,frontispiece3 ,,jan ,,arnolf9i ,,&     
,,jeanne ,,de ,,*5any4  ,,by ,,jan ,,van
 ,,eyck4          ,bell's ,m9iature     
,s]ies ( ,pa9t]s        ,,! ,,bro!rs    
,,van ,,eyck      ,,by      ,p4 ,g4     
,,konody          ,,london    ,,george  
,,bell  ,,sons    #aijg          ,,table
 ,,( ,,cont5ts      ,,! ,,times ,,( ,,! 
,,bro!rs ,,van ,,eyck    ,,hub]t ,,van  
,,eyck    ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck    ,,!     
,,inv5tion ,,( ,,oil-,,pa9t+    ,,!     
,,art ,,( ,,! ,,van ,,eycks             
,,collaboration ,,( ,,! ,,bro!rs        
,,our ,,illu/rations    ,,li/ ,,(       
,,works1 ,,catalogu$ ,,accord+ ,,to     
,,locality          ,,li/ ,,(           
,,illu/rations      ,,jan ,,arnolf9i ,,&
 ,,jeanne ,,de ,,*5any    7,national    
,gall]y7 - - - ,frontispiece    ,by ,jan
 van ,eyck4    ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,!  
,,lamb 7,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,bavo1 ,gh5t7    
,by ,hub]t & ,jan van ,eyck4    ,,!     
,,en?ronem5t ,,( ,,?omas  ,,becket      
7,*atswor?7    ,by ,jan van ,eyck4      
,,! ,,man ,,) ,,! ,,p9ks 7,b]l9 ,museum7

    ,by ,jan van ,eyck4    ,,/4 ,,b>b>a 
7,antw]p ,museum7    ,by ,jan van ,eyck4
    ,,! ,,j ,,judges1 ,,& ,,*ri/',s     
,,w>riors 7,b]l9 ,museum7    ,by ,hub]t 
& ,jan van ,eyck4    ,,portrait ,,(     
,,timo?y 7,national ,gall]y7    ,by ,jan
 van ,eyck4    ,,! ,,van ,,d] ,,paele   
,,alt>-,,piece 7,bruges ,museum7    ,by 
,jan van ,eyck4          #a    ,,!      
,,times ,,( ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,van ,,eyck   
,! unusual activity :i* dur+ ! latt]    
half ( ! f\rte5?  & ! fir/ half ( !     
fifte5? c5turies ?robb$ ?r\gh\t !  :ole 
( ! ,ne!rl&s =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ &   
surpris+ /udies ( national progress t   
hi/ory has furni%$4    ,geographically &
 politically1 9 h] arts & 9 h]          
indu/ries1  ! c\ntry 0 affect$ by *anges
 bo? radical & la/+4  ,"s  ye>s be=e !  
p]iod :i* embraces ! life ( ! subjects (
  ?is biographical sket*1 ! ,g]man      
,ocean _h invad$ ! nor!rn  t]ritory ( ! 
,ne!rl&s1 & _h disorganis$ a ,p>liam5t &
  divid$ a p4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? 
c5tury ov]  ! :ole ( t l[-ly+ & m>%y    

tract betwe5 ,kamp5 on !  ea/ & ,am/]dam
 to we/w>d1 & s\?w>d to )9 sight (      
,nieuk]k1 ! ,nor? ,sea swept 9 ^u ! #b  
inl& lake ( ,flevo1  swall[+ ?\s&s (    
hamlets1 villages1 & t[ns sudd5ly &     
completely4  ,until ?is "t !re _h be5 b 
"o ,friesl&1  includ+ ,holl&1 divid$    
only by ! ,vlie1 a small /ream h>dly to 
be c\nt$ a riv]4  ,n[ ,ea/ ,friesl& &   
,we/ ,friesl& 7  divid$ by ?is va/ /ret*
 ( wat]1 ! /ormy & dang]\s  ,zuyd]zee1 &
 x became impossible = ,holl& to s5d h] 
repres5tatives to ! g5]al assemblies at 
,auri*4  ,we/ ,friesl&  0 absorb$ by    
,holl&1 & ,ea/ ,friesl& became a        
self-gov]n+  ,/ate1 & rema9$ su* until !
 p[] ( ,*>les ,v4 0  e/abli%$4  ,?us    
politically z well z geographically 0 ! 
c\ntry disrupt$ by ! =ces ( ,nature4    
,to trace ! rise ( ! ,ne!rl&s z a       
,european ,p[] f a m  remote p]iod ?an !
 beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury w\ld be      
beyond ! range ( ?is sket*2 b = !       
purpose ( %[+ !  g5]al advance ( !      
c\ntry's int]e/s a brief summ>y ( !     

ev5ts culm9at+ 9 ! wellnigh despotic p[]
 ( ! ,h\se (  ,burgundy may refre% !    
read]'s m9d1 z !y affect !  con/itution 
( ! nation1 & may s]ve to po9t cause #c 
&  effect 9 ! increas+ prosp]ity ( !    
c\ntry & 9 !  result+ advance ( art2 = j
 z ! political influ5ce ( !  ,burgundian
 ,pr9ces spread f _! h]$it>y prov9ces   
fir/ ov]  ,fl&]s & ,brabant--ov] t "p ( 
! ,ne!rl&s :i* is n[  kn[n z ,belgium--&
 f9ally ov] ! ,dut* prov9ces1 s !       
curr5t ( art swept f ,burgundy to ,fl&]s
 & !nce to ,holl&4    ,at ! beg9n+ ( !  
f\rte5? c5tury ,holl& 0 rul$ by !  ,h\se
 ( ,av5nes1 ,c\nts ( ,ha9ault4  ,holl&  
hav+ previ\s to !  accession ( ! ,av5nes
 annex$ ,zeel&1 ! ?ree prov9ces may     
almo/ be reg>d$ z ! nucleus ( ! ,dut*   
p[]4  ,william ,,iv41  la/ ( ! ,ha9ault 
l9e1 di$ *ildless 9 #acee4  ,8 dea? 0 ! 
signal = ! outbreak ( a long & spasmodic
 s]ies ( civil  di/urbances betwe5 !    
nobles & ! cities & municipalities4  ,^!
 p>ties1 kn[n by ! titles ( ! ,hooks & !
 ,kabblejaus  7codfi%71 cont9u$ _!      

int]mitt5t /rife ?r\gh\t !  succe$+ #aej
 ye>s4  ,9 ! meantime ,william ,,iv4 0  
succe$$ by  ,william ( ,bav>ia4  ,!n    
foll[$ 8 bro!r ,alb]t1 :o 0 9  turn     
succe$$ by 8 son ,william ,,vi4  ,at !  
dea? ( ! latt] #d  ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 7  
left 9 ! unc]ta9 h&s ( 8 "y  daught]1   
,jacquel9e1 a girl ( sev5te54           
,jacquel9e1 x appe>s1  l$ any?+ b a     
happy life4  ,h] c\s91 ,philip ! ,good1 
,duke (  ,burgundy1 = ?irte5 ye>s       
plund]$ & robb$ h]1 & at h]  dea? 9     
#adcg he _h already dispossess$ h] ( h] 
l&s &  r$uc$ h] f ! position ( ,sov]eign
 to t ( ,lady ,=e/]  9 h] own prov9ces1 
:il/ = himself he _h laid ! f\ndation  (
 t ,great] ,ne!rl&s :i* by conque/ &    
annexation he  proce$$ to ext5d4        
,hav+ acquir$ ! pr9cipal ,ne!rl&s &     
inh]it$ ! two  ,burgundies & ! c\nties (
 ,fl&]s & ,artois1 he _h pur*as$  !     
c\nty ( ,namur1 usurp$ ! du*y (         
,brabant1 & annex$ !  b>ony ( ,me*l94   
,a few ye>s lat] he acquir$ also ! du*y 
(  ,luxemb\rg4    ,philip 0 n[ ! rul] ( 

:at may be t]m$ a k+dom ( sev]al        
peoples1 :o1 ?\gh 9 a measure di/9ct1 7 
( simil>  temp]am5t & "*1 & :o may be   
c\nt$ n[ z "o4  ,nev]  has conqu]or be5 
9 a happi] position :5 fac$ ) ! problem 
( weld+ toge!r 8 conque/s4  #e ,=       
,philip rul$ ^? ^:  int]e/s 7 simil>1 & 
^: *>act]i/ics 7 almo/  id5tical--a p   
born ( ! sea1 /rong & fe>less1 :o _h    
liv$ by /rife ) _! fell[s & by /rife )  
,nature2 a  p born to toil & to h>d%ip1 
^: battle = life _h be5  ) ,nature      
h]self--a race :i* = c5turies _h f\ght )
 swamp  & wat] ye> 91 ye> out1 conqu]+ a
 mile ( morass or pat* (  b>r5 furze1   
/riv+ = ! soil to live ^u1 work+ n =    
gold1 b = life4  ,?is nation _h n[      
become a p[] ( natural  /r5g? & (       
dom9at+ physique1 virile & live &       
expansive1  ^: sons1 ) brooms at _!     
ma/heads1 %\ld lat] sweep !  seas f ^:  
de/ructive embrace %e _h succe$$ 9 wre/+
  h]self4    ,"u ! rule ( ! ,burgundian 
! prosp]ity ( ! ,ne!rl&s  rapidly       
increas$4  ,9 ,holl& & 9 ,fl&]s1 9      

,brabant & 9 !  o!r lead+ prov9ces1     
indu/ry & weal?1 agriculture1 comm]ce1  
& manufactures1 7 ev] augm5t+4  ,:ile   
,philip1 9 ! z5i?  ( 8 p[]1 flu%$ ) !   
passion & success ( t]ritorial          
acquisition1 busi$ himself ) !          
glorification ( 8 sov]eignty  by f\nd+  
at ,bruges1 amid a #f sc5e (            
indescribable spl5d\r1  ! ,ord] ( !     
,gold5 ,fleece1 to ! hon\r ( ,god1 ( !  
,bless$  ,virg91 & ( ! holy ,&rew1 a    
pr9ciple m pot5t ?an ev5  t]ritorial p[]
 0 evolv+4  ,= 9 ,ha>lem an undi/+ui%$  
sexton wre/l$ ) ! intricacies ( !       
pr9t+-press4  ,lor5z  ,co/] 0 pr9t+ 8   
book ( ! ,dut* language4  ,! "q z  to ! 
"t & place ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ w       
probably  nev] be settl$ to !           
satisfaction ( ,holl& & ,g]many2 b !  m5
 ( ,ha>lem /ill claim ^u v s\nd &       
sub/antial evid5ce  t betwe5 #adbc &    
#addj _! citiz5 0 ! fir/ to employ      
movable type1 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ ! 
inv5tion ( pr9t+  prop]1 z di/+ui%$ f ! 
m anci5t block-pr9t+4    ,:atev]        

objection may be legitimately rais$ to !
 application (  ! title ,! ,good to a   
rul] ( ,philip's "*1 ?is  ,burgundian _h
 _m ( ! qualities t g to ! mak+ ( a     
successful mon>*4  ,8 milit>y tal5ts 7  
consid]able2 8  political me?ods1 ?\gh  
despotic1 7 practicable4  ,?\gh he  tax$
 ! weal? ( 8 c\ntry1 he protect$ &      
enc\rag$ !  comm]ce & #g manufactures ( 
,holl& & ,fl&]s1 _! arts &  crafts1     
sci5ce & lit]ature4  ,he f\nd$ at       
,bruges ! fam\s  ,burgundian ,libr>y4   
,he remodell$1 & to "s ext5t end[$1 !   
,univ]sity ( ,l\va94  ,8 munific5ce &   
pr9cely g5]osity  attract$ to 8 ,c\rt at
 ,bruges m5 ( lett]s l ,oliv] de la     
,m>*e & ,philippe de ,comm9es1 & fam\s  
pa9t]s l ,jan van  ,eyck1 & p]haps1 ?\gh
 we lack docum5t>y evid5ce1 8 eld]      
bro!r ,hub]t1 :o gave1 p]haps1 m to !   
art ( pa9t+ ?an  ev5 did ,co/] to ! art 
( pr9t+1 or ,philip himself to !        
sci5ces ( /atesman%ip & w>4    ,! mo/   
sali5t po9ts 9 ! life & "w ( ^! two     
bro!rs1  :o close ! p]iod ( /iff ,go?ic 

m$ievalism & /& on !  ?re%old ( mod]n   
art1 & ^: improvem5ts 9 ! te*nical      
me?ods ( _! art op5$ up to _! successors
 un?\ght-(  possibilities1 are %r\d$ 9  
deep my/]y1 & ! mo/ rec5t  rese>* to :i*
 a numb] ( ?or\ghly compet5t sci5tific  
exp]ts  h devot$ !mselves1 :il/ produc+ 
_m +5i\s !ories &  d$uctions1 has1 9 a  
c]ta9 s5se1 add$ to ! confusion by  ?r[+
 d\bt ^u ! au!nticity ( docum5ts #h &   
inscriptions :i* _h =m]ly pass$         
undisput$1 & =m$ !  basis ( ! un/able   
edifice t _h be5 erect$ ar\nd ! vague   
fame ( ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck4  ,?is       
unc]ta9ty beg9s ) !  p>5tage & ! place &
 date ( bir? ( ! two ma/]s1 &  ext5ds to
 ! two supreme a*ievem5ts to :i* !y owe 
_!  fame--! reput$ inv5tion ( oil-pa9t+1
 :i* 0 v>i\sly  ascrib$ to ,hub]t &     
,jan1 !n d5i$ to bo? ( !m1 &1  f9ally1  
giv5 back to ,hub]t 9 ! =m ( an         
improvem5t on !  me?ods ( oil-pa9t+     
practis$ dur+ ! p]iod2 & !  mu*-quot$   
inscription on ! fam\s ,gh5t alt>-piece1
 ,!  ,adoration ( ! ,lamb1 :i* has be51 

& mu/ rema91 !  />t+-po9t = all rese>* 9
 ?is matt]1 ev5 ?\gh ! late  ,h5ri      
,b\*ot1 ,keep] ( ! ,pr9t ,cab9et ( !    
,biblio?que  ,nationale1 sugge/s t ?is  
inscription may h be5 add$ :5  ! picture
 0 re/or$ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4
  ,at  e turn we are fac$ by simil>     
d\bts & contradictions1  especially 9 ! 
case ( ,hub]t1 ab\t ^: life & do+s we h 
s little docum5t>y evid5ce t we h to    
fall back entirely  ^u conjecture &     
d$uction4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!          
,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,lamb4  ,,by       
,,hub]t ,,& ,,jan ,,van  ,,eyck4        
#i    ,,hub]t ,,van ,,eyck    ,if ,joes 
van ,eyck & ,m>g>et van d5 ,huntfanghe1 
:o are ent]$ 9  ! regi/] ( ! ,gh5t      
,guild ( ,pa9t]s = #acia1 are ! p>5ts  (
 ! two ma/]s :o h made ! "n ( ,van ,eyck
 immortal1 we  %\ld h pro( ( _! desc5t f
 arti/ic /ock1 :i* may be  tak5 = grant$
 9 view ( ! fact t n only ,hub]t & ,jan1
  b also a ?ird bro!r1 ,lamb]t1 & a     
si/]1 ,m>g>et1 devot$  !mselves to ! art
 ( pa9t+1 ?\gh ,lamb]t--if he really be 

responsible = ! pictures :i* /& to 8    
cr$it--0 a man (  b m$iocre tal5t2 :il/ 
we h no evid5ce ( ! activity (  ,m>g>et1
 :o 0 mo/ probably a m9iaturi/ or       
illum9ator4    ,x is believ$ t ,hub]t   
7or ,huybre*t7 van ,eyck 0 born at      
,maaseyck1 or p]haps at ! village (     
,eyck ne> t t[n1 betwe5  #acff & #acgj1 
& t he receiv$ 8 arti/ic tra9+ ei!r at  
,cologne or at ,maa/ri*t2 b ! fir/      
def9ite m5tion we h (  him #aj is 9     
,gh5t1 :]e he ev5tually settl$1 & :]e1 9
  #adbd1 ! ar*ives record t he 0 paid   
c]ta9 sums = draw+s4  ,?\gh ,mr4 ,weale 
& o!r au?orities hold ! view t1 be=e    
settl+ 9 ,gh5t1 ,hub]t mu/ h travell$ to
 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1  !re is absolutely no
 evid5ce to ?is effect4  ,! pa9t+s ( !  
two bro!rs c]ta9ly conta9 details :i*   
reveal intimate  acqua9tance ) ,s\!rn   
vegetation & m\nta9 =mation2 b1 z  w be 
se5 lat]1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m>ks has fairly  
well e/abli%$ !  fact t ! y\ng] bro!r1  
,jan1 mu/ be held responsible = su*     
pa9t+s or portions ( pa9t+s z prove ! k 

( ,nature  9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe4    ,! "n 
( ,hub]t van ,eyck occurs 9 two o!r     
docum5ts1 quot$ by  ,edmond de ,buss*] 9
 8 ,re*]*es sur les ,pe9tres ,gantois1 b
  ! au!nticity ( bo? ^! entries has     
lately be5 que/ion$4  ,! fir/ ( !m1 :i* 
is prov$ to be a =g]y1 records !        
admission ( ,hub]t & ( 8 si/]1 ,m>g>et1 
into !  ,confrat]nity ( ,our ,lady ( !  
,rays at ,gh5t 9 #adai2 ! o!r !         
affiliation ( ,hub]t & ,jan1 9 #adba1 to
 ! ,corporation (  ,pa9t]s & ,sculptors 
( ,gh5t4  #aa ,accord+ to ! word+ (  !  
latt] entry1 x may be ga!r$ t ! election
 ( ! two  ma/]s 0 s en?usia/ic &        
unanim\s t ! ,corporation  disp5s$ ) !  
conditions & =malities usual on !       
admission  ( free ma/]s to ! guild4     
,?is unusual affiliation1 ( :i* !       
,livre du ,mti] ,gantois does n reveal  
ano!r example1 is !re  quot$ z a homage 
r5d]$ to ! memory ( ,mi*elle de ,france1
  ,c\ntess ( ,fl&]s1 & fir/ wife (      
,philip ! ,good1 :o appe>s  to h held ! 
two bro!rs 9 special fav\r4  ,!         

,corporation1 9  ?us grant+ to !m !     
pr(essional fran*ise ( ,gh5t1 at !  same
 "t express$ _! e/eem = _! tal5t1 & !   
pi\s  remembrance 9 :i* !y held ! memory
 ( _! ,que5 ,consort4    ,( ,hub]t's    
e>ly "w we h absolutely no record1 & no 
picture  is kn[n :i* be>s 8 signature4  
,inde$1 ! only pa9t+s :i*  c ) absolute 
c]ta9ty be assign$ to him are ! great   
,gh5t  alt>-piece1 pa9t$ = ,jodoc ,vydt1
 on :i* he 0 engag$ at !  "t ( 8 dea?1 &
 :i* 0 f9i%$ six ye>s lat] by 8  bro!r  
,jan2 & ! %utt] ( a tripty* at ! ,royal 
,gall]y at  #ab ,cop5hag51 :i* repres5ts
 ,rob]t ,poorti]1 ( ,gh5t1  protect$ by 
,/4 ,an?ony1 ) ! ,angel ,gabriel on !   
rev]se4  ,rob]t ,poorti]'s w1 made 9    
#adbf1 a few mon?s be=e ,hub]t's  dea?1 
m5tions ?is tripty* z be+ 9 ! ma/]'s    
work%op4  ,on  ! int]nal evid5ce ( ^!   
two au!ntic works attempts h be5  made  
to trace ,hub]t's h& 9 sev]al o!r       
pictures1 ?\gh _!  numb] is s f>        
re/rict$ to only sev54  ,x has be5      
sugge/$  t ,hub]t may 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( 8

 c>e] h devot$  himself to m9iature     
pa9t+2 & ! wond]ful ,tur9 m9iatures     
publi%$ by ,m4 ,paul ,durrieu 9 !       
,gazette des ,beaux-,arts 7,janu>y  &   
,febru>y1 #aijc71 :i* date f ! same     
p]iod1 %[ su*  m>k$ k9%ip ) ,hub]t's    
conception & /yle t !y may well  be ! "w
 ( 8 own h&4  ,! sc>city ( 8 pa9t+s w\ld
  ?us be acc\nt$ = if1 ant]ior to !     
exp]im5ts :i* l$ to  ! inv5tion ( ! new 
me?od ( oil-pa9t+ ab\t #adaj1 ,hub]t  _h
 ex]cis$ 8 r>e gifts 9 a diff]5t field4 
,f ! word+ ( 8 epitaph1 :i* has be5 h&$ 
d[n to u1 x  is made cle> t ,hub]t di$  
on ,septemb] #ah1 #adbf4  ,z translat$  
by ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake1 9 8 ,mat]ials  
#ac = a ,hi/ory (  ,oil-,pa9t+1 ?is     
epitaph runs z foll[s3 ,take w>n+ f me1 
ye :o walk ov] me4  ,i 0 z y are1 b am  
n[ buri$ dead  b5ea? y4  ,?us x appe>s t
 nei!r art nor m$ic9e avail$  me4  ,art1
 hon\r1 wisdom1 p[]1 afflu5ce1 are n    
sp>$ :5 dea?  comes4  ,i 0 call$ ,hub]t 
van ,eyck2 ,i am n[ food = worms4       
,=m]ly kn[n & highly hon\r$ 9 pa9t+1 ?is

 0 all %ortly  aft] turn$ to no?+4  ,x 0
 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l "o ?\s&  f\r hundr$ &  
tw5ty-six1 on ! eighte5? day (          
,septemb]1 t  ,i r5d]$ up my s\l to     
,god1 9 suff]+s4  ,pray ,god = me1 ye :o
  love art1 t ,i may atta9 to ,8 sight4 
,flee s91 turn to !  be/1 = y mu/ foll[ 
me at la/4  ,hub]t 0 buri$ 9 !  crypt ( 
! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,bavo at ,gh5t4  ,:51  
ow+ to "s  /ructural alt]ations to !    
*ur*1 ?is crypt 0 de/roy$1 !  tombs1    
includ+ ,hub]t's1 7 remov$ & ! bones    
disp]s$4  ,only ,hub]t's "r arm 0 plac$ 
9 an iron case & exhibit$ z a  relic4   
#ad    ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck    ,! date (  
,jan van ,eyck's bir? is z unc]ta9 z t (
 8  bro!r's4  ,tradition has x t ! two  
bro!rs are portray$ on  ! panel ( !     
great ,gh5t alt>-piece1 :i* repres5ts ,!
 ,j  ,judges4  ,^! portraits sugge/ a   
diff]5ce ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s  betwe5 !    
two1 s t ! bir? ( ,jan w\ld h to be     
plac$  some:]e betwe5 #achf & #acij4    
,hub]t be+ ?us ab\t tw5ty  ye>s 8 s5ior1
 x is natural to suppose t ,jan receiv$ 

f him  8 e>ly education 9 matt]s ( art4 
,guicci>d9i1 van ,m&]1 &  o!r e>ly      
writ]s1 affirm t ! two bro!rs work$ 9   
collaboration1 & !re is no reason to    
d\bt t ,jan 9 8 e>ly  ye>s assi/$ 8     
bro!r 9 _m or mo/ ( 8 pa9t+s--p]haps    
ev5 9 ! ,gh5t alt>-piece1 :i* he f9i%$  
aft] ! eld]  bro!r's dea?4  ,x is       
c]ta9ly a curi\s fact t1 ) a s+le       
exception--! completely ov]-pa9t$       
,en?ronem5t ( ,/4 ,?omas (  ,cant]bury  
at #ae ,*atswor?--all ! sign$ pictures  
by ,jan be>  dates po/]ior to ! dea? (  
,hub]t4  ,& x is equally  significant t 
! fir/ ( ?is s]ies ( t5 sign$ pictures  
is  dat$ #adcb1 ! ye> ( ! completion ( !
 ,gh5t alt>-piece1  :i* 0 ! la/ "w 9 :i*
 bo? bro!rs _h a %>e4    ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,en?ronem5t ,,( ,,?omas  ,,becket1 
,,by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck4    ,! *ief     
ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jan van ,eyck c be    
ga!r$ fairly  accurately f contempor>y  
records & docum5ts4  ,9 #adbb ,jan      
ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,john ( ,bav>ia1 at t  
"t ,duke (  ,luxemb\rg1 ^: h\sehold     

acc\nts %[ ! paym5t ( a weekly  wage to 
! arti/1 f ,octob] #be1 #adbb1 till     
,septemb]1 #adbd1 =  ! decoration ( !   
palace at ! ,hague4  ,m4 ,b\*ot m5tion$ 
an  e>li] record ( ,jan's do+s1 :5 he   
believ$ he discov]$ him at  ,cambrai    
decorat+ a ,pas*al c&le4  ,b ! em95t    
,fr5* critic  probably confus$ ,jan van 
,eyck ) "o ,jan de ,yeke1 ^: "n  occurs 
9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,cambrai z t 
( a man  employ$ 9 #adbb & _m foll[+    
ye>s 9 pa9t+ crosses1  clocks1 & c&les  
on ! out] wall ( ! ca!dral to det] !    
pass]s-by f committ+ nuisances6    ,9 ! 
spr+ ( #adbe ,jan van ,eyck 0 #af       
appo9t$ v>let de  *ambre to ,philip !   
,good1 & ?\gh ?is pr9cely patron avail$ 
himself ( ! ma/]'s s]vices z a pa9t]1 x 
w\ld appe> f a  lett] sign$ by ,philip1 
& be>+ ! date ,m>* #ab1 #adcd1 t  !     
appo9tm5t ( ,jan to ! position ( ,c\rt  
pa9t] to !  ,burgundian ,pr9ce only took
 place 9 t ye> 7#adcd74  ,/ill1 z  v>let
 de *ambre ,jan van ,eyck mu/ h enjoy$ a
 position (  consid]able tru/ & emolum5t

 at ! h&s ( 8 augu/ ma/]1  = on m ?an "o
 occasion we f9d him entru/$ ) important
  missions1 "s ( :i* took him to !      
,portuguese ,c\rt4  ,! fir/  ( ^!       
excursions took place :5 he _h resid$ = 
?ree mon?s  at ,bruges4  ,on 8 return he
 w5t at ,philip's ord] to live at       
,lille1  :]e he rema9$ until #adbh4  ,8 
missions 7 g5]ally ( a  secret nature1 b
 on "o ( ^! occasions1 9 ! ye> #adbh1 we
  f9d ,jan aga9 abs5t 9 ,portugal1      
return+ to ! ,c\rt ( ,philip  9 ! suite 
( ,isabella ( ,portugal1 :o 0 de/9$ to  
become !  royal consort4  ,ga*>d1 9 !   
,collection de ,docum5ts ,9dits         
concevnant l',hi/oire de ,belgique1     
gives a detail$ acc\nt ( !  arti/'s     
movem5ts f 8 dep>ture f cluse on ,octob]
 #ai1  #adbh1 to 8 #ag return 9 ,janu>y1
 #adcj4  ,accord+ to ^! dates1  :i* are 
ga!r$ f contempor>y docum5ts1 !         
ambassadors )  ! ,infanta set out f     
,lisbon on ,octob] #h1 #adbi4  ,! app>5t
  discrepancy betwe5 ^! dates & t (     
,janu>y #aj1 #adbi1 :i*1  at ! ,gold5   

,fleece ,exhibition at ,bruges 9 #aijg1 
0 giv5 z !  date ( ! f\ndation ( ?is    
,ord]1 & consequ5tly ( !  nuptials (    
,philip & ,isabella & ( ,jan's return to
 ,bruges1 is  easily acc\nt$ = if we    
rememb] t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>  0 !n reckon$
 f ,m>* #a1 s t ,janu>y1 #adcj1 ( our   
own  reckon+ w\ld tally ) ,janu>y1      
#adbi1 ( ! contempor>y  cal5d>4         
,jan's fir/ duty on arrival at !        
,portuguese ,c\rt 0 to pa9t !  portrait 
( ! ,pr9cess4  ,x appe>s t he 0 at "w ^u
 ?is  picture = a mon?4  ,sev]al        
portraits ( ,isabella are /ill extant   
pa9t$ 9 ! mann] ( ! van ,eycks1 & po9t+ 
to ! same  orig91 b none has s f> be5   
discov]$ to possess qualities or        
details :i* w\ld ju/ify its             
id5tification z ,jan's orig9al  panel4  
,evid5tly ,jan's portrait 0 pleas+ to ! 
eye ( !  ,l[l& mon>*1 = ^u ,philip      
express+ 8 satisfaction ) !  p]sonal    
appe>ance #ah ( ,isabella1 ! ambassadors
 & ! bride  imm$iately emb>k$ on !      
homew>d j\rney4  ,soon aft] 8           

return--namely1 9 #adca--;,jan b\ght a  
h\se 9 ,bruges1 :]e he  m>ri$ & cont9u$ 
to "w1 aft] ! completion ( ! ,gh5t      
alt>-piece 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 until 8 dea?1
 :i* took place  ab\t ! end ( ,june1    
#adda4  ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/4   
,donatian at ,bruges1 b 8 body 0        
subsequ5tly remov$ to a vault  ne> !    
font ( t *ur*4    ,mr4 ,weale1 :ile     
arrang+ ! ar*ives ( ,/4 ,donatian at    
,bruges1  discov]$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! fabric
 ( ! *ur* = ! ye>  beg9n+ ,june #be1    
#addj1 & end+ ,june #bd1 #adda1 entries 
( sums  receiv$ = ! grave ( ,jan van    
,eyck & = ! r++ ( !  fun]al bell1 & 9 ! 
obitu>y ( ! *ur* 8 anniv]s>y set  d[n z 
celebrat$ on ,july #i4  ,9 an article 9 
! ,burl+ton  ,magaz9e 7#aijd7 ,mr4      
,weale makes ! foll[+ comm5t3 ,h5ce x   
appe>s c]ta9 t he di$ on ,july #i1      
#addj4  ,?is date1 n[  g5]ally accept$1 
is1 h[ev]1 incorrect4  ,two entries 9 ! 
acc\nt ( ,walt] ,p\la91 ,receiv]-,g5]al 
( ,fl&]s = ! ye>  end+ ,decemb] #ca1    
#adda1 prove t ,john's dea? #ai took    

place 9  #adda1 b leave ! exact day     
unc]ta94  ,?ree entries %[ t  ,jan di$  
ab\t ! end ( ,june1 & t on ,july #bb a  
grant ( #cfj  livres--! equival5t ( h]  
husb&'s sal>y = half a ye>--0  made to  
,jan's wid[ by ! ,duke ,philip 9        
recognition ( ! s]vices  r5d]$ by h]    
deceas$ husb&4  ,x also %[s t ,jan's    
wife 0  nam$ ,m>g>et1 & t he left at    
lea/ two *ildr5--"o1 !  ,duke's god*ild1
 ,philip or ,philipp9a1 born 9 ,june1   
#adcd2 ! o!r1  ,ly5nie1 :o became a nun 
at ,maaseyck 9 #addi1 :i* l5ds col\r to 
! !ory t ,maaseyck 0 h] fa!r's          
bir?place4    ,8 epitaph1 z translat$ by
 ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake1 runs3 ,"h lies   
,joannes1 :o 0 celebrat$ = 8 surpass+   
skill1 & ^:  felicity 9 pa9t+ excit$    
wond]4  ,he pa9t$ brea?+ =ms1 &  ! e>?'s
 surface1 cov]$ ) fl[]y vegetation1     
complet+ ea*  "w to ! life4  ,h5ce      
,phidias & ,apelles mu/ give place to   
him1  & ,polycletus be consid]$ 8       
inf]ior 9 art4  ,call1 !re=e1  ! ,fates 
mo/ cruel1 :o h snat*$ f u su* a man4   

,yet  cease to weep1 = de/9y is         
immutable2 pray only n[ to ,god t he    
may live 9 heav54          #bj    ,,!   
,,inv5tion ,,( ,,oil-,,pa9t+            
,tradition has = c5turies connect$ ! "n 
( ,van ,eyck ) !  inv5tion ( oil-pa9t+1 
& has fix$ ^u ! ye> #adaj z !  date (   
?is inv5tion4  ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! ye>  
giv5 by su*  e>ly writ]s z ,guicci>d9i1 
,vas>i1 ,opme]1 & ,k>el van ,m&]4       
,vas>i1 inde$1 gives a mo/ detail$ &    
circum/antial acc\nt (  ?is epo*-mak+   
ev5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,aret9e         
biograph]1  0 br\ght ab\t by ! s+le-h&$ 
ef=ts ( ,jan4  ,& x is  easy to und]/& t
 ! fame ( ! eld] bro!r _h 9 !  sixte5?  
c5tury become obscur$ & m]g$ 9 t ( !    
brilliantly successful ,jan1 ! v>let de 
*ambre & (ficial  ,c\rt pa9t]4  ,?is    
,giovanni ( ,bruggia1 ,vas>i tells u1   
aft]  hav+ giv5 extreme lab\r to !      
completion ( a c]ta9 picture1  & ) great
 dilig5ce br\ght x to a successful      
issue1 he gave x  ! v>ni% & set x to dry
 9 ! sun1 z is ! cu/om4  ,b  :e!r       

because #ba ! heat 0 too viol5t1 or t ! 
wood 0  badly jo9$ or insuffici5tly     
season$1 ! picture gave way at !  jo9+s1
 op5+ 9 a v deplorable mann]4  ,!reupon 
,giovanni1  p]ceiv+ ! mis*ief done to 8 
"w by ! heat ( ! sun1  det]m9$ to proce$
 9 su* a mann] t ! same ?+ %\ld  nev]   
aga9 injure 8 "w 9 l mann]4  ,& z he 0  
no less  emb>rass$ by 8 v>ni%es ?an by !
 process ( temp]a-pa9t+1  he turn$ 8    
?\ghts to ! discov]y ( "s sort ( v>ni% t
  w\ld dry 9 ! %ad[1 to ! end t he ne$ n
 expose 8  pictures to ! sun4           
,accord+ly1 aft] hav+ made _m exp]im5ts 
on sub/ances1 pure & mix$1 he f9ally    
discov]$ t l9se$ oil  & oil ( nuts dri$ 
m readily ?an any o!rs ( all t he _h    
tri$4  ,hav+ boil$ ^! oils1 !re=e1 ) o!r
 mixtures1 he  ?us obta9$ ! v>ni% :i*   
he--or1 r1 all ! pa9t]s (  ! _w--_h s   
long desir$4  ,he made exp]im5ts ) _m   
o!r  sub/ances1 b f9ally decid$ t mix+ !
 col\rs ) ^!  oils gave a degree (      
firmness to ! "w :i* n only secur$ x    
aga9/ all injury f wat] :5 once dri$1 b 

also imp>t$ s  #bb mu* life to ! col\rs 
t !y exhibit$ a suffici5t lu/re  9      
!mselves )\t ! aid ( v>ni%2 & :at appe>$
 to him  m extraord9>y ?an all besides 0
 t ! col\rs ?us treat$  7 mu* m easily  
unit$ & bl5t ?an :5 9 temp]a4    ,vas>i 
!n proce$s to tell u ( ,jan's great     
success1 ( !  blameless envy ( all o!r  
arti/s 9 ,fl&]s & abroad1 f  :om he w\ld
 jeal\sly gu>d 8 secret1 until1 9 8 old 
age1 he  imp>t$ x to 8 disciple ,ruggi]i
 da ,bruggia1 a "n :i*  surely c hide no
 o!r p]sonality ?an ,rogi] van d]       
,weyd5's4  ,( ,hub]t nev] a m5tion1 save
 a %ort ref]5ce 9 ! la/ volume1  9 !    
*apt] on ,div]s ,flemi% ,arti/s4  ,z 9  
mo/ ( ,vas>i's  anecdotes1 !re is       
probably a f\ndation ( tru? to !        
elaborate  network ( fiction4  ,!       
incid5t expla9$ by him at great l5g?    
may h occurr$1 b its h]o c only h be5   
,hub]t1 & n  ,jan1 :o 0 !n a m]e y\?    
work+ 9 8 bro!r's bottega1  & may h     
assi/$ ,hub]t 9 8 exp]im5ts4  ,?\gh x   
has s9ce  be5 d\bt$ t ,hub]t or ,jan van

 ,eyck actually inv5t$  oil-pa9t+1 no   
evid5ce has yet be5 discov]$ to prove !y
 7  n ! fir/ to employ oil #bc z a m$ium
 9 putt+ col\r on !  prep>$ panel4  ,x  
is true t oil z a protective v>ni% 0    
frequ5tly us$ dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & x
 is probable  t "s k9d ( oil-col\r 0    
employ$ 9 ! col\r+ (  /atu>y & 9 ! pa9t+
 ( bann]s at an e>ly p]iod4  ,= ?is     
reason ! /atem5t t ,hub]t & ,jan van    
,eyck discov]$  pa9t+ 9 oils has be5    
disput$1 & g5]ally accept$ z            
inaccurate1 b ! "q is "o r ( t]m9ology  
?an ( !  te*nical po9t4    ,z ! t]m     
oil-pa9t+ is g5]ally accept$ to-day1 x  
is fair]  to cr$it ^! bro!rs ) !        
inv5tion1 ?an to speak ( _!  a*ievem5t z
 an improvem5t 9 oil-pa9t+1 = hi!rto !  
m$ium 9 common use _h be5 a prep>ation (
 gum & :ite ( eggs4  ,& z !re is nei!r  
def9ite pro( nor any good evid5ce t oil 
_h ev] be5 us$ z a m$ium to mix ! col\rs
 =  panel-pa9t+ be=e ,hub]t & ,jan made 
_! exp]im5ts1 we  surely h an easy      
di/9ction to draw4  ,! bro!rs ,van ,eyck

 7  ! fir/ successfully to mix ! oil ) !
 col\rs = pa9t+1  & ?is process is :at  
we n[ und]/& z pa9t+ 9 oils4  ,! use (  
#bd oils z a protective or v>ni% does n 
ent] into  ! pa9t+1 s9ce su* _h only be5
 us$ on ! completion ( !  "w4    ,= !   
re/1 ! bro!rs ei!r act$ m g5]\sly ?an   
,vas>i  w\ld h x1 or !y did n altoge!r  
succe$ 9 gu>d+ _!  preci\s secret1 = _! 
me?od appe>s to h be5 fairly  g5]ally   
practis$ at ,gh5t ab\t #adbj4  ,we f9d1 
= in/ance1 t  9 #adai ! free pa9t]s1    
,willem van ,appoele & ,johannes        
,ma]t5s1 receiv$ a commission to pa9t "s
 pictures = ! t[n  hall ( ,gh5t 9 good  
oil-col\rs4  ,x is also c]ta9 t ,rogi]  
van d] ,weyd5--,vas>i's ,ruggi]i da     
,bruggia--nev] 0 a pupil (  ei!r ,jan or
 ,hub]t van ,eyck4          #be    ,,!  
,,art ,,( ,,! ,,van ,,eycks    ,!       
position occupi$ by ,hub]t & ,jan van   
,eyck 9 ! hi/ory (  art is "o (         
unp>allel$ importance4  ,a deep gulf    
divides !m f  all _! imm$iate           
precursors1 :o seem to belong altoge!r  

to a  diff]5t epo*--nay1 a diff]5t _w4  
,j z _! improvem5t  9 ! te*nical me?ods 
( _! craft op5$ up a vi/a ( till  !n    
un?\ght ( possibilities1 s _! conception
 ( life & (  pictorial =m m>ks ! beg9n+ 
( a new era1 ! pass+ ( !  vague m$ival  
idealism into an art t is bas$ ^u !     
close  /udy & lov+ appreciation (       
,nature4  ,p]haps too mu* /ress has  be5
 laid ^u ! s-call$ realism ( ! bro!rs   
van ,eyck1 &  m especially ( ,jan4      
,aga9 & aga9 critics h insi/$ ^u  ,jan's
 uncompromis+ love ( lit]al tru?1 ^u 8  
insi/5ce on  details t are 9 !mselves at
 times repulsively ugly4  ,?is  realism 
0 temp]$ ) deep s5tim5t & a s5se #bf (  
/yle  :i* kept su* details well         
subord9at$ to ! g5]al s*eme1 &  x is 9  
?is respect t ,jan van ,eyck /&s        
immeasurably above  ,mel*ior ,bro$]lam1 
:o occupi$ ! position ( v>let de *ambre 
& ,c\rt pa9t] to ,philip ! ,bold1 !     
gr&fa!r ( ,jan's  patron4  ,bro$]lam1   
inde$1 z may be se5 9 8 fam\s alt>-piece
  at ,dijon1 seems to be a f> m pron\nc$

 reali/ ?an ,jan van  ,eyck1 simply     
because he lacks t s5se ( /yle & h>mony 
&  subord9ation--9 %ort1 t              
conc5tration--:i* makes u =get  !       
reali/ic detail 9 ! beauty ( ! complete 
?+4    ,! real precursors ( ! van ,eycks
 7 ! sculptors :o c>v$  ! tombs1        
monum5ts1 & reliefs 9 ! *ur*es (        
,t\rnai4  ,9  ^! we fir/ f9d ! fai?ful  
adh]5ce to ! facts ( ,nature &  !       
und]/&+ ( ! subtleties ( =m :i* 9 pa9t+ 
appe>  fir/ 9 ! works ( ! bro!rs van    
,eyck1 :o may h also ow$  mu* ( _! k to 
! fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ,flemi%               
m9iature-pa9t]s1 if1 inde$1 ,hub]t 9 8  
e>ly days did n  actually practise ?is  
art4  ,yet1 ev5 ?\gh ! new era 9 pa9t+  
is1 z x 71 h]ald$ by ! new t5d5cies 9   
pla/ic art--j  z 9 #bg ,italy ,giotto 0 
prec$$ by ! sculptor ,niccolo           
,pisani--!re is some?+ wond]ful1 some?+ 
almo/ difficult to  realise1 9 ! sudd5  
appe>ance ( complete & p]fect works (   
art1 l ! pa9t+s ( ! van ,eycks1 t )     
ma/]ly sur5ess  express ! :ole ess5ce ( 

! ,go?ic /yle1 :il/ at ! same  "t !y    
reveal a new und]/&+ ( ! inexhau/ible   
beauty (  ,nature1 a ke5 p]ception (    
/ructural gr[? & ( individual           
*>act]i/ics1 &1 above all1 an almo/     
mod]n und]/&+ (  ! play ( light ^u      
figures & objects 9 & out ( doors4    ,!
 picturesque1 brilliant1 v>i$ life ( su*
 cities z ,bruges &  ,gh5t at ! beg9n+ (
 ! fifte5? c5tury _c h fail$ to         
/imulate ! arti/s' p[] ( obs]vation1 to 
%>p5 _!  p]ception ( ! diff]5ces ( race1
 ge/ure1 & co/ume2 = !  /reets & squ>es 
( ! ri* comm]cial c5tres ( ,fl&]s 7     
fill$ f morn+ to night ) ev]-mov+ cr[ds 
( c\rti]s &  m]*ants f all p>ts ( !     
_w--,spani>ds & ,italians1  ,g]mans1 &  
,slavonians1 & ev5 ,moors & ,turks1 all 
9 _!  diff]5t co/umes & foll[+ _!       
diff]5t cu/oms4  ,at !  same "t !       
pa9t]s' eyes 7 #bh con/antly met by !   
wond]s  ( ! creations ( ar*itects1      
arm\r]s1 & o!r craftsm5 :o  fl\ri%$ "u !
 protection ( ! ,burgundian rul]s2 & "o 
may  well und]/& ! love & en?usiasm )   

:i* a receptive arti/  l ,jan van ,eyck 
appli$ himself to ! fai?ful del9eation (
 !  spl5d\rs & ( ! see?+ life by :i* he 
0 surr\nd$4    ,al?\gh ! two bro!rs 7 9 
! habit ( work+ toge!r ^u  ! same       
pictures1 :i* has giv5 rise to _m       
disputes z to !  au?or%ip ( unsign$     
works1 & al?\gh ,jan1 ! reali/1 at times
  approa*$1 ?\gh nev] equall$1 !        
spirituality & decorative  sumptu\sness 
( ,hub]t1 :il/ ,hub]t1 ! /yli/ & great] 
m9d  ( ! two1 sometimes vi$ ) ,jan 9 !  
m9ute & exquisite  elaboration (        
details1 ! sign$ works ( ,jan & ^? p>ts 
(  ! ,gh5t alt>-piece :i* are           
unque/ionably ,hub]t's own h made  x    
possible to *>act]ise ! di/+ui%+        
qualities ( ! two  ma/]s4  ,hub]t f>    
exce$s 8 bro!r 9 monum5tal              
impressiv5ess1 9 gr&eur ( /yle1 9       
ideali/ic significance1 9  sumptu\sness1
 & ev5 9 s5se ( beauty4  ,ev5 ! folds ( 
8  drap]ies h a fulness & a noble sw+   
:i* =m a /rik+ #bi  contra/ to ! m      
lab\r$ irregul>ity ( ,jan's1 z may be   

se5  9 comp>+ ! g>m5ts ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 !
 ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ,/4  ,john1 ( ! ,gh5t   
alt>-piece1 ) ! curi\sly brok5 folds (  
,b>b>a's dress 9 ,jan's picture at      
,antw]p4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,man ,,) 
,,! ,,p9ks4  ,,by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck4   
,! conception ( su* ideas z are embodi$ 
9 ! ,adoration ( !  ,lamb1 or 9 !       
,triumph ( ! ,*ur* ov] ! ,synagogue1 at 
!  ,madrid ,museum1 w\ld also h be5 q   
beyond ! pale ( ! m  prosaic ,jan's     
imag9ation4  ,jan1 on ! o!r h&1 excell$ 
9  /at+ ! reality ( ! visible _w4       
,g5]alisations ( human  types or (      
l&scape features are unkn[n to him4  ,he
 0 ! fir/  to fix ^u 8 panels all !     
c>efully /udi$ & exquisitely  wr\ght    
details ( ! actual _w--sky & m\nta9 &   
riv]1  =e/ & fields1 fl[]s & trees1 & ! 
*ur*es & ca/les1  h\ses & bridges1 plac$
 9 ,nature by human h&s4  ,x is sc>cely 
too mu* to say t he 0 ! fir/            
l&scape-pa9t]1 j z he  0 ! fir/ portrait
 pa9t] 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w--!  fir/ :o
 c\ld pa9t a sc5e s t x c\ld be id5tifi$

 aft]  ! lapse ( c5turies1 ! fir/ :o    
c\ld pa9t a portrait s t  ! model #cj   
/&s be=e u liv+ & brea?+1 9 all 8       
beauty or ugl9ess4  ,to appreciate !    
ke5ness ( 8 vision "o has  only to      
exam9e ! m>vell\s ,arnolf9i gr\p at !   
,national  ,gall]y1 ) its almo/         
sci5tific treatm5t ( s(tly diffus$      
indoor light4  ,a comp>ison ( ?is       
picture1 f ! po9t ( view  ( light+1 )   
any?+ t 0 pa9t$ be=e ! days ( !  van    
,eycks w reveal p]haps ! greate/ /ep    
=w>d t is on  record 9 ! :ole hi/ory (  
pa9t+4          #ca    ,,collaboration  
,,( ,,! ,,bro!rs    ,:5 piec+ toge!r !  
lives ( ! bro!rs van ,eyck1 x is        
necess>y to delve into a confus+ mass ( 
conflict+  /atem5ts--evid5ce :i* is only
 9 "p to be reli$ ^u1 & !  !ories ( ^?  
:o h devot$ a va/ am\nt ( "t & lab\r  to
 ! une>?+1 sort+1 & arrang+ ( su*       
evid5ce z !y  h be5 able to lay _! h&s  
^u4  ,incomplete z ! records  are1 we   
mu/1 until fur!r evid5ce has be5        
discov]$1 accept !  obvi\s conclusions f

 ! indisputable data left to u4    ,we h
 t5 unque/ionably g5u9e sign$ pictures  
by ,jan1 & a  small gr\p ( o!rs :i* may1
 f int]nal evid5ce1 be safely  ascrib$  
to ! same s\rce4  ,we "k t ! great      
,adoration (  ! ,lamb1 ?\gh design$ 9   
its entirety by ,hub]t1 is ! comb9$  "w 
( ! two ma/]s4  ,we "k also t !         
,cop5hag5 panel (  ,rob]t ,poorti] #cb 0
 9 ,hub]t's /udio at ! "t ( 8           
dea?--p]haps unf9i%$4  ,! rema9+        
pictures g5]ally accept$  z g5u9e van   
,eycks h be5 v>i\sly ascrib$ to ,hub]t1 
or to  ,jan1 or to _! unit$ ef=ts4  ,9  
view ( ! fact t n a  s+le really        
au!nticat$ "w by ,hub]t alone is kn[n1  
special  significance mu/ be atta*$ to a
 /atem5t1 sev]al times repeat$  by e>ly 
writ]s1 t ,hub]t & ,jan cont9ually pa9t$
 on !  same works4    ,9 try+ to solve !
 difficult "q :i* "p ( ! extant  oeuvre 
is ,hub]t's & :i* is ,jan's1 our k (    
,jan's  j\rneys to ! ,s\? assumes       
consid]able importance4  ,= ,hub]t's    
travels we lack pro(--!y are m]e        

conjecture4  ,b !re is  docum5t>y       
evid5ce ( ,jan's j\rney to ,portugal 9  
#adbh1 9  addition to :i* ,mr4 ,weale   
has1 ,i und]/&1 rec5tly une>!d  "s fur!r
 docum5ts :i* e/abli% ano!r & e>li]     
j\rney (  ,jan to ,spa94  ,on ^! travels
 ,jan mu/ h become well acqua9t$  )     
c]ta9 plants peculi> to ! ,s\?1 &       
especially ! dw>f  palm or palmetto1 :i*
 is conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ,spa9 & 
,portugal4  ,x is !re=e n unreasonable  
to assign to him ^?  #cc portions ( !   
disput$ pictures 9 :i* ?is palmetto     
appe>s4  ,"s au?orities hold t ,jan did 
n h any indep5d5t  arti/ic c>e] be=e    
,hub]t's dea?1 & t 9 ! division (  lab\r
 ,hub]t's %>e 01 z a rule1 ! g5]al      
design & !  pa9t+ ( ! figures1 :il/ ,jan
 fill$ 9 ! l&scape &  ar*itectural      
backgr\nds4    ,! collaboration !ory has
 be5 advanc$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,m>ks1 ^:  k ( 
,flemi% art is pr(\nd1 & ^: d$uctions   
are z  consci5ti\s z !y are conv9c+4    
,to him we are indebt$ = an  int]e/+    
pap] ^u ! subject1 :i* is at once       

exhau/ive &  reasonable4  ,to retail all
 t ,mr4 ,m>ks advances 9 support ( 8    
!ory w\ld be to repr9t 8 treatise 9     
toto2 b ?\gh x is  impossible "h to     
foll[ all 8 argum5ts1 x is equally      
impossible  to avoid ref]5ce to !       
valuable correspond5ce betwe5 him & ,mr4
  ,james ,weale 9 ! ,a!num1 betwe5      
,novemb]1 #aijb1 & ,april1  #aijc4  ,?is
 correspond5ce arose f an article by    
,mr4 ,a4 ,m>ks 9  ! ,a!num 9 ,may1      
#aijj1 9 :i* att5tion is drawn to !     
pres5ce ( ! palmetto 9 ! picture ( ,/4  
,francis receiv+ !  ,/igmata 7n[ 9      
possession ( #cd ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,johnson1 
,p5nsylvania2  a copy 9 ,tur971 :i*     
picture _h be5 =m]ly v>i\sly ascrib$  to
 ,h5ri met de ,bles1 ,joa*im ,pat9i]1 & 
,mo/a]t4  ,mr4 ,m>ks has  s9ce          
supplem5t$ & expla9$ 8 views 9 ! essay  
m5tion$2  :il/ ,miss ,frances ,weale has
 publi%$ an excell5t /udy on !  van     
,eycks1 :i*1 9 a concise & int]e/+ =m1  
pres5ts h]  fa!r's views on ! subject4  
,x is1 ( c\rse1 likely t no?+ is prov$ z

 to ! au?or%ip  ( c]ta9 pa9t+s by !     
pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! exotic plants  or 
o!r details ascrib$ to "o or o!r ( !    
bro!rs4  ,suppos+  ! assum$ visit (     
,hub]t to ,s\!rn ,europe to be a fact1  
,jan may  h made use ( 8 bro!r's /udies 
to embelli% 8 l&scapes2  or ,hub]t may h
 utiliz$ ,jan's /udies4  ,b ei!r        
supposition is  extremely unlikely4  ,we
 h c]ta9 pro( t ,jan did sev]al times   
visit ! ,s\?1 :ile ,hub]t's soj\rn 9 ^! 
p>ts is pure  surmise2 & n only is x    
likely t1 r ?an make use (  second-h&   
mat]ial1 ,hub]t left portions ( !       
pictures to be  pa9t$ by ,jan1 b !      
exam9ation ( ! v>i\s pictures reveals  !
 same h& 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! #ce recurr+      
details4  ,we  mu/1 !n1 take ! facts & !
 mo/ likely d$uctions 9  pref]5ce to    
d$uctions drawn f data :i* are m]ely    
conjectural4    ,docum5t>y evid5ce      
proves t ,jan1 imm$iately aft] 8        
reception  by ! ,k+ ( ,portugal on      
,janu>y #ab1 #adbi1 began ! "w (  pa9t+ 
! portrait ( ! ,infanta1 :i*1 by ! way1 

0 execut$  9 temp]a1 & n 9 oil4  ,?is   
pa9t+ is1 un=tunately1 lo/1  & ?\gh !re 
are sev]al portraits ( ,isabella n[     
extant1 (  :i* "o at lea/ may be a copy 
( ,jan's picture1 !re is no?+  9 any (  
!m t c be trac$ to ?is ma/]4  ,he took a
 mon?  ov] its completion1 & :ile !     
,c\rt & ,embassy 7 await+  ! decision ( 
,philip1 to :om ! picture _h be5 s5t1   
,jan &  8 colleagues _h "t to visit     
sev]al places ( int]e/ &  p ( di/9ction4
  ,!y travell$ to ! nor? to see ! %r9e  
( ,/4 ,iago ( ,compo/ella2 !n to ! s\?1 
:]e !y 7  receiv$ 9 turn by ! ,duke (   
,arjona & ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile2 &  !n to     
,granada1 9 ! extreme s\?1 :]e !y visit$
 ! ,k+ (  t city4  ,x is /at$ t !y also 
visit$ _m o!r places2  &1 z f ,granada  
!y return$ to ,lisbon1 #cf !y mu/ h     
pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,cordova
 & ,seville4    ,n[1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( !   
s\?-ea/]n portion ( ! p59sula  !        
palmetto1 or dw>f-palm1 fl\ri%es        
abundantly1 & ,jan c\ld n  fail dur+ 8  
t\r to become well acqua9t$ ) x4  ,9 a  

lett]  :i* ,mr4 ,m>ks quotes 9 8 pap]   
read at ! ,royal ,society (  ,lit]ature1
 ,june #bd1 #aijc1 ,mr4 ,luffmann1      
,director ( ! ,s*ool (  ,horticulture 9 
,melb\rne1 says t ! triangle =m$ by     
,seville1  ,cordova1 & ,osuna1 is a     
piece ( c\ntry :i* is lit]ally ov]run   
by ! plant1 & t ! root ( ! palmetto is  
commonly us$ 9  ^? p>ts z fuel4  ,9     
,italy x is b ( r>e occurr5ce1 ?\gh  x  
gr[s 9 "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2   
:il/ 9 !  p>ts ( ,spa9 & ,portugal      
visit$ by ,jan x is almo/ impossible  = 
! visitor to avoid see+ x4    ,fail+1   
!n1 ev5 ! probability t ,hub]t ev] saw !
 palmetto  gr[+1 we mu/ cr$it ,jan ) !  
pa9t+ ( ?is plant1 :i*1  l all ! o!r    
exotics1 mu/ h be5 c>efully /udi$ f     
nature1 = !y are repres5t$ 9 mo/ m9ute1 
c>eful1 &  consci5ti\s mann]1 & are     
absolutely true to #cg life4  ,!        
palmetto occurs 9 ! picture ( ,/4       
,francis receiv+ !  ,/igmata 7above     
ref]r$ to72 9 ! ,/4 ,an?ony ) ! ,donor  
at  ,cop5hag52 & 9 ,! ,?ree ,m>ys at !  

,sepul*re 9 !  collection ( ,sir        
,fr$]ick ,cook at ,ri*mond4  ,! portions
 ( ^!  pa9t+s by ,hub]t van ,eyck1 :]e !
 palmetto occurs1 may  !re=e be safely  
ascrib$ to ! h& ( ,jan4    ,o!r exotic  
plants1 :i* are n re/rict$ to ,spa9 &   
,portugal1  occur 9 ^! pictures2 b !y   
are pa9t$ by ! same h&1 &  betray ! same
 lov+ adh]5ce to tru?1 & a simil>       
famili>ity  ) ! plants z !y gr[4  ,x is 
!re=e pat5t t !y1 too1  mu/ be ascrib$  
to ,jan1 = x is impossible to suppose t 
!  y\ng] bro!r's "w on ^! pictures 0    
simply t ( add+  ! by no means necess>y 
dw>f-palm to ,hub]t's complet$          
l&scapes4  ,jan 0 probably responsible =
 ! design &  execution ( ^! l&scapes4   
,^! o!r exotics also occur 9 !  ,gh5t   
alt>-piece1 9 ! ,calv>y ( ! ,b]l9       
,museum1 & 9 !  copy1 at ! same museum1 
( a lo/ ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ,mr4 ,m>ks      
produces fur!r evid5ce to prove t ,jan  
mu/ h pa9t$ n  only ! foliage1 b ! #ch  
:ole ( ! l&scapes :]e !  little palm    
appe>s1 includ+ 9 mo/ cases !           

ar*itecture4  ,he  draws att5tion to !  
ar*itectural features 9 ! ,*ancellor    
,rol9 ) ,sa9ts 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! sign$ &  
dat$  alt>-piece by ,jan 9 ! museum at  
,bruges3 ,! ar*itecture 9  ^! pictures  
is n a real ar*itecture--t is1 x has n  
be5  copi$ f any actual examples4444    
,agreem5t is g5]al t x is  an           
ar*itecture inv5t$1 n m]ely copi$4  ,^! 
pictures furni%  evid5ce ( ! pa9t] hav+ 
visit$ ,italy1 = m>ble is  repres5t$ 9 a
 mo/ lavi% mann]4  ,?is m>ble is n      
*>act]i/ic ( ,nor!rn ar*itecture2 its   
use is di/9ctly  ,italian4  ,! pa9t+ ( x
 displays ! usual c>e &  consci5ti\sness
 common to all ,jan's works4  ,fur!r    
po9ts cit$ by  ,mr4 ,m>ks z evid5ce (   
,jan's "w 9 v>i\s pictures are !        
repres5tations ( sn[-m\nta9s 9 v>i\s    
works1 & ! pres5ce  ( a fly+ flock (    
geese4    ,! =m] is ( great] importance1
 z ?is aga9 po9ts to  acqua9tance ) !   
,s\?1 :]e alone ! pa9t] c\ld h se5      
sn[-m\nta9s4  ,n[1 z v simil>           
ar*itecture to t 9 !  alt>-piece at     

,bruges1 :i* is sign$ by ,jan van ,eyck1
 is f\nd 9  ! ,*ancellor #ci ,rol9      
7,l\vre71 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild  7,dresd571 &
 ! ,c>?usian ,monk ) ,sa9ts 7,gu/ave de 
,ro?s*ild1 ,p>is71 ! sugge/ion is cle> t
 9 all ^!  pictures ! ar*itecture is !  
"w ( ,jan1 & sev]al notable  critics    
hold ?is view4  ,9 ?ree ( ^! f\r pa9t+s 
we f9d !  sn[-m\nta9s--namely1 9 !      
,dresd5 tripty*1 ! ,*ancellor  ,rol91 & 
! ,c>?usian ,monk4  ,& hav+ e/abli%$    
,jan z !  au?or ( ^! sn[-m\nta9s1 we mu/
 cr$it him ) !  l&scapes :]e ?is feature
 occurs 9 o!r pictures--i4e41 !  ,gh5t  
alt>-piece1 ! ,crucifixion ( ! ,h]mitage
 9 ,/4  ,pet]sburg1 ! ,calv>y ( ! ,b]l9 
,museum1 & ! ,?ree ,m>ys  ( ,sir        
,fr$]ick ,cook4  ,! !ory t ,jan is      
responsible = !  sn[-m\nta9s is amply   
support$ by ! v reasonable d$uction  t  
he mu/ at "s "t h visit$ ,italy4  ,?is  
is ga!r$ f  ! ,italian "* ( !           
ar*itecture1 toge!r ) ! sn[  se5 9 !    
,ro?s*ild picture1 ! ,*ancellor ,rol91 !
  ,c>?usian ,monk1 & ! ,dresd5 picture4 

,! !ory is fur!r  support$ by ! pres5ce 
( ! palmetto toge!r )  sn[-m\nta9s 9 !  
,?ree ,m>ys ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook4  ,"h 
!  palmetto proves ! au?or%ip ( ! #dj   
l&scape1 & z ! view  conta9s sn[-m\nta9s
 x v mat]ially /r5g!ns !  supposition t 
x 0 ,jan1 & n ,hub]t1 :o pa9t$ !m1 &  :o
 consequ5tly mu/ h be5 to ! ,s\? (      
,europe--probably  ,italy--to h se5 !m4 
,! flock ( geese1 :i* appe>s 9 no few]  
?an six pictures 9  addition to ,jan's  
sign$ ,/4 ,b>b>a at ,antw]p1 is ( v mu* 
less importance ?an ! sn[-m\nta9s & !   
palmetto1 = "h  ! only use t c be made (
 x z evid5ce is its frequ5t  repetition4
  ,x is f\nd 9 ! l&scapes ( ! ,gh5t     
alt>-piece1  9 ! ,*ancellor ,rol91 !    
,c>?usian ,monk1 ano!r v]sion (  ! same 
subject 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ,/4 ,francis 
receiv+ !  ,/igmata1 & 9 ! ,?ree ,m>ys4 
,b ! flock ( wild-geese is  n a feature 
made use ( by ! van ,eyck bro!rs only4  
,x seems to  h be5 ( common occurr5ce 9 
sev]al o!r ,flemi% pa9t]s bo?  be=e &   
aft] ! days ( ! van ,eycks4  ,nev]!less1

 its  pres5ce 9 ! pictures enum]at$ has 
be5 br\ght =w>d z  supplem5t>y evid5ce  
to prove ! collaboration ( ,hub]t &     
,jan4    ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,b>b>a4    
,,by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck4    ,s f>1 !n1  
evid5ce has be5 %[n to prove ,jan's %>e 
9 !  foll[+ pictures3 ! #da ,*ancellor  
,rol91 ! ,virg9 &  ,*ild 7at ,dresd571 !
 ,c>?usian ,monk 9 ! ,ro?s*ild          
,collection1 ,/4 ,francis receiv+ !     
,/igmata1 ,/4 ,an?ony &  ! ,donor 7at   
,cop5hag571 ,! ,?ree ,m>ys at !         
,sepul*re1 !  ,crucifixion 7at ,/4      
,pet]sburg71 ! ,calv>y 7at ,b]l971 & !  
great alt>-piece at ,/4 ,bavo1 ,gh5t4   
,/ill ano!r po9t :i* has  be5 g5]ally   
urg$ to prove collaboration ( ! two     
bro!rs is  ! appe>ance ( _! portraits 9 
c]ta9 pictures4  ,!y are se5  9 ! panel 
( ! ,gh5t alt>-piece repres5t+ ! ,j     
,judges1  9 ! copy ( ! lo/ ,f\nta9 (    
,life or ,! ,triumph ( !  ,*ur* ov] !   
,synagogue 9 ! ,madrid ,museum1 & also1 
x is  said1 9 ! ,crucifixion ( ,/4      
,pet]sburg4    ,?\gh ! !ory (           

collaboration is an old "o1 d\bts h     
aris5  among/ mod]n critics1 :o h %[n a 
gr[+ t5d5cy to ascribe  ! majority ( !  
unsign$ works solely to ! eld] bro!r1   
:i*  attribution is refut$ n only by !  
argum5ts "h set =?1 b  by _m e>ly       
writ]s1 includ+ ,guicci>d9i & van ,m&]1 
bo?  notable & reliable hi/orians4      
,be=e leav+ ! "q ( collaboration1 a few 
words mu/ be  said conc]n+ ! #db        
controv]sy t has aris5 ov] ! ,gh5t      
alt>-piece4  ,?is pa9t+ is indisputably 
! ma/]piece ( !  van ,eycks1 & is (     
/up5d\s proportions4  ,! panel ( !      
,adoration ( ! ,lamb1 f :i* ! :ole      
alt]-piece takes its  "n1 & ! %utt]s    
depict+ ! ,j ,judges1 ! ,w>riors (      
,*ri/1 ! ,holy ,h]mits1 & ! ,holy       
,pilgrims1 h by _m  critics be5         
attribut$ to ,hub]t's unaid$ ef=ts4  ,x 
is !re=e  int]e/+ to exam9e ! l&scape   
backgr\nds ( ^! five  panels1 & to      
consid] !m 9 ! light ( ! evid5ce d$uc$  
f ! backgr\nds ( ! o!r collaboration    
pictures4  ,evid5ce  is ne$$ to prove t 

,jan's "w 0 n m]ely conf9$ to  f9i%+ !  
picture aft] 8 bro!r's dea? 7!          
inscription  /ates t x 0 begun by ,hub]t
 & f9i%$ by ,jan71 :i* 9  itself1 (     
c\rse1 does n prove collaboration ( !   
bro!rs4    ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,jan's      
h&iwork mu/ be id5tifi$4  ,9 !  pictures
 already discuss$ x has be5 prov$ fairly
 conclusively  t ,jan is responsible = !
 pa9t+ ( ! exotic plants1 !             
sn[-m\nta9s1 ! flock ( wild geese1 & !  
ar*itectural  sett+4  ,! l&scapes 9 !   
,gh5t alt>-piece conta9 exotic #dc      
plants1 wild geese1 & sn[-m\nta9s4  ,( !
 latt] x is  difficult to speak2 !y are 
:iti% 9 col\r1 b _! =mation  is nei!r s 
natural nor s well design$ z 9 ! ,?ree  
,m>ys4  ,! exotic plants alone prove    
,jan's "w "h4  ,! birds may1 or may  n1 
be v important4  ,!y s]ve1 h[ev]1 by _! 
repeat$  appe>ance 9 ,jan's o!r         
pictures1 z auxili>y evid5ce4  ,!  "q = 
pro(1 h[ev]1 is n ! pres5ce ( ,jan's "w 
on  ?is picture1 b ! pres5ce ( 8 "w be=e
 ! dea? ( 8  bro!r4  ,& f ?is po9t (    

view x is significant t1 ?\gh  o!r      
exotics are pres5t 9 pr(usion1 !        
palmetto--a sure result  ( ,jan's visit 
to ,portugal--does n appe>4  ,! :ole "w 
is  /at$ 9 ! inscription to h be5 f9i%$ 
on ,may #f1 #adcb1 two  ye>s aft] ,jan's
 return f ,portugal4  ,n[1 ! abs5ce ( ! 
palmetto f ?is picture po9ts to "o ( two
 conclusions--ei!r  ! "w left = ,jan to 
d 9 ! completion 0 comp>atively  trifl+1
 or t ! great] "p ( ! picture1 includ+ !
  design ( ! l&scapes1 0 already f9i%$  
be=e ,jan met )  ! palmetto4    ,t ! "w 
( ! y\ng] bro!r 0 n insignificant is    
di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! text #dd ( !          
inscription3 ,! pa9t]1  ,hub]t van      
,eyck1 great] ?an :om none is to be     
f\nd1 began !  "w2 ! bulk 0 complet$ by 
8 bro!r ,jan1 second to him 9  art1     
rely+ on ! reque/ ( ,jodoc ,vydt4  ,?is 
v]se invites y to  contemplate t :i* 0  
complet$ on ,may #f1 #adcb4  ,?is       
translation f ! ,lat9 is *os5 f ?ree    
v]sions4  ,! o!r  r5d]+s seem to be giv5
 by ^? :o w\ld translate ! ^w  pondus z 

"w1 & ?us give ! y\ng] bro!r cr$it = no 
m ?an f9i%+ an incomplete picture4  ,!  
text has1 h[ev]1  be5 translat$ by      
sev]al le>n$ s*ol>s1 :o are entirely    
free  f ! ta9t ( p>tisan%ip1 & x is n[  
g5]ally agre$ t  ! translation giv5 "h  
is ! correct "o4    ,!re is yet ano!r   
possibility :i* ! abs5ce ( ! palmetto   
po9ts to--namely1 t ! picture 0         
practically f9i%$ be=e  ,jan's visit to 
,portugal1 save "s v m9or details1 :i* 7
  complet$ 9 #adcb1 ,! pres5ce ( ! o!r  
exotics po9ts to ?is  view be+ correct1 
= x w\ld obvi\sly be unlikely t ,jan    
%\ld omit ! palmetto f all ^! five      
l&scapes aft] 8  c>eful /udies ( 8      
fav\rite plant4  ,! o!r exotics1 n be+  
#de a result ( ! j\rney1 may v well h   
be5 pa9t$ be=e  #adbi4  ,collaboration 9
 ?is "w is fur!r prov$ by ! portraits  (
 ! two bro!rs4          #df    ,,our    
,,illu/rations    ,! supreme ma/]piece (
 ! bro!rs van ,eyck1 ! "w :i*1 9  !     
hi/ory ( ,flemi% art1 has play$ ! "p t 0
 allott$ to  ,masaccio's frescoes at !  

,c>m9e1 ,flor5ce1 9 ! art ( ,italy1 is  
! gigantic polypty* pa9t$ = ! *apel ( ! 
,vydt family 9  ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,john  
7n[ ,/4 ,bavo7 9 ,gh5t1 & kn[n f !      
subject ( ! *ief panel z ! ,adoration ( 
! ,lamb4  ,9 its  orig9al =m ?is        
alt>-piece1 :i* is n[ divid$ betwe5 ,/4 
,bavo  ,ca!dral & ! museums ( ,b]l9 &   
,brussels1 0 compos$ (  twelve int]ior  
panels & a pr$ella 7:i* has un=tunately 
be5  de/roy$74  ,includ+ ! backs ( !    
%utt]s1 :i*1 l !  panels !mselves1 are  
cov]$ ) ! mo/ m9ute & exquisite  pa9t+1 
! pa9t$ surface ext5ds to ov] #a1jjj    
squ>e feet4  ,!  c5tre panel alone1 f   
:i* ! :ole alt>-piece takes its "n1     
measures #g feet 9 wid? by #d feet 9    
height4    #dg    ,horizontally ! :ole  
alt>-piece is divid$ into ?ree portions4
  ,! c5tral panel ( ! middle ti] is     
occupi$ by ! ,adoration (  ! ,lamb4  ,l 
! re/ ( ! picture1 x is treat$ 9 a      
decorative _s1 ! gr\p+ ( ! figures1 !   
ar*itecture1 &  ! foliage be+ almo/     
geometrically arrang$ & balanc$4  ,9 a  

v beautiful & peaceful l&scape is set   
up1 on a gre5 m\nd 9  ! c5tre1 an alt>1 
^u :i* /&s ! ,lamb ( ,god4  ,its brea/  
is pi]c$ 9 ! cu/om>y mann]1 ! sacr$     
blood fl[+ into a  *alice at its feet4  
,imm$iately ar\nd ! alt> f\rte5 angels1 
symbolical1 probably1 ( ! /ations ( !   
,passion ( ,*ri/1 kneel  9 adoration4   
,! two 9 front ( ! alt> (f] inc5se1 :ile
  emblems ( ! ,passion are held by o!rs4
  ,! cross is held on !  left1 & ! pill>
 ( ! sc\rg+ /&s on ! "r4  ,9 !  =egr\nd1
 also 9 ! c5tre & bel[ ! alt>1 is !     
,f\nta9  ( ,life1 :i* divides two gr\ps 
( wor%ipp]s3 on ! left are !  ,jewi%    
prophets & patri>*s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1  
:il/ ! cr[d  on ! "r is compos$ (       
,popes1 ,bi%ops1 prie/s1 monks1 &       
laym54  ,9 ! backgr\nd1 em]g+ f !       
luxuriant =e/  imm$iately beh9d #dh !   
alt>1 two processions sl[ly w5d _!  way4
  ,! gr\p on ! "r is compos$ ( holy     
wom51 =emo/ (  :om come ,/4 ,agnes ) a  
lamb1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & o!rs4  ,!          
,procession on ! left aga9 includes     

,popes1 ,bi%ops1 & monks4  ,^! are said 
to be ! confessors4  ,above all hov]s ! 
,holy ,gho/  9 ! =m ( ! dove4    ,!     
pa9t+ ( ^! figures is mo/ exquisite4  ,!
 drap]ies are  s(t & pleas+2 ! col\r is 
deep & ri*2 :ile ! faces are  rem>kable 
= _! "* & v>iety ( expression4  ,!      
jewels  & ornam5ts worn by "s ( ! ,popes
 & ,bi%ops are drawn )  lov+ c>e1 & !   
enri*m5ts ( ! ve/m5ts betray a pati5ce  
& skill t create wond]4  ,9 ! di/ance1  
above ! trees1 are  se5 cities ) _m t[]s
 & *ur*es1 beh9d :i* are hills 9  !     
remote di/ance4  ,! =egr\nd ( !         
beautiful1 s(t1  spr+-l grass is        
pr(usely enri*$ by ! gr[? ( innum]able  
fl[]s & %rubs1 all ( :i* are pa9t$ )    
consummate skill  & tru?4  ,! :ole      
picture makes a pr(\nd effect by its    
sumptu\s spl5d\r1 & by ! ma/]ly disposal
 ( light & %ade4    ,! two panels on !  
left are ! ,j ,judges #di & ,*ri/'s     
,w>riors4  ,9 ! ,judges ! :ole l[] half 
( ! picture is  tak5 up by figures on   
horses4  ,beh9d a cliff 9 ! middle      

di/ance  is se5 a =e/ & "s build+s (    
elaborate ar*itecture1 :i*  may repres5t
 tribunals4  ,! bridles & trapp+s ( !   
horses are  ri*ly jewell$1 & altoge!r ! 
be/ is made ( ! opportunity  ( r5d]+ )  
goldsmi?-l precision all mann] ( gorge\s
  mat]ials1 co/ly & beautifully         
emblazon$ bann]s1 & arm\r &  trapp+s (  
beautiful design4  ,tradition has x t   
two ( !  ,judges are portraits ( !      
pa9t]s1 ! "o 9 a black g>m5t  ) a r$    
ros>y1 :o is turn+ t[>ds ! spectator1   
be+ !  y\ng] bro!r ,jan4  ,to /r5g!n !  
!ory t ?is figure 0  pa9t$ by ,jan aft] 
,hub]t's dea?1 ,mr4 ,weale sugge/s t !  
black habit & r$ ros>y d5ote m\rn+1     
probably = 8 bro!r  ,hub]t4    ,z reg>ds
 ! o!r panel1 ,mr4 ,six has advanc$ an  
int]e/+  !ory ) respect to ! soldi] :o  
we>s a blue head-dress4  ,he  calls     
att5tion to a p5tim5to 9 sub/itut+ = a  
cr[n on ?is  figure ! blue head-dress4  
,mr4 ,six claims to h id5tifi$ ?is      
figure z ,jean ,sans ,peur1 :o probably 
saw ! pa9t+1 #ej &  object$ to be+      

repres5t$ ) a cr[n :ile ,godfrey de     
,b\illon  wore only a fur cap1 & !re=e  
p]suad$ ! pa9t] to alt] x  to ! blue cap
 or bonnet :i* 0 ! badge ( !            
,burgundians  aga9/ ! ,armagnacs4  ,f   
?is ! suppos$ alt]ation mu/ h  tak5     
place a little aft] #adaj1 :]eas1       
accord+ to e>ly art  hi/orians1 !       
alt>-piece 0 only begun betwe5 #adae &  
#adbj4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,j         
,,judges1 ,,& ,,*ri/',s ,,w>riors4  ,,by
 ,,hub]t ,,&  ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck4       
,?\gh ! limitations ( ! pres5t little   
volume make x  impossible to reproduce !
 o!r panels :i* orig9ally =m$ "p  ( !   
colossal alt>-piece1 x w n be out (     
place "h to  describe !m 9 detail1 z !y 
all =m "p ( a wond]fully  complete &    
h>moni\s s*eme4  ,z p5dants to ! ,judges
 &  ,w>riors1 to ! "r ( ! c5tral panel 7
 ! ,holy ,h]mits  & ! ,holy ,pilgrims4  
,rocks1 cliff1 & foliage are f\nd 9 !   
backgr\nd ( ! h]mits1 b1 z sugge/ive (  
retirem5t &  remot5ess1 no ar*itecture  
is se54  ,! pilgrims are repres5t$      

walk+ up a valley t[>ds ! spectator4    
,on ! "r1 9 !  backgr\nd1 is a hill     
cov]$ ) v>i\s trees1 & 9 ! di/ance  is  
se5 a riv] & mead[s1 ) a t[n & l[ hills 
beyond4  ,!  pilgrims are l$ by ,/4     
,*ri/oph]1 #ea ^: giant proportions  t[]
 above ! re/ ( ! procession4    ,! upp] 
ti] ( ! polypty* consi/s ( sev5 panels1 
or r  ?ree panels1 ! comb9$ wid? ( :i*  
corresponds ) t (  ! ,adoration panel   
bel[1 & two %utt]s on ea* side4  ,!  gr&
 figure 9 ! c5tre panel1 maje/ically    
en?ron$1 has be5  v>i\sly held to       
repres5t ,god ! ,fa!r & ,*ri/1 & ! ,lat9
  inscription may be equally appli$ to  
bo?4  ,p]haps x 0 !  pa9t]'s idea to    
p]sonify bo? 9 "o figure4  ,on ,8 br[ is
 !  ,cr[n ( ,heav51 & at ,8 feet ! ,cr[n
 ( ,purity & ,innoc5ce1  :i* ! ,lamb has
 won on e>?4  ,! panel to ,8 "r %[s !   
,virg91 gaz+ 9 devotion at an op5 book 9
 h] h&s--a conception  ( su* purity &   
innoc5ce t x recalls ! _s ( ,fra        
,angelico4  ,to 8 left is ! equally     
nobly conceiv$ figure ( ,/4  ,john1 an  

op5 book 9 8 lap1 ) 8 "r h& rais$1 z x  
71 9 exhortation4  ,! monum5tal /yle (  
^! figures1 &  _! deep significance1    
leave no d\bt t ^! panels are f  ! bru% 
( ! eld] bro!r ,hub]t4    ,^! panels are
 flank$ by two %utt]s on ea* side--a    
*oir (  angels & ,/4 ,cecilia #eb ) "s  
angels )91 & ,adam &  ,eve at ! extreme 
ends4  ,! rel5tless realism ( ! latt]1  
:i* bord]s close on ugl9ess1 m>ks !m z !
 "w ( ,jan4  ,!  figures are und\bt$ly  
pa9t$ f life1 & 7 held to be s  wond]ful
 t = "s "t ! :ole alt>-piece 0 kn[n z ! 
,adam & ,eve pa9t+4  ,jan may also be   
held responsible = !  angels & ,/4      
,cecilia1 bo? ( :i* h _m *>act]i/ics t  
tally ) well-au!nticat$ works by ! ma/]4
  ,! pr$ella  :i* orig9ally adorn$ !    
alt>-piece has un=tunately be5  de/roy$4
  ,! rev]se ( ! l[] %utt]s %[s ! figures
 (  ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,/4 ,john ! 
,bapti/1 & portraits ( !  donor1 ,jodoc 
,vydt1 & 8 wife2 & ( ! upp] %utt]s1 !   
,annunciation & figures ( prophets &    
sibyls4  ,only !  ,adoration & ! ?ree   

important panels above 7,god ! ,fa!r1 ! 
,virg91 & ,/4 ,john7 rema9 at ! ,ca!dral
 ( ,/4 ,bavo at ,gh5t2  ! ,adam & ,eve  
are n[ at ! ,brussels ,museum1 & ! o!r  
%utt]s at ! ,b]l9 ,museum4    ,!re are  
/ill extant portions ( a copy ( ?is     
great "w :i*  0 pa9t$ at ! comm& (      
,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 by ,mi*ael #ec    
,cocxie4  ,! w+s ( ?is copy are n[ add$ 
to ! orig9al c5tre  portion at ,gh5t4   
,!re is a second copy ( ! ,gh5t         
alt>-piece 9  ! museum ( ,antw]p4    ,^u
 ! consecration ( ! great ma/]piece at  
,/4 ,bavo va/  multitudes ( p came into 
! city to see ! "w1 ! fame (  :i* soon  
became kn[n ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,we/]n     
,europe4  ,&  = m ?an f\r c5turies x    
rema9$ ! wond] ( ,gh5t4    ,mr4 ,r4     
,petrucci /ates t 9 #aijd1 dur+ a       
demolition ( a h\se  9 ! ,rue du        
,g\v]nem5t at ,gh5t1 ! old walls 7      
discov]$ (  a ,/e5 believ$ to h be5 !   
prop]ty ( ,jodoc ,vydt1 ! patron  ( !   
van ,eycks1 :o commission$ !m to execute
 ! ,gh5t  polypty*4  ,9 a room ^u ! ?ird

 floor1 #dj feet up1 a squ>e  w9d[ 0    
discov]$ exactly answ]+ 9 ori5tation &  
position  to ! t[n :i* appe>s 9 !       
,adoration ( ! ,lamb1 & :i*  has be5    
recognis$ z a view ov] ! ,rue ,c\rte du 
,j\r4  ,9 !  =egr\nd is se5 ! ,/e51 on !
 site ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds  built ! little  
but*]'s %op ne> ! pres5t bird-m>ket4    
,above  x rises ! t\rnelle ( ! weav]s'  
*apel1 :i* 0 us$ 9 turn  z a but*]'s    
%op1 a pleasure #ed resort1 & a place ( 
auction1  & is n[ a g>age = motor-c>s4  
,fur!r away1 9 ! backgr\nd1  is ! old   
=tifi$ gate :i* def5d$ ! passage ( !    
bridge (  ! canal ( ! copp]smi?s4  ,on !
 left ( ! sc5e is a  repres5tation (    
ano!r front ( ! ,/e51 :i* /ood on t     
side at ! corn] ( ! ,rue ,c\rte du ,j\r 
& ! ,rue de ,brabant4  ,! w9d[ reveals  
?is sc5e exactly4  ,x seems c]ta91 says 
,mr4  ,petrucci1 t ?is 0 ! room 9 :i*   
,hub]t & ,jan1 or1 at any  rate1 ,jan1  
van ,eyck pa9t$ ! fam\s polypty* ( !    
,my/ic ,lamb4    99 99 99 99 99    ,!   
portrait gr\p by ,jan van ,eyck kn[n z  

,jan ,arnolf9i & ,jeanne  dc ,*5any1 8  
,wife1 mu/ be c\nt$ among ! greate/     
treasures  ( ! ,london ,national        
,gall]y1 z x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p]fect  z
 well z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic example ( !    
ma/]'s art4  ,arnolf9i1 :o 0 ,jan's     
bro!r-9-law1 a man ( solemn &  depress+ 
c\nt5ance1 ) heavy1 droop+ lids & long1 
wide-no/rill$ nose1 is se5 /&+ 9 8      
b$-*amb]4  ,8 "r  h& is rais$ z if      
enjo9+ sil5ce1 8 left ext5d$ to 8  wife1
 ^: op5 c\nt5ance d5otes docility &     
calm4  #ee  ,arnolf9i we>s a tunic ( a  
d>k gre5 /uff1 ov] :i* is a cloak  ( d>k
 r$1 :i* rea*es well bel[ ! knees1 & is 
l9$ &  edg$ ) fur4  ,x is divid$ at !   
sides f ! bottom to !  %\ld]4  ,he we>s 
a l>ge & curi\sly %ap$ hat1 :i* 9 a     
mann] resembles a beefeat]'s head-ge>4  
,8 wife is habit$ 9 a  long & ample robe
 ( gre51 r bright 9 col\r1 & l9$ &      
trimm$ ) :ite fur4  ,%e has rais$ !     
folds ( ! robe 9  front1 ?us reveal+ an 
und]g>m5t ( d>k blue1 trimm$ also )     
fur4  ,r\nd h] /rik+ly high wai/ is a   

n>r[ belt ( lea!r1  decorat$ ) gild+ &  
poli%$4  ,on h] head is a l>ge k]*ief  )
 a work$ bord]1 :i* is caught up at !   
sides 9 !  prevail+ fa%ion4  ,r\nd h]   
neck %e we>s a d\ble r[ ( pe>ls4  ,!    
draw+ ( ! drap]y1 :i* falls /raight to !
 floor1 is  bold & sev]e1 reali/ic1 &   
devoid ( any attempt at affectation4    
,9 ! =egr\nd is a small dog1 & to !     
left1 on ! floor1 a  pair ( patt5s4  ,9 
! c5tre ( ! room1 slightly beh9d &      
above ! heads ( ! figures1 hangs a brass
 *&eli] ( pi]c$  "w4  ,( its six arms   
only "o holds a c&le1 & ?is is burn+1  !
 #ef s+le flame be+ probably a symbol ( 
conjugal affection  or unity1 z !re is  
no o!r reason = its pres5ce 9 a *amb]   
well lit by two l>ge w9d[s on ! left--"o
 beh9d ! figures &  "o 9 advance1 :i* is
 n %[n1 b ! light f :i* falls  /raight  
^u ! faces4  ,on ! wall beh9d ! two     
figures a  circul> convex mirror        
reflects a portion ( ! room1 ) two      
additional figures4  ,beside x hangs an 
amb] ros>y4  ,! fle%  pa9t+ is admirably

 s(t1 delicate1 & transp>5t2 ! light &  
%ade p[]ful1 yet s well arrang$ t only !
 close/  exam9ation w reveal :at an     
important factor x is 9 ! success  ( !  
picture4  ,! :ole ?+ is t\*+ 9 ! simple 
/raight=w>dness ( /atem5t1 & all !      
details are wr\ght  ) inimitable b      
unobtrusive m9ute precision4  ,9 !      
managem5t  ( tone-values & ( indoors    
atmosph]e ,jan proves himself 9 ?is     
picture f> ahead ( 8 "t4    ,! signature
 ( ?is ,arnolf9i picture is writt5 9    
ornam5tal  ,go?ic *>act]s imm$iately    
above ! mirror1 & takes !  extraord9>y  
=m ,johannes de ,eyck fuit hic 7,jan van
 ,eyck 0  "h71 ) ! date #adcd4  ,ow+ to 
?is ambigu\s word+1 :i*  may #eg be1 &  
has be51 int]pret$ z ?is 0 ,jan van     
,eyck1  ! picture 0 =m]ly held to       
repres5t ! arti/ himself & 8  wife1 a   
!ory :i* /ill has its def5d]s4  ,a full 
p$igree ( !  picture is giv5 9 !        
,national ,gall]y catalogue4  ,x belong$
 9  #aeaf to ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 to :om x
 0 giv5 by ,don ,diego de  ,guev>a1 ^:  

arms 7 pa9t$ on ! %utt]s :i* 7          
orig9ally atta*$ to x4  ,aft]w>ds x     
pass$ into ! h&s ( a  b>b]-surgeon at   
,bruges1 :o pres5t$ x to ! !n ,reg5t ( !
  ,ne!rl&s1 ,m>y1 ! si/] ( ,*>les ,v41 &
 ,que5 ,d[ag] (  ,hung>y4  ,?is ,pr9cess
 valu$ ! picture s highly t %e grant$  !
 b>b]-surgeon 9 return a p5sion1 or     
(fice1 wor? #ajj flor9s  p] annum4  ,!  
picture is includ$ 9 ! li/ ( valuables  
:i*  %e c>ri$ ) h] to ,spa9 9 #aeef1 f  
:i* date x disappe>$  until #ahae1 :5 x 
0 discov]$ by ,major-,g5]al ,hay 9 !    
ap>tm5ts to :i* he 0 tak51 9 ,brussels1 
to recov] f w\nds  receiv$ at ,wat]loo4 
,he subsequ5tly pur*as$ ! picture1 &    
dispos$ ( x to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9    
#ahdb1 s9ce :i* date x  has be5 at !    
,national ,gall]y4  ,h5ri ,b\*ot 0 (    
op9ion t  ! picture is n #eh ! "o (     
,arnolf9i ! traces ( :i* are  lo/ 9     
#aeef1 b a portrait ( van ,eyck & 8     
wife1 pa9t$ z a  p5dant to ! lo/        
,arnolf9i gr\p4  ,to support 8 view he  
po9t$  out ! resemblance ( ! woman 9 ?is

 picture ) ! portrait (  ,jan's wife at 
! ,bruges ,museum4    99 99 99 99 99    
,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,timo?y4  
,,by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck4    ,! portrait 
at ! ,national ,gall]y :i*1 f ! "n      
inscrib$  9 ,greek *>act]s on ! /one    
p>apet t ext5ds across !  bottom ( !    
panel1 is kn[n z ! bu/ ( ,timo?y1 be>s !
 date  ,octob] #aj1 #adcb1 & is !re=e ! 
e>lie/ ( ,jan's sign$ &  dat$           
pictures--always except+ ! mu*-ov]pa9t$ 
,*atswor?  panel ( #adba4  ,x is n 9 q s
 good a /ate ( pres]vation z  ! o!r     
portrait ( a man by ,jan1 9 ! same      
,gall]y1 :i* is  dat$ #adcc1 b ! face   
itself is 9 fairly good condition4  ,!  
features are broad & massive1 & incl9$  
to heav9ess2 ! eyes  are some:at        
deep-set1 :ile ! *eek-bones are prom95t4
  ,8  "r h& holds a small roll ( p>*m5t 
) "s writ+ ^u x4  ,on ! p>apet1 b5ea? ! 
,greek ^w ,tymo!os1 is !  inscription   
,,leal ,,sovv5ir1 & ! signature #ei     
,fact  ao4 ,d7m-macron74 #adcb4 #aj4 die
 ,octobris4 a ,joh4 de ,eyck4     99 99 

99 99 99    ,! portrait kn[n z ,! ,man )
 ! ,p9ks at ! ,b]l9 ,museum1  is "o ( ! 
mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,jan's portraits4  ,x  
%[s an  eld]ly man 9 a d>k grey coat )  
fur cuffs & coll> & a  broad-brimm$     
beav] hat4  ,at ! neck ! brocade coll> (
 a tunic  %[s above ! fur coll> ( !     
coat4  ,! ornam5t ( ?is brocade  seems  
to consi/ ( ! alt]nat+ lett]s ,y & ,c1  
:i* occur 9  "o or two o!r portraits ( !
 p]iod1 & may ev5tually af=d  "s clue z 
to ! id5tity ( ! sitt]4  ,r\nd ! neck is
 a  twi/$ wire *a91 f :i* hangs a       
headless cross & ! bell (  ,/4 ,an?ony4 
,bo? h&s are rais$ z high z ! brea/1 !  
f+]s & ?umb ( ! left hold+ ?ree p9ks4   
,a h&some r+  ) two /ones is on ! ?ird  
f+]4  ,! face1 wr9kl$ &  l9$1 is full ( 
expression & life2 ! lips are p>t$1 z   
?\gh  ab\t to give utt]ance to spee*4   
,?\gh ! draw+ is almo/ h>d  9 its exact 
del9eation1 x is f> f rigid4  ,x is     
altoge!r an  admirable example ( ,jan's 
lifelike realism1 t loves to dwell on  e
 little ugly #fj detail--ill-%ap5 e>s1  

puffy te>-bags1  w>ts & wr9kles--& yet  
infuses ! :ole ?+ ) ! beauty  ( life &  
"*4    99 99 99 99 99    ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,van ,,d] ,,paele ,,alt>-,,piece4  
,,by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck4    ,! ,virg9 & 
,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,donatian1 ,/4 ,george1 & !
 ,donor1  ,george van d] ,paele1 ,canon 
( ! anci5t ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,donatian  at 
,bruges1 be>s ! date #adcf1 & is ! mo/  
important ( ,jan van  ,eyck's religi\s  
compositions4  ,! sc5e is 9 ! circul>   
apse (  a ,romanesque *ur*1 light$ by ! 
s(t rays t filt] ?r\gh !  lead$ w9d[s4  
,! ,virg91 drap$ 9 a r$ cloak1 is se5 9 
!  c5tre "u a gre5 canopy1 hold+ !      
,*ri/-,*ild 9 h] lap4  ,%e has ! same   
heavy1 matronly features z ! ,virg9 ( ,!
  ,annunciation 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ( !  
,*ancellor ,rol9 picture  9 ,p>is1 & is 
no m idealis$ ?an ! by no means         
attractive  infant ,savi\r1 :o is play+ 
) a p>rot4  ,x is all v human  &        
wond]fully true1 & = t v reason lack+ 9 
spiritual  significance4  ,on ! left /&s
 ,/4 ,donatian 9 a gorge\s &  m>vell\sly

 pa9t$ brocade robe1 :il/ on ! "r ,/4   
,george1 9  arm\r1 pres5ts ! kneel+     
,canon van d] ,paele to ! ,virg94  ,!   
patron sa9t1 aga91 #fa is obvi\sly pa9t$
 f a model ( l[  rank 9 life--p]haps a  
peasant or a /ableman2 :il/ ! rugg$     
irregul> features ( ! donor are set d[n 
) an hone/ &  pa9/ak+ /raight=w>dness t 
seems to delight 9 do+ full  ju/ice to  
all ! sitt]'s ugl9ess4  ,z objective    
portraiture pure  & simple1 ?is head (  
van d] ,paele has probably nev] be5     
surpass$ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( art4  ,!     
supreme ma/]y ( ,jan  van ,eyck manife/s
 itself 9 ! creation ( a "w (           
un=gettable  beauty & sumptu\s spl5d\r f
 su* unpromis+ mat]ial4  ,!  ugl9ess ( !
 types *os5 is =gott5 :5 "o's eyes revel
 9  ! ri* s*eme ( col\r1 ! extraord9>y  
beauty ( ! pa9t+  ( all ! /uffs &       
accessories1 ! p]fect modell+ ( !       
features1 &1 above all1 ! 7= ! "t7 amaz+
 k ( !  effect ( light4  ,) all !       
ri*ness ( pigm5t !re is n a  s+le note 9
 ?is :ole l>ge panel t is n absolutely 9

  tone2 no?+ is =c$1 no?+ arbitr>y1 z   
?\gh !  fifte5?-c5tury ma/] _h already  
adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( !  n9ete5?-c5tury   
impressioni/s--! fir/ subject ( a       
picture is  light4    ,! van d] ,paele  
alt>-piece 0 9 ! sacri/y ( ! *ur* (  ,/4
 ,donatian :5 #fb ! old basilica 0      
de/roy$ by !  revolution>y troops4  ,x 0
 tak5 to ,p>is1 toge!r ) mu*  o!r       
arti/ic booty1 b 0 return$ to ,bruges 9 
#ahad1 & is n[  9 ! ,museum ( ! ,academy
 ( t city4  ,! drap]y r\nd !  lo9s ( !  
infant ,savi\r is a lat] addition :i*   
does n appe>  9 ! excell5t e>ly copy at 
! ,antw]p ,museum1 f :i* our            
illu/ration is a reproduction4  ,!      
orig9al at ,bruges be>s !  inscription 9
 small ,go?ic lett]s3 ,hoc opus fecit   
fi]i magi/]  ,georgius de ,pala1 huius  
ecclesie canonicus1 p] ,johannem de     
,eyck  pictorem4  ,et fundavit hic duas 
capellanias de gremio *ori dom9i ,m4    
ccc4  xxxiiij41 complet+ anno #adcf4    
99 99 99 99 99    ,at ! ,museum (       
,antw]p is ! exquisite unf9i%$ little   

pa9t+  ( ,/4 ,b>b>a1 sign$ & dat$3      
,,johes ,,de ,,eyck ,,me ,,fecit #adcg4 
,!  sa9t1 ) an op5 book on h] lap & a   
palm-bran* 9 h] h&1 is  seat$ 9 front ( 
an elaborately design$ ,go?ic t[] 9     
c\rse (  con/ruction4  ,ar\nd ! t[] are 
num]\s figures ( lab\r]s1  masons1      
horsem51 & o!rs2 & ! backgr\nd %[s a    
l&scape  ) m\nta9s1 ca/les1 riv]s1      
fields & trees1 & a t[n on a  hill4     
,te*nically1 ?is picture #fc is         
supremely int]e/+1 z x  %[s t at a      
comp>atively late p]iod ( 8 life--a     
qu>t] ( a  c5tury aft] ! reput$ discov]y
 ( oil-pa9t+--,jan has n  altoge!r      
disc>d$ ! practice ( temp]a-pa9t+4  ,= !
 :ole  composition1 ! p5sive-look+ sa9t 
& ! widespread angul>  folds ( h] g>m5t1
 ! t[] & ! figures1 are c>efully drawn  
& %ad$ 9 br[n temp]a col\r on a         
prep>ation ( gum or :ite  ( egg4  ,only 
! "p :i* requir$ no special design1 !   
sky1 is  pa9t$ 9 oil-col\r4  ,x may ?us 
be assum$ t x 0 !  practice ( ! bro!rs  
van ,eyck to "w ) oil-col\rs on a       

temp]a f\ndation4    ,! ,/4 ,b>b>a also 
confirms ,k>el van ,m&]'s /atem5t t     
,jan's sket*es 7 m complete & m c>efully
 wr\ght ?an !  f9i%$ pa9t+s ( o!r       
arti/s4  ,m4 ,h5ri ,hymaus sugge/s t    
?is ,/4 ,b>b>a is ! v pa9t+ :i* van ,m&]
 m5tions z  be+ 9 ! possession ( 8 ma/] 
,lucas de ,he]e at ,gh5t1 &  repres5t+ a
 woman beh9d :om 0 a l&scape2 x 0 b a   
prep>ation1 & yet extraord9>ily         
beautiful4    99 99 99 99 99    #fd     
,our la/ illu/ration repres5ts1 or is   
suppos$ to repres5t1 ,!  ,en?ronem5t (  
,?omas  ,becket z ,ar*bi%op (           
,cant]bury1 & is  9 ! possession ( !    
,duke ( ,devon%ire1 at ,*atswor?4  ,9 a 
late ,norman *ur* ,?omas  ,becket is se5
 9 ! =egr\nd "u a  sc>let canopy1 ) !   
,holy ,gho/ hov]+ ne>1 & above is a     
spl5did cr[n 9 :i* ! figure ( ! ris5    
,*ri/ is introduc$2  above ! cr[n is a  
circle ) a ,virg9 & ,*ild4  ,?ree       
,bi%ops  are engag$ 9 plac+ ! mitre ^u !
 head ( ! sa9t1 :ile a  prie/ ) an op5  
book is kneel+ be=e him4  ,on ! "r are  

! cl]gy & on ! left ! laity1 ) ,k+ ,h5ry
 ,,ii4 at _!  head4  ,on ! bord] is !   
inscription3 ,johes de ,eyck1 fecit1    
ano1  ,m4,,cccczi1 #cj ,octobris4  ,?is 
inscription1 if g5u9e1 is ! only        
evid5ce ( ,jan's au?or%ip ( ! picture   
:i* has be5 entirely  repa9t$1 s t no?+ 
( ! orig9al "w is to be se54  ,!  date1 
#adba1 is elev5 ye>s e>li] ?an any o!r  
dat$ picture by  ,jan van ,eyck4  ,x is 
sc>cely necess>y to po9t out !          
importance  ( ?is fact to ! art hi/orian
 9 se>* ( evid5ce ( ,jan's  e>ly        
activity2 b :il/ ! picture rema9s 9 its 
pres5t  condition x _c ?r[ #fe any light
 ^u ! debat$ po9ts4  ,only if ! surface 
pa9t 7 remov$ w\ld x be possible to     
judge  :e!r bel[ x is a real e>ly "w (  
,jan van ,eyck1 & :at 0  ! relative     
position ( ! two bro!rs be=e ,hub]t's   
dea?4    ,! ,en?ronem5t ( ,?omas        
,becket has an int]e/+ p$igree4  ,x 0   
giv5 by ,john1 ,duke ( ,b$=d1 to ,k+    
,h5ry ,v41 & 0  aft]w>ds 9 ! collection 
( ! second ,e>l ( ,arundel1 :o di$  at  

,padua 9 #afdf1 bequea?+ x to ,h5ry1 !  
six? ,duke ( ,norfolk1  by ^: son1 !    
sev5? ,duke1 x 0 sold4  ,x came ?r\gh ! 
,duke's /ew>d1 ,mr4 ,fox1 to a ,mr4     
,sykes1 :o sold x to ! ,duke (          
,devon%ire 9 #agbb4          #ff        
,,li/ ,,( ,,works1    ,,catalogu$       
,,accord+ ,,to    ,,locality            
,,au/ria-,,hung>y4    ,,vi5na           
,,museum4--,portrait ( ,jan de ,leeuw   
7,jan71 sign$ & dat$  #adcf4            
,portrait ( ,nicolas ,alb]gati1 ,c>d9al 
( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy  ,cross 7,jan71     
pa9t$1 probably1 9 #adca1 :5 ! ,c>d9al  
pass$  ?r\gh ,fl&]s on a political      
mission4  ,?is picture is m5tion$  9 !  
inv5tory ( ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ,william1
 ,gov]nor ( !  ,ne!rl&s1 #afee4  ,a     
silv]-po9t sket* = ! portrait is 9 !    
,dresd5 ,pr9t ,cab9et4      ,,belgium4  
,,gh5t1 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,/4 ,,bavo4--,!  
,adoration ( ! ,lamb tripty*  7,hub]t & 
,jan2 see p4 #df74    #fg    ,,antw]p   
,,museum4--,/4 ,b>b>a 7,jan71 #adcg 7see
 p4 #fb74    ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild by !     

,f\nta9 7,jan71 #adci4    ,,bruges      
,,museum4--,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,/4        
,donatian1 ,/4 ,george1 &  ! ,donor1    
,george van d] ,paele 7,jan71 #adcf 7see
 p4 #fj74    ,portrait ( ,jan ,van      
,eyck's ,wife 7,jan71 #adci4            
,,brussels ,,museum4--,adam & ,eve3     
%utt]s f ! ,adoration  tripty* at ,/4   
,bavo1 ,gh5t 7,jan2 see p4 #eb74        
,,l\va91 ,m4 ,g4 ,,helleputte4--,tripty*
 ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 )  ! ,donor1       
,nicolas de ,maelbeke1 9 ,adoration1    
unf9i%$ 7,jan71  #acdj4  ,! %utt]s      
conta9 repres5tations ( ,gideon /&+ be=e
  an angel1 ! burn+ bu%1 ,a>on ) a      
blossom+ rod1 & o!r  subjects f ! ,old  
,te/am5t4      ,,briti% ,,isles4        
,,*atswor?1 ,,duke ,,( ,,devon%ire4--,! 
,en?ronem5t ( ,?omas   ,becket 7,jan    
7872 see p4 #fd74    #fh    ,,ince      
,,hall1 ,,mr4 ,,weld ,,blundell4--,virg9
 & ,*ild 7,jan73 a panel (  v small     
dim5sions & m9iature-l execution1 pa9t$ 
9 #adcb1  & inscrib$ ,als ikh kan 7,z   
well z ,i c74    ,,london1 ,,national   

,,gall]y4--,jan ,arnolf9i & ,jeanne de  
,*5any1 8  ,wife 7,jan71 #adcd 7see p4  
#ed74    ,portrait ( ,timo?y1 ,leal     
,s\v5ir 7,jan71 #adcb 7see p4 #eh74     
,portrait ( a ,man ) a ,*ap]on or       
,turban 7,jan71 #adcc4  ,inscrib$  on ! 
frame3 ,johes de ,eyck me fecit anno    
,,mcccc #cc #ba ,octobris1  & ,als ikh  
kan4  ,=m]ly 9 ! ,arundel ,collection4  
,,ri*mond1 ,,sir ,,fr$]ick ,,cook4--,!  
,?ree ,m>ys at ! ,sepul*re  7v>i\sly    
attribut$ to ,hub]t & ,jan74            
,,d5m>k4    ,,cop5hag51 ,,royal         
,,gall]y4  ,rob]t ,poorti]1 protect$ by 
,/4  ,antony 7,hub]t74    #fi           
,,france4    ,,p>is1                    
,,l\vre4--,*ancellor ,rol9 kneel+ be=e !
 ,virg9 &  ,*ild1 ) a riv] l&scape se5  
?r\gh a loggia ( ?ree ar*es  7g5]ally   
ascrib$ to ,hub]t1 b m probably by      
,jan74    ,,b>on ,g4 ,,de               
,,ro?s*ild4--,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,/4      
,anne1 ,/4  ,b>b>a1 & a ,c>?usian ,monk1
 :o has be5 id5tifi$ z ,h]man  ,/e5k51 (
 ,suutdorp1 ,vic> ( a ,c>?usian ,nunn]y 

ne> ,bruges  7,hub]t & ,jan74           
,,g]many4    ,,b]l91 ,,national         
,,gall]y4--,six %utt]s f ! ,adoration   
alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,bavo1 ,gh5t 7,hub]t & 
,jan2 see p4 #dh74    ,a replica ( !    
,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) a ,c>?usian ,monk1 9 !
  collection ( ,b>on ,g4 de ,ro?s*ild1  
,p>is4    ,head ( ,*ri/ 7,jan71 #adci4  
,portrait ( a ,knight ( ! ,gold5        
,fleece1 probably ,baud\9 de  ,lannoy   
7,jan74    ,! ,man ) ! ,p9ks 7,jan2 see 
p4 #ei74    #gj    ,,dresd5             
,,gall]y4--,tripty*1 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild  
,en?ron$4  ,on !  w+s are ! figures (   
,/4 ,ca!r9e & ! donor1 & on ! back  ( ! 
%utt]s ! ,annunciation 7,jan74          
,,frank=t1 ,,/a$el ,,in/itute4--,!      
,virg9 & ,*ild ,en?ron$ 7,jan74         
,,leipzig ,,museum4--,portrait ( a ,man 
7,jan874      ,,italy4    ,,tur9        
,,gall]y4--,copy ( ,/4 ,francis receiv+ 
! ,/igmata4  ,!  orig9al is 9 !         
collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,john/on1     
,philadelphia4      ,,russia4    ,,/4   
,,pet]sburg1 ,,h]mitage4--,calv>y & !   

,la/ ,judgm5t4  ,w+s  ( a tripty*1 !    
c5tre portion ( :i* is lo/ 7,hub]t874   
,! ,annunciation 7,jan71 =m]ly 9 !      
collection ( ,k+ ,william  ,,ii4 (      
,holl&4  ,b\ght = ! ,h]mitage           
,collection = #ac1jjj  francs4    #ga   
,,spa94    ,,madrid ,,gall]y4--,copy ( a
 lo/ pa9t+ by ,hub]t & ,jan van ,eyck1  
repres5t+ ,! ,triumph ( ! ,*ur* ov] !   
,synagogue1 also  kn[n z ,! ,f\nta9 (   
,life4      ,,unit$ ,,/ates4            
,,philadelphia1 ,j4 ,g4 ,,john/on4--,/4 
,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata  7,hub]t &  
,jan74  ,a copy ( ?is picture is at !   
,tur9 ,gall]y4        ,,bill+ ,,&       
,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d4