,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics & bold face h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores & betwe5 equal signs resspectively4 ,s+le sup]script *>act]s are prec$$ by 1 multiple sup]script *>act]s by 4444 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,automobile ,,own]',s ,,guide ,,! ,,automobile ,,own]',s ,,guide ,,by ,,frank ,b4 ,,s*oll ,illu/ration ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,london #aibj ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,preface ,! automobile has tak5 its place z "o ( ! mo/ successful & useful inv5tions ( ! day4 ,x is equal$ only by ! int]nal combu/ion gas eng9e1 :i* is a factor 9 mak+ x practical & effici5t4 ,gasol9e-propell$ vehicles h become "o ( man's greate/ aids 9 bus9ess effici5cy1 b nev]!less x is v important t we consid] ! facts1 t ! adoption ( ! automobile by man = bus9ess1 comm]ce & pleasure is on a v l>ge scale1 & t ! production by manufactur]s is s great t v little ?\ght is giv5 to prop] c>e1 :i* is an ev]-pres5t factor 9 economical op]ation & a fair return = ! inve/m5t4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to s]ve z a practical guide = ^? :o own1 op]ate1 or contemplate pur*as+ an automobile4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is book cov] ! entire field t w\ld be ( value to ! own] or *auffeur 9 mak+ 8 own repairs4 ,! p>ts & expressions are giv5 9 _! simple/ =m2 te*nical t]ms1 tables & scales h be5 entirely elim9at$1 z !y mean little or no?+ to ! av]age own]1 & are ( value only to ! me*anical eng9e] & draftsman4 ,! illu/rations1 draw+s & diagrams are int5d$ only = ! purpose ( br++ out po9ts t are m readily und]/ood & expla9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,no attempt has be5 made to con=m to proportionate exactness or scale accurat5ess4 ,s9ce !re are _m diff]5t makes ( c>s1 motors1 & equipm5t1 ! functional action ( all is practically ! same1 !re=e we use = illu/ration only ^? :i* are us$ by ! majority ( manufactur]s4 ,:ile1 z a g5]al rule1 y w f9d all automobiles effici5t & reliable1 tr\bles & conditions are b\nd to arise t are some:at puzzl+2 !re=e1 to assi/ ! own]1 we h writt5 a *apt] on tr\ble h9ts conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 ?ree columns1 head$ tr\bles1 cause1 & rem$y4 ,! entire book is work$ out along su* l9es1 & s arrang$1 t a man or a boy ) a common s*ool education c easily ma/] x & become an effici5t me*anic4 ,,introduction ,aft] twelve ye>s' exp]i5ce ) ! automobile1 ,i f9d t only "o-?ird ( ! pres5t-day own]s und]/& ! me*anical op]ation1 c>e & prop] upkeep ( _! c>s2 ! o!r two-?irds "k little or no?+ ( _! c>s1 & are unable to locate or detect tr\ble1 or make ! slighte/ adju/m5t necess>y to rem$y x4 ,?is fact rema9s z ! *ief cause ( ! pres5t high depreciation 9 c>s1 & ! loss ( millions ( doll>s annually to automobile own]s4 ,aft] two ye>s ( obs]vation & close inve/igation1 ,i f9d ! va/ majority ( ! pres5t own]s are eag] to acquire me*anical k1 b !y h n accompli%$ _! aim1 *iefly because ! available books to atta9 t end are too te*nical1 dry1 & ov]descriptive = ! av]age own] & beg9n] 9 me*anics4 ,! automobile is n an individually con/ruct$ piece ( ma*9]y1 b a comb9ation ( individual inv5tions1 ea* adapt$ to a functional purpose1 :i* is necess>y to ! h>mony ( successful op]ation4 ,a great _m ( ^! me*anical a*ievem5ts are ( delicate con/ruction1 & v apt to get out ( adju/m5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always ! case1 z grease1 dirt & =eign matt] ) :i* ! v>i\s p>ts come 9 contact (t5 prev5t !m f op]at+ prop]ly4 ,!re=e a little common k ( op]ation & a little c>e w enable an own] to op]ate 8 c> successfully1 !reby avoid+ unnecess>y tr\ble1 damage & exp5se4 ,"o ( ! *ief aims ( ! writ] is to make ?is book int]e/+ & ?or\gh1 9 ord] to hold ! read] until he und]/&s ! entire cont5ts1 aft] :i* he %\ld be able to make any necess>y repairs & adju/m5ts1 or to hold a position z automobile me*anic4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ! =ego+ & prev5t a /ud5t f becom+ disc\rag$ we use functional pr9ciple z ! base = explanation :5ev] possible4 ,! in/ructions set =? 9 ?is book are n tak5 m]ely f !ory1 b h be5 put into successful op]ation by ! writ]1 :o = sev]al ye>s sold c>s 9 outly+ di/ricts :]e g>age facilities 7 limit$1 & :]e x 0 necess>y to make a me*anic ( e pur*as] 9 ord] to su/a9 ! high reputation ( ! c> sold4 ,lat] on 8 plan ( in/ructions 0 us$ 9 an automobile s*ool :]e he 0 *ief in/ructor1 & /ill lat] !y 7 develop$ into a note sy/em :i* he us$ 9 e/abli%+ an automobile s*ool 9 ! city ( ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,! /ud5ts turn$ out by ?is s*ool 7 v effici5t & successful1 & f9i%$ ! c\rse 9 less ?an "o-half ! "t usually requir$ = ! av]age automobile c\rse4 ,?is book 0 writt5 dur+ ! tw5ty mon?s t ! writ] sp5t 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 f ! note sy/em us$ 9 8 automobile s*ool4 ,f4 ,b4 ,s4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,introduction vii ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,& ,,e>ly ,,automobile ,,con/ruction #a ,pur*as+ a new c> #c ,pur*as+ a us$ c> #d ,select+ & te/+ a us$ c> #e ,driv+ in/ructions #f ,road rules = city & c\ntry #i ,:at to d 9 case ( accid5t #aj ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,p>ts #ab ,! eng9e block ca/+s1 cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 connect+ rods1 be>+s1 crank %aft1 cam %aft & fly-:eel4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,valve ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,op]ation #ba ,valve con/ruction4 ,types & op]ation ( ! valves 9 an #h-;cyl9d] ,v-type eng9e4 ,valve locations & valve gr9d+4 ,valve c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,a #d-;,,cycle #d-;,,cyl9d]$ ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e #bi ,expla9+ ! cycle4 ,! #d-1 #f-1 #h-1 #ab-;cyl9d]$ eng9e -- ,! ,knight sleeve valve eng9e -- ,s4 ,a4 ,e4 ,horse ,p[] ,scale -- ,displacem5t-,eng9e *>ts -- ,lubrication oils & greases -- ,lubrication sy/ems -- ,c>e -- ,clean+ -- & adju/+ ( lubrication sy/ems4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,brief ,,treatise ,,on ,,c>buretion #de ,! ,/romb]g pla9 tube ,model ,m c>buretor4 ,pr9ciple ( action -- ,in/allation -- ,adju/m5t & ma9t5ance -- ,/romb]g ,model ,l adju/m5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,nitro ,,sund]man ,,c>buretor #fj ,pr9ciple ( action1 action ( v5turi1 adju/m5t & g5]al c>e4 ,! ,s*ebl] ,model ,r c>buretor1 action & adju/m5t po9ts4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,/ew>t ,,c>buretor #fe ,pr9ciple ( op]ation -- ,adju/m5t & ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,c>t] ,,c>buretor #gj ,op]at+ pr9ciple -- ,adju/m5t & c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,s*ebl] ,,pla9 ,,tube ,,c>buretor #gb ,op]ation -- ,in/ructions = in/all+1 adju/m5t & ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,k]os5e ,,c>buretors #gf ,op]at+ pr9ciple -- ,in/allation & adju/m5t4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,heat$ ,,manifolds ,,& ,,hot ,,spots #gi ,action -- ,advantage & design4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,cool+ ,,sy/ems #hb ,purpose ( cool+ sy/em -- ,circulat+ sy/ems -- ,! =ce pump circulat+ sy/em -- ,ov]heat+ -- ,radiator clean+ -- ,freez+ -- ,freez+ solutions -- ,radiator repair+ -- ,! air cool+ sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,muffl] ,,con/ruction #hf ,purpose -- ,advantage -- ,type -- ,assembly & ,ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,vacuum ,,sy/ems #hi ,op]at+ pr9ciple -- ,purpose ( ! air v5t -- ,failure to fe$ gasol9e to c>buretor -- ,remov+ top -- ,clean+ gasol9e /ra9] scre5 -- ,op]at+ pr9ciple & g5]al ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,p>ts1 ,,units ,,& ,,t]ms #ie ,voltage -- ,amp]age -- ,ohms -- ,curr5t -- ,circuit -- ,l[ ,t5sion ,curr5t -- ,high ,t5sion ,curr5t -- ,induction ,coil -- ,commutator -- ,insulation -- ,%unt or *ok+ coil -- ,fuse -- ,cond5s] -- ,dynamo -- ,voltaic cell -- ,accumulator -- ,/orage batt]y -- ,electrolyte -- ,hydromet] -- ,ammet] -- ,circuit break] -- ,swit* -- ,g5]ator -- ,regulator -- ,contact-break] -- ,non-vibrat+ coil -- ,di/ributors4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,magneto #aja ,p>ts -- ,assemblage -- ,op]at+ pr9ciple4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,bos* ,,high ,,t5sion ,,magneto1 ,,type ,,zr #aje ,op]at+ pr9ciple -- ,prim>y or l[ t5sion circuit -- ,second>y or high t5sion circuit -- ,tim+ magneto ge>s -- ,tim+ magneto ) eng9e -- ,! cond5s] -- ,safety sp>k gap -- ,int]rupt] tim+ range -- ,cutt+ out ignition -- ,caution -- ,c>e -- ,ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,magneto ,,wa%+1 ,,repair+ ,,& ,,tim+ #aaa ,magneto clean+ -- ,magneto repair+ -- ,magneto assembl+ -- ,magneto tim+ to eng9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,nor? ,,ea/ ,,ignition ,,sy/em #aad ,wir+ ignition di/ributor -- ,ignition coil -- ,break] box & di/ributor head assembly -- ,cond5s] -- ,break] contacts -- ,break] cam -- ,di/ributor head -- ,automatic sp>k advance me*anism -- ,manual sp>k control -- ,tim+ ! di/ributor -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,atwat] ,,k5t ,,ignition ,,sy/ems #abf ,type ,,cc sy/em -- ,op]at+ pr9ciple -- ,sett+ or tim+ -- ,adju/m5t -- ,oil+ -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,atwat] ,,k5t ,,batt]y ,,ignition ,,sy/em #acb ,type ,k-#b-,op]at+ pr9ciple -- ,op]ation ( contact mak] -- ,contactless di/ributor -- ,wir+ diagram ( curr5t fl[age -- ,sett+ & tim+ ! unisp>k] -- ,tim+ ) eng9e -- ,automatic sp>k advance -- ,contact po9t adju/m5t -- ,oil+ diagram -- ,cond5s] -- ,te/+ = ignition tr\ble4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,philbr9 ,,s+le ,,sp>k1 ,,& ,,high ,,frequ5cy ,,duplex ,,ignition ,,sy/ems #ada ,op]ation ( contact mak] -- ,curr5t induction -- ,duplex sy/em -- ,duplex swit* -- ,duplex swit* action -- ,wir+ diagram -- ,adju/m5t ( contact po9ts -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,electrical ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,sy/ems #adg ,! g5]ator -- ,! regulator -- ,! automatic cut-out -- ,"o unit sy/em -- ,two unit sy/em -- ,?ree unit sy/em -- ,! />t+ motor -- ,lubrication -- ,ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,electric ,,light+ ,,& ,,/>t+ ,,sy/ems #aed ,wir+ diagram ,bijur sy/em -- ,op]ation ( ,bijur sy/em -- ,/>t+ motor -- ,op]ation ( />t+ motor -- ,wir+ circuits -- ,fuse -- ,gr\nd fuse -- ,lamp controll] -- ,oil+ -- ,batt]y te/+ -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,nor? ,,ea/ ,,/>t] ,,us$ ,,on ,,dodge ,,bro!rs' ,,c>s #afa ,model ,g />t]-g5]ator op]ation -- ,wir+ diagram -- ,/>t]-g5]ator action -- ,m\nt+ -- ,drive -- ,*>g+ rate adju/m5t -- ,fuse -- ,locat+ tr\ble -- ,/>t+ swit* & rev]se curr5t cut-out -- ,runn+ ) batt]y disconnect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,delco ,,electrical ,,sy/em #afg ,motor+ ! g5]ator -- ,crank+ ! eng9e -- ,g5]at+ electrical en]gy -- ,diagram ( motor g5]ator op]ation -- ,lubrication -- ,ignition swit* -- ,circuit break] -- ,ignition coil -- ,di/ributor -- ,contact break] & tim] -- ,c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,/orage ,,batt]y #ahj ,con/ruction -- ,*emical action -- ,cells -- ,electrolyte solution -- ,batt]y *>g+ -- ,c>e & ma9t5ance -- ,hydromet] te/+ -- ,batt]y idle -- ,batt]y freez+ -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,sp>k ,,plugs ,,& ,,c>e #ahf ,type -- ,con/ruction -- ,connections -- ,assembl+ -- ,repair+ -- ,clean+ -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,clut* ,,con/ruction1 ,,type ,,& ,,c>e #ahi ,clut* op]ation -- ,ge> %ift+ -- ,*ange spe$s -- ,cone clut* -- ,cone clut* c>e -- ,cone clut* adju/m5t -- ,multiple disc clut* -- ,borg & ,beck clut* -- ,borg & ,beck clut* adju/m5t -- ,disc clut* clean+1 wet plate1 dry plate -- ,cone clut* lea!r -- ,cone clut* lea!r patt]ns -- ,cutt+ -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,transmissions1 ,,types1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e #aih ,op]ation ( -- ,planet>y type -- ,progressive type -- ,selective type -- ,ge> %ifts -- ,unit-p[]-plant -- ,transmission clean+ -- ,lubrication -- ,c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,univ]sal ,,jo9ts #bjd ,univ]sal jo9ts -- ,slip jo9ts -- ,op]ation -- ,con/ruction diagram -- ,tight5+ -- ,lubrication -- ,c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,diff]5tial ,,ge>s #bjg ,bevel ge> action -- ,con/ruction -- ,adju/+ -- ,ge>less diff]5tial -- ,action -- ,adju/m5t -- ,advantage -- ,worm ge> drive diff]5tial -- ,op]ation -- ,adju/m5t -- ,lubrication -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,axle ,,types1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e #bab ,dead axles -- ,! semi-float+ axle -- ,adju/m5t -- ,lubrication -- ,! full-float+ axle -- ,con/ruction -- ,adju/m5t -- ,lubrication -- ,! ,i-beam front axle -- ,! sp9dle -- ,/e]+ knuckle -- ,c>e ( all types4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,brake ,,types1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e #bah ,brake adju/m5t -- ,brake re-l9+ -- ,brake c>e -- ,brake clean+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,spr+s ,,& ,,spr+ ,,c>e ,,te/s #bbc ,spr+ types -- ,spr+ lubrication -- ,weekly spr+ c>e -- ,bi-mon?ly spr+ c>e -- ,spr+ wrapp+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,alignm5t #bbi ,:eel alignm5t -- ,l5g?wise -- ,crosswise -- ,axle alignm5t -- ,l5g?wise -- ,alignm5t te/s -- ,me*anical alignm5t -- ,l5g!n+ :eelbase4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,/e]+ ,,ge>s1 ,,type ,,& ,,con/ruction #bcb ,op]ation ( worm & sector type -- ,adju/m5t ( worm & sector type -- ,worm & nut type -- ,adju/m5t ( worm & nut type -- ,rack & p9ion type -- ,connections -- ,drag l9k -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,be>+ ,,types1 ,,use ,,& ,,c>e #bcf ,pla9 be>+s -- ,bu%+s -- ,roll] be>+s -- ,flexible roll] be>+s -- ,radial ball be>+s -- ,?ru/ ball be>+s -- ,end ?ru/ -- ,d\ble ?ru/ -- ,clean+ -- ,c>e -- ,ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,c> ,,arrangem5t #bdc ,%[+ location & names ( p>ts -- ,adju/m5t -- ,g5]al c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,ov]haul+ ,,! ,,c> #bdg ,in/ructions %[+ h[ to g ab\t x -- ,& h[ to give ! c> a ?or\gh ov]haul+4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,repair ,,equipm5t #bea ,road repair necessities -- ,%op repair necessities4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,c> ,,clean+1 ,,wa%+ ,,& ,,c>e #bec ,body con/ruction -- ,body wa%+ -- ,runn+ ge> wa%+ -- ,eng9e clean+ -- ,clean+ uphol/]+ -- ,rug clean+ -- ,w9d%ield clean+ -- ,s$an or clos$ body clean+ -- ,tire clean+ -- ,rim clean+ -- ,light l5s clean+ -- ,caution4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,tires1 ,,build1 ,,quality ,,& ,,c>e #bef ,tire c>e -- ,tire *a9s -- ,cross *a9s -- ,tube c>e -- ,tube repair+ -- ,tire & tube /orage4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,electrical ,,sy/em #bei ,g5]al ov]haul+ & tun+ h9ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,automobile ,,pa9t+ #bfb ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,c>bon ,,remov+ #bfc ,,tr\ble ,,h9ts #bfd ,,=d ,,supplem5t4 ,i ,! c> -- its op]ation & c>e #bfi ,,ii ,! ,=d ,eng9e #bgg ,,iii ,! ,=d ,cool+ ,sy/em #bhg ,,iv ,! ,gasol9e ,sy/em #bij ,v ,! ,=d ,ignition ,sy/em #bie ,,vi ,! ,=d ,transmission #cja ,,vii ,! ,re> ,axle ,assembly #cjg ,,viii ,! ,=d ,muffl] #caj ,,ix ,! ,=d ,runn+ ,ge> #caa ,x ,! ,=d ,lubrication ,sy/em #caf ,,xi ,c>e ( ,tires #cbj ,,xii ,po9ts ( ,ma9t5ance #cbc ,,xiii ,! ,=d ,"o ,ton ,truck #cbe ,,xiv ,! ,f4 ,a4 ,/>t+ & ,light+ ,sy/em ,in/all$ on ,s$ans & ,c\ps #cbh ,,index #cce ,,illu/rations ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,typical ,f\r-,cyl9d] ,block #ac #b4 ,cyl9d] ,block ) ,head ,remov$ #ac #c4 ,removable ,cyl9d] ,head 7,rev]s$7 #ad #d4 ,typical ,cyl9d] ,pi/on #ae #e4 ,typical ,pi/on ,r+ #ae #f4 ,typical ,connect+ ,rod #af #g4 ,c\nt]-,balanc$ ,crank ,%aft #ag #h4 #e-,m-,b ,crank ,%aft #ag #i4 ,cam ,%aft #ah #aj4 ,fly:eel #ai #aa4 #h-;,cyl9d] ,valve ,arrangem5t #bb #ab4 ,poppet ,valve #bc #ac4 ,valve ,types1 ,location & ,op]ation #bd #ad4 ,valve ,tim+ ,m>ks #be #ae4 ,knight ,valve-,tim+ ,m>ks -- #d-;,cyl9d] #bg #af4 ,knight ,valve-,tim+ ,m>ks -- #h-;,cyl9d] #bh #ag4 #d-,/roke ,cycle #bi #ah4 ,diagram ( ,action1 #d-;,cyl9d] #d-;,cycle ,eng9e #ca #ai4 ,p[] ,/roke ,diagram #cb #bj4 ,buick ,eng9e -- ,p>ts ,assembly #cf #ba4 ,buick ,eng9e -- ,location ,inside ,p>ts ,assembly #cg #bb4 ,buick ,motor -- ,end ,view #ch #bc4 ,lib]ty ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,eng9e #ci #bd4 ,spla% ,oil+ #da #be4 ,plung] ,pump ,oil+ ,sy/em #db #bf4 ,/romb]g ,model ,m ,c>buretor -- ,sectional ,view #df #bg4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor ,model ,m -- ,air ,ble$] ,action #dg #bh4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor ,model ,m -- ,accel]at+ ,well #di #bi4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor ,model ,m -- ,idl+ ,op]ation #ea #cj4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor -- ,?rottle ,op5 #eb #ca4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor -- ,?rottle ,wide ,op5 #ec #cb4 ,/romb]g ,model ,m -- ,adju/m5t ,po9ts #ee #cc4 ,/romb]g ,model 8,l0 -- ,adju/m5t ,po9ts #eh #cd4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor #fj #ce4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor #fa #cf4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor #fb #cg4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor #fc #ch4 ,s*ebl] ,model ,r ,c>buretor ,assembl$ #fd #ci4 ,/ew>t ,c>buretor #ff #dj4 ,c>t] ,c>buretor #gj #da4 ,s*ebl] ,c>buretor ,model ,=d ,a -- ,sectional ,view #gb #db4 ,s*ebl] ,c>buretor ,model ,=d ,a -- ,adju/m5t ,po9ts #gc #dc4 ,holley ,k]os5e ,c>buretor #gf #dd4 ,holley ,k]os5e ,c>buretor ,in/allm5t #gg #de4 ,hot ,spot ,manifold #gi #df4 ,holley ,vapor ,manifold -- ,=d ,c>s #hj #dg4 ,!rmo-,syphon ,cool+ ,sy/em #hb #dh4 ,muffl] -- ,?ree ,comp>tm5t #hf #di4 ,muffl] #hg #ej4 ,vacuum ,sy/em -- ,top ,arrangem5t #hi #ea4 ,vacuum ,sy/em ,in/allation #ij #eb4 ,vacuum ,sy/em ,diagram -- ,/ew>t ,w>n] #ia #ec4 ,vacuum ,sy/em -- ,inside ,view ( ,p>ts #id #ed4 ,coil ,diagram #if #ee4 ,dynamo -- ,diagram ( ,action #ih #ef4 ,magnets -- ,pole ,blocks #aja #eg4 ,armature ,core -- ,w\nd ,armature #ajb #eh4 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,w9d+ & ,curr5t ,direction #ajb #ei4 ,break] -- ,slip ,r+ -- ,di/ributor #ajc #fj4 ,bos* ,m ,di/ributor & ,int]ruptor -- ,h\s+ ,remov$ #ajf #fa4 ,wir+ ,diagram ,bos* ,magneto1 ,type ,,zr-#d #ajg #fb4 ,wir+ ,diagram1 ,nor?-,ea/ ,sy/em -- on ,dodge ,c> #aae #fc4 ,nor?-,ea/ ,di/ributor -- ,model ,o -- ,ignition #aaf #fd4 ,nor? ,ea/ ,break]-,box #aah #fe4 ,automatic ,sp>k ,advance ,me*anism -- ,nor? ,ea/ #aba #ff4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,circuit ,diagram -- ,type ,c4 ,c4 #abg #fg4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break] -- ,type ,c4 ,c4 #abh #fh4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,di/ributor & ,contactless ,block #abh #fi4 ,di/ributor ,wire ,connections to ,di/ributor #abi #gj4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,type ,c4 ,c4 ,wir+ ,diagram #acj #ga4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break] -- ,diagram ( ,action -- ,type ,k-#b ,sy/em #acc #gb4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break] -- ,diagram ( ,action -- ,type ,k-#b ,sy/em #acc #gc4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break] -- ,diagram ( ,action -- ,type ,k-#b ,sy/em #acd #gd4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break] -- ,diagram ( ,action -- ,type ,k-#b ,sy/em #acd #ge4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,di/ributor & ,contactless ,block #ace #gf4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,wir+ ,diagram ,type ,k-#b #acf #gg4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,k-#b ,wir+ #acg #gh4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,automatic ,sp>k ,advance ,me*anism -- ,a-,k ,type ,k-#b #ach #gi4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break] -- ,oil+ ,diagram -- ,a-,k ,type ,k-#b #aci #hj4 ,philbr9 ,contact ,mak] -- ,po9t ,adju/m5t #ada #ha4 ,philbr9 ,contact ,mak] & ,di/ributor ,blade #adb #hb4 ,swit* ,case #adc #hc4 ,duplex ,high ,frequ5cy ,swit* #add #hd4 ,philbr9 ,wir+ ,diagram #ade #he4 ,bijur #b-,v ,sy/em ,m\nt$ on ,hupmobile ,eng9e #adi #hf4 ,bijur ,/>t] ,me*anism ,%[+ ,action #aea #hg4 ,bijur ,/>t] ,me*anism ,%[+ ,action #aeb #hh4 ,wir+ ,diagram ,model ,n -- ,hupmobile #aec #hi4 ,wir+ ,diagram -- ,jeffrey-,*e/]field ,six #aee #ij4 ,wir+ ,diagram -- ,jeffrey ,f\r #aeh #ia4 ,hydromet] ,syr+e #aei #ia4 ,dodge ,wir+ ,diagram #afb #ib4 ,nor? ,ea/ ,model ,g ,/>t] ,g5]ator #afd #ic4 ,delco ,motor ,g5]ator -- ,%[+ ,p>ts #afh #id4 ,delco ,motor ,g5]ator -- ,diagram ( ,op]ation #agj #ie4 ,delco ,ignition ,swit* ,plate #agc #if4 ,delco ,ignition ,swit* ,circuit ,break] -- ,m\nt$ #agc #ig4 ,delco ,ignition ,coil #age #ih4 ,delco ,wir+ ,diagram -- ,buick ,c>s #agf #ii4 ,delco ,ignition ,di/ributor #agg #ajj4 ,delco ,ignition ,contact ,break] & ,tim] #agh #aja4 ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,sectional ,view #ahj #ajb4 ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,sectional ,view #ahb #ajc4 ,hydromet] ,syr+e #ahc #ajd4 ,sp>k ,plug #ahg #aje4 ,cone ,clut* & ,brake #aij #ajf4 ,multi-,disc ,unit ,p[] ,plant1 ,clut* & ,transmission #aib #ajg4 ,borg & ,beck ,clut* #aic #ajh4 ,cone ,clut* ,lea!rs -- ,patt]n -- ,cutt+ #aif #aji4 ,friction ,transmission #aii #aaj4 ,selective ,type ( ,ge> ,%ifts #bjj #aaa4 ,slid+ ,ge> ,transmission -- ,sectional ,view #bja #aab4 ,clut* & ,transmission ,assembly -- ,unit ,p[] ,plant #bjc #aac4 ,slip ,jo9t & ,univ]sal #bjd #aad4 ,univ]sal ,jo9t ,con/ruction ,diagram #bje #aae4 ,diff]5tial ,action ,diagram #bjg #aaf4 ,diff]5tial ,assembly #bjh #aag4 ,diff]5tial ,adju/+ ,po9ts #bji #aah4 ,all5 ,ge>less ,diff]5tial #baj #aai4 ,semi-,float+ ,re> ,axle #bac #abj4 ,full-,float+ ,axle -- ,:eel-,end ,arrangem5t #bad #aba4 ,full-,float+ ,axle #bad #abb4 ,/e]+ ,knuckle & ,front ,axle ,p>ts #bae #abc4 ,i-,beam ,front ,axle #baf #abd4 ,brake -- ,types & ,adju/m5t #bai #abe4 ,brake -- ,%[+ ,toggle ,arrangem5t #bbj #abf4 ,transmission ,brake -- ,equaliz] #bbj #abg4 ,brake -- ,arrangem5t & ,adju/m5t -- 8,buick0 #bba #abh4 -,elliptical ,front ,spr+ #bbf #abi4 ,full-,elliptic ,spr+ #bbf #acj4 -,elliptical ,re> ,spr+ #bbg #aca4 ,plat=m ,spr+ #bbg #acb4 ,cantilev] ,spr+1 ,front #bbh #acc4 ,cantilev] ,spr+1 ,re> #bbh #acd4 ,:eel ,alignm5t ,diagram #bcj #ace4 ,worm & ,sector ,/e]+ ,ge> #bcc #acf4 ,worm & ,nut ,/e]+ ,ge> #bcd #acg4 ,rack & ,p9ion ,type ,/e]+ ,ge> #bcd #ach4 ,/e]+ ,:eel #bce #aci4 ,pla9 ,be>+s or ,bu%+s #bcf #adj4 ,%ims #bcg #ada4 ,bock ,roll] ,be>+ #bcg #adb4 ,hyatt ,roll] ,be>+ #bch #adc4 ,d\ble ,r[ ,radial ,ball ,be>+ #bci #add4 ,d\ble ,r[ ,?ru/ ,be>+ #bda #ade4 ,end ,?ru/ ,be>+ #bda #adf4 ,c> ,arrangem5t #bde #adg4 ,=d ,motor -- ,sectional ,view #bgh #adh4 ,=d ,motor -- ,valve & ,cyl9d] ,assembly #bgi #adi4 ,=d ,fuel ,sy/em #bij #aej4 ,=d ,transmission ,assembly #cjc #aea4 ,=d ,re> ,axle ,sy/em #cjh #aeb4 ,=d ,brake #cji #aec4 ,=d ,sp9dle #caa #aed4 ,=d ,*assis ,oil+ ,*>t #cag ,,! ,,automobile ,,own]',s ,,guide ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,& ,,e>ly ,,automobile ,,con/ruction ,a great _m exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) ! explosive type ( motor betwe5 #ahdj & #ahfj4 ,^! motors 7 v heavy & crude affairs & furni%$ little or no p[]4 ,!y 7 ei!r ab&on$ or giv5 up by ^? conduct+ ! exp]im5ts1 & _h all b disappe>$ 9 ! lat] #ej's4 ,! *ief difficulties t !y c\ld n ov]come 71 ! f9d+ ( a suitable & combu/ible fuel1 a way to di/ribute x to ! explosion *amb]s 9 prop] proportion1 & a device to ignite x at ! prop] "t4 ,_m ( ^! e>ly inv5tions us$ coal t> gases & gunp[d] z fuel4 ,! fir/ designs = an int]nal combu/ion eng9e ( ! f\r /roke cycle type 7 devis$ 9 #ahfb by ,m4 ,beau de ,ro*as4 ,^! designs 7 tak5 9 h& by a ,g]man by ! "n ( ,otto1 & _m exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ by him & two o!r ,g]mans1 ,daiml] & ,b5z1 :i* result$ 9 a fairly successful eng9e4 ,! ,otto ,gas ,eng9e ,co41 ( ,deutz1 ,g]many1 0 !n =m$ ) ,daiml] z g5]al manag]4 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on :i* result$ 9 _m improvem5ts1 su* z valve adju/+ & electrical sp>k ignition4 ,_m o!r small] improvem5ts 7 work$ out :i* ov]came _m ( ! difficulties ( ! =m] & crud] devices4 ,! fir/ gas eng9es 7 all ( ! s+le cyl9d] type1 v heavily con/ruct$ & produc$ f ?ree to five horse p[]4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,daiml] conceiv$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ ! multiple type ( eng9e ) wat]-jacket$ cyl9d]s4 ,b5z also complet$ a v successful motor 9 ! late fall ( #ahhf1 :i* embodi$ ! wat] cool+ idea4 ,! practical beg9n+ ( ! gas eng9e z a factor 9 vehicle propulsion began 9 ! fall ( #ahhf1 :5 ,daiml] appli$ 8 motor to a two-:eel$ contrivance1 :i* greatly resembl$ our pres5t-day motorcycle4 ,:ile ?is ma*9e ran1 x 0 n consid]$ a v great success4 ,b5z 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahhg1 connect$ 8 motor to a ?ree-:eel$ vehicle ) :i* he 0 able to travel at ! rate ( ?ree miles p] h\r4 ,! real beg9n+ ( ! pres5t-day automobile took place 9 ,p>is1 ,france1 9 #ahij1 :5 ,m4 ,panh>d secur$ ! pat5t rights f ,daiml] to use 8 eng9e4 ,he !n built a f\r-:eel$ vehicle1 :i* c>ri$ "s ( ! ideas ( pres5t-day con/ruction1 su* z a /e]+ device & brakes4 ,to ?is he appli$ 8 eng9e & 0 able to travel at ! rate ( six miles p] h\r4 ,9 #ahia ,peugeot ,frres complet$ _! vehicle & in/all$ a ,b5z eng9e4 ,?is vehicle or c>1 z x 0 !n call$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( its be+ me*anically driv51 0 able to make f sev5 to eight miles p] h\r4 ,! p]fect+ ( ! automobile 0 hamp]$ v mu* betwe5 ! ye>s #ahia & #ahih by /r+5t laws t _h be5 enact$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 :i* all b prohibit$ ! driv+ ( a c> on ! public ?or\ghf>e4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican-made automobile ( ! gas propell$ type 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> #ahib by ,*>les ,duryea4 ,?is c> embodi$ _m ( our pres5t-day ideas b 0 v lightly con/ruct$ & "u-p[]$4 ,9 #ahic ano!r c> made its appe>ance 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is c> 0 built by ,edw>d ,t4 ,haynes & 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t-day ,haynes' l9e ( fam\s c>s4 ,! fir/ automobile club 0 organiz$ 9 ,p>is1 ,france1 9 ! ye> #ahid ) ! ,m>quis de ,dion z presid5t4 ,! purpose ( ?is club 0 to secure a re=mation ( ! laws t _h be5 enact$ :5 ! automobile made its fir/ appe>ance on ! public ?or\gh-f>e1 & to make laws & rules to gov]n automobile rac+4 ,at t "t x 0 necess>y :5 driv+ on a public highway to h "s "o run sev5ty-five feet 9 advance ( a c> wav+ a r$ flag1 & to %\t a w>n+ at /reet int]sections4 ,^! /r+5t laws1 h[ev]1 7 repeal$ by ! gov]nm5t ?r\gh influ5tial aid br\ght to be> on x by ! automobile club assi/$ by ! rapid progress ( ! automobile indu/ry4 ,,pur*as+ ,a ,,new ,,c> ,,?+s ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,inve/m5t ,,safe ,:5 y are go+ to buy a new c> g ab\t x 9 ?is mann] & protect y\r inve/m5t4 ,fir/4--,*oose ! c> t suits y be/ 9 reg>d to co/1 op]ation1 & appe>ance4 ,second4--,inquire z to ! f9ancial /atus ( ! manufactur]4 ,if !re is any?+ wrong ) ! c>1 or ! managem5t ( ! company1 x w %[ up "h4 ,?ird4--,orphan$ c>s may run z well & give z good s]vice z anybody c\ld ask =1 b :5 a company fails or discont9ues to manufacture a model1 ! c> imm$iately loses f "o-?ird to "o-half ( its actual value4 ,t is1 provid+ y wi% to trade x 9 or sell x z a us$ c>4 ,f\r?4--,:at k9d ( s]vice does ! ag5cy 9 y\r vic9ity give8 ,d !y take any int]e/ 9 ! c>s !y sell aft] !y are 9 ! h&s ( ! pur*as]8 ,fif?4--,! am\nt ( int]e/ tak5 9 y\r pur*ase by ! ag5t or s]vice /ation usually det]m9es ! am\nt ( depreciation at ! end ( ! season4 ,six?4--,if y are pur*as+ y\r fir/ c> "s little adju/m5ts w be requir$1 & conditions w arise t require und]/&+ & att5tion4 ,y1 !re=e1 mu/ acquire ei!r a functional & me*anical k ( ! op]ation1 or dep5d on ! ag5t or s]vice /ation = help4 ,sev5?4--,y w probably say t y c get along )\t su* help4 ,y probably c1 b :at w be ! results8 ,w y be requir$ to /& a loss 9 ! long run result+ f excessive repair bills & depreciation :i* c\ld h be5 prev5t$ to a great ext5t8 ,eigh?4--,rememb] t an ag5t c fool y :5 y are buy+1 b t y _c fool him if y wi% to sell or trade 94 ,n9?4--,rememb] t ?is book1 ,! ,automobile ,own]s' ,guide1 0 writt5 to assi/ y 9 j su* cases z we h pres5t$1 & t by sp5d+ a little "t 9 /udy y c acquire a work+ k ( y\r c>1 & become indep5d5t ( ! s]vice /ation & ! ag5t1 :i* w result 9 a big sav+ 9 bo? repair bills & depreciation4 ,,pur*as+ ,a ,,us$ ,,c> ,,h[ ,,to ,,e/imate ,,its ,,value ,! "q is (t5 ask$1 ,does x pay to inve/ money 9 a second-h& c>8 ,! answ] may be ei!r yes or no1 & dep5ds entirely ^u ! condition ( ! c>4 ,= example1 ,a & ,b pur*ase a new c> at ! same "t4 ,a is r cons]vative4 ,he is also a c>eful driv] & gives 8 c> ! be/ ( att5tion4 ,b is a c>eless driv] & pays little or no att5tion to adju/m5ts & lubrication4 ,a has se5 to prop] lubrication & has kept ! p>ts prop]ly adju/$ & tight5$ up1 & 8 c>eful driv+ has kept ! alignm5t 9 p]fect condition4 ,8 c> at ! end ( ! fir/ season requires a little ov]haul+ :i* w put x 9 z good condition z x 0 :5 x 0 new z f> z s]vice is conc]n$1 & x is wor? #he to #ij p] c5t ( its orig9al value4 ,b has n se5 to prop] lubrication & has all[$ 8 motor to ov]heat4 ,! cyl9d]s & pi/ons are scor$ & worn1 & ! valves are w>p$ & d n seat prop]ly4 ,he drove into deep ruts & *uck-holes1 & bump$ into curbs & po/s :ile turn+ ar\nd4 ,8 axles & :eels are out ( l9e2 ! frame & all ! runn+ p>ts :i* x supports are out ( alignm5t4 ,ov]haul+ w n put ?is c> 9 ,a-#a condition1 & x is n wor? m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al co/ price4 ,x w\ld be a poor inve/m5t at any price to an own] :o is buy+ x = 8 own use4 ,select+ & ,te/+ a ,us$ ,c>4--,fir/4--,if y are buy+ f a deal] :o trades 9 c>s1 judge 8 /atem5t ( ! condition ( a c> accord+ to 8 ability z a me*anic & accord+ to 8 reputation = accuracy4 ,if y are buy+ f a reputable us$ c> deal] 8 ^w c usually be tak5 z a correct /atem5t ( conditions z 8 bus9ess dep5ds ^u ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5ts & he kn[s ! condition ( a c> be=e he buys x4 ,second4--,see ! =m] own]4 ,get 8 /atem5t ( ! condition ( ! c> & ! c>e x has _h1 & judge x by 8 appe>ance1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( 8 home & prop]ty4 ,?ird4--,if ! c> is li/$ z ,rebuilt or ,ov]haul$1 see if ! oil-pan1 diff]5tial1 & transmission cov]s h be5 remov$4 ,if ?is has be5 done ! old grease w ei!r h be5 clean$ (f or %[ m>ks ( ! removal4 ,if ^! m>ks are f\nd ! prop] adju/m5ts & replacem5ts h probably be5 made4 ,f\r?4--,don't judge ! me*anical condition ( a c> by its outw>d appe>ance4 ,fif?4--,exam9e ! tires & figure ! co/ ( replacem5t if any are f\nd 9 poor condition4 ,six?4--,jack up ! front axle & te/ ! :eels = loose or worn be>+s4 ,sev5?4--,grasp ! :eel at ! top & bottom & wiggle x to det]m9e :e!r ! sp9dle bolts or /e]+ device connections are worn4 ,eigh?4--,jack up ! re> axle1 set ! ge> %ift-lev] into high-spe$1 move ! :eel 9 & out f ! bottom to discov] worn be>+s1 & move ! :eel1 =w>d & backw>d1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( back-la% 9 ! diff]5tial & univ]sal jo9ts4 ,n9?4--,te/ ! compression ( ! cyl9d]s :ile ! eng9e is cold us+ ! h& crank4 ,if "o cyl9d] is f\nd weak1 a leak exi/s & ! escap+ compression c be he>d4 ,t5?4--,run ! motor until x is w>m4 ,if any weakness 9 compression is noticeable ! cyl9d]s are probably scor$1 or ! r+s may be worn4 ,! valves may also be w>p$1 !reby prev5t+ !m f seat+ prop]ly4 ,elev5?4--,exam9e ! %\ld]s ( ! cross-memb]s support+ ! eng9e1 radiator1 or transmission to see if !y are crack$ or brok54 ,twelf?4--,! batt]y may h det]iorat$ ?r\gh improp] att5tion4 ,te/ ! solution ) a hydromet]4 ,if x is f\nd well up1 x c be pass$ z ,o4 ,k4 ,?irte5?4--,don't judge ! condition ( ! c> by ! model1 z a two or ?ree-ye>-old model may be 9 bett] me*anical condition ?an a six-mon? or ye>-old model4 ,,driv+ ,,in/ructions ,a new driv] %\ld rema9 cool & take ?+s 9 a natural way z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!re is no?+ to get n]v\s or excit$ ab\t :5 le>n+ to drive a c>4 ,any "o c ma/] ! art ( driv+ quickly by rema9+ cool & optimi/ic4 ,fir/4--,acquire "s def9ite k ( ! op]ation ( ! eng9e & its accompany+ devices4 ,second4--,h "s "o expla9 ! op]ation ( ! accel]ator1 sp>k1 & ?rottle lev]s4 ,?ird4--,/udy ! relative action ( ! clut* & ge>-%ift+ p$al4 ,f\r?4--,! new driv] takes ! :eel & assumes a natural & calm position ) ! muscles relax$4 ,fif?4--,he adju/s ! motor control lev]s4 ,! ?rottle lev] is advanc$ "o-f\r? its slid+ di/ance on ! quadrant4 ,! sp>k lev] is set to "o-half ! slid+ di/ance on ! quadrant4 ,six?4--,pu% ! ignition-swit* button1 ,,91 or ,,on1 & press ! />t] button1 lett+ x up z soon z ! eng9e beg9s to fire4 ,sev5?4--,n all ge>-%ifts are m>k$1 consequ5tly x is a good idea to let ! new driv] feel out ! diff]5t spe$ *anges4 ,?is is accompli%$ by pu%+ out ! clut* & plac+ ! %ift-lev] into "o ( ! f\r slots4 ,n[ let up ! clut* p$al until x />ts to move ! c>1 cont9ue ! feel+-out process until ! rev]se spe$ ge> is locat$1 & at ?is po9t impress on him t fir/ & rev]se spe$s1 are always opposite ea* o!r1 l5g?wise ei!r on ! "r or left side ( neutral1 :ile second spe$ is always crosswise opposite rev]se1 & high-spe$ is opposite fir/ on ! o!r side ( neutral4 ,eigh?4--,/>t+ ! c> ) eng9e runn+1 advance ! sp>k-lev] ?ree-f\r?s ! di/ance on ! quadrant1 advance ! ?rottle until ! eng9e is turn+ ov] nicely 7n rac+74 ,place "o h& on ! /e]+-:eel & ) ! o!r grasp ! ge>-%ift-lev]1 pu% 9 ! clut* p$al1 hold x = five seconds1 9 ord] t ! clut* brake may /op rotation4 ,place ! %ift-lev] into ! fir/-spe$ slot & let up on ! clut* p$al4 ,! c> %\ld be driv5 f\r or five hundr$ feet on ?is spe$ until ! driv] acquires ! 8nack0 ( /e]+4 ,n9?4--,to %ift to second spe$ advance ! gas ?rottle until ! c> ga!rs a smoo? roll+ motion1 press 9 ! clut* p$al & all[ ?ree to five seconds = ! brake to ret>d ! spe$ ( ! clut*1 !n %ift ! lev] to second spe$ & release ! clut* p$al easily4 ,t5?4--,to %ift into high-spe$ ret>d ! ?rottle lev] a trifle 7to prev5t ! eng9e f rac+71 ?r[ out ! clut* & %ift ! lev] into ! high-spe$ slot4 ,p]=m ^! op]ations sl[ly b )\t hesitation4 ,elev5?4--,to %ift to rev]se spe$ g ?r\gh ! same op]ation t y foll[$ :5 fir/ 0 us$1 except t ! %ift-lev] is plac$ 9 ! rev]se slot4 ,twelf?4--,! rev]se spe$-ge> is nev] engag$ unless ! c> is at a 8/&-/ill10 z ?is ge> turns 9 an opposite direction4 ,?irte5?4--,always te/ ! em]g5cy brake lev] & ! spe$ %ift-lev]1 to be sure t !y are 9 a neutral position be=e />t+ ! eng9e4 ,f\rte5?4--,rememb] t 9 case ( em]g5cy ! c> c be /opp$ quickly by pu%+ 9 bo? foot-p$als4 ,pressure on ! clut* p$al disconnects ! eng9e f ! c>1 :ile pressure on ! 8foot0 or s]vice brake p$al1 sl[s up ! motion ( ! c> & w br+ x quickly to a /&-/ill4 ,fifte5?4--,always pu% ! clut* out :5 us+ ! s]vice brake to *eck ! roll+ motion ( ! c>4 ,sixte5?4--,:5 y wi% to /op ! c> & motor kick out ! clut* & hold x 9 ?is position :ile y /op ! roll+ motion ( ! c> ) ! s]vice brake & %ift ! ge>s to neutral4 ,!n set ! em]g5cy brake & turn (f ! swit* to /op ! motor4 ,if ! eng9e _c take ! c> up a /eep grade 9 l[ spe$ 7due to defective motor or gravity fuel fe$7 /op1 engage rev]se spe$1 turn (f ! ignition swit*1 & let ! c> back d[n to level or a place :]e y c turn ar\nd1 & back up ! hill4 ,! rev]se spe$ is ge>$ f "o & a half to two times l[] ?an fir/ spe$4 ,n9ete54--,to /op ! back :eels f skidd+ turn ! front :eels 9 ! direction :i* ! back :eels are slid+ & release ! brakes4 ,turn+ away or apply+ ! brakes adds mom5tum to ! slid+ motion4 ,tw5ty4--,if = any reason y mu/ or _c avoid driv+ into ! dit* unless ! dit* is v %all[1 turn ! c> directly t[>d ! opposite bank4 ,! front or re> spr+s w lodge 9 ! bank & prev5t ! c> f roll+ ov] & cru%+ ! occupants1 & ! c> c be drawn out m easily f ?is position4 ,,road ,,rules ,,= ,,city ,,& ,,c\ntry #a4--;,be c\rte\s to all :om y meet & give y\r assi/ance if necess>y4 #b4--,:5 enc\nt]+ a bad /ret* ( road1 ) ! track on y\r side1 don't drive 9 & =ce ano!r ma*9e com+ t[>ds y to get out ( ! track4 ,,wait4 #c4--,nev] block a track4 ,9 case y wi% to /op & talk to "s "o1 drive to "o side4 #d4--,keep on ! "r h& side ( ! road at all times1 :e!r mov+ or /&+1 except z prescrib$ 9 ,p>agraph #e4 #e4--;,9 pass+ vehicles travel+ 9 ! same direction1 always pass on ! left & bl[ ! horn4 #f4--;,9 pass+ a vehicle t has j /opp$1 sl[ d[n & s\nd ! horn4 #g4--;,9 *ang+ y\r direction1 or /opp+1 always give ! appropriate h& signal4 #h4--;,h& signals1 /raight up or up on #de angle1 ,,/op4 ,/raight out or horizontal1 ,,turn+ ,,to ,,! ,,left4 ,d[n at an angle ( #de1 ,,turn+ ,,to ,,! ,,"r4 #i4--,! di/ance betwe5 vehicles outside ( t[ns & cities1 #bj y>ds2 betwe5 vehicles pass+ ?r\gh t[ns & cities1 #e y>ds2 betwe5 vehicles halt$ at ! curb1 #b y>ds4 #aj4--;,br+ all vehicles "u easy control at /reet & road int]sections4 #aa4--;,a maximum driv+ spe$ %\ld n exce$ #g miles 9 bus9ess sections ( cities1 #ae miles 9 resid5tial sections1 #be miles on c\ntry roads4 #ab4--;,=m ! habit ( sl[+ d[n & look+ bo? ways be=e cross+ tracks4 #ac4--;,always pass a /reet c> on ! "r side4 #ad4--;,always /op #h feet f a /reet c> :5 pass5g]s are gett+ (f1 unless !re is a safety zone1 !n drive sl[ly4 #ae4--,nev] drive ov] ! side-walk l9e :ile wait+ = signal ( traffic (fic]4 #af4--,notify traffic (fic] :i* way y wi% to turn ) h& signal4 #ag4--;,always /op & wait = an op5+ :5 driv+ f a side /reet or road into a ma9 ?or\ghf>e4 #ah4--,make squ>e turns at all /reet corn]s unless o!rwise direct$ by traffic (fic]4 #ai4--;,if y wi% to turn f "o /reet into ano!r wait until ! traffic (fic] gives ! /raight ahead signal1 !n give ! appropriate signal to ^? 9 ! re>4 #bj4--;,always drive ne> ! curb :5 y wi% to turn to ! "r1 & to ! "r ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! /reet :5 y wi% to turn to ! left4 #ba4--;,drive /raight ahead at #dbnd ,/4 & #e? ,ave41 ,n4 ,y41 & at ,m>ket & ,broad ,/41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,^! corn]s h&le m traffic ?an any two corn]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no turns are made at ei!r corn]4 #bb4--;,ex]cise c>e n to injure road ways4 #bc4--;,d n damage improv$ roads by ! use ( *a9s :5 unnecess>y4 #bd4--;,9 case ! c> is n provid$ ) *a9s1 rope wrapp$ ar\nd ! tires w make a good sub/itute4 #be4--;,9 case ( fire1 d n try to put x out ) wat] z ! gasol9e w only float & spread ! fire4 ,use a fire ext+ui%] or smo!r ) s& or ) a blanket4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,9 ,,case ,,( ,,accid5t #a4--;,9 case ( injury to p]son or prop]ty /op c> & r5d] su* assi/ance z may be ne$$4 #b4--,secure ! "n ( p]son injur$ or ( own]s ( said prop]ty4 #c4--,secure names & addresses ( witnesses to ! accid5t4 #d4--;,draw diagram ( /reets z %[n 9 ,fig4 ,a4 ,%[ relative positions ( ! collid+ vehicles & ! object ( p$e/rian j be=e ! accid5t4 #e4--,label /reets & e object depict$ & add measurem5ts & l9e %[+ c\rse foll[$ by vehicles1 etc41 & any explanatory /atem5ts :i* w\ld aid an und]/&+ ( ! occurr5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,ma9 ,/4 ,side ,/4 ,fig4 ,a4 ,/reet ,int]section #f4--;,file ?is report at police headqu>t]s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,p>ts ,we w use = purposes ( illu/ration ! common f\r-cyl9d]1 f\r cycle1 ca/ en bloc1 8,l0-head type ( motor1 z ?is type is us$ probably by #ij ( ! automobile manufactur]s4 ,! block ( ?is type ( motor is ca/ ) an ov]lapp+ %\ld] at ! upp] left h& side :i* conta9s a comp>tm5t adjo9+ ! combu/ion *amb] 9 :i* ! intake & exhau/ valves seat1 & ! ca/+ is made1 9 ! %ape ( ! ,capital lett] ,l turn$ upside d[n4 ,?is arrangem5t all[s bo? valves to seat 9 "o *amb] & to op]ate f "o cam %aft4 ,! op]ation ( ea* cyl9d] is id5tically ! same :e!r y h a "o or a _m cyl9d]$ motor1 consequ5tly :5 y h ga9$ a work+ k ( "o cyl9d]1 o!rs are a m]e addition4 ,?is may s\nd confus+ :5 ! eight or twelve cyl9d]$ motor is m5tion$1 b is m readily und]/ood :5 we consid] ! fact t an eight or twelve cyl9d]$ motor is no?+ m ?an two f\rs or two sixes1 set to a s+le crank-case or base 9 ,v-%ape to all[ ! connect+ rods ( ea* motor to op]ate on a s+le crank %aft4 ,?is arrangem5t also all[s all ! valves to op]ate f a s+le cam %aft1 !reby mak+ ! motor v rigid & compact1 :i* is an absolute necessity consid]+ ! small space t is all[$ = ! motor 9 our pres5t-day designs4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ca/+ or block1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! :ole motor or eng9e1 usually has a removable head :i* all[s = easy access to ! pi/ons & valves4 ,! block is ca/ ) a passage or comp>tm5t ?r\gh ! head & ar\nd ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh :i* wat] circulates = cool+ ! adjo9+ surfaces ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,?is alleviates ! dang] f expansion & contraction caus$ by ! trem5d\s heat g5]at$ 9 & ab\t ! combu/ion *amb]s4 ,?is block also conta9s ! cyl9d]s & valve seats4 ,! pi/ons & valves are fitt$ to _! respective positions z con/ruction progresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,exhau/ ,pt4 ,intake ,pt4 ,re4 ,plate ,det4 ,head ,cyl4 ,block ,upp] ,crankcase ,l[] ,crankcase ,fig4 #a4 ,typical ,f\r-cyl9d] ,block ,fig4 #b4 ,! block ) head remov$ %[s ! smoo? flu% surface ( ! block face & ! location ( ! cyl9d]s 9 :i* ! pi/ons op]ate or slide1 ) ea* p[] impulse or explosion4 ,:5 ! pi/on is at its upp] extreme x comes )9 a sixte5? ( an in* ( be+ flu% ) ! top ( ! block1 :ile ! valves 7also %[n 9 ,fig4 #b7 re/ on gr\nd-9 seats1 9 _! respective *amb]s1 & are op]at$ by a /em :i* ext5ds d[nw>d f ! head ?r\gh a guide bu%+ 9 ! block to ! cam %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,pi/ons ,wat] ,v5ts ,intake ,valve ,exhau/ ,valve ,fig4 #b4 ,cyl9d] ,block ,) ,head ,remov$ ,! location ( ! wat] v5ts is also %[n1 ?r\gh :i* wat] is circulat$ to prev5t ! cyl9d]s f ov]heat+ :i* w\ld cause ! pi/ons to 8/ick0 f expansion4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! top or head ( ! motor is remov$1 expos+ ! combu/ion *amb]s4 ,^! *amb]s mu/ be absolutely air-tight z ! *>ge ( gas drawn 9 ?r\gh ! inlet valve is compress$ "h be=e ! explosion takes place1 & l[ compression means a weak explosion1 :i* causes ! motor to run ) an unev5-jumpy motion1 & ) an app>5t great loss ( p[]4 ,a copp] fib] ins]t gasket is plac$ betwe5 ! top ( ! block & ! head be=e x is bolt$ d[n4 ,?is gasket prev5ts any ( ! compression f escap+ ?r\gh unev5ness ( ! contact surfaces1 z metal surfaces are prone to w>p :5 expos$ to int5se heat4 ,x is necess>y to turn ! bolts 9 ! head d[n occasionally1 z ! heat causes expansion4 ,! foll[+ contraction1 :i* loos5s !m1 results 9 a loss ( compression & a faulty op]ation ( ! motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,combu/ion ,*amb] ,sp>k ,plug ,v5t ,wat] ,circulat+ ,v5t ,bolt ,holes ,fig4 #c4 ,removable ,cyl9d] ,head 7,rev]s$7 ,! sp>k-plug v5ts ?r\gh ! head are usually locat$ directly ov] ! pi/on al?\gh 9 "s cases !y are ov] ! valve head & 9 "s motors :i* are ca/ )\t a removable head !y may be at "o side ( ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,! location ( ! sp>k-plug does n mat]ially affect ! =ce ( ! explosion1 al?\gh :5 x is locat$ directly ov] ! pi/on a long] plug may be us$1 z ! pi/ons d n come up flu% ) ! top ( ! block1 & a sp>k-plug ext5d$ well into ! combu/ion *amb] w n become corrod$ ) c>bon or burnt oil z is usually ! case ) a plug :i* does n ext5d beyond ! upp] wall surface ( ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! plung] or pi/on is turn$ d[n to fit snugly )9 ! cyl9d] & is ca/ holl[1 ) two %\ld]s ext5d+ f ! inside wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,head ,r+ ,wri/ ,p9 ,oil ,r+ ,r+ ,groove ,bu%+ ,wri/ ,p9 ,set ,screw ,r+ ,groove ,set ,screw ,bu%+ ,wri/ ,p9 ,fig4 #d4 ,typical ,cyl9d] ,pi/on ,fig4 #d;,a %[s a split pi/on4 ,?ree grooves are cut into x ne> ! head to receive ! pi/on r+s4 ,! wid? & dep? ( ^! grooves v>y accord+ to ! size ( ! pi/on4 ,a hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! pi/on & %\ld]s ab\t half way f ea* end4 ,! bu%+ or pla9 be>+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #d;,b is press$ into ?is hole & =ms a be>+ = ! wri/ p9 also %[n 9 ,fig4 #d;,b4 ,wri/ p9s are usually made ( a mu* s(t] metal ?an ! be>+1 & are subject$ to sev]e duty1 :i* (t5 causes !m to we> & produce a %>p knock2 ?is may be rem$i$ by press+ out ! p91 giv+ x a qu>t] turn1 & replac+ x 9 t position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,typical ,pi/on ,r+ ,fig4 #e %[s a split jo9t pi/on r+4 ,pi/on r+s are usually made f a high grade gray iron1 :i* fits into ! grooves 9 ! pi/on & spr+s out aga9/ ! cyl9d] walls1 !reby prev5t+ ! compress$ *>ge ( gas f escap+ d[n ! cyl9d]1 betwe5 ! wall & ! pi/on4 ,fig4 #e;,a %[s a pi/on equipp$ ) leak-pro( r+s2 ?is type ( pi/on r+ has ov]lapp+ jo9ts1 & gives excell5t s]vice1 especially :5 us$ on a motor :i* has se5 consid]able s]vice4 ,fig4 #e;,b illu/rates h[ pi/on r+s may l9e up1 or become worn f long use1 or f faulty lubrication4 ,?is tr\ble may be easily detect$ by turn+ ! motor ov] sl[ly4 ,! escap+ *>ge c usually be he>d & ! /r5g? requir$ to turn ! motor w be f\nd mu* less uni=m on ! defective cyl9d]4 ,! motor %\ld be ov]haul$ at lea/ once e ye>1 & by apply+ new r+s to ! pi/ons at ?is "t new life & snapp9ess may be p]ceiv$ at once4 ,! connect+ rod %[n 9 ,fig4 #f has a deta*able or split be>+ on ! l>ge end1 & takes its be>+ on ! crank p9 ( ! crank %aft4 ,! small or upp] end may h ei!r a h+e jo9t or press fit to ! wri/ p94 ,?is rod s]ves z a connection & deliv]s ! p[] /roke f ! pi/on to ! crank %aft4 ,^! rods are requir$ to /& v h>d j>s caus$ by ! explosion tak+ place ov] ! pi/on head4 ,! be>+s are provid$ ) %ims betwe5 ! upp] & l[] half = adju/+4 ,pi/on or connect+ rod be>+s mu/ be kept p]fectly adju/$ to prev5t ! be>+s f crack+ or splitt+ :i* w cause ! rod to break & :i* may cause consid]able damage to ! crank case4 ,illu/ration3 ,wri/ ,p9 ,be>+ ,upp] ,half ,crank ,p9 ,be>+ ,l[] ,half ,be>+ ,end ,ov]laps ,%ims ,bu%+ ,rod ,%ims ,bolts ,fig4 #f4 ,typical ,connect+ ,rod ,fig4 #g %[s a c\nt] balanc$ crank %aft4 ,?is type ( crank-%aft is provid$ ) weights :i* balance ! %aft & c>ry ! mom5tum ga!r$ 9 ! revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,re> ,ma9 ,be>+ ,weight ,c5t] ,ma9 ,be>+ ,front ,ma9 ,be>+ ,fly ,:eel ,atta*$ to ?is ,r+ ,tim+ ,ge> ,atta*$ ,"h ,crank ,p9 ,crank ,p9s ,fig4 #g4 ,c\nt]-,balanc$ ,crank ,%aft ,illu/ration3 ,ma9 ,be>+s ,fig4 #h4 #e-,m-,b ,crank ,%aft ,fig4 #h %[s ! pla9 type ( crank %aft ) ! tim+ ge> atta*$ to ! front end & ! fly-:eel atta*$ to ! re> end4 ,! crank %aft %[n is c>ri$ or held by five ma9 be>+s1 :i* is an exception1 z ! majority ( motor manufactur]s use only ?ree ma9 be>+s to support ! crank %aft1 :ile 9 "s ( ! small] motors only two are us$4 ,^! be>+s are always ( ! split type1 ! seat = ! upp] half is ca/ into ! upp] "p ( ! crank-case1 & ! l[] half is usually atta*$ to ! upp] half by f\r bolts :i* pass ?r\gh ! flange at ea* side ( ! be>+4 ,small %ims ( diff]5t sizes are employ$ betwe5 ! flanges ( ea* half ( ! be>+ 9 ord] to secure a p]fect adju/m5t :i* is v ess5tial1 z ^! be>+s are subject$ to heavy /ra9s & sev]e duty4 ,a %im may be remov$ occasionally z ! be>+ beg9s to %[ we>4 ,a worn ma9 be>+ c be detect$ by plac+ ! metal end ( a screw-driv] or hamm] on ! crank-case opposite ! be>+ & ! o!r end to ! e>4 ,if ! be>+ is loose or worn a dull bump or ?ud w be he>d4 ,?is loos5ess %\ld be tak5 up by remov+ a %im ( ! prop] ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,cam ,ge> ,be>+s ,cams ,cams ,fig4 #i4 ,cam ,%aft ,ma9 be>+s run loose = any l5g? ( "t w be f\nd v h>d to adju/ z ! j> :i* !y are subject$ to inv>iably p\nds !m (f c5t] :i* makes readju/m5t a v difficult task to accompli% ) la/+ effect4 ,new ma9 be>+s 9 a motor %\ld always be scrap$ to secure a p]fect fit4 ,a loose pi/on or connect+ rod be>+ w produce a %>p knock :i* c easily be det]m9$ f ! dull ?ud produc$ by a loose ma9 be>+4 7,fig4 #i47 ,! cam %aft revolves on be>+s & is usually locat$ at ! base ( ! cyl9d]s on ! left h& side look+ t[>d ! radiator & c>ries a set ( cams = ea* cyl9d]4 ,! cam pu%es ! valve op51 & holds x 9 ?is position1 :ile ! pi/on travels ! requir$ numb] ( degrees ( ! cycle or /roke4 ,! cam %aft is driv5 f ! crank %aft usually ?r\gh a set ( tim+ ge>s1 & op]at$ at "o-half ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft 9 a f\r cycle motor1 z a valve is only lift$ once1 :ile ! crank %aft makes two revolutions or f\r /rokes4 ,! cam-%aft be>+s1 & ! tim+ ge>s are usually self-lubricat+ & require v little att5tion4 ,tim+ ( ! cam %aft is a r difficult matt] & w be treat$ 9 a foll[+ *apt] "u ! head ( valve tim+4 ,illu/ration3 ,/>t ,ge> ,key-,seat ,%aft-,seat ,cone ,clut* ,seat ,disc ,clut* ,small ,disc ,bolt on ,"h ,fig4 #aj4 ,fly:eel ,! oil pan or res]voir =ms ! l[] half or base ( ! crank case4 ,! lubricat+ oil is c>ri$ "h at a level :i* w all[ ! pi/on rods to dip into x at ea* revolution ( ! crank %aft4 ,! tim+ ge>s receive _! lubrication f ! supply c>ri$ 9 ! res]voir by means ( a plung] or pi/on pump :i* is op]at$ f ! cam %aft4 ,! balance ( ! motor is usually lubricat$ by a spla% sy/em tak5 up 9 a lat] *apt] on lubrication4 ,! oil is c>ri$ at a level betwe5 two po9ts m>k$1 high & l[1 on a glass or float gauge :i* is locat$ on ! crank case4 ,a gasket made ( pap] or fib] is us$ betwe5 ! union or connection ( ! oil res]voir & ! upp] half ( ! crank case to prev5t ! oil f work+ out ?r\gh ! connection4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts ! fly:eel4 ,! fly:eel is usually key$ to ! crank %aft directly beh9d ! re> ma9 be>+4 ,?is :eel is proportionate 9 weight to ! revolv+ spe$ ( ! motor1 :i* x keeps 9 balance by ga!r+ ! =ce ( ! p[] /roke4 ,! mom5tum ga!r$ by x 9 ?is /roke c>ries ! pi/ons ?r\gh ! ?ree succe$+ /rokes call$ ! exhau/1 intake1 & compression /rokes4 ,! fly:eel also s]ves z a connection betwe5 ! p[]-plant & ! runn+ ge> ( ! c>1 z a "p ( ! clut* is locat$ on x1 & ! connection takes place ei!r 9 ! rim or on ! flange4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,valve ,,con/ruction1 ,,types1 ,,& ,,op]ation ,! prop] & accurate functional op]ation ( ! valves is z necess>y to successful motor op]ation z ! prop] adju/m5t ( a hairspr+ is to a wat*1 = if a hairspr+ becomes impair$ 9 any way1 a wat* w n keep correct "t4 ,?is is ! case 9 a motor :5 a valve becomes impair$4 ,! valves 9 a motor1 !re=e1 mu/ be consid]$ ! mo/ vital "p conducive to successful & economical op]ation ( ! motor4 ,! valves are manufactur$ f a high grade tung/5 or c>bon /eel1 & are design$ to )/& ! int5se heat :i* ! heads locat$ 9 ! combu/ion *amb]s are subject$ to1 )\t w>p+4 ,a p]fect seat is requir$ to prev5t leak+1 :i* w cause l[ compression & a weak p[] impulse1 ?us r$uc+ ! p[] & h>mony ( successful op]ation4 ,! poppet valve is us$ by ab\t n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( motor manufactur]s4 ,?is type ( valve is me*anically op]at$ f ! cam %aft at "o-half ! crank %aft spe$1 z a valve is lift$ only once 9 e f\r /rokes1 or two revolutions ( ! crank %aft4 ,! r$uction 9 spe$ is accompli%$ by us+ a ge> on ! cam %aft1 twice ! size ( t on ! crank %aft4 ,! heads & *amb]s mu/ be kept free f c>bon :i* =ms & bakes into a %ale & has a t5d5cy to crack & *ip z ! temp]ature *anges 9 ! combu/ion *amb]s4 ,^! *ips are bl[n ab\t 9 ! cyl9d]s until !y lodge or are trapp$ by ! desc5d+ valves4 ,x !n =ms a pit on ! seat & prev5ts ! valves f seat+ prop]ly4 ,?is leaves an op5 space :i* attracts m c>bon1 & ! entire functional action ( ! valve is soon impair$1 necessitat+ regr9d+ 9 ord] t x may prop]ly seat aga94 ,c>bon is g5]at$ f a poor gas mixture or f excessive use ( lubricat+ oil & may be consid]$ ! *ief cause ( improp] functional action ( ! valves4 ,,valve ,,con/ruction1 ,,types1 ,,& ,,op]ation #h-;,,cyl9d]$ ,v-,,type ,,eng9e ,illu/ration3 ,valve ,head ,removable ,plates ,cam ,%aft ,valve ,head ,valve ,seat ,valve ,seat ,tappet = ,adju/+ ,valves ,tappet = ,adju/+ ,valves ,fig4 #aa4 #h-;,cyl9d] ,valve ,arrangem5t ,fig4 #aa %[s ! location ( ! cam %aft1 valves1 & tappet adju/m5t1 on a ,v-%ap$ eng9e4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ?is type ( eng9e are arrang$ 9 two blocks1 consi/+ ( f\r cyl9d]s 9 ea*1 set directly opposite ea* o!r on an angle ( #ij4 ,! connect+ rods f opposite cyl9d]s are yok$ & take _! be>+ on ! same crank p94 ,?is arrangem5t all[s ! intake & exhau/ valves ( ea* opposite cyl9d] to op]ate f a s+le cam %aft1 or 9 o!r words ! entire sixte5 valves are op]at$ by a s+le cam %aft c>ry+ eight cams4 ,consequ5tly an eight or twelve cyl9d]$ eng9e is id5tical 9 reg>d to valve tim+ to ei!r a f\r or six cyl9d]$ eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,valve ,head ,seat ,guide ,/em ,spr+ ,sp4 ,seat ,cap ,screw ,tappet ,lock ,nut ,guide ,bu%+ ,pu% ,block ,roll] ,cam ,fig4 #ab4 ,poppet ,valve ,fig4 #ab %[s a poppet valve4 ,?is type ( valve has only "o adju/m5t1 call$ ! tappet4 ,! adju/m5t is made by turn+ ! cap-screw out ( ! pu% block until ! head comes into contact ) ! valve /em4 ,! lock nut on ! cap screw is !n turn$ d[n tightly to ! pu% block to hold ! adju/m5t4 ,a /rong spr+ is plac$ on ! valve /em :i* causes x to close quickly & rema9 clos$ until x comes into contact ) ! cam4 ,valves are set & op]ate 9 ?ree diff]5t positions z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! exhau/ valve 9 ?is case seats on ! floor ( ! combu/ion *amb] & is op]at$ by ! /em :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! ca/+ to ! tappet1 :ile ! intake valve seats on ! upp] wall ( ! combu/ion *amb] & is op]at$ f ov] head by a pu%-rod ext5d+ f ! tappet to a rock]-arm4 ,:5 bo? valves are op]at$ f above & seat on ! upp] wall ( ! combu/ion *amb] ! motor is ref]r$ to z ! ov]head valve type ( motor4 ,9 ! majority ( motors bo? valves seat on ! floor ( ! valve *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,rock] ,arm ,valve ,/em ,valve ,op5 ,valve ,seat ,combu/ion ,*amb] ,tappets ,cam ,cam ,%aft ,ov]head ,type ,valve ,pu% ,rod ,poppet-,type ,valve ,fig4 #ac4 ,valve ,types1 ,location & ,op]ation ,valve ,tim+4--,valve tim+ is usually accompli%$ by sett+ ! fir/1 or exhau/ valve cam1 to correspond ) a m>k on ! fly:eel & cyl9d] 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ad74 ,?is is accompli%$ by l9+ up ! 1 or ,d-,c m>k on ! fly:eel rim ) ! c5t] m>k on ! cyl9d] block1 & means t 1 or 1 pi/ons are on upp] dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke1 ! fly:eel is !n turn$ a trifle until ! m>ks ,e-,c1 or ,ex-,c1 is at upp] dead c5t] & 9 l9e ) ! m>k on ! cyl9d] block4 ,?is means t ! exhau/ valve closes at ?is po9t4 ,! cam %aft is !n turn$ 9 ! runn+ direction & ! cam %aft ge> me%$ at ! valve clos+ or seat+ po9t4 ,?is is all t is necess>y z ! o!r cams take up correct op]ation :5 any "o cam is set prop]ly4 ,ano!r me?od ( valve tim+ us$ by "s motor manufactur]s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x is simply necess>y 9 ?is case to l9e up ! prick pun* m>ks on ! tim+ ge>s--aft] gett+ ! fir/ position on upp] ,d-,c ( ! compression /roke--to acquire correct valve "t4 ,no def9ite or av]age scale c be giv5 = valve tim+1 z all diff]5t types ( motors are tim$ diff]5tly4 ,^! in/ructions mu/ be secur$ f ! manufactur] :5 ! motor is n m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyl9d] ,m>ks ,cam%aft ,ge> #a-d ,pi/ons on ,upp] ,dead ,c5t] ,,fly-,,:eel ,,m>ks ,runn+ ,direction ( ,fly ,:eel ,,m>ks ,,l9$ ,,up ,tim+ ,ge> ,pun* ,m>ks ,crank%aft ,ge> ,fig4 #ad4 ,valve ,tim+ ,m>ks ,valve ,gr9d+4--,a valve-gr9d+ comp\nd c be pur*as$ at any g>age or s]vice /ation or "o may be comp\nd$ by mix+ em]y du/ ) a heavy lubricat+ oil until a ?9 pa/e is =m$4 ,! valve spr+ is releas$ next by =c+ up ! t5sion ) a screw driv] or valve lift]4 ,a small ,h-%ap$ wa%] is drawn f a groove ne> ! end ( ! /em1 :i* frees ! valve2 x c !n be pu%$ up & rais$ ?r\gh ! guide4 ,a small spr+ is plac$ ov] ! valve /em4 ,?is spr+ %\ld be /rong en\gh to raise ! valve "o-half in* above ! seat4 ,a ?9 film ( ! gr9d+ comp\nd is ev5ly appli$ to ! seat+ face ( ! valve head1 a screw driv] or rat*et =k is set 9 ! groove on ! head ( ! valve1 & ! h&le roll$ betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s1 cov]+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! di/ance ar\nd ! valve seat2 ! valve is let up aft] ! motion has be5 repeat$ f\r or five times1 & repeat$ at ano!r angle until ! entire surface ( ! valve is smoo?ly gr\nd & all[s ! valve to seat p]fectly4 ,valves4--,! sleeve valve type ( motor 0 inv5t$ sev]al ye>s ago by ,*>les ,a4 ,knight4 ,he met ) "s difficulty 9 hav+ x manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry because ! lubrication sy/em 0 ?\ght to be inadequate & ! poppet valve 0 !n at ! height ( its popul>ity ) ! manufactur] ( eng9es4 ,knight took 8 eng9e to ,europe & made "s slight improvem5ts on x4 ,x 0 !n tak5 ov] & manufactur$ by "o ( ! l>ge automobile manufactur+ companies ( t cont95t & is n[ be+ us$ by _m ( ! celebrat$ automobile manufactur]s ( e c\ntry4 ,! pr9ciple ( op]ation does n diff] 9 any respect f ! ord9>y type ( f\r cycle motor1 except1 t in/ead ( hav+ ! poppet type ( valves x has a set ( sleeves :i* slide up & d[n on ! pi/on4 ,! sleeves are op]at$ f an ecc5tric %aft by a %ort connect+ rod & c>ry ports :i* are tim$ to l9e up ) ! ports ( ! intake & exhau/ manifold ports at ! prop] "t 9 ! cycle ( op]ation4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! me?od ( tim+ ! sleeves on ! f\r cyl9d] eng9e4 ,fir/1 turn ! motor ov] 9 ! runn+ direction until ! m>ks 7,i-#d-,t-,c7 on ! fly:eel are 9 alignm5t ) ! m>ks on ! cyl9d] ca/+4 ,turn ! ecc5tric %aft 9 ! runn+ direction until ! m>ks ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae are l9$ up1 & !n apply ! *a94 ,illu/ration3 ,tim] ,%aft ,sprocket ,crank ,%aft ,sprocket ,fig4 #ae4 ,knight ,valve-,tim+ ,m>ks--#d-;,cyl9d] ,to *eck up on ! tim+1 back ! fly:eel up an in* or two & ins]t a ?9 piece ( tissue pap] into ! exhau/ port & turn ! eng9e 9 ! runn+ direction until ! pap] is p9*$1 :i* signifies t ! valve is clos$4 ,! m>ks on ! fly:eel1 tim+ ge>s1 & ! crank case %\ld be 9 alignm5t4 ,fig4 #af %[s a diagram ( ! tim+ m>ks on ! eight cyl9d] ,knight eng9e4 ,! me?od ( tim+ ?is eng9e is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,turn ! eng9e ov] until ! m>ks ,i-#d-,r-,h--,d-,c align ) ! m>ks on ! crank case4 7#b7 ,turn ! ecc5tric %aft & sprocket until ! arr[s %[n 9 ,fig4 #af are 9 l9e ) ! guide m>ks on ! front end ( ! *a9 h\s+4 ,!n put on ! *a9 & *eck up ! tim+1 us+ ! ?9 piece ( tissue pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,ecc5tric ,%aft ,sprocket ,hub ,m>k on ,ecc5tric ,%aft ,sprocket ,guide ,m>k on ,crank ,case ,crank ,%aft ,sprocket ,fig4 #af4 ,knight ,valve-,tim+ ,m>ks--#h-;,cyl9d] ,,valve ,,con/ruction ,if ! sleeve rods are remov$ = "s reason1 ! be>+s %\ld be fitt$ v loosely to ! ecc5tric %aft :5 !y are put back4 ,a loos5ess ( ab\t 4#jjh ( an in* is p]missible4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,a #d-;,,cycle1 #d-;,,cyl9d]$ ,,eng9e ,! f\r-cycle or ,otto /roke type ( gasol9e eng9e %\ld rightly be call$ ! f\r-/roke-cycle eng9e1 z x requires f\r /rokes & two revolutions ( ! crank %aft to complete "o cycle ( op]ation4 ,?is type ( motor is us$ almo/ univ]sally by ! manufactur]s ( pleasure c>s due to its reliability1 & to ! ability x has to furni% cont9u\s p[] at all spe$s ) ! m9imum am\nt ( vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir+ ,/roke ,exhau/ ,/roke ,intake ,/roke ,compression ,/roke #a #b #c #d ,fig4 #ag4 #d-,/roke ,cycle4 #a--;,cyl9d] 9 ,action ,fig4 #ag %[s a diagram ( "o cyl9d] 9 ! f\r /rokes ( ! cycle1 & ! di/ance travel$ by ! crank %aft dur+ ea* /roke4 ,no4 #a beg9s ) a *>ge ( compress$ vapor gas 9 ! cyl9d] & is call$ ! fir+ or p[] /roke4 ,! ignition sy/em 7expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt]7 furni%es a sp>k at f five to fifte5 degrees e>ly or be=e ! pi/on rea*es top dead c5t]4 ,al?\gh ! /roke !oretically />ts be=e ! pi/on rea*es its highe/ po9t ( asc5t1 ! actual pressure or =ce ( ! explosion is n ex]t$ until ! pi/on has cross$ dead c5t]4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! pi/on travels v rapidly1 & t x requires a small fraction ( a second = sp>k to ignite ! compress$ *>ge ( gas4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be easily se5 t1 if ! sp>k did n occur until ! pi/on is on or has cross$ dead c5t]1 ! pi/on w\ld h travel$ "p ( ! di/ance ( ! /roke1 & z x is mov+ away f ! highe/ po9t ( compression ! pressure is r$uc$ by all[+ m volume space :i* causes a weak explosion & a %ort p[] /roke4 ,! intake & exhau/ valves are clos$ ?r\gh ! duration ( ! p[] /roke4 ,no4 #b4 ,! exhau/ /roke beg9s f fifte5 to ?irty degrees e>ly1 or be=e ! pi/on rea*es l[] dead c5t] on ! fir+ /roke4 ,! exhau/ valve op5s at ! />t ( ?is /roke all[+ ! pressure ( ! burnt or in]t gas to escape be=e ! pi/on beg9s to asc5d on ! upw>d "p ( ! /roke1 & closes sev5 to t5 degrees late to all[ ! combu/ion *amb] to cle> out be=e ! next /roke beg9s4 ,no4 #c4 ,! intake or suction /roke beg9s ) ! pi/on desc5d+ f its highe/ level to its l[e/ level4 ,! intake valve op5s t5 or tw5ty degrees late1 & z ! pi/on is travel+ on its desc5t1 consid]able vacuum pressure has =m$ :i* draws sudd5ly :5 ! valve op5s & />ts ! gas f ! c>buretor 9 full volume4 ,! entire l5g? ( ?is /roke creates a vacuum :i* draws a full *>ge ( vaporiz$ gas into ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! op5 intake valve4 ,! intake valve closes f t5 to tw5ty degrees late 9 ord] t ! full draw+ =ce ( ! vacuum may be utiliz$ :ile ! pi/on is cross+ l[] c5t]4 ,no4 #d4 ,! compression /roke beg9s at ! end ( ! intake /roke ) bo? valves clos$4 ,! pi/on asc5ds f its l[e/ extreme to its highe/ level1 compress+ ! *>ge ( gas :i* 0 drawn into ! cyl9d] on ! intake or suction /roke2 & at ! completion ( ?is /roke ! cyl9d] is aga9 9 position to />t ,no4 #a1 ! fir+ /roke1 & beg9 a new cycle ( op]ation4 ,! cam %aft is driv5 f ! crank %aft ?r\gh a set ( ge>s or a sil5t *a91 & op]ates at "o-half ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft z a valve is lift$ once ?r\gh ! cycle ( op]ation1 or two revolutions ( ! crank%aft4 ,illu/ration3 #a #b #c #d ,fir+ ,val4 ,clos$ ,compress+ ,val4 ,clos$ ,exhau/+ ,ex4 ,val4 ,op5 ,intake ,94 ,val4 ,op5 ,fig4 #ah4 ,diagram ( ,action1 #d-;,cyl9d] #d-;,cycle ,eng9e ,fig4 #ah %[s ! op]ation ( a f\r-cyl9d]$ motor z x w\ld appe> if ! cyl9d] block 7 remov$4 ,! tim+ or fir+ ord] ( ! motor %[n 9 ?is diagram is #a-b-d-c4 ,no4 #a cyl9d] is always ne>e/ ! radiator & on ! left 9 ?is diagram4 ,no4 #a cyl9d] is fir+4 ,! intake & exhau/ valve rema9 clos$ :ile ?is /roke is tak+ place4 ,?is causes ! entire =ce ( ! explosion to be ex]t$ on ! head ( ! rec$+ pi/on4 ,! cyl9d]s1 z may be se5 9 ! diagram1 are tim$ to fire 9 succession1 "o /roke beh9d ea* o!r4 ,:ile ,no4 #a cyl9d] is on ! fir+ /roke1 ,no4 #b cyl9d] is compress+ ) bo? valves clos$ & w fire & deliv] ano!r p[] impulse z soon z ,no4 #a cyl9d] completes & rea*es ! l[e/ extreme ( its fir+ /roke4 ,no4 #c cyl9d]1 be+ f\r? 9 ! fir+ ord]1 has j complet$ ! fir+ /roke & is />t+ ! exhau/ /roke :i* =ces ! burnt & in]t gases out ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! op5 exhau/ valve4 ,no4 #d cyl9d] :i* is ?ird 9 ! fir+ ord] has j complet$ ! exhau/ /roke & is ab\t to />t ! intake or suction /roke ) ! exhau/ valve op54 ,?is diagram %\ld be /udi$ & memoriz$ z x is (t5 necess>y to remove ! wires :i* may easily be replac$ if ! fir+ ord] is kn[n1 or f\nd by wat*+ ! action ( ! exhau/ valves & made to con=m ) ! di/ributor ( ! ignition sy/em4 7,note ! runn+ direction ( ! di/ributor bru% & connect ! wires up 9 t direction47 ,= ! fir+ ord] giv5 above connect ,no4 #d wire to ,no4 #c di/ributor po/1 & ,no4 #c wire to ,no4 #d po/1 z ?is cyl9d] fires la/4 ,illu/ration3 #a-;,,cyl4 #b-;,,cyl4 #d-;,,cyl4 #h-;,,cyl4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,p[] ,/roke ,diagram ,fig4 #ai %[s a diagram ( ! p[] /roke impulse deliv]$ to ! cycle 9 a "o1 two1 f\r1 & eight cyl9d]$ motor4 ,a complete cycle consi/s ( #cfj degrees1 & z !re are f\r /rokes to ! cycle an ev5 division w\ld give a /roke ( n9ety degrees1 :i* is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! fact t ! valves d n op5 & close at ! !oretical beg9n+ & end+ po9t ( ea* /roke :i* is upp] dead c5t] & l[] dead c5t]4 ,! fir+ or p[] impulse /roke beg9s at approximately five to sev5 degrees be=e ! pi/on rea*es upp] dead c5t] on ! compression /roke & ends f fifte5 to ?irty degrees be=e ! pi/on or cycle ( rotation ( ! crank%aft rea*es l[] dead c5t]4 ,?is results 9 a p[] impulse ( less ?an n9ety degrees1 :i* v>ies accord+ly ) valve tim+ 9 ! diff]5t makes ( motors4 ,consequ5tly we h a p[] /roke ( a little less ?an n9ety degrees 9 a "o-cyl9d] motor2 two p[] /rokes ( a little less ?an #ahj degrees 9 a two cyl9d] motor1 :ile ! p[] impulse ( ! f\r-cyl9d] motor v ne>ly completes ! cycle4 ,9 ! six1 eight1 & twelve cyl9d] motor ! p[] /rokes ov]lap1 !reby deliv]+ cont9u\s p[] ( v ne>ly equal /r5g?4 ,tw91 ,f\r1 & ,six ,cyl9d]$ ,motors4--,! op]ation ( ! tw9 cyl9d]$ motor v>ies v little f ! s+le f\r or six4 ,x is simply a case :]e two1 f\r1 or two six cyl9d]$ motors are set to a s+le crank case at an angle :i* w all[ ! pi/on or connect+ rods f ! opposite cyl9d]s to op]ate on a s+le crank %aft4 ,:5 ! cyl9d]s are set directly opposite ea* o!r ! connect+ rods are yok$ & take _! be>+ on a s+le crank p9 ( ! crank %aft4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always ! case1 = 9 "s motors ! connect+ rods take _! be>+ side by side on ! crank p94 ,! cyl9d]s 9 ?is case are set to ! crank case 9 a /agg]$ position to all[ ! connect+ rods f ea* cyl9d] to op]ate 9 l9e ) ! crank %aft4 ,! cyl9d] blocks are usually set to ! crank case at an angle ( n9ety degrees & are tim$ to furni% ! p[] impulse or /roke opposite ea* o!r 9 ! cycle ( op]ation4 ,! advantage ( ?is =mation is t two p[] /rokes are deliv]$ 9 "o cycle ( op]ation1 :i* increases ! p[] mom5tum & r$uces ! j> or %ock ( ! explosion caus+ a sweet runn+ vibrationless motor4 ,! valves are usually op]at$ by a s+le cam %aft locat$ on ! upp] inside wall ( ! crank case4 ,valve tim+ is accompli%$ by foll[+ ! m>ks on ! fly:eel or l9+ up ! prick pun* m>ks on ! ge>s1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ii on valves4 ,:5 a magneto is us$ to furni% ! curr5t = ignition on an eight cyl9d] motor x has to be op]at$ at ! same spe$ z ! crank %aft1 z a cyl9d] is fir$ at ea* revolution ( ! crank %aft & an int]ruption ( ! curr5t is requir$ at ! break] po9ts to produce ! second>y or high t5sion curr5t at ! sp>k plug gaps4 ,twelve cyl9d]$ motors are usually equipp$ ) two di/ributors or a dual sy/em1 or two magnetos driv5 sep>ately ?r\gh a set ( tim+ ge>s4 ,knight or ,sleeve ,valve ,motor4--,! ,knight or sleeve valve motor op]ates on ! same plan z ! ord9>y type ( motor except t ! valves =m a sleeve & slide ov] ! pi/on4 ,! sleeves are op]at$ by an ecc5tric %aft & are provid$ ) ports :i* are tim$ to con=m ) ! ports ( ! intake & exhau/ manifolds at ! prop] "t4 ,,motor ,,horsep[] ,s4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,scale ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,horsep[] ,,rat+ --------------------------------- ,bore #a cyl4 #b cyl4 #d cyl4 #f cyl4 #b #c4jj #f4jj #ab4jj #ah4jj #b #c4jj #f4ej #ac4jj #bj4jj #c4jj #c4ej #g4jj #ad4ej #ba4ej #c #d4jj #h4ej #ag4jj #be4ej #c #e4jj #aj4jj #bj4jj #bi4ej #c #e4ej #aa4jj #bb4ej #cd4jj #d4jj #f4ej #ac4jj #be4ej #ch4ej #d #g4jj #ad4ej #bi4jj #dc4ej #d #h4jj #af4jj #cb4ej #dh4ej #d #i4jj #ah4jj #cf4jj #ed4jj #e4jj #aj4jj #bj4jj #dj4jj #fj4jj #e #aa4jj #bb4jj #dd4jj #ff4jj #e #ab4jj #bd4jj #dh4jj #gc4jj #e #ac4jj #bf4ej #ec4jj #gi4ej #f4jj #ad4ej #bi4jj #eg4ej #hf4ej --------------------------------- ,?is scale gives ! ne>e/ equival5t to ! :ole or half horsep[]1 z is requir$ by ,/ate :]e lic5ses are paid at s mu* p] horsep[]4 ,d times ,n ,=mula--,s4 ,a4 ,e4 ------------ equals horsep[]4 #b4e ,= sleeve valve tim+ see ,*apt] ,,ii on ,valves4 ,,displacem5t ,!re are probably few m5 op]at+ c>s to-day :o fully und]/& :at is meant by ! t]m displacem5t1 (t5 us$ 9 ref]r+ to automobile races4 ,x is "o ( ! ma9 factors or po9ts 9 det]m9+ ! class 9 :i* a c> is qualifi$ to ent] "u ! laws t gov]n races4 ,9 look+ ov] a race program1 y w note t !re are usually two or m classes1 "o ( :i* is op51 & ano!r ) a limit$ pi/on displacem5t1 :i* gives ! small] c>s a compet+ *ance 9 _! class4 ,consequ5tly pi/on displacem5t is m]ely ! volume displac$ by all ! pi/on 9 mov+ ! full l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,! volume ( a s+le cyl9d] is equal to ! area ( ! bore multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 & ! total displacem5t ( a f\r cyl9d] motor w be f\r times ?is & t ( a six cyl9d] motor1 six times ?is4 ,pi/on displacem5t3 ,d times ,s times ,n times #c4ad ----------------------------- #d ,:]e ,d equals bore 9 in*es ,s /roke 9 in*es ,n numb] ( cyl9d]s ,example3 ,requir$ to f9d ! pi/on displacem5t ( a #c #e in* f\r-cyl9d]$ motor4 ,d equals #c4e ,s equals #e4 & ,n equals #d4 ,pi/on ,displacem5t #c4e times #e times #d times #c4ad ------------------------------- #d #c4e times #c4e times #e times #d times #c4ad ---------------------------------------- #d equals #agc4eh cubic in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ignition ,,coil ,,delco ,,g5]ator ,,di/ributor ,,control ,,lev] ,,p$als ,,fan ,,brake ,,lev] ,,fan ,,belt ,,/>t] ,,slid+ ,,ge> ,,case ,,univ]sal ,,h\s+ ,,/>t+ ,,crank ,,%aft ,,transmission ,,end ,,plate ,,tim+ ,,ge> ,,case ,,transmission ,,tim+ ,,ge> ,,h\s+ ,,clut* ,,release ,,be>+ ,,reta9] ,,grease ,,cup ,,wat] ,,pump ,,motor ,,arm ,,fly ,,:eel ,,h\s+ ,,l[] ,,crank ,,case ,,dra9 ,,cock ,fig4 #bj4 ,buick ,eng9e--,p>ts ,assembly ,illu/ration3 ,,valve ,,key ,,valve ,,rock] ,,arm ,,p9 ,,oil ,,fill] ,,w+ ,,plug ,,valve ,,rock] ,,arm ,,valve ,,spr+ ,,cap ,,valve ,,rock] ,,arm ,,wick ,,wat] ,,outlet ,,valve ,,spr+ ,,sp>k ,,plug ,,valve ,,fan ,,valve ,,gage ,,valve ,,pu% ,,rod ,,wat] ,,jacket ,,combu/ion ,,space ,,wat] ,,inlet ,,valve ,,lift] ,,valve ,,lift] ,,guide ,,pi/on ,,p9 ,,pi/on ,,valve ,,lift] ,,clamp ,,oil ,,pump ,,driv+ ,,ge> ,,fan ,,bracket ,,/ud ,,fan ,,belt ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,crank ,,%aft ,,tim+ ,,ge>s ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,be>+ ,,fan ,,pulley ,,cam ,,%aft ,,crank ,,%aft ,,be>+ ,,cam ,,%aft ,,be>+ ,,/>t+ ,,nut ,,oil ,,pump ,,ge> ,,cov] ,,upp] ,,crank ,,case ,,fly ,,:eel ,,tim+ ,,ge> ,,h\s+ ,,fly ,,:eel ,,h\s+ ,,*eck ,,valve ,,wat] ,,pump ,,dra9 ,,plug ,,oil ,,dipp] ,,spla% ,,oil ,,tr\gh ,,valve ,,roll] ,,l[] ,,crank ,,case ,,crank ,,case ,,oil ,,pipe ,fig4 #ba4 ,buick ,eng9e--,location ,inside ,p>ts ,assembly ,illu/ration3 ,,rock] ,,arm ,,oil ,,wick ,,w+ ,,plug ,,valve ,,/em ,,rock] ,,arm ,,cov] ,,valve ,,spr+ ,,adju/+ ,,ball ,,valve ,,cage ,,nut ,,lock ,,nut ,,valve ,,cage ,,wat] ,,jacket ,,valve ,,sp>k ,,plug ,,cov] ,,exhau/ ,,manifold ,,combu/ion ,,space ,,intake ,,manifold ,,pu% ,,rod ,,hot ,,air ,,*amb] ,,valve ,,pu% ,,rod ,,cov] ,,wri/ ,,p9 ,,cyl9d] ,,valve ,,lift] ,,cap ,,pi/on ,,valve ,,lift] ,,guide ,,clamp ,,valve ,,lift] ,,spr+ ,,valve ,,lift] ,,guide ,,valve ,,lift] ,,cam ,,roll] ,,p9 ,,cam ,,roll] ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,cam ,,%aft ,,crank ,,case ,,crank ,,%aft ,fig4 #bb4 ,buick ,motor--,end ,view ,illu/ration3 ,fan ,belt ,adju/m5t ,split ,coll> ) ,lock+ ,cup ,valve ,tappet ,adju/m5t ,cam ,%aft ,end ,?ru/ ,adju/m5t ,%ims = ,adju/m5t ( ,connect+ ,rods ,oil ,passage to ,connect+ ,rod ,oil ,pipe to ,pi/on ,r+ ,oil ,pump ,filt] ,scre5 ,oil ,sump ,filt] ,scre5 ,oil ,pump ,felt ,gasket ,oil ,dra9 ,plugs ,fig4 #bc4 ,lib]ty ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,eng9e ,,lubrication ,,sy/ems1 ,,oils1 ,,& ,,greases ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to regul> lubrication1 z ?is1 m ?an any "o ?+1 n only det]m9es ! life b also ! economic up-keep ( ! c>4 ,:5ev] y he> an own] say t 8 c> is a gas eat]1 or t x uses twice or ?ree times z mu* oil z 8 neighbor's1 :i* is ! same model & make1 y "k at once t he1 or "s "o :o has us$ ! c> be=e him1 ei!r did n give suffici5t att5tion to lubrication1 or us$ a poor grade ( oil4 ,x is almo/ impossible to impress ! importance ( ! =ego+ facts ^u ! m9ds ( ! av]age motori/1 & we h1 z a direct result1 a loss ( millions ( doll>s annually ?r\gh depreciation4 ,! manufactur]s ( automobiles & gasol9e eng9es h e>ne/ly /riv5 to ov]come ?is neglig5ce by provid+ _! products ) automatically f$ oil+ sy/ems :i* alleviate "s ( ! =m] tr\bles4 ,^! sy/ems1 h[ev]1 also require "s att5tion to function prop]ly4 ,grease4--,a m$ium grade ( light h>d oil grease is be/ adapt$ = use 9 grease cups1 univ]sal jo9ts1 & = pack+ :eel be>+s & /e]+ ge> h\s+s4 ,! transmission & diff]5tial op]ate m successfully :5 a light] grade ( grease is us$1 su* z a graphite comp\nd1 or a heavy oil kn[n z #fjj ,w4 ,oils4--,great c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ 9 pur*as+ lubricants4 ,none b ! be/ grades %\ld be consid]$ "u any circum/ances4 ,! *eap] grades ( oil w always prove to be ! mo/ exp5sive 9 ! end4 ,! ord9>y f>m ma*9]y oils %\ld nev] be us$ 9 any case z an eng9e lubricant1 = 9 mo/ cases !y conta9 acids1 alkalies1 & =eign matt] :i* w det]iorate & de/roy ! be>+s ( ! motor4 ,an oil to give ! be/ satisfaction mu/ be a purely m9]al or vegetable composition :i* w fl[ freely at a temp]ature ( #cc ,fahr5heit & also /& a temp]ature ( #djj ,fahr5heit )\t burn+4 ,always *oose an oil :i* is light 9 color z ! d>k] oil usually conta9s mu* c>bon4 ,lubrication 7,lat4 ,lubricus1 mean+ slipp]y74---,lubrication is provid$ on all types ( automobile eng9es1 & at v>i\s o!r places :]e mov+ p>ts come 9 contact or op]ate ^u ea* o!r4 ,?ree diff]5t types ( lubricat+ sy/ems are f\nd 9 common use4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! spla% sy/em4 ,! oil is plac$ into ! crank case & ma9ta9$ at a level betwe5 two po9ts1 m>k$ high & l[1 on a float or glass gauge at ! l[] left-h& side ( ! crank case4 ,! oil is usually p\r$ directly into ! crank case ?r\gh a brea!r pipe provid$ to prev5t excessive vacuum pressure4 ,! l[] end ( ! connect+ rod c>ries a spoon or paddle :i* dips into ! oil at ea* revolution & spla%es x to ! cyl9d] walls & v>i\s be>+ surfaces )9 ! motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,spla% ,oil+ ,c>e ( ! ,spla% ,sy/em4--,?is type ( oil+ sy/em does n require any adju/m5ts1 or special c>e1 except t ! oil level be con/antly kept betwe5 ! high & l[ level m>k$ on ! gauge4 ,clean+ ! ,spla% ,sy/em4--,lubricat+ oils lose _! effectiv5ess & become ?9 & wat]y aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( use due to a fluid deposit call$ residue :i* rema9s 9 ! combu/ion *amb]s aft] ! *>ge ( gas has be5 fir$4 ,?is fluid g5]ally works its way into ! crank case1 ?9n+ ! oil4 ,! crank case %\ld1 !re=e1 be dra9$1 clean$1 & refill$ ) fre% oil e fif? week or ?\s& miles t ! c> is driv54 ,?is w prev5t mu* we> & give a quiet & satisfactory runn+ motor4 ,dra9+ & wa%+ out ! crank case is accompli%$ by remov+ a dra9 plug at ! bottom ( ! crank case4 ,! old oil is dra9$ (f & ?r[n away4 ,k]os5e is !n p\r$ into ! crank case ?r\gh ! brea!r pipe until x fl[s out ( ! dra9 cle> 9 color4 ,! plug is !n replac$ & ! crank case repl5i%$ ) fre% oil until ! ?ree-qu>t] f l[ level is rea*$ on ! gauge4 ,! oil level %\ld be c>ri$ z ne> ?is po9t z possible to obta9 ! mo/ satisfactory result4 ,fig4 #be %[s ! plung] or pi/on pump pressure sy/em usually us$ 9 conjunction ) ! spla% sy/em4 ,! oil is c>ri$ 9 a res]voir at ! bottom ( ! crank case & is drawn ?r\gh a f9e me%$ scre5 by ! oil pump1 :i* is ( ! plung] type op]at$ (f ! cam %aft4 ,x =ces ! oil ?r\gh copp] tubes 9 ! ?ree ma9 be>+s4 ,! front & c5t] be>+s h an outlet :i* furni%es ! oil to ! ge>s 9 front & to ! tr\ghs 9 :i* ! connect+ rods dip4 ,! tr\ghs h holes drill$ to keep ! level ( ! oil1 ! surplus be+ return$ to ! res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plung] ,,pump ,,& ,,/ra9] ,,oil ,,pressure ,,adju/m5t ,,front ,,be>+ ,,l9e ,,re> ,,be>+ ,,l9e ,,c5t] ,,be>+ ,,l9e ,,oil ,,float ,,level ,fig4 #be4 ,plung] ,pump ,oil+ ,sy/em ,!re is a pipe l9e runn+ f ! pump to ! ge> case ) a screw adju/m5t to regulate ! oil pressure by turn+ ei!r 9 or out4 ,!re is a pipe l9e runn+ to a gauge on ! da% :i* gives ! pressure at all times4 ,! cam %aft & cyl9d] walls get ! oil by ! spla% f ! connect+ rods4 ,! bottom r+s ( ! pi/ons wa% ! oil back into ! crank case4 ,! ov]fl[ f ! front be>+s falls into a small comp>tm5t imm$iately "u ! crank %aft ge> :]e x is pick$ up by ?is ge> & c>ri$ to ! o!r ge>s & ! be>+s ( ! wat] pump %aft4 ,a small oil ?r[ wa%] on ! pump %aft prev5ts any surplus oil f be+ c>ri$ out on ! %aft or ! hub ( ! fan drive pulley4 ,any ov]fl[ f ! ge> comp>tm5t is c>ri$ imm$iately to ! spla% pan :]e x provides = ! spla% lubrication ( ! connect+ rod be>+s & ! cyl9d] walls4 ,! dipp]s on ! connect+ rod be>+s %\ld g 94 b5ea? ! surface ( ! oil4 ,! upw>d /roke ( ! oil pump plung] draws ! oil ?r\gh ! l[] ball *eck into ! pump body & ! d[nw>d /roke dis*>ges x ?r\gh ! upp] ball *eck into ! body ( ! plung] :i* is holl[ & has outlets on ei!r side4 ,?is all[s ! oil to fl[ f ! plung] into ! by-pass 9 ! oil pump body & !n into ! l9es runn+ to ! ma9 crank %aft be>+s4 ,! next upw>d /roke =ces ! oil ?r\gh ! l9es to ! ma9 be>+s4 ,! oil pressure regulator is locat$ on ! body ( ! pump & connects to ! by-pass4 ,x consi/s ( a holl[ sleeve screw$ into ! body ( ! pump :i* has a small ball *eck held by a %ort coil$ spr+ ! t5sion ( :i* det]m9es ! oil pressure4 ,! t5sion & ! pressure may be increas$ by turn+ ! nut to ! "r4 ,! nut %\ld n be giv5 m ?an "o turn at a "t 9 ei!r direction z x is v s5sitive4 ,a loose ma9 be>+ w all[ m oil to pass ?r\gh x4 ,consequ5tly ! pressure regi/]$ on ! oil gauge w be r$uc$4 ,?is w come ab\t gradually4 ,x is n advisable to attempt to adju/ ! oil pressure )\t fir/ not+ ! condition ( ! ma9 crank %aft be>+s4 ,! mo/ common cause ( failure to op]ate is ! collection ( du/ & dirt on ! sleeve at ! l[] end ( ! pump or f an accumulation ( s$im5t back ( ! ball *eck4 ,?is ne$s to be clean$ f "t to "t4 ,=ce & ,gravity ,oil+ ,sy/em4--,! =ce & gravity oil+ sy/em op]ates 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! plung] pump sy/em1 except t ! oil is pump$ into an elevat$ tank f :i* x fl[s ?r\gh l9es by gravity to ! v>i\s be>+s4 ,oil pumps1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 con/ruction & "s manufactur]s use ecc5tric1 c5trifugal1 & ge> pumps4 ,oil pumps are v simple 9 con/ruction & action & c be readily und]/ood by recall+ _! functional action4 ,oil pumps r>ely give any tr\ble1 & if !y fail to function prop]ly1 dirt %\ld be imm$iately suspect$1 & ! ball valves & pipes inspect$ & clean$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,brief ,,treatise ,,on ,,c>buretion ,a c>buretor is a met]+ device ^: function is to me*anically bl5d liquid fuel ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( air to produce z ne>ly a homog5e\s mixture z possible1 & 9 su* proportions z w result 9 z p]fect an explosive mixture z c be obta9$4 ,if a gas is us$ z a fuel x is ( c\rse n s difficult to obta9 a homog5e\s mixture due to ! intimacy ) :i* a gas w me*anically mix ) air4 ,?is intimacy is a result ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! molecules ( bo? ! gas & ! air4 ,) a liquid fuel1 su* z gasol9e1 h[ev]1 x is q diff]5t1 especially ) l[ te/ gasol9e4 ,if x 7 possible to completely transf] ! liquid fuel into its vapor ! latt] w\ld act z a gas & w\ld1 !re=e1 mix ) ! air to =m a homog5e\s mixture4 ,x %\ld be1 & is1 !re=e1 ! aim ( ! c>buretor design] to produce an in/rum5t :i* w atomize ! fuel & break x up into small p>ticles s t e m9ute p>ticle ( ! fuel w be surr\nd$ by a correct proportion ( air :5 x is dis*>g$ into ! intake manifold ( ! motor4 ,to facilitate ! vaporization ( ^! m9ute p>ticles ( fuel x is advisable to preheat ! air tak5 into ! c>buretor1 !reby furni%+ ! necess>y heat units requir$ to vaporize ! fuel by virtue ( its physical prop]ty kn[n z its lat5t heat ( evaporation4 ,!re is a range ( proportions ( air to vapor1 = a giv5 fuel1 betwe5 :i* combu/ion w obta94 ,?is range ext5ds f t proportion kn[n z ! upp] limit ( combu/ion to t kn[n z ! l[] limit ( combu/ion4 ,! upp] limit is rea*$ :5 ! ratio ( air to vapor is a maximum at :i* combu/ion w take place2 t is to say1 any addition ( air 9 excess ( ?is maximum w r5d] ! mixture non-combu/ible4 ,! l[] limit is rea*$ :5 ! ratio ( air to vapor is a m9imum at :i* combu/ion w take place1 any decrease ( air bel[ ?is m9imum produc+ a non-combu/ible mixture4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! limits ( combu/ion ( any fuel ) air are dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature & pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>buretor ,flange ,?rottle ,valve ,?rottle ,/em or ,%aft ,l>ge ,v5turi ,idle ,dis*>ge ,jet ,idle ,adju/m5t ,ne$le ,high ,spe$ ,adju/m5t ,ne$le ,small ,v5turi ,float ,ne$le ,air ,ble$] ,mixture ,control ,valve or ,*ok] ,float ,accel]at+ ,well ,idl+ ,tube ,/ra9] ,float ,ne$le ,seat ,high ,speead ,ne$le ,seat ,/ra9] ,body ,gasol9e ,connection ,dra9 ,plug ,fig4 #bf4 ,/romb]g ,model ,m ,c>buretor--,sectional ,view ,"u giv5 temp]ature & pressure ! rate at :i* ! combu/ible mixture w burn dep5ds ^u ! ratio ( air to vapor4 ,?is rate ( burn+ is kn[n z ! rate ( propagation1 & x is app>5t t x is desirable to obta9 a mixture ^: rate ( propagation is a maximum1 because ! =ce ( ! explosion w dep5d ^u ! rapidity ) :i* ! entire mixture is completely ignit$4 ,! limits ( combu/ion ( gasol9e 74#gj sp4 gr47 c be tak5 approximately z foll[s3 l[] limit1 #g p>ts air 7by weight7 to #a "p gasol9e1 upp] limit1 #bj p>ts air to #a "p gasol9e4 ,! ,/romb]g ,pla9 ,tube ,model ,m ,c>buretor4--,a pla9 tube c>buretor is "o 9 :i* bo? ! air & ! gasol9e op5+s are fix$ 9 size1 & 9 :i* ! gasol9e is met]$ automatically1 )\t ! aid ( mov+ p>ts by ! suction ( air velocity pa/ ! jets4 ,fig4 #bf %[s a longitud9al section ( a type ,m pla9 tube c>buretor1 & %[s ! location ( ! gasol9e :5 ! motor is at re/4 ,! v>i\s p>ts are indicat$ by names & arr[s4 ,an elem5t>y requirem5t ( a c>buretor is t z a met]+ device x %all prop]ly proportion ! gasol9e & air ?r\gh\t ! entire op]at+ range4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor ,model ,m--,air ,ble$] ,action ,9 ! c>buretor "u discussion ?is mixture proportion+ is prop]ly ma9ta9$ by ! use ( :at is t]m$ ! air ble$ jet4 ,fig4 #bg %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! action ( ! air ble$]4 ,! gasol9e leaves ! float *amb]1 passes ! po9t ( ! high spe$ adju/+ ne$le1 & rises ?r\gh a v]tical *annel 8,b40 ,air is tak5 9 ?r\gh ! air ble$] 8,c10 & dis*>g$ into ! gasol9e *annel be=e ! latt] rea*es ! jet holes 9 ! small v5turi tube 8,e40 ,! result is t ! air ?us tak5 9 breaks up ! fl[ ( gasol9e & produces a f9ely divid$ emulsion4 ,^u rea*+ ! jet holes ( ! small v5turi tube ?is emulsion is dis*>g$ into ! high velocity air /ream 9 ! =m ( a f9ely divid$ mi/4 ,if ! read] w recall h[ ?or\ghly a soap bubble divides itself :5 x bur/s1 he w readily appreciate h[ completely ! air ble$ jet w atomize ! fuel4 ,be=e expla9+ ! op]ation ( ! accel]at+ well x is advisable to "k ! reason = its exi/5ce4 ,suppose we _h a l>ge tube su* z ! intake manifold ( a motor ?r\gh :i* air & p>ticles ( gasol9e 7 fl[+ due to a c]ta9 suction at "o end4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if we sudd5ly increas$ ! suction8 ,x w\ld be ?is3 ,due to ! fact t air is s mu* light] ?an gasol9e1 ! air w\ld respond almo/ in/antly to ! increas$ suction & its fl[ w\ld be accel]at$ v sudd5ly1 :]eas ! p>ticles ( gasol9e1 ow+ to t *>act]i/ic kn[n z in]tia1 w\ld n respond s rapidly1 & due to its heavi] weight its fl[ w\ld n accel]ate z mu* z ! air4 ,?is w\ld mean t ! air w\ld ru% ahead ( ! gasol9e p>ticles1 & ! proportion ( air to gasol9e w\ld be great] until ! in]tia =ces _h be5 ov]come & ! gasol9e p>ticles respond$ completely to ! increas$ suction4 ,?is v ?+ w take place 9 a c>buretor unless provision is made = x4 ,t is to say a sudd5 op5+ ( ! ?rottle w t5d t[>d produc+ a v lean mixture at ! motor due to ! lagg+ ( ! gasol9e expla9$ above4 ,a lean mixture at ?is "t1 :5 accel]ation is desir$1 w\ld obvi\sly be detrim5tal to ! result want$4 ,x is at ?is p>ticul> "t t additional gasol9e is mo/ desirable 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! lagg+ gasol9e & ma9ta9 ! prop] mixture at ! motor4 ,9 ! ,/romb]g c>buretor ?is is accompli%$ by means ( ! accel]at+ well %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! action is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! ord9>y ,u tube4 ,if a ,u tube conta9s a liquid1 & if pressure is appli$ to "o arm ( ! tube1 or :at is ! same1 if suction is appli$ to ! o!r arm1 x is self-evid5t t ! level ( ! liquid w rise 9 ! arm on :i* ! suction is appli$ & w drop 9 ! o!r arm4 ,s x is 9 ! con/ruction ( ! accel]at+ well4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bh1 ! space 8,f0 =ms ! "o arm ( ! ,u tube1 & ! space 8,b0 ! o!r arm4 ,^! spaces communicate ) ea* o!r ?r\gh ! holes 8,g0 ?us =m+ a modifi$ =m ( ,u tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor ,model ,m--,accel]at+ ,well ,:5 ! motor is idl+ or ret>d+ 9 spe$1 ! accel]at+ well or space 8,f0 fills ) gasol9e4 ,n[ :5 ! ?rottle is op5$1 !reby increas+ ! suction 9 ! v5turi tube1 ! foll[+ takes place3 atmosph]ic pressure at ! ble$] 8,c0 ex]ts itself on ! gasol9e 9 ! space 8,f0 =c+ ! liquid d[n to jo9 ! regul> fl[ f 8,h0 & pass+ up ! space 8,b0 & out into ! high velocity air /ream ?r\gh ! small v5turi tube4 ,:ile ! well acts ! fl[ ( gasol9e is m ?an d\ble ! normal rate ( fl[1 !reby comp5sat+ = ! lagg+ ( ! gasol9e ref]r$ to previ\sly4 ,^u close obs]vation x w be notic$ t !re is a s]ies ( small holes d[n ! wall ( ! well4 ,ref]r+ to ! analogy ( ! ,u tube1 ^! holes directly connect ! two arms ( ! ,u tube4 ,x is obvi\s t ! small] & few] ^! holes1 ! fa/] w ! well empty1 due to ! ,u tube suction1 & ! l>g] & m ^! holes1 ! sl[] w ! well empty4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t ! rate ( dis*>ge ( ! well c be regulat$ z requir$ by diff]5t motors1 diff]5t grades ( gasol9e1 diff]5t altitudes1 etc41 by ins]t+ wells ( diff]5t drill+s4 ,! action ( ! well is also dep5d5t ^u ! size ( ! hole 9 ! ble$] 8,c0 because x is ! relative area ( ?is hole 9 ! ble$] z comp>$ to ! area ( ! holes 9 ! well :i* det]m9e ! rate at :i* ! well w empty4 ,! =ego+ *>act]i/ics ( ! model ,m c>buretor h dealt m ) ! op5 ?rottle or high spe$ op]ation4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! op]ation :5 ! motor is idl+4 ,e>li] types ( c>buretors1 :5 high te/ & v volatile gasol9e 0 employ$1 7 design$ ) a mix+ *amb] 9 :i* ! gasol9e1 aft] be+ dis*>g$ f ! nozzle1 w\ld mix ) ! air & evaporate v freely4 ,pres5t day gasol9e1 h[ev]1 is consid]ably heavi] & v mu* less volatile1 & we !re=e _c dep5d ^u its volatility to accompli% its vaporization4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor ,model ,m--,idl+ ,op]ation ,fig4 #bi %[s ! arrangem5t & idl+ op]ation ( ! model ,m ,/romb]g c>buretor4 ,conc5tric & inside ( ! passage 8,b0 is locat$ ! idl+ tube 8,j40 ,:5 ! motor is idl+1 t is1 :5 ! ?rottle is practically clos$1 ! action :i* takes place is z foll[s3 ! gasol9e leaves ! float *amb]1 passes ?r\gh ! passage 8,h0 into ! idl+ tube ?r\gh ! hole 8,i10 !nce up ?r\gh ! idl+ tube 8,j0 to ! idl+ jet 8,l40 ,air is drawn ?r\gh ! hole 8,k0 & mixes ) ! gasol9e to =m a f9ely divid$ emulsion :i* passes on to ! jet 8,l40 ,x w be not$ t ?is jet directs ! gasol9e-air emulsion into ! manifold j above ! lip ( ! ?rottle valve4 ,inasmu* z ?is ?rottle valve is practically clos$ ! vacuum creat$ at ! entrance ( ! jet 8,l0 is v high & exce$s #h p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 ) ?is condition exi/+1 t ! gasol9e w be drawn into ! manifold 9 a highly atomiz$ condition4 ,x is well to call att5tion "h to ! fact t ! l[ spe$ adju/+ screw 8,f0 op]ates a ne$le valve :i* controls ! am\nt ( air :i* passes ?r\gh ! hole 8,k10 & x is ! position ( ?is ne$le valve :i* det]m9es ! idl+ mixture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor--,?rottle ,op5 ,z ! ?rottle is slightly op5$ f ! idl+ position a suction is creat$ 9 ! ?roat ( ! small v5turi tube z well z at ! idl+ jet4 ,:5 idl+ ! suction is great] at ! idl+ jet1 & :5 ! ?rottle is op5 ! suction is great] at ! small v5turi tube4 ,at "s int]m$iate position ( ! ?rottle !re is a "t :5 ! suction at ! idl+ jet is equal to t at ! small v5turi1 &1 !re=e1 at ?is p>ticul> "t ! gasol9e w foll[ bo? *annels to ! manifold4 ,?is condition :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cj la/s b a v %ort :ile1 because z ! ?rottle is op5$ wid] ! suction at ! small v5turi tube rapidly becomes great] ?an t at ! idl+ jet4 ,! result is t ! idl+ tube & idl+ jet are ?r[n entirely out ( action1 ! level ( ! gasol9e 9 ! idl+ tube dropp+ z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ca1 :]e ! ?rottle is %[n to be wide op51 9 :i* case all ( ! gasol9e ent]s ! manifold by way ( ! holes 9 ! small v5turi tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,/romb]g ,c>buretor--,?rottle ,wide ,op5 ,x w be rememb]$ t at ?is position ( ! ?rottle ! accel]at+ well has empti$1 & !re=e !re is a direct passage = air f ! ble$] to ! gasol9e 9 ! ma9 passage giv+ ! air ble$ jet feature expla9$ be=e4 ,?is is be+ m5tion$ aga9 9 ord] to call att5tion to ! fact t c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use too l>ge a ble$]1 because ! air :i* ent]s ?r\gh ! ble$] p>tly det]m9es ! mixture1 & if ! ble$] hole is too l>ge ! mixture is v apt to be too lean at high spe$s4 ,fig4 #cb %[s an ext]ior photograph ( "o ( ! type ,m ,/romb]g c>buretor4 ,be=e discuss+ ! in/allation & adju/+ ( ?is c>buretor x w be well to say a few words conc]n+ ! use ( ! v5turi tube & its con/ruction4 ,! object 9 us+ ! v5turi tube 9 c>buretor design is to produce a maximum air velocity at ! jet & at ! same "t n cause undue re/riction4 ,?is high air velocity creates ! suction necess>y to prop]ly atomize ! gasol9e4 ,! use ( ! d\ble v5turi tube con/ruction has develop$ ! be/ possible results4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! m\? ( ! small] v5turi tube is locat$ at ! ?roat ( ! l>g] "o1 & ) ?is arrangem5t ! highe/ degree ( atomization is atta9able1 & at ! same "t ! air re/riction is held d[n to a m9imum4 ,9 ord] t any c>buretor may d ju/ice to :at is claim$ = x1 x is absolutely ess5tial t ! motor on :i* x is in/all$ is 9 good condition 9 o!r respects because1 besides poor c>buretion1 !re are num]\s ?+s ab\t an int]nal combu/ion eng9e :i* w cause its poor op]ation4 ,!re=e1 assum+ t ! foll[+ conditions exi/1 we c proce$ ) ! in/allation ( ! c>buretor & aft] adju/+ x we c expect v good results z to ! op]ation ( ! motor4 #a4 ,! ignition %\ld be prop]ly tim$ s t ) a ret>d$ sp>k ! explosion takes place :5 ! pi/on ( ! cyl9d] 9 :i* ! explosion occurs is at its upp] dead c5t]4 #b4 ,! inlet & exhau/ valves %\ld be s tim$ t !y op5 & close at ! prop] "t dur+ ! cycle4 ,9 ?is respect a motor is usually tim$ :5 x comes f ! manufactur]4 #c4 ,! valves %\ld be gr\nd 9 s t !y =m a p]fect seal ) ! valve seat4 ,any accumulation ( c>bon on ! upp] "p ( ! exhau/ %\ld be remov$ s z to prev5t ! valve /em f /ick+ 9 ! guide & !reby n p]mitt+ ! valve to close ^u its seat4 #d4 ,any undue we> ( ! valve /em guides %\ld be correct$ because ! cle>ance betwe5 ! /em & ! walls ( ! guide w p]mit air to be drawn up into ! motor ?us ru9+ ! mixture f ! c>buretor4 ,simil>ly any leaky flange at any jo9t along ! intake sy/em w produce ! same detrim5tal result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,/romb]g ,model ,m--,adju/m5t ,po9ts #e4 ,all pi/on r+s %\ld be tight & leak pro( 9 ord] to insure good & ev5 compression 9 all ! cyl9d]s4 ,)\t good & ev5 compression 9 all ! cyl9d]s x is impossible to obta9 ! maximum p[] f ! motor1 & x is also impossible to obta9 good idl+ ( ! motor4 #f4 ,x %\ld be se5 t ! ignition sy/em is deliv]+ a sp>k to ea* sp>k plug )\t miss+4 #g4 ,! sp>k plugs %\ld be clean1 & ! accumulation ( c>bon on ! inside ( ! plug %\ld n be suffici5t to cause f\l+ or %ort-circuit+ ( ! plug4 ,9 ! case ( a %ort circuit$ plug x is impossible to obta9 a sp>k at ! end ( ! high t5sion cable1 b ?is does n indicate t ! plug is fir+4 ,= be/ results ! gap ( ! sp>k plug %\ld nev] be less ?an 4#jbj nor m ?an 4#jcb4 ,a good sett+ is at ab\t 4#jbe4 ,! =ego+ con/itute "s ( ! m important tr\bles to look = :5 ! motor is n p]=m+ satisfactorily4 ,in/allation & ,adju/+4--,we are f9ally ready to proce$ ) in/ructions = in/all+ & adju/+ ,model ,m c>buretors4 #a4 ,try ! ?rottle lev] & ! air horn lev] by mov+ same ) ! h& be=e ! c>buretor is in/all$1 & be sure t ! butt]fly valves are op5 to ! limit :5 ! respective lev]s come 9 contact ) _! /ops4 ,also be sure t :5 ! ?rottle valve is clos$1 ! l[] side ( ! butt]fly is adjac5t to ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! idl+ jet projects4 #b4 ,prep>e a pap] gasket ab\t 4#jbj ?ick to fit ! flange ( ! c>buretor4 ,%ellac same & !n atta* ! c>buretor to ! flange ( ! intake manifold v securely by means ( prop] cap screws4 ,! atta*+ ( ! gasol9e l9e1 hot-air /ove1 hot air flexible tub+1 & *oke control ne$ n be discuss$ 9 detail z ^! in/allations are v simple4 ,aft] hav+ prop]ly in/all$ ! c>buretor on ! motor1 turn bo? ! high & l[ spe$ adju/+ screws1 ,a & ,b1 completely d[n clockwise s t ! ne$le valves j t\* _! respective seats4 ,!n unscrew 7anti-clockwise7 ! high spe$ adju/+ screw ,a ab\t ?ree turns (f ! seat1 & turn ! l[ spe$ adju/+ screw ,b anti-clockwise ab\t "o & "o-half turns (f ! seat4 ,^! sett+s are n to be consid]$ z f9al adju/m5ts ( ! c>buretor4 ,!y are m]ely to be tak5 z />t+ po9ts because ! motor w run freely ) ^! sett+s4 ,aft] ! motor has be5 />t$1 p]mit x to run long en\gh to become ?or\ghly w>m !n make ! high spe$ adju/m5t4 ,advance ! sp>k to ! position = normal runn+4 ,advance ! gas ?rottle until ! motor is runn+ at approximately #gej r4 p4 m4 ,!n turn d[n on ! high spe$ screw ,a gradually not* by not* until a sl[+ d[n ( ! motor is obs]v$4 ,!n turn up or op5 ! screw anti-clockwise until ! motor runs at ! highe/ rate ( spe$ = t p>ticul> sett+ ( ! ?rottle4 ,to make ! l[ spe$ adju/m5t ,b proce$ z foll[s3 ,ret>d ! sp>k fully & close ! ?rottle z f> z possible )\t caus+ ! motor to come to a /op4 ,if ^u idl+ ! motor t5ds to roll or load x is an indication t ! mixture is too ri* & !re=e ! l[ spe$ screw ,b %\ld be turn$ away f ! seat anti-clockwise1 !reby p]mitt+ m air to ent] into ! idl+ mixture4 ,x is safe to say t ! be/ idl+ results w be obta9$ :5 ! screw ,b is n mu* m or less ?an "o & "o-half turns (f ! seat4 ,aft] satisfactory adju/m5ts h be5 made ) ! motor vehicle /ation>y1 x is mo/ important & advisable to take ! vehicle out on ! road = fur!r obs]vation & f9] adju/m5ts4 ,if ^u r sudd5 op5+ ( ! ?rottle ! motor backfires1 x is an indication t ! high spe$ mixture is too lean1 & 9 ?is case ! high spe$ screw ,a %\ld be op5$ "o not* at a "t until ! t5d5cy to backfire ceases4 ,on ! o!r h& if :5 runn+ along ) ?rottle op51 ! motor rolls or loads1 x is an indication t ! mixture is too ri*1 & ?is condition is ov]come by turn+ ! high spe$ screw ,a d[n 7clockwise7 until ?is load+ is elim9at$4 ,,/romb]g ,,model ,l ,,c>buretor ,!re are ?ree adju/m5ts2 ! high spe$1 ! extremely l[ spe$ or idle1 & ! 8economiz]40 ,! high spe$ is controll$ by ! knurl$ nut 8,a0 :i* locates ! position ( ! ne$le 8,e0 pa/ ^: po9t is tak5 all ! gasol9e at all spe$s4 ,turn+ nut 8,a0 to ! "r 7clockwise7 raises ! ne$le 8,e0 & gives m gasol9e1 to ! left1 or anticlockwise1 less4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,/romb]g ,model 8,l0--,adju/m5t ,po9ts ,if an entirely new adju/m5t is necess>y1 use ! foll[+ practice4 ,put economiz] 8,l0 9 ! #e? not* 7or f>!/ f float *amb]7 z an indicator1 turn nut 8,a0 to ! left1 anticlockwise1 until ne$le 8,e0 rea*es its seat1 z %[n by nut 8,a0 n mov+ :5 ?rottle is op5$ & clos$4 ,:5 ne$le 8,e0 is 9 its seat x c be felt to /ick slightly :5 nut 8,a0 is lift$ ) ! f+]s4 ,f9d adju/m5t ( 8,a0 :]e x j beg9s to move ) ! ?rottle op5+1 !n give #bd not*es to ! "r or clockwise 7! not*es c be felt74 ,!n move ! economiz] po9t] 8,l0 back to ! #j not* 7t[>d float *amb]74 ,?is w give a ri* adju/m5t4 ,aft] />t+ & w>m+ up ! motor1 ?9 out ! mixture by turn+ 8,a0 anticlockwise1 & f9d ! po9t :]e ! motor responds be/ to quick op5+ ( ! ?rottle1 & %[s ! be/ p[]4 ,! gasol9e = l[ spe$ is tak5 9 above ! ?rottle ?r\gh a jet at 8,k0 & is regulat$ by dilution ) air z controll$ by ! l[ spe$ adju/+ screw 8,b40 ,screw+ 8,b0 9 clockwise gives m gasol9e2 outw>d1 less4 ,! be/ adju/m5t is usually to #c turns outw>d f a seat+ position4 ,note t ?is is only an idl+ adju/m5t & does n effect ! mixture above #h miles p] h\r4 ,:5 motor is idl+ prop]ly !re %\ld be a /eady hiss 9 ! c>buretor2 if !re is a weak cyl9d] or manifold leak1 or if ! idle adju/m5t is v mu* too ri*1 ! hiss w be un/eady4 ,! economiz] device op]ates to lean out ! mixture by l[]+ ! high spe$ ne$le 8,e0 & nut 8,a0 a slight b def9itely regulat$ am\nt at ?rottle positions correspond+ to spe$s f #e to #dj miles p] h\r4 ,! am\nt ( drop & consequ5t lean+ is regulat$ by ! po9t] 8,l40 ,aft] mak+ ! high spe$ adju/m5t = be/ p[]1 ) po9t] 8,l0 9 #j not*1 z above describ$1 place ?rottle lev] on /e]+ :eel to a position giv+ ab\t #bj miles p] h\r road spe$4 ,!n move po9t] 8,l0 clockwise 7away f float *amb]71 "o not* at a "t1 till motor beg9s to sl[ d[n4 ,!n come back "o not*4 ,! am\nt ( economiz] action ne$$ dep5ds ^u ! grade ( gasol9e & ^u ! temp]ature4 ,9 ! mid-we/ ! be/ economiz] adju/m5t w usually be ! ?ird or f\r? not*4 ,) ,p5nsylvania gasol9e & 9 ! ,s\?1 ! #bnd not*2 :ile on ! ,pacific coa/ no economiz] is necess>y unless di/illate 7:i* %\ld n be bel[ #ei degrees ,baume7 is us$4 ,also few] not*es economiz] action w be necess>y 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,,*apt] ,v 8,,nitro0-,,sund]man ,,c>buretor ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor ,fig4 #cd %[s a ?r\gh section ( ! new 8,nitro0-,sund]man c>buretor4 ,?is is practically a new model pres5t$ to ! automobile indu/ry = #aiai & #aibj4 ,x is claim$ t x is an exact fulfillm5t ( ! long s\ght me?od ( accurate comp5sation4 ,x is ( ! s+le pla9 tube design ) a s+le gasol9e nozzle 9 ! %ape ( a mu%room plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! air passage4 ,ar\nd ?is nozzle1 h[ev]1 re/s ! float+ v5turi :i* is a l>ge end & small c5t] float+ air tube se5 9 ,fig4 #ce :i* hurries ! air at l[ spe$s & *ecks ! ru% at high velocities4 ,fig4 #ce %[s ! comm5cem5t ( action at idl+ spe$s1 & z ! gasol9e = idl+ comes f ! same nozzle :i* furni%es ! maximum p[]1 an air by-pass is provid$ to r$uce ! suction on ! nozzle at l[ spe$s4 ,! "o s+le adju/m5t on ?is type ( c>buretor is %[n at 7,x7 9 ,fig4 #cf1 & is us$ only to control ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! by-pass at idl+ or l[ spe$s4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd ! eng9e's dem& has increas$ to a po9t :]e ! suction is great] ?an ! weight ( ! v5turi1 :i* causes x to rise on ! air /ream1 & op5 up ! air passage ar\nd ! head ( ! nozzle4 ,?is all[s ! comp5sation = ! correct ratios ( ! air & gasol9e mixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor ,9 ,fig4 #cg ! v5turi closes ! air by-pass & "u full suction1 gives ! maximum area ar\nd ! nozzle = lean] mixtures & full volumetric4 ,! unre/rict$ air passage 9 ! pla9 tube type ( c>buretor is "h work$ out to its fulle/ developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor ,! ,v5turi4--,?is is a /ream l9e air passage tap]$ to a n>r[ ?roat ne> ! c5t] :i* increases ! velocities )\t (f]+ a re/riction to ! free air passage1 & be+ ( a v loose fit 9 ! c>buretor1 is all[$ to float up & d[n on ! air /ream ar\nd ! nozzle ov] :i* x automatically c5t]s at all times4 ,! v5turi goes into action sl[ly z x is ret>d$ by ! action ( ! air by-pass1 b rises fa/ :5 ! latt] is cut (f4 ,x rides on ! air /ream at a p]fect balance & (f]s no resi/ance to ! air passage because ( its /ream l9e tap]1 & z ! v5turi float is s5sitive to a f9e degree1 x is ready = any *ange 9 ! motor suction & comp5sates accord+ly4 ,! jet tube runn+ up into ! mu%room head conta9s a jet :i* is drill$ = ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( ! motor on :i* ! c>buretor is in/all$4 ,?is jet fe$s into ! mu%room head :i* is drill$ ) f\r small holes :i* spread ! gasol9e by capill>y action 9 a f9e fan film to all sides ( ! "u surfaces ( ! slot4 ,"h ! asc5d+ air picks x (f at "r angles to its pa? 9 a v f9e vapor4 ,?is vapor is c>ri$ up ! /ream l9e v5turi )\t cross curr5ts & is 9 a f9ely mix$ /ate ( flame-propagation4 ,! heavi] fuels are readily brok5 up ) ?is nozzle & /raight k]os5e has be5 us$ ) success4 ,?is c>buretor does n require any o!r c>e ?an a ?or\gh clean+ out once or twice 9 a season4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,sund]man ,c>buretor ,,! ,,s*ebl] ,,model 8,r0 ,,c>buretor ,fig4 #ch %[s a section view ( op]ation & adju/m5t on ! model 8,r0 ,s*ebl] c>buretor4 ,?is c>buretor is design$ = use on bo? f\r & six cyl9d]$ motors4 ,x is ( ! s+le jet rais$ ne$le type1 automatic 9 action1 ! air valve controll+ ! ne$le valve ?r\gh a lev]age arrangem5t4 ,?is lev]age atta*m5t automatically proportions ! am\nt ( gasol9e & air mixture at all spe$s4 ,?is type ( c>buretor has b two adju/m5ts4 ,! l[ spe$ adju/m5t :i* is made by turn+ ! air valve cap & an adju/m5t on ! air valve spr+ = *ang+ its t5sion4 7,a7 %[s ! air valve adju/+ cap4 7,b7 is ! da% control lev]age atta*m5t4 7,c7 is ! air valve & jet valve connection4 7,d7 is ! boss t raises ! jet valve ne$le & l[]s ! spr+ t5sion on ! air valve giv+ a ri* mixture 9 />t+4 ,! ne$le valve seats 9 ,e & controls ! nozzle spray4 7,f7 is ! air valve spr+ t5sion adju/+ screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,s*ebl] ,model ,r ,c>buretor ,assembl$ ,model ,r ,adju/m5t4--,to adju/ ?is c>buretor turn ! air valve cap to ! "r until x /ops1 !n to ! left "o complete turn1 />t ! motor ) ! ?rottle op52 aft] x is w>m$ up turn ! air valve cap to ! left until ! motor hits p]fectly4 ,advance ?rottle on quadrant4 ,if ! eng9e backfires turn screw 7,f7 up1 increas+ ! t5sion on ! air spr+ until accel]ation is satisfactory4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,/ew>t ,,c>buretor ,fig4 #ci %[s ! ,/ew>t c>buretor us$ on ,dodge ,bro!rs c>s1 :i* is ( ! float fe$ type 9 :i* a f9e spray ( gasol9e is drawn f an aspirat+ tube by a curr5t ( air induc$ by ! eng9e pi/ons4 ,! supply ( gasol9e be+ regulat$ by a float :i* actuates a ne$le valve controll+ ! outlet ( ! fe$ pipe4 ,?is tube is also call$ ! spray nozzle4 ,?is type ( c>buretor is commonly us$ on automobile eng9es4 ,x consi/s ( a float *amb] conta9+ a float1 functions ( :i* are describ$ bel[1 a mix+ *amb] 9 :i* ! gasol9e spray is r$uc$ to vapor & mix$ ) air 7i4 e41 8c>buret$0 9 prop] proportion74 ,! float & valve ma9ta9 a con/ant or ev5 supply ( gasol9e = ! c>buretor4 ,! gasol9e fl[s f ! filt] ,z into ! float *amb] ,c ?r\gh ! inlet valve ,g1 :i* is directly actuat$ by ! float ,f1 s t x closes or op5s z ! float rises or falls4 ,z ! float rises ! valve is clos$ until ! float rea*es a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ level1 at :i* ! valve is entirely clos$4 ,if ! float falls bel[ ?is level because ( a dim9i%+ supply ( gasol9e 9 ! float *amb]1 ! valve is automatically op5$ & suffici5t fre% gasol9e is admitt$ to br+ ! level up to ! prop] po9t4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! float *amb] 9 reality s]ves z a res]voir ( con/ant supply1 9 :i* any pressure to :i* ! gasol9e has be5 subject$ 9 ord] to =ce x f ! tank is elim9at$4 ,:5 ! eng9e is runn+ gasol9e is1 ( c\rse1 be+ con/antly drawn (f f ! float *amb] ?r\gh ! aspirat+ tube ,l1 z w be describ$ lat]1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! motor1 b 9 practice ! result+ movem5t ( ! inlet valve is v slight & h5ce ! fl[ ( gasol9e into ! float *amb] is ne>ly con/ant4 ,! gasol9e inlet valve is also call$ ! 8ne$le valve40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,/ew>t ,c>buretor ,betwe5 ! float *amb] ,c & ! eng9e connection ( ! c>buretor is an enclos$ space call$ ! mix+ *amb] ,o4 ,?is comp>tm5t is provid$ ) a valve = ! +ress ( free air4 ,ext5d+ into ! mix+ *amb] f a po9t bel[ ! surface ( ! gasol9e 9 ! float *amb] is a passage1 ,l = gasol9e1 end+ ) a nozzle1 s con/ruct$ t gasol9e drawn ?r\gh x w come =? 9 a v f9e spray4 ,?is is call$ ! aspirat+ tube1 atomiz]1 or m commonly1 ! spray nozzle4 ,! air inlet ,,aa to ! mix+ *amb] on ! c>buretor us$ on ! ,dodge is 9 ! %ape ( a l>ge tube ext5d+ f ! c>buretor to a box on ! exhau/ manifold4 ,air suppli$ f ?is s\rce is heat$ 9 ord] t vaporization ( gasol9e may be m readily accompli%$4 ,a cold air regulator is int]pos$ betwe5 ?is tube & ! c>buretor prop] s t 9 hot wea!r cool air may be admitt$4 ,?is %\ld always be clos$ :5 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is bel[ #fj ,f4 ,! action ( ! c>buretor is z foll[s3 ,! suction creat$ by ! d[nw>d /roke ( ! pi/ons draws air into ! mix+ *amb] ?r\gh ! air ducts 7drill$ holes ,,hh74 ,! same suction draws a f9e spray ( gasol9e ?r\gh ! aspirat+ tube ,l 7spray nozzle7 into ! same comp>tm5t1 & ! air1 becom+ impregnat$ ) ! gasol9e vapor ?us produc$1 becomes a highly explosive gas4 ,9 ord] t ! proportion ( air & gasol9e vapor may be correct = all motor spe$s1 provision is made by means ( a valve ,a = ! automatic admission ( l>g] quantities ( bo? at high motor spe$s4 ,! ducts are op5 at all times1 b ! valve is held to its seat by its weight until ! suction1 increas+ z ! motor spe$ increases1 is suffici5t to lift x & admit a great] volume ( air4 ,! valve ,a is jo9$ to ! tube ,l1 h5ce ! latt] is rais$ :5 ! valve is lift$ & ! +ress ( proportionately l>g] quantities ( gasol9e is made possible4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( a met]+ p9 ,p normally /ation>y1 project+ upw>d into ! tube ,l4 ,! high] ! tube rises ! small] is ! section ( ! met]+ p9 ev5 ) its op5+1 & h5ce ! great] is ! quantity ( gasol9e :i* may be tak5 into ! tube4 ,! c>buretor ?us automatically produces ! correct mixture & quantity = all motor spe$s4 ,! met]+ p9 is subject to control f ! da%1 z w be expla9$ lat]1 by means ( a rack ,n1 & p9ion ,m4 ,to *ange ! fix$ runn+ position ( ! p91 turn ! /op screw to ! "r or left4 ,turn+ ?is screw to ! "r l[]s ! position ( ! met]+ p9 & turn+ x to ! left raises x4 ,z ! p9 is l[]$ m gasol9e is admitt$ to ! aspirat+ tube at a giv5 motor spe$1 ?us enri*+ ! mixture4 ,a wid] range ( adju/m5t ( ! position ( ! met]+ p9 may be _h by releas+ ! clamp ( ! p9ion %aft lev] & *ang+ its position ) relation to ! %aft4 ,?is %\ld nev] be attempt$ by any save exp]ts 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,! c>buretor us$ on ! ,dodge ,bro!rs c> is s ne>ly automatic 9 its action t x is n effect$ by climatic conditions1 or *anges 9 altitude or temp]ature4 ,x automatically adju/s itself to all v>iations ( atmosph]e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wise to see if ! causes ( any tr\bles :i* may develop are n due to d]angem5ts else:]e ?an at ! c>buretor be=e attempt+ any *anges ( its adju/m5t4 ,make all adju/m5ts ) da% adju/m5t all ! way 94 ,! met]+ p9 %\ld n be tamp]$ ) unless absolutely necess>y4 ,if replacem5t ( ?is p9 %\ld become necess>y1 x may be accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 remove ! cap nut at ! bottom ( ! rack & p9ion h\s+4 ,next1 turn p9ion %aft sl[ly f "r to left 7fac+ t[>d ! c>buretor7 until ! bottom ( ! met]+ p9 appe>s at ! bottom ( ! p9ion %aft h\s+4 ,cont9ue to turn ! %aft sl[ly 9 ! same direction1 releas+ ! connection to ! da% control if necess>y1 until ! rack to :i* ! p9 is fa/5$ drops out4 ,! palm ( ! h& %\ld be held to receive ?is z ! p>ts are v loosely assembl$4 ,! p9ion %aft %\ld be reta9$ at ! exact position at :i* ! rack is releas$4 ,in/all a new met]+ p91 ! way to d ?is w be obvi\s1 & return ! rack to its prop] me% ) ! p9ion4 ,replace da% atta*m5t 7if deta*$71 replace cap1 adju/ p] in/ructions giv5 on previ\s page4 ,! loose assembl+ ( ! met]+ p9 9 ! rack is = ! purpose ( provid+ = fre$om ( movem5t ( ! met]+ p9 & 9 ord] t b9d+ 9 ! aspirat+ tube may be avoid$4 ,! gasol9e filt] is in/all$ on ! c>buretor at a po9t :]e ! fuel pipe is connect$4 ,! pressure )9 ! gasol9e tank =ces ! fuel ?r\gh ! pipe1 ?r\gh ! filt] scre5 7,,zo 9 ! filt]7 & !nce out ?r\gh ! op5+ to ! c>buretor4 ,! filt] cap ,,cc may be remov$ by turn+ ! flang$ nut on ! bottom ( c>buretor to ! left1 ?us releas+ ! inlet fitt+4 ,! filt] scre5 or /ra9] %\ld occasionally be clean$4 ,?is may be readily accompli%$ by remov+ ! filt] cap to :i* ! scre5 is atta*$4 ,! filt] %\ld be screw$ up tight :5 replac$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,c>t] ,,c>buretor ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj--;,c>t] ,c>buretor ,fig4 #dj %[s ! ,c>t] c>buretor :i* embodies a radically new pr9ciple4 ,x belongs to ! multiple-jet type1 b possesses ?is /rik+ diff]5ce1 v>iations 9 fuel level are utiliz$ to det]m9e ! numb] ( jets 9 action at any "t4 ,! v>iations 9 fuel level occur 9 a v]tical tube kn[n z ! 8/& pipe40 ,!y take place 9 in/ant response to ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! suction ex]t$ by ! eng9e4 ,z ?is suction dep5ds directly on ! eng9e's spe$1 x c cle>ly be se5 t ?is provides a m>vel\sly s5sitive means ( automatic control4 ,a l>ge numb] ( exce$+ly small jets are bor$ spirally ar\nd ! upp] portion ( ?is tube4 ,z a result1 ! level at :i* ! fuel /&s )9 x1 det]m9es ! numb] ( jets f :i* deliv]y is be+ made at any in/ant & ! gasol9e supply is always directly proportion$ to ! eng9e spe$1 h[ev] sudd5ly *anges 9 spe$ take place4 ,ow+ to ! comp>atively l>ge numb] ( ^! jets1 _! exce$+ly small size1 & _! correspond+ly %ort range ( action1 ! fl[ ( fuel is absolutely un9t]rupt$4 ,! in/rum5t is p]man5tly adju/$ = l[ & int]m$iate spe$s at ! "t ( in/allation4 ,an auxili>y air valve controll$ f da% or /e]+ po/ =ms ! high spe$ adju/m5t z well z af=d+ a means ( secur+ absolute uni=mity ( mixture "u widely v>y+ conditions ( wea!r1 temp]ature1 or altitude1 directly f ! driv]'s seat4 ,a simple me?od ( enabl+ ea* cyl9d] to su* a ri* prim+ *>ge direct f ! float *amb] is ano!r valuable feature t obviates all ne$ ( prim+ & insures easy />t+ 9 ! colde/ w9t] wea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,s*ebl] ,,pla9 ,,tube ,,c>buretor ,,model 8,,=d ,a0 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,s*ebl] ,c>buretor ,model ,=d ,a--,sectional ,view ,d--,,*ok] ,,or ,,%utt] ,,9 ,,air ,,b5d4 ,,be--,,lev]s ,,clos+ ,,*ok]1 ,,op]at$ ,,f ,,/e]+ ,,column ,,& ,,front ,,( ,,radiator4 ,h--,,l[ ,,spe$ ,,gasol9e ,,adju/+ ,,ne$le4 ,i--,,high ,,spe$ ,,gasol9e ,,adju/+ ,,ne$le4 ,k--,,idle ,,& ,,l[ ,,spe$ ,,bypass4 ,m--,,accel]ation ,,well4 ,p--,,pilot ,,op5+4 ,! ,pilot tube pr9ciple is introduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! c>buretor & ?is ,pilot tube or improv$ type ( gasol9e nozzle is s design$ or built t x automatically furni%es a ri* mixture = accel]ation & ?9s out ?is mixture aft] ! normal motor spe$ has be5 rea*$4 ,?is furni%es a v economical runn+ mixture at all motor spe$s1 toge!r ) a smoo? & positive accel]ation4 ,! importance ( ?is ,pilot tube or nozzle pr9ciple _c be ov] emphasiz$1 z x furni%es a flexible1 p[]ful & economical mixture1 )\t ! addition ( any complicat$ p>ts4 ,! ,=d 8,a0 c>buretor has no p>ts to we> or get out ( adju/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,s*ebl] ,c>buretor ,model ,=d ,a--,adju/m5t ,po9ts ,two gasol9e ne$le adju/m5ts are furni%$4 ,"o = l[ spe$ & idl+ & "o = high spe$4 ,^! adju/m5ts h be5 f\nd advisable & necess>y to prop]ly h&le ! pres5t heavy grades ( fuel & ! v>iations 9 ! motor due to we>1 etc4 ,^? adju/m5ts also insure ! atta9+ ( ! wide/ range ( motor spe$4 ,a d\ble *ok] is furni%$1 & ) ^! controls ! ,=d c be easily />t$ "u ! mo/ sev]e wea!r conditions & ! mixture controll$ f ! driv]'s seat4 ,) ! ,=d 8,a0 c>buretor a l[ spe$ ( f\r to five miles an h\r c be secur$ )\t any load+ or miss+4 ,also1 ) ?is c>buretor ! maximum spe$ & p[] ( ! motor are obta9$4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,in/all+ ,,& ,,adju/+ ,,! ,,s*ebl] ,,=d 8,a0 ,,c>buretor ,fir/1 remove ! ,=d c>buretor f ! manifold1 also ! da% bo>d control1 ! hot air drum1 & tub+1 & ! radiator *oke wire4 ,be sure to save ! cott] p9 us$ 9 ! ?rottle control4 ,in/all ! ,s*ebl] c>buretor1 us+ gasket & cap screws :i* are furni%$ ) ! equipm5t4 ,! gasol9e connection is ! same z regul>ly furni%$ on ! ,=d equipm5t & no o!r connections are necess>y4 ,screw ! connections on ! ,=d gasol9e l9e onto ! connection furni%$ on ! c>buretor4 ,atta* ! hot air drum & ! tub+ to ! exhau/ manifold & run ! *oke wire ?r\gh ! radiator4 ,be=e adju/+ c>buretor1 see t ! sp>k plugs are clean & set ab\t 4#jce1 or ne>ly ! ?ickness ( a new dime4 ,see t ! compression is good & equal on all f\r cyl9d]s4 ,see t ! tim] is clean & 9 good %ape1 z an occasional miss is due to ! roll] 9 ! tim] becom+ worn4 ,also1 be sure t !re is no leak 9 ! intake manifold4 ,! /e]+ po/ control mu/ be set s t ! tub+ is fa/5$ into set screw 7,a7 & ! control wire is fa/5$ ?r\gh ! b9d+ po/ 9 lev] 7,b7 ) /e]+ po/ control or plung] pu%$ cle> 9 & ! butt]fly %utt] 7,d7 9 ! hot air horn or b5d op51 s t :5 ! plung] control is pull$ out ! wire 7,c7 9 ! b9d+ po/ 7,b7 on lev] closes ! %utt] 7,d7 almo/ completely4 ,?is w furni% a ri* mixture = />t+ & w>m+ up ! motor "u normal wea!r conditions4 ,! wire runn+ to ! front ( ! radiator mu/ be atta*$ to lev] 7,e7 s t :5 ! motor is cold1 ! %utt] 7,d7 c be clos$ tight1 ?us insur+ positive />t+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is wire mu/ be releas$ imm$iately ^u />t+ ! motor or ! motor w be *ok$ by excess ( gasol9e4 ,to />t ! motor1 op5 l[ spe$ ne$le 7,h7 & high spe$ ne$le 7,i7 ab\t f\r or five complete turns4 ,y w note t ! ne$les h dials :i* indicate turn+ ne$le to ! "r cuts d[n ! gasol9e supply4 ,pull out /e]+ po/ control1 op5 ?rottle ab\t "o-qu>t] way1 ret>d ! sp>k1 pull out radiator *oke wire :i* w close %utt] & crank ! motor4 ,aft] motor is />t$1 imm$iately release radiator *oke wire & gradually pu% 9 ! /e]+ po/ control or plung] & let ! motor run until x is w>m$ up4 ,!n fir/ adju/ ! high spe$ ne$le 7,i7 until ! motor runs smoo?ly & ev5ly ) ret>d$ sp>k4 ,close ?rottle "p way & adju/ idle ne$le until motor runs smoo?ly at l[ spe$4 ,9 ord] to get ! desir$ l[ ?rottle runn+1 use ! ?rottle /op screw 7,l7 :i* w control ! ?rottle op5+ & give y ! desir$ l[ spe$ runn+4 ,a /ra9] is furni%$ on ! c>buretor :i* prev5ts dirt or s$im5t gett+ into ! b[l ( ! c>buretor & *ok+ up ! gasol9e nozzle or caus+ flood+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,k]os5e ,,c>buretors ,exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on = q "s "t p]ta9+ to ! developm5t ( a m successful c>buretor :i* w burn ! heavi] fuels4 ,! *ief difficulty enc\nt]$ is to f9d a m suitable way to vaporize ^! l[ grade fuels4 ,k]os5e c be us$1 only ) an application ( heat to ! manifold to aid 9 ! evaporation ( ! heavi] p>ts ( ?is fuel4 ,! exhau/ pipes are available = ?is s\rce ( heat1 b z !re is no heat f ?is s\rce until ! eng9e is runn+1 x is necess>y to />t ! eng9e on gasol9e & swit* ov] to ! heavi] fuels aft] ! w>m+-up process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,holley ,k]os5e ,c>buretor ,fig4 #dc %[s ! ,holley k]os5e c>buretor :i* is adaptable to any type ( eng9e by mak+ simple *anges 9 ! exhau/ manifold to include ! heat+ coil tube4 ,?is c>buretor w op]ate successfully on any hydro-c>bon fuel ) a boil+ po9t bel[ #fjj ,f4 ,two float *amb]s are provid$ to take c>e ( ! />t+ & runn+ fuels4 ,! eng9e is />t$ on ! gasol9e "p ( ! c>buretor & aft] a %ort w>m+-up p]iod ! fe$ is swit*$ to ! k]os5e "p ( ! device4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,holley ,k]os5e ,c>buretor ,in/allm5t ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is device op]ates is to provide a prim>y mixture by means ( a ne$le valve & a v small aspirat+ jet :i* gives a mixture t is too ri* = combu/ion4 ,?is ri* mixture ( atomiz$ fuel is c>ri$ ?r\gh a coil tube ( v ?9 wall ?ickness1 :i* is expos$ to ! exhau/ gases1 directly 9 ! exhau/ manifold4 ,! temp]ature 9 ?is coil tube rea*es z high z #ejj degrees ,f4 ,! globules ( ! ov] ri* mixture are brok5 up "h & fl[ directly into ! mix+ *amb]1 :]e additional air ent]s1 dilut+ ! mixture to make x combu/ible4 ,! op5+ ( ! air valve is controll$ by ! suction ( ! eng9e & by ! ?rottle valve4 ,! %ift] valve = *ang+ ! op]ation f gasol9e to k]os5e is conv5i5tly arrang$ = da% control1 :5 ! eng9e becomes w>m4 ,a prim] is arrang$ 9 ! manifold j above ! c>buretor & aids 9 cold wea!r />t+4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! in/allation ( ! ,holley k]os5e c>buretor4 ,9 ?is case x 0 necess>y to add a comp>tm5t on ! exhau/ manifold to conta9 & heat ! coil tube4 ,!re are "s details t mu/ be tak5 c>e ( on in/allation4 ,a small auxili>y tank mu/ be provid$ to hold ! gasol9e = />t+1 :ile a l>g] tank mu/ be provid$ to c>ry ! ma9 supply ( k]os5e4 ,! adju/m5ts ( ?is type ( c>buretor is ?r\gh a ne$le valve locat$ 9 ea* fuel *amb]1 & z x is impossible to give any set adju/m5t t w\ld apply to ! _m diff]5t types ( motors1 ! prop] adju/m5t mu/ be work$ out4 ,?is is done by %ift+ to ! gasol9e & turn+ ! ne$le valve to ! "r & left & not+ ! po9t at :i* ! eng9e runs ! smoo!/4 ,! ne$le valve is !n set at ?is po9t4 ,! fuel %ift] valve is turn$ to fe$ ! k]os5e1 & ?is adju/m5t is made 9 ! same mann]4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,heat$ ,,manifolds ,,& ,,hot ,,spots ,heat add$ to ! manifold is ! probable solution ( ! pres5t l[-te/ fuel suppli$ to ! motori/4 ,9 ! fir/ place y may be satisfi$ if y\r motor runs & does n give any noticeable loss ( p[]4 ,b ! "q is1 are y gett+ full p[] out ( y\r motor 9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( fuel consum$8 ,& are y gett+ ! prop] am\nt ( mileage out ( ea* gallon8 ,! answ] to bo? que/ions w\ld probably be 9 ! negative1 if bo? que/ions 7 tak5 up individually by own]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exhau/ ,,intake ,,exhau/ ,,gov]nor ,,gov]nor ,,c>buretor ,fig4 #de4 ,hot ,spot ,manifold ,"o ( ! be/ solutions1 if n ! be/1 is ! new hot-spot manifold us$ on ! ,lib]ty eng9e1 :i* 0 design$ = ,army use4 ,fig4 #de %[s ! hot-spot ,lib]ty eng9e manifold4 ,! intake manifold is ext]nal b %ort1 !re=e does n (f] mu* opportunity = ! liquid to cond5se4 ,f ! c>buretor x rises up /raight to a po9t well above ! valve ports & ! cyl9d] blocks1 & at ! top ( ! rise x t\*es ! exhau/ pipe & divides1 ! two bran*es sweep+ d[nw>d q cle> ( ! exhau/ manifold to ea* block ( cyl9d]s4 ,ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! intake passage is expos$ to ! exhau/ manifold top4 ,! advantage ( ?is design is t ! heat+ elem5t affects practically only ! liquid fuel & does n h mu* effect on ! fuel already vaporiz$4 ,naturally ! liquid fuel is heavi] ?an ! vapor1 & z ! mixture ru%es up ! manifold at a high rate ( spe$ & turns to ! "r or left1 ! heavi] liquid p>ticles are ?r[n /raight aga9/ ! hot-spot1 :]e !y are boil$ (f 9 vapor4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! total am\nt ( heat suppli$ to ! incom+ *>ge is small1 vaporization is good1 s9ce pa9s h be5 tak5 to supply ! heat :]e x is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,holley ,vapor ,manifold--,=d ,c>s ,fig4 #df %[s ! ,holley vapor manifold = ,=d c>s :i* is int5d$ to completely vaporize gasol9e by apply+ heat at ! prop] po9t4 ,z w be not$ by ! arr[s1 ! exhau/ gases pass d[n1 /rik+ a hot-spot at ! top ( ! int]nal intake passage4 ,! exhau/ gases fl[ along ?is passage & f9ally pass out at ! bottom4 ,! heavi] p>ticles ( fuel1 aft] leav+ ! c>buretor1 /rike aga9/ ! wall at po9t 7,a7 & !re are brok5 up by ! exhau/ gases4 ,%\ld any ( ! globules n be brok5 up at ?is po9t1 !y w be vaporiz$ :5 !y /rike ! hot-spot at 7,b7 z ?is is directly 9 contact ) ! exhau/ gases4 ,x w be not$ t ! heavi] globules are subject$ to a ris+ temp]ature4 ,/>t+ at 7,a7 & f9i%+ at 7,b7 a control valve regulates ! am\nt ( heat suppli$ to ! intake manifold4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,cool+ ,,sy/ems ,,type1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,cool+ sy/ems are provid$ on all types ( gasol9e eng9es4 ,z ! heat g5]at$ by ! con/ant explosions 9 ! cyl9d]s w\ld soon ov]heat & ru9 ! eng9e 7 x n cool$ by "s artificial means4 ,circulation ,sy/ems4--,!re are two types ( wat] circulat+ sy/ems4 ,! ,!rmo ,syphon1 & ! ,=ce ,pump circulat+ sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,!rmo-,syphon ,cool+ ,sy/em ,fig4 #dg %[s h[ ! wat] circulates 9 ! ,!rmo-,syphon sy/em4 ,x acts on ! pr9ciple t hot wat] seeks a high] level ?an cold wat]1 consequ5tly :5 ! wat] rea*es a c]ta9 temp]ature1 approximately #ahj ,f41 circulation comm5ces & ! wat] fl[s f ! l[e/ radiator outlet pipe up ?r\gh ! wat] jackets into ! upp] radiator wat] tank1 & d[n ?r\gh ! ?9 tubes to ! l[] tank to repeat ! process4 ,! heat is extract$ f ! wat] by its passage ?r\gh ! ?9 metal tub+ ( ! radiator to :i* are atta*$ sci5tifically work$ out f9s :i* assi/ 9 ! rapid radiation ( ! heat4 ,! fan j back ( ! radiator sucks ! air ?r\gh ! small tubes :i* connect ! upp] & l[] radiator tanks4 ,! air is also driv5 ?r\gh betwe5 ^! tubes by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! c>4 ,! ,=ce ,pump ,circulation ,sy/em4--,! ,=ce ,pump circulat+ sy/em is con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,!rmo ,syphon ,cool+ ,sy/em4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! two sy/ems is t a small pump is atta*$ to ! l[] radiator pipe to =ce ! circulation ( ! wat]4 ,! pump is usually ( ! c5trifugal type & consi/s ( a fan-%ap$ :eel op]at$ 9 a snugly fitt$ h\s+4 ,! wat] ent]s at ! hub & is ?r[n out aga9/ ! h\s+ & is =c$ on by ! rapid action ( ! fan blades4 ,ano!r type ( pump is us$ by "s manufactur]s :i* consi/ ( two me%$ ge>s ( ! same size1 :i* op]ate 9 a snugly fitt$ h\s+4 ,^! ge>s op]ate 9 a direction t[>d ea* o!r1 ! wat] is c>ri$ =w>d or upw>d 9 ! space betwe5 ! tee?1 & is =c$ on :5 ! tee? me% & fill ! space4 ,ov]heat+4--,ov]heat+ may be caus$ by c>boniz$ cyl9d]s1 too mu* driv+ on l[ spe$1 n en\gh or a poor grade ( lubricat+ oil1 sp>k ret>d$ too f>1 rac+ ! eng9e1 clogg$ muffl]1 poor c>buretor adju/m5t1 a brok5 or slipp+ fan belt1 jamm$ radiator tube1 leaky connection1 or l[ wat]4 ,radiator ,clean+4--,! entire circulation sy/em %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ occasionally4 ,a good clean+ solution is made by dissolv+ "o-half p\nd ( bak+ soda 9 ?ree & "o-half to f\r gallons ( s(t wat]4 ,! radiator is fill$ ) ! solution & left to /& = tw5ty to ?irty m9utes4 ,! hose is !n remov$ f ! l[] pipe1 wat] is !n turn$ into ! radiator ?r\gh ! fill] sp\t until ! sy/em is ?or\ghly flu%$ out4 ,freez+4--,unless an anti-freez+ solution is us$ ?r\gh ! cold mon?s y are b\nd to exp]i5ce tr\ble4 ,! circulation does n comm5ce prop]ly until ! wat] becomes heat$4 ,x is apt to freeze at l[ temp]atures be=e circulation comm5ces4 ,9 case any ( ! small tubes are plugg$ or jamm$ !y are b\nd to freeze & bur/ op5 if ! driv] attempts to get along )\t a non-freez+ solution4 ,freez+ ,solution4--,wood or d5atur$ alcohol c be us$ to a good advantage4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! freez+ po9t ( solutions conta9+ diff]5t p]c5tages ( alcohol4 #bj solution freezes at #ae above z]o4 #cj solution freezes at #h bel[ z]o4 #ej solution freezes at #cd bel[ z]o4 ,a solution compos$ ( #fj ( wat]1 #aj ( glyc]9e1 & #cj ( alcohol is commonly us$1 its freez+ po9t be+ #h bel[ z]o4 ,evaporation4--,on acc\nt ( evaporation1 fre% alcohol mu/ be add$ frequ5tly 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! prop] solution4 ,radiator ,repairs4--,a small leak may be tempor>ily repair$ by apply+ br[n soap1 or :ite lead1 b ! repair %\ld be made p]man5t ) sold] z soon z possible4 ,a jamm$ radiator tube is a m s]i\s affair4 ,:ile ! /opp+ up ( "o tube does n s]i\sly int]f]e ) circulation1 x is b\nd to cause tr\ble soon] or lat]1 & ! tube w freeze 9 cold wea!r4 ,cut ! tube an in* above & bel[ ! jam & ins]t a new piece sold]+ ! connection4 ,if ! entire radiator is badly jamm$ or brok51 x w probably be advisable to in/all a new "o4 ,air ,cool+ ,sy/em4--,air cool+ has be5 develop$ to a po9t :]e fairly good results are atta9$4 ,?is sy/em has an advantage ov] ! circulat+ sy/ems1 9 t ! weight ( ! radiator & wat] is done away )1 & no tr\ble is exp]i5c$ ) /oppage ( circulation & leaky connection4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 has its drawbacks1 9 t x _c be us$ successfully on ! l>g] & m compact eng9es4 ,9 ord] to all[ ! necess>y l>ge space = radiation1 ! cyl9d]s are heavily flang$ & set sep>ately4 ,! fan is plac$ 9 a mu* high] position ?an usual1 9 ord] t ! air curr5t may /rike ! heads ( ! cyl9d]s & circulate d[nw>d4 ,compression is also l[]$ consid]ably to prev5t heat g5]ation & pre-ignition4 ,on acc\nt ( ! small size ( ! cyl9d]s & l[ compression1 x is necess>y to op]ate an air cool$ eng9e at a v high rate ( spe$ to produce suffici5t p[] = automobile locomotion4 ,! fan mu/ be kept 9 good work+ condition1 & c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 n all[+ ! eng9e to run idle = any l5g? ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,muffl] ,,con/ruction1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,! muffl] 0 design$ to sil5ce ! o!rwise l\d report ( ! explod+ *>ge ( gas1 :i* is releas$ f ! cyl9d]s by ! sudd5 op5+ ( ! exhau/ valves4 ,:ile ^! devices are diff]5tly %ap$ & =m$1 ! functional purpose & action is practically ! same 9 all designs4 ,! burnt or in]t gases are =c$ f ! cyl9d]s on ! exhau/ /roke4 ,x passes into ! exhau/ manifold :i* absorbs "s ( ! heat be=e x rea*es ! muffl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,hang] ,tie ,rod ,split ,clamp ,nut ,muffl] ,%ell ,spac] ,spac] ,nozzle ,c5t] ,pipe ,fig4 #dh4 ,muffl]--,?ree ,comp>tm5t ,fig4 #dh %[s a ?ree comp>tm5t muffl]4 ,! burnt gases ent] comp>tm5t ,no4 #a f ! exhau/ pipe4 ,?is comp>tm5t is suffici5tly l>ge to spread ! volume :i* less5s ! pressure & =ce4 ,x !n ent]s ! re> comp>tm5t ,no4 #c1 ?r\gh ! c5t] pipe2 x exp&s aga9 & passes ?r\gh ! p]=at$ spac] plate1 ent]s comp>tm5t ,no4 #b1 & escapes ?r\gh ! nozzle 9 an ev5 sil5t fl[4 ,! muffl] at all times produces a c]ta9 am\nt ( back-pressure on ! eng9e :i* results 9 a slight loss ( p[]4 ,! back pressure ex]t$ by ! majority ( muffl]s1 h[ev]1 is v slight & has a t5d5cy to c\nt] balance or equalize ! sudd5 %ock deliv]$ to ! be>+s by ! explosion ov] ! pi/on head4 ,! muffl] may also become f\l$ by ! use ( too mu* or too heavy a grade ( lubricat+ oil1 :i* w cause ! expansion space & ! small holes 9 ! spac] plates to become clogg$ ) c>bon & soot4 ,?is c>bon & soot soon bakes into a h>d cru/ caus+ mu* back pressure :i* results 9 a consid]able loss ( p[]4 ,?is condition w become noticeable fir/ by a loss ( consid]able p[] caus$ by an ov]heat$ motor4 ,if ?is condition is n rem$i$1 ! exhau/ manifold & pipe lead+ to ! muffl] w soon become r$-hot1 caus+ mu* dang] ( a s]i\s damage loss to ! c> f fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,muffl] ,muffl]4--,to elim9ate or rem$y ?is condition1 disconnect manifold pipe f ! muffl]1 remove ! muffl] f hang]s1 & disassemble x by remov+ ! nuts f ! tie rods :i* release ! end plates4 ,?is w all[ ! comp>tm5t walls & spac] plates to be drawn f ! sleeve4 ,ea* comp>tm5t & spac] plate %\ld be remov$ sectionally1 & its position c>efully not$1 9 ord] t x may be replac$ correctly 9 re-assembl+4 ,! walls ( ! sleeve1 & ! comp>tm5t end plates are scrap$ & rubb$ ) a piece ( s&pap]4 ,a small r\nd file may be us$ 9 clean+ ! c5t] pipe4 ,! spac] plates are scrap$ & s&pap]$4 ,! small holes 9 ! spac] plates may be op5$ by us+ ! tap]$ end ( a small file4 ,fig4 #di %[s a muffl] ( ano!r design4 ,! burnt gas ent]s a comp>tm5t conta9+ ?ree sauc] %ap$ spac]s :i* ret>d & break up ! volume4 ,x !n passes ?r\gh an op5 comp>tm5t & ent]s rev]s$ spac]s ?r\gh small holes ne> ! sleeve wall4 ,x c5t]s or =ms slightly 9 volume & escapes to ! next comp>tm5t ?r\gh a small hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! second spac]4 ,?is action ( =m+ & break+ is kept up until ! outlet is rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,vacuum ,,sy/ems ,,con/ruction1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,! vacuum sy/ems h prov$ to be "o ( ! important inv5tions p]ta9+ to successful motor op]ation4 ,!y are self conta9$1 simple 9 con/ruction & automatic 9 op]ation4 ,!y d away ) ! tr\blesome p[] & h& pressure pumps & _! connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,air ,,v5t ,,f ,,intake ,,manifold ,,f ,,gasol9e ,,supply ,,tank ,fig4 #ej4 ,vacuum ,sy/em--,top ,arrangem5t ,fig4 #ej %[s ! top arrangem5t & connections4 ,r is ! air v5t ov] ! atmosph]ic valve4 ,! effect ( ?is is ! same z if ! :ole tank 7 elevat$1 & is = ! purpose ( prev5t+ an ov]fl[ ( gasol9e1 %\ld ! position ( ! c> ev] be su* z to raise ! fuel supply tank high] ?an ! vacuum tank4 ,d %[s ! pipe connection f ! fuel supply tank4 ,c %[s ! pipe connection to ! intake manifold4 ,w %[s a tap or v5t ?r\gh :i* gasol9e may be f$ into ! upp] *amb]1 9 case ! fuel supply tank is damag$ or put out ( commission4 ,r %[s ! air v5t connection f ! l[] tank4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a g5]al diagram ( vacuum sy/em in/allation4 ,"o ( ! *ief advantages is t x all[s ! c>buretor to be plac$ ne> ! head ( ! motor & does away ) ! long manifold connections requir$ ) ! gravity fe$ sy/ems4 ,?is also r$uces ! frictional resi/ance1 gives a ri*] mixture & great] volume ( fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airv5t ,a--,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,intake ,,manifold ,,& ,,vacuum ,,tank ,c--,,connection ,,f ,,vacuum ,,tank ,,to ,,c>buretor ,b--,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,ma9 ,,gasol9e ,,supply ,,tank ,,& ,,vacuum ,,tank ,fig4 #ea4 ,vacuum ,sy/em ,in/allation ,fig4 #eb %[s a sectional view ( ! ,/ew>t ,vacuum ,sy/em & expla9s ! op]ative value ( ea* "p4 ,a is ! suction valve = op5+ & clos+ ! connection to ! manifold ?r\gh :i* a vacuum is ext5d$ f ! eng9e manifold to ! gasol9e tank4 ,b is ! atmosph]ic valve1 & p]mits or prev5ts an atmosph]ic condition 9 ! upp] *amb]4 ,:5 ! suction valve ,a is op5 & ! suction is draw+ gasol9e f ! ma9 supply tank1 ! atmosph]ic valve ,b is clos$4 ,:5 ! suction valve ,a is clos$1 ! atmosph]ic valve ,b mu/ be op51 z an atmosph]ic condition is necess>y 9 ! upp] tank 9 ord] to all[ ! gasol9e to fl[ ?r\gh ! flapp] valve ,h into ! l[] *amb]4 ,c is a pipe connect+ ! tank to ! intake manifold ( ! eng9e4 ,d is a pipe connect+ ! tank to ! ma9 fuel supply tank4 ,e is ! valve control lev] & has two coil t5sion spr+s ,s atta*$ to op]ate ! %ort valve lev] ,f4 ,g is ! metallic air-conta9+ float1 :i* controls ! action ( ! valves ?r\gh ! spr+ & lev] arrangem5t4 ,h is ! flapp] valve at ! outlet ( ,t1 & x closes by suction :5 ! vacuum valve ,a is op54 ,:5 ! vacuum valve ,a closes1 ! atmosph]ic valve ,b op5s & relieves ! suction 9 ! upp] tank1 ! flapp] valve ,h op5s & all[s ! fuel to fl[ f ! upp] tank into ! l[] *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,air ,,v5t ,,to ,,intake ,,passage ,,f ,,gasol9e ,,tank ,,float ,,valve ,,upp] ,,*amb] ,,l[] ,,*amb] ,,to ,,c>buretor ,fig4 #eb4 ,vacuum ,sy/em ,diagram--,/ew>t ,w>n] ,j is a plug 9 ! bottom ( ! tank :i* c be remov$ to clean or dra9 ! tank4 ,?is plug c be remov$ & replac$ ) a pet-cock = draw+ (f gasol9e = prim+ or clean+ purposes4 ,k is ! l9e to ! c>buretor4 ,x is ext5d$ on ! inside ( ! tank to =m a pocket = trapp+ wat] & s$im5t4 ,l is a *annel space betwe5 ! inn] & out] %ells & connects ) ! air v5t ,r1 ?us admitt+ an atmosph]ic condition to exi/ 9 ! l[] *amb] at all times1 & !reby p]mitt+ an un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( gasol9e to ! c>buretor4 ,r is an air v5t ov] ! atmosph]ic valve2 ! effect ( ?is valve is ! same z if ! :ole tank 0 elevat$4 ,x is also = ! purpose ( prev5t+ an ov]fl[ ( gasol9e %\ld ! position ( ! c> ev] be su* z w\ld raise ! fuel supply tank high] ?an ! vacuum tank4 ,?r\gh ?is tube ! l[] or res]voir *amb] is cont9ually op5 to atmosph]ic pressure4 ,t is ! outlet at ! bottom ( ! float *amb] 9 :i* ! flapp] valve ,h is locat$4 ,u is ! float /em guide4 ,v is a /ra9] :i* prev5ts =eign matt] f pass+ into ! vacuum *amb]4 ,w is a tap or v5t ?r\gh :i* gasol9e may be f$ into ! upp] *amb] if ! fuel tank is damag$ or put out ( commission4 ,! simple & durable con/ruction ( ?is sy/em makes x unlikely t ! c> own] w ev] ne$ to make int]nal repairs4 ,be=e attempt+ to repair ?is tank make sure t ! tr\ble is n due to "s o!r cause4 ,air ,v5t4--,a small am\nt ( gasol9e may escape ?r\gh ! air v5t occasionally4 ,?is w d no h>m & no adju/m5t is ne$$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! v5t tube cont9ues to ov]fl[1 "o ( ! foll[+ conditions w be responsible3 #a4 ,! air hole 9 ! ma9 supply tank is /opp$ up1 or ! hole is too small4 ,enl>ge ! hole or clean x out4 #b4 ,if gasol9e leaks f ! sy/em except f ! v5t tube1 x c only d s f "o ( ! foll[+ causes3 a4 ,a leak may exi/ 9 ! out] wall ( ! tank4 ,if s sold]+ x up w elim9ate ! tr\ble4 b4 ,! c>buretor connection on ! bottom ( ! tank may be loose4 c4 ,!re may be a leak 9 ! tub+ at ! head ( ! tank4 d4 ,! cov] ( ! tank may be loose4 ,failure to ,fe$ ,gasol9e to ! ,c>buretor4--,?is condition may be due to o!r causes ?an ! vacuum sy/em4 ,d n t9k] ) x until y are sure t ! tr\ble is n else:]e4 ,flood ! c>buretor4 ,if gasol9e runs out ( ! float *amb] y may be sure t ! vacuum sy/em is p]=m+ its "w prop]ly4 ,to ,remove ,cov]4--,to remove ! cov] = inspection1 take out ! screws & run a knife blade c>efully ar\nd ! top to sep>ate ! gasket )\t damag+ x4 ,%ellac ! gasket be=e y replace x to make ! tank air-tight4 ,faulty ,fe$4--,if faulty fe$ is trac$ to ! vacuum tank1 "o ( ! foll[+ conditions may be ! cause4 ,! float valve ,g may h develop$ a leak4 ,to repair1 remove ! top ( ! tank to :i* x is atta*$4 ,dip ! float into a pan ( hot wat]4 ,bubbles w %[ ! leak4 ,pun* two small holes1 "o at ! top1 & "o at ! bottom1 & bl[ ! gasol9e out4 ,!n sold] up ! holes & ! leak4 ,use sold] c>efully 9 ord] n to add too mu* weight to ! float4 ,a small p>ticle ( dirt may be lodg$ "u ! flapp] valve4 ,?is tr\ble c usually be rem$i$ by tapp+ ! side ( ! tank4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n ! flapp] valve is work+ prop]ly1 plug up ! air v5t tube & remove ! pipe ext5d+ f ! bottom ( ! tank to ! c>buretor4 ,/>t ! eng9e & place a f+] ov] ! op5+ 7f :i* y remov$ ! tube74 ,if cont9ual suction is felt1 x is evid5t t ! flapp] valve is be+ held (f its seat4 ,if tapp+ ! side ( ! tank w n rem$y ?is condition1 remove ! cov] & )draw ! upp] *amb]4 ,! valve is atta*$ to ! pipe project+ f ! bottom4 ,/ra9]4--,remove & clean ! /ra9] scre5 locat$ at ,v1 ,fig4 #eb1 e five or six weeks4 ,?is scre5 collects all ! dirt & =eign matt] 9 ! gasol9e1 & (t5 becomes /opp$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,connection ,,to ,,gasol9e ,,tank ,,suction ,,tube ,,connection ,,to ,,intake ,,manifold ,,/ra9] ,,v5t ,,tube ,,connection ,,cov] ,,atmosph]ic ,,valve ,,suction ,,valve ,,valve ,,lev] ,,inn] ,,tank ,,spr+s ,,out] ,,tank ,,float ,,lev] ,,float ,,guide ,,flapp] ,,valve ,,dra9 ,,plug ,,connection ,,to ,,c>buretor ,fig4 #ec4 ,vacuum ,sy/em--,inside ,view ( ,p>ts--,/ew>t ,w>n] ,fill+ ! ,vacuum ,tank4--,to fill ! tank aft] x has be5 clean$ or repair$1 leave ! sp>k (f1 close ! gas ?rottle1 & crank ! eng9e ov] a few times ) ! />t] or by h&4 ,x takes less ?an t5 seconds to create suffici5t vacuum to fill ! tank4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,p>ts1 ,,units ,,& ,,t]ms ,be=e tak+ up ! /udy ( automobile ignition sy/ems & electrical appliances1 we w fir/ devote a little "t to /udy1 9 ord] to become famili> ) ! diff]5t electrical p>ts1 functions1 t]ms & names appli$ to ! v>i\s units1 & ma*9es4 ,9 ! fir/ place electricity is n a juice or fluid t fl[s ?r\gh a wire1 b is a g5]at$ electro-motive =ce t may be held 9 /orage or conduct$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,x w n fl[ )\t a r\nd circuit & seeks gr\nd return at ! slighte/ opportunity4 ,x is designat$ 9 t]ms :i* express quality1 quantity1 =ce & action4 ,voltage4--,a volt is an electrical unit1 express+ ! =ce or pressure ( ! curr5t4 ,! voltage ( a sy/em simply means ! diff]5ce ( pressure ex]t$ on ! sy/em measur$ 9 volts4 ,amp]e4--,an amp]e is an electrical unit express+ ! quality or int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,ohm4--,an ohm is an electrical unit express+ resi/ance2 or ! resi/ance ( conductors to ! fl[ ( curr5t4 ,curr5t4--,! curr5t is ! g5]at$ electro-motive =ce4 ,circuit4--,electricity w n fl[ unless !re is a circuit or gr\nd return to its orig9al s\rce4 ,l[ ,t5sion ,curr5t4--,l[ t5sion curr5t is g5]at$ 9 ! prim>y w9d+ or coil by plac+ x 9 a magnetic field4 ,x w fl[ f "o po9t to ano!r b has v little /r5g? & w n jump ! gap at ! sp>k plug4 ,x is us$ = light+ purposes1 or conduct$ to an induction coil :i* trans=ms x into a high t5sion alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,high ,t5sion ,curr5t4--,high t5sion curr5t is g5]at$ 9 ! second>y coil by int]ruption ( ! prim>y curr5t or by ! rapid magnetization & demagnetization ( ! core & prim>y coil4 ,direct ,curr5t4--,direct curr5t is produc$ by plac+ a coil or wire 9 a magnetic field4 ,x is usually conduct$ to an induction coil :]e x is trans=m$ into a high t5sion alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts4--,alt]nat+ curr5ts are produc$ by ! rapid break+ d[n & build+ up ( ! prim>y curr5t4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t fl[s =w>d f z]o to its highe/ po9t ( /r5g? & back aga9 to z]o4 ,! alt]nat+ action takes place s rapidly t a light c be connect$ 9 ?is circuit & x w burn /eadily )\t any noticeable fluctuation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,coil ,diagram ,induction ,coil4--,an induction coil consi/s ( a s(t iron core2 a prim>y & second>y w9d+1 & a set ( plat9um po9ts4 ,! prim>y w9d+ is w\nd directly ov] ! core & consi/s ( a few turns ( ?ick wire4 ,! second>y wire is w\nd ov] ! prim>y & consi/s ( a great _m turns ( ?9 wire4 ,fig4 #ed %[s ! functional action ( an induction coil4 ,bo? ( ! coils are w\nd on ! s(t iron core ,a-,b4 ,! prim>y curr5t :i* is suppli$ 9 ?is case by a cell or numb] ( cells1 ,c & ,d1 is brok5 at frequ5t int]vals ( "t4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is z foll[s3 ,"o t]m9al ( ! prim>y coil is connect$ to ! fix$ plat9um /ud ,d1 ! o!r t]m9al to a spr+ :i* c>ries a piece ( s(t iron1 ,e4 ,:5 ! spr+ is unb5t x t\*es ! /ud ,d1 & a curr5t passes 9 ! prim>y4 ,! core ( s(t iron becomes magnetiz$ & attracts ! s(t iron disc1 ,e1 ?us break+ contact at ,d4 ,! curr5t is /opp$ & ! core imm$iately becomes unmagnetiz$1 ! spr+ flies back & ! contact is aga9 made4 ,! process is !n repeat$4 ,:5 ! contact 9 ! prim>y is brok5 ! curr5t fl[s 9 "o direction 9 ! second>y coil1 :5 x is made ! curr5t fl[s 9 ! opposite direction 9 ! second>y4 ,?us an alt]nat+ curr5t is set up 9 ! second>y curr5t ( great frequ5cy4 ,commutator4--,! commutator or tim] z x is commonly call$ is us$ only 9 connection ) ! induction coil to complete ! circuit :5 a sp>k is requir$ at ! plug 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,insulation4--,insulat+ is ! act ( cov]+ a conductor ) a non-conduct+ sub/ance to prev5t ! sp>k f jump+ or seek+ gr\nd4 ,*ok+ ,coil4--,a *ok+ coil 9 simple =m consi/s ( a coil & iron core to increase self-induction4 ,x is us$ to r$uce curr5ts ( high pressure & is commonly call$ a buck+ coil4 ,fuse4--,a fuse is us$ to prev5t conductors or coils f be+ damag$ by heat g5]at$ f high pressure curr5ts4 ,x consi/s ( a metal & glass tube :i* conta9s a f9e wire4 ,?is wire be+ mu* ?9n] ?an ! wire ( ! cable1 ! heat naturally develops fa/] at ?is po9t1 & is soon high en\gh to melt ! wire & break or op5 ! circuit1 & ?us any fur!r damage to ! insulation is prev5t$4 ,cond5s]4--,a cond5s] usually consi/s ( a few /rips ( fold$ t9 foil insulat$ f ea* o!r ) p>aff9$ or oil$ pap]4 ,x absorbs1 re/ricts & di/ributes high pressure curr5ts & also prev5ts excessive sp>k+ at ! contact po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,dynamo--,diagram ( ,action ,dynamo4--,a dynamo is a ma*9e :i* conv]ts me*anical en]gy into electric en]gy1 & mu/ consi/ ( at lea/ two sep>ate p>ts2 ! field magnets to create ! magnetic field1 & ! armature or conductor 9 :i* ! curr5t is g5]at$4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ^! mu/ be 9 motion 9 ord] to cut ! l9es ( magnetic =ce cross+ ! field4 ,fig4 #ee %[s ! op]ation ( ! mo/ common or simple/ type ( alt]nat+ curr5t produc+ ma*9e1 :i* is simil> & con=ms 9 action to ! high t5sion magneto & g5]ator4 ,field pieces magnetize ! pole pieces ,n & ,s4 ,a wire coil is plac$ 9 ! field at "r angles to ! magnetic l9es ( =ce turn$ to ! "r4 ,x takes up ! position ( ! dott$ l9es & no l9es ( =ce are cut1 :]eas 9 its orig9al position1 z _m l9es ( =ce z possible are cut4 ,turn+ ! coil on its axles1 a-b1 causes ! l9es ( =ce cut by c-d1 & e-f to v>y f ! highe/ numb] ( l9es t x is possible to cut to z]o & back aga91 ?us con/antly *ang+ ! fl[+ direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! rev]sal ( ! curr5t takes place at ! in/ant t ! coil passes ! po9t :]e x cuts ! greate/ numb] ( l9es ( =ce4 ,! ends ( ! coil are connect$ to a commutator on ! %aft a1 b4 ,/eel insulat$ bru%es pick ! curr5t f ! commutator r+ & conduct x to ! bru% po/2 an insulat$ wire conductor is atta*$ to ?is po/ & conducts ! curr5t to ! place ( use or /orage4 ,voltaic ,cell4--,! s\rce ( en]gy ( a voltaic cell is ! *emical action4 7,see accumulator74 ,accumulator4--,! /&>d accumulator or /orage batt]y is compos$ ( ?ree cells or h>d rubb] j>s 9 :i* a numb] ( lead plates are imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphuric acid & wat] kn[n z electrolyte4 ,! plates are /iff lead grids :i* hold a pa/e made ( v>i\s oxides ( lead4 ,six plates 9 ea* cell are jo9$ to ! positive t]m9al1 & sev5 plates 9 ea* cell are jo9$ to ! negative t]m9al4 ,?9 wood5 sep>ators are ins]t$ betwe5 ! plates to prev5t !m f t\*+ "o ano!r4 ,9 ! =m+ process ! mat]ial on ! positive plates becomes conv]t$ into br[n p]oxide ( lead2 ! negative plates assume ! =m ( gray metallic lead4 ,! mat]ial on bo? plates is kn[n z active mat]ial4 ,:5 curr5t is tak5 f ! cells ! sulphuric acid 9 ! electrolyte comb9es ) ! active mat]ial ( ! plates to =m sulphate ( lead1 & :5 ! batt]y is re*>g$ ! lead sulphate is aga9 conv]t$ into ! orig9al active mat]ial & ! acid set free 9 ! solution4 ,/orage ,batt]y4--,= con/ruction & action see ,accumulator4 ,= c>e see *apt] on /orage batt]ies4 ,electrolyte4--,a *emical solution us$ 9 voltaic cells consi/+ ( two p>ts sulphuric acid add$ to five to sev5 p>ts ( wat] by volume4 ,hydromet]4--,a hydromet] is us$ to te/ ! electrolyte solution 9 ! cells ( /orage batt]ies4 ,x consi/s ( a weight$ float & a graduat$ /em1 & z sulphuric acid is heavi] ?an wat]1 ! specific gravity read+ w be proportional to ! am\nt ( acid4 ,! hydromet] ?us measures ! relative am\nt ( acid 9 ! electrolyte & consequ5tly reveals ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,ammet]4--,an ammet] is an electrical in/rum5t :i* indicates ! am\nt ( curr5t t ! g5]ator is supply+ to ! /orage batt]y1 or ! am\nt ( curr5t t ! /orage batt]y is supply+ = ignition1 lights & horn4 ,circuit ,break]4--,! circuit break] is a device :i* prev5ts excessive dis*>g+ ( ! /orage batt]y4 ,all ! curr5t = lights is conduct$ ?r\gh ! circuit break] 7,delco sy/em74 ,:5ev] an excessive curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! circuit break] x int]mitt5tly op5s ! circuit caus+ a click+ s\nd4 ,?is w cont9ue until ! gr\nd is remov$ or ! swit* is op]at$ to op5 ! circuit on ! gr\nd$ wire4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is remov$ ! circuit is automatically re/or$1 !re be+ no?+ to replace z is ! case ) fuses4 ,swit*4--,a swit* op5s & closes ! v>i\s circuits & is = ! purpose ( controll+ ! light1 ignition1 g5]ator & /orage batt]y circuits4 ,g5]ator4--,see *apt] on electrical />t+ sy/ems4 ,regulation4--7,delco74 ,on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s spe$s at :i* ! g5]ator mu/ op]ate x is necess>y t ! output be regulat$ s t suffici5t curr5t is obta9$ at ! l[ eng9e spe$s )\t excessive curr5t at ! high] spe$s4 ,! regulation 9 ?is case is :at is kn[n z ! ?ird bru% excitation 9 :i* ! curr5t = magnetiz+ ! frame is conduct$ ?r\gh ! auxili>y or ?ird bru% on ! g5]ator commutator4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! natural function ( ! g5]ator itself causes less curr5t to fl[ ?r\gh ! %unt field w9d+ at ! high] eng9e spe$s4 ,?is weak5s ! magnetic field 9 :i* ! armature is rotat+ & decreases ! output ( ! g5]ator4 ,contact-break]4--,see *apt] on ,atwat] ,k5t ignition sy/ems4 ,coil1 nonvibrat+4--,see *apt]s on ,atwat] ,k5t ignition sy/ems & ,philbr9 electrical sy/ems4 ,di/ributors4--,see *apt]s on ,magnetos & ,atwat] ,k5t ignition sy/ems4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,magneto ,,p>ts ,,& ,,op]ation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,magnets--,pole ,blocks ,! purpose ( ! magneto is to furni% electrical curr5t at regul> int]vals1 to jump ! sp>k plug gaps & to ignite ! gas :i* has be5 compress$ 9 ! combu/ion *amb]s4 ,! discov]y 0 made ye>s ago t1 by plac+ a coil ( wire betwe5 two magnetic poles1 curr5t w\ld be pres5t at once4 ,b x is only :ile ! wire coil is 9 motion t ! curr5t w fl[ or circulate1 & :ile !re are _m !ories :y ?is takes place only :ile ! coil is 9 motion1 none seem to expla9 ! fact satisfactorily4 ,! /r5g? ( ! curr5t dep5ds on ! size ( ! magnetic field1 & ! numb] ( wraps ( wire 9 ! coil4 ,consequ5tly ! l>g] ! coil ! m int5se ! curr5t4 ,fig4 #ef repres5ts ! magnets1 ( :i* !re are f ?ree to six4 ,! ,u-%ap$ pieces are made ( /eel :i* has be5 case h>d5$ & *>g$ ) electricity :i* causes !m to become magnetiz$4 ,magnets h two poles or axes1 "o ( :i* is positive f :i* ! curr5t fl[s1 & "o ( :i* is negative to :i* ! curr5t fl[s or passes4 ,fig4 #ef;,a %[s ! pole pieces :i* are locat$ on ! inside ( ! l[] or op5 end ( ! magnets4 ,! pole pieces are *annel gr\nd1 leav+ a r\nd space or tunnel 9 :i* ! armature revolves4 ,fig4 #eg %[s ! s(t iron core :i* is %ap$ l ! block lett] ,h1 & w\nd ) f9e wire1 mak+ up ! coil %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg;,a ( ! w\nd armature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,armature ,core--,w\nd ,armature ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,w9d+ & ,curr5t ,direction ,fig4 #eh %[s ! prim>y & second>y w9d+4 ,! prim>y or heavy wire is w\nd on ! core l5g?wise1 ea* /r& be+ sep>at$ f ! o!r ) rubb] or t9 foil insulation4 ,! curr5t passes f ! top ( ! left pole piece to ! top ( ! core until x pass$ out ( range1 cross+ ! upp] gap betwe5 ! two pole pieces4 ,z ! top ( ! core leaves or breaks ! contact fl[ ( curr5t1 ! bottom ( ! core comes 9 contact range1 leav+ an op5 space :i* breaks ! curr5t & *anges ! direction ( fl[age z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh;,a & #eh;,b4 ,?is curr5t is ( a l[ t5sion nature1 & w n jump ! gap at ! sp>k plugs :5 ! eng9e is runn+ sl[4 ,! second>y w9d+1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh1 is made up ( _m m w9d+s ( a f9] wire4 ,! l[ t5sion or prim>y curr5t is l$ ?r\gh ! armature %aft to a contact break] at ! re> ( ! magneto4 ,fig4 #ei %[s ! contact break]1 :i* consi/s ( a h\s+ 9 :i* two plat9um po9ts are arrang$1 "o po9t /ation>y1 ! o!r atta*$ to an arm on a pivot4 ,! po9ts are held toge!r by spr+ t5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,break]--,slip ,r+--,di/ributor ,a cam on ! armature %aft comes into contact ) ! arm on :i* ! second po9t is locat$1 =c+ x f ! /ation>y po9t1 ?us break+ ! l[ t5sion curr5t :i* returns to ! second>y coil1 ! magnetiz+ & demagnetiz+ caus$ by ! break 9 ! l[ t5sion curr5t1 & sets up a rapid alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,"o end ( ! second>y is l$ to a collector r+ on ! front ( ! magneto4 ,fig4 #ei;,a %[s ! collector r+4 ,a c>bon bru% collects ! curr5t f ! r+ & conducts x to ! di/ributor's c5trally locat$ arm4 ,fig4 #ei;,b %[s ! di/ributor4 ,! c5trally locat$ arm is tim$ to deliv] ! curr5t1 or comes into contact ) "o ( ! segm5ts or bru%es & all[s ! curr5t to fl[ f ! segm5t to ! gap at ! sp>k plug1 :]e x jumps ! gaps & ignites ! gas 9 ! cyl9d]s at ! prop] "t4 ,!n x returns ?r\gh ! gr\nd 7! eng9e & ! frame7 to ! magneto1 :]e x passes back into ! second>y coil1 pass+ ?r\gh an insulat$ cond5s] consi/+ ( small plates ( /eel insulat$ f "o ano!r4 ,?is regulates ! fl[age ( ! return+ curr5t1 by r$uc+ x ?r\gh resi/ance1 & prev5ts ! armature f heat+4 ,a safety sp>k gap is provid$ on "s magnetos :i* causes ! sp>k to jump & lose "s ( its =ce ?r\gh resi/ance :5 ! plugs become %ort$4 ,?is also re/ricts ! curr5t & greatly aids ! cond5s] 9 p]=m+ its purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,bos* ,,high ,,t5sion ,,magneto ,,op]ation1 ,,adju/m5t ,,& ,,c>e ,l all o!r types ( high t5sion magnetos1 ! ,bos* ,type ,,zr4 ,ed4 #af expla9$ 9 ?is *apt]1 g5]ates its own curr5t & is usually employ$ z sole ignition on an eng9e4 ,! tim] & di/ributor are integral2 & ! rotation ( ! armature1 betwe5 ! poles ( /rong p]man5t field magnets1 sets up or induces a curr5t 9 ! armature prim>y circuit1 :i* is f>!r augm5t$ at e "o hundr$ & eighty degrees ( revolution ( ! armature %aft1 by ! abrupt int]ruption ( ! prim>y circuit by means ( ! magneto int]ruptor4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! prim>y circuit ! result+ dis*>ge ( curr5t f ?is circuit induces a curr5t ( high voltage 9 ! armature second>y circuit4 ,! high t5sion curr5t ?us creat$ is collect$ by a slip r+ on ! armature & passes to ! slip r+ bru% !n to ! v>i\s magneto di/ributor t]m9als ea* ( :i* is connect$ to a sp>k plug 9 its respective cyl9d]4 ,! op]ation ( ! in/rum5t w be m cle>ly und]/ood f a /udy ( ! complete circuits1 prim>y & second>y1 :i* foll[s4 ,! ,prim>y or ,l[ ,t5sion ,circuit4--,! beg9n+ ( ! armature prim>y circuit is 9 metallic contact ) ! armature core1 & ! end ( ! prim>y circuit is connect$ by means ( ! int]ruptor fa/5+ screw to ! insulat$ contact block support+ ! long plat9um contact on ! magneto int]ruptor4 ,! int]ruptor lev] c>ry+ a %ort plat9um contact1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj at ,c is m\nt$ on ! int]ruptor disc1 :i* 9 turn1 is connect$ to ! armature core4 ,! prim>y circuit is complet$ :5ev] ! two plat9um contacts ( ! int]ruptor are br\ght toge!r1 & sep>at$ :5ev] ^! contacts are sep>at$4 ,f ! latt] po9t ! high t5sion curr5t passes to ! di/ributor bru% 7%[n at ,d7 :i* is held 9 a bru% hold] on ! di/ributor ge>1 & consequ5tly rotates ) ! di/ributor ge>4 ,metal segm5ts are imb$d$ 9 ! di/ributor plate & z ! di/ributor bru% rotates x makes successive contacts ) ! segm5ts1 pass+ ! curr5t onto ! sp>k plug gaps ?r\gh ! high t5sion cables :i* are atta*$ to ! segm5t t]m9al po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,bos* ,m ,di/ributor & ,int]ruptor--,h\s+ ,remov$ ,fig4 #fa %[s a circuit diagram ( ! ,type ,,zr4 ,ed4 #af4 ,bos* ,magneto4 ,note t ! sp>k plugs mu/ be connect$ up 9 accordance ) ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e4 ,! metal segm5ts imb$d$ 9 ! di/ributor plate are connect$ ) ! t]m9al /uds on ! face ( ! plate1 & ! latt] are connect$ by cable to ! sp>k plugs 9 ! v>i\s cyl9d]s4 ,9 ! cyl9d]s ! high t5sion curr5t produces a sp>k :i* produces ignition1 & !n returns ?r\gh ! gr\nd & ! eng9e to ! magneto armature1 ?us complet+ ! circuit4 ,tim+ ! ,magneto4--,) ! av]age f\r cycle eng9e ! prop] op]at+ results are obta9$ by tim+ ! magneto z foll[s3 ,! crank %aft is rotat$ to br+ ! pi/on 9 ,no4 #a cyl9d] 79 automobile practice ?is is ! cyl9d] ne>e/ ! radiator7 exactly on top dead c5t] ( ! compression /roke4 ,! tim+ control lev] on ! h\s+ is !n plac$ 9 ! fully ret>d$ position4 ,) ?is done1 ! magneto di/ributor plate %\ld be remov$ by )draw+ ! two hold+ screws1 or by releas+ ! two hold+ spr+s z ! case may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ributor ,,bru% ,,hold] ,,safety ,,sp>k ,,gap ,,slipr+ ,,cond5s] ,,armature ,,int]rupt] ,,gr\nd ,,gr\nd ,fig4 #fa4 ,wir+ ,diagram ,bos* ,magneto1 ,type ,,zr-#d ,! op]ation ( ! plat9um contact po9ts is controll$ by ! action ( ! int]ruptor lev] z x be>s aga9/ ! two /eel segm5ts secur$ to ! inn] surface ( ! int]ruptor h\s+4 ,9 ,fig4 #fj1 ,a %[s ! di/ributor ) ! face plate remov$ to %[ ! position ( ! di/ributor segm5ts :i* are connect$ to ! t]m9al po/s on ! back ( ! plate4 ,b %[s ! int]ruptor h\s+ & cov] remov$ f its position on ! magneto4 ,c %[s ! complete assembly ( ! di/ributor & int]ruptor4 ,note t ! face plate ( ! di/ributor is fa/5$ on ) a set ( screws :ile ! int]ruptor cov] is held 9 position ) a lat*4 ,! ,second>y or ,high ,t5sion ,curr5t4--,! high t5sion curr5t is g5]at$ 9 ! second>y circuit only :5 !re is an int]ruption ( ! prim>y circuit1 ! sp>k be+ produc$ at ! in/ant ! plat9um int]ruptor contact po9ts sep>ate4 ,! armature second>y circuit is a cont9uation ( ! armature prim>y circuit1 ! beg9n+ ( ! second>y circuit be+ connect$ to ! prim>y1 :ile ! end ( ! second>y is connect$ to ! insulat$ curr5t collector r+ m\nt$ on ! armature j inside ! driv+ %aft end plate ( ! magneto4 ,! slip r+ bru% is held 9 contact ) ! slip r+ by a bru% hold] at ! %aft end ( ! magneto :i* receives ! high t5sion curr5t collect$ by ! slip r+ by means ( a connect+ b> :i* passes "u ! ar* ( ! magnets1 & passes ! curr5t to ! c5t] ( ! di/ributor plate1 ?us expos+ ! di/ributor bru% & ge>4 ,! cov] ( ! int]ruptor h\s+ is also to be remov$ to p]mit obs]vation ( ! int]ruptor po9ts4 ,! armature %\ld !n be rotat$ by means ( ! expos$ di/ributor ge> 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is driv5 until ! plat9um contact po9ts are ab\t to sep>ate1 :i* occurs :5 ! int]ruptor lev] beg9s to be> aga9/ "o ( ! /eel segm5ts ( ! int]ruptor h\s+4 ,tim+ or in/allation is complet$ by replac+ ! int]ruptor h\s+ cov] & di/ributor plate1 & connect+ ! cables betwe5 ! magneto & ! sp>k plugs4 ,exact ,magneto ,tim+4--,! =ego+ w e/abli% ! desir$ relation%ip betwe5 ! magneto armature %aft & ! eng9e crank %aft4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t :ile ^! in/ructions cov] ! av]age eng9e1 ! exact magneto tim+ = individual eng9es is be/ det]m9$ by trial4 ,:5 specific in/ructions = magneto tim+ are giv5 by ! eng9e manufactur]1 x is recomm5d$ t su* in/ructions be foll[$ 9 pref]5ce to ^? h]e9 giv54 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t :ile mak+ connections ! di/ributor bru% travels 9 ! opposite direction to ! rotation ( ! armature %aft4 ,! ,cond5s]4--,! cond5s] consi/s ( a set ( metal discs1 insulat$ f "o ano!r ) t9 foil4 ,x is c>ri$ at ! int]ruptor end ( ! magneto4 ,x is connect$ 9 ! prim>y curr5t & =ms a %unt connection ) ! int]ruptor contact po9ts1 & ?r\gh resi/ance to ! return+ gr\nd curr5t prev5ts excessive sp>k+ at ! int]ruptor contact po9ts :i* w\ld soon burn ! po9ts & ru9 ! coils4 ,! ,safety ,sp>k ,cap4--,a safety sp>k cap is provid$ to protect ! armature & o!r curr5t c>ry+ p>ts4 ,"u normal conditions ! curr5t w foll[ its pa? to ! sp>k plug1 b if = any reason ! resi/ance 9 ! second>y wire is increas$ to a high po9t1 z :5 a cable becomes disconnect$1 or a sp>k gap too wide1 ! high t5sion curr5t w dis*>ge across ! safety sp>k gap4 ,caution4--,! curr5t %\ld nev] be all[$ to pass ov] ! safety sp>k gap = any l5g? ( "t1 & if ! eng9e is op]at$ on a second or auxili>y ignition sy/em1 ! magneto mu/ be gr\nd$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! production ( high t5sion curr5t4 ,! snapp+ s\nd by :i* ! passage ( curr5t across ! safety sp>k gap may be not$ %\ld always lead to an imm$iate se>* = ! cause ( ! difficulty4 ,! ,safety ,sp>k ,gap4--,! safety sp>k gap consi/s ( a po9t$ metal electrode project+ f ! m\nt+ flange ( ! slip r+ hold]1 inside ! %aft end hood4 ,! tip ( ! electrode ext5ds to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! connect+ b>1 ext5d+ f ! bru% hold] to a magneto di/ributor plate c5t] po/4 ,tim+ ,range4--,! magneto int]ruptor h\s+ is arrang$ s t x may be rotat$ ?r\gh an angle ( ?irty-f\r to ?irty-sev5 degrees ) respect to ! armature %aft4 ,! movem5t ( ?is h\s+ 9 "o direction or ano!r causes ! int]ruptor lev] to /rike ! /eel segm5ts e>li] or lat] 9 ! revolution ( ! armature1 ! sp>k occurr+ correspond+ly e>li] or lat] 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! sp>k c be advanc$ by means ( mov+ ! int]ruptor h\s+ :i* is connect$ to ! sp>k lev] on ! /e]+ ge>1 9 ! direction opposite ! rotation ( ! armature4 ,! armature rotation is usually indicat$ by an arr[ on ! cov] at ! driv+ end ( ! magneto4 ,cutt+ ,out ,ignition4--,s9ce a high t5sion curr5t is g5]at$ only on ! int]ruption ( ! prim>y circuit1 x is evid5t t 9 ord] to cut out ! ignition1 x is m]ely necess>y to div]t ! prim>y curr5t to a pa? t is n affect$ by ! action ( ! magneto int]ruptor4 ,?is is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,an insulat$ gr\nd+ t]m9al is provid$ on ! cov] ( ! magneto int]ruptor h\s+ ) its inn] end consi/+ ( a spr+ ) c>bon contact press+ aga9/ ! head ( an int]ruptor fa/5+ screw4 ,! out] end ( ! gr\nd+ screw is connect$ by l[ t5sion cable to "o side ( ! swit*1 & ! o!r side ( ! swit* is gr\nd$ by connect+ a cable betwe5 x & ! eng9e or frame4 ,:5 ! swit* is op5 ! prim>y curr5t foll[s its normal pa? across ! int]ruptor po9ts1 & is int]rupt$ at ea* sep>ation ( ^! contact po9ts4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! swit* is clos$1 ! prim>y curr5t passes f ! head ( ! int]ruptor fa/5+ screw to ! c>bon contacts ( ! gr\nd+ t]m9al1 !nce ?r\gh ! swit* to ! eng9e & back to ! magneto1 & z ! prim>y curr5t rema9s un9t]rupt$ :5 foll[+ ?is pa?1 no ignition curr5t is produc$4 ,c>e & ,ma9t5ance4--,aside f keep+ ! magneto clean ext]nally1 practically ! only c>e requir$ is ! oil+ ( ! be>+s4 ,( ^! !re are two sets support+ ! armature1 & a s+le pla9 be>+ support+ ! %aft ( ! di/ributor ge>4 ,any good light oil may be us$ = ?is purpose 7nev] cyl9d] oil71 & ea* ( ! be>+s %\ld receive n m ?an two or ?ree drops ab\t e ?\s& miles4 ,apply ! oil ?r\gh ! oil ducts at ea* end ( ! armature %aft4 ,! int]ruptor is int5d$ to op]ate )\t oil1 z oil on ! int]ruptor plat9um po9ts prev5ts good contact1 & causes sp>k+1 burn+1 & misfir+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t oil ent]+ ^! p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,magneto ,,wa%+1 ,,repair+ ,,& ,,tim+ ,"o po9t t _c be ov] suffici5tly emphasiz$ is ! w>n+ t only ^? :o are ?or\ghly famili> ) ! magneto %\ld attempt to disassemble x4 ,!re=e e "p %\ld be /udi$1 & its functional action fully und]/ood be=e any repairs or adju/m5ts are und]tak54 ,! manufactur]s ( magnetos h develop$ _! product to a po9t ( high effici5cy & dep5dability1 & if !y are prop]ly lubricat$ & wa%$ occasionally to prev5t gumm+ up1 v little tr\ble may be expect$ f ?is type ( ignition sy/em4 ,magneto ,clean+4--,magneto p>ts %\ld be wa%$ ) gasol9e z x has ! ability to remove grease & dirt & evaporates rapidly leav+ a p]fectly dry surface4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to prev5t fire1 = ! pres5t grade ( gasol9e does n evaporate z readily z x did "s "t ago :5 ref9]s furni%$ a high te/ grade ( fuel & ! surface ( ! armature & ind5tures ( ! magneto may reta9 a pool or film :i* may be ignit$ by a %ort circuit1 or f ! break] box1 & cause a fire :i* w\ld ru9 ! magneto4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little dang] f fire if ! gasol9e is us$ sp>+ly1 & ea* "p wip$ dry be=e reassembl+ ! magneto4 ,x is consid]$ a good po9t :5 ! magneto has be5 tak5 ap>t to be clean$ to g ov] e "p ) a clo? damp5$ 9 k]os5e1 because gasol9e leaves a v dry surface :i* is liable to ru/4 ,! be>+s especially are mo/ easily affect$ 9 ?is way4 ,! armature may be wa%$ ) a bru% :i* has be5 dipp$ into gasol9e1 b %\ld n be imm]s$ z t w\ld s(t5 ! insulation & cause x to rot4 ,! way 9 :i* ! p>ts come (f %\ld be c>efully not$ 9 ord] to avoid tr\ble 9 reassembl+1 & ! ge>s op]at+ ! di/ributor %\ld be c>efully m>k$ to assure correct tim+1 :i* w result 9 a sav+ ( "t & tr\ble4 ,:5 ! magnets are remov$1 close ! ends ) a file or piece ( /eel to prev5t !m f becom+ demagnetiz$4 ,magneto ,repair+4--,z previ\sly /at$1 x is n likely t a magneto w require any fur!r att5tion ?an ! regul> mon?ly oil+4 ,two or ?ree drops ( light sew+ ma*9e oil %\ld be dropp$ into ! oil wells :i* supply ! be>+s at ea* end ( ! armature %aft4 ,if any tr\ble arises t c be trac$ directly to ! magneto1 exam9e ! break] box me*anism fir/2 ! locknut at ! po9t adju/m5t may h work$ loose1 & ! po9ts may be clos$1 or "s abnormal condition may exi/ t has caus$ ! po9ts to pit & /ick4 ,break] po9t adju/m5t v>ies f ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( writ+ pap] to "o sixty-f\r? ( an in*2 an adju/m5t any:]e betwe5 ^! two po9ts usually results 9 satisfactory op]ation4 ,if ! magneto does n function prop]ly aft] ! break] box & ext]nal wire connections h be5 exam9$1 ! tr\ble is probably due to an int]nal %ort circuit1 & repairs ( ?is nature %\ld only be und]tak5 by an exp]t magneto me*anic4 ,to remove ! magneto1 disconnect ! high t5sion wires lead+ to ! sp>k plugs f ! di/ributor t]m9al po/s1 tag & numb] ea* wire to correspond ) ! numb] /amp$ bel[ ! po/4 ,if ! eng9e fires #a-b-d-c1 numb] ?ree wire w be atta*$ to numb] f\r t]m9al po/4 ,!n remove ! gr\nd wire & disconnect ! univ]sal jo9t & remove ! metal /rap1 or ! set screws1 f ! base4 ,to ,"t ! ,magneto4--,place ! tim+ control lev] 9 a fully ret>d$ position2 remove ! plates f ! di/ributor h\s+ to expose ! di/ributor bru% & ge>1 !n remove ! cov] f ! int]ruptor h\s+ to p]mit obs]vation ( ! po9ts1 & rotate ! armature 9 ! direction :i* x is driv5 until ! po9t beg9s to op54 ,at ?is po9t me% ! di/ributor ge> s t ! di/ributor lev] w j be t\*+ "o ( ! segm5ts :i* connect to ! di/ributor t]m9al po/s4 ,tim+ ! ,magneto ) ! ,eng9e4--,rotate ! crank %aft until ,no4 #a cyl9d] is up on dead c5t] on ! compression /roke2 rotate ! armature1 ) ! sp>k lev] 9 full ret>d until ! di/ributor arm beg9s to make contact ) ,no4 #a segm5t1 & me% ! tim+ ge> at ?is po9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,nor? ,,ea/ ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,! ,n4-,e4 ,model ,o ,di/ributor ,ignition ,sy/em is us$ on ,dodge ,bro!rs c>s4 ,?is sy/em provides high t5sion ignition = ! eng9e by trans=m+ ! l[ voltage ( ! />t] g5]ator or ! batt]y into a high voltage capable ( jump+ freely betwe5 ! sp>k plug electrodes4 ,?is is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an induction coil1 ! prim>y w9d+ ( :i*1 9 s]ies ) an int]ruptor or contact break]1 receives curr5t "u normal runn+ conditions f ! />t] g5]ator4 ,! />t+ & light+ batt]y1 h[ev]1 supplies ?is curr5t in/ead ( ! g5]ator :5ev] ! eng9e is />t+ or runn+ v sl[ly4 ,at ea* int]ruption ( ! prim>y curr5t !re is set up 9 ! second>y w9d+ ( ! coil a high t5sion curr5t1 & ?is curr5t fl[s f ! coil ?r\gh a high t5sion cable to ! di/ributor rotor f :i* po9t x is selectively conduct$ to ! prop] sp>k plug4 ,^u rea*+ ! sp>k gap 9 ! plug1 x jumps f ! inn] electrode to ! out] "o1 :i* is gr\nd$1 & !n returns ?r\gh ! eng9e frame to ! gr\nd$ end ( ! second>y w9d+ on ! ignition coil4 ,! high t5sion sp>k ?us produc$ 9 ! cyl9d] ignites ! gas & s br+s ab\t ! necess>y combu/ion4 ,wir+ 7,fig4 #fb74--;,z w be evid5t ^u ref]5ce to ! accompany+ wir+ diagram1 ! prim>y circuit ( ! ignition sy/em leads f ! positive t]m9al ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ! *>g+ indicator to ! ignition swit* b9d+ po/ m>k$ 8,bat410 !nce1 :5 ! swit* is turn$ on1 ?r\gh ! swit* to "o ( its b9d+ po/s m>k$ 8,ign4 ,coil40 ,cont9u+ on f ?is po9t ?r\gh ! ignition coil & ! break] contacts1 x returns to ! second swit* b9d+ po/ m>k$ 8,ign4 ,coil10 :]e x passes ?r\gh ! swit* aga94 ,x !n f9ally rea*es ! gr\nd$ negative t]m9al ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ! gr\nd$ t]m9al ( ! swit* & ! c> frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,circuit ,diagram ( ! ,model ,o ,ignition ,sy/em on ! ,dodge ,bro!rs ,motor ,c> ,fig4 #fb4 ,wir+ ,diagram1 ,nor?-,ea/ ,sy/em--on ,dodge ,c> ,! ignition swit* is s con/ruct$ t x produces a rev]sal ( pol>ity 9 ! di/ributor circuit ea* "t ! swit* is turn$ (f & !n on aga94 ,= ?is reason !re is no necessity ( mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! two wires lead+ f ! di/ributor to ! two swit* b9d+ po/s m>k$ 8,ign4 ,coil10 because ! op]ation ( ! sy/em _c be affect$ by ! transposition ( ^! wires4 ,) ?is "o exception1 h[ev]1 ! ignition circuit connections mu/ always be made exactly z indicat$ 9 ! diagrams1 if satisfactory op]ation ( ! sy/em is to be ma9ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>g+ ,,indicator ,,ignition ,,& ,,light+ ,,swit* ,,sp>k ,,plugs ,,gr\nd$ ,,?r\gh ,,case ,,contact-,,/ud ,,lock ,,nut ,,/ation>y ,,contact-,,/ud ,,manual ,,control ,,lev] ,,break]-,,arm ,,gr\nd ,,connection ,,break]-,,cam ,,/>t+ ,,swit* ,,& ,,rev]se ,,curr5t ,,cut-,,out ,,break]-,,cam ,,nut ,,cond5s] ,,break]- ,,contacts ,,ignition ,,coil ,,break] ,,box ,,di/ributor ,,head ,,batt]y ,,second>y ,,coil ,,prim>y ,,coil ,,safety ,,sp>k ,,gap ,,gr\nd ,,connection ,,gr\nd$ ,,?r\gh ,,case ,fig4 #fc4 ,nor?-,ea/ ,di/ributor--,model ,o--,ignition ,ignition ,di/ributor4 7,fig4 #fc74--,! model ,o ignition di/ributor is m\nt$ on ! "r-h& side ( ! ,dodge ,bro!rs eng9e :]e x is held rigidly 9 position by means ( f\r bolts4 ,! horizontal %aft ( ! di/ributor is connect$ directly to ! eng9e pump %aft ?r\gh a flexible c\pl+1 & runs1 !re=e1 at eng9e spe$4 ,! v]tical di/ributor %aft is driv5 f ! horizontal %aft by means ( spiral ge>s :i* r$uce its spe$ to "o-half t ( ! eng9e4 ,! complete di/ributor unit consi/s ess5tially ( ?ree self-conta9$ assemblies3 ,! ignition coil1 ! break] box & di/ributor base assembly :i* include ! automatic sp>k advanc+ me*anism4 ,ea* "o ( ^! ?ree elem5ts is s con/ruct$ z to be readily deta*able f ! di/ributor unit indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,ignition ,coil4--,! ignition coil1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a sep>ate h\s+1 =m+ "p ( ! di/ributor unit1 is con/ruct$ = #ab volt s]vice & op]ates directly on ! />t+ & light+ circuit4 ,! coil h\s+ is atta*$ to ! di/ributor base by means ( f\r screws & s]ves also z a cov] = ! automatic advance comp>tm5t4 ,! high t5sion t]m9al locat$ on ! coil h\s+ is design$ to provide a safety sp>k gap1 z well z to act z a b9d+ po/ = ! high t5sion cable :i* connects ! coil to ! di/ributor head4 ,break] ,box & ,di/ributor ,head ,assembly4 7,fig4 #fd74--,! break] box & di/ributor head assembly is m\nt$ 9 an upright position ne> ! c5t] ( ! di/ributor base & is secur$ 9 place by a l>ge-head$ screw 9 ! v]tical portion ( ! base4 ,?is screw projects into ! annul> groove 9 ! v]tical %aft be>+ sleeve1 !reby prev5t+ ! break] box assembly f becom+ deta*$ f ! di/ributor base & yet at ! same "t p]mitt+ x to turn freely f side to side4 ,! %ort lug project+ d[nw>d f ! manual control lev] on ! break] box ext5ds into ! r\nd hole ne> ! middle ( ! di/ributor base & acts z a /op to limit ! travel ( ! break] box4 ,9 case x %\ld become necess>y to remove ! break] box & di/ributor head assembly1 ! di/ributor head %\ld fir/ be deta*$ f ! break] box & !n1 ) ! break] box 9 ! position ( full ret>d1 ! exact location ( ! di/ributor rotor %\ld be m>k$ accurately on ! edge ( ! box4 ,?is m>k %\ld be made ) special c>e1 because x has to s]ve z ! sole guide = ! correct position ( ! v]tical %aft :5 ! assembly is put back 9 place aga9 on ! di/ributor base4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! break] box assembly is sep>at$ f ! base1 ! horizontal %aft 9 ! base mu/ n be turn$ f ! position x occupi$ at ! "t :5 ! location ( ! rotor 0 m>k$4 ,if ei!r ( ^! precautions is neglect$1 ! correct relation%ip betwe5 ! sev]al mov+ p>ts ( ! sy/em w be likely to be di/urb$ to su* an ext5t t ! complete retim+ ( ! di/ributor w become necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,t5sion ,,di/ributor ,,t]m9als ,,di/ributor-,,bru% ,,di/ributor-,,head ,,di/ributor-,,rotor ,,break]-,,cam ,,nut ,,break]-,,arm ,,lock ,,wa%]s ,,v]tical ,,%aft ,,break]-,,cam ,,v]tical ,,%aft ,,be>+ ,,sleeve ,,/ation>y ,,contact-,,/ud ,,support ,,prim>y ,,coil ,,t]m9als ,,grease ,,cup ,,c\pl+ ,,yoke ,,high ,,t5sion ,,coil ,,t]m9al ,,horizontal ,,%aft ,,advance ,,plate ,,coil ,,h\s+ ,,v]tical ,,spiral ,,ge> ,,advance ,,weights ,,ignition ,,coil ,,horizontal ,,spiral ,,ge> ,fig4 #fd4 ,nor?-,ea/ ,break]-,box ,cond5s]4--,! cond5s]1 %unt$ across ! break] contacts to absorb ! inductive surges t occur 9 ! prim>y circuit at ea* int]ruption1 s]ves to int5sify ! effect produc$ 9 ! second>y circuit by ^! int]ruptions1 & also to protect ! break] contacts f injuri\s arc+4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a seal$ case :i* protects x aga9/ possible ext]nal injury1 & is locat$ 9 ! break] box close to ! break] contacts :]e its maximum effectiv5ess is obta9$4 ,be+ v sub/antially con/ruct$1 ! cond5s] ord9>ily requires no att5tion4 ,if = any reason x %\ld become inop]ative1 ! be/ c\rse is always to replace x ) a new "o1 because cond5s] repairs are n economically practicable4 ,! entire cond5s] unit c be easily remov$1 :5ev] desir$1 by disconnect+ ! two cond5s] leads f ! break] box b9d+ po/s1 & !n unscrew+ ! two nuts on ! "u side ( ! break] box t hold ! cond5s] case 9 place4 ,break] ,contacts4--,! break] arm1 :i* c>ries "o ( ! two break] contacts1 is m\nt$ on a pivot po/ f :i* x is ?or\ghly insulat$ by a fib] bu%+4 ,! helical spr+1 :i* is atta*$ to ! lug at ! pivot end ( ! arm1 holds x normally 9 su* a position t ! break] contacts are kept clos$4 ,b ! fib] block ne> ! middle ( ! break] arm lies 9 ! pa? ( ! break] cam & is consequ5tly /ruck by ea* lobe ( ! cam z ! v]tical %aft revolves4 ,ea* ( ^! bl[s f ! cam cause ! break] contacts to be =c$ ap>t1 & !reby produce ! necess>y int]ruptions 9 ! prim>y circuit4 ,! second contact is c>ri$ by ! /ation>y contact /ud1 :i* is adju/ably m\nt$ 9 an ar*$ support4 ,) ?is /ud prop]ly adju/$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! contact po9ts :5 !y are fully sep>at$ by ! cam1 is tw5ty ?\s&?s ( an in* 74#jbj74 ,if x %\ld ev] become necess>y to r5ew ! break] contacts1 a complete replacem5t ( ! entire break] arm & ! contact /ud assemblies w 9 g5]al be f\nd to be ! mo/ effectual me?od ( h&l+ ! "w4 ,! break] arm c be remov$ by simply lift+ x (f its pivot be>+ aft] its pigtail has be5 disconnect$ f ! break] box b9d+ po/4 ,! spr+ atta*$ to ! break] arm lug w slip (f ( its own accord z soon z ! arm is rais$ suffici5tly f its normal position4 ,aft] ! break] arm has be5 tak5 (f1 ! /ation>y contact /ud c be remov$ by releas+ its lock nut & unscrew+ x f its support4 ,to replace ! break] arm x is m]ely necess>y to ins]t ! lug 9 ! spr+1 & !n1 ) ! spr+ held taut1 to pu% ! arm firmly d[n ^u its pivot po/ until x snaps into position4 ,break] ,cam4--,! break] cam1 by :i* ! int]ruptions 9 ! prim>y circuit are produc$ has f\r projections on its work+ surface1 s spac$ t "o ( !m /rikes ! break] arm & causes ! break] contacts to be abruptly sep>at$ ea* "t a sp>k is requir$4 ,! cam is held 9 place on ! upp] end ( ! v]tical %aft by means ( a slott$ nut & set ( special lock wa%]s4 ,x %\ld nev] be di/urb$ if avoidable1 because its accurate sett+ is absolutely ess5tial to ! correct op]ation ( ! entire sy/em4 ,if1 at any "t1 h[ev]1 its position %\ld become alt]$ accid5tally1 x mu/ be c>efully reset at once 9 accordance ) ! tim+ directions giv5 lat] on4 ,! break] cam & ! di/ributor rotor are bo? m\nt$ on ! v]tical %aft & are rotat$ at exactly "o-half eng9e spe$4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! eng9e is ( ! usual f\r-cycle type requir+ two revolutions ( ! crank %aft = "o complete cycle ( op]ation1 ! di/ributor rotor & break] c make "o revolution dur+ ! completion ( ea* full cycle ( ! eng9e4 ,di/ributor ,head4--,! di/ributor head conta9s five high t5sion t]m9als4 ,! c5tral t]m9al receives ! curr5t f ! second>y w9d+ ( ! ignition coil & transmits x to ! rotor arm by :i* x is di/ribut$ to ! f\r out] t]m9als4 ,^! out] t]m9als are numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d respectively1 correspond+ to ! fir+ ord] ( ! eng9e1 & are connect$ to ! f\r sp>k plugs 9 accordance ) _! m>k+s4 ,! di/ributor rotor 9 complet+ "o full revolution e/abli%es contact successively betwe5 ! rotor bru% & ea* "o ( ^! f\r out] di/ributor t]m9als1 ea* contact be+ made at ! same mom5t t ! prim>y circuit is int]rupt$ by ! action ( ! break] cam4 ,?us :5 ! sp>k plug leads are prop]ly connect$1 ! high t5sion curr5t1 z soon z produc$ 9 ! second>y circuit1 is conduct$ to ! sp>k plug ( ! prop] cyl9d] j at ! mom5t :5 ! gas 9 t p>ticul> cyl9d] is ready = fir+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! sp>k plug leads ev] h to be remov$ f ! di/ributor head1 !y mu/ always be atta*$ aga9 c>efully 9 ! correct ord]4 ,automatic ,advance ,me*anism4 7,fig4 #fe74--;,combu/ion does n foll[ in/antane\sly ^u ! occurr5ce ( ! sp>k1 h[ev]1 because a small "t int]val is always ne$$ = ! gas 9 ! cyl9d] to ignite4 ,consequ5tly1 unless "s means are provid$ = (fsett+ ! lag betwe5 sp>k & combu/ion1 ! explosion ( ! gas c\ld n always be made to take place at exactly ! correct mom5t "u v>y+ conditions ( eng9e spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,automatic ,sp>k ,advance ,me*anism--,nor? ,ea/ ,to comp5sate = ?is lag1 !re=e1 !re is incorporat$ 9 ! di/ributor a c5trifugally actuat$ me*anism1 :i* is capable ( automatically advanc+ or ret>d+ ! "t ( ! sp>k 9 exact accordance ) ! rate ( spe$ at :i* ! eng9e is runn+4 ,! op]at+ *>act]i/ics ( ! automatic advance are accurately proportion$ to con=m ?r\gh\t ! entire spe$ range ) ! requirem5ts ( ! eng9e2 & 9 ord] to insure ! p]man5ce ( ?is relation%ip ! device is s con/ruct$ z to be practically nonadju/able4 ,manual ,sp>k ,control4--,besides ?is automatic advance !re is also ! usual manual control me*anism = *ang+ ! "t ( ! sp>k indep5d5tly ( ! c5trifugal device4 ,?is manual control is = use pr9cipally = ret>d+ ! sp>k :5 />t+ or idl+ ! eng9e or = facilitat+ c>buretor adju/m5ts4 ,dur+ normal op]ation ( ! eng9e1 ! sp>k lev] on ! /e]+ :eel quadrant %\ld be advanc$ z f> z p]missible )\t caus+ ! eng9e to knock1 & ! actual regulation ( ! sp>k position be left entirely to ! automatic advance me*anism4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! manual control is su*1 provid$ ! break] cam is prop]ly set1 t :5 ! sp>k lev] is 9 ! position ( full ret>d1 & ! eng9e is runn+ v sl[ly1 ! sp>k w occur 9 ea* cyl9d] at #e eng9e degrees aft] ! pi/on has pass$ ! upp] dead c5t] ( its compression /roke4 ,) ! sp>k lev] advanc$ to ! limit ( its travel on ! quadrant1 ! sp>k w occur #ae degrees be=e ! upp] dead c5t] position has be5 rea*$ by ! pi/on on its compression /roke4 ,tim+ ! ,di/ributor4--,:5ev] x becomes necess>y to disconnect ! di/ributor %aft f ! eng9e pump %aft ! exact relative positions ( ! two halves ( ! c\pl+ jo9+ ^! two %afts1 z well z ! location ( ! di/ributor rotor1 %\ld be c>efully not$ & m>k$4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to make possible ! re/abli%m5t ( ! correct relations betwe5 ! di/ributor %aft & ! pump %aft :5 orig9al conditions are be+ re/or$4 ,moreov]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid turn+ ! eng9e :ile ! di/ributor is disconnect$1 because ! prop] tim+ relations c only be reta9$ by keep+ ! position ( ! pump %aft un*ang$ dur+ ?is "t4 ,%\ld x ev] happ51 h[ev]1 t ! di/ributor has be5 tak5 (f )\t ! prop] precautions hav+ be5 obs]v$1 or t ! tim+ arrangem5t has be5 di/urb$ 9 any o!r fa%ion1 x w !reupon become necess>y to make a complete readju/m5t ( ! tim+ relations ( ! di/ributor & ! eng9e4 ,?is is to be done always aft] ! di/ributor has be5 reconnect$ to ! eng9e1 ! fir/ /ep be+ to asc]ta9 def9itely ! relative position ( ! eng9e pi/ons & valves4 ,) ?is done1 ! positions ( ! break] cam & ! di/ributor rotor are !n to be reset z direct$ bel[4 ,s9ce all ! p>ts ( ! eng9e foll[ a regul> sequ5ce ( op]ation1 only ! position ( ! pi/on & valves 9 ! ,no4 #a cyl9d] ne$ be consid]$ 9 ?is process1 & ! ?ree rema9+ cyl9d]s may be practically disreg>d$4 ,!re are num]\s me?ods1 v>y+ 9 _! degree ( accuracy1 = locat+ ! position ( ! eng9e pi/ons1 b ! mo/ dep5dable "o is t ( remov+ ! cyl9d] head s z to expose ! pi/ons & valves to full view4 ,) ! head ?us remov$1 ! eng9e %\ld be crank$ sl[ly by h& until ! ,no4 #a pi/on has ris5 to ! top ( its compression /roke & has j />t$ to desc5d on its combu/ion /roke4 ,at ?is mom5t ! sp>k1 :5 fully ret>d$1 %\ld normally occur 9 ,no4 #a cyl9d]4 ,"u circum/ances :]e x is n conv5i5t or desirable to remove ! cyl9d] head ! foll[+ approximate me?od = det]m9+ ! location ( ,no4 #a pi/on may be employ$ ) a fair degree ( success4 ,op5 ! cocks ( ! prim+ cups on all ! cyl9d]s1 & crank ! eng9e sl[ly by h& until ! ,no4 #a pi/on has j rea*$ ! top ( its compression /roke4 ,?is c be asc]ta9$ by hold+ ! ?umb ov] ! ,no4 #a prim+ cup & not+ c>efully ! mom5t :5 ! compression ceases to increase4 ,aft] locat+ ! dead c5t] position ( ,no4 #a pi/on 9 ?is way1 turn ! crank %aft a v slight di/ance fur!r until ! ,no4 #d exhau/ valve is j at ! po9t ( clos+4 ,"u ^! conditions1 provid$ ! ,no4 #d exhau/ valve lift] is 9 correct adju/m5t1 ! ,no4 #a pi/on %\ld be approximately 9 ! desir$ position ( #e eng9e degrees beyond dead c5t]4 ,) ! ,no4 #a pi/on ?us c>efully set 9 accordance ) "o ( ! above me?ods1 pref]ably ! =m]1 br+ ! di/ributor into ! position ( full ret>d4 ,to d ?is1 disconnect ! manual control atta*m5t & turn ! break-box z f> z x w g 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! v]tical %aft rotates4 ,!n aft] mak+ sure t ! ignition swit* is turn$ (f1 remove ! di/ributor-head & ! di/ributor rotor & ! break] box1 & ) a broad blad$ screw driv] back (f ! break] cam nut until ! cam is free to turn on its %aft4 ,next1 replace ! rotor tempor>ily1 & turn ! cam sl[ly until ! break] contacts j beg9 to op5 :5 ! rotor occupies ! position :]e x normally makes contact ) ! ,no4 #a di/ributor t]m9al4 ,?is adju/m5t c be made to ! be/ advantage by turn+ ! cam =w>d to sep>ate ! contacts !n back aga9 sl[ly until ! contacts j come toge!r1 at :i* po9t ! cam %\ld be all[$ to rema94 ,aft] ! prop] sett+ has ?us be5 obta9$1 remove ! rotor aga9 & lock ! cam securely 9 position by tight5+ ! slott$ nut t holds x4 ,f9ally1 replac+ ! rotor1 rock ! v]tical %aft backw>d & =w>d z f> z ! slack 9 ! ge>s w p]mit1 & note c>efully ! action ( ! break contacts4 ,! sett+ ( ! cam mu/ be s accurate t :5 ! ge>s are rock$ =w>d to take up ! slack1 ! contacts w be j held ap>t & yet :5 ! ge>s are rock$ backw>d z f> z ! slack p]mits1 ! contacts w be actually clos$4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( v]ify+ ?is adju/m5t is to turn on ! ignition curr5t & connect an ord9>y #ad or #af volt #b4 c4 p4 lamp across ! two b9d+ po/s ( ! break] box4 ,! lamp ?us atta*$1 w s]ve z a s5sitive indicator = repres5t+ ! action ( ! contact-po9ts :5 ! v]tical %aft is rock$ =w>d & backw>d to take up ! slack 9 ! ge>s4 ,! mom5t ! contacts beg9 to be sep>at$1 ! lamp w light2 b z soon z !y are all[$ to come toge!r ! lamp w at once g out aga94 ,%\ld ! te/ prove ! fir/ sett+ to be inaccurate1 ! cam mu/ be readju/$1 & ! te/ repeat$ sev]al times if necess>y until ! correct sett+ is f9ally obta9$4 ,too mu* c>e _c be employ$ 9 mak+ ?is adju/m5t1 because ev5 a v slight inaccuracy 9 ! sett+ ( ! cam w produce a consid]ably magnifi$ effect ^u ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! eng9e spe$ is twice z great z t ( ! v]tical %aft4 ,g5]al ,c>e4--,"u normal op]at+ conditions ! ignition sy/em requires v little c>e aside f ! usual precautions aga9/ moi/ure & dirt4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 b ?ree po9ts ( importance t ne$ att5tion dur+ s]vice3 #a4 ,lubrication4 #b4 ,clean+ & adju/m5t ( ! break] contacts4 #c4 ,inspection ( ! wir+ & ! sp>k plugs4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,atwat] ,,k5t ,,ignition ,,sy/ems ,,con/ruction1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,atwat] ,k5t ignition sy/ems h be5 adopt$ ( late by _m prom95t automobile manufactur]s z a means ( di/ribut+ or convey+ electrical sp>k to ! cyl9d]s at ! prop] fir+ "t4 ,?is type ( quick break di/ribut+ sy/em has prov$ v effici5t & dep5dable1 & w usually outla/ ! life ( ! motor z !re are v few mov+ p>ts1 :i* elim9ates tr\bles caus$ by worn p>ts gett+ out ( adju/m5t4 ,?is type ( ignition sy/em op]ates 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! high t5sion magneto1 & diff]s only 9 t ! p>ts h be5 tak5 f ! compact magneto case & di/ribut$ 9 o!r locations 9 sep>ate units4 ,z ?is type takes its curr5t f ! light+ & />t+ batt]y1 x does n conta9 an armature or field magnets to manufacture ! electrical =ce4 ,fig4 #ff illu/rates ! pr9ciples ( op]ation ( ! type ,,cc ,atwat] ,k5t clos$ circuit sy/em1 :i* consi/s ( ! unisp>k] conta9+ ! contact mak] & di/ributor4 ,! only mov+ p>ts are locat$ 9 ?is unit4 ,! coil consi/s ( a s(t iron core1 ) a prim>y & second>y w9d+ seal$ 9 an insulat$ tube or conta9]4 ,a resi/ance unit is locat$ 9 ! top & regulates ! curr5t automatically4 ,! sy/em is controll$ by a swit* locat$ on ! da%4 ,! contact break] %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg consi/s ( an exce$+ly light /eel contact arm4 ,"o end re/s on a h>d5$ /eel cam :i* rotates "o-half z fa/ z ! crank %aft4 ,?is cam has z _m sides z ! eng9e has cyl9d]s4 ,:5 ! contact po9ts are op5$ by ! movem5t ( ! cam ! prim>y circuit is brok5 & produces a dis*>ge ( second>y high t5sion curr5t at "o ( ! sp>k plug gaps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,contact ,,mak] ,,to ,,plug ,,to ,,plug ,,di/ributor ,,cond5s] ,,to ,,plug ,,contact ,,mak] ,,gr\nd$ ,,sp>k ,,plug ,,batt]y ,,gr\nd ,,prim>y ,,batt]y ,,gr\nd ,,swit* ,,second>y ,,gr\nd ,,regulat+ ,,resi/ance ,fig4 #ff4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,circuit ,diagram--,type ,,cc ,fig4 #fh %[s ! simple ,atwat] ,k5t contactless di/ributor4 ,! high t5sion di/ributor ( ! ,atwat]-,k5t sy/em =ms ! top ( ! contact mak]4 ,ea* sp>k plug wire t]m9ates 9 an electrode1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! di/ributor cap4 ,a rotat+ di/ributor block takes ! high t5sion curr5t f ! c5tral t]m9al & di/ributes x to ! sp>k plugs 9 prop] fir+ ord]4 ,! di/ributor block or arm does n make direct contact ) ! di/ributor po/s4 ,! curr5t jumps ! small gap betwe5 ! di/ributor block & ! t]m9al electrodes & does away ) frictional we> result+ f actual contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break]--,type ,,cc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,di/ributor & ,contactless ,block ,fig4 #fi %[s ! me?od ( connect+ ! high t5sion wires to ! di/ributor2 ! insulation is remov$1 or ! wire b>$ 9 a space #a long4 ,! removable t]m9al cov] is pu%$ up on ! wire z %[n at ,a1 ! b>$ end ( ! wire is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! second>y t]m9al z %[n at ,b4 ,! end ( ?is wire is !n twi/$ back on itself1 = two complete turns z %[n at ,c1 s t ! end w n project beyond ! diamet] ( ! insulation4 ,! wire w !n be tightly held :5 ! t]m9al cov]s are screw$ d[n z %[n 9 ,fig4 ,d4 ,nev] use pli]s to tight5 ^! cov]s & d n sold] ! wires to ! t]m9al po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,di/ributor ,wire ,connections to ,di/ributor ,adju/m5t4--,! only p>ts ( ?is sy/em t are adju/able are ! contact po9ts4 ,^! ne$ to be adju/$ only = natural we>4 ,d n adju/ ! po9ts unless y are conv9c$1 by try+ ev]y?+ else1 t x is ! po9ts t ne$ att5tion4 ,9 mak+ adju/m5ts1 note ! foll[+ directions4 ,! normal gap betwe5 ! po9ts %\ld n be less ?an 4#jje1 or m ?an 4#jjh1 ! /&>d sett+ is 4#jjf1 :i* is ab\t ! ?ickness ( two ord9>y %eets ( writ+ pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,to ,,ungr\nd$ ,,t]m9al ,,( ,,batt]y ,,swit* ,,coil ,,di/ributor ,,gr\nd ,,contact ,,mak] ,fig4 #gj4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,type ,,cc ,wir+ ,diagram ,! contact po9ts are made ( tung/5 /eel1 ! h>de/ kn[n metal4 ,:5 contact po9ts are work+ prop]ly small p>ticles ( tung/5 /eel w be c>ri$ f "o po9t to ! o!r1 :i* sometimes causes a r\ghness & a d>k gray color+ ( ! surfaces4 ,?is r\ghness does n 9 any way effect ! prop] work+ ( ! po9ts1 ow+ to ! fact t ! r\gh surfaces fit into ea* o!r p]fectly4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to file or r$ress ! po9ts unless !y become burn$1 due to "s abnormal condition or accid5t4 ,! d>k gray appe>ance is ! natural color ( ! tung/5 /eel4 ,oil+s4--,a v small am\nt ( ord9>y vasel9e or grease appli$ to ! cam & a drop or two ( oil appli$ to ! cups e few weeks1 is all ! lubrication necess>y4 ,d n get oil on ! contact po9ts1 & wipe (f any free oil or grease on ! contact mak]4 ,! spr+s 9 ?is sy/em are set at exactly ! "r t5sion4 ,d n try to b5d or tamp] ) !m4 ,! wir+ ( ! type ,,cc ignition sy/em is v simple1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 & is kn[n z ! "o wire ) gr\nd return me?od4 ,well insulat$ prim>y wire is us$ = ! prim>y circuit betwe5 ! coil & ! ignition swit*4 ,! be/ quality ( five-sixte5? in* second>y wire is us$ to conduct ! high t5sion curr5t f ! coil to ! di/ributor1 & f ! di/ributor to ! sp>k plug4 ,sett+ or ,tim+ ! ,type ,,cc ,sy/em4--,! pi/on 9 numb] "o cyl9d] %\ld be rais$ to high dead c5t]1 betwe5 ! compression & fir+ /rokes1 ! clamp :i* holds ! unisp>k] %\ld be loos5$ & ! unisp>k] turn$ backw>d1 or opposite ! rotat+ direction ( ! tim] %aft until ! contact po9ts comm5ce to op54 ,! sp>k occurs at ! exact in/ant ( ! op5+ ( ! po9t4 ,aft] complet+ ! electrical connection ! curr5t c be turn$ on1 & ! unisp>k] tim$ exactly f ! sp>k at ! plugs4 ,= ?is purpose ! plugs %\ld be remov$ f ! eng9e & laid on top ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,atwat] ,,k5t ,,ignition ,,sy/em1 ,,type ,k-#b ,! op]at+ pr9ciple ( ! ,atwat] ,k5t ignition sy/em type ,k-#b1 diff]s f type ,,cc sy/em 9 t x op]ates on ! op5 circuit plan1 :]eas ! type ,,cc sy/em expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 op]ates on ! clos$ circuit plan4 ,a-,k ignition sy/em type ,k-#b consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ,no4 #a4 ,! unisp>k] comb9+ ! special contact mak]1 a cond5s]1 & a high t5sion di/ributor4 ,no4 #b4 ,! coil1 consi/+ ( a simple prim>y & second>y w9d+1 & a cond5s]4 ,^! p>ts are all imb$d$ 9 a special insulat+ comp\nd4 ,! coil has no vibrator or o!r mov+ p>ts4 ,no4 #c4 ,! ignition swit*4 ,?is swit* controls ! sy/em by op5+ & clos+ ! prim>y curr5t4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,atwat] ,k5t ,sy/em4--,! function ( ?is sy/em is to produce a s+le hot sp>k = ea* p[] impulse ( ! motor4 ,x diff]s f o!r types ( batt]y ignition sy/ems 9 t ! contact po9ts d n t\* except dur+ ! brief in/ant ( ! sp>k4 ,! ignition circuit is1 !re=e1 normally op51 :5ce ! "n 8op5 circuit0 results4 ,! contact mak] consi/s ( a pair ( contact po9ts1 normally op51 :i* are connect$ 9 s]ies ) a batt]y1 & ! prim>y circuit ( ! non-vibrat+ induction coil4 ,! me*anism = op]at+ ! contacts consi/s ( a not*$ %aft hav+ "o not* = ea* cyl9d]1 rotat+ at "o-half ! eng9e spe$1 a lift] :i* is pull$ =w>d by ! rotation ( ! %aft1 & a coil spr+ :i* pulls ! lift] back to its orig9al position aft] x has be5 drawn =w>d & releas$ by ! not*$ %aft2 h>d5$ /eel lat*1 aga9/ :i* ! lift] /rikes on its recoil & :i* 9 turn op]ates ! contact po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lat* ,,contact ,,screw ,,not*$ ,,%aft ,,lift] ,,contact ,,spr+ ,,lift] ,,spr+ ,fig4 #ga4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break]--,diagram ( ,action--,type ,k-#b ,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break]--,diagram ( ,action--,type ,k-#b ,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break]--,diagram ( ,action--,type ,k-#b ,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break]--,diagram ( ,action--,type ,k-#b ,sy/em ,op]ation ( ! ,contact ,mak]4--,x w be not$ 9 ,fig4 #ga t ! lift] is be+ pull$ =w>d by ! not*$ %aft4 ,:5 pull$ =w>d z f> z ! %aft w c>ry x 7,fig4 #gb71 ! lift] is sudd5ly pull$ back by ! lift] spr+4 ,9 return+1 x /rikes aga9/ ! lat*1 ?r[+ ?is aga9/ ! contact spr+ & closes ! contact = a brief in/ant4 ,?is movem5t is f> too quick = ! nak$ eye to foll[ 7,fig4 #gc74 ,fig4 #gd %[s ! lift] ready to be pull$ =w>d by ! next not*4 ,note t ! circuit is clos$ only dur+ ! brief in/ant ( ! sp>k4 ,no curr5t c fl[ at any o!r "t1 n ev5 if ! swit* is left on :5 ! motor is n runn+4 ,no matt] h[ sl[ or h[ fa/ ! not*$ %aft is turn+1 ! lift] spr+ w always pull ! lift] back at exactly ! same spe$1 s t ! op]ation ( ! contact1 & !re=e ! sp>k1 w always be ! same no matt] h[ fa/ or h[ sl[ ! eng9e is runn+4 ,! brief in/ant t ! contact po9ts t\*1 results 9 v little curr5t consumption4 ,! high t5sion curr5t f ! coil is convey$ to ! rotat+ di/ributor block1 :i* seats on ! end ( ! unisp>k] %aft to ea* ( ! sp>k plug t]m9als 9 ! ord] ( fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,di/ributor & ,contactless ,block ,! important advantage :i* ! di/ributor possesses is ! fact t !re are no slid+ contacts or c>bon bru%es4 ,! di/ributor blade is s arrang$ t x passes close to ! sp>k plug t]m9als )\t q t\*+ 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge71 ?us p]mitt+ ! sp>k to jump ! slight gap )\t any loss ( curr5t pressure4 ,?is also elim9ates all we> & tr\ble caus$ by slid+ or rubb+ contacts4 ,fig4 #gf %[s ! wire connections & direction ( curr5t fl[age4 ,! di/ributor blade is ab\t to make contact ) ! t]m9al lead+ to ! sp>k plug 9 ,no4 #b cyl9d]4 ,at ! in/ant t contact is made ! break] po9ts 9 ! contact mak] %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! diagram close1 ?us all[+ a prim>y or l[ t5sion curr5t to fl[ betwe5 ! contact mak]1 coil1 & batt]y4 ,! sudd5 break+ ( ?is curr5t occurs :5 ! po9ts op5 aga91 !reby creat+ a curr5t ( high t5sion voltage 9 ! second>y coil :i* is conduct$ to ! c5t] t]m9al ( ! di/ributor :]e x is di/ribut$ to ! sp>k plug t]m9als ?r\gh ! rotation ( ! di/ributor blade4 ,! high t5sion cables lead+ f ! di/ributor are heavily insulat$1 ?us ! curr5t 9 seek+ gr\nd return *ooses ! easie/ pa?1 by jump+ ! slight gap at ! sp>k plugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ributor ,,gr\nd ,,coil ,,batt]y ,,contact ,,mak] ,fig4 #gf4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,wir+ ,diagram ,type ,k-#b ,sett+ & ,tim+ ! ,unisp>k]4--,! type ,k-#b unisp>k] is in/all$1 s z to all[ a small am\nt ( angul> movem5t or1 9 o!r words1 ! socket into :i* ! unisp>k] fits is provid$ ) a clamp :i* w p]mit x to be turn$ or lock$ 9 any giv5 position4 ,tim+4--,! pi/on 9 ,no4 #a cyl9d] is rais$ to high dead c5t] betwe5 ! compression & p[] /roke4 ,!n loos5 ! clamp :i* holds ! unisp>k] & turn ! unisp>k] backw>d1 or contr>y to ! direction ( rotation until a click is he>d4 ,?is click happ5s at ! exact in/ant ( ! sp>k4 ,clamp ! unisp>k] tight at ?is po9t be+ c>eful n to *ange its position4 ,note t curr5t = ?is sy/em is usually suppli$ by ! />t+ & light+ batt]y4 ,:5 *ang+ batt]ies be sure t ! voltage ( ! batt]y is ! same z t m>k$ on ! coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,to ,,plugs ,,to ,,plugs ,,contact-,,mak] ,,contact ,,mak] ,,swit* ,,bat4 ,s ,,int4 ,,int4 ,s4 ,,coil ,,int4 ,,int4 ,,sec ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,motor ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,motor ,,pos ,,neg ,,batt]y ,fig4 #gg4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,k-#b ,wir+--,cut #a1 ,"u ,hood ,coil2 ,cut #b1 ,kick ,swit* ,coil ,! ext]nal wir+ ( ! ,a-,k type ,k-#b is v simple1 z %[n 9 ! diagrams1 ,figs4 #gg & #gg;,a4 ,fig4 #gg %[s ! wire connections1 :5 ! rev]s+ swit* & "u-hood coil is us$4 ,fig4 #gg;,a %[s ! connections1 :5 us+ plate or kick swit* coil4 ,a well insulat$ braid$ prim>y wire is us$ = ! prim>y or batt]y circuit4 ,see t ?is wire is well protect$ aga9/ rubb+ or abrasion :]ev] x comes into contact ) metal p>ts ( ! c>4 ,:5 ! />t+ & light+ batt]y is us$ to furni% ! ignition curr5t1 two wires %\ld run directly to ! batt]y t]m9als4 ,! two types ( ,atwat] ,k5t sy/ems describ$ are provid$ ) automatic sp>k advance me*anism4 ,provisions are also made = manual lev] control1 by simply connect+ ! unisp>k] to ! ?rottle lev] at ! base ( ! /e]+ ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,automatic ,sp>k ,advance ,me*anism--,a ,k ,type ,k-#b ,fig4 #gh %[s ! automatic sp>k advance me*anism4 ,x is locat$ on ! und]side ( ! contact mak] base plate1 & consi/s ( a set ( weights :i* sw+ out f ! c5t] aga9/ spr+ t5sion1 & advances ! unisp>k] on ! %aft1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( c5trifugal action or spe$ ( ! %aft4 ,:5 ! %aft is n 9 motion ! spr+s draw ! weights t[>d c5t]1 :i* automatically %ifts ! unisp>k] on ! %aft until ! sp>k is 9 a fully ret>d$ position4 ,contact ,po9t ,adju/m5t4--,! only adju/m5t aside f ! initial tim+ is 9 ! contact po9ts4 ,!y are adju/able only = natural we>1 & "o adju/m5t %\ld la/ at lea/ six mon?s4 ,! contact screw is provid$ ) a numb] ( %im wa%]s aga9/ :i* x is set up tight4 ,:5 ! po9ts ev5tually become worn1 !y %\ld be dress$ flat & smoo?4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ! wa%]s %\ld be remov$ s t :5 ! contact screw is set up tightly x w ma9ta9 ! prop] gap betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! contact po9ts %\ld be ab\t ! di/ance ( a ?9 visit+ c>d4 ,!y %\ld nev] t\* :5 at re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,oil lightly e #ajjj miles ,oil ,fig4 #gi4 ,atwat] ,k5t ,contact ,break]--,oil+ ,diagram--,a-,k ,type ,k-#b ,fig4 #gi %[s an oil+ diagram ( ! contact mak]4 ,! lat*1 lift]1 & lift] spr+ are n adju/able or subject to we>4 ,!y %\ld be well clean$ & oil$ e five hundr$ miles4 ,use a light oil & avoid gett+ x on ! contact po9ts4 ,! ,cond5s]4--,! cond5s] ( ?is sy/em acts some:at l a %ock absorb] to ! contact po9ts4 ,x absorbs ! sp>k or arc & makes ! break 9 ! prim>y curr5t1 clean & abrupt4 ,! cond5s] is v accessible1 b %\ld nev] be tamp]$ )1 z x does n require any att5tion4 ,te/+ = ,ignition ,tr\ble4--,if ! eng9e misses )\t reg>d to spe$1 te/ ea* cyl9d] sep>ately by %ort circuit+ ! plug ) a screw driv]1 all[+ a sp>k to jump4 ,if all cyl9d]s produce a good regul> sp>k ! tr\ble is n ) ! ignition sy/em4 ,if any cyl9d] sp>ks regul>ly ?is w indicate t ! ignition sy/em is 9 work+ ord] s f> z ! unisp>k] & coil are conc]n$4 ,! tr\ble is probably 9 ! high t5sion wir+ betwe5 ! di/ributor & plug1 or 9 ! plugs !mselves4 ,exam9e ! plugs & wir+ c>efully4 ,leaky second>y wir+ is frequ5tly ! cause ( miss+ & backfir+4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 high t5sion wires are run f ! di/ributor to ! sp>k plugs ?r\gh a metal tube1 tr\ble is exp]i5c$ ) miss+ & backfir+1 :i* is due to induction betwe5 ! v>i\s wires 9 ! tube4 ,?is is especially likely to happ5 if ! ma9 second>y wire f ! di/ributor to ! coil runs ?r\gh ?is tube ) ! sp>k plug wires4 ,:5ev] possible ! di/ributor wires %\ld be sep>at$ by at lea/ "o-half in* ( space4 ,!y %\ld be support$ by bracket insulators1 r ?an run ?r\gh a tube4 ,9 no case %\ld ! ma9 di/ributor wire run ?r\gh a conduit ) o!r wires4 ,if irregul> sp>k+ is not$ at ! sp>k plugs1 exam9e ! batt]y & connections4 ,if ! tr\ble comm5ces sudd5ly1 x is probably due to a loose connection 9 ! wir+1 if gradually1 ! batt]y may be weak5+ or ! contact po9ts may require att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,philbr9 ,,s+le ,,sp>k ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,,op]ation1 ,,adju/m5t ,,& ,,c>e ,! ,philbr9 ignition sy/em consi/s ( a specially design$ contact mak] & int]rupt]1 a di/ributor m\nt$ on ! same %aft1 a nonvibrat+ heat & moi/ure pro( coil1 an armor$ heat1 moi/ure1 & puncture pro( cond5s]1 & a special ,duplex swit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,philbr9 ,contact ,mak]--,po9t ,adju/m5t ,fig4 #hj %[s an illu/ration ( ! ,philbr9 contact mak] :i* op]ates 9 ?is mann]4 ,! cam ,a /rikes aga9/ ! end ( ! plung] ,b & =ces ! po9ts toge!r at ,c1 & holds ! contact = approximately ?ree & "o-half degrees ( ! revolution ( ! cam4 ,! sp>k occurs simultane\sly ) ! sep>ation ( ! contact po9ts4 ,! contact mak] has b "o adju/m5t2 t ( ! adju/able contact screw1 :i* is 9 direct l9e ) ! contact plung]4 ,! contact po9ts are br\ght toge!r gradually by ! surface =mation ( ! cam4 ,:5 ! po9t ( ample saturation ( ! coil is rea*$1 ! break+ ( ! contacts is in/antane\s4 ,! duration ( ! sp>k is 9 proportion to ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 b break+ ( ! po9ts is always in/antane\s & entirely indep5d5t ( ! eng9e's spe$ !reby produc+ ! requir$ sp>k at all spe$s )\t any sp>k lag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,philbr9 ,contact ,mak] & ,di/ributor ,blade ,fig4 #ha %[s ! di/ributor blade m\nt$ ov] ! contact mak]4 ,! di/ributor blade is s arrang$ t x cle>s ! sp>k plug lead t]m9als 9 ! cov] by a slight m>g91 & does n make actual contact1 !reby elim9at+ all friction due to su* contacts4 ,op]ation4--,turn+ on ! swit* sets up a l[ t5sion curr5t 9 ! coil & prim>y wire coil :5 ! contact po9ts close4 ,! sudd5 break+ ( ?is curr5t causes demagnetism ( ! core & ! prim>y coil to set up a high t5sion curr5t 9 ! second>y coil4 ,?is curr5t is l$ to ! di/ributor blade & passes to ! sp>k plug t]m9als z ! blade comes 9 contact range4 ,! ,philbr9 high frequ5cy sy/em uses ! same coil & di/ributor z ! s+le sp>k sy/em4 ,b z ! circuits ( ! two sy/ems are entirely di/9ct & sep>ate1 !y d n conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,! high frequ5cy sy/em has its own cond5s] & int]rupt] locat$ 9 ! swit* case1 & supplies a cont9u\s fl[ ( sp>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,swit* ,case ,fig4 #hb %[s ! int]ior ( ! swit* case4 ,?is "p ( ! me*anism controls ! int]ruption ( ! batt]y curr5t4 ,! curr5t is suppli$ to ! int]ruptor ?r\gh a pol>ity rev]s]1 :i* rev]ses ! direction ( ! curr5t ea* "t ! swit* button is turn$4 ,?is equalizes ! we> on ! contact po9ts4 ,att5tion is aga9 call$ to ! di/ributor blade %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb1 :i* is us$ = bo? sy/ems4 ,because ( ! %ape ( ?is blade1 !re is a cont9u\s fl[ ( sp>ks aft] ! explosive sp>k has be5 deliv]$ to "o cyl9d] until ! =w>d edge ( ! di/ributor blade is )9 range ( ! di/ribut+ po9t ( ! next t]m9al4 ,by ?is action ! fir/ sp>k deliv]$ to ! cyl9d] is an effici5t "o1 & ! foll[ up cont9ues at int]vals ( approximately "o-?\s&? ( a second4 ,^! sp>ks are all p]fectly syn*ron\s4 ,! op]ation ( ! high frequ5cy sy/em does n diff] 9 function action f ! s+le sp>k sy/em expla9$ on ! =ego+ page4 ,ei!r sy/em may be _h s+ly1 or 9 duplex =mation4 ,consequ5tly ei!r ! s+le or ! d\ble sy/em may be enc\nt]$4 ,:5 ! duplex sy/em is us$ ! driv] has 8 *oice & c use ei!r ! high frequ5cy or s+le sp>k sy/em1 by turn+ ! rubb] roll swit* on ! di/ributor to ! sy/em indicat$4 ,?is foll[-up feature has be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly advantage\s = />t+ 9 cold wea!r1 or :]e a poor grade ( gasol9e is enc\nt]$1 & 9 case ( a poor c>buretor adju/m5t or f\l sp>k plugs4 ,! high frequ5cy sy/em also has ! unique feature ( keep+ ! sp>k plugs clean )\t dis9tegrat+ ! electroids1 z is (t5 ! case ) ! high t5sion magneto4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,duplex ,high ,frequ5cy ,swit* ,fig4 #hc %[s ! ,duplex swit*4 ,ord9>ily a /orage batt]y is us$ = "o s\rce ( curr5t1 & a set ( dry cells = ! o!r4 ,?is is s arrang$ t ei!r s\rce ( curr5t c be us$ ) ei!r ! s+le sp>k sy/em or ! high frequ5cy sy/em at w4 ,"o s\rce ( curr5t only c be us$ if s desir$1 t is1 ! /orage batt]y only or ! dry cells alone4 ,:]e ! s\rce ( curr5t is dry cells only1 ! s+le sp>k sy/em is us$ z x is m economical 9 curr5t consumption4 ,all ( ! swit* contacts are ( ! pressure plung] type1 !reby elim9at+ ! unc]ta9ty ( bru% contacts4 ,ea* swit* is provid$ ) a lock op]at+ ?r\gh ! hub ( ! lev]4 ,:5 ! swit* is lock$ 9 ! (f position x is impossible to remove ! cov] )\t break+ x z ! cov] ( ! swit* locks to ! back4 ,rat*et buttons select :i* "o ( ! sy/ems is to be us$1 by a movem5t ( #de4 ,?is button op]ates only 9 a clock-wise direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,c-#b ,circuit #b ,c-#a ,circuit #a ,bat4-#a ,batt]y #a ,bat4-#b ,batt]y #b ,sec4-,second>y ,c-,circuit ,sec4 ,gr4 ,second>y ,gr\nd ,to ,sp>k ,plugs ,,bat4 7,,sec47 ,c 7 ,,gr47 ,,bat4-#b ,,bat4-#a ,coil ,c4,r4 ,di/ributor ,fig4 #hd4 ,philbr9 ,wir+ ,diagram ,fig4 #hd %[s a wir+ diagram ( ! ,philbr9 sy/em4 ,! wire connections come to ! contact mak] directly f ! swit*1 in/ead ( f ! coil4 ,?is provides = control ( ! curr5t to ! contact mak] 9 su* a mann] t if a %ort circuit occurs 9 ei!r ( ! sy/ems1 by turn+ a button x is entirely cut (f & ! o!r sy/em put into op]ation4 ,tung/5 contact po9ts are us$ on ! s+le sp>k sy/em z !y are n effect$ by ! use ( light oil4 ,! contact po9ts = ! high frequ5cy sy/em are plat9um-iridium4 ,!y are m\nt$ inside ( ! swit* case & ne$ little or no att5tion4 ,! contacts1 due to ! rev]s$ pol>ity1 h an extremely long life & c be us$ )\t att5tion until !y are worn d[n to ! base metal4 ,! duel type ( sy/em1 h[ev]1 may be pur*as$ 9 sep>ate units1 & an own] may *oose ei!r ! high frequ5cy sy/em or ! s+le sp>k sy/em sep>ately if s desir$4 ,?is type ( ignition sy/em is manufactur$ = f\r1 six1 eight1 & twelve cyl9d]$ c>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,electrical ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,sy/ems ,,con/ruction1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,a great _m diff]5t types ( me*anical1 & compress$ air />t]s 7 devis$ & tri$ out z equipm5t by ! manufactur]s ( automobiles a few ye>s ago4 ,^! devices 7 ei!r me*anically imp]fect1 or requir$ consid]able att5tion f ! own] to keep !m 9 work+ ord] & h all b disappe>$ f ! m>ket1 be+ supplant$ by ! electrical />t]1 :i* has be5 p]fect$ to a high /ate ( effici5cy & dep5dability4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( all electrical />t]s is mu* alike & !y usually op]ate 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,! electrical =ce or curr5t is produc$ by a g5]ator driv5 f ! eng9e4 ,?is curr5t is collect$1 or held 9 /orage by *emical reproduction plates 9 a /orage batt]y4 ,! batt]y1 9 turn1 is connect$ to a small electric motor c>ri$ at ! side ( ! eng9e4 ,! ,g5]ator4--,! op]at+ pr9ciple ( curr5t production ( ! g5]ator is practically ! same z expla9$ 9 ! magneto1 :i* may also be t]m$ a g5]ator or dynamo4 ,a g5]ator consi/s ( an iron frame1 a set ( magnetic field w9d+s1 a w\nd armature ) a commutator on ! end1 & a bru% :i* collects ! curr5t f ! commutator4 ,! curr5t is induc$ 9 ! armature by rotat+ x 9 a magnetic field4 ,! am\nt ( voltage induc$ 9 ! armature-coil dep5ds on its rotat+ spe$1 z ! fa/] ! armature turns1 ! great] ! numb] ( magnetic field l9es cut1 & ! great] ! am\nt ( voltage induc$ 9 ! armature coil4 ,! ,regulator4--,! g5]ator is provid$ ) a regulator to control ! output rate ( voltage :5 ! eng9e is runn+ at excess spe$s4 ,?is is necess>y to prev5t ! high] *>g+ rate f ov]com+ ! capacity ( ! /orage batt]y4 ,! regulat+ ( ! voltage output may be accompli%$ by me*anical or electrical means4 ,! me*anical regulator usually consi/s ( a gov]nor :i* is tim$ to release ! armature f ! drive %aft :5 ! eng9e rea*es a c]ta9 rate ( spe$4 ,! electrical regulator usually consi/s ( a rev]s$ s]ies ( field w9d+ :i* acts aga9/ ! =ce ( ! magnetic field1 or ( a buck+ coil4 ,! ,automatic ,cut-out4--,all types ( g5]ators :i* supply curr5t to a /orage batt]y are equipp$ ) an automatic cut-out arrangem5t :i* is entirely automatic 9 action & requires no att5tion4 ,! function ( ! automatic cut-out is to prev5t ! curr5t f fl[+ back to ! g5]ator :5 ! curr5t production ( ! g5]ator is less ?an ! *>g$ /r5g? ( ! /orage batt]y4 ,! cut-out may be locat$ any:]e on ! conductor1 betwe5 ! /orage batt]y & ! g5]ator1 & consi/s ( a simple electro-magnet1 :i* is op]at$ by ! direction ( curr5t fl[age4 ,"o ,unit ,sy/em4--,! g5]ator furni%es ! curr5t = ignition & />t+1 & is also rev]sible to act z a />t+ motor4 ,! sy/em is ref]r$ to z a "o unit sy/em4 ,two ,unit ,sy/em4--,:5 ! />t+ motor & ! g5]ator act s+ly1 & are conta9$ 9 a sep>ate ca/+1 ! sy/em is ref]r$ to z a two unit sy/em4 ,?ree ,unit ,sy/em4--,:5 ! g5]ator & />t+ motor are locat$ z a sep>ate unit1 & :5 ! ignition curr5t is suppli$ by a magneto1 ?is sy/em is ref]r$ to z a ?ree unit sy/em4 ,! ,/>t+ ,motor4--,! />t+ motor is con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z ! g5]ator1 & is simply a rev]sal ( action4 ,:5 crank+1 ! curr5t f ! /orage batt]y fl[s ?r\gh ! motor w9d+ & magnetizes ! armature core4 ,?is act+ ^u ! magnetism ( ! frame causes ! turn+ ef=t4 ,lubrication4--,regul>ly e two weeks1 or e five hundr$ miles1 two or ?ree drops ( ?9 neutral oil %\ld be dropp$ into ! oil wells supply+ ! armature be>+s & usually locat$ at ea* end ( ! armature %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,bijur #b-,v ,sy/em ,m\nt$ on ,hupmobile ,eng9e ,c>e4--,regul>ly e two weeks1 inspect all connections z a full volume ( curr5t w n fl[ ov] a loose or corrod$ connection4 ,nev] all[ any oil or dirt to collect on ! motor or g5]ator1 z x int]f]es ) ! t]m9al connection & misdirects ! curr5t1 & ! in/rum5t soon becomes inop]ative4 ,fig4 #he %[s ! location ( ! two unit ,bijur electrical />t+ & g5]at+ sy/em m\nt$ on an eng9e4 ,! />t+ motor is bolt$ to ! fly:eel h\s+1 & is provid$ ) a squ>e armature %aft :i* c>ries a p9ion :i* c be mov$ horizontally on ! %aft4 ,?is p9ion me%es directly ) tee? cut 9 ! /eel fly:eel r+4 ,no int]m$iate ge>s or roll] clut*es are us$4 ,! control lev] connects ?r\gh l9kage to ! %ift+ =k :i* %ifts ! p9ion on ! squ>e %aft ( ! motor4 ,! same foot p$al l9kage op]ates ! />t+ swit*4 ,normally a spr+ holds ! motor p9ion out ( me% ) ! fly:eel tee? & also holds ! />t+ swit* 9 ! 8(f0 position4 ,! ,g5]ator4--,! g5]ator is bolt$ to an ext5sion on ! crank case at ! front side ( ! gas motor1 & is driv5 by a sil5t *a9 f ! crank %aft4 ,aft] ! gas motor atta9s a spe$ equival5t to a c> spe$ ( t5 miles p] h\r on high spe$1 ! g5]ator beg9s to g5]ate1 & w g5]ate a curr5t :i* is highe/ at l[ spe$s1 & dim9i%es some:at at high] spe$s4 ,! ma*9es are bo? self-conta9$ z !re are no regulators or automatic swit*es :i* require sep>ate m\nt+4 ,! automatic swit* = op5+ & clos+ ! circuit betwe5 ! g5]ator & /orage batt]y is m\nt$ inside ! g5]ator4 ,?is swit* is prop]ly adju/$ be=e ! g5]ator leaves ! factory1 & no fur!r adju/m5ts are necess>y4 ,two wires lead f ! g5]ator4 ,"o ( ^! is connect$ at ! />t+ motor to "o ( ! heavy cables com+ f ! /orage batt]y1 :ile ! o!r g5]ator wire is gr\nd$ on ! *assis1 ! *assis =m+ a "p ( ! circuit4 ,! g5]ator pol>ity is rev]sible & ! connections at ! ma*9e may be made haphaz>d & )\t reg>d to pol>ity4 ,if connections are rev]s$ at ! g5]ator1 no damage w result1 z ! ma*9e w automatically assume ! correct pol>ity to *>ge ! batt]y4 ,fig4 #hf %[s ! position ( ! ,bijur />t+ sy/em1 & ! relative neutral positions ( />t+ p$al1 motor p9ion1 & />t+ swit*1 :5 ! />t+ equipm5t is n 9 action4 ,fig4 #hf;,a %[s ! normal position ( ! v>i\s p>ts aft] ! />t+ p$al has be5 depress$ & j be=e ! />t+ motor beg9s to op]ate4 ,! p9ion is n[ 9 full me% ) ! fly:eel r+ & fur!r depress+ ! />t] p$al w close ! swit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foot ,,p$al ,,position #a--,,out ,,( ,,action4 ,,/>t+ ,,swit* ,,(f4 ,,p9ion ,,up ,,aga9/ ,,motor ,,head4 ,,fly:eel ,,%ift+ ,,=k ,,/>t+ ,,swit* ,,motor ,,%aft ,,oil ,,"h ,,motor ,,oil ,,"h ,,coll> ,,clevis ,,p9 ,,%ift+ ,,rod ,,/op ,,%ift] ,,spr+ ,,release ,,spr+ ,,oil ,,dra9 ,,keep ,,?is ,,hole ,,cle> ,,p9ion ,,oil ,,"h ,,crank ,,case ,,position #b--;,,ab\t ,,to ,,crank4 ,,ge>s ,,h ,,me%$ ,,b ,,swit* ,,has ,,n ,,yet ,,made ,,contact4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,bijur ,/>t] ,me*anism ,%[+ ,action ,fig4 #hg %[s all ! p>ts 9 _! positions = crank+4 ,! small gap betwe5 ! coll> on ! %ift+ rod & clevis p9 p]mits ! swit* rod to move & ?us op5 ! />t+ swit* )\t mov+ ! motor p9ion :5 ! />t+ p$al is releas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position #c--;,,crank+1 ,,note ,,gap ,,betwe5 ,,coll> ,,on ,,%ift+ ,,rod ,,& ,,clevis ,,p94 ,,%ift+ ,,=k ,,is ,,up ,,aga9/ ,,/op ,,& ,,%ift] ,,spr+ ,,is ,,slightly ,,compress$4 ,,position #b;,a--,,ab\t ,,to ,,crank4 ,,ge>s ,,n ,,yet ,,me%$1 ,,tee? ,,are ,,butt+1 ,,b ,,swit* ,,has ,,made ,,contact4 ,,%ift] ,,spr+ ,,/rongly ,,compress$ ,,ready ,,to ,,draw ,,p9ion ,,into ,,me%4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,bijur ,/>t] ,me*anism ,%[+ ,action ,fig4 #hg;,a %[s ! condition :5 on depress+ ! foot p$al1 & slid+ ! p9ion on ! motor %aft t[>ds ! fly:eel ! p9ion does n me% ) ! fly:eel1 & ! tee? butt4 ,depress+ ! foot p$al w close ! />t+ swit* /rongly compress+ ! %ift] spr+4 ,aft] ! swit* is clos$ ! motor w beg9 to rotate & all[ ! p9ion to slip into me% ) ! fly:eel4 ,! motor w !n crank 9 ! normal way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,lamp ,,motor ,,swit* ,,t]m9al ,,gr\nd$ ,,g5]ator ,,/>t+ ,,swit* ,,batt]y ,,ignition ,,swit* ,,int]ruptor ,,& ,,di/ributor ,,sp>k ,,plugs ,,re> ,,lamp ,,horn ,,coil ,,in/rum5t ,,lamp ,,head ,,lamp ,,horn ,,button ,,light+ ,,swit* ,fig4 #hh4 ,wir+ ,diagram ,model ,n--,hupmobile ,fig4 #hh %[s a complete diagram ( ! ,model ,n ,hupmobile wir+ sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,electric ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,equipm5t ,fig4 #hi %[s a diagram ( ! ,bijur light+ & />t+ sy/em on ! ,jeffrey 8,*e/]field-six40 ,! g5]ator supplies curr5t = ! lights & *>ges a /orage batt]y :5 ! gas motor is runn+ at spe$s equival5t to t5 or m miles p] h\r on high ge>4 ,:5 ! gas motor is runn+ at spe$s correspond+ to less ?an t5 miles p] h\r1 all curr5ts = lamps are drawn f ! /orage batt]y4 ,! />t+ motor is 9 op]ation only dur+ ! p]iod ( />t+1 & rema9s idle at all o!r times4 ,! appliances %[n 9 ! diagram con/itut+ ! equipm5t are a six volt con/ant voltage g5]ator1 a six volt />t+ motor1 />t+ swit*1 six volt hundr$ amp]e h\r batt]y1 lamp controll]1 & a high t5sion magneto4 ,due to ! rev]sible *>act]i/ics ( ! g5]ator1 no att5tion ne$ be paid to ! pol>ity ( ! wir+ :5 x is remov$ & aga9 replac$4 ,! />t+ motor p9ion me%es ) tee? on ! fly:eel :5 ! />t+ swit* m\nt$ on ! h\s+ cov]+ ! motor p9ion is compress$4 ,op]ation ( ,sy/em ,%[n 9 ,diagram4--,aft] ! gas motor rea*es a spe$ equival5t to a c> spe$ ( approximately t5 miles p] h\r on ! ?ird spe$ ge>1 ! g5]ator w g5]ate & ma9ta9 a con/ant voltage1 or electrical pressure at high] spe$s & w also ma9ta9 ?is pressure con/ant at all loads4 ,! curr5t output f ! g5]ator at any "t w dep5d ^u ! condition ( ! /orage batt]y4 ,if a c> has be5 left /&+ = "s "t ) ! lights burn+1 ! /orage batt]y w become m or less dis*>g$ & its voltage l[]$4 ,"u ^! conditions ! g5]ator voltage or pressure w be high] ?an t ( ! batt]y1 =c+ a comp>atively high *>g+ curr5t into ! batt]y4 ,?is curr5t may be f #e to #bj amp]es1 & ! batt]y w rapidly approa* ! fully *>g$ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loom ,no4 #ad ,no4 #aj ,,loom ,no4 #ad ,no4 #aj ,,loom ,no4 #ad ,,"r ,,head ,,light ,,t]m9al ,,po/s ,,fuses #aj ,,amp]es ,,negative ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,g5]ator ,,magneto ,,positive ,,swit* ,,cyl9d]s ,,batt - ,,light+ ,,swit* ,no4 #ad ,no4 #ad ,,batt ,,tonneau ,,light ,,gr\nd ,no4 #aj ,,gr\nd ,,fuse ,,magneto ,,swit* ,no4 #ah ,,duplex ,no4 #ad ,no4 #aj ,,da% ,,ext5sion ,,light ,,ammet] ,no4 #j ,,horn ,,button ,,re> ,,light ,,head ,,light ,,motor ,,/>t+ ,,swit* ,,horn #b ,,loom ,fig4 #hi4 ,wir+ ,diagram--,jeffrey-,*e/]field ,six ,z a batt]y becomes *>g$ its voltage increases r$uc+ ! diff]5ce 9 pressure betwe5 ! g5]ator & batt]y & decreas+ ! *>g+ curr5t to ! batt]y4 ,,electric ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,op]ation ,curr5t f ! g5]ator passes ?r\gh an ammet] & ?is met] %[s ! curr5t be+ suppli$ to ! batt]y & ! lights1 or to ! batt]y only :5 no lights are 9 op]ation4 ,/>t+ ,motor4--,! />t+ motor is provid$ ) a squ>e %aft & c>ries a p9ion :i* c be mov$ horizontally on ?is %aft4 ,?is p9ion me%es directly ) tee? cut on ! fly:eel4 ,! />t+ p$al locat$ at ! driv]'s seat connects ?r\gh l9kage to =k :i* %ifts ! l9k on ! squ>e %aft ( ! motor4 ,! same foot p$al l9kage op]ates ! />t+ swit*4 ,normally a spr+ holds ! motor p9ion out ( me% ) ! fly:eel tee?1 & also holds ! />t+ swit* 9 an 8(f0 position4 ,op]ation ( ! ,/>t]4--,depress+ ! />t]1 "o p$al op]ates ! />t+ swit* & makes a prelim9>y contact :i* connects ! />t+ motor to ! /orage batt]y ?r\gh a resi/ance locat$ inside ( ! />t+ swit*4 ,?is resi/ance p]mits a small am\nt ( curr5t to pass ?r\gh ! />t+ motor1 caus+ its armatures to rotate at relatively sl[ spe$4 ,?is sl[ rotation insures prop] me%+ ( ! p9ion & fly:eel tee? :5 !y are br\ght into engagem5t4 ,depress+ ! foot p$al also %ifts ! p9ion on ! squ>e %aft ( ! motor s z to br+ x into contact ) ! tee? on ! fly:eel4 ,:5 ! p9ion is 9 full me% ) ! tee? on ! fly1 ! mov+ contact 9 ! />t+ swit* has travel$ to a position :]e ! resi/ance is cut out ( ! circuit1 connect+ ! /orage batt]y directly to ! />t+ motor4 ,! />t+ motor w !n sp9 ! gas motor4 ,/>t+4--,fir/ see t ! necess>y adju/m5ts h be5 made1 !n depress ! />t+ foot p$al z f> z x w g & hold x firmly 9 place until ! gas motor />ts4 ,! in/ant ! gas motor beg9s fir+ ! foot p$al %\ld be releas$4 ,! />t+ p$al %\ld be press$ z f> z x w g )\t any paus+ on ! d[nw>d /roke4 ,fig4 #ij %[s diagram ( op]ation & wir+ ( ! ,bijur electrical sy/em us$ on ,jeff]y #d-;cyl9d] c>4 ,if ! p9ion & fly:eel tee? d n me% prop]ly d n hold ! />t+ p$al d[n1 release x & aft] a few seconds pause1 depress ! p$al aga94 ,if ! gas motor does n />t fir+ promptly aft] sp9n+ x ) ! electric motor1 d n cont9ue to sp9 x1 b see t ! prop] adju/m5ts = />t+ h be5 made & t !re is gasol9e 9 ! c>buretor1 & t ! ignition is 9 work+ ord]4 ,cont9u$ sp9n+ ( ! gas motor by ! electric motor w n damage ! electrical equipm5t b con/itutes a useless dra9 on ! /orage batt]y & %\ld be avoid$4 ,wir+4--,fig4 #ij %[s ! circuits = all electric appliances on ! ,jeffrey-#d c>4 ,! v>i\s units are wir$ on ! two-wire sy/em4 ,! 8out ( focus0 filam5ts 9 ! head lamp bulbs are wir$ on ! ?ree-wire sy/em1 ! *assis act+ z a neutral wire1 "o side ( ! 8out ( focus0 filam5t be+ gr\nd$ 9 ! head lamps4 ,! 89 focus0 filam5ts are on ! two-wire sy/em4 ,! da% lamp is on ! tail lamp circuit & is s arrang$ t ^! two lamps are always 9 op]ation :5 any comb9ation ( head lamp filam5ts are 9 use4 ,fuse ,circuits4--,ea* head lamp is sep>ately fus$1 ! curr5t = bo? filam5ts 9 ea* head lamp bulb pass+ ?r\gh "o fuse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,to ,,oil ,,pipe ,,gr\nd$ ,,to ,,in/rum5t ,,assembly ,,"r ,,head ,,light ,,g5]ator ,,da% ,,lamp ,,swit* ,,indicator ,,cyl9d]s #a #b #c #d ,,connections ,,?r\gh ,,swit* ,,9 8,,dim0 ,,position ,,fuse ,,& ,,junction ,,block ,,horn ,,connections ,,?r\gh ,,swit* ,,9 8,,on0 ,,position ,,magneto ,,horn ,,button ,,motor ,,/>t+ ,,swit* ,,batt]y ,,wir+ ,,= #f-;,,cyl9d] ,,model #ffa ,,is ,,! ,,same ,,z ,,= #d-;,,cyl9d] ,,model #dfb1 ,,except ,,= ,,high ,,t5sion ,,leads ,,betwe5 ,,magneto ,,& ,,sp>k ,,plugs4 ,,left ,,head ,,light ,,note3--,,dott$ ,,l9es ,,indicate ,,p]man5t ,,connections ,,betwe5 ,,fuse ,,cab9et1 ,,da% ,,lamp1 ,,curr5t ,,indicator ,,& ,,swit*4 ,,connections ,,z ,,%[n ,,fac+ ,,fuse ,,cab9et4 ,,swit* ,,gr\nd$ ,,re> ,fig4 #ij4 ,wir+ ,diagram--,jeffrey-,f\r ,sep>ate fuses are provid$ = ! electric horn circuit & = ! re> lamp circuit4 ,! pu% button = op]at+ ! electric horn is m\nt$ on ! c5t] ( ! /e]+ po/4 ,gr\nd ,fuse4--,a fuse is locat$ 9 ! gr\nd circuit betwe5 ! lamp controll] & ! magneto top to gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,hydromet] ,syr+e ,lamp ,controll]4--,a pair ( wires f ! t]m9als ( ! /orage batt]y connect to ! five position lamp controll]4 ,all light+ circuits connect$ to ?is controll] :i* may be lock$ 9 any ( ! five positions4 ,oil+ %\ld be practic$ regul>ly e two weeks or e five hundr$ miles4 ,two or ?ree drops ( ?9 neutral oil %\ld be put 9 ea* ( ! two oil]s ( ! motor & 9 ea* ( ! two oil]s ( ! g5]ator4 ,d n flood ! be>+s ) oil4 ,at ! same "t ! />t+ motor %aft %\ld be oil$4 ,an oil hole is provid$ 9 ! top ( ! />t+ motor ge> case & ab\t t5 drops ( cyl9d] oil %\ld be us$4 ,fig4 #ia %[s a hydromet] syr+e us$ = det]m9+ ! specific gravity or d5sity ( ! solutions 9 ! batt]y cells4 ,to take specific gravity read+s unscrew ! fill] or v5t plug & ins]t ! tube into ! cell & release bulb sl[ly to draw ! acid solution into ! *amb] until ! hydromet] floats4 ,! enl>g$ graduat$ /em %[s a read+ ( #a4bhj at ! po9t :]e x em]ges f ! solution4 ,aft] te/+1 ! solution mu/ be return$ to ! cell f :i* x 0 tak54 ,specific read+s above #abjj %[ ! batt]y m ?an half *>g$4 ,gravity bel[ #a4aej indicates batt]y completely dis*>g$ or run d[n4 ,%\ld ! gravity fall bel[ #a4aej ! gas motor %\ld be giv5 a long run to re/ore ! batt]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,nor? ,,ea/ ,,/>t] ,,sy/em ,,us$ ,,on ,,dodge ,,bro!rs' ,,c>s ,! ,nor? ,ea/ />t] sy/em %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia comprises ! ,nor? ,ea/ ,model ,g />t]-g5]ator & ! comb9$ />t+ swit* & rev]se curr5t cut-out4 ,?is equipm5t s]ves to />t ! eng9e & provide curr5t = ! lamps & o!r electrical accessories z well z = ! ignition sy/em4 ,! batt]y z ! s\rce ( curr5t :ile ! eng9e is n 9 op]ation or is runn+ sl[ly2 b at all eng9e spe$s above #cej ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ! />t]-g5]ator supplies curr5t = ! entire electrical sy/em4 ,wir+4--,9 ! accompany+ wir+ diagrams ! />t+ circuit is repres5t$ by ! v heavy cables2 ! *>g+ circuit1 :]e x does n co9cide ) ! />t+ circuit1 by ! cables ( m$ium weight1 & ! light+ & ! ignition circuits by ! light cables4 ,z w be se5 f ! diagrams1 ! />t+ circuit ext5ds f ! positive t]m9al ( ! batt]y to ! />t+ swit*1 & !nce1 :5 ! swit* is clos$1 ?r\gh ! />t]-g5]ator armature & field coils back to ! negative t]m9al ( ! batt]y by way ( ! gr\nd$ negative />t]-g5]ator t]m9al1 ! c> frame1 & ! batt]y gr\nd connections4 ,! *>g+ circuit is id5tical ) ! />t+ circuit except at ! />t+ swit*1 :]e in/ead ( pass+ f "o swit* t]m9al to ! o!r ?r\gh ! swit* contactor x ext5ds ?r\gh a p>allel pa? :i* includes ! rev]se curr5t cut-out & ! *>g+ indicator4 ,! cable lead+ to ! light+ & ignition swit* is atta*$ to ! positive t]m9al ( ! indicator4 ,f ?is swit* ! light+ & ! ignition circuits become di/9ct1 & ea*1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh its prop] c\rse1 rea*es ! c> frame & returns ?r\gh x to ! s\rce ( supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>g+ ,indicator ,light+ ,ignition ,swit* ,da% ,lamp ,horn ,head ,lamp ,gr\nd ,tail ,lamp ,gr\nd ,horn ,button ,/>t+ ,swit* & ,rev]se ,curr5t ,cut-out ,gr\nd ,gr\nd ,connection ,gr\nd ,head ,lamp ,batt]y ,gr\nd ,/>t]-,g5]ator ,gr\nd ,connection ,fig4 #ia4 ,dodge ,wir+ ,diagram ,)\t exception all ! connections ( ! />t+ & light+ sy/em mu/ be made z indicat$ 9 ?is diagram if entirely satisfactory results are to be obta9$ f ! equipm5t4 ,/>t]-,g5]ator 7,fig4 #ib74--,! />t]-g5]ator is m\nt$ on ! left side ( ! eng9e by means ( an adju/able support & a clamp+ /rap4 ,x runs at ?ree times eng9e spe$1 op]at+ directly f ! crank %aft ?r\gh a sil5t *a9 drive4 ,be+ a s+le unit ma*9e1 x employs b "o armature ) only "o commutator1 "o set ( field w9d+s & "o set ( bru%es = ! p]=mance ( all ( its functions bo? z a />t] & z a g5]ator4 ,:ile />t+ ! eng9e x acts z a cumulatively comp\nd$ motor2 b :ile s]v+ z a g5]ator x op]ates z a diff]5tially comp\nd$ ma*9e ) its output positively controll$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a ,?ird ,bru% ,regulat+ sy/em1 supplem5t$ by ! diff]5tial influ5ce ( ! s]ies field ^u ! %unt field4 ,! ma*9e is design$ = #ab volt s]vice &1 :5 driv5 by ! eng9e1 normally beg9s to deliv] curr5t to ! batt]y z soon z ! c> spe$ is br\ght up to approximately #aj miles p] h\r4 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! *>g+ rate rises rapidly ) increas+ spe$ until ! /&>d maximum rate ( #f amp]es is rea*$ at a c> spe$ ( #af or #ag miles p] h\r4 ,f ?is spe$ to #bj or #ba miles p] h\r x rema9s practically con/ant1 b above #ba miles p] h\r x decreases gradually until at ! upp] spe$ limit ( ! eng9e x may become z l[ z #c amp]es4 ,?is *>g+ rate con=ms ?r\gh\t ) ! /&>d recomm5dations ( ! batt]y manufactur]s4 ,! e>ly maximum rea*$ by ! />t]-g5]ator output provides amply = ! dem&s ( curr5t at ord9>y driv+ spe$s2 :ile ! tap]+ *>act]i/ic1 :i* comes into effect at high spe$s1 s]ves to protect ! batt]y f sup]flu\s *>g+ 9 in/ances :]e c>s may be subject$ to cont9u\s high spe$ s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,field ,,coil ,,tie ,,rod ,,armature ,,field ,,r+ ,,fuse ,,reta9+ ,,plate ,,cork ,,pack+ ,,wa%] ,,commutator ,,armature ,,%aft ,,ball ,,be>+ ,,sprocket ,,commutator-,,end ,,h\s+ #c,,rd ,,bru% ,,plate ,,adju/+-,,/ud ,,spr+ ,,end-,,play ,,wa%] ,,ball ,,be>+ ,,lock+ ,,sleeve ,,be>+-,,cap ,,felt ,,oil+-,,wa%]s ,,ball ,,be>+ ,,oil ,,sl+]4 ,,clamp-,,screw #c,,rd ,,bru% ,,plate ,,clamp ,,crimp$ ,,spac] ,,cov]-,,b& ,,sprocket-,,end ,,h\s+ ,,bru%-,,hold] ,,/ud ,,bru% ,,bru% ,,hold] ,fig4 #ib4 ,nor? ,ea/ ,model ,g ,/>t]-,g5]ator ,adju/m5t ( ,*>g+ ,rate4--,! ?ird bru% sy/em is s con/ruct$ z to p]mit ! *>g+ rate to be *ang$ :5 desir$ to a high] or to a l[] value ?an t = :i* x is normally adju/$4 ,su* adju/m5ts %\ld n be attempt$ by ! c> own] himself1 & %\ld nev] be made except 9 cases ( actual necessity :]e ! normal *>g+ rate does n meet ! special s]vice conditions "u :i* ! equipm5t may be requir$ to op]ate p]man5tly4 ,9 e in/ance :]e !re is any reason to believe t a modification ( ! rate w\ld be b5eficial1 ! c> own] %\ld ref] ! equipm5t to ! ,nor? ,ea/ ,electric ,company or its ne>e/ bran* or s]vice /ation4 ,fuse4--,! fuse is locat$ on ! commutator end ( ! />t]-g5]ator4 ,its purpose is to protect ! electrical sy/em if possible by r5d]+ ! />t]-g5]ator inop]ative :5ev] abnormal op]at+ conditions may occur4 ,due to its protective function ! fuse is always ! fir/ po9t 9 ! sy/em to be inspect$ 9 case ! />t]-g5]ator ev] fail$ to produce curr5t4 ,if ! fuse is f\nd to be 8bl[n0 or miss+1 a new "o %\ld be appli$ & ! ma*9e giv5 a prelim9>y te/ be=e fur!r se>* = tr\ble is made4 ,%\ld ! g5]ator fail to deliv] curr5t ev5 aft] a new fuse has be5 in/all$ or %\ld ! new fuse 8bl[0 :5 ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ! entire electrical sy/em %\ld !n be inspect$ ?or\ghly = possible faults su* z op5 circuits1 improp] connections or abnormal gr\nds4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! difficulty %\ld always be correct$ be=e any fur!r attempt is made to op]ate ! equipm5t4 ,precautions ,necess>y = ! ,op]ation ,)\t ,batt]y 9 ,circuit4--,! ?ird bru% regulat+ sy/em requires a clos$ *>g+ circuit = ! successful p]=mance ( its duties4 ,! batt]y1 !re=e1 =ms an indisp5sable l9k 9 ! sy/em & its pres5ce 9 circuit is always ess5tial to ! prop] op]ation ( ! />t]-g5]ator4 ,%\ld ! ma*9e ev] h to be op]at$ ) ! batt]y disconnect$ or ) ! *>g+ circuit o!rwise incomplete1 ! electrical sy/em mu/ be protect$ by r5d]+ ! ma*9e inop]ative4 ,?is is to be done by remov+ ! fuse f its clips4 ,:5 ! />t]-g5]ator ?us r5d]$ incapable ( produc+ curr5t1 no ignition curr5t w be available f ! usual s\rces4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 !re=e1 ! eng9e _c be op]at$ )\t "s provisional s\rce ( ignition curr5t4 ,a batt]y ( n9e or t5 dry cells w s]ve satisfactorily z a tempor>y sub/itute provid$ !y are us$ = ignition only4 ,/>t+ ,swit* & ,rev]se ,curr5t ,cut-out4--,! rev]se curr5t cut-out is locat$ 9 ! same case ) ! />t+ swit*4 ,?is comb9$ swit* & cut-out is m\nt$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! toe-bo>d :]e ! swit* pu%-rod button is )9 conv5i5t rea* f ! driv]'s seat4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,delco ,,electrical ,,sy/em--,,buick ,,c>s ,! motor g5]ator :i* is locat$ on ! "r side ( ! eng9e is ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,delco ,sy/em4 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( a dynamo ) two field w9d+s1 & two w9d+s on ! armature ) two commutators & correspond+ sets ( bru%es1 9 ord] t ! ma*9e may "w bo? z a />t+ motor1 & z a g5]ator = *>g+ ! batt]y & supply+ ! lights1 horn & ignition4 ,! ignition app>atus is incorporat$ 9 ! =w>d end ( ! motor g5]ator4 ,?is 9 no way affects ! work+ ( ! g5]ator1 x be+ m\nt$ 9 ?is mann] simply z a conv5i5t & accessible m\nt+4 ,! motor g5]ator has ?ree di/9ct functions to p]=m :i* are z foll[s3 #a4--,motor+ ! g5]ator4 #b4--;,crank+ ! eng9e4 #c4--;,g5]at+ electrical en]gy4 ,motor+ ! g5]ator is accompli%$ :5 ! ignition button on ! swit* is pull$ out4 ,?is all[s curr5t to come f ! /orage batt]y ?r\gh ! ammet] on ! comb9ation swit*1 caus+ x to %[ a dis*>ge4 ,! fir/ read+ ( ! met] w be mu* m ?an ! read+ aft] ! armature is turn+ freely4 ,! curr5t dis*>g+ ?r\gh ! ammet] dur+ ?is op]ation is ! curr5t requir$ to sl[ly revolve ! armature & :at is us$ = ! ignition4 ,! ignition curr5t fl[s only :5 ! contacts are clos$1 x be+ an int]mitt5t curr5t4 ,! maximum ignition curr5t is obta9$ :5 ! circuit is fir/ clos$ & ! resi/ance unit on ! front end ( ! coil is cold4 ,! curr5t at ?is "t is approximately #f amp]es1 b soon decreases to approximately #c amp]es4 ,!n z ! eng9e is runn+ x fur!r decreases until at #ajjj revolutions ( ! eng9e x is approximately #a amp]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,to ,,swit*4 ,,to ,,%unt ,,field4 ,,ignition ,,coil4 ,,resi/ance ,,unit4 ,,to ,,?ird ,,bru%4 ,,to ,,pos4 ,,batt]y4 ,,dis4 ,,head ,,locat+ ,,tongue4 ,,to ,,no #a ,,t]m9al4 ,,to ,,no #b ,,t]m9al4 ,,bru% ,,op]at+ ,,rod4 ,,oil] ,a4 ,,to ,,/>t+ ,,p$al4 ,,/>t+ ,,ge>s4 ,a ,,field ,,coil4 ,,oil] ,b4 ,,di/ributor ,,%aft ,,ge>4 ,,fly ,,:eel4 ,,pump ,,%aft4 ,,armature4 ,,lubricator ,c4 ,,g5]ator ,,clut*4 ,,roll] ,,be>+4 ,,ball ,,be>+4 ,,oil ,,dra94 ,,"o ,,way ,,clut* ,,built ,,9 ,,?is ,,ge>4 ,,motor ,,commutator4 ,,g5]ator ,,commutator4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,delco ,motor ,g5]ator--,%[+ ,p>ts ,?is motor+ ( ! g5]ator is necess>y 9 ord] t ! />t+ ge>s may be br\ght into me%1 & %\ld tr\ble be exp]i5c$ 9 me%+ ^! ge>s1 d n try to =ce !m1 simply all[ ! />t+ p$al to come back giv+ ! ge>s "t to *ange _! relative positions4 ,a click+ s\nd w be he>d dur+ ! motor+ ( ! g5]ator4 ,?is is caus$ by ! ov]runn+ ( ! clut* 9 ! =w>d end ( ! g5]ator :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! purpose ( ! g5]ator clut* is to all[ ! armature to revolve at a high] spe$ ?an ! pump %aft dur+ ! crank+ op]ation & p]mitt+ ! pump %aft to drive ! armature :5 ! eng9e is runn+ on its own p[]4 ,a spiral ge> is cut on ! out] face ( ?is clut* = driv+ ! di/ributor4 ,?is portion ( ! clut* is connect$ by an ,oldham c\pl+ to ! pump %aft4 ,!re=e its relation to ! pump %aft is always ! same & does n ?r[ ! ignition out ( "t dur+ ! crank+ op]ation4 ,! crank+ op]ation takes place :5 ! />t+ p$al is fully depress$4 ,?is causes ! top motor bru% to come 9 contact ) ! motor commutator4 ,z ?is bru% arm l[]s1 x comes 9 contact ) ! ge> 9 ! g5]ator bru% arm rais+ ! g5]ator bru% f its commutator4 ,at ! same "t ! curr5t f ! /orage batt]y fl[s ?r\gh ! heavy s]ies field w9d+1 motor bru%es & motor w9d+ on ! armature4 ,! swit*+ 9 ?is circuit is accompli%$ by means ( ! top motor bru% :i* is op]at$ f ! />t+ p$al4 7,%[n 9 ,fig4 #id74 ,?is crank+ op]ation requires a heavy curr5t f ! /orage batt]y1 & if ! lights are on dur+ ! crank+ op]ation1 ! heavy dis*>ge f ! batt]y causes ! voltage ( ! batt]y to decrease en\gh to cause ! lights to gr[ dim4 ,?is is notic$ especially :5 ! batt]y is ne>ly dis*>g$2 x also w be m app>5t ) a /iff motor or ) a loose or poor connection 9 ! batt]y circuit4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is heavy dis*>ge curr5t t ! crank+ %\ld n be cont9u$ any long] ?an is necess>y1 al?\gh a fully *>g$ batt]y w crank ! eng9e = sev]al m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bru% ,,op]at+ ,,rod ,,motor ,,bru% ,,g5]ator ,,bru% ,,g5]ator ,,commutator ,,motor ,,commutator ,,?ird ,,bru% ,,plate ,,slott$ ,,to ,,p]mit ,,?ird ,,bru% ,,adju/m5t ,fig4 #id4 ,delco ,motor ,g5]ator--,diagram ( ,op]ation ,dur+ ! crank+ op]ation ! ammet] w %[ a dis*>ge4 ,?is is ! curr5t t is us$ bo? 9 ! %unt field w9d+ & ! ignition curr5t2 ! ignition curr5t1 be+ an int]mitt5t curr5t ( comp>atively l[ frequ5cy1 w cause ! ammet] to vibrate dur+ ! crank+ op]ation4 ,if ! lights are on ! met] w %[ a heavi] dis*>ge4 ,! ma9 crank+ curr5t is n conduct$ ?r\gh ! ammet]1 z ?is is a v heavy curr5t & x w\ld be impossible to conduct ?is heavy curr5t ?r\gh ! ammet] & /ill h an ammet] t is s5sitive en\gh to indicate accurately ! *>g+ curr5t & ! curr5t = lights & ignition4 ,z soon z ! eng9e fires ! />t+ p$al %\ld be releas$ imm$iately1 z ! ov]runn+ motor clut* is op]at+ f ! "t ! eng9e fires until ! />t+ ge>s are out ( me%4 ,s9ce !y op]ate at a v high spe$1 if !y are held 9 me% = any l5g? ( "t1 !re is en\gh friction 9 ?is clut* to cause x to heat & burn out ! lubricant4 ,!re is no necessity = hold+ ! ge>s 9 me%4 ,! motor clut* op]ates betwe5 ! fly:eel & ! armature p9ion = ! purpose ( gett+ a suitable ge> r$uction betwe5 ! motor g5]ator & ! fly:eel4 ,x also prev5ts ! armature f be+ driv5 at an excessively high spe$ dur+ ! %ort "t ! ge>s are me%$ aft] ! eng9e is runn+ on its own p[]4 ,?is clut* is lubricat$ by ! grease cup ,a1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,?is =ces grease ?r\gh ! holl[ %aft to ! inside ( ! clut*4 ,?is cup %\ld be giv5 a turn or two e week4 ,:5 ! crank+ op]ation is f9i%$ ! top bru% is rais$ (f ! commutator :5 ! />t+ p$al is releas$4 ,?is ?r[s ! />t+ motor out ( action 7,fig4 #id74 ,! top bru% comes 9 contact ) ! g5]ator commutator1 & ! armature is driv5 by ! ext5sion ( ! pump %aft4 ,at spe$s above approximately #g miles p] h\r ! g5]ator voltage is high] ?an ! voltage ( ! /orage batt]y :i* causes curr5t to fl[ f ! g5]ator w9d+ ?r\gh ! ammet] 9 ! *>ge direction to ! /orage batt]y4 ,z ! spe$ increases up to approximately #bj miles p] h\r ?is *>g+ curr5t increases1 b at ! high] spe$s ! *>g+ curr5t decreases4 ,lubrication4--,!re are five places to lubricate ! ,delco ,sy/em3 #a4 ,! grease clut* = lubricat+ ! motor clut*4 #b4 ,hole at ,b 7,fig4 #ic7 = supply+ cup grease = lubricat+ ! g5]ator clut* & =w>d armature be>+4 #c4 ,! oil] ,c 9 ! re> end cov] = lubricat+ ! be>+ on ! armature %aft4 ,?is %\ld receive a few drops ( oil once a week4 #d4 ,! oil hole 9 ! di/ributor at ,a 7,fig4 #ic7 = lubricat+ ! top be>+ ( ! di/ributor %aft4 ,?is %\ld receive oil once a week #e4 ,?is is ! inside ( ! di/ributor head4 ,?is %\ld be lubricat$ ) a small am\nt ( vasel9e1 c>efully appli$ two or ?ree times dur+ ! fir/ #bjjj miles runn+ ( ! c>1 aft] :i* x w require no att5tion4 ,?is is to secure a burni%$ track = ! rotor bru% on ! di/ributor head4 ,?is grease %\ld be sp>+ly appli$ & ! head wip$ clean f du/ & dirt4 ,! comb9ation swit* 7,figs4 #ie & #if7 is = ! purpose ( controll+ ! lights1 ignition1 & ! circuit betwe5 ! g5]ator & ! /orage batt]y4 ,! button next to ! ammet] controls bo? ! ignition & ! circuit betwe5 ! g5]ator & ! /orage batt]y1 ! latt] circuit be+ %[n 9 ! heavi] l9e z %[n on ! circuit diagram 7,fig4 #ih74 ,! button next to ?is controls ! head lights4 ,! next button controls ! auxili>y lamps 9 ! head lights4 ,! button on ! left controls ! c[l & tail lights4 ,! circuit break] is m\nt$ on ! comb9ation swit* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,?is is a protective device1 :i* takes ! place ( a fuse block & fuses4 ,x prev5ts ! dis*>g+ ( ! batt]y or damage to ! swit* or wir+ to ! lamps1 9 ! ev5t ( any ( ! wires lead+ to ^! becom+ gr\nd$4 ,z long z ! lamps are us+ ! normal am\nt ( curr5t ! circuit break] is n affect$4 ,b 9 ! ev5t ( any ( ! wires becom+ gr\nd$ an abnormally heavy curr5t is conduct$ ?r\gh ! circuit break]1 ?us produc+ a /rong magnetism :i* attracts ! pole piece & op5s ! contacts4 ,?is cuts (f ! fl[ ( curr5t :i* all[s ! contacts to close aga9 & ! op]ation is repeat$1 caus+ ! circuit break] to pass an int]mitt5t curr5t & give =? a vibrat+ s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,delco ,ignition ,swit* ,plate ,illu/ration3 ,circuit ,break] ,numb]s ( ,l[] ,t]m9als ,fig4 #if4 ,delco ,ignition ,swit* ,circuit ,break]--,m\nt$ ,x requires #be amp]es to />t ! circuit break] vibrat+1 b once vibrat+ a curr5t ( ?ree to five amp]es w cause x to cont9ue to op]ate4 ,9 case ! circuit break] vibrates repeat$ly1 d n attempt to increase ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 z ! vibration is an indication ( a gr\nd 9 ! sy/em4 ,remove ! gr\nd & ! vibration w /op4 ,! ammet] on ! "r side ( ! comb9ation swit* is to indicate ! curr5t t is go+ to or com+ f ! /orage batt]y ) ! exception ( ! crank+ curr5t4 ,:5 ! eng9e is n runn+ & curr5t is be+ us$ = lights1 ! ammet] %[s ! am\nt ( curr5t be+ us$ & ! ammet] h& po9ts to ! dis*>ge side1 z ! curr5t is be+ dis*>g$ f ! batt]y4 ,:5 ! eng9e is runn+ above g5]at+ spe$s & no curr5t is be+ us$ = lights or horn1 ! ammet] w %[ *>ge4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( curr5t t is be+ *>g$ into ! batt]y4 ,if curr5t is be+ us$ = lights1 ignition & horn1 9 excess ( ! am\nt t is be+ g5]at$1 ! ammet] w %[ a dis*>ge z ! excess curr5t mu/ be dis*>g$ f ! batt]y1 b at all ord9>y spe$s ! ammet] w read *>ge4 ,! ignition coil is m\nt$ on top ( ! motor g5]ator z %[n 9 ,fig4 #id & is :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! ignition trans=m] coil4 ,9 addition to be+ a pla9 trans=m] coil x has incorporat$ 9 x a cond5s] 7:i* is necess>y = all high t5sion ignition sy/ems7 & has includ$ on ! front end an ignition resi/ance unit4 ,! coil prop] consi/s ( a r\nd core ( a numb] ( small iron wires4 ,w\nd ar\nd ?is & insulat$ f x is ! prim>y w9d+4 ,! circuit & arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! prim>y curr5t is suppli$ ?r\gh ! comb9ation swit* ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ & resi/ance ?r\gh ! coil1 to ! di/ributor contacts4 ,?is is v pla9ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,x is ! int]rupt+ ( ?is prim>y curr5t by ! tim] contacts toge!r ) ! action ( ! cond5s] :i* causes a rapid demagnetization ( ! iron core ( ! coil t induces ! high t5sion curr5t 9 ! second>y w9d+4 ,?is second>y w9d+ consi/s ( sev]al ?\s& turns ( v f9e copp] wire1 ! diff]5t lay]s ( :i* are well insulat$ f ea* o!r & f ! prim>y w9d+4 ,"o end ( ! second>y w9d+ is gr\nd$ & ! o!r end t]m9ates at ! high t5sion t]m9al ab\t midway on top ( ! coil4 ,x is f ?is t]m9al t ! high t5sion curr5t is conduct$ to ! di/ributor :]e x is di/ribut$ to ! prop] cyl9d]s by ! rotor %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,connects ,to ,swit* ,high ,t5sion ,wire ,to ,c5t] ,( ,di/ributor ,connects ,to ,di/ributor ,prim>y ,w9d+ ,resi/ance ,unit ,second>y ,w9d+ ,iron ,core ,cond5s] ,coil ,bracket ,mu/ ,be ,gr\nd$ ,fig4 #ig4 ,delco ,ignition ,coil ,! di/ributor & tim]1 toge!r ) ! ignition coil1 sp>k plugs1 & wir+1 con/itute ! ignition sy/em4 ,! prop] ignition ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e consi/s ( ignit+ ! mixture 9 ea* cyl9d] at su* a "t t x w be completely burn$ at ! "t ! pi/on rea*es dead c5t] on ! compression /roke4 ,a def9ite p]iod ( "t is requir$ f ! "t ! sp>k occurs at ! sp>k plug until ! mixture is completely exp&$4 ,x is !re=e app>5t1 t1 z ! spe$ ( ! eng9e increases1 ! "t ! sp>k occurs mu/ be advanc$ ) respect to ! crank %aft1 & x is = ?is reason t ! ,delco ignition sy/ems are fitt$ ) an automatic sp>k control4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circuit ,,break] ,,ammet] ,,c[l ,,light ,,resi/ance ,,unit ,,swit* ,,bru% ,,swit*es ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,/>t+ ,,p$al ,,cond5s] ,,ignition ,,coil ,,tonneau ,,light ,,head ,,lights ,,s]ies ,,field ,,rotor ,,= ,,di/ribut+ ,,high ,,t5sion ,,curr5t ,,motor ,,g5]ator ,,tail ,,light ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,%unt ,,field ,,to ,,sp>k ,,plugs ,,di/ributor ,,advance ,,tung/5 ,,tim+ ,,contacts ,,aux ,,light ,,horn ,,button ,,9 ,,:eel ,fig4 #ih4 ,delco ,wir+ ,diagram--,buick ,c>s ,! quality ( ! mixture & ! am\nt ( compression are also factors 9 ! "t requir$ = ! burn+ to be complete4 ,?us a ri* mixture burns quick] ?an a lean "o4 ,= ?is reason ! eng9e w /& m advance ) a half op5 ?rottle ?an ) a wide op5 ?rottle1 & 9 ord] to secure ! prop] tim+ ( ! ignition due to ^! v>iations & to ret>d ! sp>k = />t+1 idl+ & c>buretor adju/+1 ! ,delco di/ributor also has a manual control4 ,illu/ration3 ,rotor ,button ,rotor ,break] ,cam ,tim+ ,adju/m5t ,automatic ,weights ,advance ,lev] ,fig4 #ii4 ,delco ,ignition ,di/ributor ,! automatic feature ( ?is di/ributor is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ii & #ajj4 ,) ! sp>k lev] set at ! runn+ position on ! /e]+ :eel 7:i* is ne>ly all ! way d[n on ! quadrant71 ! automatic feature gives ! prop] sp>k = all spe$s except+ a wide op5 ?rottle at l[ spe$s1 at :i* "t ! sp>k lev] %\ld be slightly ret>d$4 ,:5 ! ignition is too f> advanc$ x causes loss ( p[] & a knock+ s\nd )9 ! eng9e4 ,) too late a sp>k !re is a loss ( p[] :i* is usually n notic$ except by an exp]i5c$ driv] or "o v famili> ) ! c> & heat+ ( ! eng9e & excessive consumption ( fuel is ! result4 ,! tim] contacts %[n at ,d & ,c 7,fig4 #ajj7 are two ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( an automobile4 ,v little att5tion w keep ^! 9 p]fect condition4 ,^! are tung/5 metal1 :i* is extremely h>d & requires a v high temp]ature to melt4 ,"u normal conditions !y we> or burn v slightly & w v seldom require att5tion2 b 9 ! ev5t ( abnormal voltage1 su* z w\ld be obta9$ by runn+ ) ! batt]y remov$1 or ) ! ignition resi/ance unit %ort$ out1 or ) a defective cond5s]1 ^! contacts burn v rapidly & 9 a %ort "t w cause s]i\s ignition tr\ble4 ,! c> %\ld nev] be op]at$ ) ! batt]y remov$4 ,illu/ration3 #c ,,automatic ,,weights ,,di/ributor ,,contact ,,break] ,,cam ,fig4 #ajj4 ,delco ,ignition ,contact ,break] & ,tim] ,x is a v easy matt] to *eck ! resi/ance unit by obs]v+ its heat+ :5 ! ignition button is out & ! contacts 9 ! di/ributor are clos$4 ,if x is %ort$ out x w n heat up1 & w cause miss+ at l[ spe$s4 ,a defective cond5s] su* z w cause contact tr\ble w cause s]i\s miss+ ( ! ignition4 ,!re=e1 any ( ^! tr\bles are comp>atively easy to locate & %\ld be imm$iately rem$i$4 ,^! contacts %\ld be s adju/$ t :5 ! fib] block ,b is on top ( "o ( ! lobes ( ! cam1 ! contacts are op5$ ! ?ickness ( ! gauge on ! di/ributor wr5*4 ,adju/ contacts by turn+ contact screw ,c1 & lock nut ,n4 ,! contacts %\ld be dress$ ) f9e em]y clo? s t !y meet squ>ely across ! entire face4 ,! rotor di/ributes ! high t5sion curr5t f ! c5t] ( ! di/ributor to ! prop] cyl9d]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! di/ributor head is prop]ly locat$1 o!rwise ! rotor bru% w n be 9 contact ) ! t]m9al at ! "t ! sp>k occurs4 ,! di/ributor head & rotor %\ld be lubricat$ z describ$ "u ! head+ 8,lubrication40 ,! am\nt ( ignition curr5t requir$ = diff]5t spe$s is describ$ "u ! head+ 8,motor+ ! ,g5]ator40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,,con/ruction1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,! mod]n /orage batt]y does n produce or g5]ate electrical =ce4 ,x 0 design$ to c>ry an extra supply ( curr5t 9 /orage to op]ate light+ & />t+ sy/ems1 & 9 mo/ cases ! curr5t requir$ = ignition is drawn f ?is supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,t]m9al ,po/ ,cell ,reta9] ,case ,cell ,j> ,negative ,plate ,sep>ator ,positive ,plate ,fig4 #aja4 ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,sectional ,view ,a /orage batt]y is also call$ an accumulator1 z x accumulates & reta9s a *>ge ( electrical curr5t = future use4 ,fig4 #aja illu/rates a /orage batt]y ) a section ( ! cell reta9] case remov$ to %[ ! location ( ! cells1 _! respective ord]1 t]m9al po/s & connections4 ,a section ( ! cell j>1 has also be5 remov$ to %[ ! core1 :i* consi/s ( a set ( positive & negative plates4 ,! positive plates are ins]t$ betwe5 ! negative plates & are held 9 ?is position ?r\gh _! respective connections to ! positive & negative t]m9al po/s4 ,! cell reta9]-j>s are made ( z9c or rubb]1 & conta9 an acid & wat] solution call$ electrolyte into :i* ! core is entirely imm]s$4 ,! ,positive & ,negative ,plates4--,! plates are held f direct contact ) ea* o!r by a wood or rubb] sep>ator4 ,^! plates are =m$ ) small sectional comp>tm5ts call$ grids1 into :i* a lead comp\nd 9 pa/e =m is press$4 ,! positive plates are made ( lead oxide 7z9c71 & are d>k gray 9 color1 :ile ! negative plates are made ( pure lead1 & are light gray 9 color4 ,cells4--,! cells are connect$ up 9 s]ies1 t is1 ! positive t]m9al po/ ( "o cell is connect$ to ! negative t]m9al po/ ( ! next cell1 =m+ a direct pa? ?r\gh ! cell arrangem5t4 ,ea* cell w reta9 a two-volt pressure until fully dis*>g$4 ,! voltage ( a batt]y is det]m9$ by add+ ! numb] ( two-volt cells t x conta9s4 ,amp]age4--,! /&>d type ( /orage batt]y %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb is compos$ ( ?ree two-volt cells :i* =m a six-volt unit ( sixty amp]e h\rs1 :i* means t a fully *>g$ batt]y w deliv] "o amp]e p] h\r = sixty h\rs4 ,?is1 also1 is ab\t ! rate ( amp]age consum$ by ! mod]n batt]y ignition sy/em4 ,electrolyte ,solution4--,! electrolyte solution is compos$ ( a mixture ( "o "p ( sulphuric acid add$ to f\r to six p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is solution is p\r$ into ! cell ?r\gh ! fill] cap1 until ! plates are cov]$ f "o-f\r? to "o-half in* 9 dep? z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ to keep ! air v5t 9 ! fill] cap free f grease & dirt 9 ord] t ! gases =m$ ?r\gh evaporation may escape4 ,batt]y ,*>g+4--,! cells are *>g$ by pass+ a direct curr5t ?r\gh !m1 :i* causes a *emical action to take place z ! curr5t fl[s 91 *ang+ ! nature ( ! positive & negative plates1 !reby reta9+ a curr5t =ce equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! *ang$ nature ( ! plates4 ,! batt]y is entirely dis*>g$ :5 ! plates become alike 9 nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,unscrew ?is ,cap ,fill up to ?is ,po9t ,,solution ,don't fill above ?is ,po9t ,,plate ,fig4 #ajb4 ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,sectional ,view ,/orage ,batt]y ,c>e & ,ma9t5ance4--,regul>ly once e week dur+ ! summ]1 & e two weeks dur+ ! w9t]1 add wat] to ea* ( ! ?ree cells ( ! batt]y1 until ! tops ( ! plates are cov]$4 ,use wat] only2 nev] add acid ( any k9d4 ,wat] = batt]y purposes %\ld be di/ill$ fre% ra9 or melt$ ice1 & mu/ be free f alkali1 iron1 or o!r impurities4 ,! batt]y %\ld be kept clean & free f dirt4 ,use only clean non-metallic vessels = h&l+ & /or+ wat] = batt]y purposes4 ,! /ate ( *>ge ( a batt]y is indicat$ by ! specific gravity or d5sity ( ! solution4 ,fig4 #ajc %[s a hydromet] syr+e us$ = tak+ specific gravity read+s4 ,! fill] or v5t plug 9 ! top ( ! cell is remov$ & ! rubb] tube ( ! hydromet] syr+e ins]t$ into ! cell s t ! end ( ! tube is bel[ ! solution4 ,!n squeeze ! rubb] bulb sl[ly1 draw+ ! solution into ! acid *amb] until ! hydromet] floats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,hydromet] ,syr+e ,! read+ on ! graduator /em at ! po9t :]e x em]ges f ! solution is ! specific gravity or d5sity ( ! solution4 ,fig4 #ajc %[s an enl>g$ section ( ! hydromet] float+ s t ! read+ ( ! graduat$ scale is #a4bhj at ! po9t :]e x em]ges f ! solution4 ,?is is ! specific gravity or d5sity ( ! solution4 ,aft] te/+1 ! solution mu/ be return$ to ! cell f :i* x 0 tak54 ,nev] take specific gravity read+s imm$iately aft] add+ wat] to ! cells4 ,! specific gravity read+s are express$ 9 8po9ts10 ?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 #a4bge & #a4cjj is #be po9ts4 ,:5 all ! cells are 9 good condition ! specific gravity w be approximately ! same 9 all cells & ! diff]5ce %\ld n be great] ?an #be to #cj po9ts4 ,) a fully *>g$ batt]y ! specific gravity ( ! solution w be f #a4bhj to #a4cjj4 ,specific gravity read+s above #a4bjj indicates t ! batt]y is m ?an half *>g$4 ,specific gravity read+s bel[ #a4bjj1 b above #a4aej indicates batt]y less ?an half *>g$4 ,gravity bel[ #a4aej indicates batt]y dis*>g$ or run d[n4 ,%\ld ! gravity fall bel[ #a4aej ! gas motor %\ld be giv5 a long run ) all lights turn$ (f1 to re/ore ! batt]y4 ,?is condition may result f leav+ a c> /&+ = prolong$ p]iods ) all lights 9 use & insuffici5t runn+ ( ! gas motor 9 betwe5 ^! p]iods to replace ! curr5t tak5 to supply ! lights4 ,:5 ! specific gravity %[s ! batt]y to be half dis*>g$1 ! lights %\ld be us$ sp>+ly until ! gravity rises to approximately #a4bge4 ,if ! specific gravity 9 "o cell is mu* l[] ?an t ( ! o!rs1 & if successive read+s %[ ! diff]5ce to be increas+1 ?is indicates t ! cell is n 9 good ord]4 ,if "o cell regul>ly requires m wat] ?an ! o!rs 7cont9ually l[]+ ! specific gravity71 a leaky j> is indicat$4 ,leaky j>s %\ld be replac$ imm$iately4 ,if !re is no leak & ! specific gravity falls #ej to #ge po9ts bel[ t ( ! o!r cells 9 ! batt]y1 an int]nal %ort circuit is indicat$ & %\ld be rem$i$4 ,batt]y to ,rema9 ,idle4--,:]e a batt]y is to rema9 out ( active s]vice = a long p]iod1 x may be kept 9 good condition by giv+ x a fre%5+ *>ge at lea/ once a mon?1 by runn+ ! gas motor idle4 ,:5 a batt]y has be5 out ( s]vice = "s "t x %\ld be giv5 a ?or\gh *>ge be=e x is plac$ 9 s]vice aga94 ,if ! gas motor _c be run to give a fre%5+ *>ge1 ! batt]y %\ld be tak5 f ! c> & plac$ at a g>age1 :i* makes a bus9ess ( *>g+ /orage batt]ies4 ,x c be *>g$ at lea/ once a mon?4 ,?is *>ge %\ld be #d & to #e amp]es = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,batt]y ,freez+4--,9 ord] to avoid freez+1 a batt]y %\ld be kept 9 a fully *>g$ condition1 z a fully *>g$ batt]y w n freeze except at extreme temp]atures4 ,z a batt]y dis*>ges ! specific gravity ( ! solution decreases1 & ! specific gravity ( a fully dis*>g$ batt]y w be approximately #a4abj4 ,batt]ies ( ?is l[ gravity w freeze at #bj ,f4 above z]o1 :]eas1 ! d5sity ( ! solution 9 a batt]y approximately ?ree-qu>t]s *>g$ w be #a4bfj1 & a solution ( ?is d5sity w n freeze until #fj ,f4 bel[ z]o4 ,see ,accumulator4 ,*apt] #ad1 ,electrical ,diction>y--,function & ,*emical ,action4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,sp>k ,,plugs ,,& ,,c>e ,"s def9ite k ( sp>k plug con/ruction quality1 & c>e1 w be f\nd v useful to ! av]age motori/ 9 pur*as+ new plugs1 & keep+ ^? 9 pres5t use1 9 good condition4 ,a good plug prop]ly con/ruct$ %\ld outla/ ! life ( ! motor4 ,:5 pur*as+ new plugs1 fir/ exam9e ! old plug & get "o ( ! same l5g?4 ,?is is v important z sp>k plugs are made 9 z _m diff]5t l5g?s z requir$ by high & l[ compression motors4 ,high compression motors h a small l[ wall$ combu/ion *amb]1 :ile l[ compression motors usually h a spaci\s high wall *amb] & require a long] plug1 :]eas if ! long plug is us$ 9 ! high compression motor x may be put out ( commission by ! asc5d+ pi/on4 ,next det]m9e ! size ( ! plug & ! gauge ( ! ?read4 ,! majority ( motors use ! in* plug1 ) ! ,s4 ,a4 ,e4 ?read1 :ile a few /ill use ! ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,m4 ?read :i* is mu* f9] gaug$4 ,ano!r po9t to be rememb]$ is t x is an unwise exp5diture to pur*ase *eap plugs because ! int5se heat & pressure t !y are subject$ to & requir$ to /&1 dem&s t !y be made ( ! highe/ quality ( mat]ial & workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,sp>k ,plug ,fig4 #ajd %[s ! sectional con/ruction ( a sp>k plug co/+ f "o doll> to "o doll> & fifty c5ts4 ,no4 #a1 ! t]m9al1 is design$ to fit all connections4 ,no4 #b nut :i* holds electroids firmly 9 place4 ,no4 #c repres5ts r\nd edg$ %\ld]s :i* prev5t ! plug f %ort circuit+ on ! outside4 ,no4 #d is a heavy electroid :i* w n break or burn4 ,no4 #e is an extra heavy insulator :i* insures a good sp>k 9 case ! out] porcela9 insulator becomes brok5 or crack$4 ,no4 #f is a bu%+ :i* holds ! insulator firmly 9 place f ! top4 ,no4 #g is a high compression wa%] :i* all[s = upw>d expansion & makes an ev5 seat = ! bu%+ :i* holds ! insulator 9 position4 ,no4 #h is a massive porcela9 insulator design$ to )/& a high temp]ature )\t crack+4 ,no4 #i is a copp] asbe/os wa%] t all[s = ! d[nw>d expansion ( ! insulator4 ,no4 #aj is ! %ell ca/+ :i* holds & protects ! insulator4 ,no4 #aa are r\nd$ corn]s :i* w all[ ! plug to be screw$ d[n flu% )\t com+ into contact ) ! curv$ walls ( ! cup conta9]s4 ,no4 #ab is a high compression wa%] :i* prev5ts all leakage4 ,no4 #ac %[s ela/ic cem5t :i* /r5g!ns ! l[] con/ruction ( ! insulator & prev5ts ! compression f escap+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! insulator4 ,no4 #ad is a h>d5$ poli%$ /eel tipp$ electroid4 ,no4 #ae is a b5t poli%$ /eel electroid dipp$ on ea* side ( ! sp>k 9 ord] to prev5t oil f runn+ d[n f ! %ell ca/+ & clos+ ! sp>k gap4 ,no4 #af repres5ts an ext5d$ c5t] electroid :i* prev5ts any oil t may h lodg$ on x f /opp+ at ! sp>k gap4 ,sp>k ,plug ,clean+4--,to insure a smoo? runn+ motor & a good sp>k1 ! sp>k plugs %\ld be clean$ at ?irty day int]vals4 ,x is n always necess>y to disassemble !m at ?is "t z ! c>bon usually collects & bakes on ! metal ca/+ %ell & c be remov$ by runn+ a ?9 knife blade or f+] nail file ar\nd ! inn] surface4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! insulator becomes pitt$ or c>bon burnt ! plug %\ld be disassembl$ & ! insulator wip$ clean ) a clo? damp5$ 9 k]os5e4 ,nev] imm]se ! insulator 9 k]os5e1 z ?is w loos5 ! cem5t ar\nd ! c5t] electroid & cause ! plug to leak compression4 ,! %ell may be imm]s$4 ,x is !n wip$ dry & ! inside surfaces scrap$ or rubb$ ) a piece ( s& or em]y pap] to dislodge ! c>bon pits4 ,aft] all p>ts h be5 ?or\ghly dri$ ! plug is reassembl$1 us+ new wa%]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,clut* ,,con/ruction1 ,,type ,,& ,,c>e ,! clut* us$ 9 automobile con/ruction ( ! pres5t day becomes a necess>y "p ( ! equipm5t ^u ! adoption by manufactur]s ( ! progressive & selective types ( slid+ ge> transmissions4 ,:5 ! eng9e is />t$ ! clut* is 8910 t is1 9 contact ) ! fly:eel1 & all p>ts ( ! clut* revolve ) x at ! same spe$4 ,! %aft on :i* ! clut* is m\nt$ ext5ds into ! transmission ge> case1 b z ! transmission ge>s are 9 a neutral position1 ! movem5t ( ! c> is n affect$4 ,:5 ! c> is to be />t$ ! clut* foot p$al 7usually on ! left side ( ! /e]+ column7 is press$ d[n4 ,?is ?r[s ! "p atta*$ to ! drive %aft out ( contact ) ! "p atta*$ to ! fly:eel1 & 9 its backw>d movem5t x comes into contact ) ! clut* brake1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje1 :i* /ops x f revolv+4 ,! h& ge> control lev] is %ift$ into ! fir/ spe$ slot or position4 ,! pressure on ! foot p$al is !n gradually releas$ & ! clut* is c>ri$ 9 by spr+ t5sion1 & ! c> moves (f at fir/ spe$4 ,second ,spe$4--,! clut* is ?r[n 8out0 aft] a brief lapse ( ?ree to five seconds has be5 all[$ = ! brake to sl[ up rotation 9 ord] t ! ge>s to be me%$ w be rotat+ at ! same spe$4 ,! h& control lev] is n[ %ift$ into ! second spe$ slot1 & ! clut* p$als releas$4 ,high ,spe$ or ,direct ,drive4--,! clut* is ?r[n out & a few seconds all[$ = x to sl[ up4 ,! h& control lev] is %ift$ into ! high spe$ slot1 :i* connects ! drive or propell] %aft directly to ! clut* %aft & ! c> is driv5 at crank %aft spe$ :5 ! clut* is let 94 ,rev]se4--,! clut* is employ$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,h[ev]1 ! motion ( ! c>1 ! clut* & all ge>s mu/ be at a /& /ill be=e ! ge> control lev] is %ift$ to ! rev]se spe$ slot1 z ! ge>s 9 ! transmission op]ate 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,cone ,clut* & ,brake ,,op]ation ,a clut* always consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o "p :i* is atta*$ to ! fly:eel1 & ano!r "p :i* op]ates on or aga9/ ! "p =m$ by ! fly:eel4 ,:ile !re are five to sev5 diff]5t types ( clut*es1 b two types are us$ by ! majority ( automobile manufactur]s4 ,! s+le or multiple disc clut* is us$ almo/ exclusively 9 unit p[] plant con/ruction1 :ile ! cone type is us$ :5 ! transmission is c>ri$ 9 a sep>ate unit4 ,fig4 #aje %[s ! cone clut* ) its ?ree adju/+ spr+s & clut* brake4 ,! cone is %[n 9 a light] color ?an ! fly:eel4 ,x has a funnel-%ap$ surface ) a slant or angle ( f ?irty to ?irty-eight degrees4 ,! slant$ surface is fac$ ) lea!r & fits into ! rim ( ! fly:eel :i* has be5 gr\nd to ! same slant4 ,! cone clut* is n atta*$ to ! fly:eel b =ms a "p & revolves ) x :5 ! faces are 9 contact4 ,! cone is c>ri$ on a sep>ate %ort %aft :i* ext5ds into ! transmission case4 ,?is %aft c>ries a /eel plate or disc at ! front end to :i* ! cone :i* slides on ! %aft is an*or$ by /uds ext5d+ f ! plate ?r\gh ! cone4 ,! /uds usually numb] ?ree or f\r & c>ry a two to ?ree in* spr+ on ! out] end back ( ! cone4 ,! cone is back$ out ( contact ) ! fly:eel face1 aga9/ ! t5sion ( ^! spr+s1 9 a toggle lev]age connect$ to ! foot p$al4 ,! clut* brake %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje is adju/able & makes contact ) ! rim ( ! cone ret>d+ ! rotation :5 ! cone is drawn out ( contact ) ! fly:eel4 ,cone ,clut* ,c>e4--,! lea!r face ( ! cone %\ld receive #e to #g drops ( ,neat's foot oil e ?irty days4 ,a grease cup w be f\nd on ! cone :i* provides lubrication = ! %aft on :i* ! cone slides4 ,?is %\ld be giv5 a half turn e second day4 ,cone ,clut* ,adju/m5t4--,! ?ree /uds ext5d+ ?r\gh ! cone1 h a lock nut adju/m5t on ! out] end1 & ! cone may be adju/$ up to make a /rong] face contact by loos5+ ! lock nut & turn+ ! inn] nut to ! "r4 ,?is /r5g!ns ! spr+ t5sion & causes ! contact faces to set m firmly4 ,?is adju/m5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld take place only :5 clut* slipp+ is not$4 ,only a little movem5t ( ! nuts is necess>y1 & all ?ree or f\r nuts %\ld be tak5 up a l am\nt 9 ord] to prev5t ! cone f runn+ out ( l9e or mak+ unev5 contact4 ,fig4 #ajf %[s ! multiple disc clut* us$ almo/ exclusively 9 connection ) ! unit p[] plant4 ,?is type ( clut* consi/s ( a set ( plates atta*$ & driv5 by ! fly:eel1 & ano!r set ( plates or ?9 discs atta*$ to ! drive %aft4 ,! drive %aft plates op]ate betwe5 ! fly:eel plates4 ,! contact is frictional & ! plates are held toge!r by spr+ t5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,multi-,disc ,unit ,p[] ,plant1 ,clut* & ,transmission ,,borg ,,& ,,beck ,,clut* ,! new ,borg & ,beck ,clut* is provid$ ) a ?ru/ be>+ at ! inn] end ( ! clut* sleeve1 :i* does away ) ! friction betwe5 ! p>ts1 & elim9ates ! ne$ ( a clut* brake4 ,! clut* is m\nt$ 9 ! cu/om>y way 9 a h\s+ :i* conta9s bo? ! fly:eel & ! clut*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,borg & ,beck ,clut* ,ref]r+ to ! sectional view1 ,fig4 #ajg1 ! action ( ! clut* is cle> if x is kept 9 m9d t among ! rotatable p>ts only ! driv5 gr\p1 compris+ ( ! disk ,a & ! %aft ,b1 c /& /ill :5 ! fly:eel is runn+4 ,all ! o!r rotatable p>ts are an*or$ to ! fly:eel1 & mu/ revolve & drive ) ! latt]4 ,! clut* brake 0 =m]ly m\nt$ at ! inn] end ( ! clut* %aft1 & has be5 replac$ by ! ?ru/ be>+ %[n at ,c4 ,:5 ! clut* is dis5gag$ !re is no friction betwe5 ! %aft ,b1 & ! ?r[ out sleeve ,d4 ,! ?ru/ be>+ takes ! rotat+ drag ( ! clut* %aft1 !reby elim9at+ ! necessity = a brake to *eck ! sp9n+ action4 ,! friction & p[] action is readily und]/ood z1 :5 ! clut* is ?r[n 91 all ! rotat+ p>ts are friction lock$ into a s+le comb9ation & revolve z "o ) ! fly:eel4 ,! p[] ( ! release clut* spr+ ,e1 act+ ?r\gh ! ?r[\t-coll> ,f1 & ! bell crank pivot ,g1 drives ! ?ru/ %oes outw>dly ) a lev] w$ge toggle comb9ation ( p[]s aga9/ ! ov]hang+1 inw>d bevel$ face to ! ?ru/ r+ ,h1 s9ce ! p>ts on :i* !y are m\nt$ are back$ aga9/ ! cov] wall or rigid end ( ! clut* cas+4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! full "p %aft+ effect ( ! ?ru/ is communicat$ to ! ?ru/ r+ ,h1 & ! latt]1 9 be+ driv5 h>d t[>d ! fly:eel1 sets up betwe5 itself & ! inn] cas+ wall a friction grip suffici5tly p[]ful to /op ! slippage ( ! asbe/os r+s ^u ! poli%$ faces ( ! discs1 ?us giv+ ! drive to ! c>4 ,:5 ! p$al is depress$ to release ! clut*1 ! retrac+ p>ts telescope ! coil ( ! spr+ ,e1 until x occupies ne>ly a s+le plane4 ,! )draw+ p>ts also release ! clut* %oes a suffici5t di/ance f ! face ( ! ?ru/ r+ ,h to p]mit ! latt]1 toge!r ) its companion friction r+1 to back away f ! disc1 ?us break+ ! friction grip & p]mitt+ x to come to a /op1 :ile ! fly:eel & ! p>ts ( ! clut* an*or$ to x are left free to revolve idly4 ,! release disc ,a is s light t its sp9n+ does n cont9ue except = a v %ort "t & does n (f] any cla%+ action on ! ge>s4 ,! full ?ru/ ( ! spr+ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! p[]ful lev] toggle action to ! friction grip p>ts is always suffici5t to lock ! driv+ fly:eel p>ts1 & ! driv5 disc1 into a fix$ nonslipp+ relation = a full driv+ action2 b x is /ill always )9 control ( ! driv]1 ?r\gh ! foot lev]1 to let ! clut* into engagem5t by degrees1 & ?us by a gradual increase ( ! friction grip1 gradually ov]come ! />t+ slippage4 ,adju/m5ts4--,tak+ up adju/m5ts are provid$ by means ( bolts act+ ?r\gh adju/m5t slots 9 ! cov]4 ,:5 ! bolts are loos5$ & %ift$ 9 _! cov] slots1 !y control & %ift ) !m an adju/m5t r+ :i* br+s all ! %oes to new seats aga9/ ! nonslipp+ ?ru/ r+ & ^! seats be+ f>!r up ! incl9es ( ! tap]$ r+1 ! r+ is necess>ily ?ru/ mu* f>!r t[>d ! o!r friction p>ts1 ?us comp5sat+ ! we>4 ,! adju/m5t = ?r[-out c be controll$ by tak+ up ! friction grip adju/m5t1 ! latt] be+ id5tical ) ! take up adju/m5t j describ$1 z ^! too are tak5 c>e ( by ! same me*anical means to make ! adju/m5t on ! clut*4 ,disc ,clut* ,clean+2 ,dry ,plate4--,dry plate clut*es d n require any oil1 except t ! grease cups 7:i* provide lubrication = ! sleeve %aft & be>+s7 be fill$ weekly & giv5 a half turn e second day4 ,! h\s+ & plates %\ld be clean$ :5ev] slipp+ becomes noticeable4 ,to d ?is remove ! cov] f ! h\s+1 & ! dra9 plug f ! bottom1 hold ! clut* out1 & squirt k]os5e ov] ! plates ) a dope gun4 ,?is w remove ! grease f ! plates1 & also any dirt or grit t may h lodg$ 9 ! bottom ( ! h\s+4 ,disc ,clut* ,clean+2 ,wet ,plate4--,! wet plate clut* is clean$ 9 ! same mann] z ! dry plate1 except t ! plug is fir/ remov$ f ! bottom ( ! h\s+ & ! oil dra9$ (f be=e us+ ! k]os5e4 ,aft] ! plates & h\s+ h be5 clean$1 replace ! dra9 plug & fill ! h\s+ up to ! clut* %aft ) a heavy cyl9d] oil4 ,,cone ,,clut* ,,clean+ ,cone clut*es are always 9 p]fect condition :5 leav+ ! factory & %\ld n require any fur!r att5tion dur+ ! fir/ season or = eight to t5 ?\s& miles ( s]vice4 ,aft] t x is usually necess>y to replace ! lea!r1 or rel9e ! cone1 :i* makes x z good & z s]viceable z :5 x 0 new4 ,new ,clut* ,lea!rs4--,new clut* lea!rs may be obta9$ f ! manufactur]1 or f ! s]vice /ation1 by giv+ ! numb] & model ( ! c>4 ,new clut* lea!rs obta9$ 9 ?is way are cut1 %ap$1 & h ! ends cem5t$1 & are ready to be slipp$ on or (f1 ov] ! cone & rivet$ into place4 ,h[ev]1 ! lea!r mu/ fir/ be soak$ 9 wat] or ,neat's foot oil to make x s(t & pliable4 ,?is all[s x to be driv5 or /ret*$ ov] ! cone4 ,! rivets mu/ be c\nt]-sunk to prev5t ! heads f ext5d+ above ! top surface ( ! lea!r1 :i* w\ld cause ! clut* to 8grab0 or j]k ^u be+ engag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,cone ,clut* ,lea!rs--,patt]n--,cutt+ ,measur+ & ,cutt+ ,clut* ,lea!rs4--,:5ev] possible x is advisable to pur*ase clut* lea!rs cut & cem5t$1 ready to put on4 ,b 9 case ( em]g5cy or :5 ! prop] size _c be obta9$1 a new lea!r may be cut f a piece ( lea!r ?ree-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness us+ ! old lea!r z a patt]n4 ,b 9 case ! old lea!r is n available to s]ve z a patt]n1 proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 :i* %[s h[ to make an exact patt]n out ( pap] )\t go+ into te*nicalities4 ,take a piece ( heavy wrapp+ pap]1 =ty or fifty in*es long & tw5ty in*es wide1 lay ! cone on ! left h& edge ab\t "o in* f ! bottom ( ! %eet1 roll ! cone keep+ ! pap] flat on ! face until ! />t+ edge meets ! %eet1 hold ! wrapp$ cone & draw a l9e ar\nd ! inside ( ! pap]1 lett+ ! p5cil re/ aga9/ ! edge ( ! l>ge diamet] ( ! cone2 repeat at ! small end ( ! cone1 !n draw a l9e p>allel to ! />t+ edge :]e x meets ! %eet4 ,?is w give y a patt]n simil> to t %[n ) ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,n[ secure a piece ( un/ret*able lea!r 7belt+ is pref]able74 ,?is belt+ or lea!r %\ld be slightly long] ?an ! patt]n y h j complet$ & suffici5tly wide to embrace ! curve2 ab\t twelve to fifte5 in*es wide = ! av]age clut* w be suffici5t1 & ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,cut out ! pap] patt]n & lay x on ! lea!r belt+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 & cut out ) a %>p knife1 leav+ "o-half in* ov] at ea* end z a safety measure & = mit]+ ! jo9ts4 ,fit ?is lea!r to ! cone & cut ! ends ! exact size1 mit] ! ends & cem5t ) a good lea!r cem5t4 ,be sure t y h ! r\gh or fle% side ( ! new fac+ on ! outside2 rivet x firmly 9 place & smoo? d[n ! r\gh spots ) a piece ( co>se s& pap]1 clean (f all dirt1 grease1 & grit1 especially ! grit f ! s& pap]1 z ?is w gr9d & score ! smoo? surface ( ! fly:eel & cause clut* slipp+4 ,pa9t ! lea!r ) ,neat's foot oil & ! clut* is ready to be assembl$ & adju/$4 ,cone ,clut* ,clean+4--,cone clut*es usually d n require any special c>e or clean+ unless oil or grease1 o!r ?an 7,neat's foot or ca/or7 are appli$ accid5tally or by mi/ake to ! lea!r face4 ,if ?is happ5s ! grease mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ (f ( ! lea!r face ) k]os5e or gasol9e o!rwise ! clut* w n hold4 ,aft] ! clut* lea!r has be5 wa%$ all[ x to dry = tw5ty m9utes & apply a ?9 coat ( ,neat's foot oil ev5ly on ! lea!r face be=e reassembl+ ! clut*4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,transmissions1 ,,types1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,transmission came into use ) ! application or adoption ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e z a factor 9 motor c> propulsion4 ,z ?is type ( eng9e develops its p[] by a rapid succession ( explosions 9 ! combu/ion *amb]s1 ea* explosion deliv]s an impulse or p[] /roke to ! pi/on1 :i* 9 turn sets ! crank %aft & fly:eel to revolv+4 ,! mom5tum ga!r$ by ! crank %aft & fly:eel may !re=e be t]m$ ! p[] = duty1 or 9 o!r words1 unless !re is mom5tum or c>ry+ motion at ?is po9t1 !re w be little or no p[] = duty4 ,?is br+s u up to a po9t :]e x is easy to see t a rapid s]ies ( explosions are necess>y to ga9 c>ry+ mom5tum or p[] to move a dead weight load4 ,z ?is motional p[] c\ld n be appli$ to ! load )\t s]i\s damage to ! ge>s & be>+s1 x 0 necess>y to inv5t a device to gradually transmit or apply ! p[] to ! movable load by graduat+ ! lev]age4 ,?is result$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! automobile transmission4 ,! natural way ( do+ ?is at fir/ seem$ to be by apply+ ! p[] to ! load by frictional slippage4 ,_m +5i\s devices ( ?is sort 7 tri$ out )\t mu* success until ! driv+ & driv5 disc type made its appe>ance4 ,fig4 #aji %[s ! driv+ & driv5 disc type ( friction transmission4 ,?is type ( transmission is n be+ us$ by any ( ! pres5t day manufactur]s ( automobiles1 b may /ill be f\nd on "s ( ! ?ree & f\r-ye>-old models /ill 9 op]ation4 ,a1 ! drive %aft1 is squ>$ & slides backw>d a di/ance ( ?ree in*es ?r\gh a squ>$ sleeve ext5d+ f ! hub ( ! fly:eel4 ,! action ( ?is %aft is controll$ by a lev]age arrangem5t to a foot p$al4 ,b1 ! /eel plate driv+ disc1 is atta*$ to ! end ( %aft ,a1 & drives ,c1 :5 held back aga9/ x by pressure on ! foot p$al4 ,disc ,c c be slid 9 any position on ! jack or cross %aft ,d1 & is controll$ by a lev]age arrangem5t connect$ to a h& lev]4 ,! v>i\s spe$s are obta9$ by slid+ disc ,c into diff]5t positions & contacts on ! left side ( disc ,b4 ,rev]se spe$s are obta9$ by slid+ disc ,c ov] c5t] :]e x =ms contact on ! "r side ( ,b & is driv5 9 an opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,friction ,transmission ,! ,planet>y ,type ( ,transmission4--,! planet>y type ( transmission made its appe>ance along ab\t ! same "t z ! friction type4 ,! p[] is transmitt$ to ! load ?r\gh a set ( r$uction ge>s arrang$ 9 a drum4 ,a k+ ge> on ! eng9e %aft op]ates a set ( small ge>s 9 ! drum4 ,^! small ge>s r$uce ! lev]age spe$ & transmit ! p[] to ! drive %aft1 a b& simil> to t us$ on brakes is fitt$ to ! face ( ! drum4 ,:5 ?is drum conta9+ ! r$uction ge>s is n 9 use x turns at crank %aft spe$4 ,! spe$ is us$ by press+ a foot p$al :i* tight5s ! brake b& & holds ! drum /ation>y1 !reby =c+ ! small] ge>s into action4 ,planet>y transmissions are %[n & fully expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 7,see ,model ,t ,=d ,supplem5t47 ,! ,slid+ ,ge> ,transmission4--,?is type ( transmission has prov$ v successful1 & is us$ by #ih p] c5t ( ! pres5t day automobile manufactur]s4 ,?is type ( transmission made its fir/ appe>ance ) a progressive ge> %ift1 t is1 x 0 necess>y to proce$ ?r\gh "o spe$ or set ( ge>s to engage ! next4 ,?is arrangem5t caus$ consid]able confusion at times1 z x 0 necess>y to re%ift ! ge>s back ?r\gh ^! spe$s to atta9 neutral1 :5 ! c> 0 br\ght to a /& /ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,neutral #bnd4 ,rev4 ,rev4 #bnd4 ,neut4 #a/4 #crd4 #crd4 #a/4 ,ball-&-,socket ,%ift ,h or ,gate ,type ,ge> ,%ift ,fig4 #aaj4 ,selective ,type ( ,ge> ,%ifts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,slid+ ,ge> ,transmission--,sectional ,view ,! control lev] op]at$ on a /raight =w>d & backw>d direction on a quadrant1 hav+ a not* = ea* spe$ *ange4 ,?is ge> %ift+ arrangem5t has also be5 ab&on$ by manufactur]s 9 favor ( ! selective ge> %ift :i* is arrang$ s t ! driv] may *oose any spe$ at w4 ,fig4 #aaj %[s ! control lev] :i* op]ates 9 a frame resembl+ ! block lett] ,h & ! ball & socket %ift :i* op]ates 9 ! same mann]4 ,fig4 #aaa %[s ! complete assembly ( ! selective slid+ ge> transmission4 ,! slid+ ge>s are arrang$ on a sep>ate core & are op]at$ by an individual ?r[ =k1 :i* seats 9 a groove on ! %\ld] ( ! ge>4 ,l[ & rev]se are always opposite ea* o!r on ! same core4 ,high & int]m$iate are locat$ on ano!r core1 & are controll$ by ano!r individual %ift+ =k4 ,! ge> box arrangem5t 7,fig4 ,a7 %[s ! ca/ ge> box :i* conta9s ! ge>s1 %afts1 & be>+s1 & a roomy comp>tm5t bel[ ! ge>s 9 :i* grease is c>ri$1 z ! ge>s 9 ?is type ( transmission always op]ate 9 an oil ba? :i* prev5ts excessive we> & causes !m to op]ate noiselessly4 ,fig4 ,b1 ! ge> case cov]1 conta9s ! slott$ slid+ %afts1 to :i* ! ge> 9 %ift+ =ks are atta*$4 ,fig4 ,c %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! ge>s 9 ! case & expla9s _! op]ation4 ,ge> ,no4 #a is atta*$ to ! extreme end ( ! eng9e %aft1 & is cont9ually engag$ ) ge> ,no4 #d1 :i* causes ! c\nt] %aft ,no4 #aa1 conta9+ ! /ation]y ge>s1 to revolve :5ev] ! eng9e %aft ,no4 #i is 9 op]ation4 ,! drive %aft ,no4 #h does n run /raight ?r\gh & connect ) ,no4 #i1 ! eng9e %aft1 b ends & takes its be>+ 9 ! core ( ge> ,no4 #a4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! ge>s on ! drive %aft are slid into me% ) ! ge>s on ! c\nt] %aft1 v>iable spe$s are atta9$4 ,l[ spe$ is obta9$ by slid+ ge> ,no4 #c into me% ) ge> ,no4 #f2 second or int]m$iate is obta9$ by me%+ ge>s ,no4 #b & ge> ,no4 #e4 ,high1 or eng9e spe$1 is obta9$ by slid+ ge> ,no4 #b :i* is cor$ & %\ld]$ ov] ! end ( ge> ,no4 #a1 mak+ a direct connection ( ! drive %aft ,no4 #h1 & ! eng9e %aft ,no4 #i1 at ?is po9t4 ,rev]se is obta9$ by me%+ ge> ,no4 #c on ! drive %aft ) ge> ,no4 #aj1 :i* is an extra or idle ge> m\nt$ on a /ub %aft on ! re> ( ! ge> case4 ,idle ge> ,no4 #aj is always 9 me% ) ge> ,no4 #g1 on ! c\nt] %aft4 ,functional op]ation eng9e %afts always turn to ! "r or clockwise1 :i* causes ! c\nt] %aft to turn to ! left or anti-clockwise4 ,?is causes ! drive %aft to turn to ! "r :5 l[ or int]m$iate spe$ ge>s are engag$1 driv+ ! c> =w>d4 ,rev]se1 is obta9$ by ! use ( an extra ge> 9 ?is way4 ,c\nt] %aft turn+ to ! left turns idle ge> to ! "r1 & ?is ge> turn+ to ! "r1 turns ge> on ! drive %aft to ! left1 & causes ! c> to be driv5 9 a backw>d direction4 ,9 ! unit p[] plant %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab1 ! op]ation & ge> %ift+ are id5tical ) t ( ! sep>ate ge> case4 ,! crank case ( ! motor is ei!r ext5d$ or ano!r case atta*$ to ! motor :i* has a comp>tm5t arrang$ to conta9 ! clut* & transmission ge>s4 ,?is arrangem5t results 9 compactness1 & does away ) ! supports requir$ to c>ry ! transmission sep>ately4 ,transmission ,c>e4--,! transmission %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & refill$ ) fre% grease or heavy oil once 9 e ?\s& miles t ! c> is driv5 to prev5t excessive we> & mu* noise4 ,to clean1 remove ! plug at ! bottom ( ! case1 & ! cov] f ! top4 ,aft] ! old oil has dra9$ out1 replace ! plug1 fill ! case half full ( k]os5e1 replace ! cov]1 & let ! motor run = a few m9utes ) ! ge>s 9 neutral4 ,dra9 ! k]os5e (f1 & wa% ! case & ge>s (f ) a pa9t bru% :i* has be5 dipp$ into fre% k]os5e4 ,!n exam9e ! ge>s = blunt burrs & ! be>+s = loos5ess4 ,if ! ge>s are burr$ or *ipp$1 file1 or gr9d !m d[n to level4 ,if ! be>+s are loose !y w h to be replac$1 z ! be>+s us$ to c>ry bo? ! c\nt] & drive %aft are seldom provid$ ) means ( adju/+4 ,^! be>+s1 h[ev]1 w n %[ we> = ye>s if prop]ly c>$ =4 ,next1 see t ! ge> case is free f grit & fil+s1 replace ! dra9 plug1 & fill ! ge> case to )9 "o half in* f ! drive or propell] %aft ) a light graphite grease or heavy oil1 & replace ! cov] us+ a new gasket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,clut* & ,transmission ,assembly--,unit ,p[] ,plant ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,univ]sal ,,jo9ts ,illu/ration3 ,oil ,plugs ,slip ,jo9t ,oil-tight ,wa%] ,oil ,plugs ,slip ,jo9t ,oil-tight ,wa%] ,fig4 #aac4 ,slip ,jo9t & ,univ]sal ,univ]sal jo9ts 7 design$ to transmit p[] f "o %aft to ano!r at con/antly *ang+ angles4 ,an automobile eng9e _c be hung at ! l[ level requir$ to all[ /raight l9e drive1 z x w\ld h to be c>ri$ f six to eight in*es l[] ?an x is 9 pres5t con/ruction1 & ?is w\ld all[ v little road cle>ance if any4 ,& z ! re> axle receives ! p[] transmitt$ to x at a con/antly *ang+ level due to torque & spr+ action1 x is necess>y to h a flexible c\pl+ on ! propell] %aft betwe5 ! eng9e & ! re> axle to prev5t ! ge>s & be>+s f be+ damag$ f di/ortion4 ,univ]sal jo9ts are made ( ! be/ /eel or bronze1 d n require any adju/+1 & w outla/ ! life ( a c>1 provid+ !y are n driv5 at too great an angle1 & are kept well lubricat$4 ,a metal %ell or lea!r boot is fitt$ to ! jo9t to c>ry & provide con/ant lubrication4 ,?is boot or conta9] %\ld be kept well-pack$ ) a heavy oil1 7#fjj-,w /eam oil1 ,:itemore's comp\nd or a light graphite grease74 ,illu/ration3 ,no #cjja ,no #cjjd ,no #cjjc ,no #cjjb ,no #cjjf ,no #cjjg ,no #cjjh ,no #cjje ,no #cjji ,no #cjaj ,no #cjaa ,fig4 #aad4 ,univ]sal-,jo9t ,con/ruction ,diagram ,remove ! oil plug e ?irty days & pack ! h\s+4 ,use a dope or oil gun to =ce 9 ! lubricant4 ,! h\s+ %\ld be subject$ to regul> inspections q frequ5tly z ! lubricant (t5 escapes f ! end boot due to di/ortion & we>4 ,fig4 #aac %[s ! rigid con/ruction ( a heavy duty univ]sal jo9t & slip jo9t4 ,! ends ( ! %afts are yok$ & fitt$ to a swivel cross block2 ! lea!r boot foll[s ! angle ( ! %aft & makes ! h\s+ oil tight4 ,fig4 #aad %[s a sectional view ( ! 8,/&>d0 univ]sal jo9t1 manufactur$ by ! ,univ]sal ,ma*9e ,co41 ( ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio4 ,! left-h& cut %[s ! =w>d section & tap]$ %aft seat4 ,?is jo9t gives a comb9$ univ]sal action & slip on a two in* squ>e4 ,all po9ts are conc5tric & always 9 balance4 ,! be>+s are provid$ ) grooves & holes = lubrication4 ,a metal & lea!r boot is also provid$ = protection1 & z a grease reta9]4 ,& ow+ to ! flange type !re are b f\r bolts to remove 9 ord] to disassemble ?is jo9t4 ,! names ( ! v>i\s p>ts are giv5 accord+ to correspond+ numb]s4 #cjja--;,flange #cjjc--;,adapt] = same #cjjb--,socket #cjjf--;,bronze caps #cjjg--,trunion head #cjjh--,metal boot #cjji--,lea!r boot #cjaj-aa--;,boot clamps #cjjd--,oil plug #cjje--;,bolts ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,diff]5tial ,,ge> ,diff]5tial ge>s 7 design$ to all[ = equalization ( ! p[] /ra9 transmitt$ to ! re> axles4 ,! rot>y movem5t is transmitt$ to ! axles jo9+ ! :eels by a bevel ge>1 :i* if simple w\ld drive bo? :eels at ! same spe$4 ,?is is satisfactory on ! 8/raight ahead0 drive1 b x is cle> t 9 turn+ a corn] ! c> is describ+ a portion ( a circle1 & ! inn] :eel hav+ a small] circumf]5ce to trav]se1 mu/ g at less spe$ ?an ! out]4 ,! diff]5tial ge> 0 devis$ to all[ = ?is diff]5ce 9 p[] /resses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,diff]5tial ,action ,diagram ,x is p]haps ! functional action m ?an ! simple me*anism t "o f9ds ! mo/ confusion ab\t4 ,! diagram giv5 9 ,fig4 #aae %[s h[ ! functional action is me*anically c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* :eel1 ,w1 is fix$ firmly to an indep5d5t axle turn$ by p9ions1 ,d & ,e4 ,^! p9ions are connect$ by ano!r1 ,c4 ,n[ if ,d turns1 ,e w rotate 9 ! opposite direction due to ! action ( ,c4 ,if ,d & ,e are rotat+ 9 ! same direction at ! same spe$1 ,c w m]ely lock ) !m & n rotate4 ,if n[1 ,d accel]ates slightly1 ,c w turn1 sl[ly ret>d+ ,e1 :ile if ,e accel]ates1 ,c w turn sl[ly 9 ! opposite direction ret>d+ ,d4 ,?is is precisely :at is requir$ 9 turn+ a corn]4 ,n[ fix ^! 9 a box1 driv5 z a :ole by ! bevel or r+ ge> ,b driv5 by ! driv+ p9ion ge> ,a4 ,:5 ! c> is on ! /raight ahead drive ,d1 ,c1 ,e are lock$4 ,c does n rotate & ! ?ree act z a s+le axle4 ,z ! c> turns1 ,c turns sl[ly1 act$ ^u by ! out] :eel1 & gives ! diff]5tial action4 ,! ,worm ,ge> ,drive4--,! worm ge> drive diff]5tial action is practically ! same z ! bevel ge> action1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t !re is a worm ge> on ! end ( ! drive %aft :i* engages ) a helical too!d ge>1 :i* takes ! place ( ! bevel ge> ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,diff]5tial ,assembly ,fig4 #aaf %[s ! diff]5tial ge> assembly :i* is c>ri$ by a set ( be>+s4 ,^! be>+s are held 9 place by a set ( %\ld]s1 or reta9]s :i* are built into ! h\s+ on ea* side ( ! diff]5tial assembly4 ,^! be>+s may be ( ei!r ! radial1 roll]1 or ball type4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! ball or roll] be>+ is us$ = c>ry+ ! diff]5tial1 an end ?ru/ be>+ mu/ be us$ 9 conjunction to take ! end ?ru/ & = adju/+ purposes4 ,! diff]5tial assembly %[n is kn[n z ! bevel ge> & p9ion drive4 ,! p9ion ge> is key$ to ! tap]$ end ( ! drive %aft & usually does n c>ry an adju/m5t4 ,! bevel ge> me% adju/m5t is made by sett+ ! be>+ support+ ! diff]5tial assembly backw>d or =w>d4 ,?is adju/m5t1 h[ev]1 applies mo/ly to ! full float+ axle1 z ! axle %aft 9 ?is case usually has a squ>e end :i* slides into ! small bevel ge> ( ! diff]5tial4 ,! %aft us$ 9 ?is type ( axle may be drawn out ?r\gh ! :eel & replac$ )\t disassembl+ ! axle or remov+ ! weight f ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aag4 ,diff]5tial ,adju/+ ,po9ts ,:5 ! ,hot*kiss drive is employ$ 9 comb9ation ) ! semi-float+ or ?ree-qu>t]s float+ axle1 ?ree adju/+ po9ts w be f\nd4 ,fig4 #aag %[s ! ?ree po9ts at :i* adju/m5ts are made4 ,! %ort drive %aft c>ries ! p9ion ge> at ! re> end1 & a univ]sal jo9t at ! front end is support$ by a set ( radial be>+s inside ( ! front & re> ends ( ! h\s+4 ,! adju/m5t on ?is %aft is made by turn+ ! not*$ cone ,a#a to ! "r1 :i* pu%es ! be>+s f>!r ^u ! be>+ cones & r$uces ! loos5ess4 ,aft] ! %ort %aft has be5 prop]ly adju/$1 remove ! lugs ,b1 :i* fit into ! not*es ( ! adju/m5t nuts1 ,a#b & ,a#c1 & turn ,a#b to ! left to loos51 n[ turn ,a#c to ! "r until ! bevel ge> is me%+ prop]ly ) p9ion ge>1 !n replace ! lugs1 ,b1 to hold ! adju/m5t4 ,x is only necess>y to make ?is adju/m5t :5 play occurs f natural we>1 :i* w happ5 probably once 9 e five to sev5 ?\s& miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,case ,,cam ,,cam ,,fulcrum ,,p9 ,,pawl ,,pawl ,,block ,,lug ,,reta9+ ,,plate ,,rat*et ,,r+ ,fig4 #aah4 ,all5 ,ge>less ,diff]5tial ,fig4 #aah %[s a cross-section ( ! ,all5 ge>less diff]5tial4 ,! ma9 ge>+ is bolt$ to ! cas+4 ,! :eel %afts are spl9$ to rat*et r+s4 ,! two lugs ( ! pawl block are secur$ 9 slots 9 ! cas+ s t ! block turns ) x4 ,eight pawls on ! pawl block drive1 ! rat*et r+s two on ea* side op]ate = =w>d1 & two on ea* side = rev]se4 ,! pawls p]mit ei!r rat*et r+ to ov]run !m & move freely 9 ! direction ( motion1 s long z x is mov+ fa/] ?an ! pawl block4 ,! lugs ( ! pawl block h a little motion1 ab\t 1 9 ! slots1 s t ! cas+ moves ?is di/ance be=e engag+ !m = =w>d or rev]se motion4 ,?is op]ates ! rock+ cams by _! heads ins]t$ 9 slots 9 "r angles to ! lugs1 hav+ ! effect ( press+ on & dis5gag+ ! =w>d or rev]se pawls accord+ to ! direction ( ! motion4 ,:5 ! c> is runn+ by its mom5tum ) ! clut* out1 ! action is rev]s$ & ! rat*et r+s drive ! cas+ & driv+ ge> ?r\gh ! pawl block4 ,! adju/m5t giv5 above also applies to ! sett+ ( ! ,all5 diff]5tial4 ,lubrication4--,see ,*apt] on ,axles4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,axle ,,types1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,two types ( re> axles are be+ us$ by ! manufactur]s ( automobiles--! live axle1 & ! dead axle4 ,! live axle :i* c>ries ! weight ( ! load & transmits ! p[] ( rotation to ! :eels1 is built 9 two di/9ct designs call$ ! semi-float+ axle1 & ! full-float+ axle4 ,! semi-float+ design is us$ ext5sively 9 manufactur+ c>s ( light weight1 :ile ! full-float+ design is favor$ m by ! manufactur]s ( c>s ( m$ium & heavy weight4 ,bo? designs give equally satisfactory results4 ,! dead axle c>ries ! weight ( ! c> & load 9 mu* ! same mann] z a horse drawn vehicle4 ,! p[] is convey$ to ! loose :eels on ! axle1 by means ( a *a9 :i* op]ates on a sprocket atta*$ to ! hub ( ! :eel1 or by an int]nal ge> drive arrang$ & h\s$ 9 ! brake drums4 ,! ,semi-float+ ,axle4--,9 ! semi-float+ design ( axle1 ! axle %aft c>ries ! weight & transmits ! rotation p[] to ! :eel1 :i* is key$ & lock$ to ! out] end4 ,! axle %aft is provid$ ) a be>+ at ea* end :i* op]ates on ! inside ( a closely fitt$ h\s+4 ,! inside end ( ea* axle %aft is bolt$ directly to ! diff]5tial4 ,! h\s+ is split or divid$ into two halves1 & bolts toge!r 9 ! c5t] ov] ! diff]5tial4 ,?is design ( axle gives excell5t s]vice1 b has "o disadvantage 9 t x is some:at difficult to disassemble1 z ! re> sy/em mu/ be disconnect$ f ! c> to take ! h\s+ ap>t4 ,fig4 #aai %[s a "p sectional view ( a semi-float+ axle us$ by ! ,detroit ,taxicab ,co4 ,! wide s]ies ( ,s4 ,k4 ,f4 ball be>+s us$ on ?is axle are self align+1 :i* prev5ts any b9d+ action f %aft deflection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,semi-,float+ ,re> ,axle ,! ,full-float+ ,axle4--,! full-float+ design ( axle s]ves ! same functional purpose z ! semi-float+ design1 b is con/ruct$ diff]5tly & op]ates on a widely diff]5t plan4 ,9 ! full-float+ design ( axle1 ! axle %aft does n support any ( ! weight ( ! c> or load1 b s]ves simply z a memb] to transmit ! p[] rotation to ! :eels4 ,! :eels are m\nt$ on sep>ate be>+s1 :i* op]ate on ! outside ( ! out] end ( ! h\s+4 ,! inn] ends ( ! axle %afts are squ>$1 or spl9$ & slide into slots or seats 9 ! diff]5tial ge>s4 ,! diff]5tial assembly is 9 a sep>ate unit1 & is float$ on be>+s held by reta9]s ext5d+ f ! =w>d end ( ! l>ge ball-%ap$ c5t] ( ! h\s+4 ,! out] end ( ! axle %aft ext5ds ?r\gh ! hub ( ! :eel1 & has an umbrella-%ap$ plate on ! end :i* bolts to ! outside face ( ! :eel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj1 ?us transmitt+ ! p[] directly to ! outside ( ! :eel1 )\t ! axle %aft tak+ any be>+4 ,! axle %aft may be drawn out ?r\gh ! :eel1 by remov+ ! nuts :i* secure ! umbrella plate1 )\t remov+ ! weight ( ! c> f ! :eels4 ,! diff]5tial unit c also be remov$ )\t disassembl+ ! h\s+1 by remov+ a l>ge cov] plate f ! c5t] ( ! h\s+4 ,fig4 #aba %[s a typical full-float+ axle1 ) a spiral bevel ge> drive4 ,! :eels 9 ?is case are m\nt$ on a set ( d\ble s]ies radial & ?ru/ ball-be>+s4 ,! ,hot*kiss type ( %ort %aft f9al drive is c>ri$ 9 ! =w>d ext5d$ "p ( ! h\s+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,full-,float+ ,axle--,:eel-,end ,arrangem5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,full-,float+ ,axle ,two types ( front axles are us$ by ! manufactur]s ( automobiles4 ,! ,i-beam type1 :i* is a "o piece drop =g+1 & ! tubul> or holl[ type1 :i* is r\nd & has ! yoke fitt$ into ! ends4 ,bo? types op]ate on ! same pr9ciple & plan1 ! only di/9ction betwe5 ! types is t "o type has ! ,i-beam cross memb] & ! o!r type has a pipe or tubul> cross memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,/e]+ ,knuckle & ,front ,axle ,p>ts ,! front axle consi/s ( an ,i-beam or tubul> cross memb]1 :i* is yok$ at ea* end z %[n at ,a1 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,a /e]+ knuckle ,b is held betwe5 ! ends ( ! yoke by ,c1 a k+ p91 :i* all[s ! knuckle to sw+ 9 a half circle4 ,d1 ! sp9dle or %ort axle1 is provid$ ) a set ( radial ?ru/ be>+s4 ,! :eel is adju/$ snugly to ! be>+s ,e by a ca/illat$ nut ,f4 ,! adju/m5t is held by a cott] p9 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! sp9dle & head ( ! nut ,f4 ,a %ort arm ext5ds backw>d f ea* /e]+ knuckle1 %[n at ,g1 9 ,fig4 #abb1 & are connect$ toge!r by an adju/able tie or spread rod %[n at ,h4 ,a half circle ball arm ext5ds f ! knuckle & circles ov] ! axle4 ,a rod or drag l9k =ms ! connection betwe5 ! ball arm & ! /e]+ arm ( ! /e]+ ge>4 ,fig4 #abc %[s ! location ( ! p>ts assembl$ on a typical drop =g$ ,i-beam front axle4 ,a section ( ! hub has be5 remov$ to %[ ! location ( ! d\ble r[ radial end ?ru/ ball be>+s4 ,?is type ( be>+ is becom+ v popul> = automobile uses4 ,adju/m5ts ( ! ,semi-float+ ,type ( ,axle4--,! %ort %aft c>ri$ 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! h\s+ has a c5t] nut adju/m5t betwe5 ! univ]sal jo9t & ! p9ion ge>2 mov+ ?is not*$ nut to ! "r fac+ ! re> axle draws ! %aft backw>d & me%es ! tee? ( ! p9ion ge> deep] ) ! tee? ( ! r+ ge>4 ,aft] ?is adju/m5t is made1 exam9e ! tee? = ev5 me%2 x may be necess>y to %ift ! diff]5tial unit to secure an ev5 be>+4 7,see *apt] on diff]5tial ge>s = detail$ in/ructions 9 reg>d to diff]5tial adju/+47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,i-,beam ,front ,axle ,adju/m5ts on ! ,full-float+ ,axle4--,! adju/m5ts on ! full-float+ axle are usually made by %ift+ ! diff]5tial unit1 al?\gh a p9ion ge> adju/m5t is usually provid$ z describ$ above4 ,c>e4--,! h\s+ ( bo? ! semi-float+ & ! full-float+ axle %\ld receive a fre% supply ( m$ium fib] or graphite grease e ?\s& miles4 ,to grease1 remove ! plug on ! l>ge "p ( ! h\s+ & =ce 9 grease ) a dope gun until x beg9s to bulge out ( ! hole4 ,wa% out ! h\s+ e five ?\s& miles1 & replace ! lubricant1 z small metallic p>ticles are worn (f ! ge> tee? & ?is grit1 :i* is de/ructive to ! ge>s & be>+s1 mixes ) ! grease mak+ x necess>y to remove x t (t54 ,a grease cup w be f\nd locat$ at ! out] end ( ea* half ( ! axle h\s+1 :i* supplies ! lubricant = ! out] be>+4 ,?is grease cup %\ld be fill$ weekly ) a m$ium cup grease & giv5 a half turn ea* day4 ,c>e ( ,front ,axle4--,pack ! space betwe5 ! be>+s 9 ! hub ( ! :eel e ?\s& miles4 ,use a heavy cup grease4 ,! k+ bolts :i* hold ! /e]+ knuckles betwe5 ! ends ( ! yokes are holl[ & c>ry a grease cup on ! head1 :i* =ces ! grease out ?r\gh f9ely p]=at$ holes1 & lubricates ! bu%+s on :i* ! p9s take _! be>+4 ,?is cup %\ld be fill$ weekly & giv5 a half turn ea* day4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,brake ,,types1 ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,an automobile is always equipp$ ) two sets ( brakes1 z !y are requir$ by law4 ,! functional action ( ! brakes is to *eck ! motion ( ! c> :5 ! driv] wi%es to /op or r$uce ! roll+ spe$4 ,! s]vice brake usually op]ates on ! ext]nal surface1 or on ! outside ( ! drum flange1 & is connect$ to ! "r foot p$al ?r\gh a set ( l9kage4 ,! em]g5cy brake op]ates on ! int]nal surface ( ! drum1 & connects ?r\gh l9kage to a h& lev] op]at+ on a not*$ quadrant4 ,! s]vice brake is us$ 9 ord9>y driv+ to *eck ! roll+ motion & to /op ! c>4 ,! em]g5cy brake is us$ to assi/ ! s]vice brake & to hold ! c>1 9 case ! driv] wi%es to all[ x to /& on a grade4 ,fig4 #abd %[s a set ( brakes assembl$ on ! axle ready to receive ! horizontal flange ( ! brake drum4 ,! brake drum is atta*$ to ! :eel2 consequ5tly :5 a :eel has be5 remov$ & is ab\t to be replac$1 ! fir/ op]ation consi/s ( />t+ ! drum flange into ! space betwe5 ! l9+ ( ! ext]nal & int]nal b&s2 c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ 9 mak+ ?is adju/m5t1 9 ord] n to burr ! out] edge ( ! l9+1 z a brake ) an unev5 frictional contact surface is ( little value 9 *eck+ ! motion ( ! c>4 ,9 ,fig4 #abd1 ,a %[s ! position ( ! b& on ! inside ( ! drum2 ,b %[s ! contract+ t5sion coil spr+ :i* holds ! be>+ surfaces ( ! b& 9 contact ) ! flat surface ( ! cam :5 ! brake is n 9 use2 ,c %[s ! cam %aft1 & ! flat surfaces ( ! d\ble action cam1 :i* exp&s ! b& & br+s x into ev5 contact ) ! inn] horizontal surface ( drum flange1 !reby *eck+ ! motion ( ! :eel by frictionally grasp+ ! drum4 ,! s]vice brake %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd is ( ! ext]nal contract+ type1 :i* op]ates on1 or frictionally grasps ! outside horizontal surface ( ! drum4 ,d %[s ! l9$ b&1 :i* is held 9 a /ation>y position f ! re>2 ,e %[s ! lev]age arrangem5t ) its exp&+ coil spr+1 :i* holds ! b& free f ! drum1 :5 ! brake is n 9 use2 ,f is ! lev] to :i* ! pull rod is connect$2 ,g is ! lev] on ! int]nal brake cam %aft to :i* ! h& lev] is connect$ by ! pull rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,brake--,types & ,adju/m5t ,fig4 #abe %[s a new type ( int]nal exp&+ brake1 :i* is be+ us$ on _m ( ! late models4 ,! brake b& 9 ?is case is support$ at ?ree po9ts & has an adju/m5t at ! re> ma9 po9t ( support4 ,! cam has be5 done away )1 & ! b& is exp&$ by a lev]age toggle arrangem5t :i* op]ates ?r\gh a mu* l>g] area1 & is m dep5dable z !re is no dang] ( its 8/ick+0 or turn+ ov]1 z 0 (t5 ! case ) ! cam4 ,fig4 #abf %[s ano!r type ( s]vice brake :i* may be enc\nt]$ on a few ( ! =m] models4 ,?is type ( brake is usually locat$ on ! propell] %aft at ! re> end ( ! transmission case4 ,?is type ( brake op]ates 9 ! same mann] z ! s]vice brake at ! end ( ! axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,brake--,%[+ ,toggle ,arrangem5t ,fig4 #abf %[s an equaliz] :i* all[s = any diff]5ce t may occur 9 mak+ adju/m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,transmission ,brake--,equaliz] ,fig4 #abg %[s ! complete brake assembly1 & ! po9ts ( adju/m5t on late ,buick c>s4 ,brake ,adju/m5t4--,all types ( brakes are adju/able4 ,! s]vice brake usually has two adju/+ po9ts1 "o at ! drum1 :i* is made by turn+ ! nut on ! lev]age pull p91 & ano!r on ! pull rods4 ,a long neck clevis1 or a long butt$ turn buckle w always be f\nd on ! pull rods1 or on ! rod lead+ to ! equaliz]4 ,! adju/m5t is made by turn+ ei!r to ! "r to %ort51 or take up1 & to ! left to l5g!n4 ,! clevis is always ?read$ to ! "r1 :ile ! turn buckle has a "r & left ?read :i* c>ries ea* end ( ! rod into ! butt :5 x is turn$ to ! "r4 ,! lock nuts mu/ always be turn$ up tight to ! butts aft] ! adju/m5t is made 9 ord] to hold x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brake ,,%aft ,,s]vice ,,brake ,,p$al ,,pull ,,rods ,,adju/+ ,,turnbuckle ,,em]g5cy ,,brake ,,lev] ,,int]nal ,,brake ,,%aft ,,ext]nal ,,brake ,,%aft ,,adju/+ ,,?umb ,,screw ,,adju/m5t ,,int]nal ,,brake ,,b& ,,ext]nal ,,brake ,,b& ,fig4 #abg4 ,brake--,arrangem5t & ,adju/m5t--8,buick0 ,brake ,c>e4--,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! prop] op]ation ( ! brakes4 ,!y %\ld be regul>ly inspect$ at lea/ once a mon? = loose adju/m5ts & uncleanl9ess4 ,! ne$ ( adju/m5t usually occurs f natural we>1 :ile an unclean frictional surface is usually ! result ( oil or grease seepage ?r\gh ! out] axle be>+4 ,a felt wa%] is provid$ to prev5t ?is f tak+ place1 b z ^! wa%]s are subject$ to consid]able pressure1 !y (t5 become cak$ & h>d5$ & lose _! absorb+ effectiv5ess4 ,^! wa%]s c be pur*as$ at any accessory /ore = a few c5ts apiece1 & appli$ ) v little tr\ble4 ,clean+ ! ,surface ( ! ,brake ,b&s4--,?is is accompli%$ by remov+ ! :eel & wa%+ ! friction contact surface ) gasol9e1 aft] ! surfaces h become ?or\ghly dry4 ,drop ?ree or f\r drops ( ca/or or ,neat's foot oil on ! contact surfaces ( ! drum1 & replace ! :eel & sp9 x a few times be=e releas+ ! jack4 ,caution4--,aft] y h set ! ge>s = />t+1 & be=e y release ! clut* p$al1 always rea* & make sure t ! em]g5cy brake lev] is 9 ! neutral position4 ,new driv]s inv>iably =get to d ?is1 :i* results 9 sev]e /ra9 on ! be>+s1 & causes !m to get loose2 ! av]age brake b& w n /& m ?an fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes ( cont9u\s contact be=e x burns or we>s beyond ! po9t ( usefulness4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,spr+ ,,c>e ,,te/s ,in=mation rec5tly ga!r$ f obs]vation & int]views %[s t ! av]age own] :o op]ates & c>es = 8 c>1 inv>iably ov]looks ! spr+s & _! connections :ile giv+ ! c> ! bi-mon?ly or mon?ly tight5+-up & greas+1 :ile ! balance ( ! c> usually receives ! requir$ att5tion4 ,?is fact seems to be due mo/ly to an ov]sight1 = ! spr+s are usually inspect$ :ile ! c> is motionless & at ?is "t !y d n %[ defects readily1 & h ! appe>ance ( be+ rigid1 inactive1 & compact4 ,weekly ,spr+ ,c>e4--,weekly spr+ c>e %\ld consi/ ( fill+ ! grease cups 7) a m$ium h>d oil cup grease7 & turn+ !m d[n until ! grease makes its appe>ance at ! out] edge ( ! spr+ eye4 ,?is1 "u ord9>y driv+ conditions1 w be suffici5t lubrication = "o week4 ,b 9 cases :]e ! c> receives m ?an ord9>y use ! grease cups %\ld be giv5 "o-half turn e second day4 ,! %ackle connections %\ld !n be wip$ dry to prev5t du/ & grit cl++ & work+ into ! be>+1 :i* causes mu* we> on ev5 a suffici5tly lubricat$ be>+ surface4 ,bi-mon?ly ,spr+ ,c>e4--,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 at ?is "t to ! ,u-%ap$ clips :i* connect ! spr+ to ! axle4 ,a loose clip means a brok5 spr+ at ! fir/ sev]e jolt1 caus$ by ! reb\nd tak+ place betwe5 ! clips4 ,!re=e1 tightly adju/$ clips w prev5t action f tak+ place at ! po9t betwe5 ! clips :]e ! leaves are bolt$ toge!r & w entirely elim9ate spr+ breakage4 ,tight5 up ! nut on ! leave guide clip bolt to prev5t rattl+4 ,! %ackles %\ld be inspect$ = side play4 ,to det]m9e :e!r !re is side play1 jack up ! frame until ! weight is (f ! spr+1 !n grasp x ne> ! %ackle & %ake ) an 9 & out motion4 ,if !re is play a rattle ?ump w be he>d4 ,to take out play1 remove cott] p9 & turn up ca/illat$ nut snugly on ! %ackle p94 ,if ! nut _c be turn$ up a full not*1 place a ?9 wa%] ov] ! end ( ! p94 ,! nut1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be turn$ up too tight z a c]ta9 am\nt ( action is necess>y4 ,lubrication ( ! ,spr+ ,leaves4--,lubrication ( ! spr+ leaves %\ld take place once e mon?4 ,?is po9t mu/ be kept 9 m9d & adh]$ to1 z a spr+ _c produce ! m>k$ degree ( action necess>y = smoo? & easy rid+1 :5 ! slid+ surface is dry & ru/y4 ,! leaves slide on ea* o!r :5 ! spr+ op5s & closes1 & if ! slid+ surface is n well lubricat$ ! movem5t w be greatly *eck$ by ! dry friction2 ^! dry surfaces also ga!r dampness :i* soon =ms into dry-ru/1 :i*1 9 "t entirely ret>ds action & results 9 a v h>d rid+ c>4 ,x is n necess>y to disassemble ! spr+ at ! mon?ly greas+ p]iod1 unless ! spr+ has be5 neglect$ & ru/ has =m$ on ! slid+ surfaces4 ,9 ?is case ! slid+ surface ( ea* blade mu/ be clean$ ) a piece ( s& or em]y pap]4 ,:5 ! spr+s receive regul> att5tion1 x is only necess>y to jack up ! frame until ! :eels & axles are susp5d$1 ! weight ( :i* w usually op5 ! leaves suffici5tly to ins]t a film ( graphite grease ) a ?9 case knife4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! leaves are highly curv$1 x may be f\nd necess>y to drive a small screwdriv] 9 betwe5 !m4 ,h[ev]1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 do+ ?is1 z ! blades are highly temp]$ & spr+ out ( position v easily4 ,wrapp+ ,spr+s4--,c> own]s 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry grease _! spr+s & wrap !m ) heavy cord or adhesive tape4 ,:ile ?is s]ves to keep ! grease 9 & ! du/ & dirt out1 x also b9ds ! leaves & prev5ts free action4 ,if ! c> is to be driv5 = any l5g? ( "t on s&y or muddy roads1 wrapp+ may be f\nd v b5eficial4 ,b use only a wat]-pro( mat]ial 7heavy oil pap] or canvas7 to wrap )4 ,cut ! mat]ial into "o & "o-f\r? in* /rips1 & wrap f ! c5t] t[>d ! out] end to prev5t b9d+4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! results ( a spr+ c>e te/ conduct$ by ! writ]4 ,! c>s 7 *os5 at r&om & only ^? accept$ :i* _h se5 six mon?s or m s]vice4 ,eighte5 own]s 7 int]view$4 ,six ( ?is numb] gave _! spr+s a ?or\gh greas+ & tight5+ up e two weeks1 & n "o ( ?is gr\p made a compla9t ( any nature reg>d+ breakage1 /iffness1 or noise4 ,five ( ! rema9+ twelve1 gave _! spr+s occasional att5tion4 ,_! reports 7 n entirely unsatisfactory1 b _h a t5d5cy t[>d su* tr\bles z rattles1 squeaks1 & /iffness 9 action4 ,! rema9+ sev5 did n give _! spr+s any att5tion :atev]1 & all made unsatisfactory reports rang+ f brok5 leaves1 to side play1 j+les1 squeaks & h>d rid+4 ,!re=e ! results ( c>eful & regul> att5tion may readily be se5 by ! reports ( ! fir/ six own]s4 ,all nuts & connections 7 tight5$1 & ! slid+ surfaces ( ! leaves greas$ on an av]age ( once e two weeks4 ,! spr+s gave satisfactory results1 & ! c>s reta9$ t easy1 s(t1 spr+y action1 s noticeable 9 a new c>4 ,! reports ( ! five :o gave _! spr+s occasional att5tion w\ld probably h be5 ! same z ! fir/ six1 _h !y giv5 ! prop] att5tion m frequ5tly4 ,b !y usually wait$ until ! tr\ble became annoy+1 :i* caus$ we> on ! spr+ eye1 %ackle /rap1 & p91 on ea* occurr5ce mak+ a good adju/m5t impossible4 ,! /iffness 9 action & squeaks 7 caus$ by dry fractional surfaces betwe5 ! leaves :i* prev5t$ free action4 ,types4--,!re are five /&>d types ( spr+s1 & two or ?ree types ( special design4 ,! rid+ qualities ( all types ( spr+s dep5d on _! l5g? & resili5cy1 :i* is tak5 into consid]ation by ! eng9e] & design]4 ,consequ5tly !re is n mu* *oice betwe5 ! diff]5t types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 -,elliptical ,front ,spr+ ,fig4 #abh %[s ! semi-elliptical type ( spr+ us$ pr9cipally = front susp5sion4 ,! front end ( ?is spr+ is bolt$ rigidly to ! d[nw>d end slope ( ! frame :ile ! re> end c>ries a movable %ackle arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,full-,elliptic ,spr+ ,fig4 #abi %[s ! full elliptical type ( spr+ :i* may be us$ = ei!r front or re> susp5sion4 ,! ends may be fa/5$ toge!r solidly ) a yoke & eye arrangem5t1 or %ackl$ z %[n 9 ! above cut4 ,fig4 #acj %[s a spr+ ( ! ?ree-qu>t]s elliptical type us$ 9 re> susp5sion only4 ,?is type ( spr+ c>ries a %ackle arrangem5t at ! front & re> end :i* all[s backw>d & =w>d motion to take place v freely1 consequ5tly x is v necess>y to use a v sub/antial set ( torque rods to keep ! prop] alignm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 -,elliptical ,re> ,spr+ ,fig4 #aca %[s ! ?ree l9k or commonly t]m$ plat=m type ( spr+ us$ only 9 re> susp5sion on ! heavi] models4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,plat=m ,spr+ ,fig4 #acb %[s ! front type ( cantilev] spr+4 ,! front end ( ?is type ( spr+ is bolt$ to a seat on ! front axle1 :ile ! re> end may be fa/5$ directly to ! "u side ( ! frame or atta*$ to a specially arrang$ ca/+ seat at ! side ( ! frame4 ,?is type ( spr+ is sometimes employ$ 9 multiple =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,cantilev] ,spr+1 ,front ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,cantilev] ,spr+1 ,re> ,fig4 #acc %[s ! re> type ( cantilev] spr+1 :i* may employ a %ackle arrangem5t on "o or bo? sides1 :ile a h+$ seat is usually employ$ ne> ! c5t] or slightly ov]-c5t] t[>d ! front end4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,alignm5t ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 q frequ5tly to :eel alignm5t1 z ! life & s]vice ( tires dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u :eel alignm5t4 ,:5 ei!r ( ! front :eels become out ( l9e1 ?r\gh a b5t sp9dle1 worn sp9dle p91 loose or worn be>+ ! tire on ?is :eel is subject to cross traction4 ,t is1 :5 ! c> moves =w>d1 ! tire on ! out ( l9e :eel is =c$ to move =w>d by ! o!r ?ree po9ts ( traction1 & z x is n 9 l9e ) ! =w>d movem5t ! tire mu/ pu% or drag crosswise at ! traction po9t4 ,?is results 9 ! tread be+ worn or fil$ (f 9 a v %ort "t1 expos+ ! lay]s ( fabric to dampness & we> :i* results 9 a 8bl[-out0 & ru9$ tire1 :i* w\ld probably h giv5 sev]al ?\s& miles ( s]vice _h prop] att5tion be5 giv5 to :eel alignm5t4 ,alignm5t ,te/4--,to te/ ! alignm5t1 fir/ look at ! l[] side ( ! spr+s :]e !y re/ on ! axle seats4 ,if "o ( ! spr+s has slipp$ on ! seat ?r\gh a loose clamp1 ! direction & di/ance ( ! slip may be not$ by ! ru/ m>k left by ! movem5t4 ,drive ! axle back1 leave ! clamp loose1 measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! front & re> hub caps on ! unaffect$ side ) a tape or /r+1 move ! tape to ! affect$ side & make ! c5t] di/ances ! same1 tight5 ! nuts on all clamps us+ new spr+ or lock wa%]s4 ,l5g?wise ,:eel ,alignm5t4--,be=e l9+ up ! :eels l5g?wise1 jack ea* :eel sep>ately & %ake x to detect a loose be>+ or worn sp9dle p9 :i* is usually ! seat ( ! tr\ble4 ,aft] ! defective "p has be5 readju/$ or replac$1 te/ ! alignm5t z foll[s3 ,us+ a /r+ or /raight edge1 :i* %\ld be plac$ or drawn across ! front & re> tire1 mak+ f\r contacts z ne> c5t] z possible )\t int]f]5ce f ! hubs4 ,! /r+ or /raight edge is !n mov$ to ! o!r side ( ! c> & ?ree contacts are made1 "o on ! re> c5t] ( ! front tire1 & two across ! c5t] ( ! re> tire4 ,! spread rod %\ld !n be adju/$ to all[ ! front contact po9t to conv]ge or lean f ! l9e t[>d ! o!r front :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,:eel-,alignm5t ,diagram ,me*anical ,alignm5t4--,:5 a motor vehicle turns ! inside :eel has to describe a curve ( small] radius ?an ! outside :eel4 ,a l9e drawn l5g?wise ?r\gh ! /e]+ arms1 ext5d+ f ! sp9dles or knuckles1 %\ld meet at a po9t 9 ! c5t] ( ! re> axle to det]m9e ! correct :eel base1 o!rwise ! c> w turn 9 two angles1 :i* causes ! tire on ! outside to slide crosswise at ! traction po9t4 ,fig4 #acd %[s ! position ( ! :eels & ! direction !y travel 9 describ+ two di/9ct curves 9 turn+ to ! left4 ,! correct me*anical alignm5t & :eel base w be se5 9 ! diagram1 ,a ,b4 ,! front :eels h be5 turn$ to a #de p] c5t angle1 e-e#a l9es drawn ?r\gh ! sp9dles w meet at ,e1 a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! re> axle4 ,e#a 9 ?is diagram %[s ! effect on ! /e]+ ( l5g!n+ ! :eel base ( ! c>4 ,9 ?is case ! :eel base has be5 l5g!n$ #aj & ! l9es e & e#a meet at diff]5t angles at a po9t on ,e#a4 ,! c> tries to turn ab\t two di/9ct c5t]s1 z ?is is an impossibility1 slid+ ( ! tire occurs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,/e]+ ,,ge>s1 ,,type1 ,,con/ruction ,,op]ation ,,& ,,c>e ,! /e]+ me*anism us$ 9 automobile con/ruction is arrang$ to op]ate indep5d5t ( ! axle1 or 9 o!r words ! :eels turn on a pivot1 or knuckle1 held betwe5 ! yok$ ends ( ! axle4 ,a sp9dle or axle ext5ds outw>d f ea* /e]+ knuckle to accommodate ! :eels4 ,a set ( %ort arms ext5d to re> ( ! /e]+ knuckles2 an adju/able spac] b>1 commonly call$ a tie or spread rod1 s]ves z ! connection betwe5 ! arms4 ,! arms incl9e slightly t[>d ea* o!r2 :i* causes ! inside :eel to turn on a %ort] angle ?an ! outside :eel :5 turn+ a corn]4 ,ano!r /e]+ arm c>ry+ a ball at ! out] end1 describes a half circle ov] ! axle1 & is atta*$ to ei!r ! spread rod arm or ! /e]+ knuckle4 ,an adju/able rod1 or drag-l9k1 c>ry+ a ball socket at ea* end s]ves z ! connection betwe5 ! /e]+ arm ext5d+ f /e]+ ge> & ! half circle arm ( ! knuckle4 ,to adju/ :eels see *apt] on 8,:eels & ,axle ,alignm5t40 ,/e]+ ,ge> ,types4--,?ree types ( /e]+ ge>s are commonly us$ by automobile manufactur]s4 ,!y are namely1 ! worm & sector1 worm & nut1 & rack & p9ion types4 ,fig4 #ace %[s ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! worm & sector type4 ,! l[] end ( ! /e]+ %aft c>ries a worm ge> :i* me%es ) ! sector ge> support$ by a sep>ate %aft4 ,! sector has a ball arm ext5d+ d[nw>d1 :i* moves 9 a =w>d & backw>d direction :5 ! /e]+ %aft is turn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,/e]+ ,:eel ,/4 ,column ,worm ,sector ,sp>k ,?rottle ,frame ,fig4 #ace4 ,worm & ,sector ,/e]+ ,ge> ,adju/+ ! ,worm & ,sector ,type ( ,/e]+ ,ge>4--,an ecc5tric bu%+ is provid$ to take up play betwe5 ! worm & sector4 ,?is adju/m5t is made by driv+ ! not*$ cone to ! "r to take out play1 & to ! left to slack up or take out /iffness4 ,fig4 #acf %[s ! worm & nut type ( /e]+ ge>4 ,?is type ( /e]+ ge> z well z ! worm & sector1 is call$ ! irrev]sible /e]+ ge>1 :i* means t no rev]se action takes place1 or is pres5t at ! /e]+ :eel1 %\ld "o ( ! front :eels enc\nt] a /one 9 ! road1 or drop into a deep rut4 ,! worm & nut type consi/s ( a d\ble arm$ & pivot$ /e]+ arm4 ,ea* arm c>ries a ball4 ,! drag l9k socket is atta*$ to ! ball on ! l[] arm :ile ! ball on ! upp] & %ort] arm fits 9 a socket 9 ! nut ?r\gh :i* ! worm on ! /e]+ %aft passes4 ,?is nut is ?read$ to fit ! worm :i* passes ?r\gh x & moves up & d[n on ! worm accord+ to ! direction :i* ! /e]+ :eel is turn$4 ,! h\s+ ( ?is type ( /e]+ mu/ be well pack$ ) a light cup or graphic grease to prev5t ! screw or worm f b9d+1 :i* w make /e]+ difficult & tiresome4 ,illu/ration3 ,/e]+ ,column ,worm ,screw ,nut ,pivot ,frame ,drag ,l9k ,/4 ,arm ,fig4 #acf4 ,worm & ,nut ,type ,/e]+ ,ge> ,illu/ration3 ,/e]+ ,%aft ,ball ,ge> ,h\s+ ,slid+ too? ,%aft ,fig4 #acg4 ,rack & ,p9ion ,type ,/e]+ ,ge> ,fig4 #acg %[s ! rack & p9ion type ( /e]+ ge>4 ,?is type ( /e]+ ge> is us$ on a few ( ! light] weight c>s & is n z dep5dable ow+ to a rev]se action ?r\gh ! /e]+ me*anism :5 an ob/ruction is enc\nt]$ by "o ( ! front :eels4 ,?is type ( /e]+ device consi/s ( a solid %aft ) ! /e]+ :eel key$ to ! upp] end4 ,a small spur ge> is key$ & lock$ to ! l[] end1 & me%es ) a horizontal too!d %aft :i* slides inside ( a h\s+4 ,! connection betwe5 ! /e]+ ge> & ! /e]+ knuckles is made by a %ort rod or drag l9k c>ry+ a split ball seat on ea* end4 ,"o end ( ! drag l9k socket is fitt$ to a ball on ! end ( ! horizontal too!d %aft1 :ile ! socket on ! o!r end is fitt$ to a ball on ! upp] end ( ! bolt :i* connects ! tie rod & knuckle4 ,/e]+ ,ge> ,c>e4--,/e]+ ge>s %\ld be closely adju/$4 ,! h\s+ %\ld be pack$ ) a m$ium h>d oil or graphite grease at lea/ once 9 e ?\s& miles t ! c> is driv54 ,all bolts & nuts connect+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! /e]+ ge> %\ld be regul>ly inspect$ & kept 9 a p]fectly tight condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,/e]+ ,:eel ,fig4 #ach %[s ! location ( ! sp>k & gas control lev]s :i* usually op]ate on a quadrant on ! upp] side ( ! /e]+ :eel4 ,! %ort lev] always controls ! sp>k1 :i* may be advanc$ or ret>d$ by mov+ x4 ,! long lev] is atta*$ to ! c>buretor1 & controls ! spe$ ( ! motor by regulat+ ! volume ( gas vapor suppli$ to ! motor4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,be>+ ,,types1 ,,use ,,& ,,c>e ,?ree types ( be>+s are be+ us$ by ! manufactur]s ( automobiles & gasol9e eng9es4 ,!y are1 namely1 ! pla9 be>+ or bu%+1 ! solid & flexible roll]-be>+1 & ! d\ble & s+le r[ ( self-align+ ball be>+s4 ,be>+s 7 design$ to prev5t we> & friction betwe5 p>ts1 :i* op]ate on1 or aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #aci %[s ?ree types ( pla9 be>+s4 ,a1 ! split type ( pla9 be>+1 is us$ widely by ! manufactur]s ( eng9es z ma9 be>+s to support ! crank %aft & at ! l>ge end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,b is a cyl9drical type ( pla9 end bu%+1 us$ to support light %afts 9 end walls4 ,c is a c5t] or sleeve type ( pla9 bu%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,pla9 ,be>+s or ,bu%+s ,all ?ree types ( pla9 be>+s describ$ above w /& unusually h>d use1 b mu/ be kept well lubricat$ or run 9 an oil ba? to prev5t frictional heat+ & excessive we>4 ,fig4 #adj %[s two types ( %ims us$ betwe5 ! reta9] jaw ( a split be>+1 :i* all[s ! we> to be tak5 up :5 ! be>+ gets loose & beg9s to p\nd4 ,! %ims may be ei!r solid or loose leaf$1 & are ( diff]5t ?ickness4 ,! loose leaf$ %im has an out] cas+1 :i* conta9s sev5 to t5 metal %eets ( pap]-l ?9ness1 :i* may be remov$ to ! exact ?ickness requir$ = an accurately fitt$ be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,%ims ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,bock ,roll] ,be>+ ,fig4 #ada %[s ! ,bock type ( radial & end ?ru/ roll] be>+4 ,! end ( ea* roll] is provid$ ) a section ( a p]fect sph]e :i* rolls 9 unison ) ! tap]$ roll]s & makes ! end contact practically frictionless4 ,! advantage claim$ = ?is type ( be>+ is t x embodies bo? ! ball & roll] be>+ /r5g? & r$uces ! friction on ! roll] & ?ru/ end to a m9imum4 ,?is type ( be>+ is us$ 9 ! hub ( ! :eel1 :i* mu/ be clean$ & well pack$ ) a m$ium grease e ?\s& miles4 ,! be>+ is be/ clean$ by dropp+ x into a conta9] ( k]os5e & scrubb+ x ) a /iff pa9t bru%4 ,d n run ! c> ) ! hub cap (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,hyatt ,roll] ,be>+ ,fig4 #adb %[s ! ,hyatt flexible type ( roll] be>+4 ,?is type consi/s ( an inn] & out] race & a cage :i* holds ! flexible rolls4 ,! flexible rolls are spirally w\nd f a high grade %eet alloy /eel4 ,! rolls are plac$ 9 ! cage 9 alt]native positions4 ,?is arrangem5t ( roll]s has a t5d5cy to "w ! grease back & =? on ! surfaces ( ! races4 ,ano!r advantage claim$ = ?is type ( be>+1 is t ! weight is m ev5ly di/ribut$ at ! po9t ( contact1 due to ! fact t ! w\nd rolls all[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( resili5cy1 & accepts road %ocks easily1 :i* r$uces ! am\nt ( frictional we> to a m9imum4 ,?is type ( be>+ requires ! same att5tion z ! ,bock1 describ$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,d\ble ,r[ ,radial ,ball ,be>+ ,fig4 #adc %[s a type ( d\ble r[ ball be>+s4 ,ball be>+s are be+ us$ m ext5sively ea* ye> by ! manufactur]s ( light & heavy duty motor vehicles4 ,! effici5t reliability & ease ( action has prov5 to be ! ma9 factor 9 ! developm5t ( ?is type ( be>+4 ,"o ( ! big features 9 consid]+ ball be>+s is t a ball rolls equally well 9 any direction1 & ! slighte/ ef=t w />t x to roll+4 ,x is a prov5 fact1 t a ball is />t$ m easily ?an any o!r type ( supportive elem5t4 ,?is expla9s :y ball be>+s ( all types come ne>e/ to be+ frictionless4 ,once ^u a "t p believ$ t ! ball 9 ball be>+s c>ri$ ! load by po9t ( contact1 :i* is n true1 z ball be>+s c>ry ! load on a def9ite area4 ,& 9 be>+ con/ruction1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc1 :]e ! inn] & out] race curves ar\nd ! balls & increases ! contact area1 ! contact capacity is greatly increas$4 ,?us a "o-f\r? in* ,s4 ,k4 ,f4 ball %[$ a cru%+ resi/ance ( n9e ?\s& & sev5 hundr$ p\nds1 :ile ! "o-half in* ball %[$ a cru%+ /r5g? ( tw5ty-five ?\s& p\nds4 ,! sectional view ( a radial be>+1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #adb1 consi/s ess5tially ( f\r elem5ts1 :i* are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! out] ball race1 7b7 ! two r[s ( balls1 7c7 ! ball reta9]1 & 7d7 ! inn] ball race4 ,! inn] surface ( ! out] race is sph]ically gr\nd 9 ! =m ( a section ( a sph]e ^: c5t] is ! c5t] ( ! axis ( rotation4 ,?is provides t bo? r[s ( balls %all c>ry ! load at all times4 ,?is r$uces ! load c>ri$ by ea* ball to ! lea/ am\nt4 ,! ball reta9] is made ( a s+le piece1 :i* provides = prop] spac+ ( ! balls1 & positively circulates ! lubricant4 ,! reta9] is op5 at ! sides1 :i* p]mits free access ( lubricant1 & makes inspection easy4 ,! inn] ball race conta9s two grooves to accommodate ! two r[s ( balls1 & ! curvature ( ! out] race is slightly l>g] ?an t ( ! balls4 ,! fact t bo? inn] & out] races are curv$ gives an ample surface contact betwe5 ! balls & ! races4 ,fig4 #add %[s a d\ble ?ru/ be>+4 ,?is type ( be>+ 0 design$ to take end ?ru/ 9 bo? directions4 ,x is us$ to /abilize ! %aft aga9/ lat]al motion & to accept rev]s+ ?ru/ loads4 ,x is also automatically self-align+4 ,! assembly ( balls & races =ms a section ( a sph]e )9 a /eel cas+4 ,! inside ( ?is cas+ is gr\nd sph]ically to ! same radius z ! sph]ical seats1 ?us p]mitt+ ! assembl$ be>+ p>ts to adju/ !mselves to any %aft deflection4 ,?is type ( d\ble ?ru/ be>+ is s design$ t ! c5tral rotat+ disc1 two r[s ( balls1 & ! align+ seats are comb9$ 9 a s+le unit )9 ! ca/+4 ,! unit con/ruction ( ?is type ( be>+ insures ease 9 m\nt+1 & elim9ates mu* co/ly ma*9e "w usually enc\nt]$ 9 sett+ d\ble ?ru/ be>+s1 & r5d]s ! be>+ practically dirt1 du/ & fool-pro(4 ,if x becomes necess>y to disassemble ! ma*9e ^u :i* ^! be>+s are m\nt$1 ! us] has e assurance t ! %afts c be relocat$ precisely 9 its orig9al position1 ) ! m9imum ( "t1 labor & exp5se4 ,?is type ( be>+ is also entirely free f adju/m5t1 loose p>ts1 co/ly ma*9e "w1 & ! possible abuse at ! h&s ( inexp]i5c$ workman are entirely done away )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,d\ble ,r[ ,?ru/ ,be>+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,end ,?ru/ ,be>+ ,fig4 #ade %[s a ?ru/ be>+ design$ to c>ry ! load 9 "o direction1 along ! %aft1 & consi/s ( two h>d5$ /eel discs provid$ ) groov$ ball-races1 & a s+le r[ ( balls held 9 position betwe5 ! races by means ( a suitable reta9]4 ,clean+ ,be>+s4--,to clean be>+s1 use gasol9e1 k]os5e1 or a weak solution ( bak+ soda & s(t wat]4 ,place ! clean+ fluid 9 a %all[ receptacle1 take a piece ( wire & b5d a hook on ! end1 place ! hook ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! be>+ & r9se up & d[n 9 ! fluid1 sp9n+ x ) ! h& occasionally4 ,if "s ( ! grease has dri$ or bak$ on ! roll or roll] guide or reta9] & refuses to be dislodg$ by ?is me?od1 lay ! be>+ flat & scrub ) a bru% :i* has be5 dipp$ into ! clean+ fluid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,c> ,,arrangem5t1 ,,p>ts1 ,,adju/m5t1 ,,c>e #a4 ,oil cup on %ackle bolt or loop p94 ,fill e week ) m$ium cup grease giv+ "o half turn e second day4 #b4 ,"r front spr+4 ,loos5 ! small clips ,no4 #dg1 clean (f all dirt & grease ) a bru% dipp$ 9 k]os5e1 & jack up ! frame1 :i* w op5 ! leaves4 ,=ce graphite betwe5 ! leaves1 let ! frame d[n & wipe (f all ! grease t is =c$ out1 9 ord] to avoid ! ga!r+ ( du/ & grit 7see *apt] on ,spr+ ,c>e74 #c4 ,front lamp4 ,keep brackets & vibration rod well tight5$4 ,wipe l5s ) a damp clo? 7inside & outside71 & poli% ) tissue pap]4 ,adju/ or focus bo? lamps s t ! c5t] rays w /rike side by side #de feet ahead ( ! c>4 ,pu% ! light bulbs well into ! sockets1 o!rwise a d>k spot w appe> 9 ! c5t]4 ,te/ ! wire connection plugs occasionally = weak spr+s or /ick+ contact p9s4 #d4 ,radiator 7see *apt] on ,cool+ ,sy/ems74 #e4 ,radiator ,cap4 ,grease or oil ?read occasionally4 #f4 ,radiator connect+ hose 7see *apt] on ,cool+ ,sy/ems74 #g4 ,! fan4 ,x usually op]ates on a ball & cone be>+1 :i* mu/ be kept well adju/$ & greas$ to prev5t a clatt]+ or rumbl+ noise4 #h4 ,! fan belt4 ,?is %\ld be well tight5$ to prev5t slipp+1 :i* w cause ov]-heat+4 ,apply belt dress+ occasionally to prev5t dry-rot & crack+4 #i4 ,adju/ ! />t] *a9 f "t to "t by sett+ d[n ! idl] ge>4 #aj4 ,metal tube = c>ry+ ! high t5sion leads to ! sp>k plugs4 ,remove ! wires f ! tube :5 ov]haul+ & tape worn insulation4 #aa4 ,sp>k plugs 7see *apt] on ,sp>k ,plug ,c>e74 #ab4 ,! horn4 ,keep connection tight1 clean gum & old grease (f ! armature & adju/ ! bru%es :5 x fails to "w4 #ac4 ,prim+ cups4 ,cov] ! ?reads ) graphite or :ite lead & screw !m into ! cyl9d] head tightly to prev5t compression leaks4 #ad4 ,horn bracket4 ,keep well tight5$1 to prev5t vibration4 #ae4 ,clut* p$al4 ,x c usually be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ to accommodate leg /ret*1 oil & grease be>+s1 & connect+ jo9t ea* week4 #af4 ,prim] or *ok]1 :i* op]ates ! air valve on ! c>buretor4 #ag4 ,/e]+ column4 #ah4 ,/e]+ :eel 7see *apt] on ,/e]+ ,ge>s74 #ai4 ,horn %ort+ pu% button4 #bj4 ,sp>k control lev]4 #ba4 ,gas ?rottle control4 #bb4 ,transmission 7see *apt] on ,transmission74 #bc4 ,brake rods 7see *apt] on ,brakes74 #bd4 ,univ]sal jo9t 7see *apt] on ,univ]sal ,jo9ts74 #be4 ,! frame4 #bf4 ,em]g5cy brake lev]age connection4 #bg4 ,s]vice brake lev]age connection4 #bh4 ,?read$ clevis = l5g!n+ or %ort5+ brake rods4 #bi4 ,cr[n f5d]4 #cj4 ,india rubb] bump]4 #ca4 ,brake b& guide4 #cb4 ,gasol9e or fuel tank4 #cc4 ,fill] sp\t & cap4 #cd4 ,spr+ %ackle h+e4 #ce4 ,tire c>ri]4 #cf4 ,sp>e tire & dem\ntable rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,c> ,arrangem5t #cg4 ,radiator fa/5+ /ud4 #ch4 ,/>t+ crank rat*et4 #ci4 ,spread rod ) left & "r ?read$ clevis at ea* end4 #dj4 ,! crank case4 #da4 ,crank case dra9age plug4 #db4 ,! fly:eel & clut*4 #dc4 ,box = c>ry+ /orage batt]y4 #dd4 ,transmission dra9 plug4 #de4 ,! muffl] 7see *apt] on ,muffl] ,c>e74 #df4 ,ma9 drive %aft4 #dg4 ,spr+ blade alignm5t clamp4 #dh4 ,re> univ]sal jo9t4 #di4 ,s]vice brake lev]4 #ej4 ,dem\ntable rim clamp bolt4 #ea4 ,diff]5tial h\s+ on re> axle4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,ov]haul+ ,,! ,,c> ,be=e />t+ to dismantle ! c> = ov]haul+1 see t all ! necess>y tools are at h& & 9 good condition4 ,place !m out sep>ately on a b5* or bo>d ne> ! c>4 ,!n secure a numb] ( boxes to hold ! p>ts ( ea* unit 9 ord] t !y may n become int]mix$4 ,:5 ov]haul+ is to take place1 />t at ! front ( ! c> & "w back4 ,fir/1 disconnect & remove ! radiator & inspect ! tubes = d5ts or jams4 ,if any ( any consequ5ce are f\nd1 pry ! f9s up & d[n on ! tubes cle>+ ! affect$ "p1 :i* is remov$ & replac$ ) a new piece ( tub+ & sold]$ 9 place4 ,!n turn a /ream ( wat] into ! radiator & let x run = fully an h\r1 or until x is fully flu%$ out4 ,next1 inspect ! hose connections1 z ! rubb] l9+ (t5 becomes crack$ & breaks away f ! fabric :i* ret>ds ! circulation1 by fill+ ! passage ) hang+ %r$s ( rubb]4 ,!n plug up ! l[] entrance to ! wat] jackets & fill ! jackets ) a solution ( #b gal4 ( wat] to lb4 ( wa%+ soda4 ,let ?is solution /& 9 ! jackets = "o-half h\r2 !n flu% out ) clean wat]4 ,! c>buretor & manifolds %\ld be remov$ & clean$4 ,! float1 if cork1 %\ld be all[$ to dry4 ,x is !n giv5 a coat ( %ellac & all[$ to dry be=e reassembl+ ! c>buretor4 ,! eng9e %\ld !n be turn$ ov] sl[ly to te/ ! compression on ea* cyl9d]4 ,if x is f\nd to be /rong on ea* cyl9d]1 ! pi/on r+s & cyl9d] wall may be pass$ z be+ 9 good condition4 ,9 case y f9d "o cyl9d] is n z /rong z ! o!rs1 ! tr\ble may be asc]ta9$ by inspection4 ,x may be caus$ by a scor$ cyl9d] wall1 worn pi/on r+s1 leaky gasket1 or pitt$ valve seats4 ,next remove ! head ( ! motor & remove ! c>bon ) a scrap] & wa% ) k]os5e4 ,if ! motor is n ( ! deta*able head type1 remove ! valve cup & use a r\nd wire bru% to loos5 ! c>bon4 ,x is be/ 9 ?is case to burn out ! c>bon ) oxyacetyl5e flame4 ,next remove ! valves & te/ ! spr+s = %r9kage or weakness4 ,if any are f\nd t d n con=m 9 l5g?1 replace !m ) new spr+s4 ,gr9d ! valves 7see previ\s ,*apt] on ,valve ,gr9d+74 ,next exam9e ! wat] pump & pack ! box+ ) a wick or hemp cyl9d] pack+4 ,clean+ ! ,lubricat+ ,sy/em4--,remove ! plug 9 ! bottom ( ! crank case & dra9 out ! oil4 ,replace ! plug & p\r #a gal4 ( k]os5e into ! crank case ?r\gh ! brea!r pipe & sp9 ! motor4 ,!n remove ! dra9 plug & all[ ! k]os5e to dra9 out4 ,aft] x has quit runn+1 turn ! motor ov] a few times & all[ x to dra9 "o-half h\r4 ,replace ! plug & fill ! crank case to ! requir$ level ) fre% cyl9d] oil4 ,next1 remove ! plate f ! tim+ ge> case & inspect ! ge>s = we> & play4 ,if !y are pack$ 9 grease1 remove ! old grease & wa% out ! case ) k]os5e4 ,if !y receive _! oil supply f ! crank case x w only be necess>y to inspect !m = we>4 ,!n replace ! motor head1 tim+ ge> case plate & manifolds1 us+ new gaskets & new lock wa%]s4 ,next clean ! sp>k plugs & ignition sy/ems 7see *apt] on ,sp>k ,plugs & ,ignition ,sy/em74 ,!n we proce$ to ! diff]5t types ( clut*es4 ,! cone clut* usually does n require clean+1 b 9 cases :]e x has be5 expos$ to grease or lubricat+ oil ! lea!r face may be clean$ ) a clo? damp5$ 9 k]os5e1 aft] :i* a ?9 coat+ ( ,neat's foot oil is appli$ to ! lea!r fac+4 ,! cone is !n replac$ & ! spr+s adju/$ until x runs true4 ,?is is det]m9$ by hold+ x out & sp9n+ x4 ,! wet & dry plate clut*es are treat$ 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,fir/ dra9 out all ! oil or grease & wa% out ! h\s+ ) k]os5e4 ,exam9e all p>ts = we> & adju/ or replace loose p>ts4 ,fill ! h\s+ up to ! slip %aft ) fre% oil or grease1 t is1 provid+ x is a wet plate clut*4 ,! dry plate clut* ne$ only be wa%$ ) k]os5e to remove any grease or dirt t has lodg$ on ! plates4 ,clean+ ! ,transmission4--,fir/ dra9 (f ! oil & wa% ! ge> ) a bru% dipp$ 9 k]os5e4 ,!n inspect ! be>+s = loos5ess4 ,if y f9d "o badly worn1 replace ! be>+ at ea* end ( ! %aft4 ,next1 exam9e ! ge>s4 ,if !y are blunt1 burr$ or *ipp$1 smoo? !m (f on an em]y :eel or ) a co>se file4 ,wa% out ! case ) k]os5e & fill ) a ?ick transmission oil or grease until ! f>!re/ up me%+ po9t is cov]$ to ! dep? ( f #a to #a in*es4 ,exam9e ! slots or not*es on ! horizontal slid+ %afts 9 ! cov] ( ! case :i* holds ! ge>s 9 or out ( me%4 ,if ! slots are badly worn x w be necess>y to replace slid+ %afts or x may be necess>y to replace ! spr+s :i* hold ! ball or p9 to ! %aft & slots4 ,! univ]sal jo9ts are clean$ & fre$ ( all grease & dirt4 ,! bu%+s & trunion head are inspect$ = loos5ess4 ,if any exi/s a new set ( bu%+s w usually rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,! h\s+ %\ld !n be pack$ ) a m$ium or fairly heavy cup grease4 ,next we come to ! diff]5tial :i* is treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! transmission1 except t ! h\s+ is pack$ ) a mu* heavi] grease1 & new felt wa%]s are plac$ at ! out] end ( ! h\s+ :]e ! axle ext5ds to ! :eels4 ,! re> sy/em is !n jack$ up until bo? :eels cle> ! gr\nd4 ,! brakes are !n te/$ & adju/$ 7see *apt] on ,brakes71 & ! re> :eels te/$ = loos5ess4 ,if ! axle is ( ! full float+ type loos5ess may be tak5 up by )draw+ ! axle & loos5+ ! lock nut back ( ! cone & driv+ ! not*$ cone r+ to ! "r 7fac+ x7 until ! play is tak5 up4 ,:5 loos5ess is f\nd 9 ! semi-float+ or ?ree qu>t]s float+ axle x is necess>y to replace ! out] be>+ :i* is locat$ inside ( ! out] end ( ! h\s+ tube4 ,next exam9e ! spr+s 7see *apt] on ,spr+s & ,spr+ ,te/s74 ,?is br+s u to ! /e]+ ge>1 :i* %\ld be inspect$1 tight5$ up1 & fre$ f all play at ! v>i\s jo9ts & connections1 aft] :i* x %\ld be well pack$ ) grease4 ,! front :eels %\ld be jack$ up & te/$ = loose or worn be>+s & sp9dle p9s4 ,! be>+s c usually be adju/$ :ile ! loose sp9dle p9 or bu%+ %\ld be replac$4 ,aft] ! be>+s h be5 adju/$ or replac$1 pack ! space 9 ! hubs betwe5 ! be>+s ) a m$ium h>d oil or cup grease1 :i* w suffici5tly lubricate ! be>+s = #bjjj miles ( s]vice4 ,! :eels & axles are !n l9$ up 7,see *apt] on ,alignm5t74 ,next1 take a piece ( %>p wire & remove all ! dirt1 gum1 & h>d grease f oil holes supply+ clevis jo9ts & pla9 be>+s4 ,take up all play :i* is liable to produce noise & rattles ) new bolts1 p9s & wa%]s4 ,clean & fill all grease cups bor+ out ! /em heads ) a piece ( wire4 7,see *apt] on ,wa%+1 ,pa9t+1 & ,top & ,body ,c>e47 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,repair ,,equipm5t ,! necess>y repair equipm5t %\ld be divid$ into two sets1 "o to be c>ri$ ) ! c>1 :i* we w call road repair necessities1 su* z #be ft4 ( manilla hemp rope1 :i* w probably come 9 v h&y & save ! orig9al co/ _m times 9 "o ye>4 ,ev5 ) good roads & ! g5]al t5d5cy t[>d improvem5ts1 !re /ill rema9s a great _m miles ( bad road t becomes v tr\blesome ) _! cu/om>y *uck holes & slipp]y brims1 :i* (t5 lead a motori/ to br+ up 9 a dit* aft] a %ort ra9 /orm4 ,! advantages ( ?is rope are expla9$ 9 ?is way2 %\ld y slide into ! dit* or get into a deep rut1 ! :eels w usually sp9 & y are helplessly /uck4 ,a pull f a pass+ motori/1 or f>m]1 w help y out ( y\r difficulty4 ,%\ld any "p ( y\r c> break1 or give out1 any pass+ motori/ or f>m] w give y a t[ to ! ne>e/ g>age & !reby avoid delays4 ,!re=e1 we w head our li/ ( road repairs )3 #be ft4 ( manilla hemp rope1 #b inn] tubes1 #a bl[\t pat*1 #a out] %oe1 #a set ( *a9s1 #a jack1 #a pump1 #a tire gauge1 #a tube repair outfit & pat*es1 an extra sp>k plug1 sev]al cores & t]m9als1 a few feet ( prim>y & second>y wire1 #a box ( assort$ bolts1 nuts1 wa%]s & cott] p9s1 #a qt4 c ( lubricat+ oil1 #a complete set ( good tools neatly pack$ 9 a small box & secur$ to ! floor ( ! c> "u ! re> seat by fa/5+ bo? ends ( a /rap to ! floor & plac+ a buckle 9 ! c5t] :i* w hold ! box securely & avoid all noise4 ,g>age repair equipm5t %\ld consi/ ( ! foll[+3 #a set ( tire jacks1 #a small vulcaniz+ set & supplies1 #a c ( m$ium cup grease1 #a c or tank ( lubricat+ oil1 #a small vise1 #a box ( felt wa%]s1 #a box ( assort$ cott] p9s1 #a box ( assort$ nuts1 #a box ( assort$ lock wa%]s1 #a box assort$ cap screws & bolts1 #a set ( assort$ files1 #a hack saw1 #a ,/ilson wr5*1 #a dope gun1 #a air pressure oil c1 #a valve lift]1 sev]al valve & assort$ spr+s1 #a box ( auto soap1 #a sponge & a good *amois sk94 ,?is outfit %\ld all be pur*as$ at ! same "t & ea* supply & tool pack$ or plac$ 9 respective places1 s t x w n be necess>y to look f> & wide :5 y wi% to use "s p>ticul> tool4 ,) ?is equipm5t1 & "s k & pati5ce1 ! av]age man %\ld be able to keep 8 c> 9 excell5t condition by do+ 8 own adju/+ & repair+4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,c> ,,clean+1 ,,wa%+ ,,& ,,c>e ,body4--,! body is ! c>ry+ "p ( ! c> & usually consi/s ( an oak or a% frame cov]$ ) a ?9 %eet /eel4 ,x is bolt$ to ! frame ( ! c>1 & aside f wa%+ & clean+ & keep+ ! bolts tight to prev5t squeaks1 x requires no fur!r c>e4 ,body ,wa%+4--,:5 ab\t to wa% ! body1 soak ! dirt (f ) a g5tle op5 /ream ( cold wat]4 ,t is1 remove ! nozzle f ! hose1 & d n rub4 ,remove mud be=e x gets dry & h>d :5ev] possible4 ,grease c be remov$ ) soap suds & a s(t sponge4 ,use a neutral auto soap1 & rub z little z possible4 ,r9se ?or\ghly ) a g5tle /ream ( cold wat]1 & dry & poli% ) a clean piece ( *amois sk94 ,if ! body has a dull appe>ance aft] wa%+1 due to sun exposure or too frequ5t wa%+1 apply a good body poli% lightly & poli% until ?or\ghly dry ) a clean piece ( gauze or *eese clo?4 ,runn+ ,ge> ,wa%+4--,scrape ! cak$ grease & dirt (f f ! brake drums & axles1 & scrub lightly ) a s(t bru% dipp$ 9 soap suds4 ,r9se ?or\ghly ) a g5tle /ream ( cold wat]4 ,dry ) a piece ( clo? or a *amois4 ,old pieces ( *amois sk9 :i* are too dirty to use on ! body c be us$ to dry ! runn+ ge>4 ,if ! runn+ ge> takes on a dirty appe>ance aft] becom+ dry1 g ov] x ) a clo? damp5$ ) body poli%4 ,tight5 up all bolts & make all adju/m5ts :ile ! c> is clean4 ,eng9e ,clean+4--,clean ! eng9e ) a pa9t bru% dipp$ 9 k]os5e4 ,!n g ov] x ) a clo? damp5$ ) k]os5e4 ,top ,clean+4--,! top %\ld nev] be fold$ until x is ?or\ghly clean$ & dri$4 ,du/ on ! outside c be remov$ by wa%+ x ) cle> cold wat] & ca/ile soap4 ,be sure to r9se x ?or\ghly ) cle> wat]4 ,! inside %\ld be du/$ out ) a :isk broom4 ,be c>eful :5 fold+ x & see t ! clo? is n p9*$ betwe5 ! sockets & b[s1 & always put on ! slip cov] :5 x is fold$ to keep out ! du/ & dirt4 ,curta9 ,clean+4--,wa% ! curta9s ) ca/ile soap4 ,aft] !y are dry g ov] !m ) a clo? damp5$ 9 body poli%4 ,always roll ! curta9s2 nev] fold !m4 ,clean+ ,uphol/]+4--,if ! c> is uphol/]$ ) lea!r or imitation lea!r1 x %\ld be wa%$ ) w>m wat] & ca/ile soap1 !n wip$ (f ?or\ghly ) a clean clo? damp5$ 9 cle> w>m wat]4 ,if ! uphol/]+ is ) clo? x %\ld be bru%$ ?or\ghly ) a /iff :isk broom1 !n gone ov] lightly ) a clo? damp5$ 9 wat] to :i* a few drops ( wa%+ ammonia has be5 add$4 ,rug ,clean+4--,clean ! rugs ) a vacuum clean]1 or /iff :isk broom4 ,w9d%ield ,clean+4--,add a few drops ( ammonia or k]os5e to a p9t ( w>m wat]2 & wa% ! w9d %ield ) ?is solution & poli% ) a s(t clo? or tissue pap]4 ,s$an or ,clos$ ,body ,clean+4--,foll[ directions giv5 = clean+ uphol/]+ & w9d%ields4 ,tire ,rim ,clean+4--,remove ! tires twice ea* season4 ,drive ! d5ts out ( ! rims1 rub (f all ru/ ) s& pap]1 & file (f all %>p edges & pa9t ! rims ) a metal fill]4 ,all[ ! pa9t to dry ?or\ghly be=e replac+ ! tire4 ,ru/ on ! rims causes rapid tire & tube det]ioration4 ,tire ,clean+4--,r9se ! mud & dirt (f ! tires1 & wa% !m ) soap suds & a co>se sponge4 ,r9se ) cle> wat]4 ,l5s ,clean+4--,to clean ! light l5s foll[ ! in/ructions giv5 above = clean+ w9d%ields4 ,cov] ! c> at night to prev5t g>age du/ f settl+ into ! pores ( ! pa9t4 ,?is type ( du/ causes ! v>ni% to *eck & take on a dull dirty appe>ance1 & is v h>d to remove )\t ! use ( soap4 ,use a neutral soap & r9se ?or\ghly ) cle> cold wat]4 ,a good s]viceable ?r[-cov] c be made f any k9d ( *eap light goods1 or by sew+ sev]al old %eets toge!r4 ,caution4--,d n du/ ! c> imm$iately aft] driv+ x 9 ! sun & nev] use a fea!r du/] z ?is only pads ! du/ into ! v>ni%1 & scrat*es x4 ,a good du/+ clo? is made by damp5+ a s(t clo? ) an oil poli%4 ,! clo? %\ld be left to dry 9 ! sun = sev]al h\rs aft] be+ damp5$ ) oil4 ,r9s+ ! body (f ) cle> cold wat] & dry+ x ) a *amois sk9 is always pref]able z x produces a clean appe>ance & fre%5s ! pa9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,tires1 ,,build1 ,,quality1 ,,& ,,c>e ,build+ a tire is l build+ a h\se or lay+ a cem5t sidewalk2 ! f\ndation mu/ be "r or ! job w n /& up4 ,! f\ndation ( a tire z e motori/ kn[s consi/s ( alt]native lay]s ( rubb]1 fabric1 or cord1 cov]$ ) a tread & break] /rip ( rubb]4 ,! tread & break] /rip1 h[ev]1 are n wor? ! space !y occupy if !y are plac$ ov] a poorly con/ruct$ f\ndation ( *eaply made fabric4 ,!re=e1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 *oos+ a tire ( /&>d make :i* has be5 te/$1 inspect$1 & gu>ante$ to be 9 p]fect condition1 & gives a mileage gu>antee4 ,! *eap] grades ( tires may be v deceiv+ 9 looks1 b ! po9t rema9s1 t b5ea? ! tread & break] /rip !re mu/ be some?+ t is *eap] 9 quality ?an ! mat]ial us$ 9 build+ a /&>d tire or x c\ld n be sold = less1 z tire build+ mat]ial sells at a m>ket price obta9able to all2 & ! /&>d tire is usually produc$ 9 l>ge quantities at a small pr(it1 :i* may be se5 by comp>+ ! production records & ! divid5ds paid on capitalization4 ,?is po9t alone %[s ! wise economy 9 pur*as+ tires ( /&>d build & avoid+ all s-call$ l[ pric$ tires z !y usually co/ ! motori/ consid]able m be=e ! av]age mileage ( a good tire is obta9$4 ,tires giv5 close att5tion w usually give f "o to two ?\s& m miles ( s]vice ?an ^? t d n receive prompt att5tion4 ,!re=e1 close inspection %\ld be made frequ5tly = cuts1 r5ts1 /one bruises1 or a break 9 ! tread :i* exposes ! und]ly+ fabric to we> & dampness4 ,:5 a break is discov]$ 9 ei!r ! tread or break] /rip1 x %\ld be slightly enl>g$ & well clean$4 ,a coat ( raw rubb] cem5t is appli$ & all[$ to dry4 ,ano!r coat ( cem5t is appli$1 & :5 ?is coat is fairly dry1 fill ! ind5ture ) raw rubb] gum & cook = ?irty m9utes ) a small vulcaniz]4 ,! cem5t1 rubb]1 & vulcaniz] may be pur*as$ at any accessory /ore = a c\ple ( doll>s4 ,tire ,c>e4--,always keep ! g>age floor clean & free f oil1 grease & gasol9e1 9 ord] t ! tires may n come 9 contact ) x or /& 9 x4 ,all ?ree are deadly enemies to rubb]4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by spread+ a ?9 lay] ( sawdu/ or bran on ! floor & damp5+ x4 ,?is n only makes floor clean+ easy b also keeps ! air moi/ & causes ! du/ to settle quickly4 ,:5 a tire comes 9 contact ) ei!r grease1 oil1 or gasol9e1 x %\ld imm$iately be wa%$ ) w>m wat] & ca/ile soap4 ,mud mu/ n be all[$ to dry & bake on ! tires z x causes ! rubb] to loose its spr+y ela/ic qualities1 & dry-rot or rubb] scurvy takes place imm$iately1 & ! tread beg9s to crack & crumble4 ,tire ,*a9s4--,use tire *a9s only :5 !y are absolutely necess>y to ov]come road conditions1 z ! use ( *a9s "u ! mo/ ideal conditions results 9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( damage to ! tires1 & also causes de/ruction to improv$ roads4 ,*a9s are easily put on by /ret*+ !m out at ! re> ( ! c> & roll+ ! c> on !m4 ,! clamps %\ld be plac$ =w>d 9 ord] t ! contact ) ! road may s]ve to keep !m clos$4 ,adju/ ! *a9s to ! tire loosely 9 ord] t ! cross *a9s may "w ar\nd & di/ribute ! we> ev5ly4 ,cross ,*a9s4--,inspect ! cross *a9s occasionally = we> & %>p edges4 ,d n use spr+s across ! front ( ! :eel to hold ! *a9s1 z !y prev5t ! cross *a9s f work+ ar\nd on ! tire & ! opposite side *a9 is (t5 drawn onto ! tread1 & z ^! *a9s are n cont9u\s1 ! l9k connections we> & cut ! tread expos+ ! und]ly+ lay]s ( fabric to dampness & we>4 ,tube ,c>e4--,:5 an extra tube is c>ri$ ) ! c> %ake "s tire talc or soap /one on x & wrap ) tissue pap]4 ,x c !n be c>ri$ 9 a small box ) ! tools )\t be+ damag$ f vibration4 ,tube ,repair+4--,a tube %\ld always be vulcaniz$ to make ! repair p]man5t2 b 9 case y mu/ make a road repair & h n a vulcaniz] ) y1 an em]g5cy repair c be made by /ick+ on a pat*4 ,! surface ( ! tube & ! pat* is clean$ & r\gh5$ ) a f9e file or piece ( em]y pap]4 ,a coat ( cem5t is appli$ next & all[$ to dry4 ,ano!r coat ( cem5t is appli$ & all[$ to dry until x becomes tacky4 ,! pat* is !n press$ on ! tube & held "u pressure fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes until ! cem5t is dry4 ,?is repair w s]ve = a %ort "t b %\ld be made p]man5t at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,tire ,/orage4--,:5 ! c> is to be /or$ = ! w9t]1 ! tires %\ld be left on ! :eels & deflat$ to ?irty p\nds pressure 7t is1 aft] !y h be5 reliev$ ( ! weight ( ! c>71 except 9 cases :]e ! g>age is cold & v damp & subject$ to wea!r *anges4 ,9 ?is case remove ! tires & hang !m up 9 a cool dry place 7/ore room or cell>74 ,always remove ! old valve cores f ! valve /ems & replace !m ) new ones be=e putt+ ! tires back into s]vice1 z ! rubb] plung]s det]iorate v rapidly :5 inactive4 ,valve cores c be pur*as$ at any s]vice /ation 9 a small t9 conta9] = ?irty-five to fifty c5ts p] doz54 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,electrical ,,sy/em ,,tun+ ,,h9ts ,! av]age c> own] usually fights %y ( ! electrical sy/em4 ,?is des]ves att5tion :5 ov]haul+ ! c>1 z well z any o!r "p ( ! c>1 & a few simple precautions w g a long way t[>d elim9at+ electrical tr\bles4 ,! entire electrical sy/em %\ld be gone ov]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s dem&+ inspection is ! wir+4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! insulation becomes *af$ or worn1 ?r\gh contact ) o!r p>ts ( ! c>4 ,x is1 !re=e1 important to look ov] ! wir+ v c>efully4 ,:]e !re is any d\bt z to ! insulation be+ insuffici5t1 new wires %\ld be us$4 ,?is elim9ates ! possibility ( !re be+ an accid5tal gr\nd1 or %ort circuit1 r5d]+ a "p or ! entire sy/em inop]ative4 ,all t]m9als %\ld be gone ov] to det]m9e :e!r !y are clean & tight4 ,?is is especially true ( ! t]m9als on ! /orage batt]y1 & at ! po9t :]e ! batt]y is gr\nd$ to ! frame ( ! c> if x is a s+le wire sy/em4 ,! connections betwe5 ! /orage batt]y & ! />t+ motor %\ld be clean & free f corrosion4 ,if ^! connections are n tight & clean1 improp] p]=mance ( ! />t+ motor is ! result4 ,apply a small am\nt ( vasel9e to ! batt]y t]m9als = protection ( ! metal f ! action ( ! acid fumes & prev5tion ( corrosion4 ,x is well to h ! batt]y inspect$ by a batt]y speciali/ & any necess>y repairs tak5 c>e (4 ,di/ributor & relay po9ts %\ld be exam9$ to see if !y are pitt$ or burn$4 ,if !y are1 !y %\ld be smoo!d d[n ) a f9e plat9um file & adju/$ to ! prop] gap4 ,x is ess5tial t ! contact po9ts meet squ>ely4 ,if ?is is n done burn+ & pitt+ w result4 ,! g5]ator & />t+ motor commutator %\ld be exam9$ = undue we> & high mica4 ,x may be necess>y 9 ord] to insure good p]=mance t ! commutator be turn$ d[n 9 a la! & ! mica und]cut4 ,! bru%es %\ld be prop]ly seat$ by c>eful s&+4 ,?is is especially necess>y :5 ! commutator is turn$ d[n4 ,x is desirable to h ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! bru% face be>+ on ! commutator4 ,?is c be det]m9$ by exam9ation ( ! glaz$ area on ! bru% aft] runn+ a %ort "t4 ,%\ld ! />t] drive be ( ! b5dix type1 ! ?read$ %aft & p9ion %\ld be clean$1 & any grease :i* has h>d5$ %\ld be remov$4 ,lamps %\ld be exam9$4 ,dim & burn$ out lamps %\ld be replac$4 ,all connections ( ! light+ & ignition swit* %\ld be inspect$4 ,x %\ld be not$ :e!r ! t]m9als are t\*+1 or ne>ly t\*+4 ,if any wires are rubb+ ?us1 entail+ ! possibility ( a %ort circuit or gr\nd1 !y %\ld be fix$4 ,electric cables t rub on %>p edges ( ! batt]y box w soon we> ?r\gh ! insulation f vibration ( ! c> & a %ort circuit w occur t may be h>d to f9d4 ,su* p>ts ( ! wire %\ld be well protect$ ) adhesive tape & %\ld be also frequ5tly inspect$4 ,high t5sion curr5ts are v h>d to control1 & a %ort or leakage (t5 occurs :]e ! wire is cramp$4 ,! c5t] wire works or we>s ?r\gh ! rubb] insulation caus+ ! curr5t to jump to ! ne>e/ metal "p4 ,?is k9d ( tr\ble is especially h>d to locate z ! out] surface ( ! braid$ insulation does n %[ ! break4 ,x is a good plan to exam9e ! wir+ = %ort circuits occasionally 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 putt+ ! c> 9 at night1 close ! g>age door & turn out ! lights1 runn+ ! motor at v>i\s spe$s & g5tly mov+ ea* wire4 ,if !re are any %ort or gr\nd$ circuits a brilliant sp>k w jump at ! defective po9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,automobile ,,pa9t+ ,pa9t+ a c> requires a great am\nt ( pati5ce4 ,b a fairly good job may be done by ! av]age amateur pa9t]1 provid+ ! "w is done c>efully & exactly4 ,h[ev]1 ?is "w %\ld be und]tak5 only 9 a w>m1 dry room :]e x is possible to keep an ev5 temp]ature4 ,! old pa9t is fir/ remov$ ) a pa9t remov]1 or solution :i* is appli$ to ! surface & all[$ to p5etrate into ! pores4 ,ano!r coat is !n appli$4 ,! surface is !n scrap$ ) a putty knife until x is smoo? & free f ! old pa9t4 ,9 "s cases x may be f\nd necess>y to use a bl[ tor* to s(t5 ! old pa9t4 ,aft] ! old pa9t has be5 ?or\ghly remov$1 ! r\gh spots %\ld be smoo!d ov] ) a piece ( s& or em]y pap]1 & all c\nt] sunk screw heads1 jo9+s1 & scrat*es fill$ ) putty1 to make an ev5 surface4 ,! metal prim] is appli$ & all[$ to dry4 ,a second coat consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( :ite lead1 turp5t9e & boil$ oil is next appli$ & all[$ to dry4 ,?ree or f\r coats ( color are appli$ next & all[$ to dry4 ,colors come 9 a pa/e =m1 & may be turn$ into a pa/e by add+ a little turp5t9e4 ,two coats ( color & an equal am\nt ( rubb+ v>ni% are next appli$ 9 turn & rubb$ ) p[d]$ pumice /one & wat]4 ,! c> is !n /ripp$ & all[$ to dry1 & ! job f9i%$ by apply+ a coat ( f9i%+ v>ni%4 ,all ! =eign matt] & grease is remov$ f ! runn+ ge>4 ,! r\gh places are scrap$ & rubb$ ) a piece ( em]y pap]4 ,two coats ( metal prim] are appli$ & all[$ to dry4 ,a coat ( color v>ni% is appli$ :i* completes ! job4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,c>bon ,,remov+ ,x is necess>y to remove ! c>bon deposits f ! combu/ion *amb]s & pi/on heads at frequ5t int]vals 9 ord] to ma9ta9 an economical & effici5t motor4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods & ways ( do+ ?is )\t remov+ ! ca/+ or cyl9d] head2 t is1 provid+ regul> att5tion is giv5 to prev5t ! deposit f bak+ & =m+ 9 a %ale :i* c be remov$ only by burn+ or scrap+4 ,!re are a numb] ( c>bon remov+ comp\nds on ! m>ket :i* give excell5t satisfaction1 al?\gh "s ( ^! comp\nds may prove v h>mful unless ! directions are foll[$ v c>efully4 ,a great _m own]s use k]os5e once or twice a mon?4 ,an ounce or two may be p\r$ into ea* cyl9d] :ile !y are q w>m & all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs4 ,! motor is !n turn$ ov] a few times :i* all[s ! k]os5e to escape ?r\gh ! valves4 ,! p>ticles ( c>bon are bl[n out ?r\gh ! muffl] :5 ! motor is />t$4 ,o!rs pref] to fe$ x into ! motor ?r\gh ! c>buretor4 ,?is is done by spe$+ up ! motor & fe$+ a little at a "t into ! float *amb] or air valve4 ,o!rs use *lor(orm1 turp5t9e1 & alcohol 9 ! same way4 ,! late/ me?od is to take ! c> to a g>age & h ! c>bon burnt out occasionally ) a c>bon dioxide flame4 ,?is vaporizes & consumes ! c>bon & bl[s x out 9 ! =m ( soot4 ,! flame ( an acetyl5e weld+ outfit may be us$ successfully4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t fire4 ,! c>buretor is remov$ & ! fuel l9e dra9$ & ti$ out ( range ( ! flame4 ,,tr\bles ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,tr\ble ,,cause ,,rem$y ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,motor misses ,worn pi/on r+s ,new ov]size r+s ,motor misses ,pitt$ valve seats ,gr9d 9 valve seats ,motor misses ,loose locknut1 tappets ,adju/ tappets ,motor misses ,gas4 mixture too heavy ,adju/ c>buretor ,motor misses ,gas4 mixture too ?9 ,adju/ c>buretor ,motor misses ,contact po9ts worn ,adju/ po9ts ,motor misses ,loose cable connections ,connect to t]m9al po/s ,motor misses ,crack$ pi/on head ,replace pi/on ,motor misses ,crack$ wat] jacket ,weld1 rebore cyl9d] ,motor heats ,poor circulation ,flu% out radiator ,motor heats ,insuffici5t lubrication,clean oil+ sy/em ,motor heats ,excessive c>bon deposit,see *apt] on ,c>bon ,remov+ ,motor heats ,crack$ pi/on r+ ,replace r+s ,motor heats ,scor$ cyl9d] wall ,rebore cyl9d] ,motor heats ,tight ma9 be>+s ,lubricate pl5tifully ,motor heats ,heavy gas mixture ,adju/ c>buretor ,motor heats ,cyl9d]s miss+ ,see ,motor ,misses ,motor heats ,worn di/ributor contact,replace spr+ on block spr+ ,motor back-fires ,lean mixture ,adju/ c>buretor ,motor back-fires ,valve op5 ,reseat valve1 adj4 tappet ,motor back-fires ,ignition (f "t ,see ignition sy/ems ,motor fails to />t,lack ( gasol9e ,fill tank ,motor fails to />t,vacuum 9 fuel tank ,op5 air hole 9 cap ,motor fails to />t,lack ( curr5t ,close circuit ,motor fails to />t,%ort circuit ,tape conductor at po9t ,motor fails to />t,dis*>g$ batt]y ,te/ ) hydromet]2 h re*>g$ ,motor fails to />t,lack ( fuel ,clean c>buretor ,motor fails to />t,lack ( fuel ,clean scre5 at fuel entrance to vacuum sy/em ,motor fails to />t,lack ( fuel ,clean pipe f vacuum sy/em to c>buretor ,motor fails to />t,ignition f\l$ ,clean corrosion f t]m9als ,motor fails to />t,break] po9ts /uck ,r$ress lightly ) f+] nail file ,motor fails to />t,plugs improp]ly set ,close po9ts to ?ickness ( a dime ,motor fails to />t,oil on po9ts ,clean plugs & screw d[n tightly ,motor fails to />t,crack$ porcela9 ,new plug ,motor fails to />t,op5 valves ,gr9d or reset valves ,motor fails to />t,valves /uck ,poli% /ems ,motor fails to />t,weak valve spr+s ,replace spr+s ,motor fails to />t,op5 circuit ,close swit* ,motor misses ,defective sp>k plug ,replace ,motor misses ,disconnect$ wires ,connect up tightly ,motor misses ,dirty plugs ,clean ,motor misses ,poor compression ,replace gasket ,new pi/on r+s ,motor vibrates ,loose frame connection ,draw bolts d[n ,motor vibrates ,pi/ons /ick+ ,increase lubrication ,motor vibrates ,pi/ons weight unev5 ,balance ev5ly ,motor vibrates ,defective sp>k plug ,clean1 replace plug ,motor kicks ,preignition ,"t ignition sy/em ,motor kicks ,c>bon1 combu/ion ,scrape out1 burn out *amb] ,motor knock head ,wri/ p9 be>+ loose ,give p9 turn ,motor knock head ,loose connect+ rod ,tight5 upp] be>+ ,motor knock head ,valve slap ,adju/ tappet ,motor knock base ,connect+ rod loose ,adju/ remove %im ,motor knock base ,ma9 be>+ loose ,adju/ remove %im ,motor rumble ,fly:eel loose ,adju/ reseat ,motor rumble ,fan be>+ loose ,adju/ grease ,motor tipp+ ,fan blade /rikes ,adju/ b5d blade radiator ,motor tapp+ ,tappet worn ,adju/ tight5 lock nut ,motor compression ,?read /ret* ,tight5 head bolts poor ,motor compression ,gasket burn$ or bl[n ,replace1 new gasket poor ,motor compression ,valve seat pitt$ ,gr9d1 reset valve poor ,motor compression ,valve guide worn ,replace bu%+ poor ,motor compression ,valve /em w>p$ ,new valve poor ,motor compression ,pi/on r+s l9$ up ,di/ribute op5+s poor ,motor compression ,cyl9d] wall scor$ ,ov]size r+s2 rebore poor ,univ]sal jo9t ,loose sleeve connection ,tight5 flange bolts noise ,univ]sal jo9t ,insuffici5t lubrication,remove boot & pack noise ) grease ,univ]sal jo9t slap,worn bu%+s ,turn bu%+s end = end ,univ]sal jo9t slap,worn trunion ,new bu%+s ,diff]5tial noise ,dry ,fill ) graphite grease or #fjj ,w ,diff]5tial click ,*ipp$ ge> ,replace ,diff]5tial knock ,brok5 out too? ,replace ,diff]5tial gr[l ,r+ ge> me% too deep ,back up trifle on 7/eady7 adju/m5t ,diff]5tial gr[l ,r+ ge> me% too ,set up adju/m5t 7unev57 loosely ,diff]5tial gr[l ,axle %aft sprung ,retrue1 replace 7unev57 ,diff]5tial gr[l ,loose be>+ reta9] ,tight5 nuts 7unev57 ,brakes fail to ,ru/$ clevis jo9ts ,lubricate ) heavy release grease ,brakes fail to ,brok5 coil spr+ ,replace release ,brakes fail to ,/ret*$ coil spr+ ,replace release ,brake clatt] ,loose adju/m5t ,adju/ ,brake clatt] ,worn l9+ ,rel9e ! out] b& ,brake clatt] ,loose release spr+ ,adju/ ,brake squeak ,dry l9+ ,f\r or five drops ( oil ,brake squeak ,burn$ l9+ ,replace ,brakes fail to grip ,l9+ worn d[n to ,replace rivet heads ,brakes fail to grip ,ov]ly lubricat$ ,wa% ) k]os5e ,brakes fail to grip ,l9+ worn slick ,wa% ) k]os5e & r\gh5 ) file ,brakes fail to grip ,l9+ burn$ h>d ,replace ,brakes fail to grip ,/ret*$ rivets ,draw d[n ,brake rod rattle ,worn clevis p9 ,replace ,brake rod rattle ,spread clevis yoke ,drive ends toge!r ,brake rod rattle ,loose lock-nut beh9d ,tight5 d[n clevis ,brake rod rattle ,brake rods /rike ea* ,tape "o rod at contact o!r po9t ,brake rod rattle ,dry connections ,lubricate ) small lump ( grease ,torque rod rattle ,loose connections ,adju/ ,torque rod rattle ,loose coil spr+ ,adju/ ,em]g5cy brake ,loose jo9t be>+ ,replace bu%+ lev] rattle ,em]g5cy brake ,worn plung] spr+ ,replace lev] rattle ,ge> %ift lev] ,worn ball socket ,lubricate ) heavy rattle grease ,ge> %ift lev] ,worn ball ,d5t 9 socket ) rattle pun* ,ge> %ift lev] ,worn alignm5t spr+ ,replace rattle blades ,ge> %ift lev] ,worn be>+ ,place ?9 wa%] at end rattle ( jo9t ,/e]+ :eel play ,op5 me% ,set up sector ,/e]+ :eel play ,loose be>+ ,turn d[n cone ,/e]+ :eel play ,worn ge> too? ,take up on ecc5tric bu%+ ,/e]+ :eel play ,loose drag l9k sockets ,turn 9 end plug ,/e]+ :eel ,dry ,pack ) grease /iffness ,radiator heats ,poor circulation ,flu% radiator ,radiator heats ,jamm$ tubes ,remove jam & sold] 9 new piece tube ,radiator heats ,s$im5t 9 bottom tank ,flu% out ) soda solution ,radiator heats ,/opp$ up ov]fl[ ,run wire ?r\gh ,radiator freezes ,too mu* radiation ,cov] bottom half ( radiator ) c>dbo>d ,radiator freezes ,jamm$ tubes ,cut out section2 sold] 9 new piece ,radiator freezes ,s$im5t 9 bottom tank ,flu% out ) soda solution ,vacuum tank sp\ts ,dirt on vacuum valve ,clean valve gas seat ,vacuum tank ,dirt on vacuum valve ,clean valve ov]fl[s seat ,vacuum tank fails ,suction pipe f ,clean pipe manifold /opp$ up ,vacuum tank fails ,vacuum valve /uck ,clean valve ,vacuum tank fails ,entrance scre5 /opp$ ,remove fuel l9e & up clean scre5 ,vacuum tank fails ,loose connection at ,tight5 jo9t manifold ,vacuum tank fails ,plugg$ fuel l9e ,run wire ?r\gh ,c>buretor :eeze ,*oke valve out too f> ,pu% 9 aft] />t+ on da% ,c>buretor :eeze ,*oke valve wire too ,l5g!n & adju/ %ort ,c>buretor :eeze ,butt]fly loose on air ,adju/ & tight5 valve pivot ,c>buretor *okes ,dirty valve ,gr9d ne$le valves ,c>buretor *okes ,s$im5t 9 b[l ,clean out b[l ,c>buretor *okes ,heavy mixture ,op5 air valve slightly ,c>buretor *okes ,wat] 9 gas ,clean out b[l ,c>buretor snaps ,?9 mixture ,cut d[n air ,c>buretor snaps ,wat] 9 gas ,/ra9 gas ?r\gh *amois ,c>buretor snaps ,dirt 9 fuel l9e ,run wire ?r\gh ,c>buretor snaps ,dirt "u ne$le valve ,remove2 clean seat ,c>buretor ov]fl[s,dirt on ne$le valve ,remove2 clean seat seat ,c>buretor ov]fl[s,cork float 7wat]- ,dry 9 sun & %ellac logg$7 ,c>buretor ov]fl[s,metal float punctur$ ,pun* hole opposite leak1 bl[ out1 sold] bo? ,c>buretor backfires,worn intake valve ,replace bu%+ bu%+ ,c>buretor backfires,defective sp>k plug ,replace ,c>buretor backfires,pitt$ valve seat ,reseat ,magneto ro> ,armature %aft be>+s ,two drops ( light oil dry 9 be>+ well ,magneto click ,dry be>+ ,two drops ( light oil 9 be>+ well ,magneto fires unev5,break] po9ts out ( ,adju/ po9ts adju/m5t ,magneto fires unev5,op5 safety sp>k gap ,adju/ gap to ,magneto fires unev5,cond5sor %ort ,take to s]vice /ation circuit$ ,magneto fires unev5,di/ributor segm5ts ,take to s]vice /ation worn ,magneto fires unev5,di/ributor bru% worn ,take to s]vice /ation ,magneto fires unev5,di/ributor insulation ,take to s]vice /ation crack$ ,magneto fires unev5,coil %ort circuit$ ,take to s]vice /ation ,di/ributor arm ,worn c5t] bu%+ ,replace bu%+ wabbles ,di/ributor fails ,spr+ blade brok5 9 ,replace blade head ,di/ributor fails ,worn contact po9t 9 ,cut d[n insulation head ,di/ributor fails ,oil on contact block ,clean ) k]os5e blade ,di/ributor fails ,contact po9ts weld$ ,file smoo?1 adju/ ,di/ributor fails ,loose on %aft ,reset & retime ,di/ributor fails ,coil %ort$ f ,dry out ?or\ghly dampness ,di/ributor fails ,punctur$ cond5sor ,replace ,di/ributor fails ,second>y wire %ort ,replace or tape circuit$ ,di/ributor fails ,second>y wire ,connect to prop] disconnect$ 9 swit* t]m9al ,/>t+ motor fails,corrod$ t]m9als ,clean & grease ,/>t+ motor fails,bru% loose ,tight5 & adju/ to ev5 contact ,/>t+ motor fails,t]m9al f batt]y ,clean & tape %ort circuit$ to frame ,/>t+ motor fails,/>t+ swit* %ort ,cut (f end ( wire1 circuit$ make new connection ,/>t+ motor fails,b5nidict spr+ brok5 ,replace ,/>t+ motor fails,batt]y dis*>g$ ,re*>ge batt]y ,g5]ator fails to ,disconnect$ ,replace heavy wire *>ge ,g5]ator fails to ,%ort circuit 9 cut-out,make new connection *>ge swit* ,g5]ator fails to ,bru% out ( contact ,adju/ contact *>ge ,g5]ator noise ,dry be>+s ,lubricate ) light oil ,batt]y dis*>ges ,plate %ort circuit$ ,take to s]vice /ation too quickly ,batt]y dis*>ges ,leaky cell ,take to s]vice /ation too quickly ,batt]y dis*>ges ,weak solution ,take to s]vice /ation too quickly ,batt]y dis*>ges ,det]iorat$ plates ,take to s]vice /ation too quickly ,batt]y dis*>ges ,dry plates ,cov] plates ) too quickly di/ill$ wat] ,batt]y ov]*>ges ,insuffici5t use ( ,burn lights & use curr5t />t] frequ5tly ,batt]y heats ,ov]*>g+ ,burn lights & use />t] frequ5tly ,horn fails ,wire %ort circuit$ ,replace or tape ,horn fails ,bru% mak+ poor ,adju/ bru% ev5ly contact ,horn fails ,bru% mak+ heavy ,adju/ bru% lightly contact ,horn fails ,drum too tightly ,adju/ ?r\gh funnel adju/$ ,squeaks ,body loose on frame ,tight5 f\r reta9] bolts ,squeaks ,dry spr+s ,lubricate ) graphite grease ,squeaks ,fuel tank loose ,tight5 b&s ,squeaks ,radiator loose ,tight5 /uds ,squeaks ,drip pan loose ,compress coil spr+s ,squeaks ,f5d] irons loose ,tight5 bolts ,squeaks ,upp] /e]+ %aft ,pack ) heavy grease be>+ dry ,rattles ,loose spr+ alignm5t ,bu% & tight5 clamp ,rattles ,spread rod clevis op5 ,draw up ends & grease ,rattles ,dem\ntable rim lugs ,draw up or replace loose ,rattles ,door h+e screws loose ,draw up ,rattles ,door lock worn ,bu% slot ,lights j> out ,wires %ort circuit$ ,tape worn insulation ,lights j> out ,weak plung] spr+ 9 ,/ret* spr+ contact plug ,lights fail ,poor contact ,remove wire & tape insulation ,lights fail ,poor contact ,remove plugs & adju/ firmly 9 sockets ,lights dim ,globes c>bon$ ,replace ,lights burn ) ,globe out ( adju/m5t ,turn back into socket black spot 9 c5t] firmly ,,app5dix ,i ,,=d--,,model-,t ,,! ,,c>1 ,,its ,,op]ation1 ,,& ,,c>e ,giv5 9 ,que/ions & ,answ]s--,?is ,supplem5t also ,cov]s ! #a-,ton ,truck ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done be=e />t+ ! c>8 ,a4 ,be=e try+ to />t ! c> fill ! radiator 7by remov+ ! cap at ! top7 ) clean fre% wat]4 ,if p]fectly clean wat] _c be obta9$1 x is advisable to /ra9 x ?r\gh musl9 or o!r simil> mat]ial to prev5t =eign matt] f gett+ 9 & ob/ruct+ ! small tubes ( ! radiator4 ,! sy/em w hold approximately ?ree gallons ( wat]4 ,x is important t ! c> %\ld n be run "u its own p[] unless ! wat] circulat+ sy/em has be5 fill$4 ,p\r 9 ! wat] until y are sure t bo? radiator & cyl9d] wat] jackets are full4 ,! wat] w run out ( ! ov]fl[ pipe onto ! gr\nd :5 ! entire wat] sy/em has be5 prop]ly fill$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few days t a new c> is be+ driv5 x is a good plan to exam9e ! radiator frequ5tly & see t x is kept well fill$4 ,! wat] supply %\ld be repl5i%$ z (t5 z x is f\nd necess>y to d s4 ,s(t ra9 wat]1 :5 x is to be _h 9 a clean /ate1 is sup]ior to h>d wat]1 :i* may conta9 alkalies & o!r salts :i* t5d to deposit s$im5t & clog ! radiator4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t gasol9e8 ,a4 ,! t5 gallon gasol9e tank %\ld be fill$ ne>ly full & ! supply %\ld nev] be all[$ to get l[4 ,/ra9 ! gas ?r\gh *amois sk9 to prev5t wat] & o!r =eign matt] f gett+ into ! tank4 ,dirt or wat] 9 ! gasol9e is sure to cause tr\ble4 ,:5 fill+ ! tank be sure t !re are no nak$ flames )9 sev]al feet1 z ! vapor is extremely volatile & travels rapidly4 ,always be c>eful ab\t light+ mat*es ne> :]e gasol9e has be5 spill$1 z ! air )9 a radius ( sev]al feet is p]meat$ ) ! highly explosive vapor4 ,! small v5t hole 9 ! gasol9e tank cap %\ld n be all[$ to get plugg$ up1 z ?is w\ld prev5t prop] fl[ ( gasol9e to ! c>buretor4 ,! gasol9e tank may be dra9$ by op5+ ! pet cock 9 ! s$im5t bulb at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,q4 ,h[ ab\t ! oil+ sy/em8 ,a4 ,^u receipt ( ! c> see t a supply ( m$ium light high-grade gas eng9e oil is p\r$ into ! crank case ?r\gh ! brea!r pipe at ! front ( ! eng9e 7a metal cap cov]s x74 ,d[n "u ! c> 9 ! fly:eel cas+ 7! res]voir :i* holds ! oil7 y w f9d two pet cocks4 ,p\r oil 9 sl[ly until x runs out ( ! upp] cock4 ,leave ! cock op5 until x /ops runn+1 !n close x4 ,aft] ! eng9e has become ?or\ghly w>m$ up1 ! be/ results w be obta9$ by c>ry+ ! oil at a level midway betwe5 ! two cocks1 b "u no circum/ances %\ld x be all[$ to get bel[ ! l[] cock4 ,all o!r p>ts ( ! c> are prop]ly oil$ :5 x leaves ! factory4 ,h[ev]1 x w be well to see t all grease cups are fill$ & t oil is suppli$ to ! necess>y p>ts4 7,see *apt] on ,lubrication47 ,q4 ,h[ are sp>k & ?rottle lev]s us$8 ,a4 ,"u ! /e]+ :eel are two small lev]s4 ,! "r h& 7?rottle7 lev] controls ! am\nt ( mixture 7gasol9e & air7 :i* goes into ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! eng9e is 9 op]ation1 ! f>!r ! lev] is mov$ d[nw>d t[>d ! driv] 7ref]r$ to z 8op5+ ! ?rottle07 ! fa/] ! eng9e runs & ! great] ! p[] furni%$4 ,! left h& lev] controls ! sp>k :i* ignites ! gas 9 ! cyl9d]s ( ! eng9e4 ,! advanc+ ( ?is lev] 8advances ! sp>k10 & x %\ld be mov$ d[n not* by not* until ! motor seems to rea* its maximum spe$4 ,if ! lev] is advanc$ beyond ?is po9t a dull knock w be he>d 9 ! eng9e4 7,see *apt] on ,ignition47 ,q4 ,:]e %\ld ^! lev]s be :5 ! eng9e is ready to crank8 ,a4 ,! sp>k lev] %\ld usually be put 9 ab\t ! ?ird or f\r? not* ( ! quadrant 7! not*$ half circle on :i* ! lev]s op]ate74 ,! ?rottle %\ld usually be op5$ five or six not*es4 ,a little exp]i5ce w soon tea* y :]e ^! lev]s %\ld be plac$ = prop] />t+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to advance ! sp>k lev] too f> z ! eng9e may 8back-kick40 ,q4 ,:at else is necess>y be=e crank+ ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,fir/1 see t ! h& lev] t comes up ?r\gh ! floor ( ! c> at ! left ( ! driv]1 is pull$ back z f> z x w g4 ,! lev] 9 ?is position holds ! clut* 9 neutral & engages ! hub brake1 ?us prev5t+ ! c> f mov+ =w>d :5 ! eng9e is />t$4 ,second1 aft] ins]t+ ! swit* key 9 ! swit* on ! coil box1 ?r[ ! swit* lev] z f> to ! left z x w g1 to ! po9t m>k$ 8magneto40 ,?is swit* connects ! magneto to ! eng9e4 ,! eng9e _c be />t$ until x is on2 & ! ?r[+ (f ( ! swit* /ops ! eng9e4 ,! next /ep is to crank ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! eng9e crank$8 ,a4 ,by ! lift+ ( ! />t+ crank at ! front ( ! c>4 ,take hold ( ! h&le & pu% x t[>d ! c> until y feel ! crank rat*ets engage1 !n lift upw>d ) a quick sw+4 ,) a little exp]i5ce ?is op]ation w become an easy matt]4 ,d n z a usual ?+ crank d[nw>d aga9/ ! compression1 = !n an e>ly explosion may drive ! h&le vigor\sly backw>d4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t x is advisable1 :5 ! c> is h>d to />t1 to occasionally 8sp90 ! eng9e ) ! />t+ h&le b be sure t ! sp>k is ret>d$ :5 sp9n+ or crank+ ! eng9e aga9/ compression1 o!rwise a sudd5 back-fire may injure ! arm ( ! op]ator4 ,:5 ! eng9e is cool x is advisable to prime ! c>buretor by pull+ on ! small wire at ! l[] left-h& side ( ! radiator :ile giv+ ! eng9e two or ?ree qu>t] turns ) ! />t+ h&le4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! eng9e be/ />t$ 9 cold wea!r8 ,a4 ,z gasol9e does n vaporize readily 9 cold wea!r1 x is naturally m difficult to />t ! motor "u su* conditions4 ,! usual me?od ( />t+ ! eng9e :5 cold is to turn ! c>buretor da% adju/m5t "o-qu>t] turn to ! left 9 ord] to all[ a ri*] mixture ( gasol9e to be drawn into ! cyl9d]s4 ,!n hold out ! prim+ rod :i* projects ?r\gh ! radiator :ile y turn ! crank f six to eight qu>t] turns 9 quick succession4 ,ano!r me?od ( />t+ a cold tr\blesome motor is z foll[s3 ,be=e y ?r[ on ! magneto swit*1 7#a7 close ?rottle lev]4 7#b7 ,hold out ! prim+ rod :ile y crank sev]al quick turns1 !n let g ( ! prim+ rod1 be+ c>eful t x goes back all ! way4 7#c7 ,place sp>k lev] 9 ab\t ! ?ird not* & advance ?rottle lev] sev]al not*es4 7#d7 ,?r[ on swit* be+ sure to get x on ! side m>k$ 8magneto40 7#e7 ,give crank "o or two turns & ! motor %\ld />t4 ,aft] />t+ ! motor x is advisable to advance ! sp>k eight or t5 not*es on ! quadrant & let ! motor run until x is ?or\ghly w>m$ up4 ,if y />t out ) a cold motor y w n h mu* p[] & are liable to 8/all40 ,! advantage ( turn+ on ! swit* la/1 or aft] prim+1 is t :5 y ?r[ on ! swit* & give ! crank "o-qu>t] turn y h pl5ty ( gas 9 ! cyl9d]s to keep ! motor runn+1 !reby elim9at+ ! tr\ble ( ! motor />t+ & /opp+4 ,aft] motor is w>m$ up turn c>buretor adju/m5t back "o-qu>t] turn4 ,note4 ,_m driv]s make a practice ( /opp+ _! eng9e by walk+ ar\nd 9 front ( ! c> & pull+ out on ! prim+ rod :i* has ! effect ( %utt+ (f ! air suction & fill+ ! cyl9d]s full ( a v ri* gasol9e vapor4 ,?is %\ld n be done unless ! c> is go+ to /& ov] night or long en\gh to cool (f4 ,if ! motor is /opp$ 9 ?is way & !n />t$ :5 hot1 />t+ is apt to be difficult on acc\nt ( ! surplus gasol9e 9 ! c>buretor4 ,q4 ,h[ d ! foot p$als op]ate8 ,a4 ,! fir/ "o t[>d ! left op]ates ! clut*1 & by x ! c> is />t$ & its op]ations l>gely controll$4 ,:5 press$ =w>d ! clut* p$al engages ! l[ spe$ ge>4 ,:5 halfway =w>d ! ge>s are 9 neutral 7i4 e41 disconnect$ f ! driv+ me*anism ( ! re> :eels71 &1 ) ! h& lev] ?r[n =w>d ! releas+ ( ! p$al engages ! high-spe$ clut*4 ,! "r h& p$al op]ates ! transmission brake4 ,q4 ,:at function does ! h& lev] p]=m8 ,a4 ,its *ief purpose is to hold ! clut* 9 neutral position4 ,if x 7 n = ?is lev] ! driv] w\ld h to /op ! eng9e :5ev] he left ! driv]'s seat4 ,he w\ld also be unable to crank ! eng9e )\t ! c> />t+ =w>d ) ! fir/ explosion4 ,:5 pull$ back z f> z x w g1 ! h& lev] acts z an em]g5cy lev] on ! re> :eels1 by exp&+ ! brake %oes 9 ! re> :eel drums4 ,!re=e ! h& lev] %\ld be back z f> z x w g :5 crank+ ! eng9e or :5 ! c> is at re/4 ,x %\ld be only 9 a v]tical position1 & n f> en\gh backw>d to act z a brake on ! re> :eels :5 ! c> is to be rev]s$4 ,:5 ! c> is op]at+ 9 high or l[ spe$ ! h& lev] %\ld be all ! way =w>d4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! c> />t$8 ,a4 ,slightly accel]ate ! eng9e by op5+ ! ?rottle4 ,place ! foot on ! clut* p$al1 & !reby hold ! ge>s 9 a neutral position :ile ?r[+ ! h& lev] =w>d4 ,!n to />t ! c> 9 motion1 press ! p$al =w>d into l[ spe$ & :5 "u suffici5t headway 7#bj to #cj feet71 all[ ! p$al to drop back sl[ly into high spe$1 at ! same "t p>tially clos+ ! ?rottle :i* w all[ ! eng9e to pick up its load easily4 ,) a little practice ! *ange ( spe$s w be easily accompli%$1 & )\t any appreciable effect on ! smoo? runn+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! c> /opp$8 ,a4 ,p>tially close ! ?rottle4 ,release ! high spe$ by press+ ! clut* p$al =w>d into neutral4 ,apply ! foot brake sl[ly b firmly until ! c> comes to a dead /op4 ,d n remove ! foot f ! clut* p$al )\t fir/ pull+ ! h& lev] back to neutral position1 or ! eng9e w /all4 ,to /op ! motor1 op5 ! ?rottle a trifle to accel]ate ! motor & !n ?r[ (f ! swit*4 ,! eng9e w !n /op ) ! cyl9d]s full ( gas1 :i* w naturally facilitate />t+4 ,endeavor to s famili>ize y\rself ) ! op]ation ( ! c> t to dis5gage ! clut* & apply ! brake becomes practically automatic1 ! natural ?+ to d 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! c> rev]s$8 ,a4 ,x mu/ be br\ght to a dead /op4 ,) ! eng9e runn+1 dis5gage ! clut* ) ! h& lev] & press ! rev]se p$al =w>d ) ! left foot1 ! "r foot be+ free to use on ! brake p$al if ne$$4 ,d n br+ ! h& lev] back too f> or y w set ! brakes on ! re> :eels4 ,exp]i5c$ driv]s ord9>ily rev]se ! c> by simply hold+ ! clut* p$al 9 neutral ) ! left foot1 & op]at+ ! rev]se p$al ) ! "r4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! sp>k controll$8 ,a4 ,by ! left h& lev] "u ! /e]+ :eel4 ,good op]ators drive ) ! sp>k lev] advanc$ j z f> z ! eng9e w p]mit4 ,b if ! sp>k is advanc$ too f> a dull knock w be he>d 9 ! motor1 due to ! fact t ! explosion occurs be=e ! pi/on 9 ! eng9e has complet$ its compression /roke4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ! sp>k occurs j at ! "t t pi/on rea*es its highe/ po9t ( travel1 ! gas be+ !n at its highe/ po9t ( compression4 ,! sp>k %\ld only be ret>d$ :5 ! eng9e sl[s d[n on a heavy road or /eep grade1 b c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to ret>d ! sp>k too f>1 = :5 ! sp>k is 8late0 in/ead ( gett+ a p[]ful explosion1 a sl[ burn+ ( gas ) excessive heat w result4 ,le>n to op]ate ! sp>k z ! occasion dem&s4 ,! greate/ economy 9 gasol9e consumption is obta9$ by driv+ ) ! sp>k advanc$ suffici5tly to obta9 ! maximum spe$4 ,q4 ,h[ is spe$ ( c> controll$8 ,a4 ,! diff]5t spe$s requir$ to meet road conditions are obta9$ by op5+ or clos+ ! ?rottle4 ,practically all ! runn+ spe$s ne$$ = ord9>y travel are obta9$ on high ge>1 & x is seldom necess>y to use ! l[ ge> except to give ! c> mom5tum 9 />t+4 ,! spe$ ( ! c> may be tempor>ily slack5$ 9 driv+ ?r\gh cr[d$ traffic1 turn+ corn]s1 etc41 by 8slipp+ ! clut*10 i4 e41 press+ ! clut* p$al =w>d into neutral4 ,q4 ,is x advisable = own]s to make _! own adju/m5ts8 ,a4 ,! ,=d is ! simple/ ( all c>s4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y adju/m5ts an own] w soon le>n to make = himself4 ,b we mu/ /rongly recomm5d t :5 x becomes necess>y to employ ! s]vices ( a me*anic1 ! c> be tak5 to a ,=d me*anic--"o ( our own repres5tatives :o ?or\ghly und]/&s ! c>--& :o w h no motive = runn+ up useless repair bills4 ,! entire ,=d organization is int]e/$ 9 keep+ e individual ,=d c> 9 con/ant op]ation1 at ! l[e/ possible co/4 ,we h kn[n ( mu* damage done to _m c>s by unskill$ repair m54 ,q4 ,:at att5tion does ! c> ne$8 ,a4 ,rememb] t a new ma*9e requires m c>eful att5tion dur+ ! fir/ few days x is be+ driv5 ?an aft] ! p>ts h become ?or\ghly 8work$ 940 ,! c> :i* is driv5 sl[ly & c>efully :5 new usually gives ! mo/ satisfactory s]vice 9 ! end4 ,nev] />t out ) y\r c> until y are sure t x has pl5ty ( oil & wat]4 ,frequ5tly inspect ! runn+ ge>4 ,see t no unnecess>y play exi/s 9 ei!r front or re> :eels1 & t all bolts & nuts are tight4 ,make a practice ( tak+ c>e ( e repair or adju/m5t z soon z its necessity is discov]$4 ,?is att5tion requires b little "t & may avoid delay or possible accid5t on ! road4 ,we aim to deliv] ! c> 9 prop] me*anical adju/m5t4 ,aft]w>ds x is pla9ly ! duty ( ! driv] to keep x 9 t condition4 ,,ii ,,! ,,=d ,,eng9e ,q4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple ( ! gasol9e driv5 eng9e8 ,a4 ,gasol9e :5 mix$ ) air & compress$ is highly explosive4 ,an explosion is a viol5t expansion caus$ by in/antane\s combu/ion ( conf9$ gases4 ,9 ! gasol9e eng9e ! mixture is drawn into ! cyl9d]1 :]e x is compress$ by an advanc+ pi/on & !n explod$ by an electric sp>k1 :i* s5ds ! pi/on viol5tly d[nw>d1 & ?r\gh ! connect+ rod imp>ts a rot>y motion to ! crank %aft4 7,see cut ,no4 #adg47 ,q4 ,:at are functions ( ! pi/ons8 ,a4 ,on ! d[nw>d /roke ! suction ( ! pi/on draws ! fre% gas f ! c>buretor1 ?r\gh ! inlet pipe & valve1 into ! cyl9d]4 ,! upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on compresses ! gas into a v small space1 betwe5 ! top ( ! pi/on & ! depression 9 ! cyl9d] head1 kn[n z ! 8combu/ion *amb]40 7,! compress$ gases in]t a pressure ( approximately #fj p\nds to ! squ>e in*47 ,at ?is po9t ! electric sp>k1 g5]at$ by ! magneto1 explodes ! gas-driv+ pi/on d[nw>d1 ?us produc+ ! p[] :i* turns ! crank %aft4 ,on ! next /roke upw>d ! pi/on drives ! explod$ gas out ?r\gh ! exhau/ valve & pipe to ! muffl]4 ,! accompany+ cut %[s cle>ly ! relative positions ( ! pi/ons & valves dur+ ! diff]5t /rokes4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! connect+ rod remov$8 ,a4 ,x is a vanadium /eel rod connect+ pi/on & crank %aft4 ,%\ld ! babbitt be>+ become worn1 or burn$ out ?r\gh lack ( oil1 a knock+ 9 ! eng9e w result1 9 :i* case ! entire connect+ rod %\ld be replac$4 ,to make ?is replacem5t1 7#a7 dra9 oil f crank case2 7#b7 take (f cyl9d] head2 7#c7 remove deta*able plate on bottom ( crank case2 7#d7 disconnect connect+ rod f crank %aft2 7#e7 take pi/on & rod out ?r\gh top ( cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,exhau/ ,valve ,sp>k ,plug ,exhau/ & ,intake ,pipe ,clamp ,cyl9d] ,head ,bolt ,top ,wat] ,connection ,intake ,valve ,wat] ,*amb] ,comp4 ,*amb] ,rev]se ,p$al ,pi/on ,r+ ,cyl9d] ,head ,fan ,crank ,h&le ,clut* ,p$al ,pi/on ,exhau/ ,manifold ,grease ,cup ,brake ,p$al ,magneto ,contact ,fan ,bracket ,transmission ,cov] ,magneto ,contact ,po9t ,intake ,pipe ,fan ,bracket ,bolt ,bracket ,pipe ,triple ,ge> ,fan ,belt ,adju/+ ,nut ,l>ge ,"t ,ge> ,rev]se ,b& ,commutator ,sl[ ,spe$ ,b& ,com4 ,wire ,t]m9al ,brake ,b& ,/>t+ ,p9 ,driv+ ,plate ,drive ,pulley ,/>t+ ,crank ,/>t+ ,crank ,spr+ ,cam ,%aft ,front ,be>+ ,/>t+ ,crank ,sleeve ,/>t+ ,crank ,rat*et ,clut* ,spr+ ,pu% ,rod ,small ,"t ,ge> ,clut* ,release ,=k ,cam ,%aft ,re> ,be>+ ,crank ,case ,oil ,tube ,crank ,%aft ,front ,be>+ ,clut* ,release ,r+ ,magneto ,crank ,%aft ,re> ,be>+ ,crank ,%aft ,c5t] ,be>+ ,valve ,spr+ ,clut* ,%ift ,magneto ,support ,magneto ,coil ,support ,crank ,%aft ,cam ,%aft ,clut* ,f+] ,magneto ,clamp ,magneto ,coil ,connect+ ,rod ,oil ,level ,fly:eel ,oil ,cocks ,oil ,dra9 ,plug ,fig4 #adg4 ,=d ,motor--,sectional ,view ,q4 ,:at is ! valve arrangem5t8 ,a4 ,"o intake & "o exhau/ valve are locat$ 9 ea* cyl9d]4 ,! =m] admits ! fre% gas drawn f ! c>buretor ?r\gh ! inlet pipe1 ! latt] p]mits ! explod$ gas to be driv5 out ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe4 ,! valves are alt]nately op5$ & clos$ 7see ,fig4 #adh7 by ! cams on ! cam %aft /rik+ aga9/ pu% rods :i* 9 turn lift ! valves f _! seats4 ,illu/ration3 ,intake ,/roke ,exhau/ ,valve ,clos$ ,intake ,valve ,op5 ,exhau/ ,valve ,clos$ ,intake ,valve ,clos$ ,explosion ,/roke ,compression ,/roke ,intake ,valve ,clos$ ,exhau/ ,valve ,clos$ ,intake ,valve ,clos$ ,exhau/ ,valve ,op5 ,exhau/ ,/roke ,pu% ,rod ,l>ge ,"t ,ge> ,comm4 ,bru% ,assb4 ,z]o ,m>ks on ,"t ,ge> ,small ,"t ,ge> ,crank ,%aft ,cam ,%aft ,exhau/ ,cam ,connect+ ,rod ,intake ,cam ,fig4 #adh4 ,=d ,motor--,valve & ,cyl9d] ,assembly ,q4 ,:at ab\t valve tim+8 ,a4 ,9 tim+ ! eng9e ! po9ts ( op5+ & clos+ ( ! valves are1 ( c\rse1 :at %\ld be consid]$4 ,z ! valves are prop]ly tim$ at ! factory :5 ! eng9e is built1 ! necessity = retim+ w\ld occur only :5 su* p>ts z ! cam %aft1 "t ge>s1 or valves 7 remov$ 9 ov]haul+ ! eng9e4 ,9 fitt+ ! l>ge "t ge> to ! cam %aft x is important to see t ! fir/ cam po9ts 9 a direction opposite to ! z]o m>k 7see ,fig4 #adh74 ,! "t ge>s mu/ also me% s t ! too? m>k$ 7#j7 on ! small "t ge> w come betwe5 ! two tee? on ! l>ge ge> at ! z]o po9t4 ,! "t ge>s n[ be+ prop]ly set1 ! exhau/ valve on ,no4 #a cyl9d] is op5 & ! intake valve clos$1 ! o!r valves be+ 9 ! position indicat$ 9 cut ,no4 #adh4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( ! valves are z foll[s3 ,! exhau/ valve op5s :5 ! pi/on rea*es ( bottom c5t]1 ! di/ance f ! top ( ! pi/on head to ! top ( ! cyl9d] ca/+ measur+ #c4 ,! exhau/ valve w close on top c5t]1 ! pi/on be+ above ! cyl9d] ca/+4 ,! intake valve op5s aft] ! top c5t] & closes aft] bottom c5t]1 ! di/ance f ! top ( ! pi/on to ! top ( ! cyl9d] ca/+ measur+ #c ,! cle>ance betwe5 ! pu% rod & ! valve /em %\ld nev] be great] ?an nor less ?an 4 ,! correct cle>ance is naturally halfway betwe5 ^! two measurem5ts4 ,! gap %\ld be measur$ :5 ! pu% rod is on ! heel ( ! cam4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t ! c>e ( ! valves8 ,a4 ,!y seldom get out ( ord]1 b !y d get dirty z a result ( c>bon collect+ on ! valve seats4 ,^! c>bon deposits1 by prev5t+ prop] clos+ ( ! valves1 p]mit ! gases "u compression to escape1 result+ 9 loss ( p[] & unev5 runn+ ( ! motor4 ,if1 :5 turn+ ! eng9e ov] sl[ly1 !re is lack ( resi/ance 9 "o or m cyl9d]s1 x is probable t ! valves ne$ regr9d+4 ,z ! 8life0 ( ! eng9e dep5ds l>gely ^u ! prop] seat+ ( ! valves1 x is necess>y t !y be gr\nd occasionally4 ,q4 ,h[ are valves remov$ = gr9d+8 ,a4 7#a7 ,dra9+ radiator2 7#b7 remove cyl9d] head2 7#c7 remove ! two valve cov]s on ! "r side ( ! eng9e2 7#d7 raise ! valve spr+ ) lift+ tool & pull out ! little p9 "u ! valve seat4 ,! valve may !n be lift$ out by ! head1 prep>atory to gr9d+4 ,q4 ,h[ are valves gr\nd8 ,a4 ,= ?is "w use a good gr9d+ pa/e ( gr\nd glass & oil procurable f auto supply h\ses4 ,a conv5i5t way is to put a small am\nt 9 a suitable di%1 add+ a spoonful or two ( k]os5e & a few drops ( lubricat+ oil to make a ?9 pa/e4 ,place ! mixture sp>+ly on ! bevel face ( ! valve4 ,put ! valve 9 position on ! valve seat1 & rotate x back & =? 7ab\t a qu>t] turn7 a few times ) a ,=d gr9d+ tool4 ,!n lift slightly f ! seat1 *ange ! position & cont9ue ! rotation1 & keep on repeat+ ?is op]ation until ! be>+ surface is bright & smoo?4 ,! valve %\ld n be turn$ ?r\gh a complete rotation1 z ?is is apt to cause scrat*es runn+ ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! valve & seat4 ,:5 ! gr9d+ is complet$ ! valve %\ld be remov$ f ! cyl9d]1 ?or\ghly wa%$ ) k]os5e1 & ! valve seat wip$ out ?or\ghly4 ,extreme c>e %\ld be tak5 t no abrasive sub/ance gets into ! cyl9d]s or valve guides4 ,?is c be avoid$ if ! gr9d+ pa/e is appli$ sp>+ly on ! bevel face ( ! valve4 ,if ! valve seat is worn badly or sme>$1 x is be/ to h x reseat$ ) a valve seat+ tool4 ,?is op]ation requires consid]able skill1 & p]haps _h bett] be done by an exp]t me*anic4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ aga9/ mak+ too deep a cut1 necessitat+ ! retim+ ( ! valve4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 ! valves & pu% rods are worn8 ,a4 ,:5 ! valves & pu% rods become worn s z to leave too mu* play betwe5 !m1 ?us r$uc+ ! lift ( ! valves & dim9i%+ ! p[] ( ! motor1 x is be/ to replace ! pu% rods ) new ones4 ,! cle>ance betwe5 ! pu% rod & ! valve /em %\ld nev] be great] ?an nor less ?an 4 ,if ! cle>ance is great]1 ! valve w op5 late & close e>ly1 result+ 9 unev5 runn+ ( ! motor4 ,if ! cle>ance is less ?an !re is dang] ( ! valve rema9+ p>tially op5 all ! "t4 ,if replac+ ! pu% rod does n give ! prop] cle>ance1 ! valve %\ld also be replac$4 ,we d n recomm5d draw+ out ! valve /em1 z ! op]ation requir$1 & ! price ( a new "p does n w>rant ! "t & exp5se necess>y to prop]ly d ! "w4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t valve spr+s8 ,a4 ,:5 ! valves fail to seat !mselves prop]ly1 !re is a possibility t ! spr+s may be weak or brok54 ,a weak inlet spr+ w\ld probably n affect ! runn+ ( ! eng9e1 b weakness 9 ! exhau/ valve spr+ causes a v unev5 action1 :i* is difficult to locate4 ,! symptoms are a lag 9 ! eng9e due to ! exhau/ valve n clos+ in/antane\sly1 & z a result a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge "u compression escapes1 greatly dim9i%+ ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,weakness 9 a valve spr+ c usually be detect$ by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,remove ! plate :i* encloses !m at ! side ( ! cyl9d] & ins]t a screw driv] betwe5 ! coils ( ! spr+ :ile ! eng9e is runn+4 ,if ! extra t5sion ?us produc$ causes ! eng9e to pick up spe$1 ! spr+ is obvi\sly weak & %\ld be replac$ by a new "o4 ,q4 ,:at causes 8knock+0 9 ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,!re are sev]al causes :i* may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 c>bon knock1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ common1 result+ f c>boniz+ ( cyl9d]s2 7#b7 knock caus$ by a too advanc$ sp>k2 7#c7 connect+ rod knock2 7#d7 crank %aft ma9 be>+ knock2 7#e7 knock due to loose fitt+ pi/on or brok5 r+2 7#f7 knock caus$ by pi/on /rik+ ! cyl9d] head gasket4 ,:5 ! eng9e knocks f any cause :atsoev]1 ! matt] %\ld be promptly inve/igat$ by an exp]i5c$ me*anic & ! difficulty correct$4 ,q4 ,h[ may ! diff]5t knocks be di/+ui%$8 ,a4 7#a7 ,! c>bon knock is a cle> holl[ s\nd mo/ noticeable 9 climb+ %>p grades1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! eng9e is heat$4 ,x is also indicat$ by a %>p rap imm$iately on advanc+ ! ?rottle4 7#b7 ,too advanc$ sp>k w be indicat$ by a dull knock 9 ! motor4 7#c7 ,! connect+ rod knock s\nd is l ! di/ant tapp+ ( /eel ) a small hamm]1 & is readily di/+ui%$ :5 ! c> is all[$ to run idly d[n grade or ^u spe$+ ! c> to tw5ty-five miles an h\r1 !n sudd5ly clos+ ! ?rottle1 ! tapp+ w be v di/9ct4 7#d7 ,! crank %aft ma9 be>+ knock c be di/+ui%$ z a dull ?ud :5 ! c> is go+ up hill4 7#e7 ,! loose pi/on knock is he>d only ^u sudd5ly op5+ ! ?rottle1 :5 ! s\nd produc$ might be lik5$ to a rattle4 ,! rem$ies = ^! knocks are treat$ "u _! prop] divisions4 ,q4 ,h[ is c>bon remov$ f ! combu/ion *amb]8 ,a4 ,fir/1 dra9 ! wat] (f by op5+ ! pet cock at ! bottom ( ! radiator2 !n disconnect ! wires at ! top ( ! motor & also ! radiator connection atta*$ to ! radiator4 ,remove ! #ae cap screws :i* hold ! cyl9d] head 9 place4 ,take (f ! cyl9d] head &1 ) a putty knife or screw driv]1 scrape f ! cyl9d] & pi/on heads ! c>boniz$ matt]1 be+ c>eful to prev5t ! specks ( c>bon f gett+ into ! cyl9d]s or bolt holes4 ,9 replac+ ! cyl9d] head gasket turn ! motor ov] s t ,no4 #a & ,no4 #d pi/ons are at top c5t]2 place ! gasket 9 position ov] ! pi/ons & !n put ! cyl9d] head 9 place4 ,be sure & draw ! cyl9d] head bolts d[n ev5ly 7i4 e41 give ea* bolt a few turns at a "t74 ,d n tight5 !m on "o end be=e draw+ !m up at ! o!r4 ,q4 ,h[ are sp>k plugs clean$8 ,a4 ,aft] remov+ ! plug f ! eng9e ! po9ts may be clean$ ) an old too? bru% dipp$ 9 gasol9e4 ,h[ev]1 to d ! "w ?or\ghly1 ! plug %\ld be tak5 ap>t by secur+ ! l>ge hexagon /eel %ell 9 a vise & loos5+ ! pack nut :i* holds ! porcela9 9 place4 ,! c>bon deposits c !n be easily remov$ f ! porcela9 & %ell ) a small knife4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to scrape (f ! glaz$ surface ( ! porcela91 o!rwise x w be apt to c>bonize quickly4 ,! porcela9 & o!r p>ts %\ld be f9ally wa%$ 9 gasol9e & wip$ dry ) a clo?4 ,9 assembl+ ! plug c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! pack nut is n tight5$ too mu* s z to crack ! porcela91 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! sp>k+ po9ts %\ld be 1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a smoo? dime4 ,dirty plugs usually result f an excess ( oil be+ c>ri$ 9 ! crank case1 or f us+ oil ( poor quality4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! p[] plant remov$ f ! c>8 ,a4 7#a7 ,dra9 ! wat] out ( ! radiator & disconnect ! radiator hose4 7#b7 ,disconnect ! radiator /ay rod :i* holds x to ! da%4 7#c7 ,take out ! two bolts :i* fa/5 ! radiator to ! frame & take radiator (f4 7#d7 ,disconnect ! da% at ! two support+ brackets :i* re/ on ! frame4 7#e7 ,loos5 ! /e]+ po/ bracket1 fa/5$ to ! frame1 :5 ! da% & /e]+ ge> may be remov$ z "o assembly1 ! wires fir/ hav+ be5 disconnect$4 7#f7 ,take out ! bolts hold+ ! front radius rods 9 ! socket und]nea? ! crank case4 7#g7 ,remove ! f\r bolts at ! univ]sal jo9t4 7#h7 ,remove pans on ei!r side ( cyl9d] ca/+ & turn (f gasol9e2 disconnect fe$ pipe f c>buretor4 7#i7 ,disconnect exhau/ manifold f exhau/ pipe by uncov]+ l>ge brass pack nut4 7#aj7 ,take out ! two cap screws :i* hold ! crank case to ! front frame4 7#aa7 ,remove ! bolts :i* hold ! crank case arms to ! frame at ! side4 ,!n pass a rope ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 ! two middle cyl9d]s & tie 9 a loose knot4 ,?r\gh ! rope pass a 8#b by #d10 or /\t iron pipe ab\t t5 feet long1 & let a man hold ea* end2 let a ?ird man take hold ( ! />t+ crank h&le1 :5 ! :ole p[] plant c be lift$ f ! c> to ! "w b5* = adju/m5t4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! connect+ rod be>+s adju/$8 ,a4 ,connect+ rod be>+s may be adju/$1 )\t tak+ out ! eng9e1 by ! foll[+ me?od3 7#a7 ,dra9 (f ! oil2 7#b7 ,remove plate on bottom ( crank case1 expos+ connect+ rods2 7#c7 ,take (f ! fir/ connect+ rod cap1 & drawfile ! ends a v little at a "t2 7#d7 ,replace cap1 be+ c>eful to see t pun* m>ks correspond1 & tight5 bolts until x fits %aft snugly2 7#e7 ,te/ tightness ( be>+ by turn+ eng9e ov] ) ! />t+ h&le4 ,exp]i5c$ me*anics usually det]m9e :5 ! be>+ is prop]ly fitt$ by lightly tapp+ ea* side ( ! cap ) a hamm]2 7#f7 !n loos5 ! be>+ & proce$ to fit ! o!r be>+s 9 ! same mann]2 7#g7 aft] ea* be>+ has be5 prop]ly fitt$ & te/$1 !n tight5 ! cap bolts & ! "w is f9i%$4 ,rememb] t !re is a possibility ( gett+ ! be>+s too tight1 & "u su* conditions ! babbitt is apt to cut out quickly1 unless precaution is tak5 to run ! motor sl[ly at ! />t4 ,x is a good plan aft] adju/+ ! be>+s to jack up ! re> :eels & let ! motor run sl[ly = ab\t two h\rs 7keep+ x well suppli$ ) wat] & oil7 be=e tak+ x out on ! road4 ,:5ev] possible ^! be>+s %\ld be fitt$ by an exp]t ,=d me*anic4 ,worn connect+ rods may be return$1 prepaid1 to ! ne>e/ ag5t or bran* h\se = ex*ange at a price ( #ge c5ts ea* to cov] ! co/ ( rebabbitt+4 ,x is n advisable = any own] or repair %op to attempt ! rebabbitt+ ( connect+ rods or ma9 be>+s1 = )\t a special jig 9 :i* to =m ! be>+s1 satisfactory results w n be obta9$4 ,! con/ant tapp+ ( a loose connect+ rod on ! crank %aft w ev5tually produce cry/allization ( ! /eel1 result+ 9 brok5 crank %aft & possibly o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e damag$4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! crank %aft ma9 be>+s adju/$8 ,a4 ,%\ld ! /ation>y be>+s 9 :i* ! crank %aft revolves become worn 7evid5c$ by a p\nd+ 9 ! motor7 & ne$ replac+ or adju/m5t1 proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,aft] ! eng9e has be5 tak5 out ( ! c>1 remove crank case1 transmission cov]1 cyl9d] head1 pi/ons1 connect+ rods1 transmission & magnetic coils4 ,take (f ! ?ree babbitt$ caps & clean ! be>+ surfaces ) gasol9e4 ,apply ,p]sian blue or r$ lead to ! crank %aft be>+ surfaces1 :i* w enable y1 9 fitt+ ! caps1 to det]m9e :e!r a p]fect be>+ surface is obta9$4 7#b7 ,place ! re> cap 9 position & tight5 x up z mu* z possible )\t /ripp+ ! bolt ?reads4 ,:5 ! be>+ has be5 prop]ly fitt$1 ! crank w p]mit mov+ ) "o h&4 ,if ! crank %aft _c be turn$ ) "o h&1 ! contact betwe5 ! be>+ surface is evid5tly too close1 & ! cap requires ohm+ up1 "o or two brass l9es usually be+ suffici5t4 ,9 case ! crank %aft moves too easily ) "o h&1 ! %ims %\ld be remov$ & ! /eel surface ( ! cap fil$ (f1 p]mitt+ x to set clos]4 7#c7 ,aft] remov+ ! cap1 obs]ve :e!r ! blue or r$ 8spott+s0 indicate a full be>+ ! l5g? ( ! cap4 ,if 8spott+s0 d n %[ a true be>+1 ! babbitt %\ld be scrap$ & ! cap refitt$ until ! prop] results are obta9$4 7#d7 ,lay ! re> cap aside & proce$ to adju/ ! c5t] be>+ 9 ! same mann]4 ,repeat ! op]ation ) ! front be>+1 ) ! o!r two be>+s laid aside4 7#e7 ,:5 ! prop] adju/m5t ( ea* be>+ has be5 obta9$1 clean ! babbitt surface c>efully & place a little lubricat+ oil on ! be>+s1 also on ! crank %aft2 !n draw ! caps up z closely z possible1 ! necess>y %ims1 ( c\rse1 be+ 9 place4 ,d n be afraid ( gett+ ! cap bolts too tight1 z ! %im "u ! cap & ! oil betwe5 ! be>+ surfaces w prev5t ! metal be+ drawn into ! close contact4 ,if oil is n put on ! be>+ surfaces1 ! babbitt is apt to cut out :5 ! motor is />t$ up be=e ! oil 9 ! crank case c get into ! be>+4 ,9 replac+ ! crank case & transmission cov] on ! motor1 x is advisable to use a new set ( felt gaskets to prev5t oil leaks4 ,,iii ,,! ,,=d ,,cool+ ,,sy/em ,q4 ,h[ is ! eng9e cool$8 ,a4 ,! heat g5]at$ by ! con/ant explosions 9 ! eng9e w\ld soon ov]heat & ru9 ! eng9e 7 x n cool$ by "s artificial means4 ,! ,=d eng9e is cool$ by ! circulation ( wat] 9 jackets ar\nd ! cyl9d]s4 ,! heat is extract$ f ! wat] by its passage ?r\gh ! ?9 metal tub+ ( ! radiator1 to :i* are atta*$ sci5tifically work$ out f9s1 :i* assi/ 9 ! rapid radiation ( ! heat4 ,! fan1 j back ( ! radiator1 sucks ! air ar\nd ! tub+ ?r\gh :i* ! air is also driv5 by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! c>4 ,! belt %\ld be inspect$ frequ5tly & tight5$ by means ( ! adju/+ screw 9 ! fan bracket :5 necess>y4 ,x %\ld n be too tight1 h[ev]4 ,take up ! slack till ! fan />ts to b9d :5 turn$ by h&4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! wat] circulate8 ,a4 ,! cool+ app>atus ( ! ,=d c> is kn[n z ! !rmo-syphon sy/em4 ,x acts on ! pr9ciple t hot wat] seeks a high] level ?an cold wat]4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! wat] rea*es a c]ta9 heat1 approximately #ahj degrees ,fahr5heit1 circulation comm5ces & ! wat] fl[s f ! l[] radiator outlet pipe up ?r\gh ! wat] jackets1 into ! upp] radiator wat] tank1 & d[n ?r\gh ! tubes to ! l[] tank1 to repeat ! process4 ,q4 ,:at are ! causes ( ov]heat+8 ,a4 7#a7 ,c>boniz$ cyl9d]s2 7#b7 too mu* driv+ on l[ spe$2 7#c7 sp>k ret>d$ too f>2 7#d7 poor ignition2 7#e7 n en\gh or poor grade oil2 7#f7 rac+ motor2 7#g7 clogg$ muffl]2 7#h7 improp] c>buretor adju/m5t2 7#i7 fan n work+ prop]ly on acc\nt ( brok5 or slipp+ belt2 7#aj7 improp] circulation ( wat] due to clogg$ or jamm$ radiator tubes1 leaky connections or l[ wat]4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 ! radiator ov]heats8 ,a4 ,keep ! radiator full4 ,d n get al>m$ if x boils occasionally1 especially 9 driv+ ?r\gh mud & deep s& or up long hills 9 extremely w>m wea!r4 ,rememb] t ! eng9e develops ! greate/ effici5cy :5 ! wat] is heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t4 ,b if !re is p]si/5t ov]heat+ :5 ! motor is work+ "u ord9>y conditions1 f9d ! cause ( ! tr\ble & rem$y x4 ,! *ances are t ! difficulty lies 9 improp] driv+ or c>boniz$ cyl9d]s4 ,p]haps twi/+ ! fan blades at a great] angle to produce m suction may br+ desir$ results4 ,by ref]5ce to ! prop] division ( ?is book ea* ( ! causes :i* contribute to an ov]heat$ radiator is treat$ & rem$ies sugge/$4 ,no tr\ble c result f ! fill+ ( an ov]heat$ radiator ) cold wat]1 provid+ ! wat] sy/em is n entirely empty1 9 :i* case ! motor %\ld be all[$ to cool be=e ! cold wat] is introduc$4 ,q4 ,h[ ab\t clean+ ! radiator8 ,a4 ,! entire circulation sy/em %\ld be flu%$ out occasionally4 ,to d ?is prop]ly1 ! radiator inlet & outlet hose %\ld be disconnect$1 & ! radiator flu%$ out by all[+ ! wat] to ent] ! fill] neck at ord9>y pressure1 f :5ce x w fl[ d[n ?r\gh ! tubes & out at ! dra9 cock & hose4 ,! wat] jackets c be flu%$ out 9 ! same mann]4 ,simply all[ ! wat] to ent] into ! cyl9d] head connections & to fl[ ?r\gh ! wat] jackets & out at ! side inlet connection4 ,q4 ,w ! radiator freeze 9 w9t]8 ,a4 ,yes2 unless an anti-freez+ solution is us$ 9 ! circulat+ sy/em y are b\nd to exp]i5ce tr\ble4 ,z ! circulation does n comm5ce until ! wat] becomes heat$1 x is apt to freeze at l[ temp]ature be=e x comm5ces to circulate4 ,9 case any ( ! radiator tubes happ5 to be plugg$ or jamm$ !y are b\nd to freeze & bur/ op5 if ! driv] und]takes to get along )\t us+ a non-freez+ solution4 ,wood or d5atur$ alcohol c be us$ to good advantage4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! freez+ po9ts ( solutions conta9+ diff]5t p]c5tages ( alcohol3 #bj solution freezes at #ae degrees above z]o4 #cj solution freezes at #h degrees bel[ z]o4 #ej solution freezes at #cd degrees bel[ z]o4 ,a solution compos$ ( #fj wat]1 #aj glyc]9e & #cj alcohol is commonly us$1 its freez+ po9t be+ ab\t #h degrees bel[ z]o4 ,on acc\nt ( evaporation fre% alcohol mu/ be add$ frequ5tly 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! prop] solution4 ,q4 ,h[ are leaks & jams 9 ! radiator repair$8 ,a4 ,a small leak may be tempor>ily repair$ by apply+ br[n soap or :ite lead1 b ! repair %\ld be made p]man5t ) sold] z soon z possible4 ,a jamm$ radiator tube is a m s]i\s affair4 ,:ile ! /opp+ ( "o tube does n s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! circulation1 x is b\nd to cause tr\ble soon] or lat]1 & ! tube w freeze 9 cold wea!r4 ,cut ! tube an in* above & bel[ ! jam & ins]t a new piece1 sold]+ ! connections4 ,if ! entire radiator is badly jamm$ or brok5 x w\ld probably be advisable to in/all a new "o4 ,,iv ,,! ,,gasol9e ,,sy/em ,q4 ,h[ does ! c>buretor "w8 ,a4 ,! c>buretor is ( ! automatic float fe$ type1 hav+ b "o adju/m5t1 ! gasol9e ne$le valve4 ,! cross-section diagram ( c>buretor 7,fig4 #adi7 %[s h[ ! gasol9e ent]s ! c>buretor1 is vaporiz$ by a curr5t ( air & passes ?r\gh ! inlet pipe to ! eng9e 9 ! =m ( an explosive mixture4 ,! gasol9e1 ent]+ ! b[l ( ! c>buretor1 gradually raises ! float to a po9t :]e ! inlet ne$le is =c$ upw>ds into its seat1 ?us cutt+ (f ! fl[ ( gasol9e4 ,z ! gasol9e 9 ! b[l rec$es1 ! float l[]s1 all[+ ! ne$le to drop f its seat & ! fl[ ( gasol9e is resum$4 ,x is pla9 to see t a con/ant level ( gasol9e is ma9ta9$ 9 ! c>buretor by ! automatic action ( float & ne$le4 ,! quantity ( gasol9e ent]+ into ! mixture is gov]n$ by ! ne$le valve 7see foll[+ page74 ,! volume ( gas mixture ent]+ ! inlet pipe is controll$ by op5+ & clos+ ! ?rottle1 accord+ to ! spe$ desir$ by ! driv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,gasol9e ,tank ,inlet ,pipe ,ne$le ,valve ,ne$le ,valve ,lock ,screw ,air ,gate ,lev] ,?rottle ,lev] ,clamp ,screw ,scre5 7,gasol9e ,/ra9]7 ,air ,curr5t ,?rottle ,/op ,screw ,air ,intake ,gate ,?rottle ,gate ,/op ,cock ,cork ,float ,gasol9e ,inlet ,ne$le ,s$im5t ,bulb ,fe$ ,pipe ,c>buretor ,dra9 ,cock ,s$im5t ,bulb ,dra9 ,cock ,fig4 #adi4 ,=d ,fuel ,sy/em ,q4 ,:y is c>buretor adju/m5t plac$ on da%8 ,a4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ! driv] 9 adju/+ ! c>buretor4 ,aft] ! new c> has become ?or\ghly work$ 91 ! driv] %\ld obs]ve ! angle ( ! c>buretor adju/m5t rod at :i* ! eng9e runs mo/ satisfactorily4 ,9 cold wea!r x w probably be f\nd necess>y to turn ! da% adju/m5t "o-qu>t] turn to ! left1 p>ticul>ly 9 />t+ a cold eng9e4 ,z gasol9e vaporizes readily 9 w>m wea!r1 ! driv] w f9d x economical to r$uce ! quantity ( gasol9e 9 ! mixture by turn+ ! c>buretor adju/m5t to ! "r z f> z possible )\t r$uc+ ! spe$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 tak+ long drives :]e conditions p]mit a fair rate ( spe$ to be ma9ta9$1 & acc\nts = ! excell5t gasol9e mileage obta9$ by good driv]s4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by a 8lean0 & a 8ri*0 mixture8 ,a4 ,a lean mixture has too mu* air & n en\gh gasol9e4 ,a ri* mixture has too mu* gasol9e & n en\gh air4 ,a ri* mixture w n only quickly cov] ! cyl9d]s1 pi/ons & valves ) soot1 b w t5d to ov]heat ! cyl9d]s1 & is likewise wa/eful ( ! fuel4 ,x w (t5 *oke ! eng9e & cause misfir+ at sl[ spe$s1 al?\gh at high spe$s ! eng9e w run p]fectly4 ,! mixture %\ld be kept z lean z possible )\t ! sacrifice ( any ( ! p[] ( ! motor4 ,a lean mixture w (t5 result 9 backfir+ ?r\gh ! c>buretor1 = ! reason t ! gas burns sl[ly 9 ! cyl9d]1 & is /ill burn+ :5 ! inlet valve op5s aga91 :i* causes ! gas 9 ! intake to ignite4 ,a ri* mixture is %[n by heavy1 black exhau/ smoke ) a disagreeable smell4 ,prop] mixture w cause v little smoke or odor4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! c>buretor adju/$8 ,a4 ,! usual me?od ( regulat+ ! c>buretor is to />t ! motor1 advanc+ ! ?rottle lev] to ab\t ! six? not*1 ) ! sp>k ret>d$ to ab\t ! f\r? not*4 ,! fl[ ( gasol9e %\ld n[ be cut (f by screw+ ! ne$le valve d[n to ! "r until ! eng9e beg9s to misfire4 ,!n gradually increase ! gasol9e fe$ by op5+ ! ne$le valve until ! motor picks up & rea*es its highe/ spe$ & no trace ( black smoke comes f ! exhau/4 ,:5ev] x is necess>y to turn ! adju/+ ne$le d[n m ?an a qu>t] turn bel[ its normal position1 ! lock nut on ! top ( ! c>buretor at ! po9t ?r\gh :i* ! ne$le passes %\ld fir/ be loos5$1 z o!rwise x is impossible to tell :5 ! ne$le is turn$ d[n 9 its seat too f>4 ,turn+ ! ne$le d[n too tightly w result 9 its becom+ groov$ & ! seat enl>g$4 ,:5 ^? p>ts are damag$ x is difficult to ma9ta9 prop] adju/m5t ( ! c>buretor4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! po9t :]e ! motor runs at its maximum spe$1 ! ne$le valve lock nut %\ld be tight5$ to prev5t ! adju/m5t be+ di/urb$4 ,= av]age runn+ a lean mixture w give bett] results ?an a ri* "o4 ,q4 ,:y does wat] clog ! c>buretor8 ,a4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! c>buretor or gasol9e tank1 ev5 9 small am\nts1 w prev5t easy />t+ & ! motor w misfire & /op4 ,z wat] is heavi] ?an gasol9e x settles to ! bottom ( ! tank & into ! s$im5t bulb along ) o!r =eign matt]s4 ,z x is difficult n[adays to get gasol9e absolutely free f impurities1 especially wat]1 x is advisable to frequ5tly dra9 ! s$im5t bulb "u ! gasol9e tank4 ,dur+ cold wea!r ! wat] :i* accumulates 9 ! s$im5t bulb is likely to freeze & prev5t ! fl[ ( gas ?r\gh ! pipe lead+ to ! c>buretor4 ,%\ld any?+ ( ?is k9d happ5 x is possible to op5 ! gasol9e l9e by wrapp+ a clo? ar\nd ! s$im5t bulb & keep+ x saturat$ ) hot wat] = a %ort "t4 ,!n ! wat] %\ld be dra9$ (f4 ,9 ev5t ( ! wat] gett+ d[n into ! c>buretor & freez+1 ! same treatm5t may be appli$4 ,q4 ,:at makes ! c>buretor leak8 ,a4 ,! fl[ ( gasol9e ent]+ ! c>buretor ?r\gh ! fe$ pipe is automatically regulat$ by ! float ne$le rais+ & l[]+ 9 its seat4 ,%\ld any p>ticle ( dirt become lodg$ 9 ! seat1 :i* prev5ts ! ne$le f clos+1 ! gasol9e w ov]fl[ 9 ! b[l ( ! c>buretor & leak out ^u ! gr\nd4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 !re is dirt 9 ! c>buretor8 ,a4 ,! spray+ nozzle ( ! c>buretor hav+ a v small op5+1 a m9ute p>ticle ( dirt or o!r =eign matt] w clog up ! orifice4 ,! result is t ! motor w beg9 to misfire & sl[ d[n z soon z x has atta9$ any consid]able spe$4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t at high spe$s ! increas$ suction w draw ! p>ticles ( du/1 etc41 into ! nozzle4 ,by op5+ ! valve ne$le half a turn & giv+ ! ?rottle lev] two or ?ree quick pulls ! dirt or s$im5t w (t5 be drawn ?r\gh1 :5 ! ne$le may be turn$ back to its orig9al place4 ,if ?is does n accompli% ! purpose1 ! c>buretor %\ld be dra9$4 ,q4 ,if ! eng9e runs too fa/ or *okes ) ?rottle ret>d$1 :at is to be done8 ,a4 ,if ! eng9e runs too fa/ ) ?rottle fully ret>d$1 unscrew ! c>buretor ?rottle lev] adju/+ screw until ! eng9e idles at suitable spe$4 ,if ! motor *okes or /ops :5 ?rottle is fully ret>d$1 ! adju/+ screw %\ld be screw$ until x /rikes ! boss1 prev5t+ ! ?rottle f clos+ too f>4 ,:5 prop] adju/m5t has be5 made1 tight5 lock screw s t adju/m5t w n be di/urb$4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! hot air pipe8 ,a4 ,x takes ! hot air f ar\nd ! exhau/ pipe & conducts x to ! c>buretor :]e ! heat facilitates ! vaporiz+ ( ! gasol9e4 ,x is usually advisable to remove ?is pipe 9 ! hot season1 b x is an absolutely necess>y feature dur+ cold wea!r4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! cork float8 ,a4 ,x automatically controls ! fl[ ( gasol9e into ! c>buretor4 ,if x floats too l[1 />t+ w be difficult2 if too high1 ! c>buretor w flood & leak4 ,a cork float :i* has become fuel soak$ %\ld be remov$ & replac$ by a new "o or ?or\ghly dri$ & !n giv5 a c\ple ( coats ( %ellac v>ni% to make x wat]pro(4 ,q4 ,%\ld prim+ rod be us$ 9 crank+ :5 motor is w>m8 ,a4 ,no4 ,! c>buretor does n ord9>ily require prim+ :5 ! motor is w>m1 & crank+ ) ! rod pull$ out is apt to 8flood0 ! eng9e ) an ov] ri* mixture ( gas1 :i* does n readily explode4 ,?is naturally causes difficulty 9 />t+4 ,if y %\ld accid5tally flood ! eng9e1 turn ! c>buretor adju/+ ne$le d[n 7to ! "r7 until x seats2 !n turn ! eng9e ov] a few times ) ! />t+ crank 9 ord] to exhau/ ! ri* gas4 ,z soon z ! motor />ts1 turn back ! ne$le to ! left & readju/ ! c>buretor4 ,v ,,! ,,=d ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! ignition sy/em8 ,a4 ,x furni%es ! electric sp>k :i* explodes ! *>ge 9 ! combu/ion *amb]1 ?us produc+ ! p[] :i* runs ! eng9e4 ,x is important t ! *>ge be correctly ignit$ at ! prop] "t1 9 ord] to obta9 satisfactory results 9 runn+ ! c>4 ,9 ! ,=d c> ! ignition sy/em is z simple z x is possible = human inv5tion to make x4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! magneto g5]ate ! curr5t8 ,a4 ,9 revolv+ at ! same rate ( spe$ z ! motor1 ! magnets on ! fly:eel pass+ ! /ation>y coil spools create an alt]nat+ l[ t5sion electric curr5t 9 coils ( wire :i* are w\nd ar\nd spools fa/5$ to ! /ation>y "p ( ! magneto1 & is c>ri$ f ^! coils to ! magneto connection 7wire7 lead+ to ! coil box on ! da%4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! coil vibrator adju/m5t be di/urb$8 ,a4 ,! pres5t /yle ( coil unit is prop]ly adju/$ :5 x leaves ! factory & ?is adju/m5t %\ld n be di/urb$ unless to in/all new po9ts or to r$uce ! gap betwe5 ! po9ts :i* may h increas$ f we>4 ,:5 adju/m5ts are necess>y !y %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 be made by "o ( ! ,=d s]vice /ations :o h special equipm5t = te/+ & adju/+ units & w gladly furni% exp]t s]vice4 ,if ! po9ts are pitt$ !y %\ld be fil$ flat ) a f9e d\ble-fac$ file & ! adju/+ ?umb nut turn$ d[n s t ) ! spr+ held d[n ! gap betwe5 ! po9ts w be a trifle less ?an ( an in*4 ,!n set ! lock nut s t ! adju/m5t _c be di/urb$4 ,d n b5d or hamm] on ! vibrators1 z ?is w\ld affect ! op]ation ( ! cu%ion spr+ ( ! vibrator bridge & r$uce ! effici5cy ( ! unit4 ,q4 ,h[ is a weak unit detect$8 ,a4 ,) ! vibrators prop]ly adju/$1 if any p>ticul> cyl9d] fails or seems to develop only a weak action1 *ange ! position ( ! unit to det]m9e if ! fault is actually 9 ! unit4 ,! fir/ symptom ( a defective unit is ! buzz+ ( ! vibrator ) no sp>k at ! plug4 ,rememb] t a loose wire connection1 faulty sp>k plug1 or worn commutator may cause irregul>ity 9 ! runn+ ( ! motor4 ,^! are po9ts to be consid]$ be=e lay+ ! blame on ! coil4 ,q4 ,h[ may %ort circuit 9 commutator wir+ be detect$8 ,a4 ,%\ld ! insulation ( ! prim>y wires 7runn+ f coil to commutator7 become worn to su* an ext5t t ! copp] wire is expos$1 ! curr5t w leak out 7i4 e41 %ort circuit7 :5ev] contact ) ! eng9e pan or o!r metal p>ts is made4 ,a /eady buzz+ ( "o ( ! coil units w indicate a 8%ort0 9 ! wir+4 ,:5 driv+ ! c> ! eng9e w sudd5ly lag & p\nd on acc\nt ( ! premature explosion4 ,be c>eful n to crank ! eng9e d[nw>d aga9/ compression :5 ! c> is 9 ?is condition1 z ! 8%ort0 is apt to cause a vigor\s kick back4 ,q4 ,does coil adju/m5t affect />t+8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,:5 ! vibrators are n prop]ly adju/$ m curr5t is requir$ to make & break ! contact betwe5 ! po9ts1 &1 z a result1 at crank+ spe$s y w\ld n get a sp>k betwe5 ! sp>k plug po9ts4 ,d n all[ ! contact po9ts to become 8ragg$10 o!rwise !y are apt to /ick & cause unnecess>y difficulty 9 />t+1 & :5 runn+ !y are apt to produce an occasional 8miss0 9 ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! commutator8 ,a4 ,! commutator 7or tim]7 det]m9es ! in/ant at :i* ! sp>k plugs mu/ fire4 ,x affects ! 8make & break0 9 ! prim>y circuit4 ,! gr\nd$ wire 9 ! magneto all[s ! curr5t to fl[ ?r\gh ! metal p>ts to ! metal roll] 9 ! commutator4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! commutator roll] 9 revolv+1 t\*es ! f\r commutator contact po9ts1 to ea* ( :i* is atta*$ a wire connect$ ) ! coil unit1 an electrical circuit is pass$ ?r\gh ! entire sy/em ( prim>y wires4 ,?is circuit is only mom5t>y1 h[ev]1 z ! roll] passes ov] ! contact po9t v rapidly & sets up ! circuit 9 ea* unit z ! roll] t\*es ! contact po9t connect$ ) t unit4 ,! commutator %\ld be kept clean & well oil$ at all times4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t ! sp>k plug8 ,a4 ,"o is locat$ at ! top ( ea* cyl9d] & c be tak5 out easily ) ! sp>k plug wr5* includ$ ) e c>1 aft] ! wire connection is remov$4 ,! high voltage curr5t fl[s out ( ! second>y coils 9 ! coil box & on rea*+ ! contact po9ts on ea* sp>k plug x is =c$ to jump gap1 !reby =m+ a sp>k :i* ignites ! gasol9e *>ge 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,! sp>k plug %\ld be kept clean 7i4 e41 free f c>bon7 & %\ld be replac$ if !y p]si/ 9 n work+ prop]ly4 ,!re is no?+ to be ga9$ by exp]im5t+ ) diff]5t makes ( plugs4 ,! make ( plug ) :i* ,=d eng9es are equipp$ :5 !y leave ! factory are be/ adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( our motor1 not)/&+ ! op9ion ( v>i\s g>age m5 to ! contr>y4 ,all wire connections to sp>k plugs1 coil box & commutator %\ld1 ( c\rse1 at all times be kept 9 p]fect contact4 ,q4 ,:at are ! indications ( ignition tr\ble8 ,a4 ,! unev5 sputt] & bang ( ! exhau/ means t "o or m cyl9d]s are explod+ irregul>ly or n at all1 & t ! tr\ble %\ld be promptly locat$ & ov]come4 ,misfir+1 if all[$ to cont9ue1 w 9 "t injure ! eng9e & ! entire me*anism4 ,if y w\ld be kn[n z a good driv] y w be satisfi$ only ) a s(t1 /eady purr f ! exhau/4 ,if any?+ goes wrong1 /op & fix x if possible4 ,d n wait until y get home4 ,q4 ,h[ c "o tell :i* cyl9d] is miss+8 ,a4 ,?is is done by manipulat+ ! vibrators on ! sp>k coils4 ,op5 ! ?rottle until ! eng9e is runn+ at a good spe$ & !n hold d[n ! two outside vibrators1 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #d1 ) ! f+]s1 s !y _c buzz4 ,?is cuts out ! two correspond+ cyl9d]s1 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #d1 leav+ only ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c runn+4 ,if !y explode regul>ly x is obvi\s ! tr\ble is 9 ei!r ,no4 #a or ,no4 #d4 ,relieve ,no4 #d & hold d[n ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c & also ,no4 #a2 if ,no4 #d cyl9d] explodes ev5ly x is evid5t ! misfir+ is 9 ,no4 #a4 ,9 ?is mann] all ( ! cyl9d]s 9 turn c be te/$ until ! tr\ble is locat$4 ,exam9e bo? ! sp>k plug & ! vibrator ( ! miss+ cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,if ! coil & plug are "r1 :at8 ,a4 ,! tr\ble is probably due to an improp]ly seat$ valve1 worn commutator1 or %ort circuit 9 ! commutator wir+4 ,weakness 9 ! valves may be easily det]m9$ by lift+ ! />t+ crank sl[ly ! l5g? ( ! /roke ( ea* cyl9d] 9 turn1 a /rong or weak compression 9 any p>ticul> valve be+ easily detect$4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! cyl9d] head gasket 7pack+7 becomes leaky p]mitt+ ! gas "u compression to escape1 a condition t c be detect$ by runn+ a little lubricat+ oil ar\nd ! edge ( ! gasket & notic+ :e!r bubbles appe> or n4 ,q4 ,does a worn commutator ev] cause misfir+8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,if misfir+ occurs :5 runn+ at high spe$1 inspect ! commutator4 ,! surface ( ! circle ar\nd :i* ! roll] travels %\ld be clean & smoo?1 s t ! roll] makes a p]fect contact at all po9ts4 ,if ! roll] fails to make a good contact on any ( ! f\r po9ts1 its correspond+ cyl9d] w n fire4 ,clean ^! surfaces if dirty4 ,9 case ! fib]1 contact po9ts1 & roll] ( ! commutator are badly worn1 ! mo/ satisfactory rem$y is to replace !m ) new p>ts4 ,! tr\ble is probably caus$ by %ort circuit$ commutator wires4 ,! spr+ %\ld be /rong en\gh to make a firm contact betwe5 ! roll] po9ts if !y are worn or dirty4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! commutator remov$8 ,a4 ,remove cott] p9 f sp>k rod & deta* latt] f commutator4 ,loos5 ! cap screw :i* goes ?r\gh brea!r pipe on top ( "t ge> cov]4 ,?is w release ! spr+ :i* holds ! commutator case 9 place & ?is "p c be readily remov$4 ,unscrew lock nut2 )draw /eel bru% cap & drive out ! reta9+ p94 ,! bru% c !n be remov$ f ! cam %aft4 ,9 replac+ ! bru%1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to see t x is re9/at$ s t ! exhau/ valve on ! fir/ cyl9d] is clos$ :5 ! bru% po9ts upw>d4 ,?is may be asc]ta9$ by remov+ ! valve door & obs]v+ ! op]ation ( ,no4 #a valve4 ,q4 ,does cold wea!r affect ! commutator8 ,a4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t 9 cold wea!r ! be/ grades ( lubricat+ oil are apt to congeal to "s ext5t4 ,if ?is occurs 9 ! commutator x is v apt to prev5t ! roll] f mak+ p]fect contact ) ! contact po9ts imb$d$ 9 ! fib]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes difficult />t+1 z ! roll] arm spr+ is n /iff en\gh to bru% away ! film ( oil :i* naturally =ms ov] ! contact po9ts4 ,to ov]come ?is1 z well z any liability to ! contact po9ts to ru/1 we recomm5d a mixture ( #be k]os5e ) ! commutator lubricat+ oil1 :i* w ?9 x suffici5tly to prev5t congeal+1 or freez+1 z x is commonly call$4 ,y h probably notic$ 9 />t+ y\r c> 9 cold wea!r t p]haps only "o or two cyl9d]s w fire = ! fir/ m9ute or s1 :i* indicates t ! tim] is 9 ! condition describ$ above & z a consequ5ce a p]fect contact is n be+ made on ea* ( ! f\r t]m9als4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! magneto remov$8 ,a4 ,x is necess>y to take ! p[] plant out ( ! c> 9 ord] to remove ! magneto4 ,!n remove crank case & transmission cov]4 ,take out ! f\r cap screws t hold ! fly:eel to ! crank %aft4 ,y w !n h access to ! magnets & entire magneto me*anism4 ,9 tak+ out ^! p>ts1 or any p>ts ( ! c>1 ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to make sure t ! p>ts are m>k$ 9 ord] t !y may be replac$ prop]ly4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done :5 ! magneto gets out ( ord]8 ,a4 ,a ,=d magneto is made ( p]man5t magnets & !re is v little likelihood ( _! ev] los+ _! /r5g? unless act$ ^u by "s outside =ce4 ,= in/ance1 ! atta*m5ts ( a /orage batt]y to ! magneto t]m9al w demagnetize ! magnets4 ,if any?+ l ?is happ5s1 x is n advisable to try to re*>ge !m1 b r in/all a complete set ( new magnets4 ,! new magnets w be s5t f ! ne>e/ ag5t or bran* h\se1 & w be plac$ on a bo>d 9 id5tically ! same mann] z !y %\ld be :5 in/all$ on ! fly:eel4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 assembl+ ! magnets & l9+ up ! magneto s t ! faces ( ! magnets are sep>at$ f ! surface ( ! coil spool j ( an in*4 ,to take out ! old magnets1 simply remove ! cap screw & bronze screw :i* hold ea* 9 place4 ,! magneto is (t5 blam$ :5 ! tr\ble is a weak curr5t caus$ by wa/e or o!r =eign matt] accumulat+ "u ! contact spr+ cov]4 ,remove ! ?ree screws :i* hold ! b9d+ po/ 9 place2 remove b9d+ po/ & spr+ & replace aft] =eign sub/ance has be5 remov$4 ,,vi ,,! ,,=d ,,transmission ,q4 ,:at is ! function ( ! transmission8 ,a4 ,x is t "p ( ! me*anism ( an automobile :i* lies betwe5 ! eng9e %aft & ! propell] %aft & by :i* "o is enabl$ to move at diff]5t spe$s f ! o!r4 ,x is ! spe$ ge> ( ! c>4 ,x s5ds ! c> =w>d at l[ & high spe$s & by x ! c> is rev]s$4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m 8planet>y transmission08 ,a4 ,"o 9 :i* ! gr\ps ( ge>s always rema9 9 me% & revolve ar\nd a ma9 axis4 ,! diff]5t sets ( ge>s are br\ght into action by /opp+ ! revolution ( ! p>ts :i* support ! ge>s4 ,by means ( b&s 7simil> to brake b&s7 ! rotation ( ! diff]5t p>ts is /opp$4 ,! planet>y transmission is ! simple/ & mo/ direct means ( spe$ control & is a di/9ct advantage to ! ,=d c>4 ,q4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! clut*8 ,a4 ,if ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e ran )\t break /raight ?r\gh to ! diff]5tial & ?r\gh x appli$ its p[] direct to ! re> :eels1 ! c> w\ld />t =w>d imm$iately ^u ! />t+ ( ! eng9e 77 x possible to get x />t$ "u su* conditions74 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ! %aft is divid$ by means ( ! clut*4 ,! "p ( ! %aft to :i* ! runn+ eng9e is deliv]+ its p[] is enabl$ to take hold ( ! unmov+ "p gradually & />t ! c> )\t jolt or j>4 ,! =w>d "p ( ! %aft is ref]r$ to z ! crank %aft1 ! re> "p z ! drive %aft4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! clut* controll$8 ,a4 ,by ! left p$al at ! driv]'s feet4 ,if ! clut* p$al1 :5 pu%$ =w>d into sl[ spe$1 has a t5d5cy to /ick & n to come back readily into high1 tight5 up ! sl[ spe$ b&4 ,%\ld ! ma*9e h an incl9ation to creep =w>d :5 crank+1 x indicates t ! clut* lev] screw :i* be>s on ! clut* lev] cam has worn1 & requires an extra turn to hold ! clut* 9 neutral position4 ,:5 ! clut* is releas$ by pull+ back ! h& lev] ! p$al %\ld move =w>d ! di/ance ( #a 9 pass+ f high spe$ to neutral4 ,see t ! hub brake %oe & connections are 9 prop] ord] s t ! brake w act suffici5tly to prev5t ! c> creep+ v f> ahead4 ,also be sure t ! sl[ spe$ b& does n b9d on acc\nt ( be+ adju/$ too tight4 ,d n use too heavy a grade ( oil 9 cold wea!r1 z x w h a t5d5cy to congeal betwe5 ! clut* discs & prev5t prop] action ( ! clut*4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! clut* adju/$8 ,a4 ,remove ! plate on ! transmission cov] "u ! floor bo>ds at ! driv]'s seat4 ,take out ! cott] key on ! fir/ clut* f+] & give ! set screw "o-half to "o complete turn to ! "r ) a screw driv]4 ,d ! same to ! o!r f+] set screw4 ,b be sure to give ea* ! same numb] ( turns & d n =get to replace ! cott] key4 ,& aft] a consid]able p]iod ( s]vice ! we> 9 ! clut* may be tak5 up by in/all+ ano!r pair ( clut* discs1 r ?an by turn+ ! adju/+ screw 9 too f>4 ,caution4 ,let u w>n y aga9/ plac+ any small tools or objects ov] or 9 ! transmission case )\t a good wire or cord atta*$ to !m4 ,x is almo/ impossible to recov] !m )\t tak+ (f ! transmission cov]4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! b&s adju/$8 ,a4 ,! sl[ spe$ b&s may be tight5$ by loos5+ ! lock nut at ! "r side ( ! transmission cov]1 & turn+ up ! adju/+ screw to ! "r4 ,to tight5 ! brake & rev]se b&s1 remove ! transmission case cov] door & turn ! adju/+ nuts on ! %aft to ! "r4 ,see t ! b&s d n drag on ! drums :5 dis5gag$1 z !y ex]t a brake effect1 & t5d to ov]heat ! motor4 ,h[ev]1 ! foot brake %\ld be adju/$ s t a sudd5 pressure w /op ! c> imm$iately1 or slide ! re> :eels 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,! b&s1 :5 worn to su* an ext5t t !y w n take hold prop]ly1 %\ld be rel9$1 s t !y w engage smoo?ly )\t caus+ a j]ky movem5t ( ! c>4 ,! l9+ is inexp5sive & may be _h at any ( ! eight ?\s& ,=d s]vice /ations at small co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,sl[ ,spe$ ,drum & ,ge> ,triple ,ge> ,brake ,drum ,rev]se ,drum & ,ge> ,clut* ,disks ,driv5 ,ge> ,disk ,drum ,triple ,ge> ,p9 ,clut* ,pu% ,r+ ,trans4 ,%aft ,driv+ ,plate ,fly:eel ,gr\p #a ,clut* ,pu% ,r+ ,clut* ,f+] ,driv+ ,plate ,triple ,ge> ,rev]se ,ge> ,sl[ ,spe$ ,ge> ,driv5 ,ge> ,clut* ,%ift ,clut* ,spr+ ,clut* ,spr+ ,support ,gr\p #e ,clut* ,spr+ ,support ,p9 ,gr\p #d ,gr\p #c ,gr\p #b ,fig4 #aej4 ,=d ,transmission ,assembly ,q4 ,h[ are ! b&s remov$8 ,a4 ,take (f ! door on top ( transmission cov]4 ,turn ! rev]se adju/m5t nut & ! brake adju/m5t nut to ! extreme ends ( ! p$al %afts1 !n remove ! sl[ spe$ adju/+ screw4 ,remove ! bolts hold+ ! transmission cov] to ! crank case & lift (f ! cov] assembly4 ,slip ! b& ne>e/ ! fly:eel ov] ! fir/ ( ! triple ge>s1 !n turn ! b& ar\nd s t ! op5+ is d[nw>d4 ,! b& may n[ be remov$ by lift+ upw>d4 ,! op]ation is m easily accompli%$ if ! ?ree sets ( triple ge>s are s plac$ t "o set is ab\t t5 degrees to ! "r ( c5t] at top4 ,ea* b& is remov$ by ! same op]ation4 ,x is necess>y to %ove ea* b& =w>d on to ! triple ge>s z at ?is po9t only is !re suffici5t cle>ance 9 ! crank case to all[ ! e>s ( ! transmission b&s to be turn$ d[nw>d4 ,by rev]s+ ?is op]ation ! b&s may be in/all$4 ,aft] be+ plac$ 9 _! upright position on ! drums pass a cord ar\nd ! e>s ( ! ?ree b&s1 hold+ !m 9 ! c5t] s t :5 putt+ ! transmission cov] 9 place no tr\ble w be exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! p$al %afts to re/ 9 ! not*es 9 ! b& e>s4 ,! clut* release r+ mu/ be plac$ 9 ! re> groove ( ! clut* %aft4 ,) ! cov] 9 place remove ! cord :i* held ! b&s 9 place :ile ! cov] 0 be+ in/all$4 ,q4 ,h[ is transmission assembl$8 ,a4 ,cut ,no4 #aej %[s ! transmission p>ts 9 _! relative assembl+ positions & gr\p$ 9 _! diff]5t op]ations ( assembl+4 ,! fir/ op]ation is ! assembl+ ( gr\p ,no4 #b1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,place ! brake drum on table ) ! hub 9 a v]tical position4 ,place ! sl[ spe$ plate ov] ! hub ) ! ge> upp]mo/4 ,!n place rev]se plate ov] ! sl[ spe$ plate s t ! rev]se ge> surr\nds ! sl[ spe$ ge>4 ,fit ! two keys 9 ! hub j above ! sl[ spe$ ge>4 ,put ! driv5 ge> 9 position ) ! tee? d[nw>d s t !y w come next to ! sl[ spe$ ge>4 ,take ! ?ree triple ge>s & me% !m ) ! driv5 ge> accord+ to ! pun* m>ks on ! tee?1 ! rev]se ge> or smalle/ ( ! triple ge> assembly be+ d[nw>d4 ,aft] mak+ sure t ! triple ge>s are prop]ly me%$ tie !m 9 place by pass+ a cord ar\nd ! outside ( ! ?ree ge>s4 ,take ! fly:eel & place x on ! table ) ! face d[nw>d & ! transmission %aft 9 v]tical position4 ,!n inv]t ! gr\p :i* y h assembl$ ov] ! transmission %aft1 sett+ x 9 position s t ! triple ge> p9s on ! fly:eel w pass ?r\gh ! triple ge>s4 ,?is w br+ ! brake drum on top 9 a position to hold ! clut* plates1 etc4 ,! next /ep is to fit ! clut* drum key 9 ! transmission %aft4 ,press ! clut* disc drum ov] ! %aft & put ! set screw 9 place to hold ! drum4 ,put ! l>ge disc ov] ! clut* drum1 !n ! small disc1 alt]nat+ ) l>ge & small discs until ! entire set ( discs are 9 position1 end+ up ) a l>ge disc on top4 ,if a small disc is on top x is liable to fall ov] ! clut* 9 *ang+ ! spe$ f high to l[ & z a result y w\ld be unable to *ange ! spe$ back into high4 ,next put ! clut* pu% r+s ov] ! clut* drum1 & on top ( ! discs1 ) ! ?ree p9s project+ upw>d 7see gr\p ,no4 #d1 cut ,no4 #adi74 ,y w note ! rema9+ p>ts are plac$ z !y w be assembl$4 ,next bolt ! driv+ plate 9 position s t ! adju/+ screws ( ! clut* f+]s w be> aga9/ ! clut* pu% r+ p9s4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x w\ld be a good plan to te/ ! transmission by mov+ ! plates ) ! h&s4 ,if ! transmission is prop]ly assembl$ ! fly:eel w revolve freely :ile hold+ any ( ! drums /ation>y4 ,! clut* p>ts may be assembl$ on ! driv+ plate hub z foll[s3 ,slip ! clut* %ift ov] ! hub s t ! small end re/s on ! ends ( ! clut* f+]s4 ,next put on ! clut* spr+1 plac+ ! clut* supports inside s t ! flange w re/ on ! upp] coil ( ! spr+ & press into place1 ins]t+ ! p9 9 ! driv+ plate hub ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! side ( ! spr+ support4 ,!n turn ! clut* spr+ support until ! p9 fits into ! lugs on ! bottom ( ! support4 ,! easie/ me?od ( compress+ ! spr+ suffici5tly to ins]t ! p9 is to loos5 ! t5sion ( ! clut* f+] by means ( ! adju/+ screws4 ,:5 tight5+ up ! clut* aga9 ! spr+ %\ld be compress$ to )9 a space ( two or two & "o-sixte5? in*es to insure aga9/ ! clut* spr+ slipp+4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to see t ! screws 9 ! f+]s are adju/$ s ! spr+ is compress$ ev5ly all ar\nd4 ,,vii ,,! ,,re> ,,axle ,,assembly ,q4 ,h[ is ! re> axle remov$8 ,a4 ,jack up c> & remove re> :eels z in/ruct$ bel[4 ,take out ! f\r bolts connect+ ! univ]sal ball cap to ! transmission case & cov]4 ,disconnect brake rods4 ,remove nuts hold+ spr+ p]*es to re> axle h\s+ flanges4 ,raise frame at ! re> end1 & ! axle c be easily )drawn4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! univ]sal jo9t disconnect$ f ! drive %aft8 ,a4 ,remove two plugs f top & bottom ( ball ca/+ & turn %aft until p9 comes opposite hole1 drive out p9 & jo9t c be pull$ or =c$ away f ! %aft & out ( ! h\s+4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! re> axle & diff]5tial disassembl$8 ,a4 ,) ! univ]sal jo9t disconnect$1 remove nuts 9 front end ( radius rods & ! nuts on /uds hold+ drive %aft tube to re> axle h\s+4 ,remove bolts :i* hold ! two halves ( diff]5tial toge!r4 ,if necess>y to disassemble diff]5tial a v slight me*anical k w p]mit "o to imm$iately disc]n h[ to d x once x is expos$ to view4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to get e p91 bolt & key lock back 9 its correct position :5 reassembl+4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! drive %aft p9ion remov$8 ,a4 ,! end ( ! drive %aft1 to :i* ! p9ion is atta*$1 is tap]$ to fit ! tap]$ hole 9 ! p9ion1 :i* is key$ onto ! %aft1 & !n secur$ by a cott] p9n$ 8ca/le0 nut4 ,remove ! ca/le nut1 & drive ! p9ion (f4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! diff]5tial ge>s remov$8 ,a4 ,! comp5sat+ ge>s are atta*$ to ! inn] ends ( ! re> axle %aft4 ,!y "w ^u ! spid] ge>s :5 turn+ a corn]1 s t ! axle %aft revolves indep5d5tly1 b :5 ! c> is mov+ 9 a /raight l9e ! spid] ge>s & comp5sat+ ge>s & axle %aft move z an integral "p4 ,if y w exam9e ! re> axle %afts y w notice t ! ge>s are key$ on1 & held 9 position by a r+ :i* is 9 two halves & fits 9 a groove 9 ! re> axle %aft4 ,to remove ! comp5sat+ ge>s1 =ce !m d[n on ! %aft1 t is1 away f ! end to :i* !y are secur$1 drive out ! two halves ( r+ 9 ! grooves 9 %aft ) screw driv] or *isel1 !n =ce ! ge>s (f ! end ( ! %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,univ]sal ,jo9t ,knuckle 7,male7 ,jo9t ,h\s+ ,jo9t ,c\pl+ ,r+ ,univ]sal ,jo9t ,knuckle 7,female7 ,radius ,rod ,ca/le ,nut ,radius ,rod ,lock ,nut ,drive ,%aft ,front ,bu%+ ,re> ,radius ,rod ,drive ,%aft ,tube ,drive ,%aft ,ball ,race ,ball ,?ru/ ,coll> ,drive ,%aft ,p9ion ,driv+ ,ge> ,drive ,ge> ,screws ,drive ,%aft ,drive ,%aft ,tube ,ball ,be>+ ,ball ,be>+ ,h\s+ ,roll] ,be>+ ,roll] ,be>+ ,sleeve ,ca/le ,nut ,diff]5tial ,p9ion ,diff]5tial ,spid] ,diff]5tial ,ge> ,re> ,axle ,h\s+ 7,"r7 ,?ru/ ,wa%]s ,re> ,radius ,rod ,re> ,axle ,brake ,drum ,hub ,brake ,cam ,%aft ,hub ,brake ,cam ,%aft ,lev] ,radius ,rod ,bolt & ,nut ,lock ,wire ,?ru/ ,wa%] 7,/eel7 ,?ru/ ,wa%] 7,babbitt7 ,?ru/ ,wa%] 7,/eel7 ,ge> ,case 7,left7 ,mud ,cap ,cott] ,p9 ,ca/le ,nut ,hub ,key ,hub ,hub ,flange ,roll] ,be>+ ,sleeve ,roll] ,be>+ ,axle ,h\s+ ,cap ,axle ,roll] ,be>+ ,/eel ,wa%] ,brake ,%oe ,support ,bolt & ,nut ,re> ,axle ,%aft ,re> ,axle ,roll] ,be>+ ,sleeve ,re> ,axle ,roll] ,be>+ ,re> ,axle ,h\s+ 7,left7 ,ge> ,case 7,"r7 ,diff]5tial ,case ,/ud ,grease ,plug ,fig4 #aea4 ,=d ,re> ,axle ,sy/em ,q4 ,h[ is ! re> axle %aft remov$8 ,a4 ,disconnect re> axle z direct$ above1 !n unbolt ! drive %aft assembly :]e x jo9s ! re> axle h\s+ at ! diff]5tial4 ,disconnect ! two radius rods at ! out] end ( ! h\s+4 ,take out ! bolts :i* hold ! two halves ( ! re> axle h\s+ toge!r at ! c5t]4 ,take ! inn] diff]5tial cas+ ap>t & draw ! axle %aft ?r\gh ! h\s+ at ! c5t]4 ,aft] replac+ ! axle %aft be sure t ! re> :eels are firmly w$g$ on at ! out] end ( ! axle %aft & ! key 9 prop] position4 ,:5 ! c> has be5 driv5 ?irty days or s1 make x a po9t to remove ! hub cap & set up ! lock nut to ov]come any play t might h develop$4 ,x is extremely important t ! re> :eels are kept tight1 o!rwise ! con/ant rock+ back & =? aga9/ ! key may 9 "t cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,if ! re> axle or :eel is sprung by skidd+ aga9/ ! curb1 or o!r accid5t1 x is false economy to drive ! c>1 z tires1 ge>s & all o!r p>ts w suff]4 ,if ! axle %aft is b5t1 x c1 ) prop] facilities1 be /raight5$1 b x is be/ to replace x4 ,illu/ration3 ,axle ,h\s+ ,cap ,hub ,key ,lock ,nut ,hub ,brake ,drum ,coil ,spr+ ,hub ,brake ,cam ,axle ,%aft ,hub ,brake ,%oe ,fig4 #aeb4 ,=d ,brake ,,viii ,,! ,,=d ,,muffl] ,q4 ,:y is ! muffl] necess>y8 ,a4 ,! exhau/ z x comes f ! eng9e ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe w\ld create a con/ant & di/ract+ noise 7 x n = ! muffl]4 ,f ! comp>atively small pipe1 ! exhau/ is lib]at$ into ! l>g] *amb]s ( ! muffl]1 :]e ! =ce ( ! exhau/ is less5$ by expansion & dis*>g$ out ( ! muffl] ) practically no noise4 ,! ,=d muffl] con/ruction is su* t !re is v little back pressure ( ! escap+ gases1 consequ5tly !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by putt+ a cut-out on ! exhau/ pipe betwe5 ! eng9e & ! muffl]4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! muffl] kept 9 ord]8 ,a4 ,x %\ld be clean$ occasionally4 ,remove x & take (f nuts on ends ( rods :i* hold x toge!r1 & disassemble4 ,9 reassembl+ muffl]1 be c>eful n to get ! holes 9 ! inn] %ells on ! same side or end4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! muffl] disconnect$8 ,a4 ,to disconnect ! muffl] x is n necess>y to disconnect ! exhau/ pipe f ! motor 7al?\gh x is a good plan & a simple matt]1 necessitat+ only unscrew+ ! union74 ,to disconnect muffl] f frame1 unscrew union at =m$ end ( pipe1 drop x d[n s x w cle> ! frame & slip x back (f ! tube4 ,if ! muffl] f any cause becomes mat]ially damag$ x w probably be *eap] to replace x ) a new "o ?an to attempt to repair x4 ,,ix ,,! ,,runn+ ,,ge> ,q4 ,:at c>e %\ld ! runn+ ge> h8 ,a4 ,9 ! fir/ place x at all times %\ld h prop] lubrication 7see *apt] on ,lubrication74 ,once 9 e ?irty days ! front & re> axles %\ld be c>efully gone ov] to see t e mov+ "p1 su* z ! bu%+s 9 spr+ connections1 spr+ hang]s1 /e]+ knuckles & hub be>+s1 are ?or\ghly lubricat$1 & t all nuts & connections are secur$ ) c5t] p9s 9 place4 ,! spr+ clips1 :i* atta* ! front spr+ to ! frame1 %\ld be inspect$ frequ5tly to see t e ?+ is 9 p]fect ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sp9dle oil] ,sp9dle ,bolt ,sp9dle ,body ,bu%+ ,sp9dle ,con4 ,rod ,bolt ,sp9dle ,con4 ,rod ,yoke ,sp9dle ,arm ,spoke ,felt ,wa%] ,hub ,bolt ,l>ge ,ball ,race ,hub ,flange ,hub ,sp9dle ,grease ,*amb] ,ball ,be>+s ,adju/+ ,cone ,lock ,nut ,hub ,cap ,wa%] ,ball ,reta9] ,small ,ball ,race ,clamp ,bolt ,sp9dle ,arm ,nut ,sp9dle ,body ,bu%+ ,spidle ,bolt ,nut ,/ation>y ,cone ,ball ,reta9] ,du/ ,r+ ,fig4 #aec4 ,=d ,sp9dle ,q4 ,h[ is ! front axle remov$8 ,a4 ,jack up front ( c> s :eels c be remov$4 ,disconnect /e]+ ge> arm f ! sp9dle connect+ rod1 disconnect radius rod at ball jo9t1 & remove two cott] p9 bolts f spr+ %ackle on ea* side1 s deta*+ front spr+4 ,to disconnect radius rod entirely1 take ! two bolts out ( ! ball jo9t & remove l[] half ( cap4 ,q4 ,9 case ( accid5t1 h[ is ! front axle /raight5$8 ,a4 ,%\ld ! axle or sp9dle become b5t1 extreme c>e mu/ be us$ to /raight5 ! p>ts accurately4 ,d n heat ! =g+s1 z ?is w di/emp] ! /eel1 b /raight5 !m cold4 ,if conv5i5t x w\ld be bett] to return su* p>ts to ! factory1 :]e !y may be prop]ly /raight5$ 9 jigs design$ = t purpose4 ,x is v ess5tial t ! :eels l9e up prop]ly4 ,! eye is n suffici5tly accurate to det]m9e :e!r ! p>ts h be5 prop]ly /raight5$1 & excessive we> ( ! front tires w occur if ev]y?+ is n 9 p]fect alignm5t4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t ! :eels8 ,a4 ,! :eels %\ld be jack$ up p]iodically & te/$1 n only = smoo?ness ( runn+1 b = side play z well4 ,if 9 sp9n+ a front :eel a %>p click is he>d1 n[ & !n1 & ! :eel is mom5t>ily *eck$1 x is probable t !re is a *ipp$ or split ball 9 ! be>+ :i* %\ld be remov$1 o!rwise x may necessitate ! removal ( ! entire be>+4 ,a :eel 9 p]fect adju/m5t %\ld aft] sp9n+1 come to re/ ) ! tire valve directly bel[ ! hub4 ,undue we> ( ! hub be>+s1 su* z cones1 balls & races1 is usually caus$ by lack ( lubrication & excessive friction1 due to ! adju/+ cone be+ drawn up too tight4 ,x is a good plan to clean ! be>+ frequ5tly & keep ! hub well fill$ ) grease4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! :eels remov$8 ,a4 ,front :eels4 ,take (f hub cap1 remove cott] p9 & unscrew ca/le nut & sp9dle wa%]4 ,! adju/able be>+ cone c !n be tak5 out & ! :eel remov$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! cones & lock nuts are replac$ on ! same sp9dle f :i* !y 7 remov$1 o!rwise !re is a liability ( /ripp+ ! ?reads :i* are left on ! left sp9dle & "r on ! opposite z y /& fac+ ! c>4 ,back :eels4 ,!y %\ld n be remov$ unless absolutely necess>y1 9 :i* case proce$ z above4 ,!n ) a :eel pull] remove ! :eel f ! tap]$ %aft to :i* x is lock$ ) a key4 ,9 replac+ re> :eels be sure t nut on axle %aft is z tight z possible & cott] p9 9 place4 ,! hub caps ( ! re> :eels %\ld be remov$ occasionally & ! lock nuts :i* hold ! hub 9 place tight5$4 ,if ^! nuts are all[$ to "w loose1 ! result+ play on ! hub key may ev5tually twi/ (f ! axle %aft4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! sett+ ( ! front :eels diff] f t ( ! re> :eels8 ,a4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! front :eels are 8di%$02 t is1 ! spokes are giv5 a slight outw>d fl>e to enable !m to meet side /resses ) less rigid resi/ance1 :ile ! spokes ( ! re> :eels are /raight4 ,! front :eels are also plac$ at an angle1 t is to say1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! tops ( ! front :eels is ab\t ?ree in*es great] ?an betwe5 ! bottoms4 ,?is is to give p]fect /e]+ qualities & to save we> on tires :5 turn+ corn]s4 ,! front :eels %\ld n1 h[ev]1 8toe-90 at ! front1 at lea/ n m ?an a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,l9es drawn along ! outside ( ! :eels :5 ! latt] are /raight 9 a =w>d position %\ld be p>allel4 ,all :eels %\ld always be kept 9 prop] alignm5t1 o!rwise /e]+ w be difficult & tire we> w be greatly increas$4 ,adju/m5t c be made by turn+ ! yoke at ! left end ( ! sp9dle connect+ rod1 to draw ! :eels into a p>allel position4 ,q4 ,:at c>e d ! spr+s ne$8 ,a4 ,! spr+s %\ld be lubricat$ frequ5tly ) oil or graphite4 ,to d ?is1 pry ! leaves ap>t ne> ! ends & ins]t ! lubricant betwe5 !m4 ,:5ev] a c> is giv5 a g5]al ov]haul+1 ! spr+s %\ld be disassembl$ & ! leaves poli%$ ) em]y clo?1 aft]w>ds pack+ !m ) graphite :5 reassembl+4 ,ru/ c be prev5t$ f accumulat+ on ! spr+s by pa9t+ !m :5 necess>y ) a quick dry+ black pa9t4 ,y w f9d t ^! sugge/ions if c>ri$ out w n only improve ! rid+ qualities ( ! c> b prolong ! life ( ! p>ts z well4 ,q4 ,%\ld spr+ clips be kept tight8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,if ! spr+ clips are all[$ to "w loose ! entire /ra9 is put on ! tie bolt :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! spr+4 ,?is may cause ! bolt to be %e>$ (f & all[ ! frame & body to %ift to "o side4 ,x is a good plan to frequ5tly inspect ! clips :i* hold ! spr+s to ! frame & see t !y are kept tight4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t ! /e]+ app>atus8 ,a4 ,x is exce$+ly simple & w ne$ little c>e except1 ( c\rse1 prop] lubrication4 ,! po/ ge>s :i* are arrang$ 9 ! 8sun & planet0 =m are locat$ at ! top ( ! po/ j bel[ ! hub ( ! :eel4 ,by loos5+ ! set screw & unscrew+ ! cap aft] hav+ remov$ ! /e]+ :eel !y may readily be inspect$ & repl5i%$ ) grease4 ,to remove ! /e]+ :eel unscrew ! nut on top ( ! po/ & drive ! :eel (f ! %aft ) a block ( wood & hamm]4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! /e]+ ge> tight5$8 ,a4 ,%\ld ! /e]+ ge> become loose1 t is1 s t a slight movem5t ( ! :eel does n produce imm$iate results1 x may be tight5$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,disconnect ! two halves ( ! ball sockets :i* surr\nd ! ball arm at ! l[] end ( ! /e]+ po/ & file (f ! surface until !y fit snugly ar\nd ! ball4 ,if ! ball is badly worn x is be/ to replace x ) a new "o4 ,also tight5 ! ball caps at ! o!r end ( ! /e]+ ge> connect+ rod 9 ! same mann]4 ,if ! bolts 9 ! /e]+ sp9dle arms appe> to be loose1 ! brass bu%+s %\ld be replac$ ) new ones4 ,excessive play 9 ! front axle may be detect$ by grasp+ "o ( ! front :eels by ! spokes & j]k+ ! front axle back & =?4 ,aft] ! c> has be5 9 s]vice two or ?ree ye>s excessive play 9 ! /e]+ ge> may make necess>y ! r5ewal ( ! little p9ions1 z well z ! brass int]nal ge> j und]nea? ! /e]+ :eel spid]4 ,x is also advisable to inspect ! front spr+ hang]s occasionally to det]m9e :e!r or n new bu%+s are necess>y to ov]come any excessive vibration4 ,x ,,! ,,=d ,,lubricat+ ,,sy/em ,q4 ,h[ does ! ,=d lubricat+ sy/em diff] f o!rs8 ,a4 ,x is simplifi$1--& !re are few] places to oil4 ,practically all ( ! p>ts ( ! eng9e & transmission are oil$ by ! ,=d spla% sy/em1 f ! "o big oil res]voir 9 ! crank case4 ,fig4 #aed %[s ! pr9cipal po9ts ( lubrication1 & specifies :5 repl5i%m5t %\ld be made1 accord+ to mileage4 ,?is *>t %\ld be /udi$ c>efully & (t54 ,x is a good plan to frequ5tly supply all oil cups ) ! same oil us$ 9 ! eng9e 7any good light grade lubricat+ oil w answ]7 & ! dope cups ) good grease4 ,be sure to see t ! commutator is kept freely suppli$ ) oil at all times4 ,q4 ,:i* is ! be/ way to fill ! dope cups8 ,a4 ,:5 x is advisable to fill ! dope cup cov]s screw !m d[n1 refill ) grease & repeat ! op]ation two or ?ree times4 ,always op5 oil cups by turn+ to ! "r1 z ?is keeps tight5+ !m r ?an loos5+ !m4 ,occasionally remove front :eels & supply dope to we>+ surface4 ,a drop ( oil n[ & !n 9 crank h&le be>+ is necess>y1 also on fan belt pulleys & %aft4 ,! axles1 drive %aft1 & univ]sal jo9t are well suppli$ ) lubricant :5 ! c> leaves ! factory1 b x is well to exam9e & oil !m frequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,a--,oil ,e #bjj ,miles4 ,c--,grease ,e #bjj ,miles4 ,b--,oil ,e #ejj ,miles4 ,d--,grease ,e #ejj ,miles4 ,e--,grease ,e #ajjj ,miles4 ,f--,oil ,motor ,daily4 ,keep oil level betwe5 crank case pet cocks4 ,g--,grease ,e #ejjj ,miles4 ,fig4 #aed4 ,=d ,*assis ,oil+ ,*>t ,q4 ,:at k9d ( oil %\ld be us$8 ,a4 ,we recomm5d only light high grade gas eng9e oil = use 9 ! model ,t motor4 ,a light grade ( oil is pref]r$ z x w naturally rea* ! be>+s ) great] ease & consequ5tly less heat w develop on acc\nt ( friction4 ,! oil %\ld1 h[ev]1 h suffici5t body s t ! pressure betwe5 ! two be>+ surfaces w n =ce ! oil out & all[ ! metal to come 9 actual contact4 ,heavy & inf]ior oils h a t5d5cy to c>bonize quickly1 also 8gum up0 ! pi/on r+s1 valve /ems & be>+4 ,9 cold wea!r a light grade ( oil hav+ a l[ cold te/ is absolutely ess5tial = ! prop] lubrication ( ! c>4 ,! ne>e/ ,=d bran* w advise y conc]n+ ! lubricat+ oil ?is company has f\nd be/ suit$ = its c>s1 bo? = summ] & w9t] wea!r4 ,graphite %\ld n be us$ z a lubricant 9 ! eng9e or transmission z x w h a t5d5cy to %ort circuit ! magneto4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! oil be dra9$ f crank cases8 ,a4 ,x is advisable to clean out ! crank case by dra9+ out ! dirty oil :5 ! new c> has be5 driv5 f\r or five hundr$ miles2 !reaft] x w only be necess>y to repeat ?is op]ation ab\t e ?\s& miles4 ,remove plug und]nea? ! fly:eel cas+ & dra9 (f ! oil4 ,replace ! plug & p\r 9 a gallon ( k]os5e oil ?r\gh ! brea!r pipe4 ,turn ! eng9e ov] by h& fifte5 or tw5ty times s t ! spla% f ! k]os5e oil w ?or\ghly clean ! eng9e4 ,remove crank case plug & dra9 (f k]os5e oil4 ,9 ord] to get all ( ! k]os5e out ( ! depressions 9 ! crank case ! c> %\ld be run up a little incl9e1 ab\t ! height ( ! ord9>y /reet curb+4 ,refill ) fre% oil4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! commutator be oil$8 ,a4 ,keep+ ! commutator well oil$ is a matt] ( f> great] importance ?an _m driv]s believe1 & is necess>y 9 ord] to h a smoo? op]at+ eng9e4 ,d n be afraid to put a little oil into ! commutator e o!r day--at lea/ e two hundr$ miles4 ,rememb] t ! commutator roll] revolves v rapidly1 & )\t suffici5t oil ! p>ts soon become badly worn4 ,:5 9 ?is condition p]fect contact betwe5 ! roll] & ! f\r contact po9ts is impossible1 z a result ! eng9e is apt to misfire :5 runn+ at a good rate ( spe$4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t lubricat+ ! diff]5tials8 ,a4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( putt+ too mu* grease 9 ! diff]5tial h\s+4 ,! h\s+ %\ld n be m ?an "o-?ird full4 ,! diff]5tial is suppli$ ) ! requir$ am\nt ( lubricant :5 ! c> leaves ! factory4 ,! oil plug %\ld be remov$ ab\t e #ajjj miles & m grease add$ if necess>y4 ,if a fluid is us$ ! level %\ld be approximately "o & "o-half in*es bel[ ! oil hole4 ,,xi ,,c>e ,,( ,,tires ,q4 ,h[ are ,=d tires remov$8 ,a4 ,fir/1 jack up ! :eel cle> ( ! road4 ,! valve cap %\ld be unscrew$1 ! lock nut remov$ & ! valve /em pu%$ into ! tire until its bead is flu% ) ! rim4 ,?is done1 loos5 up ! head ( ! %oe 9 ! cl9* ( ! rim by work+ & pu%+ ) ! h&s1 !n ins]t "o ( ! tire irons or lev]s "u ! beads4 ,! tire iron %\ld be pu%$ 9 j en\gh to get a good hold on ! "u side ( ! bead1 b n s f> z to p9* ! inn] tube betwe5 ! rim & ! tool4 ,a second iron %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! same fa%ion "s sev5 or eight in*es f ! fir/1 & a ?ird tool ! same di/ance f ! second4 ,z a cyl9d] tire mu/ be pri$ ov] ! cl9*1 ?ree or f\r lev]s w come 9 h&y 9 a case ( a 8"o man job10 & ! knee ( ! driv] c be us$ to good advantage to hold d[n "o lev] :ile ! o!r two are be+ manipulat$ 9 work+ ! %oe cle> ( ! rim4 ,aft] free+ a l5g? ( ! bead f ! cl9*1 ! entire out] edge ( ! cas+ may be readily deta*$ ) ! h&1 & ! damag$ inn] tube remov$ & 8pat*$0 or a sp>e tube ins]t$4 ,always use pl5ty ( soap/one 9 replac+ an inn] tube4 ,q4 ,h[ are cas+s repair$8 ,a4 ,%\ld ! cas+ be cut s !re is dang] ( ! inn] tube be+ bl[n ?r\gh x1 a tempor>y repair c be made by cem5t+ a canvas pat* on ! inside ( ! cas+4 ,be=e apply+ ! pat* ! "p ( ! cas+ affect$ %\ld be clean$ ) gasol9e & :5 dry1 rubb] cem5t appli$ to bo? cas+ & pat*4 ,?is w answ] z an em]g5cy repair1 b ! cas+ %\ld be vulcaniz$ at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,to prolong ! life ( ! tire cas+s1 any small cuts 9 ! tread %\ld be fill$ ) pat*+ cem5t & a specially prep>$ 8pla/ic0 sold by tire companies4 ,q4 ,h[ may tire exp5se be r$uc$8 ,a4 ,tire co/ con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important items 9 ! runn+ exp5ses ( an automobile4 ,to get ! mo/ s]vice at ! lea/ exp5se1 ! tire %\ld be inspect$ frequ5tly & all small cuts or holes prop]ly seal$ or repair$1--?us prev5t+ dirt & wat] work+ 9 betwe5 ! rubb] tread & ! fabric1 caus+ bli/]s or s& boils4 ,tires %\ld nev] be run p>tially deflat$1 z ! side walls are unduly b5t & ! fabric is subject to /ress1 :i* is kn[n z rim cutt+4 ,! *ances ( gett+ a puncture w be greatly r$uc$ by keep+ y\r tires prop]ly inflat$1 z a h>d tire exposes mu* less surface to ! road ?an a s(t tire1 & also deflects %>p objects t w\ld p5etrate a s(t tire4 ,runn+ a flat tire1 ev5 = a %ort di/ance1 is sure to be co/ly4 ,bett] run on ! rim1 v sl[ly & c>efully1 r ?an on a flat tire4 ,rememb] t fa/ driv+ & skidd+ %ort5 ! life ( ! tires4 ,avoid lock+ ! :eels ) ! brakes1--no tire w /& ! /ra9 ( be+ dragg$ ov] ! pavem5t 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,avoid runn+ 9 /reet c> tracks1 9 ruts1 or bump+ ! side ( ! tire aga9/ ! curb+4 ,! :eel rims %\ld be pa9t$ ea* season & kept free f ru/4 ,:5 a c> is idle = any appreciable l5g? ( "t1 x %\ld be jack$ up to take ! load (f ! tires4 ,if ! c> is laid up = _m mon?s1 x is be/ to remove ! tires1 & wrap up ! out] cas+s & inn] tubes sep>ately1 & /ore !m 9 a d>k room n expos$ to extreme temp]ature4 ,remove oil or grease f ! tires ) gasol9e4 ,rememb] t heat1 light & oil are ?ree natural enemies to rubb]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a puncture 9 ! inn] tube repair$8 ,a4 ,aft] locat+ ! puncture1 c>efully clean ! rubb] ar\nd ! leak ) b5z9e or gasol9e4 ,!n r\gh ! surface ) s& pap] f y\r tire repair kit to give a hold = ! cem5t4 ,apply ! cem5t to bo? pat* & tube1 all[+ x to dry = ab\t five m9utes1 repeat+ ! application twice ) l int]vals betwe5 = dry+4 ,:5 ! cem5t is dry & /icky press ! pat* aga9/ ! tube firmly & ?or\ghly to remove all air bubbles b5ea? x & insure prop] adh]5ce to ! surface4 ,!n spread "s soap/one or talc p[d] ov] ! repair s z to prev5t ! tube /ick+ to ! cas+4 ,be=e ! tube is put back into ! cas+ pl5ty ( talc p[d] %\ld be spr9kl$ into ! latt]4 ,a cem5t pat* is n usually p]man5t & ! tube %\ld be vulcaniz$ z soon z possible4 ,9 replac+ ! tire on ! rim be v c>eful n to p9* ! tube4 ,,xii ,,po9ts ,,on ,,ma9t5ance ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] way to wa% ! c>8 ,a4 ,always use cold or lukew>m wat]1--nev] hot wat]4 ,if a hose is us$1 d n turn on ! wat] at full =ce1 z ?is drives ! dirt into ! v>ni% & injures ! f9i%4 ,aft] ! surplus mud & grime h be5 wa%$ (f1 take a sponge & clean ! body & runn+ ge> ) a tepid solution ( wat] & ivory or l9se$ oil soap4 ,!n r9se (f ) cold wat]2 !n rub dry & poli% ! body ) a *amois sk94 ,a body or furniture poli% ( good quality may be us$ to add lu/] to ! c>4 ,grease on ! runn+ ge> may be remov$ ) a gasol9e soak$ sponge or rag4 ,! nickel$ p>ts may be poli%$ ) any good metal poli%4 ,q4 ,:at c>e does ! top ne$8 ,a4 ,:5 putt+ ! top d[n be c>eful 9 fold+ to see t ! fabric is n p9*$ betwe5 ! b[ spac]s1 z !y w *afe a hole ?r\gh ! top v quickly4 ,always slip ! hood ov] ! top :5 fold$ to keep out du/ & dirt4 ,apply+ a good top dress+ w greatly improve ! appe>ance ( an old top4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 ! c> is /or$8 ,a4 ,dra9 ! wat] f ! radiator1 & !n put 9 ab\t a qu>t ( d5atur$ alcohol to prev5t freez+ ( any wat] t may possibly rema94 ,remove cyl9d] head & clean out any c>bon deposits 9 combu/ion *amb]4 ,draw (f all ! gasol9e4 ,dra9 ! dirty oil f ! crank case & cleanse ! eng9e ) k]os5e z direct$ above4 ,refill ! crank case ) fre% oil & revolve ! eng9e en\gh to cov] ! diff]5t p>ts ) oil4 ,remove ! tires & /ore !m away4 ,wa% up ! c>1 & if possible cov] ! body ) a %eet ( musl9 to protect ! f9i%4 ,q4 ,:at att5tion d ! electric headlights require8 ,a4 ,v little4 ,:5 ! c>s leave our factory ! lamps are prop]ly focuss$ & unless ! bulb burns out !re %\ld be no occasion = remov+ ! door1 z !re is no?+ to get out ( ord]4 ,%\ld ! door be remov$ = any reason c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to t\* ! silv]-plat$ reflector or ! bulb ) any?+ b a s(t1 clean rag1 pref]ably flannel4 ,to focus ! lamps turn ! adju/+ screw 9 ! back ( ! lamp 9 ei!r direction until ! desir$ focus is atta9$4 ,! bulbs we are furni%+ 9 electric head lamps are #h volts1 #b amp]es1 & be/ results w be obta9$ by secur+ lamps ( ?is voltage & amp]age :5 replacem5t is necess>y4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,=d ,,model ,t ,,"o ,,ton ,,truck ,q4 ,d ! in/ructions relative to ! c> apply to ! truck8 ,a4 ,! answ]s p]ta9+ to ! c> are applicable to ! truck4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! re> axle remov$8 ,a4 ,jack up ! truck1 place supports "u re> axle h\s+s1 & remove ! re> :eels4 ,take out ! f\r bolts connect+ ! univ]sal ball cap to ! transmission case & cov]4 ,disconnect brake rods4 ,remove nuts hold+ spr+ p]*es to re> axle h\s+ flanges4 ,raise frame by plac+ a long iron b> or gas pipe "u ! frame j 9 front ( re> spr+1 "o end re/+ on a sub/antial support ( ! prop] height4 ,two workm5 at ! o!r end ( ! b> c raise ! frame & place ! end ( ! b> on ano!r support4 ,! re> axle assembly c !n be easily remov$4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! univ]sal jo9t disconnect$ f ! drive %aft8 ,a4 ,remove two plugs f top & bottom ( ball ca/+ & turn %aft until p9 comes opposite hole1 drive out p9 & ! jo9t c be pull$ or =c$ away f ! %aft & out ( ! h\s+4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! re> axle & diff]5tial disassembl$8 ,a4 ,) ! univ]sal jo9t disconnect$1 remove ! bolt 9 front end ( radius rods & ! cap screws :i* hold ! drive %aft tube to ! re> axle h\s+4 ,!n remove ! re> axle h\s+ cap2 also ! bolts :i* hold ! two halves ( ! diff]5tial h\s+ toge!r4 ,) ! diff]5tial expos$ to view1 ! mann] ( disassembl+ x w be app>5t4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to get e "p back 9 its correct position :5 reassembl+1 be+ sure to use new pap] l9]s4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! worm remov$8 ,a4 ,to remove ! worm1 drive out ! p9s :i* hold ! c\pl+ to ! worm & drive %aft4 ,!n remove ! felt wa%]1 roll] be>+ sleeve1 & roll] be>+ by slipp+ !m ov] ! c\pl+4 ,drive ! c\pl+ (f f ! drive %aft & !n =ce ! worm f ! c\pl+4 ,remov+ ! worm nut w p]mit ! removal ( ! reta9+ wa%]1 ?ru/ be>+ & re> worm roll] be>+4 ,9 reassembl+ be sure t ! p9 :i* holds ! reta9+ wa%] /ation>y is 9 place4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! re> axle %aft remov$8 ,a4 ,remove ! re> axle assembly z direct$ above4 ,disconnect brake rods & radius rods at re> axle h\s+ flange2 also remove nuts hold+ spr+ p]*es to flanges4 ,take out ! cap screws hold+ ! drive %aft tube to ! re> axle h\s+ & remove ! re> axle h\s+ cap & ! bolts :i* hold ! two halves ( ! diff]5tial h\s+ toge!r1 !n pull or =ce ! h\s+ f ! %afts & disassemble diff]5tial4 ,aft] replac+ ! axle %aft be sure t ! re> :eels are firmly w$g$ on at ! out] end ( ! axle %aft & ! key 9 prop] position4 ,:5 ! truck has be5 driv5 ?irty days or s make x a po9t to remove ! hub cap & set up ! lock nut to ov]come any play t might h develop$4 ,x is extremely important t ! re> :eels are kept tight1 o!rwise ! con/ant rock+ back & =? aga9/ ! keyway may 9 "t cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! diff]5tial ge> remov$ f ! %aft8 ,a4 ,! diff]5tial ge> is fa/5$ to ! inn] end ( ! re> axle %aft by means ( spl9es1 & is held 9 position by a r+ :i* is 9 two halves & fits 9 a groove 9 ! re> axle %aft4 ,to remove ! ge>1 =ce x d[n on ! %aft1 t is1 away f ! end to :i* x is fa/5$1 drive out ! two halves ( ! r+ 9 groove 9 %aft ) screw driv] or *isel1 & =ce ! ge> (f ! end ( ! %aft4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t lubricat+ ! re> axle8 ,a4 ,extreme c>e mu/ be us$ 9 lubricat+ ! diff]5tial4 ,an ,a-#a heavy fluid or semi-fluid oil1 su* z ,mobiloil ,c or ,:ittemore's ,worm ,ge> ,protective1 %\ld be us$ & c>$ at a level ) ! upp] oil plug4 ,! diff]5tial is suppli$ ) ! requir$ am\nt ( lubricant :5 ! c> leaves ! factory & ! supply %\ld be ma9ta9$ by repl5i%m5ts z requir$4 ,aft] runn+ ! truck ab\t #ejj miles1 ! oil %\ld be dra9$ (f by remov+ ! l[] oil plug1 & ! diff]5tial fill$ ) fre% lubricant4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ at approximately #ajjj miles1 & aft] t :5ev] necess>y4 ,! re> axle out] roll] be>+s are lubricat$ by means ( dope cups4 ,^! cups %\ld be kept fill$ ) a good grade ( grease & giv5 a full turn e #ajj miles4 ,be=e putt+ ! truck back into s]vice aft] ! re> axle has be5 tak5 out fill ! diff]5tial ) oil1 jack up ! axle & run x = five or t5 m9utes to insure prop] lubricant ( all be>+s4 ,,xiv ,,! ,f4 ,a4 ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,sy/em ,,in/all$ ,,on ,,s$ans ,,& ,,c\p,s ,q4 ,( :at does ! />t+ & light+ sy/em consi/8 ,a4 ,! />t+ & light+ sy/em is ( ! two unit type & consi/s ( ! />t+ motor1 g5]ator1 /orage batt]y1 *>g+ indicator1 & lights1 toge!r ) ! necess>y wir+ & connections4 ,q4 ,:]e is ! />t] locat$8 ,a4 ,! />t+ motor is m\nt$ on ! left h& side ( ! eng9e & bolt$ to ! transmission cov]4 ,:5 9 op]ation ! p9ion on ! ,b5dix drive %aft engages ) ! tee? on ! fly:eel4 ,q4 ,:at mu/ be done be=e />t+ ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,! sp>k & ! ?rottle lev]s %\ld be plac$ 9 ! same position on ! quadrant z :5 crank+ by h&1 & ! ignition swit* turn$ on4 ,curr5t f ei!r batt]y or magneto may be us$ = ignition4 ,:5 />t+1 especially :5 ! eng9e is cold ! ignition swit* %\ld be turn$ to batt]y4 ,z soon z ! eng9e is w>m$ up1 turn swit* back to magneto4 ,! magneto 0 design$ to furni% ignition = ! ,model ,t eng9e & bett] results w be obta9$ by op]at+ 9 ?is way4 ,special att5tion mu/ be paid to ! position ( ! sp>k lev] z a too advanc$ sp>k w cause s]i\s backfir+ :i* 9 turn w b5d or break ! %aft 9 ! />t]4 ,! />t+ motor is op]at$ by a pu% button1 conv5i5tly locat$ 9 ! floor ( ! c> at ! driv]'s feet4 ,) ! sp>k & ?rottle lev]s 9 ! prop] position1 & ! ignition swit* turn$ on1 press on ! pu% button ) ! foot4 ,?is closes ! circuit betwe5 ! batt]y & ! />t+ motor1 caus+ ! p9ion ( ! ,b5dix drive %aft to engage ) ! tee? on ! fly:eel1 ?us turn+ ov] ! crank %aft4 ,:5 ! eng9e is cold x may be necess>y to prime x by pull+ out ! c>buretor prim+ rod1 :i* is locat$ on ! in/rum5t bo>d4 ,9 ord] to avoid flood+ ! eng9e ) an ov] ri* mixture ( gas1 ! prim+ rod %\ld only be held out = a few seconds at a "t4 ,q4 ,:at if ! eng9e fails to />t8 ,a4 ,if ! />t+ motor is turn+ ! crank %aft ov] & ! eng9e fails to />t1 ! tr\ble is n 9 ! />t+ sy/em4 ,9 ?is ev5t1 release ! button at once s z n to unnecess>ily dis*>ge ! batt]y & inspect ! c>buretor & ignition sy/em to det]m9e ! tr\ble4 ,q4 ,:at if ! />t+ motor fails to act8 ,a4 ,if ! />t+ motor fails to act1 aft] pu%+ ! button1 fir/ inspect ! t]m9al on ! />t+ motor1 ! two t]m9als on ! batt]y & ! two t]m9als on />t+ swit*1 mak+ sure all ! connections are tight2 !n exam9e ! wir+ = a break 9 ! insulation t w\ld cause a %ort circuit4 ,if ! wir+ & connections are ,o4 ,k4 & ! />t+ motor fails to act1 te/ ! batt]y ) ! hydromet]4 ,if ! hydromet] read+ is less ?an #a4bbe ! tr\ble is no d\bt due to a weak or dis*>g$ batt]y4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! g5]ator op]at$8 ,a4 ,! g5]ator is m\nt$ on ! "r h& side ( ! eng9e & bolt$ to ! cyl9d] front end cov]4 ,x is op]at$ by ! p9ion on ! armature %aft engag+ ) ! l>ge "t ge>4 ,! *>g+ rate ( ! g5]ator is set s z to cut 9 at eng9e spe$s correspond+ to t5 miles p] h\r 9 high spe$ & rea*es a maximum *>g+ rate at tw5ty miles p] h\r4 ,at high] spe$s ! *>ge w tap] (f1 :i* is a settl$ *>act]i/ic ( batt]y *>g+4 ,?is op]ation ( cutt+ 9 & cutt+ out at suitable spe$s is accompli%$ by ! cut-out1 :i* is m\nt$ on ! da%4 ,?is cut-out is set prop]ly at ! factory & %\ld n "u any circum/ances be tamp]$ )4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t oil+8 ,a4 ,! />t+ motor is lubricat$ by ! ,=d spla% sy/em1 ! same z ! eng9e & ! transmission4 ,! g5]ator is lubricat$ by a spla% ( oil f ! "t ge>s4 ,9 addition an oil cup is locat$ at ! end ( ! g5]ator h\s+ & a few drops ( oil %\ld be appli$ occasionally4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 repair+ ! ignition8 ,a4 ,! introduction ( a batt]y curr5t into ! magneto w dis*>ge ! magnets & :5ev] repair+ ! ignition sy/em or tamp]+ ) ! wir+ 9 any way1 d n fail to disconnect ! positive wire f ! batt]y4 ,! end ( ?is wire %\ld be w\nd ) tape to prev5t its com+ 9 contact ) ! ignition sy/em or metal p>ts ( ! c>4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! *>g+ indicator "w8 ,a4 ,! *>g+ indicator is locat$ on ! in/rum5t bo>d4 ,?is indicator regi/]s 8*>ge0 :5 ! g5]ator is *>g+ ! batt]y & 8dis*>ge0 :5 ! lights are burn+ & ! eng9e n runn+ above t5 miles p] h\r4 ,at an eng9e spe$ ( #ae miles p] h\r or m ! indicator %\ld %[ a read+ ( f #aj to #ab ev5 ) ! lights burn+4 ,if ! eng9e is runn+ above #ae miles p] h\r & ! indicator does n %[ 8*>ge10 fir/ inspect ! t]m9al po/s on ! indicator1 mak+ sure t ! connections are tight1 !n disconnect ! wire f ! t]m9al on g5]ator1 & ) ! eng9e runn+ at a mod]ate spe$1 take a pair ( pli]s or a screw driv] & %ort circuit ! t]m9al /ud on ! g5]ator to ! g5]ator h\s+4 ,if ! g5]ator is ,o4,k41 a good live sp>k w be not$4 7,d n run ! eng9e any long] ?an is necess>y ) ! t]m9al wire disconnect$47 ,next inspect ! wir+ f ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! *>g+ indicator to ! batt]y = a break 9 ! insulation t w\ld result 9 a %ort circuit4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! lights op]at$8 ,a4 ,! light+ sy/em consi/s ( two #b-;bulb headlights & a tail light op]at$ by a comb9ation light+ & ignition swit* locat$ on ! in/rum5t bo>d4 ,! l>ge bulbs are ( #f-h c&le-p[] type4 ,! small bulbs ( #f-h volt two c&le-p[] type4 ,! small bulb is also us$ 9 ! tail light4 ,all ( ! lamps are connect$ 9 p>allel s t ! burn+ out or removal ( any "o ( !m w n effect ! o!r4 ,curr5t = ! lamps is suppli$ by ! batt]y4 ,d n connect ! lights ) ! magneto z x w result 9 burn+ out ! bulbs & might dis*>ge ! magnets4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t repair+ />t] & g5]ator8 ,a4 ,if ei!r ! />t] or g5]ator fails to give prop] s]vice1 ! own] %\ld at once consult an au?oriz$ ,=d deal]4 ,if ! tr\ble is n f\nd 9 ! wir+1 connections1 etc41 z outl9$1 ! deal] w remove ! />t] or g5]ator1 or bo? if necess>y1 & return !m intact to ! ne>e/ bran* = repair or replacem5t4 ,deal]s or own]s %\ld n attempt to repair or tamp] 9 any way ) ! me*anism ( ! />t] & g5]ator4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! />t] remov$8 ,a4 ,:5 remov+ ! />t] to replace transmission b&s1 or = any o!r reason1 fir/ remove ! eng9e pan & ! left h& side ( ! eng9e & ) a screw driv] remove ! f\r small screws hold+ ! %aft cov] to ! transmission cov]4 ,^u remov+ cov] & gasket1 turn ! ,b5dix drive %aft ar\nd s t ! set screw on ! end ( ! %aft is 9 ! upw>d position4 ,imm$iately "u ! set screw is plac$ a lock wa%]1 design$ ) lips or ext5sions opposite ea* o!r on ! outside diamet]4 ,"o ( ^! is turn$ aga9/ ! coll> & ! o!r is turn$ up aga9/ ! side ( ! screw head4 ,b5d back ! lip :i* has be5 =c$ aga9/ ! screw & remove ! set screw4 ,z ! lock wa%] w no d\bt be brok5 or weak5$ 9 remov+ ! />t]1 a new "o mu/ be us$ 9 replac+ x4 ,^! wa%]s may be obta9$ f ! ne>e/ bran*4 ,next1 pull ! ,b5dix assembly out ( ! h\s+1 be+ c>eful t ! small key is n misplac$ or lo/4 ,remove ! f\r screws :i* hold ! />t] h\s+ to ! transmission cov] & pull out ! />t]1 tak+ same d[n ?r\gh ! *assis1--?is is :y x 0 necess>y to remove ! eng9e pan4 ,extreme c>e %\ld be us$ 9 remov+ ! ,b5dix drive & o!r p>ts t none are misplac$ nor lo/ & t !y are replac$ 9 _! =m] positions4 ,9 replac+ ! />t]1 be sure t ! t]m9al connection is plac$ at ! top4 ,if ! c> is to be op]at$ ) ! />t] remov$1 be sure to put ! transmission cov] plates 9 position4 ,^! plates may also be obta9$ f ! ne>e/ bran*4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! g5]ator remov$8 ,a4 ,if x is f\nd necess>y to remove ! g5]ator1 fir/ take out ! ?ree cap screws hold+ x to ! front end cov] & by plac+ ! po9t ( a screw driv] betwe5 ! g5]ator & front end cov]2 ! g5]ator may be =c$ (f ! eng9e assembly4 ,always />t at ! top ( ! g5]ator & =ce x backw>d & d[nw>d at ! same "t4 ,plates may be obta9$ f ! ne>e/ bran* to place ov] ! "t ge> if ! c> is to be op]at$ ) ! g5]ator remov$4 ,q4 ,c ! eng9e be run ) ! g5]ator disconnect$ f ! batt]y8 ,a4 ,if = any reason x is run ) ! g5]ator disconnect$ f ! batt]y1 z on a block te/1 or :5 batt]y has be5 remov$ = repair or re*>g+1 be sure t ! g5]ator is gr\nd$ to ! eng9e by runn+ a wire f ! t]m9al on g5]ator to "o ( ! valve cov] /ud nuts4 ,a piece ( wire or m 9 diamet] may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,be sure t ! connections at bo? ends ( ! wire are tight4 ,failure to d ?is :5 runn+ ! eng9e ) ! g5]ator disconnect$ f ! batt]y w result 9 s]i\s injury to ! g5]ator4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t ! c>e ( ! batt]y1 repair+ ( re*>g+8 ,a4 ,! ,=d ,/>t+ ,sy/em uses a #f-volt #ac-plate 8,exide0 batt]y1 type #c-,,xc-#ac-a4 ,! c>e ( ! batt]y 9 s]vice is summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ rules3 #a4 ,add no?+ b pure wat] to ! cells & d x (t5 en\gh to keep ! plates cov]$ at all times4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 melt$ artificial ice or ra9 wat] collect$ 9 clean receptacles is recomm5d$4 ,9 cold wea!r add wat] only j be=e runn+ ! eng9e s t ! *>g+ may mix ! wat] & ! electrolyte & freez+ ( ! wat] be avoid$4 #b4 ,take frequ5t hydromet] read+s to make sure t ! g5]ator is keep+ ! batt]y *>g$4 ,to take read+ remove fill] cap ( cell1 ins]t end ( hydromet] syr+e 9 fill] op5+1 squeeze bulb1 & release1 draw+ up en\gh liquid to float hydromet] bulb free 9 ! liquid4 ,! read+ ( ! scale at ! surface ( ! liquid :5 hydromet] is float+ 9 ! specific gravity 7d5sity7 ( ! electrolyte4 ,a fully *>g$ batt]y w %[ a read+ ( #a4bge to #a4cjj4 ,a batt]y half *>g$ w %[ a read+ ( #a4bbe to #a4bej4 ,a completely dis*>g$ batt]y w %[ a read+ ( #a4bjj or less4 ,:5 tak+ hydromet] read+s remove ! fill] cap f only "o cell at a "t & be sure to return electrolyte to ! cell f :i* x 0 tak54 ,!n replace & tight5 ! fill] cap4 ,hydromet] te/s tak5 imm$iately aft] fill+ ) wat] & be=e wat] has become ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! electrolyte w n %[ ! true condition ( ! batt]y4 #c4 ,if hydromet] read+ %[s batt]y less ?an half *>g$ x %\ld be tak5 to ! ne>e/ ,exide ,batt]y ,s]vice ,/ation = re*>g+4 ,cont9u$ op]ation 9 a less ?an half *>g$ condition is injuri\s to ! batt]y1 j z runn+ 9 a s(t or deflat$ condition is injuri\s to ! tires4 #d4 ,keep ! fill] caps 9 place & screw$ tight1--a half turn tight5s !m4 ,keep batt]y connections tight & clean4 ,a coat+ ( heavy oil or vasel9e w protect ! connectors f corrosion4 ,keep batt]y firmly secur$ 9 place4 ,if hold-d[ns are loose batt]y w %ift ab\t 9 comp>tm5t & result 9 loose connections1 brok5 cells or o!r tr\ble4 #e4 ,exide ,batt]y ,/ations are ma9ta9$ 9 pr9cipal cities & t[ns ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to assi/ y to obta9 good s]vice f y\r batt]y4 ,d n entru/ y\r batt]y to ! c>e ( a novice4 ,q4 ,:at ab\t batt]y gu>antee8 ,a4 ,! ,exide batt]ies are gu>ante$ by ! manufactur]s 7,! ,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa47 to be free f defects 9 mat]ial & workman%ip4 ,at any "t )9 ?ree mon?s f date ( deliv]y to ! pur*as] any batt]y :i* may prove to be defective or incapable1 :5 fully *>g$1 ( giv+ its rat$ capacity1 w be repair$ or replac$ free ( exp5se ^u receipt1 transportation *>ges prepaid1 at any ,exide ,batt]y ,depot or au?oriz$ ,exide ,batt]y ,s]vice ,/ation4 ,?is gu>antee does n cov] ! free *>g+ ( batt]ies nor ! mak+ good ( damage result+ f cont9u$ lack ( fill+ ! cells f "t to "t ) pure wat]4 ,no claims on acc\nt ( alleg$ defects c be all[$ unless made )9 ?ree mon?s ( date ( deliv]y ( batt]y to pur*as]1 & ! "r is res]v$ to refuse to consid] claims 9 ! case ( batt]ies op5$ by o!r ?an au?oriz$ ,exide ,batt]y ,s]vice ,/ations4 ,pur*as]s ( c>s equipp$ ) ! 8,exide0 batt]ies are e>ne/ly urg$ to cop]ate ) ! batt]y manufactur]s to tak+ _! c>s1 z promptly z possible aft] receipt1 by ! ne>e/ ,exide ,batt]y ,s]vice ,/ation 9 ord] t ! batt]y may be te/$ & its condition & in/allation *eck$4 ,no *>ge is made = ?is inspection4 ,,index ,,page ,accumulator #ii ,alignm5t #bbi ,alt]nat+ curr5t #if ,ammet] #ii ,amp]e #ie ,atwat] ,k5t ignition sy/ems #abf ,automobile arrangem5t ( p>ts #bde pa9t+ #bfb tr\bles #bfd ,axles #bab dead1 type #bab front #bad full-float+ #bac live1 type #bab semi-float+ #bab ,batt]y1 /orage #ii ,be>+s1 types ( #bcf ,bijur />t] me*anism #aea ,body1 c>e & wa%+ #bec ,borg & ,beck clut* #aib ,bos* ,magneto1 op]ation ( #aje cutt+ out ignition #aaj safety sp>k gap #aji tim+ ( #ajf ,brakes1 op]ation ( #bah c>e ( #bba equaliz] #bbj ,break] box & di/ributor head assembly1 ,n4,e4 #aag ,cam %aft #ah ,cam %aft drive #ai ,c>1 arrangem5t & p>ts1 clean+ #bdc c>e1 clean+ & wa%+ #bec ,c>buretion #df ,c>buretor1 types1 op]ation #df adju/m5ts ( #ef k]os5e1 pr9ciple ( op]ation #gf adju/m5t #gh ,*>g+ rate1 adju/m5t #afe ,*ok+ coil #ig ,circuit break] #ajj ,clut*1 con/ruction ( #ahi cone type #aia multiple disc type #aib lea!rs & patt]ns #aif ,coil1 non-vibrat+ #ajj ,commutator #ig ,cond5s] #ig ,contact break] #ajj ,cool+ sy/em1 necessity1 types & c>e #hb ,crank %aft1 c\nt]balanc$ #ag f\r-?r[ pla9 #ag ,curr5t1 high t5sion1 l[ t5sion #ie ,cyl9d] head #ad ,delco1 electrical sy/em #if ,diff]5tial ge>s #bjg ,direct curr5t #if ,disc clut*1 clean+ #aie ,di/ributor #ajj ,electric />t] & light equipm5t #adg ,electrical1 equipm5t #aed sy/ems #aec tun+ h9ts #bei ,electrolyte #ii ,eng9e1 #d-;cycle type1 op]ation ( #bi assembly ( #cf c>e & clean+ ( #bec con/ruction & p>ts #ab ,evaporation #hd ,exact magneto tim+ #ajh ,fill+ vacuum tank #id ,fly:eel1 types1 c>e ( #bj ,=d c>1 op]ation & c>e ( #bfi cool+ sy/em #bhg eng9e1 op]ation & c>e ( #bgg ma9t5ance #bhj valve arrangem5t #bgi valve gr9d+ #bhj valve tim+ #bgi gasol9e sy/em #bij ignition sy/em #bie lubrication sy/em #caf ma9t5ance po9ts #cbc muffl] #caj "o-ton truck #cbe re> axle assembly #cjg runn+ ge> #caa />t+ & light+ sy/em #cbh ,=d c>1 tire c>e #cbj transmission sy/em #cja ,fuse1 con/ruction1 use ( #ig ,gasol9e eng9e con/ruction #ab p>ts assembly #cf ,ge>1 %ifts #bjj box arrangem5t #bja ,g5]ator #adg ,greases #dj ,heat$ manifolds #gi ,high spe$ #ahi ,high t5sion curr5t #ie ,hydromet] syr+e #ii ,induction coil #if ,ignition coil1 ,n4,e4 type #aag ,ignition di/ributor1 ,n4,e4 type #aaf ,kick swit* arrangem5t #acg coil #acg ,lamp controll]s #aei ,l5s1 clean+ ( #bed ,lubrication1 ( spr+ leaves #bbd sy/ems #ci ,magneto1 p>ts1 op]ation ( #aja tim+ ( #aac wa%+1 repair #aaa ,ma9 be>+s #ag ,manifold1 action ( #hj ,me*anical alignm5t #bcj ,muffl]s1 design1 c>e ( #hf clean+ #hg ,multiple cyl9d]s #ab ,nor? ,ea/ ,automatic sp>k advance #aba break] cam #abj break] contacts #aai ignition sy/em #aad />t] sy/em #afa ,ohm #ie ,oils1 quality1 grade ( #dj ,oil res]voir #ai ,"o unit1 electrical sy/em #adh ,ov]haul+ c> #bdg ,ov]heat+ #hc ,op]ation ( />t] #aef ,philbr9 ignition sy/em #ada ,pi/ons #ae ,pi/on r+s #ae rod be>+s #af rods #af wri/ p9s #ae ,plung] pump oil+ sy/em1 op]ation ( #db ,p[] /roke #ca lapp+ #cb ,poppet valve1 con/ruction #bc adju/m5t #bc op]ation #bc ,radiator1 clean+ #hc freez+ #hd solutions #hd repairs #hd ,regulation ( g5]ator #ajj ,repair equipm5t #be ,rug clean+ #bed ,runn+ ge>1 wa%+ ( #bec ,s*ebl]-c>buretor1 model ,r1 adju/m5t ( #fc ,=d 8,a10 adju/m5t ( #gd ,=d 8,a10 op]ation ( #gc ,semi-float+ axle1 op]ation ( #bab ,sp>k plugs1 con/ruction ( #ahf c>e ( #ahf ,spla% oil+ sy/em #dj c>e ( #da clean+ ( #da ,spr+1 c>e1 te/s #bbe types1 c>e ( #bbf ,/>t]-,g5]ator1 op]ation ( #afc ,/>t+ motor1 op]ation ( #adi ,/e]+ ge>1 types #bcb adju/m5t ( #bcc c>e ( #bce ,/ew>t c>buretor1 op]ation1 c>e ( & ma9t5ance #fe ,/orage batt]y1 op]ation ( #ahj *>g+ #ahb freez+ #ahe ma9t5ance #ahb ,/ra9] = gasol9e #ic ,/roke #ca ,/romb]g c>buretor1 model ,m #dg model ,l #eh ,sund]man c>buretor1 action ( #fj ,swit*es #ajj ,?ree unit1 electrical sy/em #adh ,tire1 build1 quality #bef *a9s #beg rim c>e #bed ,top1 c>e ( #bed ,transmissions #aih ge> %ifts #bjj box arrangem5t #bja c>e ( #bjb ,tube1 c>e #beh repair+ #beh ,two unit1 electrical sy/em #adh ,univ]sal jo9ts #bjd ,uphol/]+ #bed ,vacuum sy/ems #hi clean+ /ra9] #ic ,vacuum sy/ems1 op]ation ( #ij tr\bles #ic ,valve1 types1 arrangem5t ( #ba gr9d+ #be sett+ #bd sleeve type #bf sett+ ( #bg tim+ m>ks #be ,voltage #ie ,voltaic cells #ii ,wat] cool+ #hb ,wat] v5ts #af ,:eels1 l9+ up #bbi ,w9d%ield1 clean+ & c>e #ii ,wir+ #aad ,wrapp+ spr+s #bbd ,wri/ p9s #ae bu%+s #ae ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! text us$ = ?is e-text is t z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,unless li/$ "u ,*anges bel[1 inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation1 ! inconsi/5t use ( quote m>ks surr\nd+ ref]5ce lett]s or model & type lett]s1 ! inconsi/5t use ( p] c5t ) & )\t full /op1 etc4 h n be5 /&>dis$4 ,! automobile br& consi/5tly call$ ,jeffrey 9 ! text 0 actually call$ ,jeff]y4 ,! 7m9or7 diff]5ces 9 word+ & /ructure betwe5 ! table ( cont5ts & ! text h n be5 /&>dis$4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,page #h3 !re are no sev5te5? & eighte5? items li/$2 items n9ete5 & tw5ty are c>d9al r ?an ord9al numb]s 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #ad1 ,fig4 #c3 ! oddly %ap$ cyl9d] head is z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #cc1 444 ,tw91 ,f\r1 & ,six ,cyl9d]$ ,motors 444 & 444 a case :]e two1 f\r1 or two six cyl9d]$ motors are set 4443 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 ! commas betwe5 ,tw9 & ,f\r & betwe5 two & f\r are possibly errone\s4 ,page #ce1 calculation ( pi/on displacem5t3 ! calculation results 9 #aib4db cubic in*es4 ,page #ed3 ,fig4 #cb %[s an ext]ior photograph 4443 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 ,fig4 #cb is obvi\sly a draw+4 ,page #abh & #ace3 ,fig4 #fh & ,fig4 #ge & _! captions are id5tical 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #aei & #ahc3 ,fig4 #ia & ,fig4 #ajc & _! captions are id5tical 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #bje ,:itemore & page #cbg ,:ittemore3 possibly misspell+s ( ,:itmore4 ,*anges ,mo/ tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,9 "s tables & li/s ! ditto "* has be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,"s m9or obvi\s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,above or und]nea? "s illu/rations ind5t$ texts provide transcriptions ( ! explanatory & descriptive texts inside ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,^! transcriptions d n occur z su* 9 ! s\rce docum5t b h be5 provid$ = ! sake ( legibility & se>*ability4 ,page xii3 page numb] #abf ins]t$4 ,page #a-b3 ,daiml] 0 consi/5tly spell$ ,diaml]2 ?is has be5 correct$4 ,page #c3 ,m>quis de ,do9 *ang$ to ,m>quis de ,dion4 ,page #cc3 444 a /agg>d position 444 *ang$ to 444 a /agg]$ position 4444 ,page #dg3 444 ?r\gh a v]ticle *annel 444 *ang$ to 444 ?r\gh a v]tical *annel 4444 ,page #dg1 #dh3 444 air bl$ jet 444 *ang$ to 444 air ble$ jet 444 7#b times274 ,page #gj3 444 :i* embodies a radically new pr9cipal 444 *ang$ to 444 :i* embodies a radically new pr9ciple 4444 ,page #hb3 ,x acts on ! pr9cipal t 444 *ang$ to ,x acts on ! pr9ciple t 4444 ,page #hd3 444 its freez+ po9t be+ #h bel[ z]o 444 *ang$ to 444 its freez+ po9t be+ #h bel[ z]o 4444 ,page #hg3 444 are scrapp$ & rubb$ 444 *ang$ to 444 are scrap$ & rubb$ 4444 ,page #ih3 ref]5ce lett]s ,a-,f 9 p>agraph ,dynamo *ang$ to l[] case z 9 illu/ration4 ,page #aag3 444 ! v]ticle %aft be>+ sleeve 444 *ang$ to 444 ! v]tical %aft be>+ sleeve 4444 ,page #abf3 444 :i* elim9ate tr\bles 444 *ang$ to 444 :i* elim9ates tr\bles 4444 ,page #aeb3 ,figs4 #hg 7,position #b;,a7 & #hg;,a 7,position #c7 h be5 plac$ 9 ! "r ord]4 ,page #afi3 444 9 contact ) ! e> 444 *ang$ to 444 9 contact ) ! ge> 4444 ,page #agh3 444 %[n at ,d & ,c 7,fig4 #ii7 444 *ang$ to 444 %[n at ,d & ,c 7,fig4 #ajj7 4444 ,page #bca3 444 ,e-,,el l9es drawn ?r\gh ! sp9dles w meet at ,f 444 *ang$ to 444 e-e#a l9es drawn ?r\gh ! sp9dles w meet at ,e 4442 444 ! l9es ,e & ,e#a meet at diff]5t angles 444 *ang$ to 444 ! l9es e & e#a meet at diff]5t angles 4444 ,page #bfj3 444 ! ne>e/ mettle "p4 *ang$ to 444 ! ne>e/ metal "p4 ,page #ccc3 444 %[ a read+ ( #a1bjj or less4 *ang$ to 444 %[ a read+ ( #a4bjj or less4