & ! summits ( "s m\nta9s are visible at ! di/ance ( sixty to a hundr$ miles4 ,?is p]fect cle>ness occurs mo/ frequ5tly be=e ea/]ly w9ds2 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 especially 9 v cold wea!r1 objects on ! horizon1 :5 view$ ) a high magnifi]1 appe> affect$ ) a p]petual tremor2 :5ce ! contemplation ( di/ant objects is accompli%$ z p]fectly ) a good pocket-glass z ) ! be/ telescope4 ,?is tremul\s motion is evid5tly produc$ by ! quantity ( delicate icy cry/als :i*1 9 v l[ temp]atures1 are almo/ always se5 float+ 9 ! air4 ,! g5]al obscurity ( ! atmosph]e1 aris+ f cl\ds or fogs1 is su*1 t ! sun is frequ5tly invisible dur+ sev]al successive days4 ,at su* times1 :5 ! sun is ne> ! nor!rn tropic1 !re is sc>cely any s5sible v>iation 9 ! quantity ( light f noon to midnight4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! sailors h be5 long abroad 9 ! boats1 or s fully engag$ z to be unable to m>k ! progress ( "t1 ! inquiry1 :e!r x be day or night1 is n unfrequ5t4 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! appe>ance ( ! sun at midnight1 except+ t1 :5 its altitude is v small1 x may be view$ ) ! nak$ eye1 )\t produc+ any pa9ful s5sation2 b :5 x is m ?an f\r or five degrees above ! horizon1 x g5]ally appe>s z effulg5t z ) ! same elevation 9 ,brita94 ,! =ce ( ! sun's rays is sometimes rem>kable4 ,:]e !y fall ^u ! sn[-clad surface ( ! ice or l&1 !y are1 9 a great measure1 reflect$1 )\t produc+ any mat]ial elevation ( temp]ature2 b :5 !y imp+e on ! black ext]ior ( a %ip1 ! pit* on "o side occasionally becomes fluid1 :ile ice is rapidly g5]at$ on ! o!r2 or1 :ile a !rmomet]1 plac$ aga9/ ! black pa9t-"w on :i* ! sun %9es1 indicates a temp]ature ( #hj or #ij1 or ev5 m1 on ! opposite side ( ! %ip a cold ( #bj is sometimes f\nd to prevail4 ,?is rem>kable =ce ( ! sun's rays is accompani$ ) a correspond+ int5sity ( light4 ,a p]son plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a field or o!r compact body ( ice1 "u a cl\dless atmosph]e & elevat$ sun1 exp]i5ces su* an extraord9>y int5sity ( light1 t if x be enc\nt]$ = any l5g? ( "t1 is n only productive ( a mo/ pa9ful s5sation 9 ! eyes1 b sometimes ( tempor>y1 or ev51 z ,i h he>d1 ( p]man5t bl9dness4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! use ( gre5 glasses af=ds a mo/ agreeable relief4 ,"s ( ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica def5d _! eyes by ! use ( a k9d ( wood5 spectacles1 hav+1 in/ead ( glasses1 a n>r[ p]p5dicul> slit opposite to ea* eye4 ,?is simple contrivance1 :i* int]cepts1 p]haps1 n9e-t5?s ( ! light t w\ld rea* a nak$ eye1 prev5ts any pa9ful consequ5ces 9 ! mo/ int5se reflection ( light t ev] occurs4 ,! con/ant light ( ! sun dur+ ! summ] prev5ts ! />s f be+ se52 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! frequ5cy ( cl\dy or foggy wea!r1 r>ely admits a sight ( ! moon4 ,h5ce1 ! longitude1 :i* is ( su* ess5tial importance 9 navigation1 c seldom be det]m9$ by lun> obs]vations4 ,*ronomet]s1 !re=e1 ?\gh b little us$ by ! :ale-fi%]s1 become ( enhanc$ value2 & ev5 a good wat*1 well regulat$1 w1 :]e ! degrees ( longitude are s v contract$1 po9t out ! m]idianal situation ( ! %ip = %ort int]vals1 ) a v tol]able degree ( accuracy4 ,?\gh ! air 9 ! arctic seas is g5]ally 9 a /ate ( dampness1 approa*+ to complete saturation1 yet ! absolute quantity ( moi/ure _c1 :5 ! cold is v excessive1 be consid]able4 ,x is rem>k$1 t vessels are less apt to ru/ "h ?an 9 any o!r climate2 & ?is obs]vation1 if we consid] ! relative humidity ( ! atmosph]e z indicat$ by ! hygromet]1 is c]ta9ly correct2 b ?\gh ! air 9 ! ,pol> regions is g5]ally damp1 yet x is probable !re is no habitable situation 9 ! kn[n _w 9 :i* su* a degree ( actual dryness prevails1 z 9 a h\se or 9 ! cab9 ( a %ip1 well heat$1 :5 ! ext]nal air is int5sely cold4 ,! wa9scot+ ( ! cab9 ( a %ip 9 cold wea!r sometimes %r9ks1 9 consequ5ce ( ! uncommon dryness1 z mu* z half an in* 9 a panel ( ab\t fifte5 in*es broad1 be+ equal to "o-?irtie? ( ! bread?2 b1 on return+ to ,brita91 ! same panel exp&s aga9 to almo/ its orig9al dim5sions4 ,few obs]vations1 comp>atively1 seem to h be5 made on ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e1 especially 9 high latitudes4 ,p]haps1 "s trials t ,i made 9 ! spr+ ( #ahah1 on ?is subject1 7 ! fir/ t h be5 attempt$ )9 ! arctic circle4 ,:5 9 latitude #fh1 ,i erect$ an insulat$ conductor1 eight feet above ! ma9top-gallant ma/-head1 connect$ by a copp] wire ) a copp] ball1 atta*$ by a silk /r+ to ! deck4 ,! conductor consi/$ ( a sl5d] tap]+ tube ( t9n$ iron1 t]m9at$ by a po9t$ brass wire4 ,x 0 fix$ 9 an iron socket1 support$ by a l>ge cyl9drical piece ( glass2 :i* glass1 by means ( ano!r iron socket1 0 secur$ to ! top ( a long pole1 elevat$ sev]al feet above ! ma/-head4 ,a t9 cone encompass$ ! bottom ( ! conductor1 ! m\? ( :i* be+ d[nw>d1 def5d$ ! rod ( glass f gett+ wet1 s z to injure its insulat$ prop]ty4 ,! conduct+ wire1 be+ kept cle> ( ! rigg+ ( ! %ip1 0 expect$ to exhibit 9 ! ball1 :]e x t]m9at$1 any diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( ! electricity ( ! %ip or sea & t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! te/ ( electricity 0 a ,b5net's gold-leaf electromet]1 br\ght into contact ) ! ball2 b ?\gh trials 7 made = sev]al successive days1 f lat4 #gh to lat4 #ge1 dur+ cle>1 cl\dy1 & %[]y wea!r1 n ! lea/ excitation 0 ev] obs]v$4 ,t ! effect might be r5d]$ m p]ceptible1 ! electromet] 0 well dri$ & w>m$ imm$iately be=e ea* exp]im5t1 )\t :i*1 inde$1 no excitation c\ld be produc$ 9 x1 ei!r ) glass or seal+-wax4 ,! nights be+ light1 ! aurora borealis c\ld n be se52 b on ! ev5+ ( ! #bj? ( ,may1 an appe>ance 0 obs]v$1 v mu* resembl+ ! aurora borealis1 yet no signs ( electricity 7 obs]v$ 9 ! electromet] appli$ to ! conductor4 ,!re are sev]al ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e dep5d5t on reflection & refraction1 des]v+ ( notice4 ,ice-bl9ks h be5 already m5tion$1 :5 speak+ ( ! ice4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 all objects se5 on ! horizon seem to be lift$ above x a di/ance ( two to f\r1 or m1 m9utes ( altitude1 or s f> ext5d$ 9 height above _! natural dim5sions4 ,ice1 l&1 %ips1 boats1 & o!r objects1 :5 ?us enl>g$ & elevat$1 are said to loom4 ,! l[] "p ( loom+ objects are sometimes connect$ ) ! s5sible horizon by an app>5t fibr\s or column> ext5sion ( _! p>ts1 :i* columns are always p]p5dicul> to ! horizon2 at o!r times1 !y appe> to be q lift$ into ! air1 a void space be+ se5 betwe5 !m & ! horizon4 ,?is ph5om5on is obs]v$ mo/ frequ5tly on1 or be=e1 an ea/]ly w9d1 & is g5]ally consid]$ z indicative ( su*4 ,a mo/ extraord9>y appe>ance ( ! ,=el&1 or ,*>les's ,isl&1 ,spitzb]g51 occurr$ on ! #af? ( ,july1 #ahad4 ,:ile sail+ to ! s\?w>d1 along ! coa/1 ) an ea/]ly w9d1 ,i obs]v$ :at appe>$ to be a m\nta91 9 ! =m ( a sl5d]1 b elevat$1 monum5t4 ,i 0 surpris$ t ,i _h nev] se5 x be=e1 & 0 m a/oni%$ :5 ,i saw1 n f> di/ant1 a prodigi\s & p]fect ar* ?r[n across a valley1 ( above a league 9 bread?4 ,! neighb\r+ m\nta9s disclos$ ! cause1 by exhibit+ an unnatural elevation ) ! column> /ructure ( loom+ objects4 ,pres5tly1 ! sc5e 0 *ang$1 ! m\nta9s along ! :ole coa/ assum$ ! mo/ fanta/ical =ms2 ! appe>ance ( ca/les1 ) l(ty spires1 t[]s1 & battlem5ts1 w\ld1 9 a few m9utes1 be conv]t$ into a va/ ar* or romantic bridge4 ,^! v>i$1 & sometimes beautiful1 metamorphoses naturally sugge/$ ! reality ( fairy descriptions2 = ! air 0 p]fectly transp>5t2 ! contra/ ( sn[ & rocks 0 q di/9ct2 ev5 9 ! sub/ance ( ! mo/ uncommon phantasms1 ?\gh exam9$ ) a p[]ful telescope1 & e object deem$ to possess e possible /ability4 ,i nev] be=e obs]v$ a ph5om5on s v>i$ or s amus+4 ,! l& 0 n alone affect$ by ?is peculi> refraction1 s9ce e object betwe5 ! nor?-ea/ & s\?-ea/ po9ts ( ! compass 01 m or less1 de=m$ by x4 ,a mass ( ice on ! horizon appe>$ ( ! height ( a cliff1 & ! prismatic /ructure ( its front sugge/$ ! idea ( basaltic columns4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t ^! ph5om5a took place on a cle> ev5+1 aft] an uncommonly w>m aft]noon4 ,i obs]v$ _m o!r peculi> effects ( refraction4 ,su* ph5om5a are frequ5t on ! comm5cem5t or approa* ( ea/]ly w9ds1 & are probably occasion$ by ! commixture1 ne> ! surface ( ! l& or sea1 ( two /reams ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures1 s z to occasion an irregul> deposition ( imp]fectly cond5s$ vap\r1 :i*1 :5 pass+ ! v]ge ( ! horizon1 produc$ ^! appe>ances4 ,p>helia1 mock suns1 & corona1 haloes1 are p]haps n s frequ5t 9 ,gre5l& z 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,i d n recollect to h obs]v$ !m m ?an ?rice4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i did n m9utely notice ! p>ticul>s4 ,i recollect1 h[ev]1 !re 7 two or ?ree p>helia1 & f\r or five col\r$ circles1 "s ( :i* almo/ equall$ 9 _! col\rs ! brilliancy ( ! ra9b[4 ,on ! second occasion1 sev]al p>helia 7 succe$$ by a lun> halo1 toge!r ) ! aurora borealis1 & prov$ ! h>b+]s ( a trem5d\s tempe/4 ,! la/ ph5om5on ( ! k9d :i* ,i saw1 consi/$ ( a l>ge circle ( lum9\s :it5ess1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! sun1 9 a direction ne>ly p>allel ) ! horizon1 int]sect$ 9 v>i\s places ) col\r$ circles ( small] dim5sions4 ,ra9b[s are common 9 ^! regions1 b ! fog-b[1 or fog-circle1 is m r>ely obs]v$1 & is entitl$ to our att5tion4 ,x is a circle depict$ on ! fog1 :i* prevails 9 ! ,pol> seas1 at c]ta9 seasons1 re/+ ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 & seldom rea*+ to a consid]able height4 ,on ! #ai? ,july1 #ahac1 ,i obs]v$ "o ( ab\t #cj diamet]1 ) b&s ( vivid col\rs depict$ on ! fog4 ,! c5tre ( ! circle 0 9 a l9e drawn f ! sun1 ?r\gh ! po9t ( vision1 until x met ! visible vap\r 9 a situation exactly opposite to ! sun4 ,! l[] "p ( ! circle desc5d$ b5ea? my feet to ! side ( ! %ip1 & al?\gh x c\ld n be a hundr$ feet f ! eye1 x 0 p]fect1 & ! col\rs di/9ct4 ,! c5tre ( ! col\r$ circle 0 di/+ui%$ by my own %ad[1 ! head ( :i*1 envelop$ by a halo1 0 mo/ conspicu\sly portray$4 ,i rema9$ a long "t contemplat+ ! beautiful ph5om5on be=e me4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( ! w9ds1 :i* ,i am n[ ab\t to describe1 ,i _c be s precise z ,i h be5 9 my obs]vations on atmosph]ic temp]ature & pressure2 be+ able to give a correct idea only ( _! peculi>ities & direction1 :il/ _! relative =ce1 f\nd$ on conjecture1 ,i am unable to express o!rwise ?an 9 ! phraseology ( ! m>9]1 :i*1 x mu/ be all[$1 is some:at ambigu\s4 ,9 proportion z we rec$e f ! equator1 we f9d ! w9ds become m v>iable1 irregul>1 & p>tial4 ,/orms & calms1 9 ! nor!rn regions1 repeat$ly alt]nate1 )\t w>n+ or progression2 =cible w9ds bl[ at "o place1 :51 at ! di/ance ( a few leagues1 g5tle breezes prevail2 a /orm f ! s\?1 on "o h&1 exhau/s its impetuosity ^u ! g5tle breeze1 bl[+ f (f ! ice on ! o!r1 )\t prevail+ 9 ! lea/2 %ips1 )9 ! circle ( ! horizon1 may be se5 endur+ e v>iety ( w9d & wea!r at ! same mom5t2 come becalm$1 & toss+ ab\t by ! viol5ce ( ! waves2 "s1 "u close-reef$ topsails1 lab\r+ "u ! =ce ( a /orm2 & o!rs1 fly+ "u g5tle breezes1 f qu>t]s z div]se z ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,! mo/ g5]al prelim9>ies to sudd5 /orms are p]fect calms2 curi\sly v>iable breezes1 ) /rong squalls2 s+ul> agitation ( ! sea1 toge!r ) ?ick sn[1 :i* (t5 *anges f flakes to p[d]1 & falls 9 su* pr(usion1 z to occasion an a/oni%+ gloom9ess & obscurity 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! sn[ cle> away1 ! gale is (t5 at h&1 :il/ a lum9\sness on ! horizon1 resembl+ ! ice-bl9k1 sometimes po9ts out its direction1 & a noise 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air ann\nces its imm$iate approa*4 ,9 ?is v>iable & occasionally tempe/u\s climate1 ! value ( ! b>omet] is satisfactorily prov$4 ,my fa!r once remov$ 8 %ip f a mo/ dang]\s bight 9 ! ma9 ice1 :]e %e w\ld probably h be5 lo/1 _h %e rema9$ a few mom5ts long]1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ he>d ! ru%+ ( a /orm 9 ! air1 :ile at ! ma/-head4 ,be=e ! %ip 0 out ( dang]1 a heavy gale comm5c$1 b ! sails be+ set1 & ! %ip "u comm&1 %e 0 extricat$ f ! p]il\s situation4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 he imag9$ t sudd5 /orms frequ5tly comm5ce at "s height 9 ! atmosph]e1 & gradually desc5d to ! surface4 ,int]mitt+ gales are almo/ equally common ) sudd5 /orms1 & v>iable w9ds prevail1 9 an extraord9>y degree1 9 ! frigid zone4 ,! w9ds1 inde$1 among ice1 are g5]ally un/eady 9 _! direction1 & att5d$ ) /rong gu/s or squalls1 p>ticul>ly 9 v cold wea!r1 & t[>ds ! t]m9ation ( a /orm4 ,?is v>iabl5ess1 be+ ! effect ( ! unequal temp]ature ( ! ice & wat]1 is curi\s1 b ! ph5om5on t is mo/ calculat$ to excite surprise is1 t sev]al di/9ct1 & ev5 opposite w9ds1 ) ! =ce1 9 _m in/ances1 ( a fre% gale1 w occasionally prevail at ! same mom5t ( "t1 )9 ! range ( ! horizon4 ,! situation 9 :i* ?is circum/ance occurs1 w\ld appe> to be ! po9t :]e conflict+ w9ds cont5d = ! sup]iority2 & z1 9 "s in/ances1 _! =ces are effectually balanc$1 ! w9ds1 :i* simultane\sly bl[ f ! s\?w>d & nor?w>d1 or f ! ea/w>d & we/w>d1 h _! en]gies almo/ de/roy$ at ! place ( comb9ation4 ,?us x sometimes happ5s t %ips1 )9 sight ( ea* o!r1 w1 at ! same p]iod ( "t1 exp]i5ce e v>iety ( wea!r1 f calm to /orm1 f fair wea!r to ?icke/ sn[1 toge!r ) sev]al di/9ct & contr>y curr5ts ( w9d4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #cj? ( ,april1 #ahaj1 ! %ip ,resolution--9 :i* ,i s]v$ 9 ! capacity ( *ief-mate1 or h>poon]--01 dur+ ?ick %[]s ( sn[1 sail+ by ! edge ( a /ream ( ice1 ) ! w9d f ! nor?-we/w>d4 ,ab\t t51 ,a4,m41 ! sn[ abat$1 & sev]al %ips 7 se5 )9 ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles4 ,z all ( ^! %ips 7 sail+ 8on a w9d10 x 0 easy to asc]ta9 ! direction ( ! w9d :]e !y 71 & curi\s to obs]ve its v>iabl5ess4 ,two %ips1 be>+ nor?-ea/ f u1 _h ! w9d at nor?-ea/2 two1 be>+ ea/1 _h ea/ or ea/-nor?-ea/2 two1 be>+ s\?-ea/1 _h ! w9d at s\?-ea/2 :ile1 ) u1 x blew f ! nor?-we/4 ,9 ea* ( ^! situations a fre% breeze prevail$2 b 9 "s situations1 :]e !re happ5$ to be no %ips1 !re appe>$ to be no w9d at all4 ,! cl\ds above u1 at ! "t1 we're con/antly *ang+ _! =ms4 ,%[]s ( sn[ 7 se5 9 v>i\s places at a di/ance4 ,in/ances ( local /orms are n uncommon 9 temp]ate climates1 b 9 ! arctic regions !y are frequ5t & /rik+4 ,_! locality is su*1 t a calm may occur :5 a /orm is expect$ & actually does prevail at a %ort di/ance1 s t ! indication ( ! b>omet] may appe> to be errone\s4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 ! reality ( ! /orm is (t5 prov$ by ! agitation ( ! sea4 ,swells f v>i\s qu>t]s make _! appe>ance1 & frequ5tly prevail at ! same "t4 ,my fa!r1 ^: opportunities ( obs]vation h be5 v num]\s1 relates ! foll[+ in/ance ( ! locality ( a /orm4 ,:5 comm&+ ! %ip ,h5rietta1 he 0 on "o occasion navigat+ ! ,gre5l& ,sea dur+ a t$i\s gale ( w9d1 accompani$ ) sn[y wea!r4 ,z ! w9d began to abate1 a %ip appe>$ 9 sight1 "u all sails1 & pres5tly came up ) ! ,h5rietta4 ,! ma/] hail$1 & inquir$ :at _h happ5$ t my fa!r's %ip 0 "u close-reef$ top-sail 9 su* mod]ate wea!r4 ,on be+ told t a /orm _h j subsid$1 he decl>$ t he knew no?+ ( x2 he obs]v$1 inde$1 a swell1 & notic$ a black cl\d a-head ( 8 %ip t seem$ to advance be=e him until he 0 ov]%ad[$ ) x a little :ile be=e he ov]took ! ,h5rietta1 b he _h _h f9e wea!r & light w9ds ! :ole day6 ,a s+le in/ance is giv5 ( ^? sudd5 gu/s & v>i\s curr5ts ( w9d1 :i* occur at "s elevation 9 ! atmosph]e1 & :i* are common to all climates4 ,on a p>ticul>ly f9e day1 my fa!r hav+ l&$ on ! nor!rn "p ( ,*>les's isl&1 incit$ by ! same curiosity :i* l$ him on %ore1 asc5d$1 ?\gh n )\t great difficulty & fatigue1 a consid]able elevation1 ! summit ( :i* 0 n broad] ?an a common table1 & :i* %elv$ on "o side z /eep z ! ro( ( a h\se1 & on ! o!r =m$ a mural precipice4 ,engag$ 9 admir+ ! ext5sive prospect f an em95ce ( ab\t two ?\s& feet1 he sc>cely notic$ ! advance ( a v small cl\d4 ,its rapid approa* & peculi> =m 7hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( a h&7 at l5g? excit$ 8 att5tion1 & :5 x rea*$ ! place :]e he 0 seat$ 9 a calm air1 a torr5t ( w9d assail$ him ) su* viol5ce1 t he 0 oblig$ to ?r[ himself on 8 body & /ick 8 h&s & feet 9 ! sn[ to prev5t himself f be+ hurl$ ov] ! trem5d\s slope :i* ?reat5$ 8 in/ant de/ruction4 ,! cl\d hav+ pass$1 ! air1 to 8 great satisfaction1 became calm1 :5 he imm$iately desc5d$ by slid+ d[n ! surface ( sn[1 & 9 a few m9utes rea*$ ! base ( ! m\nta9 9 safety4 ,! c\rse ( ! seasons1 z relates to prevail+ w9ds1 is z foll[s4 ,9 ! spr+ mon?s1 nor?-ea/ & ea/ w9ds are frequ5t1 ) sev]e /orms f ^! & o!r qu>t]s4 ,! /orms f ! nor?-ea/1 ea/1 & s\?-ea/1 are g5]ally ! mo/ viol5t4 ,:5 !y occur 9 ,m>* & ,april1 !y frequ5tly cont9ue )\t int]mission = two or ?ree successive days1 & r>ely subside till ! w9d ve]s r\nd to ! nor? or nor?-we/4 ,/orms1 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 bl[+ f ! s\?-ea/1 g5]ally *ange1 be=e !y abate1 to ! ea/1 nor?-ea/1 nor?1 & nor?-we/2 b /orms comm5c+ at s\?-we/ or s\?1 usually ve]1 be=e !y subside1 9 ! contr>y direction1 t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 & sometimes cont9ue *ang+ until _! /r5g? is sp5t 9 ! nor? or nor?-ea/ qu>t]4 ,a /orm beg9n+ to bl[ f ! we/]n qu>t] seldom cont9ues long2 :5 x bl[s h>d x commonly ve]s to ! nor? or nor?-ea/1 & x is obs]vable t a v h>d s\!rly or ea/]ly gale is frequ5tly succe$$ )9 a few days by ano!r f ! opposite qu>t]4 ,) ! advance ( ! mon? ( ,may1 /orms become less frequ5t1 & ! wea!r becomes s5sibly bett]4 ,! w9ds !n beg9 to bl[ m frequ5tly f ! nor?-we/2 9 ,june1 ! mo/ common w9ds are nor? & nor?-we/1 s\? & s\?-we/2 & 9 ,july1 s\? & s\?-we/]ly w9ds prevail4 ,at ?is season1 calms or v light w9ds also become frequ5t1 & cont9ue sometimes = sev]al days toge!r4 ,9 high nor!rn latitudes1 h[ev]1 v heavy /orms f ! s\?w>d occur 9 ,july1 & bl[ = ?irty or =ty h\rs at a "t4 ,9 ,augu/1 nor?-ea/ w9ds beg9 aga9 to prevail4 ,! s\?-we/ & s\!rly /orms ( ! autumn bl[ ) p>ticul> viol5ce4 8,! w9d rages s vehem5tly1 t ! h\ses quiv] & crack1 ! t5ts & light] boats fly up 9 ! air1 & ! sea-wat] scatt]s ab\t 9 ! l& l sn[-du/--nay1 ! ,gre5l&]s say t ! /orm r5ds (f /ones a c\ple ( p\nds' weight1 & m\nts !m 9 ! air4 ,9 summ]1 :irlw9ds also spr+ up1 t draw up ! wat]s out ( ! sea1 & turn a boat r\nd sev]al times40 ,:5 ! c\ntries ( temp]ate climates suff] "u tempe/s 9 frequ5t succession1 ,pol> regions enjoy comp>ative tranquillity4 ,aft] ! autumn gales h pass$1 a s]ies ( calm wea!r1 att5d$ by sev]e fro/s1 frequ5tly succe$s4 ,s /rik+1 inde$1 is ! /illness ( ! nor!rn w9t]1 t !re is tru? 9 ,dr4 ,gu?rie's obs]vation1 t nature seems 8to h /udi$ p]fect equality 9 ! di/ribution ( h] fav\rs1 z x is only p>ts ( ! e>? :i* mo/ enjoy ! k9dly influ5ces ( ! sun t suff] by ! effects ( its sup]ior heat1 s t if ! atmosph]e ( ! nor? is n s g5ial z t ( ! s\?1 at lea/ x rema9s p]fectly quiet & s]5e1 )\t ?reat5+ de/ruction to man & ! product ( 8 indu/ry z 9 :at are call$ happi] climates40 ,! pr9cipal meteors1 n be+ ( ! aque\s k9d1 t rema9 to be consid]$ are lightn+ & ! aurora borealis4 ,z we approa* ! ,pole1 ! =m] ph5om5on becomes m r>e1 & ! latt] m common4 ,lightn+1 inde$1 is seldom se5 to ! nor?w>d ( ! arctic circle1 & :5 x does occur1 x is v seldom accompani$ by ?und]4 ,9 ,spitzb]g51 nei!r ?und] nor lightn+ has1 ,i believe1 ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h nev] se5 lightn+ nor?w>d ( latitude #fe1 & only 9 two in/ances :5 at any consid]able di/ance f l&4 ,! aurora borealis occurs indep5d5t ( l& & ( cold1 becom+ m frequ5t 9 its appe>ance z we approa* ! ,pole1 & enliv5+ by its brilliancy & peculi> gr&eur ! t$i\s gloom ( ! long w9t] nights4 ,its appe>ance1 ?\gh n v frequ5tly se5 9 ,brita91 is v common z f> s\? z ,%etl& & ,f]oe4 ,9 ,icel&1 & o!r c\ntries bord]+ on ! arctic circle1 ! nor!rn lights occur almo/ e cle> night dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! summ]1 !y c seldom be se5 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! sun1 & 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ! obscurity ( ! atmosph]e prev5ts _! frequ5t exhibition4 ,9 sev]al in/ances1 ,i h kn[n /ormy wea!r foll[ ! appe>ance ( ! brilliant aurora1 & "o ( ! mo/ trem5d\s /orms ,i 0 ev] expos$ to1 succe$$ a spl5did exhibition ( ! nor!rn lights4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 especially :5 !y are se5 at a consid]able altitude above ! horizon1 hav+ a r$ or copp] col\r1 !y are suppos$ to be indicative ( a viol5t /orm4 ,our *apt] on atmosph]ical ph5om5a mu/ n[ be conclud$ by obs]vations on aque\s meteors2 includ+ cl\ds1 ra91 hail1 sn[1 fro/-rime1 ho>-fro/1 & fog4 ,v little cle> wea!r occurs 9 ! ,gre5l& seas1 = (t5 :5 ! atmosph]e is free f any visible vap\r on ! l&1 at sea x is obscur$ by fro/-rime 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 & by cl\ds or fog 9 ! summ]2 s t sc>cely "o-tw5tie? ( ! season devot$ to ! :ale-fi%]y c be said to consi/ ( cle> wea!r4 ,! cl\ds mo/ g5]ally consi/ ( a d5se /ratum ( obscurity1 compos$ ( irregul> compact pat*es cov]+ ! :ole expanse ( ! heav5s4 ,! cirrus1 cirrocumulus1 & cirro/ratus1 ( ,h[>d's nom5clature1 are occasionally di/9ct2 ! nimbus is p>tly =m$1 b nev] complete3 & ! gr&eur ( ! cumulus or ?und]-cl\d is nev] se51 unless x be on ! l&4 ,9 ! atmosph]e ov] ! coa/s 9 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g51 :]e ! air is greatly w>m$ by ! conc5tration & reflection ( ! sun's rays 9 ! %elt]$ valleys1 a small imp]fect cumulus is sometimes exhibit$4 ,! kn[n ag5ts made use ( 9 ! economy ( nature = ! production ( ra9 are *anges ( temp]ature & electricity4 ,! latt] pr9ciple is suppos$ to act mo/ p[]fully 9 ! production ( ?und]-%[]s1 9 :i* case x is n unlikely t a portion ( ! air ( ! atmosph]e is1 by ! pass+ ( ! lightn+ f "o cl\d to ano!r1 conv]t$ into wat]4 ,! =m] seems to be ! *ief ag5t 9 ! cold] regions ( ! globe1 :]e electricity is ei!r m equal 9 its di/ribution1 or n s active 9 its op]ations z 9 ! w>m] climates4 ,f ! beautiful !ory ( ! late ,dr4 ,james ,hutton1 support$ by ! rese>*es ( pr(essor ,leslie1 x appe>s1 t 8:ile ! temp]ature advances uni=mly 9 ari?metical progression1 ! dissolv+ p[] :i* ?is communicates to ! air m\nts ) ! accel]at+ rapidity ( a geometrical s]ies20 & ?is 9 su* a ratio1 t ! 8air has its dryness d\bl$ at ea* rise ( temp]ature answ]+ to fifte5 c5tesimal degrees10 or tw5ty-sev5 ( ,fahr5heit4 ,h5ce1 8:atev] be ! actual condition ( a mass ( air1 !re mu/ always exi/ "s temp]ature at :i* x w\ld become p]fectly damp20 & h5ce :5ev] two /reams ( air saturat$ ) moi/ure ( diff]5t temp]atures are mix$ toge!r1 or bru% aga9/ "o ano!r1 9 ! =m ( diff]5t curr5ts ( w9d1 !re mu/ always be a quantity ( moi/ure precipitat$4 ,= if two masses ( air1 ( diff]5t temp]atures1 b equal 9 quantity1 & bo? saturat$ ) moi/ure1 7 mix$ toge!r1 ! result+ temp]ature w\ld be ne>ly ! mean ( ! two1 b1 at t temp]ature1 ! capacity ( air = moi/ure be+ less ?an ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! two commix$ masses1 ! surplus mu/ be deposit$4 ,ra9 is by no means common 9 ! ,pol> c\ntries except+ 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 & !n only ) s\!rly or we/]ly w9ds4 ,dur+ all seasons ( ! ye>1 h[ev]1 ) /rong gales bl[+ f a s\!rn climate1 ra9 is occasionally obs]v$ 9 situations ne> ! edge ( ! ice2 b sn[ or sleet are m common ev5 "u su* circum/ances2 & 9 remote situations among ice1 ne> ! #hj? p>allel ( latitude1 ra9 seldom or nev] occurs4 ,hail is a mu* m famili> meteor 9 temp]ate ?an 9 frigid climates4 ,9 ! ,gre5l& ,sea1 ?is aque\s concretion is v r>ely se52 & if we def9e x z consi/+ ( pellucid sph]es ( ice1 g5]at$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 x may be said to be unkn[n 9 v high latitudes4 ,?is fact is 9 fav\r ( ! electrical orig9 ( hail1 z x is well-kn[n to be common 9 temp]ate climates1 :]e ! air is 9 a high /ate ( electricity1 & to be ! frequ5t concomitant ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,! only sub/ance resembl+ hail t is g5]at$ 9 ! frigid zone consi/s ( a :ite1 por\s1 sph]ical concretion ( light & sn[y texture4 ,sn[ is s v common 9 ! arctic regions1 t x may be boldly /at$1 t 9 n9e days out ( t51 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 m or less sn[ falls4 ,) s\!rly w9ds1 ne> ! bord]s ( ! ice1 or 9 situations :]e humid air1 bl[+ f ! sea1 assimilates ) a gelid breeze f ! ice1 ! heavie/ falls ( sn[ occur4 ,9 ?is case1 a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es is sometimes deposit$ 9 an h\r4 ,! ?icke/ precipitations also frequ5tly prec$e sudd5 /orms4 ,! =m ( ! p>ticles ( sn[ pres5ts an endless v>iety4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is )9 a degree or two ( ! freez+ po9t1 mu* sn[ falls1 frequ5tly consi/+ ( l>ge irregul> flakes1 su* z are common 9 ,brita94 ,sometimes x exhibits small granul>1 or l>ge r\gh :ite concretions2 at o!rs1 x consi/s ( :ite spicul1 or rude /ellat$ cry/als4 ,b 9 sev]e fro/s1 ?\gh ! sky appe>s p]fectly cle>1 lamell> flakes ( sn[1 ( ! mo/ regul> & beautiful =ms1 are always se5 float+ 9 ! air1 & sp>kl+ 9 ! sunbeams1 & ! sn[ :i* falls 9 g5]al is ( mo/ elegant texture & appe>ance4 ,sn[1 ( a r$di% or br[ni% col\r1 is n unfrequ5tly se54 ,! br[ni% /a91 :i* occurs on %ore1 is giv5 by an e>?y sub/ance br\ght f ! m\nta9s by ! /reams ( wat]1 d]iv$ f ?aw+ ice & sn[1 or ! fall ( ra94 ,! r$di% col\r1 z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 is giv5 by ! mute ( birds2 ?\gh1 9 ! example met ) by capta9 ,ross1 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 ! /a9 appe>s to h be5 ( a vegetable nature4 ,! little auk1 7,alca alle17 :i* fe$s ^u %rimps1 is f\nd1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,pol> seas1 9 imm5se numb]s4 ,!y frequ5tly retreat to pieces ( ice1 or surfaces ( sn[1 & /a9 !m all ov] r$ ) _! mute4 ,m>t5s saw r$ sn[ 9 ,spitzb]g51 :i* he consid]$ z be+ /a9$ by ra9-wat] runn+ d[n by ! rocks4 ,! extreme beauty & endless v>iety ( ! microscopic objects procur$ 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 are p]haps fully equall$1 if n surpass$1 9 bo? p>ticul>s ( beauty & v>iety1 by ! cry/als ( sn[4 ,! pr9cipal configurations are ! /elli=m & hexagonal1 ?\gh almo/ e %ape1 ( :i* ! g5]at+ angles ( #fj & #ab are susceptible1 may1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s' obs]vation1 be discov]$4 ,! v>i\s modifications ( cry/als may be class$ "u five g5]al k9ds1 or g5]a4 #a4 ,lamell>1 inf9ite 9 v>iety1 mo/ delicate 9 /ructure1 & capable ( sub-division into sev]al di/9ct species4 #b4 ,a lamell>1 or sph]ical nucleus1 ) sp9\s ramifications 9 diff]5t planes4 ,?is g5us also consi/s ( two or ?ree species4 #c4 ,f9e spicul1 or six-sid$ prisms4 ,! f9e/ specim5s resemble :ite hair1 cut into l5g?s n exce$+ a qu>t] ( an in*4 #d4 ,hexagonal pyramids4 ,i h b once se5 ?is k9d ( sn[ cry/al4 #e4 ,spicul1 or prisms hav+ "o or bo? extremities ins]t$ 9 ! c5tre ( a lamell> cry/al4 ,?is g5us resembles a pair ( :eels1 unit$ by an axle-tree4 ,9 l[ temp]atures1 ! greate/ proportion ( cry/als t fall are1 probably1 p]fect geometrical figures4 ,"s ( ! g5]al v>ieties 9 ! figures ( ! cry/als may be ref]r$ to ! temp]ature ( ! air2 b ! p>ticul> & endless modifications ( simil> classes ( cry/als c only be ref]r$ to ! pleasure ( ! great ,fir/ ,cause1 ^: works1 ev5 ! mo/ m9ute & evanesc5t1 & 9 regions ! mo/ remote f human obs]vation1 be> ! impress ( ,8 own h&1 & display to 8 intellig5t creatures 8 va/ & b5efic5t wisdom4 ,if1 on ^! =ms ( un9tellig5t matt]1 he has be/[$ su* excell5t workman%ip1 ) h[ mu* m transc5d5t lovel9ess w he clo! ^? :o are r$eem$ by ! exce$+ ri*es ( 8 grace1 & :o1 beyond ! hi/ory & productions ( all worlds1 w reflect ! beauty ( 8 glori\s c\nt5ance6 ,fro/-rime1 or fro/-smoke1 is a meteor peculi> to ^? p>ts ( ! globe :]e a v l[ temp]ature prevails = a consid]able "t4 ,x consi/s ( a d5se froz5 vap\r1 app>5tly aris+ out ( ! sea1 or any l>ge %eet ( wat]1 & asc5d+1 9 high w9ds & turbul5t seas1 to ! height ( eighty or "o hundr$ feet1 b1 9 light breezes & smoo? wat]1 creep+ along ! surface4 ,! p>ticles ( :i* x consi/s are z small z du/1 & cleave to ! rigg+ ( %ips1 or almo/ any sub/ance aga9/ :i* !y are driv5 by ! w9d1 & af=d a coat+ ( an in* or upw>ds 9 dep?4 ,^! p>ticles adh]e to "o ano!r until ! w9dw>d surface ( ! ropes is cov]$1 & =m long fibres some:at ( a prismatical or pyramidal %ape1 hav+ _! po9ts direct$ t[>ds ! w9d4 ,fro/-rime adh]es readily to articles ( clo?+2 &1 f ! circum/ance ( its lodg+ 9 ! hair1 & giv+ x ! appe>ance ( be+ p[d]$1 ! sailors humor\sly /yle x 8! b>b]40 ,su* ( ! fro/-rime z is dislodg$ f ! rigg+ :5ev] ! %ip is tack$1 cov]s ! deck to a consid]able ?ickness1 &1 :5 trod ^u1 emits an acute s\nd1 resembl+ ! cru%+ ( f9e p>ticles ( glass4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on1 :i* g5]ally is n obs]v$ until ! cold is r$uc$ to #ad1 may p]haps be simil> to t produc+ ra91 & may be expla9$ accord+ to ,dr4 ,hutton's !ory4 ,an aque\s vap\r1 consi/+ ( v m9ute froz5 p>ticles1 sometimes occupies ! l[] regions ( ! atmosph]e 9 temp]ate & frigid climates1 dur+ fro/y wea!r1 & is deposit$ on ! gr\nd1 on surfaces ( ice1 or almo/ any o!r sub/ance ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,?is vap\r seems to be ( ! nature ( ho>-fro/2 x g5]ally appe>s 9 ! ev5+1 aft] a bright sun%9y day4 ,fog1 or mi/1 is ! la/ meteor t rema9s to be consid]$4 ,?is is "o ( ! greate/ annoyances t ! arctic :al]s h to enc\nt]4 ,x frequ5tly prevails dur+ ! great] "p ( ! mon? ( ,july1 & sometimes1 at consid]able int]vals1 9 ,june & ,augu/4 ,its d5sity is (t5 su*1 t x circumscribes ! prospect to an area ( a few acres1 n be+ p]vi\s to sight at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds4 ,x frequ5tly lies s l[ t ! brightness ( ! sun is sc>cely at all int]cept$2 9 su* cases1 sub/ances w>m$ by ! sun's rays1 give to ! air imm$iately above !m increas$ capacity = moi/ure1 by :i* evaporation goes briskly on dur+ ! d5se/ fogs4 ,9 ,newf\ndl&1 on occasions :5 ! sun's rays p5etrate ! mi/1 & heat ! surface ( ! rocks1 fi% is frequ5tly dri$ dur+ ! ?icke/ fogs4 ,fogs are m frequ5t & m d5se at ! bord]s ( ! ice ?an ne> ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,!y occur pr9cipally :5 ! m]cury1 9 ! !rmomet]1 is ne> ! freez+ po9t1 b !y are by no means uncommon ) ! temp]ature ( #dj or #de4 ,!y are mo/ g5]al ) s\?-we/]ly1 s\!rly1 & s\?-ea/]ly w9ds4 ,!y seldom occur ) high w9ds1 yet 9 "o or two in/ances ,i h obs]v$ !m v ?ick1 ev5 9 /orms4 ,ra9 g5]ally disp]ses !m4 ,fogs1 by increas+ ! app>5t di/ances ( objects1 appe> sometimes to magnify m5 into giants1 hummocks ( ice into m\nta9s1 & common pieces ( drift-ice into heavy floes or b]gs4 ,!y are an especial annoyance to ! :ale-fi%]1 & greatly p]plex ! navigator1 by prev5t+ him f obta9+ obs]vations = ! correction ( 8 latitude & longitude1 s t he (t5 sails 9 complete unc]ta9ty4 ,fogs are m common ne> ! ice ?an 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l&1 m frequ5t 9 op5 seasons ?an 9 close seasons1 & m int5se & m common 9 ! s\!rn fi%+-/ations ?an 9 ! mo/ nor!rn4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,zoology ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! foll[+ orig9al obs]vations on1 & descriptions ( ! m rem>kable animals inhabit+1 or frequ5t+1 ,spitzb]g5 & ! adjac5t seas1 ,i h foll[$ ,l9nu1 9 comb9ation ) ,la ,cepde4 ,! latt] au?or has publi%$ a mo/ volum9\s & pleas+ acc\nt ( cetace\s animals1 & has made "s judici\s *anges 9 ! ,l9nan arrangem5ts4 ,by ,la ,cepde1 = in/ance1 :ales hav+ ! dorsal f9 are sep>at$ f ^? )\t x2 ! =m] be+ call$1 9 di/9ction f ! latt]1 ,balnopt]1 signify+ :ales ) a f94 ,our fir/ description mu/ relate to ! animals ( ! cetace\s k9d1 :i* frequ5t ! ,gre5l& ,seas4 ,( ^! ! fir/ 9 em95ce & ( importance to our comm]ce1 is ! ,balna my/icetus1 ! common or ,gre5l& :ale4 ,?is animal is productive ( m oil ?an any o!r ( ! cetacea1 & be+ less active1 sl[] 9 its motion1 & m timid ?an any o!r ( its k9d1 ( simil>1 or ne>ly simil>1 magnitude1 x is m easily captur$4 ,its size has be5 mu* ov]rat$1 &1 9 8 excell5t natural hi/ory ( cetace\s animals1 ,la ,cepde has be5 guilty ( consid]able exagg]ation4 ,9 ! age :5 :ales 7 reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s dread1 x is easy to conceive t ! dim5sions ( an animal inhabit+ an elem5t 9 :i* x _c easily be measur$1 w\ld be record$ ) extravagance4 ,au?ors ( ! fir/ respectability 9 ! pres5t day give a l5g? ( eighty to "o hundr$ feet to ! my/icetus1 & rem>k ) unqualifi$ ass]tion1 t :5 ! captures 7 less frequ5t1 & ! animals _h suffici5t "t to atta9 _! full gr[?1 specim5s 7 f\nd ( "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 or ev5 long]2 & "s anci5t naturali/s1 inde$1 h gone s f> z to ass]t1 t :ales _h be5 se5 ( above n9e hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t !y are by no means s bulky4 ,( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-two individuals1 9 ! capture ( :i* ,i h be5 p]sonally conc]n$1 no "o1 ,i believe1 exce$$ sixty feet 9 l5g?1 & ! l>ge/ ,i ev] measur$ 0 fifty-eight feet1 f "o extremity to ! o!r1 be+ "o ( ! l>ge/ to appe>ance :i* ,i ev] saw4 ,an uncommon :ale t 0 caught ne> ,spitzb]g51 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! :alebone ( :i* measur$ almo/ fifte5 feet1 0 n1 ,i und]/&1 s mu* z sev5ty feet 9 l5g?2 & ! longe/ actual measurem5t t ,i h met )1 or he>d (1 is giv5 by sir ,*>les ,gieseck1 :o in=ms u1 t 9 ! spr+ ( #ahac1 a :ale 0 kill$ at ,godhav5 ( ! l5g? ( sixty-sev5 feet4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are v uncommon in/ances4 ,i !re=e conceive t sixty feet may be consid]$ z ! size ( ! l>g] animals ( ?is species1 & sixty-five feet 9 l5g? z a magnitude :i* v r>ely occurs4 ,i believe1 too1 t :ales are n[ met ) ( z l>ge dim5sions z at any =m] p]iod s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! :ale-fi%]y2 a po9t :i*1 ,i ?9k1 c be e/abli%$ f v>i\s hi/orical records4 ,! greate/ circumf]5ce ( ! :ale is f ?irty to =ty feet4 ,x is ?icke/ a little beh9d ! f9s1 or 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior extremes ( ! animal1 f :5ce x gradually tap]s 9 a conical =m t[>ds ! tail1 & slightly t[>ds ! head4 ,its =m is cyl9drical1 f ! neck to )9 t5 feet ( ! tail1 beyond :i* x becomes some:at quadrangul>1 ! greate/ ridge be+ upw>d1 or on ! back1 & runn+ backw>d ne>ly across ! middle ( ! tail4 ,! head has some:at ( a triangul> %ape4 ,! "u-"p1 ! ar*$ outl9e ( :i* is giv5 by ! jaw-bones1 is flat1 & measures sixte5 to tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & t5 to twelve 9 bread?4 ,! lips1 ext5d+ fifte5 or tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & five or six 9 height1 & =m+ ! cavity ( ! m\?1 are atta*$ to ! "u-jaw1 & rise f ! jaw-bones at an angle ( ab\t #hj1 hav+ ! appe>ance1 :5 view$ 9 front1 ( ! lett] ,u4 ,! upp]-jaw1 includ+ ! 8cr[n-bone10 or skull1 is b5t d[n at ! extremity1 s z to %ut ! front & upp] p>ts ( ! cavity ( ! m\?1 & is ov]lapp$ by ! lips 9 a squam\s mann] at ! sides4 ,:5 ! m\? is op51 x pres5ts a cavity z l>ge z a room1 & capable ( conta9+ a m]*ant-%ip's jolly-boat full ( m51 be+ six or eight feet wide1 t5 or twelve feet high 9 front1 & fifte5 or sixte5 feet long4 ,! f9s1 two 9 numb]1 are plac$ betwe5 "o-?ird & two-fif?s ( ! l5g? ( ! animal1 f ! sn\t1 & ab\t two feet beh9d ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,!y are sev5 to n9e feet 9 l5g?1 & f\r or five 9 bread?2 & 9 ! liv+ animal are capable ( consid]able flexion4 ,! :ale has no dorsal f94 ,! tail1 compris+ 9 a s+le surface eighty or "o hundr$ squ>e feet1 is a =midable in/rum5t ( motion or def5ce4 ,its l5g? is only five or six feet1 b its wid? is eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-six feet4 ,its position is horizontal4 ,9 its =m x is flat & semi-lun>1 ind5t$ 9 ! middle1 ! two lobes some:at po9t$ & turn$ a little backw>d4 ,its motions are rapid & univ]sal2 its /r5g? imm5se4 ,! eyes are situat$ 9 ! sides ( ! head1 ab\t a foot obliquely above & beh9d ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,!y are little l>g] ?an ^? ( an ox4 ,! :ale has no ext]nal e>4 ,! spiracles or no/rils ( ! :ale are two longitud9al ap]tures1 six or eight in*es 9 l5g?1 f :i* a moi/ vap\r1 mix$ ) muc\s1 is dis*>g$ :5 ! animal brea!s1 b no wat] accompanies x unless ! brea?+ takes place "u ! surface4 ,! m\?1 9 place ( tee?1 conta9s two ext5sive r[s ( 8f9s10 or :alebone1 :i* are susp5d$ f ! sides ( ! cr[n-bone4 ,ea* s]ies1 or side ( bone1 z ! :ale-fi%]s t]m x1 consi/s ( upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ lam91 ( :i* ! longe/ are ne> ! middle4 ,t5 or elev5 feet is ! av]age l5g?1 & ! greate/ bread? at ! gum t5 or twelve in*es4 ,! int]ior edges ( ^! lam9 are cov]$ ) a fr+e ( hair4 ,9 ! y\nge/ :ales1 call$ suck]s1 ! :alebone is only a few in*es long2 :5 ! l5g? rea*es six feet or upw>ds1 ! :ale is said to be ( size4 ,! col\r ( ! :alebone is br[ni% black1 or blui% black1 & occasionally /rip$ longitud9ally ) :ite4 ,a l>ge :ale sometimes af=ds a ton & a half ( :alebone4 ,! gum1 9 :i* ! ?ick ends ( ! :alebone are ins]t$1 is :ite1 fibr\s1 t5d]1 & ta/eless4 ,x cuts l *eese1 & has ! appe>ance ( ! k]nel ( ! cocoanut4 ,! animal has a l>ge tongue1 a slight be>d1 & a rem>kably n>r[ ?roat4 ,! milk ( ! :ale resembles t ( quadrup$s 9 appe>ance1 & is said to be ri* & well-flav\r$4 ,9 ! female1 two paps are situat$ on ! abdom54 ,! col\r ( ! my/icetus is velvet black1 grey1 & :ite1 ) a t+e ( yell[1 accord+ to ! p>ts ( ! body4 ,! old] animals conta9 ! mo/ grey & :ite2 "u-siz$ :ales are altoge!r ( a blui% black1 & suck]s ( a pale blui%1 or blui% grey col\r4 ,! sk9 ( ! body is slightly furr[$1 b on ! tail x is smoo?4 ,t "p ( ! sk91 :i* c be pull$ (f 9 %eets aft] x has be5 dri$ a little 9 ! air1 or p>ticul>ly 9 ! fro/1 is n ?ick] ?an p>*m5t4 ,! rete mucosum 9 adults is ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness ov] mo/ p>ts ( ! body4 ,"u x lies ! true sk91 :ite & t\gh1 & imm$iately 9 contact ) x ! blubb]4 ,?is mo/ valuable portion ( ! animal encompasses its :ole body4 ,its col\r is yell[i% :ite1 yell[1 or r$2 9 old animals sometimes resembl+ ! sub/ance ( ! salmon4 ,x swims 9 wat]4 ,its ?ickness all r\nd ! body is eight or t5 to tw5ty in*es1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 z well z 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! lips are compos$ almo/ entirely ( blubb]1 & yield f "o to two tons ( pure oil ea*4 ,! oil appe>s reta9$ 9 ! blubb] 9 m9ute cells1 connect$ by a /rong reticulat$ comb9ation ( t5d9\s fibres1 :i* are cond5s$ at ! surface1 & appe>s to =m ! sub/ance ( ! sk94 ,! oil is expell$ :5 heat$4 ,9 its fre% /ate1 ! blubb] is )\t unpleasant smell1 & x is only at ! end ( ! voyage t ! c>go ( a ,gre5l& %ip becomes disagreeable4 ,! quantity ( oil yield$ by a c]ta9 quantity ( blubb] v>ies accord+ to ! age ( ! animal2 ! blubb] ( ! suck] conta9s a v small portion4 ,! quantity ( oil g5]ally be>s a proportion to ! l5g? ( ! longe/ blade ( :alebone4 ,f\r tons ( blubb] 9 measure g5]ally produce ?ree tons ( oil2 ! ton ( oil be+ two hundr$ & fifty-two gallons1 w9e-measure4 ,! fle% ( ! "y :ale is ( a r$ col\r1 &1 :5 broil$ & season$ ) pepp] & salt1 eats l co>se beef4 ,! bones are v por\s1 & conta9 mu* f9e oil4 ,! ribs are ?irte5 9 numb]1 & are ne>ly solid1 & ! bones ( ! f9s1 9 numb] & proportion1 are simil> to ^? ( ! f+]s ( ! human h&4 ,a /\t :ale1 ( sixty feet 9 l5g?1 is ( ! enorm\s weight ( sev5ty tons2 ! blubb] weighs ab\t ?irty tons2 ! bones ( ! head1 :alebone1 f9s1 & tail1 eight or t52 ! c>case ?irty or ?irty-two4 ,! :ale is dull ( he>+1 b its s5se ( see+ is acute1 especially :5 "u wat]4 ,x has no voice1 b makes 9 brea?+ or bl[+ a v l\d noise4 ,x bl[s or brea!s ab\t f\r or five times a m9ute1 dis*>g+ vap\r to ! height ( "s y>ds1 :i*1 at a di/ance1 looks l a puff ( smoke4 ,:5 ! animal is w\nd$1 ?is vap\r is (t5 /a9$ ) blood1 & on ! approa* ( dea? jets ( blood are sometimes dis*>g$4 ,! :ale be+ light] ?an ! wat]1 c rema9 at ! surface ) ease1 b requires consid]able ex]tion to desc5d4 ,x advances ?r\gh ! wat] by means ( ! tail1 :i*1 to atta9 ! greate/ velocity1 is mov$ alt]nately upw>d & d[nw>d2 &1 = sl[] progress1 lat]ally & obliquely d[nw>d1 9 ! mann] ( skull+ a boat4 ,! f9s are us$ = balanc+ ! animal1 & 9 be>+ (f _! "y4 ,i h obs]v$ a :ale desc5d+1 aft] ,i _h h>poon$ x1 to ! dep? ( f\r hundr$ fa?oms1 ) ! av]age velocity ( sev5 or eight miles p] h\r4 ,! usual rate at :i* :ales swim1 h[ev]1 seldom exce$s f\r miles an h\r1 & ?\gh _! extreme velocity may be eight or n9e1 yet we f9d ?is spe$ nev] cont9ues long] ?an = a few m9utes4 ,!y sometimes asc5d ) su* rapidity z to leap entirely out ( ! wat]1 app>5tly = amusem5t1 & to ! high admiration ( ! di/ant spectator4 ,at o!r times !y ?r[ !mselves into a p]p5dicul> po/ure1 ) _! heads d[nw>d1 & re>+ _! tails on high 9 ! air1 !y beat ! wat] ) awful viol5ce2 ! sea is ?r[n into foam1 ! air is fill$ ) vap\rs1 & ! noise 9 calm wea!r is he>d to a great di/ance4 ,sometimes ! :ale %akes its trem5d\s tail 9 ! air1 :i*1 crack+ l a :ip1 res\nds to ! di/ance ( two or ?ree miles4 ,:5 x retires f ! surface1 x fir/ lifts its head1 !n plung+ x "u wat]1 elevates its back1 l ! segm5t ( a sph]e1 delib]ately r\nds x away t[>ds ! extremity1 ?r[s its tail out ( ! wat]1 & !n disappe>s4 ,:ales usually rema9 at ! surface to brea! ab\t two m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t !y 8bl[0 eight or n9e times1 & !n desc5d = an int]val usually ( five or t5 m9utes1 b sometimes1 :5 fe$+1 fifte5 or tw5ty4 ,!y commonly desc5d to only a trifl+ dep?2 b1 :5 /ruck1 !y h be5 kn[n1 by ! quantity ( l9e tak5 out ( ! boat1 to desc5d to ! dep? ( an ,engli% mile1 &1 ) su* velocity1 z to break _! jaw-bones by ! bl[ /ruck aga9/ ! bottom4 ,occasionally1 !y may be f\nd sleep+ 9 calm wea!r among ice1 & "s p]sons are ( op9ion t1 :5 undi/urb$1 !y c rema9 "u ! surface = _m h\rs at a "t4 ,! food ( ! :ale consi/s ( v>i\s species ( act9i1 clioncs1 sepi1 m$us1 cancri1 & helices1 judg+ f ! fact t "s ( ^! g5]a are always to be se5 :]ev] any tribe ( :ales is f\nd /ation>y4 ,i h only discov]$ 9 ! /oma*s ( dead animals squill or %rimps4 ,:5 ! :ale fe$s1 x swims swiftly ?r\gh ! sea1 ) its jaws ext5d$2 its food is entangl$ by ! :alebone1 :i*1 f its compact arrangem5t & ?ick int]nal cov]+ ( hair1 does n all[ a p>ticle to escape4 ,! :ale has "o "y at a bir?4 ,at ?is "t ! "y "o is said to be at lea/ t5 feet long1 & cont9ues "u ! protection ( ! "m = probably a ye>1 until1 by ! gr[? ( ! :alebone1 x is able to ma9ta9 itself4 ,x probably rea*es ! magnitude call$ size1 t is1 ) a six feet l5g? ( :alebone1 9 twelve ye>s1 & atta9s its full gr[? at ! age ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five4 ,:ales live to a great age4 ,! mat]nal affection ( ! :ale is v int]e/+4 ,! cub1 be+ ins5sible to dang]1 is easily h>poon$1 & is sometimes /ruck z a sn>e to secure ! "m4 ,9 ?is case %e jo9s x at ! surface :5ev] x has occasion to rise = respiration1 enc\rages x to swim (f1 assi/s its flight by tak+ x "u h] f91 & seldom des]ts x :ile life rema9s4 ,9 ,june1 #ahaa1 "o ( my h>poon]s /ruck a suck]1 ) ! hope ( its lead+ to ! capture ( ! "m4 ,pres5tly %e arose close by 8! fa/-boat10 & seiz+ ! "y "o1 dragg$ ab\t a hundr$ fa?oms ( l9e out ( ! boat ) rem>kable =ce & velocity4 ,aga9 %e rose to ! surface1 d>t$ furi\sly to & fro1 frequ5tly /opp$ %ort1 or sudd5ly *ang$ h] direction1 & gave e possible intimation ( extreme agony4 ,= a l5g? ( "t %e cont9u$ ?us to act1 ?\gh closely pursu$ by ! boats2 &1 inspir$ ) c\rage & resolution by h] conc]n = h] (fspr+1 seem$ reg>dless ( ! dang] :i* surr\nd$ h]4 ,at l5g?1 "o ( ! boats approa*$ s ne> t a h>poon 0 hove at h]4 ,x hit1 b did n atta* itself4 ,a second h>poon 0 /ruck1 ?is also fail$ to p5etrate1 b a ?ird 0 m effectual1 & held4 ,/ill %e did n attempt to escape1 b all[$ o!r boats to approa*1 s t1 9 a few m9utes1 ?ree m h>poons 7 fa/5$1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r aft]w>ds %e 0 kill$4 ,!re is some?+ deeply int]e/+ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! great ,mak] ( all ?+s1 9 giv+ laws to ! animal k+dom1 has ?us pres5t$ s _m illu/rations ( ! p>5tal relation4 ,x is z if he w\ld n leave 8 intellig5t creatures de/itute ( memorials ( _! relation to himself2 s t1 :ile 9 ! field & on ! flood1 !y behold ! signs ( p>5tal affection & filial dep5d5ce1 !y may be l$ to pond] ! solemn "q ( _! t5d] & fai?ful ,p>5t 9 heav5--8,if1 !n1 ,i be a ,fa!r1 :]e is m9e hon\r80 ,! my/icetus occurs mo/ abundantly 9 ! froz5 seas ( ,gre5l& & ,davis's ,/rait1 9 ! bays ( ,baff9 & ,hudson1 9 ! sea to ! nor?w>d ( ,behr+'s ,/rait1 & along "s "p ( ! nor!rn %ores ( ,asia1 & probably ,am]ica4 ,x is nev] met ) 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & r>ely )9 two hundr$ leagues ( ! ,briti% coa/2 b along ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica x is met ) p]iodically1 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,9 ^! regions1 x is attack$ & captur$ by ! s\!rn ,briti% & ,am]ican :al]s1 z well z by "s ( ! p inhabit+ ! coa/s to :i* x resorts4 ,:e!r ?is :ale is precisely ( ! same k9d z t ( ,spitzb]g5 & ,gre5l& is unc]ta91 ?\gh x is evid5tly a my/icetus4 ,"o /rik+ diff]5ce1 possibly ! effect ( situation & climate1 is1 t ! my/icetus 9 s\!rn regions is (t5 cov]$ ) b>nacles1 :ile ^? ( ! ,arctic ,seas are free f ^! %ell-fi%4 ,besides ! =midable inroads made ^u ! :ale by man1 x is subject to annoyance f %>ks1 & x is also said f ! n>wal1 sword-fi%1 & ?ra%]4 ,! op9ion z to ! n>wal ,i am p]suad$ is incorrect2 ! sword-fi% & ?ra%] 7if su* an animal !re be7 may be enemies ( ! :ale1 & ! %>k c]ta9ly is ho/ile to ! ext5t ( 8 ability1 :i*1 9 comp>ison to t ( ! :ale1 c h>dly be v =midable4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! fle% ( ! :ale is n[ eat5 by savage nations1 & x is also well au!nticat$ t1 9 ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies1 x 0 us$ z food by ! ,icel&]s1 ! ,ne!rl&]1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,spani>ds1 &1 probably1 by ! ,engli%4 ,besides =m+ a *oice eatable1 ! inf]ior products ( ! :ale are appli$ to o!r purposes by ! ,indians & ,esquimaux ( ,arctic c\ntries1 &1 ) "s nations1 are ess5tial to _! com=t4 ,"s membranes ( ! abdom5 are us$ = an upp] article ( clo?+1 & ! p]itoneum 9 p>ticul>1 be+ ?9 & transp>5t1 is us$ in/ead ( glass 9 ! w9d[s ( _! huts2 ! bones are conv]t$ into h>poons & spe>s = /rik+ ! seal1 or d>t+ at ! sea-birds1 & are also employ$ 9 ! erection ( _! t5ts1 &1 ) "s tribes1 9 ! =mation ( _! boats2 ! s9ews are divid$ into filam5ts1 & us$ z ?read1 ) :i* !y jo9 ! seams ( _! boats & t5t-clo?s1 & sew1 ) great ta/e & nicety1 ! diff]5t articles ( dress !y manufacture2 & ! :alebone & o!r sup]ior products1 s valuable 9 ,european m>kets1 h also _! uses among !m4 ,! l>ge/ animal ( ! :ale tribe is n ! my/icetus1 b ! ,balna physalis ( ,l9nu1 ,balnopt]a gibb> ( ,la ,cepde1 & razor-back ( ! :al]s4 ,?is is1 probably1 ! mo/ p[]ful & bulky ( creat$ be+s4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! my/icetus1 x has a =m less cyl9drical1 a body long] & m sl5d]1 :alebone %ort]1 produce 9 blubb] & oil less1 col\r blu]1 f9s m num]\s1 brea?+ m viol5t1 spe$ great]1 & actions quick]1 m re/less & m bold4 ,its l5g? is ab\t "o hundr$ feet1 & its greate/ circumf]5ce ?irty or ?irty-five4 ,its col\r is a pale blui% black1 or d>k blui% grey1 9 :i* x resembles ! suck+ my/icetus4 ,besides ! two pectoral f9s1 x has a small horny protub]ance1 or rayless & immovable f9 on ! extremity ( ! back4 ,its greate/ velocity 9 swimm+ is ab\t twelve miles an h\r4 ,x is by no means a timid animal1 yet x does n appe> rev5geful or mis*iev\s4 ,:5 closely pursu$ by boats1 x manife/s little fe>1 & does n attempt to out/rip !m 9 ! race1 b m]ely endeav\rs to avoid !m by div+ or *ang+ its direction4 ,if h>poon$1 or w\nd$1 x !n ex]ts all its en]gies1 & escapes ) its utmo/ velocity1 b %[s little disposition to retaliate on its enemies1 or to repel _! attacks by engag+ 9 a combat4 ,unlike ! my/icetus1 x v r>ely1 :5 desc5d+ into ! wat]1 ?r[s its tail into ! air4 ,its great spe$ & activity r5d] x a difficult & dang]\s object ( attack1 & ! small quantity ( inf]ior oil x af=ds makes x unwor?y ! g5]al att5tion ( ! fi%]s4 ,:5 /ruck1 x n uncommonly drags ! fa/-boat ) su* spe$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 t x is liable to be c>ri$ imm$iately beyond ! rea* ( assi/ance1 & soon out ( sight ( bo? boats & %ip4 ,h5ce ! /rik] is "u ! necessity ( cutt+ ! l9e1 & sacrific+ 8 employ]'s prop]ty = secur+ ! safety ( himself & 8 companions4 ,9 ! ye> #ahah1 ,i ord]$ a g5]al *ase ( !m1 provid+ aga9/ ! dang] ( hav+ my crew sep>at$ f ! %ip by appo9t+ a r5dezv\s on ! %ore n f> di/ant1 & prep>+ aga9/ ! loss ( mu* l9e by divid+ x at two hundr$ fa?oms f ! h>poon1 & affix+ a buoy to ! end ( x4 ,?us arrang$1 "o ( ^! :ales 0 %ot1 & ano!r /ruck4 ,! =m] div$ ) su* impetuosity t ! l9e 0 brok5 by ! resi/ance ( ! buoy1 z soon z x 0 ?r[n into ! wat]1 & ! latt] 0 lib]at$ )9 a m9ute by ! division ( ! l9e1 occasion$1 x 0 suppos$1 by its friction aga9/ ! dorsal f94 ,bo? ( !m escap$4 ,ano!r physalis 0 /ruck by "o ( my inexp]i5c$ h>poon]s1 :o mi/ook x = a my/icetus4 ,x div$ obliquely ) su* velocity t f\r hundr$ & eighty fa?oms ( l9e 7 )drawn f ! boat 9 ab\t a m9ute ( "t4 ,?is :ale 0 also lo/ by ! break+ ( ! l9e4 ,! physalis occurs 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,arctic ,seas1 especially along ! edge ( ! ice1 betwe5 ,*]ie ,isl& & ,nova ,zembla1 & also ne> ,jan ,may54 ,p]sons trad+ to ,ar*angel h (t5 mi/ak5 x = ! common :ale4 ,x is seldom se5 among mu* ice1 & seems to be avoid$ by ! my/icetus2 h5ce ! fi%]s view x ) pa9ful conc]n4 ,x inhabits mo/ g5]ally 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 qu>t] ! p>allels ( #gj to #gf2 b 9 ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 :5 ! sea is usually op51 x advances along ! l& to ! nor?w>d z high z #hj ( latitude4 ,9 op5 seasons x is se5 ne> ! headl& at an e>li] p]iod4 ,a :ale1 probably ( ?is k9d1 "o hundr$ & "o feet 9 l5g?1 0 /r&$ on ! banks ( ! ,humb]1 ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #agej4 ,ano!r species ( :ale frequ5t+ ! coa/s ( ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,norway1 etc41 is ! ,balnopt]a rorqual ( ,la ,cepde1 ,balna musculus ( ,l9nu1 or ! broad-nos$ :ale4 ,9 _m *>act]s1 ?is species resembles ! physalis1 ?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 ) an ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,! musculus is %ort]1 hav+ a l>g] head & m\?1 & a r\nd] "u-jaw ?an ! physalis & is said to fe$ pr9cipally ^u h]r+s4 ,sev]al individuals1 app>5tly ( ?is k9d1 h be5 /r&$ or kill$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,"o 0 embay$ & kill$ 9 ,balta ,s\nd1 ,%etl&1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahag-ah1 "s rema9s ( :i* ,i saw4 ,x 0 eighty-two feet 9 l5g?1 ! jaw-bones 7 tw5ty-"o feet long1 & ! l>ge/ lam9a ( :alebone ab\t ?ree feet4 ,in/ead ( hair at ! inn] edge1 & at ! po9t ( ea* blade ( :alebone1 x _h a fr+e ( bri/ly fibres1 & x 0 /iff]1 h>d]1 & m horny 9 its texture ?an common :alebone4 ,x produc$ only ab\t five tons ( oil1 all ( x ( an inf]ior quality2 "s ( x viscid & bad4 ,x valu$1 d$uct+ exp5ses1 no m ?an #fj /]l+4 ,x _h ! usual sulci ab\t ! ?orax1 & a dorsal f94 ,a small] species ( :ale is ,balnopt]a jub>tes ( ,la ,cepde1 ,balna boops ( ,l9nu1 or ! f9n] ( ! :ale-fi%]s4 ,! foll[+ is its description3--,l5g?1 ab\t =ty-six feet2 greate/ circumf]5ce ( ! body1 ab\t tw5ty feet2 dorsal protub]ance1 or f91 ab\t two feet & a half high2 pectoral f9s1 f\r or five feet long ext]nally1 & sc>cely a foot broad2 tail1 ab\t ?ree feet deep & t5 broad2 :alebone1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ lam9 on ea* side1 ! longe/ ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ! "u-jaw ab\t fifte5 feet long1 or "o-?ird ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! animal2 sulci1 ab\t two doz5 9 numb]2 two ext]nal bl[-holes2 blubb] on ! body two or ?ree in*es ?ick1 "u ! sulci none4 ,! la/1 & smalle/ ( ! :alebone :ales1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is ! ,balnopt]a acuto-ro/rata ( ,la ,cepde1 ,balna ro/rata ( ,l9nu1 or ! beak$ :ale4 ,an animal ( ?is k9d 0 kill$ 9 ,scalpa ,bay1 ,novemb] #ad1 #ahjh4 ,its l5g? 0 sev5te5 & a half feet1 circumf]5ce tw5ty4 ,pectoral f9s1 two feet long & sev5 in*es broad2 dorsal f9 fifte5 in*es long by f\r & a half feet broad4 ,l>ge/ :alebone1 ab\t six in*es4 ,! ro/rata is said to inhabit pr9cipally ! ,norwegian ,seas1 & to gr[ to ! l5g? ( tw5ty-five feet4 ,"o ( ! species 0 kill$ ne> ,spitzb]g51 9 #ahac1 & ,i h "s ( ! :alebone 9 my possession4 ,?ree species ( n>wals are notic$ by ,la ,cepde1 ?\gh ,i myself h se5 b "o1 & p]haps ! o!r species are imag9>y1 = ! animal v>ies 9 appe>ance4 ,x is ! ,monodon monoc]os ( ,l9nu1 & ! n>wal1 or unicorn1 ( :al]s4 ,x is1 :5 full gr[n1 f ?irte5 to sixte5 feet 9 l5g?1 exclusive ( ! tusk2 & 9 circumf]5ce 7two feet beh9d ! f9s1 :]e x is ?icke/17 eight to n9e feet4 ,! =m ( ! head1 ) ! "p ( ! body be=e ! f9s1 is p>aboloidal2 ( ! middle ( ! body1 ne>ly cyl9drical2 ( ! h9d]-"p1 to )9 two or ?ree feet ( tail1 some:at conical1 & f !nce a ridge1 comm5c+ bo? at ! back & belly2 ! section becomes fir/ an ellipse1 & !n a rhombus1 at ! junction ( ! tail4 ,at ! di/ance ( twelve or f\rte5 in*es f ! tail ! p]p5dicul> diamet] is ab\t twelve in*es1 ! transv]se diamet] ab\t sev54 ,! head is ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! animal2 x is small1 blunt1 r\nd1 & ( a p>aboloidal =m4 ,! m\? is small & n capable ( mu* ext5sion4 ,! "u-lip is w$ge-%ap$4 ,! eyes are small1 ! l>ge/ diamet] be+ only an in*1 & are plac$ 9 a l9e ) ! op5+ ( ! m\? ab\t ?irte5 in*es f ! sn\t4 ,! bl[-hole1 :i* is directly ov] ! eyes1 is a s+le op5+1 ( a semicircul> =m1 ab\t ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 or bread?1 & "o & a half radius1 or l5g?4 ,! f9s are twelve or f\rte5 in*es long1 & six or eight broad2 ! tail1 f fifte5 to tw5ty in*es long1 & ?ree to f\r feet broad4 ,x has no dorsal f91 b 9 place ( x an irregul>1 %>pi%1 fatty ridge4 ,! col\r ( ! n>wal is 9 ! "y animal blacki% grey1 on ! back v>iegat$ ) num]\s d>k] spots1 runn+ into "o ano!r2 9 ! old] animals ! gr\nd is :olly :ite1 or yell[i% :ite4 ,! integum5ts are simil> to ^? ( ! my/icetus1 only ?9n]4 ,a long prom95t tusk1 ) :i* "s n>wals are furni%$1 is consid]$ z a horn by ! :ale-fi%]s1 & z su* has giv5 occasion = ! "n ( unicorn be+ appli$ to ?is animal4 ,?is tusk occurs on ! left side ( ! head1 & is sometimes f\nd ( ! l5g? ( n9e or t5 feet2 accord+ to ,eg$1 f\rte5 or fifte54 ,x spr+s f ! l[] "p ( ! upp]-jaw1 po9ts =w>d & a little d[nw>d1 be+ p>allel 9 its direction to ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,x is spirally situat$ f "r to left1 is ne>ly /raight1 & tap]s to ar\nd1 blunt po9t1 is ( a yell[i% :ite col\r1 & consi/s ( a compact k9d ( ivory4 ,x is usually holl[ f ! base to )9 a few in*es ( ! po9t4 ,9 a five feet tusk ! diamet] at ! base is two & a qu>t] in*es1 & ab\t ?ree-eigh?s )9 an in* ( ! end4 ,?is ext]nal tusk is peculi> to ! male1 & !re is ano!r imb$d$ 9 ! skull1 on ! "r side ( ! head1 ab\t n9e in*es long4 ,two or ?ree in/ances h occurr$ ( male n>wals hav+ be5 tak51 :i* _h two l>ge ext]nal tusks4 ,! use ( ! tusk is ambigu\s4 ,x _c be ess5tial = procur+ _! food1 nor = def5ce4 ,dr4 ,b>clay is ( op9ion t x is pr9cipally a sexual di/9ction2 & x appe>s n improbable t x is us$ 9 pi]c+ ! ice = conv5i5ce ( brea?+1 )\t ! animal be+ oblig$ to retreat to op5 wat]4 ,if ?is latt] supposition be correct1 x af=ds ano!r illu/ration ( ! wisdom ( ! great ,creator1 :o has adapt$ 9 s _m in/ances ! organization ( e animal to ! locality :i* x inhabits4 ,a quantity ( blubb]1 f two to ?ree & a half in*es 9 ?ickness1 & am\nt+ sometimes to above half a ton1 encompasses ! :ole body ( ! n>wal1 & af=ds a l>ge proportion ( v f9e oil4 ,9 a f9e fatty sub/ance ab\t ! int]nal e>s ( ! n>wal are f\nd multitudes ( worms4 ,!y are ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 "s %ort]1 v sl5d]1 & tap] bo? ways1 b are %>p] at "o end ?an at ! o!r4 ,!y are transp>5t4 ,! v]tebral column ( ! n>wal is ab\t twelve feet 9 l5g?4 ,! c]vical v]tebr are sev5 9 numb]1 ! dorsal twelve1 ! lumb> & caudal ?irty-five4 ,! sp9al m>r[ appe>s to run ?r\gh ! processes ( all ! v]tebr f ! head to ! =tie?1 b does n p5etrate ! =ty-fir/4 ,! ribs are twelve on ea* side1 six true & six false1 & are small = ! size ( ! animal4 ,! pr9cipal food ( ! n>wal are mollusc\s animals4 ,i h f\nd rema9s ( sepi 9 sev]al /oma*s :i* ,i h exam9$4 ,n>wals are quick1 active1 in(f5sive animals1 & swim ) consid]able velocity4 ,!y appe> 9 num]\s little h]ds ( half a doz5 or m toge!r1 ea* h]d be+ mo/ frequ5tly compos$ ( animals ( ! same sex4 ,:5 h>poon$1 ! n>wal dives ) almo/ ! velocity ( ! my/icetus1 b n to ! same ext5t2 on return+ to ! surface x is dispat*$ ) a lance 9 a few m9utes4 ,pass+ n[ f ^! tribes1 a %ort space mu/ be allott$ to ! description ( ! dolph9s4 ,! fir/ is ,delph9us d$uctor1 def9$ by ,dr4 ,traill1 ! ca'+ or lead+ :ale4 ,! foll[+ are its specific *>act]s4 ,body ?ick1 black2 "o %ort dorsal f92 pectoral f9s long1 n>r[2 head obtuse2 upp] jaw b5t =w>d2 tee? subconoid1 %>p1 & a little b5t4 ,?is animal gr[s to ! l5g? ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet1 & is ab\t t5 feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! sk9 is smoo?1 resembl+ oil$-silk2 ! col\r a :ite bluei% black on ! back1 & g5]ally :iti% on ! belly2 ! blubb] is ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick4 ,! head is %ort & r\nd2 ! upp] jaw projects a little ov] ! l[]4 ,ext]nally x has a s+le spiracle4 ,! full gr[n h g5]ally tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r tee? 9 ea* jaw1 & :5 ! m\? is %ut1 ! tee? lock betwe5 "o ano!r l ! tee? ( a trap4 ,! tail is ab\t five feet broad1 ! dorsal f9 ab\t fifte5 in*es high1 c>tilag9\s1 & immovable4 ,?is k9d ( dolph9 sometimes appe>s 9 l>ge h]ds (f ! ,orkney1 ,%etl&1 & ,f]oe isl&s4 ,! ma9 body ( ! h]d foll[s ! lead+ :ales1 & f ?is prop]ty ! animal is call$ 9 ,%etl& ! ca'+ :ale1 & by ,dr4 ,traill ! d$uctor4 ,_m h]ds ( ?is animal h be5 driv5 on %ore at diff]5t p]iods1 & x is record$ t !re 7 tak5 9 two places 9 ! ye> #affd ab\t a ?\s&2 & 9 mod]n times ext5sive slaught]s h tak5 place on ! %ores ( ! ,briti% & o!r nor!rn isl&s4 ,! ,delph9apt]us beluga ( ,la ,cepde1 ,delph9us ,leucas ( ,l9nu1 ,beluga ( ,p5nant1 or :ite :ale ( ! fi%]s1 is ! la/ ( ! cetacea to :i* we %all ref]4 ,x is n unlike ! n>wal 9 its g5]al =m1 b is ?ick] ab\t ! middle ( its body 9 proportion to its l5g?4 ,bo? jaws are furni%$ ) tee?4 ,x has no dorsal f94 ,! sk9 is smoo?1 ! col\r :ite4 ,a male animal ( ?is k9d 0 tak5 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=? 9 ,june1 #ahae4 ,! l5g? 0 ?irte5 feet f\r in*es1 & ! greate/ circumf]5ce n9e feet4 ,! beluga is g5]ally met ) 9 families or h]ds ( five or t5 toge!r4 ,!y are pl5tiful 9 ,hudson's ,bay1 ,davis's ,/rait1 & on "s p>ts ( ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,europe & ,asia1 :]e !y frequ5t "s ( ! l>g] riv]s4 ,!y are tak5 = ! sake ( ! oil !y produce by h>poons or /rong nets2 9 ! latt] case1 ! nets are ext5d$ across ! /ream1 s z to prev5t _! escape out ( ! riv]1 & :5 ?us int]rupt$ 9 _! c\rse to seaw>d1 !y are attack$ ) lances1 & great numb]s are sometimes kill$4 ,x is n[ our purpose to give an acc\nt ( ! quadrup$s :i* inhabit ,spitzb]g5 & ! icy seas adjac5t4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! mammalia ( ! l& & ! wat] is ,tri*ecus rosm>us1 walrus1 morse1 or sea-horse ( ! :ale-fi%]s4 ,x corresponds 9 sev]al ( its *>act]s bo? ) ! bullock & ! :ale4 ,x gr[s to ! bulk ( an ox4 ,its can9e tee?1 two 9 numb]1 are ( ! l5g? ext]nally ( t5 to tw5ty in*es1 7"s naturali/s say ?ree feet17 & ext5d d[nw>d f ! upp] jaw1 & include ! po9t ( ! l[] jaw betwe5 !m4 ,!y are incurvat$ inw>d4 ,_! full l5g? :5 cut out ( ! skull is commonly fifte5 to tw5ty in*es1 sometimes almo/ ?irty1 & _! weight five to t5 p\nds ea* or upw>d4 ,! walrus be+ a sl[ clumsy animal on l&1 its tusk seems necess>y = its def5ce aga9/ ! be>1 & also = enabl+ x to raise its unwieldy body ^u ! ice :5 its access to ! %ore is prev5t$4 ,! walrus is f\nd on ! %ores ( ,spitzb]g5 twelve to fifte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & eight to t5 feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! head is %ort1 small1 & flatt5$ 9 front4 ,! flatt5$ "p ( ! face is set ) /rong bri/les4 ,! no/rils are on ! upp] "p ( ! sn\t1 ?r\gh :i* x bl[s l a :ale4 ,! =e paws1 :i* are a k9d ( webb$ h&1 are two-sev5?s ( ! full l5g? ( ! animal f ! sn\t4 ,!y are f two to two & a half feet 9 l5g?1 & be+ expansive maybe /ret*$ to ! bread? ( fifte5 to eighte5 in*es4 ,! h9d feet1 :i* =m a sort ( tail f91 ext5d /raight backw>d4 ,!y are n unit$1 b deta*$ f ea* o!r4 ,! l5g? ( ea* is ab\t two to two & a half feet2 ! bread?1 :5 fully ext5d$1 two & a half or ?ree feet2 ! t]m9ation ( ea* toe is m>k$ by a small tail4 ,! sk9 ( ! walrus is ab\t an in* ?ick1 & x is cov]$ ) a %ort1 yell[i% br[n col\r$ hair4 ,! inside ( ! paws 9 old animals is def5d$ by a r\gh1 horny k9d ( cas+1 a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 probably produc$ by ! h>d5+ ( ! sk9 9 consequ5ce ( co>se usage 9 climb+ ov] ice & rocks4 ,b5ea? ! sk9 is a ?9 lay] ( fat4 ,at "s seasons ! produce is said to be consid]able1 b ,i h nev] met ) any t af=d$ above tw5ty or ?irty gallons ( oil4 ,9 ! /oma*s ( walruses ,i h met ) %rimps1 a k9d ( craw-fi%1 & ! rema9s ( "y seals4 ,x is n at all improbable t ! walrus has af=d$ f\ndation = "s ( ! /ories ( m]maids4 ,i h myself se5 a sea-horse 9 su* a position1 t x requires little /ret* ( imag9ation to mi/ake x = a human be+2 s l1 inde$1 0 x1 t ! surgeon ( ! %ip actually report$ to me t he _h se5 a man ) 8 head j appe>+ above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! walrus is a fe>less animal4 ,x pays no reg>d to a boat1 except+ z an object ( curiosity4 ,x is sometimes tak5 by a h>poon :5 9 ! wat]4 ,if "o attack fails1 x (t5 af=ds an opportunity = repeat+ x4 ,! capture _c be always accompli%$ )\t dang]1 =1 z !y g 9 h]ds1 an attack made ^u "o individual draws all its companions to its def5ce4 ,9 su* cases !y frequ5tly rally r\nd ! boat f :i* ! bl[ 0 /ruck1 pi]ce its planks ) _! tusks1 &1 ?\gh resi/$ 9 ! mo/ det]m9$ mann]1 sometimes raise !mselves ^u ! gunwale1 & ?reat5 to ov]set x4 ,! be/ def5ce aga9/ ^! enrag$ animals is1 9 su* a crisis1 sea-s&1 :i*1 be+ ?r[n into _! eyes1 occasions a p>tial bl9dness1 & obliges !m to disp]se4 ,:5 on %ore !y are be/ kill$ ) long %>p-po9t$ knives4 ,! tusks ( ! walrus1 :i* are h>d1 :ite1 & compact ivory1 are employ$ by d5ti/s 9 ! fabrication ( false tee?4 ,! sk9 is us$ 9 place ( mats = def5d+ ! y>ds & rigg+ ( %ips f be+ *af$ by friction aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,:5 cut into %r$s & plait$ into cordage1 x answ]s admirably = :eel-ropes1 be+ /rong] & we>+ mu* long] ?an hemp4 ,9 anci5t times1 mo/ ( ! ropes ( %ips1 9 nor!rn c\ntries at lea/1 w\ld appe> to h be5 made ( ?is sub/ance4 ,:5 tann$1 x is conv]t$ into a s(t por\s lea!r1 above an in* 9 ?ickness1 b x is by no means s useful or s durable z 9 its gre5 or raw /ate4 ,z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 we h acc\nts ( ! walrus be+ ext5sively fi%$ = on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,norway4 ,prior to ! in/itution ( ! ,spitzb]g5 :ale-fi%]y1 ! capture ( ?is animal 0 an object ( "s comm]cial importance4 ,x 0 at fir/ attack$ by ! ,engli%1 on ,*]ie ,isl&1 b be+ driv5 f !nce1 if n extirpat$ 9 t qu>t]1 by ! great slaught] t 0 c>ri$ on1 x 0 !n pursu$ to ,spitzb]g54 ,! e>lie/ attacks made on x 7 v unsuccessful1 b exp]i5ce r5d]$ ! assailants m skilful1 &1 9 "o voyage1 n9e hundr$ or "o ?\s& sea-horses 7 kill$ 9 less ?an sev5 h\rs4 ,! ,russians n[1 r ?an ! ,briti%1 are _! enemies4 ,) ! exception ( ! head1 ! g5]al =m ( ! walrus is simil> to ! next animal :i* we describe1 ! phoca1 or seal4 ,sev]al species ( seals occur 9 ! ,gre5l& ,sea1 & resort to ! ice 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,spitzb]g5 & ,jan ,may51 9 imm5se h]ds2 b1 z ! seal frequ5ts ! ,briti% coa/1 & is a well-describ$ & well-kn[n animal1 ,i %all n p>ticul>ize ! well-kn[n species t are met ) 9 ! ,arctic ,seas4 ,"s few g5]al obs]vations only w be necess>y4 ,seals are g5]ally fat 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 & af=d sev]al gallons ( blubb]2 ev5 small seals w !n yield ab\t f\r or five gallons ( oil4 ,! voice ( ! "y seal :5 9 pa9 or di/ress is a :9+ cry1 resembl+ t ( a *ild4 ,!y appe> to he> well "u wat]2 music1 or p>ticul>ly a p]son :i/l+1 draws !m to ! surface1 & induces !m to /ret* _! necks to ! utmo/ ext5t1 s z to prove a sn>e by br++ !m )9 rea* ( ! %oot]4 ,! mo/ effectual way ( %oot+ !m is by ! use ( small %ot1 fir$ into _! eyes2 :5 kill$ ) a bullet !y g5]ally s9k1 & are lo/4 ,seals are (t5 se5 on _! passage f "o situation to ano!r 9 v l>ge %oals4 ,_! g5]al conduct 9 su* cases is su* z to amuse spectators1 & ! sailors call su* a %oal a 8seal's w$d+40 ,! feet ( seals are bett] adapt$ = motion 9 ! wat] ?an on l&4 ,!y fe$ on birds1 crabs1 & small fi%es1 & are v t5aci\s ( life4 ,! uses ( ! seal are v>i\s1 & to "s nations highly important4 ,x yields tra9-oil1 & its sk9 is ext5sively employ$ 9 mak+ %oes1 &1 :5 dress$ ) ! hair1 9 cov]+ trunks4 ,to ! ,esquimaux ! seal is ev]y?+4 ,its fle% is food1 its fat gives light1 & its sk91 dress$ s z to be wat]pro(1 is us$ = cov]+ = boats & t5ts1 & = g>m5ts4 ,! ,phoca vitul9a is ! common species 9 ! ,gre5l& ,sea1 especially ne> ,jan ,may54 ,! hood$ seal is common ne> ,spitzb]g54 ,! latt] is long] ?an ! =m]1 & is said to gr[ to ! l5g? ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,x is also mu* m =midable4 ,seals are n fond ( ! wat]1 b1 :5 on ! ice1 are extremely wat*ful1 & secure _! retreat ei!r by recl9+ at ! edge or by keep+ a hole 9 ! ice op5 = !m4 ,! "y ones1 h[ev]1 are n s w>y z ! old folks4 ,! be/ situation = ! seal-fi%]y 9 ! ,arctic ,sea is 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jan ,may51 & ! be/ season ,m>* & ,april4 ,! capture ( ! seal is ! "w ( a mom5t4 ,a bl[ ) a seal-club on ! nose imm$iately /uns x1 & af=ds opportunity ( mak+ a prize ( _m at a "t4 ,%ips fitt$ out = ! :ale-fi%]y h accid5tally obta9$ 9 ,april f two ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& seals1 & sometimes m2 & vessels s5t out = seal-fi%]y only1 f\r ?\s& or five ?\s&1 yield+ ne>ly "o hundr$ tons ( oil4 ,f ! ports ( ! ,elbe & ,wes] a numb] ( seal]s are annually dispat*$1 b few comp>atively on ?is pursuit alone sail f ,brita94 ,( ! dang]s ( ! seal-fi%]y1 aris+ f ! liability to heavy /orms at ! season & 9 ! place :]e seals are tak51 ! foll[+ n>rative w furni% full illu/ration4 ,fifty-f\r %ips1 *iefly ,hamburgh]s1 71 9 ! ye> #aggd1 fitt$ out = seal-fi%]y alone f =eign ports4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> !y met ) sev]al ,engli% %ips on ! bord]s ( ! ice1 ab\t sixty miles to ! ea/w>d ( ! isl& ( ,jan ,may54 ,:ile ! boats ( ! fleet 7 9 se>* = seals1 a dreadful /orm sudd5ly arose4 ,almo/ all ! p :o 7 at a di/ance f ! %ips p]i%$4 ,! ,duke ( ,york1 capta9 ,pet]s1 _h two boats at t "t d[n4 ,! crews ( ^! by great ex]tion r[$ up to ! %ip1 got hold ( ! rudd] r+s1 b 7 unable to make _! way alongside2 !y held fa/ = "s "t1 b ! sea 0 too /rong = !m1 & !y lo/ _! hold & fell a/]n4 ,! *ief-mate ( ! %ip1 see+ t !y 7 too exhau/$ to recov] _! position1 det]m9$ to attempt _! rescue at ! p]il ( 8 own life4 ,he mann$ a boat ) six /\t seam5 beside himself1 & w5t to _! assi/ance4 ,on rea*+ !m he ex*ang$ f\r ( 8 vigor\s crew = two ( ! fa9t+ m5 9 ea* boat4 ,?us re9=c$1 ! ?ree boats1 by ! ex]tions ( _! crews1 7 br\ght to ! /]n ( ! %ip2 b :ile 9 ?is critical situation1 a sea /ruck ! boats1 fill$ & ov]:elm$ !m1 on :i* ! :ole ( _! crews1 n9ete5 m51 p]i%$4 ,?is 0 only a portion ( ! disa/]s ( ! /orm4 ,"o %ip f\nd]$ 9 a heavy surge1 & all h&s 7 lo/4 ,ano!r 0 wreck$ on ! ice1 & all h&s p]i%$4 ,_m boats & m5 7 wa%$ f sev]al o!rs1 & ! results 7 t ab\t f\r hundr$ =eign seam51 & two hundr$ ,briti%1 7 dr[n$1 f\r or five %ips lo/1 & sc>cely any escap$ )\t damage4 ,to all ^? :o navigate ! trea*]\s ocean1 especially to su* z d bus9ess 9 su* dang]\s wat]s1 x ought to be ( m ?an ord9>y importance to live 9 a cont9u$ prep>ation = dea? & judgm5t1 & to be ! s]vants ( t ,god :o 8---- rides ^u ! /ormy sky ,& manages ! seas40 ,b5ea? 8 c>e ! m>9] is safe1 & :e!r f ! abysses ( its anci5t caves1 or ! f\ndations ( its l(ty iceb]gs1 ! sea mu/ surr5d] unto et]nal life ! bodies ( ! disciples ( ,jesus4 ,! ,arctic fox1 ,canis lagopus1 is an animal kn[n to ^? :o w9t] 9 ,spitzb]g51 ?\gh seldom se5 by ! :ale-fi%]s4 ,!y are r>ely f\nd on ! ice1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 f\nd _! impressions on ! sn[4 ,!y are ( a :ite col\r1 & n easily di/+ui%$4 ,a m rem>kable animal is ! ,pol> or ,gre5l& be>1 ,ursus m>itimus4 ,he is ! sov]eign ( ! quadrup$s ( ! ,arctic c\ntries4 ,he is p[]ful & c\rage\s2 savage & sagaci\s2 app>5tly clumsy1 yet n inactive4 ,8 s5ses are extremely acute1 especially 8 sight & smell4 ,z he trav]ses ext5sive fields ( ice1 he m\nts ! hummocks & looks = prey1 & on re>+ 8 head & snuff+ ! breeze1 he c p]ceive ! sc5t ( ! c>rion ( ! :ale at an imm5se di/ance4 ,seals are 8 usual food1 b f _! wat*fulness he is (t5 oblig$ to fa/4 ,he is z mu* at home on ! ice z on ! l&1 & is f\nd on field-ice above two hundr$ miles f %ore4 ,he c swim ) ! velocity ( ?ree miles an h\r1 & c dive to a consid]able di/ance4 ,be>s occur 9 ,spitzb]g51 ,nova ,zembla1 ,gre5l&1 & o!r ,arctic c\ntries1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 "s places1 !y are met ) 9 great numb]s4 ,by means ( ! ice1 !y (t5 effect a l&+ on ,icel&1 b z soon z !y appe>1 !y are g5]ally attack$ by ! inhabitants & de/roy$4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 !y h appe>$ l flocks ( %eep on a common4 ,! size ( ! be> is g5]ally f\r or five feet 9 height1 sev5 or eight 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly z mu* 9 circumf]5ce4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! size is mu* l>g]4 ,8 paws are sev5 in*es 9 bread?1 & 8 claws two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,8 can9e tee?1 exclusive ( ! "p 9 ! jaw1 are ab\t an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,he has be5 kn[n by ! /r5g? ( 8 jaw to bite a lance 9 two1 ?\gh made ( iron half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! wat] he c be captur$ )\t mu* dang]1 b on l& ! exp]im5t is haz>d\s4 ,:5 pursu$ & attack$1 he turns ^u 8 enemies4 ,he always1 h[ev]1 unless urg$ by hung]1 retreats be=e m54 ,8 g5]al walk is sl[1 b ^u ! ice he c easily outrun any man4 ,if /ruck ) a lance1 he is apt to seize x 9 8 m\?1 & ei!r bite x 9 two1 or wre/ x out ( ! h&4 ,if %ot ) a ball1 unless he is /ruck 9 ! head1 9 ! he>t1 or 9 ! %\ld]1 he is enrag$ r ?an depress$1 & falls ) increas$ p[] ^u 8 pursu]s4 ,:5 %ot at a di/ance1 & able to escape1 he has be5 obs]v$ to retire to ! %elt] ( a hummock1 &1 z if consci\s ( ! /yptical effect ( cold1 apply sn[ ) 8 paws to ! w\nd4 ,! be> fe$s on ! kr5g1 or c>cases ( ! :ales1 z !y are left by ! fi%]s2 on seals1 birds1 foxes1 & de]1 :5 x c surprise !m2 on eggs1 & inde$ on any animal sub/ance t comes )9 its p[]4 ,! sk9 ( ! be>1 :5 dress$ ) ! hair on1 =ms beautiful mats = a hall or = ! bottom ( a c>riage4 ,prep>$ )\t be+ ripp$ up1 & ! hairy side turn$ inw>d1 x =ms a v w>m sack b$1 & is us$ z su* 9 "s p>ts ( ,gre5l&4 ,! fle%1 :5 cle>$ ( ! fat1 is well flav\r$ & sav\ry1 especially ! muscul> "p ( ! ham4 ,i once treat$ my surgeon ) a d9n] ( be>s ham1 & he did n "k = above a mon? aft]w>ds1 b t x 0 beef/eak4 ,! liv] is v un:olesome4 ,be>s are rem>kably affectionate t[>ds _! "y1 & peculi>ly sagaci\s4 ,! female has g5]ally two at a bir?4 ,on "o occasion1 a "m be> ) two cubs 0 pursu$ across a field ( ice by a p>ty ( arm$ sailors4 ,at fir/1 %e urg$ h] "y ones to increase _! spe$1 b f9d+ ! pursu]s ga9+ on !m1 %e c>ri$ or pu%$ or pit*$ !m alt]nately =w>d1 until %e effect$ _! escape4 ,! little creatures are said to h plac$ !mselves across h] pa? to receive h] impulse1 & :5 ?r[n =w>d !y ran on till %e ov]took !m1 :5 !y adju/$ !mselves = a second ?r[4 ,_m in/ances h be5 obs]v$ ( ! peculi> sagacity ( ^! animals4 ,a seal1 ly+ on ! middle ( a l>ge piece ( ice1 ) a hole j be=e x1 0 m>k$ out by a be> = its prey1 & secur$ by ! artifice ( div+ "u ! ice1 & mak+ its way to ! hole by :i* ! seal 0 prep>$ to retreat4 ,! seal1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ its approa*1 & plung$ into ! wat]1 b ! be> in/antly sprang ^u x1 & appe>$ 9 ab\t a m9ute aft]w>ds ) ! seal 9 its m\?4 ,! capta9 ( "o ( ! :al]s be+ anxi\s to procure a be> )\t w\nd+ ! sk91 made trial ( ! /ratagem ( lay+ ! noose ( a rope 9 ! sn[1 & plac+ a piece ( kr5g )9 x4 ,a be>1 rang+ ! neighb\r+ ice1 0 soon entic$ to ! spot by ! smell ( burn+ meat4 ,he p]ceiv$ ! bait1 approa*$1 & seiz$ x 9 8 m\?1 b 8 foot1 at ! same mom5t1 by a j]k ( ! rope be+ entangl$ 9 ! noose1 he pu%$ x (f ) ! adjo9+ paw1 & delib]ately retir$4 ,aft] hav+ eat5 ! piece he c>ri$ away ) him he return$4 ,! noose1 ) ano!r piece ( kr5g1 be+ !n replac$1 he pu%$ ! rope aside1 & aga9 walk$ triumphantly (f ) ! kr5g4 ,a ?ird "t ! noose 0 laid1 & ?is "t ! rope 0 buri$ 9 ! sn[ & ! bait laid 9 a deep hole dug 9 ! c5tre4 ,b ,bru91 aft] snuff+ ab\t ! place = a few m9utes1 scrap$ ! sn[ away ) 8 paw1 ?rew ! rope aside1 & escap$ unhurt ) 8 prize4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #ahab1 a female be>1 ) two cubs1 approa*$ ! %ip ,i comm&$1 & 0 %ot4 ,! cubs1 n attempt+ to escape1 7 tak5 alive4 ,^! animals1 ?\gh at fir/ evid5tly v unhappy1 became at l5g?1 9 "s measure1 reconcil$ to _! situation1 & be+ tol]ably tame1 7 all[$ occasionally to g at l>ge ab\t ! deck4 ,:ile ! %ip 0 moor$ to a floe1 a few days aft] !y 7 tak51 "o ( !m1 hav+ a rope fa/5$ r\nd its neck1 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,x imm$iately swam to ! ice1 got ^u x1 & attempt$ to escape4 ,f9d+ itself1 h[ev]1 deta9$ by ! rope1 x endeav\r$ to dis5gage itself 9 ! foll[+ +5i\s way3--,ne> ! edge ( ! floe 0 a crack 9 ! ice1 ( consid]able l5g?1 b only eighte5 in*es or two feet wide1 & ?ree or f\r feet deep4 ,to ?is spot ! be> return$2 & :51 on cross+ ! *asm1 ! bight ( ! rope fell into x1 he plac$ himself across ! op5+2 !n1 susp5d+ himself by 8 h9d feet1 ) a leg on ea* side1 he dropp$ 8 head & mo/ ( 8 body into ! *asm1 &1 ) a foot appli$ to ea* side ( ! neck1 attempt$ = "s m9utes to pu% ! rope ov] 8 head4 ,f9d+ ?is s*eme ineffectual1 he remov$ to ! ma9 ice1 & runn+ ) great impetuosity f ! %ip1 gave a rem>kable pull on ! rope2 !n1 go+ backw>d a few /eps1 he repeat$ ! j]k4 ,at l5g?1 aft] repeat$ attempts to escape ?is way1 e failure ( :i* he ann\nc$ by a significant gr[l1 he yield$ himself to 8 h>d necessity1 & lay d[n on ! ice 9 angry & sull5 sil5ce4 ,accid5ts ) be>s occasionally occur2 n s _m1 h[ev]1 z ! f]ocity ( ^! animals1 & ! tem]ity ( ! sailors1 might lead "o to expect4 ,"s ( ! e>ly voyag]s to ! ,pol> ,seas _h h>d conflicts ) !m4 ,b>5tz's crew especially 7 (t5 9 dang] f !m1 b always succe$$ ei!r 9 conqu]+ or repell+ !m4 ,two1 h[ev]1 ( ! crew ( a vessel :i* _h an*or$ ne> ,nova ,zembla1 l&$ on an isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,weigats1 &1 impell$ by curiosity1 w&]$ "s di/ance f ! bea*2 b1 :il/ unconsci\s ( dang]1 "o ( !m 0 sudd5ly seiz$ on ! back by a be>1 & br\ght to ! e>?4 ,8 companion ran (f1 & gave ! al>m1 & a p>ty ( 8 %ipmates came to _! assi/ance4 ,! be> /ood ov] its prey dur+ _! approa* )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( fe> &1 on _! attack1 sprang ^u "o ( _! numb]1 & made him also a victim to its f]ocity & p[]4 ,! re/ n[ fl$ 9 confusion1 & c\ld n be induc$ to r5ew ! conflict4 ,?ree sailors only among ! crew _h suffici5t c\rage to combat ) ?is =midable animal2 !y attack$ x1 &1 aft] a dang]\s /ruggle1 kill$ x1 & rescu$ ! mangl$ bodies ( _! two un=tunate %ipmates4 ,capta9 ,cook1 ( ! ,ar*angel1 ( ,lynn1 be+ ne> ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 9 ! ye> #aghh1 l&$1 accompani$ by 8 surgeon & mate4 ,:ile trav]s+ ! %ore1 ! capta9 0 unexpect$ly attack$ by a be>1 :i* seiz$ him 9 an in/ant betwe5 its paws4 ,at ?is awful juncture1 :5 a mom5t's pause mu/ h be5 fatal to him1 he call$ to 8 surgeon to fire2 :o1 ) admirable resolution & /ead9ess1 dis*>g$ 8 piece z direct$1 & provid5tially %ot ! be> ?r\gh ! head4 ,! capta91 by ?is prompt assi/ance1 0 pres]v$ f be+ torn to pieces4 ,on a m rec5t occasion1 a comm&] ( a :ale %ip 0 9 a simil> dang]4 ,capta9 ,hawk9s1 ( ! ,ev]?orpe1 ( ,hull1 :5 9 ,davis's ,/rait1 9 ,july1 #ahah1 see+ a v l>ge be>1 took a boat1 & pu%$ (f 9 pursuit ( x4 ,on rea*+ x1 ! capta9 /ruck x twice ) a lance 9 ! brea/2 &1 :ile 9 ! act ( recov]+ 8 weapon = ano!r bl[1 ! enrag$ animal sprang up1 & seiz$ him by ! ?igh1 & ?rew him ov] its head into ! wat]4 ,=tunately x did n repeat its attack1 b ex]t$ itself to escape4 ,?is ex]tion1 :5 ! att5tion ( e "o 0 direct$ t[>ds _! capta91 0 n made 9 va91 = x 0 all[$ to swim away )\t fur!r mole/ation4 ,) reg>d to curi\s adv5tures1 on "o occasion a be>1 :i* 0 attack$ by a boat's crew1 made su* =midable resi/ance1 t x 0 enabl$ to climb ! side ( ! boat & take possession ( x1 :ile ! intimidat$ crew fl$ = safety to ! wat]1 support+ !mselves by ! gunwale & r+s ( ! boat1 until1 by ! assi/ance ( ano!r p>ty f ! %ip x 0 %ot1 z x sat in(f5sively 9 ! /]n4 ,) reg>d to n>r[ escapes1 a sailor1 :o 0 pursu$ on a field ( ice by a be>1 :5 at a consid]able di/ance f assi/ance1 pres]v$ 8 life by ?r[+ d[n an article ( clo?+ :5ev] ! be> ga9$ ^u him1 on :i* x always susp5d$ ! pursuit until x _h exam9$ x1 & ?us gave him "t to obta9 "s advance4 ,9 ?is way1 by means ( a hat1 a jacket1 & a neck]*ief1 successively ca/ d[n1 ! progress ( ! be> 0 ret>d$1 & ! sailor escap$ f ! dang] t ?reat5$ him1 9 ! refuge af=d$ him by 8 vessel4 ,! re9-de]1 ,c]vus t>&us1 des]ves to be m5tion$ among/ ! quadrup$s ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,i h nev] se5 "o myself1 ?\gh x is kn[n to inhabit almo/ e "p ( ,spitzb]g54 ,our rem>ks mu/ n[ be direct$ to ! ,birds :i* frequ5t ! sea & coa/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! br5t goose & eid] duck1 ,anas b]nicla & ,anas mollissima1 are f\nd 9 ^! regions2 ! =m] occurr+ 9 consid]able numb]s ne> ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 b n 9 ,spitzb]g51 & ! latt] frequ5t+ all ! isl&s 9 ! ,gre5l& ,sea4 ,! puff91 or ,gre5l& p>rot1 ,alca arctica1 fe$+ on %rimps1 is r>ely se5 out ( sight ( l&1 b is v common ne> ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,alca alle1 also1 ! little auk or roa*1 is an extremely num]\s species 9 "s situations 9 ! ,pol> ,seas4 ,!y occur 9 ! wat] 9 ?\s&s toge!r1 & sometimes 9 l abundance on ! pieces ( ice4 ,!y dive quickly on be+ al>m$1 & on ! approa* ( ?ick wea!r !y are p>ticul>ly noisy4 ,! fulm>1 ,procell>ia glacialis1 is ! con/ant companion ( ! :ale-fi%]4 ,x jo9s 8 %ip imm$iately on pass+ ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & accompanies x ?r\gh ! trackless ocean to ! highe/ accessible latitudes4 ,x keeps an eag] wat* = any?+ ?r[n ov]bo>d2 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( fatty sub/ance c sc>cely escape x4 ,z su*1 a hook bait$ ) a piece ( fat meat or blubb]1 & t[$ by a long tw9e ov] ! %ip's /]n1 is a means employ$ by ! sailor-boys = tak+ !m4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 be=e !y h glutt$ !mselves ) ! fat ( ! :ale1 !y are pretty good eat+4 ,!y are rem>kably easy & swift on ! w+1 & c fly to w9dw>d 9 ! highe/ /orms4 ,?\gh v few fulm>s %\ld be se5 :5 a :ale is ab\t be+ captur$1 yet1 z soon z ! fl5s+ comm5ces1 !y ru% 9 f all qu>t]s1 & seize1 ) great audacity1 all ! pieces ( fat t come 9 _! way4 ,!y frequ5tly glut !mselves s completely z to be unable to fly1 9 :i* case1 :5 n reliev$ by a quantity be+ disgorg$1 !y re/ on ! ice until re/or$ by dige/ion4 ,! fulm> is a bold & v h>dy bird4 ,its fea!rs be+ ?ick1 x is n easily kill$ ) a bl[4 ,its bite1 f ! crook$ness1 /r5g?1 & %>pness ( its bill1 is v sev]e4 ,fulm>s diff] 9 col\r2 "s are a dirty grey1 o!rs mu* pal]1 & totally :ite on ! brea/ & belly4 ,9 size ?is bird is a little small] ?an a duck4 ,b5ea? its fea!rs is a ?ick b$ ( f9e grey d[n4 ,:5 c>rion is sc>ce1 ! fulm> sometimes po9ts out ! :ale to ! fi%] by foll[+ 9 its track4 ,!y _c make mu* impression on ! dead :ale until "s m p[]ful animal te>s away ! sk94 ,! ty/1 or doveca1 ,colymbus grylle1 is a beautifully =m$ bird1 occurr+ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 icy situations1 at v>i\s di/ances f l&4 ,x is s wat*ful1 & s quick at div+1 t1 if fir$ at )\t precaution to conceal ! fla% ( ! p[d]1 x g5]ally escapes ! %ot4 ,x fe$s on %rimps & small fi%es4 ,! common col\r is black1 b ! feet are all r$4 ,almo/ equally common ) ! prec$+ is ! ,colymbus troile1 a clumsy bird1 weigh+ two p\nds or upw>ds1 & measur+ only sixte5 or sev5te5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & tw5ty-eight in*es across ! w+s1 :5 full spread1 9 bread?4 ,x _c rise on ! w+ 9 any direction except to w9dw>d4 ,if x attempts to fly to leew>d1 x runs = a consid]able di/ance along ! surface ( ! wat]1 & at l5g? falls into x4 ,bo? 9 ?is in/ance & t ( ! doveca1 %ortness ( tail is comp5sat$ = by ! feet1 :i* are us$ z a rudd] 9 fly+4 ,! ,colymbus glacialis 0 se5 by capta9 ,phipps on ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! sea-swall[1 or great t]n1 ,/]na hirundo1 is an elegant bird1 common on ! %ore ( ,spitzb]g51 b is n met ) at a di/ance f l&4 ,its l5g? is sev5 or eight in*es1 & includ+ ! tail f\rte51 & ! spread ( its w+s tw5ty-n9e or ?irty in*es4 ,x flies ) great ease & swiftness1 & to a consid]able height4 ,x def5ds its eggs & "y ) great boldness f ! ,arctic gull1 & ev5 desc5ds )9 a y>d ( ! head ( any p]son :o v5tures to mole/ !m1 />tl+ him ) its l\d screams4 ,x lays its eggs among ! %+le ( ! bea* above high-wat] m>k1 :]e ! full p[] ( ! sun falls4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ! gull tribe4 ,! kittywake1 ,l>us rissa1 is se5 9 e "p ( ! nor!rn ,atlantic f ,brita9 to ! highe/ latitudes4 ,x is a bett] fi%] ?an its enemy1 ! ,arctic gull1 ,l>us p>asiticus1 by :om x is pursu$ until x gives up ! food x has procur$4 ,! latt] k9d ( gull lives at ! exp5se ( its neighb\rs1 prey+ ^u _! eggs & _! "y4 ,l>us crepidatus & ,l>us eburneus are o!r v>ieties4 ,! latt]1 rem>kable = its immaculate :it5ess1 is z rav5\s z ! fulm>4 ,l>us glaucus1 burgoma/]1 is ! *ief magi/rate ( ! fea!r$ tribe 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 regions1 z none ( its class d>e dispute its au?ority1 or refuse at its bidd+ to surr5d] _! prey4 ,x is a l>ge & p[]ful bird1 tw5ty-eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & five in*es 9 bread? across ! w+s4 ,! kittywake1 sn[-bird1 & burgoma/]1 are sometimes %ot = ! sake ( _! fea!rs4 ,! two latt] species are v %y4 ,!y are %ot ) ! greate/ ease1 h[ev]1 f a h\se built ( sn[ on ! ice4 ,! ,tr+a hypoleucos1 s&pip]1 & ! ,emb]iza nivalis1 sn[-bunt+1 are inhabitants also ( ^! regions4 ,a bird ( great delicacy & smallness is ,fr+illa l9>ia1 ! less] r$pole4 ,on our approa* to ,spitzb]g51 sev]al ( ?is species alight$ on ! %ip1 & 71 app>5tly1 s we>i$ by flight t !y all[$ !mselves to be tak5 alive4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ?is small bird manages to p]=m ! j\rney f ,spitzb]g5 to a mild] climate1 )\t becom+ exhau/$ & p]i%+ by ! way4 ,! ,amphibia1 ,fi%es1 ,animalcules1 etc41 mu/ conclude our sket* ( ! zoology ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,9 ! class ,amphibia1 ! mo/ notable p]sonage is ! ,gre5l& %>k1 ,squalus borealis4 ,x has n1 ,i believe1 be5 describ$4 ,! v5tral f9s are sep>ate4 ,x is )\t anal f91 b has ! temporal op5+1 & x belongs1 !re=e1 to ! ?ird division ( ! g5us4 ,! spiracles on ! neck are five 9 numb] on ea* side4 ,! col\r is c9]e\s grey4 ,! eyes are ! mo/ extraord9>y "p ( ! animal4 ,! pupil is em]ald gre51 ! re/ ( ! eye blue4 ,to ! po/]ior edge ( ! pupil is atta*$ a :ite v]mi=m sub/ance1 "o or two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ea* extremity ( x consi/s ( two filam5ts1 b ! c5tral "p is s+le4 ,! sailors imag9e ?is %>k is bl9d1 because x pays n ! lea/ att5tion to ! pres5ce ( a man1 & is1 inde$1 s app>5tly /upid1 t x nev] draws back :5 a bl[ is aim$ at x ) a knife or a lance4 ,x is twelve or f\rte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & six or eight feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & 9 g5]al =m v mu* resembles ! dog-fi%4 ,x is "o ( ! foes ( ! :ale4 ,x bites & annoys x :5 liv+1 & fe$s on x :5 dead4 ,) its tee?1 :i* are s]rat$ 9 "o jaw1 & lancet-%ap$ & d5ticulat$ 9 ! o!r1 x scoops out ( ! body ( ! :ale pieces z l>ge z a p]son's head1 & cont9ues scoop+ & gorg+ till its belly is fill$4 ,x is s ins5sible to pa9 t1 ?\gh run ?r\gh ! body ) a knife1 x w return to its food1 & = "s h\rs aft] its he>t is tak5 out1 or its body cut 9 pieces1 !y w cont9ue to %[ signs ( life4 ,x does n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 attack ! fi%]s4 ,9 ! class ,pisces1 ,gadus c>bon>ius1 ! coal-fi%1 0 procur$ by capta9 ,phipps1 z also ( ! =m] class1 ,cyclopt]us lip>is1 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ! vic9ity ( ,spitzb]g54 ,mullus b>batus 0 tak5 out ( ! m\? ( a seal by a seaman1 ne> ,spitzb]g54 ,x 0 boil$ by our (fic]s1 & prov$ an excell5t di%4 ,9 ! class ,articulata are "o or two species ( gamm>us4 ,! ,g4 arcticus ( ,lea*1 ! actions ( :i* sugge/ z a famili> "n1 ! m\ntebank %rimp4 ,!re are also v>i\s crabs1 & ! ,oniscus ceti ( ,l9nu1 or :ale's l\se4 ,?is little animal is ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & firmly fixes itself by hook$ claws on ! sk9 ( ! my/icetus4 ,x is f\nd "u ! f91 & :]ev] ! sk9 is t5d]1 & x is n likely to be dislodg$4 ,a simil> animal1 ?\gh small]1 is f\nd on ! body ( ! n>wal4 ,9 ! class ,v]mes are sev]al species f\nd 9 v>i\s animals inhabit+ ! nor!rn seas4 ,! sea-snail1 ,clio helic9a1 is an animal cov]$ ) a delicately beautiful %eet1 simil> to t ( ! nautilus4 ,! diamet] is f two-eigh?s to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,x is f\nd 9 great quantities ne> ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! ,clio borealis occurs 9 va/ numb]s 9 "s situations ne> ,spitzb]g51 b is n f\nd g5]ally 9 ! ,arctic ,seas4 ,9 swimm+1 x br+s ! tips ( its f9s almo/ into contact1 fir/ oil "o side & !n on ano!r4 ,i kept sev]al ( !m alive 9 a glass ( sea-wat] = ab\t1 a mon?1 :5 !y gradually wa/$ away & di$4 ,! cuttle-fi%1 ,sepia1 7 f\nd by me 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! /oma*s ( ! n>wals4 ,m ?an six or sev5 k9ds ( ,m$us may be di/+ui%$1 among :i* may be nam$1 ,m$usa pileus1 & ! purse-%ap$1 bottle-%ap$1 & orange-col\r$ m$us4 ,m$usa pileus is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ! tribe4 ,x consi/s ( eight lobes1 ) a beautiful1 irridesc5t1 f9ny fr+e on ! ext]nal edge ( ea*4 ,a canal1 f\r-fif?s ! l5g? ( ! animal1 p5etrates ! c5tre ( x1 & two r$ cirrhi1 :i* may be ext5d$ to ! l5g? ( ne>ly a foot1 proce$ f a crook$ cavity 9 opposite sides4 ,! animal is semi-transp>5t1 ! col\r :ite1 & ! f9ny fr+es ( deep] r$4 ,x is f\nd ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! sub/ance ( ! purse-%ap$ m$usa is t\gh] ?an t ( any o!r species :i* ,i h exam9$4 ,x has "o l>ge op5 cavity1 & is divid$ by ! f9ny fr+es into eight segm5ts1 ea* alt]nate pair ( :i* are simil>4 ,! col\r is a pale crimson1 ) wav$ purple l9es1 & ! f9ny fr+es deep] crimson4 ,! animal appe>$ to be almo/ )\t s5sation4 ,! only evid5ce x gave ( feel+ 0 9 an increas$ vibration ( ! f9ny fr+es4 ,?\gh x 0 cut into pieces1 ea* portion on :i* !re 0 any ( ! fr+e cont9u$1 by its incessant play1 to give evid5ce ( life dur+ two or ?ree days1 aft] :i* x became putresc5t1 & began to wa/e away4 ,i h only se5 "o specim5 ( ?is & ( ! orange-col\r$ m$usa4 ,! col\r ( ! latt] 0 a brilliant orange1 & x 0 n transp>5t4 ,x 0 n t5aci\s ( life1 hav+ di$1 to appe>ance1 soon aft] x 0 tak54 ,! ,gre5l& ,sea1 froz5 & ext5sive z x is1 teems ) life4 ,! v>iety ( ! animal creation is n1 inde$1 v great1 b ! quantity ( "s ( ! species t occur is truly imm5se4 ,! m9ute m$us & animalcules1 ?r\gh\t ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea1 w\ld exce$ all ! p[]s ( ! m9d to conceive4 ,^! little creatures con/itute ! food ( ! l>ge/ animals 9 ! creation4 ,! common :ale fe$s on m$us1 sepi1 cancri1 act9i1 etc41 & ^! fe$1 probably1 on ! m9or m$us animalcules4 ,! f9-:ales & dolph9s fe$ pr9cipally on h]r+s & o!r small fi%es4 ,^! subsi/ on ! small] cancri1 m$us1 & animalcules4 ,! be>'s mo/ g5]al food is ! seal2 ! seal subsi/s on ! cancri & small fi%es1 & ^! on less] animals ( ! tribe1 or on ! m9or m$us & animalcules4 ,?us ! :ole ( ! l>g] animals dep5d on ^! m9ute be+s1 :i*1 until ! ye> #ahaf1 :5 ,i fir/ ent]$ on ! exam9ation ( ! sea-wat]1 7 n1 ,i believe1 kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,pol> ,seas4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! m9ute animals are pres]v$1 9 a sea :i* is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e t5 or twelve degrees 9 mean temp]ature bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( salt wat]1 is curi\s & int]e/+1 & illu/rates ! comb9$ wisdom & goodness ( ! ,lawgiv] ( ^! icy regions1 z well z ( ! entire globe4 ,if ! wat] ( ! sea 7 /ation>y1 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e w\ld soon freeze x to ! v bottom1 & de/roy all ^! m9ute animals1 :o h n ei!r in/9ct or p[] ( motion to retire into a m s\!rn region4 ,a curr5t1 h[ev]1 is provid$1 sett+ t[>ds ! s\?-we/1 :i* c>ries away ! ice into a p>allel :]e x c be dissolv$1 & creates a circulation ( wat] into ! froz5 regions f a w>m] climate2 :ile !re=e ! sup]ficial curr5t is c>ry+ away ! ice1 an "u-curr5t1 9 a contr>y direction1 is br++ 9 w>m? b5ea?4 ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 does x happ5 t ! m9or m$us are n c>ri$ away into ! s\!rn region8 ,x is no violation ( commonly receiv$ pr9ciples to suppose1 t :5ev] ! m$us are c>ri$ to "s ext5t s\?w>d1 !y s9k 9 ! wat] until !y rea* ! /ream ( ! "u-curr5t1 & are by x convey$ to _! prop] elem5t4 ,! fact t ! olive-gre5 wat] ( ! sea ma9ta9s a simil> position = ye>s toge!r1 :ile surface aft] surface ( ice is c>ri$ away & dissipat$1 is 9 support ( ?is conjecture4 ,?us1 by a mo/ beautiful contrivance1 a l>ge portion ( ! surface ( ! globe is r5d]$ habitable1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be a solid mass ( ice1 & ! ,pol> ,sea af=ds a dwell+-place = _m tribes ( animals mo/ useful 9 supply+ ! wants1 & contribut+ to ! com=t1 ( man4 ,x is n only1 !re=e1 9 ^? regions :]e 8,spices brea! & mild] seasons smile10 b ev5 9 ! laws ( a less g5ial climate1 t we are call$ ^u to obs]ve ,8 et]nal p[] & godhead1 :o gives ! b\nties ( 8 provid5ce to ! j & ! unju/1 & pleads ) u1 9 ! gospel ( 8 ,son1 t we %\ld be reconcil$ to him4 ,! mighty :ale1 ! ephem]al insect1 & ! m9ute animalcule1 all ! productions ( 8 p[] & skill1 h _! wants suppli$ by 8 laws1 & are subject to 8 control4 ,9 ^! he displays ! /r5g? ( 8 arm1 & ! adaptations ( 8 wisdom1 b 9 man1 r$eem$ & sanctifi$1 8! exce$+ ri*es ( 8 grace40 ,happy1 inde$1 are we1 if :il/1 ) ! anci5t psalmi/1 we c proclaim t ! e>? is full ( ! goodness ( ! ,"l1 8:o ga!re? ! wat]s ( ! sea toge!r z an heap10 & 8laye? up ! dep? 9 /ore-h\ses10 we c also1 )\t presumption1 ?r\gh our union ) ! great heir ( all ?+s1 ! ,"l ,jesus1 & by ! m]it ( 8 life & dea?1 hone/ly decl>e all ?+s are ours1 :e!r 444 ! _w1 or life1 or dea?1 or ?+s pres5t1 or ?+s to come1 all are ours1 & we are ,*ri/'s1 & ,*ri/ is ,god's4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,exp$itions ,,= ,,fur!r ,,discov]y4 ,hav+ n[ complet$ ! acc\nt ( ! ,arctic ,regions1 z giv5 by capta9 ,scoresby1 x may be int]e/+ to ! read] to h a brief /atem5t ( "s ( ! pr9cipal exp$itions = fur!r discov]y d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 #ahai1 lieut5ant ,p>ry sail$ ) ! ,hecla & ,grip]4 ,! object ( 8 exp$ition 0 to exam9e ! great & op5 bay1 kn[n z sir ,j4 ,lanca/]'s ,s\nd2 &1 9 case ( failure1 ! ,s\nd ( ald]man ,jones1 & t ( sir ,t4 ,smi?4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 ! %ips ent]$ ! ,s\nd ( sir ,j4 ,lanca/]1 & ran quickly up x1 f9d+ no l& across ! bottom ( ! inlet1 b arriv+ at a /rait1 :i* !y nam$ ,b>r['s ,/rait1 & a magnific5t op5+ into :i* x l$1 ,well+ton ,*annel4 ,on ! #d? ( ,septemb]1 ! exp$ition cross$ ! m]idian ( #aaj we/ longitude1 9 latitude #gd #dd1 becom+ entitl$ to a rew>d ( #e1jjj4 ,!y an*or$1 & put into w9t]-qu>t]s at ,melville ,isl&1 los+ sight ( ! sun f #aa? ,novemb] till ! #crd ( ,febru>y1 :5 x became once m visible f ! ,hecla's ma9-top4 ,) ! greate/ difficulty1 !y manag$ to escape f ! ice dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 arriv+ at ! ,orkneys #bh? ,octob]1 #ahbj4 ,! second voyage ( ,p>ry 0 ) ! ,fury & ,hecla4 ,8 in/ructions 7 to proce$ t[>ds1 or into1 ,hudson's ,/rait1 to p5etrate to ! we/w>d ?r\gh t /rait1 until he %\ld rea* "s portion ( ! coa/ ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,! object 0 to discov] a way we/w>d f ! ,atlantic into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! vessels left ! ,nore #h? ,may1 #ahba1 & arriv$ at ,resolution ,isl&1 at ! entrance ( ,hudson's ,/rait1 on #bnd ,july1 attempt$ ! direct passage ?r\gh ! ,froz5 ,/rait1 & pass$ ?r\gh x into ,repulse ,bay4 ,f x no passage 0 f\nd to ! we/1 & ! %ips1 aft] beat+ ab\t to no pr(it1 7 compell$ to w9t] ne> ,lyon's ,inlet4 ,"h ! dre>9ess ( ! w9t] 0 reliev$ by int]views ) ! inhabitants1 :o 7 f\nd to be intellig5t & hone/4 ,on #bnd ,july1 ! %ips left _! w9t]-qu>t]s1 &1 aft] be+ expos$ to ! mo/ fe>ful dang]s1 arriv$ at a /rait1 call$ by ,p>ry1 ! ,/rait ( ! ,fury & ,hecla1 & believ$ by him to be an op5+ into ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,! %ips aga9 w5t into w9t]-qu>t]s1 & 7 froz5 9 until late 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 b arriv$ at ,l]wick on ,octob] #aj?1 #ahbc4 ,! same %ips1 "u ! same comm&]1 sail$ on a ?ird exp$ition 9 ,may1 #ahbd1 hav+ = its object to p5etrate ?r\gh ,lanca/] ,s\nd1 ,b>r['s ,/rait1 & ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,inlet1 to ! we/w>d4 ,?r\gh det5tion by ! ice1 !y did n arrive at ,lanca/] ,s\nd till #aj? ,septemb]1 & w5t into w9t]-qu>t]s on ! #bg?1 9 ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,inlet1 at ,port ,b[54 ,on ! break+ up ( ! ice1 !y explor$1 s\!rly1 close to ! we/w>d %ore2 b by ! accid5ts to :i* !y 7 expos$1 !y 7 compell$ to ab&on ! ,fury1 ) h] /ores1 & ! ,hecla only return$ to ,engl&4 ,9 #ahbg1 capta9 ,p>ry propos$ to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole by means ( travell+ ) sl$ge-boats ov] ! ice4 ,two boats 7 con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 ! "o to be comm&$ by ,p>ry1 ! o!r by lieut5ant ,ross4 ,!y proce$$ 9 ! ,hecla to ,spitzb]g51 & !re left ! %ip1 />t+ 9 _! sl$ge-boats ) sev5ty-"o days' provisions4 ,!y travell$ by night r ?an by day2 f\nd ! ice v r\gh1 & 9 "s places t5d]2 & aft] exp]i5c+ great difficulties1 arriv$ only at latitude #hb #de1 & 7 compell$ to ab&on ! und]tak+ z hopeless4 ,capta9 ,john ,frankl9 receiv$ in/ructions to explore ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,am]ica1 f ! m\? ( ,copp] ,m9e ,riv] to ! ea/w>d4 ,he sail$ on #bbnd ,may1 #ahai1 9 a %ip ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,!y arriv$ at ,york ,factory1 9 ,hudson's ,bay1 on #cj? ,augu/4 ,_! r\te 0 to be by ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 & ?r\gh a *a9 ( po/s to ! ,great ,slave ,lake4 ,at ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 x 0 arrang$ t ,frankl9 & o!rs %\ld proce$ at once on to ! ,a?obasca dep>tm5t1 to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,great ,slave ,lake1 & t ! re/ ( ! p>ty %\ld foll[ 9 ! spr+4 ,! place ( meet+ 0 ,=t ,*epewyan1 eight hundr$ & fifty-sev5 miles f ,cumb]l& ,h\se2 &1 by ! #bj? ,augu/1 !y _h advanc$ to ,=t ,ent]prise1 five hundr$ & fifty miles f ,*epewyan4 ,"h !y w9t]$1 & 7 expos$ to awful h>d%ips2 b1 on ! arrival ( ! spr+1 !y prosecut$ _! j\rney d[n ! ,copp] ,m9e ,riv]1 rea*+ ! ,pol> ,sea on ! #ah? ,july4 ,!y !n navigat$ ! coa/ to ! ea/w>d1 9 _! canoes1 explor+ ,coronation ,gulf4 ,!y attempt$ to return by ,hood's ,riv]1 & across ! l& to ,po9t ,lake4 ,aft] be+ expos$ to ! mo/ dreadful suff]+s1 !y rega9$ _! w9t]-/ations1 at ,=t ,ent]prise1 & return$ to ,engl&4 ,not)/&+ ! p]ils & h>d%ips :i* _h already befall5 !m1 capta9 ,frankl9 & 8 companions1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson & lieut5ant ,back1 und]took a second exp$ition ov] ! same c\ntry1 & left ,liv]pool #af? ,febru>y1 #ahbe1 arriv+ at ,=t ,*epewyan z e>ly z #ae? ,july4 ,!y !n desc5d$ ,mack5zie ,riv] to ! sea4 ,divid+ !mselves into two p>ties1 !y explor$ ! coa/ ea/ & we/1 & ! exp$ition return$ home #bd? ,septemb]1 #ahbg4 ,o!r voyages are ^? ( ,ross1 ( ,back1 fir/ & second1 & ( ,dease & ,simpson1 two (fic]s ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 :o survey$1 9 #ahci1 ! rema9d] ( ! we/]n coa/ :i* _h be5 left by ,frankl94 ,dr4 ,john ,rae 0 dispat*$ by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 9 ,july1 #ahdf1 to survey ! unexplor$ portion ( ! ,arctic coa/ at ! nor?-ea/]n angle ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & return$ successfully 9 ,octob]1 #ahdg4 ,an important exp$ition = discov]y 9 ! ,nor? ,pol> regions1 ! t]m9ation ( :i* is yet await$ ) s]i\s anxiety1 left ,engl& "u sir ,john ,frankl9 9 ,july1 #ahde4 ,! %ips 7 victuall$ = only ?ree full ye>s1 :i* expir$ dur+ ! summ] ( ?is ye>4 ,?ree exp$itions h be5 s5t 9 se>* ( ! lo/ travell]s4 ,"o dep>t$ e>ly 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdh1 = ,behr+'s ,/rait2 a second1 :i* sail$ 9 ! spr+1 "u sir ,j4 ,ross1 has be5 he>d ( z hav+ rea*$ ,disco ,isl& on ! #bnd ,july2 & a ?ird1 "u sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,rae1 left 9 ,m>* to proce$ ov]l&1 & arriv$ at ,lake ,sup]ior on #bi? ( ,april4 ,a report has v rec5tly come 9 f ! ,esquimaux ( _! hav+ se5 8two l>ge boats1 full ( :ite m51 to ! ea/ ( ! ,mack5zie riv]20 & sir ,j4 ,ross has be5 spok5 ) by a :al] on ! ea/ side ( ,baff9's ,bay1 9 latitude #gd #bj2 b no tid+s to relieve ! public anxiety h be5 receiv$ to ! close ( #ahdh1 conc]n+ ! fate ( sir ,j4 ,frankl9 & 8 companions4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,tract ,,society3 ,,in/itut$ #agii ,transcrib]'s ,note ,hyph5ation has be5 reta9$ z publi%$ 9 ! orig9al publication4 ,pg #eg ,*ang$ ,magdal5a ,bay to ,magdal5 ,bay ,pg #gf ,remov$ quote be=e3 ,f ?is rem>kable sea ,pg #aef ,*ang$ ( ,la ,cp$e1 to ,cepde ,pg #aeh ,*ang$ accord+ to ,egde1 to ,eg$